cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Administration without Borders

To thrive in 2020, we must conceive of the field of public administration in the broadest possible terms. Phenomena that typically have been treated peripherally in our literature are emerging center stage in recent years, confirming that the “old” boundaries of our discipline do not reflect contemporary reality. After reviewing three key developments—the rise of mixed and nongovernmental institutions in public policy, the increasing importance of market mechanisms, and the assertion of meaningful global regulation—an argument is made for a broader reconception of “publicness” that goes hand in hand with the embrace of governance in lieu of administration.
Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q): norms for undergraduate women.

Objective: This research presents normative data on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (Fairburn and Beglin, Int J Eat Disorder, 16, 363-370, 1994) (EDE-Q) for samples of undergraduate women in the United States. Method: College women (N 5 723), ages 18–25, completed the EDE-Q as part of a larger assessment battery. Results: Average scores, standard deviations, and percentile ranks for the raw Restraint, Eating Concern, Shape Concern, and Weight Concern subscales and the Global score are reported. Data on the occurrence of objective and subjective bulimic episodes and compensatory behaviors are presented. Conclusion: These results are helpful for clinicians and researchers in the interpretation of the EDE-Q scores of undergraduate women in the United States. Comparisons are drawnbetween the results for this sample and those of a United Kingdom sample of young adolescent females, an Australian community sample, and an Australian community age-matched sample. V C 2008
Electrophysiological Changes That Accompany Reactive GliosisIn Vitro

An in vitro injury model was used to examine the electrophysiological changes that accompany reactive gliosis. Mechanical scarring of confluent spinal cord astrocytes led to a threefold increase in the proliferation of scar-associated astrocytes, as judged by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that current profiles differed absolutely between nonproliferating (BrdU−) and proliferating (BrdU+) astrocytes. The predominant current type expressed in BrdU− cells was an inwardly rectifying K+ current (KIR; 1.3 pS/pF). BrdU− cells also expressed transient outward K+ currents, accounting for less than one-third of total K+ conductance (G). In contrast, proliferating BrdU+ astrocytes exhibited a dramatic, approximately threefold reduction in KIR (0.45 pS/pF) but showed a twofold increase in the conductance of both transient (KA) (0.67–1.32 pS/pF) and sustained (KD) (0.42–1.10 pS/pF) outwardly rectifying K+ currents, with aGKIR:GKD ratio of 0.4. Relative expression ofGKIR:GKD led to more negative resting potentials in nonproliferating (−60 mV) versus proliferating astrocytes (−53 mV; p = 0.015). Although 45% of the nonproliferating astrocytes expressed Na+ currents (0.47 pS/pF), the majority of proliferating cells expressed prominent Na+ currents (0.94 pS/pF). Injury-induced electrophysiological changes are rapid and transient, appearing within 4 hr postinjury and, with the exception of KIR, returning to control conductances within 24 hr. These differences between proliferating and nonproliferating astrocytes are reminiscent of electrophysiological changes observed during gliogenesis, suggesting that astrocytes undergoing secondary, injury-induced proliferation recapitulate the properties of immature glial cells. The switch in predominance from KIR to KD appears to be essential for proliferation and scar repair, because both processes were inhibited by blockade of KD.
Resources for Chinese and Japanese American Literary Traditions

(1981). Resources for Chinese and Japanese American Literary Traditions. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 19-31.
Ordering, Stacking Faults and Stress Corrosion Cracking In Austenitic Alloys

Abstract Electron microscopy has been employed to investigate the structures of various face-centered cubic solid solutions, particularly austenitic alloys, which are susceptible and nonsusceptible...
Dorsoventral patterning is established in the telencephalon of mutants lacking both Gli3 and Hedgehog signaling.

Considerable data suggest that sonic hedgehog (Shh) is both necessary and sufficient for the specification of ventral pattern throughout the nervous system, including the telencephalon. We show that the regional markers induced by Shh in the E9.0 telencephalon are dependent on the dorsoventral and anteroposterior position of ectopic Shh expression. This suggests that by this point in development regional character in the telencephalon is established. To determine whether this prepattern is dependent on earlier Shh signaling, we examined the telencephalon in mice carrying either Shh- or Gli3-null mutant alleles. This analysis revealed that the expression of a subset of ventral telencephalic markers, including Dlx2 and Gsh2, although greatly diminished, persist in Shh-/- mutants, and that these same markers were expanded in Gli3-/- mutants. To understand further the genetic interaction between Shh and Gli3, we examined Shh/Gli3 and Smoothened/Gli3 double homozygous mutants. Notably, in animals carrying either of these genetic backgrounds, genes such as Gsh2 and Dlx2, which are expressed pan-ventrally, as well as Nkx2.1, which demarcates the ventral most aspect of the telencephalon, appear to be largely restored to their wild-type patterns of expression. These results suggest that normal patterning in the telencephalon depends on the ventral repression of Gli3 function by Shh and, conversely, on the dorsal repression of Shh signaling by Gli3. In addition these results support the idea that, in addition to hedgehog signaling, a Shh-independent pathways must act during development to pattern the telencephalon.
The Argument for the Patient-Centered Medical Home: Replicating Good Primary Care

