cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malignant Cells in the Marrow and Blood of Patients with Hematopoietic Malignancies Have Higher Mitochondrial Membrane Potential as Measured with the Potentiometric Dye JC-1.

Background: Immunophenotyping is an important method to define hematopoietic malignancies, but used alone, its ability to provide functional information about the malignant cells is limited. JC-1 is a fluorescent dye used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential in cells. We have developed a flow cytometric assay using JC-1 in conjunction with standard cell surface markers to characterize clinical samples from patients with hematologic malignancies. Methods: Ficoll-purified cells derived from the blood or marrow were stained with JC-1, and analyzed at 530 nm and 590nm to assess mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively. Malignant and normal cell populations were assigned and gated by analysis of forward scatter and side scatter. Gating in this manner identified energetically discrete cell populations confirmed by back gating analysis. Results: To date we have measured the mitochondrial membrane potential from the bone marrow or peripheral blood of 3 normal individuals and 22 patients with acute and chronic leukemias and lymphoma involving the marrow. Samples have been analyzed from AML (6), ALL (3), CML- chronic phase (2), CLL (5), mantle cell lymphoma (3), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (1) and acute biphenotypic leukemia (2). Compared with samples derived from normal individuals, malignant cells have a different energetic signature, and in nearly all instances, a substantially higher mitochondrial membrane potential. The mitochondrial membrane potential of malignant cells was 5.5 times higher (range 2.15–12) than normal cells within the same samples in 19 of 20 specimens (given the overlap in cell populations, CML samples were excluded and 1 CLL sample had a mitochondrial membrane potential that was the same as the normal population). Mitochondrial membrane potential is also higher in malignant cells compared with peripheral blood and marrow cells from normal individuals. While cells derived from patients with acute leukemias appear to be energetically homogeneous, cells from both patients with CML and 4 of 5 patients with CLL had at least 2 energetically discrete subpopulations despite being cytogenetically homogeneous (in the case of the CML samples) or immunophenotypically homogenous (in the case of the CLL samples). Conclusions: JC-1 staining can be performed reliably in concert with immunocytochemistry and provides insight into the metabolism of malignant hematopoietic cells. Preliminary data indicate that malignant cells from patients with leukemia and lymphoma have a high mitochondrial membrane potential which may reflect altered oxidative metabolism. This may serve as a metabolic signature for monitoring minimal residual disease or assessing the effect of therapeutic agents on functional status of malignant populations.
Do Acquaintance Theorists Have an Attitude Problem

ABSTRACTThis paper is about the relevance of attitude-ascriptions to debates about singular thought. It examines a methodology (common to early acquaintance theorists [Kaplan 1968] and recent critics of acquaintance [Hawthorne and Manley 2012], which assumes that the behaviour of ascriptions can be used to draw conclusions about singular thought. Although many theorists (e.g. [Recanati 2012]) reject this methodology, the literature lacks a detailed examination of its implications and the challenges faced by proponents and critics. I isolate an assumption of the methodology, which I call the tracking assumption: that an attitude-ascription which states that s Φ's that P is true iff s has an attitude, of Φ-ing, which is an entertaining of the content P (with entertain used in a stipulated sense). I argue that the tracking assumption must be rejected, not because it has deflationary consequences, but because it leads to unstable commitments. I also show that there are independent reasons to reject it, becaus...
Achieving Universal Design: One if by Product, Two if by Process, Three if by Panacea

Since its beginnings almost 3 decades ago, universal design has been called many things, from another term for accessible design to a process for designing to a panacea encompassing all design. Clearly, it is all of things, yet at the same time it is none. As a product it has form and function, yet it is not specialized, accessible design. As a process it is a way of designing, yet it is no different than the typical design process. As a panacea, it is about making all things usable and inclusive, yet that has been a utopian illusion – at least in the design of physical objects and spaces, from which universal design emerged. However, as digital technologies continue to emerge and evolve, the universal design appears poised to fulfill its potential and promise.
The Peace and Power Conceptual Model: An Assessment Guide for School Nurses Regarding Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children:

Human trafficking is a global problem; more than half of all victims are children. In the United States (US), at-risk youth continue to attend school. School nurses are on the frontlines, presenting a window of opportunity to identify and prevent exploitation. Available papers targeting school nurses report that school nurses may lack awareness of commercial sexual exploitation and may have attitudes and misperceptions about behaviors of school children at risk. This is a theoretical paper applying the Peace and Power Conceptual Model to understand the role of school nurses in commercial sexual exploitation of children.
Plasma modification of spoof plasmon propagation along metamaterial-air interfaces

