cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Costs of Locational and Social Dispersal and Their Consequences for Female Group-Living Primates

Individuals that disperse may leave familiar conspecifics (social dispersal), a familiar home range (locational dispersal), or both. Social and locational dispersal are not necessarily coincident in group-living animals. Here we differentiate among some potential costs of both social and locational dispersal in group-living mammals, including aggression from strangers and unfamiliarity with new habitats. As an example of the utility of distinguishing between social and locational dispersal, we examine patterns of female transfer in Old and New World anthropoid primates. The results suggest that in Old World primates, female transfer is more likely to be frequent in populations without female aggression between groups. In anthropoid primates, female transfer is more likely to be frequent in populations in which home ranges of groups overlap extensively with those of other groups. Female transfer between groups in Old World, but not New World, primates appears to be more common when females suffer few or no costs of social and locational dispersal. We suggest that when there are few, if any, costs of social and locational dispersal (inferred from moderate to extensive home range overlap and the absence of aggression between groups of females), female transfer in Old World anthropoids will be obligate when groups of females cannot be monopolized by a single male and conditional upon the behavior of individual males when groups of females can be monopolized by a single male. When costs of social and locational dispersal exist (inferred from minimal home range overlap and aggression between groups of females), female transfer will be conditional upon competition with other females in their groups.
Toxic shock syndrome contraceptive methods and vaginitis.

To elucidate further the etiology of toxic shock syndrome, we assessed the effects of certain contraceptive methods and recent history of vaginal infection on the incidence of toxic shock syndrome, with confounding effects of other risk factors controlled. We found a strong but imprecise positive association between toxic shock syndrome and tubal ligation (rate ratio = 7.9, 90% confidence interval 1.4 to 42.7). We also observed a negative association with oral contraceptives (rate ratio = 0.49, 90% confidence interval 0.22 to 1.1) and a positive association with a recent history of vaginitis (rate ratio = 2.1, 90% confidence interval 1.2 to 3.9).
Synthesis of an HIV-1 Tat transduction domain-rotavirus enterotoxin fusion protein in transgenic potato

A DNA fragment encoding a 12-amino acid (aa) HIV-1 Tat transduction peptide fused to a 90-aa murine rotavirus NSP4 enterotoxin protein (Tat-NSP490) was transferred to Solanum tuberosum by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The fusion gene was detected in the genomic DNA of transformed plant leaf tissues by PCR DNA amplification. The Tat-NSP490 fusion protein was identified in transformed tuber extracts by immunoblot analysis using anti-NSP490 and anti-Tat as the primary antibodies. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that the Tat-NSP490 fusion protein made up to 0.0015% of the total soluble tuber protein. The synthesis of Tat-NSP490 fusion protein in transformed potato tuber tissues demonstrates the feasibility of plant cell delivery of the HIV-1 Tat transduction domain as a carrier for non-specific targeting of fused antigens to the mucosal immune system.
Studies on the distribution of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in rat.

Abstract O 6 -Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, a DNA repair enzyme which transfers the methyl group of O 6 -methylguanine residue to a cysteinyl residue in the methyltransferase itself, was examined in rat organs by quantifying the S -methylcysteine formed in the methyl acceptor protein. Among the various organs examined, the spleen exhibited the highest enzyme specific activity followed by the thymus, liver, lung and testis. Brain had the lowest activity. The patterns of subcellular distribution of the methyltransferase in spleen and liver were different: while 75–80% of the activity was present in the nuclear fraction of the spleen, 54% of the activity in the liver was found in the nuclei and 35% in the cytosolic fraction. Forty-five and thirty-five percent of the total nuclear enzyme activity could be extracted with 1 M and 2 M NaCl solutions, respectively, indicating that the repair enzyme is not tightly bound to the nuclear matrix. When isolated nuclei were incubated with [ methyl - 3 H]DNA substrate and subsequently fractionated into histone and non-histone protein fractions, over 90% of the radioactivity was coeluted on a Bio-Rex 70 column with the non-histone fraction and only a negligible amount of radioactivity was found to be associated with the histone fraction. The molecular mass of the [ methyl - 3 H]methyltransferase in the non-histone fraction was determined to be 23,000, and its pI value was found to be 6.6 by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Mechanical bridge to decision: what are the options for the management of acute refractory cardiogenic shock?

