cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LL parsing, LR parsing, complexity, and automata

It is well known that pushdown-stack automata find application within the syntactic analysis phase of compilation. Nonetheless, in most compiler design textbooks the relation between popular parsing algorithms and the theory of deterministic pushdown-stack automata remains implicit. We show that it is not difficult to implement these algorithms as deterministic automata. These implementations in turn yield instructive time/space analyses of the implemented algorithms.
A Dirichlet reputation system in reliable routing of wireless ad hoc network

Summary Ad hoc networks are very helpful in situations when no fixed network infrastructure is available, such as natural disasters and military conflicts. In such a network, all wireless nodes are equal peers simultaneously serving as both senders and routers for other nodes. Therefore, how to route packets through reliable paths becomes a fundamental problems when behaviors of certain nodes deviate from wireless ad hoc routing protocols. We proposed a novel Dirichlet reputation model based on Bayesian inference theory which evaluates reliability of each node in terms of packet delivery. Our system offers a way to predict and select a reliable path through combination of first-hand observation and second-hand reputation reports. We also proposed moving window mechanism which helps to adjust ours responsiveness of our system to changes of node behaviors. We integrated the Dirichlet reputation into routing protocol of wireless ad hoc networks. Our extensive simulation indicates that our proposed reputation system can improve good throughput of the network and reduce negative impacts caused by misbehaving nodes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stearic Acid Accumulation in Macrophages Induces Toll-Like Receptor 4/2-Independent Inflammation Leading to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Mediated Apoptosis

Objective— Elevated serum free fatty acid levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Macrophages are recruited to atherosclerotic plaques and metabolic tissues during obesity and accumulate lipids, including free fatty acids. We investigated the molecular consequences of intracellular saturated free fatty acid accumulation in macrophages. Methods and Results— Previously, we demonstrated that cotreatment of mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) with stearic acid and triacsin C (an inhibitor of long-chain acyl coenzyme A synthetases) results in intracellular free fatty acid accumulation and apoptosis. Here, we used Western blotting analysis, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining to assess endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MPMs. Intracellular stearic acid accumulation induces Toll-like receptor 4/2-independent inflammation that results in ER stress–mediated apoptosis of MPMs. Polarization of MPMs to a proinflammatory M1 phenotype increases their susceptibility to inflammation and ER stress, but not apoptosis, in response to cotreatment with stearic acid and triacsin C. Conclusion— Intracellular accumulation of stearic acid in MPMs activates inflammatory signaling, leading to ER stress–mediated apoptosis. M1 macrophages are more prone to stearic acid–induced inflammation and ER stress. These same pathways may be activated in macrophages residing in atherosclerotic plaques and metabolic tissues during conditions of obesity and hyperlipidemia.
Pupil-BLAH-metry: Cognitive effort in speech planning reflected by pupil dilation

In reading research, a longstanding question is whether any stages of lexical processing require central attention, and whether such potential demands are frequency-sensitive. In the present study, we examined the allocation of cognitive effort in lexical processing by examining pupil dilations and naming latencies in a modified delayed naming procedure. In this dual-task/change procedure, participants read words and waited for various delays before being signaled to issue a response. On most trials (80%), participants issued a standard naming response. On the remaining trials, they were cued to abandon the original speech plan, saying “blah” instead, thereby equating production across different words. Using feature-matched low- and high-frequency words, we observed the differences in pupil dilations as a function of word frequency. Indeed, frequency-sensitive cognitive demands were seen in word processing, even after naming responses were issued. The results suggest that word perception and/or speech planning requires the frequency-sensitive allocation of cognitive resources.
Slower eating rate reduces the food intake of men, but not women: implications for behavioral weight control.

This study tested a central tenet of behavioral weight control: does slower eating rate reduce food intake and positively affect appetite ratings. This study used direct behavioral observation of participants’ (n ¼ 48; 25pBMIp35) eating behavior using Universal Eating Monitors. Food intake and ratings of ‘‘desire to eat’’ (collected each minute during meals) were represented as a function of time. Based on an acclimation meal, participants’ eating rate was modified by instructing them to eat a bite of food when prompted by a computer, which generated three types of meals: (1) baseline (eating rate was the same as the acclimation meal), (2) reduced-rate (eating rate was reduced by 50%), and (3) combined-rate (eating rate at the beginning of the meal was identical to that of the acclimation meal, subsequently eating rate was reduced by 50%). All meals were ad libitum. Slower eating rate during the reduced-rate and combined-rate meals resulted in less food intake compared to the baseline meal for men, but not women. Ratings of desire to eat, normalized for the amount of food consumed, were lower during the combined-rate meal for men and women. Thus, this basic premise of behavioral weight control was supported for men, but not for women. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Repression: The Evolution of a Psychoanalytic Concept from the 1890's to the 1990's:

The author presents a summary of Freud's concept of repression, including modifications of the concept from 1894 to 1932. Several more recent treatments are examined, including those of Piaget; Ros...
The emotif database

The EMOTIF database is a collection of more than 170 000 highly specific and sensitive protein sequence motifs representing conserved biochemical properties and biological functions. These protein motifs are derived from 7697 sequence alignments in the BLOCKS+ database (released on June 23, 2000) and all 8244 protein sequence alignments in the PRINTS database (version 27.0) using the EMOTIF-MAKER algorithm developed by Nevill-Manning et al. (Nevill- Manning,C.G., Wu,T.D. and Brutlag,D.L. (1998) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 5865-5871; Nevill-Manning,C.G., Sethi,K.S., Wu,T.D. and Brutlag,D.L. (1997) ISMB-97, 5, 202-209). Since the amino acids and the groups of amino acids in these sequence motifs represent critical positions conserved in evolution, search algorithms employing the EMOTIF patterns can identify and classify more widely divergent sequences than methods based on global sequence similarity. The EMOTIF protein pattern database is available at http:// motif.stanford.edu/emotif/.
Layout-based substitution tree indexing and retrieval for mathematical expressions

We introduce a new system for layout-based (LATEX) indexing and retrieval of mathematical expressions using substitution trees. Substitution trees can efficiently store and find expressions based on the similarity of their symbols, symbol layout, sub-expressions and size. We describe our novel implementation and some of our modifications to the substitution tree indexing and retrieval algorithms. We provide an experiment testing our system against the TF-IDF keyword-based system of Zanibbi and Yuan and demonstrate that, in many cases, the quality of search results returned by both systems is comparable (overall means, substitution tree vs. keywordbased: 100% vs. 89% for top 1; 48% vs. 51% for top 5; 22% vs. 28% for top 20). Overall, we present a promising first attempt at layout-based substitution tree indexing and retrieval for mathematical expressions and believe that this method will prove beneficial to the field of mathematical information retrieval.
Microchannel Experimental Structure for Measuring Temperature Fields During Convective Boiling

This work designs and fabricates a microchannel structure for measurement of wall temperature fields in two-phase flow. The microchannel with hydraulic diameter of 100 micrometers is etched into a suspended beam of silicon with three independently heated regions and integrated doped silicon resistors sensitive to channel temperature. Doped silicon resistors are also sensitive to strain in the silicon caused by pressure transients in the channel, so sensors are designed with two different orientations and thus two different piezoresistive coefficients to allow decoupling of pressure and temperature effects. Use of a 400 micrometer wide suspended beam reduces side-wall conduction compared to a bulk sample and provides better opportunities to measure the influence of flow regimes on heat transfer coefficients in future work. Use of the central heater reduces fluid preheating in the inlet plenum. The measured temperature distributions at flowrates up to 0.25 ml/min with heat fluxes into the silicon beam up to 78 W/cm 2 show initial capabilities of the structure.
Controlled release of biologics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a rapidly growing disease that poses a significant burden to the United States healthcare system. Despite the many available treatments for the disease, close to half of diagnosed type 2 diabetes cases are not properly managed, largely due to inadequate patient adherence to prescribed treatment regimens. Methods for improving delivery - and thereby easing administration - of type 2 drugs have the potential to greatly improve patient health. This review focuses on two peptide drugs - insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) - for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Peptide drugs offer the benefits of high potency and specificity but pose a significant delivery challenge due to their inherent instability and short half-life. The development of insulin and GLP-1 analogs highlights the broad spectrum of drug delivery strategies that have been used to solve these problems. Numerous structural modifications and formulations have been introduced to optimize absorption, residence time, stability, route of delivery and frequency of administration. Continual improvements in delivery methods for insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonists are paving the way towards better patient compliance and improved disease management, and thereby enhanced patient quality of life.
Beyond Self-Interest: Asian Pacific Americans Toward a Community of Justice

In this policy analysis, four Asian Pacific American law professors make the case for affirmative action, with a special focus on Asian Pacific Americans ("APAs"). The authors believe that affirmative action produces many benefits, such as reducing the harm of racism, promoting equal opportunity, and advancing racial justice. While affirmative action has costs, many of them are misconceived or exaggerated. Those genuine costs that do exist are ones that all Americans should bear in order to move America toward a more just society.
Green by comparison: Deviant and normative transmutations of job search envy in a temporal context

