cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microwave spectrum, structure, and dipole moment of bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene

Abstract The microwave spectra of the normal and four monosubstituted 13 C isotopic species of bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene have been observed and analyzed. For the normal species the rotational constants (in megahertz) are: Λ = 6306.121 ± 0.006, B = 4516.667 ± 0.004, C = 3208.823 ± 0.002. From the complete data set, a partial r s heavy-atom structure has been obtained as well as a complete effective structure. The r s distances are found to be C 1 C 5 = 1.521 ± 0.001 A, C 1 C 2 = 1.494 ± 0.010 A, C 5 C 6 = 1.482 ± 0.006 A, C 1 C 6 = 1.522 ± 0.007 A. The overall effective structure shows the five-membered ring to be only slightly nonplanar (by ca. 6°), and the three-membered ring to be rather sharply inclined with respect to the five-membered ring (dihedral angle C 1 C 5 C 6 -C 1 C 5 C 4 = 113.5°). Dipole moment measurements for the symmetryless molecule yielded values of | μ a | = 0.166 ± 0.009, | μ b | = 0.209 ± 0.015, | μ c | = 0.119 ± 0.001, | μ T | = 0.292 ± 0.012 D.
Immunological evaluation of three generations of anti-idiotype vaccine: study of B and T cell responses following priming with anti-idiotype, anti-idiotype peptide and its MAP structure

A 15mer peptide (2F10 peptide) is capable of mimicking the group specific "a" determinant of human hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), both at the B and T cell level. This peptide represents a sequence on the heavy-chain hypervariable region of a monoclonal "internal image" anti-idiotype (anti-id) 2F10 that has partial sequence homology to the "a" determinant epitope of HBsAg. In order to potentiate the immunological properties of 2F10 peptide, a synthetic polymer of the 2F10 peptide was constructed (2F10 MAP). In this study we present the immunological evaluation of three generations of anti-idiotype vaccines, namely the 2F10 anti-id, 2F10 peptide and 2F10 MAP. Our results indicate that there is significant anti-HBs production in mice immunized with 2F10 anti-id or 2F10 MAP, in comparison to mice immunized with the linear monomeric 2F10 peptide. In priming experiments we found that only 2F10 antibody or 2F10 MAP (both at a suboptimal dose), could effectively prime B cells in vivo which could be efficiently recalled by challenge with a suboptimal dose of HBsAg. Collectively our findings indicate that 2F10 MAP retains all the immunological properties of the intact anti-id, and is qualitatively similar and quantitatively superior to the linear monomeric 15mer 2F10 peptide. The 2F10 MAP is the smallest MAP structure composed of a naturally occurring contiguous sequence having both a B and T cell epitope capable of eliciting a response to the native antigen.
Intrauterine instillation of prostaglandin F2α in early pregnancy

Abstract Intrauterine PGF 2α (5mg) was administered for termination of early pregnancy in 14 healthy volunteers. With 11 complete abortions, the efficiency rate of this technique is below conventional methods. In addition, the incidence of infection was high occurring in 12 out of 14 subjects. Because of persistent bleeding, six patients underwent a dilatation and curettage. Other significant side effects included transient hypertension, pain, nausea and restlessness. In the patients with a complete abortion, the mean plasma progesterone concentration fell 37% after 8 hours post PGF 2α instillation and 90% 14 days later. The mean plasma estradiol-17β fell 26% over the initial eight hour period and 75% over the next 14 days.
Viruses activate a genetically conserved cell death pathway in a unicellular organism

Given the importance of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of virus infections in mammals, we investigated the possibility that unicellular organisms also respond to viral pathogens by activating programmed cell death. The M1 and M2 killer viruses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encode pore-forming toxins that were assumed to kill uninfected yeast cells by a nonprogrammed assault. However, we found that yeast persistently infected with these killer viruses induce a programmed suicide pathway in uninfected (nonself) yeast. The M1 virus–encoded K1 toxin is primarily but not solely responsible for triggering the death pathway. Cell death is mediated by the mitochondrial fission factor Dnm1/Drp1, the K+ channel Tok1, and the yeast metacaspase Yca1/Mca1 encoded by the target cell and conserved in mammals. In contrast, cell death is inhibited by yeast Fis1, a pore-forming outer mitochondrial membrane protein. This virus–host relationship in yeast resembles that of pathogenic human viruses that persist in their infected host cells but trigger programmed death of uninfected cells.
Mammalian cell adhesion functions and cellular penetration of enteropathogenic Yersinia species.

