cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetically ordered molecule-based assemblies.

The development of molecules and assemblies of molecules exhibiting technologically important bulk properties, such as magnetic ordering, is an important worldwide research focus. Organic- and molecule-based magnets have been discovered and several families have been reported with magnetic ordering temperatures exceeding room temperature and as high as ∼125 °C. Examples of both hard and soft magnets have been reported with coercivities as high at 27000 Oe (and exceeding commercially available magnets) have been reported. Several examples are based on the radical anion of tetracyanoethylene, S = 1/2 [TCNE]˙−. The include ionic zero-dimensional (0-D) [FeCp*2]˙+[TCNE]˙− (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienide), 1-D [MnTPP]+[TCNE]˙− [TPP = meso-tetraphenylporphinato] coordination polymers, and 3-D extended network structured M[TCNE]x·ySolvent (M = V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Dy). This Perspective focuses on work in our laboratory that will be discussed at the Dalton Discussion 9 meeting entitled “Functional Molecular Assemblies.” In addition to the overview of TCNE-based organic magnets, the targeted design, preparation, and chemical as well as magnetic characterization of a new family of magnets based on S = 3/2 mixed-valent [RuII/III2(O2CR)4]+ (R = Me, But) is described. In particular [Ru2(O2CMe)4]3[Cr(CN)6] prepared from aqueous media possess two interpenetrating cubic lattices and magnetically orders at 33 K. In contrast, [Ru2(O2CBut)4]3[Cr(CN)6] forms a 2-D layered lattice and orders at 37.5 K. Both exhibit hysteretic behavior, however, this is quite anomalous for the former cubic lattice. This as well as other anomalous magnetic behaviors is attributed to the presence of the second interpenetrating lattice.
Information content in the halo-model dark-matter power spectrum -- II. Multiple cosmological parameters

We investigate the cosmological Fisher information in the non-linear dark matter power spectrum in the context of the halo model. We find that there is a plateau in information content on translinear scales which is generic to all cosmological parameters we tried. There is a rise in information on smaller scales, but we find that it is quite degenerate among different cosmological parameters (except, perhaps, the tilt). This suggests that it could be difficult to constrain cosmological parameters using the non-linear regime of the dark-matter power spectrum. We suggest ways to get around this problem, such as removing the largest haloes from consideration in survey analysis.
Catalytic C−H Bond Functionalization with Palladium(II): Aerobic Oxidative Annulations of Indoles

A palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidative annulation of indoles is described. We have demonstrated that a variety of factors influence these cyclizations, and in particular the electronic nature of the pyridine ligand is crucial. It is also remarkable that these oxidative cyclizations can proceed in good yield despite background oxidative decomposition pathways, testament to the facile nature with which molecular oxygen can serve as the direct oxidant for Pd(0). We have also shown that the mechanism most likely involves initial indole palladation (formal C−H bond activation) followed by migratory insertion and β-hydrogen elimination.
An organization of an associative cryogenic computer

The design of a total computing system built in the cryogenic medium and with an associative memory is discussed. Topics include instruction sequencing, addressing, indexing, input-output, multi-programming and system programming considerations. The iterative nature of the design of this computer, removing the necessity for much special-purpose hardware, increases its reliability. The associative memory makes it a very flexible and powerful computer.
Automated Negotiation from Declarative Contract Descriptions

Our approach for automating the negotiation of business contracts proceeds in three broad steps. First, determine the structure of the negotiation process by applying general knowledge about auctions and domain–specific knowledge about the contract subject along with preferences from potential buyers and sellers. Second, translate the determined negotiation structure into an operational specification for an auction platform. Third, after the negotiation has completed, map the negotiation results to a final contract. We have implemented a prototype which supports these steps by employing a declarative specification (in courteous logic programs) of (1) high–level knowledge about alternative negotiation structures, (2) general–case rules about auction parameters, (3) rules to map the auction parameters to a specific auction platform, and (4) special–case rules for subject domains. We demonstrate the flexibility of this approach by automatically generating several alternative negotiation structures for the domain of travel shopping in a trading agent competition.
The Complexity of Finite Memory Programs with Recursion

In an earlier paper (JACM, 1976) we studied the computational complexity of a number of questions of both programming and theoretical interest (e.g. halting, looping, equivalence) concerning the behaviour of programs written in an extremely simple programming language. These finite memory programs or fmps model the behaviour of FORTRAN-like programs with a finite memory whose size can be determined by examination of the program itself. The present paper is a continuation in which we extend the analysis to include ALGOL-like programs (called fmp^(rec) s) with the finite memory augmented by an implicit pushdown stack used to support recursion. Our major results are the following. First, we show that at least deterministic exponential time is required to determine whether a program in the basic fmpr~C model accepts a nonempty set. Then we show that a model with a limited version of call-by-name requires exponential space to determine acceptance of a nonempty set, and that a more sophisticated model with rewritable conditional formal parametershas an undecidable halting problem. The same lower bounds apply to the equivalence problem, which in contrast to the situation for the basic fmp model is not known to be decidable (since it is not known whether equivalence of deterministic pushdown automata is decidable).
A 10-Bit 800-MHz 19-mW CMOS ADC

