cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Messages to New Survivors by Longer-Term Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

Long-term survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) are in a unique position to offer guidance and support to new survivors in a way that not only reflects their own experiences, but also the learned experience. The purpose of the present study was to examine IPV survivors’ messages of encouragement, advice, and hope for individuals who had recently left abusive relationships. The researchers utilized content analysis procedures to analyze participants’ (N = 263) responses to an open-ended question that was part of two larger mixed-methods studies. The research question was: What messages do long-term survivors of IPV want to send individuals who have recently left an abusive relationship? Findings illustrated participants’ messages to new survivors and were categorized into the following themes: (a) self-love and inherent strengths, (b) healing as a journey and process, (c) importance of social support, (d) leaving the abusive relationship behind, (e) focus on self-care, (f) guidance for new relationships, (g) practical issues and resources, (h) recommendations about children, (i) religious and spiritual messages, (j) obtaining education about IPV, and (k) advocacy and social action. This study filled a void in the literature and included the voices of survivors as contributors to the healing process of IPV. The findings illuminated clear themes that can be further explored and integrated into treatment approaches to assist individuals who have recently left abusive relationships.
[Recent HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Hubei, 2010-2013].

Objective To understand the HIV infection status among MSM in Hubei province and provide scientific evidence for the development of intervention strategy. Methods A total of 11 438 samples were collected from MSM in sentinel surveillance during 2010-2013 to detect 1-HIV-1 antibody. BED-CEIA was used to identify the recent HIV infection, and the recent HIV infection rate among the MSM was estimated. The age, group and area specific recent infection rate and condom use rate were analyzed. Results The annual HIV positive rates among MSM were 3.34%,3.74%, 2.96% and 3.15% respectively and the annual recent infection rates were 2.31%, 1.91%, 1.53% and 1.71% respectively during 2010-2013. The HIV positive rate in age group ≤30 years was lower than that in age group>30 years, but the recent HIV incidence rate was higher in age group ≤30 years than in age group>30 years. The detection rate of recent HIV infection varied with sample source, the highest detection rate was among the samples form work group/CDC and public bathroom (3.54% and 3.49%, respectively). The recent HIV i nfection rate in Wuhan was highest(5.73%). The proportion of MSM using condoms in each homosexual behavior during past six months was 38.91%. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the factors related to recent HIV infection included sample source (OR=0.344-0.713), area (OR=3.581-9.577) and condom usage (OR=6.686). Conclusion The HIV-1 infection rate in MSM was at a high level in Hubei, especially in some areas. The condom use rate was low, it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of HIV infection in MSM. Key words: Men who have sex with men; Human immunodeficiency virus; Recent infection
Mindful Awareness: Can a Neuro-Developmentally Timed Approach Prevent Youth Substance Misuse

Youth substance use remains a significant public health issue. Although there are numerous evidence-based substance use preventive interventions, room for program improvement remains. Mindfulness practice, due to its feasibility of implementation, capacity to promote neuro-networks associated with delayed substance use initiation and progression to substance use disorders, and efficacy in promoting protective and reducing risk factors associated with substance use, may constitute one strategy for increasing the effectiveness of substance use preventive interventions. However, mindfulness-based approaches to substance use prevention have yet to be systematically tested with youth. In this conceptual paper, we first define mindfulness and its potential, through practice, to strengthen neuro-circuitry associated with substance use disorders. We then review evidence supporting the effectiveness of mindfulness-based preventive interventions to promote protective factors and reduce risk factors known to predict youth substance use. Thus, a case is made for neuro-developmentally timed, mindfulness-based substance use preventive interventions, with the ultimate goal of preventing future substance misuse and associated health consequences.
Burden of rare exome sequence variants in PROC gene is associated with venous thromboembolism: a population-based study

BACKGROUND Rare coding mutations underlying deficiencies of antithrombin and proteins C and S contribute to familial venous thromboembolism (VTE). It is uncertain whether rare variants play a role in the etiology of VTE in the general population. OBJECTIVES We conducted a deep whole-exome sequencing (WES) study to investigate the associations between rare coding variants and the risk of VTE in two population-based prospective cohorts. PATIENTS/METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed in the Longitudinal Investigation of Thromboembolism Etiology (LITE), which combines the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (316 incident VTE events among 3159 African Americans [AAs] and 458 incident VTEs among 7772 European Americans [EAs]) and the Cardiovascular Healthy Study (CHS; 60 incident VTEs among 1751 EAs). We performed gene-based tests of rare variants (allele frequency < 1%, exome-wide significance P < 1.47 × 10-6 ) separately in each study and ancestry group, and meta-analyzed the results for the EAs in ARIC and CHS. RESULTS In the meta-analysis of EAs, we identified one gene, PROC, in which the burden of rare, coding variants was significantly associated with increased risk of VTE (HR = 5.42 [3.11, 9.42] for carriers versus non-carriers, P = 2.27 × 10-9 ). In ARIC EAs, carriers of the PROC rare variants had on average 0.75 standard deviation (SD) lower concentrations of plasma protein C and 0.28 SD higher D-dimer (P < .05) than non-carriers. Adjustment for low protein C status did not eliminate the association of PROC burden with VTE. In AAs, rare coding PROC variants were not associated with VTE. CONCLUSIONS Rare coding variants in PROC contribute to increased VTE risk in EAs in this general population sample.
Audit Firm Rotation and Misstatements: A Dynamic Discrete Choice Approach

