cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TOLERANCE AND RESPONSES OF NORMAL AND DISEASED LOGGERHEAD TURTLES (Caretta caretta) TO SOME CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS1

No external injury was observed in early hatchlings of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) when they were bathed for 10 days in seawater containing either of the following chemicals: Potassium permanganate (0.1 to 0.4 ppm), Formalin (25 to 400 ppm), and malachite green (0.1 to 0.4 ppm). The following concentrations produced toxic or irritating effects: Potassium permanganate, 0.4 and 0.8 ppm; Formalin, 800 ppm; and malachite green, 0.8 ppm and 1.6 ppm. Thirty-five-day-old loggerhead hatchlings survived subcutaneous injections (10 days) of penicillin G (2,500 to 20,000 units/100 g body wt/day) or gentamicin (0.5 to 0.4 mg/100 g/day). Gentamicin appeared toxic at dosages greater than 0.05 mg/100 g. Coupled with 7-day Formalin bath treatments, subcutaneous injections of either ampicillin or chloramphenicol for 3 weeks produced survival rates of 87.5% and 62.5% in loggerhead hatchlings afflicted with papillary eruption disease and emaciation. Only 20% of the control (untreated) animals survived, and they were in very poor condition at the conclusion of the experiment. Although injection with chloramphenicol plus bath treatments with methylene blue resulted in a 70% survival of medicated turtles, the overall appearance of the animals was poor. The results indicate that among the 3 drug combinations tested, the ampicillin-Formalin combination should be the preferred treatment of papillary eruption disease, chloramphenicol-Formalin a second choice, and chloramphenicol-methylene blue the last alternative.
Photon equation of motion with application to the electron’s anomalous magnetic moment

Abstract The photon equation of motion previously applied to the Lamb shift is here applied to the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron. Exact agreement is obtained with the QED result of Schwinger. The photon theory treats the radiative correction to the photon in the presence of the electron rather than its inverse as in standard QED. The result is found to be first order in the photon–electron interaction rather than second order as in standard QED, introducing an ease of calculation hitherto unavailable.
Dynamic goal instantiation in goal lattices for sensor management

Previous papers have introduced the concept of goal lattices (GL) and the GMUGLE(tm) software for assisting the user in entering and ordering a set of goals into a goal lattice as well as assigning relative values to them. The previous assumption was that the GL was static and computed the relative values of the search, track, and ID functions for a reconnaissance mission. For more complex missions in a dynamic environment with expected changes in operational mode, the concept of dynamic goals is introduced. Dynamic goals are instantiated from a set of predefined goals along with their interconnection into the preexisting mission GL. This instantiation is done by the platform sensor manager part of the mission manager and represents a concurrent information request which exists until the platform sensor manager uninstantiates it. A representative example of how goal instantiation is implemented is presented.
ON ROUTINES AND PATTERNS IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND PERFORMANCE

It is sometimes claimed that routines and patterns play a major role in language acquisition: specifically, that routines and patterns directly foster the development of syntactic structure. In order to determine the true status and function of routines and patterns in language acquisition and performance, we examine several explanations of routines and patterns in light of the literature on automatic speech in neurolinguistics, child first language acquisition, child second language acquisition, and adult second language acquisition. In doing this, we relate routines and patterns to what has been called “automatic speech” and the “gestalt mode”. We conclude by: 1. asserting that the use of routines and patterns may be encouraged when conversational demands are present and the acquirer is not yet competent in the second language and 2. arguing that routines and patterns, while useful in establishing and maintaining relations (Fillmore 1976), do not serve a primary role in language acquisition and performance.
Polarizability of Rn-like Th 4 + from spectroscopy of high- L Rydberg levels of Th 3 +

Binding energies of high-$L$ Rydberg levels of Th${}^{3+}$ were measured using the resonant excitation Stark ionization spectroscopy technique. Analysis of the data with the long-range polarization model leads to determination of dipole and quadrupole polarizabilities of the free Th${}^{4+}$ ion, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{d}}$ $=$ 7.61(6) a.u., ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ $=$ 47(11) a.u.
The Determinants of Team-Based Innovation in Organizations The Role of Social Influence

This study investigates the role of work group norms in promoting innovation in high-technology organizations. Through structured discussions, samples of senior executives identified organizational patterns and norms associated with successful innovation. Based on the results, a survey was developed and administered to a set of managers. Results show four norms associated with increased group innovation: support for risk taking, tolerance of mistakes, teamwork, and speed of action. An instrument to assess these norms is developed.
Duplication 6q21q23 in two unrelated patients

We report on two patients with rare 6q duplications. The karyotype of patient 1 is 46,XY,dup(6)(q21q23.3). The karyotype of patient 2 is 46,XX,dup(6)(q21.15q23.3). These two patients have some nonspecific physical findings in common including a depressed nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, mild heart defects, and developmental delay, but each had other congenital anomalies.
Feedback to clinicians: Theory, research, and practice

