cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain Region-Specific Trafficking of the Dopamine Transporter

The dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) controls dopaminergic neurotransmission by removing extracellular DA. Although DA reuptake is proposed to be regulated by DAT traffic to and from the cell surface, the membrane trafficking system involved in the endocytic cycling of DAT in the intact mammalian brain has not been characterized. Hence, we performed immunolabeling and quantitative analysis of the subcellular and regional distribution of DAT using the transgenic knock-in mouse expressing hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged DAT (HA-DAT) and by using a combination of electron microscopy and a novel method for immunofluorescence labeling of HA-DAT in acute sagittal brain slices. Both approaches demonstrated that, in midbrain somatodendritic regions, HA-DAT was present in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex, with a small fraction in early and recycling endosomes and an even smaller fraction in late endosomes and lysosomes. In the striatum and in axonal tracts between the midbrain and striatum, HA-DAT was detected predominantly in the plasma membrane, and quantitative analysis revealed increased DAT density in striatal compared with midbrain plasma membranes. Endosomes were strikingly rare and lysosomes were absent in striatal axons, in which there was little intracellular HA-DAT. Acute administration of amphetamine in vivo (60 min) or to slices ex vivo (10–60 min) did not result in detectable changes in DAT distribution. Altogether, these data provide evidence for regional differences in DAT plasma membrane targeting and retention and suggest a surprisingly low level of endocytic trafficking of DAT in the striatum along with limited DAT endocytic activity in somatodendritic areas. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dopamine transporter (DAT) is the key regulator of the dopamine neurotransmission in the CNS. In the present study, we developed a new approach for studying DAT localization and dynamics in intact neurons in acute sagittal brain slices from the knock-in mouse expressing epitope-tagged DAT. For the first time, the fluorescence imaging analysis of DAT was combined with the immunogold labeling of DAT and quantitative electron microscopy. In contrast to numerous studies of DAT trafficking in heterologous expression systems and dissociated cultured neurons, studies in intact neurons revealed a surprisingly low amount of endocytic trafficking of DAT at steady state and after acute amphetamine treatment and suggested that non-vesicular transport could be the main mechanism establishing DAT distribution within the dopaminergic neuron.
Neural Correlates of Spatiotemporal Event Recognition: Application to Brain-Computer Interfaces for Video Exploitation

Detection of events of interest in video involves evidence accumulation across space and time; the observer is required to integrate features from both motion and form to decide whether a behavior constituents a target event. Do such events that extend in time elicit evoked responses of similar strength as evoked responses associated with instantaneous events such as the presentation of a static target image? Using a set of simulated scenarios, with avatars/actors having different behaviors, we identified evoked neural activity discriminative of target vs. distractor events (behaviors) at discrimination levels that are comparable to static imagery. EEG discriminative activity was largely in the time-locked evoked response and not in oscillatory activity, with the exception of very low EEG frequency bands such as delta and theta, which simply represent bands dominating the event related potential (ERP). The discriminative evoked response activity we see is observed in all target/distractor conditions and is robust across different recordings from the same subjects. The results suggest that we have identified a robust neural correlate of target detection in video, at least in terms of the stimulus set we used-i.e., dynamic behavior of an individual in a low clutter environment. We discuss implications for using such a neural correlate for building a brain-computer interface (BCI) to search and annotate video. This work was done with Lucas Parra of the City College of New York (CCNY) and Dan Rosenthal and Paul DeGuzman of Neuromatters, LLC.
Cofactor Activities of Factor VIIIa and A2 Subunit following Cleavage of A1 Subunit at Arg336

Abstract Factor VIIIa consists of three subunits designated A1, A2, and A3-C1-C2. The isolated A2 subunit possesses limited cofactor activity in stimulating factor IXa-catalyzed activation of factor X. This activity is markedly enhanced by the A1 subunit (inter-subunit K d = 1.8 μm). The C-terminal region of A1 subunit (residues 337–372) is thought to represent an A2-interactive site. This region appears critical to factor VIIIa, because proteolysis at Arg336 by activated protein C or factor IXa is inactivating. A truncated A1 (A1336) showed similar affinity for A2 subunit (K d = 0.9 μm) and stimulated its cofactor activity to ∼50% that observed for native A1. However, A1336 was unable to reconstitute factor VIIIa activity in the presence of A2 and A3-C1-C2 subunits. Fluorescence anisotropy of fluorescein (Fl)-FFR-factor IXa was differentially altered by factor VIIIa trimers containing either A1 or A1336. Fluorescence energy transfer demonstrated that, although Fl-A1336/A3-C1-C2 bound acrylodan-A2 with similar affinity as the native dimer, an increased inter-fluorophore separation was observed. These results indicate that the C-terminal region of A1 appears necessary to properly orient A2 subunit relative to factor IXa in the cofactor rather than directly stimulate A2 and elucidate the mechanism for cofactor inactivation following cleavage at this site.
Carcinoid-Related Angiomatous Polyposis Simulating Crohn Disease

