cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Variability in Childlessness A Descriptive and Analytical Study

This article provides a descriptive account of international trends and variability in marital childlessness. Childlessness data, gathered largely from census questions on number of children ever born, are presented for 65 countries. In discussing trends in childlessness, we introduce several procedures for measuring childlessness that are closely analogous to standard fertility measures. We also set forth a socioeconomic development model that suggests that involuntary childessness predominates among developing countries, and voluntary childlessness among developed countries. Our findings indicate considerable international variability in marital rates of childlessness.
Lesser Toe Salvage With External Fixation and Autogenous Bone Grafting: A Case Series

Lesser toe salvage secondary to soft tissue ulceration and underlying osteomyelitis is a challenge, and amputation is frequently the primary procedure recommended. The author presents an observational case series involving retrospective review of prospectively collected data of 4 lesser toe salvage procedures with external fixation and delayed autogenous bone grafting for the treatment of osteomyelitis in 4 consecutive patients. Each patient underwent initial resection of involved soft tissue ulceration and underlying osseous components of the lesser toe with application of external fixation and polymethylmethacrylate antibiotic-loaded bone cement spacer. Once eradication of osteomyelitis was confirmed clinically, the patient underwent delayed insertion of autogenous bone graft harvested from the ipsilateral calcaneus or osteocutaneous flap transfer from the fibular border of the ipsilateral great toe. There were 2 men and 2 women with a mean age of 56.5 years. Three patients had diabetes mellitus, and 1 had previous history of open fracture. There were 2 right feet and 2 left feet involved and 2 second, 1 third, and 1 fourth toe salvage procedures performed with a mean follow-up of 12 months. The external fixation device was maintained until complete osseous integration was verified, which occurred at a mean of 7.5 weeks. All procedures were deemed successful with complete osseous incorporation of the proximal and distal graft-host bone interfaces and no recurrent soft tissue ulcerations, osteomyelitis, toe deformity, or fracture about the bone graft sites.
Detection of the number of signals in the presence of white noise in decentralized processing

The problem of estimating the number of signals under a white noise model is solved when the data are received from many different places that are widely apart by using modified information criterion proposed by the author. This criterion involves the eigenvalues of the sample canonical correlation matrix. Some simulation results are also presented.
Stochastic and Compensatory Effects Limit Persistence of Variation in Body Mass of Young Caribou

Nutritional restriction during growth can have short- and long-term effects on fitness; however, animals inhabiting uncertain environments may exhibit adaptations to cope with variation in food availability. We examined changes in body mass in free-ranging female caribou (Rangifer tarandus) by measuring mass at birth and at 4, 11, and 16 months of age to evaluate the relative importance of seasonal nutrition to growth, the persistence of cohort-specific variation in body mass through time, and compensatory growth of individuals. Relative mean body mass of cohorts did not persist through time. Compensatory growth of smaller individuals was not observed in summer; however, small calves exhibited more positive change in body mass than did large calves. Compensation occurred during periods of nutritional restriction (winter) rather than during periods of rapid growth (summer) thus differing from the conventional view of compensatory growth.
Extrauterine Growth Restriction: What is the Evidence for Better Nutritional Practices in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit?

Abstract Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) is commonly seen in small premature infants due to a lack of early aggressive nutrition that results in energy and protein deficits during the first few days of life. These deficits lead to early postnatal growth failure that continues at discharge resulting in growth parameters being below the 10th percentile, which is associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Strong evidence supports an early aggressive nutrition plan that includes early parenteral nutrition administration with 3–4 g kg − 1 day − 1 of protein and minimal enteral feedings. This article presents the current evidence surrounding early aggressive nutrition, minimal enteral feedings, use of human milk and human milk fortification and makes the argument for standardized practice to improve nutrition in small premature infants.
Storage of molecular hydrogen in B-N cage: energetics and thermal stability.

Using first principles theory based on density functional formulation we have studied the energetics and thermal stability of storing hydrogen in B−N-based nanostructures. We show that hydrogen molecule enters through the hexagonal face of the B36N36 cage and prefers to remain inside the cage in molecular form. The energy barriers for the hydrogen molecule to enter into or escape from the cage are respectively 1.406 eV and 1.516 eV. As the concentration of hydrogen inside the cage increases, the cage expands and the bond length of the hydrogen molecule contracts, resulting in significant energy cost. At zero temperature, up to 18 hydrogen molecules can be stored inside a B36N36 cage corresponding to a gravimetric density of 4 wt %. However, molecular dynamics simulation by using Nose algorithm at room temperature (T = 300 K) indicates that high weight percentage hydrogen storage cannot be achieved in B−N cage structures and thus these materials may not be good for practical applications.
Invariants for Tendex and Vortex Fields

