cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatically identifying C++0x concepts in function templates

An automated approach to the identification of C++0x concepts in function templates is described. Concepts are part of a new language feature appearing in the next standard for C++ (i.e., C++0x). Concept identification is the enumeration of constraints on the sets of types over which templates can be instantiated. The approach analyzes template source code and computes a set of viable concept instances describing the implied data abstraction of the template parameters. The approach is evaluated on generic algorithms defined in the C++ Standard Template Library (STL). The evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach. The approach can be used to assist in reengineering existing generic libraries to C++0x. Additionally, it has the potential to assist in the validation of concept hierarchies and interface definition in generic libraries.
Vocational Knowledge in Rural Children: A Study of Individual Differences and Predictors of Occupational Aspirations and Expectations.

Abstract Few studies have identified individual differences in vocational knowledge or its association with career aspirations or expectations of children. We investigated whether individual differences in grade, gender, academic achievement, and SES predict levels of vocational knowledge, and further examined the relationship between vocational knowledge and career aspirations and expectations. Children in the fourth through seventh grades ( N = 132) from two rural school districts were administered measures of vocational knowledge, expectations, and aspirations. The results of this study suggest no differences in vocational knowledge in groups differing in grade, gender, and SES; however, academic achievement was a significant predictor of vocational knowledge. Moreover, results of regression analysis demonstrated that vocational knowledge adds significantly to the prediction of career aspirations and expectations. These results contribute to the emerging literature exploring mechanisms involved in the career development of rural children.
Codon Usage and Selection on Proteins

Selection pressures on proteins are usu- ally measured by comparing homologous nucleotide sequences (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1965). Recently we introduced a novel method, termed volatility ,t o estimate selection pressures on proteins on the basis of their synonymous codon usage (Plotkin and Dushoff 2003; Plotkin et al. 2004). Here we provide a theoretical foundation for this approach. Under the Fisher-Wright model, we derive the expected fre- quencies of synonymous codons as a function of the strength of selection on amino acids, the mutation rate, and the effective population size. We analyze the conditions under which we can expect to draw inferences from biased codon usage, and we estimate the time scales required to establish and maintain such a signal. We find that synonymous codon usage can reliably distinguish between negative selection and neutrality only for organisms, such as some mi- crobes, that experience large effective population sizes or periods of elevated mutation rates. The power of volatility to detect positive selection is also mod- est—requiring approximately 100 selected sites—but it depends less strongly on population size. We show that phenomena such as transient hyper-mutators can improve the power of volatility to detect selection, even when the neutral site heterozygosity is low. We also discuss several confounding factors, neglected by the Fisher-Wright model, that may limit the appli- cability of volatility in practice.
Clarithromycin-associated visual hallucinations in a patient with chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Visual hallucinations are a rare event in chronic renal failure and not related to uremia per se. Unreported in the literature is visual hallucinations occurring in association with the new macrolide antibiotic, clarithromycin. We describe such a case in a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) maintained on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The combination of a relatively high dose of clarithromycin in face of chronic renal failure in a functionally anephric patient, with underlying aluminum intoxication, may have facilitated the appearance of this neurotoxic side effect. It is important to understand the pharmacokinetics of medications in face of chronic renal failure, the possibility of drug interactions, and how these factors should help guide medication therapy in the ESRD patient.
In vivo expression technology.

The capacity to quickly and efficiently regulate gene expression has helped bacteria to colonize virtually every available niche in the biosphere, including dynamic and extreme ones. In accordance with this, bacterial populations must be ever ready to either take advantage of a favorable change or hunker down when the going gets tough. This proficiency is nicely demonstrated by infection of humans by facultative pathogens, for which up-regulation of genes necessary for survival and growth and down-regulation of genes deleterious to infectivity must occur on cue. To better understand this transition from ex vivo to in vivo conditions and to further our understanding of pathogenesis, it is necessary to identify genes that are specific to infection. Toward this end, in vivo expression technology (IVET) was developed (27). The purpose of this short review is to update the reader on the many variations of IVET that have been developed, to discuss nuances of each method that may be helpful to investigators embarking on studies using this technology, and to discuss offshoot technologies of IVET as tools for studying regulation of virulence genes. The many individual microbial virulence factors that have been identified using IVET are not reviewed here but have been recently reviewed by Mahan et al. (26). Because IVET is but one of several methods that can be used to screen for virulence genes induced during infection of cultured cells but is the only established method for accomplishing the same feat within infected animals, discussion herein is limited to reported uses of IVET in live animal hosts.
Conformity by Omission

