cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of viral and cellular nuclear proteins in herpes simplex virus replication.

Following infection of cells by herpes simplex virus, the cell nucleus is subverted for transcription and replication of the viral genome and assembly of progeny nucleocapsids. The transition from host to viral transcription involves viral proteins that influence the ability of the cellular RNA polymerase II to transcribe a series of viral genes. The regulation of RNA polymerase II activity by viral gene products seems to occur by several different mechanisms: (1) viral proteins complex with cellular proteins and alter their transcription-promoting activity (e.g., alpha TIF), (2) viral proteins bind to specific DNA sequences and alter transcription (e.g., ICP4), and (3) viral proteins affect the posttranslational modification of viral or cellular transcriptional regulatory proteins (e.g., possibly ICP27). Thus, HSV may utilize several different approaches to influence the ability of host-cell RNA polymerase II to transcribe viral genes. Although it is known that viral transcription uses the host-cell polymerase II, it is not known whether viral infection causes a change in the structural elements of the nucleus that promote transcription. In contrast, HSV encodes a new DNA polymerase and accessory proteins that complex with and reorganize cellular proteins to form new structures where viral DNA replication takes place. HSV may encode a large number of DNA replication proteins, including a new polymerase, because it replicates in resting cells where these cellular gene products would never be expressed. However, it imitates the host cell in that it localizes viral DNA replication proteins to discrete compartments of the nucleus where viral DNA synthesis takes place. Furthermore, there is evidence that at least one specific viral gene protein can play a role in organizing the assembly of the DNA replication structures. Further work in this system may determine whether assembly of these structures is essential for efficient viral DNA replication and if so, why assembly of these structures is necessary. Thus, the study of the localization and assembly of HSV DNA replication proteins provides a system to examine the mechanisms involved in morphogenesis of the cell nucleus. Therefore, several critical principles are apparent from these discussions of the metabolism of HSV transcription and DNA replication. First, there are many ways in which the activity of RNA polymerase II can be regulated, and HSV proteins exploit several of these in controlling the transcription of a single DNA molecule. Second, the interplay of these multiple regulatory pathways is likely to control the progress of the lytic cycle and may play a role in determining the lytic versus latent infection decision.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Black Feminism’s Minor Empiricism: Hurston, Combahee, and the Experience of Evidence

In this article, I argue that the Zora Neale Hurston’s early twentieth-century anthropological work and the Combahee River Collective’s 1977 Black Feminist Statement can be read as part of a genealogy of Black feminist empiricism: a minor empiricism that rejects positivist empiricism, strategically mobilizing dominant scientific practices while also developing an onto-espistemology specific to Black English and what Combahee terms “black women’s style.” Their works make tactical use of positivist empirics to critique and counter legal and medico-scientific circumscription of Black women’s lives, while simultaneously participating in this counter-practice of Black feminist empiricism. As both Combahee’s statement and Hurston’s first ethnography, Mules and Men (1935), reveal, Black feminist empiricism is grounded not in traditional scientific virtues such as transparency and objectivity, but instead in opacity and subjectivity, which make it unavailable for use for purposes of legal subjection, while simultaneously revealing the raced and gendered implications of a legal system dependent on positivist values.
An infectious molecular clone of an unusual macrophage-tropic and highly cytopathic strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Abstract We isolated and molecularly cloned a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain (89.6) which is unusual because it is both macrophage-tropic and extremely cytopathic in lymphocytes. Moreover, this is the first well-characterized infectious molecularly cloned macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strain derived from peripheral blood. HIV-1 89.6 differs markedly from other macrophage-tropic isolates within the envelope V3 region, which is important in determining cell tropism and cytopathicity. HIV-1 89.6 may thus represent a transitional isolate between noncytopathic macrophage-tropic viruses and cytopathic lymphocyte-tropic viruses.
Grape Juice as a Bait for Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

In field tests conducted in south Florida to test grape juice as a bait for the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa Loew, high numbers of Zaprionus indianus Gupta were captured in traps with aqueous grape juice. These experiments included comparisons of grape juice bait with established A. suspensa protein-based baits (ammonium acetate + putrescine lures, or torula yeast) or wine, a bait found previously to be attractive to Z. indianus. Effects of different preservatives (polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, proxel, or sodium tetraborate) and bait age were also tested. Traps with grape juice baits captured more A. suspensa than unbaited traps, but more were captured in traps with grape juice plus preservative baits and the highest numbers were captured in traps containing the established protein-based baits. In contrast, grape juice baits without preservative that were prepared on the day of deployment (0 d) or that were aged for 3-4 d in the laboratory captured the highest numbers of Z. indianus, while solutions that were aged in the laboratory for 6 or 9 d captured fewer. Although these studies found that aqueous grape juice is a poor bait for A. suspensa, we found that actively fermenting aqueous grape juice may be an effective bait for Z. indianus.
The Jew accused : three anti-Semitic affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank), 1894-1915

