cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition in Cardioskeletal Health

Bone and heart health are linked through a variety of cellular, endocrine, and metabolic mechanisms, including the bidirectional effects of mineral-regulating hormones parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23. Nutrition plays an important role in the development of both cardiovascular and bone disease. This review describes current knowledge on the relations between the cardiovascular system and bone and the influence of key nutrients involved in mineral metabolism-calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus-on heart and bone health, as well as the racial/ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis and the influence that nutrition has on these disparities.
Blood Flow And Metabolism By Pet

Quantitative imaging capabilities, the large number of radiotracers labeled with short-lived positron-emitting isotopes, and appropriate tracer kinetic models offer a broad range of possibilities for probing different aspects of normal and diseased human myocardium. To some extent, PET has already had an impact on clinical cardiology and can decisively influence patient management. At the same time, PET offers tools for elucidating mechanisms of disease and for monitoring responses to treatment. It is also likely to offer new insights into myocardial function in normal and pathologic conditions. Although these insights may initially seem to lack clinical implications, they are likely to lead to a new hypothesis which can simultaneously be tested. The considerable range of assay techniques available with PET is likely to contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of abnormal processes. This, in turn, may lead to new therapeutic opportunities and, thus, result in a broader utilization of PET in cardiovascular disease.
Closing the gap: gender parity in political engagement on social media

ABSTRACTHistorically, major gender differences exist in both political engagement and online content creation. Expanding on these literatures, this study considers the extent to which men and women engage in politics specifically in social media. Novel survey data are employed to test for any gendered differences in encountering and responding to political content via social media. Despite measuring a robust set of political behaviors within social media, few gender differences emerge. Where differences do emerge, they are most likely among the most visible political behaviors, suggesting that women may strategically engage in less visible or less-likely-to-offend political behaviors, as compared to men. This poses important questions regarding political participation, representation, and gender.
African-American Children at Church: A Sociocultural Perspective

African-American Children at Church explores African-American socialization beliefs and practices, based on findings of a unique, four-year long study in a Baptist church in Salt Lake City, Utah. By combining the ethnographic approaches of anthropology with the detailed naturalistic observations of developmental psychology, Dr Haight provides a rich description of actual socialization practices along with an interpretation of what those patterns mean to the participants themselves. Based on extensive interviews with successful African-American adults involved with children, this book begins with the exploration of adults' beliefs about socialization issues focusing on the role of religion in the development of resilience. Drawing from naturalistic observations of adult-child interaction, the book then describes actual socialization contexts and practices that help to nurture competencies in African-American children. The text focuses on Sunday School and includes narrative practices and patterns of adult-child conflict and play.
Measuring Out-of-Field Teaching

This chapter is concerned with the empirical measurement of the phenomenon of out-of-field teaching—teachers assigned to teach subjects for which they have inadequate training and qualifications. In the 1990s, this problem began to receive much attention and it became common for major education reports and studies to include indicators of out-of-field teaching in their assessments of educational systems. However, there are a large number of different ways of defining and assessing the extent to which teachers are assigned to teach in fields for which they are inadequately qualified and, there has been little understanding of the variety of measures available, nor their differences and limitations. This chapter seeks to address this issue by describing, comparing and evaluating a wide range of different measures of out-of-field teaching that have been developed. My central point is that how one chooses to define and measure out-of-field teaching makes a difference for the amount of out-of-field teaching one finds. My objective is to clarify the strengths and limits of different types of measures in order to aid researchers in their decisions as to which is best to use in their analyses, and to help users interpret what any given measure actually indicates about the extent to which underqualified teaching exists in classrooms.
A yeast two-hybrid approach for probing protein-protein interactions at the centrosome.

Abstract As a large, nonmembrane bound organelle, the centrosome must rely heavily on protein–protein interactions to assemble itself in the cytoplasm and perform its functions as a microtubule-organizing center. Therefore, to understand how this organelle is built and functions, one must understand the protein–protein interactions made by each centrosome protein. Unfortunately, the highly interconnected nature of the centrosome, combined with its predicted unstructured, coil-rich proteins, has made the use of many standard approaches to studying protein–protein interactions very challenging. The yeast-two hybrid (Y2H) system is well suited for studying the centrosome and is an important complement to other biochemical approaches. In this chapter we describe how to carry out a directed Y2H screen to identify the direct interactions between a given centrosome protein and a library of others. Specifically, we detail using a bioinformatics-based approach (structure prediction programs) to subdivide proteins and screen for interactions using an array-based Y2H approach. We also describe how to use the interaction information garnered from this screen to generate mutations to disrupt specific interactions using mutagenic-PCR and a “reverse” Y2H screen. Finally, we discuss how information from such a screen can be integrated into existing models of centrosome assembly and how it can initiate and guide extensive in vitro and in vivo experimentation to test these models.
Affine Lie algebras: the realization (case k=1)

