cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-D-17A-06: A Criterion to Determine Appropriate Respiratory Sampling Range for Respiratory Amplitude Triggered 4DMRI

Purpose: To establish a criterion to determine appropriate respiratory sampling range for respiratory amplitude triggered 4D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The proposed criterion tried to seek a balance between triggering efficiency and motion coverage. Methods: Respiratory signal were acquired from 4 healthy volunteer using the pneumatic bellow. The respiratory sampling range was defined as a percentage of the full respiratory range. The triggering efficiency was determined by the percentage of breathing cycles that could cover respiratory sampling range. The triggering efficiency was plotted against the respiratory sampling range. Regions that could achieve at least 50% triggering efficiency and 80% of full respiratory range were identified. Results: A region that satisfies the criterion of at least 50% triggering efficiency and 80% of full respiratory range could be identified for all 4 volunteers, which offers a good balance between triggering efficiency and respiratory sampling range. Conclusions: A practical and reasonable criterion has been established to determine appropriate respiratory sampling range for respiratory amplitude triggered 4DMRI. The respiratory sampling range determined by this criterion can guide the amplitude triggered 4DMRI scan efficiently and effectively.
Social Identity Theories and Educational Engagement.

There is a large body of research in studies of schooling, particularly ethnographic case studies, which posits that collective action among students undermines engagement in school and contributes to educational inequality. In this paper I review studies of engagement from a social identity theory perspective. To what extent can collective action explain why some student groups are less engaged than others? I discuss four approaches to identifying social identity‐related problems of engagement frequently used in prior research. While researchers often find problems of engagement among low‐academic‐status students, research on educational engagement has had difficulty locating the underlying causes of inequality in student engagement. Social identity theories of educational engagement are inherently theories of collective action. I conclude that a fifth approach, large‐scale observational studies of monitoring and sanctioning, provides the best framework for identifying both the prevalence of, and solutio...
Free Volume, Transport, and Physical Properties of n-Alkyl Derivatized Thiol−Ene Networks: Chain Length Effect

The free volume, transport, and physical properties of a series of n-alkyl derivatized thiol−ene networks are reported. Derivatized thiol monomers were prepared via a nucleophile-catalyzed thio-Michael addition reaction of multifunctional thiols to n-alkyl acrylates ranging from n = 1 to n = 16 in length. Using UV-initiated photopolymerization, cross-linked networks were fabricated from these systematically modified thiol monomers. Each network consisted of the same molar concentration of alkyl chains. Both the thio-Michael reactions and the network photopolymerizations reached high conversion regardless of n-alkyl length, which is typical of the thiol−ene click reaction. The incorporation of alkyl chains led to the formation of new networks with markedly loose packing as probed by density measurements. The density decreased by 11% as n increased from 1 to 16. It is believed that the alkyl chains acted as spacers or pillars which expanded the cross-linked network scaffold increasing the free volume. The f...
High School Student Ratings of Teaching Effectiveness Compared with Teacher Self-Ratings

Two classes of each of four hundred high school teachers were rated for teaching effectiveness by the teachers and by their students using the same instrument. Considerable interrater reliability w...
Musculoskeletal responses of spinal cord injured individuals to functional neuromuscular stimulation-induced knee extension exercise training.

This study was conducted to evaluate a newly designed functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS)-induced knee extension (KE) exercise system that incorporates the most desired features of previously described systems by determining the musculoskeletal responses of spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals to training. A specially designed chair and electrical stimulator were fabricated for FNS-induced KE resistance exercise. Surface electrodes were placed over motor points of the quadriceps muscles, and KE was alternated between legs at an average rate of 6 KE/min/leg. KE testing protocols were developed for pre- and post-training evaluations of performance, and 12 SCI subjects exercise-trained up to three times per week for 36 sessions using a progressive resistance load at ankle level. Pre- and post-training evaluation data were statistically compared using a 0.05 level for significance. Quadriceps muscle performance (strength x repetitions) improved for both legs in all subjects as indicated by significant increases in load resistance and repetitions over the 36-session training period (right leg mean = 1156.0 versus 1624.8 kg.reps, left leg mean = 1127.3 versus 1721.1 kg.reps). In addition, knee range of motion significantly increased (right leg mean = 134 versus 146 degrees, left leg mean = 133 versus 144 degrees). Thigh skinfold, thigh girth, body weight and bone density were not significantly changed. The lack of decrease in bone density in some subjects suggests that the training may retard the rate of bone loss which typically occurs with SCI. No injuries or problems were encountered during testing and training.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Odor memory : Taking stock

