cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Questions, questions: Can the contradictions between the petrologic, isotopic, thermodynamic, and astrophysical constraints on chondrule formation be resolved?

Abstract– Here, we show that several geochemical indicators point to number densities during chondrule formation that were far higher than can be accounted for by known nebula processes. The number densities implied by compound chondrules and nonspherical chondrules are shown to be significantly higher than estimated in previous studies. At the implied chondrule number densities, if a chondrule formation region survived a formation event it would have been gravitationally bound and would have collapsed quite rapidly to form an asteroidal-sized body. The diversity of chondrule compositions and textures in a chondrite group could have formed in a single event in subvolumes of a formation region that were chemically isolated from one another because of slow diffusion in the gas. Within these subvolumes, equilibration between chondrules with different compositions would have been fairly rapid, although small isotopic mass fractionations in elements like Fe, Si, Mg, and O may persist. This could explain the existence of the small isotopic mass fractionations in these elements that have been observed in chondrules. However, the evidence for recycling of chondrules requires that there was more than one chondrule formation event prior to formation of a parent asteroid. Finally, we argue that OC and CO chondrule Mg-Al systematics are both consistent with single ages or narrow ranges of ages, and that the CO, and possibly the OC, ages date parent body alteration. This would resolve the conundrum of needing to preserve in a turbulent nebula physically and chemically distinct CO and OC chondrule populations for 1–2 Myr.
Delirium: phenomenology and diagnosis--a neurobiologic view.

"Delirium" is a reversible confusional state. It results from widespread but reversible interference with the function of cortical neurons, as documented by diffuse slowing on EEG and decreases in cerebral metabolic rate. Delirium can be due to impairments in neuronal metabolism, in neurotransmission (notably cholinergic), or in input from subcortical structures. Engel and Romano (1959) formulated delirium and dementia as the two poles of a spectrum of "cerebral insufficiency," with delirium resulting from reversible functional impairment and dementia from irreversible anatomic damage. So many disorders can precipitate delirium that the differential diagnosis tests every facet of one's knowledge of medicine. With aging, both normative changes in the brain and the increasing incidence of brain diseases predispose to the development of delirium. The brain damage responsible for a dementia can sensitize to the development of a superimposed delirium.
Phase-matched second-harmonic generation and growth of a LiB 3 O 5 crystal

The characteristic properties of critically and noncritically phase-matched second-harmonic generation in crystalline lithium triborate (LiB3O5,LBO) grown in our laboratory are investigated. Angle-tuned critically phase-matched second-harmonic generation of near-infrared radiation is reported. Temperature-tuned noncritically phase-matched second-harmonic generation from 1.025 to 1.253 μm was achieved in the temperature range 190° to −3°C. Spectrum-tuned noncritical phase matching at room temperature is also achieved at 1.215 μm. Large angular, temperature, and spectral acceptance bandwidths are obtained. The details of the LBO crystal growth process are also discussed.
Diagnostic challenges in the older patient

Older patients often present with a long, complex history and a clinical picture that frequently includes co-morbidities. It is essential that health professionals caring for older patients become familiar with common age-related changes, and the specific clinical factors that complicate the diagnostic process. A case-based approach is taken in this article to explore the diagnostic challenges in caring for older patients. Three areas of focus are used: a) polypharmacy, b) cognitive issues such as delirium, dementia and depression, and c) increased odds of pathologies and chronic illnesses.
Continuous active-source seismic monitoring of CO2 injection in abrine aquifer

Continuous crosswell seismic monitoring of a small-scale CO2injection was accomplished with the development of a noveltubing-deployed piezoelectric borehole source. This piezotube source wasdeployed on the CO2 injection tubing, near the top of the saline aquiferreservoir at 1657-m depth, and allowed acquisition of crosswellrecordings at 15-minute intervals during the multiday injection. Thechange in traveltime recorded at various depths in a nearby observationwell allowed hour-by-hour monitoring of the growing CO2 plume via theinduced seismic velocity change. Traveltime changes of 0.2 to 1.0 ms ( upto 8 percent ) were observed, with no change seen at control sensorsplaced above the reservoir. The traveltime measurements indicate that theCO2 plume reached the top of the reservoir sand before reaching theobservation well, where regular fluid sampling was occuring during theinjection, thus providing information about the in situ buoyancy ofCO2.
The Complementarity of Information Technology Infrastructure and E-Commerce Capability: A Resource-Based Assessment of Their Business Value

