cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermediate-Range Structure of Self-Assembled Cobalt-Based Oxygen-Evolving Catalyst

Continual improvements in solar-to-fuels catalysis require a genuine understanding of catalyst structure–function relationships, not only with respect to local order, but also intermediate-range structure. We report the X-ray pair distribution function analysis of the nanoscale order of an oxidic cobalt-based water-splitting catalyst and uncover an electrolyte dependence in the intermediate-range structure of catalyst films. Whereas catalyst films formed in borate electrolyte (CoBi) exhibit coherent domains consisting of 3–4 nm cobaltate clusters with up to three layers, films deposited in phosphate electrolyte (CoPi) comprise significantly smaller clusters that are not coherently stacked. These structural insights are correlated with marked differences in activity between CoPi and CoBi films.
Integrative methods to study landscape changes

Abstract In order to study landscape changes, an interdisciplinary approach that integrates landscape ecology and history is vital. This paper presents two methods to facilitate this integration. The first method aims at improving communication between the two disciplines by defining “interface categories” to talk more specifically about human impact on ecosystems. This procedure is illustrated with an example of forest changes in the Swiss lowlands. In the second method patterns of change in environmental features across regions are compared with regional differences in the importance of human activities with potential impact on the environmental feature under study. This method, referred to as double comparative study, is illustrated with an example of changes in forest composition in the northeastern United States.
Exploiting MEK Inhibitor-Mediated Activation of ERα for Therapeutic Intervention in ER-Positive Ovarian Carcinoma

While the clinical benefit of MEK inhibitor (MEKi)-based therapy is well established in Raf mutant malignancies, its utility as a suppressor of hyperactive MAPK signaling in the absence of mutated Raf or Ras, is an area of ongoing research. MAPK activation is associated with loss of ERα expression and hormonal resistance in numerous malignancies. Herein, we demonstrate that MEKi induces a feedback response that results in ERα overexpression, phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of ER-regulated genes. Mechanistically, MEKi-mediated ERα overexpression is largely independent of erbB2 and AKT feedback activation, but is ERK-dependent. We subsequently exploit this phenomenon therapeutically by combining the ER-antagonist, fulvestrant with MEKi. This results in synergistic suppression of tumor growth, in vitro and potentiation of single agent activity in vivo in nude mice bearing xenografts. Thus, we demonstrate that exploiting adaptive feedback after MEKi can be used to sensitize ERα-positive tumors to hormonal therapy, and propose that this strategy may have broader clinical utility in ERα-positive ovarian carcinoma.
Influence of Thermal Loading on the Thermal Conductivity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube

This investigation determines carbon nanotube thermal conductivity at heat flux ranging from 0.01 to 0.3 subject to different thermal loading of 5 ∼ 50 K/nm, using a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation with true carbon potentials. The numerical model adopts Morse bending, a harmonic cosine and a torsion potential. The applied Nose-Hoover thermostate describes atomic interactions taking place between the atoms. Hot and cold temperature reservoirs are respectively imposed on both computational domain sides to establish the temperature gradient along the carbon nanotube. Atoms at the interface exhibit transient behavior and undergo an exponential type decay with exerted temperature gradient. The thermal impact causes system fluctuation in the initial 3 ps leading to a transport region temperature as high as 600K. The thermal relaxation process reduces impact energy influence after 30 ps and leads to Maxwell’s distribution. Steady-state constant heat flux is observed after thermal equilibrium. Furthermore, the temperature curves show distinct high disturbance at initial time and linear distribution along the tube axial direction after steady-state. Results suggest that thermal conductivity value increases with increasing CNT subjected to thermal loading up to a temperature gradient of at least ∼ 41.3 K/A representing thermal gradient convergence at heat conduction value 1258. Simulation results yield precise understanding of nano-scale transient heat transfer characteristics in a single-wall carbon nanotube.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A conformal-mapping model for bubbles and fingers of the rayleigh-taylor instability

A model is developed for the bubbles and fingers of the interface between two fluids of different densities in zero gravitational field. The flows of both fluids are represented by a time-dependent conformal mapping. The dynamics of the mapping is determined by a variational principle. The shape of the interface is similar to the one observed in experiments.
NORTH CAROLINA MARINE ALGAE. XI. A NEW SPECIES OF HELMINTHOCLADIA (LIAGORACEAE, NEMALIALES, RHODOPHYTA) WITH A REAPPRAISAL OF THE GENERIC LIMITS OF HELMINTHOCLADIA AND HELMINTHORA1

A new species in the Liagoraceae (Nemaliales) having vegetative and male reproductive characteristics usually associated with the genus Helminthora is assigned to Helminthocladia (as Helminthocladia andersonii Searles & Lewis) on the basis of the shape of the conical carpogonial protoplast, three-celled carpogonial filament, development of the carposporophyte from both cells formed by division of the zygote and development of the involucre without the formation of a bridge around the zygote or formation of rhizoids from the involucre. All of these are consistent characteristics of Helminthocladia and distinguish its species from those of Helminthora.
Toward the rational and equitable use of bariatric surgery.

