cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of Amphotericin B in Fungal Culture Media

We have found that amphotericin B is unstable in two commonly employed fungal culture media. This instability leads to inaccuracies in determining the actual level of susceptibility of slow-growing strains that require prolonged incubation for growth. To help compensate for this problem, we have described two rapid methods of susceptibility testing.
A Policy Analysis of China's Wheat Economy

This paper examines the impacts of China's historical and anticipated future reforms on its domestic wheat economy and how it affects the import demand for wheat using a stochastic coefficient regression method. The results strongly support the hypothesis that producers and consumers in the post-reform era were responsive to a less controlled economy. Furthermore, the higher import forecasts indicate that China will interact more with the world wheat market.
A model for ferrite nucleation applied to boron hardenability

A model for the nucleation of ferrite on austenite grain boundaries proposed by Sharma and Purdy is reexamined using the Cahn-Hoffman construction. The construction, which offers a rigorous method of predicting the shape of heterogeneous nuclei, indicates that the original proposal of a disk shaped nucleus should be modified to that of a spherical segment. Based on currently available thermodynamic and physical data, it is shown that the spherical segment model is very sensitive to the austenite grain boundary interfacial tension. Even small changes in interfacial tension of several mN/m, which could result from the equilibrium absorption of boron into austenite boundaries, is sufficient to delay the austenite transformation by a significant time.
Kshirsagar-Type Lower Bounds for Mean Squared Error of Prediction

Let Y be an observable random vector and Z be an unobserved random variable with joint density f(y, z | θ), where θ is an unknown parameter vector. Considering the problem of predicting Z based on Y, we derive Kshirsagar type lower bounds for the mean squared error of any predictor of Z. These bounds do not require the regularity conditions of Bhattacharyya bounds and hence are more widely applicable. Moreover, the new bounds are shown to be sharper than the corresponding Bhattacharyya bounds. The conditions for attaining the new lower bounds are useful for easy derivation of best unbiased predictors, which we illustrate with some examples.
Quantitative theory for the quantum interference effect in the transverse magnetoresistance of pure magnesium

A new quantitative theory is developed to calculate from first principles the transverse magnetoresistance of Mg for the special case in whichH is parallel to a [10 $$\bar 1$$ 0]-type axis andJ is parallel to a [11 $$\bar 2$$ 0]-type axis. For this case, magnetic breakdown produces a multiply coupled network of interfering electron trajectories which generate large-amplitude quantum oscillations in the transverse magnetoresistance. It is shown that two distinct regimes of quantum transport exist for these oscillations and that this theory can be used to derive the electron quantum state lifetime τ from experimental data. The sensitivity of this effect to τ extends the experimentally accessible range by four orders of magnitude from about 10 −12 to 10 −8 sec. In addition, since the quantum interference oscillations are essentially insensitive to the temperature dependence of the Fermi-Dirac distribution function, this effect is ideally suited to study the quantum state lifetime dependence on electron-electron scattering.
The molecular biology of schistosomes

Investigators in various laboratories have been studying the molecular biology of schistosome genetics for several years. A recent meeting at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, sponsored by the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, brought together 30 scientists from 16 laboratories to share what they have learned from their studies and debate strategies and techniques.
Effects of intake air preheat and fuel blend ratio on a diesel engine operating on biodiesel–methanol blends

Abstract Effects of intake air preheat were investigated on performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine running on fuel concentrations of biodiesel (85%)–methanol (15%), biodiesel (90%)–methanol (10%), biodiesel (95%)–methanol (5%), neat biodiesel (B100). Fuels were evaluated in the engine at two elevated intake air temperatures at 30 °C and 85 °C. Neat biodiesel and standard diesel fuels were used in the engine at the ambient air temperature. Performance and emissions of the diesel engine are compared based on biodiesel–methanol blends, neat biodiesel and standard diesel. The resulting emissions indicate that the high heat of vaporization of methanol affects CO and HC emissions significantly. Preheating the intake air or lowering the methanol concentration in biodiesel–methanol blends tends to reduce the production of CO and HC while increasing NO emission.
Synthesis of Diels—Alder Adducts of Phencyclone and NMR Studies of Hindered Rotations of Unsubstituted Bridgehead Phenyls: Microscale Experiments in Organic Chemistry

Synthesis of Diels—Alder adducts of phencyclone with diverse dienophiles provides the basis for a major extended module in the second-semester laboratory of an organic chemistry course. With many accessible target compounds, students can have individual novel compounds to prepare. Especially attractive for students, the adducts are highly hindered, resulting in slow rotation about the C—C sp2—sp3 single bond to the unsubstituted bridgehead phenyl groups. Slow-exchange-limit NMR spectra (1H at 300 MHz and 13C at 75 MHz) are obtained at ambient temperatures for these phenyl groups. The highly crystalline products are easily prepared and offer excellent opportunities to integrate modern 1-D and 2-D NMR techniques into this synthesis experiment, while introduccing concepts of dynamic NMR spectroscopy. The synthetic reactions are readily carried out at the microscale level.
Child sexual abuse: A marker or magnifying glass for family dysfunction?

