cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Case of Charlie: Analysis During Transition to Adulthood

This chapter describes the treatment of a boy named Charlie, who lost interest in schoolwork and friends and was suffering from depression. Charlie entered analysis when he was 12 and continued five sessions each week until he was 17. During the five years of the first analysis, Charlie gathered in his mind the events surrounding the divorce of his parents when he was four, the turbulence of the period until his mother remarried when he was six, and his adoption by his stepfather when he was nine. During the analysis, he worked to understand the meaning of depressed feelings and school difficulties. Eventually, through the analysis of superego problems, he was able to make affective contact and later actually re-establish communication with his estranged father. Subsequent events, as given in the chapter, soon revealed the remaining work that had to be accomplished.
Health-Care Economics and the Impact of Aging on Rising Health-Care Costs

The US’ economy is the largest in the world and US health-care costs represent a larger percentage of the gross domestic product than in any other developed nation, resulting in the highest national per capita spending in the world. Economists project that health-care costs will continue to rise, eventually exceeding 50 % of all US economic transactions. The aging “baby boomer” generation is thought to be a major driving force for increased health-care expenditures, but other key issues may have even greater impact on future spending.
Determining wall superheat under fully developed nucleate boiling in plate-type research reactor cores with low-velocity upward flows

This paper reports on plate-type research reactor cores that have involute or rectangular coolant channels with channel gap size in the range 2 {le} d {le} 5 mm. Heat transfer under fully developed nucleate boiling (FDNB) and low-velocity ({lt} 0.15 m/s) upward flow conditions is important in accident situations where core cooling may be by natural convection. Using data from previous experimental work with 2 {le} d {le} 4 mm rectangular channels, it is shown that wall superheat ({Delta}T{sub sat}) in thin channels under FDNB decreases with increasing probability of bubble contact, {Delta}T{sub sat} is a function of the bubble departure diameter D{sub b} as well as d, and {Delta}T{sub sat} can be significantly overestimated by the FDNB correlations that are conventionally used in plate-type research reactor analysis but that are based on higher pressure and larger d flow data and that predict {Delta}T{sub sat} as a function of local channel heat flux and pressure only (e.g., as in the Jens- Lottes and Thom correlations). A new FDNB correlation is proposed that represents the bubble contact mechanism through the dimensionless number (d -cD{sub b})/d, where c is a fitting parameter that accounts for the statistical aspects of bubble formation andmore » contact. The {Delta}T{sub sat} predictions of the new correlation agree with the experimental data to within 16% and approach those obtained from the Jens-Lottes correlation with decreasing D{sub b}/d.« less
A Contemporary View of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Biology and Strain-Specific Differences

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a human respiratory pathogen which remains a leading viral cause of hospitalizations and mortality among infants in their first year of life. Here, we review the biology of RSV, the primary laboratory isolates or strains which have been used to best characterize the virus since its discovery in 1956, and discuss the implications for genetic and functional variations between the established laboratory strains and the recently identified clinical isolates.
Inventing God: Psychology of Belief and the Rise of Secular Spirituality

In this controversial book, philosopher and psychoanalyst Jon Mills argues that God does not exist; and more provocatively, that God cannot exist as anything but an idea. Put concisely, God is a psychological creation signifying ultimate ideality. Mills argues that the idea or conception of God is the manifestation of humanity’s denial and response to natural deprivation; a self-relation to an internalized idealized object, the idealization of imagined value. After demonstrating the lack of any empirical evidence and the logical impossibility of God, Mills explains the psychological motivations underlying humanity’s need to invent a supreme being. In a highly nuanced analysis of unconscious processes informing the psychology of belief and institutionalized social ideology, he concludes that belief in God is the failure to accept our impending death and mourn natural absence for the delusion of divine presence. As an alternative to theistic faith, he offers a secular spirituality that emphasizes the quality of lived experience, the primacy of feeling and value inquiry, ethical self-consciousness, aesthetic and ecological sensibility, and authentic relationality toward self, other, and world as the pursuit of a beautiful soul in search of the numinous. Inventing God will be of interest to academics, scholars, lay audiences and students of religious studies, the humanities, philosophy, and psychoanalysis, among other disciplines. It will also appeal to psychotherapists, psychoanalysts and mental health professionals focusing on the integration of humanities and psychoanalysis.
Epigenetics and genome stability

Maintaining genome stability is essential to an organism’s health and survival. Breakdown of the mechanisms protecting the genome and the resulting genome instability are an important aspect of the aging process and have been linked to diseases such as cancer. Thus, a large network of interconnected pathways is responsible for ensuring genome integrity in the face of the continuous challenges that induce DNA damage. While these pathways are diverse, epigenetic mechanisms play a central role in many of them. DNA modifications, histone variants and modifications, chromatin structure, and non-coding RNAs all carry out a variety of functions to ensure that genome stability is maintained. Epigenetic mechanisms ensure the functions of centromeres and telomeres that are essential for genome stability. Epigenetic mechanisms also protect the genome from the invasion by transposable elements and contribute to various DNA repair pathways. In this review, we highlight the integral role of epigenetic mechanisms in the maintenance of genome stability and draw attention to issues in need of further study.
The role of religion and spirituality in cancer care: An umbrella review of the literature.

