cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Combined Effects of Storage Temperature and Packaging Type on the Sensory and Chemical Properties of Chardonnay

Californian Chardonnay was stored in five different wine-packaging configurations at three different temperatures for a period of 3 months to study the combined packaging and temperature effects on the sensory and chemical properties of the wines. A trained descriptive panel evaluated aroma, taste, mouthfeel, and color attributes, and the sensory results were correlated to physical and chemical measurements including volatile compounds, SO(2), titratable and volatile acidity, oxygen consumption, and wine color, using partial least squares regression. In general, increased storage temperatures induced the largest changes in the wines; however, significant packaging--temperature effects were found for some attributes as well. Particularly wines stored in bag-in-boxes at 40 °C showed significant increases in oxidized and vinegar aromas and yellow color. Volatile esters also decreased in these wines, while increased levels of compounds generally associated with age- or heat-affected wine were found including 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene and furfuryl ether, consistent with previously reported chemical aging reactions. In summary, storing unoaked Chardonnay in different packages significantly changes the sensory and chemical properties depending on the storage temperature. After a storage period of 3 months, bottle storage with various closures (natural cork, synthetic cork, and screw cap) changed the wine in a different way than bag-in-box storage.
Social Contexts, Meaningful Participation, and Relational Communication

Chapter 4 examines the fourth theme-based strategy of a rights research approach, social contexts, meaningful participation, and relational communication. It explores how social contexts, participation, and relational communication can be infused throughout the research process regardless of whether quantitative and/or qualitative methods are used. Each section explains and provides practical tips on research design and implementation and how to maximize a social or cultural environment, the levels of key stakeholder participation, and interviewing and observational techniques to build rapport and relational communication. The chapter concludes with experiential exercises in which these rights research techniques can be practiced.
Analysis of benzoic acid and sorbic acid content in pickles

Objective:To understand the use of preservatives in pickles and strengthen the monitoring of food additives.Methods: According to GB/T5009.29-2003,benzoic acid and sorbic acid in pickles were conducted quantitative detection.Results: The detection results were evaluated in accordance with GB2760-2007.The detection rate was 65% and the exceeding rate was 30%.Conclusion: The preservatives were widely used in pickles in Wenling city and overuse were found in some manufacturers,so monitoring should be strengthened to ensure the health and safety of consumers.
Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy of Monomolecular Films in Situ at the Air/Water Interface

Until recently, the study of monomolecular films at the air/water (A/W) interface has been hampered by a lack of techniques suitable for generating molecular structure and orientation information. In the mid 1980’s, Mohwald and McConnell and their respective co-workers began the acquisition of structural information from such systems with the techniques of epifluorescence microscopy to study domain formation and X-ray reflection to study molecular orientation and subcell structures. Recently, Brewster Angle Microscopy has been able to provide images of domains without the necessity of a probe molecule (required for fluorescence-based approaches).
Real-time characterization of femtosecond laser pulses using a spectrally and temporally resolved upconversion technique

There are presently a variety of techniques available for the characterization of femtosecond laser pulses. These characterizations are accomplished by analyzing either interferograms, spectrograms, or the nonlinear spectrum modulation. These techniques all require either scanning optical delays or complicated algorithms to compute the phase, which limit their speed.1’2,3,4 We demonstrate a spectrally and temporally resolved upconversion technique (STRUT) in a single shot configuration which produces a group-delay spectrogram. This spectrogram requires only a simple, and thus rapid, algorithm to retrieve the phase, allowing essentially real-time characterization of femtosecond laser pulses.
Mechanistic insights of rapid liver regeneration after associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for stage hepatectomy.

Mechanistic insights of rapid liver regeneration after associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for stage hepatectomy
Novel characterization of photodiode intermodulation distortion

A novel method is presented to characterize photodiode intermodulation distortion (IMD) as a function of output frequency. We find that for a given bias voltage and photocurrent, the IMDs can fall along a single curve.
The Colonial Medical System(s) and the Health of Africans

We might agree that the health care systems prevalent in Africa today are a relic of the colonial past, primarily initiated during the nineteenth century. Following attainment of independence during the 1960s and 1970s, the new African sovereign states attempted to reverse the course of their histories by announcing that health and education would be free for all citizens—in line with their leaders’ common admiration for the socialist ideology and rhetoric of the Non-Aligned Movement states and the Soviet Union. The latter had provided much assistance to the bold liberation movements and the new independent states in Africa. However, many factors have harmed Africa’s fledgling health care systems: scarcity of resources, geographic location, lack of exposure to commercial activities with the outside world, especially for landlocked countries, improper allocation of funds, and corruption; also, simply the bad choices made in the face of competing priorities. As such, its leaders must be held responsible for the unacceptable health disparities that prevail on the continent today. The colonial legacy might explain partly the differences found in countries’ health care performance and this chapter argues that the colonial health model has left an indelible mark on the existing health care system(s) in Africa. To the informed observer, there is a noticeable difference between countries that were under colonial indirect rule, or faced assimilation, or a more paternalistic form of governance. However, whatever the nuances of their approach, all colonizing states were intent primarily on extracting from Africa what would be beneficial particularly to their citizens, economies and status. It made sense for Europe, a continent divided by long-standing political, religious, and economic rivalries, to use Africa to leverage the humiliations suffered following the concretization and stabilization of the concept of nation-state in Europe during the seventeenth century.
Systematic density functional theory study of the structural and electronic properties of constrained and fully relaxed (0 0 1) surfaces of alumina and hematite

