cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4‐(Methylsulfonyl)phenyl‐containing polysiloxane stationary phase for capillary column gas chromatography

A new polar polysiloxane stationary phase for capillary column gas chromatography containing 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl substitution was synthesized and compared to a cyanophenylpolysiloxane, OV-225. The sulfonylphenylpolysiloxane phase was useful and stable over a wide temperature range from 70°C to 320°C, and it exhibited similar overall polarity to OV-225. However, because of the specific chemical properties of the 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl group, this phase demonstrated unique selectivities for certain classes of compounds including basic nitrogen heterocycles and polychlorinated biphenyls.
Optimal Procurement Contracts for Electricity Generation

Abstract We describe optimal rules for the purchase of additional bulk power when potential suppliers include one or more independent power producers as well as the existing regulated utility. Assuming that the utility is obliged to provide transmission and distribution and that each firm has private information concerning the cost of generation, we show that the form of the optimal contract is sensitive to the number of firms and how these firms differ from the utility in terms of their cost structure.
Realized and Potential Absorptive Capacity: Understanding Their Antecedents and Performance in the Sourcing Context

Building on different research streams about the nature of knowledge transfers, this paper proposes a conceptual model for understanding knowledge transfer success among recipient companies in a sourcing relationship. Specifically, the role of potential and realized absorptive capacity is emphasized. These two learning components are discussed from two levels of analysis—potential absorptive capacity is discussed at the interorganizational level, and realized absorptive capacity at the intraorganizational level. Antecedents to potential absorptive capacity include three types of interorganizational contexts—knowledge, relational, and institutional. At the intraorganizational level, knowledge-based views of the firm stress how patterns of interaction and relationships among individuals facilitate knowledge integration within the organization. Two types of social context are emphasized—the extent of social embeddedness and closeness of interfunctional coupling. Implications for managerial practice are also ...
Effects of chronic ethanol digestion on the fatty acids and phospholipids of spinal cord

Abstract The response of spinal cord fatty acids and phospholipids to chronic ethanol ingestion was examined. The distribution as well as concentration of fatty acids was unaltered. The phospholipids were not altered in concentration; however, the composition was altered. Phosphatidyl choline (PC), was increased 43%, while the phosphatidyl serine (PS), plus phosphatidyl inositol (PI) fraction was decreased 26%. These changes may be related to myelin turnover.
Glycemic control in HIV-infected patients with diabetes mellitus and rates of meeting American Diabetes Association management guidelines.

Abstract Limited data exist on the prevalence of inadequate glycemic control and rates of meeting American Diabetic Association (ADA) management guidelines in HIV-infected adults with diabetes mellitus. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of 142 HIV-infected adults with type 2 diabetes at an urban academic HIV clinic during 2008. We estimated the prevalence of and assessed associations with inadequate glycemic control, defined as hemoglobin A1c ≥7.5% for ≥50% of quarters over the year, and determined rates of meeting ADA clinical goals. Ninety-two percent of patients received antiretroviral therapy. The prevalence of inadequate glycemic control was 33% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25%–42%). Compared to patients with adequate control, those with inadequate control had fewer years since HIV diagnosis (12.7 versus 15.1, p = 0.01), increased use of insulin (60% versus 20%, p < 0.001) or any diabetic medication (98% versus 85%, p = 0.02), and higher triglyceride levels (238 versus 168 mg/dL, p ...
LQ-moments: Analogs of L-moments

The L-moments, certain linear functions of the expectations of order statistics, were introduced by Sillitto (1951) and comprehensively reviewed by Hosking (1990). L-moments have found wide applications in such fields of applied research as civil engineering, meteorology, and hydrology. We present a class of their analogs, labeled LQ-moments, obtained by replacing the expectations by functionals inducing quick estimators such as the median, Gastwirth estimator and the trimean. The LQ-moments always exist and are simpler to evaluate and estimate. The measures of skewness and kurtosis based on the LQ-moments can be used as more convenient and effective alternatives to the traditional beta coefficients. Simple explicit schemes for their estimation using readily obtainable sample quantiles are presented. The simplicity of their analyses is demonstrated in terms of the asymptotic distributions of the estimators of the LQ-moments, LQ-skewness and LQ-kurtosis. An application to the extreme value problem in flood data analysis in hydrology is discussed, and several potential applications are outlined.
Development, Validation and Parametric Analysis of a Finite Element Model to Simulate the Behavior of Low-Friction Cartilage Replacements

Hydrogels have many interesting biomedical applications which have led to a significant body of research in several areas including simulation [1], mechanical properties [2], and modifications to increase biocompatibility [3]. The behavior of these materials is an important mechanism to simulate because of their current and potential medical uses. In particular, soft contact lenses [4] and artificial cartilage [5] replacements are two of the research areas that will benefit from this study.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Computation of the scattering length and effective range in molecular physics.

