cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cycling Exercise and Fetal Spinal Cord Transplantation Act Synergistically on Atrophied Muscle following Chronic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

The potential of two interventions, alone or in combination, to restore chronic spinal cord transection-induced changes in skeletal muscles of adult Sprague-Dawley rats was studied. Hind limb skeletal muscles were examined in the following groups of animals: rats with a complete spinal cord transection (Tx) for 8 weeks; Tx with a 4-week delay before initiation of a 4-week motor-assisted cycling exercise (Ex) program; Tx with a 4-week delay before transplantation (Tp) of fetal spinal cord tissue into the lesion cavity; Tx with a 4-week delay before Tp and Ex; and uninjured control animals. Muscle mass, muscle to body mass ratios, and mean myofiber cross-sectional areas were significantly reduced 8 weeks after transection. Whereas transplantation of fetal spinal cord tissue did not reverse this atrophy and exercise alone had only a modest effect in restoring lost muscle mass, the combination of exercise and transplantation significantly increased muscle mass, muscle to body mass ratios, and mean myofiber cross-sectional areas in both soleus and plantaris muscles. Spinal cord injury (SCI) also caused changes in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression toward faster isoforms in both soleus and plantaris and increased soleus myofiber succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Combined exercise and transplantation led to a change in the expression of the fastest MyHC isoform in soleus but had no effect in the plantaris. Exercise alone and in combination with transplantation reduced SDH activity to control levels in the soleus. These results suggest a synergistic action of exercise and transplantation of fetal spinal cord tissue on skeletal muscle properties following SCI, even after an extended post-injury period before intervention.
Abstract B14: Targeting a network of cancer control nodes through rescue of c-Cbl: A novel therapeutic approach in GBM

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, the most malignant of all intracranial tumors, and is associated with inevitable recurrence and 15 month mean survival despite multimodal therapy. The majority of GBM tumors maintain heterogeneous amplifications (many in the absence of genetic mutation) in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which are mediators of growth factor signaling. Our lab has discovered that control over RTK levels in normal CNS progenitors is maintained by the Redox/Fyn/c-Cbl (RFC) pathway whereby increased oxidative state results in activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl and the subsequent internalization and degradation of target RTKs. RFC signaling is disrupted in GBM due to a physical sequestration of c-Cbl, preventing pro-oxidative chemotherapeutics from reducing pro-survival signaling through Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor, etc. Using a triangulating drug screen, we identified candidate FDA-approved small molecules capable of reducing signaling downstream of c-Cbl-targeted RTKs. We found that candidate URMC-06, an antidepressant with a good clinical safety profile, could rescue RFC signaling and significantly enhance the sensitivity of GBM cells to a pro-oxidative agent (Tamoxifen) in a c-Cbl-dependent manner. There is significant evidence to suggest that a tumor initiating cell population mediates the malignancy of GBM tumors. These cells express stem-cell associated markers and exhibit self-renewal capacity. We observed a c-Cbl-dependent inhibition of neurosphere formation (an in vitro measure of self-renewal) and a reduction in the expression of stem cell markers Sox2, beta-catenin, FoxM1 and Nestin in GBM cells treated with URMC-06. Our candidate also facilitated reduction in heat shock signaling and an inhibition of autophagy (both putative survival mechanisms) in GBM cells. URMC-06 was effective, in combination with clinically relevant agents (Temozolomide and Tamoxifen), at reducing tumor progression in an in vivo xenograft model of GBM. Our work supports the hypothesis that c-Cbl is a critical player in GBM that integrates multiple nodes of cancer control and that pharmacological rescue of c-Cbl represents a potentially powerful therapeutic approach. Citation Format: Jennifer L. Stripay, Brett M. Stevens, Addie L. Bardin, Mark D. Noble. Targeting a network of cancer control nodes through rescue of c-Cbl: A novel therapeutic approach in GBM. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Brain Cancer Research; May 27-30, 2015; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(23 Suppl):Abstract nr B14.
FORECAST 2000 : a prediction of skills, knowledge, and abilities required by senior medical treatment facility leaders into the 21st century

This paper reports results from a Delphi study conducted among the Commanders and Deputy Commanders for Administration of 37 Army medical treatment facilities (MTFs), who identified the most important issues challenging their institutions for the remainder of this decade, and the skills, knowledge, and abilities required by MTF leaders to deal successfully with those challenges. A Delphi mail-out was conducted in two iterations. Respondents identified 187 health care issues which were divided by content into nine domains by a panel of health care experts. The domains, ranked by importance, were cost-finance, health care delivery, access to care, quality and risk management, technology, professional staff relations, leadership, marketing, and ethics. In the second Delphi iteration, MTF leaders agreed upon the necessary skills, knowledge, and abilities of future leaders. Results indicated that future leadership will require enhanced financial, quantitative, and technical skills, as well as competence in a broad array of interpersonal and communication skills. Implications for military medical leader development initiatives are discussed.
Metalinguistic Terms in Evaluation