Abstract Although some studies have suggested a strong relationship between religion and spirituality (R&S) and patient outcomes in cancer care, other data have been mixed or even noted adverse effects associated with R&S in the healthcare setting. We sought to perform an umbrella review to systematically appraise and synthesize the current body of literature on the role of patient R&S in cancer care. A systematic search of the literature was conducted that focused on “cancer” (neoplasm, malignant neoplasm, malignancy), “spirituality” (beliefs, divine), and “religion” (specific practices like Christianity, faith, faith healing, prayer, Theology). A total of 41 review articles published from 1995 to 2019 were included: 8 systematic reviews, 6 meta-analyses, 4 systematic reviews and meta-analysis, and 23 other general reviews. The number of studies included in each review ranged from 7 to 148, while 10 studies did not indicate sample size. Most articles did not focus on a specific cancer diagnosis (n = 36), stage of cancer (n = 32), or patient population (n = 34). Many articles noted that R&S had a positive impact on cancer care, yet some reviews reported inconclusive or negative results. Marked variation in methodological approaches to studying R&S among cancer patients, including operational definitions and measurement, were identified. Resolving these issues will be an important step to understanding how patients seek to have R&S integrated into their patient-centered cancer care experience.
What Is Essential: Legal Design and Client Stories

Legal design—the application of human-centered design principles in the practice of law—is a potentially transformative development in legal practice. Under the general label of innovation, a growing number of law schools in the U.S. are introducing legal design into their curricula. Likewise, the number of law firms touting legal design as a service they offer to clients is increasing. The move to integrate design principles into legal education and legal practice is a response to several factors creating pressure for changes in the legal profession. As clients demand more legal work at less cost, technology is shifting the modes of delivering legal services, as automated processes handle legal work at less expense than traditional counsel, often with the effect of providing broader access to legal resources. Still, much of what is characterized as legal innovation is old wine in new bottles, including efforts to bend technology to serve traditional models of delivering legal services. Legal design rethinks the dynamics of lawyer-client relationships and provides avenues for lawyers to inject creative practices into their legal representation. Importantly, while it offers a transformative perspective on client services, legal design builds on the profession’s past innovations. This article proceeds as follows. Part I describes the emerging concept of legal design in detail, looking at legal design through the lens of design theory and also examining modes of implementing legal design in practice. In Part II, I compare legal design to more traditional models of lawyering. In particular, I examine the parallels between the use of client stories in legal design and the role of individual stories as a jumping-off point for problem-solving in policymaking contexts. In Part III, I evaluate the transformative promise of legal design, arguing that legal design is anchored in the essential components of legal practice yet providing a bridge to a future where new modes of legal problem-solving are both possible and preferable.
Characterization of DNA-PK-bound end fragments using GLASS-ChIP

Endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA ends by the human Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex occurs in a manner that is promoted by DNA-dependent Protein Kinase (DNA-PK). A method is described to isolate DNA-PK-bound fragments released from chromatin in human cells using a modified Gentle Lysis and Size Selection chromatin immunoprecipitation (GLASS-ChIP) protocol. This method, combined with real-time PCR or next-generation sequencing, can identify sites of MRN endonucleolytic cutting adjacent to DNA-PK binding sites in human cells.
Firm-level tournament incentives and corporate tax aggressiveness

Abstract Theory and prior research suggests that tournament incentives promote greater risk-taking by senior executives in order to increase the likelihood of being promoted. In this study, we hypothesize and confirm that tournament incentives of the CFO are positively associated with measures of tax aggressiveness. We conduct numerous robustness tests, including instrumental variables estimation and firm fixed effects. Further, we find the effect of tournament incentives to be incremental to equity incentives. We conclude that tournament incentives have a meaningful impact on corporate tax aggressiveness.
Original Understanding of the Political Status of Indian Tribes

This Article will demonstrate that virtually all elements of Indian affairs can be traced to the decision of the United States to recognize Indian tribes as political entities and to make Indian law and policy based on the political status of Indian tribes. Indian law is often assumed to be race law. As a result, observers tend to try to force Indian law into the constitutional race law paradigm. Justice Blackmun's footnote 24 in Morton v. Mancari - describing federal legislation and rules relating to Indian tribes as a political classification - hit upon the proper understanding of Indian law. The implementation of the rule of Johnson v. M'Intosh, Indian treaties, and Acts of the First Congress offers significant evidence that the original understanding of the Founders was that Indian tribes and the federal government enjoy a political relationship, not racial.
Ab Initio Calculation of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Chemical Shift Anisotropy Tensors 1. Influence of Basis Set on the Calculation of 31P Chemical Shifts