In this chapter we describe in detail a “concrete” construction of all “nontwisted” affine Lie algebras. It turns out that such an algebra g can be realized entirely in terms of an “underlying” simple finite dimensional Lie algebra ġ. Namely, its derived algebra [g, g] is the universal central extension (the center being 1-dimensional) of the Lie algebra of polynomial maps from ℂX into ġ. In fact, the “Fourier transform” of the latter algebra appears in the quantum field theory, and is called a current algebra.
Decomposing LiDAR waveforms with nonparametric classification methods

Waveform decomposition is an important step in full-waveform LiDAR remote sensing. Under the Gaussian Mixture Model, the conventional parametric classification algorithm of Expectation-Maximization (EM) is among the most widely applied ones to decompose the waveforms. This paper introduces nonparametric classification methods, such as K-means and mean-shift to decompose the LiDAR waveforms. The experiments demonstrate that a properly selected nonparametric method can model the asymmetry of a waveform, which is ignored in the conventional parametric model based method. Furthermore, the skewness of the decomposed waveform is conspicuous to be utilized for separating bare ground and forest.
Sending all the right signals

During development, simple, instructive signals can initiate the formation of elaborate patterns. An example of such a system has now been described for the formation of two appendages that are used for respiration in the fruitflyDrosophila melanogaster. The pattern is formed by stimulation and then inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor through both paracrine and autocrine mechanisms.
Utilizing Electrical Characteristics of Individual Nanotube Devices to Study the Charge Transfer between CdSe Quantum Dots and Double-Walled Nanotubes

To study the charge transfer between cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) and double-walled nanotubes (DWNTs), various sizes of CdSe–ligand–DWNT structures are synthesized, and field-effect transistors from individual functionalized DWNTs rather than networks of the same are fabricated. From the electrical measurements, two distinct electron transfer mechanisms from the QD system to the nanotube are identified. By the formation of the CdSe–ligand–DWNT heterostructure, an effectively n-doped nanotube is created due to the smaller work function of CdSe as compared with that of the nanotube. In addition, once the QD–DWNT system is exposed to laser light, further electron transfer from the QD through the ligand, specifically, 4-mercaptophenol (MTH), to the nanotube occurs and a clear QD size-dependent tunneling process is observed. The detailed analysis of a large set of devices and the particular methodology employed here for the first time allowed for extracting a wavelength and quantum dot size-depen...
Review of Ever Faithful: Race, Loyalty, and the Ends of Empire in Spanish Cuba, by David Sartorius; & Punishment in Paradise: Race, Slavery, Human Rights, and a Nineteenth-Century Brazilian Penal Colony, by Peter M. Beattie

Ever Faithful: Race, Loyalty, and the Ends of Empire in Spanish Cuba, by David Sartorius. Duke University Press, 2013. Punishment in Paradise: Race, Slavery, Human Rights, and a Nineteenth-Century Brazilian Penal Colony, by Peter M. Beattie. Duke University Press, 2015.
Income Inequality and Social Trust: a Spurious Relation Explained by Cultural Values

This paper found support for an alternative explanation of a country-level negative relation between income inequality and social trust, claimed in the existing literature as causal. More specifica...
Margolis and the historical turn

Etude du tournant historique de la pensee de J. Margolis, a travers la lecture de son dernier ouvrage intitule «Historical thought, constructed world» (1995). Defendant l'idee que la pensee est histoire, et rejetant l'idee d'une realite invariante, ainsi que toute forme de reductionnisme, Margolis developpe un relativisme fort qui rend compte de la competence epistemique en termes de reference contextualisee, de l'existence et de la realite sous l'angle de l'etre humain fini, du changement et de l'histoire dans le cadre de la moralite hegelienne
TRUCK DRIVER SHORTAGE REVISITED

Driver turnover in the trucking industry remains a problem despite the economic downturn and the rise in unemployment. High turnover causes company costs to rise and leads to schedule interruptions. This paper analyzes various trucking industry programs to reduce turnover, including different recruitment and retention strategies, pay raises, bonuses, equipment upgrades and flexible schedules. Turnovers hover at around 100%, forcing trucking companies to raise rates to cover the added costs incurred by having to recruit and retrain workers on an almost continuous basis. Among the research findings: driver turnover is due more to poor management than external economic factors; companies have had some success through raising wages, but that is not the complete answer. Most of the driver turnover results from churning, drivers moving from one company to another for roughly the same wages. Dispatchers' lack of human resources skills is a major contributor, as are the ages of the drivers. More experienced drivers tend to stay with their employer. In addition, companies should stop serving customers that create a disproportionate share of irregular long hauls, long waiting times and high lumper costs. The lack of qualified candidates is largely due to the industry's continued reliance on white males. Reaching out to minorities and women should help increase the pool of qualified workers.
Common Dermatological Conditions