Summary The entry of enteropathogenic Yersinia into cultured mammalian ceils has been studied in order to gain insight into the mechanism of bacterial penetration into host cells during infection. There exist at least three pathways for entry by Yersinia into mammalian cells, the most efficient of which is promoted by invasin, the product of the inv gene. Invasin is an outer membrane protein that attaches to a mammalian cell receptor, initiating the entry process. Several receptors that bind invasin have been identified, and each is a member of the VLA family of integrin cell adhesion molecules. The role of integrins in the entry process is discussed, as is the ability of invasin to stimulate uptake by binding to its integrin receptor.
Isolation, Purification, and Molecular-Weight Determination of Serum Immunoglobulin from Oreochromis aureus

Abstract Techniques for the isolation and purification of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) from fish are presented. By inducing a specific fish antibody and purifying the antibody by affinity chromatography, the major Ig class of an economically important group of fish was partially characterized. Immunoglobulin of an IgM-like class from the serum of a tilapine fish, Oreochromis aureus, was determined to have a molecular weight between 780,000 and 788,000. After the O. aureus serum Ig was reduced, the molecular weight of its heavy chain was estimated by means of electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) to be about 77,000, and its distinct light chains had estimated molecular weights of 21,500 and 20,500. Rabbit antiserum to the affinity-purified O. aureus serum Ig did not react with sera from distantly related species of fish, including rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, striped bass Morone saxatilis, goldfish Carassius auratus, and some Cent...
Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila. IX. Results of 50 coded compounds tested for the national toxicology program

Fifty chemicals were tested for mutagenic activity in post-meiotic and meiotic germ cells of male Drosophila melanogaster using the sex-linked recessive lethal (SLRL) assay. As in the previous studies in this series, feeding was chosen as the first route of administration. If the compound failed to induce mutations by this route, injection exposure was used. One gaseous chemical (1,3-butadiene) was tested only by inhalation. Those chemicals that were mutagenic in the sex-linked recessive lethal assay were further tested for the ability to induce reciprocal translocations. Eleven of the 50 chemicals tested were mutagenic in the SLRL assay. These included bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, 1-chloro-2-propanol, dimethyl methylphosphonate, dimethyl morpholinophosphoramidate, dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea, 2,2-dimethyl vinyl chloride, hexamethylphosphoramide, isatin-5-sulfonic acid (Na salt), isopropyl glycidyl ether, and urethane. Five of these, including 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, 2,2-dimethyl vinyl chloride, hexamethylphosphoramide, isopropyl glycidyl ether, and urethane, also induced reciprocal translocations.
An Analytic Choice Approach to Concurrent Majorities: The Relevance of John C. Calhoun's Theory for Institutional Design

John C. Calhoun proposed a constitutional design awarding each "major" interest in society a veto over government action, and thus assuring that no government action could occur at the expense of significant interests. This paper develops a simple formal model based on the assumptions and conditions outlined in Calhoun's theory to show that his design results in a decision process more stable than that expected under simple majority rule. Moreover, each interest included in the decision-making process would be protected against policy change that would make it worse off. By examining such a process in the simplified form used here, however, the problems unanswered by Calhoun become apparent and his response to such criticisms wholly inadequate. Three major concerns are evaluated--the assignment mechanism by which "major" interests would be identified; the problem of inaction; and the problem of collective action and inconsistency within veto groups.
Three-dimensional MHD duct flows with strong transverse magnetic fields Part 1. Obstacles in a constant area channel

This paper is an analysis of incompressible three-dimensional flows of electrically conducting fluids under the action of transverse magnetic fields which are assumed to be sufficiently strong that the interaction parameter N (= M2/R) [Gt ] 1, where M is the Hartmann number and R is the Reynolds number. We also assume that R [Gt ] 1 and Rm (magnetic Reynolds number) [Lt ] 1, so that experimental verification of the theory may be possible.The main results are: (i) when a thick body is placed in a parallel-sided channel with non-conducting walls the flow over it is highly dependent on the conductivity of the body, in a surprising way. If the body is non-conducting, there is no flow within that cylinder which circumscribes the body and is parallel to the magnetic field; outside the cylinder the flow is plane and potential and enters or leaves the surface shear layer of this cylinder at right angles. If the body is conducting, flow over it is possible and is of a different nature outside and inside the cylinder. (ii) When a non-conducting flat plate is placed in such a channel no blocking of the flow occurs. If the plate is elongated in the flow direction, the flow over it becomes identical to that calculated by Hasimoto (1960) and, if elongated at right angles to the flow, becomes identical to that calculated by Dix (1963).Of particular interest in our analysis are the two types of layer which occur in these flows, the first being the Hartmann boundary layer, which is shown to have a controlling influence on the vorticity of the core flow in three-dimensional situations analogous to that of the Eckman layer in rotating-fluid flows. The second type, the free shear layer at the circumscribing cylinder, is of interest because of its internal structure and effect on the external flow.
An improved osmometer for measurement of plasma colloid osmotic pressure.

