cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grammar mapping for conceptual patterns

Abstract Syntactical pattern recognition techniques are applied to conceptual patterns for analogical problem solving. The conceptual patterns are concerned with relationships between entities. A problem to be solved (or a question to be answered) through analogical reasoning is treated as an incomplete pattern (in the target domain) with some missing information. Given a pattern base (which consists of known conceptual patterns) and a target pattern with missing information, the task of analogical problem solving is to recognize a known pattern (in some source domain) in the pattern base which contains a portion similar to the known portion of the target pattern, so that the missing information in the target domain can be fulfilled through the known pattern through structure mapping. In the context of conceptual pattern recognition, the structure mapping process is performed through mapping of grammar. Some important terms are defined, a grammar for pattern description is described, and the function of a grammar mapping engine (GME) is then discussed. A brief comparison with related work is also provided.
Diversification of the Salmonella Fimbriae: A Model of Macro- and Microevolution

Bacteria of the genus Salmonella comprise a large and evolutionary related population of zoonotic pathogens that can infect mammals, including humans and domestic animals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Salmonella carries a plethora of virulence genes, including fimbrial adhesins, some of them known to participate in mammalian or avian host colonization. Each type of fimbria has its structural subunit and biogenesis genes encoded by one fimbrial gene cluster (FGC). The accumulation of new genomic information offered a timely opportunity to better evaluate the number and types of FGCs in the Salmonella pangenome, to test the use of current classifications based on phylogeny, and to infer potential correlations between FGC evolution in various Salmonella serovars and host niches. This study focused on the FGCs of the currently deciphered 90 genomes and 60 plasmids of Salmonella. The analysis highlighted a fimbriome consisting of 35 different FGCs, of which 16 were new, each strain carrying between 5 and 14 FGCs. The Salmonella fimbriome was extremely diverse with FGC representatives in 8 out of 9 previously categorized fimbrial clades and subclades. Phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella suggested macroevolutionary shifts detectable by extensive FGC deletion and acquisition. In addition, microevolutionary drifts were best depicted by the high level of allelic variation in predicted or known adhesins, such as the type 1 fimbrial adhesin FimH for which 67 different natural alleles were identified in S. enterica subsp. I. Together with strain-specific collections of FGCs, allelic variation among adhesins attested to the pathoadaptive evolution of Salmonella towards specific hosts and tissues, potentially modulating host range, strain virulence, disease progression, and transmission efficiency. Further understanding of how each Salmonella strain utilizes its panel of FGCs and specific adhesin alleles for survival and infection will support the development of new approaches for the control of Salmonellosis.
THE POST-DEPORTATION HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT: PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH WITH MAYA TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES

As the number of immigrants in the United States has increased dramatically in recent decades, so has the number of human rights violations against immigrants in the form of arrests without warrants, detention and deportation of parents without consideration of the well-being of their children, and incarceration without bail or the right to a public attorney. The Post-Deportation Human Rights Project (PDHRP) at Boston College was developed to investigate and respond to the legal and psychological effects of deportation policies on migrants living in or deported from the United States. This unique multidisciplinary project involves lawyers, social science faculty, and graduate students—all of whom are bilingual, one of whom is trilingual, and many of whom are bicultural—working together in partnership with local immigrant organizations to address the psychosocial impact of deportation on Latino and Maya families and communities. Our work includes psycho-educational and rights education workshops with immig...
Postoperative Opioid Administration Inhibits Bone Healing in an Animal Model

Background The current mainstay of orthopaedic pain control is opioid analgesics but there are few studies in the literature evaluating the effects of opioids on bone healing.
Influence of agriculture on aquatic invertebrate communities of temporary wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, USA

We evaluated the influence of intensive agriculture on invertebrate communities of temporary wetlands as indicated by aquatic invertebrate resting eggs, shells, and cases remaining after wetlands dried. To facilitate the comparison, we sampled 19 wetlands within cropland areas and 19 wetlands within grassland areas. We found resting eggs, shells, and cases of significantly more taxa and greater numbers of cladoceran resting eggs (ephippia), planorbid and physid snail shells, and ostracod shells in wetlands within grasslands than in croplands. We also successfully incubated greater numbers of cladocerans and ostracods from soil samples collected from grassland sites. We were unable to detect differences in the viability of cladoceran ephippia between grassland and cropland wetlands, but our sample size was small due to an absence of ephippia in most cropland wetlands sampled; 74% of the cropland wetlands were devoid of cladoceran ephippia whereas ephippia were well represented in nearly all of our grassland sites. Our results corroborate findings of other investigators that prairie pothole wetlands have been negatively impacted by human activ-, ities. Our study demonstrates that aquatic invertebrates of temporary wetlands have, been negatively impacted by intensive agriculture and suggests that future studies need to assess the influence of agricultural practices on wetland-dependant wildlife.
Fashion's Phantom and Masculinity's Mystery: The Posters of PKZ

