cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scale-dependent mass anomalous dimension from Dirac eigenmodes

We investigate the eigenmodes of the massless Dirac operator to extract the scale-dependent fermion mass anomalous dimension γ m (μ). By combining simulations on multiple lattice volumes, and when possible several gauge couplings, we are able to measure the anomalous dimension across a wide range of energy scales. The method that we present is universal and can be applied to any lattice model of interest, including both conformal or chirally broken systems. We consider SU(3) lattice gauge theories with N f = 4, 8 and 12 light or massless fermions. The 4-flavor model behaves as expected for a QCD-like system and demonstrates that systematic effects are manageable in practical lattice calculations. Our 12-flavor results are consistent with the existence of an infrared fixed point, at which we predict the scheme-independent mass anomalous dimension $ \gamma_m^{*}=0.32(3) $ . For the 8-flavor model we observe a large anomalous dimension across a wide range of energy scales. Further investigation is required to determine whether N f = 8 is chirally broken and walking, or if it possesses a strongly-coupled conformal fixed point.
High-capacity optical storage using multiple wavelengths, multiple layers and volume holograms

A system is proposed that combines both the multilayer storage and the wavelength multiplexing afforded by using volume holograms to enhance by several fold the optical data storage capacity of compact discs. The storage capacity and interchannel crosstalk are analysed as functions of data-channel wavelength separation and reading beam spot size. A storage capacity of 9.7 Gbyte per disc is provided when six layers and six wavelengths are used.
Design Sensitivity Analysis of Structural Frequency Response

An enhanced approach for computing structural frequency response sensitivities has been developed and presented in this paper. The new method employs the mode-acceleration method to generate a set of Ritz vectors and then improves a previously developed modal superposition method for computing dynamic response sensitivities. An iterative scheme is also presented in this paper which tries to perfect the computed results and to minimize the computational cost.
Analysis of chiral mean-field models for nuclei

Abstract An analysis of nuclear properties based on a relativistic energy functional containing Dirac nucleons and classical scalar and vector meson fields is discussed. Density functional theory implies that this energy functional can include many-body effects that go beyond the simple Hartree approximation. Using basic ideas from effective field theory, a systematic truncation scheme is developed for the energy functional, which is based on an expansion in powers of the meson fields and their gradients. The utility of this approach relies on the observation that the large scalar and vector fields in nuclei are small enough compared to the nucleon mass to provide useful expansion parameters, yet large enough that exchange and correlation corrections to the fields can be treated as minor perturbations. Field equations for nuclei and nuclear matter are obtained by extremizing the energy functional with respect to the field variables, and inversion of these field equations allows one to express the unknown coefficients in the energy functional directly in terms of nuclear-matter properties near equilibrium. This allows for a systematic and complete study of the parameter space, so that parameter sets that accurately reproduce nuclear observables can be found, and models that fail to reproduce nuclear properties can be excluded. Chiral models are analyzed by considering specific Lagrangians that realize the spontaneously broken chiral symmetry of QCD in different ways and by studying them at theHartree level. The resulting energy functionals are special cases of the general functional considered earlier. Models that include a light scalar meson playing a dual role as the chiral partner of the pion and the mediator of the intermediate-range nucleon-nucleon interaction, and which include a “Mexican-hat” potential, fail to reproduce basic ground-state properties of nuclei at the Hartree level. In contrast, chiral models with a non-linear realization of the symmetry are shown to contain the full flexibility inherent in the general energy functional and can therefore successfully describe nuclei.
The phenomenology of inclusive heavy-to-light sum rules

Abstract By calculating the O(αs) corrections to inclusive heavy-to-light sum rules we find model independent upper and lower bounds on form factors for B →πl ν and B →ρl ν . We use the bounds to rule out model predictions. Some models violate the bounds only for certain ranges of sum rule input parameters Λ ≃m B −m b and λ1, or for certain choices of model parameters, while others obey or violate the bounds irrespective of the inputs. We discuss the reliability and convergence of the bounds, point out their utility for extracting Vub, and derive from them a new form factor scaling relation.
High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Ursa Major Moving Group Stars

We use new and extant literature spectroscopy to address abundances and membership for UMa moving group stars. We first compare the UMa, Coma, and Hyades H-R diagrams via a homogeneous set of isochrones and find that these three aggregates are essentially coeval; this (near) coevality can explain the indistinguishable distributions of UMa and Hyades dwarfs in the chromospheric emission versus color plane. Our spectroscopy of cool UMa dwarfs reveals striking abundance anomalies—trends with , ionization state, Teff and excitation potential—like those recently seen in young, cool M34, Pleaides, and Hyades dwarfs. In particular, the trend of rising l7774-based O i abundance with declining is markedly subdued in UMa compared to the Teff Pleiades, suggesting a dependence on age or metallicity. Recent photometric metallicity estimates for several UMa dwarfs are markedly low compared to the group's canonical metallicity, and similar deviants are seen among cool Hyads as well. Our spectroscopy does not confirm these curious photometric estimates, which seem to be called into question for cool dwarfs. Despite disparate sources of Li data, our homogeneous analysis indicates that UMa members evince remarkably small scatter in the Li- plane for K. Significant star-to-star TT ≥ 5200 eff eff scatter suggested by previous studies is seen for cooler stars. Comparison with the consistently determined Hyades Li- trend reveals differences that are qualitatively consistent with this cluster's larger (Fe/H) (and perhaps Teff slightly greater age). However, quantitative comparison with standard stellar models indicates the differences are smaller than expected, suggesting the action of a fourth parameter beyond age, mass, and (Fe/H) controlling Li depletion. The UMa-Coma cool star Li abundances may show a slight 0.2 dex difference; however, this may be mass-independent and thus more consistent with a modest initial Li abundance difference.
Accretion Column Structure of Magnetic Cataclysmic Variables from X-ray Spectroscopy

