cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Goodwillie tower of the identity functor and the unstable periodic homotopy of spheres

We investigate Goodwillie's “Taylor tower” of the identity functor from spaces to spaces. More specifically, we reformulate Johnson's description of the Goodwillie derivatives of the identity, and prove that in the case of an odd-dimensional sphere the only layers in the tower that are not contractible are those indexed by powers of a prime. Moreover, in the case of a sphere the tower is finite in vk-periodic homotopy.
The Contested Classroom Space: A Decade of Lived Educational Policy in Texas Schools:

In this article, examples excerpted from research studies conducted in Houston, Texas, the fourth largest city in the United States, are used to demonstrate how the discretionary classroom space where teachers and students actively live curriculum—guided, though, not controlled, by official documents and administrative oversight—has become increasingly disputed. Through meta-level narrative analysis, excerpts from several accounts that elucidate different manifestations of the contested classroom space in multiple school contexts are woven together. In the process, the ways that teachers, principals, parents, professors, consultants, district personnel, the media, researchers, and students contributed to the contentious environment are explicated. Also, versions of curriculum and instruction that increased the contestation are named. As a result, changes that teachers and students lived in classrooms from 1997 to 2007, the decade when educational policy making in Texas served as the prototype for the U.S....
Testosterone improves rehabilitation outcomes in ill older men.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether testosterone supplementation improves rehabilitation outcomes in ill older men. DESIGN: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. SETTING: A Geriatric Evaluation and Management (GEM) unit based at a university- affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen men aged 65 to 90 years admitted to the GEM for rehabilitation. INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomized to receive weekly intramuscular injections with testosterone enanthate 100 mg or placebo. MEASUREMENTS: Task-specific performance using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and grip strength was measured at the onset of the study and at the time of discharge from the GEM. RESULTS: At baseline, FIM scores were similar between the placebo and the testosterone group (73.7 vs 70.7, P = .637), as was grip strength (49.7 vs 55.3 pounds, P = .555). At discharge from the GEM, testosterone-treated patients had improved FIM scores compared with baseline (93.6 vs 70.7; P = .012) and grip strength (68.7 vs 55.3 pounds; P = .033). In the placebo group there was no significant improvement of FIM scores compared with baseline (78.0 versus 73.7; P = .686) or of grip strength (48.9 vs 49.7 pounds; P = .686). CONCLUSIONS: Testosterone supplementation may improve rehabilitation outcomes in ill older men. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 550–553, 2000.
Design, Synthesis, and Initial Biological Evaluation of a Steroidal Anti-Estrogen–Doxorubicin Bioconjugate for Targeting Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Cells

As part of our program to develop breast cancer specific therapeutic agents, we have synthesized a conjugate agent that is a conjugate of the steroidal anti-estrogen and the potent cytotoxin doxorubicin. In this effort, we employed a modular assembly approach to prepare a novel 11β-substituted steroidal anti-estrogen functionalized with an azido-tetraethylene glycol moiety, which could be coupled to a complementary doxorubicin benzoyl hydrazone functionalized with a propargyl tetraethylene glycol moiety. Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition chemistry gave the final hybrid that was evaluated for selective uptake and cytotoxicity in ER(+)-MCF-7 and ER(−)-MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The results demonstrated that the presence of the anti-estrogenic component in the hybrid compound was critical for selectivity and cytotoxicity in ER(+)-MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as the hybrid was ∼70-fold more potent than doxorubicin in inhibition of cell proliferation and promoting cell death.
RNA synthesized in vitro by calf thymus RNA polymerase III (C), as well as by E. coli RNA polymerase, is restricted to a subset of calf thymus DNA

RNA synthesized in vitro from chromatin and DNA by calf thymus RNA polymerase III was evaluated by hybridization in vast DNA excess. The RNA contains RNA complementary to both moderately repeated and unique DNA sequences. Very highly repeated DNA is not transcribed. A greater portion of RNA transcribed from DNA by RNA polymerase III hybridizes to moderately repeated DNA than RNA transcribed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. In studies utilizing DNA absorbed to filters, RNA transcribed from chromatin in short incubations hybridized to a greater extent than RNA transcribed for longer times. Similar results were obtained with RNA transcribed from DNA by E. coli RNA polymerase. These results suggest: 1) RNA polymerase III may be responsible for the synthesis of RNA species in addition to tRNA and 5 S ribosomal RNA and a portion of this RNA is transcribed from unique DNA; and 2) in vitro there may be selectivity in the initiation of transcription by both E. coli RNA polymerase and calf thymus RNA polymerase III.
A phase I dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study of enzastaurin and erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors

Purpose Enzastaurin, an oral serine/threonine kinase inhibitor, targets the protein kinase C and AKT pathways with anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects. Erlotinib, an oral epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, has activity in solid tumors. Based on the promising combination of EGFR inhibitors and anti-angiogenic agents, this phase I trial was initiated.
Dueling Dualisms: Are Women in the Western at Home on the Range?

