cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pesticide residue analysis by open tubular column gas chromatography: Trials, tribulations, and trends

Les pesticides analyses comprennent des composes organochlores et organophosphores, des triazines, des acides phenoxyalcanoiques chlores, des herbicides a base d'uree et de carbamate, des dioxinnes et dibenzofurannes chlores, le toxaphene et des pyrethrinoides
Molecular Analysis of a New Member of the Opium Poppy Tyrosine/3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine Decarboxylase Gene Family

An aromatic amino acid decarboxylase DNA fragment was generated from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) genomic DNA by the PCR using primers designed from conserved amino acid sequences of other aromatic amino acid decarboxylase genes. Using this fragment as a probe, a genomic clone was isolated that encodes a new member of the opium poppy tyrosine/3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase gene family (TyDC5). The predicted TyDC5 amino acid sequence shares extensive identity with other opium poppy tyrosine/3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylases (84%), and when expressed in Escherichia coli, it is active against tyrosine and to a lesser extent against 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Ribonuclease protection assays indicate that TyDC5 is expressed primarily in the roots of mature poppy plants. A peak of TyDC5 expression was also observed during germination, coincident with the emergence of the radicle from the seed coat. Parallel results were obtained in transgenic tobacco using a TyDC5 promoter fragment (-2060) translationally fused to the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS). IN TyDC5::GUS tobacco, GUS activity transiently appeared in all parts of the seedling during germination, but was limited to the roots in older plants. These results indicate that TyDC5 expression is transcriptionally regulated and suggest that the TyDC5 enzyme may play an important role in providing precursors for alkaloid synthesis in the roots and germinating seedlings of opium poppy.
PRIMARY CARDIAC PARAGANGLIOMA

Paraganglioma is an uncommon neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the sympathetic paraganglia. It may be localized anywhere in the body, and has the potential for catecholamine secretion and metastasis. Cardiac paraganglioma is exceptionally rare with around 85 cases reported in the literature.
Acquisition of iron from transferrin bySalmonella paratyphi B

The ability ofSalmonella paratyphi B to obtain iron from human, bovine, and rabbit transferrin was studied. All three transferrins restored the growth potential for otherwise ironstarvedS paratyphi B producing enterobactin. No exogenous siderophore was needed for growth to occur. A non-enterobactin-producing derivative ofS. paratyphi B was unable to acquire iron from transferrin, and transferrin did not restore the growth potential of the organism. Sequestering the transferrin fromS. paratyphi B in dialysis tubing did not affect the ability of the transferrin to supply iron to the organism.
Short pulse generation near 1.55-um wavelength

ABSTRACT Pulses with - 200 fs pulse width were generated by using a two stage pulse compression mechanism of gain-switched DFB laser pulses which were originally  1 0 ps long. The pulse compression mechanism utilizes fiber nonlinearities and it involves propagation through specific lengths of various types of fiber and a nonlinear ioop mirror. Simulation of the whole compression scheme by solving the nonlinear Schrodinger equation using the split step method shows good agreement with the experiment results. Keywords: Pulse compression, Gain switch, semiconductor laser 1. Introduction Generation of ultrashort optical pulses at 1 .55 m has attracted considerable attention for high data rate transmission systems. The combination of a gain-switched DFB laser diode and the soliton-effect compression technique1'2 has been shown to be one of the promising ways to generate compact and stable femtosecond pulse sources. The pulse widths of the gain-switched
Transfer of copper from metallothionein to nonmetallothionein proteins in cultured cells.

Copper uptake and distribution with time among cytoplasmic proteins were followed in cultured cells under several conditions: (1) CHO cells, which cannot synthesize metallothioneins, were labeled with67Cu in the presence of 100 μM ZnCl2; (2) Cdr30F9 cells, which contain some constitutive metallothionein (MT), were labeled in the absence of additional ZnCl2 and; (3) Cdr30F9 cells were labeled in the presence of ZnCl2, under which conditions they synthesized additional metallothioneins. The exogenous67Cu and ZnCl2, where present, were then removed, and the distributions of67Cu among size fractions of the cellular proteins were observed at intervals for 16 h. In addition, a culture identical to condition (3) above was also treated with 100 μM ZnCl2 during the redistribution period. The67Cu was initially resolved into three peaks by Sephadex G-75 chromatography: high molecular weight, intermediate molecular weight, and MT. The67Cu in the MT fraction decreased with at 1/2 of 10–12 h. In contrast to this, generally, in cells with a higher initial67Cu bound to metallothionein, there was a progressive increase in the amount of67Cu eluting with the high- and intermediate-molecular-weight fractions. Since no other source of67Cu was available, these experiments suggest that copper stored in MT can be transferred to other proteins in these cells.
Cochlear Implant Magnet Displacement with Minor Head Trauma

