cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying Constructed Knowledge

Face-to-face class meeting time during the second half of the semester, after students reviewed my self reflections, was devoted primarily to students applying the knowledge they had constructed from data gathered in the first half of the semester to developing products and testing inquiry with children in schools. Their products were shared through presentations to the full class and written format uploaded to Canvas.
Effects of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Intonation on Secondary Science Teachers’ Evaluation of Spoken Responses

To explore the role of teachers’ biases in the underrepresentation of minorities and women in STEM, 128 secondary science teachers were asked to evaluate responses spoken with either falling or ris...
Accessorize to a Crime: Real and Stealthy Attacks on State-of-the-Art Face Recognition

Machine learning is enabling a myriad innovations, including new algorithms for cancer diagnosis and self-driving cars. The broad use of machine learning makes it important to understand the extent to which machine-learning algorithms are subject to attack, particularly when used in applications where physical security or safety is at risk. In this paper, we focus on facial biometric systems, which are widely used in surveillance and access control. We define and investigate a novel class of attacks: attacks that are physically realizable and inconspicuous, and allow an attacker to evade recognition or impersonate another individual. We develop a systematic method to automatically generate such attacks, which are realized through printing a pair of eyeglass frames. When worn by the attacker whose image is supplied to a state-of-the-art face-recognition algorithm, the eyeglasses allow her to evade being recognized or to impersonate another individual. Our investigation focuses on white-box face-recognition systems, but we also demonstrate how similar techniques can be used in black-box scenarios, as well as to avoid face detection.
PAULO FREIRE E A CONDIÇÃO DA MULHER

Resumo: De natureza bibliografica, neste ensaio teve-se por objetivo (re)visitar o tema da condicao da mulher na obra de Freire. O autor denuncia toda forma de discriminacao. A da mulher, mais explicitamente em Pedagogia da Esperanca, A sombra desta mangueira, Pedagogia da Indignacao e Pedagogia dos sonhos possiveis. Sobre Pedagogia do Oprimido declarou que jamais teria escrito o livro se permitisse oprimir suas filhas, sua mulher ou as mulheres com quem trabalhava. Mas aceitou as criticas das feministas americanas de que a linguagem daquele livro era machista. Por outro lado, um amplo movimento feminista na Suica se inspirou naquela obra para sua luta, sem ve-la na mesma linguagem machista. Segundo o grande linguista Manfred Peters, a mudanca da linguagem machista deve inserir-se num processo de transformacao social, sem o qual somente alteracoes da linguagem nao resolvem o problema.Palavras-chave: Mulheres. Machismo. Feminismo. Freire. Discriminacao. PAULO FREIRE AND WOMAN CONDITIONAbstract: This article of bibliographical nature has as objective to (re)visit the issue of the woman condition in Freire’s work. Hes denounces all forms of discrimination. The one of the woman, more explicitly in Pedagogy of Hope, In the shadow of this hose, Pedagogy of Indignation and Pedagogy of possible dreams. About Pedagogy of the Oppressed, he has stated that he would never have written the book if it permitted to oppress his daughters, his wife or the women with whom he worked. But he accepted the criticisms of American feminists that the language of that book was chauvinist. On the other hand, a broad feminist movement in Switzerland was inspired on that work for its struggle, without seeing the same chauvinist language. According to the great linguist Manfred Peters, the change of the chauvinist language should insert itself into a process of social transformation, without which no language changes would solve the problem.Keywords: Women. Chauvinism. Feminism. Freire. Discrimination. PAULO FREIRE Y LA CONDICION DE LA MUJERResumen: De naturaleza bibliografica, el ensayo tiene como objetivo (re)visitar el tema de la condicion de la mujer en la obra de Freire. El autor denuncia toda forma de discriminacion. La de la mujer, mas explicitamente en Pedagogia de la Esperanza, A la sombra de esta manguera, Pedagogia de la Indignacion y Pedagogia de los suenos posibles. Sobre Pedagogia del Oprimido, declaro que jamas habria escrito el libro si permitiese oprimir a sus hijas, a su mujer o a las mujeres con las que trabajaba. Pero acepto las criticas de las feministas estadounidenses de que el lenguaje de aquel libro seria machista. Por otro lado, un amplio movimiento feminista en Suiza se inspiro en aquella obra para su lucha, sin ver en ella lenguaje machista. Segun el gran linguista Manfred Peters, el cambio del lenguaje machista se debe inserirse en un proceso de transformacion social, sin el cual tan solo alteraciones del lenguaje no resolverian el problema.Palabras-clave: Mujeres. Machismo. Feminismo. Freire. Discriminacion.
Neurological Complications of HIV Infection

