cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased shock induced aggression during morphine withdrawal

Abstract Spontaneous fighting and footshock-induced aggression of male Wistar rats were recorded before and during morphine administration to produce dependence, and after withdrawal. The morphine dependent rats showed spontaneous fighting on the 3rd through 5th days of withdrawal. However, application of footshock during morphine withdrawal enabled the detection of increased aggressiveness from the 2nd day through the 12th day after the last injection of morphine. This method thus detected a considerably more protracted enhancement of aggression by withdrawal than has been reported previously. In this way it proved superior to simply recording spontaneous aggression, and at the same time it gave a reduced variability compared to the high level seen with measures of spontaneous aggression.
Garden substrate preparation behaviours in fungus-growing ants

Fungus-growing ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: tribe Attini) engage in mutually beneficial symbioses with fungi (Basidiomycota) that serve as their main food source. The leaf-cutters (genera Acromyrmex Mayr and Atta Fabricius), the most derived attine ants, employ elaborate nest-hygiene behaviours, including substrate preparation. By preparing substrate prior to its incorporation into the fungus garden, workers facilitate the physical breakdown of leaf material while reducing the abundance of potentially harmful microbes that contact their fungal mutualist. Despite its importance in ant fungiculture, substrate preparation has not been investigated in other genera of fungus-growing ants. We examined substrate-preparation procedures used by five genera of fungus-growing ants (Apterostigma Mayr, Cyphomyrmex Mayr, Trachymyrmex Forel, Acromyrmex, and Atta) representing most of the phylogenetic range of the Attini. Behavioural observations revealed that all five genera engage in substrate-preparation behaviours....
Toxics Release Inventory indicates big increases in releases

Nearly 4 billion pounds of tracked toxic chemicals were released into the environment throughout the United States during 2010, according to an analysis by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), the agency announced on 5 January. This is a 16% increase above 2009. The agency said the increase is mainly due to changes in the metal-mining sector, where differences in the chemical composition of ore being mined can result in significant changes in the amount of toxic chemicals. The chemical and primary metals industries were other sectors with increases in toxic releases in 2010, the latest year for which data collection is complete. EPA also noted that although releases in 2010 were higher than during the previous 2 years, they were lower than in 2007 and in prior years.
Integrating Psychotherapy Research with Public Health and Public Policy Goals for Incarcerated Women and other Vulnerable Populations

AbstractObjective and Method: In this article, I review my research applying interpersonal treatments and interpersonal principles from psychotherapy for major depression and substance use to broader public health goals for incarcerated women and other vulnerable populations. Results: A public health focus has led me to expand the boundaries of psychotherapy research to include partners such as prisons, parole officers, and bachelor's level providers; behaviors like risky sex; service delivery challenges; and ultimately to research with an eye toward informing policy and advocacy. Conclusions: A public health perspective provides context and rationale for conducting sound psychotherapy research; the combination of public health and psychotherapy-specific perspectives can lead to novel research.
Greyscale and power Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of normal synovial joints: correlation with pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors

OBJECTIVE US is a promising tool in evaluating RA synovitis, but abnormal US findings have been reported in small subsets of normal joints in healthy subjects. This study aimed to systematically assess greyscale US (GSUS) and power Doppler US (PDUS) findings in 40 peripheral joints-the 28-joint DAS (DAS28) set, ankles and MTP joints-in healthy subjects. A composite score of abnormal US findings in 40 joints was compared with serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. METHODS US of 60 standard views in 40 joints was performed in 30 healthy subjects (total 3600 images). GSUS and PDUS were scored semi-quantitatively (0-3). Serum samples were obtained at the time of US and analysed for IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, TNF-α and IFN-γ using biochip array technology. RESULTS GSUS abnormalities were more frequent than PDUS abnormalities [mean total GSUS score = 20.07 (range 6-45; maximum potential score = 180), mean total PDUS score = 4.8 (range 0-13)]. GSUS score increased with increasing age (Spearman's ρ = 0.383, P = 0.037). A PDUS signal >1 was observed only in the wrist (8%) and MTP1 (3%). GSUS scores did not correlate with any pro-inflammatory cytokine level. The total PDUS score correlated significantly with serum VEGF (r = 0.395, P = 0.046). CONCLUSION PDUS signals >1 are rarely seen in normal synovial joints. GSUS synovitis, but not PDUS, may reflect age-related joint changes. PDUS correlated with VEGF, providing further evidence of a central role for VEGF in synovial neo-angiogenesis.
Handling Baselines in Repeated Measures Analyses with Missing Data at Random