This review discusses the state of knowledge in odor memory within the framework of mainstream memory research. Experimental findings are structured around prevailing theoretical distinctions in the study of memory proper, including semantic-episodic memory and implicit-explicit memory. Unaided odor-identification performance is found to be approximately 40%-50% of the total stimulus set presented to Ss, although performance approaches the limit of memorial discrimination if Ss are given label training with feedback. Odor identification is conceptualized as a task with 3 major components and where performance falls on a continuum ranging from nonverbal feelings of familiarity to specific object names. Odor recognition is shown to be relatively stable over long retention intervals, and more than 1 explanation can account for this effect. It is also suggested that name recognition may contribute to the results obtained in odor-recognition experiments. Several possible avenues for future research on both explicit and implicit memory for odors are mentioned. It is concluded that although much is known already about memory for odors, many questions still remain unanswered or unasked.
The decomposition method for solving a second kind fredholm integral equation with a logarithmic kernel

In this paper, Adomian's decomposition method is effectively implemented for solving a second kind boundary integral equation with a logarithmic kernel. The solution obtained is in the form of a convergent power series with easily and elegantly computable terms. The technique has been illustrated by some examples arising from the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions which are of physical interest. Comparing our scheme with existing collocation and iterative quadrature techniques shows that the present approach is highly accurate, converges rapidly and entirely new in implementing Adomian's technique for complex kernel.
Visibility of road hazards in thermal, visible, and sensor-fused night-time imagery

Sensor fusion combines the output of multiple imaging sensors within a single composite display. Ideally, a fused image will retain important spatial information provided by individual input images, and will convey useful spatial or chromatic emergent information derived from the contrast between input images. The present experiment assessed the potential benefits of sensor fusion as a method of enhancing drivers' night-time detection of road hazards. Observers were asked to detect a pedestrian within thermal and visible images of a night-time scene, and within chromatic and achromatic renderings created by sensor fusion of grayscale thermal and visible images. Results indicated that fusion can both improve spatial image content, and can effectively embellish spatial content with emergent chromatic information. The benefits of both sensor fusion and of color rendering, however, were inconsistent, varying substantially with quality of input images submitted for fusion.
Recreational athletes' use of an exchange list system for self-monitoring dietary regimens

The interaction of nutrition and athletic performance is well documented (1-4). However, until recently, there has been no widely used, easy and reliable technique to enable athletes with little or no formal nutrition education and limited access to counseling to accurately monitor their diets. In addition, there is a need for a simplified approach to assessing, designing, and adhering to specific dietary strategies in athletic settings. The American Dietetic Association in conjunction with the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the U.S. Public Health Service originally developed such an instrument, the ADA exchange list (5). The revised version of this exchange list (6) is currently employed in the dietary management of diabetes but has not been extensively used by the nondiabetic population. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of the ADA exchange list in enabling recreational runners to self-monitor their intake of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins and to adhere to specific diet regimens. Eight healthy, physically active males (24 ± 4 yr; 176.4 ± 4.7 cm; 68.0 ± 4.1 kg, mean ± SD) participated in the investigation. None of the participants had any previous nutritional training. All participants completed a medical history and screening form before beginning the study. We followed informed consent procedures (Note 1).
Antineoplastic ether-linked phospholipid induces differentiation of acute myelogenous leukemic KG-1 cells into macrophage-like cells.

Abstract The culture of human acute myelogenous leukemic cell line (KG-1) with a synthetic ether-linked phospholipid: 1-0- octadecyl-2-0-methylglycerol phosphocline (ET-18-OCH 3 ), suppressed the growth of the KG-1 cells while the variant subline, (KG-la cells) similarly treated was unresponsive. The growth inhibition of the KG-1 cells was accompanied by morphological changes into cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Histochemically, the ET-18-OCH 3 -treated KG-1 cells increase 17-fold in the nonspecific esterase activity when compared to control non-treated cells, whereas they responded negatively in the assay for the reduction of soluble nitroblue tetrazolium into insoluble blue formazan deposits (a marker for cells of the granulocytic lineage). Taken together, our data revealed that the synthetic ether-lipid inhivited the growth of the KG-1 acute myelogenous leukemic cells while inducing the differentiation of these cells into cells of the monocyte/macrophage-lineage. These effects of the synthetic ether lipid raise the possibility that naturally occuring ether-linked phospholipids may likewise function in vivo to modulate hyperproliferative processes and thus warrant further explorations.
Isolation and Characterization of Basal Cells from Human Upper Respiratory Epithelium

Abstract Cellular pathways of normal and reparative differentiation of upper airway epithelium are not well understood. Of the three main cell types, basal and secretory cells are known to divide, while ciliated cells are considered terminally differentiated. Several investigations support the role of the basal cell as a progenitor cell type, but others suggest that the secretory cell can regenerate a complete mucocilliary epithelium. Thus, lineage relationships within renewing adult epithelia are still unclear. Understanding the pathways involved in upper airway epithelial cell differentiation is critical for studying injury and repair mechanisms and for developing clinical strategies for tracheal reconstruction. We undertook the current studies to determine the integrin profile of isolated human upper airway basal cells. Respiratory epithelial cells (REC) were isolated by elastase digestion, stained with FITC-labeled Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B 4 (GSI-B 4 ), and sorted by flow cytometry. Approximately 80% of the lectin-positive cells were basal cells, as determined by morphology and cytokeratin staining. These cells expressed integrins α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , α 5 , α v β 5 , β 1 , β 3 , and α 6 β 4 , by immunohistochemistry. This is the first report to identify the integrin profile of isolated human upper airway basal cells. These basal cells could be maintained on type I collagen for at least 7 days, where they became partially confluent and retained expression of cytokeratins 5 and 14. Availability of pure populations of basal cells should permit investigations of their role in both normal and maladaptive repair of adult upper airway epithelium.
Determination of total iron in foods by isotope dilution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