Tendex and vortex fields, defined by the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the electric and magnetic parts of the Weyl curvature tensor, form the basis of a recently developed approach to visualizing spacetime curvature. In analogy to electric and magnetic fields, these fields are coordinate-dependent. However, in a further analogy, we can form invariants from the tendex and vortex fields that are invariant under coordinate transformations, just as certain combinations of the electric and magnetic fields are invariant under coordinate transformations. We derive these invariants, and provide a simple, analytical demonstration for nonspherically symmetric slices of a Schwarzschild spacetime.
Scheduling multicast cells in an input-queued switch

We consider policies for scheduling cells in an input-queued multicast (ATM) switch. It is assumed that each input maintains a single queue for arriving multicast cells and that only the cell at the head of line (HOL) can be observed and scheduled at one time. The policies are assumed to be work-conserving, which means that cells may be copied to the outputs that they request over several cell times. When a scheduling policy decides which cells to schedule, contention may require that it leave a residue of cells to be scheduled in the next cell time. The selection of where to place the residue uniquely defines the scheduling policy. We prove that for a 2/spl times/N switch, a policy that always concentrates the residue, subject to a natural fairness constraint, always outperforms all other policies. Simulation results indicate that this policy also performs well for more general M/spl times/N switches. We present a heuristic round-robin policy called mRRM that is simple to implement in hardware, fair and performs almost as well as the concentrating policy.
Talent search research: what have we learned?

This chapter summarizes the lessons learned from the over 25 years of research conducted by the Center for Talented Youth, as well as the prior 10 years of research conducted by Dr Julian Stanley and his graduate students. This summary also includes work done by the several other talent searches (Duke, Northwestern and Rocky Mountain), although a complete description of their work can be found in the individual articles written by each. The findings from the hundreds of research studies conducted validate the talent search identification model and process, as well as the programs developed to meet the needs of identified students. In addition, the authors have condensed the findings from numerous research projects examining the cognitive, social, personality and academic development of the students CTY serves.
High-fat diet induces an initial adaptation of mitochondrial bioenergetics in the kidney despite evident oxidative stress and mitochondrial ROS production

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are associated with an increased risk for several diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy and chronic kidney diseases. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are often proposed mechanisms in various organs in obesity models, but limited data are available on the kidney. Here, we fed a lard-based high-fat diet to mice to investigate structural changes, cellular and subcellular oxidative stress and redox status, and mitochondrial biogenesis and function in the kidney. The diet induced characteristic changes, including glomerular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and interstitial scarring, which were accompanied by a proinflammatory transition. We demonstrate evidence for oxidative stress in the kidney through 3-nitrotyrosine and protein radical formation on high-fat diet with a contribution from iNOS and NOX-4 as well as increased generation of mitochondrial oxidants on carbohydrate- and lipid-based substrates. The increased H2O2 emission in the mitochondria suggests altered redox balance and mitochondrial ROS generation, contributing to the overall oxidative stress. No major derailments were observed in respiratory function or biogenesis, indicating preserved and initially improved bioenergetic parameters and energy production. We suggest that, regardless of the oxidative stress events, the kidney developed an adaptation to maintain normal respiratory function as a possible response to an increased lipid overload. These findings provide new insights into the complex role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial redox status in the pathogenesis of the kidney in obesity and indicate that early oxidative stress-related changes, but not mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction, may contribute to the pathogenesis and development of obesity-linked chronic kidney diseases.
A Recipe for Perioperative Cardioprotection What Matters Most? The Ingredients or the Chef?

The question of what is the ideal anesthetic for patients with cardiovascular disease has been debated for nearly 3 decades, and, similar to the case for the use of perioperative β-blockers, the answer appears to be increasingly enigmatic. In the current issue of Circulation , Buse et al1 report the results of a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effects of the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane versus the intravenous anesthetic propofol on the incidence of myocardial ischemia in 385 patients with known coronary artery disease or with ≥2 risk factors for coronary artery disease undergoing noncardiac surgery. Using continuous electrocardiography and troponin T plasma concentrations as the composite primary end point of the study, the incidence of myocardial ischemia was similar in both groups (sevoflurane, 40.8%; propofol, 40.3%), calling into question the current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommending the use of volatile anesthetics for patients at cardiovascular risk who are undergoing noncardiac surgery.2 Article see p 2696 In the mid-1980s, volatile anesthetic agents, particularly isoflurane, were shunned by cardiac anesthesiologists for fear that these agents might induce myocardial ischemia because of coronary steal. High-dose opioids were favored as an alternative technique during anesthesia for cardiac surgery. The myth of isoflurane-induced steal was later debunked both by animal studies3 and clinical trial data.4 By the early 1990s, volatile anesthetic use during cardiac surgery had gained considerable popularity, primarily because it allowed patients to be fast-tracked for early extubation within hours of arrival to the intensive care unit as compared with opioid-based anesthetics. In 1997, the phenomenon of anesthetic preconditioning was first described,5 and subsequently a large body of experimental evidence …
Impact of incidental bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in a family member on breast cancer risk assessment: clinical considerations.

