cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Isomorphism Between Asset Pricing Models With and Without Linear Habit Formation

We show an isomorphism between optimal portfolio selection or competitive equilibrium models with utilities incorporating linear habit formation, and corresponding models without habit formation. The isomorphism can be used to mechanically transform known solutions not involving habit formation to corresponding solutions with habit formation. For example, the Constantinides (1990) and Ingersoll (1992) solutions are mechanically obtained from the familiar Merton solutions for the additive utility case, without recourse to a Bellman equation or first-order conditions. More generally, recent solutions to portfolio selection problems with recursive utility and a stochastic investment opportunity set are readily transformed to novel solutions of corresponding problems with utility that combines recursivity with habit formation. The methodology also applies in the context of Hindy‐Huang‐Kreps (1992) preferences, where our isomorphism shows that the solution obtained by Hindy and Huang (1993) can be mechanically transformed to Dybvig’s (1995) solution to the optimal consumption-investment problem with consumption ratcheting. This article presents a general method for solving asset pricing or portfolio selection models involving linear habit formation of the type studied by Sundaresan (1989), Constantinides (1990), Detemple and Zapatero (1991), Ingersoll (1992), Chapman (1998), and others. The basic idea we pursue is that linear habit formation can be thought of as a redefinition of what constitutes consumption, to include not only the current consumption rate but also a fictitious (possibly negative) consumption rate derived from past actual consumption. By pricing out this fictitious consumption rate correctly, the economy with linear habit formation can be mechanically transformed to an equivalent economy without habit formation. This analysis simplifies and unifies existing results, but also generates novel solutions. For example, together with the results of Schroder and Skiadas (1997, 1999), our method produces optimal lifetime consumption and portfolio policies with preferences that combine recursive utility with habit formation under a stochastic
Towards Practical Flow Sensing and Control via POD and LSE Based Low-Dimensional Tools

Low-dimensional methods including the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Linear Stochastic Estimation (LSE) have been applied to the flow between a backward facing ramp and an adjustable flap. A range of flap angles provide a flow which is incipiently separated and can be used to flesh out ideas for active feedback separation control strategies. The current study couples Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and multipoint wall pressure measurements using POD and LSE to estimate the full velocity field from the wall pressure alone. This technique yields a sufficiently accurate estimate of the velocity field that the incipient condition can be detected. The ability to estimate the state of the flow without inserting probes into the flow is important for the development of practical active feedback flow control strategies
Experimental evidence for the occurrence of E8 in nature and the radii of the Gosset circles

A recent experimental discovery involving the spin structure of electrons in a cold one-dimensional magnet points to a validation of a (1989) Zamolodchikov model involving the exceptional Lie group E 8. The model predicts 8 particles and predicts the ratio of their masses. The conjectures have now been validated experimentally, at least for the first five masses. The Zamolodchikov model was extended in 1990 to a Kateev–Zamolodchikov model involving E 6 and E 7 as well. In a seemingly unrelated matter, the vertices of the 8-dimensional Gosset polytope identifies with the 240 roots of E 8. Under the famous two-dimensional (Peter McMullen) projection of the polytope, the images of the vertices are arranged in eight concentric circles, hereafter referred to as the Gosset circles. The McMullen projection generalizes to any complex simple Lie algebra (in particular not restricted to A-D-E types) whose rank is greater than 1. The Gosset circles generalize as well, using orbits of the Coxeter element on roots. Applying results in Kostant (Am J Math 81:973–1032, 1959), I found some time ago a very easily defined operator A on a Cartan subalgebra, the ratio of whose eigenvalues is exactly the ratio of squares of the radii r i of the generalized Gosset circles. The two matters considered above relate to one another in that the ratio of the masses in the E 6, E 7, E 8 Kateev–Zamolodchikov models are exactly equal to the ratios of the radii of the corresponding generalized Gosset circles.
Preparation of aqueous solutions of hypovalent germanium; reactions involving germanium-(II) and -(III)

Solutions 0.2–0.4 mol dm−1 in GeII and 6 mol dm−1 in HCl, generated by reaction of GeIV with H3PO2, are stable for more than three weeks and can be diluted 200-fold with dilute HCl to give GeCl42− preparations that may be handled by conventional techniques; kinetic profiles for the reduction of FeIII by GeII, as catalyzed by CuII in this medium, implicate, for the first time, the odd-electron intermediate GeIII, which is formed from CuII and GeII (k = 30 M−1 s−1 in 0.50 M HCl) and is consumed by reaction with FeIII (k = 6 × 102 M−1 s−1).
Salinosporamide A: a highly cytotoxic proteasome inhibitor from a novel microbial source, a marine bacterium of the new genus salinospora.

thus the discovery of a major new group of thesebacteria in marine sediments suggests that the ocean repre-sents an overlooked habitat from which to isolate theseimportant microorganisms. Given thatthe rate of discovery ofnew biologically active compounds from common soil actino-mycetes has been falling,
Pathways to Social Evolution: Reciprocity, Relatedness, and Synergy