Abstract A report of child sexual abuse leads to a multi-agency investigation that often reveals other maltreatment and dysfunctional behaviors within the family. Due to recent developments in this field, the emphasis of the investigation has shifted to the child’s history rather than information from the parent or accused, or the presence of injuries. In the last 10 years Children’s Advocacy Centers have become a central component to the investigation of child sexual abuse and provide a means for long-term follow-up of referred families. The idiosyncrasies of this investigative and advocacy system have provided an in-depth view of the families of sexually abused children. Four family types emerge: safe and secure, safe and insecure, unsafe and enmeshed, and unsafe and insecure. The characteristics of child sexual abuse, the response to the child’s disclosure of abuse, and the prognosis for the child victim vary among the different family types. An innovative long-term program of wrap-around services for sexually abused children and their families provides counseling, peer activities, family mentoring, and child mentoring while tracking the symptoms and behaviors of the child victims. The identification of a child victim of sexual abuse can be a tragic crisis and an opportunity for intensive and timely intervention.
Education, segregation and marital sorting: theory and an application to the UK

Abstract This paper presents a model of the intergenerational transmission of education and marital sorting. Parents matter both because of their household income and because their human capital determines the distribution of a child's disutility from making an effort to become skilled. We show that an increase in segregation has potentially ambiguous effects on the proportion of individuals that become skilled in the steady state, and hence on marital sorting, the personal and household income distribution, and welfare. We calibrate the steady state of our model to UK statistics. We find that an increase in the correlation of spouses in their years of education will bring about a small increase in the proportion of skilled individuals when the relative supply of skilled individuals is variable at the family level and a decrease when this supply is fixed. Ex-ante utility (of an unborn individual) increases in the first case and decreases in the second. The welfare effect of increased sorting is negative for unskilled individuals and positive for skilled individuals. Increased segregation always leads to an increase in welfare inequality between skilled and unskilled individuals.
The effect of lanatoside C on coronary vascular resistance

Abstract The effect of lanatoside C was studied in a preparation in which the flow of blood in the left main coronary artery could be accurately measured and varied. Lanatoside C produced an increase in left main coronary artery resistance at all rates of blood flow. The diluent of the drug did not affect coronary resistance. The increase in resistance persisted for the duration of the experiment. Some evidence is presented for a greater increase in resistance with larger doses.
Does translocase (G-factor) require the presence of unesterified tRNA on the donor site for its action? — The effect of fusidic acid

Abstract For the action of G-factor and its inhibition by fusidic acid, the presence of unesterified tRNA at the donor site is not necessary.
Introduction: charting the landscape of cancer survivors' health-related outcomes and care.

The field of cancer survivorship is characterized by a complex and rapidly evolving landscape. This supplement presents a series of data-driven articles selected to highlight the breadth of new knowledge in this area of the cancer control continuum that were presented at the Fourth Biennial Cancer Survivorship Research Conference in Atlanta, Georgia, June 2008. Included in the volume is research on the biobehavioral impact of cancer; studies on quality-of-life and economic outcomes; and work focused on caregivers, understudied populations, and healthcare providers. Cancer 2009;115(18 suppl):4265–9. Published 2009 by the American Cancer Society. y The field of cancer survivorship research is making remarkable progress in identifying, understanding, and addressing the effects that the experience of cancer and its treatment may have on the physical, psychological, social, and behavioral well being of cancer survivors and their caregivers. 1 Just as advances related to cancer biology, diagnosis, and treatment continually evolve, so also do the amount and quality of research related to cancer survivorship. The rapid expansion of new knowledge focused on understanding and promoting the health of adults and children affected by cancer is enabling us to better chart and, at the same time, change the landscape of cancer survivorship. 2
Breast Cancer Advocacy Internships: Student Motivations, Intentions, and Perceptions

Currently, there are no published studies about the impact on students of a structured, breast-cancer-specific advocacy internship. Our goal was to provide the student perspective of participation in a national breast cancer advocacy conference in Washington, D.C. as part of an internship. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected in three waves: 1 month before the training, during the training, and 1 month post-training. Four themes emerged: (1) empowerment, (2) connection with breast cancer patients and advocates, (3) learning outside the classroom, and (4) action through advocacy and civilian lobbying. This study found strong support for the internship model described here and is recommended for replication at other universities and institutions.
Myocardial metabolic alterations after contrast angiography