BARIATRIC SURGERY IS THE ONLY HEALTH CARE INTERvention that facilitates significant and sustained weight loss. Surgery results in remission of diabetes in 80% to 90% of obese patients with diabetes, and reduces the risk of death associated with obesity by nearly 30%. More than 5% (at least 15 million) of the US adult population meets the criteria for obesity surgery (body mass index [BMI] 40 or BMI 35 with other conditions such as diabetes). In actuality, only a small fraction of this group is considered for and undergoes surgery (180 000 estimated bariatric surgery procedures in 2006). This mismatch between eligibility and receipt of surgical care is related to multiple factors, including the ways in which the health care system considers patients for surgery and delivers bariatric surgical care. Growing evidence also suggests that the cohort that does undergo surgery is not drawn evenly from the pool of candidates with extreme obesity. Understanding the factors involved in these mismatches is essential to developing a rational and equitable approach to bariatric surgery.
Effects of CR-tuned 60 Hz magnetic fields on sprouting and early growth of Raphanus sativus

Abstract We exposed seeds of Raphanus sativus to 60 Hz ELF fields tuned to the ion cyclotron resonance frequencies for calcium and potassium ions. Exposure lasted for 24 h/day for 21 days. Controls consisted of non-exposed seeds and seeds exposed to 60 Hz fields with a static component of zero. The seeds exposed to calcium-tuned fields were slow to germinate, but grew more rapidly and were finally larger than the controls. Exposure to potassium-tuned fields produced rapid germination, but mildly inhibited further growth, except for the roots which were larger than those of the controls. We regard the results with calcium as typical of the general growth-stimulating role for this ion. The same is true for the generally inhibitory role of potassium, except for plant roots where potassium is a known stimulatory factor.
Organizing for STS teaching and learning: The doing of STS

(1992). Organizing for STS teaching and learning: The doing of STS. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 31, Science-Technology-Society/Opportunities, pp. 52-58.
Vocational hypothesis testing in career decision-making

Abstract The purpose of the two experiments reported in this article was to examine vocational hypothesis testing, which has been described as an important feature in career exploration and career decision making. Both experiments applied Snyder's (1981, Social cognition: The Ontario Symposium, Vol. 1, pp. 277–303, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum) hypothesis-testing research paradigm to a vocational task in which subjects were asked to evaluate the appropriateness of a specific occupation for themselves. In Experiment 1, the influence of objective occupational information and occupational relevance (relevant or irrelevant in relation to the subjects' career plans) on vocational hypothesis testing was examined. In Experiment 2, the influence of expert occupational information and three levels of occupational relevance (relevant, irrelevant, or moderately relevant) on vocational hypothesis testing was examined. Neither type of occupational information influenced the way that subjects evaluated vocational hypotheses. Subjects tended to exhibit confirmatory hypothesis-testing strategies when relevant occupations were considered or disconfirmatory strategies when irrelevant occupations were considered. An absence of a bias was found only when the subjects considered moderately relevant occupations. The results were related to current theory and research in career development.
Agronomic and public aspects of soil nitrogen research.

. Public perceptions of agriculture as a contributor to environmental stress are resulting in changes within agricultural production systems. Increasingly, these systems will need to be economically viable, environmentally sound, socially and politically acceptable, and conserving of natural resources-the characteristics that describe a sustainable agriculture. Improving and maintaining agricultural production systems with these characteristics must continue to be the objectives of agricultural research. Nitrogen research has contributed markedly to meeting the production and economic goals of agriculture, but it has not yet focused enough on answering socially and politically sensitive questions. Questions are posed about the environmental effects of various nitrogen management practices and the research needed to answer them is outlined. Emphasis is put on immobilization-mineralization as affected by use of nitrification inhibitors and split-application, release of nitrogen from animal manures, legumes, and other crop residues, and establishing acceptable yield goals.
Sward dynamics of a smooth‐stalked meadowgrass dominantwhite clover sward rotationally grazed by cattle and/or sheep

This experiment was carried out to study the responses of sward components (particularly white clover, Trifolium repens) to grazing management in a natural sward dominated by smooth-stalked meadowgrass (Poa pratensis) syn. Kentucky bluegrass. Treatments during two grazing seasons (1989–90) were: cattle grazing alone (C); cattle grazing followed by topping (CT); cattle grazing followed by sheep grazing (CS); and sheep grazing alone (S). Mean target pre- and post-grazing herbage masses were 2200 and 1100 kg DM ha−1, estimated by single-probe electronic capacitance meter. Sward component dynamics were monitored using turf dissections, marked white clover stolons, and ring-toss white clover leaf counts. Component and sward data for the C, CT, CS and S treatments respectively, were: number of white clover leaves m−2, 1295, 1384, 1408, 900 (s.e. ± 108); number of leaves per growing point, 3·2, 3·4, 3·0, 2·8 (s.e. ± 0·2); herbage accumulation (t DM ha−1), 5·16, 5·02, 5·87, 8·28 (s.e. ±0 08); rejected herbage (% pasture area) 39·7, 7·7, 16·0, 0 (s.e. ± 75); and annual net herbage production (t DM ha−1) 3·39, 4·35, 4·99, 8·28 (s.e. ± 0.07). Swards grazed by sheep alone contained less white clover, but regrew quicker and produced more herbage than other treatments. Close topping or grazing by sheep following dairy cattle grazing decreased sward rejection by cattle. These treatments maintained more of the pasture in better condition for subsequent cattle grazing, resulting in greater net herbage production than where no post-cattle grazing treatment was used.
The epigenesis of mathematical thinking

