cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmology with light axions from technicolor

Abstract We consider cosmological consequences of the spontaneous breaking of a global symmetry that is anomalous under technicolor interactions, leading to the emergence of a light axion-like particle. Avoiding overclosure of the universe by such axions yields the upper bound f a ≲ 10 10 GeV on the symmetry breaking scale, corresponding to keV-scale axions. However, diffuse X-ray background data typically require larger values of f a . The overclosure and X-ray bounds can be reconciled if the axion initial amplitude of oscillations A i ∼ f a / 10 . In this case, a viable axionic dark matter candidate with a mass in the 50–100 eV range emerges. The detection of this type of dark matter may pose a challenge.
Stability and Pattern of Bifurcating Steady States in Systems with Double Involution

Abstract A system of ordinary differential equations is said to be a reversible system if there exists an involution such that the vector field is reversed under this involution. The steady-state systems of reaction-diffusion systems (RD-systems) on 1-dimensional space are all reversible ODE systems provided the kinetic terms do not involve the derivatives of component functions. If, in addition, a RD-system exhibits Z (2)-symmetry, then the Z (2)-symmetry introduces an additional involution to its steady-state system. We are interested in how this additional symmetry property affects the temporal stability and pattern of the bifurcating steady states in such RD-systems. We study the class of RD-systems whose steady-state systems are reversible with respect to two linear involutions whose product is a reversal symmetry. The set of fixed points of these involutions are both 2-dimensional planes in the 4-dimensional state space. They intersect at the constant steady states where bifurcating steady states emanate from. The steady states being studied are periodic solutions bifurcated from a constant steady state at 1 : 1 resonance in the steady-state system. Their temporal stability is analyzed through a center manifold reduction on the RD-system. A complete description of their spatial structure is also obtained. Two models, the Lambda-Omega system and a predator-prey model, are studied as examples. We conclude that all small-amplitude bifurcating steady states are temporally stable in the Lambda-Omega system and unstable in the predator-prey model. Numerical approximations of bifurcating steady states in these two models, obtained by solving both the RD-system and the steady-state system, are presented as numerical verification of our analysis. We also conclude that the bifurcation regime near 1:1 resonance in the steady-state system of the predator-prey model is hyperbolic.
Temporal discourse models for narrative structure

Getting a machine to understand human narratives has been a classic challenge for NLP and AI. This paper proposes a new representation for the temporal structure of narratives. The representation is parsimonious, using temporal relations as surrogates for discourse relations. The narrative models, called Temporal Discourse Models, are tree-structured, where nodes include abstract events interpreted as pairs of time points and where the dominance relation is expressed by temporal inclusion. Annotation examples and challenges are discussed, along with a report on progress to date in creating annotated corpora.
Neurobiology of premature brain injury

Every year in the United States, an estimated 500,000 babies are born preterm (before 37 completed weeks of gestation), and this number is rising, along with the recognition of brain injuries due to preterm delivery. A common underlying pathogenesis appears to be perinatal hypoxia induced by immature lung development, which causes injury to vulnerable neurons and glia. Abnormal growth and maturation of susceptible cell types, particularly neurons and oligodendrocytes, in preterm babies with very low birth weight is associated with decreased cerebral and cerebellar volumes and increases in cerebral ventricular size. Here we reconcile these observations with recent studies using models of perinatal hypoxia that show perturbations in the maturation and function of interneurons, oligodendrocytes and astroglia. Together, these findings suggest that the global mechanism by which perinatal hypoxia alters development is through a delay in maturation of affected cell types, including astroglia, oligodendroglia and neurons.
Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies of the Four-Electron Reduction of Dioxygen, N=N, and N=O Double Bonds by Tungsten(II) Aryloxide Compounds

Reduction of the cyclometalation-resistant aryloxide compounds [W(OC6HPh2-2,6-R2-3,5)2Cl4] (1, R = Ph; 2, R = Me; 3, R = But) in the presence of a variety of phosphine ligands generates the W(II) s...
Analysis and design of a planar balun

The analysis and design of a planar balun is presented. The balun consists of three closely placed parallel metallic strips situated on a dielectric substrate. The effective dielectric constants and characteristic impedances for the three independent propagating modes supported by the structure are obtained using the spectral domain approach. Design information is extracted from a three-port admittance matrix derived in terms of these modes.
A continuously recording respirometer, used to measure oxygen consumption and estimate locomotor activity in tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans.

