cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression as a concealable stigmatized identity: what influences whether students conceal or reveal their depression in undergraduate research experiences?

Concealable stigmatized identities (CSIs) are identities that can be kept hidden or invisible and that carry negative stereotypes. Depression is one of the most common CSIs among undergraduates. However, to our knowledge, no studies have explored how students manage depression as a CSI in the context of undergraduate research, a high-impact practice for undergraduate science students. Concealing CSIs can cause psychological distress and revealing CSIs can be beneficial; however, it is unknown whether these findings extend to students with depression in the context of undergraduate research experiences. In this study, we interviewed 35 life sciences majors with depression from 12 research-intensive institutions across the United States who participated in undergraduate research. We sought to understand to what extent students reveal their depression in research and to describe the challenges of concealing depression and the benefits of revealing depression in this specific context. Additionally, we explored whether students knew scientists with depression and how knowing a scientist with depression might affect them. Most students did not reveal their depression in their undergraduate research experiences. Those who did typically revealed it to another undergraduate researcher and few revealed it to a faculty mentor. Students who concealed their depression feared the potential consequences of revealing their identity, such as being treated negatively by others in the lab. Students who revealed their depression highlighted a set of benefits that they experienced after revealing their depression, such as receiving support and flexibility from their research mentor. We found that few students knew a specific scientist with depression. However, students perceived that knowing a scientist with depression would help them realize that they are not the only one experiencing depression in science and that people with depression can be successful in science. This study illustrates that students with depression would benefit from research environments that are supportive of students with depression so that they can feel comfortable revealing their depression if they would like to. We also identified that students may benefit from knowing successful scientists with depression. We hope this study encourages undergraduate research mentors to support students with depression and ultimately reduces the stigma around CSIs such as depression.
Temporal attention is not affected by working memory load

Abstract Temporal attention refers to the ability to orient attention in time, which serves to enhance performance such as target detection and discrimination and is a fundamental component of cognitive function. Although some research indicates that temporal attention ability is affected by working memory updating, it is unclear whether temporal attention is also affected by the availability of working memory stores. To address this, participants were presented a dual-task paradigm requiring zero, three, or six digits to be held in working memory while engaged in a temporally cued visual discrimination task. Results show that working memory load did not differentially affect the ability to benefit from predictive temporal cues during the visual discrimination task. This indicates that temporal attention is not affected by available working memory stores. Interestingly, posterior beta band (12–30 Hz) activity was differentially modulated by temporal attention and working memory load, such that it decreased prior to expected targets and increased with load. Analysis across participants indicated that those individuals who exhibited greater temporal attention-based modulation of beta activity (i.e., predictive
Armadillo : entre images de guerre contemporaines et mise en scène du réel

Face a la multiplication des images de guerre que ce soit au cinema, a la television ou encore sur les reseaux sociaux numeriques, il nous appartient de nous interroger sur la diffusion de ces images contemporaines afin de mieux apprehender la transcendance du reel ; pretention a l'egard de la question de l'authenticite et du spectateur (Picard, 2018) ou nouvelle forme d'adherence au reel ? Permettant d'actualiser notre reflexion sur la relation complexe du cinema au reel, nous nous attacherons a discuter de l'ambiguite de certaines images contemporaines de la guerre en nous appuyant sur le film Armadillo (Metz, 2010). Considere comme un documentaire par certains medias et comme une fiction par plusieurs critiques de cinema, Armadillo (nom d'une caserne en Afghanistan tenue par des soldats danois) suit le quotidien de nouvelles recrues durant les six mois de leur presence dans le camp. Realise par Janus Metz, Armadillo a ete presente a la Semaine de la Critique, durant le festival de Cannes, ou il a remporte le Grand Prix de la semaine internationale de la critique en 2010. A travers l'etude de ce film, il convient donc de nous questionner sur la frontiere tenue entre fiction et reel et envisager le film de guerre dans toute sa complexite. Quel rapport au reel le film Armadillo impliquet-il chez le spectateur ? Quelles sont les repercussions de ces images ? Peut-on proposer une pedagogie de l'image qui soit efficace ? Comment interpreter les images saisies par un realisateur surtout quand le genre cinematographique n'est pas clairement defini ?
Science orbit design with a quasi-frozen beta angle: effects of body obliquity on J2-perturbed dynamics