Cet article analyse quelques affiches publicitaires editees dans la premiere moitie du vingtieme siecle pour la marque de vetements PKZ (Paul Kehl, Zurich). Les traitements graphiques, avec des hommes vus de dos ou totalement absents, conferent aux affiches une grande desirabilite du vetement et apportent la signature d'un style
An Analysis of the Energetics of the Major Polar Stratospheric Warming of January–February 1973

Abstract Energy, temperature and zonal wind during the stratospheric warming of January–February 1973 are investigated for five layers: 100–70 mb, 70–50 mb, 50–30 mb, 30–10 mb and 10–0.4 mb. Temperature and zonal wind patterns, derived from NMC and Oxford satellite radiance data, are compared with results of synoptic studies. Upward flux of geopotential is traced from 100 to 0.4 mb with differences in the vertical used to estimate convergence. Mean and eddy potential and kinetic energies are estimated for each layer, with eddy quantities analyzed separately for the first three wavenumbers. Temperature and zonal wind results compare well with synoptic studies, with the warming appearing to propagate downward. A critical line developed and moved both vertically and horizontally. The warming was preceded by enhanced upward flux of n = 1 geopotential. In general, n = 1 fluctuations dominated the warming process, except for the 10–0.4 mb layer.
An On-Line Energy Management Strategy for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using an Estimation Distribution Algorithm

Plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) have great potential in reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions, due to the use of electric batteries as another energy source. One of the critical considerations in PHEV development is the design of its energy management strategy, which determines how energy flows in a hybrid powertrain should be managed in response to a variety of system parameters. In this paper, the authors propose a generic framework of real-time energy management for PHEVs, where an Estimation Distribution Algorithm (EDA) is used for on-line (i.e., real-time) optimization of the power-split strategy. Different methods for controlling the battery pack's State of Charge (SOC) are proposed and sensitivity analyses are conducted to evaluate their performance. Study results validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and show promise for further field implementation.
Human exposure to complex mixtures of air pollutants

Human exposure to complex mixtures of polycyclic organic matter (POM) from the products of incomplete combustion contribute to the potential lung cancer risk in urban areas. The most ubiquitous emission sources outdoors in populated areas are residential motor vehicles and residential heating, while environmental tobacco smoke is usually the major combustion source in indoor air. In addition to these urban combustion sources, there are industrial and municipal sources that may also have a significant impact on human exposure to carcinogenic agents due to their high DNA adduct and tumor initiating potency. This review focuses on new approaches to assess human exposure to POM using source apportionment, personal exposure monitoring, and biomarker methods.
Intensity and Polarization Modulation by Electrical Biasing of a Conductive Optical Waveguide

Modulation of both the intensity and the polarization of 1.5 pm radiation in silicon waveguides is obtained by applying a voltage to the waveguide with respect to an adjacent electrode. The effect is the result of both the absorption of water to and modification of surface states on the waveguide.
Ubiquitous presenter: fast, scalable active learning for the whole classroom

In this demonstration participants will experience the potential for fast, scalable active learning in the classroom using standard web technology. Ubiquitous Presenter (UP) enables students with web-enabled devices (computers, laptops, Tablet PCs, cell phones, PDAs, etc.) to interact in (or outside) class in a range of manners and through a modality of their choosing [2,3]. Their input (via a web browser) is immediately and anonymously transmitted to the instructor machine, where it can be reviewed and selected for display to the class via digital projector. The instructor, using a Tablet PC, can additionally comment on, augment, or correct student input real time in class. These activities, along with instructor designed lecture slides and in-class ink are automatically archived on a web server for review after class by both instructors and students.
Analogs of cyclic adenosine monophosphate: correlation of inhibition of Purkinje Neurons with Protein Kinase Activation.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and 11 derivatives were applied to rat cerebellar Purkinje cells by iontophoresis. Cyclic AMP inhibited 63 percent of the cells, while the 8-parachlorophenylthio- and 8-benzylthio- analogs of cyclin AMP inhibited the spontaneous firing of 92 and 89 percent of cells, respectively. The ability of the 11 analogs to inhibit neuronal firing correlated ( r= + .78) with their reported potency in activating cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. These results extend previous studies, pointing to the mediation by cyclic AMP of the noradrenergic inhibition of Purkinje neurons, and provide new physiological evidence that protein phosphorylation is a major step in the action of cyclic AMP.
Selection at the Adh locus inDrosophila melanogaster: Adult survivorship-mortality in response to ethanol

Functionally significant biochemical properties of the naturally occurring electrophoretic variants at the Adh locus (ADHfast and ADHSlow) are correlated with the adult flies' ability to utilize and survive in an ethanol environment. The results are consistent with the idea that an environmentally dependent form of balancing selection is responsible, at least in part, for the maintenance of the polymorphism at this locus.
Submarine venting of brines in the deep Gulf of Mexico: Observations and geochemistry