List of plates Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. The historical setting in Europe and America 3. Earlier anti-Semitic affairs 4. France before the Dreyfus Affair 5. The Dreyfus Affair, more than a trial 6. Beyond the Pale Russia and the Jews, 1890-1914 7. Blood libel the Beilis Affair 8. America, the 'exception' 9. The Leo Frank Affair Epilogue and conclusion Bibliography Index.
Social Bonds of Female Baboons Enhance Infant Survival

Among nonhuman primates, females often form strong bonds with kin and other group members. These relationships are thought to have adaptive value for females, but direct effects of sociality on fitness have never been demonstrated. We present 16 years of behavioral data from a well-studied population of wild baboons, which demonstrate that sociality of adult females is positively associated with infant survival, an important component of variation in female lifetime fitness. The effects of sociality on infant survival are independent of the effects of dominance rank, group membership, and environmental conditions. Our results are consistent with the evidence that social support has beneficial effects on human health and well-being across the life span. For humans and other primates, sociality has adaptive value.
Prompt photon measurements with PHENIX's MPC-EX detector

The MPC-EX detector is a Si-W preshower extension to the existing Muon Piston Calorimeter (MPC). The MPC-EX consists of eight layers of alternating W absorber and Si mini-pad sensors. Located at forward rapidity, 3.1 80 GeV, a factor of four improvement over current capabilities. Not only will the MPC-EX strengthen PHENIX's existing forward ?0 and jet measurements, it will provide sufficient prompt photon and ?0 separation to make a prompt photon measurement possible. Prompt photon yields at high pT, pT > 3 GeV/c, can be statistically extracted using the double ratio method. In transversely polarized p+p collisions, the measurement of the prompt photon single spin asymmetry, AN, will resolve the sign discrepancy between the Sivers and twist-3 extractions of AN. In p+Au collisions, the prompt photon RpAu will quantify the level of gluon saturation in the Au nucleus at low-x, x ~ 10?3, with a projected systematic error band a factor of four smaller than EPS09's current allowable range. The MPC-EX detector will expand our understanding of the gluon nuclear parton distribution functions, providing important information about the initial state of heavy ion collisions, and clarify how the valence parton's transverse momentum and spin correlates to the proton spin.
A study of some factors involved in the interaction between lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and particulate fractions of muscle

Abstract 1. 1. The solubilization of LDH 5 from chicken muscle particulates depended on pH and concentration of NADH and particulates. There was some solubilization by NAD + , but it was less than that of NADH. 2. 2. LDH 3 was more easily solubilized than LDH 5 ; LDH 1 was not bound under any of the conditions studied. 3. 3. Solubilization of LDH 5 from mitochondria and microsomes was similar to that from whole muscle particulates except that maximal solubilization was less with these subcellular fractions. 4. 4. LDH 5 bound equally well to mitochondrial structural protein or a structural proteinphospholipid complex.
Teaching Ethics to Graduate Students: A Course Model.

Marriage and family counselors (MFCs) are challenged daily with ethical and legal dilemmas. Faculty members in Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)—accr...
Exploiting hierarchical clustering in evaluating multidimensional aggregation queries

Multidimensional aggregation queries constitute the single most important class of queries for data warehousing applications and decision support systems. The bottleneck in the evaluation of these queries is the join of the usually huge fact table with the restricted dimension tables (star-join). Recently, a multidimensional hierarchical clustering schema for star schemas is suggested. Subsequently, query evaluation plans for multidimensional queries appeared that essentially implement a star join as a multidimensional range restriction.We present a number of transformations for such plans. The transformations place grouping/aggregation operations before joins and safely prune aggregated tuples. They can be applied at no or minimal extra I/O cost. We show how these transformations can be used to construct a new evaluation plan for grouping/aggregation queries over multidimensional hierarchically clustered schemas. The new plan improves previous results by grouping and aggregating tuples and by excluding aggregated tuples from further consideration at an early stage of the computation of a query.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of pH-dependent hydrolyzable emetine analogues as treatment for prostate cancer.

The N-2′ position of the natural product emetine has been derivatized to thiourea, urea, sulfonamide, dithiocarbamate, carbamate, and pH responsive hydrolyzable amide analogues. In vitro studies of these analogues in PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines showed that the analogues are generally less cytotoxic (average IC50 ranging from 0.079 to 10 μM) than emetine (IC50 ranging from 0.0237 to 0.0329 μM). The pH sensitive sodium dithiocarbamate salt 13 and the amide analogues 21, 22, 26 (obtained from maleic and citraconic anhydrides) showed the most promise as acid-activatable prodrugs under mildly acidic conditions found in the cancer microenvironment. These prodrugs released 12–83% of emetine at pH 6.5 and 41–95% emetine at pH 5.5. Compounds 13 and 26 were further shown to exhibit increased cytotoxicity in PC3 cell culture medium that was already below pH 7.0 at the time of treatment.
Similarity of Response of Thymus and Lymph Nodes to Administration of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in the Rat.

