cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Economic Analysis of Policies for the Protection and Reuse of Noncopyrightable Database Contents

The availability of data on the Web and new data extraction technologies have made it increasingly easy to reuse existing data to create new databases and provide value-added services. Meanwhile, database creators have been seeking legal protection for their data, such as the European Union's Database Directive. The legislative development shows that there is significant difficulty in finding the right balance between protecting the incentives of creating publicly accessible databases (including semistructured Web sites) and preserving adequate access to factual data for value-creating activities. We address this issue using an extended spatial competition model that explicitly considers licensing provisions and inefficiencies in policy administration. The results show that, depending on the cost level of database creation, the degree of differentiation of the reuser database, and the efficiency of policy administration, there are different socially beneficial policy choices, such as protecting a legal monopoly, encouraging competition via compulsory licensing, discouraging voluntary licensing, or even allowing free riding. With the appropriate policy in place, both the creators and the reusers should focus on innovation that can increase the variety of databases and create value from database contents.
Digitally synthesized beat frequency-multiplexed fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy

Frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging is a powerful technique that enables the observation of subtle changes in the molecular environment of a fluorescent probe. This technique works by measuring the phase delay between the optical emission and excitation of fluorophores as a function of modulation frequency. However, high-resolution measurements are time consuming, as the excitation modulation frequency must be swept, and faster low-resolution measurements at a single frequency are prone to large errors. Here, we present a low cost optical system for applications in real-time confocal lifetime imaging, which measures the phase vs. frequency spectrum without sweeping. Deemed Lifetime Imaging using Frequency-multiplexed Excitation (LIFE), this technique uses a digitally-synthesized radio frequency comb to drive an acousto-optic deflector, operated in a cat’s-eye configuration, to produce a single laser excitation beam modulated at multiple beat frequencies. We demonstrate simultaneous fluorescence lifetime measurements at 10 frequencies over a bandwidth of 48 MHz, enabling high speed frequency domain lifetime analysis of single- and multi-component sample mixtures.
Conditional survival distributions of Brownian trajectories in a one dimensional Poissonian environment

Abstract Large time annealed path measure limits for a one-dimensional Brownian motion, with possibly a small drift, moving among “soft” Poissonian traps are considered. Limits with respect to both scaled and unscaled motions are derived. The results in both cases considered here agree with those shown before for the related model with “hard” traps. The proofs follow by generalizing previous techniques which identify a large clearing empty of traps in which typically the Brownian motion is confined. What is understood then, in the cases studied, is that under the annealed measure the soft traps organize to act in effect as their hard counterparts.
Two doses of early intravenous dexamethasone for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in babies with respiratory distress syndrome.

ABSTRACT: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is an important complication of ventilation in babies for which treatment with steroids has been advocated. We report the results of a phase I study of early i.v. dexamethasone to prevent the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a high-risk population of ventilated premature babies, < 30 wk gestation, with surfactant-treated respiratory distress syndrome. This study used a limited dexamethasone dosing regimen to minimize toxicity but used administration early in the course of acute lung disease to interrupt the injury cycle. Forty babies were enrolled; 19 were randomized to receive dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg birth weight at 12–18 h of age and a second dose 12 h later) and 21 were randomized to receive placebo (i.v. saline). The dexamethasone group required less ventilatory support (mean airway, peak in-spiratory and end expiratory pressures, and intermittent mandatory ventilation) and supplemental oxygen after study d 4 (all p < 0.05, repeated measures analysis of variance). Improved tidal volume in the dexamethasone group, as measured by pulmonary function testing of infants who remained intubated, was seen on study d 7 (p = 0.02, t test). The dexamethasone group required shorter hospitalizations (median of 95 d versus 106 d, p = 0.01) (proportional hazards regression). Survival in the dexa methasone group was 89% versus 67% in the placebo group (p = 0.08, x2 analysis). Survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia, diagnosed at 36 wk corrected gestational age, was 68% in the dexamethasone group versus 43% in the placebo group (p = 0.14). Mean blood pressure was elevated on study d 4 through 7 in the dexamethasone group, but this difference resolved by study d 10 without pharmacologic intervention. No differences in hyperglycemia, incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (or its severity), or days to regain birth weight were seen. Early administration of dexamethasone resulted in short-term and suggested long-term benefits without significant complications. The results of this trial justify a large scale, broader-based (phase II) trial in premature babies with respiratory distress syndrome to determine the limits of effectiveness and the incidence of less-frequent potential side effects.
An intracameral injection of antigen induces in situ chemokines and cytokines required for the generation of circulating immunoregulatory monocytes.

Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID) induced by an intracameral injection of antigen generates antigen-specific regulatory splenic T cells that suppress specifically cell-mediated immunity specific for the injected antigen. Circulating F4/80+ cells recovered from mice receiving an intracameral injection of antigen are thought to be ocular in origin and induce the development of thymic and splenic regulatory T cells. We have shown previously that after the intracameral injection of antigen there is a CCR2/CCL2-dependent infiltration of circulating F4/80+ cells into the anterior chamber associated with the generation of circulating, ACAID-inducing F4/80+ monocytes. Here we tested the hypothesis that the intracameral injection of antigen induces events in the anterior chamber that are associated with the induction of circulating immunoregulatory monocytes that induce the suppression of cell-mediated immunity. The intracameral injection of antigen resulted in aqueous humor (i) a time- dependent increase of CCL2 and CCL7, (ii) a transient increase in TNF-α, and (iii) an infiltration of CD11bhi, Gr1hi and F4/80+ as well as F4/80− and Gr1hi peripheral blood cells into the anterior chamber. Further characterization of these F4/80+ cells revealed that they are Ly 6Chi, LY6Glo or negative, 7/4 (LY6B)hi, CD115+, CD45+, CD49B+, and CD62 L+. Antibody-mediated neutralization of TGF-β in situ in the anterior chamber prevented the induction of circulating, ACAID-inducing monocytes and ACAID. These cells did not increase in the irides of ACAID-refractory CCR2–/– and CCL2–/– mice that received an intracameral injection of antigen. Our results extend our suggestion that ACAID is initiated as the result of a mild proinflammatory response to intracameral injection that results in the infiltration of a CCR2+ subset of monocytes into the anterior chamber where there is a TGF-β-dependent induction of an immunosuppressive phenotype in the infiltrated monocytes that recirculate to induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells.
Actuated micromachined microreflector with two degrees of freedom for integrated optical systems

The growing optical communications and measurement market requires low-cost, high- performance optoelectronic modules such as laser-to-fiber couplers, tunable lasers, scanners, interferometers, etc. Unlike integrated electronic circuits, integrated optical systems require precise alignment of components. A misalignment of less than 1 pm can dramatically decrease system performance. While silicon-optical-bench (SOB) technology provides for hybrid integration of semiconductor lasers, lenses, and optical fibers on a silicon chip, it is typically limited to +I pm alignment tolerances (without externa1 adjustment). Another limitation is the lack of on-chip actuated optical components (such as mirrors, gratings, lenses, etc.) As a result, SOB technology applications have been limited to simple systems with no more than three or four components. To overcome these limitations a micromachined free-space optical platform has been proposed [ 1, 21. By combining micromachined movable optical components with lasers, lenses, and fibers on a silicon substrate, we can produce complex self-aligning optical systems on a chip. In order to function in a self-contained optical module, the micromachined components must have sufficient precision and, where required, must have on-chip actuation. In this paper, we present an actuated micromachined microreflector with two degrees of freedom and on-chip resonant electrostatically driven impact actuations.
Physics Of Surface Space Charge Layers On PbTe

Progress in determining the parameters which characterize the PbTe space charge layers is surveyed. Work for both accumulation and inversion is discussed and areas requiring more effort are pointed out.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hedonic Scales Used in a Logit Model To Explore Casino Game Choice

This study examined the relationship between hedonic factors and casino game choice. The hedonic factors examined were emotion, sensation seeking and impulsivity, absorbing ex periences, and analytical characteristics. The constructs were measured using the Mehra bian and Russell Pleasure, Arousal, and Dominance Scale; the Zuckerman Sensation Seek ing and Impulsivity Scale; the Swanson Absorbing Experience Scale; and an analytical scale developed by the researchers. The data were factor analyzed and the resulting four- factor model was used in subsequent logistic regression to identify a game choice model for mechanical game players and table game players. Table game players are more deeply in volved and tend to be more aware of the intricacies of the games than mechanical game players. Table game players are not as impulsive and tend to be more controlled than me chanical game players.
Extracorporeal therapies for acute intoxications

Intoxications frequently perturb acid-base and electrolyte status, intravascular volume, and renal function. In selected cases, extracorporeal techniques effectively restore homeostasis and augment intoxicant removal. The use of 4-methylpyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, is a new and effective treatment for patients exposed to toxic alcohols. In this section, practical approaches to commonly encountered intoxicants and the use of extracorporeal techniques are critically reviewed.
An experimental examination of fracture criteria using brittle polystyrene

A four-point bend test was performed on injection-molded bar-shaped polystyrene specimens with notches of varying depths. The material investigated was found to be linear elastic and brittle. From the load–displacement curves, various fracture toughness parameters based on energy release rate theories and stress–intensity factors were calculated. The stress concentrations arising from the presence of finite size notches with finite root radii were also calculated. The local stress at crack initiation was found to be nearly constant for all specimens investigated while the fracture toughness parameters based on energy release rates were not constant. A distinct change in the crack propagation behavior was observed when the curvature of the stiffness vs. notch depth curve changed sign, clearly defining the onset of unstable crack growth.
Paradoxical Shortening of the Second PR Interval During 3:2 Atrioventricular Nodal Block

Paradoxical Shortening in Second-Degree AV Block. A patient with 3:2 second-degree AV block after acute inferior wall myocardial infarction showed consistent PR interval shortening on the second conducted beat in each periodicity. Intracardiac electrophysiologic evaluation revealed that the site of block was nodal. A typical Wenckebach pattern with prolongation of the AH interval was noted. The shorter PR resulted from a paradoxical shortening of the HV interval in the second beat, most likely due to supernormal conduction in the setting of concomitant trifascicular disease.
A clinical evaluation of the antiarrhythmic properties of antazoline.

