cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rare-earth elements in the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Paleo proxies of ocean geochemistry

Abstract The geochemistry of deposition of the Meade Peak Member of the Phosphoria Formation (MPM) in southeast Idaho, USA, a world-class sedimentary phosphate deposit of Permian age that extends over 300,000 km2, is ascertained from its rare earth element (REE) composition. Ratios of REE:Al2O3 suggest two sources—seawater and terrigenous debris. The seawater-derived marine fraction identifies bottom water in the Phosphoria Sea as O2-depleted, denitrifying (suboxic) most of the time, and seldom sulfate-reducing (anoxic). This interpretation is supported by earlier research that showed progressively greater ratios in the marine sediment fraction of Cr:Ni>V:Ni⪢Mo:Ni, relative to their ratios in seawater; for which marine Cr, V, and Mo can have a dominantly O2–depleted bottom-water source and Ni a photic-zone, largely algal, source. The water chemistry was maintained by a balance between bacterial oxidation of organic matter settling through the water column, determined largely by primary productivity in the photic zone, and the flux of oxidants into the bottom water via advection of seawater from the open ocean. Samples strongly enriched in carbonate fluorapatite, the dominant REE host mineral, have variable Er/Sm, Tm/Sm, and Yb/Sm ratios. Their distribution may represent greater advection of seawater between the Phosphoria Sea and open ocean during deposition of two ore zones than a center waste and greater upwelling of nutrient-enriched water into the photic zone. However, the mean rate of deposition of marine Ni, a trace nutrient of algae, and PO43−, a limiting nutrient, indicate that primary productivity was probably high throughout the depositional history. An alternative interpretation of the variable enrichments of Er, Tm, and Yb, relative to Sm, is that they may reflect temporally variable carbonate alkalinity of open-ocean seawater in Permian time. A more strongly negative Ce anomaly for all phosphatic units than the Ce anomaly of modern pelletal phosphate is further indicative of an elevated O2 concentration in the Permo-Carboniferous open ocean, as proposed by others, in contrast to the depletion of O2 in the bottom water of the Phosphoria Sea itself. The oceanographic conditions under which the deposit accumulated were likely similar to conditions under which many sedimentary phosphate deposits have accumulated and to conditions under which many black shales that are commonly phosphate poor have accumulated. A shortcoming of several earlier studies of these deposits has resulted from a failure to examine the marine fraction of elements separate from the terrigenous fraction.
Numerical and experimental research of stall inception on subsonic axial-flow compressor rotor

AbstractThree-dimensional flow simulation and blade tip high-response static pressure measurements were performed on an isolated subsonic compressor rotor to gain more insight into the stall inception mechanism of the compressors. The Navier—Stokes solver, EURANUS, was used for computation. The steady-state flow solution was achieved at the convergence of a four-stage explicit Runge—Kutta integration scheme. The time-dependent calculation was implemented in the implicit dual time stepping scheme, which allowed for the solution of a steady-state problem at each physical time step. The high-response static pressure was measured using five Kulite sensors installed on the casing. The data acquisition frequency was 100 kHz. The recorded data were later analysed using wavelet analysis method.Correlating the simulation result and the measurement result, it was shown that as the compressor was approaching the near stall (NS) condition, the tip leakage vortex dissipation and shedding became violent. The shedding o...
Parallel complexity of computing a maximal set of disjoint paths

Abstract Given a graph, G = (V, E), and sets S ⊂ V and Q ⊂ V, the maximal paths problem requires the computation of a maximal set of vertex disjoint paths in G that begin at vertices of S and end at vertices of Q. It is well known that this problem can be solved sequentially in time that is proportional to the number of edges in G. However, its parallel complexity is not known. This note shows that this problem is NC-reducible to that of computing a depth-first search forest in a suitable n-vertex graph. This result can also be extended to directed graphs.
Butler Theory over Murley Groups

One of the most widely studied classes of torsion-free abelian groups offinite rank is the class of classical Butler groups. A Butler group can beviewed either as a pure subgroup of a completely decomposable group offinite rank or an epimorphic image of such a group. Excellent sources forthe basic properties of Butler groups are 9, 11, 12 of Arnold andwxVinsonhaler. Vinsonhaler has also suggested an investigation of possibleextensions to the theory of Butler groups to pure subgroups of
Measuring knowledge structure: reliability of concept mapping assessment in medical education.