The patient-centered medical home (PCMH) represents, quite simply, good primary care that has been systematized to be shared among highly functional teams. This seems at odds with classic views of primary care, in which one provider shouldered the responsibilities for a panel of patients, with specific tasks delegated to ancillary staff. PCMH allows the development of a team, featuring dynamic distributed leadership by different team members, with common goals in providing and improving clinical care. It also requires networks of providers and systems of care designed to maximize patient-centered, proactive, and appropriately responsive care. As anyone who has embarked upon the PCMH journey knows, this transformation can be very difficult. We suggest this challenge is due to the complex adaptive system in which it must be implemented and evaluated. In this chapter, we discuss the case for implementing a PCMH transformation. This lays the groundwork for the argument that such a transformation is one of the most important goals for those interested in improving healthcare. We argue that the preponderance of evidence supports that highly functioning primary care delivery is the foundation for a solid healthcare system and that the PCMH model offers much to maximize efficiency, quality patient care, and staff satisfaction. In this chapter, we will review a brief history of primary care, why we need to maintain the “primacy of primary care” in our system, and how the PCMH model can help to bridge the gap between desired and delivered practice in the USA.
Combined HIV-1 Envelope Systemic and Mucosal Immunization of Lactating Rhesus Monkeys Induces a Robust Immunoglobulin A Isotype B Cell Response in Breast Milk.

ABSTRACT Maternal vaccination to induce anti-HIV immune factors in breast milk is a potential intervention to prevent postnatal HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). We previously demonstrated that immunization of lactating rhesus monkeys with a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) prime/intramuscular (i.m.) protein boost regimen induced functional IgG responses in milk, while MVA prime/intranasal (i.n.) boost induced robust milk Env-specific IgA responses. Yet, recent studies have suggested that prevention of postnatal MTCT may require both Env-specific IgA and functional IgG responses in milk. Thus, to investigate whether both responses could be elicited by a combined systemic/mucosal immunization strategy, animals previously immunized with the MVA prime/i.n. boost regimen received an i.n./i.m. combined C.1086 gp120 boost. Remarkably, high-magnitude Env-specific IgA responses were observed in milk, surpassing those in plasma. Furthermore, 29% of vaccine-elicited Env-specific B cells isolated from breast milk were IgA isotype, in stark contrast to the overwhelming predominance of IgG isotype Env-specific B cells in breast milk of chronically HIV-infected women. A clonal relationship was identified between Env-specific blood and breast milk B cells, suggesting trafficking of that cell population between the two compartments. Furthermore, IgA and IgG monoclonal antibodies isolated from Env-specific breast milk B cells demonstrated diverse Env epitope specificities and multiple effector functions, including tier 1 neutralization, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), infected cell binding, and inhibition of viral attachment to epithelial cells. Thus, maternal i.n./i.m. combined immunization is a novel strategy to enhance protective Env-specific IgA in milk, which is subsequently transferred to the infant via breastfeeding. IMPORTANCE Efforts to increase the availability of antiretroviral therapy to pregnant and breastfeeding women in resource-limited areas have proven remarkably successful at reducing HIV vertical transmission rates. However, more than 200,000 children are infected annually due to failures in therapy implementation, monitoring, and adherence, nearly half by postnatal HIV exposure via maternal breast milk. Intriguingly, in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, only 10% of breastfed infants born to HIV-infected mothers acquire the virus, suggesting the existence of naturally protective immune factors in milk. Enhancement of these protective immune factors through maternal vaccination will be a critical strategy to reduce the global pediatric AIDS epidemic. We have previously demonstrated that a high magnitude of HIV Env-specific IgA in milk correlates with reduced risk of infant HIV acquisition. In this study, we describe a novel HIV vaccine regimen that induces potent IgA responses in milk and therefore could potentially protect against breast milk HIV MTCT.
Atrophy of rabbit testes associated with production of antiserum to bovine luteinizing hormone.

