cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social and reproductive behavior of a captive group of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma

The social and reproductive behavior of a group of four male and seven female walleye pollock,Theragra chalcogramma, were observed in a large tank. Pollock spent most of their time swimming in a loose aggregation near the surface. Males descended from the aggregation more often than females to follow and make physical contact with other males as well as with females. The difference between males and females in the frequency of diving in our tank is consistent with the reported pattern of depth segregation of the sexes in natural pollock spawning aggregations. The frequency of social interactions increased when pollock became reproductively active and was higher at night and during twilight when most of the spawning occurred. Male interactions with females most frequently involved physical contact, while male interactions with other males were more often limited to following. There was no indication that male-male interactions result in the formation of stable social dominance relationships that determine priority of access to mates, as has been suggested previously for walleye pollock. Rather, following and contact interactions appear to promote male identification of potential mates and encounters with ripe females. The possible functional significance of male social interactions is discussed in relation to reports on natural walleye pollock spawning aggregations.
Assessment of spatial memory in mice

Abstract Improvements in health care have greatly increased life span in the United States. The focus is now shifting from physical well-being to improvement in mental well-being or maintenance of cognitive function in old age. It is known that elderly people suffer from cognitive impairment, even without neurodegeneration, as a part of ‘normal aging’. This ‘age-associated memory impairment’ (AAMI), can have a devastating impact on the social and economic life of an individual as well as the society. Scientists have been experimenting to find methods to prevent the memory loss associated with aging. The major factor involved in these experiments is the use of animal models to assess hippocampal-based spatial memory. This review describes the different types of memory including hippocampal-based memory that is vulnerable to aging. A detailed overview of various behavioral paradigms used to assess spatial memory including the T-maze, radial maze, Morris water maze, Barnes maze and others is presented. The review also describes the molecular basis of memory in hippocampus called as ‘long-term potentiation’. The advantages and limitations of the behavioral models in assessing memory and the link to the long-term potentiation are discussed. This review should assist investigators in choosing suitable methods to assess spatial memory in mice.
Mechanical equation of state and high-temperature deformation (≥0.5Tm) of uranium dioxide

Abstract Stress-relaxation experiments were performed on 8-, 15- and 31-μm grain-size uranium dioxide (UO2) in the temperature range 1400–1800°C (0.5–0.7Tm). The resulting stress-strain rate curves obeyed Hart's concept of the mechanical equation of state. Comparison of σ-ϵ master curves for the three grain sizes showed that a wide regime of stress and strain rate is influenced by grain boundary sliding. Good agreement was found between stress-relaxation and steady-state creep data. These results are discussed qualitatively in terms of existing models for plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals at elevated temperatures.
Artificial chromosome-based transgenes in the study of genome function

The transfer of large DNA fragments to the mouse genome in the form of bacterial, yeast or phage artificial chromosomes is an important process in the definition of transcription units, the modeling of inherited disease states, the dissection of candidate regions identified by linkage analysis and the construction of in vivo reporter genes. However, as with small recombinant transgenes, the transferred sequences are usually integrated randomly often with accompanying genomic alterations and variable expression of the introduced genes due to the site of integration and/or copy number. Therefore, alternative methods of integrating large genomic transgenes into the genome have been developed to avoid the variables associated with random integration. This review encourages the reader to imagine the large variety of applications where artificial chromosome transgenes can facilitate in vivo and ex vivo studies in the mouse and provides a context for making the necessary decisions regarding the specifics of experimental design.
Characterization of protein kinase C isoforms in primary cultured cerebellar granule cells.

Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine/threonine kinases comprised of 10 isoforms. Although commercial antibodies are available for all 10 isoforms, the specificity of these antibodies has been questioned. We have identified immunoblot conditions in which commercially purchased PKC antibodies are specific for their respective isoform. We then used these conditions to determine that PKC isoforms α, βI, βII, δ, e, γ, λ, θ, and ζ are present in rat primary cultured cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) 6–14 days in vitro (DIV). This PKC profile is identical to that observed in cerebellar homogenates taken from 6-, 14- and 21-day-old rats. Western blot analysis indicated that the classical and the atypical PKC isoforms were more prevalent in the cytosolic subcellular fraction compared to the particulate fraction under basal conditions. Immunoreactivity for the novel isoforms tended to be higher in the particulate fraction under basal conditions. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment resulted in translocated immunoreactivity from the cytosolic to the particulate fraction for all of the classical and novel PKC isoforms, but not for the atypical isoforms. However, the degree of translocation as well as the speed of translocation varied among the isoforms. The stability of the individual isoforms after PMA-induced activation also varied among the isoforms. Differences in these parameters were dependent upon culture batches and PKC isoform groups. We have identified experimental conditions in which reproducible results can be obtained with primary cultured CGCs in the study of PKC. We discuss possible solutions for problems encountered when utilizing primary cultured neurons to study PKC-mediated signal transduction.
The Japanese–U.S. trade balance and the yen: Evidence from industry data

