cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information technology and society: Prospects and problems

Abstract Advances in computer hardware and software have allowed information technology to penetrate into and firmly establish itself within our society. The technology affects the performance of our organizations, how we perform our jobs, and how we conduct our everyday lives. Beyond our borders, the. technology has debatable value to developing countries and has most certainly aroused conflicts between nations with respect to trade and broadcasting. This paper overviews prospects and associated problems of information technology from four viewpoints: economic, organizational, sociological, and political.
Prospective associations between unforgiveness and physical health and positive mediating mechanisms in a nationally representative sample of older adults.

Objective: This study examined the prospective association between unforgiveness and self-reported physical health and potential positive psychological mediators of this association.Design: Participants were a national sample of 1024 USA’s adults of ages 66 years and older. Data were collected at two time points separated by three years.Main Outcome Measures: Measures of trait unforgiveness, self-rated physical health, socio-demographics, health behaviours and positive psychological traits (e.g. life satisfaction, self-esteem) were included in a comprehensive survey known as the ‘Religion, Aging, and Health Survey.’Results: The results indicated that unforgiveness was prospectively associated with declines in self-reported physical health three years later, and poor initial self-reported health status did not predict increases in unforgiveness across time. Furthermore, the prospective association of unforgiveness with self-reported health was mediated by a latent positive psychological traits variable.Con...
Foraminifera and chlorophyll maximum: vertical distribution, seasonal succession, and paleoceanographic significance.

Many planktonic foraminiferal species deposit their shells at the chlorophyll maximum zone, and it is the temperature range here that is relevant to oceanographic models which use ratios of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in fossil foraminifera and foraminiferal fossil assemblages to ascertain past climates. During periods of stratification of the upper water column, the temperature at the chlorophyll maximum may differ from the sea surface temperature by 10°C in the western North Atlantic.
Endothermic and exothermic chemically reacting plumes

We develop a model for a turbulent plume in an unbounded ambient that takes into account a general exothermic or endothermic chemical reaction. These reactions can have an important effect on the plume dynamics since the entrainment rate, which scales with the vertical velocity, will be a function of the heat release or absorption. Specifically, we examine a second-order non-reversible reaction, where one species is present in the plume from a pure source and the other is in the environment. For uniform ambient density and species fields the reaction has an important effect on the deviation from pure plume behaviour as defined by the source parameter Γ . In the case of an exothermic reaction the density difference between the plume and the reference density increases and the plume is ‘lazy’, whereas for an endothermic reaction this difference decreases and the plume is more jet-like. Furthermore, for chemical and density-stratified environments, the reaction will have an important effect on the buoyancy flux because the entrainment rate will not necessarily decrease with distance from the source, as in traditional models. As a result, the maximum rise height of the plume for exothermic reactions may actually decrease with reaction rate if this occurs in a region of high ambient density. In addition, we investigate non-Boussinesq effects, which are important when the heat of reaction is large enough.
FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF A RAIL SUBJECTED TO CONTROLLED SERVICE CONDITIONS

Abstract— A fatigue analysis was conducted on a rail that was placed in the Facility for Accelerated Service Testing (FAST) after a detail fracture was detected in service. The initial detail crack produced in service was grown to failure under controlled FAST conditions simulating service. Knowledge of the FAST wheel/rail load history for this rail made it an ideal candidate for quantitative fatigue crack growth analysis. The investigation revealed that undulations in the detail fracture surface were caused by changes in the direction of traffic. The angle of the facture surface, with respect to the running surface of the rail, was measured for each direction change. These results showed that the angles did not change significantly as the depth of the crack increased, relative to the running surface. The change in the direction of traffic and the associated change in the angle of the detail fracture provided benchmarks on the surface that were used to estimate the crack growth rate between each train reversal. The results showed that the rate of detail crack growth remained relatively constant from its initial size, until it broke out on the gage side of the rail. After gage-side break out, the crack growth rate increased until failure of the rail occurred. This paper provides documentation on the process of detail fracture development in this specific rail. A discussion is also included which addresses the question of why detail fractures develop, and what the probable driving forces are for their growth.
Triadimefon supports conditioned cue preference

Triadimefon (TDF) is a fungicide with effects similar to cocaine, suggesting potential for abuse. Mice were trained in an apparatus with two distinctive flooring cues. In the experimental group, one of these was paired with administration of TDF and the other with vehicle; in the control group, both flooring types were paired with vehicle. The experimental group showed a significant preference shift towards the TDF-paired cue, suggesting a reinforcing effect.
Response to Schaefer

In this response, Professor Lowi challenges Professor Schaefer's interpretation of The End of Liberalism. In particular he rejects Schaefer's effort to drive a wedge between James Madison and himself.
Retention behavior of triglycerides on reverse phase columns using pseudophase liquid chromatography

