cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Not All Empathy Is Equal: How Dispositional Empathy Affects Charitable Giving

Motivations for prosocial behavior have been explored in diverse ways. Empirical research suggests that empathy is an important motive for prosocial behavior. Building upon previous studies, in this article the authors hypothesize that charitable giving is distinctively affected by different components of dispositional empathy, including empathic concern, perspective taking, and personal distress. Using the 2008–2009 wave of American National Election Studies data set, this study examines the impact of these three components of dispositional empathy on probability and amount of giving to various charitable causes. The results support the authors’ hypotheses that the three components of dispositional empathy are associated with charitable giving in different ways. In particular, empathic concern consistently stimulates the likelihood and amount of giving. The effects of perspective taking and personal distress are mixed. The results offer several direct implications for fundraisers and nonprofit organizati...
Electrification of granular systems of identical insulators

Insulating particles can become highly electrified during powder handling, volcanic eruptions, and the wind-blown transport of dust, sand, and snow. Measurements in these granular systems have found that smaller particles generally charge negatively, while larger particles charge positively. These observations are puzzling since particles in these systems are generally chemically identical and thus have no contact potential difference. We show here that simple geometry leads to a net transfer of electrons from larger to smaller particles, in agreement with these observations. We integrate this charging mechanism into the first quantitative charging scheme for a granular system of identical insulators and show that its predictions are in agreement with measurements. Our theory thus seems to provide an explanation for the hitherto puzzling phenomenon of the size-dependent charging of granular systems of identical insulators.
Rechargeability and economic aspects of alkaline zinc-manganese dioxide cells for electrical storage and load leveling

Abstract Batteries based on manganese dioxide (MnO2) cathodes are good candidates for grid-scale electrical energy storage, as MnO2 is low-cost, relatively energy dense, safe, water-compatible, and non-toxic. Alkaline Zn–MnO2 cells, if cycled at reduced depth of discharge (DOD), have been found to achieve substantial cycle life with battery costs projected to be in the range of $100 to 150 per kWh (delivered). Commercialization of rechargeable Zn–MnO2 batteries has in the past been hampered due to poor cycle life. In view of this, the work reported here focuses on the long-term rechargeability of prismatic MnO2 cathodes at reduced DOD when exposed to the effects of Zn anodes and with no additives or specialty materials. Over 3000 cycles is shown to be obtainable at 10% DOD with energy efficiency >80%. The causes of capacity fade during long-term cycling are also investigated and appear to be mainly due to the formation of irreversible manganese oxides in the cathode. Analysis of the data indicates that capacity loss is rapid in the first 250 cycles, followed by a regime of stability that can last for thousands of cycles. A model has been developed that captures the behavior of the cells investigated using measured state of charge (SOC) data as input. An approximate economic analysis is also presented to evaluate the economic viability of Zn–MnO2 batteries based on the experiments reported here.
Antigen-antibody binding kinetics for biosensors. Changes in the fractal dimension (surface roughness) and in the binding rate coefficient.

The diffusion-limited binding kinetics of antigen in solution to antibody immobilized on a biosensor surface is analyzed within a fractal framework. Changes in the fractal dimension, Df observed are in the same and in the reverse directions as the forward binding rate coefficientk. For example, an increase in the concentration of the isoenzyme human creatine kinase isoenzyme MB form (CK-MB) (antigen) solution from 0.1 to 50 ng/mL and bound to anti-CK-MB antibody immobilized on fused silica fiber rods leads to increases in the fractal dimension Df from 0.294 to 0.5080, and in the forward binding rate coefficientk from 0.1194 to 9.716, respectively. The error in the fractal dimension Df decreases with an increase in the CK-MB isoenzyme concentration in solution. An increase in the concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in solution from 4000 to 6000 mIU/mL hCG and bound to anti-hCG antibody immobilized on a fluorescence capillary fill device leads to a decrease in the fractal dimension Df from 2.6806 to 2.6164, and to an increase in the forward binding rate coefficientk from 3.571 to 4.033, respectively. The different examples analyzed and presented together indicate one means by which the forward binding rate coefficientk may be controlled, that is by changing the fractal dimension or the ‘disorder’ on the surface. The analysis should assist in helping to improve the stability, the sensitivity, and the response time of biosensors.
A case of polyarteritis nodosa presenting initially as peripheral vascular disease

