cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS) for Assessment of Tissue Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle: Recent Progress

Near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is an emerging technology for monitoring blood flow in various tissues. This article reviews the recent progress of DCS for the assessment of skeletal muscle blood flow, including the developments in technology allowing use during dynamic exercise and muscular electrical stimulation, the utilization for diagnosis of muscle vascular diseases, and the applications for evaluating treatment effects. The limitations of current DCS studies and future perspective are finally discussed.
The Effects of Nutritional and Hormonal Factors on the Fatty Acid Synthetase Level of Rat Liver

Abstract The rise in fatty acid synthesizing capacity of the liver which is observed on realimentation of fasting rats with a fat-free diet has been studied. The rise to supranormal levels has been shown unequivocally to be the result of adaptive enzyme synthesis. Proof of this was obtained through the demonstration that 14C-leucine is readily incorporated in vivo into the purified fatty acid synthetase complex formed during refeeding. In addition, measurements of the absolute levels of the enzyme in the livers of fasting and refed rats showed drastic changes in the content of this protein complex with changes in nutritional status. Similarly, alloxan diabetic and portacaval-shunted rats exhibited lowered levels of fatty acid synthetase in liver; and insulin treatment of alloxan diabetic animals caused a return of the level of this enzyme toward the normal range. The characteristics of the fatty acid synthetase isolated from the livers of rats refed for varying periods of time after fasting have been investigated. Differences in homogeneity and variation in specific enzyme activity of these preparations were found which correlated with the length of time of refeeding. The significance of these variations is discussed.
Carex Seedling Emergence in Restored and Natural Prairie Wetlands

Carex species, common dominants of wet meadows and widespread in ecosystems in the northern hemisphere, seldom naturally recolonize drained wetlands following hydrologic restoration. We conducted a seedling emergence experiment with five Carex species in restored and natural prairie wetlands to determine if recolonization is limited by the suitability of conditions for seed germination and seedling emergence. Seeds were sown unstratified in the fall or spring, or stratified in the spring, and seedling emergence was monitored for two field seasons. Seedling emergence was 3–360 times higher in restored compared with natural wetlands, regardless of seed treatments. In restored wetlands, a seed dormancy breaking treatment, whether in the field (fall, unstratified seeding) or in the lab (spring, stratified seeding), was important for seedling emergence. In both restored and natural wetlands, the majority of seedlings emerged within year one compared with year two of the study, indicating the importance of initial steps to optimize seedling emergence. Restored wetlands were drier than natural wetlands but seedling emergence was generally not related to soil moisture conditions. Our findings indicate that a recolonization lag can be overcome through direct seeding of these Carex species with an emphasis on appropriate seed pretreatment and timing of sowing.
The Impact of Workaholism on Work-Family Conflict, Job Satisfaction, and Perception of Leisure Activities

Data were collected from university employees (N = 129) and Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) members (N = 103) to assess the impact of workaholism on work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and perceptions of leisure time. The results, using two different measures of workaholism (Workaholism Battery, Work Addiction Risk Test), indicated that greater scores on the Workaholic Risk Test were significantly related to greater work-family conflict and less gratification with leisure (or nonwork) time. In terms of the Workaholism Battery, high Drive scores were also found to relate to more work-family conflict. However, Work Enjoyment scores were associated with less work-family conflict, as well as greater scores indicative of satisfaction with the job and the work itself. The need to examine various facets of workaholism and implications for organizational interventions are discussed.
Composition-based statistics and translated nucleotide searches: Improving the TBLASTN module of BLAST

TBLASTN is a mode of operation for BLAST that aligns protein sequences to a nucleotide database translated in all six frames. We present the first description of the modern implementation of TBLASTN, focusing on new techniques that were used to implement composition-based statistics for translated nucleotide searches. Composition-based statistics use the composition of the sequences being aligned to generate more accurate E-values, which allows for a more accurate distinction between true and false matches. Until recently, composition-based statistics were available only for protein-protein searches. They are now available as a command line option for recent versions of TBLASTN and as an option for TBLASTN on the NCBI BLAST web server. We evaluate the statistical and retrieval accuracy of the E-values reported by a baseline version of TBLASTN and by two variants that use different types of composition-based statistics. To test the statistical accuracy of TBLASTN, we ran 1000 searches using scrambled proteins from the mouse genome and a database of human chromosomes. To test retrieval accuracy, we modernize and adapt to translated searches a test set previously used to evaluate the retrieval accuracy of protein-protein searches. We show that composition-based statistics greatly improve the statistical accuracy of TBLASTN, at a small cost to the retrieval accuracy. TBLASTN is widely used, as it is common to wish to compare proteins to chromosomes or to libraries of mRNAs. Composition-based statistics improve the statistical accuracy, and therefore the reliability, of TBLASTN results. The algorithms used by TBLASTN are not widely known, and some of the most important are reported here. The data used to test TBLASTN are available for download and may be useful in other studies of translated search algorithms.
Promotion of proliferation in the developing cerebral cortex by EphA4 forward signaling.

