cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Girls Smoke: A Proposed Community-Based Prevention Program

Objectives To review the literature on reasons teenage girls start smoking and to identify the role and opportunities for nurses to have an impact on this public health problem. In addition, a proposed smoking prevention program targeted to teenage girls is presented. Data Sources Information was gathered from professional journals and texts and from MEDLINE and PROQUEST. Keywords used in the searches were smoking prevention, tobacco use, smoking and adolescents, teenage girls and smoking, health education and smoking , and smoking prevention programs. Data Synthesis and Conclusions Smoking initiation in teenage girls is a problem with ramifications for individual health as well as for public health. Although the literature demonstrates the rising incidence of smoking in teenage girls and evidence suggests the reasons girls start smoking differ from those of their male counterparts, a dearth of information on smoking prevention programs exists for this population. It is reasonable to assume that the best practices for adolescent smoking prevention can be applied to programs specifically for girls, along with efforts to address social influences, self-image, and self-esteem, which may be particularly important to teenage girls. The theory of reasoned action provides a framework for prevention strategies that target the behavioral beliefs and attitudes that influence teenage girls to smoke. Nurses can educate themselves about contributing factors that lead teenage girls to start smoking. Implementing this knowledge into nursing practice in a variety of settings could help meet the Healthy People 2010 goals of reducing teenage smoking to 16%.
Correlation among Channeling, Morphological, and Microstructural Properties in Epitaxial CeO2 Films

A critical thickness of ∼64 nm is observed in epitaxial CeO 2 films grown at 750°C on yttrium-stabilized zirconia substrates where optimum ion channeling can be correlated with overall strain relaxation and low surface roughness. Saturation in backscattering yield, enhanced surface roughness, and strain relaxation is clearly evident in thicker films beyond this critical thickness. Despite excellent smoothness with epitaxial growth, films grown at 650°C did not show low backscattering due to high misfit-dislocation density. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of the need for an optimum thickness to develop multilayers with smooth interfaces, low backscattering with overall relaxation.
The Fate of Joel in the Redaction of the Twelve

In the twenty years since James Nogalski introduced the topic (1993a, 1993b) the book of Joel has received renewed redactional analysis, within the context of the discussion of the redaction of the Book of the Twelve. This article provides both a survey of how numerous monographs on the Twelve have portrayed Joel’s place within the collection, as well as a critique of the application of redaction criticism to chapters 1–2 of the book. The problems besetting such proposals suggest that the choice of this approach for the study of Joel within the context of the Book of the Twelve constitutes a problem of coordinating analysis with genre, rather than a weakness of the tool itself.
Reexamining Anthropology and Education: Bringing Economics Back to Culture.

Many educational programs that incorporate ethnic minority students’ culture into the curriculum rely on a fragmented view of culture. These perspectives emphasize symbolic and ideational aspects of culture. As such, they ignore students’ economic conditions that influence schooling. This study provides detailed data from two Latino households to show that a deeper understanding of students’ lives requires an investigation of household members’ survival and economic practices. It also shows that household studies provide a deeper understanding of students’ culture and daily practices that cannot be obtained from reading books, as is common in many educational programs.
Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How It Works

Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How It Works. By Frank M. Bryan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. 312p. 19.00 paper.This book joins a small number of empirical studies about direct democracy and, specifically, the town meeting. Frank M. Bryan is author, coauthor, or editor of 11 books, including Politics in the Rural States (1981) and The Vermont Papers: Recreating Democracy on a Human Scale (1989). Here, he unveils an incredible set of discoveries that fills a major gap in the literature on democracy and the town meeting. Other prominent scholars who have tackled some of these salient issues are Joseph Zimmerman (The New England Town Meeting, 1999) and Jane J. Mansbridge (Beyond Adversary Democracy, 1980), both of whose works are referenced extensively in Real Democracy.
Selection of amitrole tolerant tobacco calli and the expression of this tolerance in regenerated plants and progeny.

Thirty-one clones capable of growth in the presence of 1.9×10−4 M amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole) were isolated from non-mutagenized cell suspensions of haploid Nicotiana tabacum cv. ‘Wisconsin 38’ plants at a frequency of 2.5×10−8. Seven clones retained tolerance when grown on selective medium for three years. When clones were cultured in the absence of amitrole, tolerance persisted for 9 months in five clones. Some plants regenerated from three amitrole-tolerant clones were tolerant. Seven amitrole-tolerant clones were isolated from diploid N. tabacum cell suspensions and R plant tolerance was followed through two sexual generations. Simple Mendelian inheritance patterns were not observed.
Respiratory-related heart rate variation during sleep and waking states in cats