Abnormalities of the skin including birthmarks and rashes in the newborn are often a source of concern for parents. However, most of these abnormalities are benign and self-limited. A birthmark is a congenital irregularity on the skin which is present at birth or appears shortly after birth, usually in the first month. They can occur anywhere on the body. Skin integrity including texture, hydration, and edema is part of any complete physical examination. Are these skin lesions primary or secondary? Are they static or evolving? This chapter will discuss the most common birthmarks and skin eruptions seen in the newborn and review diagnosis and management in the context of clinical cases.
Self-Efficacy Research in Online Learning

In the early years of academic self-efficacy research, before online learning, many studies were experimental in nature and took place in authentic classroom settings. These investigations typically involved a pre-test/post-test format and were usually designed with a specific intervention to affect the self-efficacy of learners. Many of these studies would work towards enhancing self-efficacy by creating opportunities to increase students’ mastery performances by teaching a new process [Schunk, Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(1), 93–105, 1981], or increasing practice time into a lesson (Schunk, Educational Psychologist, 19(1), 48–58, 1984), or teaching students self-correction skills as part of a lesson [Zimmerman, Educational Psychologist, 33(2), 73, 1998]. In more recent academic self-efficacy research within online learning contexts, a greater emphasis has been placed on exploratory or comparative type studies, examining topics such as the effects of computer mediated learning on a learner’s self-efficacy [Chien, European Journal of Training and Development, 36(7), 670–686, 2012; Compeau & Higgins, MIS Quarterly, 19(2), 189–211, 1995; Schunk & Hannafin, Educational Technology Research and Development, 45(4), 37–64, 1997; Swingle, Revista Complutense De Educacion, 23(1), 135–147, 2012; Tyler-Smith, Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 2(2), 73−85, 2006], using a learners’ self-efficacy to predict academic success [Artino, Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 21(2), 146–166, 2009; Joo, Bong, & Choi, Educational Technology Research and Development, 48(2), 5–17, 2000], exploring changes in students’ self-efficacy during online coursework [Lee & Witta, Online students’ perceived self-efficacy: Does it change?. Annual Proceedings of Selected Research and Development [and] Practice Papers Presented at the National Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 24th, Atlanta, GA, November 8–12, 2001], or examining how learners may misinterpret their self-efficacy for online learning [Delahunty, O’Shea, & Stone, Distance Education, 36(1), 41–58, 2015; McQuaid, American Journal of Distance Education, 24(4), 177–194, 2010]. Very few studies use a design intended to change a student’s self-efficacy within online learning environments [Hodges & Kim, Journal of Educational Computing Research, 43(2), 207–223, 2010]. Since self-efficacy is malleable and has been shown to have a positive effect on academic success, it may be beneficial to revisit intervention studies, focusing on strategies to increase academic self-efficacy in online learners.
Delayed Feedback Reservoir Computing with VCSEL

A reservoir computing device built with directly modulated VCSEL chips and multi-mode fiber couplers is described, experimentally realized and tested for a distorted signal recovery task. Numerical and experimental results show little disparity, with a small error count in both cases. The successful realization of this low power system with an all-optical time-delay feedback and electro-optical gain located inside the physical node is promising for the realization of a high speed, board-integrated reservoir or reservoir cluster architecture.
The ratio of the number of states in asymmetric and symmetric ozone molecules deviates from the statistical value of 2

Accurate calculations of vibrational states in singly and doubly substituted ozone molecules are carried out, up to dissociation threshold. Analysis of these spectra reveals noticeable deviations from the statistical factor of 2 for the ratio between the number of states in asymmetric and symmetric ozone molecules. It is found that, for the lower energy parts of spectra, the ratio is less than 2 in the singly substituted ozone molecules, but it is more than 2 in the doubly substituted ozone molecules. However, the upper parts of spectra, just below dissociation thresholds, exhibit a different behavior. In this energy range, the singly and doubly substituted ozone molecules behave similar, with the ratio of states in asymmetric and symmetric ozone molecules being more than 2 in both cases. This property may contribute to an explanation of the mysterious η-effect in the ozone forming reaction that favors the formation of the asymmetric ozone molecules.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling to Support the Re-approval of Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg; Pfizer, New York, NY) was the first antibody-drug conjugate to be approved for CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, it was voluntarily withdrawn from the US market due to lack of clinical benefit in the confirmatory phase III trial. In 2012, several investigator cooperative studies using a different dosing regimen showed efficacy, but pharmacokinetic (PK) data were not collected in these trials. Through simulation of expected concentrations for new dosing regimens, PK/pharmacodynamic modeling was able to support the safety and efficacy of these regimens. Significant exposure-response relationships were found for the attainment of complete remission with and without platelet recovery, attainment of blast-free status, the time course of myelosuppression, several grade ≥ 3 hepatic adverse events, and veno-occlusive disease. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin received full approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in September 2017 for newly diagnosed and relapsed AML in adult patients and relapsed AML in pediatric patients aged 2-17 years.
Using Pharmacy Data and Adherence to Define Long-Term Bisphosphonate Exposure in Women.