In this essay, media analysis is combined with personal narrative and fiction in order to question the depiction of the woman in the western. The films analyzed in this study encompass a significan...
T-cell control of B-cell proliferation uncoupled from differentiation.

Abstract Within populations of mitogenically (PWM) stimulated normal human lymphocytes, the proliferation of B lymphocytes is terminated by T cells. In contrast, T cells limit their own proliferation. T cells thus apparently measure and terminate the proliferation of B cells as well as themselves, suggesting an important role for them in limiting amplification during immune response. Under the culture conditions employed, PWM-induced B- and T-cell proliferation was uncoupled from B-cell differentiation into plasmacytes. Termination of B-cell proliferation in this in vitro model of humoral immune response is independent of B-cell differentiation.
Phosphorus Loss to Runoff Water Twenty-Four Hours after Application of Liquid Swine Manure or Fertilizer

Phosphorus (P) added to soil from fertilizer or manure application could pose a threat to water quality due to its role in eutrophication of fresh water resources. Incorporating such amendments into the soil is an established best management practice (BMP) for reducing soluble P losses in runoff water, but could also lead to higher erosion. The objective of this study was to test whether incorporation of manure or fertilizer 24 h before an intense rain could also reduce sediment-bound and total phosphorus (TP) losses in runoff. A rainfall simulation study was conducted on field plots (sandy loam with 6-7% slope, little surface residue, recently cultivated) that received two application rates of liquid swine manure or liquid ammonium polyphosphate fertilizer, using either surface-broadcast or incorporated methods of application. Incorporation increased the total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in runoff but mass losses were not affected. Incorporation also reduced flow-weighted concentrations and losses of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and TP by as much as 30 to 60% depending on source (fertilizer vs. manure) and application rate. Phosphorus is moved below the mixing zone of interaction on incorporation, and thus the effect of the amount and availability of P in this zone is more important than cultivation on subsequent P losses in runoff. Incorporating manure or fertilizer in areas of intense erosive rain, recent extensive tillage, and with little or no surface residue is therefore a best management practice that should be adhered to in order to minimize contamination of surface water. Results also show comparatively lower P losses from manure than fertilizer.
Economic Crisis in Asia: The Case of Thailand*

Abstract: The economic crisis in Asia has been analyzed by neoliberal and neo-Weberian scholars as a financial crisis, with the neoliberals asserting that its causes are internal to the countries in question, the neo-Weberians asserting the causes to be external. This paper offers an alternative, Marxian explanation of the crisis, focusing on the outbreak of the crisis in Thailand. Using Harvey's ideas about capitalist crises and capital switching, along with conceptions of crisis dynamics in peripheral societies based in the works of economic geographers and dependent development theorists, I argue that the crisis in Thailand was a fully economic crisis involving all circuits of the economy, linking domestic and international accumulation processes, and stemming in part from struggles over appropriation of the surplus. In order to demonstrate this, I analyze the crisis in Thailand at both national and international scales and show that it was rooted in declining profitability of manufacturing in a context of increased global export competition and overcapacity. This context created the strong likelihood of economic downturn throughout the region, with Thailand falling first because of its specific liabilities, and other countries being pulled into the maelstrom of devaluation through financial contagion effects.
Prevalence of Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresenius (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae) in House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Dairy Farms in New York and Induction of Epizootics

Abstract House fly ( Musca domestica L.) populations on six dairy farms in 1988 and four dairy farms in 1989 in New York State were surveyed weekly to determine prevalence rates of Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresenius infections. In addition, E. muscae -infected house flies were produced in the laboratory and placed on dairy farms to induce epizootics on three of the dairy farms in 1988 and two in 1989. Two methods were used to place infected flies on farms: either living, infected flies in cages or infected house fly cadavers in petri dishes were periodically placed in fly aggregation areas in barns. Naturally infected house flies were present on all farms in both years. Prevalence levels on control farms were low prior to 30 August in 1988. In early September prevalence rates began to increase and natural epizootics occurred with prevalence rates of 40-60% in mid-September. A similar pattern was seen in1989 with epizootics in mid- to late September. Prevalence rates were significantly higher on release farms than on control farms in both 1988 and 1989. Overall seasonal prevalence rates were 7.8 and 9.2% in 1988 and 24.6 and 49.3% in 1989 for the control and release farms, respectively. Onset of epizootics on release farms in 1989 was 4-8 weeks earlier than onset in control farms.
Quasi-weak and weak formulation of stochastic finite elements on static and dynamic problems—a unifying framework