Eph receptors are widely expressed during cerebral cortical development, yet a role for Eph signaling in the generation of cells during corticogenesis has not been shown. Cortical progenitor cells selectively express one receptor, EphA4, and reducing EphA4 signaling in cultured progenitors suppressed proliferation, decreasing cell number. In vivo, EphA4-/- cortex had a reduced area, fewer cells and less cell division compared with control cortex. To understand the effects of EphA4 signaling in corticogenesis, EphA4-mediated signaling was selectively depressed or elevated in cortical progenitors in vivo. Compared with control cells, cells with reduced EphA4 signaling were rare and mitotically inactive. Conversely, overexpression of EphA4 maintained cells in their progenitor states at the expense of subsequent maturation, enlarging the progenitor pool. These results support a role for EphA4 in the autonomous promotion of cell proliferation during corticogenesis. Although most ephrins were undetectable in cortical progenitors, ephrin B1 was highly expressed. Our analyses demonstrate that EphA4 and ephrin B1 bind to each other, thereby initiating signaling. Furthermore, overexpression of ephrin B1 stimulated cell division of neighboring cells, supporting the hypothesis that ephrin B1-initiated forward signaling of EphA4 promotes cortical cell division.
Towards comprehensive characterization of HER2 overexpression.

Mol Syst Biol. 2: 55 The past decade witnessed a revolution in molecular targeted therapy against cancer. Development of drugs for specific biological pathways with increased specificity and reduced toxicity has validated the long‐held belief in the cancer research community that a precise molecular understanding of cancer can result in cancer therapy. One of the most successful recent examples of cancer‐specific drugs is development of Herceptin, a monoclonal antibody against the HER2 receptor for breast cancer therapy. HER2 is an important target in cancer because its overexpression increases tumor cell proliferation, vessel formation and invasiveness and predicts poor prognosis. Disabling the Her2/neu receptor kinase complex with ectodomain binding monoclonal antibodies (e.g., Herceptin) leads to a reversal of the malignant phenotype of tumor cells and has therapeutic and preventative applications for human malignancy. Despite the important role of HER2 overexpression in tumor progression for a variety of human cancers, the mechanism by which the overexpression dysregulates different signaling networks in cells is poorly understood. In a study currently published in Molecular Systems Biology , Wolf‐Yadlin et al (2006) make an important contribution to elucidation of this mechanism …
On naming and symbolic behavior: In the beginning was the Name?

This is an exciting time in behavior analysis. Several converging lines of research and interpretation have raised the possibility of a genuinely behavior-analytic account of language and symbolic functioning. That specific research problems in behavior analysis have some general relation to language has long been recognized. But how does it all fit together? Is one relationship more fundamental than others, or do they all perhaps derive from something more basic? Will new principles be needed, or will older ones suffice? In this broad and scholarly paper, Horne and Lowe outline a theoretical framework to address such questions. The paper is impressive in its breadth, drawing for support on a wide range of research findings both inside and outside behavior analysis. This kind of interdisciplinary approach is frequently called for but seldom accomplished so well. But the paper is more than merely a review of the research literature; it is a theoretical reconceptualization that tries to make sense of the literature in light of current behavioranalytic thinking. The paper is thoughtful, timely, and provocative, and is sure to inspire a good deal of future work. Horne and Lowe have provided a plausible account of the development and maintenance of naming, and how it might be related to other straightforward verbal processes. Things could happen this way. But do they? These are questions about the kinds of explanatory statements that can be made about certain kinds of evidence. In identifying some of the conditions that may give rise to the development and maintenance of naming, Horne and Lowe are engaged in a scientific interpretation, as opposed to a scientific analysis. Unlike an analysis, which aims to specify
2016 Trying Times: Important Lessons to Be Learned from Recent Federal Tax Cases

