cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partnership duration, concurrency, and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa

A widely accepted explanation for the exceptionally high HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa is the practice of long-term overlapping heterosexual partnering. This article shows that long-duration concurrent partnering can be protective against HIV transmission rather than promoting it. Monogamous partnering prevents sexual transmission to anyone outside the partnership and, in an initially concordant-seronegative partnership, prevents sexual acquisition of HIV by either partner. Those protections against transmission and acquisition last as long as the partnership persists without new outside partnerships. Correspondingly, these two protective effects characterise polygynous partnerships, whether or not the polygyny is formal or informal, until a partner initiates a new partnership. Stable and exclusive unions of any size protect against HIV transmission, and more durable unions provide a longer protective effect. Survey research provides little information on partnership duration in sub-Saharan Africa and sheds no light on the interaction of duration, concurrency, and HIV. This article shows how assumptions about partnership duration in individual-based sexual-network models affect the contours of simulated HIV epidemics. Longer mean partnership duration slows the pace at which simulated epidemics grow. With plausible assumptions about partnership duration and at levels of concurrency found in the region, simulated HIV epidemics grow slowly or not at all. Those results are consistent with the hypothesis that long-duration partnering is protective against HIV and inconsistent with the hypothesis that long-term concurrency drives the HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa.
The relationship between trunk and foot acceleration variability during walking shows minor changes in persons with multiple sclerosis

Abstract Background Identifying how relationships between variability of upper and lower body segments during walking are altered in persons with multiple sclerosis may uncover specific strategies for maintaining overall stability. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between trunk and foot acceleration variability during walking in healthy controls and in persons with multiple sclerosis. Methods Linear and nonlinear variability measures were calculated for 40 healthy controls and 40 persons with multiple sclerosis from the acceleration time series recorded by inertial sensors attached to the trunk and foot while subjects walked on a treadmill at self-selected preferred pace. Findings No main effect of group was found for any variability measures. Main effect of location was found for all variability measures, with larger magnitudes of variability at the foot compared to the trunk, and more predictable variability patterns at the foot compared to the trunk. Differences in strength of correlations between trunk and foot accelerations were found between persons with multiple sclerosis and healthy controls in the frontal and sagittal plane. Sample entropy of accelerations at the feet and at the trunk correlated significantly higher in healthy controls than in persons with multiple sclerosis. Interpretation Relationships between variability of trunk and foot accelerations, which may provide a valuable comprehensive description of whole body stability during gait, showed minor changes in persons with MS compared to healthy controls.
Krüppel-like factors and vascular wall homeostasis.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are major causes of death worldwide. Identification of promising targets for prevention and treatment of CVDs is paramount in the cardiovascular field. Numerous transcription factors regulate cellular function through modulation of specific genes and thereby are involved in the physiological and pathophysiological processes of CVDs. Although Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) have a similar protein structure with a conserved zinc finger domain, they possess distinct tissue and cell distribution patterns as well as biological functions. In the vascular system, KLF activities are regulated at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Growing in vitro, in vivo, and genetic epidemiology studies suggest that specific KLFs play important roles in vascular wall biology, which further affect vascular diseases. KLFs regulate various functional aspects such as cell growth, differentiation, activation, and development through controlling a whole cluster of functionally related genes and modulating various signaling pathways in response to pathological conditions. Therapeutic targeting of selective KLF family members may be desirable to achieve distinct treatment effects in the context of various vascular diseases. Further elucidation of the association of KLFs with human CVDs, their underlying molecular mechanisms, and precise protein structure studies will be essential to define KLFs as promising targets for therapeutic interventions in CVDs.
Bibliometrics as a Tool for Analysis of R&D Impacts

The evaluation of research and development activities is one of the most challenging, and significant issues in R&D managment today. The last few decades have seen considerable efforts in the development and testing of various measures and quantitative techniques in order to aid in project selection, project appraisal, and measurement of research outputs. These techniques are distributed across a methodological spectrum, ranging from the qualitative case study to the highly quantitative econometric analyses.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Low-Dose Tranexamic Acid versus Placebo to Reduce Red Blood Cell Transfusion During Complex Multilevel Spine Fusion Surgery.

