cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Parallel Scheme for Multi-scale Data Integration

In this paper, we propose a parallel modeling approach for solving large and complex inverse problems involving multiple data sources each with different scale of observation. This parallel approach relies on building property models on multiple grids with different resolution at the same time, rather than selecting a single modeling grid. By keeping a high resolution model and its upscaled, coarsened model in constant consistency with each other during the inversion process, a fully consistent integration of all data sources is achieved.
Economic Evaluation, Synthetic Organic Chemicals

The synthetic organic chemicals industry supplies materials to a wide range of industrial operations. These include plastics, fibers, solvents, biochemical agents, food chemicals, and materials of construction. The sectors increasingly affected by organic chemicals include electronics and telecommunications, automotive and transportation industry, biotechnology, agriculture, environmental remediation, and the food sciences. This article gives economic data and patterns for important organic compounds, e.g., methanol, ethylene, benzene, propylene, etc. Economic data include U.S. and International general trends, regional patterns, consumption, supply and demand. History and process technologies are discussed. Environmental data include information on organic chemicals that have come under regulatory control, e.g., methyl-t-butylether and the chlorofluorocarbons. Keywords: Supply; Demand; Chlorofluorocarbons; Petroleum refining; catalysts; Methyl-t-butylether; Methanol; Ethylene; Petrochemicals; Propylene; Polypropylene; Butylene; Xylenes; Hydrocarbons; Economics
Memphis Dilemma: A Half-Century of Public Education Reform in Memphis and Shelby County from Desegregation to Consolidation

On May 17, 1954, the day that the Supreme Court handed down Brown v. Board of Education, essentially four separate school systems existed within the borders of Shelby County, Tennessee. Memphis City Schools ("MCS") served students within the city limits, and Shelby County Schools ("SCS") served the balance of students in the county; within each system were white schools and black schools. The next several decades saw the two districts grapple with implementation of the Supreme Court mandate to remove the vestiges of segregation from public education. By 2010, both districts had achieved unitary status, freeing them from court supervision and adherence to judicially approved desegregation plans. However, there remained a sense in the community that public education remained very much separate - and that there was a continued racial component to that separation. Indeed, the demographics of the two districts supported this perception. Of the 100,000 students in MCS, nearly 90% were African American. Meanwhile, the majority of the county’s white students were learning in SCS. Coupling these demographic differences with the fact that the county schools performed better educationally, on average, by state accountability standards and the claims of separate, unequal schooling no different than what was confronted in Brown seemed even more legitimate.
Borrelia miyamotoi: The Newest Infection Brought to Us by Deer Ticks.

In this issue, Molloy and colleagues report the first large case series of Borrelia miyamotoi infection in the United States. The editorialists discuss the epidemiology and clinical presentation of...
Optimization of Molecular Similarity Index with Applications to Biomolecules

Molecular similarity index measures the similarity between two molecules. Computing the optimal similarity index is a hard global optimization problem. Since the objective function value is very hard to compute and its gradient vector is usually not available, previous research has been based on non-gradient algorithms such as random search and the simplex method. In a recent paper, McMahon and King introduced a Gaussian approximation so that both the function value and the gradient vector can be computed analytically. They then proposed a steepest descent algorithm for computing the optimal similarity index of small molecules. In this paper, we consider a similar problem. Instead of computing atom-based derivatives, we directly compute the derivatives with respect to the six free variables describing the relative positions of the two molecules.. We show that both the function value and gradient vector can be computed analytically and apply the more advanced BFGS method in addition to the steepest descent algorithm. The algorithms are applied to compute the similarities among the 20 amino acids and biomolecules like proteins. Our computational results show that our algorithm can achieve more accuracy than previous methods and has a 6-fold speedup over the steepest descent method.
Luria, Alexander R.

Alexander Romanovich Luria (1902–1977) was a Russian neurologist and psychologist recognized as one of the preeminent neuropsychologists of the twentieth century. His primary interest was the study of the cerebral localization of psychological functions, but he also was involved in developmental psychology, cross-cultural cognitive research, the study of frontal lobe impairments, aphasiology, educational and rehabilitative interventions, and personal biographies of individuals with unusual cognitive characteristics. Keywords: Soviet psychology; neuropsychology; cultural research
The acute testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol and interleukin-6 response to 164-km road cycling in a hot environment

AbstractThis study investigated the acute endocrine responses to a 164-km road cycling event in a hot environment. Thirty-four male experienced cyclists (49.1 ± 8.3 years, 86.8 ± 12.5 kg, 178.1 ± 5.1 cm) participating in a 164-km road cycling event were recruited. Blood samples were collected within 0.3–2.0 h before the start (PRE: ~0500–0700 h) and immediately following the ride (POST). Samples were analysed for testosterone, growth hormone (GH), cortisol and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The temperature and humidity during the event were 35.3 ± 4.9°C and 47.2 ± 14.0%, respectively. Based on the finishing time, results for the fastest (FAST, 305 ± 10 min) and the slowest (SLOW, 467 ± 31 min) quartiles were compared. At POST, testosterone concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) lower (PRE, 20.8 ± 8.6; POST, 18.2 ± 6.7 nmol · L−1), while GH (PRE, 0.3 ± 0.1; POST, 2.3 ± 0.3 µg · L−1), cortisol (PRE, 661 ± 165; POST, 1073 ± 260 nmol · L−1) and IL-6 (PRE, 4.0 ± 3.4; POST, 22.4 ± 15.2 pg · mL−1) concentrations were...
Sooty blotch and flyspeck: Evaluation of remotely estimated weather inputs to disease-warning systems and delineation of fungal taxa closely grouping with Mycosphaerella madeirae