We report on measurements of the shift in resonance frequency of “spoof” surface plasmon polariton propagation along a 2-D metamaterial slow-wave structure induced by a gaseous plasma near the metamaterial/air interface. A transmission line circuit model for the metamaterial structure interprets the introduction of a plasma as a decrease in unit cell capacitance, causing a shift in the plasmon dispersion to higher frequency. We show through simulations and experiments that the effects of this shift at the resonance frequency and attenuation below and above resonance depend on the plasma density. The shifts recorded experimentally are small owing to the low plasma densities generated near the structure, ∼ 10 11 cm − 3, but simulations show that a shift of ∼ 3 % of the resonance frequency can be generated at plasma densities of ∼ 10 12 cm − 3.
Antenna-Impregnated Fabrics for Recumbent Height Measurement on the Go

A novel class of antenna-impregnated fabrics is proposed for wireless and unobtrusive height measurement on the go. Contrary to conventional infantometer and stadiometer technologies that restrict height monitoring to sporadic intervals, this technology brings forward regular height monitoring with minimum impact to the individual's activity. The proposed fabrics consist of multiple dipole antennas placed at known distances from each other. When a subject lies upon the fabric, he/she detunes the underlying antennas, inducing losses in the associated wireless transmission paths. Therefore, the subject's height can be calculated by identifying the two antennas with degraded transmission coefficients at the starting (head) and ending (feet) points. For validation, a proof-of-concept 52 cm × 43 cm fabric operating at 915 MHz is designed, fabricated, and tested. Simulation and in vitro measurement results demonstrate the feasibility of retrieving the length of a 16-cm-long phantom, regardless of its exact location upon the fabric. Concurrently, the proposed fabric is shown to conform to the Federal Communication Commission guidelines for the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). This technology can eventually be integrated into baby cribs, bed sheets, or rollable mats to provide early detection/monitoring of Turner syndrome, Crohn's disease, short stature, Celiac disease, growth hormone deficiency, and obesity, among others.
The Stability of the Propagation of Sharp Voidage Fronts in Liquid Fluidized Beds

Experiments were performed on the propagation and stability of voidage fronts produced by a sudden change in operating conditions. For experiments relatively unaffected by inevitable mal-distribution, the front is stable and propagates in accord with a simple theory. Fronts which are potentially gravitationally unstable were also observed to propagate stably. Linear instability theory, assuming the fluidized mixture to behave as an effective Newtonian fluid, predicts a high degree of instability, in disagreement with experiment. We conclude that the assumption of an effective Newtonian fluid is a poor one.
Ontogenesis of the Immune Response

The earliest studies of any phase of developmental immunity date back some three-quarters of a century to the investigations of Paul Ehrlich and others. They were based upon an understandable interest in one of the significant comparative aspects of reproductive success—the mechanisms by which the newborn is able to defend itself against the host of infectious disease processes that were only then being discovered by the nascent fields of bacteriology and immunology. It soon became apparent that most, if not all, of the newborn’s immunity was passively acquired from the mother, via the yolk in oviparous animals, across the placenta or other fetal membranes in certain mammals, or from the colostrum and early milk in yet other mammals. The extensive body of literature which has developed in this area has been reviewed in detail by Brambell and co-workers (1951, 1958). With the increasing appreciation of the protective role of the mammalian placenta, and in view of the obvious benefits derived from passively acquired maternal antibody, there appeared to be little reason to question the reasonable assumption that the mammalian fetus and neonate are immunologically incompetent (the so-called immunologic null state) and only develop their own capabilities at some time after birth, presumably prior to complete disappearance of the protective maternal antibodies. This assumption was further reinforced by observations on the relative inability of the human newborn to respond to the standard pediatric immunizations immediately after birth, and by the repeated demonstration that the familiar small laboratory animals (primarily rodents) were unable to respond to antigenic stimuli during the early postnatal period and, in fact, could easily be rendered immunologically tolerant of a variety of antigens during this same time (Hasek et al., 1961; Smith, 1961).
1‐Trimethylsilyloxy‐1,3‐butadiene

[6651-43-0] C7H14OSi (MW 142.30) InChI = 1S/C7H14OSi/c1-5-6-7-8-9(2,3)4/h5-7H,1H2,2-4H3 InChIKey = UQGOYQLRRBTVFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (easily prepared1 reactive diene for Diels–Alder reactions and other cycloadditions;2-21 reactive silyl enol ether for aldol and Michael reactions,22-28 and electrophilic additions29-32) Physical Data: bp 131 °C, bp 49.5 °C/25 mmHg; d 0.811 g cm−3. Solubility: sol most standard organic solvents. Form Supplied in: liquid commercially available (98% purity) as an approximately 85∶15 mixture of (E)- and (Z)-isomers. Preparative Method: can be prepared easily.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: is a flammable liquid and is moisture sensitive.
8.2 A Continuous-Input-Current Passive-Stacked Third-Order Buck Converter Achieving 0.7W/mm 2 Power Density and 94% Peak Efficiency