A simple and easily implemented highly accurate method to compute the scattering length and effective range for a diatomic potential is presented. It combines the numerical solution for small internuclear distances R with analytical corrections for large R. The method provides upper and lower limits to the exact values, to any desired precision. A numerical example and discussion are given for the case of the Cs-Cs ground-state interaction.
Frequent β-Catenin Mutations in Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibromas

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNAs) are locally aggressive vascular tumors occurring predominantly in adolescent males. The pathogenesis of JNAs is unknown. Recently, JNAs have been reported to occur at increased frequency among patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, suggesting that alterations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/β-catenin pathway might also be involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic JNAs. We analyzed somatic β-catenin and APC gene mutations in 16 sporadic JNAs from nonfamilial adenomatous polyposis patients using immunohistochemistry for β-catenin, and direct DNA sequencing for exon 3 of the β-catenin gene and the mutation cluster region of the APC gene. Nuclear accumulation of β-catenin was diffusely present in the stromal cells but not in the endothelial cells of all 16 JNAs. Activating β-catenin gene mutations were present in 75% (12 of 16) of JNAs. Six JNA patients also had recurrent tumors after surgery, and in all cases the β-catenin gene status of the recurrent JNA was identical to the initial tumor. No mutations in the mutation cluster region of the APC gene were detected in the four JNAs without β-catenin mutations. The high frequency of β-catenin mutations in sporadic JNAs and the presence of identical β-catenin gene mutations in recurrent tumors indicates that activating β-catenin gene mutations are important in the pathogenesis of JNAs. The immunohistochemical localization of β-catenin only to the nuclei of stromal cells further suggests that the stromal cells, rather than endothelial cells, are the neoplastic cells of JNAs.
Efficient near ultraviolet light induced formation of hydrogen by ferrous hydroxide.

A possible origin of early hydrogen by UV-induced photoreduction of ferrous ions was investigated by measuring the rate of H2 formation from irradiated FeSO4 solutions as a function of pH and the range of UV sources. It was found that, in addition to the known reaction in acid solution which decreases in yield with increasing pH and requires far-UV light, there is an efficient reaction occurring between pH 6 and 9 which utilizes near-UV light (of a 200-W mercury arc lamp). This latter reaction is a linear function of both the concentration of Fe(2+) and the light intensity. These results support the suggestion of Braterman et al. (1983) that the near-UV-driven photooxidation of ferrous ions may be responsible for the origin of the banded iron formations on the early earth. The efficient photoreaction could also explain the source of reducing equivalents for CO2 reduction.
Centralized Inventory Control in a Two-Level Distribution System vith Poisson demand

This paper introduces a new replenishment policy for inventory control in a two-level distribution system consisting of one central warehouse and an arbitrary number of nonidentical retailers. The new policy is designed to control the replenishment process at the central warehouse, using centralized information regarding the inventory positions and demand processes of all installations in the system. The retailers on the other hand are assumed to use continuous review (R,Q) policies. A technique for exact evaluation of the expected inventory holding and backorder costs for the system is presented. Numerical results indicate that there are cases when considerable savings can be made by using the new (R0, Q0) policy instead of a traditional echelon- or installation-stock (R, Q) policy. (Less)
Characterization of Ultrasonic Immersion Transducers

In any ultrasonic NDE experiment, the distributed field properties of the transducer involved represent an important aspect of the overall measurement process. The normal velocity profile across the active face of the transducer is typically used to characterize these properties. In quantitative NDE applications, a simple parametric form is usually assumed for this profile, such as a rigid piston with either the nominal or so-called active probe diameter taken as the parameter value. It has been shown in related studies that such an approach does not characterize all UT transducers accurately in all measurement situations (particularly nearfield versus farfield locations). Thus a new method for individual transducer characterization is presented herein that is based on reconstructions of the unknown probe velocity profile from measurements of the radiated field.
Aspect: detecting bugs with abstract dependences

Aspect is a static analysis technique for detecting bugs in imperative programs, consisting of an annotation language and a checking tool. Like a type declaration, an Aspect annotation of a procedure is a kind of declarative, partial specification that can be checked efficiently in a modular fashion. But instead of constraining the types of arguments and results, Aspect specifications assert dependences that should hold between inputs and outputs. The checker uses a simple dependence analysis to check code against annotations and can find bugs automatically that are not detectable by other static means, especially errors of omission, which are common, but resistant to type checking. This article explains the basic scheme and shows how it is elaborated to handle data abstraction and aliasing.
Neocerebellar contributions to social perception in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.

