cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of long-term knowledge retention in lecture-based versus flipped team-based learning course delivery.

Abstract Objectives To determine whether team based learning (TBL) is superior to traditional lecture -based learning in confidence and knowledge retention one year later. Design A survey was administered 17 months after a completion of a required over-the-counter /self-care (OTC) course to two different cohorts of students. The survey assessed confidence and knowledge related to OTC topics. The lecture group had a traditional lecture based classroom experience; the intervention group experienced a TBL format throughout the entire course. Assessment One hundred forty-seven students of 283 enrolled (51.9%) in the lecture group and 222 of 305 (72.8%) students in the TBL group participated in the knowledge assessment and survey. Demographic data including student grade point averages (GPA) and confidence were similar in both groups. Mean assessment scores (±SD) on OTC knowledge was significantly higher in the traditional lecture based group versus the TBL group; 62.9±19.3 vs. 54.9±15.7 (p=0.001). Conclusion Although TBL is thought to improve student engagement and mastery of material, after an initial implementation of TBL, knowledge retention in the long term appears to be lower than lecture based learning
A novel and fast method for proton range verification using a step wedge and 2D scintillator

Purpose To implement and evaluate a novel and fast method for proton range verification by using a planar scintillator and step wedge. Methods A homogenous proton pencil beam plan with 35 energies was designed and delivered to a 2D flat scintillator with a step wedge. The measurement was repeated 15 times (three different days, 5 times per day). The scintillator image was smoothed, the Bragg peak and distal fall off regions were fitted by an analytical equation, and the proton range was calculated using simple trigonometry. The accuracy of this method was verified by comparing the measured ranges to those obtained using an ionization chamber and a scanning water tank, the gold standard. The reproducibility was evaluated by comparing the ranges over 15 repeated measurements. The sensitivity was evaluated by delivering to same beam to the system with a film inserted under the wedge. Results The range accuracy of all 35 proton energies measured over three days was within 0.2mm. The reproducibility in 15 repeated measurements for all 35 proton ranges was ±0.045mm. The sensitivity to range variation is 0.1mm for the worst case. This efficient procedure permits measurement of 35 proton ranges in less than 3 minutes. The automated data processing produces results immediately. The setup of this system took less than 5 minutes. The time saving by this new method is about two orders of magnitude when compared with the time for water tank range measurements. Conclusions A novel method using a scintillator with a step wedge to measure the proton range was implemented and evaluated. This novel method is fast and sensitive, and the proton range measured by this method was accurate and highly reproducible. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Parenting Together: Evaluation of a Parenting Program for Never-Married Parents

ABSTRACTThe number of children raised by never-married parents has increased in recent years. Although these children are at risk for the same types of negative outcomes after relationship dissolution as children of divorced parents, few resources exist for never-married parents who are facing coparenting challenges. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Parenting Together, a 9-hr (3 session) coparenting course designed exclusively for never-married parents. Results indicated positive changes in participant knowledge, coparenting attitude, child triangulation behavior, and coparenting teamwork behavior. Additionally, changes in coparenting attitude predicted both decreased child triangulation and increased coparenting teamwork behavior.
From Programs to Policy and Back Again: The Push and Pull of Realizing Type 2 Diabetes Prevention on a National Scale.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that about 1.9 million Americans develop diabetes yearly; most of them have type 2 diabetes, and almost one-third remain undiagnosed for several years (1). The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) provided strong evidence that lifestyle behavioral counseling interventions can prevent or delay about half of these new cases (2). Unfortunately, 15 years after the DPP, most people at high risk for developing diabetes have not been offered such an intervention (3). This gap separates millions of high-risk Americans from the most evidence-based solution currently known to prevent type 2 diabetes. In 2010, Congress authorized the CDC to launch the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP), which supports organizational and workforce development, quality monitoring, and evaluation of efforts to scale up delivery of DPP-like lifestyle intervention programs nationally (4). As of April 2017, the National DPP registry listed 1,379 organizations offering DPP-like interventions across all 50 states, including 47 online-only programs and 1,332 organizations delivering face-to-face interventions (4). These numbers underscore the incredible growth in our nation’s capacity to provide DPP-like interventions. In this issue of Diabetes Care , Ely et al. (5) report findings of an evaluation of the first 14,747 adults who completed ≥1 National DPP visits through one of 220 registered organizations between February 2012 and January 2015. Strengths of this evaluation include the large sample size and inclusion of data for all National DPP participants; limitations include lack of a control group and no information about weight changes or other outcomes for participants who stopped attending the program. Still, this evaluation offers an important first glimpse of the success of National DPP’s scale-up since 2010. Over a 12-month period after their first visit, National DPP participants completed a median of 14 of 22 possible lessons and about half …
A Data-driven Voltage Control Framework for Power Distribution Systems

