cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract PO-064: Applying geospatial strategies to examine tobacco/vape shops and socioecological context with lung cancer and cardiovascular disease outcomes

Background: Although smoking tobacco products has declined, electronic nicotine delivery systems(ENDS) have flooded the marketplace. With increased retailing of carcinogenic tobacco products, there is a need to better understand how they may influence lung cancer and cardiovascular disease outcomes and where they are located. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the association between the location of tobacco/vape shops and lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. Methods: Aggregate data from the U.S. Census, Google Maps, and Yelp was used to determine the number of smoke shops by city in San Gabriel Valley, CA and Antelope Valley, CA. Lung cancer incidence, lung cancer mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was obtained from the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. A correlation analysis was conducted and Pearson correlation coefficients with p-values were obtained. Additional socioecological variables were also included for exploration. A p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using SAS v9.4 software. Results: Data showed that the number of tobacco smoke shops was significantly positively correlated with lung cancer incidence (rho [ρ]= 0.546; p= 0.0027), lung cancer mortality (ρ= 0.517; p=0.0048), and cardiovascular disease mortality (ρ= 0.620; p= 0.0004). Percentage of residents 0-17 years old (ρ=0.532; p= 0.0036), percentage of Black residents (ρ= 0.420; p= 0.0259) and American Indian/Alaskan Native residents (ρ= 0.676; p Citation Format: Christyl T. Dawson, Kimlin T. Ashing, Brian Tiep, Jonjon Macalintal, Sophia Yeung, Gaole Song, Timothy O9Connor, Udochukwu Obodo, Cary Presant. Applying geospatial strategies to examine tobacco/vape shops and socioecological context with lung cancer and cardiovascular disease outcomes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-064.
A Lagrangian Cloud Model for the Study of Marine Fog

A large-eddy simulation model is coupled with a Lagrangian cloud model to study marine fog. In this model, aerosols and droplets are treated from a Lagrangian frame of reference, in contrast to the traditional bulk and bin microphysical models. Droplet growth via condensation is governed by Kohler theory and environmental conditions local to the droplet. Coupling to the vapour and temperature fields of the flow ensures mass, momentum, and energy conservation between the air and droplet phases. Based on the recent C-FOG field campaign, a simulation is performed which highlights the benefits and potential of this type of model. By initializing the simulation with the measured aerosol size distribution and making assumptions about the chemical composition of the multiple peaks, the simulations provide a clear explanation for the observed bimodal droplet distribution during C-FOG: high supersaturation levels cause condensational growth of nearly all coarse-mode aerosols (presumed to be composed of marine salt), as well as a large number of accumulation model aerosols (presumed to be of continental origin with a lower hygroscopicity). The largest peak in the resulting droplet distribution is created from coarse-mode aerosols with high hygroscopicity, while the secondary peak is only possible due to the limited impact of the largest peak on saturation levels inside the fog. Thus, for the simulated levels of supersaturation, it is the limited number of coarse-mode aerosols which is responsible for the emergence of a larger second peak.
Legal Writing Beyond Memos and Briefs: An Annotated Bibliography

Critics of legal education are calling upon the law schools to do a better job training law students for the practice of law and, in particular, for the many variations of law practice that they may encounter. Accordingly, law school professors are increasingly looking beyond focusing only on the office memorandum and appellate brief in the first-year and upper-class law school curriculum. One way to bridge the gap between law school and practice is to teach writing in the context of documents other than memos and briefs. Another way to bridge the gap is for practicing lawyers to attend continuing legal education seminars and to teach themselves legal writing skills that they did not acquire or need to refresh. Included in this annotated bibliography are resources designed to enhance the teaching and the "doing" of legal writing beyond memoranda and briefs. There are references that are relevant to the first-year legal writing classes, advanced legal writing classes, and doctrinal classes that include drafting components as well as for practitioners looking to improve their writing and drafting skills in documents other than memoranda and briefs.
K-means clustering for unsupervised participant grouping from fNIRS brain signal in working memory task

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) images the changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin blood concentration on the cortical surface of the brain. This technology has been widely used to assess human perceptual and cognitive functions, with many studies showing a positive correlation between working memory (WM) task difficulty and the hemodynamic response measured in frontal regions of the brain. In this work, an unsupervised machine learning (ML) method, k-means clustering, was used to study the relationship between WM task difficulty, user performance, and hemodynamic brain response. We used an fNIRS data set derived from 25 healthy participants performing a WM task with four difficulty levels, with data collected using a portable fNIRS device. For each participant, the raw fNIRS time-series data were processed and block-averaged to find hemodynamic responses in the four WM task conditions. A k-means clustering ML algorithm was used to identify clusters of participants based on hemodynamic responses across the four conditions. The elbow method suggested three optimal clusters (groups). We studied the task-induced hemodynamic response variation in the three groups as well as task performance (accuracy and reaction time). Clusters were related to WM task performance. At increasing task difficulty levels (1-back, 2-back), cluster membership predicted changes in task performance. Specifically, higher hemodynamic responses in the 2-back condition predicted poorer performance outcomes in the 1-back and 2-back conditions. At higher task difficulty levels, the hemodynamic response signals greater metabolic costs associated with diminishing performance, suggesting future directions for closed-loop systems for monitoring and predicting performance outcomes.
The PowerPoint Channel