Respiratory-related heart rate variation was examined during sleep and waking in cats with time series analysis techniques. Extent (magnitude) and coherence (degree of correlation between heart rate variation and respiratory activity) were calculated from cardiac and respiratory activity spectra. State-related differences in extent and coherence were found. Coherence appeared to be the most appropriate indicator of respiratory arrythmia differences between sleep and waking states. Overall coherence was greatest during quiet sleep, least during quiet wakefulness, and intermediate during rapid eye-movement sleep. Overall extent was also greatest during quiet sleep and least during rapid eye-movement sleep and quiet wakefulness.
The effect of Ca2+ ionophores upon the synthesis of proteins in cultured skeletal muscle

Abstract The influence of the Ca 2+ ionophores, ionomycin and A23187 upon the incorporation of [ 35 S]methionine into proteins of cultured chicken pectoralis muscle was studied during differentiation of myoblasts into multinucleated myotubes. Fusion was reversibly arrested by growing cells in low-calcium media from the time of plating. Exposure of normal and fusion blocked cultures to 10 −6 –10 −5 M ionomycin or A23187 for 2–6 h on the second to fourth day of growth, resulted in a selective increase in the incorporation of [ 35 S]methionine into two proteins of about 100 000 and 80 000 dalton. When 10 −5 M ionomycin or A23187 were added to older cultures, all large myotubes contracted and detached from the plate. Only the adhering myoblasts and small myotubes incorporated [ 35 S]methionine into the muscle proteins and showed increased incorporation of label into 100 000 and 80 000 proteins. After ionophore pulse, the adhering cells retained the ability to differentiate and accumulate myosin. The effect of Ca 2+ ionophores upon the rate of protein synthesis is presumably related to increased influx of extracellular Ca 2+ with a rise in the Ca 2+ concentration of the cytoplasm. We conclude that Ca 2+ sensitive mechanisms may regulate the synthesis of a select group of muscle proteins.
Beyond risk management assessing and managing program challenges

Traditional, well-established risk management techniques are not always working. The evidence is well-known: Two of the most important and much anticipated commercial airplane development programs have recently suffered embarrassing delays in execution and delivery schedules. Airbus and its parent company EADS had to push A380s entry into service by 19 to 24 months. And Boeing has announced that its 787 Dreamliners delivery to customers will be delayed by at least a year. Clearly, these delays have significant consequences for the two companies and for the transportation industry. There is no doubt that both Airbus and Boeing are quite familiar with risk management techniques. So what happened? How could such experienced and well-managed companies fail so painfully in their main lines of business aircraft building? In this presentation we show that although the traditional techniques of project planning and risk management form the basic and necessary foundation for training project managers, they are insufficient to deal effectively with todays dynamic, risky, and changing projects. Project managers of complex programs must go beyond the classical techniques. We present four myths in the traditional approach to project risk management and contrast them with the realities of modern project management. We suggest that the risk management framework should be expanded to assess, not just what can go wrong, but also how can we get it right and how long will it take. We will offer practical guidelines on how to make this work by assessing both the risk and the challenge in each project.
Degenerate hopf bifurcation from multiple eigenvalues and stability

If ω0>0, K is a bounded linear operator from the real Banach space A into the real Banach space B, and f: A×R→B has the value zero at (0, α) for all α eR, we study the existence and (linear) stability of small amplitude, (2π/(ω + ω0))-periodic solutions of the dynamical system $$K\frac{{da}}{{dt}} = f(a,\alpha )$$ (*) with α and ω both close to zero. It is assumed that there are positive integers m1, m2,..., mϱ and 1=n1<n2< ...<nϱ such that, for j = 1, 2, ..., ϱ, as α increases through zero, mjK-eigenvalues of fα(0, α) intersect the imaginary axis at in,ω0 in such a way that theirfirst k − 2 derivatives at α = 0 are zero, where 2 ⩽ k < ∞. Our main result gives conditionsunder which the finite dimensional equation, that determines the small amplitude, (2π/(ω +ω0))-periodic solutions of (*) with α and ω close to zero, also determines the stability ofthese solutions.
A generalized virtual memory package for B1700 interpreter writers

This paper relates to the implementation of MBALM/1700 by Mark Swanson during the summer of 1976 at the University of Utah. The MBALM/1700 report is discussed under separate cover (SWA76).During this implementation effort, it was found that an insufficient amount of main storage hampered the effectiveness of the MBALM/1700 machine. To create a more useful abstract machine, some sort of virtual memory scheme was needed. The scheme reported here was a modification of a scheme introduced by Belgard (BEL74). It illustrates the effectiveness of a modular VM subroutine package.
Parathyroid hormone is more effective than estrogen or bisphosphonates for restoration of lost bone mass in ovariectomized rats