In longitudinal clinical studies, after randomization at baseline, subjects are followed for a period of time for development of symptoms. A mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM) can be used to analyze data from such studies. Fitzmaurice et al. (2004) outlined five approaches for handling baseline responses in an MMRM analysis. They are: (1) Retain the baselines as part of the outcome vector and make no assumptions about group differences in the mean response at baseline. (2) Retain the baselines as part of the outcome vector and assume the group means are equal at baseline. (3) Subtract the baselines from all of the remaining post-baseline responses, and analyze the differences from baseline. (4) Use the baselines as a covariate in the analysis of the post-baseline responses, assuming homogeneous regression slopes. (5) Use the baselines as a covariate in the analysis of the post-baseline responses, allowing different regression slopes. In this paper, we evaluate these five approaches in the presence of data missing at random. We evaluate the approaches based on the bias of the estimate and the coverage accuracy of the confidence interval. The results suggest that strategies 2 and 5 are recommended.
Neurotoxicity, general anesthesia in young children, and a survey of current pediatric anesthesia practice at US teaching institutions.

SummaryBackground Recent articles in both scholarly journals and the lay press about the topic of anesthetic related neurotoxicity have increased the awareness and discussion of this topic with parents and other pediatric medical specialties (i.e., surgeons, radiologists, and pediatricians). Aim The purpose of the present study was to survey how a subset of pediatric anesthesia departments in the US have responded to the issue of anesthetic related neurotoxicity in terms of clinical practice, training and communication with other medical specialties, and the frequency and timing of discussions with families. Methods A survey consisting of 22 questions was sent to PALC (Pediatric Anesthesia Leadership Council) & PAPDA (Pediatric Anesthesia Program Directors Association) via SurveyMonkey. The survey was divided into sections on Anesthesia Faculty/Trainees, Parents and Non-Anesthesia Providers. Responses to the survey were solicited via email to PALC and PAPDA, and then followed up with reminders to individual emails using the mailing lists of both organizations. Results The results of this survey demonstrate that pediatric anesthesia programs around the US do not have a consistent approach in managing the topic of anesthesia-related neurotoxicity with pediatric anesthesiologists, anesthesiology residents, pediatric anesthesiology fellows and their non-anesthesia medical and surgical colleagues, as well as the discussion of this topic with parents. Conclusion A significant need exists to provide information to other pediatric professionals and parents. A consistent message from all providers that includes what is known, and indeed more importantly what is not known may be a useful approach.
Substrate Specificity within a Family of Outer Membrane Carboxylate Channels.

Many Gram-negative bacteria, including human pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, do not have large-channel porins. This results in an outer membrane (OM) that is highly impermeable to small polar molecules, making the bacteria intrinsically resistant towards many antibiotics. In such microorganisms, the majority of small molecules are taken up by members of the OprD outer membrane protein family. Here we show that OprD channels require a carboxyl group in the substrate for efficient transport, and based on this we have renamed the family Occ, for outer membrane carboxylate channels. We further show that Occ channels can be divided into two subfamilies, based on their very different substrate specificities. Our results rationalize how certain bacteria can efficiently take up a variety of substrates under nutrient-poor conditions without compromising membrane permeability. In addition, they explain how channel inactivation in response to antibiotics can cause resistance but does not lead to decreased fitness.
Adsorption of cations on imogolite and their effect on surface charge characteristics

Noncrystalline aluminosilicates termed allophane and imogolite are common constituents of spodosols, soils derived from volcanic ash, and many inceptisols. The surface charge characteristics of their synthetic analogues may be used to better understand their ion retention properties. In this study, we determined the point of zero salt effect (PZSE) by potentiometric titration of allophanes with A1/Si ratios of 1.12, 1.52, and 2.04 and of imogolite with an A1/Si ratio of 2.02. We also used microelectro- phoresis to determine the point of zero charge (PZC) at the particle shear plane for the same materials in C1 solutions of Li, Na, Cs, and tetramethyl ammonium. The PZSE decreased with decreasing A1/Si ratio for the allophanes, but the imogolite PZSE was much lower than that of the allophane with 2.04 A1/Si. The PZC was always higher than the PZSE of the same material, especially for imogolite. The results are best explained if cations reside within the hollow tubes ofimogolite. This conclusion is supported by a fluorescence study that showed that only quenchers smaller than the inner diameter of the imogolite tube could fully quench Ce-imogolite.
Gin Flat Snow Water Equivalent Estimation from Field Methods

Snow surveying is an engineering ground inventory procedure that collects snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements, depths of snow, and snow densities. The ability to successfully acquire these measurements accurately allows for an estimate in the amount of water available. We used methods of snow probing, snow coring, and the use of snow pits to nd the SWE and density at dierent lo
Computer Based Karyotyping

Karyotyping is a fundamental step in chromosome analysis. Since G-banding patterns of any chromosomes in the metaphase spread are changeable, it is difficult and time consuming for students to master the technique of karyotyping. Current methods for leaning karyotyping are ineffective, and therefore it is necessary to develop a software program to help students learn the skill efficiently. Virtual reality is suitable for this purpose because of its inherent simulating ability. By building dynamic chromosome models capable changing shapes, G-band resolutions, and structure, along with creating variable metaphase spreads, a versatile software program was developed to provide students with a virtual learning environment for self practicing and testing, thus transforming the traditionally dry and tedious approach into an exciting and efficient learning process.
Ecological Observations on Heteropsis Spp. (Araceae) in Southern Venezuela