Abstract Modifications have been made in a previously described osmometer which have increased reproducibility of osmotic pressure measurements from 0.9 to 0.15 mm Hg. Modifications include redesign of the clamping base to allow for visual observations of entrapped air bubbles, recessing the clamping disc into the base in order that fluid may be retained around the outer “O” ring instead of air, and design of a water or electronic heating jacket to encase the transducer and clamping base to ensure a constant temperature environment.
Semidefinite programming versus the reformulation-linearization technique for nonconvex quadratically constrained quadratic programming

We consider relaxations for nonconvex quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) based on semidefinite programming (SDP) and the reformulation-linearization technique (RLT). From a theoretical standpoint we show that the addition of a semidefiniteness condition removes a substantial portion of the feasible region corresponding to product terms in the RLT relaxation. On test problems we show that the use of SDP and RLT constraints together can produce bounds that are substantially better than either technique used alone. For highly symmetric problems we also consider the effect of symmetry-breaking based on tightened bounds on variables and/or order constraints.
Equivalent circuit model for a waveguide probe with application to DRA excitation

A simple equivalent circuit is used to model an arbitrarily loaded waveguide probe with emphasis on probe-excited dielectric resonator antennas. The values of the lumped inductance and capacitance are obtained via the method of moments analysis for the problem of a short-circuited probe acting as a waveguide scatterer. For problems involving the excitation of an external load, the aperture through which the probe extends to the load is modeled by a shunt capacitance, and an additional transformer is introduced to model the coupling to the load. Expressions for these circuit parameters are obtained using curve-fitting techniques and are employed to determine the lengths and positions of an array of waveguide probes used to feed external loads with feeding currents of desired relative values. The procedure is applied to synthesize waveguide-fed antenna arrays to achieve a specified radiation pattern. The scanning capabilities and the effect of the mutual coupling are studied by comparing radiation patterns obtained from the analysis of the whole array and from the pattern multiplication principle
Choosing a House: The Relationship between Dwelling Type, Perception of Privacy and Residential Satisfaction:

This study measures satisfaction of residents in two new, higher-density suburban subdivisions: one of small detached houses on small lots, the other townhouses. The post-occupancy evaluation found that satisfaction with housing does not depend on whether a house is attached or detached and that house design can be more important than site design. Putting more houses on less land makes privacy more difficult to attain, and it may force a trade-off between open space and adequate auto accommodation. The findings support the kind of regulatory flexibility that will allow developers to maintain density levels while allowing residents the space they say they need. Adherence to regulatory standards, however, is not sufficient in evaluating a subdivision proposal. The planner needs to evaluate the location, footprint, and orientation of each dwelling and to take differences in site design into account when determining the amount of off-street parking to mandate.
IBCOM (intra-brain communication) microsystem: Wireless transmission of neural signals within the brain

We report our preliminary work to explore a new method of signal transmission for bio-implantable microsystems. Intra-brain communication or IBCOM is a wireless signal transmission method that uses the brain itself as a conductive medium to transmit the data and commands between neural implants and data processing systems outside the brain. Two miniaturized IBCOM (µ-IBCOM) CMOS chips were designed and fabricated for an in vivo test bed to transmit two prerecorded neural signals at different binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) carrier frequencies to validate the feasibility of IBCOM concept. The chips were packaged for full implantation in a rat brain except for external power delivery. The original neural signal waveforms were successfully recovered after being transmitted between two platinum electrodes separated by 15 mm with transmission power less than 650 pJ/bit for the CMOS implementation.
Oseltamivir and zanamivir have limited effect on symptoms and do not reduce hospitalisation or serious complications of influenza.

Commentary on : Jefferson T, Jones MA, Doshi P, et al. Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;4:CD008965.[OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2] Neuraminidase inhibitors are widely prescribed for the treatment of influenza. Observational studies have reported that oseltamivir significantly lowers respiratory tract complications and the likelihood of hospitalisation, while an industry-sponsored systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) concluded that oseltamivir reduced the likelihood of complications requiring an antibiotic.1 ,2 However, many clinical trials of oseltamivir and zanamivir were never published. The current review was performed to examine all the published and unpublished data. This systematic review deviated somewhat from the usual protocols of the Cochrane Collaboration. In addition to searching MEDLINE and EMBASE for RCTs, the authors also sought clinical trial reports (CTRs) from the US Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, the … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCochrane%2BDatabase%2BSyst%2BRev%26rft.volume%253D4%26rft.spage%253DCD008965%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24718923%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=24718923&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F6%2F211.atom
On polynomial-time testable classes of combinational circuits

