cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-detector CT urography: a one-stop renal and urinary tract imaging modality.

Multi-detector computed tomography urography (CTU) is a robust imaging modality for evaluation of the kidneys and urinary tract. When compared to excretory urography (EU), CTU’s superior contrast resolution appears to more effectively detect and characterize numerous benign and malignant conditions involving the kidneys, upper urinary tracts, and urinary bladder. While the concept of CTU has been utilized for nearly a decade, there is still no universally accepted technique. In fact, numerous articles evaluating various CTU techniques and associated ancillary maneuvers have been recently described in the literature. This review will discuss various indications, specific techniques, image reconstruction/reformatting, detection of pathology, and pitfalls related to CTU.
Influence of posture and diurnal rhythm on the renal excretion of acid: observations in normal and adrenalectomized subjects.

Abstract The influence of posture and diurnal rhythm on the renal excretion of acid was examined in 4 normal and 2 adrenalectomized subjects. Assumption of the recumbent position in normal subjects resulted in inhibition of acid excretion, the extent of inhibition being influenced by the diurnal rhythm. Postural inhibition of acid excretion was also observed at high levels of acid excretion following methionine loading. In adrenalectomized subjects assumption of the recumbent position resulted in postural natriuresis but not in any decrease in acid excretion. The postural inhibition of acid excretion occurring in normal subjects could not be restored in adrenalectomized subjects by administration of hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone or aldosterone. It is suggested that (1) postural inhibition of acid excretion is dependent on adrenal function but not directly on the presence of glucocorticoid hormone or aldosterone, (2) that the mechanism of postural and diurnal variations in acid excretion may share a common factor.
Strychnine: Brainstem and spinal mediation of excitatory effects on acoustic startle

Abstract The present study investigated the effects of the glycine antagonist strychnine on the acoustic startle response in rats. Strychnine (0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) was found to produce a dose-dependent increase in startle amplitude that reached is greatest magnitude within 10–15 min after injection. These doses did not produce convulsions or behavioral activation. In order to localize the site of action of this excitatory strychnine effect, rats were implanted with catheters in the lumbar region of the spinal cord (intrathecal implantation), in the cisterna magna, or in the lateral ventricle and later tested for startle after microinjections of strychnine. Dose-dependent excitatory effects on acoustic startle were found when strychnine was injected onto the spinal cord (3.12–12.5 μg) or into the cisterna magna (6.25–25.0 μg), whereas infusion into the lateral ventricle produced inhibition (6.25–25.0 μg). The peak increases in startle following intrathecal (164%) and intracisternal (144%) strychnine were similar to the increase seen following systemic strychnine (160%). Thus, the excitatory effect of systemic strychnine appears to be mediated in the spinal cord and/or brainstem, consistent with data showing that glycine receptors are primarily localized in the caudal regions of the central nervous system. Furthermore, these results suggest that glycine exerts a tonic inhibitory influence on acoustic startle. The possible relation of such a system to phenomena that involve reduction in startle amplitude (e.g., habituation, pre-pulse inhibition) is discussed.
Examining Manual and Visual Response Inhibition Among ADHD Subtypes

This study compared inhibitory functioning among ADHD subtype groups on manual and visual versions of the stop task. Seventy-six children, identified as ADHD/I (n = 17), ADHD/C (n = 43), and comparison (n = 20) completed both tasks. Results indicated that both ADHD groups were slower to inhibit responses than the comparison group on both tasks. Comparison children were faster to inhibit than activate responses on both tasks. Children in the ADHD groups also demonstrated this robust pattern on the manual task. However, on the visual task, the ADHD groups evidenced slowed inhibition comparable to the time required to activate responding. This implies that the visual task is more sensitive than the manual task to inhibitory deficits associated with ADHD. The ADHD/I and the ADHD/C groups did not differ on most measures, suggesting that neither stop task is effective in differentiating the subtypes. These findings extend work highlighting the role of disinhibition in ADHD, and contrast recent work suggesting divergence between ADHD subtypes.
Weak Sequential Convergence and Weak Compactness in Spaces of Vector-Valued Continuous Functions

Abstract Let X be completely regular Hausdorff space, E a Hausdorff locally convex space, C ( X , E ) ( C b ( X , E )) the space of all E -valued (all E -valued bounded) continuous functions on X , and β z a strict topology on C b ( X , E ). It is proved that a sequence {ƒ n } in ( C b ( X , E ), β z ) converges weakly to 0 if and only if {ƒ n } is uniformly bounded and ƒ n ,( x ) → 0, pointwise on X with weak topology on E . Similar results are proved for ( C ( X , E ), β ∞ c ). Some characterizations of relatively weakly compact subsets of ( C b ( X , E ), β z ) and ( C ( X , E ), β ∞ c ) are also given.
Computer methods for the assessment of toxicity.