Abstract Contrast media used during angiography are known to produce transient alterations in cardiovascular physiology. However, little information is available concerning what alterations, if any, occur in myocardial metabolism after contrast angiography. Sixteen patients with symptoms of ischemic heart disease undergoing elective left ventriculography were studied. Coronary sinus and arterial blood samples were obtained for free fatty acids, glucose and lactate before and after performing left ventriculography with Renografin-76. Coronary blood flow was determined by the thermodilution technique. Five minutes after ventriculography, the arterial level of free fatty acids had decreased by 18.0 ± 4.9 percent (mean ± standard deviation) from the baseline (before angiography) samples (probability [p]
The Subjective Experience of Love through Adult Life

While research on interpersonal love is growing, there is a relative dirge of literature on the experience of love across age. This study uses Sternberg's triangular theory of love to investigate how commitment, intimacy, and passion are subjectively experienced among actual lovers across age. The evidence presented here suggests that lovers' definition and communication of commitment, intimacy, and passion remain relatively stable among age cohorts. However, traditional expressions of commitment, affection, and togetherness, significantly declined over age, unrelated to length of relationship.
Hepatitis C Virus Entry Requires a Critical Postinternalization Step and Delivery to Early Endosomes via Clathrin-Coated Vesicles

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen associated with life-threatening liver disease. Entry into hepatocytes requires CD81 and a putative second receptor. In this study, we elucidated the postreceptor attachment stages of HCV entry using HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp) as a model system. By means of dominant-negative mutants and short interfering RNAs of various cellular proteins, we showed that HCVpp enter via clathrin-coated vesicles and require delivery to early but not to late endosomes. However, the kinetics of HCV envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion are delayed compared to those of other viruses that enter in early endosomes. Entry of HCVpp can be efficiently blocked by bafilomycin A1, which neutralizes the pH in early endosomes and impairs progression of endocytosis beyond this stage. However, low-pH exposure of bafilomycin A1-treated target cells does not induce entry of HCVpp at the plasma membrane or in the early stages of endocytosis. These observations indicate that, subsequent to internalization, HCVpp entry necessitates additional, low-pH-dependent interactions, modifications, or trafficking, and that these events are irreversibly disrupted by bafilomycin A1 treatment.
MANOVA in the multivariate components of variance model

Abstract Conditions are obtained for the multivariate components of variance model to admit a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). MANOVA in this setup is defined as a partition of the sum of squares and sum of products matrix into independent Wishart matrices. A minimal sufficient statistic is exhibited using the terms in the MANOVA and its completeness is discussed. The results are illustrated using examples.
Biochemical and metabolic function of the canine liver after four hours preservation.

Canine livers were stored for four hours with either hypothermia alone, hypothermia and low flow electrolyte perfusion, hypothermia low flow plasma perfusion, or normothermic dilute blood perfusion. The livers were evaluated by a subsequent two hour normothermic dilute blood test perfusion. Pressure flow relationships were of value in assessing the adequacy of the storage, and correlated well with glucose production and ultrastructural appearances. Livers stored with plasma perfusion seemed to be the most satisfactory. Anaerobic utilization of fructose was a more sensitive index of cellular damage than oxygen uptake in manometric studies. Bromsulphthalein clearance during the test perfusion was of limited value.
A note suggesting an approximation for the Hohenberg and Kohn functional

An approximation is given for calculation of the Hohenberg and Kohn (HK) functional. This follows from reduced density matrices which are functionals of the experimental electron density, obtained from X-ray scattering, Clinton's equations, and conditions for N-representability by correlated-determinant wave functions. As these wave functions are known to be of accurate form, an analogous degree of accuracy is expected for the HK functional approximation which flows from them. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Genes influencing variation in serum osteocalcin concentrations are linked to markers on chromosomes 16q and 20q

Osteocalcin (OC) is an important constituent of bone that is synthesized by osteoblasts. Serum levels of OC have been used as a biochemical marker of bone turnover. To identify the genes influencing variation in serum OC levels, we conducted a genome-wide scan in 429 individuals comprising 10 large multigenerational families. OC levels were measured by immunoassay, and genetic markers were typed at approximately 10-cM intervals across the genome. Quantitative trait linkage was tested using a multipoint analysis based on variance component methodology, adjusting for the effects of age, sex, and oral contraceptive use. Significance levels for linkage were obtained empirically, by Monte Carlo simulation. The heritability of OC levels in this population was 62 ± 8%. We detected significant evidence for linkage between a quantitative trait locus influencing serum OC levels and markers on chromosome 16q, and suggestive evidence for linkage of OC levels with markers on chromosome 20q. The multipoint lod scores p...
Flash photolysis of molecules implicated in 9-nitroanthracene photochemistry

