cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of nutrition on responses to resistance training

A variety of dietary practices designed to enhance acute responses and chronic adaptations to resistance training have been examined with little consensus on the optimal nutritional approach for maximizing muscle and strength gains. From a scientific and practical perspective, the quantity, quality, and timing of nutrient ingestion around a workout are important factors to consider. Manipulation of exercise and nutritional variables can alter events that impact adaptations to training by a variety of mechanisms related to nutrient availability and uptake into tissues, hormonal secretion and interactions with receptors on target tissues, and gene transcription and translation of proteins that eventually impact protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. If the nutrition-mediated postresistance exercise change in any of these processes is of sufficient magnitude and duration, then over time an effect of muscle size, strength, and body composition is possible. To date, the majority of research has concentrated on providing carbohydrate alone or combined with protein before or after resistance exercise. Carbohydrate and protein intake significantly alters circulating metabolites and the hormonal milieu (i.e., insulin, testosterone, growth hormone, and cortisol), as well as the response of muscle protein and glycogen balance. The pathway of adaptation is proposed as a model to assist in integrating research findings from the current body of literature and future studies examining various diet and resistance exercise configurations.
Inequality-based estimates of systems reliability

Reliability testing of large-scale systems is often infeasible or very costly. Thus, when estimating system reliability, it is desirable to employ a method that uses subsystem tests, which are often less expensive and more feasible. This paper discusses a method for calculating full-system reliabilities based on subsystem tests. The method does not require that subsystems be independent. It accounts for dependencies through use of certain probability inequalities. The inequalities provide the basis for valid reliability calculations while not requiring full-system tests or information on greater-than-pairwise subsystem failure modes.
Spatiality of China's Market-Oriented Urbanism: The Unequal Right of Rural Migrants to City Space

AbstractDrawing on case studies of three urban villages in China, with special attention to residential experience of rural migrants, this paper seeks to link the discourse of the right to the city to the political rhetoric of contemporary urbanism in China. The concept of ‘right to city space’ is introduced, which emphasizes the spatial attributes of the right to the city. I first argue that China's market-oriented urbanism is a spatial project built upon ‘land-centered urban politics’ and exemplified by property-led redevelopment projects. Then the right to city space of rural migrants is discussed from two perspectives—the appropriation of city space and the participation in space production. The analyses suggest that China's market-oriented urbanism entails spatiality in the dominance of conceived space and subordination of lived space in the process of urban space (re)production to maximize exchange value of land. The ‘land-centered politics’ and the rigid hukou system have served as the spatial poli...
The Transcription Elongation Complex Directs Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase-Mediated DNA Deamination

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a single-stranded DNA deaminase required for somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, a key process in the development of adaptive immunity. Transcription provides a single-stranded DNA substrate for AID, both in vivo and in vitro. We present here an assay which can faithfully replicate all of the molecular features of the initiation of hypermutation of Ig genes in vivo. In this assay, which detects AID-mediated deamination in the context of transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, deamination targets either strand and declines in efficiency as the distance from the promoter increases. We show that AID binds DNA exposed by the transcribing polymerase, implicating the polymerase itself as the vehicle which distributes AID on DNA as it moves away from the promoter.
Capacity of a multimedia network

The purpose of this paper is to study the capacity of a multimedia network using the minimax approach to stochastic programming.
Attributions of Academic Success and Failure A Comparison of Six Asian-American Ethnic Groups

Causal attribution research has not systematically varied the levels or units analyzed. Therefore, generalizations are difficult to apply to diverse educational conditions and to members of an aggregated group like the Asian Americans. The present study varied level of analysis by contrasting the causal attributions between two outcomes (success and failure) and between two academic content areas (language arts/social studies and mathematics/science). Unit of analysis varied according to the Asian ethnicity of American students in six distinct groups: Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and other Southeast Asians. Subjects were 2,511 Asian Americans in grades 4 through 11 who took the Survey of Achievement Responsibility, an attribution scale. A 2 (Success or Failure Outcome) x 2 (Language Arts/Social Studies or Math/Science Content Area) x 6 (Ethnic Group) x 2 (Lunch Subsidy or No Subsidy) analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed that effort more than ability was the attributiona...
Convective oxygen transport and tissue oxygen consumption in Weddell seals during aerobic dives.