This article contributes a brief review of the ethnobotany and ontogeny of Heteropsis spp. (Araceae), reports the distribution and density of Heteropsis spp. in a tropical lowland rainforest in southern Venezuela, and explores the environmental variables that correlate best with the observed Heteropsis densities. Heteropsis occurred on 26% of the 4091 trees (≥10 cm DBH) inventoried in 67 plots (of 0.1 hectare, each). Mean Heteropsis colonization densities differed significantly between 11 local forest types and ranged from 0% (in seasonally deeply flooded forest and in semideciduous hill forest) to 74% (in sporadically flooded forest near small streams). Across forest types, Heteropsis occurred on a significantly greater number of trees between 20 and 50 cm DBH than expected for an even distribution over all size classes. Of the 90 most common potential host species in the plots, the giant herb Phenakospermum guyannense (L. C. Rich.) Endl. was the only one consistently and significantly avoided by Heteropsis, and no host species was significantly preferred across all forest types. Heteropsis densities were positively correlated with the depth of the fine root mat and the diversity of big lianas. They were negatively correlated with the concentration of exchangeable potassium, flooding depth, and the density of small lianas. We conclude that Heteropsis shows clear habitat preferences that reflect site differences in soil fertility, flooding regime and forest structure and could not be explained by the distribution of preferred or avoided host tree sizes or species.
Simple Transvesical Repair of Vesicovaginal Fistula

AbstractA simple transvesical repair of uncomplicated small vesicovaginal fistulas was done successfully on 40 consecutive patients. More extensive procedures using combined intraperitoneal-transvesical approaches with extensive dissection and omental flaps probably are necessary for the repair of large, complicated or irradiated fistulas. However, these are not often encountered in urological practice. The method described herein is recommended for fistulas encountered more frequently.
'Changing traditions to meet current altering conditions' : Customary law, african courts and the rejection of codification in Kenya, 1930-60

Scholars have argued that colonial states in British Africa codified previously fluid customary law, making it impervious to change. In Kenya, by contrast, administrators struggled against codification, from at least the I920s but with increasing ardor from the 1940s, for two broad reasons. First, they believed codification crystallized the law, preventing changes necessary in a period of rapid economic and social development. Through continual alteration of a fluid body of customary law, administrators could try to guide these changes and keep a firm hold over African life. Second, codification threatened to empower the judiciary in their ongoing struggles with the administration over the control of African dispute resolution. Keeping customary law unwritten helped exclude the judiciary from intra-African disputes, since without written codes only administrators (who 'knew' Africans) could decide customary law cases. In actual practice, the identification and use of customary law remained fluid. Administrators believed customary law lay in the shifting realm of 'public opinion', and sought details of the law in this ever evolving arena. Even when Europeans and Africans put customary law to paper, a review of court transcripts shows that African court elders continued to employ law situationally. The Kenya case suggests that while administrators and senior men did hope to use the law to resist challenges from women and juniors, they did not do so via codes of unalterable and unquestionable customary law. This also points out some of the real limits on colonial power. Rather than administrators using customary law to guide development, Africans made their own interpretations of customary law, either in their 'public opinion' or in the courts, the decisions of which administrators knew little.
Computerized Layout Design: A Branch and Bound Approach

Abstract This paper presents a computerized procedure for layout design. The layout problem is formulated as a quadratic set covering problem. A branch and bound method for optimizing the resulting problem is devised. As a result, optimal and suboptimal layouts can be provided to the layout engineer for consideration and modification.
Ethnicity as a moderator of how parents' attitudes and perceived stigma influence intentions to seek child mental health services.

Objective Research has identified several variables that affect utilization of mental health services. However, more could be explored regarding ethnic differences among parents seeking help for their children. Method In our study, 238 caregivers were recruited from the southern United States to examine ethnic differences in intentions to access child mental health services with the Parental Attitudes Toward Psychological Services Inventory (Turner, 2012) as the primary measure. Results Group comparisons indicated that African-American parents reported less positive attitudes and more stigma than European-American or Hispanic-American parents. Moderation analyses found (a) attitudes were associated with a higher level of parental help-seeking intention among European Americans, but not among African Americans or Hispanic Americans and (b) stigma was associated with a lower parent-reported likelihood of help-seeking for Hispanic Americans, but not for European Americans or African Americans. Conclusions Ethnicity deferentially impacts attitudes and stigma associated with seeking mental health services. Public education efforts to increase service use should be tailored toward under-served groups to be more effective.
Actuating Soft Matter with Magnetic Torque