Abstract A comparative flash photolysis study of 9-nitroanthracene, anthrone and anthraquinone in air-saturated isopropyl alcohol shows that all three molecules generate the 9,10-anthrasemiquinone radical with absorption peaks at 640 and 680 nm. Results indicate that 9-nitroanthracene and anthrone form anthraquinone, which via the triplet state abstracts hydrogen to form the semiquinone radical with a lifetime of 0.2 ms. A scheme outlining the photochemical inter-relationship of these molecules is proposed.
Beta-catenin is not activated by downregulation of PTEN in osteoblasts

Selective knockdown of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) has been recently shown to increase life long accumulation of bone and its ability to increase osteoblast lifespan. In order to determine how loss of PTEN function affects osteoblast differentiation, we created cell lines with stable knockdown of PTEN expression using short hairpin RNA vectors and characterized several clones. The effect of deregulated PTEN in osteoblasts was studied in relationship to cell proliferation and differentiation. Downregulation of PTEN initially affected the cell’s attachment and spreading on plastic but cells recovered after a brief period of time. When cell proliferation was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays, we noticed a small but significant increase in growth rates with PTEN reduction. The size of individual cells appeared larger when compared to control cells. Differentiation properties of these osteoblasts were increased as evidenced by higher expression of several of the bone markers tested (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osterix, bone morphogenetic protein 2, Cbfa1, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand) and their mineralization capacity in culture. As stabilization of beta-catenin is known to be responsible for growth deregulation with PTEN loss in other cell types, we investigated the activation of the canonical Wnt pathway in our cell lines. Immunofluorescence staining, protein expression in subcellular fractions for beta-catenin, and assays for activation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling were studied in the PTEN downregulated cells. There was an overall decrease in β-catenin expression in cells with PTEN knockdown. The distribution of β-catenin was more diffuse within the cell in the PTEN-reduced clones when compared to controls where they were mostly present in cell borders. Signaling through the canonical pathway was also reduced in the PTEN knockdown cells when compared to control. The results of this study suggest that while decreased PTEN augments cell proliferation and positively affects differentiation, there is a decrease in β-catenin levels and activity in osteoblasts. Therefore, at least in osteoblasts, β-catenin is not responsible for mediating the activation of osteoblast differentiation with reduction in PTEN function.
My unexpected life.

This article self-describes, undoubtedly self-servingly, the career of and influences on a psychologist variously active in the latter half of the 20th century, with concerns for personality theory...
Development of a Proposed Methodology for Assessing Career Development of Registered Dietitians

Text: Evidence supports the need to develop methodologies to explore catalysts and barriers to successful career path decisions in dietetics practice. The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology to explore the career paths of registered dietitians. A quantitative questionnaire was developed based on in-depth literature review, interviews with career-path researchers and a pilot study. Telephone interviews were conducted with 29 individuals, identified as dietetics leaders, to obtain insight into career themes and factors contributing to job changes. Other than “years of dietetics practice experience”, the demographic profile of the sample was similar to that of ADA’s membership. The majority (81.8%) had greater than 25 years of experience in dietetics practice. At least six career transition points were identified by 96% of the respondents. Using a 1 to 5 scale, respondents “somewhat agreed” to “completely agreed” that reputation and past performance (4.74), hard work (4.65), skills/abilities (4.52), and networking (4.65) contributed to career success. Respondents believed they were responsible for their own career success (4.61) and were satisfied with their career progression but were also neutral regarding ADA assistance in their career development (3.32). Involvement in professional organizations appeared to play a vital role in leadership development. While several respondents emphasized the benefits of ADA involvement, others indicated their career success was due more to internal factors than opportunities provided by the Association. Practitioners did not enter dietetics with a specific career plan in mind nor did their careers follow pre-determined paths. Further study into career decisions is merited.
Methylation of the alpha-fetoprotein gene in isogenic rat hepatoma and liver cell lines.

Abstract We have found that DNA methylation is inversely correlated with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene expression in a series of isogenic rat hepatoma cell lines. The 5′ end of the gene is extensively demethylated in AFP-producing cells and is highly methylated in cell lines which do not produce AFP. Glucocorticoid affects markedly the synthesis of AFP in the hepatoma cells. However, methylation patterns of cell lines which were treated with dexamethasone were not different from those of control cells, indicating that glucocorticoid action on AFP gene expression does not alter DNA methylation in this region of the gene.
Investigating the structural and functional consequences of circular permutation on lipase B from Candida Antarctica