Disease-warning systems are management tools that use information about the pathogen, host and/or environment to advise growers when to efficiently take management actions, such as fungicide sprays. This study examined usage of alternative weather information as inputs to disease-warning systems for control of sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) of apple and watermelon anthracnose, as well as the morphology of isolates of the SBFS fungi that grouped with the Mycosphaerellaceae. The first objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative sources of weather data as inputs to disease-warning systems for sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) on apple and watermelon anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk & Mont.) Arx (1957) on watermelon in replicated field trials conducted in Iowa during 2006 to 2008. Leaf wetness duration (LWD) data estimated by commercial site-specific technology, or by model-based corrections of these estimates, were compared with measurements made by on-site sensors. In both warning systems, using remotely estimated and model-corrected LWD data resulted in disease levels that were similar or equal to those observed when using on-site measurements. Our study provides evidence that remotely estimated LWD data and model-corrected versions of these data may be used successfully in implementation of warning systems for SBFS on apple and anthracnose on watermelon. The second objective was to examine the morphology and rDNA sequences of 124 isolates of SBFS fungi from Germany and the U.S. Parsimony analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA grouped isolates into 14 clades. Molecular evidence coupled with morphology of representative isolates from each iv
What Can Neuroscience Explain

Horgan’s perceptive discussion of Freudian psychology, Prozac and evolutionarybiology cannot mitigate the problems that seriously weaken his book (Horgan,1999). While he certainly manages to deﬂate some of the more outrageous hypesurrounding the scientiﬁc and often not-so-scientiﬁc study of the mind, his criti-cism of the brain and behavioral sciences contains a number of ﬂaws, some ofwhich I will address below. My response focuses on his discussion of neuroscience.As we shall see, the three mysteries that Horgan believes cripple neuroscience arecertainly not as serious as he insists.Neuroscience is fascinating, as Horgan reminds us, because it’s about us. Fewcan fail to be attracted by the idea of a science that helps us to understand thematerial basis of human consciousness, and indeed it’s the prospect of discoveringthe solution to the mind-body problem that draws researchers into the ﬁeld inthe ﬁrst place. And yet, nowadays most young scientists ﬁnd themselves driven,early in their careers, into the data-rich corners of scientiﬁc specialization and farfrom grander problems like the nature of consciousness and the solution to themind-body problem. Consequently, for Horgan, once we get behind the excitingrhetoric, the workaday reality of contemporary neuroscience is something of adisappointment. The funny thing about this book is that Horgan actually seemshappy that neuroscience isn’t going to live up to the more extreme hype anytimesoon. When it comes to the mind, Horgan is a lover of mystery and in fact arguesthat neuroscience is destined to fail by dint of insurmountable conceptual andpractical obstacles.According to Horgan, three major obstacles face neuroscience. The most signiﬁ-cant of these is Levine’s famous explanatory gap (Levine, 1983). The other two,the binding problem and the differences found between individual brains, play asubsidiary role in his argument. Let’s dispense with the two subsidiary points fromthe outset.
Solar rotation results at Mount Wilson

Solar rotation results from Doppler velocity measurements made at Mount Wilson over a period of more than 14 years are presented based on a single reduction procedure. The observations were made with the wavelength 5250.2 A line of Fe I, and wavelength shifts of the line were simultaneously recorded. Data from 188 rotations are presented. Measurements of scattered light along with its effect on the measured rotation rate are given.
Effect of breathing a heliox gas mixture on cardiopulmonary function in horses-anesthetized immediately following exercise

