cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption and Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide on Polycrystalline Rhodium at High Gas Pressures

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in conjunction with mass spectroscopy (MS) has been utilized to investigate the adsorption and hydrogenation of carbon monoxide on polycrystalline rhodium surfaces. The SERS-active Rh substrates were prepared by electrodeposition of ultrathin films on electrochemically roughened gold and display remarkably robust SERS activity over a wide range of temperatures (up to 400 °C) and pressures (here up to 1 atm). The SER spectra reveal that CO adsorbed primarily on atop sites (νRh-C = 470 cm-1) and desorbed by about 250−300 °C under all gas-phase conditions examined. Partial dissociation of the CO adlayer, however, was obtained at temperatures as low as 100 °C, most likely facilitated by the large number of steps and kinks present on these roughened surfaces. This was evidenced by a partial removal of CO at temperatures (ca 100 °C) well below those expected for thermal desorption (200−250 °C) and supported by the observed formation of surface carbonate (665 cm-1) unde...
Temperature ecotypes near the southern boundary of the kelp Laminaria saccharina

Effects of temperature on survival, growth, and photosynthesis were compared for two USA populations of Laminaria saccharina Lamour. One population was located in New York State, near the southern latitudinal boundary of the species in the western North Atlantic. This southern boundary population was exposed to ambient temperatures ≧20°C for about 6 wk each summer. The second population was located in Maine, toward the center of the latitudinal range of the species, and was rarely exposed to temperatures>17°C. sporophytes from the New York (NY) population exhibited greater tolerance of high temperature than plants from the Maine (ME) site. Juvenile sporophytes from the two sites had similar rates of survivorship and growth at temperatures below 20°C, but showed different responses at 20°C in laboratory experiments. NY plants survived and grew for 6 wk at 20°C. ME plants showed negative growth during wk 2 and 100% mortality during wk 3. NY and ME plants held in situ at the NY site during June to September, 1985, also exhibited differential survivorship when ambient temperatures exceeded 20°C. Results of photosynthesis and dark respiration measurements on NY and ME plants grown at various temperatures suggested that the high-temperature tolerance of NY plants was attributable to their ability to maintain positive daily net C-fixation at 20°C. The high-temperature tolerance of the NY plants appeared to be due to genetic adaptation and is probably crucial to the persistence of the species near its southern boundary.
Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents

Objective To determine optimal threshold values for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) for detecting cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (as defined with ≥3 CVD risk factors [RFs]) in adolescents. Study design The 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) cross-sectional data for 12- to 19-year-old adolescents (n = 2581) was analyzed. Main outcome measures were ≥3 age-adjusted CVD RFs (high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, triglyceride level, glucose level, insulin level, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure). The presence of ≥3 RFs was predicted from age- and sex-adjusted BMI and WC values with receiver operating characteristics analyses. Results The proportion of adolescents at risk for ≥3 RFs ranged from 17% to 19%. Both BMI and WC had good diagnostic accuracy, ranging from 0.73 to 0.83, and good sensitivity and specificity, ranging from 0.68 to 0.77. The BMI cutoff points ranged from 19.5 to 25.0 kg/m 2 for boys and from 19.4 to 27.0 kg/m 2 for girls, and WC cutoff points ranged from 66.8 to 87.5 cm for boys and from 71.5 to 87.2 cm for girls. Conclusions Age-, sex-, and ethnicity/race-specific threshold values for BMI and WC may have significant clinical usefulness in identifying adolescents and teenagers at risk for later CVD onset.
Gene-expression analysis of sucrose-starch metabolism during pollen maturation in cytoplasmic male-sterile and fertile lines of sorghum

During pollen maturation, single-celled microspores undergo a rapid phase of starch biosynthesis, presumably from sucrose stored in the vacuoles. Very little is known about the genes and the intracellular controls that regulate the sucrose → starch pathway in such microspores. We show here RNA profiles in sorghum microspores during the transition from vacuolated microspore to immature pollen at two specific stages of pollen development: early, showing little or no detectable starch, and late, when pollen are active in starch-filling. We have also examined two near-isogenic cytoplasmic male sterile lines that retain fully turgid immature pollen until the starch-filling stage, but remain starch-deficient, and ultimately form inviable pollen. Using maize cDNA clones, both temporal and genotypic differences were observed in the expression profiles of four metabolic genes (soluble or vacuolar invertase, Ivr2; sucrose synthase, Sus1; phosphoglucomutase, Pgm; and a subunit of ADPG pyrophosphorylase, Bt2), two similar metabolic regulatory genes (Grf1 and Grf2, encoding 14-3-3 proteins) and a transcription factor, ZmMADS1. Western blot analyses were conducted to visualize sucrose synthase, SS2; AGPase, BT2 and the GRF (14-3-3) proteins. Temporal differences of both a qualitative and quantitative nature were observed in all three proteins in both male-fertile and male-sterile lines. We suggest that these changes in gene expression may result from increased and decreased sink strengths and associated changes in carbohydrate metabolism in starch-filled (fertile) and starch-deficient (sterile) pollen, respectively.
Space applications of superconductivity: digital electronics

