cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glossopharyngeal evoked potentials in normal subjects following mechanical stimulation of the anterior faucial pillar

The anterior faucial pillar, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve, is thought to be important in eliciting the pharyngeal swallow in awake humans. Glossopharyngeal evoked potentials (GPEP), elicited by mechanically stimulating this structure, were recorded from 30 normal adults using standard averaging techniques and a recording montage of 16 scalp electrodes. Ten of the subjects experienced a desire to swallow in response to stimulation. Repeatable responses were recorded from all 30 subjects. The GPEPs recorded from the posterior scalp were W-shaped and consisted of P1, N1, P2, N2 and P3 peaks. Mean latencies of P1, N1 and P2 were 11, 16 and 22 msec, respectively, for both left and right pillar stimulation. In contrast, latencies of N2 and P3 varied significantly between left and right pillar stimulation. Mean latencies of N2 and P3 were 27 and 34 msec for left, and 29 and 35 msec for right pillar stimulation. Topographical maps acquired at peak latencies for P1, N1 and P2 revealed consistent asymmetrical voltage distributions between the two hemispheres; the largest responses were recorded from the hemisphere ipsilateral to the side of stimulation. The scalp topography of N2 and P3 varied between male and female subjects as well as between left and right pillar stimulation. These findings support the hypothesis that mechanical stimulation to the anterior faucial pillar alone can elicit repeatable responses from the central nervous system. The integration of this subcortical/cortical activity with that of the medullary swallowing center may play an important role in eliciting the pharyngeal swallow.
Innovative applications of computer science

For many years much of the research frontier of computer science as represented, for example, by the activities of artificial intelligence laboratories, seemed preoccupied with esoteric mathematical studies (such as self organizing systems, algebraic theory of machines, or resolution theorem proving), "toy" systems (such as games, puzzles, children's blocks), or far-out science fiction goals (such as robots for space exploration). Now many of these same laboratories are applying the techniques they have developed in the past to important, short term, real world tasks---and uncovering significant new research problems in the process. By working in new interdisciplinary teams, the computer scientists and the applications specialists have begun to develop an evolving series of novel systems whose potential value to our society is tremendous.
High Pressure Pyrolysis of Toluene. 1. Experiments and Modeling of Toluene Decomposition

The pyrolysis of toluene, the simplest methyl-substituted aromatic molecule, has been studied behind reflected shock waves using a single pulse shock tube. Experiments were performed at nominal high pressures of 27 and 45 bar and spanning a wide temperature range from 1200 to 1900 K. A variety of stable species, ranging from small hydrocarbons to single ring aromatics (principal soot precursors such as phenylacetylene and indene) were sampled from the shock tube and analyzed using standard gas chromatographic techniques. A detailed chemical kinetic model with 262 reactions and 87 species was assembled to simulate the stable species profiles (specifically toluene, benzene and methane) from the current high-pressure pyrolysis data sets and shock tube−atomic resonance absorption spectrometry (ARAS) H atom profiles obtained from prior toluene pyrolysis experiments performed under similar high-temperature conditions and lower pressures from 1.5 to 8 bar. The primary steps in toluene pyrolysis represent the mos...
Racially gerrymandering the content of police tests to satisfy the U.S. Justice Department: A case study.

Discrimination law and its aggressive enforcement by the U.S. Department of Justice both falsely assume that all racial-ethnic groups would pass job-related, unbiased employment tests at the same rate. Unreasonable law and enforcement create pressure for personnel psychologists to violate professional principles and lower the merit relatedness of tests in the service of race-based goals. This article illustrates such a case by describing how the content of a police entrance examination in Nassau County, New York, was stripped of crucial cognitive demands to change the racial composition of the applicants who seemed most qualified. The test was thereby rendered nearly worthless for actually making such determinations. The article concludes by examining the implications of the case for policing in Nassau County, Congressional oversight of Justice Department activities, and psychology's role in helping its members to avoid such coercion.
Metabolite Imager: customized spatial analysis of metabolite distributions in mass spectrometry imaging

Mass spectrometry (MS) is currently the most utilized analytical instrument for evaluating the metabolite composition of a biological sample at both the qualitative and quantitative level. The exponential growth of raw data generated through increasingly versatile mass spectrometers requires sophisticated algorithms to process and visualize the raw data to address biological questions. The structural and quantitative diversity of a single species’ metabolome (e.g. all metabolite species) under different experimental conditions itself forms a very large and complex dataset to analyze. We have developed a free, Java-based metabolomics application “Metabolite Imager” (www.metaboliteimager.com) that enables customized analysis and visualization of the metabolite distributions in tissues acquired through MS-based imaging approaches. Metabolite Imager algorithms perform customized targeted searching of metabolites through user-defined and publicly-available databases enabling the analysis of spatial distributions of large metabolite numbers in tissue sections. Metabolite Imager’s automated, two-dimensional image generator has several customizable features for producing high-resolution images. Additional Metabolite Imager algorithms support identifying targeted and unknown detected metabolites in selected tissue regions using spatially-based enrichment analysis that could impact metabolic engineering strategies. Co-localization algorithms of metabolites and selected ions by m/z enable analysis of precursor-product relationships in situ that will be important for expanding the biological context of metabolic pathways.
Technical Communication, Group Differentiation, and the Decision to Launch the Space Shuttle Challenger:

One lesson to be learned from the fatal decision to launch Challenger is that effective technical and group communication requires more than the fidelious exchange of information. This article examines testimony gathered by the Presidential Commission on the Challenger Accident and reveals communication failures in four dimensions of group differentiation—clarity, interrelatedness, centrality, and openness. The article illustrates all four dimensions with excerpts from the Commission Hearings and identifies communication problems peculiar to highly technical groups.
The EJC factor eIF4AIII modulates synaptic strength and neuronal protein expression.

Summary Proper neuronal function and several forms of synaptic plasticity are highly dependent on precise control of mRNA translation, particularly in dendrites. We find that eIF4AIII, a core exon junction complex (EJC) component loaded onto mRNAs by pre-mRNA splicing, is associated with neuronal mRNA granules and dendritic mRNAs. eIF4AIII knockdown markedly increases both synaptic strength and GLUR1 AMPA receptor abundance at synapses. eIF4AIII depletion also increases ARC, a protein required for maintenance of long-term potentiation; arc mRNA, one of the most abundant in dendrites, is a natural target for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). Numerous new NMD candidates, some with potential to affect synaptic activity, were also identified computationally. Two models are presented for how translation-dependent decay pathways such as NMD might advantageously function as critical brakes for protein synthesis in cells such as neurons that are highly dependent on spatially and temporally restricted protein expression.
A study of alternative schemes for extrapolation of secular variation at observatories

Abstract The geomagnetic secular variation is not well known. This limits the useful life of geomagnetic models. The secular variation is usually assumed to be linear with time. It is found that attenative schemes that employ quasiperiodic variations from internal and external sources can improve the extrapolation of secular variation at high-quality observatories. Although the schemes discussed are not yet fully applicable in worldwide model making, they do suggest some basic ideas that may be developed into useful tools in future model work.
High intensity magnetic stimulation over the lumbosacral spine evokes antinociception in rats

Abstract Objectives : High intensity magnetic stimulation (MS) applied over the skin can painlessly depolarize superficial and deep nerves and we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of MS of spinal nerves in evoking a potent analgesic response. Methods : The MS was administered to adult male Sprague–Dawley rats using a Cadwell MES-10 high-speed magnetic stimulator. A Peltier device and von Frey fibers were used to determine heat and mechanical nociceptive responses of the rats. Results : A brief (5 min) course of MS over the rat's lumbosacral spine produced a long-lasting (30–40 min) and robust (80–90% maximum possible effect) hindpaw antinociceptive effect to both mechanical and heat stimuli. Spinal cord transected rats had intact hindpaw nociceptive withdrawal responses, but transection eliminated MS evoked antinociception, indicating a critical extrasegmental component in the mechanism of MS antinociceptive action. The opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) completely blocked MS evoked antinociception, demonstrating an opioidergic mechanism for MS antinociception. The α 2 adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole (5 mg/kg, i.p.) slightly reduced the MS antinociceptive response to heat and had no effect on MS antinociception for mechanical stimuli. Conclusions : These data indicate that MS can evoke a robust, long-lasting antinociceptive effect, which requires an intact supraspinal pathway and is opioidergic mediated.
Major-element variability in the Hawaiian mantle plume

Isotope ratios and concentrations of silica, titanium, aluminium, calcium, sodium and iron are correlated in shield-stage basaltic lavas erupted over the past three million years from eight Hawaiian volcanoes. These correlations indicate the presence of a component beneath Hawaii with a bulk composition which is distinct from typical mantle peridotite. This material is most probably recycled oceanic crust distributed within the Hawaiian plume as segregations of quartz-bearing garnet pyroxenite or eclogite, which yield silica-rich (dacitic) magmas on partial melting.
Reactions of hydrocarbons in a microwave discharge

Abstract Observations about the species formed in the gas phase in hydrocarbon microwave plasma were made. We derive mechanistic conclusions about the reactions yielding the pyrocarbon deposit.
Early experience with minimally invasive repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias: results and lessons learned.