A pipelined ADC employs charge-steering op amps to relax the trade-offs among speed, noise, and power consumption. Such op amps afford a fourfold increase in speed and a twofold reduction in noise for a given power consumption and voltage gain. Applying full-rate nonlinearity and gain error calibration, a prototype realized in 65-nm CMOS technology exhibits a Nyquist SNDR of 52.2 dB and draws 19 mW at 800 MHz. The ADC also demonstrates a new histogram-based background calibration technique.
Equitable Cost Allocations via Primal-Dual-Type Algorithms

Perhaps the strongest notion of truth-revealing in a cost sharing mechanism is group strategyproofness. However, matters are not so clear-cut on fairness, and many different, sometimes even conflicting, notions of fairness have been proposed which have relevance in different situations. We present a large class of group strategyproof cost sharing methods, for submodular cost functions, satisfying a wide range of fairness criteria, thereby allowing the service provider to choose a method that best satisfies the notion of fairness that is most relevant to its application. Our class includes the Dutta-Ray egalitarian method as a special case. It also includes a new cost sharing method, which we call the opportunity egalitarian method.
Spectropolarimetry of C-class Flare Footpoints

We investigate the decay phase of a C-class flare in full-Stokes imaging spectropolarimetry with quasi-simultaneous measurements in the photosphere (6302.5 A line) and in the chromosphere (8542 A line) with the IBIS instrument. We analyze data from two fields of view, each spanning about 40'' × 80'' and targeting the two footpoints of the flare. A region of interest is identified from V/I images: a patch of opposite polarity in the smaller sunspot's penumbra. We find unusual flows in this patch at photospheric levels: a Doppler shift of –4 km s–1, but also a possible radial inflow into the sunspot of 4 km s–1. Such patches seem to be common during flares, but only high-resolution observations allowed us to see the inflow, which may be related to future flares observed in this region. Chromospheric images show variable overlying emission and flows and unusual Stokes profiles. We also investigate the irregular penumbra, whose formation may be blocked by the opposite polarity patch and flux emergence. The 40 minute temporal evolution depicts the larger of the flare ribbons becoming fainter and changing its shape. Measurable photospheric magnetic fields remain constant and we do not detect flare energy transport down from the chromosphere. We find no clear indications of impact polarization in the 8542 A line. We cannot exclude the possibility of impact polarization, because weaker signals may be buried in the prominent Zeeman signatures or it may have been present earlier during the flare.
Static patch solipsism: conformal symmetry of the de Sitter worldline

We show that the propagators of gravitons and scalar fields seen by a static patch observer in de Sitter spacetime are controlled by hidden symmetries at all frequencies. The retarded Green's function is determined by an action generated by conformal Killing vectors of de Sitter spacetime times a line. This observation uses the fact that the static patch of dS is conformal to the hyperbolic patch of AdS3 ? Sd ? 1. The poles of the propagators, the quasinormal frequencies, are generated by associated actions. The quasinormal mode-generating algebras capture the conformal weights more usually read off from the fields at future and past infinity. For conformally coupled scalar fields, and for gravitons in four dimensions, this algebra has an enhanced supersymmetric structure and is generated by particular conformal Killing vectors of de Sitter spacetime. We show how the worldline de Sitter propagators can be reproduced from a ?level matched? left- and right-moving conformal quantum mechanics with an appropriate spectrum of primary operators. Our observations are consistent with the notion that the static patch of de Sitter spacetime is dually described by a (level matched) large N worldline conformal quantum mechanics.
Learning Sequences: Their Existence, Effect, and Evolution

Much is known about the importance of learning and some of the distinct learning processes that organizations use (e.g., trial-and-error learning, vicarious learning, experimental learning, and imp...
The evolution of HOBO

Abstract A free-Lagrangian hydrodynamics code, HOBO, for flow in two dimensions is described. HOBO uses arbitrarily shaped cells with arbitrary connectivity that move with the fluid velocity. Only occasional reconnection and rezoning are required to accommodate virtually any amount of fluid distortion. Each cell uses an independent, locally-determined computational time step, which greatly improves the efficiency of the code.
Formation Rates of Black Hole Accretion Disk Gamma-Ray Bursts