Abstract To model uncertainty of spatial and/or temporal variations widely present in synthetic and natural media, a variety of displacement-based stochastic finite element methods (SFEMs) have been formulated using the standard displacement-based finite elements. In this paper, by distinguishing a quasi-weak form from a weak form in both real and random space, a unifying framework of variational formulation is presented covering both the displacement-based SFEMs and the recently proposed Green-function-based (GFB) SFEM. The study shows that Monte Carlo, perturbation, and weighted integral SFEMs correspond to the quasi-weak form, while the weak form results in spectral SFEM, pseudo-spectral SFEM, and GFB-SFEM. Within the unifying framework, dynamic problems are further addressed especially to demonstrate the unique feature of GFB-SFEM on problems with inputs characterized as random fields or random processes.
Nonparametric inference for a doubly stochastic Poisson process

Abstract Consider a doubly stochastic Poisson process whose intensity λ t is given by λ t = α ( Z t ), where α is an unknown nonrandom function of another (covariate) process Z t . Only one continuous time observation of counting and covariate process is available. The function A (z)=∫ z 0 α(x) d x is estimated and the normalized estimator is shown to converge weakly to a Gaussian process as time approaches infinity. Confidence bands for A are given. A uniformly consistent estimator of α is obtained. Consistent tests for independence from the covariate process are proposed.
A constructivist approach to the help-seeking process of clients: A response to cultural diversity

The issue of cultural diversity presents clinicians with both delemmas and opportunities. To deal with such a challenge, I have proposed a constructivist approach to the help-seeking process of clients from diverse ethnoracial backgrounds. A model of clients' help-seeking processes provides a useful and systematic frame for clinicians to understand clients' construction of their problem situations and possible solutions. It provides a useful key for clinicians non-presumptuously to understand clients' subjective experiences, and to enhance clients' ability to resolve problems.
Global- and local-temporal effects of a stuttering event in the context of a clausal utterance

Abstract The two main purposes of the study were (a) to relate the course of the global variables, Total Articulation Time (TAT) and Total Pause Time (TPT), with the frequency of stuttering events during adaptation; and (b) to examine the duration of words in various locations in the vicinity of stuttering events in the context of clausal utterances. Four stutterers provided two corpora of utterances comprising of (1) 40 utterances (8 clauses x 5 readings), with only the first reading of each clause containing a stuttering event, and (2) 40 fluent utterances (2 clauses x 5 readings x 4 stutterers). Utterances of identical clauses were obtained from matched control speakers to form two additional corpora. The main findings based on spectrographic durational measurements were that (a) the reduction of TAT and TPT through the readings paralleled the reduction of stuttering events, (b) the TAT and TPT functions were similar in stutterer's corpora, and (c) stutterers reduced TAT and TPT through the readings more than the control speakers. The analysis of the duration of words in the vicinity of stuttering events revealed that (a) there are anticipatory and carryover effects in the immediate vicinity of stuttering events in a clausal utterance; (b) the anticipatory effects were more pronounced than the carryover effects; and (c) a significant durational difference between stutterers and fluent speakers, in the duration of the last word of a clausal utterance preceding a clausal utterance containing a stuttering event, was noted. The results have been discussed in the context of literature on planning and production of speech.
Adolescent music marginals: Who likes metal, Jazz, Country, and Classical

(1990). Adolescent music marginals: Who likes metal, Jazz, Country, and Classical. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 57-66.
Distribution of prolactin-releasing peptide mRNA in the rat brain

In order to identify the distribution of prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) mRNA in the rat brain, we independently cloned cDNA of PrRP. Brains were removed from three adult males, and brains from three females each at 0200 and 1400 h on day 7 of pregnancy were obtained. By the nonradioactive in situ hybridization method, the location of PrRP mRNA was detected in very restricted brain areas. The distribution of PrRP mRNA signals was very similar in both sexes. In the hypothalamus, only the ventral part of the caudal dorsomedial nucleus had PrRP mRNA signals. Other forebrain areas did not show any positive signals. In the medulla oblongata, two discrete areas contained PrRP mRNA signals. No positive signal was found in the rostral part of the medulla oblongata extending to the anterior part of the area postrema. The caudal part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) had neurons with very strong signals of PrRP mRNA. The reticular nucleus showed a few PrRP mRNA positive neurons. The number of PrRP mRNA positive cells in the NTS was not different between experimental groups, although plasma prolactin levels in these animals were different. This anatomical information on the location of PrRP mRNA in the brain provides the framework to understand the physiological functions of PrRP in vivo.
Nighttime versus daytime hypnotic self-administration.

