cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uniting the unit: Trivariate latent difference score modeling of the parent-child triad.

Previous research on child psychological functioning has emphasized the role of maternal psychopathology. In the literature on paternal psychopathology's effect on children, they are studied independently of mothers. The interaction between paternal and maternal psychopathology likely affects the child. The present study utilizes novel longitudinal techniques to assess how each parent influences one another, how parents influence the child, and how the child's internalizing and externalizing problems influence the parents. This modeling allows for exploration of the child's trajectory in the context of the family dynamics. By emphasizing the processes between each member of the family, the role one plays in the functioning is emphasized. Models focused on maternal anxiety, paternal anxiety and depression, and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Paternal psychopathology impacts maternal anxiety and child problem behavior (internalizing and externalizing) consistently, with the child and father reciprocally influencing one another. The results indicate that parental psychological distress differentially influences the child's internalizing/externalizing behavior depending on the interaction between maternal and psychological distress. Intervention that emphasizes the family system or shifts the focus to overall reduction of psychological distress in the family unit is implicated from these results. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
A novel Nrf2 pathway inhibitor sensitizes Keap1-mutant lung cancer cells to chemotherapy

The nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-Keap1-ARE pathway, a master regulator of oxidative stress, has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy. Mutations in NFE2L2, KEAP1, and related genes have been found in many human cancers, especially lung cancer. These mutations lead to constitutive activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which promotes proliferation of cancer cells and their resistance to chemotherapies. Small molecules that inhibit the Nrf2 pathway are needed to arrest tumor growth and overcome chemoresistance in Nrf2-addicted cancers. Here, we identified a novel small molecule, MSU38225, which can suppress Nrf2 pathway activity. MSU38225 downregulates Nrf2 transcriptional activity and decreases the expression of Nrf2 downstream targets, including NQO1, GCLC, GCLM, AKR1C2, and UGT1A6. MSU38225 strikingly decreases the protein level of Nrf2, which can be blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Ubiquitination of Nrf2 is enhanced following treatment with MSU38225. By inhibiting production of antioxidants, MSU38225 increases the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when cells are stimulated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). MSU38225 also inhibits the growth of human lung cancer cells in both two-dimensional cell culture and soft agar. Cancer cells addicted to Nrf2 are more susceptible to MSU38225 for suppression of cell proliferation. MSU38225 also sensitizes human lung cancer cells to chemotherapies both in vitro and in vivo Our results suggest that MSU38225 is a novel Nrf2 pathway inhibitor that could potentially serve as an adjuvant therapy to enhance the response to chemotherapies in patients with lung cancer.
Social movements as complex adaptive systems: The antecedents and consequences of movement participation in the age of social media

In this study, we focus on social movements as complex adaptive systems where citizens act as autonomous agents engaging in collective sensemaking of information gleaned via social media to generat...
High Performance Computing: Trends and Expectations

In this paper we try to identify trends and to forecast expectations in the field of High Performance Computing (HPC). Since trends can only be recognized by observing historical data, this paper contains quite some information on past and current developments in HPC. Using these data, we try to give some insight in to-be-expected hardware and software. All aspects that together constitute HPC will be discussed: processors, memory, architectures, parallelism, message-passing, cache coherency, compilers, etc. Also developments in the area of Computational Fluid Dynamics will be touched upon, in relation to HPC.
Resident Education in Penile Prosthesis Surgery

Despite the availability of medical therapy for erectile dysfunction, penile prosthesis surgery remains a valuable treatment modality, with increasing utilization. The acquisition of surgical skills for penile implant procedures and prosthetic urology for residents is mandatory to manage this growing population. However, there are noted challenges, and resident education and penile prosthesis placement is not universally taught in urology training programs. In this manuscript, resident education for penile prosthesis surgery is analyzed, with attention to what currently exists, what the future challenges may entail, and what the future holds for teaching residents how to perform the variety of operations. There have been varied approaches to teaching residents penile prosthetic surgery at all levels alls of training to learn new skills and complex surgical procedures. The variety and complexity of surgical procedures have evolved in the past several years, but the approach to surgical education remains fragmented. New methods of surgical teaching are on the horizon, and the current and future approaches hold significant promise. The practice of penile prosthesis surgery involves several surgical procedures that require specific technical skills. The past 40 years have produced a vast body of work, much of it successful, but new approaches will be needed to push surgical education forward.
A numerical study of steady 2D flow around NACA 0015 and NACA 0012 hydrofoil with free surface using VOF method

Accurate simulation of turbulent free surface flows around surface ships has a central role in the optimal design of such naval vessels. The flow problem to be simulated is rich in complexity and poses many modeling challenges because of the existence of breaking waves around the ship hull, and because of the interaction of the two-phase flow with the turbulent boundary layer. In this paper, our goal is to estimate the lift and drag coefficients for NACA 0012 of hydrofoil advancing in calm water under steady conditions with free surface and emerged NACA 0015. The commercial CFD software FLUENT version 14 is used for the computations in the present study. The calculated grid is established using the code computer GAMBIT 2.3.26.The shear stress k-ωSST model is used for turbulence modeling and the volume of fluid technique is employed to simulate the free-surface motion. In this computation, the second order upwind scheme is used for discretizing the convection terms in the momentum transport equations, the Modified HRIC scheme for VOF discretisation. The results obtained compare well with the experimental data.
Chapter 8 Siblings of Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Normal, Average, or Not Too Different?