Superconducting electronics offers a variety of remarkable properties including high speed and low dissipation. The paper discusses fundamental considerations which appear to suggest that superconducting (cryogenic) technology will offer significant advantages for future digital devices. It shows how the active element in superconducting electronics, the Josephson junction, works and discusses the technology for fabricating the devices. The characteristics of published circuits are briefly reviewed, and the capabilities of future superconducting computers and instruments are projected.
Amyloid Gels: Formation of an Insulin Fibrillar Network

The formation of insulin amyloid fibrils is important not only for the development of reliable drugs and drug delivery systems, but also for modeling the basic properties of protein self-assembly. Fibrillation kinetics are typically characterized by an initial apparent lag-phase, related to the formation of oligomer, protofibrils and aggregation nuclei. Afterwards, aggregation proceeds over a wide range of length scales via fibril elongation, thickening and/or flocculation, and eventual gelation. Here, we focus on the formation of such a gel, made of insulin amyloid fibrils, upon incubation at high temperature and low pH. By light scattering and rheological techniques, we monitor the development of the structural, dynamical and mechanical properties of fibrillar aggregates, up to the dynamic arrest of the sample and the appearance of a non-ergodic behavior, which marks the occurrence of gelation. Atomic force microscopy imaging on incubated samples highlight the existence of a fibrillar network , as well as a complex hierarchy of different morphologies. Also, small and large angle dynamic light scattering experiments clearly show a non-diffusional dynamic behavior. Our experiments were able to reveal the structural details hidden in the apparent lag-phase, displaying the slow fibril nucleation and elongation. We confirm that this initial stage is followed by an exponential growth of structures of different sizes. These two kinetic stages of structural growth are mirrored by the kinetics of the viscoelastic properties and, in particular, by the growth of the elastic modulus. Our results show that the appearance of a noteworthy elastic network is associated with the initial fibril nucleation and elongation rather than with the formation of larger structures which cause the eventual gelation.
Phase inversion studies in liquid‐liquid dispersions

A study of the phase inversion behavior of liquid-liquid dispersions in stirred vessels is performed for liquids of various physical properties at various operating conditions. Physical parameters studied are density (867 to 1180 kg/m3), viscosity (0.00096 to 0.00378 Pa·s), and interfacial tension (0.0089 to 0.0323 N/m). Ambivalence region plots are presented and compared with results reported in the literature. Experiments are performed to examine the effects of impeller type and impeller-to-tank diameter ratio (D/T) on the ambivalence behavior. Also, phase inversion time experiments are performed to investigate the time required for complete phase inversion under various dynamic conditions. The traditional method of plotting the organic phase volume fraction at phase inversion against the agitation speed at that condition is compared with the method of plotting the initially dispersed phase volume fraction at phase inversion against the agitation speed at that condition. A hysteresis phenomenon is shown in phase inversion from O/W to W/O and W/O to O/W dispersions. Also, it is shown that, depending on the physical properties of the dispersed and continuous phases, phase inversion may occur when the agitation speed is increased or decreased. On a mene une etude du comportement d'inversion de phases de dispersions liquide-liquide dans des reservoirs agites pour des liquides aux proprietes physiques diverses et dans differentes conditions de fonctionnement. Les parametres physiques etudies sont la masse volumique (867 a 1180 kg/m3), la viscosite (0,00096 a 0,00378 Pa·s) et la tension interfaciale (0,0089 a 0,0323 N/m). Des releves des regions d'ambivalence sont presentes et compares aux resultats de la litterature scientifique. Des experiences sont menees afin d'examiner les effets du type de turbine et du rapport du diametre de la turbine au diametre du reservoir (D/T) sur le comportement d'ambivalence. De měme, des experiences sur les temps d'inversion de phase sont menees pour etudier le temps requis pour une inversion de phase complete dans des conditions dynamiques variees. La methode traditionnelle de trace de la fraction volumique de la phase organique a l'inversion de phase par rapport a la vitesse d'agitation a cette condition est comparee a la methode de trace de la fraction volumique de phase dispersee initiale a l'inversion de phase par rapport a la vitesse d'agitation a cette condition. Un phenomene d'hysterese est montre dans l'inversion de phase des dispersions O/W a W/O et W/O a O/W. On montre egalement que, selon les proprietes physiques des phases dispersee et continue, l'inversion de phase peut survenir lorsque la vitesse d'agitation est augmentee ou diminuee.
Periodontal ligament vitality and histologic healing of teeth stored for extended periods before transplantation.