This paper estimates a dynamic model of clients' decisions to switch audit firm and misstate earnings as a function of auditor tenure. Adapting the conditional choice probability framework of Hotz and Miller (1993), which simplifies the estimation to a conditional logit, we find that dynamic considerations are important for clients' audit firm switching decisions. We then use the model to evaluate a policy counterfactual of mandatory audit firm rotation that reduces the expected horizon with an audit firm. We find that mandatory rotation reduces misstatement rates by about 1 to 3 percentage points but leads to large increases in auditor switches, even before the term limit. Estimating how mandatory rotation may alter auditor effort reveals a significant reduction in effort but does not materially change our main findings. Overall, the results call for caution when evaluating the benefits of mandatory audit firm rotation.
A Case of Uterine Volvulus: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background: Uterine volvulus is a rare occurrence, especially in non-gravid uteri. Uterine volvulus can lead to ischemia and necrosis when left undetected. Case: A 73-year-old woman with acute abdo...
Reproducing Race in an Era of Reckoning

What place should racial preferences have in the families people make? Prospective parents in search of a romantic partner, sperm or egg donor, or child to foster or adopt might have all sorts of reasons for caring about race. Maybe they want their family to be seen as bound by biology, or they hope to shore up whatever emotional ties they ascribe to racialized forms of resemblance. Racial considerations could also matter to would-be parents looking to entrench cultural privilege or preserve marginalized communities. An emerging school of critical race scholars like Dorothy Roberts and Patricia Williams are particularly troubled by racial matching in the buying and selling of reproductive materials. The most developed and sophisticated line of reasoning comes from Camille Gear Rich, whose influential article serves as my point of departure. Rich condemns the role of race in fertility market for expressing the eugenic logic of racial purity, and even promoting it. I see two problems with this argument. First: while we should resist practices that send the divisive message that families should be separated along racial lines, reasonable people can disagree about whether, when, and why colorblindness is worth aspiring to in efforts to make a family. My second objection has to do with how protests against racial matching single out people who reproduce using a donor, surrogate, or IVF. It’s not as if their parental dreams are distinctively consumed by race. These would-be parents don’t think and act on racial considerations in ways that tend to be any more pervasive or contested than people whose kids come from one-night stands or online dating, foster care or adoption. Selectively criticizing the single, same-sex, and infertile people who turn to assisted procreation demeans the families they form and perpetuates their historic exclusion from those intimate relationships.
Determining the range of validity of quasar X-ray and UV flux measurements for constraining cosmological model parameters

We use six different cosmological models to study the recently-released compilation of X-ray and UV flux measurements of 2038 quasars (QSOs) which span the redshift range $0.009 \leq z \leq 7.5413$. We find, for the full QSO data set, that the parameters of the X-ray and UV luminosities $L_X-L_{UV}$ relation used to standardized these QSOs depend on the cosmological model used to determine these parameters, i.e, it appears that the full QSO data set include QSOs that are not standardized and so cannot be used for the purpose of constraining cosmological parameters. Subsets of the QSO data, restricted to redshifts $z \lesssim 1.5-1.7$ obey the $L_X-L_{UV}$ relation in a cosmological-model-independent manner, and so can be used to constrain cosmological parameters. The cosmological constraints from these lower-$z$, smaller QSO data subsets are mostly consistent with, but significantly weaker than, those that follow from baryon acoustic oscillation and Hubble parameter measurements.
The impact of empathy and personality on academic achievement among secondary school students

The aim of this research is to study the impact of Empathy and Personality on academic achievement among secondary school students and it is also assess the level of these factors. Data was collected through purposive sampling from students of Kota city. Mean, SD, Pearson and other statistical techniques used for analysing the data. The finding of the research showed that students were having ‘below Average’ Empathy level in testing and ‘highly unstable’ level of personality in testing. This study also showed that there is positive correlation of empathy and personality on academic achievement among secondary school students.
Caves and Karst