We propose a novel temporal-based theory of how a painful social comparative emotion—job search envy—transmutes as deviant or normative job search behaviors (resume fraud or search effort). We theo...
Estrogens and Male Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common clinical problems in urology and affect the majority of men at some time during their lives. The development of BPH/LUTS is associated with an increased ratio of estrogen to androgen levels, and this ratio, when mimicked in a variety of animals, induces BPH and lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). While the precise molecular etiology remains unclear, estrogens have been implicated in the development and maintenance of BPH. Numerous endogenous and exogenous estrogens exist in humans. These estrogens act via multiple estrogen receptors to promote or inhibit prostatic hyperplasia and other BPH-associated processes. The prostate is an estrogen target tissue, and estrogens directly and indirectly affect growth and differentiation of prostate. The precise role of estrogen action directly affecting prostate growth and differentiation in the context of BPH is an understudied area and remains to be elucidated. Estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been shown to promote or inhibit prostate proliferation illustrating their potential roles in the development of BPH as therapy. More work will be required to identify estrogen signaling pathways associated with LUTD in order to develop more efficacious drugs for BPH treatment and prevention.
The United Nations Global Compact A CSR Milestone

The author focuses attention on some of the historical antecedents of the United Nations Global Compact. Developments such as the Global Compact do not arrive “whole cloth” but require people and institutions to be in a “state of readiness” for the idea. The article discusses Secretary-General Annan’s challenge to action, the historical background of three stages of corporate social responsibility, and the future of global corporate responsibility.
When Parents Know Little about What Happened: Parent‐guided Conversations, Stress, and Young Children's Eyewitness Memory

This study examined how 4- to 7-year-olds' memories for a stressor were influenced by conversations with a parent who had little knowledge of the target event, and the stress children experienced before, during, and after the event. Children (N = 43) watched a mildly stressful video before talking about it with a parent. Parents were asked to focus on either the children's feelings or the content of the video itself. A researcher interviewed the children about their memory following the conversation. Behavioral and physiological measures of children's stress were collected at multiple stages. Children recalled more inaccurate information with the parent than with the interviewer. Younger age and parent insecure attachment were associated with poorer memory. Manipulation of parents' emotion orientation did not predict memory, but individual differences in the talk did, although in different ways from what would be expected from research on conversations about shared events. Less stress (according to self-reported happiness and observed negative affect) before and after, but not during, the stressor was linked with better memory. Implications for children's memory in legal settings are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Quality of the Fossil Record and What a Paleobiogeographer Can See

Obviously some understanding of the nature of the fossil record is crucial to the discipline of paleobiogeography because it is the filter through which we view all our data, the one true chronicle of the history of life. More than 99.9% of all species that have ever lived are extinct, so if we want to understand something about the history of life, we have to look at the fossil record. The changing biogeographic face of the world will be preserved there. There are, however, also some weaknesses associated with studying biogeographic patterns in the fossil record.
Benefits of commercial weight-loss programs on blood pressure and lipids: a systematic review.

Abstract Our objective was to compare the effect of commercial weight-loss programs on blood pressure and lipids to control/education or counseling among individuals with overweight/obesity. We conducted a systematic review by searching MEDLINE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to November 2014 and references identified by the programs. We included randomized, controlled trials ≥ 12 weeks in duration. Two reviewers extracted information on study design, interventions, and mean change in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides, and total cholesterol and assessed risk of bias. We included 27 trials. Participants' blood pressure and lipids were normal at baseline in most trials. At 12 months, Weight Watchers showed little change in blood pressure or lipid outcomes as compared to control/education (2 trials). At 12 months, Atkins' participants had higher HDL-c and lower triglycerides than counseling (4 trials). Other programs had inconsistent effects or lacked long-term studies. Risk of bias was high for most trials of all programs. In conclusion, limited data exist regarding most commercial weight-loss programs' long-term effects on blood pressure and lipids. Clinicians should be aware that Weight Watchers has limited data that demonstrate CVD risk factor benefits relative to control/education. Atkins may be a reasonable option for patients with dyslipidemia. Additional well-designed, long-term trials are needed to confirm these conclusions and evaluate other commercial programs.
Is Stereomammography Possible Without Increasing Dose

Stereoscopic viewing of mammograms is advantageous in reducing ambiguity due to background anatomic noise. This advantage is usually considered to be balanced by doubling the dose required for acquisition of a stereo image pair. In the case of a quantum-noise limited detector, detection theory suggests a possible decrease of the per-image dose by half. We tested this assumption by a series of contrast-detail observer experiments, using phantom images acquired over a range of exposures. Several performance measures were computed and compared for images under different display and viewing conditions. Experimental results support this hypothesis.
Patient and provider characteristics associated with inadequate cervical cancer screening in a community health center