Owing to their widespread use in a variety of technological applications, as well as their prevalence as naturally occurring phases in the environment, there is a prolific amount of computational r...
Treatment completion for latent tuberculosis infection: a retrospective cohort study comparing 9 months of isoniazid, 4 months of rifampin and 3 months of isoniazid and rifapentine

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended a new regimen for treatment of latent tuberculosis (three months of weekly isoniazid and rifapentine) in late 2011. While completion rates of this regimen were reported to be higher than nine months of isoniazid, little is known about the completion rates of three months of isoniazid and rifapentine compared to nine months of isoniazid or four months of rifampin in actual use scenarios. We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing treatment completion for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection in patients treated with nine months of isoniazid, three months of isoniazid and rifapentine or four months of rifampin in outpatient clinics and a public health TB clinic in Seattle, Washington. The primary outcome of treatment completion was defined as 270 doses of isoniazid within 12 months, 120 doses of rifampin within six months and 12 doses of isoniazid and rifapentine within four months. Three hundred ninety-three patients were included in the study. Patients were equally likely to complete three months of weekly isoniazid and rifapentine or four months of rifampin (85% completion rate of both regimens), as compared to 52% in the nine months of isoniazid group (p < 0.001). These associations remained statistically significant even after adjusting for clinic location and type of monitoring. Monitoring type (weekly versus monthly versus less often than monthly) had less impact on treatment completion than the type of treatment offered. Patients were equally as likely to complete the three months of isoniazid and rifapentine as four months of rifampin. Four months of rifampin is similar in efficacy compared to placebo as isoniazid and rifapentine but does not require directly observed therapy (DOT), and is less expensive compared to combination therapy with isoniazid and rifapentine, and thus can be the optimal treatment regimen to achieve the maximal efficacy in a community setting.
Association of KRAS mutation with worse recurrence-free survival and site of metastatic progression after resection of hepatic colorectal metastases.

3609 Background: There are conflicting results regarding the influence of KRAS mutation status and outcome in patients (pts) with colorectal cancer. A recent report suggested worse outcome in KRAS ...
Identification, Assessment, and Management of Suicide Risk in Emergency Departments: Significant Updates in Research and Practice

It is estimated that emergency departments (EDs) could prevent 5% of all suicide attempts and 8% of suicide deaths, making EDs a critical setting in which to identify individuals at risk for suicide and to intervene to mitigate the risk. The goal of this review was to detail recent advances in the identification, assessment, and management of suicide risk in emergency medicine and to provide best practice recommendations for these processes. Advances in caring for patients who present to EDs with suicide risk include improved workflows and tools for ED providers to identify, assess, and manage suicide risk, increased patient-centeredness and quality of ED care for patients at risk of suicide, and shifting beliefs of ED providers regarding the feasibility of integrating the assessment and management of suicide risk into emergency care. ED suicide prevention efforts have notably changed in recent years. Strategies for universal screening, secondary screening tools, and evidence-based workflows for the management of suicide risk all show potential for feasibly addressing suicide risk in EDs. Effective implementation of evidence-based practices is necessary as integrating these new practices requires significant change in the clinical practice and culture of many EDs.
Contributions of Cognitions, Psychological Flexibility, and Therapeutic Alliance to Suicidal Ideation in Psychiatric Inpatients.

Although suicide treatment is an expanding area of research, there is relatively less in the literature with respect to how specific vulnerabilities to suicide are addressed by treatment. Utilizing measures of suicide cognitions, therapeutic alliance, and psychological flexibility, we compared their relative contributions to suicidal ideation during and posttreatment among a group of adult psychiatric inpatients (N = 434). Results revealed that cognitions contributed considerably more unique variance to suicidal ideation than alliance and flexibility at discharge and at 2 weeks postdischarge, and to change in suicidal ideation over the course of treatment. Psychological flexibility explained a small amount of variance at the 6-month time point. Factor level analyses also were conducted, with the unsolvability factor within suicide cognitions accounting for the largest portion of variance at both discharge and 2 weeks postdischarge. Study limitations, implications, and future directions are discussed.
Black Vine Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Performance in Container- and Field-Grown Hosts