Rationale and objectives: Previous studies have shown that insomniacs self-administer hypnotics at high nightly rates. This study assessed whether insomniacs' self-administration of hypnotics extended to the daytime. Methods: Forty-four healthy men and women, 21–55 years old, with (n=22) and without (n=22) insomnia volunteered. They were randomized to one of two triazolam dose groups (0.125 or 0.25 mg) and their preference for placebo versus triazolam was assessed at night (2300 hours) and day (0900 hours) over 7 consecutive days in each phase. In both night and day phases of the study, subjects received triazolam or placebo in color-coded capsules on two sampling days or nights and then were forced to choose their preferred capsule on 5 subsequent days or nights. The order of day and night study phases and the placebo and triazolam sampling days was counterbalanced. In the night phase subjects went to bed from 2330 to 0730 hours and in the day phase they were tested for level of sleepiness-alertness at 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 hours by the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and mood and performance at 1100 and 1500 hours. Results: More triazolam was chosen at night than during the day. No dose differences in preferences at night versus day or between insomniacs and normals were found. Insomniacs did not differ in their triazolam preferences between night and day, while the normals chose triazolam less frequently during the day. Among insomniacs, 40% chose triazolam on >3 of the 5 days. On both screening and placebo sampling days, those with a high (>60%) daytime triazolam preference had greater average daily sleep latencies on the MSLT than those with a low (<50%) daytime triazolam preference (i.e. with a placebo preference). In the triazolam preference group, triazolam reduced daily MSLT latencies to the level of the placebo preference group. Conclusions: This study shows that the minority of insomniacs who self-administer hypnotics during the day are physiologically aroused and the drug reduces their arousal suggesting that their daytime self-administration, like their night-time self-administration, is more consistent with therapy-seeking than drug-seeking behavior, at least for the short-term.
Failure waves in glass under dynamic compression

Abstract Plate impact (I-d strain) and bar impact (I-d stress) experiments were performed on soda lime glass and pyrex glass. Embedded manganin gauges were used to monitor stress-time profiles in both types of experiments. In the plate impact experiments we found that glass not only fails through inelastic (or densification) deformation, but also through a unique failure process which gives rise to a failure wave first observed by Kanel et al. in the Soviet Union in 1990. In the present work three independent observations were made that support the existence of failure wave in glass: (i) the spall strength below and above the HEL is zero behind the failure wave, (ii) a small recompression is present in the longitudinal gauge (embedded between glass and PMMA) profile due to the reflections of release waves from the advancing failure wave, and (iii) transverse stress (measured by transverse gauge) increases on the arrival of the failure wave. The transverse stress increases because the glass loses its shear...
Modulation of postoperative cognitive decline via blockade of inflammatory cytokines outside the brain.

Postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) following surgery and its acute counterpart, known as postoperative delirium, are a major cause of morbidity associated with surgery. POCD occurs in 7–26% of patients undergoing surgery (1). In a study published in PNAS, Terrando et al. (2) show that brain inflammation with postoperative cognitive dysfunction follows experimental orthopedic surgery on the tibia and anesthesia with isoflurane and analgesia with buprenorphine. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, are elevated following this experimental surgical protocol with accompanying anesthesia in this mouse model. Remarkably, treatment of mice with prophylactic administration of a monoclonal antibody to TNF-α prevented this postsurgical cognitive decline. One of the intriguing issues raised in this study is how blockade of TNF-α in the serum can modulate brain inflammation and cognitive impairment. The possibility of treating surgical patients at risk for POCD with anti-TNF, already used by more than 2 million patients worldwide for rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis (3), is a legitimate possibility, given these encouraging results in a preclinical model of surgery and anesthesia in the mouse.
Lagrangean-based techniques for the supply chain management of flexible process networks

The supply chain optimization of continuous process networks is essential for most chemical companies. The dynamic nature of this problem leads to systems that involve several types of chemicals as well as multiple time periods, and ultimately are represented with complex and large combinatorial optimization models. Since, these models become very difficult to solve and sometimes are not even solvable, they require the use of decomposition methods, so that they can be solved efficiently and effectively. This work develops decomposition techniques for a continuous flexible process network (CFPN) model. The techniques include Lagrangean decomposition, Lagrangean relaxation, and Lagrangean/surrogate relaxation, coupled with subgradient and modified subgradient optimization. Several schemes derived from the techniques are proposed and applied to the process network model. The results from the full-scale solution and the proposed decomposition schemes are presented and compared.
On Optimum Sampled-Data FM Demodulation

Since the introduction of large-scale integration (LSI) techniques, there has been a continuing effort to develop digitalization techniques for communication equipment amenable to LSI implementation. Hopefully, this will permit expanded capability in the equipment while taking advantage of the cost reliability attributed of LSI. In this paper, a digitalized or sampled-data FM demodulator recursive algorithm is synthesized and its signal-to-noise ratio performance compared with the optimum analog demodulator and the conventional limiter discriminator demodulator. The demodulator is shown to exhibit threshold extension capability and automatic time-varying gain (bandwidth) adjustments from acquisition through tracking of the incoming modulated signal.
Application of a panel code to unsteady wing-propeller interference