Unlike their terrestrial counterparts, marine mammals stop breathing and reduce their convective oxygen transport while performing activities (e.g. foraging, courtship, aggressive interactions, predator avoidance and migration) that require sustained power output during submergence. Since most voluntary dives are believed to remain aerobic, the goal of this study was to examine the potential importance of the dive response in optimizing the use of blood and muscle oxygen stores during dives involving different levels of muscular exertion. To accomplish this, we designed a numerical model based on Fick's principle that integrated cardiac output (Vb), regional blood flow, convective oxygen transport (Q(O2)), muscle oxymyoglobin desaturation and regional rates of oxygen consumption (VO2). The model quantified how the optimal matching or mismatching of QO2 to VO2 affected the aerobic dive limit (ADL). We chose an adult Weddell seal Leptonycotes weddellii on which to base our model because of available data on the diving physiology and metabolism of this species. The results show that the use of blood and muscle oxygen stores must be completed at the same time to maximize the ADL for each level of VO2. This is achieved by adjusting Vb (range 19-94 % of resting levels) and muscle QO2 according to the rate of muscle oxygen consumption (VMO2). At higher values of VMO2, Vb and muscle perfusion must increase to maintain an appropriate QO2/VO2 ratio so that available blood and muscle oxygen stores are depleted at the same time. Although the dive response does not sequester blood oxygen exclusively for brain and heart metabolism during aerobic dives, as it does during forced submersion, a reduction in Vb and muscle perfusion below resting levels is necessary to maximize the ADL over the range of diving VO2 (approximately 2-9 ml O2 min-1 kg-1). Despite the reduction in Vb, convective oxygen transport is adequate to maintain aerobic metabolism and normal function in the splanchnic organs, kidneys and other peripheral tissues. As a result, physiological homeostasis is maintained throughout the dive. The model shows that the cardiovascular adjustments known as the dive response enable the diving seal to balance the conflicting metabolic demands of (1) optimizing the distribution and use of blood and muscle oxygen stores to maximize the ADL over the normal range of diving VO2 and (2) ensuring that active muscle receives adequate oxygen as VMO2 increases.
Layout conscious bus architecture synthesis for deep submicron systems on chip

System-level design has a disadvantage in not knowing important aspects about the final layout. This is critical for SoC, where uncertainties in communication delay by very deep submicron effects cannot be neglected. This paper presents a layout-aware bus architecture (BA) synthesis algorithm for designing the communication sub-system of an SoC. BA synthesis includes finding bus topology and routing individual buses, so that constraints like area, bus speed and length, are tackled at the physical level. The paper presents the BA automatically synthesized for a network processor and a JPEG SoC.
Photodissociation of lanthanide metal cation complexes with cyclooctatetraene

Abstract Lanthanide metal (Sm, Dy, Nd) cation complexes with 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene (COT) are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle cluster source. The clusters are mass-selected and photodissociated using the third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (355 nm). Samarium–COT complexes prefer to form [Sm n (COT) n ] + stoichiometries and fragment extensively when more than one metal atom is present in the cluster. However, the fragmentation patterns indicate the possible presence of multiple decker sandwich structures. Dysprosium–COT and neodymium–COT complexes prefer [M n (COT) n +1 ] + ratios, probably due to their preference for the +3 oxidation state. This stoichiometry pattern indicates that these clusters produce sandwich and multiple decker sandwich structures. Throughout the spectra for Dy and Nd complexes, a commonly occurring fragment is [M(C 5 H 5 )] + . Fragmentation of the COT ligand occurs either because of a strong interaction with the metal or because of photochemical decomposition. Presuming that C 5 H 5 exists as the cyclopentadienyl anion, the Dy and Nd metals in these fragments exist in an unusual +2 oxidation state.
Fault Tolerant Approaches Targeting Ultra Low Power Communications System Design

This paper presents a new approach to co-designing communication systems and their respective hardware architectures. We show that by taking into account the specific needs and assumptions of the algorithms running on hardware, the circuit specifications targeted by ASIC engineers can be relaxed. This in turn leads to optimal designs in both power consumption and robustness. A case-study of a complete WCDMA modem incorporating this approach shows a savings of 23% in embedded memory power consumption and a total of 13% power savings for the whole system.
Correlation Based Node Behavior Profiling for Enterprise Network Security

Node behavior profiling is a promising tool for many aspects in network security. In our research, our goal is to couple node behavior profiles with statistical tests with a focus on enterprise security. Limited work has been done in the literature. In this paper, we first propose a correlation based node behavior profiling approach to study node behaviors in enterprise network environments. We then propose formal statistical test on the most common behavior profiles which is able to detect worm propagation. In our initial studies, we evaluate our profiling and detection schemes using real enterprise data (LBNL traces). The results show that the correlation based node behavior profiling approach can capture normal behaviors of different types. Consequently, the behavior profiles are promising for anomaly detection when coupled with statistical methods.
The Reform of British Central Government, 1945-1949