The study was designed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of estrogen, the bisphosphonate risedronate (NE-58095), and PTH for restoration of lost bone mass in osteopenic, ovariectomized (OVX) rats. In addition, the skeletal effects of these single treatments were compared to those of concurrent treatments with PTH + estrogen or PTH + NE-58095. OVX rats were untreated for the first 4 weeks postovariectomy to allow for the development of moderate tibial osteopenia. These animals were then subjected to the various treatments for periods of 5, 10, and 15 weeks. Their proximal tibiae were processed undecalcified for quantitative bone histomorphometry. Treatment of osteopenic OVX rats with estrogen or NE-58095 alone depressed bone turnover and prevented additional cancellous bone loss from occurring during the treatment period. However, these therapeutic agents failed to restore lost bone in OVX rats to control levels. In contrast, OVX rats treated with PTH alone exhibited a marked stimulation of bone formatio...
Changes in plasma oncotic pressure during isolated ultrafiltration

Many dialysis patients have a decrease in blood pressure during dialytic treatment, and at least 25% of such episodes are symptomatic [1]. Important factors in these hypotensive episodes include hypovolemia secondary to filtration of fluid from the vascular space [2–5], changes in peripheral vascular resistance induced by dialysis [4, 6–10], and hypoosmolarity [11–14]. The latter factor promotes water displacement from the vascular to the interstitial compartment, aggravating existent hypovolemia.
School Library Theft

Is school library theft a growing problem in all parts of the country? To answer this question, the writer made a spot check of selected schools in Texas by means of a mailed questionnaire. The findings from the 52 returned surveys indicate that it is a minor problem that has declined rather than grown in the past two years. Door checks are being used to deter theft in many schools. Interest and concern about loss/theft of library marerials is high. Theft is a frequent topic of discussion among school librarians, their administrators, and the public.
The rheology of cryovolcanic slurries: Motivation and phenomenology of methanol-water slurries with implications for Titan

Abstract The Cassini spacecraft has revealed landforms on the surface of Titan suggested to be viscous cryovolcanic flows and possibly eruptive domes. In order to relate those surface features to the processes and chemistries that produced them, it is necessary to construct flow models, which rely on characterization of the rheological properties of the eruptants. This paper describes our initial exploratory attempts to understand the rheological characteristics of cryogenic slurries, using a 40% methanol–water mixture, as a precursor to more detailed experiments. We have devised a new automated cryogenic rotational viscometer system to more fully characterize cryovolcanic slurry rheologies. A series of measurements were performed, varying first temperature, and then strain rate, which revealed development of yield stress-like behaviors, shear-rate dependence, and thixotropic behavior, even at relatively low crystal fractions, not previously reported. At fixed shear rate our data are fit well by the Andrade equation, with the activation energy modified by a solid volume fraction. At fixed temperature, depending on shearing history, a Cross model could describe our data over a wide shear rate range. A Bingham plastic model appears to be a good constitutive model for the data measured at high shear rates when the shear was global. The yield stress like behavior implies that levee formation on cryolava flows is more likely than would be inferred from the previous studies, and may provide a partial explanation for features interpreted as steep-sided volcanic constructs on Titan.
Trust and the ethics of health care institutions

Though trust is essential to relationships between people, including that between patient and clinician, its role in organizational ethics is largely unexplored. Nonetheless, trust is also ideally a part of the relationship between patient and health care institution, both because it is desirable in and of itself, and because it makes for better medical care.
Modeling study of the failing heart and its interaction with an implantable rotary blood pump

The effectiveness of clinical diagnosis and treatment of heart failure is a direct function of clinical signs that can be measured in a patient within cost and safety constraints. Large-scale mathematical modeling can be a key tool in revealing important, measurable clinical signs of heart failure, furthering medical understanding and development of treatment. In the first part of this study we have created two models of left heart failure — diastolic and systolic, using our human cardiovascular-respiratory system (H-CRS) model, and we present a comparison of the two types with emphasis on novel and differentiating clinical signs, such as tricuspid flow and septal motion. In the event of compromised left ventricular performance, mechanical left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are often implanted to augment or completely replace the pumping action of the left ventricle (LV). One such type is the implantable rotary blood pump (iRBP). Several design issues related to the iRBP are difficult to study experimentally due to procedure complexity and limitations in animal models of heart failure [2]. Therefore, modeling has become a key tool in iRBP development. In the second part of this study, we have introduced an iRBP model based on [1]–[2] in the systolic failing heart to study the interactions. We consider optimal motor settings for different levels of LV assistance, the effects of the iRBP on the right heart, septum, and pulmonary circulation. Our model results align with those reported in [1]–[2]. Improvement in cardiac output, pulmonary congestion, and heart work are seen with the iRBP. We observe lowered septal assistance to RV and LV ejection with increasing pump speeds, elevating right ventricular (RV) work, reducing LVET, and causing ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony in ejection. These results suggest right heart compromise via the septum's reduced role with the introduction of an iRBP. This work emphasizes the critical role of modeling in heart failure and treatment studies.
Economic Theory as Social Policy

