cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Increased Nodal Metastasis and Recurrence in Cribriform Adenocarcinoma Relate to Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma and Survival: A Systematic Review.

Background Recently, histologic grade was removed from salivary tumor nomenclature by the WHO to include disease of higher grade. One such entity, cribriform adenocarcinoma (CAC), is an aggressive group of polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC), with frequent nodal metastasis and locoregional recurrence. We aim to examine the biologic behavior of this disease as compared with the PAC general cohort inclusive of all subtypes. Methods A systematic review of the literature on polymorphous adenocarcinoma and cribriform adenocarcinoma was completed. A descriptive analysis was performed for the following predictor variables: nodal and distant metastasis, in addition to recurrence. The outcome variables, disease free recurrence, and disease specific survival, where plotted using Kaplan-Meier curves. Results PAC and CAC both show median age of diagnosis in the sixth decade of life and a female predominance. CAC occurs most frequently in the tongue and PAC in the palate. The 2 groups show a similar biologic behavior in regards to incidence of distant metastasis (4.1 vs 5.5%), recurrence (12.5 vs 17.8%), and death from disease (3 vs 2.7%). However, there was an increased incidence of nodal metastasis in CAC (53%) as compared with that in PAC of all subtypes (14%). Conclusions CAC exhibits more aggressive biologic behavior as compared with the PAC cohort. Although CAC is not an officially recognized entity, these tumors likely comprise a significant portion of the cases of PAC with poor outcomes and are deserving of attention and consideration for escalation in oncologic treatment.
Nanocomposites: Recent Development and Potential Automotive Applications (2008-01-1263)

Nanocomposites are relatively new material made with various polymers and nano-size inorganic or organic fillers. Nanocomposites have a number of advantages over conventional polymer composites, such as excellent mechanical properties, better durability, high smoothness, thermal stability and higher heat distortion temperature. The aim of this review focused on polymer-clay nanocomposites, carbon-nanotube/polymer composites, rubber nanocomposites and bionano-composites, including their manufacturing, processing, and characterization. The review also discussed the advantages, disadvantages of the nanocomposites and their current or potential applications in automotive industry.
Campus safety and the internet of wearable things: assessing student safety conditions on campus while riding a smart scooter

The campus environments have traditionally revolved around the use of sustainable and practical mobility vehicles such as bicycles, but similar to pedestrians and bicyclists, the students riding smart-scooter are also vulnerable road users and to severe injuries during road accidents. In this paper, we created a “smart android system”. STEADi, for monitoring the Smart scooter riders. The system uses a Wearable Gait Lab for, a wearable underfoot force-sensing intelligent unit, as one of the main components. The purpose of this system is to help students who are new to using smart scooters on campus to avoid injuries and accidents by alerting the rider about unforeseen conditions. The system provides adequate data for path tracking, Potholes Detection system, and human balancing ability for the Smart Scooter riders. After careful selection of training data, we have been able to integrate a pothole detector system that identifies worse road segments as having potholes. The proposed system is evaluated based on four balance tests on different terrain and with different diverse riding experiences related to the Smart Scooters. The system testing showed that it can successfully detect several real potholes in and around the Cleveland area and is successfully able to alert the riders, including the lesser experienced ones while riding on different terrains for the potential road-related threats.
Self-organizing monitoring agents for hierarchical event correlation

Hierarchical event correlation is very important for distributed monitoring network and distributed system operations. In many large-scale distritbuted monitoring environments such as monitions senor networks for data aggregation, battlefield compact operations, and security events, an efficient hierarchical monitoring agent architecture must be constructed to facilitate event reporting and correlation utilizing the spacial relation between events and agents with minimum delay and cost in the network. However, due to the significant agent communication and management overhead in organzine agents in distributed monitoring, many of the existing approaching become inefficient or hard to deploy. In this paper, we propose a topology-aware hierarchical agent architecture construction technique that minimizes the monitoring cost while considering the underlying network topology and agent capabilities. The agent architecture construction is performed in a purely decentralized fashion based on the agents' local knowledge with minimal communication and no central node support.
Mathematics for Physics: A Guided Tour for Graduate Students

An engagingly-written account of mathematical tools and ideas, this book provides a graduate-level introduction to the mathematics used in research in physics. The first half of the book focuses on the traditional mathematical methods of physics – differential and integral equations, Fourier series and the calculus of variations. The second half contains an introduction to more advanced subjects, including differential geometry, topology and complex variables. The authors' exposition avoids excess rigor whilst explaining subtle but important points often glossed over in more elementary texts. The topics are illustrated at every stage by carefully chosen examples, exercises and problems drawn from realistic physics settings. These make it useful both as a textbook in advanced courses and for self-study. Password-protected solutions to the exercises are available to instructors at www.cambridge.org/9780521854030.
UTP: alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase of Escherichia coli: isolation and DNA sequence of the galU gene and purification of the enzyme.