Brine-issuing vents have been observed at 1,920 m water depth on top of Green Knoll, an isolated salt diapir rising seaward of the Sigsbee Escarpment in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The brines are seven times saltier than ambient sea water. Their venting, both by lateral flow and by diffusion upward through the underlying sediments, gives rise to drainage patterns similar to braided streams. Brine transport pathways are floored by unindurated red-orange deposits similar to the iron oxide deposits of the Red Sea brine pools. The relations between major and minor constituents (Na, K, Cl, SO{sub 4}, Br, and Li) and the {delta}{sup 18}O compositions indicate that brines are formed by congruent sea-water dissolution of the underlying Louann salt containing a mixture of halite, sylvite, and anhydrite. Net removal of Mg corresponding to a proportional increase in Ca suggests that dolomitization is active in the subsurface. Ferrous iron is extracted from the salt diapir and precipitated as ferric hydroxide on floors of drainage networks during the venting and mixing of the brines with the oxygen-rich ambient water. The Green Knoll brines, whose chemistry is uncompromised by severe diagenetic overprints, could serve as an end-member analogue for formation waters that havemore » acquired complex chemical histories during their long migration in sedimentary basins.« less
Examining Teachers' Hurdles to ‘Science for All’

The goal of this research is to identify science teachers' beliefs and conceptions that play an important role in shaping their understandings of and attempts to enact inclusive science teaching practices. We examined the work products, both informal (online discussions, email exchanges) and formal (papers, unit plans, peer reviews), of 14 teachers enrolled in a master's degree course focused on diversity in science teaching and learning. These emerging understandings were member-checked via a series of interviews with a subset of these teachers. Our analysis was conducted in two stages: (1) describing the difficulties the teachers identified for themselves in their attempts to teach science to a wide range of students in their classes and (2) analyzing these self-identified barriers for underlying beliefs and conceptions that serve to prohibit or allow for the teachers' understanding and enactment of equitable science instruction. The teachers' self-identified barriers were grouped into three categories:...
Mediating Power: Distance Learning Interfaces, Classroom Epistemology, and the Gaze

Abstract Distance learning's interfaces—from corresponding through the postal service to the televised talking head—have traditionally been designed from the top down, supporting banking models of learning or, in writing instruction, current-traditional rhetoric pedagogies. Due to temporal and spatial constraints, these interface designs often support (or encourage) one-way communication from the instructor to the student. Students mostly interact with the instructor by asking questions or submitting work, and they tend to have little correspondence with other peers. These methods clearly privilege the instructor's knowledge and evaluation. Furthermore, these interface designs empower the instructor to gaze upon the students and assess them—often not as a corporeal body but as a corpus of texts. Thus, each interface adopted for distance learning sets up a power dynamic in which the capability to share the roles of creating knowledge is juxtaposed with the instructor's capability to normalize the students and reify their own authority through their gaze. In this article we examine the traditional classroom interface through the correspondence course interface, the simulated classroom interface, and the synchronous video interface to raise questions about the infrastructures of distance learning and their implications for student learning.
Optimization of dynamic response using a monolithic-time formulation

The design of systems for dynamic response may involve constraints that need to be satisfied over an entire time interval or objective functions evaluated over the interval. Efficiently performing the constrained optimization is challenging, since the typical response is implicitly linked to the design variables through a numerical integration of the governing differential equations. Evaluating constraints is costly, as is the determination of sensitivities to variations in the design variables. In this paper, we investigate the application of a temporal spectral element method to the optimization of transient and time-periodic responses of fundamental engineering systems. Through the spectral discretization, the response is computed globally, thereby enabling a more explicit connection between the response and design variables and facilitating the efficient computation of response sensitivities. Furthermore, the response is captured in a higher order manner to increase analysis accuracy. Two applications of the coupling of dynamic response optimization with the temporal spectral element method are demonstrated. The first application, a one-degree-of-freedom, linear, impact absorber, is selected from the auto industry, and tests the ability of the method to treat transient constraints over a large-time interval. The second application, a related mass-spring-damper system, shows how the method can be used to obtain work and amplitude optimal time-periodic control force subject to constraints over a periodic time interval.
Utilization of care among drug resistant epilepsy patients with symptoms of anxiety and depression