SummaryInjections of purified bovine LH (NIH-LH-B3) in rabbits produced circulating antibodies which were associated with atrophy of the testes and epididymides. Bovine LH and crude rabbit anterior pituitary extract contained a similar antigen which was not a component of normal bovine serum. Results were attributed to an autoimmune phenomenon with circulating antibodies common to NIH-LH-B3 and endogenous gonadotropin.
Violent media and hostile appraisals: A meta-analytic review

Hostile people tend to view the world as a hostile place. Although there are individual differences in hostile world-views, situational factors can also play a role. For example, scenes of violence in the mass media might influence people to view the world as a hostile place. This meta-analysis aggregates, for the first time, all studies that have investigated the link between exposure to violent media and hostile appraisals (e.g., perceiving the ambiguous actions by others as aggressive actions). This meta-analysis included 37 independent studies involving 10,410 participants. The results showed a "small" to "moderate" sized average correlation between exposure to violent media and hostile appraisals (r+ = .20, 95%CI = .14, .26). Significant correlations were found in experimental, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies, indicating a triangulation of evidence. Effects were not correlated with participant gender. Effects were also stable over time. However, the link between exposure to violent media and hostile appraisals was positively related to age, perhaps because violent media can have cumulative effects over time. There was no evidence of publication bias. The findings from this meta-analysis are consistent with the General Aggression Model (e.g., Anderson, & Bushman, 2002; Annual Review of Psychology 53:27-51). These results compliment those from previous meta-analyses showing that violent media can increase aggressive thoughts, angry feelings, physiological arousal, and aggressive behavior. These findings also have practical significance, because people who view the world in a hostile manner are more likely to behave aggressively themselves. Aggr. Behav. 42:605-613, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serological investigation of toxoplasma infection among Renshou pregnant womem

Objective:To investigate the Toxoplasma infection situation in pregnant women of Renshou area.Methods:Detecting the TOX CAg,TOX IgM and TOX IgG of 720 pregnant women by ELISA.Results:The toxoplasma of serum total positiverate is 13.61%,acute infection rate is 1.67% in pregnant women of Renshou area.Conclusion:Pregnant women of Renshou have a certain proportion of toxoplasma infection.It′s necessary to strengthen the health education and toxoplasma detection of childbearing women.It has important significance to promote eugenic superior nurture and improve the population quality.
Developmental regulation of chloride/formate exchange in guinea pig proximal tubules

There is a marked decrease in renal NaCl excretion immediately following birth. To test the hypothesis that parallel upregulation of the proximal tubule apical membrane Na+/H+ and Cl-/formate exchangers contributes to this postnatal adaptation, we measured exchanger activities in brush-border membrane vesicles from near-term fetal, 3- to 5-day-old, and adult guinea pigs. Uptake of 36Cl- was measured in the presence of an outwardly directed formate gradient and an inwardly directed proton gradient. In other experiments, 22Na+ uptake was measured in the presence of an outwardly directed proton gradient. 36Cl- uptake was inhibitable by 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and furosemide, and 22Na+ uptake was inhibitable by amiloride. Maximal uptakes of both 36Cl- and 22Na+ exceeded 2-h equilibration values in vesicles from newborn and adult guinea pigs, suggesting transporter-mediated uptake. Such overshoots were not seen with the vesicles from fetuses. Compared with vesicles from fetuses, the initial velocity of formate-driven 36Cl- uptake was 73% greater in vesicles from newborns and 65% greater in vesicles from adults. These results demonstrate parallel upregulation of proximal tubule Na+/H+ and Cl-/formate exchanger activities immediately after birth. This parallel upregulation may be important in mediating the postnatal decrease in renal NaCl excretion.
Studying the teaching of kindness: a conceptual model for evaluating kindness education programs in schools

Recent research suggests that school-based kindness education programs may benefit the learning and social-emotional development of youth and may improve school climate and school safety outcomes. However, how and to what extent kindness education programming influences positive outcomes in schools is poorly understood, and such programs are difficult to evaluate in the absence of a conceptual model for studying their effectiveness. In partnership with Kind Campus, a widely adopted school-based kindness education program that uses a bottom-up program framework, a methodology called concept mapping was used to develop a conceptual model for evaluating school-based kindness education programs from the input of 123 middle school students and approximately 150 educators, school professionals, and academic scholars. From the basis of this model, recommendations for processes and outcomes that would be useful to assess in evaluations of kindness education programs are made, and areas where additional instrument development may be necessary are highlighted. The utility of the concept mapping method as an initial step in evaluating other grassroots or non-traditional educational programming is also discussed.
The Role of Student Advisory Boards in Assessment

Objective – The objective for this commentary article is to assess and communicate the development, logistics, and overall value of student advisory boards for the libraries at three large research institutions. Methods – The methods for developing and operating an advisory board vary between schools; however they share common approaches that could be viewed as "best practices" for sustainable and productive student advisory boards. Results – Our commentary aims to inspire libraries to invest in this value-added approach as part of a robust portfolio of assessment tools. The various practices outlined in the commentary could be helpful to librarians who seek to begin or further develop a student advisory board. Conclusion – The unique relationship fostered by the advisory board enables libraries to use direct student feedback to confirm what is learned from surveys, focus groups, and observations. A strategic relationship with a student board can enable librarians to refine methods of obtaining information, or it can cause us to view information we have collected in a different way.
Comparative efficacy and discontinuation of dimethyl fumarate and fingolimod in clinical practice at 12-month follow-up