Purpose To test the reliability of concept map assessment, which can be used to assess an individual’s “knowledge structure,” in a medical education setting. Method In 2004, 52 senior residents (pediatrics and internal medicine) and fourth-year medical students at the University of California–Davis School of Medicine created separate concept maps about two different subject domains (asthma and diabetes) on two separate occasions each (four total maps). Maps were rated using four different scoring systems: structural (S; counting propositions), quality (Q; rating the quality of propositions), importance/quality (I/Q; rating importance and quality of propositions), and a hybrid system (H; combining elements of S with I/Q). The authors used generalizability theory to determine reliability. Results Learners (universe score) contributed 40% to 44% to total score variation for the Q, I/Q, and H scoring systems, but only 10% for the S scoring system. There was a large learner–occasion–domain interaction effect (19%–23%). Subsequent analysis of each subject domain separately demonstrated a large learner–occasion interaction effect (31%–37%) and determined that administration on four to five occasions was necessary to achieve adequate reliability. Rater variation was uniformly low. Conclusions The Q, I/Q, and H scoring systems demonstrated similar reliability and were all more reliable than the S system. The findings suggest that training and practice are required to perform the assessment task, and, as administered in this study, four to five testing occasions are required to achieve adequate reliability. Further research should focus on whether alterations in the concept mapping task could allow it to be administered over fewer occasions while maintaining adequate reliability.
Contemporary poetry: a rich landscape

Contemporary poetry is a rich landscape of voices and visions. With over 1,300 new poetry titles to choose from each year, how can librarians make the best acquisitions for their communities? Two resource lists from Poets House ‐ a 35,000 poetry library and literary center ‐ offer a starting point. “1996 Poetry Publication Showcase Suggested Titles” highlights a wide variety of selections from Poet House’s annual exhibit of all the year’s new poetry books. “Where To Find Poetry Reviews” gathers information on directories, literary journals and Web sites that review poetry on a regular basis. These materials were originally distributed at the 1997 American Library Association Conference, where Poets House exhibited the entire 1996 showcase and presented poetry readings and a panel discussion entitled “Building Poetry Audiences in Community Libraries”.
Therapeutic Update: Non-Selective Beta- and Alpha-Adrenergic Blockade in Patients With Coexistent Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Heart Failure

Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have a resting restrictive ventilatory defect. Any type of exercise requires patients with CHF to markedly increase their minute ventilation. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have airflow obstruction that leads to dynamic lung hyperinflation and reduced ventilatory response to exercise. Because exercise is associated with abnormally high minute ventilation in patients with CHF and with a limited minute ventilation increase in patients with COPD, functional capacity is severely impaired in patients with coexistent CHF and COPD. Optimal treatment of both conditions is a prerequisite to maximally improve functional capacity in patients with CHF and COPD. Unfortunately, beta-adrenergic blockade, the current cornerstone of CHF therapy, is frequently omitted in patients with CHF and COPD for fear of inducing bronchoconstriction. Furthermore, when prescribed, beta-adrenergic blockade is often attempted with a moderate dose of metoprolol tartrate, a beta-1-blocker that results in lesser clinical benefits than combined non-selective beta-blockade with carvedilol at the maximally recommended dose. Recent experience indicates that combined non-selective beta- and alpha-blockade with carvedilol is well tolerated in patients with COPD who do not have reversible airway obstruction. Alpha-adrenergic blockade may promote mild bronchodilation that offsets non-selective beta blockade-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with obstructive airway disease.
Adjoint variational principles for convective diffusion

Abstract Following a suggestion due to Morse and Feshbach, adjoint variational principles are constructed for unsteady convective diffusion of a passive scalar, such as heat or mass, in an incompressible fluid under conditions of considerable generality. By recourse to the classical theory of fields, sufficiency conditions are established for an extremal principle. A simple illustrative example is adduced.
Measure the Volume of a Tree: A Transformative Modeling Lesson on Measurement for Prospective Middle-school Science Teachers

Measurement is an essential skill that students need to develop in both mathematics and science classes. However, many students only develop very superficial understanding regarding the nature of measurement. Building upon modeling-based work, we construct a framework that views measurement as a complex set of knowledge and skills one can use to transform a model and/or a referent and their variations and bring them together in a coherent way. We use this framework to guide the design and implementation of a unit on measuring the volume of a tree with two cohorts of prospective teachers of middle grades. With selected examples, we illustrate our framework in terms of the relationship between modeling and measurement. We provide insights on how to design activities that enhance students’ in-depth understanding of measurement.
Testing for empty sets when misclassifications may be present