The proclivity of young children to engage relevant environments actively helps explain how 3-year-old children in cultures that offer a variety of mathematical examples develop coherent understandings about natural numbers. A similar line of reasoning accounts for the development of other kinds of early cognitive accomplishments, such as understanding mechanics, people's minds, and the nature of animal action. This paper focuses on research findings in the number domain. The aim is to provide evidence that has shaped the view of developmental cognitive scientists about what young children are capable of and what this means for children's later learning. These findings set the stage for considering the conceptual changes that students must undergo to achieve the kinds of mathematical understandings that are the targets of school mathematics programs.
Role of alloy valence on electromigration in thin tin alloy films

Abstract Electrotransport effects in thin Sn film conductors alloyed with cross stripes of elements from columns IIIA, IVA and VA of the periodic table are reported. The electromigration damage was observed to be valence dependent in such a way that, for Ga, In and Tl alloys, voids nucleated at the cathode interface separating the pure Sn and dilute alloy region; conversely voids nucleated at the anode interface for As, Sb and Bi alloys. An analysis of electromigration in dilute alloy systems indicates that the ratio of the vacancy flux in the alloy region to that in the pure region, J v ( C )/ J v (0), depends critically on the sign of the solvent diffusivity enhancement factor b . Specifically J v ( C )/ J v (0)>1 for positive b , while the reverse is true for negative b . An electrostatic model for solvent diffusion predicts that the sign of b differs in IIIA and VA alloys and, under certain assumptions, agreement between theory and observation is attained.
Calculation of ac Electric Field Effects on the Average Height of a Charged Colloid: Effects of Electrophoretic and Brownian Motions

Numerical solutions are presented for the time-dependent probability density of a charged colloidal particle near a planar wall, subjected to an alternating electric field, Brownian motion, and DLVO forces. These are the first time-dependent probability distribution solutions for a driven particle in a mobility gradient. The effects of electrophoretic particle motion on the probability distribution for finding a single, 6 μm diameter, polystyrene particle at a given height above an indium−tin oxide surface were studied via numerical solution of the complete convective−diffusion equation, ignoring inertia, in one dimension. Application of an ac electric field monotonically increased the average particle height over a complete cycle of the electric field; the strongest increase was at low frequency and large electric field strengths. These results agreed with observed behavior in potassium hydroxide solutions at high voltages but did not capture the depression of the average height at low voltages. The calc...
Linear Least-Squares Regression

Linear least-squares regression is the workhorse mathematical tool of the physical chemistry laboratory. This Mathcad worksheet and its accompanying data files demonstrate various implicit and explicit methods for determination of slope and intercept of a regressed line.
Statistical properties of selected inventory models

Abstract : In the study of inventory policies an interest is shown not only in the mean values of such important random variables as number of shortages per time period, but also in their variance and covariance properties. Such additional properties are of interest in interpreting the stability of an expected value, under assumed inventory policies and parameters, and in using stochastic or Monte Carlo models to calculate estimates of the expected values by sampling techniques. In this paper, comparatively simple inventory models are examined and the expected value, variance, and selected covariance and correlations of the random variables representing stock on hand, shortages per period, overages per period and reorder quantity are derived.
Inhibition of human tumor cell proliferation by novel anthraquinones from daylilies

Daylilies (Hemerocallis) are used medicinally in eastern Asia and extracts of the plant had been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cancer cells to undergo differentiation. In our studies of the constituents of Hemerocallis fulva var. 'Kwanzo' roots, we isolated a series of new [kwanzoquinones A (1), B (2), C (4), D (5), E (6), F (7), G (9)] and known [2-hydroxychrysophanol (3) and rhein (8)] anthraquinones. These compounds were tested in order to determine their potential roles as cancer cell growth inhibitors. Kwanzoquinones A-C and E, kwanzoquinone A and B monoacetates (1a and 2a), 2-hydroxychrysophanol, and rhein inhibited the proliferation of human breast, CNS, colon, and lung cancer cells with GI50 values between 1.8 to 21.1 microg/mL. However, upon exposure of the cancer cells to the GI50 concentrations of the bioactive anthraquinones, most of the cancer cell lines exhibited higher than anticipated levels of cell viability. Co-incubation of the anthraquinones with vitamins C and E increased the viability of breast cancer cells. In contrast, vitamins C and E potentiated the cytotoxic effects of the anthraquinones against the colon cancer cells. None of the anthraquinones inhibited the activity of topoisomerase.
Metabolism in preimplantation mouse embryos