Let us recall the development of the idea of value or the valuable as set forth in the first chapter. The crucial step was from expectations to demands and especially demands thought to be supported by rights. The way in which these demands are articulated and if possible, enforced, is of course through the evolution of a vocabulary of appraisive concepts which set forth what is desired or the desirable and its negation and serve as precepts for the right (or wrong) conduct of powers and capacities, our own or others’. To credit and to discredit are obviously ways of accepting and promoting or rejecting and impeding actions towards this end, but they are not just naked approvals and disapprovals. They invariably involve what we have called implicit perfections which are to be analyzed ultimately in terms of performance of function. The subjects they are applied to are thought to approach or attain these perfections or to fall short or violate them wholly. Our elaborate system of polarized values, reaching from ultimate perfection to imperfection or defect, can begin to exist only because we are organisms. It is a basic property of such beings, from the simplest unicellular to the most complex of organisms, such as ourselves, to accept and reject. This property has even been attributed to beings thought to transcend us, divine beings.
Models of Lyα Forest Clouds

The classic question regarding Lyα forest clouds is whether they are confined by the pressure of a hot, diffuse surrounding medium, or by the gravity of dark matter mini-halos. This paper reviews these basic models for forest clouds, considering spherical and slab geometries. At high redshift, the clouds are still likely to be in the process of formation, and it seems essential to consider them as dynamic structures in a cosmological context. At low redshift, observations of large cloud sizes (indicated by their covering of both lines of sight toward quasar pairs) have recently reshaped our view of the forest. Galaxy-like disks/slabs, which would be gravity confined near the center, but pressure confined in their outer regions (extending out to hundreds of kpcs), may be responsible for the low z forest. The ultimate view of the identity of the forest clouds and their relationship to galaxies is likely to involve a synthesis of many of the models discussed here.
Radovan Karadžič: Architect of Genocide

The year 1995 began with relative quiet in Bosnia, as the Carter-negotiated ceasefire took hold in most parts of the country. Karadžic entered the New Year euphoric over his diplomatic triumph in luring Carter to Bosnia, believing that he and his cause had gained much-needed international validation by the former president’s visit. Sensing that the fate of his Serb utopian dream hung in the balance, Karadžic redoubled his efforts to win diplomatic recognition of a separate Bosnian Serb state. He feared, however, that his enemies would violate the ceasefire before it expired and renew their military threats to the Republic of Serb Krajina and the Republika Srpska. He and Mladic, like the leaders of other military formations, used the four-month ceasefire to rest their troops, resupply their forces, and develop plans for renewed offensives in the spring. When large-scale fighting resumed in May, the VRS suffered major battlefield losses, alarming Karadžic, Mladic, and assembly delegates. In a final, desperate effort to fulfill a key strategic objective by making eastern Bosnia an all-Serb region, Karadžic turned to planning the deed for which he will be most remembered: the genocide of thousands of Bosniaks around Srebrenica. This chapter relates how the Srebrenica genocide came about. Srebrenica By summer 1995, fear and squalor prevailed in Srebrenica, once a picturesque mountain village with flowering plants on every street-facing balcony. One of three government-held urban enclaves in eastern Bosnia under VRS siege, the town had swelled to 40,000, many times its prewar population of 5,746, with the influx of Bosniak refugees driven by Serb forces from nearby villages.Displaced persons and long-time inhabitants alike were malnourished, having become largely dependent for food on UN humanitarian convoys that the besieging Serbs only sometimes permitted to reach the town. Municipal services broke down. The once-pristine streets and apartment buildings were piled with heaps of stinking, rotting garbage. Medical services were strained to the breaking point, and surgeons operated without anesthesia and electricity.
Photonic crystals boost light emission

For many years spontaneous emission of light was considered a natural and immutable property of radiating atoms. But we now know that spontaneous emission can be controlled by altering the environment of the atom: for example metal mirror can be placed next to the atom, or it can be enclosed inside metallic cavity or a photonic crystal. In this way, the vacuum fluctuations or zero-point electromagnetic fields in the atom's environment can be manipulated.
Images, ethics, technology, by Pearl, S. (2016). New York, NY: Routledge. 222 pp., (Pbk)

This edited collection promises to move the discussion of ethics in visual culture beyond questions of intent, impact, and interpretation, and even beyond consideration of the disruptions of the em...
Origins and Further Development of the Jameson–Schmidt–Turkel Scheme

This paper is in response to an invitation to give a presentation on the origins and subsequent development of the Jameson–Schmidt–Turkel scheme. After a description of the historical background an...
Engineering metamaterial absorbers from dense gold nanoparticle stacks

Both ordered and disordered electromagnetic metamaterials have been shown to exhibit interesting and technologically relevant properties that would not be present in the constituent materials in their bulk form. Disordered metamaterials can be fabricated using low-cost and scalable fabrication approaches which are particularly advantageous at the nanoscale. This work shows how a solution-based deposition process can be leveraged to introduce quasi-ordering in disordered gold metamaterials to achieve 94% absorption over the visible spectrum. Full-wave electrodynamic simulations suggest that more advanced structures consistent with this fabrication approach could exhibit 98% average absorption over the entire solar spectrum. We envision this simple and cost-effective fabrication of highly absorbing disordered metamaterials to be of use for thermovoltaics and solar cells.
Radiation Therapy for Aggressive Fibromatosis: The Association Between Local Control and Age.