Abstract A test for empty sets is described. This new test is suitable for testing for mutual exclusivity, sets being nested, and many other configurations. It might be hypothesized that two medical conditions do not both occur in individuals. This can be expressed as an empty intersection of the two sets of people with each condition. An important feature of the test is the incorporation of misclassification rates into the analysis. The test utilizes the potential misclassifications for false designations in the sets that are hypothesized to be empty. The test is quite powerful. When the null hypothesis is rejected, follow-up tests on one or more sets that are included in the null hypothesis can be performed using the same new test. MatLab code is supplied.
Some of My Best Friends Are Anthropologists

generally require a minimum of a year to acquire. We, too, have been concerned about "abuses of ethnographic inquiry" and have resisted training approaches that provide students with no more than a cursory understanding of cross-cultural issues. At the same time, we don't ignore "minor matters" such as cultural differences in pause time just because their significance may not be immediately obvious to practicing teachers. Given the current and widespread concern about the quality of schools in our society, we cannot use the status quo as a basis for judging whether or not a particular practice or paradigm or discipline is going to be useful or harmful in the long run. We need a criteria based on what schools can be, not what they are. How significant anthropology will be in shaping the future of schooling remains to be seen, but so long as our actions continue to provoke comments such as those by Kleinfeld, we can be assured that we are not "a conservative force supporting . .the status quo." And for that we do not have to apologize.
Intercalating Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon−DNA Adducts Poison DNA Religation by Vaccinia Topoisomerase and Act as Roadblocks to Digestion by Exonuclease III†

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts pervert the execution or fidelity of enzymatic DNA transactions and cause mutations and cancer. Here, we examine the effects of intercalating PAH-DNA adducts on the religation reaction of vaccinia DNA topoisomerase, a prototypal type IB topoisomerase (TopIB), and the 3' end-resection reaction of Escherichia coli exonuclease III (ExoIII), a DNA repair enzyme. Vaccinia TopIB forms a covalent DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate at a target site 5'-C(+5)C(+4)C(+3)T(+2)T(+1)p / N(-1) in duplex DNA. The rate of the forward cleavage reaction is suppressed to varying degrees by benzo[a]pyrene (BP) or benzo[c]phenanthrene (BPh) adducts at purine bases within the 3'-G(+5)G(+4)G(+3)A(+2)A(+1)T(-1)A(-2) sequence of the nonscissile strand. We report that BP adducts at the +1 and -2 N6-deoxyadenosine (dA) positions flanking the scissile phosphodiester slow the rate of DNA religation to a greater degree than they do the cleavage rate. By increasing the cleavage equilibrium constant > or = 10-fold, the BPdA adducts, which are intercalated via the major groove, act as TopIB poisons. With respect to ExoIII, we find that (i) single BPdA adducts act as durable roadblocks to ExoIII digestion, which is halted at sites 1 and 2 nucleotides prior to the modified base; (ii) single BPhdA adducts, which also intercalate via the major groove, elicit a transient pause prior to the lesion, which is eventually resected; and (iii) BPh adducts at N2-deoxyguanosine, which intercalate via the minor groove, are durable impediments to ExoIII digestion. These results highlight the sensitivity of repair outcomes to the structure of the PAH ring system and whether intercalation occurs via the major or minor groove.
SU‐E‐J‐36: Development of a Low Cost, Easily‐Made, Interchangeable, Prostate Brachytherapy Phantom for Multi‐Imaging Guidance Using Ultrasound, CT and MRI

