cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review Article Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Renal Osteodystrophy

Rickets and osteomalacia may result from a wide spectrum of inherited and acquired metabolic abnormalities which produce sufficient decrease in serum calcium, phosphate, or both to impair mineralization of the skeleton and epiphyseal growth. Although these various abnormalities may cause strikingly similar findings in affected patients, the respective diseases can usually be separated and identified by careful evaluation of the clinical, roentgenographic, and laboratory data. The prognosis and treatment may vary considerably depending on the cause of the rickets or osteomalacia. Each patient must be carefully studied and treated with the appropriate regimen for his or her particular metabolic abnormality.
Anticipatory Guidance in Pediatric Practice

Physicians, by their collective positions in society and their individual interaction with patients, can be facilitators in helping families adopt more healthful ways of living. This study addresses the issue of the amount of time pediatricians in private practice spend with patients during well-child visits and the proportion of that time they devote to discussing potential health problems. The study population consisted of a random sample of pediatricians in the metropolitan Pittsburgh area. Observation of physician-patient interactions were made during one day in each of 23 pediatricians' offices. During the days of observation there were 305 well-child visits. The time spent with each patient averaged 10.3 minutes. Anticipatory guidance constituted 8.4% of total visit time. Pediatricians in group practice or partnerships and those recently trained spent more time with patients and a greater part of their time in anticipatory guidance. The amount of time during the well-child visit spent in anticipatory guidance varied with the age of the patient. The most time discussing potential future problems was spent with parents of infants less than 5 months of age (1 minute 37 seconds), with only an average of seven seconds being spent with adolescents. Of particular note was the lack of time spent discussing issues of safety, sex, behavior and growth. Because pediatricians spend more than 60% of their in-office time seeing patients for well-child care, they have an excellent opportunity to motivate parents and patients to change to more healthful ways of living. This opportunity will be lost however unless pediatricians reorient their priorities by addressing currently unmet health problems.
Effect of the t locus on fertilization in the house mouse.

Male mice carrying certain combinations of alleles at the T locus are known to be completely sterile, due to the inability of the spermatozoa to reach the site of fertilization. In this study, such spermatozoa were injected into the ovarian bursa of ovulating females, thereby allowing the spermatozoa to reach the eggs. However, the eggs were not fertilized, and perhaps not even penetrated. Spermatozoa from fertile males carrying only one t allele, or from males having no t alleles, when injected into the ovarian bursae of ovulating females, did produce pronuclear and two-cell zygotes. Penetration of spermatozoa after bursal injection of T/t spermatozoa occurred later, and the eggs' pronuclear stage length was shorter, than after bursal injection of spermatozoa from males having no t alleles or after mating to T/t males, suggesting that the spermatozoan can influence the egg at the pronuclear stage, and that the physiological environment of the spermatozoa can influence the behavior of the spermatozoa during and after penetration of the egg.
Scale Invariance from a Three-Dimensional Graphical Perspective: Visualizing an Eigenvector

This article reports on one aspect of a multifaceted inquiry into the attitudes and anxieties prospective elementary school teachers may have toward teaching mathematics. At the beginning, midterm, and end of one semester, student teachers were asked to respond to an Attitudes Towards Mathematics and Its Teaching (ATMAT) Scale. The Rasch model of item-response theory was employed to estimate the difficulty level of the ATMAT items at the three different time periods. This article addresses the invariant characteristics of the scale. In addition to standard approaches taken to determine the extent to which the scale remained invariant over time, various three-dimensional graphical analyses were undertaken. These latter analyses portrayed scale invariance in ways not possible through static numerical summaries. One noteworthy consequence, in particular, highlights the pedagogical significance of these analyses: the graphical representation of an eigenvector.
Neighboring group participation reactions in steroids. Acetate migration in the 5β-cholestane series

Abstract The solvolysis of 5β-cholestan-3α,5-diol-6-one 3-tosylate 5-acetate in dimethylformamide-water was found to produce the 3β,5β-diol-6-one 3-acetate when the system contained potassium acetate and a mixture of the 3-acetate and the isomeric 5-acetate when potassium acetate was omitted from the solution. A procedure was developed for the preparation of the 5-acetate. This compound was shown to undergo rapid rearrangement to the 3-acetate in base and a slower rearrangement in acid solution. The reactions of the 5β-acetoxy-3α-tosylate parallel the previously reported solvolyses of the 5α-acetoxy-3β-tosylate.
Studies of molybdenum thiolato-complexes. The chemical characterization and the crystal and molecular structures of two sulphido-bridged Movdimers, [PhCH2PPh3]2[Mo2O2S2(SC2H4S)2] and [HNEt3]2[Mo2S4(SC2H4S)2]

