cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Role of Oscillator Flow and Dynamic Mechanical Conditioning on Dense Connective Tissue Formation in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Heart Valve Tissue Engineering.

Living tissue engineered heart valves (TEHV) may circumvent ongoing problems in pediatric valve replacements, offering optimum hemodynamic performance and the potential for growth, remodeling, and self-repair [1]. Although a myriad of external stimuli are available in current bioreactors (e.g. oscillatory flows, mechanical conditioning, etc.), there remain significant bioengineering challenges in determining and quantifying parameters that lead to optimal ECM development and structure for the long term goal of engineering TEHVs exhibiting tissue architecture functionality equivalent to native tissue. It has become axiomatic that in vitro mechanical conditioning promotes engineered tissue formation (Figure 1), either in organ-level bioreactors or in tissue-level bioreactors with idealized-geometry TE constructs. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Efforts to date have been largely empirical, and a two-pronged approach involving novel theoretical developments and close-looped designed experiments is necessary to reach a better mechanistic understanding of the cause-effect interplay between MSC proliferation and differentiation, newly synthetized ECM, and tissue formation, in response to the controllable conditions such as scaffold design, oxygen tension, nutrient availability, and mechanical environment during incubation. We thus evaluate the influence of exterior flow oscillatory shear stress and dynamic mechanical conditioning on the proliferative and synthetic behavior of MSCs by employing a novel theoretical framework for TE. We employ mixture theory to describe the evolution of the biochemical constituents of the TE construct and their intertwined biochemical reactions, evolving poroelastic models to evaluate the enhancement of nutrient transport occurring with dynamic mechanical deformations, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to assess the exterior flow boundary conditions developed in the flex-stretch-flow (FSF) bioreactor [4–6].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Synthesis, Characterization, and Glass Transitions of Some Asymmetrically Substituted Poly(siloxanes)

A homologous series of poly(n-alkylmethylsiloxanes), [SiMe(R)O]n, were prepared by cationic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclotrisiloxanes containing n-alkyl substituents, such as C2H5, n-C3H7, n-C4H9, n-C5H11, and n-C6H13, on the Si. The resultant polymers were characterized by NMR, GPC, and DSC measurements. All of these asymmetrically substituted polymers were obtained in high molecular weight form and were found to have an atactic configuration. Their glass transitions were found to increase smoothly from Et to n-Hex (i.e., −139, −120, −115, −111.9, and −108 °C, for Et to n-Hex, respectively). These Tgs are much lower than those of the corresponding polyolefins, [C(H)(R)CH2]n. Moreover, in the case of these polyolefins, the Tgs decrease continuously from R = Me to n-Hex. The calculated Tgs for the polysiloxanes that were obtained by using published empirical equations show the same general trend as the experimental values.
Sounding the Mexican Nation: Intellectuals, Radio Broadcasting, and the Revolutionary State in the 1920s

This essay examines early radio broadcasting in 1920s Mexico. I particularly focus on the competing intellectuals involved in shaping Mexico City broadcasting, and how the incorporation of these varying artists, writers, and technicians shaped business practices, the Mexican state, and nationalism in the revolutionary era. It appeared to some intellectuals that radio would bring about a more open, democratic society that embraced an exciting, globally-connected future. To others, radio represented a static-filled future of cheapened culture and imitation that would remain a knock-off, but perhaps that could assist in the “civilization” of Mexico. Foreshadowing Mexico's increasingly multicultural future, early radio broadcasters managed to settle on nothing and accommodate all. Likewise, instead of enforcing their own vision for broadcasting, officials of the new revolutionary government embraced the contending perspectives. They pursued this path because of their own inability to enforce their will and, subsequently, as an attempt to incorporate outside forces shaping broadcasting into the state apparatus. Despite the sometimes contradictory projections that resulted, the inclusion of diverse but popular intellectuals ensured that the growth of Mexican broadcasting mirrored and reinforced the new political-economic order.
Partitioning Electrostatic and Mechanical Domains in Nanoelectromechanical Relays

This paper describes the improvement of pull-in stability, contact properties, and reliability of laterally actuated nanoelectromechanical relays by partitioning the mechanical and electrostatic domains in the relay structure. Separation of the two physics allows us to individually optimize the structural stiffness and the actuation voltage to increase the contact pressure and reduce the ON-state resistance without applying excessive drain voltage. The devices can tolerate more than 200% overdrive gate voltage, resulting in near 100% increase in contact force, and reducing the contact resistance from $\sim 10$ G $\Omega $ to $\sim 23$ K $\Omega $ . For a given overall device dimension, tailoring the mechanical and electrostatic elements independently also enables us to control the pull-in and pull-out voltages, which have different design requirements for different applications. The measurement results show that the pull-in/pull-out hysteresis could vary between 30% and 60% of the actuation (pull-in) voltage. Increasing the mechanical force without affecting the device actuation voltage improves the relay reliability by reducing the possibility of failure due to source–drain stiction when the relay is switched ON. As a proof of concept, mechanical relays are fabricated using polycrystalline silicon coated by a titanium nitride layer deposited via plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition. [2014-0018]
HOW TO READ A MOLECULAR CLOCK WITH SUB-FEMTOSECOND ACCURACY

We analyze the elementary processes leading to the double ionization of D2 molecules by a single femtosecond intense laser pulse. From the total kinetic energy release of the two D+ ions which exhibits distinct peaks depending on the laser intensity, pulse length and mean wavelength, we show that the double ionization of D2 by a short femtosecond laser pulse can serve as a molecular clock. We discuss how to read such a clock correctly and how to choose laser parameters so the clock can be read more accurately.
It's All about the Teacher.