Despite the dearth of consistent evidence for conventional feedback mechanisms in clinical practice, the primary methods of feedback for clinicians remain supervision and clinical experience. A new research approach, known as patient-focused research, provides clinicians with direct feedback regarding a client's health status and relative progress in therapy. This article briefly reviews the relation of different types of feedback (i.e., supervision, clinical experience, feedback on client health status) to clinical outcome. In contrast to the mixed results for clinical experience and supervision, providing client health status feedback to clinicians significantly improves outcome, especially for clients who are not doing well in therapy. We conclude with a description of a model that provides insight into ways that feedback interventions can work best for professionals. Characteristics of the clinician, the feedback format, and the dissonance between feedback and clinician goals all relate to the ways that feedback is interpreted and utilized.
Review of Recent Results on Optimal Orthonormal Subband Coders.

The conditions for optimality of uniform orthonormal subband coders are reviewed. A number of properties of optimal filter banks are then summarized. The case of nonuniform orthonormal filter banks is also considered, and it is shown that the well known connection between optimal coding gain, energy compaction, and principle component property does not extend to the nonuniform case.
Diameter-Controlled Synthesis of Polyaniline Nanofibers

Various diameters of polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers were easily made by varying the sweep rate in the electrochemical polymerization of the aniline monomer. At a sweep rate of 5 mV/s, the PANI nanofibers have an average diameter of 450 nm with a median of 440 nm. The fibers are short, on the order of a few microns in length, and exhibit a branched geometry. Increasing the sweep rate to 50 mV/s produced longer nanofibers with a smaller average diameter of 200 nm. Nanofibers synthesized at 100 mV/s were noted to be smaller with an average and median diameter of 100 nm. These results illustrate the ease in which the morphology of nanostructured PANI can be altered and indicate that the method has the potential to create multi-diameter fibers or mixed-morphology materials.
Temperature effects on imbibition, germination and respiration of grain sorghum seeds

Abstract Seeds of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) were used to assess effects of imbibitional temperatures on germination, radicle length, emergence, and development of respiratory activity. Germination in soil after 6 days at 25, 20 and 15°C was about 90%. Seeds at 10°C for the first 24 hours, and then at 25°C (10/25°C) also germinated about 90%. However, seeds held continuously at 10°C absorbed sufficient moisture, but failed to germinate within 5 days. Rates of germination and radicle elongation increased when temperature increased from 15 to 25°C. Radicle elongation was slower and emergence was later for seedlings at 10/25°C than that for seeds imbibed and grown throughout at 25°C. In contrast to radicle elongation at 10/25°C was intermediate between that at 15 and 20°C, percentage emergence at 10/25°C was intermediate between 20 and 25°C. These results suggested that radicle growth was more sensitive to imbibitional chilling than was growth of the coleoptile and epicotyl. Respiration rates during imbibition at 10 and 6°C were low, and increased slowly in a linear manner over time as seeds imbibed water. Respiration rates at the higher inbibitional temperatures were progressively higher, and increased in a curvilinear manner as water was imbibed. Seeds at 31% moisture had respiration rates of 186, 83, 57, 22, and 10 μl O2 h−1 g−1 for the 25, 20, 15, 10, and 6°C treatments, respectively. Although seeds imbibed water at 6 and 10°C reaching the moisture content necessary for germination, they did not germinate.
Use of intraoperative fluorescent angiography to assess and optimize free tissue transfer in head and neck reconstruction.

Purpose Composite tissue defects in the head and neck region present unique challenges. Definitive head and neck reconstruction of these cases is often complicated by complex 3-dimensional defects that may require multiple flap or chimeric flap procedures. These advanced techniques can have serious repercussions should poor perfusion of the flap cause flap failure, which can be devastating. Materials and Methods A retrospective review was completed for those complex reconstructions using free tissue transfers and fluorescent indocyanine green angiography (Lifecell SPY Elite imaging, Lifecell Corporation, Bridgewater, NJ) at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center over a 24-month period. Data analyzed included flap type (myocutaneous, osteocutaneous, or fasciocutaneous), flap success and failure rates, and complications. These also were compared with data from the institution before the study period and the incorporation of SPY technology. Results Sixty-one free flaps, including 11 head and neck flaps, were performed. The head and neck flaps included 1 latissimus, 3 gracilis, 1 vastus lateralis, 4 anterior lateral thigh, and 2 fibular flaps. The overall success rate was 98.4%; 1 flap was lost (1.6%) and 2 flaps developed partial flap necrosis (3.3%). Where SPY Elite was used, there was no unpredicted partial flap necrosis. The only total flap loss was related to a hypercoagulable condition. Conclusions Free tissue transfer can be technically challenging, especially in complex head and neck reconstruction. An algorithmic approach using SPY Elite imaging aids in pedicle location, angiosomal assessment, anastomotic flow visualization, and cutaneous and osteocutaneous flap perfusion assessment. This objective tool can assist the reconstructive surgeon in avoiding perfusion-related complications and total and partial flap losses, thus improving patient outcomes.
Quantum Monte Carlo study of a spin- 1/2 chain