The complex [PhCH2PPh3]2[Mo2O2S2(SC2H4S)2] has been prepared by reaction of [PhCH2PPh3][MoO(SC2H4S)2] with phenylhydrazine and characterized by single-crystal x-ray structure analysis. This revealed that each molybdenum displays square pyramidal geometry with the terminal oxo-groups in the apical position and the sulphur donors of the dimer-captoethane ligand and the bridging sulphido-ligands generating the basal plane. The related complex [HNEt3]2-[Mo2S4(SC2H4S)2], synthesised by reaction of the MoVI butandiolato-complex [MoO2(butanediolato)2]: 2(butanediol) with triethylamine and ethanedithiol, has also been characterised crystallographically. The structure displays the previously characterized [Mo2S4]2+ core. The anion geometry is analogous to that observed for the oxo-derivative [Mo2O2S2(SC3H4S)2]−2 with the apical oxo-ligand replaced by a sulphido-group.
Far-Infrared Spectra and Two-Dimensional Potential Energy Surfaces Involving the Ring-Puckering Vibration of 2,5-Dihydrothiophene

The far-infrared spectra of 2,5-dihydrothiophene not only show the principal ring-puckering series in the 87−127 cm-1 region but also possess two sideband series arising from the ring-twisting first and second excited states. A third series arises from puckering transitions in the excited state of the υ9(Ag) in-plane ring angle bending vibration, which occurs at 509.9 cm-1. The ring-puckering levels in the υ9 excited state are also confirmed by observed sum, difference, and hot bands. Observed double-quantum transitions confirm many of these assignments. Each of the four series can be fit well with a one-dimensional single minimum potential function possessing positive quartic and quadratic terms. Two-dimensional potential energy surfaces were also calculated to assess the interaction of the ring-puckering with the ring-twisting and in-plane ring bending modes. The twisting is anticooperative, raising the energy of the puckering process, while the in-plane ring bending is cooperative, facilitating the puc...
Glucose stimulation of fatty acid desaturation in liver of newly-hatched chicks.

Abstract 1. The feeding of glucose to newly-hatched chicks resulted in increased activity of the fatty acid desaturate system and decreased activity of glucose-6-phosphatase ( d -glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.9) in microsomes when compared with these activities in microsomes of non-fed chicks. 2. In a time-course experiment maximum depression of glucose-6-phosphatase activity occurred after 18 h of glucose feeding but maximum stimulation of fatty acid desaturate did not occur until after 40 h of glucose feeding. 3. Both actinomycin D and cycloheximide prevented the rise of fatty acid desaturate activity associated with feeding but did not prevent the depression of glucose-6-phosphatase activity. 4. These results support the conclusion that the fatty acid desaturate system of liver from newly-hatched chicks is not latent but that enzyme activity increases upon feeding as a result of synthesis of new enzyme.
Toluene Formation from Coadsorbed Methanethiol and Benzenethiol on Nickel Surfaces

Carbon−carbon bond formation resulting in cross-coupling has been demonstrated for coadsorbed benzenethiol and methanethiol on the Ni(111) and Ni(100) surfaces. Toluene formation indicates that desulfurized C6 and C1 intermediates are formed by direct interaction with the Ni surface rather than by hydrogen addition to the C−S bond. Coupling occurs in the same temperature range as hydrogenation of the C6 and C1 intermediates to form benzene and methane. Thus, competition between hydrogenation and cross-coupling plays an important role in controlling reaction selectivity. As surface hydrogen increases, the yield of toluene falls. Reduction of surface hydrogen by reaction with coadsorbed oxygen enhances toluene formation. The effect of coadsorbed hydrogen is larger on the Ni(111) surface where large amounts of coadsorbed hydrogen remain on the surface above the reaction temperatures. On both surfaces the toluene yield increases rapidly for coadsorbed reactant coverages above half saturation, indicating tolue...
Chronic hypoxia upregulates pulmonary arterial ASIC1: a novel mechanism of enhanced store-operated Ca2+ entry and receptor-dependent vasoconstriction

Acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1) is a newly characterized contributor to store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle (VSM). Since SOCE is implicated in elevated basal VSM...
Conversational skill and locus of perception

The present study attempted to identify behavioral skills associated with global perceptions of communication competence and to determine if the relationship between competence and skills varies as a function of perceptual locus. Fifteen dyadic conversations were videotaped. Each interactant rated self and partner and was rated by four observers who viewed each tape. Results indicated that subjects' perceptions of their partners' skills accounted for 87% of the variance in subjects' ratings of partners' competence and 80% of the variance in subjects'self-perceived confirmation. Observers' ratings of subjects' skills predicted 83% of the variance in observers' ratings of subjects' competence. Observers'ratings of subjects'skills were unrelated to subjects' self-rated competence.
More than a master plan: Amman 2025

Abstract The recent plan for Amman, Jordan, combined elements of both master planning and strategic planning while pushing beyond the boundaries of both to incorporate governmental reorganization, national development concerns, and the “branding” of the city. The paper explores this deviation from traditional master planning and documents the innovations that emerged from a commitment to bring planning and implementation closer together in time and use the planning process to build planning capacity in Amman and throughout Jordan. As planners continue to negotiate between holistic visions and the pressures of development, Amman 2025 exposes the strengths and weaknesses of strategic planning and offers useful lessons.
Accurate analysis of stable isotopes 68Zn, 70Zn, and 58Fe in human feces with neutron activation analysis

