cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heart rate recovery is lower following supine exercise in asymptomatic hereditary hemochromatosis subjects compared with healthy controls.

INTRODUCTION Heart rate recovery (HRR) has become an important diagnostic and prognostic marker in recent years. Subjects with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) demonstrate arterial wall changes that reduce compliance. Arterial compliance may influence HRR by altering baroreceptor discharge. The purpose of the present study is to examine differences in HRR between subjects with HH and healthy controls during treadmill (TM) and supine lower extremity ergometry (SLEE) exercise testing. METHODS Forty subjects with asymptomatic HH (27 men/13 women; mean age: 49.7 +/- 9.9 years) and 21 healthy controls (14 men/7 women; mean age: 47.8 +/- 8.4 years) participated in this study. Each subject underwent a symptom-limited 25-W Supine Lower Extremity Ergometry (SLEE) and Bruce TM exercise test within 1 week of each other. Heart rate recovery was the value obtained at 1 minute postexercise. Peak heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and the double product were also obtained during each exercise test. RESULTS Peak heart rate was significantly higher, whereas HRR and peak systolic blood pressure were significantly lower during TM compared with SLEE exercise testing in both groups (P < .01). A significantly lower HRR during SLEE in subjects with HH was the only significant difference between groups (35.4 +/- 9.0 vs. 29.2 +/- 8.5, P < .01). DISCUSSION Heart rate recovery was not significantly different between HH and control subjects during upright exercise. However, HRR was significantly lower during SLEE in HH subjects compared with controls. A higher venous return during SLEE may have allowed for differences in arterial compliance between groups to influence HRR.
A national survey of obstetricians' attitudes toward and practice of periviable intervention

Test the association between provider characteristics and antenatal interventions offered for periviable delivery. Six hundred surveys mailed to members of the College's Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network. Items queried physicians' practices regarding administering steroids, recommending cesarean (for breech) and offering induction (for ruptured membranes) at 23 weeks. Three hundred and ten (52%) obstetricians (OBs) responded. Respondents reported institutional cutoffs of 23 weeks for resuscitation (34%) and 24 weeks for cesarean (35%), whereas personal preferences for cesarean were ⩾25 weeks (44%). At 23 weeks, two-thirds ordered steroids, 43% recommended cesarean and 23% offered induction. In multivariable analyses, institutional cutoffs and providers' personal preferences predicted steroid administration (odds ratio, OR=4.37; 95% confidence interval, CI=1.73 to 11.00; OR=0.30, 95% CI=0.13 to 0.70); institutional cutoffs and the impression that cesarean decreases neurodevelopmental disability predicted recommending cesarean (OR=3.09, 95% CI=1.13 to 8.44; OR=6.41, 95% CI=2.06 to 19.91). For offering induction, practice location and religious service attendance approached, but did not meet, statistical significance (P=0.06 and P=0.05). OBs' willingness to intervene can impact periviable outcomes. These findings suggest that personal and institutional factors may influence obstetrical counseling and decision-making.
Methylene blue "avatar" brain.

Methylene blue is a safe and effective therapeutic agent used in a variety of different clinical settings, including as treatment for methemoglobinemia, reversing ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, severe hepatopulmonary syndrome, and as a pressor during catecholamine-refractory septic shock (1). Of more relevance to neuropathologists, it has recently been experimentally tested as a dye in multimodal confocal imaging of brain tumors for intraoperative detection of brain tumors (2), for ischemic/reperfusion injury (3), and, because it seems to prevent aggregation of tau and β-amyloid, as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease (4) and Huntington disease (5, 6). As such, neuropathologists may encounter patients at autopsy treated with methylene blue. Methylene blue generates a clinically innocuous, self-limiting, but striking blue-green discoloration to the urine, skin, and mucosa of treated individuals as a by-product of its use (1, 7, 8). This systemic tissue discoloration is more well known than is discoloration of brain tissues, which, to our knowledge, has only been reported once previously (9). The tissues were reported to transform into a bright blue-green color when the colorless leukomethylene blue molecule undergoes oxidation to methylene blue on exposure to air (9). We share our recent experience with brain tissue discoloration and methylene blue use, capturing the transition from colorless to colorful during a very short time interval at the time of autopsy. A 20-year-old woman with asthma and surgically repaired coarctation …
Likelihood testing of seismicity-based rate forecasts of induced earthquakes in Oklahoma and Kansas

Likelihood testing of induced earthquakes in Oklahoma and Kansas has identified the parameters that optimize the forecasting ability of smoothed seismicity models and quantified the recent temporal stability of the spatial seismicity patterns. Use of the most recent 1 year period of earthquake data and use of 10–20 km smoothing distances produced the greatest likelihood. The likelihood that the locations of January–June 2015 earthquakes were consistent with optimized forecasts decayed with increasing elapsed time between the catalogs used for model development and testing. Likelihood tests with two additional sets of earthquakes from 2014 exhibit a strong sensitivity of the rate of decay to the smoothing distance. Marked reductions in likelihood are caused by the nonstationarity of the induced earthquake locations. Our results indicate a multiple-fold benefit from smoothed seismicity models in developing short-term earthquake rate forecasts for induced earthquakes in Oklahoma and Kansas, relative to the use of seismic source zones.
Research on Generalized Modeling Method of Wind Power Drive-Train System