SummaryAdministration of purified ACT to the male rat produces by its action on the adrenal cortex a striking reduction in the weight and size of the thymus gland and the cervical lymph nodes. This same effect is not manifest in the adrenalectomized animal. This finding furnishes further evidence for the existence of a definite relationship between adrenal cortex and thymus and lymph nodes. Functional interpretation of this relationship awaits further experimental and clinical study.
Electrical activity, cAMP, and cytosolic calcium regulate mRNA encoding sodium channel α subunits in rat muscle cells

Abstract The number of sodium channels increases sharply during development of rat skeletal muscle cells in vitro. An 8.5 kb mRNA encoding sodium channel α subunit rises to a peak on day 13 in vitro and falls to a value of 50% of the peak by day 18, consistent with the conclusion that mRNA abundance is a major determinant of the rapid rise in sodium channel number. Electrical activity and increased cytosolic calcium decrease the level of α subunit mRNA, and CAMP increases its level in parallel with changes in the number of sodium channels. The similarity between the changes in mRNA levels and sodium channel density indicates that the regulation of α subunit mRNA level is an important mechanism of feedback regulation of sodium channel density by electrical activity in developing rat muscle cells.
Impact of networks on collection development

Abstract Basing his observations upon visits to each of the 47 charter member libraries of the Ohio College Library Center, the author addresses the effects of that network upon those libraries' monographic borrowing and lending through interlibrary loan. Among other things, he sees that coordinated collection development does not arise simply because of the existence of a successful network and that strong independent initiatives are necessary by network participants. In conclusion, he suggests that a coordinated collection development program should begin by reaffirming the primacy of local collections and that the idea of “local collections” should be expanded to include all of those collections to which users can go with little inconvenience.
Factors Affecting Egg Hatch of the Tadpole Shrimp Triops newberryi, a Potential Biological Control Agent of Immature Mosquitoes

Abstract The tadpole shrimp (TPS), Triops newberryi (Packard) (Notostraca: Triopsidae), is a potential biological control agent for immature mosquitoes breeding in ephemeral habitats. Studies were initiated in the laboratory to investigate the effects of some ecological and physiological factors on egg hatch. When subjected to successive hydrations, most of the hatch occurred in the first hydration with additional hatches noted in the second and third hydrations. In each hydration, most of the eggs hatched in 12 to 48 h. Temperature had a marked effect on egg hatch. Preconditioning treatment of eggs in soil at extreme temperatures lowered egg hatch in succeeding hydrations. Temperature during hydration also influenced egg hatch, with maximum hatch at 29°C. Length of photoperiod was another ecological factor affecting egg hatch; darkness during the hydration period reduced egg hatch. As a simulation of incomplete hydration commonly encountered in arid regions associated with light precipitation and scarce irrigation water, TPS eggs in soil were wetted and flooded for short time periods. These treatments enhanced egg hatch during succeeding full hydrations. The presence of soil during preconditioning and hatching did not affect egg hatch. High water salinity reduced or prevented egg hatch. Preconditioning treatment at high water salinity lowered egg hatch during succeeding hydrations with distilled water. Maximum egg hatch occurred at pH 7; preconditioning treatment at pH 3 lowered and at pH 11 eliminated egg hatch during succeeding hydrations with distilled water. TPS eggs from dead gravids (unlaid eggs) did not hatch after proper preconditioning and hydration.
2-vinyloxy ethyl phthalimide polymerization initiated by 1-(isobutoxy) ethyl acetate in the presence of ethyl aluminum dichloride and either ethyl acetate or ethyl benzoate

2-Vinyloxy ethyl phthalimide (ImVE) was polymerized using 1-(isobutoxy) ethyl acetate as the initiator in the presence of ethyl aluminum dichloride and either ethyl acetate or ethyl benzoate. The resulting polymers have a narrow molecular weight distribution, and their molecular weight can be controlled within a narrow range by varying the monomer and initiator concentrations. Diblock copolymers with n-butyl vinyl ether can also be formed. The behavior of the polymerization is consistent with a living cationic mechanism. A brief comparison of the title system with other initiating systems is also presented. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kainic acid neurotoxicity toward hippocampal formation: dependence on specific excitatory pathways.

Abstract Rat hippocampal neurons are extremely sensitive to the neurotoxic action of the potent convulsant, kainic acid. It has been suggested that kainic acid destroys neurons through a specific interaction with excitatory glutamatergic afferent fibers. We have tested this hypothesis by making selective lesions of putatively glutamatergic or non-glutamatergic hippocampal afferent fibers three days prior to injecting kainic acid either intraventricularly or directly into the hippocampal formation. Both destruction of hippocampal mossy fibers with colchicine and transection of these fibers markedly reduced the subsequent toxicity of intraventricular kainic acid toward CA3 neurons, but degeneration of the mossy fibers conferred no protection against kainic acid injected locally. Conversely, removal of projections from the entorhinal cortex or medial septum protected dentate granule cells and all but the most medial CA1 pyramidal cells from destruction by locally injected kainic acid, but did not alter the hippocampal toxicity of intraventricular kainic acid. A commissurotomy little affected the hippocampal lesion made by either route of administration. Both intraventricularly and locally injected kainic acid destroyed neurons in extrahippocampal limbic regions. The pattern of damage could not be accounted for merely by diffusion of the toxin from the site of injection. All four types of hippocampal deafferentation markedly attenuated this extrahippocampal toxicity. These results emphasize the dependence of kainic acid neurotoxicity on specific excitatory circuitry. The identity of the critical circuit depends on the route by which kainic acid is administered, but not on the use of glutamate as a transmitter. We suggest that kainic acid destroys neurons indirectly, by initiating a prolonged status epilepticus that is lethal to seizure-sensitive neurons, such as the hippocampal pyramidal cells.
Forecasting carbon monoxide concentrations near a sheltered intersection using video traffic surveillance and neural networks

