cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micro-/mesoporous carbons for controlled release of antipyrine and indomethacin

We have demonstrated the potential of meso- and microporous carbons in controlled release applications and targeted oral drug delivery. We have employed two mesoporous and two microporous carbons for the sustained release of one water-soluble drug (antipyrine) and one water-insoluble drug (indomethacin), using these as models to examine the controlled release characteristics. The micro-/mesoporous carbons were characterized as having a BET surface area of 372–2251 m2 g−1 and pore volume 0.63–1.03 cm3 g−1. The toxicity studies with E. coli bacterial cells did not reveal significant toxicity, which is in accordance with our previous studies on human cells with similar materials. Mucin adsorption tests with type III pork mucin demonstrated 20–30% mucin adsorption by the carbon samples and higher mucin adsorption could be attributed to higher surface area and more oxygen functionalities. Antipyrine and indomethacin loading was 6–78% in these micro-/mesoporous carbons. The signatures in thermogravimetric studies revealed the presence of drug molecules within the porous moieties of the carbon. The partial shifting of the decomposition peak of the drug adsorbed within the carbon pores was caused by the confinement of drug molecules within the narrow pore space of the carbon. The release profiles of both drugs were examined in simulated gastric fluid (pH = 1.2) and in three other release media with respective pH values of 4.5, 6.8 and 7.4, along with varying residence times to simulate the physiological conditions of the stomach, duodenum, small intestine and colon, respectively. All the release profiles manifested diffusion controlled sustained release that corroborates the effective role of micro-/mesoporous carbons as potential drug carriers.
Characterization of hypophysiotropic hormones in porcine hypothalamic extracts.

Gel filtration has long been used as an initial approach to identification and isolation of the hypophysiotropic hormones. To determine the extent that assays for PRL-releasing activity (PRA), PRL-inhibiting activity (PIA), GH-releasing activity (GHRA), and corticotropin-releasing activity (CRA) are influenced by TRH, LHRH, SRIF, vasopressin (VP), and ACTH, the content by immunoassay and the mobility of TRH, LHRH, SRIF, VP, and ACTH were measured in 2 N acetic acid eluates of porcine hypothalami applied to a Sephadex G-25 column. The TRH, VP, and SRIF fractions were then incubated with normal serum for 1 h to destroy these peptides. GHRA, PRA, and PIA were then bioassayed by the change in plasma GH or PRL in estrogen-progesterone-treated male rats. PRA and GHRA have the same mobility as immunoassayable TRH, native SRIF, and VP on Sephadex G-25, but can be separated from all three hormones by incubation with normal serum which destroys 92–99% of TRH, VP, and SRIF. PIA was eluted in the same region as 14C-l...
Cardio-accelerator nerve stimulation in chickens.

Abstract The results show that cardio-accelerator nerves can be isolated and stimulated, and play an important role in controlling heart rate in chickens, pigeons and ducks. Moreover, the surgery involved in denervation is relatively simple.
Stray Losses in the Armature End Iron of Large Turbine Generators [includes discussion]

The results of a study of stray load losses in the armature end iron of large turbine generators are presented. These losses are induced by the generator end leakage flux, and the resulting end iron temperatures limit the machine capability in the underexcited region of operation. Quantitative methods of analysis of the magnetic field distribution at the ends of the machine and the resulting losses and temperature rise are presented. Design innovations for reducing end iron losses and temperature in both conventional and direct-cooled generators are described. The results of factory and field tests supporting the principal conclusions are included.
Effect of Egg yolk and its Isolated Constituents Upon the Dehydrogenase Activity of Bovine Spermatozoa

Summary The effect of whole egg yolk and its constituents upon the dehydrogenase activity of bovine spermatozoa was determined. Whole egg yolk was found to stimulate the succinic, malic, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of these cells. The dehydrogenase-stimulating effect of egg yolk was found to be associated with the acetone-soluble fraction of the yolk and appeared to be the result of the stimulatory effect of cholesterol and of carotene upon succinic dehydrogenase activity. Cholesterol was observed to inhibit both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and malic dehydrogenase activity of bovine spermatozoa. The importance and possible mechanisms of dehydrogenase stimulation and inhibition by egg yolk, cholesterol, and carotene have been discussed, as well as the apparent failure of lecithin to stimulate succinic dehydrogenase activity.
3He and4He sorption isotherms by Fullerene crystals

Abstract We report 3 He and 4 He sorption isotherms on C 6 0/C 7 0 Fullerene polycrystals. The temperature ranges are for 3 He, from 1.55K to 3.37K and, for 4 He, from 1.57K to 4.14K. The results give strong evidence that both of the isotopes intercalate into the Fullerene crystal. This opens up the possibility to study the property of 3D quantum fluid confined in this way.
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: Evidence for a semiquinone radical intermediate

