cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetics of native defects, solute partitioning, and interfacial energy of Q precipitate in Al-Cu-Mg-Si alloys

Abstract The compound Al3Cu2Mg9Si7, is known as the Q-phase and forms as a thermodynamically stable precipitate during aging in the quaternary Al-Cu-Mg-Si system. We perform atomic-scale density functional theory (DFT) calculations of defect properties, solute partitioning, and interfacial stability of the Al3Cu2Mg9Si7 (Q) precipitate. We find: (i) simple native point defect (i.e., vacancies and anti-sites) thermodynamics can partially explain the experimentally observed off-stoichiometry, such as the observed variation of compositions, Al3+δCu2Mg9-δSi7 (Mg-deficient and Al-rich) in experiment. (ii) Calculated solute-partitioning energies of common solutes allow us to define general rules for site-preference in the Q-phase in terms of electronic structure and atomic radius. To validate our DFT predictions, we perform atom-probe tomography (APT) experiments for six-different elements (Zn, Ni, Mn, Ti, V, and Zr). The results show that the partitioning behavior of solutes Ni, Zn, and Mn are consistent with DFT predictions, but the transition elements (Ti, V, and Zr), which are anomalously slow diffusers in Al, partition to the Q-phase in constrast to DFT partitioning energies. (iii) For the low energy interface (11 2 ¯ 0)Q//(510)Al observed in needle shaped Q-precipitate, we survey various terminations and orientations and derive a low-energy interfacial structure. We find this low-energy interfacial model has Cu atoms nearest to the interface, which is in agreement with previous literature on Cu interfacial segregation at the Q′//α-Al interface. The computed interfacial energy (0.52 J/m2) and the corresponding structure will be useful input to future multi-scale modeling of microstructural evolution.
Cytokines as vaccine adjuvants. Current status and potential applications.

Since Jenner’s discovery that cowpox vaccinations protect humans against smallpox, vaccines have been used effectively to protect humans and livestock from contagious and deadly diseases. Most of the marketed vaccines are made from either inactivated or attenuated pathogens (i.e., viruses or bacteria). Although vaccines prepared with inactivated pathogens are often effective, their use may be limited because a small but measurable chance of infection exists, a result of the incomplete inactivation of pathogens in these preparations. The incomplete inactivation of pathogens is particularly a concern for vaccines against viruses that may produce a latent infection (i.e., herpes and retroviruses). Similarly, vaccines constructed with attenuated pathogens may invoke the very disease they are designed to prevent if they are insufficiently attenuated. Therefore, subunit vaccines composed of antigenic components (usually proteins) free of pathogenic components are likely to offer improved safety.
Cancers de l’endomètre de stades avancés : chirurgie première ou chimiothérapie néoadjuvante ?

Endometrial cancers with peritoneal spread are stage IVB of FIGO classification. Their pattern is similar to that of ovarian cancer. Optimal debulking surgery and chemotherapy are predictor of better overall and disease free survival. Despite the poor outcome, there is a need for new treatment options. Recommended management for this group of patients should consist of surgical cytoreduction followed by chemotherapy. There may be a role for neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval surgery in selected subgroups of patients.
Interaction between Variable Chaplygin gas and Tachyonic Matter

We consider a model of varying Chaplyagin gas interacting with a Tachyonic matter in framework of GR. As a varying Chaplygin gas we consider the model considered in [4]. Goal of the letter is to reconstruct and investigate the potential V ( ) and !tot. To achieve the nal goal analytical and numerical techniques are used depends on necessity. Graphical analysis is performed and presented.
Recurrent Inguinal Hernia Repair

Recurrence after inguinal hernia repair is a source of significant morbidity for patients and a significant surgical challenge. Several factors can increase the risk of inguinal hernia recurrence, including smoking, prior recurrence, prior tissue repair, postoperative complications, and low hospital hernia volume. In addition, evidence suggests that hernia formation is linked to systemic connective tissue disease, which may play a role in hernia recurrence. Type of mesh fixation and postoperative activity restrictions, however, do not appear to affect hernia recurrence. When approaching the recurrent hernia, the patient’s symptomatology, functional status, and prior repair type should be considered. Where the diagnosis is unclear, ultrasound is a good initial test, and the surgeon should keep the possibility of femoral hernia in mind. The optimal approach for recurrent repair is a matter of some debate. Generally, laparoscopic repair for recurrent hernia results in less pain and shorter return to full activity. However, evidence suggests that anterior repair is preferred after prior laparoscopic repair, and laparoscopic repair is preferred after prior open anterior repair. This recommendation allows the surgeon to avoid prior scar tissue and avoid complications. Nonetheless, these conventions continue to be challenged by surgeons experienced in certain techniques, and case series show good results with many different methods of repair.
Application of the draft NIOSH Occupational Exposure Banding Process to Bisphenol A: A case study

Bisphenol A is a commercially important chemical used to make polycarbonate plastic, epoxy resins, and other specialty products. Despite an extensive body of in vitro, animal and human observationa...
Information Technology Sourcing Capability

