cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cuisine and Social Differentiation in Late Pre-hispanic Cajamarca Highlands of Northern Peru

Cuisine, the shared patterns of food preparation techniques and contexts of consumption, is a critical factor in addressing questions of community, social, and political organization, identity, and status differentiation. In the Cajamarca region of the northern Andean highlands, spatial patterning in both food remains and the ceramics involved in their cooking and serving are beginning to shed light on these aspects of social life at the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–AD 1465) fortified community of Yanaorco. Patterning in excavated food resources and ceramics indicate that, in addition to spatial and architectural differentiation, household social status was also marked by variation in the daily activities and practices of domestic cuisine. These patterns are most evident in differential access to camelid resources, variability in the state of faunal elements after cooking, and inter-household differences in the ratios of particular storage, cooking, and serving vessel forms. The utility of the organizing concept of cuisine is that it provides a holistic, multidimensional, and comparative means of evaluating social and political variation within households and communities, where its daily practice would have worked to both produce and reproduce social patterns that in some cases integrated the community, while in others internally divided it.
Prenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms identifying predictors and psychosocial risks.

Commentary on: Wu Y, Zhang C, Liu H Duan, et al . Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.009 The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated a profound negative impact on pregnant mothers with anxiety and depression. …
Conservation Laws and Finite-Volume Methods

As demonstrated in the preceding chapters, the errors in most numerical solutions increase dramatically as the physical scale of the simulated disturbance approaches the minimum scale resolvable on the numerical mesh. When solving equations for which smooth initial data guarantee a smooth solution at all later times, such as the barotropic vorticity equation (4.112), one can avoid any difficulties associated with poor numerical resolution by using a sufficiently fine computationalmesh. But if the governing equations allow an initially smooth field to develop shocks or discontinuities, as is the case with Burgers’s equation (4.102), there is no hope of maintaining adequate numerical resolution throughout the simulation, and special numerical techniques must be used to control the development of overshoots and undershoots in the vicinity of the shock. Numerical approximations to equations with discontinuous solutions must also satisfy additional conditions beyond the stability and consistency requirements discussed in Chap. 3 to guarantee that the numerical solution converges to the correct solution as the spatial grid interval and the time step approach zero.
An Outcome Evaluation of an Evidenced-Based Leadership Framework on Nursing Retention in a Tertiary Medical Center

An Outcome Evaluation of an Evidenced-Based Leadership Framework on Nursing Retention in a Tertiary Medical Center
Predicting the Vibration Response in Subcomponent Testing of Wind Turbine Blades

Currently new wind turbine blade materials are certified by starting with coupon testing for initial strength and fatigue analysis, followed by full-scale blade testing as a final quality control to assess material characteristics. Subcomponent testing has been proposed as a supplement to the structural analysis and material characterization, bridging the gap between coupon and full-scale tests. In this study, similitude theory is applied to a simply-supported rectangular plate that is representative of a wind turbine blade spar cap with the goal of designing a validated scaled-down subcomponent. The vibration of a specially orthotropic rectangular laminated plate is analyzed to extract the scaling laws based on direct use of the field equations. The accuracy of the derived scaling laws is analyzed as a model validation criteria by mapping the first natural frequency of the variant subcomponents to the full-scale plate. The effect of the ply stack up scheme and size of the subcomponents in predicting accuracy of the scaling laws are then investigated by applying partial and complete similarity conditions. According to the results, subcomponents with modified ply stack up could be found that have a good accuracy in predicting the first natural frequency of the full-scale plate. However, picking an appropriate aspect ratio is critical to the success of the prediction of full scale plate response as shown in the cases studied.
Behavioral Norms: Variants and Their Identification

Behavioral norms influence human interaction in virtually every situation, yet the study of norms in the behavioral sciences lags relative to their real-world power and significance. We describe basic distinctions in norms emerging in the behavioral and social sciences – in particular, how norms may be descriptive (i.e,, what people commonly do) versus injunctive (i.e,, what people should do), and social (i.e,, beliefs about what other people think one should do) versus moral (i.e,, what one privately thinks one should do). We further describe empirical methods that researchers can use to examine whether any particular behavior is inspired by norms and which variant might be responsible. We end by describing emerging findings and questions in recent work on norms. Thus, the purpose of this review is to attempt to organize scholarship about norms for social and personality psychology, in the hope that it may foster empirical investigation of norm-driven behavior and thus build connections to other behavioral sciences.
Patterns of keratin expression define distinct pathways of epithelial development and differentiation.