In this paper, we address the problem of coordinating a set of distributed energy resources (DERs) to regulate voltage in power distribution systems to desired levels. To this end, we formulate the voltage control problem as an optimization problem, the objective of which is to determine the optimal DER power injections that minimize the voltage deviations from desirable voltage levels subject to a set of constraints. The nonlinear relationship between the voltage magnitudes and the nodal power injections is approximated by a linear model, the parameters of which can be estimated in real-time efficiently using measurements. In particular, the parameter estimation requires much fewer data by exploiting the structural characteristics of the power distribution system. As such, the voltage control framework is intrinsically adaptive to parameter changes. Numerical studies on the IEEE 37-bus power distribution test feeder validated the effectiveness of the propose framework.
The impact of boundary layer turbulence on snow growth and precipitation: Idealized Large Eddy Simulations

Abstract Ice particles and supercooled droplets often co-exist in planetary boundary-layer (PBL) clouds. The question examined in this numerical study is how large turbulent PBL eddies affect snow growth and surface precipitation from mixed-phase PBL clouds. In order to simplify this question, this study assumes an idealized BL with well-developed turbulence but no surface heat fluxes or radiative heat exchanges. Large Eddy Simulations with and without resolved PBL turbulence are compared. This comparison demonstrates that the impact on snow growth in mixed-phase clouds is controlled by two opposing mechanisms, a microphysical and a dynamical one. The cloud microphysical impact of large turbulent eddies is based on the difference in saturation vapor pressure over water and over ice. The net outcome of alternating turbulent up- and downdrafts is snow growth by diffusion and/or accretion (riming). On the other hand, turbulence-induced entrainment and detrainment may suppress snow growth. In the case presented herein, the net effect of these microphysical and dynamical processes is positive, but in general the net effect depends on ambient conditions, in particular the profiles of temperature, humidity, and wind.
Understanding the (Sub)Baccalaureate Origins of Latina/o Doctorates in Education, Humanities, and Social Science Fields:

Data from the 1980s suggested that small private colleges were the primary entry point to U.S. higher education for Latinas and Latinos who later earned doctorate degrees. However, I show that in t...
An asset-building agenda for the twenty-first century: giving families something to live for

Though studies have clearly illustrated that education is one of the primary paths to upward mobility, a growing body of research is beginning to show that the returns on education are determined m...
Influence of decoquinate on ruminal fermentation, diet digestibility and cattle performance.

Three experiments utilizing three Holstein steers (235 and 299 kg avg body weight for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) were conducted to evaluate the effects of decoquinate, a synthetic coccidiostat, on ruminal fermentation, diet digestibility and performance of steers fed a finishing diet containing monensin and tylosin. Experiment 1 utilized a 70% forage diet, whereas Exp. 2 utilized a 20% forage diet. Each experiment was a 3 X 3 Latin-square design with treatments being 0, .5 and 5 mg decoquinate/kg body weight. Ruminal fermentation characteristics, water kinetics and blood constituents were measured on d 11 of each period, and zero-time volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was measured at 3 and 6 h post-feeding on d 12 to 14. No changes were seen in plasma glucose or L-lactate, ruminal pH, NH3-N or ruminal L-lactate for either experiment. Dry matter digestibility was depressed (P less than .05) at the .5- and 5-mg levels of decoquinate in Exp. 1, but dry matter digestibility was not affected in Exp. 2. No changes were seen in ruminal volume, outflow or total VFA concentration for either experiment. Molar proportions of VFA were not affected in Exp. 1, but the proportions of isobutyrate and butyrate decreased (P less than .05) at the 5-mg level of decoquinate in Exp. 2. Volatile fatty acid production was not changed in Exp. 1, but butyrate production was decreased (P less than .05) at the 5-mg level in Exp. 2. Experiment 3 involved 135 crossbred steers (259 kg avg initial wt), which were stratified by weight into 12 pens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Role of Competent International Organizations in Developing the International Supply Chain Security Regime

Supply chain security is now acknowledged to be an indispensable element in the developing global maritime security system. Efforts to develop a supply chain security regime began almost immediately after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. It soon became apparent that because global supply chains extend well beyond the ports and vessels employed in the transport function, responsibility for developing an international regime for security of the entire chain did not fall squarely in any international organization's traditional portfolio. This article examines the question of which international organization or combination of organizations should guide development and implementation efforts of the supply chain security regime in the coming years. After providing background materials on risk assessment and management principles and a brief summary of supply chain security initiatives taken or under discussion by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), World Customs Organization (WCO), World Trade Organization, European Union, and the United States, the article suggests criteria that should be used in deciding how competency over the future development and implementation efforts should be allocated. Application of those criteria leads to the conclusion that the current joint effort by the IMO and WCO best meets the public and private needs in the maritime security system. At the same, however, the organizations' effectiveness should be periodically assessed against objective performance criteria to ensure that today's choice remains a sound one in our rapidly changing security environment.
The Hardening of Soft Law in Securities Regulation