The influence of changes in the contracted Gaussian basis set used for ab initio calculations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phosphorous chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensors was investigated. The isotropic chemical shitl and chemical shift anisotropy were found to converge with increasing complexity of the basis set at the Hartree-Fock @IF) level. The addition of d polarization function on the phosphorous nucIei was found to have a major impact of the calculated chemical shi~ but diminished with increasing number of polarization fimctions. At least 2 d polarization fimctions are required for accurate calculations of the isotropic phosphorous chemical shift. The introduction of density fictional theory (DFT) techniques through tie use of hybrid B3LYP methods for the calculation of the phosphorous chemical shift tensor resulted in a poorer estimation of the NMR values, even though DFT techniques result in improved energy and force constant calculations. The convergence of the W parametem with increasing basis set complexity was also observed for the DFT calculations, but produced results with consistent large deviations from experiment. The use of a HF 6-31 l++G(242p) basis set represents a good compromise between accuracy of the simulation and the complexity of the calculation for future ab initio calculations of 31P NMR parameters in larger complexes.
Evaluations of Automatic Speaker Classification Systems

The annual NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluations (SREs) from 1996 to 2006 have been internationally recognized as the leading source or performance evaluation of research systems in the speaker classification field. We discuss how these evaluations have developed and been conducted and the performance measures used. We consider the key factors that have been studied for their effect on performance, including training and test durations, channel variability, and speaker variability. We examine the extent to which progress has been observed in state-of-the-art performance. We also consider how the technology has changed over the past decade, other evaluations that have been conducted or planned, and where the field may be headed in the future.
Denoising of Monte Carlo dose distributions

The Monte Carlo (MC) method has long been viewed as the ultimate dose distribution computational technique, due to its capability of realistically accounting for underlying physical processes and anatomical information. The inherent stochastic fluctuations (i.e., noise) in the resulting dose distributions, however, have several important effects: noise will affect estimations of all the relevant dosimetric and radiobiological indices; noise degrades the resulting visualizations, e.g. isodose plots, which are used to guide treatment planning; and the noise level dictates the computation time. We ask the question whether it is feasible to introduce a post-processing step which reduces statistical fluctuations in the MC dose distribution. We call this process denoising. It may also be referred to as filtering or smoothing. We present a few limited results for a homogeneous and a step-heterogeneity phantom. Our initial investigations support the hypothesis that denoising of MC dose distributions is, to some degree, feasible.
Generating two independent rotating magnetic fields with a single magnetic dipole for the propulsion of untethered magnetic devices

Untethered magnetic devices (UMDs) driven by rotating magnetic fields have been proposed for applications in minimally invasive medicine. Previous work has explored the propulsion and guidance of a single UMD using a rotating magnet dipole source, and actuation of multiple UMDs has focused on the use of uniform magnetic fields. This work seeks to extend the methods for remote actuation using a single magnet dipole source to generate two rotating magnetic fields with arbitrary independent rotation axes at any two points with a common rotation frequency. The solutions found show that there are multiple positions and rotation axes of the magnet dipole that can generate these rotating fields. The method is demonstrated with two screw-type UMDs propelled independently within an agar gel block using a single permanent-magnet actuator.
Scalability problems of genetic search

In this paper, we study the efficacy of genetic search in the context of combinatorial optimization as the problem size and the difficulty of the problem instances are varied. In particular, we compare the performance of genetic algorithms at solving "simple" MAX-CLIQUE problem instances versus "difficult" ones, and show a pronounced qualitative difference in their typical behavior as the problem size is increased. We further investigate the sensitivity of genetic search to different resource-bound combinations, and their effects on the quality of the solution found. For difficult optimization problems where the building-block hypothesis may not be readily applicable, this yields a negative characterization of cross-over as a viable search procedure, given its high computational cost, but without clear benefit. This is compounded by the fact that for difficult problems, larger population sizes may be needed to exploit any structure that may be amenable to cross-over-driven search. As a reference point, performance results using simulated annealing are included in the paper. >
Symptom Management and End-of-Life Care in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

The number of available symptomatic treatments has markedly enhanced the care of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Once thought to be untreatable, patients with ALS today clearly benefit from multidisciplinary care. The impact of such care on the disease course, including rate of progression and mortality, has surpassed the treatment effects commonly sought in clinical drug trials. Unfortunately, there are few randomized controlled trials of medications or interventions addressing symptom management. In this review, the authors provide the level of evidence, when available, for each intervention that is currently considered standard of care by consensus opinion.
Electronic stimulated Raman scattering in atomc thallium vapor