The power density and efficiency of power-management integrated circuits (PMICs) is playing an increasingly important role in the miniaturization of modern computing platforms. Small inductors can be used to help miniaturize buck DCDC converters, however as noted in Fig. 8.2.1 (lower left), small inductors tend to have high DC resistance (DCR) – greater than a comparably-sized CMOS switch – such that they ultimately limit the achievable power density of miniaturized buck converters to $\lt 0.4 W/mm^{2}$ when including the area of both the passives and the PMIC [1, 2]. While recent work in switched-capacitor (SC) converters has shown that high power density is achievable, it is only possible when employing exotic ultra-high-density capacitors and when operating over a small number of conversion ratios; increasing the number of ratios to support the needs of dynamic voltage scaling loads (e.g., 0.4 to 1.2V) alongside use of conventional capacitor technologies degrades power density to <<0.1 W/mm2 [3]. Hybrid converters, which process power with both capacitors and inductors, offer an attractive means to potentially increase power density and/or efficiency. Resonating an SC circuit with an inductor can, for example, dramatically increase power density to 0.9W/mm2 in [4], however with limited, though improved in [4], ability to regulate beyond the nominal SC ratio at high efficiency. Hybrid multilevel converters can regulate to arbitrary output voltages, though still achieve power density <0.3 W/mm2, [5], in part due to the increased number of passives and associated higher routing complexity, and in part due to the large conversion ratio in the design in [5].
It's a small, small world: unravelling the role and evolution of small RNAs in organelle and endosymbiont genomes.

Organelles and host-restricted bacterial symbionts are characterized by having highly reduced genomes that lack many key regulatory genes and elements. Thus, it has been hypothesized that the eukaryotic nuclear genome is primarily responsible for regulating these symbioses. However, with the discovery of organelle- and symbiont-expressed small RNAs (sRNAs) there is emerging evidence that these sRNAs may play a role in gene regulation as well. Here, we compare the diversity of organelle and bacterial symbiont sRNAs recently identified using genome-enabled ‘-omic’ technologies and discuss their potential role in gene regulation. We also discuss how the genome architecture of small genomes may influence the evolution of these sRNAs and their potential function. Additionally, these new studies suggest that some sRNAs are conserved within organelle and symbiont taxa and respond to changes in the environment and/or their hosts. In summary, these results suggest that organelle and symbiont sRNAs may play a role in gene regulation in addition to nuclear-encoded host mechanisms.
Durkheim Said What?: Creating Talking Textbooks With Augmented Reality and Project-Based Activities

This study explored utilizing augmented reality (AR) and project-based learning (PBL) strategies to increase students’ understandings of sociological paradigms and the theorists’ motivations behind...
Use of a Person-Centered Planning Approach to Encourage Vocational Goal Setting Among Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Date Presented 04/06/19 Employment rates among people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are historically low (26%) when compared to people without disabilities (76%). Understanding a person’s strengths, hopes and dreams for the future assists them in setting and achieving vocational goals. As person-centered planning (PCP) is embraced by many state agencies serving people with IDD across the US, occupational therapists have unique skill sets to play a vital role in the PCP process. Primary Author and Speaker: Meghan Blaskowitz Additional Authors and Speakers: Lindsay Layer, Sarah Scalero, Abigail Gore, Amy Castagnino, Katrina McNally
Ramanujan's legacy: the work of the SASTRA prize winners

The SASTRA Ramanujan Prize is an annual 10000 prize given to mathematicians not exceeding the age of 32 for revolutionary contributions to areas influenced by Srinivasa Ramanujan. The prize has bee...
Putting value back into the "V" of wRVU.

“I feel like just another spoke in a great big wheel” lamented the American singer/songwriter Bob Seeger in the song “I Feel like a Number.” Increasingly, physicians in many specialties are sharing a similar lament of depersonalization. Troubled that they have been reduced to a widget, many express that we have become “just another statistic on a sheet”; a commodity assessed by our ability to meet work relative value unit (wRVU) targets at the 60th percentile or higher.
Apparent kinetics of hydrogen production with water-slurried aluminum delivery in aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions

Abstract Kinetic models were fit to experimental hydrogen production data from a stirred microspherical aluminum corrosion reactor, one model for each of two Al initial conditions prior to immersion in aqueous sodium hydroxide at pH 13.17–13.48: (i) air-dry, and (ii) water-suspended for 0.5–2 h, of which the latter has not been studied. Data fitting was fairly precise ( R 2 > 0.97 ) , and results were confirmed by comparison to shrinking core models of the reaction time. Key findings were a low reaction order in hydroxide (0.46 for slurry and 0.55 for dry based reactions), along with relatively lower apparent activation energy and frequency factor for the slurry reactions (60.15, versus 64.75 kJ/mol for initially dry Al, with SE ≈ 2.5 kJ / mol ), and just a slight effect of Al delivery mode on overall rates. Explanatory rate-limiting mechanisms were hypothesized following a model of a dissolving film over the corroding Al with analysis of diffuse electric double layer charging and transport resistance effects.
Brain-Based Teaching: Differentiation in Teaching, Learning, and Motor Skills