While great strides have been made in the management of heart failure syndromes, acute refractory cardiogenic shock carries a dismal prognosis. Initial treatment with inotropes and balloon counterpulsation can restore hemodynamics, but many patients deteriorate and succumb to multisystem organ failure if timely mechanical circulatory support is not established. Institution of support is intended as a life-saving measure where the final treatment strategy remains uncertain. This scenario is referred to as “bridge to decision.” Notably, most of these patients present to community hospitals, where advanced mechanical support technologies are scarce or nonexistent. Delays in referral to a tertiary center contribute to the bleak outcomes. Herein, we review the initial management of acute heart failure and refractory cardiogenic shock, profile the typical patient, delineate current options for mechanical support in patients with acute refractory cardiogenic shock, and propose suggestions for the establishment of a seamless transfer process of these ill patients to tertiary centers.
A feasible solution to provide cloud computing over optical networks

Cloud computing provides a whole new way to store, access, and exchange information, and introduces new service patterns and business opportunities for network providers and enterprises. Due to the expensive intercommunication among data centers, the difficulty of managing diverse backups, and the cost of operating several data centers, cloud resources are mostly limited to centralized architectures. However, achieving low latency and guaranteeing end-to-end performance are two main challenges in today's cloud computing. Meanwhile, PON-based broadband access networks have been widely considered as one of the most promising solutions for the future telecom access platform that supports residential, enterprise, and mobile backhaul services. The latest research has achieved terabit symmetric capacity that can support up to 800 ONUs at gigabit rates. Therefore, deploying cloud services based on PON access networks provides flexibility in moving services closer to customers so as to ensure low latency and guarantee quality of experience for customers. In this article, we propose, by incorporating PON OLT and ONU physical resources, an infrastructure as a service architecture that enables the delivery of cloud services to end users over PON access networks.
Differentiating attributes of children referred to a school mental health program.

A group of 275 first-to fourth-graders referred to a school mental health project were compared to a demographically matched sample of 509 nonreferred classmates on the frequency of occurrence of 39 background descriptive variables reflecting four clusters: (a) physical and health characteristics, (b) recent critical life-events, (c) concurrent school activities and special services, and (d) current family status. Referred children had more serious problems of coordination and health and were judged to be less attractive physically. They experienced many more recent critical lifeevents, were involved in more problem-related special services and fewer extracurricular activities, and evidenced more signs of familial disruption.
Structural characterization of the fission yeast U5.U2/U6 spliceosome complex

The spliceosome is a dynamic macromolecular machine that catalyzes the excision of introns from pre-mRNA. The megadalton-sized spliceosome is composed of four small nuclear RNPs and additional pre-mRNA splicing factors. The formation of an active spliceosome involves a series of regulated steps that requires the assembly and disassembly of large multiprotein/RNA complexes. The dynamic nature of the pre-mRNA splicing reaction has hampered progress in analyzing the structure of spliceosomal complexes. We have used cryo-electron microscopy to produce a 29-Å density map of a stable 37S spliceosomal complex from the genetically tractable fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Containing the U2, U5, and U6 snRNAs, pre-mRNA splicing intermediates, U2 and U5 snRNP proteins, the Nineteen Complex (NTC), and second-step splicing factors, this complex closely resembles in vitro purified mammalian C complex. The density map reveals an asymmetric particle, ≈30 × 20 × 18 nm in size, which is composed of distinct domains that contact each other at the center of the complex.
Mechanics of syneresis I. Theory

Abstract Syneresis is spontaneous contraction of a gel, accompanied by expulsion of liquid from the pores. This occurs even if evaporation is prevented and the gel is immersed in liquid. In this paper, the rate of contraction is shown to be dependent on the size of the gel, because the small pores resist flow of liquid out of the gel. An analysis is presented that allows prediction of the influence of size on contraction rate for plates and cylinders of gel. An initial period of slow contraction, which is reported by some experimenters, is shown to be consistent with the gradual rise in pressure in the pore liquid as it is compressed by the viscoelastic gel network. Experimental results on syneresis in silica gels, presented in a companion paper, support the theory.
Teaching Modern Technique through Experiential Anatomy

Abstract Incorporation of an experiential anatomy component into the modern technique class educates students about the body in a way that permanently and positively impacts how they move. It is our responsibility as dance educators, whether at the elementary, secondary, or college level, to teach students how to care for their bodies and make informed choices about how to move with efficiency. By exploring a different body part each week, students gain a deep understanding of their individual differences and how their body works best. Their dynamic range expands and they learn to self-correct. This methodology also provides teachers with new avenues for expanding their own movement vocabulary. Teachers and students who have never taught or taken anatomy will appreciate the non-threatening approach to the subject. For those who have studied anatomy or kinesiology, this approach offers tools to teach and experiment with the information in a new way. This article outlines how teachers can integrate this met...
Comparative Pathogenesis of Three Human and Zoonotic SARS-CoV Strains in Cynomolgus Macaques

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic was characterized by increased pathogenicity in the elderly due to an early exacerbated innate host response. SARS-CoV is a zoonotic pathogen that entered the human population through an intermediate host like the palm civet. To prevent future introductions of zoonotic SARS-CoV strains and subsequent transmission into the human population, heterologous disease models are needed to test the efficacy of vaccines and therapeutics against both late human and zoonotic isolates. Here we show that both human and zoonotic SARS-CoV strains can infect cynomolgus macaques and resulted in radiological as well as histopathological changes similar to those seen in mild human cases. Viral replication was higher in animals infected with a late human phase isolate compared to a zoonotic isolate. While there were significant differences in the number of host genes differentially regulated during the host responses between the three SARS-CoV strains, the top pathways and functions were similar and only apparent early during infection with the majority of genes associated with interferon signaling pathways. This study characterizes critical disease models in the evaluation and licensure of therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV for human use.
The neurologic assessment and treatment of the “difficult to extubate” patient