The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiopulmonary effects of breathing a heliox (60% He: 40% O2) carrier gas mixture in horses anesthetized immediately following treadmill exercise. Using a randomized crossover design, six healthy, Thoroughbred horses (five males, one female) weighing 517 ± 36.9 kg were instrumented to enable measurement of heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) carotid arterial pressures, mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary arterial temperature (TEMP), and cardiac output. Horses were warmed up for 3 minutes at 4 m second−1, then exercised to the point of fatigue at 115% VO2max and immediately anesthetized using detomidine (0.04 mg kg−1 IV) followed by tiletamine-zolazepam (1.25 mg kg−1 IV). Anesthesia was maintained using 1.3 MAC isoflurane (ISO) vaporized in either 100% O2 (O), 60% N2 : 40% O2 (N), or 60% He : 40% O2 (H). End-tidal ISO concentration was measured using a RASCAL II anesthetic gas analyzer. Minute ventilation (MV) was measured during ISO anesthesia using a heated, calibrated pneumotachometer and differential pressure transducer. Ventilation during ISO anesthesia was controlled to maintain constant, similar minute ventilation between the O, N and H treatment groups. Cardiovascular data and samples for arterial and mixed venous blood gas analysis were recorded while the horse stood quietly prior to exercise, 30 seconds after the point of fatigue, immediately prior to isoflurane anesthesia and 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after initiating isoflurane anesthesia. Data were analyzed using repeated measures anova with posthoc differences between means identified using Bonferroni's method (p < 0.05). Exercise was associated with significant increases in HR, SAP, MAP, DAP, PAP, CVP, TEMP and significant decreases in pH, HCO3– and BE. Anesthesia was associated with a return of HR, SAP, MAP, DAP, PAP and CVP to pre-exercise values. MV measured during ISO was not different between groups. Horses in the O group had significantly higher values for PaO2 (156.7 mm Hg, 20.9 kPa) compared to the N group (93.6 mm Hg, 12.5 kPa) or the H group (90.4 mm Hg, 12.1 kPa). No other differences between treatments were identified. We conclude that use of H as a carrier gas does not improve gas exchange in horses anesthetized immediately following exercise.
QCD on a Random Lattice

The usual lattice gauge theory developed by Wilson1 and discussed by many of the previous speakers has two important advantages over the continuum theory: i) The number of degrees of freedom per-unit-volume is finite, so that the theory is regularized and numerical calculation is possible, ii) Both the weak- and strong-coupling regimes can be evaluated analytically. The long distance behavior of the weak-coupling limit agrees with continuum perturbation theory while the strong-coupling limit shows confinement.
Purification of RIP60 and RIP100, mammalian proteins with origin-specific DNA-binding and ATP-dependent DNA helicase activities.

Abstract Replication of the Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene (dhfr) initiates near a fragment of stably bent DNA that binds multiple cellular factors. Investigation of protein interactions with the dhfr bent DNA sequences revealed a novel nuclear protein that also binds to domain B of the yeast origin of replication, the autonomously replicating sequence ARS1. The origin-specific DNA-binding activity was purified 9,000-fold from HeLa cell nuclear extract in five chromatographic steps. Protein-DNA cross-linking experiments showed that a 60-kDa polypeptide, which we call RIP60, contained the origin-specific DNA-binding activity. Oligonucleotide displacement assays showed that highly purified fractions of RIP60 also contained an ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity. Covalent radiolabeling with ATP indicated that the DNA helicase activity resided in a 100-kDa polypeptide, RIP100. The cofractionation of an ATP-dependent DNA helicase with an origin-specific DNA-binding activity suggests that RIP60 and RIP100 may be involved in initiation of chromosomal DNA synthesis in mammalian cells.
Genetic evidence for recent and incipient speciation in the evolution of Hawaiian Metrosideros (Myrtaceae).

Genetic evidence for recent and incipient speciation in the evolution of Hawaiian Metrosideros (Myrtaceae)
Uncovering tinea incognito. Topical corticosteroids can mask typical features of ringworm.

A 53-year-old man presented with a rash on the right medial thigh that had been present for 2 years. During that time, he had been treated successively with desoximetasone 0.05% cream, augmented betamethasone dipropionate0.05% cream, and betamethasone/clotrimazole cream. The rash transiently improved with use of these medications but flared with any attempt to discontinue treatment. Physical examination revealed a 5-cm diameter, erythematous, atrophic patch with telangiectasis. No scaling was visible (figure 1). A potassium hydroxide preparation with Swartz-Lamkins stain revealed branching, septate hyphae, confirming the diagnosis of tinea incognito (figures 2 and 3). Topical butenafine hydrochloride cream applied twice a day and pramoxine hydrochloride lotion, a topical anesthetic, were prescribed. Topical steroids were discontinued. The patient reported flaring of redness and pruritus for I week after treatment was initiated and steady improvement thereafter. All treatment was discontinued after 3 weeks, and there was no recurrence of the rash.
Search decisions in a game of polynomial root counting

There is increasing interest in having mixed teams of humans and smart machines carry out missions of search, surveillance, and reconnaissance. Understanding the way humans make decisions in such search problems is important to achieve effective cooperation. We report research on search styles we have observed in one dimensional search for real roots of randomly generated polynomials. The objective (solution) of the game is to determine the number of distinct real roots in [−1, 1], given an expression for the polynomial and a tool to sample the polynomial. Each player chooses a sequence of sample points in an attempt to collect sufficient information to estimate the number of roots in the interval. Data on eighteen subject players was collected and analyzed. The subjects were classified on the basis of three different types of player strategies that were identified in the games that the subjects played. A formal definition of indistinguishable players is given. Each of the subjects was modeled by a first-order Markov chain that is constructed using the recorded choices that were made by the subject. Using these Markov models, we have created computer programs that play the game so as to be indistinguishable (with respect to a predefined statistic) from the player that was modeled. Formal definitions of player confidence and boredom are proposed based on the analysis of the game play and resulting Markov model.
Modelling and simulation of a mixed-flow reactor for ammonia and methanol synthesis