Purpose: To develop an easily‐made, interchangeable prostate brachytherapy phantom for implant training and/or dummy‐run treatment planning that is feasible for ultrasound (US), CT and MRI guidance. Commercially available phantoms are expensive and not reusable for repeated implant practice. Methods: The phantom consists of two parts: a multiple use lower transrectal‐ultrasound part and an interchangeable upper part. Material composition was iteratively updated based upon each scan of US, CT, and MRI. Image quality on US, CT and MRI was evaluated in terms of the contrasts seen in prostate, urethra, seminal vesicles, and periprostatic tissues. Two dummy‐run needle implants were tested with transrectal‐ultrasound guidance. Results: An interchangeable phantom was developed using soft polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the lower transrectal‐ultrasound part, the seminal vesicles, and the urethra. The upper interchangeable part consisted of the prostate, urethra, and seminal vesicles, all of which were surrounded by gelatin (2 packets/cup of water). The seminal vesicle (soft PVC) and the prostate (gelatin) were embedded into gelatin. The prostate was made by mixing gelatin (4 packets gelatin and 1.5 tablespoons psyllium/cup of water) into a 50 mL egg shaped mold and then adding the urethra. The first prostate used soft PVC and plasticizer and resulted in poor contrast when using US. After testing with dummy‐run needle implants, the concentration of the upper phantom background (gelatin) was doubled to make it more resistant to wear. The developed phantom produced image quality comparable to those of commercial phantoms but at a cost of only $80 and an 8 hour build time. Conclusion: This study indicates the feasibilities of generating an easily made, interchangeable prostate brachytherapy phantom that is cost‐effective. The developed phantom could be imaged across multiple imaging modalities, thus demonstrating its potential for use in implant practice, dummy‐runs, and planning studies using US, CT, or MRI guidance.
Relationship between T2-weighted hyperintensities (unidentified bright objects) and lower IQs in children with neurofibromatosis-1

To address the controversy regarding the relationship between cognitive impairment (lowering of IQ) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics (T2-weighted hyperintensities or unidentified bright objects [UBOs]) in children with neurofibromatosis-1 (NF-1), we used a pairwise NF-1/ sibling design; we set out to predict the lowering of IQ in each child with NF-1 as a discrepancy from the IQ of an unaffected sibling (D-SIQ). Our multiple regression model included the age of the child with NF-1, familial or sporadic nature of the NF-1, number of locations in the child's brain occupied by T2-weighted hyperintensities (UBOs), and the volumetric percentage of brain tissue occupied by T2-weighted hyperintensities (UBOs). Only the number of locations occupied by UBOs accounted for IQ lowering (D-SIQ) in children with NF-1 (42% of the variance in D-SIQ). This is the first report to confirm that a continuum of lowered IQs in NF-1-affected children exists in relation to the distribution of UBOs (range 0-7), not just presence (vs. absence) of any UBOs.
An information theory quality score for reagent sera

A quality score adapted from information theory is of interest in evaluating HLA typing sera in that it permits the evaluation of a panel of sera detecting a given specificity from the quality characteristics of the sera considered individually. The empirical question of additivity of quality scores is considered using data of the 8th International Histocompatibility Workshop. Additivity is only approximate, which indicates that panels of sera will not be quite as good as would be predicted by summing quality scores of the component sera. Methodological problems regarding estimation of the quality score are considered. The information quality score is related to other indices of serum quality for the special case in which reactions are scored as positive or negative.
Surface Modes of Vibration in Monatomic Crystals

In computer-experimental studies of surface vibrations in monatomic crystals, surface modes of a new type have been found near the Brillouin zone boundary in gaps between bands of different kinds of bulk modes (e.g., longitudinal and transverse). Other surface modes, including Rayleigh waves and extra high- or low-frequency modes when adsorbed films are present, have also been found and investigated.
A parametric study of radiative transfer with anisotropic scattering in a one-dimensional system

Abstract Radiative heat transfer in an absorbing, emitting, anistropically-scattering, one-dimensional medium is analyzed. Unlike many of the existing works, the present analysis does not require a known temperature distribution within the medium. Assuming a model of linear anistropic scattering, the transfer equation and the energy equation are solved simultaneously by utilizing a recently developed successive approximation technique. Closed-form approximate solutions and accurate higher-order results are both presented. Calculations show that the relative importance of the anistropic scattering effect generally decreases with decreasing wall emissivity and decreasing optical thickness. For radiative equilibrium without internal heat generation, it is demonstrated that the anistropic-scattering heat-transfer results can be approximated quite adequately by the isotropic-scattering result with the introduction of the concept of an effective optical thickness. For media with internal heat generation, an interesting effect of the scattering albedo is observed. It is established that, in the limit of a large scattering albedo, the temperature of the medium approaches a constant value that is independent of anistropic-scattering effects and wall emissivity. The exact limiting expressions for the temperature and apparent emissivity of an isothermal slab are found.
Quality of Life of Adolescents Following Liver Transplant: The Perspectives of Parents and Recipients 557

Quality of Life of Adolescents Following Liver Transplant: The Perspectives of Parents and Recipients 557
Solvent effects in fluorine-19 NMR spectroscopy: Nonuniform shifting of the axial and equatorial fluorine resonances of the pentafluorosulfanyl group

