cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regularity of multiplicity distribution in nn and pi n collisions and the structure of the nucleon.

The frequencies for the various numbers of charged secondaries emitted from $\mathrm{pp}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$, $\mathrm{pn}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}n$, and $\mathrm{nn}$ collisions from below production threshold to 27-BeV primary energy were found to define a single set of curves which can be expressed by a universal set of "multiplicity distribution functions" constructed from Poisson terms when conservation laws are suitably incorporated. The distribution functions so obtained contain no adjustable parameter and fit well the $\mathrm{NN}$ cosmic-ray jets at 100-250 BeV, the highest energy at which $\mathrm{NN}$ collision data are available. The $\ensuremath{\Lambda}K\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ accompanying the pions produced by ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ were also found to follow the same distribution. The multiplicity regularity found points immediately to the existence of a number of nearly identical regions or "cells" inside the nucleon and the fireball.
Comment on "Density-functional description of the electronic structure of LaMO3 (M=Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni)"

Pari et al. reported that local spin density approximation (LSDA) calculations failed to predict the insulating ground state for (cubic) ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$. We point out that the observed antiferromagnetic state is insulating and is lower in energy than obvious competing phases when the distorted orthorhombic structure is taken into account. Thus there is no evident problem with the predictions of LSDA for this compound. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Experimental Demonstration of Network Congestion Control with a Programmable Optical Packet Injection Buffer

We experimentally demonstrate active queue management for network congestion control using a programmable optical packet buffer architecture. Optical packets with 10 Gb/s payload are processed transparently and propagate error-free with bit-error rate of < 10-12.
Statistical analysis of back surface vs. cell temperatures of c-Si modules using measurement error models

The thermal characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules have a significant impact on the performance of PV systems. Numerous models have been proposed to estimate the module operating temperature for predicting energy production. King et. al. [1] pointed out the uncertainty associated with thermal models. Direct measurement of module temperatures, the paper argues, can improve the accuracy of performance models for continuously predicting expected system performance. The accuracy of the direct measurement is equally critical. The back surface temperature is often measured, and then corrected to cell temperature by adding a correction factor. There is no standard guideline for determining the correction factor. As a result, module temperatures may vary from one reporting entity to another, with serious effect on manufacturer's the bottom line. As an example, the nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) value is used in various incentive programs, including that of the California Energy Commission (CEC). A difference of 2°C could lead to a huge loss of revenues. In this paper, we used a statistical procedure to (1) examine the back-to-cell temperature correction for crystalline silicon modules at a reference irradiance level of 1000 W/m2, and (2) derive the relationship between the temperature difference and the irradiance. In doing so, we obtain a confidence bound for the correction factor, and quantify the impact on the NOCT value.
Interleukin-5 supports the expansion of fas ligand-expressing killer B cells that induce antigen-specific apoptosis of CD4(+) T cells and secrete interleukin-10.

Beyond their critical role in humoral immunity, B lymphocytes can employ a variety of immunomodulatory mechanisms including expression of the apoptosis-inducing molecule Fas ligand (FasL; CD178). Here, we extensively characterized the surface phenotype of FasL+ killer B cells, showing they are enriched in the IgMhighCD5+CD1dhigh B cell subset previously reported to contain a higher frequency of B cells producing interleukin-10 (IL-10). A rare population of B cells expressing IL-10 was present among FasL+ B cells, but most FasL+ B cells did not produce IL-10. We also identify interleukin-5 (IL-5) as a novel inducer of killer B cell function. Constitutively FasL+ B cells expressed higher levels of the IL-5 receptor, and treating B cells with IL-5 and CD40L resulted in the expansion of a B cell population enriched for FasL+ cells. B cells stimulated with IL-5 and CD40L were potent inducers of apoptosis in activated primary CD4+ T cells, and this killing function was antigen-specific and dependent upon FasL. IL-5 also enhanced IL-10 secretion in B cells stimulated with CD40L. Taken together these findings elucidate the relationship of FasL+ B cells and IL-10-producing B cells and demonstrate that IL-5 can induce or enhance both killer B cell activity and IL-10 secretion in B cells. Finally, we found that the killer B cell activity induced by IL-5 was completely blocked by IL-4, suggesting the existence of a previously unknown antagonistic relationship between these type-2 cytokines in modulating the activity of killer B cells. Targeting this IL-5/IL-4 signaling axis may therefore represent a novel area of drug discovery in inflammatory disorders.
An evaluation of the yellow brick road test through a full prediction-performance comparison matrix