Attention is given to the predictions of unsteady, incompressible, potential flow, on the basis of an extension of Maskew's (1982) low-order paneling method. This approach, which is a nonlinear one in that the small-perturbation approximation is not made, is able to arrive at solutions for such general problems as that of the interference between a two-bladed propeller and a wing. Due to the geometry and flow field in question, a wake-snipping procedure is introduced.
c- and N-myc Regulate Neural Precursor Cell Fate, Cell Cycle, and Metabolism to Direct Cerebellar Development

Separate murine knockout (KO) of either c- or N-myc genes in neural stem and precursor cells (NSC) driven by nestin-cre causes microcephaly. The cerebellum is particularly affected in the N-myc KO, leading to a strong reduction in cerebellar granule neural progenitors (CGNP) and mature granule neurons. In humans, mutation of N-myc also causes microcephaly in Feingold Syndrome. We created a double KO (DKO) of c- and N-myc using nestin-cre, which strongly impairs brain growth, particularly that of the cerebellum. Granule neurons were almost absent from the Myc DKO cerebellum, and other cell types were relatively overrepresented, including astroglia, oligodendrocytes, and Purkinje neurons. These findings are indicative of a profound disruption of cell fate of cerebellar stem and precursors. DKO Purkinje neurons were strikingly lacking in normal arborization. Inhibitory neurons were ectopic and exhibited very abnormal GAD67 staining patterns. Also consistent with altered cell fate, the adult DKO cerebellum still retained a residual external germinal layer (EGL). CGNP in the DKO EGL were almost uniformly NeuN and p27KIP1 positive as well as negative for Math1 and BrdU at the peak of normal cerebellar proliferation at P6. The presence of some mitotic CGNP in the absence of S phase cells suggests a possible arrest in M phase. CGNP and NSC metabolism also was affected by loss of Myc as DKO cells exhibited weak nucleolin staining. Together these findings indicate that c- and N-Myc direct cerebellar development by maintaining CGNP and NSC populations through inhibiting differentiation as well as directing rapid cell cycling and active cellular metabolism.
Multidimensional structure of stream flow regime in a hierarchy of landscapes within the U.S. Great Lakes basin

Stream flow data were used to evaluate a landscape hierarchy ranging from the Ontonagon River watershed (OW) to the upper peninsula of Michigan (MUP) to the entire Great Lakes basin (GLB). Flow records (1926-1988) were obtained for 45 USGS gauging stations within the GLB with drainage areas of 100-1450 sq. mi. Data were arranged in five initial matrixes with number of time series from 14 to 45. Factor analysis of average annual flow revealed from three to six patterns of stream runoff within distinct regions of the GLB. A typical watershed was selected to represent each of the five distinct regions identified for the period 1956-88, and its data were used to analyze monthly average flow values. This analysis identified two to five groupings of months with similar flow characteristics. For each annual time series of the typical five stream flow patterns of GLB regression equations were obtained from fore main indices of global atmospheric circulation. A similar analysis was completed for MUP and OW. Multilevel and multidimensional time spatial structure was discovered with factor as axis within landscape units as a homogeneous field. This kind of structure allows direct and more precise research for similar structures in atmosphere circulation and atmosphere-hydrosphere connections and regimes for entire GLB and its parts.
SEX-ROLE PREFERENCE AMONG CHILDREN OF UPPER AND LOWER SOCIAL CLASS.

(1964). Sex-Role Preference among Children of Upper and Lower Social Class. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 101-110.
Recovery of Corneal Sensitivity in Grafts Following Penetrating Keratoplasty

Corneal sensitivity was tested in 145 cases of clear corneal transplants using Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. The central area of corneal transplants was found to be either completely anesthetic or markedly hypesthetic even 32 years following corneal transplantation, as exemplified in a patient who had surgery for keratoconus. Age, preoperative diagnosis, contact lens wear, diabetes, or length of postoperative period had no correlation with sensitivity in corneal grafts. In cases with a preoperative diagnosis of failed graft, even the peripheral recipient cornea was found to be relatively hypesthetic. The observations from this study that the central area of corneal graft never recovers normal sensitivity may have significant implications on the epithelial cell integrity of corneal grafts.
COD and TOC analysis of leachate from a solidified organic waste

Several combinations of binders and absorbent additives were utilized to solidify a typical organic waste, API Separator sludge. The effectiveness of the materials was based on the waste leachability from the solidified samples. COD and TOC analyses were used to determine the organic content of the leachate samples.
Calcium Channel Blocking Activity of Thioridazine, Clomipramine and Fluoxetine in Isolated Rat Vas Deferens: A Relative Potency Measurement Study