The cosmological origin of at least an appreciable fraction of classical gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is now supported by redshift measurements for a half-dozen faint host galaxies. Still, the nature of the central engine (or engines) that provide the burst energy remains unclear. While many models have been proposed, those currently favored are all based upon the formation of and/or rapid accretion into stellar-mass black holes. Here we discuss a variety of such scenarios and estimate the probability of each. Population synthesis calculations are carried out using a Monte Carlo approach in which the many uncertain parameters intrinsic to such calculations are varied. We estimate the event rate for each class of model as well as the propagation distances for those having significant delay between formation and burst production, i.e., double neutron star (DNS) mergers and black hole-neutron star (BH/NS) mergers. One conclusion is a 1-2 order of magnitude decrease in the rate of DNS and BH/NS mergers compared to that previously calculated using invalid assumptions about common envelope evolution. Other major uncertainties in the event rates and propagation distances include the history of star formation in the universe, the masses of the galaxies in which merging compact objects are born, and the radii of the hydrogen-stripped cores of massive stars. For reasonable assumptions regarding each, we calculate a daily event rate in the universe for (1) merging neutron stars: ~100 day-1; (2) neutron star-black hole mergers: ~450 day-1; (3) collapsars: ~104 day-1; (4) helium star black hole mergers: ~1000 day-1; and (5) white dwarf-black hole mergers: ~20 day-1. The range of uncertainty in these numbers, however, is very large, typically 2-3 orders of magnitude. These rates must additionally be multiplied by any relevant beaming factor (fΩ < 1) and sampling fraction (if the entire universal set of models is not being observed). Depending upon the mass of the host galaxy, one-half of the DNS mergers will happen within 60 kpc (for a galaxy with a mass comparable to that of the Milky Way) to 5 Mpc (for a galaxy with negligible mass) from the Galactic center. The same numbers characterize BH/NS mergers. Because of the delay time, neutron star and black hole mergers will happen at a redshift 0.5-0.8 times that of the other classes of models. Information is still lacking regarding the hosts of short, hard bursts, but we suggest that they are due to DNS and BH/NS mergers and thus will ultimately be determined to lie outside of galaxies and at a closer mean distance than long complex bursts (which we attribute to collapsars). In the absence of a galactic site, the distance to these bursts may be difficult to determine.
Highly ionized atoms in tokamak discharges

Tokamaks, stellarators and related plasma confinement devices have existed in a fruitful and yet usually precarious symbiosis with atomic physics. In principle, the only atoms involved in such plasmas are those of hydrogen isotopes, and perhaps eventually helium, but in practice this has not been the case. Other elements have intruded in a variety of ways mostly unexpected, and they have been blamed, usually unjustly, for practically every ailment besetting the plasmas.
Incorporating linguistic structure into statistical language models

Statistical language models estimate the distribution of natural language for the purpose of improving various language technology applications. Ironically, the most successful models of this type take little advantage of the nature of language. I review the extent to which various aspects of natural language are captured in current models. I then describe a general framework, recently developed at our laboratory, for incorporating arbitrary linguistic structure into a statistical framework, and present a methodology for eliciting linguistic features currently missing from the model. Finally, I ponder our failure heretofore to integrate linguistic theories into a statistical framework, and suggest possible reasons for it.
Commentary: The year in nuclear receptor control of metabolism

This commentary highlights some of the most important discoveries in the field of nuclear receptor control of metabolism that occurred over the past year (2009 to 2010). As might be expected in a field that encompasses several hundred active laboratories, the task of providing a balanced look at these discoveries was daunting. Thus, to help make the selection of these discoveries, a small panel of colleagues was recruited to help. After selecting the top candidate discoveries from a Google search and a PubMed search, the panel was asked to rank them. These final selections were presented at "The Year In Basic Science Session" of the Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, ENDO 2010, the highlights of which are reproduced in this article.
What sustains social norms and how they evolve? The case of tipping

Abstract The paper presents a model of the evolution of social norms. When a norm is costly to follow and people do not derive benefits from following it other than avoiding social disapproval, the norm erodes over time. Tip percentages, however, increased over the years, suggesting that people derive benefits from tipping including impressing others and improving their self-image as being generous and kind. The implications to the norm of not cooperating with new workers who accept lower wages are discussed; the model suggests that incumbent workers have reasons to follow this norm in addition to avoiding social disapproval.
Frontalis EMG response to stress in subjects with frequent muscle-contraction headaches.

