cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reading minds versus following rules: dissociating theory of mind and executive control in the brain.

Abstract The false belief task commonly used in the study of theory of mind (ToM) requires participants to select among competing responses and inhibit prepotent responses, giving rise to three possibilities: (1) the false belief tasks might require only executive function abilities and there may be no domain-specific component; (2) executive control might be necessary for the emergence of ToM in development but play no role in adult mental state inferences; and (3) executive control and domain-specific ToM abilities might both be implicated. We used fMRI in healthy adults to dissociate these possibilities. We found that non-overlapping brain regions were implicated selectively in response selection and belief attribution, that belief attribution tasks recruit brain regions associated with response selection as much as well-matched control tasks, and that regions associated with ToM (e.g., the right temporo-parietal junction) were implicated only in the belief attribution tasks. These results suggest that...
Minimally invasive total proctocolectomy with brooke ileostomy for ulcerative colitis

Background: Total proctocolectomy with Brooke ileostomy remains the optimal surgical procedure for select ulcerative colitis patients. However, few studies describe outcomes of minimally invasive total proctocolectomy with Brooke ileostomy. Our aim was to describe the safety and feasibility of these procedures by examining short-term (30-day) outcomes. Methods: Using a prospective database, we identified a cohort of patients who underwent laparoscopic total proctocolectomy with Brooke ileostomy at our institution from 2000–2007. Results are reported as median (range) or frequency (proportion). Results: Forty-four patients were included; age 65 years (54–73), 24 were male (55%), body mass index was 26.5 (22.1–30.2) kg/m2. Colitis duration was 66 months (24–240), and 40% had prior surgery. The indication for surgery was refractory colitis (82%) and neoplasia (18%). Factors influencing choice of total proctocolectomy with permanent ileostomy were advanced age in 18 (41%), lifestyle in 13 (30%), medical comorbidities in 11 (25%), fecal incontinence in 10 (23%), oncologic reasons in 3 (6.8%), and obesity in 3 (6.8%). Twenty-three (52%) operations were hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery, 13 (30%) were laparoscopic-assisted, and 8 (18%) were “laparoscopic-incisionless” with transanal specimen extraction. Two laparoscopic-assisted cases (4.6%) were converted. Operative time was 329 (272–402) minutes, and length of stay 5 (4–6) days. Major post-operative complications occurred in 4 (9%); there were no perioperative mortalities. Conclusions: Minimally invasive total proctocolectomy with Brooke ileostomy is a safe, feasible option for the surgical treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis, and is the procedure of choice for select patients. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009)
Translations: Fabricating Space

Abstract The projects shown here—Spiral Surface, Ceiling Aura, and Lofted Mesh—are products from a graduate seminar taught last fall at the University of California–Berkeley. The course, Fabricating Space: CAD/CAM Translations, explores the gaps between digital design and making and between scales and modes of production. This includes translations between rapid prototyping and full-scale mock-up, between seamless form and standard sheet material, and between computer model and spatial or phenomenological effect.
A new approach to encapsulating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. II. Physicochemical properties

AbstractNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs, were encapsulated with ca-tionic and anionic Eudragit polymers. The properties of the microcapsules were studied. The interactions, if any, between the polymers and NSAIDs were also investigated.
Early Detection of Illness Associated With Poisonings of Public Health Significance

Since September 11, 2001, concern about potential terrorist attacks has increased in the United States. To reduce morbidity and mortality from outbreaks of illness from the intentional release of chemical agents, we examine data from the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS). TESS, a national system for timely collection of reports from US poison control centers, can facilitate early recognition of outbreaks of illness from chemical exposures. TESS data can serve as proxy markers for a diagnosis and may provide early alerts to potential outbreaks of covert events. We use 3 categories of information from TESS to detect potential outbreaks, including call volume, clinical effect, and substance-specific data. Analysis of the data identifies aberrations by comparing the observed number of events with a threshold based on historical data. Using TESS, we have identified several events of potential public health significance, including an arsenic poisoning at a local church gathering in Maine, the TOPOFF 2 national preparedness exercise, and contaminated food and water during the northeastern US blackout. Integration of poison control centers into the public health network will enhance the detection and response to emerging chemical threats. Traditionally, emergency physicians and other health care providers have used poison control centers for management information; their reporting to these centers is crucial in poisoning surveillance efforts.
A formula for the apparent attenuation of acoustic waves in randomly layered media

Summary. We show that the work of O’Doherty & Anstey can be used to deduce the apparent attenuation of acoustic waves in randomly layered media :
A regularized pairwise multi-classification knowledge-based machine and applications