Persons exhibit conformity to group norms or expectations by emitting responses they would emit less frequently or not at all had the group influence not been present. We propose to call this phenomenon "conformity by commission, "since behaviors are committed in response to the conforming influence. Persons also conform by avoiding or refusing to perform certain behaviors that group norms or expectations discourage. We have labeled this "conformity by omission" since behaviors are omitted in this context. In this study we have demonstrated "conformity by omission "with the autokinetic effect. Subjects participating alone reported significantly more autokinetic movement than did subjects who were led to believe that they were participating with two other subjects who reported no movement.
Comprehensive School Reform in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Contexts: Implementation and Outcomes from a Four-Year Study:

This article presents findings from a 4-year study of 13 culturally and linguistically diverse elementary schools implementing comprehensive school reform (CSR) models. The study focused on: (a) the actions at the state and district levels that facilitated or inhibited reform implementation; (b) the adaptability of the various reforms in multicultural, multilingual contexts; and (c) the student achievement outcomes associated with reform, for schools as a whole and for language minority students in particular. Some schools implemented reforms and bilingual education programs in mutually supportive ways; others had difficulty adapting reforms to suit the needs of Limited English Proficient (LEP) students. Reforms generally helped educators meet goals for multicultural education, but in some cases, educators’ beliefs about student ability, race, and language served as constraints to reform. Students from CSR schools had achievement outcomes that were generally equivalent to those for students from matched c...
A consumer's guide to causal modeling: Part II

Causal modeling is a widely used technique for specifying a system of relationships among theoretical constructs. However, there are cautions or limitations that must be considered with this technique. Consumers of research that uses causal modeling techniques must evaluate the model testing results on several levels before using the findings in future research or in practice. A good fit between the model and the data does not necessarily mean that all the relationships are as posited. For the researcher intending to use causal modeling in an appropriate study, the most serious limitation of the technique is the large number of subjects required for the analysis, resulting in expensive and logistically complex studies. However, given the nature of many of the phenomena of interest to nursing, causal modeling often proves to be a highly useful technique for knowledge development.
entropy of piecewise polynomial functions and tree partitioning compression

Most of the signals in nature are piecewise smooth. One of the simple and yet efficient models for representing smooth signals is the class of piecewise polynomials. In this paper compression of this class of functions is considered. Some bounds are derived for the epsiv-entropy of this class of functions. These bounds show us the best performance the optimum compression scheme can have. By comparing it with the performance of traditional binary trees, it is demonstrated that the rate- distortion behavior of binary tree is far from optimum. We will then show that a simple modification of binary trees results in much better performance binary tree algorithms. This modification will retain all the advantages of binary trees.
p-adic class invariants

We develop a new p-adic algorithm to compute the minimal polynomial of a class invariant. Our approach works for virtually any modular function yielding class invariants. The main algorithmic tool is modular polynomials, a concept which we generalize to functions of higher level.
Habitat Use by Adult Paddlefish in the Upper Mississippi River

Abstract Seventeen paddlefish were tracked in Pools 12 and 13 of the upper Mississippi River during summer 1980 and spring and summer 1981. Interpool movement occurred during spring high-water periods when dam gates were lifted to create a free-flowing river. Habitat use varied by season; selection was greatest for tailwater and channel habitats, although strong association with one backwater slough was evident. Paddlefish often congregated near man-made structures that created eddies and reduced current velocities. Received April 30, 1983 Accepted December 4, 1983
iMobif: an informed mobility framework for energy optimization in wireless ad hoc networks

Recent research results show that a wireless ad hoc network can exploit controlled node mobility to reduce communication energy consumption. Node movement, however, may consume a certain amount of energy. To achieve overall energy optimization, wireless nodes that adopt a controlled mobility strategy must account for this cost. In this paper we propose iMobif, a flow-based informed mobility framework that collects network information to facilitate decision-making with respect to mobility. We demonstrate how to use iMobif to minimize total communication energy consumption as well as to maximize system lifetime. Simulation results show iMobif is effective in reducing energy consumption relative to that of systems with no mobility or only cost-unaware mobility.
Failure analysis of a 1500 kVA 13.2 kV/480 volt, delta-delta transformer

This paper discusses the events surrounding the catastrophic failure of a 1500 kVA, 13.2 kV/480 V, delta-delta cast-coil transformer. The transformer supplied a 480 V, three-phase, three-wire distribution switchboard serving HVAC and miscellaneous motor loads. Both utility feeders supplying the 15 kV switchboard suffered faulted operating conditions exterior to the building and were de-energized. The transformer subsequently failed after switching operations in the 15 kV switchboard supplying the transformer. The pages that follow examine the final condition of the transformer and enclosure, along with the 15 kV switchboard serving the transformer and the 480 V switchboard served by the transformer, to speculate how the transformer failed.
Bay-to-bay strategic alliances: the network linkages between Taiwan and the US venture capital industries [1]

Taiwan stands out as an early success story in developing a venture capital (VC) industry. Domestic policy makers introduced VC in the early 1980s and today the island boasts a flourishing VC sector that is closely associated with the upgrading of the personal computer and integrated circuit industries. This paper describes the industry's origins in the close connections to Silicon Valley built by overseas Chinese, and it analyses the resulting patterns of cross-regional collaboration between the VC industries in the USA and Taiwan.
Grundzüge einer Syndromlehre der Funktionspsychose