The Meaning and Validity of Economic Theoryl is not a conventional text on the history of economic thought. It is rather an attempt to prove the hypothesis "that significant new orientations in economic theory first emerge in the concealed or unconcealed guise of argument in the realm of social reform." According to this hypothesis, economic theories have meaning and validity as guides to action and can be understood only "within the external context of controversy over social issues." Meaning is here defined operationally, that is, it is to be judged by the consequences produced in action. In Professor Rogin's words, this contingency of economic theory on some policy or plan of action is described as follows: For the purpose of this study, the meaning of a new departure in theory is not to be discovered through an investigation of the natural history of the theorist in question leading up to the emergence of the theoretical innovation as the product of a unique personality. Our interest is in the strategic factor, some institutional aspect of human enterprise which has become a central public issue, dramatized by politics, as expressed in projects either of reform or of revaluation. It is to be discovered in the area of the intersection of the theorist with the social scene. We are concerned in short, with the objective and hence relatively demonstrable correspondence between theory and policy. This hypothesis of the manner in which economic theory originates is the basis of Professor Rogin's contention that social theory is essentially purposive and practical. He holds that the notion of a 'value-free' social science is "inspired by the successful career of the natural sciences, that the theoretical articulation of human affairs is susceptible to the uniquely correct determination by means of an appeal to fact, freed from subordination to social ideals and social goals." Professor Rogin's research into the history of economic thought led him to quite a contrary position; namely that economic theory is never an objective representation of the actual situation with which it deals. Every theoretical construction bears the impress of a "selective appeal to facts." It is Professor Rogin's contention that the economist's own sense of values and social perspective enter into the selection of any given problem, the interpretation of facts, and the proposed solution. "There can be no ques1 The Meaning and Validity of Economic Theory-An Historical Approach. By Leo Rogin. New York: Harper, 1956, $6.50.
Open cholecystojejunostomy for biliary obstruction

Summary A well-constructed cholecystojejunostomy provides lasting relief of obstructive jaundice in patients with benign or malignant biliary obstruction. The operation is safe and expedient, but appropriate patient selection is of paramount importance, and careful analysis of factors influencing patency of the cholecystojejunostomy warrants scrutiny.
Immune Cells Exploit a Neural Circuit to Enter the CNS

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with the appearance of autoreactive T cells in the central nervous system. Using a mouse model of MS, Arima et al. now show that this attack begins at a specific spinal cord location. T cell entry into the CNS is regulated by a reflex neural circuit originating from leg muscle contractions.
Maternal serum serpin B7 is associated with early spontaneous preterm birth

Objective We sought to identify serum biomarkers of early spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) using semiquantitative proteomic analyses. Study Design This was a nested case-control study of pregnant women with previous SPTB. Maternal serum was collected at 19-24 and 28-32 weeks’ gestation, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry. Targeted and shotgun proteomics identified 31 candidate proteins that were differentially expressed in pooled serum samples from spontaneous preterm (cases [ Results Serum samples were available for 35 cases and 35 controls at 19-24 weeks, and 16 cases and 16 controls at 28-32 weeks. One protein, serpin B7, yielded serum concentrations that differed between cases and controls. The mean concentration of serpin B7 at 28-32 weeks was 1.5-fold higher in women with subsequent preterm deliveries compared to controls; there was no difference at 19-24 weeks. Higher levels of serpin B7 at both gestational age windows were associated with a shorter interval to delivery, and higher levels of serpin B7 in samples from 28-32 weeks were associated with a lower gestational age at delivery. Western blotting identified serpin B7 protein in placenta, amnion, and chorion from cases and controls. Conclusion Targeted and shotgun serum proteomics analyses associated 1 protein, serpin B7, with early SPTB. Our results require validation in other cohorts and analysis of the possible mechanistic role of serpin B7 in parturition.
Behavioral manipulations and protein metabolism of the brain: Effects of motor exercise on the utilization of leucine-H3

Abstract The utilization of systemically injected leucine-H 3 by nerve cells was investigated autoradiographically in exercised and unexercised rats. Handled rats reared in an enriched environment were run daily for a long period in a motor-driven exercise wheel to adapt them to forced exercise. On the day of administration of the radiochemical the “exercised” animals were forced to run for 1 hr prior and 1 hr after the injection, whereas the “unexercised” animals rested before and after injection. Microdensitometric evaluation of autoradiographic grain density over single nerve cells in several brain regions indicated that there were no significant differences in the utilization of the radiochemical by proteins of the brain in the two groups of animals, though there was a slight trend of increased incorporation of leucine-H 3 in the exercised group of animals. The results suggest that the presumed functional activation of the brain by this sensori-motor task need not lead to enhanced protein metabolism if the stress produced by forced exercise is reduced or eliminated by pre-adaptation to the task.
The reflected tree hierarchy for protection and sharing

Abstract Consider a rooted tree with its leaves aligned on a horizontal line. The tree and its mirror image below the line give us a reflected tree. This is a natural structure for protection and sharing with nodes corresponding to protection groups, partially ordered by the subgroup relation. Reflected trees have an efficient representation which can be incrementally modified as the tree is changed.
User analytics with UbeOne: insights into web printing

