cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Men, shame and antisocial behavior: A psychodynamic perspective

This paper discusses the psychosocial factors that contribute to male antisocial behavior. The role of shame and related affects is emphasized. Compensatory defenses associated with these affects are also described. Developmental concepts are reviewed in the light of recent research. Finally, some of the issues involved in doing psychotherapy with this population are discussed, with an emphasis on the value of group therapy.
“Enough Already!”: Caregiving and Disaster Preparedness—Two Faces of Anticipatory Loss

ABSTRACT This article presents a narrative account of living with repeated threats of hurricane destruction within the context of past and present caregiving responsibilities. The narrative is based on the author's experience of providing care to a daughter with cerebral palsy and to several elderly family members. Excerpts from a diary of informal conversations with friends, neighbors, and other community members during Florida's unprecedented hurricane season in 2004 are used as additional sources. The narrative highlights similarities, differences, and interactions among costs and benefits associated with various categories of anticipatory and realized loss and trauma.
Relation of yolk sac membrane kynurenine formamidase inhibition to certain teratogenic effects of organophosphorus insecticides and of carbaryl and eserine in chicken embryos

Abstract One type of teratogenic effect induced in chicken embryos by a variety of organophosphorus (OP) and mcthylcarbamate (MC) insecticides is associated with lowered embryo NAD levels. This appears to result from inhibition of kynurenine formamidase, which impairs conversion of tryptophan to essential pyridine nucleotide cofactors. The yolk sac membrane and the embryonic liver contain two types of kynurenine formamidase, one sensitive and the other relatively insensitive to OP and MC inhibitors. The eserine-sensitive enzyme accounts for ~ 26 percent of the overall activity for hydrolysis of N 1 N x - diformyl- l -kynurenine . In studies with twenty-one OP insecticides and two MC compounds injected at day 4 of incubation, the inhibition of the eserine-sensitive kynurenine formamidase at day 9 of incubation correlates well with the lowering of NAD levels at day 12 of incubation and the intensity of teratogenic signs. Teratogens of this type combine high potency for inhibiting the relevant kynurenine formamidase in the yolk sac membrane early in development, and possibly in the liver at later stages, with adequate in tiro stability to maintain the inhibition through critical stages of embryogenesis. Thus, kynurenine formamidase joins acetylcholinesterase in the list of OP- and MC-sensitive enzymes of critical physiological significance.
Heritage Language Education and Investment among Asian American Middle Schoolers: Insights from a Charter School.

This paper investigates Mandarin learning experiences of Chinese American teenagers from working-class families. Drawing on a subset of data from a larger ethnographic study, we focus on 14 middle schoolers who studied Mandarin as a heritage language at a socially engaging school with Mandarin as part of its official curriculum. The data highlight a mismatch between students’ true heritage language and the institutionalized surrogate heritage language, which created unwanted implications for students’ investment and identities in the presence of Mandarin hegemony. In a time when the teaching of Mandarin receives unprecedented educational support, this study calls for more educational efforts that attend to the large population of heritage language learners from non-Mandarin language backgrounds. We suggest that Mandarin educators have critical language awareness so they can address Chinese American students’ multilingual backgrounds in ways that can value their home languages and support their investment ...
The Death of California Redevelopment Areas Did the State Get It Right

In 2012, California ended Redevelopment Areas (RDAs), which was the state’s primary program for tax increment financing. The state justified its actions based on budgetary issues and lack of eviden...
Testing a social-cognitive model of HIV transmission risk behaviors in HIV-infected MSM with and without depression

Objective—Social cognitive models have been used to explain health risk behaviors such as sexual transmission risk behavior (TRB) in a variety of populations, including people with HIV. However, these models generally do not account for the influence of clinically significant psychological problems. Clinical depression is one of the most common comorbid conditions in HIV, and it may affect the ability of social cognitive models to predict TRB. Design—The current study examined whether a social cognitive model would explain risk of sexual TRB in sexually active HIV-infected men who have sex with men MSM who meet or do not meet screening criteria for major depression. Main Outcome Measures—Participants (n=403) completed self-report assessments of negative expectancy, social models, and self-efficacy related to condom use, as well as recent sexual TRB and a screening measure for major depression. We used path analysis to examine whether condom use self-efficacy mediated associations between expectancies about condom use and social models of condom use, and recent sexual TRB. Multiple group modeling was conducted to compare the fit of this model in participants who met (n=47) or did not meet (n=356) screening criteria for major depression. Results—The final multiple group model fit the data well (χ 2 (36)=30.55, p=.73; CFI=1.00; RMSEA<.01; SRMR=.05). Results indicated that among MSM who screened negative for depression, low condom use self-efficacy explained indirect pathways from negative expectancy about condom use and poor social models for condom use to greater sexual TRB. In contrast, among MSM who screened positive for depression, condom use self-efficacy did not mediate any pathways from risk factors to sexual TRB and was not directly associated with sexual TRB. In this group, only negative expectancy about condom use was associated with greater sexual TRB.
Interdisciplinary Approach to Evacuation Modeling