A method employing isotope dilution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry has been developed for the quantitative determination of iron in foods. Samples were spiked with an enriched source of 54Fe, digested with concentrated HNO3/H2SO4 and the iron extracted from 6 M HCI into diethyl ether. Bracketing procedures gave precisions ranging from 1.30–4.49% relative standard deviation (RSD) for isotope ratio measurements and 1.26–6.44% RSD for iron measurements.
Heuristic procedures and mathematical models for cell loading and scheduling in a shoe manufacturing company

This paper focuses on cell loading and scheduling issues in a shoe manufacturing company. It involves a three-phase solution methodology where first number of cells is determined, then cells are loaded and finally detailed scheduling is performed. Three different family definitions are used (subfamilies, families and superfamilies) during the cell loading process. Three cell loading heuristic procedures (H1, H2, and H3), a simple cell scheduling heuristic and two-level mathematical models are proposed and then compared with respect to makespan. An important observation is that better post-loading schedules did not lead to better post-scheduling results. As a result, the best schedule can only be known after both cell loading and cell scheduling functions are performed. The results showed that H1 led to the best post-scheduling makespan values and they were on the average within 3% of the optimal solution. The execution time for H1 was less than four seconds for the problems tested in the experimentation and this can be considered negligible for a manufacturing setting.
Bone Disorders in Chronic Liver Diseases

Bone disease is a major complication of chronic liver disease. Osteomalacia is quite uncommon despite low vitamin D levels in the majority of patients with cirrhosis. In contrast, osteoporosis is quite common, occurring in up to 50% of patients. Osteoporosis can result in spontaneous or low-impact fractures in patients with chronic liver diseases, adversely affecting morbidity, quality of life, and survival. The general biology of osteoporosis, including its pathogenesis, diagnostic tools, and rationale for treatment, have been determined largely empirically from studies of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Treatment regimens with modification of risk factors, use of vitamin D, and supplementation with calcium and bisphosphonates have been shown to be effective in select groups of patients with chronic liver diseases.
Synthesis, characterization, and ethylene polymerization behavior of [(RR′-admpzp)2Ti(OPri)2] complexes (RR′-admpzp = 1-dialkylamino-3-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-propan-2-olate)

Abstract [(RR′-admpzp)2Ti(OPri)2] complexes (2a–c), synthesized from reaction of Ti(OPri)3Cl (0.5 equiv) with 1-dialkylamino-3-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-propan-2-ol compounds in the presence of triethylamine (0.5 equiv), are pseudo-octahedral with each RR′-admpzp ligand κ2-O,N(pyrazolyl) coordinated to the titanium center. In solution, 2a–c adopt isomeric structures that are in dynamic equilibrium. At 23 °C, 2a–c/1000 MAO catalyst systems furnished high molecular weight polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 2.7–2.8). At 100 °C, 2a–c/MAO catalyst systems exhibited increased polymerization activity and 2c/1000 MAO system furnished high molecular weight polyethylene with a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 2.1) that is close to that found for single-site catalysts.
Phase II trial of fazarabine (ARA-AC, arabinosyl-5-azacytosine) in metastatic breast cancer

Fourteen consecutive female patients with metastatic breast cancer received a total of 31 courses of fazarabine at a dose of 2 mg/m2/hour×72 hours (48 mg/m2/day×3) as a continuous infusion. There were no responses seen, although one patient achieved stability of her disease for five courses. Because of encouragingin vitro results and the primarily hematologic dose-limiting toxicity, further study in combination with colony stimulating growth factors might be of interest.
Clinician Search for Information.

The use of a medical library by members of the faculty of a medical school was studied by questionnaire in an effort to ascertain the part the library played, among channels of communication, in work-related information searches. The study described the population of users and the kinds of sources they utilized in an information search, in an effort to identify the factors influencing their choice of kinds of sources and leading to the possibility of predicting use of kinds of sources once the characteristics of the users were known. It brought out a high use of sources which are accessible and easy to use. The tabulations show the importance of co-workers in informal communication. Low delegation of documentation tasks to libraries was apparent. The main user of the library studied was a clinician in the area of internal medicine who used journal articles about diseases for information to use in the treatment of his patients. The recommendations were made that journals should be shelved accessibly, with Index Medicus nearby. Books might be shelved less accessibly. Telephone access to the library is of major importance as is the provision of adequate photocopying facilities.
Longitudinal user and usage patterns in the XSEDE user community