Die moderne Neuropsychiatrie bewegt sich in breiter Front auf alle medizinischen Disziplinen zu. Offenkundige Stosrichtungen sind die Sozialpsychiatrie und die Psychopharmakotherapie; verborgen hat sich dagegen der innerste Kern, die Psychopathologie, gewandelt. Die Lehre von den Funktionspsychosen wurde in den letzten 13 Jahren entwickelt und systematisch ausgebaut ([12, 16] Ubersicht bei [13]). Ihre Ergebnisse sind nicht nur fur die Psychiatrie fruchtbar, sondern fur alle medizinischen Fachbereiche bedeutsam.
Fast, near-optimal computation for multi-robot path planning on graphs

We report a new method for computing near optimal makespan solutions to multi-robot path planning problem on graphs. Our focus here is with hard instances - those with up to 85% of all graph nodes occupied by robots. Our method yields 100-1000x speedup compared with existing methods. At the same time, our solutions have much smaller and often optimal makespans.
Exoplanet detection and characterization via parallel broadband nulling coronagraphy

The contrast and angular resolution required to directly image and characterize mature exoplanetary systems place stringent requirements on the space-based telescopes and starlight suppression systems needed to study spatial distributions of debris disks, exozodiacal dust, and individual planets at multiple epochs in their orbits. A nulling interferometer (nuller) is a coronagraphic suppression system that can be used with all telescope types, including those with obscured and segmented apertures envisioned for upcoming and future observatories. One of the challenges for detection and characterization of exoplanetary signals is achieving high contrast with broad spectral coverage. This work presents design concepts for broadband nulling over four parallel ∼20% bandpasses spanning the visible spectrum. Contrast-limiting effects of stellar angular extent, residual chromaticity of broadband phase shifters, and aperture diffraction are considered to reach simultaneous ≲2×10−8 contrast over separations spanning 0.2 to 0.9 arc sec for a 2.4-m telescope observing a Sun-like star at 10 pc. With added dark hole wavefront control and postprocessing point spread function subtraction techniques to further reduce scattered starlight, such a system could be capable of detecting the very the nearest Earth-like exoplanets and spectral characterization of several nearby extrasolar gas giants.
TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT RESULTS IN SIGNIFICANT REVERSE REMODELING IN PATIENTS WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR DILATION: A REPORT FROM THE PARTNER I TRIAL

Disclosures Dr. Pibarot holds the Canada Research Chair in Valvular Heart Diseases, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and has received grant support from Edwards Lifesciences. Dr. Hahn has received a research grant from Philips Healthcare and consulting fees from Edwards Lifesciences. Dr. Weissman has received grant support from Boston Scientific. Dr. Lindman is supported by K23 HL116660 from the NIH, receives grant support from Roche Diagnostics, and is a member of the scientific advisory board of Roche Diagnostics. Dr. Suri is a member of the Steering Committees of the COAPT Trial (Abbott Vascular) and the PORTICO Trial (St. Jude), national PI of the PERCEVAL Trial (Sorin Medical), has patent applications with Sorin, and has received research grants from Sorin, Edwards, Abbott, and St. Jude. Dr. Douglas’ institution has received grant support from Edwards Lifesciences. Dr. Tuzcu and Dr. Leon are unpaid members of the PARTNER Trial Executive Committee. The other authors report no potential conflicts of interest. • All 2358 patients receiving TAVR in the PARTNER I Trial (cohort A, B and continued access) from May 11, 2007 through January 19, 2012 were analyzed.
Thin Film Stress Measurement with a Tunneling Sensor

A new technique of measuring thin film stress with a tunneling sensor is presented. Basic measurement concepts, preliminary results on thin film stress measurement, and fabrication processes for the tunneling stress measurement sensor are described. The feasibility of implementing this technique for in-situ stress monitoring during thin film deposition demonstrated.
GLAsT: Learning formal grammars to translate natural language specifications into hardware assertions

The purpose of functional verification is to ensure that a design conforms to its specification. However, large written specifications can contain hundreds of statements describing correct operation which an engineer must use to create sets of correctness properties. This laborious manual process increases both verification time and cost. In this work we present GLAsT, a new learning algorithm which accepts a small set of sentences describing correctness properties and corresponding SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs). GLAsT creates a custom formal grammar which captures the writing style and sentence structure of a specification and facilitates the automatic translation of English specification sentences into formal SystemVerilog Assertions. We evaluate GLAsT on English sentences from two ARM AMBA bus protocols. Results show that a translation system using the formal grammar generated by GLAsT automatically generates correctly formed SVAs from the targeted AMBA specification as well as from a second, different AMBA bus specification.
Research and Fabrication for Sulfur Dioxide Removal Agent CT17-1