Abstract Background Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and fingolimod (FTY) are approved oral disease modifying therapies (DMT) for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Phase 3 trials established these agents as effective and generally well tolerated, though comparative efficacy and discontinuation remain unknown. Objective To assess real-world efficacy and discontinuation of DMF and FTY over 12 months in patients with MS. Methods We identified 458 DMF-treated and 317 FTY-treated patients in a large academic MS center. Measures of disease activity and discontinuation were compared using propensity score (PS) weighting. Covariates in the PS model included demographics and baseline clinical and MRI characteristics within 12 months of DMT initiation. The primary outcome measure was on-treatment annualized relapse rate (ARR) ratio, which was analyzed using a Poisson regression model. Other measures included time to first relapse, drug discontinuation, time to discontinuation, and new brain MRI lesions at 12 months. Results The on-treatment ARR for DMF was 0.16 (95% CI (0.12, 0.18)) and 0.13 (95% CI (0.08, 0.16)) for FTY. PS weighting, which demonstrated excellent covariate balance, showed no differences between groups on ARR (rate ratio=1.56, 95% CI (0.78, 3.14)), overall brain MRI activity defined as new T2 and/or gadolinium enhancing (GdE) lesions (OR=1.38, 95% CI (0.78, 2.42)), new T2 lesions (OR=1.33, 95% CI (0.71, 2.49)), and discontinuation (OR=1.30, 95% CI (0.84, 1.99)). DMF had higher odds of GdE lesions (OR=2.19, 95% CI (1.10, 4.35)), earlier time to discontinuation (HR=1.35, 95% CI (1.05, 1.74)), and earlier relapses (HR=1.64, 95% CI (1.10, 2.46)) compared to FTY. Conclusion Assessment in our clinical practice cohort showed comparable clinical efficacy, overall brain MRI activity, and discontinuation between DMF and FTY at 12 months. DMF had increased GdE lesions and intolerability early after treatment initiation.
Work: Labor Geographies of Smart(er) Mobility

The smart growth literature has not engaged questions of labor, in general, and the spatialities of work, in particular. Although smart growth theory, as discussed originally in Chap. 2, makes much of “mixed-use” landscapes and transit-oriented development, both addressed at some length in Chap. 6, urban researchers have not sufficiently explored the many new empirical relationships between smart growth interventions and extant labor geographies, particularly as these implicate wider questions of urban sustainability. After providing context in the introduction, this chapter describes contemporary patterns of wealth and poverty across the city-region with respect to major industrial sectors. It then maps key commuting linkages and functional interrelationships. The chapter ultimately highlights efforts to grow mobility choices within transit communities, an inter-scalar state strategy that ostensibly seeks to strengthen local growth plans, regional sprawl containment, and the general search for an improved metropolitan functionality across Greater Seattle that is, somehow, more supportive of urban sustainability.
Empirically based assessment and taxonomy of psychopathology for ages 1½–90+ years: Developmental, multi-informant, and multicultural findings

Abstract Background Originating in the 1960s, the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) comprises a family of instruments for assessing problems and strengths for ages 1½–90+ years. Purpose To provide an overview of the ASEBA, related research, and future directions for empirically based assessment and taxonomy. Content Standardized, multi-informant ratings of transdiagnostic dimensions of behavioral, emotional, social, and thought problems are hierarchically scored on narrow-spectrum syndrome scales, broad-spectrum internalizing and externalizing scales, and a total problems (general psychopathology) scale. DSM-oriented and strengths scales are also scored. The instruments and scales have been iteratively developed from assessments of clinical and population samples of hundreds of thousands of individuals. Items, instruments, scales, and norms are tailored to different kinds of informants for ages 1½–5, 6–18, 18–59, and 60–90+ years. To take account of differences between informants' ratings, parallel instruments are completed by parents, teachers, youths, adult probands, and adult collaterals. Syndromes and Internalizing/Externalizing scales derived from factor analyses of each instrument capture variations in patterns of problems that reflect different informants' perspectives. Confirmatory factor analyses have supported the syndrome structures in dozens of societies. Software displays scale scores in relation to user-selected multicultural norms for the age and gender of the person being assessed, according to ratings by each type of informant. Multicultural norms are derived from population samples in 57 societies on every inhabited continent. Ongoing and future research includes multicultural assessment of elders; advancing transdiagnostic progress and outcomes assessment; and testing higher order structures of psychopathology.
Budd-Chiari Syndrome and Antithrombin III Deficiency

Presented herein is a case report of a 20-year-old woman with a past history of oral contraceptive use who developed Budd-Chiari syndrome. Onset of her illness was abrupt and stormy, simulating fulminant viral hepatitis or toxic hepatic injury. She died within six months of her initial presentation. Although the patient discontinued the use of oral contraceptives two years prior to the initial presentation of the disease, the morphologic features of the venous thrombosis and hepatic damage were indicative of a chronic, ongoing process of longer than six months' duration, thus raising the possibility of a cause-effect relationship between the "pills" and thrombotic process. Of interest was the finding of persistently depressed antithrombin III levels. While a relationship between oral contraceptive usage, antithrombin III deficiency and the Budd-Chiari syndrome is strongly suggested in this case, prospective studies are needed to substantiate this view.
Overexpression of NQO1 protects Jurkat leukemia cells from apoptosis

