cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Features of Epidermal Keratin Filaments Reassembled in Vitro

We have studied the structure of epidermal keratin filaments polymerized in vitro, addressing two different levels of organization. First, we have determined the amino acid sequence of a mouse epidermal keratin subunit from the nucleotide sequence of a eDNA clone. The subunit contains a large central region, representing about 50 percent, whose sequence strongly suggests that it assumes a coiled-coil α-helical conformation. This is flanked on the amino and carboxyl terminals by long glycine-rich sequences. Second, we have used scanning transmission electron microscopy to study the structure of frozen, unstained filaments. Analyses of such images provides information on the mass per unit length and on the distribution of mass within the filament. These data impose rigorous constraints on possible models for the packing of protofilaments within the filament. Epidermal keratin filaments assembled in vitro are polymorphic; however, the majority of bovine filaments weigh about 37 kD/nm, but most human filaments have masses of only about 27 kD/nm. The filament width is at least 15 nm, substantially more than the generally accepted value of 8 to 10 nm, owing to the existence of low-density mass at the periphery that has not been visualized by conventional microscopic methods. We currently postulate that the α-helical regions of the subunits comprise the structural core or backbone of the filament from which at least some of the glycine-rich sequences protrude.
Intraocular Pressure as an Index of Ocular Injury in Orbital Fractures

for ocular injuries in patients sustaining orbital fractures is proposed. We performed a retrospective study of 107 patients who sustained orbital fractures. Intraocular pressures were measured on presentation in 17 patients and were found to be elevated on the side of the injury in eight patients, five (63%) of whom had significant ocular injury. No patient with normal intraocular pressure was found to have an ocular injury. In a prospective study, the intraocular pressures of 30 patients sustaining orbital fractures were measured. Twelve patients (40%) had normal ( 22 mm Hg) or a difference between eyes of greater than or equal to 3 mm Hg. Eleven (61%) of these patients were found to have sustained an ocular injury. We conclude that intraocular hypertension or significant interocular pressure differences should alert the physician to a potential ocular injury. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;115:213-216) The occurrence of eye injuries in patients who have sustained orbital fractures is well recognized; however, the reported incidence of this association is variable. Two large retrospective series of facial fractures have reported a low incidence (<5%) of ocular injuries associated with orbital fractures.1·2 Ophthalmologic consultation, however, is not men¬ tioned in these reports. In contrast, Holt and Holt3 reviewed 727 cases of facial fractures in which all patients received formal ophthalmologic eval¬ uation. Overall, 69% of the patients in their series sustained an ocular inju¬ ry. The injuries were classified as temporary (79%), serious (18%), and blinding (3%). Similarly, Crumley et al4 showed that 37% of patients in a series of 363 orbital floor fractures had demonstrable ocular injuries. Thirty-three (87%) of 38 pure orbital floor fractures were associated with significant eye injuries.4 Differences in the incidence of eye injuries associ¬ ated with orbital fractures reported in the medical literature suggest that a correlation may exist between the incidence of ocular injury detection and the vigilance of the examiner. Jabaley et al5 performed a prospec¬
Denial of the Reality of State Terrorism in Argentina as Narrative of the Recent Past: A New Case of "Negationism"?

This article applies the concept of negationism—from a French basis—to an analysis of the activities and discourse of groups and individuals who define the state terrorism applied in Argentina between 1975 and 1983 as a "war" against "Marxist subversion," in defense of "Christian and Occidental Civilization." By distorting history and systematically denying the reality of state terrorism, Argentine negationists try to disguise the vindication of state terrorism as a fight for the truth and memory. The article is organized in three parts. A brief review of the origins of this concept and of the negationist current in France is followed by a discussion of the differences between the concepts of revisionism and negationism. The gestation and historical evolution of this current are then analyzed and described; for this purpose, the article deals with some of the principal argumentations and tactics used by the negationists in their media appearances and street ceremonies: books, magazines, courses, conferences, literary gatherings, so-called study groups, Web sites, demonstrations, and public commemorations, claiming a "complete social memory," are employed to instill a revision of Argentina's recent past. Finally, the article deals with the current stage of the evolution of negationist groups.
Gossip algorithms: design, analysis and applications

Motivated by applications to sensor, peer-to-peer and ad hoc networks, we study distributed asynchronous algorithms, also known as gossip algorithms, for computation and information exchange in an arbitrarily connected network of nodes. Nodes in such networks operate under limited computational, communication and energy resources. These constraints naturally give rise to "gossip" algorithms: schemes which distribute the computational burden and in which a node communicates with a randomly chosen neighbor. We analyze the averaging problem under the gossip constraint for arbitrary network, and find that the averaging time of a gossip algorithm depends on the second largest eigenvalue of a doubly stochastic matrix characterizing the algorithm. Using recent results of Boyd, Diaconis and Xiao (2003), we show that minimizing this quantity to design the fastest averaging algorithm on the network is a semi-definite program (SDP). In general, SDPs cannot be solved distributedly; however, exploiting problem structure, we propose a subgradient method that distributedly solves the optimization problem over the network. The relation of averaging time to the second largest eigenvalue naturally relates it to the mixing time of a random walk with transition probabilities that are derived from the gossip algorithm. We use this connection to study the performance of gossip algorithm on two popular networks: wireless sensor networks, which are modeled as geometric random graphs, and the Internet graph under the so-called preferential connectivity model.
Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg illness.

When Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address, he was weak and dizzy; his face had a ghastly colour. That evening on the train to Washington, DC, he was febrile and weak, and suffered severe headaches. The symptoms continued; back pains developed. On the fourth day of the illness, a widespread scarlet rash appeared that soon became vesicular. By the tenth day, the lesions itched and peeled. The illness lasted three weeks. The final diagnosis, a touch of varioloid, was an old name for smallpox that was later used in the 20th century to denote mild smallpox in a partially immune individual. It was unclear whether Lincoln had been immunized against smallpox. In that regard, this review suggests that Lincoln had unmodified smallpox and that Lincoln's physicians tried to reassure the public that Lincoln was not seriously ill. Indeed, the successful conclusion of the Civil War and reunification of the country were dependent upon Lincoln's presidency.
Empirical prediction of packet transmission efficiency in bio-inspired Wireless Sensor Networks

Biological networks (specifically, genetic regulatory networks) exhibit an optimized sparse topology and are known to be robust to various external perturbations. We have earlier utilized such networks, particularly, the gene regulatory network of E. coli, for constructing smart communication structures in bio-inspired Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) having high packet transmission efficiency. In this paper, we present machine learning approaches to relate the graph topology based characteristics of such bio-inspired WSNs to their network-level robustness in terms of average packet transmission efficiency. In particular, we generate a support vector regression model using the graph metric features as input data. The model predicts the percentage of packets received by the highest degree sink node and a theoretical estimate for the overall network robustness.
Arterial reconstruction with deep leg veins for the treatment of mycotic aneurysms

Abstract Purpose: Mycotic pseudoaneurysms (MPA) remain challenging clinical problems. Primary surgical management includes control of hemorrhage and debridement of the infected arterial wall. Because critical ischemia may develop after arterial resection, revascularization has been a secondary goal of treatment. Standard anatomic graft placement or prosthetic bypass grafting has been compromised by a high rate of recurrent infection. Extra-anatomic reconstruction is preferred, with the basic goals being threefold: (1) the use of autogenous graft material to reduce the risk of reinfection; (2) the avoidance of significant size mismatches; and (3) graft placement that is anatomically inaccessible, because drug abuse causes many of these lesions. This study reviews a recent series of MPAs applying these treatment goals. Methods: In a 2-year period, the superficial femoral and proximal popliteal veins were used in the repair of eight MPAs of the common femoral (5), common iliac (1), and brachial (1) arteries, and the infrarenal aorta (1). Most patients (5 of 7) were known intravenous drug users, who had a painful pulsatile mass in an injection area. Two patients had systemic sepsis, one patient with an infected common iliac pseudoaneurysm and one patient with an MPA of the infrarenal aorta. The diagnosis of MPA was made by means of duplex/computed tomography scanning and confirmed by means of arteriography in all cases. Results: Obturator bypass grafting was performed by using a reversed deep leg vein in the five femoral MPAs. An ilioiliac, cross-pelvic bypass grafting procedure with a deep vein was used to repair an MPA of the common iliac artery. A deep vein was also used as a "pantaloon" aortobiiliac graft and for a brachial artery repair. Staphylococcus aureus was revealed by means of cultures in nearly all cases. Distal arterial perfusion was normal after reconstruction. Patients had no significant postoperative leg swelling. No new venous thrombosis below the level of deep vein harvest was revealed by means of duplex scanning. There were no septic complications. Conclusion: The superficial femoral/popliteal veins may be particularly useful for limb revascularization in patients with MPAs. This autogenous conduit provides an excellent size-match and a suitable length for reconstruction, because peripheral, axial arteries are generally affected. No clinically significant limb morbidity was related to deep vein removal. Late follow-up is challenging in such cases, but will be required to accurately determine the durability of this strategy. (J Vasc Surg 1999;30:1004-15.)
Enzymatic tunneling and kinetic isotope effects: chemistry at the crossroads

Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs), originally a tool for the physical organic chemist and mechanistic enzymologist, have been instrumental in furthering our understanding of quantum-mechanical hydrogen tunneling in enzymatic systems. This review focuses on the use of KIE studies to investigate this phenomenon in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. A number of enzymes wherein KIEs have been used as a probe for H-tunneling are discussed, including dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and formate dehydrogenase (FDH). Particular emphasis has been placed on the significance of KIE results in exposing the chemical H-transfer step in the complex kinetic cascades typical to these systems, as well as on questions regarding the influence of protein dynamics on tunneling and, consequently, on the whole enzymatic reaction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alleviating the modifiable areal unit problem within probe-based geospatial analyses

We present a probe-based interface for the exploration of the results of a geospatial simulation of urban growth. Because our interface allows the user great freedom in how they choose to define regions-ofinterest to examine and compare, the classic geospatial analytic issue known as the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) quickly arises. The user may delineate regions with unseen differences that can affect the fairness of the comparisons made between them. To alleviate this problem, our interface first alerts the user if it detects any potential unfairness between regions when they are selected for comparison. It then presents the dimensions with potential problematic outliers to the user for evaluation. Finally, it provides a number of semi-automated tools to assist the user in correcting their regions' boundaries to minimize the inequalities they feel could significantly impact their comparisons.
Cost Efficient Survivable IP Over WDM With Dual Homing

Dual homing lightpath service is considered to support survivable IP over WDM networks, where a prescribed fraction of network bandwidth must survive fiber-link faults. Network costs can decrease by as much as 32%.
Molecular distributions in polycondensations involving unlike reactants. VI. Independently distributed multivariate distributions

Joint distributions and number- and weight-average molecular weights have been derived for a number of independently distributed multivariate distributions. Use has been made of the fact that the means and variances of independent distributions are additive. It is shown that the ratio of the weight to number-average molecular weights of an independently distributed multivariate distribution can be given in the following form: where M is the weight-average molecular weight of the ith distribution. M is the number-average molecular weight of ith monovariate distribution. In certain cases, the above expression is shown to be a very useful one.
An Axiomatic Model of Voting Bodies

The act of voting in legislative and judicial bodies is one of the most widespread and valuable sources of information available to political analysts. When individuals make structured choices within some known institutional constraints, there is opportunity for the generation of data concerning how issues are collectively defined within an institution, the relative position of each actor with regard to every other actor, and the identification of blocs of actors which are more or less persistent from one issue to another over time. With proper techniques of analysis, we should be able not only to generalize about behavior within a given voting body but also to make general statements about the voting process.Cumulative studies of voting can be undertaken, however, only on the basis of some paradigm of the voting processâ€”that is, some consensus on how voting as an act of political commitment is to be viewed. Such a paradigm not only should provide a viewpoint for the study of voting but should also suggest an orientation to the more general political phenomenon of which voting is an exampleâ€”that is, actors making mutually exclusive choices in response to a series of questions, issues, candidates, etc. That such an agreed-upon viewpointâ€”not to mention a model that gives the viewpoint a precise focusâ€”does not exist is obvious from the uses which have been made of voting data. Despite the ubiquity of such data and the many different kinds of analyses that have been performed on them, there is no model available that logically interrelates (1) systemic characteristics of voting bodies, (2) individual characteristics of their members, and (3) relational characteristics between pairs of members in such a way as to yield operational measures of voting behavior that are comparative in nature.
Merging traces of hardware-assisted data breakpoints

Future improvements in hardware and O/S support for monitoring programs will depend on providing feedback for current support (even if it is quite limited). We look at using hardware breakpoint registers and performance counters in order to trace data accesses in a program. We first present a small experiment to understand how these features can be used to monitor a program. and then detail an algorithm for using these limited resources to trace any amount of data accesses in a program and achieve a complete and correct trace by merging partial traces.
Optimal Capacity Allocation in Wireless Mesh Networks

We address the problem of ldquocapacity allocationrdquo in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). In the ldquocapacity allocationrdquo problem, the network topology (namely the desired wireless links) and routing are given. The problem then is to assign capacities to different links (which are carved out of the radio capacity of a wireless node) in such a way that the average network delay is minimized. This classic problem has been solved by Kleinrock for wired networks subject to a cost constraint. The problem of capacity allocation in wireless networks is different because of the following reasons: i) the capacity of a wireless radio is limited by the physical-layer technology; ii) wireless channel is a shared medium; and iii) the overall capacity of the wireless network is limited by interference. These unique features of a wireless network necessitates a cross-layer approach, involving the physical and the network layers, to solve this problem as opposed to a traditional network planning problem. We use queuing theory along with wireless interference modeling to present a cross-layer solution to this problem.
Performance of DS/CDMA with M-ary orthogonal modulation cell site antenna arrays