Abstract While it is often assumed that a country's trade balance will improve in the long-run if its currency is allowed to depreciate, this is not necessarily the case for specific goods. In the short run, the opposite might even take place, as fixed quantities and rising import prices cause the trade balance to deteriorate. In this paper, we apply cointegration methodology to assess the short- and long-run impact of fluctuations in the yen–dollar real exchange rate on Japan's trade balance with the U.S. for 117 industries. We find that depreciation causes the trade balance to improve in the long-run for about one-third of Japanese industries. Most short-run effects are in the same direction, indicating a quick improvement in these industries’ trade balance, rather than a period of deterioration such as a “J-curve.”
Physical arousal concealed during emotional stress.

Physical responses to emotional tension of 97 patients were monitored by cardiovascular techniques while patients were in psychotherapy. Heart rates and blood pressures were measured, results of electrocardiograms analyzed, and voice transmission and videotapes studied. Evidence of arousal as measured by tachycardia, hypertension, and arrhythmias was more frequent than could be observed clinically. Depressed patients showed almost as much physical tension as those who were obviously angry or anxious. Variations that were difficult to see clinically were easily detected by monitoring.
Adaptive Predistortion Using a $\Delta\Sigma$ Modulator for Automatic Inversion of Power Amplifier Nonlinearity

This brief demonstrates a new adaptive digital predistortion architecture particularly suited to mobile handset applications. The central idea is to build a lookup table (LUT) that directly captures the static compressive nonlinearity of the power amplifier (PA) and then insert this LUT into the feedback path of a ΔΣ modulator. The oversampled ΔΣ modulator automatically performs both the inversion of the PA nonlinearity and the interpolation between LUT entries, permitting complex modulation strategies to be handled with an absolute minimum of LUT entries and with a dramatically simplified computational structure. The advantages of this architecture over previous methods include: 1) there is no need to explicitly invert the PA nonlinearity, reducing the complexity for the system designer; 2) the LUT training is done with an open-loop method, improving the training speed; 3) there is no need to explicitly employ numerical interpolation between LUT entries; and 4) digital-to-analog converter (DAC) nonlinearity is incorporated into the predistortion, allowing fast low-resolution DACs to be used in the final system. We built a proof-of-concept prototype for a 900-MHz, 27-dBm PA transmitting a 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) signal with a bandwidth of 3.4 MHz. The predistortion system reduced out-of-band distortion products by 10 dB and improved the error vector magnitude from 3.5% to 2.0%.
The Decline in Annual Egg Production with Age

Abstract THE decline in egg production with age is a matter of great concern to commercial poultrymen. A bird may lay a large number of eggs the first year, fewer the following year, and still fewer each succeeding year as long as it continues to produce eggs. Occasionally birds may lay approximately the same number of eggs in the first and the subsequent years, but such birds are an exception rather than the rule. Frequently birds lay a larger number of eggs in the second year than in the first but very rarely is there an increase beyond the second year (Ball, Alder, and Egbert, 1916). Nixon (1912), Hall and Marble (1931), and Hays and Sanborn (1933) have shown the existence of a high correlation between the first and the second year production, and Nixon also between the second and the third year production. Ball, Turpin, and Alder (1914) have shown . . .
Energy decomposition analysis based on a block-localized wavefunction and multistate density functional theory

An interaction energy decomposition analysis method based on the block-localized wavefunction (BLW-ED) approach is described. The first main feature of the BLW-ED method is that it combines concepts of valence bond and molecular orbital theories such that the intermediate and physically intuitive electron-localized states are variationally optimized by self-consistent field calculations. Furthermore, the block-localization scheme can be used both in wave function theory and in density functional theory, providing a useful tool to gain insights on intermolecular interactions that would otherwise be difficult to obtain using the delocalized Kohn–Sham DFT. These features allow broad applications of the BLW method to energy decomposition (BLW-ED) analysis for intermolecular interactions. In this perspective, we outline theoretical aspects of the BLW-ED method, and illustrate its applications in hydrogen-bonding and π–cation intermolecular interactions as well as metal–carbonyl complexes. Future prospects on the development of a multistate density functional theory (MSDFT) are presented, making use of block-localized electronic states as the basis configurations.
Dumping on Free Trade: The U.S. Import Trade Laws