Objectives Manufacturers have introduced cochlear implants (CIs) with removable magnets to allow for magnetic resonance imaging after placement. The purpose of this study was to describe magnet displacement as a new CI complication and to suggest apossible treatment option to prevent its recurrence. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods The records of 3 young males who experienced CI magnet dislodgement were reviewed and compared against records from the institutional implant database. Results Magnet displacement was observed only in young males (14% of male children) who received CI with removable magnets. This occurred 13–14 months after CI placement. Magnets were replaced under general anesthesia, and the scalp was bolstered with a dermal allograft. Recurrent magnet dislodgement was encountered in 1 patient, 6 months later. Conclusions Magnet displacement may be a relatively common complication after minor head trauma in pediatric patients with certain CIs that have removable magnets.
Ezetimibe: A Selective Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor

Ezetimibe is the first agent of a novel class of selective cholesterol absorption inhibitors recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment in the United States. Ezetimibe inhibits the absorption of biliary and dietary cholesterol from the small intestine without affecting the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, triglycerides, or bile acids. Ezetimibe localizes at the brush border of the small intestine and decreases cholesterol uptake into the enterocytes. Preclinical studies demonstrated lipid-lowering properties of ezetimibe as monotherapy and showed a synergistic effect in combination with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins). The efficacy and safety of ezetimibe 10 mg/day have been established in phase III clinical trials. In these trials, ezetimibe was investigated as monotherapy, as an add-on to ongoing statin therapy, and as combination therapy with statins in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. In addition, ezetimibe has been evaluated in patients with homozygous and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and in those with sitosterolemia. When given as monotherapy or in combination with statins or fenofibrate, ezetimibe reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) by 15-20% while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 2.5-5%. Unlike other intestinally acting lipid-lowering agents, ezetimibe does not adversely affect triglyceride levels and, due to its minimal systemic absorption, drug interactions are few. Ezetimibe's side-effect profile resembles that of placebo when given as monotherapy or in combination with statins. In clinical practice, ezetimibe has a role as monotherapy for patients who require modest LDL reductions or cannot tolerate other lipid-lowering agents. In combination therapy with a statin, ezetimibe is used in patients who cannot tolerate high statin doses or in those who need additional LDL reductions despite maximum statin doses.
Reduction of leakage currents in CdZnTe-based x-ray and γ-ray detectors: a II-VI semiconductor superlattice approach

An approach to the fabrication of CdZnTe-based heterojunction detectors is presented with the primary goal of reducing leakage currents, permitting increased bias voltages and therefore improving x-ray and gamma-ray detector performance. The p-i-n detector architecture is theoretically superior to traditional CdZnTe detectors, and our modeling predicts that superlattice contact layers result in leakage current reductions relative to bulk semiconductor contacts. The benefits arise because the superlattices can be designed to have large carrier effective masses along the electric field direction yet a density of states less than that of a comparable bulk semiconductor.
Lower breastfeeding rates among supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children participants: a call for action.

Ryan and his colleagues have contributed substantially to our knowledge and information about infant feeding trends for the past 50 years. The Ross Laboratories Mother's Survey has remained consistent in content while increasing the frequency of polling from every quarter to every month and increasing the sample size from 40000 to 117000 households per month. Sampling is adjusted to oversample low-responding groups. Mothers report on the current month's feeding practices and do not depend on long-term recall. Granted, the response rate is low, but results are consistent and the respondent population is representative of the general population. Results can be compared year by year and decade by decade. In the report in this month's issue of Pediatrics by Ryan and Zhou1 on the breastfeeding rates of the Supplemental … Address correspondence to Ruth A. Lawrence, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 777, Rochester, NY 14642. E-mail: ruth_lawrence{at}urmc.rochester.edu
Cross Informant Comparisons of the Home and Community Social Behavior Scales and the School Social Behavior Scales

The importance of obtaining information regarding social behavior in differing social environments was examined through the use of the School Social Behavior Scales and the Home and Community Social Behavior Scales. These instruments were designed to provide information regarding student's social behavior in the school and home settings, respectively. Social behavior of 122 students in grades 6-8 who participated in a prevention program for behaviorally at-risk youth was rated by a parent, general education teacher and at-risk program teacher. Parents and special program teachers of the at-risk students were more likely to provide positive ratings of the student's behaviors than their general education teachers. Parents and general education teachers also rated students higher in negative or antisocial behaviors than the at-risk program teachers. Internal consistency coefficients for the Social Competence and Antisocial Behavior scales of the two measures were .95 or higher across all three raters. Correl...
The uptake of [14C]glucose into rabbit ear cartilage proteogylcans isolated by differential extraction and by collagenase digestion

