cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cost-effective approach to establishing a surgical skills laboratory.

Background Recent studies comparing inexpensive low-fidelity box trainers to expensive computer-based virtual reality systems demonstrate similar acquisition of surgical skills and transferability to the clinical setting. With new mandates emerging that all surgical residency programs have access to a surgical skills laboratory, we describe our cost-effective approach to teaching basic and advanced open and laparoscopic skills utilizing inexpensive bench models, box trainers, and animate models. Methods Open models (basic skills, bowel anastomosis, vascular anastomosis, trauma skills) and laparoscopic models (basic skills, cholecystectomy, Nissen fundoplication, suturing and knot tying, advanced in vivo skills) are constructed using a combination of materials found in our surgical research laboratories, retail stores, or donated by industry. Expired surgical materials are obtained from our hospital operating room and animal organs from food-processing plants. In vivo models are performed in an approved research facility. Operation, maintenance, and administration of the surgical skills laboratory are coordinated by a salaried manager, and instruction is the responsibility of all surgical faculty from our institution. Results Overall, the cost analyses of our initial startup costs and operational expenditures over a 3-year period revealed a progressive decrease in yearly cost per resident (2002-2003, $1,151; 2003-2004, $1,049; and 2004-2005, $982). Conclusions Our approach to surgical skills education can serve as a template for any surgery program with limited financial resources.
Environmental Activism in the Protest Generation Differentiating 1960s Activists

Recent examinations of social movements have cited the environmental movement as an important outgrowth of the activism that characterized the 1960s. This article examines the similarities and differences in the socialization of activists who participated in two sets of 1960s-era movements: the antiwar, student, and civil rights protesters; and community environmental movements. Using multinomial logistic regression on data from the Youth-Parent Socialization Panel Study (1965-1973), the study found that social class, social-psychological orientation, and religious socialization are important predictors of participation in both movements. It was also found that efficacy, religious affiliation, race, and region significantly distinguish environmental activists from other protesters.
Knife or needles? A cohort analysis of outcomes after radical prostatectomy or brachytherapy for men with low- or intermediate-risk adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term outcomes for men with early stage prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) or brachytherapy (BT) at a single tertiary care center. Methods and Materials We retrospectively analyzed data from 371 men with clinical T1a–T2c disease with prostate-specific antigen level n = 279) or BT ( n = 92) at MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2000–2001. Biochemical recurrence–free survival (BRFS) and prostate cancer–specific survival rates were compared by treatment modality. Results The median followup time was 7.2 and 7.6 years for patients treated with RP and BT, respectively. Disease was upgraded from GS 6 to 7 after central review of the biopsy specimen for 36 men treated with RP (12.9%) and 15 men treated with BT (16.3%). After RP, GS was upgraded in 121 men (43.4%) between the centrally reviewed biopsy and the RP specimen. After RP, 5-year BRFS rates were 96.1% and 90.6% for low- and intermediate-risk disease, respectively ( p = 0.003). After BT, 5-year BRFS rates were 92.5% and 95.8% for low- and intermediate-risk disease, respectively ( p = 0.017). After RP or BT, 5-year BRFS rates were not significantly different with GS upgraded. Five-year prostate cancer–specific survival rates for patients with upgraded GS were 100% for both RP and BT. Conclusions Excellent disease control outcomes can be achieved after either RP or BT as monotherapy for men with early stage prostate cancer. Upgrading of GS from 6 to 7, either (3 + 4) or (4 + 3), did not predict for worse outcomes.
‘The Darkness Inside the Human Soul’: Uncertainty in Theological Humanism and Michael Frayn's Play Copenhagen

Michael Frayn's play, Copenhagen, dramatises as a ghost story the conver sation concerning the moral implications of atomic fission among Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, and his wife, Margrethe Bohr, in September 1941. This paper argues that the play generalises from the famous uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics to present the necessary appearance of uncertainty at the historical, moral, and theological levels of reflection. The paper traces the meaning of uncertainty back to the 'being of the self' as a cipher for divine transcendence, and it interprets the meaning of uncertainty for the theory and method of theological humanism. How incredible it is that Michael Frayn's play, Copenhagen, is so successful on the world stage! Copenhagen won the 2000 Tony Award for best play, packed theatres in Europe and the United States, and provoked symposia and newspaper commentaries wherever it travelled. One would think that a play based on conversations among Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, and his wife, Margrethe Bohr, would be a big-time bomb. Contrary to such expectations, the play is absolutely gripping. What is the secret of its success? I propose that this play surprises its audience by appealing to it at multiple levels that engage the central concerns of theological humanism. Specifically, the play is revelatory in a very odd sense that is nonetheless theological: it discloses the structure of uncertainty not just in quantum mechanics, but more importantly at the historical, moral, and theological levels of human thinking and hence experiencing. What is surprising is that ordi narily we associate revelation with certainty. In this play, however, what
Chirped optical pulses in nonlinear absorbers