Abstract The term Karst relates to landscapes that have been shaped by the dissolution of carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite. Features that are commonly thought to characterize this distinct landscape include caves, springs, and sinkholes. However, such a description greatly oversimplifies this broad scientific discipline. Even before scientists started researching the limestone environments of the Dinaric Plateau of southern Europe, humans and Neanderthals understood the importance of karst using its resources for over 200,000 years. Caves were used for shelter and cultural proposes, limestone for building materials and springs for water supplies. Since its infancy in the late 1800s, karst research has blossomed into distinct scientific fields such as speleology (study of caves), geomorphology (surface features), hydrology (aquifers and springs), geoengineering (mapping subsurface features), anthropology (cultural use of karst) and biospeleology (life in karst). In this article we introduce readers to the main concepts of these various fields. We will also highlight the economic importance of karst but also how its exploitation can have dire consequences for what is a fragile environment. Its fragility arises from the very nature of what makes karst unique. Rural and urban development can contaminate aquifers, destroy caves and surface karst features, and also threaten highly adapted species that live in the subterranean environment. Only through careful management can humans continue to thrive on karst landscapes.
Node-based Generalized Friendship Paradox fails.

The Friendship Paradox--the principle that ``your friends have more friends than you do''--is a combinatorial fact about degrees in a graph; but given that many Web-based social activities are correlated with a user's degree, this fact has been taken more broadly to suggest the empirical principle that ``your friends are also more active than you are.'' This Generalized Friendship Paradox, the notion that any attribute positively correlated with degree obeys the Friendship Paradox, has been established mathematically in a network-level version that essentially aggregates uniformly over all the edges of a network. Here we show, however, that the natural node-based version of the Generalized Friendship Paradox--which aggregates over nodes, not edges--may fail, even for degree-attribute correlations approaching 1. Whether this version holds depends not only on degree-attribute correlations, but also on the underlying network structure and thus can't be said to be a universal phenomenon. We establish both positive and negative results for this node-based version of the Generalized Friendship Paradox and consider its implications for social-network data.
An Exploratory Study of COVID-19’s Impact on Psychological Distress and Antisocial Behavior Among Justice-Involved Youth

Little is known about how justice-involved youth are coping with stress related to COVID-19. This study examined changes in psychological distress and antisocial behavior indicators among 557 youth...
Heart failure among US nursing home residents with diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure. However, few recent studies have examined the characteristics of older adults living in US nursing homes with heart failure and diabetes mellitus. This study is important for clinical practice and public health action plans for heart failure. Objective To estimate the prevalence of, and factors associated with, heart failure in long-stay nursing home residents with diabetes mellitus. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using the US 2016 Minimum Data Set data consisting of all residents with diabetes aged ≥65 years in Medicare/Medicaid certified nursing homes (n = 297,570). Diabetes mellitus and heart failure were operationalized using the resident's transfer notes at admission and the progress notes during admission through physical examination findings and current treatment orders. Results Among all residents with diabetes, 26.4% had heart failure. Increasing age of residents, and comorbidities including coronary artery disease (aOR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.31–1.37), end stage renal disease (aOR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.26–1.35), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.57–1.63) were associated with a higher odds of heart failure. Conclusions This is one of the first U.S studies to examine the prevalence and factors associated with heart failure in nursing home residents with diabetes mellitus. It highlights a clinically complex population with multiple comorbid conditions. Future research is needed to understand the pharmacological management of these residents and the extent to which appropriate management can improve quality of life for a medically vulnerable population.
The Young and the Helpless: Re-Defining the Term 'Child Victim of Crime'

Children are the most highly victimized segments of our society. The victimization of children is estimated to be the most costly public health and public safety problem today. Despite the urgency of the problem, and the proliferation of literature and policy proposals pertinent to childhood victimization, thus far, no significant efforts have been made to design a coherent definition to the term ‘child victim of crime.’ Existing definitions fail to account for the distinct developmental needs of children, and the unique effect of crime on children. The result of this lacuna is a colossal failure of our legal system to protect the most vulnerable and impressionable group, our children. It also leads to wasteful and inefficient utilization of public funds, and compromises public safety. This article provides a comprehensive framework, that bridges theory and practice, to develop an innovative evidence-based definition to the term ‘child victim of crime’. Implementation of the proposed definition will enable the protection and treatment of millions of children crippled by crime, who currently fall beyond the boundaries of narrow policies designed for adults and unsuitable for children. It will also help improve public safely, and save invaluable public resources.
An Equilibrium Theory for Multi-Person Multi-Criteria Stochastic Decision Problems with Multiple Subjective Probability Measures

An equilibrium theory is developed for multi-person multi-criteria stochastic decision problems wherein the decision makers have different subjective probability measures on the uncertain quantities. Particular attention is devoted to existence and uniqueness of stable equilibria in such problems, when the loss functionals are (locally) quadratic and the subjective probability measures are Gaussian.
Hayes Receives 2012 Ronald Greeley Early Career Award in Planetary Science: Citation