In general there are different types of wind turbine generation units with different parameters and structures in a wind farm. To represent such a wind farm more accurately, a thinking of generalized modeling is proposed, namely, the wind turbines in a wind farm are represented by a general model to simulate the characteristics of different types of wind turbines. According to this thinking, the generalized modeling of the key mechanism, i.e., the drive-train system of wind power generation system, is researched concretely. The simulations of such a general model with doubly fed induction generator(DFIG) and direct-driven wind turbine generator under transient condition are performed respectively, and based on simulation results two kinds of parameters, one of them is ignored and another of them is to be retained, are given. To ensure the accuracy of the proposed general model, multi groups of different parameters are utilized for the tests of the general model, and the impacts of different parameters on drive-train system are analyzed to validate the effectiveness of the general model, and feasibility of the proposed thinking of generalized modeling is further explained.
Fluoxetine exposure during adolescence increases preference for cocaine in adulthood.

Currently, there is a high prevalence of antidepressant prescription rates within juvenile populations, yet little is known about the potential long-lasting consequences of such treatments, particularly on subsequent responses to drugs of abuse. To address this issue at the preclinical level, we examined whether adolescent exposure to fluoxetine (FLX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, results in changes to the sensitivity of the rewarding properties of cocaine in adulthood. Separate groups of male c57bl/6 mice were exposed to FLX (0 or 20 mg/kg) for 15 consecutive days either during adolescence (postnatal days [PD] 35–49) or adulthood (PD 65–79). Twenty-one days after FLX treatment, behavioral responsivity to cocaine (0, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) conditioned place preference was assessed. Our data shows that mice pretreated with FLX during adolescence, but not during adulthood, display an enhanced dose-dependent preference to the environment paired with cocaine (5 or 10 mg/kg) when compared to age-matched saline pretreated controls. Taken together, our findings suggest that adolescent exposure to FLX increases sensitivity to the rewarding properties of cocaine, later in life.
Radial Outflow High Temperature Thermal Conductivity Measurements: Some Experimental Developments

We have been conducting radial outflow (ROF) high temperature thermal conductivity measurements in GE/RESD’s Valley Forge Space Center Laboratories since 1967, when we obtained a commercially available instrument, described in Ref. 1. At the time of acquisition, our primary need was for high temperature (1000–3000 K) measurements on low conductivity materials such as the chars of carbon- and silica-phenolic composites. Because of the small samples available, a small specimen size was necessary, and our original specifications called for a 2“ O.D. maximum cylindrical specimen. The instrument has worked very well for low to intermediate conductivity materials at temperatures up to approximately 2000 K; however, our high temperature work has been concentrated on high conductivity materials such as the ATJ graphite series. Although the small sample size causes a loss in sensitivity at low temperatures, causing the lower temperature limit of the measurements to rise to the range 1100–1400 K, the more serious experimental difficulty with this class of measurements has been the electrical power measurement at high temperature, in particular the gage section voltage.
Water Treatment by Dendrimer-Enhanced Filtration: Principles and Applications

Pressure-driven membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), and microfiltration (MF) are emerging as key components of water purification systems throughout the world. The bulk of the capital and operating costs of membrane systems is associated with the high pressure needed to remove dissolved contaminants (e.g., monovalent ions and small organic molecules). RO and NF are very effective at removing dissolved ions and organic solutes. However, high pressures (100-1000 psi) are required to operate RO and NF membranes. Conversely, UF and MF membranes require much lower pressure (5-60 psi). Unfortunately, they are not effective at retaining dissolved ions and organic solutes. The author of this chapter has developed a dendrimer-enhanced filtration (DEF) process that can remove dissolved substances using UF and MF. Dendrimers are highly branched 3D globular nanopolymers with controlled composition and architecture. They have many reactive functional sites and binding pockets per molecule, and their globular shape and large size makes them easier to filter than linear polymers. The DEF process works by combining dendrimers with conventional membrane filtration. Functionalized dendrimers are added to an incoming aqueous solution and bind with the target contaminants. For most dissolved solutes (e.g., cations and anions), a change in solution acidity causes the dendrimers to bind or release the target solutes. Thus, a two-stage filtration process can be used to recover and concentrate a variety of dissolved ions in water. This concentrated solution is then collected for disposal or subsequent processing or disposal, whereas the dendrimers are recycled. The DEF process has many applications including the recovery of toxic metal ions (e.g., copper) from industrial wastewater, the extraction of valuable metals (e.g., uranium) from aqueous solutions generated during in situ recovery mining, and the remediation of groundwater contaminated by anions (e.g., perchlorate).
Cover Crops for Enriching Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Under Bioenergy Sorghum

Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) can be enriched with cover crops under agronomic crops, but little is known about their enrichment under bioenergy crops. Legume (hairy vetch [Vicia villosa Roth]), nonlegume (rye [Secale cereale L.]), a mixture of legume and nonlegume (hairy vetch and rye), and a control with no cover crop were grown in the winter to evaluate their effects on soil organic C (SOC), total N (STN), and nitrate-N (NO3-N) contents under bioenergy Sorghum from 2010 to 2013. Cover crop biomass and C and N contents were greater with vetch/rye mixture than rye and the control. The SOC at 5–15 and 15–30 cm was greater with vetch/rye than other treatments under forage Sorghum and at 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm was greater with vetch/rye and vetch than rye or the control under sweet Sorghum. The STN at 5–15 cm was greater with vetch/rye and the control than rye under forage Sorghum and at 0–5 and 5–15 cm was greater with vetch/rye and rye than the control under sweet Sorghum. Both SOC and STN at all depths increased linearly from 2010 to 2013, regardless of cover crops and Sorghum species. The NO3-N content at all depths varied with cover crops from 2011 to 2013. Bicultural cover crops, such as hairy vetch/rye mixture, have greater potential to sequester C and N than monocultures, such as hairy vetch and rye, or no cover crop due to greater crop residue returned to the soil under bioenergy Sorghum where aboveground biomass is harvested for bioenergy or feedstock.
The Fundamental Group

The aim of this section is to make the homotopy equivalence classes of paths that start and end at a fixed point in a space into a group. We will see later how this group tells us about the covering spaces of X, as well as determining the first homology and cohomology groups (when X is an open set in the plane). In this chapter it will be convenient again to have all paths defined on the same interval. So a path in a topological space X will be a continuous map γ: [0,1]→X. We say that γ is a path from the point x = γ(0) to the point x′ = γ(1). In this chapter a homotopy of paths will always fix the endpoints x and x′, i.e., H(0, s) = x and H(1, s) = x′ for all 0 ≤ s ≤ 1.
UNF-ST&DARDS Unified Database and the Automatic Document Generator

The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy is sponsoring development of a database to store information related to spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in support of its Spent Fuel and Waste Dispo...
RBX2 maintains final retinal cell position in a DAB1-dependent and -independent fashion.

ABSTRACT The laminated structure of the retina is fundamental for the organization of the synaptic circuitry that translates light input into patterns of action potentials. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cell migration and layering of the retina are poorly understood. Here, we show that RBX2, a core component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL5, is essential for retinal layering and function. RBX2 regulates the final cell position of rod bipolar cells, cone photoreceptors and Muller glia. Our data indicate that sustained RELN/DAB1 signaling, triggered by depletion of RBX2 or SOCS7 – a CRL5 substrate adaptor known to recruit DAB1 – causes rod bipolar cell misposition. Moreover, whereas SOCS7 also controls Muller glia cell lamination, it is not responsible for cone photoreceptor positioning, suggesting that RBX2, most likely through CRL5 activity, controls other signaling pathways required for proper cone localization. Furthermore, RBX2 depletion reduces the number of ribbon synapses and disrupts cone photoreceptor function. Together, these results uncover RBX2 as a crucial molecular regulator of retina morphogenesis and cone photoreceptor function.
Variance Regularized Counterfactual Risk Minimization via Variational Divergence Minimization

Off-policy learning, the task of evaluating and improving policies using historic data collected from a logging policy, is important because on-policy evaluation is usually expensive and has adverse impacts. One of the major challenge of off-policy learning is to derive counterfactual estimators that also has low variance and thus low generalization error. In this work, inspired by learning bounds for importance sampling problems, we present a new counterfactual learning principle for off-policy learning with bandit feedbacks. Our method regularizes the generalization error by minimizing the distribution divergence between the logging policy and the new policy, and removes the need for iterating through all training samples to compute sample variance regularization in prior work. With neural network policies, our end-to-end training algorithms using variational divergence minimization showed significant improvement over conventional baseline algorithms and is also consistent with our theoretical results.
High-Resolution Mass-Spectrometric Investigation of Coal Derivatives

The Pittsburgh Coal Research Center of the Federal Bureau of Mines is attempting to determine which specific organic structures contribute desirable properties to commercially important fractions of coal tars such as road tar and electrode binder pitch. The current emphasis is on a survey of the types of hydrocarbon structures in coal extracts, tars, and related samples detectable by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Mass-spectral data have also been obtained for several altered coals and coal derivatives, including weathered road tar.
Schismatic Act V. Antiplot in a Dark and Empty Theatre: Reech's Discovery and Burial of a Too General Theory, and His Failure to Reduce It

