cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low Thrust Missions

The limitations of conventional chemical propulsion for missions to the outer planets, comets, and asteroids were illustrated in Table 5.2 of the previous chapter. An alternative approach to the use of swingby manoeuvres is to exploit the very high specific impulses that can be achieved through the use of electric propulsion, eg. exhaust velocities the order of 30 km/s instead of about 3 km/s associated with chemical propellants. The source of the electrical energy can be either solar (solar electric propulsion SEP) or nuclear (nuclear electric propulsion NEP). As a result of the diminishing power of the Sun with distance, SEP is not useful beyond about 5 AU from the Sun. Nuclear energy generation is of course independent of the Sun but has unfortunately become less attractive in recent years due to an influential Earth-bound environmental lobby.
Rapidly Progressive Skin Disease in a Patient with Diffuse Systemic Sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma, SSc) is a disease of unknown etiology characterized clinically by thickening of the skin and various degrees of internal organ fibrosis. The extent of skin involvement is instrumental in classifying patients within the SSc spectrum: diffuse, limited, or sine scleroderma. Traditionally, patients with diffuse scleroderma have a worse prognosis with the extent and speed of skin involvement correlating well with global disease severity. Particular attention needs to be paid to a distinct subgroup of SSc patients characterized by rapidly progressive skin involvement and anti-topoisomerase I antibodies since they are at an increased risk for end organ damage leading to higher mortality and cases with anti-RNA pol III that are at particular risk of scleroderma renal crisis. Skin involvement can be measured using the modified Rodnan skin score (MRSS). The current skin-focused therapies are of marginal efficacy at best, and disease modifying agents used to target the disease as a whole have unpredictable effects on the skin involvement. Knowledge of skin involvement in SSc is expanding as interventional clinical trials generally use skin biopsy findings and MRSS as outcome measures. When faced with a patient experiencing rapid involvement of new areas of the skin and worsening of the previously involved skin, the challenge is to monitor for new internal organ involvement while implementing measures to prevent long-term disability: weekly home blood pressure monitoring, vigorous occupational and physical therapy, pain relief and balanced nutrition.
Radical Reactions of Silanes

Silicon, after oxygen the most abundant element in the earth’s crust (28% by weight), has deservedly an equally abundant chemistry.1 Although obscured somewhat by the shadow of its congener carbon and its overwhelming array of transformations, the chemistry of silicon has been an ever-increasing area of importance. Two astounding reactions, the “direct synthesis” of halosilanes (1945)2 and the transition-metal-complex-catalyzed “hydrosilylation” process (1957),3 opened the door to organosilicon chemistry especially, even though the subject dates back considerably prior to them both.4 Direct synthesis made the silicones5 commercially available, and one need not elaborate on the significance of that achievement. Hydrosilylation made thousands of new organosilanes available,6 which in turn led exponentially to their further exploitation.
Cyberbullying detection on instagram with optimal online feature selection

Cyberbullying has emerged as a large-scale societal problem that demands accurate methods for its detection in an effort to mitigate its detrimental consequences. While automated, data-driven techniques for analyzing and detecting cyberbullying incidents have been developed, the scalability of existing approaches has largely been ignored. At the same time, the complexities underlying cyberbullying behavior (e.g., social context and changing language) make the automatic identification of "the best subset of features" to use challenging. We address this gap by formulating cyberbullying detection as a sequential hypothesis testing problem. Based on this formulation, we propose a novel algorithm to drastically reduce the number of features used in classification. We demonstrate the utility, scalability and responsiveness of our approach using a real-world dataset from Instagram, the online social media platform with the highest percentage of users reporting experiencing cyberbullying. Our approach improves recall by a staggering 700%, while at the same time reducing the average number of features by up to 99.82% compared to state-of-the-art supervised cyberbullying detection methods, learning approaches that require weak supervision, and traditional offline feature selection and dimensionality reduction techniques.
Ultrafiltration for management of fluid overload in patients with heart failure

Heart failure is the number one cause of death in the United States and a significant burden to the healthcare system. One of the primary complications of heart failure is fluid overload, for which current treatments are limited. Medical therapy is first-line; however, rates of diuretic insensitivity are high, medications are not easily titrated, and they do not address the underlying physiologic derangement that leads to hypervolemia. Removal of isotonic fluid via hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis is an understudied but promising therapy that enables decongestion without maladaptive stimulation of fluid retention pathways. Published studies report conflicting data on long-term outcomes of ultrafiltration but reach consensus on greater and more durable volume reduction with ultrafiltration than conventional medical therapy. These studies are noteworthy for their neglect to standardize both patient selection and fluid removal protocol, which likely contribute to outcome variation. Novel technology in preclinical testing includes implantable ultrafiltration, which has potential to treat volume overload while minimizing the adverse effects associated with conventional hemofiltration. We performed a literature review of English-language studies on hemo- and peritoneal filtration for management of fluid overload in congestive heart failure. Also included is a discussion of the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure and first-line management as well as emerging technologies for ultrafiltration.
Late Migration of an Adjustable-Loop Cortical Suspension Device in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

