cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A prospective trial of sertraline for chronic subjective dizziness.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The authors previously reported that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) reduce chronic subjective dizziness in patients with and without psychiatric illnesses. To extend those preliminary findings and test the hypothesis that SSRIs may offer a novel treatment for chronic subjective dizziness, the authors conducted a prospective study of sertraline in patients with dizziness for more than 6 months, in the absence of active physical neurotologic illness. Study Design: Sixteen-week, prospective, open-label, flexible-dose clinical trial. Methods: Twenty-four patients with subjective dizziness for more than 6 months and no active physical neurotologic illness were studied. Eighteen patients had major anxiety disorders. Six had minor frustration or worry that did not warrant a psychiatric diagnosis. Sertraline was administered at a daily dose of 25 mg, which was increased to a maximum daily dose of 200 mg. Dizziness, functional impairment, and psychological distress were measured using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and Brief Symptom Inventory-53 (BSI-53). Treatment outcomes were analyzed using repeated-measures multivariate analyses of variance, with last observations carried forward. Results: Three patients were excluded from data analysis for disqualifying medical conditions, one for protocol violations. Fifteen (75%) patients completed treatment. Five (25%) withdrew for adverse effects or lack of efficacy. The median daily dose of sertraline was 100 mg. Sertraline significantly reduced scores on all three DHI subscales and the BSI-53. Eleven of 15 (73%) patients who completed treatment had a positive response, including 8 of 11 (73%) with major anxiety disorders and 3 of 4 (75%) with no psychopathological conditions. Six patients enjoyed a full remission of symptoms. Conclusion: Sertraline significantly reduced chronic subjective dizziness in patients without active physical neurotologic illness, including those with and without psychiatric comorbidity.
Encounters at the Religious Edge: Variation in Religious Expression Across Interfaith Advocacy and Social Movement Settings

In a time of increasing religious diversity, interfaith political coalitions have become important settings for interreligious interaction, but little research has explored the types of religious expression that are generated therein. Prevailing theories in the sociology of religion indicate that interaction with religious others results in dilution of traditional religious commitments or production of stronger boundaries. But emerging perspectives in cultural sociology shift attention from individual religious commitments to the ways in which settings shape different styles of religious expression. Insights about edge spaces drawn from urban theory suggest that religiously diverse settings can be generative of new types of religious practices. We apply these insights to the study of interfaith activism by drawing on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork with religious advocacy professionals and activists working in interfaith coalitions. Conceptualizing the sites of these interfaith encounters as edge spaces, we analyze variation in the types of religious expression that occur in interfaith settings. We find that both aggregative and integrative practices are produced, but these vary depending on the goals and structure of the setting, as well as participants’ accountability to outside religious gatekeepers.
TREC genomics special issue overview

Recent advances in biotechnology have changed the fundamental nature of biologicalresearch. Whereas scientists used to be able to manage their modest amount of experi-mental data in paper notebooks or simple spreadsheets, new tools such as gene chips formeasuring gene expression (Mobasheri et al. 2004) or sequence variation (Pennisi 2007)have fundamentally altered their work. Not only do these gene chips generate massiveamounts of data (as much as tens of thousands of data points per biological sample), theyuncover potential associations and interactions with a wide variety of genes, diseases, andother biological entities. The ﬁeld devoted to managing, utilizing, and evaluating this datais called bioinformatics (Baxevanis and Ouellette 2005), which is sometimes described asthe intersection of biology (or biomedicine) and computer science.The growth of biological data has resulted in a correspondingly large increase in sci-entiﬁc knowledge in what biologists sometimes call the bibliome or literature of biology.This requires new approaches to dealing with the biomedical literature, which is the mainpoint of intersection between this ﬁeld and that of information retrieval (IR) and relateddisciplines such as text mining.In the early part of this decade, it became apparent that this situation was ripe for a trackat the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC, www.trec.nist.gov), a challenge evaluation forIR organized by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST,http://www.nist.gov/) (Voorhees and Harman 2005). Started in 1992, TREC has provided aseries of challenge evaluations and a forum for presentation of their results. TREC isorganized as an annual event at which the tasks are speciﬁed and queries and documentsare provided to participants. While TREC has historically focused most of its research ontextual documents, the ﬁeld has expanded in recent years with the growth of new infor-mation needs (e.g., question-answering, cross-lingual), data types (e.g., sequence data,video) and platforms (e.g., the Web) (Hersh 2003). This special issue is devoted to theTREC Genomics Track, which ran from 2003 to 2007.
A high performance single phase AC to DC rectifier with input power factor correction

A high performance single phase AC to DC rectifier with input power factor correction is proposed. The proposed approach has many advantages which include fewer semiconductor components, simplified control, high performance features and satisfaction of IEC 555 harmonic current standards. Simulation and experimental results obtained on a laboratory prototype are discussed. >
EO-1 hyperion data analysis applicable to cloud detection, coastal characterization and terrain classification