Abstract 1. 1. In 24 patients, most of them seriously ill, antazoline was efficacious against the majority of cardiac arrhythmias, regardless of their origin, except in cases of atrial flutter or chronic complete A-V block. 2. 2. The drug showed a particularly high degree of effectiveness against arrhythmias associated with digitalis intoxication. 3. 3. Theoretical and observed mechanisms of action have been noted in reference to effectiveness, or lack of it, against specific types of arrhythmias. 4. 4. Therapeutic indications, precautions and side effects, based on the observations in this series and related to earlier reports by other investigators, have been described.
Targets for non-communicable disease: what has happened since the UN summit?

This week’s World Health Assembly will again discuss targets for non-communicable diseases. Joyce K Ho and Rajaie Batniji examine the difficulties of getting an agreement
Forsteritic olivine: effect of crystallographic direction on dissolution kinetics

Abstract Directional dissolution along the three crystallographic axes of gem-quality olivine (Fo 91 ), San Carlos, Arizona was studied at pH 1 and pH 2 at 23, 50, 70, and 90°C and 1 atm. The rate constant of dissolution for olivine at pH 1 and 70°C down the a -, b -, and c -axis (based on space group Pbnm ) is 2.7 × 10 −4 , 5.6 × 10 −3 , and 8.1 × 10 −4 mm/h, respectively. At pH 2 and 70°C the dissolution rates are 1.3 × 10 −4 , 2.1 × 10 −3 , and 4.3 × 10 −4 mm/h, respectively. At 50°C and 90°C, these rates are ∼0.2 and 5 times the rates at 70°C. The much higher dissolution rate in the direction of the b -axis is attributed to preferential protonation of the oxygen atoms around the M(1) site, which would result in a higher dissolution rate of the SiO 2 -M(1) network. The activation energy of dissolution E a dis in the direction down the a -, b -, and c -axis is 114.5 ± 23 kJ/mol, 69.9 ± 8 kJ/mol, and 72.9 ± 15 kJ/mol, respectively. Because of differences in the directional E a dis , dissolution in the direction down the a -axis will become dominant at temperatures above ∼140°C. The bulk E a dis , based on the dissolution rate along the crystallographic axes, is 71.5 ± 12 kJ/mol at the temperature range of the study. Because of the larger E a dis perpendicular to the a -axis, bulk E a dis must increase with temperature. The results indicate that the weathering rate of olivine is more temperature dependent than was considered previously.
Reconfigurable Filtennas and MIMO in Cognitive Radio Applications

In this paper cognitive radio is described, discussed and compared with software defined radio (SDR). The two types of cognitive radio are presented and examples on both spectrum interweave and spectrum underlay cognitive radio antenna systems are detailed. Reconfigurable filtennas are proposed as communicating antennas in a MIMO setting for both cases of cognitive radio. The benefits of resorting to filtennas as well as to MIMO configuration is shown and discussed herein. The various antenna examples are designed, tested and compared with each other. Conclusions are drawn based on the presented results.
Sufficient conditions for Nash equilibria inN-person games over reflexive Banach spaces

Sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of Nash equilibrium points inN-person games when the strategy sets are closed, convex subsets of reflexive Banach spaces. These conditions require that each player's cost functional is convex in that player's strategy, weakly continuous in the strategies of the other players, weakly lower semicontinuous in all strategies, and furthermore satisfies a coercivity condition if any of the strategy sets is unbounded. The result is applied to a class of linear-quadratic differential games with no information, to prove that equilibrium points exist when the duration of these games is sufficiently small.
High-Throughput Cell Deformation Cytometry in a Microfluidic Flow with a Single-Emitter Laser Diode

We demonstrate cell stretching with optical forces in a microfluidic flow at rates 10-100 times faster than previous methods. The elastic modulus of each cell can be determined from measurements of the equilibrium deformation.
Analysis of antepartum fetal heart rate tracing by physician and computer

Objective: To compare the interpretation of fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings by three obstetricians with that of a computer analysis program.Methods: Our study population consisted of high-risk pregnant women referred as outpatients for antepartum FHR monitoring. A total of 121 FHR tracings, from a series of 54 consecutive women, were interpreted by three physicians and a computer program (Oxford Sonicaid System 8000, Oxford Sonicaid Ltd., Chichester, UK). The physicians used a modified FHR scoring system to interpret the tracings. Total scores were categorized as 0–4: abnormal, 5–7: questionable, and 8–10: normal. The computer program used overall variation, categorized as normal: longer than 30 ms, abnormal: shorter than 20 ms, and questionable: 20–30 ms.Results: Significant differences were found among the physicians and between the physicians and the computer analysis for the individual elements of FHR tracings. There was very good agreement between two physicians and the computer in the assessment of ...
N processes, the relaxation-time approximation, and lattice thermal conductivity.