This paper presents a novel knowledge-based linear classification model for multi-category discrimination of sets or objects with prior knowledge. The prior knowledge is in the form of multiple polyhedral sets belonging to one or more categories or classes and it is introduced as additional constraints into the formulation of the Tikhonov linear least squares multi-class support vector machine model. The resulting formulation leads to a least squares problem that can be solved using matrix methods or iterative methods. Investigations include the development of a linear knowledge-based classification model extended to the case of multi-categorical discrimination and expressed as a single unconstrained optimization problem. Advantages of this formulation include explicit expressions for the classification weights of the classifier(s) and its ability to incorporate and handle prior knowledge directly to the classifiers. In addition it can provide fast solutions to the optimal classification weights for multi-categorical separation without the use of specialized solver-software. To evaluate the model, data and prior knowledge from the Wisconsin breast cancer prognosis and two-phase flow regimes in pipes were used to train and test the proposed formulation.
‘That’s what I see’: Enhancing AIDS intervention research through deep ethnography

This research is based on 13 months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in rural Lesotho Africa between 2007 and 2009. The article shows how cultural competence in intervention research can be improved through ethnographic fieldwork borrowing primarily from anthropological research protocols. Through an exploration of the challenges of caring for AIDS orphans and children with HIV/AIDS I demonstrate that deep ethnography is an effective way to gain the necessary in-depth cultural insight particularly in the initial design stages of culturally competent interventions. This is particularly true for rural or remote communities where structural barriers such as poverty are pronounced. This interdisciplinary approach provides both valuable information for those interested in orphan care in rural sub-Saharan Africa and also demonstrates the importance of the ethnographic approach for intervention research in social work.
Effects of 1-MCP on the vase life and ethylene response of cut flowers

Pretreatment for 6 h with low concentrations of 1-MCP (1-Methylcyclopropene, formerly designated as SIS-X), a cyclic ethylene analog, inhibits the normal wilting response of cut carnations exposed continuously to 0.4 μl·l−1 ethylene. The response to 1-MCP was a function of treatment concentration and time. Treatment with 1-MCP was as effective in inhibiting ethylene effects as treatment with the anionic silver thiosulfate complex (STS), the standard commercial treatment. Other ethylene-sensitive cut flowers responded similarly to carnations. In the presence of 1 μl·l−1 ethylene, the vase life of 1-MCP-treated flowers was up to 4 times that of the controls.
DISCUSSION OF LOAD-DEFORMATION MECHANISM FOR BORED PILES

THE AUTHORS HAVE MADE SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE ANALYSIS OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS BY APPLYING THE NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT METHOD TO A CLASS OF PROBLEMS WHICH HERETOFORE HAS BEEN APPROACHED ONLY BY LESS RIGOROUS TECHNIQUES. THE STUDIES OF BORED PILES IN STIFF CLAY PROVIDE A GOOD OPPORTUNITY FOR ASSESSING THE VALIDITY OF THE FINITE ELEMENT FOR ANALYZING DEEP FOUNDATION BEHAVIOR, BECAUSE THE STRESS-STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL-CONCRETE SYSTEM AND THE STATES OF STRESS AT THE BEGINNING OF BOTH THE FIELD LOAD TEST AND THE ANALYSIS ARE RELATIVELY WELL KNOWN. SUCH IS NOT GENERALLY TRUE FOR DRIVEN PILES, IN WHICH RELATIVELY LARGE AND INDETERMINATE STRESSES EXIST IN THE PILE AND IN THE SOIL SURROUNDING THE PILE PRIOR TO LOADING. SEVERAL OF THE RESULTS PRESENTED SUGGEST THAT THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD DOES PROVIDE AN ACCURATE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE MANNER IN WHICH THE SOIL AND PILE INTERACT, WHEN THE SPRING-ELEMENT-TYPE GRID PROPOSED BY THE AUTHORS IS EMPLOYED. FIRST, THE SIDES WERE SHOWN TO PICK UP LOAD AT A MUCH HIGHER RATE THAN THE BASE. THIS PHENOMENON IS WELL KNOWN FOR NUMEROUS LOAD TESTS ON INSTRUMENTED BORED AND DRIVEN FRICTION PILES. SECOND, SHEAR FAILURE WAS SHOWN TO PROPAGATE FROM BOTH THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE PILE TOWARD THE CENTER. SUCH BEHAVIOR HAS BEEN OBSERVED BY THE WRITER IN FIELD TESTS ON INSTRUMENTED BORED PILES IN STIFF CLAY. THIRD, THE BASE, SIDE, AND TOTAL LOAD-DEFORMATION RELATIONSHIPS PRODUCED BY THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD VERY CLOSELY TRACKED THOSE OBTAINED IN THE FIELD STUDY ANALYZED. THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, THEREFORE, APPEARS TO BE A USEFUL TOOL IN EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF PARAMETERS SUCH AS SOIL STRENGTH, SOIL MODULUS, AND PILE GEOMETRY ON LOAD-SETTLEMENT BEHAVIOR. HOWEVER, FOR TWO REASONS IT CANNOT YET BE USED AS A SELF-SUFFICIENT PROCEDURE TO PREDICT LOAD-SETTLEMENT AND LOAD TRANSFER BEHAVIOR FOR DESIGN PURPOSES. FIRST, THE MAGNITUDE AND VERTICAL VARIATION OF THE ALPHA FACTOR MUST BE KNOWN IN ADVANCE OF Q-TYPE ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR PILES IN CLAY. THE SOLUTION FOR LOAD SETTLEMENT IS STRONGLY DEPENDENT ON THE VALUE ASSUMED FOR ALPHA, AND THE FINAL SHAPES OF THE LOAD TRANSFER CURVES DEPEND ALMOST ENTIRELY ON THE ASSUMED VARIATION OF ALPHA WITH DEPTH. SECOND, ANY PLANE STRAIN OR AXISYMMETRIC FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION IS EXTREMELY SENSITIVE TO POISSON'S RATIO WHEN THE VALUE OF POISSON'S RATIO IS NEAR 0.5. THEREFORE, THE VALUE OF POISSON'S RATIO TO BE USED IN THE SOLUTION MUST BE CHOSEN CAREFULLY TO BE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SOIL AND CONDITIONS OF THE TEST. THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS PRESENTED BY THE AUTHORS IS USEFUL BECAUSE IT IS GENERAL. IT ALLOWS ALPHA AND POISSON'S RATIO TO BE VARIED, BUT INDEPENDENT DETERMINATIONS OF THE VALUES OF THOSE PARAMETERS MUST BE MADE FOR EACH PROBLEM BEFORE THE METHOD CAN BE USED FOR DIRECT MODELING IN DESIGN-RELATED APPLICATIONS. /DISCUSSER/
Plasma Inflammatory Markers and the Risk of Developing Hypertension in Men