Abstract This chapter provides an examination of research focused on siblings of children with intellectual disabilities, with particular focus on the methodological complexities of comparing siblings of children with disabilities to siblings of typically developing children. Sibling comparison group research is discussed in the context of a brief overview of selected research on typically developing siblings. The emphasis is on the manner in which comparison groups of typically developing children are constituted and the degree to which complexities inherent in sibling comparison group research affect the conclusions that can be drawn from the research literature. The final sections of the chapter discuss strategies for constituting comparison groups and provide an argument for the importance of family process research that focus on understanding the family and societal processes that shape individual and sibling outcomes.
Effects of lanatoside C on cardiovascular hemodynamics: Acute digitalizing doses in subjects with normal hearts and with heart disease without failure∗

Abstract 1. (1) The effect of acute digitalizing doses of lanatoside C on cardiovascular hemodynamics has been studied by the technique of right heart catheterization in 7 subjects with normal hearts and 4 patients with heart disease without clinical or hemodynamic evidence of heart failure. 2. (2) Lanatoside C in full therapeutic doses caused no significant changes in cardiac output, heart rate, systemic venous, right ventricular systolic, and pulmonary artery pressures. The systemic arterial pressures and resistances similarly were not appreciably affected. In 2 of 8 cases, there was a slight fall in the right ventricular end-diastolic pressure and in 5 of 6 cases there was a slight fall in right auricular pressure. 3. (3) Interpretations of the presented data were made on the basis of control studies. Difficulties in interpreting the changes in cardiac output in this type of study are emphasized. 4. (4) It would seem from this study that digitalis given prophylactically to patients with heart disease but not in failure would not have any deleterious effect on cardiovascular hemodynamics.
Bell Companies as Profitable Wholesale Firms: The Financial Implications of UNE-P

Recent reports by financial analysts on the financial consequences of UNE-P sales for Bell Operating Companies have drawn additional attention to long-standing complaints by the BOCs that such sales are confiscatory and amount to "subsidized competition." This Policy Paper subjects the conclusions of these financial studies to careful scrutiny, and finds that they are largely without merit. Errors in both the calculation of unbundled element revenues, and in the wholesale costs of providing unbundled elements, are identified. Using actual payments by a representative CLEC and publicly available ARMIS expense data, we obtain realistic revenue and current cost figures usable for EBITDA type financial analyses. Our analysis suggests that positive EBITDA margins are the rule. Even the inclusion of depreciation and amortization does not materially alter this conclusion, as EBIT margins are also found to be positive for each BOC. In addition, because these analysts' reports are intended exclusively to provide investment advice, they are not useful for evaluating the social impacts of required element sales and, therefore, should not provide the basis for public policy decision-making.
Neuro-dynamic programming: an overview

We discuss a relatively new class of dynamic programming methods for control and sequential decision making under uncertainty. These methods have the potential of dealing with problems that for a long time were thought to be intractable due to either a large state space or the lack of an accurate model. The methods discussed combine ideas from the fields of neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, simulation, and approximation theory. We delineate the major conceptual issues, survey a number of recent developments, describe some computational experience, and address a number of open questions.
Objective physical activity and weight loss in adults: the step-up randomized clinical trial.

Objective To examine the amount of objectively measured MVPA and LPA that is associated with long-term weight loss and the maintenance of clinically significant weight loss. Methods Adults (N = 260; BMI: 25 to 10 (MET-min/week) was computed from bouts >10 min and >3.0 METs and MVPA 3.0 METs. LPA was computed from bouts between 1.5 to <3.0 METs. Results When grouped on percent weight loss at 18 months, there was a significant group × time interaction effect (P 10 and LPA, with both measures being significantly greater at 18 months in those with >10% weight loss. Similar results were observed for MVPA > 10 and LPA with participants grouped on achieving >10% weight loss at 6 months and sustaining this at 18 months. Conclusions MVPA > 10 of 200-300 min per week, coupled with increased amounts of LPA, are associated with improved long-term weight loss. Interventions should promote engagement in these amounts and types of physical activity.
ImpactMiner: a tool for change impact analysis