Purpose Radiation therapy (RT) is often used in the treatment of unresectable or recurrent aggressive fibromatosis (also known as desmoid tumor) typically with excellent local control. Prior reports have suggested that local control in pediatric patients with aggressive fibromatosis is poor. We aimed to report a long-term single-institution experience with the radiotherapeutic treatment of these tumors with a focus on age-dependent outcomes. Methods and Materials A total of 101 patients treated with RT for aggressive fibromatosis between 1975 and 2015 at a single institution were identified. A variety of demographic and treatment-related variables were abstracted from patients' medical records. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between these variables and local control. Results Overall survival was excellent (98% and 95% at 5 and 10 years, respectively); local control was likewise excellent (82% and 78% at 5 and 10 years, respectively). Patients aged 40 years at diagnosis (72% vs 97%; hazard ratio, 9.0; P = .009). Patients treated with once-daily fractionation had significantly improved 5-year local control compared with those treated with twice-daily fractionation (90% vs 73%; hazard ratio, 0.3; P = .008). Neither the presence of gross versus microscopic residual disease, initial versus recurrent presentation, number of prior surgical procedures, nor tumor size had any effect on 5-year local control. In a total of 36.6% of patients, Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 3 or 4 toxicity developed following treatment; the frequency of toxicities was reduced in patients treated during or after 1995 (24.5%) relative to those treated prior to 1995 (51.9%, P = .02). Conclusions RT for aggressive fibromatosis offers excellent local control and should remain the standard of care for patients with unresectable or recurrent disease. Younger patients have diminished local control relative to older patients, suggesting possible biological differences contributing to radioresistance in the pediatric and young adult population.
Potential kidney toxicity from the antiviral drug tenofovir: new indications, new formulations, and a new prodrug.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The antiviral agent tenofovir is highly effective for the treatment of HIV and hepatitis B virus infections, and the older prodrug tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is also a component of daily preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to reduce the risk of HIV infection in high-risk populations. Although TDF is well tolerated, the potential for kidney and bone toxicity has important implications for public health given the large number of individuals exposed to TDF worldwide. This review summarizes the recent literature on kidney and bone health in individuals treated with TDF and the newer prodrug tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). RECENT FINDINGS Risk factors for TDF toxicity appear to be similar in patients treated for HIV or hepatitis B virus and in HIV-uninfected PrEP users, although drug-drug interactions are a more important concern in HIV-positive individuals. The risk of toxicity appears to be lower with TAF, but further studies are needed to confirm the safety of long-term use and to evaluate the efficacy of TAF-based PrEP. SUMMARY Nephrologists should be aware of the potential kidney and bone toxicity of TDF, as well as unique situations in which the newer prodrug TAF may contribute to kidney injury.
Internal Locus of Control for Expectation, Perception and Management of Answered Prayer:

Locus of control is the learned approach to assigning cause to outcomes. Individuals who see events as self-determined are internals and those who see them as determined by outside factors are exte...
VEGF Signaling in Neurological Disorders

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent growth factor playing diverse roles in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. In the brain, VEGF mediates angiogenesis, neural migration and neuroprotection. As a permeability factor, excessive VEGF disrupts intracellular barriers, increases leakage of the choroid plexus endothelia, evokes edema, and activates the inflammatory pathway. Recently, we discovered that a heparin binding epidermal growth factor like growth factor (HB-EGF)—a class of EGF receptor (EGFR) family ligands—contributes to the development of hydrocephalus with subarachnoid hemorrhage through activation of VEGF signaling. The objective of this review is to entail a recent update on causes of death due to neurological disorders involving cerebrovascular and age-related neurological conditions and to understand the mechanism by which angiogenesis-dependent pathological events can be treated with VEGF antagonisms. The Global Burden of Disease study indicates that cancer and cardiovascular disease including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are two leading causes of death worldwide. The literature suggests that VEGF signaling in ischemic brains highlights the importance of concentration, timing, and alternate route of modulating VEGF signaling pathway. Molecular targets distinguishing two distinct pathways of VEGF signaling may provide novel therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders and for maintaining lower mortality due to these conditions.
Response to letter from Leo Bleger

I have felt very grateful to the North American Program Committee (led by Maureen Murphy) of the IPA Congress in Buenos Aires last summer for their invitation to speak about Intimacy. And I am grat...
Piloting a screening tool in a breast cancer survivorship clinic.