Neither a formal rigid process of amendment, nor judicial review of constitutionality, preserves the British Constitution from the inroads of a despotic majority. The British Constitution is sustained by the democratic self-restraint of the parliamentary majority and the unsubversive and unrevolutionary parliamentary minority, which acknowledges that, enfin, the country must be governed by someone, especially since one day, vox dei willing, it may be that someone. Both majority and minority subscribe to a common reason and gravitas which is the basis of a constitutional playground. The Labour Government of 1945 to 1950 made a more than usually heavy contribution to constitutional reform. It did this alongside a titanic complex of law-making and administration concerning economic enterprise and the social services. No such change effected through Parliament has been seen in England since the Parliaments of 1832 to 1848 combined! This article is, however, confined to the machinery of government. These considerable reforms raised, as their accompaniment, two interesting discussions on the nature of the constitution. It is more telling to refer to them at once rather than to deal with them intermixed with substantive measures. The first issue arose during the Government's advocacy of the Parliament act curtailing the powers of the House of Lords. The most vivid spokesman was Winston Churchill. He claimed that after the second or third year of a Government's lease of office, it had no right to try to enact controversial legislation. Its mandate was growing stale and thin. He reverted to his own doctrine uttered during the debates on the reform of the House of Lords in 1910.1 His contention was that a Parliament being of the average duration of four years, all controversial measures that had been presented to the elec-
Effects of ferrous sulfate, inoculum history, and anionic form on lead, zinc, and copper toxicity to Acidithiobacillus caldus strain BC13

The current study reports the single and combined toxicities of Pb, Zn, and Cu to Acidithiobacillus caldus strain BC13. The observed half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), ± 95% confidence intervals, for Pb, Zn, and Cu were 0.9 ± 0.1 mM, 39 ± 0.5 mM, and 120 ± 8 mM, respectively. The observed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for Pb, Zn, and Cu were 7.5 mM, 75 mM, and 250 mM, respectively. When metals were presented in binary mixtures, the toxicities were less than additive. For example, when 50% of the Pb MIC and 50% of the Cu MIC were presented together, the specific growth rate was inhibited by only 59 ± 3%, rather than 100%. In addition, the presence of ferrous iron in the growth media decreased Pb and Zn toxicity to A. caldus strain BC13. The importance of inoculum history was evaluated by pre-adapting cultures through subsequent transfers in the presence of Pb, Zn, and Cu at their respective IC50s. After pre-adaptation, cultures had specific growth rates 39 ± 11, 32 ± 7, and 28 ± 12% higher in the presence of Pb, Zn, and Cu IC50s, respectively, compared with cultures that had not been pre-adapted. In addition, when cells exposed to the MICs of Pb, Zn, and Cu were harvested, washed, and re-inoculated into fresh, metal-free medium, they grew, showing that the cells remained viable with little residual toxicity. Finally, metal chlorides showed more toxicity than metal sulfates, and studies using sodium chloride or a mixture of metal sulfates and sodium chloride suggested that this was attributable to an additive combination of the metal and chloride toxicities.
The Cartesian Beckett: The Mind-Body Split in Murphy and Happy Days

By closing time, the body, mind and soul of Murphy were freely distributed over the floor of the saloon […] —Samuel Beckett, Murphy (1957) I can do no more (Pause.) Say no more. (Pause.) But I must...
Photomediated Crosslinking of Cinnamated PDMS for In Situ Direct Photopatterning

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymers incorporating pendant cinnamate groups have been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to form patterned thin films via photo-crosslinking. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3482–3487, 2008
DNA methylome alterations in chemical carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis, a complex multifactorial process of the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells, is characterized by many biologically significant and interdependent alterations triggered by the mutational and/or non-mutational (i.e., epigenetic) events. One of these events, specific to all types of cancer, is alterations in DNA methylation. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of DNA methylation changes induced by various genotoxic chemicals (carcinogenic agents that interact with DNA) and non-genotoxic carcinogens (chemicals causing tumor by mechanisms other than directly damaging DNA) in the lung, colorectal, liver, and hematologic carcinogenesis. It also emphasizes the potential role for epigenetic changes to serve as markers for carcinogen exposure and carcinogen risk assessment.
The Market Competition Aspects of Price Support and Production Control Programs

For decades the adjustment problems of agriculture have been very real and very troublesome. There is no implication here that governmental intervention or assistance has been unwarranted in terms of generally accepted norms. Nor is there any moral connotation in this presentation. The word "monopoly" is used in its naked technical sense with no normative content whatever. The real issue here is the impact of price fixing and production or supply control programs which have been attempted as a means of diluting market competition in the food and agricultural industries.
Rate-Dependent Stiffness and Recovery in Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels through Sacrificial Metal Coordination Bonds

Four-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) star polymers modified with 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone (HOPO) end groups were shown to form transient, coordination networks upon addition of trivalent cations In3+, Fe3+, and Al3+. These coordination-based hydrogels exhibited high activation energies of viscoelasticity (34 kT) and characteristic bond lifetimes tunable over 2 orders of magnitude and could be incorporated into poly(hydroxyethylacrylamide)-based covalent scaffolds to create interpenetrating network hydrogels. Measurements carried out in compression and tension demonstrate that the secondary coordination network imparts toughness and stiffness to the overall material, and unlike traditional interpenetrating networks (IPNs), the extent of toughening is dependent on the rate at which the materials are deformed. The dynamic character of the coordination network also allows recovery after mechanical damage following high amplitude strains.
Infiltrating spinal cord astrocytomas: Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatments and future directions