Abstract Rabbit ear cartilage was incubated with [14C]glucose and proteoglycans were extracted from the crushed cartilage by differential extraction. The extraction was performed sequentially with 0.15, 0.45 and 1.0 M NaCl, followed by 0.1 M acetic acid. The tissue residue was digested with collagenase and finally with papain. Each extractant, with the exception of 0.1 M acetic acid, released uronic acid containing material into the solution. The extractable proteoglycans represented together about 20% of the whole tissue uronate, the proteoglycans released by collagenase treatment accounted for a further 30%. The rest was insoluble and was released by papain. The highest specific radioactivity was found in the 0.15 M NaCl extract, decreasing progressively in subsequent extracts. The lowest specific activity was found in the chondroitin sulfate released from the tissue residue by papain. Radioactivity in the collagen-associated proteoglycans was comparable to the radioactivity of 1.0 M NaCl extracts. All salt extractable proteoglycans were retarded by Sepharose 6B and were found to be heterogeneous in size and rate of precursor uptake. Chondroitin sulfate released from each proteoglycan fraction was also heterogeneous in size and metabolic activity.
Forecasting consumption, income and real interest rates from alternative state space models

Abstract The well-known difficulties in forecasting real interest rates are addressed by a comparison between two classes of models: (i) where real interest rates and income are exogenously determined from a vector autoregression (VAR). as inputs to a state space (SS) model determining consumption, and (ii) where consumption, income and real inferest rates are all endogenous. The first model resembles Hall ( Journal of Political Economy , 1978, 86, 971–986) and Flavin ( Journal of Political Economy , 1981, 89, 974–1009), while the second model approximates the dynamics of a real business cycle model similar to Christiano ( American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings , 1987, 77, 337–341). We find that the second model yields superior forecasts of real interest rates. Furthermore, greater smoothness of consumption in the second model has implications for some topical issues of real business cycles and policy.
K, L, M, N, O and P ionization cross-sections for electron energy loss spectroscopy

Abstract Analytical expressions for the differential cross-sections for K, L, M, N, O and P shell atomic ionization in a solid are derived using a single-electron transition model, and are presented for use in electron energy loss spectroscopy. The semi-empirical model treats the initial target state as a bound, hydrogen-like atomic orbital, with an effective nuclear charge. The final ionization state in the solid is taken as an electron gas, where the wavefunction is a plane wave, with an effective mass for the ejected electron of the target. An empirical phase shift is introduced into the plane wave, by replacing the effective electron mass in the exponential part of the plane wave with the electron mass. The calculated cross-sections compare favorably with those determined experimentally, for a wide variety of representative edges. The limitations of the model are discussed, and a comparison with the hydrogenic model is given. Finally, the implementation of the model for quantitative elemental analysis, using standards for calibration, is discussed. The analytical expressions are given in an appendix.
Detection of cardiac biomarkers exploiting surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) using a nanofluidic channel based biosensor towards coronary point-of-care diagnostics

According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in the world. In the US, over 115 million people visit the emergency department (ED), 5 million of which may have acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cardiac biomarkers can provide early identification and diagnosis of ACS, and can provide information on the prognosis of the patient by assessing the risk of death. In addition, the biomarkers can serve as criteria for admission, indicate possibility of re-infarction, or eliminate ACS as a diagnosis altogether. We propose a SERSbased multi-marker approach towards a point-of-care diagnostic system for ACS. Using a nanofluidic device consisting of a microchannel leading into a nanochannel, we formed SERS active sites by mechanically aggregating gold particles (60 nm) at the entrance to the nanochannel (40nm×1μm). The induced capillary flow produces a high density of aggregated nanoparticles at this precise region, creating areas with enhanced electromagnetic fields within the aggregates, shifting the plasmon resonance to the near infrared region, in resonance with incident laser wavelength. With this robust sensing platform, we were able to obtain qualitative information of brain natriuretic peptide (biomarker of ventricular dysfunction or pulmonary stress), troponin I (biomarker of myocardial necrosis), and C-reactive protein (biomarker of inflammation potentially caused by atherosclerosis).
Effect of temperature on the densification/creep viscosity during sintering

Abstract The densification and creep rates of polycrystalline zinc oxide and of alumina powder compacts have been measured simultaneously in a loading dilatometer, under constant heating rate and constant temperature conditions. The data show that the ratio of the densification to the creep rate is remarkably constant within a wide temperature range for densification, from the earliest stages of densification to at least the onset of the final stage. As a consequence, the ratio of the densification to the creep viscosity is nearly independent of temperature or sintered density. The analysis leads to a simple method for determining the simultaneous densification over the creep rate ratio. The implications of the result for the processing of heterogeneous ceramics and composites are discussed.
The occurrence of performance anxiety among musicians.