Abstract Purpose Epilepsy patients have a significantly higher rate of anxiety and depression than the general population, and psychiatric disease is particularly prevalent among drug resistant epilepsy patients. Symptoms of anxiety and depression might serve as a barrier to appropriate epilepsy care. The aim of this study was to determine if drug resistant epilepsy patients with symptoms of anxiety and/or depression receive different epilepsy management than controls. Method We identified 83 patients with drug resistant focal epilepsy seen at the Penn Epilepsy Center. Upon enrollment, all patients completed 3 self-report scales and a neuropsychiatric inventory and were grouped into those with symptoms of anxiety and/or depression and controls. Each patient's medical records were retrospectively reviewed for 1–2 years, and objective measures of outpatient and inpatient epilepsy management were assessed. Results At baseline, 53% ( n =43) of patients screened positive for symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. The remaining 47% ( n =38) served as controls. Patients with anxiety and/or depression symptoms had more missed outpatient visits per year compared to controls (median 0.84 vs. 0.48, p =0.02). Patients with symptoms of both anxiety and depression were more likely to undergo an inpatient admission or procedure (56% vs. 24%, p =0.02). Conclusion For most measures of epilepsy management, symptoms of anxiety and/or depression do not alter epilepsy care; however, drug resistant epilepsy patients with anxiety and/or depression symptoms may be more likely to miss outpatient appointments, and those with the highest burden of psychiatric symptoms may be admitted more frequently for inpatient services compared to controls.
The tyranny of conventional wisdom? A response

Abstract The critique from the discussants seems to be based on a priori assumptions that larger governments or wider interests and environmental values are inherently superior. I raise the issue of whether this is fair or scientific.
Amino acid profiles by HPLC after filter paper sampling: 'appropriate technology' for monitoring of nutritional status.

Abstract This paper describes a rapid analysis of free amino acid levels in capillary blood samples using a modified HPLC system. Capillary whole blood (25 μl) is dried on a filter paper, extracted and the equivalent of 0.25 μl of the initial blood sample is used for each amino acid analysis. Nineteen free amino acid levels are determined with a reproducibility of better than ± 10% for the entire procedure of sampling, preparation and analysis, with the exception of ornithine (± 19%) and lysine (± 12%). Cystine and proline cannot easily be determined by this method. Alanine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and leucine concentrations on the filter paper are unaltered after 1, 2 and 21 wk. Storage at room temperature should not be for longer than 2 wk, but storage at +4°C, −18°C and −70°C is acceptable for 21 wk. This new micromethod seems to be a practical and reliable tool. Because of its simplicity and, above all, the need for a minimal amount of capillary blood, it is a valid means for the routine monitoring of amino acid profiles in sick preterm infants on different protein regimens. The sampling and storage methods are also examples of ‘appropriate technology’ for field studies of nutritional adequacy in population samples derived from infants. This is because centrifugation is not necessary and the fact that the relevant amino acids on the dried filter paper samples display high stability.
Case Study: Evaluation of Renewable Energy Strategies Using Building Information Modeling and Energy Simulation

This case study focuses on the operational performance of a Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design LEED-rated building with the application of Building Information Modeling BIM to evaluate its capacity to achieve Zero Net Energy ZNE. Retrofit options for renewable energy implementation are examined in conjunction with scenarios of building operation. In this study, two different BIM processes have been conducted for the energy modeling: object-oriented geometric information modeling e.g., envelope, doors, windows, walls, zones, etc. with a BIM tool and energy modeling e.g., materials, heat resistance, location, weather data, renewables, etc. with an energy simulation tool. The simulation model is compared to the real building performance and alternative renewable energy scenarios are evaluated. The results are used to make recommendations for the optimization of building performance and consideration of energy-efficient strategies for building performance enhancement. The research points to discontinuities between photovoltaic panel degradation over time and the LEED credit.
Fabry–Perot interferograms of periodic spectra of molecules with large rotational constants*

The effect of the magnitude of the molecular constant B on the appearance of multiplexed spectra is examined. (CES)
Some effects of surface‐controlled reactions of Kevlar 29 on the interface in epoxy composites

Surface energetics and adhesion to epoxy resin were investigated in the laboratory for Kevlar 29 fiber modified by a surface-controlled nitration reaction and by a nitration/reduction sequence. Results show that at the level of modification studied, the presence of functional groups on the fiber surface does not alter surface energy. On the other hand, interfacial adhesion is significantly increased for the modified as compared with untreated fiber.
Sex differences in incubation length and hatching weights of broiler chicks.