The black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.) feeds on a variety of plant species and is a serious pest of ornamental nursery crops. The larval stage has a more restricted diet than the adult stage, but the larvae are more damaging because they feed on roots and often stunt or kill their hosts. Performance and establishment of larvae in various container- and field-grown nursery crops were examined. In trials on containerized plants, adult black vine weevil were caged with various combinations of known larval hosts. In these trials, most larvae were found in Sedum and Heuchera versus Astilbe, redbud, and Taxus. Larvae collected from Sedum weighed significantly more than those from Heuchera or Taxus. In one field trial, adult black vine weevils were released, and establishment of larvae among potential hosts was examined. In this trial, Sedum was a better host than hemlock or Rudbeckia. Based on the numbers of larvae found in the different plant species, Sedum was the best host for larvae. Another field...
Fuzzy Logic Controllers

Fuzzy Set Theory, introduced by Zadeh in 1965 [77], has been the subject of much controversy and debate. In recent years, it has found many applications in a variety of fields. Among the most successful applications of this theory has been the area of Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) initiated by the work of Mamdani and Assilian [36]. FLC has had considerable success in Japan, where many commercial products using this technology, have been built.
Specific Interaction of Nerve Growth Factor with Receptors in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

Nerve growth factor (NGF), a protein originally discovered as a diffusable substance produced by two mouse sarcomas (180 and 37)(28), stimulates marked neurite outgrowth by embryonic sympathetic and sensory ganglia both in vivo and in vitro. The latter phenomenon provided the basis for the bioassay (27). Antiserum to NGF blocks this effect, and if given to neonatal animals, produces a profound immunosympathectomy (26). Subsequent workers have noted wide-spread effects of NGF and its antisera on degeneration and regeneration of adrenergic fibers in both the central and peripheral nervous systems in embryonic and adult animals (3, 4). Its biological effects in the sensory nervous system, however, have been demonstrated only during a brief time span in chick embryonic development(27). To date no biological effects on the motor nervous system have been demonstrated. However, effects of the hormone on the development of neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma cells in culture have been reported (22, 24, 31, 32, 39). In addition to the pronounced morphological changes, i.e. neurite production, several anabolic effects have been noted (7, 25, 27, 34). The sum of these findings suggests a hormone-like mode of action, pleiotypic in in character, that is important in regulating the development of peripheral neurons during embryonic development, and in some cases, in the mature animal.
GABA and hallucinations in Parkinson disease: Who is that sitting on my chair?

Recurrent visual hallucinations (VHs) are common in Parkinson disease (PD), with cross-sectional studies estimating a 22% to 38% overall prevalence.1 Neuropathologic brain bank studies show that a history of VHs is the strongest predictor of α-synuclein (Lewy bodies) neuronal pathology, i.e., of neuropathologically proven PD.2 Of note, the occurrence of VHs has importance for PD prognosis, being a harbinger of cognitive decline, nursing home placement, and increased mortality.3 VHs were initially considered as a dopaminergic drug-induced psychosis,4 but a substantial corpus of data have demonstrated that PD VHs occurred in the pre-levodopa era, and may be independent of, and are not linearly correlated with, dopaminergic drug treatments, although these drugs may act as precipitants.3 Reconsideration of the dopamine toxicity hypothesis has driven new studies on PD VH pathophysiologic mechanisms; for example, those focused on neuroimaging in order to identify neural network alterations, and to develop possible treatments based on manipulation of neurotransmitters involved in brain networks.
Creating cross-racial primary care relationships in a nurse-managed center.

Culturally incompetent communication patterns with provid- ers influence the health disparities of African Americans. Limited knowl- edge exists on cross-racial nurse practitioner nurse-patient relationships (NP-NPRs). The purpose of this paper is to describe how NPs and pa- tients in cross-racial relationships developed primary care relationships in one nurse managed center (NMC). A qualitative design incorporated a social constructivist paradigm and the methodolo^ of Interpretive Interactionism. Twenty cross-racial NP- patient dyads~(White NPS and Black patients) participated in individual 1 to 3-hour audiotaped interviews regarding their ongoing relationships and the impact of the NMC. The analysis uncovered a rich description of the relationship processes from the initial meeting to its current state. Multiple themes for each phase, as well as, four typologies of primary care cross-racial NP-NPRs are de- scribed. Significant relationship work was needed by both partners to overcome communication misunderstandings, contextual aspects of cross-racial in- teractions and other overt and covert perceptions.
Longitudinal Associations between Sleep, Intrusive Thoughts, and Alcohol Problems Among Veterans.