The EO-1 satellite is part of NASA's New Millennium Program (NMP). It consists of three imaging sensors: the multispectral Advanced Land Imager (ALI), Hyperion and Atmospheric Corrector. Hyperion provides a high-resolution hyperspectral imager capable of resolving 220 spectral bands (from 0.4 to 2.5 micron) with a 30 m resolution. Three examples of EO-1 Hyperion data analysis efforts are illustrated. The discussion begins with a cloud cover algorithm that utilizes only solar reflective channels to discriminate cloud types and cloud/surface features. The algorithm is applied to a variety of Hyperion scenes that depict various cloud types, surface features and seasonal conditions. The second example illustrates hyperspectral application to coastal characterization. Hyperion data from Chesapeake Bay from 19 February 2002 are analyzed. Chlorophyll retrieval results are shown. The results compare favorably with data from other sources. The third example deals with terrain analysis for background classification applications. Abundance levels of lush vegetation and bare soil are estimated for image pixels located between different fields of crops over Coleambally Irrigation Area, Australia on 7 March 2000.
Abstract-driven pattern discovery in databases

The problem of discovering interesting patterns in large volumes of data is studied. Patterns can be expressed not only in terms of the database schema but also in user-defined terms, such as relational views and classification hierarchies. The user-defined terminology is stored in a data dictionary that maps it into the language of the database schema. A pattern is defined as a deductive rule expressed in user-defined terms that has a degree of uncertainty associated with it. Methods are presented for discovering interesting patterns based on abstracts which are summaries of the data expressed in the language of the user. >
On Computing Power System Steady-State Stability Using Synchrophasor Data

In electric power systems, a key challenge is to quickly and accurately estimate how close the system is to its stability limits. This paper investigates using synchrophasor measurements at two buses connected by a transmission line to calculate parameters for a pair of Thevenin equivalent sources, which when connected by the transmission line model provide an equivalent power system representation. As seen from the transmission line, the angle difference between the two Thevenin equivalent sources is termed the “angle across the system” for that transmission line. In the case of a lossless transmission line with voltage support on both ends, the “angle across the system” (as seen from the line) is the difference between the transmission line bus voltage phase angles; to ensure steady-state stability under these conditions, it is well known that this angle difference must be less than 90 degrees. This paper extends these ideas and proposes the notion of the “angle across the system” described above as a gauge for assessing the system's proximity to its stability limit.
Modeling baluns with the method of moments

When using the method of moments (MoM) to model large arrays with large numbers of balanced feeds, the feed baluns can always be incorporated into the analysis by combining the multiport admittance matrix for the array with the admittance matrices of the baluns. This technique is straightforward but requires that the MoM equations be solved for a large number of right-hand sides. The paper shows how the effects of perfect baluns can be incorporated directly into the MoM equations, requiring only one right-hand side. This technique yields the exact results with a significant savings in computing resources. >
The RAP74 Subunit of Human Transcription Factor IIF Has Similar Roles in Initiation and Elongation

Transcription factor IIF (TFIIF) is a protein allosteric effector for RNA polymerase II during the initiation and elongation phases of the transcription cycle. In initiation, TFIIF induces promoter DNA to wrap almost a full turn around RNA polymerase II in a complex that includes the general transcription factors TATA-binding protein, TFIIB, and TFIIE. During elongation, TFIIF also supports a more active conformation of RNA polymerase II. This conformational model for elongation is supported by three lines of experimental evidence. First, a region within the RNA polymerase II-associating protein 74 (RAP74) subunit of TFIIF (amino acids T154 to M177), a region that is critical for isomerization of the preinitiation complex, is also critical for elongation stimulation. Amino acid substitutions within this region are shown to have very similar effects on initiation and elongation, and mutagenic analysis indicates that L155, W164, N172, I176, and M177 are the most important residues in this region for transcription. Second, TFIIF is shown to have a higher affinity for rapidly elongating RNA polymerase II than for the stalled elongation complex, indicating that RNA polymerase II alternates between active and inactive states during elongation and that TFIIF stimulates elongation by supporting the active conformational state of RNA polymerase II. The deleterious I176A substitution in the critical region of RAP74 decreases the affinity of TFIIF for the active form of the elongation complex. Third, TFIIF is shown by Arrhenius analysis to stimulate elongation by populating an activated state of RNA polymerase II.
Transient 1D holographic detection of surface corrugation with extreme ultraviolet radiation

Using a novel time-resolved holographic geometry and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, we probe surface displacement dynamics on ultrafast timescales. The use of EUV light allows for surface sensitive probing with sub-Angstrom displacement resolution and sub-100 fs time resolution.
Implicit time integration for pseudodynamic tests: Convergence and energy dissipation