The two-fluid theory of phonon transport and thermal conductivity recently proposed by the author is refined, with the major source of error identified as the previous neglect of the subset of normal processes called NN processes. A correction is provided for these processes, which are mainly those of phonon splitting. This correction, based on the Callaway approximation, utilizes two shift parameters in the displaced Planck distribution, one for low-frequency modes and one for high-frequency modes. Comparison with experiment is performed on a group of LiF specimens of varying isotopic purity. The results demonstrate that the refined theory explains the behavior of the thermal conductivity across the region of peak value with high accuracy for the purer specimens. The role of the single-mode relaxation-time approximation is clarified as well as the significance of the linearly-frequency-dependent Landau-Rumer transition rate which tends to dominate the thermal-conductivity calculation. As in the earlier treatment, no explicit account of U processes is required. They are included implicitly in the Landau-Rumer rate along with NR processes, which are N processes ending in reservoir modes. The new formulation, dependent only on known transition-rate expressions, appears to provide a framework for systematic approximation to the Peierls-Boltzmann integral equation.
The Hippocampus and Memory for “What,” “Where,” and “When”

Previous studies have indicated that nonhuman animals might have a capacity for episodic-like recall reflected in memory for "what" events that happened "where" and "when". These studies did not identify the brain structures that are critical to this capacity. Here we trained rats to remember single training episodes, each composed of a series of odors presented in different places on an open field. Additional assessments examined the individual contributions of odor and spatial cues to judgments about the order of events. The results indicated that normal rats used a combination of spatial ("where") and olfactory ("what") cues to distinguish "when" events occurred. Rats with lesions of the hippocampus failed in using combinations of spatial and olfactory cues, even as evidence from probe tests and initial sampling behavior indicated spared capacities for perception of spatial and odor cues, as well as some form of memory for those individual cues. These findings indicate that rats integrate "what," "where," and "when" information in memory for single experiences, and that the hippocampus is critical to this capacity.
The interaction of rare gas atoms with graphite surfaces. I. Single adatom energies

The Gordon−Kim local density method is applied to the calculation of the interaction energy of helium, neon, argon, and krypton with the basal plane of graphite. In all cases, the binding site is found to be above the center of a hexagon, but the barrier to migration to other sites is less than 50 cal/mole. Comparisons are made with other studies on these systems, and the role of non−two−body additive effects is discussed.
Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy for Unilateral Breast Cancer: An Increasing Trend at a Single Institution

An increasing trend in the use of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) for the treatment of unilateral breast cancer has been observed nationally. The purpose of this study was to confirm this trend and to identify differences between the groups that chose unilateral mastectomy alone or with CPM. A prospectively maintained breast cancer database was retrospectively reviewed. Age, histologic grade, stage, education, family history, tumor receptor status, and use of immediate reconstruction were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher’s exact test, χ2 test, and Student’s t-test. Between 1998 and 2007, a total of 1639 women who selected UM and 201 who had UM and CPM for unilateral breast cancer were identified. An increasing trend in CPM was observed (6.5% in 1999 vs. 16.1% in 2007). The CPM group was significantly younger (mean age 47.8 vs. 55.1 years, P < .001). No difference in histologic grade was noted between the two groups; however, an increasing trend toward CPM was observed with lower-stage disease. Women with a higher educational level were more likely to have CPM (P < .001). Women with a family history of cancer were also more likely to have CPM (57% vs. 41%, P < .001). Use of reconstruction was similar between the groups (6.0% for CPM vs. 6.7% for UM, P = NS). Our experience parallels the national trend of increasing use of CPM in women diagnosed with unilateral breast cancer. Women who chose to have CPM were younger, more highly educated, and more likely to have a family history of cancer.
THE NATURE OF SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION IN THE SALT MARSH GRASS DISTICHLIS SPICATA

Summary Distichlis spicata, a salt marsh grass, sets dormant seeds which exhibit a low-temperature, after-ripening requirement. In addition to stratification, localized scarification and nitrate are effective agents in breaking dormancy and promoting seed germination. The pericarp and/or testa are impermeable to organic plant-growth regulators, but not to water or inorganic salts. Gibberellic acid and kinetin are ineffective in breaking dormancy and do not affect germination. Abscisic acid, however, effectively inhibits stratified and scarified seeds. Dormancy and germination appear to be hormonally controlled. It is suggested that the endogenous inhibitor constitutes a block to nitrate reductase activity in the endosperm. Presumably the inhibitor blocks specific DNA transcription sites in the aleurone cells, but can be overcome by after-ripening (inhibitor decay), abrasion (inhibitor leaching) or nitrate induction.
Pituitary “Total” Gonadotropins, FSH and LH in Orchiectomized or Cryptorchid Rats