An efficient finite-temperature quantum Monte Carlo simulation is described for nearest-neighbor spin-(1/2) models in the presence of external magnetic fields. The method is used to study the specific heat and susceptibility of ferromagnetic easy-plane cases with an in-plane magnetic field, and is applied to the one-dimensional magnet (${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$${\mathrm{H}}_{11}$${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$)${\mathrm{CuBr}}_{3}$.
Artificial propagation of the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus Richardson

Abstract The first successful reproduction of white sturgeon in captivity was conducted from February to May 1980. Ovulation and spermiation were induced in wild-caught broodstock with injections of pituitary glands from sturgeon and common carp. Eggs were incubated and hatched in MacDonald jars. Larvae and fingerlings were reared in large numbers using a variety of intensive and extensive techniques. The procedures and preliminary results of this work are described.
Synthesis and characterization of gold sulfide nanoparticles

We report a new synthesis of colloidal gold(I) sulfide nanoparticles by reacting aqueous solutions of sodium sulfide and sodium gold sulfite. Optical absorption spectra and pH were measured during the reaction. The pH changes from 10.3 to 8.8 immediately after mixing the reactants and very slowly decreases during particle growth. The nanoparticles exhibit a continuous increase in absorption as the photon energy increases from 1 to 5 eV. The optical band gap of the nanoparticles has been estimated from the onset of absorption to be 1.8 ± 0.2 eV. X-ray photoelectron and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicate that the composition of the particles is Au2S. The measured S(2p3/2) and Au(4f7/2) binding energies suggest that Au2S has mixed covalent/ionic bonding. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the particles are roughly spherical with an average diameter of 4 nm.
Embodied learning at work: Making the mind‐set shift from workplace to playspace

Valuing and validating embodied learning in the workplace makes space for individual learning and transformation and can increase organisational capacity for innovation, learning and change. Creative play and improvisation can facilitate learning, collaboration and creative problem solving. This article uses case studies to demonstrate embodied learning in action.
THEMIS: Threat Evaluation Metamodel for Information Systems

THEMIS (Threat Evaluation Metamodel for Information Systems) is a description logic-based framework to apply state, federal, and international law to reason about the intent of computer network attacks with respect to collateral consequences. It can be used by law enforcement agencies and prosecutors to build legally credible arguments, and by network designers to keep their defensive and retaliatory measures within lawful limits. THEMIS automates known quantitative measures of characterizing attacks, weighs their potential impact, and places them in appropriate legal compartments. From the perspective of computer networks, we develop representations and a way to reason about the non-network related consequences of complex attacks from their atomic counterparts. From the perspective of law, we propose the development of interoperable ontologies and rules that represent concepts and restrictions of heterogeneous legal domains. The two perspectives are woven together in THEMIS using description logic to reason about and guide defensive, offensive, and prosecutorial actions.
Dietary guidelines for children: U.S. recommendations.

The primary goal for pediatric dietary guidelines is to provide nutrients to support optimal growth and development at different ages from infancy through the end of adolescence. Over the past 15 years increasing attention has been directed toward developing nutrition recommendations that may lower the risk of chronic illness later in life. Recent evidence supports earlier studies that demonstrate that atherogenesis begins in childhood, is an evolving process and is influenced by environmental factors. As a result, in part, because of nutritional recommendations to lower the fat content of the diet, total fat and saturated fat as a percentage of total energy intake have declined in the diet of children and adolescents over the past 20 years. At the same time there has been no increase in the prevalence of growth failure; children, in fact, are heavier than their counterparts of 15 years ago. With a decrease in dietary fat, the mean serum cholesterol of the population as a whole has decreased steadily over the past 20 years. Children can safely eat a lower fat diet in which fat contributes 30% of total energy and saturated fat < 10% of total energy.
Steroids Produced in Vitro by Adrenal Glands of Normal and Arteriosclerotic Rats During and After Drug-Induced Myocardial Necrosis

The subcutaneous injection of the potent catecholamine, isoproterenol, on two consecutive days causes active and massive myocardial necrosis in rats. Infarctoid myocardial necrosis was produced in male and female virgin rats free of arterial disease, in male breeder rats which have microscopic arteriosclerosis only, and in female breeder rats having early or advanced gross arteriosclerosis. During the active development of myocardial necrosis and heart failure, an apparent shift in distribution of body fluid produced systemic dehydration, pulmonary edema, and hydrothorax. Animals which survived the myocardial destruction showed gradual reduction of the congestive heart failure and beginning myocardial repair. Virgin animals with no pre-existing arterial disease developed more severe signs of shock and congestive heart failure than breeder rats with pre-existing arteriosclerosis. In vitro estimation of the adrenal steroids produced by the animals with myocardial necrosis indicated intense in vivo stimulati...
Changes in the Distribution of Poverty across and within the US Metropolitan Areas, 1979-89