Alexander G. Hayes Jr. received the 2012 Ronald Greeley Early Career Award in Planetary Science at the 2012 AGU Fall Meeting, held 3–7 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes significant early-career contributions to planetary science.
Systems Biology: Integrating ‘‐Omics'‐Oriented Approaches to Determine Foodborne Microbial Toxins

The possible origins of microbial toxins vary widely, and detection of these toxins in different food matrices is a major challenge for food industries and regulatory agencies. New methodologies are needed to quickly and precisely detect traces of micro-organisms and their toxic metabolites. In post-genomics era, systems biology approaches, ranging from genomic sequencing to transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomic profiling, may be an effective platform for developing tests to identify a variety of toxins in field applications; multiple functional ‘-omics’ could be combined into a system-wide approach for detecting toxins, which may also be useful in the study of microbial pathogenesis. Advances in systems biology are addressed in the current article, as well as possible uses of these high-throughput platforms to ensure food and feed safety. Keywords: genomics; metabolomics; microbial toxins; proteomics; reactome; systems biology; transcriptomics
Managing electronic resources: The Yale University YELMO project

The Cushing/Whitney Medical Library has migrated from early efforts to organize and manage electronic resources on our own, to contributing to a centralized university library system. This paper reports on the evolution of a family of tools to both represent and manage electronic resources on the Web.
A longitudinal spatial coherence model for wind evolution based on large-eddy simulation

Standard feedback controllers on wind turbines can be augmented with feedforward control, relying on preview measurements of the wind provided by remote sensing instruments, to help regulate rotor speed and reduce structural loads. The effectiveness of feedforward control depends on how accurately the approaching wind can be measured. One significant cause of measurement error is the evolution of the wind as it travels toward the turbine from the measurement location. Wind evolution is commonly quantified using longitudinal spatial coherence to describe the decorrelation of turbulence as the wind advects downstream. In this paper, a collection of wind fields produced by large-eddy simulation is used to calculate longitudinal coherence for a variety of atmospheric conditions. Using the calculated coherence curves, we determine a simple longitudinal coherence formula for approximating wind evolution, which depends on mean wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulence length scale. This formula is then used to find the optimal scan configurations that minimize measurement error for a preview-based control scenario employing Light Detection and Ranging. Results show how the optimal preview distance and achievable measurement error depend on the aforementioned wind parameters.
Transient Scattering Measurements Using Photoconductively Switched Planar Antennas

In most electromagnetic scattering and radar applications, the scattering process is linear, and therefore time and frequency domain data are linked via the Fourier transform. One can therefore perform a scattering measurement in the time or frequency domain and, as long as the time and frequency domain measurements cover the same bandwidth, frequency and time-domain measured data are interchangeable via the Fourier transform (assuming good measurements were performed in both domains). The choice of whether to perform the initial measurement in the time or frequency domain is therefore dictated by such issues as cost and measurement quality (immunity to noise).
The sustainability and stabilization of tag vocabulary in CiteULike: An empirical study of collaborative tagging

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the growth patterns of tag vocabulary in collaborative tagging systems to verify the sustainability and stabilization of tag distributions. Both sustainability and stabilization are essential to the mining and categorization of information driven by tagging behaviors.Design/methodology/approach – The study was based on time series data of CiteULike from November 2004 to April 2010. Power law distributions were detected to reveal statistical regularities and tagging patterns. Logistic regression analysis with time‐dependent covariates was conducted to identify the factors affecting the growth of distinct tags for articles. The significance of the effects and the time taken for a given article to reach its tagging maturity were also explored.Findings – Time series plots and trend analysis illustrated the continuous growth of the tagging system. Exploratory analysis of power law distribution fittings indicated a sign of system stability known as scale invaria...
The Veblenian roots of Institutional Political Economy

The term “Institutional Economics” has been applied to some of capitalism’s strongest critics as well as its most ardent apologists. This paradox in terms has bred contradictory literature in development economics, some declaring the death of this line of thought while others herald its resurgence. In examining the roots of Institutional economics, this paper attempts to disentangle the ambiguity surrounding this label. The Institutional Political Economy of Ha-Joon Chang will then be examined as a return to Institutionalism’s radical roots in development economics. Concluding remarks suggest that this approach is capable of encompassing gender as an analytical category, an extension that would improve the ability of policy makers to assess the impacts of macroeconomic policy.
Digitized Heat Transfer