Since 2006, the Tax Court, District Courts, and Circuit Courts have collectively issued more than forty decisions relating to the federal charitable income tax deduction for the donation of perpetual conservation easements (fifteen decisions were issued in 2012 alone). This outline discusses the practical implications of recent court decisions for conservation easement donors and donees. The outline was prepared for a workshop of the same name at the Land Trust Alliance's national conference in New Orleans in September 2013. Presenters at the workshop were Nancy A. McLaughlin, Professor of Law, University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law; Steve Small, Attorney at Law, Law Office of Stephen J. Small, Esq., P.C.; Karin Gross, Supervisory Attorney, Internal Revenue Service; and Marc Caine, Senior Counsel, Internal Revenue Service, Office of Chief Counsel.
Dynamic stability boundaries for a sinusoidal shallow arch under pulse loads

the position of shock Xs0 at zero turbulence level. The boundary-layer momentum thickness Reynolds number Re and boundary-layer displacement thickness <5* measured just before the shock are also shown in the figure. It is observed that an increase in Tu from 0.3 to 6% produces a shift in the shock position of 20%. Such a large change in the shock position cannot be explained solely in terms of the thickening of the boundary layer associated with the increase in freestream turbulence. First, the initial increase in d* followed by a decrease is not likely to produce such a large shift in the shock position in one direction. This is shown by the experiments performed by Delery3 on a similar model and at a constant freestream turbulence level. Second, Re does not increase continuously with the increase in Tu^, whereas the shock position shifts in only one direction with the increase in Tu^. Typically, Tu^ levels of 2.5 and 5.1% produce the same value of Re, whereas the shock positions for these two values of Re are not the same. It appears that the freestream turbulence has a direct effect on the shock interactions and, therefore, the shock position. Figure 3 shows the influence of Tu on the peak Mach number on the model Mpk. The influence of Tux on Mpk is larger at M pk ^1.3, a condition corresponding to significant shock-induced separation. This suggests that the freestream turbulence plays an important part in strong adverse pressure gradients where large regions of separation are present. The pressure distributions in the region of shock-induced separation for a constant value of Mpk = 1,44 and for various freestream turbulence levels Tu are shown in Fig. 4. The differences in Cp levels at the shock position are due to the differences in the freestream Mach numbers needed to achieve a constant value of Mpk. The shock position at this value of Mpk is typically 80% chord. Increase in Tux is shown to produce an increase in pressure recovery at the trailing edge of the motfel. Similar trends in Cp have been observed with the
Larval marbled salamanders,Ambystoma opacum, eat their kin

The eVect of kinship on larval cannibalism was examined in the marbled salamander. In separate behavioural trials, cannibalistic larvae were presented with two smaller conspecifics (a 'prey group'), matched for size, that were (1) siblings of the cannibal, (2) non-siblings and (3) one sibling and one non-sibling (i.e. a mixture of two sibling groups); larvae were allowed to consume only one conspecific during each trial. This experiment was repeated in 2 consecutive years with larvae from two diVerent populations. In both years, significantly fewer cannibals ate a non-sibling from the mixed sibship group than from groups composed of two non-siblings. In contrast, the number of cannibals that ate a larva from the pure sibling prey group did not significantly diVer from the number that ate their sibling from the mixed sibship prey group. Thus, small larvae were significantly more vulnerable to cannibalism by their siblings than by non-siblings. The availability of unrelated individuals as alternative prey did not deter cannibals from eating their siblings, even though cannibals readily consumed prey of either genotype when the alternative one was absent. This kinship-biased cannibalism apparently was not due to size-selective predation or to diVerences among sibships in their propensity to cannibalize siblings. Moreover, the behaviour of potential prey did not diVer towards related versus unrelated cannibals during initial observations of larval interactions. Cannibals required similar amounts of time to capture and process both sibling and non-sibling prey. To our knowledge, our results provide the first evidence of sibling cannibalism when unrelated individuals are available as alternative prey. ? 1995 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Tensions in the Mentor Teacher-Student Teacher Relationship: Creating Productive Sites for Learning within a High School English Teacher Education Program.

Abstract This paper identifies two of the most divisive patterns of tension within the mentor teacher-student teacher relationship—philosophical differences and tolerance for uncertainty—within an experimental high school English teacher education program based on collaborative inquiry and teacher research. Five differences in principles and processes in the experimental program emerged which support more effective ways of dealing with mentor teacher-student teacher tensions: (1) mentor teacher ownership of the program, (2) year-long student teacher experiences, (3) same university teacher educators across the year, (4) content area research, and (5) respect for school context. Using a case study approach, the author discusses how viewing these tensions as sites of inquiry have helped to shape the teacher education program and exploited tensions as productive learning opportunities rather than merely failures or insults.
Reprint of: A simple and fast incremental randomized algorithm for computing trapezoidal decompositions and for triangulating polygons

This paper presents a very simple incremental randomized algorithm for computing the trapezoidal decomposition induced by a set S of n line segments in the plane. If S is given as a simple polygonal chain the expected running time of the algorithm is O(nlog^*n). This leads to a simple algorithm of the same complexity for triangulating polygons. More generally, if S is presented as a plane graph with k connected components, then the expected running time of the algorithm is O(nlog^*n+klogn). As a by-product our algorithm creates a search structure of expected linear size that allows point location queries in the resulting trapezoidation in logarithmic expected time. The analysis of the expected performance is elementary and straightforward. All expectations are with respect to ''coinflips'' generated by the algorithm and are not based on assumptions about the geometric distribution of the input.
One Grip a Little Stronger