The XSEDE user community is often assumed to be dominated by a (mostly) fixed set of users in a largely static pecking order. This assumption is based primarily on anecdotal experience but often the only quantitative data are the consistent patterns of overall resource consumption observed at many time scales. The XSEDE accounting system offers a unique opportunity to study consumption patterns over time by project teams and individuals. This analysis shows some tendency for larger-scale consumers to remain among the larger-scale consumers; however, the XSEDE user community is much more dynamic than often assumed. In addition, small-scale user behavior over time differs distinctly from large-scale user behavior, with the "long tail" more often comprised of short-lived projects. We define a number of metrics for describing these patterns and consider their implications for the outreach activities and user support within XSEDE and other HPC environments.
Alloxan administration in the guinea pig; a study of the regenerative phase in the islands of Langerhans.

The guinea pig appears to differ from other laboratory animals in its reaction to the drug alloxan. In such animals as the rabbit, rat, dog, monkey, cat and mouse, administration of alloxan results in necrosis of the B cells of the islands of Langerhahs and the consequent diabetic state. Although degenerative lesions in the islet cells of the guinea pig have been reported following alloxan administration, permanent diabetes has not been produced in this species (Goldner and Gomori, 1944; Saviano and De Franciscis, 1947; West and Highet, 1948; Griffiths, 1948; Charalampous and Hegsted, 1949; Collins-Williams et al, 1950; Johnson, 1950). During the course of a recent study (Johnson, 1950), it was noted that although the islet tissue, and in particular the B cell component, undergoes severe degenerative changes within a few hours after alloxan administration, there is complete restoration of the islet tissue by the fourth day.
Cardiac-specific Abrogation of NF- κ B Activation in Mice by Transdominant Expression of a Mutant Iκ B α

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappa B) is a pleiotropic oxidant-sensitive transcription factor that is present in the cytosol in an inactive form complexed to an inhibitory kappaB (I kappa B) monomer. Various stimuli, including ischemia, hypoxia, free radicals, cytokines, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), activate NF-kappa B by inducing phosphorylation of I kappa B. Phosphorylation of serine residues at positions 32 and 36 is critical for ubiquitination and degradation of I kappa B alpha with consequent migration of NF-kappa B to the nucleus. Although NF-kappa B is thought to contribute to numerous pathophysiologic processes, definitive assessment of its role has been hindered by the inability to achieve specific inhibition in vivo. Pharmacologic inhibitors of NF-kappa B are available, but their utility for in vivo studies is limited by their relative lack of specificity. Targeted ablation of genes encoding NF-kappa B subunits has not been productive in this regard because of fetal lethality in the case of p65 and functional redundancy in the Rel family of proteins. To overcome these limitations, we have created a viable transgenic mouse that expresses a phosphorylation-resistant mutant of I kappa B alpha (I kappa B alpha(S32A,S36A)) under the direction of a cardiac-specific promoter. Several transgenic lines were obtained with copy numbers ranging from one to seven. The mice exhibit normal cardiac morphology and histology. Total myocardial I kappa B alpha protein level is elevated 3.5- to 6.5-fold with a concomitant 50-60% decrease in the level of I kappa B beta. Importantly, expression of I kappa B(S32A,S36A) results in complete abrogation of myocardial NF-kappa B activation in response to tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-alpha) and LPS stimulation. Thus, novel transgenic mice have been created that make it possible to achieve cardiac-specific and selective inhibition of NF-kappa B in vivo. These transgenic mice should be useful in studies of various cardiac pathophysiological phenomena that involve NF-kappa B activation, including ischemic preconditioning, heart failure, septic shock, acute coronary syndromes, cardiac allograft rejection, and apoptosis.
Looking to the Future of Compassionate Care: Implementation of a Holistic Perinatal Palliative Care Program