Abstract Background: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for the repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDH) had been described. This report reviews the authors' experience with MIS repairs of CDH and discusses the technical development of this approach. Methods: From 1999 until now, the authors collected data on children who underwent an MIS approach for CDH repair. Results: Seventeen children (11 Morgagni and 7 Bochdalek) had undergone an attempt at MIS repair. All Morgagni defects were treated successfully using laparoscopy (mean age, 28 ± 31 months). Mean follow-up was 22 ± 9 months. There was 1 recurrence. Four children with Bochdalek CDH were treated as newborns (range, 3 to 21 days), and 3 had operations later (4, 11, and 32 months). The first repair was attempted initially transabdominally and was converted to a thoracoscopic approach. The rest of the Bochdalek repairs were performed thoracoscopically. Bochdalek repairs via MIS were successful in 3 children (2 older children and 1 neonate). No child had pulmonary hypertension. Two of the 3 Bochdalek patients did well postoperatively (follow-up, 18 +/− 7 months); the last patient experienced recurrence 11 months after repair. Conclusions: MIS for CDH is ideal for Morgagni defects. It should be considered for nonnewborns with a Bochdalek CDH. The MIS approach for a newborn with a CDH cannot be recommended because of the high failure rate and frequent rise in Pco 2 levels.
Hepatic Capillariasis in Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus)

We present the first prevalence data of hepatic capillariasis in muskrats in Pennsylvania and Connecticut (USA). The prevalence of hepatic capillariasis in five groups of muskrats coming from different locations and numbering 81, 229, 11, 19, and 20 animals, was 42%, 78%, 36%, 16%, and 0%, respectively. Liver lesions varied from minimal to severe multifocal granulomatous hepatitis, often containing adult worms or eggs.
Bioimpedance Hemodynamics Compared to Pulmonary Artery Catheter Monitoring during Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Simultaneous cardiac output measurements were obtained using bioimpedance (BI) and thermodilution (TD) methods in 10 patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). BI and TD data were collected during five intraoperative phases of OLT. Linear regression revealed significant correlation between BI and TD (r = 0.8, P = 0.001) with a slope of regression of 0.64. Bias analysis demonstrated a negative of BI (-0.26) when compared with TD.Sv-O2 correlated poorly with cardiac index determined by TD (r = 0.41) or BI (r = .47). BI is an accurate reproducible method for measuring cardiac output and may be a useful adjunct to the pulmonary artery catheter for hemodynamic monitoring during OLT.
Uncertainty in natural resource decision support systems: sources, interpretation, and importance.

Decision support systems (DSS) have been defined as computer-based systems that integrate data sources with modeling and analytical tools; facilitate development, analysis, and ranking of alternatives; assist in management of uncertainty; and enhance overall problem comprehension. Of these capabilities, uncertainty assessment is the most poorly understood and implemented. Uncertainty assessment provides methodology to estimate the reliability of recommended alternatives, to place confidence intervals about the most likely outcome, or to quantify the likelihood of exceeding some environmental threshold. The extent to which this affects management decisions, and how it integrates with other management science disciplines such as risk assessment, remains largely unexplored territory. This paper briefly outlines sources of uncertainty in DSS, techniques for quantification, and then explores the relevance and importance of uncertainty in the larger decision-making context.
Longitudinal observation of attine (Atta cephalotes isthmicola) ants (Hymenoptera; Formicidae)

A colony of the leaf-cutting Attine (Atta cephalotes isthmicola) ants was cultured and observed in the laboratory. During the 114 month life of the colony, a maximum garden volume of 54 L. was attained. The colony used a total of 139,902 g of substrate at a maximum rate of 2,660 g per month and occupied one hundred forty-four 1.25 L. chambers. Observations on the colony ranged from behavior of the castes to biochemistry and the absence of cholesterol. The dramatic display quality of Attine colonies for zoological exhibit is discussed.
Start-up plan for the first NIF laser bundle: transition from single Beamlet prototype to 192-beamline laser facility

The compact multi-pass laser design and the extensive use of optical component assemblies as line replaceable units are essential to achieve the cost efficiency of the NIF design. These design philosophies require a new approach to start-up operation of the NIF 192-beam-line high-energy laser compared to existing fusion laser facilities. The limited access on the beam-line optics and the limited on-line verification and maintenance capability require that extensive component verification and alignment takes place in off-line facilitates before the LRU's are installed in the laser structure.
Antioxidant therapies in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury

Free radical formation and oxidative damage have been extensively investigated and validated as important contributors to the pathophysiology of acute central nervous system injury. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is an early event following injury occurring within minutes of mechanical impact. A key component in this event is peroxynitrite-induced lipid peroxidation. As discussed in this review, peroxynitrite formation and lipid peroxidation irreversibly damages neuronal membrane lipids and protein function, which results in subsequent disruptions in ion homeostasis, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, mitochondrial respiratory failure and microvascular damage. Antioxidant approaches include the inhibition and/or scavenging of superoxide, peroxynitrite, or carbonyl compounds, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the targeting of the endogenous antioxidant defense system. This review covers the preclinical and clinical literature supporting the role of ROS and RNS and their derived oxygen free radicals in the secondary injury response following acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) and reviews the past and current trends in the development of antioxidant therapeutic strategies. Combinatorial treatment with the suggested mechanistically complementary antioxidants will also be discussed as a promising neuroprotective approach in TBI and SCI therapeutic research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and antioxidant treatment in disease.
The influence of older age on breast cancer treatment decisions and outcome