This study seeks to assess the business value of e-commerce capability and information technology (IT) infrastructure in the context of electronic business at the firm level. Grounded in the IT business-value literature and enhanced by the resource-based theory of the firm, we developed a research framework in which both the main effects and the interaction effects of e-commerce and IT on firm performance were tested. Within this theoretical framework, we formulated several hypotheses. We then developed a multidimensional e-commerce capability construct, and after establishing its validity and reliability, tested the hypotheses with empirical data from 114 companies in the retail industry. Controlling for variations of firm size and subindustry effects, our empirical analysis found a strong positive interaction effect between IT infrastructure and e-commerce capability. This suggests that their complementarity positively contributes to firm performance in terms of sales per employee, inventory turnover, and cost reduction. The results are consistent with the resource-based theory, and provide empirical evidence to the complementary synergy between front-end e-commerce capability and back-end IT infrastructure. Combined together, they become more effective in producing business value. Yet the value of this synergy has not been recognized in the IT payoff literature. The "productivity paradox" observed in various studies has been attributed to variation in methods and measures, yet we offer an additional explanation: ignoring complementarities in business value measurement implies that the impact of IT was seriously underestimated. Our results emphasized the integration of resources as a feasible path to e-commerce value--companies need to enhance the integration between front-end e-commerce capability and back-end IT infrastructure in order to reap the benefits of e-commerce investments.
Detection of anti-lens crystallin antibody in dogs with and without cataracts.

Objective To determine if antilens crystallin (ALC) serum and aqueous humor antibodies were present in normal dogs and dogs with cataracts, whether antibody incidence varied with stage of cataract, and whether antibody titer had a relationship to the presence of lens-induced uveitis. Methods Serum and aqueous humor samples were obtained from normal dogs and dogs with cataracts. Lens crystallin was separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and antilens crystallin antibodies were detected by Western immunoblot analysis. An indirect ELISA using crystallin protein as antigen was also used to detect antilens crystallin antibodies in serum and aqueous humor. Test groups included normal, incipient, immature, mature, hypermature and diabetic cataract. Results SDS-PAGE identified bands with molecular weights of lens crystallin subunits. Western immunoblotting demonstrated reaction between canine serum and these protein bands. The five canine serum samples that reacted with crystallin subunits on Western blots had corresponding reactivity on the ELISA. All aqueous humor samples (30) were negative. Serum ALC antibodies were detected in 59.3% (16/27) of controls, 66.7% (16/24) of incipients, 50.0% (10/20) of immatures, 37.9% (11/29) of matures, 28.6% (6/21) of hypermatures, and 26.7% (4/15) of diabetics. Serum ALC antibodies were detected in 43.1% (47/109) of all cataract samples. There was a statistically significant negative association between the presence (P = 0.004) and maturity (P = 0.004) of cataract and presence of ALC serum antibodies. In the immature and hypermature cataract groups, there was a statistically significant negative association between ALC serum antibody titer and severity of uveitis (95% confidence interval). Conclusions There is a negative association between the presence (P = 0.004) and maturity (P = 0.004) of cataract and presence of ALC serum antibodies.
Press play: designing an epistemic game engine for journalism

Epistemic games are one approach to creating educational games that give players skills that transfer beyond the game world by helping young people become fluent in valuable social practices. Epistemic games are immersive, technology-enhanced, role-playing games where players learn to become---and thus to think like---doctors, lawyers, engineers, architects, and other members of important practices and professions. In what follows we look at the design of Byline, an epistemic game engine behind science.net, an epistemic game of science journalism. In particular, we argue that rather than simply recreating the technological conditions of the profession, an epistemic game engine like Byline can encode key elements of a professional practicum and thus help young people learn through participation in simulations of the training practices of socially valued professions such as science journalism.
Comparison of fluvial suspended-sediment concentrations and particle-size distributions measured with in-stream laser diffraction and in physical samples

Laser-diffraction technology, recently adapted for in-stream measurement of fluvial suspended-sediment concentrations (SSCs) and particle-size distributions (PSDs), was tested with a streamlined (SL), isokinetic version of the Laser In Situ Scattering and Transmissometry (LISST) for measuring volumetric SSCs and PSDs ranging from 1.8 to 415 μm in 32 log-spaced size classes. Measured SSCs and PSDs from the LISST-SL were compared to a suite of 22 data sets (262 samples in all) of concurrent suspended-sediment and streamflow measurements using a physical sampler and acoustic Doppler current profiler collected during 2010–2012 at 16 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in Illinois and Washington (basin areas: 38–69,264 km2). An unrealistically low computed effective density (mass SSC/volumetric SSC) of 1.24 g/mL (95% confidence interval: 1.05–1.45 g/mL) provided the best-fit value (R2 = 0.95; RMSE = 143 mg/L) for converting volumetric SSC to mass SSC for over two orders of magnitude of SSC (12–2,170 mg/L; covering a substantial range of SSC that can be measured by the LISST-SL) despite being substantially lower than the sediment particle density of 2.67 g/mL (range: 2.56–2.87 g/mL, 23 samples). The PSDs measured by the LISST-SL were in good agreement with those derived from physical samples over the LISST-SL's measureable size range. Technical and operational limitations of the LISST-SL are provided to facilitate the collection of more accurate data in the future. Additionally, the spatial and temporal variability of SSC and PSD measured by the LISST-SL is briefly described to motivate its potential for advancing our understanding of suspended-sediment transport by rivers.
Topography of diphtheria Toxin's T domain in the open channel state.