BACKGROUND: Assigning drug exposure is a necessary first step in examining bisphosphonate (BP) treatment in observational studies using pharmacy data. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the choice of ...
Poverty, Self-Regulation and Executive Function, and Learning in K-2 Classrooms: A Systematic Literature Review of Current Empirical Research

ABSTRACTChildren living in poverty frequently enter kindergarten lacking critical cognitive, academic, and social-emotional skills, and this gap predictably widens through 12th grade. Several researchers have developed intervention programs intended to close the academic gap by building foundational curricular skills. These interventions may not be the most efficacious methods to address student needs. Given recent efforts to establish early childhood education standards and the implicit push to close learning and achievement gaps, it is important to identify research-based interventions for practitioners and decision makers. The purpose of this systematic review of empirical literature, reduced from 115 to 19 articles, was to identify research related to specific pedagogical and instructional approaches used to impact poverty’s effects on elementary children’s academic performance. The results of all 19 studies support emerging research suggesting that executive function is negatively impacted by poverty...
Pedagogies of Refusal: What it Means to (Un)teach a Student Like Me

This analysis addresses the need to develop an ethos of decolonial refusal in Composition Studies and the academy in general, arguing that refusal is a livening rhetorical strategy of survival that challenges colonial futurity (Tuck and Yang), is generative and generous (McGranahan), and opens liminal space (Anzaldua, Garcia-Pena, Lugones) for existing in predominantly white institutions — not at the margins nor centers but at the places of transformative possibility and deep relationality (Ahmed, Bilge and Collins). Focusing on refusal as performative, rhetorical, and undisciplined(Pough, Durham), and following in the lineage of Black and Third World feminist and Critical Race theories on narratives as political tools, I share a constellation of experiences from organizing spaces to graduate education to forward a multi-modal pedagogy of refusal in composition. More specifically, I share this piece, which bridges academic critique, with counternarratives, mini-dialogos, and art prints to signal to the composing practices that are possible and necessary in our shared classroom.
Quantifying Epithelial Plasticity as a Platform to Reverse Epithelial Injury

Abstract Epithelial surfaces lining the lung serve as the primary environmental gaseous interface, and are subject to common life-limiting diseases, including COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). Despite the critical role of epithelial cells in pulmonary health and disease, quantitative models are lacking but are required given the large patient to patient variability to characterize the epithelial plasticity that follows injury. We have identified a series of assessments to quantitatively identify the changes that occur in the epithelium and to identify targets that reverse injury. The injured epithelium has decreased ciliary function and monolayer height, which in the case of cells derived from COPD patients results in an overall disorganization of structure. Injury causes the cells to shift to an unjammed state, with corresponding increases in the velocity correlation length implicating cell shape and stiffness as fundamental to the injury response. Specific inhibitors of actin polymerization (LatA), of MAPK/ERK kinase (U0126) and Nrf-2 pathway activation (CDDO-Me) push the epithelium back towards a jammed state with decreased cell movement and correlation length, as well as improve barrier function and CBF. These studies attest to cell intrinsic properties that allow for a transition to an unjammed state, and that quantitative phenotypic analysis can identify potential specific pharmacologic targets in a given patient and provide insight into basic mechanisms of cellular damage. One Sentence Summary Environmental toxins undermine tissue integrity by manipulating transitions from jammed to unjammed states, thereby mimicking or inducing disease.
Abstract P3-07-07: Functional hotness score of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes infiltration to predicts outcome of triple-negative breast cancer patients