Abstract A previous study evaluated the viability of dog periodontal ligament cells as indicated by tritiated thymidine uptake after extended storage in Hank's balanced salt solution and Conditioned Medium. The purpose of this study was to evaluate histologic healing following the identical storage parameters established in the earlier study. Additionally, for Conditioned Medium, matched pairs (teeth evaluated for tritiated thymidine uptake and transplanted teeth) were examined in an attempt to correlate periodontal ligament vitality and healing. Forty-six extracted endodontically treated dogs' teeth were randomly grouped and stored in Hank's balanced salt solution or Conditioned Medium for 6, 48, and 96 h and then transplanted into 6-, 48-, and 96-h sockets. The control group teeth were transplanted without storage into 6-, 48-, or 96-h sockets. After 6 months the dogs were killed and the teeth were prepared for histologic evaluation according to Andreasen. Complete healing, inflammatory root resorption, and replacement resorption were evaluated and compared. Overall, significantly better healing was observed for teeth stored in Conditioned Medium than for teeth stored in Hank's balanced salt solution. Conditioned Medium was not significantly different from controls. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between periodontal ligament viability and healing for Conditioned Medium. These results confirmed the importance of periodontal ligament viability in successful replantation and the potential of Conditioned Medium as a storage medium for avulsed teeth.
A cash flow cost-volume-profit model

Abstract The traditional cost-volume-profit (CVP) model assumes the accounting flows follow the accrual accounting model. No distinction is made between accrual cost flows and cash flows. This paper looks at several different cash flow break-even models. One model assumes there is no opportunity to use an accrual accounting taxable loss by other profitable product lines or through a tax loss carryback. When graphed, this model presents a “dog-leg” at the accrual accounting breakeven point. A more general model assumes that an accrual tax loss is usable. When graphed, this model presents a line parallel to the after-tax accrual-based cost line, shifted downward in the amount of the noncash fixed costs.
Fluorescence-enhanced Robotic Radical Prostatectomy Using Real-time Lymphangiography and Tissue Marking with Percutaneous Injection of Unconjugated Indocyanine Green: The Initial Clinical Experience in 50 Patients

Abstract Background Pilot studies have demonstrated the utility of indocyanine green (ICG) sentinel lymphadenectomy for prostate cancer. Prior work has used ICG with radiocontrast agents injected at a separate procedure and relied on assistant-controlled fluorescence systems, making the technique costly and cumbersome. Objective To describe the initial optimization and feasibility of fluorescence-enhanced robotic radical prostatectomy (FERRP) using real-time injection of ICG for tissue marking and identification of sentinel lymphatic drainage visualized by a fully integrated surgeon-controlled system. Design, setting, and participants Patients with clinically localized prostate cancer at a tertiary referral center were offered FERRP. Ten patients participated in a pilot arm in which ICG dosing and injection technique were optimized. Fifty consecutive patients then underwent FERRP. Surgical procedure After development of the space of Retzius, 0.4ml of a 2.5mg/ml ICG solution were injected into each lobe of the prostate using a robotically guided percutaneous needle. After ICG was allowed to travel through the pelvic lymphatics, lymphadenectomy was performed from the endopelvic fascia to the aortic bifurcation. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Parameters describing the time course of tissue fluorescence and pelvic lymphangiography were systematically recorded. Lymphatic packets containing fluorescent nodes were considered sentinel. Results and limitations Percutaneous, robotic-guided ICG injection proved superior to cystoscope or transrectal delivery. Tissue marking was achieved in all patients, positively identifying the prostate with uniform fluorescence relative to the obturator nerve, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and neurovascular pedicles at a mean time of 10min postinjection. Sentinel nodes were identified in 76% of patients at a mean time of 30min postinjection and had 100% sensitivity, 75.4% specificity, 14.6% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value for the detection of nodal metastasis. Conclusions FERRP is safe, feasible, and allows for reliable prostate tissue marking and identification of sentinel lymphatic drainage in the majority of patients. ICG sentinel nodes are highly sensitive but relatively nonspecific for the detection of nodal metastasis.
Deep-sea carbonates: evidence for a coccolith lysocline

The most dissolution-resistant coccoliths on the Atlantic ocean floor are Cyclococcolithina leptopora, Gephyrocapsa sp. (G. oceanica and G. caribbeanica), and Coccolithus pelagicus. The relative abundance of these forms increases with depth in a fashion compatible with the foraminiferal lysocline distribution. The coccolith-foraminifera ratio may be largely controlled by redeposition processes.
Zeacarotenes, new provitamins A from corn☆

Abstract Two new provitamins A, designated as β-zeacarotene and β1-zeacarotene, were separated from extracts of yellow corn grain and from corn gluten. A companion pigment, which lacked vitamin A activity and was designated as α-zeacarotene, was obtained from the same extracts. From their physical properties and their behavior on reaction with iodine and N-bromosuccinimide, it appears that β-zeacarotene is 7′,8′-dihydro-γ-carotene and α-zeacarotene is 7′,8′-dihydro-δ-carotene.
Exploring uncertainty and model predictive performance concepts via a modular snowmelt-runoff modeling framework