. The construction of a continuously recording respirometer is described. The oxygen consumption patterns of male tsetse flies recorded with this apparatus generally match their patterns of locomotor activity previously reported from actograph data and direct observation. Clear signs of a diel rhythm, in a light cycle, were still apparent at the low temperature of 15°C.
Effect of Internal Fluctuations and Scanning on Clutter Attenuation in MTI Radar

The approximate effect of internal fluctuations and scanning on clutter attenuation in MTI radar is derived and the results presented on two charts. It is proposed that derivative antenna patterns be used to increase the clutter attenuation when scanning. The theoretical improvement from the use of derivatives is appreciable, as shown on the second chart.
The Han Maps: New Light on Cartography in classical China

(1979). The Han maps: New light on cartography in classical China. Imago Mundi: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 9-17.
Chemistry of constrained dioxocyclam ligands with Co(III): unusual examples of C-H and C-N bond cleavage.

The reactions between H2dc3 and Co(acac)3 have been studied in the presence and absence of base. In the presence of base, a complex with an intramolecular Co−C bond, Co(dc3-C-(8))(H2O), 1, is formed, presumably through heterolytic C−H bond activation. An X-ray crystallographic study demonstrates the presence of a Co−C bond and shows that the diazacyclooctane (daco) subunit adopts the chair−boat conformation with respect to the metal. The cobalt−carbon bond induces strain in the macrocycle as demonstrated by bond angles significantly deviating from tetrahedral. The 13C NMR resonance of the carbon atom bound to cobalt (−10.5 ppm) suggests significant ionic character in the cobalt−carbon bond. However, we were unable to cleave this bond in the presence of strong acid. In the absence of base, the reaction of Co(acac)3 with H2dc3 resulted in C−N cleavage of the ligand and the formation of a complex of dioxocyclam, Co(dc)(acac), 2. This complex has subsequently been prepared in high yield by the reaction of Co(...
Four-port optical-filter fabricated from tapered optical fiber

We propose and demonstrate a four-port optical filter fabricated from a tapered optical fiber. The device is fabricated from tapered fiber loops wrapped around a low index rod.
Acid/base catalysis by pure water: the aldol reaction.

The mechanism of aldol reactions in pure water has been studied with density functional calculations (B3LYP/6-311++G(3d,3p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)). The reaction is a three-step process that involves: (1) water autoionization generates catalytic hydroxide and hydronium ions, (2) hydroxide and hydronium ions rapidly convert donor aldehyde or ketone into enol, and (3) C−C bond formation and proton transfer occur to give the aldol product. This study provides a general basis for understanding acid/base catalysis by pure water.
Influence of slip transmission on the migration of incoherent twin boundaries in epitaxial nanotwinned Cu

Using in situ nanoindentation, we studied the migration mechanisms of Σ3{1 1 2} incoherent twin boundary (ITB) in epitaxial nanotwinned Cu films. ITBs migrate by propagation of steps or disconnections with step heights of three or multiples of three {1 1 1} interplanar distances, and the migration may lead to the detwinning of nanotwins. The transmission of a glide dislocation across an ITB is shown to form a sessile dislocation in the ITB and locally pin the boundary at the site of the slip transmission.
A simple method for the detection of poly A-containing cDNAs and a possible mechanism for the generation of rearrangements in cDNAs

Abstract A simple method for the detection of poly A stretches at the 3′-end of cDNA is described. This method is useful in identifying restriction fragments containing poly A tail. Frequent rearrangements were detected during cDNA construction using classical methods. A possible mechanism for the generation of such rearrangements is also explained.
The onset of human labor: current theories

Innovative research has led to marked improvement in medical knowledge. Advances in technology have allowed us to attain a clearer understanding of many physiologic processes. Despite these impressive gains in knowledge, the cause of the initiation of the process of human labor remains unclear. Potential factors include changes in hormonal levels of estrogen and progesterone, increased production of prostaglandins, and elevation of levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone, as well as increased sensitivity of the myometrium to endogenous oxytocin. It is most likely that interactions between these factors play an essential role in the process of labor, but the precise mechanism of onset still eludes us.
Parallel optoelectronic trinary signed-digit division

The trinary signed-digit (TSD) number system has been found to be very useful for parallel addition and subtraction of any arbitrary length operands in constant time. Using the TSD addition and multiplication modules as the basic building blocks, we develop an efficient algorithm for performing parallel TSD division in constant time. The proposed division technique uses one TSD subtraction and two TSD multiplication steps. An optoelectronic correlator based architecture is suggested for implementation of the proposed TSD division algorithm, which fully exploits the parallelism and high processing speed of optics. An efficient spatial encoding scheme is used to ensure better utilization of space bandwidth product of the spatial light modulators used in the optoelectronic implementation.
Plagioclase—melt equilibria

Results of experiments investigating the crystallization of plagioclase from natural and synthetic melts are presented and are analyzed in terms of empirical and semiquantitative mixing models for the melt. Elemental partition constants were determined from the results and from other published data. Activities of the melt components were modeled by assuming that the melt consists of two independent quasi-lattices of network-forming and network-modifying components, each of which is an ideal solution of its respective component. The semiquantitative analysis supports the suggestion that Na(+) is strongly associated with tetrahedrally-coordinated Al in the melt. It is shown that it is possible to predict the composition of plagioclase crystallizing under equilibrium conditions from a dry melt of known composition and known temperature at low total pressure.
Cassirer’s Philosophy of Symbolic Forms: Between Reason and Relativism; a Critical Appraisal

