cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adoptively Transferred EAE in γδ T Cell-knockout Mice

Recently there has been evidence suggesting that gamma delta receptor-bearing T cells may play a role in both multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have recently described approaches for the generation of encephalitogenic T-cell populations from EAE-resistant strains of mice. Using encephalitogenic T-cell lines and clones generated from wild-type C57BL/6 mice we have studied adoptively transferred EAE in C57BL/6-TCR delta-knockout mice. We now report that the adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic T cells into TCR delta T-knockout mice leads to clinical EAE that is not significantly different in severity or time course than that seen after transfer into wild-type C57BL/6 mice. We conclude that gamma delta T cells do not play an integral role in the mediation or regulation of the effector-phase mechanisms in EAE.
Drawing Back the Lens on Play: A Frame Analysis of Young Children's Play in Puerto Rico

Research Findings: Previous research on young children's play has focused narrowly on behaviors that are highly valued in Western societies. The purpose of this study was to draw back the lens on play—dto examine a broader range of early childhood pastimes that are more common and meaningful to children of color. Using G. Bateson's (1972) work on play frames, the play behaviors of 49 4- and 5-year-old children were observed, described, categorized, and analyzed over a 6-month period in two classrooms in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Children were found to play in very large groups. Rarely studied play behaviors were identified: music play, humor/teasing, replica play, and art play. Commonly studied play forms, such as pretend and construction, were also common but were often observed in unexpected locations and embedded in other primary play activities, making them difficult to identify and evaluate. Practice: Findings suggest that professionals should observe and assess children's play through a more inclusive ...
The effect of gonadal hormones in infancy on maternal behavior in the adult rat

Abstract Neonatal exposure to androgen permanently alters the pattern of gonadotropin secretion by the pituitary and the sexual behavior in the adult rat. Other sexually dimorphic behaviors, such as open field, emergence, social, and aggressive behavior, have been changed in the adult rat due to the presence or absence of androgen in infancy. This study was done to evaluate the effect of androgen in infancy on maternal behavior in the adult rat. The results indicate significant differences between adult males and females of the Long-Evans strain on quantifiable aspects of maternal behavior as measured by: (1) retrieval of young; (2) licking of the young; (3) crouching over the young as in nursing; and (4) nest-building behavior. Females given 100 μg of testosterone propionate 4 days after birth showed significant changes on some measures of maternal behavior when tested as adults. The changes were toward the male pattern of behavior. Conversely, males castrated on the day of birth showed significant changes on some measures of maternal behavior. The changes were toward the female pattern of behavior. A possible explanation for the present findings is presented.
Single-Molecule Vibrational Spectroscopy and Microscopy

Vibrational spectra for a single molecule adsorbed on a solid surface have been obtained with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Inelastic electron tunneling spectra for an isolated acetylene (C2H2) molecule adsorbed on the copper (100) surface showed an increase in the tunneling conductance at 358 millivolts, resulting from excitation of the C-H stretch mode. An isotopic shift to 266 millivolts was observed for deuterated acetylene (C2D2). Vibrational microscopy from spatial imaging of the inelastic tunneling channels yielded additional data to further distinguish and characterize the two isotopes. Single-molecule vibrational analysis should lead to better understanding and control of surface chemistry at the atomic level.
A new stochastic algorithm for proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack design optimization

Abstract This paper develops a new stochastic heuristic for proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack design optimization. The problem involves finding the optimal size and configuration of stand-alone, fuel-cell-based power supply systems: the stack is to be configured so that it delivers the maximum power output at the load's operating voltage. The problem apparently looks straightforward but is analytically intractable and computationally hard. No exact solution can be found, nor is it easy to find the exact number of local optima; we, therefore, are forced to settle with approximate or near-optimal solutions. This real-world problem, first reported in Journal of Power Sources 131 , poses both engineering challenges and computational challenges and is representative of many of today's open problems in fuel cell design involving a mix of discrete and continuous parameters. The new algorithm is compared against genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and (1+1)-EA. Statistical tests of significance show that the results produced by our method are better than the best-known solutions for this problem published in the literature. A finite Markov chain analysis of the new algorithm establishes an upper bound on the expected time to find the optimum solution.
A Note on the Exact Distributions of the Gcl Estimators in Two Leading over Identified Cases

Abstract Basmann [3] has recently given the exact sampling distributions of the generalized classical linear (GCL) estimators of the parameters of a system of two simultaneous structural equations. In view of the importance of the GCL estimators in econometric statistics, a less intricate derivation by using formulae that might be more widely known to statisticians and econometricians, might be useful.
Proliferative homeostasis and its age-related aberrations