We conceptualize IT sourcing capability, which implies the use of a set of idiosyncratic organizational controls, as a capability of the firm. The contribution is a thorough grounding of research on the sourcing of information technology (IT) in today's practice, which has evolved considerably from the IBM-Kodak days. Use of portfolios of controls supporting coordination, knowledge acquisition and learning results in sourcing success, which leads to business value. Based on hypotheses grounded in theory, an empirical validation of the model is expected to add to the understanding of outsourcing success and its link to business value.
Urban Wetland Planning and Management in Ghana: a Disappointing Implementation

The Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), in Ghana, has witnessed the destruction of approximately 60% of its wetlands. Wetlands provide many valuable ecological, social, economic, and recreational functions. Appreciation of the importance of wetlands has increased in recent years, consequently, wetland protection has been recognized globally through international agreements, as well as through national, regional, and local policies and regulations. Empirical studies on wetland destruction in urbanized Ghana are limited. Adopting a qualitative approach, this research examines the causes and extent of wetland destruction in the GAMA. The study reveals that measures designed and implemented to protect wetlands in the GAMA have proved ineffective due to non-implementation and monitoring of wetland protection strategies, policies and projects. These shortcomings reflect a lack of resources and participation of stakeholders in the planning, development and implementation of wetland protection policies. The study concludes with a recommendation for more direct participation of stakeholders in developing and implementing plans and strategies to manage wetlands in Ghana.
Practical Tools and Guidelines for Exploring and Fitting Linear and Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Models

A dynamical system is a system of variables that show some regularity in how they evolve over time. Change concepts described in most dynamical systems models are by no means novel to social and behavioral scientists, but most applications of dynamic modeling techniques in these disciplines are grounded on a narrow subset of-typically linear-theories of change. I provide practical guidelines, recommendations, and software code for exploring and fitting dynamical systems models with linear and nonlinear change functions in the context of four illustrative examples. Cautionary notes, challenges, and unresolved issues in utilizing these techniques are discussed.
A case-control collapsing analysis identifies retinal dystrophy genes associated with ophthalmic disease in patients with no pathogenic ABCA4 variants.

Variants in the ABCA4 gene are causal for a variety of retinal dystrophy phenotypes, including Stargardt disease (STGD1). However, 15% of patients who present with symptoms compatible with STGD1/ABCA4 disease do not have identifiable causal ABCA4 variants. We hypothesized that a case–control collapsing analysis in ABCA4-negative patients with compatible symptoms would provide an objective measure to identify additional disease genes. We performed a genome-wide enrichment analysis of “qualifying variants”—ultrarare variants predicted to impact protein function—in protein-coding genes in 79 unrelated cases and 9028 unrelated controls. Despite modest sample size, two known retinal dystrophy genes, PRPH2 and CRX, achieved study-wide significance (p < 1.33 × 10−6) under a dominant disease model, and eight additional known retinal dystrophy genes achieved nominal significance (p < 0.05). Across these ten genes, the excess of qualifying variants explained up to 36.8% of affected individuals. Furthermore, under a recessive model, the cone–rod dystrophy gene CERKL approached study-wide significance. Our results indicate that case–control collapsing analyses can efficiently identify pathogenic variants in genes in non-ABCA4 retinal dystrophies. The genome-wide collapsing analysis framework is an objective discovery method particularly suitable in settings with overlapping disease phenotypes.
Deep Learning Frameworks for Off-Angle Iris Recognition

Although iris is known as one of the most accurate, distinctive, and reliable biometric identification, the accuracy of iris recognition depends on the image quality and it is negatively affected by several factors such as gaze angle, occlusion, and dilation. Since standoff iris recognition systems are much less constrained than traditional systems, the iris images captured are likely to be non-ideal, off-angle, and dilated. In this paper, we present a deep learning algorithm to improve performance of off-angle iris recognition in traditional and untraditional iris recognition frameworks. As a main contribution, this approach will allow us to study the effect of the gaze angle in ocular/periocular biometrics and fuse the information in different off-angle iris images. Using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), we first investigate traditional iris recognition framework with segmentation, normalization, and CNN based encoding and matching. In nontraditional framework, we use the iris images without segmentation and normalization to investigate the effect of periocular regions. We train and test our deep learning based approach with frontal and off-angle iris images in different sizes and types such as original, cropped, segmented, and masked images. Based on results from our real off-angle iris image dataset with 52 subjects, the proposed method improved the recognition performance compared with traditional off-angle iris recognition approaches.
Poly Combs the Immune System: PRC2 Loss in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Can Dampen Immune Responses

Epigenetic modifications including altered DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications (PTM) are central to the biology of several cancers. These modifications can regulate DNA accessibility and consequently, gene expression. In this issue, Wojcik and colleagues explore epigenetic drivers of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) harboring loss-of-function polycomb-repressive complex 2 mutations. They demonstrate alterations in specific histone PTMs and a global increase in DNA methylation. Notably, epigenetic alterations related with aberrant upregulation of proteins involved in immune evasion, which informed identification of potential therapeutic vulnerabilities. This study helps understand the complex biology of MPNSTs and may enable future therapeutic development.See related article by Wojcik et al., p. 3205.
Iatrogenic: Time to Retire the Word∗