Background Research suggests bidirectional associations between symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and sleep disturbance, both of which have been associated with alcohol problems. However, few studies have examined the interplay of these conditions in predicting alcohol problems over time. This study tested 2 competing models: (i) sleep disturbance as a mediator of the association between intrusive thoughts about trauma and alcohol problems and (ii) intrusion symptoms as the mediator of the sleep/alcohol problem association. Methods Veterans (N = 325, 93% male, 81% White) completed assessments at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months as part of a larger observational study. Zero-inflated-negative binomial models were used to examine indirect effects of baseline predictors on (i) yes/no likelihood and (ii) number of 12-month alcohol problems through 6-month mediators. Models controlled for past-year cannabis use and drinks consumed per week at baseline. Results The only significant predictor of alcohol problem likelihood was baseline drinking quantity. Baseline PTSD intrusions had a direct effect on number of alcohol problems at 12 months, with no indirect (mediated) effect through 6-month sleep disturbance. In the competing model, baseline sleep disturbance had a marginally significant direct effect on 12-month alcohol problems, with a significant indirect effect through 6-month PTSD intrusions. Conclusions PTSD intrusions are associated with more alcohol problems and help explain the long-term association between sleep and alcohol problems among veterans. Because sleep disturbances are associated with more intrusive thoughts about trauma, we recommend that treatments targeting sleep in the context of PTSD and alcohol use include a cognitive component.
Flea parasitism and host survival in a plague-relevant system: Theoretical and conservation implications

Plague is a bacterial zoonosis of mammalian hosts and flea vectors. The disease is capable of ravaging rodent populations and transforming ecosystems. Because plague mortality is likely to be predicted by flea parasitism, it is critical to understand vector dynamics. It has been hypothesized that paltry precipitation and reduced vegetative production predispose herbivorous rodents to malnourishment and flea parasitism, and flea parasitism varies directly with plague mortality. We evaluated these hypotheses on five colonies of Utah prairie dogs (UPDs; Cynomys parvidens), on the Awapa Plateau, Utah, US, in 2013–16. Ten flea species were identified among 3,257 fleas from UPDs. These 10 flea species parasitize prairie dogs, mice, rats, voles, ground squirrels, chipmunks, and marmots, all known hosts of plague. The abundance of fleas on individual UPDs (1,198 observations) varied inversely with UPD body condition; fleas were most abundant on lightweight, malnourished UPDs. Flea abundance on UPDs was highest in dry years that were preceded by wet years. Increased precipitation and soil moisture in the prior year might generate humid microclimates in UPD burrows (that could facilitate flea survival and reproduction) and paltry precipitation in the current year could predispose UPDs to malnourishment and flea parasitism. Annual re-encounter rates for UPDs (1,072 observations) were reduced in wetter years preceded by drier years; reduced precipitation and vegetative production might kill UPDs, and increased flea densities in drier years could provide conditions for plague transmission (and UPD mortality) when moisture returns. Re-encounter rates were reduced for UPDs carrying at least one flea compared to UPDs with no detected fleas. These results support the hypothesis that reduced precipitation in the current year predisposes UPDs to flea parasitism. Our results also suggest a link between flea parasitism and UPD mortality. Given documented connections between flea parasitism and plague transmission, our results point toward an effect of flea parasitism on plague-related deaths for individual UPDs, a phenomenon rarely investigated in nature.
Quality assessment between calibrated highway safety manual safety performance functions and calibration functions for predicting crashes on freeway facilities

Abstract Crash prediction models are commonly used for network screening in highway safety management process, where potential impacts of highway safety treatments are quantified. The Highway Safety Manual (HSM) provides crash prediction models for various types of highway facilities that are often referred to as safety performance functions (SPFs). Freeway facility SPFs in the HSM were developed using data gathered from the states of California, Maine, and Washington. When applying these HSM-default SPFs to a local jurisdiction, the HSM recommends calibration of HSM-default SPFs or development of jurisdiction-specific SPFs to improve the accuracy of crash predictions. This study first calibrated the HSM-default freeway SPFs and for further accuracy and comparison purposes calibration functions were developed using Kansas freeway data. The performance of calibrated HSM-default SPFs was then compared with developed calibration functions concerning the accuracy in crash prediction. Freeway facility calibration dataset included 521 freeway segments, 351 entrance-related speed-change lanes, and 366 exit-related speed-change lanes. Cumulative residual plots and several other goodness-of-fit measures were used to assess the quality of calibrated HSM-default SPFs and calibration functions. Calibration functions fitted better compared to calibrated HSM-default SPFs for Kansas freeway data. The methodology used in this study could be beneficial and practiced to any jurisdiction. Calibration functions could be used as an alternative to jurisdiction-specific SPFs or a replacement for HSM-default SPFs, which are frequently used in comparing alternatives, in calculating economic benefits of project improvements, and in estimating economic effectiveness of crash reduction in highway safety-related decision making.
Semantic Fluency Predicts Six-Year Progression to Mild Cognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged Men