Developers are often faced with a natural language change request (such as a bug report) and tasked with identifying all code elements that must be modified in order to fulfill the request (e.g., fix a bug or implement a new feature). In order to accomplish this task, developers frequently and routinely perform change impact analysis. This formal demonstration paper presents ImpactMiner, a tool that implements an integrated approach to software change impact analysis. The proposed approach estimates an impact set using an adaptive combination of static textual analysis, dynamic execution tracing, and mining software repositories techniques. ImpactMiner is available from our online appendix http://www.cs.wm.edu/semeru/ImpactMiner/
Transport of momentum and energy in a ducted jet: III. Correlation of profiles of total momentum and energy flux in a nonisothermal jet discharging into a duct

The data in the first paper of this series on the distribution of momentum and energy in nonisothermal air streams mixing in a straight duct were correlated by the methods described in the second paper. Mixing indexes were evaluated and used to correlate profiles of total momentum and stagnation temperature at various sections of the duct.
Thrombotic and bleeding complications after orthopedic surgery.

Background Thrombotic and bleeding complications are major concerns during orthopedic surgery. Given the frequency of orthopedic surgical procedures and the limited data in the literature, we sought to investigate the incidence and risk factors for thrombotic (myocardial necrosis and infarction) and bleeding events in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Methods and Results We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 3,082 consecutive subjects ≥21 years of age undergoing hip, knee, or spine surgery between November 1, 2008, and December 31, 2009. Patient characteristics were ascertained using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision , diagnosis coding and retrospective review of medical records, and laboratory/blood bank databases. In-hospital outcomes included myocardial necrosis (elevated troponin), major bleeding, coded myocardial infarction, and coded hemorrhage as defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision , coding. Of the 3,082 subjects, mean age was 60.8 ± 13.3 years, and 59% were female. Myocardial necrosis, coded myocardial infarction, major bleeding, and coded hemorrhage occurred in 179 (5.8%), 20 (0.7%), 165 (5.4%), and 26 (0.8%) subjects, respectively. Increasing age ( P P P = .004), and chronic kidney disease ( P = .01) were independent predictors of myocardial necrosis, whereas procedure type ( P P P P P = .01) were independent predictors of major bleeding. Conclusion There is a delicate balance between thrombotic and bleeding events in the perioperative period after orthopedic surgery. Perioperative risk of both thrombosis and bleeding deserves careful attention in preoperative evaluation, and future prospective studies aimed at attenuating this risk are warranted.
A health literacy assessment of the National Epilepsy Foundation Web site

Health literacy is defined as the degree to which individuals can obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. Based on the 2003 US National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL), more than 90 million people have literacy levels rated as "basic" or "below basic." The Institute of Medicine recommends that health-related information be written at a sixth grade level or below. As Web-based health information is being accessed by more than 50 million people, a reading level assessment of the National Epilepsy Foundation of America Web site was undertaken. Two online programs were used to assess the reading level of each Web page in two main areas, "Understanding Epilepsy" and "Living with Epilepsy," using established readability formulas. One hundred seventy-six Web links were evaluated in English and 43 in Spanish. Based on the Flesch Reading Ease and Huerta Reading Ease assessments, 5.7% of National Epilepsy Foundation Web pages in English and 31-46% in Spanish had a sixth grade or lower reading level. Similar results have been reported in previous reviews of other health education Web sites in cancer, pediatrics, and asthma. The National Epilepsy Foundation Web site, a well-respected resource for patients and their families, contains a significant amount of health education content that is not appropriate for those with marginal health literacy. Editorial changes are needed to bring the information to suggested levels. Suggestions for developing appropriate materials are provided.
Trichothecenes and their analysis

The analysis of foods and feeds for the naturally occurringFusarium produced trichothecenes is reviewed. Each major step (extraction, purification and detection-quantitation) is discussed. Although none of the extraction solvents has been thoroughly evaluated, aqueous metanol is the preferred system in most of the published procedures. The sample extracts are generally purified by liquid-liquid partitions followed by silica gel column and/or preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). Both thin layer and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) are used for the detection and quantitation of the trichothecenes. The detection limit for the GLC procedures has not been determined in most of the reported methods; however, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, and neosolaniol have been detected in the 25–100 ng/g range.
Using large-scale molecular data sets to improve breast cancer treatment

SUMMARY The treatment of breast cancer patients could potentially be advanced by having a more complete understanding of breast cancer biology, including a catalog of recurrently altered genes. Over the last decade, thousands of human breast tumors have been profiled for gene expression and DNA copy number alterations, and ongoing efforts in DNA sequencing are establishing the set of somatically mutated genes. Much of the molecular data being generated resides in the public domain, available as a resource for further research. The challenge then becomes how to best utilize all these data, to mine them for candidate biomarkers and targets, which is the subject of this review. Some examples of integrative analysis and combining results from diverse data sets are also presented.
Are search and decision programs computationally equivalent