A unique case of late migration of an adjustable-loop femoral fixation button utilized during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is presented. Imaging and physical examinations during the patient’s postoperative course were unremarkable for graft or hardware failure. Two years postoperatively, symptomatic hardware migration occurred requiring arthroscopic removal. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of late migration of an adjustable-loop femoral fixation button in ACL reconstruction. This case highlights that late loosening and migration of adjustable-loop femoral fixation devices in ACL reconstruction can occur despite demonstrated postoperative radiographic and clinical stability. Surgeons utilizing this fixation device should be aware of this potential complication to avoid delayed recognition and patient morbidity.
Stop the Bleed: A nurse-driven community outreach initiative

Introduction: As part of a national public health initiative, our Level I Trauma Center has committed to training the public in bleeding control (B-Con) as part of the Stop the Bleed (StB) campaign. Our primary objectives were for nurse-led teams to present course materials to people with no healthcare background and to evaluate the impact of this training by participants' perceived ability to respond to life-threatening bleeding. Methods: We initially launched trainings for hospital medical staff, followed by courses for community members, business entities, and academic institutions. Trainings consisted of a 30-minute lecture, followed by a skills session during which participants practiced wound compression, wound packing, and tourniquet application. Participants completed pre- and posttraining questionnaires to assess learning. Answers were scored on a five-point Likert scale. Results were entered into Qualtrics (Provo, UT). Results: A total of 345 laypersons attended 43 StB training sessions. Nurses participated as skills' instructors at 100% of the trainings. Sixty-one percent of participants had previous cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or first aid training, while 9% reported prior B-Con training. Seventy-three percent of participants reported increased confidence in responding to an emergency medical situation after training, and 86% reported increased confidence in their ability to stop someone from bleeding. Conclusion: Nurses are well equipped to teach healthcare topics in a community-based setting and represent an ideal instructor pool for the large-scale implementation of StB. Given the positive impact of this program, nurses should continue to play a crucial role in growing this nationwide hemorrhage control campaign. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Practice-based learning and improvement, Communication skills, and Medical knowledge.
The development of a structurally distinct series of BACE1 inhibitors via the (Z)-fluoro-olefin amide bioisosteric replacement.

Abstract The (Z)-fluoro-olefin amide bioisosteric replacement is an effective tool for addressing various shortcomings of the parent amide. In an effort to fine tune ADME properties of BACE1 preclinical candidate AM-6494, a series of structurally distinct (Z)-fluoro-olefin containing analogs was developed that culminated in compound 15. Herein, we detail design considerations, synthetic challenges, structure activity relationship (SAR) studies, and in vivo properties of an advanced compound in this novel series of BACE1 inhibitors.
Drug-induced sleep endoscopy: techniques, interpretation and implications.

Purpose of review The purpose of this article is to highlight recent advances in the burgeoning field of drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE). Recent findings One of the first studies to investigate the correlation of DISE findings and natural sleep endoscopy found good agreement in clinically significant obstruction. Previous studies have shown good agreement of DISE findings with the use of different sedative agents implying that the choice of sedative may not be crucial. However, recent studies show variable patterns of collapse, especially at the tongue base, with the use of different sedative agents. A universally accepted classification scheme for drug-induced sleep endoscopy is lacking. A new DISE classification system, termed Palate, Tonsils, Lateral pharyngeal wall, Tongue base, Epiglottis, was introduced this year with the noted advantage of being able to better differentiate between clinically relevant tonsillar and lateral pharyngeal wall collapse. Despite recent advances in the field, there remains no general consensus that DISE findings predict surgical success but may aid in the identification of patients who will respond well to oral appliance therapy. Summary Drug-induced sleep endoscopy is a structure-based evaluation of the upper airway that more closely resembles the natural sleep state compared with awake evaluation.
Non-Perturbative Unitary Mixing of Bosonic Causal Spinors.

The fundamental fermion representations of causal spinor fields have previously been demonstrated to describe free Dirac fermions, as well as incorporate \emph{only} the observed degrees of freedom for local gauge invariance. In this paper, the first non-trivial boson representations of causal spinors will be presented. The general unitary mixing of degenerate bosonic spinors will be developed, and then applied to electro-weak bosons satisfying appropriate kinematic constraints. The resulting mass ratios are seen to be consistent with reported measured values for these bosons.
Dysphonia and dysphagia as early manifestations of autoimmune inflammatory myopathy