Evacuations have long been studied within disciplinary boundaries, most frequently in the social sciences and in transportation engineering. Despite the common object of study, previous works integrating these fields’ perspectives are relatively sparse, sometimes leading to evacuation planning models that are divorced from social theory or that observed human behavior. However, a multidisciplinary solution is difficult because many social findings are not directly transferable to optimization formulations or simulation models. Most studies fail to recognize that human behavior and transportation systems are intertwined and that decisions depend not only on the disaster but also on the transportation conditions, options, sociodemographics, experiences, and risk perceptions. This paper reviews these two approaches to evacuation research and proposes a new interdisciplinary approach that merges the strengths of each. The process not only seeks to incorporate empirical and theoretical insights from the social sciences into transportation evacuation modeling but also calls for reexamination of some transportation modeling assumptions in order to improve their mapping in the real world. The result is a new five step modeling process.
Endocrine profiles in cows with ovarian cysts experimentally induced by treatment with exogenous estradiol or adrenocorticotropic hormone

Abstract The objectives of this study were to 1) induce formation of ovarian cysts in dairy cows and identify accompanying changes in luteinizing hormone (LH) and ovarian steroids and 2) characterize profiles of gonadotropin and sex steroid secretion in cows with experimentally induced ovarian cysts. Nonlactating dairy cows, synchronized to be in late diestrus, received either a placebo, 10 mg estradiol-17β, or multiple treatments of 100 IU adrenocortropic hormone (ACTH) gel. Jugular blood was drawn every 4 h for 8 d and palpation per rectum performed daily for 20 d. Ovarian cysts formed in 0 of 5 control, 2 of 5 estradiol-treated, and 2 of 5 ACTH-treated cows. Estradiol treatment resulted in synchronous luteal regression with a preovulatory surge-like release of LH occurring before luteal regression was complete. At 5 to 8 d after administration of estradiol, cows were either identified as having an ovarian cyst or had a spontaneous preovulatory LH surge that was followed by ovulation. Preovulatory surges of LH did not occur after luteal regression in ACTH-treated cows, with ovarian cysts detected within 2 to 3 d. There was great variation in basal endocrine profiles in cows with experimentally induced cysts. After administration of exogenous estradiol (1 mg), only one of four cows with induced cysts responded with a preovulatory surge-like release of gonadotropins.
Effect of surgical trauma on epithelial cell adhesion molecule (GA-733) vaccine-induced tumor resistance.

Background: Surgical trauma inhibits immune function. Our goal was to study the effect of surgical intervention on the development of the immune response to epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM [GA-733]), a tumor-associated protein used for vaccination in colon cancer. Methods: Recombinant GA-733 and monophosphoryl-lipid A (MPLA) were incorporated into biodegradable beads and implanted in the following groups of mice: control, insufflation, and laparotomy. After surgery, the mice were inoculated with GA-733–transfected C26 cells (C26-EpCAM). Plasma anti-GA733 IgG antibodies were detected in enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Killing specific to GA-733 was assayed by C26-EpCAM–killing assay. Results: The difference in tumor size between immunized and nonimmunized animals was statistically significant only in control mice (p < 0.05). Greater cytotoxic response to C26-GA733 developed in all immunized mice groups than in their respective controls. However, anti-GA733 IgG increased significantly in the control and insufflation groups, but not in the laparotomy group. Conclusions: Combined GA-733 vaccine allows reduction of tumor growth in control but not in surgically managed animals. This vaccine can induce a specific-cell and antibody-mediated immune response. Open surgery leads to a decreased antibody response to the GA-733 tumor vaccine.
Dependence of coal liquefaction behaviour on coal characteristics: 9. Liquefaction of a large set of high-sulphur coal samples

Abstract Previous attempts to relate quantitatively coal liquefaction yields to properties considered only total yields of products and basic compositional data. This effort has now been renewed by the incorporation of analyses of liquefaction products and of coal structural characteristics. A set of 26 high volatile bituminous coals, with sulphur contents ranging from 2.8 to 7.9% and a mean mineral matter content of 15.3 ± 4.2% has been liquefied in tubing bombs with tetralin and hydrogen. There was a tendency for total conversion to decrease with increasing rank, but with much scatter. No marked trends of yields of asphaltene, oils or gas (directly measured) with rank or sulphur content were seen. The sum of the yields of these fractions and of the insoluble residue from the liquefaction was only 85–95%; it was shown that most of the missing material represented volatile coal products lost in the evaporation of the ethyl acetate extractant or in the vacuum distillation of naphthalene and excess tetralin.
Examining the Text-Based, On-Demand, Analytical Writing of Mainstreamed Latino English Learners in a Randomized Field Trial of the Pathway Project Intervention.