Abstract Posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is specialized for interpreting perceived human actions, and disruptions to its function occur in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here we consider the role of Crus I of neocerebellum in supporting pSTS function. Research has associated Crus I activity with imitation and biological motion perception, and neocerebellum is theorized to coordinate activity among cerebral sites more generally. Moreover, cerebellar abnormalities have been associated with ASD. We hypothesized that disordered Crus I–pSTS interactions could predict social deficits in ASD. 15 high functioning adolescents with ASD and 15 same-age comparison youth participated in an fMRI imitation paradigm; ratings of mentalizing ability were collected via parent report. We predicted that stronger Crus I–pSTS interactions would be associated with better mentalizing ability. Consistent with these hypotheses, stronger psychophysiological interactions between Crus I and right pSTS were associated with greater mentalizing ability among adolescents with ASD. Whole-brain analyses also indicated that typically developing youth recruited right inferior frontal gyrus, left pSTS, medial occipital regions, and precuneus more strongly during imitation than did youth with ASD. Overall, these results indicate that variability in neocerebellar interactions with key cortical social brain sites may help explain individual differences in social perceptual outcomes in ASD.
The regulator spectrum for totally real cubic fields

Subject to a mild hypothesis, it is proved that there exists a set of totally real cubic fields, with regulatorsR and discriminantsD, such that the corresponding numbersR/log2D are dense in the interval [1/16, 1/12].
Multi-aperture diversity imaging: digital superresolution and beyond

Digital superresolution and compressive imaging is reformulated in terms of a linear spectral estimation technique. Prior information is explored as the means to construct a generalized sampling expansion which overcomes the diffraction limit.
An experimental description of destructive liquid rocket resonant combustion.

Rotating detonation-like wave concept explains phenomenon during destructive liquid rocket resonant combustion mode
Epilepsy and reproductive disorders: the role of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone network.

Individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy have an increased incidence of reproductive dysfunction. The comorbidity may be due to the acute effects of the seizures, the chronic effects of the epilepsy, and/or the use of antiepileptic drugs on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone network and the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. This review provides a brief overview of evidence from experimental animal and clinical studies exploring the basis for epilepsy-associated reproductive abnormalities.
Unraveling Variability for Process/Product Improvement

Manufacturing process variability compromises design aggressiveness, yield and system-level power-performance. This paper presents strategies for unraveling variability to understand its sources so that appropriate corrective action can be applied. The strategies are applied to data representing operation of finished electronic circuits, including product test results on real product hardware.
PVN-hindbrain pathway involved in the hypothalamic hyperphagia-obesity syndrome.

Abstract This study examined the involvement of caudal brainstem projections of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the medial hypothalamic (MH) hyperphagia-obesity syndrome. Experiment 1 demonstrated that a unilateral parasagittal knife cut in the MH combined with a contralateral coronal knife cut in either the ventrolateral pons (vP) or ventrolateral medulla (vM) significantly increased food intake and body weight in adult female rats. Overeating and overweight were also produced by a unilateral MH knife cut combined with a contralateral oblique cut under the nucleus of the solitary tract and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus complex (NST/DX). In contrast, an MH cut × dorsolateral medullary cut combination did not increase food intake or body weight compared to a MH cut alone or sham surgery. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the hyperphagia/obesity effect of MH × vP knife cuts was comparable to that obtained with bilateral PVN lesions, but less than that produced by bilateral MH knife cuts. Bilateral vP cuts also increased body weight but the effect was less than that obtained with the other experimental treatments. Feeding the rats a high-fat diet rather than chow potentiated the hyperphagia and obesity syndromes produced by the various lesion conditions. Taken together, these findings suggest that the medial hypothalamic hyperphagia and obesity syndrome is due, in part, to damage to PVN projections to the caudal brainstem, the NST/DX complex in particular. The functional significance of this PVN-hindbrain “feeding” pathway and the identity of extra-PVN components of the hyperphagia-obesity syndrome remain to be established.
I can hear it, but where is it coming from? A case of iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula after pacemaker lead extraction.

A 54-year-old woman was referred to our institution for the assessment of a loud continuous murmur detected 3 years after pacemaker lead extraction. She previously had a dual-chamber pacemaker implanted for symptomatic sinus node dysfunction. Owing to recurrent and severe symptomatic phrenic nerve pacing, she underwent laser lead extraction. The procedure was complicated by a tear at junction of the superior vena …
Commentary: Balancing Cyberspace Promise, Privacy, and Protection—Tracking the Debate

Those who wish to become informed about cyberspace policy can quickly find themselves drowning in a deluge of papers, positions, and proposals. This commentary describes some of the linkages which make current cyberspace policy debate so complex and which indicate the need for dedicated efforts to sort out the situation for citizens as well as policymakers concerned about communications networking technologies and their use or content.
Source term development for tritium at the Sheffield disposal site