As web and mobile applications become more sensitive to the user context, there is a shift from purely off-line processing of user actions (log analysis) to real-time user analytics that can generate information about the user context to be instantly leveraged by the application. Ubeone is a system that enables both real-time and aggregate analytics from user data. The system is designed as a set of lightweight, composeable mechanisms that can progressively and collectively analyze a user action, such as pinning, saving or printing a web page. We will demonstrate the system capabilities on analyzing a live feed of URLs printed through a proprietary, web browser plug-in. This is in fact the first analysis of web printing activity. We will also give a taste of how the system can enable instant recommendations based on the user context.
Adequacy of Fellowship Training: Results of a Survey of Recently Graduated Fellows

The adequacy of fellowship training in the field of infectious diseases was assessed by means of a survey of recently graduated fellows. Surveys were mailed to all individuals who had passed the American Board of Internal Medicine's board certification examination in infectious diseases since 1992. A total of 666 completed surveys were returned by the deadline (response rate, 36%). Although most recent graduates thought that training in the standard components of clinical infectious diseases was adequate, only 50% thought that training in infection control was adequate. Fewer than 1 in 3 believed that they had received adequate training in the business aspects of infectious diseases practice. The adequacy and duration of research training were linked to ultimate career choice. These results form the basis for the Infectious Diseases Society of America's new initiatives to assist with more-diversified and relevant fellowship training.
Effect of carbon tetrachloride on hepatic synthesis and release of triglycerides.

Abstract This paper describes the effect of carbon tetrachloride administration on the incorporation of [I- 14 C]palmitate into liver and plasma lipids. Treatment with carbon tetrachloride caused a fall in plasma triglyceride concentration. After the intravenous injection of [I- 14 C]palmitate, labeled triglycerides appeard in the plasma in small amounts in treated animals compared to control rats. The incorporation of labeled palmitate into liver triglycerides was rapid in treated rats; in control animals there was a lag period of 10–20 min. Furthermore, total radioactivity incorporated into liver triglycerides and phospholipids was greater in treated than in control rats. These results suggests that the triglyceride content of the liver after carbon tetrachloride poisoning results from both increased hepatic synthesis and impared release of triglycerides from liver to plasma.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF UNILAMINAR FOLLICLES OF THE HAMSTER OVARY.

Unilaminar follicles consisting of primary oocytes surrounded by a single granulosal layer, composed either of flattened, cuboidal or columnar cells, have been studied with the electron microscope in normal prepubertal hamsters. The most striking feature of the oocyte cytoplasm is the occurrence of the mitochondria in small groups with a dense intermitochondrial substance lying between the individual mitochondria. This substance is composed mainly of very small vesicles with a dense profile and a light center. Some of the mitochondria do not appear to have a limiting membrane, their matrices being seemingly continuous with, and similar in structure to, the intermitochondrial substance. In the younger oocytes the Golgi complex is diffuse and has numerous small vesicles. The nucleoli of the young oocytes are large and complex. They consist of a lighter area, predominantly of small particulate elements, and of darker regions, mainly with fine fibrillar components. The initial steps in the formation of the zona pellucida take place in follicles with a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells. By the time the oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of columnar granulosa cells a continuous zona pellucida within which lies oocyte microvilli and granulosa cell processes is present.
Differential cue weighting in perception and production of consonant voicing.

This study examines English speakers’ relative weighting of two voicing cues in production and perception. Participants repeated words differing in initial consonant voicing ([b] or [p]) and labeled synthesized tokens ranging between [ba] and [pa] orthogonally according to voice onset time (VOT) and onset f0. Discriminant function analysis and logistic regression were used to calculate individuals’ relative weighting of each cue. Production results showed a significant negative correlation of VOT and onset f0, while perception results showed a trend toward a positive correlation. No significant correlations were found across perception and production, suggesting a complex relationship between the two domains.
Nonnative Helical Motif in a Chaperone-Bound Protein Fragment

The effect of cotranslationally active chaperones on the conformation of incomplete protein chains is poorly understood. The secondary structure of a 77-residue chaperone-bound N-terminal protein fragment corresponding to the first five helices (A–E) of apomyoglobin (apoMb1-77) is investigated here at the residue-specific level by multidimensional NMR. The substrate-binding domain of DnaK, DnaK-β, is employed as a chaperone model. By taking advantage of the improved spectral quality resulting from chaperone deuteration, we find that DnaK-β-bound apoMb1-77 displays a region of nonnative helicity at residues away from the main chaperone binding site. The nonnative structural motif comprises portions of the native D and E helices and has similar characteristics to the reported nonnative DE helical region of acid-unfolded full-length apoMb. Upon incorporation of the missing C-terminal amino acids, a structural kink develops between residues 56 and 57, and two separate native D and E helices are generated. This work highlights, for the first time to our knowledge, the presence of a nonnative helical motif in a large chaperone-bound protein fragment under physiologically relevant solution conditions.
The androgenic induction of spinal sexual dimorphism is independent of supraspinal afferents