This Article is the first to present a comprehensive theory and style for using PowerPoint to teach law. The theory is that presentation software adds a channel of communication that enables the use of images in combination with words. Studies have shown that combination to substantially enhance learning. The style is based on an extensive literature regarding the use of PowerPoint in teaching law and other higher education subjects as well as the author’s experimentation with PowerPoint over two decades. The Article states fourteen principles for slide or slide sequence design, provides the arguments from the literature for and against them, and explains the techniques by which the author implements them. It argues that PowerPoint is effective for eight kinds of presentation: (1) providing high-level overviews, (2) explaining concepts, (3) listing sets of rules or possibilities, (4) analyzing statutory or other language, (5) comparing statutes, rules, and concepts, (6) showing physical manifestations of the legal system such as documents or websites, (7) diagramming concepts, relationships, and transactions, and (8) supporting discussions by displaying the assumptions on which the discussions are based. The Article contains miniatures of fifteen slides that exemplify both these uses and the design principles. It concludes that a PowerPoint channel that is on all the time is inevitable. But before that happens, law teachers must design the imagery through which law will be taught.
Rectal Invasion by Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma.

In men, prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer worldwide. Typical sites for metastasis include bone, lung, and liver. Prostate cancer with gastrointestinal involvement, particularly rectal, has been rarely reported in the literature. As patients with prostate cancer with rectal invasion may present with symptoms similar to those of other gastrointestinal pathologies, such as anal fissures and rectal carcinoma itself, misdiagnosis and delays in care can result. Direct visualization of the rectum via endoscopy, along with biopsy, allows clinicians to make an accurate and timely diagnosis in patients with prostate cancer with rectal involvement, which in turn leads to broader available treatment options.
Conservative finite volume method on deforming geometries: The case of protein aggregation in dividing yeast cells

Abstract Motivated by experimental observations of asymmetric protein aggregates distributions in dividing yeast cells, we present a conservative finite volume approach for reaction-diffusion systems defined over deforming geometries. The key idea of our approach is to use spatio-temporal control volumes instead of integrating the time-discretized equations in space, as it is common practice. Both our theoretical and computational results demonstrate the convergence of our method and highlight how traditional approaches can lead to inaccurate solutions. We employ this novel approach to investigate the partitioning of protein aggregates in dividing yeast cells, leveraging the flexibility of the level set method to construct realistic biological geometries. Using a simple reaction-diffusion model, we find that spatial heterogeneity in yeast cells during division can alone create asymmetries in the concentration of protein aggregates. Moreover, we find that obstructing intracellular entities, such as nuclei or insoluble protein compartments, amplify these asymmetries, suggesting that they may play an essential role in regulating molecular partitioning. Beyond these findings, our results illustrate the flexibility of our approach and its potential to design realistic predictive tools to explore intracellular bio-mechanisms.
Whole Slide Imaging and Research Applications

While clinical use of whole slide imaging is governed by medical device regulations, non-clinical uses have fewer constraints, and there is far more flexibility in this domain. As a result the newest technology in whole slide imaging may become available to research laboratories and investigators well before it is available in the clinic. For many years in the United States, there were no digital pathology scanners available that had been approved or cleared by the FDA. During this time, scanners were primarily used for education and research. This chapter will focus on the some of the research applications of whole slide imaging including advanced imaging methods, algorithmic research, and clinical/preclinical research.
IMPACT OF PERCEIVED CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON MARKET ORIENTATION IN SYSTEMATICALLY IMPORTANT BANKS; THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT

Market orientation is viewed in both ways as a culture and a behavior, it cannot be manifested without organizational commitment not only by top management, but also by all employees within the organization. Corporate Social responsibility is seen as a concept in which companies voluntarily integrate social and environmental concerns into their business operations and into the interaction with their stakeholders. This study examined the research problem, to what extent the effects of Organizational Commitment on the relationship between the perceived Corporate Social Responsibility and Market Orientation of Systematically important Banks. Hence, this research was carried out with the ultimate research objective, to determine whether Organizational Commitment mediates the relationship between perceived Corporate Social Responsibility and Market Orientation in banking industry. Furthermore conceptual model has been developed to link the study variables and dimensions. Thus a hypothesis was formed to test the mediating role of Organizational Commitment on the relationship between perceived Corporate Social Responsibility and Market Orientation. Hence quantitative methodology was applied for this research study and 203 questionnaires were collected data from the employees of banks in Batticaloa district. Further Descriptive, Correlation, and Regressions analysis have been used for the analysis purpose. Findings have shown that Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility, Organizational Commitment, and Market orientation of systematically banking industry are at higher level. Furthermore it was also found that there is a significant positive relationship between the study variables. Major finding of this study was Organizational Commitment partially mediate the relationship between perceived Corporate Social Responsibility and Market orientation of systematically important Banking industry in Batticaloa district. These findings would be useful for the managers in banking industry to concern perceived Corporate Social Responsibility to bring the organization as a market-oriented organization while generating Organizational commitment in the industry. This will leads to the satisfaction of employees as well as customers whereas this ensures the long term survival of the business organization in the competitive market.
Defining the Roles of the National and State Governments

This essay introduces a symposium held at the University of Kansas School of Law in 1996. The symposium focused on federalism and in particular three broad aspects of that concept: federalism and history, federalism and the political process, and federalism and theory. Participants in the symposium included professors Martin Flaherty, Robert Kaczorowski, Nelson Lund, Elizabeth Garrett, Tom Stacy, Evan Caminker, Larry Kramer, Richard Levy, and Erwin Chemerinsky, as well as federal judge Patrick Higginbotham.
A Comparison of Models of Visual Cortical Map Formation

Several classes of models of visual cortical map characterization and development are compared. Characteristics and predictions of the models are compared to one another and to cortical maps observed in animals. Several models are found to predict incorrect map structure. Certain observed patterns of visual maps imply constraints on the processes which could be involved in their morphogenesis.
Scenario-based specification and evaluation of architectures for health monitoring of aerospace structures

HUMS (Health and Usage Monitoring Systems) have been an area of increased research in the recent times due to two main reasons: (a) increase in the occurrences of accidents in the aerospace, and (b) stricter FAA regulations on aircraft maintenance There are several problems associated with the maintenance of aircraft that the HUMS systems can solve through the use of several monitoring technologies. Currently, a variety of maintenance programs are institutionalized by the aircraft carriers that mostly involve visual inspections and hence are error-prone Automatic, continuous health monitoring systems could simplify the maintenance tasks as well as improve the efficiency of the operation, thereby enhancing the safety of air travel and also lowering the total lifecycle costs of aircraft. This paper documents our methodology of employing scenarios in the specification and evaluation of architecture for HUMS. It investigates related works that use scenarios in software development and describes how we use scenarios in our work. Finally, a demonstration of our methods in the development of HUMS is presented.
Electronic effects of sulphur in nickel

Abstract This paper reports the first study employing detailed electronic structure calculations to investigate a model of grain boundary embrittlement. The results show that adding sulphur to a cluster of nickel atoms causes strong bonds to be formed between the sulphur atom and the nickel atoms nearest to it, while simultaneously weakening bonds between these nickel atoms and their neighbouring nickel atoms in the cluster. As a consequence one can suggest that sulphur forms very strong bonds within the plane of the boundary but weakens metal–metal bonds perpendicular to this plane. Although, for the present, the results can be considered only as suggesting one possible embrittling mechanism, they do demonstrate the insight which such calculations can provide into this very central question of grain boundary embrittlement.
Dielectric properties of PVDF films and polymer laminates with PVDF for energy storage applications

The dc breakdown strength was dependent on the interface between the metal electrode and the PVDF film. When the positive electrode was blocked by inserting a thin layer of insulating polymer, the breakdown voltage was observed to decrease drastically due to different charge densities induced at the interface of the PVDF film. A thin film of PVDF was coated to other polymer films to form polymer laminates. It was found that the dc breakdown strength could be increased by as much as 18% by applying a very thin coating of PVDF. The permittivity and dissipation factor of the PVDF films and the polymer laminate over a wide frequency range was determined. The dc leakage current density was also measured.
A zero–one law of almost sure local extinction for (1+β)-super-Brownian motion

Abstract This paper considers the following generalized almost sure local extinction for the d -dimensional ( 1 + β ) -super-Brownian motion X starting from Lebesgue measure on R d . For any t ≥ 0 write B g ( t ) for a closed ball in R d with center at 0 and radius g ( t ) , where g is a nonnegative, nondecreasing and right continuous function on [ 0 , ∞ ) . Let τ ≔ sup { t ≥ 0 : X t ( B g ( t ) ) > 0 } . For d β 2 , it is shown that P { τ = ∞ } is equal to either 0 or 1 depending on whether the value of the integral ∫ 1 ∞ g ( y ) d y − 1 − 1 / β d y is finite or infinite, respectively. An asymptotic upper bound for P { τ > t } is found when P { τ ∞ } = 1 .
Picosecond Kinetics and Reverse Saturable Absorption of Meso-Substituted Tetrabenzoporphyrins

The mechanism of reverse saturable absorption of meso-substituted tetrabenzoporphyrins was studied by means of picosecond transient spectroscopy. Characteristic 1(π,π*), 3(π,π*), and (d,d) transitions have been observed. The kinetics of the excited states vary with metal substitution. The nonlinear transmission of benzoporphyrins was measured, and the excited-state absorption was determined to be the dominant optical limiting mechanism. The results agreed very well with a five-level model.
Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in patients with previous cardiac transplantation.