Securities law regulation frequently utilizes soft law, or non binding standards and principles of conduct. Often soft law standards have hardened into treaties, statutes or rules. As securities regulation becomes more international, this trend will continue. Numerous international bodies are involved in the development of securities standards and many of them operate by building consensus among experts in an informal setting. This Article discusses four examples of the use and hardening of soft law in the international realm: the establishment of international financial reporting standards; the development of MOUs; the negotiation of an anti-bribery treaty; and the regulation of credit rating agencies. Soft law norm development thus allows for speed, flexibility and expertise necessary to respond to fast breaking developments. Despite problems of authority, process, and legitimacy, the authors argue that soft law securities regulation is generally desirable internationally as it counteracts competitive races to the bottom, and makes regulatory cooperation more palatable.
Temporal Resolution in the Peripheral Visual Field

Despite considerable interest in the development of flicker perimetry, little work has been reported on the basic temporal response characteristics of vision across the normal visual field. Those few studies that have addressed this problem have been restricted to the determination of the critical duration for Bloch’s law of complete temporal summation or to the determination of critical flicker fusion frequency. In the present study, the entire temporal summation and temporal contrast sensitivity (TCS) functions were determined at the fovea and at 10, 20, 40 and 50 degrees in the temporal field. A single-channel Maxwellian-view optical system was used which allowed exact superposition of stimulus and adaptation fields, each of which subtended 5.15° of visual angle. Temporal summation functions (Experiment I) were obtained by pulsing square-wave stimuli upon the adaptation field of 500 trolands, for durations from 1 to 999 msec. TCS functions (Experiment II) were obtained by sinusoidal modulation about a mean luminance of 500 trolands, at frequencies from 0.5 to 50 Hz. In both experiments an ascending method of limits was used, with stimulus luminance (Experiment I) or sine-wave amplitude (Experiment II) increased until a threshold response was obtained. Data were obtained from 3 normal observers. The results indicated that neither temporal summation nor TCS functions changed with eccentricity.
Robust receding horizon control for constrained uncertain LFT systems with bounded disturbance

In this paper, we consider the problem of synthesizing robust state feedback control law for constrained uncertain LFT systems with bounded disturbance. A new Receding Horizon Control (RHC) scheme is proposed to achieve optimal H∞ performance over a finite horizon N. The cost is minimized over control policies and maximized over uncertainties and disturbances to yield a feedback control strategy. The control gains on the moving window will be used as decision variables to reduce conservatism and improve performance. Closed-loop stability and feasibility are guaranteed by introducing a terminal cost Vf and terminal constraint set Xf derived from off-line robust control. The RHC synthesis condition is formulated as a set of LMIs, which can be solved efficiently on-line.
The Most Significant Risk Factors for Urinary Retention in Fast-track Total Joint Arthroplasty are Iatrogenic

Abstract Background Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) remains a common complication after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for POUR in fast-track TJA emphasizing rapid mobilization, multimodal analgesia, and shorter hospital stay. Methods Our institutional joint registry was queried for patients who underwent primary TJA between January 2016 and November 2017. The primary outcome was the development of POUR. A panel of demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative variables was investigated. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to control for possible confounding factors. Results One hundred eighty-seven patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) and 191 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were included in the study. Forty percent of TKA and 36% of THA patients developed POUR requiring bladder catheterization. Among THA patients, POUR was significantly associated with age >60 years, intraoperative fluid volume >1350 mL, and intraoperative placement of an indwelling bladder catheter (P = .016, P = .035, and P Conclusion The most significant risk factors for POUR in modern-day fast-track TJA are iatrogenic. Routine intraoperative placement of an indwelling bladder catheter and fluid administration exceeding 1350 mL, especially in patients older than 60 years, are discouraged.
Evaluation of serologic testing of rams in the management of Brucella ovis in a domestic sheep flock

Brucella ovis is a bacterial pathogen present in most major sheep-producing regions of the world. The pathogen is associated with ram infertility, decreased ewe conception rates, and premature lamb...
Variational training of neural network approximations of solution maps for physical models

Abstract A novel solve-training framework is proposed to train neural network in representing low dimensional solution maps of physical models. Solve-training framework uses the neural network as the ansatz of the solution map and trains the network variationally via loss functions from the underlying physical models. Solve-training framework avoids expensive data preparation in the traditional supervised training procedure, which prepares labels for input data, and still achieves effective representation of the solution map adapted to the input data distribution. The efficiency of solve-training framework is demonstrated through obtaining solution maps for linear and nonlinear elliptic equations, and maps from potentials to ground states of linear and nonlinear Schrodinger equations.
Managing without growth: slower by design, not disaster, 2nd ed.