4862 NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) is a flavoenzyme whose primary function is to catalyze the two-electron reduction of quinones to hydroquinones. NQO1 can bioactivate a wide range of anti-tumor quinones. In addition, NQO1 has been shown to be expressed at high levels in many solid tumors including lung, colon, pancreas and breast. Under normal conditions NQO1 is not expressed in human blood cells including leukemias. However, NQO1 can be induced in these cells by xenobiotic exposure and/or oxidative stress. To investigate the role of NQO1 as a drug target in leukemia cells we transfected the Jurket human T cell leukemia cell line with the pcDNA 3.0 mammalian expression vector containing the full length NQO1 coding region under control of the CMV promoter and generated stable clones using G418 selection. Clones were screened for NQO1 activity and confirmed by immnoblot analysis. The NQO1 activity in D15 and E17 clones was 340 and 380 nmole DCPIP/min/mg protein respectively. We then examined the NQO1-null parental Jurket cell line and the NQO1 overexpressing D15 and E17 clones for their ability to bioactivate antitumor quinones. Polarographic studies following treatment with the redox cycling quinone β-lapachone clearly demonstrated a significant increase in oxygen consumption in the D15 and E17 clones compared to parental cells confirming increased bioactivation in NQO1-transfected cells. Treatment with streptonigrin or RH-1, quinones efficiently bioactivated by NQO1, induced significantly higher levels of apoptosis in the transfected clones compared to the parental cells. These results are consistent with the role of NQO1 as a target for the bioactivation of antitumor quinones. However, when we treated parental and NQO1-transfected cells with general apoptosis inducers such as hydrogen peroxide, etoposide and staurosporine we observed a significantly lower level of apoptosis in the D15 and E17 cells comparing to parental Jurkat cells. Moreover, inhibition of NQO1 catalytic activity by pretreatment with ES936, a mechanism-based inhibitor of NQO1, did not restore the level of apoptosis in NQO1 transfectants, suggesting that the protection from apoptosis by NQO1 is independent of its catalytic activity. Our results clearly show that NQO1 can bioactivate antiumor quinones in NQO1-transfected human Jurkat leukemia cells but also suggests that NQO1 may have an anti-apoptotic role when transfected in Jurkat cells that is unrelated to the catalytic activity of the enzyme (supported by CA51210).
Non-traumatic isolated medial cuneiform fracture: A unique mechanism of a rare injury.

We report a case of a 23-year-old woman who sustained a stress fracture to the medial cuneiform. Isolated medial cuneiform fractures are extremely rare with less than 10 cases reported in the liter...
A comprehensive review on Enhanced Oil Recovery by Water Alternating Gas (WAG) injection

Abstract Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) injection is a relatively mature oil recovery technique in hydrocarbon reservoirs that has long attracted the interest of the oil and gas industry due to its successful performance. The main goal of the WAG projects is to control the mobility and to decrease the problem of viscous fingering, leading to improved oil recovery by combining the benefits of Gas Injection (GI) and Waterflooding (WF). Implementation of a new EOR/IOR project requires a comprehensive knowledge of previous successful and failed experiences, and adequate understanding of the technical and non-technical aspects of the recovery process. This knowledge may be attained from reviewing similar projects that were reported in the literature. Despite great applications of the WAG injection in hydrocarbon reservoirs and extensive studies, the last comprehensive review goes back to 1998, focusing on the field applications only. There are a few review papers that are more updated; however, they are either dedicated to a particular aspect of the WAG (such as CO2 abnormalities), or applications in a specific geographical region (such as North Sea). An updated comprehensive study, covering recent experiences and lessons that are learnt from previous studies, seems to be imperative. This paper reviews the WAG theory, applications, governing mechanisms of fluid displacement and oil production from pore to field scale. It also addresses the most common challenges and operational problems along with the remedies during WAG projects. The effects of important variables such as reservoir properties, fluid properties, and operating conditions on the performance of WAG are studied from experimental, simulation and modeling, and pore-scale investigations.
Bi-anisotropic homogenization for efficient metasurface design (invited)

In order to develop metasurfaces and fully analyze their functionalities, it is important to have an accurate and efficient model to describe a unit cell, as well as possibility to realize large scale device performance analysis. In this work we propose bi-anisotropic homogenization method suitable for large-scale simulations in frequency and time domains. First, the proposed method is probed with various types of metasurface designs at normal incidence in frequency domain. Then, we demonstrate its generalization for oblique incidence and extend this technique to time-domain simulations.
Doping profiling by inverse device methods