Background Several cross‐sectional, but few prospective, studies suggest that inflammation may be involved in the development of hypertension. We examined markers of inflammation—high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1—and a marker of fibrinolysis, D‐dimer, for their associations with incident hypertension in the Physicians' Health Study. Methods and Results Baseline blood values and information on hypertension‐related risk factors were collected in 1982. Incident hypertension was defined as self‐reported initiation of antihypertensive treatment, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg during follow‐up. With use of a nested case‐control design, 396 cases of incident hypertension and controls free of hypertension were matched 1:1 on age (mean 47.4 years) and follow‐up time. In crude matched‐pair analyses, the conditional relative risks of hypertension in the second through fourth versus the lowest quartiles for plasma high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein were 1.27, 1.73, and 1.81 ( P trend=0.01); for interleukin‐6, 1.22, 1.02, and 1.51 ( P trend=0.06); for soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, 1.00, 0.80, and 1.26 ( P trend=0.37); and for D‐dimer, 1.61, 1.81, and 1.52 ( P trend=0.46). Multivariable adjustment attenuated the estimates. The multivariable relative risks of hypertension in the second through fourth compared to the lowest quartiles of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein were 1.24, 1.60, and 1.47 ( P trend=0.20); for interleukin‐6, 1.08, 0.92, and 1.36 ( P trend=0.16); for soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, 0.89, 0.79, and 1.18 ( P trend=0.55); and for D‐dimer, 1.48, 1.68, and 1.38 ( P trend=0.63). Conclusions Elevated plasma inflammatory markers and D‐dimer were nonsignificantly associated with a higher risk of hypertension among initially healthy men.
Reasons for Child Passenger Nonrestraint in Motor Vehicles.

Objective: Although child passenger restraint use in motor vehicles has increased, there is an important minority of children who remain unrestrained. The goal of this study was to identify the frequency of and under what circumstances parents keep their children unrestrained.Methods: A cross-sectional, online survey was distributed to parents and caregivers of children 10 years old and younger. Survey participants were asked about child restraint practices, including frequency of and reasons for nonuse of restraints. Parents were specifically asked how acceptable it would be to keep their child unrestrained in certain situations.Results: One thousand two hundred eighty-five parents and guardians responded to the survey and 1,002 completed it; 23.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.3–26.6%) of respondents said they had driven with their child not fully restrained on at least one occasion. Approximately 1 in 5 parents strongly or somewhat agreed that it would be acceptable to keep their child unrestrained...
Insomnia and Relationship with Anxiety in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Designed Study

Purpose Sleep disorders (SDs) are now recognized as a public health concern with considerable psychiatric and societal consequences specifically on the academic life of students. The aims of this study were to assess SDs in a group of university students in Lebanon and to examine the relationship between SDs and anxiety. Methods An observational cross-sectional study was conducted at Saint-Joseph University, Lebanon, during the academic year 2013–2014. Four questionnaires were face-to-face administered to 462 students after obtaining their written consent: Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7). Results The prevalence of clinically significant insomnia was 10.6% (95% CI: 7.8–13.4%), more frequent in first year students. ISI mean score was 10.06 (SD = 3.76). 37.1% of the participants were poor sleepers. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and poor sleep were significantly more frequent among participants with clinical insomnia (p = 0.031 and 0.001 respectively). Clinically significant anxiety was more frequent in students suffering from clinical insomnia (p = 0.006) and in poor sleepers (p = 0.003). 50.8% of the participants with clinically significant anxiety presented EDS versus 30.9% of those with no clinically significant anxiety (p<0.0001). Conclusions The magnitude of SDs in this sample of Lebanese university students demonstrate the importance of examining sleep health in this population. Moreover, the link between SD and anxiety reminds us of the importance of treating anxiety as soon as detected and not simply targeting the reduction of sleep problems.
Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