Abstract We investigate optical pulse propagation in homogeneously broadened absorbers with an optical Kerr effect nonlinearity. We show that the presence of the Kerr effect requires pulse chirping. The maximum frequency shift can be quite large. Analytic solutions are given for the atomic inversion, the atomic dipole moment, and for the electric field envelope and phase.
The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene product promotes, but is not essential for, NEDD8 conjugation to cullin-2

We have previously shown that human cullin-2 (Cul-2) is covalently modified at Lys-689 by NEDD8 (Wada, H., Yeh, E. T. H., and Kamitani, T. (1999) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 257, 100-105). Cul-2 has also been reported to form a multiprotein complex, Cul-2.VBC, with the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene product (pVHL) and elongins B and C. In this study, using an in vivo coexpression system in COS cells, we show that NEDD8 conjugation to Cul-2 is promoted by coexpression with wild-type pVHL and elongins B and C. Interestingly, tumorigenic mutants and deletion mutants of pVHL, which are unable to form a Cul-2.VBC complex, do not have the activity to promote NEDD8 conjugation to Cul-2. These results suggest that the complex formation is required for NEDD8 conjugation to Cul-2. Furthermore, we used a pVHL-deficient cell line, 786-0, to show that Cul-2 is poorly but clearly conjugated by NEDD8, indicating that pVHL is not the only molecule that promotes NEDD8 conjugation to Cul-2. Taken together, the VBC complex appears to have ligase activity in the conjugation of NEDD8 to Cul-2.
The Periplasmic Bacterial Molecular Chaperone SurA Adapts its Structure to Bind Peptides in Different Conformations to Assert a Sequence Preference for Aromatic Residues.

The periplasmic molecular chaperone protein SurA facilitates correct folding and maturation of outer membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. It preferentially binds peptides that have a high fraction of aromatic amino acids. Phage display selections, isothermal titration calorimetry and crystallographic structure determination have been used to elucidate the basis of the binding specificity. The peptide recognition is imparted by the first peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) domain of SurA. Crystal structures of complexes between peptides of sequence WEYIPNV and NFTLKFWDIFRK with the first PPIase domain of the Escherichia coli SurA protein at 1.3 A resolution, and of a complex between the dodecapeptide and a SurA fragment lacking the second PPIase domain at 3.4 A resolution, have been solved. SurA binds as a monomer to the heptapeptide in an extended conformation. It binds as a dimer to the dodecapeptide in an alpha-helical conformation, predicated on a substantial structural rearrangement of the SurA protein. In both cases, side-chains of aromatic residues of the peptides contribute a large fraction of the binding interactions. SurA therefore asserts a recognition preference for aromatic amino acids in a variety of sequence configurations by adopting alternative tertiary and quaternary structures to bind peptides in different conformations.
Nephrotoxicity of chloroform: metabolism to phosgene by the mouse kidney.

Abstract In this investigation, we have attempted to determine whether chloroform (CHCl 3 )-induced nephrotoxicity might be due to its metabolism to phosgene (COCl 2 ) in the kidney. We have found that kidney homogenates from sol DBA 2J male mice in the presence of glutathione metabolize CHCl 3 to 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTZ). This product appears to be formed by the initial trapping of COCl 2 by two molecules of GSH to form diglutathionyl dithiocarbonate (GSCOSG). Kidney γ-glutamyl transpeptidase can rapidly metabolize GSCOSG to N -(2-oxothiazolidine-4-carbonyl)-glycine which is then hydrolyzed, possibly by cysteinyl glycinase to OTZ. The finding that deuterium-labeled chloroform (CDCl 3 ) was less nephrotoxic and depleted less renal GSH than did CHCl 3 suggests that the metabolism of CHCl 3 to COCl 2 may also occur in the kidney in vivo and lead to nephrotoxicity.
Virus-induced mutations in maize: on the nature of stress-induction of unstable loci *

Unstable alleles, broken chromosomes and stable mutants have arisen in maize out of infected plants of Barley Striped Mosaic Virus and other viruses. Surprisingly, these same events have appeared out of progenies of these infected plants that themselves do not show any infection. These mutants showing instability have resulted from insertions that are not necessarily related. Two of these insertions (BS1 and TZ86) that have been analysed molecularly have the general characteristics of maize insertions with terminal inverted repeats and host duplication at the terminus of the transposon. In other experiments three of the unstable alleles at the a locus in maize ( A locus, chromosome 3, short arm; one of genes for anthocyanin control) that arose in derivative lines of the initially treated plants are responsive to a transposable element, the Uq element. It was determined that the Uq element was not present in this initially treated plant but was present in the untreated female plant. It is proposed that the initial treatment induced events that in turn led to the mobilization of elements and that these events continue to occur in later generations. It seems that genomic events once initiated such as mobility of elements cannot be terminated despite a discontinuation of the treatment (virus) and, like a Frankenstein monster, is not responsive to its maker.
Application of Piecewise Linear Control Allocation to Reusable Launch Vehicle Guidance and Control