When diphtheria toxin encounters a low pH environment, the channel-forming T domain undergoes a poorly understood conformational change that allows for both its own membrane insertion and the translocation of the toxin's catalytic domain across the membrane. From the crystallographic structure of the water-soluble form of diphtheria toxin, a “double dagger” model was proposed in which two transmembrane helical hairpins, TH5-7 and TH8-9, anchor the T domain in the membrane. In this paper, we report the topography of the T domain in the open channel state. This topography was derived from experiments in which either a hexahistidine (H6) tag or biotin moiety was attached at residues that were mutated to cysteines. From the sign of the voltage gating induced by the H6 tag and the accessibility of the biotinylated residues to streptavidin added to the cis or trans side of the membrane, we determined which segments of the T domain are on the cis or trans side of the membrane and, consequently, which segments span the membrane. We find that there are three membrane-spanning segments. Two of them are in the channel-forming piece of the T domain, near its carboxy terminal end, and correspond to one of the proposed “daggers,” TH8-9. The other membrane-spanning segment roughly corresponds to only TH5 of the TH5-7 dagger, with the rest of that region lying on or near the cis surface. We also find that, in association with channel formation, the amino terminal third of the T domain, a hydrophilic stretch of ∼70 residues, is translocated across the membrane to the trans side.
Neutrophils Lacking Platelet-Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Exhibit Loss of Directionality and Motility in CXCR2-Mediated Chemotaxis

Time-lapsed videomicroscopy was used to study the migration of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1-deficient (PECAM-1(-/-)) murine neutrophils undergoing chemotaxis in Zigmond chambers containing IL-8, KC, or fMLP gradients. PECAM-1(-/-) neutrophils failed to translocate up the IL-8, KC, and fMLP gradients. Significant reductions in cell motility and cell spreading were also observed in IL-8 or KC gradients. In wild-type neutrophils, PECAM-1 and F-actin were colocalized at the leading fronts of polarized cells toward the gradient. In contrast, in PECAM-1(-/-) neutrophils, although F-actin also localized to the leading front of migrating cells, F-actin polymerization was unstable, and cycling was remarkably increased compared with that of wild-type neutrophils. This may be due to the decreased cytokine-induced mobilization of the actin-binding protein, moesin, into the cytoskeleton of PECAM-1(-/-) neutrophils. PECAM-1(-/-) neutrophils also exhibited intracellularly dislocalized Src homology 2 domain containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) and had less IL-8-induced SHP-1 phosphatase activity. These results suggest that PECAM-1 regulates neutrophil chemotaxis by modulating cell motility and directionality, in part through its effects on SHP-1 localization and activation.
Interpretation of excessive serum concentrations of digoxin in children

Between January 1981 and April 1984, excessive serum concentrations of digoxin (5 ng/ml or higher) were recorded in 47 children, aged 2 days to 16 years. In 10 patients, the high concentrations were measured 9.25 to 48 hours after death and were significantly higher than antemortem levels in all cases (8.3 +/- 2.4 (+/- standard deviation) postmortem vs 3.3 +/- 1.5 antemortem, less than 0.0001). In 15 patients (40.5% of the living patients) serum concentrations of 5 ng/ml or higher reflected sampling errors; drug levels were monitored too closely to the administration of a dose. None of these children had toxic manifestations of digoxin. In 10 patients, the excessive concentrations were associated with renal failure and a prolonged elimination half-life (T1/2) of digoxin; in 3 of these patients, there were signs of digoxin toxicity. Six cases were caused by digoxin overdose (accidental ingestions, pharmacy error and a suicide attempt). In 6 additional cases, the existence of an endogenous digoxin-like substance (EDLS) was shown to contribute to the excessive levels of the drug. One case could be attributed to digoxin-amiodarone interaction. In 10 of 37 living patients, digoxin toxicity was diagnosed. After excluding the 15 sampling errors and 6 cases with EDLS, this represents 63% of the cases. There was a good correlation between digoxin elimination T1/2 and serum creatine concentrations (r = 0.71, p less than 0.01). The above observations suggest that excessive serum concentrations of digoxin may not necessarily reflect potentially toxic levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comprehensive review of adult acute myelogenous leukemia: cytomorphological, enzyme cytochemical, flow cytometric immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic findings.

This study reports findings from a retrospective, comprehensive review of 80 cases of adult AML in regard to cytomorphology, enzyme cytochemistry (EC), flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI), and chromosomal analysis. From this review, we conclude that diagnostically challenging cases can only be subtyped by combining the cytomorphology with EC, FCI, and subsequent cytogenetic results. This is particularly true in recognizing the hypogranular variant of AML,M3 (AML, M3m) and distinguishing it from other subtypes. Nonlineage expression of markers (CD1, CD2, CD4, CD5, CD7, and CD56) was nonspecific as to AML subtype. Of interest, CD2 coexpression in acute myelomonocytic leukemia with eosinophilia (M4-Eo) was exclusively associated with inversion of chromosome 16 (inv 16) and was not observed in the other M4-Eo's without inv16. We also recognized a previously undescribed M3m with CD56 coexpression, heightening awareness of this entity which needs to be distinguished from the unique subtype of CD56+ AML with otherwise similar immunophenotypic and morphologic characteristics. In addition, nonlineage expression of CD19 alone was exclusively associated with the cytogenetic finding of t (8;21) (q22; q22) and thus may represent a favorable prognostic indicator by FCI. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 13:19–26, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A model for volume lighting and modeling