Thallium-201 myocardial imaging was performed in seven long-term cardiac transplant survivors who were undergoing selective coronary arteriography as a screening test for immune mediated coronary atherosclerosis. The radionuclide studies showed fixed defects in all patients, though none was known to have had a myocardial infarction. Such abnormalities may be due to previous rejection episodes. Reversible (‘ischaemic’) defects were present in two patients with triple vessel disease, and were also seen in three subjects with minor (
A Complexity Bound on Faces of the Hull Complex

Given a monomial k[x1,. . . ,xn]-module M in the Laurent polynomial ring k[x1±1, . . . , xn±1], the hull complex is defined to be the set of bounded faces of the convex hull of the points {ta| xa ∈ M} for sufficiently large t. Bayer and Sturmfels conjectured that the faces of this polyhedron are of bounded complexity in the sense that every such face is affinely isomorphic to a subpolytope of the (n – 1)-dimensional permutohedron, which in particular would imply that these faces have at most n! vertices. In this paper we prove that the latter statement is true, and give a counterexample to the stronger conjecture.
Visual rhythm perception improves through auditory but not visual training

Summary Memory research has shown that test performance is optimal when testing and practice occur in identical contexts [1]. However, recent research in object recognition and perceptual learning has shown that multisensory practice leads to improved test performance, even when the test is unisensory [2,3]. It is also known that different sensory modalities can have differing proficiencies in a given domain. For instance, research shows that, compared to the auditory modality, the visual modality is significantly less proficient at discriminating the rhythms of temporal sequences [4,5]. Although rhythm perception is typically thought of as residing in the auditory domain, instances of visual rhythm perception abound in daily life, for example, when one watches a dancer or a drummer, or when a doctor examines a patient's breathing or heart rate on a monitor (such as when diagnosing arrhythmia). However, no previous study has examined whether visual rhythm discrimination is a trainable perceptual skill. In light of this, we examined the extent to which visual rhythm perception can be improved through two sessions of visual, auditory, or audiovisual training. We found that visual rhythm discrimination was significantly improved in the auditory and audiovisual training groups, but not in the visual training group. Our results show that, in certain tasks, within-modality training may not be the best approach and that, instead, training in a different sensory modality can be a necessary approach to achieve learning.
Relative Energies and Structural Features of Small Amines and Their Ammonium Analogs: Results From 6-31G* Optimizations and an Mm2 Ammonium Force Field

An MM2 force field that reproduces the structural fea tures and relative energies of quaternary aliphatic amines as derived from ab initio calculations at the 6-31G* level has been completed. The purpose of the study is to provide Medicinal Chemists with a method of evaluating the structures and conformational ener gies of ammonium species typically found in pharma ceuticals. Full Cartesian coordinate geometry optimiza tions at the 6-31G* level are followed by single-point MA¸ller-Plesset Perturbation calculations through the MP3 level, which were performed on CRAY X-MP/4, CRAY Y-MP/464, and VAX 8800 machines using Gaus sian 80UCSF. Methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and ethylmethyl- amines, N-Methylpiperidine, 2-Methylpiperidine, and corresponding ammonium systems are used to evalu ate changes in structure, barrier heights, and relative energies resulting from quaternization.
Palinacousis: Persistent or Recurring Auditory Sensations

Summary Many of the features of palinacousis analyzed in this report suggest that these auditory perceptual illusions are, in themselves, clinical manifestations of seizure activity. Additional evidence presented in support of this hypothesis includes observed correlations of the episodic palinacoustic experiences with other spontaneous paroxysmal symptoms and the similarity of these phenomena to sensory illusions evoked by electrically stimulating the temporal lobes of conscious man. The relationship between palinacousis and analogous perceptual illusions in different modalities leads us to propose that other episodic perseverative sensory illusions, including palinopsia, may also be seizure phenomena.
Time-dependent density-functional theory in the linear-response regime