Abstract Polyposis associated with ileal carcinoid tumors is a rarely described pathologic mucosal transformation that may simulate inflammatory or neoplastic polyps. We describe a case with innumerable sessile polyps and groups of large filiform-like polyps of the terminal ileum associated with submucosal carcinoid tumors and a large mesenteric carcinoid tumor mass. The clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic presentation of the polyposis, together with the presence of multiple small bowel stenotic lesions, simulated Crohn disease. We propose the descriptive terminology angiomatous polyposis to describe the striking microscopic vascular proliferation that characterizes these polyps. The distribution of these lesions, with the most profuse polyposis in the immediate proximity of the carcinoid nests, and the immunohistochemical demonstration of growth factor substances, such as transforming growth factor α within neoplastic cells and adjacent polyps, suggest a tumor factor–mediated stromal proliferation.
Hormones and Growth Factors in Milk

I. Introduction MILK and colostrum contain a variety of proteins, peptides, and steroids that possess biological activity. In studies in which the concentration of hormone/growth factor has been measured in both colostrum and milk, the highest concentrations occur in colostrum (1). This review will discuss pituitary, hypothalamic, pancreatic, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, gonadal, and gut hormones as well as growth factors, prostaglandins, and neuropeptides found in milk (see Table 1). Other biologically important proteins and peptides in milk such as the immunoglobulins, allergins, opiates, enzymes, casomorphins, and cyclic nucleotides will not be addressed. The reader is referred to excellent recently published reviews regarding hormones and other bioactive substances present in milk (2–4). Of the hormones and growth factors present in milk many exist in concentrations that exceed those found in maternal plasma (see Table 2). Some are rapidly transported into milk from the maternal circulation unchange...
A model predictive control package for undergraduate education

Abstract Model predictive control (MPC) techniques are extremely profitable control strategies and are well accepted in the chemical processing industry so it is important that chemical engineering graduates have a fundamental understanding of MPC. This understanding will help them make contributions in industry where these control strategies abound. Without such knowledge, graduates would not understand a major part of the control structure present in modern manufacturing systems and would have difficulty understanding how to modify and improve those chemical manufacturing systems to take advantage of new technology. In this paper we describe a new software package developed and tested by the authors for teaching undergraduates the fundamentals of MPC including its suggested application in the classroom. The package is similar to existing industrial model predictive control packages in that the same steps are required to implement a model predictive controller as follows: model identification, controller configuration, controller simulation and tuning. We describe our experience using the package to introduce MPC to an advanced undergraduate process control II class. The package has also been used to provide an MPC laboratory experience for a graduate class on industrial process control.
Field Sobriety Tests: Are They Designed for Failure?:

Field sobriety tests have been used by law enforcement officers to identify alcohol-impaired drivers. Yet in 1981 Tharp, Burns, and Moskowitz found that 32% of individuals in a laboratory setting who were judged to have an alcohol level above the legal limit actually were below the level. In this study, two groups of seven law enforcement officers each viewed videotapes of 21 sober individuals performing a variety of field sobriety tests or normal-abilities tests, e.g., reciting one's address and phone number or walking in a normal manner. Officers judged a significantly larger number of the individuals as impaired when they performed the field sobriety tests than when they performed the normal-abilities tests. The need to reevaluate the predictive validity of field sobriety tests is discussed.
Concurrency Handling in TCP

In this paper, we propose an extension to current TCP protocol named concurrent TCP (cTCP), which can improve throughput of connections through balancing traffic load on multiple end-to-end paths. We keep the single-sliding-window architecture of TCP untouched for compatibility reasons. The two core components of the design are a packet scheduling switch that balances load among paths, and a duplicated acknowledgement classifier that handles packet reordering. We implemented our protocol in FreeBSD kernel and compared the performance of cTCP with theoretical results. Experiment outcomes show that throughputs of our protocol are close to the ideal values.
EMPOWERING LATINO YOUTH FARMWORKERS AS YOUTH HEALTH EDUCATORS FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEAT-RELATED ILLNESS SAFETY EDUCATION IN EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA.

When we go into the fields, it's really hot because the tobacco plants are very tall. It's difficult to breathe. We have to drink water after we finish one row of tobacco or after an hour or two depending on how high the tobacco plants are. I know I have to rest when my head starts to hurt. I drink a lot of water but, when I do, my stomach hurts, and sometimes I get nauseated. I sweat a lot. Today, I only lasted a few hours in the heat. You can't work [in that heat]. [There was a heat index of 104 at noon that day.]
Review Nutritional comparison of fresh, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables. Part 1. Vitamins C and B and phenolic compounds