This paper pursues the double task of (a) presenting Cassirer's Philosophy of Symbolic Forms as a systematic critique of culture and (b) assessing this systematic approach with regards to the question of reason vs. relativism. First, it reconstructs the development of his theory to its mature presentation in his Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. Cassirer here presents a critique of culture as fulfilling Kant's critical work by insisting on the plurality of reason as spirits manifesting itself in symbolic forms. In the second part, the consequences of this approach will be drawn by considering the systematics Cassirer intended with this theory. As can be reconstructed from his metaphilosophical reflections, the strength of Cassirer's philosophy is that it accounts for the plurality of rational-spiritual activity while at the same time not succumbing to a relativism. The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms steers a middle course between a rational fundamentalism and a postmodern relativism.
Pain reduction by focal electrical stimulation of the brain: An anatomical and behavioral analysis

These experiments have examined several aspects of analgesia produced by focal electrical stimulation of the brain. (1) Anatomical locus of analgesic effects: only stimulation of the mesencephalic central gray matter and periventricular gray matter greatly reduced or totally abolished responsiveness to all noxious stimuli employed. Stimulation of other brain areas increased jump threshold to electric shock (septal nuclei, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus) and sometimes even abolished responsiveness to tissue destructive pinch (ventral tegmentum, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus), but never eliminated resonding to radiant heat applied to the tail. Stimulation of the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus and the lateral hypothalamus produced little or no analgesia at all. (2) Magnitude of analgesia: stimulation of the central and periventricular gray matter produced analgesia equal to or greater than 10 mg/kg morphine on all tests. (3) Relationship to reward: stimulation-produced analgesia was found not to be casually related to the rewarding properties of the stimulation. Analgesia was often produced by stimulation at electrode sites which did not support self-stimulation behavior; and many animals self-stimulated at high rates but were not analgesic. (4) Relationship to seizure activity: electrographic or overt motor seizure activity was not related to stimulation-produced analgesia. (5) By analogy with the site and mechanism of morphine action, it is proposed that focal electrical stimulation activates a pain suppressive system concentrated in periventricular and periaqueductal regions and its activation reduces responsiveness to noxious stimuli, at least in part, by blocking transmission of nociceptive information through the spinal cord.
A high-dimensional control chart for profile monitoring

Profile monitoring is an important and rapidly emerging area of statistical process control. In many industries, the quality of processes or products can be characterized by a profile that describes a relationship or a function between a response variable and one or more independent variables. A change in the profile relationship can indicate a change in the quality characteristic of the process or product and, therefore, needs to be monitored for control purposes. We propose a high-dimensional (HD) control chart approach for profile monitoring that is based on the adaptive Neyman test statistic for the coefficients of discrete Fourier transform of profiles. We investigate both linear and nonlinear profiles, and we study the robustness of the HD control chart for monitoring profiles with stationary noise. We apply our control chart to monitor the process of nonlinear woodboard vertical density profile data of Walker and Wright (J. Qual. Technol. 2002; 34:118–129) and compare the results with those presented in Williams et al. (Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int. 2007; to appear). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Backscattering spectroscopy at the NIST Center for Neutron Research

Abstract We discuss the design of a new backscattering spectrometer that is soon to become operational at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. Both monochromator and analyzer are composed of spherically bent Si (1 1 1) crystals that focus the incident and scattered neutron beams. The bending increases the intrinsic lattice gradient of Si beyond its Darwin limit, resulting in an energy resolution of about 0.75 μeV FWHM. The Doppler-driven monochromator should provide a wide dynamic range of ± 50 μ eV. The elastic Q -range will cover 0.15–1.8 A −1 . The most novel component of this spectrometer is the phase-space-transform chopper. This device rotates at 4730 rpm while neutrons are Bragg-diffracted from sets of HOPG crystals affixed to its periphery. The process enhances the neutron flux at the backscattered energy of 2.08 meV, but at the expense of a larger horizontal divergence. This effectively reduces the divergence mismatch between primary and secondary spectrometers, a long standing problem with backscattering instruments. Simulations suggest a resultant flux increase of order 3 should be obtained.
Immunocytochemical localization of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) in the rat brain