From the point of view of sequential polynomial time computation, the answer to the question in the title is 'yes'. The process of self-reducibility is a linear time Turing (oracle) reduction from a given combinatorial search problem to an appropriately defined decision problem.However, from the point of view of fast parallel computation, the answer is not so clear. Many of the sequential algorithms that were 'marked off' as being “inherently sequential” embed within them the self-reducibility process. Can this inherently sequential process be parallelized?To study this problem, we define an abstract setting (namely that of an independence system) in which one, universal search problem captures all combinatorial search problems. We consider several natural decision and function oracles to which this search problem may be reduced.On the positive side, we give efficient probabilistic parallel reductions to these oracles. These reductions constitute a scheme for parallelizing search problems in case the oracles for these problems are themselves efficiently computable in parallel. We give examples of problems that did not yield to parallelism before, but can be parallelized using this scheme.On the negative side, we prove lower bounds on any determininistic parallel reductions to the same oracles. If p processors are used, the sequential (linear) running time cannot be enhanced by more than a factor of O(log p) and hence for any polynomial number of processors the problem remains inherently sequential. This proves that randomization can be exponentially more powerful than determinism in our model, and suggests that NC ≠ Random NC.Finally, we state some intriguing conjectures and suggest new directions of research in complexity theory that arise from this work.
A Simplified Dynamic Model of the Space Shuttle Main Engine

This paper presents a simplified model of the space shuttle main engine (SSME) dynamics valid within the range of operation of the engine. This model is obtained by linking the linearized point models obtained at 25 different operating points of the SSME. The simplified model was developed for use with a model-based diagnostic scheme for failure detection and diagnostics studies, as well as control design purposes. This simplified model was tested by designing an input signal which covers the whole range of operating points considered and then comparing the responses of linked model and the nonlinear simulation. The comparison indicated good agreement between these responses.
Comparative Toxicity of Mitomycin C and 5-Fluorouracil In Vitro

The adjunctive use of antimetabolites has revolutionized surgical procedures to correct glaucoma in the past decade. Although much is known about the in vitro and in vivo actions of 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C, their use in the eye has raised new questions about cellular toxicity. For example, filtering blebs after a surgical procedure supplemented with mitomycin C are relatively avascular in comparison with those seen with 5-fluorouracil supplementation. We investigated the effect of 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C on cultured capillary endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The viability and morphologic characteristics of 3T3 fibroblasts and capillary endothelial cells were studied in light of increasing doses of 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin. Both cell types showed similar sensitivity to mitomycin C. However fibroblasts were far more sensitive to 5-fluorouracil than were the cultured microvascular endothelial cells. Thus 5-fluorouracil appears to be toxic to fibroblasts while sparing vascular endothelial cells, whereas mitomycin C is cytotoxic for both cell types.
The development and validation of the meanings of adolescent masculinity scale

Although conformity with traditional male gender role norms has been linked to psychological and social adjustment in adolescent boys, most studies have relied on either qualitative research or measures of male role norms developed for adults. This study sought to develop and conduct preliminary validation of a multidimensional scale assessing endorsement of male role norms among adolescent boys. The content validity, clarity, and format of scale items for the Meanings of Adolescent Masculinity Scale (MAMS) were generated from interview data and through focus group discussions with adolescent boys. The resulting questionnaire, along with convergent validity scales, was completed by a diverse group of 193 7th- through 10th-grade boys. Factor analysis supported a 4-factor model: Constant Effort, Emotional Restriction, Heterosexism, and Social Teasing. Subscales derived from this analysis yielded good internal reliability. Convergent validity was supported by significant correlations between MAMS subscales and existing measures of male role norms and psychological adjustment.
Spectral/hp penalty least-squares finite element formulation for the steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

In this paper, we present spectral/hp penalty least-squares finite element formulation for the numerical solution of steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The continuity equation is treated as a constraint on velocity field and the constraint is enforced using the penalty method, which is equivalent to replacing the pressure variable p with p^n=p^n^-^[email protected](@?.u), where u is the velocity field, @c is the penalty parameter and superscript 'n' is non-linear iteration number. The modified Navier-Stokes equations are expressed as an equivalent set of first-order equations by introducing vorticity-dilatation or stresses as additional independent variables and the least-squares method is used to develop the finite element model. High-order basis functions are used to construct the discrete model. Unlike other penalty finite element formulations, equal order integration is used for all terms of the coefficient matrix. Schur complement method is used and all interior element degrees of freedom are condensed out and interface degrees of freedom are solved either by direct solver (banded Cholesky factorization) or iterative solver (preconditioned conjugate gradient). Present formulation produces very accurate results for even very low penalty parameters (10-40). In this way present formulation (and implementation) fixes perennial problem of bad conditioning of coefficient matrix associated with penalty formulations. Proposed formulation is verified using the exact solution of Kovasznay flow. Numerical results are also presented for a number of two-dimensional benchmark problems, e.g., 2D lid-driven cavity flow, flow over a backward-facing step, steady flow past a circular cylinder, and 2D flow past a large circular cylinder in a channel. Finally, the proposed formulation is extended to coupled velocity-temperature problems, and buoyant flow inside a square enclosure is solved to test the penalty least-squares finite element model developed herein.
Summer Foods, Length-Weight Relationship, and Condition Factor of Juvenile Ladyfish, Elops saurus Linnaeus, from Louisiana Coastal Streams