Model selection is an extremely important aspect of many hydrologic modeling studies because of the complexity, variability, and uncertainty that surrounds the current understanding of watershed-scale systems. However, development and implementation of a complete precipitation-runoff modeling framework, from model selection to calibration and uncertainty analysis, are rarely confronted. This paper introduces a modular precipitation-runoff modeling framework that has been developed and applied to a research site in Central Montana, USA. The case study focuses on an approach to hydrologic modeling that considers model development, selection, calibration, uncertainty analysis, and overall assessment. The results of this case study suggest that a modular framework is useful in identifying the interactions between and among different process representations and their resultant predictions of stream discharge. Such an approach can strengthen model building and address an oft ignored aspect of predictive uncertainty; namely, model structural uncertainty.
Tongue music: the sound of a kiss

In this paper we examine the Tongue Music project: a performance-instrumental that makes use of the human tongue to yield amorous sounds, either by solo using a primary tongue controller or as a duet (The Sound of a Kiss) pairing a tongue controller and a receiver. We describe the design of the system and how the participants use the technology in a creative way to produce music.
Reconciliation with non-binary species trees.

Reconciliation extracts information from the topological incongruence between gene and species trees to infer duplications and losses in the history of a gene family. The inferred duplication-loss histories provide valuable information for a broad range of biological applications, including ortholog identification, estimating gene duplication times, and rooting and correcting gene trees. While reconciliation for binary trees is a tractable and well studied problem, there are no algorithms for reconciliation with non-binary species trees. Yet a striking proportion of species trees are non-binary. For example, 64% of branch points in the NCBI taxonomy have three or more children. When applied to non-binary species trees, current algorithms overestimate the number of duplications because they cannot distinguish between duplication and incomplete lineage sorting. We present the first algorithms for reconciling binary gene trees with non-binary species trees under a duplication-loss parsimony model. Our algori...
Exploring the vulnerability of network infrastructure to disruption

Disruption of network facilities (nodes or arcs) resulting in loss of system functionality is of particular concern in the operation of critical network infrastructures. In preparing for events such as natural disasters, accidents, and/or sabotage, numerous disruption possibilities exist for any network and efforts to safeguard against the most destructive of those are often sought. Although, many approaches exist for identifying network vulnerabilities, mathematical programming and simulation are typically used as exploratory approaches for uncovering potentially important disruption scenarios. Mathematical programming approaches can identify bounds on network vulnerability while simulation can provide important insights to complement these bounds, as well as provide insights in cases where mathematical programming is not practical. This research presents a simulation methodology for evaluating network vulnerability to disruption. A case study illustrates the complexities associated with planning for such events.
Magnetic Anomalies along Fracture Zones

THE existence of magnetic anomalies along fracture zones, such as in the north-east Pacific where the Molokai, Murray, Pioneer, Mendocino and Surveyor fracture zones are all associated with fairly large anomalies1–3, is well known. Since the incorporation of Wilson's4 transform fault concept into the plate tectonic hypothesis by Morgan5 and Le Pichon6, however, most studies of fracture zones have been geometric in nature and little attention has been paid to their magnetic characteristics.
Definition of an epitope on NS3 recognized by human CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones cross-reactive for dengue virus types 2, 3, and 4.

Abstract The role of dengue virus-specific serotype-cross-reactive T lymphocytes in recovery from and pathogenesis of dengue virus infections is not known. In the present paper, we have defined a dengue serotype-cross-reactive epitope recognized by two CD4 + CD8 − cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones, JK36 and JK46. These T cell clones were established from the peripheral blood T lymphocytes of a dengue-3-immune donor, using a limiting dilution method. JK36 and JK46 were cross-reactive for dengue virus types 2, 3, and 4, but not for type 1, and recognized the NS3 protein. The smallest synthetic peptide recognized by JK36 was an 8-amino acid peptide that contains amino acids (aa) 226 to 233 (VVAAEMEE) of NS3. The smallest peptide recognized by JK46 was an 11-amino acid peptide that contains aa 224 to 234 (TRVVAAEMEEA). HLA-DR15 was the restriction allele for recognition of these peptides by both JK36 and JK46. This is the first epitope to be defined that is recognized by human CD4 + CTL cross-reactive for dengue virus types 2, 3, and 4.
Simultaneous determination of multiple components in flow-injection systems by square-wave amperometry

Abstract Two or more components can be determined in a single sample by using a flow-injection system with an electrochmical detector, a microprocessor-based potentiostat, and a microcomputer. The computer generates a repeating staircase potential program with a superimposed square wave. Square-wave amperometric measurements at each potential step are used to construct the current/time response at the potential. By appropriate selection of step potentials, the reconstructed response from each step corresponds to the flow-injection response of a particular component. The approach is evaluated by applying it to the simultaneous determination of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc. Limits of detection range from 8 to 18 μg 1−1. Sample throughput is 80 h−1.
Atmospheric change alters frass quality of forest canopy herbivores

