cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The elderly who live alone in the United States: historical perspectives on household change.

One of the most dramatic changes in the life of the elderly in the United States in the twentieth century is the rise in the proportion of elderly widows living alone. This paper examines this transformation by comparing the determinants of elderly widows' living alone at four points in time, in 1910, 1940, 1960, and 1990. Logistic regression models of the probability of living alone are estimated. The results of these models are used to calculate the expected proportion of elderly widows living alone in various hypothetical scenarios of social change. This analysis suggests that no single factor is responsible for the rise in living alone among the elderly. Value changes, as represented by a variable for time, are shown to have strong and direct effects on the increased probability of living alone in old age in the late twentieth century, independent of the effect of rising income levels. These results are discussed in light of previous research on living arrangements of the elderly, which articulates demographic, economic, and cultural explanations for change. Living arrangements have changed greatly among older people in the United States in the twentieth century. At the beginning of the century, the majority of the elderly who had living children resided with at least one child. Today most either live solely with their spouses or, if not married, live alone. The magnitude of the change in the proportion of the elderly living alone is immense. In 1910, for example, only 12% of widows age 65 and older lived alone, compared with nearly 70% in 1990. Figure 1 shows the percentages of elderly widows, among those not living in group quarters or institutions, who were living alone from 1910 to 1990. The dramatic increase in the proportion living alone occurred after World War II and is more pronounced for whites than for blacks. Since 1910 there has been a reversal in the relative position of black and white elderly widowed men who live alone; the crossover occurred in the 1950s. In this paper I examine changes in the household structure of the elderly in the United States in the twentieth century by comparing the determinants of living alone among the
Xenotransplantation at a crossroads: prevention versus progress.

The infectious disease risks associated with baboon-to-human transplants may represent an insurmountable hurdle in the race to save lives. Yet, public health agencies are relucant to regulate Xenotransplantation in spite of those risks.
Improvement of hydrophilicity of polypropylene by liquid‐phase mutual irradiation of acrylics

N-butanol was found to promote the inclusion of methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate in polypropylene, but did not affect the uptake of acrylic acid in the polymer. Polymerization of the monomers was, however, not significantly affected by the use of this swelling agent. The monomer exchange process followed by a liquid phase mutual irradiation has proved to be very effective in enhancing the polymerization of all three monomers on polypropylene. Optimum radiation doses for effective polymerization of the monomers were found to be around 3.2 Mrad for methyl acrylate and around 4.8 Mrad for methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid. Surface wettability of the film and moisture regain of the fiber were tremendously improved with all monomers regardless of the swelling agent and temperatures. Also, a low radiation dose of 1.6 Mrad was as effective as the higher doses. Methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate modified fibers showed no marked changes in strength and elongation, but did result in a harsher hand. Acrylic acid modified fibers increased greatly in elongation, decreased to a greater extent in strength, and softened in hand.
Laser-induced damage in multilayer dielectric gratings due to ultrashort laser pulses

Chirped pulse amplification is increasingly used to produce intense ultrashort laser pulses. When high-efficiency gratings are the dispersive element, as in the LLNL Petawatt laser, their susceptibility to laser induced damage constitutes a limitation on the peak intensities that can be reached. To obtain robust gratings, it is necessary to understand the causes of short-pulse damage, and to recognize the range of design options for high efficiency gratings. Metal gratings owe their high efficiency to their high conductivity. To avoid the inevitable light absorption that accompanies conductivity, we have developed designs for high efficiency reflection gratings that use only transparent dielectric materials. These combine the reflectivity of a multilayer dielectric stack with a diffraction grating. We report here our present understanding of short-pulse laser induced damage, as it applies to dielectric gratings.
Effects of flow velocity, food concentration and particle flux on growth rates of juvenile bay scallops Argopecten irradians

Feeding rates, and hence growth, of suspension-feeding organisms are determined by many interacting factors including efficiency of particle capture, food-particle concentration, and ambient flow regimes. Studies in a recirculating seawater flume were conducted to examine the growth rates of juvenile bay scallops Argopecten irradians irradians (L.) (3–10 mm in shell height) in four flow velocities (0, 1, 6, and 15 cm · s−1) over a range of food concentrations (0–75 000 cells · ml−1) in a four-by-four factorial design. Particle flux (algal cells · cm−2· s−1) encountered by the scallops is the product of food concentration (cells · ml−1) and flow velocity (cm · s−1). The experimental levels of food concentration and flow velocity were chosen to produce a wide range of fluxes. Several treatments with equal flux derived from different flows and food concentrations were used to decouple the effects of each factor. Within a given flux of particles, growth rates were not significantly different between flows or particle concentrations. Growth was only weakly correlated to flux of particles over the range of fluxes tested. The effects of algal concentration were more pronounced than the effects of flow velocity suggesting that differences in growth were a result of differences in algal concentrations. Additional experiments were run to determine the clearance rates of scallops at different food concentrations. These experiments support the findings of the flume experiments; clearance rates were seen to decrease with increasing food concentrations. Flux of food particles is not a predictor of growth, rather it is the combination of the effects due to food concentration and flow velocity which determine the response of the individual juvenile bay scallop.
Trichinella spiralis: Identification and purification of superoxide dismutase