Introduction: Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) infiltration into tumor has been shown to predict better prognosis in breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been shown to have higher immunogenicity and enhanced CTL attraction. CD8A is a surface marker of CTLs and Granzyme B (GZMB) is a serine protease, secreted by CTLs to mediate apoptosis of the target cells. CXCL10 is a chemokine, which is known to attract CTLs into tumors in some types of cancers. However, the impact of CXLC10 expression and its role in the CTL attraction to TNBC remain unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that Functional Hotness Score (FHS) that incorporate expressions of CXLC10 and CTL markers associates with anti-cancer immune cell infiltration and better survival of TNBC independent of mutation burden. Methods: Based on CD8A, GZMB and CXCL10 expression levels of the tumor, we established Functional Hotness Score (FHS) utilizing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer cohort. As a validation cohort, METABRIC cohort was utilized. As neoadjuvant chemotherapy cohort, GSE20271, GSE20194, GSE22093, GSE23988, GSE25066 and GSE28844 from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were utilized. As metastatic breast cancer dataset, GSE110590 from GEO was utilized. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was conducted utilizing hallmark gene sets. Infiltrated immune cell fraction was estimated by CIBERSROT algorithm. Results: Out of 6 neoadjuvant cohorts, 5 cohorts showed higher CXCL10 expression levels in pathological completely response (pCR) tumors compared to residual tumors (RD). On the other hand, 1 and 3 cohorts showed higher expression levels of CD8A and GZMB in pCR tumors, respectively. Utilizing these 3 gene expression levels and hazard ratio of overall survival (OS) of the patients, prognostic Functional Hotness Score (FHS) was developed. As we expected, patients with High FHS tumors showed significantly better OS in TCGA cohort (p=0.006). This finding was validated in METABRIC cohort. In the metastatic breast cancer cohort, metastatic tumors showed lower FHS compared to primary tumors, such as liver (p=0.003) and lung metastases (p=0.031). Whereas, most of the brain metastases tissues showed similar level of FHS compared to primary tumors (p=0.068). Subgroup analysis based on subtype revealed that TNBC showed highest FHS among each subtype with wide variation. TNBC was the only subtype that high FHS showed better OS (p=0.001). High FHS TNBC significantly enriched immune response related gene sets, such as allograft rejection (p Citation Format: Eriko Katsuta, Li Yan, Mateusz Opyrchal, Pawel Kalinski, Kazuaki Takabe. Functional hotness score of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes infiltration to predicts outcome of triple-negative breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-07-07.
Science for integrative management of a diadromous fish stock: interdependencies of fisheries, flow, and habitat restoration

Fish face many anthropogenic stressors. Authorities in marine, estuarine, and freshwater realms often share interdependent fisheries management goals, but address singular stressors independently. ...
Preliminary development of an implicit association test to measure body dissatisfaction and predict disordered eating behaviors.

Abstract We conducted a preliminary test of a novel implicit association test for body dissatisfaction (BD-IAT). We predicted that BD-IAT would correlate with self-reported BD and predict later eating disorder (ED) attitudes. Female undergraduates (N = 145) self-reported BD and ED attitudes. In the BD-IAT, participants sorted words related to “satisfaction” and “dissatisfaction” to opposite sides of a computer screen. Participants categorized pictures of themselves to the side of the screen with the word “Me,” which appeared with the “satisfied” or “dissatisfied” category in separate blocks. The BD-IAT measured the strength of the association between a participant’s own body and dissatisfaction. The BD-IAT correlated positively with the EDI-BD (r = 0.21, p
Abstract A30: Comparing mail-based and Internet population health assessment data: Survey implementation protocol

Purpose of the Study: Traditionally, population-based health assessments have been conducted through resource intensive approaches such as in-person interviews and mail-based surveys. Newer information technologies have been developed for collecting survey data electronically (i.e., e-cohort approaches), which can be leveraged to recruit participants and collect survey data more efficiently than traditional studies. Funded by a National Cancer Institute P30 Supplement, the purpose of this study overall is to assess health practices and improve cancer prevention and control outreach within our cancer center’s catchment area. The purpose of this report is to describe procedures of this ongoing project collecting survey data through traditional and electronic methods. Methods: This study will administer a survey using two approaches to population health assessment. The first survey cohort will be obtained via a mail-based survey using traditional probability-based sampling methods. A second cohort will be recruited and assessed through technology-enabled methods. This e-cohort will be contacted using an Internet and mobile phone application adapted from the platform developed by Vibrent Health for the National Institutes of Health All of Us study. In addition to the survey responses, data from wearable devices and health service records data will be collected from participants of the e-cohort. Results: This protocol report will describe implementation procedures of an epidemiologic research study employing both conventional and novel approaches to survey administration. Upon completion of this study, results will provide metrics for comparing the methodologies, such as response rates and respondent characteristics (e.g., socio-demographics, medical history, and lifestyle behaviors) within and between each approach. Conclusions: Ultimately, results of this study will aid the development of future epidemiologic research studies by providing practical guidance for public health and survey researchers regarding traditional and electronic survey applications, and perhaps, novel insights from the complementary approach of using both survey research methodologies in tandem. Citation Format: Bernard F. Fuemmler, Carrie A. Miller, David Wheeler, Bassam Dahman, Tamas Gal, Sunny Kim, Bonnie Morris, Yaou Sheng, Gordon Ginder. Comparing mail-based and Internet population health assessment data: Survey implementation protocol [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Modernizing Population Sciences in the Digital Age; 2019 Feb 19-22; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A30.
Influence of prenatal perceived stress on postpartum weight retention is mediated by high gestational weight gain in women with overweight