Background Multilevel spine fusion surgery for adult deformity correction is associated with significant blood loss and coagulopathy. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss in high-risk surgery, but the efficacy of a low-dose regimen is unknown. Methods Sixty-one patients undergoing multilevel complex spinal fusion with and without osteotomies were randomly assigned to receive low-dose tranexamic acid (10 mg/kg loading dose, then 1 mg·kg−1·hr−1 throughout surgery) or placebo. The primary outcome was the total volume of red blood cells transfused intraoperatively. Results Thirty-one patients received tranexamic acid, and 30 patients received placebo. Patient demographics, risk of major transfusion, preoperative hemoglobin, and surgical risk of the 2 groups were similar. There was a significant decrease in total volume of red blood cells transfused (placebo group median 1460 mL vs. tranexamic acid group 1140 mL; median difference 463 mL, 95% confidence interval 15 to 914 mL, P = 0.034), with a decrease in cell saver transfusion (placebo group median 490 mL vs. tranexamic acid group 256 mL; median difference 166 mL, 95% confidence interval 0 to 368 mL, P = 0.042). The decrease in packed red blood cell transfusion did not reach statistical significance (placebo group median 1050 mL vs. tranexamic acid group 600 mL; median difference 300 mL, 95% confidence interval 0 to 600 mL, P = 0.097). Conclusions Our results support the use of low-dose tranexamic acid during complex multilevel spine fusion surgery to decrease total red blood cell transfusion.
Basic Pharmacological Mechanisms of Cocaine

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the increasing dopaminergic activity of cocaine, by binding to the dopamine transporter and inhibiting dopamine uptake. The primary method by which dopamine is deactivated after its release into the synapse is also presented. Auto radiographic studies using cocaine or an analog of cocaine suggest that there are high densities of dopamine transporter labeling in dopaminergic terminal regions. The discussion on cocaine inhibition involving the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into presynaptic terminals is covered. The primary effect of cocaine is to inhibit dopamine uptake, thereby increasing extracellular dopamine, which remains available to act on pre- and postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Chronic treatment with cocaine has pronounced effects on opioid peptide levels. This chapter illustrates pretreatment with a protein kinase C inhibitor injected into the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) that inhibits, both the ability of cocaine to stimulate locomotor activity and the cocaine induced increase in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. This suggests that protein kinases may be important in cocaine's effects. The studies highlight considerable evidence that the dopamine transporter and the inhibition of dopamine uptake by cocaine play a major role in the production of cocaine's effects.
Correction of place of practice: Brampton, not Brantford.

I read with interest the editorial in the December 2017 issue, “Dr. Louis Kristal at 100: witness to the evolution of surgery in Canada.”[1][1] I practised orthopedic surgery in Brampton from 1974 to 2010. I knew Lou well as a GP/anesthesiologist and subsequently as a GP surgical assistant. I
County-level geographic distributions of diabetes in relation to multiple factors in the united states

The increasing prevalence of diagnosed diabetes has drawn attention of researchers in recent years. In this study, a feature selection method based on linear regression has been used to identify the most relevant factors that are associated with diabetes prevalence from the national county health ranking data sets. Then, Expectation-Maximization clustering algorithm has been used to identify the geo-clusters of counties based on the factors and their relations to the diabetes prevalence for years from 2014 to 2017. The results have identified the unique county-level geographic disparities and trends in diabetes and the related factors over the past four years.
Synaptic nanomodules underlie the organization and plasticity of spine synapses

Experience results in long-lasting changes in dendritic spine size, yet how the molecular architecture of the synapse responds to plasticity remains poorly understood. Here a combined approach of multicolor stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED) and confocal imaging in rat and mouse demonstrates that structural plasticity is linked to the addition of unitary synaptic nanomodules to spines. Spine synapses in vivo and in vitro contain discrete and aligned subdiffraction modules of pre- and postsynaptic proteins whose number scales linearly with spine size. Live-cell time-lapse super-resolution imaging reveals that NMDA receptor–dependent increases in spine size are accompanied both by enhanced mobility of pre- and postsynaptic modules that remain aligned with each other and by a coordinated increase in the number of nanomodules. These findings suggest a simplified model for experience-dependent structural plasticity relying on an unexpectedly modular nanomolecular architecture of synaptic proteins.
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal (or suprarenal) glands, two in number, are located retroperitoneally atop the superiomedial pole of each kidney. Each gland weighs approximately 3 to 5 g and measures 2.5 × 0.6 cm. The left adrenal is larger and assumes a crescentlike shape in contrast to the right, which is triangular. Each adrenal gland consists of two portions—an outer cortex and an inner medulla. These two parts differ in their embryology, histology, and secretory functions. The adrenal cortex is derived from the celomic epithelium (mesoderm), whereas adrenal medulla is derived from the neural crest (neurectoderm). The adrenal cortex is composed of three clearly defined zones with separate secretory activity, whereas the adrenal medulla is composed of chromaffin tissue with histological characteristics of sympathetic ganglia. The adrenal cortex synthesizes steroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids), whereas the medulla synthesizes catecholamines.
COASTAL SAND MINING IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, U.S.A.

