cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Surgical Wound Drainage in Orthopaedic Trauma Patients: A Randomized Prospective Trial

Objective: To study the efficacy of closed suction drainage in clean nonemergent surgical fracture fixation or bone grafting on the extremities or pelvis. Design: A prospective randomized trial. Setting: The orthopaedic trauma service of a Level I trauma hospital. Patients: Patients were older than age eighteen years and undergoing clean nonemergent surgical fracture fixation or bone grafting procedures on the extremities (excluding hands and feet) or pelvis. Intervention: The application of a surgical drain. Main Outcome Measurements: Wound drainage, edema, hematoma and erythema, dehiscence, infection, and need for surgery or readmission were followed for six weeks. A univariate analysis with Student's t test for continuous variables and chisquared analysis for all categorical data were used, with a p value of ≤0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 202 patients were randomized to 102 patients with no drain and 100 patients with a drain. There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to injury severity, systemic disease, age, body weight, physical status, or estimated blood loss. There was no significant difference between the drain and no-drain groups in any of the parameters evaluated. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between drained and nondrained wounds in clean, nonurgent orthopaedic trauma surgery. It appears that drainage systems can be safely eliminated in this group.
An Approach Toward Target Warranty Costing in the Conceptual Design Stage

The importance of system quality has been increasingly emphasized in the past several decades. In 1987, Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) was established to promote quality awareness. Since then, more than 1,100 organizations have applied to the award. One way to measure system quality is by warranty cost. In the automobile industry, for example, warranty costs account for 3–4% of revenue. This paper proposes a framework for managing the warranty cost by setting a target warranty cost for the system and then allocating it to system modules in the conceptual design stage. In the proposed framework, engineers begin by constructing a knowledge-base of past warranty costs. Then regression analysis is used to set the target warranty cost of the new system, and Quality Function Deployment to allocate the target warranty cost to system modules. If detailed design becomes available, engineers can then compare estimated warranty cost with the target and decide whether to further improve reliability or reduce risk of system failure. This paper demonstrates the proposed methodology by using printers as an illustrative example.© 2007 ASME
Expansions of o-minimal structures by dense independent sets

Abstract Let M be an o-minimal expansion of a densely ordered group and H be a pairwise disjoint collection of dense subsets of M such that ⋃ H is definably independent in M . We study the structure ( M , ( H ) H ∈ H ) . Positive results include that every open set definable in ( M , ( H ) H ∈ H ) is definable in M , the structure induced in ( M , ( H ) H ∈ H ) on any H 0 ∈ H is as simple as possible (in a sense that is made precise), and the theory of ( M , ( H ) H ∈ H ) eliminates imaginaries and is strongly dependent and axiomatized over the theory of M in the most obvious way. Negative results include that ( M , ( H ) H ∈ H ) does not have definable Skolem functions and is neither atomic nor satisfies the exchange property. We also characterize (model-theoretic) algebraic closure and thorn forking in such structures. Throughout, we compare and contrast our results with the theory of dense pairs of o-minimal structures.
Development and Validation of a Video Measure for Assessing Women's Risk Perception for Alcohol-Related Sexual Assault.

OBJECTIVE: Using an iterative process, a series of three video scenarios were developed for use as a standardized measure for assessing women's perception of risks for alcohol-related sexual assault (SA). The videos included ambiguous and clear behavioral and environmental risk cues. METHOD: Focus group discussions with young, female heavy drinkers (N = 42) were used to develop three videos at different risk levels (low, moderate, and high) in Study 1. Realism, reliability, and validity of the videos were assessed using multiple methods in Studies 2 and 3. One hundred-four women were used to compare differences in risk perception across the video risk level in Study 2. In Study 3 (N = 60), we assessed women's perceptions of the low and high risk videos under conditions of no alcohol and alcohol. RESULTS: The realism and reliability of the videos were good. Women who viewed the low risk video compared to women who viewed the moderate and high risk videos perceived less risk for SA. We found an interaction between alcohol and risk perception such that, women in the alcohol condition were less likely to perceive risk when watching the high risk video. CONCLUSIONS: As the video risk level increased, women's perception of risk increased. These findings provide convergent evidence for the validity of the video measure. Given the limited number of standardized scenarios for assessing risk perception for sexual assault, our findings suggest that these videos may provide a needed standardized measure. Language: en
Pulmonary venous anomalies causing misdiagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.