Author has briefly described the de-sulfur principle for SO2 adsorption by the active components on the carrier;has introduced the optimal selection rule for the de-sulfur agent carrier,the physical and chemical properties of the CT17-1 de-sulfur agent and its operating application requirements;has separately analyzed the influence of them on the properties of CT17-1 de-sulfur agent from aspects of empty velocity,temperature,CO2 content,SO2 content,water content etc.;has also discussed the sideline test of the CT17-1 De-sulfur agent and its industrial application achievement.The research result indicates that the CT17-1 de-sulfur agent can effectively remove the SO2 contained in the gases of the flue gas and the regenerated gas etc.of the vulcanized state catalyst;the SO2 removal agent after using belongs to poison free and non-polluted solid waste,it can be treated by directly adopting the filling-embedding type.
On-Site Power Frequency Induced Overvoltage Withstand Test and Partial-Discharge Test for 750 kV Transformers

The standards,procedures and process of on-site partial discharge(PD) test for handing over and taking over of 750kV transformers used in domestic 750kV pilot project are presented.The ambiguous points in the definitions of inception voltage and extinction voltage of PD are analyzed;the power frequency withstand voltage of 750kV transformer and its PD test voltage are compared,and the problems that often appear in partial discharge tests are analyzed.Following suggestions are proposed:(A) raise the power frequency insulation level of 750 kV transformers;(B) extend the standard of on-site partial discharge test for handing over and taking over of 750kV transformers,i.e.,the PD quantity,to less than 1000pC;(C) redefine the definitions of inception voltage and extinction voltage of PD;(D) intensify the practical technology for on-site test;(E) only the personnel who possess certificates are permitted to be engaged in on-site test;(F) test instruments should be verified at regular intervals;(G) adopting on-line monitoring if necessary.These suggestions are not only for 750kV transformers,but also can be available for reference to on-site partial discharge(PD) test for handing over and taking over of 1000kV transformers.
Closure of the calcified patent ductus. A new operative method utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass.

Summary A new operative method, utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass, was employed to close a calcified patent ductus in a patient with severe pulmonary hypertension. The descending aorta and main pulmonary artery were isolated from the remainder of the circulation, and after the origin of the ductus had been exposed through an incision in the lateral wall of the aorta, it was closed with a patch of prosthetic fabric. Postoperatively, however, the pulmonary arterial pressure exceeded aortic pressure, and the patient died of right ventricular failure. The operative method described obviates the technical hazards of dividing a calcified ductus. In addition, the ductus may be closed gradually if a perforated prosthesis is utilized—a useful technique in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension and one which would have been advisable in the patient described.
Living in C Minor: Reflections on the Melodies of Blackness, Queerness, and Masculinity

This autoethnographic performance interrogates the centrality of music to queering Black masculinity. Theorizing from my lived experience, I highlight how Black girl hand games, countertenor performances in Soul music, and male vocalist performances in Gospel music intervene and provide alternative entryways to understanding Black masculinity. Three pivotal moments from the authors’ life, which span the aforementioned genres of music, are explored to elucidate the subtle and direct messages Black men and boys receive about “proper” gender performance. Through critical engagements with performance theory and Black queer theory, this performance illuminates the multiple and at times contested meanings of Black masculinity as navigated by the author within familial, educational, and religious settings. Moreover, this performance highlights the creative interventions and transgressive alternative masculinities necessary for the survival of Black queer individuals and communities as offered through music.
Heterogeneous inflammatory patterns in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps in Chicago, Illinois.

CRSsNP is a heterogenous disease but type 2 inflammation in CRSsNP was more common than type 1 inflammation among patients in Chicago, Illinois. Distinct therapeutic strategies may be needed depending on the type of inflammation found in CRSsNP.
Assessing freeze-tolerance in St. Augustinegrass: temperature response and evaluation methods

Winter hardiness is a major-limiting factor for St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] grown in the transitional climatic region of the United States. Lab-based freeze tests that mimic the range of field winter survivability in St. Augustinegrass can contribute to the selection of cold hardy genotypes. This study used a whole container method, four freezing temperatures, and two data collection systems to evaluate the freezing response of nine St. Augustinegrass genotypes ranging in their winter hardiness. Results indicated −3 and −4 °C with average regrowth ratings of 33.6 and 17.8% respectively, were more suitable temperatures for evaluating freeze survival in St. Augustinegrass than −5 and −6 °C with average regrowth ratings of 0.4 and 0%, respectively. Visual ratings of surviving green tissue and regrowth were generally well correlated when evaluated over a six week period post-freeze with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging of 0.17–0.62 for −3 °C freeze tests and 0.79–0.93 for −4 °C freeze tests. Additionally, measurement of percent green cover using digital imaging techniques commonly utilized in turfgrass field studies were significantly correlated (0.66) with visual ratings averaged across weekly post-freeze evaluation measurements for both −3 and −4 °C freezing temperatures. These results provide evidence that digital imaging analyses are useful in estimating surviving green tissue and regrowth in lab-based freeze tests. This study provides additional information regarding freezing temperatures, genotype responses, and data collection methods in St. Augustinegrass, which should aid breeders in the improvement of freeze tolerance in the species.
Development of a pharmacy resident rotation to expand decentralized clinical pharmacy services.