A111 RESEARCH QUESTION: Are there significant differences between female patients who are adequately or inadequately screened for cervical cancer at the same community health center? Patient characteristics: patient demographics, patient health behavior, chronic disease diagnoses. Provider characteristics: primary care provider demographics, primary care provider gynecological exam referral patterns. HYPOTHESIS: Significant differences in certain patient factors (e.g. chronic disease diagnoses) and certain physician factors (e.g. not perfoming Pap testing) will be associated with inadequate cervical cancer screening. METHODS: We designed a retrospective cohort study including all of the female patients at a community health center who were eligible for cervical cancer screening between the years 2001-2005. We identified 3878 eligible patients and included 3870 patients in our analyses. Bivariate analyses examined the patient and provider characteristics associated with our binary dependent variable, whether or not a Pap smear was performed within 3 years. We then built a logistic multivariable regression model to identify independent predictors. RESULTS: Overall, 80% (n=3105) of eligible patients received Pap testing within three years. Patient characteristics that were significantly (p 2 = 42.1 yrs vs. X 2 = 37.8 yrs), greater number of months since last center visit (X 2 = 16.7 months and X 2 = 7.3 months), and the lower number of total center visits (X 2 = 7.8 visits vs. X 2 = 10.4 visits). Patient characteristics that were not significantly associated with Pap testing included: type of insurance, race/ethnicity, body mass index, measured cervical cancer risk factors, or chronic disease diagnosis. None of the measured provider characteristics, including provider referral for Pap testing and provider demographics such as gender and ethnicity, were significantly associated with our outcome. All of the variables entered into the final regression model remained significant. The greater the number of months since their last visit (p = .003) and the lower the number of total center visits (p CONCLUSIONS: Older age was the most significant predictor associated with not receiving a Pap test in this population. In addition, patients were less likely to receive Pap testing the greater the amount of time since their last visit and if they had a fewer number of total visits. None of the measured provider characteristics were associated with whether or not Pap testing was performed. These findings are likely generalizable to other community health centers and have substantial implications regarding interventions that target the most vulnerable patients within the population.
Charge propagation through- and neutron sensitivity of- reticulated vitreous carbon foam

Several potential neutron conversion materials have been studied over the past several years due to the 3He shortage. One candidate neutron conversion material is reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) foam which can function as a coated substrate and is also suitable for high temperate environments. However, one concern with the material is the charge carrier propagation characteristics through the bulk of RVC foam. Electron propagation through the bulk of RVC foam samples was studied by comparing the resulting count rates and peak channel locations, with and without a sample present, for samples with linear pore densities ranging from 5–100 pores per linear inch (PPI). Count rates and pulse-height spectra from charge carriers generated by collimated 5.48 MeV 241Am alpha particles were studied and are reported here. The observed count rate and pulse height peak locations indicate that some electrons are able to drift through the 5 PPI sample. The peak channel locations with and without the 5 PPI sample were 230 and 360, respectively. However, all other linear pore density samples tested yielded much lower pulse heights, indicating loss of induced charge. Additionally, the intrinsic thermal neutron detection efficiency of a 10B 4 C-coated 45 PPI RVC foam sample was 3.23 ± 0.05%, indicating that the 10B 4 C-coated sample essentially functioned similar to a thin-film-coated device. Finally, the coating thickness of the 10B 4 C coating layer was measured using a SEM to be 1.29 ± 0.47 μm.
Immigration and Education: What Should K-12 Teachers, School Administrators, and Staff Know?

ABSTRACTWe are currently living in an era of mass global migration. Therefore, it is a pertinent time to reflect on the challenges and the possibilities inherent in educating immigrant and refugee children. Because of the importance immigration has played in the history of the United States, it may be assumed that American K-12 teachers and school administrators understand the complexities surrounding the immigration process; however, this would be erroneous. This article aims to clarify and explain why educators need to gain awareness and become more knowledgeable about this topic.
Does a similar procedure result in similar survival for women and men undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Objectives To (1) identify sex-related differences in risk factors and revascularization strategies for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), (2) assess whether these differences influenced early and late survival, and (3) determine whether clinical effectiveness of the same revascularization strategy was influenced by sex. Methods From January 1972 to January 2011, 57,943 adults—11,009 (19%) women—underwent primary isolated CABG. Separate models for long-term mortality were developed for men and women, followed by assessing sex-related differences in strength of risk factors (interaction terms). Results Incomplete revascularization was more common in men than women (26% vs 22%, P P P P ≤ .0001), even after risk adjustment. Incomplete revascularization was associated equally ( P > .9) with lower survival in both sexes. Single ITA grafting was associated with equally ( P = .3) better survival in women and men. Although bilateral ITA grafting was associated with better survival than single ITA grafting, it was less effective in women—11% lower late mortality (hazard ratio, 0.89 [0.77-1.022]) versus 27% lower in men (hazard ratio, 0.73 [0.69-0.77]; P = .01). Conclusions Women on average have longer life expectancies than men but not after CABG. Every attempt should be made to use arterial grafting and complete revascularization, but for unexplained reasons, sex-related differences in effectiveness of bilateral arterial grafting were identified.
Scientometric Analysis of Scholarly Communications in Cloud Computing Literature