Abstract A questionnaire was given to the students and faculty of the University of Iowa School of Music to learn about their experiences with and attitudes about performance anxiety. Forty-nine (16.5%) of the 302 respondents indicated that their musical performance was impaired by anxiety. Over 21% of the respondents indicated that they experienced marked distress while performing and 16.1% indicated that performance anxiety had adversely affected their carreers. Women more frequently reported distress and impairment due to performance anxiety than men. Age was not found to affect problems with performance anxiety. Poor concentration, rapid heart rate, tremor, sweating, and dry mouth were the most commonly reported anxious symptoms. Drug and alcohol use among this group of musicians was minimal. The findings suggest that performance anxiety is an important problem that may in some instances warrant medical treatment.
Angular distribution of electrons elastically scattered from O 2 : 2.0-200-eV impact energy

Angular distributions of electrons elastically scattered from ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ have been measured by a crossed-beam method. The energy and angular range measured were from 2.0 to 200 eV and from -96\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to + 156\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, respectively. Total elastic and momentum-transfer cross sections have been obtained and compared with the previous measurements. It is found that there are discrepancies among the measurements in the total elastic cross sections and a serious discrepancy with previous measurements in the momentum-transfer cross sections.
Analytical Models for the Deformation and Adhesion Components of Rubber Friction

Abstract Fourier methods of analysis are employed to develop linear viscoelastic stress and displacement solutions for use in contact problems, and then some exact results for contact area and the deformation component of the friction coefficient are derived for materials whose complex modulus obeys a power law in frequency. A model for predicting waves of detachment resulting from adhesion is proposed, and it is shown that an analogy exists whereby the solution method for sliding without adhesion can be used to predict these waves and the resulting frictional force.
A simple and correct shared-queue algorithm using compare-and-swap

The shared queue is a paradigm of concurrent processes. Because shared queues are central to many multiprocessor systems, their implementations require correctness and efficiency. We present a Compare-and-Swap shared-queue algorithm that permits concurrent access and is nondelaying, in that no processor need wait for an action by another processor. We present a verification method that analyzes the states of the shared data-structure. By drawing a graph that incorporates in a simple way the effects of multi-processor interleaving, one can quickly find errors in an algorithm or produce a proof of correctness. Since enqueue and dequeue operations may begin at any time, concurrent queue operations are represented by providing, in each state of the shared data-structure, one transition that initiates an enqueue operation and another transition for a dequeue operation. The method is a practical one that is applicable to a variety of algorithms that use shared data-structures.
LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF THE RATE OF PHARYNGEAL COLONIZATION WITH HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (Hib) AT A CHRONIC-CARE FACILITY FOLLOWING PROPHYLAXIS WITH RIFAMPIN

Although rifampin is effective in eliminating pharyngeal carriage of Hib, there are few data about Hib colonization rates in treated groups long after administration of rifampin. After two children at a chronic-care facility for severely handicapped children had developed Hib meningitis, pharyngeal cultures using agar plates containing hyperimmune Hib antiserum revealed that 17 of the 97 children (18%) who resided there were colonized with Hib. A repeat survey 11 days after all carriers had been treated with rifampin showed that only 1 of these 97 children (1%) remained colonized with Hib. Six months later the rate of colonization rose significantly: 12 of the 85 available children (14%) were colonized with Hib(X2=11.69; P<0.001). Cultures were positive from 1 of 14 children in whom Hib colonization had previously been eradicated with rifampin. Potential sources for the reintroduction and transmission of Hib included visiting families, members of the staff, the one persistent carrier, and the newly admitted children (2 of 5 of whom were colonized with Hib).
Social Impairments in Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS): Autism Spectrum Disorder or a Different Endophenotype?

High prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been reported in 22q11.2DS, although this has been based solely on parent report measures. This study describes the presence of ASD using a procedure more similar to that used in clinical practice by incorporating history (Social Communication Questionnaire) AND a standardized observation measure (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule) and suggests that ASD is not as common as previously reported in 22q11.2DS. Differences in methodology, along with comorbid conditions such as anxiety, likely contribute to false elevations in ASD prevalence and information from multiple sources should be included in the evaluation of ASD.
Prevalence, mechanisms, and management of cancer-related cognitive impairment.

