cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer simulation of strain-rate effects in replica scale model penetration experiments

Abstract A computational study was performed to quantify the effects of strain rate on replica-model (scaled) experiments of penetration and perforation. The impact of a tungsten-alloy, long-rod projectile into an armor steel target at 1.5 km s−1 was investigated. It was found that over a scale factor of 10, strain-rate effects change the depth of penetration, for semi-infinite targets, and the residual velocity and length of the projectile, for finite-thickness targets, by an order of 5%. Although not modeled explicitly in the present study, the time-dependence of damage was examined. Damage accumulation is a strong function of absolute time, not scaled time. At homologous times, a smaller scale will have less accumulated damage than a larger scale; therefore, the smaller scale will appear stronger, particularly in situations where the details of damage evolution are important.
Effect of synthetic angiotonin on the carotid sinus.

Natural decapeptide or synthetic octapeptide angiotonin was ineffective in lowering arterial pressure or decreasing the carotid occlusion response when injected into the carotid sinus adventitia. Injection of synthetic octapeptide angiotonin into the lumen of the carotid sinus after tying its branches decreased the carotid occlusion response but the effect depended on dosage many times the pressor activity of 1 γ of norepinephrine which elicited a comparable effect.
A controlled trial comparing human plasma protein fraction with freeze-dried plasma for resuscitation during the burn shock period

Abstract A controlled trial was conducted comparing the use of freeze-dried plasma (FDP) with human protein fraction (HPPF) in the resuscitation of patients during the burn shock period. Twenty-four children and 13 adults were studied during the first week post burn. It was found that those who received HPPF tended to have depressed globulin levels: the immunoglobulin levels were depressed, the prothrombin time was prolonged and the fibrinogen level was also transiently decreased. In contrast those who received FDP had raised immunoglobulin levels and the prothrombin time was shortened. The incidence of septicaemia was markedly greater during the first week if HPPF was used. The differences between the two solutions were most marked in the more extensive burns. Although the physical properties of HPPF enable it to suffice as a plasma expander, it lacks certain physiological properties of FDP. The superiority of FDP over HPPF in the resuscitation of major burns is emphasized.
Membrane Solution of the Spirally Corrugated Shell

A complete membrane solution of a spirally corrugated shell under axial and torsional loading is determined from the general bending equations of a thin shell whose middle surface is referred to a nonorthogonal coordinate system. Explicit formulas for the stress resultants are determined, and the displacements and boundary conditions are stated in terms of quadratures without specifying the shape of the profile of the shell. An approximate evaluation of the quadratures for a special class of shells is done, and the results are analyzed for the restrictions due to bending. In addition, the displacement and integration constants are evaluated numerically for several classes of shells not covered by the approximate solution. It is found that spirally corrugated shells have a complex stress state under either loading, and if the shell has a large number of spirals and, thus, a large pitch, the spirally corrugated shell is very flexible compared to the corrugated shell of revolution.
Creating Freeform Model by Carving Virtual Workpiece With Haptic Interface

This paper presents the development of a virtual sculpting system, with the goal of enabling the user to create a freeform model by carving a virtual workpiece with a virtual tool while providing haptic interface during the sculpting process. A virtual reality approach is taken to provide stereoscopic viewing and force feedback, thus making the process of model creation in the virtual environment easier and more intuitive. The development of this system involves integrating techniques and algorithms in geometric modeling, computer graphics, and haptic rendering. Multithreading is used in an attempt to address the different update rates required in the graphic and haptic displays.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Air-Oxidation of Starch Using Quinquevalent Vanadium as Catalyst†

Air-oxidation of corn starch in the presence of ammonium meta vanadate at 35–40°C and pH 9 has been studied. The resulting oxidized starch contained more carbonyl but less carboxyl as compared to an industrial oxidized starch. However, the presence of undesirable amounts of the catalyst imparted extremely high viscosity to the oxidized starch. The ultraviolet irradiation was found to have a pronounced effect on the air oxidation of starch in the presence of ammonium meta vanadate. Increased carboxyl content was observed in the UV light catalyzed oxidized starch.
Novel Clostridium botulinum Toxin Gene Arrangement with Subtype A5 and Partial Subtype B3 Botulinum Neurotoxin Genes

Botulinum neurotoxin, the most poisonous substance known and a potential biothreat agent ([1][1]), causes human and animal botulism worldwide ([4][2], [9][3]). This toxin is encoded by the bont gene as part of a cluster that includes nontoxic accessory genes ([10][4]). Two main gene clusters are
Concept system software

Concept mapping is a technique for collecting, analysing, and presenting group perceptions. The technique may be a useful tool for educational psychologists (EPs), particularly in the consultative ...
Pattern formation and developmental mechanisms

A selection of World Wide Web sites relevant to papers published in this issue of Current Opinion in Genetics & Development .
Neurotrophic factors, their receptors, and the signal transduction pathways they activate