The Sheffield low-level radioactive waste disposal site, which ceased operation in 1978, has been the focus of modeling efforts by the NRC for the purpose of predicting long-term site behavior. To provide the NRC with information required for its modeling effort, a study to define the source term for tritium in eight trenches at the Sheffield site has been undertaken. Tritium is of special interest since significant concentrations of the isotope have been found in groundwater samples taken at the site and at locations outside the original site boundary. Previous estimates of tritium site inventory at Sheffield are in wide disagreement. In this study, the tritium inventory in the eight trenches was estimated by reviewing the radioactive shipping records (RSRs) for waste buried in these trenches. It has been found that the tritium shipped for burial at the site was probably higher than previously estimated. In the eight trenches surveyed, which amount to roughly one half the total volume and activity buried at Sheffield, approximately 2350 Ci of tritium from non-fuel cycle sources were identified.
Knitted composites for energy absorption under tensile loading

Abstract A new class of knitted composites has been designed to maximize the total energy absorbed during tensile failure. Knitted loops of light, continuous fiber tows are configured in such a way that they must be drawn through relatively large displacements before they come into direct contact with one another. Upon loop contact, the material hardens locally, forcing further damage to develop by the same process elsewhere. In this way the entire gauge section absorbs energy before ultimate failure. Levels of energy absorption per unit volume reach 40 MJ/m 3 and, per unit mass, 25 J/g. The mechanisms involved in damage delocalization and failure are detailed and modeled in a simple manner. While the current values of energy absorption are already attractive, the models indicate that much higher values could be attained with optimized composites.
Pathways of antigen processing

Separate pathways exist for the processing of antigens to be presented by MHC class I and class II molecules. We are beginning to determine the subcellular location of certain events in both pathways.
Symbolic analysis of analog circuits with hard nonlinearity

A new methodology is presented to solve a strongly nonlinear circuit, characterized by Piece-Wise Linear (PWL) functions, symbolically and explicitly in terms of its circuit parameters and is amenable to computer implementation. The method is based on a modified nodal formulation of piecewise linear circuit equations as a mixed Linear Complementarity Problem (MLCP). The technique of determinant-decision diagrams is applied to implement the symbolic transformation of the MLCP to the standard LCP. Complementarity-decision diagrams are used to represent the resulting LCP. Examples are presented that demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
Tunable Passive Integrated Circuits Using BST Thin Films

Preliminary results from our work on compact phase shifters using BaSrTiO 3 thin films are presented. A reflection phase shifter utilizing a lumped element resonator achieved 120° phase shift at 10GHz with m 3.3dB insertion loss. A synthetic transmission line true time delay phase shifter at 5GHz was able to achieve a phase shift of 60° with m 1.1dB insertion loss. These results were obtained in a process suitable for integration with conventional passive and hybrid circuit technologies.
Estimating probabilities of active brucellosis infection in Yellowstone bison through quantitative serology and tissue culture

Summary 1. Disease management along the boundaries of wildlife reserves is a growing conservation problem worldwide, as infected wildlife can migrate outside protected areas and pose a threat to livestock and human health. The bison Bison bison population in Yellowstone National Park has long been infected with Brucella abortus, but culling of Yellowstone bison to prevent transmission to cattle has been ineffective at reducing brucellosis infection. This management strategy is negatively affecting long-term bison conservation because of difficulties in diagnosing actively infected animals. 2. We integrated age-specific serology and B. abortus culture results from slaughtered Yellowstone bison to estimate probabilities of active brucellosis infection using a Bayesian framework. Infection probabilities were associated with age in young bison (0–5 years old) and with elevated antibody levels in older bison (>5 years old). Our results indicate that Yellowstone bison acquire B. abortus infection early in life but typically recover as they grow older. 3. A tool was developed to allow bison management to better reflect the probability that particular animals are infective, with the aim of conserving Yellowstone bison while reducing the risk of brucellosis transmission to cattle. Combining selective removal of infectious bison with additional management practices, such as vaccination, has the potential to advance an effective brucellosis reduction programme. 4. Synthesis and applications. We conclude that active B. abortus infection in Yellowstone bison is age dependent, which allows true infection probabilities to be estimated based on age and quantitative diagnostic tests. These findings have important application to disease management worldwide where accurate diagnostic tests for wildlife are unavailable. Estimation of true infection probabilities can replace culling practices that conflict with wildlife conservation. The ability to identify infective individuals can improve management practices that support conservation, particularly when human health is at risk or endangered wildlife species are involved.
Urban Theory, Urbanism, and Suburban Residence