AbstractThis review summarizes the current literature on cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) with a focus on prevalence, mechanisms, and possible interventions for CRCI in those who receive adjuvant chemotherapy for non-central nervous system tumours and is primarily focused on breast cancer. CRCI is characterized as deficits in areas of cognition including memory, attention, concentration, and executive function. Development of CRCI can impair quality of life and impact treatment decisions. CRCI is highly prevalent; these problems can be detected in up to 30% of patients prior to chemotherapy, up to 75% of patients report some form of CRCI during treatment, and CRCI is still present in up to 35% of patients many years following completion of treatment. While the trajectory of CRCI is becoming better understood, the mechanisms underlying the development of CRCI are still obscure; however, host characteristics, immune dysfunction, neural toxicity, and genetics may play key roles in the development a...
The Role of Task Complexity as a Moderator of the Stress and Coping Process

This study examined the relevance of task complexity as a moderator of the stress and coping process for a sample of 173 museum store managers. Four categories of coping responses were developed: active cognitive, active behavioral, cognitive avoidant, and behavioral avoidant. Results showed that task complexity moderated the relationship that coping had with some individual and environmental antecedents as well as work outcomes. Relationships were generally stronger for simple than complex tasks.
Targeting Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer with Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

Recent advances in the understanding of prostate cancer biology and its progression to bone metastasis have led to the development of drugs directed against precise molecular alterations in the prostate tumor cell and host cells in the normal bone environment such as osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Endothelins (ETs) and their receptors have emerged as a potential target in prostate cancer bone metastasis. By activating the ETA receptor, ET-1 is pathogenically involved in facilitating several aspects of prostate cancer progression, including proliferation, escape from apoptosis, invasion, and new bone formation, processes that are general to many malignancies. Notwithstanding, there are a number of features specifically driven by the ET axis in prostate cancer, such as creating and perpetuating a unique interaction between the metastatic prostate cancer cell and the bone microenvironment (osteoblast, osteoclast, and stroma) or altering the equilibrium in pain modulation. These features have led to the preferential clinical evaluation of atrasentan (ABT-627) as a biological therapy in prostate carcinoma, first in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Biological activity of atrasentan in patients with prostate cancer has been shown by the suppression of biochemical markers of prostate cancer progression in bone, and clinical activity is evidenced by a consistent trend demonstrating a delay in time to disease progression when compared with placebo, especially in patients with bone metastases. Further studies of atrasentan and other selective ET-1 antagonists (ZD4054) are ongoing.
Women Skating on the Edge: Marketplace Performances as Ideological Edgework

This study analyzes the marketplace performances that are enacted in the field of women’s flat track roller derby using the theoretical lens of gender performativity. Rather than treating the roller derby field as an autonomous enclave of gender resistance, this study focuses on the interrelationships between derby grrrls’ resignifying performances of femininity and the gender constraints that have been naturalized in their everyday lives. The market-mediated nature of derby grrrls’ ideological edgework enables them to challenge orthodox gender boundaries, without losing sociocultural legitimacy. This analysis casts new theoretical light on the gendered habitus and reveals key differences to the outcomes that would follow from Bourdieusian assumptions about the deployment of cultural capital in zero-sum status competitions. The concept of ideological edgework also presents a theoretical alternative to critical arguments, such as the commodity feminism thesis, that assume an inherently paradoxical and, ultimately co-opting, relationship exists between practices of countercultural resistance and marketplace performances. We further argue that ideological edgework redresses some of the conceptual ambiguities that can lead gender researchers to conflate gender performativity with social performances.
Drag Queen as Angel: Transformation and Transcendence in To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything, Julie Newmar

(1996). Drag Queen as Angel: Transformation and Transcendence in To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything, Julie Newmar. Journal of Popular Film and Television: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 106-114.
Differences in fundamental frequency of deaf speech using FFT and electroglottograph

The fundamental frequency (Fo) of speech conveys prosodic information regarding normal communication patterns. Hence, it is essential that the Fo be measured accurately in assessing and in rehabilitating deaf speech. This paper describes the differences obtained using two different methods, electroglottograph (EGG), and fast fourier transform (FFT) for measuring the Fo in deaf and normal hearing speakers. >
Stock Awards Can Be a Powerful Executive Pay Element

Unlike stock options, stock awards require no cash outlay for the stock. However, like stock options they are taxable as personal income. They are taxable at the point in time when a recipient has access to its value. Some stock awards have no restrictions and are taxable when granted but it is more common to have a restriction of time and/or performance before having access to the income. There are four possible combinations of number of shares and when the shares are received: (a) fixed number at a fixed date, (b) fixed number at a variable date, (c) variable number at a fixed date and (d) variable number at a variable date.
Donors, dictators and democrats in Africa

African countries are among those receiving the most foreign aid per capita. Many detractors blame that aid for encouraging dictatorship and undermining democracy. This article takes a contrary view. It analyses the relationship between the amount of development assistance given to sub-Saharan countries in the 1990s, and changes in their political systems. There is empirical evidence that arbitrary, unrepresentative government diminished in Africa. The data also suggest a positive, though small, correlation between development assistance and democratisation in the 1990s. The issue now facing many African countries is how to consolidate and extend these reforms on their own, with less external support.
The word "bioethics": its birth and the legacies of those who shaped it.