Abstract The galU gene of Escherichia coli, thought to encode the enzyme UTP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, had previously been mapped to the 27-min region of the chromosome (J. A. Shapiro, J. Bacteriol. 92:518-520, 1966). By complementation of the membrane-derived oligosaccharide biosynthetic defect of strains with a galU mutation, we have now identified a plasmid containing the galU gene and have determined the nucleotide sequence of this gene. The galU gene is located immediately downstream of the hns gene, and its open reading frame would be transcribed in the direction opposite that of the hns gene (i.e., clockwise on the E. coli chromosome). The nucleotide sequences of five galU mutations were also determined. The enzyme UTP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase was purified from a strain containing the galU gene on a multicopy plasmid. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence (10 residues) of the purified enzyme was identical to the predicted amino acid sequence (after the initiating methionine) of the galU-encoded open reading frame. The functional enzyme appears to be a tetramer of the galU gene product.
Association between functional status and use and effectiveness of beta-blocker prophylaxis in elderly survivors of acute myocardial infarction.

Objectives: To examine whether physical and cognitive impairments explain low use of beta-blockers in elderly patients and whether functionally impaired older adults have improved survival if a beta-blocker is prescribed at hospital discharge. Design: Cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study. Setting: Acute care hospitals in the United States. Participants: National cohort of 45,370 elderly acute myocardial infarction survivors, with no chart-documented contraindications to beta-blocker treatment. Measurements: The main outcome measures were beta-blocker prescription at hospital discharge and 1-year survival. Results: Fifty percent (n=22,683) of eligible patients were prescribed a beta-blocker at discharge. Older age and functional impairments (incontinence, mobility impairment, and cognitive impairment) were independently associated with decreased use of beta-blockers. The odds ratios for prescribing a beta-blocker at hospital discharge were 0.82 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.77–0.86), 0.63 (95% CI=0.56–0.71), and 0.40 (95% CI=0.32–0.51) for persons with one, two, and three impairments, respectively, compared with those with no impairments. In survival analysis, patients prescribed a beta-blocker were 21% less likely than nonrecipients to die within 1 year of follow-up (relative risk=0.79, P=.0001). Similar survival benefit was observed in patients with and without functional impairments. Conclusion: This study shows a strong association between functional impairment and the use of beta-blockers after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients. The results suggest that increasing use of beta-blockers in this group provides an opportunity to improve outcomes.
Ion pickup, scattering, and stochastic acceleration in the cometary environment of P/Giacobini-Zinner

Observations and theory related to the scattering and acceleration of cometary pickup ions are reviewed with emphasis on Comet P/Giacobini-Zinner. A comparison of the regions upstream and downstream of the bow shock is made to assess the relative merits of each as a site for stochastic acceleration of ions above the pickup energy through interaction with low-frequency MHD waves. In the far upstream region the data are most consistent with a model where pickup ions generate a low level of MHD waves but remain relatively scatter-free. In the downstream region intense magnetic fluctuations gives rise to rapid isotropization of the ions and a second-order stochastic acceleration. The properties of the MHD power spectrum are related to the energetic ion spectrum in the framework of a leaky box model where the bulk of the acceleration occurs downstream of the shock throughout the cometosheath. Good agreement of the observations with theory is evident for both P/Giacobini-Zinner and P/Halley.
The peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Its role in normal and pathologic anxiety.

Acute stress induces sympathetic activation. This response is more efficient in normals than in anxious persons. In chronic anxiety disorder the level and pattern of the sympathetic activity depends on the severity of anxiety and the type of anxiety disorder. Each anxiety disorder has not only distinct subjective symptoms, but also distinct physiologic response patterns.
The Good Faith Acquisition of Stolen Art

Good faith purchasers of stolen goods fare differently in Western legal systems. American rules favor the owner, while the civil law world protects the good faith purchaser. Oddly, this striking difference is misunderstood or denied or both by American scholars. American lawyer-economists who have considered which is the better rule differ in their perceptions and conclusions, as do the positions taken by non-economists. A related difference exists in the application of statutes of limitation in good faith purchaser cases. Proposals that it would be fairer to split the loss seem bound to fail. A solution involving the Art Loss Register and the New York courts' use of the laches doctrine is more promising.
Energy concentration and phosphorus digestibility in canola, cottonseed, and sunflower products fed to growing pigs

Rodriguez, D. A., Sulabo, R. C., Gonzalez-Vega, J. C. and Stein, H. H. 2013. Energy concentration and phosphorus digestibility in canola, cottonseed, and sunflower products fed to growing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 493–503. Many protein sources are available to the swine feed industry, but accurate data for the energy concentration and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in these ingredients are lacking. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and the STTD of P in oilseed products. In exp. 1, 48 barrows (44.8±3.9 kg) were fed a basal diet containing 97.15% corn or seven diets containing corn and canola seed (CS), canola meal (CM), cottonseed meal (CSM), sunflower seed (SFS), sunflower meal (SFM), de-hulled sunflower meal (SFM-DH), or soybean meal (SBM). Six pigs were allotted to each treatment. Sunflower seeds contained 5492 kcal kg−1, at least 689 kcal kg−1 more (P<0.05) ME than all other feed ingre...
Supernovae and the nuclear equation of state at high densities