The aim of the paper is to examine scholarly literature in cloud computing published before January 2014 as viewed through Scopus database. Utilizing the Scopus database, 4,108 scholarly communications on cloud computing research was used for the study. The SCImago Journal and Country Rank (SJR) and Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) values of the journals were identified to determine the impact of journals in the field. Transformative Activity Index (TAI) is used to identify relative research efforts among leading countries. RCI (Relative Citation Impact) and CPP (Citations Per Publication) have been used to calculate the quality and impact of research output. The study revealed that 4108 papers were published on cloud computing until December 31, 2013. 95 countries contributed to CC literature. Top fifteen countries jointly produced 4005 (97.5%) papers. China with 1208 papers (29.4%) is ranked first in publishing papers on cloud computing while papers published from the United States have received highest citations 12019 (31.3%). The majority of papers have been published in English 3598 (87.6%) and Chinese 416 (10.1%) language. The literature on the subject was published in 157 journals, and 160 institutes around the world contributed to cloud computing literature. The study provides an analytical approach to the researchers’ to understand the progress in the field of cloud computing literature.
A scattering model for inhomogeneous layer with vertical profile: Application to soil scattering

A polarimetric scattering model for inhomogenenous layer with vertical profile is applied to analyze backscattering from soil layer at L-band. The soil layer is modeled as discrete random medium with water content that varies with depth and bounded by randomly rough surfaces. The soil is modeled as air voids embedded in host medium consisting of a mixture of solid minerals and water. The air-soil and soil-lower half-space interfaces are modeled using the Integral-Equation-Model (IEM) for surface scattering. Soil layer scattering model predictions, computed using measured parameters, agreed well with the published backscattering measurements. Soil layer Model analyses showed that at L-band the backscattering is dominated by the top surface when the soil is optically thick. At a smaller optical layer thickness, both the air-soil interface and the interactions between the two boundaries contribute to the total soil layer backscattering. Due to the small volume scattering coefficient, the effect of soil moisture profile is negligible on the total soil backscattering at L-band.
The influence of trace elements on the composting of wheat straw

Boron and molybdenum as trace elements and ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate as nitrogen sources, affected the rate of composting of wheat straw in the laboratory. The nitrogen sources were used at rates to add 1 per cent nitrogen to the straw. With sodium nitrate the optimum concentration of molybdenum was 5.0 p.p.m.; with ammonium sulphate it was 1 p.p.m. Maximum loss of dry matter in 60 days was 50 per cent which was obtained with sodium nitrate and 1 p.p.m. added boron. There was inhibitory or toxic effect with the trace element additions beyond an optimum level. Whether or not additions of boron and molybdenum as an aid to rapid composting are desirable will depend upon concentrations in the organic wastes, nitrogen sources, inoculum, and water employed. The role of trace elements in bacterial enzyme systems is well known but more detailed experiments are needed o establish their requirements. Although it is generally regarded that the plant materials have enough trace elements to take care of their decomposition, this study suggests that there is a definite need to supply additional doses for rapid composting, as the additions of all the concentrations of molybdenum and boron showed more losses of dry matter, total carbon, and conservation of total nitrogen over the control at all the periods under study.
Management of Pediatric Ankle Fractures.

Summarize classic and recent information regarding the unique subset of ankle fractures in children with open growth plates and share the authors’ decision-making and surgical techniques. Recent research on pediatric ankle fractures has centered on the accurate prediction and prevention of growth arrest following fractures of the distal tibia. Another source of discussion is the necessity and benefit of CT scanning in classification and treatment approach. Pediatric ankle fractures continue to pose clinical challenges for orthopedic surgeons. While open anatomic reduction and internal fixation continue to produce good outcomes for intra-articular fractures, outcomes of physeal injuries are more difficult to predict. More studies are needed to determine which patients may benefit more from surgical treatment of physeal injuries.
Observation of a paradoxical temperature increase during cognitive stress in some chronic pain patients.