The commercial mining of sand at coastal locations along California has been a continuing activity at some sites, sporadic at others and altogether discontinued at still other sites. This mining activity includes all methods of sand mining (dragline, self-propelled bottom-dump scrapers, diesel shovels, etc.) and may be classified by littoral zone location as (1) mining from a beach foreshore or backshore area wetted by the normal tidal range, (2) mining within a river mouth or other estuary upstream from the ocean but still within the tidal zone, and (3) mining from bluff or dune areas not wetted by the normal range of tides but still within the littoral system. Processing of the sand thus mined takes place when the material is transported from the mining site, usually by end dump trucks or belt conveyor to either a fixed or a portable plant. Commercial uses of the sand thus mined fall into two general categories, (1) construction and (2) special purposes. Construction usage includes aggregate for concrete, asphalt, mortar, plaster and stucco, base material in road construction, and fill and structural backfill. Specialty uses include sand blasting and filtration material, foundry and engine sands, and raw material for manufacture of glass and ceramics. Within the area studied (see Figure 1) the Monterey Bay area has the highest concentration of mining activity. To the north, the area around Fort Bragg yields significant quantities to the commercial miner. Most of the remaining coastal sand mining activity is concentrated in the San Francisco area.
Deficiência de Selênio como causa de mortalidade em leitões neonatos no Oeste de Santa Catarina

Dentre as alteracoes clinicas observadas em casos de deficiencia de selenio e vitamina E, destaca-se a hepatose dietetica em suinos, acometendo geralmente leitoes jovens e de crescimento rapido. Sao escassos os relatos acometendo leitoes neonatos. Este trabalho relata tres surtos de mortalidade por hepatose dietetica em leitoes com poucos dias de vida, em granjas do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil, descrevendo as alteracoes clinico-patologicas encontradas. Os niveis de selenio hepatico dos leitoes do terceiro surto foram mensurados e encontravam-se cerca de 11 vezes abaixo dos niveis considerados ideais. Determinou-se a quantidade de vitamina E e selenio na racao fornecida as matrizes da granja, sendo que estas estavam de acordo com o recomendado. Sugere-se, entao, que a causa da deficiencia de selenio, niveis deste mineral nas matrizes, em decorrencia a um excesso de acidos graxos poliinsaturados na alimentacao destas femeas.Palavras chave: Hepatose dietetica, suinos, acidos graxos poliinsaturados.
Reducing Relational Database Performance Bottlenecks Using 3D XPoint Storage Technology

Relational database systems are data-intensive applications because of their heavy I/O workload during a query execution. With more and more data being generated, database sizes are increasing significantly. As a result, database systems incur a tremendous latency to return the query results back to the clients. Using the TPC-H benchmark program, this work explores several key issues that degrade database performance, including read amplification, inefficient use of temporary tables, and higher buffer pool cache miss rates. We show that when clients execute database queries on a conventional storage device, such as a solid-state disk (SSD), the extra I/O latency resulting from the above issues leads to bottlenecks that limit overall database performance. The availability of a new generation storage device, the Optane, which uses a new 3D cross-point technology, provides a feasible approach to accelerate the overall database performance. Processing database queries on this new device produces 1.5-8.3X improvement in the I/O response time, and 1.1-6.5X improvement in the total response time, compared to an SSD-based system.
Nanoelectromechanical Disk Resonators as Highly Sensitive Mass Sensors

This letter presents electro-thermally actuated nanomechanical disk resonators and characterization of their performance as highly sensitive mass sensors both in air and liquid. Operating in-plane rotational mode, the disk resonator surfaces slide in parallel to the liquid interface, hence minimizing the consequent motion of surrounding liquid and the resulting viscous damping. Disk resonators with diameters ranging from 2 to $20~\mu \text{m}$ with thermal actuator beams as narrow as 35 nm were fabricated via electron beam lithography. Quality factors ( ${Q}$ ) as high as 3740 in air and 183 in liquid have been achieved for such resonators with resonance frequencies in the 35-MHz range. Resonator mass sensitivities were characterized in air by the formation of a self-assembled monolayer of hexamethyldisilazane on the surfaces. Frequency shift as high as 318 Hz/ag was measured using a 2- $\mu \text{m}$ diameter disk resonator, resonating at 221 MHz with the thickness of 25 nm. In liquid, when a 20- $\mu \text{m}$ disk resonator was exposed to a 10-mM solution of mercaptohexanol (MCH) in ethyl alcohol (ethanol), its resonance frequency was shifted as MCH molecules gradually adhered to the resonators gold-coated surface in real time. A frequency shift of 20 kHz because of 1.4-pg MCH mass was obtained for such experiment.
Consumer Responses to Corporate Tax Planning

Prior research examines practitioner, investor, and executive perceptions of corporate tax planning. However, little is known about how the typical U.S. consumer views corporate tax planning. We examine consumers’ perceptions of corporate tax planning using both survey and experimental methods. First, we survey U.S. consumers and find that while most express negative preferences for tax planning, they rank it at the bottom of purchase decision factors. Few consumers recall ever seeing a negative media article about taxes. Thus, while consumers state a preference against corporate tax planning, that preference is not particularly strong. However, for the minority of consumers who have read negative articles about a firm’s tax planning, a significant portion claim to have changed their purchasing behavior accordingly. Second, we use an experiment to investigate the consumer effects of tax planning, randomly treating consumers with exposure to news about tax planning and imposing real economic consequences on the participants. We find that consumers exposed to negative tax information about a firm are significantly less likely to prefer receiving a gift card from that firm, suggesting that there is an effect of tax planning on consumer preferences even in the presence of a real economic consequence.
Antarctica as a South Atlantic Maritime Security Issue