The passage of the Uruguay Round trade agreement represents a natural opportunity for us to review the policy goals of the US import trade laws, to assess how well current laws achieve those objectives, and to explore possible reforms. We argue that there are a variety of policy concerns that militate for a circumscribed set of import trade statutes. The relevant US laws, however, have largely become divorced from such national welfare considerations and are now too often a mechanism for furtive protectionism. The Uruguay Round effected some (marginal) improvements, but left the fundamental structure of the laws unchanged. We discuss possible reforms in the final selection of the paper.
The ancients and the moderns : rethinking modernity

In this text, philosopher Stanley Rosen takes a new look at the "quarrel" that moderns have with the ancients, analyzing and comparing ancient philosophers and modern Continental and analytical thinkers from Plato, Descartes and Kant to Fichte, Nietzche and Rorty.
Measurement of internal stresses by radiofrequency spectroscopy

The shift with pressure of the Cu63 pure quadrupole resonance frequency in Cu2O has been used to measure the stress developed within a resin due to curing. The method has possibilities for general use in the measurement of internal pressure. It involves the incorporation within a sample of an inert, insulating powder containing nuclei from which a pressure-sensitive pure quadrupole resonance frequency may be detected. For sample of Epon 828 cured at 80°C for 1½ hr., a stress corresponding to an internal pressure of 2300 ± 400 psi was detected. In addition to the frequency shift of the Cu63 resonance observed in the resin, the absorption was broadened, indicating that a distribution of internal pressures existed.
Aneurysm Morphology as a Predictor of Endoleak following Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Do Smaller Aneurysm Have Better Outcomes?

Since the Food and Drug Administrations' approval of endovascular devices for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair, clinicians have been relaxing the strict inclusion criteria present during the clinical trials. Although the long-term natural history of endoleaks remains unclear, attachment site leaks (type I) are believed to represent an ongoing risk for future rupture. We reviewed our experience with endovascular AAA repair to elucidate factors that predispose toward the development of endoleaks and found that larger AAAs are significantly more likely to have a short proximal neck and severe proximal angulation. These factors likely contribute to the significantly increased rate of type I endoleaks that occurred after endovascular repair of large AAAs. Small AAAs (<5) had the lowest rate of endoleaks overall (8.3%) and of type I endoleaks in particular (0%). We conclude that AAA size and morphology can be used to predict which aneurysms will experience attachment site endoleaks in their course; AAAs from 4.5 to 5 cm in diameter may be particularly well suited for endovascular repair in this regard.
Phase II trial of N-methylformamide in lung cancer.

Polar solvents have been investigated for potential anticancer activity because of in vitro anticancer effects and, in particular, the property to induce differentiation of malignant cells [1]. N-methylformamide (NMF) is a polar solvent with anticancer activity against human colon cancer xenografts in nude mice [2] and the ability to induce HL 60 promyelocytic leukemia cells to differentiate along the granulocytic pathway [3,4]. Preclinical animal studies and early phase I and II studies [5,6] have identified marked, transient, chemical hepatitis as the dose-limiting toxicity. The presumed novel mechanism of action and non-myelosuppressive toxicity make NMF an attractive antineoplastic agent with the potential to be used in combination therapy.
Trace Element Status and Free Radical Defense in Elderly Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) with Macular Drusen

Research into the mechanisms underlying the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of visual loss in the United States and Europe in people over 60 years old, has been limited in part by the lack of animal models for this disease. In the current study, we examined 62 elderly (> or = 20 years old) rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) for the presence and severity of macular drusen. Drusen were observed in 47% of the macaques; they were similar histologically and in clinical appearance to the drusen observed in humans with AMD. It has been proposed that excessive tissue free radical damage may contribute to the development of AMD. Thus, circulating levels of select components of the free radical defense system and plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an estimate of lipid peroxides, were measured in the above animals. Macaques diagnosed with drusen were characterized by alterations in concentrations and activities of several components of the free radical defense system. Alterations were most evident with respect to those enzymes associated with copper. The concept that excessive oxidative lipid damage might be a factor contributing to the occurrence of this disease is suggested by the findings of higher plasma TBARS concentrations in animals with > 10 drusen compared with animals without drusen.
Effect of methotrexate on protein and amylase secretion by rat parotid and submandibular salivary glands.