Publisher Summary The precise localization of particular keratin polypeptides eventually enables to sub-classify both embryonic and adult epithelial cells and tissues with respect to their relative degree of differentiation. This capacity should be exceptionally useful in studying the various aspects of epithelial differentiation. These localization studies are largely dependent upon immunological procedures involving monoclonal antibodies. While a great deal has been learned about the biochemical and immunological properties of keratin polypeptides through the use of broadly cross-reacting monoclonal antibodies such as AE-1 and AE-3, they are of limited usefulness in the tissue localization of individual keratins within various epithelia. Any studies using conventional or monoclonal antibodies that recognize multiple keratin polypeptides must always be performed in conjunction with the immunochemical analysis of the keratins recognized in a given tissue before conclusions may be made about their localization. The current “state of the art” monoclonal antibody studies on keratin localization involve highly selective antibodies (usually recognizing a single keratin polypeptide) that demonstrate an extraordinary degree of keratin specificity. Despite the relative absence of comprehensive studies on the precise tissue localization of individual keratin polypeptides, the apparent ubiquity of the keratin pair concept and the theory of differentiation-specific pairs are so uniformly consistent that the total keratin polypeptide composition of any epithelial tissue, given only the species of origin and its histological characteristics, can be accurately predicted.
Evaluation of Endpoints for Antifungal Susceptibility Determinations with LY303366

We have previously reported poor correlation between the in vitro fungicidal activity of LY303366 and MIC results in RPMI medium based upon the manufacturer’s suggested susceptibility endpoint, lack of visual growth. Additionally, we have noted a significant trailing effect with LY303366 when MICs are determined in RPMI medium. These observations have led us to evaluate an alternative susceptibility endpoint for LY303366, an 80% reduction in growth compared with control (similar to that utilized for azoles). Two isolates each of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis were selected for testing. MICs were determined for LY303366 in RPMI 1640 medium buffered with morpholinepropanesulfonic acid. MICs were determined with suggested (MIC100) and experimental (MIC80) endpoints. The minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of LY303366 for each isolate was also determined. Time-kill curves were determined in RPMI medium with each isolate at concentrations of LY303366 ranging from 0.125 to 16× MIC80 to assess the correlation between MIC80 and fungicidal activity. Lastly, fungi exposed to LY303366 were examined via scanning electron microscope (SEM) for evidence of drug-induced ultrastructure change. MIC80s for test isolates ranged from 0.015 to 0.12 μg/ml and were consistently three to five wells less than MIC100s. Good correlation was observed between fungicidal activity, as assessed by kill curves, and the MIC80. SEM data revealed significant ultrastructure changes induced by LY303366 even at sub-MIC80s. Based on our results demonstrating better correlation between MIC80 and fungicidal activity, i.e., time-kill curves and MFCs, we suggest that 80% reduction in visible growth be utilized as the endpoint for susceptibility determinations with LY303366 in RPMI medium.
Chemical Composition of Transverse Metaphyseal Bands Produced in Growing Bones by Phosphorus Ingestion

Conclusions1. The bone in the phosphorus bands produced in the metaphyses of growing long bones by the ingestion of phosphorus is of normal chemical composition. 2. The increased density represents deposition of radio-opaque salts in greater amount per unit of tissue calcified, since calcification and ossification have continued unchecked while the cartilaginous growth was inhibited. 3. This observation constitutes additional evidence that the zones of increased density in metaphyses of growing bones, produced by ingested phosphorus, are in fact “growth arrest lines.”
Selected Properties of the Lipid and Protein Fractions from Chia Seed

The lipid and protein fractions from chia seeds, Saliva hispanica L. were characterized. Neutral lipids comprised 97.1% of the total lipid fraction while glycolipids and phospholipids accounted for 2.0 and 0.9%, respectively. Linolenic acid was the predominate fatty acid present in the neutral lipid fraction. The glycolipid and phospholipid fractions were highest in palmitic and linoleic acid. Protein extraction was influenced by the NaCl concentration and by the pH of the extraction medium. Maximum protein extraction occurred at a NaOH concentration of 2.0N when the nH was 12.0. At acidic pHs protein extraction was greatly reduced. Maximum extraction occurred after 60 min at 25°C. Characterization of the protein fractions by SDS-PAGE demonstrated the presence of ten major protein bands with molecular weights from 12,400-44,500 daltons.
Photoresponses of crab megalopae in offshore and estuarine waters: implications for transport

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that fiddler crab ( Uca spp. ) and blue crab [ Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun)] megalopae have separate behaviors in offshore and estuarine waters that are evoked by chemical cues. Past field studies indicate that blue crab megalopae are frequently in the neuston during the day offshore, while fiddler crab megalopae are at middle depths. Both species are rarely collected in the water column during the day in estuaries but are abundant during rising tides at night. Since photoresponses contribute to the day distributions of megalopae, we hypothesize that photobehavior changes dramatically between offshore and estuarine areas and used this as an assay for the effects of water-borne chemical cues. Photoresponses were tested in a light field that mimics the underwater angular light distribution and were quantified by measuring the proportion of megalopae swimming in the upper 1/3 of a water column. For blue crab megalopae collected offshore, swimming was significantly greater in offshore than in estuarine water and was suppressed in estuarine water at high light intensities. Thus, photoresponses contribute to depth maintenance near the surface during the day which is important for onshore transport by wind-generated surface currents. When megalopae were collected in an estuary, both species had greater swimming in offshore water than in estuarine water at all light intensities and in darkness. Thus, the absence of megalopae in the water column during the day in estuaries results from light suppression of swimming. Since the water only differed in chemical composition, the changes in photoresponses were induced by chemical cues. Tests with aged estuarine water indicated the chemical cues were relatively stable or initially present at high concentrations. These results support the hypothesis and suggest that megalopae have separate behaviors in coastal/shelf areas and in estuaries, which are induced by chemical cues in offshore and estuarine waters.
Alterations in the Growth Rate and Glucose Metabolism of Chinese Hamster Cells in Vitro