Abstract A metalloprotein with superoxide dismutase activity was isolated and purified from muscle-stage Trichinella spiralis. The antigenicity of the purified enzyme was demonstrated by an immunospecific reaction with T. spiralis antiserum in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition to its presence in somatic extracts of T. spiralis, the enzyme was also excreted into culture fluids in which the muscle-stage larvae had been incubated for periods as short as 3 hr and up to 72 hr. The enzyme was characterized as a copper- and zinc-containing, cyanide-sensitive, superoxide dismutase with a molecular weight of 36,000 (estimated by gel filtration), consisting of two subunits of 17,000 MT (estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The isoelectric point was 5.6. Muscle-stage T. spiralis contained one molecular form of the enzyme, whereas adult T. spiralis contained two molecular forms. This enzyme may function as an essential defense mechanism against the highly destructive superoxide radical encountered either intracellularly, as a product of biological oxidation, or externally, as a component of the host's immune system.
DISC: the dynamic instruction set computer

ABSTRACT A Dynamic Instruction Set Computer (DISC) has been developed to support demand-driven instruction set mod-ification. Using partial reconfiguration, DISC pages instruction modules in and out of an FPGA as demanded bythe executing program. Instructions occupy FPGA resources only when needed and FPGA resources can be reusedto implement an arbitrary number of performance-enhancing application-specific instructions. DISC further en-hances the functional density of FPGAs by physically relocating instruction modules to available FPGA space. Animage processing application was developed on DISC to demonstrate the advantages of paging application-specificinstruction modules.Keywords: FP GA processor, run-time reconfiguration, relocatable hardware, application-specific processor 1 INTRODUCTION For many digital systems, general purpose processors do not provide sufficient processing power to operateacceptably in real-time environments. Specialized computing resources, such as digital signal processors andapplication-specific processors, are often used to improve available computation. A relatively new approach toimproving the available computing power of embedded systems is to implement application specific circuits withField Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs).Although more expensive than custom circuits, FPGAs provide a simplified, low-cost design environment.
Evidence for Molecularly Chemisorbed Oxygen on TiO2 Supported Gold Nanoclusters and Au(111)

In this study, we present evidence for the existence of a molecularly chemisorbed oxygen species on a Au/TiO2 model catalyst and a Au(111) single crystal following exposure of these samples to an oxygen plasma-jet molecular beam. We present evidence for the molecularly chemisorbed oxygen species from thermal desorption, collision-induced desorption, and heat of adsorption/reaction-induced desorption measurements. Thermal desorption measurements reveal a peak desorption temperature at ∼145 K which corresponds to an activation energy for desorption of ∼0.35 eV.
Health-Related Quality of Life and Employment Among Persons with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

This article assesses the effect of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on the shealth-related quality of life (HRQOL) and employment of persons with this condition. Far more than impaired health status can affect an individual's quality of life. The term "health-related quality of life" is used to connote the decrement in an individual's quality of life specifically attributable to a decrease in health status. The article presents evidence on employment because this plays a crucial role in determining the quality of life of most Americans of normal working age. However, evidence is also presented with respect to other domains of activity, because most people work to live but not many live to work.
The etiology of glomerulonephritis: roles of infection and autoimmunity

Despite major advances in understanding genetic predispositions (‘first hits'), pathogenic immune responses, and the mediators of tissue injury in glomerulonephritis (GN), there remains a dearth of knowledge about the etiologic events, or ‘second hits', which trigger these diseases. This paper reviews evidence that infections initiate most forms of GN through numerous simultaneous and/or sequential pathways that begin with activation of the innate immune response and lead to autoimmunity. These pathways include immune dysregulation, adjuvant or bystander effects, epitope spreading, molecular mimicry, epitope conformational changes, and antigen complementarity that, in genetically susceptible individuals, result in the nephritogenic autoimmune responses that underlie GN. Infections may also have direct effects on glomerular cells. Rapid expansion in knowledge of the microbiome and its role in health and disease, as well as systems biology approaches to glomerular disease offer the potential to develop preventive approaches to GNs that can now be treated only with immunosuppression.
In silico analysis of protein Lys-N()-acetylation in plants.