Abstract A total of 295 juvenile ladyfish Elops saurus Linnaeus were collected with surface trawls from Louisiana coastal streams in June 1968 and June 1969. The fish ranged from 45 to 201 mm in fork length. Of the 295 ladyfish stomachs examined, 229 (77.6%) contained food. Fish constituted 94.5% by occurrence of the food organisms and decapod crustaceans 5.5%. Gulf menhaden comprised 72.0% of the fish identified. The calculated length-weight relationship for juvenile ladyfish in the size range 45-201 mm (fork length) was log10W = −5.3295 + 3.1123 log10L, and the mean condition coefficient was 8.1.
Mechanisms of hormone resistance in breast cancer

At least half of all advanced breast cancers are positive for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), but many nevertheless fail to respond to endocrine therapy. Studies of breast cancer cell lines and breast tumor specimens are beginning to reveal molecular heterogeneity of the receptors in subpopulations of these cells, leading to altered receptor function and sometimes to hormone resistance. Here we will review the data on molecular and cellular heterogeneity involving ER and PR, and possible underlying mechanisms of resistance to tamoxifen and progestins.
Biphasic development of muscle fibers in the fetal lamb.

Abstract Prenatal development of muscle fibers was examined histochemically in the fetal lamb from 50–145 days of gestation. All fibers destined to be β fibers are formed during the initial stages of fusion, and are followed by the development of those destined to be α fibers. All β fibers are formed in a period of time which is of short duration relative to that of α fiber formation. Where present, each β fiber serves as a structural framework around which α fibers develop. In red muscles or regions of muscles, fasciculi are formed primarily by merger of smaller bundles of fibers, after which new α fiber formation is relatively restricted. In white muscles, fasciculi are formed primarily through continued formation of additional α fibers. Since α and β fibers are discernible in the first half of gestation, it seems likely that the quantity of muscle contraction is not the major determining factor for the differentiation of these fiber types.
A note on the status of women as a factor in population growth in less developed countries.

The 1978 U.S. Bureau of the Census reported 4.3 billion as the worlds population. 3.1 billion were living in the less developed areas where life is characterized by poverty and low levels of material well-being. In the develop countries the per capita income averaged $490 compared to $5210 in developed areas. Little attention has been paid to the status of women in developing countries where the impact of development often has a negative effect. As a measure of womens status rates are given for male/female infant mortality. If the ratio is less than 1.14 the status of women is low. If the is 1.15-1.24 the status is medium. If the ratio is 1.25 and over women enjoy high status. In countries where women have low status the population growth ra averages 3%. Where the status of women is medium the growth rate is 2.5%. I countries of high status the population growth rate is 2.2. Further research is needed on correlations between population and economic growth with particula emphasis on subtle factors behind population/economic development.
Evaluation of several classification schemes for mapping forest cover types in Michigan

Landsat MSS data were evaluated for mapping forest cover types in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The study examined seasonal variations, interpretation procedures and vegetation composition/distribution and their effect on overall classification accuracy and ability to identify individual pine species. Photographic images were used for visual interpretations while digital analysis was performed using a common (ERDAS) microcomputer image processing system. The classification schemes were evaluated using contingency tables and were ranked using the KAPPA statistic. The various classification schemes were ranked differentially according to study site location. Visual interpretation procedures ranked best, or least accurate, depending on the spatial distribution and complexity of the forest cover. Supervised classification techniques were more accurate than unsupervised clustering over all sites and seasons. Maximum likelihood classification of June data was superior to any digital classification technique of February data. The study indicates that classification accuracy is more dependent on the composition and distribution of forests in the northern lower Peninsula of Michigan than on the selection of a particular classification scheme.
WE-D-ValB-08: 4D Dose Calculation Using 3D Elastic Dose Registration in Lung IMRT