The convergence and energy-dissipation characteristics of an unconditionally stable implicit time integration scheme that has been adopted for pseudodynamic testing are examined in this paper. A convergence criterion is derived for general multiple-degree-of-freedom softening systems. Furthermore, it is shown that undesired loading and unloading cycles can be avoided in numerical iterations by scaling down the incremental corrections. Finally, it is proved that the total energy dissipation introduced by the residual convergence errors and proposed numerical correction is always positive for any softening structures
FlowTags: enforcing network-wide policies in the presence of dynamic middlebox actions

Past studies show that middleboxes are a critical piece of network infrastructure for providing security and performance guarantees. Unfortunately, the dynamic and traffic-dependent modifications induced by middleboxes make it difficult to reason about the correctness of network-wide policy enforcement (e.g., access control, accounting, and performance diagnostics). Using practical application scenarios, we argue that we need a flow tracking capability to ensure consistent policy enforcement in the presence of such dynamic traffic modifications. To this end, we propose FlowTags, an extended SDN architecture in which middleboxes add Tags to outgoing packets, to provide the necessary causal context (e.g., source hosts or internal cache/miss state). These Tags are used on switches and (other) middleboxes for systematic policy enforcement. We discuss the early promise of minimally extending middleboxes to provide this support. We also highlight open challenges in the design of southbound and northbound FlowTags APIs; new control-layer applications for enforcing and verifying policies; and automatically modifying legacy middleboxes to support FlowTags.
Genetic and morphological features of human iPSC-derived neurons with chromosome 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) deletions.

Background: Copy number variation on chromosome 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) causes a deletion of CYFIP1, NIPA1, NIPA2 and TUBGCP5. Furthermore, it also affects brain structure and elevates the risk for several neurodevelopmental disorders that are associated with dendritic spine abnormalities. In rodents, altered cyfip1 expression changes dendritic spine morphology, motivating analyses of human neuronal cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs; iPSC-neurons). Methods: iPSCs were generated from a mother and her offspring, both carrying the 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) deletion, and a non-deletion control. Gene expression in the deletion region was estimated using quantitative real-time PCR assays. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and iPSC-neurons were characterized using immunocytochemistry. Results:CYFIP1, NIPA1, NIPA2 and TUBGCP5 gene expression was lower in iPSCs, NPCs and iPSC-neurons from the mother and her offspring in relation to control cells. CYFIP1 and PSD-95 protein levels were lower in iPSC-neurons derived from the copy number variant-bearing individuals using Western blot analysis. Ten weeks after differentiation, iPSC-neurons appeared to show dendritic spines, and qualitative analysis suggested that dendritic morphology was altered in 15q11.2-deletion subjects compared with control cells. Conclusions: The 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) deletion is associated with a reduced expression of four genes in iPSC-derived neuronal cells; it may also be associated with altered iPSC-neuron dendritic morphology.
Fibroblast growth factor 2 promotes microvessel formation from mouse embryonic aorta.

To delineate the roles that oxygen and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play in the process of angiogenesis from the embryonic aorta, we cultured mouse embryonic aorta explants (thoracic level to lateral vessels supplying the mesonephros and metanephros) in a three-dimensional type I collagen gel matrix. During 8 days of culture under 5% O2, but not room air, the addition of FGF2 to explants stimulated the formation of Gs-IB4-positive, CD31-positive, and Flk-1-positive microvessels in a concentration-dependent manner. FGF2-stimulated microvessel formation was inhibited by sequestration of FGF2 via addition of soluble FGF receptor (FGFR) chimera protein or anti-FGF2 antibodies. FGFR1 and FGFR2 were present on explants. Levels of FGFR1, but not FGFR2, were increased in embryonic aorta cultured under 5% O2 relative to room air. Our data suggest that low oxygen upregulates FGFR1 expression in embryonic aorta in vitro and renders it more responsive to FGF2.
Sustainable Design for Campus Residential Housing

Alarmed by continuing natural disasters around the world every industry is adopting sustainable practices to lessen the environmental damage to the planet. Academic institutions are also making efforts to make the campus sustainable and environment-friendly. Along with other academic sectors, campus housing is considered an important element of enhancing the academic experience. Although in recent times campus housing has focused on energy efficiency, recycling and using ‘green’ materials, only a limited number of universities are incorporating the design principles of new urbanism to create mixed-use residential areas for students. Mixed-use developments are focused on increased density, pedestrian-friendly environment, reduced ground cover accompanied by other design principles. This essay considers the advantages of adopting new urbanist principles for residential housing in higher education institutions.
Comparing Kernels for Predicting Protein Binding Sites from Amino Acid Sequence

