cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Student Knowledge of Diabetes through Virtual Choose Your Own Adventure Patient Case Format.

Educational strategies to teach pharmacy students about diabetes are necessary to prepare future pharmacists to manage complex patients. The Choose Your Own Adventure (CYOA) patient case format is an innovative activity that presents a patient case in an engaging way. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the development of the innovative teaching activity and (2) to assess its effect on student knowledge and confidence in outpatient management of diabetes. The CYOA patient case activity was designed by transforming a traditional paper patient case involving outpatient diabetes management into an interactive format utilizing an online platform. The activity was conducted with 186 second-year pharmacy students in a skills-based course. This activity was administered virtually through a combination of small group work and large group discussion. After completion of the activity, students completed an online self-assessment questionnaire. Of 178 completed questionnaires, there was a statistically significant difference in students’ self-ratings after versus before the activity for all survey items (p < 0.001). The CYOA activity improved self-reported knowledge of outpatient diabetes management and increased self-reported confidence in clinical decision-making skills. This format shows promise as an educational tool that may be adapted for other disease states to enhance clinical decision-making skills.
Consumers’ navigation of risk perceptions in the adoption of stigmatized products

Abstract Stigma influences consumption decisions and experiences, and consumer research has given significant attention to stigmatized identities and the resulting differential treatment in the marketplace for consumers who bear the stigmatized identities. However, less attention has been devoted to consumer experiences in the adoption of stigmatized products. In this research, a qualitative investigation is utilized in a developing country context to examine consumers’ experiences in the adoption of the menstrual cup, a new women’s health product that is associated with stigma-related risk perceptions. Analysis of interview data from women in Kenya who have different levels of experiences with the product reveals the stigma-related risk perceptions that emerge, and how stigma-concealing aspects of the product and consumers’ intimate sharing in social support reduce stigma-related risk perceptions. Theoretical and practical contributions to risk perceptions in new product adoption and attenuation of risk perceptions in stigmatized product adoption are offered.
Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome

Interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a female-predominant, debilitating disorder characterized by pain with bladder filling that is partially relieved by emptying, urinary frequency, and urgency, persisting for 6 weeks or more. It is known to have a waxing and waning pattern over years which can often delay diagnosis. Episodes of pain can be triggered by diet, increased activity, menstrual cycles, and stressful situations. IC/BPS coexists with various pelvic and systemic comorbidities common to many chronic pain conditions such as endometriosis, irritable bowel syndrome, recurrent urinary tract infections, fibromyalgia, and depression. The etiology is unknown and the pain is thought to be compounded by central sensitization. IC/BPS is a diagnosis of exclusion and is suspected when typical symptoms are present and pelvic, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal pathologies have been excluded. Glomerulations (petechial hemorrhages) or Hunner’s ulcers may be seen on cystoscopy but are not required for the diagnosis. A stepwise approach to management starts with behavioral modification, dietary changes, pelvic floor therapy, and oral/intravesicular medications. Pentosan polysulfate, tricyclic antidepressants, and antihistamines are common oral medications used in the treatment of IC/BPS. Referrals to a urologist or urogynecologist are needed when the diagnosis is in doubt, when there is unexplained hematuria or urinary incontinence, or when intravesical treatments, including pentosan polysulfate and dimethyl sulfoxide, are needed. Multidisciplinary management teams, which may include pain specialists and mental health providers, can be considered for refractory cases.
Advanced Technology Radiation Therapy with Dose Painting: Opportunities for Outcome Improvement for Management of Lymphoma

Radiation therapy remains important in the modern management of both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Radiation is applied as both consolidation therapy post chemotherapy and primary therapy for selected limited volume clinically favorable histology. Application of modern therapy techniques permits more sparing of normal tissue in all anatomical locations. Modern image guidance permits both security in daily patient treatment set up and permits strategic titration of the planning target volume to further spare normal tissue. Four-dimensional planning makes certain targets are fully treated in all phases of the breathing cycle. Dose painting with altered fractionation permits identification of low, intermediate, and high-risk areas of concern and treat each in a single plan with multiple fractionation schemes saving both time of treatment and cost of therapy. In this paper we present multiple examples of the application of modern therapy techniques in lymphoma management and demonstrate advantages of modern radiation in several anatomical regions.
Further Consideration of the Impact of Tobacco Control Policies on Young Adult Smoking in Light of the Liberalization of Cannabis Policies.