Pamela W Duncan, PT, PhD, FAPTA Dr Duncan has actively participated in and contributed to physical therapist practice, physical therapist professional education, professional preparation of other health care providers, national policy development related to rehabilitation after stroke and aging, and scientific investigation. She has served several government appointments and provides leadership within several organizations. She served as co-chair of the Consensus Panel on Establishing Guidelines for Stroke Rehabilitation for the Agency for Health Care Policy, Research, and Education. She was a panel member on the National Institutes of Health's Total Hip Replacement Consensus Conference and served on the Strategic Planning Group for Stroke Research for the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. She recently was appointed to serve on the Steering Committee of the Department of Education's National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research and is currently on the Executive Leadership Council of the American Stroke Foundation and the Advisory Committee of the Canadian Stroke Network. She has served on committees and panels for the American Heart Association and was president of APTA's Neurology section. Dr Duncan's research activities focus on geriatric rehabilitation, stroke rehabilitation, and health outcomes measurement. She developed the Functional Reach Test, used to assess balance in older adults. In the past 20 years, she has received $13 million in research awards as principal investigator or co-investigator from agencies such as the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, American Heart Association, Department of Veteran's Affairs, and National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research and from multiple private funding sources. Dr Duncan has disseminated her research findings in more than 80 peer-reviewed articles in 20 different journals, and she has written a book and 12 book chapters. Dr Duncan's work has influenced the care and rehabilitation of patients in the United States and worldwide. Physical therapy education programs across the country incorporate her findings and professional vision into the preparation of the next generation of physical therapists. APTA has awarded Dr Duncan the Marian Williams Award for Research in Physical Therapy, the Catherine Worthingham Fellowship Award, and the Mary McMillan Scholarship Award. She has also received research awards from the APTA Neurology Section, Sports Physical Therapy Section, and Section on Geriatrics, as well as a service award from the Neurology Section. She is an elected fellow of the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association and has given 8 invited lectureships at universities across the United States.
Regulatory Policies in Meat Trade: Is There Evidence for Least Trade-distorting Sanitary Regulations?

Multilateral trade rules as in the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement (WTO 1994) on trade in food and agricultural goods offer guidelines to policy makers on how to make use of regulatory instruments governing agrifood trade. The provisions of the SPS Agreement require that regulations targeting specific national agri-food safety objectives are minimal with respect to their trade effects (Art. 5.4) and not more trade restrictive than required (Art. 5.6). Accordingly, Wilson and Anton (2006) define the most welfare-efficient SPS measure as one that is least trade distorting but protective in terms of providing the desired health and safety level. However, only limited knowledge exists on the specific trade impacts of different regulatory instruments available to enforce desired policy goals. Furthermore, the trade impact of regulatory instruments is not always negative; safe and healthy food, information transmission, increased producer efficiency, and increased consumer confidence may also imply positive trade impacts. Gravity models at various levels of detail have been mostly used to provide evidence on the trade impact of regulatory measures. At the aggregate level of agricultural trade, an example includes Disdier, Fontagne, and Mimouni (2008), whereas Otsuki, Wilson, and Sewadeh (2001) analyze product-specific regulations. Another body of literature applies partial equilibrium models in the quest for an optimal set of SPS measures regarding welfare impacts and risk mitigation strategies.
Paraneoplastic Retinopathy Associated with Andretinal Bipolar Cell Antibodies in Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma

Purpose: It has been shown previously that the sera, from patients with visual paraneoplastic syndrome associated with lung cancer, contain immunoglobulins that are reactive with the tumor and with photoreceptor and large retinal ganglion cells. The purpose of this study is to determine the retinal cell population that reacts with immunoglobulins in the sera of patients with melanoma-associated retinopathy. Methods: Clinical and electrophysiologic studies were used to determine the locus responsible for the visual defect in each patient. Sera from two patients with melanomaassociated retinopathy, from a patient with herpes zoster, and from a patient who had a colon tumor were obtained. The sera were incubated with sections of retina obtained from a healthy 3-year-old child who had died of asphyxiation. The tissue sections subsequently were incubated with biotin-labeled anti-human immunoglobulin G, and then with streptavidin-labeled peroxidase. Finally, the tissue sections were developed to show peroxidase activity in the targeted retinal cells. Results: Clinical and electrophysiologic studies were consistent with a defect in intraretinal transmission distal to the photoreceptors. The immunoglobulins from the patients with the melanoma-associated retinopathy reacted selectively with the bipolar cells of the retina; approximately 30% of the bipolar cells were immunoreactive. The sera from the other two patients were not reactive with any of the retinal cells examined. Conclusions: The sera of patients with the paraneoplastic syndrome, melanomaassociated retinopathy, contain high titer immunoglobulins that are reactive only with a subset of the bipolar retinal cells. The clinical, electrophysiologic, and immunologic studies are all consistent with an intra-retinal transmission defect at the level of the bipolar cells.
Interspecific brood parasitism and the evolution of host clutch sizes