Polyarteritis nodosa is a rare necrotizing vasculitis that can be progressive and fatal, and its initial presenting symptom may be leg claudication due to peripheral vascular ischemia. To date, there have been fewer than ten case reports of polyarteritis nodosa presenting as peripheral vascular disease. We report a case of a 38-year-old man initially diagnosed to have premature peripheral vascular disease who presented 1 year later with symptoms consistent with giant cell arteritis and subsequently developed bowel ischemia leading to a fatal outcome. Based on the autopsy and the patient’s clinical course, the final diagnosis was polyarteritis nodosa. This case illustrates the challenges in diagnosing polyarteritis nodosa and the importance of considering vasculitis in young patients presenting with atypical presentations of diseases such as peripheral vascular disease or giant cell arteritis.
Energy Eigenvalues for Charged Particles in a Homogeneous Magnetic Field-An Application of the Foldy-Wouthuysen Transformation

We find that the equation of motion for spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ and spin-1 particles with an anomalous magnetic moment in a homogeneous magnetic field can be diagonalized by applying the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation. The energy eigenvalues are then easily obtained by observation.
Strength of structural ceramics after exposure to sodium sulfate

Abstract A variety of advanced structural ceramics were treated in air at 1000°C for 500 h in the presence of various amounts of sodium sulfate. Room temperature flexure strength was determined before and after treatments. Results show that Ce-TZP and alumina are resistant to strength degradation after exposure to sodium sulfate, but Si 3 N 4 (NC-132) and, to a lesser degree, Y-TZP are not. The addition of sodium sulfate also has an adverse effect on the high temperature performance of the Y-TZP, by reducing its load carrying capabilities between 900 and 1000°C. For the Ce-TZP, alumina and even the Si 3 N 4 there appears to be no change in the high temperature performance when sodium sulfate is present.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs): biochemistry, toxicology, and mechanism of action

(1984). Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs): Biochemistry, Toxicology, and Mechanism of Action. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 319-395.
Illinois Labor and the Return to Class Politics

In labor's 1998 Illinois election, union members consciously focused on class-based economic issues. Most intriguing is the finding that racially conservative white members voted for African-American Carol Moseley-Braun despite opposition to affirmative action. A potentially strong class voting bloc challenges unions to develop ever more effective ways of mobilizing their membership.
Signaling Pathways that Control Cell Proliferation

Cells decide to proliferate or remain quiescent using signaling pathways that link information about the cellular environment to the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Progression through G1 phase is controlled by pRB proteins, which function to repress the activity of E2F transcription factors in cells exiting mitosis and in quiescent cells. Phosphorylation of pRB proteins by the G1 cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) releases E2F factors, promoting the transition to S phase. CDK activity is primarily regulated by the binding of CDK catalytic subunits to cyclin partners and CDK inhibitors. Consequently, both mitogenic and antiproliferative signals exert their effects on cell proliferation through the transcriptional regulation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cyclins and CDK inhibitors.
Construction of Nonlinear Droop Relations to Optimize Islanded Microgrid Operation

In this paper, nonlinear droop relations are suggested to optimize the operation of islanded microgrids. By using nonlinear droop, many aspects of the microgrid operation can be optimized, in addition to the inherent advantages of the droop control. In the proposed method, the droop relations are allowed to have any nonlinear shape as long as that shape satisfies certain characteristics required for the stability and proper microgrid operation. The procedure of constructing the nonlinear droop relations that minimize the operating cost of the microgrid and share the reactive power effectively among the sources is investigated and explained in detail. The selected droop structure is a combination of integer and fractional power functions whose parameters are selected using a two-stage particle swarm optimization algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through simulation and experimental studies.
Abstract mathematical model of general management information systems

Abstract In order to suit general MIS[1] to the change of the management state, this paper presents an abstract model which is relatively independent of the management state. The basic idea is to determine a new classifying standard, which is not influenced by the current management state but rather make a classification according to the object which is related with the information. Thus, we get the abstract model SS, which contains organization structure subsystem SS, analysis structure subsystem SS 2 and relation structure subsystem SS 3 .
Response to Intervention in Secondary Schools: Considerations for Administrators

Secondary school administrators are increasingly finding themselves in the position of implementing Response to Intervention (RTI). This system of providing progressively intensive levels of intervention for the purposes of preventing academic failure and identifying children with learning disability may be useful at the secondary level. However, many aspects of RTI are based on research conducted in elementary schools. The purpose of this article is to provide a basic description of RTI, to summarize research conducted at the secondary level, and to provide a set of considerations for secondary administrators regarding RTI implementation.
Racial/ethnic variation in medical indications for cesarean delivery may explain disparities in cesarean delivery risk