The beta angle, an angle formed by the sunlight and a spacecraft orbital plane, is an important parameter for science orbit design of orbiter missions. This angle defines lighting conditions and eclipse occurrences, and is used for science observation planning. Not only is this parameter perturbed by the irregular gravity field of the primary body, it varies with the body’s motion around the Sun. Investigating the evolution of the beta angle is therefore critical for science orbit design. This paper analyzes the J2-perturbed beta angle evolution via orbit averaging and year averaging, and derives conditions to constrain the short- and long-term evolutions of the beta angle. The orbit averaging analysis is further extended to provide a relaxed orbit condition that allows flexible science orbit design while naturally maintaining the beta angle evolution within science requirements. These analyses are carried out for an arbitrary rotation pole direction as it defines the orientation of the irregular gravity field seen in an inertial frame. The analytical work is numerically demonstrated with science orbit design for the Psyche mission, a recently selected mission of the NASA’s Discovery Program.
Oligodendroglial glycolytic stress triggers inflammasome activation and neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease

Myelin degeneration and white matter loss resulting from oligodendrocyte (OL) death are early events in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that lead to cognitive deficits; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we find that mature OLs in both AD patients and an AD mouse model undergo NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)–dependent Gasdermin D–associated inflammatory injury, concomitant with demyelination and axonal degeneration. The mature OL-specific knockdown of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1; a mitochondrial fission guanosine triphosphatase) abolishes NLRP3 inflammasome activation, corrects myelin loss, and improves cognitive ability in AD mice. Drp1 hyperactivation in mature OLs induces a glycolytic defect in AD models by inhibiting hexokinase 1 (HK1; a mitochondrial enzyme that initiates glycolysis), which triggers NLRP3-associated inflammation. These findings suggest that OL glycolytic deficiency plays a causal role in AD development. The Drp1-HK1-NLRP3 signaling axis may be a key mechanism and therapeutic target for white matter degeneration in AD.
High-Energy Proximal Humerus Fractures in Geriatric Patients: A Review.

High-energy proximal humerus fractures in elderly patients can occur through a variety of mechanisms, with falls and MVCs being common mechanisms of injury in this age group. Even classically low-energy mechanisms can result in elevated ISS scores, which are associated with higher mortality in both falls and MVCs. These injuries result in proximal humerus fractures which are commonly communicated via Neer's classification scheme. There are many treatment options in the armamentarium of the treating surgeon. Nonoperative management is widely supported by systematic review as compared to almost all other treatment methods. ORIF is particularly useful for complex patterns and fracture dislocations in healthy patients. Hemiarthroplasty can be of utility in patients with fracture patterns with high risk of AVN and poor bone quality risking screw cut-out. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is a popular method of treatment for geriatric patients also, with literature now showing that even late conversion from nonoperative management or ORIF to rTSA can lead to good clinical outcomes. Prevention is possible and important for geriatric patients. Optimizing medical care including hearing, vision, strength, and bone quality, in coordination with primary care and geriatricians, is of great importance in preventing fractures and decreasing injury when falls do occur. Involving geriatricians on dedicated trauma teams will also likely be of benefit.
Another Proof of the Infinitude of Primes

Suppose there are only finitely many primes. Observe that 17 is prime, and let n be the product of all primes except 17. Let S be the set of positive integers that are coprime to n, and let T be th...
Domoic acid and saxitoxin in seabirds in the United States between 2007 and 2018

Abstract As harmful algal blooms (HABs) increase in magnitude and duration worldwide, they are becoming an expanding threat to marine wildlife. Over the past decade, blooms of algae that produce the neurotoxins domoic acid (DA) and saxitoxin (STX) and documented concurrent seabird mortality events have increased bicoastally in the United States. We conducted a retrospective analysis of HAB related mortality events in California, Washington, and Rhode Island between 2007 and 2018 involving 12 species of seabirds, to document the levels, ranges, and patterns of DA and STX in eight sample types (kidney, liver, stomach, intestinal, cloacal, cecal contents, bile, blood) collected from birds during these events. Samples (n = 182) from 83 birds were examined for DA (n = 135) or STX (n = 17) or both toxins simultaneously (n = 30), using ELISA or LCMS at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA-NMFS) Wildlife Algal-toxin Research and Response Network (WARRN-West) or the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC). DA or STX was detected in seven of the sample types with STX below the minimum detection limit in blood for the three samples tested. DA was found in 70% and STX was found in 23% of all tested samples. The ranges of detectable levels of DA and STX in all samples were 0.65–681,190.00 ng g−1 and 2.00–20.95 ng g−1, respectively. Cloacal contents from a Pacific loon (Gavia pacifica) collected in 2017 from Ventura County, California, had the highest maximum level of DA for all samples and species tested in this study. The highest level of STX for all samples and species was detected in the bile of a northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) collected in 2018 from San Luis Obispo County, California. DA detections were consistently found in gastrointestinal samples, liver, bile, and kidney, whereas STX detections were most frequently seen in liver and bile samples. Co-occurring HAB toxins (DA and STX) were detected in white-winged scoters (Melanitta deglandi) in 2009, a Brandt's cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) in 2015, and a northern fulmar and common murre (Uria aalge) in 2018. This article provides DA and STX tissue concentrations and patterns in avian samples and shows the utility of various sample types for the detection of HAB toxins. Future research to understand the pharmacodynamics of these toxins in avian species and to establish lethal doses in various bird species would be beneficial.
A Model Curriculum for General Practitioners