The most important element in the content literacy classroom is the teacher. Effective content literacy teachers engage their students through insistence, make connections across content areas, adapt instruction and are keenly aware of their students' out of class literacy interests. They are successful because they view themselves as learners too. إن أهم عنصر في صف محتوى معرفة القراءة والكتابة هو المعلم. إذ أن معلمي محتوى معرفة القراءة والكتابة الفعالين يتصلون بطلابهم من خلال إصرارهم ويجعلون روابط بين مجالات المحتوى ويكيفون التعليم ويدرون باهتمام طلابهم الأدبي خارج الصف حق الدراية. وإنهم ناجحون لأنهم يعتبرون أنفسهم طلاب العلم أيضا. 在学科读写文化的课堂教学中，教师是最重要的元素。高效能的学科读写文化教师，会透过他们坚持的指导，建立跨学科读写文化的连接，采用切合学生需要的教学，以及他们对学生在课堂外的读写文化兴趣的敏锐觉察，帮助学生投入学习。这些教师之所以成功是因为他们都认为自己也是学习者。 L'element le plus important dans une classe ou l'on enseigne une discipline est le professeur. Les professeurs efficaces dans une discipline donnee impliquent leurs eleves du fait de leur insistance, font des liens d'une discipline a l'autre, adaptent leur enseignement et ont une conscience aigue de ce qui interesse les eleves en dehors de la classe. Ils reussissent parce qu'ils se considerent eux-memes egalement comme des apprenants. Важнейшей составляющей при обучении предметной грамотности является сам учитель. Хорошие специалисты работают с учащимися системно и настойчиво, предлагают им сравнивать различные предметные области, адаптируют учебные методы к конкретной ситуации и хорошо представляют, какие виды грамотности привлекают учеников вне стен школы. Эти учителя успешны, потому что никогда не устают учиться. El elemento mas importante en el aula de materia de contenido es el maestro. Tales maestros logran sus metas porque ocupan la atencion de sus estudiantes por medio de la insistencia, hacen conexiones entre las materias de contenidos, adaptan su instruccion y estan muy conscientes de los intereses de los estudiantes fuera del salon de clase. Tienen exito porque se ven a si mismos como aprendices tambien.
Metformin and breast and gynecological cancer risk among women with diabetes.

Objective We investigated if metformin lowers breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer risk in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with women who used other antidiabetic medications. Research design and methods We followed a cohort of 66 778 female patients with diabetes for a maximum of 12 years (median 6 years). We examined breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer risk, and the composite cancer risk. We examined drug categories using pharmacy records: metformin only; metformin combination regimens; non-metformin regimens; and non-users. We used χ 2 analyses to examine categorical variables. We conducted multivariable Cox regression models with time-dependent drug use status. Results Women who used metformin combination regimens versus metformin only had a 15% lower breast cancer risk (adjusted HR=0.85, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.04). After stratifying by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), the association attenuated in those who had poorly controlled HbA1c (adjusted HR=1.06, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.55). Given the small numbers of ovarian and endometrial cancer outcomes, we examined these as a composite. The risk of all cancers combined was similar in those who used metformin combination regimens versus metformin only (adjusted HR=0.92, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.10). We found no significant differences for breast cancer or all cancers combined when we compared risks in non-metformin users versus metformin only users. Conclusions Women who used metformin and other antidiabetic drugs had a lower breast cancer risk compared with women who used metformin only, but the results were not significant. We also found no difference in overall cancer risks when we compared women who used other antidiabetic drugs (no metformin) versus metformin users.
Sensitivity of activatable reactive oxygen species probes by fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry

We have developed a new analytical method of evaluating activatable fluorescent probes for ROS detection using integrated fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry. The Tafel formalism was applied to describe the process of the probes' oxidation under electrochemical conditions and identify a novel parameter defined as the threshold oxidation potential. This potential can serve as an approximation to the equilibrium potential and can be utilized for determining the sensitivity of a probe to oxidation. Based upon the measured values of threshold potentials, the order of sensitivity towards oxidation among several commonly used probes was determined to be the following (from highest to lowest): 2,7-dihydrodichlorofluorescein > dihydroethidium > dihydrorhodamine 123 > dihydrorhodamine 6G. The presented approach opens up a new direction in synthesizing and screening novel ROS probes with a well-defined sensitivity for in vitro and in vivo applications.
Geostatistical analysis of field hydraulic conductivity in compacted clay