Life-history theory predicts that, over evolutionary time, increased juvenile mortality should decrease parental investment in the number of offspring produced at each breeding attempt. Because interspecific brood parasitism in birds typically reduces the survival of host eggs, nestlings and fledglings, but not that of adult hosts, a specific prediction of the theory is that co-evolution with interspecific brood parasites should lead to smaller avian clutch sizes. Furthermore, the severity of juvenile mortality caused by parasitism in the hosts, due to the parasites' activities and the hosts' rejection behaviours, should correlate negatively with clutch size. In a comparative analysis, both of these predictions were supported among hosts of obligate brood parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Reduced clutch sizes appeared to be part of a trade-off strategy as parasitism was also associated with more annual breeding attempts. These findings suggest that, on an evolutionary time-scale, hosts' prolonged interactions with interspecific brood parasites lead to reduced clutch sizes at the taxon level and, qualitatively, these changes in life-history traits are similar to those associated with other types of parasitism and diseases whose main effects also lead to reduced juvenile survival.
Applying Macroeconomic Knowledge: The Service Learning Project

This study analyzes an effective classroom teaching style that relies on interactive learning and integrates classroom activities and efforts into communities. Notable new contributions of this study are: (1) to examine the existing problems with the traditional economics instruction, (2) to introduce new innovative approaches to classroom teachings and (3) to introduce the Service Learning project as an alternative effective teaching style designed to enhance the student's learning outcomes. The success of the Service Learning project is affected by the degree of integration existing among the institution and the public and private community agencies. Through such integration, both the students and the community receive greater benefits from increased knowledge and joint activities. The analysis suggests the inclusion of the Service Learning project in the economic classroom as an effective tool to enhance students' learning outcomes and to create direct benefits to the community.
ARAMIDS: ‘Disruptive’, open and continuous innovation

Abstract Aramids, sometimes associated with serendipity or an accidental discovery, are definitely to be recognised as a major disruptive innovation, now celebrating the 50th anniversary of its originating branded product. Open innovation was unavoidably promoted by the success of a broad range of applications where the aramids gave a new dimension to novel and/or improved designs insuring protection of people and of the environment, as well as of strategic equipment and settings. Transport and fossil energy preservation are also key areas which aramids are serving tremendously. The large breadth of applications and the blendability of the materials based on aramids have made them attractive either for smaller entertaining applications, such as music, or indispensable replacements, such as asbestos elimination, a welcome health contribution. Definitely in phase with smarter, bigger data and crowd sourcing approaches, aramids provide durable solutions and take part in the current industry trends; in the aeronautical and automotive new modular manufacturing for instance. Not only sometimes the best replacement of, aramids are often the most suitable partners of, harmonising well with steel and carbon or glass for examples. From chemistry to process, from improved applications to future innovations and from classic implementation to Collaboratory® developmental networks, this refreshed chapter covers the aforementioned attributes and impacts of aramids. Keeping in mind an educational focus, a dominantly illustrative and intuitively provocative approach is adopted. The systems engineering and supporting rational are taken into account. A large selection of foundation references is used and additional new ones are provided for reflection and creativity incitation purposes. Biomimicry and bigger data analyses are introduced as new dimensions which such high-performance materials are enticing.
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

The lower gastrointestinal tract distal consists of all gastrointestinal elements distal to the ligament of Treitz, including the jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anus. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding can originate from any of these locations and thus represents a broad range of clinical entities. Most studies of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage specifically reference lesions of the colon, rectum, and anus, and the majority of studies cited herein adhere to this convention. Within the acute care surgical setting, these patients may present anywhere along the spectrum extending from occult bleeding demonstrated on fecal testing to frank, even massive, gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Although upper gastrointestinal bleeding is found to account for approximately three to five times the number of annual hospital admissions due to hemorrhage from lower gastrointestinal sources, lower gastrointestinal bleeding remains a frequently encountered clinical entity and can represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the acute care surgeon.
Performance of Cognitive Radio in N*Nakagami Cascaded Channels