Our studies of the spatiotemporal availability of neurotrophic factors, coupled with tagged ligand binding assays that identify cell bearing receptors for these factors, should lead toward defining the physiological roles of these molecules in the animal. The use of the tagged ligands to identify factor-responsive cell lines has also provided new model systems for the examination of ligand-receptor interactions, as well as for the study of the subsequent induction of intracellular response pathways. To obtain insights into such intracellular pathways, we have molecularly cloned genes encoding a family of serine-threonine protein kinases, most closely related to kinases involved in the yeast response to pheromones. These kinases may be crucial regulators of early steps in the response of mammalian cells to neurotrophic factors as well as other extracellular signals.
Convergence of the Kato approximants for evolution equations involving functional perturbations

The existence of a unique strong solution of the nonlinear abstract functional differential equation u′(t) + A(t)u(t) = F(t,ut), u0 = φeC1(¦−r,0¦,X),te¦0, T¦, (E) is established. X is a Banach space with uniformly convex dual space and, for tϵ ¦0, T¦, A(t) is m-accretive and satisfies a time dependence condition suitable for applications to partial differential equations. The function F satisfies a Lipschitz condition. The novelty of the paper is that the solution u(t) of (E) is shown to be the uniform limit (as n → ∞) of the sequence un(t), where the functions un(t) are continuously differentiate solutions of approximating equations involving the Yosida approximants. Thus, a straightforward approximation scheme is now available for such equations, in parallel with the approach involving the use of nonlinear evolution operator theory.
Adaptive control of indoor temperature in a building using a desirable reference temperature profile

This paper introduces a technique for choosing a desirable reference temperature profile that is used with an adaptive one step ahead (OSA) controllers for controlling the indoor air temperature of a building. It also presents the results of a simulation study that compares the performance of the above controllers without and with optimization, and demonstrates better performance for the latter.
Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy – By Eric D. Weitz

At the 1934 Nuremburg Party Rally, Rudolf Hess famously barked that “Hitler is Germany; Germany is Hitler.” From the time that these words were spewed from Hess's sweaty lips until the 1980s, histo...
Gamow-Teller transitions and deformation in the proton-neutron random phase approximation

We investigate reliability of Gamow-Teller transition strengths computed in the proton-neutron random phase approximation, comparing with exact results from diagonalization in full $0\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ shell-model spaces. By allowing the Hartree-Fock state to be deformed, we obtain good results for a wide variety of nuclides, even though we do not project onto good angular momentum. We suggest that deformation is as important or more so than pairing for Gamow-Teller transitions.
INDIVIDUALS' AND GROUPS' RATINGS OF APPROPRIATENESS OF BEHAVIOR

Summary.-51 male college freshmen, working either individually or in groups of three to six members, were asked to rare the appropriateness of 90 hypothetical behavior-situation combinations on a 10-point scale. The behaviorsituation combinations fell into one of three different categories: (1) "High" appropriateness (e.g., 'Running in the park'); (2) "medium" or relatively neutral appropriateness (e.g., 'Mumble on a bus'); and (3) "low" appropriateness (e.g., 'Fighc at the movies'). Subjects working in groups rated the appropriateness of the "high combinations higher and the appropriateness of the "low" combinations lower than did the subjects working individually. These results suggest that groups make judgments of behavior appropriateness thac are more extreme than those of individuals.
Active Nanodiamond Hydrogels for Chemotherapeutic Delivery

Nanodiamond materials can serve as highly versatile platforms for the controlled functionalization and delivery of a wide spectrum of therapeutic elements. In this work, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), an apoptosis-inducing drug widely used in chemotherapy, was successfully applied toward the functionalization of nanodiamond materials (NDs, 2-8 nm) and introduced toward murine macrophages as well as human colorectal carcinoma cells with preserved efficacy. The adsorption of DOX onto the NDs and its reversible release were achieved by regulating Cl- ion concentration, and the NDs were found to be able to efficiently ferry the drug inside living cells. Comprehensive bioassays were performed to assess and confirm the innate biocompatibility of the NDs, via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and electrophoretic DNA fragmentation as well as MTT analysis confirmed the functional apoptosis-inducing mechanisms driven by the DOX-functionalized NDs. We extended the applicability of the DOX-ND composites toward a translational context, where MTT assays were performed on the HT-29 colon cancer cell line to assess DOX-ND induced cell death and ND-mediated chemotherapeutic sequestering for potential slow/sustained released capabilities. These and other medically relevant capabilities enabled by the NDs forge its strong potential as a therapeutically significant nanomaterial.
Spectral tailoring for fusion radiation damage studies: Where do we stand?