Abstract Background: Hysterectomy (TAH/TVH) with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) remains prevalent in the general population; however, current risk tools do not account for the potential impact of BSO on breast cancer risk calculations in family members. Methods: CancerGene © software was used to estimate the effect of BSO in a family member on proband risk across a range of simulated family cancer histories. Results: Impact of BSO on proband risk appears most salient when it occurs in a first-degree relative. Race appears to modify the attainment of clinically significant risk thresholds, suggesting possible systematic risk underestimations among black women. Conclusions: When clinicians calculate risk in families where a close relative had BSO, they may choose to supplement standard risk calculations with numerical ranges of risk that account for the risk-reducing effect of BSO. More consideration is needed of whether failing to account for BSO in risk models perpetuates race-based health disparities.
AMPA receptors as a molecular target in epilepsy therapy

Epileptic seizures occur as a result of episodic abnormal synchronous discharges in cerebral neuronal networks. Although a variety of non-conventional mechanisms may play a role in epileptic synchronization, cascading excitation within networks of synaptically connected excitatory glutamatergic neurons is a classical mechanism. As is the case throughout the central nervous system, fast synaptic excitation within and between brain regions relevant to epilepsy is mediated predominantly by AMPA receptors. By inhibiting glutamate-mediated excitation, AMPA receptor antagonists markedly reduce or abolish epileptiform activity in in vitro preparations and confer seizure protection in a broad range of animal seizure models. NMDA receptors may also contribute to epileptiform activity, but NMDA receptor blockade is not sufficient to eliminate epileptiform discharges. AMPA receptors move into and out of the synapse in a dynamic fashion in forms of synaptic plasticity, underlying learning and memory. Often, the trigger for these dynamic movements is the activation of NMDA receptors. While NMDA receptor antagonists inhibit these forms of synaptic plasticity, AMPA receptor antagonists do not impair synaptic plasticity and do not inhibit memory formation or retrieval. The demonstrated clinical efficacy of perampanel, a high-potency, orally active non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist, supports the concept that AMPA receptors are critical to epileptic synchronization and the generation and spread of epileptic discharges in human epilepsy.
Boosted CMOS APS Pixel Readout for Ultra Low-Voltage and Low-Power Operation

A new pixel readout technique is proposed for three-transistor (3T) CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) pixels. It utilizes the supply-boosting technique (SBT) in order to reduce power consumption and allow ultra low-voltage operation. The pixel supply voltage as well as the pixel reset and select signals were boosted to achieve wider and extended linear operating ranges. A CMOS image sensor containing a 54 × 50 array of 3T CMOS APS pixels was fabricated in a standard 2P3M 5-V 0.5- μm CMOS process to confirm the effectiveness of each boosting operation. Theory, simulation, and measurement results are presented. The boosting pixel supply voltage during pixel readout provides additional 31% dynamic range improvement on top of the seven times (7×) expansion attained by boosting the pixel reset signal. It was shown that the proposed boosted readout does not increase the number of transistors in the 3T CMOS APS pixels nor degrade the image quality.
Mapping the Landscape of Personality in Childhood and Adolescence

From infancy, children vary in their typical emotions and behaviors, and by the middle of childhood, children have richly differentiated personalities. In this paper, I review the personality differences that youths exhibit from early childhood through adolescence, using a three-part taxonomy developed by (McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. American Psychologist, 2006; 61, 204–217). First, children exhibit a dispositional signature, including first temperament traits and later the Big Five personality traits, which show some consistency across situations and over time. Second, youths display characteristic adaptations that are more specific to particular life contexts; these include mental representations, strategies, and goals. Third, adolescents form personal narratives, stories about their lives that reflect and shape their identities. I describe the differences youths exhibit in these three domains and situate these differences in the context of overall development in childhood and adolescence. New work on youths’ personalities can serve as the foundation for future lifespan perspectives on personality development. From the earliest days of life, children vary from one another in their typical emotions and behaviors. Parents often marvel at these early-emerging differences in their children. Some young children cry loudly, and often, some children squeal with delight at the sight of friendly faces or exciting toys, and some children focus intently on interesting new items and activities. As infants move into later childhood, their repertoire of behaviors grows increasingly complex, as they develop physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally. As children’s behavioral repertoire expands, so, too, do their individual differences. By the elementary school years and continuing into adolescence, youths vary markedly from one another in many different ways: their typical emotions; their capacities for empathy, self-control, and imagination; their goals and expectations; their views of relationships and themselves; their ways of coping with stress and adversity; their emerging stories about who they are; and more. In short, by the middle of childhood, children have richly differentiated personalities. Parents, teachers, mental health clinicians, and policy makers all have a vested interest in understanding children’s personalities. Adults who care about children want to know whether children’s personalities portend and shape their life outcomes. Are children with certain personalities at risk for educational failure or for criminal behavior? What character traits and capacities are especially important for enabling children to become happy, productive, resilient people? Can children with challenging personalities be helped to develop in a positive manner? The answers to these questions are important for adults who are invested in helping children to flourish. To make good progress in answering these questions, however, it is important to begin with a clear understanding of what form children’s personalities take at various points in development. Given the dizzying
Recovery from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is TGF-β dependent and associated with increases in CD4+LAP+ and CD4+CD25+ T cells