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the predictive validity of the Yellow Brick Road Test (YBRT) relative to performance in reading as measured by the Metropolitan Achievement Test (MAT). A full prediction-performance comparison matrix was employed to compare three different cutoff scores for the YBRT for the identification of “at-risk” children. Four hundred and fourteen kindergarten-aged children were administered the YBRT, 214 of whom were followed to the end of second grade. It was concluded that the YBRT is a moderately valid instrument for predicting the level of reading achievement in a population with a different average performance level from the normative sample. However, the results of this study failed to support the utility of the test author's suggested use of a score of 120 as the cutoff score. Finally, it is recommended that a prediction-performance comparison study be considered standard methodology for the evaluation of the validity and efficiency of screening instruments.
Identifying constraints on bioreaction systems

Abstract Owing to the complexity of intracellular regulation mechanisms, bioreaction systems usually display numbers of degrees of freedom smaller than that theoretically predicted. The additional constraints on the system are defined here as the physiological constraints, in contrast to the theoretical constaints derived from the fundamental conservation laws and intracellular stoichiometry. We apply the methodology developed by Belsley and coworkers to determine these constraints on bioreaction systems from experimental data. Indeed, all of the bioreaction systems we examined contain physiological constraints, which cannot be explained by elemental balances or metabolic stoichiometry. These constraints provide useful information about cell characteristics and bioreactor performance. They also reduce the number of independent kinetic equations needed to model the system. Three systems are examined here as example: (1) leucine production, (2) xanthan production, and (3) acetone—butanol fermentation. The analysis here leads to several interesting results. For example, the leucine production data can be explained completely by nongrowth associated product formation, contrary to conventional wisdom. Xanthan production can be explained by two semi-independent processes. Moreover, the acetone-butanol fermentation contains three physiological constraints: two associated with solvent production and one associated with acid production.
Analysis of temporal performance of supervised discrete event systems

Abstract In this paper, we discuss temporal performance of supervised discrete event systems by comparing two supervisors for one discrete event system. We show that the temporal performance of the supervised systems can be inferred by their logical properties described by the languages generated. More precisely, for two supervised systems, if the language generated by the first system is contained in the language generated by the second and if the language generated by the second satisfies a certain fairness condition with respect to a set of events of particular interest, then every occurrence of events in the set occurs earlier in the second system. In this sense, the supervisor generating the larger language is better. We extend this result to the asymptotic behaviors, where the conditions for optimality are weaker. An example is given to illustrate applications of the results.
Methods to Estimate Milk and Fat Yields from a.m./p.m. Plans

Abstract Under alternate a.m./p.m. component sampling, fat production on sample day must be estimated because only one of the two milkings is tested for fat. Two methods of estimating fat production on sample day were compared. In the current method, information from only the sampled milking is used to estimate fat production. In the two-weight method, the milk weight from the milking that was not sampled also is used. Error variance was less for the two-weight method than for the current method by 38% for a.m. sampling and 48% for p.m. sampling. Thus, fat production on sample day should be estimated from both milkings when they are measured. When only one milking is weighed and sampled (AM/PM plan), the unmeasured portion of the day's production is estimated from the measured milking with a factor determined by the interval between milkings. This interval may be verified by a time-recording device. Alternatively, the ratio of the herd's total production for the day to the production for the measured milking (herd ratio method) may be the factor or may verify the reported interval by comparison with tabled factors.
Liquidus Curves of NaNO3(aq) Calculatedfrom the Modified Adsorption Isotherm Modelfor Aqueous Electrolytes

The Stokes-Robinson modification of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption isotherm is used to calculate the liquidus curve of NaNO3(aq) including the eutectic point and metastable phases. The method described here represents a simplified approach to predict the liquidus curves with sparse information.
Influence of acidic environments on electrokinetic and adsorptive behavior of iron oxide rich soils

The effects of acidic environments on natural Fe oxide rich soils were examined in the laboratory. Experimental evidence indicates that sustained exposure to pH levels within the range of acidic rainfall may cause substantial changes in the physical/chemical properties of these soils. The significant effect observed was the decrease in magnitude or the reversal of the electrical potential exhibited. For example, the zero point of charge shifted from a pH of 1.5 for the unamended soil to a pH of 8.8 as the soil was aged in the lowest pH solution (pH 1.0). The adsorption of `free' and complexed heavy metal ions (Zn and Zn-EDTA) increased significantly due to acid aging and it is proposed that increased weathering of Fe due to acidic rainfall will accelerate the natural podzolization process. Generally, soils not exposed to acidic conditions tended to behave in a ‘clay-like’ manner while those soils aged in an acidic environment tended increasingly toward an Fe hydroxide/oxide behavior as the pH level of soil exposure was decreased.
Immunoglobulin components in crystalline ceruloplasmin and anticomplementary activity.