Abstract Nanosecond laser flash photolysis has been used to produce and identify the vitamin K semiquinone (radical) from vitamin K dihydroquinone and to observe its formation and decay in the presence of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase (epoxidase). The activity of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase is not decreased by exposure to the laser. Absorbance of the semiquinone is proportional to enzyme concentration and is stimulated by a synthetic substrate, PheLeuGluGluIle. Stabilization of the semiquinone is observed in the presence of the enzyme. The semiquinone is rapidly destroyed in the presence of inhibitors of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and vitamin K epoxidase.
COALESCENT ANALYSES OF MULTIPLE LOCI SUPPORT A NEW ROUTE TO SPECIATION IN BIRDS

A widely accepted paradigm is that sedentary Neotropical bird species are a reservoir that gives rise to temperate-tropical migratory species. Recently, an alternative theory has been proposed, that developmental plasticity can allow some individuals within a migratory species to establish a disjunct breeding range through loss of migration, thus facilitating the founding of a new sedentary species. We used mtDNA and two nuclear introns to perform coalescent analyses for two closely related New World oriole species, one a long-distance temperate-tropical migrant and the other a short-distance intratropical migrant. Our results suggest that the short-distance migrant recently diverged from the long-distance migrant via a founder event. In this species pair, the widely accepted paradigm is not supported. These results are consistent with a model of speciation through reduction of migratory distance.
Sexual acting out: Diagnostic category or moral judgment?

Is the term sexual acting out used only to describe something about the patient, or does it have an implicit moral condemnation as well? To clarify the implicit meaning of the term, its use was studied at a state mental hospital and at a university psychology clinic. Significant findings included the following: (1) sexual acting out was seldom used to describe males, and was almost exclusively applied to females, and (2) sexual acting out was used in a negative, condemning way. Implications of the results are discussed.
Physical, Morphological, and Barrier Properties of Edible Casein Films with Wax Applications

The overall research objective was to investigate the effects of wax application to casein films on the physical, morphological, mechanical, and water barrier properties of the films. Casein films were prepared by cross-linking with zein hydrolysate using transglutaminase. Wax was either incorporated into the film-forming solution or coated onto the casein films. The physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of wax-incorporated or wax-coated casein films were characterized. The wax-casein films exhibited darker color than casein film, and the film thickness ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 mm. Wax application significantly decreased the tensile strengths and Young's Modulus of casein films. The wax-incorporated films exhibited a greater reduction in tensile strength and Young's Modulus than the wax-coated films. The microstructures of wax-casein films were relatively smooth and uniform when observed under a scanning electron microscope. Wax applications significantly decreased the water vapor permeability (WVP) of the casein films, and the wax-coated casein films exhibited a greater decrease in WVP than the wax-incorporated films.
The 5‐HT5A serotonin receptor is expressed predominantly by astrocytes in which it inhibits cAMP accumulation: A mechanism for neuronal suppression of reactive astrocytes

The mRNA for the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT5A was detected at embryonic day 18 in the rat central nervous system and peaked by postnatal day 20. At all time points examined, 5-HT5A immunoreactivity observed on astrocyte cell bodies and in the stellate processes not only colocalized with the astrocyte-specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) but was coordinately regulated with GFAP, increasing during development and during gliosis. Transfection of 5-HT5A into glioma cells prevented the 5-HT-induced increase in cAMP observed in untransfected cells and decreased the relative forskolin response by approximately 20%, suggesting that the 5-HT5A receptor couples negatively to adenylyl cyclase in astrocytes. Together, these results indicate a neuron-to-astrocyte serotonergic signaling pathway mediating cAMP concentrations, which could provide a neuronally driven mechanism for regulating astrocyte physiology with relevance to gliosis.
State-of-health based load sharing strategy in vehicle-to-grid systems

A novel control strategy to intelligently regulate load sharing in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems is proposed in this paper. It is based on sharing the load demand between the vehicles based on the state-of-health (SoH) of their batteries. The strategy employs an on-board smart device that computes the battery aging, and this device communicates with the smart grid controller when the vehicle is connected to the microgrid. This paper also presents the algorithm for determining the share factor, and the implementation details of the control strategy.
Report Card from East Germany

Based on extensive field research that the author has conducted in eastern Germany since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, this essay discusses the history of communist education in East Germany and its relevance for Western education today. Among the topics addressed are the differences between “propaganda” and “enlightenment” according to communist ideology, the structure of the East German system of education and extracurriculars, how that system fostered “textbook Reds,” and how its curricular materials portrayed the USA.
Broad antitumor protection by dendritic cells administered to CD8α knock out mice