The purpose of this article is to examine the brain-based differentiations between the genders and the impact they may have on teaching and learning. The term gender will be used throughout the art...
Widths of imbricate thrust blocks and the strength of the front of accretionary wedges and fold-and-thrust belts

Abstract Besides the large-scale wedge shape itself, the most prominent structural feature of accretionary wedges and fold-and-thrust belts is the common pattern of imbricate thrust faults. This study illuminates the fundamental mechanical processes and material properties controlling the width of the crustal blocks bounded by major thrusts using analytical solutions of stress as well as two-dimensional finite-difference models. The numerical models predict that the initial width w0 of a thrust block is set when that block first forms at the very front of the wedge. The width is found to subsequently decreases approximately in proportion to the mean horizontal strain needed for an ideally triangular-shaped Coulomb wedge with a critical taper. Block width is proportional to the thickness H of the incoming, accreting sediment. A key quantity that influences the normalized initial block width w0/H is the distance L forward of the frontal thrust needed for the net horizontal force from shear on the base of the incoming sediment to balance the net force on the frontal thrust. It is within this distance where stress in the incoming sediment is substantially elevated and thus where the new frontal thrust forms. Results show that L/H and, correspondingly, w0/H increase with increasing sediment friction angle ϕ, cohesive strength C0 and pore-fluid pressure ratio λ, and decrease with increasing basal friction angle ϕb and basal dip β. Normalized width is sensitive to ϕ and relatively insensitive to ϕb and λ. Results for submarine and subaerial wedges follow the same scaling law. The scaling law relates the observables, w0/H and β, to the material properties, ϕ, ϕb, λ, and therefore provides a theoretical relation that can be used independent of, or together with critical Coulomb wedge theory (CWT) to constrain these properties.
Comparison of Central Macular Fluid Volume With Central Subfield Thickness in Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Importance Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the predominant cause of visual impairment in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes. Automated fluid volume measurements using optical coherence tomography (OCT) may improve the diagnostic accuracy of DME screening. Objective To assess the diagnostic accuracy of an automated central macular fluid volume (CMFV) quantification using OCT for DME. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a tertiary academic center among 215 patients with diabetes (1 eye each) enrolled from January 26, 2015, to December 23, 2019. All participants underwent comprehensive examinations, 6 × 6-mm macular structural OCT horizontal raster scans, and 6 × 6-mm macular OCT angiography volumetric scans. From January 1 to March 30, 2020, 2 retinal specialists reviewed the structural OCT scans independently and diagnosed DME if intraretinal or subretinal fluid was present. Diabetic macular edema was considered center involved if fluid was present within the central fovea (central 1-mm circle). A third retinal specialist arbitrated any discrepancy. The mean central subfield thickness (CST) within the central fovea was measured on structural OCT horizontal raster scans. A deep learning algorithm automatically quantified fluid volumes on 6 × 6-mm OCT angiography volumetric scans and within the central foveas (CMFV). Main Outcomes and Measures The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the sensitivity and specificity of CST and CMFV for DME diagnosis. Results We enrolled 1 eye each of 215 patients with diabetes (117 women [54.4%]; mean [SD] age, 59.6 [12.4] years). Diabetic macular edema was present in 136 eyes; 93 cases of DME were center involved. The AUROC of CMFV for diagnosis of center-involved DME (0.907 [95% CI, 0.861-0.954]) was greater than the AUROC of CST (0.832 [95% CI, 0.775-0.889]; P = .02). With the specificity set at 95%, the sensitivity of CMFV for detection of center-involved DME (78.5% [95% CI, 68.8%-86.3%]) was higher than that of CST (53.8% [95% CI, 43.1%-64.2%]; P = .002). Center-involved DME cases not detected by CST but detected by CMFV were associated with a thinner CST (290.8 μm [95% CI, 282.3-299.3 μm] vs 369.4 μm [95% CI, 347.1-391.7 μm]; P < .001), higher proportion of previous macular laser treatment (11 of 28 [39.3%; 95% CI, 21.5%-59.4%] vs 12 of 65 [18.5%; 95% CI, 9.9%-30.0%]; P = .03), and female sex (20 of 28 [71.4%; 95% CI, 51.3%-86.8%] vs 31 of 65 [47.7%; 95% CI, 35.1%-60.5%]; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that an automated CMFV is a more accurate diagnostic biomarker than CST for DME and may improve screening for DME.
Global emergence and dissemination of Neisseria gonorrhoeae ST-9363 isolates with reduced susceptibility to azithromycin

Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-locus sequence type (ST) 9363 genogroup isolates have been associated with reduced azithromycin susceptibility (AZMrs) and show evidence of clonal expansion in the U.S. Here we analyze a global collection of ST-9363 genogroup genomes to shed light on the emergence and dissemination of this strain. The global population structure of ST-9363 genogroup falls into three lineages: Basal, European, and North American; with 32 clades within all lineages. Although, ST-9363 genogroup is inferred to have originated from Asia in the mid-19th century; we estimate the three modern lineages emerged from Europe in the late 1970s to early 1980s. The European lineage appears to have emerged and expanded from around 1986 to 1998, spreading into North America and Oceania in the mid-2000s with multiple introductions, along with multiple secondary reintroductions into Europe. Our results suggest two separate acquisition events of mosaic mtrR and mtrR promoter alleles: first during 2009-2011 and again during the 2012-2013 time, facilitating the clonal expansion of this genogroup with AZMrs in the U.S. By tracking phylodynamic evolutionary trajectories of clades that share distinct demography as well as population-based genomic statistics, we demonstrate how recombination and selective pressures in the mtrCDE efflux operon granted a fitness advantage to establish ST-9363 as a successful gonococcal lineage in the U.S. and elsewhere. Although it is difficult to pinpoint the exact timing and emergence of this young genogroup, it remains critically important to continue monitoring it, as it could acquire additional resistance markers.
Engaging in the internationalization of education and SDGs: Case study on the global hub of UNAI on sustainability

The education sector has been identified as one of the key players in globalization processes and implementation of the UN Agenda 2030. The role of education, including higher education, involves not only raising awareness among young people and educators about the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and global environmental changes, but also in mobilizing them for partnerships towards fulfilment of these goals (as defined in SDG-17) and dealing with the challenges of globalization. The purpose of this article is to analyze the engagement of HEIs in internationalization of education, realization of the UN Agenda 2030 and supporting the implementation of SDGs, using as an example the work of the UNAI at the university level. First, the article provides a short literature review on empirical and theoretical aspects of the internationalization of HEIs, looking at how international institutions impact internationalization, organizational culture and the formulation of educational process and international cooperation activities at HEIs. Second, it analyzes organizational tools for internationalization by looking at the international experience and activities of university networks such as UNAI and the impact of those networks on the internationalization of universities. Third, it presents a case study of the work of an international university network, using the example of UNAI Hub at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, and discusses how the UNAI programs have impacted the perception of internationalization and organizational culture at the university.
RT-Syn: A real-time software system generator

This paper presents research into providing highly reusable and maintainable components by using automatic software synthesis techniques. This proposal uses domain knowledge combined with automatic software synthesis techniques to engineer large-scale mission-critical real-time software. The hypothesis centers on a software synthesis architecture that specifically incorporates application-specific (in this case real-time) knowledge. This architecture synthesizes complex system software to meet a behavioral specification and external interaction design constraints. Some examples of these external constraints are communication protocols, precisions, timing, and space limitations. The incorporation of application-specific knowledge facilitates the generation of mathematical software metrics which are used to narrow the design space, thereby making software synthesis tractable. Success has the potential to dramatically reduce mission-critical system life-cycle costs not only by reducing development time, but more importantly facilitating maintenance, modifications, and extensions of complex mission-critical software systems, which are currently dominating life cycle costs.
Science, pseudoscience and the need for practical knowledge.

.’s [1] evalua-tion of the alcohol risk management program, Graham[2] contends that the practical needs of communitiestrying to deal with problems related to drinking inlicensed premises would be better served by a change inthe way in which researchers design evaluations of com-munity prevention programs. Speciﬁcally, she arguesthat if researchers were to measure a large number ofoutcome variables over a long period of time and assessthe effects of intervention programs on these multipleoutcomes using
Mobilizing the past for the present and the future: Design-based research of a model for interactive, informal history lessons

Informal history education, including many popular museum learning studies, have shown that mobile media objects, such as apps, quickly could become critical parts of the predominate learning technologies of the future. In the process, this could lessen the overall pedagogical focus for history education on aural transmission, such as lecturing, as well as traditional media delivery systems, such as printed books. Having “an app for that,” though, is just the start of the process of developing effective, efficient, and evocative learning systems. This case study describes a National Endowment for the Humanities-funded mobile app designed in situ and deployed at a National Historic Site with the intention of creating a mobile learning model for the National Park Service. After the app module was created and released to the public, an independent evaluator was enlisted to perform a LORI Analysis on the project, to assess the efforts as they related to informal history learning objectives. This evaluation identified potential best practices for the design of these types of mobile apps, such as interactive activities enabled by the mobile technology, as well as opportunities for improvement in the design of such learning systems.
The Development of NATO EBAO Doctrine: Clausewitz's Theories and the Role of Law in an Evolving Approach to Operations