Abstract Non-resonant stimulated electronic Raman scattering has been observed in atomic thallium vapor. The Stokes shift is 7793 cm -1 . Approximately 12% of the laser photons were converted. The Stokes polarization was measured and laser-beam self-focusing was observed.
Setting the Stage: Role-Playing in the Group Work Classroom

The literature on role-playing in educational settings gives little attention to the preparation of group atmosphere in the classroom. This article addresses the importance of preparation as well as strategies and techniques for transforming a traditional classroom structure into a cohesive group environment that supports individual and collective risk taking. Role-plays have the potential to provide students with an “almost real” experience that can enhance their interest in group work practice, an interest the profession of social work should make every effort to inspire and sustain.
Neoplastic fever. A proposal for diagnosis.

Neoplastic fever is a well-recognized phenomenon occurring in certain patients with cancer. It has been seen in Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, acute and chronic leukemias, multiple myeloma, and other solid tumors.1-10Neoplastic fever has been also observed during severe granulocytopenia following intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy for cancer.11-14In about 20% of patients with fever of undetermined origin, fever has been caused by cancer,2and neoplastic fever has been the major cause of fever of undetermined origin in patients with cancer.15Since fever is a very common problem in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy and can be caused not only by infection but also by cancer itself, it is crucial for the clinician to be able to establish a definite diagnosis of neoplastic fever during management of cancer. In this article, fever-producing conditions in patients with cancer are discussed, and clinical features of neoplastic fever are reviewed. On the
Pharmacokinetics of sunitinib malate in subjects with hepatic impairment

This study evaluated the effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib and its active metabolite, SU12662. This open-label study enrolled subjects with normal hepatic function (n = 8), mild (Child–Pugh [CP]-A; n = 8), or moderate (CP-B; n = 8) hepatic impairment. Subjects received sunitinib 50 mg as a single oral dose. Mild or moderate hepatic impairment did not significantly alter sunitinib, SU12662, or total drug (TD) systemic exposure. In subjects with normal hepatic function, mild, or moderate hepatic impairment, respectively, TD AUC0–∞ was 1,938, 2,002, and 1,999 ng h/ml, TD AUC0–last was 1,913, 1,956, and 1,958 ng h/ml, and TD C max was 26.0, 27.3, and 26.7 ng/ml. There were no other notable pharmacokinetic differences and sunitinib was well tolerated. The pharmacokinetic findings of this study do not indicate a need to adjust the currently approved starting dose of sunitinib (50 mg daily on Schedule 4/2) for cancer patients with mild to moderate liver impairment.
The history of office-based anesthesia

Abstract The history and evolution of office-based anesthesia are described, with particular emphasis on the role of the dental anesthesia community in the development of this style of practice.
Rooting for the breast: breastfeeding promotion in the NICU.

Purpose This study explored the structure and process of breastfeeding promotion in the NICU. Methods An ethnographic approach was used with the techniques of participant observation, interviewing, and artifact assessment. This 14-month study took place in a level IV NICU in a Northeastern US children's hospital. General informants consisted of 114 purposively selected NICU nurses. From this group, 18 nurses served as key informants. There was an average of 13 interactions with each key informant and 3.5 for each general informant. Audiotaped interviews, feeding artifacts, and observational notes were gathered for descriptions of breastfeeding promotion. Data were coded and analyzed for recurring patterns. NUD*IST-aided data management and analysis. Findings There were three main findings: (1) organizational and human resources were developed to create a web of support to promote breastfeeding in the NICU; (2) variations in breastfeeding knowledge and experience within the nursing staff, marketing practices of formula companies, and insufficient support from other health professionals served as sources of inconsistent breastfeeding messages; and (3) promotion of breastfeeding in this NICU is evolving over time from a current breast milk feeding focus to the goal for a future breastfeeding process orientation. Clinical implications NICU nurses should advocate for organizational and human resources to promote breastfeeding in the unit. To decrease inconsistent messages, staff development should be expanded to all professionals, and formula marketing practices should be curtailed.
Opportunistic access : Successful retrograde guide wire advancement to the pocket through a track created by laser lead extraction

Obtaining vascular access can be difficult following lead extraction if a wire is not retained within the vessel. We describe a unique situation in which retrograde passage of a guidewire to the explanted internal cardioverter/defibrillator pocket facilitated regaining subclavian venous access.
Detection of the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandin D2 in the circulation: Demonstration of elevated levels in patients with disorders of systemic mast cell activation