Hydraulic conductivity(K) of fractured or porous materials is associated intimately with water flow and chemical transport. Basic concepts imply uniform flux through a homogeneous cross-sectional area. If flow were to occur only through part of the area, actual rates could be considerably different. Because laboratory values ofK in compacted clays seldom agree with field estimates, questions arise as to what the true values ofK are and how they should be estimated. Hydraulic conductivity values were measured on a 10×25 m elevated bridge-like platform. A constant water level was maintained for 1 yr over a 0.3-m thick layer of compacted clay, and inflow and outflow rates were monitored using 10×25 grids of 0.3-m diameter infiltration rings and outflow drains subtending approximately 1×1 m blocks of compacted clay. Variography of inflow and outflow data established relationships between cores and blocks of clay, respectively. Because distributions of outflow rates were much less and bore little resemblance to the distributions of break-through rates based on tracer studies, presence of macropores and preferential flow through the macropores was suspected. Subsequently, probability kriging was applied to reevaluate distribution of flux rates and possible location of macropores. Sites exceeding a threshold outflow of 100×10−9 m/s were classified as outliers and were assumed to probably contain a significant population of macropores. Different sampling schemes were examined. Variogram analysis of outflows with and without outliers suggested adequacy of sampling the site at 50 randomly chosen locations. Because of the potential contribution of macropores to pollutant transport and the practical necessity of extrapolating small plot values to larger areas, conditional simulations with and without outliers were carried out. Simulated scenarios based on all available data compared well with conditional simulations based on randomly chosen locations.
An adaptive refinement procedure for transient thermal analysis using nodeless variable finite elements

An adaptive mesh refinement procedure that uses nodeless variables and quadratic interpolation functions is presented for analyzing transient thermal problems. A temperature based finite element scheme with Crank-Nicolson time marching is used to obtain the thermal solution. The strategies used for mesh adaption, computing refinement indicators, and time marching are described. Examples in one and two dimensions are presented and comparisons are made with exact solutions. The effectiveness of this procedure for transient thermal analysis is reflected in good solution accuracy, reduction in number of elements used, and computational efficiency.
Fluidized bed testing of commercially prepared MgO-promoted hematite and CuO–Fe2O3 mixed metal oxide oxygen carriers for methane and coal chemical looping combustion

Abstract Performance data of two commercially prepared oxygen carriers, MgO-promoted natural mineral hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) and synthetic mixed metal CuO–Fe 2 O 3 /alumina, are described in this paper. Large, 180-kg (400-pound) batches of both oxygen carriers were successfully prepared at a commercial catalyst preparation facility. These carriers have shown excellent reactivity and stable performance during cyclic chemical-looping combustion (CLC) tests conducted with methane/air at 700–850 °C in an atmospheric fluid bed reactor. Attrition resistance of both oxygen carriers with particle size of 100–150 μm, measured using the ASTM 5757D method, was better than that of standard fluidized bed cracking catalysts. The presence of MgO on the hematite oxygen carrier significantly improved the oxygen utilization of hematite for methane CLC. The CuO–Fe 2 O 3 /alumina oxygen carrier showed excellent performance during the 25-cycle fluidized bed CLC test conducted at 800 °C with methane and air. Full combustion of methane to CO 2 and stable oxygen transfer capacity were observed during all the cycles. The fluidization of this material was easy, with no particle agglomeration as is traditionally observed with CuO-containing materials. Fluidized bed temperature programmed reaction tests with coal were also conducted with both materials.
Team-based resource allocation using a decentralized social decision-making paradigm

We examine the use of local decentralized decision-making methods for solving the problem of resource allocation. Specifically, we study the problem of frequency coverage given a team of cooperating receivers. The decision making process is decentralized in that receivers can only communicate locally. We use an extension of the minority game approach to allocate receivers to current frequency coverage tasks.
Implicit Causality in Language: Event Participants and their Interactions

This research explored how basic semantic dimensions of evaluation, potency, and activity influence attributions of who causes an interpersonal event. Two experiments examined how the dimensions affected (a) college students’ judgments about which particular social identities were better agents or patients for generic positive and negative actions and (b) their judgments about who caused specific actions described by sentences containing the same identities. The semantic characteristics of the nouns and verbs and “goodness of thematic role” accounted for 44% of the variance in attribution judgments. Experiment 3 examined the effects of evaluation and potency on state verbs. Attributions were again made to the thematic role whose traits matched the valence of the state’s evaluation. More potent subjects and more potent verbs elicited stronger attributions. Thus, basic dimensions of affective meaning that underlie the words used to describe interpersonal interactions help account for observers’ judgments of...
Isolated Anomalous Retroaortic Left Brachiocephalic Vein in an Adult Organ Donor