Abstract Purpose While dysphagia is a recognized manifestation of autoimmune inflammatory myopathy, a relationship between myositis and dysphonia or laryngeal pathology is not well-documented. We therefore sought to describe the spectrum of laryngeal disorders present in myositis patients, evaluate whether any specific conditions are overrepresented among these patients compared to a large treatment-seeking population, and examine the clinical course and outcomes of these symptoms. Materials and methods This was a retrospective chart review, including all patients seen at the Johns Hopkins Voice Center between January 2016 and December 2017. Demographic data, comorbidities, and laryngeal diagnoses were extracted from the electronic medical record. The charts of patients with myositis were reviewed further to ascertain details of their laryngeal symptoms and myositis disease course. Associations between myositis and dysphonia/dysphagia were evaluated using binary regression and multinomial logistic regression models to adjust for age, sex, race, and smoking status. Results Of 4252 patients, sixteen had myositis. Compared to 4236 controls, these patients had significantly higher odds of presenting with muscular voice disorders (adjusted odds ratio (OR*) = 4.503, p* = 0.005) and dysphagia (OR* = 6.823, p* Conclusions Muscular voice disorders and dysphagia are significantly overrepresented in myositis patients presenting to a laryngology clinic, and in these patients, both are frequently among the presenting symptoms of myositis.
An Approach to Addressing Trainee Burnout: Revising Fellow Shift Scheduling in the Intensive Care Unit

Introduction: Rotating shift patterns and night shifts are associated with fatigue and sleep deprivation, which in turn contribute to burnout. The aim of this quality improvement initiative at Mayo Clinic Rochester critical care fellowship programs was to implement a new critical care fellow shift schedule in the medical intensive care unit while evaluating the impact on self-reported burnout scores. Materials and Methods: Focus groups of fellows weighed pros and cons of the existing schedule and selected a revision of the schedule in which night shifts were grouped into blocks with limited frequency and incorporated a recovery period. Baseline self-reported burnout amongst critical care fellows was assessed using an abbreviated Maslach burnout inventory (MBI) screening questionnaire and re-evaluated at the end of the implementation period. Results: At baseline, 33 of 45 (73%) fellows responded to a survey with the abbreviated Maslach Burnout Index questionnaire. Median (IQR) scores for each of the domains were 10 (6-12) emotional exhaustion, 3 (1-9) depersonalization, and 15 (13-17) personal accomplishment. For the post-intervention survey, 17 out of 24 (71%) responded. The median (IQR) score for critical care internal medicine and pulmonary and critical care fellows was 7 (4-11), P=.06 and 9 (7-11), P=0.5 for emotional exhaustion; 3 (0-6), P=.07 and 5 (0-11), P=1.0 for depersonalization score; and 16 (11-17), P=.31 and 15 (12-17), P=.75 for personal accomplishment score. Discussion: Reducing the number of day-night rotations, incorporating a scheduled recovery period, and limiting the number of recurrent consecutive nights resulted in a trend towards improvement of self-reported burnout amongst critical care fellows.
Abstract 2488: Elucidating the role of G0S2 in breast cancer

Breast cancer has the second-highest cancer mortality rate for women in the United States. There are effective therapies available and a growing list of biomarkers for prognosis. However, new breast cancer targets are critically needed for patients refractory to available therapies. The present study evaluates the role of gap 0 switch 2 (G0S2), in breast cancer. Using online databases, we observed G0S2 expression is downregulated in patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer and patients with high G0S2 expression have a lower rate of relapse after treatment. Previously, our lab showed G0S2 overexpression in ER+ breast cancer cell lines resulted in decreased proliferation. Further knockout of G0S2 in murine embryonic fibroblast resulted in higher oncogenic transformation and resistance to mTOR inhibitors. These results suggest that G0S2 has a tumor suppressive function in ER+ breast cancer. To test whether G0S2 has a role in ER-negative breast cancer global knockout of G0S2 was engineered in the ER-negative MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse model. Slower tumor progression and decreased lung metastasis was observed in G0S2-null transgenic females compared to wild-type transgenic females. These data suggest that the role of G0S2 in breast cancer in dependent on ER-status, where G0S2 functions as a tumor suppressor in ER-positive breast cancer and a tumor promoter in ER-negative breast cancer. Molecular and genetic studies manipulating G0S2 and ER in various breast cancer contexts are ongoing and will help elucidate that precise role of G0S2 in breast cancer and provide clarity on the potential of G0S2 as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target. Citation Format: Andrea K. Corbet, Emmanuel Bikorimana, Ratnakar Singh, Zeeshan Fazal, Raya I. Boyd, Sarah Freemantle, Michael J. Spinella. Elucidating the role of G0S2 in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2488.
On the Equivalent Circuit Model of a 3D-Printed Conductive Electrifi Transmission Line on a Flexible NinjaFlex Substrate

Determining the equivalent circuit to model the behavior of a device is a very useful tool in electrical engineering. With new materials becoming available to be used in RF and microwave applications, characterization of devices manufactured with these materials is continually being developed. This paper presents an approach to deriving a unit cell model that can approximate the behavior of an Electrifi based transmission line on a flexible substrate using a 3D printed NjnjaFlex filament. A combination of empirical and theoretical approaches are used here and results are validated via a simulation and a measured prototype.
Modeling transpiration in synthetic trees