SYNOPSIS Frontalis electromyogram (EMG) activity was monitored in ten subjects with a high frequency of muscle contraction headaches, and ten subjects with low frequency of muscle contraction headaches at rest, during stressful mental artithmetic and after stress. The frontalis EMG activity of the high-frequency headache group was significantly greater than that of the low-frequency headache group in the pre-stress condition. Significant increases in EMG activity from pre-stress to stress were found in the low-frequency headache group but not the high-frequency headache group. Significant correlations were found between perceived level of relaxation and EMG in the low-frequency headache group, but not for the high frequency headache group.
Squaramides: physical properties, synthesis and applications

Squaramides are remarkable four-membered ring systems derived from squaric acid that are able to form up to four hydrogen bonds. A high affinity for hydrogen bonding is driven through a concomitant increase in aromaticity of the ring. This hydrogen bonding and aromatic switching, in combination with structural rigidity, have been exploited in many of the applications of squaramides. Substituted squaramides can be accessed via modular synthesis under relatively mild or aqueous conditions, making them ideal units for bioconjugation and supramolecular chemistry. In this tutorial review the fundamental electronic and structural properties of squaramides are explored to rationalise the geometry, conformation, reactivity and biological activity.
MEDSTRACT: natural language tools for mining the biobibliome

We have been developing robust natural language tools for the automated extraction of structured information from biomedical texts as part of a project we call MEDSTRACT. Here we will present demonstrations of two biological literature database servers, the Bio-Relation Server and the Bio-Acronym server, Acromed, both derived automatically from robust natural language processing of Medline text. Visualization tools for navigating the databases and exploring the results of a search are also demonstrated. The presentation consists of four distinct demos over these two databases, demonstrating the extraction results, presented in both tabular form and graphically, as well as a live illustration of how the text coherence and anaphora resolution module improves overall performance of the database results.
Snapshot Distances to Type Ia Supernovae -- All in ``One'' Night's Work

We present an empirical method that measures the distance to a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) with a precision of ~10% from a single night's data. This method measures the supernova's age and luminosity/light-curve parameter from a spectrum and the extinction and distance from an apparent magnitude and color. We are able to verify the precision of this method from error propagation calculations, Monte Carlo simulations of well-sampled SNe Ia, and the Hubble diagram of sparsely observed supernovae. With the reduction in telescope time needed, this method is 3-4 times more efficient for measuring cosmological parameters than conventional light-curve-based distance estimates.
EFFECTS OF ASYMMETRIC FLOWS IN SOLAR CONVECTION ON OSCILLATION MODES

Many helioseismic measurements suffer from substantial systematic errors. A particularly frustrating one is that time-distance measurements suffer from a large center to limb effect which looks very similar to the finite light travel time, except that the magnitude depends on the observable used and can have the opposite sign. This has frustrated attempts to determine the deep meridional flow in the solar convection zone, with Zhao et al. applying an ad hoc correction with little physical basis to correct the data. In this Letter, we propose that part of this effect can be explained by the highly asymmetrical nature of the solar granulation which results in what appears to the oscillation modes as a net radial flow, thereby imparting a phase shift on the modes as a function of observing height and thus heliocentric angle.
Generalized Tests for Eight GRB Luminosity Relations

Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have eight luminosity relations where observable burst properties can yield the burst luminosity and hence distance. This turns GRBs into useful tools of cosmology. Recently, two tests have been proposed (by Nakar & Piran and by Li) for which one of the eight relations is claimed to have significant problems. In this Letter, we generalize these tests and apply them to all eight GRB luminosity relations. (1) All eight relations pass the Nakar & Piran test after accounting for the uncertainties on the data and the dispersions of the correlations. (2) All eight relations are good when the GRB redshifts are known, for example, for calibration of the relations and for GRB Hubble diagram purposes. (3) We confirm the earlier results that the Eγ, iso-Epeak Amati relation must produce very large error bars whenever an unknown redshift being sought is 1.4. (4) The Eγ-Epeak relation of Ghirlanda et al. must produce very large error bars whenever an unknown redshift being sought is 3.4. (55) The other six relations have no problem at all from the ambiguity test of Li.
Improved survival in young women with breast cancer.

Background: Young age has been hypothesized to be an adverse prognostic factor for women with breast cancer. This association, based on historical data, may not reflect recent advances in breast cancer management. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of all women age 30 or younger who underwent definitive operation at our institution for primary operable breast carcinoma during one of two consecutive 20-year periods (1950–1969 or 1970–1989). All cancers were restaged according to current staging criteria. Actuarial survival and recurrence-free survival rates from the two patient eras were compared with each other and with published statistics for older breast cancer patients. Results: Eligibility criteria were met by 81 women from the 1950–1969 era and 146 women from the 1970–1989 era. Histologic diagnoses, tumor sizes, incidence of axillary nodal metastases, number of positive nodes, and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage at presentation were similarly distributed in the two eras. Despite these similarities, improved survival (p=0.009) was observed in the later era. Local recurrences were also more common (p<0.05) in the later era in association with less extensive resections. These local recurrences had an adverse impact on recurrence-free survival in the later era, but no concomitant decrease in overall survival was observed. Node-positive patients who received chemotherapy demonstrated a trend toward improved survival (p=0.06) compared with node-positive patients who did not. Survival for patients in the later era was similar to that for older women as reported in other published series. Conclusions: The stage of presentation of breast cancer in women 30 years or younger appears unchanged from prior decades, but survival has improved in association with the use of less extensive surgical resections and the introduction of cytotoxic chemotherapy. With current treatment, primary operable breast cancer in young women appears to have a similar prognosis to breast cancer in older women.
Family Background, school characteristics, and children's cognitive achievement in Madagascar.