The prediction of the biological activity of chemical compounds by means of mathematical models is discussed. Biological activity of chemicals, including their toxicity on man and other biological organisms and systems, involves too complex phenomena to presently be predictable by fundamental models such as ab initio quantum mechanical models or statistical mechanical models. Hence one takes recourse to semi-empirical and empirical models which relate the variation in chemical structure of chemical compounds to the variation in their measured biological activity, e.g. toxicity in one or several test systems. These models are “calibrated” on series of similar compounds with “known” toxicity, the training set. Thereafter the models can — in fortunate cases — be used to predict the toxicity of compounds which are structurally similar to the training set compounds. The formulation and applicability of semi-empirical and empirical models relating chemical structure to biological activity is discussed. Causes and remedies for commonly encountered fallacies are presented.
Morphological evidence for recurrent jaw-muscle spindle afferent feedback within the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus

Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the jaw-elevator muscles of rats. Jaw-muscle spindle afferent axons were then intracellularly stained with biotinamide. Eleven intracellularly stained somata were closely apposed by intracellularly labeled spindle afferent boutons. Spindle afferent boutons closely apposed another 10 mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) perikarya labeled from the jaw muscles. These results indicate that an anatomical substrate exists for recurrent feedback between jaw-muscle spindle afferents within Vme.
High-pressure photoacoustic calorimetry of chromium hexacarbonyl: volumes of heptane displacement from chromium pentacarbonyl heptane

Abstract We have developed high-pressure photoacoustic calorimetry to determine the volume of reaction for organometallic compounds. This allows the calculation of reaction enthalpies from the photoacoustic data. The photoacoustic signal for chromium hexacarbonyl with acetonitrile in heptane was examined from near ambient pressure to 100 MPa. Two components of the signal were resolved at 10–20 mM acetonitrile. The fast component is attributed to CO displacement by heptane ( −1 , respectively). The enthalpies of CO displacement by heptane are 28 kcal mol −1 and heptane displacement by acetonitrile is −22 kcal mol −1 . Neglect of the volumes of reaction in the PAC experiments can lead to an error of 6 kcal mol −1 .
Structural and functional organization of the photosystems in spinach chloroplasts:Antenna size, relative electron transport capacity, and chlorophyll composition

Abstract The structural and functional organization of the spinach chloroplast photosystems (PS) I, IIα and IIβ was investigated. Sensitive absorbance difference spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet (▵A320) and red (▵A700) regions of the spectrum provided information on the relative concentration of PS II and PS I reaction centers. The kinetic analysis of PS II and PS I photochemistry under continuous weak excitation provided information on the number (N) of chlorophyll (Chl) molecules transferring excitation energy to PS IIα, PS IIβ and PS I. Spinach chloroplasts contained almost twice as many PS II reaction centers compared to PS I reaction centers. The number Nα of chlorophyll (Chl) molecules associated with PS IIα was 234, while Nβ = 100 and NPS I = 210. Thus, the functional photosynthetic unit size of PS II reaction centers was different from that of PS I reaction centers. The relative electron-transport capacity of PS II was significantly greater than that of PS I. Hence, under light-limiting green excitation when both Chl a and Chl b molecules are excited equally, the limiting factor in the overall electron-transfer reaction was the turnover of PS I. The Chl composition of PS I, PS IIα and PS IIβ was analyzed on the basis of a core Chl a reaction center complex component and a Chl a b- LHC component. There is a dissimilar Chl a b- LHC composition in the three photosystems with 77% of total Chl b associated with PS IIα only. The results indicate that PS IIα, located in the membrane of the grana partition region, is poised to receive excitation from a wider spectral window than PS IIβ and PS I.
Wettability literature survey - Part 5: The effects of wettability on relative permeability

The wettability of a core will strongly affect its waterflood behavior and relative permeability. Wettability affects relative permeability because it is a major factor in the control of the location, flow, and distribution of fluids in a porous medium. In uniformly or fractionally wetted porous media, the water relative permeability increases and the oil relative permeability decreases as the system becomes more oil-wet. In a mixed-wettability system, the continuous oil-wet paths in the larger pores alter the relative permeability curves and allow the system to be waterflooded to a very low residual oil saturation (ROS) after the injection of many PV's of water. The most accurate relative permeability measurements are made on native-state core, where the reservoir wettability is perserved. Serious errors can result when measurements are made on cores with altered wettability, such as cleaned core or core contaminated with drilling-mud surfactants.
Effects of Fluctuating Temperature on Mortality, Stress, and Energy Reserves of Juvenile Coho Salmon