The ability of preimplantation mouse embryos to utilize glucose oxidatively is controlled, in part at least, at the level of glycolysis. Various experimental observations are reviewed that indicate the regulatory mechanism in delayed implanting blastocysts involves the classic negative allosteric feedback of high levels of ATP on phosphofructokinase while the situation in 2-cell embryos appears to be more complicated. That is, in addition to the usual negative effect of ATP and citrate on phosphofructokinase, there appears to be a modification of hexokinase that prevents phosphorylation of adequate amounts of glucose and results in low levels of fructose-6-phosphate at the 2-cell stage and consequently there is a failure to release the inhibition of phosphofructokinase even if ATP and citrate levels decrease. Although both types of embryos have limited glycolytic activity, they do have adequate capacity for citric acid cycle activity and oxidative phosphorylation, and are able to maintain a high ATP : ADP. It is argued, therefore, that the reduced levels of macromolecular synthesis characteristic of 2-cell and delayed implanting blastocysts are not due to restricted energy substrates or regulatory controls on glycolysis and a subsequent low energy state. On the contrary, it seems that the reduction in oxidative utilization of glucose in these situations is a result of diminished energy demand because of the low level of synthetic activity. The potential significance of this relationship between energy production and utilization in terms of potential regulatory mechanisms in preimplantation embryos is discussed.
Folate and folate receptor alpha antagonists mechanism of action in ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective The goal of this report is to review the activity of promising antifolate and folate receptor agents being developed for ovarian cancer including thymidylate synthase inhibitors, antifolate receptor antibodies, and folate-chemotherapy conjugates. Methods A literature search was performed over the last 5years using the terms "folate receptor" and "ovarian cancer" and those that specifically addressed the MOA were included. Abstracts presented within the last 3years were also searched and included in this review where appropriate. Results Thymidylate synthase inhibitors are a promising avenue for ovarian cancer treatment. Phase II trials have shown pemetrexed to have activity in patients with platinum resistant ovarian cancer. Several other thymidylate synthase inhibitors are in the early phase of development including BGC 945 and ZD-9331. Monoclonal antibodies that target the folate receptor have also shown potential in the development of ovarian cancer therapies. Farletuzumab is one of these antibodies. A recent phase III trial found that farletuzumab in combination with carboplatin and taxane did not meet the study's primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS). The post hoc exploratory analysis showed, however, a trend toward improved PFS in some patient subsets and further analysis is ongoing. The folate receptor is also utilized through folate conjugates. Vintafolide is one such agent which is currently in phase III development. Encouraging data from phase II trials showed an improvement in PFS from 2.7months to 5months. Folate can also be conjugated to radioisotopes for both therapeutic and imaging purposes, and early studies have shown correlation with amount of disease to therapy response. Conclusion Folate targeted agents continue to show promising antitumor activity in ovarian malignancy and initial clinical experience has demonstrated favorable toxicity profiles. Further development and resources targeted toward these therapies appear to be warranted.
The effects of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine used alone and in combination with normal nucleic acid precursors on development of mice in lines selected for low and high expression of Strong's luxoid gene.

Pregnant female mice selected for plus- and minus-modifying genes of the limb-skeleton effects of Strong's luxoid gene (1st) were injected ip on day 10 of gestation with 10 or 20 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR). The incidence and degree of expression of the effects (polydactyly, ectrodactyly, radial hemimelia, tibial hemimelia, pelvic girdle shifts, deformed caudal vertebrae) varied according to the teratogen and dose level. The addition of an equimolecular amount of thymidine, thymine, or uracil greatly potentiated the effects of 20 mg/kg 5-FU, usually resulting in death of the embryos. The addition of an equimolecular amount of thymidine but not of thymine or uracil partly protected against the effects of 5-FUdR. Both teratogens increased the expression of 1 st on the limb skeleton. The interactions of the teratogens with the major gene were inhibited by minus- and promoted by plus-modifying genes of 1st. The effects of the teratogenic treatments may be mediated by cell death.
The Role of Informal Institutions in U.S. Immigration Policy: The Case of Illegal Labor Migration from Kyrgyzstan

Immigration is a sensitive topic on the American political, social, and economic agenda. Globalization as well as the end of the Cold War have meant that people are on the move worldwide as never before. Millions of people from poor countries migrate to richer ones to provide better lives for themselves and their families through legal and illegal channels. Heated debates surround this subject. A dramatic divide persists between proponents, who equate immigration policy with civil rights, and opponents, who cite the burden of illegal immigration on public education and public welfare systems. The author argues that informal institutions involved in migration processes, such as migrant smuggling networks, explain why the current crisis persists. The role of informal institutions is examined by focusing on those who migrate from Kyrgyzstan to the United States seeking low-wage labor. The author generalizes how formal and informal institutions interact in the processes of migration and how informal institutions decisively influence immigration-related policies in the United States.
Improvement of depth sensitivity to cerebral hemodynamics with a time domain system