The moments produced by the aerodynamic control effectors on aircraft are typically non-linear functions of displacement with a region of linearity about zero displacement. In this paper we briefly review a novel approach that was developed at AFRL for solving the control allocation problem where the control moments are piecewise linear functions of the control displacement. The advantages of this approach are that it avoids cumbersome, high-order polynomial curve fits of the aerodynamic data and thus avoids solution of a non-linear programming problem. Stability and control derivatives are almost always stored in multi-dimensional look-up tables where it is assumed that the data is piecewise linear. The approach that is presented utilizes this piecewise linear assumption for the control effector moment data and accounts for non-linearities in the moment-effector relationships and position constraints on the effectors as well. The control allocation problem using piecewise linear functions is posed as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) and solved using a freely available GNU-licensed mixed-integer linear programming code. We demonstrate two applications of the piecewise linear control allocation (PLCA) approach. The first application to be considered is to use the PLCA approach in the inner-loop control law of a re-usable launch vehicle on approach and landing. The second application is constraint estimation for trajectory reshaping and re-targeting. In order to successfully re-target a trajectory when an aircraft has experienced degraded performance due to a failure or damage to the vehicle, the effects of the failure or damage on the lift, drag, and "trimmability" of the vehicle must be known a priori over the entire flight envelope
Studies on the subsynaptosomal localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the rat hypothalamus.

In the current investigation, subcellular particles (synaptosomes) of hypothalamic homogenates were isolated by differential centrifugation and discontinuous sucrose density gradient fractionation and found to be rich in LHRH, TRH, and the neuronal marker, norepinephrine (NE). Of the total quantity of LHRH, TRH, or NE in the nuclei-free homogenate, 52-65% was recovered in synaptosomes, whereas the cytosol, myelin/ microsomes, and mitochondria contained only 1-12%. To determine the subsynaptosomal localization of LHRH and TRH, purified synaptosomes were lysed and the resulting suspensions were fractionated on discontinuous sucrose density gradients. LHRH (30-40%) was found to be localized primarily in subsynaptosomal particles which banded at sucrose densities between 0.6-1.0 M. Electron microscopic analysis of these particles revealed the presence of dense-cored granules (70-80 nm diameter) and synaptosomal membrane remnants. Norepinephrine was found in two pools within the isolated nerve endings: 15-25% ...
Enhanced operator perception through 3D vision and haptic feedback

Polaris Sensor Technologies (PST) has developed a stereo vision upgrade kit for TALON® robot systems comprised of a replacement gripper camera and a replacement mast zoom camera on the robot, and a replacement display in the Operator Control Unit (OCU). Harris Corporation has developed a haptic manipulation upgrade for TALON® robot systems comprised of a replacement arm and gripper and an OCU that provides haptic (force) feedback. PST and Harris have recently collaborated to integrate the 3D vision system with the haptic manipulation system. In multiple studies done at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri it has been shown that 3D vision and haptics provide more intuitive perception of complicated scenery and improved robot arm control, allowing for improved mission performance and the potential for reduced time on target. This paper discusses the potential benefits of these enhancements to robotic systems used for the domestic homeland security mission.
Codling moth: catches of irradiated and untreated laboratory-reared and native males in synthetic sex attractant traps

Irradiated native males of Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) treated with 30 krad of gamma irradiation were less responsive (20 and 44 percent were caught) to traps baited with the synthetic sex attractant than irradiated laboratory-reared males (32 and 62 percent). Unirradiated native males showed the best response to traps (70 percent). Fewer irradiated laboratory-reared males were captured when they were released with irradiated laboratory-reared females than when they were released alone. (auth)
The Effects of Reinforcement on the Occurrence of Clustering in the Recall of Randomly Arranged Associates

Abstract : The study was designed with the broad purpose of investigating organization as it occurs in mental processes. It is assumed that the clustering occurring in the recall of words is a consequence of organization. By observing the effects of reinforcement on clustering, one is provided with information useful in developing a theoretical conception of the nature of organization as it occurs in mental processes.
Posterior Hypothalamic Lesions Advance the Onset of Puberty in the Female Rhesus Monkey