Cognitive radio offers a means to meet the increasing demands of wireless traffic. Since the allocated spectrum is often underutilized by licensees, energy detectors are used to determine the spectral occupancy by primary users (licensees) so that underutilized bands could be used by others. But, the performance of energy detectors is adversely impacted by the fading in wireless channels. The N*Nakagami cascaded model where the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is treated as the product of several gamma variables, provides a very general description of fading. The performance of the energy detector in such a channel is studied in this work. Analytical expressions for the detection probability and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) are obtained in series forms. Expression for a third quantitative measure, the partial AUC index is also derived. Results show the dependence of the average SNR, Nakagami parameter and number of cascaded elements (N) on the performance of the energy detector. The availability of closed form solutions for the detection probability and AUC provides a direct and simple means to analyze the performance of the energy detectors since the cascaded channel allows the modeling a wide range of fading conditions in wireless channels.
Indirect Effect of X-Irradiation on I131 Uptake in Chick Embryos.

ConclusionThis finding gives direct evidence that the change in uptake of I131 by the thyroid following exposure of chick embryos to x-rays is indirectly mediated via a substance found in plasma after exposure.
Expansion of Cementitious Materials Exposed to Sulfate Solutions

Disposal of low-level radioactive waste in concrete vaults buried underground is being considered in the United States and a potentially significant degradation process is sulfate attack. The results of experimental studies and of modeling of the kinetics of sulfate attack of cement-based materials are given. It was concluded that the expansion process involves a two-stage mechanism. The first stage is likely to be diffusion controlled and the second stage appears to be acceleratory due to the development and spread of cracks.
Uremia in sickle-cell anemia treated by maintenance hemodialysis.

Abstract Renal failure, which developed in two patients with sickle-cell anemia, was treated by maintenance hemodialysis for six and seven months. Medullary cystic disease appeared to cause the uremia in a 32-year-old black man with sickle-cell anemia; in the second patient, a 24-year-old black woman, histologic changes in a renal biopsy were consistent with So-Called "sickle nephropathy." When uremia supervened each patient's transfusion requirement, which had been stable at 2 units per month, increased abruptly to 5 and 6 units per month, and then fell, upon initiation of maintenance hemodialysis, to 1 unit per month. Vascular access for dialysis was provided by an internal arteriovenous fistula in one patient and an arterioarterial bovine carotid heterograft in the other. There were neither hemorrhagic nor thrombotic complications of the dialysis regimen. Coincident congestive heart failure in both patients responded well to digitalis. (N Engl J Med 291: 431–435, 1974)
Design Calculation Methods and Software Development for Cascade Voltage Transformer

Because the process of the design and calculation for the cascade voltage transformer is complex, manual calculation doesn't satisfy the needs of the users in speed and has difficult to realize the optimization in design. In order to improve product design and enhance work efficiency, after the design calculation methods (the basic design calculation methods which include the methods of iron core, coils, error, short circuit and configuration, and so on and the optimization design calculation method which is "all list method" in engineering) are determined, the optimization software is developed. The design of the software is reasonable and the operation is simple and the running is reliable by the use of Visual C++ language. At the same time, the software realizes the optimal design calculation of products.
462 USE OF QUANTITATIVE INSULIN SENSITIVITY CHECK INDEX (QUICKI) IN THE SCREENING OF HYPERINSULINEMIA IN OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS.