Abstract Purpose : Information concerning the differences between older and younger women with breast cancer, treated with standard therapy, is lacking from many prospective series. The purpose of this study is to identify factors that influence treatment decisions and determine of women age 65 and older are treated differently than younger women. The outcomes of older women would then be compared to younger women to determine if treatement differences influence of women. Methods and Materials : The records of 558 women with early invasive breast cancer who were treated with breast conserving surgery and radiation therapy were retrospectively reviewed. Four hundred thirty-two women under the age of 65 (range: 24–64) and 126 women age 65 and older (range: 65–85) were assessed for treatment differences including breast reexcision, extent of axillary dissection, extent of breast and nodal irradiation, and the use of chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. Differences in the treatment of the two groups were determined and the end points of local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival were compared. Median follow-up was 5.5 years. Results : The two treatment groups had identical pathologic TNM staging with the exception that 21% of the older age group and 5% of the younger age group did not undergo axillary dissection. Women age 65 and older were less likely to have a reexcision, extensive axillary dissection, chemotherapy, or nodal irradiation. They were more likely to receive hormonal therapy. Reexcision in older women was positively influenced by a family history of breast cancer and negatively influence by a history of previous malignancy. None of the patients who were treated without an axillary dissection suffered a regional recurrence. Although local control was better in older patients, there were no differences in disease-free or overall survival for the two groups. Discussion : The findings of this study reveal that older patients have significant treatment differences as compared to younger patients; however, despite these differences, similar local control and survival were achieved at 5 and 10 years. With the expected survival of older women increasing, the prospective evaluation of treatment options for older women should be considered.
Thermal-mechanical model for crustal thickening in the central Andes driven by ablative subduction

The thick (up to 65 km) crust of the high-elevation regions of the Andean orogenic belt results from structural thickening of the felsic upper crust of South America. The great thickness implies shortening or loss of several hundred kilometers of lithospheric mantle and lower crust. Through numerical simulation of the thermal and mechanical processes of crustal thickening, we test a model of lithospheric-mantle removal by ablative subduction. The model combines kinematic assumptions regarding mantle motion with dynamic calculations of crustal deformation. Predictions include the formation of an outwardly growing orogenic plateau—analogous to the Altiplano—that results from high-temperature, low-viscosity flow of the lower crust due to thickening of the high-heat-production upper crust.
Field Data-based Study on Electric Arc Furnace Flicker Mitigation

As an industry customer of utility, electrical arc furnace (EAF), acting as a varying and reactive power sink, is the major flicker source to influence the grid power quality. In this paper, based on the field data recorded at the electric system surrounding EAF, the flicker issues and reactive power compensation requirement are quantitatively analyzed. The possible compensation solutions, including passive filter, SVC (static var compensator), STATCOM (static synchronous compensator) are discussed. Furthermore, a field data-based EAF model is proposed and implemented in the simulation software. The fast-bandwidth STATCOM solution with or without capacitor bank are designed and implemented. With the validated EAF and STATCOM model, the extensive simulations are conducted to study compensator performance and cost-effectiveness for EAF flicker mitigation. Finally, the guideline for compensator selection and performance estimation is obtained.
Partially melted granodiorite and related rocks ejected from Crater Lake caldera, Oregon

Blocks of medium-grained granodiorite to 4 m, and minor diabase, quartz diorite, granite, aplite and granophyre, are common in ejecta of the ∼6,900 yr BP caldera- forming eruption of Mount Mazama. The blocks show degrees of melting from 0-50 vol%. Because very few have adhering juvenile magma, it is thought that the blocks are fragments of the Holocene magma chamber's walls. Primary crystallisation of granodiorite produced phenocrystic pl+hyp+aug+mt+il+ap+zc, followed by qz+hb+bt+alkali feldspar (af)
Role of infection in Guillain‐Barré syndrome: Laboratory confirmation of herpesviruses in 41 cases

Serological evidence of either acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection was sought in a large series of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and control subjects. Using an indirect immunofluorescent technique, IgM antibody directed against CMV was found in the serum of 33 of 220 GBS patients. The CMV-positive patients were mainly young adults (average age, 25.6 years), previously healthy, and the most common prodromal illness was mild coryza. Alterations in serum CMV IgM antibody level closely paralleled the patients' clinical course. Persistently elevated titers were found in patients with severe and protracted paralysis, whereas rapid disappearance of virus-specific IgM characterized benign cases. Striking time clusters of CMV-seropositive patients were found during three periods between January, 1971, and October, 1973. In a parallel study, EBV-specific IgM was found in 8 of 100 GBS patients (8%). All 8 also had heterophil antibodies. Thus, EBV and CMV appear related to a substantial number of cases of this primary demyelinating disease and, to date, are the two most common agents we have been able to link with GBS.
Social Capital and Its Relevance to Minority and Immigrant Populations