The first of a two-part review of the recent and classical literature reveals that loss of nutrients in fresh products during storage and cooking may be more substantial than commonly perceived. Depending on the commodity, freezing and canning processes may preserve nutrient value. The initial thermal treatment of processed products can cause loss of water-soluble and oxygen-labile nutrients such as vitamin C and the B vitamins. However, these nutrients are relatively stable during subsequent canned storage owing to the lack of oxygen. Frozen products lose fewer nutrients initially because of the short heating time in blanching, but they lose more nutrients during storage owing to oxidation. Phenolic compounds are also water-soluble and oxygen- labile, but changes during processing, storage and cooking appear to be highly variable by commodity. Further studies would facilitate the understanding of the changes in these phytochemicals. Changes in moisture content during storage, cooking and processing can misrepresent changes in nutrient content. These findings indicate that exclusive recommendations of fresh produce ignore the nutrient benefits of canned and frozen products. Nutritional comparison would be facilitated if future research would express nutrient data on a dry weight basis to account for changes in moisture.  2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Advertising vs sales promotion: a brand management perspective

Brand managers in packaged goods firms are under pressure to increase or maintain high sales promotion spending at the expense of media advertising. This study investigates the antecedents and outcomes of brand managers’ advertising and sales promotion budget allocations by adopting a bounded rationality perspective. Based on survey data collected from 165 brand managers in the USA, higher advertising (vs sales promotion) allocations are associated with: single, relatively high priced brands in the early phases of the product life cycle; and more experienced brand managers who are subject to less retail influence. Also, brands with higher budget allocations to advertising, relative to sales promotion, tend to have more favorable consumer attitudes, stronger brand equity, and higher market share increases and profits. Managerial implications and areas for future study are discussed.
Genomic Organization of Trypanosoma brucei Kinetoplast DNA Minicircles

The sequences of seven new Trypanosoma brucei kinetoplast DNA minicircles were obtained. A detailed comparative analysis of these sequences and those of the 18 complete kDNA minicircle sequences from T. brucei available in the database was performed. These 25 different minicircles contain 86 putative gRNA genes. The number of gRNA genes per minicircle varies from 2 to 5. In most cases, the genes are located between short imperfect inverted repeats, but in several minicircles there are inverted repeat cassettes that did not contain identifiable gRNA genes. Five minicircles contain single gRNA genes not surrounded by identifiable repeats. Two pairs of closely related minicircles may have recently evolved from common ancestors: KTMH1 and KTMH3 contained the same gRNA genes in the same order, whereas KTCSGRA and KTCSGRB contained two gRNA genes in the same order and one gRNA gene specific to each. All minicircles could be classified into two classes on the basis of a short substitution within the highly conserved region, but the minicircles in these two classes did not appear to differ in terms of gRNA content or gene organization. A number of redundant gRNAs containing identical editing information but different sequences were present. The alignments of the predicted gRNAs with the edited mRNA sequences varied from a perfect alignment without gaps to alignments with multiple mismatches. Multiple gRNAs overlapped with upstream gRNAs, but in no case was a complete set of overlapping gRNAs covering an entire editing domain obtained. We estimate that a minimum set of approximately 65 additional gRNAs would be required for complete overlapping sets. This analysis should provide a basis for detailed studies of the evolution and role in RNA editing of kDNA minicircles in this species. ORIGINAL PAPER
10-year follow-up of non-operatively treated full thickness rotator cuff tear

Abstract Background Despite current published reports, a thorough understanding of the natural history of non-operatively treated full thickness tears remains limited. The rate and risk of tear progression, increasing fatty infiltration, muscle atrophy, and other factors of symptomatology are not completely understood. Case Description We present a 10-year course of non-surgically treated full thickness supraspinatus tear in a relatively young patient. Initial operative treatment was recommended, but the patient refused and pursued physical therapy and continuation of an active lifestyle. Over the decade in which the patient remained asymptomatic he had minimal progression of cuff pathology as shown by MRI. Literature Review While several studies have been published discussing outcomes of non-operatively managed full thickness rotator cuff tears, there are no reports involving this demographic over such an extended period of time [4,14,15,26,27]. Current studies following the conservative courses of full thickness tears range from averages of 1.9 to 5 years in length of follow-up and mean age ranges from 52 to 64 years [4,14,15,26,27]. Due to concerns with the advancement of pathology with worsening long-term outcomes, surgical intervention is typically recommended for relatively young patients with symptomatic full thickness tears [22]. Clinical Relevance With this case, we seek to portray a scenario in which the algorithmic thinking of operative treatment as the standard in young patients may be studied more extensively. It is also unique in that the continued use of the rotator cuff over an extended period of time did not contribute to a significant progression in tear size.
"The best is always yet to come": Relationship stages and processes among young LGBT couples.