As NATO seeks to further its application of the Comprehensive Approach to alliance operations, there is a lack of doctrine necessary for understanding the military component of the Comprehensive Approach. Despite the characterization of Clausewitz's work by some as being dismissive of the role of law in operations, review of his writings in the context of legal thought at the time shows that instead Clausewitz had a highly developed appreciation of law's significance, and that his views were largely in keeping with the main body of international law thinking at the time. Accordingly, his work is therefore suitable to serve as part of a theoretical basis for the development of doctrine that would support the Comprehensive Approach.
Immigrant Criminals in Overcrowded Prisons: Rethinking an Anachronistic Policy

Under an Immigration and Nationality Act provision dating to 1917, deportable immigrant criminals must serve their entire sentences in the U.S. before being removed from the country. (Exceptions, enacted in 1996, are seldom used). At the same time, federal and state prisons are dangerously overcrowded, with the Supreme Court soon to rule on the constitutionality of overcrowded conditions in the California system. The paper shows that the most common proposals for reducing overcrowding are either politically difficult (e.g., shorter sentences) or numerically insignificant (e.g., decriminalizing drug possession for use). The paper proposes instead, or in addition, to facilitate the earlier removal of deportable criminals and analyzes the legal, policy, and diplomatic changes that would be necessary to implement this approach.
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential Interwave Intervals Are Prolonged in Vitamin B-6-Deficient Cats

Vitamin B-6 deficiency has been reported to produce behavioral, neurophysiological and neuropathological abnormalities in a variety of species. In this investigation we used brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) to determine if vitamin B-6 deficiency in cats affected peripheral and brainstem auditory pathways. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials were recorded from growing cats as they developed vitamin B-6 deficiency, which was confirmed using clinical, hematological and urinary criteria. The BAEP interwave intervals measured from early (wave 1 or 1N) to late waves (5N) or from middle (wave 3) to late waves increased significantly, whereas interwave intervals from early to middle waves did not differ significantly. These results indicate that vitamin B-6 deficiency affects one or more structures of the brainstem that generate the later parts of the BAEP. The finding of prolonged interwave intervals in vitamin B-6-deficient animals is consistent with slowed axonal conduction velocity secondary to defective myelination. Recording BAEP provided a noninvasive means of detecting effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency on specific parts of the central nervous system.
Analytical methods for studying the evolution of paralogs using duplicate gene datasets

Gene duplication is widely viewed as an important source of raw material for functional innovation in proteins because at least some duplicate copies will evolve new or slightly modified functions. The study of the molecular processes by which functional innovation occurs interests both evolutionary biologists and protein chemists, and the development of methods to investigate these processes has led to a productive meeting of disciplines and an availability of complementary approaches for exploring datasets. This has resulted in insights into past events, prediction of current function, and prediction of future change. The methods fall broadly into two categories: those that rely on detection of shifts in selective constraints and those that rely on detection of correlations between molecular changes and functional shifts. Strengths and limitations of the methods are evaluated here in the context of the question being addressed, the input required, and the specific metric that is evaluated in each test.
Development and Field Test of the Modified Draw-a-Scientist Test and the Draw-a-Scientist Rubric

Even long before children are able to verbalize which careers may be interesting to them, they collect and store ideas about scientists. For these reasons, asking children to draw a scientist has become an accepted method to provide a glimpse into how children represent and identify with those in the science fields. Years later, these representations may translate into students' career choices. Since 1995, children's illustrations of scientists have been assessed by the Draw-a-Scientist Checklist (DAST-C). The checklist was created from the common aspects or features found in illustrations from previous studies and were based initially on the scientists, broken down into “stereotypical” and “alternative” images shown in the drawings. The purpose of this article is to describe the development, field test, and reliability of the modified DAST Test and the DAST Rubric designed as an improvement of the DAST-C to provide a more appropriate method of assessing students' drawings of scientists. The combination of the modified DAST and the DAST Rubric brings more refinement as it enables clarities to emerge and subsequently increased detail to what one could ascertain from students about their mental images of scientists.
A Theoretical Perspective on Political Risk

One of the fastest growing areas of research in international business has been political risk assessment. Concerned primarily with the identification, analysis, and management of sociopolitical and governmental restraints on foreign investment, the discipline has flourished in the wake of the international turmoil of recent years. An integral stage in the development of any new field is the establishment of a theoretical base upon which further research can build. This paper thus addresses itself to theoretical and conceptual issues in political risk assessment, focusing on the interrelationship of strategies, goals, and capabilities of key actors, as well as the impact of different environments on the formation of political risk. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach set forth in this paper, political risk in the Republic of South Africa is examined.
Efficient inference in a semiparametric generalised linear model

In this article, we calculate an explicit formula of the efficient influence function of the regression parameter in a semiparametric generalised linear model using the method of orthogonality calculations. We construct an efficient estimate of the parameter of interest.
The Data Sharing Challenge. Learning Community From Consortia