There are many nematode species that, following formal description, are seldom mentioned again in the scientific literature. Lobocriconema thornei and L. incrassatum are two such species, described from North American forests, respectively 37 and 49 years ago. In the course of a 3-year nematode biodiversity survey of North American ecoregions, specimens resembling Lobocriconema species appeared in soil samples from both grassland and forested sites. Using a combination of molecular and morphological analyses, together with a set of species delimitation approaches, we have expanded the known range of these species, added to the species descriptions, and discovered a related group of species that form a monophyletic group with the two described species. In this study, 148 specimens potentially belonging to the genus Lobocriconema were isolated from soil, individually measured, digitally imaged, and DNA barcoded using a 721 bp region of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI). One-third of the specimens were also analyzed using amplified DNA from the 3' region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18SrDNA) and the adjacent first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1). Eighteen mitochondrial haplotype groups, falling into four major clades, were identified by well-supported nodes in Bayesian and maximum likelihood trees and recognized as distinct lineages by species delimitation metrics. Discriminant function analysis of a set of morphological characters indicated that the major clades in the dataset possessed a strong morphological signal that decreased in comparisons of haplotype groups within clades. Evidence of biogeographic and phylogeographic patterns was apparent in the dataset. COI haplotype diversity was high in the southern Appalachian Mountains and Gulf Coast states and lessened in northern temperate forests. Lobocriconema distribution suggests the existence of phylogeographic patterns associated with recolonization of formerly glaciated regions by eastern deciduous forest, but definitive glacial refugia for this group of plant parasitic nematodes have yet to be identified. Unlike agricultural pest species of plant-parasitic nematodes, there is little evidence of long-distance dispersal in Lobocriconema as revealed by haplotype distribution. Most haplotype groups were characterized by low levels of intragroup genetic variation and large genetic distances between haplotype groups. The localization of nematode haplotypes together with their characteristic plant communities could provide insight into the historical formation of these belowground biotic communities.
Delay of the early inflammatory response by cortisone.

SummaryThe effect of cortisone on the earliest tissue phases of the inflammatory reaction in the skin of rabbits was studied. A combination of croton oil and scarification was used as the inflammatory stimulus. In animals given cortisone, all of the tissue components of the inflammatory reaction were delayed, and some were quantitatively reduced. Vascular margination of leukocytes, migration of leukocytes from blood vessels, and the formation of fibrin and edema were strikingly altered. The ultimate development of necrosis was diminished. The relationship of these observed facts to the enhancing effect of cortisone and ACTH on certain bacterial infections is suggested.
Genetic Influences on Dental Caries

Dental caries is the most common bacteria-mediated disease in the world despite being highly preventable. It is traditionally described as the interplay among a susceptible host, microbiota and diet. While studies of environmental risk factors have dominated the research effort on cariology, the past decade has demonstrated a growing interest in the factors that are genetically controlled that directly affect the host. The dental enamel, saliva and immune responses and individual behaviours are such factors. Genes involved in dental enamel development have been in the centre of most recent investigations; however, genes related to immune responses and saliva formation appear to be growing in interest. Genetics of behaviour is still an area completely unexplored in the cariology field, with the exception of the known variants that influence individual taste preferences. New insight may come for exploring the genes that are involved in the decision-making process. Key Concepts Dental caries is a bacteria-mediated disease that is greatly influenced by factors of the host. Host factors influencing dental caries are genetically influenced. Our limited understanding of the genetic influences of the host has impaired our ability for preventing dental caries at the population level. Keywords: dental caries; oral microbiome; oral health; genetics; complex inheritance; Mendelian inheritance; dental enamel; amelogenesis imperfecta; saliva
A Review of "Responsive Web Design in Practice"

Having a modern, usable Web site is critical for libraries, as it is their virtual front door, and having a mobile-friendly site has become just as essential. At its core, responsive Web design (RW...
The endoscopic cavernous sinus surgery via the extended transsphenoidal approach: an anatomic study

Objective The endoscopic surgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus via the extended transsphenoidal approach was studied to establish an anatomic basis for surgical treatment. Methods Simulated surgery was performed on ten adult cadaver heads via extended transsphenoidal approach and some anatomic parameters were measured. Results The following anatomical structures can be clearly visualized via an extended transsphenoidal approach: the periosteum, the outer surface of the dura, the inside wall of the carotid artery, the internal carotid artery and its branches, oculomotor, trochlear, abducent and optic nerves in the cavernous sinus. Conclusion The endoscopic surgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus can be visualized well via extended transsphenoidal approach. This finding provides a rational surgery approach for the invasion of the cavernous sinus by sellar tumor.
Research on Improved Manchester Cascading Failure Model and Its Application