The ability to identify protein binding sites and to detect specific amino acid residues that contribute to the specificity and affinity of protein interactions has important implications for problems ranging from rational drug design to analysis of metabolic and signal transduction networks. Support vector machines (SVM) and related kernel methods offer an attractive approach to predicting protein binding sites. An appropriate choice of the kernel function is critical to the performance of SVM. Kernel functions offer a way to incorporate domain-specific knowledge into the classifier. We compare the performance of three types of kernels functions: identity kernel, sequence-alignment kernel, and amino acid substitution matrix kernel in the case of SVM classifiers for predicting protein-protein, protein-DNA and protein-RNA binding sites. The results show that the identity kernel is quite effective in on all three tasks. The substitution kernel based on amino acid substitution matrices that take into account structural or evolutionary conservation or physicochemical properties of amino acids yields modest improvement.
Investigation of Electromagnetic Field Perturbation With Respect to Mechanical Imperfections in Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) Structure

Electromagnetic (EM) fields near the beam axis in a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) are very sensitive to dimensional changes especially on vane tip geometries. Due to measurement difficulties, field distribution around the beam axis is generally assumed to be equal to that measured outside of vane gaps in quadrants using a bead-pull technique. If an RFQ structure has any mechanical imperfections in its vanes, local field distributions around the beam axis could be different from the design field profiles. The distorted field may affect beam quality as well as the operational stability and reliability of the RFQ system. In order to understand changes of field distribution in the RFQ against localized mechanical imperfections, a study with systematic 3D simulations has been carried out using a model developed for the RFQ in Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Field information at various locations such as around the beam-axis, bead-pull positions, and pickup probe positions are investigated with the vane tip perturbations. Design considerations for proper field retuning with perturbation are also presented and discussed to help future RFQ designs.
Worsening pulmonary hypertension after resection of arteriovenous fistula.

Pulmonary arteniovenous fistula was initially described by Churton in 1 897 [1 1. Since then more than 400 cases have been reported; only six were associated with pulmonary hypertension. Recently, Sperling et al. [2] and Sapru et al. [3] stressed the importance of detecting pulmonary hypertension in these patients preoperatively because of the possibility that removal of the low-resistance fistula could further increase the pulmonary pressures. The case we present illustrates this predicted complication-worsening pulmonary hypertension after resection of an arteniovenous fistula.
Development of Short-Range Repulsive Potentials by Short-Chain Surfactants in Aqueous Slurries

Abstract : The effect of both cationic (n-trimethylammonium bromide, CnTAB) and zwitterionic (phosphocholine, CnCnPC) surfactants on the properties of aqueous slurries of silicon nitride was studied. These surfactants were expected to adsorb to the surface of silicon nitride particles to produce short-range repulsive interparticle potentials that might be useful for the colloidal processing of advanced ceramic powders. Electrophoretic, adsorption, and viscosity measurements showed that longer chain length surfactants (CnTAB, n greater than or equal 12 and CnCnPC, n greater than or equal 9) strongly adsorb. Surfactants with shorter chain lengths were highly soluble and did not adsorb. Although the CnTAB, n greater than or equal 12 surfactants produced very weak particle networks with a low viscosity, the packing density during consolidation was very low, and the bodies were brittle (cracked before plastic deformation). The less soluble, longer chained CnCnPC, n greater than or equal 9 surfactants did produce high particle packing densities, but also produced brittle bodies. In all cases, it appeared that the surfactants could be pushed away from the surface during particle packing.
Inroads in the therapy of indolent lymphomas: exploiting biological insights.

(1999). Inroads in the Therapy of Indolent Lymphomas: Exploiting Biological Insights. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 73-86.
Spitting performance parameters and their biomechanical implications in the spitting spider, Scytodes thoracica.

Spitting spiders Scytodes spp. subdue prey by entangling them at a distance with a mixture of silk, glue, and venom. Using high-speed videography and differential interference contrast microscopy, the performance parameters involved in spit ejection by Scytodes thoracica (Araneae, Scytodidae) were measured. These will ultimately need to be explained in biomechanical and fluid dynamic terms. It was found that the ejection of “spit” from the opening of the venom duct (near the proximal end of the fang) was orderly. It resulted in a pattern that scanned along a lateral-medial axis (due to fang oscillations) while traversing from ventral to dorsal (due to cheliceral elevation). Each lateral-to-medial sweep of a fang produced silk-borne beads of glue that were not present during each subsequent medial-to-lateral sweep. The ejection of “spit” was very rapid. A full scan (5–57 fang cycles, one upsweep of a chelicera) typically occupied less than 30 ms and involved fang oscillations at 278–1781 Hz. Ejection velocities were measured as high as 28.8 m/s. The “spit” was contractile. During the 0.2 s following ejection, silk shortened by 40–60% and the product of a full scan by both of the chelicerae could exert an aggregate contractile force of 0.1 – 0.3 mN. Based on these parameters, hypotheses are described concerning the biomechanical and fluid dynamic processes that could enable this kind of material ejection.
VARIATIONS IN STRUCTURE OF SUBTROPICAL CURRENT SYSTEM ACCOMPANYING A DEEP POLAR OUTBREAK