Today’s data generation and analysis environment is changing rapidly as the lure of technologies provide new opportunities to laboratory scientists. From physicians seeking rapid translation to the bedside, to environmentalists seeking new paradigms to understand the biome - large scale data generation is everywhere. How do we overcome the challenges of curation, management, interpretation and sharing of these data in the new multidisciplinary environment? One key approach is to leverage the expertise inherent in existing systems - bringing together tools and paradigms that work in subfields, and making them work together for the consortium. We will discuss the stem cell discovery engine. The approach brings together leading experts in stem cell biology, molecular profiles from stem cell systems, and seeks to combine data from diverse platforms under the unifying theme of common biology. We explore the use of gene lists and canonical pathways as a supervisor - and present pathway fingerprinting as a molecular approach to a broader problem. We explore how the community seeks to interact with its data - under the glare of reality.
The importance of valve alignment in determining the pressure/flow characteristics of differential pressure shunt valves with anti-gravity devices

Object: The proper functioning of shunt valves in vivo is dependent on many factors, including the valve itself, the anti-siphon device or ASD (if included), patency of inlet and outlet tubing, and location of the valve. One important, but sometimes overlooked, consideration in valve function is the valve location relative to the tip of the ventricular inlet catheter. As with any pressure measurement, the zero or reference position is an important concept. In the case of shunt valves, the position of the proximal inlet catheter tip is fixed and therefore serves as the reference point for all pressure measurements. This study was conducted to document the importance of this relationship for the pressure/flow characteristics of the shunt valve. Methods: We bench-tested differential pressure valves (with integral anti-gravity devices; AGDs) from three manufacturers. Valves were connected to an ”infinite” reservoir, and the starting head pressure for each was determined from product inserts. The inlet catheter tip was fixed at this position, and the valve body was moved in relation to the inlet catheter tip. Outflow rates were determined gravimetrically for positions varying between 4 cm above and 8 cm below the inlet catheter tip. Conclusions: All differential pressure valves utilized in this study that contained AGDs showed significant increases in outflow rate as the valve body was moved incrementally below the level of the inlet catheter tip. To allow functioning as a zero- hydrostatic pressure differential pressure valve, the AGD and the inlet catheter tip should be aligned at the same horizontal level.
Metabolism of platelet-activating factor (alkylacetylphosphocholine) by type-II epithelial cells and fibroblasts from rat lungs

Abstract The uptake and metabolism of 3H-labeled platelet-activating factor by interstitial and epithelial cells from rat lungs was investigated. The uptake of 1-O-[ 3 H] octadecyl -2- acetyl -sn- glycero -3- phosphocholine (3HACEPC) by alveolar type-II cells was linear with time from 5 to 60 min, with an average rate of 660 and 450 fmol/106 cells for cells in primary culture for 48 to 72 h, respectively. AGEPC was rapidly metabolized and by 10 min 60% of AGEPC was converted into long-chain acylphosphatidylcholine (PC) (50%) and 1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-GEPC) (10%). By 60 min radioactivity in AGEPC was less than 10% of the total intracellular activity. Lyso-GEPC remained at about 10% throughout the incubation period. The uptake of 3H-AGEPC by fibroblasts was very similar to type II cells, but the rate of metabolism was slower. AGEPC in fibroblasts constituted 85% of the cellular counts after 10 min of incubation, and 50% by 60 min. After 60 min only 30% of the AGEPC was converted to alkylacyl-PC. Characterization of the fatty acids in the alkylacyl-PC of both the type-II cells and lung fibroblasts indicated that arachidonic acid was preferentially (more than 90%) inserted at the 2-position.
Nucleosynthesis During Silicon Burning

Silicon burning at temperatures in the neighborhood of 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{9}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K has been studied with the aid of a quasiequilibrium model which describes the abundance of the nuclei in the interval $28l~Al~62$. It is found that, for a broad range of temperatures and densities, silicon burning leads to nuclear abundance distributions which match important features of the natural solar-system abundance distributions and that a large nuclear energy release accompanies silicon burning.
Hot isostatic pressing of silicon nitride with boron nitride, boron carbide, and carbon additions

Si3N4 test bars containing additions of BN, B4C, and C, were hot isostatically pressed in Ta cladding at 1900 and 2050 C to 98.9 percent to 99.5 percent theoretical density. Room-temperature strength data on specimens containing 2 wt pct BN and 0.5 wt pct C were comparable to data obtained for Si3N4 sintered with Y2O3, Y2O3 and Al2O3, or ZrO2. The 1370 C strengths were less than those obtained for additions of Y2O3 or ZrO2 but greater than those obtained from a combination of Y2O3 and Al2O3. SEM fractography indicated that, as with other types of Si3N4, room-temperature strength was controlled by processing flaws. The decrease in strength at 1370 C was typical of Si3N4 having an amorphous grain-boundary phase. The primary advantage of nonoxide additions appears to be in facilitating specimen removal from the Ta cladding.
Disaccharide conformational flexibility. II. Molecular dynamics simulations of sucrose

Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study the motions in vacuum of the disaccharide sucrose. Ensembles of trajectories were calculated for each of the five local minimum energy conformations identified in the adiabatic conformational energy mapping of this molecule. The model sucrose molecules were found to exhibit a variety of motions, although the global minimum energy conformation was found to be dynamically stable, and no transitions away from this structure were observed to occur spontaneously. In all but one of these vacuum trajectories, the intramolecular hydrogen bond between residues was maintained, in accord with recent nmr studies of this molecule in aqueous solution. Considerable flexibility of the furanoid ring was found in the trajectories. No "flips" to the opposite puckering for this ring were found in the simulations starting from the global minimum, although such a transition was observed for a trajectory initiated with one of the higher local minimum energy conformations. Overall, the observed structural fluctuations were consistent with the experimental picture of sucrose as a relatively rigid molecule.
Toxicologic evaluation of thermoplastic resins at and above processing temperatures.

Sensory irritation and acute lethality caused by fumes emanating from a variety of thermoplastics were evaluated using mice. The materials were subjected to temperature ranges from melt processing and above. All materials released irritating fumes with increasing temperatures and acute lethality, principally due to release of carbon monoxide, occurred at elevated temperatures.
Analyses of deterministic parsing algorithms

This paper describes an approach for determining the minimum, maximum, and average times to parse sentences acceptable by a deterministic parser. These quantities are presented in the form of symbolic formulas, called time-formulas. The variables in these formulas represent not only the length of the input string but also the time to perform elementary operations such as pushing, popping, subscripting, iterating, etc. By binding to the variables actual numerical values corresponding to a given compiler-machine configuration, one can determine the execution time for that configuration. Time-formulas are derived by examining the grammar rules and the program representing the algorithm one wishes to analyze. The approach is described by using a specific grammar that defines simple arithmetic expressions. Two deterministic parsers are analyzed: a top-down recursive descent LL(1) parser, and a bottom-up SLR(1) parser. The paper provides estimates for the relative efficiencies of the two parsers. The estimates applicable to a specific machine, the PDP-10, are presented and substantiated by benchmarks. Finally, the paper illustrates the proposed approach by applying it to the analyses of parsers for a simple programming language.
MS-Xα calculations on boron trihalides and comparison with their photoelectron spectra☆

Abstract The multiple-scattering Xα model has been applied to the sequence of boron trihalides BX 3 where X = F.C1. Br, and I. Transition state calculations show good agreement with the experimental ionization potentials measured by photoelectron spectra.
Far-out-of-focus electron holography in a dedicated FEG STEM

Abstract Flexible operation of off-axis holography modes is achieved when a biprism is placed in the illumination system of a scanning transmission electron microscope, equipped with a field emission electron source. The separation of the two virtual sources created by the biprism can be varied by changing the voltage applied to the biprism or by simply changing the excitation of the condensor and/or objective lenses. Two distinct modes of holography are used to study the magnetic microstructure in thin magnetic films. In the absolute mode the phase difference changes linearly in regions of constant magnetization and thickness and the slope determines the magnitude of magnetization. In addition, this mode permits the determination of the mean inner potential of a solid of known geometry. In the differential mode the phase difference is constant in regions of constant magnetization, allowing a simple and straightforward determination of domain wall profiles. The contrast obtained in the holography modes is compared to well known contrast in the Fresnel and differential phase contrast modes of Lorentz microscopy. The combination of several scanning transmission electron microscopy based techniques presents a powerful tool for the investigation of magnetic microstructure.
Use of the 2010 McDonald Criteria Can Facilitate Early Diagnosis of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis in a Predominantly Black Cohort

Abstract Background Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis represents around 3-5% of all patients with multiple sclerosis. Both the 2005 and 2010 McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis have been suggested for the possible use in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Modifications incorporated into the 2010 criteria enabled the fulfillment of dissemination in time to be met with the initial magnetic resonance imaging. The present study was designed to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of these criteria at initial presentation, the time to fulfilling them, and secondary effects of ethnicity in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Methods Twenty-five children with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (mean age, 14.6 ± 3.1 years; 15 girls) from a single center between 2005 and 2012 were analyzed using both the 2005 and 2010 McDonald criteria based on initial clinical presentation and neuroimaging findings comparing diagnostic sensitivity, time interval to meet diagnosis, and ethnicity. Results Initial multiple sclerosis diagnosis rates applying the 2005 McDonald criteria were 32% compared with 92% for the 2010 criteria (P = 0.0003). The mean time after initial signs until the 2005 and 2010 McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis were met was 5.0 vs 0.7 months, respectively (P = 0.001). Time to diagnosis using the 2010 criteria was shorter in black children than the European white (P = 0.005). Conclusions The 2010 McDonald criteria are an appropriate tool for the timely diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis, especially in black children, potentially allowing an earlier initiation of disease-modifying therapy.