The possibility of formulating a density-functional theory for time-dependent systems is studied in the linear-response regime. Two results are obtained: (i) The work of Runge and Gross is generalized to a finite time interval with an arbitrary form of the external potential; and (ii) there exists no zero in the mapping $n(\mathrm{r}, \ensuremath{\omega})=\ensuremath{\int}{d}^{3}{r}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\chi}(\mathrm{r}, {\mathrm{r}}^{\ensuremath{'}};\ensuremath{\omega})V({\mathrm{r}}^{\ensuremath{'}}, \ensuremath{\omega})$ for all $\ensuremath{\omega}$ under a very general thermodynamic condition.
Development and Characterization of an Aircraft Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer

Vertical and horizontal profiles of atmospheric aerosols are necessary for understanding the impact of air pollution on regional and global climate. To gain further insight into the size-resolved chemistry of individual atmospheric particles, a smaller aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) with increased data acquisition capabilities was developed for aircraft-based studies. Compared to previous ATOFMS systems, the new instrument has a faster data acquisition rate with improved ion transmission and mass resolution, as well as reduced physical size and power consumption, all required advances for use in aircraft studies. In addition, real-time source apportionment software allows the immediate identification and classification of individual particles to guide sampling decisions while in the field. The aircraft (A)-ATOFMS was field-tested on the ground during the Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside, CA (SOAR) and aboard an aircraft during the Ice in Clouds Experiment-Layer Clouds (ICE-L). Ini...
60-GHz single-carrier coherent detection system with robust 16-QAM signal recovery

This paper describes a millimeter wave wireless system using the 60-GHz frequency band, focusing on the data recovery algorithm and implementation to compensate for both the phase noise and the DC offset. Our robust baseband system supports data transfers at 7.04 Gbps using 16-QAM single-carrier with effective digital compensation, an improved adaptive equalizer, and a post-phase rotator and post-shifter. We use a low-overhead frame format without training symbols in the payload and RS(255, 239) as the error correction code so that we can retain spectral efficiency with an effective data rate around 6.6 Gbps with a bit error rate of 4.0E-5 at 3 m distance. Our results show how millimeter wave technology can provide higher data rates and higher aggregated channel capacities for future dense networks.
"Health and Wealth" and the World Wide Web: Leading renewalist ministries' use of Web to communicate social order

Abstract Renewalist Christian ministries espouse a “Health and Wealth” theology that is embraced by increasing numbers of believers. This study investigated leading renewalist ministries’ World Wide Web sites to assess their application of visual, operational, and informational enhancements to communicate social order. A content analysis revealed a communication of social order that is consistent with prosperity theology. Much emphasis is placed on the appearance and personality of the ministry leader. Almost no attention is paid to traditional Christian symbolism. Web sites claimed the value of inclusiveness, but offered little visual representation of children, senior adults, the poor, and people of color. Sites communicated the importance of regular financial donations and product purchases, but offered no encouragement for local church attendance. This research provides limited insight into some key unanswered scholarly questions about use of the Web by religious organizations, but more work is needed to investigate these issues in a broader context.
HOMOCLINIC SOLUTIONS OF AN INTEGRAL EQUATION : EXISTENCE AND STABILITY

Abstract We study existence and stability of homoclinic type solutions of a bistable integral equation. These are stationary solutions of an integrodifferential equation, which is a gradient flow for a free energy functional with general nonlocal integrals penalizing spatial nonuniformity.
Injection locking of broad-area semiconductor lasers for free-space laser communication

This paper describes experimental results on the injection locking of high-power broad-area semiconductor lasers in a commercially available 19-laser array driven by a common current source. Single-frequency optical spectrum and single lobe far-field pattern are observed as a result of injection locking. We discuss the temporal dynamics, the amplification of the injection light, and the phase coherence between the injection-locked lasers, which are key issues in their applications to free-space laser communication.
Gold and silver nanoparticle interactions with human proteins: impact and implications in biocorona formation

The role of nanoparticle (NP) interaction with biomolecules to form a biomolecular corona is the key to NP behavior and its consequences in the physiological environment. Since the adsorbed biocorona decides the fate of a nanomaterial in vivo, and thus its successful application in the biomedical arena, a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interactions of the proteins with the NP is imperative. A systematic investigation on time dependent adsorption kinetics and individual protein corona formation was conducted with citrate and lipoic acid coated 40 nm sized gold NP (AuNP) and silver NP (AgNP). Both NP were exposed to three major human hard corona proteins; human serum albumin (HSA) (40 mg ml-1), fibrinogen (2 mg ml-1) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) (12 mg ml-1) at their physiological concentrations for 24 h. Time evolution data over 0, 6, 12 and 24 h revealed that irrespective of surface chemistry, rapid and prominent binding of HSA and IgG formed coronas over both citrate and lipoic acid coated Au and AgNP causing an increase in size, without agglomeration up to 24 h at 37 °C. In contrast, fibrinogen triggered agglomeration instantaneously upon contact with NP. These findings suggest that irrespective of NP surface chemistry or chemical composition, corona proteins at their physiological concentrations interact rather differently; wherein HSA and IgG coronas adsorbed strongly on the NP surface and kept both Au and AgNP well dispersed, while fibrinogen caused rapid, strong and irreversible agglomeration. Remarkably, individual protein coronas were observed to confer varied cellular uptake patterns for NP-protein complexes in human endothelial cells wherein HSA and IgG coronas showed higher cellular uptake compared to the fibrinogen corona.
Strategies for Amplification of Trinucleotide Repeats: Optimization of Fragile X and Androgen Receptor PCR.