Among posttranslational modifications, there are some conceptual similarities between Lys-NƐ-acetylation and Ser/Thr/Tyr O-phosphorylation. Herein we present a bioinformatics-based overview of reversible protein Lys-acetylation, including some comparisons with reversible protein phosphorylation. The study of Lys-acetylation of plant proteins has lagged behind studies of mammalian and microbial cells; thousands of acetylation sites have been identified in mammalian proteins compared with only hundreds of sites in plant proteins. While most previous emphasis was focused on posttranslational modifications of histones, more recent studies have addressed metabolic regulation. Being directly coupled with cellular CoA/acetyl-CoA and NAD/NADH, reversible Lys-NƐ-acetylation has the potential to control, or contribute to control, of primary metabolism, signaling, and growth and development.
Editorial: The International Commission for Optics, Part 2

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: The International Commission for Optics, Part 2” for OE Vol. 34 Issue 11
Craving Among Polysubstance Using Adolescents

ABSTRACT The phenomenon of drug craving among adolescents with substance use disorders has been largely overlooked by addiction researchers. This study was designed to: (1) assess craving among adolescents with polysubstance use disorders (SUDs); and (2) examine the association between personality traits and craving among adolescents with SUDs. Craving was found to be a multidimensional phenomenon that demonstrated some degree of consistency across substances (in this case, marijuana and alcohol). Selected personality traits were associated with distinct components of craving; for example, adolescent substance users who obtained high sensation-seeking scores tended to crave the excitement associated with drug use. Adolescents who obtained high anxious-neuroticism scores tended to crave the experience of distress relief associated with drug use.
Fluorescent caged phosphoserine peptides as probes to investigate phosphorylation-dependent protein associations.

The development of chemical probes for the investigation of the complex phosphorylation signaling cascades that regulate biological events is crucial to understanding these processes. We describe herein a bifunctional probe that enables spatial and temporal release of a biologically active ligand while allowing simultaneous monitoring of its binding to the protein of interest. Substitution of Tyr(-2) for the enviromentally sensitive fluorescent amino acid DANA in the sequence RLYRpSLPA which is known to bind the 14-3-3 protein does not adversely affect binding affinity and allows monitoring of the binding process. The binding of the peptide to 14-3-3 places the fluorescent reporter unit into a hydrophobic pocket, which changes the fluorescent maximum emission intensity and wavelength. At the same time, the newly developed photolabile 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl-caged phosphoserine allows control of the release of the biologically active ligand through unmasking of the key phosphoserine functionality upon UV ir...
Interaction between glucocorticoids and epidermal growth factor in vitro in the growth of palatal mesenchymal cells from the human embryo.

Previous studies of ours have shown that palatal mesenchymal cells from the human embryo (HEPM cells) are responsive both to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) through mechanisms associated with cytoplasmic and cell surface receptors, respectively. HEPM cell growth was inhibited by DEX and was stimulated by EGF. In the present study, the interactions between DEX and EGF were investigated. DEX (10–6 M) enhanced EGF-stimulated HEPM cell growth as assessed by an increase in cell number and ornithine decarboxylase activity under serum-free cell culture conditions. DEX also enhanced the specific binding of 125I-EGF to these cells, which was reflected in an increase in both the number and the affinity of EGF receptors. EGF (1 ng/ml), on the other hand, decreased the number of sites per cell which specifically bind 3H-DEX. EGF completely prevented the inhibition by DEX of HEPM cell growth. These results indicate that DEX and EGF interact with each other in the process(es) regulating HEPM cell growth. This interaction may be partially influenced by direct modulation of existing receptors for DEX and EGF present in the cells.
Effect of Hormonal Manipulation on mRNA Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes in the Rat Testis

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the effects of ethane dimethane sulfonate, an agent that selectively destroys Leydig cells, and hypophysectomy on CuZn superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase mRNA levels in the testis.Materials and Methods: A total of 18, 60-day-old adult rats were injected with ethane dimethane sulfonate (75 mg./kg.). After 3, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 50 days, respectively, the animals were sacrificed and the testes were harvested for RNA extraction. The 12 vehicle injected control rats were sacrificed at 0, 7, 21 and 50 days, respectively. Six 60-day-old hypophysectomized adult rats were sacrificed at age 66 days and the testes were harvested for RNA extraction. Antioxidant enzyme mRNA expression was assessed by Northern blot analysis using 32P labeled DNA probes derived from known cDNA sequences for superoxide dismutase, PHGPX (phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase) and catalase.Results: Hypophysectomy and ethane dimethane sulfonate treatment resulted in a significa...
Power, language, and identity: Voices from an online course

