cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Refractive index matched polymeric and preceramic resins for height-scalable two-photon lithography

Nanofabrication techniques that can generate large and complex 3D structures with nanoscale features are becoming increasingly important in the fields of biomedicine, micro-optics, and microfluidics. Direct laser writing via two-photon polymerization (DLW-TPP) is one such technique that relies on nonlinear absorption of light to form nanoscale 3D features. Although DLW-TPP provides the required nanoscale resolution, its built height is often limited to less than a millimetre. This height limitation is driven by the need to tightly focus the laser beam at arbitrary depths within the photopolymer. This requirement necessitates matching the photopolymer's refractive index to specific values but the required techniques have not been disseminated widely in the open scientific literature. To address this knowledge gap, we test two universal, different approaches to generate refractive index-matched polymeric and preceramic resins and demonstrate their performance by printing of fine submicron features in 3D structures as tall as 2.5 mm. Specifically, we achieve index-matching by mixing commercially-available resins or covalent modification of functional monomers. This work investigates the relationship of voxel shape to RI mismatch, and presents tuning of RI through mixing and covalent modification to a nonconventional material system of preceramic resin which has never been demonstrated before. We demonstrate the material flexibility by generating 3D silicon oxycarbide structures from preceramic resists while simultaneously eliminating the part-height limitation of conventional DLW-TPP.
ROLE EXIT FROM HOME TO HOMELESS

This paper addresses homeless ness as an involuntary type of role exit, experienced by women residing in emergency shelters or a transitional housing program. Put forth is an analysis of Ebaugh's role exit process (which has traditionally been applied to voluntary types of transitions). A reordered model is presented which considers a unique sequential process. Specifically, these areas a reexamined: the events leading to homelessness, decision making in terms of procuring shelter and other resources, the development of the homeless identity, the experience of homelessness as a distinctive role, and plans for exiting this role.
Objects of Urban Security Part II: Emerging Trends

Security things––intrinsic aspects of the built environment––offer a way to understand an important subset of life encounters while offering up clues of surrounding social relations and political structures. Security projects inveigle citizens in pursuit of everyday goals. For authorities, they set up special challenges both for gaining public acquiescence and for dealing with those who oppose them. As with all public objects, including those as mundane as trash bins, outcomes––for better or worse––involve specific manipulations and negotiations, material as well as ideological. Especially when justified as “security,” they have––we argue––negative consequences on other individual and collective goals. We have detailed this argument in the companion piece to this essay (see Part I: Background & Research Starts by same authors in this volume; see also Molotch, 2012) and carry it forward here toward some larger implications. Keywords: artifacts; security; materiality; city
An asymptotically flat vacuum solution

An asympototically flat algebraically general vacuum metric is obtained. The solution is characterized by two commuting spacelike Killing vectors with flat integral surfaces and depends on one arbitrary function.
Myosin Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity during Work-induced Growth of Slow and Fast Skeletal Muscle in the Normal Rat

Abstract The influence of work-induced hypertrophy on the myosin of skeletal muscle was studied. Unilateral tenotomy of the gastrocnemius muscle (single tenotomy procedure) in normal rats led to rapid compensatory growth of the synergistic plantaris and soleus muscles. Total myosin increased with hypertrophy. The myosin from these hypertrophied muscles, however, was enzymatically and structurally identical to the myosin from the contralateral limb muscles. Tenotomy of the plantaris in addition to the gastrocnemius (double tenotomy procedure) caused more rapid hypertrophy of the soleus than that observed with the single tenotomy procedure. The specific activity of the myosin ATPase from these hypertrophied soleus muscles was 11% lower (p l 0.05) than that of the myosin from the controls. However, the alkali stability of the ATPase activity and the light chain content of the myosin from the control and hypertrophied soleus muscles were identical. Thus, only the specific activity of the myosin ATPase accumulated in the soleus muscle during work-induced growth appears to depend on the rate of muscle hypertrophy. Preliminary studies on adult soleus, plantaris, and newborn rat muscle myosin showed that the decrease in specific activity of the hypertrophied soleus myosin ATPase cannot be explained by the selective accumulation of fast muscle or fetal muscle myosin.
Solution curves for semilinear equations on a ball

We show that the set of positive solutions of semilinear Dirichlet problem on a ball of radius R in RI Au+ Af(u) = O for lxl < R, u = O on lxl = R consists of smooth curves. Our results can be applied to compute the direction of bifurcation. We also give an easy proof of a uniqueness theorem due to Smoller and Wasserman (1984).
Error Messages: What’s the Problem?