Abstract Although it is possible that, in some aging tissues, altered proliferative homeostasis serves a beneficial function, it seems more likely that the effects are usually detrimental to the organism, not because there are deficiencies of certain cell types but, on the contrary, because there seem to be numerous examples, in mammals, of multi-focal proliferations or hyperplasias, often occurring in tissues in which there is evidence of atrophy, or of a decline in the replicative potentials of certain cell types, some of which might serve to regulate the proliferative homeostasis of related cell types. Perhaps the most important consequence of such age-related hyperplasias is that they could set the stage for tumor promotion — the second stage of the classical two stage mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis. Such a pathogenetic paradigm has also been implicated in atherogenesis. Thus, we are concerned with mechanisms which may be at the basis of the two major disease categories of modern man — cancer and atherosclerosis. A rigorous experimental approach to the altered proliferative homeostasis which underlies these disorders requires the molecular characterization and biological assay of those numerous chemical agents which either stimulate cell replication (“mitogens”) or inhibit cell replication (“chalones”) in specific cell types. The symposium which this paper introduces reviews the present state of knowledge of several examples of each of these two important classes of cell cycle regulators.
Measuring fun, trust, confidence, and other ethereal constructs: it isn't that hard

Evaluation and usability as a practice area has diversified its approaches, broadened the spectrum of UX issues it addresses, and extended its contribution into deeper levels of product-development decision making. This forum addresses conceptual, methodological, and professional issues that arise in the field's continuing effort to contribute robust information about users to product planning and design. David Siegel and Susan Dray, Editors
Gas-Phase Study of Coronene Cation Reactivity of Interstellar Relevance

Recent research suggests that cations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be responsible for the observed diffuse interstellar bands. Determining the reaction rate constants and reactivity trends of these ions with species relevant to the interstellar medium will help lead the search for specific diffuse interstellar band carriers and develop pathways for their transformation. This Letter presents the gas-phase ion-neutral reaction rate constants of a specific PAH cation, the parent molecular cation of coronene (C24H), with H atom, N atom, O atom, and H2, and discusses the reactivity trends of PAH cations of increasing size with these small interstellar species. This study examines the kinetics of the largest PAH cation to date. These experiments were carried out using a flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The reaction rate constants of the coronene cation with H atom, O atom, N atom, and H2 have been measured to be 1.4 × 10-10, 1.3 × 10-10, <1 × 10-12, and <5 × 10-13 cm3 s-1, respectively.
Toward an evaluation of the thought of Evelyn Underhill

Evelyn Underhill (Mrs. H. Stuart Moore), 18751941, the prolific twentiethcentury English religious writer, ’ had a considerable following in her own time. Her two major works Mysricism (1911) and Worship (1936), have remained in print continuously since publication2 and recently there has been a rebirth of interest in her writing.3 John Macquarrie in his Twentieth Century Religious Thought claims that Underhill is one of three women in the early part of this century who made a significant contribution to religious scholarship4 and Michael Ramsey, former Archbishop of Canterbury, asserts that she did more than anyone else to keep the spiritual life alive in the Church of England in the early part of this century.5 Underhill has been hailed by T.S. Eliot as a writer attuned to the great spiritual hunger of her times. ‘Her studies’, he wrote, ‘. . . have the inspiration not primarily of the scholar or the champion of forgotten genius, but of the consciousness of the grievous need of the contemplative element in the modern world.‘6 All of this argues for a historical re-evaluation of the thought of this woman who has been called a giant in Anglicanism7 and the spiritual director to her generation.8 Evelyn Underhill’s life was comfortable, secure and outwardly un-dramatic. An only child, she was privately educated until her early teens. She later attended King’s College, travelled on the continent and married at age thirty-two. Sir Arthur Underhill, her father, and H. Stuart Moore, her husband, were both wellrespected barristers. Her social circle was among the educated upper middle classes of London. She had no children and for almost forty years she worked from her home, producing hundreds of book reviews, articles and books. She was religious editor of the Spectator for a number of years and wrote for a variety of publications including Theology, Criterion, Fortnightly and Time and Tide. For the last fifteen years of her life she served as a spiritual director and a leader of retreats. She was the first woman in Anglicanism to work as a retreat conductor and the first woman to lecture at Oxford University. Her achievement was realised without systematic education and without the direct support of any institution, academic or ecclesiastical. Intelligence, emotional intensity and a highly defined sensitivity to the needs of her contemporaries drove her to expend her life in revealing the importance of the contemplative life to her generation. In the almost fifty years since her death, there has been both recognition of her achievement as well as criticism of it. Some philosophers of religion reject her epistemological assumptions’ and historians of spirituality claim her work is the last breath of the Oxford Movement and, as such, is outmoded.‘O It has been argued that she is not an original thinker but a populariser of mysticism” and of
The Effects of Rereading, Self-Selected Strategy Use, and Rehearsal on the Immediate and Delayed Understanding of Text.