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the calcium channel blocking activity of thioridazine, clomipramine and fluoxetine in isolated rat vas deferens and determined their relative order of potency.Materials and Methods: Cumulative control concentration-response curves to calcium chloride were obtained in isolated rat vas deferens incubated in depolarizing calcium-free Krebs-Henseleit solution. Tissues were washed to baseline length and equilibrated with a given concentration of test drugs. After a 30-minute period a calcium concentration-response curve was repeated. The resulting rightward displacement of the concentration-response curve to calcium provided a dose ratio. The dose ratio was used in the Schild equation and the antagonism of calcium induced contractions was quantified by Schild analysis.Results: The calcium channel blocking activity of thioridazine, clomipramine and fluoxetine was compared with nifedipine. All 4 drugs produced parallel rightward displacement of concentration-response curves to calci...
Psychologists and philosophy: The birth of division 24 of the American psychological association in 1962

Abstract The founding of the Division of Philosophical Psychology of the American Psychological Association is reviewed in the light of the relations between psychology and philosophy at that time. A history of events leading to the formation of the division (24) in 1962 is presented by its first president‐elect. The major issues were the role of philosophy in scientific psychology, teleology, dualism, and freedom versus determinism.
Assessing the need for and acceptability of a free-of-charge postpartum HPV vaccination program

Objective Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake rate among young adult US women was only 23% in 2010. One way to improve this low rate is to administer the vaccine postpartum. We examined whether this population requires vaccination and whether they would be agreeable to receiving it free of charge after delivery. Study Design Women 26 years of age or younger seeking prenatal care in publicly funded clinics in southeast Texas were interviewed in 2012 regarding their HPV vaccination status, barriers to vaccination, and whether they would be willing to receive this vaccine postpartum if offered free of charge. Medical charts were reviewed to extract additional information. Results Overall, 13.0% (65 of 500) stated they had initiated and 7.6% (38 of 500) completed the 3-dose vaccine series. Ethnic differences were noted with 21.0% of non-Hispanic whites, 14.6% of blacks, and 9.3% of Hispanics ( P = .002) initiating the vaccine and 13.5%, 7.8%, and 5.2% ( P = .006) competing all 3 doses, respectively. Lowest initiation (4.2%) and completion (1.4%) rates were observed among recently immigrated Hispanic women. Those who had not graduated from high school and older women were less likely to have been vaccinated. Almost 83% of those who had not received any HPV doses or completed the series were willing to receive the injection free of charge in the hospital after their delivery. Conclusion HPV vaccine uptake rates are very low among women receiving prenatal care in southeast Texas. Offering this vaccine free of charge to postpartum women could be an effective strategy in this population because 5 of 6 women favored receiving it in this setting.
The antimicrobial activity of citral

Bestatigung fruherer Feststellungen, dass Citral eine antibakterielle Aktivitat besitzt. Da Neral und Geranial (allein oder zusammen) jedoch wesentlich weniger aktiv sind, muss fur die Citralaktivitat eine bisher nicht identifizierte Substanz verantwortlich sein.
Limitations to the rate of technology deployment: A fusion perspective

Analyse de la relation entre la quantite d'energie necessaire pour construire et faire fonctionner de nouvelles unites de production d'electricite et la vitesse de mise en œuvre d'une technologie. Application a la fusion nucleaire controlee
Biochemical characterization of aspartyl phosphate phosphatase interaction with a phosphorylated response regulator and its inhibition by a pentapeptide.

The RapA and RapB proteins are aspartyl phosphate phosphatases that specifically dephosphorylate the Spo0F∼P intermediate response regulator of the phosphorelay signal transduction system for sporulation initiation in Bacillus subtilis. The ∼48-kDa His-tag derivative proteins were purified by metal affinity chromatography, and their molecular and biochemical characteristics were studied. RapA and RapB were found to be dimers in solution. Enzymatic activity was strongly dependent upon maintaining reducing conditions during purification and storage. RapA phosphatase activity on Spo0F∼P is inhibited in vivo by a pentapeptide generated from the phrA gene. Native gel assays demonstrated that the RapA dimer forms a stable complex with two molecules of Spo0F∼P or with its PhrA pentapeptide inhibitor. The pentapeptide was shown to displace Spo0F∼P from a preformed complex with RapA. The structural organization of Rap phosphatases in tetratricopeptide repeats provides insights on the mechanisms of RapA interaction with its substrate and its inhibitor.
Use of hyperspectral images in the identification and mapping of expansive clay soils and the role of spatial resolution

Hyperspectral images were acquired along the Front Range Urban Corridor in Colorado to determine the feasibility of identification and mapping of expansive clay soils with two, high-SNR imaging spectrometers. Swelling soils are a major geologic hazard, and cause extensive damage world-wide every year. The cost of postconstruction mitigation and standard engineering soil tests for creation of regional maps are immense. Smectite is the clay mineral group that has the greatest swelling potential and is responsible for most of the severe swelling soil damage observed in Colorado. Data sets were acquired from 1997 to 1999 with the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the Hyperspectral Mapper (HyMap). Using a matched filtering algorithm, maps of exposed clay material were produced, despite a strong vegetation cover. Among those exposures, spectral discrimination and identification of variable clay mineralogy such as smectite, smectite/illite, and kaolinite, in decreasing order of swelling potential hazard, was possible. The comparison of the results from the two sensors showed that higher spatial resolution provided purer image endmembers in more heterogeneous sites, but did not exhibit more endmembers and did not identify new natural outcrops that a lower spatial resolution data set would miss in a homogeneous terrain. However, an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the instrument by pixel summation made possible the identification of low reflectance exposures. This work demonstrates that, using recent instruments and well-established methodologies, imaging spectrometry can be of practical help for the detection and mapping of expansive clays.
Multibody Structural Dynamics Including Translation between the Bodies