This study examined the independent and interactive effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3) on the foliar and litter chemistry of two deciduous tree species and the frass chemistry of four lepidopteran folivores. Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) were grown under elevated levels of CO2 and/or O3 at the Aspen FACE research site in northern WI, USA. We measured the effects of CO2 and O3 on nitrogen, carbon to nitrogen (C:N), and condensed tannin levels in aspen and birch leaves and senescent litter and also in the frass of folivores fed aspen or birch green leaves. Overall, the effects of elevated CO2 on foliar chemistry were less pronounced than those of elevated O3, and aspen responded more strongly than birch. While the effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on foliar chemistry were generally reflected in frass chemistry, the magnitude of the response varied among insect species. Insect frass had higher nitrogen and condensed tannin levels and lower C:N ratios than did litter, although the magnitude of this response varied among fumigation treatments and insect species. Our findings demonstrate that the quality of insect-mediated organic deposition can be indirectly affected by atmospheric change, through altered foliar quality. Our findings also suggest that the quality of frass deposited on the forest floor via herbivory will be strongly affected by herbivore community composition.
Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films Studied by Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy

Topographic and near-field scanning optical microscopy images of nematic liquid crystalline (LC) droplets dispersed in polymer films are presented. It is conclusively shown that the topographic images provide information invaluable to a complete understanding of the droplet formation process, shape, and internal LC organization. The topographic data indicate that the droplets are encapsulated in a thin, relatively solid polymer shell. Many droplets in these films are observed to take on spheroidal and discoidal shapes. A new class of toroidal droplets, possibly formed by droplet rupture during film formation, is also observed and characterized. Polarization-dependent optical images are employed to determine the LC organization in these droplets.
Suicide by police: a proposed typology of law enforcement officer‐assisted suicide

A typology of suicide by police was created by separating 143 such incidents from a database of 174 police shooting incidents. The 143 incidents were found to consist of three main categories: Direct Confrontations, in which suicidal subjects instigated attacks on police, Disturbed Interventions, in which potentially suicidal subjects took advantage of police intervention, and Criminal Interventions, in which subjects preferred death to submission. These three categories were then subdivided into nine types. Two judges obtained a reliability coefficient of 0.87 for distinguishing suicide by cop, and 0.58 for placement into the nine types. Meaningful distinctions among the types were found on three variables: subject age, real danger, and lethality.
Neutron Irradiation Creep in Stainless Steel Alloys

Abstract Irradiation creep elongations were measured in the HFR at Petten on AMCR steels, on 316 CE-reference steels, and on US-316 and US-PCA steels varying the irradiation temperature between 300°C and 500°C and the stress between 25 and 300 MPa. At the beginning of an irradiation a type of “primary” creep stage is observed for doses up to 3–5 dpa after which dose the “secondary” creep stage begins. The “primary” creep strain decreases in cold-worked steel materials with decreasing stress and decreasing irradiation temperature achieving also negative creep strains depending also on the pre-treatment of the materials. These “primary” creep strains are mainly attributed to volume changes due to the formation of radiation-induced phases, e.g. to the formation of α-ferrite below about 400°C and of carbides below about 700°C, and not to irradiation creep. The “secondary” creep stage is found for doses larger than 3 to 5 dpa and is attributed mainly to irradiation creep. The irradiation creep rate is almost independent of the irradiation temperature ( Q irr = 0.132 eV ) and linearly dependent on the stress. The total creep elongations normalized to about 8 dpa are equal for almost every type of steel irradiated in the HFR at Petten or in ORR or in EBR II. The negative creep elongations are more pronounced in PCA- and in AMCR-steels and for this reason the total creep elongation is slightly smaller at 8 dpa for these two steels than for the other steels.
The relationship between left mainstem bronchial diameter and patient size

Knowledge of a patient's left mainstem bronchial diameter would provide a useful guide to choosing the appropriate double-lumen tube (DLT) size for that patient. Therefore, the authors investigated the possibility that left bronchial diameter could be predictably estimated from a patient's size and sex. The routine preoperative chest X-rays of 100 adult male and female patients of known age, height, and weight were examined. The left bronchial diameter was measured on the posteroanterior (PA) chest x-ray, and a formula was used to correct for the magnification of intrathoracic structures encountered on the PA view. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether one or more of the variables (age, sex, height, weight, and body surface area) had a predictable relationship to the left bronchial diameter. The left mainstem bronchial diameter in men and women (mean +/- SD/range) was 12.4 +/- 1.5 mm/9.5 to 15.5 mm, and 10.7 +/- 1.0 mm/9.0 to 14.0 mm, respectively. In female patients, none of the variables was significantly correlated with bronchial diameter. In male patients, age (p = 0.013) and height (p = 0.008) individually produced a statistically significant prediction of endobronchial diameter. The following formula was best predictive of left bronchial diameter in men: diameter (mm) = 0.032 x age (year) + 0.072 x height (cm) -2.043. Applying this formula to mean age 50 who are 158, 172, and 185 cm in height, the predicted left bronchial diameters are 11.0, 12.0, and 13.0 mm, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimal spacing of wind turbines in a wind energy power plant