Law students who are likely, by choice or chance, to enter into a general practice should select these recommended courses.
Plant proteins from green pea and chickpea: Extraction, fractionation, structural characterization and functional properties

Abstract The value of pulse grain has been drastically increased by manufacturing it to pulse storage protein isolates. The utilization of pulse proteins is highly dependent on the composition, functional and structural properties. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigated the structural and functional attributes, as well as the aroma profile of major fractions of pulse storage proteins isolated from green pea and chickpea including globulin, legumin, and vicilin. Alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation in conjunction with a modified salt dissolution-precipitation method was developed to produce abovementioned protein fractions in a large scale. Results showed that purity of globulin, legumin and vicilin fractions reached more than 90%, 80%, and 90%, respectively. Regarding the functionality of protein fractions, protein compositions had significant impacts on the structural and functional properties of proteins. In general, vicilin fractions had higher solubility, and foaming and emulsification properties but lower thermal properties compared to legumin fractions because of its lower molecular weight, less rigid conformational structure, and lower disulfide bond content. However, aromatic compound profile of protein fractions was strongly affected by pulse types as both lipid and lipoxygenase contents varied depending on the type of pulses. Overall, chickpea protein fractions contained higher typical beany aromatic compounds (e.g., 1-pentanol, 1-ocetn-3-ol, and hexanal) than green pea protein fractions. These results can greatly extend the knowledge for better understanding the structural and functional properties of pulse proteins.
Trinucleon Bound States

The four bound few-nucleon systems (2H, 3H, 3He, 4He) have played a role in nuclear physics far out of proportion to their abundance on earth, and their study constitutes one of the oldest and most important subfields of our discipline. In one of the first review articles1 treating nuclear physics, a separate section was reserved for the three-nucleon problem. Since that time many such articles have been written.
Permeability alteration in small-displacement faults in poorly lithified sediments: Rio Grande Rift, Central New Mexico

Faults in clastic rocks influence fluid flow by juxtaposition of different lithologic units and by localized alteration of petrophysical properties through cataclasis, cementation, or other deformational and diagenetic processes. Extensional tectonic settings, such as the Basin and Range Province and the Rio Grande rift, are characterized by numerous faults in both sedimentary rocks and poorly lithified basin-fill sediments. Faults in poorly lithified sediments have received little attention; our study is the first to examine their permeability. We tested whether faulting of poorly lithified sediments significantly affects permeability by comparing two uncemented, small-displacement, normal faults in New Mexico's central Rio Grande rift: one with a clay-rich core (displacement > bed thickness) and one without a clay-rich core (displacement < bed thickness). Using in situ permeametry and thin section analysis, permeability, porosity, and clay size fraction were mapped across undeformed and faulted sediments. Both fault zones display permeability values two to three orders of magnitude lower than those for undeformed sand. Clay size fraction increased four to five-fold over undeformed sand, even in the fault without a clay-rich core, and is inversely correlated with permeability. Our results indicate that small-displacement faults are much less permeable than their poorly lithified parent sediments and that permeability reduction is associated with an increase in clay size fraction, but does not depend solely on formation of a clay-rich core. Under saturated conditions these faults impede fluid flow, but may act as preferential flow paths through thick, dry vadose zones common in the arid Southwest. Numerous in extensional basins but typically not included on most geologic maps, such faults could significantly influence flow through basin-fill sediments.
Demonstrable differential power analysis attacks on real-world FPGA-based embedded systems

Since the concept was publicly introduced, power analysis attacks on cryptographic systems have become an increasingly studied topic in the computer security community. Research into countermeasures for these cryptographic systems has been intensified as well. Experiments have been conducted to show the potential effectiveness of power analysis attacks and preventative techniques on both software (e.g. smartcard, DSP) and hardware (e.g. ASIC, FPGA) processing elements. One key observation that motivates our work is that the majority of the research into power analysis on FPGA-based cryptographic systems has been a) theoretical in nature, b) evaluated through simulation, or c) experimented using custom hardware that does not closely mirror real-world systems. In this paper, we look to bridging this gap between theory and practice by detailing our experience in performing a Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attack on a commercial FPGA development board. We present an automated data acquisition and analysis design for an FPGA-based implementation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES). Based on our experience with this attack automation system, we provide an analysis of the features that exist in most commercial FPGA boards which can prevent an effective DPA attack.
An effective sporulation of Myxococcus xanthus requires glycogen consumption via Pkn4-activated 6-phosphofructokinase.