The effects of experimental lesions in the posterior hypothalamus and the anterior hypothalamus on menarche and first ovulation were examined in nonhuman primates. With the aid of x-ray ventriculography, bilateral lesions were made by passing a radiofrequency current through a thermister electrode in the posterior hypothalamus (n = 7) or the anterior hypothalamus (n = 6) of female rhesus monkeys at 18 months of age. Four animals that received sham lesions as well as four normal females of a similar age served as controls. All animals were caged individually and examined daily for vaginal bleeding and sex skin color change. Developmental changes in gonadotropins, ovarian steroids, body weight, and nipple size were monitored throughout the experiments. The time of first ovulation was determined by laparoscopic observation of the newly formed corpus luteum and by the level of circulating progesterone. Histological examination confirmed that the bilateral lesions in the hypothalamus were approximately 2–3 mm ...
The Relative Contribution of Prepregnancy Overweight and Obesity, Gestational Weight Gain, and IADPSG-Defined Gestational Diabetes Mellitus to Fetal Overgrowth

OBJECTIVE The International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) identifies women and infants at risk for adverse outcomes, which are also strongly associated with maternal overweight, obesity, and excess gestational weight gain. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of 9,835 women who delivered at ≥20 weeks’ gestation; had a prenatal, 2-h, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test; and were not treated with diet, exercise, or antidiabetic medications during pregnancy. Women were classified as having GDM based on IADPSG criteria and were categorized into six mutually exclusive prepregnancy BMI/GDM groups: normal weight ± GDM, overweight ± GDM, and obese ± GDM. RESULTS Overall, 5,851 (59.5%) women were overweight or obese and 1,892 (19.2%) had GDM. Of those with GDM, 1,443 (76.3%) were overweight or obese. The prevalence of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants was significantly higher for overweight and obese women without GDM compared with their normal-weight counterparts. Among women without GDM, 21.6% of LGA infants were attributable to maternal overweight and obesity, and the combination of being overweight or obese and having GDM accounted for 23.3% of LGA infants. Increasing gestational weight gain was associated with a higher prevalence of LGA in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Prepregnancy overweight and obesity account for a high proportion of LGA, even in the absence of GDM. Interventions that focus on maternal overweight/obesity and gestational weight gain, regardless of GDM status, have the potential to reach far more women at risk for having an LGA infant.
Universal multiresolution source codes

A multiresolution source code is a single code giving an embedded source description that can be read at a variety of rates and thereby yields reproductions at a variety of resolutions. The resolution of a source reproduction here refers to the accuracy with which it approximates the original source. Thus, a reproduction with low distortion is a "high-resolution" reproduction while a reproduction with high distortion is a "low-resolution" reproduction. This paper treats the generalization of universal lossy source coding from single-resolution source codes to multiresolution source codes. Results described in this work include new definitions for weakly minimax universal, strongly minimax universal, and weighted universal sequences of fixed- and variable-rate multiresolution source codes that extend the corresponding notions from lossless coding and (single-resolution) quantization to multiresolution quantizers. A variety of universal multiresolution source coding results follow, including necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of universal multiresolution codes, rate of convergence bounds for universal multiresolution coding performance to the theoretical bound, and a new multiresolution approach to two-stage universal source coding.
Subjective contours and binocular rivalry suppression

Binocular rivalry probably involves distributed neural processes, some responsible for dominance, others for suppression and still others for fluctuations in perception. Focusing on the suppression process, the present study asks whether neural events underlying rivalry suppression take place prior to, or subsequent to those underlying the synthesis of subjective contours. Specifically, we examined whether (i) a subjective contour could prematurely return a suppressed target to dominance and (ii) whether suppression of a Kanizsa-type inducer precludes the formation of a subjective contour. Suppression durations were not abbreviated by the subjective contour, but suppression did prevent the formation of a subjective contour. Evidently suppression precedes the synthesis of subjective contours in the visual processing hierarchy.
A Reconstructed Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Compressible Flows on Unstructured Tetrahedral Grids

A reconstruction-based discontinuous Galerkin (RDG) method is presented for the solution of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured tetrahedral grids. The RDG method, originally developed for the compressible Euler equations, is extended to discretize viscous and heat fluxes in the Navier-Stokes equations using a so-called inter-cell reconstruction, where a smooth solution is locally reconstructed using a least-squares method from the underlying discontinuous DG solution. Similar to the recovery-based DG (rDG) methods, this reconstructed DG method eliminates the introduction of ad hoc penalty or coupling terms commonly found in traditional DG methods. Unlike rDG methods, this RDG method does not need to judiciously choose a proper form of a recovered polynomial, thus is simple, flexible, and robust, and can be used on unstructured grids. The preliminary results indicate that this RDG method is stable on unstructured tetrahedral grids, and provides a viable and attractive alternative for the discretization of the viscous and heat fluxes in the Navier-Stokes equations.
Adequate iodine intake of Slovenian adolescents is primarily attributed to excessive salt intake.