Limited research has examined relationship development among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) couples in emerging adulthood. A better understanding of LGBT couples can inform the development of relationship education programs that reflect their unique needs. The following questions guided this study: 1) what are the stages and processes during young LGBT couples’ relationship development? and 2) how do these compare to existing literature on heterosexual adults? A secondary goal was to explore similarities and differences between couples assigned male (MAAB) and female at birth (FAAB). Thirty-six couples completed interviews on their relationship history. Qualitative analyses showed that relationship stages and processes were similar to past research on heterosexuals, but participants’ subjective experiences reflected their LGBT identities and emerging adulthood, which exerted additional stress on the relationship. These factors also affected milestones indicative of commitment among heterosexual adults (e.g., introducing partner to family). Mixed-methods analyses indicated that MAAB couples described negotiating relationship agreements and safe sex in more depth than FAAB couples. Relationship development models warrant modifications to consider the impact of sexual and gender identity and emerging adulthood when applied to young LGBT couples. These factors should be addressed in interventions to promote relationship health among young LGBT couples.
Evidence Laundering in a Post-Herring World

The Supreme Court’s decision in Herring v. United States authorizes police to defeat the Fourth Amendment’s protections through a process we call evidence laundering. Evidence laundering occurs when one police officer makes a constitutional mistake when gathering evidence and then passes that evidence along to a second officer, who develops it further and then delivers it to prosecutors for use in a criminal case. The original constitutional taint disappears in the wash. Courts have allowed evidence laundering in a variety of contexts, from cases involving flawed databases to cases stemming from faulty judgments and communication lapses in law enforcement teams. Courts typically zero in on individual officer behavior, or limit their review to a single incident, rather than considering the entire course of conduct. In so doing, they make visible the individualistic view of police work that is implicit in much of Fourth Amendment doctrine. This atomistic perspective, however, fails to appreciate the realities of modern policing, which depends heavily on teamwork and delegation. At the same time, the increased emphasis on police intentions and on balancing the costs and benefits of exclusion brings our courts into closer alignment with courts elsewhere in the world.
Synthesis of 2,2-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione as an inhibitor of aromatase.

Abstract2,2-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (4) has been synthesized and has been shown to be a powerful competitive inhibitor of aromatase (Ki = 11.4nM). However, compound 4 does not cause time-dependent loss of enzyme activity, in contrast to the unmethylated parent compound, 4-OHA.
Learning Motivational Interviewing: A Pathway to Caring and Mindful Patient Encounters

We designed our project to explore the experience of learning motivational interviewing (MI). The project impetus came from a desire to improve our skill in communicating with patients. We created a curriculum led by an MI specialist that provided didactic sessions, discussions and individual feedback. In evaluating our audio-taped MI encounters, we approached beginner proficiency. Also, we recognized the need for formal MI education and practice to fully develop the interventionist skills needed for clinical work and our next research project about preparing patients for transition to adult health care. Lastly, we realized that MI strategies reflect aspects of caring theory and mindfulness, important components of patient-centered care.
Evaluation of Hadron Masses in Quantum Chromodynamics

Using a Monte Carlo method combined with an approximation in which virtual fermion loops are neglected, we evaluate a variety of hadronic masses and decay constants for the Euclidean lattice formulation of quantum chromodynamics.
Differential Volume and Price Reactions to Loss Announcements and the Association With Loss Reversals

We examine differential volume–price reactions to loss announcements and their association with loss reversals. Our findings show that differential volume–price reactions are dissimilar between firms reporting profits and losses. In addition, the differential volume–price reactions surrounding loss announcements are useful in predicting loss reversals. When jointly considered, volume and price reactions provide unique information about future profitability for firms currently reporting losses. Overall, our results are consistent with losses generating more investor disagreements and more trading volume and show that a measure based on differential volume–price reactions to loss announcements is informative with regard to predicting subsequent loss reversals.
Evaluation of in situ RAP binder interaction in asphalt mastics using micromechanical models

ABSTRACTIn this article the mastic level structure of asphalt concrete containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials is investigated using the principles of micromechanics. Locally sourced RAP material was screened and sieved to separate the coated fines (smaller than 0.075 mm) from the remaining sizes. These binder coated fines were mixed with virgin filler at proportions commensurate with 0, 10, 30, 50 and 100% RAP dosage levels. Asphalt mastics were prepared with these blended fillers and a PG 64-22 binder at a filler content of 27% by volume. Temperature–frequency sweeps were conducted on the resulting composites as well as the constituents, virgin binder, solvent extracted RAP binder. The results from the experiments showed an expected increase in stiffness with increase in dosage levels. These results were also used to model the hypothesised structure of the composite. The study presented discusses the applicability of Herve and Zaoui model to predict the blended mastic composite and to quan...
Failure of Bacteria other, than Staphylococci to produce Enterotoxic Substance.