Abstract Distance learning, especially in computer-mediated environments, is the new trend in education. Universities fear that they will be left behind or even become extinct if they do not offer online courses ( Roblyer, 1999 ). Very little is known about effective pedagogy in online environments, much less the power, authority, and control relationships that occur when conversations are not face-to-face. The course described in this article is a bilingual education course in which participants were involved in extensive writing and publishing of their ideas on the Web. Through bulletin board postings, power relationships between majority and minority students became evident during the semester. Students described their struggles with living and working in a society that, in many cases, institutionalizes racism. Included in this article is a discussion of how the race factor is usually turned “off” ( Kolko, Nakamura, & Rodman, 2000 ) or is in its “default,” White mode ( Lockard, 2000 ) in online environments. Finally, the authors offer implications for interactions between instructors and students and student peers in online environments.
Identification of cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation sites on nuclear lamin C

The mechanism by which MPF induces nuclear lamin disassembly and nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis was studied in a frog egg extract in which the transition from interphase to mitosis can be induced by the addition of MPF. Bacterially expressed human nuclear lamin C, assembled in vitro into filaments, showed increased phosphorylation on specific sites in the extract in response to MPF. Phosphorylation was accompanied by disassembly of the lamin filaments. We determined the sequences of the sites phosphorylated both in the presence and absence of MPF. The sequence data suggest that multiple protein kinases act on the lamins, and S6 kinase II was identified as one potentially important lamin kinase.
Health literacy awareness training for healthcare workers: Improving knowledge and intentions to use clear communication techniques

Abstract Objective Health literacy is a growing concern as its relationship with health outcomes becomes clearer. Efforts to enhance awareness of patient health literacy in health professional education have focused on physicians, and the objective of this research was to provide an initial assessment of a training session designed for healthcare workers of all kinds. Methods Pre- and post-surveys were completed by 166 participants ( N =166) in training sessions designed to improve knowledge of health literacy and instruction in clear communication techniques. Participants provided baseline and post-training assessments of perceived knowledge of health literacy and use of strategies to improve communication with low health literate audiences. Results Participants, initially overestimating their own knowledge of health literacy, improved on outcome measures regarding perceived health literacy knowledge. Participants also indicated strong intentions to use clear communication techniques covered in the training. Conclusion Results suggest there is an opportunity and need to improve health literacy training for healthcare workers of all kinds. Widespread adoption of health literacy training programs would improve the delivery of healthcare to low health literate patients. Practice implications Participants initially overestimated their knowledge of health literacy, suggesting a need to improve initial training and continuing medical education regarding health literacy.
Stenting and angioplasty of small cerebral arteries in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease.

Background: Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is a common cause of stroke with a poor natural history despite medical therapy. Few studies have investig
Reductional groupings in cold-treated onion roots

In roots which had been kept for ten days at 5–6°C the observed frequency of metaphase and anaphase reductional groupings (R. G’s) was lower, that of prophase R. G’s higher, than in simultaneously fixed roots kept at 21–22°C. The frequency of R. G’s can undergo considerable changes independent of temperature.
Conformation and electronic structures of pilocarpine, a muscarinic agonist

The electronic structures and conformations of pilocarpine, a muscarinic agonist, have been studied by the INDO molecular orbital method and the classical potential function method. A conformation of pilocarpine congruent with other potent muscarinic agonists was observed in the allowed conformational energy range. This conformation is near ψ = 60 and ϕ = 260. It is suggested that the lower muscarinic agonist potency of pilocarpine relative to acetylcholine is probably due to the lower pKa value (pKa = 6.07) of the imidazole ring nitrogen, rather than to the molecular conformation.
Packaged single-ended CMOS low noise amplifier with 2.3 dB noise figure and 64 dBm IIP2

A single-ended low noise amplifier (LNA) implemented in a foundry 0.18 µm CMOS process is tested on a PC board using the chip-on-board technique. The measured S11 and S22 are less than −10 dB over 5.15–5.35 GHz, which is the lower subband of UNII and HIPERLAN/2 band. The measured noise figure is 2.0 dB and power gain is 15.5 dB at 5.15 GHz, while drawing 5.8 mA of current from a 1.8 V supply. The measured IIP2 is greater than 64 dBm. This extremely high IP2 is due to the tuned response of the LNA. The LNA is suitable for WLAN applications in the lower UNII and HIPERLAN/2 subband.
Stem cells in liver diseases and cancer: Recent advances on the path to new therapies