Purpose The development of a pharmacy resident rotation to expand decentralized clinical pharmacy services is described. Summary In an effort to align with the initiatives proposed within the ASHP Practice Advancement Initiative, the department of pharmacy at Cleveland Clinic, a 1,400-bed academic, tertiary acute care medical center in Cleveland, Ohio, established a goal to provide decentralized clinical pharmacy services for 100% of patient care units within the hospital. Patient care units that previously had no decentralized pharmacy services were evaluated to identify opportunities for expansion. Metrics analyzed included number of medication orders verified per hour, number of pharmacy dosing consultations, and number of patient discharge counseling sessions. A pilot study was conducted to assess the feasibility of this service and potential resident learning opportunities. A learning experience description was drafted, and feedback was solicited regarding the development of educational components utilized throughout the rotation. Pharmacists who were providing services to similar patient populations were identified to serve as preceptors. Staff pharmacists were deployed to previously uncovered patient care units, with pharmacy residents providing decentralized services on previously covered areas. A rotating preceptor schedule was developed based on geographic proximity and clinical expertise. An initial postimplementation assessment of this resident-driven service revealed that pharmacy residents provided a comparable level of pharmacy services to that of staff pharmacists. Feedback collected from nurses, physicians, and pharmacy staff also supported residents’ ability to operate sufficiently in this role to optimize patient care. Conclusion A learning experience developed for pharmacy residents in a large medical center enabled the expansion of decentralized clinical services without requiring additional pharmacist full-time equivalents.
The Identity of Person and World in Caraka Saṃhitā 4.5

This paper examines the puruṣa concept in the Caraka Saṃhitā (CS), an early text of Ayurveda, and its relation to Indic thinking about phenomenal worldhood. It argues that, contrary to the usual interpretation, early Ayurveda does not consider the person to be a microcosmic replication of the macrocosmos. Instead, early Ayurveda asserts that personhood is worldhood, and thus the person is non-different from the phenomenal totality (spatial and temporal) of his existence. This is confirmed by the CS’s several definitions of puruṣa, which are alternately posed in terms familiar to Vaiśeṣika, early (pre-“classical”) Sāṃkhya, early Buddhism, and Upaniṣadic monism. It is likewise confirmed by the Ayurvedic logic of sāmānya (translated as “identity”), which governs the meaning of the list of person-to-world correspondences in CS 4.5 and its often misinterpreted claim, puruṣo’yam lokasaṃmitaḥ. Finally it is confirmed in the program of Ayurvedic therapeutics, which aims at establishing various kinds of “appropriateness” for the sake of effecting samayoga—the “harmonious joining” of person and world.
Information Management for Clinical Decision Making

The “information age” will result in revolutionary changes for the behavioral health care industry. The industry is witnessing an unprecedented capacity to quickly access and process enormous amounts of information. Collecting, storing, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting clinical data promise to dramatically affect the design, delivery and scope of behavioral health care services. Computer technology will not only facilitate the practice of behavioral health care, it will force changes in the delivery systems themselves.
Ipilimumab in combination with nivolumab for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma

Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly immunogenic neoplasm, and cytokine-based immunotherapies have been used for decades with limited success. In recent years, antibody-based immuno...
Author Reply: What Jealousy Can Tell Us About Theories of Emotion:

We clarify aspects of our Dynamic Functional Model of Jealousy in response to D’Arms (2018) and Stets (2018). Our model proposes that jealousy is an evolved motivational state that arises over thre...
Sing a song of lung health—beyond the UK

It was a pleasure to read about the biopsychosocial benefits of group singing for people with chronic lung disease.1 The article reflects on how the author, and perhaps medical professionals more broadly, might increase the human warmth described in the singing group in their own clinical …
Downstream consequences of pubertal timing for young women's body beliefs