Here, recent significant developments are reviewed in manipulating soft matter systems through the use of magnetic torque. Magnetic torque enables the orientation, assembly, and manipulation of thermally fluctuating systems in broad material fields including biomaterials, ceramic and composite precursor suspensions, polymer solutions, fluids, foams, and gels. Magnetism offers an effective, safe, and massively parallel manufacturing approach. By exploiting magnetic torque, leading soft matter researchers have demonstrated new technologies in rheology, life sciences, optics, and structural materials. Specifically, magnetic torque has been used to assemble particle suspensions, to fabricate and actuate composite materials, and to control and manipulate biological materials. In each of these applications, there are energetic limitations to magnetic torque that need to be understood and characterized. However, magnetic torque offers a promising remote-controlled approach to creating and enabling new soft matter technologies.
African-American Clinicians Providing HIV Care: The Experience of the National HIV/AIDS Clinicians’ Consultation Center

This analysis compares patient and provider characteristics of African-American clinicians and non-African-American clinicians who called the National HIV Telephone Consultation Service (Warmline). In 2004, a total of 2,077 consultations were provided for 1,020 clinicians, 70 (6.9%) of whom were African American. Compared to the non-African-American group, a higher percentage of African-American clinicians were nurses (20.0% vs. 8.8%, p=0.002). A significantly lower percentage of African-American physicians were infectious disease specialists (3.5% vs. 25.6%, p=0.007). African-American clinicians were more likely to work in a community clinic (48.5% vs. 34.1%, p=0.015). Both African-American and non-African American clinicians reported caring for a similar number of HIV-infected patients. Patient–provider racial concordance was common among African-American clinicians (76.4%), whereas non-African-American clinicians called about patients of more diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. African-American clinicians who called Warmline exhibited differences in patient and provider characteristics when compared to all other clinicians. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on HIV providers in the United States.
Dermatologic uses of interferons

Interferons are members of the cytokine family, with diverse antiviral, antiproliferative, antifibrotic, and immunomodulatory activities. Over the past 10 years, interferon use in clinical dermatology has extended beyond its historical antiviral efficacy. In this article, FDA-approved indications and non-FDA-approved dermatologic uses of interferons are reviewed.
Pruritic eruption on the leg: follows excision of a benign lesion.

A 53-year-old woman presents with a 4-day history of a pruritic eruption on her leg. She had a benign lesion surgically excised with 2-layer suture closure 1 week before onset of the eruption.
Effect of sciatic nerve stimulation on pial arterioles in rats

The present study documents the microvascular response of the pial circulation in sensory hindlimb cortex to sciatic nerve stimulation. Rats, anesthetized with alpha-chloralose and urethan, were equipped with closed cranial windows, and pial arteriolar diameter was measured during stimulation of the contralateral sciatic nerve. The effects of varying stimulus frequency, intensity, and duration were examined. Optimal stimulus frequency was 5 Hz, but response diminished significantly beyond 10 Hz. Optimal stimulus intensity was 0.2 V. At higher stimulus strength, arteriolar dilation was reduced, but systemic blood pressure rose significantly. At low stimulus frequency and intensities, pial arterioles responded to stimulation with a consistent pattern: initial delay of 1.4 s followed by abrupt dilation to a peak magnitude, subsequent decline to a lesser but still dilated state, and recovery to a resting diameter after the cessation of stimulation. No consistent response profile was discernible at high stimulus intensity and/or frequency. This vasodilatory response was discretely restricted to a limited number of arterioles, confined to the hindlimb somatosensory cortex as confirmed by sensory evoked response. The response of the pial circulation provides a well-characterized model for analysis of brain microcirculation, which presumably is linked to cerebral metabolism.
SMT-Aware Instantaneous Footprint Optimization

Modern architectures employ simultaneous multithreading (SMT) to increase thread-level parallelism. SMT threads share many functional units and the entire memory hierarchy of a physical core. Without a careful code design, SMT threads can easily contend with each other for these shared resources, causing severe performance degradation. Minimizing SMT thread contention for HPC applications running on dedicated platforms is very challenging because they typically spawn threads within Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) models. Since these threads have similar resource requirements, their contention cannot be easily mitigated through simple thread scheduling. To address this important issue, we first vigorously conduct a systematic performance evaluation on a wide-range of representative HPC and CMP applications on three mainstream SMT architectures, and quantify their performance sensitivity to SMT effects. Then we introduce a simple scheme for SMT-aware code optimization which aims to reduce the memory contention across SMT threads. Finally, we develop a lightweight performance tool, named SMTAnalyzer, to effectively identify the optimization opportunities in the source code of multithreaded programs. Experiments on three SMT architectures (i.e., Intel Xeon, IBM POWER7, and Intel Xeon Phi) demonstrate that our proposed SMT-aware optimization scheme can significantly improve the performance for general HPC applications.
Rock Music and the New West, 1980–2010