The lifespan of animal cells in culture is characterized by a period of rapid cell proliferation (Phase II) followed by a period in which the fraction of cells undergoing division within the cell population gradually declines (Phase III) and the culture is lost or transforms to a cell line which can be propagated indefinitely. This phenomenon has been described for cell cultures derived from human, mouse, chick, rat kangaroo, rabbit, and tortoise tissues.
Testosterone-binding protein in a seasonally breeding amphibian

The concentration of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the plasma of Taricha granulosa rises markedly during the season when androgen-dependent epigamic structures and behaviors recrudesce. During this season (June-October), the physiological characteristics of the testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) remain unchanged. Competitive binding studies indicate that TeBG binds fairly specifically to testosterone and DHT. The dissociation constant (5 X 10(-8) M) and binding capacities (ranging from 6 to 12 ng androgen bound/ml plasma) were determined using the charcoal adsorption procedures. Because the binding capacity of TeBG remains unchanged when the concentrations of androgens increase, the proportion of testosterone and DHT bound to TeBG is drastically lower during the breeding season, compared to the nonbreeding season. Furthermore, bilateral castration of male newts apparently reduces the binding capacity of TeBG, but Silastic implants of androgen fail to restore the binding capacity.
Crisis of An American Catholic Modernist: Toward the Moral Absolutism of William L. Sullivan

Thomas T. McAvoy has written in his study of “Americanism” in the Roman Catholic Church: “The history of the modernist controversy in this country has not been written and the destruction of pertinent records will make such a study very difficult.”. “Modernism” was quite evidently a movement within the Roman Catholic Church in Europe. It had its roots and took its strength there. There, too, it was destroyed. For the most part, American Catholics did not contribute to “modernism”s evolution, development and defeat. But eventually the main current of “modernism” in Europe rolled its waves onto American shores. Amidst many other streams, its waters flowed into the life of one man, William L. Sullivan, an Irish Catholic and Paulist priest.
Impact of a planar flexible bar with geometrical discontinuities of the first kind

A model is presented for the impact of a multiple-angled flexible bar in planar motion. The model consists of a system of nonlinear differential equations that considers the multiple collisions as well as frictional effects at the contacting end, and allows one to predict the rigid and elastic body motion after the impact. The mode functions are selected such that the method can be made computationally as simple as possible, without compromising accuracy. To describe the impact between the elastic bar and the rigid surface, the classical Hertzian contact theory and elasto-plastic indentation theory are used. Particular emphasis is placed on the geometry of the bar because the unit tangent vector and the unit normal vector have first-order discontinuities. Analytical and experimental results are compared to establish the accuracy of the model.
Reversal of fasting-induced suppression of luteinizing hormone (Lh) secretion in male rhesus monkeys by intragastric nutrient infusion: Evidence for rapid stimulation of lh by nutritional signals

Short periods of fasting (1-2 days) significantly suppress the frequency of pulsatile LH secretion in adult male rhesus monkeys. Resumption of food intake (i.e. refeeding) after fasting rapidly restores pulsatile LH secretion. We hypothesized that the resumption of LH secretion after refeeding results from the metabolic consequences of food intake rather than from relief of the psychological stress associated with fasting. To differentiate between these two possible types of signals, we attempted to provide fasting monkeys with the nutritional signals of a refeed meal without relieving the psychological stress associated with fasting. To do this, we provided monkeys with a refeed meal via indwelling gastric cannulae while continuing to deny them access to monkey chow. Nine adult male rhesus monkeys with indwelling gastric and venous catheters were fasted for 1 day, and on the following day they received a liquid nutrient infusion (equal in caloric content and macronutrient composition to a normal meal) at...
Improved range-summable random variable construction algorithms

Range-summable universal hash functions, also known as range-summable random variables, are binary-valued hash functions which can efficiently hash single values as well as ranges of values from the domain. They have found several applications in the area of data stream processing where they are used to construct sketches---small-space summaries of the input sequence.We present two new constructions of range-summable universal hash functions on n-bit strings, one based on Reed-Muller codes which gives k-universal hashing using O(nlog k) space and time for point operations and O(n2 log k) for range operations, and another based on a new subcode of the second-order Reed-Muller code, which gives 5-universal hashing using O(n) space, O(n log3n) time for point operations, and O(n3) time for range operations.We also present a new sketch data structure using the new hash functions which improves several previous results.
Interaction of granitic and basic magmas: experimental observations on contamination processes at 10 kbar with H_2O