Summary 6-Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a key enzyme for glycolysis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Previously, it was found that the activity of Myxococcus xanthus PFK increased 2.7-fold upon phosphorylation at Thr-226 by the Ser/Thr kinase Pkn4. The pkn4 gene is located 18 bp downstream of the pfk gene forming an operon, and both genes are expressed during vegetative growth and development. Here, we show that glycogen, which accumulates during stationary phase and early in development, is consumed during sporulation. A pfk–pkn4 deletion strain accumulated glycogen at a higher level than the wild-type strain, was unable to consume glycogen during developmental progression and exhibited a poor spore yield. From genetic complementation analysis of the pfk–pkn4 deletion strain with the pfk and pkn4 genes, it was found that glycogen consumption and a high spore yield require not only the pfk gene but also the pkn4 gene. Furthermore, phosphorylation is critical for glycogen consumption because the pfk gene engineered to express the mutant PFK (Thr-226-Ala) did not complement a pfk mutant. We propose that glycogen metabolism in M. xanthus is regulated in a similar manner to that in eukaryotes requiring a protein Ser/Thr kinase.
Antibiotic Stewardship in Urology

Abstract Introduction An increase in antibiotic resistance and a decrease in the production of new antimicrobials have created a difficult problem for our health care system. Methods We review issues associated with antibiotic stewardship, which refers to organized processes aimed at measuring and optimizing the use of antimicrobials to decrease toxicity and resistance and improve outcomes. Results Urologists are in a unique position to implement these programs given that the genitourinary tract is a common source of infection. Conclusions In this article we discuss particularly relevant infectious problems in urology and highlight the need for antibiotic stewardship in our field.
Consensus of local knowledge on medicinal plants among traditional healers in Mayiladumparai block of Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract Aim of the study The role of ethnobotany in drug discovery is huge but there are criticisms over such studies due to their qualitative nature. The present study is aimed at quantitatively abstracting the medicinal plant knowledge of the healers trained in traditional ways, in Mayiladumparai block of Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and methods The interviews and field observations were carried out in all the 18 village panchayaths from January to June 2010, consisting of 148 field days. The interviews were conducted with 80 traditional healers, after obtaining prior informed consent. Successive free listing was used to interview the informants. The informant consensus factor ( F ic ) was calculated to estimate the use variability of medicinal plants. Fidelity index and Cultural importance index were also calculated to analyze the data. Results This study recorded the ethno-medicinal usage of 142 ethno-species belonging to 62 families that were used to prepare 504 formulations. Jaundice had the highest F ic value than all the illness categories studied. Phyllanthus spp. was the highly cited medicinal plant to treat jaundice and had high fidelity index value. This was followed by Senna angustifolia and Terminalia chebula as laxatives. The highly cited medicinal plants in each group with high F ic value were Pongamia pinnata (antiseptic), Aerva lanata (antidote and snakebite), Blepharis maderaspatensis (cuts and wounds), Abutilon indicum (hemorrhoids), Ruta graveolens (spiritual medicine), Ocimum tenuiflorum (cough), and Solanum trilobatum (pulmonary ailments). Phyllanthus spp., was the most culturally significant species according to this index, followed by Borassus flebellifer. Conclusion The process of drug discovery has become highly expensive and post-approval and post-marketing withdrawal of drugs is continuing. In such scenario, reverse pharmacology is considered an attractive option. The medicinal plants enumerated in this study with high number of citations and high F ic values for illness categories might give some useful leads for further biomedical research.
A search for carbene-solvent interactions using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy.

The time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectra of chlorophenylcarbene (CPC) and fluorophenylcarbene (FPC) were recorded in heptane at ambient temperature. The C−C and C−F vibrational frequencies involving the carbene carbon were obtained in heptane, benzene, and acetonitrile and in heptane containing 0. 1M tetrahydrofuran or benzene. It is concluded that carbene−solvent interactions of CPC and FPC are quite weak.
Part two: Diabetes, culture change, and acculturation: A biocultural analysis 1

Abstract Acculturational trends related to diet and energy expenditure were examined in non‐Western societies noted for significantly increased incidence of maturity‐onset diabetes mellitus. Crosscultural analysis of these trends indicates that increased incidence levels were often preceded by acculturation, suggesting that diabetes mellitus may be a disordered physiological and psychological adaptation to rapid cultural change. Increased incidence preceded by lifestyle changes and total immersion in a new culture in non‐Western and Western societies is also included.
A COLD-WEATHER SPECIES' RESPONSE TO CHEMICALLY DISPERSED FRESH AND WEATHERED ALASKA NORTH SLOPE CRUDE OIL