Abstract The effects of fluctuating diel temperature cycles on survival, growth, plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations, liver weight, and liver glycogen of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were determined. Temperature cycles (10–13°, 9–15°, 8–17°, and 6.5–20°C) were selected to simulate observed temperatures in clear-cuts of southeastern Alaska. Different levels of feeding, including starvation, were used in each of the tests. LT50s (peak temperature within a cycle producing 50% mortality) were 28°C for age-0 fish (350 mg) and 26°C for age-II fish (22-g presmolts). Cyclic temperatures for 40 d, averaging 11°C daily, did not influence growth of age-0 fish on any food ration as compared to controls held at a constant 11°C. Plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations were significantly greater in fish maintained for 20 d in the 6.5–20°C cycle but not different in fish in 10–13° and 9–15°C cycles or a constant 11°C. These elevated concentrations may be indicators of long-term stress. Plasma corti...
Cholinergic projections from magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain to cortical areas in rats

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activities were studied by quantitative histochemical (AChE) as well as biochemical methods (AChE, ChAc) in certain cortical brain areas in rats after stereotaxic lesions had been placed in several structures of the basal forebrain. After lesioning the magnocellular nuclei of the substantia innominata (nuc. basalis Meynert, NBM) the activities of AChE and ChAc decreased to moderate or low residual values in the ipsilateral cortical areas. This indicated that cholinergic pathways were directly linked to frontal, sensory-motor, auditory and visual cortex. After lesions of the globus pallidus the decrease in cortical AChE activity was less pronounced. Lesions of the caudate, accumbens or entopeduncular nucleus did not influence the cortical AChE activities. The results are discussed with respect to the similarity of the organization of the cholinergic projection to the cortex arising from NBM cells and the monoaminergic system which innervates the cortex. It is suggested that both neurotransmitter systems by their interaction might modulate and control cortical information processing and behavior in a manner analogous to the control of peripheral activity by the sympathetic and parasympathetic system.
Can post-traumatic stress disorder be prevented?

Abstract In the 20-odd years since the cluster of symptoms known as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been studied, we have learned a great deal about treating the distress that accompanies trauma in its many forms. We will only know whether or not we have succeeded in preventing the disorder when we have access to long-term studies of people who received intervention immediately following a traumatic event. We do know, however, much more about the impact of trauma on victims and witnesses of traumatic events, sometimes long past the event itself. We know, for example, that ‘triggers'-events reminiscent of the original event-play an extraordinarily important role in the development of symptoms. Removing those triggers is one method for alleviating distress. But a growing interest in the relationship between body, mind, and spirit points toward another possibility: counteracting the stressful triggers with equally powerful images that contain the seeds of recovery. Nurses are continually exposed to pain and suffering, stress and trauma, are themselves vulnerable to PTSD, and perhaps as much as the patients they care for, need hope and healing. We may not be able to prevent stress or distress. But we can alter the intensity and duration of stress related to trauma by naming our demons, daring to struggle with them, and by creating healing communities for ourselves as well as our patients.
Preliminary results on speaker-dependent variation in the TIMIT database.

A set of phonetic studies based on analysis of the TIMIT speech database is presented. Using a database methodological approach, these studies detail new results in speaker‐dependent variation due to sex and dialect region of the talker including effects on stop release frequency, speaking rate, vowel reduction, flapping, and the use of glottal stop. TIMIT was found to be fertile ground for gathering acoustic–phonetic knowledge having relevance to the phonetic classification and recognition goals for which TIMIT was designed, as well as to the linguist attempting to describe regularity and variability in the pronunciation of read English speech.
An Electron Microprobe Study of Detrital Feldspar

Microprobe analysis of detrital alkali feldspar and plagioclase is useful in provenance studies. Detrital grains of alkali feldspar more sodic than 50 weight percent albite molecule are derived almost exclusively from volcanic sources. Alkali feldspar grains more potassic than 87 percent orthoclase molecule are derived from metamorphic and plutonic rocks. For the more sodic varieties of detrital plagioclase, it is possible to distinguish on the basis of potassium content between volcanic and non-volcanic sources. Non-volcanic albite and volcanic and non-volcanic oligoclase and andesine are abundant forms of detrital plagioclase in Tertiary sandstones from the southern Colorado Plateau area. Labradorite and bytownite are present as detrital grains in some deposits from this region. Most of the detrital alkali feldspar in these rocks is highly potassic, containing more than 90 percent Or molecule. Intermediate alkali feldspar is common in sandstones of volcanic and mixed provenance. Detrital plagioclase from several sandstones of mixed provenance contains between 0 to 0.7 percent Fe and 0 to 0.5 percent Sr. Alkali feldspar from the same samples contains between 0 and 0.5 percent Fe and 0 and 1.5 percent Ba. Detrital plagioclase interpreted as volcanic in origin generally contains more Fe and Sr than non-volcanic plagioclase. Other approaches to the study of detrital feldspar with the microprobe are useful in provenance analysis. Chemical zoning of plagioclase, established previously as a provenance tool, can be studied more accurately and in more detail with a microprobe than with a petrographic microscope. Also, sand-sized volcanic lithic fragments can be classified as mafic, intermediate, or silicic in composition by analyzing their feldspar microphenocrysts.
An Optimum Sampling Procedure for Use with the Prony Method