A study was conducted to determine and compare levels of LH, FSH and “total” gonadotropins in pituitaries of orchiectomized and cryptorchid animals at various time intervals after surgery. In preparation for this study, a comparison of 3 different techniques for determination of rat pituitary gonadotropins was made. The ovarian weight for “total” gonadotropins, the Steelman-Pohley augmentation assay for FSH, and the OAAD method for LH were assessed. All 3 methods were found to be adequately sensitive and precise. The LH content of normal adult rat pituitary, in terms of NIH-LH-S-1, was found to be equivalent to 10.7 μg/pituitary. The FSH levels, in terms of NIH-FSH- S-1, were found to be 199 μg/pituitary. In orchiectomized animals, the FSH levels dropped below the normal levels 1 week after surgery; at 2 weeks they returned to normal and then gradually showed an increase up to the period of 1 yr. The LH levels showed an increase 1 week after orchiectomy and then a progressive rise until 1 yr. In cryptorch...
The influence of intraparticle mass transfer on the activity of a gel-form polymer-bound transition metal catalyst

Abstract A mathematical model was developed to investigate the influence of substrate intraparticle mass transport limitations on the hydrogenation rate of cyclohexene and cyclooctene at 25 to 50 °C, 1 atm hydrogen pressure, over RhCl(PPh3)3 bound to polystyrene-divinylbenzene (DVB) polymer beads. Initial solute concentrations of ca. 0.16 M were used for the reaction rate studies. Intraparticle transport limitations were determined to be negligible within the 200–400 mesh, 1, 2, and 3% DVB catalyst beads under the reaction conditions employed. Changes in the reduction rate of cyclooctene relative to cyclohexene were not caused by differences in intraparticle diffusion rates. Alterations in selectivity were related to the catalyst bead swelling ratio implying that steric effects induced by the presence of the polymer support in the vicinity of active rhodium affected intrinsic activity. Intrinsic activity was found to depend on polymer crosslink density and functionalized swelling ratio. Studies of the equilibrium distribution of substrate between the solvent-swollen polymer phase and the surrounding bulk phase solution indicated that the substrate distributed uniformly for the low DVB crosslinked beads used. The mathematical model was used to study the measured reaction rate for an intraparticle mass transport influenced system: hydrogenation of cyclohexene and cyclooctene over Wilkinson's complex supported on 18–20 mesh, 3% DVB polymer beads.
Children’s Memory: A Primer for Understanding Behavior

This paper provides the opportunity to understand children’s behavior from a memory viewpoint. For the last three decades, cognitive developmentalists have been asking the question, “what develops in children’s memory?” Four answers to this question are presented, complete with explanations, examples, and possible applications where appropriate. The purpose of the paper is to provide early childhood educators and other practitioners who work with children a different lens through which to view children’s behavior. The memory view is compatible with current best practices in early childhood education, and may provide practitioners an additional viewpoint from which to draw when implementing developmentally appropriate practice.
Determination of cone bore growth due to microstructural changes

A finite element analysis is used to model cone bore growth in a railroad bearing. Factors which influence the growth and profile of the cone include (a) the initial interference fit between the cone and axle journal, (b) the axial restraint from the torqued cap screws, and (c) a microstructural change in the cone. The primary microstructural change is a transformation of retained austenite to martensite, resulting in a volume expansion. In the model transformation of retained austenite occurred under the raceway of the cone where high contact stresses are located. The analysis shows that the bore profile becomes concave, which in turn does not allow for uniform interface forces between the cone and axle journal. It is shown that with sufficient microstructural change, the initial interference fit is overcome along part of the cone/journal contact, producing a gap between the cone and axle journal. Increasing the initial interference fit reduces the possibility of this gap from developing.
Optimal partitioning for multi-vehicle systems using quadratic performance criteria

We consider the problem of characterizing a generalized Voronoi diagram that is relevant to a special class of area assignment problems for multi-vehicle systems. It is assumed that the motion of each vehicle is described by a second order mechanical system with time-varying linear or affine dynamics. The proposed generalized Voronoi diagram encodes information regarding the proximity relations between the vehicles and arbitrary target points in the plane. These proximity relations are induced by an anisotropic (generalized) distance function that incorporates the vehicle dynamics. In particular, the generalized distance is taken to be the minimum control effort required for the transition of a vehicle to an arbitrary target point with a small terminal speed at a fixed final time. The space we wish to partition corresponds to the union of all the terminal positions that can be attained by each vehicle using finite control effort. Consequently, the partition space has lower dimension than the state space of each vehicle. We show that, in the general case, the solution to the proposed partitioning problem can be associated with a power Voronoi diagram generated by a set of spheres in a five-dimensional Euclidean space for the computation of which efficient techniques exist in the relevant literature.
Why Work Together? Developing Effective Comanagement Strategies for the Care of Patients With CKD

The ever-growing population of patients with CKD has prompted an increasing emphasis on earlier identification and proactive management by primary care providers. The provision of effective CKD care will necessitate a collegial relationship between the primary care providers and nephrologists exists. In this paper, barriers to the development of this working relationship, potential solutions within existing practice patterns, and newer ideas for effective communication will be explored.
Co-polymer tracts in eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and organellar DNA.