Abstract On February 4, 1960, a polar air mass penetrated in depth southward to the latitude of a trough in the subtropical jet stream. The subtropical and polar fronts amalgamated into a remarkably deep inversion, with temperatures as high as − 16° C. at 340 mb., much warmer than the tropical air farther south. A brief discussion is given of the influence of flow curvature, and of curvature variation with height, on the vertical shear of the wind. The actual shear differed in certain localities, by a factor of two to five, from the geostrophic thermal shear. Temporary retrogression of the subtropical trough was accompanied by pronounced variations of kinematic and thermal structure, which were in some ways similar to those observed when a minor trough deepens into a major trough of the polar-front wave system. This retrogression was preceded by a westward movement of the wind-speed maximum upstream, and followed by a westward movement of the one downstream. The subtropical front was strong on the western...
A VAR Model Of The Relationship Between The GDP Growth And Unemployment Rates

This paper concludes that the failure to realize the anticipated job growth, following the enormous fiscal injection since 2001 is mostly due to three reasons: (1) The pervasive low investors’ confidence had drastically reduced the investors’ propensity to invest to the extent that little or no investment could take place, even if interest rate, which had fallen to its lowest level could be allowed to fall further. (2) Many industrial sectors, still saturated with excess technological investment acquired in 1998-99, in their attempt to remain Y2K compatible, were trying to make effective use of their existing investment and hence had no justification for further investment, and this constrained their ability to expand production and create jobs. (3) The pressure to prevent corporate profits from falling increased the urge to move industrial plants overseas, especially to low wage countries.
Nanoparticle Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics

The pharmacological activity and toxicity of nanoparticles are characterized by their pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetics (TK), respectively. PK and TK characterize the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs, toxicants, and nanoparticles in organisms. The mechanisms of the pharmacological and toxicological effects are characterized by pharmacodynamics (PD) and toxicodynamics (TD), respectively. In PK (or TK), the distribution of an administered drug, toxicant, or nanoparticle is compared to the time course of changes in the parent and/or metabolite concentrations. In PD (or TD), the toxic effects of the nanoparticles, especially their effects on the target site, are characterized. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the different aspects of PK, TK, PD, and TD of nanoparticles as compared to those of bulk particles.
Emotional labor in hospitality: Positive affective displays in service encounters

The study used web-based simulated hospitality scenarios to examine cultural differences in emotional cognition of facial expressions among Chinese and American subjects in an exploratory study. Re...
Vela X -1 and its missing third harmonic

In our analysis of 13 HEAO 1 A2 pointed observations of the X-ray binary pulsar Vela X-1, we have confirmed that its third pulsation harmonic is almost missing (the peak is ∼2-3σ above the continuum, with a drop of power of ∼2 orders of magnitude with respect to the power present in the second harmonic). This feature is intrinsic to Vela X-1 and is independent of the timing resolution and the energy, although the harmonic content in the MED and HED data is quite different, because of the different pulse shape in the two energy bands. This drop has already been observed by the EXOSAT (although not pointed out) and the BBXRT observatories, and to our knowledge no other X-ray binary pulsar is known to show this peculiarity. For the high-energy data, we find a possible explanation of the phenomenon in the geometrical configuration of emission from radiating slabs at the polar caps, modelled according to Leahy
Subverting Patriarchy with Vulnerability: Dismantling the Motherhood Mandate in Toni Morrison’s Beloved

In Beloved, Toni Morrison depicts a mother desperate to spare her children from slavery, but with no means of doing so other than by killing them. Although Sethe Suggs is stopped before her whole f...
An evaluation of the ring total hip joint prosthesis. A preliminary report.

Summary The initial experience with 32 cases of Ring total hip joint prosthesis has been presented. The early results are fairly good. At present the indications for total hip replacement are severe loss of the bone substance of the acetabular and femoral components of the hip joint, severe bilateral involvement of the hip joint in patients more than 60 years old, failure of a hip arthroplasty, and failure of a femoral osteotomy. If the Ring prosthesis fails, resection arthroplasty can be performed.
Mechanics in the Middle Ages

Mechanics progressed little during the Middle Ages, but there were nonetheless a few notable developments. For example, the Agia Sophia, San Vitale, and Basilica di San Marco were constructed during this period. Furthermore, advances in the calendar were driven by religion, as Easter became an important date for Christians. By the twelfth century, Christianity led to the development of numerous Gothic cathedrals, thus deploying practical mechanics devices across Western Europe. Simultaneously, organized education began to experience a rebirth, with universities arising at Bologna, Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, Salamanca and Padova. Mathematics developed in the Middle East by Al-Kwarizmi and others made their way to the West, principally due to the writings of Leonardo do Pisa. Ever so slowly, science began to develop once again, due in part to Bede, Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, and William of Ockham. Written language also appeared once again in Western Europe, beginning with The Divine Comedy by Dante Aleghieri. But not all developments using mechanics were positive, as torture devices seemed to reach new levels of depravity.
The Paleocene primate radiation