Background Obesity in children and adolescents is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes later in life. Early detection of hyperinsulinemia with a simple but reliable clinical test is highly desirable. Objective To evaluate the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) as a screening tool for hyperinsulinemia in a group of non-diabetic overweight children and adolescents in a clinical setting. Methods This study included 598 children and adolescents with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95% percentile, referred to our risk factor reduction program for nutrition and healthy habits counseling. Fasting blood samples, for determination of glucose and insulin levels, were obtained early in the morning, during the first visit to the program. QUICKI was calculate as follows: 1/(log [insulin mIU/L] + log [glucose mg/dL]). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed using the upper value of the normal range for clinical laboratory values of insulin (17 mIU/L). T test and binary nominal correlation was used for statistical analysis. Results There were 358 boys and 240 girls, mean age: 10.7 years (range: 2-18), mean BMI Z-score: 2.52 ± 0.58, ethnic distribution: Hispanic: 50%, Caucasian: 33%, African American: 11% and other races: 6%. Area under ROC curve was 99% (95% confident interval: 0.987-0.999). The best cutoff value of QUICKI for diagnosis of hyperinsulinemia was 0.317, sensitivity: 97.7%, specificity: 93.0%, positive likelihood ratio: 14.04. Those patients with a QUICKI ≤ 0.317 had statistically significant higher mean fasting insulin serum values than those with a QUICKI > 0.317 (31.8 ± 15.9 vs 10.8 ± 4.4 mIU/L, p Conclusions In this group of overweight children and adolescents QUICKI showed a high correlation with the clinical diagnosis of hyperinsulinemia. At a cutoff value of ≤ 0.317 in this group of subjects the index had high predictive diagnostic values.
Response to five generations of selection for growth performance traits in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract A pedigreed rainbow trout population (~ 100 families per generation) was selected for five generations to improve growth performance to the standard ~ 500-gram US market weight and beyond (> 1 kg). Body weights (BW) were recorded each generation at 5, 8, 10, and 13 months post-hatch. Selection was applied to a two-trait index of estimated breeding values for 10-month body weight (i.e., approximate market weight) and thermal growth coefficient between 10 and 13 months, and both traits were given equal weighting in the index. Objectives of this study were to estimate direct selection responses for BW traits and thermal growth coefficient, and correlated response for condition factor traits. Heritability estimates were 0.28 ± 0.08 to 0.43 ± 0.14 for BW between 5 and 13 months post-hatch, 0.12 ± 0.03 for thermal growth coefficient, and 0.40 ± 0.04 and 0.36 ± 0.04 for condition factor at 10 and 13 months post-hatch, respectively. Genetic correlations among the four BW measures were highest between adjacent BW measures (0.54 ± 0.19 to 0.82 ± 0.05) and decreased as time between measures increased. Genetic correlation between thermal growth coefficient and 10-month BW was low (0.18 ± 0.13), and genetic correlations between condition factor and BW measured at the same age were moderate (0.39 ± 0.09 to 0.45 ± 0.08). Compared to randomly-mated control lines, selection response in the selected line averaged 10.6% (5-month BW), 9.8% (8-month BW), 12.7% (10-month BW), 11.9% (13-month BW), 2.1% (thermal growth coefficient), 3.4% (10-month condition factor), and 3.3% (13-month condition factor) per generation. The rate of inbreeding averaged 0.86% per generation in the selection line, with a cumulative inbreeding estimate of 4.5% in the last generation. The low heritability of thermal growth coefficient, and low genetic correlation with 10-month BW, resulted in only modest selection response for thermal growth coefficient. Larger heritabilities of BW measured at fixed ages, and large genetic correlations between serial BW measures, suggest that direct selection on BW will be more favorable than selection on TGC. This study demonstrates the large and sustained potential for genetic improvement of growth performance in domesticated rainbow trout with only modest accumulation of inbreeding, and provides empirical selection response estimates that have direct inference to commercial breeding programs aiming to select for growth to larger market BW. Statement of relevance Quantitative genetics data from this relatively long-term and large-scale selective breeding program have direct inference to commercial breeding programs selecting for improved growth, but for which maintenance of control lines is not practical.
Mosaicism in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Six families with mosaicism in a series of 62 unrelated families with a mutation in one of the two tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes, TSC1 or TSC2, are reported from the Erasmus University and Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Hypercoagulable States: What the Oral Surgeon Needs to Know

Thrombophilia or hypercoagulable conditions can be thought of as either inherited or acquired. The inherited disorders include deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C, or protein S or the common disorders of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A gene mutation. All these disorders are inherited as autosomal dominant and predispose individuals primarily to venous thrombosis. Acquired thrombophilic conditions are seen in individuals with cancer, phospholipid antibodies, and a whole host of other conditions that alter endothelial function, change blood levels of coagulant or anticoagulant proteins, activate platelets, or have other effects on coagulation proteins, platelet function, or the endothelium.
Using respiratory sinus arrhythmia to detect obstructive sleep apnea

There is a strong relationship between sleep apnea, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Traditionally, sleep apnea is diagnosed by overnight sleep study performed in a certified sleep laboratory, which is both costly and inconvenient. As a result, 100,000 s of adults with sleep apnea go undiagnosed each year at an annual estimated economic cost of $165 billion dollars in the United States alone. In this study, we explored sleep apnea related cardiorespiratory variability with the objective of devising a novel tool that could be used to detect sleep apnea in the very early stages of the disease well before progression to hypertension. Respiration-related expansion of the chest wall and heart rate were recorded during rest breathing in subjects diagnosed with moderate obstructive sleep apnea (n = 9) and in healthy aged matched adults (n = 11). Using a correlation between the chest wall motion and heart rate variability, we were able to detect marked differences in sleep apnea patients relative to healthy aged matched adults (P < 0.001). We developed a novel means of detecting OSA using standard measures of heart rate (ECG) and respiration (chest wall motion traces) performed by clinical personnel with standardly available monitoring equipment. Most importantly, we wanted to devise a tool that could detect OSA in awake individuals in <10 min. Diagnosis of sleep apnea and cardiorespiratory variability typically depend on time consuming measurements obtained during sleep. In this case we used RR variability and the correlation between the chest wall trace and heart rate variability to test the hypothesis that these measures could differentiate between subjects with sleep apnea and non-OSA healthy adults of the same age. Using these parameters, we were able to detect differences between healthy and OSA subjects in very short time windows (~ 2 min) during rest breathing in wakefulness and using vital signs monitoring devices available in most hospitals.
The Managing Epilepsy Well Network:: Advancing Epilepsy Self-Management