Dendritic cell (DC) administration to CD8α knock-out (CD8αKO) mice results in a strong antigen-non-specific protection to a B16 murine melanoma tumor challenge. This response is mediated by lytic NK cells and cytokine-producing CD4 cells. We aimed to determine the signals that guide tumor targeting of this response. CD8αKO mice in the C57BL/6 background received subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of immature DC. Mice were challenged in vivo or assayed for lytic activity in vitro to a panel of syngeneic tumors with different levels of MHC class I expression. These studies support the following conclusions: (1) DC administration to CD8αKO mice results in protective in vivo responses to syngeneic tumors from epithelial, neuroectodermal and hematopoietic origin; in vivo protection is independent of the level of MHC classes I and II expression. (2) The in vitro lytic activity of DC-activated NK cells from CD8αKO mice has sensitive and insensitive targets, which is independent of the cell lineage or the level of inhibitory self-MHC surface molecules. (3) In sensitive targets a putative activating NK ligand in DC-stimulated NK cells from CD8αKO mice signals directly to PI3-K, but is distinct from NKG2D.
CORPUS DOMINI: TRACES OF THE NEW TESTAMENT IN EAST EUROPEAN HASIDISM?

Grâce a une mise en perspective de trois textes d'Augustin, de Rabbi Dov Baer ben Samuel et du NT, l'A. parvient a montrer que des textes tires du NT ainsi que des idees theologiques ont influence le hassidisme. Il explique dans un second temps quels sont les canaux de diffusion de cette influence. C'est la notion d'Eglise comme Corpus Christi qui a investi la pensee theologique juive polonaise du XVIII e siecle
Ethics Expertise and Moral Authority: Is There a Difference?

Tarzian and ASBH Core Competencies Update Task Force (2013) say that making ethics consultation accountable means examining the abilities and qualifications of health care ethics consultants (HCECs...
Effect of cleavage enzyme, search algorithm and decoy database on mass spectrometric identification of wheat gluten proteins ☆

While tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is routinely used to identify proteins from complex mixtures, certain types of proteins present unique challenges for MS/MS analyses. The major wheat gluten proteins, gliadins and glutenins, are particularly difficult to distinguish by MS/MS. Each of these groups contains many individual proteins with similar sequences that include repetitive motifs rich in proline and glutamine. These proteins have few cleavable tryptic sites, often resulting in only one or two tryptic peptides that may not provide sufficient information for identification. Additionally, there are less than 14,000 complete protein sequences from wheat in the current NCBInr release. In this paper, MS/MS methods were optimized for the identification of the wheat gluten proteins. Chymotrypsin and thermolysin as well as trypsin were used to digest the proteins and the collision energy was adjusted to improve fragmentation of chymotryptic and thermolytic peptides. Specialized databases were constructed that included protein sequences derived from contigs from several assemblies of wheat expressed sequence tags (ESTs), including contigs assembled from ESTs of the cultivar under study. Two different search algorithms were used to interrogate the database and the results were analyzed and displayed using a commercially available software package (Scaffold). We examined the effect of protein database content and size on the false discovery rate. We found that as database size increased above 30,000 sequences there was a decrease in the number of proteins identified. Also, the type of decoy database influenced the number of proteins identified. Using three enzymes, two search algorithms and a specialized database allowed us to greatly increase the number of detected peptides and distinguish proteins within each gluten protein group.
Introduction to the biliary tract, the gallbladder, and gallstones

This paper serves to introduce a topical section of fifteen invited original research contributions dealing with normal and pathological development of the human biliary tract. This section also includes comparative anatomy of the gallbladder and the cystic duct as well as, the formation of gallstone. This series of reports have used advanced microscopic and ancillary techniques to study adaptative changes in gallbladder epithelial cell changes regarding permeability, renewal, mucous secretion as well as cholesterol uptake and nucleation. Several contributions deal with the blood and lymphatic drainage of the gallbladder. The gallbladder contractility is clarified by recent findings about its innervation, elegantly demonstrated and supported by complementary immunohistochemical and neurophysiological techniques. In vivo models for production of cholelithiasis in the ground squirrel and the Syrian hamster are introduced. Recent in vitro cellular and molecular models have substantially increased the understanding of biliary tract calculi formation. Finally, a survey and new data about progesterone gene regulation of both cholesterol metabolism and gallstone formation obtained in the Syrian hamster model are compared with cholelithogenesis in human.
Brief reflections on the journal Italianists keep

Abstract The following three papers were given at a Round Table held at New York University's Casa Italiana in October 2005, chaired by Ruth Ben-Ghiat. As part of the events held to mark the tenth anniversary of the Journal of Modern Italian Studies, we asked our three invited speakers – Raymond Grew, Elizabeth Krause and Paolo Macry – to comment on the directions taken by the JMIS in its first decade and to set out some objectives for the future.
Detection of complex gangliosides in human amniotic fluid

Gangliosides are possibly very potent immunosuppressive molecules. Here we show that human amniotic fluid contains high concentrations of a number of previously unnoted, structurally complex and highly polar gangliosides. These unusual molecules are present early in pregnancy (first trimester), increase in concentration with gestational age, and reach maximum levels (0.8 microM) at term. Since similar gangliosides have been detected in human placenta, trophoblast, and amnion, we suggest that these molecules are shed into the amniotic fluid bathing these tissues.
Cervical lymph node collision tumor consisting of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma and B-cell lymphoma.