This article traces the use of western imagery in rock music from 1980 through 2010 and explores the West's growing role as an influential producer of culture. While musicians continued to rely on iconic figures and mythical imagery, they increasingly depicted the region more realistically.
Organization, Legal Aspects and Problems of Bone Banking in a Large Orthopedic Center

Banking bone and other tissues has become an important endeavor. Banked bone is now being used extensively in bone tumor surgery, failed joint replacement surgery, and trauma surgery. Hospitals around the world are beginning to bank femoral heads, and many centers have instituted programs utilizing large allografts in limb-sparing procedures. It is important therefore for bone banks to conform to high standards of sterility and safety in order to provide orthopedic surgeons the best possible bone allografts. This review discusses important aspects of bone banking as learned over 10 years of experience. Attention to the details outlined in this paper will help provide a solid base on which to build a bone bank that may provide the best possible bone allografts and build confidence in a bone bank supply.
Helicopters and the Neutrality of Money

Discussions of adjustments to the quantity of money tend to take for granted the method by which new money enters the economy. Milton Friedman, for example, famously assumed the central bank distributed money directly to agents via helicopter in order to abstract away from relative price effects, in contrast to the real world, where expansion almost always takes place through financial markets. This paper compares the distribution and relative price effects of expansion by helicopter and through financial markets. The distribution effects of the former will in fact be more severe than those of the latter, except in the sort of representative agent model Friedman used. This result is illustrated using an agent-based model in order to introduce heterogeneity in the demand for cash balances. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the metaphor to fiscal policy, monetary regimes, and money supply norms for cryptocurrencies, which – unlike any modern currencies – must distribute changes in the money supply without the use of financial markets.
Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Intermolecular Coupling of Phenols and Allylic Alcohols.

An enantioselective intermolecular coupling of oxygen nucleophiles and allylic alcohols to give β-aryloxycarbonyl compounds is disclosed using a chiral pyridine oxazoline-ligated palladium catalyst under mild conditions. As opposed to the formation of traditional Wacker-type products, enantioselective migratory insertion is followed by β-hydride elimination toward the adjacent alcohol. Deuterium labeling experiments suggest a syn-migratory insertion of the alkene into the Pd–O bond. A broad scope of phenols, various allylic alcohols, and an alkyl hydroperoxide are viable coupling partners in this process.
Granulocytic Sarcoma in Erythroleukemia (M6).

Granulocytic Sarcomas are extramedullary tumors composed of immature myeloid cells, these tumors can be seen in myeloid malignancies such as chronic myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. They can be seen at the time of diagnosis of the myeloid malignancy, prior to diagnosis, or after treatment as a first sign of relapse. We report here the case of a young woman who presented with a 6 month history of a slowly enlarging nasal mass. Biopsies of the lesion had been inconclusive until a CBC revealed abnormal blasts in the peripheral blood. Subsequently bone marrow biopsy revealed more than 59% erythroid precursors with a preponderance of immature erythroblasts and 33% myeloblast consistent with AML (M6). Reanalysis of the nasal biopsy demonstrated positive staining for CD68, Myeloperoxidase, Lysozyme, and CD117, but negative for CD34, suggestive of granulocytic sarcoma. The patient received induction chemotherapy with idarubicin and cytarabine and achieved bone marrow remission along with complete resolution of the nasal mass. To our knowledge this is the first report of a granulocytic sarcoma in association with AML M6.
G. Thomas Tanselle. Portraits and Reviews .

G. Thomas Tanselle is a highly regarded bibliographer, textual editor, critic, and book collector. Following his undergraduate degree from Yale, he received his PhD in 1959 from the Department of English at Northwestern University with a dissertation on the twentieth-century American author Floyd Dell. Between 1960 and 1978, he taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, after which he served as vice president of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation from 1978 until 2006. He has also served as an adjunct professor of English at Columbia University and coeditor of the Northwestern-Newberry Edition of the Writings of Herman Melville as well as president of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, the Bibliographical Society of America, the Grolier Club, and the Society for Textual Scholarship. In recognition of his scholarly contributions in the field of bibliography, Tanselle has delivered numerous prestigious lectures including the Hanes Foundation Lecture at the University of North Carolina, Robert L. Nikirk Lecture at the Grolier Club, the A.S.W. Rosenbach Lectures in Bibliography at the University of Pennsylvania, the Sandars Lectures at Cambridge University, and the George Parker Winship Lecture at Harvard University.
Managing urban runoff in residential neighborhoods: Nitrogen and phosphorus in lawn irrigation driven runoff.