Abstract Accurate isotopic analysis of human fecal samples is discussed in relation to mineral bioavailability studies of human subjects. It is shown that for bioavail-ability investigations of Zn and Fe, the method of neutron activation analysis is suitable for routine application to clinical experiments; and the human fecal samples resulting from diet suitably enriched in isotopes 70Zn and 58Fe can be routinely analyzed with relative precisions of about 1% for the isotopes 68Zn, 70Zn and 58Fe.
Reliability of goniometric measurements and visual estimates of ankle joint active range of motion obtained in a clinical setting

We examined intratester and intertester reliability for goniometric measurements of ankle dorsiflexion (ADF) and ankle plantar flexion (APF) active range of motion (AROM). Parallel-forms intratester reliability for ankle AROM measurements obtained by the universal goniometer (UG) and by visual estimation (VE) and intertester reliability for VE of ADF and APF were examined. Repeated measurements were obtained on 38 patients with orthopedic problems by 10 physical therapists in a clinical setting. For intratester reliability of measurements obtained with UG, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for all physical therapists were 0.64 to 0.92 (median, 0.825) for ADF and 0.47 to 0.96 (median, 0.865) for APF. Intertester reliability was quantified with use of ICC. ICCs for measurements obtained by UG were 0.28 for ADF and 0.25 for APF; ICC of VE for ADF was 0.34 and was 0.48 for APF. ICC for parallel-forms intratester reliability obtained with UG and VE ranged from 0 to 0.94 (median, 0.58) for ADF and 0 to 0.86 (median, 0.625) for APF. Thus, a physical therapist should use a goniometer when making repeated measurements of ankle joint AROM. Considerable inconsistency exists when two or more physical therapists make repeated goniometric and visual measurements of ankle motion on the same subject. Physical therapists may erroneously conclude that a patient's AROM has changed because of treatment when the change could be attributed to a lack of intertester reliability.
Interhemispheric mediation of the following response in ducklings

The evidence for interhemispheric transfer of learned discriminations in young birds is inconsistent. In the imprinting situation, there is evidence suggesting that the discrepancy lies in the nature of the test stimuli employed. We found that interhemispheric transfer of a visual preference in monocularly imprinted Peking ducklings was not readily apparent in a simultaneous discrimination test when there was an unlearned preference for the nonimprinted object by control birds. Additional studies demonstrated that interhemispheric transfer can occur if the imprinting and novel stimulus objects are equated for their initial attractiveness. The lack of consistent transfer results in previous imprinting studies could be due to the failure to take these perceptual preferences into account.
Structure of the nonmigrating semidiurnal tide above Antarctica observed from the TIMED Doppler Interferometer

[1] Spatial structure and temporal evolution of the nonmigrating semidiurnal tidal components over Antarctica are determined by analyzing horizontal wind measurements in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) collected using TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) on the NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite from 2002 to 2007. The data were organized into six specific intervals of approximately 60 days corresponding to the TIMED yaw periods. The results confirm the existence of a westward propagating zonal wave number 1 (W1) semidiurnal tidal component in the Antarctic MLT meridional wind field prior to the Austral summer solstice. This wave achieves a peak amplitude near 20 m s−1 at 90 km and is vertically stratified while extending latitudinally from the pole to 60°S. A similar structure is observed in the zonal wind field. However, the amplitude maximizes around the Austral summer solstice during the yaw period spanning 15 November to 15 January. In addition to a strong latitudinal gradient in amplitude, the W1 component also shows a vertical wavelength from 20 km near the pole to 40 km at 60°S. The amplitude and phase agree well with ground-based meteor radar observations from the South Pole. Evidence for significant though weaker standing (S0) and W3 components is also found. These components diminish in the vicinity of the pole and appear during the winter months with latitudinally restricted structures. The vertical wavelength of the S0 component during the summer is 25 km, similar to the W1 component. During the winter the wavelength of the S0 component becomes nearly evanescent.
Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus in a 15-year-old with acute abdominal pain.