MAY EXPLAIN DISPARITIES IN CESAREAN DELIVERY RISK SIERRA WASHINGTON, ALLISON BRYANT, YVONNE CHENG, ANJALI KAIMAL, AARON CAUGHEY, University of California, San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, California OBJECTIVE: Racial and ethnic minorities have a higher risk of cesarean delivery (CD). We sought to examine possible medical indications for this higher risk. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 15,366 nulliparous women delivering at one institution between 1980 and 2001. Black, White,AsianandLatinawomendelivering singletongestations at greater than24 weeks were included. Univariate andmultivariate analyses were used to evaluate the ethnic variation in risks of and indications for CD.We adjusted for insurance type, maternal age, smoking status, gestational age, birth weight, diabetes, hypertensive disorders,meconium stained amniotic fluid, and induction of labor. RESULTS: The overall rate of CD in our population was 20.6%. The adjusted odds for CD were 1.4 (p!0.001) and 1.3 (p!0.001) times greater for Black and Latina women, respectively, compared to White women. After adjustment, Black women had nearly twice the odds of having a CD for fetal distress. The adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for CD indications, stratified by race/ ethnicity, are presented in the Table. CONCLUSION: The climbing rate of CD is an important public health problem that differentially affects minority women. Black and Latina patients are more likely than other women to have a CD even after adjusting for chronic diseases, complications of pregnancy, and sociodemographic factors. After adjusting for such factors, Black women are more likely to have CD for fetal distress. These findings suggest that physician bias or racially/ethnically specific biologic factors may influence the rates of CD. These disparities in CD rates need to be addressed.
The Inaugural National Leadership Education Research Agenda: A New Direction for the Field

This commentary details the process aimed at developing the Inaugural National Leadership Education Research Agenda. The goal of the project is to create a guiding document to assist in further defining Leadership Education as a discipline and provide directional research priorities for that discipline. The commentary provides a foundational understanding and creates transparency for the process in an effort to solicit collaborative partnerships and dialogue that will ultimately provide more holistic research priorities and enhanced opportunities for scholarship within Leadership Education.
Urban Constituencies, Regimes, and Policy Innovation in the Progressive Era: An Analysis of Boston, Chicago, New York City, and San Francisco*

Perhaps no single aspect of the American polity has been more analyzed, discussed, cited for evidence in grand theories of American political development, and yet less understood than the role of the urban voter in the regime formation and policy innovation of the Progressive era (circa 1890–1920). One century of prolific urban political analysis has produced an abundance of evidence, theory, and keen insight, yet we still have nothing like a systematic survey of urban voting behavior using reliable multivariate methods in more than a few elections or comparatively across several cities simultaneously. As a consequence, we have built for the urban voter a city of theoretical models without an adequate empirical infrastructure.
Quantitative determination of neutrophil VCS parameters by the Coulter automated hematology analyzer: new and reliable indicators for acute bacterial infection.

We studied the clinical usefulness of the VCS parameters (mean channels of cell volume, conductivity, and light scatter) in reactive neutrophils for predicting acute bacterial infection, which are obtained by the Coulter LH 750 hematology analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA) during automated differential counts. Peripheral blood samples from 69 patients with positive blood cultures for bacteria and 35 control subjects were studied. We observed a significant increase in the mean channel of neutrophil volume (MNV) from septic patients compared with control subjects (156 ± 13.5 vs 143 ± 4.8; P < .001). The mean channel of neutrophil light scatter was decreased significantly in patients (140 ± 10.1 vs 146 ± 7.3; P = .002). An elevation of the MNV was associated with a higher WBC count and percentage of neutrophils and was present even in patients who did not have leukocytosis or neutrophilia. With a cutoff of 150 for the MNV, a specificity of 91% and sensitivity of 70% were achieved. As a quantitative, objective, and more sensitive parameter, we believe that the MNV has a potential to be an additional indicator for acute bacterial infection. The correct and timely diagnosis of severe acute infectious processes, such as septicemia, is extremely important for proper patient management. However, given the overlapping clinical signs and symptoms with those of other acute critical medical conditions, achieving a high level of certainty while diagnosing septicemia can be a difficult challenge in which the laboratory has a crucial role providing invaluable information. The tests most often ordered in this scenario are the CBC count with differential, blood culture, and often a manual differential count. Although an automated hematology analyzer can readily
Iterative decoding for two-dimensional intersymbol interference channels

We study iterative decoding and equalization for information storage systems that have two-dimensional (2-D) intersymbol interference (ISI) during read-back. Four iterative schemes for 2-D equalization are introduced and evaluated. Two schemes are based on turbo equalization, the third on minimum mean squared error estimation, and the fourth on message passing on the combined graph of the channel ISI and the error correction code.
Effects of Childhood Adversity on Bullying and Cruelty to Animals in the United States: Findings From a National Sample