Purpose: To develop an elastic registration algorithm that will register dose distributions computed on each 3D data set of a 4D CTimages set. Methods and Materials: The goal of image registration is to find the best matching point pair of two images. The coordinates between the two points were related by a transformation field. Mean‐squared intensity difference was used for similarity measurement. The optimal transformation was found by maximizing similarity. Eight 3D CTimage set were obtained by phase based sorting. CTimage corresponding to end‐exhale was selected as reference image. The remaining images were registered to the reference image. We performed an IMRT planning on the reference image. The prescribed dose was 66 Gy with 2 Gy/fraction. The plan parameters were superimposed on the images corresponding to the remaining phases. A convolution algorithm was used to calculate the resulting dose distributions. After that each 3D dose was transformed to the reference phase by applying the resultant transformation fields. Equally weighted superposition of these transformed dose was calculated. DVH of the planned and registered doses were compared. Results:Image registration improved the matching of anatomical features. RMS error of the intensity difference between the reference and floating images reduced from 81.2 before registration to 70.6 after registration. When compared the planned and registered doses, 95.4% of the tumor will receive the prescribed dose without motion compensation. However, after registration only 81.8% of the tumor received the prescribed dose. The heart and left lung had a less than 1% mean dose difference between the planned and registered doses. The right lung had a 5.8% mean dose difference. Conclusions: Our algorithm has the potential for automatic registration. It further helped us determine the difference between the planned and true dose distribution.
Oxygen uptake in male and female boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of the ebony strain fed cotton squares (buds)☆

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen uptake was measured in 1- to 15-day-old male and female boll weevils of the ebony strain that were fed cotton squares (buds). 2. 2. O2 uptake was found to range between 19.51 and 10.64 μl O2/mg wet wt/hr for males and between 17.6 and 11.1 μl O2/mg wet wt/hr for females. 3. 3. Peak O2 uptake for males was recorded when they were 5 and 11–12 days old. 4. 4. Peak O2 uptake for females was recorded when they were 6 and 12 days old.
Action as the Exercise of a Two-Way Power

AbstractHelen Steward argues that action is the exercise of a two-way power, and that if there are actions, then determinism is false. The concept of a two-way power has its roots in Aristotle, but Aristotle’s conception of a two-way power is compatible with determinism. I explain the differences between Steward and Aristotle’s conceptions of two-way powers and point out how a compatibilist opponent to Steward’s argument could exploit an Aristotelian conception of two-way powers. This leads to a dialectical stalemate between the imagined Two-Way Compatibilist and the Agency Incompatibilist. In conclusion I sketch a neutral conception of action as the exercise of a two-way power that sidesteps the dialectical stalemate whilst retaining the best aspects of Steward’s account of animal agency.
Alexandria Revisited: Another Look at Space and Growth

A little over a decade ago, a major library problem was formulated in arresting and witty terms. The growth of library collections, and the consequent pressure for growth of library buildings, was the subject of a conference of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest; and the conference, which proved to be seminal to the next decade of managerial thought, proclaimed that we were “Touching Bottom in the Bottomless Pit.” So we bade Farewell to Alexandria—that is, to the purported dream of all libraries, infinite expansion. In the same period the University Grants Committee of Great Britain was studying the same question. They, with the authority of the governmental voice, mandated a fixed size for British university libraries—a “no growth” policy. In the ensuring years, “no growth” has been a policy for some libraries, an uncomfortable physical fact for many others.
Use and Usefulness of Performance Measurement in State Science and Technology Programs

Over 40% of state science and technology programs are evaluating their results in some way. Programs have adopted performance measurement systems both for their own information purposes and to justify their activities to external audiences, usually legislatures. Performance measurement activities may have contributed to the evolution of these programs toward economic objectives, which can be measured in business activity. The most common performance measures are job creation and retention.
Effects of age at vasectomy on corticosterone production by the rat testes.

Abstract The ability of the testicular interstitium to assume a certain degree of adrenocortical-like activity, and the concomitant changes in adreno-gonadal status, 100 days post-vasectomy, were investigated in rats (50 and 150 days of age, at start). The transformation of 11-deoxycorticosterone (1,2 -H 3 ) to corticosterone (1, 2-H 3 ), by the testicular homogenates, was used as an index of 11 β-steroid hydroxylase activity in the Leydig cells. The extent of ascorbic acid depletion in the adrenals and testes, and the plasma and testicular levels of corticosterone, were assayed, to examine the adreno-testicular participation in corticosteroidogenesis. Vasectomy in younger rats, as compared to older rats, resulted in a significant increase in the transformation of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone, and higher plasma corticosterone levels. It appears that vasectomy, at a younger age, is capable of inducing adrenocortical-like activity in the testicular interstitium .
A criterion for selection of length of record for a moving arithmetic mean for hydrologic data