The symptoms and hemodynamic alterations that accompany episodes of systemic mast cell activation have been largely attributed to excessive prostaglandin (PG)D2 release. Quantification of the major urinary metabolite of PGD2 has been invaluable in elucidating a role for PGD2 in these clinical entities and in the biochemical evaluation of systemic mastocytosis. With the use of a modified mass spectrometric assay for the major urinary metabolite of PGD2, this metabolite was detected in plasma from 10 normal volunteers (3.5 +/- 1.4 pg/ml). Ingestion of niacin, which induces endogenous release of PGD2, increased plasma levels of this metabolite 6.3 to 33 times above the upper limit of normal by 2 hours. Thereafter, levels declined gradually but remained elevated for up to 6 to 8 hours. In contrast, circulating levels of 9 alpha, 11 beta-PGF2, the initial metabolite of PGD2, peaked by 30 minutes and returned to baseline by 2 hours. The clinical utility of measuring the major urinary metabolite in the circulation was demonstrated by detection of markedly increased levels in plasma and serum from patients with systemic mastocytosis and a patient with a severe type I allergic reaction. Thus in the biochemical evaluation of episodes of systemic mast cell activation and endeavors to further elucidate the role of PGD2 in human disease, there are kinetic advantages of measuring the major urinary metabolite of PGD2 in the circulation. One particular advantage is the evaluation of clinical events, which only in retrospect are suspected to be associated with excessive release of PGD2, yet plasma or serum was obtained proximate to the event.
Sea-Surface Temperature Estimates for the Tropical Western Pacific during the Last Glaciation and Their Implications for the Pacific Warm Pool

Twenty deep-sea sediment cores from the western Pacific between 30°N and 30°S provide evidence of sea-surface temperature (SST) changes throughout the tropics and subtropics. Glacial SSTs were estimated using the modern analog technique (MAT) applied to planktonic foraminifers and planktonic foraminiferal δ18O changes. We used δ18O to identify the last glacial maximum. The MAT method differs from the traditional transfer function approach in that it utilizes a global coretop database, and estimates paleotemperature by finding analogs from the modern coretop samples. In addition, the MAT approach appears to be less susceptible than the transfer function technique to biases introduced by carbonate dissolution. Our results indicate that tropical SSTs differed by less than 2°C from present; away from the tropics (30°N and 30°S) SSTs were at least 3°C cooler. Our results differ from those of previous studies in the western Pacific by using a set of well-preserved, high-sedimentation rate cores from shallow regions. The results of this study clearly indicate that a western Pacific warm pool existed during the last glacial maximum (LGM), providing a heat and moisture source for a Walker Circulation cell similar to that of today. We propose that a steeper lapse rate existed during the last glacial maximum and that this can explain at least part of the discrepancy between marine and terrestrial temperature estimates adjacent to New Guinea for the LGM.
Human low density lipoprotein structure: Correlations with serum lipoprotein concentrations

Human low density lipoproteins (LDL) were isolated and purified from individuals having widely differing serum lipid concentrations. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) were also isolated and quantitated. HDL2 and HDL3 were separated by flotation velocity in the analytical ultracentrifuge and their relative weight percent determined. The mean density of LDL from 41 individuals was determined by flotation velocity at two different solvent densities. The mean density of LDL was directly proportional to the triglyceride (r = 0.65) and VLDL (r = 0.50) concentrations and inversely proportional to the HDL (r = -0.55) and HDL2 (r = -0.74) concentrations (all significant at P less than 0.001). The mean molecular weight of LDL from 42 individuals was determined by flotation equilibrium centrifugation. The mean molecular weight of LDL was directly proportional to the HDL (r = 0.49) and HDL2 (r = 0.48) concentrations and inversely proportional to the serum triglyceride (r = -0.60) and VLDL (r = -0.48) concentrations (all significant at P less than 0.005 except triglyceride--P less than 0.001). The molecular weight of LDL was inversely proportional to its density, and thus inversely proportional to its protein/lipid ratio which was confirmed by composition measurements. The density and molecular weight of LDL had no relationship to the concentration of LDL (r = 0.04 and 0.03).
Institutionalizing Public Relations: An International Multiple-Case Study

In a reflection on the state of public relations, James Grunig said that “a major task remains … in institutionalizing strategic public relations as actual practice in most organizations” (2006, p. 171). His assumption was that organizational public relations too often depend not on established or enduring standards of effectiveness, but on the presumptions of public relations executives and the senior managers who are in charge at any given time. Frequently, when one managerial regime leaves the entity and is replaced by another, within a short period of time the public relations program looks entirely different than before the change. Grunig cited research by Yi, which indicated that any institutionalization of public relations that may currently exist is that of buffering organizations against outside pressures, rather than the more essential bridging or linkage activities that, in the long run, make organizations more successful. This article, then, represents an exploratory qualitative examination of...
Static Analysis to Reduce Synchronization Costs Data-Parallel Programs with Remote Memory Copy

