cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LearnLab's DataShop: A Data Repository and Analytics Tool Set for Cognitive Science

In What Should Be the Data Sharing Policy of Cognitive Science? Pitt and Tang (2013) make the case for an open data-sharing policy in Cognitive Science and highlight the use of online data repositories to store and share raw research data. One such data repository is the LearnLab DataShop (http://pslcdatashop.org) hosted at Carnegie Mellon University. DataShop is part of LearnLab, a NSF-funded Science of Learning Center started in 2004. DataShop is a major resource for researchers in educational data mining and the learning sciences, including the educational arm of Cognitive Science. DataShop is both an open repository of learning data and a web application for performing exploratory analyses on those data. DataShop specializes in data on the interaction between students and educational software, including online courses, intelligent tutoring systems, virtual labs, online assessment systems, collaborative learning environments, and simulations. As of March 2013, DataShop offers 385 datasets under 116 projects. Across these data sets, there are 97 million software-student transactions, representing over 238,000 student hours. A key feature relevant to the Cognitive Science community is DataShop’s set of tools for exploring cognitive models both visually and statistically. In DataShop, a cognitive model is a mapping between hypothesized “knowledge components”—a more general term for skill, concept, schema, production rule, misconception, or facet—and steps in the procedural completion of an online activity. A researcher can define a hypothesized model in a spreadsheet and upload it to DataShop, where it becomes available for analyses. Visual analyses include learning curves and an error report, while statistical analyses include a logistic regression model that describes how well alternative cognitive models predict student learning. DataShop has been valuable to both primary and secondary researchers in the learning sciences fueling over 100 secondary analysis studies and associated papers. For
UIVH-algorithm for seamless mobility in heterogeneous wireless network

Heterogeneous wireless networks (HWNs) integrate diverse and complementary wireless technologies to ensure seamless and uninterrupted service continuity for mobile users moving between different networks. Selecting the most optimal and promising network is main concern for overall network stability and user satisfaction. This paper presents UIVH (User Specific Intelligent Vertical Handoff): a multi-criteria algorithm for HWN which uses ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system) to select best network for vertical handoff (VHO). UIVH uses Sugeno fuzzy inference system (FIS) to decide when to perform handoff. ANFIS is used to rank different wireless networks for VHO based on set of parameters along with user preferences on a mobile device. UIVH is intelligent and adaptive. It also balance overall load of HWN. Simulation results demonstrate that UIVH always selects best available network to accommodate the specific needs of users. For UIVH, gradual increase in handoff completion time was observed with gradual increase in number of handoffs.
The Quality of Financial Infrastructure and Financial Resilience: Contrasting Taiwan and Thailand

The experiences of Taiwan and Thailand following the 1997 crisis of the baht provide evidence of the importance of the quality of the financial infrastructure of a country in its ability to deal with unstable financial markets. The very high quality of the financial infrastructure in Taiwan (together with its peripheral role in the crisis itself) enabled its economy to escape relatively unscathed. In contrast, a lack of sophisticated financial institutions and nonfinancial firms both triggered the crisis in Thailand and required the Thai economy to experience its full force.
Relations of Early Maternal Employment and Attachment in Introvertive and Extraverttve Adults

The present study examined attachment scores of adult children whose mothers were employed and how maternal employment varied as a function of children's personality styles. Children's extraversion was expected to moderate the effects of maternal employment on their attachment as adults. Responses of 106 undergraduates were obtained on 3 measures, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Adult Attachment Scale of Collins and Read, and the Adolescent Relationship Scales Questionnaire of Scharfe and Bartholomew. A median split was performed to divide subjects into those scoring High and Low on Extraversion. Subjects were then grouped on the basis of their mothers' employment status during the subjects' infancy (Full-time, Part-time, Nonemployed). Subjects high on Extraversion seemed to show more adverse attachment consequences in adulthood following full-time maternal employment during infancy. Adults who scored high on extraversion may have been more comfortable with continual maternal presence during infanc...
Comparison of five techniques for the determination of protein content in mixed human saliva.

Abstract This study was conducted to assess the relative accuracy of five different assay techniques for the determination of protein concentration in human mixed saliva. The protein concentration of paraffin-stimulated saliva from 20 individuals was determined using the biuret reaction, the Lowry assay, a modified Lowry technique using bicinchoninic acid, and two dye-binding assays. Using bovine serum albumin as the standard, mean values ranged from 0.67 to 2.37 mg/ml. The use of bovine serum albumin, trypsinogen, lysozyme, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease, and poly- l -lysine as standards with the five different assay techniques to measure protein concentration of pooled mixed saliva from the above subjects produced results ranging from 0.74 to 65.5 mg/ml. The protein concentration obtained for this saliva sample by amino acid analysis was consistent with the value obtained for the biuret reaction using any of the five different standard proteins. Thus, the protein concentration obtained for human saliva depends upon both the technique used and the protein standard.
Sensitivity measures for use during conceptual design