Abstract Purpose To investigate pulmonary venous anomaly as a cause of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) misdiagnosis. Materials and methods We reviewed adult patients within a 7.5-year period with CT scans initially diagnosed with PAVM and subsequent conventional pulmonary angiograms. Results Pulmonary arteriography showed no PAVM on arterial phase for 10 out of 99 patients, comprising the misdiagnosed group. Four misdiagnosed patients had pulmonary venous anomalies and six had nodular lesions on CT. Conclusion Pulmonary venous anomalies are vascular mimics of PAVMs that may lead to misdiagnosis. Optimal CT technique and careful imaging review are necessary to minimize inappropriate invasive angiography.
A Commentary on the Old Saw that Same-Sex Marriage Threatens Civilization

Discussions of same-sex marriage frequently entertain the notion that civilization is somehow at stake were a society to award legal sanction to it, and to gay rights more generally. Typically, those who express concern for negative civilizational consequences have in mind Western civilization, and more specifically Christian civilization. This civilizational concern will often be amplified by the implication that opposite-sex, or opposite-sex monogamous marriage is a timeless human universal. Any other marital regime is presumed to be an aberration, most likely the result of grave moral depravity of a sort supposedly facilitated by the modern rights-based society. This chapter subjects these civilizational concerns to empirically review and provides counterexamples to any claims regarding hegemonic and universal norms against same-sex relationships and homosexuality more generally. In light of that empirical survey, the chapter suggests that western civilization, and modern liberal-democracies in particular, are realizing their core moral and political values of equality and respect for the dignity of each individual human being when they extend legal recognition to same-sex couples, rather than reject or denounce their claims to full inclusion.
The representation of concepts in OWL

This paper discusses the theoretical basis of the formalist used as a foundation for OWL, a system for representing and processing conceptual knowledge. This foraallsa attempts to capture the expressive power of natural language by adopting the underlying representational conventions and "conceptual models" of English. The foraallsa Is built around specialization, which is perceived to be the key organizing principle of English at a deep conceptual level. The use of specialization In combination with another low-level structural device, reference, leads to a slaple but powerful structure, the concept, which is ideal both for the representation of a broad spectrum of conceptual knowledge and for computation on existing machines equipped with large, high-speed, random-access areas.
A comparison of the microvascular response in the healing wound in the spontaneously hypertensive and non-hypertensive rat.

BACKGROUND: In the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR), there is a significantly greater blood flow at the paw but not at the back than in the non-hypertensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat. We wanted to assess the effect of this higher blood flow on wound healing at the paw. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We characterized the microvascular composition of wounds at the back and paw of 9 SHR rats and 10 WKY rats using a quantitative imaging program. Blood flow was compared using laser Doppler technology. RESULTS: The blood flow response to wounding at the back was identical in the SHR and WKY rats. There was an immediate sharp increase in flow at the center of the wound. Blood flow reached a peak at 3 days and then decreased somewhat by day 7, but still remained five-fold higher than the prewound baseline values. There was also a two-fold increase at the back wound perimeter. There were no differences in microvascular composition at the back between the SHR and WKY rats. In contrast, there was an immediate enormous increase in blood flow at paw wound center in the SHR rats. Flow increased to 75 ml/min/100 gm by 24 h then fell back sharply. Blood flow at the paw in the WKY rats changed very little over the 7 days post wounding. At 3 days, the flow was about twice as high in the SHR than in the WKY wound, but, by day 7, flow was similar in the two rat strains. At the SHR wound perimeter, there was a small increase in flow which was sustained through day 7. Although the microvascular composition at the paw wound center was similar in the SHR and WKY rats, there was a notable difference at the paw perimeter. At baseline, there was a slightly greater capillary density in the SHR paw (32 +/- 1 per mm3) than the WKY paw (25 +/- 8 per mm3). At 7 days after wounding, there was a substantial increase in capillary number in the SHR rats (48 +/- 8 per mm3) as compared to baseline (p = 0.05). In contrast, there was no significant difference in capillary number in the WKY paw wound perimeter (20 +/- 3 per mm3) as compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: There is a substantial difference in wound blood flow response between the hypertensive and the non-hypertensive rat. At the back, the blood flow effects of wounding are similar, but, at the paw, the SHR rat shows a dramatic transient increase in flow in the early phases of wound healing. There is apparently no capability to upmodulate microvascular resistance in response to increased pressure at this early stage of wound healing. However, within several days, the granulation tissue microvasculature becomes capable of controlling the effects of raised pressure in the SHR rat. In the SHR paw wound perimeter, there are significantly more capillaries than in the WKY rat. It is possible that greater capillary proliferation in the SHR rat results from higher blood flow in the early phase of wounding. The contrast between the WKY rat and the SHR rat serves to further illustrate the complexity of blood flow regulation which occurs during wound healing.
Construction of Right Processes from Hitting Distributions

Let K be the one-point compactification of a locally compact second countable Hausdorff space and Δ ∈ K be the point at infinity. We are concerned with the problem of constructing Markov processes on K with Δ as the adjoined death point, from given hitting distributions. The most general Markov processes for the consideration of this problem (and indeed for the study of probabilistic potential theory) are those now known as right processes on a space K as above. (See [2].) It is well known that such a process is determined, up to a (random) time change, by its hitting distributions of compact sets of the state space. Our problem is therefore to construct a right process on K with prescribed hitting distributions HD(x,·) for all compact D ⊂ K and x ∈ K.
Spiritual Values of a New Civilization: World War II and the Transformation of Mississippi College