In Slovenia, table salt iodization has been applied to combat iodine deficiency. Recently, we found that Slovenian adolescents attained iodine sufficiency (median urinary iodine concentration was 140 μg/L; prevalence of goiter was <1%). National data indicate that salt intake of Slovenian population is too high (150% above the recommended limit); therefore, we hypothesized that sufficient iodine intake in adolescents can be primarily attributed to excessive salt intake. In a cross-sectional study, we investigated iodine and salt intake in Slovenian adolescents as well as the contributions of different foods to their intake. We determined the iodine and salt intake of a national representative sample of 2581 adolescents, aged 14 to 17 years, using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ covered habitual diets over the past year, and 2485 (96%) adolescents completed a valid FFQ (1370 girls, 1115 boys). The iodine intake was 189.7 ± 2.6 μg/d (mean ± standard error of mean), well above the recommended 150 μg/d (P < .001). Table salt was by far the biggest dietary source of iodine and sodium for both sexes. Total salt intake (mean ± standard error of mean, 10.4 ± 0.2 g/d) significantly exceeded the upper World Health Organization limit (<5 g/d, P < .001), especially in boys (11.5 ± 0.3 vs 9.4 ± 0.2 g/d in girls, P < .001). The main food sources of salt were table salt (33%), bread (24%), salty snack products (10%), meat products (8%), fish products (6%), and milk (4%). Salt intake from foods, excluding table salt, was 6.9 g/d (67% of total salt intake). We conclude that although Slovenian adolescents are iodine sufficient, their salt intake, especially among boys, is too high. Several nutritional interventions are proposed to reduce total salt intake while ensuring adequate iodine intake.
The caveolae-mediated sv40 entry pathway bypasses the golgi complex en route to the endoplasmic reticulum

Background Simian virus 40 (SV40) enters cells via an atypical caveolae-mediated endocytic pathway, which delivers the virus to a new intermediary compartment, the caveosome. The virus then is believed to go directly from the caveosome to the endoplasmic reticulum. Cholera toxin likewise enters via caveolae and traffics to caveosomes. But, in contrast to SV40, cholera toxin is transported from caveosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum via the Golgi. For that reason, and because the caveosome and Golgi may have some common markers, we revisited the issue of whether SV40 might access the endoplasmic reticulum via the Golgi.
Modelling short‐ and long‐term characteristics of follicle stimulating hormone as predictors of severe hot flashes in the Penn Ovarian Aging Study

The Penn Ovarian Aging Study tracked a population-based sample of 436 women aged 35-47 years to determine associations between reproductive hormone levels and menopausal symptoms. We develop a joint modeling method that uses the individual-level longitudinal measurements of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to predict the risk of severe hot flashes in a manner that distinguishes long-term trends of the mean trajectory, cumulative changes captured by the derivative of mean trajectory, and short-term residual variability. Our method allows the potential effects of longitudinal trajectories on the health risks to vary and accumulate over time. We further utilize the proposed methods to narrow the critical time windows of increased health risks. We find that high residual variation of FSH is a strong predictor of hot flash risk, and that the high cumulative changes of the FSH mean trajectories in the 52.5-55 year age range also provides evidence of increased risk above and beyond that of short-term FSH residual variation by itself.
Explanation of anomalously high current gain observed in GaN based bipolar transistors

The potential applications of GaN-based bipolar transistors have suffered a setback from poor ohmic contacts and leakage currents. We show in this work that the extrinsic current gain /spl beta//sub EXT/ measured at a low current level can be erroneously attributed to the gain of the intrinsic transistor. By accounting for leakage current coupled with poor ohmic contacts, we show that the observed very high /spl beta//sub EXT/ at low current levels can be modeled accurately. The real gain of the intrinsic transistor /spl beta//sub INT/ is generally much lower. As the current is increased, the effect of leakage currents is diminished, and /spl beta//sub EXT//spl rarr//spl beta//sub INT/. This model is satisfactorily applied to explain our experimental results.
Interstellar molecular abundances toward Omicron Persei.

Extensive scanning of the B1 III star omicron Per has been done with the Copernicus telescope-spectrometer in an effort to determine column densities or meaningful upper limits for several molecules expected to be relatively abundant in H I regions of moderate density. The combination of radio H II, OH, and CO emission-line data with the optical absorption measurements indicates that omicron Per is embedded in the near edge of a dense molecular cloud and that the material seen in front of the star must be close to it. Molecules detected in ultraviolet absorption are H2, HD, CO, and possibly OH. The CO rotational temperature is between 2.2 and 3.8 K. The observed column densities and upper limits from Copernicus and ground-based data are compared with recent models for molecular formation in diffuse clouds.
Color and pulsed Doppler sonography for arterial bleeding detection.