Educational objective At the conclusion of this presentation, the participants should be familiar with the clinical and pathologic features of collision tumors in the head and neck. Objectives Present a case of collision tumor of the head and neck consisting of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma and B-cell lymphoma. Review the literature on collision tumors of the head and neck. Study design Case report. Methods Retrospective case review including a review of the relevant literature. Results The case of a 73 year-old-man with collision tumor of the cervical lymph nodes is presented. He had a history of resection of a squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal ala seven years prior to presentation with a neck mass. Fine needle aspiration of the mass was consistent with squamous cell carcinoma and he underwent neck dissection. Pathology revealed both squamous cell carcinoma and low grade B cell lymphoma in the same cervical lymph nodes. The patient underwent post-operative concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy directed at the squamous cell carcinoma. Subsequently, he initiated chemotherapy directed at the lymphoma. Conclusions Collision tumors are rare entities that consist of two neoplasms of distinct origin found in a single anatomic location. In the head and neck, collision tumors often involve an incidental well-differentiated thyroid malignancy. Collision tumor involving metastatic squamous cell carcinoma and lymphoma is an exceedingly rare finding. A multidisciplinary team approach is required to optimize and coordinate management of these synchronous malignancies.
The heat capacities of selected inorganic alkali metal compounds

The heat capacities of selected inorganic binary and ternary alkali metal compounds are determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). As part of an ongoing research program at Battelle Memorial Institute since 1983, the heat capacities of cesium and rubidium chalcogenides, aluminates, silicates and uranates in the temperature range 310 to 800 K have been added to the series of compounds. The measured data is to be combined with the standard enthalpies of formation and low temperature heat capacities to obtain reliable thermodynamic data on the alkali metal compounds to high temperatures.
The evaluation of palpable breast masses: common pitfalls and management guidelines

The management of a palpable breast mass starts with identification of the lesion and a suspicion of malignancy. While seemingly simple, the initial evaluation can significantly impact upon treatment options and outcomes. The management of two patients recently referred to this Institution highlights common pitfalls and technical considerations in the diagnosis and treatment of palpable breast masses. The case histories of two patients referred after open breast biopsy were examined. The English language medical literature was searched manually and by Medline for publications related to the evaluation of palpable breast masses. Imaging, diagnostic techniques and technical considerations in the management of palpable lesions were reviewed. The initial use of carefully selected diagnostic and therapeutic measures is critical in optimizing outcomes measured in improved quality of life and survival. Inappropriate choices at this first stage can have extremely negative consequences. The early evaluation of two patients highlighted these considerations. Management pitfalls included serial examination of a suspicious lesion, failure to obtain a mammogram prior to excisional biopsy and unnecessary testing. Technical problems included piecemeal excision of the tumor with positive margins, use of a drain, closure of deep tissues with dimpling of the breast, and incision placement in a location that subsequently necessitated mastectomy. Careful adherence to the clinical and operative principles of breast cancer management optimizes outcomes in the evaluation of palpable breast masses.
Quantitative analysis of forward and backward second-harmonic images of collagen fibers using Fourier transform second-harmonic-generation microscopy

Fourier transform second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy has been applied to quantitatively compare the information content between SHG images obtained from the forward and backward direction for three tissue types: porcine tendon, sclera, and ear cartilage. Both signal types yield consistent information on the preferred orientation of collagen fibers. For all specimens, the Fourier transform of the forward and backward SHG images produces several overlapping peaks in the magnitude spectrum at various depths into the tissues, indicating that some information present in the forward SHG images can be extracted from the backward SHG images. This study highlights the potential of backward SHG microscopy for medical diagnostics.
Order-disorder transitions in low stage AsF6 graphites

Abstract X-ray scattering studies of low stage AsF 5 graphites provide the first direct observations of the order-disorder transitions in these compounds. In C 8 AsF 5 the order parameter increases continuously to saturation over a broad range of temperature, in agreement with previous, indirect measurements. The low temperature structure in this compound does not appear to be the previously proposed 2 a × 2 a structure observed in the Stage 1 K and Cs compounds. Studies of the Stage 2 compound will also be presented and compared with the behavior for Stage 1.
Stock Market Wealth and Consumption