ABSTRACT The University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) joined the Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum (CROSERF) in 1997. In 1998 and 1999, UAF tested the toxicity of: (1) an oil dispersant, COREXIT®9500; (2) the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil as well as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-standard, Prudhoe Bay crude oil (EPA); and (3) the chemically-enhanced water-accommodated fraction (CE-WAF) of ANS as well as EPA. Tests also were performed with ANS samples that had been artificially weathered to remove most of the volatile components (weathered ANS). Species tested were a juvenile mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, and the larvae of an estuarine fish, Menidia beryllina. Parallel testing with bacteria using the Microtox® test was performed and results compared. Overall, UAF's procedures and results were consistent with that of other CROSERF labs. These procedures use 25 °C water. In 1998 and 1999, UAF tested the larvae of a crab native ...
Mitigating Climate Change: Decomposing the Relative Roles of Energy Conservation, Technological Change, and Structural Shift

We decompose the impacts of five drivers of energy use and CO2 emissions in achieving climate change goals over 2005-2100 for various climate policy scenarios. This study contributes to the decomposition literature in three ways. First, it disaggregates drivers of energy demand into technological progress and demand for energy services allowing us to estimate their contributions independently – an improvement over other economy-wide decomposition studies. Secondly, this approach reduces the ambiguity present in many previous measures of structural change. We delineate structural shifts into two separate measures: changes in fuel mix within a given resource or service; and changes in mix among distinct energy resources or end-use services. Finally, this study applies decomposition methods to energy and emissions trajectories from two mutually informing perspectives: (i) primary energy resources – crude oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, and renewables; and (ii) end-uses of energy services – residential and commercial buildings, industry, and transportation. Our results show that technological improvements and energy conservation are important in meeting short term and moderate climate goals; and that nuclear and renewable energy and CCS technology are crucial in meeting more stringent goals. We examine the relative roles of the drivers in reducing CO2 emissions separately for developed and developing regions. Although the majority of energy and emissions growth – and by extension the greatest opportunities for mitigation – will occur in developing countries, the decomposition shows that the relative roles of the five drivers are broadly consistent between these two regions. While similar decompositions have been conducted on historical data, very few have decomposed future scenarios from an integrated assessment model, and at this level of detail.
Android Malware Detection Using Kullback-Leibler Divergence

Many recent reports suggest that mareware applications cause high billing to victims by sending and receiving hidden SMS messages. Given that, there is a need to develop necessary technique to identify malicious SMS operations as well as differentiate between good and bad SMS operations within applications. In this paper, we apply Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) as a distance metric to identify the difference between good and bad SMS operations. We develop a set of elements that represent sending or receiving of SMS messages, both legitimately and maliciously. Then, we compare the divergence of the trained set of elements. Our evaluation shows that the divergence between good and bad applications remains significantly high, whereas between two applications performing the same SMS operations remain low. We evaluate the proposed KLD-based concept for identifying a set of malware applications. The initial results show that our approach can identify all known malware and has less false positive warning.
“Universality” of finite size effects in cumn and agmn spin-glasses

Abstract Recent measurements of the quasi-static spin-freezing temperature, Tf, of thin Cu1-xMnx layers (x = 0.04, 0.07, 0.14) in magnetron sputtered multilayer samples (MS) of CuMn alternated with Cu or Si revealed two different apparently “universal” curves for the ratio T f T f b is the bulk freezing temperature for a given x) for CuMn Cu and CuMn Si MS. We show that cooling the substrates leaves the CuMn Cu MS data unchanged, but moves the n Si MS data closer to the “universal” curve for the CuMn Cu MS show also that T f T f D for AgMn Ag MS agrees with the CuMn Cu MS “Universal” curve.
A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF NUCLEINATE-INDUCED LEUCOPENIC AND LEUCOCYTIC STATES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RELATIVE ROLES OF LIVER, SPLEEN, AND BONE MARROW.