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are common in patients with HIV disease, even during suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This review article addresses the pathogenesis of HAND, focusing on important findings from the last 5 years. While HIV-associated dementia is now rare in settings with cART availability, mild forms of HAND are increasing in prevalence. Biomarkers of cellular injury, such as neurofilament light chain and neopterin, can detect early stages of neuroinflammation associated with HIV infection and are increased even in asymptomatic individuals with chronic HIV infection. Several recent studies form a growing body of evidence that HIV can infect and replicate in monocytes and that blocking monocyte activity can potentially improve neurological outcomes in HIV. Early cART may also prevent HAND. Understanding the multifactorial causes of CNS infection and inflammation is critical to devising treatment and preventive strategies for HAND.
Safety and efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Aims Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are currently FDA approved for the management of type 2 diabetes. Our objective was to review the available evidence of the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on HbA1c, body weight, and total daily insulin dose, as well as their safety profile in patients with type 1 diabetes. Methods Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified by conducting a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane library databases through August 2017. Data on study design, sample size, mean ± standard deviation of HbA1c, body weight, and total daily insulin dose, as well as reported adverse events were extracted. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Results Relative to placebo, therapy with SGLT2 inhibitors led to significant reductions in HbA1c (WMD 0.39; 95% CI 0.27, 0.51), body weight (WMD 2.76; 95% CI 1.11, 4.40), and total daily insulin dose (WMD 5.03; 95% CI 1.83, 8.23). In addition, there was no significant difference in the rate of adverse events. Conclusions The current study lends supports for the development of SGLT2 inhibitors in combination with insulin as a treatment option for patients with type 1 diabetes.
Advances in Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Near-Zero Fluoroscopy

The effects associated with ionizing radiation exposure have been well established and have provided the motivation to develop a minimal fluoroscopic approach (MFA) to reduce radiation exposure without compromising efficacy and safety. This review summarizes the current literature on the outcomes and safety of MFA for catheter ablation treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) and outlines our workflow for catheter ablation of AF with MFA. Our review of the current literature shows that with the use of advanced electroanatomic mapping systems and intracardiac echocardiography, catheter ablation of AF performed with MFA results in significant reductions in radiation exposure without increases in procedural times or complication rates. With adoption of a proper mindset to minimize fluoroscopy usage by utilizing currently available electroanatomic mapping and imaging tools, catheter ablation of AF with zero or minimal fluoroscopy can be readily performed.
Polymer-Mediated Inhibition of Pro-invasive Nucleic Acid DAMPs and Microvesicles Limits Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis.

Nucleic acid binding polymers (NABPs) have been extensively used as vehicles for DNA and RNA delivery. More recently, we discovered that a subset of these NABPs can also serve as anti-inflammatory agents by capturing pro-inflammatory extracellular nucleic acids and associated protein complexes that promote activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in diseases such as lupus erythematosus. Nucleic-acid-mediated TLR signaling also facilitates tumor progression and metastasis in several cancers, including pancreatic cancer (PC). In addition, extracellular DNA and RNA circulate on or within lipid microvesicles, such as microparticles or exosomes, which also promote metastasis by inducing pro-tumorigenic signaling in cancer cells and pre-conditioning secondary sites for metastatic establishment. Here, we explore the use of an NABP, the 3rd generation polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM-G3), as an anti-metastatic agent. We show that PAMAM-G3 not only inhibits nucleic-acid-mediated activation of TLRs and invasion of PC tumor cells in vitro, but can also directly bind extracellular microvesicles to neutralize their pro-invasive effects as well. Moreover, we demonstrate that PAMAM-G3 dramatically reduces liver metastases in a syngeneic murine model of PC. Our findings identify a promising therapeutic application of NABPs for combating metastatic disease in PC and potentially other malignancies.
Retinal Vessel Diameters Change Within 1 Hour of Intracranial Pressure Lowering.

Purpose We tested the hypotheses that retinal venule diameter (Dv) is associated with baseline intracranial pressure (ICP) level and that Dv is reduced shortly after ICP lowering. Methods Dv and arteriole diameter (Da) were extracted from scanning laser ophthalmoscopic images in 40 eyes of 20 adult human subjects (10 with and 10 without papilledema) immediately before and after measurement of ICP (range, 10-55 cm H2O) and ICP lowering by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage via lumbar puncture (LP). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) modeled the relationship between baseline ICP, Da and Dv before LP. Additional GEE modeled the relationship between initial ICP and change in Da and Dv (post-LP - pre-LP) following ICP lowering. Results Test-retest variability of diameter measurements ranged from 0.1 to 2.9 μm (0.1%-2.72%). Neither Da nor Dv pre-LP was associated with baseline ICP level (P = 0.140 Dv, P = 0.914 Da, GEE). Da and Dv change after ICP lowering was associated with baseline ICP, with vessel diameters increasing with lower baseline ICP and decreasing with elevated initial ICP (P = 0.030 baseline ICP vs. Dv change, P = 0.012 baseline ICP vs. Da change, GEE models). Conclusions Retina arteriole and venule diameters change immediately following ICP lowering. The direction of change is dependent on the initial ICP; both increased in subjects with high ICP and both decreased in subjects with normal ICP. Translational Relevance The relationship between initial ICP and direction of retinal vessel size change following ICP lowering suggests a potential effect of ICP on cerebral and ocular hemodynamics that is relevant when considering the use of retinal vessel measurements as a clinical marker of ICP change.
Opioid Oversupply After Joint and Spine Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND:Many patients receive prescription opioids at hospital discharge after surgery, yet little is known regarding how often these opioids go unused. We estimated the prevalence of unused opioids, use of nonopioid analgesics, and storage and disposal practices after same-day and inpatient surg
Parent and caregiver perceptions about the safety and effectiveness of foreign and domestic vaccines in Shanghai, China.