Abstract Background: Trinucleotide repeat regions are heritable unstable elements that change in copy number from generation to generation. Amplification of these triplet repeats is an important diagnostic tool for molecular medicine. However, these repeats are often difficult to amplify and may require the use of different cosolvents or amplification strategies. Methods and Results: We used the fragile X and androgen receptor triplet repeat regions to demonstrate a series of conditions that may be used to optimize the amplification of repeat sequences. Conclusions: For androgen receptor, we show that predigestion of the template DNA was sufficient to generate consistent amplification. In the case of fragile X we found that predigestion, when combined with use of betaine as a destabilizing additive, was superior to other methods and yielded consistent amplification of normal and premutation alleles in both isotopic and nonisotopic reactions. (Mol Diagn 1996 Jun;1(1):59-64)
Carbon nanotube fibers for advanced composites

Investigations into carbon nanotube fibers as not only structural reinforcement materials but also standalone or embedded strain/damage, thermal, atmospheric and biochemical sensors are driven by their high specific strength, stiffness, electrical and thermal conductivity, and extreme flexibility. With future applications in view, we have studied their load transfer mechanisms, coupled electrical and mechanical response, high strain rate behavior and adaptability to resin infusion. This article is intended to cover our research over the past couple years and to highlight relevant and interesting work performed by others in the area of carbon nanotube fiber mechanics and experimental characterization.
Conceptualizing Women's Fear of Sexual Assault on Campus: A Review of Causes and Recommendations for Change

Sexual assault is increasingly recognized as an urgent and pervasive problem on university campuses. Women's fear of sexual assault is similarly significant and widespread. Growing university assault prevention efforts on campus have often over-looked the negative implications of women's fear. Depending on their onus of responsibility, university sexual assault prevention strategies may implicitly reinforce gendered social norms for public behavior by increasing women's fear in public spaces, with consequent detrimental effects for women's positive experience on campus. Based on a conceptualization of fear of sexual assault as a form of social control, this review discusses societal, individual, and university/campus factors (organizational, social, and especially physical) associated with women's fear of assault on campus. In conclusion, it suggests university assault prevention strategies that may also reduce women's fear.
Living outside the box: An updated perspective on diet breadth and sexual division of labor in the Prearchaic Great Basin

A tremendous amount has been learned about the Prearchaic (before 9000 BP) Great Basin since we advocated a perspective of sexual division of labor based on Human Behavioral Ecology a decade ago. Many investigators have taken our advice and a few have challenged our assumptions and inferences. One of the most substantive critiques has been that we misunderstood the paleoenvironmental parameters of ungulate populations during the Pleistocene–Holocene Transition (PHT). Simultaneously, behavioral ecologists have advanced our understanding of sexual division of labor among modern foragers, but these studies appear to have gone unnoticed by Great Basin prehistorians. We review findings of the last ten years and suggest that the key to understanding patterning in the PHT still relies on understanding (a) variability in men's and women's foraging goals, (b) the abundance and distribution of large prey, (c) how changing environmental parameters effect both the division of labor and the distribution of resources, and (d) the relative influence of search and handling costs on residence time in PHT wetlands. We suggest that consideration of how paleoenvironmental variability structured sexual division of labor remains key to fully understanding Prearchaic lifeways in the Great Basin.
The stark broadening mechanism in an unstable plasma

The electron beam - driven instability of a plasma is considered, with particular emphasis on the turbulent electric fields excited by the beam. The Stark broadening in the plasma lines, due to such fields, is estimated. The broadening of H Beta lines in a 10,000 K plasma is used as an example. It is shown that it is possible to have appreciable Stark broadening at plasma densities much lower than normally predicted.
An open source environment for compiling typed unification grammars into speech recognisers

We present REGULUS, an Open Source environment which compiles typed unification grammars into context free grammar language models compatible with the Nuance Toolkit. The environment includes a large general unification grammar of English and corpus-based tools for creating efficient domain-specific recognisers from it. We will demo applications built using the system, including a speech translator and a command and control system for a simulated robotic domain, and show how the development environment can be used to edit and extend them.
Brute Force Attack of EPCglobal UHF Class-1 Generation-2 RFID Tag