The most important step in the fabrication of semiconductor device is the controlled implantation of impurity atoms into the semiconductor crystal; this is called doping. Doping produces either an excess of conduction electrons, or excess of “holes.” Direct experimental methods are unable to resolve the profile of the doping (i.e., the concentration of electrons or holes which resulted from doping) to the accuracy required by today’s technology developments (whereby millions of devices are built on one chip). On May 5, 1994 Marius Orlowski from Motorola presented the physical background and the issues involved in determining the doping profile. Researchers have attempted in recent years to extract the impurity profiles from electrical measurements.
Adaptive Pixel-Based Data Fusion for Boundary Detection

It is of practical importance to fuse data obtained by multiple sensors for improving the performance of computer vision systems. This paper introduces an algorithm for pixel-based data fusion on the variational framework. An adaptive system fuses data effectively using a variational technique. Previously, we have introduced a technique to fuse gray-scale image and texture extracting features for segmenting an image with both textured and non-textured surfaces. This paper extends the study for more general multi-valued data and improve the previous algorithm in terms of the performance and speed.
In the Shadow of Nuremberg: Unlearned Lessons from the Medical Trial

The abnormalities in purportedly medical research in Nazi Germany were sufficiently extraordinary that they have often been judged a moral travesty of an exceptional nature with nothing to teach us about the ethics of commonplace clinical research. But some veiled truths undermine this assessment. First, as Henry Beecher showed 20 years after Nuremberg, scandalous research practices were in fact commonplace in medicine. Second, the Nuremberg Medical Trial and some US medical research that occurred at the time of the trial offered an opportunity to renovate and advance research ethics and to prevent tragedies of the sort that occurred in German medicine, but this window of opportunity slipped away in every nation. The scale of the malevolence prosecuted at Nuremberg is incomparable to other scandals in the history of medical ethics, but unacceptable actions of American research investigators and government agencies also occurred at the time of the medical trial, albeit at a lower level of evil. The consequent failure to develop high-quality standards of research ethics and ethical peer review of protocols was costly both to medicine and to at least two generations of research subjects. Most of the scandals that subsequently occurred in the United States (Tuskegee, the radiation experiments, Guatemala, and the like) could have been prevented, and likely would have been prevented, had Nuremberg’s lessons been acknowledged and internalized.
Simon’s team’s contributions to scientific progress in mathematics education: A commentary on the Learning Through Activity (LTA) research program

Abstract I discuss two ways in which the Learning Through Activity (LTA) research program contributes to scientific progress in mathematics education: (a) providing general and content-specific constructs to explain conceptual learning and instructional design that corroborate and/or elaborate on previous work and (b) raising new questions/issues. The general constructs include using instructional design as testable models of learning and using theoretical constructs to guide real-time, instructional adaptations. In this sense, the general constructs promote understanding of linkages between conceptual learning and instruction in mathematics. The concept-specific constructs consist of empirically-grounded, hypothetical learning trajectories (HLTs) for fractional and multiplicative reasoning. Each HLT consists of specific, intended conceptual changes and tasks that can bring them forth. Questions raised for me by the LTA work involve inconsistencies between the stance on learning and reported teaching-learning interactions that effectively led to students’ abstraction of the intended mathematical concepts.
Blurred Boundaries: Toning Ethics in News Routines

ABSTRACTThis study investigates how United States-based professional photojournalists apply toning ethics in their news routines and whether those ethics vary by organization. Utilizing data collec...
Ordinal Hyperplane Loss

The problem of ordinal classification occurs in a large and growing number of areas. Some of the most common source and applications of ordinal data include rating scales, medical classification scales, socio-economic scales, meaningful groupings of continuous data, facial emotional intensity, facial age estimation, etc. The problem of predicting ordinal classes is typically addressed by either performing n-1 binary classification for n ordinal classes or treating ordinal classes as continuous values for regression. However, the first strategy doesn’t fully utilize the ordering information of classes and the second strategy imposes a strong continuous assumption to ordinal classes. In this paper, we propose a novel loss function called Ordinal Hyperplane Loss (OHPL) that is particularly designed for data with ordinal classes. The proposal of OHPL is a significant advancement in predicting ordinal class data, since it enables deep learning techniques to be applied to the ordinal classification problem on both structured and unstructured data. By minimizing OHPL, a deep neural network learns to map data to an optimal space where the distance between points and their class centroids are minimized while a nontrivial ordinal relationship among classes are maintained. Experimental results show that deep neural network with OHPL not only outperforms the state-of-the-art alternatives on classification accuracy but also scales well to large ordinal classification problems.
Marijuana use and driving in Washington State: Risk perceptions and behaviors before and after implementation of retail sales

Objective: Washington is among the first states to legalize recreational use of marijuana. This study examined marijuana use and risk perceptions before and after retail sales of recreational marij...
High-Temperature Creep Properties of SiC Fibers with Different Compositions