Extensive historical sleuthing reveals that the word "bioethics" and the field of study it names experienced, in 1970/1971, a "bilocated birth" in Madison, Wisconsin, and in Washington, D.C. Van Rensselaer Potter, at the University of Wisconsin first coined the term; and Andre Hellegers, at Georgetown University, at the very least, latched onto the already-existing word "bioethics" and first used it in an institutional way to designate the focused area of inquiry that became an academic field of learning and a movement regarding public policy and the life sciences. A further comparison of the Potter and the Hellegers/Georgetown understandings of bioethics and the relative acceptance of the two views will appear in the March 1995 issue of this journal.
Topographic Normalization of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data in Three Mountain Environments

Abstract A comparative analysis is presented for empirical topographic normalization of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data in varied forest and topographic settings. The paired study included rugged areas of Glacier National Park, Montana, Linville Gorge Wilderness, North Carolina, and Green Mountains, Vermont, U.S.A. Empirical models of topographic bias achieved significant corrections in the Montana and Vermont sites. Relative homogeneity of forest structure offset rugged topography in Montana to yield the highest success of normalization. Significant models could not be derived for Linville Gorge. Topographic normalization is most successful when canopy complexity and altitudinal zonation are low to moderate. Atmospheric pollution and geologic control in ridge‐valley alignment are important considerations when undertaking topographic normalization in mountain environments.
Nonlinear Flutter Calculations Using Finite Elements in a Large Deformation Direct Eulerian-Lagrangian Formulation

A fully nonlinear aeroelastic formulation of the Direct Eulerian-Lagrangian computational scheme is presented, where both structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities are treated without approximations. The method is "direct" in the sense that the calculations are done at the finite element level, both in the fluid and structural domains, and the fluidstructure system is time-marched as a single dynamical system using a multi-stage RungeKutta scheme. The exact nonlinear boundary condition at the fluid-structure boundary is satisfied using the actual deformation of the wing. The generalized forces associated with the in-plane and out-of-plane degrees-of-freedom are calculated in local Lagrangian (element) coordinate systems that fully account for large rigid body translations and rotations. Finite rotation relations are used to update the nodal deformation vectors at the end of each time step. Numerical results are presented for static and dynamic nonlinear test cases for which published results are available. Results of aeroelastic calculations using the new nonlinear model demonstrate the importance of including the nonlinear stiffening arising from the inplane strains in calculating LCO amplitudes, or any aeroelastic response involving large structural amplitudes.
Duplicate genes and robustness to transient gene knock-downs in Caenorhabditis elegans

We examine robustness to mutations in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the role of singlecopy and duplicate genes in it. We do so by integrating complete genome sequence and microarray ...
Closing the ecological gap: the public/private dilemma

Numerous health behavior theories and models address human and environmental factors that affect health status. Although ecological models have called for multilevel intervention strategies, all too often health professionals remain unsure which levels of intervention to target: individual, institutional/organizational, community, public-policy or some combination of these. The decision is often influenced by general societal perceptions of how much control individuals have over health risks. These perceptions, in turn, influence health professionals' own perceptions. The question raised here is how do these perceptions of how public or private a health issue is affect the intervention levels we target? Frequently intervention levels are discussed as if they exist on a continuum, with private individual interventions at one end, and societal policies and laws at the other. This article offers a 'public/private health matrix' based on two axes, one representing individual rejectability of health risks, the other showing how publicly or privately supplied or regulated these risks are. The 10 leading causes of death and two childhood illnesses in the US are used to demonstrate how the matrix might help analyze the public/private nature of different health risks and risk-reducing strategies, and to demonstrate how such distinctions may influence the levels of intervention health professionals target.
The effect of release-etch processing on surface microstructure stiction

A passive polysilicon microstructure is described which has been used to evaluate the stiction or unwanted adhesion occurring after release etch, rinse and dry processing. The results are interpreted in terms of particle adhesion theory. A residue dissolved in the water and redeposited during drying is responsible for one form of adhesion, by solid bridging. A reaction at silicon surfaces immersed in water is suggested as the source of this residue. Formation of a chemical oxide layer to protect the silicon surfaces alleviates adhesion due to this mechanism. Use of a hydrophobic, low surface energy coating that is applied as part of the rinse process is also described. >
Neuromodulatory Effects of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone on Olfactory Receptor Neurons