This paper uses linked household, school, and test score data from Madagascar to investigate the relation of household characteristics and school factors to the cognitive skills of children ages 8–10 and 14–16. In contrast to most achievement test studies in developing countries, the study uses representative rather than school-based samples of children and combines detailed information on school and family background. Schooling of mothers matters far more for learning than schooling of fathers, perhaps reflecting differences in parental time spent with children on schoolwork. Even these effects, however, are significantly attenuated when controlling for choice of residence or school. Skills are also affected by aspects of primary schools, including teacher experience and infrastructure.
PRODUCTION FRAGMENTATION AND OUTSOURCING: GENERAL CONCERNS

Globalization has its detractors as well as supporters. Concerns have been expressed about the greater ease of fragmenting the production process so that more parts can be outsourced to a variety of countries. Highly developed regions worry about the possibility of greater unemployment or lower unskilled wage rates. Less developed regions are concerned that they may not possess a comparative advantage in the service link activities that promote fragmentation. The paper discusses these issues, with special emphasis on India and China.
Shipwrecks on the Great Lakes and the Lake Carriers Association

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between accident-related shipping losses on the Great Lakes between 1900 and 1939 and the role the Lake Carriers Association (LCA) played in limiting or preventing such losses. Moreover, we address the relative benefits of private sector effort, through the LCA, and public sector efforts to reduce shipwrecks and capital losses through National Weather Bureau stations. Overall, our results confirm existing research that National Weather Bureau stations reduce accident-related shipping losses. However, we also find that increased membership in the LCA also reduced such losses, and to a significant degree.
Ancient glaciation on Mars

A large number of anomalous landforms on Mars can be attributed to glaciation, including the action of ice and meltwater. Glacial landscapes are concentrated south of lat -33° and in the Northern Plains suggesting vast Austral and Boreal ice sheets. Crater densities on the glaciated terrains indicate that the final glacial epoch occurred late in Martian history. Thus, Mars may have had a relatively warm, moist climate and dense atmosphere much later than previously believed.
Proportionality: An assault on human rights?: A reply

In a recent article in the International Journal of Constitutional Law, Stavros Tsakyrakis presents a passionate critique of the proportionality test. Tsakyrakis regards proportionality as an illusory attempt at infusing objectivity in rights adjudication. Moreover, he posits that it necessitates weighing public interests against individual rights. Proportionality has emerged globally as the leading framework for evaluating rights violations. It serves as the uniform standard of rights review in jurisdictions as diverse as Israel, Germany, Canada, and South Africa. Remarkably, recent opinions by Justice Breyer of the United States Supreme Court indicate that the approach is gaining currency within American’s constitutional jurisprudence. Considering proportionality’s significance, Tsakyrakis’ critique is of considerable moment and merits careful study. In this Essay I argue that while Tsakyrakis is right to consider certain types of balancing objectionable, he is wrong to conclude that proportionality necessitates them. Rather than focusing on important philosophical questions regarding the commensurability of values, this response is limited to providing clarity on proportionality’s methodology and observing the false premises that underline Tsakyrakis’ arguments. Examining the cases and hypothetical that Tsakyrakis relies upon, I demonstrate how they fail to articulate any defect in the proportionality test. Notwithstanding this, Tsakyrakis’ analysis provides a useful insight into the dangers of treating proportionality subtests as farcical.
Computation in large-scale scientific and internet data applications is a focus of MMDS 2010

A report is provided for the ACM SIGKDD community about the 2010 Workshop on Algorithms for Modern Massive Data Sets (MMDS 2010), its origin in MMDS 2006 and MMDS 2008, and future directions for this interdisciplinary research area.
Lyapunov Vector Fields for Autonomous Unmanned Aircraft Flight Control

General techniques for constructing vector fields for unmanned aircraft guidance are provided that incorporate Lyapunov stability properties to produce simple, globally stable vector fields in three dimensions. Use of these fields to produce circular loiter pattern attractors is illustrated, along with a simple switching algorithm to enable following of arbitrary way point sequences. Alternatively, attractor shape variations are developed by warping the circular loiter, preserving global stability guarantees, and accurate path tracking. An example of this technique is provided that produces a racetrack loiter pattern, and three different variations in the warping technique are compared. Finally, tracking of the vector field is considered, using Lyapunov techniques to show global stability of heading and path position for several types of tracking control laws that are compatible with low cost unmanned aircraft avionics.
Resonant Excitation of Disk Oscillations in Deformed Disks. VI. Stability Criterion Revisited