. The presence of small amounts of γG-globulin and of γM-globulin components have been demonstrated in once-crystallized ceruloplasmin preparations. These immunoglobulin impurities appear to be largely removed by repeated crystallization or by chromatographic procedures utilizing SE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite. The anticomplementary activity of such material, although free from immunoglobulins, is comparable to that of once-crystallized ceruloplasmin. This activity of ceruloplasmin differs markedly from that of γG-globulin in that human serum albumin abolishes the activity of ceruloplasmin, and increases in the concentration of ceruloplasmin do not effect parallel increases in anticomplementary activity. Crude ceruloplasmin preparations possess both thermolabile and thermostable anticomplementary factors but crystalline material contains only the latter type. Complete or partial removal of copper modifies but does not abolish the anticomplementary activity of ceruloplasmin. These results suggest that the anti-complementary activity of ceruloplasmin is a property of the protein and is not due entirely to its component copper or to the presence of immunoglobulin impurities.
Out of Destruction, a Terrible Beauty Is Born

This article describes how children described the events of September 11 to their therapists in terms of the beauty of home and community. This content emerged as a theme in interviews with 20 therapists who described children's narrations of 9/11 in terms of verbal vignettes, symbolic enactments, drawings, and play during the course of play therapy. Twenty psychoanalytically oriented therapists described these vignettes which traversed 45 different cases. A surprise in the narratives were representations of home and community illustrating the children's aesthetic sensibilities. Narrativist, narratological, and psychoanalytic contributions will be used to understand this content.
The Status of Sticta sylvatica, an ‘Exceedingly Rare’ Lichen Species, in Eastern North America

Abstract The presence of the foliose cyanolichen Sticta sylvatica in eastern North America has been called into question due to the absence of high-quality, verifiable material and the common misuse of its name. Recently, specimens collected in the Great Smoky Mountains have been verified as having the typical S. sylvatica morphology. Although molecular data remain inconclusive regarding the entity's genetic distinctiveness from the phenotypically dissimilar S. limbata, we argue that the decline in the abundance of this morphological entity worldwide along with the need for further genetic study make continued conservation efforts imperative.
Gestalt psychology in Italy

Graz gestalt psychology was introduced into Italy after World War I with Vittorio Benussi's emigration to Padua. His earliest adherent, Cesare Musatti, defended Graz theory, but after Benussi's premature death became an adherent of the Berlin gestalt psychology of Wertheimer-Kohler-Koffka. He trained his two most important students, Fabio Metelli and Gaetano Kanizsa, in orthodox Berlin theory. They established rigid "schools" in Padua and Trieste. The structure of Italian academics allowed for such strict orthodoxy, quite unlike the situation in America, where scientific objectivity mitigated against schools. In the 1960s, some of the students of Metelli and Kanizsa (above all Bozzi) initiated a realist movement-felt in Kanizsa's late work-that was quite independent of that of J. J. Gibson. Finally, more recently, Benussi and Graz theorizing have been embraced again, sentimentally, as a predecedent to Kanizsa-Bozzi.
Broadband light scattering measurements of the time evolution of the fractal dimension of smectite clay aggregates

The characterization of the initial stages of complex aggregate flocculation is a central problem of colloidal science and environmental studies. A fast, white light scattering technique for monitoring aggregation kinetics is used to provide a unique probe of the changes that transpire during flocculation. The time evolution of an accreting smectite clay aggregate is monitored on the basis of changes in the fractal dimension (Df) initiated by the addition of an electrolyte (MgCl2). The evaluation of the Df change reveals for the first time three distinct stages in aggregate formation that characterize smectite flocculation: a rapid, initial jump; followed by a slow decrease; and a final gradual increase, eventually reaching a plateau. The three stages in the time evolution of Df correlate with (1) collapse of loosely packed face-to-edge structures and the formation of compact face-to-face composite structures; (2) the merging of the face-to-face composites; and (3) aggregation of the composites. Stage 3 eventually reaches a quasi-equilibrium condition. The quasi-equilibrium value of Df varies from 1.86 in 1 mM MgCl2—corresponding to diffusion-limited colloidal aggregation—to 2.20 in 57 mM MgCl2—corresponding to reaction-limited colloidal aggregation. These unexpected results originate from the formation of intermediate composite particles during aggregation and the increase in the compactness of the intermediate composite particles with electrolyte concentration. The new white light optical technique demonstrated here is non-invasive and has significant implications in the investigation of the growth dynamics of colloidal systems.
Nutritional and Menstrual Status of Elite Female Adolescent Volleyball Players