Spinal cord gliomas, consisting mostly of ependymomas and astrocytomas, are rare entities. Of the gliomas, infiltrating astrocytomas are particularly challenging entities to treat due to their invasive nature. Surgical resection is oftentimes not possible without subjecting patients to permanent neurological deficits because of the difficulty in establishing clear tissue planes. As more is learned about the molecular genetics, genomics, and biology of these tumors, it is becoming more apparent that there are important differences between these tumors and their more common intracranial counterparts. There also appears to be important clinical differences between low-grade and high-grade astrocytomas. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to optimize the treatment of these difficult tumors.
Abstract WMP28: Follow-up of Large Intracranial Aneurysms Indicates Growth Frequency Varies According to Location and Size

Background: Although treatment is recommended for unruptured large aneurysms (≥7mm), which have higher rupture risk, in practice some aneurysms remain under observation due to a patient’s medical h...
Design and testing of a shape memory alloy buoyancy engine for unmanned underwater vehicles

The US Navy's 2004 Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) Master Plan outlines the Navy's aim to expand the role of UUVs, and one of the key areas of interest is the increase in UUV range and endurance. A class of UUVs known as underwater gliders achieves this objective by cyclically modifying its buoyancy and covering horizontal distance with a climb/dive pattern. The present study proposes the use of shape memory alloys (SMAs) in a buoyancy heat engine where the oceanic thermocline would be exploited to produce martensite-austenite phase transformations that in turn change the buoyancy of a piston-cylinder prototype. The working principle of the device involves transitioning between the following two states. At low temperature (at depth) the SMA wires are tensioned into a detwinned martensitic state by a parallel compressed spring. This moves the piston within the cylinder to increase the chamber dry volume and device buoyancy. At higher temperatures (near the surface) the SMA wires undergo a martensite-to-austenite phase transformation, recover part of the applied strain, and reduce the volume and buoyancy of the piston-cylinder. This paper presents the analysis, design, fabrication, and testing of a prototype device. The prototype was immersed in a water bath, and it was demonstrated that its volume would change, as expected, with change in temperature of the water bath. Simulation results showed good correlation with test data.
Protostelids of Macquarie Island

This is the first report of protostelids from Macquarie Island a small, oceanic island located 1000 km southeast of Tasmania, just north of the Antarctic Convergence. It is the southernmost locality from which they have been recovered. Litter samples col- lected under stands of Pleurophyllum hookeri and of Acaena spp. were plated out using standard tech- niques for protostelid identification. Six species were identified by sporocarp morphology using light mi- croscopy, Protostelium mycophaga, P nocturnum, Ty- chosporium acutostipes, Schizoplasmodiopsis pseudoen- dospora, Sc. amoeboidea, and Soliformovum irregularis. Amoebal and prespore cell morphology were used whenever necessary to corroborate identification. It is of interest that most of these six species rarely oc- cur in litter in temperate ecosystems and that the Macquarie Island samples lack any typical litter spe-
Solving High Fidelity, Large-Scale Traffic Flow Management Problems in Reduced Time

Traffic flow management aims to minimize total delay subject to various constraints. While there are several models to achieve this aim, those with the highest fidelity are typically the most useful but also the most computationally intensive. Often these high fidelity models can take hours or days to solve a nationwide, 2-3 hour planning horizon scenario. There is a need for a computationally feasible scheduling algorithm that achieves near-optimal performance on large, nationwide data sets if there is to be a useful tool for nationwide traffic flow management. To this end, this work describes how flights from a given traffic data set are each assigned a “congestion score.” Based upon this score, the highest scoring flights (those involved in the most congestion) are selected for use as input to a well-accepted traffic flow management model. By choosing progressively larger key subsets of flights, the tradeoff between runtime and solution quality is examined. Results are promising as the scenarios studied showed that optimizing on a subset of only 20% of all flights produces a schedule that is within 1% of the global optimum from the original “master” problem, and this reduced scenario is solved about 14 times faster.
The nexin link and B-tubule glutamylation maintain the alignment of outer doublets in the ciliary axoneme

We developed quantitative assays to test the hypothesis that the N-DRC is required for integrity of the ciliary axoneme. We examined reactivated motility of demembranated drc cells, commonly termed "reactivated cell models." ATP-induced reactivation of wild-type cells resulted in the forward swimming of ∼90% of cell models. ATP-induced reactivation failed in a subset of drc cell models, despite forward motility in live drc cells. Dark-field light microscopic observations of drc cell models revealed various degrees of axonemal splaying. In contrast, >98% of axonemes from wild-type reactivated cell models remained intact. The sup-pf4 and drc3 mutants, unlike other drc mutants, retain most of the N-DRC linker that interconnects outer doublet microtubules. Reactivated sup-pf4 and drc3 cell models displayed nearly wild-type levels of forward motility. Thus, the N-DRC linker is required for axonemal integrity. We also examined reactivated motility and axoneme integrity in mutants defective in tubulin polyglutamylation. ATP-induced reactivation resulted in forward swimming of >75% of tpg cell models. Analysis of double mutants defective in tubulin polyglutamylation and different regions of the N-DRC indicate B-tubule polyglutamylation and the distal lobe of the linker region are both important for axonemal integrity and normal N-DRC function. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Optical Coherence Tomographic Profile of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