Women’s Health Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program This program provides family-centered holistic perinatal palliative care (PPC) during the perinatal period. Proposed Change Establishment of an effective interdepartmental, interprofessional palliative care team to support patients and their families throughout the perinatal continuum. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation The current perinatal bereavement program was evaluated, and the literature on PPC was reviewed. A staff survey was performed to assess staff awareness, understanding, and comfort regarding PPC. A PPC planning team was created. After analysis of the findings, an interdepartmental strategy for PPC education, which included nurses, medical residents and attendings, and social workers, was developed. This team attended palliative care conferences and evaluated other PPC programs. A plan was developed for improving support for our patient population. This plan included didactic presentation with discussion and shadowing opportunities for all members of the health care team. An electronic PPC documentation tool was created to collect demographic, obstetric, and follow-up data on all perinatal bereavement patients. Data were used to identify the need for PPC services. The PPC planning team networked with resources in the community, which allowed for coordination of care beyond the acute care setting. A relationship with community perinatal palliative care programs was developed, allowing for patient referrals, which lead to more comprehensive holistic perinatal support in the care of patients. The support of outside palliative care has provided an opportunity for increased patient advocacy, education in the community, and improved preadmission and postdischarge care. The program coordinator continues to promote awareness of palliative care at public events throughout Maryland. Staff and patients voiced increased satisfaction with the current palliative care program and the positive effect it has on our community. Implications for Nursing Practice The Johns Hopkins perinatal staff provides palliative care for approximately 100 families each year. This includes all patients who have a prenatal diagnosis of a fetal life limiting condition, unexpected fetal deaths, and missed abortions. Although the care of PPC patients is emotionally daunting, nursing staff have developed crucial palliative care skills obtained through PPC education. Nurses identify and have access to PPC support resources. Evidence-based coordination of services allows for nursing to provide holistic family-centered care. PPC skills and interprofessional support empower nurses to advocate for their palliative care patients. Opportunities exist for continual evaluation, development, and research of the effect of services on patients and their families.
Nanos Is Required in Somatic Blast Cell Lineages in the Posterior of a Mollusk Embryo

Summary During animal development, blast cell lineages are generated by repeated divisions of a mother cell into a series of daughter cells, often with a specific series of distinct fates. Nanos is a translational regulator that is involved in germline development in diverse animals [1–4] and also involved in somatic patterning in insects [5, 6]. Recently, Nanos was found to be required for maintenance of stem cell divisions in the Drosophila germline [7, 8]. We have found that in the mollusk Ilyanassa , Nanos messenger RNA and protein are specifically localized in the mesendodermal blast cell lineage derived from the strongly conserved 4d cell. Nanos activity is required for differentiation of multiple tissues that are derived from the 4d cell, showing that IoNanos is required for somatic development in this embryo. At the cellular level, we show that IoNanos activity is required for the highly stereotyped cleavage pattern of the 4d lineage, the proliferative capacity of the blast cells, and the marked asymmetry of the blast cell divisions. These results suggest that IoNanos is involved in regulating blast cell behaviors in the 4d lineage.
Bifurcation Diagrams for the Formation of Wrinkles or Creases in Soft Bilayers

Subject to compression, elastic materials may undergo bifurcation of various kinds. A homogeneous material forms creases, whereas a bilayer consisting of a stiff film and a compliant substrate forms wrinkles. Here, we show several new types of bifurcation behavior for bilayers consisting of films and substrates of comparable elastic moduli. Depending on the ratios of moduli and thicknesses of the two materials, the critical strain for the onset of creases can be either smaller or larger than that for the onset of wrinkles. When the critical strain for the onset of creases is lower than that of wrinkles, creases can be subcritical or supercritical. When the critical strain for the onset of wrinkles is lower than that of creases, wrinkles can further channel to creases at a strain much lower than the critical strain for the onset of creases in a homogeneous material. Experiments, conducted with bilayer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures subject to compressive loading, show that the different types of bifurcation behavior agree with the theoretical predictions.
A magma-loading model for Barrovian metamorphism in the southeast Coast Plutonic Complex,British Columbia and Washington

Barrovian metamorphism linked to crustal thickening in the southeast Coast Plutonic Complex of British Columbia and Washington is proposed in this paper to be the product of magmatic loading. Relevant observations and arguments are the following. (1) Isotopic ages coupled with structural and fabric relations document that throughout the region Barrovian metamorphism and plutonism are broadly coeval. (2) Baric patterns in country rock indicate steep-sided crustal loads originating within the high-grade parts of the orogen.(3) Patterns of subsidence and uplift are localized and diachronous, precluding a single-event regional thickening mechanism. (4) Country-rock fabrics are dominated by steep, orogen-parallel foliations and shallow, strike-parallel lineations, features not easily reconciled with tectonic thickening mechanisms. (5) Abroad zone of schists flanking the large (25 x 100 km) Scuzzy batholith in British Columbia bears metamorphic isograds and foliations that track the border of the pluton across regional structural trends, implicating pluton emplacement as the cause of metamorphism. (6) The crustal-loading event in the vicinity of the Scuzzy pluton is bracketed by mineral and textural features as being coeval with emplacement of the pluton, which occurred over a period of ∼7 m.y. (7) The regionally developed Chiwaukum Schist in Washington has petrologic and structural features and a metamorphic age that suggest it was formed by, and represents the floor of, an eroded extension of the Scuzzy pluton. The proposed magma-loading model invokes the diapir and ballooning concepts of previous workers in which rising plutons displace country rock downward. This mechanism results in a type of convective crustal overturn, and at least partially solves the space problem related to batholithic emplacement. As a result of this process, relatively broad tracts of country rock acquire Barrovian mineralogy. Following plutonism, magmatically thickened crust is eroded and isostatically up-lifted to expose the plutonic roots and high-grade country-rock basement.
Electrochemical and in situ IR characterization of PtRu catalysts for complete oxidation of ethylene glycol and glycerol