The ill-posed nature of identifying the poles of a transient response is discussed along with a sampling scheme for minimizing the effect of this ill-posedness. Two simulation examples are given. The results of the second example are compared to previously published results.
The Fiscal Consequences of Electoral Institutions

There are more than 500,000 elected officials in the United States, 96 percent of whom serve in local governments. Electoral density - the number of elected officials per capita or per governmental unit - varies greatly from place to place. The most electorally dense county has more than 20 times the average number of elected officials per capita. In this paper, we offer the first systematic investigation of the link between electoral density and fiscal policy. Drawing on principal-agent theories of representation, we argue that electoral density presents a tradeoff between accountability and monitoring costs. Increasing the number of specialized elected offices promotes issue unbundling, reducing slack between citizen preferences and government policy; but the costs of monitoring a larger number of officials may offset these benefits, producing greater latitude for politicians to pursue their own goals at the expense of citizen interests. Thus, we predict diminishing returns to electoral density, suggesting a U-shaped relationship between the number of local officials and government fidelity to citizen preferences. Using a county-level dataset of all elected officials in the United States, we evaluate this theory along with competing theories from the existing literature. Empirically, we find evidence that public sector size decreases with electoral density up to a point, beyond which budgets grow as more officials are added within a community.
Emergency Department Initiatives to Improve the Public Health

Each year, the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, the American College of Emergency Physicians, and the American Board of Emergency Medicine co-sponsor an educational session at the Association of American Medical Colleges Annual Meeting. The 1997 session was entitled “Emergency Department Initiatives to Improve the Public Health,” and included presentations by 4 invited speakers: Dr. Lewis Goldfrank, Director of Emergency Medicine at Bellevue Hospital Center and New York University Medical Center; Dr. Dennis Andrulis, Director of the Office of Urban Populations at the New York Academy of Medicine; Dr. Robert D'Alessandri, Vice President for Health Sciences and Dean of the School of Medicine at West Virginia University; and Dr. Arthur Kellermann, Acting Chief of Emergency Medicine at Emory University. Each speaker focused on a particular aspect of emergency medicine and the health of the public. The following article summarizes some of the session's ideas and themes.
Imatinib mesylate therapy may overcome the poor prognostic significance of deletions of derivative chromosome 9 in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia

Deletions of derivative chromosome 9 [der(9)] can be identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 10% to 15% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Patients with der(9) deletions have been reported to have an adverse outcome when treated with chemotherapy, interferon, and possibly imatinib mesylate. We investigated the frequency and prognostic significance of der(9) deletions among 352 patients with CML treated with imatinib mesylate at our institution, in whom a deletion status of der(9) was determined. Thirty-three patients (9%; 95% CI 0.07, 0.13) (30 in chronic phase, 3 in accelerated phase) had der(9) deletions. The rates of major (82% vs 79%, P = 0.82) and complete cytogenetic response (76% vs 66%, P = .33) with imatinib mesylate therapy were similar in patients with and without der(9) deletions, respectively. After a median follow-up of 28 months, there was no difference in overall survival (P = .30) or response duration (P = .49) in patients with and without deletions. In a multivariate analysis, der(9) deletions had no significant impact on response, survival, or response duration. We conclude that treatment with imatinib mesylate overcomes the adverse prognostic significance of der(9) deletions in patients with CML.
Prosthetic Arthroplasty Versus Arthrodesis for Osteoarthritis and Posttraumatic Arthritis of the Index Finger Proximal Interphalangeal Joint

Purpose To compare outcomes of prosthetic arthroplasty versus arthrodesis to treat index finger proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthritis. Methods Patients with osteoarthritis or posttraumatic arthritis of index finger PIP joints were evaluated. Digit range of motion, grip and pinch strength, patient-rated pain and satisfaction scores, Michigan Hand Questionnaire scores, and complications were recorded. Results A total of 79 finger PIP joints were followed for a median of 67 months overall (72 months for arthroplasty and 8 months for the arthrodesis group). Sixty-five were treated with arthroplasty and 14 with arthrodesis. Patients undergoing arthroplasty experienced no significant postoperative change in PIP joint range of motion whereas all preoperative PIP joint motion was eliminated after arthrodesis. Patients undergoing arthroplasty experienced significant postoperative improvement in opposition pinch. In contrast, patients undergoing arthrodesis experienced significant improvement in both opposition and apposition pinch. There were no differences in pain relief, satisfaction, or Michigan Hand Questionnaire scores between treatment groups. Patients undergoing arthroplasty had a significantly greater mean number of complications per year and mean number of complications in the first year postoperatively. There was a 4.3 times increased risk of complication in patients undergoing arthroplasty versus arthrodesis, and Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a shorter time to first complication among patients undergoing arthroplasty. Conclusions The decision for prosthetic arthroplasty versus arthrodesis in the index finger of patients with osteoarthritis or posttraumatic arthritis must be made with patient goals in mind and in light of greater risk of complications associated with arthroplasty. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
The Seasonal Footprinting Mechanism in the Pacific: Implications for ENSO(.