Abstract The Oak Ridge Research Reactor is currently being used to irradiate an experiment (MFE-4A) to simulate in stainless steel-316 the He-to-DPA ratio of 14 appm He/DPA expected at the first wall of a fusion reactor. The experimental design criterion is to remain within ±20% of this ratio after an initial irradiation period of ∼1.2 years. At present (March 31, 1981) the experiment has been in the reactor for 19 cycles corresponding to 131,543 MWh, 4.05×10 25 n/m 2 in thermal fluence, 1.21×10 26 n/m 2 in total fluence, 3.1 DPAs and 21.0 appm He. The current He-to-DPA ratio is 6.8. This paper summarizes some of the analytical calculations for this experiment and presents the current status of this work. The analytical calculations utilize the codes VENTURE, ANISN, GAS, UNFOLD, etc. and the obtained results include gas production, DPA, and heating rates, and neutron spectral modifications resulting from different reactor fuel loadings and core piece compositions.
The management of erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (formerly known as impotence) is defined as the consistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection suitable for intercourse. Until recently, most of the information on the prevalence of erectile dysfunction has been based on small studies of selected population samples. More reliable data became available with the completion of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Data from this study indicate that erectile dysfunction is a common condition with an estimated incidence rate of 26 cases per 1000 man-years. In 1993, the National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference estimated that 10 to 20 million men in the USA have problems with erection.
Variation of fragmentation with ring size in cyclic α‐amino acids

High resolution mass measurements, defocused metastable ion detection and deuterium labeling experiments have been employed in an investigation of the electron-impact induced decomposition of a series of carbocyclic amino acids, which varied in ring size from three to eight carbon atoms. About 50 per cent of the total ion current is carried by [M COOH]+ ions in the spectra obtained from compounds with five to eight carbon atoms in the ring. This is analogous to the fragmentation of the open chain naturally occurring amino acids. The behavior of the compounds with the two smallest rings is anomalous, reflecting to a larger extent the influence of the ring itself. Special attention has been given the loss of H2O and NH4 from ionized species of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid.
Intricate Protein-Protein Interactions in the Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock

The cyanobacterial circadian clock consists of a post-translational oscillator (PTO) and a PTO-dependent transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL). The PTO can be reconstituted in vitro with the KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC proteins, enabling detailed biochemical and biophysical investigations. Both the CI and the CII halves of the KaiC hexamer harbor ATPases, but only the C-terminal CII ring exhibits kinase and phospho-transferase activities. KaiA stimulates the kinase and KaiB associates with KaiC during the dephosphorylation phase and sequesters KaiA. Recent research has led to conflicting models of the KaiB-KaiC interaction, precluding a clear understanding of KaiB function and KaiABC clock mechanism.
Learning Adaptive Value of Information for Structured Prediction

Discriminative methods for learning structured models have enabled wide-spread use of very rich feature representations. However, the computational cost of feature extraction is prohibitive for large-scale or time-sensitive applications, often dominating the cost of inference in the models. Significant efforts have been devoted to sparsity-based model selection to decrease this cost. Such feature selection methods control computation statically and miss the opportunity to fine-tune feature extraction to each input at run-time. We address the key challenge of learning to control fine-grained feature extraction adaptively, exploiting non-homogeneity of the data. We propose an architecture that uses a rich feedback loop between extraction and prediction. The run-time control policy is learned using efficient value-function approximation, which adaptively determines the value of information of features at the level of individual variables for each input. We demonstrate significant speedups over state-of-the-art methods on two challenging datasets. For articulated pose estimation in video, we achieve a more accurate state-of-the-art model that is also faster, with similar results on an OCR task.
A LIMIT ON THE POLARIZED ANISOTROPY OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND AT SUBDEGREE ANGULAR SCALES

A ground-based polarimeter, PIQUE, operating at 90 GHz has set a new limit on the magnitude of any polarized anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background. The combination of the scan strategy and full width half-maximum beam of 024 gives broad window functions with lE = 211 and lB = 212 for the E- and B-mode window functions, respectively. A joint likelihood analysis yields simultaneous 95% confidence level flat band power limits of 14 and 13 μK on the amplitudes of the E- and B-mode angular power spectra, respectively. Assuming no B-modes, a 95% confidence limit of 10 μK is placed on the amplitude of the E-mode angular power spectrum alone.
Thermal History of Planetary Materials in the Solar Nebula

The current bulk composition of planets has been cast in some extent during the early history of the solar system, associated with the formation and evolution of the solar nebula. Particularly, this stage regulated the abundance and composition of volatiles absorbed by planetesimals and incorporated into planets, and the composition and texture of the primitive meteorites — chondrites.
5-Benzylglycinyl-Amiloride Kills Proliferating and Nonproliferating Malignant Glioma Cells through Caspase-Independent Necroptosis Mediated by Apoptosis-Inducing Factor