Abstract New and recently developed concepts useful for obtaining and solving equations of motion of multibody mechanical systems with translation between the respective bodies of the system, is presented. The incorporation of translation effects make the analysis applicable to a much broader class of problems than was possible with previous analyses which are restricted to linked multibody systems. The concepts developed in the analysis include the use of Euler parameters, Lagrange's form of d'Alembert's principle, quasi-coordinates, relative coordinates, and body connection arrays. Procedures for the development of efficient computer algorithms for evaluating the coefficients of the governing equations of motion are outlined. The methods presented are directly applicable in the analysis of biodynamic and human models, finite segment cable models, mechanisms, manipulators and robots.
Quality Control for USDA NRCS SM–ST Network Soil Temperatures: A Method and a Dataset*

In 1991, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) established its Soil Moisture‐Soil Temperature (SM‐ST) Pilot Network consisting of 21 stations in 19 states in the contiguous United States. At each station, soil temperatures were measured at up to six different depths from 5.08 to 203.20 cm (or 2‐80 in.) below the surface. Before 1997, the observations were made every 6 h, and they increased to hourly beginning in 1997. The goal of this network is to provide near‐real time soil temperature and soil moisture observations in different regions across the United States for agricultural and water use management as well as for climate research. To improve the usefulness and increase the value of both the data and this network, a quality-control method for the soil temperature data was developed. The method used a soil heat diffusion model and its solution at individual sites to screen and distinguish erroneous soil temperature data and to provide their estimates. Evaluation of the quality-control method showed its accuracy and reliability, particularly when it was applied to hourly data. Application of this method to the data has yielded a high-quality, high-resolution soil temperature database from 1994 to 1999 for the network, which is accessible at the USDA National Water and Climate Center’s Web site.
Fish use of turbulence around wood in winter: physical experiments on hydraulic variability and habitat selection by juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch

Re-introduction of large wood for expanding hydraulic variability is an increasingly common practice, yet it is not yet known what elements of hydraulic variability are most beneficial to fish. In an experiment designed to emphasize the minimization of energy expenditure through controlled predation and drift, we investigated whether juvenile coho, under winter conditions, discriminated between microhabitats based primarily on flow strength, depth, distance to wood, or based on temporal or spatial variability of the flow field, with the hypothesis that turbulence would be a strong factor in habitat selection. We conducted physical experiments in a 1:1 scale model of a large wood jam at the Oregon Hatchery Research Center in Alsea, Oregon. We conducted high resolution (0.1 m) mapping of the flow field using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter array and underwater videogrammetry of fish locations. Results indicated that discrimination of microhabitats by juvenile coho salmon in cold, low flows emphasized depth and distance to wood over any hydraulic measures of the flow field. Correlations between hydraulic parameters and distance to wood limited our ability to distinguish the importance of turbulence measures relative to velocities, but highlighted the positive relationships between velocity and turbulence measures and the negative relationships between hydraulics and distance from the roughness elements. Findings suggest areas of further study including potential thresholds of temperature and flow intensity on the importance of turbulence in habitat selection.
Minimizing intraoperative blood loss: Contemporary strategies

Postoperative blood loss continues to be a common complication following total hip and knee arthroplasty. There are inherent risks to blood transfusion, including increased infection risk, volume overload, and transfusion-related reactions. Recently, antifibrinolytic medications including tranexamic acid have been utilized to decrease perioperative blood loss and decrease the need for postoperative blood transfusions. Recent research has specifically addressed both the efficacy and the safety concerns of these newer treatment modalities and found great results.
Women and Politeness: The Javanese Example.