Abstract This study was designed to examine the influences of rereading and strategy use on college students' abilities to understand and remember text information. Theoretically, those who engage in active strategy use should perform better than those who do not, but results of research investigations examining these factors continue to be mixed. Subjects were 176 college freshmen who were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: Groups 1 and 2 were the rereading only groups, Group 3 read and constructed a strategy of their choosing, and Group 4 read, constructed a strategy, and rehearsed the strategy. All groups were given 30 minutes to carry out their tasks. Results indicated no differences between the groups on the recognition task. However there were differences on the recall task. Several explanations focusing on time on task, transfer of strategy use, and passage length are discussed.
Experience of the integrity assessment of the highly embrittled reactor pressure vessel for the life extension

Abstract The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is the key component of pressurized water reactor. It has to comply with various rules and regulatory guides to ensure sufficient safety and operating margins during the plant lifetime. Thus, it is crucial to assure the integrity of RPV for an effective plant lifetime management program. In this paper, the status and the experiences of various integrity issues of the highly embrittled RPV are introduced. A circumferential weld in the beltline region of the Kori Unit 1 RPV was projected to be unable to satisfy the minimum upper-shelf energy requirement and the reference temperature-pressurized thermal shock requirement before the end of 40-year design lifetime. The detailed integrity assessments had been performed to resolve both issues and the results summarized. In addition several actions have been taken as aging management programs to assure the integrity of Kori Unit 1 RPV during the extended operation. Details of the activities such as, redefining initial reference temperature-nil ductility transition temperature, installing ex-vessel dosimetry, and withdrawal and testing of additional surveillance capsule are explained. Finally, the applicability of these and other activities including thermal annealing to mitigate the effects of the irradiation embrittlement are evaluated.
SpeechClipse: an Eclipse speech plug-in

Much has been accomplished through the years to enhance the capabilities of individuals that are physically challenged. The goal of computer-assisted adaptive technology is to support the physically challenged in performing tasks on a computer. In addition, adaptive technologies also provide opportunities to enrich a programmer's environment and to increase productivity. It is within these broad parameters that SpeechClipse was developed in order to demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating speech recognition into a popular integrated development environment (Eclipse). The preliminary work described in this paper suggests that various categories of Eclipse users would benefit from a speech-enabling plug-in that uses the Java Speech API.
Individual differences in implicit theories of relationships and partner fit: Predicting forgiveness in developing relationships

Abstract Extending past research on implicit theories of relationships (ITRs), we investigated how the role played by partner fit in predicting forgiveness varies as a function of individual differences in beliefs about the nature of relationships. We focused on developing relationships (MDuration = 2 months) to examine our proposed hypothesis that strong soulmate theorists, relative to weak soulmate theorists, rely heavily on information about partner fit in deciding whether to forgive. In contrast, work-it-out theorists’ decisions about forgiveness do not vary as a function of partner fit. Results supported predictions. Soulmate beliefs, but not work-it-out beliefs, moderated the relation between partner fit and forgiveness. This research suggests that in developing relationships, individual differences in soulmate theories influence the role played by partner evaluations in the forgiveness process. Implications for relationship satisfaction and longevity are discussed.
Weak Current in Harari's Heavy-Quark Model

We show that by adding a $V+A$ heaviness-changing current to Harari's proposed current, the good results of Harari as well as of De R\'ujula, Georgi, and Glashow are retained. In addition, our proposal explains the observed $y$ anomaly in $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ interactions. Other consequences of the model are also discussed.
On the appearance of primes in linear recursive sequences

We present an application of difference equations to number theory by considering the set of linear second-order recursive relations, , U0 = 0, U1 = 1, and , , where R and Q are relatively prime integers and n ∈ {0,1,...}. These equations describe the set of extended Lucas sequences, or rather, the Lehmer sequences. We add that the rank of apparition of an odd prime p in a specific Lehmer sequence is the index of the first term that contains p as a divisor. In this paper, we obtain results that pertain to the rank of apparition of primes of the form 2 n p ± 1. Upon doing so, we will also establish rank of apparition results under more explicit hypotheses for some notable special cases of the Lehmer sequences. Presently, there does not exist a closed formula that will produce the rank of apparition of an arbitrary prime in any of the aforementioned sequences.
COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC STALL ON THE NLR 7301 AIRFOIL