Direct volume rendering is a commonly used technique in visualization applications. Many of these applications require sophisticated shading models to capture subtle lighting effects and characteristics of volumetric data and materials. For many volumes, homogeneous regions pose problems for typical gradient-based surface shading. Many common objects and natural phenomena exhibit visual quality that cannot be captured using simple lighting models or cannot be solved at interactive rates using more sophisticated methods. We present a simple yet effective interactive shading model which captures volumetric light attenuation effects that incorporates volumetric shadows, an approximation to phase functions, an approximation to forward scattering, and chromatic attenuation that provides the subtle appearance of translucency. We also present a technique for volume displacement or perturbation that allows realistic interactive modeling of high frequency detail for both real and synthetic volumetric data.
Hira-Mediated H3.3 Incorporation Is Required for DNA Replication and Ribosomal RNA Transcription in the Mouse Zygote

Extensive chromatin reprogramming occurs at fertilization and is thought to be under the control of maternal factors, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We report that maternal Hira, a chaperone for the histone variant H3.3, is required for mouse development past the zygote stage. Male pronucleus formation is inhibited upon deletion of Hira due to a lack of nucleosome assembly in the sperm genome. Hira mutant oocytes are incapable of developing parthenogenetically, indicative of a role for Hira in the female genome. Both parental genomes show highly reduced levels of DNA replication and transcription in the mutants. It has long been thought that transcription is not required for zygote development. Surprisingly, we found that Hira/H3.3-dependent transcription of ribosomal RNA is required for first cleavage. Our results demonstrate that Hira-mediated H3.3 incorporation is essential for parental genome reprogramming and reveal an unexpected role for rRNA transcription in the mouse zygote.
Passage of leptin across the blood-testis barrier

Leptin is a 17-kDa protein, secreted by fat, that controls adiposity and has been proposed to have numerous effects on reproduction in the mouse. To assess whether the effects of leptin on testicular function are direct, we determined whether leptin can cross the murine blood-testis barrier. Multiple time regression analysis showed that a small amount of blood-borne leptin is able to enter the testis but does so by a nonsaturable process. In addition, no significant expression of leptin receptors was found at the Leydig cells or Sertoli cells of the testis. This compares with the presence of a saturable transport system for leptin at the blood-brain barrier and abundant receptors for leptin at the leptomeninges, neurons, and choroid plexus of the central nervous system (CNS). These results support the hypothesis that the effects of leptin on reproductive function are not mediated at the level of the testis but indirectly, probably through the CNS.
Vulcanization of an Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber

Abstract This study concerns the sulfur vulcanization of EPT with dithiocarbamate accelerators. The reactions undergone by the accelerators are equivalent to those found during natural rubber or SBR vulcanization; TMTM and TMTD are almost completely converted to ZDMC. During vulcanization about 50% of the double bonds are saturated, and approximately one crosslink is formed for each two double bonds initially present. Equilibrium swelling measurements before and after mercaptan cleavage were used to determine the concentration of all crosslinks and that of monosulfide ones as functions of vulcanization conditions. Vulcanization kinetic were followed by Monsanto rheometer measurements. The process takes place in two stages: an initial fast reaction representing vulcanization by the primary accelerator, followed by a slower first order reaction due to acceleration by ZDMC. Accelerator, sulfur, and zinc oxide concentrations have little effect on the rate constants which, however, are nearly proportional to p...
Folding of ortho-Phenylenes

ConspectusIn nature, the folding of oligomers and polymers is used to generate complex three-dimensional structures, yielding macromolecules with diverse functions in catalysis, recognition, transport, and charge- and energy-transfer. Over the past 20–30 years, chemists have sought to replicate this strategy by developing new foldamers: oligomers that fold into well-defined secondary structures in solution. A wide array of abiotic foldamers have been developed, ranging from non-natural peptides to aromatics.The ortho-phenylenes represent a recent addition to the family of aromatic foldamers. Despite their structural simplicity (chains of benzenes connected at the ortho positions), it was not until 2010 that systematic studies of o-phenylenes showed that they reliably fold into helices in solution (and in the solid state). This conformational behavior is of fundamental interest: o-Arylene and o-heteroarylene structures are found embedded within many other systems, part of an emerging interest in sterically...
Adapting cognitive interviewing for early adolescent Hispanic girls and sensitive topics.