The objective of this study was to describe the changes in the retinal ganglion cell complex (GCC) relative to the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) over time in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients. Average RNFL and GCC thickness was measured in seven patients in the early acute (123, 68.4 μm), late acute (113.5, 57.4 μm), and chronic (72.7, 50.8 μm) phases. Patients showed thinning of the GCC with RNFL swelling in the early acute phase. GCC thinning became severe within weeks and persisted. RNFL swelling normalised during the late acute phase with eventual thinning in the chronic phase. GCC changes appear at the commencement of visual loss and in some cases prior to vision loss. These findings define an optical coherence tomography (OCT) profile in LHON.
Milwaukee Voucher-School Leaders' Views on Accountability: What Are They, and Why Do They Matter?.

ABSTRACTThis article uses originally collected survey data to determine how leaders of private schools in the nation’s oldest school-voucher program define accountability and perceive the state agency charged with holding them accountable. The results indicate voucher-school administrators’ views on accountability are influenced by their school’s level of dependence on government revenues, their school’s academic performance, and their own personal views on regulation. The findings add to a body of research showing how accountability frameworks and perceptions influence the actions and performance of organizations and their stakeholders.
Star Forming Rates and HI Gas Content in Galaxy Groups

We compare the star formation rates with the respective HI properties of 4854 galaxies in 743 different groups. Using data from the SDSS and the GALEX all sky survey (AIS) we measure the star formation rates and NUV-r colors as a function of the total group mass, position within the group, and HI content as derived from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey. The NUV-r colors are consistent with star forming field galaxies. We show how the quenching of the star formation is correlated with galaxy HI content and how both are affected by a group environment.
Vibrational Cutting of Soft Tissue with Micro-serrated Surgical Scalpels☆

Abstract This paper reports on a preliminary study of vibrational cutting of soft tissue with micro-serrated surgical scalpels with curved blades. Although surgical scalpels are being widely used, the influence of edge geometry and blade motions during cutting remain largely unexplored. This paper is aimed at exploring the possibility of improving the cutting performance of these medical devices through laser micro-machining of serrations on their curved cutting edges, of vibratory cutting motions and their combination. Experimental studies on biological and phantom tissue will be presented to demonstrate the impact of micro-texturing and vibrational motion on the cutting efficiency of surgical scalpels. This preliminary study is intended as a basis for the future investigation of the observed responses to enhance cutting efficiency in surgical procedures.
Diagnostic Features of Tumors of the Lower Thoracic Sympathetic Chain

AbstractFour cases of sympathetic neural tumors of the most inferior portion of the thoracic sympathetic chain are presented. The location of each tumor was such that a primary adrenal tumor might have been considered. However, each tumor was associated with erosion of the ipsilateral lower ribs or vertebral pedicles. Such radiological findings indicate a primary posterior mediastinal tumor and primary exploration should be transthoracic.
Bone Disease in Patients before and after Cardiac Transplantation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the clinical features of osteoporosis in cardiac transplant recipients as well as the mechanisms of bone loss that may occur before and after transplantation. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is not associated with a specific type of bone disease. Patients approaching cardiac transplant can experience bone insults related to drugs, such as heparin, or loop diuretics, immobility, and vitamin D deficiency. Evaluations of bone mineral density in such populations have shown that osteoporosis and osteopenia are common in patients with severe CHF. Patients with CHF may also have abnormal bone and mineral homeostasis related to both the pathophysiology and the therapy of their cardiac disease. Patients with end-stage cardiac disease have risk factors for osteoporosis, such as older age, postmenopausal status, physical inactivity, and excessive use of tobacco and alcohol. Therapy with anticoagulants, such as heparin and warfarin, could contribute to bone loss. Long-term use of heparin has been associated with bone mineral density losses and vertebral fractures. The chapter describes a treatment strategy that may benefit patients with this unique type of bone disease.
Disaster risk reduction and applied anthropology

This article reviews the conceptual development of the disaster risk reduction perspective in research in general as well as its formalization as an instrument of policy and practice at the international level. I also review current programmatic applications of disaster risk reduction in research and policy fora and assay key anthropological contributions to risk reduction policies and practice. I also consider the links between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation, as the possible trajectories of these phenomena are as intimately bound to one another as are their root causes. Finally, I discuss some of the major critiques of the application or lack thereof of disaster risk reduction in the context of critical discussions of contemporary understandings of risk and development.
A Zn↔ZnO loop for terawatt-scale storage of solar electricity