Abstract Little information is currently available regarding the nutritional status of female adolescent athletes and the limited existing data is confined to only a few, "thin-build" (TB) sports (i.e., gymnastics, swimming, and running). This study assessed the nutritional and menstrual status of 21 nationally ranked female adolescent volleyball players (mean age 15yr., range 14–17yr.). Energy (El) and nutrient intakes and energy expenditure (EE) were determined by 3-d weighed food records and activity logs. Micronutrient status was assessed for iron (Fe) and vitamins C, B12, and folate using serum and whole blood. Menstrual status was determined by a self-report menstrual history. Mean El and EE were 2248 kcal/d and 2814 kcal/d, respectively, indicating an average negative energy balance (−566 kcal/d). Almost 50% of the athletes reported restricting El for weight control. Mean carbohydrate (CHO) (5.4g/kg/d) and protein (1.1g/kg/d) were below the recommended amounts for highly active women. Only 3 athletes met the CHO recommendation and only 8 met that for protein. Mean fat intake was 65.8g/d (19.6% of El). Mean intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins B6, B12, and C, and Fe met or exceeded the respective RDAs/DRIs, although several athletes (range, n=5–10) were consuming less than their respective RDAs/DRIs. Mean intakes for folate (318ug/d), Ca (982mg/d), Mg (236mg/d) and Zn (7mg/d) were less than the respective RDAs/DRIs. Only 1 athlete met the requirement for Zn, 2 for Mg, and 4 for both Ca and folate. Mean status measures for Fe, folate and vitamins B12 and C were within normal ranges. Three athletes presented with Fe deficiency anemia (Hb
Historical reconfigurations and the ideology of desire: Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa's Il Gattopardo

(1994). Historical reconfigurations and the ideology of desire: Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa's Il Gattopardo. The Italianist: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 96-110.
Unilateral spermatic vessel ligation in prepubertal rats decreases microvascular blood flow to ipsilateral testis postpubertally

High ligation of spermatic vessels (HLSV) and low ligation of spermatic vessels (LLSV) have been described in the surgical treatment of high undescended testis. Testicular capillary blood flow utilizing laser Doppler flowmetry after these maneuvers has not been studied thus far; hence, this study was designed. Thirty male rats, aged 30 days, were randomized into three groups: group I, sham surgery; group II, unilateral HLSV ligation and division of main spermatic vessels high in the left retroperitoneal space; and group III, unilateral LLSV ligation and division of main spermatic vessels close to the left testis. Thirty days later, both testes were explored through scrotal incision and capillary blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmeter continuously and simultaneously from both testes. The right testis, the vessels of which were not disturbed in any group, served as the control. The mean decrease in the testicular blood flow between the right testis and left testis was 4.8, 92.9, and 74.2 PFU in groups I, II, and III respectively. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in ipsilateral blood flow in group-II and group-III rats; however, upon comparing group II with group III, there was no significant difference between them. Both HLSV and LLSV in rats significantly decrease the capillary blood flow of ipsilateral testis. Although LLSV group had less reduction in capillary blood flow to the ipsilateral testis than HLSV group, the difference was not statistically significant.
Family medicine residents' perceived level of comfort in treating common sports injuries across residency programs in the United States

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Family physicians are expected to be comfortable in treating common sports injuries. Evidence shows a limited level of comfort in treating these injuries in pediatric and internal medicine residents. Studies are lacking, however, in family medicine residents. The purpose of this study is to assess the comfort level of family medicine residents in treating common sports injuries in adults and children based on their perceived level of knowledge and attitudes. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of family medicine residents in the United Sates. A written survey of 25 questions related to sports injury knowledge and factors affecting comfort level were collected. A chi-square test was implemented in calculating P-values. RESULTS: Five hundred and fifty-seven residents responded to the survey. A higher percentage of doctors of osteopathy (86.6%, 82.5%, 69.6%, and 68.7%) compared to doctors of medicine (78.5%, 71.6%, 53.4%, and 52.8%) respectively identified ankle sprain, concussion, plantar fasciitis, and lateral epicondylitis as common injuries, and felt comfortable in treating them (P-values =0.015, 0.004, 0.0001, and 0.0002, respectively). Residents with high interest in sports medicine correctly identified the injuries as common and felt comfortable treating them as well (knowledge, P=0.027, 0.0029, CONCLUSION: Medical education background, factors that affect training, and an interest in sports medicine contribute to residents' knowledge and comfort level in treatment of common sports injuries. Language: en
Fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy of electrochemically self assembled ZnO nanowires: evidence of the quantum confined Stark effect

We report room temperature fluorescence (FL) and infrared absorption (IR) spectra of spatially ordered two-dimensional arrays of vertically standing ZnO nanowires. The wires are produced by selective electrodeposition of Zn in 10-, 25- and 50-nm pores of a porous anodic alumina film, followed by chemical oxidation. Wires of different diameters show distinctly different FL emission characteristics associated with either deep level traps, or exciton recombination. The intensity of the peak caused by exciton recombination is larger than that caused by deep level traps, which is unusual in nanostructures, and attests to the high structural purity. We also see an anomalous red-shift in the FL emission spectrum which appears to be evidence of quantum confined Stark shift caused by built-in electric fields in the alumina template. The IR absorption spectra are mostly featureless and show no significant peaks indicating the absence of shallow level traps.
Augmentation of tissue perfusion by a novel compression device increases neurologically intact survival in a porcine model of prolonged cardiac arrest.