Abstract Introduction Puberty is a critical biopsychosocial event that has long-term consequences for adolescents' behavior and well-being. Research has shown that developing earlier than one's peers may worsen adolescent girls' body image, in part due to weight redistribution and increases in adiposity resulting from pubertal development. However, research has yet to examine if pubertal timing is associated with girls' body beliefs related to self-objectification, self-sexualization, and positive body image beyond the adolescent years. We address that issue here. Methods Participants were 287 undergraduate White women (Mage = 18.62, SDage = 0.93) from the United States who completed surveys containing a retrospective report of pubertal timing and several scales assessing their current body beliefs. Results Regression analyses demonstrated that earlier pubertal timing was linked to greater body surveillance, greater sex appeal self-worth, and less body appreciation, but not to body shame or enjoyment of sexualization, which were negatively related to age. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence that pubertal timing has downstream consequences for a variety of women's body beliefs. However, older women reported less body shame and less enjoyment of sexualization than younger women, suggesting possible age (and not puberty-) related developmental trends in these two body beliefs. These findings highlight a need for future work with larger, more diverse samples and longitudinal data.
Cell-state dynamics and therapeutic resistance in melanoma from the perspective of MITF and IFNγ pathways

Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have greatly improved the prognosis of patients with metastatic melanoma, but resistance to these therapeutic modalities limits the percentage of patients with long-lasting responses. Accumulating evidence indicates that a persisting subpopulation of melanoma cells contributes to resistance to targeted therapy or immunotherapy, even in patients who initially have a therapeutic response; however, the root mechanism of resistance remains elusive. To address this problem, we propose a new model, in which dynamic fluctuations of protein expression at the single-cell level and longitudinal reshaping of the cellular state at the cell-population level explain the whole process of therapeutic resistance development. Conceptually, we focused on two different pivotal signalling pathways (mediated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and IFNγ) to construct the evolving trajectories of melanoma and described each of the cell states. Accordingly, the development of therapeutic resistance could be divided into three main phases: early survival of cell populations, reversal of senescence, and the establishment of new homeostatic states and development of irreversible resistance. On the basis of existing data, we propose future directions in both translational research and the design of therapeutic strategies that incorporate this emerging understanding of resistance.
Guiding the Design of Evaluations of Innovations in Health Informatics: a Framework and a Case Study of the SMArt SHARP Evaluation

Development of health information systems innovations is necessary to create a better future for health and health care, but evaluating them is challenging. This paper examines the problem of evaluating health IT projects in which innovation is agile, adaptive, and emergent, and in which innovation diffusion and production are interlinked. We introduce a typology of mindsets for evaluation design that are typically used in health informatics: optimality, contingency, and usefulness, and make the case for a modularity mindset. We propose a model that shifts the unit of analysis from an evaluation as a whole, to specific modules of an evaluation, such as purpose, target, and methods. We then use retrospective participant observation to illustrate the approach using a case study: the ONC SHARP Harvard project developing the SMArt platform (smartplaforms.org). We find that the proposed modular approach to evaluation design provides a balanced alternative to standard archetypical designs on the one hand, and fully custom-made designs, on the other hand.
Lymphomagenesis in Circulating Tumor Cell-Derived Xenograft Models

Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models are useful model systems in cancer research to represent human cancer heterogeneity, intratumor and inter-tumor, and offer greater predictive value than traditional cell line-derived xenografts.
Relativistic coupling of internal and centre of mass dynamics in classical and simple bound quantum mechanical systems

Although special relativity and quantum mechanics revolutionised physics in the early 20th century, the consequences of combining these two theories are still being explored a hundred years later, usually using the formidable theoretical machinery of quantum field theory. However, a formalism accessible to undergraduates has been recently developed which shows how the centre of mass and internal dynamics of classical and quantum systems is relativistically coupled with interesting consequences. Here we explore some of the implications of this coupling, first classically, where we find that the dynamics of the system is time dilated when moving relative to another inertial frame. We then apply the dynamics to a quantum 2-level atom bound in a one-dimensional infinite potential well, and show that the coupling produces collapses and revivals in quantum interference. This example provides an illustration of how the combination of special relativity and quantum mechanics can be studied in situations familiar to most undergraduates.
Influence of Chemical Cleaning on Physicochemical Characteristics and Ion Rejection by Thin Film Composite Nanofiltration Membranes

The impact of membrane cleaning with NaOH and HCl on the characteristics and associated changes in ion rejection was investigated in this study. NaOH affected the zeta potential of membranes with a greater concentration of carboxylic groups so that it was negative across the entire pH range investigated. Exposure to NaOH led to swelling of the active layer after each cleaning, especially for poly(piperazineamide) membranes. A 23% increase in the effective pore radii for these membranes after NaOH cleaning for 18 h led to 25, 36, 53 and 62% decrease in the rejection of magnesium, calcium, sodium, and chloride ions, respectively. Sulfate rejection decreased only slightly even for poly(piperazineamide) membranes (i.e., 7%) despite an appreciable increase in pore radii, which can be explained by the impact of charge exclusion on ion rejection that was enhanced by the 16% reduction in zeta potential. On the other hand, cleaning with HCl had a negligible impact on the zeta potential and performance of all membranes evaluated in this study. The increase in permeability after chemical cleaning was in agreement with the decrease in rejection of inorganic ions and correlated well with the effective pore radii measured using the membrane potential technique. The importance of charge exclusion in the rejection of inorganic ions was highlighted by the observed differences in rejection and permeability values when testing membranes after NaOH cleaning.
Clinicopathologic subtype of Alzheimer's disease presenting as corticobasal syndrome.