We re-examine the excitation of a set of disk oscillations in a deformed disk by a resonant process. We assume that the disk is deformed from an axisymmetric steady state by an oscillatory deformation with frequency !D and azimuthal wavenumber mD. Then, we consider two normal mode oscillations with a set of frequencies and the azimuthal wavenumber being (!1,m1) and (!2,m2) and satisfying the resonant conditions (!1 +!2 +!D = 0 and m1 +m2 +mD = 0). These oscillations are resonantly excited ifE1E2> 0, whereE1 andE2 are the wave energies of the above two oscillations, when the deformation is maintained by external forces, or has a large amplitude compared with the oscillations. This instability condition is rather general as long as the unperturbed density and pressure vanish on the surface of the system. The possibility of applications to superhumps and negative superhumps in the superoutburst state of dwarf novae are briefly discussed.
An investigation of (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylimines and (R)-(+)-1-(phenyl)ethylimines as chiral templates in the staudinger reaction

Abstract (R)-(+)-1-(1-Naphthyl)ethylimines were found to be moderately better chiral templates in the Staudinger reaction in comparison to (R)-(+)-1-(phenyl)ethylimines. The best diastereoselectivities and yields were obtained with (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylimines when toluene was used as the solvent. The resulting diastereomeric cis β-lactams were separated by silica gel flash column chromatography or recrystallization.
Scaling considerations in ground state quantum computation

We study design challenges associated with realizing a ground-state quantum computer. In such a computer, it is necessary that the energy gap between the ground state and first excited state be sufficiently large to prevent disruptive excitations. Here, an estimate of this gap is provided as a function of computer size. We then address the problem of detecting the output of a ground-state quantum computer. It is shown that the exponential detection difficulties that appear to be present at first can be overcome by small design changes.
DEPOS: Parametric electron energy deposition module in slabs

Application au depot d'energie par electrons dans du carbone, de l'aluminium, du cuivre et de l'argent
Lifetime physical activity and risk of breast cancer.

We conducted a case-control study of 394 women with breast cancer and 788 control women (91% response) to investigate the association of lifetime physical activity with mainly menopausal breast cancer risk. After controlling for potential confounders, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for increasing quartiles of lifetime physical activity were 1.00 (referent), 0.91 (0.60-1.37), 0.91 (0.60-1.39), and 1.10 (0.73-1.67), respectively; P, trend = 0.47. We also separately examined physical activity at ages 12-18, 19-34, 35-49 and > or =50 years; no significant trends were observed in any age group. These data do not support a role of physical activity in preventing breast cancer.
Infrared spectra of aluminum hydrides in solid hydrogen: Al2H4 and Al2H6.

The reaction of laser-ablated Al atoms and normal-H2 during co-deposition at 3.5 K produces AlH, AlH2, and AlH3 based on infrared spectra and the results of isotopic substitution (D2, H2 + D2 mixtures, HD). Four new bands are assigned to Al2H4 from annealing, photochemistry, and agreement with frequencies calculated using density functional theory. Ultraviolet photolysis markedly increases the yield of AlH3 and seven new absorptions for Al2H6 in the infrared spectrum of the solid hydrogen sample. These frequencies include terminal Al−H2 and bridge Al−H−Al stretching and AlH2 bending modes, which are accurately predicted by quantum chemical calculations for dibridged Al2H6, a molecule isostructural with diborane. Annealing these samples to remove the H2 matrix decreases the sharp AlH3 and Al2H6 absorptions and forms broad 1720 ± 20 and 720 ± 20 cm-1 bands, which are due to solid (AlH3)n. Complementary experiments with thermal Al atoms and para-H2 at 2.4 K give similar spectra and most product frequencies w...
Sluggish Institutions in a Dynamic World : Can Unions and Industrial Competition Coexist?

During the 1930s and 1940s, collective bargaining emerged as the workplace governance norm in much of the U.S. industrial sector. Following its peak in the 1950s, union density in the U.S. private sector fell steadily, to only 7.4 percent in 2006. Governance shifted from a formalized union norm to one of constrained managerial discretion. In competitive and dynamic economic environments, a union tax on company earnings and slow response to economic shocks combine to produce poor performance by union companies. Two industries -- automotives and airlines -- are used to illustrate these points. If worker-based institutions are to flourish, they must add value and permit companies to perform at levels similar to those obtained under evolving nonunion governance norms.
Multigrade extension of relational grammar

Abstract Leonard and Goodman's notion of a multigrade relation is applied to the phenomenon of variable polyadicity in natural language.
Rituals: An economic interpretation

Abstract This paper provides a rational choice analysis of rituals, defined as predictable and regular observances of acts or procedures, which have a symbolic element resulting in the inculcation or reinforcement of shared values and beliefs. The purpose is threefold. First, to make clear why rituals matter for economic and social outcomes. Second, to engage in interdisciplinary exchange by demonstrating how economics can be blended with insights from other social sciences. Third, to gain insight into why rituals exist and persist, as well as the process through which rituals change.
Encoding standards for large text resources: the Text Encoding Initiative