Large variations in DNA base composition and noticeable strand asymmetries are known to occur between different organisms and within different regions of the genomes of single organisms. Apparently such composition and sequence biases occur to fulfill structural rather than informational requirements. Here we report the wide occurrence of a more subtle biasing of DNA sequence that can have structural consequences: an increase or a suppression of the number of long tracts of two-base co-polymers. Strong biases were observed when the DNA sequences of the longest eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and organellar entries in the GenBank data base (totaling 773 kilobases) were analyzed for the number of occurrences of tracts of the two-base co-polymers (A,T)n, (G,C)n, and (A,C)n as a function of tract length. (The expression (A,T)n is used here to denote an uninterrupted tract, n nucleotides in length, of A and T bases in any proportion or order, terminated at each end by a G or C residue.) Characteristic differences are...
Sex and age cohort differences in patterns of socioemotional functioning in older adults and their links to physical resilience

Although the aging process brings with it some common challenges to older men and women, there has been little attention to gender differences in patterns of socioemotional functioning or their links to adaptive outcome. In this paper we examine patterns of socioemotional functioning among 687 “younger” (65–73 years) and 426 “older” (74–86 years) men and women, describe sex differences in these patterns, and examine whether the same patterns are linked to physical resilience in the same ways across groups. Cluster analysis was applied to 11 measures of socioemotional functioning with ten qualitatively different patterns emerging. As expected, men and women from our two age groups were not equally distributed across the patterns. As expected, older men more frequently manifested patterns of adaptation characterized by inhibited emotion but, together with younger men, were less likely to be represented in patterns characterized by stress-buffering friend support networks. The patterns also showed predictable links to a measure of physical resiliency, which was predicted by participant sex, and both sex and age interacted with cluster membership in predicting resiliency. Taken together, these data underscore the complexity of adaptation to later life among men and women and highlight the possibility that the existence of particular patterns of later life adaptation may have differing late life consequences for older men and women. Implications for the continued study of sex differences in adaptation to later life and directions for future research are given.
Mechanistic Insights in the Catalytic Synthesis of Vinyl Acetate on Palladium and Gold/Palladium Alloy Surfaces

The reaction pathways for the synthesis of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) are explored on model palladium and gold–palladium alloy single crystal catalysts by combining experiments carried out in ultrahigh vacuum together with density functional theory calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. Previous work by Goodman has shown that both pure palladium and gold–palladium alloys catalyze VAM formation at high pressures, thereby paving the way for fundamental studies of the pathways for this reaction. The coverages of the reactants and products on the surface were found to play an important role in controlling both the reaction pathways and the selectivity. The high coverages on the catalyst under reaction conditions favor bond-forming reactions while inhibiting bond-breaking reactions. On Pd(111), the reaction is initiated by the coupling of ethylene and surface acetate species to form an acetoxyethyl-palladium intermediate, a bond-forming reaction. The high coverages also act to control the selectivity since VAM is stabilized on the crowded surface. The gold in model Au/Pd(111) and Au/Pd(100) alloys gold preferentially segregates to the surface. In the case of Au/Pd(111) alloys, there is a slightly repulsive interaction between the gold and palladium atoms, resulting in a larger proportion of isolated palladium sites than would be expected if they were randomly distributed, while the longer-range interactions on Au/Pd(100) lead to the formation of ordered surface structures and the existence of isolated palladium sites for gold coverages greater than 0.5 ML. Higher coverages of Au on the Au/Pd(111) and Au/Pd(100) alloys decrease the population of bridging Pd sites and thus increase Pd site isolation. This eliminates the larger Pd ensembles that that lead to the decomposition of VAM and ethylene thus increasing the reaction selectivity and weakens the adsorption of ethylene and acetate which enhances the rate of reaction. Higher coverages of Au, however, also suppress the activation of O2 which decrease the rate of acid deprotonation thus resulting in optimal Au/Pd compositions.
Identification of transshipment center locations