Since 1970 there have been 7,100 publications with the word “iatrogenic” in various medical publication titles. These were cited 57,160 times ([Figure 1][1]). The dictionary defines it as an event “induced inadvertently by a physician or surgeon or by medical treatment or diagnostic
Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Testing the Effects of Yoga with Youth

The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of yoga with youth. Selection of studies was based on the following inclusion criteria: RCT design, publication in a peer-reviewed journal in English, participants between ages 5 and 18, and assessment of an intervention in which yoga was the primary component. Our search of seven databases yielded 39 RCTs that met inclusion criteria. Studies were conducted in seven countries, with the majority in the USA. Most studies were conducted with predominantly White samples and in school settings. Studies were variable in the duration, frequency, and number of yoga program sessions. Outcomes included a range of constructs in three domains: psychological/behavioral, cognitive, and physiological/physical functioning. In all but five studies, yoga improved outcomes in at least one of these three domains. Results indicate growing evidence that yoga is a promising intervention for children and youth. Recommendations for future research include specification of testable theoretical models with hypothesized intervention core components and mechanisms of action, assessment of intervention mediators and moderators, routine monitoring and reporting of factors associated with program implementation, use of common validated outcome measures, and reporting of null or iatrogenic intervention effects.
Off the Map

The New York City Subway is unusually fertile ground for transportation intelligence. It possesses a complex track network that allows trains to move along multiple overlapping routes, producing ra...
Nanoscale membrane curvature sorts lipid phases and alters lipid diffusion

Cellular homeostasis requires the precise spatial and temporal control of membrane shape and composition. Membrane regions of high curvature, such as endocytic pits and viral buds, contain distinct lipids and proteins. However, the interplay between membrane curvature and local membrane composition is poorly understood at the nanoscale. Here, we employed single-molecule localization microscopy to observe single-lipid diffusion in model bilayers with varying lipid compositions, phase, temperature, and membrane curvature. Engineered membrane buds were observed for the creation of lateral compositional heterogeneity in otherwise homogeneous membranes. Membrane curvature recruited liquid-disordered lipid phases in phase-separated membranes and altered the diffusion of the lipids. Supported lipid bilayers were created over 50-nm radius nanoparticles to engineer nanoscale membrane curvature that mimics the size of naturally occurring endocytic pits and viral buds. The disorder-preferring lipids sorted to the nanoscale curvature at all temperatures, but only when embedded in a membrane capable of sustaining liquid-liquid phase separation at low temperatures. This result suggests that lipid sorting by the membrane curvature was only possible when coupled with lipid phase separation. The curvature affected the local membrane composition most strongly when the curvature was locally surrounded by a liquid-ordered phase typically associated with a stiffer bending modulus. The curvature-induced sorting of lipid phases was quantified by the sorting of disorder-preferring fluorescent lipids, single-lipid diffusion measurements, and simulations that couple the lipid phase separation to the membrane shape. Unlike single-component membranes, lipids in phase-separated membranes demonstrated faster diffusion on curved membranes than the surrounding, flat membrane. These results demonstrate that curvature-induced membrane compositional heterogeneity can be achieved by collective behavior with lipid phase separation when single-molecule properties (i.e., packing parameter) are insufficient. These results support the hypothesis that the coupling of lipid phases and membrane shape may yield lateral membrane composition heterogeneities with functional consequences.
Targeting immunodominant Bet v 1 epitopes with monoclonal antibodies prevents the birch allergic response.

Background Blocking the major cat allergen, Fel d 1, with mAbs was effective in preventing an acute cat allergic response. Objectives This study sought to extend the allergen-specific antibody approach and demonstrate that a combination of mAbs targeting Bet v 1, the immunodominant and most abundant allergenic protein in birch pollen, can prevent the birch allergic response. Methods Bet v 1–specific mAbs, REGN5713, REGN5714, and REGN5715, were isolated using the VelocImmune platform. Surface plasmon resonance, x-ray crystallography, and cryo-electron microscopy determined binding kinetics and structural data. Inhibition of IgE-binding, basophil activation, and mast cell degranulation were assessed via blocking ELISA, flow cytometry, and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis mouse model. Results REGN5713, REGN5714, and REGN5715 bind with high affinity and noncompetitively to Bet v 1. A cocktail of all 3 antibodies, REGN5713/14/15, blocks IgE binding to Bet v 1 and inhibits Bet v 1– and birch pollen extract–induced basophil activation ex vivo and mast cell degranulation in vivo. Crystal structures of the complex of Bet v 1 with immunoglobulin antigen-binding fragments of REGN5713 or REGN5715 show distinct interaction sites on Bet v 1. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals a planar and roughly symmetrical complex formed by REGN5713/14/15 bound to Bet v 1. Conclusions These data confirm the immunodominance of Bet v 1 in birch allergy and demonstrate blockade of the birch allergic response with REGN5713/14/15. Structural analyses show simultaneous binding of REGN5713, REGN5714, and REGN5715 with substantial areas of Bet v 1 exposed, suggesting that targeting specific epitopes is sufficient to block the allergic response.
Historic low stand of Great Salt Lake, Utah: I