We use a time-domain system based on a pulsed laser and an intensified CCD camera to detect cerebral hemodynamics. We show experimentally and theoretically an improvement in the depth sensitivity over continuous wave systems.
Abstract B19: Aromatase inhibitor therapy, musculoskeletal symptoms and associations with vitamin D and C-reactive protein concentrations

Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008 B19 Background Aromatase inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of post-menopausal breast cancer. Arthralgias and myalgias are major side effects. A case-control study was conducted to determine the prevalence and severity of musculoskeletal symptoms among women treated with aromatase inhibitors compared to women without a history of cancer and to examine the associations between symptoms and concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, and serum vitamin D for clues to their underlying etiology. Methods Cases were women undergoing adjuvant treatment for breast cancer with aromatase inhibitors (n = 102). Controls were women without a history of cancer (n = 146). Questionnaires assessed the presence, severity, and location of joint, muscle and bone pain. Participants with pain were asked to rate their pain on average, as well as the degree of pain at its worst, by marking a visual analogue scale. A blood sample was collected and processed within 4 hours of collection with serum stored at -70 degrees centigrade until assayed for vitamin D and CRP concentrations. Analyses were conducted using chi-square tests and unconditional logistic regression adjusting for age and season of blood draw. Results The mean ages of cases and controls were 61.2 and 60.8 years, respectively. After adjustment for age and season of blood draw, cases were more likely than controls to complain of muscle pain (OR 1.75 95% CI 1.00-3.05) and bone pain (OR 1.77 95% CI 0.98-3.20) but not joint pain (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.46, 1.61). Average pain scores for joint and muscle symptoms were similar between cases and controls but cases rated their average bone pain higher than controls (5.1 versus 3.4; p=0.009). Serum vitamin D and CRP concentrations were not statistically significantly different between cases and controls and were not associated with location or severity of pain. Conclusions Arthralgias and myalgias are common complaints among women, regardless of aromatase inhibitor therapy. Compared to controls, cases described their pain as muscle or bone pain rather than joint pain. These symptoms were not associated with serum vitamin D or CRP concentrations. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B19.
On the solution of the two-dimensional boundary-layer flow equations for a non-Newtonian power law fluid

Abstract An asymptotic method is presented for solving approximately the laminar boundary layer equations for a power-law non-Newtonian fluid under conditions where the flow external to the boundary layer has a general form. The few available exact solutions are shown to be in excellent agreement with the results of the present approximate analysis.
Revised structure of a steroid oxide from Rhododendron macrophyllum

Abstract Updated NMR evidence is given that a previously reported triterpenoid oxide is not D:B Friedoolean-3,5-oxide, but is, instead, D:B-Friedoolean-3,10-oxide. A mechanistic explanation is given as to why the chemical evidence does not seem to support the NMR data.
The presence of an Emergency Airway Response Team and its effects on in-hospital Code Blue.

Abstract The survival rate from in-hospital cardiac arrest due to pulseless electrical activity (PEA)/asystole in our institution was higher than expected (70%). It was the impression of the Emergency Department-led Code Blue Team (CBT) that many of these patients were actually suffering respiratory arrests before their cardiac events. To address this, the facility developed an early intervention team focused on early airway intervention—the Emergency Airway Response Team (EART). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of early intervention in patients during the "pre-Code Blue" period, specifically with regard to airway stabilization. Our hypothesis was that there would be fewer CBT calls (cardiac arrests) due to PEA and asystole and that the survival from these events would decrease. This was a retrospective review of all cardiac arrests responded to by the CBT and EART for a period of 2 years. Charts were reviewed for the initial presenting rhythm (as defined by the Utstein Format) and event survival for the 12-month period immediately before and immediately after the establishment of the EART (Time Periods 1 and 2, respectively). The total number of CBT calls decreased by 15%, return of spontaneous circulation from any rhythm decreased by 9%, and survival to discharge decreased by 8% ( p = non-significant). The number of CBT calls specifically for asystole/PEA decreased by 8%. Deaths in hospital were significantly associated with Period 2 (odds ratio 1.84; 95% confidence interval 1.03–3.28) after adjusting for age, gender, and presenting rhythms. The total number of CBT calls decreased slightly with the creation of the Emergency Airway Response Team. Return of spontaneous circulation and survival to hospital discharge after cardiac arrest due to asystole/PEA were significantly decreased, suggesting early intervention may have benefit.
The information content of surface profiles, surface profile measurements, and profile characterizations

Abstract The information contents of surface profile measurements and profile characterizations are developed in two ways. First, probability-based information content is used. This formulation shows the influence of measurement characteristics on the information content of the measurements. In addition, a constructive development of the information content of profile characteristics is presented. This formalism shows that the complexity of the calculation of surface profile characteristics is related to the information content of the profile measure.
The functional neuroanatomy of mood disorders.