The concept of social capital is one of the few that has successfully migrated from sociological journals to the mainstream media. Since Coleman's (1988) formulation (which may not be the first, but is certainly the most influential), the concept has become increasingly murky and is used to include a wide array of resources that are available to individuals. It is also a highly favored concept of sociologists of education in their attempt to describe the set of resources that are conducive to educational
Theoretical atmospheric transmission in the mid-and far-infrared at four altitudes

The ir transmission of the terrestrial atmosphere is calculated at four altitudes of interest: Mauna Kea at 4.2 km (2-1000 microm), aircraft at 14 km (5-1000 microm), and balloon at 28 km and 41 km (10-1000 microm). We show both high resolution spectra (0.05 cm(-1)) and broadband averages. The results are intended to serve both as a detailed guide to the interference that is expected from the atmosphere for astronomical spectroscopy and also as an indicator of the relative change in absorption and emission that can be expected at various observing altitudes. One salient result for the spectral region around 100 microm is that the absorption (and emissivity) of the atmosphere drops by a factor of 10 for each increase in altitude of 15 km throughout the aircraft and balloon range; thus balloon-borne astronomical photometry and spectroscopy should both enjoy a considerable advantage over aircraft observations in the 30-300-microm region.
Parental variables associated with bulimia nervosa.

Abstract The present study examined daughter and parent variables associated with bulimia nervosa, including attitudes about body image, eating and dieting histories, and selfesteem. Subjects were female undergraduates (bulimic, subclinical bulimic, and normal) and their parents. Daughters differed in bodymass, with bulimics largest, followed by subclinicals, and finally controls. After daughter's bodymass was covaried, daughters differed in the expected direction on eating and body measures and perceived pressure from mothers to lose weight. Bulimic and subclinical daughters also perceived their mothers, more than their fathers, to pressure them to lose weight. After parents' bodymass was controlled, parents did not differ in eating behavior, dieting and weight history, self-esteem, body importance, or body image (self). Parents also did not differ in their perceptions of their daughters' bodies or the pressure exerted upon their daughters to lose weight after daughter's bodymass was covaried.
Joking Avoidance: A Korowai Pragmatics of Being Two

Korowai of New Guinea participate in person-reference partnerships in which two people call each other by a term recalling some past event of mutual and mildly transgressive bodily identification. This genre of person reference is hybrid between personal names and kinterms and between joking and avoidance. Details of the genre's internal organization and links to other person- referring expressions provide evidence that Korowai speakers affirm a dyadcentric model of personhood, and that these same speakers affirm an ideology of language according to which words do not only represent persons but also impinge on them causally. This genre of person reference underscores the methodological importance of recognizing reflexive, metarepresentational dimensions of people's use of different person–referring forms. [food, transgression, language ideology, personhood, name avoidance, kinship, New Guinea]
Beyond the DICOM Header: Additional Issues in Deidentification

OBJECTIVE. As the use of medical images in applications other than direct patient care increases, the need for deidentified images grows. Federal regulations govern the requirements for deidentification, and software developers offer several methods for deidentification. CONCLUSION. However, there are numerous ways for protected health information to be included in images other than in DICOM headers. Either such information must be obscured or the images containing the information must be deleted to comply with deidentification requirements.
Surface plasmon enhanced optical force on gold nanoparticles

We experimentally demonstrate the pushing of gold nanoparticles by surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). 2D FDTD simulations indicate considerably enhanced optical forces due to SPPs and gold particle-film interaction, in comparison to total internal reflection illumination.
Application of minimum loss property of resistive networks to power scheduling

The load flow equations of a loss less transmission system has the same structure that of a nonlinear resistive network. By utilizing the minimum loss property of nonlinear resistive networks [9], the solution to the load flow equation can be characterized as the minimum of a suitably defined function. This characterization is utilized in solving the problem of scheduling power for economic operation of power systems, while taking account the transient stability margin of the resulting operating point. For the model used in this paper it is shown that the solution is essentially a load flow problem of a suitably modified system.
Whole-cell biocatalysis for 1-naphthol production in liquid-liquid biphasic systems.