The dynamic stall behavior of the supercritical NLR 7301 airfoil is analyzed with a 2-D thin-layer Navier}Stokes code. The code solves the compressible Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes equations with an upwind biased numerical scheme in combination with the Baldwin}Lomax or the Baldwin}Barth turbulence models. The e!ect of boundary layer transition is incorporated using the transition length model of Gostelow et al. The transition onset location is determined with Michel's formula or it can be speci"ed as an input parameter. The two turbulence models yield signi"cantly di!erent steady-state lift coe$cients at incidences greater than 83. The use of the one-equation Baldwin}Barth model together with the Gostelow transition model is found to give substantially better agreement with the experimental data of McCroskey et al. than the Baldwin}Lomax model. Also, the unsteady computations are strongly a!ected by the choice of the turbulence model. The Baldwin}Barth model predicts the lift hysteresis loops consistently better than the algebraic turbulence model. However, the one-equation model improves the prediction of the moment hysteresis loops only for one test case. ( 2000 Academic Press DYNAMIC STALL LIMITS THE HELICOPTER FLIGHT ENVELOPE and methods are required to predict its occurrence. Dynamic stall also occurs on wind turbines, propellers, and turbomachinery blades. At present, dynamic stall prediction method used by the helicopter, turbomachinery, aircraft, and wind turbine industries are largely based on semi-empirical approaches. The very complex dynamic stall phenomena which have recently been reviewed by Carr & Chandrasekhara (1996) greatly impede the development of nonempirical prediction methods. Nevertheless, recent progress in the numerical analysis of dynamic stall phenomena, as summarized by Ekaterinaris & Platzer (1997), suggests the possibility of developing prediction methods which are based on the solution of the viscous #ow equations.
Existing demand for birth spacing in developing countries: perspectives from household survey data.

Abstract Objective To identify the extent of demand for birth spacing, according to age and parity among married women of reproductive age (MWRA) in developing countries. Methods Secondary analysis of data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) using cross-tabulations. Data collected from nationally representative samples of MWRA in selected developing countries between 1990 and 2004. Results Demand for birth spacing is the most prevalent reason for an interest in family planning among married women aged 15–29 years in the majority of developing countries examined. In the 15–19-year age cohort, the demand for spacing is proportionally the most prevalent reason for a demand for family planning. A demand for spacing even exists among young, zero-parity married women in each country examined. Findings on the demand for spacing among zero-parity married women quantifies the expressed desire of some married women in developing countries to postpone a first birth or the timing of a first pregnancy. Conclusion The substantial demand for birth spacing among young, low- and zero-parity women suggests that family planning programs in developing countries may need to reevaluate how accessible services are for this cohort of potential contraception users. Currently, many service-delivery protocols, counseling practices and service provider training may not fully address the needs of younger, low- or zero-parity clients.
The control of nonlinear systems. Part II: Convergence by combined first and second variations

It is shown that the first variation method can be used to provide an excellent starting condition for the second variation control of nonlinear systems. Numerical examples illustrate the basic features of the methods.
Human Cytosolic 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases of the Aldo-keto Reductase Superfamily Display Significant 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity IMPLICATIONS FOR STEROID HORMONE METABOLISM AND ACTION

The source of NADPH-dependent cytosolic 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) activity is unknown to date. This important reaction leads e.g. to the reduction of the potent androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into inactive 3β-androstanediol (3β-Diol). Four human cytosolic aldo-keto reductases (AKR1C1–AKR1C4) are known to act as non-positional-specific 3α-/17β-/20α-HSDs. We now demonstrate that AKR1Cs catalyze the reduction of DHT into both 3α- and 3β-Diol (established by 1H NMR spectroscopy). The rates of 3α- versus 3β-Diol formation varied significantly among the isoforms, but with each enzyme both activities were equally inhibited by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug flufenamic acid. In vitro, AKR1Cs also expressed substantial 3α[17β]-hydroxysteroid oxidase activity with 3α-Diol as the substrate. However, in contrast to the 3-ketosteroid reductase activity of the enzymes, their hydroxysteroid oxidase activity was potently inhibited by low micromolar concentrations of the opposing cofactor (NADPH). This indicates that in vivo all AKR1Cs will preferentially work as reductases. Human hepatoma (HepG2) cells (which lack 3β-HSD/Δ5–4 ketosteroid isomerase mRNA expression, but express AKR1C1–AKR1C3) were able to convert DHT into 3α- and 3β-Diol. This conversion was inhibited by flufenamic acid establishing the in vivo significance of the 3α/3β-HSD activities of the AKR1C enzymes. Molecular docking simulations using available crystal structures of AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 demonstrated how 3α/3β-HSD activities are achieved. The observation that AKR1Cs are a source of 3β-tetrahydrosteroids is of physiological significance because: (i) the formation of 3β-Diol (in contrast to 3α-Diol) is virtually irreversible, (ii) 3β-Diol is a pro-apoptotic ligand for estrogen receptor β, and (iii) 3β-tetrahydrosteroids act as γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor antagonists.
Embracing the inevitable

Abstract No one should question the importance of human interaction between librarians and users, but computer technology is not the primary culprit undermining this relationship. Expectations of electronic utopias which outstrip the ability to deliver, result in a misguided backlash against technology. Librarians cannot afford to ignore the inevitable transformation of scholarly communication into digital forms.
Endothelin-1 decreases microvascular fluid leak via second messenger cyclic nucleotides and protein kinase a signal transduction