Background Changing patterns of cannabis consumption related to the liberalization of cannabis policies may have a countervailing effect on tobacco use. We analyzed whether cannabis policies have tempered the effects of tobacco control policies as well as the extent to which they were associated with young adult cigarette smoking. Methods Combining data on tobacco and cannabis policies at the state, county, and city levels with the nationally-representative geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and Census data, we use multilevel regression and fixed effect analyses to examine the impact of cannabis policies on any past 30-day cigarette smoking, frequency of smoking, and past 30-day near-daily smoking among young adults while accounting for community and individual covariates. Results Tobacco control policies, including significant effects of comprehensive smoking bans, total vending machine restrictions, single cigarette sale restrictions, and advertising restrictions, remain robust in reducing young adult smoking, net of cannabis policy liberalization, including the legal status of possession, penalties for sale, and medical cannabis. Cannabis policies do not directly affect young adult smoking patterns in an adverse way. Conclusions This paper provides evidence that the liberalization of cannabis laws has not adversely affected the efficacy of tobacco control efforts. Implications While the effects of tobacco control policies on smoking are well-established, little research has considered how the liberalization of cannabis policies may affect these relationships, which is important given the co-use of these substances. This paper provides evidence that the liberalization of cannabis laws has not adversely affected tobacco control efforts.
Impact of the early COVID-19 pandemic on Breast Surgical Oncology fellow education.

Introduction The early COVID-19 pandemic rapidly transformed healthcare and medical education. We sought to evaluate the professional and personal impact of the pandemic on 2019-2020 Breast Surgical Oncology (BSO) fellows in Society of Surgical Oncology approved programs to capture the experience and direct future changes. Methods From July 15, 2020 to August 4, 2020 a survey was administered to the American Society of Breast Surgeons' fellow members. The survey assessed the impact of the pandemic on clinical experience, education/research opportunities, personal health/well-being, and future career. Responses were collected and aggregated to quantify the collective experience of respondents. Results Twenty-eight of fifty-seven (54%) eligible fellows responded. Twenty-one (75%) indicated the clinical experience changed. Twenty-seven (96%) reported less time spent caring for ambulatory breast patients and sixteen (57%) reported the same/more time spent in the operating room. Fourteen (50%) stated their future job was impacted and eight (29%) delayed general surgery board examinations. Stress was increased in 26 (93%). Personal health was unaffected in 20 (71%), and 3 (10%) quarantined for COVID-19 exposure/infection. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic altered the clinical experience of BSO fellows; however, the operative experience was generally unaffected. The creation of frameworks and support mechanisms to mitigate potential challenges for fellows and fellowship programs in the ongoing pandemic and other times of national crisis should be considered.
Ruler of life

The unit length of DNA is a base pair, which serves as a ruler for DNA compaction and processing, as Michelle Wang explains.
Describing complex charts in natural language: a caption generation system

Graphical presentations can be used to communicate information in relational data sets succinctly and effectively. However, novel graphical presentations that represent many attributes and relationships are often difficult to understand completely until explained. Automatically generated graphical presentations must therefore either be limited to generating simple, conventionalized graphical presentations, or risk incomprehensibility. A possible solution to this problem would be to extend automatic graphical presentation systems to generate explanatory captions in natural language, to enable users to understand the information expressed in the graphic. This paper presents a system to do so. It uses a text planner to determine the content and structure of the captions based on: (1) a representation of the structure of the graphical presentation and its mapping to the data it depicts, (2) a framework for identifying the perceptual complexity of graphical elements, and (3) the structure of the data expressed in the graphic. The output of the planner is further processed regarding issues such as ordering, aggregation, centering, generating referring expressions, and lexical choice. We discuss the architecture of our system and its strengths and limitations. Our implementation is currently limited to 2-D charts and maps, but, except for lexical information, it is completely domain independent. We illustrate our discussion with figures and generated captions about housing sales in Pittsburgh.
DRUG USE AND ATTITUDES OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

A random survey of 7,414 10th, 11th, and 12th graders in Monroe County, New York, revealed alcohol to be the most commonly used drug (85%). Twenty-seven percent had used marijuana. Experience with LSD (8.6%) and heroin (2.6%) was lower. Frequent and continued use was less prevalent for all drugs. Students indicated that curiosity was the main reason for beginning drug use. Except for marijuana the students tend to view drugs as dangerous. The youth state that "drug centers" are needed and would he used but should not be staffed by parents or police.
Laryngeal dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a review and case report.

Laryngeal dysfunction can be a salient feature in the clinical symptomatology of speakers diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). In addition to dysphonia, swallowing function is also disrupted. This paper reviews what is known about laryngeal dysfunction resulting from ALS. Presented is a case report of a female, diagnosed with ALS, whose initial symptoms were caused by laryngeal bulbar involvement that was characterized by dysphonia and dysphagia. In bulbar forms of ALS, voice and/or swallowing difficulties are often the initial signs of disease. Careful examination of the muscles innervated by bulbar nerves, and tracking the rate of progressive deficit in the affected muscles, will help to solidify an accurate diagnosis. With therapy, the ability to swallow safely may still be maintained even when voice and articulation abilities are such that oral communication is inefficient.
Steps to valid particle size data from emissions sources