Abstract Synthetic trees mimic the transpiration cycle of natural trees by connecting a reservoir and conduits to wetted nanopores that exhibit a negative Laplace pressure during evaporation. Here, we develop a comprehensive theoretical model of transpiration for synthetic trees comprised of a vertically-oriented tube array connected at the top to a nanoporous synthetic leaf. Our model illustrates that when the leaf is exposed to a convective gas flow, the diffusive boundary layer is negligible and the ambient humidity directly prescribes the negative Laplace pressure of water in the leaf. The resulting capillary-driven transpiration rate up the tree is then a function of both the Laplace pressure, which sets the hydraulic load, and the tree geometry, which sets the hydraulic resistance. Conversely, when the leaf is exposed to an atmospheric environment, it is the evaporation rate and tree geometry that prescribe the necessary Laplace pressure to conserve mass. Matching the Laplace and Kelvin pressures at the menisci results in a local humidity that differs from the ambient, such that a diffusive boundary layer necessarily forms. Our model also accounts for the dynamic evolution of the menisci, in particular their ability to tune their contact angle and, when necessary, partially retreat into the nanopores to self-stabilize. Over a wide variety of tree geometries and ambient conditions, we identify when the transpiration rate is evaporation-limited versus pressure-limited (bottlenecked by the leaf’s maximum Laplace pressure). These findings should inform the design and development of next-generation synthetic trees with applications in water extraction and solar steam generation.
Strategic Legal Writing

1. Prayer at the athletic banquet 2. How to draft a complaint 3. Terminating Professor Melton 4. How to draft a motion 5. Mr Blaustein's gift 6. How to respond to a motion 7. Counseling Dean Covelli 8. How to draft a judicial opinion 9. Advising Professor Melton 10. How to draft a motion for summary judgment.
Correlation of Spinal cord and CSF biomarkers to Clinical and Radiological Measures of CNS injury in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis (P2.198)

OBJECTIVE: To develop biomarkers relevant to inflammatory, demyelinating CNS injury in the Theiler9s encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) model of MS by correlating gene expression in the spinal cord and CSF with MRI and clinical measures of spinal cord injury. BACKGROUND: A major gap in our understanding of MS is a lack of information about the pathogenesis of demyelination and axonal injury that are the pathological hallmarks of the disease. This has led to the lack of availability of useful clinical biomarkers of inflammation and disease. The TMEV-IDD model of MS reproduces both the progressive spastic disability and the pathology of MS, and thus serves as an ideal model to improve our understanding of mechanisms of CNS injury in MS. DESIGN/METHODS: We used gene expression measures of spinal cord tissue and CSF to correlate potential biomarkers to spinal cord injury as measured by MRI (T2 and diffusion tensor imaging) and Rotarod. SJL/J mice with TMEV-IDD with varying levels of clinical disease and anti-TMEV antibodies in the serum were serially imaged using a 9.4T horizontal bore small animal MRI scanner. Mice were then necropsied; blood, CSF, and spinal cord tissue were obtained. Gene expression of a range of host and viral proteins were analyzed by real time RT-PCR for mRNA of tissue, and multiplex bioassay for proteins in the CSF. Correlation was then performed between potential biomarkers and MRI and Rotarod. RESULTS: A number of potential biomarkers, including molecules upregulated in CNS antibody production, were identified using this approach. Many of these potential biomarkers are classified as innate immune molecules. CONCLUSIONS: Correlation of CNS tissue and CSF biomarkers to clinical and MRI measures of disease in the spinal cord in TMEV-IDD represents a sound approach to development of clinically useful biomarkers in MS. Disclosure: Dr. Pachner has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Novartis, Pfizer Inc., Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Genzyme, and EMD Serono. Dr. Gilli has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gimi has nothing to disclose.
Temporality in Psychosis: Loss of Lived Time in an Alien World

This article presents a model of the temporal structure of psychic life. Time is a rule-guided process. A person's psychic life, too, yields to an examination of necessary and regulated operations. To outline both the regular and the modified perception of time within psychic life, Sigmund Freud's model of the drive interaction is brought to bear on Jacques Marie Emile Lacan's understanding of psychosis. Both Freud's and Lacan's findings are explained with an eye on the temporal dimension of the psyche, temporal modifications manifested in states of psychotic delusion, and the role of time for one's meaningful engagement with the world. Psychic time is nonlinear. The future, the past, and the present must be engaged simultaneously, albeit not in the same way, to yield the sense of temporal fullness. For Freud, the cooperative functioning of the drives accounts for the sustainment of the lucid psychic life, whereas modifications in the drives’ interactions signal psychic disturbances. Lacan (1955/1993) str...
Fast rise-time magnetic field coil study