Computer users spend a lot of time chasing down errors - following the trail of clues that starts with an error message and that sometimes leads to a solution and sometimes to frustration. Problems with error messages are particularly acute for system administrators (sysadmins) - those who configure, install, manage, and maintain the computational infrastructure of the modern world - as they spend a lot of effort to keep computers running amid errors and failures.
Neural networks for ATR parameters adaptation

The performance of complex signal processing systems such as Automated Target Recognition (ATR) systems can be dramatically improved by adjusting the system parameters in a dynamic fashion. One of the critical problems in ATR systems is their inability to adapt to changes in the scene and the environment. ATR parameters adaptation techniques have been the focus of many ATR researchers. In this paper a back-propagation neural network (NN) architecture for automatically adapting certain critical parameters in an ATR system is described. The NN uses as input certain image and scene descriptors called 'metrics.' The output of the NN is the suggested values of the ATR parameters. The authors show some preliminary results of their NN approach and discuss the trade-offs between that approach and alternative approaches.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Excision of Distance Measuring Equipment Interference from Radio Astronomy Signals

Distance measuring equipment (DME) signals transmitted by aircraft in flight present a strong source of interference in radio astronomy bands around 1 GHz. In this paper, we present a method for greatly suppressing this interference without significant loss of radio astronomy data. The method exploits the known structure of the DME waveform to perform a time/frequency domain blanking on the aggregate signal. Results are presented that illustrate the effectiveness of the procedure. Efficient implementation of the blanking algorithm is also considered.
Improving metabolic stability by glycosylation: bifunctional peptide derivatives that are opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists

In order to obtain a metabolically more stable analgesic peptide derivative, O-β-glycosylated serine (Ser(Glc)) was introduced into TY027 (Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp-NH-3′,5′-Bzl(CF3)2) which was a previously reported bifunctional compound with δ/μ opioid agonist and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist activities and with a half-life of 4.8 h in rat plasma. Incorporation of Ser(Glc) into various positions of TY027 gave analogues with variable bioactivities. Analogue 6 (Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-Phe-Nle-Pro-Leu-Ser(Glc)-Trp-NH-3′,5′-Bzl(CF3)2) was found to have effective bifunctional activities with a well-defined conformation with two β-turns based on the NMR conformational analysis in the presence of DPC micelles. In addition, 6 showed significant improvement in its metabolic stability (70 ± 9% of 6 was intact after 24 h incubation in rat plasma). This improved metabolic stability, along with its effective and δ selective bifunctional activities, suggests that 6 could be an interesting research tool and possibly...
Development of an optically interrogated chemical tag.

We report on the progress of an optical tag designed to indicate the presence of HF. The approach we followed uses a high spatial frequency grating consisting of lines of conductive polymer. The conductive polymer has been designed to be sensitive to HF; changing its conductivity upon exposure. This material change results in a change in the polarization response of the grating which can be read out remotely using optical techniques. The use of a polarization response makes the signal more robust to intensity fluctuations in the background or interrogation system. Additionally, the use of optical interrogation allows for standoff detection in instances where hazardous conditions may be present. A review of the material development work will be presented as well as the device fabrication efforts. Examples of material and device responses will be shown and directions for further investigation discussed.
Immunochemical studies with citrate-condensing enzyme

Abstract Anti-enzyme to citrate-condensing enzyme from pig heart was prepared in rabbits. The interaction of the enzyme and anti-enzyme was not dependent on pH between 6.3 and 8.9 nor was it dependent on temperature at 0° or 37°. The reaction was complete within 10 min of mixing the enzyme and its anti-enzyme. The presence of heat-inactivated enzyme, acetyl-CoA, CoA or citrate did not affect the interaction of active enzyme and anti-enzyme; enzyme inactivated by acetylation retained some reactivity for anti-enzyme. p -Mercuribenzoate-treated enzyme interacted with the anti-enzyme in a manner indistinguishable from untreated enzyme. The enzymes from pig liver and kidney and pigeon heart and breast muscle could not be distinguished from pig-heart enzyme on the basis of their reactivity with the pig-heart anti-enzyme; enzyme from pigeon liver and dog heart, liver and kidney reacted partially whereas that from moth flight muscle and rabbit heart remained completely uninhibited in the presence of pig-heart anti-enzyme. The suggestion is made that the catalytic center and the antigenic determinant may occupy neighboring areas.
Measurements of ambient atmospheric C2H5Cl and other ethyl and methyl halides at coastal California sites and over the Pacific Ocean

[1] Spatial and temporal distributions of atmospheric CH3Cl, CH3Br, C2H5Cl, and C2H5Br were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry measurements at coastal California and inland sites from 1996 through 1999. The median concentrations observed at a clean coastal site were 585, 13.1, 3.3, and 0.3 ppt (parts per trillion) for CH3Cl, CH3Br, C2H5Cl, and C2H5Br, respectively. To our knowledge, these represent the first quantitative measurements of atmospheric C2H5Cl. High variation was seen in CH3Br and C2H5Cl measurements from the other two California sites, a rural inland site and a coastal site with urban influence. When compared to the California stationary sites, the median Northern Hemispheric results from measurements taken along Pacific Ocean transects between California and New Zealand from 1996 through 1999 were similar for CH3Cl (594 ppt) and C2H5Br (0.3 ppt) but lower for CH3Br (10.4 ppt) and C2H5Cl (2.6 ppt). Median concentrations of Southern Hemispheric CH3Br (9.4 ppt), C2H5Cl (1.6 ppt), and C2H5Br (less than 0.2 ppt) were lower than the Northern Hemispheric results. No significant correlation was found between the atmospheric concentrations of the methyl halides with the ethyl halides.
Increased risk for abnormalities on perioperative colon screening in patients with microsatellite instability-positive endometrial carcinoma.