Cognitive interviewing is a research technique commonly used in survey research to improve measurement validity. However, this technique is useful to researchers planning to use self-report measures in intervention research because invalidity of such measures jeopardizes detection of intervention effects. Little research currently exists regarding the use of cognitive interviewing techniques with adolescent populations, particularly those who are Hispanic. This article describes common challenges to conducting cognitive interviewing with early adolescent girls and how these challenges are impacted by Hispanic culture and sensitive topics. A focus group approach is recommended over the traditional one-on-one cognitive interview format, and experiences from actual focus groups, conducted in preparation for an intervention study are used to illustrate strategies for accomplishing the goals of cognitive interviewing. Creative and careful planning, attention to developmental considerations, and incorporation of cultural values are essential to the success of this approach.
IMPACT OF MYOCARDIAL DEFORMATION IMAGING ON THE DIAGNOSIS OF MYOCARDIAL BRIDGE: PHYSIOLOGIC AND STRAIN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY

Diagnosis and assessment of severity in patients with myocardial bridge (MB) currently depend on invasive measures. Left ventricular strain during stress echocardiography is a non-invasive method to evaluate left ventricular dysfunction. We identified MB of the LAD in 58 patients by intravascular
The Wallace Factor Constancy and Cooptation

Before the 1976 presidential primaries had begun, the figure of George Wallace loomed large in the American political arena. Pollsters and journalists speculated widely on how many Democratic convention delegates Wallace would win, what influence he would have on the Democratic convention, and whether he would lead a third-party movement if denied the Democratic nomination. Events from the New Hampshire through the California primaries proved much of this speculation to be idle, for Wallace never did mount a serious challenge within the Democratic party. Using data from the 1968 through 1976 SRC/CPS Election Studies, this work traces the sources of Wallace support over time and advances several hypotheses as to why the "Wallace Factor" was relatively absent in the 1976 campaign.
Turbofan Ice Crystal Rollback Investigation and Preparations Leading to Inaugural Ice Crystal Engine Test at NASA PSL-3 test Facility

This paper documents some of the events leading up to the inaugural ice crystal icing, turbofan engine test conducted in the Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL) at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, OH. For the past 25 years there has been increasing concern in the aviation industry over icing phenomena encountered during flight, including a little understood phenomenon called “Ice Crystal Icing”. Several groups of experts drawn from Industry and Government research agencies were assembled to address this and related problems. Those groups include the Engine Harmonization Working Group (from 1988 – 2007), the Engine Icing Working Group (2009 ), and then the Ice Crystal Consortium was formed in 2009. As flowdown from the EHWG and EIWG, the Technology Plan has two tasks which are pertinent to this paper: Task 3: Fundamental physics of ice accretion and shedding, and Task 4: Test methods and facilities. Somewhat in parallel with the above efforts, from 1988 through 1997, the Lycoming (later AlliedSignal, then Honeywell ) turbofan engine model ALF502R-5 installed on the British Aerospace (Bae146) aircraft experienced uncommanded thrust reductions (rollbacks) when cruising in the vicinity of major thunderstorms at normal cruise altitudes and speeds. As a result, Honeywell began a series of studies to better understand and resolve the issues. Those studies included creating computer models for an engine design that pre-dated computers, rig testing in an altitude chamber, and, eventually, flight tests. During flight testing, the rollback phenomenon was observed and characterized, via an instrumented engine, S/N LF01. This paper discusses those tests and findings. Changes in production engine hardware eventually alleviated the condition, and all fielded engines were retrofitted, eliminating the issue. Honeywell, as a member of the above-mentioned working groups and the ICC, was aware of an industrywide need for more data on the Ice Crystal phenomenon, and began discussions with the EIWG and ICC, along with test facilities planning to modify engine test cells to reproduce Ice Crystals. The NASA facility became available first, and LF01, in its un-modified flight test configuration, was brought out of storage and prepared for testing. Honeywell also designed and fabricated all of the cabling, a test frame, and prepared a large amount of ancillary equipment, and installed its engine into the Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL) at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, OH. Ice Crystal testing was successfully conducted from February 7 through March 2, 2013. Honeywell is currently preparing an identical ALF502R-5 engine, (S/N LF11) with a greatly expanded suite of instrumentation, to be tested at PSL sometime in 2015. Data from both engines will be used by the ICC to address their Tasks 3 and 4, and will be used by NASA to better understand Ice Crystals, while enabling them to improve their computer models, such as NPSS, and further validate and enhance their testing capabilities.
Epidemiological characteristics of HIV/AIDS in Hezhou City,2008-2013