SJL mice are highly susceptible to proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The disease is characterized by a relapsing-remitting type of paralysis. However, the mechanism by which animals recover from EAE is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of regulatory T cells in the recovery from disease. We found that Forkhead box P3-expressing CD4+CD25+ T cells were increased in the blood, draining lymph node and spleen of EAE-recovered SJL mice. These cells were anergic and inhibited proliferation of CD4+CD25- T cells to PLP 139-151 or anti-CD3 antibody stimulation. Depletion of CD4+CD25+ T cells during the recovery phase exacerbated disease, resulted in the expansion of IA(s)/PLP 139-151-tetramer-positive cells and enhanced IFN-gamma production. In addition, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) was shown to be involved in the recovery from EAE as the percentage of CD4+ cells expressing TGF-beta latency-associated peptide (LAP) on the cell surface increased significantly in blood and spleen of EAE-recovered mice as compared with the naive mice and in vivo neutralization of TGF-beta abolished recovery from disease. Taken together, our results demonstrate that both CD4+CD25+ and CD4+LAP+ regulatory T cells mediate recovery from PLP 139-151-induced EAE in SJL mice in which TGF-beta plays an important role.
Relationships between a Prenatal Nutrition Education Intervention and Maternal Nutrition in Ethiopia

Background In Ethiopia, 17% of rural pregnant women suffer from suboptimal nutrition levels. One of the major reasons is that both maternal nutritional knowledge and maternal nutrition attitudes of Ethiopian rural women are among the lowest and poorest in the world. In this quantitatively weighted and sequential (QUANa qual) mixed method true experimental (with matching control group) research study, I investigated the nature of the relationship between eight independent variables under two conditions. Objectives The purpose of this mixed methods research study was to determine the relationships among a community prenatal nutrition education intervention for pregnant and non pregnant women (ages 18–49 years), maternal nutrition knowledge, and maternal nutrition attitudes. Methods A control and experimental village was used in the Alaje district of northern Ethiopia. The intervention consisted of teaching portion sizes, eating 1 extra meal per day and getting adequate rest during pregnancy. Economic development theories were each presented by Szirmai, Sen, Sachs, Collier, Yunus, Thirlwall, Banerjee, Easterly, Polak, and Meier. The central research questions were focused on key behaviors and factors concerning maternal nutrition knowledge and maternal nutrition attitudes. Health workers recruited 270 pregnant and non pregnant women, one-half in each village, Takha, the intervention village and Dejen, the control village. The quantitative data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and descriptive statistics and the qualitative data were coded manually according to key phrases: cultural traditions, nutrition perceptions and prenatal nutrition education access. Result Findings indicated that the information on portion sizes had an overall positive effect on both maternal nutrition knowledge and maternal nutrition attitudes, supporting the alternate hypothesis. With regards to the qualtiative data, the focus groups in the post-testing phase had promoted more awareness on the importance of adequate rest, portion sizes, and eating one extra meal per day throughout pregnancy in the intervention village. Conclusion Key findings can also inform pregnant women, non pregnant women and health workers in Ethiopia about the importance of adequate prenatal nutrition to ensure healthy babies and mothers. This study has yielded critical evidence on prenatal nutrition education. Although the findings can be corroborated or refuted by other researchers in similar future research studies, the evidence has displayed how a community intervention on prenatal nutrition education can make a difference in the lives of poor and disadvantaged women.
Health, Risky Behaviour and the Value of Medical Innovation for Infectious Disease

We propose a dynamic framework to study the value of medical innovation in the context of infectious disease. We apply our framework to evaluate an HIV treatment breakthrough known as HAART. The model captures how, in lowering both the expected cost and likelihood of HIV infection, HAART reduced the implicit price of risky sex. Forward-looking agents responded by optimally shifting their behaviour. The model also imposes equilibrium constraints, explicitly capturing how optimal shifts in behaviour affect equilibrium choices by changing both infection probabilities and the ease of finding partners willing to engage in risky sex. Using the estimated model, we conduct counterfactual simulations to compute the value of HAART from the perspective of uninfected agents. This includes the option value of the innovation along with value accruing from changes in sex behaviour in response to HAART introduction. We also calculate the added value of a fully functional vaccine from the perspective of both infected and uninfected agents, where infected agents benefit from a vaccine due to resulting shifts in market equilibrium.
Abstract W MP7: Good Outcomes After Endovascular Therapy For Ischemic Stroke In Octogenarians Are Consistently Present If Final Infarct Volume Is Less Than 20 Cubic Centimeters