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a feature of certain hereditary and sporadic endometrial and colon cancers. We set out to determine whether molecular stratification of endometrial cancers based on tumor MSI status could help identify patients at increased risk for abnormalities found on perioperative colon screening. From a prospectively accrued series of 413 patients, medical records were reviewed from 94 patients with MSI positive (MSI+) and 94 patients with MSI negative (MSI−) endometrial cancers, matched by year of diagnosis. We reviewed clinicopathologic data and results of perioperative colon screening. Differences were analyzed using Fisher exact test and logistic regression analysis. There were no significant clinicopathologic differences between the two cohorts. Sixty-five percent of patients in each group underwent perioperative colon screening. However, patients with MSI+ cancers had a twofold increase in the frequency of colonic abnormalities (30% versus 14.8%, P= 0.044) over those with MSI− cancers. Furthermore, the only primary colon cancers (N= 2) were found in women with MSI+ endometrial cancers that were unmethylated at the MLH1 promoter. Our data suggest that patients with MSI+ endometrial cancers are at increased risk for abnormalities on perioperative colon screening. Those with MSI+MLH1 unmethylated cancers appear to be at highest risk.
Rotational Spectrum, Structure, and Electric Dipole Moment of Bis(difluoromethyl) Ether

Abstract The rotational spectrum of bis(difluoromethyl) ether (CF 2 HOCF 2 H) has been observed and analyzed using both a conventional Stark-modulated microwave spectrometer and a pulsed molecular beam Fabry–Perot cavity microwave (FTMW) spectrometer. The lowest energy conformer studied here has a (hydrogen) syn–anti conformation. The high sensitivity of the FTMW spectrometer permits observation and analysis of the 13 C, 18 O, and 2 H isotopomers in natural abundance. The electric dipole moment was measured for the normal species and found to be μ a = 5.020(7) × 10 −30 C · m [1.505(2) D], μ b = 0.19(4) × 10 −30 C · m [0.056(11) D], μ c = 0.48(2) × 10 −30 C · m [0.144(7) D], and μ T = 5.047(10) × 10 −30 C · m [1.513(3) D].
The GABAA Receptor RDL Acts in Peptidergic PDF Neurons to Promote Sleep in Drosophila

Sleep is regulated by a circadian clock that times sleep and wake to specific times of day and a homeostat that drives sleep as a function of prior wakefulness. To analyze the role of the circadian clock, we have used the fruit fly Drosophila. Flies display the core behavioral features of sleep, including relative immobility, elevated arousal thresholds, and homeostatic regulation. We assessed sleep-wake modulation by a core set of circadian pacemaker neurons that express the neuropeptide PDF. We find that disruption of PDF function increases sleep during the late night in light:dark and the first subjective day of constant darkness. Flies deploy genetic and neurotransmitter pathways to regulate sleep that are similar to those of their mammalian counterparts, including GABA. We find that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the GABA(A) receptor gene, Resistant to dieldrin (Rdl), in PDF neurons reduces sleep, consistent with a role for GABA in inhibiting PDF neuron function. Patch-clamp electrophysiology reveals GABA-activated picrotoxin-sensitive chloride currents on PDF+ neurons. In addition, RDL is detectable most strongly on the large subset of PDF+ pacemaker neurons. These results suggest that GABAergic inhibition of arousal-promoting PDF neurons is an important mode of sleep-wake regulation in vivo.
What is the optimal management approach for pediatric patients with severe ulcerative colitis

The treatment of severe ulcerative colitis in pediatric patients presents a unique challenge to clinicians. In this Practice Point commentary we discuss the findings and limitations of a retrospective, longitudinal cohort study by Turner and colleagues, which provides valuable information on response to and predictors of outcome from corticosteroid therapy for pediatric patients with severe ulcerative colitis. The results suggest that daily monitoring of response to therapy and the Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index score can accurately predict failure to respond to therapy. Second-line medical therapy (e.g. infliximab, ciclosporine and tacrolimus) should be considered, particularly for cases of new-onset severe pediatric ulcerative colitis, before colectomy to allow for better timing of surgery and to exclude the possibility of Crohn's disease colitis.
The Cytoplasmic Domain of Xenopus NF-Protocadherin Interacts with TAF1/Set

Protocadherins are members of the cadherin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules proposed to play important roles in early development, but whose mechanisms of action are largely unknown. We examined the function of NF-protocadherin (NFPC), a novel cell adhesion molecule essential for the histogenesis of the embryonic ectoderm in Xenopus, and demonstrate that the cellular protein TAF1, previously identified as a histone-associated protein, binds the NFPC cytoplasmic domain. NFPC and TAF1 coprecipitate from embryo extracts when ectopically expressed, and TAF1 can rescue the ectodermal disruptions caused by a dominant-negative NFPC construct lacking the extracellular domain. Furthermore, disruptions in either NFPC or TAF1 expression, using NFPC- or TAF1-specific antisense morpholinos, result in essentially identical ectodermal defects. These results indicate a role for TAF1 in the differentiation of the embryonic ectoderm, as a cytosolic cofactor of NFPC.
Validation of a telephone version of the mini-mental state examination.