Mood disorders may be associated with global and regional changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolism. The accumulated functional neuroimaging findings in mood disorders were reviewed in order to examine a proposed neuroanatomic model of pathophysiology. Global cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism appear normal, but may be decreased in late-life depression. Regional cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism deficits are present, and may be indicators of brain regions participating in neuroanatomic circuits involved in mood disorders. Decreased prefrontal cortex blood flow and metabolism in depressed unipolar and bipolar patients are the most consistently replicated findings, and correlate with severity of illness. Basal ganglia abnormalities have been found in depressed unipolar and bipolar patients, involving decreased blood flow and metabolism. Temporal lobe abnormalities are present in bipolar disorder patients, and perhaps unipolar depression. There is conflicting evidence of abnormalities in other limbic regions. Cognitive impairment may correlate with decreased metabolism in frontal and cerebellar areas. The relationship between functional neuroimaging findings and clinical course, and therefore state and trait characteristics, has not been systematically investigated. Antidepressant medications, but not ECT, seem to reverse some of the identified functional brain changes in the depressed state. The structural, neurotransmitter and neuropathological correlates of these functional abnormalities are yet to be determined. Functional abnormalities in frontal, subcortical and limbic structures appear to be part of the pathophysiology of mood disorders.
Classification and rationale for management of vascular anomalies in the upper extremity.

Although approximately 10% of all vascular birthmarks involve the upper extremities, those encountered by the hand surgeon may be difficult to treat.' 4 Indeed, the management of vascular anomalies is one of the major unsolved problems in hand surgery. Management of these vascular lesions has always been hampered by a confusing nomenclature. Classification sys­ tems include anomalies with different etiologies and natural histories in the same categories and fail to provide the phy­ sician with clear alternatives for treatment. This study presents a conceptual approach to vascular anomalies based on en­ dothelial characteristics.' Emphasis is also placed on rational treatment.
Modeling self-similar dendrite arrays with a cantor middle-third set of line segments

In this paper, a numerical model for fractal geometry of a solid-liquid interface is presented. Assuming the interface solidifies by a tip-splitting (bifurcation) process, the Cantor middle-third set is used to establish a numerical scheme for generating data points for fractal dendrite geometry at a solid-liquid interface. Results from the numerical scheme for generating fractal dendrites are compared to a similar numerical scheme for generating a Sierpinski triangle, which is a well established fractal image.
Design and synthesis of a new class of nonmacrocyclic alkali metal host compounds

A new class of nonmacrocyclic metal ion hosts has been examined that features a polyspirocyclic framework that offers a 1,3,5-triaxial presentation of ligating centers. These compounds are easily s...
In situ characterization of fatigue damage evolution in a cast Al alloy via nonlinear ultrasonic measurements

A new methodology is described for in situ characterization of fatigue damage accumulation using nonlinear ultrasonic measurements via analysis of the feedback signal of a closed-loop ultrasonic fatigue system. In the very high-cycle fatigue regime, ultrasonic nonlinearity increases with initiation and growth of a dominant, life-limiting fatigue crack. Based on the increase in the ultrasonic nonlinearity with fatigue cycling, crack initiation, small fatigue crack growth and fast crack growth regimes have been distinguished during cycling in specimens with different pore sizes tested at various stress amplitudes. The fraction of fatigue life spent in initiation of a life-limiting fatigue crack decreases with increasing stress amplitude. For a constant stress amplitude, the initiation life also decreases with increasing pore size. The present study also demonstrates the applicability of the methodology for fatigue crack growth studies from natural defects located internally or at the surface in smooth specimens.
Molecular Determinants of High Affinity Phenylalkylamine Block of l-type Calcium Channels in Transmembrane Segment IIIS6 and the Pore Region of the α1Subunit

Recent studies of the phenylalkylamine binding site in the alpha1C subunit of L-type Ca2+ channels have revealed three amino acid residues in transmembrane segment IVS6 that are critical for high affinity block and are unique to L-type channels. We have extended this analysis of the phenylalkylamine binding site to amino acid residues in transmembrane segment IIIS6 and the pore region. Twenty-two consecutive amino acid residues in segment IIIS6 were mutated to alanine and the conserved Glu residues in the pore region of each homologous domain were mutated to Gln. Mutant channels were expressed in tsA-201 cells along with the beta1b and alpha2delta auxiliary subunits. Assay for block of Ba2+ current by (-)-D888 at -60 mV revealed that mutation of five amino acid residues in segment IIIS6 and the pore region that are conserved between L-type and non-L-type channels (Tyr1152, Phe1164, Val1165, Glu1118, and Glu1419) and one L-type-specific amino acid (Ile1153) decreased affinity for (-)-D888 from 10-20-fold. Combination of the four mutations in segment IIIS6 increased the IC50 for block by (-)-D888 to approximately 9 microM, similar to the affinity of non-L-type Ca2+ channels for this drug. These results indicate that there are important determinants of phenylalkylamine binding in both the S6 segments and the pore regions of domains III and IV, some of which are conserved across the different classes of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. A model of the phenylalkylamine receptor site at the interface between domains III and IV of the alpha1 subunit is presented.
IMMEDIATE DENTIN SEALING FOR INDIRECT BONDED RESTORATIONS