Sarcomas account for only 0.9% of all uterine cancers and represent 0.05% of all gynecological neoplasms (1,2). Endometrial stromal sarcoma, mixed mesodermal tumor (MMT), and leiomyosarcoma (LMS) are the three major histologic types. Leiomyosarcoma, originating in the myometrial cells, is one of the most common, accounting for approximately 25% of all uterine sarcomas (1,3). Uterine sarcomas usually occur after menopause, ranging from 24 to 95 years of age in some series, in which 90% were age 45 years or older. The most common presenting symptom is metrorrhagia, followed by abdominal pain and presence of an abdominal and pelvic mass. Uterine LMS tends to occur in younger women than does MMT (2,3). Although some series have shown a higher number of LMS (32%) than MMT (9%) in premenopausal patients, uterine LMS is very rare during childhood and adolescence (3,4). A review of the literature from the past 20 years revealed only one case of a leiomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix in a 15-year-old girl, which presented as an endocervical polyp and genital bleeding (4). An LMS presenting as a pelvic mass and acute abdominal pain in a female adolescent has not been previously reported. The objective of this case report was to increase awareness of health care providers of the existence and severity of this pathology within adolescence, and to present the different diagnostic tools and treatment approaches available for these young patients.
Rate-independent finite-deformation elastoplasticity: a new explicit constitutive algorithm

Abstract This paper summarizes the results of a recent breakthrough in explicit constitutive computational algorithms for finite-element calculations of large-deformation rate-independent elastoplasticity, using the example of the J 2 yield condition and flow rule with isotropic hardening. The new algorithm provides a direct, explicit, and always nearly exact estimate of the yield surface and all stress components, for any prescribed deformation increment (large or small) in one single step with no iterations , or in any desired number of substeps. The algorithm does not depend on radial return, and can accommodate nonsmooth yield surfaces. This generalization is also briefly discussed.
Bringing the enterprise into a database systems course

Most database systems courses concentrate on teaching the principles of relational databases. An alternative approach is one in which those principles are taught within the context of emerging enterprise systems. A description is given in this paper of a course that has been successfully taught at the undergraduate level that uses the Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) model, and its services, to illustrate basic database principles.
Muon Cooling: MuCool and MICE

We summarize the status of muon ionization cooling research caried out as part of the MuCool hardware development program at Fermilab and the MICE (International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment) effort for a cooling experiment at RAL.
C/EBPδ is a downstream mediator of IL‐6 induced growth inhibition of prostate cancer cells

BACKGROUND Although a number of reports have investigated the effects of IL-6 family cytokines on prostate cell growth, there is limited information available identifying IL-6 inducible downstream effector genes and their function in growth control. Previous studies have demonstrated that IL-6 treatment results in the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (STAT3) in prostate cancer cells. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of IL-6 treatment and activation of the Jak/STAT signal transduction pathway on C/EBPδ gene expression and growth inhibition of human prostate cancer cells. METHODS Expression of C/EBPδ and STAT3 activation were assayed using Northern and Western blotting techniques. Proliferation was assessed by [3H] thymidine incorporation, flow cytometry, and colony formation analyses. The analysis of the transcriptional regulation of C/EBPδ was performed using luciferase-reporter constructs. RESULTS In this report, we demonstrate that IL-6 treatment induces STAT3 activation (pSTAT3), pSTAT3 binds to the human C/EBPδ gene promoter and induces its expression. We also demonstrate that C/EBPδ over-expression is capable of suppressing prostate cancer cell growth. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that C/EBPδ gene expression is increased in IL-6 treated LNCaP cells. Increased C/EBPδ gene expression plays an important role in IL-6/STAT3 mediated growth arrest of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Ongoing studies are investigating the mechanism by which C/EBPδ controls prostate cancer cell growth and the potential role of C/EBPδ in the survival and chemo resistance of prostate cancer metastasis. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Visual circuits in flies: beginning to see the whole picture

Sensory signals are processed in the brain by dedicated neuronal circuits to form perceptions used to guide behavior. Drosophila, with its compact brain, amenability to genetic manipulations and sophisticated behaviors has emerged as a powerful model for investigating the neuronal circuits responsible for sensory perception. Vision in particular has been examined in detail. Light is detected in the eye by photoreceptors, specialized neurons containing light sensing Rhodopsin proteins. These photoreceptor signals are relayed to the optic lobes where they are processed to gain perceptions about different properties of the visual scene. In this review we describe recent advances in the characterization of neuronal circuits underlying four visual modalities in the fly brain: motion vision, phototaxis, color and polarized light vision.
Ambient PM10 Concentrations at a Beef Cattle Feedlot in Kansas

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from open beef cattle feedlots can reduce visibility and have negative health implications for animals, workers, and neighbors. As more stringent air quality standards are developed, there is a need to characterize and control PM emission from beef cattle feedlots. This research was conducted to monitor concentrations of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 10 µm or less) upwind and downwind of a commercial cattle feedlot in Kansas and to compare measurement of PM10 with different samplers under field conditions. A 30,000 head commercial cattle feedlot was instrumented with one Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance™ (TEOM) along its upwind, or southern, perimeter and one TEOM along its downwind, or northern perimeter. Both TEOMs were configured to continuously monitor PM10 concentrations. Results from the continuous monitoring from April to August 2006 indicated net PM10 mass concentration ranging from 102 to 234 µg/m3 (20 min averaging time). In addition to the continuous monitoring, one-day field intensive sampling campaigns were conducted in which high-volume and low-volume PM10 samplers were collocated with the TEOM samplers and were used to measure the time-averaged PM10 concentrations upwind and downwind of the feedlot. Comparison of the samplers indicated that the measured PM10 mass concentrations were highest with the TEOM PM10 monitors and lowest with the low-volume PM10 samplers.
Plantar Fascial Spaces of the Foot and a Proposed Surgical Approach