Abstract Saliva was collected from anaesthetized, methotrexate (MTX)-treated, pair-fed and control rats using either acetylcholine or bethanechol as secretagogue. Parotid saliva was analysed for protein and amylase content, and submandibular saliva for protein. Acetylcholine stimulation after MTX increased parotid protein output by 151 per cent, amylase output by 125 per cent and submandibular protein output by 229 per cent when compared to control values. There were no significant differences in either protein or amylase output between the control and pair-fed animals. With bethanechol, salivary amylase and protein secretion did not differ between MTX-treated and control animals. The significant increase in parotid protein and amylase output with acetylcholine was reduced by pretreatment with hexamethonium (5 mg/kg) or propranolol (5 mg/kg), but not by phenoxybenzamine (1 mg/kg). MTX did not increase the number or the dissociation constant of parotid β-adrenergic receptors but did increase their number in the submandibular gland. Thus increases in protein and amylase output caused by acetylcholine MTX-treated rats may be the result of increased β-adrenergic activity.
A Stretch/Bend Method for In Situ Measurement of the Delamination Toughness of Coatings and Films Attached to Substrates

Substrates stretch/bend method for the in situ measurement of the delamination toughness of coatings attached to substrates is described. A beam theory analysis is presented that illustrates the main features of the test. The analysis is general and allows for the presence of residual stress. It reveals that the test produces stable extension of delaminations, rendering it suitable for multiple measurements in a single test. It also provides scaling relations and enables estimates of the loads needed to extend delaminations. Finite element calculations reveal that the beam theory solutions are accurate for slender beams, but overestimate the energy release rate for stubbier configurations and short delaminations. The substantial influence of residual stress on the energy release rate and phase angle is highly dependent on parameters such as the thickness and modulus ratio for the two layers. Its effect must be included to obtain viable measurements of toughness. In a companion paper, the method has been applied to a columnar thermal barrier coating deposited onto a Ni-based super-alloy. DOI: 10.1115/1.4001938
Regulation of the S10 ribosomal protein operon in E. coli: Nucleotide sequence at the start of the operon

Abstract We have determined the DNA sequence of a 1250 base pair segment of the Escherichia coli chromosome that carries the promoter for the S10 ribosomal protein operon, the S10 gene and part of the L3 gene. A DNA fragment carrying the putative S10 promoter was cloned into the plasmid mini-Col E1, which contains a transcription termination signal close to the single Hind II site. Cells harboring the hybrid plasmid produced a relatively stable hybrid mRNA with the expected sequence, demonstrating that the promoter functions in vivo. Comparison of the mRNA sequence around the start of the S10 coding region, the presumed target site for L4 repressor protein, with the known binding site for L4 on 23S rRNA has revealed the presence of sequence homologies. This supports the model of the translational feedback regulation of the S10 operon by L4.
Effect of processing conditions on the structure and properties of polypropylene spunbond fabrics

The structure and properties of a spunbond fabric are determined by numerous process variables. The development of fiber morphology is influenced and controlled by extrusion and quenching conditions. The properties of the fabric are the result of the properties of the filaments, their arrangement in the web, and the bonding conditions. It is therefore critical to understand the relationship between the process conditions and the properties of the fabrics produced. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of some of the important process variables on the structure and properties of the filaments and ultimately on that of the fabrics. Process variables such as polymer throughput rate, cooling and suction air speed, web basis weight, and bonding temperature were investigated. Filament samples were collected before bonding and were analyzed for various properties such as crystallinity, crystallite size, birefringence, density, thermomechanical stability, and tensile properties. The fabric samples were analyzed for tensile properties, tear strength, stiffness, and crystallinity. Ruptured strips obtained from the tensile test were observed with a scanning electron microscope to understand the failure mechanism. The results were statistically analyzed to evaluate the effect of process variables on the properties and to predict the properties for different process conditions. The findings are helpful in determining the optimum processing conditions so as to achieve the desired properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2355–2364, 2005
Effect of Relaxin on TGF-β1 Expression in Cultured Vaginal Fibroblasts From Women With Stress Urinary Incontinence

The objective of this study is to compare relaxin's effect on transforming growth factor (TGF)- beta1 and latent TGF-beta1-binding protein (LTBP-1) in vaginal fibroblasts from women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) to continent women (controls) in both phases of the menstrual cycle. Fibroblasts were treated with relaxin. TGF-beta1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. LTBP-1 expression was evaluated by Western blot. In the proliferative phase, total TGF-beta1 level in the supernatant, cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM) of SUI fibroblasts decreased with increasing relaxin concentration (P < .05). Active TGF-beta1 levels increased at a low concentration of relaxin (P < .05) in the supernatant but decreased in the ECM of SUI fibroblasts at high concentration (P < .05). In the secretory phase, total TGF-beta1 levels decreased with relaxin treatment (P < .05) in the supernatant, cells and ECM of both women with SUI and controls. Relaxin decreased the levels of total and active TGF-beta1 in the ECM isolated from SUI vaginal fibroblasts.
The use of technology to address patterns of risk among teenage drivers.