In this paper an alternative to battery storage of solar electricity is proposed, in which storage and generation are performed by two separate devices. Storage is realized in an electrolytic cell which reduces a metal oxide to metal through solar electricity, and the produced metal anode generates electricity on demand in a metal/air battery. By separating storage and generation, this approach allows centralized storage and distributed generation with distributed optional grid connectivity. The theoretical performance is calculated for many metal↔metal oxide cycles. Based on material abundance, theoretical performance, process simplicity and technical readiness, the Zn↔ZnO cycle is proposed for this closed sustainable energy loop. The amount of Zn required for terawatt-scale storage of solar electricity is estimated.
REDCap: A Tool for the Electronic Capture of Research Data

ABSTRACTREDCap is an electronic data capture software that allows the easy building of research instruments while providing collaboration capabilities, meta-data workflow, security, auditing, and export to common statistical packages. Medical librarians have used REDCap for both research data capture as well as operational databases.
Modeling Company Risk and Importance in Supply Graphs

Managing one’s supply chain is a key task in the operational risk management for any business. Human procurement officers can manage only a limited number of key suppliers directly, yet global companies often have thousands of suppliers part of a wider ecosystem, which makes overall risk exposure hard to track. To this end, we present an industrial graph database application to account for direct and indirect (transitive) supplier risk and importance, based on a weighted set of measures: criticality, replaceability, centrality and distance. We describe an implementation of our graph-based model as an interactive and visual supply chain risk and importance explorer. Using a supply network (comprised of approximately 98, 000 companies and 220, 000 relations) induced from textual data by applying text mining techniques to news stories, we investigate whether our scores may function as a proxy for actual supplier importance, which is generally not known, as supply chain relationships are typically closely guarded trade secrets. To our knowledge, this is the largest-scale graph database and analysis on real supply relations reported to date.
Tracing sea ice algae into various benthic feeding types on the Chukchi Sea shelf

Climate change in the Arctic is expected to have drastic effects on marine primary production sources by shifting ice-associated primary production to an overall greater contribution from pelagic primary production. This shift could influence the timing, amount, and quality of algal material reaching the benthos. We determined the contribution of sea ice particulate organic matter (iPOM) to benthic-feeding invertebrates by examining concentrations and stable carbon isotope values (expressed as δ13C values) of three fatty acids (FAs) prominent in diatoms: 16:4(n-1), 16:1(n-7), and 20:5(n-3). Our underlying assumption was that diatoms make up the majority in sea ice algal communities compared with phytoplankton communities. According to the FA concentrations, subsurface deposit feeders consumed the most iPOM and suspension feeders the least. Conversely, there were little differences in δ13C values of FAs between deposit and suspension feeders, but the higher δ13C values of 16:1(n-7) in omnivores indicated greater consumption of iPOM. We suggest that omnivores accumulate the ice algal FA biomarker from their benthic prey, which in turn may feed on ice algae from a deposited sediment pool. The dissimilar results between FA concentrations and isotope values suggest that the FAs used here may not be sufficiently source specific and that other unaccounted production sources, such as bacteria, may also contribute to the FA pool. We propose that FA isotope values are a more indicative biomarker than FA concentrations, with a further need for more specific ice algal biomarkers to resolve the question of ice algal contributions to the Arctic benthic food web.
Specific protease mutation patterns are associated with oropharyngeal candidiasis in a New Orleans patient cohort of HIV-infected individuals

HIV-1 protease gene sequences were obtained from peripheral blood, saliva or oral tissues of 35 HIV+ patients using nested amplification and manual sequencing of PCR products. Of the 35 HIV+ patients 9 had clinical oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) while 26 did not, and only 4 patients were on protease inhibitor (PI) therapy. These patients were collected prior to major use of HAART therapy in New Orleans, Louisiana. Analysis of 172 amino acid sequences revealed unique patterns of mutation that were in most cases independent of the type of cell from which DNA was isolated and were, instead, primarily dependent on the individual patient. Principal component analysis indicated that approximately 50% of the variance of the amino acid replacements could be explained by patterns of change seen in only five patients. Significantly, 4 of these 5 patients were OPC+ indicating that patients with OPC are more likely to express a principal mutation pattern than patients without OPC (p = 0.002, Chi square). Dendrograms revealed that these five patients clustered separately from each other and from HIV-1LAI suggesting that principal mutation patterns as well as OPC are independent of viral evolution. In conclusion, prior to widespread use of PI therapy to combat HIV-1, patients with OPC exhibited unique patterns of amino acid replacements within the HIV-1 protease.
Relationship between salivary adiponectin, IGF-1, obesity and breast cancer