On the day of birth, female rats received either a thoraco-lumbar spinal transection or sham operation, followed by administration of either testosterone propionate (TP) or oil immediately after surgery and again on the third day of life. Upon sacrifice at 30 days of age examination of spinal cords revealed that TP masculinized the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) in terms of cell number, soma size, and nuclei size. The perineal muscles innervated by the SNB were present only in those rats which received TP. Neonatal transection did not alter any of these effects of androgen treatment. Thus, supraspinal afferents are unnecessary for androgen induction of sexual dimorphism in the SNB. Remaining candidates for the site of androgen action include the SNB motoneurons and/or muscles themselves.
Chemical and steady-state kinetic analyses of a heterologously expressed heme dependent chlorite dismutase.

Chlorite dismutase carries out the heme-catalyzed decomposition of ClO2− to Cl− and O2, an unusual transformation with biotechnological and bioremediative applications. The enzyme has been successfully overexpressed for the first time in highly functional form in Escherichia coli and its steady state kinetics studied. The purified enzyme is abundant (55 mg/L cell culture), highly active (∼4.7 × 103 µmol of ClO2− min−1 mg−1 subunit) and nearly stoichiometric in heme; further, it shares spectroscopic and physicochemical features with chlorite dismutases previously isolated from three organisms. A careful study of the enzyme’s steady state kinetics has been carried out. ClO2− consumption and O2 release rates were measured, yielding comparable values of kcat (4.5 × 105 min−1), Km (∼215 µM), and kcat/Km (3.5 × 107 M−1 s−1) via either method (4 °C, pH 6.8; all values referenced per heme-containing subunit). ClO2−:O2 stoichiometry exhibited a 1:1 relationship under all conditions measured. Though the value of kc...
The Effectiveness of a Community-Based Breast Cancer Education Intervention in the New York State Capital Region

We determined the effectiveness of a community-based breast cancer education intervention among understudied populations in the New York State (NYS) Capital Region by assessing and comparing baseline and post-education breast cancer knowledge. Participants included 417 students recruited from five colleges/universities and 67 women from four community group organizations. Baseline and post-education knowledge was assessed via self-administered mostly multiple-choice questionnaires. An open-ended question soliciting opinions about public health prevention strategies against breast cancer was included on college/university students’ questionnaires. Effectiveness of education intervention was estimated through a paired t test. Stratified analysis was done using demographic and descriptive variables. Answers to the open-ended questions were analyzed qualitatively. The mean percentage of correct answers increased from 39.9 % at baseline to 80.8 % post-education (P < 0.0001) among college/university students and from 43.5 % to 77.8 % (P < 0.0001) among community group members. Effectiveness remained statistically significant in all stratified analyses with similarly high percentage of correct answers achieved post-education irrespective of knowledge level at baseline. Stratified analysis also revealed similar patterns of improvement in overall knowledge and narrowing of the gap in post-education knowledge. Primary prevention emerged as the dominant theme post-education in students’ responses to the open-ended question, signifying the effectiveness of our education in raising awareness about modifiable risk factors and inspiring proactive thinking about public health prevention strategies. This community-based education intervention was effective in increasing breast cancer knowledge among demographically diverse groups with low levels of baseline knowledge in the NYS Capital Region. Our findings provide leads for future public health prevention strategies.
Animal behaviour: trust in fish.

A mutually beneficial interaction between two species of fish turns out to involve the careful appraisal of one by the other — and the appropriately virtuous behaviour by the former while being watched. If we see someone do a good turn to someone else we are more inclined to help the altruist at some point in the future, rather than someone with a reputation for being selfish. This ‘image scoring’ behaviour is thought to help maintain human cooperation. Redouan Bshary and Alexandra Grutter now provide experimental evidence that it can also stabilize cooperation between non-human animals. The cooperation in this case is displayed by cleaner fish that remove ectoparasites from their partners in a mutual relationship, the ‘client’ fish. The cleaners may cooperate in the task of removing parasites; or a cleaner fish may ‘cheat’ and simply feed on client mucus leaving the other cleaners to do the work. A series of foraging experiments shows that client fish engage in image scoring, and that the cleaners cooperate more in the presence of an image-scoring client.
Legislation and Adjudication in the UN Security Council: Bringing Down the Deliberative Deficit

This article draws on the theory of deliberative democracy to examine the legit- imacy of the quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial acts of the UN Security Council in creating the counterterrorism regimes under Resolutions 1267, 1373, and 1540, whose implementation requires broad international support. It argues that improving the quality of the Council's deliberations will enhance the effectiveness of similar decisions and recommends a set of reforms designed to bring down the "deliberative deficit" in that body
Early discharge of children hospitalized for fever and chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. 663