Objective To assess the construct validity of a telephone-administered version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Design Validity testing by comparing a telephone version of the MMSE administered first to a face-to-face evaluation done several days later. Setting Outpatient geriatric assessment center. Subjects 100 of 175 consecutive referrals. Main Outcome Measures MMSE and a brief neuropsychological screening test (BNPS) face-to-face and a telephone version of the MMSE as part of the Adult Lifestyles and Function Interview (ALFI-MMSE). Results Test scores of the two MMSE versions correlated strongly for all subjects (Pearson's r = 0.85, P = 0.001) and remained significant for the cognitively intact (P = 0.02) and questionably (P = 0.002), mildly (P = 0.0001), and moderately (P = 0.003) demented. Comparison of the two versions' equivalent 22 items revealed no significant difference for scores of all subjects (P = 0.07) but with a trend toward higher scores in the original version. Diminished hearing, reported either by the subject (P = 0.003) or by the collateral source (P = 0.02) was associated with lower scores on the telephone version. Five individual test items were biased by the route of test administration. Sensitivity and specificity relative to the BNPS were 67% and 100% for the ALFI-MMSE and 68% and 100% for the MMSE, respectively. Conclusion The scores on the ALFI-MMSE correlated strongly with the scores of the original version given face-to-face in subjects undergoing geriatric assessment. The results indicate that the ALFI-MMSE could be a useful and economical tool to screen for cognitive impairment.
Learning about bones at a science museum: Examining the alternate hypotheses of ceiling effect and prior knowledge

Groups of children at a science museum were pre- and post-assessed with a type of concept map, known as personal meaning maps, to determine what new understandings, if any, they were gaining from participation in a series of structured hands-on activities about bones and the process of bones healing. Close examination was made regarding whether children’s prior knowledge or a ceiling effect was influencing results. Children made significant gains in vocabulary and concepts related to both bones and the bone healing process. Many children also demonstrated that their comprehension moved from a novice level to a transitional level of understanding. Prior to participation, children were more uniformly unacquainted with ideas about the healing process of bones than they were about bones; this led to more consistent learning gains related to the healing process. There was some indication of a ceiling effect occurring when children revealed what they had learned about bones, but not when they revealed what they had learned about the bone healing process. Although the prior knowledge theory was not statistically supported, data did show that children with greater understanding prior to the Busy Bones Lab activities end up with correspondingly greater understanding. This suggests that addressing concepts related to bones prior to a lab experience may bring more children to a higher level of understanding before engaging in the lab experience.
Complementary electrical and spectroscopic detection assays with on-wire-lithography-based nanostructures.

The ability to sensitively detect biomolecules and monitor complex biological processes has enabled many important fundamental and technological advances in the life sciences.[1] These include novel and powerful ways of diagnosing disease, pharmaceutical screening procedures, and a variety of biosafety applications.[2–4] Over the past couple of decades, a number of different detection methods have been developed for high-sensitivity biomolecule detection.[5–19] Many of these rely on nanostructures with novel signal transduction or signal amplification modes. Most can be categorized either as spectroscopic[5–11] or electrical approaches[12–17] and have strengths and weaknesses depending upon the analyte, environment, and intended uses.[1–3] With researchers gaining increasing control over the architectural parameters of nanostructures, one can begin to envision systems with multiple layers of complexity and corresponding functional capabilities. Electrical approaches are attractive because in principle they can be miniaturized in the form of relatively simple and even portable devices.[13,14,17] Spectroscopic approaches often rely on an additional labeling material and have the virtue of offering greater amounts of chemical information about the analytes being probed.[6,8] The combination of these two assay formats within the context of a single nanostructure can provide built-in internal assay controls[20] and a way to independently measure multiple steps in a complex biological process. Herein, we describe how one can use segmented nanostructures[21–25] prepared by on-wire lithography (OWL)[23,24] to create a system with two orthogonally functional components: one that behaves as a diode-like detection system with electrical readout, and the other that acts as a Raman enhancing device that allows one to spectroscopically probe different but related reactions that occur on the same device (Figure 1A).
Ramsey cardinals, ∞ Erdo¨s cardinals, and the core model