Public health workers are frequently called upon to interpret the significance of bacteria in foods suspected of causing poisoning. Generally such food samples are submitted 24 hours or more after the outbreak, during which time they may have been subjected to contamination and passed through a period of incubation. Therefore, the bacterial flora of the food at the time of consumption and at the time of the laboratory examination may be quite different. Such organisms as staphylococci, streptococci, the colon-aerogenes group and saprophytic spore-formers are frequently reported. The usual method of testing for toxin in such suspected foods is to feed them to laboratory animals, such as guinea pigs and rabbits. However, many foods thus fed are uncommon to the diet of these animals and may therefore give results which are misleading. Jordan and Burrows1 found that bacteria of various kinds, i.e., staphylococci, streptococci, Proteus, Bacterium coli, Bacterium aerogenes and Salmonella aertrycke, grown under suitable conditions, especially on starch medium, were capable of producing a substance which caused gastro-intestinal disturbances in monkeys. They also found that bacteria which had not previously possessed this characteristic could produce the toxic material when grown on a starch medium. Food poisoning has not been produced in human volunteers by feeding filtrates of organisms other than staphylococci.2 Furthermore, it would appear from an epidemiological standpoint that if many organisms were capable of producing enterotoxic substance food poisoning should be much more common than it is. For these reasons we have attempted to repeat, as nearly as possible, the work of Jordan and Burrows.1 The organisms employed in this investigation were from our stock collection. All were transferred 6 times over a period of 12 to 15 days, at intervals of 48 to 72 hours. The mediums used were the same as those described by Jordan and Burrows, consisting of standard veal infusion, 1*^ agar adjusted to pK 6.2 buffered with l^0 phosphate to which was added 1^0 Pfanstiehl's soluble starch. The streptococci were grown in veal infusion broth containing l^o starch, since there was insufficient growth on the semi-solid agar medium. The filtrates used for monkey feedings were obtained from cultures grown in Kolle flasks in an environment of 20(Jo carbon dioxide and incubated at
Smoked out: emergency evacuation of an ICU.

Rapid intrahospital evacuation of critically ill patients may take more than improvisation. Are you prepared?
A NEW METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF 2-CARBOALKOXYPYRAZOLO(5,1-B)QUINAZOLIN-9(1H)-ONES

Anthranilic acid hydrazides were condensed with acetylene diesters, and the intermediate adduets were identified as aeylhydrazones of oxalacetic diester. These anthranilic hydrazones could be thermally cyclized to 2-carboalkoxypyrazolo[5,1-b] quinazolin-9(1H)ones.
Effects of ovarian secretions and dopamine on secretion of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in ewes.

In the present study, effects of dopamine (DA) and ovarian secretions on release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) were examined using two methods of withdrawal of progesterone. Eight to 10 d after estrus, 36 ewes were assigned to one of six treatments: 1) lutectomy; 2) lutectomy and DA; 3) ovariectomy; 4) ovariectomy and DA; 5) ovariectomy and estradiol-17 beta or 6) ovariectomy, estradiol-17 beta and DA. Estradiol-17 beta was administered by Silastic implants inserted during surgery. Immediately after surgery, ewes were infused iv with DA (6.6 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) or saline for 48 h. Infusion of DA did not affect secretion of LH after surgical removal of the corpus luteum. In lutectomized ewes, concentrations of LH in serum increased between 0 and 12 h from .5 to 3.3 ng/ml, declined between 12 and 16 h and then plateaued at 1.1 to 1.5 ng/ml. In contrast, concentrations of LH in ovariectomized ewes increased between 0 and 12 h and then remained at 3 to 5 ng/ml. Surges of LH occurred between 40 and 50 h postsurgery in eight of 12 lutectomized ewes, 11 of 12 ovariectomized ewes with implants of estradiol-17 beta and zero of 12 ovariectomized ewes. The magnitude of the surge of LH was higher in lutectomized ewes than in ovariectomized ewes with implants of estradiol-17 beta. Infusion of DA inhibited release of PRL, but there was no effect of method of progesterone withdrawal. Lutectomized ewes, but not ovariectomized ewes with implants of estradiol-17 beta, had a surge of PRL associated with the surge of LH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acute nicotine enhances spontaneous recovery of contextual fear and changes c-fos early gene expression in infralimbic cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala

Exposure therapy, which focuses on extinguishing fear-triggering cues and contexts, is widely used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, PTSD patients who received successful exposure therapy are vulnerable to relapse of fear response after a period of time, a phenomenon known as spontaneous recovery (SR). Increasing evidence suggests ventral hippocampus, basolateral amygdala, and infralimbic cortex may be involved in SR. PTSD patients also show high rates of comorbidity with nicotine dependence. While the comorbidity between smoking and PTSD might suggest nicotine may alter SR, the effects of nicotine on SR of contextual fear are unknown. In the present study, we tested the effects of acute nicotine administration on SR of extinguished contextual fear memories and c-fos immediate early gene immunohistochemistry in mice. Our results demonstrated that acute nicotine enhanced SR of extinguished fear whereas acute nicotine did not affect retrieval of unextinguished contextual memories. This suggests that the effect of acute nicotine on SR is specific for memories that have undergone extinction treatment. C-fos immunoreactive (IR) cells in the ventral hippocampus and basolateral amygdala were increased in the nicotine-treated mice following testing for SR, whereas the number of IR cells in the infralimbic cortex was decreased in the same group. Overall, this study suggests that nicotine may adversely affect context-specific relapse of fear memories and this effect is potentially mediated by the suppression of cortical regions and increased activity in the ventral hippocampus and amygdala.
The Need for Speed: Mice, Men, and Myocardial Kinetic Reserve