Data from a 1972 three-state survey are used to compare city, suburban, town, and rural dwellers in terms offive urbanism characteristics: (1) anonymity, (2) tolerance, (3) community social bonds, (4) alienation, and (5) deviant behavior. Suburbanites displayed less urbanism than city dwellers, but they did not differ much from other noncity people in this regard. In fact, residents of the various types of settlement do not fall on a neat continuum of urbanism from country to town to suburb to city. The dominant pattern is simply a city-noncity differentiation, although there are afew anomalies. These results suggest that urban theories have limited usefulnessfor understanding urbanism among suburbanites, but they also reveal so little evidence of suburban distinctiveness that it may not require a unique explanation beyond that needed to accountfor simple urbannonurban differences. Interest in the effects of large population size, high heterogeneity, and high density continues to generate research (see, e.g., Sampson 1988; Tittle 1989). The issue is addressed by three competing theories: (1) a classical theory postulating these urban features to have distinct effects (urbanism), (2) a theory contending that urban features have no causal effects independent of community foci linked to social and demographic characteristics of residents, and (3) a subcultural theory implying that urban features have some effects, but fewer than implied by the classical argument, and in different ways than implied by either of the other two theories. Despite the prominence of these theories, it is unclear how they apply to types of settlement not easily categorized by the three urban features. Suburbs seem unusual in reflecting variable combinations of size, heterogeneity, and density, as well as other demographic elements, at the same time that their location potentially exposes residents to urban influences. Consequently, ascertaining how the explanatory processes of the theories might operate for suburbs is complicated, and none of the three is developed well enough to yield unambiguous predictions. * Direct correspondence to Charles R. Tittle, Department of Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164. C) The University of North Carolina Press Social Forces, March 1992, 70(3):725-744 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.60 on Tue, 19 Jul 2016 04:14:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 726 / Social Forces 70:3, March 1992 Theoretical Predictions about Urbanism in Suburbs
Authorship in ecology: attribution, accountability, and responsibility

Quality and quantity of publications are among the most important measures determining the success of ecologists. The past 50 years have seen a steady rise in the number of researchers and collaborative manuscripts, and a corresponding increase in multi-authored articles. Despite these increases, there remains a shortage of useful and definitive guidelines to aid ecologists in addressing authorship issues, leading to a lack of consistency in what the term “author” really means. Deciding where to draw the line between those who have earned authorship and those who are more appropriately credited in the acknowledgments may be one of the more challenging aspects of authorship. Here, we borrow ideas from other scientific disciplines and propose a simple solution to help ecologists who are making such decisions. We recommend improving communication between co-authors throughout the research process, and propose that authors publish their contributions to a manuscript in a separate byline.
Memory scanning of described images and undescribed images: Hemispheric differences

Seamon (1972) has found that reaction times (RTs) to memory probes do not increase with memory set size (M) for words encoded in mental images in a memory scanning task. Rothstein and Atkinson (1975) have failed to replicate Seamon’s results. Experiment 1 investigated this discrepancy by manipulating one methodological difference (whether images were or were not described) between the two investigations. Results revealed that described images produced typical linear increases in RT with M. Undescribed images, however, revealed no change in RT with M for positive probes (i.e., the word presented was contained in the current memory set). Experiment 2 manipulated to which visual field probes were presented (RVF — right visual field; LVF = left visual field). Results showed that the imagery group showed no relation between RT and M for probes presented to the LVF, but a linear relation for probes presentedto the RVF. Described-image and repetition groups revealed a linear relation between RT and M no matter which visual field received the probe.
The exemplary economy of giving in La vida es sueño

AbstractThe symmetric and paradoxical dynamic of gift giving, rhetorically inscribed in La vida es sueno and in the structural plan of seventeenth-century Spanish theater, sets up a symbolic and exemplary economy affecting the evolution and identity of stage characters as well as the conclusion of the play. Although related to its material substratum, the ideal and dynamic economy of giving and receiving unfolds at the psychological level as a clash between possessors and dispossessed and as a tension between traditional gift economies, patronage and developing market forces, a system of conflict the comedia attempts to cure by its ending, a final account of the play's commitments.
Design of a system to evaluate the thermal conductivity of prosthetic materials

Prostheses can be uncomfortable to the wearer due to the entrapment of heat and sweat within the socket. To maintain a healthy, clean, and comfortable residual limb, the socket must have the ability to keep the limb cool. This project is the design of a system to determine the thermal conductivity of materials that interface the residual limb with the prosthetic socket. This system will enable the user to take heat flux and temperature measurements and use the thermal conductivity equation to calculate the thermal conductivity for each prosthetic material. Socks, socket linings, and outer socket layers will be tested by placing each material on top of the other to replicate how it would be used in a prosthesis.
An Indigenous Gut Bacterium, Enterococcus faecalis (Lactobacillales: Enterococcaceae), Increases Seed Consumption By Harpalus pensylvanicus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Abstract Microbial symbioses likely drive the evolution of diet within animals, yet these symbiotic relationships remain poorly understood for many organisms. The bacterial endosymbiont Enterococcus faecalis is found in the intestinal tract of the beetle Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and is thought to contribute to the digestion of the insect's seed diet. We tested whether E. faecalis increases seed consumption by H. pensylvanicus. The feeding assay consisted of 4 dietary treatments fed: 1) antibiotics and E. faecalis; 2) antibiotics and no E. faecalis; 3) no antibiotics and E. faecalis; and 4) no antibiotics and no E. faecalis, in which seed consumption of the beetles was measured. Beetles administered antibiotics and then E. faecalis consumed greater weights of seeds and had both decreased efficiency of conversion of ingested material to biomass (E.C.I.) per beetle and decreased efficiency of conversion of digested material (E.C.D.) to biomass per beetle. These data provide fur...
Stress-induced impairment of a working memory task: role of spiking rate and spiking history predicted discharge