Experiments designed to simulate the interaction of juxtaposed rhyolitic and basic magmas were conducted at 10 kbar with H_2O, using reaction-couples consisting of Westerly granite (WG) against basalt (DW-1) and WG against a synthetic mafic glass (SMG, enriched in MgO and Na_2O relative to DW-1). Each couple was run with ∼5 and ∼10 wt% H_2O corresponding respectively to H_2O-undersaturated and H_2O-oversaturated conditions. Experiments were run for 42–44 h at 920° C, above the liquidus of WG and within the melting intervals of DW-1 and SMG. WG was run above the basic material in all but one experiment. The composition of the granitic melt was altered only through material exchange with the adjacent basic melts, whereas that of the basic melts also changed (relative to the bulk basic composition) due to partial crystallization. Some crystallization also occurred within the zone of interaction. For control, the basic compositions were also run alone under the same conditions as the reaction-couple experiments. The crystalline phase assemblages in the basic ends of the coupled experiments differed from those produced from the basic materials alone, demonstrating interaction with the granite melt. Moreover, compositional gradients within the basic ends of coupled experiments are indicated by changes in phase assemblage and compositions with distance from the interface with WG. Microprobe analyses of glass collected along the length of the capsules confirm published observations that alkali diffusion is very fast: K_2O and Na_2O homogenized throughout the capsules in less than the two-day run times. This, coupled with the fact that introduction of K_2O into SMG stabilized biotite, produced the result that after interaction the bulk basic material (melt+crystals) contained more K_2O than the coexisting felsic melt. Only very gentle gradients for CaO, FeO, and MgO are preserved in our experiments, in contrast with published anhydrous results, suggesting that the difference in activity coefficients for these components between basic and felsic melts is reduced by the introduction of H_2O. Gradients for SiO_2 and Al_2O_3 are of comparable length to those of the divalent cations, confirming earlier results that the diffusivities of the network-formers limit the rate of diffusion of Ca, Fe, and Mg.
Cocaine alters mu but not delta or kappa opioid receptor-stimulated in situ [35S]GTPgammaS binding in rat brain.

Chronic cocaine administration produces alterations in mu and kappa opioid receptor density as well as striatal and accumbens opioid-regulated adenylyl cyclase activity, suggesting a psychostimulant responsive interaction between opioidergic and dopaminergic systems. Stimulation of G-protein-coupled opioid receptors inhibits adenylyl cyclase production of cyclic AMP. The present study employed in situ [35S]GTPγS binding to measure opioid receptor-stimulated activation of G-proteins in response to acute and chronic cocaine exposure. Male Fischer rats received acute (1 or 3 days) or chronic (14 days) binge pattern cocaine administration. Three and 14 days of cocaine injections resulted in greater increases in the ability of the mu receptor agonist DAMGO to stimulate [35S]GTPγS binding in both the core and the shell of the nucleus accumbens, all regions of the caudate putamen and the cingulate cortex compared with saline-matched controls. The greatest increases in DAMGO-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding were observed in the dorsal areas of the caudate putamen in animals that received 14 days of cocaine. No significant changes in delta (DPDPE), or kappa (dynorphin A1–17) receptor-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding were found in any brain region in response to cocaine administration. These results demonstrate that binge pattern cocaine administration induce changes in mu but not delta or kappa opioid receptor-mediated G-protein activity. This study provides support for the hypothesis that the addictive properties of both psychostimulants and opiates may share common neurochemical signaling substrates. Synapse 47:26–32, 2003. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intramolecular diels-alder reactions of the furan diene: substituent and solvent effects

Abstract An internal Diels-Alder reaction, using furan as the diene component, formed a highly functionalized 5-membered carbocyclic ring in excellent yield. Solvent and substituent effects of this reaction were examined.
ESR spin-trapping of a protein-derived tyrosyl radical from the reaction of cytochrome c with hydrogen peroxide.