The immunocytochemical localization of neurons containing the 41 amino acid peptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the rat brain is described. The detection of CRF-like immunoreactivity in neurons was facilitated by colchicine pretreatment of the rats and by silver intensification of the diaminobenzidine end-product. The presence of immunoreactive CRF in perikarya, neuronal processes, and terminals in all major subdivisions of the rat brain is demonstrated. Aggregates of CRF-immunoreactive perikarya are found in the paraventricular, supraoptic, medial and periventricular preoptic, and premammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus, the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and of the anterior commissure, the medial septal nucleus, the nucleus accumbens, the central amygdaloid nucleus, the olfactory bulb, the locus ceruleus, the parabrachial nucleus, the superior and inferior colliculus, and the medial vestibular nucleus. A few scattered perikarya with CRF-like immunoreactivity are present along the paraventriculo-infundibular pathway, in the anterior hypothalamus, the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon and pons. Processes with CRF-like immunoreactivity are present in all of the above areas as well as in the cerebellum. The densest accumulation of CRF-immunoreactive terminals is seen in the external zone of the median eminence, with some immunoreactive CRF also present in the internal zone. The widespread but selective distribution of neurons containing CRF-like immunoreactivity supports the neuroendocrine role of this peptide and suggests that CRF, similarly to other neuropeptides, may also function as a neuromodulator throughout the brain.
Immune response to intracellular parasites: suppression by antibody.

SummaryInitial antibody formation in mice against a live intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, was suppressed by administration of antibody formed against both live and dead Toxoplasma organisms. The antiserum was administered to the mice 6 weeks before they were challenged with the live parasite. At the time of the challenge none of the administered antibody could be detected in the mice using the Sabin-Feldman dye test. These studies suggest that antibody may suppress immune responsiveness against intracellular pathogens.
Positron Annihilation and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analyses of TiN/Si and TiN/SiO2/Si Films

We have characterized TiN/Si and TiN/SiO2/Si structures by utilizing the variable energy positron beam spectroscopy (VEPBS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thin films of TiN were grown on SiO2/Si and Si by chemical vapor deposition and sputtering. Details of the electronic structure, microstructural defects, and interface are probed by implanting monoenergetic positrons at varying depths and analyzing the resulting positron-electron annihilation gamma rays. This analysis provides results for the positron diffusion length in different parts of the layered structure. Being sensitive to the presence of lattice defects, the positron diffusion length can be used to assess the quality of the film. The XPS measurements provide details about the elemental composition and interface in these materials.
Symmetry-exploiting cuts for a class of mixed-0/1 second-order cone programs

We will analyze mixed-0/1 second-order cone programs where the continuous and binary variables are solely coupled via the conic constraints. We devise a cutting-plane framework based on an implicit Sherali-Adams reformulation. The resulting cuts are very effective as symmetric solutions are automatically cut off and each equivalence class of 0/1 solutions is visited at most once. Further, we present computational results showing the effectiveness of our method and briefly sketch an application in optimal pooling of securities.
Energy-secure computer architectures

Modern processor chips and associated systems are generally equipped with dynamic power managers. These are implemented as sense-control-and-actuate feedback control systems. In response to sensed metrics of power and/or performance, the controller tries to actuate control knobs (e.g. voltage and/or frequency) in order to make sure that some target metric (e.g. power consumption or a power-performance efficiency metric) tracks a set (reference) value as closely as feasible. This scenario is true even if the system does not have a dedicated, firmware-driven microcontroller to aid in such dynamic resource management. Some systems may have hardwired control logic to effect the same or similar feedback control algorithm. Regardless of how it is implemented, such a dynamic, feedback control system can be “fooled” into an inappropriate (or wrong) state or action - under certain conditions or properties of the workload. The workload conditions to trigger such undesirable actions may occur spontaneously (without user intent), or they may be a result of malicious intent. Regardless of intent, such “virus” workloads are of concern, because they can make the system unstable or even cause a large power overrun (or performance shortfall). In an extreme scenario, the system may incur permanent damage, requiring expensive repair. In this talk, we look at specific examples of such potential reliability-cum-security “holes” in current power-managed systems. We then propose system-level mitigation approaches to combat this problem. The underlying system architectural solution strategies are referred to here as “Energy-Secure System Architectures” (ESSA).
Elemental variations of transport coefficients across density interfaces in multiple-diffusive systems.

WE report here laboratory measurements of the fluxes of several solutes across a density interface, between two fluid layers which are in a state of turbulent convection. Transport coefficients defined for the different components are shown to vary systematically with the molecular diffusivities, and it is suggested that this separation must be kept in mind when using the distribution of trace elements as an indicator of the mixing (of water with different salinities) in the ocean.
A heavy traffic approach to modeling large life insurance portfolios