Great Salt Lake of Utah is among the largest and most ecologically important water bodies in North America. Since the late 1950s, the lake has been divided into two hydrologically distinct water bodies by a rock-fill railroad causeway. Flux through the causeway is driven by two forces: differential surface elevation and differential density between the north and south arms. The south arm features episodic vertical stratification due to the influx of deep, dense brine from the north arm. The source of this brine (a breach, two culverts, or subsurface flow) has been investigated over the past 50 years. Quantification of subsurface water flux through the causeway has been problematic due to the heterogeneous and slowly compacting nature of the causeway fill over time. Between 2008 and 2015, enhanced gauging of various surface inflows and outflows and density measurements made throughout the lake permitted detailed water volume calculations of both lake arms. Results show that during high precipitation years, density-driven, north-to-south flow through the causeway predominates due to freshening of water in the south arm. At other times, south-to-north head gradient driven flow and north-to-south density-driven flow are approximately equal. The model suggests subsurface flux through the causeway is one important driver of the ecologically important deep brine layer in the south arm of the lake over the past 20 years.
DOCA‐salt hypertension and the role of the OVLT‐sympathetic‐gut microbiome axis

Hypertension is a multifaceted condition influenced by genetic and environmental factors and estimated to cause 9.4 million deaths globally every year. Recently, there has been growing interest in understanding the gut microbe-host interaction in the maintenance of health or disease states, but relatively few studies have shown an association between the gut microbiome and specific types of hypertension. The deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt model of hypertension in rats is known to have a neurogenic component linked to increased sympathetic nervous system activity. As such, our lab has recently shown the hypertensive response in DOCA treated rats requires an intact organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), a central hypothalamic circumventricular organ. Currently, we hypothesize the OVLT mediates changes in the gut microbiome associated with concomitant hypertension. Herein, we report that the hypertensive effects of DOCA-salt treatment were significantly attenuated throughout the 24-hour day/night cycle in OLVT lesioned rats on days 1, 3, and 9-21 of DOCA treatment compared with sham rats. Increased blood pressure (BP) in DOCA-salt treated rats was accompanied by specific changes in regional gut microbial populations yet was mitigated and offset by lesion of the OVLT. Furthermore, bacterial populations in OVLT-lesioned rats with attenuated hypertension more closely resembled those in normal control rats. We conclude that DOCA-salt hypertension is associated with specific microbiome changes in the gut, and the attenuated hypertensive effects of DOCA-salt in OVLT-lesioned rats is mediated in part through counteracting changes in these bacterial populations.
A Multi-directional Detection System for Alleviating Foreign Language Learners' Oral Anxiety

In order to alleviate and even overcome the situation of foreign language learners' oral communication, this paper proposes a novel multi-directional detection system for alleviating foreign language learners' oral anxiety. Based on the current situation of foreign language learners' Oral Anxiety, the system constructs a novel detection system to reduce the symptoms of foreign language learners' oral anxiety. Specifically, the system can provide different learning programs for different learners according to their interest preferences and learning abilities. Based on this, the system can also create a good learning environment, enhance the confidence of learners. The experimental results show that the system can help foreign language learners alleviate their oral anxiety from multiple dimensions and aspects to a certain extent, so as to improve their learning efficiency and provide a good teaching scheme for oral English class.
Optimization of the Production of 2,2,2-[18F]trifluoroethyl Tosylate for use as a Prosthetic Group