Abstract The use of mixed axial and radial flows in a fixed-bed adiabatic reactor can lead to regions of flow “back-up” in the bed. These regions cause temperature hot-spots to appear, even under conditions where there are none for a purely radial flow. The hot-spots can be reduced by balancing axial and radial flows, with adverse effects on conversion. For methanol synthesis, selectivity increases with reduced conversion, but the yield of the desired product is lowered. In addition, the need to increase the axial flow defeats the original purpose of the radial-flow reactor.
A STUDY OF THE BR + IO I + BRO AND THE REVERSE REACTION

Abstract The rate coefficient, k1 (298 K) = (5.0 ± 1.1) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, for the reaction, Br + IO → I + BrO (1) was determined by monitoring the temporal profiles of IO in an excess of Br. The rate coefficient for the reverse reaction, I + BrO → IO + Br(−1), k−1 (298 K) = (1.9 ± 1.1) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, was determined by modeling IO temporal profiles, measured in the presence of BrO and O3, in which the regeneration of IO was observed. From these rate coefficients, the difference in the heats of formations of IO and BrO, ΔfH° (298 K) (BrO) − ΔfH° (298 K) (IO), was calculated to be 0.5 ± 0.6 kcal mol−1.
Audit tenure and earnings surprise management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between audit tenure and how clients manage the annual earnings surprise.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 5,029 firm‐year observations from 1996 to 2003 were employed to examine whether audit tenure is negatively related to the incidence of accrual‐based‐upward earnings management to avoid negative earnings surprises; and whether audit tenure is positively related to the incidence of downward forecast guidance to avoid negative earnings surprises.Findings – Empirical results indicate a substitution of downward forecast guidance for upward earnings management as audit tenure lengthens.Research limitations/implications – The paper provides evidence that, as the auditor‐client relationship lengthens over time, firms turn to downward forecast guidance as a substitute for upward earnings management. One possible limitation of the sample period involves the implementation of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002. Because of the increased fin...
The Effects of Social Structure, Geographical Structure, and Population Size on the Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA: II. Molecular Clocks and the Lineage Sorting Period

Evolutionary geneticists have increasingly used sequence variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as a source of historical information. However, conclusions based on these data remain tentative because a sufficiently clear understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of mtDNA has yet to be developed. In this paper we present the results of computer simulations designed to illustrate the effects of social structure, geographical structure, and population size on the rate of nucleotide substitution and lineage sorting of mtDNA. The model is based in part on the social structure of macaque monkeys. Simulated populations of females were divided into 25 social groups; the animals in each were distributed in a hierarchy of four dominance rank categories. The probabilities for offspring survivorship were varied among dominance ranks to reflect the fitness consequences of social structure. Population size was varied across runs from 100 to 300 females. The pattern of female migration was also varied to mimic either the island model or the stepping-stone model. All these variables are shown to affect the lineage sorting period (LSP), and certain combinations of parameter values can cause the retention of mtDNA polymorphisms for a very long time. In addition, the simulations exhibited a negative relationship between the LSP and substitution rate over a modest and realistic range of LSP values. An important implication of these results is that estimates of time since isolation based on the assumption of a constant molecular clock may be biased and unreliable.
Multiphase Flow Separators in Reduced Gravity

Gas phase and liquid phase separation is necessary for one of two reasons. First, system-critical components are designed to specifically operate in a single phase mode only. Pumps, especially centrifugal pumps, lose their prime when gas bubbles accumulate in the impellor housing. Turbines and compressors suffer from erosion problems when exposed to vapor laden with liquid droplets. The second reason is that system performance can be significantly enhanced by operating in a single phase mode. The condensation heat transfer coefficient can be enhanced when the liquid of an entering two-phase stream is stripped thus permitting initial direct contact of the vapor with the cold walls of the condenser. High efficiency and low mass Environmental Control and Life Support Systems invariably require multiphase processes. These systems consist of water filtration and purification via bioreactors that encounter two phase flow at the inlets from drainage streams associated with the humidity condensate, urine, food processing, and with ullage bubble effluent from storage tanks. Entrained gases in the liquid feed, could have deleterious effects on the performance of many of these systems by cavitating pumps and poisoning catalytic packed bed bioreactors. Phase separation is required in thermal management and power systems whereby it is necessary to have all vapor entering the turbine and all liquid exiting the condenser and entering the pump in order to obtain the highest reliability and performance of these systems. Power systems which utilize Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells generate a humidified oxygen exit stream whereby the water vapor needs to be condensed and removed to insure reliable and efficient system operation. Gas-liquid separation can be achieved by a variety of means in low gravity. Several active and passive techniques are examined and evaluated. Ideally, a system that functions well in all gravity environments that the system experiences is a requirementCopyright © 2005 by ASME
The use of emission spatial profiles for the establishment of an internal reference point in ICP-AES