5′–Βenzylglycinyl-amiloride (UCD38B) and glycinyl-amiloride (UCD74A) are cell-permeant and cell-impermeant derivatives of amiloride, respectively, and used here to identify the cellular mechanisms of action underlying their antiglioma effects. UCD38B comparably kills proliferating and nonproliferating gliomas cells when cell cycle progression is arrested either by cyclin D1 siRNA or by acidification. Cell impermeant UCD74A inhibits plasmalemmal urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and the type 1 sodium-proton exchanger with potencies analogous to UCD38B, but is cytostatic. In contrast, UCD38B targets intracellular uPA causing mistrafficking of uPA into perinuclear mitochondria, reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential, and followed by the release of apoptotic inducible factor (AIF). AIF nuclear translocation is followed by a caspase-independent necroptotic cell death. Reduction in AIF expression by siRNA reduces the antiglioma cytotoxic effects of UCD38B, while not activating the caspase pathway. Ultrastructural changes shortly following treatment with UCD38B demonstrate dilation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial swelling followed by nuclear condensation within hours consistent with a necroptotic cell death differing from apoptosis and from autophagy. These drug mechanism of action studies demonstrate that UCD38B induces a cell cycle-independent, caspase-independent necroptotic glioma cell death that is mediated by AIF and independent of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and H2AX activation.
Mold Spore Populations in Bark Residues Used as Broiler Litter

Abstract Five broods of broilers were grown in succession on five types of litter. Litter treatments were designated pine bark as is (PBAI), hardwood bark as is (HBAI), pine bark screeened (PBSC), hardwood bark screened (HBSC), and softwood planer shavings (SHAV). Starting dates of the five successive trials were: 10-15-74, 01-07-75, 03-25-75, 06-05-75, and 08-14-75. Litter mold spore counts were made at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks during each growout trial. When mean mold spore counts were considered over all five trials with respect to litter types only, the following significant (P≤.01) results were observed: PBSC>PBAI = HBSC>HBAI>SHAV. When mean mold spore counts were considered over all five trials with respect to the biweekly sampling periods only, the following significant (P≤.01) results were observed: 4 weeks>0 weeks>2 weeks = 6 weeks>8 weeks. When mean mold spore counts were considered over the five successive trials only, the following significant (P≤.01) results were observed: trial 1>trial 3>trial 2 = trial 4>trial 5. In all a total of 17 mold species were isolated from the litters. Penicillium and Aspergillus species were isolated most frequently.
Implementation of Traffic Control Devices on Highway Preservation Projects to Enhance Construction Work Zone Safety

Highway preservation projects are commonly conducted at night and often require construction workers to work in close proximity to ongoing traffic. This situation creates considerable safety risk for both the workers and passing motorists. It is widely accepted that work zone safety is highly related to vehicle speed, and a lower speed will make the work zone safer. Additionally, vehicle speed and speed variability in work zones is inextricably connected to the work zone design and the selected traffic control devices. Therefore, the type and layout of traffic control devices used in a work zone are important criteria when addressing work zone safety. To provide guidance on how to effectively and efficiently enhance work zone safety, a research study was conducted to investigate the impact of selected traffic control devices within highway preservation project work zones. The researchers implemented multiple traffic control devices on two case study projects and evaluated their impact on vehicle speed, construction productivity, cost, and motorist and worker safety. Interviews were conducted on site to collect worker’s opinions toward traffic control devices implemented each night. Speed data were gathered to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic control devices. A police officer parked on the site was found to effectively reduce traffic speeds and was also highly recommended by interviewees. The research findings also suggest using a combination of temporary reduced speed limit signs, radar speed monitoring display, and PCMS signs on both trailers and rollers.
Students with Learning Disabilities in the Music Classroom.

There are a number of disabilities that music educators may never encounter among their students in the music classroom; however, all music educators will have students with learning disabilities. ...
Cellular functions of NSF: Not just SNAPs and SNAREs

N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) is an ATPases associated with various cellular activities protein (AAA), broadly required for intracellular membrane fusion. NSF functions as a SNAP receptor (SNARE) chaperone which binds, through soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNAPs), to SNARE complexes and utilizes the energy of ATP hydrolysis to disassemble them thus facilitating SNARE recycling. While this is a major function of NSF, it does seem to interact with other proteins, such as the AMPA receptor subunit, GluR2, and β2-AR and is thought to affect their trafficking patterns. New data suggest that NSF may be regulated by transient post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and nitrosylation. These new aspects of NSF function as well as its role in SNARE complex dynamics will be discussed.
Extending genome-wide association studies to copy-number variation

Appreciating the contribution of human genome copy-number variation (CNV) to clinical phenotypes is one of the compelling genetics challenges of the coming years. It is increasingly possible to pursue such investigations as an extension of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), enabled by innovations in the design and analysis of SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) arrays and by progress in determining the genomic locations and population-genetic properties of the CNVs that segregate in the human population. Extensions of GWAS to CNV have already resulted in discoveries of both de novo and inherited CNV that are associated with risk of common disease. This review will discuss new approaches, recent findings and the analytical challenges involved in expanding GWAS to appreciate the contribution of CNV to human phenotypes.
Voluntary Associations and the Social Integration of the Poor