The leucopenia induced by sodium nucleinate has been followed by repeated counts made simultaneously from the blood of a peripheral vein and from the internal organs, combined with a study of histological sections of the same organs taken with the counts. Measurements with the oncometer of changes in volume of the spleen have been correlated with the leucopenia and the leucocytosis following sodium nucleinate. It has thus been determined that the leucopenia is not the result of a vasomotor phenomenon, or of a change in blood volume, nor is it secondary to a retention of the white cells in the capillaries of lung or liver; it is due to the accumulation of neutrophilic leucocytes in the parenchyma of the spleen. That the spleen is solely responsible for the temporary depression of white cells in the general circulation under these conditions has been shown by splenectomy. In splenectomized rabbits no leucopenia developed, but instead a leucocytosis due to a direct action on the bone marrow. A profound change occurs in the distribution of the cells in the circulation at the moment of death. The liver, within a minute of the cessation of the circulation, shows a three- to fourfold increase in the number of white cells per c.mm., the differential count remaining unchanged. Thus estimations of the physiological distribution and redistribution of cells in the living state may be made only with the circulation unimpaired. The injection into normal rabbits of adenine and guanine nucleotides, split products of nucleic acid, gave immediate leucocytosis of bone marrow origin similar to that observed with the more complex molecule when the spleen was eliminated. The response of the bone marrow to chemotactic stimuli, such as those have used, may be reflected in the general circulation, through an absolute increase of young neutrophilic leucocytes, within a period of less than 1 hour. Within this brief period there takes place maturation from Myelocyte C and metamyelocyte into the early motile leucocyte, and the delivery of these just matured cells into the circulation. The response to one injection of nucleinate or nucleotide may persist into the 3rd and 4th days with a gradual depletion of the normal reserve of Myelocytes C in the bone marrow.
On the theory of the state distribution of the reaction products and rates of unimolecular dissociations

A recent variational implementation of RRKM theory, plus an additional dynamical assumption, is used to calculate the distribution of quantum states of reaction products of unimolecular dissociations. It is assumed that the “conserved” modes of the molecule are vibrationally adiabatic after passage through the transition state region, but that the “transitional modes” are non-adiabatic until the “loose transition state” region is reached. The rate constants k_(EJ) themselves are those of RRKM theory, but, for energies below those needed to yield vibrationally excited products, the phase space theory expression (PST) is obtained for the distribution of rotational states of the products. The product state distribution differs from that of PST when the energy is sufficient to permit product vibrational excitation. The unimolecular reactions considered are those for which there is no potential energy barrier for the reverse reaction (recombination).
Preavoidance Blood Pressure Elevations Accompanied by Heart Rate Decreases in the Dog

Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously in five dogs for 1 hour before performance on a free-operant shock-avoidance task. Cardiovascular changes during the preavoidance hour were characterized by sustained and significant increases in blood pressure, and sustained and significant decreases in heart rate.
Benthic Fish Sampler for Use in Riffle Habitats

Abstract The quantitative accuracy and effectiveness of a 1-m2 benthic fish sampler was determined in riffles of three central Kentucky streams. The portable sampler is screened on three sides and has a collection bag on the downstream side; the top and bottom are open and, when in use, the sampler is placed directly on the substrate. Electrofishing and substrate disturbance within the sampler were used to dislodge fish into the collection bag. Electrofishing efficiency and sampler accuracy were estimated by subsequent application of a toxicant within the sampler and in blocknetted stream areas around it, respectively. In Kentucky streams, the mean efficiency of electrofishing within the sampler was 59% for fish collected in riffles, but efficiency was higher in spring and autumn than in other seasons. Kick-sampling was more effective than electrofishing in autumn and winter. Riffle fish population densities were estimated at an accuracy of approximately 63% when the sampler was used. For fish densities l...
Pore-Size Dependence of Quasi-One-Dimensional Single-File Diffusion Mobility†

We use kinetic Monte Carlo simulation to study the pore-size dependence of the anomalous single-file diffusion mobility of a hard disc fluid confined within a narrow channel. The channel has a half-width of Rp in units of the hard disk diameter. We present numerical data on the crossover from the exact 1D result with Rp = (1/2) to the quasi-1D regime for (1/2) < Rp < 1. Our data are significant because exact results in the quasi-1D regime are very limited. A scaling dependence of (Rp − (1/2))4.65 is consistent with the measured increase in the mobility for almost seven decades.
Developmental modularity and the evolutionary diversification of arthropod limbs.

Segmentation is one of the most salient characteristics of arthropods, and differentiation of segments along the body axis is the basis of arthropod diversification. This article evaluates whether the evolution of segmentation involves the differentiation of already independent units, i.e., do segments evolve as modules? Because arthropod segmental differentiation is commonly equated with differential character of appendages, we analyze appendages by comparing similarities and differences in their development. The comparison of arthropod limbs, even between species, is a comparison of serially repeated structures. Arthropod limbs are not only reiterated along the body axis, but limbs themselves can be viewed as being composed of reiterated parts. The interpretation of such reiterated structures from an evolutionary viewpoint is far from obvious. One common view is that serial repetition is evidence of a modular organization, i.e., repeated structures with a common fundamental identity that develop semi-autonomously and are free to diversify independently. In this article, we evaluate arthropod limbs from a developmental perspective and ask: are all arthropod limbs patterned using a similar set of mechanisms which would reflect that they all share a generic coordinate patterning system? Using Drosophila as a basis for comparison, we find that appendage primordia, positioned along the body using segmental patterning coordinates, do indeed have elements of common identity. However, we do not find evidence of a single coordinate system shared either between limbs or among limb branches. Data concerning the other diagnostic of developmental modularity—semi-autonomy of development—are not currently available for sufficient taxa. Nonetheless, some data comparing patterns of morphogenesis provide evidence that limbs cannot always be temporally or spatially decoupled from the development of their neighbors, suggesting that segment modularity is a derived character. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:241–257, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determination of the crystal structure of EntA, a 2,3‐dihydro‐2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli

The Escherichia coli enterobactin synthetic cluster is composed of six proteins, EntA–EntF, that form the enterobactin molecule from three serine molecules and three molecules of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). EntC, EntB and EntA catalyze the three-step synthesis of DHB from chorismate. EntA is a member of the short-chain oxidoreductase (SCOR) family of proteins and catalyzes the final step in DHB synthesis, the NAD+-dependent oxidation of 2,3-­dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid to DHB. The structure of EntA has been determined by multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion methods. Here, the 2.0 A crystal structure of EntA in the unliganded form is presented. Analysis of the structure in light of recent structural and bioinformatic analysis of other members of the SCOR family provides insight into the residues involved in cofactor and substrate binding.
When is the economy monocentric?: von Thünen and Chamberlin unified

Abstract Since The Isolated State by von Thunen, countless versions of the von Thunen model have appeared. It seems, however, that a fundamental question remains unanswered: Why should all manufacturing goods be produced in a single town? In this paper we develop a monopolistic competition model of an ‘isolated state’, and investigate the answer to this question. Since the answer to this question suggests when there will be more than one town in the isolated state, it is hoped the present model will lead to the development of a general equilibrium model of urban systems.
Heterotypic coupling between glial cells of the mammalian central nervous system.

Heterotypic coupling, defined as gap-junctional coupling between cells of different classes, may be common among the different types of non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system. Since gap junctions provide a route for the intercellular exchange of signaling molecules, heterotypic coupling may serve to coordinate the activities of many types of "support cells" in the brain. The evidence for heterotypic coupling between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and retinal Muller glial cells, and astrocytes and ependymal cells is reviewed. The finding that some heterotypic gap junctions are chemically rectifying implies that there is asymmetry between the two sides of these gap junctions, and the connexin composition of heterotypic gap junctions is discussed. Finally, I speculate about the functions of heterotypic gap junctions, including their proposed roles in K+ spatial buffering around axons and in the propagation of intercellular Ca2+ waves between astrocytes and other glial cells.
Effects of antioxidants on the aging inner ear

Age-related cochlear structural changes include the degeneration of sensory, neural cells and the stria vascularis. The hypothesis that cellular degeneration results from exposure to oxidative products of respiration was tested by supplementing aged dogs with a diet high in antioxidants and mitochondrial metabolites and by genetically modifying the expression level of the antioxidant, manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) in mice. Aged dogs received either a high antioxidant diet or a normal, control diet for the last 3 years of their life. Cellular measures were compared among the two aged groups (10-15 years) and young dogs. Both aged groups had cellular degeneration relative to young dogs, but the animals fed the antioxidant diet showed less degeneration at the base and apex than the control-diet group. Transgenic mice, heterozygous null for SOD2, produce only half as much enzyme as a normal mouse. These mice showed no increase in the amount of hearing loss relative to the background strain. A diet containing antioxidants reduced the magnitude of cochlear degeneration. Genetic reduction of one antioxidant, however, did not increase the magnitude of hearing loss in aging mice. A reduction in one enzyme seems to be compensated while the addition of a complex of factors is effective.
The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001

Why did the nation-state proliferate across the world over the past 200 years, replacing empires, kingdoms, city-states, and the like? Using a new dataset with information on 145 of today’s states ...
Machine shop training with a musical note