Objective. Hemorrhage resulting from penetrating injuries in the extremities is the leading cause of preventable death in the modern battlefield. Development of methods for detection and localization of vascular bleeding is needed that could be applied emergently without special training outside the hospital setting. Our objective was to assess whether Doppler sonography can provide quantitative parameters that characterize the bleeding site in the extremities. Methods. Twenty-four rabbit femoral arteries (diameter of ≈1 mm) were punctured transcutaneously with an 18-gauge needle. Doppler interrogations were performed at 5 locations in the injured vessels (site of injury, distal and proximal locations relative to the injury, and neck and tip of the bleeding jet). Results. Compared with the normal signals obtained before the vessel was punctured, pulsed Doppler observations of the injury site showed a statistically significant increase in the systolic and diastolic velocities (systolic: mean ± SD, 30.1 ± 12.5 cm/s [injury] versus 15.1 ± 4.2 cm/s [normal]; diastolic: 17.8 ± 6.5 cm/s [injury] versus 0.7 cm/s [normal]). Similar increases in velocities were observed at the neck of the bleeding jet, whereas the tip of the bleeding jet showed venouslike patterns. These patterns are unique only at the bleeding site. Color Doppler observations showed turbulence (in the form of checkered color patterns) localized at the injury site. Conclusions. Our results indicate that both color and pulsed Doppler sonography can be used to accurately localize the site of injury, which may facilitate application of hemorrhage control therapies in battlefield situations. Key words: bleeding detection; bleeding localization; color Doppler sonography; pulsed Doppler sonography; vascular injuries.
Virtual interfaces for exploration of heterogeneous & cloud computing architectures

In recent years data center operations have evolved into extensive infrastructures that can support of a wide range of computing paradigms, from traditional application hosting and data storage to service oriented architectures (SOAs) and emerging cloud services. Offering various mixes of software, platform, and infrastructure as a service (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS), more recent advances in software defined networking (SDN), combined with ubiquitous computing and IP convergence (voice, video, data) on end-point devices such as smart phones and tablets, have only added complexity to the delivery of business services.
Buckling into single-handed chiral structures from pH-sensitive hydrogel membranes

Abstract We investigate swelling induced pattern transformation of pH-sensitive hydrogel membranes made of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)- co -poly(acrylic acid) (PHEMA- co -PAA) with periodic pores in both square and oblique arrays. The hydrogel membranes are fabricated by replica molding from a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mold with square arrayed pillars, or from the same mold that is mechanically pre-stretched at a very small strain (5%) at different angles (15 ° , 30 ° , 45 ° , 60 ° , and 75 ° ) relative to the lattice axis. When swollen in different pH buffer solutions, the membrane undergoes buckling of pores to slits at pH 3 (achiral, swelling ratio ∼2.0) to onset of symmetry breaking of slits at pH 4.7 (swelling ratio ∼2.3), to the formation of twisted, “S” shaped slits at pH 6.4 (chiral, swelling ratio ∼5.8). While swelling of the square array hydrogel membranes leads to ∼50/50 mixture of right- and left-handed chiral structures, predominant single handedness with enantiomeric excess fraction >95% (i.e. the absolute difference between the mole fraction of each enantiomer) is obtained from the oblique array of porous membranes. Single left-handedness is obtained from the ones with low pre-stretching angles (15 ° and 30 ° ), while nearly exclusive right-handedness is obtained from the ones with larger pre-stretching angles (60 ° and 75 ° ).
Abstract 2247: Deconstructing tumor-stroma interactions during renal cell carcinoma metastasis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC In the US, ∼52,000 individuals are expected to be diagnosed with kidney cancer each year, the majority being clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Of these, ∼13,000 die of the disease. A quarter of the patients presents with advanced disease, including locally invasive or metastatic RCC and have poor prognosis. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie RCC metastasis are poorly understood. To investigate the mechanisms of lung colonization by tumor cells during RCC metastasis we utilized a human xenograft system that enabled selected cell subpopulations with increased metastatic activity to invade the lung in NOD/SCID mice. An in vivo selection strategy was used to isolate from the poorly metastatic SN12C RCC cell line a collection of cell variants capable of efficient spontaneous metastasis to the lung. Gene expression profiling of tumor cells and lung stroma at specific time points during metastatic progression revealed sequential enrichment of genes mediating discrete biologic functions in each tissue compartment. Increased metastatic activity was associated with a desmoplastic response signature in the tumor cells. Moreover, gene expression profiling of paired primary and metastatic in vivo RCC tumors confirmed the relevance of this signature to the human disease. Lentivirus-mediated shRNA silencing of selected genes such as FSP1 and COL11A1 from the desmoplastic response signature validated its direct role in metastasis progression. Using a mouse gene expression array, we found that the stromal compartment displayed markedly different patterns of gene expression during tumor progression. Gene sets enriched for innate immune response functions were repressed rapidly in the stroma, suggesting a link between tumor cell invasion and evasion of local immune response. Interestingly, genes associated with endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis were progressively induced at late stages of metastatic colonization. To characterize the signal transduction pathways altered in the lung stroma during tumor progression, we performed a canonical pathway analysis using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (Ingenuity Systems, www.ingenuity.com) in each temporal gene expression cluster. This analysis highlighted a central role for inflammation, tissue remodeling and TGF-beta signaling. Thus, integrating human xenograft, temporal gene expression profiling, and network modeling provided a tractable platform to study tumor-stromal interactions in vivo. The analysis of the complex gene expression signatures arising in the stroma during tumor progression will allow the identification of mechanisms that metastatic cells utilize to colonize secondary organs and, therefore, novel strategies of therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2247.
Recovery of Zinfandel grapevines from feeding damage by Willamette spider mite (Acari : Tetranychidae) : implications for economic injury level studies in perennial crops