Using Chandra HETG data, we present light curves for individual spectral lines of Mg XI and Mg XII for EX Hydrae, an intermediate polar-type cataclysmic variable. The Mg XI light curve, folded on the white dwarf spin period, shows two spikes that are not seen in the Mg XII or broadband light curves. Occultation of the accretion column by the body of the white dwarf would produce such spikes for an angle between the rotation axis and the accretion columns of α = 18° and a height of the Mg XI emission above the white dwarf surface of 0.0004 white dwarf radii, or 4 km. The absence of spikes in the Mg XII and broadband light curves could then be explained if the bulk of its emission forms at much larger height, more than 0.004 white dwarf radii or over 40 km, above the white dwarf surface, although this is not consistent with the predictions of the standard Aizu model of the accretion column.
Advertising Effects in Presidential Elections

Presidential elections provide both an important context in which to study advertising and a setting that mitigates the challenges of dynamics and endogeneity. We use the 2000 and 2004 general elections to analyze the effect of market-level advertising on county-level vote shares. The results indicate significant positive effects of advertising exposures. Both instrumental variables and fixed effects alter the ad coefficient. Advertising elasticities are smaller than are typical for branded goods yet significant enough to shift election outcomes. For example, if advertising were set to zero and all other factors held constant, three states' electoral votes would have changed parties in 2000. Given the narrow margin of victory in 2000, this shift would have resulted in a different president.
A Model of Efficient Discovery

Abstract We construct a model of costly pretrial discovery (represented as learning the drift rate of a diffusion process by observing its path) and settlement negotiations (analyzed as a mechanism design problem) in which the gains from settling are the avoided costs of a trial whose outcome is correlated with their private information. We show that for this particular model, the parties' expected gains from a joint plan of discovery preceding the settlement negotiations are unaffected by their privately known parameters; hence there is no intrinsic impediment to initial agreement on an efficient plan of discovery.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Nos.: C78, D74, D82, K41.
Cu(II)-promoted hydrolysis of N-benzoyliminodiacetic acid

Abstract N -Benzoyliminodiacetic acid experiences Cu(II)-promoted amide hydrolysis interpretable as resulting either from amide N -coordination or O -coordination with intramolecular carboxylate catlysis.
Should decisions on internal mammary lymph node irradiation be based on current lymphoscintigraphy techniques for sentinel lymph node identification

BACKGROUND Treatment of internal mammary lymph node (IMN) metastases remains controversial because of the difficulty in predicting involvement, potential treatment-related morbidity, and questionable efficacy. Lymphoscintigraphy with sentinel lymph node biopsy offers a means to identify occult involvement of IMN, allowing appropriate patient selection for IMN treatment. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed 262 lymphoscintigraphies (LS) of 248 patients treated at the University of Florida (Gainesville, FL) between 1998 and 2002. Tumor characteristics were assessed for their value in predicting IMN drainage and their association with IMN radiation. RESULTS Lymph flow to the IMN was documented with LS in 23 of 262 tumor specimens (9%). Flow to the IMN was not correlated with any of the five factors: tumor location, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, pathologic lymph node status, and laterality of the involved breast (right vs. left breast). Identification of IMN flow increased from 5.7% to 10.1% with the use of a deep injection technique. IMN radiotherapy was used more frequently in patients with larger tumors (15 of 188 in Tis/T1 vs. 31 of 70 in T2–T4; P < 0.0001) and positive lymph nodes (17 of 91 in lymph node–negative patients vs. 28 of 66 in lymph node–positive patients; P < 0.0001). In patients with T2N0 tumors (n = 32), IMN radiotherapy was used more frequently with medial tumors (5 of 11 [45%]) than with lateral tumors (4 of 21 [19%]). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of flow to the IMN documented with the current LS technique was low compared with other LS and extended radical mastectomy series. Histopathologic information was obtained for the sentinel IMN when IMN flow was identified on the LS. In the absence of histopathologic information, treatment decisions should continue to be based on clinical factors known to be correlated with occult IMN involvement. Cancer 2004. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis and characterization of titanium phosphates, TiP2O7 AND (TiO)2P2O7