The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is an international project established in 1988 to develop guidelines for the preparation and interchange of electronic texts for research, and to satisfy a broad range of uses by the language industries more generally. The need for standardized encoding practices has become inxreasingly critical as the need to use and, most importantly, reuse vast amounts of electronic text has dramatically increased for both research and industry, in particular for natural language processing. In January 1994, the TEI issued its Guidelines for the Encoding and Interchange of Machine-Readable Texts, which provide standardized encoding conventions for a large range of text types and features relevant for a broad range of applications.
The Rapid Acute Physiology Score.

The Rapid Acute Physiology Score (RAPS) was developed and tested for use as a severity scale in critical care transports. RAPS is an abbreviated version of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE-II) using only parameters routinely available on all transported patients (i.e. pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and Glasgow Coma Scale). RAPS has a range from 0 (normal) to 16. Two hundred eighty-three patients were transported by helicopter; 62 died. Pretransport RAPS was available on 282 of 283 patients (mean, 3.85; median, 3). Because of death, discharge, or transfer, 227 complete APACHE-II scores using least physiologic values for the first 24 hours after transfer were collected (mean, 14.98; median, 13). Stepwise logistic regression showed that when all APACHE-II and RAPS values were available, the best single predictor of mortality was worst value APACHE-II (X2(1) = 57.09, P less than .01). When pretransport RAPS was considered as a single explanatory variable, it too had significant predictive power for mortality (X2(1) = 92.53, P less than .01). Correlation analysis comparing RAPS with APACHE-II values at similar points in time revealed a significant relationship in all cases, with the highest correlation between RAPS worst values and APACHE-II worst values (r = .8472, P less than .01). It was concluded that RAPS can be applied usefully in complement with APACHE-II and may have limited utility when used alone.
Are the Fama and French Factors Global or Country Specific

This article examines whether country-specific or global versions of Fama and French’s three-factor model better explain time-series variation in international stock returns. Regressions for portfolios and individual stocks indicate that domestic factor models explain much more time-series variation in returns and generally have lower pricing errors than the world factor model. In addition, decomposing the world factors into domestic and foreign components demonstrates that the addition of foreign factors to domestic models leads to less accurate in-sample and out-of-sample pricing. Practical applications of the three-factor model, such as cost of capital calculations and perfor
Combined Analysis of Solar Neutrino and Solar Irradiance Data: Further Evidence for Variability of the Solar Neutrino Flux and Its Implications Concerning the Solar Core

A search for any particular feature in any single solar neutrino dataset is unlikely to establish variability of the solar neutrino flux since the count rates are very low. It helps to combine datasets, and in this article we examine data from both the Homestake and GALLEX experiments. These show evidence of modulation with a frequency of 11.85 year−1, which could be indicative of rotational modulation originating in the solar core. We find that precisely the same frequency is prominent in power spectrum analyses of the ACRIM irradiance data for both the Homestake and GALLEX time intervals. These results suggest that the solar core is inhomogeneous and rotates with a sidereal frequency of 12.85 year−1. From Monte Carlo calculations, it is found that the probability that the neutrino data would by chance match the irradiance data in this way is only 2 parts in 10 000. This rotation rate is significantly lower than that of the inner radiative zone (13.97 year−1) as recently inferred from analysis of Super-Kamiokande data, suggesting that there may be a second, inner tachocline separating the core from the radiative zone. This opens up the possibility that there may be an inner dynamo that could produce a strong internal magnetic field and a second solar cycle.
The Small Scales of the Stochastic Navier–Stokes Equations Under Rough Forcing

We prove that the small scale structures of the stochastically forced Navier–Stokes equations approach those of the naturally associated Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process as the scales get smaller. Precisely, we prove that the rescaled kth spatial Fourier mode converges weakly on path space to an associated Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process as |k|→ ∞. In addition, we prove that the Navier–Stokes equations and the naturally associated Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process induce equivalent transition densities if the viscosity is replaced with hyper-viscosity. This gives a simple proof of unique ergodicity for the hyperviscous Navier–Stokes system. We show how different strengthened hyperviscosity produce varying levels of equivalence.
Endogenous miRNA and Target Concentrations Determine Susceptibility to Potential ceRNA Competition

Target competition (ceRNA crosstalk) within miRNA-regulated gene networks has been proposed to influence biological systems. To assess target competition, we characterize and quantitate miRNA networks in two cell types. Argonaute iCLIP reveals that hierarchical binding of high- to low-affinity miRNA targets is a key characteristic of in vivo activity. Quantification of cellular miRNA and mRNA/ncRNA target pool levels indicates that miRNA:target pool ratios and an affinity partitioned target pool accurately predict in vivo Ago binding profiles and miRNA susceptibility to target competition. Using single-cell reporters, we directly test predictions and estimate that ∼3,000 additional high-affinity target sites can affect active miRNA families with low endogenous miRNA:target ratios, such as miR-92/25. In contrast, the highly expressed miR-294 and let-7 families are not susceptible to increases of nearly 10,000 sites. These results show differential susceptibility based on endogenous miRNA:target pool ratios and provide a physiological context for ceRNA competition in vivo.
The gauged vector model in four dimensions: Resolution of an old problem?