Abstract Midlatitude atmospheric variability is identified as a particularly effective component of the stochastic forcing of ENSO. This forcing is realized via a seasonal footprinting mechanism (SFM), in which the tropical atmosphere is forced during the spring and summer by SST anomalies generated by midlatitude atmospheric variability during the previous winter. The strong relationship between the SFM and ENSO may serve to enhance ENSO predictability and supports the view that ENSO is linearly stable in nature.
FLUORESCENCE AND THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN—XX. FLUORESCENCE OF 3-AMINOTYROSINE AND OTHER AMINOPHENOLS

— –The fluorescence of 3-NH2 tyrosine and of simpler isomeric aminophenols was observed in aqueous solution at room temperature. Marked changes in both emission spectrum and fluorescence efficiency were observed upon change of pH and solvent composition. An explanation for the observed behavior is offered on the basis of two effects. First, peculiarities in the emission spectra were accountable in terms of proton dissociation from the cationic amino group in the excited singlet state so that emission characteristic of the free base was observed even in acidic solutions. Second, the unexpectedly low fluorescence efficiency from the free base was shown to result from quenching by the aqueous solvent. The relevance of these studies for the fluorescence of 3-NH2 tyrosyl groups in proteins is discussed briefly.
Influence of colony genotypic composition on the performance of hygienic behaviour in the honeybee, Apis mellifera L.

Hygienic behaviour, an intranidal task performed by middle-aged worker bees is an important behavioural mechanism of resistance to disease and to attack by Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite. We studied the effect of a colony’s genotypic composition on the expression of this behaviour among worker bees by creating normal age-structured colonies with different proportions of bees belonging to hygienic and nonhygienic lines. We established four colonies with 0, 25, 50 or 100% of worker bees belonging to the hygienic line. Analyses of the behaviour of hygienic bees in these colonies indicated that the performance of hygienic behaviour depended on the proportion of hygienic bees in the colony. Hygienic bees in the 25% hygienic colony performed the behaviour well beyond middle age and were more persistent at the task compared with bees from the same genetic line in the other colonies. However, the colony with all worker bees from the hygienic line was more efficient in achieving the task despite a lack of persistence. We also observed that in the colony with 50 and 100% hygienic bees, the behaviour was partitioned into subtasks, and some bees performed the subtask of uncapping cells at higher frequencies than the subtask of removing cell contents. These results suggest that a colony’s genotypic composition influences the performance and partitioning of hygienic behaviour. We propose that the performance of hygienic behaviour and its partitioning into subtasks could be determined by response thresholds of individual worker bees and that the rate of behavioural ontogeny may be controlled by the demand for specific tasks.  2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Management of osteoporosis in children

Osteoporosis is being increasingly recognised in paediatric practice as a consequence of several factors. These include the increasing complexity of chronic conditions and the associated treatments managed by paediatricians. In addition, the improved care provided to children with chronic illness has led to many of them living long enough to develop osteoporosis. The availability of methods to assess bone density in children as a surrogate marker of bone strength and the possibility of medical treatment to increase bone density have also resulted in an increased awareness of groups of children who may be at risk of osteoporosis. This article reviews the current definition of osteoporosis in children, aetiological factors and the evidence for effective treatment.
Catastrophic Failure of the Acetabular Polyethylene Liner in Ceramic-on-Polyethylene Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Catastrophic polyethylene failure is a rare complication of ceramic-on-polyethylene total hip arthroplasty due to the favorable tribological characteristics of ceramic. Failure of the polyethylene liner can be disastrous, increasing periprosthetic osteolysis, metallosis, and risk of dislocation. Complications associated with ceramic-on-polyethylene articulations have been studied extensively, however, only few reports have described its catastrophic wear. We report such a case of complete wear of the acetabular liner in a ceramic-on-polyethylene prosthesis in a 57-year adult male. A 57-year adult male with a history of bilateral total hip arthroplasty presented to our institution with bilateral hip pain worst on the right. Range of motion was limited by pain on the right hip at the extremes of motion. Radiographs revealed severe osteolysis, heterotopic ossification, complete wear of the acetabular liner, bony impingement of the femoral greater trochanter on the acetabular rim and superior migration of the femoral head. All findings were confirmed intraoperatively. Revision of the acetabular components was performed, which successfully alleviated the patient’s symptoms. Total hip arthroplasty; polyethylene wear; ceramic femoral head; metallosis; osteolysis. Failure of the ceramic-on-polyethylene liner in our patient is due to the use of a non-cross linked polyethylene liner, a highly active lifestyle, and poor follow up. Arthroplasty surgeons should be aware of this complication especially in highly active patients with a conventional polyethylene liner and chronic hip pain.
Thrainn Eggertsson and the Problem of Knowledge: The Effectiveness of Conveying Information in the Electoral and Financial Markets