Abstract TiP 2 O 7 and (TiO) 2 P 2 O 7 were synthesized using novel reactions. Their Raman spectra were recorded and the X-ray diffraction pattern of (TiO) 2 P 2 O 7 powder was obtained. The thermal stability of both compounds was established by means of Raman spectroscopy.
Acceptance test for Raytheon hurricane computer

The hurricane digital computer is a large-scale digital computer developed for the United States Navy by the Raytheon Manufacturing Company and installed at the Naval Air Missile Test Center at Point Mugu in the spring of 1953. It has many novel features including highly developed input and output equipment, magnetic-tape storage with an optical locating device, and a checking system which was designed not merely to detect errors but to prevent loss of any valid information available to the computer.
Learning About a New Technology: Pineapple in Ghana

This paper investigates the role of social learning in the diffusion of a new agri cultural technology in Ghana. We use unique data on farmers' communication patterns to define each individual's information neighborhood. Conditional on many potentially confounding variables, we find evidence that farmers adjust their inputs to align with those of their information neighbors who were surpris ingly successful in previous periods. The relationship of these input adjustments to experience further indicates the presence of social learning. In addition, applying the same method to input choices for another crop, of known technol ogy, correctly indicates an absence of social learning effects. (JEL D83, 013, 033, Q16)
Synthesis of simian virus 40 DNA in isolated nuclei

Abstract The presence or absence of calcium ions during the isolation of nuclei from SV40-infected African green monkey kidney cells significantly affects the size of SV40 DNA synthesized in vitro . When Ca++ is present during the nuclear isolation procedure, the 3–7S fragments of SV40 DNA synthesized in vitro mature into long chains; in the absence of Ca++ they do not.
Submillimeter-wave receiver system for the Large Binocular Telescope

The Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) will consist of two, 8.417 m, spin-cast, optical quality primary mirrors on a common azimuth-elevation mount. The center-to-center distance between the primaries is 14.417 m. The LBT is being constructed on a site known to have relatively low atmospheric opacity at submillimeter wavelengths. In this paper we describe a unique 350 micrometer heterodyne receiver system designed for use on the LBT. The optical quality of the primaries and their size will give the LBT a light gathering power more than twice that of existing submillimeter-wave telescopes.
First-principles analysis of molecular conduction using quantum chemistry software

Abstract We present a rigorous and computationally efficient method to do a parameter-free analysis of molecular wires connected to contacts. The self-consistent field approach is coupled with Non-equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) formalism to describe electronic transport under an applied bias. Standard quantum chemistry software is used to calculate the self-consistent field using density functional theory (DFT). Such close coupling to standard quantum chemistry software not only makes the procedure simple to implement but also makes the relation between the I–V characteristics and the chemistry of the molecule more obvious. We use our method to interpolate between two extreme examples of transport through a molecular wire connected to gold(1 1 1) contacts: band conduction in a metallic (gold) nanowire, and resonant conduction through broadened, quasidiscrete levels of a phenyl dithiol molecule. We obtain several quantities of interest like I–V characteristics, electron density and voltage drop along the molecule.
Stochastic Field evolution of disoriented chiral condensates

Abstract I present a summary of recent work [1] where we describe the time-evolution of a region of disoriented chiral condensate via Langevin field equations for the linear σ model. We analyze the model in equilibrium, paying attention to subtracting ultraviolet divergent classical terms and replacing them by their finite quantum counter-parts. We use results from lattice gauge theory and chiral perturbation theory to fix nonuniversal constants. The result is a ultraviolet cutoff independent theory that reproduces quantitatively the expected equilibrium behavior of pion and σ quantum fields. We also estimate the viscosityη(T), which controls the dynamical timescale in the Langevin equation, so that the near equilibrium dynamical response agrees with theoretical expectations.
Clearinghouse banks and banknote over-issue

Abstract The paper presents a model of banks as clearinghouses of private debt where money is used as the means of payment. Implications of the model include: i) the private provision of banknotes or a discount window may be needed to avoid the insufficient debt clearing that results from an inflexible currency stock; and ii) an uncontrolled total money stock may result in a multiplicity of equilibria including an inflationary banknote over-issue.
A Legendrian Thurston-Bennequin bound from Khovanov homology

We establish an upper bound for the Thurston-Bennequin num- ber of a Legendrian link using the Khovanov homology of the underlying topological link. This bound is sharp in particular for all alternating links, and knots with nine or fewer crossings. AMS Classification 57M27; 57R17, 53D12
Threshhold singularities and the magnetic mass in hot QCD

Abstract We discuss the recently devised one-loop gap equation for the magnetic mass of hot QCD. An alternative, and one would hope equivalent, gap equation is presented, which however shows no mass generation at the one-loop level.
Seismic Tomography of the Near Solar Surface

Surface gravity waves have been used to probe flows in the two megameters beneath the photosphere using the techniques of timedistance helioseismology. The results suggest that supergranule velocities are smaller than at the surface. The outward flow outside a sunspot penumbra (the moat) is observed, as is an inward flow in the region beyond the moat.
PREVENTION OF STOKES‐ADAMS SEIZURES WITH CHLOROTHIAZIDE