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics of HIV/AIDS cases reported from 2008 to 2013 in Hezhou City so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and control measures.Methods HIV / AIDS cases reported in Hezhou City during 2008-2013 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method. Results A total of 4 065 HIV / AIDS cases were reported from 2008 to 2013 in Hezhou City with an annual incidence of 32. 7 /100 000. Among them,2 134 were HIV infection cases and1 931 were AIDS patients including 1 503 deaths. The cases were mainly concentrated in districts of Babu( 1 387 cases,34. 1%) and Pinggui( 1 208 cases,29. 7%); 2 816 cases were males and 1 249,females.The male to female ratio was 2. 3∶ 1. Cases were concentrated in the groups aged 20 to 49 years( 2 331 cases,57. 3%) and 60 years and over( 1 045 cases,25. 7%). The occupation of the cases was mainly the peasant( 2 885 cases,71. 0%). Educational levels of the cases were mainly primary school( 1 988 cases,48. 9%) and junior high school( 1 462 cases,36. 0%). Heterosexual contact was the main route of HIV transmission( 85. 6%,3 479 /4 065). Case finding approaches were clinical testing of patients( 1 992 cases,49. 0%) and voluntary counseling testing( 662 cases,16. 3%). Conclusion HIV / AIDS epidemic situation was severe in Hezhou. Heterosexual contact was the main route of HIV transmission. Peasants with low educational level were the key population of HIV infection,so we should strengthen the publicity and education to them.
Synthesis of nitrogen‐doped graphene catalyst by high‐energy wet ball milling for electrochemical systems

Platinum group metal-based (PGM) catalysts are widely applied in many electrochemical systems such as fuel cells or metal–air batteries because of their excellent catalytic performance. But the high raw material cost of PGM catalysts has become a significant issue. In recent years, huge efforts have been made to reduce the material cost of electrochemical systems by developing non-PGM catalysts, and as one of the promising non-PGM catalysts, nitrogen-doped graphene (N-G) has emerged. In this research, nanoscale high-energy wet ball milling methodology was investigated as an effective synthesis method for N-G catalysts by using graphene oxide and melamine as raw materials. The main purpose is to study reaction mechanism of the synthesis process and the physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties of N-G catalysts generated by this mechanochemical approach. The elemental composition, chemical bonding composition, and electron transfer number of the synthesized products were characterized. The results show that the electron transfer number of the N-G catalyst with 23.2 at% nitrogen doping content, synthesized by the high-energy wet ball milling method, has attained a value of 3.87, which is close to the number (3.95) of Pt/C catalysts, and the grinding time was found to be a significant factor in the properties of N-G catalysts in the experiments. The results also show that the high-energy wet ball milling developed in this research is a promising method to synthesize high-performance N-G catalysts with a simple and easy controllable approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Performance of PS400 Subjected to Sliding Contact at Temperatures from 260 to 927°C

ABSTRACTAdequate high-temperature lubrication between loaded surfaces in sliding contact can be one of the most challenging tribological problems confronting today's designers. In an attempt to provide a possible solution a test program was initiated to evaluate PS400, a recently patented, high-temperature solid lubricant coating. Made from nickel–molybdenum–aluminum, chrome oxide, silver, and barium fluoride–calcium fluoride, PS400 is a variant of the earlier coating, PS304, but is formulated for higher density, smoother surface texture, and greater dimensional stability. It was initially developed to minimize the start–stop wear in foil air bearings but is expected to perform well in other high-temperature applications where sliding friction and wear are a concern, such as variable inlet guide vanes and process control valve stems. To better define its operational capabilities, a series of tests was conducted to study the behavior of PS400 under reciprocating sliding contact at temperatures from 260 to ...
Detecting and Isolating Attacks of Deception in Networked Control Systems

This paper investigates a category of cyber-attacks on control systems, which regulate processes of a single plant while sharing a communication network. The design of these attacks aims to deceive conventional fault detectors that test locally generated residuals for inconsistent statistics. The authors propose a network-wide attack detector and isolator that collects information from other neighborhoods subject to availability of locality and network resources. Their method relies on estimating the output of a process, whose regulator may be under attack, from measurements gathered at other processes connected to the one under examination through links existing at the physical layer. Next, a notional consensus network coalesces all of these estimates into information that is independent of possibly deceptive sensory data at the suspect locality. The thesis of this paper is that residuals generated from far-flung estimates will reveal an anomaly (even if the statistics of local residuals are consistent). A necessary condition is the existence of an observable subsystem within the physical network of interconnected processes. The authors employ graph theory techniques to identify the subsystem and optimize its observability.
To choose or not to choose: An experiment in hedging strategies and risk preferences

Abstract We conduct a small field experiment on hedging and risk-taking in a relatively high-stakes environment. Students in an economics principles class at a large private university are allowed to choose multiple answers on multiple choice exams with a corresponding reduction in the maximum attainable points. In addition to the usual grade pressure for such classes, this class is also a key component for determining entrance into a coveted limited enrollment business major. We control for question difficulty using a second section of the same course taught by the same instructor. We also build a simple model to explain the findings. We find hedging propensities increase with the question number, suggesting that fatigue plays a role in students’ decisions. We also find that student quality (as measured by ACT scores) significantly reduces hedging on the Final exam but not on the Midterm. This may be evidence of learning among more able students.
Wet Chemical and UV-Vis Spectrometric Iron Speciation in Quenched Low and Intermediate Level Nuclear Waste Glasses