Background Chinese parents have access to domestic and foreign vaccines for their children. Their vaccine preferences are unclear, especially given recent pharmaceutical quality scandals and widely held beliefs deriving from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). This study characterized parental beliefs about the safety and effectiveness of Chinese and foreign vaccines. Methods In May 2014, caregivers of young children at public immunization clinics in Shanghai, China, responded to a survey on vaccine perceptions. The two outcomes (differential belief in the effectiveness and safety of foreign vs domestic vaccines) were separately regressed onto demographic predictors in multinomial logistic regression models. Results Among 618 caregivers, 56% thought the effectiveness of domestic and foreign vaccines were comparable; 33% thought domestic were more effective and 11% foreign. Two-thirds thought foreign and domestic vaccines had similar safety; 11% thought domestic were safer and 21% thought foreign were safer. Compared to college graduates, those with a high school education or less had greater odds of believing domestic vaccines were more effective, and also had greater odds of believing imported vaccines were safer. Greater trust in TCM was not associated with differential beliefs in the effectiveness or safety of domestic vs foreign vaccines. Conclusions Although there is no evidence that foreign and domestic vaccines differ in either effectiveness or safety, less educated caregivers in China (but not those with greater trust in TCM) appear to believe such differences exist. Further exploration of the causes of these beliefs may be necessary in order to optimize vaccine communications in China.
United States v. Microsoft Corp.

Microsoft's Windows operating system is the sun in the solar system of the information economy. With tens of millions of users worldwide, Windows is the most significant platform for continued software innova tion. As Windows has matured, its interoperability has increased. Func tions once considered distinct, such as disk de-fragmentation and memory management, have become part of the Windows system. While this inter operability offers advantages to consumers, it also raises serious antitrust concerns. The most pressing worry is that Microsoft will use its monopoly power in operating systems to quash innovation in other software markets by "integrating" formerly competitive functions into Windows. This ten sion, between the advantages of interoperability and the threat to competi tion, was at the core of the D.C. Circuit's decision in United States v. Mi crosoft} The verdict in this case was much anticipated. This anticipation grew both out of Microsoft's unique position in the American economy, and out of a desire to see a clear resolution of the complicated antitrust issues im plicated in the case. As to Microsoft's fate, despite some press reports painting the decision as a victory for the software king,2 the holding was a mixed result. Although the circuit court overturned both the breakup rem edy and tying liability, remanding both for reconsideration, it firmly up held liability for monopolization under section 2 of the Sherman Act.3 Mi crosoft's real victories may have come later, when the Department of Jus tice announced that it would drop the tying charge and no longer pursue the breakup of the company,4 and in the settlement agreement.5
Concepts of Death and Loss in Childhood and Adolescence

Professionals who deal with children who have experienced a significant loss face the overwhelming task of understanding their concerns and helping them struggle with their feelings. Children’s mourning is directly related to developmental efforts to make sense of and attempts to master the concept and experience of death. Clinicians working with children on such issues need to define a framework of grieving that is specific to children and that incorporates an understanding of the levels of comprehension of death in children at various ages and stages of growth and development. Such a framework could be applied to children experiencing loss through the death of a loved one, as well as loss experienced in the traumatic effects of war, technical or natural disasters, or violence.
Backlash: The Unintended Effects of Language Prohibition in U.S. Schools after World War I

Do forced assimilation policies always succeed in integrating immigrant groups? This article examines how a specific assimilation policy—language restrictions in elementary school—affects integration and identification with the host country later in life. After World War I, several U.S. states barred the German language from their schools. Affected individuals were less likely to volunteer in World War II and more likely to marry within their ethnic group and to choose decidedly German names for their offspring. Rather than facilitating the assimilation of immigrant children, the policy instigated a backlash, heightening the sense of cultural identity among the minority.
Coconut: An IDE Plugin for Developing Privacy-Friendly Apps