This study examined effects of type of and cumulative burden of childhood adversities on bullying and cruelty to animals in the United States. Data were derived from Waves I and II of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Structured psychiatric interviews were completed by trained lay interviewers between 2001-2002 and 2003-2004. Although the effects of childhood adversity diminished with the inclusion of confounding variables, several adversities remained significant. For bullying, these included being made to do chores that were too difficult or dangerous, threatening to hit or throw something, pushing, shoving, slapping, or hitting, and hitting that left bruises, marks, or injuries. With respect to cruelty to animals, swearing and saying hurtful things, having a parent or other adult living within the home that went to jail or prison, and adult/other person fondling/touching in a sexual way were significant. The final models indicated that the cumulative burden of childhood adversities had strong effects on the increased likelihood of bullying behavior but not cruelty to animals.
Game theory pragmatics: a challenge for AI

Game theory has been playing an increasingly visible role in computer science in general and AI in particular, most notably in the area of multi agent systems. I briefly list the areas where most of the action has been in the past decade or so. I then suggest that going forward, the most dramatic interaction between computer science and game theory - with a special role for AI - could be around what might be called game theory pragmatics.
A computationally ef~cient method based on commitment re~nement maps for verifying pipelined machines.

We introduce a new method of automating the verification of term-level pipelined machine models that is based on commitment refinement maps. Our method is much simpler to implement than current alternatives. More importantly, as our extensive experiments show, our method leads to more than a 30-fold improvement in verification times over the standard approaches to pipeline machine verification, which use refinement maps based on flushing and commitment. In addition, we can verify machines that are too complex to directly verify using flushing-based refinement maps
Ectopic Transplantation of Equine Invasive Trophoblast

A system for transplanting invasive equine trophoblast (i.e., chorionic girdle) to ectopic sites has been developed as a means to study the differentiation of this tissue and to assess maternal immune responses to the conceptus tissue in a site outside the uterus. Chorionic girdle was isolated from Day 33 to 34 conceptuses and surgically placed into the vulvar mucosa or subdermal skin of recipient mares. Biopsy specimens of the graft sites for immunohistochemical staining were taken at weekly or biweekly intervals after grafting. Serum samples were collected from each recipient and tested for antibody to donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens using the lymphocyte microcytotoxicity assay. Transplanted trophoblast cells expressed differentiation markers associated with invading chorionic girdle and endometrial cup cells. The transplanted trophoblast cells were also labeled by an antibody to eCG. Strong cellular and humoral immune responses to the transplanted tissue were mounted by the recipients, similar to those occurring during normal equine pregnancy. Despite these responses, the invasive trophoblast transplants survived for at least 28 days after grafting and downregulated MHC class I antigens, as do the mature endometrial cup cells in equine pregnancy. These findings suggest that invasive equine trophoblast has the capacity to differentiate fully in equine nonuterine tissues, and that it can evade maternal immune responses independent of the physiological state of pregnancy and in sites other than the uterus.
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF MICROFABRICATED IRIDIUM ULTRAMICROELECTRODES IN CHLORIDE MEDIA

Abstract This study investigates the failure mechanisms for an electrochemical sensor consisting of an array of microlithographically fabricated iridium ultramicroelectrodes (UME) on a silicon wafer. It has been noted that the use of these sensors during voltammetric determination of heavy metal ions in the presence of >0.1 M Cl− results in loss of response and general failure of the sensor. The addition of Hg or Ag to the Cl containing solution caused massive accumulations on the exposed Ir surfaces, which were identified using auger scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under analytical conditions this failure does not appear to be due to migration of Cl− but to the penetration of Cl− through pin-holes in the insulating layer and subsequent reaction with the Al interconnect traces on the chip. Consequently, the Al traces dissolved and hydrogen gas was evolved. This reaction generates a potential which is transmitted to exposed Ir and consequently metal ions present in the solution are then reduced onto these surfaces. Several insulating layers, SiO2 (5000 A) and Si3N4 (1500, 2500 and 5000 A) were also used, but failure occurred with all. It is critical that either sub-micron sized pin-holes during the fabrication process be better controlled or that the Al interconnect traces be replaced by Au. The use of Au however may still allow these unwanted micron-sized UMEs to interfere with the electrochemical analysis.
Engaging First Graders to Participate as Students of Mathematics

First-grade students often come to school relatively naive about what it means to be mathematics students. Thus, first-grade teachers have the responsibility not only of teaching mathematical content to their young students, but also of socializing them into a culture of mathematics learning. In this article, the authors document both how teachers provide explicit instruction about participating in mathematics learning and how they implicitly communicate to young students what counts as appropriate behaviors for engaging in mathematics learning. The authors also discuss how these instructions and practices lay the foundation for students' understanding of how they are expected to engage in learning mathematics.
Fatty acid composition of lysophosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidylinositol in plasma from patients with ovarian cancer and other gynecological diseases