The use of micellar mobile phases in decreasing the elution time of peanut triglycerides on 10µ reverse phase columns is demonstrated. Both cationic and anionic surfactants were used with “end-capped” and “non-end-capped” reverse phase columns. Surfactants added to both nonaqueous and aqueous organic mobile phases reduced the elution time of all triglyceride peaks when compared to a mobile phase without a surfactant modifier. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the modifier in the mobile phase was the most effective in reducing elution time for triglycerides when an “end-capped” column was used as the stationary medium. Increasing concentrations of surfactant in the mobile phase resulted in corresponding decreases in elution times. A unique feature of micellar phases is that any increase in concentration only alters the concentration of the micelles in the mobile phase. The objective of this study was to investigate the retention behavior of large, non-ionic solute molecules and to elucidate the adsorption mechanism on reverse phase columns.
Synaptic vesicles containing substance P purified by chromatography on controlled pore glass.

Abstract Subsynaptosomal particles containing the peptide, substance P, detected by radioimmunoassay were prepared by osmotic lysis of rat brainstem synaptosomes and chromatographed on a calibrated column of controlled pore glass beads of nominal pore size 300 nm. Immunoreactive substance P migrated on this column with particles of apparent mean diameter 117 nm. This particulate, immunoreactive substance P was indistinguishable from synthetic substance P by gel filtration and reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The specific activity of substance P with respect to protein in peak fractions was 140 pmoles/mg protein, 75-fold higher than in the crude homogenate. Particulate substance P was resistant to attack by endogenous proteases in a crude preparation. Depolarization of synaptosomes with 75 μM veratridine prior to vesicle purification decreased the recovery of particulate substance P 37%. This depletion was dependent on external calcium ions and was blocked by 1 μM tetrodotoxin. The foregoing properties of particulate substance P are consistent with its identification with the large, intraterminal substance P-positive vesicles seen by immunocytochemistry and suggest that these vesicles are involved in the release of substance P.
The Superadiabatic Surface Layer of the Ocean during Convection

Abstract Clear identification of the relatively weak superadiabatic potential temperature gradient in the ocean surface layer during convection has been made with the help of intensive vertical profiling measurements at an open-ocean site. In the surface layer the superadiabatic gradient, with a mean value of −1.8 × 10−4 K m−1, was a consistent feature of the convective boundary layer persisting throughout each of six consecutive nights. In the well-mixed layer, below the surface layer, the observed potential temperature was nearly constant and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate approximately balanced the production of TKE by the buoyancy flux through the sea surface. In the surface layer the TKE dissipation rate was systematically larger than the production of TKE predicted by wind stress and mixed-layer similarity scaling.
Asymptotic behavior and best approximation in computational fluid dynamics

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics has many successes for the solution of simple standard problems. For relatively complex problems, especially if nonlinear and of mixed type, the computed approximate solutions are mostly of dubious accuracy and credibility. The difficulty appears fundamental. Model studies in one space dimension suggest that most of such discrete problems are poorly posed. The sequence of computed solutions at successively refined meshes need not converge; and apparently “smooth” computed approximations can “converge” to wrong limits with large global errors. For certain discrete formulations the sequence is asymptotic in the sense of displaying minimum error at some fairly large critical mesh Reynolds number (coarse meshes). This error minimum can be as small as those promised by the correct “convergent approximations” at much smaller meshes. Certain behavior of the computed solutions around such a critical mesh Reynolds number help to identify the “best approximation”. Such analytic inferences have been tested and verified in the computational solutions of successively more complex flows governed by Navier-Stokes equations in two space dimensions. The flow fields due to shockwave-laminar-boundary layer interaction were computed with different discrete formulations and various perturbations. The computed “best approximations” differ little and all compare favorably with available experimental data. Some of such formulations give the “best approximations” at reasonably coarse meshes, requiring much smaller computational effort; and should therefore be favorably considered.
Image Reconstruction and Material Z Discrimination via Cosmic Ray Muon Radiography.

Abstract Highly penetrating cosmic ray muons shower the Earth at the rate of 10,000 m −2 min −1 at sea level. In our previous work (Nature 422 (2003) 277; Rev. Sci. Instr. 74(10) (2003) 4294; Cosmic Ray Muon Radiography for Contraband Detection, in: Proceedings of AccApp’03, San Diego, CA, June 2003), we presented a novel muon radiography technique which exploits the multiple Coulomb scattering of these particles for nondestructive inspection without the use of artificial radiation. In this paper, we describe the concept of and theory behind cosmic ray muon radiography. We discuss the information carried by the scattered muons and our approaches for exploiting that information with image reconstruction algorithms. We discuss preliminary and advanced reconstruction algorithms, which take advantage of the scattering angle, scattering location, and locations where strongly scattered muons cross paths. Our algorithms are validated with both experimental demonstrations and Monte Carlo simulations. Based upon the results from both the experiment and simulations, we conclude that scattering muon radiography can be useful for both material discrimination and fast (minute order) detection of compact high- Z objects. Our ray-crossing algorithm, which highlights locations where strongly scattered muons cross paths, is effective even in the presence of a medium- Z background matrix.
Preparing Research Leaders for Special Education: A Ph.D. Program with an Emphasis in Applied Behavior Analysis.