Between 1980 and 1990, urban and suburban poverty rates grew further apart within US metropolitan areas and at an accelerating rate for those cities with the greatest concentrations of metropolitan poverty. This study measures the effects of changes in social, demographic, economic and structural characteristics of metropolitan areas on the changes in metropolitan poverty rates and in the spatial concentration of that poverty in their central cities.
Detecting novel scans through pattern anomaly detection

We introduce a technique for detecting anomalous patterns in a categorical feature (one that takes values from a finite alphabet). It differs from most anomaly detection methods used to date in that it does not require attack-free training data, and it improves upon previous methods known to us in that it is aware when it is adequately trained to generate meaningful alerts, and it models data not as normal and anomalous but as falling into one of a number of modes discovered by competitive learning. We apply the technique to port patterns in TCP sessions (the alphabet being the port numbers) and highlight interesting patterns detected in simulated and real traffic. We propose extensions where the learned pattern library can be seeded and some patterns of interest can be labeled, so that certain patterns generate an alert no matter how frequently they are observed, while others labeled benign do not generate alerts even if rarely seen. Finally, we outline a hybrid system approach to closely integrate anomaly and misuse detection, arguing that the historical dichotomy with which many researchers approach these techniques is now artificial.
Critical Summaries of Innovations in Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy

ABSTRACTTimely and important studies are reviewed and commentaries provided by leading palliative care clinicians. Symptoms, interventions, and treatment-related adverse events addressed in this issue are: the effect of sorafenib on sarcopenia; defining, classifying, and assessing cancer breakthrough pain; treatment of opioid-dependent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients (clinic-based versus referred treatment); the predictors and course of depression in metastatic cancer patients; and the effectiveness of treatment agreements and urine analysis for reducing opioid misuse in outpatients with chronic noncancer pain.
Natural variation, functional pleiotropy and transcriptional contexts of odorant binding protein genes in Drosophila melanogaster.

How functional diversification affects the organization of the transcriptome is a central question in systems genetics. To explore this issue, we sequenced all six Odorant binding protein (Obp) genes located on the X chromosome, four of which occur as a cluster, in 219 inbred wild-derived lines of Drosophila melanogaster and tested for associations between genetic and phenotypic variation at the organismal and transcriptional level. We observed polymorphisms in Obp8a, Obp19a, Obp19b, and Obp19c associated with variation in olfactory responses and polymorphisms in Obp19d associated with variation in life span. We inferred the transcriptional context, or “niche,” of each gene by identifying expression polymorphisms where genetic variation in these Obp genes was associated with variation in expression of transcripts genetically correlated to each Obp gene. All six Obp genes occupied a distinct transcriptional niche. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed associations of different Obp transcriptional niches with olfactory behavior, synaptic transmission, detection of signals regulating tissue development and apoptosis, postmating behavior and oviposition, and nutrient sensing. Our results show that diversification of the Obp family has organized distinct transcriptional niches that reflect their acquisition of additional functions.
Telbivudine: A Novel Nucleoside Analog for Chronic Hepatitis B

Objective:To review available literature on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, dosing and administration, efficacy, and safety of the antiviral nucleoside analog telbivudine.Data Sources:Information was obtained from searching MEDLINE (1966–December 2005), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–December 2005), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4th quarter 2005) using the search words telbivudine, L-dT, L-deoxythymidine, L-nucleosides, and nucleosides. Abstracts from the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and European Association for the Study of the Liver were also searched, including bibliographies from the identified articles.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Data from double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials and unpublished information were extracted.Data Synthesis:Telbivudine is a novel, orally administered nucleoside analog under development for use in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. In contrast to other nucleoside analogs,...
Opening the black box of soil microbial diversity

Abstract Soil probably harbours most of our planet's undiscovered biodiversity. Recent results from both, culturing and nucleic acid-based approaches indicate that soil microbial diversity is even higher than previously imagined. One reason for the high diversity is that much of the diversity can be found at very small scales. If the same genotypes are not repeated at other locations, the large-scale diversity is greatly multiplied. It remains to be seen to what extent this large genotypic diversity actually affects functional diversity, microbial ecology, or biotechnological significance. Here we present a framework of methods for opening the soil black box that provides different levels of resolution of both microbial community structure and activity. The rationale for and examples of use of three of these methods are presented: guanine plus cytosine content of total soil DNA (G+C), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes amplified from soil DNA, and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) of rRNA genes from soil DNA and from isolates. These methods give coarse and moderate scale resolution of the soil community. The G+C method, which is one of the few comprehensive coarse scale methods, is also quantitative and can be used to separate DNA into G+C fractions for a second level of composition or activity analysis. The example of the ARDRA method used here illustrates that the same populations of 2,4-D degraders became dominant in three soils of very different land use history and that several of the 2,4-D degrading isolates from these sites had the same ARDRA pattern found from the soil DNA indicating that the isolates represent the dominant populations in the 2,4-D treated soil.
Would You Like Some Victorian Dressing with That