When the economist Peter Victor, Professor at York University in Canada, published in 2008 the first edition of “Managing without Growth: Slower by Design, not Disaster” he was a pioneer. Since the...
Single-scan acquisition of multiple multidimensional spectra

Multidimensional coherent spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding the ultrafast dynamics of complex quantum systems. To fully characterize the nonlinear optical response of a system, multiple pulse sequences must be recorded and quantitatively compared. We present a new single-scan method that enables rapid and parallel acquisition of all unique pulse sequences corresponding to first- and third-order degenerate wave-mixing processes. Signals are recorded with shot-noise limited detection, enabling acquisition times of ∼2 minutes with ∼100 zs phase stability and ∼8 orders of dynamic range, in a collinear geometry, on a single-pixel detector. We demonstrate this method using quantum well excitons, and quantitative analysis reveals new insights into the bosonic nature of excitons. This scheme may enable rapid and scalable analysis of unique chemical signatures, metrology of optical susceptibilities, nonperturbative coherent control, and the implementation of quantum information protocols using multidimensional spectroscopy.
Electrofabricated biomaterial-based capacitor on nanoporous gold for enhanced redox amplification

Abstract Redox reactions are widely utilized as a transduction modality for biological to electrical communication. Biomaterial-based redox capacitors are emerging as a promising bio-device interface, since the redox-cycling current from interaction of a pair of mediators with the redox capacitor film can be amplified when the redox potentials of the mediators bracket that of the capacitor. We present a method to further amplify the signal responses of a standard catechol-chitosan redox capacitor by carrying out the electrofabrication and electrochemical signal measurements on nanoporous gold (NPG) patterned in a microfluidic channel. Specifically, a pH-responsive chitosan film is electrodeposited on an NPG covered gold electrode, which is electrochemically grafted with catecholic species and modified by a self-assembled monolayer of mercapto-hexanol to enable electrochemical measurements under ambient conditions. The resulting nanoporous architecture of the “NPG/redox-capacitor” enhances the spatial extent across the film depth that is available to the redox mediator for electron transfer interactions with the electrode before escape into the bulk film, thereby enabling significantly higher capacity versus that obtained on a conventional redox capacitor. The sensitivity and biocompatibility of this NPG/redox-capacitor are validated on a micro-device platform by demonstrating its ability to quantitatively detect the redox active bacterial metabolite: pyocyanin, directly from growth cultures of the opportunistic pathogen: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Due to the capability for microfluidic integration, we envision that this NPG/redox-capacitor electrofabrication strategy can widely impact studies on biological to electrical communication.
Unraveling the structural and chemical features of biological short hydrogen bonds

The three-dimensional architecture of biomolecules often creates specialized structural elements, notably short hydrogen bonds that have donor–acceptor separations below 2.7 A. In this work, we statistically analyze 1663 high-resolution biomolecular structures from the Protein Data Bank and demonstrate that short hydrogen bonds are prevalent in proteins, protein–ligand complexes and nucleic acids. From these biological macromolecules, we characterize the preferred location, connectivity and amino acid composition in short hydrogen bonds and hydrogen bond networks, and assess their possible functional importance. Using electronic structure calculations, we further uncover how the interplay of the structural and chemical features determines the proton potential energy surfaces and proton sharing conditions in biological short hydrogen bonds.
Predictive factors for COPD exacerbations and mortality in patients with overlap syndrome.

Introduction Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)-overlap syndrome-have a substantially greater risk of morbidity and mortality, compared to those with either COPD or OSA alone. Objectives The aim of this retrospective study was to identify clinical modifiable factors associated with COPD exacerbations and all-cause mortality in patients with overlap syndrome. Methods The electronic records of patients with simultaneous COPD and OSA who had a documented acute exacerbation of COPD during a 42-month period were evaluated for reviewed. A control group of overlap syndrome patients without exacerbations was matched 1:1 for age and body mass index. Vital status and cause of death were assessed through the population death registry. Results Out of 225 eligible cases, 92 patients had at least one episode of COPD exacerbation. There was no significant association between severity of airflow limitation and apnoea hypopnea index (P = .31). After adjusting for confounding variables, patients who had at least one COPD exacerbation were more likely to be active smokers (P = .01), have poorer lung function (P = .001) and less likely to adhere to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use (P = .03). All-cause mortality was also correlated with low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (P = .006), CPAP use (P = .007), and burden of comorbidities (P Conclusion Lung function and CPAP use were independent predictors of COPD exacerbations and all-cause mortality in a cohort of patients with overlap syndrome. These factors should be taken into account when considering the management and prognosis of these patients.
Chapter 36 – Essential Tremor

Essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder. Recent and future genetic discoveries providing useful insights into the likely pathophysiology of ET will hopefully lead to even better therapies for this already treatable condition.
Revisiting Immunotherapy: A Focus on Prostate Cancer