Abstract The chemical shifts of the fluorine resonances of SF5NSF2 are given in fourteen different solvents. A change in solvent polarity was found to affect the axial fluorine of the SF5 group more substantially than the equatorial fluorines. This nonuniform shifting of the axial and equatorial fluorine resonances of the SF5 group is best explained as a trans effect and can sometimes be used to simplify complex spectra as shown in the examples SF5NHC(O)F and SF5NHC(O)CF3.
Refuge fragments, fragmentary refuge:

This experimental essay shows the ways that Somali Bantu refugees’ experiences of resettlement, especially their encounters with the bureaucracy of immigration and resettlement, fragment what for the refugees are meaningful wholes (such as families), as well as the sometimes creative, though often frustrated, ways they work to re-create wholeness and meaning in their new context. Revealing cognition and feeling in the moment, these fragments challenge the conception of refuge as relief or resolution, the end of the journey. Instead they expose just how fragmentary refuge is, where the fragments, like the experience of refuge, take the form of a puzzle that shows the precarity and uncertainty of refuge. But the stories told in these fragments also push back at their fragmentation by revealing how refugees puzzle through and attempt to control fragmentation, demonstrating the strength of refugee agency and the beautiful potency of their resistances.
Functional complementation of UvsX and UvsY mutations in the mediation of T4 homologous recombination

Bacteriophage T4 homologous recombination events are promoted by presynaptic filaments of UvsX recombinase bound to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). UvsY, the phage recombination mediator protein, promotes filament assembly in a concentration-dependent manner, stimulating UvsX at stoichiometric concentrations but inhibiting at higher concentrations. Recent work demonstrated that UvsX-H195Q/A mutants exhibit decreased ssDNA-binding affinity and altered enzymatic properties. Here, we show that unlike wild-type UvsX, the ssDNA-dependent ATPase activities of UvsX-H195Q/A are strongly inhibited by both low and high concentrations of UvsY protein. This inhibition is partially relieved by UvsY mutants with decreased ssDNA-binding affinity. The UvsX-H195Q mutant retains weak DNA strand exchange activity that is inhibited by wild-type UvsY, but stimulated by ssDNA-binding compromised UvsY mutants. These and other results support a mechanism in which the formation of competent presynaptic filaments requires a hand-off of ssDNA from UvsY to UvsX, with the efficiency of the hand-off controlled by the relative ssDNA-binding affinities of the two proteins. Other results suggest that UvsY acts as a nucleotide exchange factor for UvsX, enhancing filament stability by increasing the lifetime of the high-affinity, ATP-bound form of the enzyme. Our findings reveal new details of the UvsX/UvsY relationship in T4 recombination, which may have parallels in other recombinase/mediator systems.
Success of High Tibial Osteotomy in the United States Military.

Background:Historically, high tibial osteotomy (HTO) has been performed to treat isolated medial gonarthrosis with varus deformity.Purpose:To evaluate the occupational outcomes of HTO in a high-demand military cohort.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A retrospective analysis of active duty service members undergoing HTO for coronal plane malalignment and/or intra-articular pathology was performed using the Military Health System between 2003 and 2011. Demographic parameters and surgical variables, including rates of perioperative complications, secondary surgery, activity limitations, and medical discharge, were extracted from electronic medical records. For the current study, cumulative failure was defined as conversion to knee arthroplasty or postoperative medical discharge for persistent knee dysfunction. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify statistical associations with cumulative failure after HTO.Results:A total of 181 service members (202 HTOs)...
The Social Circulation of Media Discourse and the Mediation of Communities

This article demonstrates how mass media, because of their extensive accessibility and scope, can serve as both reservoirs and reference points for the circulation of words, phrases, and discourse styles in popular culture. Focusing on the social circulation of radio discourse in Zambia, I examine the semiotics of the decontextualization, recontextualization, and creative reworking of media discourse outside of contexts of direct media consumption. The analysis illustrates one productive avenue for probing the linguistic intertextuality of large-scale societies, as well as the more general heteroglossic nature of language. It suggests that people's active engagements with mass media, along with the social circulation of media discourse and its intertextual connections, are key components in the construction and integration of communities.
Inferring the direction of implied motion depends on visual awareness