Abstract A calculation of the renormalization group improved effective potential for the gauged U(N) vector model, coupled to Nf fermions in the fundamental representation, computed to leading order in 1 N , all orders in the scalar self-coupling λ, and lowest order in gauge coupling g2, with Nf of order N, is presented. It is shown that the theory has two phases, one of which is asymptotically free, and the other not, where the asymptotically free phase occurs if 0 2 4 3 [(N f /N) − 1] , and N f /N 11 2 . In the asymptotically free phase, the effective potential behaves qualitatively like the tree-level potential. In the other phase, the theory exhibits all the difficulties of the ungauged (g2 = 0) vector model. Therefore the theory appears to be consistent (only) in the asymptotically free phase.
Corpus-based Learning of Analogies and Semantic Relations

We present an algorithm for learning from unlabeled text, based on the Vector Space Model (VSM) of information retrieval, that can solve verbal analogy questions of the kind found in the SAT college entrance exam. A verbal analogy has the form A:B::C:D, meaning "A is to B as C is to D"; for example, mason:stone::carpenter:wood. SAT analogy questions provide a word pair, A:B, and the problem is to select the most analogous word pair, C:D, from a set of five choices. The VSM algorithm correctly answers 47% of a collection of 374 college-level analogy questions (random guessing would yield 20% correct; the average college-bound senior high school student answers about 57% correctly). We motivate this research by applying it to a difficult problem in natural language processing, determining semantic relations in noun-modifier pairs. The problem is to classify a noun-modifier pair, such as "laser printer", according to the semantic relation between the noun (printer) and the modifier (laser). We use a supervised nearest-neighbour algorithm that assigns a class to a given noun-modifier pair by finding the most analogous noun-modifier pair in the training data. With 30 classes of semantic relations, on a collection of 600 labeled noun-modifier pairs, the learning algorithm attains an F value of 26.5% (random guessing: 3.3%). With 5 classes of semantic relations, the F value is 43.2% (random: 20%). The performance is state-of-the-art for both verbal analogies and noun-modifier relations.
An ultrasound system for tumor detection in soft tissues using low transient pulse

Different techniques are used for breast tumor detection that include microwave imaging, X-ray imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging. They provide accurate assessment of tumor size and location but suffer from some inherent drawbacks. Ultrasound is a detection technique that has been demonstrated as the one without harmful side effects on patients. This paper presents a method to detect the size and location of echogenic tumor in soft tissues using ultrasound. Quantitative ultrasound is utilized to allow an ultrasound signal to be sent from a transmitter to multiple receivers. This received signal is analyzed for echogenic and echolucent tumors to differentiate between them, along with a non-tumor sample. It is also studied for the delay and signal distortion, in order to determine the tumor location. The results are implemented by using field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) and digital-signal-processor (DSP) technologies. The low transient pulse (LTP) technique is successfully utilized to generate the required short-duration ultrasonic signals in the proposed system. This codesign demonstrates a good application of the FPGA/DSP platform for LTP generation and processing received signals.
Scavenging and solubility of trace element bearing aerosols in frontal clouds at Whiteface Mountain, NY

Abstract Scavenging efficiencies for aerosol Se, As, and Sb in cloud water are reported for frontal stratus clouds at Whiteface Mountain, NY. Solubility for these aerosols is also presented from seven clouds associated with air that had passed through highly diverse pollution source regions. Solubilities of Se and As aerosols were determined to be 98 ± 1 % and 96 ± 3%, respectively. Antimony aerosols yielded a slightly lower value, 92 ± 4%. Scavenging efficiencies were determined by comparing the concentrations below the cloud base with that in the cloud interstitial air. Scavenging efficiencies for Se, As, Sb, and SO 4 were determined to be 53%v or less in the moderate to highly polluted air masses studied.
A high-altitude station-keeping astronomical platform

Several commercial telecommunication ventures together with a well funded US military program make it a likely possibility that an autonomous, high-altitude, light-than-air (LTA) vehicle which could maneuver and station-keep for weeks to many months will be a reality in a few years. Here I outline how this technology could be used to develop a high-altitude astronomical observing platform which could return high-resolution optical data rivaling those from space-based platforms but at a fraction of the cost.