This paper outlines a function-based method for generating and utilising design parameter sensitivity knowledge for use during the conceptual design phase of an engineering system. Of particular interest is an understanding of sensitivity across a range of parameter values instead of only at a single nominal point. To do this, functional models created using the functional basis are created. Behavioural models for each function in the model are then identified and a sensitivity analysis is performed on each model with respect to each design parameter. A new proposed measure is used along with a coefficient of variation to reason about product sensitivity. The framework is suitable for storage in a repository and then used to aid the allocation of design and modelling resources during the design of a system with similar functionality. The specific focus areas of this paper are the sensitivity parameters and methods required to generate the sensitivity information for storage. An extensive case study to human powered flashlights is presented.
A Parametric Bootstrap Approach for Testing Equality of Inverse Gaussian Means Under Heterogeneity

The inverse Gaussian distribution provides a flexible model for analyzing positive, right-skewed data. The generalized variable test for equality of several inverse Gaussian means with unknown and arbitrary variances has satisfactory Type-I error rate when the number of samples (k) is small (Tian, 2006). However, the Type-I error rate tends to be inflated when k goes up. In this article, we propose a parametric bootstrap (PB) approach for this problem. Simulation results show that the proposed test performs very satisfactorily regardless of the number of samples and sample sizes. This method is illustrated by an example.
MMDB: Entrez's 3D structure database

Three-dimensional structures are now known within most protein families and it is likely, when searching a sequence database, that one will identify a homolog of known structure. The goal of Entrez's 3D-structure database is to make structure information and the functional annotation it can provide easily accessible to molecular biologists. To this end, Entrez's search engine provides several powerful features: (i) links between databases, for example between a protein's sequence and structure; (ii) pre-computed sequence and structure neighbors; and (iii) structure and sequence/structure alignment visualization. Here, we focus on a new feature of Entrez's Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB): Graphical summaries of the biological annotation available for each 3D structure, based on the results of automated comparative analysis. MMDB is available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Entrez/structure.html.
Evolution & Phylogenetic Analysis: Classroom Activities for Investigating Molecular & Morphological Concepts

In a flexible multisession laboratory, students investigate concepts of phylogenetic analysis at both the molecular and the morphological level. Students finish by conducting their own analysis on a collection of skeletons representing the major phyla of vertebrates, a collection of primate skulls, or a collection of hominid skulls.
Does It Pay to Be Smart, Attractive, or Confident (or All Three)? Relationships Among General Mental Ability, Physical Attractiveness, Core Self-Evaluations, and Income

The authors investigated core self-evaluations and educational attainment as mediating mechanisms for the influence of appearance (physical attractiveness) and intelligence (general mental ability) on income and financial strain. The direct effects of core self-evaluations on financial strain, as well as the indirect effects through income, were also considered. Longitudinal data were obtained as part of a national study, the Harvard Study of Health and Life Quality, and proposed models were evaluated with structural equation modeling. Results supported a partially mediated model, such that general mental ability and physical attractiveness exhibited both direct and indirect effects on income, as mediated by educational attainment and core self-evaluations. Finally, income negatively predicted financial strain, whereas core self-evaluations had both a direct and an indirect (through income) negative effect on financial strain. Overall, the results suggest that looks (physical attractiveness), brains (intelligence), and personality (core self-evaluations) are all important to income and financial strain.
Two-wave-band color-mixing binoculars for the detection of wholesome and unwholesome chicken carcasses: a simulation

Visual inspection of wholesome and unwholesome chicken carcasses with a novel two-narrowband color-mixing technique for optically enhanced binoculars is simulated. From mean spectra of wholesome, airsacculitis (air-sac), cadaver, inflammatory process (IP), septicemia–toxemia (septox), and tumor chicken samples, 10 nm wave-band pairs are selected using color difference and chromaticness difference indices for simulation of multitarget and single-target detection. The color appearance simulation uses the CIECAM97s color appearance model. Results show that for multitarget detection, the wave-band pair of (454 nm, 578 nm) is able to differentiate all six chicken conditions. For single-target detection of wholesome, air-sac, cadaver, and tumor, the wave-band pairs of (449 nm, 571 nm), (441 nm, 576 nm), (458 nm, 576 nm), and (431 nm, 501 nm), respectively, easily distinguish the target condition from the other five conditions. For single-target detection of IP and septox, the wave-band pairs of (454 nm, 591 nm) and (454 nm, 590 nm), respectively, are able to differentiate the target conditions from wholesome and tumor conditions but have difficulty with the other chicken conditions. The two-color-mixing technique shows promise for use in small-scale processing plant environments to improve the visual inspection process.
Selective-Tap Blind Dereverberation for Two-Microphone Enhancement of Reverberant Speech

In this letter, we propose a novel approach for two-microphone enhancement of speech corrupted by reverberation. Our approach steers computational resources to filter coefficients having the largest impact on the error surface and therefore only updates a subset of coefficients in every iteration. Experimental results carried out in a realistic reverberant setup indicate that the performance of the proposed algorithm is comparable to the performance of its full-update counterpart.
The effects of prolonged neonatal hypoxemia on the pulmonary vascular bed and heart.