Therapeutic interventions to harness the immune system against tumor cells have provided mixed results in the past for several solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. However, immunotherapy has advanced considerably over the last decade and is becoming an integral combination for treating patients with advanced solid tumors. In particular, prostate cancer immunotherapy has shown modest efficacy for patients in the past. With several key discoveries on immune mechanisms and advanced molecular diagnostic platforms recently, immunotherapy is re-emerging as a viable option for prostate cancer, especially castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), to stimulate antitumor immunity. Combination of patient-tailored immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blockers with conventional cytotoxic agents and androgen receptor-targeted therapies should move the field forward. With a recent adaptation that the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been successful in the treatment of more than a dozen solid tumors, including melanoma, lymphoma, liver, cervical, gastrointestinal, and breast cancers, it is a timely endeavor to harness immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Here, we provide an account on the progression of immunotherapy with new discoveries and precision approaches for tumors, in particular CRPC, from mechanistic standpoint to emerging limitations and future directions.
Clinical Importance of Lymphocytopenia in Pediatric Head and Neck Lymphatic Malformations

Introduction: Small case series have suggested that lymphocytopenia may be associated with a more aggressive lymphatic malformation (LM) disease course; however, the clinical importance of lymphocytopenia in the setting of LM still remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if LM-associated lymphocytopenia was associated with higher rates of antibiotic use and more frequent hospitalizations for infections. Methods: An IRB-approved, retrospective case series review was performed on all patients with the ICD-10 codes corresponding to LM between 2008 and 2018 at a single institution. Patients with a complete blood cell count and lymphocyte differential were included. Lymphocytopenia was defined as <1500/cm3. Variables including LM location, lymphocyte count, frequency and duration of antibiotic utilization, and number of infection-related hospitalizations were recorded. Data was analyzed with Mann-Whitney U and Fisher’s Exact tests. Results: From a total of 131 patients with a diagnosis of head and neck lymphatic malformation, there were 45 pediatric patients with documented laboratory values included in the cohort. Lymphocytopenia was present in 24 (53%) patients. There were no differences in the number of patients requiring hospitalization for infection (8 vs 7, p=1.000), mean length of hospital stay (0.38 vs 0.48, p=0.891), or mean duration of antibiotic course (14 vs 15 days, p=0.833) between those with and without lymphocytopenia, respectively. Similarly, the subset of 5 patients on sirolimus treatment had no increased infection-related parameters when compared to the remainder of the cohort. Discussion: Lymphocytopenia was not associated with higher rates of infection requiring hospitalization or increased duration of antibiotic course in head and neck LM. Furthermore, patients receiving sirolimus did not incur higher rates of infection. Larger prospective studies are needed to follow disease course in patients with and without LM-associated lymphocytopenia.
Abstract 17221: Stable Flow-Induced Expression of KLK10 Inhibits Endothelial Inflammation and Atherosclerosis

Introduction: Atherosclerosis preferentially occurs in arterial regions exposed to disturbed blood flow (d-flow) while the straight regions exposed to stable flow (s-flow) are protected. The proath...
Abstract PR01: Mitochondrial lactate metabolism in M2 macrophage polarization and ACL-dependent histone acetylation

Tumor-associated macrophages polarized to an M2 phenotype (M2-TAMs) promote neo-angiogenesis, tumor-stromal matrix remodeling, and immuno-evasion which, collectively, contribute to immunotherapeutic resistance and reduced cancer patient survival. Therefore, identifying dominant mechanisms that drive TAM polarization is needed to better understand M2-TAM biology and to identify more clinically efficacious TAM-directed immunotherapies. Highly glycolytic “Warburg” cancer cells produce lactate that independently drives naive M0→immunosuppressive M2 (M0→M2) macrophage polarization, but the mechanism(s) have not been fully elucidated. Metabolic-epigenetic links are increasingly being recognized as driving macrophage polarization. Because M0→M2 polarization induces metabolic reprogramming resulting in reduced glycolysis and increased mitochondrial metabolism/tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity we asked whether extracellular, tumor-derived lactate provides substrates for epigenetic modifications via the mitochondrial TCA cycle. Using a combination of gene expression assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and 13C-lactate isotope tracing metabolomics, we now show that macrophages undergoing M0→M2 polarization metabolize extracellular lactate to indirectly fuel ATP citrate lyase (ACL)-dependent histone acetylation. Specifically, our data shows that M2 macrophages incorporate exogenous lactate into the TCA cycle as pyruvate, which is then converted to citrate and exported for nucleo-cytoplasmic cleavage by ACL to generate acetyl-CoA necessary for histone acetylation. Inhibition of pyruvate import into the mitochondria or loss/inhibition of ACL attenuates lactate-induced M2 gene promoter histone acetylation, M2-specific gene expression and immunosuppressive effector functions. Importantly, the defects observed in lactate-dependent histone acetylation and M2 gene expression following loss/ inhibition of ACL or mitochondrial pyruvate uptake is fully reversed with exogenous acetate. In summary, these studies identify a novel functional role for extracellular lactate as a bona fide mitochondrial metabolite and indirect substrate for histone acetylation necessary to drive M2 TAM polarization. These results increase our understanding of the important metabolic relationship between lactate production/accumulation in “Warburg-like” tumor microenvironments and the resulting pro-tumorigenic properties of tumor infiltrating macrophages. Citation Format: Jordan T. Noe, Beatriz E. Rendon, Eun J. Kim, Samantha M. Morrissey, Anne E. Geller, Lindsey R. Conroy, Lyndsay E. Young, Ronald C. Bruntz, Hayley Affronti, Brian F. Clem, Jun Yan, Kathryn E. Wellen, Ramon C. Sun, Robert A. Mitchell. Mitochondrial lactate metabolism in M2 macrophage polarization and ACL-dependent histone acetylation [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Virtual Conference on Epigenetics and Metabolism; October 15-16, 2020; 2020 Oct 15-16. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(23 Suppl):Abstract nr PR01.
Muscle Fascia Changes in Patients with Occipital Neuralgia, Headache, or Migraine.