Abstract Introduction The crash risk of teens is high, with fatal crash rates of teen drivers higher than any other age group. New approaches to reduce teen traffic fatalities are clearly needed. Method A possible approach to reduce the incidence of teen driver crashes and fatalities is through the use of vehicle-based intelligent driver support systems. To be most effective, the system should address the behaviors associated with an overwhelming number of teen fatal crashes: speed, low seatbelt use, and alcohol impairment. In-vehicle technology also offers an opportunity to address the issue of inexperience through enforcement of certain Graduated Driver’s License provisions. Results To fully understand the capability of such technologies, there should be a concerted effort to further their development, and human factors testing should take place to understand their effects on the driver. Impact If successfully implemented, a Teen Driver Support System (TDSS), such as the one described here, could significantly decrease the number of teens killed in traffic crashes.
Frequency tuning in the electroreceptive periphery

Our studies are concerned with the frequency tuning that is provided by the electrical resonance of tuberous electroreceptors. Frequency selectivity had previously been measured in the electroreceptor's afferent fibers, and resonant conductances in the electroreceptor cell membrane had been implicated in producing the selectivity. With transdermal application of sinusoidal current, we measured the frequency dependence of the impedance of small areas of the electroreceptor/skin structure of the weakly electric fish Sternopygus and Eigenmannia, and used our data to make a quantitative linear model of the structure. The qualitative form of the model was proposed by Bennett (1). The quantitative model allows us to estimate the frequency selectivity of the voltage across the innervated membrane of the electroreceptor cells. The frequency selectivity of electroreceptor cell voltage derived from our data are as sharp as the neural selectivity at frequencies close to the most sensitive frequency. Many of our measurements supported the linear system model. However, spontaneous electroreceptor voltage oscillations were detected in some of our specimens, suggesting that the electroreceptors can operate in a regime of active nonlinearity. A simple explanation for the observed oscillations is that they arise when damping in the electroreceptor cell's resonant membrane is negative for a limited span of membrane voltage surrounding the resting voltage. The response of oscillating units to sinusoidal current was compatible with this explanation. We report experimental observations bearing on the consequences of active nonlinearity for the frequency tuning of a resonant system.
Special focus session: multisection (multidetector) CT: applications in the abdomen.

Introduction The development of multisection or multidetector row computed tomography (CT) has prompted CT to regain its place as the most exciting technique in body imaging, a position lost to magnetic resonance imaging since the mid-1980s. The Radiological Society of North America recognized the importance of multisection CT in body imaging, dedicating a special focus session to this topic at the 2000 annual meeting. I was given the opportunity to moderate this session on the applications of multisection CT in the chest and abdomen. The following article by W. Dennis Foley, MD, discusses the applications of multisection CT in the major abdominal viscera. Other topics discussed during the special focus session (vascular and chest applications) are not included to keep the focus in the abdomen. The fol­ lowing comments provide a foundation for Dr Foley’s article emphasizing the possi­ bilities of multisection CT in the abdomen.
A Study of the Effect of Lubricants on the Adherence of Molten Glass to Heated Metals

An improved kinetic test was devised by which the adherence of molten glass to metal may be evaluated. The results were expressed as the highest metal temperature at which the molten glass beads do not adhere. The variables of the test investigated were temperature of molten bead, height of fall of the molten bead, and slope and surface roughness of metal sample. The cumulative effect of the variables on the precision of measurement of the adherence temperature was found to be ±33° F. Several types of glass mold lubricants were investigated as to their effects on the adherence temperature and as to their persistence on heated metal surfaces. Several silicone lubricants were found to have high critical adherence temperatures while the graphitized oil base lubricant gave the best persistence.
Crisis Diplomacy, Interdependence, And The Politics of International Economic Relations

During the past decade policy makers and academic observers have become increasingly aware of the political importance of economic relations, especially among the advanced industrialized states. Some of this awareness came precipitously when monetary crises threatened not only individual currencies such as sterling, the franc, or the dollar, but also the basic structure of the international monetary system. Some of this awareness was more incremental, as with the growing fear that neomercantilist trade policies might result in a reversal of the postwar policies of trade liberalization pursued by the Western industrialized states.
Flexible Solar Cells and Stable High-Efficiency Four-Terminal Solar Cells Using Thin-Film Silicon Technology

Amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) materials are used in diverse applications such as in active matrix displays, solar cells etc. These types of devices are constructed as multilayers in a multichamber (or...
philosophical methodology and the mathematization of pedagogy freeing children’s imagination through philosophy