Connelly examines how World War II transformed Mississippi College from a struggling, male-only, denominational college into a co-educational institution that clarified its Baptist identity, modernized its curriculum, renovated its facilities, and enlarged its endowment. The chapter explores the war’s impact on student culture, the experiences of faculty, staff, and students serving in the Armed Forces, the vital role of college president D.M. Nelson, and how the infusion of women students and the establishment of a Navy V-12 program stabilized the college. Connelly concludes by reflecting on the war’s galvanizing effect on the Civil Rights movement in Mississippi, leading to African-American students at this historically segregated campus.
Comparing Instructional Event Sequences in Audio Podcasts with Low Versus High User Satisfaction

According to Gagne, instruction should follow the prescribed nine events of instruction, but that the sequence need not be absolute and that not all events are necessary. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent are the prescribed sequence implemented in practice, and how might variations in event sequences affect learner satisfaction. Using sequential analysis, this study identified patterns in instructional event sequences observed in iTune audio podcasts with low versus high user satisfaction ratings. The analysis revealed that collectively the audio podcasts followed the event sequence prescribed by Gagne. However, the high-rated podcasts were more likely to transition from objectives straight to information presentation (skipping stimulating recall) and from information presentation to practice (skipping guidance). If learners were using the podcasts to support just-in-time learning and were aware that they could return to the podcasts at any time in the future, there was no need to stimulate recall and receive guidance to improve long-term memory and recall. These findings suggest that event sequences should be modified to accommodate different instructional contexts in order to increase learner satisfaction and efficiency. This study and its findings also serve to illustrate ways to apply sequential analysis to conduct further investigations on ways to vary instructional event sequences to optimize both process and learning outcomes.
“Every Citizen is Harsh to Foreigners”: Rousseau and the Problem of Nationalism

Rousseau acknowledges that citizenship renders individuals hostile to those outside their own state. In Emile he seems to minimize this problem, saying that the important thing is to be good to tho...
Trends in Hospital Breastfeeding Policies in the United States from 2009–2015: Results from the Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care Survey

Abstract Background: Having a written breastfeeding policy that is routinely communicated to staff is important. Furthermore, hospitals seeking the Baby-Friendly designation are required to purchas...
Histotripsy-enhanced thrombolysis

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a major public health problem, affecting 600,000 Americans annually with a healthcare cost of $10 billion. Standard interventional techniques are not effective for the chronic thrombus components present in 27% to 43% of DVT cases. Histotripsy is a focused ultrasound therapy that employs the mechanical action of bubble clouds to ablate tissue and induce vigorous fluid mixing. We have demonstrated synergy between histotripsy and the thrombolytic recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) for dissolution of retracted venous clots in vitro. Here, the role of histotripsy-induced bubble activity in rt-PA clot dissolution will be discussed. The rt-PA thrombolytic efficacy of histotripsy pulses that nucleate bubble activity either via (1) shock wave scattering or (2) exceeding the intrinsic cavitation threshold of the clot will be presented. The impact of each histotripsy type on the formed elements that comprise the clot will be described, as well as the likelihood of containing mechanical activity within the target zone. Finally, the utility of passive cavitation imaging to quantify the bubble activity necessary for liquefaction of tissue-mimicking phantoms representative of acute and chronic pathologies will be presented.
A Self-Reset Transconductance Integrating Leakage Latch (STILL) for Ultra-Low Power Sensor Interfacing

This paper presents a novel Self-Reset Transconductance Integrating Leakage Latch (STILL) which can be utilized as an ultra-low power method for sensor interfacing during the power saving or sleep modes of an IoT device. This simple circuit consists of 6 MOS transistors, 2 small capacitors, and a current starved NAND gate, resulting in a minimal footprint. Additionally, a 2nd-order temperature-compensated current reference is adopted to supply a sub-nanoampere current reference for the STILL, allowing stable operation and consistent power consumption regardless of temperature or process variations. To demonstrate the functionality of the STILL circuit and current reference, they are designed and fabricated in a 0.13µm CMOS process. The STILL circuit is shown to reliably detect an input signal change of 10mV at frequencies up to 1kHz. The power consumption of the STILL circuit and the current reference are measured to be 350pW and 2nW, respectively.
Low-energy neutrino beams with an upgraded Fermilab proton driver

The beam properties of low-energy neutrino beams that would be possible at an upgraded 2 MW Fermilab 8 GeV Proton Source are described. In particular three options are considered; (i) a MiniBooNE-like beam using a conventional neutrino horn, (ii) a decay at rest neutrino source, and (iii) a neutrino beam downstream of a solenoid decay channel. In all three cases the fluxes are sufficiently large to provide an interesting physics program. Some physics examples are considered.
La experiencia del pluralismo