This presentation is directed toward applications of those devices most commonly applied in the measurement of industrial source particle size distributions: cascade impactors and cyclones. Quality assurance (QA) in field programs set up for the determination of particle size distributions includes many of the same steps as those for the determination of particulate concentration and emission rates such as would be applicable to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Methods 5 and 17. However, a number of additional levels of QA must be added. These include specifying and verifying protocols for withdrawing a representative sample from the gas stream, steps to minimize and correct for the effects of interferences, operating protocols to ensure that the sampling conditions fall within the constraints of the hardware being used, sampler preparation, sample handling, and record-keeping. Examples of specific problem areas to be addressed are (1) traverse methodology; (2) the number of samples required to obtain a given confidence level in the results; (3) the selection of samplers and the choice of operational parameters such as sampling flow rate; (4) interferences, controls, and blanks; (5) sample recovery and handling; and (6) post-test verification that the actual sampler operation fell within the limits for reliable performance formore » the device(s) used. 8 references, 4 figures, 2 tables.« less
An immune-based approach to document classification

The human immune system is a complex adaptive system which has provided inspiration for a range of innovative problem solving techniques in areas such as computer security, knowledge management and information retrieval. In this paper the construction and performance of a novel immune-based learning algorithm is explored whose distributed, dynamic and adaptive nature offers many potential advantages over more traditional models. Through a process of cooperative coevolution a classifier is generated which consists of a set of detectors whose local dynamics enable the system as a whole to group positive and negative examples of a concept. The immune-based learning algorithm is first validated on a standard dataset. Then, combined with an HTML feature extractor, it is tested on a web-based document classification task and found to outperform traditional classification paradigms. Further applications in content filtering, recommendation systems and user profile generation are also directly relevant to the work presented.
EFFECT OF OSMOLARITY ON PHAGOCYTOSIS

Abstract Sbarra, Anthony J. (St. Margaret's Hospital, Boston, Mass.), William Shirley, and John S. Baumstark. Effect of osmolarity on phagocytosis. J. Bacteriol. 85:306–313. 1963.—The effect of a number of different compounds on phagocytosis was studied. Phagocytosis was monitored by morphological and biochemical means. It was found that the addition of compounds such as KCl, NaCl, sodium or potassium malonate, and K2SO4 to the phagocytic system inhibited phagocytosis. The increased salt concentration specifically inhibited the respiratory activity associated with phagocytosis. The endogenous respiration of the leukocytes was unaffected. Glycolysis and the increased flow of glucose through the hexose monophosphate pathway were also inhibited by the elevated concentration of salts. In addition, cells exposed to high salt concentrations appeared to be reduced in size as compared with normal cells. The inhibition can be reversed by lowering the salt concentration. It was suggested that the increased osmotic pressure of the system was responsible for the inhibition.
Revision using distal inflow is a safe and effective treatment for ischemic steal syndrome and pathologic high flow after access creation

Objective Ischemic steal syndrome (ISS) and pathologic high flow (HF) are a complications after hemodialysis access creation. Their management is complex and varied with most requiring surgical revision for correction of symptoms. Revision using distal inflow (RUDI) has been described in small series for the treatment of ISS. We present our experience with RUDI for the treatment of ISS and pathologic HF. Methods We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients who underwent RUDI for ISS from April, 2010 to March, 2014. Data collection included demographic characteristics, medical histories, subsequent procedures, volume flows, access usage, limb salvage, and patient survival. Results We performed 29 RUDI procedures in 28 patients (16 women, 12 men). Indications for surgery were pathologic HF in 13 and ISS in 19. Ten percent had previous banding for ISS or HF. Sixty-nine percent of patients had a history of diabetes. Fifty-two percent had a history of atherosclerotic disease. Mean time to intervention from creation was 40 months (range, 6-88 months). Accesses included 1 upper arm graft and 27 brachial artery-based fistulas. Outflow included 25 cephalic veins and 3 basilic veins. Distalization targets were 19 radial arteries and 10 ulnar arteries. Mean flow reduction was 1191 mL/min. Primary assisted patency at 1 year was 74%. Secondary patency at 1 year was 87%. A single access was ligated for continued heart failure after RUDI. ISS symptom resolution was reported as complete in 69% and partial in 31%. Conclusions RUDI is an effective and durable treatment of ISS and HF comparable with reported experiences with distal revascularization-interval ligation, proximalization of the arterial inflow, and banding. Patient selection is key for optimizing relief of symptoms and maintaining use of the access.
Perceptual difference of child neglect among Korean parents and children: Implications for child welfare policy☆