The plesiadapoid primates What events took place 65.5 mya at the beginning of the Cenozoic Era, which is colloquially known as “The Age of Mammals?” This is the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary, and it is now clear that most placental mammal orders originate after this boundary (O’Leary et al ., 2013). This realization was achieved after integrating over 4,500 morphological traits from living and fossil placentals with molecular data. If this analysis is corroborated, the typical age gap between phylogenies derived from fossils and those from DNA has been eliminated. In practical terms, what this means is that the search for unknown, ghostly Cretaceous ancestors for primates and other placentals will cease. Ideas about primate origins that are based on a Late or even Middle Cretaceous genesis are vitiated (Chapter 7). The oldest known placental genus is only 91 mya. In addition, skeletal, dental, brain, uterine, and other soft-tissue traits of the hypothetical common ancestor of all placentals can be reconstructed (O’Leary et al ., 2013:Fig. 2). Most astonishing is the documentation that about 10 speciation events separating placental orders occurred in as little as 200,000 years—a fantastically high rate of morphological evolution. As a group, placental mammals clearly experienced an incandescent evolutionary radiation as they began to occupy niches left vacant by the extinction of terrestrial dinosaurs and reptiles that were specialized for life in the water and air. What place did primates hold in the great placental radiation?
Tokens and File I/O

It has been mentioned elsewhere (page v) that TEX is programmable. It has features that are found in most programming languages, and three such features are discussed in this chapter.
Science Classroom Interactions and Academic Language Use with English Learners

Academic language is critical for English learners (ELs) to succeed in the science classroom. This study analyzed the instructional practices centered around academic language taking place in eight, fifth-grade classrooms during a grant-funded project. Observational data collected through a classroom observation instrument were analyzed to describe and compare the instructional practices occurring in treatment and control classrooms when teachers and students used academic language. Our findings show both treatment and control classrooms using academic language during the course of the intervention study, but the instruction looked markedly different in each setting. These differences provide valuable insight for practitioners and researchers concerned with the academic language development of ELs in science classrooms.
The Itty-Bitty Time Machine:Genetics of the Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock

Abstract The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 has been used as the prokaryotic model system for the study of circadian rhythms for the past two decades. Its genetic malleability has been instrumental in the discovery of key input, oscillator, and output components and has also provided monumental insights into the mechanism by which proteins function to maintain and dictate 24-h time. In addition, basic research into the prokaryotic system has led to interesting advances in eukaryotic circadian mechanisms. Undoubtedly, continued genetic and mutational analyses of this single-celled cyanobacterium will aid in teasing out the intricacies of the Kai-based circadian clock to advance our understanding of this system as well as other more “complex” systems.
Obesity-induced changes to the immune landscape in human renal cell carcinoma subjects

Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has shown tremendous promise. However, clinical responses remain 0.05) were unaltered by obesity in RCC subjects. Peripheral CD14+ inflammatory monocytes and Foxp3+ Tregs were decreased in RCC subjects with obesity (both p
Critical issues in the evaluation of spatial autocorrelation

Spatial autocorrelation measures the degree to which a spatial phenomenon is correlated with itself in space. As such, it can be used as an indicator of the fundamental topological structure of the spatial relationship among geographic entities displayed on a map. Statistics of spatial autocorrelation are especially useful for characterizing the spatial pattern in the distribution of any phenomenon in question. This paper addresses three important issues pertaining to the evaluation of spatial autocorrelation: measurement of the study variable, definition of geographic units, and specification of spatial weighting functions. Theoretically, spatial autocorrelation is most adequately evaluated when the study variable is measured in either an interval or a ratio scale and geographic units are better delineated by polygons of homogeneous surfaces based on variables that are significant to the distribution of the study phenomenon. In evaluating spatial autocorrelation, weighting functions such as area, boundary length, distance, and their combinations must be examined carefully and specified whenever necessary.
Pheromone Perception in Lepidoptera