Agradecemos a Scott L. Pratt autor del articulo, su autorizacion para que Andamios realizara la traduccion al espanol, se publicara en este numero 40 y se difunda el texto a traves de las distintas plataformas electronicas a traves de las cuales se publica la revista Andamios. El texto original fue publicado por primera vez en ingles con la siguiente referencia: Pratt, Scott L. (2007). The experience of pluralism. En The Journal of Speculative Philosophy. Nueva Serie. Vol. 21. Num. 2. pp. 106-114. Estados Unidos: Penn State University Press.
Patient with a Cardiac Implantable Device

Patients with cardiac implantable devices may pose unique challenges to the pain provider, especially in the inpatient setting. Cardiac disease that warrants placement of an implantable device is usually associated with multiple comorbidities which may limit options in terms of medications, in addition to restrictions with physical therapy. It is not uncommon for patients with cardiac disease to be on antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy which may limit the option of interventional procedures. Even when interventions or implants are to be considered care should be taken into consideration to minimize the chance of interference with the devices. This chapter outlines the various challenges which may face the pain practitioner in these scenarios.
Robotic Futures: Learning about Personally-Owned Agents through Performance

Agents that support spoken interaction (e.g., Amazon Echo) are designed for social spaces like the home, yet designers know little about how they should respond to social activity around them. We set out to reconsider current one-on-one interactions with agents, and explore the design space of future socially sophisticated agents. To do so, we use an iterative co-design process with designers and theatre experts to devise an immersive performance, "Robotic Futures." Theatre is a form of knowing through doing-by examining the interactions that persisted in the devising process and those that fell through, we conclude with a proposition for design considerations for future agents. Based on emerging research in this space, we focus on the characteristics of personally-owned agents in comparison to shared agents, and consider the roles and functions each introduce in their integration in the home.
Midterm outcomes of subcoronary stentless porcine valve versus stented aortic valve replacement.

INTRODUCTION Stentless porcine xenografts are versatile bioprosthetic valves with the advantage of improved hemodynamics that mimic the function of the native aortic valve. However, these bioprostheses are challenging to implant in the subcoronary position. METHODS All consecutive patients who underwent a bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement (AVR) were included from our institutional database. Cox regression analysis was preformed to determine significant predictors for mid term mortality as well as all cause, cardiac, and heart failure readmission. RESULTS Patients in the subcoronary stentless group were older and more likely to be female and were likely to have a higher Society of Thoracic Surgery risk of mortality. Survival was superior in the stented AVR cohort at 30-days (96.4% vs 90.5%; P < .001), 1-year (90.5% vs 71.6%; P < .001), and 5-year (74.5% vs 56.9%; P < .001) follow up. Acute kidney injury (16.22% vs 5.22%; P < .001) and blood product transfusion (70.27% vs 44.0%; P < .001) were higher in the stentless group. Multivariable analysis revealed subcoronary stentless implantation as a significant independent risk factor for mortality (hazards ratio: 1.92 [1.35,2.72]; P < .001). CONCLUSION Stentless porcine xenograft implantation with the Freestyle bioprosthetic in the subcoronary position can be successfully performed in select patients, but its use is associated with increased perioperative morbidity and mortality affecting midterm outcomes. Individual patient selection and surgeon experience are important to ensure favorable outcomes.
Tailored quinones support high-turnover Pd catalysts for oxidative C–H arylation with O2

Palladium(II)-catalyzed carbon-hydrogen (C-H) oxidation reactions could streamline the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other complex organic molecules. Existing methods, however, commonly exhibit poor catalyst performance with high palladium (Pd) loading (e.g., 10 mole %) and a need for (super)stoichiometric quantities of undesirable oxidants, such as benzoquinone and silver(I) salts. The present study probes the mechanism of a representative Pd-catalyzed oxidative C-H arylation reaction and elucidates mechanistic features that undermine catalyst performance, including substrate-consuming side reactions and sequestration of the catalyst as an inactive species. Systematic tuning of the quinone cocatalyst overcomes these deleterious features. Use of 2,5-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone enables efficient use of molecular oxygen as the oxidant, high reaction yields, and >1900 turnovers by the Pd catalyst.
Redo-aortic valve replacement in prior stentless prosthetic aortic valves: Transcatheter versus surgical approach.