Throughout his career, Thrainn Eggertsson has been concerned with improving economic theory as a way to help us to understand the economic world. This has led him to focus on the problem of knowledge, which Eggertsson believes hinders the improvement of theory. This essay attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the knowledge problem by examining some aspects of the way people process information. The essay posits that belief systems and non-rational decision-making limit the effectiveness of information transmission and make people reluctant to accept and process new information. To illustrate this concern, it examines use two types of information “markets.” First, the essay will consider whether information about political candidates is effective in changing the views of the voters. Then it will examine the conservatism of economists as an important factor in decisions about the appropriate degree of economic regulation. My hope is that the essay will make a small contribution toward helping with what Trainn has identified as the knowledge problem.
Prevention of Depression in Childhood and Adolescence

This article discusses strategies and programs used to prevent depression in children and adolescents. It describes the rationale for depression prevention and discusses prevention approaches in schools and other settings, highlighting examples of programs that have been empirically evaluated. Prevention effects are small but significant, comparable or greater in magnitude than adolescent prevention programs for other issues, including substance use and human immunodeficiency virus. Future research should include rigorous design features, including attention control groups, allocation concealment, larger sample sizes, longer follow-up assessments, and theory-driven tests of moderation and mediation, and should test larger-scale implementation of prevention programs.
Integration of reservoir simulation, history matching, and 4D seismic for CO2-EOR and storage at Cranfield, Mississippi, USA

In this paper, we compare 4D seismic interpretations of CO2 plume evolution with fluid-flow numerical simulation results for Cranfield, Mississippi. Historic pressure trends, oil and gas production rates, and current CO2-EOR production data from the field were history matched, and a tuned model was used for predictive simulations. For CO2-EOR operations, numerical simulation results of the CO2 plume distribution and CO2 first arrival (breakthrough) times in production wells were compared to the available field data. Three interpretations of 4D seismic data show discrepancies on the edges of the seismic survey, and along the sealing fault, where numerical simulations show high CO2 saturations. In areas between these two limits, the match between simulation and 4D seismic interpretation improves. In addition, for most of the production wells, comparison of the breakthrough time of CO2 showed a reasonable match. The tuned model was then used to predict reservoir response and storage capacity in different field development scenarios under CO2 injection. We compared hypothetical scenarios where the operator transitions from CO2-EOR to CO2 injection without oil production (CO2-EORT) when oil production is not economical anymore, to a scenario of continuing with CO2-EOR. Our results show that CO2-EOR can store more CO2 and operations will last longer, whereas if switched to CO2-EORT, the field must be abandoned earlier because of spillover of the CO2 plume. However, the amount of CO2 stored per year is larger for CO2-EORT as compared to CO2-EOR.
A Fish of Weedy Waters: Golden Shiner Biology and Culture

The golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, is a major bait and forage fish species in the USA. Farmers produce millions of golden shiners annually that are distributed live, many across state boundaries. Native over much of the eastern and central USA, this species is often present but rarely abundant in natural systems, as fish density is apparently controlled by predation rather than by food resources. Aquaculture of the golden shiner is a century-old practice and culture methods have evolved over time, resulting in today's farm-raised, certified specific pathogen– and aquatic nuisance species–free baitfish. Federal and state agencies and universities have a long history of developing culture methods and promoting baitfish culture to replace the indiscriminate and wasteful harvest of fish from natural waters. Despite advances in culture methods and the advantages of a farm-raised species produced under controlled and biosecure conditions, golden shiner farming is only marginally profitable and remaining farmers survive on farm equity and increased market share from others exiting the business. Ironically, increasing regulations and restrictions leading to a reduction in the supply of farm-raised baitfish could drive anglers back to harvesting bait from natural waters, the very concern that initiated government support for baitfish culture a century ago.
Vaginal estrogen administration to prevent cervical os obliteration following cervical conization in women with amenorrhea.