Abstract This study examined the perceptual differences in child neglect among Korean parents and children. The data were collected from a convenient sampling of 321 Korean parents and 294 children using the case statements developed by Giovannoni and Becerra (1979). The statements consisted of examples of child neglect in the following seven domains: (1) emotional neglect; (2) lack of supervision; (3) medical neglect; (4) educational neglect; (5) neglect of personal hygiene; (6) nutritional neglect; and, (7) drug/alcohol use. Findings showed that both Korean parents and children consider child neglect moderately serious while Korean children consider child neglect situations significantly more serious. Korean parents perceive emotional neglect as the most serious child neglect domain whereas Korean children perceive drug/alcohol use as the most serious domain of child neglect. Gender variation among Korean children indicates that girls are more likely to perceive the emotional neglect and lack of supervision domains more seriously than boys. The implications of the study offer valuable insights into policy development and program planning efforts in reducing the child neglect among Korean parents and children. Additionally, the findings of the study will likely contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the area of child neglect among Korean children and parents.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor associated with renal cell carcinoma

A 46-year-old man was referred for evaluation of a 13-cm renal mass. Right radical nephrectomy was performed. Pathologic evaluation revealed inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) and renal cell carcinoma. To our knowledge, only 28 cases of IMT associated with the kidney have been reported in published studies. This is the first reported case of IMT associated with malignancy in the urogenital tract. Some investigators have suggested that biopsy-proven IMT can be managed conservatively, but the findings of this report have demonstrated the need for radical nephrectomy in this patient population to rule out associated malignancy.
Chloroplast TatC plays a direct role in thylakoid ΔpH-dependent protein transport

The thylakoid ΔpH-dependent pathway transports folded proteins. Identified components include Hcf106 and Tha4. Orthologs of these proteins plus a membrane protein called TatC are essential for the homologous bacterial Tat system. Here we report identification of a chloroplast TatC (cpTatC). cpTatC is an integral thylakoid membrane protein as determined by in vitro chloroplast import and immunoblotting. Antibody to cpTatC specifically inhibited the thylakoid ΔpH-dependent pathway in vitro. cpTatC is present in about the same quantity as estimated translocation sites, whereas Hcf106 and Tha4 are present in 5–8-fold excess. These results are relevant to mechanistic models for this system.
The effects of long-term pressure-overload and aging on the myocardium.

Abstract The effects and interactions of aging and hypertension on the myocardium were studied in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats. Cardiac hypertrophy developed in SHR during the first 7 months of life and was initially more marked in the subendocardium than in the subepicardium. Capillary density decreased in proportion to cellular enlargement but became normalized between 7 and 15 months when cell size no longer increased, suggesting a proliferation of capillaries during this time period. Between 15 and 22 to 23 months significant cellular enlargement occurred in both SHR and WKY despite the fact that blood pressure levels were not changed. Stereological analysis showed that mitochondria/myofibrils volume ratio in SHR decreased during the development of hypertrophy, continued to decrease as hypertrophy stabilized, but normalized during senescence. Residual bodies (lipofuscin granules), characteristic of aging in myocardial cells, accumulated more markedly in SHR than in WKY. Certain other focal alterations which also are associated with aging, i.e. cell membrane invaginations and increased numbers of caveolae, appeared earlier and became more widespread in SHR. In addition, long-term hypertension elicited alterations which were not associated with aging (honey-combed t-tubules, and mitochondrial and myofibril degeneration). These data provide evidence for three conclusions regarding cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension, and aging in SHR. First, changes which are inevitable with aging are accentuated. Second, certain ultrastructural changes appear to be related to long-term hypertension rather than to the natural aging process. Finally, the relationship between the volumes of contractile and energy producing organelles is modified by factors which are not clearly related to either aging or hypertrophy and hypertension.
An adaptive energy-efficient control allocation on planar motion control of electric ground vehicles

An adaptive energy-efficient control allocation (A-EECA) is developed for planar motion control of electric ground vehicles (EGVs) with four in-wheel motors. Different from distribution processes in previous EECA designs [19][28], which needed to instantaneously solve nonlinear (even non-convex) optimization problems at each sampling time, this adaptive EECA approach can make distributed control actuation gradually converge to energy-optimal operating points. The consequent advantages are reflected in both low computational cost and free selections of initial conditions. Based on experimental data and some reasonable assumptions on the efficiencies of in-wheel motors, the adaptive EECA dictates different torque distributions to all the EGV wheels based on their different efficiencies. Simulation results of different maneuvers indicate that much less energy and computational cost are consumed when the adaptive EECA scheme is applied for controlling the planar motion of an EGV.
Theory of a free-electron laser with a Gaussian optical undulator