This chapter outlines the public international law framework of the Antarctic Treaty to analyse the current position of three Antarctic territorialist countries—Argentina, Chile, and the UK—and whether and how their claims have interfered each other and in the Brazilian regional strategic assessment.
Copper-Graphite Composite Wire Made by Shear-Assisted Processing and Extrusion

Copper-graphite composites wires are manufactured by a novel friction stir processing named Shear-Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE). Two types of precursors have been prepared respectively: a blend of copper and graphite powder; solid copper cylinders having pre-drill holes filled with graphite powder. The precursor material was consolidated and extruded in one step by ShAPE. Up to 800 mm long defect-free wires were produced. The metallographic inspection on both transverse cross-section and longitudinal cross-section confirms the good integrity of the ShAPE Cu-graphite wires. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction indicate the graphite particles were reduced to sub-micro size and uniformly dispersed in the copper matrix. The ultrafine graphite particle inhibits the grain growth thus improving the hardness. The processing temperature is below 550 °C which is much lower compared to conventional manufacturing methods.
The Ultimate Survey: Asking One Question at a Time to Get Feedback from Library Users

Libraries use surveys and other instruments to gather feedback from their users. However, with competition from many other campus entities requesting input, how can survey fatigue be avoided? To ga...
Post-lung transplantation abdominopelvic complications: the role of multimodal imaging

Lung transplantation (LT) is an established method for treating end-stage lung disease. Although most of the post-lung transplant imaging surveillance is focused on chronic lung allograft rejection, abdominopelvic complications have been reported in 7–62% of patients. The reported wide range of post-LT abdominopelvic complications is thought to be secondary to lack of current standardized definitions. These complications encompass a heterogeneous group of disorders including upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, inflammatory conditions of solid organs, lymphoproliferative disorders, and neoplasms; each with varying pathophysiology, timing, severity, and treatment. Clinical manifestations of these complications may overlap or be masked by immunosuppression; therefore, imaging plays a paramount role in the early management and treatment.
Safety and Immunogenicity of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L in RSV-Seronegative Children

Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading global cause of severe pediatric acute respiratory tract illness, and a vaccine is needed. RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L contains 2 attenuating elements: (1) deletion of the interferon antagonist NS2 gene and (2) deletion of codon 1313 of the RSV polymerase gene and the stabilizing missense mutation I1314L. This live vaccine candidate was temperature-sensitive, genetically stable, replication restricted, and immunogenic in nonhuman primates. Methods A single intranasal dose of RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (vaccine-placebo ratio, 2:1) at 106 plaque-forming units (PFU) in 15 RSV-seropositive children and at 105 and 106 PFU in 21 and 30 RSV-seronegative children, respectively. Results In RSV-seronegative children, the 105 PFU dose was overattenuated, but the 106 PFU dose was well tolerated, infectious (RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L replication detected in 90% of vaccinees), and immunogenic (geometric mean serum RSV plaque-reduction neutralizing antibody titer, 1:64). After the RSV season, 9 of 20 vaccinees had increases in the RSV titer that were significantly greater than those in 8 of 10 placebo recipients (1:955 vs 1:69, respectively), indicating that the vaccine primed for anamnestic responses after natural RSV exposure. Conclusion Rational design yielded a genetically stable candidate RSV vaccine that is attenuated yet immunogenic in RSV-seronegative children, warranting further evaluation. Clinical trials registration NCT01893554.
Do Academic Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Comply With Best Practices for Reporting the Results of Randomized Clinical Trials

Purpose To address the shortcoming of reporting P values, several leading medical journals have revised their guidelines for reporting results, specifically mandating the use of confidence intervals (CIs). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of reporting CIs in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) by academic oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Materials and Methods We implemented a retrospective cohort study and enrolled a sample composed of RCTs reported in 3 oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) journals in 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018. We identified RCTs using a Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) search in Medline. Studies were included in the sample if they were randomized and reported a measure of association. Predictor variables included the year of publication, journal, OMS focus area (eg, dentoalveolar surgery, anesthesia/facial pain, craniomaxillofacial trauma), reported confounding factors, funding sources, conflict of interest, study region, number of institutions involved, number of authors, and academic rank of the authors. The primary outcome of interest was reporting of the CI. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed. A P value of ≤ .05 was considered significant. Results The sample included 102 reports. The P value was uniformly reported (100%) in all 102 publications. CIs were reported in 29 reports (28.4%; 95% CI, 19.9 to 38.2). The OMS focus area was associated with reporting CIs (P = .02). Anesthesia/facial pain studies were significantly less likely to report the CIs (12.0%) compared with studies of craniomaxillofacial deformities (100%; Bonferroni P = .02). No other significant associations were found between the predictors and CI reporting (P ≥ .08). Conclusions CIs have been reported in a small proportion of RCTs within OMS. Given the shortcomings of reporting only the P values, a significant need exists for improving the statistical reporting standards among OMS journals.
How to make reflectance a surface property