Stress, pervasive in society, contributes to over half of all work place accidents a year and over time can contribute to a variety of psychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Stress impairs higher cognitive processes, dependent on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and that involve maintenance and integration of information over extended periods, including working memory and attention. Substantial evidence has demonstrated a relationship between patterns of PFC neuron spiking activity (action-potential discharge) and components of delayed-response tasks used to probe PFC-dependent cognitive function in rats and monkeys. During delay periods of these tasks, persistent spiking activity is posited to be essential for the maintenance of information for working memory and attention. However, the degree to which stress-induced impairment in PFC-dependent cognition involves changes in task-related spiking rates or the ability for PFC neurons to retain information over time remains unknown. In the current study, spiking activity was recorded from the medial PFC of rats performing a delayed-response task of working memory during acute noise stress (93 db). Spike history-predicted discharge (SHPD) for PFC neurons was quantified as a measure of the degree to which ongoing neuronal discharge can be predicted by past spiking activity and reflects the degree to which past information is retained by these neurons over time. We found that PFC neuron discharge is predicted by their past spiking patterns for nearly one second. Acute stress impaired SHPD, selectively during delay intervals of the task, and simultaneously impaired task performance. Despite the reduction in delay-related SHPD, stress increased delay-related spiking rates. These findings suggest that neural codes utilizing SHPD within PFC networks likely reflects an additional important neurophysiological mechanism for maintenance of past information over time. Stress-related impairment of this mechanism is posited to contribute to the cognition-impairing actions of stress.
Parent–Child Conflicts, School Troubles, and Differences in Delinquency Across Immigration Generations

This study examines delinquent behavior among schoolchildren in a nationally representative sample from the United States and seeks an understanding of the factors contributing to variances in delinquency across immigration generations. Data analysis indicates that the levels of self-reported substance use, property delinquency, and violent delinquency among first-generation students are significantly lower than those among students from later immigration generations. These differences are explained in part by family relationships and school bonding, particularly parent—child conflicts and school troubles that increase with later immigration generations. These findings suggest that there are negative effects of acculturation on family and school processes, which in turn affect delinquency.
Seeing Atoms at Sub-Ångstrom Resolution with Aberration-Corrected TEM

Author(s): O'Keefe, Michael A. | Abstract: Hardware and software correction of spherical aberration have each produced sub-Angstrom images, and allowed the imaging of light atoms such as oxygen. The LBNL One-Angstrom Microscope (O Angstrom M) combines a modified CM300FEG/UT TEM with FEI focal-series reconstruction software to achieve sub-Angstrom resolution to 0.78 Angstrom. Modifications include hardware correction of 3-fold astigmatism to 0.68 Angstrom and information limit extension to 0.78 Angstrom. The O Angstrom M can image atoms as light (small) as nitrogen, carbon, and lithium. Focal-series reconstruction (FSR) compensates for imperfect objective lens transfer, and provides improvement over any single image. Reconstructed O Angstrom M images, assembled from 20-member focal series, are "cleaner" than single-shot images, due to lack of second-order contributions. However, second-order components can be removed from single images by subtracting a minimum-contrast image, thus extending the interpretable specimen thickness. In general, TEM images are able to depict atom positions just as well as do FSR images, provided both have the same resolution.
A Device and Network-Aware Scaling Framework for Efficient Delivery of Scalable Video over Wireless Networks

In recent years, the number of devices that can support multimedia-content over wireless networks has increased significantly. With devices ranging from cellular phones to TV's, there is a challenge faced by content service providers to support multimedia delivery for a diverse set of devices. Scalable video coding (SVC) may provide a solution by enabling devices with techniques to extract video streams scaled to match their capabilities. However, SVC can be significantly bandwidth inefficient. By sending the highest possible quality stream over the network, irrespective of the capabilities of the end-devices and the network, SVC can limit the number of devices being served and reduce the network's average quality satisfaction. In this paper, we present a device and network- aware scaling (DeNAS) framework to address these problems. Based on device capability information, network capacity, and the desired service objective, DeNAS finds the suitable scaling level for each video stream prior to its delivery over the wireless network. We demonstrate the effectiveness of DeNAS through simulation and show that DeNAS is able to improve quality satisfaction, increase bandwidth efficiency, and satisfy a greater number of clients simultaneously.
Mineralogical Stabilization of High-magnesium Calcite: Geochemical Evidence for Intracrystal Recrystallization Within Holocene Porcellaneous Foraminifera