The preliminary design and testing of a fast magnetic field coil is reported. The present goal is a 3-cm-diameter coil that will produce a magnetic field that changes by roughly 3 kG within 100 ns. Its purpose is to impart a varying canonical angular momentum to an electron beam produced by a field-emission cathode, to stabilize the resistive hose instability. The present design consists of an underdamped LC circuit with a 100-ns quarter-period. The coil is a single turn to minimize inductance, which is about 70 nH. This requires an extremely low capacitance, with a charging voltage of about 4 kV to obtain a large enough peak current. Several problems may have to be overcome. Stray inductances and capacitances may significantly reduce the resonant frequency of the circuit; the inductance of the circuit may have to be reduced. The magnetic field may not penetrate sufficiently far or quickly into the diode region, because of either the geometry or plasma near the anode; the coil may have to be put into the diode region itself. Timing of the coil with respect to beam formation may be difficult; the fast coil circuit may have to be triggered by a signal directly from the pulse-forming line of the accelerator. >
Disruption of T-even Bacteriophages by Dimethyl Sulfoxide

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) disrupted T-even bacteriophages as well as lambda bacteriophage. The component substructures of T2L, T4B01, or T6, in particular heads, were readily isolated after treatment with 67% DMSO (v/v). In contrast, concentrations of DMSO above 50% not only separated heads from tails of bacteriophage lambda but led to degradation of the lambda heads. Examination of the isolated free heads of T-even bacteriophage indicated that a distinct neck substructure was attached to one apex of the head. On some free tails a similar neck substructure was also found at the proximal end of the sheath. The dimensions of this neck substructure were found to be about 130 by 180 A; by virtue of its size and morphological attachment to the free heads, it was concluded that this was a distinct substructure and not an extension of the tail tube.
Truth in Savings and the Failure of Legislative Methodology

The federal Truth in Savings Act (Truth in Savings) provides one example of failed legislative problem solving. On its face, Truth in Savings is a congressional attempt to solve constituents' problems. The statute, however, appears unlikely to resolve the issues presented to Congress and may even create new and unintended problems that will make matters worse. Truth in Savings, like many other legislative efforts, fails adequately to address constituents' problems because the methodology employed by legislative drafters suffers from a fundamental flaw - it has no built-in mechanism to define rigorously the problem being addressed. Without first identifying the problem, legislation stands little chance of providing an effective solution. This Article is divided into three parts. Part I presents a case study of Truth in Savings as a failed congressional attempt to solve a perceived problem. Part II examines the deficiencies in the problem-solving methodology employed in the legislative process that produced Truth in Savings. Finally, Part III discusses prospects for improving the methodology employed in the legislative process.
Evolutionary experiments with a fine-grained reconfigurable architecture for analog and digital CMOS circuits

The paper describes the architectural details of a fine-grained programmable transistor array (PTA) architecture and illustrates its use in evolutionary experiments on the synthesis of both analog and digital circuits. A PTA chip was built in CMOS to allow circuits obtained through evolutionary design using a simulated PTA to be immediately deployed and validated in hardware and, moreover, enables a benchmarking and comparison of evolutions carried out via simulations only (extrinsic evolution) with the chip-in-the-loop (intrinsic) evolutions. The evolution of an analog computational circuit and a logical inverter are presented. Synthesis by software evolution found several potential solutions satisfying the a priori constraints, however, only a fraction of these proved valid when ported to the hardware. The circuits evolved directly in hardware proved stable when ported to different chips. In either case, both software and hardware experiments indicate that evolution can be accelerated when gray-scale (as opposed to binary switches) were used to define circuit connectivity. Overall, only evolution directly in hardware appears to guarantee a valid solution.
Twenty-six chromosomal genes needed to maintain the killer double-stranded RNA plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The double-stranded RNA killer plasmid gives yeast strains carrying it both the ability to secrete a protein toxin and immunity to that toxin. This report describes a new series of mutants in chromsomal genes needed for killer plasmid maintenance (mak genes). These mutants comprise 12 complementation groups. There are a total of at least 26 mak genes. Each mak gene product is needed for plasmid maintenance in diploids as well as in haploids. None of these mak mutations prevent the killer plasmid from entering the mak- spores in the process of meiotic sporulation. Complementation between mak mutants can be performed by mating meiotic spores from a makx/+ plasmid-carrying diploid with a maky haploid. If x = y, about half the diploid clones formed lose the killer plasmid. If x ≠ y, complementation occurs, and all of the diploid clones are killers.
Population Distributions. II. Charge-Exchange Capture by Protons Incident Upon Ground-State Atoms

The ratios of the excited captures to the total captures have been computed for charge-exchange collision of protons incident upon each of the elements in their ground state. The calculations have been performed for incident proton energies of 5 to 140 keV and employing a simplified form of the Brinkman-Kramers matrix element. Generally speaking the extremes of behavior of the population distributions occur for charge-exchange collisions with the alkalis and with the inert gases; the population distributions for the other target elements fall smoothly within these extremes. The main variations of the population ratios and the primary trends for different target elements agree reasonably well with available experimental data.
Rating Offensive Words in Three Television Program Contexts

Renewed attention to the use of expletives on television has been spurred by several recent high-profile on-air incidents. This study investigates which words television viewers find most offensive in varying contexts: broadcast TV, cable, and premium channels. Results show significant differences in perceived offensiveness of words depending on the context in which words are heard. Male and female respondents, liberals and conservatives, and religious and nonreligious respondents also differ in their perceptions of the offensiveness of words spoken in prime time.
Coexpression of neurofilament and keratin proteins in cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma cells.