This study reports on the effects of the Pathway Project, a professional development intervention aimed at supporting the academic language development of English Learners (ELs). Using a subset of data collected during a multi-site cluster randomized controlled trial involving nine middle and six high schools in an urban, low-income school district over 3 years, this study examines how the Pathway Project intervention impacted ELs’ abilities to analyze literature, use academic words, and include commentary in their essays. A total of 103 English teachers were stratified by school and grade and randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Each year, Pathway teachers participated in 46 hours of training and learned how to apply a cognitive strategies approach to literacy instruction in order to help students understand, interpret, and write analytical essays about themes in literature. Through a textual analysis of 300 randomly sampled pre- and 300 post-intervention essays collected from 1,640 mainstreamed secondary ELs (820 experimental and 820 control), this study examined the ways in which the intervention impacted the writing outcomes of secondary ELs. A univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the students’ literary analysis and the use of commentary in their essays with the number of years in the treatment condition as the independent variable revealed significant effects of the intervention on the afore-mentioned posttest measures, with students who received 2 years of the intervention outperforming those who received only 1 year of the intervention.
Computational Approaches for Studying the Granular Dynamics of Continuous Blending Processes, 1 – DEM Based Methods

Computational methods using mechanistic modeling with a specific application in the area of continuous blending are presented. These methods complement experimental designs and aim to reduce the amount of time, effort, and material required to characterize a device or a process. The discrete element methodis applied to the specific case of continuous mixing using two approaches. The first approach models an entire blender and studies the impact of changing impeller speed on residence time distribution (RTD), number of blade passes experienced by the powder, and mean centered variance of the particle residence time. The mean centered variance and the number of blade passes exhibit a maximum with increasing impeller speed, indicating optimal mixing behavior at an intermediate speed range. The second DEM approach utilizes a periodic slice of the full blender in order to explore in detail the effect of speed, fill level, and cohesion on mixing performance. The results show that the transverse mixing rates were generally higher than the corresponding axial mixing rates. Transverse diffusion was highest for large impeller speeds at larger fills, and axial diffusion was highest for large impeller speeds at smaller fills. Variations in particle‐ particle cohesion within the investigated range do not affect diffusion values significantly. The axial diffusion coefficient can be reasonably predicted from the residence time distribution using the 1D advection-diffusion model.
Inhibition of the microsomal oxidation of ethanol and 1-butanol by the free-radical, spin-trapping agent 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide

Abstract The free-radical, spin-trapping agent, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO), inhibited the microsomal oxidation of ethanol and 1-butanol as well as the metabolism of 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyrate. DMPO also blocked the stimulation of ethanol oxidation caused by the addition of iron-EDTA to microsomes. Previous electron spin resonance studies with DMPO by others had shown that the free radical produced by rat liver microsomes and augmented by iron-EDTA was the hydroxyl radical. In the current study, DMPO had no effect on microsomal oxygen consumption with NADPH as substrate, nor on NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity, nor on the demethylation of aminopyrine or the hydroxylation of aniline. Therefore, a general toxic action of DMPO on microsomes is excluded. DMPO also failed to inhibit the catalase-dependent pathway of ethanol oxidation by microsomes. Experiments with Chelex 100 resin and the chelating agent, diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid, rule out any major role for contaminating iron in the reagents. These results tend to identify the free radical responsible for microsomal metabolism of ethanol, 1-butanol, and 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyrate as the radical trapped by DMPO, namely the hydroxyl radical.
Solid-State Laser Power Scaling Using Phase Conjugation

This paper reviews recent results on the power scaling of solid-state lasers using phase conjugation. We present the basic ideas involved in employing phase conjugation to compensate thermally induced aberrations in the laser medium, and we discuss the results of recent experiments in which birefringence in an active laser amplifier was successfully compensated.
Effective potentials for dilute Bose-Einstein condensates

We present a theoretical formulation of trapped, dilute Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC's) at zero temperature based on ordinary Schr\"odinger quantum mechanics. By a judicious choice of coordinates and of a variational trial wave function we reduce the many-atom problem to a linear Schr\"odinger equation that is easier to handle and interpret than the usual nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation of BEC theory. Ordinary quantum mechanics then reproduces, semiquantitatively, many of the main features of zero-temperature BEC, including the critical number of atoms in a condensate with negative scattering length. The procedure is similar in results, but completely different in spirit, to recent variational approaches to solving the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. Moreover, the present procedure represents a step in a systematic alternative method for computing quantitatively accurate wave functions for trapped bosonic atoms.
HIV-1 Tat Protein Interacts with Mammalian Capping Enzyme and Stimulates Capping of TAR RNA