Changes in the blood vessels and heart were assessed in infants chronically hypoxemic during the neonatal period. The hypoxemia appears to arrest the relative involution of smooth muscle about the pulmonary arterial bed. This change is presumably related to persistent pulmonary arterial hypertension, as evidenced by a relative hypertrophy of the right ventricle in the hypoxemic infants. The small pulmonary arteries are identified as a possible site of hypoxemia-induced vasoconstriction. No abnormalities were found in the veins or capillaries of the pulmonary circulation or in any vessels of the systemic circulation.
The Causal Logic of Critical Junctures

Despite the fact that critical junctures are frequently deployed in historical analyses, we lack an explicit causal logic for them. This article proposes a distinction between permissive and produc...
Wettability and Relative Permeability of Lower Cretaceous Carbonate Rock Reservoir, Saudi Arabia

Results and discussions in this paper relate to a Lower Cretaceous carbonate reservoir located in southeastern Saudi Arabia. It is a heterogeneous carbonate formation with various facies due to diagenetic alteration of the original rock fabric. The reservoir is large and prolific with mixed-wet characteristics. Because of the economic importance and variety of oil-recovery mechanisms operative or possible in the reservoir, the multiphase recovery behavior has been extensively studied. Also, various wettability tests were carried out using Amott and USBM methods. This paper describes the variation in wettability and relative permeability of Lower Cretaceous carbonate reservoir and the multi-phase simulations of the experimental results. It shows that measurements are consistent with recent theories of the relationship between water saturation, relative permeability, and wettability as described by Jadhunadan and Morrow, 1991. However, the results indicate that the wettability of the reservoir changes from water-wet low on structure near the oil/water contact to mixed or neutral wet behavior higher on structure. Oil-wetting character increases towards the top of oil column and is correlated to decreasing water saturation. The results revealed that changes in wettability are accompanied by changes in waterflood efficiency and facies of deposition.
The Human Genome Project: big science transforms biology and medicine

The Human Genome Project has transformed biology through its integrated big science approach to deciphering a reference human genome sequence along with the complete sequences of key model organisms. The project exemplifies the power, necessity and success of large, integrated, cross-disciplinary efforts - so-called ‘big science’ - directed towards complex major objectives. In this article, we discuss the ways in which this ambitious endeavor led to the development of novel technologies and analytical tools, and how it brought the expertise of engineers, computer scientists and mathematicians together with biologists. It established an open approach to data sharing and open-source software, thereby making the data resulting from the project accessible to all. The genome sequences of microbes, plants and animals have revolutionized many fields of science, including microbiology, virology, infectious disease and plant biology. Moreover, deeper knowledge of human sequence variation has begun to alter the practice of medicine. The Human Genome Project has inspired subsequent large-scale data acquisition initiatives such as the International HapMap Project, 1000 Genomes, and The Cancer Genome Atlas, as well as the recently announced Human Brain Project and the emerging Human Proteome Project.
Glutamine-dependent urea synthesis in elasmobranch fishes.

Marine elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) synthesize and retain in their tissues high concentrations of urea (up to 0.4 M) and certain amines, such as trimethylamine oxide (up to 0.2 M), for the purpose of osmoregulation. Although the pathway of urea synthesis in ureosmotic elasmobranchs is similar to the classical urea cycle in ureotelic species, there are several properties that are unique. Indeed, this might be anticipated, since the primary function of urea synthesis in elasmobranchs is osmoregulation, rather than ammonia detoxification. The existence in different species of a major biosynthetic pathway resulting in the same end product, but which serves quite different physiological purposes in each species, can provide an opportunity for comparative investigations that contribute to our understanding of the regulatory properties and evolutionary development of the pathway. The purpose of this commentary is to consider the unique properties of urea synthesis in elasmobranchs and to comment on the comparative relationships to teleost fishes and mammalian species; most studies discussed here have been carried out with spiny dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias, a representative elasmobranch. Like ureotelic species, hepatic urea synthesis in ureosmotic elasmobranchs requires both mitochondrial and cytosolic enzymes, but there are notable differences (Fig. 1). The most significant difference is that the initial step of ammonia assimilation for urea synthesis in hepatic mitochondria of elasmobranchs is the formation of glutamine, which is subsequently utilized as the substrate for carbamoyl-phosphate synthesis (Anderson and Casey, J. Biol. Chem., 259, 456-462, 1984). This is due to the presence of high levels of glutamine synthetase (GSase) and a unique acetylglutamateand glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (CPSase 111), both localized exclusively in the mitochondrial matrix (Casey and Anderson, J. Biol. Chem., 257,8449-8453, 1982, and Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 82B, 307-315,1985). GSase is a cytosolic enzyme in liver of mammalian species and in some, but not all, teleost fishes. In mammalian and amphibian species the first step of ammonia assimilation for urea synthesis in liver is direct conversion of ammonia to carbamoyl phosphate catalyzed by a corresponding mitochondrial acetylglutamateand ammoniadependent CPSase I (which cannot utilize glutamine as a substrate). The properties of elasmobranch mitochondrial CPSase I11 are similar to the mammalian mitochondrial CPSase I, except for the fact that glutamine rather than ammonia serves as the nitrogen-donating substrate (Anderson, J. Biol. Chem., 256, 12 228 12 238, 1981).
Competitive Inhibition of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1c1-Mediated Thyroxine Transport by the Fenamate Class of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

Organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) 1c1 is a high-affinity T(4) transporter with narrow substrate specificity expressed at the blood-brain barrier. A transport model using cells overexpressing Oatp1c1 was created to identify novel Oatp1c1 substrates and inhibitors. Rat Oatp1c1 was cloned and stably expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Oatp1c1-transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells transported (125)I-labeled T(4) in a time-dependent manner that was completely abolished in the presence of excess unlabeled T(4). Next, various compounds, including inhibitors of thyroid hormone uptake, were screened for inhibitory effects on Oatp1c1-mediated T(4) uptake. Phenytoin (64%), indocyanine green (17%), fenamic acid (68%), diclofenac (51%), and meclofenamic acid (33%) all reduced T(4) uptake by Oatp1c1 when assayed at concentrations of 10 microM. Dose-response assays for the fenamic acids, iopanoic acid, indocyanine green, and phenytoin revealed IC(50) values for Oatp1c1 T(4) uptake below or near the blood plasma levels after therapeutic doses. Further kinetic assays and reciprocal plot analyses demonstrated that the fenamic acid diclofenac inhibited in a competitive manner. Finally, microvessels were isolated from adult rat brain and assessed for T(4) uptake. Ten micromolar of fenamate concentrations inhibited T(4) microvessel uptake with a similar hierarchical inhibition profile [fenamic acid (43%), diclofenac (78%), and meclofenamic acid (85%)], as observed for Oatp1c1 transfected cells. Oatp1c1 is expressed luminally and abluminally in the blood-brain barrier endothelial cell, and exhibits bidirectional transport capabilities. Together, these data suggest that Oatp1c1 transports fenamates into, and perhaps across, brain barrier cells.
Pretty Versus Powerful in the Sports Pages: Print Media Coverage of U.S. Women’s Olympic Gold Medal Winning Teams

To examine how descriptions of the performance of female athletes are likely to reflect dominant beliefs about gender in society, 769 passages from the print media describing gold medal winning contests for four U.S. women’s teams in the 1996 Olympics (basketball, gymnastics, soccer, and softball) and the U.S. women’s hockey team in the 1998 Olympics were subjected to content analysis. The sports analyzed fall under the categories of Matteo’s study classifying the gender appropriateness of sport (masculine, feminine, and neutral). Two dimensions were examined for each passage: task relevance and use of gender stereotypes. Consistent with our expectations, female athletes in male sports were described by the print media using frequent male-to-female comparisons and comments that had little to do with sports or the athlete’s performance. Print media coverage of female athletes in female sports focused on performance while reinforcing female stereotypes. Implications of the images of female athletes portraye...
A New Representation of Collision-Induced Breakup of Raindrops and Its Implications for the Shapes of Raindrop Size Distributions

Abstract Using results of laboratory experiments on collision-induced raindrop breakup, Low and List (LL) developed a parameterization describing the fragment size distribution (FSD) produced by collisions of raindrops. An equilibrium raindrop size distribution (ED) is approached when this parameterization is used in numerical models of steady rain. Since scant observational evidence of such EDs exists, the need for a careful examination of the parameterization's foundation is evident. Using LL's experimental observations, an alternate parameterization is developed that alleviates three shortcomings of the original scheme, namely, ensuring mass conservation, the use of adequate uncertainty analysis, and the use of a more physical basis for deriving parameterized relationships. FSDs generated by raindrop collisions are represented by combinations of lognormal, Gaussian, and modified delta distributions for each of the three breakup types (filament, sheet, and disk) observed. The mode, width, and height of ...
Women’s Declining Happiness in the 20th Century

Warning to American women in the twenty-first century: your happiness is on the decline, feminism has something to do with it, and yes, it is reversible. This writing shows how the Women’s Movement prompted the decline in the happiness of women relative to men, and how individual and systemic barriers to social equality continue to contribute to this decline. It also discusses how, in order to break down these barriers, reverse this negative trend, and allow women to maximize their happiness, women’s leadership must continue and transform. One significant change is for women to embrace leadership in the public sphere, which includes opting out of the public labor force less than they do today. Author’s Note Candace Fox is a senior at Barnard College majoring in Political Economy. Before attending Barnard, she would have been hard-pressed to come up with definitions for feminism and women’s leadership. As a soon-to-be graduate, and an aspiring law student, she sought to apply her background in economics to her newfound understanding of the important role women in the labor force have to play in bringing about and maintaining an equitable society for individuals of both sexes and all genders. This writing is a much abbreviated account of the findings that helped her reach this understanding and her relevant arguments.
Measurement and Technical Skills—Neglected Aspects of Research Education