The sex pheromone of many lepidopteran species has been identified as a mixture of 2–4 components. Even the first identified pheromone, bombykol, in Bombyx mori silkworms (Butenandt et al. 1959) has recently been found to involve a second component, bombykal (Kasang et al. 1978). If a single pheromone component is used, it is assumed that the sequence of evoked behavioral responses is elicited by it, along with any visual, tactile, or auditory stimuli that may operate at close range. With multichemical pheromone systems, however, it has been found (Carde et al. 1975; Baker et al. 1976) that some of the components, named primary components (Roelofs and Carde 1976), elicit long-distance upwind anemotaxis, whereas other components named secondary components, are not essential for eliciting upwind anemotaxis, but are used in combination with the primary components to evoke close-range responses, such as landing, wing fanning, hair pencilling, and copulatory attempts. For example, the redbanded leafroller moth, Argyrotaenia velutinana, has a 3-component sex pheromone system consisting of (Z)- and (E)-ll-tetradecenyl acetate (91:9) (Zll- and Ell-14:Ac) and dodecyl acetate (Roelofs et al. 1975). The long-range upwind anemotactic responses of the males are elicited by the geometrical isomers, whereas, the presence of dodecyl acetate in combination with the isomers elicits an increase in the frequency of landing, walking to the source while wing fanning, and finally copulatory attempts (Baker et al. 1976).
Privacy Breach Analysis in Social Networks

This chapter addresses various aspects of analyzing privacy breaches in social networks. We first review literature that defines three types of privacy breaches in social networks: interactive, active, and passive. We then survey the various network anonymization schemes that have been constructed to address these privacy breaches. After exploring these breaches and anonymization schemes, we evaluate a measure for determining the level of anonymity inherent in a network graph based on its topological structure. Finally, we close by emphasizing the difficulty of anonymizing social network data while maintaining usability for research purposes and offering areas for future work.
Professor Preferences, Public Goods, and Student Performance

One of the main concerns of educational studies in general and certainly of this book is the question of the determinants of how much students learn. Conventionally, discussions of this question focus on the effects which the immediate environmental factors and faculty and student characteristics have on student performance. This is, frankly speaking, a reflection of the dominance of the behavioralists’ point of view in education. When considering the possibility that choice behavior may be affecting the outcome, it is almost by second nature that we direct our attention to the possible choices the student may have and may be making among achievement levels in various courses and between leisure and academic attainment. When faculty behavior is considered, the discussion tends to be normative: that is, the discussants tend to talk in terms of how faculty members should behave.
Modification of the Martian Surface by Impact Cratering

Abstract Impact cratering is a pervasive geologic process that continually modifies the martian surface. Meters to tens-of-meters scale craters have been observed to form during the lifetimes of the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter missions providing direct observations of the present-day martian impact rate on a decadal timescale. Landscape modification by larger, higher energy impact events that occur on million year timescales are observed to be far reaching. For example, Corinto crater (D = 13.8 km) formed within the last ∼3 Ma and modified Elysium Planitia over a radial distance exceeding 2000 km by forming secondary craters. The secondary craters disrupted the surface material and, where concentrated, modified the surface thermal properties to form rays observable in IR observations. Corinto secondaries are found to influence crater size–frequency distributions at a distance of nearly 50 crater radii with concentrations suggesting Corinto generated billions of secondary craters.
The Hierarchy of Sets

This chapter introduces a set theory that interprets and is interpretable in the theory of lists from Chaps. 3 and 4.
Globally and locally consistent unsupervised projection

In this paper, we propose an unsupervised projection method for feature extraction to preserve both global and local consistencies of the input data in the projected space. Traditional unsupervised feature extraction methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and locality preserving projections (LPP), can only explore either the global or local geometric structures of the input data, but not the both at the same time. In our new method, we introduce a new measurement using the neighborhood data variances to assess the data locality, by which we propose to learn an optimal projection by rewarding both the global and local structures of the input data. The formulated optimization problem is challenging to solve, because it ends up a trace ratio minimization problem. In this paper, as an important theoretical contribution, we propose a simple yet efficient optimization algorithm to solve the trace ratio problem with theoretically proved convergence. Extensive experiments have been performed on six benchmark data sets, where the promising results validate the proposed method.
DV8: automated architecture analysis tool suites

I. Purpose of the Tool Although software measurement and source code analysis techniques have been researched for decades, making project decisions that have significant economic impact---especially decisions about technical debt and refactoring---is still a challenge for management and development teams. Development teams feel the increasing challenges of maintenance as the architecture degrades, and often have intuitions about where the problems are, but have difficulty pinpointing which files are problematic and why. It is still a challenge for the development teams to quantify their projects' maintenance problems---their debts---as a way of justifying the investment in refactoring. Here we present our tool suite called DV81. The objective of DV8 is to measure software modularity, detect architecture anti-patterns as technical debts, quantify the maintenance cost of each instance of an anti-pattern, and enable return on investment analyses of architectural debts. Different from other tools, DV8 integrates data from both source code and revision history. We now elaborate on each of DV8's capabilities.
Degradable and Resorbable Polymers