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if adiponectin and IGF-1 salivary concentrations are altered in combination with the presence of obesity and breast cancer. The null hypothesis is that there are no significant adiponectin and IGF-1 concentration alterations secondary to the presence of obesity and/or carcinoma of the breast. Methods: There were two groups of test subjects: healthy controls (n = 20) and individuals diagnosed with breast cancer (n = 20). The two cohorts were further stratified into four groups. These included subjects who are healthy and of normal BMI (n = 10); are healthy but have an elevated BMI (n = 10); have breast cancer and a normal BMI (n = 10); and have cancer and an elevated BMI (n = 10). The presence and concentration of adiponectin and IGF-1 was determined using the ELISA methodology. Results: The investigation revealed a significant increase in mean adiponectin levels in subjects with cancer compared to the controls (t = -2.57; p < .01). Individuals that were diagnosed with breast cancer and were obese exhibited the highest concentrations (F = 5.13; p < .005) of adiponectin. Adiponectin concentrations were also found to be correlated to IGF-I levels (r = 0.05; p < .001). Conclusion: Salivary adiponectin levels were significantly higher among cancer group. There were no significant differences between the cancer and control groups for IGF-I levels.
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of garcinia cambogia

Human beings are primary hosts for many helminthes. Most worms reproduce sexually in the human host, producing eggs or larvae that pass out of the body and infect the secondary host. Anthelmintic from natural sources may play an important role in the treatment of those parasite infections. In this view our attempt has been made to study the leaves of Garcinia cambogia by method described in details by Kuppast and Nayak. In this study petether, choloroform,and ethanolic, extracts were used and studied for paralysis and death of earthworm. The ethanol extract was found to be more effective to execute the earthworm.
Seed Germination of Leucothoe fontanesiana as Influenced by Light and Temperature

Abstract Seeds of Leucothoe fontanesiana (Steud.) Sleum. were germinated at 25°C (77°F) and 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) with daily photoperiods of 0, 1/2, 1/2 twice daily, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hr. For both temperatures, no germination occurred during a 30-day period for seeds not subjected to light. At 25°C (77°F) increasing photoperiods increased germination with germination of 60 and 68% occurring by day 24 for the 12 and 24 hr photoperiods, respectively. The alternating temperature of 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) enhanced germination when light was limiting. At this temperature germination ≥85% was reached by day 27 for photoperiods ≥2 hr.
Modification of Enzyme Activity, Conformation and Size by Indoleacetic Acid

Indoleacetic acid (IAA) is a plant hormone whose molecular mode of action is not understood. While its effects on plant growth are well known, it is not known how they are brought about. This is surprising since IAA has been known for many years and much work has been devoted to this hormone. In seeking to understand the molecular action of IAA it is obvious that we must isolate the act of the hormone to the molecular, sub-tissue level.
Cycling of Organic Matter by Bacterioplankton in Pelagic Marine Ecosystems: Microenvironmental Considerations

Recently developed methods for measuring production rates of heterotrophic bacteria have shown that the bacterioplankton is a major route for the flux of material and energy in marine ecosystems (Hagstrom et al., 1979; Fuhrman and Azam, 1980, 1982; Williams, 1981). Even conservative estimates (Fuhrman and Azam, 1980, 1982) show that the measured bacterial productivity corresponds to 10–50% of the primary productivity.
Microbial Deterioration of Skin Proteins

A freshly flayed skin or hide at the packing plant or slaughterhouse contains many bacteria. The bacteria vary in their morphology, their biological characteristics, and their action upon the skin or hide. The proteolytic type bacteria present are the organisms which must be killed or inactivated to prevent skin decomposition. Elimination of manure, blood, and excess fatty flesh from the skin or hide also aids in the control of bacterial activity. In recent years the addition of bacteriostatic agents to the sodium chloride cure salt or the brines used for curing hides has helped materially in controlling bacterial decomposition. However, there are still areas where the best curing practice is not used and skins and hides in various stages of damage are constantly being sent to us by tanners for examination and identification of the source of the damage.
Comparison of baseline characteristics and mortality experience of participants and nonparticipants in a randomized clinical trial: the Physicians' Health Study

Although subjects randomized into clinical trials tend to have different mortality experiences from those not randomized, few studies have examined how baseline characteristics may explain these differences. We used the recruitment experience of the Physicians' Health Study (PHS) to describe and compare subgroups of subjects ultimately randomized - or not - into the PHS. A total of 112528 male physicians ages 40-84 years responded to letters of invitation and baseline questionnaires sent to 261248 subjects. Baseline information was collected on eligibility criteria, plus lifestyle and clinical risk factors. Total, cardiovascular, cancer, and other mortality were determined through the National Death Index after a mean follow-up of 5.39 years. Respondents had 19 and 19% lower total and cardiovascular mortality rates than nonrespondents. Similarly, willing respondents were 19 and 16% less likely to die than unwilling respondents. However, much of this difference in mortality was explained by disease and lifestyle factors. Respondents who were eligible for the PHS had significantly lower age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) that were attenuated but remained substantially below 1 upon multivariate adjustment in models for total (RRs from 0.48 to 0.79), cardiovascular (from 0.40 to 0.85), and cancer mortality (from 0.55 to 0.87). Finally, a nearly halving in the age-adjusted risk of total and cause-specific mortality among men completing a run-in and randomized into PHS compared with those not randomized was nominally altered upon adding all covariates into multivariate models. In conclusion, a difference in mortality rates according to willingness to participate in a trial was explained by disease and lifestyle factors. In contrast, diseases and risk factors explain some, but not all, of the lower mortality rates of physicians based on eligibility status and their ability to complete a run-in phase.
The Growth and Structure of Ultrathin Metal Films on TiO2(110)