Neurologists play an important role in the care and management of the ventilated patient. Although patient management in the ICU traditionally has been considered the area of expertise of the pulmonologist or anesthesiologist, neurologic and neuromuscular disorders are at the core of many patient issues requiring mechanical ventilation. Likewise, neurologic and neuromuscular issues often are at the heart of problems that prevent patients from successfully being weaned from the ventilator. This article addresses the patient who is difficult to extubate, with emphasis on the postoperative period. There are many similarities (not related to surgery) between the assessment and treatment of the patient who is difficult to extubate in the postoperative setting and in an ICU setting. Many issues are applicable to all patients who are difficult to wean from a ventilator. If a patient has a pre-existing neurologic disease and requires mechanical ventilation during surgery, the neurologist can be a valuable team member, helping to anticipate and resolve extubation issues. This article is not comprehensive and should be used as a supplement to more detailed training and reading in the areas of anesthesia and critical care medicine. This article focuses specifically on the neurologic assessment and treatment of the patient who is difficult to extubate.
Clinical assessment and management of cytopenias in lupus patients.

Anemia, leukopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia can occur as a result of non-immune- and immune-mediated mechanisms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Although the differential diagnosis of these cytopenias is broad and warrants a thorough evaluation, lupus disease activity and medications are common etiologic factors. Corticosteroids are the mainstay of initial treatment for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and severe thrombocytopenia; immunosuppressive agents such as mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine are often added for their steroid-sparing effects. Rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin can be considered for refractory cytopenias based on a large body of anecdotal evidence and case series. Newer biologic agents such as belimumab or epratuzumab have yet to be studied specifically in systemic lupus erythematosus–mediated hematologic disorders.
Generalized Sheffer sequences satisfying piecewise functional conditions

Abstract The well-known relationship between linear functionals and Sheffer sequences is extended to the case of piecewise functional conditions, where one functional determines the beginning, and a second functional shapes the remainder of a the sequence. The concept of Sheffer sequences is generalized from the Roman-Rota approach.
A number of variables, including age, education, smoking habits, and body mass index, are associated with the frequency of amalgam restorations in a Norwegian pregnant population.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Exposure to dental amalgam restorations in pregnant women. Lygre GB, Bjorkman L, Haug K, Skjaerven R, Helland V. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010;38:460-9. Reviewer Hoda M. Abdellatif, BDS, MPH, Dr PH Purpose/Question What factors are potentially associated with the frequency of amalgam fillings among pregnant women? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Cyanoacetamide MCR (III): Three-Component Gewald Reactions Revisited

Cyanoacetic acid derivatives are the starting materials for a plethora of multicomponent reaction (MCR) scaffolds. Here we describe valuable general protocols for the synthesis of arrays of 2-aminothiophene-3-carboxamides from cyanoacetamides, aldehydes or ketones, and sulfur via a Gewald-3CR variation. In many cases the reactions involve a very convenient work up by simple precipitation in water and filtration. More than 40 new products are described. We foresee our protocol and the resulting derivatives to become very valuable to greatly expanding the MCR scaffold space of cyanoacetamide derivatives.
Trans-glial channels in ventral nerve roots of crayfish.

The sheath around the roots of the sixth abdominal ganglion in the yentral nerve cord of the crayfish consists of concentric layers of thin glial processes alternating with wide clefts containing filamentous connective tissue. Regions of each glial lamella are perforated by single, short, tubular channels: the trans-glial channels. In thin plastic sections examined in the electron microscope, the channels appear as slits that are 240 A wide and 450–550 A long which traverse glial lamellae less than 1,500 A thick. Branched tubular channels cross glial sheets that are thicker than 1,500 A. The thickest glial wrap is adaxonal; it closely encapsulates individual axons and its cell membrane is separated from the axolemma by a collagen-free space of only 150 A. The adaxonal glial cytoplasm contains unique, three-dimensional networks of interconnected tubules. Separate tubular lattices occur along these thicker processes. In replicas of freeze-fractured sheaths, the outer half of the plasma membrane belonging to the thin glial sheets exhibits many volcano-like protrusions which represent cross fractures through the necks of trans-glial channels. Corresponding depressions on the inner half of these membranes are sites where the plasma membrane invaginates to form the channels. Although some channels are randomly dispersed, others are lineraly positioned in restricted areas across successive glial layers. The number of channels is far more readily appreciated in replicas than in thin sections. The average frequency of channels is 16 per μ2 (range 8 to 33) in normal roots and does not differ significantly from the average of 13 per μ2 in proximal stumps of roots fixed three to four weeks after the roots were cut. The channels are not precisely aligned from one glial layer to the next but do appear to coincide approximately with the adaxonal tubular lattice. The combination of trans-glial channels and adaxonal tubular lattices may provide a complex conduit that could facilitate a rapid, passive flow of electrolytes and nutrients across the nerve sheath to the axonal surface. Horseradish peroxidase solutions bathing the ventral roots enter the trans-glial channels, extracellular clefts and finally the tubular lattices. This distribution supports the proposed role of the channels in a rapid extracellular passage of solutes. The channel profiles have a range of forms consistent with the supposition that they are not static but continually reforming. There are indications that, proximal to the cut, the areas of glial plasma membrane with channel profiles contain more junctional complexes between regenerating cells than between glial cells of normal sheaths. The channel profiles and aggregates of particles belonging to junctions are closely associated when they occupy the same region of the membrane.
Preservation and Determination of Trace Metal Partitioning in River Water by a Two-Column Ion Exchange Method