Abstract ICP torches are essentially unique devices. They are by necessity hand-made items. Therefore each has small variations in shape which cause individual differences in plasma configuration. As a consequence, utilization of an external reference point such as the “top of the load coil” is not adequate. It is well documented that ICP sources are complex and that different excitation mechanisms come into play in different parts of the source. This is demonstrated by the fact that generally atomic transitions have their peak intensities lower in the plasma, whereas ionic transitions peak higher in the plasma. The height-intensity relationship of both atomic and ionic species has been investigated. The use of the intersection of normalized atomic and ionic emission intensity profiles as a function of observation height has been evaluated as a possible internal reference point. This point is shown to be reproducible and easy to measure.
Visual Masking of Targets Displayed against Two-And Three-Dimensional Backgrounds

Detection thresholds for targets displayed against two- and three-dimensional backgrounds were measured under backward masking and non-masking conditions. The results indicate that planar ring targets displayed against a two-dimensional ground are easier to mask than identical targets portrayed against a three-dimensional background. Also, the detectability of a planar ring target is enhanced when it is included within a three-dimensional rather than an identical but two-dimensional visual display. These results confirm and extend previous findings and suggest a processing asymmetry biased toward three-dimensional visual displays.
Threshold Extending Receiver Structures for CE-OFDM

Constant Envelope OFDM (CE-OFDM) alleviates the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem in OFDM. However, since CE-OFDM is based on angle modulation, it is susceptible to the well known threshold effect. This paper considers several threshold extending receiver structures for CE-OFDM. The simple arctangent receiver [4] is compared to the conventional limiter-discriminator type FM receiver and a second-order phase locked loop structure. A novel cycle slip eliminator (CSE) is also developed to detect and cancel cycle slips and is shown to provide significant threshold extension. It is observed that the optimum receiver design depends on the CE-OFDM modulation index. The various schemes are compared in terms of threshold extension capability and complexity for a wide range of modulation indexes.
The Color Gray: Ambiguity and Infertility

Ambiguity was found to be the most prevalent experience in a group of infertile women. The women's descriptions of ambiguity, expressed as uncertainty about the causes and cures of infertility, pregnancy diagnosis and outcome, life pursuits and control, and identity are presented and compared with the literature on ambiguity and disease or disability. Questions are raised for clinicians and researchers.
Circadian rhythm of appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharges in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Aims:To characterize the circadian pattern of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) discharges in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) without previous surgical myectomy or percutaneous alcohol septal ablation. Methods and Results:HCM patients without previous surgical myectomy or percutaneous alcohol septal ablation having undergone ICD insertion at Mayo Clinic from 1992 to 2005 were studied. Analysis of appropriate ICD discharges with respect to time of day was performed. During a mean follow-up of 4.4 ± 4 years (P = 0.02), a total of 122 appropriate discharges were recorded. The average event rate for this group of patients was 4.3% per year. The circadian pattern reveals a pronounced peak in ICD discharges for the hours from 14:00 to 16:00. HCM patients receiving antiarrhythmic or β-blocker therapy did not demonstrate a different circadian pattern compared with patients not receiving these medications. Conclusion:Analysis of the temporal distribution of ICD discharges in HCM patients without previous surgical myectomy or percutaneous alcohol septal ablation reveals a peak occurrence of ICD discharges during the period from 12:00 to 18:00 hours with the highest incidence between 14:00 and 16:00 hours. This is different from the well-documented early morning peak observed in ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy patients.
The Role of Ethnicity in Mexican American and Non-Hispanic White Students’ Experience of Sexual Harassment:

This study explored dimensions of a social phenomenon not often investigated among Mexican American college students, namely sexual harassment. Mexican American (n = 261) and non-Hispanic White female students (n = 111) from three southwestern universities responded to scales assessing experiences of sexually harassing behaviors, harassment tolerance, and perceptions of perpetrator power. Participants described how they responded to the most offensive of the sexually harassing behaviors experienced. Nearly 80% of participants reported experiencing more than one sexually harassing behavior and a large majority identified another student as the harasser. Mexican American students reported experiencing fewer sexually harassing behaviors than non-Hispanic Whites, attributed less power to perceived sexual harassers, and reported greater harassment tolerance. The study's findings are considered within the context of best educational practices and how universities can better assist students, staff, and faculty in understanding what constitutes sexual harassment and ways in which it can be reported and responded to on campus. Language: en
Non-ideal reactor network synthesis through IDEAS: Attainable region construction

The attainable region (AR) for non-ideal reactor networks is constructed for the first time using the Infinite DimEnsionAl State-space (IDEAS) framework. The axial dispersion model is used to represent a non-ideal reactor, and it is shown that the IDEAS framework and associated Shrink-wrap algorithm are applicable to this model. A case study demonstrates that the AR for a reactor network featuring non-ideal dispersion models is larger than the AR for a reactor network featuring only ideal CSTR/PFR models.
The effect of carbon dioxide on oxygen-induced retinopathy in the neonatal rat.