This article challenges scholars to look beyond conventional audiences for Victorian studies and to go beyond conventional subjects, into the world of Victorian and Neo-Victorian fashion. It holds up the career of Dr. Valerie Steele, Director of the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology, as a model for how to conduct historical research into Victorian clothing and how to bring the results of that research to a broader public. It encourages academics to use the Internet to connect with a non-academic public that is already engaged with the Victorians through the medium of clothing, and it urges readers in general to see Neo-Victorian “mashup” dressing as an opportunity for serious exchange of knowledge about nineteenth-century culture.
Mdm2 and HIF-1α interaction in tumor cells during hypoxia

The interaction between HIF-1alpha, Mdm2, and p53 proteins during hypoxia has received recent attention. Here, we investigated the consequences of interaction between HIF-1alpha and Mdm2 under hypoxic conditions. Endogenous HIF-1alpha and Mdm2 proteins were co-immunoprecipitated from lysates of hypoxic HCT116 p53WT and p53(-/-) cells, suggesting that association of these two proteins is a p53-independent event. The cellular Mdm2 protein content was not significantly altered in hypoxic tumor cells. Overexpression of Mdm2 resulted in an increase in HIF-1alpha protein content in hypoxic cells and increased hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transcriptional activation. These results point toward a novel and p53-independent function of Mdm2 to promote tumor cell adaptations to hypoxia by interacting with and promoting HIF-1 activation.
Late Japanese Bilinguals’ Novel Verb Construal*

Languages differ in how they encode events. Some languages (e.g., English) encode manner of motion (e.g., hop) in verbs while others (e.g., Spanish) encode the path of motion (e.g., descender-descend) (Talmy, 1985). This study examines verb construal in Japanese bilingual adults (L1-Japanese, L2-English). Maguire, Hirsh-Pasek, Golinkoff, Imai, Haryu, Vanegas, Okada, Pulverman and Sanchez-Davis (2010) suggest that although Japanese is traditionally considered a path language, manner plays an important role in Japanese verbs. Bilinguals completed two verb construal tasks (one in English; one in Japanese). Results showed that the Japanese bilinguals construed a novel verb as encoding manner for English and chose path for Japanese. This differs from Maguire et al. (2010) who found that Japanese monolinguals construed a novel verb as encoding manner. Bilinguals may find it useful to highlight differences between Japanese and English to keep the two languages distinct. Bilingual verb construal may be influenced by the linguistic typology of bilinguals’ L1 and L2.
High-Pressure Brillouin Spectroscopy Using an Angle Dispersive Fabry-Perot Interferometer

We report the combination of a high-pressure sample chamber and an angle dispersive Fabry-Perot interferometer allowing the rapid measurement of inelastic light scattering from acoustic phonon modes in liquids and solids under hydrostatic pressure.
Combinational dormancy in winter annual Fabaceae.

Among 14 species of herbaceous Fabaceae , all six winter annuals show a marked non-deep physiological dormancy of the embryo in addition to physical dormancy. This physiological dormancy is apparent at 23°C, but not at lower temperatures of 10°C and 5°C and disappears after 3 months of dry storage. These results corroborate the hypothesis that combinational dormancy is a double safety mechanism for delaying germination during summer: physical dormancy postpones germination, and even in early softened seeds germination is prevented by physiological dormancy of the embryo. Softened, swollen seeds of Medicago arabica tolerate a subsequent desiccation and remain viable even after five cycles of dehydration and rehydration. The rate of natural softening of M. arabica seeds increases exponentially at higher temperatures, with a Q 10 between 3.4 and 5.1, and obeys the Arrhenius equation. This indicates that a chemical reaction might be involved in breakdown of physical dormancy. Winter annuals with hard seeds show similar properties as winter annuals with permeable seeds: the need for afterripening and requirement of lower temperatures delay germination until autumn. Only one species, Vicia sativa , loses physical dormancy during dry storage. Drying during summer might be a supplementary cue for germination in autumn.
The Curve of Least Energy

SUMMARY We have found the simple equation ± w = Vcos (ip — y), and solved it to find theequation of the curve of least energy in Whewell form s == ± V2 c F{ cos" 1 Vcos(^ — <p), — | .\ ^^, / We also developed a differential equation for the curve in Cartesian coordinatesaligned with the axis of symmetry, dy _ ^/l-(y/2c) 4 dx (y/2c} 2 ' The solution of this equation, for given initial conditions, led to x=^/2c\2E(cos- l ^,- l -\-F(cos- l ^,- l -}~\.[ \ 2c'^) \ 2c'V2/J We considered the curve of least energy connecting the point (—1, 0) to thepoint (+1, 0) with vertical initial and final orientations. This curve has minimumradius of curvature _ r(j) 2 c (2^) 3/2 ' rises to a heighthas arc lengthand energy X= Jf=2c, cr^^ird) 4 2^2 (27r) 2 '._ 1 _ w ' c 2 ro) 4 ' or about 91.39 percent of that of the simple semicircle approximation. We havealso given a method for finding approximations, consisting of circular arcs, to thecurve of least energy.Note that the curve found here is
The wister mud pot lineament: Southeastward extension or abandoned strand of the San Andreas fault?