For laboratory-fabricated, resin-bonded indirect restorations, clinicians usually prepare the tooth, make an impression, and cement a provisional restoration at an initial appointment. A few weeks later, after the definitive restoration has been tried in and adjusted, it is bonded with some combination of adhesive and resin cement. Another approach-most commonly called "immediate dentin sealing"-has been suggested. This technique involves placement of a resin coating on the dentin immediately after preparation. Several advantages have been cited for immediate dentin sealing. Prominent among those are a reduction in tooth sensitivity during the provisional phase and the potential for better bonding of the restoration to dentin. This Critical Appraisal reviews several in vitro research studies on the immediate dentin sealing technique.
Caching multicast protocol for on-demand video delivery

Despite advances in networking technology, the limitation of the server bandwidth prevents multimedia applications from taking full advantage of next-generation networks. This constraint sets a hard limit on the number of users the server is able to support simultaneously. To address this bottleneck, we propose a Caching Multicast Protocol (CMP) to leverage the in-network bandwidth. Our solution caches video streams in the routers to facilitate regional services in the immediate future. In other words, the network storage is managed as a huge `video server' to allow the application to scale far beyond the physical limitation of its video server. The tremendous increase in the service bandwidth also enables the system to provide true on-demand services. To assess the effectiveness of this technique, we develop a detailed simulator to compare its performance with that of our earlier scheme called Chaining. The simulation results indicates that CMP is substantially better with many desirable properties as follows: (1) it is optimized to reduce traffic congestion; (2) it uses much less caching space; (3) client workstations are not involved in the caching protocol; (4) it can work on the network layer to leverage modern routers.
The denatured states of cytochrome c.

The unfolding of horse ferricytochrome c in the presence of several inorganic salts has been studied under a variety of denaturing conditions and followed by means of absorbance changes in the Soret region (390–450 nm) and visible region (450–750 nm), as well as by viscosity measurements. Changes in the Soret region, usually sensitive to the heme environment, were characterized by gradual increases in absorbance at 409 nm for low concentrations of NaClO4 and LiClO4. As denaturant concentrations were increased, the low-spin state of the ferric heme is altered, as seen by a maximum shift to shorter wavelengths (402–407 nm) accompanied by a further increase in absorbance in the Soret region. Unlike the effect of several organic denaturants and the above salts, denaturation in the presence of LiCl and CaCl2 resulted in an overall decrease in the Soret region with a blue-shift to 401 and 400 nm, respectively. Visible spectra of ferricytochrome c exhibited new bands at 633 nm (9.0 M LiCl) and 636 nm (4.5 M CaCl2) indicative of a change in the spin state of the iron upon displacement of methionine 80. LiCl and LiBr produced intermediate states of protein unfolding with midpoints (D12) at 4.0 and 8.6, and 2.6 and 6.4, respectively. A determination of ΔGUH2O and m, the free energy of unfolding in the absence of denaturant and the dependence of free energy of denaturation on denaturant concentration, was used to analyze the relative effectiveness of these denaturants.
Crystallization of high-silica ZSM-5 in the presence of seeds

A series of Al-free ZSM-5 crystallizations was carried out with Al-free ZSM-5 seeds in order to investigate the effect of the presence of crystal surface during synthesis. With sufficient seed surface present in the crystallization medium, only growth of the seed crystals should be observed. However, in spite of relatively large seed crystal additions, very little growth was observed. Instead, new populations were observed to form both around the seeds and on the seed surface. This polycrystalline formation was observed on seeds both in conventional batch autoclave systems and in thermal gradient systems
Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy: Results of a Prospective Phase II Multicenter Trial- the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E2202) study

Objective:The primary aim of this trial was to assess the feasibility of minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) in a multi-institutional setting.Background:Esophagectomy is an important, potentially curative treatment for localized esophageal cancer, but is a complex operation. MIE may decrease the
Heteroatomic Deltahedral Clusters: Synthesis and Structures of closo-[Bi3Ni4(CO)6]3-, closo-[Bi4Ni4(CO)6]2-, the Open Cluster [Bi3Ni6(CO)9]3-, and the Intermetalloid closo-[Nix@{Bi6Ni6(CO)8}]4-

Reactions of ethylenediamine solutions of K4Bi5 with Ni(PPh3)2(CO)2 yielded four novel hetero-atomic Bi/Ni deltahedral clusters. Three of them, the 7-atom pentagonal bipyramidal [Bi3Ni4(CO)6]3-, the 8-atom dodecahedral [Bi4Ni4(CO)6]2-, and the Ni-centered or empty 12-atom icosahedral [Nix@{Bi6Ni6(CO)8}]4-, are closo-species according to both electron count and shape. The centered icosahedral cluster resembles packing in intermetallic compounds and belongs to the emerging class of intermetalloid clusters. The shape of the fourth cluster, [Bi3Ni6(CO)9]3-, can be derived from the icosahedral Ni-centered [Ni@{Bi6Ni6(CO)8}]4- by removal of three Bi- and one Ni-atoms of two neighboring triangular faces. The clusters were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in compounds with potassium cations sequestered by 2,2,2-crypt or 18-crown-6 ether. They were also characterized in solution by electrospray mass spectrometry.
The Immunoreactive Region in a Novel Autoantigen Contains a Nuclear Localization Sequence