Abstract Introduction. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) decreases microvascular fluid leak by an unknown mechanism. Elevated cAMP levels, depressed cGMP levels, and protein kinase A (PKA) activation are all known to decrease fluid leak. We hypothesized that ET-1 decreases permeability by increased cAMP levels, decreased cGMP levels, and PKA activation. The purpose of this series of experiments was to determine ET-1’s effect on venular fluid leak during (1) cAMP synthesis inhibition, (2) increased cGMP levels, and (3) PKA activation inhibition. Methods. Using the modified-Landis technique, rat mesenteric venules were cannulated to measure hydraulic permeability, L p (units × 10 −7 cm/s/cmH 2 O). L p was measured during continuous perfusion of ET-1 and a test solution. The test solutions consisted of (1) a cAMP synthesis inhibitor (2′,5′ddA), (2) an inhibitor of cGMP degradation (zaprinast), or (3) an inhibitor of PKA (H-89). These results were compared to L p measurements from the different test solutions alone. Data were statistically analyzed using unpaired t -tests. L p values are represented as mean ± standard error. Results. ET-1 did not change L p during (1) cAMP synthesis inhibition and (2) PKA inhibition: cAMP inhibitor with and without ET-1 (L p = 3.6 ± 0.1 versus 3.6 ± 0.2, P = 0.4, n = 4) and PKA inhibitor with and without ET-1 (L p = 2.3 ± 0.2 versus 2.6 ± 0.2, P = 0.3, n = 5). Increased cGMP levels (inhibition of cGMP degradation) failed to block the permeability-decreasing effect of ET-1. Compared to increased levels of cGMP alone, ET-1 in the presence of increased cGMP levels decreased L p from 2.3 ± 0.2 to 1.5 ± 0.1 ( P n = 6). Conclusion. The permeability-decreasing effect of ET-1 was blocked by cAMP and PKA inhibition. In contrast, ET-1 was able to decrease fluid leak while cGMP degradation was inhibited. The intracellular mechanism of ET-1 may involve increased cAMP production and PKA activation, but not cGMP degradation. Further understanding of intracellular mechanisms that control microvascular fluid leak may lead to the development of a pharmacologic therapy to control third space fluid loss in severely injured or septic patients.
Comparison of spectral irradiance standards used to calibrate shortwave radiometers and spectroradiometers

Absolute calibration of spectral shortwave radiometers is usually performed with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or NIST-traceable incandescent lamps. We compare 18 irradiance standards from NIST and three commercial vendors using the same spectrometer to assess their agreement with our working standard. The NIST procedure is followed for the 1000-W FEL lamps from NIST, Optronics, and EG&G. A modified calibration procedure developed by Li-Cor is followed for their 200-W tungsten–halogen lamps. Results are reproducible from one day to the next to approximately 0.1% using the same spectrometer. Measurements taken four months apart using two similar but different spectrometers were reproducible to 0.5%. The comparisons suggest that even NIST standards may disagree with each other beyond their stated accuracy. Some of the 1000-W commercial lamps agreed with the NIST lamps to within their stated accuracy, but not all. Surprisingly, the lowest-cost lamps from Li-Cor agreed much better with the NIST lamps than their stated accuracy of 4%, typically within 2%. An analysis of errors leads us to conclude that we can transfer the calibration from a standard lamp to a secondary standard lamp with approximately 1% added uncertainty. A field spectrometer was calibrated with a secondary standard, producing a responsivity for the spectrometer that was within 5% of the responsivity obtained by Langley calibration using routine field measurements.
Predictors of buprenorphine–naloxone dosing in a 12-week treatment trial for opioid-dependent youth: Secondary analyses from a NIDA Clinical Trials Network study

Abstract Introduction The present investigation examines baseline patient characteristics to predict dosing of buprenorphine–naloxone, a promising treatment for opioid addiction in youths. Methods This study of 69 opioid-dependent youths is a secondary analysis of data collected during a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network study. Outpatients aged 15–21 were randomized to a 12-week buprenorphine–naloxone dosing condition (including 4 weeks of taper). Predictors of dosing included sociodemographic characteristics (gender, race, age, and education), substance use (alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and nicotine use), and clinical characteristics (pain and withdrawal severity). Results Most (75.4%) reported having either “some” (n = 40, 58.0%) or “extreme” (n = 12, 17.4%) pain on enrollment. Maximum daily dose of buprenorphine–naloxone (19.7 mg) received by patients reporting “extreme” pain at baseline was significantly higher than the dose received by patients reporting “some” pain (15.0 mg) and those without pain (12.8 mg). In the adjusted analysis, only severity of pain and withdrawal significantly predicted dose. During the dosing period, there were no significant differences in opioid use, as measured by urinalysis, by level of pain. Conclusion These data suggest that the presence of pain predicts buprenorphine–naloxone dose levels in opioid-dependent youth, and that patients with pain have comparable opioid use outcomes to those without pain, but require higher buprenorphine–naloxone doses.
Proton elastic and inelastic scattering from argon at 25 MeV