1453 Objectives: The preparation of 2,2,2-[18F]trifluoroethyl tosylate has been previously described from it gem-difluoro precursor as well as a preliminary look at its utility as a prosthetic group for the preparation of more complicated PET imaging agents.[1] The recent adaption of the chemistry to produce [18F]N-methyl lansoprazole using the preformed enol ether of the gem-difluoro in high molar activity at two sites as part of a clinical study has created renewed interest in further developing the chemistry for preparation of aliphatic radiofluorinated trifluoromethyl groups.[2] In the clinical study each site used a slightly different method for providing the proton source to complete the addition of HF across the gem-difluoro enol ether, one site using the 2-propanol previously described and the other a saturated solution of ammoium chloride (NH4Cl). In this work, the optimization of the preparation of 2,2,2-[18F]trifluoroethyl tosylate for use as a prosthetic group is explored. Methods: Fluorine-18 was prepared by standard techniques as K[18F]F-kryptofix. 1,1-Difluorovin-2-yl 4-toluenesulfonate precursor (5.0 mg) in DMSO (500 μL) was treated with either 2-propanol or saturated aqueous NH4Cl solution. The percent yield of the desired product and the ratio of the radiolabelled [18F]trifluormethyl to [18F]difluorovinyl side product were compared. The labelling precursor was dissolved in DMSO in the presence of either isopropanol or sat. NH4Cl. Attempts to accomplish a one pot synthesis with the prosthetic group were next undertaken. The alkylation of an amine with the [18F]trifluoroethyl tosylate with and without base using various solvents and temperatures was explored. Results: Both procedures, 2-propanol and NH4Cl solution, resulted in the formation of desired product with 2-propanol providing a higher yield. In prior work with the prosthetic group, it was not stipulated if the process was one-pot or if the prosthetic group required purification prior to use in the alkylation reaction. In our evaluation, the alkylation was only accomplished in a modest yield, with the best conditions being the pretreatment of the amine with sodium hydride (RCY 0.4%). It is likely that isolation of pure intermediate is required for efficient alkylation. Results are summarized in Figure 1. Conclusions: Both 2-propanol and NH4Cl solution can be utilized to prepare [18F]trifluoroethyl tosylate, with 2-propanol providing slightly better conversion. Our evaluation shows that the prosthetic group requires purification for efficient alkylation to install [18F]trifluoroethyl groups on drug like scaffolds. Further optimization is in progress and will be disclosed in the future. References: [1] P. J. Riss, V. Ferrari, L. Brichard, P. Burke, R. Smith, Franklin I. Aigbirhio, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2012,10, 6980-6986. [2] A. F. Brooks, A. J. Mufarreh, X. Shao, T. Kaur, J. Stauff, J. Arteaga, M. R. Kilbourn, Peter J. H. S, ACS Med. Chem. Lett.2020, 11, 2300-2304.
The Changing Shape of Federal Civil Pretrial Practice: The Disparate Impact on Civil Rights and Employment Discrimination Cases

INTRODUCTION 518 I. THE CHANGING NATURE OF CIVIL PRETRIAL PRACTICE IN THE FEDERAL COURTS 523 A. Pleading 527 B. Summary Judgment, Iqbal, and Scott 537 C. Daubert 551 II. IMPLICATIONS FOR FEDERAL CIVIL LITIGATION 556 III. WHY IS THIS HAPPENING? 562 IV. CORRECTING THE IMPACT 569
John Day Lock and Dam: Planning and Site Selection

Project now under construction on lower Columbia River, is multipurpose navigation, flood control, and power project, forming final link in slack-water development; important factors in project planning and study procedures that lead to economic determination of site, layout, and operating pool levels are presented; method of river diversion during construction establishment of size, characteristics, and number of generating units, and other project features are examined.
H-Ras regulation of TRAIL death receptor mediated apoptosis

// Jun-Jie Chen 1,2 , William P. Bozza 1 , Xu Di 1 , Yaqin Zhang 1 , William Hallett 1 and Baolin Zhang 1 1 Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States 2 Department of Medical Research, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, Republic of China Correspondence: Baolin Zhang, email: // Keywords : H-Ras, death receptors, TRAIL, apoptosis, cancer drug resistance Received : March 5, 2014 Accepted : June 10, 2014 Published : June 11, 2014 Abstract TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( TRAIL ) induces apoptosis through the death receptors (DRs) 4 and/or 5 expressed on the cell surface. Multiple clinical trials are underway to evaluate the antitumor activity of recombinant human TRAIL and agonistic antibodies to DR4 or DR5. However, their therapeutic potential is limited by the high frequency of cancer resistance. Here we provide evidence demonstrating the role of H-Ras in TRAIL receptor mediated apoptosis. By analyzing the genome wide mRNA expression data of the NCI60 cancer cell lines, we found that H-Ras expression was consistently upregulated in TRAIL-resistant cell lines. By contrast, no correlation was found between TRAIL sensitivity and K-Ras expression levels or their mutational profiles. Notably, H-Ras upregulation associated with a surface deficiency of TRAIL death receptors. Selective inhibition of H-Ras activity in TRAIL-resistant cells restored the surface expression of both DR4 and DR5 without changing their total protein levels. The resulting cells became highly susceptible to both TRAIL and agonistic DR5 antibody, whereas K-Ras inhibition had little or no effect on TRAIL-induced apoptosis, indicating H-Ras plays a distinct role in the regulation of TRAIL death receptors. Further studies are warranted to determine the therapeutic potential of H-Ras-specific inhibitors in combination with TRAIL receptor agonists.
Severe mental retardation among children in the county of Arhus, Denmark. A community study on prevalence and provision of service.