The engineering of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) by circular permutation has yielded over sixty hydrolase variants, and several show significantly improved catalytic performance. Here we report a detailed characterization of ten selected enzyme variants by kinetic and spectroscopic methods to further elucidate the impact of circular permutation on the structure and function of CALB. Our experiments identify lipase variants with up to 175-fold enhanced k(cat)/K(M) values over wild-type. In addition, circular permutation does not change the enzymes' enantiopreference and preserves or even improves their enantioselectivity compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. Finally, our spectroscopic analyses suggest that the structural effects of circular permutation on CALB are mostly local, concentrating on regions near the native and new protein termini. The observed changes in secondary structure and protein thermostability vary among enzyme variants but directly correlate with the locations of the new termini, a first step towards a predictive framework.
PROBLEMS IN LOGICAL FORM

Abstract : Most current theories of natural-language processing propose that the assimilation of an utterance involves producing an expression or structure that in some sense represents the literal meaning of the utterance. It is often maintained that understanding what an utterance literally means consists in being able to recover such a representation. In philosophy and linguistics this sort of representation is usually said to display the "logical form" of an utterance. This paper surveys some of the key problems that arise in defining a system of representation for the logical forms of English sentences and suggests possible approaches to their solution. The author first looks at some general issues relating to the notion of logical form, explaining why it makes sense to define such a notion only for sentences in context, not in isolation, and then discusses the relationship between research on logical form and work on knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. The rest of the paper is devoted to examining specific problems in logical form. These include the following: quantifiers; events, actions and processes; time and space; collective entities and substances; propositional attitudes and modalities; and questions and imperatives.
Functional genomic characterization of neoblast-like stem cells in larval Schistosoma mansoni

Schistosomes infect hundreds of millions of people in the developing world. Transmission of these parasites relies on a stem cell-driven, clonal expansion of larvae inside a molluscan intermediate host. How this novel asexual reproductive strategy relates to current models of stem cell maintenance and germline specification is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that this proliferative larval cell population (germinal cells) shares some molecular signatures with stem cells from diverse organisms, in particular neoblasts of planarians (free-living relatives of schistosomes). We identify two distinct germinal cell lineages that differ in their proliferation kinetics and expression of a nanos ortholog. We show that a vasa/PL10 homolog is required for proliferation and maintenance of both populations, whereas argonaute2 and a fibroblast growth factor receptor-encoding gene are required only for nanos-negative cells. Our results suggest that an ancient stem cell-based developmental program may have enabled the evolution of the complex life cycle of parasitic flatworms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00768.001
The incidence and factors associated with graft infection after aortic aneurysm repair.

Objectives The reported rate of abdominal aortic graft infections (AGIs) is low, but its incidence and associated factors have not been evaluated on a population level. We hypothesized that AGI occurs more often in patients with periprocedural nosocomial infections and less often after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods A retrospective cohort study was done of all patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (1987-2005) in Washington State by using the Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System (CHARS) data. Nosocomial infection was defined as one or more of pneumonia, urinary tract infections, blood stream septicemia, or surgical site infection at the index admission. Readmissions and reintervention for graft infections defined AGIs excluding the diagnostic code of renal failure or those who appeared to have dialysis grafts. Results Between 1987 and 2005, 13,902 patients (mean age, 71.3 ± 8.8 years; 90.8% men) underwent AAA repair (12,626 open, 1276 EVAR). The cumulative rate of AGIs in the cohort was 0.44%. The 2-year rate of AGI was 0.19% among open vs 0.16% in EVAR ( P = .75) and 0.2% in both elective and nonelective patients. Open procedures had greater rates of perioperative pneumonia (11.1% vs 2.4%, P P P P = .014) and surgical site infection (1.61% vs 0.19%, P = .01) were significantly associated with AGIs. The median time to AGI was 3.0 years, and AGI presented sooner (≤1.4 years) if nosocomial infection occurred at the index admission. This risk of developing AGI after open repair was highest in the first postoperative year (32% of all AGI occurred in year 1). In an adjusted model, blood stream septicemia was significantly associated with AGI (odds ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-11.8) Conclusions The incidence of AGI was low, presented most commonly in the first postoperative year, and was similar among patients undergoing open AAA repair and EAVR. Patients with nosocomial infection had an earlier onset of AGI. The 2-year rate of AGI was significantly higher in patients who had blood stream septicemia and surgical site infection in the periprocedural hospitalization. These data may be helpful in directing surveillance programs for AIG.
Moving Toward and Away From the World: Social Approach and Avoidance Trajectories in Anxious Solitary Youth