Code division multiple access (CDMA) has been shown to offer higher capacity than the existing FDMA or TDMA systems. Since no pilot is used in the reverse link for power efficiency considerations, M-ary orthogonal modulation with noncoherent reception is a suitable modulation technique. Spatial processing with base-station antenna arrays was previously proposed for improving coverage and increasing system capacity. The present authors study the performance of a base-station antenna arrays receiver structure for M-ary orthogonal modulation and noncoherent RAKE combining in the presence of multipath.
Gender Differences in Outcomes of Endovascular Treatment of Infrainguinal Peripheral Artery Disease

Objective: Our goal was to assess the outcomes of females compared to males treated with endovascular lower extremity interventions in order to determine optimal therapy based on gender. Methods: We performed a retrospective review evaluating the outcomes of primary transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and PTA + stenting (PTA + S) for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Patency rates and limb salvage were the primary end points. Results: A total of 1017 lesions were analyzed in 537 patients (229 male and 308 female) between 2004 and 2009. There were no differences between genders in lesion characteristics. Women were more likely to have interventions for critical limb ischemia (CLI). In CLI patients with superficial femoral artery (SFA) and tibial lesions, women had better patency rates (P < .005). Conclusions: Women have better patency rates compared with men following treatment of some CLI lesions. Interestingly, women are treated more frequently for CLI when compared to men. For some lesion types in women, PT...
Goal Crossing with Mice and Trackballs for People with Motor Impairments: Performance, Submovements, and Design Directions

Prior research shows that people with motor impairments face considerable challenges when using conventional mice and trackballs. One challenge is positioning the mouse cursor within confined target areas; another is executing a precise click without slipping. These problems can make mouse pointing in graphical user interfaces very difficult for some people. This article explores goal crossing as an alternative strategy for more accessible target acquisition. In goal crossing, targets are boundaries that are simply crossed by the mouse cursor. Thus, goal crossing avoids the two aforementioned problems. To date, however, researchers have not examined the feasibility of goal crossing for people with motor difficulties. We therefore present a study comparing area pointing and goal crossing. Our performance results indicate that although Fitts' throughput for able-bodied users is higher for area pointing than for goal crossing (4.72 vs. 3.61 bits/s), the opposite is true for users with motor impairments (2.34 vs. 2.88 bits/s). However, error rates are higher for goal crossing than for area pointing under a strict definition of crossing errors (6.23% vs. 1.94%). We also present path analyses and an examination of submovement velocity, acceleration, and jerk (the change in acceleration over time). These results show marked differences between crossing and pointing and almost categorically favor crossing. An important finding is that crossing reduces jerk for both participant groups, indicating more fluid, stable motion. To help realize the potential of goal crossing for computer access, we offer design concepts for crossing widgets that address the occlusion problem, which occurs when one crossing goal obscures another in persistent mouse-cursor interfaces. This work provides the motivation and initial steps for further exploration of goal crossing on the desktop, and may help researchers and designers to radically reshape user interfaces to provide accessible goal crossing, thereby lowering barriers to access.
Participants’ experiences of the qualitative interview: considering the importance of research paradigms

We used a multiple-case study to investigate participants’ experiences in interviews from six qualitative studies that differed in interview orientations, designs, methods, participants, and topics. Roulston’s (2010a, 2010b) interview orientation heuristic guided our ‘paradigm-driven’ analysis of participants’ experiences. We found no differences in participants’ articulation of benefits and risks by interview orientation. Participants’ experiences differed based on the opportunity to reflect on their interview experiences, the sensitivity of the topic explored, and the number of interviews conducted. We discuss the implications of our findings for ‘paradigm-driven’ qualitative research and suggest ethical questions qualitative interview researchers can ask to maximize the benefits of their interviews.
Medial Collateral Ligament Tears in the Overhead Athlete: Surgical Indications and Reconstruction Technique

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the elbow is commonly injured in competitive overhead athletes. Our understanding of the functional anatomy and biomechanics of the MCL, as well as our surgical indications and techniques, has evolved over time. In addition, refinement of our physical examination skills and imaging modalities has improved early diagnosis and allows easy recognition of pathologies that coexist with an MCL injury. With the many treatment options available, MCL injuries are treated with encouraging results. This article reviews the clinical presentation and evaluation of MCL injuries, surgical indications, and operative techniques for MCL reconstruction.
Buoyancy force reversals in vertical natural convection flows in cold water