Mineralogical stabilization of porcellaneous foraminifera is known to consist of chemical change without textural alteration at any scale. However, the nature of the alteration process has not been fully reconciled. Porcellaneous foraminifera from the freshwater diagenetic zone of two small islands in the Schooner Cays, Bahamas, are in the midst of Mg loss and delta 18 O change with no textural alteration at any scale. These data indicate that the mineralogical stabilization process, or recrystallization, is a repetitive intracrystal incongruent dissolution-precipitation reaction. Each recrystallization produces a calcite with a slightly lower Mg content than its predecessor. The rate of stabilization is dependent on time and hydrologic flux; older phreatic-zone material is the most altered and younger vadose-zone material is the least altered. Numerical modeling of the chemical diagenesis indicates that the molar water: rock ratio of a single recrystallization is Mg ) between 0.0001 and 0.0003. These values are two orders of magnitude less than that generally assigned to calcite precipitation from a large fluid reservoir, and they suggest that D Mg is dependent on the type and scale of reaction, though the nature of that dependency is unknown.
Divergence Properties of the Nonstandard Finite Difference Methods

Yee's classic algorithm was proved to be divergence-free in source-free regions. However, the divergence properties of the nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) methods have not been addressed. In this letter, we investigate the divergence nature of the NSFD (2,2) and (2,4) algorithms. Both the differential and integral forms of Gauss's Law are examined
Reduced Relationship to Cortical White Matter Volume Revealed by Tractography-Based Segmentation of the Corpus Callosum in Young Children With Developmental Delay

Objective: The corpus callosum is the primary anatomical substrate for interhemispheric communication, which is important for a range of adaptive and cognitive behaviors in early development. Previous studies that have measured the corpus callosum in developmental populations have been limited by the use of rather arbitrary methods of subdividing the corpus callosum. The purpose of this study was to measure the corpus callosum in a clinical group of developmentally delayed children using a subdivision that more accurately reflected the anatomical properties of the corpus callosum. Method: The authors applied tractography to subdivide the corpus callosum into regions corresponding to the cortical regions to and from which its fibers travel in a clinical group of very young children with developmental delay, a precursor to general mental retardation, in comparison with typically developing children. Results: The data demonstrate that the midsagittal area of the entire corpus callosum is reduced in children presenting with developmental delay, reflected in the smaller area of each of the fiberbased callosal subdivisions. In addition, while the area of each subdivision was strongly and significantly correlated with the corresponding cortical white matter volume in comparison subjects, this correlation was prominently absent in the developmentally delayed group. Conclusions: A fiber-based subdivision successfully separates lobar regions of the corpus callosum, and the areas of these regions distinguish a developmentally delayed clinical group from the comparison group. This distinction was evident both in the area measurements themselves and in their correlation to the white matter volumes of the corresponding cortical lobes.
Novel method for determining sex of live adult Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae).

A method for determining the sex of live adult Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) is described. Beetles were briefly chilled and positioned ventral-side-up under a dissecting microscope. Two forceps with blunted ends were used to gently brace the beetle and press on the centre of the abdomen to extrude its terminal segments. Male beetles were distinguished by a sclerotised, reticulate ninth abdominal sternite. In females, the distinct ovipositor (tergite, valvifers (ninth sternite), and laterotergites of the ninth abdominal segment) was visible. The procedure was rapid and harmed only a small number of individuals (fewer than 5%). Resume—Nous decrivons une methode pour determiner le sexe chez des adultes vivants de Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae). Les coleopteres sont brievement refroidis et places sur le dos sous une loupe microscopique. Deux brucelles a bouts emousses permettent de delicatement immobiliser l'insecte et appuyer sur le centre de l'abdomen pour faire sortir les segments terminaux. Les coleopteres mâles se reconnaissent par leur neuvieme sternite abdominal sclerifi ee t reticule. Chez les femelles, l'ovipositeur est bien visible; il se compose du tergite, des valviferes (neuvieme sternite) et des laterotergites du neuvieme segment abdominal. La procedure est rapide et ne blesse qu'un petit nombre d'individus (moins de 5%).
Current strategies to target p53 in cancer.