?0. Introduction. The core model K was introduced by R. B. Jensen and A. J. Dodd [DoJ]. K is the union of Gddel's constructible universe L together with all mice, i.e., K = L U{M I M is a mouse}, and K is a transitive model of ZFC + (V = K) + GCH (see [DoJ]). V = K is consistent with the existence of Ramsey cardinals [M], and if cf(o) > co, V = K is consistent with the existence of oc-Erdds cardinals [J]. Let K be Ramsey. Then there is a smallest inner model WK of ZFC in which K is Ramsey. We have WK # V = K and WK C K [M]. The existence of WK with WK C K is equivalent to the existence of a sharplike mouse N = J' on K> K with N # K Ramsey. (A mouse N on K is called sharplike provided H' E N.) We have WK= KN:= UieOnHz' where KiCijPki>i<je0n is the mouse iteration of N. N is the <-least mouse not in WK (see [J] and [DJKo]). Here < denotes the mouse order. The context always clarifies whether the mouse order or the usual <-relation is meant. The main result of ?1 is that WK k-K is the only Ramsey cardinal. A similar result has been found true in the smallest inner model L[U] of ZFC + "K is measurable" if U is a normal measure on K: L[U] # K iS the only measurable cardinal [Ku].
703 QUANTIFICATION OF GLUCOSE POLYMER (GP) DIGESTION BY PREMATURE SALIVARY AMYLASE (SA)

Since pancreatic amylase (PA) is absent in prematures, GP hydrolysis depends on alternate enzymes. To assess premature SA as a PA surrogate we evaluated its production, acid resistance and hydrolytic potency in a simulated oro-pharyngeal (OP), gastric (G) and intestinal (I) environment. SA was added to yield 1.1 u/ml of a “modular” formula containing 7 gm/dl of 14C GP with degrees of polymerization (DP) 18-29 glucose units. After an 0.25 min. OP phase the G-phase was initiated by dilution with pepsin/HCl to yield pHs of 2, 3, 4, or 5. After 5 min. or 3 hours pH was adjusted to 7.0 with cholate/trypsin chynotrypsin/Na2CO3, (I phase). After the OP- and G- phases and 15, 60 and 180 mfn. of I-phase, oligosaccharides were separated by thin layer chromatography. % breakdown=cpm in DP 1-9 / cpm in total sample x 100. Results: In 11 prematures SA activity was 1-33 u/ml; isozyme profile and acid resistance were identical to adult SA. Substantial G-phase breakdown only occurred with 3 hour exposure at pH 4 (12%) and 5 (32%). In the I-phase SA activity resumed. Prior G-phase pH affects ultimate I-phase breakdown, p<.001. (After 5 min. G-phase at pH 2&5, I-phase breakdown = 8&25%; after 3 hour G-phase at pH 2&5, I-phase = 17&55%.) Conclusion: The limited SA of premature saliva can produce significant GP digestion in both the stomach and small intestine.
The freudian conscious

To reduce the likelihood that psychology will develop in a deeply flawed manner, the present article seeks to provide an introduction to Freud’s conception of consciousness because, for among other reasons, his general theory is highly influential in our science and culture and among the best understood by clinicians and experimentalists. The theory is complex and all of its major parts have a bearing on one another; indeed, consciousness has a central place in the total conceptual structure — as is argued, in effect, throughout the present article. The discussion focuses mainly on how conscious psychical processes differ from processes of the psychical apparatus that do not instantiate the Freudian attribute of consciousness. This intrinsic attribute that belongs to every conscious psychical process is seen as including, along with qualitative content, an unmediated, witting awareness of the psychical process that is directed upon itself.
Teaching to the whole student: Building best practices for collaboration between libraries and student services

Abstract Universities are experiencing changes in the expectations of first-year students. These students are members of the Millennial generation, whose expectations of college life and support services differ from generations of the past. This article will discuss how to integrate the library into the lives of the first-year students to create a holistic instruction program. It will review the literature for examples of the characteristics of the Millennial generation and how libraries have changed instruction to fit these students' needs. It will highlight the best practices in collaboration between the University of Cincinnati Libraries and campus support services that meet the students' expectations and the goals of the library and the university. The article demonstrates ways that other libraries can collaborate with their campus services to create a holistic approach to the students' first-year experience and provides several assessment tools and methods that can be used to strengthen collaborations and instruction programs.
High Performance Liquid Cbromatographic Separation of Globin Chains on a Large-Pore C4 Column

Abstract Excellent resolution of human and baboon globin chains may be obtained by HPLC on a Vydac large-pore C4 column. The procedure is rapid and uses a gradient between aqueous trifluoroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile. The common human γ chains are easily separable from each other as are some α- and β-chain variants from the normal chains and from each other.
Computing the aeroelastic disk vibrations in a hard disk drive