This paper explores the link between changes in the aggregate value of corporate stock and changes in consumer spending. It presents data on the distribution of corporate stock ownership based on the 1998 Survey of Consumer Finances. It also uses time-series evidence on the comovement of stock market wealth and various categories of consumer spending to calibrate "the wealth effect." It concludes that in the year after a change in stock market values, consumer spending is likely to rise by between one and two cents for each dollar increase in the value of corporate stock.
Modeling of the Thermosphere-Ionosphere System

Abstract Empirical, semi-empirical, and theoretical models of the thermosphere and ionosphere and of photochemical processes occurring therein are briefly described. An overview is provided of this section of the issue, containing papers on these topics and on the measurement of thermospheric and ionospheric properties from space. The importance to these endeavors of accurate measurement and specification of the solar ultraviolet, extreme-ultraviolet, and soft x-ray irradiance is discussed.
Lithic craft specialization and product distribution at the Maya site of Colha, Belize

Abstract More than a decade of research has been conducted at the Maya site of Colha in northern Belize. These investigations have demonstrated that lithic craft specialization flourished there for perhaps two millennia. Archaeological evidence reveals that both utilitarian and non‐utilitarian tools were exported in large numbers to regional Maya consumers.
Impact of Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Predation on Horn Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in a Cattle Pasture Treated with Pro-Drone

Pro-Drone (1-(8-methoxy-4,8-dimethylnonyl)-4(1-methylethyl)benzene), an insect growth regulator, was applied monthly to a 7-ha pasture in South Carolina from April to December 1984 and again from April to September 1985. Foraging red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren, populations decreased in the treated field from an average of 186 RIFAs per bait station in April 1984 to 11 RIFAs per station in June 1984. In the untreated field, foraging RIFA populations increased from 186 per station in April 1984 to 226 per station in June 1984. During the remainder of 1984 and through October 1985, the average number of RIFAs per bait station never exceeded 10 in the treated field, while in the untreated pasture RIFAs were significantly greater. The number of adult horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), emerging from manure piles in the treated pasture was55%greater than the number that emerged from piles in the RIFA infested field.
Copper deposition and thermal stability issues in copper-based metallization for ULSI technology

Abstract Recent interest in Cu-based metallization for ultra-large scale integrated (ULSI) devices has stimulated extensive studies on its thermal stability issues, as well as the search of novel deposition and etching processes. Cu is a candidate for global interconnection in the upper-level metallization in ULSI technology due to its low resistivity and high electromigration resistance. The electroless plating technique has proved capable of selective Cu growth in a planarized structure with minimum linewidth as small as 0.1 μm. Some of the practical aspects in the Cu patterning to produce non-planar and fully planar Cu fine lines will be presented in this paper. We are concerned with the thermal stability of Cu in structures of Cu Si , Cu/silicide, Cu/metals, Cu/polymer and Cu SiO 2 . We investigated the interfacial reactions in these structures by Rutherford backscattering (RBS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Cu reacts with Si, most metals and their silicides at relatively low temperatures. The adhesion of Cu on most dielectric substrates is poor. Oxidation of Cu occurs at very low temperature. These obstacles can be overcome by employing diffusion barriers, adhesion promotors, and passivation layers. Incorporation of alloying elements used in the formation of self-encapsulation and adhesion layers for Cu wiring is introduced. The validity of diffusion barriers has been tested in several copper-based layered structures. We also summarize recent work on electromigration, stress migration, and Cu dry etching in Cu-based metallization.
Ellipsometric studies of the diffusion of automic oxygen through silicon dioxide thin films

The application of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry to the study of diffusion of atomic oxygen through SiO2 is presented. Data are found to be well fit to the universal growth parabola, and the diffusion coefficient is estimated to be 0.00001 sq cm/min.
Validation of hollow fiber ultrafiltration and real-time PCR using bacteriophage PP7 as surrogate for the quantification of viruses from water samples

A quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR system for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage PP7 was designed to detect PP7 as surrogate in performance tests of 2 hollow fiber ultrafiltration systems in series. Fifty-six storm water samples from 21 sites representing agricultural, urban and highway locations in California were collected. The optimized procedure gave recoveries of spiked PP7 of 64+/-4.8% (mean+/-SEM). The PP7 assay was validated over 5 orders of magnitude with an assay limit of detection of 5 gene copies per reaction volume. Sample-dependent variables like enzymatic inhibition during PCR analysis, filtration recovery and extraction efficiency were quantified and incorporated to calculate a specific sample limit of detection (S(LOD)) for the spiked surrogate PP7. S(LOD) values were highly variable among samples; they were independent of physicochemical parameters including conductivity, turbidity, total suspended solids and pH but strongly correlated with the dilution factor required to relieve enzymatic inhibition during PCR analysis. To determine actual gene copies of PP7, a dilution approach was developed that involves assaying several dilutions within a range where inhibitors do not affect the efficiency of amplification and linear regression to determine the theoretical C(t) value when there is no inhibition. For the detection of viral pathogens, an internal standard like PP7 can be used to calculate filtration recoveries when quantifying pathogens and to determine whether filtration or inhibitor concentration affect nucleic acid extraction efficiency. Additionally, by defining S(LOD) values per sample and pathogenic organism analyzed, it should be possible to critically investigate the absence of detects for a particular pathogen and determine probabilities of risk associated with a specific sample limit of detection.
The effects of C, P, and S on trace element partitioning during solidification in Fe‐Ni alloys