Abstract Protons were scattered from 36 Ar and 40 Ar at an incident energy of 24.85 MeV. The elastic scattering cross sections were analysed in terms of the optical model. The angular distributions for inelastic scattering to several of the levels of 40 Ar and 36 Ar are compared with the predictions of the collective model using DWBA analysis. Distortion parameters, spins and parities extracted are compared with previously obtained values and the level schemes are compared with theoretical predictions.
Solution Bias in Complex Systems Modeling

Each discipline tends to use analytic tools that lead them to solutions within their own discipline, and steer them away from others. Within a discipline, we tend to pose solutions that align with our areas of interest or expertise. Clients can be guided into work which may not be the best solution to their particular set of problems or needs.
The selective σ1 receptor agonist, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(phenylpropyl)piperazine (SA4503), blocks the acquisition of the conditioned place preference response to (−)-nicotine in rats

Abstract We examined the effect of the σ 1 receptor agonist, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(phenylpropyl)piperazine (SA4503), on the acquisition of the conditioned place preference response to subcutaneously administered (−)-nicotine in rats. (−)-Nicotine, but not SA4503 or vehicle, produced a significant conditioned place preference response. Pretreatment of animals with either 1 or 3 mg/kg of SA4503 significantly attenuated the conditioned place preference response to (−)-nicotine.
Renal and systemic hemodynamics in experimental cirrhosis in rats: Relation to hepatic function

The onset of sodium retention in the phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride model of cirrhosis in the rat is preceded by a linear decrease in hepatic function as measured by the aminopyrine breath test. Sodium retention occurs when liver function decreases below a critical threshold. Changes in systemic hemodynamics may be responsible for initiating the development of renal sodium retention. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between hepatic function and systemic and renal hemodynamics of experimental cirrhosis in rats maintained on a constant salt diet. Cirrhosis was induced in phenobarbitaltreated rats by weekly administration of carbon tetrachloride. The aminopyrine breath test served as a measure of hepatic function. Three groups of animals were studied to evaluate the contribution of changes in systemic and renal hemodynamics to the onset of sodium retention: a group with sodium retention and aminopyrine breath test results just below the critical threshold, a group without sodium retention and aminopyrine breath test results just above the critical threshold and a phenobarbital-treated control group. In each group, urinary sodium excretion, renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate, mean arterial pressure and arterial and renal venous plasma renin activities were determined. A progressive, significant reduction in mean arterial pressure was seen, comparing controls with the other two groups. No differences in renal plasma flow were observed between the three groups, but glomerular filtration rate and filtration fraction were slightly reduced in the sodium-retaining group compared with the non-retaining group and controls. A trend toward increased renin activity was observed in both groups of cirrhotic animals, but the differences were not statistically significant, compared with controls. A positive, curvilinear relationship was found between aminopyrine breath test results and mean arterial pressure and glomerular filtration rates, and a negative association was found between aminopyrine breath test results and plasma renin activity. Our data demonstrate, that in carbon tetrachloride–induced cirrhosis in the rat, changes in mean arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate and plasma renin activity are closely related to the impairment in hepatic function. The significant decrease in mean arterial pressure in nonsodium-retaining cirrhotic rats suggests that peripheral vasodilatation is the initial event in the development of salt retention in this model of cirrhosis. These observations suggest the hypothesis that changes in tubular function, rather than changes in renal hemodynamics and glomerular function, are responsible for the onset of sodium retention. (HEPATOLOGY 1990;12:13–19).
Interpreting trials of bone-active agents

M uch of clinical skeletal research is today dependent upon bone mass measurement by x-ray absorptiometry. Over the past 30 years, this technology has grown in accuracy and precision to the point where it matches or exceeds the ability of any field of medicine to quantify nondestructively its organ of interest. Accordingly, changes in bone mass or density have become the standard means of assessing and reporting the effects of all bone-active agents, from exercise to sodium fluoride. (In an osteoporotic context, fracture prevention is a more pertinent end point, of course, but such studies are very costly, and the relationship between bone density and bone strength is sufficiently well established that, at least for physiological agents, differences in density have become acceptable surrogates for differences in fracture rate.) While it might seem that interpretation of treatment-induced bone gain would be straightforward, that is not the case. The paper by Reid and coUeagues’ in this issue of the Journal is a case in point. It illustrates well the phenomenon known as the “bone remodeling transient,“~ and it presents an opportunity to show both how trials of bone-active agents should be designed and how they must be interpreted. As is generally recognized, bone tissue is continuously undergoing remodeling, both to replace regions containing microdamage and to adapt bone shape and density to altered patterns of usage. The volume of bone temporarily out of service in the course of this process is termed the “remodeling space.” In healthy adults it amounts to about 1% to 1.5% of cortical bone and about 6% of cancellous. Since bone absorptiometry detects the mineral component of bone, it follows that tissue units undergoing remodeling will be underdetected. This underdetection presents no practical or conceptual problem for interpretation of static bone measurements in individuals, since tissue units undergoing remodeling contribute little or nothing to bone strength. But interpretation becomes problematic when two or more measurements are made over time and when remodeling is altered by treatment in the
Low Dielectric Constant Functionalized Silica Gels