Abstract We explore a new framework to approximate life insurance risk processes in the scenario of plentiful policyholders, via a bottom-up approach. Given the insurance contract structure, we aggregate the balance of individual policy accounts, and derive an approximating Gaussian process with computable correlation structure. The methodology is borrowed from heavy traffic theory in the literature of many-server queues, and involves the so-called fluid and diffusion approximations. Our framework is different from the individual risk model in that it takes into account the time dimension and the specific policy structure including the premium payments. It is also different from classical risk theory in that it builds the risk process from micro-level contracts and parameters instead of assuming aggregated claim and premium processes outright. As a result, our approximating process behaves differently depending on the issued contract structure. We also illustrate the flexibility of our approach by formulating a finite-horizon ruin problem that incorporates actuarial reserve in the consideration.
On providing a reaction for efficient wave energy absorption by floating devices

Abstract This paper investigates possible use of a heave/surge compensated on-board platform (block) to enable and optimize energy absorption by deep-water floating wave energy devices. The block forms one of the masses in a system of coupled, controlled oscillators. In the absence of control, favorable dynamic interaction leads to isolation of the block from hull heave or surge at one frequency, whereas control can extend this behavior to a range of frequencies. The paper presents a frequency-domain solution for an optimal power absorption problem of a single-mode floating device utilizing such a system. Results are used to address the more complicated problem of optimal power absorption by floating oscillating water column devices. Calculations based on published results for one such device are carried out in the frequency domain for four different situations representing various degrees of compromises to optimality. Conclusions on the effectiveness of the proposed system are drawn based on comparisons, and areas needing further work are pointed out.
When students choose competencies: Insights from the competency-specific engineering portfolio studio

Recent work in engineering education has made it clear that for students to be prepared to function effectively as engineers, they will need to acquire a diverse set of competencies by the time they graduate. In this research, we explored students' experiences with an innovative pedagogy — a competency-specific, engineering-preparedness portfolio studio — as a means to support students in being prepared with respect to specific competencies. In this work, we showed that when given the opportunity to choose, students select a range of competencies for quite sophisticated reasons. Furthermore, when in this studio environment for multiple experiences, students engaged in deeper reflection and meaning making about prior experiences. Finally, through this environment students supported one another through formal and informal peer learning.
High-Performance Quantum Cascade Lasers: Optimized Design Through Waveguide and Thermal Modeling

We present a comprehensive model to study the thermal effects in quantum cascade (QC) lasers for continuous-wave (CW) operation at and above room temperature. This model self-consistently solves the temperature-dependent threshold current density equation and heat equation to determine the CW threshold current density, maximum heat sink temperature, and core temperature at threshold for a given laser design. The model includes effects from temperature dependence on thermal backfilling, thermal conductivity, phonon lifetimes, gain bandwidth, thermionic emission, and resistive heating in waveguide layers. Studies on these effects yield results not simultaneously considered by previous models. By including these results in laser designs, lasers with lower core temperatures, with higher operating temperatures, and requiring lower electrical power than current high-performance lasers are predicted. Additionally, experimental results are presented, exploring various methods of improving CW laser performance for a lambda ~ 8 mum QC laser and are compared to the model.
Effects of perceived scrutiny on participant memory for social interactions

Abstract It is well known that passive audiences can impair performance on all but the simplest of tasks. The present research asked whether audience impairment effects occur as well when performers do not know, but only imagine that they are being watched, when performers are interacting with rather than merely being observed by the “audience,” and when the performance in question is one to which the audience has no access—namely, the encoding of information exchanged in a dyadic interaction. The hypothesis was that worry about being evaluated interferes with effective information processing, but only for time periods during which one of two interactants entertains distracting thoughts about the other person's possible scrutiny. To model this situation, pairs of unacquainted university students were asked to exchange opinions over a “TV phone.” On some trials one subject's image appeared on both monitors, on some trials the other subject's image appeared on both monitors, and on some trials both monitors were blank. In subsequent unanticipated recognition memory tests, participants remembered fewer of the opinions expressed during time periods when their own image was shown. This occurred even when nothing about participants' overt behavior affected the memory of observers, even when the TV images were supposedly incidental to the task, and even when the periods of scrutiny occurred at random 15-sec intervals, but the effect was limited to subjects who worry about the impression they make, and to time periods when their image was available to the other participants (not just to themselves).
Poisoning with tricyclic antidepressant drugs.

(1977). Poisoning with Tricyclic Antidepressant Drugs. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 149-158.
Search for a strong, virtually "no-shift" hydrogen bond: a cage molecule with an exceptional OH⋅⋅⋅F interaction.