A theoretical study of the possibility of a free-electron laser in the XUV and soft X-ray region of the spectrum, using a counterpropagaing CO/sub 2/ laser beam as an undulator, is presented. A one-dimensional model is used to evaluate the single-pass power gain of such a device. The detrimental effects due to the energy speed, emittance of the electron beam, and the diffraction of the electromagnetic undulator are explicitly incorporated in the formalism. An oscillator experiment is also considered. The solutions of the optical pulse evolution equation in the weak field, low gain, and long-electron-pulse regimes are all derived. >
Consultants’ Perceptions of School Counselors’ Ability to Implement an Empirically-Based Intervention for Adolescent Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety is highly prevalent but goes untreated. Although school-based CBT programs are efficacious when delivered by specialized psychologists, it is unclear whether school counselors can implement these interventions effectively, which is essential to promote sustainable school programs. We present an initial consultation strategy to support school counselor implementation of group CBT for social anxiety and an evaluation of counselors’ treatment fidelity. Counselors were highly adherent to the treatment, but competence varied based on measurement. Counselors and consultants demonstrated good agreement for adherence, but relatively modest correspondence in competence ratings. We discuss future directions for school-based implementation efforts informed by these initial findings.
Screening Effects on Hydrogen Bonding in Chain Molecular Fluids: Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Development of a special molecular dynamics algorithm (discontinuous molecular dynamics with bonding) was previously reported for simulating molecules via potentials with small square-well potential bonding sites that mimic hydrogen bonding. The present study extends this approach to fluids composed of two new molecular models and focuses especially on the kinetics of bond associations and dissociations in addition to the equilibrium effects. The first molecular model comprises two repulsive sites and three bonding sites (simulated methanol). The second molecular model comprises five repulsive sites where bonding sites are placed at the end and the middle of the chain (a simulated 5-mer diamine). Equilibrium properties focus on the fractions of bonding sites that remain unbonded after extended equilibration. At moderate to high packing fractions, the equilibrium fraction of unbonded acceptors for the middle site of the 5-mer is roughly equal to that of the end site. The fluid structures around end sites a...
An algorithm for storage device selection and file assignment

Abstract Newly available write-once/read-many (WORM) optical storage devices provide the opportunity for storing massive amounts of data online at very low cost. However, the slow random access time of the WORM and its write-once limitation has, in general, restricted its application to archival storage and static files. In this paper we analyze a hybrid storage system which uses a combination of conventional magnetic disks and optical devices for management of files which have moderate volatility. The hybrid system appears to be particularly attractive for databases used for decision support. Cost models and solution algorithms are developed which determine a near-optimum database ‘storage plan’. A storage plan specifies the selection of device types and the assignment of files to devices. The solution approach uses a dynamic programming-based heuristic to obtain an initial solution followed by a set-covering algorithm which employs column generation to both search for an improved solution and to provide a tight lower bound. Computational results indicate that the method produces solutions with an average suboptimality of less than 1 percent. More importantly, this research demonstrates that a storage plan which uses a mix of device types can provide costs savings of up to 70% over a storage plan which is limited to conventional magnetic devices.
Impact of CO2 Injection on Flow Behavior of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs

On the basis of observations at four enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM)/CO2 sequestration pilots, a laboratory-scale study was conducted to understand the flow behavior of coal in a methane/CO2 environment. Sorption-induced volumetric strain was first measured by flooding fresh coal samples with adsorptive gases (methane and CO2). In order to replicate the CO2–ECBM process, CO2 was then injected into a methane-saturated core to measure the incremental “swelling.” As a separate effort, the permeability of a coal core, held under triaxial stress, was measured using methane. This was followed by CO2 flooding to replace the methane. In order to best replicate the conditions in situ, the core was held under uniaxial strain, that is, no horizontal strain was permitted during CO2 flooding. Instead, the horizontal stress was adjusted to ensure zero strain. The results showed that the relative strain ratio for CO2/methane was between 2 and 3.5. The measured volumetric strains were also fitted using a Langmuir-type model, thus enabling calculation of the strain at any gas pressure and using the analytical permeability models. For permeability work, effort was made to increase the horizontal stress to achieve the desired zero horizontal strain condition expected under in situ condition, but this became impossible because the “excess” stress required to maintain this condition was very large, resulting in sample failure. Finally, when CO2 was introduced and horizontal strain was permitted, permeability reduction was an order of magnitude greater, suggesting that the “excess” stress would have reduced it significantly further. The positive finding of the work was that the “excess” stresses associated with injection of CO2 are large. The excess stresses generated might be sufficient to cause microfracturing and increased permeability, and improved injectivity. Also, there might be a weakening effect resulting from repeated CO2 injection, as has been found to be the case with thermal cycling of rocks.
A new passive colorimetric air monitoring badge for sampling formaldehyde in air

A new diffusion colorimetric air monitoring badge for sampling time-weighted average concentrations of formaldehyde is described. This small, lightweight badge can be used for either personal or area monitoring. Laboratory validation and field test data showing that the badge is both precise and accurate within OSHA and NIOSH limits are included. The badge has a sampling range of 2–55 ppm-hrs, which is sufficient to detect workplace concentrations at both TWA and ceiling levels.
Effect of degree of fluid saturation on transport coefficients in disturbed soils