This paper traces the genealogy of a long-enduring controversy in Western philosophy viz, whether philosophic and mathematical methodologies are equal but separate and distinct approaches to rational inquiry, or whether one is superior to the other from the standpoint of epistemology, and, ultimately, a pedagogy which supports and promotes conceptual and critical thinking. With the Socratic teacher in mind, philosophic methodology, viewed by Plato as a dialectical process of free-ranging inquiry, compelled him to distinguish the work of philosophy from that of mathematics, since philosophic methodology could not function unless freed from the constraints contained in a system built on axioms, propositions, and images. In his dialogue Meno, Socrates’ pedagogic demonstration, supported by the unique capacity of mathematics to provide epistemic closure, foreshadowed a slow-growing rift between philosophy and mathematics, one which came to a head in the 17th century rationalism of Descartes. In Descartes’ work on methodology, mathematics, by overriding the seemingly inconclusive meanderings of philosophy, became the supreme pathway to knowledge. Philosophy, thereafter, had to fight for its life, while pedagogy, questing more and more for “completeness” through formalization, ironically moved toward a fragmentation and reductionism which a mathematized Cartesian methodology supported. The curriculum divisions which resulted were presaged in Descartes’ writing on methodology; the isolation of the individual learner from the larger community of discourse was supported by Descartes’ “cogito.” Suggested here is that a pedagogic approach to the teaching of mathematics, which extends beyond the limitations of the “single solution” methodology utilized in Meno, is possible—an approach which allows pedagogy to spread the Socratic use of dialectical thinking even into that sphere of apodicticity. This suggests that an alternative to the monistic rationalism of Descartes’ mathematized methodology is possible for pedagogy in general, now bringing back into play what Descartes found expendable—viz. dialectical philosophy itself, dialogical inquiry, history, literature, and the arts. Had Socrates, who came to philosophy primarily as a teacher fascinated with intellectual paradoxes, explored, in Meno, the pedagogic possibility of a dialectical approach to mathematics, his larger work in dialectical pedagogy might have been less teacher-centered—notwithstanding his ironic “ignorance”; and given his historic significance as the most celebrated teacher in Western culture, modern pedagogy might have been less overwhelmed by the Cartesian drive toward mechanized and reductionist “single-solution,” non-communal teaching and thinking.
Elementary processes with two quantum transitions

The first part of this work considers the coaction of two photons in an elementary process. With the help of Dirac’s dispersion theory, the probability of a process analogous to the Raman effect, namely the simultaneous emission of two photons, is calculated. It appears that a nonzero probability exists that an excited atom divides its excitation energy into two photons, whose energies in sum prove to be the excitation energy but are otherwise arbitrary. When light falls upon the atom with a frequency smaller than the corresponding atomic eigenfrequency, another stimulated double emission occurs during which the atom divides its energy into one incident and one frequency-difference photon. Kramers and Heisenberg have calculated the probability of this last process according to the correspondence principle. Additionally, the reversal of this process is considered, namely, where two photons whose frequencysum equals the excitation frequency of the atom co-act to excite the atom. Furthermore the behavior of an atom toward scattering particles when it simultaneously has the opportunity to spontaneously emit light is examined. Experimentally, Oldenberg finds a broadening of the resonance line of mercury when he lets the excited atoms collide repeatedly with slow particles. He interprets this through the assumption that a positive or negative part of the excitation energy can be transferred as kinetic energy to the colliding particle, and that the frequency-difference photon is emitted. For this process, a formula analogous to the Raman effect and the double-emission, respectively, is derived here. Finally, in connection with Franck’s work, an attempt is made to explain the excitation-intensity’s behavior of spectral lines through collisions with fast electrons via such a double-process. Franck discusses the behavior of the excitation function of a spectral line, i.e., the intensity as a function of the velocity of the incident electrons. This function is zero for small velocities, until the kinetic energy of the electrons becomes equal to the excitation energy of the respective initial state of the line. It then increases strongly, reaches a maximum at a velocity corresponding to just a few volts above this critical voltage, and then decreases again to zero. This part of the curve has repeatedly been calculated with the ordinary collision theory. One obtains a curve which represents the phenomena well, especially the sudden onset of the function at the critical voltage. For large velocities, the theoretical curve yields a monotonic
Preservation of Fertility and the Impact of Subsequent Pregnancy in Patients With Premenopausal Breast Cancer

The occurrence of early-stage breast cancer in premenopausal women who desire children is a considerable clinical challenge. The frequent use of adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy can induce ovarian failure and infertility, while the frequent use of adjuvant hormonal therapy is a contraindication to conception. A variety of techniques to preserve fertility in spite of adjuvant chemotherapy are under investigation, with promising early results. Ovarian stimulation with retrieval of eggs for in vitro fertilization and cryopreservation prior to the commencement of chemotherapy seems to hold the greatest promise for patients. There is no evidence that patients treated with curative intent for early-stage breast cancer who subsequently become pregnant have a compromised survival, but patients should be counseled regarding their risk of recurrence in general and whether a high recurrence risk might make subsequent pregnancy and motherhood an unwise choice. The offspring of breast cancer survivors do not appear to suffer deleterious consequences as a result of the diagnosis or treatment of the mother.
Adjunctive Folinic Acid With Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole For Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia In Aids Patients Is Associated With An Increased Risk Of Therapeutic Failure And Death