HIV gene expression is subject to a transcriptional checkpoint, whereby negative transcription elongation factors induce an elongation block that is overcome by HIV Tat protein in conjunction with P-TEFb. P-TEFb is a cyclin-dependent kinase that catalyzes Tat-dependent phosphorylation of Ser-5 of the Pol II C-terminal domain (CTD). Ser-5 phosphorylation confers on the CTD the ability to recruit the mammalian mRNA capping enzyme (Mce1) and stimulate its guanylyltransferase activity. Here we show that Tat spearheads a second and novel pathway of capping enzyme recruitment and activation via a direct physical interaction between the C-terminal domain of Tat and Mce1. Tat stimulates the guanylyltransferase and triphosphatase activities of Mce1 and thereby enhances the otherwise low efficiency of cap formation on a TAR stem-loop RNA. Our findings suggest that multiple mechanisms exist for coupling transcription elongation and mRNA processing.
Parturient Paresis. IV. The Effect of Udder Inflation upon Blood Levels of Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus in Cows with Parturient Paresis,

Summary Data are given for the blood levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus during the recovery period for seven cases of parturient paresis in Jersey cows which were treated by udder inflation.
Optical modulators for analog link applications

Features of integrated optical modulators that are important for their use in analog link applications are summarized. The Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulator fabricated on a lithium niobate substrate is treated in detail.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using the Neuroscience of Obesity, Eating Behavior, and Sleep to Inform the Neural Mechanisms of Night Eating Syndrome

The development and maintenance of night eating syndrome (NES) is likely influenced by physiological, psychological, and social factors. Within the physiological domain, neural mechanisms (e.g., neurotransmitters and specific brain region functioning) remain understudied in contrast to other eating disorders and obesity. The serotonin system has been hypothesized to contribute to NES based on one single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study and supportive pharmacologic treatment outcome findings, but additional neural models are plausible. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a brain imaging tool that is increasingly being used to study obesity, eating behavior, and sleep. Converging data from these literatures using food motivation and decision making fMRI paradigms suggest that the prefrontal and limbic brain systems might also play a role in the development and/or maintenance of NES. We use these data to support a new neural model of NES for future testing and validation.
A technological communications costs model of R&D consortia as public policy

Abstract For complex technologies, the process of innovation and diffusion often requires close cooperation among people, for learning what one another know. The social and political context of those links among researchers is an important determinant of their efficiency. Where there are social and political barriers to those links, free-market structures are not well suited to minimizing the costs of the communication of technological information. The paper develops a technological communications costs market failure model of R&D results as impure public goods. It shows how the design of the European R&D consortia-promoting public policies, Esprit and Eureka, helps firms overcome the market failures described by the model. The analysis expands the traditional market failure justifications for a government role in industrial R&D. Governments can play a positive economic role by helping firms overcome social and political barriers to negotiations and technological communications. Yet, market failure arguments are not alone sufficient for policymaking. So, the paper considers the Esprit and Eureka policy designs in a political context as model policy tools for organizing public support for industrial R&D.
Not all social exclusions are created equal: Emotional distress following social exclusion is moderated by exclusion paradigm

Although one's intuition may be that social exclusion causes emotional distress, evidence both supports and refutes this perception. Some research has shown that exclusion results in decreased mood, self-esteem, and other needs, whereas other work has shown that exclusion results not in distress but rather in a relatively flat affective state. We assert that the paradigm used to induce social exclusion may moderate its effect on emotional distress. We found in two studies that Cyberball exclusion resulted in decreased basic needs satisfaction and mood relative to Cyberball inclusion, whereas no differences emerged on these same measures between Future-Life exclusion and inclusion conditions. Implications of these results for understanding the broader effects of exclusion paradigm are discussed.
CCAAT/enhancing binding protein β deletion in mice attenuates inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and lipid accumulation in diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. To investigate whether the transcription factor CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein (C/EBPβ) is involved in the development of NASH, C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) or C/EBPβ knockout (C/EBPβ−/−) mice were fed either a methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet or standard chow. These WT mice fed a MCD diet for 4 weeks showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in liver C/EBPβ messenger RNA and protein, along with increased expression of lipogenic genes peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ and Fas. WT mice also showed increased levels of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway proteins phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor α, phosphorylated pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase, and C/EBP homologous protein, along with inflammatory markers phosphorylated nuclear factor κB and phosphorylated C-jun N-terminal kinase compared to chow-fed controls. Cytochrome P450 2E1 protein and acetyl coA oxidase messenger RNA involved in hepatic lipid peroxidation were also markedly increased in WT MCD diet-fed group. In contrast, C/EBPβ−/− mice fed a MCD diet showed a 60% reduction in hepatic triglyceride accumulation and decreased liver injury as evidenced by reduced serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and by HE45:1108–1117.)
The print in early modern England: An historical oversight

by Malcolm Jones, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, 2010, xii + 452 pp., $95.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9780300136975 Prints ha...
Galileo Photopolarimeter-Radiometer Observations of Jupiter and the Galilean Satellites