Scaling requirements of the semiconductor industry demand interlayer dielectric materials with low dielectric constants, chemical compatibility with Cu, thermal and mechanical stability, and the capability of integration into planned device structures. We have developed a novel low-k silica gel processing technique capable of both bulk and spin-on film architectures. Derived from fluorinated silica, this gel exhibits very low dielectric constants (1.18 in bulk and 2.1 in thin film measured using AC impedance methods). Structural determination from FTIR illustrates a fluorinated silica structure with shortened Si-O bonds, however, the fluorine is lost after annealing at elevated temperatures. Microstructural analysis by TEM indicate a highly unusual morphology with highly linked features and pore sizes in the 30nm range, coinciding with nitrogen adsorption results. Mechanical properties of the thin films, as studied by nanoindentation methods, shows that the films have extraordinarily high elastic moduli (12GPa) and hardness (1GPa).
From Caregiving to Bereavement: Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Among Wife and Daughter Caregivers

This study examined the trajectory of depressive symptoms for wife and daughter caregivers during the transition from caregiving to bereavement, and it investigated whether the trajectory varies by caregivers' caregiving stress, social support, and background characteristics. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze four-wave longitudinal data collected from 157 wife and daughter caregivers who lost elderly relatives to death. Results show that, on average, caregivers experience increasing depressive symptoms as their care recipients approach death, and they experience decreasing symptoms after. Care recipients' problematic behavior and caregivers' kinship, income, and feelings of overload moderate the change in depressive symptoms during the transition. Services to support caregivers should target specific groups of caregivers, based on caregiving experience and background characteristics, at times when they are most in need.
Making Sense of Voluntary Participation: A Theoretical Synthesis*

This paper examines the influence of community attachment on voluntary citizen participation in rural community improvement projects. We do so by modifying the original systemic model of community attachment (Kasarda and Janowitz 1974) and combining it with tenets of rational choice and social embeddedness theories. The modified model is then extended to consider voluntary participation in community projects by accounting for the influence of community attachment through both a solidarity of interests and a solidarity of sentiments (Bell 1998). Based on survey results of almost 9,000 citizens across 99 small (500-10,000) Iowa communities, findings provide overall support for the expected positive influence of local social ties (weak informal, strong informal, and formal) on the two forms of community attachment which, in turn, positively affect voluntary participation. Attachment in the form of community interests shows a strong direct and indirect effect on voluntary participation, while sentiment's influence is largely indirect. We conclude by considering the relevance of our findings to ongoing discussions of social capital.
Intelligent email: reply and attachment prediction

We present two prediction problems under the rubric of Intelligent Email that are designed to support enhanced email interfaces that relieve the stress of email overload. Reply prediction alerts users when an email requires a response and facilitates email response management. Attachment prediction alerts users when they are about to send an email missing an attachment or triggers a document recommendation system, which can catch missing attachment emails before they are sent. Both problems use the same underlying email classification system and task specific features. Each task is evaluated for both single-user and cross-user settings.
Too Much Sun? Emerging Challenges Presented by California & Federal Open Meeting Legislation to Public Policy Consensus-Building Processes

Public policy consensus-building processes, which have been heralded as forums for genuine citizen involvement in government decision making, are increasingly subject to state and federal open meeting laws. While both open meeting laws and consensus-building processes were developed with the laudable intent of enhancing the legitimacy of government, it has been alleged that open meeting laws pose significant challenges for consensus building bodies. Through a case study that looks at the impacts of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) and California's Brown and Bagley-Keene Acts on consensus-building processes managed by the Center for Collaborative Policy, this report describes the procedural, deliberative, and fiscal challenges that open meeting laws present to consensus-building processes, and discusses the potential geneses of these challenges. Recommendations are offered for addressing these challenges through education, legislative reform, and further research.
A Simulation-Based Closed Queueing Network Approximation of Semiconductor Automated Material Handling Systems

Queueing networks have been used to model material handling in flexible manufacturing systems. We explore the use of a closed queueing network model to approximate an intrabay automated material handling system (AMHS) in semiconductor manufacturing. A simulation-based approach is proposed to obtain estimates of system performance measures. Current simulation models in the industry are very complex, require significant development time, and take a long time to run. The proposed simulation-based queueing network approximation can be used as an easy and fast alternative or as a precursor to a full-fledged modeling exercise depending on the type of decision being made and the level of granularity required in the output. Using a simple intrabay configuration, we compare estimates from the approximation approach and a more detailed modeling approach to characterize the performance of the approximation. In addition, a simulation information model is used to compare AMHS models based on the amount and types of information needed to model the system, and to obtain desired output. This classification aids modelers in determining the level of detail to incorporate in a model based on the objectives of the simulation study.
Altered Firing Rates and Patterns in Interneurons in Experimental Cortical Dysplasia