Ninety-two AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) were randomized to receive folinic acid or matching placebo in conjunction with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a prospective, double-blind trial. Neither frequency of dose-limiting toxicity (26% vs. 37%; P = .4) nor time to occurrence (P = .7) was associated with folinic acid use. Although incidence of neutropenia was lower in patients receiving folinic acid (23% vs. 47%; P = .03), time to occurrence of neutropenia did not differ (P = .4). Seven (7.6%) of 92 patients with confirmed PCP met criteria for therapeutic failure, and 5 (6%) died during therapy. Surprisingly, folinic acid use was associated with a higher rate of both therapeutic failure (15% vs. 0; P = .01) and death (11% vs. 0; P = .06). Time to therapeutic failure was shorter and probability of death greater in patients receiving folinic acid (P = .005, P = .02, respectively), even when adjusted for baseline arterial oxygen pressure, serum lactate dehydrogenase, respiratory rate, CD4 cell count, and peak serum level of trimethoprim or sulfamethoxazole.
Cross-Layer Packet Size Optimization for Wireless Terrestrial, Underwater, and Underground Sensor Networks

In this paper, a cross-layer solution for packet size optimization in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is introduced such that the effects of multi-hop routing, the broadcast nature of the physical wireless channel, and the effects of error control techniques are captured. A key result of this paper is that contrary to the conventional wireless networks, in wireless sensor networks, longer packets reduce the collision probability. Consequently, an optimization solution is formalized by using three different objective functions, i.e., packet throughput, energy consumption, and resource utilization. Furthermore, the effects of end-to-end latency and reliability constraints are investigated that may be required by a particular application. As a result, a generic, cross-layer optimization framework is developed to determine the optimal packet size in WSN. This framework is further extended to determine the optimal packet size in underwater and underground sensor networks. From this framework, the optimal packet sizes under various network parameters are determined.
How and Why Humans Grow Thin Skulls: Experimental Evidence for Systemic Cortical Robusticity

To what extent is cranial vault thickness (CVT) a character that is strongly linked to the genome, or to what extent does it reflect the activity of an individual prior to skeletal maturity? Experimental data from pigs and armadillos indicate that CVT increases more rapidly in exercised juveniles than in genetically similar controls, despite the low levels of strain generated by chewing or locomotion in the neurocranium. CVT increases in these individuals appear to be a consequence of systemic cortical bone growth induced by exercise. In addition, an analysis of the variability in vault thickness in the genus Homo demonstrates that, until the Holocene, there has been only a slight, general decrease in vault thickness over time with no consistent significant differences between archaic and early anatomically modern humans from the Late Pleistocene. Although there may be some genetic component to variation in CVT, exercise-related, non-genetically heritable stimuli appear to account for most of the variance between individuals. The thick cranial vaults of most hunter-gatherers and early agriculturalists suggests that they may have experienced higher levels of sustained exercise relative to body mass than the majority of recent, post-industrial humans.
Real-Time Evaluation of Email Campaign Performance

We develop a testing methodology that can be used to predict the performance of email marketing campaigns in real time. We propose a split-hazard model that makes use of a time transformation (a concept we call virtual time) that allows for the estimation of straightforward parametric hazard functions to generate early predictions of an individual campaign's performance (as measured by open and click rates). We apply our method to 25 email campaigns and find that the method is able to produce in less than two hours estimates that are more accurate and more reliable than what the traditional method (doubling time) can produce after 14 hours. Other benefits of our method are that we make testing independent of the time of day and we produce meaningful confidence intervals. Thus, our methodology can be used not only for testing purposes, but also for live monitoring. We show that a campaign selection rule based on our model rather than on the doubling method can improve overall response rates by 20%.
A PHEMT based monolithic plane wave amplifier for 42 GHz

We report the design and operation of a monolithic plane wave PHEMT amplifier operating at millimeter wave frequencies. The array is made up of input slot antennas (5/spl times/7 array) and output patch antennas (4/spl times/8 array) polarized in orthogonal directions. An array of PHEMT amplifiers (7/spl times/8) placed between the two antennas amplifies and reradiates the input signal. The amplifier was placed in an oversized waveguide in order to avoid diffraction losses of a free space system. Gain of the amplifier was 3 dB at 42 GHz without any corrections for internal fixture losses. The amplifier results correlate well with computer model predictions of the antenna structures. These results prove the feasibility as well as the manufacturability of this approach.
Exploring the ecology of suburban wildlife