Studies of membership in voluntary associations clearly reflect a low likelihood of affiliation among low income persons, especially those at the poverty level. Lower-class interaction patterns are found to be largely contained in the local, relatively intimate settings of the family and immediate neighborhood, or, in the case of organizations, with those which maintain more of an affective than a utilitarian orientation. These past findings both anticipate and interpret the results of many poverty intervention programs which are reviewed from this perspective because of their self-help and self-direction emphases. The selectivity thesis as represented by the “creaming” phenomenon and some effects of the programs are discussed. Implications are noted for the future of such projects and for pluralistic conceptions of society.
A comparative study of secure device pairing methods

''Secure Device Pairing'' or ''Secure First Connect'' is the process of bootstrapping a secure channel between two previously unassociated devices over some (usually wireless) human-imperceptible communication channel. Absence of prior security context and common trust infrastructure open the door for the so-called Man-in-the-Middle and Evil Twin attacks. Mitigation of these attacks requires some level of user involvement in the device pairing process. Prior research yielded a number of technically sound methods relying on various auxiliary human-perceptible out-of-band channels, e.g., visual, acoustic and tactile. Such methods engage the user in authenticating information exchanged over the human-imperceptible channel, thus defending against MiTM attacks and forming the basis for secure pairing. This paper reports on a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of notable secure device pairing methods. This evaluation was obtained via a thorough analysis of these methods, in terms of both security and usability. The results help us identify methods best-suited for specific combinations of devices and human abilities. This work is an important step in understanding usability in one of the rare settings where a very wide range of users (not just specialists) are confronted with modern security technology.
Toward a Better Understanding of Race and Cancer

A better understanding of breast cancer subtypes is allowing their use as prognostic markers. For some time, it has been documented that black women with breast cancer have a poorer prognosis than white women of the same stage. Advances in immunohistochemistry and the appreciation of breast cancer subtypes are enabling investigators to study the distribution of these subtypes among populations.
How to phenotype a mouse

> Without access to comparative pathologists, how can disease models be analyzed with confidence? Genetic technologies empower the mouse as a research tool but leave most researchers who work with them faced with the difficult task of analyzing their complex phenotypes. Recent articles document a
Calibration and Evaluation of Ultrasound Thermography Using Infrared Imaging.

Real-time monitoring of the spatiotemporal evolution of tissue temperature is important to ensure safe and effective treatment in thermal therapies including hyperthermia and thermal ablation. Ultrasound thermography has been proposed as a non-invasive technique for temperature measurement, and accurate calibration of the temperature-dependent ultrasound signal changes against temperature is required. Here we report a method that uses infrared thermography for calibration and validation of ultrasound thermography. Using phantoms and cardiac tissue specimens subjected to high-intensity focused ultrasound heating, we simultaneously acquired ultrasound and infrared imaging data from the same surface plane of a sample. The commonly used echo time shift-based method was chosen to compute ultrasound thermometry. We first correlated the ultrasound echo time shifts with infrared-measured temperatures for material-dependent calibration and found that the calibration coefficient was positive for fat-mimicking phantom (1.49 ± 0.27) but negative for tissue-mimicking phantom (-0.59 ± 0.08) and cardiac tissue (-0.69 ± 0.18°C-mm/ns). We then obtained the estimation error of the ultrasound thermometry by comparing against the infrared-measured temperature and revealed that the error increased with decreased size of the heated region. Consistent with previous findings, the echo time shifts were no longer linearly dependent on temperature beyond 45°C-50°C in cardiac tissues. Unlike previous studies in which thermocouples or water bath techniques were used to evaluate the performance of ultrasound thermography, our results indicate that high-resolution infrared thermography is a useful tool that can be applied to evaluate and understand the limitations of ultrasound thermography methods.
CA8-05: Communication Problems and Preferences of Limited English Proficient Spanish Speakers in a Predominantly English-oriented Medical Setting

Background/Aims To investigate communication problems and preferences of Limited English Proficiency Spanish speakers in a predominantly English-oriented medical care system.
Viscoelastic properties of the aortic valve interstitial cell.