Calculated numerical results are presented for laminar buoyancy-induced flows driven by thermal transport to or from a vertical isothermal surface in cold pure and saline water wherein a density extremum arises. The present calculations specifically explore the consequences of temperature conditions wherein the buoyancy force reverses across the thermal region owing to the presence of a density extremum within the region. Such conditions commonly occur in terrestrial waters and in technological processes utilizing cold water. The linear approximation of density dependence on temperature, used in conventional analysis, is here replaced by a very accurate non-linear density equation of state for both pure and saline water. This permits an accurate treatment of such flows for bounding temperatures up to 20 °C at ambient salinity and pressure levels from 0 to 40 p.p.t. and 1 to 1000 bars, respectively. The results may be applied to the melting or slow freezing of a vertical ice surface in pure water as well as to a heated or cooled vertical isothermal surface in pure or saline water. For example, buoyancy force reversals arise for a vertical ice surface at 0 °C melting in fresh water between 4 °C and 8 °C at atmospheric pressure. Temperature conditions for which buoyancy force reversals occur are of special interest because of the resulting anomalous flow behaviour and low surface heat-transfer rates. The transition from conditions with no buoyancy-force reversal to those resulting in a large buoyancy-force reversal is accompanied by as much as 50% decrease in surface heat transfer. This produces a corresponding trend in the melt rate of a vertical ice surface in pure water. Sufficiently strong buoyancy force reversals are found to cause local flow reversal either at the edge of the flow layer or near the surface. Conditions are determined for which flow reversals occur at each of these locations. These local flow reversals are the precursors of convective inversion, that is, of the reversal of the net flow direction with changing ambient medium temperature. Limits on conditions for convective inversion are determined. Calculated transport is compared with previous experimental results, with good agreement throughout the several regions of such complicated flows. The calculations indicate that such flows are relatively very weak. However, their form may lead to early laminar instability.
Comparison of high-performance VLSI adders in the energy-delay space

In this paper, we motivate the concept of comparing very large scale integration adders based on their energy-delay characteristics and present results of our estimation technique. This stems from a need to make appropriate selection at the beginning of the design process. The estimation is quick, not requiring extensive simulation or use of computer-aided design tools, yet sufficiently accurate to provide guidance through various choices in the design process. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method by applying it to examples of high-performance 32- and 64-b adders in 100- and 130-nm CMOS technologies.
Stimulation of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Activity and Cellular Accumulation of Cyclic Guanosine 3′ ,5′-monophosphate by the Carcinogen 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide: Brief Communication

4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), a compound that induces tumors in various rat organs, rapidly increased the cellular accumulation of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) to peak values fourfold to 13-fold over basal levels in the liver, lung, renal cortex, and gastric and colon mucosa of rats. This action of 4NQO was expressed in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium. When added directly to the broken cell preparations, 4NQO also stimulated guanylate cyclase activity threefold to sixfold over basal levels in the 100,000 X g soluble fractions of each of these tissues. Dicumarol, which blocks the reduction of 4NQO, inhibited 4NQO stimulation of guanylate cyclase and cGMP. Conversely, phenythydrazine, which enhances the reduction of 4NQO, potentiated the actions of 4NQO on guanylate cyclase and cGMP. These results suggested that the activation of the guanylate cyclase-cGMP system may be mediated by reduction products of 4NQO. The activation of the guanylate cyclase system by 4NQO or its derivatives could function in the expression of carcinogenicity.
Practical Use of the New American Urological Association Interstitial Cystitis Guidelines

The American Urological Association recently developed guidelines to assist clinicians who evaluate and treat interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Knowledge in this area continues to advance, and some of the guideline statements differ from what clinicians may have been previously taught. This review includes the 27 guideline statements, which address both evaluation and treatment. This review lists the guideline statements and, when applicable, comments on their practical implementation and the most recent research. Practical information includes the following: key questions that help in the differential diagnosis, when to perform cystoscopy and urodynamics, how to recognize and treat Hunner lesions, useful practical resources for patients and clinicians, information on elimination diet and stress management, initial selection of oral and intravesical medications, and description of advanced treatment options (limited to dedicated, experienced clinicians).
An induced additive-noise model for memoryless Rayleigh-fading channels

This correspondence investigates a noncoherent discrete-time memoryless Rayleigh-fading channel. A logarithmic transform converts it into an induced channel with additive noise that is independent of the channel input. From this perspective, it is natural and convenient for us to revisit several known results and gain new insights. In particular, we specify a class of simple, log-scale uniform channel input distributions that performs well for moderate to high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Furthermore, a continuous-amplitude log-scale uniform distribution is asymptotically capacity-achieving in the sense that the difference between the resulting mutual information and the channel capacity approaches zero as SNR becomes large. We also extend the induced additive-noise channel approach to memoryless multiple-antenna channels possibly with transmit, but without receive, spatial correlation.
Cis-acting sequences that affect somatic hypermutation of Ig genes