In recent years, the exponential growth of high-powered electronics has begun to significantly outpace the capabilities of existing thermal management systems. In order to maintain the current rate of growth, significant efforts have been placed on developing efficient and powerful cooling systems. One of the solutions that have been proposed is digitized heat transfer (DHT). DHT broadly refers to the use of individual microdroplets to transfer thermal energy. The discrete nature of this cooling scheme creates a system that is capable of programmable, on demand thermal management that is efficient and adaptable.
Tropomyosins in human diseases: ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that almost always affects the rectal mucosa and variable length of the colon in continuity and at times mucosa of the entire colon. It is not caused by any specific pathogen. Genetics, environmental factors and altered immune responses to dietary macromolecules, colonic bacteria and cellular proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of UC. Autoimmune response against cytoskeletal, microfilament protein tropomyosin (Tm) seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of UC. The predominant colonic epithelial Tm isoform, hTm5, can induce both humoral (B-cells) and cellular (T-cells) response in patients with UC. Such responses are not seen in normal subjects and disease control subjects, such as patients with Crohn’s disease (CD, another type of IBD) and patients with lupus. A novel observation that hTm5 is expressed on colon epithelial cell surface but not on small intestinal epithelial cells provides evidence for presentation to immune effector cells. This surface expression of hTm5 seems to be facilitated by a colon epithelial cell membrance associated protein, CEP, that acts as a chaperone for the trans-migration of hTm5 to the surface and both hTm5 and CEP are then released outside the cell. Both CEP and hTm5 expression are increased with pro-inflammatory cytokine, such as γ-interferon. hTm5 expression in UC mucosa is also significantly increased compared to normal. Finally, autoantibodies against hTm5 observed both in circulation and in the colon mucosa of patients with UC are pathogenic causing colon epithelial cell destruction by antibody and complement mediated cytolysis.
Magma degassing triggered by static decompression at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i

[1] During mid-June 2007, the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, deflated rapidly as magma drained from the subsurface to feed an east rift zone intrusion and eruption. Coincident with the deflation, summit SO2 emission rates rose by a factor of four before decaying to background levels over several weeks. We propose that SO2 release was triggered by static decompression caused by magma withdrawal from Kīlauea's shallow summit reservoir. Models of the deflation suggest a pressure drop of 0.5–3 MPa, which is sufficient to trigger exsolution of the observed excess SO2 from a relatively small volume of magma at the modeled source depth beneath Kīlauea's summit. Static decompression may also explain other episodes of deflation accompanied by heightened gas emission, including the precursory phases of Kīlauea's 2008 summit eruption. Hazards associated with unexpected volcanic gas emission argue for increased awareness of magma reservoir pressure fluctuations.
Clinical predictors of survival in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: evidence that Gleason score 6 cancer can evolve to lethal disease.

BACKGROUND This study sought to characterize Modern patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and identify pretreatment clinical predictors of survival. METHODS A cohort of men with CRPC with and without metastases (M) treated with secondary hormonal therapy (2eHT) and/or chemotherapy (CT) was identified from the authors' institutional database. Associations of patient and disease characteristics at diagnosis, at androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) initiation, at CRPC index date, and survival were evaluated. CRPC index date was defined as the start date of either 2eHT or CT, whichever came first. RESULTS In the cohort of 622 men, 434 men (70%) had M-positive disease; 552 men (89%) received 2eHT and 70 men (11%) received CT as their initial CRPC treatment. There were 410 deaths (66%) at the time of analysis. Median overall survival (OS) was 35 months (quartile 1, quartile 3: 21 months, 61 months). In multivariate analyses, higher biopsy Gleason score, the presence of M at ADT initiation, shorter time from ADT start to CRPC, higher prostate-specific antigen and poorer Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status at CRPC and M at CRPC were predictive of shorter OS. Interestingly, whereas some men with biopsy Gleason scores of 6 died of their disease (N = 42), they had a longer OS after CRPC compared with those with a Gleason score ≥ 7. CONCLUSIONS This large retrospective study of patients with CRPC in a tertiary cancer center shows that biopsy Gleason score of 6 is associated with a less aggressive CRPC course, and the impact that M at ADT initiation and CRPC have on outcome is quantified. Cancer 2013;119:2990—2998. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Comprehensive Treatment of the Aging Face—Cutaneous and Structural Rejuvenation

As people age, characteristic changes occur in the skin, the soft tissue envelope, and the bony skeleton of the face and result in the aging face syndrome. An understanding of the pertinent biomechanical and histologic changes is necessary for developing an appropriate treatment plan. The advent of many new techniques, including cosmetic exfoliation, laser skin resurfacing, open rhinoplasty, and endoscopic, multiplane plastic surgical procedures, has enhanced therapy for the aging face syndrome. Treatment protocols should be individualized for each patient's needs and desires. Several of these recent treatments for facial rejuvenation are reviewed herein.
Rapid computation of multioffset vertical seismic profile synthetic seismograms for layered media

By rearranging the formulas for the responses of buried sources and receivers in the Kennett reflectivity algorithm, we have obtained a new algorithm that is very efficient for computing multioffset VSP synthetic seismograms. The rearrangement of the response formulas is quite general inasmuch as it applies to both isotropic and anisotropic Kennett codes. Our new algorithm and the original single‐receiver algorithm can both be made to run much faster on vector computers by taking the layer loop out of the p-loop, but leaving it inside the frequency loop. The resulting vector codes can still compute the response of media with frequency‐ dependent velocities.
Role of antioxidants and trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows.