An epidemiological census investigation on severe mental retardation among children under 15 years was carried out on July 1, 1970, in the community of Aarhus. Case finding procedures are described in detail. One hundred and seventy-one severely retarded children were found in a total population of 233, 162 with 50, 667 children under 15 years. The age-specific prevalence rate was 3.38 per 1,000. About 20% of the severely retarded children are not registered in the Danish National Mental Retardation Service when they reach school age. One third of the children are under residential care, but only half of these are in subnormality hospitals while the other half reside in waiting homes. Among the 64% living at home, two thirds receive day-care or training. Comparisons are made especially with two other prevalence surveys, one covering the same area, and the other identical in methods.
Preservation Treatment Guide for AMK Ranch (UW-NPS Research Center)

During the summer 2011 field season, the University of Wyoming American Studies Program conducted a field school at the AMK Ranch to develop a Preservation Treatment Guide for the propertyâs historic buildings. Students and faculty documented and assessed the condition of each building on the property, researched and analyzed a range of historic preservation treatments, tested log cleaning techniques, and compiled the results of their field work, research and analysis into a 150-page document designed to guide National Park Service and University of Wyoming property managers in making decisions regarding historic buildings.
Pyridine nucleotides: II. Radiometric determination of minute quantities of triphosphopyridine nucleotides

Abstract This paper reports the development of radiometric assays for DPN + and DPNH with assay samples of the order of 10 −12 mole. These methods utilize enzymic cycling of DPN + and DPNH by l -glutamate dehydrogenase and l -lactate dehydrogenase to convert (1- 14 C)-α-ketoglutarate to l -glutamate, which is decarboxylated to 14 CO 2 and counted as a measure of pyridine nucleotide concentration.
Q-Analysis Techniques for Studying Communication Content

Q-analysis has proven a useful research methodology in a number of social science research areas for exploration of structures in human and social phenomena. Unrelated to either Q-mode factor analysis or the Q-sort technique, Q-analysis combines an anti-reductionist ethos with algebraic description. This paper addresses Q-analysis's potential contribution to content analysis of print communication. Twenty-seven news stories covering the “drug war” from the New York Times are analyzed to illustrate the Q-analysis approach and conceptual comparisons with traditional content analysis methodology are drawn. Advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. The report concludes that Q-analysis is a promising approach to content research that makes possible the mathematical expression of content properties beyond the reach of traditional content analysis methods.
Wither Criminal Justice: An Argument for a Reformed Discipline

The American criminal justice system fails to achieve justice, reduce crime, and provide equal protection to Americans regardless of their social class, race, and gender. But, criminal justice as an academic area of study has become a popular and fast growing liberal arts major in the United States, churning out tens of thousands to work in the criminal justice system. Given the demonstrable harms caused by criminal justice, which are suffered disproportionately by the least powerful people, academic criminologists and criminal justicians have the obligation to promote a reformed discipline. This article briefly summarizes the evidence of bias in the criminal justice system and then turns to how these biases relate to criminal justice as an academic discipline. Using the war on drugs as an example, I argue that the practice of criminal justice as an academic endeavor runs counter to the goal of promoting social justice in America. One of the ironic conclusions of this article is that criminal justice as an academic discipline must get smaller if we are to achieve larger goals of social justice outlined here.
Survival Modes for People with AIDS in Groups

Four modes of positive survival with AIDS are described and analyzed as they appear in support groups for people with AIDS. The beneficent, artistic-spiritual, heroic, and rational-instrumental survival modes are seen as compromise solutions to the twin fears of life and death described by Rank. This analysis is a nonpejorative means of validating group members' efforts to deal with the wounds and challenges of disease.
Economic recession and the nature and pace of social change in Japan

Previous research has found a link between economic development and post-materialist and libertarian values. This research examines social change in values in Japan from the mid-1970s to the beginning of the 21st century. Using Japanese survey data, we investigate the nature and pace of social change during the economic crisis of the early 1990s, as well as in the periods before and after the burst of the bubble economy. We find that social change stalled during the economic crisis and resumed again in the late 1990s, but at a much lower level than in the late 1980s. We argue that economic period effects are largely responsible for the slowdown in social change in values in Japan at the end of the 20th century.
Magnetic field dependence of JC in SNS junctions

Abstract Critical currents for triple layer superconducting-normal metal-superconducting (SNS) junctions have been measured with the normal metal in the thick-clean limit in order to determine the spatial variation of the order paremeter as a function of magnetic field (H). Critical currents fall exponentially with H as might be expected if the decay length, K -1 N , varies linearly with H. The diffusivity, D N , derived from the measured depairing parameter, α =D N eH/c, agrees with the diffusivity determined from resistivity measurements.
When misery prefers company: Depression, attributions, and responses to others' moods

Abstract The present study examined the notion that depressed individuals prefer unhappy people but that this preference depends on the perception that others are not responsible for their own unhappiness. To test this prediction depressed and nondepressed college students were given information about others that indicated they were either happy or unhappy and that they were either responsible or not for their emotional state. The results indicate that whereas information about blameless, unhappy others led to an improvement in depressed subjects' moods, information about deservedly happy individuals led to a worsening of their moods. In contrast, nondepressed subjects' moods generally worsened following information about unhappy others. Depressed subjects preferred most to meet blameless, unhappy individuals, whereas nondepressed subjects most preferred to meet lucky, happy people. The interpersonal implications are discussed.
Maximum likelihood global positioning system receiver