Women with excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) are at risk for poor psychosocial well-being and postpartum weight retention (PPWR). Scant research has examined longitudinal interrelations of GWG, psychosocial factors, and PPWR. This study examined: (a) pre-pregnancy weight status (ie, normal, overweight, obesity) differences in PPWR and its psychosocial determinants (perceived social support, perceived stress, depression) in women with excessive GWG (ie, above 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines); and (b) whether GWG mediated associations between psychosocial determinants and PPWR. Women (N = 1352) reported third trimester perceived social support, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms, GWG, and 6- and 12-month PPWR via telephone interviews. Multivariate ANOVA analyses showed women with normal weight had higher 6-month PPWR than women with obesity; univariate ANOVA showed no group differences in psychosocial factors. Hayes mediation analyses indicated that GWG mediated the association between perceived stress and PPWR in women with overweight but not women with normal weight or obesity; perceived stress predicted GWG, and in turn, PPWR. Prenatal perceived stress may be a modifiable target of GWG and PPWR. Future research is needed to examine the utility of tailoring perinatal weight regulation interventions to reduce perceived stress in pregnant women with overweight.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus among females older than recommended age for vaccination by birth cohort, United States 2003‒2016.

BACKGROUND Apparent associations between HPV prevalence and age observed in cross-sectional studies could be misleading if cohort effects influence HPV detection. METHODS Using data from 2003-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), we evaluated overall and 10-year birth cohort-specific cervicovaginal HPV prevalence estimates (any, high-risk [HR], and non-HR) by 3-year age group among 27-59 year-old females born in 1950-1979. Average percent changes (APC) in HPV prevalence by 3-year age were calculated using prevalence ratios from log-binomial models. RESULTS Overall, prevalence of any HPV declined from 49.9% in 27-29 year-olds to 33.8% in 57-59 year-olds [APC: -2.82% per 3-year age group, 95% confidence interval (CI): -4.02%, -1.60%] as did prevalence of HR-HPV [APC: -6.19% (95% CI: -8.09%, -4.26%)] and non-HR-HPV [APC: -2.00% (95% CI: -3.48%, -0.51%)]. By birth cohort, declines by age group were seen in prevalences of any HPV, HR-HPV, and non-HR-HPV for those born in the 1950s and 1970s and in any HPV and HR-HPV for those born in the 1960s (APC range: -14.08% - 0.06%). CONCLUSIONS Declines in HPV prevalence with age in these cross-sectional surveys cannot be explained by birth cohort differences alone, as associations were observed across all birth cohorts. These findings are consistent with biological and behavioral explanations.
The circle game: intergenerational transmission and modification of solutions to a universal need

Abstract In this lab, we are going to play House. This will involve small groups forming “families” including parents and children, who will enact the family life cycle: the process by which families begin (mate selection), reproduce (have offspring), and influence those offspring (with an emphasis on the idea that it is not possible to meaningfully distinguish between nature effects and nurture effects; all behaviors are a combination of both nature and nurture) and how those offspring take that influence into their own search for mates. The fundamental aspect is for each individual, and each generation, to answer the question: what is the safest kind of home? Does this vary by the nature and structure of a family group?
Enhancing the surface sensitivity of in-situ/operando characterization of palladium membranes through polarization modulation and synthesis of optically smooth palladium thin films

Abstract Operando infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) is a powerful technique for elucidating the fundamental mechanisms by which reactive gases such as CO, C3H6 and H2S poison (inhibit) H2 permeation across palladium (Pd) and Pd-alloy H2 separation membranes, by integrating in-situ IRAS detection of chemical species adsorbed on the membrane surface with simultaneous measurement of H2 permeation rates on the same sample. Achieving high sensitivity to detection of surface-adsorbed species under realistic operating conditions is a significant challenge, however, because infrared absorption from gas-phase species can obscure the relatively weak absorption bands associated with surface-adsorbed species, and IRAS requires optically smooth Pd membrane surfaces to specularly reflect the infrared light at grazing angle incidence. This work addresses both of these challenges by (1) installing a photoelastic modulator in the infrared beam path to modulate the polarization of the infrared light between s- and p-polarization (PM-IRAS), and (2) by developing a new electroless plating method for synthesis of optically smooth Pd thin film membranes. The net result is a ~10 × enhancement in the sensitivity to detection of surface-adsorbed CO in the presence of gas-phase CO, relative to IRAS characterization with commercial Pd foil. This work represents a significant advancement in the development and application of surface-sensitive operando membrane characterization, which is a relatively new research methodology that is expected to have a significant impact on membrane science in the coming years because of its unique ability to directly correlate membrane atomic/molecular structure to its performance under realistic operating conditions.
Global well-posedness for the nonlinear generalized parabolic Anderson model equation

We study the global existence of the singular nonlinear parabolic Anderson model equation on $2$-dimensional tours $\mathbb{T}^2$. The method is based on paracontrolled distribution and renormalization. After split the original nonlinear parabolic Anderson model equation into two simple equations, we prove the global well-posedness by some a priori estimates and smooth approximations. Furthermore, we prove the uniqueness of the solution by using $L^2$ energy estimates.
Diversion and Neighborhood Delinquency Programs in Open Settings