Visual awareness of an event, object, or scene is, by essence, an integrated experience, whereby different visual features composing an object (e.g., orientation, color, shape) appear as an unified percept and are processed as a whole. Here, we tested in human observers whether perceptual integration of static motion cues depends on awareness by measuring the capacity to infer the direction of motion implied by a static visible or invisible image under continuous flash suppression. Using measures of directional adaptation, we found that visible but not invisible implied motion adaptors biased the perception of real motion probes. In a control experiment, we found that invisible adaptors implying motion primed the perception of subsequent probes when they were identical (i.e., repetition priming), but not when they only shared the same direction (i.e., direction priming). Furthermore, using a model of visual processing, we argue that repetition priming effects are likely to arise as early as in the primary visual cortex. We conclude that although invisible images implying motion undergo some form of nonconscious processing, visual awareness is necessary to make inferences about motion direction.
DOMESTIC POLITICAL AUDIENCES AND THE ESCALATION OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES

International crises are modeled as a political “war of attrition” in which state leaders choose at each moment whether to attack, back down, or escalate. A leader who backs down suffers audience costs that increase as the public confrontation proceeds. Equilibrium analysis shows how audience costs enable leaders to learn an adversary's true preferences concerning settlement versus war and thus whether and when attack is rational. The model also generates strong comparative statics results, mainly on the question of which side is most likely to back down. Publicly observable measures of relative military capabilities and relative interests prove to have no direct effect once a crisis begins. Instead, relative audience costs matter: the side with a stronger domestic audience (e.g., a democracy) is always less likely to back down than the side less able to generate audience costs (a nondemocracy). More broadly, the analysis suggests that democracies should be able to signal their intentions to other states more credibly and clearly than authoritarian states can, perhaps ameliorating the security dilemma between democratic states.
Salivary Gland Disease in Children: A Review Part 1: Acquired Non-Neoplastic Disease

The early recognition of salivary gland disease depends upon a high index of suspicion by the clinician. A systematic approach to salivary gland disease in children is presented by a group of algorithms, which is supplemented by a discussion of the historical, physical, and diagnostic test findings characteristic of salivary gland pathology. Therapeutic alternatives are discussed for both neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders.
Leadership and Self-Determination

This article briefly reviews attributes and elements identified in the literature for promoting the self-determination and self-advocacy of people with disabilities. In addition, to identify which elements of self-determination and self-advocacy are discussed as elements of effective leadership, a small portion of the general leadership literature is also reviewed. Of specific interest is determining which self-determination practices that have emerged in the literature devoted to people with disabilities also appear in the general leadership literature as essential, generic leadership practices. Conceptual distinctions are drawn among the notions of self-determination, self-advocacy, empowerment, and leadership. A number of conclusions are drawn and are supported by the review, suggesting that (a) self-determination and self-advocacy are essential to effective leadership based on the frequency with which attributes of self-determination are identified as elements of effective leadership; (b) leadership i...
Heat dissipation from suspended self-heated nanowires: gas sensor prospective.

The strong temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity in semiconductors was employed for gas and pressure sensing with a self-heated Si nanowire resistor. The electrical conductivity in such a device depends on heat dissipation and partitioning inside the device and was studied comparatively for suspended and supported device architectures. The appearance of the exhaustion region in the temperature-dependent resistivity of a Joule-heated nanowire was used as a temperature marker for implementation of the quasi-constant temperature operation mode. At low pressures, the sensor is idle due to dominant heat dissipation from the nanowire to the substrate and/or electrodes. Above ca. 10 Torr the sensitivity to gases has a strong dependence on pressure as well as on the type of gas and is determined by conductive heat transfer between the nanowire surface and ambient. This implies that, in contrast to macroscopic devices, the heat dissipation via the convection mechanism does not contribute significantly to the heat transfer from the self-heated nanowire. The thermal sensitivity of the sensor to reactive gases depends on the effectiveness of the particular endothermic/exothermic reaction at the surface of the nanowire and was explored for the case of acetone‐air mixture. The strong coupling of the electrical and thermal properties in the individual Joule-heated semiconducting nanowire allows fabrication of power-efficient multi-parametric nanoscopic gas/pressure sensors that are analogs of Pirani and pellistor type detectors. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Trench waveguide in photonic crystal slab

We show that trench defect in a photonic crystal slab leads to efficient wave-guiding. Based on trench-waveguide geometry, slow-light devices and coupled-cavity micro-resonator arrays can be fabricated with scalable (holographic) photolithography avoiding electron-beam lithography.
Severe Mental Illness, Somatic Delusions, and Attempted Mass Murder