Abstract A maximum likelihood receiver concept has been developed for measuring the positions of vehicles using the signals from the Global Positioning System satellites. This receiver enables tracking when the vehicles are undergoing severe dynamics, including accelerations of 150 g and jerk of 150 g/s, as may be encountered in range testing of aircraft and missiles.
Volume change kinetics of temperature-sensitive poly(vinyl methyl ether) gel

Abstract Thermally responsive gels of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) were formed by the γ-irradiation of solutions of linear PVME. Under precisely defined synthesis conditions, the shrinking rates of the gels could be increased to values well above the range observed for gels formed by copolymerization/crosslinking reactions. This enhancement in rate appears related to the development of a microporous structure which allows the convective expulsion of solvent from the network; this occurs more quickly than the diffusive motion of the network. The overall rate of a cyclical process using responsive gels can also be enhanced if one stage of the process, either swelling or shrinking, is reversed before equilibrium is achieved.
Matrix regulation of skeletal cell apoptosis III: Mechanism of ion pair-induced apoptosis

Our previous work has demonstrated that while the Ca(2+) and Pi ions acting in concert function as a potent osteoblast apoptogen, the underlying mechanisms by which it activates cell death is not known. We hypothesize that the ion pair causes release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores ([Ca(2+)]i); the increase in intracellular calcium prompts the mitochondria to uptake more calcium. This accumulation of calcium eventually results in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and, subsequently, apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated apoptosome formation in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells treated with the ion pair. Western blot analysis indicated migration of cytochrome-c and Smac/DIABLO from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. Inhibition of either the electron transfer chain (with antimycin a and rotenone), or the activation of a MMP transition (with bongkrekic acid) inhibited apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treating osteoblasts with ruthenium red, a Ca(2+) uniporter inhibitor of both mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), also completely abolished Ca(2+.)Pi-induced apoptosis. Moreover, we showed that an increase in [Ca(2+)]i preceded the increase in MMP over the first 45 min of treatment; a mitochondrial membrane permeability transition was evident at 75 min. To determine the role of ER, Ca(2+) stores in the generation of the apoptotic signal by the ion pair, cells were treated with several inhibitors. Apoptosis was inhibited when cells were treated with dantrolene, an inhibitor of ER ryanodine receptors, and 2-aminodiphenylborate, an IP3 Ca(2+) channel inhibitor, but not cyclopiazonic acid, an ER Ca(2)-ATPase inhibitor. Together, these data demonstrate that Ca(2+) Pi-induced osteoblast apoptosis is characterized by the generation of an apoptosome and that Ca(2+) release from ER stores may promote ion pair-dependent cell death.
Distributed Fault-Tolerance of Tree Structures

Tree structures, as the interconnection structure in networks of many processing elements, have interesting features such as regularity ease of expansion, simple routing, simple addressing, suitability for VLSI/WSI implementation, etc. Distributed fault tolerance of these networks is considered. It is assumed that in these structures, there does not exist any central failure-free entity for providing services such as diagnosis of faulty components, system reconfiguration after failure, control, or coordination among the processing elements. Every processing element is able to diagnose the condition of every other node or internode communication paths via a truly distributed scheme.
STUDY AND EVALUATION OF REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY AND SYNTHESIS IN MAMMALIAN LIVER.

Abstract The main approaches, technics and experimental systems in evaluation of regulatory factors affecting liver enzyme activity and synthesis were presented. 1. 1.|Basic concepts regarding factors influencing enzyme population and enzyme activity were discussed in the light of the role of enzymes in homeostasis. 2. 2.|The relation of enzyme activity to metabolic activity was examined in health and disease and the interpretation of enzymatic information was evaluated. The necessary minimum experimental background for interpretation of enzyme results was outlined. 3. 3.|The main approaches involved in regulation of liver enzyme activity and synthesis in a model system in carbohydrate metabolism were described and behavior of enzymes involved in glucose-6-phosphate metabolism was discussed under the following points. 3.1. (a)|Species and organ distribution of carbohydrate enzymes and correlation with tissue specific function. 3.2. (b)|Depletion of enzyme activities in normal and hypophysectomized rats. 3.3. (c)|Endocrine regulatory factors affecting carbohydrate enzymes. The effect of cortisone was examined in detail regarding sequence of events, specificity of action and inhibition of induction by ethionine and puromycin. The nature of cortisone-induced enzyme increases was discussed in terms of synthetic processes and the results were contrasted with enzyme induction by refeeding. 4. 4.|The data show that there is selectivity in both enzyme induction and inhibition which reveals operation of exact regulatory effects influencing carbohydrate enzyme activity and synthesis in the liver. 5. 5.|There is another type of specificity revealed by cortisone studies in rat. The same enzyme systems in liver and kidney behave differently after cortisone stimulation. Kidney phosphohexose isomerase, fructose-l, 6-diphosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase did not react to this hormonal stimulus. In contrast, kidney glucose-6-phosphatase responded qualitatively similarly, but quantitatively to a smaller extent than hepatic glucose6-phosphatase. These results may be interpreted postulating that the Enzyme Forming Systems of the same carbohydrate enzymes in liver and kidney differ in their sensitivity to the enzyme synthesis-inducing effects of cortisone.
Feature synthesized EM algorithm for image retrieval