Reported herein is the synthesis of a molecule containing an unusually strong hydrogen bond between an OH donor and a covalent F acceptor, a heretofore somewhat ill-defined if not controversial interaction. This unique hydrogen bond is to a large extent a product of the tight framework of the rigid caged system. Remarkably, the interaction shows little to no perceptible shift in the OH stretch of the IR spectrum relative to appropriate nonhydrogen-bound standards in fairly non-interactive solvents. This fascinating example of what has been termed a virtual “no-shift” hydrogen bond is investigated through NMR (coupling constants, isotopic chemical shift perturbations, proton exchange rates) and IR studies which all tell a consistent story.
PDCD10/CCM3 Acts Downstream of γ-Protocadherins to Regulate Neuronal Survival

γ-Protocadherins (PCDH-γ) regulate neuronal survival in the vertebrate central nervous system. The molecular mechanisms of how PCDH-γ mediates this function are still not understood. In this study, we show that through their common cytoplasmic domain, different PCDH-γ isoforms interact with an intracellular adaptor protein named PDCD10 (programmed cell death 10). PDCD10 is also known as CCM3, a causative genetic defect for cerebral cavernous malformations in humans. Using RNAi-mediated knockdown, we demonstrate that PDCD10 is required for the occurrence of apoptosis upon PCDH-γ depletion in developing chicken spinal neurons. Moreover, overexpression of PDCD10 is sufficient to induce neuronal apoptosis. Taken together, our data reveal a novel function for PDCD10/CCM3, acting as a critical regulator of neuronal survival during development.
Understanding the critical ingredients for facilitating consumer change in housing first programming: a case study approach.

Housing First is a form of permanent supportive housing for chronically homeless consumers with mental health and substance abuse issues. In light of the model’s growing popularity and wide diffusion, researchers and policy makers have identified a need to better understand its critical ingredients and the processes through which they affect consumer outcomes. Researchers used a bottom-up approach to understand the critical ingredients of Housing First within community-based programs. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with 60 informants (staff and consumers) across 4 “successful” Housing First programs. Qualitative analysis demonstrated six program ingredients to be essential: (1) a low-threshold admissions policy, (2) harm reduction, (3) eviction prevention, (4) reduced service requirements, (5) separation of housing and services, and (6) consumer education.
C3-3: Using the Electronic Health Record and the National Cancer Institute’s Breast Cancer Risk Assessment (SAS) Macro to Identify Women at Increased Risk for Breast Cancer

Background/Aims Women at increased risk for breast cancer (BC) are eligible to take selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) to reduce their risk; Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of tamoxifen or raloxifene for BC risk reduction and American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines for the use of SERMs recommend the two drugs for any woman over the age of 35 years with a 5-year risk of 1.67% or greater, but identifying those women can be both challenging and costly. Fortunately, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has developed an open source Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Macro (BrCa RAM) that can be run using SAS software. By leveraging the Geisinger Health System (GHS) Electronic Health Record (EHR - EpicCare), the Department of Radiology’s software (Centricity RIS-IC), and Department of Pathology’s software (CoPath), we were able to calculate 5-year and lifetime risk of developing invasive BC.
Comparison of settings used for high-frequency chest-wall compression in cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients commonly use a high-frequency chest-wall compression (HFCWC) device for airway clearance that generates oscillatory flow with a sine-wave configuration. Typical HFCWC settings combine a lower Vest inflation pressure setting (eg, 5 on the Vest9s arbitrary 1–10 scale for the setting that controls the background pressure of the inflatable vest) with mid-range frequency (14–16 Hz) (lower-pressure/mid-frequency HFCWC). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether HFCWC with higher pressure settings (6–10 on the Hill-Rom Vest9s arbitrary 1–10 scale) combined with variable mid-frequencies (8, 9, and 10 Hz, plus 18, 19, and 20 Hz) (higher-pressure/variable-frequency HFCWC) results in greater sputum expectoration than lower-pressure/mid-frequency HFCWC. METHODS: This was a controlled randomized crossover study. Sixteen clinically stable, adult CF patients participated. Patients performed airway clearance with HFCWC, once each with lower-pressure/mid-frequency HFCWC and higher-pressure/variable-frequency HFCWC, on separate occasions. All sputum produced during each session was collected. Patients completed pulmonary function tests before and after each session. RESULTS: Median sputum wet weight was greater with higher-pressure/variable-frequency HFCWC than with lower-pressure/mid-frequency HFCWC (6.4 g, range 0.49–22.0 g, versus 4.8 g, range 0.24–15.0 g, P = .02). Dry sputum weight differences did not reach statistical significance (higher-pressure/variable-frequency HFCWC 0.20 g, range 0.009–0.62 g, lower-pressure/mid-frequency HFCWC 0.12 g, range 0.0001–1.0 g, P = .23). Higher-pressure/variable-frequency HFCWC and lower-pressure/mid-frequency HFCWC resulted in similar increases in FEV1 (70 mL vs 90 mL, P = .21) and forced vital capacity (80 mL vs 80 mL, P = .94). Post-therapy sputum viscoelastic properties did not differ. Patients perceived the 2 regimens as equally comfortable and effective (P = .35 and P = .35, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In adult CF patients, single-session higher-pressure/variable-frequency HFCWC resulted in greater sputum expectoration by wet weight, but not other differences, compared to the commonly used lower-pressure/mid-frequency settings. Longer-term comparisons are needed in a larger, more diverse population to determine whether sustained use of the higher-pressure/variable-frequency settings results in clinically important differences in outcomes. (Clinicaltrials.gov registration NCT00685035).
The Knowledge Gradient Policy for Offline Learning with Independent Normal Rewards