Abstract As an aid to Just-in-time production, manufacturers are demanding daily or frequent material shipments from their suppliers to their manufacturing plants. The result is an increase in the number of small shipments that are expensive to ship. Transshipment centers are necessary for efficiently transporting these small shipments. So as not to lose the Just-in-time aspects of the shipments, the transshipment centers considered are cross-dock operations without storage facilities. This paper describes a heuristic approach to determine the appropriate number and location of these centers. A case study from the automobile industry is presented. The techniques we use for our analysis require minimal data and can accomodate a wide range of facility location scenarios. They are useful for preliminary planning purposes because they provide simple, easy-to-use procedures to account for transportation objectives in facility location. Using these techniques, we not only analyze the optimal number and location of transshipment centers, but also test sensitivity of solutions to changes in key variable values. The existence of a good, sequential, strategy for introducing the centers one at a time as a network evolves over time, and the impact of constraints on facility size are also investigated.
The Aging Experience of Well Elderly Women: Initial Results

In aging research, the concentration of the majority of studies on the effects of disease and other problems has resulted in a view of aging that focuses on losses (Agen, 1998). However, little is actually understood about the aging experience in well elderly women and how they adapt to changes in aging. The purpose of this study was to explore the aging experience among well community-living older women participating in activities at a seniors’ center. The specific aims were: (i) describe the experience of aging; and (ii) describe how participants deal with aging. A descriptive qualitative focus group design was used. Fourteen women who attend a seniors’ center in a large urban multi-purpose recreation center in north central Texas participated in focus groups based on their age: young–old (65–74); old–old (75–84) and oldest old (85 years of age and older). The focus group interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and analyzed using content analysis methodology. One member from each focus group confirmed the results. All three age groups described changes in interests, loss of friends, loss of spouse, and retirement. The ‘old–old’ and ‘oldest old’ groups described physical changes that interfered with ‘doing what they did before’. All three groups said the best part about growing older was a sense of freedom and the most difficult was loss of spouse. They all dealt with the changes by maintaining relationships with family and friends, faith, staying physically and mentally active and staying involved. The participants identified seniors’ programs as helping them with changes. However, transportation was an issue. They also described how they needed others to be patient with them as they dealt with their changes.
Anti-caveolin-1 Antibodies As Anti-Prostate Cancer Therapeutics

Caveolae are critical cell surface structures important in coordinated cell signaling and endocytosis. One of the major proteins of caveolae is caveolin 1 (Cav-1). Cellular levels of Cav-1 are associated with cancer progression. In prostate cancer cells, levels of Cav-1 are positively correlated with tumor progression and metastasis. Cav-1 can be secreted by prostate cancer cells into the microenvironment and triggers proliferation and anti-apoptosis of the tumor and tumor endothelial cells. Clinical studies have shown increased serum Cav-1 levels in patients with poor prognosis. In tissue culture and animal model experiments, blocking secreted Cav-1 by polyclonal antibodies inhibits tumor cell growth. Cav-1 is therefore a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer treatment. In this study, we used Cav-1 knock-out mice as hosts to produce monoclonal anti-Cav-1 antibodies. A total of 11 hybridoma cell lines were selected for their ability to produce antibodies that bound GST-Cav-1 but not GST on glut...
Impact of Swapping Ethyl for Phenyl Groups on Diphosphine-Protected Undecagold

1,3-Bis(diethylphosphino)propane (depp) protected gold clusters are synthesized and studied via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. An undecagold cluster, [Au11(depp)4Cl2]+, is observed under soft ionization conditions and is found to persist in solution for at least 1 month. The importance of the Cl ligands is discussed in terms of the electron-donating nature of the depp ligands, and we contrast the core−ligand interactions observed here with those found in the previously reported [Au11(dppp)5]3+ (where dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane). The experimental observations are supported by density functional theory calculations, which suggest that the dppp ligand is a better electron acceptor than depp. Further calculations illustrate some of the subtleties that emerge when attempting to model core−ligand interactions on small clusters. The results demonstrate that a degree of caution is merited when making ligand approximations for modeling of monolayer-protected nanoparticles.
Efficient super-resolution image reconstruction applied to surveillance video captured by small unmanned aircraft systems

The concept surrounding super-resolution image reconstruction is to recover a highly-resolved image from a series of low-resolution images via between-frame subpixel image registration. In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient super-resolution algorithm, and then apply it to the reconstruction of real video data captured by a small Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). Small UAS aircraft generally have a wingspan of less than four meters, so that these vehicles and their payloads can be buffeted by even light winds, resulting in potentially unstable video. This algorithm is based on a coarse-to-fine strategy, in which a coarsely super-resolved image sequence is first built from the original video data by image registration and bi-cubic interpolation between a fixed reference frame and every additional frame. It is well known that the median filter is robust to outliers. If we calculate pixel-wise medians in the coarsely super-resolved image sequence, we can restore a refined super-resolved image. The primary advantage is that this is a noniterative algorithm, unlike traditional approaches based on highly-computational iterative algorithms. Experimental results show that our coarse-to-fine super-resolution algorithm is not only robust, but also very efficient. In comparison with five well-known super-resolution algorithms, namely the robust super-resolution algorithm, bi-cubic interpolation, projection onto convex sets (POCS), the Papoulis-Gerchberg algorithm, and the iterated back projection algorithm, our proposed algorithm gives both strong efficiency and robustness, as well as good visual performance. This is particularly useful for the application of super-resolution to UAS surveillance video, where real-time processing is highly desired.
Technical and financial analysis of enrichment planting in logging gaps as a potential component of forest management in the eastern Amazon