nomalous subaortic (retroaortic) left brachiocephalicvein(ASLBV)isarare systemicvenousanomaly [1, 2].We recently encountered ASLBV in an adult organ donorwith normal cardiac anatomy on echocardiogram. Furtherevaluation showed that the left brachiocephalic vein wasmissing from its usual location and that the left superiorvena cava (SVC) was absent. The ASLBV took an unusualretroaortic course as it crossed left lateral and beneath thearch, above the pulmonary artery, and behind theascending aorta to join the SVC near the azygos vein(Fig 1A, arrow). Before donor cardiectomy was performed,the ASLBV was ligated and divided away from the SVC toavoid its narrowing. The technique for implantation in therecipient was unchanged. Although the thoracic centralveins could not be evaluated in the absence of computedtomography of the donor’s chest, roentgenology of thechest showed an unusual course of the left central linecatheter (Fig 1B, arrow).Although ASLBV is rare and in itself is asymptomatic,recognition is important to avoid misinterpretation [2] andto plan any intervention. Difﬁculty may be encounteredduring insertion of a central venous catheter through theleft jugular or subclavian approach. Moreover, the lowerinsertion of the ASLBV into the SVC requires carefulevaluation to choose an appropriate, more caudal SVCcannulation site.
PCA-based fault isolation and prognosis with application to pump

In this paper, the use of Linear and Kernel PCA for fault isolation and prognosis is explored since PCA is normally utilized for detection and isolation. Vector projection and statistical analysis were utilized to isolate and predict faults in the PCA domain. Linear PCA was applied to data collected from experiments on a one half horsepower centrifugal water pump both for normal and faulty operation consisting of the four fault scenarios: impeller failure, seal failure, inlet pressure sensor failure, and a filter clog. Upon close observation of the behavior of the principal component scores, it was determined that the linear PCA does not adequately isolate and predict the failures. Therefore, Kernel PCA, utilizing a Gaussian kernel, was applied to the same data sets. Analysis of the behavior shows that the principal component scores gained from the Kernel PCA performed better than linear PCA.
Corrigendum to “Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Kathmandu, Nepal” [J. Environ. Manage. 91 (2011) 240–249]

Corrigendum to “Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Kathmandu, Nepal” [J. Environ. Manage. 91 (2011) 240e249] Mohan B. Dangi *, Christopher R. Pretz , Michael A. Urynowicz , Kenneth G. Gerow, J.M. Reddy c Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, 1000E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
Diet and energy-sensing inputs affect TorC1-mediated axon misrouting but not TorC2-directed synapse growth in a Drosophila model of tuberous sclerosis

The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) growth regulatory system is influenced by a number of different inputs, including growth factor signaling, nutrient availability, and cellular energy levels. While the effects of TOR on cell and organismal growth have been well characterized, this pathway also has profound effects on neural development and behavior. Hyperactivation of the TOR pathway by mutations in the upstream TOR inhibitors TSC1 (tuberous sclerosis complex 1) or TSC2 promotes benign tumors and neurological and behavioral deficits, a syndrome known as tuberous sclerosis (TS). In Drosophila, neuron-specific overexpression of Rheb, the direct downstream target inhibited by Tsc1/Tsc2, produced significant synapse overgrowth, axon misrouting, and phototaxis deficits. To understand how misregulation of Tor signaling affects neural and behavioral development, we examined the influence of growth factor, nutrient, and energy sensing inputs on these neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Neural expression of Pi3K, a principal mediator of growth factor inputs to Tor, caused synapse overgrowth similar to Rheb, but did not disrupt axon guidance or phototaxis. Dietary restriction rescued Rheb-mediated behavioral and axon guidance deficits, as did overexpression of AMPK, a component of the cellular energy sensing pathway, but neither was able to rescue synapse overgrowth. While axon guidance and behavioral phenotypes were affected by altering the function of a Tor complex 1 (TorC1) component, Raptor, or a TORC1 downstream element (S6k), synapse overgrowth was only suppressed by reducing the function of Tor complex 2 (TorC2) components (Rictor, Sin1). These findings demonstrate that different inputs to Tor signaling have distinct activities in nervous system development, and that Tor provides an important connection between nutrient-energy sensing systems and patterning of the nervous system.
Time-dependent excited-state molecular dynamics of photodissociation of lanthanide complexes for laser-assisted metal-organic chemical vapour deposition

Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) algorithm was modified for treating time-dependent excited-state molecular dynamics (TDESMD). This algorithm addresses the situations when electron density and nuclear potential are being periodically driven by a strong laser field, which induces periodic population–depopulation Rabi cycles. The electron hopping between different potential energy surfaces, such as ground state and ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) state, creates the nuclear trajectories. In the computed trajectories, the inter-atomic distances can demonstrate different regimes, from small oscillations to abrupt elongations, corresponding to fragmentation of the studied compound. This algorithm was used to explore photodissociation mechanisms for laser-assisted metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (LCVD or laser-assisted MOCVD) process using lanthanide cyclopentadienyl-type precursors. The computed fragments are compared with the ones elucidated experimentally using photoionisation time-of-fligh...
A nonrecursive list moving algorithm

An efficient, nonrecursive algorithm is given for moving any LISP-type list. In particular, the algorithm requires no storage other than the new nodes into which the lists is to be moved, and no additional bits per node for marking; the algorithm runs in time proportional to the number of nodes in the list. The original list structure is destroyed as it is moved.
On the history, theory, and practice of organized crime: The life and work of criminology’s revisionist “Godfather,” Joseph L. Albini (1930-2013)