The in-bred laboratory mouse (hereafter referred to as simply mouse) has in the past decades emerged as the go-to animal model in the arena of cardiovascular research. The reasons are straightforward: the relative ease of genetic manipulation coupled with short gestation times, the much cheaper cost of maintaining large numbers, and a large number of similarities to human genomics, proteomics, and many aspects of function. These advantages make the mouse a powerful tool for a wide array of cardiac research. The resting heart rate in the conscious unrestrained mouse is ≈500 to 700 bpm,1–3 roughly 10× faster than in a resting human. In addition, the mouse modulates heart rate, and, thus, contraction/relaxation kinetics, rather minimally; even during strenuous exercise, it only increases from the resting rate by 50% at most,1 typically by only ≈10% to 20%,3,4 whereas in humans, the heart rate can increase by ≤300%, typically 100% to 200%. As a result, exercise-induced increases in cardiac output (heart rate combined with an increase in stroke volume) can be 5- to 10-fold in the human, but are only 1.3- to maximally 2-fold in the mouse. In this viewpoint, we will convey how the high murine heart rate limits myocardial kinetic reserve (ie, the ability for the cardiac muscle to increase contraction and relaxation speed) and focus on the ramifications for extrapolating the regulation of contractile kinetics to human health and disease. In addition, we will discuss the use of contracting human tissue as a potential powerful ally in our quest to further understand contractile and kinetic regulation in health and disease. Critical differences are evident in the contractile/relaxation kinetics of cardiac muscle. Despite the fact that all the proteins of the contraction process are the same or similar between human and mouse cardiac …
A Novel High-Dimensional Index Method Based on the Mathematical Features

Nowadays the nearest neighbor (NN) search in the high dimensional space can be applied in many fields and it becomes the focus of information science. Usually, R-near neighbor that sets a fixed query range R is used in place of NN search. However, the traditional methods for R-near neighbor can not achieve the satisfactory performance in the high dimensional space due to the curse of dimensionality. Moreover, some methods is based on probabilistic guarantees so it does not provide the 100 % accuracy guarantee. To improve the problem, in this paper, we propose a novel idea to build the index structure. This method is based on the mathematical features of the coordinates of the data points. Specifically, we employ the mean value and the standard deviation of the coordinate to index the data point. This method can efficiently solve the R-NN search with the 100 % accuracy guarantee in the high dimensional space. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
H2 and localized orbitals

The separation of spin and space variables One of the pedagogically unfortunate aspects of quantum mechanics is the complexity that arises in the interaction of electron spin with the Pauli exclusion principle as soon as there are more than two electrons. In general, since the ESE does not even contain any spin operators, the total spin operator must commute with it, and, thus, the total spin of a system of any size is conserved at this level of approximation. The corresponding solution to the ESE must reflect this. In addition, the total electronic wave function must also be antisymmetric in the interchange of any pair of space-spin coordinates, and the interaction of these two requirements has a subtle influence on the energies that has no counterpart in classical systems. The spin functions When there are only two electrons the analysis is much simplified. Even quite elementary textbooks discuss two-electron systems. The simplicity is a consequence of the general nature of what is called the spin-degeneracy problem , which we describe in Chapters 4 and 5. For now we write the total solution for the ESE θ(1, 2), where the labels 1 and 2 refer to the coordinates (space and spin) of the two electrons. Since the ESE has no reference at all to spin, θ(1, 2) may be factored into separate spatial and spin functions.
Incontinence: Treating women with refractory urge urinary incontinence.

Onabotulinumtoxin A and sacral neuromodulation are options for treating women with refractory urge urinary incontinence. Both of these treatment options provide symptomatic relief and have advantages and drawbacks. Discussion with patients regarding the risks and benefits of each therapy is critical for informed treatment choice.
Feature selection from mass spectra of bacteria for serotyping Salmonella

Abstract Algorithms applied to mass spectra of Salmonella isolates were used to achieve accurate and rapid serotyping. Two classification strategies were developed, one using all ions and the other, only 19. Without feature selection, classification based on all ions (m/z 70–700) could distinguish similar strains, but samples so classified did not form serotype similarity super-clusters: i.e., different strains of the same serotype did not yield replicate spectra similar to each other when subject to pattern recognition and analysis. The first feature-selection strategy used all available ions, grouped training set samples by serotype (four groups), and passed the Principal Component eigenvectors into Linear Discriminant Analysis. By emphasizing the relative intensities of serovar-related ions, this approach provided implicit feature selection. The best model was used to predict the serotype of seven external samples (representatives from each of the four serotypes), producing correct serovar assignments for three of seven. The second strategy involved explicit feature selection. The five most statistically significant ions for distinguishing each pair were nominated. Redundancy among nominees reduced their number from 30 to 19, ions that consistently differentiated samples based on the six pairs among four classes. The resulting patterns were assessed by a novel pattern recognition approach, in which calculated ratios of average ion intensity for each ion pair combination were analyzed by Tanimoto Similarity and used to classify spectra with respect to serovar by k Nearest Neighbors. Six of the seven external samples were correctly serotyped. Ion redundancy observed among nominees for distinguishing particular serovar pairs suggested the approach can be extended to more than four serovars. Biochemical sources for serovar-correlated ions were provisionally associated with cell surface constituents prominent in Gram-negative pathogens, which also suggested the method could be used to distinguish other, perhaps many other, serovars.
A Fresh View