Unsupported nanostructured PtRu electrocatalysts were synthesized using a spray pyrolysis process with varying atomic compositions. A ruthenium rich and platinum rich PtRu were compared to supported E-Tek PtRu on Vulcan XC-72 at a pH range from 5 to 8 for the oxidation of ethylene glycol and glycerol. Oxalic acid is also evaluated as a fuel because it is a terminal oxidation product of glycerol oxidation that enzymes cannot successfully oxidize electrochemically. The nanostructured catalysts were evaluated by SEM and exhibited a sponge-like morphology that helped to increase the metal utilization despite its low surface area. In situ FTIR spectroscopy was used to probe the reaction to determine if complete oxidation occurred by monitoring the production of CO2. The nanostructured catalyst successfully oxidized each fuel (oxalic acid, ethylene glycol, glycerol) to CO2 with no indication of CO formation. This presents an interesting opportunity to combine enzymatic catalysts with metallic Pt-based catalysts for oxidation of more complex fuels.
EFFECT OF ATTENTION ON CENTRAL AUDITORY PROCESSING: AN fMRI STUDY

Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate preattentive and attentional processing of auditory stimuli in 18 right-handed normal volunteers. Responses to trains of 1000-Hz pure tones and infrequent (15%) deviant 1300-Hz tones were characterized while subjects ignored all tones; listened for deviants in the left ear; or listened for deviants in the right ear. Preattentive detection of deviants, associated with the mismatch negativity in electrophysiology, was associated with bilateral temporal lobe activation, with a rightward predominance. Processing of deviant stimuli while attending to either ear produced a more robust and widespread activation of these temporal regions, again with a rightward predominance. Thus, preattentive tone processing appears to be linked to asymmetric activation of a core set of temporal regions in which activity is significantly amplified by selective attention. Extratemporal regions activated by attending to targets in either ear included the anterior cingulate cortex, supramarginal gyrus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
An experimental investigation of Iceland and Reykjanes Ridge tholeiites: I. Phase relations

Tholeiite basalts from 60° N to 65° N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were melted and recrystallized at atmospheric pressure in a CO2-H2 gas mixture. Seven basalts are from the Langjokull-Thingvellir volcanic zone and the Reykjanes Peninsula of Iceland and nine are from the Reykjanes Ridge. The crystallization sequence in both Iceland and Reykjanes Ridge basalts with (Total Fe as FeO)/(Total Fe as FeO+ MgO) [F/F + M] less than 0.6 is olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene. Chromian spinel crystallizes before plagioclase in one Iceland and one Reykjanes Ridge basalt with F/F+M less than 0.57. Chemical differences of the two groups of basalts (lower SiO2 and higher alkalis in Iceland basalts) can not simply be a result of low pressure fractional crystallization. Liquidus temperatures of the seven Iceland basalts decreases from 1,230° C to 1,170° C as the F/F+M of the rock increases from 0.52 to 0.70. The liquidus temperatures of the Reykjanes Ridge basalts are about 10° C lower than those of the Iceland basalts for the same F/F+M value. The profile of measured liquidus temperatures from 65° N on Iceland to 60° N on the Reykjanes Ridge has a minimum value at 63.2° N on the Reykjanes Ridge just south of Iceland. Model calculations of the pressure of phenocryst crystallization indicate that olivine and plagioclase in Langjokull basalts could have equilibrated between 2.0 and 6.2 kb (200 to 620 MPa). Phenocryst assemblages in Reykjanes Ridge basalts at 60° N could have crystallized together at greater than 2 kb (200 MPa) and probably less than 8 kb (800 MPa). A minimum in the equilibrium pressure of phenocryst crystallization occurs between 62.9° and 64° N and coincides with the minimum in the experimentally determined liquidus temperatures. The more extensive fractionation at low pressure in this area could be related to the shift of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis along the leaky transform fault from the Reykjanes Ridge to the Thingvellir volcanic zone.
Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging for Sensing Phosphorus Concentration in the Lake Okeechobee Drainage Basin

Eutrophication disturbs the ecological balance in the Lake Okeechobee due to high concentration of phosphorus emanated from the regions in the lake's drainage basin. Ability of measuring phosphorus (P) concentrations of water in the Lake Okeechobee itself is very important. Furthermore, monitoring P in its drainage basins is crucial in order to find the cause of P loading and contributing regions. Also, inexpensive real-time sensing capability for a large area in a short time would help scientist, government agents, and civilians to understand the causes, spot the high-risk areas, and develop management practices for restoring the natural equilibrium. In order to measure P concentrations in the Lake Okeechobee drainage basin, airborne hyperspectral images were taken from five representative target sites by deploying a modified queen air twin engine aircraft. Each flight line covered a swath of approximately 365 m wide. Spatial resolution was about 1 m. Spectral range covered was between 412.65 and 991.82 nm with an approximate of 5 nm spectral resolution. Ground truthing was conducted to collect soil and vegetation samples, GPS coordinates of each location, and reflectance measurement of each sample. On the ground, spectral reflectance was measured using a handheld spectrometer in 400-2500 nm. The samples were sent to a laboratory for chemical analysis. Also diffuse reflectance of the samples was measured in a laboratory setting using a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. Images were geocorrected and rectified to reduce geometric effect. Calibration of images was conducted to obtain actual reflectance of the target area. Score, SAM (Spectral Angle Mapping), SFF (Spectral Feature Fitting) were computed for spectral matching with image derived spectral library.
Solubilities of 17-ketosteroids in water