We define a new type of policy, the knowledge gradient policy, in the context of an offline learning problem. We show how to compute the knowledge gradient policy efficiently and demonstrate through Monte Carlo simulations that it performs as well or better than a number of existing learning policies
The utilisation of citrus waste as substrate for microbial protein production by the fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum

The growth and protein synthesis of Sporotrichum pulverulentum was studied in shake flask cultures using orange waste as carbon source. The influence of factors such as nitrogen source, initial pH, incubation time and temperature were investigated, ammonium sulphate being the best source of supplementary nitrogen. Biomass containing about 31.9% protein was obtained with a medium pH of 5.0 in 4 days incubation.
Multidimensional augmented current equation including velocity overshoot

The augmented drift-diffusion current equation, which includes velocity overshoot effects through the space derivatives of the electric field, cannot be directly extended beyond one dimension. A new formalism is developed which considers the carrier heating and the distribution relaxation effects to obtain a multidimensional augmented drift diffusion current equation. The equivalent mobility containing the velocity overshoot correction is derived from the perturbation analysis on the carrier temperature using the energy balance equation. The issues related to the numerical implementation of this generalized model and the validity of the assumptions are also discussed. >
Mode control for high performance laser diode sources

We report on recent progress in the control of optical modes toward the improvement of commercial high-performance diode laser modules. Control of the transverse mode has allowed scaling of the optical mode volume, increasing the peak output power of diode laser emitters by a factor of two. Commercially-available single emitter diodes operating at 885 nm now exhibit >25 W peak (12 W rated) at >60% conversion efficiency. In microchannel-cooled bar format, these lasers operate >120 W at 62% conversion efficiency. Designs of similar performance operating at 976 nm have shown >37,000 equivalent device hours with no failures. Advances in the control of lateral modes have enabled unprecedented brightness scaling in a fiber-coupled package format. Leveraging scalable arrays of single emitters, the conductively-cooled nLIGHT Pearl TM package now delivers >80 W peak (50 W rated) at >53% conversion efficiency measured from a 200-μm core fiber output and >45 W peak (35 W rated) at >52% conversion efficiency measured from a 100-μm fiber output. nLIGHT has also expanded its product portfolio to include wavelength locking by means of external volume Bragg gratings. By controlling the longitudinal modes of the laser, this technique is demonstrated to produce a narrow, temperature-stabilized spectrum, with minimal performance degradation relative to similar free-running lasers.
MCM2 - A promising marker for premalignant lesions of the lung: A cohort study

Because cells progressing to cancer must proliferate, marker proteins specific to proliferating cells may permit detection of premalignant lesions. Here we compared the sensitivities of a classic proliferation marker, Ki-67, with a new proliferation marker, MCM2, in 41 bronchial biopsy specimens representing normal mucosa, metaplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ. Parallel sections were stained with antibodies against MCM2 and Ki-67, and the frequencies of staining were independently measured by two investigators. Differences were evaluated statistically using the two-sided correlated samples t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. For each of the 41 specimens, the average frequency of staining by anti-MCM2 (39%) was significantly (p < 0.001) greater than by anti-Ki-67 (16%). In metaplastic lesions anti-MCM2 frequently detected cells near the epithelial surface, while anti-Ki-67 did not. We conclude that MCM2 is detectable in 2-3 times more proliferating premalignant lung cells than is Ki-67. The promise of MCM2 as a sensitive marker for premalignant lung cells is enhanced by the fact that it is present in cells at the surface of metaplastic lung lesions, which are more likely to be exfoliated into sputum. Future studies will determine if use of anti-MCM2 makes possible sufficiently early detection to significantly enhance lung cancer survival rates.
NUMERICAL STUDIES OF BLADE SWEEP EFFECTS ON LOSSES

A turbine airfoil aerodynamic design process, similar to the current indust ry practice, is used to design turbine airfoil sections. The airfoil generator code employs Bezier polynomial curves to produce smooth airfoil shapes. For the calculations of the airfoil pressure distributions a discrete vortex method is used after the airfoil is designed and the novel Navier -Stokes (N -S) solver is developed for further examination of the airfoil performance. The vortex method can provide a fast way to calculate the airfoil pressure distributions. The N -S code is used to obtain the blade -to-blade quasi -three dimensional, turbulent, and viscous flow characteristics. The time -dependent N -S equations are discretized and integrated in a coupled manner based on a finite -volume formulation as well as a flux -difference splitting. The flux -difference splitting method enables us to compute with a rapid convergence. After the flow solver is validated with experimental data, this new code is further used to obtain an optimal airfoil design by analyzing the cascade flows. The present N -S code can handl e computations of both subsonic and supersonic flows and can be connected to an external optimizer code with the airfoil generator.
Telomerase activity in human acute myelogenous leukemia: Inhibition of telomerase activity by differentiation-inducing agents