Joseph L. Albini (1930-2013) is a central figure in the historiography and criminology of organized crime and one of the leading revisionists critical of the traditional, centralized paradigm of organized crime rooted in the structural-functional approaches dominating sociology from the 1940s to 1980s. Albini argued that the Mafia was a socially-constructed entity that took on a life above and beyond its actual manifestations, thereby serving a vital role and function in political and social discourse in the United States. Albini used interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives and a mixture of social scientific and historical research methods to analyze data derived from a breadth of documentary sources and underworld and upperworld informants. This allowed Albini to deconstruct the historical and contemporary mythologies about a centralized national Mafia and to develop an alternative framework to evaluate organized crime in its complex and ever-evolving manifestations. Albini also advanced innovative critical criminological approaches that influenced the work of his contemporaries and scholars of later generations. Albini’s later work 1) explored the impact of globalization on organized crime including transnational alliances between career criminals, terrorist networks and the security apparatuses of various nation states and 2) developed a conceptual framework, the organized crime matrix, to explain organized crime as a structure of everyday life across time and space.
Crossover of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients from Aerosolized Pentamidine to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole: Lack of Hematologic Toxicity and Relationship of Side Effects to CD4+ Lymphocyte Count

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) was given in a crossover study to 130 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who had been receiving aerosolized pentamidine; 86 (66%) successfully crossed over to TMP/SMZ without hypersensitivity reactions or hematologic toxicity. No significant changes occurred in mean hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte count, or platelet count between study enrollment and 12-month follow-up. Predominant side-effects, in 41 patients (33.8%), were fever and maculopapular rashes, which resolved promptly with discontinuation of TMP/SMZ. The mean time to first side effect was 12.3 days, and 86% of side effects developed within 30 days. Three patients experienced toxicity serious enough to warrant hospitalization. Of patients with < or = 200 CD4+ lymphocytes/mm3, 57% developed rashes after the cross-over compared with only 27% of patients with higher CD4+ cell counts. Many patients currently receiving aerosolized pentamidine can be safely crossed over without hematologic toxicity or hypersensitivity reactions.
Time‐intensity Measurement of Flavor Release from a Model Gel System: Effect of Gelling Agent Type and Concentration

Flavor release from cornstarch, gelatin or iota carrageenan gels flavored with benzaldehyde, d-limonene or ethyl butyrate was measured at three gel strengths (soft, medium, firm) by 20 trained judges using the time-intensity (TI) method. At comparable gel strengths, starch and gelatin displayed greater flavor release properties than carrageenan, i.e., mean values for perceived maximum intensity (Imax) and total duration (Tdur) of flavor were higher for starch and gelatin than for carrageenan across flavors. Firm gelatin and carrageenan gels released flavor with a lower Imax than soft or medium gels, but Imax and Tdur did not vary across starch gel strengths. Results indicate both texture (firmness) and gelling agent affect flavor release from a gel.
Spectral and thermodynamic properties of methanobactin from γ-proteobacterial methane oxidizing bacteria: A case for copper competition on a molecular level

Methanobactin (mb) is a low molecular mass copper-binding molecule analogous to iron-binding siderophores. The molecule is produced by many methanotrophic or methane oxidizing bacteria (MOB), but has only been characterized to date in one MOB, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. To explore the potential molecular diversity in this novel class of metal binding compound, the spectral (UV-visible, fluorescent, and electron paramagnetic resonance) and thermodynamic properties of mb from two γ-proteobacterial MOB, Methylococcus capsulatus Bath and Methylomicrobium album BG8, were determined and compared to the mb from the α-proteobacterial MOB, M. trichosporium OB3b. The mb from both γ-proteobacterial MOB differed from the mb from M. trichosporium OB3b in molecular mass and spectral properties. Compared to mb from M. trichosporium OB3b, the extracellular concentrations were low, as were copper-binding constants of mb from both γ-proteobacterial MOB. In addition, the mb from M. trichosporium OB3b removed Cu(I) from the mb of both γ-proteobacterial MOB. Taken together the results suggest mb may be a factor in regulating methanotrophic community structure in copper-limited environments.
Hemiallogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency disease

Immunologic reconstitution of a 16-month-old male infant with severe combined immunodeficiency disease was attempted using maternal bone marrow cells in the absence of an HL-A—identical donor. Following transplantation, lymphocytes from the recipient became responsive to phytohemagglutinin, Candida albicans , and type 12 M-protein from group A beta hemolytic streptococci. Karyotyping following phytohemagglutinin stimulation revealed that one fifth the responsive cells were of recipient origin (XY). Early signs of graft-versus-host reaction were noted by the fourteenth day. The involvement of skin, lungs, liver, and spleen became worse during the ensuing week, but by the twenty-first day, the patient's condition began to improve. The use of methotrexate, bowel sterilization, maternal plasma infusions, and other supportive measures were thought to be responsible for mitigating the graft-versus-host reaction. Despite substantial clearing of the involvement of the lungs, liver, and spleen, the patient died 41 days after transplantation.
The infinite sheet with two radial cracks from cylindrical hole under inclined tension or in-plane shear