Abstract Steroids, in general, are classified as water insoluble compounds. Though the extent of their insolubility may bear important physiological significance, it does not appear to have been investigated systematically. We undertook an examination of neutral 17-ketosteroids in connection with metabolism studies and found, to our surprise, that solubility is quite high when related to biological functions, such as rates of excretion or concentrations in urine. In terms of what a living organism requires, solubility must be interpreted on different grounds from purely chemical considerations involved in problems of laboratory handling.
A work-optimal deterministic algorithm for the asynchronous certified write-all problem

In their SIAM J. on Computing paper [27] from 1992, Martel et al. posed a question for developing a work-optimal deterministic asynchronous algorithm for the fundamental load-balancing and synchronization problem called Certified Write-All. In this problem, introduced in a slightly different form by Kanellakis and Shvartsman in a PODC'89 paper [17], p processors must update n memory cells and then signal the completion of the updates. It is known that solutions to this problem can be used to simulate synchronous parallel programs on asynchronous systems with worst-case guarantees for the overhead of a simulation. Such simulations are interesting because they may increase productivity in parallel computing since synchronous parallel programs are easier to reason about than asynchronous ones are.This paper presents a solution to the question of Martel et al. Specifically, we show a deterministic asynchronous algorithm for the Certified Write-All problem. Our algorithm has O(n + p4 log n) work, which is optimal for a non-trivial number of processors p ≤ (n/log n)1/4. In contrast, all known deterministic algorithms require superlinear in n work when p = n1/r, for any fixed r ≥ 1. Our algorithm generalizes the collision principle used by the algorithm T that was introduced by Buss et al. [7].
Angiotensin II Signal Transduction in Vascular Smooth Muscle Role of Tyrosine Kinases

In this review, the role of tyrosine kinases in angiotensin II-mediated signal transduction pathways in vascular smooth muscle is discussed. Angiotensin II was isolated by virtue of its vasoconstrictor abilities and has long been thought to play a critical role in hypertension. However, recent studies indicate important roles for angiotensin II in inflammation, atherosclerosis, and congestive heart failure. The expanding role of angiotensin II indicates that multiple signal transduction pathways are likely to be activated in a tissue-specific manner. Exciting recent data show that angiotensin II directly stimulates tyrosine kinases, including pp60(c-src) kinase (c-Src), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and Janus kinases (JAK2 and TYK2). Angiotensin II may activate receptor tyrosine kinases, such as Axl and platelet-derived growth factor, by as-yet-undefined autocrine mechanisms. Finally, unknown tyrosine kinases may mediate tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, Raf, and phospholipase C-gamma after angiotensin II stimulation. These angiotensin II-regulated tyrosine kinases appear to be required for angiotensin II effects, such as vasoconstriction, proto-oncogene expression, and protein synthesis, on the basis of studies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Thus, understanding angiotensin II-stimulated signaling events, especially those related to tyrosine kinase activity, may form the basis for the development of new therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
Impact of Processing Parameters on the Phenolic Profile of Wines Produced from Hybrid Red Grapes Maréchal Foch, Corot noir, and Marquette

Phenolic extraction in hybrid and interspecific wine grape cultivars is poorly understood, especially in terms of the impact of fermentation and enological conditions on condensed tannins and anthocyanins. Following fractionation via solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography, phenolic profiles of must and wine from red hybrid grape cultivars Marechal Foch, Corot noir, and Marquette were examined to assess the impact of enzyme and tannin addition, cold soak, and hot press during vinification. Across cultivars, hot press treatments resulted in the greatest extraction of condensed tannin, anthocyanin, and other monomeric phenolic compounds in musts, and treatments that increased skin contact time or cellular degradation during fermentation produced higher concentrations of tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonols. However, these increases were transient, evincing incomplete carryover into finished wines. Depending on initial must extraction, diglucoside forms of anthocyanins were either selectively extracted or selectively retained throughout fermentation when compared to their monoglucoside counterparts. Typical of hybrid grapes, tannin concentrations across cultivars were low, even under hot press conditions. For condensed tannins and anthocyanins, a cultivar-specific, stable-state concentration and phenolic profile emerged regardless of fermentation conditions. Due to the high levels of diglucoside anthocyanins and low levels of condensed tannins, it is expected that the color development and profile in these wines produced from hybrid grape cultivars will be dictated by the monomeric anthocyanins and their potential role in copigmentation processes involving other monomeric phenolic species, as opposed to the formation of polymeric color pigments.
Models and methods for prediction problem of evolving graphs