The purpose of this chapter is to examine and interpret the results of diversion and neighborhood delinquency programs, both of which contain some similarities and differences. In a general sense, both are designed to divert youths from delinquency and, given that their intent is the same, the division into the two categories is somewhat arbitrary. For historical reasons, however, diversion refers to alternatives for those youths who would otherwise be processed in a court of law and, in some cases, be placed in a correctional institution. In contrast, neighborhood programs are designed for those youths considered at higher risk for delinquency than other youths, rather than as alternatives for court processing. Though some neighborhood programs accept court referrals, these programs are not under the jurisdiction of the court and accept referrals from other sources. Participation in neighborhood programs is voluntary.
End-to-end delay differentiation by prioritized multipath routing in wireless sensor networks

The wireless sensor network has received increasing attention recently. Due to the inexpensive cost and small size of sensor nodes, sensor networks are densely deployed in many applications. Performing multiple tasks, the traffic generated by the wireless sensor network is hybrid, including time-sensitive traffic and delay-tolerant traffic. Obviously, handling them in a uniform fashion is unsuitable. Our objective is to provide classified service according to the attribute of packets. In our paper, we utilize the multiple paths between the source and sink to provide a solution satisfying the delay requirements of different traffic types. In dense wireless sensor networks, this is feasible because numerous paths exist between a source node and the sink. We propose a model for multipath routing, followed by detailed explanation of our routing protocol PRIMAR (prioritize multipath routing). Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of PRIMAR
Piparazzi: a test program generator for micro-architecture flow verification

Because of their complexity, modern microprocessors need new tools that generate tests for micro-architectural events. Piparazzi is a test generator, developed at IBM, that generates (architectural) test programs for microarchitectural events. Piparazzi uses a declarative model of the micro-architecture and the user's definition of the required event to create an instance of a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP). It then uses a dedicated CSP solver to generate a test program that covers the specific event. We show how Piparazzi yields significant improvements in covering micro-architectural events, by describing its technology and by exhibiting experimental results. Piparazzi has already been successful in finding both functional and performance bugs that could only be discovered using an exact micro-architectural model of the processor.
Social Security and Private Savings: International Evidence in an Extended Life Cycle Model

The extended life-cycle model shows that the impact of social security on private savings depends on two opposing effects: wealth replacement and induced retirement. The net impact can be determined only empirically. The current study uses data for a cross-sectional sample of developed countries so as to evaluate both effects. The evidence indicates that increases in the extent of social security coverage and in the relative level of benefits substantially depress the rate of private saving.
Letter to the Editor of Sky and Telescope Concerning Galileo's Observations of Mizar

Work published in Sky and Telescope in 2004 discusses Galileo's observations of the star Mizar. These observations raise questions regarding Galileo's assumptions about the universe and the conclusions he drew from his observations. Galileo would have expected Mizar to reveal annual parallax and thus provide evidence of Earth's motion, but Mizar shows no such parallax.
Circuit techniques using stacked MOS transistors

The characteristics of the stacked MOS transistor is analyzed. Circuit design techniques based upon this device are proposed. One application is to use the stacked transistor to build a high dc gain, single-stage transconductance-C integrator. Simulation and analytical results have showed that the technique is especially useful for high-frequency filtering applications. A simple circuit technique used to obtain optimal bias voltages for MOS cascode transistors is presented. Instead of complicated level shifting or sizing calculations, the theory behind is simply exploiting the nature of stacked MOS transistors which, with gate-drain connections, emulate a single MOS diode to generate the desired bias. >
Evaluating Discrimination of Risk Prediction Models: The C Statistic

Risk prediction models help clinicians develop personalized treatments for patients. The models generally use variables measured at one time point to estimate the probability of an outcome occurring within a given time in the future. It is essential to assess the performance of a risk prediction model in the setting in which it will be used. This is done by evaluating the model’s discrimination and calibration. Discrimination refers to the ability of the model to separate individuals who develop events from those who do not. In time-toevent settings, discrimination is the ability of the model to predict who will develop an event earlier and who will develop an event later or not at all. Calibration measures how accurately the model’s predictions match overall observed event rates. In this issueof JAMA,Melgaardet al used theCstatistic, a global measure of model discrimination, to assess the ability of the CHA2DS2-VASc model to predict ischemic stroke, thromboembolism, or death in patients with heart failure and to do so separately for patients who had or did not have atrial fibrillation (AF).1
Fueling the Boom: Gasoline Taxes, Invisibility, and the Growth of the American Highway Infrastructure, 1919–1956