Trace and minor element distributions in the iron meteorites are generally ascribed to partitioning during solidification of the parent body core or to partial melting within the parent body. A model involving fractional crystallization is considered. The model cannot account for differences between the measured values for the slopes on the log Ir-log Ni plots and the slopes predicted using experimentally determined distribution coefficients obtained in an investigation conducted by Goldstein and Friel (1978). The model has also other weaknesses. Part of the answer concerning the existing problems was provided by Narayan and Goldstein (1981, 1982). The present investigation is concerned with a further clarification of the effect of the minor elements P, S, and C on the distribution behavior of trace elements. Attention is given to measurements of the distribution coefficients for various elements (Ir, Ge, Ga, Au, Cu, Cr) in the presence of these minor elements.
Diabetes, Obesity, and Heart Failure: The New Pandemic

Introduction It is important to embrace the fact that diabetes and cardiovascular disease are intimately linked.1 Indeed, it is not inappropriate to describe diabetes as a “vascular perturbation.” Specifically, endothelial dysfunction with vasomotor instability and atherosclerosis is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Only recently has the overlap between diabetes and cardiology been emphasized, with epidemiologic studies identifying the increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity with underlying diabetes mellitus. This is unfortunate since there is an epidemic of diabetes and obesity in North America and the rest of the world (thus, a pandemic) that has prompted concern about a sudden rise of cardiovascular deaths in the United States after a decline of about 40% in the last decade.2 Particularly problematic is the relationship of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes to obesity and myocardial dysfunction leading to heart failure, which is known to have extraordinarily high morbidity itself. Is then diabetes, obesity, and heart failure the new cardiovascular pandemic that should demand more attention with the creation of a new field of “cardiologic diabetology” or “diabetic cardiology”?
Cypraeidae: How Well-Inventoried is the Best-Known Seashell Family?*

Abstract: Cowries (Cypraeidae) are diverse and occur in all tropical and some temperate seas, from shallow waters to the deep sea. There is a vast literature documenting the distribution, taxonomy, and shell variation, among many other topics. Because of its popularity among shell collectors, amateurs have contributed more to the cowrie literature than to most molluscan families. Traditionally, taxa have been described based on shell characters, and the majority of species descriptions continue to be published in non-peer-reviewed journals, magazines and books. Molecular studies in the last two decades have largely confirmed phylogenies based on morphology and anatomy. Currently, 245 species and 166 subspecies (or 411 operational taxonomic units) are recognized in 48 genera in the family. Despite being the best-known seashell family, the discovery curve suggests that there are still more taxa to be discovered. A review of the knowledge of the family is presented, and information on each genus is summarized.
THE EFFECT OF INJECTIONS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ON SUSCEPTIBLE AND INSUSCEPTIBLE ANIMALS

1. Streptococci injected into the circulation of cats are quickly withdrawn and are found most numerously in the lung, less numerously in the liver and spleen, and in small numbers in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, muscle, and kidney. 2. The streptococci taken up by the lung are killed within 5 to 8 hours, although they remain visible in films for a number of days. In the liver they are killed less rapidly, and in the spleen a few may remain viable for a considerable period. 3. This bactericidal action may be demonstrated in pieces of excised lung but not in lung extracts, and is apparently dependent on the action of the living cell. 4. Streptococci injected into a susceptible animal, the rabbit, are also promptly removed from the circulation, but are distributed in different proportions, the liver and spleen absorbing almost as many as the lung, and the muscles also taking up an appreciable number. 5. As in the cat, the organisms taken up by the lung and liver of the living rabbit are promptly killed. Those which lodge in the muscles, however, multiply rapidly. 6. About the time that the streptococci have begun to develop in the muscles (4 to 8 hours after injection) the number in the blood stream begins to increase. 7. The increase in the blood stream is not due to exhaustion of the mechanism of their removal nor have these organisms acquired a resistance sufficient to maintain them in the blood stream of a normal animal. The septicemia, then, is probably the resuit of washing out of organisms from the infected tissues. 8. Attempts to immunize rabbits have been unsuccessful, but in certain treated animals the distribution of the organisms among the various organs approached that found in insusceptible animals; i.e., cats.
MRI in the assessment of synovium and cartilage.