Abstract An extensive study of the shock-explosive mechanism for generating type II supernovae is made. The nuclear high-density equation of state plays an important role, moderate softening of the equation of state leading to a considerable increase in shock strength. A definition of shock energy which can be used throughout the life of the shock is introduced.
Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy as a Model for Short-Term Inpatient Groups

The present article proposes a method, practiced by the author, to adapt time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP), a short-term individual psychodynamic therapy, for use with inpatient psychotherapy groups. Characteristics of TLDP which suggest the usefulness of such an adaptation, including short-term duration, specific treatment focus, rapid conceptualizations and broad selection of patients, and emphasis on the here-and-now in therapy, are discussed. The general approach to treatment, a supportive stance that involves an identification of maladaptive interpersonal issues, and then working on these issues without directly confronting the patients, is described. Specific therapeutic techniques for common inpatient group situations are also discussed.
A novel application of musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging.

Grant Number 0953652, National Science Foundation George Mason University Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund
Cementless modular total hip arthroplasty: a retrieval analysis

This paper reports the analysis of a modular S-ROM hip implant, which was retrieved at revision, secondary to aseptic loosening approximately after 24-months of implantation. Microscopic analysis confirmed the presence of pitting, fretting corrosion, plastic deformation, and stress induced corrosion cracking. Energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis of the stem surface revealed the release of metal ions. High resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy confirmed elevated titanium ion levels (4.66 ppb) in blood serum. Finite element analysis of the implant showed that the micromotion and stress levels were the maximum at the proximal-lateral region of the taper junction, in congruence with the observation.
Feature Extraction and Visualization of Power System Transient Stability Results

Transient stability simulation studies of large-scale power systems often generate large amounts of data. This can make it difficult for power system planners to understand the overall system response or to identify portions of the system with unusual signals. In this paper we present a novel approach that utilizes clustering to extract common features in the voltage magnitude and frequency response signals, and to identify outliers. The geographic visualization of the results is also discussed. Results are demonstrated using the IEEE 118-bus system and a 16 000-bus real-world system model.
An investigation into iPod Touch generation 2

The digital forensic science for Apple iPods face the challenge of keeping pace with the fast progress of technology. While the popularity and widespread use of Apple iPod have increased the possibility of its being used in crime, sound and legally acceptable procedures of forensic investigation are yet to be developed. Apple iPod Touch device, launched for the first time in 2007 is significantly different than older iPods in many ways. We investigated Apple iPod Touch generation 2 from a digital forensic perspective. In this paper, we describe our investigation techniques and findings.
An integrated organic passive pixel sensor

Abstract We demonstrate an imaging passive pixel sensor circuit consisting of a bottom-gate, top-contact pentacene organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) integrated with a top-illuminated, inverted subphthalocyanine/C60 organic photodetector (OPD). The vacuum-deposited OTFT utilizes parylene as the gate insulator, achieving a drain current ON/OFF ratio of 105. The transistor hole mobility is 0.09 ± 0.02 cm2/V s. The inverted OPD has a dark current of 20 pA at a reverse bias of 1.5 V. By integrating the two components, a 12-bit dynamic range passive pixel sensor is achieved, with an OFF current of 31 ± 5 pA and a pixel readout time of 0.4 ± 0.05 ms, limited by the discharge time of the OTFT channel. The integrated pixel has potential for use in large-scale focal plane array imagers.
Economic, Character, and Social Issues in the 1992 Presidential Election

The popular notion is that the economy was the most important issue—if not the only issue—on the minds of the American voters in the 1992 presidential campaign. This study used national polling dat...
MicroRNA-135b and Its Circuitry Networks as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Colon Cancer

The study of regulatory non-coding RNAs has deepened our understanding of cancer on the molecular and clinical front. MicroRNAs, which encompass over 1000 short, endogenous nucleic acids, include important candidates that drive carcinogenesis. In this discussion, we review the literature on miR-135b, purporting its role as an oncogene in multiple cancers, and we highlight STAT3 inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy mediated by miR-135b and demonstrate particular clinical relevance to colon cancer.
Primary science and technology: How confident are teachers?