We describe a doctoral program at The Ohio State University that prepares special education leadership personnel whose research and teaching are guided by the philosophical, scientific, and technol...
Proton-neutron two-particle excited states of the (1g92)29+ configuration

Abstract The (α, d) reaction on separated target 52 Cr, 54, 56 Fe, 58, 60, 62 Ni and 64, 66, 68 Zn was studied at four angles with the 50 MeV α-particle beam from the Berkeley 88-incg cyclotron. Excited states of the residual nuclei with (π1 g 9 2 , ν 1 g 9 2 ) 9+ configuration are suggested.
Improvement in staging of esophageal cancer with the addition of positron emission tomography

Abstract Background . Positron emission tomography with the glucose analogue 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) has been used to detect and stage a variety of malignancies. We hypothesized that FDG–positron emission tomography would improve staging of patients with esophageal cancer and thereby facilitate selection of candidates for resection. Methods . Fifty-eight patients (42 men and 16 women) with biopsy-proven esophageal cancer were evaluated with both FDG–positron emission tomography and computed tomography. Results . In all but 2 patients, increased FDG uptake was identified at the site of the primary tumor. Six patients were not operative candidates. Seventeen patients were not candidates for resection because of metastatic disease. Positron emission tomography identified the metastatic disease in all 17 (12 of whom underwent confirmatory biopsy), whereas computed tomography was positive for metastases in only 5. The remaining 35 patients underwent surgical exploration, were judged to have resectable disease and had esophagectomy. Pathologic examination of resected specimens identified lymph node metastases in 21 patients. These nodes were detected by positron emission tomography in 11 patients and by computed tomography in 6. Conclusions . Positron emission tomography improved staging and facilitated selection of patients for operation by detecting distant disease not identified by computed tomography alone.
Cognitive style may mitigate the impact of communication mode

With the proliferation of Internet-based applications for collaborative work such as group decision support system (GDSS), traditional face-to-face (FTF) interactions are being augmented or replaced by screen-to-face (STF) technology. Extant research results find that some individuals prefer FTF mode for interaction and would feel frustrated under an STF mode, but others may feel very comfortable using electronic STF applications. This paper evaluates the influence of cognitive style on the perception of individuals negotiating over FTF or STF communication modes. Cognitive style explains how individuals prefer to receive information and what methods they use to process that information. The results suggest that when individuals are faced with a mixed-motive negotiation task, some cognitive styles mitigate the effects of communication modes while other cognitive styles are not sensitive to it. Hence, cognitive style and communication modes have interaction effects.
Decay and antidecay in mammalian development: clues to transcript abundance in the RNA world?

In 1986, Gray Shaw and Robert Kamen described an elegant set of experiments that identified a functional element in the 3′ untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA (Cell. 46:659-667), a region that Caput et al (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;91:1318-1322) identified as being highly conserved in
Brain nuclear DNA survives cardiac arrest and reperfusion.

Abstract Iron-mediated peroxidation of brain lipids is known to occur during reperfusion following cardiac arrest. Since in vitro damage to DNA is caused by similar iron-dependent peroxidation, we tested whether free radical damage to genomic DNA also develops during reperfusion following cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Genomic DNA was isolated from the cerebral cortex in (i) normal dogs, (ii)_dogs subjected to a 20-min cardiac arrest, and (iii)_dogs resuscitated from a 20-min cardiac arrest and then allowed to reperfuse for 2 or 8 h. DNA strand nicks were evaluated by in vitro labeling of newly created 3′ and 5′ termini. DNA base damage was evaluated utilizing with piperidine prior to labeling of 5′ termini. The 3t DNA termini were labeled before and after digestion with exonuclease III, and the 5′ DNA termini were labeled before and after treatment with piperidine. In vitro experiments with genomic DNA damaged by oxygen radicals verified that these labeling methods identified radical damage. In the experimental animal groups, terminal incorporation and electrophoretic mobility of brain nuclear DNA are not significantly changed either by 20 min of complete brain ischermia or during the first 8 h of reperfusion. We conclude that genomic DNA is not extensively damaged during cardiac arrest and early reperfusion, and therefore such DNA damage does not appear to be an important early aspect of the neurologic injury that accompanies cardiac arrest and resuscitation.
Effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2α, and pentagstrin on the gall bladder pressure in dogs

The effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2α on the gall bladder pressure was studied in anesthetized dogs with and without clamping of the cystic duct. Both PGE1 and PGE2 lowered the gall bladder pressure when the initial pressure was higher than 5 mm Hg, but caused no significant change when the initial pressure was lower than 3 mm Hg. On the other hand, PGF2α increased the gall bladder pressure regardless of its initial pressure. When the cystic duct was clamped, PGF2α markedly increased the gall bladder pressure while both PGE1 and PGE2 increased it slightly. This observation suggests that the smooth muscle in the gall bladder is markedly stimulated by PGF2α and stimulated to a lesser degree by PGE1 or PGE2. Furthermore, PGF2α appears to constrict, and PGE1 or PGE2 appears to relax the sphincter of Oddi. Pretreatment with indomethacin did not affect or slightly potentiated the cholecystokinetic effect of the three prostaglandins but abolished that of pentagastrin, suggesting that prostaglandins are possible mediators for the cholecystokinetic action of the gastrointestinal hormones.
GEMMIFEROUS FERN GAMETOPHYTES—VITTARIACEAE

A B S T R A C T Approximately 10 % of all fern species reproduce vegetatively in the gametophytic stage by means of gemmae. Gametophyte morphologies in these species depart radically from the commonly figured heart-shaped type and expand considerably the opportunities for physiological and morphological studies utilizing fern gametophytes. Original observations on four species of vittarioid ferns are presented and compared with earlier observations on gametophytes of this family. Vittarioid gametophytes grow from a discontinuous marginal meristem which results in a much branched thallus of indeterminant growth. Aerial branches of the gametophytes terminate in gemma production, which proceeds by a regular and predictable sequence of events. The sequence may differ considerably among species but is remarkably constant within species. Archegonia are produced on short ventral branches, and antheridia are produced primarily on germinating gemmae. Ananthacorus angustifolius is the only known member of the Vittariaceae which does not produce gemmae and is considered to represent the primitive condition. In this species antheridia are scattered over the thallus, suggesting that a change in the mode of control of antheridium production may have evolved in the family along with gemma production.
Compartmentalization of eosinophil granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression in patients with asthma *

Background: In patients with asthma the endobronchial instillation of an allergen induces recruitment of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) messenger RNA-positive eosinophils into the airway. Objective: The goal of the study was to determine whether peripheral blood (as opposed to bronchoalveolar lavage) eosinophils express GM-CSF mRNA and protein. Methods: We performed in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry on peripheral blood eosinophils, obtained at 0, 4, and 24 hours after either inhalation of diluent, inhalation of allergen, or endobronchial instillation of allergen. Results: Each study subject ( n =6) had both an immediate and late-phase response to allergen inhalation but not to diluent inhalation. Allergen, but not diluent, challenge induced a significant increase in the number of peripheral blood eosinophils at 24 hours. In situ hybridization of peripheral blood eosinophils with a sulfur 35-labeled GM-CSF RNA riboprobe and immunostaining with a GM-CSF monoclonal antibody revealed that neither pre- nor postchallenge (allergen or diluent) peripheral blood eosinophils expressed GM-CSF mRNA or protein. In contrast, both bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophils and mononuclear cells expressed GM-CSF mRNA and protein. Conclusion: These studies suggest that the expression of GM-CSF by eosinophils after allergen inhalation is compartmentalized to the lungs.
Creep Behavior and Microstructures of Nb-26Ti-48Al Alloy and Composite

The creep behavior of Nb-26Ti-48Al alloy and its composite were investigated. After creep testing, precipitates were observed in the composite and mobile dislocations were found to be pinned by these precipitates. The combined effects of the reinforcements and the pinned dislocations were responsible for a reduced creep rate of the composite. The possible creep mechanisms were discussed based on the stress exponent and the activation energy of creep.
Glucosylation as a mechanism of resistance to thaxtomin A in potatoes

Abstract Glucosylation of thaxtomin A by Streptomyces scabies occurs in vitro. The glucose conjugate of thaxtomin A (TA) from bacterial extracts was isolated and characterized as thaxtomin A-β-di- O -glucoside (TAG). On a specific activity basis, TAG was six times less toxic than TA in potato tuber slice tests. Evidence for glucosylation of TA in S. scabies includes electrospray mass spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, chromatographic data, and the unequivocal demonstration of the presence of glucose in the putative TAG after acid hydrolysis and GC-MS analysis. 14 C-thaxtomin A was produced by amending 6 day old cultures of S. scabies in oat meal broth with l -phenylalanine-UL- 14 C. The scab-resistant cultivar Nooksack and resistant selections of Ranger self-cross treated with 14 C-TA produced a higher amount of a radioactive metabolite with an R f value similar to TAG than the susceptible cultivar Ranger. Furthermore, there was almost twice as much glucose transferase on a specific activity basis in resistant than in susceptible potato cultivars and selections. Glucosylation appears to be a mechanism of TA detoxification in potato and is related to scab resistance and susceptibility in potato.
Potential Information Gains from Superresolution with Correlated Emitters

We theoretically analyze information gains from using correlated (but spectrally distinct) fluorophores in superresolution localization microscopy at high labeling densities. Imaging with pairs of anti-correlated fluorophores reduces biases in estimation of fluorophore spacing.
Salt-tolerant transgenic perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene

Abstract The objective of this study was to obtain a salt-tolerant perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by transforming it with a rice vacuolar membrane Na+/H+ antiporter gene via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. To optimize the transformation conditions, two Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains, LBA4404 and EHA105, carrying plasmid pCAMBIA3301, were used to transform embryogenic calli of perennial ryegrass; two factors affecting transformation efficiency, acetosyringone and mannitol, were then determined. Addition of acetosyringone during the incubation of bacteria and the co-cultivation process increased the transformation rate. Transformation efficiency could be further increased by osmotic treatment with 0.4 mol/l mannitol before infection. Using this optimized transformation system, the rice vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene, OsNHX1, was transferred into perennial ryegrass by Agrobacterium-mediated method. The transformants were confirmed by both PCR and Southern blot analysis. The resultant transgenic ryegrass had better salt-tolerance. After stress treatment for 10 weeks with 350 mmol/l NaCl, transgenic plants survived, while wild-type plants did not. The leaves of transgenic plants accumulated higher concentrations of Na+, K+ and proline than those of the control plants. These results demonstrate the OsNHX1 gene was successfully transferred into perennial ryegrass by Agrobacterium-mediated method, and the salt-tolerance of perennial ryegrass was improved by overexpression of the OsNHX1 gene.
A cyclobutene bridgehead olefin approach to the germacranes

Abstract A model study for the synthesis of the germacranes is described which utilizes a consecutive oxy-Cope/cyclobutene ring opening rearrangement sequence. The β,γ-unsaturated enone necessary for the rearrangement is obtained directly from the photocycloaddition of allene and cyclohexenone.
Cavity formation and impurity gettering in He-implanted Si

Cavity microstructures formed in Si after ion implantation of He (30 or 130 keV) and annealing at 700°C or above are examined with cross-section transmission electron microscopy. A threshold concentration of 1.6 at.% He is identified as required to form cavities that survive such anneals. The cavities coarsen with a constant volume corresponding to ∼0.75 lattice sites per implanted He atom and have surface areas 3-7 times that of the wafer area for fluences of 1 × 1017 He/ cm2. Transition metal atoms (Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Au) are shown to be strongly trapped (1.5–2.2 eV) on the cavity walls by chemisorption. Whereas Cu, Au, and Ni are bound more strongly to the cavity sites than to their respective precipitated phases, Co and Fe are more strongly bound to their silicides; nonetheless, appreciable trapping of Co and Fe does occur in equilibrium with the silicides. Cavity trapping appears to be an effective gettering mechanism at low impurity levels, as needed to meet future microelectronics device requirements.
Function of Manx Shearwater Calls in Mate Attraction

Playback experiments were used to study the role of vocalization in mate attraction by Manx shearwaters, a nocturnal seabird. Pre-breeding birds were exposed to test calls of male and female shearwaters calling from the range of normal locations: above the colony as in a flyover call, on the ground in the colony, or from within the nesting burrow. Both female and male test calls increased the frequency of male calling but only male calls increased the frequency of female calling. These findings suggest that male calls 1) facilitated competing responses from other males that are attempting to attract females to their burrows and 2) stimulated calling in available females that require more directional information to find the advertising male. Male calling location, inside or outside the burrow, probably reflected a compromise between being audible to females and being susceptible to predation. Because the call was more widely broadcast, male test calls played from outside the burrow caused more females to land in the colony than the same call played from inside the burrow. However in a simultaneous choice test between a burrow and an outside male test call, males calling from inside did not lose females to the adjacent outside male. Thus calling from inside the burrow in an area where another male is calling outside maximized female attraction while minimizing risk of predation. The male call played from inside the burrow attracted as many females as a pair call from inside but the response of females to the pair was less sustained, indicating that duetting pairs-inhibited the response of unpaired females. Male and female calls emanating from above the colony suppressed the rate of female flyover calls suggesting that during this test condition other birds stopped calling in an attempt to orient to the source of the test call.
Interface formation during spinodal decomposition

Abstract Already Swanger, Gupta, and Cooper have shown that the nonlinear term in the differential equation that describes spinodal decomposition is responsible for the decomposition going to completion. We contend that the term is also responsible for the formation of sharp interfaces relatively early in the decomposition process. There is experimental verification of this.
In vitro transdermal iontophoretic delivery of penbutolol sulfate

Iontophoretic transport of penbutolol sulfate across porcine ear skin was studied. Passive transdermal flux of the drug in phosphate-buffered saline was 7.65 μg/cm2 hr. There was statistically significant flux enhancement when direct current iontophoresis was applied. Iontophoresis (0.11 mA/cm2, 0.17 mA/cm2, and 0.22 mA/cm2) for 6 hr, resulted in net transport of 87.36 μg/cm2, 137.51 μg/cm2, and 201.12 μg/cm2 of penbutolol sulfate, respectively. After 24 hr, cumulative amount of penbutolol transported were 201.63, 300.76, and 359.98 μg/cm2, respectively. There was a 2.20- (0.11 mA/cm2), 3.26- (0.17 m/Acm2), and 4.28-fold (0.22 mA/cm2) enhancement in transcutaneous steady-state flux values compared to passive delivery. Steady-state fluxes of penbutolol sulfate also increased proportionally to current density. Steady-state fluxes calculated from the linear portion of the cumulative amount versus time curves for penbutolol sulfate were 16.68, 24.97, and 32.76 μg/cm2/hr at current densities of 0.11, 0.17, and...
Mesothelioma of spermatic cord: electron microscopic and histochemical characteristics of its mucopolysaccharides.