Complete recovery of ‘Zinfandel’ grapevines from damage by Willamette spider mite, Eotetranychus willamettei (McGregor), required 2 yr. For vines that previously had experienced the highest level of mite damage (1,347 mite-days), a significant reduction of 14.9% in total yield per vine was detected within the first year of recovery. However, no significant reductions were noted in vegetative growth, mean berry size, or number of fruit clusters per vine ( P > 0.05). Yield depressions after 2 yr of infestation were not greater than after a single year of infestation. No significant differences were found for any parameter measured within the second year of the study. A graphic model is presented to illustrate the potential effects of differential recovery rates and duration of recovery from damage by pests of perennial crops on the determination of economic injury levels. Increases in total recovery time and decreases in rate of recovery resulted in lower predictions for economic injury levels for fixed control costs. Failure to consider recovery rate and duration is hypothesized to result in the underestimation of crop losses due to indirect feeding damage.
Hecessity of Setting 30 kA Nominal Discharge Curment Class for UHV MOA

In this paper,starting from how nominal discharge current of MOA influence the lightning characteristics of protection and the operating characteristics of MOA,as well as the protection reliability of lightning impinging surge on UHV substations,carried out the EMTP simulation analysis about the lightning impinging surge on 1000 kV UHV AC substations and the lightning discharge current through arrester.According to the requirements of MTBF more than 1,500 years for 1000 kV substation due to lightning impinging surge,and based on the basic principles of IEC 60071-2、IEC 60099-5,discussed and analyzed about the necessary and feasibility of setting 30 kA nominal discharge current class at the standard of MOA for 1000 kV UHV AC systems.
Using a Life History-Carbon Balance Model for Forest Decline Research

In a review of several poorly understood cases of decline of conifer and deciduous forests in North America, Mueller-Dombios et al. (1983) showed that natural senescence and stand uniformity are plausible factors underlying synchronous tree death. The same review described decline of Hawaiian forests of Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae) where the single generational structure and the maturity of the stands are apparent. The “cohort senescence” theory explains Hawaiian forest dieback as the synchronized death of senescent trees in single-generation stands, and describes these diebacks as naturally occurring cyclic events in primary succession (Mueller-Dombois 1980, 1986, 1987). Long-term studies provide ample evidence of Metrosideros regeneration following these dieback events (Jacobi et al. 1983, 1988). Mueller-Dombois et al. (1983) asserted that the physiological condition of senescing trees, an “internal factor,” deserves equal attention in forest decline research with “external factors,” such as biotic disease and abiotic stresses. This explanatory theory recognizes an important role for external triggering factors that precipitate and synchronize the death of senescent trees.
Endovascular Strategies for Management of Claudication and Lower Extremity Arterial Disease

In 1964, Dotter and Judkins introduced therapeutic percutaneous angioplasty of atherosclerotic peripheral plaques, a technique that used multiple coaxial catheters of various sizes to dilate the stenosis. In the mid-1970s, Andreas Gruentzig, at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, developed a double-lumen balloon catheter—used to dilate lesions in the iliac and femoral arteries safely and with a high rate of procedural success. The modern era of cardiovascular interventions had begun. Miniaturization of Gruentzig’s balloon catheters system led to the first percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in 1977 in Zurich, performed by Gruentzig. Since the initial percutaneous interventions, there has been explosive growth in the field of interventional transcatheter therapeutics. This expansion has been fueled by the introduction of an array of new devices, adjuvant pharmacologic therapies, and novel imaging and physiologic measurement catheters designed to overcome some of the limitations of balloon angioplasty. Devices and techniques for lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) are balloon angioplasty, rotational atherectomy, stents, rheolytic thrombectomy, and distal embolic protection devices. Table 1 lists their indications, potential advantages, limitations, and complications. See Fig. 1 for angiography examples.
Christian Prayer: Practice and Theory