As a commonly used unsupervised learning algorithm in Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR), Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm has several limitations, including the curse of dimensionality and the convergence at a local maximum. In this article, we propose a novel learning approach, namely Coevolutionary Feature Synthesized Expectation-Maximization (CFS-EM), to address the above problems. The CFS-EM is a hybrid of coevolutionary genetic programming (CGP) and EM algorithm applied on partially labeled data. CFS-EM is especially suitable for image retrieval because the images can be searched in the synthesized low-dimensional feature space, while a kernel-based method has to make classification computation in the original high-dimensional space. Experiments on real image databases show that CFS-EM outperforms Radial Basis Function Support Vector Machine (RBF-SVM), CGP, Discriminant-EM (D-EM) and Transductive-SVM (TSVM) in the sense of classification performance and it is computationally more efficient than RBF-SVM in the query phase.
Auditory temporal structure processing in dyslexia: processing of prosodic phrase boundaries is not impaired in children with dyslexia

Reading disability in children with dyslexia has been proposed to reflect impairment in auditory timing perception. We investigated one aspect of timing perception—temporal grouping—as present in prosodic phrase boundaries of natural speech, in age-matched groups of children, ages 6–8 years, with and without dyslexia. Prosodic phrase boundaries are characterized by temporal grouping of functionally related speech elements and can facilitate syntactic processing of speech. For example, temporary syntactic ambiguities, such as early-closure structures, are processed faster when prosodic phrase boundaries are present. We examined children’s prosodic facilitation by measuring their efficiency of sentence processing for temporary syntactic ambiguities spoken with (facilitating) versus without (neutral) prosodic phrase boundaries. Both groups of children benefited similarly from prosodic facilitation, displaying faster reaction times in facilitating compared to neutral prosody. These findings indicate that the use of prosodic phrase boundaries for speech processing is not impaired in children with dyslexia.
A matter of moral perspective

. In the USA, treatment for alcohol and drug problems is provided in both the public and private sectors. But because there is no universal health insurance scheme, access to treatment is severely limited. This unfortunate situation may be a consequence of an historically influential moral perspective on poverty and illness. An alternative perspective is urged.
The psychology of looming vulnerability: Its relationships to loss

Abstract Looming vulnerability is proposed as an important cognitive component of threat or danger that elicits anxiety, sensitizes the individual to threat, biases cognitive processing, and makes the anxiety more persistent and less likely to habituate. In addition, it is postulated to be a principal theme that discriminates anxiety and fear from depression. The present article briefly outlines the model of looming vulnerability, with a particular emphasis on applying it to the study of psychological aspects of reactions to loss. It is held that a study of perceived threat as a static construct must give way to a more dynamic understanding of how people experience and perceive threat and loss. Moreover, many pathological reactions to threat and trauma can represent adaptations to ongoing states of looming vulnerability. The looming vulnerability model generates new hypotheses and opens several productive lines of inquiry for future research.
Optimization of MEMS Design for a Synchronous Magnetic Sensor

Microelectromechanical systems offer variety of advantages such as small size, higher sensitivity, low cost because of mass fabrication capabilities and ease of implementation. Thin film cantilever based devices have been successfully used for variety of applications not limited to chemical vapors for chemical agents, biological warfare agents, contaminants in water, explosives, acoustics, vibration monitoring, flow sensing, viscosity and density measurements, antibody, pathogen detection, acceleration, shock sensing and magnetic field sensing. Thin film cantilevers can easily realized on silicon and other surfaces. Microcantilevers supported on one edge of the substrate can be designed to demonstrate very high sensitivity to very less force of the order of piconewtons. These structures could be extended for application in gas sensing if chemically sensitive layer is added on to the cantilever. The dimensions of the cantilever determine the sensitivity. Cantilevers as thin as few tenths of nanometer in thickness has been successfully demonstrated. Challenge associated with these devices when used as a sensor is their response to shock and acceleration.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Praxis - An Alternative to Ada ®?

This report describes Praxis, a modern, complete, block structured, strongly typed, programming language, Comparable to Ada®, and with special emphasis toward meeting systems programming requirements on all level machines. Praxis is considered as a possible alternative to Ada® in certain applications. Praxis has been used since 1980 on the distributed control system for the Nova high energy laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. A description of the intended applications, the history of developement, and an overview of the features of the language with comparisons to the Pascal and Ada® languages, are given. The features are described in four categories: general appearance, power, insurance of freedom from errors, and manageability. Work performed under the auspices of the U. S. Depertment of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore Laboraory under Contract W-7405-Eng-48