Abstract Tumor suppressor p53 is a transcription factor that guards the genome stability and normal cell growth. Stresses like DNA damage, oncogenic assault will turn on p53 function which leads to cell cycle arrest for DNA repair, senescence for permanent growth arrest or apoptosis for programmed cell death. At the late stage of cancer progression, p53 is hijacked in all forms of tumors either trapped in the negative regulator such as MDM2/viral proteins or directly mutated/deleted. Re-introduction of a functional p53 alone has been proven to induce tumor regression robustly. Also, an active p53 pathway is essential for effective chemo- or radio-therapy. The emerging cyclotherapy in which p53 acts as a chemoprotectant of normal tissues further expands the utility of p53 activators. Functionally, it is unquestionable that drugging p53 will render tumor-specific intervention. One direct method is to deliver the functional wild-type (wt) p53 to tumors via gene therapy. The small molecule strategies consist of activation of p53 family member such as p73, manipulating p53 posttranslational modulators to increase wt p53 protein levels, protein–protein interaction inhibitors to free wt p53 from MDM2 or viral protein, and restoring p53 function to mutant p53 by direct modulation of its conformation. Although most of the current pre-clinical leads are in μM range and need further optimization, the success in proving that small molecules can reactivate p53 marks the beginning of the clinical development of p53-based cancer therapy.
Wage-led versus profit-led demand regimes: The long and the short of it

Empirical studies have found mixed results regarding whether various countries have wage-led or profit-led demand regimes based on a variety of econometric methodologies. However, most of the previous literature has paid too little attention to the time dimension of this distinction. This paper argues that demand is more likely to be profit led (or, at least, more weakly wage led) in the short run and more likely to be wage led (or more strongly wage led) in the long run, because the positive effects of higher profits (lower labor costs) on investment and net exports are likely to be strongest in the short run, while the positive effects of a higher wage share on consumption are if anything likely to be stronger in the long run. In fact, most of the studies that have found profit-led results (especially for the US) have used methodologies that (either intentionally or unintentionally) emphasize short-run cyclical relationships. An examination of correlations in the raw data for the US economy over different time horizons illustrates the plausibility of output and growth being profit led in the short run and wage led in the long run.
Relapse-specific mutations in cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

9507 Background: Relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) carries a very poor prognosis despite intensive retreatment that often includes allogeneic stem cell transplantation, due to intrinsic drug resistance. Novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed and identification of the biological pathways that mediate resistance might provide targets for the effective prevention and treatment of relapsed ALL. However, the spectrum of somatic mutations responsible for ALL relapse is not yet known. Methods: We profiled the transcriptome of matched diagnosis and relapse bone marrow specimens from 10 pediatric B lymphoblastic leukemia patients using massively parallel sequencing technology (RNA-seq) to identify novel mutations specific at disease recurrence. Results: Transcriptome sequencing identified 20 newly acquired novel non-synonymous mutations in 10 relapse specimens not present at initial diagnosis. Two patients harbored relapsed specific mutations in the same gene, NT5C2, which codes for t...
Some Aspects of Morphology, Genetics, and Cultural Behavior of Gelasinospora Calospora Var. Autosteira

The organism used in this study, Gelasinospora calospora (Mouton) Moreau & Moreau var. autosteira (Alexopoulos & Sun) Alexopoulos & Sun, is a strictly heterothallic pyrenomycete closely allied to Neurospora and Fimetaria. Alexopoulos and Sun (1) gave this form varietal status so as to separate it from the strictly homothallic Gelasinospora calospora, which is practically indistinguishable on a morphological basis. When two isolates of opposite compatibility are mated on a suitable medium, dark, pyriform perithecia containing asci with eight uniseriately arranged ascospores are produced. From the cytological study of ascospore formation made by Sun, Alexopoulos, and Wilson (38) it is evident that this linear arrangement of the ascospores indicates the exact order of nuclear movement during meiosis. Therefore, just as in such organisms as Neurospora sitophila, N. crassa and Bombardia lunata, an analysis of the tetrads yields information about the segregation of alleles during meiosis (10, 11, 28, 44). Interest in Gelasinospora calospora var. autosteira was initiated when it was first described by Alexopoulos and Sun (1) in 1950. They removed the spores from two asci and found the compatibility factor segregated at first division. In addition, they found considerable variation in: 1) the intensity of the pigmentation of the mycelium, 2) the length of time required for the development of perithecia, 3) the relative numbers of perithecia produced in matings, 4) the distribution of perithecia in Petri-dish matings, and 5) the fertility of isolates after repeated subculture. Accordingly, this investigation was undertaken to determine to what extent the environmental culture conditions and genetic segregation con-
AGAINST AGAINST NONBEING

Towards Non-Being (Priest [2005]) develops an account of the semantics of intentional predicates and operators. The account appeals to objects, both existent and non-existent, and worlds, both possible and impossible. This paper formulates replies to a number of the more interesting objections to the semantics that have been proposed since the book was published.