Abstract Introduction The corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is associated with several neuropathologic disorders, including corticobasal degeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Method In this report, we studied 43 AD patients with CBS (AD-CBS) and compared them with 42 AD patients with typical amnestic syndrome (AD-AS), as well as 15 cases of corticobasal degeneration and CBS pathology. Results Unlike AD-AS, AD-CBS had prominent motor problems, including limb apraxia (90%), myoclonus (81%), and gait disorders (70%). Alien limb phenomenon was reported in 26% and cortical sensory loss in 14%. Language problems were also more frequent in AD-CBS, and memory impairment was less frequent. AD-CBS had more tau pathology in perirolandic cortices but less in superior temporal cortex than AD-AS. In addition, AD-CBS had greater neuronal loss in the substantia nigra. Discussion AD-CBS is a clinicopathological subtype of AD with an atypical distribution of Alzheimer-type tau pathology. Greater neuronal loss in the substantia nigra may contribute to Parkinsonism which is not a feature of typical AD.
Analysis of Pregnancy and Birth Rates Among Black and White Medicaid-Enrolled Teens.

Abstract Purpose In the United States, black teens overall have higher pregnancy and birth rates than whites, and it is commonly believed that minority race and low income account for this disparity. We examined racial differences in pregnancy and birth rates among teens from low-income households using Medicaid-enrollment as a proxy for low income. Methods This was a retrospective study of Louisiana Medicaid claims data for female teens aged 15–17 years in 2014 (n = 66,069). Pregnancy and pregnancy outcome codes were identified (n = 2,276) and analyzed for differences by black and white race. We conducted validity analyses with different rate definitions and teens' claims status. Results The cohort was 36% white and 54% black. More black teens than whites lacked any claims data (15.6% vs. 12.6%; p Conclusion In contrast to national trends, which include teens from diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds, Louisiana Medicaid-enrolled teens aged 15–17 years had equal birth rates regardless of black or white race, and whites had higher pregnancy rates. Decreased racial disparities in pregnancy and birth rates among these adolescents highlights socioeconomic influences in sexual health behavior and a need to examine the interplay of risk factors contributing to racial disparities seen among adolescents nationally.
Can Oncotype DX testing be omitted in invasive breast cancer patients with clinicopathologic factors predicting very high pretest probability of a concordant result

Objective To determine if clinicopathologic (CP) factors could identify patients at "very low" and/or "very high" pretest probability of a high Oncotype DX (ODX) score. Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients that had ODX testing 2008-2018 at a single institution. Results Of 215 patients, all 16 (7.4%) with "all high" risk CP factors had high ODX scores, and all 45 (20.9%) over age 50 with "all low" risk CP factors had ODX recommendations for no chemotherapy. Conclusions Oncotype DX results did not change chemotherapy recommendations in those with "very low" or "very high" pretest probability of high ODX scores.
Deterministic Failure Prediction

This paper presents an approach to equipment reliability prediction based on the concept that failures of electronic equipment are ultimately due to chemical, mechanical and/or metallurgical processes. These processes follow physical laws which can be modeled and the amount of life available for exposure to a given stress condition can be calculated. Using this approach, a failure-free operational period can be calculated during which, for all practical purposes, the probability of failure is essentially zero. Such an approach is used to design structural systems such as airframes, bridges, etc. But to implement such an approach will require a change in mindset and philosophy in terms of how avionics reliability and failures are considered. This paper presents concepts and ideas of how this can be and is beginning to be implemented.
Using Social Media to Advance Community-Based Research

Community-based research can improve validity and benefit its subjects, but building trust with communities and research subjects can be challenging. Social media is a powerful tool that can be used to build connections and share information. Yet, little research has been done on how social media can be used as a recruitment and communication tool for community-based research (CBR) projects. Our study used Facebook to advance the goals of a community-based social science research project in Little Rock, Arkansas. We compared participation and results distribution rates for this longitudinal research project in 2012, 2016, and 2018, and we found increases in 2018, the year we used social media. The results indicate that social media can aid CBR by helping to build trust, improve credibility, and facilitate communication.
Therapeutic Consequences of Omitting a Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection at Radical Prostatectomy when Grade and/or Stage Increase.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the effect on biochemical recurrence (BCR) of omitting PLND in subsequently upgraded/upstaged patients (pNx regret). Using nomograms, patients with low to intermediate-risk prostate cancer can be selected to omit a pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) at the time of a radical prostatectomy (RP). However, some patients will experience upgraded pathology and/or stage. Materials and Methods We searched a prospectively maintained single institution/multi-surgeon cohort of patients treated by RP and >5-year follow-up. From 2006-2012, 1026 (521 pNx and 505 pN0/1) eligible patients with biopsy Gleason Score ≤3+4 and cT1c-cT2 undergoing RARP were included in the study. Results Gleason upgrading from ≤3+4 to >3+4 and/or pT3-4 occurred in 17% of pNx and 32% of pN0/N1 (p Conclusions Low to favorable intermediate-risk patients who PLND was omitted and experienced upgrading or upstaging (pNx regret), have a higher predicted BCR. However, when matched to a similar cohort with pN0/N1, the BCR did not differ. Omission of a PLND does not appear to alter the rates of BCR compared to PLND inclusion.
Estimation of Path Travel Time Distributions in Stochastic Time-Varying Networks with Correlations:

Transportation research has increasingly focused on the modeling of travel time uncertainty in transportation networks. From a user’s perspective, the performance of the network is experienced at t...
Transpulmonary Pressure-Guided Lung-Protective Ventilation Improves Pulmonary Mechanics and Oxygenation Among Obese Subjects on Mechanical Ventilation.

BACKGROUND Transpulmonary pressure (PL) is used to assess pulmonary mechanics and guide lung-protective mechanical ventilation (LPV). PL is recommended to individualize LPV settings for patients with high pleural pressures and hypoxemia. We aimed to determine whether PL-guided LPV settings, pulmonary mechanics, and oxygenation improve and differ from non-PL-guided LPV among obese patients after 24 h on mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes included classification of hypoxemia severity, count of ventilator-free days, ICU length of stay, and overall ICU mortality. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of data. Ventilator settings, pulmonary mechanics, and oxygenation were recorded on the initial day of PL measurement and 24 h later. PL-guided LPV targeted inspiratory PL < 20 cm H2O and expiratory PL of 0-6 cm H2O. Comparisons were made to repeat measurements. RESULTS Twenty subjects (13 male) with median age of 49 y, body mass index 47.5 kg/m2, and SOFA score of 8 were included in our analysis. Fourteen subjects received care in a medical ICU. PL measurement occurred 16 h after initiating non-PL-guided LPV. PL-guided LPV resulted in higher median PEEP (14 vs 18 cm H2O, P = .009), expiratory PL (-3 vs 1 cm H2O, P = .02), respiratory system compliance (30.7 vs 44.6 mL/cm H2O, P = .001), and [Formula: see text] (156 vs 240 mm Hg, P = .002) at 24 h. PL-guided LPV resulted in lower [Formula: see text] (0.53 vs 0.33, P < .001) and lower PL driving pressure (10 vs 6 cm H2O, P = .001). Tidal volume (420 vs 435 mL, P = .64) and inspiratory PL (7 vs 7 cm H2O, P = .90) were similar. Subjects had a median of 7 ventilator-free days, and median ICU length of stay was 14 d. Three of 20 subjects died within 28 d after ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS PL-guided LPV resulted in higher PEEP, lower [Formula: see text], improved pulmonary mechanics, and greater oxygenation when compared to non-PL-guided LPV settings in adult obese subjects.
Sequential Bayesian inference of transition rates in the hidden Markov model for multi-state system degradation

Abstract The more easily available system performance data and advances in data analytics have provided us with opportunities to optimize maintenance programs for engineered systems, for example nuclear power plants. One key task in maintenance optimization is to obtain an accurate model for system degradation. In this research, we propose a Bayesian method to address this problem. Noting that systems usually exhibit multiple states and that the actual state of a system usually is not directly observable, in the method we first model the system degradation process and the observation process based on a hidden Markov model. Then we develop a sequential Bayesian inference algorithm based on importance sampling and the forward algorithm to infer the posterior distributions of the transition rates in the hidden Markov model based on available observations. The proposed Bayesian method allows us to take advantage of evidence from multiple sources, and also allows us to perform Bayesian inference sequentially, without the need to use the entire history of observations every time new observations are collected. We demonstrate the proposed method using both synthetic data for a nuclear power plant feedwater pump and realistic data for a nuclear power plant chemistry analytical device.
Counting Heads: Indigenous Leaders in the Guaraní-Jesuit Missions

Using eighteenth-century census data to examine indigenous leadership in the Guarani missions, this chapter shows that cacique succession transitioned from a flexible interpretation of hereditary lineage according to Guarani practices to rigid primogenitor (father to eldest son) lineage according to Spanish ideals. Adherence to primogenitor succession did not consider a candidate’s leadership qualities, and thus, caciques served primarily as placeholders for organizing the mission population into cacicazgos for easier governance. Concurrently, an assortment of new positions provided leadership roles for non-caciques who possessed leadership qualities, but not the proper bloodline, and such positions also opened new opportunities for more capable caciques. By considering leadership qualities and not just descent, these positions provided flexibility and reflected continuity with pre-contact Guarani ideas about leadership.