Cortical dysplasia (CD) is associated with severe epilepsy in humans, and the in utero irradiation of fetal rats provides a model of this disorder. These animals show a selective loss of inhibitory interneurons, and the surviving interneurons have a reduced excitatory synaptic drive. The current study was undertaken to see how alterations in synaptic input would affect spontaneous firing of interneurons in dysplastic cortex. We recorded spontaneous action potentials and excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs and IPSCs, respectively) from somatostatin (SST)-, parvalbumin (PV)-, and calretinin (CR)-immunoreactive (ir) interneurons. We found that SST- and PV-ir interneurons fired less frequently and with less regularity than controls. This corresponded to a relative imbalance in the ratio of EPSCs to IPSCs that favored inhibition. In contrast, CR-ir interneurons from CD showed no differences from controls in spontaneous firing or ratio of EPSCs to IPSCs. Additional studies demonstrated that synaptic input had a powerful effect on spontaneous firing in all interneurons. These findings demonstrate that a relative reduction in excitatory drive results in less active SST- and PV-ir interneurons in irradiated rats. This would further impair cortical inhibition in these animals and may be an important mechanism of epileptogenesis.
Automated di/dt stressmark generation for microprocessor power delivery networks

In this paper, we propose a method for automated di/dt stressmark generation to test maximum voltage droop in a microprocessor power delivery network. The di/dt stressmark is an instruction sequence which draws periodic high and low current pulses that maximize voltage fluctuations including voltage droops. In order to automate di/dt stressmark generation, we devise a code generator with the ability to control instruction sequencing, register assignments, and dependencies. Our framework uses a Genetic Algorithm in scheduling and optimizing candidate instruction sequences to create a maximum voltage droop. The results show that our automatically generated di/dt stressmarks achieved more than 40% average increase in voltage droop compared to hand-coded di/dt stressmarks and typical benchmarks in experiments covering three microprocessor architectures and five power delivery network (PDN) models. Additionally, our method considers all the units in a microprocessor, as opposed to a previous ILP scheduling method that handles only execution units.
Wavelength dependence on the forensic analysis of glass by nanosecond 266 nm and 1064 nm laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy can be used for the chemical characterization of glass to provide evidence of an association between a fragment found at a crime scene to a source of glass of known origin. Two different laser irradiances, 266 nm and 1064 nm, were used to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis of glass standards. Single-pulse and double-pulse configurations and lens-to-sample-distance settings were optimized to yield the best laser-glass coupling. Laser energy and acquisition timing delays were also optimized to result in the highest signal-to-noise ratio corresponding to the highest precision and accuracy. The crater morphology was examined and the mass removed was calculated for both the 266 nm and 1064 nm irradiations. The analytical figures of merit suggest that the 266 nm and 1064 nm wavelengths are capable of good performance for the forensic chemical characterization of glass. The results presented here suggest that the 266 nm laser produces a better laser-glass matrix coupling, resulting in a better stoichiometric representation of the glass sample. The 266 nm irradiance is therefore recommended for the forensic analysis and comparison of glass samples.
Impact of healthy lifestyle on mortality in people with normal blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and C-reactive protein.

Background: To investigate the impact of healthy lifestyle on cardiovascular risk and mortality in people without a history of cardiovascular disease and without elevation of lipid, blood pressure, or inflammatory markers.Design: Cohort study.Methods: Study of a diverse sample of adults in the NHANES III follow-up Mortality Survey, to determine the benefit of adhering to healthy lifestyle habits (five or more fruits and vegetables/day, regular exercise, or being non-obese (body mass index 18.5–29.9 kg/m2), no current smoking, moderate alcohol consumption) in adults without common cardiovascular risk factors such as elevated cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein, LDL, cholesterol >130 mg/dl), inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP, >3.0 mg/l, or hypertension (blood pressure >140/90 mmHg).Results: Of 11,841 participants, 14.9% were adherent to all five healthy habits. After controlling for age, race, and gender, individuals with lower LDL cholesterol (HR 6.33, 95% CI 2.80–14.30), low CRP (HR 3.48, 95% CI 2.23...
Spallation Neutron Source Superconducting Linac Commissioning Algorithms

We describe the techniques which will be employed for establishing RF setpoints in the SNS Superconducting linac. The longitudinal tuneup will be accomplished using phase-scan methods, as well as a technique that makes use of the beam induced field in the unpowered cavity [1].