We present the results of a survey of mud pots in the Wister Unit of the Imperial Wildlife Area. Thirty-three mud pots, pot clusters, or related geothermal vents (hundreds of pots in all) were identified, and most were found to cluster along a northwest-trending line that is more or less coincident with the postulated Sand Hills fault. An extrapolation of the trace of the San Andreas fault southeastward from its accepted terminus north of Bombay Beach very nearly coincides with the mud pot lineament and may represent a surface manifestation of the San Andreas fault southeast of the Salton Sea. Additionally, a recent survey of vents near Mullet Island in the Salton Sea revealed eight areas along a northwest-striking line where gas was bubbling up through the water and in two cases hot mud and water were being violently ejected.
Consensus formation during strategic change

This paper offers a refined conceptualization of consensus formation and demonstrates in three organizations how this conceptualization enables us to uncover new patterns of consensus building. It describes a longitudinal study which investigated consensus formation in three organizations undergoing major strategic change. The study explored whether consensus building occurred during the strategic change and, if so, how. Initial participants of consensus were also investigated as well as changes in the scope of participants in consensus. Consensus building did occur, but contrary to some views less through an increase in the strength of consensus and more through an increase in the scope of consensus. Additionally, initial consensus was not located among members of the top management team, but more within an interest group whose members benefited from the given direction of the change. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
August Weismann on germ-plasm variation.

August Weismann is famous for having argued against the inheritance of acquired characters. However, an analysis of his work indicates that Weismann always held that changes in external conditions, acting during development, were the necessary causes of variation in the hereditary material. For much of his career he held that acquired germ-plasm variation was inherited. An irony, which is in tension with much of the standard twentieth-century history of biology, thus exists – Weismann was not a Weismannian. I distinguish three claims regarding the germ-plasm: (1) its continuity,(2) its morphological sequestration, and (3) its variational sequestration. With respect to changes in Weismann's views on the cause of variation, I divide his career into four stages. For each stage I analyze his beliefs on the relative importance of changes in external conditions and sexual reproduction as causes ofvariation in the hereditary material. Weismann believed, and Weismannism denies, that variation, heredity, and development were deeply intertwined processes. This article is part of a larger project comparing commitments regarding variation during the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Parameter reduction for the compound Gauss-Markov model

The efficacy of the compound Gauss-Markov (CGM) model, initially proposed by Jeng and Woods (1990), has been demonstrated in several image processing applications. However, parameter estimation for the CGM model is difficult since it is not clear as to how the constraints or interdependence amongst the model parameters can be incorporated into the estimation procedures. As result, the parameter estimates tend to be inconsistent. It is shown that, under some reasonable symmetry constraints, the 80 interdependent parameters of the CGM model can be reduced to seven independent ones. This guarantees the consistency of model parameters obtained from parameter estimation algorithms, thereby removing a main obstacle for the parameter estimation of the CGM model
State Regulation of Nonprofit Organizations: Accountability Regardless of Outcome

Although recent calls for increased accountability of the nonprofit sector imply that the role of state regulatory agencies should expand, the costs of expanded regulation to the nonprofit sector—a...
Relative Biological Effectiveness of 0·43-MeV and Lower Energy Neutrons on Somatic Aberrations and Hair-length in Tradescantia Stamen Hairs

SummaryYoung influorescences of Tradescantia clone 02 were irradiated with 0·43-MeV neutrons at doses between 0·163 and 24·4 rads. In a similar experiment, influorescences were irradiated with neutrons of lower energy (nominally 80 keV) at doses between 4 and 128 rads. Data from these experiments were compared with data from 250-kVp x-rays at doses between 11·5 and 432 rads. In all three experiments, stamen hairs were scored daily from day 7 to day 16 after irradiation.The characteristics of the dose-response curves are given for eight somatic aberrations: the colour change from blue to pink or to colourless in normal-sized cells, and the changes from the normal-sized blue cells to blue giant or blue dwarf cells, pink giant or pink dwarf cells, or colourless giant or colourless dwarf cells.RBEs were found to decrease with increasing dose. The maximum RBE found was 166 for blue giant cells. However, RBEs for the other aberrant cell-types were about 20 to 30 for 0·43-MeV neutrons and about 10 for 80-keV neu...
Private versus Inner in Multiscaled Interpretation.

It sometimes is important to account for someone’s behavior when the relevant environmental facts are inaccessible. Baum’s (2011) essay seems to belittle that problem, especially when fine-grained analyses might be relevant. Schnaitter (1978) proposed a solution to it by delineating the difference between behavior analysis and behavior-analytic interpretation. The former entails manipulative assessment of behavior–environment relations, whereas the latter accounts for behavior by appealing to the kinds of relations that have previously been verified through analysis, an appeal that includes hypothesizing the occurrence of inaccessible facts that are thus private despite their environmental status, and that is fairly standard practice for addressing practical problems. The private events aspect of the argument was introduced earlier, by Skinner (1945),
Multicultural Counseling Competence Training: Adding Value with Multicultural Consultation.