Antibodies in the serum of patients with autoimmune diseases have been used to identify human autoantigens. Because autoantibodies often recognize active sites within corresponding protein antigens, autoantibodies have facilitated the functional characterization of these polypeptides. In the present study, serum from a patient with Sjogren's syndrome was used to identify a novel autoantigen which was designated Ge-1. Using the patient's serum, a 4.8-kb cDNA encoding Ge-1 was identified. Fragments of the cDNA were ligated into prokaryotic expression vectors, expressed in Escherichia coli, and used to produce recombinant Ge-1 fusion proteins. Fusion proteins containing different portions of Ge-1 were used to identify a 58 amino acid immunoreactive region within the protein. This immunoreactive region contained the protein's putative nuclear localization sequence (NLS). To demonstrate that the immunoreactive region was capable of functioning as a NLS, a eukaryotic expression plasmid was constructed to encode the immunoreactive region fused to the cytoplasmic protein, chicken muscle pyruvate kinase. After transfection of this plasmid into COS-1 cells, the fusion protein was detected in the nucleus. The presence of the NLS motif within the immunoreactive region of Ge-1 and other nuclear autoantigens suggests that the NLS may be a target of human autoantibodies.
Bile acids in blood: methods and their application to studies of experimental atherosclerosis in monkeys.

Abstract 1. 1. A method for assay of blood sera for cholic, deoxycholic, and “chenodeoxycholic” acids was described. 2. 2. The values for cholic acid and for deoxycholic acid in human hypercholesteremic sera did not differ statistically from the values for these bile acids in normal sera. The value for the measurement designated as “chenodeoxycholic acid” was significantly elevated in human hypercholesteremic sera. 3. 3. Hypercholesteremia and hyper-β-lipoproteinemia were produced in Cebus monkeys by feeding diets containing α-protein with and without added sodium cholate and in monkeys fed casein diets with added cholate. The monkeys fed α-protein and those fed casein with added sodium cholate had levels of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid in the sera which were not elevated above the levels in normal cholesteremic monkeys fed a casein diet without added sodium cholate. The measurement designated “chenodeoxycholic acid” was, however, elevated in the hypercholesteremic monkeys. 4. 4. An evaluation of the vascular lesions revealed significant aortic atherosclerosis in all hypercholesteremic animals. The degree of involvement was, at least, as great in the animals fed casein and cholic acid as in those animals fed α-protein.
Improving the management of research

Abstract Improving the business role of research management by looking ahead, crystallizing business goals, and clarifying research objectives is based on a simple philosophy. To the degree that there are misunderstandings and conflicts between corporate goals and research goals, research people will be working toward useless answers. If these two sets of goals are indeed unified, scientists and engineers will be working with the director of research on relevant questions. Then the skill of the workers, their knowledge, and their inherent urge to explore the unknown will provide new, usable technology.
Abstract IA1-2: Drugging oncogenic transcription factors

One of the most vexing problems in life science is that of “undruggability,” the difficulty of targeting certain biological macromolecules in vivo using existing drug or ligand discovery technologies. It has been estimated that as many as 80% to 90% of all potential targets, including many that have been extensively validated in humans and in animal models, are undruggable. Among the most biologically validated and yet chemically intractable of all targets are transcription factors, master regulatory proteins that are inappropriately activated in a large percentage of human tumors. The Verdine laboratory is developing powerful new chemistry-based platform technologies to address undruggable targets, including transcription factors. Specifically, the lab is developing “synthetic biologics,” molecules that, like biologics, possess the ability to target large flat surfaces, but that, like small molecules, are fully synthetic and hence can be modified at will. Progress on the development of one class of synthetic biologics—hydrocarbon-stapled alpha-helical peptides—for use in targeting transcription factors will be reviewed in this talk. References: 1. Schafmeister CE, Po J, Verdine GL. An all-hydrocarbon cross-linking system for enhancing the helicity and metabolic stability of peptides. J Am Chem Soc. 2000;122:5891. 2. Walensky LD, Kung AL, Escher I, Malia TJ, Barbuto S, Wright R, Wagner G, Verdine GL, Korsmeyer SJ. Activation of apoptosis in vivo by a hydrocarbon-stapled BH3 helix. Science. 2004; 305:1466. 3. Bernal F, Tyler AF, Korsmeyer SJ, Walensky LD, Verdine GL. Reactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway by a stapled p53 peptide. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129: 2456. 4. Moellering RE, Cornejo M, Davis TN, Bianco CD, Aster J, Blacklow SC, Kung A, Gilliland DG, Verdine GL, Bradner JE. Direct inhibition of the NOTCH transcription factor complex. Nature. 2009;462:182. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):IA1-2.