SUMMARY In an ongoing effort to understand the pathogenesis of occipital neuralgia/headache/migraine, it is critical to describe the anatomical/tissue changes encountered during surgery. Greater occipital nerve anatomical studies mainly focus on the greater occipital nerve course through muscle/fascial planes and interaction with the occipital vessels. However, structural soft-tissue changes have not been described in detail. Anecdotally, trapezius fascia is thickened at the greater occipital nerve trigger site. This study further investigates this observation. Patients undergoing greater occipital nerve decompression surgery were enrolled prospectively in this observational study (n = 92). Tissue changes were recorded intraoperatively. The resulting data were examined. Trapezius fascia was more than 3 mm thick and appeared fibrotic in 86 patients (94 percent), whereas semispinalis muscle appeared normal in all subjects. The greater occipital nerve was macroscopically abnormal, defined as edematous, flattened, and discolored in 29 cases (32 percent). The occipital artery interacted significantly with the greater occipital nerve in 88 percent of cases. The authors conclude that the tissue structure is abnormal in patients undergoing greater occipital nerve decompression surgery. This is the first study that describes the prevalence of thickened and fibrotic appearing trapezius fascia at the occipital trigger site, a phenomenon encountered in the vast majority of patients (94 percent). This structural anomaly has a resemblance to thickened fascial tissues seen in other nerve compression syndromes, and could be related to microtrauma/overuse or actual trauma in the head and neck region.
Multicasting Information for Internet of Things Wireless Networks

In this paper, we consider an Internet of Things (IoT) wireless network sharing the common wireless medium. For this network, we investigate a two-hop transmission strategy utilizing some of the network nodes as relay nodes. We analyze a two-hop multicast traffic alignment scheme over a time-varying circularly symmetric equal path length fading channels. The channel model is a finite field channel model with inputs and channel gains belonging to the same field Fq. We derive the achievable rates for multicasting information over this network from a set of source nodes to an equal set of destination nodes.
Design, Development, and Testing of a Smart Buoy for Underwater Testbeds in Shallow Waters

Underwater wireless communication and networking are becoming key enablers of a number of critical marine and underwater applications. Experimentation is underway, in controlled environments as well as at sea, that concerns the deployment of several underwater devices providing wireless communication capabilities to sensors of different nature. Controlling the deployment at sea of these devices, remotely and efficiently, is paramount for enabling expedite testing of hardware and protocol development. To address this need, this paper presents the design, development, and testing of a Smart Buoy for real-time remote access to underwater devices and for provision of power and extended computational capabilities. Experimental results are shown concerning the time needed to connect with the Smart Buoy, the power consumption of its operations, and the energy harvesting intake (via solar panels) in time. We also investigate the buoy lifetime when powered by solar panels and supporting acoustic modems over varying traffic scenarios.
Pediatric brain atlases and parcellations

Abstract This chapter discusses the anatomical landmarks used for pediatric brain atlas parcellation, with a particular focus on the developmental stage-dependent changes in image intensity, morphology, topology, and transient anatomical structures. Pediatric brains develop rapidly, which causes age-dependent variations in local brain volume and intensity, as well as developmental stage-specific anatomical features. To account for the variations in anatomical features, pediatric brain atlases need to be age-specific. Atlases with higher resolution and more contrasts are expected in the future. Shared resources of clinical images with a wide variety of diagnoses are desirable to create pathological brain atlases.
Logistics of Facility Location and Allocation

Introduction and qualitative methods: introduction and traditional approach fuzzy logic and analytical hierarchy procedure. Basic quantitative models: single-facility minisum location alternate objectives in single-facility location multiple-facility location basic location allocation model network facility location. Tour development models: logistics in tour development. Additional quantitative models: dynamic facility locations simultaneous facility location transportation network problems allocation-selection models in production environment.
Behavioral and Educational Approaches to Diabetes Self-Management

Diabetes is a life-long disease managed primarily by the individual. The key to successful self-management of this chronic disease is to provide the individual with knowledge, psychomotor skills, and effective psychological coping to facilitate lifestyle modifications. The process of adult learning is not an exact science. It is highly individualized. Oftentimes, the clinician would find that strategies successful for one person might not be successful for others.
The short- and long-term effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the exposed cat cerebrum. Light-microscopic, enzyme-histochemical and fine-structural observations.