Abstract Objective. We previously reported that plasma levels of total lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) represented a potential biomarker for ovarian cancer and other gynecological cancers [1]. However, total LPA is composed of different LPA species with distinct fatty acid chains. The major objective of the current study, therefore, was to determine whether one or more specific fatty acid LPA species was associated with disease or disease staging. If this was determined, these species could be useful in further improving the sensitivity and/or specificity of this biomarker for the diagnosis and/or prognosis of the disease. Because lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) co-migrates with LPA, this study represents the analysis of combined molecular species from both lysolipid classes. Methods. The patient population, sample collection, and analyses have been reported previously [1]. Lipids were hydrolyzed from the LPA band on thin-layer chromatography plates. The following individual fatty acid species were analyzed by gas chromatography: palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), arachidonic acid (20:4), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6). The LPA/LPI fatty acid composition levels were analyzed and compared with disease status. Results. Distinct plasma LPA/LPI fatty acid chain species were not associated with ovarian or other gynecological cancers, compared to patients with benign gynecological disease or healthy controls. However, an increased presence of unsaturated fatty acids in plasma LPA/LPI was found in patients with late-stage or recurrent ovarian cancer and possibly with other gynecological cancers. Conclusions. Analysis of individual fatty acid species present in plasma LPA/LPI do not appear to enhance the sensitivity or specificity of total LPA/LPI as a marker for gynecological cancer detection. However, our results suggest that increased LPA/LPI species with unsaturated fatty acid chains may be associated with late-stage or recurrent ovarian cancer.
TRANSDUCTIVE LEARNING FOR SHORT-TEXT CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS USING LATENT SEMANTIC INDEXING

This paper presents work that uses Transductive Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) for text classification. In addition to relying on labeled training data, we improve classification accuracy by incorporating the set of test examples in the classification process. Rather than performing LSI's singular value decomposition (SVD) process solely on the training data, we instead use an expanded term-by-document matrix that includes both the labeled data as well as any available test examples. We report the performance of LSI on data sets both with and without the inclusion of the test examples, and we show that tailoring the SVD process to the test examples can be even more useful than adding additional training data. This method can be especially useful to combat possible inclusion of unrelated data in the original corpus, and to compensate for limited amounts of data. Additionally, we evaluate the vocabulary of the training and test sets and present the results of a series of experiments to illustrate how the test set is used in an advantageous way.
Numerical modeling of moving probe effects for electromagnetic nondestructive evaluation

In view of the complex geometries involved in nondestructive evaluation (NDE) applications, a transient analysis for moving probe effects is performed. The time-step method used successfully reproduces the steady-state upwinding results by introducing a time-dependent artificial reluctivity term. The support plate signal of the variable reluctance probe obtained at the probe velocity of 5 m/s is compared with that of 0 m/s, i.e., the magnetostatic result. Due to the time dependence of the artificial reluctivity term, numerical dissipation is less than that of time stepping with upwinding. The matrix becomes symmetric in this formulation, which has many beneficial aspects compared to the upwinding nonsymmetric matrix. >
Concurrent engineering for consumer, industrial products, and government systems

Since the early days of consumer solid-state electronics products, Japanese companies have used a team-oriented integrated product/process development process to dominate the development of new multidisciplinary electronic, mechatronic, and other sophisticated technology products. The power of this dynamic project management methodology is now behind all major new product development, including telecommunications, automobiles, aircraft, computers, etc. It has begun to be adopted by many industries and businesses in the US and the rest of the world. This integrated team multidisciplinary dynamic project management development process is known as concurrent engineering (CE). Recent Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA) reports, NSF workshops, and other current efforts and publications addressing CE are reviewed and their findings are discussed in detail. >
Performance of enzymatically deinked recovered paper on paper machine runnability

The process of enzymatic deinking has been proven to be an effective method for removing noncontact inks from recovered paper. A secondary effect of enzyme treatment is enhanced pulp drainage. This study investigated the effects of enzymatic deinking on paper machin runnability, specifically drainage and wet-web strength enhancement. three deinking trials were conducted on industrial-scale equipment. Two trials used the enzymatic deinking method developed at the Forest Products Laboratory, and one trial was a surfactant control. Pulp produced in each of the three tirals was used in a pilot paper machine run. During each run, overall runnability, drainage, pressing response, and wet-web strength were evaluated. In general, the enzyme-treated pulp ran better than the control pulp. Mainly, it was the enhanced drainage and wet-web strength that contributed to the improvement in runnability. Application: Practical implications due to enhanced drainage and wet-web strength for the papermaker include (a) better sheet formation if a lower headbox consistency is used and (b) greater-production rates or reduced drying energy use if headbox consistencies are maintained.
Branch and Bound Algorithm for Dependency Parsing with Non-local Features