Abstract A mesothelioma of the spermatic cord occurred at the site of multiple hernial repairs. The aggressive biologic behavior of this tumor is exhibited by its early lymph node invasion and extensive metastases to the pleural cavities, lungs, and spleen. These tumor cells contained a large amount of stable glycogen-like carbohydrate insoluble in formalin and tolerating postmortem changes. Electron microscopy revealed features similar to those mesotheliomas arising from body cavities.
Reconstruction of the shape and size of objects from two orthogonal projections

Suppose that V is a family of regular regions in R^d (d >= 2) with a common constructive profile (CP), i.e. the projection along the x^d-axis. In this paper, the authors establish, under certain restrictions on the equal divisor, the one-to-one correspondence between V and the family Q of the induced testing profiles (TP), i.e. the projections along the x"1-axis of the element in V. This proves that, under certain restrictions, a regular region in R^d is a continuous function of its profiles (CP and TP), which theoretically guarantees the justification of the reconstruction of the left ventricle given in a previous paper.
Ground States of a Frustrated Quantum Spin Chain with Long-Range Interactions

The ground state of a spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain with both frustration and long-range interactions is studied using Lanczos exact diagonalization. The evolution of the well-known dimerization transition of the system with short-range frustrated interactions (the J1-J2 chain) is investigated in the presence of additional unfrustrated interactions decaying with distance as 1/r(alpha). It is shown that the continuous (infinite-order) dimerization transition develops into a first-order transition between a long-range ordered antiferromagnetic state and a state with coexisting dimerization and critical spin correlations at wave number k=pi/2. The relevance of the model to real systems is discussed.
Access to and use of health care: perceptions and experiences among people who use heroin and cocaine

Objective: To examine the health care experiences of low-income drug users in order to gain insight into their health care decision-making and barriers to care.Methods: Data come principally from o...
Dynamic fission instability of dissipative protoplanets

Analytical and numerical approaches are taken to consider if a rapidly rotating, viscous protoearth would have lost mass by a fission process and thereby given birth to the moon. The fast rotation is assumed as the source of the instability in the dissipative liquid protoearth. Governing hydrodynamic equations are defined for the evolution of the protoearth. Account is taken of viscous dissipation, the pressure equation of state for the atmospheric material sent on a ballistic trajectory, and the effective viscosity. The results indicate that dynamic fission was probably not the process by which the protomoon came into existence.
EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON BONE GROWTH AND SKELETAL MATURATION OF NORMAL AND CASTRATED MALE RATS.12

THE ACTION of testosterone propionate consists fundamentally in increasing the growth and development of genital structures in the male, including the accessory sexual characteristics. Aside from this highly specialised effect, it is reasonable to assume that other components of the body may also be influenced. A number of experimental studies in animals and man have been performed with regard to possible measurements of such responses to androgens. Kochakian (I) and Kenyon et al., (2) demonstrated a retention of nitrogen and sodium during testosterone treatment. Hesser and his associates (3) have noted that androgenic treatment produced changes in myotonic dystrophy when associated with eunuchoidism. Rubenstein and Solomon (4, 5) found that 0.05 mg. of testosterone administered daily to growing albino rats led to a “probable” increase in body weight and length, whereas, 1 mg. daily suppressed these same responses in castrate animals to a still greater degree than castration alone.
DnaJ dramatically stimulates ATP hydrolysis by DnaK: insight into targeting of Hsp70 proteins to polypeptide substrates.

Most, if not all, of the cellular functions of Hsp70 proteins require the assistance of a DnaJ homologue, which accelerates the weak intrinsic ATPase activity of Hsp70 and serves as a specificity f...
Reaction of Water with the (100) and (111) Surfaces of Fe3O4