Abstract Objective Test the hypothesis that individual differences in episodic memory and verbal fluency in cognitively normal middle-aged adults will predict progression to amnestic MCI after 6 years. Method 1484 male twins, 842 of whom were cognitively normal at wave 1 completed measures of episodic memory and verbal fluency at up to 2 time-points (mean age 56 and 62 years). Results In the subgroup of 842, poor episodic memory predicted progression to both amnestic MCI (OR=4.42, 95% CI [2.44, 10.60]) and non-amnestic MCI (OR=1.92, 95% CI [1.32, 3.44]). Poor semantic verbal fluency also independently predicted progression to amnestic MCI (OR=1.86, 95% CI [1.12, 3.52]). In the full sample, a semantic-specific fluency latent variable at wave 1 (which controls for phonemic fluency) predicted change in episodic memory at wave 2 (β=.13), but not vice-versa (β=.04). Associations between episodic memory and verbal fluency factors were primarily explained by genetic, rather than environmental, correlations. Conclusions These findings emphasize the utility of memory and fluency measures in early identification of AD risk. Among individuals who were cognitively normal at wave 1, episodic memory moderately-to-strongly predicted progression to MCI at average age 62, emphasizing the fact that there is still meaningful variability even among cognitively normal individuals. Episodic memory, which is typically a primary focus for AD risk, declined earlier and more quickly than fluency. However, semantic fluency at average age 56 predicted of 6-year change in memory as well as progression to amnestic MCI even after accounting for baseline memory performance.
Sequential and Parallel Scattered Variable Neighborhood Search for Solving Nurikabe

Japanese pencil games have been the subjects of innumerable papers. However, some problems - like Sudoku - receive far more attention than others - like Nurikabe. In this paper we propose a novel algorithm to solve Nurikabe puzzles. We first introduce a sequential hybrid algorithm that we call Scattered Variable Neighborhood Search. We then propose a method of parallelizing this algorithm, examining the empirical benefits of parallelization. We conclude that our parallel implementation performs best in almost all scenarios.
'Even a smile helps': Exploring the interactions between people experiencing homelessness and passersby in public spaces.

Background:Many people experiencing homelessness dwell, panhandle, or congregate in public spaces where they frequently cross paths with others. In these spaces, they can be recipients of acts of k...
Detection of Del/Dup Inside SHOX/PAR1 Region in Children and Young Adults with Idiopathic Short Stature.

Short stature is a common growth disorder defined as a body height two standard deviations (SD) or more below the mean for a given age, gender, and population. A large part of the cases remains unexplained and is referred to as having idiopathic short stature (ISS). One of the leading genetic causes of short stature is variants of short stature homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) and is considered to be responsible for 2–15% of ISS. We aimed to analyse the regulatory and coding region of SHOX in Slovenian children and young adults with ISS and to investigate the pathogenicity of detected variants. Our cohort included 75 children and young adults with ISS. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was performed in all participants for the detection of larger copy number variations (CNVs). Sanger sequencing was undertaken for the detection of point variants, small deletions, and insertions. A total of one deletion and two duplications were discovered using the MLPA technique. Only one of these four variants was identified as disease-causing and occurred in one individual, which represents 1.3% of the cohort. With Sanger sequencing, two variants were discovered, but none of them appeared to have a pathogenic effect on height. According to the results, in the Slovenian population of children and young adults with ISS, SHOX deficiency is less frequent than expected considering existing data from other populations.
Yale Kamisar: A Principled Man for All Seasons

Yale Kamisar began his distinguished career as a law professor in 1957 at the University of Minnesota Law School. For three years prior to joining the Minnesota faculty, Yale had been an associate with the Washington, D.C. law firm of Covington & Burling specializing in antitrust law. Understandably, Yale and Minnesota assumed that he would devote the major part of his research and teaching to antitrust. At that time, the study of criminal law was near the bottom of the hierarchy of law school topics, and so young faculty often were assigned the task of teaching criminal law as the price to pay for the privilege of joining the faculty. Criminal procedure had not yet become a separate topic in law schools' curriculums. As anyone who knows Yale can attest, when he undertakes a task, whatever it may be, he devotes all of his energy and intellect to performing it better than anyone else could. While he may not always outstrip everyone, he frequently does, and he is always outstanding. Yale did not merely take on the teaching of criminal law. He was one of several pioneers in the refashioning of that topic by identifying criminal procedure, not just as a separate topic in its own right, but as an intellectually rich subject of greater significance than substantive criminal law. He played a major role in demonstrating that criminal procedure is an important area of scholarship worthy of addition to the curriculum. It is true that Yale was fortunate that, soon after he took up this subject, the Supreme Court began to focus on the area and adopted new and innovative doctrines; but Yale had the wisdom to exploit that development.' Moreover, many of the Court's innovations can be directly traced to concepts that Yale propounded and eloquently defended. Yale's fascination with criminal procedure and related topics became so consuming that his interest in antitrust simply fell by the wayside. As a consequence, the world of criminal
Bi-frequency control for quasi-resonant converters

A new control technique for quasi resonant converters, called the bi-frequency control, is proposed. This control technique can regulate the output of quasi-resonant converters at two fixed switching frequencies without adding an auxiliary switch. The basic principle of the bi-frequency control is presented. Based on a zero-voltage-switching buck converter, the theoretical analysis and design procedures are given. PSPICE simulations are used to demonstrate the operation, and a 50 watts prototype is implemented to verify the analytic work. >
The sex chromatin count in pregnancy.