The stress intensity factors K~ and Kn are determined for two radial cracks emanating f rom a circular hole in an infinite sheet, under uniform tension in the direction at an arbi trary angle /3 in Fig. 1 or uniform in-plane shear in Fig. 2. The stress analysis is carried out using the Muskhelishvili formulat ion and the truncated conformal mapping approach developed by Bowie [1]. Bowie [2] solved the problem for an infinite sheet with radial cracks emanating f rom a circular hole under uniform tension T at infinity in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the crack, and under all-around tension T at infinite, respectively. Hsu [3] obtained the stress intensity factors at the root of a radial crack emanating f rom a circular hole in an infinite sheet, under uniform tension in the direction at angle/3 or uniform in-plane shear, by using the approach [1]. With the same approach, the present analysis will yield accurate results for Kx and KII in Fig. 1. KI and Kn in Fig. 2 are obtained by the superposit ion of the solutions corresponding to uniform tension T a t /3 = 45 ° and uniform pressure ( T) a t /3 = 135 °. In order to enforce boundary conditions on ~conveniently, an auxiliary plane, the ~-plane is introduced such that the unit circle s r = tr = e ;~ and its exterior Z are mapped into z and its exter ior S, respect ively, by the analytic mapping function [2]
Thermodynamic investigation into the mechanisms of proton-coupled electron transfer events in heme protein maquettes.

To study the engineering requirements for proton pumping in energy-converting enzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase, the thermodynamics and mechanisms of proton-coupled electron transfer in two designed heme proteins are elucidated. Both heme protein maquettes chosen, heme b−[H10A24]2 and heme b−[Δ7-His]2, are four-α-helix bundles that display pH-dependent heme midpoint potential modulations, or redox-Bohr effects. Detailed equilibrium binding studies of ferric and ferrous heme b with these maquettes allow the individual contributions of heme−protein association, iron−histidine ligation, and heme−protein electrostatics to be elucidated. These data demonstrate that the larger, less well-structured [H10A24]2 binds heme b in both oxidation states tighter than the smaller and more well-structured [Δ7-His]2 due to a stronger porphyrin−protein hydrophobic interaction. The 66 mV (1.5 kcal/mol) difference in their heme reduction potentials observed at pH 8.0 is due mostly to stabilization of ferrous heme in [H10A2...
Laser Output Parameters Necessary for Hazard Assessment

Normally, measurement of commercial laser output parameters is not necessary since the manufacturer has provided a hazard classification, and class-dependant control procedures are well defined in laser safety standards. However, if you are a laser manufacturer and must classify lasers or if you are a laser safety officer and potential for overexposure to unprotected personnel exists, then measurement may be required.
Memory Design and Advanced Semiconductor Technology

This tutorial will provide a bottom-up view of the changes in semiconductor memory design as we move into the nanometer regime. We begin by discussing the breakdown of scaling and the power problem. As innovation replaces classical scaling we investigate the use of stress engineering to improve device level performance. Technology challenges in lithography and interconnects are addressed. The consequences of innovation and scaling on RF/Analog characteristics must also be considered. The scaling of memory presents yet another challenge. We proceed to discuss the modeling of these effects for the circuit designer including discussion of the many new and traditional sources of variation. We describe how these are characterized how they can be controlled by layout rules and how the remaining variation can be describe in the model to enable Statistical Timing and other advanced circuit techniques. At the circuit level we consider in detail embedded DRAM and SRAM design for both bulk and SOI. We discuss the benefits and challenges of advanced technologies including methods for creating robust designs in the presence of manufacturing variation. We also discuss the design innovations required to utilize advanced technologies for overcoming the "memory wall", "power wall" and "ILP wall".
The Brown Case at 60: Lessons Learned

AbstractLaureate Sonia Nieto looks back at Brown v. Board of Education (1954), what it meant, what it still means, and what has been learned.
Experimental quantification of temperature uncertainty for an array of thermally-sensitive MEMS cantilever beams

Presented in this paper is the experimental quantification of the temperature uncertainty in a MEMS thermally-tunable capacitor that is especially suited for harsh-environment applications. The measured temperature uncertainty is less than 0.64°C at each point tested, and less than 3.10% for the entire operating range. This recorded resolution is limited by the capacitance resolution of the employed IC circuit and the stray capacitances of the measurement setup.
Affine surface reconstruction by purposive viewpoint control

We present an approach for building an affine representation of an unknown curved object viewed under orthographic projection from images of its occluding contour. It is based on the observation that the projection of a point on a curved, featureless surface can be computed along a special viewing direction that does not belong to the point's tangent plane. We show that by circumnavigating the object on the tangent plane of selected surface points, we can (1) compute two orthogonal projections of every point projecting to the occluding contour during this motion, and (2) compute the affine coordinates of these points. Our approach demonstrates that affine shape of curved objects can be computed directly, i.e., without Euclidean calibration or image velocity and acceleration measurements. >
The ABC's of BBN: from acoustics to behavioral sciences to computers

The discipline of psychology, and specifically the concept of man-machine integration, served to organize computer research and development at BBN. This article gives a unifying perspective on the history of computer research and development at Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. (BBN). It suggests that the firm's original focus on A (acoustics) led to its work in B (behavioral sciences, principally psychology), which in turn led to C (its computer activities) $the three areas then coexisting. In particular, this article suggests that psychological concepts have shaped the company's work on computers from the beginning. The BBN principals desired a larger range of psychoacoustics and a contribution from psychologists (behavioral scientists) and to establish an activity in man-machine integration, as a central thrust in the area of human factors of engineering psychology.
Gas exchange and water relations of Fraxinus americana affected by flurprimidol.