Based on Manchester model and optimal power flow (OPF),an improved cascading failure model is established. This model describes cascading failure process by two different time scales,i.e.,the fast dynamics and the slow dynamics. In this paper the blackout risk of power system is evaluated by expected energy not supplied (EENS). The analysis on a certain regional power network in China,which is taken as a calculation example,is conducted; the impacts of system load factor and the fault rates of key-lines on blackout risk of power network as well as the power law process under critical load are researched. The results of this research is available for reference to the personnel engaging in system planning and operation to analyze the process of cascading failures and to adopt effective measures to reduce the blackout risk.
Multiscale characterization of carbonated wollastonite paste and application of homogenization schemes to predict its effective elastic modulus

Abstract This paper describes the multiscale characterization of the carbonated wollastonite paste using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and statistical nanoindentation (SNI, also known as ‘grid indentation’) methods as well as micromechanical homogenization models. Wollastonite (CaSiO 3 ) fibers are commonly used as filler in ceramics or plastics. However, wollastonite can also be regarded as non-hydraulic binder material since upon carbonation it forms a heterogeneous matrix with mechanical properties similar to those of the conventional hydrated cement pastes. Carbonation reaction of wollastonite results in the formation of two main products: calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and amorphous silica gel (SiO 2 ). The SEM/EDS microanalysis performed on this system revealed that the average calcium to silica (Ca/Si) atomic ratio of the silica gel phase was around 0.40. Three individual carbonated wollastonite paste samples, each representing a different degree of carbonation were selected for nanoindentation tests. The obtained elastic moduli for silica gel, calcium carbonate, and unreacted wollastonite grains were, respectively, 41.7 GPa, 67.3 GPa, and 134.7 GPa. The micromechanical homogenization models were then utilized to predict the effective (also referred to as ‘homogenized’) elastic moduli of the carbonated wollastonite paste. The predicted values of the effective elastic moduli of carbonated wollastonite pastes were found to be in the range of corresponding values for hydrated high to ultra-high performance cement pastes. Additionally, the values of the effective elastic moduli of the carbonated wollastonite pastes were observed to increase with the increase in the degree of carbonation.
The Use of Intensive Care Unit Severity Scoring Systems in Reimbursement Strategies

Health care reform in the United States may include some aspects of a managed competition paradigm that employs market forces to reward quality and efficiency. A discussion of the model and some examples from projects currently underway are presented in this article.
Generation of a comprehensive tester measurement systems analysis

Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) is a challenge in an Automated Testing Environment (ATE). Currently, there is no standard procedure on performing a Test MSA, which can either be statistically weak by being too simplistic or be too complex that it makes it difficult to deduce conclusions. This project aims to create a standard Test MSA that generates statistically-sound conclusions without the need for additional complex hardware and procedures. The team had to (1) decompose the ATE to its unique measurement systems (resource boards), (2) analyze each resource and identify the critical sensing paths, and (3) use the diagnostic logs to gather data points on tests covering the identified circuitry. A unique MSA study is then generated on each of the paths, governed with the premise "the whole equals the sum of its parts", implying that a good tester will have its fundamental components working within the expected functionality. The methodology enabled the team to specifically identify which tester components are problematic by simply taking advantage of the diagnostic data, an activity commonly done in a production environment. Not only did the authors avoid expenditures on new but unproven tools, but also opened opportunity for other tester platforms to be MSA-compatible by following these principles.
Certainty and Fallibilism

The issue I wish to discuss is whether we can ever be certain of anything in the strict sense intended by philosophers. One who holds that we can is an infallibilist while one who denies it is a fallibilist. Certainty has probably been claimed for every type of proposition at one time or another, including the pronouncements of politicians (of one’s own party, of course), religious utterances (again of one’s party), and even the messages in tea leaves. But careful infallibilists like Descartes, Locke and Prichard have accepted a rather short list. This has usually included (1) some (but not all) logical and necessary truths, (2) our own existence, and (3) propositions describing our sensations, ideas or sense data. I will examine the first two in this chapter and the third in chapter 3. Although I think the best case can be made for (2), I will argue that even here there is no reason to think that we have certainty.
Rethinking Social Capital

Social capital is an immensely popular topic in the social sciences. The merits and limitations of its theoretical conceptualization have been debated by scholars for over two decades. These debates tend to problematize social capital theory’s conceptualization, its application to social phenomena and policy prescription, as well as its peculiar relationship to the uncivil tendencies that describe the “dark side of social capital” (Putnam 2000). To date, few of social capital theory’s problems have been adequately resolved, leaving ample room for further discussion and conceptualization by its exponents.
Mechanical sensitivity and electrophysiological properties of acutely dissociated dorsal root ganglion neurons of rats