This investigation tested the person-by-environment hypothesis that the joint influence of behavioral vulnerability (anxious solitude) and interpersonal adversity (peer exclusion) predicts heightened social avoidance and depression over time. The study assessed 519 fifth and sixth graders 3 times during 1 year. Teachers reported social behavior and peer exclusion; youth reported depression. As hypothesized, anxious solitary youth displayed maintenance or exacerbation of social avoidance and depression in the context of high exclusion, but increased social approach and less depression in the context of low exclusion. Some effects were moderated by sex. The interaction of behavioral vulnerability and peer exclusion was more consistently linked to adjustment changes in anxious solitary youth than in youth with other behavioral profiles.
Use of the G-TFSF and AFP methods to study scattering from 3D defects in edges or wedges

In 2002 Anantha and Taflove proposed a generalized total-field/scattered-field (G-TFSF) formulation to facilitate the study of infinite scatterers, such as wedges [IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., 50(10):1337–1349, 2002]. In the G-TFSF method, portions of the TFSF boundary are embedded in the perfectly match layer (PML) that terminates the grid. To account for the effect the PML has on the incident field, the equations used to correct the fields along the TFSF boundary employed scalar correction factors. These scalar factors do not account for the fact that the PML is dispersive. Thus, where the TFSF boundary passes through the PML there is leakage of spurious fields in excess of what it would be if one were to account for the dispersion within the PML.
Age-Related Differences in Movement Control: Adjusting Submovement Structure To Optimize Performance

In this experiment older and younger adults were compared on their ability to position a cursor with an electromechanical mouse. Distance of the movement, size of the target, and relative emphasis on the speed or accuracy of the movement were manipulated. The study was designed to isolate and evaluate the effects of age-related differences in the noise-to-force ratio, perceptual feedback efficiency, strategy differences, and the ability to produce force as explanations for age-related differences in movement control. This was done by using two types of movement tasks and by analyzing movement performance according to stages of movement. The study showed that all four factors, when isolated, are significantly different for the two age groups. However, in the task component where all factors could simultaneously affect performance, the age-related difference in performance was less than the difference in either the measure of noise-to-force ratio or perceptual efficiency. Analysis of the submovement structure revealed how older adults compensated for the greater noise and less perceptual efficiency by adjusting the velocity and number of submovements. These findings are discussed in light of the optimized submovement model.
Understanding Asian American Clients

Abstract Asian Americans are the fastest growing ethnic minority in the United States today. Therefore, the Asian American population greatly needs the services of qualified cross-cultural counselors. An ethnic match between an Asian American client and his/her counselor is generally recommended. However, due to the limited number of qualified Asian American counselors and problems sometimes encountered with an ethnic match, an ethnic match between the counselor and client is very often not realistic nor always preferred. However, Western counselors who work with Asian Americans need to understand their clients' acculturation problems. They also need to understand the preventable mistakes often made in counseling Asian American clients.
X-ray Ptychography with Highly-Curved Wavefront

The recent development of scanning coherent x-ay diffraction microscopy (also known as ptychography) eliminates several constraints exerted by coherent imaging. In particular, an illuminating wave (the probe) can have an arbitrary shape, as a diffraction data redundancy due to multiple measurements at overlapping neighboring probe positions permits its independent reconstruction along with the scattering potential (the object wave). A priori knowledge, such as a finite sample support, is reduced to a recording of sequential probe positions and a plausible guess to be used as a starting estimate for iterative phase retrieval. Using a focusing probe, such as one produced by a zone plate, we investigate the effectiveness of the reconstruction algorithm and find that it is significantly less successful at reconstructing wavefronts with large curvature (extended phase variation) than the wavefronts with almost flat phase structure. Our simulations show that when the actual probe has large phase variation, the amount of overlap required for a successful reconstruction of both object and probe depends upon the phase difference between the actual probe and the probe used as a starting estimate for the reconstruction. We quantitatively define the circumstances for successful reconstruction of an object placed away from focus. We use an experimental dataset measured with a moderate amount of overlap to show that a successful reconstruction of the test sample can be done using a curved probe as an initial guess.
Ligament length relationships in the moving knee

This article presents an investigation of potential ligament attachment sites for surgical reconstruction of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments as well as for the lateral extraarticular iliotibial band tenodesis. Our methodology was based on quantitative measurements of knee anatomy and motion in fresh cadavers, not on biomechanical modeling. Using computer search techniques, we located all the ligament insertion sites that were nearly isometric for motion of the intact knee.
Dnmt1 is essential to maintain progenitors in the perinatal intestinal epithelium

The DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 maintains DNA methylation patterns and genomic stability in several in vitro cell systems. Ablation of Dnmt1 in mouse embryos causes death at the post-gastrulation stage; however, the functions of Dnmt1 and DNA methylation in organogenesis remain unclear. Here, we report that Dnmt1 is crucial during perinatal intestinal development. Loss of Dnmt1 in intervillus progenitor cells causes global hypomethylation, DNA damage, premature differentiation, apoptosis and, consequently, loss of nascent villi. We further confirm the crucial role of Dnmt1 during crypt development using the in vitro organoid culture system, and illustrate a clear differential requirement for Dnmt1 in immature versus mature organoids. These results demonstrate an essential role for Dnmt1 in maintaining genomic stability during intestinal development and the establishment of intestinal crypts.
Self-reported dietary restraint is associated with elevated levels of salivary cortisol.