Science and Technology is a new Key Learning Area in NSW Primary Schools. Survey results are used to compare preservice teachers (on entry and in the third year of their degree) with practising teachers, on their confidence in their knowledge about the topics in the syllabus, as well as their confidence to teach these topics. Reasons for stated confidence (or lack of it) are reported together with preservice and practising teachers' views about what needs to be done to improve their confidence. Preservice and practising teachers' opinions of the major sources of their knowledge about the topics in the new syllabus are contrasted. Results are discussed in the light of severalDiscipline Review recommendations.
Spectral Scaling in a Tidal Boundary Layer

Abstract The simple scaling of a tidal bottom boundary layer by the shear velocity, u*, and the wall to the wall describes well the mean Bow field. To test the full extent of this scaling measurements were made of the turbulence spectra in a natural tidal flow and a steady canal flow. The scaling of the turbulence spectra by the distance to the wall works only when the ratio of spectral rate to the mean shear is large. Under these conditions estimates of shear velocity u*, based on the dissipation derived from the magnitude of the inertial range of the spectra were found to agree to within 10 percent with estimates of the shear velocity from the mean velocity profiles and Reynolds stress. Within the 10 percent error bounds no effects ascribable to time dependence in the tidal spectra discerned, and hence the simple scaling of the momentum field by u* and z may be used for higher-order moments.
Development of a sustained fluoride delivery system.

Abstract Objective: To develop a novel delivery system by which fluoride incorporated into elastomeric rings, such as those used to ligate orthodontic wires, will be released in a controlled and constant manner. Materials and Methods: Polyethylene co-vinyl acetate (PEVA) was used as the model elastomer. Samples (N = 3) were prepared by incorporating 0.02 to 0.4 g of sodium fluoride (NaF) into previously prepared PEVA solution. Another group of samples prepared in the same manner were additionally dip-coated in PEVA to create an overcoat. Fluoride release studies were conducted in vitro using an ion selective electrode over a period of 45 days. The amount of fluoride released was compared to the optimal therapeutic dose of 0.7 µg F−/ring/d. Results: Only coated samples with the highest fluoride content (group D, 0.4 g of NaF) were able to release fluoride at therapeutic levels. When fluoride release from coated and uncoated samples with the same amount of NaF were compared, it was shown that the dip-coat...
Effects of Low Sulfur Fuel and a Catalyzed Particle Trap on the Composition and Toxicity of Diesel Emissions

In this study we compared a "baseline" condition of uncontrolled diesel engine exhaust (DEE) emissions generated with current (circa 2003) certification fuel to an emissions-reduction (ER) case with low sulfur fuel and a catalyzed particle trap. Lung toxicity assessments (resistance to respiratory viral infection, lung inflammation, and oxidative stress) were performed on mice (C57Bl/6) exposed by inhalation (6 hr/day for 7 days). The engine was operated identically (same engine load) in both cases, and the inhalation exposures were conducted at the same exhaust dilution rate. For baseline DEE, this dilution resulted in a particle mass (PM) concentration of approximately 200 microg/m3 PM, whereas the ER reduced the PM and almost every other measured constituent [except nitrogen oxides (NOx)] to near background levels in the exposure atmospheres. These measurements included PM, PM size distribution, PM composition (carbon, ions, elements), NOx, carbon monoxide, speciated/total volatile hydrocarbons, and several classes of semivolatile organic compounds. After exposure concluded, one group of mice was immediately sacrificed and assessed for inflammation and oxidative stress in lung homogenate. Another group of mice were intratracheally instilled with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and RSV lung clearance and inflammation was assessed 4 days later. Baseline DEE produced statistically significant biological effects for all measured parameters. The use of low sulfur fuel and a catalyzed trap either completely or nearly eliminated the effects.
Hypomethylation therapy for hemoglobin disorders is back at center stage

The discovery of the inverse relationship between methylation of cytosine residues and gene expression provided an early glimpse of the important role of epigenetic modifications in the regulation of globin gene expression. The use of 5-azacytidine to induce hypomethylation of silenced fetal globin
THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE GONADOTROPIC MATERIAL OF URINE OF WOMEN AFTER CASTRATION AND THE MENOPAUSE AND OF NORMAL MEN

During the past few years we have been intermittently engaged in the development of methods for the quantitative estimation of small amounts of gonadotropic substances. We have reported that small quantities of the gonadotropic substances of urine of pregnant women and of unfractionated anterior lobe extracts which were added to boiled urine of normal men were satisfactorily recovered by adsorption on benzoic acid or preciptation with tungstic acid 1, 2). In that work the assay was based on the induction of vaginal opening and cornification in immature rats. Since the active material from these sources was successfully recovered by these methods, we assumed that the gonadstimulating substances of various urines could likewise be determined. However, other investigators who were using the alcohol precipitation method and a different method of assay found that the benzoic acid method gave low results when applied to urine obtained from women after castration or the menopause (H. M. Evans, O. W. Smith, L. Le...
Learning to form relationships in infancy: Parallel attainments with parents and peers

Abstract Freud's assertion notwithstanding, the attachment relationship is not “without parallel” in social life. Children's attainments in forming attachments to parents parallel the steps they take in relating to their peers. During the first 3 years of life, in both domains, infants come to recognize prospective social partners, communicate with them, engage them in patterned interaction, including both cooperation and conflict, learn from their presence and actions, and interact in idiosyncratic ways with particular companions. Toward the end of this period, children show signs of acquiring generalized concepts of the social relationships in which they engage. It is proposed that biological constraints on learning promote human infants' interest in and rudimentary abilities to interact with other members of their species. Subsequent incidental and intentional learning processes shape both the child's attachments and less intense relationships with other persons.
Dopamine Agonists and Pathologic Behaviors