Although app developers are responsible for protecting users' privacy, this task can be very challenging. In this paper, we present Coconut, an Android Studio plugin that helps developers handle privacy requirements by engaging developers to think about privacy during the development process and providing real-time feedback on potential privacy issues. We start by presenting new findings based on a series of semi-structured interviews with Android developers, probing into the difficulties with privacy that developers face when building apps. Based on these findings, we implemented a proof-of-concept prototype of Coconut and evaluated it in a controlled lab study with 18 Android developers (including eight professional developers). Our study results suggest that apps developed with Coconut handled privacy concerns better, and the developers that used Coconut had a better understanding of their code's behavior and wrote a better privacy policy for their app. We also found that requiring developers to do a small amount of annotating work regarding their apps' personal data practices during the development process may result in a significant improvement in app privacy.
Unwinding chromatin at the right places: how BAF is targeted to specific genomic locations during development

The BAF (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex plays a crucial role in modulating spatiotemporal gene expression during mammalian development. Although its remodeling activity was characterized in vitro decades ago, the complex actions of BAF in vivo have only recently begun to be unraveled. In living cells, BAF only binds to and remodels a subset of genomic locations. This selectivity of BAF genomic targeting is crucial for cell-type specification and for mediating precise responses to environmental signals. Here, we provide an overview of the distinct molecular mechanisms modulating BAF chromatin binding, including its combinatory assemblies, DNA/histone modification-binding modules and post-translational modifications, as well as its interactions with proteins, RNA and lipids. This Review aims to serve as a primer for future studies to decode the actions of BAF in developmental processes.
Algorithmic Quilting Pattern Generation for Pieced Quilts

Free-motion quilting patterns are functional and decorative patterns sewn on pieced quilts using a single-line continuous stitch path for each region of the quilt. Seven families of quilting patterns are commonly used by quilters [3]. We present an approach for computationally generating three of these families. The user can control the design for each family based on a set of parameters, including the density and general layout of the pattern as well as the decorative elements. Our algorithm starts by sampling a point set in a designated region, generates a skeleton path over that set, then inserts decorative elements along the skeleton. We provide digital and quilted examples for each type of pattern.
Dynamic Behaviors of Expression Compensation between Duplicate Genes

While gene or genome duplications have provided raw genetic materials for evolutionary innovations, these events have also generated massive duplicate genes, resulting in a tremendous increase to the genetic robustness of organism. Duplicate compensation indicate functional redundancies generated by gene duplications, which are widespread in all known genomes. However, the fitness trade-offs of their mutational compensation (genetic robustness) and their role in evolutionary innovation remains largely obscure. In this paper, we discuss how we can utilize the mathematical modeling approach to predicting under which condition duplicate compensation may occur. After a critical review for the models about expression dosage, compensation, and long-term survival of duplicate genes, we highlight the importance to distinguish between Function (F)-triggered and Expression (E)-triggered mechanism of duplicate compensation. Moreover, we address three fundamental questions: (i) Why a backup duplicate can be effectively activated by any silence mutation of the dominant duplicate, but hardly by any coding mutation resulting in impaired protein function? (ii) Why a dispensable duplicate gene, i.e., knockout leads to virtually no phenotype, still remains a great deal of selective constraints in the coding region? And (iii) under which condition expression subfunctionalization between duplicates is reversible (dosage-sharing) or irreversible (long-term survival)?
Monte Carlo geometry processing: a grid-free approach to PDE-based methods on volumetric domains

This paper explores how core problems in PDE-based geometry processing can be efficiently and reliably solved via grid-free Monte Carlo methods. Modern geometric algorithms often need to solve Poisson-like equations on geometrically intricate domains. Conventional methods most often mesh the domain, which is both challenging and expensive for geometry with fine details or imperfections (holes, self-intersections, etc.). In contrast, grid-free Monte Carlo methods avoid mesh generation entirely, and instead just evaluate closest point queries. They hence do not discretize space, time, nor even function spaces, and provide the exact solution (in expectation) even on extremely challenging models. More broadly, they share many benefits with Monte Carlo methods from photorealistic rendering: excellent scaling, trivial parallel implementation, view-dependent evaluation, and the ability to work with any kind of geometry (including implicit or procedural descriptions). We develop a complete "black box" solver that encompasses integration, variance reduction, and visualization, and explore how it can be used for various geometry processing tasks. In particular, we consider several fundamental linear elliptic PDEs with constant coefficients on solid regions of Rn. Overall we find that Monte Carlo methods significantly broaden the horizons of geometry processing, since they easily handle problems of size and complexity that are essentially hopeless for conventional methods.
Hand and Wrist Injuries in Men's and Women's National Collegiate Athletic Association Basketball

Background:Hand and wrist injuries (HWIs) are common in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball players and can negatively affect performance. There is limited literature availab...
Socioemotional Mechanisms of Children’s Differential Response to the Effects of Maternal Sensitivity on Child Adjustment

. Children differ in the extent to which they reap the benefits of maternal sensitive care or suffer the adverse consequences of insensitive care, and these differences can be accounted for by biol...
Projected Cross-Laminated Timber Demand and Lumber Supply Analysis