Many children with cancer who are hospitalized for fever and chemotherapy-induced neutropenia do not have bacterial infections and may not need to spend as much time in the hospital as they do. We have undertaken a pilot program to document the safety and feasibility of discharging such children prior to the recovery of their absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and continuing intravenous antibiotics at home. All children with fever and neutropenia were initially hospitalized and treated with intravenous antibiotics. They were eligible for discharge if they were afebrile at least 24 hours, blood cultures were negative 48 hours after being obtained, any documented infection was under control, and the patient felt well. All the children continued to receive intravenous antibiotics at home until their ANC was >500/μl. Nurses visited the home daily to evaluate the patient and obtain a complete blood count. Parents were asked to fill out a questionnaire documenting any problems with home care. Sixteen children were discharged for 23 episodes of fever and neutropenia. Five children had just received remission-induction therapy for AML or ALL. The median ANC at discharge was 21(range 0-492). The total number of hospital days saved (calculated as day from discharge to the day the ANC rose to 500/μl) was 135 (median 4, range 1-16). The 16 children returned to the outpatient department 38 times for transfusions (median 1, range 0-7). Five children (22%) were rehospitalized because of recurrent fever; 2 had documented fungal infections, 1 had influenza, one had varicella zoster, and one had fever without a source. Despite their fever and serious infections, none of the 5 children had evidence of cardiovascular instability upon readmission. None of the other children had to go to the emergency room or clinic for an acute illness. Eight families (35%) reported some problem with the home care company, but all expressed satisfaction with the early discharge program. We conclude that it is feasible to discharge children with fever and neutropenia on intravenous antibiotics once they are afebrile; however, this approach must be taken with caution because these children are at high risk of acquiring a second infection.
Fundamental intepersonal relations orientations in dyads: An empirical analysis of Schutz's FIRO‐B as an index of compatibility

This series of studies investigates the potential usefulness of William Schutz's theory of interpersonal relations orientations for the study of communication. Based on their analysis of the descriptive and explanatory power of scores produced by responses to Schutz's instrument, FIRO‐B, the authors challenge the three‐dimensional classification of interpersonal needs as well as the argument concerning three distinct forms of interpersonal compatibility. The results indicate that FIRO‐B may be structurally biased against the interpersonal need to control or be controlled and that the compatibility measures derived from the test, although useful for examining certain broadgauge predictions, do not permit intensive analysis of the functional relationship between interpersonal orientations and communicative processes in dyads.
A Study of Experimental Syringomyelia by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Experimental hydromyelia and syringomyelia, induced by kaolin in dogs, has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. This study demonstrated that communication between the 4th ventricle and the spinal central canal is normally occluded by a plug of acellular material lying within the central canal. This plug is broken down following the onset of hydrocephalus and communication is rapidly established between the ventricles and the central canal. The canal distends and ruptures dorsally into the spinal gray matter with the development of extensive intramedullary cavities, lined by glial and neuronal elements. The morphological changes demonstrated are consistent with a physical destructive process of the cord resulting from CSF dissection.
Effect of 1 -tetrahydrocannabinol on aqueous dynamics and ciliary body permeability in the rabbit.

Fluid secretion in the isolated rabbit ciliary body was measured with zero pressure gradient across the tissue and fluid flows were measured under an hydrostatic pressure gradient. The active component of marihuana, Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ1-THC), when applied in vitro to the tissue reduced secretion and increased passive permeability. The effective concentrations of Δ1-THC were equivalent to those found in human plasma following absorption of the drug. Fluid secretion was reduced by about 70% at 5×10−5 mg/ml, and the short-circuit current was reduced by about 45%. The hydraulic conductivity increased by 70% over control values. Intravenously administered Δ1-THC (giving a plasma concentration of 50×10−6 mg/ml for a plasma volume of 200 ml) produced the following results in the living rabbit: (a) a transient increase in heart rate of 15% after 10–15 min; (b) a reduction in intraocular pressure, with a maximum of 25–30% after 50–60 min; (c) an increase of 60–70% in total facility, and (d) an increase (100%) in aqueous protein. Marihuana reduces intraocular pressure and may act by causing a reduction in ciliary capillary pressure which would cause a decreased formation rate. Vasoconstriction could also cause an increase in aqueous outflow, since aqueous and blood compete for the same episcleral outflow vessels.
Sucrose activates human taste pathways differently from artificial sweetener

Animal models suggest that sucrose activates taste afferents differently than non-caloric sweeteners. Little information exists how artificial sweeteners engage central taste pathways in the human brain. We assessed sucrose and sucralose taste pleasantness across a concentration gradient in 12 healthy control women and applied 10% sucrose and matched sucralose during functional magnet resonance imaging. The results indicate that (1) both sucrose and sucralose activate functionally connected primary taste pathways; (2) taste pleasantness predicts left insula response; (3) sucrose elicits a stronger brain response in the anterior insula, frontal operculum, striatum and anterior cingulate, compared to sucralose; (4) only sucrose, but not sucralose, stimulation engages dopaminergic midbrain areas in relation to the behavioral pleasantness response. Thus, brain response distinguishes the caloric from the non-caloric sweetener, although the conscious mind could not. This could have important implications on how effective artificial sweeteners are in their ability to substitute sugar intake.
Is Social Psychology Interdisciplinary