A number of antioxidants and trace minerals have important roles in immune function and may affect health in transition dairy cows. Vitamin E and β-carotene are important cellular antioxidants. Selenium (Se) is involved in the antioxidant system via its role in the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Inadequate dietary vitamin E or Se decreases neutrophil function during the perpariturient period. Supplementation of vitamin E and/or Se has reduced the incidence of mastitis and retained placenta, and reduced duration of clinical symptoms of mastitis in some experiments. Research has indicated that β-carotene supplementation may enhance immunity and reduce the incidence of retained placenta and metritis in dairy cows. Marginal copper deficiency resulted in reduced neutrophil killing and decreased interferon production by mononuclear cells. Copper supplementation of a diet marginal in copper reduced the peak clinical response during experimental Escherichia coli mastitis. Limited research indicated that chromium supplementation during the transition period may increase immunity and reduce the incidence of retained placenta.
Multi‐Material Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

A trend in developing biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering has been to seek an ideal single material for which a given cell type will exhibit favorable behavior. While an ideal single material has proven elusive, scaffold manufacture using combinations of specialist materials can produce more versatile structures. By controlling the percentage and architecture of material components, mechanical properties, cell attachment, and proliferation may be optimized for a given function. Three specialist materials, poly-e-caprolactone (PCL), fibrin, and alginate, were incorporated into multi-component scaffolds for a series of experiments testing each component with culture of fibroblasts. The rigid and formable PCL provided structure, the fibrin pore-filler allowed for cell attachment, and alginate thread provided a nutrient transfer pathway in lieu of a vascular system. The efficacy of these scaffolds was judged on fibroblast distribution and population after 7-12 days of culture.
Decreased ACTH secretion during prolonged transportation stress is associated with reduced pituitary responsiveness to tropic hormone stimulation in cattle

The present study examined the effect of transportation stress on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness to tropic hormone stimulation and on abundance of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor R1 (CRFR1) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor V3 (V3) mRNAs in the anterior pituitary (AP) of cattle. Holstein steers were transported for 10 h or used as non-transported controls (NTC). Blood samples were collected at start of transportation and every 1-2h thereafter. To test AP responsiveness to tropic hormones, animals were challenged (i.v.) with CRF (0.5 microg/kg), AVP (1 microg/kg) or CRF plus AVP immediately after end of transportation and blood samples collected every 30 min for 3h. The AP of animals transported for 0, 4 or 10 h were harvested for mRNA analyses. Plasma ACTH in transported animals increased within 1h and remained elevated for 6 and 8h versus NTC and 0 h values, respectively. Plasma concentrations of cortisol increased in response to transportation and remained elevated throughout the transport period. Injection of CRF or AVP to NTC animals increased plasma ACTH, but ACTH secretion in response to CRF or AVP was dramatically reduced in transported animals. ACTH secretion following co-injection of CRF and AVP tended to be less in transported animals, but was almost 100% greater than when secretagogues were administered separately. Despite decreased AP responsiveness to CRF and AVP, AP CRFR1 and V3 mRNAs were increased after 10 h transportation. Results indicate decreased AP responsiveness to CRF and AVP may regulate duration of ACTH secretion in response to transportation stress in cattle.
Branch-and-bound algorithms for solving hard instances of the one-machine sequencing problem

Abstract Despite being strongly NP -hard, the one-machine sequencing problem that minimizes the makespan was thought to be computationally inexpensive to solve using Carlier’s algorithm (CA). CA achieved excellent results on random instances with 50–10,000 jobs. However, a thorough computational study reveals that hard instances do exist for CA. In this paper, we present three improved branch-and-bound algorithms based on CA and other existing techniques. We also develop a new lower bound and a problem size reduction technique. The new algorithms are demonstrated to substantially outperform CA in terms of CPU time and robustness.
Stress as adaptation? A test of the adaptive boost hypothesis among Batswana men