[In §9C the spectators have been warned of the impending deluge1 from the pen of Reech. They have been told also that Reech was setting about to determine the consequences of the first principles of the subject.] Reech, mentioning the Works of Carnot, Clapeyron, Joule, Thomson, Rankine, Mayer, and Clausius, expresses the opinion (p. 357) that “too much importance has been given to pure hypotheses, losing sight of the logical train of reasoning of Mr. Carnot, which has not been broken, I think, by Mr. Regnault’s objection, and which needs only to be completed from a new point of view.” Reech himself adopts “the mother idea or fundamental axiom of the reasonings of Messrs. Carnot and Clapeyron” (p. 364) but refuses to accept either their assumption that the heat in a body is a function of V and θ or the new assumptions connecting heat with work which Mayer, Joule, Clausius, Rankine, and Kelvin had espoused. For Reech, the first principles are these: 1. For a given gas, through each point of the V-p quadrant passes one and only one isotherm and one and only one adiabat. [He assumes tacitly that they decussate.] 2. Carnot’s General Axiom: The work L(b) done by a fluid body in undergoing a Carnot cycle b is determined by its operating temperatures θ+ and θ− and by the heat absorbed C+(b) on the isotherm at the higher temperature θ+. That work is the same in all Carnot cycles that can correspond to the three quantities θ+, θ−, and C+(b).
Conscience as a Civil and Criminal Defense.

Prof. Nelson (2018) makes a compelling argument that conscientious objection to abortion (COTA) laws should not immunize health care providers from criminal prosecution when they deny abortions to ...
Sweet taste perception is greater in non-Hispanic black than in non-Hispanic white adults.

Abstract Objective Research suggests a difference in sweet taste perception between non-Hispanic black (NHB) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) adults; however, limited research has examined sweet taste perception in relation to the dietary intake of sweet products. The aim of this study was to examine sweet taste perception and the consumption of sweet foods, beverages, and sugar in NHB and NHW adults, and to evaluate whether sweet taste perception is associated with dietary intake. Methods This cross-sectional study examined the association between race, sweet taste perception and sweet food, beverages, and sugar consumption in healthy, NHB and NHW adults. Seven day food records were analyzed in Nutrition Data System for Research software. Intensity of sweet taste perception was tested and the general labeled magnitude scale method was used to facilitate group comparisons. Independent t tests, Mann–Whitney tests, and Pearson correlations were used to assess associations. Results Participants were NHB (n = 98) and NHW (n = 90) adults, 41 ± 1 y of age (mean ± SEM) with energy intake of 2271 ± 53 kcal. Body mass index was higher in NHBs than in NHWs (36 ± 1 versus 32 ± 1 kg/m2, P = 0.048), but no differences were observed in age, energy consumption, or total sugar intake. Sweet taste perception rating (median [interquartile range] NHB: 73.5 [63.9–83], NHW: 52.1 [46.4–57.7]; P = 0.001) and added sugar intake (NHB: 39.4 g/1000 kcal [36.3–42.4], NHW: 30 g/1000 kcal [26.7–33.4]; P Conclusions NHBs have a higher intensity of sweet taste perception than NHWs. The positive association of sweet taste perception and sweet product consumption in NHBs suggests that a higher intensity of sweet taste perception may be associated with an increased proportion of energy consumption from added sugars.
Topic situations: Coherence by inclusion

Abstract Topic situations have been studied in the linguistic literature but for the most part have not been studied psycholinguistically. Five experiments tested predictions of the hypothesis that a sentence-initial prepositional phrase (PP) in English introduces a Topic Situation, which by default restricts the interpretation of the following discourse. Participants in judgment experiments interpreted later discourse events as being more likely to take place in the location specified by a PP when that PP had appeared sentence-initially compared to other sentence positions, and they rated such sentences as less natural when the discourse event was implausible in the specified location. Participants in two additional experiments made naturalness judgments of sentences containing an initial PP that introduced a situation that has a usual range of durations. Sentences with a final temporal phrase that fell outside this range were judged to be unnatural, suggesting that this temporal phrase was (implausibly) interpreted as being included in the Topic Situation introduced by the PP. We suggest that these findings can advance understanding of discourse phenomena such as presupposition and domain restriction.
Reflectionless Filter Topologies Supporting Arbitrary Low-Pass Ladder Prototypes

Modifications of the authors’ previously published, generalized, lumped-element, reflectionless filter topologies are presented, which remove the original constraints on the relative values of its prototype parameters. Thus, any transfer function which can be realized as the transmission or reflection coefficient of a conventional ladder prototype may now be implemented in reflectionless form, i.e., having the same transfer function in transmission but with identically zero reflection coefficient at both ports and at all frequencies from dc to infinity, given ideal elements. The theoretical basis of these modifications is explained and then tested via the construction of passive, reflectionless low-pass filter prototypes that, in the prior topology, would have required negative reactive elements. The results show excellent agreement with theory.
The role of coronary artery calcification testing in incident coronary artery disease risk prediction in type 1 diabetes