This study identified five plantar fascial spaces of the foot. The first space lies superficial to the calcaneus, the second lies between the plantar aponeurosis and the flexor digitorum brevis, the third lies between the flexor digitorum brevis and the quadratus plantar, the fourth lies above the quadratus, and the fifth lies above the adductor hallucis. A plantar incision is proposed for exploration and drainage of foot injuries and infections. With this incision, the plantar neurovascular bundles, along with the five plantar spaces through which infection spreads, are visualized clearly. In our experience, the incision heals without a sensitive scar.
The relationship between the branched chain amino acids and their alpha-ketoacids in maple syrup urine disease.

Summary: Plasma branched chain amino acid levels and their respective ketoacid analogues were determined in seven maple syrup urine disease patients ranging in age from 12 h to 12 years. One hundred one pairs were analyzed. There was a high degree of correlation between the amino acid and its ketoacid analogue at every amino acid level. The coefficient of correlation (0.84) was highest for leucine-α-ketoisocaproic acid. The ratio of ketoacid analogue to amino acid, (0.87), was also the greatest for leucine. The close correlation implies that adequate monitoring for therapy can be accomplished by the use of the technically simpler and more rapid determination of the plasma branched chain amino acids.
Initiation of Sporulation in B. subtilis Is Controlled by a Multicomponent Phosphorelay

Summary Stage 0 sporulation (spo0) mutants of Bacillus subtilis are defective in the signal transduction system initiating sporulation. Two of the products of these genes, Spo0A and SpoOF, are related to response regulator components of two-component regulatory systems used to control environmental responses in bacteria. The SpoOF response regulator was found to be the primary substrate for phosphorylation by the sporulation-specifi¢ protein kinase, KinA. Phosphorylated SpoOF was the phoaphodonor for a phosphotransferase, Spo0B, which transferred the phosphate group to the second response regulator, the transcription regulatory protein Spo0A. This phosphorelay provides a mechanism for signal gathering from several protein kinases using SpoOF as a secondary messenger. These divergent signals are integrated through Spo0B phosphotransferase to activate the Spo0A transcription factor. This system provides for many levels of control to prevent capricious induction of sporulation.
Design and tolerance analysis of two null corrector designs for the Space Telescope fine guidance aspheric collimating mirror

The collimating mirror within the Fine Guidance Subsystem of the Space Telescope's Pointing Control System is aspherized in order to correct the pupil aberration. A null corrector is needed to test the collimating mirror in autocollimation. Triplet and doublet null corrector designs are subjected to tolerance sensitivity analyses, and the doublet design is chosen despite its more restricted tolerances because of its compactness and simplicity.
Automobile Warranty Forecasting Using Wavelet Transform Analysis and Neural Networks

Automobile warranty forecasting is made challenging by ‘maturing data’ (also called warranty growth) phenomena that causes warranty performance at specific months-in-service (MIS) values to change with time. In this paper a wavelet transform based technique is proposed for forecasting the warranty performance in presence of the ‘maturing data’ phenomena. The wavelet transform helps to cut the warranty performance data into different frequency components, and then allow study of each component with a resolution matched to its scale. In other words it allows the use of long time intervals (or longer window widths) for low-frequency information and shorter regions (or shorter window width) for higher-frequency information. The shorter the window width, the better is the resolution. The window widths of the wavelet transform can be adjusted automatically, and provide better time resolution for high frequency components and better frequency resolution for low frequency components of the warranty performance pattern. The proposed approach first decomposes the warranty performance patterns into several scales at different levels of resolution using wavelet transform analysis. The decomposition involves an approximate part from which higher frequency information has been filtered and detail parts from which lower frequency information have been filtered. The chosen approximate and detail parts are extended using neural networks. Subsequently original and the forecasted signals are reconstructed to obtain forecast values for the warranty performance. A real-world application example is used to illustrate the use of the proposed methodology.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Role of tryptophan metabolites in the hypoglycemia associated with neoplasia

Three patients who had hypoglycemia associated with neoplasia were studied. In one, total tryptophan and protein-free metabolites of tryptophan in blood and tryptophan metabolites in urine were increased during hypoglycemia. In another, total tryptophan and protein-free tryptophan metabolites in serum were increased markedly and tryptophan metabolites in urine were increased mostly during hypoglycemia; during normoglycemia, however, concentration of both total tryptophan and protein-free tryptophan metabolites in serum and of protein-free tryptophan metabolites in urine was mostly normal. In the third, during normoglycemia, concentrations of total tryptophan and protein-free tryptophan metabolites in serum and of protein-free tryptophan metabolites in urine were normal or nearly so. Thus, patients with hypoglycemia associated with neoplasia seemingly have increased concentrations of tryptophan and tryptophan metabolites in serum and urine during hypoglycemic periods. Intraperitoneal administration of indole-3-propionic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, and indole-3-aretic acid caused profound hypoglycemia in normal and alloxandiabetic mice while L-tryptophan and kynurenic acid had no effect.
Tonga's tortured venture in church unity