For a program with sufficient parallelism, reducing synchronization costs is an important objective for achieving efficient execution. This paper presents a novel methodology for reducing synchronization costs of programs compiled for SPMD execution. This methodology combines data flow analyisis with communication analysis to determine the ordering between production and consumption of data on different processors, which helps in identifying redundant synchronization. The resulting framework is more powerful than any that have been previously presented, as it provides the first algorithm that can eliminate synchronization messages even from computations that need communication. We show that several commonly occuring computation patterns such as reductions and stencil computations with reciprocal producer-consumer relationship between processors lend themselves well to this optimization, an observation that is confirmed by an examination of some HPE benchmark programs. Our framework also recognizes situations where the synchronization needs for multiple data transfers can be satisfied by a single synchronization message. This analysis, while applicable to all shared memory machines as well, is especially useful for those with a flexible cache-coherence protocol, as it identifies efficient ways of moving data directly from producers to consumers, often without any extra synchronization.
Modeling, monitoring and control strategies for high temperature short time pasteurization systems — 3. Statistical monitoring of product lethality and process sensor reliability

Abstract Statistical process monitoring (SPM) is used in food processing industries to improve productivity and product quality. SPM can also provide information to operators on how close a process is to non-compliance to product safety limits, and carry out periodic checks of sensor accuracy at high frequency. Traditional SPM tools such as Shewhart charts are not appropriate for continuous food processes because of autocorrelation in data. Four alternative SPM techniques are presented and applied to high temperature short time (HTST) dairy pasteurization. The study attempted to achieve compliance of the HTST process operation with the recommended Pasteurized Milk Ordinance by providing a margin between the alarm limits of the monitoring chart and the safety limits. Monitoring of residuals and parameter change detection techniques are used for monitoring processes with autocorrelated variables. Hotelling's T2 and residuals of canonical variates techniques are used for monitoring multivariable processes.
Purification and properties of solubilized uricase.

Abstract A new method for preparing uricase is presented. The procedure is simple and yields the purest known enzyme. Advantage is taken of the affinity of the enzyme for other proteins in purifying it. The evidence indicates that the enzyme is an almost insoluble protein, and an explanation, based on its solubility properties, of the distribution of uricase in the cell is offered. Data on the variation of activity, stability and solubility as a function of pH are presented. The unusual appearance of the enzyme preparation is described.
Role of telephone monitoring in patients with chronic heart failure: theory and practical implications

With the aging of the world's population and the rise of chronic illness such as heart failure (HF), the economic burden, number of hospitalizations, and penalties imposed for failure to meet hospital readmission expectations will continue to rise, thus increasing pressure on clinicians to utilize successful HF monitoring interventions to improve these measures. Telephone monitoring in patients with chronic HF utilizes a proactive approach in the care of such patients, and for this review is grouped into three categories, ie, structured telephone support, telemonitoring, and remote implantable device monitoring. Earlier studies on structured telephone support and telemonitoring suggested a clear benefit on mortality and HF admissions, although several recent large, randomized controlled studies have been neutral. Optimizing medical therapy requires an accurate assessment of volume status by the clinician; therefore, symptom report and weight monitoring alone are often challenging in the identification of true HF decompensation because they are not very sensitive markers. The use of remote monitoring technology for follow-up of patients with implantable devices, including implantable cardiac defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices, can aid in identifying HF decompensation. Self-care or self-management is an essential component of a chronic illness such as HF, and it is important for such patients to be engaged in their health care to best utilize the telephone monitoring intervention. System design, adequate staffing, patient satisfaction, and treatment adherence are important for success of the telemonitoring system. Telephone monitoring seems to be an effective approach in the chronic HF population. In the future, large-scale telemonitoring programs may come into place as well as additional remote implantable monitoring devices.
The 10 to 20-day westward propagating mode and “Breaks in the Monsoons”

This study utilizes daily surface pressure data records for a 40-year period (1933 to 1972). The dominant transient modes of the wave number frequency spectra of surface pressure along the latitudes of the monsoon trough (i.e., 20° to 30° N) are determined from a longitude-time composite of roughly 3 months of surface pressure data for ten separate episodes of Breaks in the monsoons. This data base is composited relative to a reference (0, 0) which denotes the day of commencement of the Break in rainfall over central India and the longitude of central India (i.e., 75° E). These dominant modes, as determined from this composited data, exhibit interesting westward as well as eastward propagating modes. Furthermore, some of the salient modes exhibit steady variations of phase from one day to the next. The period of Breaks in the monsoon rainfall is shown to coincide with a pressure rise associated with the arrival of a ridge of the dominant modes over the reference origin (0, 0). The remaining 30 years of data are next subjected to a test of a hypothesis that the steady propagation of phase of a dominant westward propagating mode can be used to extrapolate, and thus to predict, the arrival of this ridge. The tests show that a 10-day linear extrapolation of the phase to Day 0 exhibits considerable skill in locating the ridge of the “Monsoon Breaks” over central India. In over 70% of the cases examined we note that the arrival of the ridge coincides with a period of the observed Breaks in the monsoon. Suggestions for casting this problem in a truly predictive frame are made, the results of which will be reported in a separate study. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb01717.x
Linkage of biochemical responses to population‐level effects: A case study with vitellogenin in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