A PRINCIPAL obstacle to the study of arthritis and the development of well-designed treatment protocols has been the lack of reliable clinical, laboratory or radiographic methods for monitoring disease progression and therapeutic response. Radiography has been the mainstay of imaging evaluation of arthritis. However, although refinements such as microfocal magnification, film digitization and computerized analysis have greatly advanced its capabilities [1, 2], radiography remains fundamentally limited in the type of information it can provide. Although it can detail osseous changes in patients with arthritis, radiography cannot directly examine the articular cartilage, synovial tissue and other important non-calcified structures in the joint. As such, it provides only a limited view of the complex disease process involveain arthritis.
Medical robots and micro machines

Over the past 10 years we have developed micro-motion robots and micro-surgical robots for use in surgery on single living cells and populations of cells (tissue). These devices were designed to have both wide displacement bandwidths and high displacement dynamic ranges. Parallel drive beam bending mechanisms were developed together with displacement transducers able to transduce the high displacement dynamic range/spl times/bandwidth products that arise. High performance force reflecting human interfaces have also been developed to enable human control of the robots. Future work involves the development of new technologies for producing powerful autonomous micro-robots capable of moving within the human body.
Application of Cathodoluminescence Imaging to the Study of Sedimentary Rocks: Cathodoluminescence and its causes

Introduction When a crystal such as quartz or feldspar is bombarded by a stream of high-energy electrons in a scanning electron microscope or other suitable instrument, photons (“particles” of light) are emitted, a phenomenon called cathodoluminescence (CL). Much is known about the origin of CL in artificial crystals because of their economic importance in the manufacture of television screens, computer monitors, and the like. Although less is known about the origin of CL in naturally occurring minerals, the fundamental causes of CL emissions are moderately well understood. To visualize the factors responsible for CL emissions, it is useful to consider atoms in crystals in terms of the band theory of solids. Energy states of electrons in crystals depend upon whether the electrons are bound in particular atoms (inner-shell electrons) or are delocalized. Delocalized electrons are electrons that are not associated with individual atoms or identifiable chemical bonds, but are shared collectively by all the constituent atoms or ions of a substance. Delocalized electrons have wave functions (in quantum mechanics, a complex function of time and position) that in effect traverse the entire crystal. Individual atoms have discrete energy states that are associated with the orbits of shells of electrons in the atom. When atoms are spaced far apart, as in a gas, they have very little influence upon each other. By contrast, atoms within a solid, such as quartz or feldspar, have a marked effect upon other atoms in the crystal (atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals).
Mitogenic and functional responses by nicotine and hydrogen peroxide in AR42J cells: a comparative study

The aim of the current study was to investigate the oxidative effects of nicotine by examining the mitogenic and functional responses in AR42J cells. As a control and for comparison, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used as a source of known oxidative biomarker. Responses were examined by determining cell proliferation through the activation of ERK signaling, basal and CCK-stimulated cell function and measuring lipid peroxidation. AR42J cells have been exposed to either a non-cytotoxic dose of 20 μM H2O2 for 15 min or to 100 μM of nicotine for 3 min respectively. Nicotine and H2O2 at these dose and time intervals produced similar levels of malondialdyde (MDA) production and p-ERK1/2 activation. Immunofluorescence studies employing specific antibody to p-ERK1/2 confirmed the latter. Nicotine-induced increase in the proliferation of AR42J cells was significantly higher in comparison to H2O2 exposed cells. CCK-stimulated cell function induced by nicotine was significantly higher in AR42J cells as compared to the response by H2O2. These results suggest that nicotine- induced mitogenic and functional response in AR42J cells are associated with ERK signaling and increase in reactive oxygen species production. The data suggests that nicotine-induced mitogenic response in AR42J cells closely identifies the response induced by an oxidative biomarker.
Leveraging Channel Diversity for Key Establishment in Wireless Sensor Networks

As the use of sensor networks increases, security in this domain becomes a very real concern. One fundamental aspect of providing confidentiality and authentication is key distribution. While public-key encryption has provided these properties historically, sensors are resource constrained and benefit from symmetric key approaches. In this work, we propose a novel protocol for symmetric key distribution that uses the multiple channels available on sensor hardware. This channel diversity, along with spatial diversity of device locations, allows neighboring sensors to establish secure link keys from plaintext keys that are broadcast by sensors in their neighborhood. In particular, we show that using even one extra channel during the initialization procedure significantly improves the security of key establishment. Via analysis and simulation, we show that our protocol performs well in terms of network connectivity and resilience to colluding malicious devices, when compared to previous work. We show that our protocol can achieve over 90% connectivity among neighboring sensors with link keys that are uncompromised even when 80% of the devices in the network are malicious and collude. Finally, we present a thorough discussion of the comparative advantages and disadvantages of our approach compared to previous techniques.
Work Structures And Shifts: An Empirical Analysis Of Software Specification Teamwork