Abstract Four cases of neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECA) of the skin were studied by indirect immunofluorescence, using a monoclonal antikcratin antibody and a polyclonal anti-neurofilament antibody. Fifty to ninety percent and 80 to >95% of the NECA cells stained with the antineurofilament antibody and the antikeratin antibody, respectively. Using double-labeling indirect immunofluorescence we could also demonstrate that, in 3 cases studied, some of the NECA cells, but not all, stained with both antikcratin and antineurofilament antibodies. These results, together with the recent knowledge of the intermediate filament protein type of normal Merkel cells (MC), tend to support the hypothesis that NECA cells do not originate from epithelial MC but from dermal neuroendocrine cells. A dual concept of intraepithelial MC and extraepithelial intradermal neuroendocrine cells, "from possible distinct origin", is proposed. Such a system has already been suggested for the neuroendocrine cells of the appendix and bronchial mucosae.
Test of a Sliding Mode Controller for Trajectory Tracking of an Underactuated Surface Vessel

Sliding mode controller for trajectory tracking of a surface vessel is designed based on a 3DOF dynamic model. The model has six unknown parameters. For parameter identification, four special test scenarios are defined to isolate and identify one of the six parameters at a time. The identification tests are performed on a robotic boat which has an onboard PC104 computer and a navigation sensor providing vessel’s dynamic states in real-time. The data from experiments are used to determine the model parameters. A sliding mode controller is designed based on the identified model, and is implemented and tested on a real robotic boat. The experiments show the excellent performance of the controller.© 2011 ASME
Mining Heterogeneous Information Networks: Principles and Methodologies

Real-world physical and abstract data objects are interconnected, forming gigantic, interconnected networks. By structuring these data objects and interactions between these objects into multiple types, such networks become semi-structured heterogeneous information networks. Most real-world applications that handle big data, including interconnected social media and social networks, scientific, engineering, or medical information systems, online e-commerce systems, and most database systems, can be structured into heterogeneous information networks. Therefore, effective analysis of large-scale heterogeneous information networks poses an interesting but critical challenge. In this book, we investigate the principles and methodologies of mining heterogeneous information networks. Departing from many existing network models that view interconnected data as homogeneous graphs or networks, our semi-structured heterogeneous information network model leverages the rich semantics of typed nodes and links in a network and uncovers surprisingly rich knowledge from the network. This semi-structured heterogeneous network modeling leads to a series of new principles and powerful methodologies for mining interconnected data, including: (1) rank-based clustering and classification; (2) meta-path-based similarity search and mining; (3) relation strength-aware mining, and many other potential developments. This book introduces this new research frontier and points out some promising research directions. Table of Contents: Introduction / Ranking-Based Clustering / Classification of Heterogeneous Information Networks / Meta-Path-Based Similarity Search / Meta-Path-Based Relationship Prediction / Relation Strength-Aware Clustering with Incomplete Attributes / User-Guided Clustering via Meta-Path Selection / Research Frontiers
Accentuating the Positive

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons is the largest organization representing our specialty. At this time, escalating costs of medical care and the public demand for accountability have given rise to a number of issues that must be faced. The Society is in a position to lead the medical profession in addressing many of these issues. We must present a united front for our specialty and resolve problems involving our training programs, manpower, federal regulations regarding medical devices, and the Federal Trade Commission's position on advertising. Additionally, the organization must address the issue of a definition of physician competence as it relates to the certifying and recertifying process. Awareness of these problems by all members of the Society with the opportunity for open discussion is essential. It is vital that The Society of Thoracic Surgeons assume a visible positive position on these issues.
Large solid angle detector for charged particles from photodisintegration of light nuclei

Abstract A large solid angle detector has been built for measurements of the angular distributions of charged particles in photodisintegration reactions. The detector consists of a three-layered, cylindrical, multiwire proportional chamber surrounded by eight ΔE-E plastic scintillator pairs. The detector is described, along with its performance in two photodisintegration experiments and its calibration in a measurement of proton scattering from hydrogen.
Leader intelligence and task performance: A test of a multiple screen model☆