The reaction of horse heart cytochrome c with hydrogen peroxide was investigated using the ESR spin-trapping technique and the nitroso spin traps 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonic acid (DBNBS) and 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP). The ESR spectra obtained using both spin traps were typical of an immobilized nitroxide and indicated that the adduct was a macromolecule. The intensity of the ESR spectrum corresponding to the DBNBS/·cytochrome c radical adduct was greatly enhanced by performing the reaction under anaerobic conditions, which suggested that the spin trap was competing with O2 for reaction with the radical site(s). Nonspecific proteolysis of either the DBNBS or the MNP adducts revealed isotropic three-line spectra. In addition, a high resolution ESR spectrum for the protease-treated MNP cytochrome c-derived protein radical adduct was obtained. The superhyperfine couplings detected in this spectra were identical to those detected from an authentic MNP/tyrosyl adduct. Carbon-13 labeling of the aromatic ring positions of tyrosine yielded additional hyperfine coupling, demonstrating that the radical site was definitely located on the ring of tyrosine. Mass spectrometry detected as many as four DBNBS/·cytochrome c-derived adducts from the reaction of cytochrome with H2O2. Thus, it would appear four radical sites are formed during the reaction, at least one of which is tyrosine.
Homeward orientation mechanisms in three species of turtles (Trionyx spinifer, Chrysemys picta, and Terrapene carolina)

1. Adults of three species of turtles (Trionyx spinifer, Chrysemys picta and Terrapene carolina) were tested in a variety of situations in order to establish the relative orientation abilities and the mechanisms utilized by each. Following capture, displacement, and release, individuals of all three species exhibited a significant degree of orientation in the homeward direction when tested in a large circular terrestrial arena on clear days (Fig. 1 and Table 1). This ability was not evident when the animals were tested on overcast days. Additionally it was demonstrated that the orienting behavior was contingent upon solar cues in conjunction with an internal biological clock. When tested on clear moonless nights, on nights when the moon was fully visible, and immediately after sunset (when the plane of polarized light is most pronounced directly overhead) (Fig. 2 and Table 2), random orientation responses were obtained for C. picta and T. carolina. Trionyx spinifer, however, failed to move from the release sites in any of these three test situations (Table 2). 2. Individuals of all three species exhibited a positive geotaxis at a 2.5° incline (Fig. 3 and Table 3). Conflicting geotactic and celestial cues were then juxtaposed in order to determine the minimum angle of inclination required to overcome the animal's motivation to orient in the homeward direction. This minimum angle was found to be 10.0° for C. picta, 7.5° for T. carolina, and 2.5° for T. spinifer (Fig. 4 and Table 3). 3. The results of this study demonstrate that C. picta, T. carolina, and T. spinifer possess Type III (true navigation) orientation ability.
Polyimide MEMS actuators for medical imaging

This paper provides an overview of several years of research in the use of polyimide MEMS actuators for medical imaging applications, including high frequency ultrasound and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These scanning devices are microfabricated out of polyimide substrates using conventional integrated circuit technology. The material properties of the polyimide allow very large scan angles to be realized and also allow the resonant frequencies of the structures to be in the appropriate ranges for real-time imaging. The primary application of these probes is endoscopic and catheter-based imaging procedures. The microfabrication enables the creation of very small devices essential for compact imaging probes. In addition, they can be fabricated in bulk, reducing their cost and potentially making them disposable to reduce the cost of patient care and minimize the potential for patient cross-contamination. Several different scanning geometries and actuators have been investigated for imaging applications, including both forward-viewing and side-scanning configurations. Probes that utilize both electrostatic polyimide actuators and piezoelectric bimorphs to mechanically scan the ultrasound or OCT imaging beams will be presented. These probes have been developed for both use in both ultrasound and OCT imaging systems. Medical applications of these probes include the early detection of cancerous and precancerous conditions in the bladder and other mucosal tissues. These imaging probes will allow the physician to visualize the subsurface microstructure of the tissues and detect abnormalities not visible through the use of conventional endoscopic imaging techniques. Prototype devices have been used to image geometric wire phantoms, in vitro porcine tissue, and in vivo subjects. The progress made over the last several years in the development of these polyimide scanning probes will be presented.
Molecular Cloning, Expression and Characterization of Mouse Leukotriene C4 Synthase

Leukotriene C4 synthase (EC 2.5.1.37) catalyzes the conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) with leukotriene A4 to form the intracellular parent of the proinflammatory cysteinyl leukotrienes. Human leukotriene C4 synthase shares substantial amino acid identity in its consensus N-terminal two-thirds with 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein and has a region (residues 375–58) that exhibits 46% amino acid identity with a domain of this protein (residues 41–62) to which an inhibitor binds. We have now cloned mouse leukotriene C4 synthase cDNA using the polymerase chain reaction to screen a mouse pcDNA3 expression library with oligonucleotide primers based on the translated human leukotriene C4 synthase cDNA sequence. Mouse leukotriene C4 synthase cDNA is 667 bp in length, including the poly(A)-rich tail, and shows 87% similarity with the human cDNA within the open reading frame. The deduced 150-amino-acid sequence of mouse leukotriene C4 synthase differs from the human enzyme by only 18 amino acids, of which 9 reside at the C terminus. The potential N-glycosylation site, two protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, the two cysteine residues, and the putative inhibitor-binding domain (substitutions Thr41Ser and Tyr50Phe) were conserved in mouse leukotriene C4 synthase. Northern blot analysis indicated that the leukotriene C4 synthase RNA transcript is widely distributed. The Km values for leukotriene A4 methyl ester, leukotriene A4 free acid and GSH were 7.6 μM, 3.6 μM and 1.6 mM, respectively, for purified human recombinant enzyme, and 10.3 μM, 2.5 μM and 1.9 mM, respectively, for purified recombinant mouse enzyme; the corresponding Vmax values were 2.5, 1.3 and 2.7 μmol−1· min−1· mg−1 protein, respectively, for human enzyme, and 2.3, 1.2 and 2.2 μmol · min−1· mg−1 protein, respectively, for mouse enzyme. The 5-lipoxygenase-activating-protein inhibitor, MK-886, was active against both human and mouse recombinant leukotriene C4 synthase with IC50 values of 3.1 μM and 2.7 μM, respectively. These findings confirm that the leukotriene C4 synthases belong to a gene family that includes the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein and suggest that the C-terminal domain of leukotriene C4 synthase may not be critical for its conjugation function.
SWNT Based Nanosensors for Wireless Detection of Explosives and Chemical Warfare Agents