THIS report describes 8 patients with Stokes— Adams attacks who were seemingly benefited by chlorothiazide. My colleagues and I had been aware of the patient with isolated hypoaldosteronism who had very high levels of serum potassium and recurrent Stokes—Adams seizures.1 When the potassium level in this patient's serum was lowered with desoxycorticosterone, the attacks were relieved. It was reasoned that if the seizures could be relieved in that special situation by lowering of the plasma potassium concentration from above normal levels to normal, it might also be possible to alleviate the attacks associated with ordinary heart block by reduction of . . .
Medicine in the Postwar World

IT IS well known that medicine in the postwar world will be far different from what it was at the end of World War II. The many advances, the great economic changes in the condition of peoples all ...
Chiral Recognition in π Complexes of Alkenes, Aldehydes, and Ketones with Transition Metal Lewis Acids; Development of a General Model for Enantioface Binding Selectivities

Prochiral alkenes, aldehydes, and ketones constitute the most frequently used starting materials for enantioselective organic syntheses. Protocols often involve chiral binding agents or Lewis acids that can give two diastereomeric adducts, the ratios of which are measures of chiral recognition. With π adducts, the diastereomers differ in the enantioface of the CC or OC group bound to the Lewis acid. This review provides the first comprehensive analysis of such equilibria and related binding phenomena with chiral transition metal Lewis acids. An extensive body of data from the authors' laboratory for complexes of the pyramidal rhenium fragment [(η5−C5H5)Re(No)(PPh3)]+ (I) affords particular insight. Literature data for other complexes are also summarized. A general model for chiral recognition based upon the relative steric properties of four quadrants is presented. This enables binding selectivities to be individually and rationally optimized for different classes of ligands. Electronic effects are also identified and correlated with specific structural properties. Relationships between binding equilibria, reactivity, and product configurations are discussed.
Stationary equilibria in asset-pricing models with incomplete markets and collateral

We consider an infinite-horizon exchange economy with incomplete markets and collateral constraints. As in the two-period model of Geanakoplos and Zame (2002), households can default on their liabilities at any time, and financial securities are only traded if the promises associated with these securities are backed by collateral. We examine an economy with a single perishable consumption good, where the only collateral available consists of productive assets. In this model, competitive equilibria always exist and we show that, under the assumption that all exogenous variables follow a Markov chain, there also exist stationary equilibria. These equilibria can be characterized by a mapping from the exogenous shock and the current distribution of financial wealth to prices and portfolio choices. We develop an algorithm to approximate this mapping numerically and discuss ways to implement the algorithm in practice. A computational example demonstrates the performance of the algorithm and shows some quantitative features of equilibria in a model with collateral and default.
(3R,4R,5S)-5-acetamido-3,4-piperidinediol: a selective hexosaminidase inhibitor.

Ring opening of the 6-bromoglucopyranoside (I) with zinc and simultaneous reductive amination yield the amidoalkenes (III) and (IV).
Metric subregularity and the proximal point method

We examine the linear convergence rates of variants of the proximal point method for finding zeros of maximal monotone operators. We begin by showing how metric subregularity is sufficient for local linear convergence to a zero of a maximal monotone operator. This result is then generalized to obtain convergence rates for the problem of finding a common zero of multiple monotone operators by considering randomized and averaged proximal methods.
Systematic design of phase-shifting masks with extended depth of focus and/or shifted focus plane

An optimization based algorithm for designing phase-shifting masks is proposed. The approach is an extension of the previous work in the sense that the intensity image is optimized at a number of optical planes rather than just the focus plane. In addition, the algorithm can be used to design masks with shifted focus plane and/or extended depth of focus. The concept of a dual mask is introduced, and its consequences for practical phase-shifting mask design are shown. The proposed design techniques are applied to single line phase connectors, cross phase connectors, contact holes and bright lines. Simulation and experimental results verify the capability of the design technique for extending depth of focus and shift the focus plane. >
Seminal oxidative stress in patients with chronic prostatitis.

Abstract Objectives. An association between prostatitis and male infertility has been suspected, yet is poorly understood. Prostatitis is often associated with granulocytes in the prostatic fluid that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), known to impair male fertility. We compared ROS, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and a novel index of oxidative stress (ROS-TAC score) in patients with chronic prostatitis and in healthy controls. Methods. Semen specimens from 36 men with chronic prostatitis (National Institutes of Health category IIIa), 8 men with prostatodynia (National Institutes of Health category IIIb), and 19 controls attending our urologic clinic were examined according to the World Health Organization criteria. Leukocytospermia was measured by the Endtz test (myeloperoxidase assay). ROS and TAC production was measured by chemiluminescence assay. A composite ROS-TAC score was also calculated in patients and controls. Results. The sperm concentration, percentage of motility, and morphology among the groups did not differ. The mean ± standard error log-transformed ROS level was significantly higher in patients with leukocytospermia (3.2 ± 0.6) than in patients without leukocytospermia (1.8 ± 0.2; P = 0.04) and controls (1.3 ± 0.3, P = 0.01). TAC was significantly lower in patients with or without leukocytospermia (859.69 ± 193.0 and 914.9 ± 65.2, respectively) than in controls (1653.98 ± 93.6, P = 0.001). The mean ROS-TAC score of controls (50.0 ± 4.1) was significantly higher than those of patients with chronic prostatitis and leukocytospermia (8.2 ± 9.2) and those without leukocytospermia (34.2 ± 2.9; P Conclusions. Men with chronic prostatitis or prostatodynia have seminal oxidative stress, irrespective of their leukocytospermia status. These observations may help shed light on the long-standing controversy surrounding prostatitis and infertility.
Polarizability Fields for Use in Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship (3D-QSAR)

Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), a three-dimensional quantitative structure−activity relationship (3D-QSAR) technique, has proven to be a valuable tool in the field of rational drug design. In its native form, CoMFA utilizes a pseudoreceptor, in the form of a regularly spaced lattice of probe atoms, to characterize the steric and electrostatic properties of a series of mutually superimposed molecules. Statistical analyses are performed in an attempt to correlate changes in these shape and charge related fields to observed differences in biological activities at a given target. Graphical analyses of the resulting “negative receptor images” have been demonstrated to provide insight into the physicochemical requirements of novel ligands. Several groups have previously demonstrated the benefits of additional or alternative fields for these types of analyses. In this report, a novel molecular potential field derived from atomistic contributions to molecular polarizability is presented. Comparison ...
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics and its applications for multiphase flow and reactive transport in porous media

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian method based on a meshless discretization of partial differential equations. In this review, we present SPH discretization of the Navier-Stokes and advection-diffusion-reaction equations, implementation of various boundary conditions, and time integration of the SPH equations, and we discuss applications of the SPH method for modeling pore-scale multiphase flows and reactive transport in porous and fractured media.
Preparation of (phenylsulfinyl)phenols from aryl phenylsulfinates: ‘Thia-Fries rearrangement’

Abstract Treatment of aryl phenylsulfinates 5 (prepared from phenols 1 by reaction with phenylsulfinyl chloride) with AlCl3 at 25 °C furnishes good yields of the (phenylsulfinyl)phenols 2 via a ‘thia-Fries rearrangement.’
A dual-catalysis approach to the kinetic resolution of 1,2-diaryl-1,2-diaminoethanes.

The kinetic resolution of racemic C2-symmetric 1,2-diaryl-1,2-diaminoethanes was accomplished for the first time through application of a dual-catalysis approach.
IDENTITIES OF THE ROGERS-RAMANUJAN-SLATER TYPE

It is shown that (two-variable generalizations of) more than half of Slater's list of 130 Rogers–Ramanujan identities (L. J. Slater, Further identities of the Rogers–Ramanujan type, Proc. London Math Soc. (2)54 (1952) 147–167) can be easily derived using just three multiparameter Bailey pairs and their associated q-difference equations. As a bonus, new Rogers–Ramanujan type identities are found along with natural combinatorial interpretations for many of these identities.
Viscous-Inviscid Interaction on Oscillating Airfoils in Subsonic Flow

Abstract : Selected results from an extensive oscillating-airfoil experiment are analyzed and reviewed. Four distinct regimes of viscous-inviscid interaction are identified, corresponding to varying degrees of unsteady flow separation. The dominant fluid dynamic phenomena are described for each regime. Ten specific test cases, including the appropriate flow conditions and experimental results, are proposed for evaluating unsteady viscous theories and computational methods. (Author)
New York City property values: what is the impact of green roofs on rental pricing?

Green roofs have recently seen increasing popularity in many cities, such as New York, due to their cooling effects, stormwater control features, and aesthetics and amenity values. Few known studies, however, have attempted to quantify the benefits of green roofs into monetary values. We use hedonic regression techniques to obtain estimates that apartment rents in buildings with green roofs in the Battery Park City area of New York were about 16% higher on average than in buildings without green roofs. Battery Park City is located in the Upper Bay Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) watershed. If we were to extend the Battery Park City findings to the entire Upper Bay CSO watershed and if all buildings in the CSO watershed were to install green roofs, our results imply that rental receipts in the watershed could increase by as much as approximately $2.1 billion monthly.
Modeling spin magnetization transport in a spatially varying magnetic field

Abstract We present a framework for modeling the transport of any number of globally conserved quantities in any spatial configuration and apply it to obtain a model of magnetization transport for spin-systems that is valid in new regimes (including high-polarization). The framework allows an entropy function to define a model that explicitly respects the laws of thermodynamics. Three facets of the model are explored. First, it is expressed as nonlinear partial differential equations that are valid for the new regime of high dipole-energy and polarization. Second, the nonlinear model is explored in the limit of low dipole-energy (semi-linear), from which is derived a physical parameter characterizing separative magnetization transport (SMT). It is shown that the necessary and sufficient condition for SMT to occur is that the parameter is spatially inhomogeneous. Third, the high spin-temperature (linear) limit is shown to be equivalent to the model of nuclear spin transport of Genack and Redfield (1975) [1] . Differences among the three forms of the model are illustrated by numerical solution with parameters corresponding to a magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) experiment (Degen et al., 2009 [2] ; Kuehn et al., 2008 [3] ; Sidles et al., 2003 [4] ; Dougherty et al., 2000 [5] ). A family of analytic, steady-state solutions to the nonlinear equation is derived and shown to be the spin-temperature analog of the Langevin paramagnetic equation and Curie׳s law. Finally, we analyze the separative quality of magnetization transport, and a steady-state solution for the magnetization is shown to be compatible with Fenske׳s separative mass transport equation (Fenske, 1932 [6] ).
Saturn's F Ring: Kinematics and Particle Sizes from Stellar Occultation Studies