Reflectance physicalists define reflectance as the intrinsic disposition of a surface to reflect finite-duration light pulses at a particular efficiency per wavelength. I criticize the received view of dispositional reflectance (David R. Hilbert’s) as conceptually regressive, since it fails to account for the empirical law that I call “harmonic dispersion,” the inverse relationship of a pulse's duration to its bandwidth. To render reflectance intrinsic, I redefine it as the per-wavelength efficiency of a surface to reflect the infinite-duration, monochromatic, Fourier harmonics that superimpose into finite-duration pulses by the Fourier Transform. This conclusion raises questions about mathematical realism, about which I nevertheless remain neutral.
A suite of neutron time-of-flight detectors to measure hot-spot motion in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion experiments on OMEGA

Abstract A suite of six neutron time of flight detectors capable of measuring the primary DT neutron energy spectrum has recently been completed on the OMEGA Laser System. The detectors are positioned along multiple quasi-orthogonal lines of sight (LOS’s) in either a stand-alone, collinear, or antipodal configuration. The collinear detector configuration enables one to measure the neutron velocity along the detector LOS independent of the neutron-production history, while the antipodal detector configuration enables one to directly measure of the hot-spot velocity along the detector axis and Gamow velocity shift due to the plasma ion temperature. Using these six measurements of the primary DT neutron energy spectrum, the neutron-averaged hot-spot velocity and Gamow velocity shift of DT fusion neutrons have been measured in cryogenic experiments on OMEGA for the first time. The detector suite is operable between DT neutron yields of 1 × 1013 to 2 × 1014 with an uncertainty of ∼ 14 km/s in the neutron-averaged hot-spot velocity measurement.
Temporal Understanding of Cybersecurity Threats

As cybersecurity-related threats continue to increase, understanding how the field is changing over time can give insight into combating new threats and understanding historical events. We show how to apply dynamic topic models to a set of cybersecurity documents to understand how the concepts found in them are changing over time. We correlate two different data sets, the first relates to specific exploits and the second relates to cybersecurity research. We use Wikipedia concepts to provide a basis for performing concept phrase extraction and show how using concepts to provide context improves the quality of the topic model. We represent the results of the dynamic topic model as a knowledge graph that could be used for inference or information discovery.
Therapeutic Opportunities for Intestinal Angioectasia- Targeting PPARγ and Oxidative Stress.

Recurrent and acute bleeding from intestinal tract angioectasia (AEC) presents a major challenge for clinical intervention. Current treatments are empiric, with frequent poor clinical outcomes. Improvements in understanding the pathophysiology of these lesions will help guide treatment. Using data from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), we analyzed 12 million patient reports to identify drugs inversely correlated with gastrointestinal bleeding and potentially limiting AEC severity. FAERS analysis revealed that drugs used in patients with diabetes and those targeting PPARγ-related mechanisms were associated with decreased AEC phenotypes (P < 0.0001). Electronic health records (EHRs) at University of Cincinnati Hospital were analyzed to validate FAERS analysis. EHR data showed a 5.6% decrease in risk of AEC and associated phenotypes in patients on PPARγ agonists. Murine knockout models of AEC phenotypes were used to construct a gene-regulatory network of candidate drug targets and pathways, which revealed that wound healing, vasculature development and regulation of oxidative stress were impacted in AEC pathophysiology. Human colonic tissue was examined for expression differences across key pathway proteins, PPARγ, HIF1α, VEGF, and TGFβ1. In vitro analysis of human AEC tissues showed lower expression of PPARγ and TGFβ1 compared with controls (0.55 ± 0.07 and 0.49 ± 0.05). National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) RNA-Seq data was analyzed to substantiate human tissue findings. This integrative discovery approach showing altered expression of key genes involved in oxidative stress and injury repair mechanisms presents novel insight into AEC etiology, which will improve targeted mechanistic studies and more optimal medical therapy for AEC.
Betting Against the Sentiment in REIT NAV Premiums