66Background: Breast cancer survivors experience physical, psychosocial, and practical concerns. Our Adult Survivorship Clinic provides patients a comprehensive survivorship visit following curativ...
Substrate temperature effects on(3×3)R30° domain growth of Ag on Si(111) surface

Abstract High-resolution LEED angular profiles associated with(√3×√3)R30° domain growth of Ag on Si(111) have been analyzed following Ag deposition as a function of substrate temperature. We found that the√3 domain size distribution has the same Gamma distribution at different coverages and substrate temperatures. However, at higher substrate temperatures the √3 structure grows with coverage primarily by domain coalescence as indicated by the considerable increase in the mean and width of the size distribution. As a result, scaling, i.e. self-similar domain growth, is observed. At lower substrate temperatures the√3 structure grows with coverage by simply increasing the number of small, randomly nucleated domains. Hence, the domain size distribution at low temperatures is narrow and varies little with coverage.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS SPECIFIC SUPPRESSOR T CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a few studies demonstrating suppressor cells specific for each of the major immunoglobulin classes as revealed by limiting dilution transfer experiments. Inbred line 6, subline chickens were surgically bursectomized and given 550R whole body irradiation on the day after hatching. Agaranaglobulinemia develops in approximately 90% of the birds by 6 weeks of age. Suspensions of spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from these aγ birds at 4 months of age and were given in various dilutions intravenously to normal 2- or 20-week old chickens of the same strain. Serum immunoglobulin levels were measured in the recipient birds using radial diffusion in agar, and the presence of B lymphocytes in the spleens of these birds was measured by immunofluorescence with FITC conjugated rabbit antichicken immunoglobulin antisera. It was found that 20-week old recipient chickens had normal levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM prior to the injection of aγ lymphoid cells. Within 24 h of cell transfer, all classes of immunoglobulin began to disappear from the serum of these birds so that total agammglobulinemia was present by 45 days after transplant.
Modeling Role-Based Agent Team

The problem of ensuring agents work as an effective team in dynamic distributed environments still remains a challenging issue. In this paper we proposed a role-based team model. In our model, the role characterizes the responsibilities and provides logic patterns to achieve certain goals and cooperate with others. The agent is an autonomous execution unit and follows the logic patterns that the role provides. We also developed algorithms and mechanisms to evolve the plan of a role to the plan of an agent. Our role-based team model allows the split of roles (who define the plans) and agents (who execute the plans) in team plans, and dynamic role-agent assignment. It also achieves a certain level of plan reusability. We present two experiments which show plan reusability and its flexibility in supporting simultaneously plan invocation.
Amputation and Replantation

In the past 30 years, replantation surgery has evolved from something to make medical headlines to something that is almost routine. There are now generally accepted indications and contraindications for replantation, as well as accepted techniques for replantation. With regard to appropriate candidates for replantation surgery, a traumatic amputation of the hand through the wrist in a young or middle-aged employed adult is generally considered an appropriate candidate for replantation. Single digits are generally not appropriate candidates, unless that digit is the thumb. The thumb is quite important functionally, and, in the event that replantation of the thumb cannot be accomplished and loss of the thumb is complete down to the level of the metacarpal head, appropriate treatment could include a microneurovascular free toe transfer. In a patient with clean, multiple-digit amputations, however, replantation of all the amputated parts would be considered an appropriate option. Multiple-level amputations of a digit or digits, crushing injuries, a warm ischemia time of over 24 hours, ring avulsion-type amputations, or amputations in psychotic individuals are generally cases that are considered contraindications for replantation surgery.
White Matter Injury and Potential Treatment in Ischemic Stroke

Stroke remains a leading cause of human death and disability. There is a growing consensus that an effective stroke therapy needs to exert protective and/or regenerative actions on both gray and white matters. However, white matter injury after ischemic stroke has been less investigated and is inadequately understood. This review summarizes the current understanding of the pathophysiology and potential treatments for white matter injury, focusing on animal data and its potential application to human patients. It is expected that more investigations on white matter injury and more comprehensive therapeutic approaches will increase the chances of developing an effective clinical treatment for ischemic stroke.
Activation of PPARγ in Myeloid Cells Promotes Progression of Epithelial Lung Tumors through TGFβ1

Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease in which patient-specific treatments are desirable and the development of targeted therapies has been effective. Although mutations in KRAS are frequent in lung adenocarcinoma, there are currently no targeted agents against KRAS. Using a mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell line with a Kras mutation (CMT167), we previously showed that PPARγ activation in lung cancer cells inhibits cell growth in vitro yet promotes tumor progression when activated in myeloid cells of the tumor microenvironment. Here, we report that PPARγ activation in myeloid cells promotes the production of TGFβ1, which, in turn, acts on CMT167 cancer cells to increase migration and induce an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Targeting TGFβ1 signaling in CMT167 cells prevented their growth and metastasis in vivo. Similarly, another mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell line with a Kras mutation, LLC, induced TGFβ1 in myeloid cells through PPARγ activation. However, LLC cells are more mesenchymal and did not undergo EMT in response to TGFβ1, nor did LLC require TGFβ1 signaling for metastasis in vivo. Converting CMT167 cells to a mesenchymal phenotype through overexpression of ZEB1 made them unresponsive to TGFβ1 receptor inhibition. The ability of TGFβ1 to induce EMT in lung tumors may represent a critical process in cancer progression. We propose that TGFβ receptor inhibition could provide an additional treatment option for KRAS-mutant epithelial lung tumors.Implications: This study suggests that TGFβ receptor inhibitors may be an effective therapy in a subset of KRAS-mutant patients with non-small cell lung cancer, which show an epithelial phenotype.
What Determines Subjective Material Well-Being?

Subjective material well-being is defined in terms of satisfaction with a range economic concerns such as government’s handling of the economy, taxes, the cost of basic necessities, household income, pay and fringe benefits from one’s job, financial security, standard of living, and agreement within the family regarding how money should be spent. Much evidence is available demonstrating the substantial effect of satisfaction with material life on satisfaction with life overall and other life domains. The literature review uncovered a host of antecedents or predictors of subjective material well-being. These antecedents involve two sets of constructs, namely personal factors and contextual factors. Personal factors include socio-demographics (age, gender, education, income, marital status, family structure, etc.); personality traits (self-esteem, etc.) and personality dynamics (compensation, top-down spillover, etc.); needs and need satisfaction (how wealth serve to satisfy different needs), beliefs and mental associations (images of wealthy people); goals and aspirations (income goals and goal attainment); skills, behavior, and resources (financial capability, financial behavior, and lack of financial resources); and values (materialism), lifestyle (consumption), and habits (compulsive consumption). Contextual factors include social comparison (how evaluations of standard of living are influenced by social comparisons), adaptation (how income expectations are adapted by changing circumstances), and changes in the macro economic environment (changes in the rate of unemployment, inflation, economic growth, etc.).
Continuing myths about Milton Erickson

Dear Editor,Regarding “What Milton Erickson said about being Ericksonian”Lankton (2020) recently opined that Milton Erickson’s hypnotic approach evolved “and changed from being largely direct and a...
Divergence: An R Package for Divergence Analysis of Omics Data

AO_SCPCAPBSTRACTC_SCPCAPGiven the ever-increasing amount of high-dimensional and complex omics data becoming available, it is increasingly important to discover simple but effective methods of analysis. Divergence analysis transforms each entry of a high-dimensional omics profile into a digitized (binary or ternary) code based on the deviation of the entry from a given baseline population. The divergence package, available on the R platform through the bioconductor repository collection, provides easy-to-use functions for carrying out this transformation.
Intelligent Self-reliant Cyber-Attacks Detection and Classification System for IoT Communication Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising profound technology with tremendous expansion and effect. However, IoT infrastructures are vulnerable to cyber-attacks due to the constraints in computation, storage, and communication capacity for the endpoint devices such as thermostat, home appliance, etc. It was reported that 99% of the cyber-attacks are developed by slightly mutating previously known attacks to generate a new attack tending to be handled as a benign traffic through the IoT network. In this research, we developed a new intelligent self-reliant system that can detect mutations of IoT cyber-attacks using deep convolutional neural network (CNN) leveraging the power of CUDA based Nvidia-Quad GPUs for parallel computation and processing. Specifically, the proposed system is composed of three subsystems: Feature Engineering subsystem, Feature Learning subsystem and Traffic classification subsystem. All subsystems are developed, verified, integrated, and validated in this research. To evaluate the developed system, we employed the NSL-KDD dataset which includes all the key attacks in the IoT computing. The simulation results showed a superior attacks’ classification accuracy over the state-of-art machine learning based intrusion detection systems employing similar dataset. The obtained results showed more than 99.3% and 98.2% of attacks’ classification accuracy for both binary-class classifier (normal vs anomaly) and multi-class classifier (five categories) respectively. All development steps and testing and verification results of the developed system are reported in the paper.
In-Depth Analysis of the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Serum Proteome Identifies Distinct Inflammatory Subtypes