We review our studies on the mechanism of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Most experiments were carried out using Ig transgenes. We showed in these experiments that all required cis-acting elements are present within the 10-16 kb of a transgene. Only the Ig variable region and its proximate flanks are mutated, not the constant region. Several Ig gene enhancers are permissive for somatic mutation. Association of the enhancer with its natural Ig promoter is not necessary. However, the mutation process seems specific for Ig genes. No mutations were found in housekeeping genes from cells with high levels of somatic hypermutation of their Ig genes. The Ig enhancers may provide the Ig gene specificity. An exception may be the BCL6 gene, which was mutated in human but not in mouse B cells. Transcription of a region is required for its mutability. When the transcriptional promoter located upstream of the variable region is duplicated upstream of the constant region, this region also becomes mutable. This suggests a model in which a mutator factor associates with the RNA polymerase at the promoter, travels with the polymerase during elongation, and causes mutations during polymerase pausing. The DNA repair systems, nucleotide excision repair and DNA mismatch repair, are not required. Our recent data with an artificial substrate of somatic mutation suggest that pausing may be due to secondary structure of the DNA or nascent RNA, and the specific mutations to preferences of the mutator factor.
Renegotiable Sales and Profits

IT HAS been suggested in the articles by Senator Walsh and Mr. James that the basic purpose of the Renegotiation Act is the avoidance of public scandal incident to exorbitant war profits; that the distinctive features of renegotiation result from the effort of Congress to prevent profiteering without discouraging production or putting a premium on waste and inefficiency. It was to be expected that the categories of business subject to the act would be determined by consideration of the purpose of the act and of problems of administration. The history of the legislation and of its interpretation has been one of continuous controversy as to the proper scope of renegotiation. No attempt will here be made to discuss the subject comprehensively. Instead, a few of the disputed areas will be considered, in order to illustrate the problems of policy involved. With a few exceptions, the original act was expressed as covering all contracts with the Army and Navy Departments and the Maritime Commission and "subcontracts" thereunder. The act contained no definition of "subcontracts," but the Departments soon adopted an interpretation of the term as including not only subcontracts under which production of some or all of the articles contracted for is delegated to a subcontractor, but also purchases by the contractor of component parts and of supplies, materials, machinery, or equipment "required" for the performance of the contract. A similar definition of "subcontract" was inserted in the act in October, I942, a definition which has been amended in minor respects only by the Revenue Act of i943.1 (The amendments effected by this act are referred to in this article as "the I944 amendments.") This definition is obviously very broad, and it is proposed to examine its scope first by considering the principal proposals for limitation or exemption. Standard commercial articles.-The contention has been almost continuously made that sales of standard commercial articles should not be subject to renegotiation. It is pointed out that standard products are not like new types of heavy artillery, as to which costs of production defy estimate. The pricing of standard products is not a matter of guess. It is
The other end of the spectrum: : municipal climate change mitigation planning in the politically conservative Dallas–Fort Worth region

Among the growing number of studies describing and evaluating municipal-scale programs to mitigate global climate change, relatively little attention has been given to municipalities that are not leading such efforts or to municipalities in politically conservative regions. Our research examines climate-relevant municipal planning in a structured sample of communities across the largely conservative Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area. Using data from planning documents and staff interviews, we evaluate the prevalence and vigor of numerous mitigation-relevant activities. We characterize the target municipalities according to a new typology addressing the maturation of local climate action. We find that in this politically conservative region communities are clustered toward the laggard end of the typology—away from the advanced end—and for the first time in the climate planning literature we identify several faltering emergent communities, whose nascent climate protection initiatives appear to have stalled.
Bridging Classical and Molecular Genetics of Sorghum Plant Stature and Maturity

Most initial sorghum introductions into the USA were too tall for mechanical grain harvest and flowered late or not at all at temperate latitudes. A small number of spontaneous mutations for dwarf stature and early maturity arose in farmers’ fields and were quickly disseminated. Several subsequent sorghum introductions were determined by allelism tests to carry recessive alleles at the same loci. These early experiments led to the conclusion that there are four major loci for dwarfing in sorghum (Dw1–Dw4) and four major loci for maturity (Ma1–Ma4). The relatively simple inheritance of these important agronomic traits was later exploited by the Sorghum Conversion Program, which introgressed QTL for dwarfing and early maturity into hundreds of exotic lines through a strategy of backcrossing with phenotypic selection. To date, molecular work has identified just two of these classical dwarfing/maturity loci in sorghum: Dw3 encodes an MDR-class auxin efflux carrier, and Ma3 encodes a phytochrome B. In this chapter, we provide an overview of current understanding of the genetic architecture of plant height and flowering time in sorghum, including recent progress in mapping additional loci beyond the classical Dw1–Dw4 and Ma1–Ma4. We also discuss prospects for identifying the remaining major loci for height and maturity in sorghum using both linkage- and association-based methods. Most of our understanding of sorghum phenotypic variation currently comes from studies in dwarf grain sorghum genetic backgrounds in which variation for other developmental traits may be masked. Growing interest in C4 grasses as bioenergy crops is likely to necessitate study of a broader range of sorghum genetic backgrounds.
Doctoral Degrees Granted in Foreign Languages in the United States: 2006