This study assessed to what extent social psychology is truly an interdisciplinary cross of psychology and sociology. A selected sample of social psychologists provided information as to topics researched, methods used, textbooks used, journals read and published in, social psychologists having made the greatest contri- butions and training. Little overlap existed with regard to such data between the groups of sociological and psychological social psychologists. Those who called themseves both psychological and sociological social psychologists proved to be more interdiscipli- nary. Some implications of these findings were discussed.
An Eleven Site National Quality Improvement Evaluation of Adolescent Medicine-Based Eating Disorder Programs: Predictors of Weight Outcomes at One Year and Risk Adjustment Analyses

Abstract Purpose This quality improvement project collected and analyzed short-term weight gain data for patients with restrictive eating disorders (EDs) treated in outpatient adolescent medicine-based ED programs nationally. Methods Data on presentation and treatment of low-weight ED patients aged 9–21 years presenting in 2006 were retrospectively collected from 11 independent ED programs at intake and at 1-year follow-up. Low-weight was defined as Results The sites contained 6–51 patients per site (total N=267); the mean age was 14.1–17.1 years; duration of illness before intake was 5.7–18.6 months; % MBW at intake was 77.5–83.0; and % MBW at follow-up was 88.8–93.8. In general, 40%–63% of low weight ED subjects reached ≥90% MBW at 1-year follow-up. At intake, patients with higher % MBW ( p = .0002) and shorter duration of illness ( p = .01) were more likely to be ≥90% MBW at follow-up. Risk-adjusted odds ratios controlled for % MBW and duration of illness were .8 (.5, 1.4)–1.3 (.3, 3.8), with no significant differences among sites. Conclusion A total of 11 ED programs successfully compared quality improvement data. Shorter duration of illness before intake and higher % MBW predicted improved weight outcomes at 1 year. After adjusting for risk factors, program outcomes did not differ significantly. All adolescent medicine-based ED programs were effective in assisting patients to gain weight.
Preparation and Electrocatalytic Application of Composites Containing Gold Nanoparticles Protected with Rhodium-Substituted Polyoxometalates

Abstract Substitution of a metal center of phosphomolybdate, PMo 12 O 40 3− (PMo 12 ), or its tungsten analogue with dirhodium(II) and subsequent stabilization of gold nanoparticles, AuNPs, with Rh 2 PMo 11 are demonstrated. The AuNP-Rh 2 PMo 11 mediates oxidations but adsorbs too weakly for direct modification of electrode materials. Stability in quiescent solution was achieved by modifying glassy carbon (GC) with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and then electrostatically assembling AuNP-Rh 2 PMo 11 . At GC|APTES|AuNP-Rh 2 PMo 11 , cyclic voltammetry showed the expected set of three reversible peak-pairs for PMo 11 in the range −0.2 to 0.6 vs. (Ag/AgCl)/V and the reversible Rh II,III couple at 1.0 vs. (Ag/AgCl)/V. The presence of AuNPs increased the current for the reduction of bromate by a factor of 2.5 relative to that at GC|Rh 2 PMo 11 , and the electrocatalytic oxidation of methionine displayed characteristics of synergism between the AuNP and Rh II . To stabilize AuNP-Rh 2 PMo 11 on a surface in a flow system, GC was modified by electrochemically assisted deposition of a sol–gel with templated 10-nm pores prior to immobilizing the catalyst in the pores. The resulting electrode permitted determination of bromate by flow-injection amperometry with a detection limit of 4.0 × 10 −8 mol dm −3 .
A posteriori error estimation for acoustic wave propagation problems

The main purpose of this paper is to review a posteriori error estimators for the simulation of acoustic wave propagation problems by computational methods. Residual-type (explicit and implicit) and recovery-type estimators are presented in detail in the case of the Helmholtz problem. Recent work on goal-oriented error estimation techniques with respect to so-called quantities of interest or output functionals are also accounted for. Fundamental results from a priori error estimation are presented and issues dealing with pollution error at large wave numbers are extensively discussed.
End of Life Issues in Pediatric Patients

Video recording: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/43-3-8973V Dealing with end of life issues in pediatric patients is a difficult task due to the young age of the patients, complexities of situations leading to illness, and the multiple decision makers that exist besides parents and guardians. Pediatric patients do not have living wills with specific instructions as to how long a life support system such as a Ventilator or a G-tube (gastrostomy tube for feeding) should continue. The dying pediatric patient has typically not consented to organ donations either. The burden of decision making on the pediatric patient's behalf lies with the parents, guardians, and health care providers of the dying child. This paper deals with these complexities and reflects the author's own experiences in dealing with pediatric patients in her practice for close to four decades.