In forecasting runoff a reliable base period is usually needed for reference. A procedure has been derived by which an objective selection as to the best length of record can be made for computation of a moving arithmetic mean. Results are given for several records of precipitation and runoff at stations in the western United States.
Pulmonary artery endothelial cell dysfunction and decreased populations of highly proliferative endothelial cells in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Decreased lung vascular growth and pulmonary hypertension contribute to poor outcomes in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Mechanisms that impair angiogenesis in CDH are poorly understood. We ...
Simplified procedure for making gold occlusal surfaces on denture teeth

The procedure described is used to reproduce, in gold, the occlusal morphology of complete and removable partial denture teeth or those of an implant-supported prosthesis. The gold occlusal surfaces are made after all adjustments are completed and the occlusion is harmonious. An acrylic resin strut reinforces the wax patterns, and a reline jig is used to accurately stamp out the occlusal anatomy in wax. Careful adherence to the step-by-step procedure is required to achieve an excellent result.
A Recursive Method for Signal Resolution

A recursive method is given for resolving signals overlapping in time. Assume that the signal waveform is known and several signals are received. The signals (of unknown number) may overlap with one another and the amount of time delay of each individual signal is unknown. The signals are corrupted with additive white Gaussian noise. The problem is to estimate the number, the amplitudes, and the time delays of the overlapping signals. Assume that at a certain instant tk-1 estimates have been made on the number of signals arriving in the time interval (O, tk-1) and the amplitudes and time delays of these signals. Using these estimates, we test at tk the hypothesis H1 that a new signal arrives at tk against the null hypothesis Ho that no new signal arrives. The decision gives the number of signals arriving in the time interval (0, tk); the parameters are then re-estimated. The overlapping signals are detected and resolved, and the estimates are improved at each stage. The system is analyzed in detail, and computer-simulated results are presented.
Concentrating parabolic collectors: a patent survey

Abstract A detailed patent survey of various types of low and intermediate temperature concentrating collectors is presented. The survey examines the progress in the area of concentrating collectors (mostly novel concentrators) since 1978. The review shows a considerable decline in the amount of invention in solar energy in the 1980s, although many innovative ideas exist for improved solar energy collection and application. Recent developments have been focused on the high temperature range and power towers (dish, heliostats, etc.). Even though solar energy is free and clean, little has been done to utilize fully its potential for meeting our energy needs. This survey summarizes and provides this information in an organized manner. We will trace the progress of work done since the energy crisis of the seventies and examine what has to be done to renew interest in solar energy collection, especially now that the world's attention is being drawn to the environment. The high temperature, central receiver system, mostly used for electric power generation, is briefly discussed.
Protein kinase Mζ is necessary and sufficient for LTP maintenance

Long-term potentiation (LTP), a persistent synaptic enhancement thought to be a substrate for memory1, can be divided into two phases: induction, triggering potentiation, and maintenance, sustaining it over time1,2. Many postsynaptic events are implicated in induction, including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation, calcium increases and stimulation of several protein kinases1; in contrast, the mechanism maintaining LTP is not yet characterized1. Here we show the constitutively active form of an atypical protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme, protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), is necessary and sufficient for LTP maintenance.
Spectroscopic and Photophysical Studies of Charge‐Transfer in a Cd8 Thiolate Cluster Complex Containing a Coordinated N‐Methyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium Ligand

The hybrid cluster complex Cd8S(SPh)15(MeQ)·CH3CN (1) (MeQ+ = N-methyl-4,4′-bipyridinium) was synthesized and characterized structurally by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The MeQ+ ion is coordinated to one of the cadmium atoms of the cluster by the nitrogen atom of its pyridine group. The reflectance absorption and emission spectra of complex 1 and it's parent complex [NEt4]2[Cd8S(SPh)16] (2) have been recorded and compared. DFT calculations reveal low energy cluster to ligand charge-transfer processes involving the MeQ+ ligand.
Human sperm morphometry and smoking, caffeine, and alcohol consumption

The purpose of this study is to determine whether sperm nuclear size, shape, and chromatin texture parameters are associated with lifestyle exposures including smoking, caffeine, and alcohol consumption. Eighty-six healthy male volunteers (ages 18-35), recruited through newspaper advertisements, provided a semen, blood, and urine sample and completed a questionnaire concerning demographic and lifestyle exposures. Sperm nuclear size, shape, and chromatin texture parameters were measured using computerized image analysis. Results indicated no associations between the sperm nuclear morphometric parameters and age, smoking, or alcohol consumption. There was weak evidence for an association with caffeine intake. In conclusion, the lifestyle factors smoking, caffeine intake, and alcohol consumption do not appear to significantly affect sperm nuclear size, shape, or chromatin texture in this study population.
Dependence of the infrared properties of single-domain YBa2Cu3O7-y on oxygen content.