This paper concentrates on the prediction problem of evolving graphs. We provide five new models and methods for prediction problem of evolving graphs. We experiment each method on real-world evolving graph data which are football competition data, file sharing data, Enron e-mail data, and Eurovision data. Experimental results show that our prediction methods can predict the result with higher accuracy than the random prediction.
Is radical cystectomy indicated in patients with regional lymphatic metastases

The records of 21 patients who had radical cystectomies for the treatment of locally advanced bladder cancer and were found to have regional lymphatic metastases have been reviewed. Ten of these patients had only one lymph node involved (N1), and 11 patients had metastases in more than one lymph node (N2-3). Four patients with N1 disease and 1 patient with N2-3 disease survived tumor-free greater than forty months postoperatively. Radical cystectomy can produce long-term disease-free survival in some patients with limited pelvic metastases.
Cheatgrass facilitates spillover of a seed bank pathogen onto native grass species

Summary 1. Pathogen spillover occurs when disease levels for a given population are driven by transmission from a reservoir species that carries a high pathogen load. Pathogen spillover is widely documented in crop systems, but has been little studied in natural plant communities. 2. The abundant seed production of weedy species may create a scenario where spillover of a generalist seed pathogen onto less abundant seeds of native hosts is possible. The invasive annual weed cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is a potential reservoir species for Pyrenophora semeniperda, a multiple-host fungal seed pathogen that naturally occurs in the semi-arid western United States. 3. To investigate potential community-level consequences of spillover by this pathogen in plant communities invaded by cheatgrass, we first used artificial inoculation studies to determine the relative susceptibility of seeds of cheatgrass and five co-occurring native grasses to P. semeniperda. Secondly, we quantified the pathogen reservoir (density of pathogen-killed seeds) in the spring seed bank for cheatgrass monoculture, cheatgrass-invaded native grass, and uninvaded native grass patches. Thirdly, potential pathogen spillover onto co-occurring native grasses was quantified by planting native grass seeds into field-collected seed-zone samples from each vegetation patch type and scoring subsequent seed mortality. 4. All species tested were susceptible to infection by P. semeniperda, but their vulnerability to seed death varied as a function of germination time and degree of susceptibility. 5. Seed bank samples from cheatgrass-dominated patches contained seed densities over four times higher than samples from uninvaded native grass patches, and P. semeniperda-killed seeds were also present at much higher densities, indicating that cheatgrass can function as a reservoir for P. semeniperda. Native seeds planted into seed-zone samples from cheatgrass-dominated patches were more likely to be killed by P. semeniperda than those planted into samples from uninvaded native patches. Seed mortality also varied across years, sites and host species. 6. Synthesis. Pathogen spillover onto native seeds is likely to operate within seed banks of semi-arid communities invaded by cheatgrass, and perhaps other weeds, and may have broad consequences for community structure. Our findings also demonstrate the ecological significance of multiple-host pathosystems that operate at the seed stage.
Heat transfer from a cylinder in an air‐water spray flow stream

Forced convection heat transfer from vertical cylinders normal to an air-water spray flow stream was measured over an air velocity range from 60 to 140 ft./sec. and a water spray density range from 0.03 to 0.50 lb.m/(min.) (sq. in.). Local heat transfer coefficients were determined at 15 deg. intervals around the circumference of both a 1.5 and a 1.0 in. diam. cylinder. It was found that the addition of 0.426 lb.m/(min.) (sq. in.) of water spray to a 133 ft./sec. air stream raised the stagnation point heat transfer coefficient from 45 to 1,650 B.t.u./(hr.) (sq. ft.) (°F.). Similar intensification was found for other angles around the cylinder circumference; however, the magnitude decreased with increasing distance from the stagnation point. Local heat transfer coefficients were normalized with respect to their corresponding stognation point values and plotted parametrically as a function of angle and air velocity. These profiles showed that the normalized heat transfer coefficients decreased with increasing air velocity at angles other than the stagnation point. Average cylinder heat transfer coefficients were calculated from the air-water data and two correlations were obtained relating these coefficients to the air and the water spray Reynolds number.
Feasibility study on topology malleable data center networks (DCN) using optical switching technologies

We recently presented a highly advantageous DCN architecture that supports ondemand, run-time topology malleability using WDM and optical space/wavelength switching technologies. We further investigate some implementation-related issues including scalability, hop-by-hop latency and optical power budget.
Hacking in Industrial Research and Development

Incorporating off-the-shelf devices and technology can reduce the risk, cost, and deployment time of a product's field trials. Two case studies demonstrate hacking's contribution to industrial R&D in commercial settings. The first case study evaluates optical and radio frequency techniques to track shopping carts in a supermarket. The other evaluates the deployment of a handheld device to enable passengers to self-check-in and board commercial flights.