The detection of concealed explosives and chemical warfare agents is an urgent need to protect the safety of people and cities around the world. This requires the development of highly sensitive, portable, and stand-off sensors. Here, we present a wireless sensing unit based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) integrated with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry, which can effectively detect trace explosives and chemical agents. The response of SWNT sensors to Dinitrotoluene (DNT) (a byproduct of TNT) and Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) (an analog of nerve agent sarin) vapors is improved dramatically after decoration with single stranded-DNA (ss-DNA). The response of carbon nanotube sensors to DNT and DMMP vapors is reversible and repeatable. The nanosensors integrated on a CMOS chip are tested with DMMP (DNT) vapors with concentrations varying from 1.57 to 130.49 ppm (9.41-45.73 ppm), and the corresponding change in resistance of the SWNT sensor varied from 7.5% to 27.5% (6.53-22.76%). The detected signal is processed by off-chip components on a circuitry board and is transmitted wirelessly to a computer. This versatile sensing system provides a promising platform to detect explosives and chemical agents at a trace level in a wireless manner and stand-off distance.
Endoscopic management of procedure-related bleeding

Bleeding is a common adverse event following invasive endoscopic procedures within the gastrointestinal tract. In a recent lexicon of adverse events following endoscopic procedures, severity of bleeding was defined as mild, moderate, and severe. These definitions are based on need for hospitalization, transfusion, and subsequent interventions. Therapy for procedure-related bleeding includes hemodynamic stabilization, transfusion of blood products, reversal of coagulopathy (if present), and endoscopic, radiologic, and/or surgical interventions. In this article, the approach to procedurally induced bleeding will be reviewed, with an emphasis on endoscopic intervention.
Action of cyclic phosphodiesterase from Escherichia coli on tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid

Abstract 1. 1. A simple method is described for the isolation from the ribosomal ribonuclease-less strain MKE-600 of Escherichia coli of a cyclic phosphodiesterase preparation of very low endonuclease and alkaline phosphatase content. 2. 2. This enzyme is able to open cyclic phosphate ends in large fragments of TMV-RNA, but it is unable to release the resultant monoesterified phosphate in contrast to its ability to show both activities with simple model compounds. 3. 3. By the combined action of this enzyme and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) all cyclic and open phosphate ends of TMV-RNA fragments appear to be dephosphorylated, as demonstrated on samples in which a limited number of breaks, calculated from infectivity loss, has been created by pancreatic ribonuclease (EC 2.7.7.16) action.
One-dimensional ecosystem model of the equatorial Pacific upwelling system. Part I: model development and silicon and nitrogen cycle

Abstract A one-dimensional ecosystem model was developed for the equatorial Pacific upwelling system, and the model was used to study nitrogen and silicon cycle in the equatorial Pacific. The ecosystem model consisted of 10 components (nitrate, silicate, ammonium, small phytoplankton, diatom, micro- and meso-zooplankton, detrital nitrogen and silicon, and total CO2). The ecosystem model was forced by the area-averaged (5°S–5°N, 90°W–180°, the Wyrtki Box) annual mean upwelling velocity and vertical diffusivity obtained from a three-dimensional circulation model. The model was capable of reproducing the low-silicate, high-nitrate, and low-chlorophyll (LSHNLC) conditions in the equatorial Pacific. The linkage to carbon cycle was through the consumption of assimilated nitrate and silicate (i.e. new productions). Model simulations demonstrated that low-silicate concentration in the equatorial Pacific limits production of diatoms, and it resulted in low percentage of diatoms, 16%, in the total phytoplankton biomass. In the area of 5°S–5°N and 90°W–180°, the model produced an estimated sea-to-air CO2 flux of 4.3 mol m−2 yr−1, which is consistent with the observed results ranging of 1.0–4.5 mol m−2 yr−1. The ammonium inhibition played an important role in determining the nitrogen cycle in the model. The modeled surface nitrate concentration could increase by a factor of 10 (from 0.8 to 8.0 mmol m−3) when the strength of the ammonium inhibition increased from ψ=1.0 to 10.0 (mmol m−3)–1. The effects of both micro- and meso-zooplankton grazing were tested by varying the micro- and meso-zooplankton maximum grazing rates, G1max and G2max. The modeled results were quite sensitive to the zooplankton grazing parameters. The current model considered the role of iron implicitly through the parameters that determine the growth rate of diatoms. Several iron-enrichment experiments were conducted by changing the parameter α (the initial slope of the photosynthetic rate over irradiance at low irradiance), KSi(OH)4 (half-saturation concentration of silicate uptake by diatom), and μ2max (the potential maximum specific diatom growth rate) in the regulation terms of silicate uptake by diatom. Within the first 5 days in the modeled iron-enrichment experiment, the diatom biomass increased from 0.08 to 2.5 mmol m−3, more than a factor of 30 increase. But the diatom populations crashed 2 weeks after the experiment started, due to exhaustion of available silicate and increased mesozooplankton population. The modeled iron-enrichment experiments produced several ecological behaviors similar to these observed during the IronEx-2.
Fabrication of non-uniformly excited wide-band ultrasonic transducers