CONTINUING A SERVICE BEGUN IN 1926, The Modern Language Journal publishes an annual survey of doctoral degrees granted in foreign languages, literatures, cultures, and linguistics, and in foreign language education in the United States. The compilers contact by mail each doctoral degree-granting department in languages, literatures, and education and request individual chairpersons to identify in writing the author, title, and director of each dissertation completed during the calendar year. The chairperson is also asked to indicate the type of doctoral degree granted. The order of entries is (a) MAJOR FIELD OR AREA OF SPECIALIZATION, with primary emphasis given to language or language family (not department name), an editorial decision based solely on the title of the dissertation: African Languages & Literatures, Asian Languages & Literatures, Celtic Languages & Literatures, Classical Languages & Literatures, Comparative Literature & Cinema, Foreign/Second Language Acquisition & Teaching, French Language & Literature, Germanic Languages & Literatures, Italian Language & Literature, Linguistics: Theoretical & Applied, Near and Middle Eastern Languages & Literatures, Portuguese Language & Literature, Slavic Languages & Literatures, and Spanish Language & Literature; (b) institution granting the degree; (c) author of dissertation; (d) "title of dissertation"; and (e) (director[s]/supervisor[s] of dissertation). Only those comparative literature and cinema doctorates dealing at least in part with languages other than English (judging from their titles) are included. The survey does not attempt regular inclusion of degrees specializing in ESL, TESOL, or EFL. Because the first classification preference is given to the language, users of this compilation who wish to learn the full breadth of titles reported should check several categories of entry, for example, Germanic languages and literatures, comparative literature and cinema, foreign/second language acquisition and teaching, and linguistics. In all instances the ordering principle is alphabetical, but entries appear in the style of notes. Unless otherwise indicated, the type of degree is Ph.D. and the year of completion is 2006. Departments not listed below either did not respond to the survey mailing, had no degrees to report, or submitted illegible entries. Where information is not listed (designated "NL"), the reader may assume that it was not provided by the responding chairperson. Entries are reproduced as received from participating departments. While every attempt is made to correct obvious infelicities reported in the survey (particularly in dissertation titles), less visible errors slip through nevertheless. Neither the compiler nor the MLJ accepts responsibility for these
Hopf Bifurcations in Two-Strategy Delayed Replicator Dynamics

We investigate the dynamics of two-strategy replicator equations in which the fitness of each strategy is a function of the population frequencies delayed by a time interval T. We analyze two models: in the first, all terms in the fitness are delayed, while in the second, only opposite-strategy terms are delayed. We compare the two models via a linear homotopy. Taking the delay T as a bifurcation parameter, we demonstrate the existence of (nondegenerate) Hopf bifurcations in both models, and present an analysis of the resulting limit cycles using Lindstedt’s method.
Binding thermodynamics of the transition state analogue coformycin and of the ground state analogue 1-deazaadenosine to bovine adenosine deaminase.

Binding of the transition state analogue coformycin and the ground state analogue 1-deaazadenosine to bovine adenosine deaminase have been thermody-namically characterized. The heat capacity changes for coformycin and 1-deazaadenosine binding are - 4.7 × 0.8 kJ/mole-K and -1.2 × 0.1 kJ/mole-K, respectively. Since the predominant source of heat capacity change in enzyme interactions are changes in the extent of exposure of nonpolar amino acid side chains to the aqueous environment and the hydrophobic effect is the predominant factor in native structure stabilization, we propose that the binding of either class of ligand is associated with a stabilizing enzyme conformational change with coformycin producing the far greater effect Analysis of the T dependence of the second order rate constant for formation of the enzyme/coformycin complex further reveals that the conformational change is not rate limiting. We propose that the enzyme may facilitate catalysis via the formation of a stabilizing conformation at ...
Cast Iron Solidification with Non-Contact Acoustic Stimulation

The influence of non-contact ultrasonic vibration on the solidification of gray and ductile irons has been evaluated with and without inoculation. Conventional instrumented cooling curve analysis samples were cast under a wide range of non-contact acoustic stimulation conditions. Ultrasonic frequencies between 17 and 18 kHz were evaluated at transducer power ratings of 1800–3600 Watts with various horn designs. The air gap between the ultrasonic actuator and the surface of the solidifying metal was varied from 11–38 mm. The resultant solidification cooling curves as well as the microstructure after solidification were evaluated. Ultrasonic treatment of gray irons resulted in only slight changes in graphite morphology. However, in some cases, ultrasonic treatment of uninoculated gray iron changed the graphite shape from undercooled type D graphite to type A graphite. Ductile irons subjected to ultrasonic treatment showed a slight increase in nodule count and nodularity. Also, ultrasonic treatments resulted in a minor increase in overall solidification time. Further work is needed to identify the specific non-contact acoustic conditions that will have a significant effect on cast iron solidification behavior.
Seasonal fluctuations in nutrients and carbohydrates in pecan leaves and stems