The problem of test generation for detecting stuck-at faults in combinational circuits is computationally intractable. Consequently, the identification of classes of circuits that support polynomial-time test generation algorithms is very important from testing and design viewpoints. The authors discuss several classes of polynomially-time testable circuits. First, they consider the existing polynomial classes obtained by using decompositions of the circuits. Another type of decomposition is proposed, based on fanout-reconvergent pairs, which also lead to classes of polynomial-time testable circuits. Then, the authors present the classes of polynomial-time testable circuits that are formed by the Boolean formulae belonging to the classes of weakly positive, weakly negative, bijunctive and affine. >
Time Dependence of Partitoning between Polymerization and Editing Sites by Klenow Polymerase

Klenow polymerase is the large fragment of DNA polymerase I from E. coli. Klenow possesses 5'-3' polymerase and intrinsic 3'-5' exonuclease activities with two distinct active sites that are located ∼30 Ǻ apart. During DNA replication, proofreading activity enhances replication fidelity by excising misincorporated nucleotides from the 3' end of primer strand. The first step of the proofreading process is sending the 3'-primer terminus to the proofreading site, which requires separation of the primer terminus from the template strand. Here we examined the binding of Klenow to matched and mismatched primed-template DNA (pt-DNA) by monitoring the steady state fluorescence intensity change of a single 2-aminopurine base site-specifically substituted in the template strand within the duplex part of pt-DNA. The changes in fluorescence intensity allow us to follow shuttling of the primer terminus between the polymerization and proofreading sites.We have found that the rate of partitioning of the primer between the two active sites depends on: 1) the number of mismatched bases at the primer-template junction, 2) the presence or absence of divalent ions, and 3) the type of divalent ions. Magnesium and calcium ions have opposite effects on the direction of the shift between the pol and exo sites. Substitution of the normal phosphodiester linkage between the last two bases of the primer strand with a non-hydrolysable phosphorothioate linkage also has significant effects on the partitioning between sites.
Back to the Future: Japan's NII Plans

BACK TO THE FUTURE: JAPAN’S NII PLANS June 1996 Joel West http://avarice.gsm.uci.edu/~joelwest Jason Dedrick http://www.crito.uci.edu/~jdedrick Kenneth L. Kraemer http://www.gsm.uci.edu/~kkraemer Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92717-4650 Phone: (714) 824-5246; Fax: (714) 824-8091 http://www.crito.uci.edu to appear in Brian Kahin and Ernest Wilson, eds., National Information Infrastructure Initiatives: Vision And Policy Design, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996
Reality mining: sensing complex social systems

We introduce a system for sensing complex social systems with data collected from 100 mobile phones over the course of 9 months. We demonstrate the ability to use standard Bluetooth-enabled mobile telephones to measure information access and use in different contexts, recognize social patterns in daily user activity, infer relationships, identify socially significant locations, and model organizational rhythms.
A complete and scalable architecture for 3D model-based vision

As a follow-up to the work of R.M. Bolle et al. (Proc. DARPA Image Understanding Workshop, May 1989, p.477-8), an overview is given of subsequent work. The focus of the ongoing work is the development of an experimental vision system for recognition of 3D objects. The thrust of this vision system is to investigate techniques that may lead to a system that scales with the size of the problem (by the size of the problem, the authors mean the complexity of the scene-the number of objects in the scene and the number of objects in the database, i.e. the number of objects that the system can recognize). One important aspect of the work is representing 3D shapes and objects, and storing these representations in object-model databases. Another aspect is the control of the search, i.e. finding good intermediate representations of the data and using these representations to index into the object-model database. >
Particle Video: Long-Range Motion Estimation using Point Trajectories

This paper describes a new approach to motion estimation in video. We represent video motion using a set of particles. Each particle is an image point sample with a longduration trajectory and other properties. To optimize these particles, we measure point-based matching along the particle trajectories and distortion between the particles. The resulting motion representation is useful for a variety of applications and cannot be directly obtained using existing methods such as optical flow or feature tracking. We demonstrate the algorithm on challenging real-world videos that include complex scene geometry, multiple types of occlusion, regions with low texture, and non-rigid deformations.
A comprehensive assessment of genioglossus electromyographic activity in healthy adults

The genioglossus (GG) is an extrinsic muscle of the human tongue that plays a critical role in preserving airway patency. In the last quarter century, >50 studies have reported on respiratory-relat...
Bounded ranges of variation as a framework for future conservation and fire management