Background and Purpose: Octogenarians are thought to have uniformly poor outcomes following endovascular therapy for stroke. We sought to verify whether this contention hold true when low final infarct volumes (FIV) are achieved following endovascular reperfusion. Methods: Retrospective analysis of an acute stroke endovascular database. Inclusion criteria: age ≥ 80, anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke, available outcomes and post procedural MRI allowing for FIV analysis. Results: A total of 1298 patients were identified of which 192 (15%) were octogenarians. Of those 95 with available brain MRI and follow up data were included. Baseline: Median age: 83, female: 67%, median admission NIHSS: 16.4, and median time to treatment: 4.7 hours. Occlusion location: M1 in 71 (73%), M2 in 7 (7%), ICA terminus in 17 (17%), and tandem occlusions in 9 (8.8%) of cases. Atrial fibrillation was found in 57% of cases. Median ASPECTS: 9. Successful recanalization rate (TICI 2b, 3) was achieved in 74%, with a favorable outcome (mRS 0-2) in 23 patients (24%). Median FIV was 38.4 cc (mean 72.2 cc). In patients with favorable outcome, median FIV was 15 cc (interquartile range- IQR 2.4 to 24.5 cc), versus 55.8 cc (IQR 21.1 to 120.5 cc), p=0.0007 in patients with poor outcomes. In 31 patients (32.5%), the FIV was 20 cc achieved favorable outcome, p=0.001. Mean ASPECTS in patients with FIV of 20 cc, p=0.0013. In multivariate analysis, predictors of good outcome included FIV of < 20 cc (odds ratio (OR) 6.6, 95% CI 1.4-27.1), successful recanalization (OR 15.9, 95% CI 1.4 to 1.9), but not age, admission NIHSS, time to treatment or occlusion location. Conclusions: Final infarct volumes of < 20 cc after endovascular acute stroke intervention in octogenarians are associated nearly half of the times with good outcomes while larger final infarcts rarely result in good outcomes. Different baseline infarct thresholds may be necessary when selecting octogenarians vs younger stroke patients for endovascular therapy.
Uncertainty and Competition for Investors’ Capital in Private Equity Fundraising

This paper utilizes a two-stage, n-firm differentiated products framework to examine the effects of competition for investors' capital and uncertainty in private equity fundraising. In the first stage, a firm must decide when to raise capital in an environment with uncertain market size. Firms electing to raise capital subsequently compete in quantities, though they are unsure of the total amount they will be able to raise. Analytical, closed-form results are used to explain empirical data and provide recommendations to private equity firms and investors.
Diel Activity Cycles in Nymphal Stadia of the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Computerized moving-image analysis was used to determine movement behavior of individual German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), nymphs (second and fifth instars) between food, water, and harborage resource sites. Both second and fifth instars (n = 10) were examined for the entire nymphal stadium, during which a 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod was maintained. In addition, corresponding resource consumption rates for these nymphal stages also were determined. Both nymphal stages exhibited a pattern of high activity for the first half of the nymphal stadium, especially during each scotophase. For the last third of the stadium, the nymphs remained continuously in the harborage, moved very little, and consumed little or no resources. We discuss implications of these findings regarding control, future research, and possible hormonal behavior regulation.
Identification, Prevention, and Management of Childhood Overweight and Obesity in a Pediatric Primary Care Center:

Background In the United States, overweight/obesity among youth has reached epidemic proportions. The purpose of this project was to (1) examine primary care provider adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines; (2) compare adherence based on patients' weight classification, age, race, and gender; and (3) identify areas for improvement in health care delivery. Methods A retrospective chart audit and feedback quality improvement project was conducted with a stratified random sample of 175 charts of 6- to 19-year-olds seen for well-child visits. Frequencies of provider adherence were reported. χ(2) Analyses of weight classification, age, race, or gender influence on adherence was calculated. Results After discussion with the primary care providers, 5 areas were identified as priorities for change (diagnosis based on BMI, parental history of obesity, sleep assessment, endocrine assessment, and attendance of patients at the follow-up visit). Conclusion Cost-efficient, feasible strategies to improve provider adherence to recommendations for identification, prevention and management of childhood overweight and obesity were identified.
Primary osteomyelitis caused by hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae

Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most clinically relevant species of this genus, known to cause both community-acquired and nosocomial infections worldwide. In the past two decades, a distinct hypervirulent strain of K pneumoniae, characterised by its hypermucoviscous phenotype, has emerged as a clinically significant pathogen responsible for highly invasive infections. We present a case of osteomyelitis due to hypervirulent K pneumoniae reported in the USA. Genomic testing of the K pneumoniae isolate was performed due to the striking clinical presentation of the infection as well as the hypermucoid nature of the isolates, raising the suspicion for possible infection with the hypervirulent strain. Whole-genome sequencing and additional PCR testing demonstrated the isolate to be a K1 serotype, sequence type 23 strain expressing rmpA and rmpA2. Given the multiple reports of this pathogen causing invasive infections, clinicians should be aware of the possible presentation of metastatic and severe infection, including osteomyelitis, due to the hypervirulent strain of K pneumoniae not typical of classic K pneumoniae variants. In this Grand Round, we review the clinical features of hypervirulent K pneumoniae and its link to invasive infections, and discuss the need for improved awareness and identification of the pathogen.
Assessing and Communicating the Risks and Benefits of Community Participation in Urban Agriculture

The prospects and promise for urban agriculture to help improve access to healthy foods, foster productive community collaborations, create opportunities for economic development, and even beautify city environs are great. The wave of renewed excitement in urban agriculture is capturing the hearts and minds of home gardeners, entrepreneurs, researchers, educators and their pupils, community organizations, and policy-makers alike – and, as can be seen throughout the volumes of this text, positive impacts are being made across the country.
COOPERATIVE LEARNING IN OLD AGE: INSTRUCTION AND ASSESSMENT

Grandparent education classes have been demonstrated to improve intergenemtional relationships. These classes are offered at public schools, senior centers, community colleges, and religious institutions, but no previous efforts have been made to explore how such programs could be modified to match the needs of great‐grandparents, who represent the fastest growing segment of the population. Twenty white women and men from a long‐term care center were trained to guide classes for their peers on intergenerational relationships. The 77‐ to 91‐year‐olds worked in pairs offering lessons to 45 fellow residents each week during two semesters. Throughout the pilot project, biweekly meetings were held with the indigenous faculty to acquaint them with methods of cooperative learning, implications of lessons, and ways to conduct informal assessment. Reports from participating students and the resident faculty, observations of the university team, and anecdotal evidence showed that the novel methods used to deliver i...
Penetration of Nylon Ballistic Panels by Fragment-Simulating Projectiles1: Part I: A Linear Approximation to the Relationship between the Square of the V50 or Vc Striking Velocity and the Number of Layers of Cloth in the Ballistic Panel

The main purpose of this report is to present an analysis of the ballistic behavior of the fragment-simulating projectile (FSP)-nylon cloth system. For a set of Vc determinations, plots of Vr versu...
Experimental Analysis of Repeatability and Calibration Residuals in On-Wafer Non-Contact Probing

We experimentally demonstrate the repeatability performance of non-contact probes for millimeter-wave (mmW) and terahertz (THz)-frequency on-wafer device characterization under typical laboratory settings. Akin to conventional contact probe measurements, the leading contribution to the overall uncertainty of non-contact measurements in mmW and THz bands is due to mechanical alignment repeatability that cannot be removed through on-wafer calibration. Nevertheless, measurement uncertainty for non-contact probes studied here through one-port and two-port measurements conducted in 140–750 GHz bands demonstrate excellent S-parameter measurement repeatability, as predicted by full-wave simulations, and is limited only by instrumentation drift.
Liver histology and diffusion‐weighted MRI in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A MAGNET study

Purpose To determine potential associations between histologic features of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and estimated quantitative magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) parameters. Materials and Methods This prospective, cross-sectional study was performed as part of the Magnetic Resonance Assessment Guiding NAFLD Evaluation and Treatment (MAGNET) ancillary study to the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN). Sixty-four children underwent a 3T DWI scan (b-values: 0, 100, and 500 s/mm2) within 180 days of a clinical liver biopsy of the right hepatic lobe. Three parameters were estimated in the right hepatic lobe: apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), diffusivity (D), and perfusion fraction (F); the first assuming exponential decay and the latter two assuming biexponential intravoxel incoherent motion. Grading and staging of liver histology were done using the NASH CRN scoring system. Associations between histologic scores and DWI-estimated parameters were tested using multivariate linear regression. Results Estimated means ± standard deviations were: ADC: 1.3 (0.94–1.8) × 10−3 mm2/s; D: 0.82 (0.56–1.0) × 10−3 mm2/s; and F: 17 (6.0–28)%. Multivariate analyses showed ADC and D decreased with steatosis and F decreased with fibrosis (P < 0.05). Associations between DWI-estimated parameters and other histologic features were not significant: ADC: fibrosis (P = 0.12), lobular inflammation (P = 0.20), portal inflammation (P = 0.27), hepatocellular inflammation (P = 0.29), NASH (P = 0.30); D: fibrosis (P = 0.34), lobular inflammation (P = 0.84), portal inflammation (P = 0.76), hepatocellular inflammation (P = 0.38), NASH (P = 0.81); F: steatosis (P = 0.57), lobular inflammation (P = 0.22), portal inflammation (P = 0.42), hepatocellular inflammation (P = 0.59), NASH (P = 0.07). Conclusion In children with NAFLD, steatosis and fibrosis have independent effects on DWI-estimated parameters ADC, D, and F. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of these effects. Level of Evidence: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017.
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Stomach

Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are classified into three types. Type I gastric NETs are associated with chronic atrophic gastritis. They have a good prognosis and endoscopic resection is the mainstay of treatment. Type II gastric NETs are caused by hypergastrinemia. They have a poorer prognosis, and resection is required to control the disease. Endoscopic versus surgical resection is recommended for the gastric lesion. Type III gastric NETs are sporadic and not associated with any specific condition. They have the worst prognosis with the highest rate of metastatic disease, and oncologic resection is recommended. Medical therapies have some role.
Skeletal muscle PGC-1β signaling is sufficient to drive an endurance exercise phenotype and to counteract components of detraining in mice.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α and -1β serve as master transcriptional regulators of muscle mitochondrial functional capacity and are capable of enhancing muscle endurance when overexpressed in mice. We sought to determine whether muscle-specific transgenic overexpression of PGC-1β affects the detraining response following endurance training. First, we established and validated a mouse exercise-training-detraining protocol. Second, using multiple physiological and gene expression end points, we found that PGC-1β overexpression in skeletal muscle of sedentary mice fully recapitulated the training response. Lastly, PGC-1β overexpression during the detraining period resulted in partial prevention of the detraining response. Specifically, an increase in the plateau at which O2 uptake (Vo2) did not change from baseline with increasing treadmill speed [peak Vo2 (ΔVo2max)] was maintained in trained mice with PGC-1β overexpression in muscle 6 wk after cessation of training. However, other detraining responses, including changes in running performance and in situ half relaxation time (a measure of contractility), were not affected by PGC-1β overexpression. We conclude that while activation of muscle PGC-1β is sufficient to drive the complete endurance phenotype in sedentary mice, it only partially prevents the detraining response following exercise training, suggesting that the process of endurance detraining involves mechanisms beyond the reversal of muscle autonomous mechanisms involved in endurance fitness. In addition, the protocol described here should be useful for assessing early-stage proof-of-concept interventions in preclinical models of muscle disuse atrophy.
Performance study on evacuated tubular collector coupled solar still in West Texas climate

Experimental study was performed on a single basin active solar distillation system augmented with a solar collector using evacuated solar tubes. Field tests were conducted over several days under the climatic conditions of West Texas to evaluate the effect evacuated solar tubes have on the daily distillate yield rate. To investigate the feasibility of the solar tubes, active and passive solar stills with and without exterior insulation were examined. The maximum daily production rate for the active distillation system using evacuated solar tubes and the passive distillation system was 3.6 and 1.4 kg/m ²day, respectively. The results showed the augmentation of the still with evacuated solar tubes increased its production capacity by a factor of 2.63. It also increased the maximum temperature of the water in the still basin by at least 20 °C. Economic analysis shows that it is feasible to use evacuated tubular collector coupled solar still as an alternative means for reclaiming water in farmlands with a payback period of approximately 6 years.
Attributions of Blame in a Hypothetical Child Sexual Abuse Case: Roles of Behavior Problems and Frequency of Abuse:

Youth who are blamed for their sexual abuse may experience increased negative outcomes, such as amplified self-blame. Similarly, blaming nonoffending parents can impede their ability to support their child following disclosure. Understanding the factors that influence how people perceive victim, caregiver, and perpetrator responsibility is imperative for the protection and treatment of families who have experienced sexual abuse. Little research has explored victim and abuse characteristics that influence the perception of sexual abuse. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine the roles of behavior problems and frequency of abuse in the attribution of blame in a hypothetical sexual abuse case. In addition, the relationship between several respondent characteristics and assignment of responsibility were explored as secondary aims. The study used a two (behavior problems: three suspensions in one school semester vs. no mention of behavior problems) by two (one abuse occurrence vs. five abuse occurrences) between-subjects design. Seven hundred forty-two participants read one of the four child sexual abuse (CSA) vignettes and completed measures related to responsibility. ANOVAs revealed those who read a vignette where the youth experienced multiple abuse incidents rated the victim as more responsible regardless of whether or not the youth was described as having behavior problems. Results indicate that respondents may have attributed more blame to the victim due to the belief that she could have done something to stop the abuse after the first incident. The abuse frequency manipulation when combined with the behavior manipulation appeared to relate to how respondents perceived the victim's parents. Males and younger respondents attributed more blame to the victim; however, sexual abuse or assault history did not associate with victim responsibility ratings. Clinical and research implications were discussed.
Climate-simulated raceway pond culturing: quantifying the maximum achievable annual biomass productivity of Chlorella sorokiniana in the contiguous USA