Graph based dependency parsing is inefficient when handling non-local features due to high computational complexity of inference. In this paper, we proposed an exact and efficient decoding algorithm based on the Branch and Bound (B&B) framework where non-local features are bounded by a linear combination of local features. Dynamic programming is used to search the upper bound. Experiments are conducted on English PTB and Chinese CTB datasets. We achieved competitive Unlabeled Attachment Score (UAS) when no additional resources are available: 93.17% for English and 87.25% for Chinese. Parsing speed is 177 words per second for English and 97 words per second for Chinese. Our algorithm is general and can be adapted to non-projective dependency parsing or other graphical models.
Impacts of biochar concentration and particle size on hydraulic conductivity and DOC leaching of biochar-sand mixtures

Summary The amendment of soil with biochar can sequester carbon and alter hydrologic properties by changing physical and chemical characteristics of soil. To understand the effect of biochar amendment on soil hydrology, we measured the hydraulic conductivity ( K ) of biochar–sand mixtures as well as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in leachate. Specifically, we assessed the effects of biochar concentration and particle size on K and amount of DOC in the soil leachate. To better understand how physical properties influenced K , we also measured the skeletal density of biochars and sand, and the bulk density, the water saturation, and the porosity of biochar–sand mixtures. Our model soil was sand (0.251–0.853 mm) with biochar rates from 2 to 10 wt% (g biochar/g total soil × 100%). As biochar ( K decreased by 72 ± 3%. When biochar particle size was equal to, greater than, and less than particle size of sand, we found that biochar in different particle sizes have different effects on K . For a 2 wt% biochar rate, K decreased by 72 ± 2% when biochar particles were finer than sand particles, and decreased by 15 ± 2% when biochar particles were coarser than sand particles. When biochar and sand particle size were comparable, we observed no significant effect on K . We propose that the decrease of K through the addition of fine biochar was because finer biochar particles filled spaces between sand particles, which increased tortuosity and reduced pore throat size of the mixture. The decrease of K associated with coarser biochar was caused by the bimodal particle size distribution, resulting in more compact packing and increased tortuosity. The loss of biochar C as DOC was related to both biochar rate and particle size. The cumulative DOC loss was 1350% higher from 10 wt% biochar compared to pure sand. This large increase reflected the very small DOC yield from pure sand. In addition, DOC in the leachate decreased as biochar particle size increased. For all treatments, the fraction of carbon lost as DOC ranged from 0.06 to 0.18 wt% of biochar. These experiments suggest that mixing sandy soils with biochar is likely to reduce infiltration rates, holding water near the surface longer with little loss of biochar-derived carbon to groundwater and streams.
THE RESULTS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN BALTIMORE

These studies offer a basis for the comparison of epidemics. In 1941 in Maryland 68 per cent. of the patients recovered and 14 per cent. more have a slight residual weakness. Only 2 per cent. have complete disability. The treatment was protective care and physical therapy for weak muscles. There was no complete immobilization of the patient or of extremities. The patients who do not recover rapidly or spontaneously need prolonged treatment in an effort to bring the weak muscles to their maximum power. Muscles do not improve in direct ratio to the degree of initial weakness, and may continue to improve for eighteen months in those cases treated immediately after the onset of the poliomyelitis. Patients seen later may improve for a period up to nine months.
Endovascular Management of Non-Healing Leg Ulceration

A 72 year old non-smoking female with a past medical history of hypertension, well-controlled diabetes, and stable coronary artery disease, status post CABG with bilateral great saphenous vein harvests, presents to her podiatrist. She developed an ulcer over the right first metatarsal head after wearing a new pair of shoes approximately 4 months ago. The wound is gradually getting larger, despite appropriate local wound care and off-loading procedures. She is referred to you for evaluation for arterial insufficiency.
Vitamin E and the Metabolic Antioxidant Network

Despite over 70 years of research since the discovery of vitamin E (Evans and Bishop 1922), its exact functions have not been fully elucidated; however, its antioxidant properties appear paramount to its function. Vitamin E does not work in isolation from other antioxidants, but rather is part of an interlinking set of antioxidant cycles, which has been termed the “antioxidant network”. This antioxidant network is highlighted in the regulation of nuclear transcription. The linkage of vitamin E to other antioxidant substances, and their ability to regenerate vitamin E, means that other antioxidants (especially redox active thiols) may influence nuclear transcription not only directly through their own antioxidant effects, but indirectly by regenerating vitamin E as well. Hence, antioxidants are interlinked in a network that influences cell functions previously thought to be remote from antioxidant effects. The implications of such effects are just beginning to be understood.
A bridge-style fiber-optic weigh-in-motion sensor for military vehicle monitoring