A challenge in the field of ecotoxicology is the linkage of alterations at molecular and biochemical levels of organization to adverse outcomes in individuals and populations. In the present study, a predictive relationship between plasma vitellogenin (VTG) concentration and fecundity in female fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) was derived from 21-d laboratory toxicity tests with five chemicals (17β-trenbolone, 17α-trenbolone, prochloraz, fenarimol, and fadrozole) that inhibit VTG production through different mechanisms. Because VTG is key to egg production in female oviparous animals, changes in the lipoprotein could, theoretically, serve as an indicator of reproductive success. Regression of fecundity versus VTG concentration from the various studies yielded a highly significant linear model (fecundity = −0.042 + 0.95-VTG, p < 0.01, r2 = 0.88). This relationship was integrated into a population model to translate changes in VTG concentrations of female fathead minnows to alterations in population growth. The model predicted relatively profound effects on population size offish experiencing moderate decreases in vitellogenesis. For example, a fathead minnow population at a carrying capacity exposed to a chemical stressor that causes a 25% decrease in VTG concentration in females from baseline values would exhibit a 34.6% projected decrease in size after two years of exposure and reach an equilibrium population size that was only 30.2% of the preexposed population. Overall, the current study provides an example of how changes in a biomarker (VTG concentration) can be quantitatively translated into adverse effects at the individual and population levels.
Effect of glucose analogs on the synthesis of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A.

Glucose, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG), and α-methylglucose (α-MG) inhibited staphylococcal enteroxin A (SEA) synthesis by Staphylococcus aureus 196E whereas β-methylglucose (β-MG) and 3-0-methylglucose (3-0-MG) did not inhibit even at high concentrations. Glucose and β-MG decreased the pH (< 6.0) whereas the pH with 2-DOG, α-MG was above 8.0 at 24 h. Glucose (at levels not inhibitory to SEA synthesis) potentiated the inhibition of toxin synthesis by 2-DOG and β-MG and the glucose-analog combinations had a decreased pH. The inhibition of SEA synthesis by glucose, glucose analogs, or glucose-analog combinations does not appear to be directly related to a decline in pH. The inhibitory effects shown by glucose and its analog suggest that SEA synthesis may be regulated by a mechanism similar to catabolite repression.
Persistent depression affects adherence to secondary prevention behaviors after acute coronary syndromes.

BACKGROUND: The persistence of depressive symptoms after hospitalization is a strong risk factor for mortality after acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Poor adherence to secondary prevention behaviors may be a mediator of the relationship between depression and increased mortality. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether rates of adherence to risk reducing behaviors were affected by depressive status during hospitalization and 3 months later. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Three university hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred and sixty patients were enrolled within 7 days after ACS. Of these, 492 (88%) patients completed 3-month follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: We used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess depressive symptoms in the hospital and 3 months after discharge. We assessed adherence to 5 risk-reducing behaviors by patient self-report at 3 months. We used χ 2 analysis to compare differences in adherence among 3 groups: persistently nondepressed (BDI<10 at hospitalization and 3 months); remittent depressed (BDI ≥10 at hospitalization; <10 at 3 months); and persistently depressed patients (BDI ≥10 at hospitalization and 3 months). RESULTS: Compared with persistently nondepressed, persistently depressed patients reported lower rates of adherence to quitting smoking (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.23, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.05 to 0.97), taking medications (adjusted OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.95), exercising (adjusted OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.95), and attending cardiac rehabilitation (adjusted OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.91). There were no significant differences between remittent depressed and persistently nondepressed patients. CONCLUSIONS: Persistently depressed patients were less likely to adhere to behaviors that reduce the risk of recurrent ACS. Differences in adherence to these behaviors may explain in part why depression predicts mortality after ACS.
Effects of hypomagnesemia on reactivity of bovine and ovine platelets: possible relevance to infantile apnea and sudden infant death syndrome.