Photopolarimeter-Radiometer (PPR) maps of daytime temperatures on Ganymede at a resolution of 220 kilometers show the expected anticorrelation with albedo, but morning temperatures were about 10 kelvin warmer than expected. Europa had a subsolar temperature of 128 kelvin and a lower effective thermal inertia than either Ganymede or Callisto, and Io9s night side was cooler than predicted by recent models, perhaps requiring revision of heat-flow estimates. The lowest 250-millibar temperatures in the Great Red Spot (GRS) generally corresponded to the visually darkest regions. Temperatures remained cold north of the GRS, but they rose by as much as 6 kelvin to the south over the 2800-kilometer PPR resolution. A visually bright region northwest of the GRS was also relatively cold. It is likely that NH3 clouds affected the determination of the 500-millibar temperature field, which appears qualitatively different.
Immunoprecipitation of phytochrome from green Avena by rabbit antisera to phytochrome from etiolated Avena

Thirty-nine antiserum preparations from eight rabbits were screened for their ability to precipitate the immunochemically distinct phytochrome that is obtained from green oat (Avena sativa L.) shoots. The antisera were obtained from rabbits immunized with either proteolytically degraded, but still photoreversible, 60-kDa (kilodalton) phytochrome, or approx. 120-kDa phytochrome, both of which were purified from etiolated oat shoots. The ability of these antisera to precipitate phytochrome from green oats was independent of the size of phytochrome used for immunization. While crude antisera immunoprecipitated as much as 80% of the phytochrome isolated from green oat shoots, antibodies immunopurified from these sera with a column of highly purified, approx. 120-kDa phytochrome from etiolated oats precipitated no more than about 5-10%.
Sex Differences in the Vectorcardiogram

In a study of 101 normal men and 102 normal women (mean age, 42.5 and 42.6 years, respectively), significant sex differences were observed in 43 of 64 vectorial items analyzed (initial 0.02-sec and 0.025-sec vectors, maximal QRS and T vectors, terminal 0.02-sec vectors in frontal, horizontal left sagittal planes; Q, R, S, and T deflections in Frank's X, Y, and Z leads). The initial QRS vectors are oriented more inferiorly and posteriorly in women than in men, the maximal QRS vectors more inferiorly, the terminal vectors more leftward and superiorly, the T vector more posteriorly and inferiorly. The QRS-T angle is smaller. There is a significant tendency to smaller magnitude of all planar vectors and Q, R, S, and T deflections (except Sy) in orthogonal leads in women, and a greater incidence of initial counterclockwise rotation in the frontal plane QRS loop. Thus, sex differences show up better in the VCG than in the ECG. Separate normal 95 percentile limits for men and women are presented for all items wi...
Coronary artery aneurysms associated with systemic lupus.

marginal branches. A 29-year-old Caucasian woman with a 6-year history of active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), presented to the emergency department with a 12-h history of confusion. She was on long-term treatment with prednisone and azathioprine. She had no complaints consistent with cardiac disease prior to her change in mental status. Apart from hypertension sec- ondary to her SLE there was no other significant past medical or family history. Her other medications included amlodipine, metoprolol, and cimetidine. She denied use of tobacco, alco- hol, or illicit drugs. Physical examination revealed a blood pressure
Primary care physicians' utilization and perceptions of genetics services.

Purpose: To document primary care physicians' utilization and perceptions of genetics services. Methods: A randomized survey of physicians in the Pacific Northwest. Results: The greatest factor prompting a genetics referral was the patient's interest in the evaluation, and the most common reason not to obtain a consultation was the perception that it was of no benefit to the patient. Genetics consultation was rarely sought for a family history of cancer or for deafness, polycystic kidney disease, or congenital heart disease. Even when uncertain about relative risk, physicians usually counseled a patient themselves rather than referring to a specialist. Conclusion: Primary care physicians need more education about the genetic component of many diseases to provide directly and to refer appropriately for genetics services.
The Event Handler II a Fast, Programmable, CAMAC-Coupled Data Acquisition Interface

The purpose of this paper is to describe the architecture and performance of the Event Handler, a fast, programmable data acquisition interface which is linked to and through CAMAC. The special features of this interface make it a powerful tool in implementing data acquisition systems for experiments in nuclear physics.
Interactions among environmental enrichment, viewing crowds, and zoo chimpanzees (Pantroglodytes)