Whole-cell biocatalysis to oxidize naphthalene to 1-naphthol in liquid-liquid biphasic systems was performed. Escherichia coli expressing TOM-Green, a variant of toluene ortho-monooxygenase (TOM), was used for this oxidation. Three different solvents, dodecane, dioctyl phthalate, and lauryl acetate, were screened for biotransformations in biphasic media. Of the solvents tested, lauryl acetate gave the best results, producing 0.72 ± 0.03 g/liter 1-naphthol with a productivity of 0.46 ± 0.02 g/g (dry weight) cells after 48 h. The effects of the organic phase ratio and the naphthalene concentration in the organic phase were investigated. The highest 1-naphthol concentration (1.43 g/liter) and the highest 1-naphthol productivity (0.55 g/g [dry weight] cells) were achieved by optimization of the organic phase. The ability to recycle both free cells and cells immobilized in calcium alginate was tested. Both free and immobilized cells lost more than ∼60% of their activity after the first run, which could be attributed to product toxicity. On a constant-volume basis, an eightfold improvement in 1-naphthol production was achieved using biphasic media compared to biotransformation in aqueous media.
Infra‐red heating calculations with a water vapour pressure broadened continuum

Previous heat budget studies relying on infra-red radiation calculations have not used a water vapour pressure dependent continuum absorption in the 830-1,250 cm−1 region of the infra-red spectrum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the infra-red divergence profiles caused by inclusion of the vapour pressure dependent continuum absorption. The results indicate only a very small change in infra-red divergence from previous work for a typical midlatitude temperature, water vapour profile. However, for tropical temperature and moisture profiles, the new continuum data result in approximately 30 per cent more total tropospheric infra-red cooling than obtained using earlier continuum absorption data. In addition, it is shown that within a realistic range of tropical atmosphere moisture content, the continuum infra-red cooling may act to either stabilize or destabilize the lower layers of the troposphere.
Conjugation is not required for adaptive reversion of an episomal frameshift mutation in Escherichia coli.

Adaptive reversion of a lac allele on an F' episome in a strain of Escherichia coli is dependent on the RecA-BCD pathway for recombination and is enhanced by conjugal functions. However, conjugation, i.e., transfer of the episome, whether between distinct populations of cells or between newly divided siblings, does not contribute to the mutational process.
Algorithms for interference sensing in optical CDMA networks

Optical CDMA local area networks allow shared access to a broadcast medium. Every node is assigned an optical orthogonal codeword (OOC) to transmit or receive on. Optical CDMA systems have low throughput under moderate to heavy offered load due to interference between codewords. Interference sensing is a media access architecture where nodes on the network sense the amount of interference on the line before transmission. Nodes defer transmissions if there is interference on the line. This paper discusses and analyzes three algorithms for interference sensing. Through simulation it is shown that these algorithms reduce or eliminate throughput degradation at high loads. The study shows that simple algorithms such as selfish or threshold based algorithms are sufficient to eliminate throughput degradation.
Summing tree graphs at threshold

The solution of the classical field equation generates the sum of all tree graphs. We show that the classical equation reduces to an easily solved ordinary differential equation for certain multiparticle threshold amplitudes and compute these amplitudes.
An Account of the Dakota-US War of 1862 as Sacred Text: Why My Dakota Elders Value Spiritual Closure over Scholarly "Balance"

Fluent Dakota-speaking elders Clifford Canku and Michael Simon have translated from Dakota into English fifty letters written by three-dozen Dakota prisoners of the 1862 US-Dakota War. Both translators are Dakota Presbyterian ministers as well as traditional Sun Dancers, and are descended from two of the letter writers. Many letter writers, like the translators, were Christian Dakota who still followed some of the traditional ways. Dr. Canku and Rev. Simon requested that I appear on several panels with them to put the project in historical context and speak about their translation process before audiences who were primarily non-Native. This essay presents the various historical perspectives I attempted to balance in these panel discussions, as well as my analysis of why the two elders ultimately decided to leave out this historical context and retain only my discussion of the translation process for their forthcoming book on the Dakota letters. They intend the book principally for Dakota young people and ...
Disease-Causing Polymorphisms in the Spectrum of Long QT Syndrome Mutations⁎

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) exemplifies many of the complexities of the genetic basis of disease. Mutations of different genes can cause a similar phenotype. Identical mutations can give rise to variable phenotypes. Obvious phenotypes can elude detection of an underlying genetic abnormality. Common, “
On the probability of dinosaur fleas

Recently, a set of publications described flea fossils from Jurassic and Early Cretaceous geological strata in northeastern China, which were suggested to have parasitized feathered dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and early birds or mammals. In support of these fossils being fleas, a recent publication in BMC Evolutionary Biology described the extended abdomen of a female fossil specimen as due to blood feeding. We here comment on these findings, and conclude that the current interpretation of the evolutionary trajectory and ecology of these putative dinosaur fleas is based on appeal to probability, rather than evidence. Hence, their taxonomic positioning as fleas, or stem fleas, as well as their ecological classification as ectoparasites and blood feeders is not supported by currently available data.
Optimal Beam Search for Machine Translation