Abstract The role of specific hormones in activation of the second X chromosome in women is studied by relating changes in sex chromatin count during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle to well-known hormone fluctuations of these periods.
Contacts between 5 S DNA and Xenopus TFIIIA identified using 5-azido-2'-deoxyuridine-substituted DNA.

A highly photosensitive analogue of thymidine, 5-azidodeoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate, has been incorporated into 61-base pair (bp) DNA fragments corresponding to the central region of Xenopus somatic-type 5 S RNA genes such that 5-azidodeoxyuridine replaces some or all T residues in either the coding or noncoding strand of the TFIIIA binding site. Photolysis of TFIIIA.DNA complexes formed with these probes results in efficient, sequence-specific cross-linking to the Zn-finger protein providing direct evidence that this class of proteins have contacts in the major groove of their target sequence. Of the 20 T residues present in the 61-bp probes, greater than 90% of the cross-linking occurs from two sites in the 5 S RNA gene corresponding to T residues at positions 84 and 88 in the noncoding and coding strands, respectively. Digestion by V8 protease of the complex formed with the noncoding strand probe releases peptides not bound to the DNA. Amino acid sequence analysis of the remaining, cross-linked peptides indicates the region including zinc-finger 2 plus the finger 2-3 linker is in contact with position 84. The linker region between fingers 5 and 6 is also in close proximity to the major groove somewhere upstream from position 84.
Shifting the NAD/NADP preference in class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Among pyridine-nucleotide-dependent oxidoreductases, the class 3 family of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) is unusual in its ability to function with either NAD or NADP. This is all the more surprising because an acidic residue, Glu140, coordinates the adenine ribose 2′ hydroxyl. In many NAD-dependent dehydrogenases a similarly placed carboxylate is thought to be responsible for exclusion of NADP. The corresponding residue in most (≈ 71%) sequences in the ALDH extended family is also Glu, and most of these are NAD-specific enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed on this residue in rat class 3 ALDH. Our results indicate that this residue contributes to tighter binding of NAD in the native enzyme, but suggest that additional factors must contribute to the ability to utilize NADP. Mutagenesis of an adjacent basic residue (Lys137) indicates that it is even more essential for binding both coenzymes, consistent with its conservation in nearly all ALDHs (> 98%).
Naïve Definitions of Action and Inaction: The Continuum, Spread, and Valence of Behaviors

The cohesiveness of a society depends, in part, on how its individual members manage their daily activities with respect to the goals of that society. Hence, there should be a degree of social agreement on what constitutes action and what constitutes inaction. The present research investigated the structure of action and inaction definitions, the evaluation of action versus inaction, and individual differences in these evaluations. Action-inaction ratings of behaviors and states showed more social agreement at the ends of the inaction-action continuum than at the middle, suggesting a socially shared construal of this definition. Action-inaction ratings were also shown to correlate with the valence of the rated behaviors, such that the more active the behavior the more positive its valence. Lastly, individual differences in locomotion, need for closure, and Christian religious beliefs correlated positively with a preference for action.
BDNF enhances retinal ganglion cell survival in cats with optic nerve damage.

PURPOSE To determine whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neuroprotectant in the small rat eye, might also serve as an effective neuroprotectant in larger vertebrate eyes. METHODS. A cat optic nerve crush model was combined with standard histologic staining and analysis techniques. Twenty-nine animals were studied, with the noninjected eye serving as the control eye. RESULTS No treatment, or intravitreal injection of sterile water, resulted in an approximately 50% loss of ganglion cells 1 week after nerve crush. By contrast, the mean percentages of surviving ganglion cells measured in eyes receiving injections of 15, 30, 60, and 90 microg BDNF at the time of the nerve damage were 52%, 81%, 77%, and 70%, respectively. Similar values were obtained for ganglion cell density. Cell size measurements suggest a complex response among the different classes of cat ganglion cells; 30 microg BDNF treatment retained the highest number of large ganglion cells, whereas 90 microg minimized the loss of medium-sized neurons and retained normal proportions of large, medium, and small ganglion cells. CONCLUSIONS The data show that BDNF is an effective neuroprotectant in primate-sized eyes after optic nerve injury. Although the amount required to achieve neuroprotection is much greater than that needed for the small rat eye (30 microg versus 0.5 microg), when differences in vitreal volume are considered, the effective dose is similar (0.01 microg BDNF/microl vitreal volume). High doses of BDNF induce inflammation and result in a decrease in total ganglion cell survival but appear necessary to save medium-sized neurons, which are affected most severely by nerve injury.
Isaac Newton on Mathematical Certainty and Method