Summary To improve the predictive capability of transport models in soils we need experimental data that improve their understanding of properties at the scale of pores, including the effect of degree of fluid saturation. All transport occurs in the same soil pore space, so that one may intuitively expect a link between the different transport coefficients and key geometrical characteristics of the pores such as tortuosity and connectivity, and pore-size distribution. To understand the combined effects of pore geometry and pore-size distribution better, we measured the effect of degree of water saturation on hydraulic conductivity and bulk soil electrical conductivity, and of degree of air saturation on air conductivity and gaseous diffusion for a fine sand and a sandy loam soil. To all measured data were fitted a general transport model that includes both pore geometry and pore-size distribution parameters. The results show that both pore geometry and pore-size distribution determine the functional relations between degree of saturation, hydraulic conductivity and air conductivity. The control of pore size on convective transport is more for soils with a wider pore-size distribution. However, the relative contribution of pore-size distribution is much larger for the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity than for gaseous phase transport. For the other transport coefficients, their saturation dependency could be described solely by the pore-geometry term. The contribution of the latter to transport was much larger for transport in the air phase than in the water phase, supporting the view that connectivity dominates gaseous transport. Although the relation between effective fluid saturation and all four relative transport coefficients for the sand could be described by a single functional relation, the presence of a universal relationship between fluid saturation and transport for all soils is doubtful.
The effect of 4He on the relaxation rates of the two-level systems in porous vycor glass

Abstract The sound speed in porous Vycor glass is strongly dependent on the amount of 4He adsorbed in the pores. This is due to the interaction between the Two-Level Systems (TLS) in the glass and excitations in the helium film. As helium is added, the TLS relaxation rates gradually increase, to reach a maximum at approximately 90% of ncrit, the critical coverage for the onset of superfluidity. Very close to ncrit a local minimum in the relaxation rates is found. A further increase in the coverage causes again an increase in the relaxation rates. For thicker films and filled pores, the relaxation rates become essentially independent of the amount of helium adsorbed. We then find a new behavior in which the relaxation contribution to the sound speed scales with temperature and frequency as T/ω l 4 . This indicates that an efficient relaxation channel becomes available for the TLS when there is superfluid in the pores. The rapid change in relaxation rates seen close to the completion of the “inert layer” indicates a change in excitation spectrum in the helium film at the onset of superfluidity.
Laminar non-Newtonian fluid flow in a porous annulus☆

Abstract The effect of suction and injection through the porous walls of an annulus on a two-dimensional steady laminar flow of a non-Newtonian fluid is investigated by solving directly the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates. A quasi-linearization method is used to solve the flow problem for both small and moderately large cross flow through the porous walls. With very approximate starting values of functions, only a few iterations are needed to obtain results with very high accuracy. For comparison, a perturbation method is also used to solve the same flow problem. For small values of cross flow through the porous wall, results obtained by both methods agree very well; while for the moderately large values of cross flow, the perturbation technique is impractical and may give an inaccurate result. The effects of the non-Newtonian fluid on the axial velocity, the pressure drop, and skin friction are also examined.
Histochemical Studies of Phosphatase Distribution in Developing Teeth of Albino Rat.

Summary1. Phosphatase activity and localization in developing tooth germs of rats (1 and 4 days old) is correlated with the degree of cellular differentiation and the status of the calcification process. 2. The enzyme is shown to be localized (a) in the stratum intermedium, (b) in the outer enamel epithelium of the incisors, (c) to a lesser extent in the stellate reticulum about the first molar in the more advanced stages (4 days old), and (d) in the pulp contiguous to those odontoblasts in the regions of dentin calcification. 3. No phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the ameloblasts or odontoblasts. 4. The connective tissue surrounding the crypt bone showed extensive phosphatase activity.
Cyclic metabolism of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium in the frog.

The diurnal patterns of 3H-uridine, 3H-leucine and 3H-mannose incorporation by red rods, single cones and pigment epithelial cells were evaluated utilizing quantitative autoradiography. Adult Rana pipiens, previously maintained under a 14L:10D lighting cycle for 3–4 months, were injected with 3H-labeled precursors 3 hrs prior to killing and were sampled throughout a diurnal cycle. In rods, the rate of 3H-uridine incorporation was highest during the middle of the light cycle and was lowest in the middle of the dark cycle, whereas 3H-leucine and 3H-mannose incorporation was more rapid during the latter hours of the dark cycle and lowest during the light cycle, out of phase by approximately 12 hrs from the pattern of 3H-uridine incorporation. In cones, 3H-uridine incorporation was highest during the middle of the light cycle and was lowest during the dark cycle, similar in pattern but reduced in amplitude from the changes observed in 3H-uridine incorporation in rods. 3H-leucine incorporation was high a few hours into the light cycle and just prior to the onset of the dark cycle. Relatively few grains were present over the cone myoids following 3H-mannose injection with no cyclic changes evident. In the pigment epithelium, 3H-uridine incorporation showed two peaks of rapid incorporation, both during the light portion of the diurnal cycle, whereas incorporation dropped to a low level in the middle of the dark cycle. 3H-leucine incorporation was most rapid a few hours into the light cycle, decreasing through the middle portion of the light cycle and then increasing prior to the onset of the dark cycle with this rate sustained throughout the remainder of the dark cycle. 3H-mannose incorporation showed little change throughout the diurnal cycle. In each of these three cell types, 3H-uridine (RNA) incorporation occurred most rapidly during the early part of the light cycle followed by rapid rates of 3H-leucine (protein) incorporation at later times in the day. These cyclic changes in the incorporation of precursors of RNA, protein and glycoprotein in the photoreceptor pigment epithelium complex are discussed in relationship to the times of membrane addition and loss from photoreceptors and times of phagocytosis by the pigment epithelium.
Exogenous growth hormone treatment alters body composition and increases natural killer cell activity in women with impaired endogenous growth hormone secretion