Stem cells have potential for therapy of liver diseases, but may also be involved in the formation of liver cancer. Recently, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Henry M. and Lillian Stratton Basic Research Single Topic Conference "Stem Cells in Liver Diseases and Cancer: Discovery and Promise" brought together a diverse group of investigators to define the status of research on stem cells and cancer stem cells in the liver and identify problems and solutions on the path to clinical translation. This report summarizes the outcomes of the conference and provides an update on recent research advances. Progress in liver stem cell research includes isolation of primary liver progenitor cells (LPCs), directed hepatocyte differentiation of primary LPCs and pluripotent stem cells, findings of transdifferentiation, disease-specific considerations for establishing a therapeutically effective cell mass, and disease modeling in cell culture. Tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TISCs) that emerge during chronic liver injury share the expression of signaling pathways, including those organized around transforming growth factor beta and β-catenin, and surface markers with normal LPCs. Recent investigations of the role of TISCs in hepatocellular carcinoma have provided insight into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of hepatocarcinogenesis. Targeted chemotherapies for TISC are in development as a means to overcome cellular resistance and mechanisms driving disease progression in liver cancer.
Importance of dew in controlling the air‐surface exchange of HONO in rural forested environments

[1] Mechanisms regarding formation and loss of nitrous acid (HONO) in the rural atmosphere are not well understood. Results of field observations and laboratory experiments implicate the importance of dew in controlling the surface-atmosphere exchange of HONO. Dew water, abundantly available on ground surfaces, especially on canopy surfaces in forested regions, during summer and autumn nights, serves as a sink and a temporary reservoir of atmospheric HONO and as a source in the morning when the dew droplets evaporate.
Histone deacetylase 6-mediated deacetylation of α-tubulin coordinates cytoskeletal and signaling events during platelet activation

The tubulin cytoskeleton plays a key role in maintaining the characteristic quiescent discoid shape of resting platelets. Upon activation, platelets undergo a dramatic change in shape; however, little is known of how the microtubule system contributes to regulating platelet shape and function. Here we investigated the role of the covalent modification of α-tubulin by acetylation in the regulation of platelet physiology during activation. Superresolution microscopy analysis of the platelet tubulin cytoskeleton showed that the marginal band together with an interconnected web of finer tubulin structures collapsed upon platelet activation with the glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-agonist collagen-related peptide (CRP). Western blot analysis revealed that α-tubulin was acetylated in resting platelets and deacetylated during platelet activation. Tubacin, a specific inhibitor of the tubulin deacetylase HDAC6, prevented tubulin deacetylation upon platelet activation with CRP. Inhibition of HDAC6 upregulated tubulin acetylation and disrupted the organization of the platelet microtubule marginal band without significantly affecting platelet volume changes in response to CRP stimulation. HDAC6 inhibitors also inhibited platelet aggregation in response to CRP and blocked platelet signaling events upstream of platelet Rho GTPase activation. Together, these findings support a role for acetylation signaling in controlling the resting structure of the platelet tubulin marginal band as well as in the coordination of signaling systems that drive platelet cytoskeletal changes and aggregation.
The link between obesity and the built environment. Evidence from an ecological analysis of obesity and vehicle miles of travel in California

Abstract Aims : Obesity and physical inactivity are known to be risk factors for many chronic diseases including hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes, and cancer. We sought to explore the association between an indicator of transportation data (Vehicle Miles of Travel, VMT) at the county level as it relates to obesity and physical inactivity in California. Methods : Data from the California Health Interview Survey 2001 (CHIS 2001), the US 2000 Census, and the California Department of Transportation were merged to examine ecological correlations between vehicle miles of travel, population density, commute time, and county indicators of obesity and physical inactivity. Obesity was measured by body mass index (BMI). Physical inactivity was based on self-reported behaviors including walking, bicycling, and moderate to vigorous activity. The unit of analysis was the county. Thirty-three counties in California with population size greater than 100,000 persons per county were retained in the analyses. Results : CHIS 2001 statewide obesity prevalence ranged from 11.2% to 28.5% by county. Physical inactivity ranged from 13.4% to 35.7%. Daily vehicle miles of travel ranged from 3.3 million to 183.8 million per county. By rank bivariate correlation, obesity and physical inactivity were significantly associated ( p 0.01 ). Furthermore, by rank analysis of variance, the highest mean rank obesity was associated with the highest rank of VMT ( p 0.01 ). Similar rank patterns were observed between obesity and physical inactivity and commute time. Associations between VMT and physical inactivity were examined but failed to reach statistical significance. Conclusion : This analysis adds to the growing evidence supporting the association between VMT (a measure of automobile transportation) and obesity. An urban design characterized by over dependence on motorized transportation may be related to adverse health effects.
Pulsed-dose-rate brachytherapy: Design of convenient (daytime-only) schedules