Many persons have the idea that inadequate knowledge of research design and statistics is a major factor depressing research productivity in physical therapy. I would like to suggest that other concerns also need increased attention. A researcher should have at least six major characteristics: 1) interest and expertise in an area of specialization, 2) motivation, 3) creativity, 4) knowledge of research design, descriptive and inferential statistics, and the principles of measurement, 5) technical skills, including use of the computer and of the instrumentation appropriate to a given topic of study, and 6) ability to communicate orally and in writing. Because I find them to be largely neglected in physical therapy education, I focus here on two of these essential ingredients: knowledge of measurement principles and technical skills.
Emerging Indications for Fractionated Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.

Background Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) allows for the treatment of intracranial tumors with a high degree of dose conformality and precision. There are, however, certain situations wherein the dose conformality of GKRS is desired, but single session treatment is contraindicated. In these situations, a traditional pin-based GKRS head frame cannot be used, as it precludes fractionated treatment. Objective To report our experience in treating patients with fractionated GKRS using a relocatable, noninvasive immobilization system. Methods Patients were considered candidates for fractionated GKRS if they had one or more of the following indications: a benign tumor >10 cc in volume or abutting the optic pathway, a vestibular schwannoma with the intent of hearing preservation, or a tumor previously irradiated with single fraction GKRS. The immobilization device used for all patients was the Extend system (Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion, Elekta, Kungstensgatan, Stockholm). Results We identified 34 patients treated with fractionated GKRS between August 2013 and February 2015. There were a total of 37 tumors treated including 15 meningiomas, 11 pituitary adenomas, 6 brain metastases, 4 vestibular schwannomas, and 1 hemangioma. At last follow-up, all 21 patients treated for perioptic tumors had stable or improved vision and all 4 patients treated for vestibular schwannoma maintained serviceable hearing. No severe adverse events were reported. Conclusion Fractionated GKRS was well-tolerated in the treatment of large meningiomas, perioptic tumors, vestibular schwannomas with intent of hearing preservation, and in reirradiation of previously treated tumors.
Real Option Analysis: A Switching Application for Mixed-Use Real Estate Development

AbstractIn real estate development, properties are developed irreversibly in an uncertain economic environment. The uncertain environment for rents or occupancy may jeopardize the return on investment. In this paper, to mitigate the risk, we use a real option valuation analysis to find the optimal strategy for developing a mixed-use property. A mixed-use real estate project under construction in Denver incorporating apartments, retail, and parking is used as an example. We adopt a switch-option valuation analysis to compare the return on investment for building as planned or switching to a different property mix conforming to allowable zoning codes. We then examine the use of various option models for optimizing when to switch the property mix.
On the extracellular and intracellular venom activators, with special reference to lecithin, fatty acids and their compounds

Calcium chloride stops venom hemolysis caused in the presence of oleic acid or soluble oleate soaps, but not that induced by lecithin. In the majority of serums, including those of man, horse, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, rat, hen, pigeon and goose, there exist greater or less amounts of venom activators, and they can be completely inactivated by calcium chloride. Judging from the fact that lecithin in an available form is not affected by this salt it is not likely that these serums owe their venom activating property to lecithin. As these activators are also extractable with ether they probably are nothing else than certain fatty acids, and, probably, soluble soaps. Dog's serum is an exception to this, and contains, besides fatty acids and soaps, also activators of the nature of lecithin, for calcium chloride fails to stop completely its venom activating property. This lecithin-like activator is not extractable with ether, but is precipitable by half saturation with ammonium sulphate together with the serumg...
Archaeological Investigations at The United States Arsenal Site (41 BX 622), San Antonio, Texas

Test excavations were carried out at two locations on the grounds of the old U.S. Arsenal in aowntown San Antonio, Texas, in December 1983. Backhoe trenching at the north end of the site revealed no indication of the location of an acequia lateral suspected to run through the area. Test excavations at the south end of the stone stable building found no indication of the location of a stairway which is presumed to have led to a second story doorway in the wall of the building. Historical research resulted in production of a history of the Arsenal from the time of its founding to the present.
The binding of antimalarial aminoquinolines to nucleic acids and polynucleotides