The dopamine agonists ropinirole and pramipexole exhibit highly specific affinity for the cerebral dopamine D3 receptor. Use of these medications in Parkinson's disease has been complicated by the emergence of pathologic behavioral patterns such as hypersexuality, pathologic gambling, excessive hobbying, and other circumscribed obsessive-compulsive disorders of impulse control in people having no history of such disorders. These behavioral changes typically remit following discontinuation of the medication, further demonstrating a causal relationship. Expression of the D3 receptor is particularly rich within the limbic system, where it plays an important role in modulating the physiologic and emotional experience of novelty, reward, and risk assessment. Converging neuroanatomical, physiological, and behavioral science data suggest the high D3 affinity of these medications as the basis for these behavioral changes. These observations suggest the D3 receptor as a therapeutic target for obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance abuse, and improved understanding of D3 receptor function may aid drug design of future atypical antipsychotics.
Use of language learning strategies: A synthesis of studies with implications for strategy training

Abstract This article addresses two questions: What strategies do good language learners use? What factors affect choice of language learning strategies? To answer these questions, the author reviews and synthesizes existing research on language learning strategies, including a number of new and unpublished studies.
Dosimetric parameters for three low-energy brachytherapy sources using the Monte Carlo N-Particle code

Monte Carlo calculations have been performed for the purpose of characterizing the dosimetric properties of three brachytherapy sources. The three sources are manufactured by Syncor Pharmaceuticals Inc. and consist of two 125 I seeds (BT-125-1 and BT-125-2) and one 103 Pd seed (BT-103-3). The BT-125-1 and BT-125-2 seed consists of a solid palladium and silver core, respectively. A thin layer (0.5 μm) of 125 I is adsorbed onto the solid core for each seed and encased within a titanium housing. The BT-103-3 seed consists of a central gold marker and four resin balls encased within a titanium housing. A thin layer of 103 Pd is bonded onto each resin ball. The dosimetric properties, including the dose rate constant, radial dose function, and anisotropy were calculated in water according to the TG-43 protocol using the Monte Carlo N-Particle code. The dose rate constant was calculated to be 0.955±0.005 and 0.967±0.005 cGy h −1 U −1 for the BT-125-1 and BT-125-2 seeds, respectively. A dose rate constant of 0.659±0.005 cGy h −1 U −1 was calculated for the BT-103-3 seed. Radial dose function, g(r), calculated to a distance of 10 cm, and an isotropy function, F(r,θ), calculated for radii from 0.5 to 7.0 cm, were found to be in close agreement with previously published data.
Grid generation: past, present, and future

The grid generation strategies employed in numerically solving nonlinear partial differential equations representative of complex physical phenomena involving complex geometry are discussed. A historical perspective of evolving distinct strategies and methodologies for static and dynamic grid generation in view of increased demand for Computational Field Simulations (CFS) is presented.
45-km horizontal path optical link demonstration

Observations made during a mountain-top-to-mountain-top horizontal optical link demonstration are described. The optical link spans a range of 46 Km at an average altitude of 2 Km above sea level. A multibeam beacon comprised of eight laser beams emerging from four multimode fiber coupled lasers (780 nm) is launched through a 0.6 m diameter telescope located at the JPL Table Mountain Facility (TMF) in Wrightwood, California. The multibeam beacon is received at Strawberry Peak located in the San Bernardino Mountains of California. The NASA, JPL developed optical communications demonstrator (OCD) receives the beacon, senses the atmospheric turbulence induced motion and using an upgraded fine steering loop actively points a communications laser beam (852 nm, 400 Mbps on-off key modulated, PN7 pseudo random bit sequence) to TMF. The eight-beam beacon allowed a four-fold reduction in normalized irradiance or scintillation index. This in turn was sufficient to eliminate beacon fades sensed by the OCD and enable performance evaluation of the fine steering loop. The residual tracking error was determined to be +/- 1.1 to +/- 1.7 (mu) rad compared to a model prediction of +/- 3.4 (mu) rad. The best link performance observed showed average bit error rates (BER) of 1E-5 over long durations (30 seconds); however, instantaneous BERs of at least 0.8E-6 over durations of 2 ms were observed. The paper also discusses results pertaining to atmospheric effects, link analysis, and overall performance.
DESIGN ASPECTS OF ENDTURN BANDS AND COIL SUPPORTS WITH REFERENCE TO COMMUTATION OF DC MACHINES