Primary afferent fibers use mechanically activated (MA) currents to transduce innocuous and noxious mechanical stimuli. However, it is largely unknown about the differences in MA currents between the afferents for sensing innocuous and noxious stimuli. In the present study, we used dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons acutely dissociated from rats and studied their MA currents and also their intrinsic membrane properties. Recorded from small-sized DRG neurons, we found that most of these neurons were mechanically sensitive (MS) showing MA currents. The MS neurons could be classified into nociceptive-like mechanically sensitive (Noci-MS) and non-nociceptive-like mechanically sensitive (nonNoci-MS) neurons based on their action potential shapes. Noci-MS neurons responded to mechanical stimulation with three types of MA currents, rapidly adapting (RA), intermediately adapting (IA), and slowly adapting (SA) currents. In contrast, almost all nonNoci-MS neurons showed RA current type in response to mechanical stimulation. Mechanical thresholds had a broad range for both nonNoci-MS and Noci-MS neurons, and the thresholds were not significantly different between them. However, MA current densities were significantly smaller in Noci-MS than in nonNoci-MS neurons. Noci-MS and nonNoci-MS neurons also showed significant differences in their electrophysiological properties including action potential (AP) thresholds and AP firing patterns. These differences may contribute to the differential sensory encoding for innocuous and noxious mechanical stimuli.
Structures of the Human HCN1 Hyperpolarization-Activated Channel.

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels underlie the control of rhythmic activity in cardiac and neuronal pacemaker cells. In HCN, the polarity of voltage dependence is uniquely reversed. Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels tune the voltage response, enabling sympathetic nerve stimulation to increase the heart rate. We present cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human HCN channel in the absence and presence of cAMP at 3.5 A resolution. HCN channels contain a K+ channel selectivity filter-forming sequence from which the amino acids create a unique structure that explains Na+ and K+ permeability. The voltage sensor adopts a depolarized conformation, and the pore is closed. An S4 helix of unprecedented length extends into the cytoplasm, contacts the C-linker, and twists the inner helical gate shut. cAMP binding rotates cytoplasmic domains to favor opening of the inner helical gate. These structures advance understanding of ion selectivity, reversed polarity gating, and cAMP regulation in HCN channels.
Oviposition preference and offspring performance in container breeding mosquitoes: evaluating the effects of organic compounds and laboratory colonisation

The preference-performance hypothesis predicts that organisms lacking parental care should oviposit in habitats that optimize offspring performance. We investigated preference-performance relationships for the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus Skuse) and the southern house mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus Say) (Diptera:Culicidae), two medically important container-breeding species, in response to an organic chemical blend mimicking decaying plant matter. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of long-term laboratory colonization of Cx. quinquefasciatus by using wild and laboratory strains.Oviposition bioassays were conducted by releasing gravid mosquitoes into field enclosures with automobile tires containing low and high concentrations of the chemical blend, and water controls. The offspring were then reared in water collected from the tires in which they were deposited.Aedes albopictus and wild Cx. quinquefasciatus laid more eggs in the chemical blend than water controls but did not differentiate between the low and high concentrations. Conversely, laboratory Cx. quinquefasciatus only preferred the high concentration to the low concentration. No statistical associations between oviposition preference and larval survival were found, as the chemical blend did not affect survivorship of either species.The oviposition preference for the chemical blend over water controls suggests that both species oviposit in the best available resource environment, but further studies are needed before conclusions regarding preference-performance relationships can be drawn.We found that long-term laboratory colonization affects oviposition behavior in Cx. quinquefasciatus, suggesting that behavioral studies on laboratory strains are not always applicable to wild populations.
Rural Education and Health

Increased rural employment and income derived from rapid agricultural growth create an improved context for school attendance and improved health. Education and health increase the response by small commercial farmers to productivity-increasing modernization. Rural education and health require constantly increasing public sector investment. They are as important to universal social objectives as to agricultural growth. All levels of education are essential to agricultural modernization. Primary education must be universal so everyone has the basic skills of literacy and numeracy. Secondary education must be achieved by a rapidly increasing portion of the population as modernization demands those skills and for selection to higher education. Higher education is essential for rapidly increasing qualified staff for public and private institutions.
Some Ethical Problems with the 150-Semester Hour Accounting Education Requirement

Both proponents and opponents of the 150 semester-hour accounting education requirement have used utilitarian arguments to justify their position. This paper takes a different approach. It begins with a brief review of the utilitarian arguments that have been made regarding the 150 semester-hour requirement, then proceeds to apply rights theory to the question. The paper concludes that the 150 semester-hour requirement is a bad idea because it violates rights.
El conflicto marítimo entre Chile y Bolivia: una mirada desde la responsabilidad colectiva y los derechos humanos

Las soluciones que hasta ahora ha dado el Derecho nternacional para resolver el conflicto maritimo entre Chile y Bolivia se han mostrado insuficientes. Este trabajo propone dejar de pensar el conflicto como un problema territorial y bilateral, y nfrentarlo desde la justicia global y los derechos humanos. El articulo explora los conceptos de responsabilidad nacional, responsabilidad por el resultado y responsabilidad remedial, como contracara de la autonomia y el derecho de autodeterminacion. Argumenta que aun cuando Bolivia sea responsable por el resultado de haber perdido el mar, pueden existir buenas razones para que otros agentes de la comunidad internacional –no solamente Chile– tengan la obligacion de remediar esta situacion, debido a su urgencia y gravedad.
Transient evolution to periodic fluid flow and heat transfer in a lid-driven cavity due to an oscillating thin fin