A total of 224 chronic pain somatoform disorder patients without obvious pathophysiology or psychopathology were found to have colder hands than nonpatients. A paradoxical temperature increase (PTI) in response to a cognitive stressor (mental arithmetic) was noted in a subset of these chronic pain patients. Patients were defined as “PTI” responders if, during cognitive stress, an increase in digital temperature occurred over a prior eyes closed resting condition. It was found that 49.4% of males and 42.6% of females in a total sample of 224 patients demonstrated PTI. The PTI patients had significantly colder hands than non-PTI patients prior to stress. A concurrent SCL measure of sympathetic activation found no difference between the PTI and non-PTI groups either at baseline or during cognitive stress. It appears from this data that PTI is specific to the peripheral vascular system of these patients and may be a marker of psychophysiological dissociation or trauma blocked from consciousness.
Abstract P31: The Central Nervous System’s Inflammatory Cytokine Response to Global Ischemia Due to Cardiac Arrest

Objective: Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been implicated as culprits in neurotoxicity following ischemia in small animal models of stroke. The aim of this study was to measure the central nervous system (CNS) cytokine response following resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation (VF) in a porcine model of cardiac arrest and global hypoxic ischemia. Methods: VF was induced electrically in eleven anesthetized swine. Following seven minutes of untreated VF, animals were resuscitated. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum was sampled prior to VF and at 60, 120, and 180 minutes post-resuscitation from which levels of TNF-α IL-1β, and IL-6 were measured. Levels were also drawn in three sham pigs, instrumented but not fibrillated. Results: CSF levels of TNF-α rose following resuscitation (p Conclusions: Measurable increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CSF follow resuscitation from cardiac arrest in this porcine model. The CNS response of all three inflammatory cytokines is highly inter-correlated.
Writing the biofictive: Caryl Phillips and The Lost Child:

This article is an exploration of the biofictive in Caryl Phillips’s writing, in particular in his novel The Lost Child (2015). The term “biofiction” has been in critical use for some 20 years, but...
The differential effects of TMPyP4, TMPyP2, Se2SAP and telomestatin on c-MYC gene expression can be explained by their differential interactions with the G-quadruplex in the c-MYC silencer element.

2301 The purine-rich strand of DNA in the Nuclease Hypersensitive Element III1 (NHE III1) of c-MYC forms a parallel type of G-quadruplex with three G-tetrads and three loops, and acts as a transcriptional repressor element. This parallel type of G-quadruplex exists as an equilibrium mixture of at least four different loop G-quadruplex isomers. c-MYC transcription can be controlled by ligand-mediated G-quadruplex interaction. TMPyP4, Se2SAP and telomestatin all demonstrate stabilization of the G-quadruplex structure in the NHE III1 of the c-MYC promoter in the order of Se2SAP>telomestatin>>TMPyP4. In contrast, while TMPyP4 showed a greater effect on lowering of c-MYC expression than Se2SAP, telomestatin did not show any suppression of c-MYC transcription. TMPyP2 did not show any c-MYC down regulation because of its inability to interact with the G-quadruplex structure. Our previous studies suggested that the c-MYC transcriptional activator NM23-H2 recognizes and unfolds the parallel G-quadruplex structure in the silencer element of the c-MYC promoter region for subsequent transcriptional activation by hnRNPK and CNBP. Subsequent experiments on the inhibition of alkali induced cleavage of the purine-rich strand by NM23-H2 using the same compounds also correlated well with their differential effects on c-MYC expression. CD studies showed the induced structural changes in the parallel c-MYC G-quadruplex with Se2SAP and TMPyP4, while telomestatin and TMPyP2 did not show any structural changes. Photocleavage experiments were conducted to identify the induced structural changes with TMPyP4 and Se2SAP. Se2SAP converts one loop of the parallel c-MYC G-quadruplex to the antiparallel direction while maintaining the other two loops in the parallel direction and forms a mixed parallel/antiparallel type of G-quadruplex. TMPyP4 converts all three loops to the antiparallel direction, forming a chair type of G-quadruplex. Based upon these results we can now fully rationalize the differential effects of these drugs on c-MYC expression, and most importantly, we have identified the chair type of G-quadruplex in the NHE III1 as the inactive form for c-MYC transcription activation.
Vocal fold botulinum toxin injection for refractory paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder

Objective Demonstrate efficacy of vocal fold botulinum toxin injection for treatment of refractory paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder (PVFMD). Methods A retrospective review was completed of patients diagnosed with PVFMD who underwent vocal fold botulinum toxin injection for dyspnea symptoms that persisted despite laryngeal control therapy, medical management, and biofeedback therapy. Outcomes measured included overall improvement and resolution of dyspnea symptoms, number of botulinum toxin injections and dose range, change in dyspnea severity index (DSI) scores, and adverse effects of injection therapy. Results Thirteen patients (9 female/4 male) underwent vocal fold botulinum toxin injection for refractory PVFMD. The average dose was 2.55 units per vocal fold (range 1.75-5.5 units). The average number of injections was 3.85 (range 1-12 injections). Eleven of 13 (84.6%) patients experienced improvement in dyspnea symptoms, with two of 11 (18.2%) having complete resolution of symptoms. There was a statistically significant improvement in DSI scores because the mean preinjection DSI was 30.43 and improved to 17.43 postinjection (P = 0.017). Temporary breathy voice quality was experienced by all patients with no other adverse side effects. Conclusion Vocal fold botulinum toxin injection is a safe and effective treatment option for PVFMD and should be considered in patients with refractory dyspnea symptoms following appropriate medical therapy and respiratory retraining protocols. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 129:808-811, 2019.
Data for optimizing Gamma Knife radiosurgery using the shot within shot technique

Abstract The tables included in this article will allow the user to implement shot within shot optimization for Gamma Knife radiosurgery planning and delivery. The method is intended to reduce treatment time when treating small to medium sized brain metastasis. The tables were previously developed by extracting profiles from Gamma Plan for three collimator settings and modeling their behavior when combined or prescribed at different isodose lines. For a given target size, the tables represent the optimal selection of shot weighting and prescription isodose line to reduce beam on time while maintaining an acceptable dose gradient. The method was recently validated in a large patient cohort and the data is this study is related to the research article titled “Clinical evaluation of shot within shot optimization for Gamma Knife radiosurgery planning and delivery” (Johnson et al., in press).
Christiaan Huygens and the Problem of the Hanging Chain.

John Bukowski (bukowski@juniata.edu) is Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Mathematics at Juniata College in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. He received B.S. degrees in mathematics and physics from Carnegie Mellon University and his Ph.D. in applied mathematics from Brown University. He currently serves as Governor of the Allegheny Mountain Section of the MAA. He was a 1998–1999 Project NExT Fellow (silver dot) and is now Co-Coordinator of his Section NExT program. He finds time to do mathematics when he is not busy as College Organist, choir accompanist, church organist, or piano soloist. One of his accomplishments at Juniata is his performance of a Mozart piano concerto in 2006. He and his wife Cathy Stenson (also a mathematician) have two sons, David and Daniel, who like to ask them mathematical questions.
Make time for gait speed: vital to staging the aging

In this issue of Blood, Liu and colleagues demonstrate that gait speed is a valuable predictor of outcomes in older adults with hematologic malignancies, independent of age, performance status, comorbidities, aggressiveness of malignancy, and treatment type.1 Four hundred forty-eight adults with hematologic malignancies aged 75 years and older underwent geriatric screening at their initial consultation, including gait speed and grip strength testing, cognitive screening, and 2 frailty measures. The authors showed that gait speed predicted unplanned hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and survival, with each 0.1-m/s decrease in gait speed increasing mortality by 20%.
Rational Design of an Organocatalyst for Peptide Bond Formation.

Amide bonds are ubiquitous in peptides, proteins, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. The formation of amide bonds is a straightforward process: amide bonds can be synthesized with relative ease because...
The geometry of random tournaments

A tournament is an orientation of a graph. Each edge represents a match, directed towards the winner. The score sequence lists the number of wins by each team. Landau (1953) characterized score sequences of the complete graph. Moon (1963) showed that the same conditions are necessary and sufficient for mean score sequences of random tournaments. We present short and natural proofs of these results that work for any graph using zonotopes from convex geometry. A zonotope is a linear image of a cube. Moon's Theorem follows by identifying elements of the cube with distributions and the linear map as the expectation operator. Our proof of Landau's Theorem combines zonotopal tilings with the theory of mixed subdivisions. We also show that any mean score sequence can be realized by a tournament that is random within a subforest, and deterministic otherwise.
Moving Time vs. Frame-relative motion: A frame-based account of the distinction between primary metaphor and fictive motion