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with presentations ranging from painful nodules and abscesses to draining tunnels. Using an unbiased proteomics approach, we assessed cardiovascular-, cardiometabolic-, and inflammation-related biomarkers in the serum of patients with moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa. The serum of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa clustered separately from that of healthy controls and had an upregulation of neutrophil-related markers (Cathepsin D, IL-17A, CXCL1). Patients with histologically diagnosed dermal tunnels had higher serum lipocalin-2 levels compared with those without tunnels. Consistent with this, patients with tunnels had a more neutrophilic-rich serum signature, marked by Cathepsin D, IL-17A, and IL-17D alterations. There was a significant serum‒skin correlation between proteins in the serum and the corresponding mRNA expression in skin biopsies, with healthy-appearing perilesional skin demonstrating a significant correlation with neutrophil-related proteins in the serum. CSF3 mRNA levels in lesional skin significantly correlated with neutrophil-related proteins in the serum, suggesting that CFS3 in the skin may be a driver of neutrophilic inflammation. Clinical significantly correlated with the levels of lipocalin-2 and IL-17A in the serum. Using an unbiased, large-scale proteomic approach, we demonstrate that hidradenitis suppurativa is a systemic neutrophilic dermatosis, with a specific molecular signature associated with the presence of dermal tunnels.
Towards a Characterization of the Ka-Band Ocean Surface Backscattering Mechanisms

The Ka-band wind scatterometry is a relatively new methodology to retrieve ocean surface winds. Modeling the Ka-band ocean surface backscatter is challenging, especially because of the lack of in-situ measurements. In the framework of the NASA Earth Ventures Suborbital-3 Submesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) mission, a new data set of ocean surface backscatter has been collected. These measurements were obtained from a Ka-band Doppler scatterometer (KaBODS) located on the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Air-Sea Interaction Tower (ASIT). In this work we present our analysis and findings on the KaBODS backscatter measurements based on the development of a wind empirical backscatter model. We show that the data are characterized by a large variability, which is mainly due to intrinsic geophysical effects. The source of this geophysical variability is currently under investigation.
A High-Pressure Shear Testing Approach to Measure Flow Stresses Near a Friction Stir Welding Tool

A new approach for measuring flow stresses near a spinning friction stir welding (FSW) tool is evaluated on AA 6061-T6 plate. The test consists of plunging a cylindrical tool with a flat face into the plate at different rotational speeds, using a variety of constant vertical loads. A viscosity-based model of the shear layer created under the tool is employed to estimate local flow stresses. The flow stresses measured by this approach exhibited an inverse relationship with temperature and a positive dependence on the pressure imposed by the spinning flat-faced tool. Compared to hot compression and hot torsion results, estimated flow stress levels in high-pressure shear were lower by 20–68 %, for similar temperatures and strain rates, owing to grain refinement induced by continuous dynamic recrystallization. This high-pressure shear approach could be used to characterize material behavior near a rapidly spinning FSW tool, leading to improved process model predictions.
Environmental toxicology: aquatic

Abstract This chapter presents a brief overview of aquatic toxicology including key definitions and concepts, scope, and historical advances in the field. It then provides citations and brief summaries of primary resources, encompassing books and technical reports. This section is followed by a list and brief description of journals that publish articles relevant to aquatic toxicology. Selected reviews and other key papers are provided, as well as a list of organizations focused on aspects of aquatic toxicology. The chapter concludes with online databases and tools for the aquatic toxicologist.
Visualizing main effects and interactions for binary logit models

This paper considers the role of covariates when using predicted probabilities to interpret main effects and interactions in logit models. While predicted probabilities are very intuitive for inter...
The Fertility of Scholarship on the History of Reproductive Rights in the United States

During the past several decades scholarship on the history of reproductive rights in the United States has flourished. Developing in tandem with the expansion of second wave feminism, this fertile scholarship shaped and was shaped by heated controversies within and outside the woman’s movement. The initial scholarly focus on the history of contraception and abortion widened into one that also grappled with women’s right to bear children, combining issues of choice with those of reproductive rights and justice and the procreative concerns of poor women and women of color. New perspectives emerged in the history of reproductive technologies, of covert and overt women’s resistance to government policies and prevailing norms, and of the relationship between the eugenics and birth-control movements. Scholars also revised older studies on colonial and nineteenth-century Americans’ outlook and behavior toward sexual expression and fertility control.
Mice transgenic for a human amyloid precursor protein promoter-lacZ reporter construct.

Transgenic mouse lines were generated that expressed a 2-kb amyloid precursor protein (APP) promoter/β-galactosidase reporter gene construction. In brain, hippocampal pyramidal neurons, neurons in the deeper layers of cerebral cortex, and neurons in several thalamic nuclei were heavily labeled by β-galactosidase histochemistry. In general, molecular layers and white matter regions did not express the reporter gene. When compared with in situ hybridization for endogenous murine APP RNA, the striatum and outer layers of cerebral cortex had little reporter expression. Thus, the match between reporter expression and endogenous APP expression in brain was not perfect. A similar mismatch between the relative expression of the reporter gene and endogenous APP RNA distribution was found in homogenates from several organs. Although prior work in transgenic mice found similar mismatches in reporter gene distribution, none had tested the APP promoter construct in response to neuronal injury. Kainic acid injections successfully increased murine APP expression in the transgenic mice, but had no effect on the reporter gene expression. Based on these data and those collected by others, we conclude that the 2-kb region upstream of the APP transcription initiation site contains some elements responsible for the tissue-specific expression of this gene, but does not contain all the cis-acting elements sufficient for either the differential tissue distribution of this gene or the regulation of this gene subsequent to neural damage.
Studies of gluconeogenic mitochondrial enzymes. IV. The conversion of oxaloacetate to fumarate by bovine liver mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and fumarase.