In this preliminary study we investigated the relationships between traffic and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations measured near an intersection which is sheltered from the wind by multi-story buildings. Detailed information on traffic parameters was obtained by video camera technology during a single, 4-h period (2–6 p.m. local time) of calm winds (< 1 m/s). A neural network was trained with both lane specific traffic information as well as on-site wind parameters and used with an independent test set to predict 1-min average CO concentrations with reasonable accuracy (R2 = 0.69). Standard linear regression models as well as two dispersion models (CAL3QHC and OSPM) could not reliably predict CO levels from the same data set.
Immunofluorescent staining method for use with monoclonal antibodies

This note describes an immunofluorescent staining method for cells in the S-phase which have been allowed to take up bromodeoxyuridine into their DNA in place of thymine. The technique involves the use of fluorescinated monoclonal antibodies against bromodeoxyuridine and allows rapid and accurate estimation of cells in the S-phase, the technique does not require interpretation by skilled technicians.
Random Lattice Electrical Conductivity Calculations for a Graphite/Epoxy Ply of Finite Thickness:

A single ply of unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite is modeled by both a two-dimensional Cartesian square and a close packed triangular lattice of fibers of infinite width and finite thickness. All fiber cross-sections are cir cular (of the same diameter) and those fibers with centers located at adjacent points on the lattice will contact at the midpoint. From these contacts con duction paths are formed across the latice. To generate randomness, the cir cular fiber cross-sections are removed at random from the lattice, leaving va cant sites of insulating matrix material, until a certain fiber fraction is reached. Lattice conductivities are calculated for both models at various fiber fractions and lattice thicknesses. Good agreement is obtained when the asymptotic conductivity versus thickness curves are compared with ex perimental data.
Metaphor as an Instrument for Orchestrating Change in Counselor Training and the Counseling Process

The authors explore the use of metaphors as a training tool for beginning counselors for enhancing client case conceptualization, counselor-client relationships, and intervention strategies. The history of the use of metaphors in counseling, several definitions, and a case study are presented. The authors discuss intentional use of metaphors with students in training and with clients. How to introduce the use of metaphors into counselor training and practice is also included.
Contribution of the S4 segment to gating charge in the Shaker K+ channel.

Abstract Voltage-activated ion channels respond to changes in membrane voltage by coupling the movement of charges to channel opening. A K + channel-specific radioligand was designed and used to determine the origin of these gating charges in the Shaker K + channel. Opening of a Shaker K + channel is associated with a displacement of 13.6 electron charge units. Gating charge contributions were determined for six of the seven positive charges in the S4 segment, an unusual amino acid sequence in voltage-activated cation channels consisting of repeating basic residues at every third position. Charge-neutralizing mutations of the first four positive charges led to large decreases (∼4 electron charge units each) in the gating charge; however, the gating charge of Shaker Δ10, a Shaker K + channel with 10 altered nonbasic residues in its S4 segment, was found to be identical to the wild-type channel. These findings show that movement of the NH 2 -terminal half but not the CO 2 H-terminal end of the S4 segment underlies gating charge, and that this portion of the S4 segment appears to move across the entire transmembrane voltage difference in association with channel activation.
Whole body lipid and energy metabolism in the cancer patient

The relationship between whole-body energy and lipid kinetics in eight cancer patients was investigated after an overnight fast. Respiratory gas exchange and indirect calorimetry were used to obtain resting energy expenditure (REE) and net substrate oxidation rates. Free fatty acid (FFA) turnover, oxidation, and clearance rates were obtained after a primed-constant infusion of albumin bound 1-14C-Na palmitate. This was followed by a primed-constant, two-stage infusion of unlabeled glycerol to measure plasma glycerol turnover and clearance. The REE was 1.3 times the predicted (by the Harris-Benedict equation) basal energy expenditure. FFA and glycerol, plasma concentrations, and turnover rates were higher in these depleted but hypermetabolic cancer patients, compared to reported values for healthy normals. The ratio of FFA turnover to glycerol turnover was 3.14 +/- 0.38, which is close to the theoretical value of 3, suggesting complete hydrolysis of triglycerides and the absence of any extensive reesterification of FFA in adipose tissue. The net fat oxidation accounts for 53 +/- 5% of fat mobilized and 29 +/- 3% of the FFA turnover was converted to CO2 in the process of supplying energy in cancer patients. The results suggest that fat is efficiently mobilized and utilized as a fuel source in hypermetabolic cancer patients in the postabsorptive state.
“Our mad poetics to confute”: the Personal Voice in T. S. Eliot's Early Poetry and Criticism