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not a group of zoo chimpanzees responded to environmental enrichment differently given higher weekend crowds in contrast to lower weekday crowds. Findings showed that foraging, feeding, and object-using were more likely with new enrichment; conversely, grooming, playing, watch-idle, and aberrant behaviors were more likely with 1 day-old enrichment. Across both new and 1 day-old enrichment, however, high crowds corresponded with diminished frequencies of foraging, object-using, grooming, and play. The study's second purpose was to examine how zoo visitors responded to chimpanzees under varying conditions of environmental enrichment. Analysis of zoo visitors' verbatim responses suggested that the public's behavior was influenced by desires to interact with the chimpanzees, the state of the chimpanzees' habitat, the relative complexity of the chimpanzees' activities, and human sociocultural norms. Thus a variety of contextual factors were found to influence the behavior of chimpanzees and humans alike. Future research is encouraged that investigates the ways in which multiple elements within the full captive socioecology of chimpanzees fluidly interact to influence the effectiveness of environmental enrichment as well as zoo visitors' responses to, and lasting impressions of, zoo chimpanzees. Zoo Biol 17:211–230, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anatomical and experimental evidence for particulate feeding in Lucinoma aequizonata and Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Bivalvia: Lucinidae) from the Santa Barbara Basin

Previous nutritional models for adults of the lucinid bivalve Lucinoma aequizonata contend that symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria provide most of the organic carbon for the host. The existence of this symbiosis, coupled with the host’s distinctive anatomical features, shaped the impression that particulate feeding was not a significant part of L. aequizonata nutrition. Here, we use several techniques to show that particulate feeding is a consistent and important part of the L. aequizonata nutritional strategy. Histological and scanning electron microscopy observations reveal that the gills of L. aequizonata, like those of the lucinid Parvilucina tenuisculpta, have functional mucociliary epithelia, able to transport captured particles to the mouth. Observations of gut content and radiolabeled feeding experiments indicate that L. aequizonata does ingest and assimilate carbon from particulate organic matter. Furthermore, molecular identification of a broad spectrum of organisms in the guts of native adult specimens demonstrates that L. aequizonata is non-selective when ingesting organic material, and has a mixotrophic diet.
Is Alignment Enough? Investigating the Effects of State Policies and Professional Development on Science Curriculum Implementation.

Implementation of science curriculum materials has been a fundamental challenge in science education for decades. Policy researchers have argued that alignment of standards, curriculum, and assessment are the key to supporting implementation. This paper focuses on teachers' perceptions of curricular alignment and on curriculum implementation using empirical data from a statewide systemic inquiry science reform effort targeting students from kindergarten to eighth grade. We find that the success of alignment policies depends on teachers' construal of the relationship between standards and curriculum materials and on allocation of time for planning at the school level. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed93:656–677, 2009
The computation of maximum likelihood estimates for the multiple logistic risk function for use with categorical data

Abstract A computing technique is described for the maximum likelihood estimation of multiple logistic coefficients. The method makes use of the marginal iterative proportional fitting system commonly applied in the analysis of multidimensional contingency tables. The estimated logistic coefficients for two models fitted to a set of data are compared to those derived from the more traditional Newton-Raphson approach.
Communications model for analysis and design (COMMAND)

The COMmunications Model for ANalysis and Design (COMMAND) is a flexible and adaptable communications simulation model capable of modeling virtually any number of message source/destination and link combinations. COMMAND's flexibility is indicated by its data driven nature; most applications require database changes only. COMMAND is adaptable; if it doesn't contain the logic to support a unique protocol, buffer management technique, or other particular feature, one need only add or substitute a simple subroutine. Data structures and simulation control are hidden from and transparent to the user. COMMAND models traffic where message parameters vary widely, multimedia are employed, the user requires the capability to dictate dynamic environmental changes, and the content of the messages that reach their destination is important to measures of system performance.
Separation of murine cellular and murine leukaemia virus DNA polymerases.

The DNA polymerase of murine leukaemia virus has been purified and can be separated physically from enzymes with some similar properties that are present in normal cells. Chromatographic and immunological methods have made it possible to identify the viral enzyme in virus-transformed cells.
Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase: ADH Indianapolis results from genetic polymorphism at the ADH2 gene locus.