ABSTRACT Influence of metallic endturn restraining bands and coil supports on commutation of dc machines is explored. A study of material type, temperature, speed of rotation, material thickness, permeability, and insulation spacing reveals that an axially conducting cylinder in the endturn area of a dc machine can be shown to act like an artificial addition of interpole turns, the number of which is variable with the conditions of operation. An expression is derived for the calculation of the effective number of these turns. Supporting experimental evidence is presented.
The “LEK”-concept and its applicability for the energy analysis of commercial buildings

Abstract Some recent efforts—particularly in the European context — have provided simple-to-use methods to describe and prescribe the overall heat transfer coefficient of building envelopes of small-scale heating-dominated buildings. One approach suggests the use of the so-called LEK-diagram (Line of European K-values) to establish a relationship between building geometry and the mean heat transfer coefficient of the building envelope. This paper examines the potential of utilization and the problems in development of similar — albeit extended — approaches in the more complex context of cooling-dominated buildings.
Discovery of new ligand binding pathways in myoglobin by random mutagenesis.

A random library of single amino acid mutants of myoglobin was generated using a highly efficient, single–base–misincorporation random mutagenesis method to discover new ligand–binding pathways in myoglobin. A surprisingly large fraction of the library exhibits ligand–binding kinetics that are substantially different from the wild–type protein. In addition to residues 45, 64 and 68, which comprise the best studied ligand–binding pathway single mutations of several other clusters of residues far away from that pathway are discovered which profoundly affect the ligand–binding kinetics. These results provide a new approach to explore the relationship between the fluctuations in protein structure and function.
PseudoLasso: leveraging read alignment in homologous regions to correct pseudogene expression estimates via RNASeq

Pseudogenes have long been considered to be nonfunctional segments in the genome, but recent studies have provided evidence to support their novel regulatory roles in biological processes. With the growing interests in pseudogene research, scientists rely on RNA sequencing technology to estimate expression level of pseudogenes at different tissues or cell lines. The major challenge of RNASeq on pseudogene quantification falls in the high sequence similarity between pseudogenes and their homologous parents. Reads can be ambiguously aligned to multiple homologous regions. In this article, we present PseudoLasso, a genome-wide approach to accurately estimate the abundance of pseudogenes and their parents, and correctly align reads to their origins. Our approach focuses on learning read alignment behaviors, and leveraging this knowledge for abundance estimation and alignment correction. Compared to the read count estimates reported by TopHat2, PseudoLasso is able to provide estimates with a reduced error rate of 10-fold.
Extending Witt's Formula to Free Abelian by Nilpotent Groups

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to establish formulas for the ranks of the factors of the lower central series of a free finitely generated Abelian by nilpotent group.
A rapid, enzymatic assay for measurement of inorganic pyrophosphate in biological samples

Abstract An enzymatic assay for measurement of inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ) in biological samples is described using the UDPG pyrophosphorylase reaction and coupling it with three other enzymes in a system of phosphorylation and double reduction to form NADPH, which is measured fluorometrically. The method is specific for PP i in the presence of inorganic orthophosphate and can be used on small volumes of deproteinized ultrafiltrates of fluids or cell extracts. The assay was used here to determine the concentration of PP i in human plasma and serum, and the intracellular content of PP i in human skin fibroblasts, chondrocytes, and red blood cells. The mean PP i concentration of plasma was found to be 2.72 ± 0.14 μ M ( μ mol/l ± S.E.M.); for serum it was 6.09 ± 0.36 μ M. The range (95% confidence limits) was 2.14-3.30 μM for plasma and 4.62-7.51 μm. for serum. The average intracellular PP i content (pmoles PP i per 10 6 cells ± S.E.M.) was as follows: (a) skin fibroblasts, 332 ± 66; (b) articular chondrocytes, 655 ± 46; red blood cells, 1.74 ± 0.28.
Flow and Convective Dispersion in the Conductive Airways of the Human Lung

Dispersion of particles in the lung is relevant to three areas: design of therapeutic aerosols and their delivery systems, risk assessment of exposure to toxic particles, and clinical diagnosis of lung function via the inhaled bolus technique. Gas dispersion is critical to optimizing alternative modes of ventilation, such as high-frequency ventilation (HFV).Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Origin of human chromosome 2 revisited

Similarities in chromosome banding patterns and hornologies in DNA sequence between chromosomes of the great apes and humans have suggested that human chromosome 2 originated through the fusion of two ancestral ape chromosomes. A lot of work has been directed at understanding the nature and mechanism of this fusion. The recent availability of the human chrornosome-2-specific alpha satellite DNA probe D2Z and the human chromosome-2p-specific subtelomeric DNA probe D2S445 prompted us to attempt cross-hybridization with chromosomes of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) to search for equivalent locations in the great apes and to comment on the origin of human chromosome 2. The probes gave different results. No hybridization to the chromosome-2-specific alpha satellite DNA probe was observed on the presumed homologous great ape chromosomes using both high-stringency and low-stringency post-hybridization washes, whereas the subtelomeric-DNA probe specific for chromosome 2p hybridized to telomeric sites of the short arm of chromosome 12 of all three great apes. These observations suggest an evolutionary difference in the number of alpha satellite DNA repeat units in the equivalent ape chromosomes presumably involved in the chromosome fusion. Nevertheless, complete conservation of DNA sequence of the subtelomeric repeat sequence D2S445 in the ape chromosomes is demonstrated.
Structural influences on organizational commitment

Abstract Relationships of several aspects of organization structure with organizational commitment were examined within a multiple regression framework for 262 public sector employees. As a set, the six structural variables accounted for over 20% ( p
DYADIC PARENTING AND CHILDREN'S EXTERNALIZING SYMPTOMS.