The use of cross-laminated lumber (CLT) for building construction has gained interest in the United States (US) and Canada. Although anecdotal market size claims exist, few quantitative studies have estimated the potential market size or discussed the impact of CLT on lumber supply. This paper presents a method to quantify CLT markets and lumber supplies based on data for the Northwest US. The western US was chosen for its early adoption of CLT combined with a long history of commercial timber construction. Structural designs of archetype buildings were combined with projected multifamily residential and commercial building construction to estimate the demand for CLT. These figures were reduced to account for assumptions that address market penetration and population density. In the case study for the Northwest, the total potential market is less than the existing CLT production in western North America. Thus, the demand region was expanded to include the US and Canada west of the Rocky Mountains, resulting in an estimated demand of 800,000 m3/yr by 2030. A regional lumber supply study suggests that the lumber supply will support the existing CLT industry, which utilizes approximately 2% of the selected lumber classifications, with an unknown impact on lumber cost and production.
Fast $O(N\log N)$ Algorithm for Generating $\mathcal{H}^{2}$ -Representation of Electrically Large Volume Integral Equations

In this paper, we propose a fast algorithm to generate an $\mathcal{H}^{2}$ -representation for solving electrically large volume integral equations (VIEs). Unlike existing methods whose complexity is as high as quadratic, the proposed algorithm has linearithmic complexity, and thus it can handle problems with large electrical sizes. Furthermore, the algorithm is purely algebraic and kernel independent. Numerical experiments on electrically large 3D arrays of dielectric cubes having over 33 million unknowns demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm.
Transparency, locality, and contrast in Uyghur backness harmony

Theories of vowel harmony have wrestled with the formal challenges of transparency, notably the increased expressivity resulting from non-local dependencies. However, experimental work has demonstrated on a number of occasions that ‘transparent’ vowels actually undergo harmony (e.g., Gick, Pulleyblank, Campbell, & Mutaka, 2006), re-establishing the role of locality in the analysis of harmony. Existing work on backness harmony in Uyghur argues that /i/ is transparent to harmony, with some proposing that this falls out from the absence of contrastive /ɯ/ in the language (e.g., Vaux, 2000). This paper examines the distribution of surface [i] and [ɯ] within roots and suffixes to assess their phonological status, as well as their participation in harmony. Results support the case that there are no long-distance dependencies in Uyghur, suggesting that harmony is truly local in the language. Results for root-internal [i] and [ɯ] are less clear; evidence from most speakers supports an allophonic relationship, while some evidence for other speakers suggests the possibility of contrastive /i/ and /ɯ/.
FitVid: Overfitting in Pixel-Level Video Prediction.

An agent that is capable of predicting what happens next can perform a variety of tasks through planning with no additional training. Furthermore, such an agent can internally represent the complex dynamics of the real-world and therefore can acquire a representation useful for a variety of visual perception tasks. This makes predicting the future frames of a video, conditioned on the observed past and potentially future actions, an interesting task which remains exceptionally challenging despite many recent advances. Existing video prediction models have shown promising results on simple narrow benchmarks but they generate low quality predictions on real-life datasets with more complicated dynamics or broader domain. There is a growing body of evidence that underfitting on the training data is one of the primary causes for the low quality predictions. In this paper, we argue that the inefficient use of parameters in the current video models is the main reason for underfitting. Therefore, we introduce a new architecture, named FitVid, which is capable of severe overfitting on the common benchmarks while having similar parameter count as the current state-of-the-art models. We analyze the consequences of overfitting, illustrating how it can produce unexpected outcomes such as generating high quality output by repeating the training data, and how it can be mitigated using existing image augmentation techniques. As a result, FitVid outperforms the current state-of-the-art models across four different video prediction benchmarks on four different metrics.
Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia

Spinal and epidural anesthesia are the commonest central neuraxial anesthesia techniques used in the operating room and for labor and delivery. These techniques are employed for almost all age groups, for both intraoperative and postoperative pain, and therefore, a thorough understanding of the techniques, various types of equipment available, and the associated side effects and complications is essential for anesthesiologists.
Chapter 8 The Proton-ATPase of Escherichia coli

Publisher Summary Proton-ATPases are electrogenic proton pumps that generate transmembrane electrochemical gradients of protons composed of component pH gradients and membrane potentials. Proton-ATPases are ubiquitous in nature and exhibit three major physiological roles: (1) in mitochondria, chloroplasts, or bacteria, ATP synthesis is catalyzed using transmembrane gradient to drive the reaction, (2) transmembrane gradient is generated by ATP hydrolysis and is used to drive transport reactions, and (3) protons are pumped to sustain a required low pH milieu. This chapter describes F 1 F 0 -type of proton-ATPase from Escherichia coli . It is regarded the best characterized proton-ATPase and it occurs in the plasma membrane of bacteria and is an essential component of bacterial energy transductions. The chapter also emphasizes on the ways in which application of genetic techniques has contributed towards understanding the assembly, structure, and function of E. coli proton-ATPase. The F 1 F 0 -type of proton-ATPases also occur in the inner membrane of mitochondria and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts where they catalyze oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation, respectively, coupled to proton potentials generated by respiration and light capture.
Benzodiazepine Administration for Seizure Emergencies: A Review (P4.250)