Epilepsy, a complex spectrum of disorders, affects about 2.9 million people in the U.S. Similar to other chronic disorders, people with epilepsy face challenges related to management of the disorder, its treatment, co-occurring depression, disability, social disadvantages, and stigma. Two national conferences on public health and epilepsy (1997, 2003) and a 2012 IOM report on the public health dimensions of epilepsy highlighted important knowledge gaps and emphasized the need for evidence-based, scalable epilepsy self-management programs. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention translated recommendations on self-management research and dissemination into an applied research program through the Prevention Research Centers Managing Epilepsy Well (MEW) Network. MEW Network objectives are to advance epilepsy self-management research by developing effective interventions that can be broadly disseminated for use in people's homes, healthcare providers' offices, or in community settings. The aim of this report is to provide an update on the MEW Network research pipeline, which spans efficacy, effectiveness, and dissemination. Many of the interventions use e-health strategies to eliminate barriers to care (e.g., lack of transportation, functional limitations, and stigma). Strengths of this mature research network are the culture of collaboration, community-based partnerships, e-health methods, and its portfolio of prevention activities, which range from efficacy studies engaging hard-to-reach groups, to initiatives focused on provider training and knowledge translation. The MEW Network works with organizations across the country to expand its capacity, help leverage funding and other resources, and enhance the development, dissemination, and sustainability of MEW Network programs and tools. Guided by national initiatives targeting chronic disease or epilepsy burden since 2007, the MEW Network has been responsible for more than 43 scientific journal articles, two study reports, seven book chapters, and 62 presentations and posters. To date, two programs have been adopted and disseminated by the national Epilepsy Foundation, state Epilepsy Foundation affiliates, and other stakeholders. Recent expansion of the MEW Network membership will help to extend future reach and public health impact.
Development of a laser-based water level sensor for fine-scale ecohydrological measurements

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the global water cycle, but one that is difficult to estimate due in part to a lack of accurate and affordable sensor technology. One low-cost approach to measuring site-specific ET in areas where the water table is close to the surface is to take advantage of the diurnal fluctuations in surface water and groundwater driven by ET. This method requires highly sensitive measurement to accurately quantify water table variation. The goal of this work is to develop and test a laser-based water level sensor (LB-WLS) to improve the estimate of ET via diurnal variations in water level. The LB-WLS was compared against traditional total pressure transducers (TPT) in both laboratory and remote settings. The LB-WLS was found to have lower residual noise, with an average Root Square Error (RSE) of 0.05±0.04 cm, compared to 0.19±0.16 cm for the TPT sensor. While sensor development is ongoing, this level of performance represents a major improvement in fine-scale monitoring of surface water and groundwater.
Cooperative Management Trio—Members, Directors, and Manager

In the first section of this book, we concerned ourselves with the why of agricultural cooperatives. We then contrasted this form of business organization with the other forms operating in a free enterprise economic system. In our approach to the how of agricultural cooperatives, we followed a detailed procedure designed to determine the economic feasibility of forming a cooperative in an attempt to overcome or solve perceived marketing problems. Let us assume that on the basis of our study, a cooperative corporation appeared feasible. We now have a cooperative and are faced with the task of making it perform in such a way that it is given a fair chance to overcome the problem(s) it was organized to solve.
Kinociliary Mechanoreceptors in the Equilibrium Receptor Organs of Cephalopods

The main cellular component of the linear and angular acceleration receptor systems in the equilibrium receptor organs of cephalopods is the mechanoreceptive hair cells. Although a few differences primarily in gross morphology exist, these cells show a striking number of similarities in structure and function with the vertebrate vestibular hair cells. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the main characteristics of the cephalopod hair cells and thus stimulate comparative research that, ultimately, may contribute to a better understanding of the primary features of both vertebrate and invertebrate hair cells.
Accidental Deaths Involving Derringer Handguns: A Report of Three Cases

Accidental deaths due to discharge of dropped handguns have been previously reported. In this report, the authors review the history and design of the derringer handgun and describe three cases of accidental death due to discharge of derringer-type handguns. In two of these cases, the gun was dropped, resulting in a fatal discharge. The design of the derringer and the absence of a safety feature are cited as underlying factors. If the alleged weapon can be obtained, testing may demonstrate that discharge could occur if the gun were dropped.