In order to assess the potential relationship between human growth hormone (GH) and body composition (BC) and natural immunity (NI), we measured the effects of exogenous GH on fat weight (FW), fat-free weight (FFW), and the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells in women with impaired GH secretion. Mean peak serum concentrations of GH in response to L-dopa/arginine stimulation were 6.2 +/- 1.1 (SEM) ng/mL in 6 untreated subjects (US) and 5.4 +/- 1.5 ng/mL in 6 GH-treated subjects (TS). Moreover, the pretreatment circulating levels of IGF-I were low in both groups (US 684 +/- 121 mU/mL and TS 583 +/- 83 mU/mL), and they correlated with pretest levels of NK cell activity (r = .59, P less than .05) when both groups were combined. The TS were given 700 micrograms of human GH IM for an average of 14 days while the US were studied in parallel without GH treatment. As measured by hydrodensitometry or skinfold anthropometry, FW decreased (26.1 +/- 6.8 kg to 23.8 +/- 6.3 kg, P less than .05) and FFW increased (44.9 +/- 3.3 kg to 46.2 +/- 3.8 kg, P less than .05) in the TS. In the US, there were no significant (P less than .05) changes in either FW or FFW. Using a standard 51Cr release assay to measure the specific lytic (SL) activity of NK cells, mean SL activity increased from 24.4 +/- 7.0% to 44.1 +/- 8.9% (P less than .05) in the TS, whereas levels in the US were not altered significantly (P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A new approach to computing maximum flows using electrical flows

We give an algorithm which computes a (1-e)-approximately maximum st-flow in an undirected uncapacitated graph in time O(1/e√m/F⋅ m log2 n) where F is the flow value. By trading this off against the Karger-Levine algorithm for undirected graphs which takes ~O(m+nF) time, we obtain a running time of ~O(m n1/3/e2/3) for uncapacitated graphs, improving the previous best dependence on e by a factor of O(1/e3). Like the algorithm of Christiano, Kelner, Madry, Spielman and Teng, our algorithm reduces the problem to electrical flow computations which are carried out in linear time using fast Laplacian solvers. However, in contrast to previous work, our algorithm does not reweight the edges of the graph in any way, and instead uses local (i.e., non s-t) electrical flows to reroute the flow on congested edges. The algorithm is simple and may be viewed as trying to find a point at the intersection of two convex sets (the affine subspace of st-flows of value F and the l∞ ball) by an accelerated version of the method of alternating projections due to Nesterov.By combining this with Ford and Fulkerson's augmenting paths algorithm, we obtain an exact algorithm with running time ~O(m5/4 F1/4) for uncapacitated undirected graphs, improving the previous best running time of ~O(m+ min(nF,m3/2)).We give a related algorithm with the same running time for approximate minimum cut, based on minimizing a smoothed version of the l1 norm inside the cut space of the input graph. We show that the minimizer of this norm is related to an approximate blocking flow and use this to give an algorithm for computing a length k approximately blocking flow in time ~O(m √k).
Studies of Tertiary Dentin in Monkey Teeth Using Vital Dyes

Cavities were prepared in deciduous and permanent teeth of monkeys. Some were left open; some were restored with zinc oxide and eugenol; some were restored with croton oil, for 90 days. The amount of tertiary dentin was similar irrespective of the treatment.
Heretical Laments: China and the Fallacies of ‘Rule of Law’

While the general consensus is that there is no real rule of law in China, we actually have a great deal of difficulty explaining why. This article seeks to show that none of the arguments commonly advanced as to why there is no rule of law in China are particularly compelling. Some critiques claim that China’s rule-of-law insufficiencies are due to deficiencies in her conceptualization of law. But these critiques either depend on false conflations of how individual and collective values work, or on very controversial claims about western conceptions of law, or otherwise identify distinctions that have no real bearing on the development of China’s legal system. Other critiques argue that China’s failure to achieve or enjoy rule of law is due to particular deficiencies in her legal system. But the structural features upon which these critiques focus seem inappropriate for a country in China’s present stage of development. One thinks, all in all, that rule-of-law theorists simply expect too much from law. T...
Demonstration of three DRB loci in a domestic horse family.