This paper introduces a novel design of "bridge style" fiber-optic weigh-in-motion (WIM) sensor using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology. Compared with other designs of fiber-optic WIM sensors, the bridge-style design is reliable, sensitive and can bear more loads. With these advantages, the bridge-style WIM sensor is specifically suitable for heavy vehicle dynamic weighing, especially for military vehicles, cargos and equipments. Experiment is conducted and the results show good repeatability and sensitivity under large loads. The minimum achieved resolvable weight is 7.1 kilograms. Finally, WIM sensor on-site installation method is suggested.
Steering Errors May Result from Non-Rigid Transparent Optical Flow

Transparent, non-rigid optical flow can result from environmental factors (e.g., wind-blown snow) or technological factors (e.g., superposition of sensor imagery flow on the environmental flow viewed directly through the windscreen) and can produce systematic errors in judgments of the direction of heading and control of yaw. Here, we examined whether these systematic errors generalize to control of heading in a more realistic scenario, driving across a textured ground plane through falling snow. Simulated crosswinds caused the snow to move at varying angles (0-32°) relative to the simulated direction of translation. Participants were instructed to steer such that they maintained a straight path relative to the ground plane. For non-zero angles, a pattern of systematic steering errors was found that was consistent with the pattern of errors previously observed with judgments of heading. These results suggest that motion transparency occurring in more realistic simulations can introduce systematic errors i...
Probing nanoscale local lattice strains in advanced Si CMOS devices by CBED: A tutorial with recent results

The experimental methodology to characterize the nanoscale local lattice strain in advanced Si CMOS devices by using Focused Ion Beam (FIB) system and Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED) is discussed. Through both high spatial resolution of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and high strain sensitivity of the CBED technique, compressive lattice strains in the order of 10 -3 from the nanoscale Si PMOS channel region are detected. The one-dimensional quantitative strain-mapping is performed by obtaining and simulating high quality CBED patterns with different zone axes such as and .
A genetic study of apholate-resistance in Aedes aegypti

The mode of inheritance of resistance to apholate in Aedes aegypti (L.) was studied by constructing sterility-concentration curves for each sex of the resistant, susceptible, and F1 hybrid genotypes. The sc50 values were 48,30 for the resistant male. 2.26 for the susceptible male, 4.14 for the F1 male (resistant female X susceptible male), 19.50 for the F1 male (susceptible female × resistant male), 31.61 for the resistant female. 3.22 for the susceptible female, 8.91 for the F1 female (resistant female × susceptible male), and 16.87 for the F1 female (susceptible female × resistant male). The results of genetic crosses indicated that apholate resistance in A. aegypti was a quantitative trait with a marked paternal influence on the resistance of F2 and backcross progeny. There was no loss of resistance through 9 generations after selection pressure was removed from a subcolony of the resistant strain.
Collective ontology alignment

Enterprises are captivated by the promise of using big data to develop new products and services that provide new insights into their customers and businesses. However, there are significant challenges leveraging data across heterogeneous data stores, including making those data accessible and usable by non-experts. We designed a novel system called Helix which employs a combination of userdriven and automated techniques to bootstrap the building of a unified semantic model over virtualized data. Such a uniform semantic model allows users to query across data stores transparently, without needing to navigate a maze of data silos, data formats, and query languages. In this poster, we discuss a specific aspect of Helix: the method by which it facilitates ontology alignment. Such alignments are very noisy and manually fixing the issues is a laborious process, especially when all the work must be done prior to putting the system into use. Instead, Helix proposes to engage users progressively in the process of ontology alignment through the course of their everyday use of the system. We do this by framing ontology alignment as a guided data exploration and integration task.
Aspirin with or without antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults.

Aspirin, with or without an antiemetic, is an effective treatment for acute migraine headache. Adding the antiemetic metoclopramide (Reglan) significantly reduces migraine-related nausea and vomiting compared with aspirin alone.
Spin-Orbit Coupling and Spin Textures in Optical Superlattices

Orbital levels in a double-well optical superlattice are used as pseudospin states in a novel scheme to generate spin-orbit coupling with ultracold atoms.
Los Sentimientos, Luchas, y Esperanzas de Cinco Familias Mexicana: The Sentiments, Struggles, and Hopes of Five Mexican Families.