Abstract The turbulent flow of air caused by the spinning of a single disk inside a typical hard disk drive casing is calculated using large eddy simulation (LES). The pressure acting on the disk is recorded as a function of time and is used to compute the vibrations of the spinning disk using a self-developed hybrid-spectral finite-difference code. This unidirectional fluid–structure interaction problem is computed for two commonly occurring cases: a disk actuated on one side only (Case 1) and a disk actuated on both sides (Case 2). The pressure loading on the disk is characterized in terms of its mean, root-mean-square (r.m.s.) and its spectral content. The mean pressure acting on the disk is asymmetrical in the case where the disk is actuated on one side only, leading to a mean deformation of the disk to one side. The r.m.s. vibrations of Case 2 are higher than those for Case 1 and their spectral distributions are almost identical. Large pressure fluctuations of the flow are found in the wake of the actuator arm and near the region where the shroud expands to accomodate the actuator. The spectral content of the excitation force due to the pressure is mainly in the low kHz frequency range, while higher frequencies are seen at the disk edge. This typically results in the excitation of the first 3–4 modes of the disk; however, (asymmetric) Case 1 displays the excitation of higher modes compared with (symmetric) Case 2.
Brief note: Markov process modelling of a maintenance system with spares, repair, cannibalization and manpower constraints

Maintenance systems serving fleets of aircraft or vehicles are quite complex, often including spares, repair, cannibalization, manpower constraints and other factors. Analytic models of such systems in the literature, however, rarely include manpower constraints and usually incorporate only complete cannibalization if any at all. This paper presents a continuous Markov process model suitable for evaluating the performance of a maintenance system with spares, repair, cannibalization and manpower constraints. Several cannibalization and repair options are included, and the model's usefulness is demonstrated by a sequence of experiments identifying desirable cannibalization policies under various failure, repair and cannibalization rates.
Comparative peritoneal cellular content as related to species and sex

Cytologic fluid specimens were obtained by aspiration from the abdominal peritoneal cavities of young adult male and female mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils and rats. Two hundred cells were randomly counted and grouped as mesothelial cells, lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, histiocytes, mast cells, bare nuclei, monocytes and daisy cells. In all mammals studied, regardless of sex, mesothelial cells were the predominate cells in abdominal serous fluid. Relatively high distributions of mast cells were observed in rats and hamsters. Bare nuclei without cytoplasm were found in all animals except male mice. Special attention was given to the daisy cell which occurred in rat peritoneal fluid. It is concluded that species and sex difference markedly influence the cytologic content of abdominal peritoneal fluid.
Designers don't hurt people; designs do

How many people do you know who have physical problems they attribute to computer use? (I wear wrist braces at night myself, so that my mild carpal-tunnel syndrome doesn't bother me much during the day.) Many of us seem to have the impression that such problems arise mainly from poor hardware design... or perhaps from an overindulgence in gaming, with its incessant, repetitive arm/wrist/hand/finger movements.But is it that simple? In this Whiteboard column, Doug Anderson points out how interaction design and usability efforts can overlook such problems, and urges us to pay more attention to them. I would add one more suggestion to his list of ideas: Even when longitudinal usability testing is not feasible, we can monitor our applications and systems in long-term use and note any physical problems that tend to appear among our users.---Elizabeth Buie
Age-Related Changes of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep-Wake Cycles.

OBJECTIVES: To compare relationships between the sleep-wake cycle and endogenous circadian rhythms in young and older adults and to examine correlates between evening naps and circadian rhythms in older adults. DESIGN: For 1 week of home recording, subjects wore wrist-activity monitors and kept daily sleep logs. After the home monitoring, subjects entered the laboratory on a 90-minute sleep-wake schedule and were monitored on this schedule for at least 30 hours. SETTING: Community living and laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-seven young adults, aged 18 to 32, and 56 older adults, aged 60 to 75, who were healthy and had few sleep complaints. MEASUREMENTS: Times of nocturnal sleep, out-of-bed napping, and illumination were obtained at home. Sleep propensity and oral body temperature (OBT) were measured in the laboratory, along with circadian rhythms of cortisol and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s, assayed from urine samples collected every 90 minutes). RESULTS: Home sleep times and illumination acrophases (fitted peak times) were advanced in older adults. The phase angles (time intervals) between onset of aMT6s and sleep onset were not changed in older adults, but sleep offset was more advanced than acrophase and offset of aMT6s with aging. Acrophases of cortisol and sleep propensity were advanced in older adults to the same extent as sleep times, but OBT was less advanced than sleep times. Older adults who took evening naps showed more advanced sleep offset and circadian rhythms of aMT6s, but there were no differences in the phase angles of sleep onset and circadian rhythms of aMT6s and cortisol compared with older adults who did not take evening naps. CONCLUSION: Measuring different circadian markers suggested different phase relationships between the sleep-wake cycle and endogenous circadian rhythms in aging. Early awakening in older adults cannot be explained simply by a relative phase advance of the circadian system. Evening naps and advanced illumination may play a role in the advance of the circadian system in aging.
Studies of U.S. Radium Dial Workers: An Epidemiological Classic

The tragic history of the exposure during the second and third decades of this century in the United States of radium dial workers, patients and members of the public to ionizing radiation from internally deposited isotopes of radium is well documented. Recognition of abnormal health outcomes among female dial workers and determination of a causal association between these outcomes among the workers and their exposure to radium leading to the development of protection standards is a classic example of an epidemiological process whereby knowledge and understanding of "the distribution and determinants of disease" evolve. Health effects studies involving U.S. female dial workers began in the early 1920s and continued into the present decade. These studies are discussed in the context of the epidemiological process whereby cause-effect relationships may be postulated, evaluated and refined to the benefit of workers and the general public.
Robotics research: The promise of a new generation: Robots have much promise, but a long way to go. Advancement depends on R&D, education, capital investment, and our own motivation