A one-step preconcentration method using two columns in series was used to partition trace metals in natural waters into several operationally defined fractions. The water passed through a Chelex-100 cation exchange column to collect dissolved labile trace metals and then through an AG MP-1 macroporous resin column to collect trace metals complexed with natural organic matter. A third fraction (inert) was obtained from the difference between total dissolved trace metal concentrations, determined after UV irradiation of a separate aliquot, and the sum of the fractions retained on the two columns. This analytical scheme was successfully applied to the determination of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in river waters collected from across the state of Texas. Trace metal partitioning between fractions was found to be stable for at least 8 days after the addition of ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.5). In most samples collected from relatively pristine sections of Texas rivers, the sum of fractions retai...
3-(4-Cyanophenyl)pentane-2,4-dione and its copper(II) complex

The beta-diketone 3-(4-cyanophenyl)pentane-2,4-dione crystallizes as the enol tautomer 4-(2-hydroxy-4-oxopent-2-en-3-yl)benzonitrile, C(12)H(11)NO(2), (I), with an intramolecular O-H.O hydrogen bond [O.O = 2.456 (2) A]. Reaction of (I) with copper acetate monohydrate in the presence of triethylamine leads to the formation of the copper(II) complex bis[3-(4-cyanophenyl)pentane-2,4-dionato-kappa(2)O,O]copper(II), [Cu(C(12)H(10)NO(2))(2)], (II). In the structure of (II), the Cu atom is coordinated by four beta-diketonate O atoms in a slightly distorted square-planar geometry, with Cu-O distances in the range 1.8946 (11)-1.9092 (11) A. The nitrile moieties in (II) make it a candidate for reaction with other metal ions to produce supramolecular structures.
Quantitative analysis of iron oxides using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry

Abstract In this study, a systematic approach based on the application of Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) was taken, in order to quantitatively analyze the corrosion products formed in the secondary cycle of pressurized water reactors (PWR). Binary mixtures of iron oxides were prepared with known compositions containing pure commercial magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), maghemite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ), and hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) for calibration purposes. Calcium oxide (lime) was added to all samples as a standard reference in obtaining the calibration curves. Using regression analysis, relationships were developed for intensity versus concentration for absorption bands corresponding to each of the phases in their corresponding FTIR spectrum. Correlation coefficients, R 2 , of 0.82, 0.87, and 0.86 were obtained for maghemite–magnetite, hematite–magnetite, and hematite–maghemite systems, respectively. The calibration curves generated were used to quantify phases in multi-component unknown field samples that were obtained from different components (moisture separators, condensers, and high- and low- pressure heaters) of the two units (units 1 and 2) of the secondary cycle of the Comanche Peak PWR.
Shaming, Blaming, and Maiming: Functional Links Among the Moral Emotions, Externalization of Blame, and Aggression

Theory suggests that shame should be positively related to aggression while guilt may serve as a protective factor. Little research has examined mediators between the moral emotions and aggression. Results using path analyses in four diverse samples were consistent with a model of no direct relationship between shame-proneness and aggression. There was, however, a significant indirect relationship through externalization of blame, but mostly when aggression was measured using self-report. Guilt-proneness, on the other hand, showed a direct negative relationship to aggression whether using self-report or other reports of aggression. Guilt was also inversely related to aggression indirectly through externalization of blame and empathy. Identifying these differing mechanisms may be useful in developing more effective interventions for aggressive individuals.
Measurement of the lifetime of the 1.01 MeV level of 27Al

Abstract The mean lifetime for the 1.01 MeV level in 27A1 has been measured to be 2.13±0.19 ps. This value agrees with two previous measurements but disagrees by a factor of four from the most recently published lifetime.
SEBORRHOEIC DERMATITIS OF THE BEARD

Summary.— Seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face is common in those males who grow moustaches or beards. Although the pathophysiology of the process remains hypothetical, the prevention and therapy are clear cut. They involve the use of shampoos containing tar, salicylic acid and sulphur and, in extensive cases, the use of topical corticosteroids. There is no indication for radical surgical procedures such as shaving.
The effects of the current World Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathologists bladder neoplasm classification system on urine cytology results.