Abstract Many studies have found elevated cortisol linked to negative events (“stress”) and subsequent negative outcomes, such as reduced immunity and stunted growth, leading to the conclusion that high cortisol is “bad.” However, a growing number of studies have found more advantaged groups showing relatively elevated cortisol. For example, higher morning cortisol followed by a steeper diurnal decline among Caucasians compared to ethnic minorities has been interpreted as a context-specific “adaptive boost” to meet daily demands. We tested the adaptive boost hypothesis using data on socioeconomic status, depressive affect and salivary cortisol among adult men (n = 32) in Botswana. Three findings emerged: (i) depressive affect was associated with lower morning cortisol (r = − 0.43, p = 0.014); (ii) depressive affect was associated with a diurnal increase in cortisol when comparing morning and evening samples (r = 0.49, p = 0.004); and (iii) depressive affect was associated with lower income (r = − 0.55, p = 0.001). Findings are consistent with the adaptive boost hypothesis and add to a growing body of evidence that elevated cortisol is not universally bad. Hypothalamic–pituitary adrenal axis (HPAA) activity, such as cortisol, may be adaptive depending on a person's contextual circumstances. Based on our findings and those of previous studies, we develop a “person-in-context” model of the threat appraisal process. Integrated with life history theory, our model facilitates testable hypotheses about intra- and inter-individual variability in HPAA and adaptive consequences.
Five-year survival following combination radiotherapy and chemotherapy for recurrent mixed mesodermal sarcoma of the ovary

Abstract A patient with a recurrent mixed mesodermal sarcoma of the ovary was treated with pelvic radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy and remains in remission after 5 years.
Emerging rules for the distributions of active dendritic conductances

A key goal in neuroscience is to explain how the operations of a neuron emerge from sets of active channels with specific dendritic distributions. If general principles can be identified for these distributions, dendritic channels should reflect the computational role of a given cell type within its functional neural circuit. Here, we discuss insights from experimental and computational data on the distribution of voltage-gated channels in dendrites, and attempt to derive rules for how their interactions implement different dendritic functions. We propose that this type of analysis will be important for understanding behavioural processes in terms of single-neuron properties, and that it constitutes a step towards a 'functional proteomics' of nerve cells, which will be essential for defining neuronal phenotypes.
Hollywood Filmmaking and Reputation Building: Hitchcock's The Birds

(1987). Hollywood Filmmaking and Reputation Building: Hitchcock's The Birds. Journal of Popular Film and Television: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 5-15.
Hydraulic Resistance of Pavement Surfaces

The determination of Manning's n as a basic measure of hydraulic resistance in analyzing rainfall runoff from paved surfaces, such as highways, streets, and runways, is investigated. Surface texture measurements central to tire friction studies are speculated to be important in runoff friction as well. British Portable Tester data, as a measure of microtexture, are shown to correlate well with table look‐up values of Manning's n for five different smooth surfaces without macrotexture. For rough surfaces, computations using pavement runoff data from three separate studies are used to show promising correlations between Manning's n and macrotexture measurements. The computations are made using a kinematic wave approximation to the shallow water equations. Fully turbulent flow conditions are shown to have prevailed in these studies as justification in using the Manning equation.
Fracture Propagation, Fluid Flow, and Geomechanics of Water-Based Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Gas Systems and Electromagnetic Geophysical Monitoring of Fluid Migration

Author(s): Kim, Jihoon; Um, Evan; Moridis, George | Abstract: We investigate fracture propagation induced by hydraulic fracturing with water injection, using numerical simulation. For rigorous, full 3D modeling, we employ a numerical method that can model failure resulting from tensile and shear stresses, dynamic nonlinear permeability, leak-off in all directions, and thermo-poro-mechanical effects with the double porosity approach. Our numerical results indicate that fracture propagation is not the same as propagation of the water front, because fracturing is governed by geomechanics, whereas water saturation is determined by fluid flow. At early times, the water saturation front is almost identical to the fracture tip, suggesting that the fracture is mostly filled with injected water. However, at late times, advance of the water front is retarded compared to fracture propagation, yielding a significant gap between the water front and the fracture top, which is filled with reservoir gas. We also find considerable leak-off of water to the reservoir. The inconsistency between the fracture volume and the volume of injected water cannot properly calculate the fracture length, when it is estimated based on the simple assumption that the fracture is fully saturated with injected water. As an example of flow-geomechanical responses, we identify pressure fluctuation under constant water injection, because hydraulic fracturing is itself a set of many failure processes, in which pressure consistently drops when failure occurs, but fluctuation decreases as the fracture length grows. We also study application of electromagnetic (EM) geophysical methods, because these methods are highly sensitive to changes in porosity and pore-fluid properties due to water injection into gas reservoirs. Employing a 3D finite-element EM geophysical simulator, we evaluate the sensitivity of the crosswell EM method for monitoring fluid movements in shaly reservoirs. For this sensitivity evaluation, reservoir models are generated through the coupled flow-geomechanical simulator and are transformed via a rock-physics model into electrical conductivity models. It is shown that anomalous conductivity distribution in the resulting models is closely related to injected water saturation, but not closely related to newly created unsaturated fractures. Our numerical modeling experiments demonstrate that the crosswell EM method can be highly sensitive to conductivity changes that directly indicate the migration pathways of the injected fluid. Accordingly, the EM method can serve as an effective monitoring tool for distribution of injected fluids (i.e., migration pathways) during hydraulic fracturing operations
Finite Thickness Metal-insulator-metal Structure for Waveguide Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing

We designed an asymmetric, finite thickness metal-insulator-metal (f-MIM) structure supporting surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) modes with high effective index. Combining f-MIM modes and polymer waveguide modes leads to a sensing scheme ideally suited for liquid-phase analytes.
Glycoprotein synthesis and degradation: Glycoprotein:N-acetyl glucosamine transferase, proteolytic and glycosidase activity in normal and polyoma virus transformed BHK cells

Abstract PY-BHK cells were found to have greater glycosidase, protease, and endogenous and exogenous glycoprotein N-acetyl glucosamine activity than the parent BHK cell line from which they were derived. These data may explain the increase of N-acetyl glucosamine residues thought to be present on the surface of PY-BHK cells.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of analogues of the antitumor agent, 2-(4-[(7-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy)propionic acid (XK469).

2-(4-[(7-Chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy)propionic acid (XK469) is among the most highly and broadly active antitumor agents to have been evaluated in our laboratories and is currently scheduled to enter clinical trials in 2001. The mechanism or mechanisms of action of XK469 remain to be elaborated. Accordingly, an effort was initiated to establish a pharmacophore hypothesis to delineate the requirements of the active site, via a comprehensive program of synthesis of analogues of XK469 and evaluation of the effects of structural modification(s) on solid tumor activity. The strategy formulated chose to dissect the two-dimensional parent structure into three regions-I, ring A of quinoxaline; II, the hydroquinone connector linkage; and III, the lactic acid moiety-to determine the resultant in vitro and in vivo effects of chemical alterations in each region. Neither the A-ring unsubstituted nor the B-ring 3-chloro-regioisomer of XK469 showed antitumor activity. The modulating antitumor effect(s) of substituents of differing electronegativities, located at the several sites comprising the A-ring of region I, were next ascertained. Thus, a halogen substituent, located at the 7-position of a 2-(4-[(2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy)propionic acid, generated the most highly and broadly active antitumor agents. A methyl, methoxy, or an azido substituent at this site generated a much less active structure, whereas 5-, 6-, 8-chloro-, 6-, 7-nitro, and 7-amino derivatives all proved to be essentially inactive. When the connector linkage (region II) of 1 was changed from that of a hydroquinone to either a resorcinol or a catechol derivative, all antitumor activity was lost. Of the carboxylic acid derivatives of XK469 (region III), i.e., CONH2, CONHCH3, CON(CH3)2, CONHOH, CONHNH2, CN, or CN4H (tetrazole), only the monomethyl- and N,N-dimethylamides proved to be active.
Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in chicken aortas: Monooxygenation, bioactivation to mutagens, and covalent binding to DNA in vitro

The capacity of enzymes present in chicken aortas to catalyze the conversion of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to metabolites that covalently bind to DNA and produce mutations in Salmonella typhimurium auxotrophs is described. Chicken aortic homogenates contained active monooxygenases capable of catalyzing the conversion of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to oxidized products as measured by a highly sensitive radiometric assay and high-pressure liquid chromatography. BaP was converted primarily to phenols, while DMBA was converted to hydroxymethyl, phenolic, and diol metabolites. Pretreatment of chickens with Aroclor 1254, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), or 5,6-benzoflavone (5,6-BF) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increases in the aortic oxidative metabolism of both BaP and DMBA; phenobarbital (Pb) and pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) were ineffective as inducers of chicken aortic monooxygenation. Chicken aortic S-9 homogenates catalyzed the bioactivation of BaP and DMBA to mutagens for S. typhimurium strains TA-98 and TA-1538. Aroclor 1254, 3-MC, 5,6-BF, Pb, or PCN pretreatments did not significantly enhance detectable mutagenesis. When aortic homogenates from untreated chickens were utilized, low specific activities of bound products of BaP, DMBA, or 3-MC to DNA were observed. Pretreatment of chickens with either Aroclor 1254 or 3-MC resulted in 7- to 12-fold increases in specific binding activity. Inhibition of DMBA and BaP metabolism as well as DNA binding was observed when 7,8-benzoflavone (130 μm) or β-estradiol (100 μm) were added to incubation flasks. 1,2-Epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane (13 μm) enhanced binding of [3H]BaP and [3H]DMBA to DNA. Additions of glutathione to reaction flasks inhibited 3H binding to DNA, suggesting an important role of aortic nonoxidative metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.