There has been growing interest in the mechanobiological function of the aortic valve interstitial cell (AVIC), due to its role in valve tissue homeostasis and remodeling. In a recent study we determined the relation between diastolic loading of the AV leaflet and the resulting AVIC deformation, which was found to be substantial. However, due to the rapid loading time of the AV leaflets during closure (~0.05 s), time-dependent effects may play a role in AVIC deformation during physiological function. In the present study, we explored AVIC viscoelastic behavior using the micropipette aspiration technique. We then modeled the resulting time-length data over the 100 sec test period using a standard linear solid (SLS) model which included Boltzmann superposition. To quantify the degree of creep and stress relaxation during physiological timescales, simulations of micropipette aspiration were preformed with a valve loading time of 0.05 s and a full valve closure time of 0.3 s. The 0.05 s loading simulations suggest that, during valve closure, AVICs act elastically. During diastole, simulations revealed creep (4.65%) and stress relaxation (4.39%) over the 0.3 s physiological timescale. Simulations also indicated that if Boltzmann superposition was not used in parameter estimation, as in much of the micropipette literature, creep and stress relaxation predicted values were nearly doubled (7.92% and 7.35%, respectively). We conclude that while AVIC viscoelastic effects are negligible during valve closure, they likely contribute to the deformation time-history of AVIC deformation during diastole.
Direct matrix solution of linear complexity for surface integral-equation based impedance extraction of high bandwidth interconnects

A linear-complexity direct matrix solution is developed for the surface-integral based impedance extraction of arbitrarily-shaped 3-D non-ideal conductors embedded in dielectric materials. It outperforms state-of-the-art impedance solvers with fast CPU-time, modest memory-consumption, and without sacrificing accuracy. The inverse of a 2.6-million-unknown matrix arising from the extraction of large-scale 3-D interconnects was obtained in 1.5 GB memory and 1.3 hours on a 3 GHz CPU.
Thermogravimetric monitoring of the MCM-41 synthesis

Abstract MCM-41 materials were synthesized using cetyltetramethylammonium bromide (CTMABr) as the template and two types of silicas: regular silica-gel and colloidal fumed silica. The synthesis was made under hydrothermal conditions at 100°C by adjusting the pH of the hydrogel to 10. A small amount of the sample was taken after each pH adjustment and analyzed by high-resolution thermogravimetry in order to determine the temperature ranges related to water desorption, surfactant decomposition and silanol condensation for the mesostructures studied, as well as to estimate their overall quality. The BET specific surface area and pore size distribution for calcined MCM-41 materials were evaluated from nitrogen adsorption isotherms.
Dynamic modeling of a part mating problem: threaded fastener insertion

A dynamic simulation of threaded insertion is developed based on Euler's equations, impulsive forces, and a geometric description for threaded parts. Points of contact between the threaded parts are determined and tracked during the simulation. Reaction forces are computed based by the kinematic description. The simulation is used to investigate the behavior of a bolt during insertion into a nut under grasp stiffness and damper control. >
Designing revolution: policy for a clean and healthy electronics industry

Design for environment (DFE) has been recognized as a design process that encourages cleaner manufacturing practices in the US electronics industry, along with strengthening industry competitiveness. A variety of opinions and policy alternatives exist as to the most effective means to implement DFE. This paper establishes DFE as a critical issue and evaluates US government policy alternatives for its research and implementation. The paper then makes recommendations based upon these policy evaluations. The research for the paper was conducted during the 1993 Washington Internships for Students of Engineering (WISE) program and was sponsored by IEEE-US Activities. >
Oxygen consumption during calisthenic exercise in women with coronary artery disease.

The purpose of this study was to compare the oxygen consumption (Vo2) during calisthenic exercises in middle-aged women (aged 43–63 years) with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). Indirect calorimetry was used to measure Vo2 in 15 healthy women and 15 women with CAD. Four exercises were performed for three minutes each before measurements of Vo2 were taken. The exercises were 1) sitting knee extension, 2) standing hip flexion, 3) an upper extremity range-of-motion exercise, and 4) lateral trunk flexion. Using an analysis of covariance, no significant difference was found in Vo2 between the two groups; however, there was a significant difference among the four exercises. Oxygen consumption was lowest for both groups during the knee extension and the lateral trunk flexion exercises; both groups demonstrated the highest levels for Vo2 during the hip flexion exercise. This study provides evidence that the energy cost of these low-intensity calisthenics is similar for healthy women and women with CAD.
Why Local Realism

I consider why it has so long been the case historically, and remains largely so today, that local realism, as a constraint or condition on any world view to be deemed satisfying, exercises such a hold on our attempts at explaining and understanding physical phenomena. While I here take as relatively unproblematic the demand of realism (that is, the objective existence of an observer-independent reality), the requirement of locality (here something akin to a first-signal principle for any physical interaction or influence) is much more problematic. The basic question I address is whether the great appeal of locality is based on our inherent patterns of understanding or simply on acclimation through a series of successful explanatory discourses in the history of science. I also discuss the relative importance of (event-by-event) causality and of locality in producing a sense of understanding.
A Cross-National Validation of the Short Employment Hope Scale (EHS-14) in the United States and South Korea