This essay seeks to erode traditional attitudes toward Eliot's impersonal theory of art by initiating a study of the personal voice in his early poetry and criticism. Ironically, Eliot's critical prose shows that as he developed a theory of depersonalization in the creative process he defined a method of repersonalization for the critical process. In his own literary criticism Eliot was preoccupied with the interior world of the poet, and he delineated specific theoretical and critical guidelines for unearthing the subjective emotional tone beneath the objective surface of the work. the application of Eliot's principles to his Laforguean poems shows the emergence of Eliot's distinctive, antiromantic voice to be in ironic contrast to the philosophical voice of his Laforguean models. the “religious” and classical sensibility that informs the deceptive surface patterns of these early poems provides a vital interpretive pattern for approaching subsequent poems.
Maternal concern about child weight in a study of weight-discordant siblings.

Objective This study examined concern about child weight in mothers of weight-discordant siblings and determined the accuracy of maternal self-report versus measured child height, weight, and corresponding body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) z-score. Design and Sample Discordant sibling design. Forty-seven mothers of 5- to 12-year-old, weight-discordant siblings. Measures Mothers self-reported their concern about child weight for each child separately and for a subset of children, self-reported their heights and weights. Siblings' height, weight, waist circumference, and adiposity were measured. Results The majority (83%) of mothers expressed concern about their overweight/obese child's weight and 20% of mothers expressed concern about their normal-weight child's weight (p < .001). Difference scores in maternal concern about child weight were positively associated with difference scores in sibling BMI z-score (r = 0.42; p = .01) and percent body fat (r = 0.56; p < .001). For overweight/obese children only, maternal-reported child heights and weights were significantly lower compared to the measured values (p < .03). Conclusions One fifth of mothers of weight-discordant siblings were unconcerned about their overweight/obese child's weight and for overweight/obese children only, mothers tended to underreport children's height and weight. Mothers' concern for their overweight/obese child's weight was greater for sibling pairs who were more discordant in their weight.
Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: Potential Role in Health Disparities

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes coronary artery disease and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality in the nation. Excess CVD morbidity and premature mortality in the African American community is one of the most striking examples of racial/ ethnic disparities in health outcomes. African Americans also suffer from increased rates of hypovitaminosis D, which has emerged as an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. This overview examines the potential role of hypovitaminosis D as a contributor to racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We review the epidemiology of vitamin D and CVD in African Americans and the emerging biological roles of vitamin D in key CVD signaling pathways that may contribute to the epidemiological findings and provide the foundation for future therapeutic strategies for reducing health disparities.
Inspiratory particle deposition in airway bifurcation models

Abstract Particle deposition in a three-dimensional bifurcation model of the human lung was computed for simultaneous effects of inertial impaction and gravitational settling. In the present approach an anatomical bifurcation unit is characterized as a contiguous system of three straight tubes with two intermediate bends, with defined radius of curvature and an effective branching angle. Idealized flow profiles of uniform velocity in the straight segments and of rotational velocity in the bend portions were assumed, the latter being corrected for physiologically realistic flow conditions. Our theoretical results show excellent agreement with published experimental data. This model is then used to predict aerosol deposition in the symmetrical Model A of Weibel [Weibel, E. R. (1963) Morphometry of the Human Lung . Springer, Berlin] and to study the effect of airway variability and asymmetry on particle deposition in the human lung.
Membrane sphingolipids as essential molecular signals for Bacteroides survival in the intestine

As predominant intestinal symbiotic bacteria, Bacteroides are essential in maintaining the health of the normal mammalian host; in return, the host provides a niche with plentiful nutrients for the symbionts. However, the intestinal environment is replete with chemical, physical, and biological challenges that require mechanisms for prompt and adept sensing of and responses to stress if the bacteria are to survive. Herein we propose that to persist in the intestine Bacteroides take advantage of their unusual bacterial sphingolipids to mediate signaling pathways previously known to be available only to higher organisms. Sphingolipids convey diverse signal transduction and stress response pathways and have profound physiological impacts demonstrated in a variety of eukaryotic cell types. We propose a mechanism by which the formation of specific sphingolipid membrane microdomains initiates signaling cascades that facilitate survival strategies within the bacteria. Our preliminary data suggest that sphingolipid signaling plays an important role in Bacteroides physiology, enabling these bacteria to persist in the intestine and to perform other functions related to symbiosis.
A classification of the minimal ring extensions of certain commutative rings