Historians of mathematics have devoted considerable attention to Isaac Newton's work on algebra, series, fluxions, quadratures, and geometry. In Isaac Newton on Mathematical Certainty and Method, Niccolo Guicciardini examines a critical aspect of Newton's work that has not been tightly connected to Newton's actual practice: his philosophy of mathematics. Newton aimed to inject certainty into natural philosophy by deploying mathematical reasoning (titling his main work The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy most probably to highlight a stark contrast to Descartes's Principles of Philosophy). To that end he paid concerted attention to method, particularly in relation to the issue of certainty, participating in contemporary debates on the subject and elaborating his own answers. Guicciardini shows how Newton carefully positioned himself against two giants in the "common" and "new" analysis, Descartes and Leibniz. Although his work was in many ways disconnected from the traditions of Greek geometry, Newton portrayed himself as antiquity's legitimate heir, thereby distancing himself from the moderns. Guicciardini reconstructs Newton's own method by extracting it from his concrete practice and not solely by examining his broader statements about such matters. He examines the full range of Newton's works, from his early treatises on series and fluxions to the late writings, which were produced in direct opposition to Leibniz. The complex interactions between Newton's understanding of method and his mathematical work then reveal themselves through Guicciardini's careful analysis of selected examples. Isaac Newton on Mathematical Certainty and Method uncovers what mathematics was for Newton, and what being a mathematician meant to him.
Women and Top Leadership Positions: : Towards an Institutional Analysis

Women remain under-represented in top leadership positions in work organizations, a reality that reflects a variety of barriers that create a glass ceiling effect. However, some women do attain top leadership positions, leading scholars to probe under what conditions women are promoted despite seemingly intractable and well-documented barriers. Previous scholarship tends to posit individual-level explanations, suggesting either that women who attain top leadership positions are exceptional or that potential women leaders lack key qualities, such as assertiveness. Much less scholarship has explored institutional-level mechanisms that may increase women's ascension to top positions. This analysis seeks to fill this gap by testing three institutional-level theories that may shape women's access to and tenure in top positions: the glass cliff, decision-maker diversity, and the saviour effect. To test these theories we rely on a dataset that includes all CEO transitions in Fortune 500 companies over a 20-year period. Contrary to the predictions of the glass cliff, we find that diversity among decision makers � not firm performance � significantly increases women's likelihood of being promoted to top leadership positions. We also find, contrary to the predictions of the saviour effect, that diversity among decision makers increases women leaders' tenure as CEOs regardless of firm performance. By identifying contextual factors that increase women's mobility, the paper makes an important contribution to the processes that shape and reproduce gender inequality in work organizations.
Pixelated Phase Mask as Novel Lithography RET

Novel RET-Pixelated Phase Mask (PPM) is proposed as a novel Resolution Enhancement Technique (RET). PPM is made of pixels of various phases with lateral dimensions significantly smaller than the illuminating radiation wavelength. Such PPM with a singular choice of pixel dimensions acts as a mask with variable phase and transmission due to radiation scattering and attenuation on pixel features with the effective intensity and phase modulated by the pixel layout. Key properties of the pixelated phase masks, the steps for their practical realization, and the benefits to random logic products discussed. Wafer patterning performance and comparative functional yield results obtained for a 65nm node microprocessor patterned with PPM, as well as current PPM limitations are also presented.
The Physics of the Sodium Atom

The central topic of this workshop is how to use and generate artificial beacons as the reference source for adaptive optics systems. Beacons generated by resonant scattering of sodium atoms in the mesosphere are attractive for large telescopes because the size of telescope that can be corrected at a given wavelength with a single beacon scales as its height. However, efficient generation of a compact sodium beacon is harder to achieve than for a Rayleigh beacon generated at lower altitudes due to the physics of the sodium atom in the layer and the difficulty of building suitable lasers. I will discuss the physics of the sodium atom in this talk, and the physics of lasers in the next.
Theorems about Composition

Compositional designs require component specifications that can be composed: Designers have to be able to deduce system properties from components specifications. On the other hand, components specifications should be abstract enough to allow component reuse and to hide substantial parts of correctness proofs in components verifications. Part of the problem is that too abstract specifications do not contain enough information to be composed. Therefore, the right balance between abstraction and composability must be found. This paper explores the systematic construction of abstract specifications that can be composed through specific forms of composition called existential and universal.
Viscous dissipation in packed beds

Abstract Factors affecting the magnitude of viscous dissipation in packed beds under conditions used in high pressure liquid chromatography are investigated. The free surface model is employed to characterize packed beds, to evaluate the flow field and to derive the appropriate similitude criterion for the effect of viscous dissipation. Equations for the calculation of radial temperature profiles due to internal heat generation in beds with axially uniform and non-uniform wall temperatures are given and the results are illustrated for typical cases. The evaluation of the temperature profiles in beds with non-uniform wall temperature is based on experimentally measured wall temperatures.
Optimizing tubal epithelial cell growth promotes mouse embryo hatching in coculture