SummaryAn integrated study of changes in carbohydrates and nutrients in pecan was conducted and related to developmental changes during a growing season. Perennial woody plants exhibit marked seasonal changes in nutrient content, carbohydrate metabolism, and organ development. Information on nutrient changes may provide insight into seasonal demands and requirements and be useful in developing fertilisation regimes for this crop. Leaf and stem tissues collected at full bloom, leaf maturation, full cotyledon expansion, fruit maturation, and leaf abscission were analysed for starch, specific soluble sugars, and 11 other macro- and micro- nutrients. During leaf expansion, foliar levels of fructose and glucose declined from 12 mg g–1 DW to 5 mg g–1 DW and from 7 mg g–1 DW to 3 mg g–1 DW, respectively. After fruit maturation, stems exhibited an increase in sucrose, from 15 mg g–1 DW to 37 mg g–1 DW, and a marked decrease in starch, from 59 mg g–1 DW to 8 mg g–1 DW. Seasonal variations in elemental content indi...
Supra-anal Organ: a Defensive Mechanism of the Furniture Carpet Beetle, Anthrenus flavipes (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Larvae of the furniture carpet beetle, Anthrenus flavipes LeConte, possess a bundle of caudal spicisetae kept in constant vibration during locomotion. These setae originate from an elliptical cuticular plate situated at the upper middle portion of the last larval segment above the anus. This “supra-anal organ” occurs in all larval instars, and the number of associated spicisetae is specific for each instar. These vibrating caudal setae contribute to the overall defense of the larva against the attacks of both a pseudoscorpion predator, Chelifer sp., and a bethylid parasite, Laelius pedatus (Say).
Clinical evaluation of fluor protector and light cured pit and fissure sealant for preventing pit and fissure caries in children

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effect of luor protector and light cured pit and fissure sealant for preventing molar occlusal pit and fissure cares.Methods:360 children aged 6～8 years were divided into two groups.Children in the experimental group A underwent fluor protector,experimental group B used light cured pit and fissure sealant,contralateral healthy teeth in the identical patients were used as self controls respectively.The patients were folowed up for 3 years.Results:The incidence of caries in A and B experimental groups were lower than in the control group,the diference was significant(P0.05), but there were no significant difference between group A and group B(P0.05).Conclusion:Fluor protector and light cured pit and fissure sealant also have good clinical effect in preventing caries.
Experiment Research on AC Flashover Performance of Smearing Insulator under Sea-Salt Pollution

The experiments in artificial contamination laboratory have been taken to simulate contaminated insulators flashover under salt spray environment. Voltage and voltage gradient of contamination flashover of three kinds of insulators in case of different salt deposit density and different salinity of salt spray are gained. It proves that the impact of salt spray on insulators is much larger than the impact of salt deposit density. Considered the actual contamination situation and the seawater conductivity of Hainan, the flashover voltage of insulators drops less than 20% in high salt deposit density, and drops more than 40% in high salinity of salt spray. So if external insulation configuration only relies on equivalent salt deposit density and non-soluble deposit density, it would be inadequate and dangerous.
Evolving Studies of Ground Snow Loads for Several Western U.S. States

AbstractIn 1988, ASCE began publishing a nationwide ground snow load map that requires local studies to be completed in areas where the varied terrain and complex weather patterns result in extreme...
Hoarding and community in "Star Wars Card Trader"

Transitioning collectibles from the physical to the digital sphere changes the culture of collecting by increasing the accessibility of trading partners and adding digital limitations on personal interaction. In this analysis, I examine the collecting game Star Wars Card Trader (2015) and its culture of mass hoarding—the collecting of vast quantities of a single, valueless digital object—through which players reintroduce elements of personality, camaraderie, and nonrivalrous collecting into a system designed primarily for anonymous profitable acquisition. Via an analysis of player behaviors both within the game itself and in online venues, I argue that mass hoarding—a user invention—acts as the central community-building behavior in this digital realm. Mass hoarding is thus a clear indication that even in the digital realm, human personalities and relationships are vital to the construction of collecting as a pastime that is more complex than an investment opportunity.
Understanding Decisions in State Pension Systems A System Framework

State governments establish pension systems to provide retirement benefits to public employees. State governments as sponsors, state legislatures as policy makers, and public-sector unions as representatives of public employees may exert considerable influence over the decisions made in pension systems. This study applies a system framework to examine these influences. It focuses on four decisions in pension systems: benefits, employer contributions, employee contributions, and the asset smoothing period. The findings show that changes in the short- and long-term financial conditions of a state government have different influences on pension decisions, and that legislatures and public employee unions play important roles that affect these decisions.