Abstract A nonlinear optimization problem is formulated to determine the optimal spacing between wind turbines to maximize instantaneous power from a one-line array of machines to be placed in a line parallel to constant wind direction. A specific example is then taken to illustrate the difference between optimal spacing and equidistant spacing.
Probabilistic crosstalk delay estimation for ASICs

The crosstalk delay caused by capacitive coupling between wires on a chip is investigated by using a statistical approach and circuit simulations. Two metrics are introduced in order to evaluate an impact of the crosstalk delay on timing design in advance. The first is probabilistic coupling rate (CPR), which can be obtained by the short segment model of the aggressors. Then, the CPR roughly obeys normal distribution and its standard deviation is determined by the slew time of the victim along with the number of aggressor segments. The second is crosstalk delay normalized by the original delay without crosstalk, /spl Delta/t/sub pd//t/sub pd/. The /spl Delta/t/sub pd//t/sub pd/ is equal to 2*CPR at the maximum, and CPR on average, regardless of victim length. The two metrics in conjunction with empirical slew distribution allows us to set the appropriate crosstalk delay budget, at the prelayout stage, for reducing the possibility of the crosstalk violation found in the postlayout verification process.
How I Demystified Academe and Got a Ph.D.

Graduate education is more than simply taking courses, taking comprehensive exams, and writing theses and dissertations. It is also a process of personal intellectual growth that results in a redefinition of identity. This transformation of self is tantamount to a demystification process such that students must debunk the “Ph.D. mystique” to identify with sociologists and become members of the sociological community. Faculty can aid this process by sharing their own transformative experiences, but the structured inequality of the faculty-student relationship is a harrier against such personal disclosures. Yet transcending those structural barriers may be necessary to enhance the quality of graduate education in sociology.
Many Paths to the Same End: Histone Transcripts Recruit Canonical Initiation Factors through Unconventional Interactions

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Eriani and colleagues show that histone transcripts recruit translation initiation factors through an alternate pathway reminiscent of viral translation, suggesting a broader role for noncanonical translation initiation on cellular transcripts (Martin et al., 2011).
Mistaken Gender: 5-Alpha Reductase Hermaphroditism and Biological Reductionism in Sexual Identity Reconsidered

Biomedical research on a rare hermaphroditic condition among males of the rural Dominican Republic has supported biologically reductionist explanations ofmale gender identity development. I reinterpret this research by comparison to a parallel case among the Sambia of Papua New Guinea. Meanings of mistaken gender are reviewed to contrast sex assignment and socialization in two-sex and three-sex cultural systems. I refute the unicausal biological model and suggest that psychocultural factors in these cultures are more salient in the explanation of hermaphroditic sexrole change.
Pleiotropic phenotypes of a Yersinia enterocolitica flhD mutant include reduced lethality in a chicken embryo model

The Yersinia enterocolitica flagellar master regulator FlhD/FlhC affects the expression levels of non-flagellar genes, including 21 genes that are involved in central metabolism. The sigma factor of the flagellar system, FliA, has a negative effect on the expression levels of seven plasmid-encoded virulence genes in addition to its positive effect on the expression levels of eight of the flagellar operons. This study investigates the phenotypes of flhD and fliA mutants that result from the complex gene regulation. Phenotypes relating to central metabolism were investigated with Phenotype MicroArrays. Compared to the wild-type strain, isogenic flhD and fliA mutants exhibited increased growth on purines and reduced growth on N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-mannose, when used as a sole carbon source. Both mutants grew more poorly on pyrimidines and L-histidine as sole nitrogen source. Several intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid and the urea cycle, as well as several dipeptides, provided differential growth conditions for the two mutants. Gene expression was determined for selected genes and correlated with the observed phenotypes. Phenotypes relating to virulence were determined with the chicken embryo lethality assay. The assay that was previously established for Escherichia coli strains was modified for Y. enterocolitica. The flhD mutant caused reduced chicken embryo lethality when compared to wild-type bacteria. In contrast, the fliA mutant caused wild-type lethality. This indicates that the virulence phenotype of the flhD mutant might be due to genes that are regulated by FlhD/FlhC but not FliA, such as those that encode the flagellar type III secretion system. Phenotypes of flhD and fliA mutants are related to central metabolism and virulence and correlate with gene regulation.
The Operation Was a Success, but the Patient Cannot See

A 71-year-old African American woman presented with severe vision loss in her left eye one day following trabeculectomy with mitomycin C and retrobulbar anesthesia. She had a new left relative afferent pupillary defect and macular whitening. The optic disc appeared normal. Intraocular pressure and fluorescein angiography were normal. Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were elevated. Temporal artery biopsy was positive for giant cell arteritis.
Visible spectrum photofragmentation of O3−(H2O)n, n ≤ 16