Some time, perhaps around the turn of the century, robot technology will develop to the degree necessary to produce the totally automated factory. In such factories, robots will perform most, if not all, of the operations that now require human skills. There will be totally automated inventory and tool management, automated machining, assembly, finishing, and inspection systems. Automated factories will even be able to reproduce themselves, i.e., automated factories will make the components for other automated factories.
Dating Behaviors, Attitudes, and Relationships Satisfaction of Young Adult Children of Alcoholics

Abstract The dating behaviors, attitudes, and relationship satisfaction of a nonclinical sample of single young adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) (n = 172) were compared to a sample of nonACOAs (n = 771). Subjects completed measures of dating behaviors, anxiety, intimacy, trust, commitment and relationship satisfaction. ACOAs began dating at a significantly younger age and dated significantly fewer individuals than nonACOAs. They also reported significantly more dating anxiety than nonACOAs. Male ACOAs reported less commitment, intellectual intimacy, trust and relationship satisfaction than male nonACOAs. Compared to nonACOAs, female ACOAs reported no differences on these variables. The results provide some support for research suggesting that ACOAs may experience difficulties in their opposite-sex intimate relationships.
Seeking Full Employment in a Modern World

(2007). Seeking Full Employment in a Modern World. International Journal of Political Economy: Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 47-62.
Membrane stresses near mid-ocean ridge-transform intersections

Abstract An anisotropic two-dimensional finite element model was used to determine constraints on relative material properties and the horizontal stress field of mid-ocean ridges near transform faults given the regional stress field. A ratio of 10 3 in the viscous equivalent of Young's modulus between the ridge crest and the oceanic plate is indicated. The horizontal stress field suggests that the concentration of near ridge-transform intersection seamount chains and the occurrence of ridge jumps are a result of regional stresses. Since dike intrusions are perpendicular to local deviatoric tension, ridges are shown to become oblique such that the connecting transform fault is shortened. Excessively oblique ridges, however, tend to produce intrusions that result in the cancellation of that obliqueness. Thermal variations related to hot spots are unlikely to cause asymmetric spreading and short ridge segments are unstable to preemption by longer adjoining segments.
Detection of active alveolar bone destruction in human periodontal disease by analysis of radiopharmaceutical uptake after a single injection of 99m-Tc-methylene diphosphonate.

Previous studies have shown that, following a single injection of 99m-Tc-MDP, measurement of bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical uptake can detect “active” alveolar bone loss due to periodontal disease in beagle dogs, as determined by radiographs taken at the time of, and several months after, the nuclear medicine procedure. The efficacy of this diagnostic test. however, had not been assessed in human periodontal disease. The ability of a single bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical uptake examination to detect “active” alveolar bone loss due to periodontal disease in human patients was assessed by comparing a single uptake measurement to the rate of bone loss determined from serial radiographs taken over a 6-month period. Uptake was expressed as a ratio of the cpm from the alveolar bone divided by the cpm from the non-tooth supporting bone of the nuchal crest. High uptake ratios were associated with “active” loss and low uptake ratios were associated with little if any change in alveolar bone height (p < 0.001). The nuclear medicine examination was an accurate detector of periodontal disease activity in nearly 80% of the individual teeth studied. These data indicate that high bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical uptake ratios may be pathognomonic of active bone loss in human periodontal disease.
RNA- and virus-independent inhibition of antiviral signaling by RNA helicase LGP2.

Antiviral innate immune responses can be triggered by accumulation of intracellular nucleic acids resulting from virus infections. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can be detected by the cytoplasmic RNA helicase proteins RIG-I and MDA5, two proteins that share sequence similarities within a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) and a DExD/H box RNA helicase domain. These proteins are considered dsRNA sensors and are thought to transmit the signal to the mitochondrial adapter, IPS-1 (also known as MAVS, VISA, or CARDIF) via CARD interactions. IPS-1 coordinates the activity of protein kinases that activate transcription factors needed to induce beta interferon (IFN-β) gene transcription. Another helicase protein, LGP2, lacks the CARD region and does not activate IFN-β gene expression. LGP2 mRNA is induced by interferon, dsRNA treatments, or Sendai virus infection and acts as a feedback inhibitor for antiviral signaling. Results indicate that LGP2 can inhibit antiviral signaling independently of dsRNA or virus infection intermediates by engaging in a protein complex with IPS-1. Experiments suggest that LGP2 can compete with the kinase IKKi (also known as IKKe) for a common interaction site on IPS-1. These results provide the first demonstration of protein interaction as an element of negative-feedback regulation of intracellular antiviral signaling by LGP2.
A probability model for the growth of corrosion pits in aluminum alloys induced by constituent particles