The Short Employment Hope Scale (EHS-14) has been developed in the United States to assess an individual's level of psychological self-sufficiency-a complementary measure to the widely used economic self-sufficiency in workforce development programs. This study examined the comparability of the EHS-14 between U.S. and South Korean low-income job seeker groups. A multisample confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a series of invariance tests were conducted to validate EHS-14 using two independent samples. A latent means analysis (LMA) was used to test the latent mean difference between the two samples. The results indicate that CFAs on both U.S. and South Korean samples verified the four-factor structure of EHS-14. The study also found evidence for cross-national equivalence, based on satisfying configural, metric, scalar, and factor covariance invariance. LMA results found no significant difference between the two samples. EHS-14 was found to be a reliable and valid measure with cross-cultural applicability in the South Korean socio-politico-economic context. EHS-14 can be used to benchmark the client empowerment process and monitor individualized human development paths to employment success.
Saying What You Mean: The Sequel

This article responds to readers' comments about what writing mistakes bother them the most.
2.7 THz Balanced Waveguide HEB Mixer

We report on the development of a waveguide-based balanced superconducting mixer for operation near 2.7 THz. The mixer employs a pair of NbN hot-electron bolometers defined on 6 μm-thick silicon substrate that follows a 90 ° hybrid coupler. To produce the critical structures of the coupler and waveguide embedding circuit, we have utilized silicon micromachining techniques based on deep reactive ion etching. Operating near 4.2 K bath temperature, we have measured a minimum uncorrected DSB receiver noise temperature of less than 2000 K using Callen-Welton formula and local oscillator sideband noise rejection better than 13±3 dB at 2.74 THz. The concept is suitable for building arrays, readily scalable for higher frequencies up 5 THz, and could accommodate other mixer technologies, such as room-temperature Schottky diode mixers.
Toward Cultural Democracy: Digital First Sale Doctrine and Copyright

Economic efficiency has been the dominant justification for copyright protection in the United States. Challenging that narrow perspective, this study argues that cultural democracy provides a broader, more encompassing framework for reforming copyright laws in support of users’ access to and use of creative works. The study demonstrates how the normative values promoted by cultural democracy are synonymous with the socially beneficial effects of the first sale doctrine. Additionally, the study contextualizes and further elaborates the notion of cultural democracy by providing more concrete examples of how cultural democracy plays out in practice. In doing so, this study focuses on individuals’ use of ebooks and the role of public libraries in the digital age.
Effect of aminophylline on IL-13 and IL-18 mRNA in serum and lung tissue of rat asthmatic model

AIM:To assess the effect of aminophylline on the expressions of IL-13 and IL-18 mRNA in serum and lung tissue of rat asthmatic model.METHODS:Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:control group,asthma model group,aminophylline group.Asthmatic model of rat was made by OVA and Al(OH)3.In the period of challenge,aminophylline solution was used in the treatment group.While in other groups normal saline was inhalated. Cell differential counting was conducted in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF).IL-13 and IL-l8 levels in serum and lung tissues were detected by ELISA and RT-PCR,respectively.RESULTS:Compared with the normal contro1 group and aminophylline treatment group,the model rats had a significant increase of eosinophil percentage in BALF(P0.05) and the higher serum level of IL-13 and expression of IL-13 mRNA in lung tissue.Compared with normal and model groups,aminophylline treated rats showed a significant increase of the level of IL-18 mRNA in serum and lung tissue.CONCLUSION:IL-13 perhaps participates the occurrence of asthma.The aminophylline can inhibit the expression of IL-13 mRNA,and increase the expression of IL-l8 mRNA,and regulate the balance of Th1/Th2 to improve the inflammation of asthma.
National survey of pharmaceutical services in psychiatric hospitals

The results of a summer 1989 nationwide mail survey of psychiatric hospital pharmaceutical services are reported and discussed. A simple random sample of 200 hospitals was selected from 600 psychiatric hospitals registered by the American Hospital Association. Questionnaires were mailed to the director of pharmacy at each institution. Usable responses were received from 114 hospitals, for a net response rate of 57%. Responses were categorized by hospital size, ownership status, geographic region, and average length of stay. Substantial differences were noted between government and nongovernment hospitals in the number and types of pharmaceutical services provided, as well as in the manner in which services are provided. Non-government hospitals generally appeared to offer more progressive pharmaceutical services. Psychiatric hospitals in western states appeared to offer more advanced clinical pharmacy services than institutions in other geographic areas. The survey established baseline data on the nature and extent of both clinical and distributive services in psychiatric hospital pharmacy departments.
Outline of the Proof of the Hyperbolization Theorem