Single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing were used to characterize the second exon of the horseDRB homologue as well as to identify eight newDRB alleles. The SSCP gels presented a complex pattern, with phenotypes exhibiting between 4 and 13 bands. TheDRB SSCP patterns were studied for two families (6 to 13 bands per pattern). For both families, the patterns showed simple Mendelian inheritance. The polymerase chain reaction products from two individuals possessing homozygous major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles by descent were cloned and retested on SSCP gels. All bands derived from the genomic DNA amplification could be accounted for with bands derived from the cloned DNA amplification products. The results were consistent with threeDRB loci, though this number may be variable within the domestic horse population. Gene sequences were variable among the different products, and we were unable to assign locus designations for particular sequences. Amplification of cDNA library material derived from one of the individuals who isMHC homozygous by descent showed an SSCP profile suggesting that all threeDRB loci are transcribed into mRNA.
1744 CHRONIC RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS DOES NOT EFFECT P s CO 2 ESTIMATION OF P a CO 2

To determine whether chronic respiratory acidosis effects the accuracy of transcutaneous estimation (PSCO2) of PaCO2, 27 paired measurements were obtained from 21 subjects witfi Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and 4 subjects with other chronic lung diseases. 8 subjects with CF were chronically hypercarbic PCO2 (msan±sd) = 55.6 torr±8.4, mean pHa=7.40. Age (mean±sd) was 25 yr.+9.9 and 20±8.3 for hyper- and normocarbic subjects respectively; age range: 10-44 yr. Blood was obtained under local anesthesia from the radial artery, iced, and analyzed within ½ hour. PSCO2 was measured at 45° using a prototype 02/CO2 combined sensor (Severinghaus/Radioneter) with corrections made for temperature and metabolic effects. PSCO2/PaCO2 (mean±sd) was 0.98±0.03 and 1.03±0.04 for normo- and hypercarbic subjects. Linear regression of PSCO2, on PaCO2: PSCO2: = 1.05 PaCO2 - 2.27, (Syx-1.58, Sxx=3172.41). Using these data, estimates of PaCO2 (PaCO2) from a new PaCO2 measurement may be made. (See Table). Chronic respiratory acidosis has no clinically important effect on PSCO2 estimation PaCO2.
The Brigham Diary of Loyal Davis: a portrait of Harvey Cushing and a neurosurgical acolyte

At 27 years of age, Loyal Davis wrote the Brigham Diary while training as an Associate in Surgery with Dr. Harvey Cushing. The diary is a daily record of the Cushing neurosurgical service between 1923 and 1924. The literary tone of the document is one of youthful enthusiasm and candor. Its contemporary portrayal of Harvard University's third Moseley Professor displays a demanding surgeon and scholar whose primary concern was the care of his patients and who taught the meticulous techniques of neurosurgery by example. In contrast to the experiences offered by current neurosurgical residency programs, Loyal Davis examined 107 patients, observed 81 operations, assisted Dr. Cushing during 23 operations, assisted Dr. Gilbert Horrax in 13 operations, and never performed an operation independently during his year at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. Despite these technical constraints, the young assistant learned the Cushing method of surgery and skilled patient care and was encouraged to continue laboratory investigations. Davis also emulated Cushing's exacting method of preparation of medical manuscripts, which were characterized by scientific innovation and an engaging literary style. The diary shows that Cushing often held inflexible surgical and scientific opinions and was contentious in their defense. These opinions were modified only when he was presented with unequivocal facts. The young surgeon sought Cushing's approval which carried a genuine but restrained benevolence. Harvey Cushing's impression on Davis was lasting and profound. The diary conveys the philosophy that uncompromised discipline is a necessary virtue and hard work is full satisfaction in itself. In the following years, Loyal Davis systematically patterned his surgical and scholarly endeavors after those of Harvey Cushing, an exemplar whose unstinting resolve was the pursuit of excellence.
The Waldmeier Effect: An Artifact of the Definition of Wolf Sunspot Number?

We show that the well-known "Waldmeier effect," or anticorrelation between the peak in sunspot number of a cycle and the time from minimum to reach that peak, is not present in sunspot area data averaged in the same way. With a 13-rotation Gaussian running average applied to both sunspot number and sunspot area, we find the correlation between cycle rise time and cycle peak is r = − 0.71 for sunspot number and r = 10−4 for sunspot area. Hathaway et al. previously showed that the Waldmeier effect is much weaker (r = − 0.34) in sunspot group number. Thus the Waldmeier effect may be specific to only Wolf sunspot number.