The first polarized infrared-reflectivity measurements of untwinned crystals of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital y}} as a function of {ital y} are reported. We separate the chain and plane contributions to the infrared conductivity, and find that for crystals with {ital T}{sub {ital c}}{approx gt}50 K the prominent normal state midinfrared feature is associated with the chains. A threshold in the plane conductivity at {similar to}500 cm{sup {minus}1} has a strong temperature dependence just below {ital T}{sub {ital c}} suggesting an association with the superconducting gap. Its temperature dependence above and below {ital T}{sub {ital c}} is quite similar to that of relevant NMR data, and is suggestive of gap development in the normal state.
Transition metal dinitrogen complexes supported by a versatile monoanionic [N2P2] ligand

By adjusting to the steric and electronic requirements of differing metal centers, the new multidentate monoanionic ligand [N2P2] has demonstrated a unique ability to stabilize a range of transition metal–dinitrogen complexes in a variety of oxidation states and coordination geometries.
Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to first-generation merozoites of Eimeria bovis

Merozoites of Eimeria bovis were harvested from bovine monocyte cell cultures and used to immunize BALB/C mice. Spleens from immunized mice were removed and the cells fused with mouse myeloma cells. Supernates from resulting hybridoma cell lines were examined for antibodies to first-generation E. bovis merozoites using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assay. Three positive cell lines were identified and cloned by limiting dilution. All three cell lines produced immunoglobulins of the IgG1 isotype that recognized antigens in the anterior half to two-thirds of the merozoites. Specificity of the monoclonal antibodies was examined with the IFA assay against sporozoites of E. bovis, sporozoites and merozoites of Eimeria papillata from mice and Eimeria tenella from chickens, sporozoites of Isospora suis from pigs, and tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum from cell cultures. Monoclonal antibodies from the three clones reacted with the anterior end of E. bovis sporozoites, but did not react with the other parasites examined. None of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with merozoite antigens in immunoblots.
A novel mutation of the adrenocorticotropin receptor (ACTH-R) gene in a family with the syndrome of isolated glucocorticoid deficiency, but no ACTH-R abnormalities in two families with the triple A syndrome

Isolated glucocorticoid deficiency (IGD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by primary adrenocortical insufficiency, usually without mineralocorticoid deficiency. Occasionally, the disorder is associated with alacrima and achalasia of the esophagus (triple A syndrome), suggesting potential heterogeneity in its etiology. Mutations in the ACTH receptor gene have been reported in several families with IGD. We have amplified and directly sequenced the entire intronless ACTH receptor gene in 1 other family with IGD and 2 families with triple A syndrome. The proband with IGD was a homozygote for an A-->G substitution, changing tyrosine 254 to cysteine in the third extracellular loop of the receptor protein, probably interfering with ligand binding. Both of her parents were heterozygotes for this mutation, which was not detected in 100 normal alleles. No mutations were identified in the entire coding area of the ACTH receptor in the 2 families with triple A syndrome, supporting the idea of a developmental or postreceptor defect in this syndrome.
The interrelationship of eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and prematurity: cofactors for significant maternal and perinatal risk

Objective To determine if there are differences between mothers and fetuses in eclamptic pregnancies with or without concurrent HELLP syndrome. Design Retrospective review. Setting A single tertiary perinatal centre, the University of Mississippi Medical Center. Subjects All eclamptic pregnancies treated during a 141 month period from 1980 until the end of 1991. Methods Pregnancies were grouped according to the presence or absence of HELLP syndrome subclassified as class 1 = platelet nadir ≤50 000/μl, class 2 = platelet nadir >50 000 to ≤100 000/μl, and class 3 = platelet nadir >100 000 to ≤150 000/μl. Results Among 49 782 live births, there were 117 women with eclampsia prior to delivery (incidence 1:425), 62 of which had HELLP syndrome. The group with HELLP syndrome were delivered significantly earlier (32.1 vs 36.4 weeks), and had lower birthweights (1821 vs 2550 grams) and higher perinatal mortality (113 vs 18:100). They were also transfused more frequently (65%vs 35%), and suffered greater overall serious maternal morbidity and mortality. Conclusion Eclampsia is more likely to be associated with the HELLP syndrome at early gestations. Although eclamptic patients are already at risk, the presence of HELLP syndrome accentuates the risk for adverse maternal-perinatal outcome.
Retooling Access to Academic Media Collections

Media collections, policies, and services depend on a number of variables, perhaps the most significant of which is technology. Access should reflect the needs of the current and future user popula...
Games, Logic and Computers

Today much of the work once done by human muscle and brains is being delegated to machines, and people in all walkd of life asking: What human abilities are irreplaceble? What can machines not do? It may surprise the reader to learn that, whereas the first question has no definite answer, the second has a straightforward mathematical solution.