We sought to assess the role of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and its progression in predicting incident coronary artery disease (CAD) in individuals with type 1 diabetes using data from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study. The present study examined 292 participants who had at least one CAC measure and were free from CAD at baseline; 181 (62%) had repeat CAC assessments 4–8 years later and did not develop CAD between the two CAC measures. The HRs of incident CAD events were estimated using Cox models in categorised or in appropriately transformed CAC scores. C statistics and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were used to assess the added predictive value of CAC for incident CAD. At baseline, the mean age of participants was 39.4 years and the mean diabetes duration was 29.5 years. There were 76 participants who experienced a first incident CAD event over an average follow-up of 10.7 years. At baseline, compared with those without CAC (Agatston score = 0), the adjusted HR (95% CI) in groups of 1–99, 100–399 and ≥400 was 3.1 (1.6, 6.1), 4.4 (2.0, 9.5) and 4.8 (1.9, 12.0), respectively. CAC density was inversely associated with incident CAD in those with CAC volume ≥100 (HR 0.3 [95% CI 0.1, 0.9]) after adjusting for volume score. Among participants with repeated CAC measures, annual CAC progression was positively associated with incident CAD after controlling for baseline CAC. The HR (95% CI) for above vs below the median annual CAC volume progression was 3.2 (1.2, 8.5). When compared with a model that only included established risk factors, the addition of CAC improved the predictive ability for incident CAD events in the whole group. CAC is strongly associated with incident CAD events in individuals with type 1 diabetes; its inclusion in CAD risk models may lead to improvement in prediction over established risk factors.
Quantum Hall stripes in high-density GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells

We report on quantum Hall stripes (QHSs) formed in higher Landau levels of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells with high carrier density (${n}_{e}g4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$) which is expected to favor QHS orientation along the unconventional $\ensuremath{\langle}1\overline{1}0\ensuremath{\rangle}$ crystal axis and along the in-plane magnetic field ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$. Surprisingly, we find that at ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=0$ QHSs in our samples are aligned along the $\ensuremath{\langle}110\ensuremath{\rangle}$ direction and can be reoriented only perpendicular to ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$. These findings suggest that high density alone is not a decisive factor for either abnormal native QHS orientation or alignment with respect to ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$, while quantum confinement of the 2DEG likely plays an important role.
Underlying Molecular Interactions between Sodium Montmorillonite Clay and Acidic Bitumen

Moisture damage is one of the common distresses in pavements; it is mainly associated with failure of interfacial bonds between bitumen and the stone aggregates that form the skeleton of pavement. ...
Using Writing About Mathematics as a Teaching Technique.

IT HAS been stated that the modern mathematics curricula emphasize the rela tionships between concepts (structure) as opposed to rote learning (Begle 1971; Cam bridge Conference 1963). This article is concerned with a "revelation" that came about from an experiment (Geeslin 1973) and subsequent clinical work concerning students' learning of mathematical struc ture. During the experiment, this is the re sponse obtained from one sixth grader who was asked to write about the relationship between two probability concepts: "Event is Outcome's cousin." From an empirical point of view, this response was not very useful. However, from a pedagogical point of view, it is intriguing and suggestive. Ques tions raised by such responses and sugges tions for teachers based on these responses are the focus of this article. In investigating the learning of mathe matical structure and its connection to achievement (Geeslin 1973; Geeslin and Shavelson 1975[a] and 1975[b]), students were asked to write sentences and para graphs concerning the relationships be tween pairs of probability concepts. Stu dents from grades 4 through 12 were taught elementary probability through a pro grammed text. Instruction lasted approx imately two weeks. Results clearly indicated that most students at all levels learned ele mentary probability and the mathematical structure involved. Students were asked to complete achievement, attitude, word asso ciation, and writing tasks before and imme diately after instruction, and two weeks later to check retention. Of main interest here are the writing tasks, which required students to write sentences or paragraphs about concepts or the relationships be tween concepts.
Integration by parts and quasi-invariance for the horizontal Wiener measure on foliated compact manifolds

Abstract We prove several sub-Riemannian versions of Driver's integration by parts formula which first appeared in [17] . Namely, our results are for the horizontal Wiener measure on a totally geodesic Riemannian foliation equipped with a sub-Riemannian structure. It is also shown that the horizontal Wiener measure is quasi-invariant under the action of flows generated by suitable tangent processes.
Guaranteeing Safety for Neural Network-Based Aircraft Collision Avoidance Systems

The decision logic for the ACAS X family of aircraft collision avoidance systems is represented as a large numeric table. Due to storage constraints of certified avionics hardware, neural networks have been suggested as a way to significantly compress the data while still preserving performance in terms of safety. However, neural networks are complex continuous functions with outputs that are difficult to predict. Because simulations evaluate only a finite number of encounters, simulations are not sufficient to guarantee that the neural network will perform correctly in all possible situations. We propose a method to provide safety guarantees when using a neural network collision avoidance system. The neural network outputs are bounded using neural network verification tools like Reluplex and Reluval, and a reachability method determines all possible ways aircraft encounters will resolve using neural network advisories and assuming bounded aircraft dynamics. Experiments with systems inspired by ACAS X show that neural networks giving either horizontal or vertical maneuvers can be proven safe. We explore how relaxing the bounds on aircraft dynamics can lead to potentially unsafe encounters and demonstrate how neural network controllers can be modified to guarantee safety through online costs or lowering alerting cost. The reachability method is flexible and can incorporate uncertainties such as pilot delay and sensor error. These results suggest a method for certifying neural network collision avoidance systems for use in real aircraft.
The rise and fall of the model for end-stage liver disease score and the need for an optimized machine learning approach for liver allocation.