Summary Objective: This study was performed to determine the potential efficacy of an automated device with a load-distributing band (AutoPulse TM , Revivant Corporation), in improving neurologically intact survival after cardiac arrest. Design: Randomized, controlled trial. Setting: University animal laboratory. Subjects: Forty-four swine (18—23 kg). Interventions: Eight minutes after induction of untreated ventricular fibrillation, pigs were randomized to AutoPulse-CPR (A-CPR, n = 22), conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with 20% anterior—posterior chest displacement (CCPR20, n = 10) or 30% chest displacement (C-CPR30, n = 12), followed by resuscitation protocol with ventilation, defibrillation and intravenous epinephrine (adrenaline). Measurements and main results: Aortic and right atrium blood pressure was measured with micromanometers. Regional blood flows were measured with microspheres. Coronary perfusion pressure during A-CPR was significantly higher as compared to C-CPR without epinephrine (A-CPR versus C-CPR20 versus C-CPR30; 16 ± 1 mmHg versus 7 ± 2 mmHg versus 11 ± 2 mmHg, p < 0.05). A-CPR improved both myocardial flow without epinephrine (A-CPR versus C-CPR20 versus C-CPR30; 23% versus 0% versus 4%; percent of baseline, p < 0.05) and cerebral blood flow (40% versus 4% versus 19%, percent of baseline, p < 0.05). Sixteen of 22 animals receiving A-CPR regained spontaneous circulation and survived; 14/22 had normal cerebral performance (CPC 1). Four of 12 animals receiving C-CPR30 regained spontaneous
Chemoselective modification of turnip yellow mosaic virus by Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and its application in cell binding.

Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) is an icosahedral plant virus with a diameter of 28−30 nm that can be isolated in gram quantities from turnip or Chinese cabbage inexpensively. In this study, TYMV combined with spatially addressable surface chemistries was selected as a prototype bionanoparticle for modulating patterns of cell adhesion, morphology, and proliferation. We exploited the chemical reactivity of TYMV using the mild conditions of Cu(I) catalyzed azide−alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, the best example of “click” chemistry. Oligo-ethylene glycol (OEG) short chain, coumarintriazole, and RGD-containing peptide were grafted on the surface of TYMV via carbodiimide activation and CuAAC reaction. The bioconjugation to intact viral particles was confirmed by MS, TEM, FPLC, and SDS-PAGE with fluorescence visualization analysis. Therefore, this method is a generally useful means of incorporating various types of functionalities onto the TYMV surface. Further studies were done to learn the behavior o...
Identification of enteroviruses by indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract Background: Serum neutralization (Nt) is used most often to type enterovirus isolates, but it is labor-intensive, expensive, and supplies of reference antisera for Nt are limited. Alternative methods of enterovirus typing are needed. Objectives: To investigate the use of indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) with commercially available monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) as an alternative to Nt for the identification of enteroviruses. Study design: Two MAb blends (one for coxsackie B viruses and one for echoviruses 4, 6, 9, 11, 30, and 34) and a coxsackie A9 MAb were used to screen 465 clinical isolates over a period of two years. Virus isolates which tested positive with one of the blends were typed with the individual MAbs of the respective blend. Individual MAbs for polioviruses 1, 2, and 3 acquired late in the study were used to screen 45 viral isolates. Results: The antibodies identified 251 465 (54%) of the total number of isolates tested. IFA results for 451 of 465 viral isolates were in agreement with conventional identification methods. The sensitivity of the IFA screen using the MAb blends and coxsackie A9 MAb was 93% and the specificity was 99%. Thirteen discrepant isolates were negative by IFA, with twelve positive by Nt for echovirus 30 and one isolate positive by Nt for coxsackie A9. The remaining discrepant isolate was positive by IFA for both coxsackie A9 and coxsackie B5, but positive by Nt for coxsackie A9 only. Conclusions: IFA is highly specific for the identification of enteroviruses, but may not be sensitive enough to identify all strains within an enterovirus type. Procedures which utilize an IFA screen and confirm final results by Nt decrease turnaround time and reduce the number of cell culture tubes required for the identification of each enterovirus isolate.
A History of Popular Women's Magazines in the United States, 1792-1995

Introduction Women's Magazines, 1792-1918 Birth of the Big Six Leaders in the Field Editing the Women's Magazines Marriage of Convenience: Advertising and Women's Magazines What They Were Reading: Content in Women's Magazines, 1890-1918 Women's Magazines, 1919-1945 Women's Magazines in the Interwar Years Targeting Readers Creating the Women's Magazines Attracting Advertising Content in the Interwar Years World War II Women's Magazines, 1946-1995 Big Six to Seven Sisters New Contenders Epilogue Collections Used Bibliography Index
The use of biofeedback in a behavioral program designed to teach an anxious child self-catheterization