Photofragmentation of ozonide solvated in water clusters, O3−(H2O)n, n ≤ 16, has been studied as a function of photon energy as well as the degree of solvation. Using mass selection, the effect of the presence of the solvent molecule on the O3− photodissociation process is assessed one solvent molecule at a time. The O3− acts as a visible light chromophore within the water cluster, namely the O3−(H2O) total photodissociation cross-section exhibits generally the same photon energy dependence as isolated O3− throughout the visible wavelength range studied (430–620 nm). With the addition of a single solvent molecule, new photodissociation pathways are opened, including the production of recombined O3−. As the degree of solvation of the parent anion increases, recombination to O3−-based products accounts for close to 40% of photoproducts by n = 16. The remainder of the photoproducts exist as O−-based; no O2−-based products are observed. Upper bounds on the O3− solvation energy (530 meV) and the O−-OO bond dis...
It's not all education: Network measures as sources of cultural competency☆

Abstract This paper examines attitudes towards eighteen music genres using data from the 1993 General Social Survey. It assesses the role of education, network complexity, and geographic mobility for predicting the breadth of musical preferences individuals claim to possess. Respondent's level of education plays a significant role, especially for the respondent's liking of ‘elite’ music. The role of education, however, diminishes when the network and geographic mobility variables are added to the model, suggesting that musical liking is learned through both formal and less formal channels. Both an individual's geographical mobility, as well as the number of organizations to which she or he claim membership, prove significant predictors of higher levels of musical liking. These two variables, moreover, remain positively related to level of liking for both ‘elite’ and ‘popular’ musical forms. Education, however, was negatively related to liking ‘popular’ music genres suggesting that the geographic mobility and network variables, rather than educational status measures, may form the basis for musical consumption across a wider spectrum of genres. Thus, although highly educated persons did like more types of music than their less educated counterparts, this difference was restricted to a narrower range of more ‘elite’ genres.
Surgical outcomes for robotic-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy compared to abdominal myomectomy

A retrospective cohort of 100 robotic-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy (RM) patients and 48 laparotomic myomectomy (LM) patients at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, MI, USA was examined to compare surgical outcomes of RM with LM. Details of age, race, body mass index (BMI), procedure duration, estimated blood loss (EBL), length of stay (LOS), diameter of the largest leiomyoma and number of leiomyomata removed were collected. Procedure duration was significantly longer among RM patients (median: 194 min vs. 127.5 min; Wilcoxon rank sum (WRS) P < 0.001). EBL and LOS were both significantly greater among LM patients (EBL medians 200 vs. 100 ml, WRS P < 0.001; LOS medians 3 vs. 1, WRS P < 0.01). Among the RM patients, 39.4% had a LOS of at least 2 days compared to 89.4% among LM patients. Leiomyomata characteristics did not affect the observed associations. RM could enable widespread use of a minimally invasive approach for leiomyoma treatment.
Glutathione peroxidase activity in rat lens and other tissues in relation to dietary selenium intake.

Abstract Glutathione peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.9: glutathione: H 2 O 2 oxidoreductase) activity and selenium concentration were measured in lenses of female rats and their offspring after long-term feeding of either a selenium-supplemented ( 0·1 parts 10 6 ) or selenium-deficient ( 0·02 parts 10 6 ) diet. Long-term selenium deficiency decreased lens glutathione peroxidase activity in parent rats and their offspring to 15 and 14% respectively of supplemented controls. For comparison to lens, glutathione peroxidase was also measured in liver, heart, lung, erythrocytes, kidney, adrenal, testis, and brain of the offspring. Selenium deficiency caused the enzyme to decrease most dramatically in liver (to 0) and least in brain (to 62% of selenium supplemented controls). Although glutathione peroxidase in lens was lower than that in the other organs assayed, it was among the organs more sensitive to depletion caused by selenium deficiency. A short-term selenium deficiency of 8 weeks in newborn lambs had no effect on lens glutathione peroxidase, but the enzyme in organs such as liver was dramatically decreased. Therefore, an extensive period of selenium deficiency appears necessary to affect lens glutathione peroxidase activity, which probably relates to the relatively slow turnover and slow growth of the lens. The possible role of the seleno-enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, in the prevention of cataracts and the relationship of selenium to vitamin E and sulfur-containing amino acids in this regard are discussed.
The Wrong Side of the Tracks: Social Inequality and Mobile Home Park Residence

Given the emerging social stratification of post-agrarian small-towns, potential effects are apt to be exacerbated for rural poor families such as those residing in mobile home parks, a now characteristic rural neighborhood form. Although a mobile home park offers affordable access to rural residence, social costs are attached to such access. This paper examines the intersection between mobile home park residence and social disadvantage. Drawing on an ethnographic field study in rural Oregon, findings reveal distinct conditional features of place that determine the nature of how rural inequality is emerging and the implications for poor and working-poor families.
Combined in situ X-ray absorption and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy: An attractive tool for catalytic investigations