Abstract The occultation of GSC5249-01240 by Saturn's rings was observed in a spectrally resolved mode using the Faint Object Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. By combining these data with other occultation data, we have determined the inclination of the F ring to be 0.0065±0.0014 deg. Our inclined F ring orbit model explains an abrupt decrease in flux at the west ansa of the ring that was observed during the November 1995 ring-plane crossing as well as the nondetection of 1995 S5 during one set of observations in November 1995. The F ring's equivalent depth is found to have no significant dependence on wavelength between 0.27 and 0.74 μm, indicating the presence of a population of ring particles larger in size than ∼10 μm. This contrasts with the results from a previous analysis of Voyager images at various phase angles, in which the particles were determined to be predominantly submicron in size. The difference may be due to temporal or longitudinal variability within the ring.
BaAuxZn13–x: Electron-Poor Cubic NaZn13-Type Intermetallic and Its Ordered Tetragonal Variant

Cubic NaZn(13)-type (Fm-3c, Z = 8) BaAu(x)Zn(13-x) compounds in the regions 1 ≤ x ≤ 5.4 (a = 12.418(1)-12.590(1) A) and 6.4 ≤ x ≤ 8 (a = 12.630(1)-12.660(1) A) plus an ordered tetragonal variant near x = 6 (P4/nbm; a = 8.8945(4) A, c = 12.646(1) A; Z = 4) have been synthesized and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction. Although the cubic structure contains Zn-centered, mixed (Zn, Au) icosahedra connected in alternate orientations via mixed tetrahedral stars (TS), the icosahedron vertices are ordered in the tetragonal structure. Both the inner and the outer tetrahedra in the TS in the cubic phase consist of mixed Au and Zn atoms, whereas the tetragonal phase features three different coloring schemes: inner Zn and outer Au tetrahedra, vice versa, or mixed Au and Zn sites on both inner and outer tetrahedra. Barium atoms center 24-atom snub cuboctahedra. Ordering of Au and Zn in the tetragonal phase achieves the largest number of heteroatomic Au-Zn contacts and yields relatively larger Hamilton populations (-ICOHPs) compared with homoatomic counterparts according to LMTO-based electronic structure calculations and analysis. Larger overlap populations are also observed for inter- versus intraicosahedral interactions. The densities-of-states data suggest the phase is metallic with highly dispersed Au d bands and nearly free-electron-like s and p bands for both Au and Zn.
Graph-Based Software Design for Managing Complexity and Enabling Concurrency in Multiphysics PDE Software

Multiphysics simulation software is plagued by complexity stemming from nonlinearly coupled systems of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). Such software typically supports many models, which may require different transport equations, constitutive laws, and equations of state. Strong coupling and a multiplicity of models leads to complex algorithms (i.e., the properly ordered sequence of steps to assemble a discretized set of coupled PDEs) and rigid software.This work presents a design strategy that shifts focus away from high-level algorithmic concerns to low-level data dependencies. Mathematical expressions are represented as software objects that directly expose data dependencies. The entire system of expressions forms a directed acyclic graph and the high-level assembly algorithm is generated automatically through standard graph algorithms. This approach makes problems with complex dependencies entirely tractable, and removes virtually all logic from the algorithm itself. Changes are highly localized, allowing developers to implement models without detailed understanding of any algorithms (i.e., the overall assembly process). Furthermore, this approach complements existing MPI-based frameworks and can be implemented within them easily.Finally, this approach enables algorithmic parallelization via threads. By exposing dependencies in the algorithm explicitly, thread-based parallelism is implemented through algorithm decomposition, providing a basis for exploiting parallelism independent from domain decomposition approaches.
Theoretical design of trackers for tracking probability enhancement

Design of a tracker has a significant effect on the performance. Design is, however, not a trivial task, which requires much experience. This paper presents theoretically sold designs of the tracking filters based on a newly- introduced concept of tracking probability. Specifically, analytic result for the selection of the transition probability, the initial tracking probability, and the thresholds for tack confirmation and termination are presented. Supporting simulation results are also given for the design of the recently-developed intelligent probabilistic data association filter.
Cryogenic induced ocular HSV-1 reactivation is enhanced by an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway.

Reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been shown to occur in response to localized inflammation. Prostaglandins and lipoxygenase products [eg. hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, (HETEs)] are associated with inflammation and, therefore, may play a role in HSV-1 infection and reactivation. In the rabbit cornea, alkali injury, cryogenic injury, and acute HSV-1 infection promote the synthesis of HETEs. Recently, a platelet activating factor antagonist, ginkgolide B (BN 52021) has been found to specifically inhibit the corneal synthesis of HETEs after alkali injury. If the induction of HETEs after injury is related to HSV reactivation and severity of infection, BN 52021 may alter HSV reactivation and the severity of infection by reducing the production of HETEs. To study the effect of BN 52021 on HSV-1 reactivation, cryogenic corneal lesions were produced in ten HSV-1 latently infected rabbits. Five rabbits were treated with topical and intravenous BN 52021 while the remaining five rabbits received topical artificial tears and intravenous saline. In the BN 52021 treated group, 90% (9/10) of the eyes and 53% (35/66) of the total ocular cultures were positive for HSV-1. In the control group, 60% (6/10) of the eyes, and 27% (18/66) of the ocular swabs were positive for HSV-1. The total number of positive cultures was significantly greater (p less than .05) in the BN 52021 treated rabbits. By increasing the number of positive HSV ocular cultures, BN 52021 appeared to act similarly to other inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism such as steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
Social Decision Functions and Strongly Decisive Sets

Several recent papers have developed partial or complete characterization of classes of social decision functions in terms of constructs based upon the associated collections of decisive sets. Hansson (1976) interpreted Arrow’s impossibility theorem in terms of the associated ultrafilter of decisive sets. Brown (1973) extended this correspondence to the case of acyclic choice functions and prefilters. To deal with the multiplicity of social decision functions having the same collection of decisive sets, Brown restricted the class of social decision functions while Ferejohn and Fishburn (1979) and Blau and Brown (1980) added structure to the collections of decisive sets, and thereby obtained a characterization of certain social decision functions.
An Approach to Characterize Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material Behavior Using Dynamic Mechanical Tests and Analyses

'T1 raditional methods to characterize materials that •*• exhibit nonlinear viscoelastic response, such as those materials used in the fabrication of high-altitude scientific balloons, require significant time for tests and analyses. Dynamic mechanical test and analysis techniques rapidly identify viscoelastic response, but these methods are appropriate for (and limited to) linear behavior. Herein, the authors present a model for nonlinear characterization based on Schapery's nonlinear viscoelastic theory extended to dynamic mechanical methodologies. Furthermore, the authors describe a test protocol for experiments to characterize the nonlinear viscoelastic response of materials using dynamic mechanical test and analysis methodologies. Several test cases are presented to validate the efforts, and these results show excellent agreement between predictions of nonlinear response and measurements from experiments.
Computational prediction of stall flutter in cascaded airfoils

At off-design conditions turbomachines may experience flow separation from the cascaded airfoils and the circumferential pattern of stalled and unstalled airfoils propagates about the flow annulus. The unsteady periodic nature of propagating stall will force blade vibration; stall flutter of the blades may occur if stall synchronization occurs and the propagation frequency is entrained by the blade natural frequency. A computational scheme based on a modified form of the vortex method is used to simulate the flow over an infinite linear cascade of airfoils.
Different effects of protamine on canine coronary microvessel and conductance arteries: evidence of hyperpolarizing factor release.

Abstract Background: Protamine administration may lead to systemic hypotension, perhaps because of vasodilatation produced by endothelial nitric oxide. This study compared release of vasoactive substances from canine coronary microvessels with that from paired conductance arteries. Methods: Microvessels were mounted in a videoscopic no-flow system, and circumflex arteries were studied in organ chambers; both were induced to contract by endothelin-1. Results: Protamine (10 to 160 μg/mL) produced concentration-dependent relaxation in both microvessel and conductance arteries (46% ± 14% maximal relaxations in microvessel and 82% ± 15% in conductance arteries, n = 10 each). Removal of the endothelium abolished this relaxation (P L -arginine (L-NMMA, 10–4 mol/L) attenuated relaxation in conductance arteries (38% ± 12%, P = .04, n = 6) but had no effect on microvessel arteries (58% ± 10%, n = 6). Tetraethylammonium chloride (10–3 mol/L), an inhibitor of voltage-dependent potassium channels, had no effect on conductance arteries (103% ± 9%, n = 6) but abolished relaxation in microvessels (–25% ± 11%, P = .03, n = 6). Conclusions: Protamine sulfate causes endothelium-dependent relaxation in microvessel and conductance arteries in the heart by different mechanisms—that is, by nitric oxide release in conductance arteries and by endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) release in microvessels. This is the first description of the release of EDHF in response to protamine administration. (Surgery 1999;126:835-41.)
New Two-Photon Absorbing Fluorene Derivatives: Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Characterization

Efficient Pd-catalyzed Heck coupling methodology was employed to provide two new fluorene derivatives with phosphonate (2) and nitro (3) electron-withdrawing functionalities. Both derivatives exhibit two-photon absorption (2PA), as determined by nonlinear absorption measurements using a femtosecond pump/white light continuum probe “NLO spectrometer”. Both fluorene derivatives have high 2PA cross sections (650 and 1300 × 10-50 cm4 s photon-1 molecule-1 for compounds 2 and 3, respectively).
Quantum Hall bilayers and the chiral sine-Gordon equation