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the investigation of transient characteristic of a lid-driven cavity with a fin oscillating back and forth. It also presents a finite-volume-based computational study of unsteady laminar flow and heat transfer. The lid moves from left to right and a thin fin moving back and forth is attached to the middle of the right wall. The Reynolds numbers 100 and 1000 are examined in the chapter for the five Strouhal number oscillating frequencies, including 0.005, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5. All these cases reach to a periodic state after a period of time. It takes fewer periods for cases with slowly oscillating fin and low Reynolds number to reach the periodic state. All the calculations are performed in the chapter on a Cray SVl of the Alabama Supercomputer Network. The results obtained from the calculations are helpful to design a system using a moving fin to control heat transfer in a cavity.
Mileage bands in freight transportation

Abstract Contract carriers in the trucking industry are known to offer shippers a per mile rate that decreases stepwise as the shipper’s route lengthens, with a mileage band designated for each rate. While the use of quantity-based pricing discounts in supply chains has been well studied, there has been no research on how shippers should route under such a pricing scheme or how carriers should set such bands. In this paper, we provide methods for both. Route construction is complicated by the fact that the per mile rate cannot be determined until after the route has been created. With this consideration, we develop a model of this problem and then an algorithm for solving it that assists the shipper in constructing the lowest cost route. It is beneficial for the shipper to extend the length of certain routes to incur a lower per mile cost, and we find that most of these routes can be constructed to equal any mileage required to receive the lower rate. As an extended route generates unnecessary expense and energy use for the carrier, theoretical and analytical insights provide guidelines for a carrier to use in developing better mileage bands. These guidelines assist a carrier in constructing bands that maximize profit and minimize the cost associated with a shipper extending a route.
Incompatible Displacement Models

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces incompatible displacement modes at the element level in order to improve element accuracy. One of the main causes of inaccuracies in lower-order finite elements is their inability to represent certain simple stress gradients. The same basic method of introducing incompatible displacement modes in order to improve the bending properties can be used in three dimensions. The first eight are the standard compatible interpolation functions. The last three are incompatible and are associated with linear shear and normal strains. The nine incompatible modes are eliminated at the element stiffness level by static condensation. As the three-dimensional element degenerates to the same approximation as in the two-dimensional element, the same improvement in accuracy is obtained. This element has been found to be extremely effective in the analysis of massive three-dimensional structures subjected to bending. One element in the thickness direction of arch dams or thick pipe joints has been found to be adequate.
Successful percutaneous embolization of refractory chylous ascites following peritoneal lymph node dissection.

Abstract Chylous leaks are an uncommon complication in patients undergoing surgical procedures with the majority of cases responding to conservative therapies. Described is a case of a 23-year-old male who developed debilitating refractory chylous ascites as a complication after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer. Prior to being evaluated by interventional radiology, he required weekly large-volume paracentesis in addition to standard conservative therapies. The patient underwent a single percutaneous treatment of a localized chylous leak involving a retroperitoneal lymphatic duct by utilizing a combined fenestration and embolization technique. Complete resolution of the patient's condition occurred within 3 weeks. No immediate or delayed complications were observed during the 6-month follow-up period.
Expanding the Agenda of Research on Product Placement: A Commercial Intertext

Research on product placement, the integration of brands/products within entertainment content, has flourished over the past three decades, culminating in several review articles. This article conc...
Fusion technique does not affect short-term patient-reported outcomes for lumbar degenerative disease

Abstract Background/Context Degenerative lumbar disease can be addressed via an anterior or posterior approach, and with or without the use of an interbody cage. Although several studies have compared the type of approach and technique, there is a lack of literature assessing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and radiographic parameters between different fusion techniques. Purpose To determine whether the surgical approach and fusion technique for lumbar degenerative disease had an effect on short-term PROMs and radiographic parameters. Study Design/Setting Retrospective Cohort Study. Patient Sample Three hundred and ninety-one patients who underwent a 1–3 level lumbar spine fusion procedure at a high-volume academic center were retrospectively identified. Patients were divided into three groups based on the type of fusion they underwent: posterolateral fusion (PLF), anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). Outcome Measures PROMs: Short Form-12 (SF-12) Physical Component Score (PCS) and Mental Component Score (MCS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Visual Analog Score (VAS) Back, VAS Leg. Spinopelvic measurements: Pelvic Tilt (PT), Sacral Slope (SS), Pelvic Incidence (PI), Lumbar Lordosis (LL), Segmental Lordosis (SL), PI–LL mismatch. Methods Patients with less than 1-year follow-up were excluded from the cohort. Pre- and postoperative spinopelvic measurements were obtained for all patients. Univariate analysis (Chi-squared/Fisher's exact test or ANOVA test with post-hoc Bonferroni test) was used to compare among the three groups in the PROMs and radiographic spinopelvic parameters. Multiple linear regression was used to determine if fusion technique was an independent predictor of change in each patient outcome. Results Two hundred and sixteen patients were included in the PLF group, 33 patients in the ALIF group, and 142 patients in the TLIF group. The PLF group was significantly older at baseline (p Conclusions Lumbar degenerative disease can be treated with several different fusion techniques, however, the relationship between type of fusion and PROMs is not established. Based on the findings in this study, the ALIF group showed greater improvement in SL compared with the PLF and TLIF groups, however, there was no difference noted in overall LL, PI–LL mismatch or other spinopelvic parameters. Despite these radiographic findings, patient outcome measures remained similar between all three fusion types.
DETECTION OF PERINEURAL SPREAD OF PALATAL ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA BY CT