Chapter Two, “A Fresh View,” reviews—and rejects—hypotheses that early parenting behaviors, summer setbacks, oppositional peer culture, poverty, discrimination, or differences in school or teacher quality explain the persistence of the student achievement gap throughout the K-12 years. Chapter Two suggests, instead, that conventional school environments are inadvertently structured in ways that trigger learned helplessness, demoralization, and reductions of self-efficacy, effort, and potential achievement that are especially severe among low-income black and Hispanic children who enter kindergarten performing below the level of their white and Asian peers. This explanation for the achievement gap is consistent with much of what is currently known about the nature of schooling and factors that cause learned helplessness, low-self-efficacy, passive, disengaged behavior, and depressed achievement.
Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation

Weaning from mechanical ventilation is a poorly understood and often frustrating phase of management of acute respiratory failure (ARF) [6]. With the exception of diseases known to require prolonged, uninterrupted, mechanical ventilation (MV)—i.e., severe tetanus, polyneuritis, and massive chest trauma with severe flailing—consideration should be given to weaning from MV as soon as certain simple criteria are met. These criteria are as follows: (a) vital capacity > 4–5 ml/kg, (b) inspiratory force > 10 cm H2O, \( \left( c \right)\,\,A - a{\rm{ }}{P_{{O_2}}}\; < \;350\;torr, \) (d) positive end-expiratory pressure requirement < 10 cm H2O, (e) stable cardiovascular system, (f) chest-wall flailing not severe, and (g) close supervision by experienced physicians.
Institutionalization of Children in the Czech Republic: A Case of Path Dependency

Despite the development of alternative forms of care, international and domestic pressures for change, and over 20 years of efforts at deinstitutionalization, the Czech Republic has one of the highest rates of institutionalization of children in Europe (UNICEF, 2012). The continuing reliance upon residential care for children by the child protection system, particularly for children who are disabled or of Roma descent, demonstrates a case of path dependency in which a solidification of the system’s response is rooted in its past. Understanding the impact of historical precedence is key to reforming the current system.
Best Value Contractor Selection in Road Construction Projects: ANP-Based Decision Support System

Based on the limitations of traditional procurement, this study uses analytical network process (ANP) for contractor selection. Using extensive literature review, best value (BV) contributing factors are identified. Experts are involved to get their feedback for shortlisting the identified factors. An ANP-based decision support system has been developed using data collected through a detailed questionnaire survey in the local construction industry for evaluating the selection process. Further, five case studies of completed road construction projects have been used to validate the decision support system. The findings indicate that in almost all the cases, the traditional procurement system, owing to its stringent prequalification measures, subliminally took into consideration the overall value proposition, and only one case study showed anomalies for which detailed reasoning is deliberated. This highlights the tendency of practitioners to overweigh the cost-based criteria, despite an established significance of other factors, treating the intangible value factors of quality, health and safety, environmental impact, etc. as less important. It reflects that the local construction industry attaches marginal value to qualitative factors. The construction industry will benefit from implementation of BV procurement system and a prolonged exposure may help improve its value system to realize the contribution of non-cost-based factors.
Abstract 352: Myocardial Neuregulin-1/ErbB Signaling Is Impaired in the Setting of Post--Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Complicated by Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients surviving myocardial infarction (MI) are at heightened risk for the subsequent development of heart failure (HF). Despite the worse outcomes, investigations into the pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the increased frequency of HF after MI in the type 1 DM heart remain scarce. Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), along with the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases through which NRG-1 ligands signal, have been shown to be intimately involved in mediating cardiac recovery after MI. However, the impact of type 1 DM on this signaling system post-MI remains to be elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we examined myocardial NRG-1/ErbB signaling during post-MI HF in the presence of type 1 DM. Methods: Type 1 DM was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats via a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (65 mg/kg). Two weeks after induction of type 1 DM, MI was produced in DM and non-DM rats by ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Residual left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by echocardiography at 4 weeks post-MI. Following echocardiographic assessment, NRG-1, ErbB2, and ErbB4 protein expression was assessed in the remote, surviving LV myocardium of DM and non-DM rats using Western blot techniques. Results: LV Fractional Shortening (FS) and LV Ejection Fraction (EF) were significantly lower in the DM + MI group compared to the MI group ([LVFS: DM + MI, 17.9 ± 0.7 (n=6) vs. MI, 25.2 ± 2.2 (n=6), p p p =0.70]). ErbB2, ErbB4, and NRG-1 protein expression levels were all significantly lower in the DM + MI group compared to the MI group. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that type 1 DM impairs myocardial NRG-1/ErbB signaling in response to MI, which may contribute to the accelerated progression of subsequent HF. Augmentation of NRG-1 or its downstream signaling pathways may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for ameliorating post-MI HF in the setting of type 1 DM.
The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the martensitic transition, magnetic, and magnetocaloric effects of Ni45Mn43CoSn11