Chlorella sorokiniana (DOE 1412) emerged as one of the most promising microalgae strains from the NAABB consortium project and was found to have a remarkable doubling time under optimal conditions of 2.57 h−1. However, its maximum achievable annual biomass productivity in outdoor ponds in the contiguous USA has not yet been demonstrated. In order to address this knowledge gap, this alga was cultured in indoor LED-lighted and temperature-controlled raceways in nutrient replete freshwater (BG-11) medium at pH 7 under conditions simulating the daily sunlight intensity and water temperature fluctuations during three seasons in Southern Florida, an optimal outdoor pond culture location for this organism identified by prior biomass growth modeling. Prior strain characterization indicated that the average maximum specific growth rate (μ max) at 36 °C declined continuously with pH, with μ max corresponding to 5.92, 5.83, 4.89, and 4.21 day−1 at pH 6, 7, 8, and 9, respectively. In addition, the maximum specific growth rate declined nearly linearly with increasing salinity until no growth was observed above 35 g L−1 NaCl. In the climate-simulated culturing studies, the volumetric ash-free dry weight-based biomass productivities during the linear growth phase were 57, 69, and 97 mg L−1 day−1 for 30-year averaged light and temperature simulations for January (winter), March (spring), and July (summer), respectively, which correspond to average areal productivities of 11.6, 14.1, and 19.9 g m−2 day−1. The photosynthetic efficiencies (PAR) in these three climate-simulated pond culturing experiments ranged from 4.1 to 5.1%. The annual biomass productivity was estimated as ca. 15 g m−2 day−1, nearly double the US Department of Energy (DOE) 2015 State of Technology annual cultivation productivity of 8.5 g m−2 day−1, but still well below the projected DOE 2022 target of ca. 25 g m−2 day−1 required for economic microalgal biofuel production, indicating the need for additional research.
Physician, Interrupted: Workflow Interruptions and Patient Care in the Emergency Department

Abstract Background It is unclear how workflow interruptions impact emergency physicians at the point of care. Objectives Our study aimed to evaluate interruption characteristics experienced by academic emergency physicians. Methods This prospective, observational study collected interruptions during attending physician shifts. An interruption is defined as any break in performance of a human activity that briefly requires attention. One observer captured interruptions using a validated tablet PC-based tool that time stamped and categorized the data. Data collected included: 1) type, 2) priority of interruption to original task, and 3) physical location of the interruption. A Kruskal-Wallis H test compared interruption priority and duration. A chi-squared analysis examined the priority of interruptions in and outside of the patient rooms. Results A total of 2355 interruptions were identified across 210 clinical hours and 28 shifts (means = 84.1 interruptions per shift, standard deviation = 14.5; means = 11.21 interruptions per hour, standard deviation = 4.45). Physicians experienced face-to-face physician interruptions most frequently (26.0%), followed by face-to-face nurse communication (21.7%), and environment (20.8%). There was a statistically significant difference in interruption duration based on the interruption priority, χ2(2) = 643.98, p Conclusions Our study examined interruptions over entire provider shifts and identified patient rooms as high risk for low-priority interruptions. Targeting provider-centered interventions to patient rooms may aid in mitigating the impacts of interruptions on patient safety and enhancing clinical care.
Police Enforcement of Street Prostitution as a Quality-of-Life Offense: New York City, United States, and Frankfurt am Main, Germany

ABSTRACTThe present paper compares how police in Hunts Point, South Bronx, New York City and Frankfurt am Main Germany manage street prostitution as a quality-of-life offense. Methods utilized for this research include observation and “conversation” in public spaces with prostitutes, police, and community members. This paper deals with characteristics of street prostitutes, police enforcement, actual interaction between police and street actors, and impact of these methods on prostitutes. For decades, broken windows policing has been utilized to counter quality-of-life offenses in urban neighborhoods such as NYC, and evidence regarding its effectiveness has often been questioned. In attempts to address prostitution, two variant policing models were identified and examined through the framework of broken windows theory: Punitive/Criminalization Policing and Containment/Laissez-Faire Policing. Broken windows policing probably lowered the incidence of quality-of-life offenses including street prostitution. H...
New antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia.

Purpose of reviewThis review provides the rationale for the development of new antibiotics to treat community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). It also provides an overview of the new antibiotics targeting CAP that have recently received approval by the regulatory agencies, and those antibiotics that are in