Purpose of review The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) has been used to rank liver transplant candidates since 2002, and at the time bringing much needed objectivity to the liver allocation process. However, and despite numerous revisions to the MELD score, current liver allocation still does not allow for equitable access to all waitlisted liver candidates. Recent findings An optimized prediction of mortality (OPOM) was developed utilizing novel machine-learning optimal classification tree models trained to predict a liver candidate's 3-month waitlist mortality or removal. When compared to MELD and MELD-Na, OPOM more accurately and objectively prioritized candidates for liver transplantation based on disease severity. In simulation analysis, OPOM allowed for more equitable allocation of livers with a resultant significant number of additional lives saved every year when compared with MELD-based allocation. Summary Machine learning technology holds the potential to help guide transplant clinical practice, and thus potentially guide national organ allocation policy.
Multigenerational Households: A Descriptive Approach to Distinctive Definitions

The Census Bureau defines a multigenerational household as a household consisting of three or more generations (Lofquist 2012). Historically, multigenerational households were the default setting in pre-industrial times. A numerous household meant a greater number of workers to practice agriculture, take care of farm animals, and provide assistance in the domestic realm. In 1850, 70% of adults over age 65 lived with their adult children, while in 2000 only 15% of elderly parents lived with their offspring (Reid Keene and Batson 2010). This downward trend in multigenerational households was also a byproduct of the first demographic transition which saw a decline in fertility and mortality in the developed world as well as the rise in prominence of the single nuclear family model (Lesthaeghe 2014).
Primary Hepatic Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Mimicking Acute Fulminant Hepatitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is a rare variant of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Diffuse hepatic involvement is uncommon and therefore presentation as progressive hepatitis or acute fulminant hepatic failure is rare. Acute onset of signs and symptoms can mimic a variety of infectious and inflammatory disorders, thus delaying the diagnosis. A high index of suspicion and liver biopsy early in the course of liver dysfunction may establish the diagnosis and allow rapid initiation of chemotherapy to prevent a fatal outcome. In this report, we describe a rare case of fulminant primary hepatic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a 55-year-old woman who died 2 weeks after admission, before the initiation of chemotherapy.
Departments and disciplinary gatekeeping: The sociolinguistics of Spanish in US academia

In his contribution, Jose del Valle looks at the intersection of the sociolinguistic study of Spanish in the US and the transformations of Spanish language departments in higher education. Del Valle traces the history of the institutionalization of Spanish teaching and study and its effects on linguistic research’s position within Spanish departments. Shifts in approaches to the use of language in social practice, and the growing demands on language units to act as service departments for language learners, has isolated scholars in those institutional homes from broader integration into sociolinguistic research.
Recent trends in the rural–urban suicide disparity among veterans using VA health care

There is an elevated risk of suicide among people living in rural areas, and the rural–urban disparity in death by suicide is growing in the general United States population. The department of Veterans Affairs (VA) implemented programs targeting rural health in 2007 and suicide prevention in 2008. Rural–urban differences in suicide rates among VA users have not been examined since 2010. We sought to understand whether the rural–urban disparity in suicide risk among VA users decreased during a time of contemporaneous VA efforts to improve access to mental health care for rural Veterans and to improve the effectiveness of mental health services at preventing suicide. We performed a retrospective cohort study examining differences in the raw and adjusted annual suicide rate among rural and urban VA users between 2003 and 2017. All VHA users 2003–2017. Descriptive statistics are presented for all VHA users in 2017. This includes 6,120,355 unique VA users, 32.0% (n = 1,955,935) of whom lived at a rural address. Raw rates of death by suicide were higher in rural VA users than urban VA users overall (33.3 vs. 29.1 deaths per 100,000 population) and across years, but the age, sex, and race-adjusted rates converged in 2005. White VA users had over triple the rate of death by suicide as black VA users, and lived disproportionally in rural areas. The rural–urban suicide disparity among VA users persists. However, the disparity appears to be driven by differences in the racial composition of rural and urban patients, which were not accounted for in prior studies.
Educational assessment of a social simulation for MSW students using the CAMS framework

Approximately 45,000 people die by suicide annually in the United States with over 60% seeking help in the year leading up to their death. Of students receiving suicide-specific training in their d...
Gamma-Ray Burst Spikes Could Resolve Stars