Abstract We have examined changes in the electronic structure of magnetite (100) and (111) surfaces after reaction with water vapor (p(H2O) ranging from 10−9 to 9 Torr) and liquid water at 298 K using chemical shifts in the O 1s core level photoelectron spectra obtained with a synchrotron radiation source. The surfaces were prepared in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) from natural magnetite crystals. We found that the vapor pressure, p(H2O), at which water first reacts with magnetite is similar for the two surfaces (≤10−5 Torr for 3 min exposures, corresponding to doses of ≤1.8×103 Langmuirs) and is consistent with a small sticking coefficient. This reaction is manifested in the O 1s spectra by the growth of a shoulder at about 1.5 eV lower kinetic energy than the main lattice oxygen feature. We attributed this new feature to hydroxyl groups resulting from dissociative chemisorption of water on the magnetite surfaces, initially on defect sites. p(H2O) for the onset of an extensive hydroxylation reaction is ≈10−3 Torr (3 min dose or ≈1.8×105 Langmuirs). Magnetite (100) and (111) surfaces exposed to higher p(H2O) react more extensively, with hydroxylation extending several layers (≈8 A) deep into the bulk. A comparison of O KVV Auger K-edge absorption spectra of water vapor-exposed magnetite (100) and (111) surfaces with the corresponding total yield spectra of goethite (α-FeOOH), limonite (FeOOH·nH2O), and hematite (α-Fe2O3) clearly shows that the reaction product on the magnetite surfaces is not goethite, limonite or hematite. In addition, similarity of the Fe L3M23M23 Auger yield L-edge absorption spectra before and after exposure of the magnetite (111) surface to liquid water indicates that the oxidation state of iron is unchanged. We also measured O 1s chemical shifts on magnetite (111) surfaces which had been immersed in liquid water. Surprisingly, these immersion experiments resulted in smaller chemical shifts and lower intensities of hydroxyl features relative to magnetite samples exposed to the highest water vapor pressures (10 Torr for 3 min or 1.8×109 Langmuirs) in our dosing experiments. To assess the thermal stability of the hydroxylated surfaces, we conducted a series of stepwise annealing experiments to 700°C. These annealing experiments indicate that once the magnetite surface is hydroxylated it is extremely difficult to thermally clean without Ar+ sputtering.
1032-119 What Price CABG? Individual Patient Characteristics that Influence Direct Costs

There are two methods to control procedural costs: (1) make systematic changes that reduce costs on all patients, and (2) identify potentially high cost patients and proactively intervene to keep costs low in those individuals. To determine which patient characteristics are predictive of high cost, we studied a series of 722 consecutive patients (3/12/90 to 3/22/94) undergoing routine CABG (DRG 107 — CABG without catheterization) to determine which individual characteristics contributed to direct costs. Using the Cedars-Sinai Cardiothoracic Surgery database, we identified 31 prospectively collected candidate variables from the preoperative and operative periods which might contribute to the overall direct costs of bypass. Total direct costs were obtained from the hospital central financial system for each patient. Only patients who survived to discharge were included in the analysis. Forward, stepwise, multiple linear regression was used to determine which candidate variables contributed to total direct costs. Of the 31 candidate variables, 3 demographic (age, non-private patient. widow(er)), 4 preoperative clinical (presence of symptoms, angina CHA class, CHF NYHA class, peripheral vascular disease), and 1 intraoperative variable (non-use of the internal thoracic artery — ITA) contributed to the cost of CABG (p l 0.04). The following table presents each characteristic and the incremental associated cost of that characteristic: Peripheral vascular disease $6,381 Age (cost per decade) $1,950 Non-private patient $5,283 CHF NYHA class $293 Widow(er) $4.908 Angina CHA class $195 Non-use ITA $4.842 Symptomatic $88 Conclusion High direct cost patients can be identified prior to a CABG. Although these variables themselves are not directly amenable to modification, proactive intervention through general case management may decrease the total costs of the procedure and allow more efficient allocation of resources. In addition, these data can be directly employed to adjust contract pricing for case-rnix.
Pink slips without tears

The article reports on a study by a team of researchers from four universities concerning procedural justice in layoff systems during organizational downsizing. The researchers—Joel Brockner, Mary Konovsky, Rochelle Cooper-Schneider, Robert Folger, Christopher Martin and Robert Bies—found that negative effects from layoff can be avoided if employees believe they were treated fairly, given sufficient notice, and receive appropriate severance pay. Disgruntled employees can be a source of negative publicity for the organization.
Marketing and Negotiating in the People's Republic of China: Perceptions of American Businessmen Who Attended the 1975 Canton Fair

The objective of this study is to evaluate the various aspects of the business opportunities and peculiarities of negotiating in the People's Republic of China as viewed by businessmen who attended the recent Canton Trade Fairs. Many of the peculiarities still remain, as attested to by the respondents of the self-administered questionnaires that were mailed to 218 businessmen. However, these businessmen indicate that the Chinese are becoming more flexible in their negotiations and are sincerely interested in expanding their trade with the United States. To date, trade between the two countries is limited in both volume and value; and it has been characterized by a negative balance with the United States. Businessmen feel that as the United States' demand for many of their resources and labor intensive products increases and the trade position of the Chinese improves, their demand for American capital equipment and other goods will result in increasing business opportunities with the People's Republic of China.
Surface sites and unrelaxed surface energies of tetrahedral silica polymorphs and silicate