(1978). Tonga's tortured venture in church unity. The Journal of Pacific History: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 3-21.
Fair Trade/Organic Coffee, Rural Livelihoods, and the “Agrarian Question”: Southern Mexican Coffee Families in Transition

Summary We use a random sample of coffee producing households in southern Mexico to compare opportunities associated with government subsidies and migration to the role of Fair Trade/organic coffee in household livelihoods. Although land and labor returns among Fair Trade/organic coffee growers are higher than for conventional growers, differences in yields are more important than price premiums. Moreover, investment in education and labor opportunities outside coffee dominate those in Fair Trade/organic coffee. The results highlight the value of an integrated approach to the agrarian question that improves productivity and prices and supports other pathways for improving incomes.
Rapid Prototyping in the Instructional Design Process.

Instructional models guide designer activity as they attempt to solve instructional problems. Models provide structure to the project, problem solving strategies, evaluation, and feedback. This paper is designed to examine Rapid Prototyping, a model born in the computer age. Rapid Prototyping embraces computer design strategies, constructivist learning theory, and cognitive psychology. This paper will first look at the “classic” forms of instructional design models, which form the foundation of instructional design. A review of the critical elements of these models will provide the framework to understand the concepts behind the Rapid Prototyping model. Next, this paper will examine how researchers define Rapid Prototyping, how the model is used, whether it is successful, and why some consider it a major shift in the way instruction is designed. By clarifying how RP is structured to solve instructional problems and the processes it uses to produce instructional materials, this paper will strive to determine whether it is a viable alternative to traditional design models.
MELD-XI Score Predicts Early and Late Mortality in Patients Following Heart Transplantation

Purpose: The Model for End-stage Liver Disease eXcluding INR (MELD-XI) score has been validated as an accurate predictor of outcomes in heart failure patients, but its utility in orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) recipients is unknown. Accordingly, we sought to determine the risk-adjusted influence of an elevated MELD-XI score on early and late mortality following OHT. Methods: The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried for adult (> 18 years) patients undergoing OHT between 2002 and 2012. A MELD-XI score (incorporating serum creatinine and bilirubin) was calculated. Stratification into “high” and “low” MELD-XI cohorts based on a previously established threshold score of 17 was performed. Patient specific characteristics, intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes were compared between the two cohorts. Thirty-day, 1-year and 5-year multivariable Cox hazard regression models were constructed to determine the risk-adjusted impact of a “high” MELD-XI score on mortality. Kaplan Meier estimates were utilized to compare unadjusted survival. Results: Of the 27,126 patients that met criteria for inclusion, 22% (6,048) had MELD-XI scores > 17. Thirty-day (p< 0.001), 1-year (p< 0.001) and 5-year (p< 0.001) survival was statistically different between the score cohorts. Additionally, a “high” MELD-XI score was an independent predictor of 30-day (HR: 1.75, CI: 1.52-2.02; p< 0.001), 1-year (HR: 1.62, CI: 1.48-1.77; p< 0.001) and 5-year (HR: 1.33, CI: 1.25-1.43; p< 0.001) mortality after adjustment with a combination of recipient, donor and transplant specific variables. This cohort also experienced an increased incidence of postoperative renal failure (11.7% v. 6.5%; p< 0.001) and stroke (3.3% v. 2.2%; p< 0.001). Conclusion: This is the largest known study demonstrating the unique application of the MELD-XI scoring system in predicting early and late mortality in patients following OHT. The MELD-XI provides another preoperative metric to improve patient selection and, thus, optimize organ allocation.
“The Strength that Union Gives”: Western Women and Pragmatic Antislavery Politics

Western female antislavery organizations, including the Ohio State Female Anti‐Slavery Society, were characterized by pragmatism and cooperation. Unlike many eastern female antislavery societies, those in the old northwest organized at the local, county, and state levels to form a unified and inclusive antislavery voice. Movement leaders such as Betsey Mix Cowles, Lucy Wright, and Maria Sturges developed shrewd antislavery tactics that appeared to be well within the range of female activity but nonetheless challenged the social and legal status quo in ways that had political manifestations. The Ohio women engaged in a variety of local activities, including concerts, publications, education, and petitions that both nourished their own sense of accomplishment and raised the visibility of abolitionism. By combining their cooperative approach with a subtle political agenda, the women of Ohio initiated a campaign that would have a long‐term influence on antislavery and politics across the North.
Method for distinguishing Brønsted-acid sites in mixtures of H-ZSM-5, H-Y and silica-alumina