Abstract This paper proposes a model to explain the generally low and inconsistent correlations between leader intelligence and task performance. It postulates a series of screens of variable permeability which the leader's intellectual output must traverse before task performance can be affected. A field study of infantry squad leaders provides empirical support for this model.
A study of F2 region night-time vertical ionization fluxes at millstone hill

Abstract Vertical fluxes of ionization in the F 2 region have been measured by the incoherent scatter technique over Millstone Hill in 1969. The results obtained near midnight for the region above h max F 2 have been examined to determine whether there is a significant flux of ionization from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere that serves to maintain the F -layer. It is found that H + ions are a minor constituent over the altitude range in which useful measurements can be made, so that any conclusion must rest upon properly interpreting the observed O + fluxes. By selecting periods when the layer did not appear to be decaying rapidly it was hoped to find cases where the O + flux did not vary with altitude in the range 500 ⩽ h ⩽ 800 km (i.e. where losses are unimportant), since this would imply that the flux is of magnetospheric origin. While three cases exhibited this behaviour, the majority exhibited a decrease in the O + flux with height, indicating that the layer was descending. Attempts to correct for this were made, and the average flux from the magnetosphere was estimated as 3 × 10 7 el/cm 2 /sec. This is in fair agreement with other recent estimates, and implies that at this latitude the ionosphere is not maintained solely by the magnetospheric flux. Moreover, large increases in flux that could give rise to nocturnal increases in the total content of the layer do not appear to have been seen.
Planar Millimeter Wave Antennas With Application To Monolithic Receivers

A number of applications of millimeter waves can benefit from development of low-cost, planar antenna elements, which can be combined into either phased arrays or arrays with imaging properties. Such applications range from communication, navigation and battle-field passive and active systems to remote sensing and space science instrumentation. This paper discusses the general requirements on such planar antenna elements, with specific data for three examples: (i) the Vivaldi (tapered slot) antenna, (ii) printed dipole arrays, and (iii) planar slot arrays. It is shown that such elements can be used for both prime-focus paraboloids and Cassegrain systems, with excellent aperture efficiency and beam efficiency, with the potential number of elements in the hundreds. In order to be optimally useful, planar antennas should be suitable for integration with receiver elements, i.e. mixer diodes and IF-amplifiers. It seems feasible to construct monolithic versions of these arrays in the future.
Clinical pharmacology of oral cotinine

Cotinine is the major proximate metabolite of nicotine. The aims of our study were to assess the pharmacokinetics of oral cotinine comparing the use of saliva and plasma concentrations, and to characterize the subjective and cardiovascular effects of oral cotinine in nonsmokers. The clearance and half-life of cotinine measured using plasma or saliva concentrations were similar. There was no change in heart rate or blood pressure, and no differences in subjective response with cotinine compared to placebo. We conclude that administration of oral cotinine with measurement in saliva samples is easy, safe, and provides an accurate estimate of systemic clearance and half-life of cotinine.
The instability of a shear layer between two parallel streams

An unbounded parallel flow, consisting of a linear shear layer between uniform streams, is investigated for stability. A conventional eigenvalue problem is formulated, and solved by both analytical and numerical methods. The region of instability in the plane of Reynolds number R and disturbance wave number α is determined, and typical growth rates in the unstable region are computed.Unstable disturbances are found at all values of R. Results for αR > 100 are found to agree closely with inviscid theory results. An analytic method useful for αR < 1 is developed.The extent to which the present results can be applied to the laminar boundary layer between free streams is discussed.
The Development of Political Thinking in Early Adolescence

This study investigated the development of political thinking in early adolescence. Subjects for the study were 57 fourth and fifth grade chil-dren enrolled in a public elementary school in the southwest. Children were interviewed relative to: (a) their criteria for the selection of a presidential candidate in their school's mock presidential election, and (b) their convictions about what the president should do. Scores were assigned to interview responses on the basis of a scoring scale designed to reflect incremental levels in thought. Chi Square analysis revealed a significant difference (p < .01) for the main effect, Sex, in relation to Question 1, indicating higher level thinking on the part of females, and a significant interaction effect (p < .05) in relation to Question 2, indicating higher level thinking on the part of fifth grade females. No significant differences for the main effect, Grade, were revealed in relation to either question.
Cleavage of 23-S RNA in 50-S ribosomes into a 5′-terminal and a 3′-terminal fragment by pancreatic ribonuclease

Abstract Pancreatic ribonuclease cleaves the 23-S RNA in the 50-S ribosomal subunit into two unequal fragments, the larger one comes from the 3′-end and the smaller one from the 5′-end. Similar degradation of the 23-S RNA is also observed after prolonged storage of 50-S subunits. In either case the 5′-termini of the larger fragment generated contain predominantly adenine residues, suggesting that cleavage may be very specific. Although the smaller fragment comes from the 5′-end of the 23-S RNA, under certain conditions it undergoes further partial degradation of its 5′-terminal portion. These results are consistent with a unique secondary and tertiary structure for the 23-S RNA in the 50-S ribosomal subunit.
Stoichiometry and mechanical properties of Mo3Si