Many organisms live in populations structured by space and by class, exhibit plastic responses to their social partners, and are subject to nonadditive ecological and fitness effects. Social evolution theory has long recognized that all of these factors can lead to different selection pressures but has only recently attempted to synthesize how these factors interact. Using models for both discrete and continuous phenotypes, we show that analyzing these factors in a consistent framework reveals that they interact with one another in ways previously overlooked. Specifically, behavioral responses (reciprocity), genetic relatedness, and synergy interact in nontrivial ways that cannot be easily captured by simple summary indices of assortment. We demonstrate the importance of these interactions by showing how they have been neglected in previous synthetic models of social behavior both within and between species. These interactions also affect the level of behavioral responses that can evolve in the long run; proximate biological mechanisms are evolutionarily stable when they generate enough responsiveness relative to the level of responsiveness that exactly balances the ecological costs and benefits. Given the richness of social behavior across taxa, these interactions should be a boon for empirical research as they are likely crucial for describing the complex relationship linking ecology, demography, and social behavior.
Biological data sciences in genome research

The last 20 years have been a remarkable era for biology and medicine. One of the most significant achievements has been the sequencing of the first human genomes, which has laid the foundation for profound insights into human genetics, the intricacies of regulation and development, and the forces of evolution. Incredibly, as we look into the future over the next 20 years, we see the very real potential for sequencing more than 1 billion genomes, bringing even deeper insight into human genetics as well as the genetics of millions of other species on the planet. Realizing this great potential for medicine and biology, though, will only be achieved through the integration and development of highly scalable computational and quantitative approaches that can keep pace with the rapid improvements to biotechnology. In this perspective, I aim to chart out these future technologies, anticipate the major themes of research, and call out the challenges ahead. One of the largest shifts will be in the training used to prepare the class of 2035 for their highly interdisciplinary world.
Reactions of nitroso hetero-Diels-Alder cycloadducts with azides: stereoselective formation of triazolines and aziridines.

The addition of azides to acylnitroso hetero-Diels−Alder cycloadducts derived from cyclopentadiene affords exo-triazolines in excellent yield. The reaction is greatly affected by the level of alkene strain, while sterically demanding azides do not hinder the reaction. Conversion of the triazolines to aziridines is also described.
5'-nor carbocyclic ribavirin.

Abstract An efficient synthesis of 5′-nor carbocyclic ribavirin (4) is described in 13 steps from conveniently available (+)-(1R,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl acetate (6). Compound 4 was evaluated against the following viruses: herpes simplex type 1 and 2, vaccinia, cowpox, smallpox, Ebola, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, adenovirus type 1, influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2), influenza B, parainfluenza type 3, Pichinde, Punta Toro A, respiratory syncytial, rhinovirus type 2, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, yellow fever, and West Nile. No activity was found nor was there any cytotoxicity to the viral host cells.
The almost disturbance decoupling problem with internal stability for linear systems subject to input saturation—state feedback case

Abstract We consider the almost disturbance decoupling problem (ADDP) and/or almost D -bounded disturbance decoupling problem ((ADDP) D ) with internal stability for linear systems subject to input saturation and input-additive disturbance via linear static state feedback. We show that the almost D -bounded disturbance decoupling problem with local asymptotic stability ((ADDP/LAS) D ) is always solvable via linear static state feedback as long as the system in the absence of input saturation is stabilizable, no matter where the poles of the open-loop system are, and the locations of these poles play a role only in the solution of (ADDP/GAS) D , (ADDP/SGAS) D or ADDP/GAS where semi-global or global asymptotic stability is required.
Substituent Constants and Substituent Effects in Organoselenium and Organotellurium Compounds

Substituent constants and substituent effects in organoselenium and organotellurium compounds help chemists both explain and predict properties and reactivity ofthese organochalcogen compounds. In this chapter, recently reported substituent constants of selenium and tellurium-containing groups are described, as are structure-property and structure-reactivity relationships in organoselenium and organotellurium compounds, particularly as they relate to the electronic and steric effects of substituents. The more quantitative examples of substituent effects on the properties and reactivity of chalcogen-containing groups and molecules are presented, as are related papers that may lack the quantitative aspects, but still provide insight into the chemistry and properties of molecules. Selected series of compounds in which differences across the chalcogens can be seen are also included, where relevant. Keywords: substituent constants; Substituent effects; structure-property relationships; structure-reactivity relationships; electronic effects; steric effects
A COMPLETE SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF THE MILKY WAY SATELLITE SEGUE 1: DARK MATTER CONTENT, STELLAR MEMBERSHIP, AND BINARY PROPERTIES FROM A BAYESIAN ANALYSIS