Two experiments were run using broiler eggs (Peterson x Arbor Acres) to determine whether sex differences exist in incubation time required to hatch males and females and in various measures of chick weight (CW). Relationships between measures of CW and incubation time and between CW and egg weight (EW) were determined. Chicks that had emerged from eggs were removed from the hatcher at approximately 6- (5 to 8) h intervals between 490.5 and 527.5 h of incubation in Experiment 1 and at about 2-h intervals between 483 and 524 h of incubation in Experiment 2. Chicks were weighed before and after removal of the residual yolk sac immediately upon removal from the hatcher. In both experiments, a preponderance of early-hatching chicks were female. The time at which 50% of the females had hatched was significantly (P = .05) earlier than the 50% hatch time for males (2.68 and 3.32 h in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). About 71% of the females had hatched by 504 and 509 h in Experiments 1 and 2, whereas only 57 and 52% of the males had hatched at comparable times. In Experiment 2, the yolk-free CW (YFCW) of males tended to be greater than that of females (P = .07) and the YFCW expressed as a percentage of EW was significantly (P = .007) greater. The regression of CW and YFCW on EW were highly significant and positive in both experiments. There was a significant relationship between EW and time required to hatch for males in Experiment 1 only.
A good story well told: memory, identity, and the conquest of Iberia

Arabic accounts of the conquest of Iberia have generally been the purview of historians who view the literariness of these accounts with suspicion, as distorting and obscuring reliable historical information. This article proposes an interdisciplinary approach that appreciates the literary qualities of early Islamic historiography. A close reading of anecdotes about Mūsā b. Nuṣayr from two third/ninth-century sources (Ibn ‘Abd al-Ḥakam's Futūḥ Miṣr and Ibn Ḥabīb's Kitāb al-Ta'rīkh) reveals their verbal artistry as well as how their transmitters shaped them to serve identitarian needs. The fact that both authors were Mālikī jurists who studied with the same authorities in Egypt and who transmit many of the same historical materials makes their divergent portrayals of Mūsā especially interesting case studies of the social function of historical memory. Scholarly communities produced and maintained their status as elite by retelling historical narratives. They also expressed divergent regional identities thr...
Effects of whole-body vibration exercise on prevention of the negative effects of prolonged bed rest

Abstract Background: Whole-body vibration exercise (WBVE) has become progressively more accepted as a training method for populations of all ages and conditions to promote muscle strength, bone health, functional mobility and balance. In order to determine whether or not WBVE has positive effects and should be included in physical therapy treatment, the effects of WBVE on bed rest (BR) are examined. Objectives: The effects of WBVE on prevention of the negative effects of prolonged BR are systematically reviewed. Methods: A systematic review of literature from several databases including CINAHL, PubMed, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus was undertaken to identify randomized controlled trials related to WBVE and BR. The quality of the studies was graded according to the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. The selection and assessment of specific reported outcomes helped determine an effect. Results: Methodological scores ranged from 7 to 8 out of 10. A total of 13 out of the 16 included studies showed positive ef...
A Comparative Analysis of Achievement in Arts and Science Courses by Teacher Education and Non-teacher Education Graduates

The authors compare teacher education graduates with non- teacher education graduates on the basis of achievement in arts and sciences courses. The study was conducted at Clarion University. Findings substantiate that teacher education graduates achieve as well (or in some cases better) than their non-teacher education counterparts on two separate academic measures: (a) GPA in the general education programs and (b) GPA in arts and sciences courses in the secondary education major.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1992 to 2008: clinical outcomes and risk factors for relapse

BACKGROUND: Plasma exchange, the standard treatment for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), has significantly decreased disease mortality. However, TTP recurs in 20% to 50% of patients who survive the initial episode. We aimed to describe the clinical spectrum of TTP, to determine the valid endpoint for plasma exchange cessation, and to explore the risk factors for disease relapse. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Using the ICD-9 diagnosis code, we identified patients treated for TTP at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1992 and 2008. Complete demographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment, and outcome data were collected from the medical records. RESULTS: A total of 72 patients were treated for 134 episodes of TTP at the Johns Hopkins Hospital during the study period. With standardized combined immunosuppression and plasma exchange treatment, the all-cause mortality rate was 4%. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) normalization lagged behind platelet (PLT) recovery by an average of 9 days and did not predict response. Relapse occurred in 36% of patients during a median follow-up of 30 months with most (76%) occurring in the first 24 months. African American ethnicity was associated with increased risk of relapse (odds ratio = 4.8, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Excellent outcomes in patients with TTP are achievable with multimodality therapy. LDH normalization lags behind PLT recovery and might not be an informative endpoint for plasma exchange cessation. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm the influence of race on relapse and identify additional risk factors for adverse outcomes that could be targeted to improve therapeutic outcomes for patients with TTP.
The floral odour of Peltandra virginica contains novel trimethyl-2,5-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]nonanes

Abstract The qualitative and quantitative composition of the floral odour of Peltandra virginica was determined by trapping odour components from freshly cut inflorescences on Tenax and Carbotrap adsorbents using a purge and trap apparatus. Analysis showed that a single novel compound, 1,3,6-trimethyl-2,5-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1.]nonane, comprised nearly 70% of the odour. Four isomers of this compound were found in much smaller amounts (1.0–7.6%) while an analogue with m, 142 comprised 13% of the odour. Small amounts (ca 0.3-2.5%) of two isomers of methylundecene and three isomers of dimethyldodecenone were also detected. This is the first case of trimethyldioxabicyclo[3.2.1]nonanes reported in floral odours.
A seamless approach towards stochastic modeling: Sparse grid collocation and data driven input models