Beam search is a fast and empirically effective method for translation decoding, but it lacks formal guarantees about search error. We develop a new decoding algorithm that combines the speed of beam search with the optimal certificate property of Lagrangian relaxation, and apply it to phrase- and syntax-based translation decoding. The new method is efficient, utilizes standard MT algorithms, and returns an exact solution on the majority of translation examples in our test data. The algorithm is 3.5 times faster than an optimized incremental constraint-based decoder for phrase-based translation and 4 times faster for syntax-based translation.
Abstract 667: Aortic Remodeling in Angiotensin II Treated ACE2 Knockout Mice

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a protective regulatory protein that catalyzes conversion of Ang II to Ang-(1-7). There is much information on ACE2’s role in cardiac and renal pathologies, but limited data on ACE2 in vasculature. The objective was to study the role of ACE2 in the Ang II response as related to aortic remodeling and inflammation using ACE2 knockout (KO) mice. Eight week (C57Bl/6) male ACE2 KO and wild type (WT) mice (n= 7-8) were infused with Ang II (1000 ng/kg/min, 4 wks). Aortic structure (collagen, dimension), oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines were measured. Results showed a significant decrease ( p <0.05) in aortic luminal area in Ang II ACE2 KO over WT (74.51μm2/pixel vs. 91.50 μm2/pixel). Picrosirius red staining showed higher collagen in the outer aortic wall in Ang II infused ACE2 KO mice compared to Ang II WT (55% vs. 19%). Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining indicated marked elevation in superoxide generation following Ang II infusion in ACE2 KO (18%) compared to WT (7%). A BioPlex system was used to quantify a panel of 23 cytokines in aorta. It revealed higher macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1α) in Ang II ACE2 KO vs. Ang II WT mice (13.5 vs. 3.3 pg/ml). Two-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of treatment ( p < 0.02) for interleukin 1-α (IL-1α). Findings indicate that the aorta is a target site for Ang II’s pathological effects, an action which involves ACE2.
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF GENETIC COMPLEMENTATION OF BIOLUMINESCENCE IN PANELLUS STYPTICUS ISOLATED FROM PINE AND HARDWOOD

Inheritance of bioluminescence in North American populations of Panellus stypticus was analyzed using a set of five nonbioluminescent monokaryons and one bioluminescent monokaryon obtained from a basidiocarp of P. stypticus collected on pine wood. These were crossed with two nonbioluminescent and two bioluminescent monokaryons obtained from basidiocarps collected on hardwood in four geographically separate locations. Sexual compatibility of the geographically separate isolates indicated they were of the same biological species. Changing levels of bioluminescence intensities over time in the resulting dikaryotic cultures indicated that bioluminescence may be under stage-specific regulation. Inheritance of bioluminescence was analyzed according to the actual versus the expected maximal levels of bioluminescence intensity in dikaryons having at least one bioluminescent monokaryotic component. Bioluminescence was a dominant feature among the isolates tested. Genetic complementation groups established for dikaryons with two nonbioluminescent monokaryotic components suggested that three separate naturally occurring mutations can lead to lack of bioluminescence. Inter-allelic complementation may be involved in the expression of bioluminescence in a dikaryon resulting from a cross of two nonbioluminescent monokaryons. No significant differences among dikaryons were found in the characterization of bioluminescence emission spectra regardless of monokaryon composition.
A new ELISA method for the rapid quantification of Tamm-Horsfall protein in urine.

The authors present a simplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique for the quantitative measurement of urinary Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP). Microtiter plates are coated with THP and urine samples at various dilutions without the need for a capture antibody. The bound glycoprotein is then incubated with a monoclonal anti–THP antibody and an alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-IgG antibody. The assay was validated and gave reproducible results over a wide range of absorbance values. The sensitivity of the assay for THP was 2–5 μ g/L, the coefficient of variation between assays 7.5%, and the day-to-day variability. 11.1% for THP concentrations between 6.25 and 200 μ g/L. THP excretion was assayed in five volunteers over five days comparing THP concentration in spot urines and in 24-hour urine collections.
Mechanism of Soot Formation in Acetylene-Oxygen Mixtures

Abstract A computational study of the chemical kinetic effects of oxygen addition on the process of soot formation from hot acetylene is reported. The results, which are supported by trends observed in shock-tube experiments, reveal that the reaction pathway to soot identified previously for acetylene pyrolysis remains essentially unchanged in an oxidative environment. The main effects of oxygen are: (1) promotion of fuel decomposition, which alters the initiation route to soot; (2) supplementary rapid production of hydrogen atoms in the initial, small-molecule reactions, which drives the concentration of hydrogen above the equilibrium value with respect to H2 and thus enhances polymeric growth of polycyclic aromatics; (3)oxidation of aromatic radicals by molecular oxygen, which removes them from the polymeric growth. The computational results indicate a crucial need for kinetic studies of high temperature reactions between molecular oxygen and hydrocarbon radicals.
"Eleventh Five-Years"Energy Saving:Challenge to Jiangxi