Sources and mechanisms of nutrient transport in lawn irrigation driven surface runoff are largely unknown. We investigated the transport of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in lawn irrigation driven surface runoff from a residential neighborhood (28 ha) of 56% impervious and 44% pervious areas. Pervious areas encompassing turfgrass (lawns) in the neighborhood were irrigated with the reclaimed water in common areas during the evening to late night and with the municipal water in homeowner’s lawns during the morning. The stormwater outlet pipe draining the residential neighborhood was instrumented with a flow meter and Hach autosampler. Water samples were collected every 1-h and triple composite samples were obtained at 3-h intervals during an intensive sampling period of 1-week. Mean concentrations, over 56 sampling events, of total N (TN) and total P (TP) in surface runoff at the outlet pipe were 10.9±6.34 and 1.3±1.03 mg L–1, respectively. Of TN, the proportion of nitrate–N was 58% and other–N was 42%, whereas of TP, orthophosphate–P was 75% and other–P was 25%. Flow and nutrient (N and P) concentrations were lowest from 6:00 a.m. to noon, which corresponded with the use of municipal water and highest from 6:00 p.m. to midnight, which corresponded with the use of reclaimed water. This data suggests that N and P originating in lawn irrigation driven surface runoff from residential catchments is an important contributor of nutrients in surface waters.
Prioritarianism: Room for Desert?

Richard Arneson has proposed that prioritarianism be adjusted to incorporate considerations of individual desert. For those inclined to accept prioritarianism, this refinement seems intuitive: Shouldn't we give priority both to those who are worse off and to those at a higher desert level? This article considers the viability of desert-modulated prioritarianism using the framework of claims-across-outcomes (‘claims’). I have previously used this framework to provide a unified defence of the Pareto and Pigou–Dalton axioms. With further, plausible, axioms, we arrive at prioritarianism. Should the strength of an individual's claim depend upon her desert? If so, we should accept a new axiom, Priority for the More Deserving. But Priority for the More Deserving can conflict with the Pareto axioms, if desert is intrapersonally variable rather than fixed. We should therefore reject Priority for the More Deserving and conclude that desert-modulated prioritarianism is a non-starter.
Three Principles of Diversity-Generating Biosynthesis

ConspectusNatural products are significant therapeutic agents and valuable drug leads. This is likely owing to their three-dimensional structural complexity, which enables them to form complex interactions with biological targets. Enzymes from natural product biosynthetic pathways show great potential to generate natural product-like compounds and libraries. Many challenges still remain in biosynthesis, such as how to rationally synthesize small molecules with novel structures and how to generate maximum chemical diversity.In this Account, we describe recent advances from our laboratory in the synthesis of natural product-like libraries using natural biosynthetic machinery. Our work has focused on the pat and tru biosynthetic pathways to patellamides, trunkamide, and related compounds from cyanobacterial symbionts in marine tunicates. These belong to the cyanobactin class of natural products, which are part of the larger group of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs).T...
Comparison of Intraoperative and Early Postoperative Outcomes of Caudal vs Dorsal Penile Nerve Blocks for Outpatient Penile Surgeries

Objective To compare intraoperative and 1-hour postoperative outcomes in caudal vs dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) patients undergoing penile surgeries. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of boys 3. Secondary outcomes were intraoperative-postanesthesia care unit (PACU) narcotics, preincision anesthesia time, adjusted operating room charges, and complications. We performed bivariate and multivariable analyses controlling for demographic and procedural characteristics and clustering by surgeon. Results Of 738 patients (mean age 2.1 years), 74.1% had a caudal block. DPNB patients were more likely to have a maximum pain score of >3 (19.5% vs 8.1%, P 3 (95% confidence interval 1.7-4.4, P Conclusion Caudal blocks may offer a small advantage in the immediate postoperative period, although cost-effectiveness is unproven.
Application of Rough Set Theory and DT_SVM in Web Information Filtering

This paper advances a new data classification and filtering method based on rough set theory and Decision Tree SVM(DT_SVM) in allusion to the problem of Web information filtering.This method utilizes an improved heuristic algorithm of relative attribute reduction to eliminate redundancy,debase the spacial dimension of sample data,and train SVM by clustering integrated with DT_SVM,it can change multiclass problem into binary classification,and improve the training speed and the filtering precision.Experimental results demonstrate that the new algorithm gains a higher filtering recall and precision,manifests the algorithm’s advantage of rough set theory integrated with DT_SVM.
Ionic and Apolar Interactions of Cibacron Blue F3GA with Model Compounds and Proteins Application to Protein Purification