OBJECTIVE: Review literature describing benzodiazepine administration for treatment of seizure emergencies by routes other than those FDA approved. BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepines are considered effective rescue therapies for seizure emergencies. Current FDA-approved routes of administration (intravenous and rectal) can be associated with administration challenges, and several alternative routes have been reported. Here we present a review of published data on safety, efficacy, and tolerability of benzodiazepines administered by various routes for treatment of seizure emergencies. DESIGN/METHODS: Systemic review of Scopus, using “English language,” “human subject,” and “article” filters. Search terms: Acute Seizures; Acute Repetitive Seizures; Prolonged Seizure; Seizure Clusters; Seizure Emergency; Seizure + Out of Hospital; Status Epilepticus + individual benzodiazepines (clobazam, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam). Studies using benzodiazepines for maintenance therapy, as second-line treatment, or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs were excluded. RESULTS: In total, 100 unique citations were identified. Of these, 61 were in children, 28 were in adults, and 11 in children and adults. Intranasal, buccal, and intramuscular benzodiazepines were faster to administer to pediatric subjects than IV and rectal. Time from benzodiazepine administration to termination of seizure activity was generally rapid with no significant difference between routes of administration (IV, 1.0-5.0 minutes (min); rectal, 1.3-15.0 min; buccal, 2.8-10.0 min; IM, .25-7.8 min; IN, 2.3-15.0 min). In some studies, caregivers found buccal and intranasal methods more acceptable than rectal administration. Respiratory adverse events (persistent O 2 saturation <92% or <12 breaths/min) were more frequently found with IV administration versus other routes (IV: 0-20.6%; rectal, 0-6.0%; buccal/oral, 0-5.0%; IM, 0-12.0%; IN, 2.0% [reported only in one study]). CONCLUSION: Emerging benzodiazepine administration methods appear to offer a rapid and convenient alternative to IV or rectal routes. The literature supports that these methods are safe and effective alternative routes of benzodiazepine administration for rapid treatment of seizures in children and adults. Disclosure: Dr. Haut has received personal compensation for activities with Upsher Smith, Acorda, and Impax. Dr. Seinfeld has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pellock has received personal compensation for activities with the National Institutes of Health, Acorda Therapeutics, Catalyst, Eisai Inc., GlaxoSmithKline Inc., King Pharmaceuticals, Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Medscape, Neuropace, Lundbeck Research USA Inc., Pfizer Inc., Questcor Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sepracor Inc., UCB Pharma, Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc., and Valeant Pharmaceuticals Inc. Dr. Pellock has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, Center for Disease Control, Eisai Inc., Lundbeck Research USA Inc., Marinus Pharamceuticals, Pfizer Inc., Questcor Pharmaceuticals, UCB Pharma, and Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc.
The Cooperative As Proletarian Corporation: Property Rights Between Corporation, Cooperatives And Globalization In Cuba

Since the 1970s, the relationship between productive property, and the state and individual has been contested in Marxist-Leninist nations. Though China has moved to permit robust private activity, and the private aggregations of capital in corporate form, Cuba has strictly adhered to traditional communist principles. In the face of recent financial upheavals, Cuba is seeking to liberalize its approach to economic organization, but in a way that would retain a state monopoly of the use of the corporate form while opening a small and well-managed consumer oriented private sector. Among the most innovative alternatives being developed is the cooperative, which has the potential to develop into a useful form of what this Article calls a proletarian corporation. But innovation faces substantial hurdles. This Article examines in Part II the context for the development of this new approach to cooperative organization. Part III then turns to a close study of the cooperative and its constraints, starting with a consideration of the agricultural cooperative as template for changes. It then turns to a critical consideration of the development of a theoretical basis for changing the function and operation of cooperatives developed by Cuban intellectuals, and ends with an examination of the transposition of that theory into the guidelines for restructuring the Cuban economy (Lineamientos) adopted by the Cuban government, and then articulated through a regulatory framework. Part IV then briefly considers the role of the cooperative in efforts to internationalize the Cuban economic model through vehicles such as the Alianza Bolivariana. This Article concludes that while the cooperative fits nicely within Cuba’s efforts to develop a complex and well-integrated program of economic organization, its theoretical elegance remains in tension with the realities of Cuban politics. This tension increases the risk that cooperatives will be reduced to little more than a means of privatizing central planning.
Climate Change Justice: The Challenge for Global Governance

Private equity offsets are a partial solution to the difficult justice issues raised on the global level by climate change. Equity offsets allow individuals to follow their moral intuitions about the global differences in carbon emissions and the impact of global warming on individual lives. An active equity offset market could precede a post-Kyoto international agreement for global emissions reductions and could enhance the prospects for the adoption of such an agreement.
Enhanced thermoelectric properties of Sr5In2Sb6via Zn-doping