Abstract Studies of natural regeneration in logged forests indicate that without silvicultural intervention, succession in logging gaps may not result in establishment and recruitment rates adequate for sustained timber production from many tree species. I investigated the potential for management of timber tree species regeneration in disturbed areas within logged forest at a moist forest site in the eastern Amazon, through experimental introduction of seeds and seedlings of six timber species to logging gaps ranging in size from 165 to 455 m 2 . I tested the effect of tending (removing competing vegetation) established seedlings in logging gaps at year 1 on seedling growth and survival over a 4-year period, and examined the influence of gap size on seedling development for each of the species. Seedling performance varied dramatically among logging gaps, related primarily to light conditions and competition. Tending was as important as gap size in determining sapling sizes at year 4 after planting. Projections based on species growth rates in logging gaps observed in this study suggest that individuals of all six species could recruit from seedling to minimum commercial size (50 cm dbh) within 60 years or less in logging gaps subjected to a regular thinning regime. Enrichment planting and tending of plants in logging gaps created in the first harvest could provide a substantial percentage of the timber volume in the third harvest, as well as serving to maintain viable populations of high-value timber species that appear unlikely to regenerate adequately in logged stands without direct interventions. However, low net present value of timber harvests projected for enrichment areas in year 60 relative to the upfront costs of this silvicultural treatment mean that widespread adoption of gap enrichment planting will likely only occur if financial incentives or new forest regulations are implemented.
Bistability in a simple fluid network due to viscosity contrast

We study the existence of multiple equilibrium states in a simple fluid network using Newtonian fluids and laminar flow. We demonstrate theoretically the presence of hysteresis and bistability, and we confirm these predictions in an experiment using two miscible fluids of different viscosity—sucrose solution and water. Possible applications include blood flow, microfluidics, and other network flows governed by similar principles.
Effect of traumatic injury on membrane phosphatase activity in cat spinal cord.

Abstract The enzymatic activities of the spinal cord membrane phosphatases, (Na,K)ATPase, KpNPPase, 5′-nucleotidase, MgATPase, and MgpNPPase, were determined following contusion injury. Within 30 min after injury, the activities of (Na,K)ATPase, KpNPPase, and 5′-nucleotidase were suppressed at the injury site and remained suppressed for 24 h. Considerable loss of (Na,K)ATPase and KpNPPase activity was seen along the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord for the first 4 h after injury, whereas at 24 h after injury, there was almost complete restitution in the activity of those enzymes. No similar changes in activity were observed for the MgATPase, whereas the activity of the MgpNPPase progressively worsened with time at the injury site. The deduce the pathobiochemical process that accounts for the loss of spinal membrane phosphatase activity, spinal cord membranes were incubated in vitro in the presence of a superoxide anion-generating system, as well as in the presence of trypsin and lysolecithin. It was found that superoxide anions inhibited only the activity of transport phosphatase, KpNPPase, whereas trypsin inhibited the activity of both KpNPPase and MgpNPPase. No inhibition of 5′-nucleotidase was observed by superoxide anions; however, the activity of 5′-nucleotidase was enhanced by trypsin, lysolecithin, or both in concert. These results suggest that the pathobiochemical process that accounts for the loss of spinal membrane phosphatase activity that follows injury can be attributed to the concerted effects of free radical attack as well as the activation of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. Inactivation of spinal membrane phosphatase can occur by direct attack of these processes on the membrane or by loss of membrane material, e.g., solubilization.
The state of calcium and strontium in goat's milk.

Abstract In a study with goat's milk, 70–80% of milk calcium was caseinate bound, whereas about 80% of the remainder was ultrafiltrable. Casein bound strontium to a greater extent than it did calcium, indicating some mechanism other than protein binding is operative in the preferential movement of calcium over strontium from blood to milk. Differences between in vitro and in vivo labeling exist and should be taken into account in studies of ion-exchange techniques for removal of strontium from milk.
A Novel Bioreactor for Tissue Engineered Heart Valves Based on Controlled Cyclic Stretching

The tissue-engineered heart valve (TEHV) is considered a promising alternative for valve replacement, especially in pediatric patients. To date, most TEHVs have been cultured in pulse-flow bioreactors to generate mechanical loads and deformations leading to tissue growth (1, 2). Our approach has been to apply controlled mechanical stretching to induce tissue growth (3). In this study, a novel controlled cyclic stretch bioreactor is presented to enhance functional properties of TEHVs.Copyright © 2009 by ASME