This paper simulates a brute force attack of the passwords on EPCglobal's UHF class-1 generation-2 passive RFID tags. The objective is to simulate a brute force attack on the password accounting for the length of the password, the number of bits to be transferred, the data link bit rate from the reader to tag, the data link bit rate from the tag to reader, and the required number of messages for the protocol between the reader and tag. According to the simulation, the average time to perform a brute force attack on the passwords is approximately thirty days.
The hydrophobic effect

Abstract This review discusses three developments: advances in the random network model of water, which provide a better understanding of water's unique thermodynamic properties; thermodynamic analyses of hydrophobic solvation, which illuminate the role of enthalpic and entropic effects; and, direct measurements, using site-directed mutagenesis, of the contribution of the hydrophobic effect to protein stability.
Evolution, Epiphenomenalism, Reductionism

A common contemporary claim is the conjunction of metaphysical naturalism the idea, roughly, that there is no such person as God or anything at all like God with the view that our cognitive faculties have come to be by way of the processes to which contemporary evolutionary theory direct our attention. Call this view 4N&E\ I've argued elsewhere1 that this view is incoherent or self-defeating in that (1) anyone who accepts it has a def eater for R, the proposition that her cognitive faculties are reliable, which then gives her (2) a defeater for any proposition she believes, including, of course, N&E itself. The argument for (1), in turn, depends essentially on the proposition that (3) P(R/N&E) is low or inscrutable. To support (3), I divided N&E into mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive subcases, arguing that in each subcase Sh P(R/N&E&Si) is low or inscrutable. I won't repeat this argument here, but I do want to focus on a certain essential aspect of the argument for (3). But first we must note that one who accepts metaphysical naturalism will likely be a materialist or a physicalist with respect to human beings: materialism is almost universally thought to be de rigueur for naturalists. So let's at least temporarily assimilate materialism with respect to human beings to naturalism. Now suppose materialism is true: given that there are such things as beliefs, what sort of thing will a belief be?2 Since we are assuming materialism, it will presumably have to be a material process or event perhaps a long-standing neural event of some kind in the nervous
OBSERVATION VERSUS HANDS-ON PRACTICE OF COMPLEX SKILLS IN DYADIC, TRIADIC, AND TETRADIC TRAINING-TEAMS

We saved trainer time and resources by reducing hands-on practice in training-team protocols without reducing computer-based learning. During 1-h sessions, young adults learned Space Fortress, a video task that has been employed during pilot training. Observers (Experiment 1) learned more in 3 sessions than did test-only trainees. Individuals, dyads, triads, and tetrads (Experiment 2) learned in 3 sessions with no differences in learning or interaction between learning and protocol. Individuals, dyads, and tetrads (Experiment 3) learned in 10 sessions with no differences in learning or interaction between learning and protocol. As predicted by social learning theory, observational learning seems to compensate for hands-on practice efficiently and effectively. Applications of this research have been developed for computer-based group training of airline and air force pilots.
Urate crystal arthritis in animals lacking Hageman factor.

Although chickens lack Hageman factor, they respond to the intraarticular injection of urate crystals with an acute synovitis, indicating that this factor is not required for the development of an inflammatory reaction. Despite the acute inflammatory response elicited by the crystals, no ornithokinin activity was detected in the synovial fluid of the chickens, indicating that the kinin-kallikrein system does not play a major role in the urate-induced inflammatory response in this model.
Systematic development of an applied phonetics course

The process of building bridges between theory and practice can be a difficult task, and instructional developers have only begun to attempt it. Specific ways in which instructional design theories can be applied within the context of an instructional development model are described in this article. The authors chronicle and analyze the development of a course in applied phonetics which is important both for its contribution to instruction in the field of phonetics and for the way in which it utilizes many different theories of instructional design in a real instructional setting. The authors also discuss how Elaboration Theory was applied, as well as other instructional strategies and evaluation techniques.
Characterization of the outer hair cell's lateral wall membranes

We examined the properties of outer hair cell (OHC) lateral wall membranes by application of 2 fluorescent membrane probes. The markers, C6-NBD-Ceramide and DiOC6, have been used in other cell types to label Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. In living isolated OHCs NBD-Ceramide demonstrated uninterrupted fluorescence along the OHC lateral wall, while DiOC6 labeling proved punctate and notably less uniform in this region. In aldehyde-fixed isolated OHCs both probes exhibited distinct, continuous lateral wall fluorescence. Fixed preparations of the organ of Corti labeled with each probe demonstrated diffuse fluorescence throughout the inner hair cell cytoplasm unlike the uniform, circumferential lateral wall fluorescence seen in OHCs. OHCs exposed to salicylate following NBD-Ceramide labeling displayed patchy, less distinct labeling along the OHC lateral wall. The thickness of lateral wall fluorescence in salicylate exposed cells was 49% greater than control OHCs. We interpreted the salicylate induced change in lateral wall labeling as a fluorescent representation of previously described ultrastructural dilatation and vesiculation of the subsurface cisternae. The distribution of these 2 fluorescent probes along OHC lateral wall membranes suggests that the OHC's subsurface cisternae are neither Golgi nor ER, but share characteristics of both.
Scale-Dependent Uncertainties in Global QPFs and QPEs from NWP Model and Satellite Fields