Many physical systems of fundamental and industrial importance are significantly affected by the underlying fluctuations/variations in boundary, initial conditions as well as variabilities in operating and surrounding conditions. There has been increasing interest in analyzing and quantifying the effects of uncertain inputs in the solution of partial differential equations that describe these physical phenomena. Such analysis naturally leads to a rigorous methodology to design/control physical processes in the presence of multiple sources of uncertainty. A general application of these ideas to many significant problems in engineering is mainly limited by two issues. The first is the significant effort required to convert complex deterministic software/legacy codes into their stochastic counterparts. The second bottleneck to the utility of stochastic modeling is the construction of realistic, viable models of the input variability. This work attempts to demystify stochastic modeling by providing easy-to-implement strategies to address these two issues. In the first part of the paper, strategies to construct realistic input models that encode the variabilities in initial and boundary conditions as well as other parameters are provided. In the second part of the paper, we review recent advances in stochastic modeling and provide a road map to trivially convert any deterministic code into its stochastic counterpart. Several illustrative examples showcasing the ease of converting deterministic codes to stochastic codes are provided.
Fourier transform phosphorus magnetic resonance study of the interaction of P-enolpyruvate with the muscle pyruvate kinase-gadolinium complex

The phosphorus spin-lattice relaxation rates of P-enolpyruvate is enhanced 13 fold in the presence of muscle pyruvate kinase and gadolinium as compared to either enzyme or metal ion alone. In the presence of the enzyme-gadolinium complex the phosphorous relaxation rate decreases as the temperature increases which suggests fast exchange between enzyme-bound and free P-enolpyruvate. Assuming that the longitudinal electron spin relaxation rate of the gadolinium ion dominates the correlation time for the ternary P-enolpyruvate-gadolinium-enzyme complex, analysis of the relaxation rate data via the Solomon-Bloembergen equations yield a 5.2 A internuclear gadolinium to phosphorus distance.
Mothering for Schooling

Griffith and Smith explore the innumerable, hidden, seemingly mundane tasks like getting kids ready for school, helping with homework, or serving on the PTA can all have profound effects on what occurs within school. Based on longitudinal interviews with mothers of school-age children, this book exposes the effects mothers' work has on educational systems as a whole and the ways in which inequalities of educational opportunities are reproduced.
Metastability in the Magnetic Structure of Ni 51 Mn 33.4 In 15.6 Heusler Alloy

The metastability of the nonstoichiometric Ni51Mn33.4In15.6 Heusler alloy in the first-order transition region is studied using direct adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) measurements for heating and cooling magnetization processes. During the heating process, ΔTad shows an unusual pronounced peak at 294 K in low applied magnetic fields. The height of this peak diminishes and eventually vanishes at higher fields. Kinks are as well observed in the 290-295 K temperature interval for both processes. The existence of the peak and kinks is indicative of the complex magnetic dynamics in Ni51Mn33.4In15.6 and is attributed to a spin-reorientation transition near the first-order phase transition temperature.
Induction of cytotoxic T cell responses in newborn mice by DNA immunization

Cytotoxic T cells (CTL) play a critical role in controlling viral infections. Infection of neonatal NFS/N mice with a high dose of Cas-Br-M murine leukemia virus, a neuropathogenic type C retrovirus, results in virus-induced neurologic disease and in their failure to generate a protective CTL response. Cas-Br-M-specific CTL are necessary in the protection of neonatal mice from Cas-Br-M-induced neurologic disease. Here we demonstrate that intramuscular inoculation of newborn mice with naked DNA expressing the full length Cas-Br-M genome induces a virus-specific CTL-mediated response. This CTL response is mediated by CD8 + T cells, is long lasting and, when transferred to susceptible neonatal recipients, protects them from Cas-induced neurologic disease. We also provide evidence that the intramuscular inoculation of neonates with plasmid DNA encoding only env sequences induces a dose-dependent CTL response in the absence of an anti-MuLV antibody response.
Effects of local cardiac hypothermia on the magnitude and distribution of coronary blood flow and on myocardial function and metabolism.