Abstract The edge state theory of a class of symmetric double-layer quantum Hall systems with interlayer electron tunneling reduces to the sum of a free field theory and a field theory of a chiral Bose field with a self-interaction of the sine-Gordon form. We argue that the perturbative renormalization group flow of this chiral sine-Gordon theory is distinct from the standard (non-chiral) sine-Gordon theory, contrary to a previous assertion by Renn, and that the theory is manifestly sensible only at a discrete set of values of the inverse period of the cosine interaction ( β ). We obtain exact solutions for the spectra and correlation functions of the chiral sine-Gordon theory at the two values of β at which electron tunneling in bilayers is not irrelevant. Of these, the marginal case ( β 2 =4 ) is of greatest interest: the spectrum of the interacting theory is that of two Majorana fermions with different, dynamically generated, velocities. For the experimentally observed bilayer 331 state at filling factor 1/2, this implies the trifurcation of electrons added to the edge. We also present a method for fermionizing the theory at the discrete points ( β 2 ∈ Z + ) by the introduction of auxiliary degrees of freedom that could prove useful in other problems involving quantum Hall multi-layers.
Measurements of total cross sections for positrons and electrons colliding with atomic hydrogen

We have measured total cross sections for 5–302 eV positrons and 31–302 eV electrons scattered by atomic hydrogen using a beam-transmission technique. Atomic hydrogen obtained from a radio frequency (rf) discharge source flows into an aluminium scattering cell maintained at about 150 K to minimize recombination. Absolute total cross sections are obtained by making relative measurements for positrons and electrons scattering from H2 and a known mixture of H and H2, and then normalizing the measurements for positron-H2 scattering to prior absolute measurements. Our total cross section measurements for positrons and electrons scattering from H are found to be merged to within 5% for energies from 31 to 302 eV.
Optimized CGenFF force-field parameters for acylphosphate and N-phosphonosulfonimidoyl functional groups

We report an optimized set of CGenFF parameters that can be used to model small molecules containing acylphosphate and N-phosphonosulfonimidoyl functional groups in combination with the CHARMM force field. Standard CGenFF procedures were followed to obtain bonded interaction parameters, which were validated by geometry optimizations, comparison to the results of calculations at the MP2/6-31+G(d) level of theory, and molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, partial atomic charges were assigned so that the energy of hydrogen bonding of the model compounds with water was correctly reproduced. The availability of these parameters will facilitate computational studies of enzymes that generate acyladenylate intermediates during catalytic turnover. In addition, given that the N-phosphonosulfonimidoyl moiety is a stable transition state analog for the reaction of ammonia with an acyladenylate, the parameters developed in this study should find use in efforts to develop novel and potent inhibitors of various glutamine-dependent amidotransferases that have been validated as drug targets. Topology and parameter files for the model compounds used in this study, which can be combined with other CGenFF parameters in computational studies of more complicated acylphosphates and N-phosphonosulfonimidates are made available.
Approach to the use of antigen non-specific immunosuppression in systemic lupus erythematosus and other rheumatic autoimmune diseases

Abstract Optimum therapy of systemic lupus as well as the other autoimmune rheumatic diseases should be based upon pathogenetic considerations. We present an hypothesis as well as supporting data that the B-cell repertoires of individuals with both murine and human lupus initially are relatively normal. Even though there is increased antibody production, it is increased proportionally for many specificities. Later, more selective increases lead to selective representation of certain specificities characteristic of that individual. Therapy during the polyclonal phase is most likely to be effective in bringing about a sustained remission. Such therapy should be directed at preventing or interfering with the polyclonal activation. Later in disease, after particular immune responses become relatively augmented and possibly fixed, it may be necessary also to interfere directly with the specific augmented responses, especially those which are found to be inducing disease. Whereas SLE is an antibody-mediated disease with decreased DTH, other autoimmune diseases are mediated less by antibody and more by DTH. As a result, therapies for those diseases, especially those directed at the DTH, should be based upon principles other than those for SLE. More-over, there is a greater likelihood in the other diseases of antigen-specific therapy and even vaccination for prevention.
Infectious Diseases in the Elderly

As the percent of our population over age 65 increases, infectious disease in this group is becoming a serious public health concern. Much of our knowledge of infections in the elderly is based on clinical experience and lacks a firm scientific foundation. The increased risk of infections observed with aging may be due to physiologic changes that accompany "normal" aging or the age-associated chronic diseases and the medical, surgical, and diagnostic interventions that accompany them. Epidemiologic studies on populations of well and hospitalized older persons in defined age ranges are needed to examine the relation between specific infectious diseases and risk factors. Although the increased susceptibility of older persons to infectious diseases frequently has been attributed to the decline in immune function that occurs with aging, there are very few data confirming this hypothesis. Additional research is clearly needed on other contributory factors such as nutrition, ciliary transport, bacterial adherence, neutrophil and macrophage function, and complement.