Alterations in natural fire patterns have negatively affected fire-prone ecosystems in many ways. The historical range of variability (HRV) concept evolved as a management target for natural vegetation composition and fire regimes in fire-prone ecosystems. HRV-based management inherently assumes that ecosystem resilience is reflected in observed ranges of past vegetation and fire dynamics, typically without knowledge of where thresholds exist beyond these dynamics. Given uncertainty in future conditions, some have argued that HRV may not adequately reflect ecosystem resilience to future fire activity. We suggest a refinement that includes concepts from the thresholds of potential concern (TPC) framework, which emphasizes tipping points at the extremes of ecosystem dynamics and other socially unacceptable outcomes. We propose bounded ranges of variation (BRV), an approach focused on building resilience by using historical information, but also by identifying socio-ecological thresholds to avoid and associated management action triggers. Here, we examine nonnative species and carbon sequestration as examples of how the BRV framework could be used in the context of conservation and fire management.
Measurements of the complex refractive index of Pd and Pt films in air and upon adsorption of H 2 gas

We present complex refractive index measurements of Pd and Pt films from 700-1700 nm using variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. Refractive index changes upon H2 gas adsorption were determined by measuring normal incidence reflection and transmission.
Mesoscale Convective Vortices Observed during BAMEX. Part I: Kinematic and Thermodynamic Structure

Abstract Five cases of mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) are described from observations collected during the Bow Echo and MCV Experiment (BAMEX) over the central United States during the period from 20 May to 6 July 2003. In the present paper, the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of each vortex and its environment are emphasized. Data consist of BAMEX dropsondes, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration profiler network, and National Weather Service soundings. In addition, Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler observations documented the signatures of nascent MCVs within nocturnal convection systems as well as the spatial pattern of convection within MCVs during the following day. The vertical structure of each vortex was highly dependent on the vertical shear and the presence of upper-tropospheric cyclonic vorticity anomalies. In strong shear, a pronounced downshear tilt of the vortex was evident, but with the presence of an upper-tropospheric trough, the tilt was upshear in the upp...
Temperature measurement in Content Addressable Memory cells using bias-controlled VCO

With increasing speed and power density, high performance memories have now begun to require dynamic thermal management (DTM) as processors and hard-drives did. Memory thermal limits (threshold values for throttling) are set-based on worst-case power data which leads to over-guard-banding and performance degradation. To ensure an accurate and closed-loop throttling mechanism we need physical thermal sensors in the memory module. We propose a low power/area temperature extraction scheme for content addressable memory (CAM) cells at a resolution of 5degC. We modify the CAM circuit to amplify the static currents in inactive mode and map the temperature-dependent leakage current to a frequency value using a bias-controlled VCO.
The motor nucleus of the facial nerve in the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana). Its organization and connections

The organization of the facial nucleus was studied in the opossum by localizing neurons which stin poorly for acetylcholinesterase activity following transection of identified facial rami. The caudal auricular representation is limited to the ventromedial extreme of the nucleus, whereas the neurons contributing to the cervical ramus are situated dorsally and medially. The zygomatic representation extends throughout the intermediate portion of the nucleus, apparently overlapping with that of the palpebral and rostral auricular muscles which is limited to the ventral extreme of the intermediate zone. The buccolabial area is particularly large in the opossum and encompasses most of the lateral facial enlargement. Midbrain-facial projections were identified from the superior colliculus, the midbrain tegmentum (particularly caudal ventromedial areas) and the red nucleus. The location of terminal degeneration in the facial nucleus following lesions within each of these areas was plotted and interpreted in light of facial organization. Of particular note is the fact that the fibers of rubral origin distribute preferentially to the zygomatic and, to some extent, buccolabial areas, whereas the ventromedial tegmental system distributes most strongly to the areas of caudal auricular, cervical, palpebral and rostral auricualar representation. The medial and intermediate regions of the facial nucleus receive a denser midbrain projection than does the lateral (buccolabial) area. In contrast, evidence was obtained for an extensive facial projection from the parvocellular reticular formation and the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus which strongly favors the buccolabial enlargement. The possibility exists that the medial pontine and medullary reticular formation as well as portions of the dorsal column nuclei also have a facial projection. Spino-facial fibers arise rostral to the cervical enlargement and show a predilection for the medial facial enlargement (cervical and caudal auricular areas). Although some systems distribute preferentially to specific areas of the facial nucleus, overlap is present suggesting considerable integration.
Development and test of single-layer common coil dipole wound with reacted Nb/sub 3/Sn cable

The first one-meter long common coil dipole model (HFDC-01) has been fabricated and tested at Fermilab. This magnet has several innovative features such as: single-layer racetrack coils, a 22-mm wide 60-strand Rutherford-type cable made of 0.7-mm Nb/sub 3/Sn strands, and a stainless steel coil-support structure reinforced by horizontal bridges inserted between coil blocks. The model was instrumented with voltage taps, quench heaters, temperature sensors and strain gauges in order to monitor the quench origin, and to study mechanical and quench protection issues. This paper summarizes the model design parameters, the fabrication procedures and the test results.
Toward high‐efficiency dye‐sensitized solar cells with a photoanode fabricated via a simple water‐based formulation