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) vary more rapidly than any other known cosmological phenomena. The lower limits of this variability have not yet been explored. Improvements in detectors would reveal or limit the actual rate of short GRBs. Were microsecond spike GRBs to exist and be detectable, they would time-resolve stellar mass objects throughout the universe by their gravitational microlensing effect. Analyzing the time structure of sufficient numbers of GRB spikes would reveal or limit ?star, ?MACHO, and ?baryon.
Evaluation of Bleeding Risk Prior to Invasive Procedures

Evaluation of bleeding risk prior to invasive procedures is important to minimize bleeding throughout the periprocedural period. A thorough bleeding assessment includes an evaluation of bleeding associated with the procedure in the presence and absence of anticoagulation, if applicable, and a patient assessment including personal and family history of bleeding events, medication history, physical evaluation, and past medical history including concomitant disease states. Patients on medications that affect hemostasis need to be properly managed around the time of procedure as per multidisciplinary assessment and evidence-based and/or expert consensus guidelines. A patient on antithrombotic therapy undergoing an invasive procedure/surgery with a high bleeding risk will need to temporarily interrupt antithrombotic agents. For urgent/emergent procedures that cannot be delayed, anticoagulation may require immediate reversal, and the patient may require additional hemostatic support throughout the periprocedural period. Creating a patient- and procedure-specific periprocedural anticoagulation management plan is an interdisciplinary task that should involve the proceduralist, anticoagulation management provider, and potentially the primary care provider, cardiologist, and oncologist depending on the indication for anticoagulation.
Judicial Review as a Constraint on Tyranny of the Majority

We develop a theoretical model to analyze the role of judicial review in preventing tyrannies of the majority. The model identifies conditions under which the court's optimal role may be to allow tyranny of the majority--and the tyrannized minority will be better off as a result. This implication hinges on the timing of two events: lifting a veil of ignorance with respect to who gains and who loses from the policy subject to judicial review, and the revelation of new information (modeled as a random shock) that affects the level of the payoffs generated by that policy. We explain how the model applies to three controversial rulings (Serrano v. Priest, Kelo v. City of New London, In re Marriage Cases). In so doing, we demonstrate how the model can help distinguish scenarios in which judicial constraints on majority rule are socially beneficial from those in which they are harmful. (JEL D7, K4) The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Yale University. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
Situated Design-Thinking in Architectural Practice: Analyzing and Extending Schön’s Epistemology

Nearly thirty-five years ago Donald Schon proposed an epistemology of design practice as an antidote to the crisis of legitimacy in architecture and other professional design disciplines. His theory of reflective practice is popular in teacher and nursing education programs and ‘design-thinking’ has gained credibility to promote innovation in business. Yet he failed to provide the epistemic credibility for architectural practice he promised. This critical analysis compares constructs in Schon’s theory against knowledge from mind and brain science to assess their validity and limitations. Findings inform suggestions for extending his theory toward developing a more complete epistemology of architectural practice.
Hip Arthroscopy With and Without A Perineal Post: A Comparison of Early Postoperative Pain

Purpose To compare postoperative pain and early recovery after hip arthroscopy with and without a perineal post for joint distraction. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of patients who underwent hip arthroscopy before and after the adoption of a postless technique. Patients who underwent concurrent periacetabular or femoral osteotomy were excluded. Demographic information, procedure variables, and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores were recorded. Analgesic medications given were converted to morphine milligram equivalents (MME) for comparison. Uni- and multivariate analyses were conducted to compare total MME, postoperative pain, and time to discharge between groups. Results One hundred patients were in each group. The overall age (mean ± standard deviation) was 26.5 ± 9.9 years (Post [P]: 57 females; No Post [NP]: 68 females). Total operative time (P 100.4 ± 17.9 minutes vs NP 89.1 ± 25.5 minutes, P = .0004), traction time (P 45.8 ± 10.3 minutes vs NP 40.9 ± 11.1 minutes, P = .0017), and operating room time (P 148.8 ± 19.3 minutes vs NP 137.3 ± 25.8 minutes, P = .0005) were found to be shorter in the NP group. Total MME, and final VAS pain scores in the PACU were similar between both groups (MME, P = .1620; VAS, P = .2139). Time to discharge was significantly shorter in the NP group (P 207.2 ± 58.8 vs NP 167.5 ± 47.9, P Conclusions Adoption of the postless technique did not result in prolonged operating room or operative time. Overall, both groups had similar postoperative pain, however, the time from surgery to hospital discharge was shorter in the postless group. Level of Evidence III, retrospective comparison study.
A Framework for Improving Data Quality of Thermo-Hygrometer Sensors aboard Unmanned Aerial Systems for Planetary Boundary Layer Research