Studies of the interactions of Cibacron Blue F3GA in aqueous solutions with organic solvents, salts, oligo-, and poly-peptides by visible absorption difference spectroscopy indicate that the dye-sodium chloride (or any other salt) interaction results in a difference spectrum that has a characteristic positive peak at 690 nm and negative double minima at 630 and 585 nm. Such a “salt-like” or “ionic” spectrum is also obtained with polycations such as spermine, spermidine, oligolysines, polylysine, polyarginine, and protamine. In a striking contrast, the difference spectrum of the dye in binary aqueous solvents containing dioxan or t-butyl alcohol at moderately high concentrations, measured against water, displays a positive peak and shoulder at 655 and 610 nm, respectively with a small negative contribution at wavelengths less than 550 nm. We assign this type of spectrum to a “nonpolar” interaction of the dye with the organic cosolvent molecules. Such spectral characteristics have been widely noticed in several studies involving Cibacron Blue and proteins, thereby providing a basis for a reasonable interpretation for the interaction of the dye with the proteins. An understanding of the forces involved in dye-protein interactions is essential for protein purification studies using the technique of dye-ligand chromatography. Complete separation of pepsin and chymosin present in calf rennet has been achieved using Blue agarose chromatography. The separation appears to result from a combination of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions of chymosin with the dye ligand. Differential surface hydrophobicity of the two enzymes may also play a key role in the separation.
A practical manipulator system

This paper describes the development of a practical manipulator system. The manipulator requirements dictated by space exploration, the functional elements which meet those requirements, and the problems encountered in implementing those requirements are discussed. The paper focuses primarily on the implementation of the functional elements and the real world problems encountered by the manipulator system, as opposed to the specific algorithms and equations, since we feel that these two factors are under emphasized in the literature. Specific topics discussed include user interfaces, trajectory planning, safety and obstacle avoidance, and link motion control. Implementation emphasis has been placed on flexibility, minimizing complexity, and increasing reliability.
Radiation-Induced Ionic Polymerization

In general, the effect of high energy radiation on vinyl monomers in the liquid state is to initiate polymerization by a free radical mechanism. In 1957, however, Davison, Pinner and Worrall1 polymerized isobutylene with both cobalt 60 gamma and electron beam irradiation to high molecular weight polymers. Since this monomer is known to polymerize only by a cationic mechanism, it was evident that radiation could indeed initiate ionic polymerizations in the liquid state. Since then there have been limited but detailed studies with isobutylene and a number of other monomers. Eventually it became clear that in the, essentially total, absence of protonic impurities, particularly water, a number of monomers would polymerize cationically and a few by an anionic mechanism. Under these so-called “super dry” conditions there was a clear cut dependence of the rate of polymerization on the square root of the intensity, i.e., dose rate. This indicated that free ions were generated and initiated polymerization until terminated by a, still unknown, species of opposite charge. An excellent and detailed account of the work through 1967 has been presented by Ffrancon Williams,2 one of the principal pioneers in the field.
Weak Convergence of Probability Measures

The methods of the theory of weak convergence of probability measures are of wide use in many areas of applications to statistics, operations research and stochastic control theory, where it is convenient or useful to approximate a process by a sequence of other processes or vice versa. The theory is treated thoroughly in Billingsley [B1], and here we only mention some of the ideas which are of particular use in the sequel. The theory is an extension of the concept of convergence in distribution to sequences of abstract valued random variables.
Use of r-metHuG-CSF to Enable Chemotherapy Delivery for Solid Tumors

Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia is a serious side effect of cancer treatment that can negatively impact patient outcomes by increasing the risk of serious infections or compromising the efficacy of chemotherapy treatment by necessitating chemotherapy dose reductions and/or delays. Managing neutropenia and its related complications has been improved by two forms of recombinant r-metHuG-CSF (filgrastim and a longer-lived form, pegfilgrastim) that have been shown to shorten the depth and duration of neutropenia, to reduce the incidence of infections, and to support delivery of chemotherapy treatment on time. As chemotherapy regimens have become more dose dense and dose intense, the time for neutrophil recovery has been further shortened. Both forms of r-metHuG-CSF have been shown to reduce neutropenia in these settings and to enable dose-dense and dose-intense chemotherapy regimens.
"The Heisenberg Method": Geometry, Algebra, and Probability in Quantum Theory.

The article reconsiders quantum theory in terms of the following principle, which can be symbolically represented as QUANTUMNESS → PROBABILITY → ALGEBRA and will be referred to as the QPA principle. The principle states that the quantumness of physical phenomena, that is, the specific character of physical phenomena known as quantum, implies that our predictions concerning them are irreducibly probabilistic, even in dealing with quantum phenomena resulting from the elementary individual quantum behavior (such as that of elementary particles), which in turn implies that our theories concerning these phenomena are fundamentally algebraic, in contrast to more geometrical classical or relativistic theories, although these theories, too, have an algebraic component to them. It follows that one needs to find an algebraic scheme able make these predictions in a given quantum regime. Heisenberg was first to accomplish this in the case of quantum mechanics, as matrix mechanics, whose matrix character testified to his algebraic method, as Einstein characterized it. The article explores the implications of the Heisenberg method and of the QPA principle for quantum theory, and for the relationships between mathematics and physics there, from a nonrealist or, in terms of this article, “reality-without-realism” or RWR perspective, defining the RWR principle, thus joined to the QPA principle.
Fault-Tolerant Real-Time Collaborative Network Edge Analytics for Industrial IoT and Cyber Physical Systems with Communication Network Diversity