OBJECTIVES The objective was to compare outcomes of redo-aortic valve replacement (AVR) via surgical or transcatheter approach in prior surgical AVR with large percentage of prior stentless surgical AVR. BACKGROUND With the introduction of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), patients with increased surgical risks now have an alternative to redo surgical AVR (SAVR), known as valve-in-valve (ViV) TAVR. Stentless prosthetic aortic valves present a more challenging implantation for ViV-TAVR given the lack of structural frame. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of 173 subjects who have undergone SAVR (N = 100) or ViV-TAVR (N = 73) in patients with prior surgical AVR at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center from 2009 to 2019. Our study received the proper ethical oversight. RESULTS The average ages in redo-SAVR and ViV-TAVR groups were 58.03 ± 13.86 and 66.57 ± 13.44 years, respectively (p < 0.0001). The redo-SAVR had significantly lower STS (2.78 ± 2.09 and 4.68 ± 5.51, p < 0.01) and Euroscores (4.32 ± 2.98 and 7.51 ± 8.24, p < 0.05). The redo-SAVR group had higher percentage requiring mechanical support (8% vs. 0%, p < 0.05) and vasopressors (53% vs. 0%, p < 0.0001), longer length of stay (13.65 ± 11.23 vs. 5.68 ± 7.64 days, p < 0.0001), and inpatient mortality (16% vs. 2.78%, p < 0.005). At 30-day follow-up, redo-SAVR group had higher rates of acute kidney injury (10% vs. 0%, p < 0.01), however ViV-TAVR group had more new left bundle branch blocks (6.85% vs. 0%, p < 0.05). No significant differences regarding re-hospitalization rates, stroke, or death up to 1-year. CONCLUSION Although the ViV-TAVR group had higher risk patients, there were significantly fewer procedural complications, shorter length of stay, and similar mortality outcomes up to 1-year follow-up.
Distributional Ecology of Selected Plants and Animals on Trinidad's Five Islands Archipelago

Studies of the distributions of island-dwelling species have expanded our understanding of the factors that determine the structure and composition of island communities. Several generalities have emerged (Gorman 1979). All else being equal, there are fewer species on an island than on a comparable mainland area of the same size; the number of species on an island increases in a predictable way with increasing island area; the number of species on an island increases as habitat diversity on an island increases; the number of species on an island may be in a dynamic equilibrium; and the species found on islands are a non-random subset of the nearby continental biota.
Effect of growth rate and starvation-survival on the viability and stability of a psychrophilic marine bacterium.

Cell populations of the marine bacterium ANT-300, from either batch or continuous culture with dilution rates ranging from D = 0.015 h−1 to D = 0.200 h−1, were monitored for viability, direct counts, and optical density for 98 days under starvation conditions. Three stages of starvation survival were observed for each of the cell populations. Although direct counts remained at 2 × 107 to 3 × 107 cells ml−1 throughout the starvation period, large fluctuations occurred in cell viability during stage 1 (0 to 14 days) of starvation survival. Stage 2 (14 to 70 days) involved an overall decrease in viability for each of the cell populations; the rate of viability loss was dependent upon the growth rate. Cell viability stabilized at approximately 0.3% of the direct count in stage 3 (70 to 98 days). Long-term starvation corresponded to the prolongation of stage 3 starvation survival. Cell volumes for each of the cell populations decreased with the length of the starvation period. However, the cell volume of starved cells was also dependent more on growth rate than on the length of the time starved. We hypothesize that the cell population with the slowest growth rate is most closely representative of cells found in the oligotrophic marine environment.
Compositional Remote Sensing of Icy Planets and Satellites Beyond Jupiter

The peak of the solar energy distribution occurs at visual wavelengths and falls off rapidly in the infrared. This fact, improvements in infrared detector technology, and the low surface temperatures for most icy objects in the outer solar system have resulted in the bulk of telescopic and spacecraft observations being performed at visual and near-infrared wavelengths. Such observations, begun in the early 1970's and continuing to present, have provided compositional information regarding the surfaces of the satellites of Saturn and Uranus, Neptune's moon Triton, Pluto, Pluto's moon Charon, Centaur objects, and Kuiper belt objects. Because the incident sunlight penetrates the surface and interacts with the materials present there, the measured reflected sunlight contains information regarding the surface materials, and the ratio of the reflected to incident sunlight provides a mechanism of identifying the materials that are present.
General Stream Adjudications and the Environment

An article on the relationship between general stream adjudications and the environment should be a short one. There is none. The basic purpose of adjudications is to sort through the conflicting claims of users to surface water (and sometimes ground water) under the prior appropriation doctrine. The most valuable rights – the most senior ones – are often enshrouded in the mysteries of the past. Adjudications subject these claims, frequently based on oral recounting or flimsy paper records, to proof in a court of law. It is hoped at the end of the day that the adjudication court will enter a judicial decree that establishes water rights to specific quantities of water with relative priority dates. Given this central mission, it is obvious that adjudications are not designed to protect rivers by keeping water in the rivers, unless a particular state protects rivers through instream flow rights or other doctrines such as the public trust.
Challenges of Novice Nurse Educator's Transition From Practice to Classroom

Abstract As nurses transition as educators, many struggle with developing skills and acclimating to the academic setting. This qualitative case study addressed challenges encountered by novice educators. Benner's Novice to Expert Framework guided the study. Data collection included interviews, review of a self-study report, and participant demographic characteristics. Findings provided a basis for novice educator transition into academia.
The Politics of Opinion Assignment and Authorship on the U.S. Court of Appeals: Evidence from Sexual Harassment Cases