In this study wet chemical methods combined with UV-Vis spectroscopy were performed to quantify Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios and total iron content of quenched alkali alumino-boro-silicate (simulated nuclear waste) glasses, applying a colorimetric method. We report lessons learned from experimental challenges encountered associated with the colorimetric method, where 1,10 phenanthroline method is complexed with dissolved glass powder and the resulting solution measured for absorbance at 520 nm to determine Fe(II). To obtain total iron, the solution was then equilibrated with a mild reducing agent to chance all Fe to Fe(II), and the absorbance measured again at 520 nm. These absorbance values allowed for calculation of the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio, and the total iron content in the glasses. Total Fe measured is somewhat higher than as-batched target values for waste glasses, but very accurate for reference BCR-2G glass. All quenched alumino-boro-silicate glasses analyzed showed a Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio between 0.06 (± 0.01) and 0.04 (± 0.01). These values are consistent with those obtained for similar glass compositions melted under analogous conditions, indicating a composition of ca. 94-96% Fe(III).
Instruction-throughput regulation in computer processors with data-center applications

This paper tests a recently-proposed technique for regulating output performance of Discrete Event Dynamic Systems and Stochastic Hybrid Systems. The controller is based on an integrator with a variable gain, adjusted so as to guarantee wide stability margins of the closed-loop system. The gain is adjusted by estimating, in real time, the derivative of the plant function via approximations to its IPA derivative. The technique is robust to computational errors in the loop, and hence these approximations are designed for fast computation rather than precision. The development of the regulation technique has been motivated by applications in computer processors, and extensively tested in the past on a cycle-level, full system simulator. In this paper we describe implementations of the regulator on an Intel machine based on the Haswell processor, and apply it to control the instructions’ throughput of various industry program-benchmarks as well as data-center applications.
Neurobiological correlates of state-dependent context fear

Retrieval of fear memories can be state-dependent, meaning that they are best retrieved if the brain states at encoding and retrieval are similar. Such states can be induced by activating extrasynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAAR) with the broad α-subunit activator gaboxadol. However, the circuit mechanisms and specific subunits underlying gaboxadol's effects are not well understood. Here we show that gaboxadol induces profound changes of local and network oscillatory activity, indicative of discoordinated hippocampal-cortical activity, that were accompanied by robust and long-lasting state-dependent conditioned fear. Episodic memories typically are hippocampus-dependent for a limited period after learning, but become cortex-dependent with the passage of time. In contrast, state-dependent memories continued to rely on hippocampal GABAergic mechanisms for memory retrieval. Pharmacological approaches with α-subunit-specific agonists targeting the hippocampus implicated the prototypic extrasynaptic subunits (α4) as the mediator of state-dependent conditioned fear. Together, our findings suggest that continued dependence on hippocampal rather than cortical mechanisms could be an important feature of state-dependent memories that contributes to their conditional retrieval.
Comparative Evaluation and Analysis of Gate Driver Impacts on a SiC MOSFET-Gate Driver Integrated Power Module

Abstract SiC MOSFET-gate driver integrated power module is proposed to provide ultra-low stray inductance compared to traditional TO-247 or TO-220 packages. Kelvin connection eliminates the common source stray inductance and zero external gate resistor enables faster switching. This module can be operated at MHz switching frequency for high power applications with lower switching losses than discrete packages. Two different gate drivers and two different SiC MOSFETs are grouped and integrated into three integrated power modules. Comparative evaluation and analysis of gate driver impacts on switching speed of SiC MOSFET is shown in detail. The paper provides an insight of the gate driver impacts on the device switching performance in an integrated power module.
"What Is A Team? Team as Symbol of Mutual Dependence, Support, and Respect"

What does it mean to be a team? Current theories conceptualize teams as intact social entities, but researchers and managers struggle to pinpoint intact “teams” among the unstructured collaboration...
Understanding the foundation: the state of generalist search education in library schools as related to the needs of expert searchers in medical libraries.

Purpose: The paper explores the current state of generalist search education in library schools and considers that foundation in respect to the Medical Library Association's statement on expert searching. Setting/Subjects: Syllabi from courses with significant searching components were examined from ten of the top library schools, as determined by the US. News & World Report rankings. Methodology: Mixed methods were used, but primarily quantitative bibliometric methods were used. Results: The educational focus in these searching components was on understanding the generalist searching resources and typical users and on performing a reflective search through application of search strategies, controlled vocabulary, and logic appropriate to the search tool. There is a growing emphasis on Web-based search tools and a movement away from traditional set-based searching and toward free-text search strategies. While a core set of authors is used in these courses, no core set of readings is used. Discussion/Conclusion: While library schools provide a strong foundation, future medical librarians still need to take courses that introduce them to the resources, settings, and users associated with medical libraries. In addition, as more emphasis is placed on Web-based search tools and free-text searching, instructors of the specialist medical informatics courses will need to focus on teaching traditional search methods appropriate for common tools in the medical domain.
Comparison of Small Versus Large Volume Split Dose Preparation for Colonoscopy: A Study of Colonoscopy Outcomes