Finally, we can present an outline of the proof of Thurston's Hyperbolization Theorem. Our discussion mainly follows [Mor84]. By Theorem 8.36, it is enough to prove the Hyperbolization Theorem for a finite covering of M. Thus we will consider only compact orientable pared manifolds (M, P), which contain orientable superincompressible surfaces and where \(P=\partial M\) is the designated parabolic locus. Thurston's theorem is proven by induction on levels of the Haken hierarchy of M. It turns out that the main problem in proving Theorem 1.42 is the last step of the induction.
The link between infant neuropsychological risk and childhood antisocial behavior among males: The moderating role of neonatal health risk

Abstract Purpose The current study examines the association between infant neuropsychological risk and childhood antisocial behavior, and whether neonatal health risk moderates this association. Methods Longitudinal data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study: Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) were analyzed using hierarchical regression. Results The findings suggest that the association between infant neuropsychological risk and childhood antisocial behavior is contingent on both biological sex and neonatal health risk. Males who experienced neonatal health risks exhibited significantly higher levels of childhood antisocial behavior as neuropsychological risk during infancy increased. Conclusions The relationship between neuropsychological risks and childhood antisocial behavior may be exacerbated by neonatal health risks among males. Implications for theory, prevention, and intervention are considered.
Communication in Foster Families

While there are hundreds of thousands of children in foster care in the United States, communication scholars have typically neglected or ignored foster families in their theories and research. The purpose of this entry is to provide a scholarly agenda for the study of communication in foster families. It begins with an overview of the US foster care system. This is followed by an analysis of the lack of communication research in this area. The entry ends with an exploration of research topics, questions, and theories relevant to communication in foster families. Keywords: adolescence; children; family communication; youth
Are Peer Status, Friendship Quality, and Friendship Stability Equivalent Markers of Social Competence?

The definition of social competence is much debated among researchers. It is common to assess social competence based on relational outcomes, instead of individual traits, as it is believed that social competence underlies an individual’s success in achieving these outcomes. Common indicators of social competence among adolescents include peer group status, friendship quality, and friendship stability. Researchers have recently paid increased attention to the different social skills needed to attain different forms of peer status (i.e., peer acceptance vs. popularity), but a similar level of attention has not been paid to the distinction between social skills needed for peer status compared with friendship success. In the current review, we call for increased attention to this distinction. In addition, we argue that social competence should be viewed in light of adolescents’ personal social goals (e.g., whether they prioritize status over friendships), and their ability to effectively attain those goals. Finally, we argue that whereas friendship quality is a good marker of social competence, friendship stability is a poor marker of social competence because ending a friendship may actually be an indicator of social savvy in some instances.
Analysis of fitting room enviroments: Effects on older clothing shoppers' shopping patronage intention

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze the influence of the fitting room environment on older clothing shoppers' psychic cost, satisfaction, and patronage intention. The objectives of this study were to determine whether current fitting rooms deliver appropriate services for older consumers, and whether a fitting room environment that accommodates the needs of older consumers better is associated with enhanced shopping satisfaction and consequent patronage intention. In addition, this study created a conceptual model integrating the S-O-R model and person-environment fit theories to provide an understanding of the causal relationship among fitting room accommodation, psychic cost, shopping satisfaction, and patronage intention. The sample consisted of 72 female participants aged 65 and older from a metropolitan area in Iowa. A field experiment was performed in the fitting rooms of two stimulus stores using identical measurement instruments. All 72 participants first visited a TJ Maxx store (low level of fitting room accommodation), and for second shopping trip, they were randomly divided into two groups of equal size: one group (experimental group) visited a Talbots store and the other group (control group) visited the TJ Maxx store again. Participants completed a short demographic questionnaire, competence level, and store image before the first shopping trip. After trying on selected outfits including pants in the fitting rooms, the participants completed a questionnaire. A series of principal component analyses with Varimax rotation were performed to discover the dimensionalities of psychic cost, shopping satisfaction, and patronage intention. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis was performed to confirm the two-factor structure of psychic cost (physical and social environment psychic costs), and the factor structure of shopping satisfaction and patronage intention. An independent samples t-test was employed to determine the differences between the experimental group and control group for the following variables: physical environment psychic cost, social environmental psychic cost, shopping satisfaction, and patronage intention. Results indicated that there were significant differences between the two groups of older consumers for each variable. The paired samples t-test was employed to determine the differences between pretest and posttest for both groups. Results revealed that there was a significant mean difference in all variables between pretest and posttest for the experimental group, whereas there was no statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest scores for the control group. Analysis of covariance was used to determine the effect of level of fitting room accommodation on psychic cost and shopping satisfaction. The level of fitting room accommodation was associated with statistically significant positive effects on both physical and social psychic costs and on shopping satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the interaction…
Quality Assurance and Quality Control

The brewing process is essentially complete when the beer is packaged. But is it really? In this chapter, we will explore the principles of quality control and assurance. These two principles are used by the brewer to ensure that the brewery operates with the highest standards. When coupled with total quality management or other guidelines, the brewery will reproducibly manufacture product that has the best chance of being sold to consumers.