We dissect REIT NAV premiums and examine their relation to expected returns. More than half of the cross-sectional variation in NAV premiums can be explained by readily observable company characteristics, such as size, property type, location, leverage, and profitability. We empirically decompose NAV premiums into characteristics-driven (fitted) and sentiment-driven (orthogonalized) components. The transient, sentiment-driven component of NAV premiums is strongly negatively related to future returns, whereas the stable, characteristics-driven component is a very weak positive predictor of returns. A long-short investment strategy that purchases (sells short) REITs with the lowest (highest) sentiment- driven NAV premiums generates 9% per year, which is 3% per year more than a strategy based on the raw NAV premium. These results shed light on the role of investor sentiment in REIT pricing and have important implications for REIT active investment management.
Semiconducting Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes as Artificial Pili for Enhanced CO 2 Clostridium ljungdahlii Biofilms

Bio-electrochemical systems have been applied successfully for electroreduction of waste carbon dioxide to chemicals. Despite the recent advances in biocathode design and performance, a fundamental understanding of how support electrode materials affect growth, organization and electroactivity of biofilms, and electron transfer across the electrode/bacterium interface is still lacking. Our study demonstrates that surface nanostructuring with semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is beneficial for interfacial charge transfer and CO2 reducing activities of Clostridium ljungdahlii biofilms by mimicking the biological functions of conductive bio-wires, not by the commonly suggested mechanism of simply increasing biofilm coverage. We also show that applying a negative potential during biofilm growth is essential for production of electroactive biofilms. 13C isotope labeling experiments conclusively demonstrate that biocathodes can simultaneously utilize ethanol while reducing CO2. Deuterium isotope labeling experiments confirmed that the availability of electrochemically produced H2 as a redox mediator does not limit the efficiency of extracellular electron transfer (EET) and CO2 electro-reduction. These results provide important mechanistic information about EET across the bacterium/material interface in a model biohybrid system.
3 Representations of Confucius in the Huainanzi

The Huainanzi is undoubtedly one of the most philosophically nuanced and aesthetically sophisticated texts of the Han period. At the time the Huainanzi was coalescing as a text, the cultic stature of Confucius and Laozi was yet to be achieved. Likewise, the 'Daoist' and 'Confucian' traditions associated with them were still quite fluid and open to debate, as the inventories of Sima Tan and Liu Xiang demonstrate. The multiple personalities ascribed to Confucius, along with his newfound prestige, are evident in the proliferation of Han collections that preserve narratives, dialogues, and sayings associated with him. The Confucians and Mohists thus began enumerating their Ways and debating, dividing up disciples, and reciting. The first noteworthy quality with which Confucius is associated is perspicacity. Though Confucius is sometimes described as possessing outstanding physical qualities, it is his mental acuity that typically set him apart from other men. Keywords: Confucians; Confucius; Han period; Huainanzi ; Laozi ; Liu Xiang; Mohists; Sima Tan
Influenza Viruses: Genome Structure, Transcription and Replication of Viral RNA

The influenza viruses, or orthomyxoviridae, are enveloped animal viruses containing a segmented RNA genome. They are classified into three types, A, B and C, based on their immunologically distinct nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M) protein antigens. Influenza A viruses are further grouped into antigenic subtypes according to their specific hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins. The first human influenza A virus was isolated in 1933. In addition to man, influenza A viruses have been isolated from avian species and a wide variety of mammals including horses, pigs, and seals. The only known reservoir for influenza B viruses is man and up until recent times, influenza C viruses were only found in the human population.
An Improved Process for the Generation of Drag Polars for use in Conceptual/Preliminary Design

Presented at the 4th World Aviation Congress and Exposition, San Francisco, CA, October 19-21, 1999.
Line Strengths in WN Stars

We have analyzed high-dispersion spectra of over 100 WN stars in the Galaxy and the Large Magellenic Cloud (LMC). Most of the spectra were obtained through 4-m telescopes (Conti, Leep, and Perry 1981). The measured strengths of the WN classification lines N III λλ4634–41, N IV λ4057, N V λ4604 (Smith 1968) for stars of WN subtypes 2.5–8 are shown in Figure 1. The assignments of WN subtypes are based on visual estimates of ratios of line strengths according to the scheme of Smith (1968), except that stars appearing to be earlier than WN3 are classified as WN2 or WN2.5 as explained by vander Hucht et al. (1981) and by Conti, Leep and Perry (1981).
Using approximate multi-crane frequencies for input shaper design

Cranes are the primary heavy lifter used in a wide array of industries. For the transport of large payloads, multiple cranes are often employed in a cooperative manner. One factor limiting the efficiency of all cranes is payload oscillation. For multi-crane lifts, the payload oscillation is a function of an array of crane and payload parameters, many of which are difficult to measure in real-time. This paper investigates the use of the estimates of the multi-crane natural frequencies in input shaper design. Two methods to design input shapers that rely only on the suspension cable lengths involved in the lift are presented. The accuracy of these estimations and the resulting effectiveness of input-shaping control are studied via simulation and experimental testing with a two-crane system.
Erich Fromm and contemporary psychoanalysis: from modernism to postmodernism.