Abstract The A15 phase Mo 3 Si is an important constituent of a new class of silicides based on Mo–Si–B. In this research it will be shown that, contrary to published results, single-phase Mo 3 Si is slightly off-stoichiometric. In addition, it remains single phase in a small composition range. Its room temperature fracture toughness is on the order of 3 MPa m 1/2 . The compressive strength at 1400°C in argon decreases with decreasing strain rate and increasing Si concentration.
Cockroach counts and house dust allergen concentrations after professional cockroach control and cleaning

Background It is known that cockroach allergen exposure is both frequent in inner-city homes and associated with asthma severity in children living in those homes. However, there have been few studies of interventions to reduce exposures in this setting. Objectives To evaluate the effect of short-term professional cockroach control and intensive cleaning on allergen concentrations. Methods Families of children from a school-based asthma treatment program who had skin test results positive to cockroach allergen were enrolled if the home had cockroaches. Forty-nine homes were randomly assigned to receive professional cleaning with bait traps containing insecticide, professional cleaning with bait traps without insecticide, or no cleaning or bait traps. In all homes, dust was collected repeatedly to evaluate cockroach allergen Bla g 2 in the kitchen and bedroom, and cockroaches were trapped and counted repeatedly for more than 11 weeks. Results Median cockroach counts were reduced in the homes treated with insecticide bait traps but not in other groups. There were significant reductions in allergen concentration in the kitchen in homes that received professional cleaning and had higher initial cockroach counts (54), regardless of whether bait traps had insecticide or not. Conclusions We conclude that intensive cleaning can produce significant reductions in cockroach allergen in homes with heavy initial cockroach infestations.
Analysing user physiological responses for affective video summarisation

Abstract Video summarisation techniques aim to abstract the most significant content from a video stream. This is typically achieved by processing low-level image, audio and text features which are still quite disparate from the high-level semantics that end users identify with (the ‘semantic gap’). Physiological responses are potentially rich indicators of memorable or emotionally engaging video content for a given user. Consequently, we investigate whether they may serve as a suitable basis for a video summarisation technique by analysing a range of user physiological response measures, specifically electro-dermal response (EDR), respiration amplitude (RA), respiration rate (RR), blood volume pulse (BVP) and heart rate (HR), in response to a range of video content in a variety of genres including horror, comedy, drama, sci-fi and action. We present an analysis framework for processing the user responses to specific sub-segments within a video stream based on percent rank value normalisation. The application of the analysis framework reveals that users respond significantly to the most entertaining video sub-segments in a range of content domains. Specifically, horror content seems to elicit significant EDR, RA, RR and BVP responses, and comedy content elicits comparatively lower levels of EDR, but does seem to elicit significant RA, RR, BVP and HR responses. Drama content seems to elicit less significant physiological responses in general, and both sci-fi and action content seem to elicit significant EDR responses. We discuss the implications this may have for future affective video summarisation approaches.
Molecular evolution of the 14-3-3 protein family

Members of the highly conserved and ubiquitous 14-3-3 protein family modulate a wide variety of cellular processes. To determine the evolutionary relationships among specific 14-3-3 proteins in different plant, animal, and fungal species and to initiate a predictive analysis of isoform-specific differences in light of the latest functional and structural studies of 14-3-3, multiple alignments were constructed from forty-six 14-3-3 sequences retrieved from the GenBank and SwissProt databases and a newly identified second 14-3-3 gene fromCaenorhabditis elegans. The alignment revealed five highly conserved sequence blocks. Blocks 2–5 correlate well with the alpha helices 3, 5, 7, and 9 which form the proposed internal binding domain in the three-dimensional structure model of the functioning dimer. Amino acid differences within the functional and structural domains of plant and animal 14-3-3 proteins were identified which may account for functional diversity amongst isoforms. Protein phylogenic trees were constructed using both the maximum parsimony and neighbor joining methods of the PHYLIP(3.5c) package; 14-3-3 proteins fromEntamoeba histolytica, an amitochondrial protozoa, were employed as an outgroup in our analysis. Epsilon isoforms from the animal lineage form a distinct grouping in both trees, which suggests an early divergence from the other animal isoforms. Epsilons were found to be more similar to yeast and plant isoforms than other animal isoforms at numerous amino acid positions, and thus epsilon may have retained functional characteristics of the ancestral protein. The known invertebrate proteins group with the nonepsilon mammalian isoforms. Most of the current 14-3-3 isoform diversity probably arose through independent duplication events after the divergence of the major eukaryotic kingdoms. Divergence of the seven mammalian isoforms beta, zeta, gamma, eta, epsilon, tau, and sigma (stratifin/ HME1) occurred before the divergence of mammalian and perhaps before the divergence of vertebrate species. A possible ancestral 14-3-3 sequence is proposed.