Purpose To design pulsed-brachytherapy (PDR) protocols that are expected to be at least as clinically efficacious (in terms of both tumor control and late sequelae) as continuous low-dose-rate (CLDR) regimens, but that involve irradiation only during extended office hours. Both interstitial and intracavitary brachytherapy protocols are considered. Methods and materials The linear quadratic formalism was used in which the late normal tissue damage and tumor control for one protocol relative to another are assumed to be determined primarily by the level of cellular survival. PDR schedules were designed in which pulses are delivered during "extended office hours" (8 A.M. to 8 P.M.) with no irradiation overnight. Generally, the proposed PDR regimes last the same number of treatment days as the corresponding CLDR regimen, but the PDR treatment lasts longer on the final day (i.e., until 8 P.M.). PDR doses were calculated such as to produce a tumor control which is equivalent to standard CLDR protocols, and the corresponding predicted late complication rate was compared with that for CLDR. Ranges of plausible values for the half-times of sublethal damage repair for tumors and for late-responding normal tissues were considered. Results As has been previously shown, the efficacy of PDR relative to CLDR depends considerably on the repair rates for sublethal damage repair. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that average repair half-times for early effects (e.g., tumor control) are less than about a half hour, and for late sequelae are more than about an hour. If these estimates are correct, daytime PDR regimes can usually be designed which take the same number of days as the corresponding CLDR regimen, but have comparable or better therapeutic ratios than CLDR. Conclusion Protocols for PDR can be designed to involve irradiation only during extended office hours, that are likely to result in clinical results comparable or better than CLDR, for any expected combination of the repair half-times of early- and late-responding tissues. The suggested protocols allow all of the advantages of a computerized remote-controlled afterloader while preserving the benefits of low dose rate. In addition, the protocols could allow the patient to go home overnight, or to stay overnight in an adjacent medical inn or hospital-associated hotel, rather than in a hospital bed-which could have major economic benefits. In such an economic situation, an extra treatment day for the daytime PDR could well be considered, which would virtually guarantee an improved clinical advantage relative to CLDR.
Genetic composition of contemporary proprietary U.S. lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars

Pedigree history of 146 lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars registered in the U.S. by Plant Variety Protection and/or utility patent of the era from 2000 through 2010 facilitates determination of coefficient of parentage among these cultivars, identification of ancestral parental lines, and their genetic contribution. Principal ancestors of leaf lettuce developed in this era are the cultivars ‘Malibu’, ‘Waldmann’s Green’, and ‘Salad Bowl’ contributing 6.4, 6.1, and 3.5% of the genes, respectively. The cultivars ‘Parris Island Cos’ and ‘Tall Guzmaine’ are major ancestors of romaine lettuce, contributing 25.9 and 23.4% of the genes, respectively. Three crisphead lettuce ancestors identified are the cultivars ‘Vanguard’, ‘Salinas’, and ‘Calmar’, the former two descend from interspecific crosses of L. sativa with Lactuca virosa L. and Lactuca serriola L. Among these three, ‘Vanguard’ is the major ancestor contributing 23.8% of the genes to crisphead lettuce. The crisphead cultivar ‘Salinas’ was frequently crossed with romaine lettuce types and the romaine parental cultivar ‘Parris Island Cos’ was crossed with leaf types contributing to romaine and leaf lettuce genetic diversity, respectively. Genetic similarity was less within leaf cultivars (coefficient of parentage = 0.02) than found within romaine (0.15) and crisphead (0.13) cultivars registered in the U.S. during this era.
Calibrations and spinors

Introduction I. Spinors in dimension 8m 1.1. Spinors and pinors 1.2. Constructing calibrations from spinors 1.3. Triality and the octonians II. Dimension 16 and Es II.1. A model for the Clifford algebra Cl(16) II.2. The orbit structure of Spin(16) on 8+(16) II.3. Maximal isotropy subgroups of Spin(16) II.4. Calibration on R 16 constructed by squaring spinors III. Additional results in higher dimension III.1. A differential system for each geometry III.2. Pure spinors and calibrations III.3. Spinors in dimensions 50 mod 8 References
Pharmacotherapy of Personality Disorders: Conceptual Framework and Clinical Strategies

This article delineates the conceptual models used when medications are prescribed for patients with personality disorders and reviews the data on the efficacy of these medications. Studies before 1980 are difficult to interpret because of changes in diagnostic criteria. Nonetheless, early studies on non-DSM-III disorders such as pseudoneurotic schizophrenia, emotionally unstable character disorder, hysteroid dysphoria, and subaffective disorders indicated the potential utility of pharmacotherapy for treating personality disorders. Models to consider in evaluating the possible use of medications for treating personality disorders are: (1) treating the disorder itself; (2) treating symptom clusters within and across disorders; and (3) treating associated axis I disorders. Among the current personality disorders, borderline personality disorder has been the most extensively studied, with antipsychotic agents being the most well-documented treatment. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, fluoxetine, and carbamazepine show promise. Schizotypal disorders may respond to low-dose antipsychotic drugs. Although heuristically valuable, the symptom cluster approach to treatment has not yet been validated. Axis I disorders, especially depression, are frequently associated with all personality disorders. Dependent personality disorder is linked to panic disorder with agoraphobia, whereas avoidant personality disorder is associated with social phobia and panic. In general, pharmacotherapy for axis I disorders is less effective in the presence of a comorbid personality disorder. Despite the modest benefits seen in many studies, pharmacotherapy can add significantly to the overall treatment of those with personality disorders. Future research must carefully assess the effect of comorbid axis I disorders on responses. The symptom cluster/psychobiologic dimension approach should be investigated in clinical studies.
WE-A-17A-03: Catheter Digitization in High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy with the Assistance of An Electromagnetic (EM) Tracking System