I am pleased to respond to Harold Davis’s insightful article on Fromm and postmodernism. Like Harold, I believe that Fromm’s work merits discussion in the contemporary psychoanalytic context and is of direct relevance to the current debate over postmodernism. My discussion will essentially take up where Harold’s article ended. At first glance, the juxtaposition of Fromm and postmodernism may seem rather odd. Fromm, after all, died in 1980, and to my knowledge never directly addressed the growing postmodernist movement in his last years. Indeed, a colleague told me that he offered to address students protesting at Columbia University in 1968 but was rebuffed (Nat Stockhammer, personal communication). The 1968 student protests are often linked with the emergence of postmodernism. The students, however, apparently had no interest in hearing what he—or anyone of his age group—had to say. Yet, as Harold points out, Fromm and the existential–phenomenological tradition with which he was often allied have direct relevance for the current debate over postmodernism in psychoanalysis. I will examine both of these topics in turn. Frommmay seem like a largely forgotten figure today. He was a founder of the William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and Psychology, a sociologist turned psychoanalyst, a writer of books that sold well, but someone who perhaps never fully made his mark on the practice of psychoanalysis. And yet?
A Logic-based View of Similarities and Preferences

We start by recalling previous work leading to an interpretation of fuzzy logic in terms of metric structures defined in a set of possible worlds. These possible worlds, or possible states of a system, are characterized by the truth values of clasical logical assertions about the state of the world.
Diffraction techniques in structural biology.

A detailed understanding of chemical and biological function and the mechanisms underlying the molecular activities ultimately requires atomic-resolution structural data. Diffraction-based techniques such as single-crystal X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and neutron diffraction are well established and they have paved the road to the stunning successes of modern-day structural biology. The major advances achieved in the last twenty years in all aspects of structural research, including sample preparation, crystallization, the construction of synchrotron and spallation sources, phasing approaches, and high-speed computing and visualization, now provide specialists and nonspecialists alike with a steady flow of molecular images of unprecedented detail. The present unit combines a general overview of diffraction methods with a detailed description of the process of a single-crystal X-ray structure determination experiment, from chemical synthesis or expression to phasing and refinement, analysis, and quality control. For novices it may serve as a stepping-stone to more in-depth treatises of the individual topics. Readers relying on structural information for interpreting functional data may find it a useful consumer guide. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
NHANES III for older persons: nutrition content and methodological considerations

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) are important in the assessment of nutritional status of the population of the United States. The utility of these surveys for assessment of the nutritional status of older Americans has been limited because prior NHANES have not included persons aged greater than or equal to 75 y. This paper reviews the role of the NHANES for nutritional epidemiology, highlighting the unique opportunity NHANES III offers to expand the nutrition database for older persons. Data are presented on consequences of nonresponse in analytic work and mechanisms that have been devised to approach the potential problem of nonresponse within NHANES III.
Drop Size Distributions and Radar Observations of Convective and Stratiform Rain over the Equatorial Indian and West Pacific Oceans

AbstractTwo-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) data were analyzed from two equatorial Indian (Gan) and west Pacific Ocean (Manus) islands where precipitation is primarily organized by the intertropical convergence zone and the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). The 18 (3.5) months of 2DVD data from Manus (Gan) Island show that 1) the two sites have similar drop size distribution (DSD) spectra of liquid water content, median diameter, rain rate R, radar reflectivity z, normalized gamma number concentration Nw, and other integral rain parameters; 2) there is a robust Nw-based separation between convective (C) and stratiform (S) DSDs at both sites that produces consistent separation in other parameter spaces.The 2DVD data indicate an equatorial, maritime average C/S rainfall accumulation fraction (frequency) of 81/19 (41/59) at these locations. It is hypothesized that convective fraction and frequency estimates are slightly higher than previous radar-based studies, because the ubiquitous weak, shallow convec...
Response Times and Traffic Sign Design: Application of the Critical Path and OP Methods:

In many situations a rapid, accurate response to a traffic sign is required. The design of traffic signs which keeps response time at a minimum is an important human factors problem. An understanding of the network of cognitive processes that govern response times can be very useful to the human factors engineer, especially when it is possible to determine which processes, if shortened in duration, would lead to an overall decrease in response time. The design activity can then be focused on keeping at a minimum the duration of these critical processes. Two recently developed methods of response time analysis which make possible the determination of the critical processes are discussed: the critical path method (Schweickert, 1978) and the OP method (Fisher and Goldstein, in press).
Enhanced two-layer radiative transfer scheme for a land surface model with a discontinuous upper canopy

Abstract This paper describes a radiative transfer scheme in which vegetation canopies are represented by two layers: a more or less discontinuous upper canopy of trees or shrubs and a continuous lower canopy overlying the soil surface. The model employs a modified geometric-optic approach to estimate the probability that incident radiation will intersect one or more trees, and turbid media radiative transfer to estimate attenuation within the trees and in the underlying herbaceous layer. The primary difference between this and earlier models is that the structure of the model makes it suitable across a range of vegetation types, from woodland and forest to savanna and grassland. An empirical method for separation of green leaf and non-green interception and absorption is also presented. The scheme was developed for inclusion in a land surface model requiring short time-step (e.g. 10–30 min) resolution of the interception and absorption of solar energy by the land surface for use in computations of surface energy balance, evapotranspiration and photosynthesis. The model is applied with good results to a series of sites in Niger, West Africa, where detailed radiative transfer and canopy structural measurements were made during the HAPEX-Sahel experiment.
Urinary albumin excretion in families with type 2 diabetes is heritable and genetically correlated to blood pressure.