Background A large fraction of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) tumors progresses to perineural spread (PNS), with correspondingly low long-term survival rates, and ACC is often not diagnosed in early stages because the primary tumor site is hard to detect. Objective(s) This study aimed to improve detection of ACC by better understanding the imaging features of PNS. Specific aims included (1) determining whether ACC could be effectively diagnosed by CT alone using a CT bone window to examine osseous changes; (2) determining the accuracy of CT-based diagnosis; and (3) exploring the relationship between the presenting clinical features and perineural spread. Study Design A retrospective medical records search was performed from 2000 to 2017 to identify patients with a diagnosis of ACC, clinical history, and pretreatment imaging with CT and/or MRI. Descriptive statistics, as well as sensitivity and specificity data, were compared using likelihood ratio test. Results Forty-four patients (median age 51 years; range 20–87 years) met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The most common symptoms, not mutually exclusive, included pain (41%), mass (41%), paresthesia or numbness (39%), and sinonasal congestion (21%). Most (46%) patients presented to their dentist for initial evaluation, and 55% were evaluated by a dentist at some point before diagnosis. The most common initial impressions were infection (50%) and/or dental disease (32%). Average time to histologic diagnosis from initial symptoms was 18 months. PNS was identified in 82% of all patients. Significantly, findings of erosion and/or enlargement of any foramina, fossae, or canals noted via bone-windowed CT were 97% sensitive and 100% specific for PNS. PNS was statistically associated with paresthesia (P = .003; specificity 100%; sensitivity 47%) but not with tumor size (P = .096). Discussion/Conclusions Palatal ACC PNS can be reliably diagnosed via bone-windowed CT. Dentists are often the first care providers and should be aware that patients presenting with numbness should be evaluated for PNS.
Abstract 12: Skeletal Muscle Density, Not Size, is Beneficially Associated With Incident Coronary Heart Events: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Introduction: Fat infiltration into muscle reduces muscle density and increases the risk for metabolic dysfunction, mobility disability and mortality. We assessed abdominal muscle density and muscl...
Record Greenland mass loss

Gravity-based estimates of mass change have been extended by the recently launched GRACE Follow-On Satellites. The satellite record, combined with regional climate models, reveals that the Greenland Ice Sheet had lower mass loss in 2017–2018, only to return to a record-breaking mass loss in the summer of 2019.
Is a Lung Protective Tidal Volume Routinely Used for Pediatric and Adult Patients in the ICU

Background: Tidal volume (VT) selection for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation continues to be a controversial issue. While ideal body weight (IBW) has been recommended to calculate the VT in adults, actual body weight (ABW) is often used for both children and adults. The purpose of this study was to determine if the VT selection (based on IBW or ABW) was consistent with a lung protective strategy ( 8 mL/kg. Conclusions: This retrospective chart review demonstrates that while the mean VT selected for these patients was less than 8 mL/kg, a large number of patients received a VT considered outside the range considered as lung protective. Published scientific data suggests evidence that using VT outside the range considered as lung protective is unsafe.
College students' attitude toward menu labeling differs by sex, BMI, weight management status, and athletic type.

Determine students’ attitude toward menu labeling before and after menu labeling implementation at university dining facility. Participants: College students aged 18 years and older eating at campu...
Role of Virus-Specific T Cell Therapy for Cytomegalovirus and BK Infections in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and BK virus (BKV) are common viral infections after kidney transplant. Their negative effects on patient and graft outcomes have been well described. However, despite improvement in screening and prophylaxis strategies, CMV and BKV continue to negatively affect both short- and long-term graft survival. Adequate cell-mediated immunity is essential for the control and prevention of opportunistic viral infections, such as CMV and BKV. Therefore, immune reconstitution, in particular T cell recovery, is a key factor in antiviral control after kidney transplantation. Cell-based immunotherapy offers an attractive alternative approach to traditional interventions. Adoptive T cell transfer, via infusions of allogeneic virus-specific T lymphocytes is capable of restoring virus-specific T cell immunity, and are safe and effective in the treatment of viral infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this article, we review the emerging role of virus-specific T cell therapy in the management of CMV and BKV after kidney transplantation. On the basis of the available data, virus-specific T cell therapy may be a promising addition to the antiviral treatment armamentarium after kidney transplantation. Future studies are needed to more clearly define the efficacy and risks of virus-specific T cell therapy in the kidney transplant population.