Abstract All rings considered are commutative with identity and all ring extensions are unital. Let R be a ring with total quotient ring T. The integral minimal ring extensions of R are catalogued via generator-and-relations. If T is von Neumann regular and no maximal ideal of R is a minimal prime ideal of R, the minimal ring extensions of R are classified, up to R-algebra isomorphism, as the minimal overrings (within T) of R and, for maximal ideals M of R, the idealizations R ( + ) R / M and the direct products R × R / M . If T is von Neumann regular, the minimal ring extensions of R in which R is integrally closed are characterized as certain overrings, up to R-algebra isomorphism, in terms of Kaplansky transforms and divided prime ideals, generalizing work of Ayache on integrally closed domains; no restriction on T is needed if R is quasilocal. One application generalizes a recently announced result of Picavet and Picavet-L'Hermitte on the minimal overrings of a local Noetherian ring. Examples are given to indicate sharpness of the results.
Alteration to the SWI/SNF complex in human cancers

The SWI/SNF complex is a key catalyst for gene expression and regulates a variety of pathways, many of which have anticancer roles. Its central roles in cellular growth control, DNA repair, differentiation, cell adhesion and development are often targeted, and inactivated, during cancer development and progression. In this review, we will discuss what is known about how SWI/SNF is inactivated, and describe the potential impact of abrogating this complex. BRG1 and BRM are the catalytic subunits which are essential for SWI/SNF function, and thus, it is not surprising that they are lost in a variety of cancer types. As neither gene is mutated when lost, the mechanism of suppression, as well as the impact of potential gene activity restoration, are reviewed.
Diode laser absorption measurements of metastable helium in glow discharges

A laser-based technique for accurate measurement of the population density profiles of the helium metastable in a parallel-plate, glow discharge is described. The system utilizes a distributed-Bragg-reflector diode laser operating at 1083 nm to perform absorption measurements on the transitions of helium. The narrow bandwidth (<3 MHz) of the laser permits simultaneous measurement of the line-integrated metastable density and gas temperature. Axial and radial distributions of the triplet line-integrated metastable density were measured in normal and abnormal glow discharges. Current densities ranging from (normal glow) to (abnormal glow) were used at static gas pressures of 2 and 5 Torr. Abel inversion of the data provided a spatial distribution of the metastable density that shows a region that has near one-dimensional character. The location of the peak triplet metastable density in the plasma was displaced from the peak of the negative glow emission towards the anode. Axial profiles of triplet metastable density gave values from to for current densities of 8 to , respectively.
Proton Transfers from ZCH3 to ZCH2- (Z = F, Cl, Br, OH, SH, SeH). An ab Initio Investigation

Energy profiles for the identity-reaction carbon-to-carbon proton transfers from carbon acids of the type ZCH3 to their conjugate bases ZCH2- have been studied by ab initio methods. Gas-phase acidities of ZCH3 species are reproduced well at MP2/6-31+G*//MP2/6-31+G*. The barriers to proton transfer relative to the separated reactants (ΔHTS) in kcal mol-1 are F (2.2), Cl (−4.2), Br (−8.2), OH (−2.1), SH (−5.7), SeH (−11.0) at MP2/6-31+G*//MP2/6-31+G*. Values at MP4/6-31+G**//MP2/6-31+G* are very similar. The orders of acidities and barrier heights suggest that the polarizability of Z is the dominant effect on both. That two or more ion−dipole complexes of similar energy exist for each system implies that the complexes will be fluxional. It is doubtful that these proton transfers could be observed experimentally. The dominant process for HYCH2- + CH3YH would almost certainly be the transfer of the YH proton, and calculations on the SN2 reactions ZCH2- + CH3Z → ZCH2CH3 + Z- (Z = F, Cl, Br) reveal them to be s...
The wavelength variation of the directional sensitivity of the stiles π1(μ)

Abstract The variation of the directional sensitivity of Stiles' (1953) π 1 (μ) mechanism was measured throughout the spectrum on one deuteranope. For wavelengths greater than about 550 nm, the directional properties measured for π 1 (μ) are nearly identical to those for this deuteranope's π 5 (μ) mechanism. This supports the hypothesis of Pugh (1976) that π 1 (μ) is a composite mechanism so that in the yellow-red part of the spectrum its sensitivity is determined by long- (and/or medium-) wave sensitive cones. It also obviates the contradiction between the single π 1 (μ) directional sensitivity result of Stiles (1939) and the suggestion ( Enoch and Stiles, 1961 ) that short-wave sensitive cones are more sensitive to light entering through the edge than through the center of the pupil. This deuteranope's long-wave sensitive cones appear to be most sensitive to backgrounds entering the eye 0.5 mm nasal, to the center of his pupil while his short-wave sensitive cones appear to be most sensitive to light entering 0.2 mm temporal to the center of the pupil. Differences in the estimate of losses in the lens below 450 nm in the spectrum are too large to exclude either self-screening or the Snyder-Pask waveguide theories as applied to this subject's short-wave sensitive cones.
Examining the relationship of perfectionism, depression, and optimism: Testing for mediation and moderation