New molecular forms of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), collectively designated ADHIndianapolis (ADHInd), were recently discovered in 29% of liver specimens from Black Americans [Bosron, W. F., Li, T.-K., and Vallee, B. L. (1981). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:5784]. Three different ADHInd phenotypes have now been identified by starch gel electrophoresis, and four ADHInd enzyme forms isolated by affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. The most cathodic ADHInd form has a single pH optimum at 7.0 for ethanol oxidation and is a homodimer of a newly discovered subunit, as evidenced by dissociation-recombination studies. The remaining three purified ADHInd forms have dual pH optima for ethanol oxidation at 7.0 and 10.0 and generate two new bands on starch gel electrophoresis after dissociation-recombination. They appear to be heterodimers of this new subunit with the known subunits, α, β1, and γ1. Based on the occurrence of these four ADHInd isozymes and isozymes containing β1 subunits in the homogenate supernatants of 135 livers, we conclude that ADHInd results from polymorphism at the ADH2locus, with the variant ADH 2 Ind allele coding for the βInd subunit. The frequency of ADH 2 Ind was 0.16 in Black Americans, and this allele was not observed in any of the 63 livers from White Americans. The frequency of the ADH 3 1 and ADH 3 2 alleles also differed in these two populations.
Ethics education in accounting: Moving toward ethical motivation and ethical behavior

Abstract This paper reviews the literature on ethics education in accounting and utilizes Thorne’s 1998 Integrated Model of Ethical Decision Making to categorize that literature. The review reveals a preponderance of work discussing moral development, which consists of sensitivity and prescriptive reasoning, but a shortage of work addressing virtue, which consists of ethical motivation and ethical behavior. Because of this deficiency, the authors explore the potential of exhortation and moral exemplars to increase ethical motivation among accounting students, faculty, and practitioners.
Structure of palladium-rhodium alloys below their melting points.

A new method for calculating the boundaries between two solid alloy phases has been developed. It is first principles in that the only input is the atomic numbers of the constituents, and differs from previous efforts in that no interaction potentials are introduced. It is used to calculate the miscibility gap in the palladium-rhodium phase diagram.
Experiments on the production and extinction of the 2s state of the hydrogen atom.

The rates of production and extinction of the metastable $2s$ state of the hydrogen atom during passage of an initially pure proton beam through molecular hydrogen are studied. Iodine-filled Geiger counters were used to detect the Lyman alpha radiation from the metastable beam component, which was quenched by electric fields for purposes of observation. An observed peak in the growth of the metastable beam component at 15 keV projectile energy leads to a cross section for the extinction of the metastable atom by collision with molecular hydrogen in excess of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ per target atom. The rate of extinction of the metastable atom by dc electric fields between 50 and 500 V/cm is studied and the weak-field time-independent perturbation-theory treatment of this process is verified. This extinction rate is obtained by observing the decay length of the Lyman alpha radiation emerging from the metastable beam component as a function of electric field. The effective cross section for electron capture into the $2s$ state by 15-keV protons in hydrogen is compared with the best available cross section for the process $e+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{countable}\mathrm{uv}$, and is estimated to be 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ per target atom. For the same energy and target, the effective cross section for excitation of $1s$ projectiles to the $2s$ state is estimated to be 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ per target atom.
Calculation of energy barriers for the chlorine etching of Si(100) surface with step edges

Abstract Calculations were carried out to determine energies and barriers involved in the chlorination process of Si(100)-(2×1) surfaces and in the subsequent desorption of Si-containing species. First and second chlorination steps for Si atoms located at step edge sites were investigated. Energy calculations for exposed terraces include extremely low and high surface Cl concentrations. No energy barriers were found for the first chlorination step, which also displayed little or no dependence on the surface chlorine concentration. However, the second chlorination step (leading to the formation of an attached SiCl 2 unit) involves a barrier, and calculated energetics depend on the Cl concentration of the terraces. One of the important outcomes of this study is related to the composition and the structure of the exposed surfaces. Results strongly indicate that the role played by surface defects and by the attached Cl concentration (in the vicinity of the adsorption sites) on reaction energetics is significant. They influence local reactions and, in turn, affect the overall etching process.
Cross-Reactivity of Human Toxoplasma-Specific T Cells: Implications for Development of a Potential Immunotherapeutic or Vaccine

Previous reports from this laboratory have demonstrated that human CD4+ Toxoplasma-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) clones generated by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Toxoplasma RH strain antigens also recognized target cells expressing C strain antigens. To extend these observations, additional Toxoplasma isolates were studied. A simple system for assessment of cytotoxicity using T cell lines rather than cloned CTL was used. Stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Toxoplasma RH strain antigens elicited cytotoxic T cell lines specific for target cells expressing antigens derived from many other Toxoplasma strains. Cell lines produced by stimulation with antigens derived from the related, nonpathogenic coccidian Besnoitia jellesoni were also cytotoxic for target cells expressing Toxoplasma antigens. Proliferative responses to many Toxoplasma isolates and to the Toxoplasma p30 protein were also noted.
A systematic review of quality of life instruments in long-term breast cancer survivors