The terminal regions of human chromosomes, the telomeres, shorten with each cell division in most normal somatic cells. Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes telomeric DNA onto chromosomal ends, is activated in germline cells and almost all tumor cells. Telomerase activity maintains the stability of telomere length, resulting in indefinite cellular proliferation (immortality). In the present study, telomerase activity was analyzed in leukemic mononuclear blood cells obtained from 56 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with known cytogenetic alterations. Heterogenous levels of telomerase activity were observed and generally correlated with cytogenetic status. Patients with 11q abnormalities and -5/-7 (unfavorable cytogenetics) tended to have high telomerase activity compared with cells obtained from AML patients with other types of cytogenetics. Additional studies with a larger cohort of patients will determine whether these differences are statistically significant. Chemotherapy agents that result in differentiation of leukemic cells also resulted in inhibition of telomerase activity. Knowledge of telomerase activity in patients with AML, before and throughout therapy, may have clinical utility for following disease progression and may predict early cancer relapse.
A domain decomposition method for discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of Helmholtz problems with plane waves and Lagrange multipliers

A nonoverlapping domain decomposition (DD) method is proposed for the iterative solution of systems of equations arising from the discretization of Helmholtz problems by the discontinuous enrichment method. This discretization method is a discontinuous Galerkin finite element method with plane wave basis functions for approximating locally the solution and dual Lagrange multipliers for weakly enforcing its continuity over the element interfaces. The primal subdomain degrees of freedom are eliminated by local static condensations to obtain an algebraic system of equations formulated in terms of the interface Lagrange multipliers only. As in the FETI-H and FETI-DPH DD methods for continuous Galerkin discretizations, this system of Lagrange multipliers is iteratively solved by a Krylov method equipped with both a local preconditioner based on subdomain data, and a global one using a coarse space. Numerical experiments performed for two- and three-dimensional acoustic scattering problems suggest that the proposed DD-based iterative solver is scalable with respect to both the size of the global problem and the number of subdomains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Pathways: Overcoming Radiation Resistance by Targeting DNA Damage Response Pathways

DNA double-strand breaks are the critical lesions responsible for the majority of ionizing radiation-induced cell killing. Thus, the ability of tumor cells to elicit a DNA damage response following radiation, via activation of DNA repair and cell-cycle checkpoints, promotes radiation resistance and tumor cell survival. Consequently, agents that target these DNA damage response pathways are being developed to overcome radiation resistance. Overall, these agents are effective radiosensitizers; however, their mechanisms of tumor cell selectivity are not fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on the crucial radiation-induced DNA damage responses as well as clinical and translational advances with agents designed to inhibit these responses. Importantly, we describe how synthetic lethality can provide tumor cell-selective radiosensitization by these agents and expand the therapeutic window for DNA damage response-targeted agents used in combination with radiotherapy.
Early Transition Metal Oxides and a Pinch of Salt: New Synthetic Routes to Titanates and Niobates

Molten salts have traditionally been used as recrystallizing solvents for the crystal growth of mixed metal oxides. In recent years, many examples of the direct preparation of mixed metal oxides from molten salt solutions have been reported. We have been exploring the use of chloride melts as a reaction media to prepare complex early transition metal oxides. Specific examples of new synthetic routes to interesting titanates and niobates will be presented. In one case, we have prepared a series of layered niobate perovskite solid acids from molten salts at temperatures well below those traditionally used in solid state syntheses. In the second case, we have discovered a new synthetic route to a poorly characterized reduced calcium titanate that is otherwise very difficult to make. The synthesis and characterization of these two classes of compounds will be described.
I.—A synoptic classification of the false scorpions or chela-spinners, with a report on a Cosmopolitan collection of the same.—Part II. The Diplosphyronida (Arachnida-Chelonethida)

(1930). I.—A synoptic classification of the false scorpions or chela-spinners, with a report on a Cosmopolitan collection of the same.—Part II. The Diplosphyronida (Arachnida-Chelonethida). Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 5, No. 25, pp. 1-48.
Optimal selection of multicast groups for resource location in a distributed system

A protocol is presented to locate (or find) named resources in a distributed system which uses the multicast capabilities of the underlying network. Each node in the network uses a sequence of node groups, and each node group is associated with a unique multicast address. To locate a resource, the searching node sequentially polls each one of the groups until the resource is found; this scheme is a generalization of both pure polling and broadcast. To obtain an optimal division of the nodes into multicast groups, the protocol is analyzed and an efficient algorithm is given that provides a group division minimizing the expected cost per location operation. >