Abstract Methods of purifying malate dehydrogenase and fumarase are described. The enzymes glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate dehydrogenase can be prepared simultaneously from the same bovine liver mitochondria extract. Estimates are made of the levels of these enzymes in mitochondrial extracts. The kinetics of the purified malate dehydrogenase and fumarase are studied and compared with previous studies of the purified glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase. The values of the Michaelis constants of DPNH and oxaloacetate are considerably lower and the inhibition constant of malate is higher with the liver mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase than these same values with the heart enzyme. This suggests a difference between these two enzymes and that the liver enzyme is better suited to participate in gluconeogenesis (reduction of oxaloacetate). Oxaloacetate is a substrate inhibitor of malate dehydrogenase and is a more potent inhibitor than malate, α-ketoglutarate, or DPN. Oxaloacetate is also an inhibitor of the fumarase reaction. All four of these enzymes could not function maximally in the mitochondria at the same time. For example, in gluconeogenesis if the levels of DPNH, oxaloacetate and glutamate are high there would be inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase (by DPNH), malate dehydrogenase (by oxaloacetate) and fumarase (by oxaloacetate). Under these conditions the transaminase could be functioning at maximal activity. If the levels of oxaloacetate are reduced (by the transaminase and malate dehydrogenase reactions) then the malate dehydrogenase reaction could function maximally. The fumarase reaction (conversion of malate to fumarate) would remain inhibited since the Michaelis constant of malate is quite high with respect to the inhibition constants of oxaloacetate and fumarate. The glutamate dehydrogenase reaction would not proceed in the reverse (DPNH oxidation) direction because of the high Michaelis constant of ammonium ions. This enzyme would remain inhibited until the ratio of DPN to DPNH became high. The transaminase reaction would not proceed in the reverse direction (deamination of aspartate) because of the low inhibition constant of oxaloacetate in this reaction. The results of these reactions would be accumulations of α-ketoglutarate, aspartate, and malate. These compounds unlike DPNH and oxaloacetate can diffuse through the mitochondrial membrane and be utilized for the synthesis of oxaloacetate and DPNH in the cytoplasm where they are required for gluconeogenesis.
The habitability of Mars-like planets around main sequence stars

We have developed a model to investigate the duration of conditions necessary for the origin of life on a Mars-like planet. We investigate various star-planet distances and a range of stellar spectral types in order to provide guidance for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). We consider planets suitable for the origin of life if they contain liquid water habitats for time periods comparable to the maximum time required for the origin of life on Earth. A Mars-like planet will differ from an Earth-like planet primarily because it will have no plate tectonic activity and therefore no long-term recycling of CO2 We find that there is sufficient time for the origin of life on Mars-like planets around F, G, K, and M type stars. In addition, we find that Mars-like planets with an initial insolation less than the present insolation on Mars have the greatest potential for the origin of life.
Effect of mucin and polymeric gums on uptake of fluorescein esters.

The effect of three biopolymers on the mass transport of fluorescein esters into cultured epithelial cell monolayers was determined. The method involved measurement of the rate of accumulation of fluorescein after extracellular introduction of its relatively nonfluorescent ester derivatives. Calibration of the intracellular fluorescence along with cell enumeration allowed estimation of the molar velocity of uptake on a per cell basis. Fick's law with modified Michaelis—Menten kinetics provided a kinetic description of the sequential transport and cellular metabolism and permitted estimation of the permeability, maximum velocity, Vm, and apparent Michaelis—Menten constant, Km. From the uptake studies, the calculated Vm and Km decreased with increasing chain length of the ester which is consistent with deacylation of the enzyme being the rate limiting step of the enzymatic conversion. The estimated permeabilities of the controls were variable, in part due to the insensitivity of the functional relationship between the estimated parameters. All biopolymers caused a reduction in the calculated permeability, with guar gum and xanthan gum being more effective at a higher concentration than bovine submaxillary mucin. The results support the conclusion that polymers reduce the rate of mass transport through an increase in the resistance of the diffusional boundary layer.
Cervantes’ Captive's Tale in English and American Literature from Massinger to Tyler

A soldier’s first-person account of escape with a crypto-Christian woman from captivity in Algiers, told in Don Quixote, Part 1, draws on both Cervantes’ own life experience and the Mediterranean myth of escape from a tyrant with the assistance of his amorous daughter, as seen in the story of Theseus and Ariadne. Several English and American authors, influencing each other, recast the narrative over the following two centuries. Massinger’s The Renegado adapted it for the stage and reflects the Elizabethan fascination with tyrants and stereotypic Islamic women and customs. The novels of the French expatriate Bremond identified the archetypal captive with neglected Restoration wives and added farcical theatrical devices. Dryden’s drama Don Sebastian split the story into two plots, one tragic and one comic. Bickerstaff’s The Captive sang the joy of outwitting authority, while Colman’s proto-melodrama The Mountaineers restored the balance of religion and erotic desire characteristic of Cervantes’ original. Ro...
Dynamic CT Perfusion to Assess the Effect of Carotid Revascularization in Chronic Cerebral Ischemia