Previous studies have found inconsistent relationships between restrained eating, dieting, and cortisol. The present study was designed to clarify the relationship between self-reported restrained eating and cortisol using multiple measures of dietary restraint. Eighty-five college-age women completed the Restraint Scale (RS) and the Cognitive Restraint Scale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R) and provided a saliva sample for analysis of cortisol. Both measures of restraint were positively associated with elevated levels of salivary cortisol, although the TFEQ-R was more strongly associated than the RS. Restrained eating, characterized by largely unsuccessful efforts to control eating, may lead to elevated cortisol levels.
ALIX-CHMP4 interactions in the human ESCRT pathway

The ESCRT pathway facilitates membrane fission events during enveloped virus budding, multivesicular body formation, and cytokinesis. To promote HIV budding and cytokinesis, the ALIX protein must bind and recruit CHMP4 subunits of the ESCRT-III complex, which in turn participate in essential membrane remodeling functions. Here, we report that the Bro1 domain of ALIX binds specifically to C-terminal residues of the human CHMP4 proteins (CHMP4A-C). Crystal structures of the complexes reveal that the CHMP4 C-terminal peptides form amphipathic helices that bind across the conserved concave surface of ALIXBro1. ALIX-dependent HIV-1 budding is blocked by mutations in exposed ALIXBro1 residues that help contribute to the binding sites for three essential hydrophobic residues that are displayed on one side of the CHMP4 recognition helix (M/L/IxxLxxW). The homologous CHMP1–3 classes of ESCRT-III proteins also have C-terminal amphipathic helices, but, in those cases, the three hydrophobic residues are arrayed with L/I/MxxxLxxL spacing. Thus, the distinct patterns of hydrophobic residues provide a “code” that allows the different ESCRT-III subunits to bind different ESCRT pathway partners, with CHMP1–3 proteins binding MIT domain-containing proteins, such as VPS4 and Vta1/LIP5, and CHMP4 proteins binding Bro1 domain-containing proteins, such as ALIX.
Genetic variability of grey snow mould (Typhula incarnata)

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of isolates of grey snow mould (‘gray snow mold’), Typhula incarnata, taken from infected turfgrasses from 40 different locations in the northern USA. Data from 115 markers using 37 RAPD primers showed 48% polymorphism. The distance coefficients between isolates indicate the wide genetic diversity of T. incarnata across the sample area. Dendrograms generated using neighbour-joining (NJ) bootstrap analyses showed three clades and suggest possible recent colonization from common founder groups. Partitioning of the genetic variance using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of four groups based on geographic locations (Michigan, lower and upper peninsula; Minnesota; Wisconsin) showed that genetic variation attributable among groups and within groups was 12.67 and 87.33%, respectively. No correlation was found between geographic distance and pairwise genetic distance of the groups. High outcrossing and sexual recombination of T. incarnata may well be key factors explaining the genetic variability as shown with the low Fixation index (FST) and high average of genetic diversity per locus within groups.
Overview of trends in heart disease changing prognosis after myocardial infarction

Abstract The improved survival of patients with coronary heart disease during the past 30 years has resulted in a large elderly patient population who likely are at greater risk for developing cerebrovascular disease. In the 1960s, the total in-hospital mortality for patients with acute myocardial infarction under 70 years old was reduced from about 22 to 17% by the widespread use of coronary care units with a reduction in “arrhythmic” deaths. During the 1970s, the development of the flow-directed catheter and the use of interventions to reduce the extent of infarction decreased the short-term mortality rate to about 13%. More recently, thrombolytic therapy has resulted in an early in-hospital mortality rate as low as 4 to 6%. Predischarge noninvasive risk stratification of uncomplicated patients leads to selective coronary arteriography and the early initiation of appropriate surgical, mechanical, or medical treatment. Improved long-term survival results partly from better in-hospital therapy and predischarge risk stratification as well as from secondary prevention.
Southern District Association News

(1949). Southern District Association News. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 108-111.
Fetal, Neonatal, Infant, and Child International Growth Standards: An Unprecedented Opportunity for an Integrated Approach to Assess Growth and Development