Norwich University recently added a hands-on machine shop training activity to the introductory engineering course with the goal of teaching basic shop tool skills while stimulating interest in the exercise by creating a useful object. The object, a simple flute, was designed to have three parts made from machinable wax rods that would require the students to learn and perform basic operations on a milling machine, a lathe, and a drill press. Using tutorial instructions, mechanical drawings, and minimal prefabricated parts, students were able to create a working musical instrument during one three-hour laboratory session. The students were also introduced to the idea that the flute's acoustical design can be modeled on the principles of electrical transmission lines. Options to include a design activity as well as a mechanical drawing component to the project are also discussed.
Changes in walking associated with perceived neighborhood safety and police-recorded crime: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Objective To explore the association of changes in perceived safety and police-recorded crime with changes in transport and leisure walking using longitudinal data from Chicago residents participating in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2000–2012).
Determination of dapoxetine, an investigational agent with the potential for treating depression, and its mono- and di-desmethyl metabolites in human plasma using column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for the determination of dapoxetine, and its mono- and di-desmethyl metabolites in human plasma. The analytes, including an internal standard, were extracted from plasma at basic pH with hexane—ethyl acetate. The organic extract was evaporated to dryness and the residue reconstituted with acetonitrile. The analytes were separated from late-eluting endogenous substances on a Zorbax RX-C 8 pre-column. The front-cut fraction containing the analytes was further separated on a second RX-C 8 column. The analytes were detected by their native fluorescence, using excitation and emission wavelengths of 230 and 330 nm, respectively. The limit of quantitation was determined to be 20 ng/ml, and the response was linear from 20 to 200 ng/ml. The method has been successfully applied to human plasma samples in a Phase I study.
Short-term tests are unable to distinguish between human carcinogens and noncarcinogens.

AbstractPreviously published results of short-term tests (STT) applied to chemicals, identified as carcinogens and noncarcinogens, are compared and discussed. Inspection of the data shows that carcinogens and noncarcinogens are about equally STT-positive. Although it may be possible to observe suggestive indications in the data, it is difficult to be certain that these indications are necessarily relevant to or predictive of human carcinogenic risk. The assumption that STT are predictive, if incorrect and accepted, would seem to have the potential for causing harm to public health by leading to falsely recognized carcinogens as noncarcinogens and noncarcinogens as carcinogens. Technological and legal preparations have been made for rapid regulatory decisions on the basis of STT. The data, however, appear to caution against utilizating these means too quickly.
A sensitive enzymatic-radioisotopic assay for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid.

— An assay for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) capable of detecting as little as 1 pmole of DOPAC is described. The basis of the assay is the O-methylation of DOPAC utilizing S-[methyl-3H]adenosyl-l-methionine and a partially purified catechol-O-methyl transferase to form [methyl-3H]homovanillic acid. The [methyl-3H]homovanillic acid is purified with ion exchange resin and either solvent partitions or TLC. Utilizing this assay, the effect of either chlorpromazine or reserpine upon the content of DOPAC both in the caudate nucleus and in the substantia nigra was determined. Both of these drugs increase the level of DOPAC in the caudate nucleus but have minimal effects upon the level of DOPAC in the substantia nigra.
Pattern-recognition analysis of low-resolution X-ray fluorescence spectra

Abstract Using a high-resolution Si(Li) spectrometer to perform X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of various geological, alloy, and paint samples, we have demonstrated that in situations where quantitative information is not the primary concern, a pattern-recognition approach may be used to obtain qualitative results very quickly and efficiently. Specifically, the pattern-recognition technique uses a single parameter, the normalized correlation coefficient, to identify and select samples with similar chemical compositions from their raw XRF spectra. The algorithm can be easily implemented on a personal computer; typically it takes only a few seconds to perform the pairwise comparison of 9 or 10 spectra. We report here the results of our attempt to extend the pattern-recognition technique to the analysis of low-resolution XRF spectra from a proportional counter where the spectral information is considerably poorer than that of the Si(Li) detector. Analyzing the XRF spectra obtained from a set of geological samples both in air and in vacuum we find that even with a proportional counter the pattern-recognition technique can nevertheless satisfactorily identify samples with similar chemical compositions.
Solitary cecal plasmacytoma. Electron microscopic, immunologic, and cytochemical studies

A case of solitary cecal plasmacytoma is described with strong evidence of IgGk paraprotein production demonstrated by immunofluorescence and electromicroscopy. This is the ninth case of colonic plasmacytoma reported in the English literature and the first to show positive immunofluorescence.
Cytomegalic inclusion disease in newborn twins

The clinical, pathologic, and virologic findings of newborn male twins infected with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) are described. One twin died on the third day of life. The significant histopathologic findings were enlarged inclusion-bearing cells in the lungs, liver, and kidney as well as a diffuse spongiosis of the brain. The other twin survived and shed CMV in throat and urine. Serum specimens from this infant and from the mother contained neutralizing antibody for CMV. These data indicate that one strain of CMV presumably can be associated with both fatal and nonfatal disease.
What makes an inquiry‐oriented science teacher? The influence of learning histories on student teacher role identity and practice

This paper examines the influence of personal histories on the formation of early role identity as inquiry-oriented science teachers. Two cases selected from a multicase study of 12 secondary science student teachers are used to illustrate the development of inquiry orientation. These cases represent two extremes in a continuum ranging from didactic practice to successful use of structured inquiry. The role of learners' personal histories on their teaching identity development and implications for preparing inquiry-based science teachers are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed86:401–416, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10020