ABSTRACTThis study addresses the culturally responsive training process and highlights the integration of multicultural competence building in counseling consultation. Consultation was structured as client-centered case consultation. Before and after the intervention, clinician competence was assessed with the California Brief Multicultural Counseling Competence Scale (CBMCS). Half the clinicians were trained in a culturally responsive model of cognitive behavior therapy (CR-CBT) while the other half were trained in traditional cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). All clinicians participated in weekly client-centered case consultation. The change in CBMCS scores was analyzed and a case study of the sessions comparing two clinicians was completed. The combination of direct training in culturally responsive treatment and case consultation led to significantly greater cultural competence for clinicians in the CR-CBT group. The findings indicate that an intentional effort is required for integrating cultural fac...
DENSITY-DEPENDENT POLLINATOR FORAGING, FLOWERING PHENOLOGY, AND TEMPORAL POLLEN DISPERSAL PATTERNS IN LINANTHUS BICOLOR.

Gene flow in flowering plant populations occurs through the dispersal of pollen and seeds. In animal-pollinated plants, the foraging behavior of pollinators can affect the distance and frequency of pollen transfer between and within plants, and thus can have an important impact on gene dispersal and outcrossing potential (Levin, 1979a, 1979b). The distribution of gene dispersal distances, the rate of outcrossing and the density of reproductive individuals in a population determine the size of a genetic neighborhood, in the sense of Wright's (1943, 1946) isolation by distance model. In general, as neighborhood size and area increase, a population's evolutionary potential for microgeographic genetic differentiation will diminish (Wright, 1943, 1946). Several authors have estimated neighborhood size and area by using pollen dispersal distances inferred from pollinator flight patterns (Kerster and Levin, 1968; Levin and Kerster, 1968, 1969; Schaal and Levin, 1978; Beattie, 1979; Beattie and Culver, 1979; Schmitt, 1980a, 1980b; Waser, 1982; Zimmerman, 1982). Recent studies of artificial populations indicate, however, that actual gene flow may often be more extensive than that estimated from pollinator movements (Schaal, 1980; Levin, 1981; Ennos and Clegg, 1982; Handel, 1982). These findings probably result from the carryover of pollen on a pollinator's body from a given plant successively to many other plants (Thomson and Plowright, 1980; Morse, 1982; Price and Waser, 1979, 1982; Waser
Utility of actiwatch sleep monitor to assess waking movement behavior in older women.

ABSTRACTPurposeWrist-worn accelerometer devices measure sleep in free-living settings. Few studies, however, have investigated whether these devices can also measure waking movement behavior (e.g., total movement volume, physical activity). The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of
Declining Field Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos Against Chironomid Midges and Laboratory Evaluation of Substitute Larvicides

Against chironomids, 6 applications of 1% G chlorpyrifos at 0.11–0.28 kg AI/ha during May–Sept. 1977, and one of 10% CR pellets at 1.12 kg AI/ha in Sept. 1977 were made to partial or entire areas of 2 man-made lakes. The effectiveness of chlorpyrifos against Chironomus utahensis (Malloch), C. decorus Johannsen, Procladius freemani Sublette, and P. sublettei Roback, gradually declined; a rate of 0.11 kg Al/ha was highly effective in May, but in Sept., the granules even at 0.28 kg Al/ha as well as the CR pellets did not give an effective midge control. Pre-, and posttreatment laboratory bioassays conducted on field-collected larvae revealed a shift in susceptibility of midge larvae to chlorpyrifos, temephos, malathion, and fenthion. In Sept.–Oct. 1977, C. utahensis showed 4½-fold resistance to chlorpyrifos and 3-fold to temephos, while C. decorus developed 10-fold resistance to chlorpyrifos and >2- to 4-fold to the other 3 OPs. Resistance in Procladius spp. ranged from 7-fold to malathion to several hundred fold to temephos. Two of the 4 new synthetic pyrethroids tested in the laboratory were highly active against these midges.
43 Years of Fun Basic Plasma Physics Experiments

This paper presents an overview of some of the most enjoyable low-temperature plasma experiments I have carried out with my students over the course of my career. It begins with the connection between solitons and the Schrodinger equation, and continues with the discovery of cylindrical solitons. From moving structures, we progress to stable ones: sheaths and double layers. How can we measure double-layer potentials? This question leads to the development of emissive probe techniques. From there, we move on to the Bohm criterion and the first measurements of the full plasma potential variations of sheaths and presheaths in a single-species plasma, and later in two-ion-species plasmas. Finally, our recent measurements of double layers and presheaths in uniform helicon plasma are presented.
Bridging the Gap: Using Technology to Capture the Old and Encourage the New