Abstract We have examined the adsorption and reaction of ethylamine, isopropylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, cyclooctylamine, and diphenylethylamine on H-ZSM-5, H-Y, and silica-alumina samples using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Each of the amines decomposes at Bronsted-acid sites to alkene and ammonia products above 550 K by a reaction similar to the Hofmann elimination reaction, so that the number of molecules which decompose can be used to measure the number of acid sites in the sample. For H-ZSM-5, the concentration of sites determined using ethylamine and isopropylamine was approximately equal to the framework aluminum concentration; however, adsorption of cyclooctylamine and 2-ethylhexylamine in H-ZSM-5 was limited so that only a fraction of the sites were counted using these probe molecules. For the silica-alumina and H-Y samples, the concentrations of Bronsted-acid sites could be determined using ethylamine, isopropylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, or cyclooctylamine; and the site concentrations determined in this way were essentially dependent of which amine was used. 2,2-Diphenylethylamine adsorption was limited on both silica-alumina and H-Y samples, but a much higher fraction of the Bronsted-acid sites on the silicaalumina sample could be counted. These results indicate that TPD-TGA measurements with various amines can be used to determine the concentration of Bronsted-acid sites in each of the components of a fluid-catalytic-cracking catalyst.
Dependence of the Effective Thermal Pressure Coefficient of a Particulate Composite on Particles Size

Model for overall thermal pressure coefficient (TPC) of a composite reinforced with layered particles is developed. It is based on the incremental homogenization scheme that replaces layered inclusions by homogeneous ones producing the same effect. Various laws of property variation across the interphase are discussed. It is shown that the most important parameters controlling effective TPC are the relative thickness of the interphase layer and the mean value of TPC across this layer.
Mechanoelectrical feedback in cardiac myocytes from stretch-activated ion channels

Stretch-activated ion channels (SACS) in cardiac myocytes from neonatal rats were studied in cell-attached patches. Stretch of membrane patches by suction in the recording pipette caused the triggering of action potentials that were recorded as action currents (ACs). The significance of a temporal correlation between SAC open probability and ACs was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Poisson distributions. It was shown that the 50-ms epoch immediately preceding the action current has unique kinetics and represented a peak in SAC open probability (p >
Increased arginase activity during lymphocyte mitogenesis.

Abstract A sensitive assay for arginase activity was developed using [ guanidino - 14 C]arginine as substrate and measuring the production of 14 CO 2 from [ 14 C]urea in the presence of urease. Arginase activity was measured in bovine lymphocytes after activation by Concanavalin A. The specific enzymatic activity of arginase doubled in 6 hours and increased nearly 4-fold by 24 hours after stimulation. It is suggested that the role of arginase in these cells is to provide ornithine as substrate for the synthesis of putrescine, precursor of the polyamines spermidine and spermine.
Are Measures of Air-misses a Useful Guide to Air Transport Safety Policy?

Finding a proxy for analyzing and developing policy responses to rare events is often challenging. In the case of commercial airline accidents, these are small in number, especially within most national jurisdiction. This makes it difficult to use standard, objective probability techniques for assessing the impacts of various safety policies or for developing monetary measures for their inclusion in cost-benefit analysis studies. What is often used in place of the actual or predicted accident rate is a measure of ‘air’ (or ‘near’) misses that reflects the number of times a technically determined safety parameter is violated. The paper looks at whether this is a useful measure in terms of the quality of the data available, and whether it acts as a reasonable proxy when used in air transportation safety analysis and policy-making.
Density functional theory for systems of very many atoms

The standard Kohn-Sham formulation of density functional theory (DFT) is limited, for practical reasons, to systems of less than about 50-100 atoms. The computational effort scales as N, where Nat is the number of atoms and 2 3. (By comparison, conventional configuration interaction methods are limited to 5-10 atom systems.) This article deals with the prospect of practical methods that scale linearly in Nat and may thus allow calculations for systems of 103-104 atoms. The physical reason (“near-sightedness”) for linear scaling is presented. Implementations of linear scaling DFT by the use of generalized Wannier functions or the one-particle density matrix are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sample spaces uniform on neighborhoods

Let a universe of m elements be given, along with a family of subsets of the universe (neighborhoods), each of size at most k. We describe methods for assigning the m elements to points in a small-dimensional vector space (over GF(2)), in such a way that the elements in each neighborhood are assigned to an independent set of vectors.Such constructions lead, through a standard correspondence between linear and statistical independence, to the construction of small sample spaces which restrict to the uniform distribution in each neighborhood. (The sample space is a uniformly-weighted family of binary m-vectors).The size of such a small space will be a function of the number of neighborhoods; and for sparse families, will be substantially smaller than any space which restricts to the uniform distribution in all k-sets. Previous work on small spaces with limited independence focused on providing independence or near-independence in every k-set of the universe.We show how to construct the sample spaces efficiently both sequentially and in parallel. In case there are polynomially many (in m) neighborhoods, each of size O(log m), the parallel construction is in NC.These spaces provide a new derandomization technique for algorithms; particularly, algorithms related to the Lova´sz local lemma. We also describe applications to the exhaustive testing of VLSI circuits, and to coding for burst errors on noisy channels.
Bcr/Abl, leukemogenesis, and genomic instability: a complex partnership.