BACKGROUND Our goal was to evaluate the use of vaginal estrogen cream in preventing cervical os obliteration in postmenopausal patients undergoing cervical cone biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study is a retrospective review of postmenopausal women who underwent cervical cone biopsies (laser or electrosurgical loop excision) in the author's practice. All patients were treated with 2 g of vaginal conjugated estrogen cream daily for 1 month following cone biopsy. The patients were seen 4 months later, and the cervix was evaluated. The percentage of women whose cervical os was patent, stenotic, or obliterated was compared to historical controls and, within this series, laser and electrosurgical loop excision groups were compared. RESULTS Seventeen patients underwent conization (8 laser conizations, 9 electrosurgical loop excisions) and postcone treatment with estrogen cream. On average, the patients were 59.4 years old and 10.7 years postmenopausal. The follow-up interval ranged from 2 to 10 months, with a mean of 4.4 months. In 10 patients, the cervix was patent, in 4 it was stenotic, and in 3 it was obliterated. The transformation zone was visualized fully in three patients before the cone biopsy and in three different patients after the cone biopsy. The outcome for patients treated with vaginal estrogen was significantly better (p < .013) than that for historical controls not treated with vaginal estrogen. However, the laser and electrosurgical loop excision groups differed significantly. Four of the eight laser patients had previous cervical treatment, compared with one of nine for electrosurgical loop excision. The laser group was not different from historical controls with regard to stenosis or obliteration, but the electrosurgical loop excision group had significantly less stenosis or obliteration than did either (p < .016). No trend could be identified regarding the length of the cone specimen between the laser and electrosurgical loop excision groups. All 5 patients with previous cervical procedures (but only 2 of 12 without previous procedures) developed stenosis or obliteration. CONCLUSIONS Larger randomized control trials are needed to determine if vaginal estrogen cream is beneficial in preventing cervical os obliteration in postmenopausal patients undergoing conization procedures; to compare laser and electrosurgical loop excision; and to determine the effect of previous cervical procedures on the rate of cervical os obliteration in these groups of patients.
Hemolytic Effect of Gramicidin

SummaryGramicidin has a powerful hemolytic action against rabbit's and sheep's erythrocytes in vitro. This activity is marked even in the presence of serum, plasma and tissue extract. The presence or absence of complement did not appear to affect the process.
Antenatal Magnesium Sulfate, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, and Death among Neonates < 28 Weeks Gestation.

Objective This study aims to examine the relationship between antenatal magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and neonatal death and/or severe necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) among infants Methods Secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized trial of antenatal MgSO4 versus placebo administered to women to prevent death and cerebral palsy. Neonates Results A total of 697 neonates met the criteria. Out of which 150 (21.5%) died and/or were diagnosed with severe NEC. Antenatal MgSO4 exposure was not associated with death/severe NEC in infants Conclusions Among neonates
Application of percutaneous tracheostomy on severe acute laryngeal obstruction

Objective:To evaluate the value of percutaneous tracheostomy on severe acute laryngeal obstruction.Methods:Percutaneous tracheostomy was applied in 13 cases of acute laryngeal obstruction with asphyxia.To evaluate its effects on relief of laryngeal obstruction,operation time and complication.Results:The operation was successfully in 13 cases.The operation time was within 20 min without complications.The symptoms of laryngeal obstruction were completely relieved.Conclusion:The operation of percutaneous tracheostomy is simply with short time,which can be used to rescue the cases of severe acute laryngeal obstruction.
Outpatient Pediatric Urological Surgery: Techniques for a Successful and Cost-Effective Practice

Of 674 operations performed in the pediatric urology division between January and October 1984, 62 per cent were done on an outpatient and 12 per cent on a 1-night stay basis. The outpatient procedures included major proximal hypospadias repairs and intra-abdominal procedures, as well as inguinal, penile, scrotal and endoscopic procedures. No child required subsequent hospitalization. This successful approach was contingent upon proper patient selection, patient and family education, modern anesthetic and monitoring techniques, and careful followup. For elective procedures, such as hypospadias repairs, patients are operated on when they are 6 to 18 months old. Modern anesthetic techniques include isoflurane to maintain a light level of general anesthesia and adjunctive regional blocking procedures. The availability of a physician support service on a 24-hour basis is fundamental to the success of this approach. Benefits include patient, parental and physician satisfaction, diminished potential for nosocomial disease transmission and avoidance of the emotional stress of parent-child separation. Increased use of outpatient surgery is a means to produce a significant decrease in the cost of medical care.
The right to health care. Ideal or imperative

The purpose of this presentation is to increase the physcial therapist's understanding of the current concept of a "right to health care" and to explore the moral implications for physical therapy arising out of the various interpretations currently being advanced. The term "right" is used in two ways: 1) "freedom right," providing freedoms from certain types of interferences and 2) "entitlement rights," calling for positive action on the part of others. The right to health care is viewed as an entitlement right. As such, it has been variously interpreted as a praiseworthy ideal or an imperative upon society. The moral implications associated with accepting either position are briefly examined, giving special attention to the dilemmas and promises posed for physical therapists in both positions.
A Convenient Truth: University Employees as Heterogeneous and Inexpensive Experimental Samples*