Purpose: To investigate the use of a system using EM tracking, postprocessing and error-detection algorithms for measuring brachytherapy catheter locations and for detecting errors and resolving uncertainties in treatment-planning catheter digitization. Methods: An EM tracker was used to localize 13 catheters in a clinical surface applicator (A) and 15 catheters inserted into a phantom (B). Two pairs of catheters in (B) crossed paths at a distance 4.5 mm (A) and >5.5 mm (B); errors were detected for shifts on average >2.0 mm (A) and >2.4 mm (B). Both mix errors associated with undistinguishable catheter artifacts were detected and at least one of the involved catheters was identified. Conclusion: We demonstrated the use of an EM tracking system for localization of brachytherapy catheters, detection of digitization errors and resolution of undistinguishable catheter artifacts. Automatic digitization may be possible with a registration between the imaging and the EM frame of reference. Research funded by the Kaye Family Award 2012.« less
Axial inclination and differential rotation for 19 rapidly rotating stars

Analyse de la largeur et de la forme des raies d'absorption He I 4471 et Mg II 4481 dans le spectre de 19 etoiles B de la sequence principale ayant une rotation rapide. On estime l'inclinaison axiale et la presence ou l'absence de rotation differentielle
The effect of teacher certification and task level on mathematics achievement

Abstract In this study it was hypothesized that the degree of content area preparation of seventh grade mathematics teachers would differentially effect student performance as a function of the level of the mathematics tasks used to assess that performance. More specifically, students of high MATHPREP teachers were hypothesized to outperform those of low MATHPREP teachers on the higher level tasks. The sample consisted of over 9000 seventh grade students from 33 matched pairs of schools whose teachers differed on level of mathematics preparation. Aggregate measures of achievement for the students at each school on test items representing three ordered levels of thinking were obtained. The primary hypothesis was addressed using a single df interaction contrast and produced a statistically and practically significant result in the hypothesized direction. Implications for teacher preparation and the hiring practices of school administrators are considered.
The eocene/oligocene boundary in Hungary in the light of the study of larger foraminifera

Abstract The most important larger foraminifera in the study of the Eocene/Oligocene boundary are the nummulites, especially Nummulites intermedius . However, the revision of the nummulite faunas of the Hungarian transitional Eocene-Oligocene formations ( Nummulites-Discocyclina-Lithothamnium Limestone, Bryozoan Limestone, Buda Marl, Harshegy Sandstone) revealed that N. intermedius is absent in these faunas, which emphasizes the importance of other nummulites and larger foraminiferal species. The studies on the transitional sequences and their larger foraminiferal faunas from the Buda Mountains, Bakony Mountains, the Sagvar-Balatonbozsok-Tabajd-Csakvar Belt, the Nagyegyhaza and Dorog Basins, Kosd and the Matra and the Bukk Mountains are discussed. The most complete transitional sequences appear in the Buda Mountains. The studies on the larger foraminiferal fauna of these sections resulted in the discovery of a Nummulites species, which gives important data concerning the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. This can now be drawn between the Harshegy Sandstone of Varerdohegy at Solymar on the basis of N. vascus , a characteristic Lower and Middle Oligocene species, and the underlying Nummulites-Discocylina-Lithothamnium Limestone, on the basis of N. fabianii, N. chavannesi, N. pulchellus and N. incrassatus , belonging to the Upper Eocene. In addition to the stratigraphically most important nummulitids and lepidocyclinids, the spatial distribution of other larger foraminifera from these transitional formations is discussed. Finally, a comparison is made between the most important boundary faunas in Hungary and elsewhere. The Hungarian larger foraminiferal faunas show a conspicuous agreement with the Mediterranean faunas. From the latter, those of the Priabonian stratotype and the sections near Cluj-Napoca, Romania, are reviewed in detail.
Some Recent Trends in Modern‐Language Teaching in the United States