Purpose. Hypercarbia has been suggested as a risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity. We investigated the effect of raised inspired carbon dioxide on oxygen-induced retinopathy in the neonatal rat. METHODS. Newborn rats raised in expanded litters (n = 25 each) were exposed to cycles of hyperoxia (80% O 2) and hypoxia (10% O 2) for 7 days, followed by room air recovery for 5 days. During cyclic oxygen exposure, 3 litters (n = 75) were exposed to 10% CO 2 (PaCO 2 78 mm Hg ± 6; mean ± SD) and 3 litters (n = 75) were exposed to 0.2% CO 2 (PaCO 2 45 mm Hg ± 7). Animals were sacrificed on day 13 and retinae were analyzed using fluorescein perfusion and ADPase staining techniques. RESULTS. Neovascularization occurred in 85% of rats exposed to high CO 2 compared to 52% of rats exposed to low CO 2 (p = 0.001). The severity of neovascularization, in clock hours, was also greater in the rats exposed to high CO 2 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS. Exposure to high CO 2 results in an increased incidence and severity of n...
Tissue-specific developmental regulation of protein kinase C isoforms.

Abstract The limited amount of available information regarding the developmental control of protein kinase C (PKC) isoform expression restricts our understanding of the role of these enzymes in normal physiology. Accordingly, this study investigated PKC isoform expression in selected tissues from fetal, neonatal, and adult rats. PKCβ immunoreactivity was prominent in brain tissue, whereas the expression of PKCα, PKCδ, PKCϵ, and PKCζ was found to be widespread. Although no developmental change in any PKC isoform was evident in liver, striking tissue-specific age-dependent differences in PKC isoform abundance were noted in other tissues. For example, age-dependent increases in PKCα, PKCβ, and PKCδ in brain contrasted with age-dependent decreases in PKCα and PKCδ in lung, kidney, and heart. Immunoreactivity for PKCϵ was abundant in all fetal/neonatal tissues; PKCϵ was detected in the adult brain, heart, and liver, but not the adult kidney and lung. Finally, PKCζ was more abundant in fetal/neonatal than in adult brain, lung, kidney, and heart. These results indicate that the fetal/neonatal lung, kidney, and heart are enriched in PKCζ, PKCα, PKCδ, and PKCϵ, relative to the adult tissues. These age-dependent variations in the abundance of individual isoforms of PKC may critically influence tissue responsiveness to external stimuli. Moreover, the finding that PKCζ is particularly abundant in fetal tissues as well as the liver, the only tissue included in this study which retains regenerative capacity in the adult animal, is consistent with the notion that PKCζ may play a role in cell proliferation.
Evaluation of a zero-discharge reactor for the chemical vapor deposition of mercury telluride

Abstract A closed reactor configuration has been examined for the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of mercury telluride (HgTe). This configuration eliminates the discharge of mercury vapor during growth. Buoyancy-driven flows inside the reactor led to film growth on the walls as well as on the substrate. Highly oriented HgTe films were deposited on sapphire (0 0 0 1), whereas polycrystalline films were deposited on cadmium telluride (1 1 1)B. The mechanism of HgTe MOCVD from Hg and diisopropyltelluride has been investigated by measuring the hydrocarbon product distribution during growth. The major hydrocarbon products are propylene (C 3 H 6 ), propane (C 3 H 8 ), and 2,3-dimethylbutane (β-C 6 H 14 ). The ratios of yields of C 3 H 6 to β-C 6 H 14 are approximately 8 : 1. A ratio much larger than unity is indicative of surface mediated β-hydride elimination, which is consistent with the metal-like nature of HgTe.
Climate‐related disaster diplomacy: A US‐Cuban case study

This article traces the history of climate‐related cooperation between the US and Cuba as a possible example of disaster diplomacy. It identifies and analyses the areas of present interactions and conflicts, as well as potential diplomatically‐sanctioned cooperation between the two countries, with particular respect to the ENSO cycle (El Nino‐Southern Oscillation cycle, which incorporates El Nino and La Nina), and the extreme meteorological events that it spawns. Currently, US and Cuban government disaster collaboration is limited to the hurricane season and to monitoring and forecasting the development of storms in the tropical Atlantic. Based on careful examination of extensive empirical material, the article concludes that while disaster diplomacy may be successful in some regions, it has little chance of success in the US‐Cuban context in the absence of a rapprochement between the leaders of these two political systems.
Freeform fabrication of hydrogels

New layerwise processing methods will allow combinations of chemical and thermal forming of materials to produce structures that cannot be generated by conventional processes. This paper describes the use of extrusion freeform fabrication to make multiple layers of two hydrogels and measurements on the swelling properties of these stacks. These structures are being examined as part of a project on muscle-like actuators.
Temperature and concentration profiles in hydrogennitrous oxide flames