Objectives Building on work by Kam, Wilking, and Zechmeister, we argue that academic researchers ought to make greater use of campus employees for survey experiments. For applications where a representative sample is unattainable and student samples provide too little variation on key characteristics, staff members provide an inexpensive alternative that offers greater statistical leverage and the ability to detect conditional treatment effects Methods Using an e-mail survey experiment conducted on employees at a large public university, we explore how two modest incentives for participation affect the quantity and quality of responses. Results While overall differences among conditions are modest, a cash lottery generates somewhat higher response rates with little effect on sociodemographic skew or level of satisficing. The condition offering a charitable contribution fared worse on both counts. Conclusion University employees provide a convenient, heterogeneous, and inexpensive population for experimental studies.
Variations in seismicity as a fundamental tool in earthquake prediction

abstract Refraining from expressing mere opinions, this report attempts to classify and synthesize results of recent seismological studies for earthquake prediction in order to allow the reader to make an independent evaluation of the progress of this program to date. The general conclusion is that significant progress has been made in the research for earthquake prediction during the last 5 yr. Eightysix references are cited which have been published during this time period. Of course, new work and opportunities lie ahead, but this is a consequence of significant successes and accomplishments to date. This report is intended as an overview, and the references cited are not a complete list of all works related to the rather broad topic. The reader can obtain detailed references for a particular aspect by referring to the works cited. Hopefully, those authors whose work is not mentioned specifically will accept this apology.
Intercolumnar Interactions Control the Local Orientations within Columnar Stacks of Sumanene and Sumanene Derivatives

Density functional theory, symmetry-adapted perturbation theory, and classical molecular dynamics simulations were used to understand the local orientations within columnar stacks of sumanene, sumaneneone, sumanenedione, and sumanenetrione, which can impact the electronic properties of the resulting materials. Unlike sumanene and sumaneneone, which pack in staggered columnar arrangements, sumanenetrione adopts an eclipsed configuration in the solid state. Reliable quantum chemical computations on stacked dimers and trimers of these molecules reveal that all four systems prefer staggered configurations. The tendency of sumanenetrione to pack in an eclipsed configuration was explained based on repulsive intercolumnar O···O interactions that override the inherent tendency of stacked columns to be staggered. Sumanenedione, for which crystal structure data are not available, was predicted to exhibit columnar packing with mixed staggered and eclipsed orientations.
Cutaneous Dendritic Cells in Health and Disease

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous cell type found in lymphatic and peripheral tissues. They function as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), specialized to acquire antigen from their environment that they process and present to T cells. In addition, DC participate in the generation of local inflammation and suppression of inappropriate immune responses. Thus, they play a critical role in the initiation, propagation and suppression of immune responses that promote health and autoimmune disease. The skin of humans and mice contain several distinct subsets of DC (epidermal Langerhans cells are the most well-known) that are speculated to have varied and versatile functions. In this chapter, we discuss dendritic cells as important players of the innate and adaptive immune system. We will cover their roles in acquiring antigen, inducing T cell responses, and characterizing the functional differences between distinct skin DC subsets. Finally, we will relate DC in relation to human health including their contribution to diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis and psoriasis and their ability to serve as therapeutic targets in vaccinations.
The impact of racial disparity on outcomes of patients with early-stage uterine endometrioid carcinoma in an equal-access environment.

5088 Background: To determine if racial disparity exists between African American (AA) and non-African American (NAA) patients with early stage uterine endometrioid carcinoma who had similar multidisciplinary management. Methods: Our prospectively-maintained database of 1,450 uterine cancer patients was reviewed for this IRB-approved study. We identified 766 consecutive patients with endometrioid carcinoma 1988 FIGO stages I-II who underwent hysterectomy between 1987-2009. Patients with non-endometrioid carcinoma, mixed histologies and those who received preoperative treatments were excluded. For the purpose of data analysis, patients were divided into two groups; AA and NAA. Recurrence-free survival (RFS), disease specific (DSS) and overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of hysterectomy using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression modeling was used to explore the risks of various factors on recurrence. Results: Median follow-up was 5.1 years. 27% were AA and 73% were NAA. All patients underw...
Pegged Limit Orders

Limit orders face mispricing risk - the risk of executing at a stale limit price after an innovation in public valuation, because limit-order traders generally do not continuously monitor market conditions. We analyze the impact of pegged limit orders that automatically adjust the limit price in a hybrid market. We find the direct effect is to increase limit-order profits, reduce dealer profits, and increase market-order losses. However, the indirect effect is to increase the quantity of limit orders submitted. A numerical calibration finds that when dealers supply relatively little liquidity, there is a net benefit to market orders as well.