An aqueous formulation containing commercially available P25 nanoparticles and a water-soluble precursor—titanium (IV) bis(ammonium lactato)dihydroxide (TALH) has been developed and optimized for fabricating photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells. An optimal formulation achieved a power conversion efficiency of 9.2%. Solar cell performance is significantly influenced by precursor concentration impacting the porosity and electron transport of the thin film. The use of TALH during processing is shown to enhance the electron transport in the resulting titanium dioxide nanoparticle network using transient decay measurements. Bridging between neighboring nanoparticles is confirmed using transmission electron microscopy explaining the enhanced electron transport. The developed formulation has several advantages, as it is water-based, composed of inexpensive, non-hazardous components, is easy to make, and does not require special handling. The formulation has great potential for industrial applications, in particular for DSC manufacturing using roll-to-roll technology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Importance of B-Cell Responses for Immunological Control of Variant Strains of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

The properties of three variants of cloned simian immunodeficiency virus strain 239 (SIV239) were compared. One strain (M5) lacked five sites for N-linked carbohydrate attachment in variable regions 1 and 2 (V1 and V2) of the gp120 envelope protein, one strain (ΔV1-V2) completely lacked V1 and V2 sequences, and another (316) had nine mutations in the envelope that impart high replicative capacity for tissue macrophages. All three strains were capable of significant levels of fusion independent of CD4, and all three were considerably more sensitive to antibody-mediated neutralization than the parent strain from which they were derived. Upon experimental infection of rhesus monkeys, these three variant strains replicated to viral loads at peak height around day 14 that were indistinguishable from or only slightly less than those observed in monkeys infected with the parental SIV239 strain. Viral loads at the set point 20 to 50 weeks after infection, however, were more than 400- to 10,000-fold lower with the variant strains. Depletion of B cells around the time of infection with M5 resulted in less effective immunological control and much higher viral loads at the set point in two of three monkeys. The differences between SIV239 infection, where there is not effective immunological control, and SIVM5 infection, where there is effective immunological control, cannot be easily explained by differences in the inherent replicative capacity of the viruses; rather, they are more readily explained by differences in the effectiveness of the antibody response. These results suggest that resistance of SIV239 to antibody-mediated neutralization is very important for evading effective immunological control, for allowing continuous viral replication, for maintenance of moderate-to-high viral loads at set point, and for disease progression.
Halftone Blending Between Smooth and Detail Screens to Improve Print Quality With Electrophotographic Printers

In this paper, we consider a dual-mode process for the electrophotographic laser printer—a low-frequency halftoning for smooth regions and a high-frequency halftoning for detail regions. These regions are described by an object map that is extracted from the page description language version of the document. This manner of switching screens depending on the local content provides a stable halftone without artifacts in smooth areas and preserves the detail rendering in detail or texture areas. However, when switching between halftones with two different frequencies, jaggies may occur along the boundaries between areas halftoned with low- and high-frequency screens. To reduce the jaggies, our screens obey a harmonic relationship. In addition, we implement a blending process based on a transition region. We propose a nonlinear blending process in which at each pixel, we choose the maximum of the two weighted halftones, where the weights vary according to the position in the transition region. Moreover, we describe an online tone-mapping for the boundary blending process, based on an offline calibration procedure that effectively assures the desired tone values within the transition region.
When minds matter for moral judgment: intent information is neurally encoded for harmful but not impure acts

Recent behavioral evidence indicates a key role for intent in moral judgments of harmful acts (e.g. assault) but not impure acts (e.g. incest). We tested whether the neural responses in regions for mental state reasoning, including the right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ), are greater when people evaluate harmful vs impure violations. In addition, using multivoxel pattern analysis, we investigated whether the voxel-wise pattern in these regions distinguishes intentional from accidental actions, for either kind of violation. The RTPJ was preferentially recruited in response to harmful vs impure acts. Moreover, although its response was equally high for intentional and accidental acts, the voxel-wise pattern in the RTPJ distinguished intentional from accidental acts in the harm domain but not the purity domain. Finally, we found that the degree to which the RTPJ discriminated between intentional and accidental acts predicted the impact of intent information on moral judgments but again only in the harm domain. These findings reveal intent to be a uniquely critical factor for moral evaluations of harmful vs impure acts and shed light on the neural computations for mental state reasoning.
Structured Belief Propagation for NLP