AbstractSilicon carbide (SiC) fiber–reinforced SiC matrix (SiC/SiC) composites have been widely investigated for potential fusion reactor applications. In this present investigation, the high-tempe...
Changing characteristics of epilepsy interventional clinical trials over the last decade: Clinicaltrials.Gov registry

Abstract Introduction Epilepsy affects about 1% of the world’s population (over 50 million). Of these, one-third have refractory or medication-resistant epilepsy. This group of people drives the development and testing of new interventions for epilepsy. To better address the needs of people with epilepsy, the characteristics of clinical trials, as well as the gaps in the population of interest, need to be evaluated. Methods We searched the www.ClinicalTrials.gov database using the keywords “seizure” or “epilepsy” between 9/1/2008−9/1/2018 and filtering for Interventional Clinical trials. The data were categorized by three equal time intervals (tertiles), and evaluated by type of intervention (behavioral, diet, device, drug, other), primary purpose (treatment, diagnosis, prevention, or basic science), gender, age, phase (Phase1 to Phase 4 trials), length and status of the study, enrollment/recruitment/randomization, location, blinding status, assignment group (single/parallel/crossover/factorial/sequential), and funding. We focused on drugs and devices and used a binary logistic regression model to analyze the role of time, length of study, funding, location, randomization, and age. Results We found 359 epilepsy clinical trials; of these, 245 (68.2%) clinical trials involved drugs, and 55 (15.3%) were device trials. Over the three tertiles, the percentage of device trials increased while medication trials decreased. Device:drug trial odds ratios increased six times by the third tertile. Also, the results showed that clinical trials for drugs and devices occurred more in adults than children. Industry funding decreased 20% over time. The US contribution to clinical research was stable, but device trials were more likely to occur outside of the US. Conclusion Drugs constitute the substantial fields of interventional trials in epilepsy but decreased in proportion over the last decade, while the presence of the device trials steadily increased. Device trials focused on treatment and diagnosis of seizures and have been more invested in non-US countries.
Convergence and Sample Complexity of SGD in GANs.

We provide theoretical convergence guarantees on training Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) via SGD. We consider learning a target distribution modeled by a 1-layer Generator network with a non-linear activation function $\phi(\cdot)$ parametrized by a $d \times d$ weight matrix $\mathbf W_*$, i.e., $f_*(\mathbf x) = \phi(\mathbf W_* \mathbf x)$. Our main result is that by training the Generator together with a Discriminator according to the Stochastic Gradient Descent-Ascent iteration proposed by Goodfellow et al. yields a Generator distribution that approaches the target distribution of $f_*$. Specifically, we can learn the target distribution within total-variation distance $\epsilon$ using $\tilde O(d^2/\epsilon^2)$ samples which is (near-)information theoretically optimal. Our results apply to a broad class of non-linear activation functions $\phi$, including ReLUs and is enabled by a connection with truncated statistics and an appropriate design of the Discriminator network. Our approach relies on a bilevel optimization framework to show that vanilla SGDA works.
Workers' compensation costs for healthcare caregivers: Home healthcare, long-term care, and hospital nurses and nursing aides

Background Healthcare workers (nurses and nursing aides) often have different exposures and injury risk factors depending on their occupational subsector and location (hospital, long-term care, or home health care). Methods A total of 5234 compensation claims for nurses and nursing aides who suffered injuries to their lower back, knee, and/or shoulder over a 5-year period were obtained from the Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation and analyzed. Injury causation data was also collected for each claim. The outcome variables included indemnity costs, medical costs, total costs, and the number of lost work days. The highest prescribed morphine equivalent dose for opioid medications was also calculated for each claim. Results Home healthcare nurses and nursing aides had the highest average total costs per claim. Hospital nurses and nursing aides had the highest total claim costs, of $5 million/year. Shoulder injuries for home healthcare nursing aides (HHNAs) had the highest average total claim costs ($20,600/injury) for all occupation, setting, and body area combinations. Opioids were most frequently prescribed for home healthcare nurses (HHNs) and nursing aides (18.9% and 17.7% having been prescribed opioids, respectively). Overexertion was the most common cause for HHN and nursing aide claims. Conclusions With the rapidly expanding workforce in the home healthcare sector, there is a potential health crisis from the continued expansion of home healthcare worker injuries and their associated costs. In addition, the potential for opioid drug usage places these workers at risk for future dependence, overdose, and prolonged disability. Future research is needed to investigate the specific and ideally reversible causes of injury in claims categorized as caused by overexertion.
Birth Outcomes among Descendants of Foreign-Born and US-Born Women in California: Variation by Race and Ethnicity