Abstract. Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are becoming a good candidate technology for solving the observational gap in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Additionally, the rapid miniaturization of thermodynamic sensors over the past years allowed for more seamless integration with small UASs and more simple system characterization procedures. However, given that the UAS alters its immediate surrounding air to stay aloft by nature, such integration can introduce several sources of bias and uncertainties to the measurements if not properly accounted for. If weather forecast models were to use UAS measurements, then these errors could significantly impact numerical predictions and, hence, influence the weather forecasters' situational awareness and their ability to issue warnings. Therefore, some considerations for sensor placement are presented in this study as well as flight patterns and strategies to minimize the effects of UAS on the weather sensors. Moreover, advanced modeling techniques and signal processing algorithms should be investigated to compensate for slow sensor dynamics. For this study, dynamic models were developed to characterize and assess the transient response of commonly used temperature and humidity sensors. Consequently, an inverse dynamic model processing (IDMP) algorithm that enhances signal restoration is presented and demonstrated on simulated data. A few real case studies are discussed that show a clear distinction between the rapid evolution of the PBL and sensor time response. The conclusions of this study provide information regarding the effectiveness of the overall process of mitigating undesired biases and distortions in the data sampled with a UAS and increase the data quality and reliability.
On Some Finitely Based Representations of Semigroups

In this paper we present a method of obtaining finitely based linear representations of possibly infinitely based semigroups. Let R{x1, x2, . . . } be a free associative algebra over a commutative ring R with the countable set of free generators {x1, x2, . . . }. An endomorphism α of R{x1, x2, . . . } is called a semigroup endomorphism if x1α, x2α, . . . are monomials (i.e. finite products of xi’s). An ideal I of R{x1, x2, . . . } is called an S-ideal if I is closed under all semigroup endomorphisms of R{x1, x2, . . . }. Let S be a semigroup, M a faithful module over R. A multiplicative homomorhism ψ : S −→ EndRM is called a (linear) representation of S on M . An element p = p(x1, x2, . . . , xn) of R{x1, x2, . . . } is called an identity of the representation ψ if p(ψ(s1), . . . , ψ(sn)) = 0 for all s1, . . . , sn ∈ S. It is not hard to show that the set of all identities of any representation is an Sideal of R{x1, x2, . . . }. An S-ideal I of R{x1, x2, . . . } is called finitely S-generated if there exist p1, . . . , pk ∈ I such that I is the least S-ideal of R{x1, x2, . . . } containing p1, . . . , pk. A representation ψ is called finitely based if the S-ideal I of its identities is finitely S-generated. Any set {p1, . . . , pk} ⊆ I such that the elements p1, . . . , pk S-generate I is called a finite basis of identities of ψ. S.M.Vovsi and N.H.Shon in [VSh] proved that every representation of a finite group over a field is finitely based. A semigroup version of this problem is open: it is not known whether every representation of a finite semigroup is finitely based. Let A be an associative algebra over R, S = 〈A, ·〉 its multiplicative semigroup, and M be an R-module. Let φ : A −→ EndRM be a homomorphism (R-linear, additive, and multiplicative). The kernel of φ, Kerφ, is a two-sided ideal in A. Define a representation ψ of S on M by mψ(s) = mφ(s) for all m ∈ M , s ∈ S. The representation ψ is a linear representation of S on M . Call the representation ψ associated with φ. From now on we assume that the ring R and the module M have at least one of the following properties: (i) for any integer m there exist r1, . . . , rm ∈ R such that ∏ i<j(ri − rj)m = 0 implies m = 0 for each m ∈ M ; (ii) the ring R is finitely generated. In this paper we prove the following theorem. Received by the editors June 17, 1996 and, in revised form, November 19, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 20M89, 16R50.
CAREX (CYPERACEAE) FROM SOUTH AMERICA: THREE NEW SPECIES AND SOME NAME CHANGES

Resumen en: Three new species of Carex (Cyperaceae) are described from Bolivia. Each of them, Carex peruvida, C. ownbeyi, and C. beckii, is known only from the type...
Parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions, constant real parameter uncertainty, and the Popov criterion in robust analysis and synthesis. 1

A framework for parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions, a less conservative refinement of 'fixed' Lyapunov functions, is developed. An immediate application of this framework is a reinterpretation of the classical Popov criterion as a parameter-dependent Lyapunov function. This observation is exploited to obtain conditions for robust controller synthesis with full-state, full-order, and reduced-order controllers in H/sub 2/ and H/sub 2//H/sub infinity / settings. >
Evaluating the Efficacy of a Video Dissection Guide Tailored to the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Gross Anatomy Curricula

In an effort to close the educational gap caused by low instructor to student ratios in gross anatomy labs, a new video dissector based on the required written text used at Louisiana State University (LSU), Grant's Dissector 15th edition, is being created by the gross anatomy faculty. As currently available video guides are more demonstrative and less instructional, our goal is easing the perfunctory dissection burden by describing dissection techniques and characteristic structures so critical dissection of historically difficult-to-identify structures can be carried out more quickly with less dissection damage. It is hypothesized that these LSU-specific videos will be of greater aid to students in identifying structures than guides already in existence or than written text alone. To test this hypothesis, the class will be divided into 3 groups: written dissector only, traditional anatomy video specifically Acland's Video Atlas of Human Anatomy, and LSU video diss...