Zintl phases exhibit inherently low thermal conductivity and adjustable electronic properties, which are integral to designing high-efficiency thermoelectric materials. Inspired by the promising thermoelectric figure of merit of optimized A5M2Sb6 Zintl phases (A = Ca or Sr, M = Al, Ga, In), Zn-doped Sr5In2−xZnxSb6 (x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1) compounds were investigated. Optical absorption measurements combined with band structure calculations indicate two distinct energy transitions for Sr5In2Sb6, one direct (Eg ∼ 0.3 eV) and the other from a lower valence band manifold to the conduction band edge (Eg ∼ 0.55 eV). Sr5In2Sb6 exhibits nondegenerate p-type semiconducting behavior with low carrier concentration (∼4 × 1018 h+ cm−3 at 300 K). Charge carrier tuning was achieved by Zn2+ substitution on the In3+ site, increasing carrier concentrations to up to 1020 h+ cm−3. All samples displayed relatively low thermal conductivities (∼0.7 W m−1 K−1 at 700 K). The Zn-doped samples exhibited significantly higher zT values compared to the undoped sample, reaching a value of ∼0.4 at 750 K for Sr5In1.9Zn0.1Sb6.
Assays of Protein Kinases Using Exogenous Substrates

In studies of the regulation of specific biochemical events by reversible phosphorylation, assaying the protein kinases themselves can often lead to significant progress in understanding the mechanistic details of a system under study. This unit describes assays for a variety of protein kinases that require different conditions to detect and measure their activities--cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases, protein kinase C and isoforms, casein kinases, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinases, and tyrosine kinase. The unit is not meant to be a catalog of individual protein kinase assays; however, the general principles of these assays should apply to most if not all known protein kinases. In-gel assays for specific kinase activity are also described. Support protocols describe production of crude cell lysates as a source of enzyme activity, and methods of evaluating assays, including trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation to measure incorporation of radioactivity, adsorption of the labeled material onto P81 phosphocellulose paper, or electrophoretic separation and autoradiography.
On quantifying insect movements

We elaborate on methods described by Turchin, Odendaal Rausher for quantifying insect movement pathways. We note the need to scale measurement resolution to the study insects and the questions being asked, and we discuss the use of surveying instrumentation for recording sequential positions of individuals on pathways. We itemize several measures that may be used to characterize movement pathways and illustrate these by comparisons among several Eleodes beetles occurring in shortgrass steppe. The fractal dimension of pathways may provide insights not available from absolute measures of pathway configuration. Finally, we describe a renormalization procedure that may be used to remove sequential interdependence among locations of moving individuals while preserving the basic attributes of the pathway.
Two finite embedding theorems for partial 3-quasigroups

Abstract In this paper it is shown that a finite partial ( x , x , y ) = y 3-quasigroup can be embedded in a finite ( x , x , y ) = y 3-quasigroup. This result coupled with the technique of proof is then used to show that a finite partial almost Steiner 3-quasigroup {( x , x , y ) = y , ( x , y , z ) = ( x , z , y ) = ( y , x , z )} can be embedded in a finite almost Steiner 3-quasigroup. Almost Steiner 3-quasigroups are of more than passing interest because just like Steiner 3-quasigroups ( = Steiner quadruple systems) all of their derived quasigroups are Steiner quasigroups.
Bayesian statistical inference for psychological research.

Bayesian statistics, a currently controversial viewpoint concerning statistical inference, is based on a definition of probability as a particular measure of the opinions of ideally consistent people. Statistical inference is modification of these opinions in the light of evidence, and Bayes’ theorem specifies how such modifications should be made. The tools of Bayesian statistics include the theory of specific distributions and the principle of stable estimation, which specifies when actual prior opinions may be satisfactorily approximated by a uniform distribution. A common feature of many classical significance tests is that a sharp null hypothesis is compared with a diffuse alternative hypothesis. Often evidence which, for a Bayesian statistician, strikingly supports the null hypothesis leads to rejection of that hypothesis by standard classical procedures. The likelihood principle emphasized in Bayesian statistics implies, among other things, that the rules governing when data collection stops are irrelevant to data interpretation. It is entirely appropriate to collect data until a point has been proven or disproven, or until the data collector runs out of time, money, or patience.
Evidence against involvement of β-endorphin in thermoregulation in the cat