Abstract The plane and edge wave model of the action of an ultrasonic transducer has been used to predict that improved short-pulse, wide-band transducers could be produced by varying the excitation of the transducer elements as a function of the distance from its centre. The form of variation required has been determined by computer modelling and the means of achieving it was investigated experimentally. Photofabrication techniques based on those used in integrated circuit technology using photoresist for photoetching have been adapted to cope with the metallized surfaces of piezoelectric ceramics. Some examples of non-uniform transducers have been made and tested. When interrogating small targets, these transducers are shown to be as sensitive as conventional, uniformly-excited, short-pulse transducers, but with lateral resolution as much as an order of magnitude better. Compared with conventional focussed transducers the non-uniform wide-band transducers have a greatly increased depth of field.
Auditing in the BRICs

The “Big Four” international accounting firms typically provide audit, tax, and advisory services throughout the world. Emerging market growth, specifically in the countries of Brazil, South Africa, and India, is expected to be significant in the upcoming years. In this paper, specific political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal, ethical, environmental and geographic factors are considered in each of these countries specifically as they relate to members of the Big Four and their auditing services. Further, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions are evaluated in light of the provision of audit services within Brazil, South Africa, and India. Specific business risks and opportunities are identified for firms in each geographic location discussed.
How Useful is Monetary Econometrics in Low-Income Countries?: The Case of Money Demand and the Multipliers in Rwanda

This paper revisits the usefulness of econometric monetary analysis in low-income countries in a case study on Rwanda, an interesting case given its floating exchange rate and reliance on indirect monetary policy instruments on the one hand, and its somewhat typical data and institutional shortcomings on the other hand. The findings are generally encouraging for the use of econometric models for monetary analysis in low-income countries. Notwithstanding substantial qualifications, time series and structural models of the money multiplier and money demand yield results that are statistically and economically reasonable enough to usefully inform policymaking.
Fatal case of intracerebral hemorrhage during gamma knife treatment for metastases

This case report presents a patient suffering acute fatal intracranial-intratumoral hemorrhage during a gamma knife treatment session. Acute hemorrhage during a radiosurgery session is extremely rare and a plausible cause for this case is discussed along with a literature review of previously reported incidents. The patient was a 71-year-old male presenting with three large intracranial lesions and an underlying primary renal cell carcinoma malignancy. Because of a severe kyphotic deformity resulting from ankylosing spondylitis, the patient was placed in a moderate Trendelenburg position to allow his head to fit into the gamma knife unit during the radiosurgery session. The two left-sided lesions were to be treated with 20 Gy to the 50% isodose line, and the right-sided lesion with 16 Gy to the 40% isodose line. Anesthesia was available throughout the treatment session to aid with pain control. The gamma knife treatment was aborted because the patient suffered a generalized seizure while in the unit. Immediate head CT of the patient revealed large acute hemorrhages into all three intracranial masses. This proved to be a fatal complication. It is likely that this positioning contributed to the hemorrhage. The clinical history of this patient is provided as well as a review of the literature on acute intracranial hemorrhage associated with radiosurgical therapy.
The ecological significance of toxic nectar