Abstract Changes in hemodynamics, metabolism, and the distribution and magnitude of coronary blood flow were evaluated in 10 dog hearts before and after 60 minutes of cardiac anoxia with the myocardium protected by local cardiac hypothermia. The data indicate that following myocardial protection with this technique, hemodynamic performance is not impaired very greatly and there is a noticeable reactive hyperemia, particularly to the subendocardial layers of the myocardium.
Protecting safe access to space: Lessons from the first 50 years of space security☆

Abstract Despite predictions to the contrary at various times from 1957 to 2007, the first 50 years of space security have ended without an arms race or military combat. Arguably, the three riskiest years were 1962, 1983, and 2001. Looking for lessons from these cases, we can identify four primary trends that helped states avoid arms races and direct conflicts in orbit: (1) risks of collective “bads”; (2) fear of action–reaction dynamics; (3) the high cost of space weapons; and (4) the asset of transparency. As we look ahead, trends toward a continued focus on these factors in space security seem strong. But successful prevention of future space warfare will require strengthened forms of individual and collective restraint by all actors in space.
Child maltreatment: Testing the social isolation hypothesis

Several barriers limit our attempts to untangle the social context of child maltreatment. One major barrier is our inability to agree on or effectively communicate what social isolation is. In an attempt to clarify this construct, the introductory section traces the evolution of the social isolation construct over the last three decades and concludes it is not one etiologic factor for child maltreatment, but rather, a large set of variables linked to the parent's perception of support, and their informal and formal networks. The empirical section examines each component of the social isolation construct by comparing 300 maltreating and nonmaltreating low-income mothers. Considerable variation is found between the networks of different types of maltreating mothers and nonmaltreating mothers on structural network properties, perception of support, and the types of resources they do and do not receive. For example, neglectful mothers had fewer network members, fewer contacts, fewer members living within 1 hour, and received fewer emotional and instrumental resources. Despite these findings, the label "social isolation" may not accurately describe the networks of mothers who maltreat their children, since all three types of maltreaters had at least eight important network members and more than 100 contacts with these members in the month before completing the questionnaire.
Conditioning of the electrodermal orienting response.

The present study demonstrates that the orienting response (OR) to the conditional stimulus can be conditioned with a delayed differential conditioning paradigm. Controls utilized were two “sensitization” and one backward-trace differential conditioning group. Conditioned ORs, conditioned anticipatory responses, and conditioned responses at latency of unconditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus were all demonstrated. In the backward conditioning group the amplitude of the OR to the tone preceded by shock was lower than that found for any other group. Refractoriness of the peripheral components of the electrodermal response (EDR) are invoked to account for this finding.
Costs of extended brood protection in the Antarctic sea star, Neosmilaster georgianus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Changes in size, morphology, and biochemical composition in adults and embryos of a brooding sea star, Neosmilaster georgianus (Sladen), were studied in a population adjacent to Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula (64°46′S; 64°04′W) during the austral spring, 1991. Five morphological stages of development were designated in 24 broods, and for each the weight and biochemical composition of the brooding adults and their embryos were determined. Between Stage 1 and 2, the dry weight (dw) and organic weight (ow) of the embryo did not change. From Stage 2 to 3, the dw and ow increased significantly by 10%. Stage 2 and 3 embryos were in clusters of a few (2 to 10) to as many as 40 individuals. In the smaller clusters, individual embryos were attached by tissue cords to another, sometimes atrophied, brood member. In the larger clusters, they were attached to a central mass of tissue containing remnants of embryos. We interpret these interactions as a form of cannibalism which may account for the weight gains between Stage 2 and 3. During Stages 4 and 5, as juvenile form was approached, the dw and ash weight of the young increased significantly and the ow decreased significantly. The calculated energy content for the juvenile (Stage 5) was not significantly different from the energy content of the earliest undifferentiated stage (Stage 1), an indication that most of the organic matter in the egg is the primary contribution to the large juvenile. In brooding females, pyloric caeca indices declined by 52% from Stage 1 to Stage 5 and pyloric energy stores declined by 63% due to proportionately equivalent declines in protein and lipid. The ovary index was low and increased only slightly during brood protection, while the size of the largest oocytes remained approximately 23% that of ova. Energy stores in the pyloric caeca of brooding N. georgianus thus become depleted over a long period of incubation during which the adults apparently starve. This may delay oocyte development and ultimately limit the frequency of individual reproduction.
The Effects of Student Satisfaction and Attitudes on Staffing and Policy Decisions: A Case Study and Empirical Support.

Abstract Increased interest in the University of Mississippi (U.M.) Student Health Service (S.H.S.) indicated dissatisfaction among its users. Complaints about the service in general and one physician in particular suggested an evaluation to identify the causes of the complaints and areas where improvements could be made. Because patient satisfaction can exert a strong influence on factors such as utilization of services, compliance with treatment regimens, and recovery and wellness, a study of user satisfaction was conducted. A 16-statement patient satisfaction questionnaire was constructed and administered to students reporting a visit to the health service during the semester the study was conducted. The physician conducting the examination was identified at the end of the questionnaire. Simple frequency analyses for the physicians identified specific elements of dissatisfaction, and comparisons showed a distinctly greater amount of dissatisfaction with one physician. A report to the university adminis...
History and the Culture Wars: The Case of the Smithsonian Institution's Enola Gay Exhibition.