Abstract Surface properties of respirable silica, which represents a major occupational safety concern, were investigated computationally, and a model for quantitative characterization of crystalline silica surface sites was developed. It was found that the surface energy of crystalline solids, such as silica and silicates, can be calculated as a product of the surface site density and site energy. The energies of sites formed by faceting tetrahedral silica polymorphs and aluminosilicate were determined by parametric fitting ab initio surface energies to site densities. Boltzmann’s statistics was used to describe the distribution of faces as an exponential function of unrelaxed surface energy in the comminuted crystalline solids. Using these findings, crystallographic face distributions on fractured quartz, coesite, tridymite, and cristobalite were derived and average silanol hydroxyl densities in fractured particulate of these materials were estimated as 0.070, 0.059, 0.058, and 0.055 A−2, respectively. The proposed method of quantitative characterization of the surface bridges the gap between microscopic simulations and measurable observables, such as cytotoxicity of respirable silica.
Steady states in random nets.

A neural net is taken to consist of a semi-infinite chain of neurons with connections distributed according to a certain probability frequency of the lengths of the axones. If an input of excitation is “fed” into the net from an outside source, the statistical properties of the net determine a certain steady state output. The general functional relation between the input and the output is derived as an integral equation. For a certain type of probability distribution of connections, this equation is reducible to a differential equation. The latter can be solved by elementary methods for the output in terms of the input in general and for the input in terms of the output in special cases.
Effects of unilateral ovariectomy on follicular development and ovulation in cycling aged rats.

Knowing that following unilateral ovariectomy the remaining ovary of the cyclic rat ovulates twice as many ova as normally this researcher attempted to determine at what interval after hemicastration the rat fails to compensate in the number of ova shed. 100 female virgin rats were obtained at 62-69 days of age and divided equally into control and experimental groups. 3 days later the experimental rats were unilaterally ovariectomized. 3 cycles or 3 6 and 12 months after hemicastration the remaining ovary hypertrophied 38.3% 63.7% 55.3% and 117.7% respectively. Counts of tubal ova and study of follicular development gave evidence for the absence of compensatory ovulation after 6 months. Since 100% compensatory hypertrophy was seen first only at 12 months the ideal experimental endpoint for the effect of unilateral ovariectomy is compensatory ovulation which was already absent at 6 months.
Viscosity and Thermal Expansion of Sodium and Potassium Galliosilicate Glasses

The transformation-range viscosity and thermal expansion behavior of several series of sodium and potassium galliosilicate glasses were studied. The trends observed in the results are similar to those found for alkali aluminosilicate glasses. This result suggests a similarity in the structural roles of aluminum and gallium ions. The present data are discussed in terms of this structural role. In addition, the influence of silica content, alkali content, and alkali identity on the thermal properties of these glasses is discussed.
Survival of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) cultured in fresh water and in estuarine net pens

Abstract Growth, survival during culture, and subsequent marine survival are compared for two broods of juvenile coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) cultured in freshwater raceways or in net pens suspended in a highly stratified estuary. Two strategies for use of estuarine net pens were examined: (1) transfer as subyearlings from fresh water to net pens in fall, and (2) transfer as presmolt yearlings to net pens in early spring, prior to their normal migration or release time. Overwinter survival of juveniles cultured in net pens exceeded 90% and was only slightly lower than that of fish cultured in fresh water; however, fish cultured in fresh water were slightly larger at release. Time of release had a much greater effect on subsequent adult return than did culture environment. Return rates were significantly higher for fish released in late spring than for fish released in fall or early spring. Return rates of fish cultured in net pens were similar to or greater than that of fish cultured in fresh water. Results demonstrated that juvenile coho salmon can be cultured overwinter in estuarine net pens, thereby freeing rearing units for culture of subsequent broods and increasing the number of yearling smolts that can be produced in a hatchery.
Nuclear orientation of 113Cdm, 115Cd and 115Cdm

Abstract Nuclear orientation of 113 Cd m , 115 Cd and 115 Cd m has been achieved in gas samples by optical pumping. Measured nuclear resonance frequencies for these isotopes relative to 111 Cd are ν 113 m / ν 111 = 0.166 232 63 (10), ν 115/ ν 111 = 1.090 000 2(12) and ν = 0.159 08842(6).
A mutation which creates a new site for the re-initiation of polypeptide synthesis in the z gene of the lac operon of Escherichia coli.

Abstract A class of Mel + revertants of a strongly polar nonsense mutant in the z gene of the lac operon containing a new initiation site for protein synthesis has been isolated and characterized. The new initiation site, called π, operates efficiently to restore permease and acetylase activities to a high level. Translation of the distal portion of the z gene also occurs in these revertants. π is located very close to and on the operator-distal side of the chain-terminating triplet. It can revert other terminator mutants to Mel + if it is incorporated into the z gene close to the operatordistal side of the terminator triplet.
NASA: Let academia lead space science.

NASA must put more of its money into thrifty missions led by principal investigators, says Daniel N. Baker.