I HAVE been asked to prepare for our Educational Policy Committee a statement with regard to some recent developments in the teaching of the modern foreign languages in the United States with a view to enabling us to decide whether we should make any recommendations either to the departments concerned or to the General Faculty. Although I have myself always been convinced that the more a teacher knows about his subject the more interestingly he can present it to his students, and that, in consequence, it would be more advantageous for him to study his materials and his students as such than to spend much of his time investigating the methods employed by others, I willingly agreed to undertake the assignment, for several reasons. In the first place, I belong to what is, I fear, now looked upon by many as the old-fashioned school of those who firmly believe that a knowledge of a foreign language, and preferably of several foreign languages, should be a part of the intellectual baggage of every person who considers himself educated, irrespective of the manner in which that person earns or tries to earn his livelihood. Among those who agree with me are the members of the Committee on the Re-Statement of the Nature and Aims of Liberal Education, whose report, printed in full in the June, 1943, issue of the A.A.U.P. Bulletin, includes (p. 419) the ability "to use at least one other language with facility" among the skills "which liberal education helps men and women to develop." Similarly, Prof. Mark Van Doren, in his recently published Liberal Education, declares (pp. 131-132) that "at least one other language--Greek is still the best one for the purpose, and indeed for any purpose-should be equally known." In the second place, I know, somewhat to my chagrin, that some members of this committee do not share the conviction I have just expressed. And, in the third place and most important of all, whatever may be our individual persuasions on the subject, the war through which we are passing may have such far-reaching effects on all the major manifestations of our national life, including, notably, our educational system, that it seems wise for us all to be taking stock as to the success or failure of the teaching in our respective fields and to try to understand each other better than we have been doing in recent years. I might add, parenthetically, that, in my opinion, it is high time we stopped hurling epithets at one another and worked together towards the general improve-
Resonant substructure in K−π+π+π− and K̄0π+π+π− decays of charmed D mesons

We measure the resonant substructure of D0→K−π+π+π− and D+→K0π+π+π− decays using a five‐dimensional maximum likelihood technique to extract the relative fractions and phases of the amplitudes contributing to these final states. We obtain preliminary branching ratios of several decay modes including B(D0→K−a+1)=.080±.008±.019, B(D+→K0a+1)=.081±.020±.027, and B(D0→K*0ρ0)=.023±.003±.007. The branching ratio for D0→K*0ρ0 is smaller than theoretically expected and the K*0 and ρ0 are found to be polarized in the direction of their motion as seen from the D0 frame.
Parametric Scale-Up Cost Factors for Conventional and Micro-Scale Tools

This article estimates cost scale-up factors for micro-scale tools, including high speed steel micro tools, micro thread hand taps, and various types of mesh and wires. Many of these tools initially have a positive scale-up factor where the material costs directly correlate with the cost of the tool; they then transition to a negative scale-up factor at the micro-scale where manufacturing is more difficult and becomes the determining factor for the prices of the products. This article describes the transition from positive to negative scale-up factors, which generally has not been previously reported in the literature. In the future, the negative scale-up factor region of cost estimation could become more important because products, such as electronic hardware, will continue to become smaller in size.
Metagenomic identification of viral pathogens

The target-independent identification of viral pathogens using 'shotgun' metagenomic sequencing is an emerging approach with potentially wide applications in clinical diagnostics, public health monitoring, and viral discovery. In this approach, all viral nucleic acids present in a sample are sequenced in a random, shotgun manner. Pathogens are then identified without the prerequisite of searching for a specific viral pathogen. In this opinion article, I discuss the current state and future research directions for this emerging and disruptive technology. With further technical developments, viral metagenomics has the potential to be deployed as a powerful and widely adopted tool, transforming the way that viral disease is researched, monitored, and treated.
Detailed Refractive Index Measurement near Melting in a Plastic Crystal: Succinonitrile

Abstract An interferometric measurement of the temperature derivative of the refractive index in succinonitrile is reported over a temperature range (30[ddot]C → 66[ddot]C) that includes melting. In pure material the behavior is clearly that of a first-order transition both on heating and on cooling. In impure material premelting effects are seen below fusion. In all cases appreciable supercooling can be observed.
Crystallization Kinetics of HNO3/H2O Films Representative of Polar Stratospheric Clouds

The crystallization of binary HNO3/H2O aerosols may be an important step in the formation of type Ia polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). We have used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to probe the crystallization kinetics of supercooled 2:1 and 3:1 H2O:HNO3 films to nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) and trihydrate (NAT), respectively. Nitric acid/ice films were grown on a silicon substrate at temperatures near the glass point. The substrate was then warmed to a temperature above the glass point, and the crystallization of the film was measured using FTIR absorption spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the crystallization rate was used to determine the activation energy for a nitrate ion to cross the liquid−solid phase boundary. The activation energies ranged from 22 to 41 kcal mol-1 for NAD crystallization at temperatures between 177 and 168 K and from 22 to 35 kcal mol-1 for α-NAT crystallization at temperatures between 171 and 161 K. In addition, activation energies at higher temperatures w...