A case of an attempted mass shooting at a large psychiatric hospital in the United States by a 30-year-old male with severe mental illness, somatic delusions, and exceptional access to healthcare professionals is reported. Six persons were shot, one died at the scene, and the shooter was then killed by the police. Data were gathered from court documents and media accounts. An analysis of the shooter's psychiatric history, his interactions with healthcare professionals, and communications prior to the shooting suggest a rare form of mass murder, a random attack by a documented psychotic and delusional individual suffering with somatic delusions. Despite his being psychotic, the killer planned the attack and made a direct threat 1 month prior to the shootings. This case highlights problems with the healthcare system, indicating that it might be ill equipped to appropriately deal with severe mental illness.
Outer Retinal Oxygen Consumption of Rat by Phosphorescence Lifetime Imaging

Purpose: Since the metabolic function of the retinal tissue is altered due to physiologic changes or disease, measurements of outer retinal oxygen consumption (QOR) may be beneficial in assessment of retinal status. The purpose of this study was to report measurements of QOR in rats using a phosphorescence lifetime imaging technique.Methods: Phosphorescence lifetime imaging was performed and retinal PO2 maps were generated in 10 rats under a light-adapted condition. Depth-resolved retinal PO2 profiles were derived from the PO2 maps. From the profiles, the maximum outer retina PO2 (PmaxO2) was obtained and QOR was calculated using a one-dimensional oxygen diffusion model. Repeatability, inter-location variability, and inter-subject variability of PmaxO2 and QOR measurements were established.Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients of repeated measurements of PmaxO2 and QOR were 0.89 and 0.70, respectively (P < 0.001). Inter-location variability of PmaxO2 and QOR measurements at superior to inferior con...
Keeping Multiple Moving Targets in the Field of View of a Mobile Camera

This study introduces a novel visual servo controller that is designed to control the pose of the camera to keep multiple objects in the field of view (FOV) of a mobile camera. In contrast with other visual servo methods, the control objective is not formulated in terms of a goal pose or a goal image. Rather, a set of underdetermined task functions are developed to regulate the mean and variance of a set of image features. Regulating these task functions inhibits feature points from leaving the camera FOV. An additional task function is used to maintain a high level of motion perceptibility, which ensures that desired feature point velocities can be achieved. These task functions are mapped to camera velocity, which serves as the system input. A proof of stability is presented for tracking three or fewer targets. Experiments of tracking eight or more targets have verified the performance of the proposed method.
Food preferences in Prader-Willi syndrome, normal weight and obese controls

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to assess the specific food type (high carbohydrate, high fat, high protein) preference profiles of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), obese controls and normal weight individuals. DESIGN: Subjects tasted a food predominantly high in carbohydrate, a food predominantly high in protein and a food predominantly high in fat over repeated trials and indicated their most preferred, second preferred and least preferred foods. Specific items tested on a given trial were counterbalanced in a block randomized fashion. SUBJECTS: These were 12 individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome, 12 matched obese controls (obese, but otherwise normal) and 14 normal weight subjects. MEASUREMENTS: The basic data were expressed as a proportion of each food type selected as most preferred over the total 27 trials. RESULTS: PWS subjects preferred high carbohydrate foods over high protein foods and high protein foods over high fat foods. These subjects demonstrated a statistically reliable difference in preference for high carbohydrate foods over high fat foods. However, normal weight and obese control subjects demonstrated no difference in food preferences. The only significant between-group comparisons were between PWS subjects and obese controls, with the PWS group showing a significantly greater preference for high carbohydrate foods than obese controls. CONCLUSIONS: The obesity of PWS was shown to have a significant and distinctly different food preference profile from normal weight and obese controls. The differences in food preference between the obese PWS and non-PWS subjects is in accord with the growing recognition of functional subgroups within the obese population, that may have not only differing underlying etiologies, but also distinct behavioral profiles of ingestion.
Permeation of Compacted Clay with Organic Chemicals