We explore dyadic parenting styles and their association with first-grade children's externalizing behavior symptoms in a sample of 85 working-class, dual-earner families. Cluster analysis is used to create a typology of parenting types, reflecting the parental warmth, overreactivity, and laxness of both mothers and fathers in two-parent families. Three distinct groups emerged: Supportive Parents, Mixed-Support Parents, and Unsupportive Parents. Results indicate that dyadic parenting styles were related to teacher-reported externalizing symptoms for boys but not for girls.
Different pathways of macromolecule extravasation from hyperpermeable tumor vessels.

Tumor microvessels are hyperpermeable to plasma proteins, a consequence of tumor cell-secreted vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF). However, the pathways by which macromolecules extravasate from tumor vessels have been little investigated. To characterize tumor vessels more precisely and to elucidate the pathways by which macromolecules extravasated from them, we studied two well-defined, VPF/VEGF-secreting murine carcinomas, MOT and TA3/St. Whether grown in ascites or solid form, MOT tumors induced large, pericyte-poor "mother" vessels whose lining endothelium developed fenestrae that involved 1.8-5.6% of the surface. Fenestrae developed in parallel with markedly reduced endothelial cell vesiculo-vacuolar organelles (VVOs). TA3/St tumors, which secreted more VPF/VEGF than MOT tumors, elicited mother vessels with unchanged VVOs and without fenestrae. In both tumors, a plasma protein tracer, ferritin, extravasated through VVOs and in MOT tumors ferritin also extravasated through fenestrae. Endothelial gaps were not observed in either tumor. Thus, not all VPF/VEGF-secreting tumors induce fenestrated endothelium. Also, VVOs provide an internal store of membrane that can be transferred to the endothelial cell surface to provide the substantial increase in plasma membrane necessary for mother vessel formation in MOT tumors. Such transfer was apparently unnecessary in TA3/St tumors in which extensive early endothelial cell division provided the increased plasma membrane necessary for forming mother vessels.
Attractin, a water-borne peptide pheromone in Aplysa

Summary The opisthobranch mollusk Aplysia is a simultaneous hermaphrodite that does not usually fertilize its own eggs. It is solitary during most of the year, but moves into breeding aggregations during the summer reproductive season. The aggregations contain both mating and egg-laying animals and are associated with masses of egg cordons. The egg cordons are a source of both contact and water-borne pheromones that attract animals to the area and induce or facilitate reproductive activity. Three characteristics of the Aplysia reproductive system make it ideal for the isolation and characterization of a water-borne peptide pheromone: (a) egg laying can be induced by injecting atrial gland extract into the hemocoel; (b) the resulting eggs are packaged into a long string or “cordon” which has a large surface area; and (c) the cordon is a source of water-borne pheromones. By using atrial gland extract to induce egg laying, it is possible to control the number of animals laying eggs, the timing and synchroniz...
An effective method for resolving spatial distribution of adsorption kinetics in heterogeneous porous media: application for carbon dioxide sequestration in coal

In adsorption studies, equilibrium adsorption properties are relatively easy to determine compared to kinetic parameters. Especially, it is not possible to study the spatial distribution of adsorption kinetics in structurally heterogeneous adsorbents by the available and almost standardized macroscopic methods. This paper presents application of quantitative X-ray computerized tomography (CT) imaging in investigating the spatial distribution of adsorption kinetics. The approach presented in the paper is demonstrated for mapping the adsorption kinetics of carbon dioxide (CO2) on a Pittsburgh coal sample to demonstrate the applicability of the method for an extreme case and also for the environmental importance of sequestration studies. From the experimental point of view, and thus generating representative data for simulators, there are usually two main problems related to the determination of the kinetics of adsorption in sequestration. First, it is necessary to study the kinetics on consolidated samples kept under representative pressure conditions. Second, there should be a suitable experimental and analysis technique that enables determination of local mass transfer parameters within individual lithotypes in an extremely complex system, like coal. During the experiment that was designed to address these problems, CO2 pressure was increased incrementally (1.7, 3.06, 4.42MPa) as adsorption equilibrium was attained in the coal that was kept under 1.36-MPa constant effective stress. The sample was frequently scanned during the transient period of uptake. Local CO2 adsorption was quantified by processing the images taken at transient period of uptake to study the equilibrium and dynamics of adsorption process in different coal microlithotypes. In paper, it is presented that the application of X-ray CT to adsorption studies helps to evaluate the kinetics of the process, especially in composite materials within which the kinetics behavior of a local region or of a point is needed. This can be especially useful in understanding the diffusion process at different locations in a heterogeneous adsorbent, where this understanding can enhance designing/modeling the adsorption systems or in increasing their efficiency. Application of the technique to coal-CO2 case helps to resolve mass transport properties of different microlithotypes.
The case of the gray optic disc