Purpose: This study investigates the relationship between human tubal epithelial cell growth characteristics and mouse embryonic development to determine which cellular requirements should be preferentially provided in a coculture system.
Corrigendum: Data analytic methods for latent partially ordered classification models

Inadvertently, an incorrect data set was used for the paper. The correct data set contains only the item responses of 536 students, as opposed to 2144, and the data that were used in the paper were actually a quadrupled copy of the correct data set. Also, the computer software has since been improved, and it is believed that the estimates that were obtained below are derived from a more accurate implementation of Gibbs sampling. Although the point estimates (and estimated posterior means) from the correct data set are for the most part similar to those found previously, the estimates of the posterior standard deviations are larger than previously reported
Impulsive solar energetic ion trapping in the magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms

[1] A mechanism for prompt trapping of solar energetic particles (SEPs) in the inner magnetosphere during severe storms is numerically demonstrated. The mechanism can be understood in terms of a generalization of Stormer theory to a time dependently perturbed dipole magnetic field. Test particle Lorentz trajectories are computed in fields from a Lyon-Feder-Mobarry (LFM) global MHD magnetospheric model simulation of the 24 Nov 2001 storm to show energetic particles may be impulsively injected into the magnetosphere and trapped on a time scale of minutes by a sudden compression and de-compression of the magnetosphere. It is also shown that SEPs with access to the innermost L-shells enter through the magnetopause on the day side.
A correlation for burn time of aluminum particles in the transition regime

Abstract A study of the combustion times for aluminum particles in the size range of 3–11 μm with oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor oxidizers at high temperatures (>2400 K), high pressures (4–25 atm), and oxidizer composition (15–70% by volume in inert diluent) in a heterogeneous shock tube has generated a correlation valid in the transition regime. The deviation from diffusion limited behavior and burn times that could otherwise be accurately predicted by the widely accepted Beckstead correlation is seen, for example, in particles below 20 μm, and is evidenced by the lowering of the diameter dependence on the burn time, a dependence on pressure, and a reversal of the relative oxidizer strengths of carbon dioxide and water vapor. The strong dependence on temperature of burn time that is seen in nano-Al is not observed in these micron-sized particles. The burning rates of aluminum in these oxidizers can be added to predict an overall mixture burnout time adequately. This correlation should extend the ability of modelers to predict combustion rates of particles in solid rocket motor environments down to particle diameters of a few microns.
Physical inactivity and cardiovascular risk: baseline observations from men and premenopausal women.

Introduction: Physical activity or exercise is a proven deterrent of cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Purpose: In this study, we examined the relationships between baseline values of parameters related to physical activity and known markers of CV disease, including markers of oxidative stress. Methods: A total of 455 healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 50 were recruited to participate in the study. Levels of lipids/lipoproteins and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were measured along with the VO2 and duration time spent on treadmill. Results: Women, in general, had a significantly (P<0.0001) higher plasma high density lipoprotein (1.51±0.30 mmol/l), decreased (P<0.0001) low density lipoprotein (LDL) (2.75±0.66 mmol/l), and decreased (P<0.0001) triglycerides levels (2.09±0.85 mmol/l), compared with males (1.21±0.23 mmol/l, 2.92±0.81 mmol/l, and 3.02±1.34 mmol/l, respectively). There was a direct correlation between the levels of plasma LDL and the levels oxidized LDL levels (P<0.0001) in both men and women. Despite a better antiatherogenic lipid profile, the levels of C-reactive protein in women were significantly (P<0.0001) elevated (3.78±3.66 ng/ml) as compared with those in men (1.82±2.37 ng/ml). Conclusion: These results suggest intrinsic sex differences between men and women in relation to atherogenic risk. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 24:100–105, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prediction of first matrix cracking in micro/nanohybrid brittle matrix composites

The classical Aveston-Cooper-Kelly shear-lag model for predicting the first matrix cracking strength in a brittle matrix composite is extended to the case of a hybrid brittle matrix composite containing both micro-scale and nano-scale fibers. First, closed-form solutions for the stresses in the two types of fibers and the matrix are derived. These are then used along with an energy analysis to predict the matrix cracking stress as a function of relevant material parameters. The analysis is applied to a typical Nicalon-SiC/CVI-SiC ceramic matrix composite containing additional nanofibers, for a wide range of nanofiber properties. A few volume percent of small diameter, moderate-stiffness nanofibers is predicted to provide significant strengthening and reduced crack opening while maintaining acceptable post-cracking fiber stresses. Various issues in the design of such micro/nanohybrid composites are then discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.