We evaluate opinion assignment and opinion authorship on the U.S. Courts of Appeals. Based on the Courts of Appeals' distinct institutional setting, we derive theoretical explanations and predictions for opinion assignment on three-judge panels. Using an original dataset of sexual harassment cases, we test our predictions and find that women and more liberal judges are substantially more likely to write opinions in sexual harassment cases. We further find that this pattern appears to result not from policy-driven behavior by women and liberals assigners, but from an institutional environment in which judges seek out opinions they wish to write. Judicial opinions are the vehicles of judicial policy, and thus these results have important implications for the relationship between legal rules and opinion assignment and for the study of diversity and representation on multimember courts.
Identify Critical Genes in Development with Consistent H3K4me2 Patterns across Multiple Tissues

Histone modification is an important epigenetic event which plays essential roles in cell differentiation and tissue development. Recent studies show that a unique dimethylation of lysine 4 residue on histone 3 (H3K4me2) distribution pattern around transcription starting sites (TSS) of genes marks tissue specific genes in human CD4 + T cells and mouse nervous tissue cells. However, existence of this pattern has not been widely tested and its implication remains unclear. In this paper, we study the H3K4me2 distribution patterns across six different cell lines from five major tissue types (including muscular tissue, nervous tissue, non-blood connective tissue, blood, and epithelial tissue) as well as embryonic stem cells. We define a metric ‘tail length’ to quantitatively describe H3K4me2 distribution patterns around the TSS. While confirming the previous observations, we also identified a group of 217 genes with ubiquitous long-tail H3K4me2 patterns in all the tested tissues and the embryonic stem cells (ESC). Further analyses confirmed that these genes are critical for development, and highly interactive with other tissue specific genes as evinced by protein-protein interaction networks, suggesting their critical regulatory functions. Our results suggest that rich information on gene functions and epigenetic events can be revealed using pattern recognition methods.
Effect of water content, temperature and storage on the glass transition, moisture sorption characteristics and stickiness of β‐casein 1

Abstract Moisture sorption isotherms at +4 °C and +22.5 °C were obtained for β‐casein after isolation and after 9 months of storage at ‐29 °C and +22.5 °C. Glass transition state diagrams (Tg vs. moisture) were determined for β‐casein after storage. The results showed that effects of storage temperature on moisture sorption isotherms were varied; however, at any aw differences in moisture content were small (< 0.03g H2O/g solids at high aw). β‐casein stored at ‐29°C had lower mo and Tg values than that of β‐casein stored at +22.5°C. The glass transition temperatures for β‐casein were above room temperature, even at aw = 0.76. Onset of stickiness occurred above aw = 0.76.
Variability in the preservation of the isotopic composition of collagen from fossil bone

Abstract Collagen from bone was prepared by several methods. For modern and well-preserved bone the δ13C and δ15N of collagen replicas obtained after HCl or EDTA demineralization were similar to those obtained with a gelatinization procedure. However, in more poorly preserved fossil bone the δ13C and δ15N varied among the different protein extracts. The yield of collagen obtained with EDTA demineralization was consistently higher than extraction procedures that used HCl. The δ13C of individual amino acids separated from the collagen of modern and fossil whale bone varied up to 17%., and the δ15N from the same amino acids ranged over 47%. The δ13C and δ15N of most amino acids clustered closely to the average of the HCl insoluble collagen. The δ13C of the major amino acid in collagen, glycine, differed from the average HCl insoluble collagen by approximately 8%. in the fossil whale and 14%. in the modern whale. The δ15N of glycine differed from the average HCl insoluble values by approximately 4%. in the fossil whale and 7%. in the modern whale. Thus, diagenetic changes that alter the ratio of glycine to other amino acids in bone can be expected to perturb the values for carbon and nitrogen isotopes.
Dissimilarities in eating attitudes, body image distortion, depression, and self-esteem between high-intensity male runners and women with bulimia nervosa

It has been suggested that high-intensity exercise regimens in males bear a resemblance to the features of eating disorders and that male runners may resemble women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa with regard to eating and weight attitudes, negative body image, and negative psychological adjustment. Twenty high-intensity male runners were compared with 20 sedentary-moderate exercising male controls and 20 women with bulimia nervosa. Compared with the bulimia nervosa subjects, the male runners were not anxious about eating, overly preoccupied with food, excessive in binge-eating or purging behavior, negatively preoccupied with their weight, intent on losing weight, high on personality traits presumed to underlie eating disorders, nor depressed or low in self-esteem. The male groups of high-intensity runners and controls were not significantly different on any measure. These results suggest that high-intensity exercising in males is not analogous to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Contextualizing the Immigration and Crime Effect An Analysis of Homicide in Chicago Neighborhoods