Abstract The present study investigated the relationship between perfectionism and depression, and the mediation/moderation effects of optimism. Participants were126 adults (78% women, mean age = 27 years) who completed an online survey that included the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale ( Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990 ), the Revised Life Orientation Test ( Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994 ), and the Hamilton Depression Inventory ( Reynolds & Kobak, 1995 ). Maladaptive, adaptive and total perfectionism were examined in separate analyses. In most analyses, the data fit a mediation model. Optimism limited the effect (relationship) of total and maladaptive perfectionism on depression. Adaptive perfectionism was related to depression only through optimism. There was a small gender difference, with indirect effects greater for men. These results are consistent with past research and support the notion that correlations between perfectionism, as a trait, and affective variables must be examined using multivariate models that allow for the determination of complex relationships.
Reactions of silylphosphines and silylarsines with covalent halides

Abstract The reactions of (CH3)3SiP(CH3)2 and (CH3)3SiAs(CH3)2 with SiCl4, SiF4, SO2Cl2, and SO2F2 have been studied. The cleavage of the SiP bond occurs more readily than the cleavage of the SiAs bond. The covalent halides containing oxygen give products that are harder to predict than do the nonoxygenated halides.
Changes in water and salt transport during hydrolysis of cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes

Abstract Cellulose acetate membranes undergo hydrolytic decomposition which is accelerated at very high or low pH levels. Hydrolysis results in the loss of acetyl groups leading to a sharp decline in membrane performance. Minimum hydrolysis rates occur in the pH range of 4–6. The two parameter transport equation (Merten et al.) gives salt and water permeability coefficients (A and B) which depend on membrane acetyl content. In this paper we have shown both coefficients, calculated from performance changes, to increase exponentially with time. Rate constants calculated from these changes show changes in salt permeability to be an order of magnitude greater than changes in water permeability. The observed discrepancy in salt and water transport kinetics suggests differing mechanisms for these two processes. Evidently, salt-water coupling during transport increases as membrane hydrolysis progresses. Thus, the two parameter transport equations do not apply since they neglect the salt-water coupling phenomenon. This paper discusses the use of other membrane transport models to account for changes in membrane performance as hydrolysis occurs. The relation between acetyl content and hydrolysis rates is also discussed.
Triangular finite elements with rotational degrees of freedom and enhanced strain modes

Abstract Three sets of enhanced strain functions are considered for the improvement of the three-node triangular finite element with rotational degrees of freedom. In each case, four enhanced strain terms are used. The four unknowns associated with the enhanced strain terms can be eliminated by static condensation so that nine degrees of freedom remain for the enhanced elements. Faster convergence in the energy norm is achieved. The enhanced elements are also able to deal with nearly incompressible plane strain problems considered, provided all rotational degrees of freedom do not vanish at all element nodes.
Tillage system impacts on environmental quality and soil biological parameters

Abstract “Soil Tillage for Crop Production and Protection for the Environment” was the theme of the 13th International Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization (ISTRO). This conference was held in Aalborg, Denmark from 24 to 29 July 1994. Approximately 200 oral and poster papers relating to the conference's theme were presented. As a follow-up to this meeting, the Secretary-General of ISTRO solicited papers by various conference delegates. These papers are collected into this issue of Soil & Tillage Research. The goal of this special issue is to stimulate further research and discussion of the impact of tillage on the quality of the environment as defined by water and atmospheric parameters and to focus on the role of tillage as it influences the biological component of soil.
Behavioral and hormonal reactivity to threat: Effects of selective amygdala, hippocampal or orbital frontal lesions in monkeys

We compared the effects of bilateral amygdala, hippocampal or orbital frontal cortex lesions on emotional and hormonal reactivity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Experiment 1 measured behavioral reactivity to an unfamiliar human intruder before and after surgery. Animals with amygdala lesions demonstrated decreases in one passive defensive behavior (freezing), whereas animals with hippocampal lesions showed decreases in a more stimulus-directed defensive behavior (tooth grinding). Orbital frontal cortex lesions also reduced these two defensive behaviors, as well as decreased cage-shaking dominance displays. Animals with amygdala, hippocampal or sham lesions also demonstrated increased tension-related behaviors after surgery, but those with orbital frontal lesions did not. Finally, all three lesions diminished the operated animals' ability to modulate tension-related behaviors depending on the magnitude of threat posed by the human intruder. Experiment 2 measured circulating levels of cortisol and testosterone when a subset of these same animals was at rest and following physical restraint, temporary isolation, exposure to threatening objects and social interactions with an unfamiliar conspecific. None of the lesions impacted on testosterone levels in any condition. Amygdala or orbital frontal lesions blunted cortisol reactivity during isolation from peers, but not during any other condition. Hippocampal lesions did not alter circulating levels of cortisol under any condition. These results indicate that the amygdala, hippocampus and orbital frontal cortex play distinct, yet complimentary roles in coordinating emotional and hormonal reactivity to threat.
Measured Mass Transfer Coefficients in Porous Media Using Specific Interfacial Area