The binding of antimalarial 8-aminoquinolines (including primaquine and pentaquine), some of their potential metabolites, and chloroquine to DNA, RNA, and various polydeoxyribo- and polyribonucleotides has been studied by equilibrium dialysis and direct spectrophotometry. The extent of binding of primaquine, pentaquine, and chloroquine to native calf thymus DNA, as measured by equilibrium dialysis, does not vary in the range of pH 6.0-8.0. A major portion of each 6-hydroxy derivative of the 8-aminoquinolines binds to DNA, although, in the two examples studied, the extent of binding is somewhat less than for the corresponding 6-methoxy parent compound. Removal of the protonated terminal nitrogen of the 8-diamino side chain decreases the binding of the 8-aminoquinolines to very low levels. The structure and composition of polynucleotides affect their binding of the 8-aminoquinolines and chloroquine. Data from equilibrium dialysis show that the extent of binding of 8-aminoquinolines is greatest to native and denatured DNA, followed, in order, by soluble RNA and purine-containing polyribonucleotides (poly rI, poly rA, poly rG), poly rU, and poly rC. The nucleotide sequence and composition also affect the polynucleotide-induced decrease in the absorbance of an aminoquinoline. Thus, double-stranded homopolymers like poly dAdT and poly dGdC cause only a slight decrease (less than 3%) in the absorbance of pentaquine, but the double-stranded alternating copolymer poly dAT causes a major decrease (more than 35%; similar to the decrease caused by native DNA) in the absorbance of the same aminoquinoline. Extensive binding of an aminoquinoline to a polynucleotide may occur without a marked concomitant decrease in the absorbance of the aminoquinoline. In equilibrium dialysis experiments, the presence of primaquine does not decrease the binding of chloroquine to native calf thymus DNA, even at a molar ratio of primaquine to chloroquine of 8:1. However, chloroquine decreases the binding of primaquine to native DNA. Although there is an apparent interaction between the ring systems of bound primaquine and the nucleic acid bases, primaquine does not appear to intercalate into the DNA structure to a sufficient extent to be detectable by an increase in the viscosity of native DNA.
Behavior of Feline Hematopoietic Stem Cells Years After Busulfan Exposure

The kinetics of hematopoietic stem cells were investigated in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) heterozygous cats treated with dimethylbusulfan. Because of X-chromosome inactivation during embryogenesis, each somatic cell from these animals contains either maternal- or paternal-type G-6-PD. Therefore, all hematopoietic progenitor cells carry the G-6-PD phenotype of the most primitive cell (stem cell) from which they originate. For up to 6.5 years after dimethylbusulfan therapy, we determined the percentages of erythroid and granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells with each G-6-PD phenotype. Significant variations were seen in studies from five of six cats, showing that the population of stem cells contributing to hematopoiesis was neither large nor constant. With mathematical analyses, we estimated that the proliferative potential of residual stem cells was much less than that of normal stem cells reduced in number by autologous transplantation (Abkowitz et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9062, 1990). There was no evidence for the regeneration of a normal stem cell reserve over time; rather, damage was most pronounced years after dimethylbusulfan exposure. These data may help explain the high clinical incidence of aplastic anemia and myelodysplasia after alkylating agent therapies.
Multi-Objective Cost-Detectability in Unfalsified Adaptive Control

Vector-valued controller cost functions that are solely data-dependent and reflect multiple objectives of a control system are examined within the framework of unfalsified adaptive control. The notion of Pareto optimality of vector-valued cost functions and the conditions under which they are cost-detectable are discussed. A sampled data/discrete-time Level-Set controller switching algorithm is investigated which allows for the relaxation of the assumption that the controller cost function be monotonically nondecreasing in time. This opens up the possibility of the use of fading memory cost functions which are nonmonotone. When an active controller is falsified at the current threshold cost level, the Level-Set switching algorithm replaces it by an effectively unique solution of the weighted Tchebycheff method, thus ensuring the selection of an unfalsified Pareto optimal controller. Theoretical results for convergence and stability of the adaptive system are given. Simulation results validate the use of cost-detectable multi-objective cost functions. An example of a cost-detectable cost function which uses fading memory norm of the fictitious tracking error as a performance measure is shown. This allows for computation of performance of nonactive controllers with respect to a reference model.
Digging for Daylight: Coal and Oil Shale

FO'SSIL. adj . [ fossilis , Latin; fossile , French] That which is dug out of the earth. COAL. n.f . [col, Sax.; kol Germ. kole , Dutch. kul , Danish] The common fossil fewel. Excerpts from Dictionary of the English Language, Samuel Johnson, 1755 The word “fossil” is taken from the Latin verb fodere , which means to dig. In modern usage “fossil” refers to any remnant, imprint, or trace of past life. Some common examples include dinosaur bones, buried clamshells, or mineralized wood. The most abundant fossils also turn out to be the smallest: shells and other remains of one-celled organisms that lived in the surface waters of the ocean and in lakes. More broadly, the term “fossil” also includes things like footprints, burrows, or leaf impressions that have been preserved in rocks. On the basis of the modern definition of fossil, it is debatable whether the term “fossil fuel” accurately describes coal, petroleum, and natural gas. There is virtually no doubt that these substances originated in living organisms, but it is generally difficult to associate them with any unique biologic precursors. Instead they represent the highly modified remains of various different organisms that have been commingled into a kind of generic stew. Rather than being analogous to, say, a dinosaur skeleton, fossil fuels are more like a dinosaur that has been run through a meat grinder, bones, teeth, and all, along with several other types of dinosaurs and whatever smaller animals happened to wander by. It would be a clever curator who could reconstruct a meaningful museum exhibit from the resulting fossil sausage. The term “fossil” was originally used much more broadly, however, to mean anything that was dug out of the Earth. This included not only fossils in the modern sense, but also metals, ore minerals, rock salt, gemstones, and certain materials that can support combustion. Coal, the most notable example of the latter, has been used as a heat source for millennia.
Spline Functions: Basic Theory: Preface to the 3rd Edition