Within the everyday space of their modest trailer homes, I observed compelling environments in the households of 5 Mexican families. In their homes, there existed los padres con sus hijos (parents with their children) who intuitively expressed carino, or love, for one another, conversed in multiple languages, practiced cultural traditions, and inculcated hope in their children’s minds and hearts. As I listened to their steadfast voices and felt their innermost emotions, a clearer understanding came to mind about ways in which educators and families might construct new alliances for the benefit of children’s future in America.
Atomic Force Microscopy Study of the Interaction of DNA and Nanoparticles

The interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and DNA plays an important role in the genotoxicity of NPs, and it is imperative to characterize the nano/DNA interactions and explore the underlying chemical mechanisms. In this chapter, we demonstrated systematic experimental approaches based on atomic force microscope (AFM), coupled with modeling computation to probe the binding activity of NPs with DNA and the putative genotoxicity. Using quantum dots (QDs) as a model NP, we examined the binding kinetics, binding isotherm, binding specificity, and binding mechanisms of NPs to DNA with the application of AFM. We further assessed the binding affinity between NPs and DNA by calculating their interaction energy on the basis of Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) models. The modeling results of binding affinity were validated by the NPs/DNA binding images experimentally derived by AFM. The investigation of the relationship between the binding affinity of five NPs ((QDs (+), QDs (−), silver NPs, hematite NPs, and gold NPs) for DNA with their inhibition effects on DNA replication indicated that NPs with a high binding affinity for DNA molecules exhibited higher inhibition on DNA replication. The methodology employed in this study can be extended to study the interaction of other NPs with DNA, which is anticipated to benefit the future design of safe NPs, as well as the toxicological investigations of NPs.
Adapting a weight management tool for Latina women: a usability study of the Veteran Health Administration’s MOVE!23 tool

Obesity disproportionately affects Latina women, but few targeted, technology-assisted interventions that incorporate tailored health information exist for this population. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) uses an online weight management tool (MOVE!23) which is publicly available, but was not designed for use in non-VHA populations. We conducted a qualitative study to determine how interactions between the tool and other contextual elements impacted task performance when the target Latina users interacted with MOVE!23. We sought to identify and classify specific facilitators and barriers that might inform design changes to the tool and its context of use, and in turn promote usability. Six English-speaking, adult Latinas were recruited from an inner city primary care clinic and a nursing program at a local university in the United States to engage in a “Think-Aloud” protocol while using MOVE!23. Sessions were recorded, transcribed, and coded to identify interactions between four factors that contribute to usability (Tool, Task, User, Context). Five themes influencing usability were identified: Technical Ability and Technology Preferences; Language Confusion and Ambiguity; Supportive Tool Design and Facilitator Guidance; Relevant Examples; and Personal Experience. Features of the tool, task, and other contextual factors failed to fully support participants at times, impeding task completion. Participants interacted with the tool more readily when its language was familiar and content was personally relevant. When faced with ambiguity and uncertainty, they relied on the tool’s visual cues and examples, actively sought relevant personal experiences, and/or requested facilitator support. The ability of our participants to successfully use the tool was influenced by the interaction of individual characteristics with those of the tool and other contextual factors. We identified both tool-specific and context-related changes that could overcome barriers to the use of MOVE!23 among Latinas. Several general considerations for the design of eHealth tools are noted.
Autism spectrum disorder and engineering education - needs and considerations

Universities are experiencing an increase in enrollment of high-functioning students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Even though many students with ASD do not attend college, it is reported that students with this diagnosis who do, often come from well to do families, and select STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) education areas at rates above both the general population, and other differently-abled groups. While students classified with this diagnosis may hail from privileged educational exposures and demonstrate higher cognitive abilities, they often lack the ability to empathize and experience difficulty to socially connect with others. This includes an inability to decode informal social cues, which can impact the ability to communicate ideas during classroom situations. Concurrent to this notable shift in STEM student demographics, the landscape of engineering education is also changing. Greater emphasis is placed on providing an engaging and interactive student learning environment, bolstered by research demonstrating improved learning outcomes and higher retention rates. This work in process is the development of an emergent literature review, looking for the intersection between this student diagnosis, and the impact on the engineering education classroom and related stakeholders. Our work is an important first step in informing and guiding faculty and staff engagement on this unique and growing student population, especially in light of a national focus on STEM education, and dynamic changes in engineering education.
Bent but not broken: remembering vulnerability and resiliency at the national september 11 memorial museum

ABSTRACTThe National September 11 Memorial Museum (also called the 9/11 Memorial Museum) produces a rhetoric of resilience that provides visitors with a dominant and constitutive frame for public memory without necessarily overcoming contestations, perspectives, and mnemonic partialities that have shaped Ground Zero’s rhetorical meaning. Resilience can politicize mourning by breeding nationalism and overlooking political responsibilities, but it can also provide structures of representation for making sense of overwhelming tragic events. This article observes this dialectical tension between vulnerability and resilience by attending to the way objects visually orient visitors within a context of collective identity at the 9/11 Memorial Museum.