For the first time in our employer?s history, our workforce has four generations working together simultaneously, each with its unique method of learning, communication, and relationship to safety. Many of our top safety advocates are close to retiring. Once they have left the workforce, it will be the responsibility of the next generations to see that safety continues to move forward. Facilitating a smooth transition may lie in the application and utilization of technology. Discovering a good blend of current and emerging technology and training methods, coupled with more human interaction, can lead to the development of a safety program that can effectively target each generation. The future of safety lies in our ability to avoid alienating the older generations with the overuse of technology and yet use it sufficiently to keep the younger generations interested. We must use technology to unite, capture, and involve the experience of the old and transform it into a medium that will encourage the new. This article sheds light on the growing generational gaps and the emerging issues inherently tied to this growth and discusses the potential application of current and emerging technologies that can help bridge the gap between generations that technology has created in the last few decades.
Survey of quality of disinfection and sterilization in grassroots stomatology clinics

Objective To know the present quality of disinfection and sterilization in grassroots stomatology clinics in order to improve the disinfection administration.Methods According to《Technical Standard For Disinfection 2002》,collecting samples、testing and evaluating the testing results were conducted.Results The total qualification rate was 73.30%from the 101 samples in 24 grassroots stomatology clinic;The qualification rate of hand hygiene、disinfectants in use、sterile articles and sterile drill were 38.9%、100%、44.4%and 97.1%respectively.Conclusion The administration in grassroots stomatology clinics were not standardized,quality of some disinfection and sterilization articles were low and the guidance and supervision of should be strengthened.
Research on Indicator System for the Flood Resources Utilization Based on Reservoir

For quantifying the benefit of floodwater resources utilization based on reservoir operation,a series of index and concepts were put forward to build an indication system. These indicators were the ratio of abandoning water,the improving rate of floodwater resources utilization,completed utilization model and uncompleted utilization model for floodwater resources utilization etc. As a test,the indication system was applied to the benefits evaluation of August 20,2005 flood of Ankang Reservoir. The results show that the utilization rate of floodwater resource is 66. 4% for reservoir using conventional operation mode while it is 70. 9% for using dynamic control of the limit water level,by the operation mode of the latter,the improving rate of floodwater resources utilization is 4. 5% and the efficiency of resources utilization is 100% respectively,which means the flood water stored in August 20,2005 flood is completely used afterwards.
The 1992 Los Angeles Riots and Its Consequences

The Los Angeles Riots which occurred on April 29,1992 is the most serious one in American history. It originated from Rodney King beating and the injustice of the court that did not punish the four policemen who beat King. As the riots developed, anarchy prevailed because there was no government measures taken to stop the riots when it first started. Consequently, the riots caused unprecedented damage and deaths, reflecting the serious and pervasive conditions in contemporary urban America.
Structure and chemistry of aluminum predose layers in AlN epitaxy on (111) silicon

Abstract In this study, (111) silicon substrates were exposed to varied trimethylaluminum predoses and ammonia using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and the resulting deposits were examined using AFM, SEM, TEM, STEM, EDXS, and XPS. Growth patches were observed with facets in the both the vertical and lateral directions. The width of these patches increased with increasing total volume of deposited aluminum. Their structure was found to be diamond cubic silicon with dilute concentrations of aluminum. Small, rounded AlN islands were observed on the surface of these patches which had electron diffraction patterns consistent with both strained wurtzite and zinc blende structures. A model is proposed in which silicon diffuses into liquid aluminum prior to ammonia exposure and the resulting liquid Al-Si alloy is converted into AlN and silicon upon nitridation.
A Practical Guide to Using the Positive Deviance Method in Health Services Research.

Objective To provide practical tips for health services researchers considering the use of positive deviance (PD) methods to help explain variations in quality of care or other meaningful parameters. Data Sources Published literature and personal experience. Study Design Narrative review. Principal Findings This review includes a discussion of possible applications of PD to health services research, some methodological choices applicable to PD, and some brief tips regarding publishing the results and incorporating them into future interventions. Conclusions It is hoped that this article will help health services researchers to use this valuable research method more effectively, especially those who have not done so before.
Debilitating and facilitating test anxiety and student motivation and achievement in principles of microeconomics

Abstract In the Principles of Microeconomics class that I taught during the fall semester of 2013, 126 students participated in the completion of five questionnaires, with one describing student characteristics. The other four questionnaires included a 29-item Locus of Control Scale; a 19-item Test Anxiety Scale, with 10 items describing debilitating test anxiety and 9 items describing facilitating test anxiety; a 16-item Procrastination Scale; and a 5-item Fear of Failure Scale. Using the Test Anxiety Scale, the class was divided into two groups of students by a median split of 2.8 for debilitating test anxiety and 2.56 for facilitating test anxiety. The results of this study show that students who suffered more from debilitating test anxiety (higher than the 2.8 median split) scored lower average test scores, were non-white, procrastinated more, and experienced lower facilitating test anxiety. Students who experienced more facilitating test anxiety (higher than the 2.56 median split), scored higher average test scores, were males, were internally oriented, and suffered less from debilitating test anxiety. Regression results show that debilitating test anxiety has a significant and negative effect on student performance as reflected by the average class score for the semester.