In the cat naloxone has little, if any, effect on temperature under usual laboratory conditions and does not reduce febrile responses to leukocytic pyrogen. Hence, endogenous opioid peptides that are antagonized by naloxone are not essential for induction of fever or for maintenance of normal temperature in the absence of appreciable thermal stress. The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of such endogenous opioids to thermoregulation in cats exposed to more severe thermal and non-thermal stresses. Changes in temperature of unanesthetized cats were determined after third cerebral ventricular injections of large doses (100, 250 micrograms) of naloxone or saline vehicle. Naloxone had no appreciable effect on the temperature of cats acutely exposed to hot (34 degrees C) or cold (4 degrees C) environments, either before or after tolerance to morphine had been induced by progressively greater daily or twice-daily intraventricular doses of 10-70 micrograms morphine sulfate. Naloxone also did not significantly affect the temperature of cats subjected to neck-restraint or forced to stand on a small platform if they were to avoid contact with ice water. These results provide no indication that an endogenous opioid peptide, such as beta-endorphin, that is antagonized by naloxone contributes appreciably to thermoregulation in cats. They do not rule out the possibility that endogenous opioids, such as Met-enkephalin, that are not readily antagonized by naloxone are important for normal thermoregulation.
Evidence Against a Frequency-Dependent Advantage for Sexual Reproduction in Allium vineale

Negative frequency-dependent interactions are predicted to favor sexual reproduction through either reduced competition or reduced predator/pathogen attack. To test this hypothesis, two field experiments were conducted using Allium vineale. The first experiment involved both sexual and asexual propagules (seed- and bulbil-derived progeny, respectively) that were surrounded by either no neighbors, related neighbors, or unrelated neighbors at a distance of 2 cm. After 2 yr, target plants without neighbors had the largest dry bulb weights, which indicates that competition had occurred in the other treatments. Contrary to my prediction, plants had higher survival rates when surrounded by more closely related neighbors. In the second experiment, target plants were surrounded by identical asexually produced bulbils or by bulbils from unrelated individuals, at two densities and with five specific genotype combinations replicated in three blocks. Three of the genotype combinations showed no effect of any of the n...
The Optimality of Full Service Policies

The structure of optimal service rate adjustment policies is considered here for single server, multiple server, and arborescence network models. It is shown that a full service policy, namely, always using the highest effective service rate, is optimal under general conditions. The criteria are the long-run averages of the cost per customer served and the cost per unit time. Underlying costs are assumed to include waiting time penalties and rates depending on the number of customers in the system and on the pace at which service is proceeding. The only essential restriction on probability distributions or costs is that the highest service rate minimizes the expected cost of serving a customer.
Effect of Ciprofloxacin on Shiga Toxin Production and Translocation across an Intestinal Epithelial Monolayer

Effect of Ciprofloxacin on Shiga Toxin Production and Translocation across an Intestinal Epithelial Monolayer
The concept of snap-buckling illustrated by a simple model

Abstract The purpose of this paper is the development of a mathematical model which contains one degree of freedom and which illustrates, in a simplified manner, the complex problem of “snap-buckling” of slightly curved membranes and thin spherical shells. The model consists of the classical “Mises truss” with the addition of rotational springs at the joints of the truss. The resultant system is then analysed statically and dynamically. Static load-deflection curves are described, as well as curves for snap-buckling loads and corresponding critical displacements. Phase-plane curves are investigated for a more complete interpretation of stability conditions.
Genetic analysis and uncertain taxonomic status of threatened Foskett Spring speckled dace

Foskett Spring is a small isolated desert spring in the Warner Basin of Oregon containing an undescribed subspecies of speckled dace protected under the US Endangered Species Act. Uncertainty regarding the taxonomic status of Foskett dace has raised questions about their evolutionary relationship to other more abundant populations in the Warner Basin. To address these questions, we sequenced 1,982 base pairs (bp) of the ND2 and cyt-b genes of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for 85 fish from Foskett Spring, the surrounding Warner Basin, and the adjacent Goose Lake Basin. We observed 58 unique mtDNA haplotypes defined by 96 bp substitutions in both genes. MtDNA sequences were highly divergent and reciprocally monophyletic between dace from the Warner and Goose Lake Basins, with sequence divergences (5 and 3% at ND2 and cyt-b, respectively) in the range usually observed between fish species. In contrast, mean sequence divergence between Foskett dace and other Warner Basin populations was less than 1%, with no evidence of reciprocal monophyly among mtDNA lineages. These results indicate that Foskett dace and other populations in the Warner Basin are approximately equally diverged from one another evolutionarily, suggesting similar times of divergence since the late Pleistocene. We believe further studies are needed to determine if rapid evolution of novel traits have occurred in dace inhabiting the unique ecological setting of Foskett Spring during the past 10,000 years.
Isolation and purification of a C1q-anti C1q precipitin ring enhancing protein from sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract We have isolated and purified to apparent homogeneity a serum protein which appears to be a biological marker for active rheumatoid arthritis. The protein has been found in the sera in all 44 active rheumatoid arthritis patients thus far studied and is absent from, or present in undetected amounts, in sera from normal subjects or from patients with other arthritides. The protein has a molecular weight of 135,000 daltons, an isoelectric pH of 5.1–5.3, and it enhances the size of the C1q-anti C1q ring.