This paper presents a case study of a 7-year-old girl with a noncompliant bladder who was trained to self-catheterize using biofeedback and behavior therapy techniques. Initial attempts to train her to self-catheterize were unsuccessful owing to excessive amounts of fear, muscle tension, and refusal. After seven treatment sessions in which she was instructed in proper self-catheterization technique by a urology nurse clinician and coached in biofeedback-assisted relaxation by a clinical psychologist, the child successfully learned to self-catheterize. EMG readings showed a decrease in quadriceps muscle tension levels across sessions. Eight additional sessions were held in order to train the child's parents in proper technique and coaching procedures. Through the use of portable biofeedback equipment during actual training sessions, the biofeedback served as a cue—first to the child and coach, and later to the child and parents—for when the child needed to stop and relax. This case illustrates the usefulness of biofeedback in a comprehensive behavioral program designed to teach self-catheterization to fearful children.
Numerical and approximate solutions for lithospheric thickening and thinning

Abstract Lithospheric thickness, surface heat flow and subsidence are calculated numerically as functions of time since the formation of oceanic lithosphere at a ridge crest. These numerical results confirm the validity of a previously derived approximate solution to the same problem. A numerical solution is also calculated for lithospheric thinning due to a sudden increase of heat flux into the base of the lithosphere. With this solution as a standard, an approximate solution is derived which can accurately predict thickness, heat flow, and uplift as functions of time. Lithospheric thinning and surface uplift begin immediately with the increase of heat flux at depth, but the increase in surface heat flow begins 20–40 m.y. later.
Advanced glass substrates for flat panel displays

A current focus of precision flat glass producers is on the development of new glass compositions for use in flat panel displays. This is being done in response to requests from device manufacturers whose products and/or processes are making new demands of the substrates. Today, there are numerous glass compositions used in flat panel displays. They range from soda lime glass, where the low cost has kept it as the substrate of choice for applications with low material demands, to fused silica, the use of which, to date, has been limited by manufacturing issues. This paper will review the ongoing development of new glass substrates. This has been driven in large part by the liquid crystal display application, but its outcome will be capitalized upon by other display manufacturers including color plasma, electroluminescent, and field emission displays. Particular attention will be given to the critical properties of chemical durability, thermal expansion, and thermal shrinkage.
Is Delaying a Quit Attempt Associated With Less Success

INTRODUCTION Delaying a quit date until later may be a cause of, or marker for, low motivation to quit. We tested this possibility in a secondary analysis of a recent clinical trial that allowed smokers flexibility in setting a quit date. METHODS The trial compared quitting abruptly versus gradually with nicotine lozenge among smokers who were actively trying to quit. Smokers in the abrupt conditions set a quit date sometime between 1 and 3 weeks after study onset; smokers in the gradual condition set a quit date sometime between 3 and 5 weeks after study entry. Within each condition, we examined whether later quit dates were associated with less success. RESULTS Independent of study condition, those who set a later quit date were less likely to make a quit attempt, more likely to lapse early on, and showed a nonsignificant trend to be less likely to be abstinent at 6-month follow-up. Those who quit after their planned quit date were more likely to lapse and showed a nonsignificant trend toward less abstinence than those who quit before or on their quit date. CONCLUSIONS Delaying a quit attempt prospectively predicts less success among smokers actively trying to quit. Whether this represents a causal effect is unclear. Further replication tests of our findings and, possibly, randomized trials of quitting sooner versus later are indicated. If delaying reduces cessation success, then treatments for smoking cessation should encourage quitting very soon upon treatment entry.
Between Longing and Despair: State, Space, and Subjectivity in Turkey

This paper begins as an investigation of the spatiality of the state in Turkey. In everyday life the state is experienced and recognized through a multiplicity of sites, agents, institutions, techn...
Light front calculations of nucleon form factors

The application of light front formalism to compute the four electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon is outlined.
Forced convection boundary layer flow and heat transfer along a flat plate embedded in a porous medium

Etude tenant compte de l'inertie et des effets de paroi tandis qu'on neglige les variations de porosite pres de la paroi
The convergence of health care expenditure in the US states.