A child with interstitial deletion of chromosome 17, right optic nerve hypoplasia, and impaired speech had bilateral congenital optic disc pigmentation, giving the appearance of gray optic discs. This appearance did not change over a period of two-and-a-half years. Previous cases of gray optic discs in neonates have been notable for 1) absence of visible pigmentation within the optic discs, 2) resolution of the gray discoloration over a period of months, and 3) development of albinotic features in several infants. This suggests that congenital optic disc pigmentation is a rare cause of gray optic discs. Congenital optic disc pigmentation is compatible with good vision.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF MODES OF VIBRATION IN APPLES

Three-dimensional finite element models were developed to study modes of vibration in apples. The apple models were created using two mathematical equations, in which the geometry of the apple was described by a four-parameter equation and the core structure by an exponential function. Modal analyses were performed to identify the vibrational modes and to study the effects of material properties, structure (i.e., the skin and core), shape, and size on them. There were three classes of vibrational modes in apples: torsional, spheroidal, and nonaxisymmetric. A majority of modes between 0 and 2000 Hz belonged to the nonaxisymmetric class. The square of natural frequency was linearly related to Young's modulus of the apple. The presence of apple skin could increase the natural frequency by 7% for torsional modes and less than 4% for spheroidal modes. As the elastic modulus of the core was doubled, the natural frequency increased by up to 7% for spheroidal modes and well below 1% for torsional modes. The natural frequency for the first mode of each class decreased by no more than 8% as Poisson's ratio was doubled. Apple shape had a large effect on the natural frequencies of all three mode classes; spheroidal modes, however, were less affected by apple shape. The natural frequencies decreased with increasing apple size, but use of the firmness index ∫ 2 m 2/3 , where f is the natural frequency and m is the mass of the apple, minimized the size effect.
Structured inspection of medications carried and stored by emergency medical services agencies identifies practices that may lead to medication errors.

AbstractBackground. Medications are essential to emergency medical services (EMS) agencies when providing lifesaving care, but the EMS environment has challenges related to safe medication storage when compared with a hospital setting. We developed a structured process, based on common pharmacy practices, to review medications carried by EMS agencies to identify situations that may lead to medication error and to determine some best practices that may reduce potential errors and the risk of patient harm. Objective. To provide a descriptive account of EMS practices related to carrying and storing medications that have the potential for causing a medication administration error or patient harm. Methods. Using a structured process for inspection, an emergency medicine pharmacist and emergency physician(s) reviewed the medication carrying and storage practices of all nine advanced life support ambulance agencies within a five-county EMS region. Each medication carried and stored by the EMS agency was inspecte...
Diurnal variations in REM and NREM sleep EEG power spectra in the rat

Abstract Diurnal variations were observed in the EEG power spectra of REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep in the rat. Diurnal variations occured in peak EEG frequency and spectral power (0–27 Hz and 5–9 Hz bands) during REM sleep. During NREM sleep diurnal variations were observed in spectral power in the 0–27 Hz and 0–4 Hz bands. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of correlative data involving diurnal variations in neurotransmitters and hormones, all of which have been implicated in the induction or maintenance of sleep states.
Default, market microstructure, and changing trade patterns in forward markets: A case study of North-Sea oil

Abstract Default (or credit) risk is a central difference between forward and futures markets. Empirical tests have found little difference between forwards and futures prices, but these tests have been conducted on markets where such risk is minimal (e.g., foreign exchange), so that even if default risk is in general an important difference between forward and futures trading, they would have been unable to detect its effects. In contrast, this paper presents a case study of a market, for forward delivery of a type of crude oil from the North Sea, that experienced widespread and well-documented defaults when the spot price of the underlying commodity plunged from roughly $30 to roughly $10 per barrel in a short period of time in early 1986. The defaults were by relatively small, lightly-capitalized trading companies, firms that neither produce nor consume the physical commodity. Because information on defaults in financial markets is scarce, the paper describes the circumstances surrounding the default episode in some detail. The market survived the default episode with market microstructure unaltered, and still flourishes, despite the successful introduction of a futures market in the same commodity by the (London) International Petroleum Exchange. Patterns of trade changed, however. The paper examines the hypothesis that investment banks, which entered the market following the default period, provided intermediation services to market participants, thereby substituting to an extent for a clearinghouse. Taking advantage of the information on the buyer and seller in each transaction, the paper presents nonparametric tests for changing patterns of forward trade.