A member of the Theology Department and of the Staff of Campus Ministry team taught at Marquette University a course in which the objective was to offer the opportunity for both the experience of prayer and for reflection upon that experience. In this article the two teachers describe that experiment and offer their reflections upon its potential for meeting the need for such cooperative ventures.
Performance analysis of a three phase induction motor under mixed eccentricity condition

A substantial portion of induction motor faults is eccentricity related. In practice, static as well as dynamic eccentricity happen to exist together. With this point in mind, an analytical approach to evaluate performance of a three phase induction motor under mixed eccentric condition has been presented in this paper. Clear and step-by-step theoretical analysis, explaining completely the presence of certain harmonics in the line current spectrum in presence of eccentricity, is discussed. The effects of the number of rotor slots, machine pole numbers which influence the current spectrum considerably; can also be fully identified. These results will be useful in generating rules and laws to formulate on-line neural network based tools for machine condition monitoring. Finite element results to substantiate the inductance values used in the simulation are also included. The analysis is validated by the line current spectrum of the eccentric machine obtained through simulation using modified winding function approach (MWFA) and experimentation.
Determinants of adoption of IPM in cauliflower cultivation in Haryana State

Yegetable cultivation is one of the most economically important and dynamic branches of agriculture. But the production risks are very high in case of vegetables because of considerable production losses caused by pests. Integrated Pest management Technology (IPM) can reduce the production losses and usages of insecticides/pesticides in vegetable cultivation. So a study was conducted in the rural areas of Sonipat district of Haryana State to identify the factors affecting adoption of IPM in cauliflower cultivation. Total 66 farm families (40 adopters and 26 non-adopters of IPM of Palri village were selected for the study. A logit model was used to identify the factors that affect the adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technology by the farmers growing cauliflower in the state of Haryana, India. The changes in probability as influenced by the changes in different factors were also determined by the odds ratio. On the basis of both parameter estimates as well as odds ratio, it was observed that income from vegetables and area under vegetable cultivation were the most important and decisive factors influencing positively the adoption of IPM technology in cauliflower, whereas cropping intensity, lack of education and social backwardness were the factors which adversely affected the adoption of IPM in cauliflower cultivation.
Predicting failures in light water nuclear reactors which have not yet been observed —microprocess sequence approach (MPSA)

Publisher Summary An approach, microprocess sequence approach (MPSA), for predicting failures, utilizes sets of elements from the environments and materials where these elements can be identified and quantified, and connected sequentially or in parallel, to provide a scenario leading to the initiation of failure. The idea of microprocesses focuses on specific processes that occur within the domains and have been shown to be critical processes in the nucleation, initiation, and growth of stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The domains provide an intellectual framework for identifying explicitly the sequence of events and for organizing the microprocesses. One of the domains, “Global Domain,” is intended to include microprocesses that apply to all the domains. Another domain, “Bulk Environment Domain,” refers to the primary water, the secondary water, tertiary water, ambient inside the containment or outside, and similar fluids to which components, and materials are exposed. The “Near-Surface Environment Domain” consists mainly of deposits, flow gradients, and electrochemical cells. The “Bulk Metal Domain,” is the “semi-infinite region” of the metal, which, on a gross scale, is homogeneous but on a microscopic and microprocess scale is quite heterogeneous. These local heterogeneities provide paths or influences that affect the development and propagation of corrosion damage.
Irinotecan hydrochloride: drug profile and nursing implications of a topoisomerase I inhibitor in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

Purpose/objectives To review the drug profile and nursing implications of the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan hydrochloride. Data sources Published articles, abstracts, professional communications, drug manufacturer, and professional clinical experience with irinotecan clinical studies. Data synthesis Irinotecan, one of the first topoisomerase I inhibitors to gain wide clinical use, has exhibited activity in several malignancies. In June 1996, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved its use in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapy. The recommended starting dose is 125 mg/m2 administered as a weekly infusion for four weeks followed by a two-week rest period. The most common and clinically significant adverse events include diarrhea, neutropenia, and nausea and vomiting. Other adverse events include alopecia and fatigue. Conclusions Irinotecan has significant activity in patients with 5-FU-refractory colorectal cancer. This drug is well tolerated and easily administered in an outpatient setting. The most common adverse events are well characterized and are reversible upon treatment discontinuation or dosage reduction. In particular, diarrhea, the most common toxicity, is manageable with use of appropriate dose modification and rigorous administration of loperamide at the first signs of diarrhea. Implications for nursing practice Nurses need to focus on identifying and managing adverse effects based on individual patient tolerance. Nurses have an important role to play in patient education and follow up in order to minimize toxicity. Patient care concerns include management of diarrhea and nausea and vomiting, neutropenia with related risk of infection, and fluid and electrolyte imbalances.