We have studied the growth kinetics and structure of 3d transition metals (Cr, Fe, Cu) evaporated onto TiO2(110), a model oxide substrate. Using Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), we find that Cu grows in the Volmer-Weber (3-D island) mode. The mobility of Cu atoms is very high, and 3-dimensional clusters are formed even at 160 K for Cu thicknesses < 30 A. In contrast, the Cr and Fe films completely cover the TiO2 substrate for thicknesses of a few ML, indicating that Cr and Fe “wet” the surface better than Cu. The ability of the metal film to cover (wet) the oxide substrate correlates directly with the reactivity of the metal toward oxygen. There is no XPS evidence for a strong chemical interaction between the Cu film and the oxide substrate. However, for the Cr and Fe films, we observe a strong interaction between the films and the oxide substrate, i.e., oxidation of the metal overlayers and reduction of the substrate, at submonolayer thickness. A bcc(100) structure is observed for Cr and Fe films with thickness ≥ 10 A, on both stoichiometric and sputtered substrates using Angle-Resolved XPS (ARXPS), Medium Energy backscattered Electron Diffraction (MEED) and LEED. The overlayer structure orientation is related to the substrate local structure.
Role of drainage and barriers in the genetic structuring of a tessellated darter population

While population genetic structuring is easily identified, the causes of the structure can be difficult to determine. Habitat fragmentation in aquatic systems has often been identified as a major source of increased population structure and decreased genetic diversity in fish, including benthic resident species such as darters. However, these findings are often not replicated across natural and manmade barriers and come from endangered or threatened populations where the genetic structure is likely already compromised due to small population size. To evaluate the factors involved in structuring a healthy darter population, we genotyped 506 tessellated darters from 18 sites in three different river drainages and one large lake. Sites were all in the same watershed but separated from one another by one or more of three different types of barriers: dams, natural fall lines and causeways. We found that while diversity and allele frequency varied largely by drainage, within drainage variation was minimal even across multiple barriers. No single barrier type appeared to be more formidable than any other. Our results indicate that healthy populations of darters may naturally be structured by drainage, but likely disperse across barriers enough to retain drainage-wide homogeneity.
Glycaemic efficacy and safety of linagliptin compared to a basal-bolus insulin regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing non-cardiac surgery: A multicentre randomized clinical trial.

AIMS The use of incretin-based therapy, rather than or complementary to, insulin therapy is an active area of research in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We determined the glycaemic efficacy and safety of linagliptin compared to a basal-bolus insulin regimen in hospitalized surgical patients with T2D. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective open-label multicentre study randomized T2D patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery with admission blood glucose (BG) of 7.8 to 22.2 mmol/L who were under treatment with diet, oral agents or total insulin dose (TDD) ≤ 0.5 units/kg/day to either linagliptin (n = 128) daily or basal-bolus (n = 122) with glargine once daily and rapid-acting insulin before meals. Both groups received supplemental insulin for BG > 7.8 mmol/L. The primary endpoint was difference in mean daily BG between groups. RESULTS Mean daily BG was higher in the linagliptin group compared to the basal-bolus group (9.5 ± 2.6 vs 8.8 ± 2.3 mmol/L/dL, P = 0.03) with a mean daily BG difference of 0.6 mmol/L (95% confidence interval 0.04, 1.2). In patients with randomization BG < 11.1 mmol/L (63% of cohort), mean daily BG was similar in the linagliptin and basal-bolus groups (8.9 ± 2.3 vs 8.7 ± 2.3 mmol/L, P = 0.43); however, patients with BG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L who were treated with linagliptin had higher BG compared to the basal-bolus group (10.9 ± 2.6 vs 9.2 ± 2.2 mmol/L, P < 0.001). Linagliptin resulted in fewer hypoglycaemic events (1.6% vs 11%, P = 0.001; 86% relative risk reduction), with similar supplemental insulin and fewer daily insulin injections (2.0 ± 3.3 vs 3.1 ± 3.3, P < 0.001) compared to the basal-bolus group. CONCLUSIONS For patients with T2D undergoing non-cardiac surgery who presented with mild to moderate hyperglycaemia (BG < 11.1 mmol/L), daily linagliptin is a safe and effective alternative to multi-dose insulin therapy, resulting in similar glucose control with lower hypoglycaemia.