Statistical natural language processing relies on probabilistic models of linguistic structure. More complex models can help capture our intuitions about language, by adding linguistically meaningful interactions and latent variables. However, inference and learning in the models we want often poses a serious computational challenge. Belief propagation (BP) and its variants provide an attractive approximate solution, especially using recent training methods. These approaches can handle joint models of interacting components, are computationally efficient, and have extended the state-of-the-art on a number of common NLP tasks, including dependency parsing, modeling of morphological paradigms, CCG parsing, phrase extraction, semantic role labeling, and information extraction (Smith and Eisner, 2008; Dreyer and Eisner, 2009; Auli and Lopez, 2011; Burkett and Klein, 2012; Naradowsky et al., 2012; Stoyanov and Eisner, 2012). This tutorial delves into BP with an emphasis on recent advances that enable state-of-the-art performance in a variety of tasks. Our goal is to elucidate how these approaches can easily be applied to new problems. We also cover the theory underlying them. Our target audience is researchers in human language technologies; we do not assume familiarity with BP. In the first three sections, we discuss applications of BP to NLP problems, the basics of modeling with factor graphs and message passing, and the theoretical underpinnings of “what BP is doing” and how it relates to other inference techniques. In the second three sections, we cover key extensions to the standard BP algorithm to enable modeling of linguistic structure, efficient inference, and approximation-aware training. We survey a variety of software tools and introduce a new software framework that incorporates many of the modern approaches covered in this tutorial. 2 Outline
Ecologic Relationships of Four Small Mammals in Western Washington

This account is based upon four years observations of the small mammal population in a small, dark, damp ravine, west of the Cascade mountains in the state of Washington. Such ravines are a typical feature of the humid transition zone of the state and are found wherever a small stream of water flows through dense coniferous forest. The ravines contain a flora and fauna that is both quantitatively and qualitatively different from that of the coniferous forests. The ravine studied is about five acres and situated on the University of Washington Campus at Seattle. It is bordered on three sides by dry hillsides covered with western red cedar, western hemlock, and douglas fir. The eastern, or downstream, end of the ravine was at one time open to Lake Washington and its large bordering marshes, but a railroad embankment, railroad tracks, and a paved highway now close this end. At present the ravine is comparatively isolated. The flora of the ravine consists of broad leaf maple, red cedar, and alder. The underbrush is extremely dense and consists of salmonberry, red elderberry, and devils club bushes. A few thimbleberry, hazel, red huckleberry and blackberry bushes grow on raised spots in the ravine. The ground is covered with grasses of several species, sword ferns, horsetail, and skunk cabbage. The floor of the ravine is cris-crossed with rotting fir, hemlock, and cedar logs that have fallen from the hillsides above. The soil of the hillsides is rocky glacial till, but the soil of the floor of the ravine is rich black humus. The stream begins at the western end of the ravine and flows eastward, gathering the water of many tiny springs. The stream disappears underground from time to time, to reappear a few feet further on, keeping the ground wet and marshy. The ravine described above is called area A. Two similar ravines, areas D and E, situated 4 and ? mile north, respectively, of area A, were used as control areas. Both are similar to area A, except that they are larger and have more coniferous timber and more and larger raised places. Both contain larger streams than area A, and neither is well bounded by hills. The flora and fauna are very similar to that of area A. While the small mammal population of area A fluctuated widely, that of the control areas was relatively stable.
Testing Nutritional Value and Consumer Acceptability of Hybrid Striped Bass Raised on Sustainable Feeds

The United Nations estimates that the world will need additional seafood to sustain the growing population. Rising costs and concerns regarding food safety and environmental sustainability have encouraged reducing the use of marine-derived feedstuffs in aquaculture. The primary purpose of this project was to test for consumer acceptance of hybrid striped bass raised on a soy-maximized diet. The results showed that culinary professionals could not distinguish a difference between fish raised on traditional feeds versus soy-maximized feeds. Culinary professionals expressed an overall preference for fish fed the soy-maximized feeds. Results from this study suggest future marketing for fish raised on sustainable feeds.
Paramyxovirus-like structures in the nephrotic syndrome.

Electron microscopic examination of a renal biopsy from a 58-year-old man with persistent proteinuria revealed paramyxovirus-like filaments within glomerular endothelial cells and virus-like particles morphologically identical to mumps virus within the glomerular basement membranes. Complement fixation titers of mumps “S” antibody in the patient’s serum suggested the possibility of a recent or active infection with mumps virus; however, neither infectious virus nor viral antigen could be demonstrated in a subsequent renal biopsy. These observations support the thesis that similar glomerular endothelial filaments found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus may be viral in origin and emphasize the need for exhaustive virologic and serologic investigation of similar cases.
Investigation of intestinal pathogens in outside environmental water

Objective:To understand the distribution of intestinal pathogens and fecal pollution in Pingyang of outside environmental water.Methods:Main intestinal pathogens of August and Thermotolerant coliform bacteria during May to October 2008 were detected from outside environmental water.Results:There were mainly Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Vibrio alginolyticus and Hollis vibrio in coastal water;There were mainly Non-O1 non-O139 Vibrio cholerae,Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila strain in big river.There were mainly Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae and EPEC in small river.Thermotolerant coliform bacteria was higher during August to October,Thermotolerant coliform bacteria was the highest in small river.Conclusion:The investigation will be important significance for prevention and cure of intestinal diseases in pingyang.
E.2.I – Back-End-of-Line Cleaning