Abstract This chapter explores polymers that are capable of degrading to smaller components under physiologically relevant conditions or upon exposure to specific stimuli. Such polymers have been used in a wide range of biomaterials, spanning from sutures to drug delivery devices to orthopedic implants. Key definitions and concepts relating to biodegradation and resorption are explained, after which more details on different classes of degradable polymers are discussed. The properties of such polymers that affect their degradation are detailed to give readers a better understanding of the tunability of biodegradation. While this chapter largely focuses on hydrolytically degradable polymers and the kinetics of hydrolytic degradation, polymers that are degraded by other stimuli (e.g., enzymes, light) are also highlighted. Beyond the polymer structure, the effects of processing on degradation are discussed to emphasize the many different considerations that must be taken into account when designing a new degradable biomaterial. Several worked examples and case studies are provided to reinforce concepts relating to biodegradable and resorbable polymers.
Validation of a 5 Minute 5 Hz protocol for Muscle Specific Endurance

Muscle endurance has been measured using an electrical stimulation twitch protocol and an accelerometer. This protocol used stimulation frequencies of 2, 4, and 6 Hz over nine minutes. This study compared endurance index values using a shorter protocol of 5 Hz for 5 Minutes to the original nine minute protocol. Fifteen healthy subjects (19-22yrs) were electrically stimulated on the forearm muscles twice: one day for 5 minutes at 5 Hz and on another day for 3 minutes at each at 2, 4 and 6 Hz. A triaxial accelerometer measured the resultant vector of the movements and the decrease in acceleration was used to indicate fatigue. There was no difference in Endurance Index (EI) between the 5 and 9 minute protocols (63.2+18.7%, 64.1+19.8%, respectively, p=0.532). The correlation between the two EI measurements was y= 0.91x+4.99%, r2=0.93. Equivalency testing found the mean difference between EI values for the two methods was 0.88% with a 95% confidence interval of the difference in EI of -2.09 to 3.81%. In conclusion, the shorter 5 Hz five minute endurance index protocol provided similar results to the longer 2 ,4, 6 Hz nine minute protocol. These results support the use of the shorter protocol when measuring muscle specific endurance.
Effect of particle size on erosion measurements and predictions in annular flow for an elbow

Abstract Sand production is a flow assurance challenge in oil and gas condensate wells. Solid particles entrained in multiphase during production can severely affect the integrity of fluid transportation structures such as pipelines, elbows, and reducers. Traditionally, sand management techniques such as sand screens and gravel packs are used to control sand. However, small particles can pass through these controls. Furthermore, small particles can block a portion of the sand screen, causing high velocities in other sections which can promote erosion of the sand screen openings allowing larger particles to pass through which in turn cause more erosion. Furthermore, these small particles are susceptible to highly turbulent regions of flow and can cause severe erosion in these regions. Hence, it is critically important to understand the erosion caused by small particles. This study investigates the effect of small particles on erosion. Small particle erosion is more severe in gas dominated multiphase flows such as annular and mist flows than liquid dominated bubbly and slug flows. Experiments are conducted in vertical upward annular flow for different particle sizes as well as different superficial gas and superficial liquid velocities for pipe sizes of 3-inch (76.2 mm). Flow visualization and paint-removal studies are performed to visualize the flow and paint-removal pattern. Erosion patterns are measured with multiple sensors attached to the outer walls of elbows in multiphase flows. Elbow wall thickness losses are measured using state-of-the-art ultrasonic measurement techniques, and the effects of particle size on erosion ratio and its distribution in pipe bends are discussed. Erosion patterns are also compared with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of multiphase flows using the VOF Model. Current CFD results generally over-predict erosion compared to experimental data.
PENCODER: Design for Prospective Memory and Older Adults

The number of older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is rapidly increasing. Individuals with this condition suffer from reduced daily activities and capacities, the resulting sense of frustration, and a decline in mental and physical health. However, there are not many existing studies for this specific user group in the HCI community. This study focused on addressing issues related to aging and memory in the MCI population. We designed a new interface, PENCODER, which supports prospective memory. The “design thinking process” and multidisciplinary human-centered perspectives were used in creating this interface. Findings and insights from this exploratory human-centered design approach suggest that it is imperative to conduct further research in HCI fields on (1) tools and technology features that support prospective memory, (2) measurements that assess the effect of using these kinds of tools, and (3) longitudinal perspectives for assessing self-determination outcomes in everyday interactions.
A fast online spanner for roadmap construction

This paper introduces a fast weighted streaming spanner algorithm WSS that trims edges from roadmaps generated by robot motion planning algorithms such as Probabilistic Roadmap PRM and variants e.g. k-PRM* as the edges are generated, but before collision detection; no route in the resulting graph is more than a constant factor larger than it would have been in the original roadmap. Experiments applying WSS to k-PRM* were conducted, and the results show our algorithm's capability to filter graphs with up to 1.28 million vertices, discarding about three-quarters of the edges. Due to the fact that many collision detection steps can be avoided, the combination of WSS and k-PRM* is faster than k-PRM* alone. The paper further presents an online directed spanner algorithm that can be used for systems with non-holonomic constraints, with proof of correctness and experimental results.