In response to rising health care costs, many have called for more effective regional health policy coordination. In this paper, we address the issue by examining the degree of convergence in per capita health care expenditure and its nine components across the US states from 1980 to 2004. The major finding is the moderate evidence of convergence in total health care expenditure and the diverse performance of the expenditure components regarding convergence. We also find hospital care to be responsible for the bulk of cross-state convergence in total expenditure. The expenditure on prescription drugs is the most important diverging factor. Policy implications of these empirical results are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conceptual Parameters of Acculturation Within the Asian and Pacific Islander American Populations: Applications for Nursing Practice and Research

Topic Asian and Pacific Islander Americans (A&PIAs) are experiencing health inequities. For example, A&PIA is the only racial/ethnic group in America to experience cancer as their leading cause of death. Several studies within the A&PIA population have pointed to acculturation as a significant variable to explain their health and health-seeking behaviors. Acculturation is a key construct in understanding the health of the A&PIA population. Objective The purpose of this concept analysis is to provide a current conceptual understanding of the relationship between acculturation and health, especially within the A&PIA populations, which will serve as a pragmatic guideline for nursing practice and research. Understanding the contemporary issues surrounding the conceptual application of acculturation will aid in the development of appropriate programs to reduce health inequities. Methods Acculturation was explored using the Morse method of concept analysis. An iterative historical and contemporary literature review across the disciplines of anthropology, sociology, psychology, medicine, and nursing was completed. Analytical questions asked of the resultant data provided the theoretical definition, antecedents, key attributes, outcomes, and implications. Results The concept analysis resulted in a new theoretical definition that includes multidimensional concepts of acculturation. Dilemmas in the measurement of key attributes of acculturation include unidirectional and bidirectional analysis, psychometric issues, and the appropriateness of proxy measurements. Outcomes of acculturation on health can be positive or negative and depend on an individual's or group's ability to navigate freely with necessary supports. Results of the conceptual analysis resulted in recommendations for nursing practice and future acculturation research. Conclusion While debate continues about the appropriate use and definition of acculturation, researchers agree that it is an important construct in understanding the health of migrating individuals and groups. Currently there is no testable framework that delineates the role of acculturation in health. Further research is indicated to clarify the relationship between acculturation and health.
Effective control of the error in a direct measurement of core-loss power

Accuracy of a direct measurement of core-loss power is severely limited in many applications by the extra phase shift between the measured voltage and current. An analysis of the error is for the first time performed, which not only unfolds the hidden physical nature behind it, but also reveals a simple and effective method to control the sensitivity and hence the error. This method can also be used to satisfy a prescribed tolerance. Extensive measurements on a TDK PC40 core yield results which support the analysis. >
Tensile Properties of Hydroxyapatite Whisker Reinforced Polyetheretherketone

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was reinforced with 0-40 vol% hydroxyapatite (HA) whiskers using a novel powder processing and compression molding technique. A powder mixture was uniaxially pressed into a composite powder compact and compression molded into a flat composite bar using an open-channel die, such that the HA whiskers exhibited a preferred orientation along the length of the bar and tensile specimens. As expected, increased HA whisker reinforcement resulted in increased elastic modulus, but decreased ultimate tensile strength and strain- or work-to-failure. PEEK reinforced with 40 vol% HA whiskers exhibited an elastic modulus of 16-18 GPa. PEEK reinforced with 20 vol% HA whiskers had an ultimate tensile strength of 70-80 MPa. Human cortical bone exhibits an elastic modulus of 17-26 GPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 80-150 MPa in the longitudinal direction (direction of principal stress). Stiffness coefficients measured by ultrasonic wave propagation indicated a level orthotropy also similar to that of human cortical bone tissue.
Health behavior interests of adolescents with unhealthy diet and exercise: implications for weight management

This study sought to determine individual factors that may influence adolescents' interests in various health behaviors and, by extension, their potential interest in programs that promote healthy lifestyles and reduce obesity. The sample consisted of 737 rural Pennsylvania (United States) middle and high school students not involved in either healthy exercise or dietary behaviors (a target group for health-promoting interventions). Participants completed a self-report measure of their general health functioning, including their interests in sports programs, outdoor recreation programs, weightlifting, weight loss and healthy eating/cooking. Nurses measured body mass indices (BMIs). The vast majority of the sample endorsed self-efficacy in healthy eating and physical activity, and this self-efficacy was associated with interest in a healthy diet and outdoor recreation. Interest in healthy activities was consistently higher among 7th graders (age mean = 12.6 years) than 11th graders (age mean = 16.3 years). Females were more interested in weight loss and healthy eating/cooking, whereas males were more interested in weightlifting. Higher BMI only predicted interest in weight loss. These results indicate that adolescent health interests vary on the basis of their gender, grade level, BMI and self-efficacy. These trends are potentially important to consider when seeking to match intervention programs to adolescent interests.
Fuzzy Logic Control for an Integrated System of a Micro-Manipulator with a Single Flexible Beam

The use of lightweight robotic manipulators in advanced assembly and manufacturing applications is hindered by the end-effector positional inaccuracies induced by the structural deformations of the arm. To address this problem, a macro- and micro-manipulator system is considered herein. Three rigid and flexible motion controllers, consisting of an integral plus state feedback controller (ISFC), linear quadratic regulator with an integral action (LQI) and a fuzzy logic controller (FLC), have been implemented in this study. The performances of these controllers are compared based on achieving zero steady-state error in the rigid body angular displacement of the beam, damping out the unwanted vibrations, rendering the end-effector insensitive to the vibrations of the arm, and avoiding excessive control torque requirements. The digital simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the FLC over the ISFC and LQI in damping out the vibrations of the beam and reducing the gripper positional inaccuracies while...
Transplacental estrogen responses in the fetal rat: Increased uterine weight and ornithine decarboxylase activity