This study quantifies the magnitude and persistence of differences in adverse birth outcomes between descendants of foreign-born and US-born women by race/ethnicity. Using 1978–2015 California birth records, I linked records of infants to those of their mothers to create an intergenerational sample (N = 501,323 second generation mothers and 633,102 third generation daughters). Prevalence of low birthweight and preterm birth were calculated in both generations by race/ethnicity, and foreign-born status. An initial foreign-born advantage in birth outcomes is present among most racial/ethnic groups with the exception of foreign-born Asian women. In the subsequent generation, the foreign-origin advantage diminishes for most groups and a foreign-origin disadvantage in low birthweight emerges for descendants of Asian women. Findings largely persist after adjustment for sociodemographic and healthcare-related characteristics. These results underscore the importance of disaggregating by race, ethnicity, and foreign origin when possible to better understand perinatal health disparities in the population.
Internalized Consensual Non-Monogamy Negativity and Relationship Quality Among People Engaged in Polyamory, Swinging, and Open Relationships.

Drawing on an internalized homonegativity and minority stress framework, the present study sought to address whether people engaged in consensual non-monogamy (CNM) internalize stigma toward their relationship style, and if internalized CNM negativity is associated with poorer relationship quality and functioning. We recruited a community sample of 339 people engaged in CNM (open, swinging, or polyamorous relationship) with at least two concurrent partners. Participants completed a newly developed measure of internalized CNM negativity (which assessed personal discomfort, social discomfort, and public identification) and four measures of relationship quality for each partner. Regression analyses showed that personal discomfort with CNM (e.g., wanting to change one’s relationship style or endorsing CNM as unnatural) was associated with lower satisfaction with romantic and sexual relationship agreements, global relationship satisfaction, and commitment (but not sexual satisfaction) in both concurrent relationships. The other two dimensions of internalized CNM negativity, social discomfort and public identification, were not related to relationship quality with either partner. These findings provide support for the notion that prevailing mononormativity (idealization of monogamy in society) can become applied to the self and negatively impact relationship quality. Understanding the processes in which broader societal stigma toward CNM can become internalized and affect well-being provides a new direction for research at the intersection of public health, psychology, and sexuality.
Picking on the Weak and Vulnerable: A Review of Zachary Hoskins, Beyond Punishment? A Normative Account of the Collateral Legal Consequences of Conviction (2019)

This review of Hoskins’ book on the collateral legal consequences of a criminal conviction focuses on some of the consequences of his concept of collateral legal consequences for our understanding of justifications of criminalization, the theory of punishment and incapacitation upon which it rests, and the implications for the prosecutor’s role that goes beyond Hoskins’ suggestions in the last part of the book. The review particularly engages with Hoskins’ distinction between punishment and incapacitation, which forms the core of his defense of collateral sanctions as in principle capable of moral justification and his excellent discussion of contemptuous punishment, which he uses to sketch out the limits of both direct and indirect criminal sanctions.
Innovation in Pediatric Surgical Education for General Surgery Residents: A Mobile Web Resource

Background/Objectives General surgery residents lack a standardized educational experience in pediatric surgery. We hypothesized that the development of a mobile educational interface would provide general surgery residents broader access to pediatric surgical education materials. Methods We created an educational mobile website for general surgery residents rotating on pediatric surgery, which included a curriculum, multimedia resources, the Operative Performance Rating Scale (OPRS), and Twitter functionality. Residents were instructed to consult the curriculum. Residents and faculty posted media using the Twitter hashtag, #UCLAPedSurg , and following each surgical procedure reviewed performance via the OPRS. Site visits, Twitter posts, and OPRS submissions were quantified from September 2013 to July 2014. Results The pediatric surgery mobile website received 257 hits; 108 to the homepage, 107 to multimedia, 28 to the syllabus, and 19 to the OPRS. All eligible residents accessed the content. The Twitter hashtag, #UCLAPedSurg , was assigned to 20 posts; the overall audience reach was 85 individuals. Participants in the mobile OPRS included 11 general surgery residents and 4 pediatric surgery faculty. Conclusion Pediatric surgical education resources and operative performance evaluations are effectively administered to general surgery residents via a structured mobile platform.
Characterization of EV-2, a Virus Isolated from European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) with Stomatopapilloma.

Abstract A virus designated EV-2 has been isolated from external tumor tissue and internal organs of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) with stomatopapilloma. It contains RNA and is ether, acid, and temperature labile above 4°C, and concentrated preparations agglutinate chicken and sheep erythrocytes. The addition of actinomycin D during the first 2.75 h of infection inhibits viral replication. As determined in sucrose gradients, the buoyant density of the virus is 1.19 g/cm3. EV-2 has a moderately pleomorphic spherical morphology; its diameter ranges from 80 to 140 nm. The virion has narrow, regularly spaced surface projections about 10 nm long. Replication in FHM cells at 15°C shows new infectivity appearing at 10 h postinfection and reaching a plateau at 20 h. Cytopathic effects consist of cell fusion, syncytia, and irregularly rounded cell masses. Viral antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of infected cells by specific immunofluorescence.