Split dose bowel preparations (SDP) have superior outcomes for colonoscopy as compared to evening before regimens. However, the association of the actual volume of the SDP to colonoscopy outcome measures has not been well studied. Compare adenoma detection rate (ADR), sessile serrated polyp detection rate (SDR), mean bowel cleanse score, and predictors of inadequate exams between small volume SDP and large volume SDP. We have conducted a retrospective study in patients undergoing colonoscopy with small volume SDP versus large volume SDP between July 2014 and December 2014. Basic demographics (age, gender and BMI) along with clinical co-morbidities were recorded. Quality of the bowel preparation, ADR and SDR was compared between these groups. Univariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess the determinants of inadequate exams in each group. 1573 patients with split dose preparation were included in this retrospective study. 58.4% (920/1573) patients took small volume SDP. There was no difference in ADR (37.9 vs. 38.8%, p = 0.2); however, SDR was higher for small volume SDP compared to large volume SDP (11.9 vs. 7.9% p = 0.005). There was no difference in the rate of inadequate exams between the two groups (p = 0.7). A history of diabetes and constipation was associated with inadequate exams only in the small volume SDP. SDR was higher in small volume SDP. There was no difference in rate of inadequate exams between the two groups. A history of diabetes and constipation was associated with inadequate exams only in patients with the small volume SDP.
Measurement of elastic precursor decay in pre-heated aluminum films under ultra-fast laser generated shocks

This article presents results from laser-driven shock compression experiments performed on pre-heated pure aluminum films at temperatures ranging from 23 to 400 °C. The samples were vapor deposited on the surface of a 500 μm thick sapphire substrate and mounted onto a custom holder with an integrated ring-heater to enable variable initial temperature conditions. A chirped pulse amplified laser was used to generate a pulse for both shocking the films and for probing the free surface velocity using Ultrafast Dynamic Ellipsometry. The particle velocity traces measured at the free surface clearly show elastic and plastic wave separation, which was used to estimate the decay of the elastic precursor amplitude over propagation distances ranging from 0.278 to 4.595 μm. Elastic precursors (which also correspond to dynamic material strength under uniaxial strain) of increasing amplitudes were observed with increasing initial sample temperatures for all propagation distances, which is consistent with expectations for aluminum in a deformation regime where phonon drag limits the mobility of dislocations. The experimental results show peak elastic amplitudes corresponding to axial stresses of over 7.5 GPa; estimates for plastic strain-rates in the samples are of the order 109/s. The measured elastic amplitudes at the micron length scales are compared with those at the millimeter length-scales using a two-parameter model and used to correlate the rate sensitivity of the dynamic strength at strain-rates ranging from 103 to 109/s and elevated temperature conditions. The overall trend, as inferred from the experimental data, indicates that the temperature-strengthening effect decreases with increasing plastic strain-rates.This article presents results from laser-driven shock compression experiments performed on pre-heated pure aluminum films at temperatures ranging from 23 to 400 °C. The samples were vapor deposited on the surface of a 500 μm thick sapphire substrate and mounted onto a custom holder with an integrated ring-heater to enable variable initial temperature conditions. A chirped pulse amplified laser was used to generate a pulse for both shocking the films and for probing the free surface velocity using Ultrafast Dynamic Ellipsometry. The particle velocity traces measured at the free surface clearly show elastic and plastic wave separation, which was used to estimate the decay of the elastic precursor amplitude over propagation distances ranging from 0.278 to 4.595 μm. Elastic precursors (which also correspond to dynamic material strength under uniaxial strain) of increasing amplitudes were observed with increasing initial sample temperatures for all propagation distances, which is consistent with expectations f...
Diagnostic Procedures in GERD: Principles and Values of Esophageal Manometry and pH-Monitoring

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a highly prevalent disease in industrialized countries. In the US alone, 40% of the adult population frequently complains of heartburn, one of the cardinal symptoms of GERD [1]. In a recent study by Sandler et al [2] gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been reported to be the 4th most prevalent GI disease in the US (19 million cases/year), being surpassed only by nonfood-borne gastroenteritis and other gastrointestinal infections (135 million cases/year), food-borne illness (76 million cases/year) and cholelithiasis (20 million cases/year). In the same study, GERD was found to be the most costly gastrointestinal disease with direct and indirect costs estimated at $ 9.8 billion 1998 US Dollars, surpassing the costs of treatment for cholelithiasis ($5.8 billions), colorectal cancer ($4.9 billions) and peptic ulcer disease ($3.1 billions). Reflux esophagitis, a term first introduced by Allison [3] in 1946, was considered for many years to provide the evidence of gastroesophageal disease. As clinicians became more familiar with the spectrum of GERD it became clear that esophageal symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, chest pain, etc.) might be caused by gastroesophageal reflux in the absence of endoscopic evidence of esophageal lesions. With this understanding it became clear that other tests for the diagnosis of GERD were needed. Over time esophageal manometry, pH monitoring and more recently multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) combined with pH (MII-pH) were added to the clinical armamentarium to diagnose GERD.