The synthetic estrogens, diethylstibestrol (DES) and ethynylestradiol (EE2), are more potent than 17β-estradiol (E2) in inducing uterine weight gain in the neonatal rat, due to the binding of E2 to serum α-fetoprotein (AFP). However, all three hormones are equipotent in inducing neonatal uterine ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. The present study assessed estrogen potency in fetal rats. Pregnant CD rats were injected sc. daily on gestation days (GD) 16–20 with DES, EE2, or E2 in sesame oil. Both DES and EE2, but not E2, significantly increased uterine weight at birth, to more than twice that of controls. In addition, implants which continuously release E2 only slightly increased uterine weight at birth. Alternatively, dams were given a single estrogen injection on GD 20 and were sacrificed at various times after injection. Peak fetal uterine ODC activity occurred at 6–8 hours after maternal injection for all three estrogens. E2 had a relative potency about tenfold less than either DES or EE2 in stimulating fetal ODC activity, in contrast to equal potencies of the three estrogens in the postnatal rat uterus. Similar patterns were found following direct fetal injection with E2 or DES. In summary, these data demonstrate a transplacental induction of fetal uterine ODC activity and uterine weight gain by both DES and EE2. In addition, the lack of correlation between these endpoints in response to E2 suggests that they may be useful as selective indicators of potential toxicity of both natural and synthetic estrogens.
An Internet-worm early warning system

We propose an Internet-worm early warning system, which integrates a set of novel techniques that automatically detect the concerted scan activity of an on-going worm attack. It is able to issue warning at the early stage of worm propagation and to provide necessary information for security analysts to control the damage. The system monitors a "used" address space. Unlike the traditional approach that keeps track of SYN packets, it relies on RESET packets to find the scan sources, which has greater accuracy and less overhead. The system is resilient to anti-monitor measures. Particularly, a sophisticated protocol is designed to distinguish faked scan sources from real scan sources. We provide an analytical study on the properties and effectiveness of this early warning system, and back up our claims by numerical results.
Comparison of two models for local chain motion

A connection is presented between the Jones–Stockmayer solution to the three-bond-jump equation for local motion and the new correlation function developed by Hall and Helfand. Both correlation functions are based on a diffusional picture for cooperative local motions which allows for the development of a relationship between them. Numerical fits of the Hall–Helfand function to the Jones–Stockmayer function are also given for both the time and frequency domain; these numerical fits are consistent with the analyses of NMR data by both models. The fits and the analyses set a likely range for converting the correlation time of the three-bond jump to the correlation time for the cooperative transitions in the Hall–Helfand model.
Cloning of Two Putative Giardia lamblia Glucosamine 6‐Phosphate Isomerase Genes Only One of Which is Transcriptionally Activated During Encystment

The biosynthesis of the carbohydrate component of the cyst wall of the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia, a polymer of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNac), is by a pathway that is initiated with the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to glucosamine 6-phosphate by an aminating isomerase, glucose 6-phosphate isomerase. This enzyme appears only after Giardia trophozoites are induced to start the production of cyst wall components after bile is added. To investigate whether induction of glucosamine 6-phosphate isomerase is by protein modification or by transcription activation, its gene was cloned and sequenced. Two genes, gpi1 and gpi2, encoding putative glucosamine 6-phosphate isomerases were identified but one, gpi1 was expressed. The transcript for gpi1 appeared not earlier than 6 h after cells were induced with bile salts. These results show that the first enzyme in the pathway leading to GalNac synthesis in encysting Giardia cyst wall biosynthesis is under transcriptional control.
Position location using wireless communications on highways of the future

With the advances in wireless communications and low-power electronics, accurate position location may now be accomplished by a number of techniques which involve commercial wireless services. Emerging position location systems, when used in conjunction with mobile communications services, will lead to enhanced public safety and revolutionary products and services. The fundamental technical challenges and business motivations behind wireless position location systems are described, and promising techniques for solving the practical position location problem are treated.
Families of optimal fault-tolerant multiple-bus networks

Optimally fault-tolerant partial-connection multiple-bus networks and their fault-tolerant routing algorithms are presented in this paper. The proposed networks are scalable and provide flexibility in the choice of network parameters determining construction cost, system performance, and fault tolerance, given a fixed number of processors. In this design, when performance begins to fall due to contention, the simple addition of a bus can improve performance without adding costly processors or changing the whole topology, as required for other multiple-bus designs. Also, in situations requiring high reliability, for a fixed number of processors, excellent fault tolerance can be obtained.