The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Ni45Mn43CoSn11 have been investigated using heat capacity measurements and magnetization with hydrostatic pressure applications. A shift in the martensitic transition temperature by 40 K to higher temperatures was observed with application of pressure P = 1.06 GPa. The magnetic entropy changes significantly increases from 24 to 42 J/kgK at pressure of 0.73 GPa. A large adiabatic temperature change of 4 K was found from specific heat measurements. Also, the density of states and Debye temperature has been estimated from heat capacity measurements. The mixed effects of pressure and magnetic field on the transition temperature are discussed.
Experimental heat capacities, excess entropies, and magnetic properties of bulk and nano Fe3O4-Co3O4 and Fe3O4-Mn3O4 spinel solid solutions

Abstract We have measured the heat capacities of several well-characterized bulk and nanophase Fe3O4-Co3O4 and Fe3O4-Mn3O4 spinel solid solution samples from which magnetic properties of transitions and third-law entropies have been determined. The magnetic transitions show several features common to effects of particle and magnetic domain sizes. From the standard molar entropies, excess entropies of mixing have been generated for these solid solutions and compared with configurational entropies determined previously by assuming appropriate cation and valence distributions. The vibrational and magnetic excess entropies for bulk materials are comparable in magnitude to the respective configurational entropies indicating that excess entropies of mixing must be included when analyzing entropies of mixing. The excess entropies for nanophase materials are even larger than the configurational entropies. Changes in valence, cation distribution, bonding and microstructure between the mixing ions are the likely sources of the positive excess entropies of mixing.
Target validation of Cu-64 labeled aptamer, AS1411, in lung cancer

1483 Objectives AS1411 is a guanine-rich oligonucleotide that binds with high affinity and specificity to nucleolin, a protein over-expressed in multiple cancer cells. We previously reported the effect of four chelators on the uptake of Cu-64 labeled AS1411 in HTB177 cells. Thus the objective of this study was to perform target validation for Cu-64 labeled AS1411. Methods A cytosine-rich oligonucleotide (CRO) was used as a control. Either DOTA (1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid mono N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) or CB-TE2A (tetraazamacrocycle 4,11-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo(6.6.2)hexadecane) was used to label AS1411 (DA or CBA) and CRO (DC or CBC) with Cu-64. HTB177 cells (2×105) were seeded into each well (n=6 for each condition). Different amount of AS1411 (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 nmoles) was added as a blocking agent and then incubated at 37 oC for 24 h. Afterward, the medium was removed, 3 µCi of DA, DC, CBA, or CBC was added and remained for 24 h. The effect of AS1411 on cell growth was studied separately. Results Specific activity for DA, CBA, DC, and CBC was 69, 30, 101, and 33 mCi/µmol respectively. Regardless of the amount of AS1411 added, uptake for both DC and CBC was similar ( 0.05). Uptake of DA and CBA was inversely proportional to the amount of AS1411 present, with 70% and 60% reduction at 10 nmoles. Cell growth and viability were unaffected in cells incubated with up to 50 nmoles of AS1411 for 24 h. Conclusions Uptake for both control oligonucleotides, DC and CBC, could be attributed to non-specific binding. Thus the specific binding of DA and CBA to the target protein was at least 60%, indicating that they might be a novel PET imaging probe targeting lung cancer
On damped linear dynamical systems

This paper is concerned with damped linear dynamical systems which fail to satisfy the socalled “convenience hypothesis”, an assumption that guarantees the existence of classical normal modes. Under suitable conditions, estimates are given for the error committed when such a system is described approximately by a differential equation which does satisfy the convenience hypothesis. One of these estimates is used to derive an upper bound on the frequency response of systems which do not violate the convenience hypothesis too severely.
Reproductive Physiology and Behavior Interactions in Nonmammalian Vertebrates

Reproduction is an intricate and complex process, the investigation of which can involve the study of physiology, behavior, and individual and evolutionary history. Vertebrates exhibit a diversity of reproductive strategies in each of these aspects. Examples include internal and external fertilization; viviparous, ovoviviparous, and oviparous modes of reproduction; cystic and noncystic patterns of gametogenesis; and bisexual and unisexual reproduction, including hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis. Indeed, at least nine genera of nonmammalian vertebrates exhibit unisexual reproduction in which diploid or triploid ova either develop spontaneously or are stimulated to develop by sperm from bisexual species (gynogenetic reproduction) or by gametic fusion with the sperm of bisexual species (hybridogenesis).