SBP (rg 0.27) and DBP (rg 0.26) in all pairs of relatives (P , 0.001). In pairs of diabetic relatives, these values were higher ance due to additive genetic effects) and the genetic for SBP and DBP, 0.38 and 0.52, respectively. correlation between traits in the extended families in the Conclusion. In families with type 2 diabetes, UAE is a heri- presence of environmental covariates. This approach has table trait, with a heritability similar to that for blood pressure. been employed to assess genetic contributions to variation A significant genetic correlation between UAE and blood pres- in cardiovascular risk factors [10] and has been extended sure, particularly in the presence of diabetes, indicates that to the mapping of genes for quantitative traits [11]. these traits share common genetic determinants.
160,000-ampere high-speed magnetic amplifier

ALTHOUGH REGENT LITERATURE has primarily described the small- to medium-power applications of the static magnetic amplifier, it is in the high-power field that the natural advantages of the magnetic amplifier can be fully realized. With present-day materials, the heavy-duty static magnetic amplifier can often be built smaller, more efficient, and less expensive than comparable rotating magnetic amplifiers.
Observations on Activity and Diffusion Coefficients in Na‐Montmorillonite

Double-layer theory was used to obtain the distribution of electrical potential between adjacent clay particles. From this distribution, the activity coefficients of the sodium and chloride ions in the system were calculated. The calculated values were close to the observed ones. The porosity of the clay-water system was calculated from the density and concentration of clay. The calculated value was used to calculate the geometry factor. Then this factor and the diffusion coefficient of water in bulk water were used to calculate the diffusion that water would have in the clay if the water therein had its normal viscosity. Results indicated that the water in the clay was about twice as viscous as normal water. Having the geometry factor and the viscosity of the water in the system, it was possible to compute the diffusion coefficients that Na+ and Cl− would have in the absence of electrical interaction with the clay. The computed values were close to those observed. To obtain closer agreement, electrical field strengths calculated by double-layer theory were used in an empirical equation relating viscosity and field strength to obtain the distribution of viscosity relative to the particle surfaces. Also, double-layer theory was used to obtain ionic distributions with respect to these surfaces. From the resulting distributions it was possible to determine, by means of appropriate equations, the ionic diffusion coefficients that should obtain in the clay system. Diffusion coefficients determined in this manner were somewhat better than those calculated without regard for electrical effects.
Extracorporeal Life Support in Neonates, Infants, and Children After Repair of Congenital Heart Disease: Modern Era Results in a Single Institution

Background Extracorporeal life support has assumed a very effective role in the support of patients with refractory heart failure after repair of congenital heart disease, with hospital survival between 37% and 42%. We reviewed our results of different applications of extracorporeal life support in the last 2 years. Methods Between January 2001 and October 2003, 671 patients underwent surgery for congenital heart disease at our institution. We retrospectively reviewed the hospital and clinic charts of the patients who required extracorporeal life support postoperatively, and studied the factors associated with survival. Results Thirty-six patients (5.36%) received extracorporeal life support after surgery, between 1 day and 8 years of age (age Conclusions Extracorporeal life support utilization was expanded to include different applications with different outcomes. The extracorporeal life support registry should be altered to reflect those changes.
A note on entropy effects in polymeric fluids

Abstract Critical comments are offered on two recent publications concerning characterization of the entropy effect in polymeric fluids. Two distinctly different means of treating entropy are involved, each subject to different interpretations within the context of continuum thermodynamics. We discuss these differences, especially as they relate to continuum thermodynamics hypotheses.
Reliability concerns in embedded system designs

Embedded computing systems have become a pervasive part of daily life, used for tasks ranging from providing entertainment to assisting the functioning of key human organs. As technology scales, designing a dependable embedded system atop a less reliable hardware platform poses great challenges for designers. Cost and energy sensitivity, as well as real-time constraints, make some fault-tolerant techniques unviable for embedded system design. Many techniques to improve reliability can incur performance, energy, or cost penalties. Further, some solutions targeted at a specific failure mechanism could negatively affect other mechanisms. For example, lowering operational voltage can help mitigate thermal problems but increases vulnerability to soft errors. Developers must understand the trade offs when designing reliable embedded systems.