BACKGROUND Historically, the diagnostic accuracy of urine cytology for the detection of urothelial carcinoma has been low, particularly for low-grade lesions. In 1998, the World Health Organization and International Society of Urologic Pathologists (WHO/ISUP) established a new classification system for urothelial neoplasms. It has been postulated that the accuracy of urine cytology for the detection of low-grade carcinomas should improve, because the current WHO/ISUP system classifies bladder lesions that lack any significant cytologic atypia as papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (PUNLMP). Also, the accuracy of urinary cytology for the detection of high-grade lesions is expected to decrease, because the criteria for high-grade lesions is lowered, placing most of the previous WHO Grade 2 tumors into the current high-grade carcinoma category. METHODS One hundred bladder biopsies that were classified according to the previous WHO classification system were examined by one pathologist and were reclassified according to the new WHO/ISUP scheme. All biopsies had corresponding urine specimens that had been diagnosed previously by a different cytopathologists. The patients' previous WHO and current WHO/ISUP surgical diagnoses were compared with the corresponding urine cytology. In addition, cytospins obtained from 40 patients with a histologic diagnosis of low-grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 20 patients) and high-grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 20 patients) according to the WHO/ISUP classification system were reviewed to identify any outstanding cytologic features. RESULTS According to the original WHO classification system, there were 26 patients with Grade 1 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), 61 patients with Grade 2 TCC, and 13 patients with Grade 3 TCC. The corresponding cytology was positive in 11 of 26 Grade 1 tumors, 28 of 61 Grade 2 tumors, and 12 of 13 Grade 3 tumors. After the reclassification, there was 1 papilloma, 12 PUNLMP lesions, 50 low-grade urothelial carcinomas, and 37 high-grade carcinomas. The cytology was positive in 0 of 1 papillomas, 5 of 7 PUNLMP lesions, 18 of 50 low-grade carcinomas, and 28 of 37 high-grade carcinomas. In addition, morphologic uniformity and cytoplasmic homogeneity (50.0% and 45.0%, respectively) were seen more commonly in low-grade bladder tumors. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic accuracy of urine cytology for high-grade lesions decreased, as expected; however, cytologic detection of low-grade urothelial carcinomas was remarkably lower than expected. In addition, no outstanding cytologic features could be identified to make a definitive diagnosis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2002. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Impact of channel allocation policies on quality of service of video on demand over CATV

CATV networks are often considered as a potential support for bringing multimedia applications to the home. One of the key problem induced is the sharing of a limited number of channels by the neighborhood population. This paper presents a capacity analysis of a CATV tree in a multimedia-on-demand environment for different channel allocation policies. A simulation model based on the user behavior is described. The effects and sensitivity to request queueing time are also shown. Results are compared to a zero waiting-time system on several key issues as the blocking probability and the total number of users supported by a single distribution tree.
Chemical Mutagens: Dosimetry, Haber's Rule and Linear Systems.

Abstract We present an overall scheme for chemical mutagen risk assessment, which leads naturally to consideration of Haber's rule, a classical concept of toxicology. A rationale is given for considering compartmental models based on mammalian anatomy and physiology as the most reasonable and practical conceptual framework for risk assessment. Haber's rule is extended to the area of chemical dosimetry, defined in terms of our compartmental models. Then it is proved that Haber's rule holds for any system of linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients which is physically realizable. Finally, we comment on non-linearities and on the Blum-Druckey model for time-to-occurrence of tumors.
The matrices of unequilibrated ordinary chondrites: Implications for the origin and history of chondrites

The matrices of 16 unequilibrated chondrites were examined by optical microscopy, an electron microprobe, and a scanning electron microscope. The fine-grained, opaque, silicate matrix of type 3 unequilibrated chondrites was compositionally, mineralogically, and texturally different from the chondrules and their fragments; it may be the low temperature condensate proposed by Larimer and Anders (1967, 1970). Each meteorite has been metamorphosed by a combination of processes including thermal metamorphism and the passage of shock waves; the appearance of each chondrite results from the temperature and pressure conditions which formed it, and subsequent metamorphic alterations.
Diagnostic radiology resident compliance with recommended health guidelines: effect of resident work environment.

Rationale and Objectives To determine diagnostic radiology resident compliance with recommended health guidelines for physical activity, body weight, diet, related health indicators, and the effects of the resident work environment on compliance. Materials and Methods A request was electronically mailed to members of the Association of Program Directors in Radiology and the Association of Program Coordinators in Radiology in May 2007 and again in June 2007, asking members to forward to their radiology residents an invitation to complete an online health survey. Frequency counts and Fisher's exact test, respectively, were used to summarize results and to determine statistically significant relationships between survey variables. Results A total of 811 radiology residents completed the survey, representing 18% of 4,412 diagnostic radiology residents. Five hundred forty-five (67.2%) of 811 were male and 264 (32.6%) female. Two hundred ten (25.9%) were first-year, 239 (29.5%) second-year, 201 (24.8%) third-year, and 161 (19.9%) fourth-year residents. Three hundred two (37.2%) engaged in recommended guidelines for physical activity and ≤465 (57.3%) complied with each of multiple federal dietary guidelines (excluding alcohol intake). Up to 329 (40.6%) residents did not know whether they were in compliance with various dietary guidelines. A total of 426 (52.5%) residents reported working ≥60 hours/week, which significantly correlated with less physical activity ( P = .013). Conclusion A substantial number of residents are out of compliance with federal guidelines for physical activity and diet and are not knowledgeable about their personal dietary intake. Long work hours are related to a lack of physical activity. Radiology programs may be able to influence resident health practices by modifying work hours and the working environment, encouraging healthy dietary intake and physical activity, and instituting campaigns to inform residents and faculty about health guidelines and available wellness programs.
How can a β‐sheet peptide be both a potent antimicrobial and harmfully toxic? Molecular dynamics simulations of protegrin‐1 in micelles