Abstract Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy has been used to measure temperature and NO, O 2 , and N 2 concentration profiles in lean to stoichiometric premixed laminar hydrogennitrous oxide flames. Relative concentration profiles for OH were also obtained for these flames by use of laser induced fluorescence. The present NO concentration results for the stoichiometric flame agree with previous NO measurements obtained by a different optical technique. Profiling these species for various equivalence ratios provides a further test for flame modelers.
A compatible Lagrangian hydrodynamic scheme for multicomponent flows with mixing

We present a Lagrangian time integration scheme and compatible discretization for total energy conservation in multicomponent mixing simulations. Mixing behavior results from relative motion between species. Species velocities are determined by solving species momentum equations in a Lagrangian manner. Included in the species momentum equations are species artificial viscosity (since each species can undergo compression) and inter-species momentum exchange. Thermal energy for each species is also solved, including compression work and thermal dissipation caused by momentum exchange. The present procedure is applicable to mixing of an arbitrary number of species that may not be in pressure or temperature equilibrium. A traditional staggered stencil has been adopted to describe motion of each species. The computational mesh for the mixture is constructed in a Lagrangian manner using the mass-averaged mixture velocity. Species momentum equations are solved at the vertices of the mesh, and temporary species meshes are constructed and advanced in time using the resulting species velocities. Following the Lagrangian step, species quantities are advected (mapped) from the species meshes to the mixture mesh. Momentum exchange between species introduces work that must be included in an energy-conserving discretization scheme. This work has to be transformed to dissipation in order to effect a net change in species thermal energy. The dissipation between interacting species pairs is obtained by combining the momentum exchange work. The dissipation is then distributed to the species involved using a distribution factor based on species specific heats. The resulting compatible discretization scheme provides total energy conservation of the whole mixture. In addition, the numerical scheme includes conservative local energy exchange between species in mixture. Due to the relatively large species interaction coefficients, both the species momenta and energies are calculated implicitly. Sample calculations have yielded excellent results, including conservation of total energy in Lagrangian steps, symmetry preservation, and correct steady-state behavior.
Collisional particle pressure measurements in solid liquid flows

Experiments were conducted to measure the collisional particle pressure in both cocurrent and countercurrent flows of liquid-solid mixtures. The collisional particle pressure, or granular pressure, is the additional pressure exerted on the containing walls of a particulate system due to the particle collisions. The present experiments involve both a liquid-fluidized bed using glass, plastic or steel spheres and a vertical gravity-driven flow using glass spheres. The particle pressure was measured using a high-frequency-response flush-mounted pressure transducer. Detailed recordings were made of many different particle collisions with the active face of this transducer. The solids fraction of the flowing mixtures was measured using an impedance volume fraction meter. Results show that the magnitude of the measured particle pressure increases from low concentrations (>10% solid volume fraction), reaches a maximum for intermediate values of solid fraction (30-40%), and decreases again for more concentrated mixtures (>40%). The measured collisional particle pressure appears to scale with the particle dynamic pressure based on the particle density and terminal velocity. Results were obtained and compared for a range of particle sizes, as well as for two different test section diameters. In addition, a detailed analysis of the collisions was performed that included the probability density functions for the collisoin duration and collision impulse. Two distinct contributions to the collisional particle pressure were identified: one contribution from direct contact of particles with the pressure transducer, and the second one resulting from particle collisions in the bulk that are transmitted through the liquid to the pressure transducer.
Zoosporic fungi of Oceania. IV. Additional monocentric chytrids.

Several monocentric chytrid species of the generaPhlyctochytrium,Rhizidium,Chytridium,Chytriomyces andKarlingia were isolated on various substrata from soils of Oceania. Among these are two new species,Phlyctochytrium megastomum andRhizidium endosporangiatum. The former species is characterized chiefly by sporangia with an usually large apical, subapical, or a lateral exit orifice, the persistence of remnants of the pailla wall at the edge of the exit orifice, and by small zoospores.
Trends in concentrations and use of agricultural herbicides for Corn Belt rivers, 1996-2006

Trends in the concentrations and agricultural use of four herbicides (atrazine, acetochlor, metolachlor, and alachlor) were evaluated for major rivers of the Corn Belt for two partially overlapping time periods: 1996-2002 and 2000-2006. Trends were analyzed for 11 sites on the mainstems and selected tributaries in the Ohio, Upper Mississippi, and Missouri River Basins. Concentration trends were determined using a parametric regression model designed for analyzing seasonal variability, flow-related variability, and trends in pesticide concentrations (SEAWAVE-Q). The SEAWAVE-Q model accounts for the effect of changing flow conditions in order to separate changes caused by hydrologic conditions from changes caused by other factors, such as pesticide use. Most of the trends in atrazine and acetochlor concentrations for both time periods were relatively small and nonsignificant, but metolachlor and alachlor were dominated by varying magnitudes of concentration downtrends. Overall, with trends expressed as a percent change per year, trends in herbicide concentrations were consistent with trends in agricultural use; 84 of 88 comparisons for different sites, herbicides, and time periods showed no significant difference between concentration trends and agricultural use trends. Results indicate that decreasing use appears to have been the primary cause for the concentration downtrends during 1996-2006 and that, while there is some evidence that nonuse management factors may have reduced concentrations in some rivers, reliably evaluating the influence of these factors on pesticides in large streams and rivers will require improved, basin-specific information on both management practices and use over time.
Platinum and the platinum anomaly in the marine environment