Blood platelet function and possible involvement in death of hypomagnesemic ruminants was investigated with 26 Angus cows, 15 mature Hampshire wethers, eight Finnish-Hampshire ewes, and 36 growing Dorset lambs. Hypomagnesemia was induced by feeding vegetative spring tall fescue to 13 cows and semipurified diets low in Mg to nine wethers, four ewes, and 18 lambs. In comparison with controls, dietary treatments reduced plasma Mg concentrations 55% in cows, 36% in wethers, 66% in ewes, and 78% in lambs. Hypomagnesemia reduced in vitro reactivity of cow and lamb platelets to thrombin, ADP, and platelet active collagen, but in vitro tests may not accurately reflect in vivo platelet reactivity. Microscopic examination of platelet-rich plasma revealed a threefold increase in clumped platelets from four hypomagnesemic ewes compared to four normomagnesemic ewes. This suggests that in vivo activation and exhaustion of platelets may have contributed to reduced in vitro platelet reactivity. Six of 18 hypomagnesemic l...
Inferior mesenteric artery branch avulsion from blunt trauma—CT findings case report

Mesenteric arterial injuries are uncommon following blunt abdominal trauma. We describe the computed tomography (CT) findings of a patient with avulsion of a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery following a low-speed motor vehicle accident.
High-speed modulation characteristic of a quantum cascade laser

A high-frequency (100kHz–1GHz) modulation of the quantum cascade laser amplitude and phase is presented. Plasma-effect tuning with coefficients in 0.5–1.7MHz/mA range is observed depending on bias current. Carrier dynamics effects appear at frequencies >100MHz.
Risk of bloodborne pathogen exposure among Zambian healthcare workers.

Abstract Purpose Understanding the risks of bloodborne pathogen transmission is fundamental to prioritizing interventions when resources are limited. This study investigated the risks to healthcare workers in Zambia. Design A survey was completed anonymously by a convenience sample of workers in three hospitals and two clinics in Zambia. Respondents provided information regarding job category, injuries with contaminated sharps, hepatitis B vaccination status and the availability of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Results Nurses reported the largest number of injuries. The average annual sharps injury rate was 1.3 injuries per worker, and service workers (housekeepers, laundry, ward assistants) had the highest rate of these injuries, 1.9 per year. Injuries were often related to inadequate disposal methods. Syringe needles accounted for the largest proportion of injuries (60%), and 15% of these injuries were related to procedures with a higher-than-average risk for infection. Most workers (88%) reported the availability of PEP, and only 8% were fully vaccinated against hepatitis B. Conclusions The injury risks identified among Zambian workers are serious and are exacerbated by the high prevalence of bloodborne pathogens in the population. This suggests that there is a high risk of occupationally acquired bloodborne pathogen infection. The findings also highlight the need for a hepatitis B vaccination program focused on healthcare workers. The risks associated with bloodborne pathogens threaten to further diminish an already scarce resource in Zambia – trained healthcare workers. To decrease these risks, we suggest the use of low-cost disposal alternatives, the implementation of cost-sensitive protective strategies and the re-allocation of some treatment resources to primary prevention.
A 5'-flanking sequence essential for progesterone regulation of an ovalbumin fusion gene.

Ovalbumin gene transcripts are not detectable in unstimulated chick oviducts but comprise about half of oviduct cell transcripts after steroid hormone induction1–3. This seems to result mostly from an increased level of transcription1–3. When steroid hormones enter the cytoplasm of target cells they bind to specific receptors and the steroid–receptor complex accumulates in the nucleus4,5. Presumably this complex then binds in a sequenceor conformation-specific way near the regulated gene and enhances transcription. Several recent studies have shown that steroid hormone receptors bind preferentially to the 5′-flanking region of steroid-responsive genes in vitro6–11. Transcription of cloned genes for α2u globulin12, growth hormone13,14, mouse mammary tumour virus15–19 and lysozyme20 can be induced in vivo by steroid hormones after transfer to cells containing steroid hormone receptors. In some of these studies, 5′-flanking regions were shown to be important for steroid regulation. We have now constructed a hybrid gene containing the ovalbumin gene promoter fused to the chicken adult β-globin gene and transferred it into primary cultures of chicken oviduct cells. We show that progesterone-mediated induction of transcription in untransformed oviduct cells depends on an ovalbumin gene flanking sequence between positions −95 and −222.
Corneal lipidosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Purpose Certain drugs bind to anionic phospholipids of lysosomal membranes and produce progressive intracellular accumulation of lamellar inclusions. We studied two patients treated for opportunistic infections associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), who developed bilateral ocular surface changes suggestive of drug-induced corneal lipidosis. Methods Two patients with AIDS had translucent vacuoles within the corneal epithelium and mild conjunctival hyperemia. Because the differential diagnosis included microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis, biopsies of the ocular surface were performed for histopathologic analysis. Results Transmission electron microscopy of corneal epithelial debridement and conjunctival biopsy specimens showed intracellular, electron-dense lipoidal bodies and multilaminated lysosomal inclusions suggestive of a drug-induced lipidosis. Both patients also had tubuloreticular inclusions in conjunctival capillary endothelial cells. The ocular surface changes resolved within one to three months after dosage reduction or discontinuation of systemic ganciclovir and acyclovir. Conclusions Drug-induced phospholipidosis is a cause of punctate corneal epitheliopathy during AIDS, but the responsible agent remains to be identified.