In this work, the naturally occurring β-hairpin antimicrobial peptide protegrin-1 (PG-1) is studied by molecular dynamics simulation in all-atom sodium dodecylsulfate and dodecylphosphocholine micelles. These simulations provide a high-resolution picture of the interactions between the peptide and simple models of bacterial and mammalian membranes. Both micelles show significant disruption, as is expected for a peptide that is both active against bacteria and toxic to host cells. There is, however, clear differentiation between the behavior in SDS versus DPC, which suggests different mechanisms of interaction for PG-1 with mammalian and bacterial membranes. Specifically, the equilibrium orientation of the peptide relative to SDS is a mirror image of its position relative to DPC. In both systems, the arginine residues of PG-I strongly interact with the head groups of the micelles. In DPC, the peptide prefers a oration closer to the core of the micelle with Phe 12 , Val 14 , and Val 16 imbedded in the core and the other side of the hairpin, which includes Leu 5 and Tyr 7 , located closer to the surface of the micelle. In SDS, the peptide prefers a location at the micelle-water interface. The peptide position is reversed, with Leu 5 and Cys 6 imbedded furthest in the micelle core and Phe 12 , Val 14 , and Val 16 on the surface of the micelle. We discuss the implications of these results with respect to activity and toxicity.
Decreases in macrophage mediated antitumor activity with aging

We have demonstrated that immunotherapy of young (6-10 weeks old), and aged, (greater than 24 months old), tumor bearing mice with biological response modifiers enhanced survival and inhibited tumor growth, while treatment of aged mice had little or no effect. We hypothesized that the antitumor activity in young mice was principally mediated by activated macrophages (M phi) and predicted that the change in aged mice was caused by an intrinsic M phi defect which develops with advancing age. To directly test our hypothesis, we examined the antitumor activity of resident peritoneal M phi, purified and activated in vitro with IFN gamma plus LPS. Paralleling the results seen in vivo, M phi from aged mice exhibited reduced antitumor activity in comparison with M phi from younger mice. Moreover, there was reduced capacity of in vitro activated M phi from aged mice to produce TNF, IL-1 and nitric oxide, which are critical monokines and effector molecules that have been established to either directly inhibit tumor growth or cause tumor cell destruction. These studies establish that peritoneal M phi from aged mice have an intrinsic defect which prevents them from fully expressing their antitumor potential.
Neuropathological distinction between Parkinson's dementia and Parkinson's plus Alzheimer's disease

The distinctive clinical features of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PDD) and Parkinson's plus Alzheimer's disease (PD + AD) suggest different patterns of cerebral atrophy in these conditions. To determine the pathoanatomical substrates of dementia in PDD and PD + AD, morphometric analysis of 5 standardized coronal slices was used to identify volumetric changes in cerebral tissue. In PDD (n = 4) there were 9 to 23% reductions in cross-sectional area of cerebral cortex, a 38% loss of tissue in the globus pallidus + putamen, and an 18% reduction in area of the amygdala, whereas in PD + AD (n = 6) there was severe global atrophy of the cerebral cortex (27-29% reductions), moderate atrophy of white matter (10-19% reductions), and 40% reductions in areas of globus pallidus + putamen and the amygdala relative to neuropathologically intact controls (n = 14). Immunostaining with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein disclosed significant gliosis of all four major subdivisions of neocortex in PD + AD and gray matter of the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus in both PDD and PD + AD relative to controls. The findings suggest that dementia in PDD is mainly subcortical in origin and due to neuronal degeneration in basal ganglia, the amygdala, and thalamus. In PD + AD the same pattern and degree of subcortical degeneration is evident, but there are clearly superimposed lesions involving cortical neurons and long projection fibers coursing through cerebral white matter that most likely account for the distinctive manifestations of dementia in this condition compared with PDD.
Laboratory Controlled Studies on the Uptake and Bioaccumulation of Vanadium by Crawfish (Procambarus clarkii)

The uptake and bioaccumulation of vanadium by crawfish (Procambarus clarkii), in particular the exoskeleton, muscle tissue, and gills was investigated and found to be in elevated concentration levels when vanadium was in an aqueous phase but could not be determined (below detection limit) when the vanadium was in a vanadium containing Venezuelan crude oil phase.
Viruslike particles in the fat body, oenocytes, and central nervous tissue of Drosophila melanogaster imagoes.