Abstract Platinum is markedly enriched over palladium in ferromanganese minerals compared to seawater concentrations of these two elements. This anomalous behavior, similar to that of cerium in the rare earth series, is attributed to the oxidation of platinum from the dissolved divalent state in seawater to the tetravalent state during mineral formation. The platinum to palladium weight ratio in seawaters is around 4.5, in marine sediments around 1, and in ferromanganese nodules between 50 and 1000. Platinum, similar to palladium, shows a nutrient-type profile in seawater.
The effect of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: The dose response curve

Data from human subjects given various amounts of anabolic steroids show that the resultant increment in lean body mass (LBM) has the features of a typical dose response curve. Low doses produce a very modest effect, while large doses result in a progressive augmentation of the LBM. Endogenous testosterone production during male adolescence is accompanied by a sex differential in LBM that is comparable to the LBM increment generated by exogenous steroids given to adults.
Laser Doppler flowmetry predicts occlusion but not tPA-mediated reperfusion success after rat embolic stroke

Abstract Background and purpose Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is increasingly used to assess adequate occlusion after embolic stroke (ES) in rats. Methods Employing LDF, relative regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was continuously monitored during the first 2 h following ES and correlated with 24 h 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-staining of corrected infarct volume. In a preliminary experiment ( n = 18), it was demonstrated that rCBF-reduction to 37% or less of baseline correctly identified occlusion success in the suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (sMCAO) model. Using the same methodology, we then assessed whether LDF allowed for identification of animals with successful ES (experiment 2, n = 26) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated reperfusion following ES (experiment 3, n = 28). Results In ES rats, 3 infarct patterns were identified: small ( 3 ), medium (∼ 250 mm 3 ), and large (> 400 mm 3 ). Rats with an rCBF below 45% of preocclusion values had an 80% probability of developing medium to large infarcts, whereas rats with an rCBF above the 45%-threshold had a 100% chance of developing small infarcts. LDF did not reliably detect reperfusion in tPA-treated animals (sensitivity = 40%), because it apparently occurred within brain areas remote from the LDF-monitoring site as indicated by TTC-staining and magnetic resonance angiography in a subset of animals. Conclusion LDF is an excellent screening method to identify animals with successful ES; however, distinction of medium from large infarcts is not possible, the critical threshold for identifying adequate occlusion is higher than in the sMCAO model, and LDF poorly predicts tPA-mediated reperfusion.
Symptomatic and anatomic 1-year outcomes after robotic and abdominal sacrocolpopexy.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare symptomatic and anatomic outcomes 1 year after robotic vs abdominal sacrocolpopexy. Study design Our retrospective cohort study compared women who underwent robotic sacrocolpopexy (RSC) with 1 surgeon to those who underwent abdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC) as part of the Colpopexy and Urinary Reduction Efforts trial. Our primary outcome was a composite measure of vaginal bulge symptoms or repeat surgery for prolapse. Results We studied 447 women (125 with RSC and 322 with ASC). Baseline characteristics were similar. There were no significant differences in surgical failures 1 year after surgery based on our primary composite outcome (7/86 [8%] vs 12/304 [4%]; P = .16). When we considered anatomic failure, there were also no significant differences between RSC and ASC (4/70 [6%] vs 16/289 [6%]; P = .57). Conclusion One year after sacrocolpopexy, women who underwent RSC have similar symptomatic and anatomic success compared with those women who underwent ASC.
Iron reduction by psychrotrophic enrichment cultures.

Psychrotrophic (<20°C) enrichment cultures from deep Pacific marine sediments and Alaskan tundra permafrost reduced ferric iron when using organic acids or H2 as electron donors. The representative culture W3-7 from the Pacific sediments grew fastest at 10°C, which was 5-fold faster than at 25°C and more than 40-fold faster than at 4°C. Fe(III) reduction was also the fastest at 10°C, which was 2-fold faster than at 25°C and 12-fold faster than at 4°C. Overall, about 80% of the enrichment cultures exhibited microbial Fe(III) reduction under psychrotrophic conditions. These results indicated that microbial iron reduction is likely widespread in cold natural environments and may play important roles in cycling of iron and organic matter over geological times.
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Neomycin in Milk Using a Hisep Column

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of neomycin in milk is described. Milk is passed directly through an amberlite CG-50 ion exchange resin column, and the neomycin which is retained on the column is derivatized with ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) reagent. The derivatized neomycin is eluted from the column with potassium borate buffer/methanol and analyzed by HPLC. A HISEP HPLC column with fluororoetric detection was used. Recoveries ranged from 94 to 102% in samples fortified between 0.1 to 5ppra levels. The detection limit is 50ppb.