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, representing 16% of all female cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, long-term cancer survival is defined as more than five years of survivorship since diagnosis, with approximately 2.5 million breast cancer survivors (BCS) in 2006. The long-term effects from breast cancer and its treatment have been shown to have positive and negative effects on both recovery and survivors' quality of life (QoL). The purpose of the study was to identify QoL instruments that have been validated in long-term BCS and to review the studies that have used the QoL instruments in this population. A systematic literature search was conducted from January 1990 to October 2010 using electronic databases. Instruments validated and used in BCS were included in the review. In addition, QoL studies in long-term BCS using the validated instruments were reviewed. The search was limited to studies in English language. Studies of BCS of less than five years after initial diagnosis, any clinical or review studies were excluded. The review identified a total of 12 instruments (10 disease-specific, 2 condition-specific) validated in long-term BCS. According to the QoL framework proposed by Ferrell and colleagues, three instruments (Quality of Life-Cancer Survivors, Quality of Life in Adult Cancer Survivors Scale, and Quality of Life Index-Cancer Version) evaluated all four domains (physical, psychological, social, and spiritual) of QoL. A review of the psychometric evaluation showed that Quality of Life in Adult Cancer Survivors Scale has acceptable reliability, validity, and responsiveness in long-term BCS compared to other disease-specific instruments. The review also yielded 19 studies that used these QoL instruments. The study results indicated that age-group, ethnicity, and type of treatment influenced different aspects of QoL. There is a significant impact of breast cancer on QoL in long-term BCS. The review can help researchers and clinicians select the most appropriate instruments to assess the changes in QoL in BCS.
Plastid transformation in higher plants.

▪ Abstract Plastids of higher plants are semi-autonomous organelles with a small, highly polyploid genome and their own transcription-translation machinery. This review provides an overview of the technology for the genetic modification of the plastid genome including: vectors, marker genes and gene design, the use of gene knockouts and over-expression to probe plastid function and the application of site-specific recombinases for excision of target DNA. Examples for applications in basic science include the study of plastid gene transcription, mRNA editing, photosynthesis and evolution. Examples for biotechnological applications are incorporation of transgenes in the plastid genome for containment and high-level expression of recombinant proteins for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Plastid transformation is routine only in tobacco. Progress in implementing the technology in other crops is discussed.
GOLD THERAPY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

1. Eighty patients with active, advanced rheumatoid arthritis, which was refractory to other therapeutic measures, received injections of gold salts. Thirty-five patients (43.75 per cent.) were markedly improved and thirty-one (38.75 per cent.) were moderately or slightly improved,—a total of sixty-six patients, or 82.5 per cent., who were improved to some extent. Fourteen patients (17.5 per cent.) experienced no improvement. Of eleven patients with ankylosing spondylitis, six (54.55 per cent.) were improved, and five (45.45 per cent.) were unimproved. The results of gold therapy in these cases were inferior to those obtained in cases of rheumatoid arthritis with involvement of the peripheral joints. 2. Local and systemic reactions occurred in nineteen (23.75 per cent.) of our cases. The commonest were pruritis, urticaria, and stomatitis. In three cases treatments were discontinued on account of severe reactions. In the others the reactions were mild, and treatments were stopped until the toxic symptoms cleared up, and were then resumed. Severe toxic reactions, purpura, and death have been reported in the literature. 3. Gold therapy is contra-indicated in the presence of renal or hepatic diseases, asthma, urticaria, diabetes, pregnancy, granulopenia, purpura, thrombopenia, and primary and severe secondary anaemia. 4. Gold therapy is indicated only in cases of rheumatoid arthritis. The high percentage of marked improvement, the moderate occurrence of relapses, and the efficiency even after prolonged duration of the disease establish gold salts as a valuable treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We concur with the opinion of other workers that it is superior to any treatment which we have to date. On the other hand, the considerable percentage of unsatisfactory results and the occurrence of toxic reactions lead to the conclusion that gold therapy, while a decided step forward, is still not the ideal treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
Temperature-cycling acceleration factors for aluminium metallization failure in VLSI applications

Low-cycle fatigue data for four common aluminium failure mechanisms in VLSI applications are presented; fractured intermetallic bond failure, chip-out bond failure, shear-stress-induced metal movement and passivation cracking and tensile-stress-induced metal notching and voiding (stress migration). Except for the tensile-stress-induced notching and voiding, uniform acceleration exists when commonly used accelerated temperature cycling ranges are compared: 0 degrees C/125 degrees C, -40 degrees C/85 degrees C, -40 degrees C/140 degrees C, and -65 degrees C/150 degrees C. Tensile-stress induced metal notching and voiding is not uniformly accelerated by temperature cycling; it is accelerated more effectively by simple elevated temperature storage. A temperature-cycling acceleration factor model, based on the Coffin-Manson law, is presented. The problem of using only the temperature cycling range when calculating the acceleration factor is highlighted. >