Viruslike particles in fat body cells and oenocytes of Drosophila melanogasters imagoes, in glial cells of cephalic ganglionic center of flies and in gamma radiated cells
Combustion synthesis of Ni, Fe and Cu multi-component catalysts for hydrogen production from ethanol reforming

Abstract Solution combustion synthesis was used to prepare multi-component catalysts containing Ni, Fe, and Cu using a controlled volume combustion method. A series of catalysts containing the selected metals in different molar ratios were analyzed for their activity and hydrogen selectivity for ethanol decomposition and ethanol partial oxidative reforming reactions. The most active and selective catalyst was found to be Ni 1 Fe 0.5 Cu 1 yielding ∼80% conversion and ∼42% hydrogen selectivity at the relatively low temperature of ∼415 °C for the ethanol decomposition reaction. Decreasing the oxygen concentration in the feed increased the H 2 selectivity at lower temperature. In the absence of oxygen, i.e. during ethanol decomposition, hydrogen production starts at 120 °C and gives a selectivity of ∼40% at about 380 °C. Studies with monometallic catalysts show that Ni at lower temperature was the most active and selective for hydrogen and methane, Cu was selective for acetaldehyde and Fe was selective for CO 2 and ethane. Hydrogen selectivity was found to be highest for Fe at high temperature.
A new theoretical isotherm equation for water vapor-food systems: Multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces

Abstract A new analytical isotherm equation that can be applicable to water vapor-food systems was developed. The model describes the multilayer adsorption on energetically heterogeneous surfaces by assuming that the local isotherm for a specific site is given by the GAB isotherm, and the distribution of energetically different sites is represented by a generalized exponential function. The new isotherm was tested, using published experimental data. Results showed that the model provides an accurate and simple description of the adsorption characteristics for heterogeneous adsorbents.
RECENT MECHANISTIC AND EXPLORATORY ORGANIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY

Our photochemical research has taken two directions. One of these has been a search for new photochemical reactions and phenomena. The other has been the utilization of new methods of studying organic photochemistry. However, these really have a common aim, namely a better understanding of factors controlling excited state transformations and the development of photochemical theory.
24 Versus 48-hour bravo pH monitoring

Background:Historical ambulatory pH monitoring systems for the evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux disease have been catheter based and uncomfortable for patients, commonly limiting both their diet and activities. Catheter-based studies have also been reported to underestimate the amount of reflux
Ion-scattering structure studies of UO2 surfaces

Abstract Planar (111) and stepped (553) surfaces of single crystalline UO 2 have been studied by low-energy He + ion scattering spectroscopy, (ISS). Angular dependent ISS and comparison data from oxide-coated, polycrystalline U indicate that the outermost layer of UO 2 (111) is oxygen occupying, to a first approximation, the lattice position expected from a simple termination of bulk structure. A similar study of UO 2 (553) indicates that ledge U is covered with excess oxygen.
IL-2 and antigen dose differentially regulate perforin- and FasL-mediated cytolytic activity in antigen specific CD4+ T cells.

CD4 T cell effectors can promote survival against lethal influenza virus via perforin mediated cytolytic mechanisms; however, our understanding of how naive CD4 cells differentiate into class II restricted killers remains obscure. To address this, TCR Tg CD4 cells were activated in vitro and examined for their ability to lyse target cells. We found that cytokine polarized CD4 T cell effectors displayed cytolytic activity with the hierarchy Th0>Th1>Th2. Further, IL-4 inhibited the generation of cytotoxic CD4 cells. LPS stimulated B cells and bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) both induced potent cytolytic activity; however, IL-6, TGF-beta, IL-10, IL-12 or TNF-alpha were not required for inducing cytolytic activity in CD4 effectors. Antigen dose had a marked effect on cytotoxicity: low concentrations of peptide induced more potent cytolytic activity than relatively high concentrations. At low peptide concentration, exogenous IL-2 was necessary to drive granzyme B (GrB) expression and perforin mediated lysis. Thus, low antigen dose and early activation signals via IL-2 direct the CD4 T cell response toward effectors with perforin mediated cytolytic potential. These data have implications for the design of vaccines that may induce cytolytic CD4 cells in vivo and improve cell-mediated immunity to viral and bacterial infections.
A boundary integral equation domain decomposition method for electromagnetic scattering from large and deep cavities

Electromagnetic scattering analysis of large and deep cavities embedded in an arbitrarily shaped host body is of high interest to the engineering community. The objective of this work is to investigate an effective boundary integral equation domain decomposition method for solving the cavity scattering problems. The key features of the proposed work include: (i) the introduction of individual electric and magnetic traces as unknowns for each sub-region, (ii) the development of a multi-trace combined field integral equation formulation for decomposed boundary value problem, and (iii) the derivation of optimized multiplicative Schwarz preconditioning using complete second order transmission condition. The proposed method can be viewed as an effective preconditioning scheme for the integral equation based solution of the cavity scattering problems. The strength and flexibility of the proposed method will be illustrated by means of several representative numerical examples.
Evaluation of a new ultrasound contrast agent (AI-700) using two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging during acute ischemia