Abstract There is an elaborate analogy between Moving Time (composed of primary metaphors; e.g. Christmas is approaching) and Frame-relative Fictive Motion (e.g. Your destination is approaching). It has been suggested that this analogy could be involved in the motivation of Moving Time. However, a semantic frame analysis that includes all stages of the motion event shows that this analogy could not be involved in the motivation of Moving Time. It is further argued that Moving Time and Frame-relative Fictive Motion are instances of different types of cognitive-semantic structure. Moving Time is a selective integration of concepts from frames that do not share elements with each other, whereas Frame-relative Fictive Motion presupposes a single semantic frame. For the purpose of distinguishing fictive motion from primary metaphor (e.g. Moving Time), Coextension-path and Pattern-path fictive motion are studied in addition to Frame-relative. These three types of fictive motion can be distinguished from primary metaphor because they involve the integration of concepts from frames that share specific structure, whereas primary metaphor involves frames that do not share specific structure. In a preliminary classification of fictive motion as a type of metaphor, all three types of fictive motion discussed may be classified as resemblance-based metaphors. Coextension-path and Frame-relative fictive motion are also motivated by correlations in experience. These correlations, however, are different in kind from those that motivate primary metaphor.
Abstract 305: Contemporary Analysis of Percutaneous Intraaortic Balloon Pump Therapy as a Bridge to Orthotopic Heart Transplant

Objective: Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support has been used as a bridge to transplant (BTT) therapy for acutely deteriorating patients awaiting orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Given r...
A Brief Review on the Application of Lanchester’s Models of Combat in Nonhuman Animals

The Lanchester models of combat were originally created for human warfare. These models were inspired by advances in technology and automatic weaponry at the turn of the 20th century. They paramete...
COVID-19 and the Increasing Centrality and Power of Platforms in China, the USA, and Beyond

The COVID crisis is showing exactly how powerful and resilient the platform giants are and they become even more clear winners in terms of adoption and value capture. Even as the platforms are showing their centrality to society and resilience, the COVID crisis is leading to mass bankruptcies for enormous numbers of firm. Remarkably, despite the enormous differences in social and economic organization, the mega-platform firms whether they be China, the USA, or any other nation have been central to the national responses.
The Status of Air Quality in the United States during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Remote Sensing Perspective

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has prompted global governments to take several measures to limit and contain the spread of the novel virus. In the United States (US), most states have imposed a partial to complete lockdown that has led to decreased traffic volumes and reduced vehicle emissions. In this study, we investigate the impacts of the pandemic-related lockdown on air quality in the US using remote sensing products for nitrogen dioxide tropospheric column (NO2), carbon monoxide atmospheric column (CO), tropospheric ozone column (O3), and aerosol optical depth (AOD). We focus on states with distinctive anomalies and high traffic volume, New York (NY), Illinois (IL), Florida (FL), Texas (TX), and California (CA). We evaluate the effectiveness of reduced traffic volume to improve air quality by comparing the significant reductions during the pandemic to the interannual variability (IAV) of a respective reference period for each pollutant. We also investigate and address the potential factors that might have contributed to changes in air quality during the pandemic. As a result of the lockdown and the significant reduction in traffic volume, there have been reductions in CO and NO2. These reductions were, in many instances, compensated by local emissions and, or affected by meteorological conditions. Ozone was reduced by varying magnitude in all cases related to the decrease or increase of NO2 concentrations, depending on ozone photochemical sensitivity. Regarding the policy impacts of this large-scale experiment, our results indicate that reduction of traffic volume during the pandemic was effective in improving air quality in regions where traffic is the main pollution source, such as in New York City and FL, while was not effective in reducing pollution events where other pollution sources dominate, such as in IL, TX and CA. Therefore, policies to reduce other emissions sources (e.g., industrial emissions) should also be considered, especially in places where the reduction in traffic volume was not effective in improving air quality (AQ).
Recent Trends on Biosensors in Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals: An Overview

A biosensor provides a strategy for the detection of microbiological signals through various chemical, biological and physical technology and is an analytical, high-sensitivity rapid tool in pharmaceutical and health care applications. For the detection of biomolecules and micro-organisms, they use biological sensing elements. The use of these devices is becoming increasingly important in the fields of drug discovery, food protection, defence, pharmaceuticals and safety. With the advance of biological techniques and instrumentation involving fluorescent tags, sensitive limits for biosensors are increased. Peptide array, nucleotides, molecules printed polymers, or aptamers have also been developed to create innovative biosensors. More precise and adaptive bio-sensors with high regenerative potential have been developed by other approaches. Nanomaterial, polymers, aptamers are produced with a wide variety of biosensors. It is vital to design biosensors using different approaches to further explore their useful applications. In light of this, this analysis will give an overview of several biomedical and environmental sensors, including fluorescence labelling, Nanomaterials, electrochemical, silicon and quartz, as well as possible prospects for biosensor technology. In addition, this analysis is designed for the analysis. The work of biosensors, concepts, shapes and applications is discussed as further useful information in this study.