The study and support of teamwork in upstream software development activities (e.g., specification, design) have been approached from a variety of perspectives. Those which address aspects of the division of labor typically focus on authority or communication structures. In this paper, we examine how teams of engineers develop software specifications, from a perspective emphasizing the division of labor in terms of the work structures themselves. We present a new typology of work structures and report on an empirical investigation of these work structures. We examine the teamwork process followed by each of five comparable teams of specification developers. The teams worked over a ten-day period with state-of-the- art specification resources to deliver functional specification documents meeting prescribed quality standards. Our data and analysis show the recurrence of various kinds of shifts in the teams' work structures. We discuss the resulting patterns of work structures and shifts and their implications. In particular, separative work structures were associated with improved specification teamwork efficiency, whereas integrative work structures were associated with improved specification product quality.
An advanced induction machine model for predicting inverter-machine interaction

The classical qd induction motor model typically used in drive simulations is very inaccurate in predicting machine performance, except perhaps for the fundamental component of the current and average torque near rated operating conditions. Predictions of current and torque ripple are often in error by a factor of two to five. This work sets forth an induction machine model specifically designed for use with inverter models to study machine-inverter interaction. Key features include stator and rotor leakage saturation as a function of magnetizing flux, distributed effects in the rotor circuits, and a highly computationally efficient implementation. The model is considerably more accurate than the traditional qd model, particularly in its ability to predict switching frequency phenomena such as current and torque ripple. The predictions of the proposed model are compared to those of a standard qd induction motor model and to experimental measurements for a 50 hp induction motor drive.
Development of an instrument to measure the acceptance of Internet technology by consumers

This research reviews studies using the technology acceptance model (TAM) in order to create a modified model and instrument to study the acceptance of Internet technology by consumers. In this paper, we examined the relationships between the TAM constructs in some of the research that purports to explain the variance in the acceptance of different information technologies. Based upon the empirical research using the technology assessment model, a modified TAM was developed for the acceptance of Internet-based technologies by consumers. The original constructs (beliefs, attitudes, behavior and use) were retained from the TAM while the literature suggests gender, experience, complexity, and voluntariness to be useful antecedents for predicting perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and behavioral intent to use. Hypotheses were discussed in this study related to the theoretical relationships between constructs and antecedents. A survey instrument was developed using existing scales from prior TAM instruments and modifying them where appropriate. The resultant instrument can be used in future research to test how consumers adopt and accept Internet-based applications.
An analysis of frequency of hands‐on experience and science achievement

A variance analysis of the relation between the amount of time students spent experiencing hands-on science and science achievement was performed. Data collected by the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 on a nationally representative sample of eighth-grade students were analyzed. Student achievement in science was measured by a cognitive test battery developed by the Educational Testing Service. Information regarding the frequency of hands-on experience was collected through a selfadministered teacher questionnaire, which included a series of questions specific to the science curriculum. From the analysis it was concluded that significant differences existed across the hands-on frequency variable with respect to science achievement. Specifically, students who engaged in hands-on activities every day or once a week scored significantly higher on a standardized test of science achievement than students who engaged in hands-on activities once a month, less than once a month, or never. The successful flight of the Soviet Sputnik in 1957 gave renewed impetus to the curriculum reform movement begun toward the end of World War I1 (Klopfer & Champagne, 1990). Critics of the US educational system demanded a shift in the goals of education, particularly in the areas of mathematics and science. In response to this shift, science cumculum development boomed during the next 20 years. Many new programs, referred to as “alphabet” science programs, thrived through financing by federal agencies, such as the National Science Foundation, and private foundations (Kyle, Shymansky, & Alport, 1982). Although these programs differed in their organization and style, each placed a great deal of stress on, and value in, hands-on activities that were oriented towards discovery learning. One of these elementary programs, Science-A Process Approach (SAPA), was designed to emphasize the laboratory method of instruction, and focused on ways of developing basic skills in the processes of science. These processes included observing, classifying, measuring, predicting, and other important skills needed to conduct science investigations. Developed by the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s (AAAS) Commission on Science Education, the Commission believed that science was best taught through inquiry, and that an understanding of the scientific approach to gaining knowledge of the world was a fundamental part of a child’s education (Lee, 1967). In a policy statement pertaining to elementary science, the Commission wrote,
A geometric analysis of Gaussian elimination. II

Abstract In Part I of this work, we began a discussion of the numeric consequences of hyperplane orientation in Gaussian elimination. We continue this discussion by introducing the concept of back-substitution-phase error multipliers . These error multipliers help to explain many of the previously unproven or poorly understood observations concerning Gaussian elimination in a finite-precision environment. A new pivoting strategy designed to control both sweepout phase roundoff error and back-substitution-phase instability is also presented. This new strategy, called rook's pivoting , is only slightly more expensive than partial pivoting yet produces results comparable to those produced by complete pivoting.