The fringes of cities, and rural properties within commuting distance of cities, experience some of the highest rates of development in the world. This can cause dramatic changes to the landscape, the alteration of ecological functions, and a reduction in biodiversity. With the spread of suburbia, however, come opportunities for some species to exploit new resources. While many wild creatures can enrich the lives of suburban dwellers, large increases in the populations of species such as deer, beaver, and coyotes can lead to a change in status from resource to pest. For several decades, wildlife managers have alternately embraced and ignored issues related to urban and suburban wildlife. Today, management of suburban areas challenges wildlife agencies on two fronts: the threat to habitat and biodiversity and the problem of “overabundant” wildlife. This is not only a tremendous management challenge, but also an educational opportunity to help people understand the natural world and their place in it.
Evidencing moral claims: The activist rhetorical critic's first task

(1994). Evidencing moral claims: The activist rhetorical critic's first task. Western Journal of Communication: Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 229-234.
Using Cognitive Work Analysis to Drive Usability Evaluations in Complex Systems

This paper describes how Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) can be utilized to support a system-level usability analysis. Overall, we suggest that CWA-derived work tasks should be considered as useful in guiding the development of scenario-based usability questions. We also suggest that usability practitioners be mindful of the importance of time consistencies in developing scenarios and in the appropriate timing of questions throughout the scenario. When evaluating the results of a system level usability experiment it is useful to view the results in light of cognitive and attentional biases.
User involvement: key to success

The evidence is voluminous, consistent, and incontrovertible. It applies to corporate, government agency, and military software development. Quite simply, the software we build does not meet our customers' needs: those of us who build large software programs fail miserably-90 percent of the time-to deliver what customers want, when they want it, at the agreed upon price; we fail to adequately manage the software development process, user-developer communication breaks down, the requirements control process breaks down, we have runaway requirements, budgets, schedules, and "death march" projects. The Best Practices Framework of the Software Program Manager's Network outlines some solutions. First, we must identify what can go wrong. Precedents give ample hints regarding risks. We need to manage the development process with more attention, particularly to what might go wrong. Second, we must manage the most fundamental part of our task: defining our goal. We fail to use requirements management to surface (early) errors or problems, to baseline and track changes, and to improve user-developer communication.
Rheology of a cellulose graft copolymer. Comparison with other closely packed gel thickeners

Hydrolyzed cellulose-polyacrylonitrile graft copolymer is a polyelectrolyte gel suspension with a high viscosity in water. It is a closely packed swollen gel particle suspension in the appropriate concentration range and has similar rheological properties to other thickeners of this type. Viscosities ry in either water or salt solution are reduced to a single master curve by use of the reduced viscosity function ry/cQ, where c is weight fraction of polymer and Q is swelling volume in excess solvent of the same ionic strength. The effective molecular weight between crosslinks, At, determined from shear modulus, corresponds to Me values for other closely packed gel thickeners of similar l)/CQ. Among all examples of this class of thickener. the plateau values of l)/cQ, which occur at cQ > 2. are approximately inversely proportional to Me'
The Distribution of the Sum of Independent Product of Bernoulli and Exponential

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACT The product of the independent Bernoulli and exponential random variables (rv's), has received great attention in recent literature, in particular because of its applications in network traffic, computer communications, and health sciences. However, the behavior of the sum of such independent rvs has not been fully explored. In this article, we present the probability density function (PDF) of the product of exponential and Bernoulli sum as a mixture of two types of distribution functions: the Dirac delta and gamma type distributions. The statistical properties of the sum, such as its survival function, moment generating function, and Laplace transform are derived.
An oceanic reverberation model

A simple model of the surface, volume, and bottom reverberation received by a moving platform as a function of time following the tranmission of a narrow-band pulsed signal is described. Both the time-varying power level and the underlying power spectrum are predicted. The model includes the effects of platform motion, transmit signal windowing, transmit and receive beam patterns, and the environment (surface, volume, and bottom backscattering strengths, the scatterer velocity distributions for surface waves and current layers, and sound absorption). An isospeed sound speed profile is assumed and reflections at the surface and bottom boundaries are not permitted. Also described is a matched filter-envelope detector receiver model for post processing of the reverberation spectra.
Proteomic Analysis of the Hyaloid Vascular System Regression during Ocular Development

We describe a proteomic approach to investigate the differential protein expression patterns and identify the physiologically relevant angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors involved in the hyaloid vascular system regression. Differentially expressed proteins were identified using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by nanoflow chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. These proteins are expected to provide insight as to their function in the early maintenance and eventual regression of the hyaloid vascular system.