Neighborhoods with concentrated disadvantage have heightened levels of crime, and since the 1980s they have seen an infusion of immigrants. The article suggests that the influx of recent immigrants should contribute to the revitalization of disadvantaged neighborhoods and thereby help to reduce violent crime. The article tests whether the effect of concentrated disadvantage on local homicide levels is attenuated by levels of recent arrivals (1985-1990). The article find that recently arrived immigrants are associated with reductions of lethal violence in disadvantaged neighborhoods. It suggest that the influx of recent immigrants in disadvantaged neighborhoods reinvigorates local economic opportunity structures and social networks, and revitalizes neighborhood organizations and institutions. However, recently arrived immigrants are associated with increases in local homicide levels in advantaged contexts. Recent immigrants appear to elevate homicide via the potential disruption they cause in local social ...
Optical and thermal properties of graphene field‐effect transistors

Graphene has attracted immense interest due to its unique electronic structure with conical bands and zero bandgap (Novoselov et al., Nature 438, 197 (2005) 1), and high carrier mobility (Du et al., Nature Nanotech. 3, 491 (2008) 2, Bolotin et al., Solid State Commun. 146, 351 (2008) 3). While field-effect transistors (FETs) using graphene as the channel material have been shown to perform well at high frequencies (Lin et al., Science 327, 662 (2010) 4), their use for logic applications requires opening of a bandgap to reduce the off-state current. The thermal properties of graphene FETs also need to be better understood, since self-heating and power management become important in high-density, high-performance electronics. The interaction of graphene with photons (visible and infrared) can shed new light onto all these issues. Here, we review various avenues of bandgap opening in graphene and bilayer graphene. Wherever available, optical experiments that corroborate the bandgap opening will be discussed. The thermal properties of graphene FETs, also measured by optical means, will be presented next. Finally, photocurrent experiments that can be used to determine band-bending in active graphene channels will be discussed.
Recombinant Factor VIIa: The Possibilities for Monitoring

SUMMARY Recombinant factor VIIa was developed for the treatment of bleeding in patients with hemophilia and inhibitors. Because of its unique mechanism of action, binding weakly to activated platelets independent of factors VIII or IX and enhancing factor X activation, systemic activation of the coagulation does not seem to occur. Thus, a local burst of thrombin induces hemostasis at the site of bleeding. The monitoring of this local event (thrombin generation) has not been developed. Assays that use non-flow techniques, like the PT and aPTT, do not reflect physiological hemostatic conditions and have a limited application in the monitoring of rFVIIa. On the other hand, experimental models that use whole blood under shear force and that can indirectly measure thrombin generation may have a potential role in the monitoring of rFVIIa.
What can we learn from the saturation of light-induced defects in amorphous hydrogenated silicon?

Abstract At a sufficiently high photon flux the density of light-induced defects in amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) can be made to saturate within a few hours. The saturated defect density N sat is independent of light intensity, of temperature and of further illumination over a wide range of conditions. Therefore, N sat can serve as a robust criterion for the rapid evaluation of the stability of a-Si:H. In this paper we show that N sat is correlated with the rate of defect buildup during light-soaking, so that the entire defect history and the useful life of a particular sample may be inferred from N sat . So far, we have measured values of N sat between 4 × 1016 and 2 × 1017 cm−3 in electronic-grade a-Si:H. N sat , and thus the rate of defect buildup, rises with the value of the band gap and with the hydrogen content; it drops with increasing deposition temperature. N sat is not correlated with either the initial defect density or the Urbach energy. We demonstrate an application of the correlation between the saturated defect density and the optical gap to predict the long-term performance of solar cells.
NOx Reduction by Air-Side Versus Fuel-Side Dilution in Hydrogen Diffusion Flame Combustors

Lean-direct-injection (LDI) combustion is being considered at the National Energy Technology Laboratory as a means to attain low NO x emissions in a high-hydrogen gas turbine combustor. Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plant designs can create a high-hydrogen fuel using a water-gas shift reactor and subsequent CO 2 separation. The IGCC's air separation unit produces a volume of N 2 roughly equivalent to the volume of H 2 in the gasifier product stream, which can be used to help reduce peak flame temperatures and NO x in the diffusion flame combustor. Placement of this diluent in either the air or fuel streams is a matter of practical importance, and it has not been studied to date for LDI combustion. The current work discusses how diluent placement affects diffusion flame temperatures, residence times, and stability limits, and their resulting effects on NO x emissions. From a peak flame temperature perspective, greater NO x reduction should be attainable with fuel dilution rather than air or independent dilution in any diffusion flame combustor with excess combustion air, due to the complete utilization of the diluent as a heat sink at the flame front, although the importance of this mechanism is shown to diminish as flow conditions approach stoichiometric proportions. For simple LDI combustor designs, residence time scaling relationships yield a lower NO x production potential for fuel-side dilution due to its smaller flame size, whereas air dilution yields a larger air entrainment requirement and a subsequently larger flame, with longer residence times and higher thermal NO x generation. For more complex staged-air LDI combustor designs, the dilution of the primary combustion air at fuel-rich conditions can result in the full utilization of the diluent for reducing the peak flame temperature, while also controlling flame volume and residence time for NO x reduction purposes. However, differential diffusion of hydrogen out of a diluted hydrogen/nitrogen fuel jet can create regions of higher hydrogen content in the immediate vicinity of the fuel injection point than can be attained with the dilution of the air stream, leading to increased flame stability. By this mechanism, fuel-side dilution extends the operating envelope to areas with higher velocities in the experimental configurations tested, where faster mixing rates further reduce flame residence times and NO x emissions. Strategies for accurate computational modeling of LDI combustors' stability characteristics are also discussed.
Comparative study of the linear solvation energy relationship, linear solvent strength theory, and typical-conditions model for retention prediction in reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