For many years, the issue of genomic instability in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has been one of “guilt by association”. Even before much of the molecular pathophysiology of CML was known, investigators had noted that patients with advanced CML acquired additional cytogenetic abnormalities. Interestingly, there is a relatively short list of common secondary chromosomal cytogenetic changes, including an additional copy of the Philadelphia chromosome, trisomy 8, trisomy 19, isochromosome 17q, and loss of the Y chromosome [1]. Transgenic mice expressing the P190 form of BCR/ABL have also been shown to develop karyotypic abnormalities during the later stages of their leukemic illness, most commonly trisomy involving chromosomes 12, 14, or 17, alone or in combination [2]. Prolonged expression of the P210 form of BCR/ABL in the murine myeloid cell line 32D has been demonstrated to be associated with the development of aneuploidy and complex chromosomal translocations [3]. These and other findings have led investigators to postulate that Bcr/Abl expression itself might be responsible to such secondary genetic changes. Proving such a connection, however, is a complex challenge. Solid tumors often demonstrate a variety of cytogenetic abnormalities [4], most of which are likely the consequence, rather than the cause, of malignant transformation. Therefore, it is conceivable that the additional cytogenetic abnormalities seen in CML could merely reflect stochastic changes due to a prolonged leukemia process. Alternatively, given the impact of Bcr/Abl on factors regulating cell survival, apoptosis, and DNA repair, the hypothesis that Bcr/Abl itself could lead to genomic instability independent of its leukemogenic effect is of considerable interest. One recent approach to this question has been to mate P190BCR/ABL transgenic mice [5] with the transgenic strain
Associations Between Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Religiousness in American Women in a National Health Survey

Breast cancer is a leading cause of death in American women. Data are lacking from representative samples of total populations on the association of risk factors for breast cancer and religiousness. The sixth cycle of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG VI) included 3,766 women aged 30-44 years with complete data on self-reported religiousness, and selected breast cancer risk factors. Of women in the analysis, 1,008 reported having four or more breast cancer risk factors. Women who never attended services were over seven times more likely to report having four or more risk factors than those who attended more than weekly (P < 0.0001). After adjusting for age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, nativity, education and marital status by logistic regression, women who never attended services were still over six times more likely to report having four or more risk factors (P < 0.0001). The combination of frequent attendance at religious services, very high importance of religion in daily life, and self-identification as a Protestant evangelical was particularly protective. Multiple dimensions of religiousness are independently associated with multiple breast cancer risk factors.
Time variation in the reaction-zone structure of two-phase spray detonations.

A detailed theoretical analysis of the time-varying detonation structure in a monodisperse spray is presented. The theory identifies experimentally observed reaction-zone overpressures as deriving from blast waves formed therein by the explosive ignition of the spray droplets, and follows in time the motion, change in strength, and interactions of these blast waves with one another, and with the leading shock. The results are compared with experimental data by modeling the motion of a finite-size circular pressure transducer through the theoretical data field in an x-t space.
Tolerance of the spinal cord of rats to irradiation with cyclotron- accelerated helium ions

Spinal cords of rats were exposed to either single doses of helium ions ranging from 500 to 3500 rads, or to fractionated doses of helium ions ranging from 1300 to 6530 rads using 10 equal fractions given over 22 days. Both plateau and spread-out Bragg peak regions of ionization were used. For single doses there was no difference betweenplateau or spread-out Bragg peak ionization regions for production of paralysis; thetolerance dose for production of paralysis was about 1900 rads. For the fractionation experiment, there was also no difference between plateau or spread-out Bragg peak ionization regions for production of paralysis; the tolerance dose was between 5220 and 6530rads. Comparison of dose levels producing about 10% partial paralysis indicates that about 500 rads of dose is recovered between fractions. In both single dose and fractionated experiments, latency between onset of paralysis was between 20 to 24 weeks.
Qualitative Methods in End-of-Life Research: Recommendations to Enhance the Protection of Human Subjects

Qualitative research has the potential to contribute important new knowledge to care near the end of life, but research is often hampered by questions about how best to protect dying patients and their family members who serve as research subjects. Due to lack of familiarity with the techniques of ethnographic or observational research, as well as concerns about the vulnerability of the dying, members of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are often unable to evaluate the benefits and potential harms of studies. In addition, policies derived from standards based on interventional medical research or clinical trials may be applied inappropriately. We offer comprehensive recommendations aimed at improving the translation of human subjects guidelines into meaningful protections for subjects in qualitative studies, including education for IRBs. Policies must be flexible and should be guided by empirical findings documenting the actual impact of research participation, rather than a priori assumptions about patient vulnerability. Sensitive topics, such as drug use, may require added protections.