Abstract Catalysis investigations are often followed in a range of spectroscopic techniques. While diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) can be done on a bench-top instrument, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques, such as extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) require synchrotron light. In order to ensure the same conditions during in situ catalysis for each method, a combined XAS/DRIFTS has been developed at beamline X18A at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory. A rapid-scan FTIR spectrometer capable of both mid- and far-infrared measurements is equipped with an arm to redirect the IR beam outside the spectrometer. An in situ reaction chamber, equipped with glassy carbon windows for X-ray light and a KBr window for IR light passage is installed firmly on the arm. The reaction cell can be heated to 600 °C and allows passage of gases through the catalyst so that both XAS and DRIFTS techniques can be done simultaneously in controlled environment conditions. Together with a fast-moving monochromator for quick-EXAFS and mass-spectrometric residual gas analysis, this new tool is a powerful method for testing catalytic reactions in real time.
Perinatal exposures and Kawasaki disease in Washington State: a population-based, case-control study.

BACKGROUND This study tested the hypothesis that selected perinatal exposures are associated with Kawasaki Disease (KD) in later childhood. METHODS A retrospective, population-based, case-control study was performed. Children hospitalized for KD in Washington State from 1987 to 2007 (n = 995) were identified through hospital discharge records and were linked to birth certificates and birth hospitalization discharge records. Controls were randomly selected from remaining birth records. Maternal and infant exposure information was obtained from hospital discharge records. Unconditional logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted relative risk estimates and to explore the effect of gender on observed associations. RESULTS After adjusting for race, gender and birth year, the following were significantly associated with KD: maternal age ≥35 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.65; [95% confidence interval: 1.20-2.27]); mother of foreign birth (OR 1.36; [1.06-1.75]); maternal Group B streptococcal colonization (OR 0.51; [0.26-0.97]); and early infancy hospitalization (OR 1.42; [1.04-1.93]). Early hospitalization for bacterial illness was associated with a 2.8-fold increased risk of KD (OR 2.84; [1.59-5.06]). There was weak evidence to suggest that the association between early hospitalization and KD varies by gender. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence of association between certain perinatal exposures and KD and raises the possibility of late biological effects of immune exposures during infancy. The association between KD and early infectious exposures deserves further study.
Parathyroid hormone evaluation in normal horses and horses with renal failure

Summary Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium, and inorganic phosphorus levels were measured in the serum of 13 apparently normal horses and in six horses with renal insufficiency. Serum iPTH levels were measured by radioimmunoassay using an antisera produced by immunization of guinea pigs with bovine parathyroid hormone. The antisera reacts primarily with the carboxy-terminal hormone fragment. Serum iPTH level in the normal horses was 504.5 ± 191.4 pg/ml and varied from 246 to 750 pg/ml. Serum iPTH levels in three horses with chronic renal failure, hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia were below the limits of detection for the assay (
Fibromatosis of the breast and mutations involving the APC/β-catenin pathway

Fibromatoses of the breast are nonmetastasizing tumors, but can be infiltrative and locally recurrent. Breast fibromatoses are rare, and their specific genetic alterations have not been elucidated. However, their occasional occurrence in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and their morphologic identification with other deep fibromatoses (desmoid tumors) suggest that alterations of the APC/beta-catenin pathway might be involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic and FAP-associated breast fibromatoses. We analyzed somatic beta-catenin and APC gene mutations in 33 breast fibromatoses (32 sporadic and 1 FAP-associated) using immunohistochemistry for beta-catenin, 5q allelic loss assays, and direct DNA sequencing for exon 3 of the beta-catenin gene and the mutation cluster region of the APC gene. Nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin was present in the stromal tumor cells in most (82%) cases but not in normal stroma or mammary epithelial cells. Somatic alterations of the APC/beta-catenin pathway were detected in 79% of breast fibromatoses, including activating beta-catenin gene mutations in 15 cases and somatic APC alterations (mutation or 5q allelic loss or both) in 11. These findings indicate that alterations of the APC/beta-catenin pathway with resultant nuclear translocation of beta-catenin are important in the pathogenesis of both sporadic and FAP-associated breast fibromatosis. The spectrum of beta-catenin and APC alterations is similar to that described for desmoid tumors of the abdomen, paraspinal region, and extremities.
Anisotropy in the quantum lifetime in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures

Magnetoresistance measurements were performed on van der Pauw shaped AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown on either sapphire or silicon carbide. These measurements revealed the presence of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations. However, the amplitude of the oscillations originating from perpendicular van der Pauw positions were not isotropic. This anisotropy varied from sample to sample and within a sample its magnitude changed with the carrier density which was modulated by illumination as it induced a persistent photocurrent. The results of this study suggest the anisotropy is either a manifestation of electron density inhomogeneities and/or an indication of a nonuniform scattering mechanism arising from nonuniform interface roughness.