The cancellation of the National Air and Space Museum's (NASM) original Enola Gay exhibition in January 1995 may constitute the worst tragedy to befall the public presentation of history in the United States in this generation. In displaying the Enola Gay without analysis of the event that gave the B-29 airplane its significance, the Smithsonian Institution forfeited an opportunity to educate a worldwide audience in the millions about one of this century's defining experiences. An exhibition that explored the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan -an event historians view as significant in itself and symbolic of the end of World War II, the beginning of the Cold War, and the dawn of the nuclear age -might have been the most important museum presentation of the decade and perhaps of the era. The secretary and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian abandoned this major exhibition for political reasons: Veterans' groups, political commentators, social critics, and politicians had charged that the exhibition script dishonored the Americans who fought the war by questioning the motives for using the bombs, by portraying the bomb as unnecessary to end the war, and by sympathizing too much with the Japanese killed by the bombs and, by implication, with the Japanese cause. Thus one of the premiere cultural institutions of the United States, its foremost museum system, surrendered its scholarly independence and a significant amount of its authority in American intellectual life to accommodate to a political perspective. The full implications of the cancellation are still far from clear, but an interpretation deeply disturbing to historians and museum professionals has begun to emerge. Smithsonian secretary I. Michael Heyman has suggested that the institution should
The Role of Alteration Phases in Influencing the Kinetics of Glass Dissolution

The potential effect of alteration phases on the kinetics of glass corrosion has been examined in a preliminary series of Product Consistency Tests (0.5, 1, 3, 7, 35, and 91 days). Crushed samples of a relatively simple Li-Na-Ca-K-Al-B-Si glass were reacted in the presence of a relatively high ionic strength fluid, to which various alteration phases (analcime, adularia, chabazite, or Na-montmorillonite) were added as “seed-crystals”. The release of boron and lithium were used to monitor the corrosion rate of the glass. In general, corrosion rates varied only slightly between the tests with different seed-crystals types. Boron and lithium contents in tests with analcime or adularia were slightly higher than tests with Na-montmorillonite or chabazite present. Silicon concentrations did not display any consistent variation over the testing interval, remaining relatively similar to the starting leachant value of 3.5 × 10−2 M. The concentration of aluminum, however, decreased significantly during the first 35 days of testing and could be inversely correlated to boron and lithium concentrations. The concentration of aluminum then increased between 35 and 91 days, whereas boron and lithium concentrations remained relatively static. The noted correlation between aluminum and boron (or lithium) suggests a coupling of the rate of glass corrosion with aluminum concentration.
Influence of boundary structure and near neighbor crystallographic orientation on the dynamic damage evolution during shock loading

The role of crystallographic orientation on damage evolution in ductile metals during shock loading has been investigated. By utilizing large-grained copper specimens, it has been shown that the development of intragranular damage, in the form of void growth and coalescence, is influenced by the grain orientation with respect to the applied load. Additionally, strain incompatibility and the inability to promote transmission or activation of secondary dislocation slip across a grain boundary, are proposed as the likely cause for intergranular failure. Finally, the free surface velocity profiles of each grain, specifically the decay of the oscillations after the pull-back, correlated well with the amount of damage measured within the respective grain.
Venous distribution of superficial cervical region in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkey

The superficial veins of the cervical region in over 50 Macaca mulatta monkeys were studied. We found, in addition to the external jugular vein, another major vein, which we have termed jugular accessory. It is comparable in size and runs ventral to the external jugular vein. It commenced at the angle of the mouth, ran in a groove on the dorsal aspect of the submandibular gland, and descended on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle where it was connected to the external jugular vein by a short transverse twig. It then descended toward the clavicle, crossed it ventrally, and immediately joined the cephalic vein. The resultant common vein pierced the thoracic wall between the clavicle and first rib and joined the external jugular and axillary veins, producing the subclavian vein. It was the jugular accessory and the external jugular, being connected as described, that formed an "H"-shaped system.
The Transition from Decentralized to Network-Based MNC Structures: An Evolutionary Perspective

This paper investigates and models the transition process within established multinational corporations (MNCs) in moving from decentralized toward network-based structures. Whereas there has been substantial research on various MNC models, there has been little longitudinal research on the movement toward projected network-based models. This paper develops an evolutionary perspective of this transition, distinguishing adjustments altering how the MNC defines its “global” strategy, where it locates key resources, and how it structures and manages operations. It argues that rather then being a planned process, each phase represents a viable strategic response to then-existing challenges and opportunities. The paper also argues that the focus of the process shifts over time, initially focusing on building organizational linkages and adjusting the quantity and nature of resources within dispersed units, and later shifting toward reallocating resources and roles across units.
How much can be expected of multicultural education

(1983). How much can be expected of multicultural education? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 421-423.