We present the case of a female patient who was studied with dynamic contrast-enhanced CT perfusion before and after carotid revascularization. Before treatment, there was decreased perfusion in the ipsilateral insula, which was shown to be resolved on the scan obtained 1 day after treatment, indicating the technical success of the revascularization. In the ipsilateral basal ganglia, there was delayed contrast agent clearance from the tissue, which was attributed to vasodilation; after revascularization, there remained a subtle stenotic effect. The observed changes in the dynamic CT perfusion study suggest that this technique may be a useful tool in the evaluation of patients with asymmetrical cerebral blood flow.
Association of Financial Integration Between Physicians and Hospitals With Commercial Health Care Prices

Importance Financial integration between physicians and hospitals may help health care provider organizations meet the challenges of new payment models but also may enhance the bargaining power of provider organizations, leading to higher prices and spending in commercial health care markets. Objective To assess the association between recent increases in physician-hospital integration and changes in spending and prices for outpatient and inpatient services. Design, Setting, and Participants Using regression analysis, we estimated the relationship between changes in physician-hospital integration from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2012, in 240 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and concurrent changes in spending. Adjustments were made for patient, plan, and market characteristics, including physician, hospital, and insurer market concentration. The study population included a cohort of 7 391 335 nonelderly enrollees in preferred-provider organizations or point-of-service plans included in the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Database during the study period. Data were analyzed from December 1, 2013, through July 13, 2015. Exposure Physician-hospital integration, measured using Medicare claims data as the share of physicians in an MSA who bill for outpatient services with a place-of-service code indicating employment or practice ownership by a hospital. Main Outcomes and Measures Annual inpatient and outpatient spending per enrollee and associated use of health care services, with utilization measured by price-standardized spending (the sum of annual service counts multiplied by the national mean of allowed charges for the service). Results Among the 240 MSAs, physician-hospital integration increased from 2008 to 2012 by a mean of 3.3 percentage points, with considerable variation in increases across MSAs (interquartile range, 0.8-5.2 percentage points). For our study sample of 7 391 335 nonelderly enrollees, an increase in physician-hospital integration equivalent to the 75th percentile of changes experienced by MSAs was associated with a mean increase of $75 (95% CI, $38-$113) per enrollee in annual outpatient spending ( P P = .32). Changes in physician-hospital integration were not associated with significant changes in inpatient spending ($22 [95% CI, −$1 to $46] per enrollee; P = .06) or utilization ($10 [95% CI, −$12 to $31] per enrollee; P = .37). Conclusions and Relevance Financial integration between physicians and hospitals has been associated with higher commercial prices and spending for outpatient care.
Effect of O2 reduction on the coverage with COad at platinum in acid solution and reaction mechanisms

Abstract The coverage of carbon monoxide on platinized platinum decreases only slightly during the reduction of molecular oxygen at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 V, while it disappears within the initial 500 s on smooth platinum in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 at room temperature. The removal of CO ad during the stirring of O 2 is due to intermediately formed hydrogen peroxide. The removal rate differs so much on smooth and platinized platinum because the total formation of H 2 O 2 , referred to the real surface area, is considerably larger on the smooth electrode than the platinized electrode. In contrast to the oxidation of molecular hydrogen, the reduction of molecular oxygen is not affected by CO ad on the platinized electrode. The O 2 reduction remains a predominant four-electron process in the presence of CO ad . The results are discussed in terms of different pathways for the O 2 reduction.
Freeze-thaw-induced latent injury as a phenomenon in cryobiology

Summary The concept of freeze-thaw-induced latent injury, or deleterious effects of freezing and thawing manifested with time after thawing, was established as a cryobiological phenomenon. Lettre ascites tumor cells were frozen slowly and thawed rapidly at rates favoring survival of sufficient cells for adequate measurements. Following 0-, 4-, and 8-hr storage periods at 22°C, split samples of unfrozen and frozen-thawed cells were evaluated in terms of respiration (Qo 2 ), reproduction, and plasma membrane integrity. Data showed that freezing and thawing greatly accelerated (15% to 62%) the loss in physiological function during storage when compared with unfrozen populations, especially in terms of respiration and reproduction. Evidence for such latent injury was demonstrated to a lesser extent by the cosin permeability test, which showed some variations between runs. Differences in percentage survival or loss among criteria employed were discussed in stressing the complexity of survival evaluation. The significance of latent injury was presented and the need for evaluation with other cells was suggested, not only in cryobiology but also in pathology of cell injury in general.