Abstract Localized corrosion in the form of pitting in certain classes of aluminum alloys, e.g. 2024-T3 and 7075-T6, is recognized as one of the degradation mechanisms that affect the durability and integrity of structures, and it is a concern for commercial transport and military aircraft. Pitting has been shown to initiate at constituent particles, which are either anodic or cathodic relative to the matrix, and involves complex electrochemical processes. Furthermore, local interactions between particles and the matrix enhance the rate of pit growth. Probabilistic modeling for the growth of corrosion pits in aluminum alloys in aqueous environments in presented. The focus of the growth process is specifically the role of clustered particles. The purpose of the effort is to estimate the cumulative distribution function ( cdf ) for the size of corrosion pits at a given time for use in multi-site damage and crack growth analyses. The model incorporates the evolution of local damage at each particle and the corrosion pit growth involving interactions with neighboring particles. Some of the key random variables included are the size, density and location of both the anodic and cathodic particles. Statistical estimates for the distribution functions of the underlying random variables are based on experimental observations.
A critical reanalysis of planetary accretion models

Abstract Planet formation models and simulations appear to be converging toward a consensus on how growth may have occured, at least up to the emergence of a few dominant planetary embryos from the vast swarm of planetesimals, which is similar to the scenario described by Greenberg et al. (1978, Icarus 35, 1–26). The various approaches to simulation differ in many details, so comparison is now needed to understand the relation of assumed physical processes and computational approximations to the modeled evolutionary behavior of the system. The algorithms of Greenberg et al. for (a) mutual velocity stirring between planetesimals and (b) mass shifting between adjacent numerical “size-bins” are described in detail. Experiments with the original code, as well as with subsequent revisions, show that the computational methods were accurate to the level of precision appropriate at the time, and the model incorporated the relevant physics including dynamical friction, so its then-novel conclusions remain robust and generally in agreement with various, more recent models. We demonstrate that use of continuum equations is inappropriate for modeling growth with initially all-equal masses; numerical models with discrete building blocks allow incipient runaway growth even with such an initial condition.
Seismic resistance of steel confined reinforced concrete (SCRC) columns

SUMMARY Tall building columns are subjected to high axial loads particularly at lower levels. In zones of high seismicity, these columns have to maintain their axial load carrying capacity during an earthquake. Conventional ordinary reinforced concrete, structural steel and concrete filled tube columns are not as effective as steel confined concrete columns. Steel tubed concrete columns are more ductile and have higher lateral resistance even under high axial compressive loads. In this paper, the seismic behavior of steel confined reinforced concrete columns is presented. Results were compared with those of ordinary reinforced concrete columns. The test results suggest that steel confined reinforced concrete columns are more ductile and have better seismic performance than ordinary reinforced concrete columns. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Computer Science Linked-courses Learning Community

Previous work has shown that factors such as student engagement and involvement can impact progress for computer science majors. One promising approach for improving student engagement is learning communities, which have a long history in academia but are relatively uncommon in computing. In this article we describe a linked-courses learning community for women and men of color majoring in development-focused computing degrees. We provide logistical information about the first offering of the learning community and assess the effectiveness of the community via a student survey. Our results show that students in the learning community are more likely to report that they have support for success in computer science courses and that they are a part of a community of programmers.
Editorial Comment: Does Medical Therapy for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms Really Work? Are β-Blockers Truly Indicated?

Cardiol Clin 28 (2010) 271–272 doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2010.02.018 0733-8651/10/$ – see front matter a 2010 Elsevier Inc. All reviews the historical and modern evidence of benefit, but he does feel that, although theoretically reasonable, widespread use of b-blockers for protection of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm is largely unproved (Fig. 1). He recommends that if a specific patient is intolerant of b-blockers, the drugs can reasonably be omitted.
Identity Marketing: The Case of the Singing Revolution

ABSTRACT The independence movement in Estonia in the late 1980s is used to illustrate the internal and external marketing of a group's sense of being, called identity marketing. Estonia's choral traditions were key in this struggle for independence from the Soviet Union. Song was important in creating an Estonian identity internally and externally, resulting in the “singing revolution” and eventual freedom.
Numerical Investigation of Ultra-Rich Combustion in Counter Flow Heat Exchangers

Recirculation of heat has been used for decades to react mixtures beyond the conventional flammability limits. One means of obtaining this recirculation is through counter-flow heat exchange. In contrast to filtration combustion in which a reaction front propagates through a packed bed, counter-flow heat exchange results in stationary reactions zones. The objective of this study is the numerical investigation of reaction zone characteristics of ultra-rich methane/air combustion with counter-flow heat exchange. The flow channels of a counter-flow heat exchanger are modeled in two dimensions, and detailed reaction chemistry is described by the kinetics mechanism GRI 2.11. The results show that combustion starts in the vicinity of the channel walls, resulting in tulip-shaped reaction zones. The impact of operating conditions on combustion characteristics is studied in terms of inlet velocity and equivalence ratio, and findings are related to recently published experimental data.