Energy saving and consumption reduction is significant to Jiangxi economic and social development which is benefit to economical structure adjustment, economical growth mode change, harmony Jiangxi construction. In past three years of"eleventh fiveyears"we did not achieve the goal although we have made such great progress that GDP decreased by 12.2%.So the next two years we have to face to more pressure.At present we still need more suitable and feasible countermeasure to solve these problems due to some disadvantage factor existing .
An Interpersonal Dialogue Group for Students With and Without Disabilities

ABSTRACTThis narrative documents my experience cofacilitating a group of 17 undergraduate students. One half of the students and the cofacilitator of the group had disabilities. The purpose was to foster understanding between students with disabilities and students who were able bodied. The group members learned about people with diverse disabilities and the discrimination and difficulties they experienced. Students with disabilities learned about perceptions of the students who were able bodied and their differences and commonalities. Group members experienced mutual aid. The author learned important lessons about herself as a group worker and social work educator.
Transfusion-Transmitted Bacterial Infection

Transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection is a persistent but often underemphasized problem facing transfusion medicine today. The present status of bacterial contamination of red cells, platelet products and plasma, frequency of contamination, and types of organisms implicated is reviewed. Current methods of prevention and detection are discussed, as well as typical clinical presentations and therapy.
Ab initio calculation of electron–phonon coupling in monoclinic β-Ga2O3 crystal

The interaction between electrons and vibrational modes in monoclinic β-Ga2O3 is theoretically investigated using ab-initio calculations. The large primitive cell of β-Ga2O3 gives rise to 30 phonon modes all of which are taken into account in transport calculation. The electron-phonon interaction is calculated under density functional perturbation theory and then interpolated using Wannier–Fourier interpolation. The long-range interaction elements between electrons and polar optical phonon (POP) modes are calculated separately using the Born effective charge tensor. The direction dependence of the long-range POP coupling in a monoclinic crystal is explored and is included in the transport calculations. Scattering rate calculations are done using the Fermi golden rule followed by solving the Boltzmann transport equation using the Rode's method to estimate low field mobility. A room temperature mobility of 115 cm2/V s is observed. Comparison with recent experimentally reported mobility is done for a wide range of temperatures (30 K–650 K). It is also found that the POP interaction dominates the electron mobility under low electric field conditions. The relative contribution of the different POP modes is analyzed and the mode 21 meV POP is found to have the highest impact on low field electron mobility at room temperature.
Application, integration and operational aspects of an inertial navigation/survey/pointing system

The Modular Azimuth Position System, a ring-laser-gyro-based, inertial navigation, survey, and pointing system, is designed for military land vehicles. The application, integration, and operational deployment of a MAPS-type inertial system are described. Detailed aspects of operational use for a variety of applications are explored, including positioning of artillery howitzers, missile launchers, and battlefield surveillance vehicles; the pointing of weapons on these vehicles, as well as radar antennas, electrooptical sensors, etc.; land navigation of tracked and wheeled vehicles in a wide variety of field conditions; and high-precision artillery survey work. This discussion includes practical aspects of integration of the dynamic reference unit, vehicle motion sensor, and control and display unit into a wide variety of land vehicles. The future use of ring-laser-gyro inertial systems in land vehicles to provide autonomous performance, operational flexibility and battlefield survivability benefits for military users is explored. >
Compensatory Strategies and Techniques

Management and treatment of feeding and swallowing ­disorders in infants and children is complex due to the multitude of etiologies and interacting variables that may be present in any given situation. The underlying causes of dysphagia in the pediatric population are both congenital and acquired and include an array of structural, neurologic, cardiorespiratory, genetic, systemic, and metabolic conditions. Feeding and swallowing difficulties may evolve or intensify secondary to medical complications, physiologic abnormalities, or ongoing environmental factors that, singly or in combination, impair progression of normal feeding and swallowing behavior. Inadequate recognition and management of pediatric feeding and swallowing dysfunction has serious implications including potential malnutrition, chronic respiratory disease, disruption of oral motor/feeding skill development, and extended use of nasogastric or gastrostomy tube feedings. Lack of dysphagia treatment, delayed initiation of treatment, or the use of inappropriate treatment approaches may all contribute to prolonged dysphagia and potentially untoward consequences. Thus, thorough dysphagia diagnostic evaluation, accurate identification of oral and pharyngeal swallowing physiology and dysfunction, and appropriate selection of compensatory and rehabilitative interventions is essential to maximize each child’s potential for a satisfactory outcome. A multidisciplinary approach in the differential diagnosis and management of pediatric feeding and swallowing problems is essential in the identification and management of problems that may occur across multiple systems.