This book was originally published by Wiley-Interscience in 1981. A second edition was published in 1993 by Krieger. The two differ only in that a number of misprints were corrected. Both editions are now out of print. However, spline functions remain an active research area with important applications in a wide variety of fields, including some, such as Computer-Aided Geometric Design (CAGD) and Wavelets, which did not exist in 1981. This continued interest in the basic theory of splines was the motivation for preparing this third edition of the book. There have been many developments in the theory of splines over the past twentyfive years. While it was not my intention of rewrite this book to cover all of these developments, David Tranah of Cambridge University Press convinced me that it would be useful to prepare a supplement to the book which gives an overview of the main developments with pointers to the literature. Tracking down this literature was a major undertaking, and more than 250 new references are included here. However, this is still far from a complete list. For an extended list, see the online bibliography at www.math.vanderbilt.edu/∼schumake/splinebib.html. I include links there to a similar bibliography for splines on triangulations, and to the much larger spline bibliography in T E X form maintained by Carl de Boor and I. Interpolation, approximation, and the numerous other applications of splines are not treated in this book due to lack of space. Consequently, I have elected not to discuss them in the supplement either, and the newlist of references does not include any applied papers or books.
Flow regimes and convective heat transfer of refrigerant flow boiling in ultra-small clearance microgaps

Abstract Understanding two-phase convective heat transfer under extreme conditions of high heat and mass fluxes and confined geometry is of fundamental interest and practical significance. In particular, next generation electronics are becoming thermally limited in performance, as integration levels increase due to the emergence of ‘hotspots’ featuring up to ten-fold increase in local heat fluxes, resulting from non-uniform power distribution. An ultra-small clearance, 10 μm microgap, was investigated to gain insight into physics of high mass flux refrigerant R134a flow boiling, and to assess its utility as a practical solution for hotspot thermal management. Two configurations – a bare microgap, and inline micro-pin fin populated microgap – were tested in terms of their ability to dissipate heat fluxes approaching 1.5 kW/cm 2 . Extreme flow conditions were investigated, including mass fluxes up to 3000 kg/m 2 s at inlet pressures up to 1.5 MPa and exit vapor qualities approaching unity. Dominant flow regimes were identified and correlated to two phase heat transfer coefficients which were obtained using model-based data reduction for both device configurations. The results obtained were compared to predictions using correlations from literature, with the maximum heat transfer coefficient reaching 1.5 MW/m 2 K in the vapor plume regime in the case of the finned microgap.
God's Extended Mind

The traditional doctrine of divine omniscience ascribes to God the fully exercised power to know all truths. but why is God’s excellence with respect to knowing not treated on a par with his excellence with respect to doing, where the latter requires only that God have the (exercised or unexercised) power to do all things? The prima facie problem with divine ‘omni-knowledgeability’ – roughly, being able to know whatever one wants to know whenever one wants to know it – is that knowledge (whether occurrent or dispositional) requires an internal representation , whereas mere ‘knowledgeability’ does not. I argue to the contrary that knowledge does not require an internal representation, and that even if it did, an omni-knowledgeable God would satisfy this requirement. omni-knowledgeability therefore represents a distinct understanding of God’s cognitive excellence while satisfying the traditional insistence on full omniscience.
Words can hurt: The effects of physical and psychological partner violence on condom negotiation and condom use among young women

Physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) are prevalent on college campuses and may affect young women’s condom use behavior. This study explored condom negotiation as a mediator o...
Historical climate controls soil respiration responses to current soil moisture