The terminal nerve is an anterior cranial nerve that innervates the lamina propria of the chemosensory epithelia of the nasal cavity. The function of the terminal nerve is ambiguous, but it has been suggested to serve a neuromodulatory role. We tested this hypothesis by exposing olfactory receptor neurons from mudpuppies ( Necturus maculosus ) to a peptide, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), that is found in cells and fibers of the terminal nerve. We used voltage-clamped whole-cell recordings to examine the effects of 0.5–50 μm GnRH on voltage-activated currents in olfactory receptor neurons from epithelial slices. We found that GnRH increases the magnitude, but does not alter the kinetics, of a tetrodotoxin-sensitive inward current. This increase in magnitude generally begins 5–10 min after initial exposure to GnRH, is sustained for at least 60 min during GnRH exposure, and recovers to baseline within 5 min after GnRH is washed off. This effect occurred in almost 60% of the total number of olfactory receptor neurons examined and appeared to be seasonal: ∼67% of neurons responded to GnRH during the courtship and mating season, compared with ∼33% during the summer, when the sexes separate. GnRH also appears to alter an outward current in the same cells. Taken together, these data suggest that GnRH increases the excitability of olfactory receptor neurons and that the terminal nerve functions to modulate the odorant sensitivity of olfactory receptor neurons.
Large-Scale Comparative Phenotypic and Genomic Analyses Reveal Ecological Preferences of Shewanella Species and Identify Metabolic Pathways Conserved at the Genus Level

The use of comparative genomics for the study of different microbiological species has increased substantially as sequence technologies become more affordable. However, efforts to fully link a genotype to its phenotype remain limited to the development of one mutant at a time. In this study, we provided a high-throughput alternative to this limiting step by coupling comparative genomics to the use of phenotype arrays for five sequenced Shewanella strains. Positive phenotypes were obtained for 441 nutrients (C, N, P, and S sources), with N-based compounds being the most utilized for all strains. Many genes and pathways predicted by genome analyses were confirmed with the comparative phenotype assay, and three degradation pathways believed to be missing in Shewanella were confirmed as missing. A number of previously unknown gene products were predicted to be parts of pathways or to have a function, expanding the number of gene targets for future genetic analyses. Ecologically, the comparative high-throughput phenotype analysis provided insights into niche specialization among the five different strains. For example, Shewanella amazonensis strain SB2B, isolated from the Amazon River delta, was capable of utilizing 60 C compounds, whereas Shewanella sp. strain W3-18-1, isolated from deep marine sediment, utilized only 25 of them. In spite of the large number of nutrient sources yielding positive results, our study indicated that except for the N sources, they were not sufficiently informative to predict growth phenotypes from increasing evolutionary distances. Our results indicate the importance of phenotypic evaluation for confirming genome predictions. This strategy will accelerate the functional discovery of genes and provide an ecological framework for microbial genome sequencing projects.
Conceptualizing Heterosexual Identity Development: Issues and Challenges

This article summarizes the work of R. L. Worthington and J. J. Mohr (2002); R. L. Worthington, H. B. Savoy, F. R. Dillon, and E. R. Vernaglia (2002); and J. J. Mohr (2002) on heterosexual identity development that constituted the Major Contribution section of the July 2002 issue of The Counseling Psychologist. The author provides an overview of the 2 independently developed models of heterosexual identity development presented in these articles and discusses implications for counseling practice, training, and research. The author also offers a personal perspective on aspects of this body of work, including points raised by L. A. Gilbert and J. Rader (2002) and K. J. Bieschke (2002) in their reaction papers that followed these articles.
Host-cell reactivation in mammalian cells. I. Survival of ultra-violet-irradiated herpes virus in different cell-lines.

SummaryThe different repair-replication abilities of cells from different species of mammals suggest that mammalian cells may express different levels of host-cell reactivation. This was confirmed using u.v.-irradiated herpes simplex virus assayed in mouse, rat, monkey, and human cells. The survival curves usually had two components, the slopes of both varying among the different cells. The slopes of the first, sensitive components varied considerably (factor of 4), implying that there are different amounts of host-cell reactivation in this component. The slopes of the second, resistant components also varied, implying different extents of host-cell reactivation there also. That the HCR of the first component apparently varied independently of that of the second component among the different host cells suggested that different mechanisms were responsible for the two HCR's. At the virus concentrations used, multiplicity reactivation was not found. The known cellular radiation recovery mechanisms, repair re...
Sensing embolism in xylem vessels: the role of sucrose as a trigger for refilling

Refilling of embolized vessels requires a source of water and the release of energy stored in xylem parenchyma cells. Past evidence suggests that embolism presence can trigger a biological response that is switched off upon successful vessel refilling. As embolism formation is a purely physical process and most biological triggers rely on chemical sensors, we hypothesized that accumulation of osmotic compounds in walls of embolized vessels are involved in the embolism sensing mechanism. Analysis of Populus trichocarpa's response to infiltration of sucrose, monosaccharides, polyethylene glycol and potassium chloride into the xylem revealed that only presence of sucrose resulted in a simultaneous physiological and molecular response similar to that induced by embolism. This response included reduction of the starch pool in xylem parenchyma cells and significant correlation of gene expression from aquaporins, amylases and sugar transporter families. The work provides evidence of the ability of plants to sense embolism and suggests that sucrose concentration is the stimulus that allows plants to trigger a biological response to embolism.
Evaluation of pentacyclic triterpenes found in Perilla frutescens for inhibition of skin tumor promotion by 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