72 The Journal of American History June 2012 In 1938, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the photographer Dorothea Lange turned her camera to a mundane feature of the American landscape: a sign advertising gasoline prices. Unlike most such signs, however, this one broke down its 201⁄2 cents-per-gallon price: gasoline, 51⁄2 cents; state, 5 cents; Uncle Sam, 1 cent; city, 1 cent; railroad, 23⁄4 cents; agent, 11⁄4 cents; and “Me,” 4 cents. (See figure 1.) The joke lay partially in what many saw as the modern equivalent of highway robbery. Yet the humor also depended on another, equally important characteristic of gasoline prices, which always took the form of a flat, pergallon rate: the rate of taxation was neither listed nor even necessarily known by the seller. Unlike goods with itemized sales taxes, gasoline appeared to be tax free, even if buyers and sellers both typically knew this was not the case. The invisibility of gas taxes is partly a historical accident—the tax has always been an excise tax collected from wholesalers rather than a sales tax collected at the pump—but it also symbolizes the significant, yet opaque role that gas-tax revenues have played in underwriting the expansion of the nation’s vast automotive infrastructure. When automobile ownership began to surge in the late 1910s and early 1920s, gas taxes provided a new, almost magically large source of revenue that allowed states to embark on aggressive roadconstruction campaigns. But when strapped state governments in the early 1930s attempted to allocate a portion of gas-tax income to nonhighway purposes, opponents launched a successful campaign that prompted a growing majority of state legislatures to earmark gas taxes for highway expenditures. This system, coupled with new highway-planning methods that prioritized “self-funding” highways, resulted in a powerful, self-replicating system in which new highways generated new traffic, which in turn generated new revenues that were legally reserved for more new highways.1 When the U.S. Congress created an inviolate Highway Trust Fund in 1956—into which federal gas-tax revenue flowed, obligated entirely for interstate highway bills—it greatly expanded the system by elevating it to the federal level. Yet if the interstates themFueling the Boom: Gasoline Taxes, Invisibility, and the Growth of the American Highway Infrastructure, 1919–1956
Magnetization-recovery experiments for static and MAS-NMR of I=3/2 nuclei.

Abstract Multifrequency pulsed NMR experiments on quadrupole-perturbed I = 3/2 spins in single crystals are shown to be useful for measuring spin–lattice relaxation parameters even for a mixture of quadrupolar plus magnetic relaxation mechanisms. Such measurements can then be related to other MAS-NMR experiments on powders. This strategy is demonstrated by studies of 71 Ga and 69 Ga (both I = 3/2) spin–lattice relaxation behavior in a single-crystal (film) sample of gallium nitride, GaN, at various orientations of the axially symmetric nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor. Observation of apparent single-exponential relaxation behavior in I = 3/2 saturation-recovery experiments can be misleading when individual contributing rate processes are neglected in the interpretation. The quadrupolar mechanism (dominant in this study) has both a single-quantum process ( T 1Q1 ) and a double-quantum process ( T 1Q2 ), whose time constants are not necessarily equal. Magnetic relaxation (in this study most likely arising from hyperfine couplings to unpaired delocalized electron spins in the conduction band) also contributes to a single-quantum process ( T 1M ). A strategy of multifrequency irradiation with observation of satellite and/or central transitions, incorporating different initial conditions for the level populations, provides a means of obtaining these three relaxation time constants from single-crystal 71 Ga data alone. The 69 Ga results provide a further check of internal consistency, since magnetic and quadrupolar contributions to its relaxation scale in opposite directions compared to 71 Ga. For both perpendicular and parallel quadrupole coupling tensor symmetry axis orientations small but significant differences between T 1Q1 and T 1Q2 were measured, whereas for a tensor symmetry axis oriented at the magic-angle (54.74°) the values were essentially equal. Magic-angle spinning introduces a number of complications into the measurement and interpretation of the spin–lattice relaxation. Comparison of 71 Ga and 69 Ga MAS-NMR saturation-recovery curves with both central and satellite transitions completely saturated by a train of 90° pulses incommensurate with the rotor period provides the simplest means of assessing the contribution from magnetic relaxation, and yields results for the quadrupolar mechanism contribution that are consistent with those obtained from the film sample.
Genesis of the Heaviest Elements in the Milky Way Galaxy

We review the origin and evolution of the heavy elements, those with atomic numbers greater than 30, in the early history of the Milky Way. There is a large star-to-star bulk scatter in the concentrations of heavy elements with respect to the lighter metals, which suggests an early chemically unmixed and inhomogeneous Galaxy. The relative abundance patterns among the heavy elements are often very different from the solar system mix, revealing the characteristics of the first element donors in the Galaxy. Abundance comparisons among several halo stars show that the heaviest neutron-capture elements (including barium and heavier) are consistent with a scaled solar system rapid neutron-capture abundance distribution, whereas the lighter such elements do not conform to the solar pattern. The stellar abundances indicate an increasing contribution from the slow neutron-capture process (s-process) at higher metallicities in the Galaxy. The detection of thorium in halo and globular cluster stars offers a promising, independent age-dating technique that can put lower limits on the age of the Galaxy.