Abstract Light-microscopic, enzyme-histochemical and electron-microscopic findings are reported in 20 cats following local exposure of the cerebral cortex to ultraviolet irradiation. The observations ranged from 3 hr to 1 year after injury. The acute lesion (3 and 24 hr after irradiation) is characterized by focal cortical necrosis, associated with vasogenic edema of the adjacent cortex and underlying white matter. In the cortex, most of the edema is intracellular, while in the white matter it is extracellular, and accompanied by swelling of the astrocytes. In the area of maximal injury, extracellular edema is also found in the cortex, associated with an extracellular exudation of plasma fluid and fibrin. Vascular changes include increased pinocytotic activity in the endothelial cells, widening of the capillary basement membranes, and a decrease of ATP-ase and other cyto-membrane enzyme activity in the vessel walls. The subsequent stages are characterized by a proliferative vascular and cellular response. Increase of ATP-ase and other cyto-membrane enzyme activity is found in the proliferating blood vessels. The astrocytic response is characterized by an increase of glycogen rosettes, usually in the cortical astrocytes, increased glial-filament formation, and increased tetrazolium reductase activity. In the late stages (6–12 months after irradiation), intense fibrillary gliosis is found beneath the old cortical scar. The tetrazolium reductase activity of the white matter astrocytes becomes reduced, but a conspicuous increase of ATP-ase and other cytomembrane enzyme activity is demonstrated in the area of fibrillary gliosis. Marked thickening and convolution of the capillary basement membranes persist in places, especially in the area of old injury. A focal increase in extracellular space in the white matter is still present 1 year after irradiation. The correlation of these structural changes with impairment of the blood-brain barrier function is discussed.
Freezing and Desiccation Tolerance in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Diversity and Correlation of Traits

The ability of entomopathogenic nematodes to tolerate environmental stress such as desiccating or freezing conditions, can contribute significantly to biocontrol efficacy. Thus, in selecting which nematode to use in a particular biocontrol program, it is important to be able to predict which strain or species to use in target areas where environmental stress is expected. Our objectives were to (i) compare inter- and intraspecific variation in freeze and desiccation tolerance among a broad array of entomopathogenic nematodes, and (ii) determine if freeze and desiccation tolerance are correlated. In laboratory studies we compared nematodes at two levels of relative humidity (RH) (97% and 85%) and exposure periods (24 and 48 h), and nematodes were exposed to freezing temperatures (-2°C) for 6 or 24 h. To assess interspecific variation, we compared ten species including seven that are of current or recent commercial interest: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (VS), H. floridensis, H. georgiana, (Kesha), H. indica (HOM1), H. megidis (UK211), Steinernema carpocapsae (All), S. feltiae (SN), S. glaseri (VS), S. rarum (17CE the heterorhabditid species exhibited the least desiccation tolerance and S. riobrave and S. glaseri were intermediate. No intraspecific variation was observed in desiccation tolerance; S. carpocapsae strains showed higher tolerance than all H. bacteriophora or S. riobrave strains yet there was no difference detected within species. In interspecies comparisons, poor freeze tolerance was observed in H. indica, and S. glaseri, S. rarum, and S. riobrave whereas H. georgiana and S. feltiae exhibited the highest freeze tolerance, particularly in the 24-h exposure period. Unlike desiccation tolerance, substantial intraspecies variation in freeze tolerance was observed among H. bacteriophora and S. riobrave strains, yet within species variation was not detected among S. carpocapsae strains. Correlation analysis did not detect a relationship between freezing and desiccation tolerance.
Long-Term Electrophysiologic Assessment Of A Mild Mouse Model Of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (P1.053)