This article explores the relationship between the status of Javanese women and the politeness or formality of their speech. I examine the hypothesis that, cross-culturally, women will speak more politely than men as an expression of their secondary status. Ethnographic research from East Java reveals that Javanese women are required to be more polite within the family where they receive less polite speech and offer more. In the wider context of Javanese culture, however, it is Javanese men who strive to cultivate politeness for the purpose of expressing their superior status and authority. The potentially coercive or political power of politeness in Javanese is related to the ambiguity of the polite codes themselves, which may be used to express both deference or humility on the one hand and status, refinement, and power on the other. Speech patterns are linked to a number of social-structural variables: patterns of socialization, models of appropriate male and female linguistic behavior, and men's and women's social roles and typical spheres of interest. Where, as in Java, polite codes are associated with public power and control, we should expect that men may be especially concerned with the cultivation of polite styles of speech. (Politeness, gender roles, linguistic socialization, Indonesia)
The role of dictionary learning on sparse representation-based classification

This paper analyzes the role of dictionary selection in Sparse Representation-based Classification (SRC). While SRC introduces interesting results in the field of classification, its performance is highly limited by the number of training samples to form the classification matrix. Different studies addressed this issue by using a more compact representation of the training data in order to achieve higher classification speed and accuracy. Representative selection methods which are analyzed in this paper include Metaface dictionary learning, Fisher Discriminative Dictionary Learning (FDDL), Sparse Modeling Representative Selection (SMRS), and random selection of the training samples. The first two methods build their own dictionaries via an optimization process while the other two methods select the representatives directly from the original training samples. These methods, along with the original method which uses all training samples to form the classification matrix, were examined on two face datasets and one digit dataset. The role of feature extraction was also studied using two dimensionality reduction methods, down-sampling and random projection. The results show that the FDDL method leads to the best classification accuracy followed by the SMRS method as the second best. On the other hand, the SMRS method requires a much smaller learning time which makes it more appropriate for dynamic situations where the dictionary is regularly updated with new samples. The accuracy of the Metaface dictionary learning method was specifically less than the other two methods. As expected, using all the training samples as the dictionary resulted in the best recognition rates in all the datasets but the classification times for this approach were far larger than the required time using any of the three dictionary learning methods.
Congruence of Three Self-Report Measures of Medication Adherence among HIV Patients

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the accordance between three measures of self-reported medication adherence.METHODS:A survey was administered to HIV patients. The three adherence measures included a four-item Morisky-type scale (Measure1) and two measures defining adherence as the percentage of doses taken as prescribed during the past two days (Measure2) or past two weeks (Measure3).RESULTS:For Measure1, 29.2% of the patients were categorized as high adherence and 61.5% as medium adherence. For Measure2 and Measure3, the mean scores were 93.6% and 96.5%, respectively. Using 90% as cutoff values, 78.5% and 95.4% of the patients were classified as adherent by Measure2 and Measure3, respectively (k = 0.30; p = 0.001). When 80% was used, 90.8% of the patients were classified as adherent for Measure2 and 96.9% for Measure3 (k = 0.48; p < 0.001). When using 90% and 80% as cutoff values to categorize Measure2 and Measure3 as three levels, there was no agreement between Measure1 and the other two measures. The accordance ...
Systemic Infection Due to Group B Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus in Children A Review of 75 Outpatient-Evaluated Cases During 13 Years

We reviewed 75 outpatient cases of systemic infection due to group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GBS) evaluated during a 13-year period. Patient ages ranged from five days to eight months; 75% were younger than two months. Early-onset (less than or equal to seven days of age) GBS disease occurred in 10% of the patients, and late-onset GBS disease in 90%. The racial distribution was 60% black, 35% white, and 5% Hispanic. Symptoms included fever, irritability, lethargy, and altered-feeding pattern which lasted less than 24 hours in 88% of patients. On presentation, 33% were afebrile (eight had GBS meningitis); 32% did not appear ill (six had GBS meningitis). Of the total, 40% had GBS meningitis, of these, a greater proportion had either early-onset GBS disease or neutropenia. Infection other than meningitis was identified in 24% of all patients: pneumonia (six cases), cellulitis/adenitis (six cases), osteomyelitis/septic arthritis (five cases), and otitis media (one case). All patients survived. Systemic GBS infection in an outpatient population can involve infants up to eight months old, is more common in blacks than in whites, can be present without fever or compromised appearance, and usually has low mortality.
Software tools for concurrent design of electronic systems-benchmarking of various finite elements and volume analysis packages

Selecting analysis software can be a daunting task. Over the years, analysis tools have evolved from being off-line evaluation and study tools to a mainstream design and development necessity for concurrent design. These software tools are now a compelling requirement for a fiercely competitive environment with a reduced product development cycle time. Current solvers are complex algorithms that often require extensive research time to comprehend and consume precious time to understand. In this complex environment, the educated customer is clearly in the best position to take the challenge. This paper outlines industry tested proven techniques and processes to guide the reader through the difficult selection process to ensure optimum selection. A step-by-step approach is shown to identify and document specific user needs and establish a foundation for the selection and decision process. A simplified approach to understanding solver routines is also discussed. Details include a fundamentals review, without dissertation, of the various solver techniques from finite element to finite volume, and their respective merits. This paper is geared to assist users in selection of the best analysis tool for their needs. Correct benchmarking techniques are the kernel of this process and they are discussed carefully to assist and ensure correct software selection for the needs at hand.