A series of pentacyclic tritperpenes found in Perilla frutescens (P. frutescens), including ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA), corosolic acid (CA), 3-epi-corosolic acid (3-epiCA), maslinic acid (MA), and 3-epi-maslinic acid (3-epiMA) were evaluated for their effects on epidermal cell signaling, proliferation, and skin inflammation in relation to their ability to inhibit skin tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and compared to UA as the prototype compound. All compounds were given topically 30 min prior to each TPA application and significantly inhibited skin tumor promotion. 3-epiCA and MA were significantly more effective than UA at inhibiting tumor development. All of these compounds significantly inhibited epidermal proliferation induced by TPA, however, CA, 3-epiCA and MA were more effective than UA. All compounds also reduced skin inflammation (assessed by infiltration of mast cells and T-cells) and inflammatory gene expression induced by TPA, however, 3-epiCA and MA were again more effective than UA. The greater ability of 3-epiCA and MA to inhibit skin tumor promotion was associated with greater reduction of Cox-2 and Twist1 proteins and inhibition of activation (i.e., phosphorylation) of IGF-1R, STAT3 and Src. Further study of these compounds, especially 3-epiCA and MA, for chemopreventive activity in other cancer model systems is warranted.
“You never want a serious crisis to go to waste.” Reflections on the reform of legal education in the US, UK, and Australia

AbstractScholarly and academic commentators have been warning of a “crisis” in American legal education since the beginning of the 2008 recession. This article critically examines what they mean by a “crisis”, whether the evidence supports their claims, and the responses they propose.
Identifying Indirect Benefits of Federal Health Care Emergency Preparedness Grant Funding to Coalitions: A Content Analysis.

Objective This study aimed to identify the indirect benefits of health care preparedness funding as perceived by current and former recipients of the US Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response's Hospital Preparedness Program. Methods This was a qualitative inductive content analysis of telephone interviews conducted with regional stakeholders from several health care coalitions to identify their perceptions of the indirect benefits of preparedness funding. Results Content analysis of interviewee responses resulted in 2 main categories of indirect benefits of federal health care preparedness funding: (1) dual-use technology and programs and (2) impact of relationships on day-to-day operations. Within the dual-use technology and programs category, 3 subcategories were identified: (1) information systems, (2) clinical technology, and (3) health care operations. Similarly, 3 subcategories relating to the indirect benefits in the impact of relationships on day-to-day operations category were identified: (1) cooperation, (2) information sharing, and (3) sense of community. Conclusion This study identified indirect benefits of federal investment in hospital and health care preparedness in day-to-day operations. Major categories of these benefits included dual-use technology and programs and impact of relationships on day-to-day operations. Coalition members placed a high value on these benefits, even though they were not direct outcomes of grant programs. Further research is needed to quantify the economic value of these indirect benefits to more accurately measure the total return on investment from federal grant funding.
Correlating sterics parameters and diastereomeric ratio values for a multicomponent assembly to predict exciton-coupled circular dichroism intensity and thereby enantiomeric excess of chiral secondary alcohols

Linear free energy relationship (LFER) substituent parameters are commonly employed for exploring reaction mechanisms and very recently have been used to guide the design of asymmetric catalysts, but their usage in dynamic covalent chemistry is rare. Herein, the properties of an in situ-generated dynamic multicomponent covalent assembly that creates tris(pyridine) metal complexes incorporating chiral secondary alcohols were explored using LFER-based steric parameters. The diastereomeric ratio (dr) of the assembly was correlated with the magnitude of the exciton-coupled circular dichroism (ECCD) induced by chiral alcohols. Charton steric parameters were successfully correlated with the dr values. Through the combination of these correlations, both the dr and CD intensity were predicted for test alcohols. These correlations were also employed to measure a few new Charton parameters. Finally, the prediction of enantiomeric excess (ee) of test samples with various alcohol structures was also successfully achi...
Oxidants in Acute and Chronic Lung Disease

Oxidants play an important role in homeostatic function, but excessive oxidant generation has an adverse effect on health. The manipulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can have a beneficial effect on various lung pathologies. However indiscriminate uses of anti-oxidant strategies have not demonstrated any consistent benefit and may be harmful. Here we propose that nuanced strategies are needed to modulate the oxidant system to obtain a beneficial result in the lung diseases such as Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). We identify novel areas of lung oxidant responses that may yield fruitful therapies in the future.