Abstract Background: A new intravenous contrast agent, AI-700, was evaluated to determine whether a bolus injection could be used to detect myocardial perfusion abnormalities during acute ischemia by using 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) myocardial contrast echocardiography. Methods: 2D MCE was performed in 14 closed-chest dogs during coronary occlusion by using both continuous and triggered gray scale harmonic imaging and triggered power Doppler imaging. 3D MCE (open-chest) and nuclear perfusion imaging were performed in 10 of the 14 dogs. Postmortem triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was performed to verify infarction. Results: Thirteen of the 14 dogs had infarct by TTC; all 10 that had nuclear imaging showed a perfusion defect. Of the 13 dogs that had infarction, perfusion defects were detected in all (13 of 13) by gray scale harmonic imaging (sensitivity = 100%), and in 11 of 13 by power Doppler imaging (sensitivity = 85%). All 10 dogs that had nuclear imaging showed perfusion defects by gray scale harmonic imaging (sensitivity = 100%) and 8 of 10 by power Doppler imaging (sensitivity = 80%). The perfusion defect size, derived from 3D imaging (25% ± 12%) correlated well with that from nuclear imaging (24% ± 12%) (y = 0.9x + 3.8, r = 0.96, mean difference=1.3% ± 2.6%). The perfusion defect mass by 3D (22 ± 14 g) also correlated well with the infarct mass by TTC staining (24 ± 16 g) (y = 0.8x + 2.9, r = 0.89, P Conclusion: After a single bolus of AI-700, both 2D and 3D MCE could accurately detect perfusion defects representing the area at risk of infarction during acute ischemia compared with nuclear imaging and predicted the size of infarction as verified by TTC staining. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:686-94.)
An Environment Friendly God: Response to Nancy Hudson’s “Divine Immanence”

This paper is a response to Professor Nancy Hudson’s paper “Divine Immanence: Nicholas of Cusa’s Understanding of Theophany and the Retrieval of a ‘New’ Model of God,” (Nancy Hudson, “Divine Immanence: Nicholas of Cusa’s Understanding of Theophany and the Retrieval of a ‘New’ Model of God,” Journal of Theological Studies 56.2 (October 2005): 450–470). The global ecological crisis has spawned intensive reflection about living in right relationship with the earth. Western Christian thought has received special scrutiny since modern alienation from nature has been traced to Christian theology. Undiscovered within the mystical theology of Nicholas of Cusa lies an ecologically promising vision of nature. The concept of divine immanence presented by this medieval thinker provides a rich spirituality that is inclusive, rather than exclusive, of the natural world. It is also far more intimate than contemporary stewardship theology. Cusanus interprets theophany as divine self-expression. A series of striking metaphors, including God’s enfolding and unfolding, God as ‘Not-other’, and Christ as the contracted maximum, reveals a holistic spirituality. Nicholas of Cusa’s concept of divine immanence infuses the world with immeasurable value and gives rise to a Christian theology that can address the current ecological crisis. This paper was delivered during the APA Pacific 2007 Mini-Conference on Models of God in response to a presentation of Nancy Hudson’s “Divine Immanence.”
Ionic Strength Effects on Sulfate and Phosphate Adsorption on γ‐Alumina and Kaolinite: Triple‐Layer Model

It is known that PO 4 is retained by soils through ligand exchange, i.e., inner sphere complexation, but the mechanism for SO 4 adsorption at the mineral-water interface has been in debate. By studying the effects of ionic strength on ion adsorption, it is possible to distinguish between inner and outer sphere ion surface complexes. This study was conducted to evaluate ionic strength effects on S04 and PO 4 adsorption on γ-Al 2 O 3 and kaolinite at varying solution pH (3-11), and to infer SO 4 and PO 4 adsorption mechanisms at the mineral-water interface. The adsorption of SO 4 on γ-Al 2 O 3 and kaolinite decreased monotonically with increasing solution pH and was markedly reduced by increasing the concentration of background electrolyte. On the other hand, PO 4 adsorption on γ-Al 2 O 3 and kaolinite increased from pH 3 to 4 and decreased from pH 6 to 11, with an adsorption plateau between pH 4 and 6. Effects of change in ionic strength on PO 4 adsorption varied with pH. At low pH, PO 4 adsorption demonstrated a slight decrease with increasing ionic strength, whereas at high pH, P04 adsorption increased slightly with increasing ionic strength, resulting in a crossover point where there was no ionic strength effect. The triple-layer model (TLM) was applied to model the adsorption of SO 4 and PO 4 with both inner and outer sphere complexes using the FITEQL 3.1 computer program. Sulfate adsorption was better modeled by assuming outer sphere complex formation, while P04 adsorption was better modeled by assuming inner sphere complex formation.