Bulk and intrinsic mass transfer processes across interfaces between nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and water were studied in water-saturated columns. Columns packed with different grain sizes of sand were used to create various NAPL-water interfacial areas along with different NAPL saturations. The intrinsic mass transfer coefficients were estimated from the bulk mass transfer coefficients, and the specific interfacial areas were measured using tracer studies. The bulk mass transfer coefficients increased with increasing NAPL-water specific interfacial area as well as NAPL saturation and pore velocity and with decreasing grain sizes. Moreover, the bulk mass transfer coefficients were correlated with NAPL-water specific interfacial area rather than NAPL saturation and were more sensitive at high NAPL-water interfacial areas than at low interfacial areas. In contrast, the intrinsic mass transfer coefficients were nearly independent of specific interfacial area and NAPL saturation but dependent on pore velocity. Reduction of NAPL saturation by dissolution caused a linear decrease in the bulk mass transfer coefficients.
Helium neon laser optics: scattered light measurements and process control

Output coupler (OC) and high reflector (HR) thin-film coatings and substrates that are employed in 632.8 nm helium-neon (HeNe) lasers are investigated for optical scatter. The measurement of scatter in this paper is in terms of bidirectional reflectance distribution function and calculated total integrated scatter, or BRDF and CTIS, respectively. Laser output power will be briefly reviewed as a function of total scatter loss from the OC and HR. Increasing amounts of loss (scatter), in individual sets of OC's and HR's, reduces the output power of each laser tube from a theoretical optimum output, for the same amount of loss. Sample optics were measured for BRDF and compared with visual microscope inspection. Statistical analysis of many thousands of coated optics provides insight to controlling causes of scatter in the manufacturing process. Here, the average and standard deviation of BRDF scatter data for many optics provide important data for process control. Various scatter data is presented form OC and HR production runs.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Surface impurities studies during the start-up and early operations of ISX-A using a surface analysis station with sample transfer

Abstract A surface analysis station was installed on ISX-A before start-up which provided data on samples of wall material and a variety of other materials exposed at positions between the first wall and the limiter inner radius. Samples were introduced, from air, into an ultra-high vacuum transport system without disturbing the vacuum in ISX-A or the analysis station. An Auger electron spectrometer in the analysis station along with other diagnostics provided information on the initial “clean up” as well as the subsequent routine operation of ISX-A. During the start-up period substantial sulfur contamination was evident but this was greatly reduced as hydrogen discharge cleaning proceeded. Samples of oxidized stainless steel were not cleaned to an oxygen-free status but the surface was reduced to a thin substoichiometric oxide. Carbon was significantly removed but not eliminated entirely. Routine tokamak operations were monitored by a means of a special composite sample which made possible estimates of both the state of cleanliness of the system and its rate of clean-up.
Mismatched double-stranded RNA (polyI-polyC12U) is synergistic with multiple anti-HIV drugs and is active against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant HIV-1 in vitro

Abstract Although highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is successful in the treatment of HIV infection, problems with toxicity, drug-resistant variants, and therapeutic failures have compromised the long-term utility of existing combination regimens. Mismatched double-stranded RNA (polyI-polyC 12 U) is an immune modulator with inherent anti-HIV activity. Cell toxicities and anti-HIV activities of fourteen anti-HIV agents were determined alone and in combination with polyI-polyC 12 U. Combination analyses for anti-HIV activity were performed at three drug ratios. Using Mixed Dose Effect analyses and the CalcuSyn for Windows software package, combination indeces were determined for all drug combinations. In general, polyI-polyC 12 U was synergistic in combination with abacavir, zidovudine, zalcitabine, didanosine, stavudine, efavirenz, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, and amprenavir. It was synergistic to antagonistic with lamivudine, delavirdine, nevirapine, and saquinavir. Thus, polyI-polyC 12 U is synergistic with most anti-HIV agents at most drug ratios and across most effective concentrations in vitro, although, certain members of each class were exceptions. PolyI-polyC 12 U alone was equally active against wild-type HIV and HIV resistant to nevirapine, protease inhibitors, or nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. These results suggest that polyI-polyC 12 U should be re-evaluated as a potential adjunct therapy in patients who have failed current anti-retroviral therapeutic regimens.
Impact of neodecortication on colon motor response to a meal in the rat

The colon motor response to a meal consisting of 100 mM of sodium oleate was assessed before and after neodecortication in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Recording probes were anchored surgically in the ascending and descending colon. Pressure changes were recorded on a dynograph using a low-compliance perfusion system. A motility index took into account the amplitude, duration, and frequency of contractions. Neodecortication increased the motility index of the distal colon in the fasting state. However, removal of the cerebral cortex did not affect significantly the colon motor response to a meal. Meal stimulation increased the motility index before and after neodecortication. These findings suggest that (1) resting colonic motor activity is increasea after neodecortication, probably through the loss of an inhibitory influence of the central nervous system; and (2) the cerebral cortex is not required for the colon response to a meal in the rat.