We introduce a comprehensive analysis of multi-epoch stellar line-of-sight velocities to determine the intrinsic velocity dispersion of the ultrafaint satellites of the Milky Way. Our method includes a simultaneous Bayesian analysis of both membership probabilities and the contribution of binary orbital motion to the observed velocity dispersion within a 14-parameter likelihood. We apply our method to the Segue 1 dwarf galaxy and conclude that Segue 1 is a dark-matter-dominated galaxy at high probability with an intrinsic velocity dispersion of 3.7+1.4 – 1.1 km s–1. The dark matter halo required to produce this dispersion must have an average density of within a sphere that encloses half the galaxy's stellar luminosity. This is the highest measured density of dark matter in the Local Group. Our results show that a significant fraction of the stars in Segue 1 may be binaries with the most probable mean period close to 10 years, but also consistent with the 180 year mean period seen in the solar vicinity at about 1σ. Despite this binary population, the possibility that Segue 1 is a bound star cluster with the observed velocity dispersion arising from the orbital motion of binary stars is disfavored by the multi-epoch stellar velocity data at greater than 99% C.L. Finally, our treatment yields a projected (two-dimensional) half-light radius for the stellar profile of Segue 1 of R 1/2 = 28+5 – 4 pc, in excellent agreement with photometric measurements.
CONVERSION OF ALCOHOLS INTO ALKYL CHLORIDES USING TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID WITH TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE

Trichloroisocyanuric acid with triphenylphosphine in anhydrous acetonitrile will convert alcohols into alkyl halides.
Visualization-aware sampling for very large databases

Interactive visualizations are crucial in ad hoc data exploration and analysis. However, with the growing number of massive datasets, generating visualizations in interactive timescales is increasingly challenging. One approach for improving the speed of the visualization tool is via data reduction in order to reduce the computational overhead, but at a potential cost in visualization accuracy. Common data reduction techniques, such as uniform and stratified sampling, do not exploit the fact that the sampled tuples will be transformed into a visualization for human consumption. We propose a visualization-aware sampling (VAS) that guarantees high quality visualizations with a small subset of the entire dataset. We validate our method when applied to scatter and map plots for three common visualization goals: regression, density estimation, and clustering. The key to our sampling method's success is in choosing a set of tuples that minimizes a visualization-inspired loss function. While existing sampling approaches minimize the error of aggregation queries, we focus on a loss function that maximizes the visual fidelity of scatter plots. Our user study confirms that our proposed loss function correlates strongly with user success in using the resulting visualizations. Our experiments show that (i) VAS improves user's success by up to 35% in various visualization tasks, and (ii) VAS can achieve a required visualization quality up to 400× faster.
Studies for the Lower Monumental Power Plant

931 Mw power plant operating at 93.5 ft head will comprise 6 Kaplan units with adjustable blades; aspects of planning and design for determining size and number of units in relation to runner diameter and other turbine characteristics and costs and benefits; comparative analysis of 60 alternate power plants.
Novel Insights into the Roles of Rho Kinase in Cancer

Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA. The ROCK family, consisting of ROCK1 and ROCK2, plays a central role in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and is involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Since the discovery of effective inhibitors such as fasudil and Y27632, the biological roles of ROCK have been extensively explored in numerous diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence supports the concept that ROCK plays important roles in tumor development and progression through regulating many key cellular functions associated with malignancy, including tumorigenicity, tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor cell apoptosis/survival and chemoresistance as well. This review focuses on the new advances of the most recent 5 years from the studies on the roles of ROCK in cancer development and progression; the discussion is mainly focused on the potential value of ROCK inhibitors in cancer therapy.
The poverty effects of market concentration

This paper contributes to the limited literature on the welfare impacts of market concentration by developing a simple model that shows how exogenous variations in market power affect poverty. Increased market power leads to economy-wide welfare losses, because it raises the prices of goods and services for all agents in an economy and thus reduces the relative incomes of households, particularly among the poor. Declines in poverty in this context are only possible in the case wherein the poor have access to a share of oligopolistic rents. Although this scenario seems highly unlikely, this result has important implications for public policy, particularly for economies with less-than-perfect markets and social objectives of poverty eradication. This result suggest the possibility of taxing extranormal rents extracted by firms with market power and redistributing them through targeted lump-sum social transfers, thereby contributing to poverty reduction by mitigating welfare losses from the negative price effect.
A proposal for a federalized unemployment insurance mechanism for Europe

The ongoing crisis in the Eurozone, together with growing evidence of structural imbalances, points to a role for new institutions to support a more stable EMU structure. As is well established in the context of monetary union when business cycles are not synchronized, a system of fiscal transfers can support monetary union. Unemployment insurance (UI) is, in particular, a key component of fiscal crisis management. UI supports household incomes during downturns, and also acts as an automatic stabilizer, thereby helping individual countries respond to asymmetric shocks. This paper proposes a `federalizedâ EMU-level UI mechanism as one program that can contribute to a system of fiscal transfers in the EMU, and estimates the cost of the proposed system under different financing and eligibility scenarios. We find that, under a variety of reasonable institutional parameters, such a system is fiscally feasible with limited reason to expect adverse employment effects in member countries. We conclude that fiscal transfers extended via automatic stabilizers are a productive avenue towards a more stable Eurozone architecture.