Ecosystem carbon losses from soil microbial respiration are a key component of global carbon cycling, resulting in the transfer of 40-70 Pg carbon from soil to the atmosphere each year. Because these microbial processes can feed back to climate change, understanding respiration responses to environmental factors is necessary for improved projections. We focus on respiration responses to soil moisture, which remain unresolved in ecosystem models. A common assumption of large-scale models is that soil microorganisms respond to moisture in the same way, regardless of location or climate. Here, we show that soil respiration is constrained by historical climate. We find that historical rainfall controls both the moisture dependence and sensitivity of respiration. Moisture sensitivity, defined as the slope of respiration vs. moisture, increased fourfold across a 480-mm rainfall gradient, resulting in twofold greater carbon loss on average in historically wetter soils compared with historically drier soils. The respiration-moisture relationship was resistant to environmental change in field common gardens and field rainfall manipulations, supporting a persistent effect of historical climate on microbial respiration. Based on these results, predicting future carbon cycling with climate change will require an understanding of the spatial variation and temporal lags in microbial responses created by historical rainfall.
Association between breast cancer recurrence with immunosuppression in immune-mediated disease: A cohort study.

e13042Background: Breast cancer recurrence may be promoted by immunosuppression due to decreased immune surveillance. Among patients with immune-mediated disease and previously treated breast cancer, we examined rates of breast cancer recurrence with use of methotrexate, thiopurines, and anti-TNF therapy. Methods: Three retrospective cohort studies within Medicare (2000-2012) included women with rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease who completed surgery for primary breast cancer. Recurrent or second primary breast cancers beyond 365 days from initial surgery were identified. Separate Cox regression models examined risk of cancer recurrence with use of methotrexate, thiopurines, and anti-TNF therapy after surgery, each compared to no use. Analyses were matched on type of breast surgery, and receipt and type of adjuvant therapy. Results: Across all medication groups, 107 women developed breast cancer recurrence during 5,196 person-years. Incidence rates were 20.3 and 19.6 per 1,000 person-year...
Automated Control of Drug Infusion

Abstract Automation may facilitate drug infusion by providing a constant or preprogrammed pump rate, by giving physicians advice about the appropriate drug dose to be manually injected, or by the implementation of true closed loop control. The infusion of insulin in diabetic patients and the administration of vasoactive drugs to manipulate arterial blood pressure have been the most common applications of closed loop control. Adaptive control of drug delivery is under development, but the routine clinical use of such controllers depends on the imlementation of appropriate supervisory algorithms. The combined use of analytical techniques and knowledge based rules is likely to be effective in the further development of adaptive drug delivery systems
Tuition-Setting Authority and Broad-Based Merit Aid: The Effect of Policy Intersection on Pricing Strategies

The notion of merit-aid is not a new development in higher education. Although previous researchers have demonstrated the impact of state-adopted merit-aid funding on student decision-making, fewer studies have examined institutional pricing responses to broad-based merit-aid policies. Using a generalized difference-in-difference approach, we extend previous empirical work by examining the impact of merit-aid on institutional pricing strategies while considering both the institution’s tuition-setting authority and the relative strength of the merit-aid program. In this study, we find that colleges and universities with the authority to set their own tuition increased their in-state tuition and fees following broad-based merit-aid policy adoption; however, institutions with state-controlled tuition-setting authority respond to broad-based merit-aid policies by lowering their in-state tuition and fees. Our findings suggest that the incentives and dynamics of each state’s policy environment are significant determinants of institutional responses to state-level policy adoptions.
The Morphogenetic Neuron

A simple conventional neural model has difficulty in solving a lot of problems that are easy for neurobiology. In fact, for example, in the conventional neural model we cannot generate a model by the superposition of its sub-models. Neurobiology suggests a new type of computation where analogue variables are encoded in time or in frequency (rate of spikes). This neurobiology computation, recently described by Hopfield [3], is a particular case of a new computing principle [5]. The first step of this principle was given by Gabor (1954) with his hologram physical process [7] and also with his original intelligent machine. Hoffman [11, 12] gives a Lie transformation group as a model of the neuropsychology of visual perception. We can consider this model as a particular case of new computing. In the new computing principle, a computation in an intelligent machine is capable of perceiving order in a situation previously considered disorder [5] and can learn how to choose among functions the function that best approximate the supervisor’s response [4]. The instrument to perceive order is the Morphogenetic Neuron, whose elements are the morphogenetic field (MF), the morphogenetic reference space (MRS) the morphogenetic sources (MS) and the morphogenetic elementary field (MEF). To learn and perceive order the new principle create sources or MS to generate elementary fields MEF. Linear superposition of MEF gives us the desired field or MF. The ordinary neuron [3] is a special case of MF for crisp weights. For fuzzy weights we can improve the ordinary neuron. The morphogenetic neuron becomes a complex membership function for a fuzzy set. Experiments of primary cortical representation of sound suggest that co-ordination tuning forms an organised topographic map across the cortical surface (stimulus specificity) or MF. Other experiments suggest that primates, birds and insects use local detectors to correlate signals sampled at one location with those sampled after a delay in another locations. The animals reshape the MF to obtain desired results.
Sleep Discrepancy in Patients With Comorbid Fibromyalgia and Insomnia: Demographic, Behavioral, and Clinical Correlates

Study Objectives:Individuals with primary insomnia often have poorer self-reported sleep than objectively measured sleep, a phenomenon termed negative sleep discrepancy. Recent studies suggest that...