Objective: To evaluate alterations in electrophysiological biomarkers in a mild mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) (the C/C mouse) over a several-month period. Background: A variety of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) mouse models have been developed in the hope that these models can be used to evaluate novel therapeutics in varying forms of the disease. Models such as the delta-7 mouse mimic more aggressive disease (e.g., SMA Type 1) whereas the C/C mouse models mild, static disease (e.g., SMA Type 3). The electrophysiologic alterations in these mild mouse models over extended period of times, however, are unknown. Electrophysiologic methods are especially important since digital necrosis makes functional measures, such as grip strength, unreliable. Methods: Eleven homozygous SMA mice (specifically B6.129-Smn1tm5(Smn1/SMN2)Mrph/J) and 12 littermate controls were measured biweekly for 22-weeks. Compound motor action potential (CMAP), motor unit number estimate (MUNE) and electrical impedance myography (EIM) were performed. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the period and histological and serological biomarker assessments made. Results: Both CMAP and EIM revealed significant reductions in these mild SMA mice at the time of the initial measurement at 17 weeks of age. For example, CMAP amplitude was 51.0±3.7 mV for SMA mice and 67.4±3.3 mV for controls (p=0.006). Similarly, EIM phase at 50 kHz was 17.4±0.6° for SMA mice and 21.3±1.1° for controls (p=0.011). These values remained essentially unchanged over the subsequent 22 weeks of follow-up. In addition, no differences in MUNE were identified either initially or during the extended follow-up between the groups. Histological and serological data were pending at the time of this writing. Conclusion: Electrophysiological parameters, including EIM and CMAP, identified mild, static abnormalities in this SMA model. These results suggest that this model mimics milder human SMA phenotypes and could be useful in preclinical therapeutic studies. Study supported by: The SMA Foundation Disclosure: Dr. Rutkove has received personal compensation for activities with Skulpt, Inc. as a consultant. Dr. Rutkove has received royalty payments from UpToDate, and Springer, Inc. Dr. Rutkove has received compensation for serving on the board of directors of Skulpt, Inc. Dr. Rutkove holds stock and/or stock options in Skulpt, Inc. Dr. Li has nothing to disclose.
Introduction to GPS and Other Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Receiver performs a search across possible time delays and Doppler shifts to acquire the signal GPS measurements are derived from the values of the PRN code phase (time delay) and carrier Doppler shift necessary to produce a large correlation with the incoming signal Products of the receiver signal tracking loops
Longitudinal drag and Hall drag in a bilayer system with pinholes

The transresistance and Hall transresistance of dirty two-dimensional bilayer systems in the presence of tunneling bridges (pinholes) are studied theoretically. We find, at weak magnetic field, a nonzero Hall transresistance. In a geometry where the pinholes are concentrated in the middle of the sample, a quantum process gives the dominant contribution to both the ordinary transresistance and the Hall transresistance. Arising from the interplay between Coulomb repulsion, disorder, and tunneling, the quantum contribution increases in a singular way as the temperature decreases.
Understanding data access patterns using object-differentiated memory profiling

The information provided by commonly used code-oriented profilers can be complemented by means of data-oriented profiling techniques. Based on a data-oriented approach, in this study we leverage techniques developed in previous papers to analyze the data access characteristics of a range of U.S. Department of Energy applications representative of different application domains. By analyzing object-differentiated memory access profiles, we identify markedly different access patterns across application stages. We find read-only and read-write periods, relatively large periods without accessing particular objects, and a variety of data access rates. This information is useful for devising software optimizations, for software and hardware code sign, and for data distribution and partitioning in heterogeneous memory systems.
A church-based, diet and supervised physical activity intervention for rural, southern African American adults improves diet quality, physical activity, and blood lipids (251.6)

Epidemic levels of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease are rampant in the largely rural Lower Mississippi Delta (LMD) region. We assessed the effectiveness of a six-month, church-bas...
Enforcement of Federal Rights Against States: Alden and Federalism Non-Sense

Introduction 611 I. Limiting the Role of Federal Courts 614 A. Younger Doctrine 620 B. Eleventh Amendment 625 II. Limiting the Role of State Courts 637 Conclusion 655
Outgrowth-regulating actions of glutamate in isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons

The present study examined the effects of glutamate on the outgrowth of dendrites and axons in isolated hippocampal pyramidal-like neurons in cell culture. During the first day of culture the survival and outgrowth of these neurons was unaffected by high concentrations (up to 1 nM) of glutamate, quisqualic acid (QA), kainic acid (KA), and N- methyl-D-aspartic acid. Beginning on day 2 of culture high levels of glutamate, KA and QA were toxic to the majority of pyramidal neurons, while subtoxic levels of these agents caused a well-defined, dose- dependent, sequence of effects on dendritic outgrowth. At increasing concentrations of glutamate, QA, and KA, the following events were observed: (1) dendritic outgrowth rates were reduced, while axonal elongation rates were unaffected; (2) dendritic length was reduced, while axons continued to grow; (3) dendrites regressed dramatically, and axonal outgrowth rate was reduced. These dendrite-specific effects of glutamate were apparently mediated at the growth cones since focal application of glutamate to individual dendritic growth cones resulted in suppression of growth cone activity and a regression of the dendrite; axons were unaffected by focal glutamate application. Pharmacological tests using glutamate receptor agonists and antagonists demonstrated that receptors of the KA/QA type mediated the glutamate effects on outgrowth and survival. The calcium channel blocker Co2+ prevented both glutamate neurotoxicity and glutamate-induced dendritic regression. Ionophore A23187 and elevations in extracellular K+ levels each caused a dose-dependent series of outgrowth and survival responses similar to those caused by glutamate. Taken together, these results indicate that activation of glutamate receptors leads to the opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels; the resulting increases in calcium influx lead to the observed alterations in dendritic outgrowth and neuronal survival.