Although plant-herbivore and plant-pollinator interactions have traditionally been studied separately, many traits are simultaneously under selection by both herbivores and pollinators. For example, secondary compounds commonly associated with herbivore defense have been found in the nectar of many plant species, and many plants produce nectar that is toxic or repellent to some floral visitors. Although secondary compounds in nectar and toxic nectar are geographically and phylogenetically widespread, their ecological significance is poorly understood. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the possible functions of toxic nectar, including encouraging specialist pollinators, deterring nectar robbers, preventing microbial degradation of nectar, and altering pollinator behavior. All of these hypotheses rest on the assumption that the benefits of toxic nectar must outweigh possible costs; however, to date no study has demonstrated that toxic nectar provides fitness benefits for any plant. Therefore, in addition to these adaptive hypotheses, we should also consider the hypothesis that toxic nectar provides no benefits or is tolerably detrimental to plants, and occurs due to previous selection pressures or pleiotropic constraints. For example, secondary compounds may be transported into nectar as a consequence of their presence in phloem, rather than due to direct selection for toxic nectar. Experimental approaches are necessary to understand the role of toxic nectar in plant-animal interactions.
Submicrometer Optical Linewidth Metrology

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has had a continuing program to develop optical linewidth standards for the integrated circuit industry for over 10 years. The past work has concentrated on the development and the certification of photomask linewidth and pitch standards. The recent work is directed at extending the feature sizes on these standards to cover the range from 0.5 to 30 μm, and at doubling the certification accuracy to 0.025 μm. Features with heights larger than approximately 1/4 wavelength of light cannot be modeled as zero-thickness layers as is done for photomasks. The development of models to handle this thick-layer case and to develop practical edge-detection criteria are currently under development at NBS. However, at the present time, it is generally not possible to interpret the image profiles of thick features and thereby measure an accurate linewidth. The basic obstacles that must be overcome to achieve accurate submicrometer feature size measurements for these features will be reviewed and the prospects for future NBS optical standards for features such as photoresist lines on silicon wafers will be assessed. Some suggestions about what to do until these standards become available will be given.
Why Is There a Strong Positive Correlation Between Perpetration and Being a Victim of Sexual Coercion? An Exploratory Study

The purpose of this research was to determine if the correlation between perpetration and being a victim of sexual coercion is due to a lack of self-control, a coercive lifestyle, or dysfunctional romantic relationships. Two hundred and sixty-two college students completed measures of perpetration and being a victim of sexual coercion, lack of self-control, coercive lifestyle, romantic partner’s coercive lifestyle, and partner’s perpetration and being a victim of sexual coercion. Support was not found for the lack of self-control and coercive lifestyle explanations; support was found for the dysfunctional relationships explanation. Multiple regression analyses found that the self-control variable that best (negatively) predicted both perpetration and being a victim of sexual coercion was valuing long-term, committed romantic relationships. Interventions to prevent perpetration and being a victim of sexual coercion should focus not only on the individual victim/perpetrator but also on promoting functional romantic relationships.
Next generation modeling I: RUBE: a customized 2d and 3d modeling framework for simulation

We present a system called RUBE, which allows a modeler to customize model components and model structure in 2D and 3D. RUBE employs open source tools to assist in model authoring, allowing the user to visualize models with different metaphors. For example, it is possible to visualize an event graph as a city block, or a Petri network as an organically-oriented 3D machine. We suggest that such flexibility in visualization will allow existing model types to take on forms that may be more recognizable to modeling subcommunities, while employing notation as afforded by inexpensive graphical hardware. There is also a possibility to create model types using entirely new notations.
Renal artery aneurysm

More and more renal artery aneurysms are being diagnosed, especially after the introduction of selective arteriography for the evaluation of renovascular hypertension. However, renal artery aneurysm still remains a rare entity. The pathogenesis of renal artery aneurysm is identical to the pathogenesis of arterial aneurysm in other arteries. Symptoms of aneurysm of the renal artery are dependent on a variety of factors, the most important of which are the size of the aneurysm, its location, and whether or not rupture has occurred. The indication for operation on renal artery aneurysm is rupture or threat of rupture. Herein we present a review of the literature and a report of 2 cases which exemplify the capabilities of the surgeon in dealing with such cases.
OUTCOME ANALYSIS OF PRENATALLY DETECTED URETEROCELES ASSOCIATED WITH MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASIA

Purpose: We assessed the outcome of a nonoperative approach in infants with prenatally detected ureteroceles associated with multicystic dysplasia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of all infants with ureteroceles referred for evaluation of prenatally hydronephrosis was conducted. Ultrasound, cystogram and scintigraphy findings were tabulated. Clinical outcomes including infections and the need for surgical intervention were assessed. Results: We identified 5 female and 3 male infants with prenatally detected ureteroceles and associated multicystic dysplasia. There were 4 cases with renal duplication and 4 with single systems. All infants were treated expectantly. One infant had a single urinary tract infection. The multicystic dysplastic moiety involuted by age 18 months in all children. The ureterocele collapsed in 3 children and remained stable in the remainder. None of the children required surgical intervention with a median and mean followup of 36 months (range 14 to 54). Conclusions: We identified a subset of prenatally diagnosed ureteroceles that had a benign clinical course and did not require surgical intervention with available followup. Careful evaluation and interpretation of postnatal studies will allow identification and observational management of this unique subset of ureteroceles associated with multicystic dysplasia and absence of hydroureteronephrosis.