In developing state of the art applications for Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), most applications software and associated hardware are always developed from ground up. However, this approach always involves huge capital outlay, extend time-to-market for products, and contribute to integration delay, especially in the case of Industrial IoT (IIoT). In this paper, it is shown that already existing, widely-available, and low-cost hardware can participate successfully in collaborative computing for new analytics applications, at edges of IIoT and CPS networks. A well-known, low-cost, embedded digital signal processor (DSP) that is fully integrated in many industries is selected and used as a case study. The selected DSP is made more scalable by applying it to new, novel uses at the edge of an IIoT network. The new application includes using it to design useful waveforms needed for collaborative computing at IIoT network edges. Embedded-C, a programming language that is suitable for programming resource-constrained network edge devices is used to successfully design needed waveforms for the selected DSP. Collaborative computing is achieved by sending the designed waveforms from the network edge, across diverse communication channels, to the fog layer, and then, use it at the fog layer to remove noise in selected IIoT data. Correlation coefficient is positive and high between output of noise removal achieved by waveforms from the low-cost DSP when compared to noise removal achieved by waveforms from systems with more computing resources at the fog layer. This signifies a successful collaborative computing using such legacy, low-cost DSP. For low-cost hardware to participate successfully in distributed, real-time collaborative network edge-computing, impact of communication network disturbances must be examined. Hence, for the selected DSP, impact of network Bit Error Rate (BER) is examined for both wired and wireless networks. It is discovered that wireless channels have lesser BER than powerline communication (PLC) channels that have impulsive noises. Hence, it may be more suitable for real-time fault-tolerant collaborative computing using the selected DSP.
Android Malware Permission-Based Multi-Class Classification Using Extremely Randomized Trees

Due to recent developments in hardware and software technologies for mobile phones, people depend on their smartphones more than ever before. Today, people conduct a variety of business, health, and financial transactions on their mobile devices. This trend has caused an influx of mobile applications that require users’ sensitive information. As these applications increase so too have the number of malicious applications that steal users’ sensitive information. Through our research, we developed a reverse engineering framework (RevEng). Within RevEng, the applications’ permissions were selected, and then fed into machine learning algorithms. Through our research, we created a reduced set of permissions by using extremely randomized trees that achieved high accuracy and a shorter execution time. Furthermore, we conducted two approaches based on the extracted information. Approach one used binary value representation of the permissions. Approach two used the features’ importance; we represented each selected permission (in approach one) by its weighted value instead of the binary value. We conducted a comparison between the results of our two approaches and other related work. Our approaches achieved better results in both accuracy and time performance with a reduced number of permissions.
Network structure and input integration in competing firing rate models for decision-making

Making a decision among numerous alternatives is a pervasive and central undertaking encountered by mammals in natural settings. While decision making for two-option tasks has been studied extensively both experimentally and theoretically, characterizing decision making in the face of a large set of alternatives remains challenging. We explore this issue by formulating a scalable mechanistic network model for decision making and analyzing the dynamics evoked given various potential network structures. In the case of a fully-connected network, we provide an analytical characterization of the model fixed points and their stability with respect to winner-take-all behavior for fair tasks. We compare several means of input integration, demonstrating a more gradual sigmoidal transfer function is likely evolutionarily advantageous relative to binary gain commonly utilized in engineered systems. We show via asymptotic analysis and numerical simulation that sigmoidal transfer functions with smaller steepness yield faster response times but depreciation in accuracy. However, in the presence of noise or degradation of connections, a sigmoidal transfer function garners significantly more robust and accurate decision-making dynamics. For fair tasks and sigmoidal gain, our model network also exhibits a stable parameter regime that produces high accuracy and persists across tasks with diverse numbers of alternatives and difficulties, satisfying physiological energetic constraints. In the case of more sparse and structured network topologies, including random, regular, and small-world connectivity, we show the high-accuracy parameter regime persists for biologically realistic connection densities. Our work shows how neural system architecture is potentially optimal in making economic, reliable, and advantageous decisions across tasks.
Business women's appearance management, career development and sexual harassment

INTRODUCTION The Evolution of Women's Business Dress Appearance and Work Role Dress Appearance, Sexuality, and Sexual Harassment Purpose Definitions Research Questions Dialogue with Theoretical Literature REVIEW OF LITERATURE Women and Professional Business Images Women's Business Dress and Fashion Change Role Change Theory ... Symbolic Self-Completion Theory Some Feminist Critiques of Fashion Aesthetics as a Valuable Component of Women's Experience Sexual Harassment of Women in the Workplace What is sexual harassment? Stereotypes of victim responsibility METHOD Instruments Interview schedule Personal data sheet