Effects of flurprimidol on plant water relations and leaf gas exchange were investigated in one-year-old white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) seedlings subjected to soil water deficits. Flurprimidol (20 mg kg −1 of soil equivalent) was applied to the soil surface of pot-grown seedlings after shoot growth was completed. Two months after flurprimidol application, water was withheld from one-half of the seedlings. Leaf water relations and gas exchange parameters were measured 5, 7, 10, 14, 18 and 22 days after withholding water. Under both irrigated and nonirrigated conditions, flurprimidol treatment resulted in reduced net CO 2 assimilation rate and transpirational water loss of seedlings as a result of decreased stomatal conductance. Consequently, flurprimidol-treated seedlings had higher leaf water potential and relative water content than untreated seedlings. Nonirrigated flurprimidol-treated seedlings also had greater turgor and sap osmolality and lower osmotic potential at full turgor than seedlings in the other treatments, indicating that flurprimidol increased osmotic adjustment. Under water-stress conditions, water use efficiency was lower and gas exchange efficiency was higher in flurprimidol-treated seedlings than in untreated seedlings, suggesting that flurprimidol treatment enhances survival of plants subjected to soil water deficits.
Effect of polyethylene glycol and sugar alcohols on soybean somatic embryo germination and conversion

Polyethylene glycol 4000, mannitol and sorbitol were tested as supplements to a liquid Finer and Nagasawa medium-based histodifferentiation/maturation medium, FNL0S3, for soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) somatic embryos of ‘Jack’ and F138 or ‘Fayette’. Significant differences were found among types and levels of osmotica for their influence on quantity of mature embryos recovered, and on germination (root and shoot emergence) and conversion of embryos into plants. Supplementation of FNL0S3 with 5% polyethylene glycol or 1.5% sorbitol improved germination frequencies without limiting embryo histodifferentiation. Supplementation with 3% sorbitol resulted in a 9-fold increase in germination frequencies and a 13-fold increase in conversion frequencies of ‘Fayette’ and ‘Jack’ embryos. However, these improvements were accompanied by a significant, 22% reduction in fresh weight of mature embryos. Overall, 3% sorbitol was found to be the best of the osmotic supplements tested, resulting in 51 5% conversion frequency (mean SE), as compared to 4 1% in the control. Supplementation of FNL0S3 with 3% mannitol did not improve embryo maturation. Abbreviations: FN ‐ Finer and Nagasawa (1988); H/M ‐ histodifferentiation/maturation; MS ‐ Murashige and Skoog (1962); PEG ‐ polyethylene glycol
Effects of reducing sample size on density estimates of citrus rust mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) on citrus fruit: simulated sampling.

Abstract The consequence of reducing sample size on the accuracy and precision of estimates of citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), densities on oranges was investigated. The sample unit was a 1-cm2 surface area on fruit. Sampling plans consisting of 360, 300, 200, 160, 80, 48, 36, or 20 samples per 4 ha were evaluated through computer simulations by using real count data from 32 data sets of 600 sample units per 4 ha. The original and reduced sampling plans were hierarchical with different numbers of sample areas per 4 ha, trees per area, fruit per tree, and samples per fruit. Individual estimates (n = 100 simulations per data set) using each plan were sometimes considerably below or above target densities. In an original set of count data with a mean of six mites per cm2, simulations of 36 samples per 4 ha produced individual estimates ranging from one to 16 mites per cm2, whereas 80 samples per 4 ha produced estimates ranging from two to 10 mites per cm2. The plans consisting of 36 or m...
Simulating prosthetic devices with human-inspired hybrid control

A method is proposed which enables testing of prosthetic devices in simulation. A hybrid model is used to represent human walking—the combination of continuous and discrete dynamics motivates the use of hybrid systems. A human walking experiment is analyzed and mathematical functions on the kinematics of the collected data are found which capture some of the fundamental behaviors associated with human walking. One model is considered in which these behaviors are fully tracked using feedback linearization; the intent of this is to simulate healthy human walking. Then, a second model is considered: this model is assumed to be a human with a transfemoral prosthesis; PD control is used on the prosthesis. All models considered demonstrate locally exponentially stable periodic orbits when simulated for four separate test subjects, or, in other words, the models exhibit stable walking even with a prosthetic lower extremity. The methods used in this paper are a stepping stone toward a process capable of rapidly prototyping potential prosthesis designs and controllers.
Mutation Rate and the Cost of Complexity