The recent publication of fetal growth and gestational age-specific growth standards by the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century Project and the previous publication by the WHO of infant and young child growth standards based on the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study enable evaluations of growth from ∼9 wk gestation to 5 y. The most important features of these projects are the prescriptive approach used for subject selection and the rigorous testing of the assertion that growth is very similar among geographically and ethnically diverse nonisolated populations when health, nutrition, and other care needs are met and the environment imposes minimal constraints on growth. Both studies documented that with adequate controls, the principal source of variability in growth during gestation and early childhood resides among individuals. Study sites contributed much less to observed variability. The agreement between anthropometric measurements common to both studies also is noteworthy. Jointly, these studies provide for the first time, to my knowledge, a conceptually consistent basis for worldwide and localized assessments and comparisons of growth performance in early life. This is an important contribution to improving the health care of children across key periods of growth and development, especially given the appropriate interest in pursuing "optimal" health in the "first 1000 d," i.e., the period covering fertilization/implantation, gestation, and postnatal life to 2 y of age.
Daily Enteral DHA Supplementation Alleviates Deficiency in Premature Infants

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid (FA) important for health and neurodevelopment. Premature infants are at risk of DHA deficiency and circulating levels directly correlate with health outcomes. Most supplementation strategies have focused on increasing DHA content in mother's milk or infant formula. However, extremely premature infants may not reach full feedings for weeks and commercially available parenteral lipid emulsions do not contain preformed DHA, so blood levels decline rapidly after birth. Our objective was to develop a DHA supplementation strategy to overcome these barriers. This double-blind, randomized, controlled trial determined feasibility, tolerability and efficacy of daily enteral DHA supplementation (50 mg/day) in addition to standard nutrition for preterm infants (24-34 weeks gestational age) beginning in the first week of life. Blood FA levels were analyzed at baseline, full feedings and near discharge in DHA (n = 31) or placebo supplemented (n = 29) preterm infants. Term peers (n = 30) were analyzed for comparison. Preterm infants had lower baseline DHA levels (p < 0.0001). Those receiving DHA had a progressive increase in circulating DHA over time (from 3.33 to 4.09 wt% or 2.88 to 3.55 mol%, p < 0.0001) while placebo-supplemented infants (receiving standard neonatal nutrition) had no increase over time (from 3.35 to 3.32 wt% or 2.91 to 2.87 mol%). Although levels increased with additional DHA supplementation, preterm infants still had lower blood DHA levels than term peers (4.97 wt% or 4.31 mol%) at discharge (p = 0.0002). No differences in adverse events were observed between the groups. Overall, daily enteral DHA supplementation is feasible and alleviates deficiency in premature infants.
Leveraging the Impact of Remittances through Microfinance Products: Perspectives from Market Research

Remittances - money sent from an immigrant to his or her home country - is an important service for microfinance clients and represents a significant market opportunity for microfinance institutions. This InSight details the results of ACCION's research to understand the motivations of remittance senders and recipients, to explore product enhancements that could help both senders and recipients meet their financial goals, and to understand the characteristics important for a remittance delivery system.
The scientific mind and personal faith

Faith is facilitated by a scientific mind when good use is made of many analogies. Four examples are selected for this summary.
Load Frequency Control Considering Vehicle to Grid

A battery model is developed.The scale effect of electric vehicle centralization is analyzed and a framework of centralized electric vehicles taking part in vehicle to grid is described.By developing the load frequency control model for electric vehicles participation,the role and effect of the control model is studied.The simulation results show that,as a type of mobile battery energy storage facility,electric vehicles can provide faster system reserve by effective controlling.
Inert gas washout measurement of muscle blood flow distribution--roles of hypoxia and diffusion limitation.

The delivery of oxygen to peripheral tissue depends on local perfusion, hemoglobin storage characteristics and the properties of the tissue. The local tissue property that has major impact on O2 delivery dynamics is the matching of blood flow to oxygen demand (Q/VO2). Factors which play a role include perfusion to volume heterogeneity, oxygen uptake to volume heterogeneity, diffusion limitation, diffusional shunt and true shunt (Piiper et al, 1984; Piiper and Haab, 1991). To date, no method has been developed to simultaneously quantify all of these factors, hence, differentiation of all of the factors has been problematic. In general, it is thought that diffusion-dependent mechanisms play little role in limiting tissue inert gas exchange (Wagner, 1989). However, Hills (1967) argues that diffusion-dependent processes may be important because diffusion coefficients in tissue may have been overestimated.
Can Today’s Medical School Faculty Teach Tomorrow’s Physicians about Patient-Centered Care?

The concepts of patient-centered care and the medical home should bring changes in the way we educate future health professionals. The contributions of the behavioral faculty and the behavioral sciences in medical education are critical to these changes as curricula are re-designed and experiential learning replaces theory-based courses. The challenge for today’s faculty is how to teach future health professionals for practice in a health care structure that does not yet exist.