This paper describes two new retention models for predicting retention under different reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) conditions. The first one is a global linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) that expresses retention as a function of both solute LSER descriptors and mobile phase composition. The second is a so-called “typical-conditions model” that expresses retention under a given chromatographic condition as a linear function of retention under different so-called “typical” conditions. The global LSER was derived by combining the local LSER model and the linear solvent strength theory (LSST) of RPLC. Compared to local LSER and the LSST models, the global LSER model requires far fewer retention measurements for calibrating the model when different solutes and different mobile phase compositions are involved. Its fitting performance is equal to the local LSER model but worse than that of LSST. The poor fit of the global LSER results primarily from the local LSER model and not from the LSST model. The typical-conditions model (TCM) was developed based on a concept of multivariate space that is conceptually compatible with LSER. However, no LSER descriptors are used in the TCM approach. The number of input conditions needed in the typical-conditions model is determined by the chemical diversity of the solutes and the conditions involved. Principal component analysis (PCA) and iterative key set factor analysis (IKSFA) were used to find the number of typical conditions needed for a given data set. Compared to LSER, LSST, and global LSER, the typical-conditions model is more precise and requires fewer retention measurements for calibrating the model when different solutes and different stationary and/or mobile phases are involved.
Effects of Recreational Trails on Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) in Forested Urban Parks

ABSTRACT: Though typically considered benign, recreational trails have the potential to both alter vegetation and disturb birds in ways that might influence parental nest attendance rates and other behaviors that ultimately can affect reproductive success. We hypothesized that recreational trails negatively impact avian reproductive success either by (1) reducing nest attendance due to direct human disturbance or (2) modifying vegetation characteristics surrounding nests. From April to August of 2006 and 2007, 263 nests of Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) were monitored in 14 forested riparian sites containing paved and unpaved recreational trails in central Ohio. Vegetation characteristics were measured around 161 nests and 114 random locations. Trail use was estimated using cameras at seven of 14 sites. Nest attendance was not related to distance to trail, nest height, or trail use. We found little evidence that daily nest survival rates were related to distance to trail, nest attendance, trai...
A SET-VALUED APPROACH TO OBSERVABILITY ∗

We restate observability in a set-valued setting which generalizes the standard output equation, then a close connection to viability kernels is established. Both global and local cases are studied by means of a set of single-valuedness results. Among these, we highlight the results which are derived by monotone set-valued mappings theory and the ones using contingent and paratingent derivatives. Moreover, this new setting gives rise to the notions of maximal observability domains and minimal unobservability domains, which we characterize in the framework of antitone mappings and their fixed points.
Class consciousness in a mature neoliberal society: Evidence from Chile

Abstract Class consciousness is a central element of the sociological analysis of class inequality. It indicates the mechanisms through which inequality creates subjective-level outcomes as dissimilar class identities and material interests. Despite its importance, class consciousness has been largely unexamined in current neoliberal society. With a few exceptions, the basic sociological question of how inequality brings about consequences at the subjective level has not been addressed in recent research. In this paper I address this question by analyzing the patterns of class consciousness in Chile. To do so, I examine how class location and class origins (as indicator of class experiences) shape the two main components of class consciousness: class identity and class interests. The results suggest that the identity component depends on both class experiences and class position, as well as on the way that the latter creates subjective experiences of economic inequality (i.e. inequality in individual resources). On the other hand, the second component of class consciousness—oppositional class interests—depends on both class experiences and class location, and on the way in which the latter brings about subjective experiences of opposition in the terrain of the relations of production.
Gross anatomy of the hindlimb skeletal system of theGalago senegalensis

The saltatory type of movement of the Prosimian,Galago senegalensis or Lesser Bushbaby is consistent with the gross anatomy of the skeletal system of the hindlimbs. The ilium and foot are elongated as in the tarsius, another prosimian having a similar mode of locomotion. The length of the foot is due largely to an elongated navicular and calcaneus. Other details of the complete bony structure of the hindlimbs are described and compared with animals of the suborders Prosimii and Anthropoidea when such is appropriate.