Two recent theoretical studies of adaptation suggest that more complex organisms tend to adapt more slowly. Specifically, in Fisher's "geometric" model of a finite population where multiple traits are under optimizing selection, the average progress ensuing from a single mutation decreases as the number of traits increases--the "cost of complexity." Here, I draw on molecular and histological data to assess the extent to which on a large phylogenetic scale, this predicted decrease in the rate of adaptation per mutation is mitigated by an increase in the number of mutations per generation as complexity increases. As an index of complexity for multicellular organisms, I use the number of visibly distinct types of cell in the body. Mutation rate is the product of mutational target size and population mutation rate per unit target. Despite much scatter, genome size appears to be positively correlated with complexity (as indexed by cell-type number), which along with other considerations suggests that mutational target size tends to increase with complexity. In contrast, effective population mutation rate per unit target appears to be negatively correlated with complexity. The net result is that mutation rate probably does tend to increase with complexity, although probably not fast enough to eliminate the cost of complexity.
Eastern Screech-Owl Catches Fish By Wading

Abstract I observed an Eastern Screech-Owl (Megascops asio) wading to catch fish in a small lake in the Everglades, Florida, USA. This fishing technique has not been recorded previously in this species or in other small owls.
Analysis of Somatic Hybrids and Cybrids Obtained by Fusion of Brassica rapa and B. oleracea

Brassica species, particularly B. rapa (syn. B. campestris), B. oleracea, and B. napus, have been extensively used in protoplast fusion experiments, for several reasons. These species have great economic value, because they include important vegetables (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, etc., in B. oleracea) as well as oilseeds (in B. napus, B. rapa). Brassica is also a relatively tractable genus in vitro. There are substantial variations in regenerability from expiants and protoplasts both within and among species (with B. rapa still largely recalcitrant), but the good response of many B. oleracea and B. napus lines favors recovery of plants from fusion products. Furthermore, protoplast fusion is well suited as a solution to several horticultural and agronomic problems encountered with Brassica crops.
New Health Education Implications in the Association of Smoking, Lung Cancer, and Heart Disease

Abstract This is a survey of a number of medical research studies on the association of smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, with lung cancer and heart disease. Other data are presented on sex differences, occupational hazards, urban and rural distribution, and death rates of smokers and non-smokers. Recent opinions and reactions of medical cancer research specialists and physicians which have health implications for the health and hygiene teacher and college students are included.
Status of Maiden Hair Tree-Ginkgo biloba; Living Fossils Becoming Endangered

Ginkgo biloba is known as ‘living fossils’ as it is the only surviving member of ancient trees. Ginkgo fossils are being known from rocks as old as two hundred million years. This plant is native to China and scattered in broad leaved mixed-mesophytic forest up to 1,100 m and it is located on the border of the Yangtze River valley and on the hill country. The wild population is confined to the Zhejiang province, China. Some other parts also have wild population but those are not up to sufficient numbers. Flavonoids and terpenoids-lactones such as Ginkgolides and bilobalide are the active components and these are unique to the Ginkgo. Plants are used for bladder inflammation and pulmonary disorders, heart abnormalities, skin infections and neurodegenerative disorders. A Ginkgo product by the name of Tebonin is a leading herbal medicine in market. So the consumption of this plant worldwide is very high due to which plant is facing great threats towards its extinction. Ginkgo biloba is listed as endangered plant in the IUCN red list of threatened species. There is hardly any wild population of Ginkgo exists, majority of the trees are existing in the cultivated form and million of the dollar industry has cashed in based on the medicinal properties of the leaves. Resultantly it is possible that this living fossil will survive the short of time. A recommendation for its preservation is that there should be some steps to increase the size of wild populations.
Theatre, Opera and Consciousness: History and Current Debate

For the last ten to fifteen years, various disciplines have been involved in the study of consciousness, often on an interdisciplinary basis. These include philosophy, psychology, physics and biolo...
Photoactivity of Mono- and Dicarbonyl Complexes of Ruthenium(II) Bearing an N,N,S-Donor Ligand: Role of Ancillary Ligands on the Capacity of CO Photorelease

One monocarbonyl and one dicarbonyl complex of ruthenium(II), namely, [Ru(Cl)(CO)(qmtpm)(PPh3)]BF4 (2) and [Ru(Cl)(CO)2(qmtpm)]ClO4 (3), derived from the tridentate ligand 2-quinoline-N-(2′-methylthiophenyl)methyleneimine (qmtpm) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The qmtpm ligand binds in a meridional fashion in these carbonyl complexes, and in 3, the two carbon monoxide (CO) ligands are cis to each other. Solutions of 2 in ethanol, chloroform, or acetonitrile rapidly release CO upon illumination with low-power (3–15 mW) light in the 300–450 nm range. Loss of CO from 2 brings about a dramatic color change from yellow to magenta because of the formation of [Ru(Cl)(MeCN)(qmtpm)(PPh3)]BF4 (4). In acetonitrile, photorelease of CO from 3 under 360 nm light occurs in two steps, and the violet photoproduct [Ru(Cl)(MeCN)2(qmtpm)]+ upon reaction with Ag+ and PPh3 affords red [Ru(MeCN)2(qmtpm)(PPh3)](ClO4)2 (5). The structure of 5 has also been determined by X-ray crystallography. Reduced myoglo...