Back-end-of-line (BEOL) cleaning typically refers to the removal of residues generated during the gas phase (plasma) etching of dielectric and metal films and, in certain cases, the remaining photoresist. In BEOL cleaning, the presence of metal layers precludes the use of aggressive chemicals such as concentrated sulfuric acid peroxide (piranha), ammonium hydroxide–hydrogen peroxide (SC1), and hydrochloric acid–hydrogen peroxide (SC2) used in front-end-of-line (FEOL) cleaning. This chapter reviews the evolution of strippers followed by a discussion of chemical systems relevant to BEOL cleaning formulations. Some of the corrosion issues germane to Al and Cu are highlighted. Cleaning of wafers after chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) has become an important part of the BEOL processes. The diversity in the type of reactive gases and process parameters used in plasma etching yields residues whose compositions vary widely. In spite of this challenge, BEOL cleaning of aluminum- and copper-based structures is currently feasible with semi-aqueous fluoride formulations. Environmental concerns of solvents used in formulations have stirred considerable interest in all-aqueous formulations, which have to be tailored to be compatible with porous hydrophobic dielectric layers that are to be introduced in the very near future.
Site-Directed Mutagenesis of a Disulfide Bridge in Cathepsin D: Expression, Activation, Purification, and Characterization

The intracellular aspartic proteinase Cathepsin D is found in the tissues of most higher eukaryotes. It is located in both lysosomes and endosomes, and is believed to play an important role in the normal turnover of proteins within the cell, as well as in the activation of other precursor proteins.
A spatio-temporal model of multi-sensory learning that demonstrates improved object recall

Since the world we live in consists of objects that can be experienced through multiple senses simultaneously, there are advantages offered by a multisensory learning paradigm. Though advances are being made in the fields of neuroscience, cognitive science and psychology regarding multisensory learning, there is a gap that exists between these advances and the ability of current computational models to explain them. There are relatively few computational models in the literature that directly address multisensory learning, while taking into account aspects surrounding temporal synchrony.
Postpartum contraception: initiation and effectiveness in a large universal healthcare system

Background Repeat pregnancies after a short interpregnancy interval are common and are associated with negative maternal and infant health outcomes. Few studies have examined the relative effectiveness of postpartum contraceptive choices. Objective We aimed to determine the initiation trends and relative effectiveness of postpartum contraceptive methods, with typical use, on prevention of short delivery intervals (≤27 months) among women with access to universal healthcare, including coverage that entails no co-payments and allows unlimited contraceptive method switching. Study Design This retrospective cohort study included women who were enrolled in the United States military healthcare system who were admitted for childbirth between October 2010 and March 2015, with ≥6 months postpartum enrollment. With the use of insurance records, we determined the most effective contraceptive method initiated during the first 6 months after delivery, even if subsequently discontinued. Rates of interdelivery intervals of ≤27 months, as proxies for interpregnancy intervals ≤18 months, were determined with the use of the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Women who were disenrolled, who reached 27 months after delivery without another delivery, or who reached the end of the study period were censored. The influence of sociodemographic variables and contraceptive choices on time to subsequent delivery was evaluated by Cox regression analysis, which accounted for a possible correlation among multiple deliveries by an individual woman. Results During the study timeframe, 373,840 women experienced a total of 450,875 postpartum intervals. Women averaged 27 (standard deviation, 5.3) years of age at the time of delivery; 33.9% of them were Conclusion Postpartum initiation of long-acting reversible contraception is highly effective at the prevention of short interdelivery intervals, whereas pill, patch, or ring methods are associated with rates of short interdelivery intervals similar to users of no prescription contraception. This study supports long-acting reversible contraception as first-line recommendations for postpartum women who wish to retain fertility but avoid early repeat pregnancy.
Momentum and heat transfer on a continuous flat surface moving in a parallel counterflow free stream

Heat transfer from a surface in motion relative to either a stationary or moving fluid occurs in many material processing applications such as hot rolling, extrusion, and drawing. In this study, an analysis has been carried out to predict transport occurring in the laminar boundary layer on a continuous surface which moves in the opposite direction of the free stream. Similarity and integral methods of solution were both used, and the results obtained are compared. Predictions for the local skin friction and heat transfer rate depend on the ratio of the surface and the free stream velocities and on the Prandtl number. When the velocity ratio is greater than zero, it was found that there is a Prandtl number for which the heat transfer rate is maximum.