Abstract Global precipitation forecasts from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models can be verified using the near-global coverage of satellite precipitation retrievals. However, inaccuracies in satellite precipitation analyses complicate the interpretation of forecast errors that result from verification of an NWP model against satellite observations. In this study, assessments of both a global quantitative precipitation estimate (QPE) from a satellite precipitation product and corresponding global quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) from a global NWP model are conducted using available global land-based gauge data. A scale decomposition technique is devised, coupled with seasonal and spatial classifications, to evaluate these inaccuracies. The results are then analyzed in context with various physical precipitation systems, including heavy monsoonal rains, light Mediterranean winter rains, and North American convective-related and midlatitude cyclone–related precipitation. In general, global mo...
The projected shortage of orthopaedists may be our fault.

The topics of workforce needs in orthopaedic surgery and the projected shortage of orthopaedists are currently under debate in the medical literature. Although I am not an expert on these subjects, I have practiced medicine for more than fifty years and have been involved in academic activities. From that perspective, I believe I can add something to the debate. Besides, the experts do not always get it right1-3. I maintain that certain trends that sprouted in the orthopaedic field in the recent past probably have been important contributors to the potentially serious problem of a shortage of orthopaedists. Uppermost is the manner in which orthopaedic fellowships evolved4. Orthopaedic fellowships began to gain wide popularity in the late 1970s. At first glance, the system was a sound and logical one, since it proposed to give residents an opportunity to resolve any deficiencies they might have encountered during their residency. In addition, fellowships benefited those who had plans to pursue academic careers in which their teaching and research time would be spent in a specific orthopaedic area. Although supportive of this trend, I soon began to realize that the motivation for additional training was the belief that the possession of a fellowship diploma would increase the chances of a higher income. Before long, interest in fellowships spread to the point that now virtually every new orthopaedic resident graduate enters practice after completing at least one year of fellowship. I don’t blame the graduating orthopaedic residents who go off to fellowships. I certainly don’t imagine that my words here will change what they are doing. They are demonstrating their sincerity by paying a very steep price, sacrificing as much as a quarter of a million dollars in lost potential wages while taking on another year of training. …
Boulder Deposit in Flint Creek Valley, Western Montana

Morphologic evidence in an unusual boulder field in the Flint Creek valley of western Montana, previously classified as glacial moraine, suggests a debris flow deposit carried from Boulder Creek, a tributary of Flint Creek. A large flood from a cloudburst in the headwaters of Boulder Creek or a moraine-dammed lake in a cirque in the upper stream system surged down the main Boulder Creek valley, picking up glacial debris and depositing it in lobate form in the Flint Creek valley. Other boulder deposits in western Montana and elsewhere with similar morphologic characteristics may also be of fluvial, rather than glacial, origin.
Pleuroperitoneal Shunt in Recurrent Pleural Effusions

Intractable recurrent pleural effusions remain a therapeutic problem. In most instances, instillation of a sclerosing agent into the pleural cavity does obviate the problem. However, in certain circumstances, the more drastic approach of performing a radical parietal pleurectomy must be used. The Denver peritoneovenous shunt was used in 3 patients to shunt the pleural fluids into the peritoneal cavity. In 2 patients, a complementary peritoneovenous shunt was also done. Control of intractable pleural effusion was achieved in all patients. The concept of the pleuroperitoneal shunt takes into consideration the ease of shunting the pleural fluid into the peritoneal cavity from where the fluid is readily reabsorbed by the large peritoneal surface. The shunt can be placed with the patient under local or general anesthesia.
A nonlinear steady model for moist hydrostatic mountain waves

The dynamics of hydrostatic gravity waves generated by the passage of a steady, stably stratified, moist flow over a two-dimensional topography is considered. Coriolis effects are neglected. The cloud region is determined by the dynamics, and within that region the Brunt-Vaisala frequency takes on a value smaller than the outside value. In both the dry and cloudy regions the Brunt-Vaisala frequency is constant with height. The moist layer is considered to be either next to the mountain or at midlevels and to be deep enough so that an entire cloud forms in that layer. The nonlinearity in the flow and lower boundary affects the dynamics of these waves and wave drag. The latter is found to depend upon: (1) the location of the moist layer with respect to the ground, (2) the amount of moisture, (3) the degree of nonlinearity and (4) the departure from symmetry in the bottom topography.