Hydraulic conductivities were measured on three compacted clays that were permeated with water, methanol, and heptane in rigid-wall and flexible-wall permeameters. The type of permeameter had little effect when the soils were permeated with water. However, rigid-wall permeameters generally yielded much higher hydraulic conductivities than flexible-wall cells when the soils were permeated with organic compounds. Differences in effective stress and confinement along the sidewall of the test specimen are thought to be responsible for the different patterns noted. Permeation of water-saturated clay with heptane caused the hydraulic conductivity to drop to practically zero because of surface tension effects at the water-heptane interface. There appeared to be a threshold hydraulic gradient below which the hydraulic conductivity to heptane was zero. The results of this study show order-of-magnitude differences in hydraulic conductivity depending on testing apparatus and procedures.
Power Line Monitoring

Overhead power lines are periodically inspected using both on-ground and helicopter-aided visual inspection. Factors including sun glare, cloud cover, close proximity to power lines, and rapidly changing visual circumstances make airborne inspection of power lines a particularly hazardous task. In this study, the feasibility of continuous, on-line monitoring of power lines using ultrasonic waves is considered. A sending/receiving transducer located on the power line generates an ultrasonic wave in the cable. A defect in the cable will cause a portion of the incident ultrasonic wave to be reflected back to the transducer. Data acquired by the transducer can be relayed to a central communication node via a wireless transmitter. The methodology developed in this study can also be applied to other cable monitoring applications, such as bridge cable monitoring, which would otherwise put human inspectors at risk.
ALFRED: An allele frequency database for anthropology.

The deluge of data from the human ge- nome project (HGP) presents new opportunities for molec- ular anthropologists to study human variation through the promise of vast numbers of new polymorphisms (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs). Collecting the resulting data into a single, easily accessible resource will be important to facilitate this research. We created a prototype Web-accessible database named ALFRED (ALelle FREquency Database, http://alfred.med.yale.edu/ alfred/) to store and make publicly available allele fre- quency data on diverse polymorphic sites for many popu- lations. In constructing this database, we considered many different concerns relating to the types of informa- tion needed for anthropology, population genetics, molec- ular genetics, and statistics, as well as issues of data integrity and ease of access to data. We also developed links to other Web-based databases as well as procedures for others to make links to the data in ALFRED. Here we present an overview of the issues considered and provi- sional solutions, as well as an example of data already available. It is our hope that this database will be useful for research and teaching in a wide range of fields, and that colleagues from various fields will contribute to mak- ing ALFRED an important resource for many studies as yet unforeseen. Am J Phys Anthropol 119:77- 83, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Striatal projections from the cat visual thalamus

Anterograde transport methods reveal an extensive thalamostriate projection from the extrageniculate visual thalamus. These projections distribute to approximately the same regions of the striatum innervated by the corticostriate projections from over a dozen higher visual cortical areas [visual-recipient sector; Updyke, B.V. (1993) J. Comp. Neurol., 327, 159-193.]. Like their cortical counterparts, the thalamostriate projections to the caudate distribute in a patchy manner that suggests potential overlap or intermingling spatial relationships between the two major afferents. All of the visually related thalamic nuclei projecting to the striatum receive ascending signals from the superior colliculus, suggesting that the constraints placed upon tectal processing by striatonigral control have important consequences for central perceptuomotor processing at the striatal and cortical levels.
Increased Phase Synchronization between Intracranial Pressure and Arterial Blood Pressure during Elevated Intracranial Pressure in Dogs

We applied the concept of "phase synchronization" from nonlinear dynamics to the complex relationship between intracranial pressure (ICP) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) signals. This method is based on multiresolution wavelet transform (MRWT) in which the signals are divided into different frequency bands. We examined ICP and ABP signals from anaesthetized dogs, exploring normal ICP and elevated ICP by 1~3 ml injection of saline into the cerebral ventricles. Phase synchronization analyses show an interesting phenomenon of phase reset from relatively uniform phase distribution to phase clustering around 00 after injection. To further quantitatively measure phase synchronization, phase coherence is used to distinguish the dynamics of normal ICP and elevated ICP by saline injection. Elevated ICP exhibits higher phase coherence than that of normal ICP. The results suggest that the association between ICP and ABP may involve nonlinear mechanisms of regulation. The clinical application of this method is in investigation
Comment on ‘‘Transient nucleation in solid‐state crystallization of a‐Si films’’ [J. Appl. Phys. 75, 2884 (1994)]

In the experimental study of amorphous silicon films by H. Kumomi and T. Yonehara [J. Appl. Phys. 75, 2884 (1994)] the role of transient nucleation in formation of distribution of overcritical grains was emphasized. The corresponding analytical expression was previously obtained by V. Shneidman [Sov. Phys. Technol. Phys. 32, 76 (1987); 33, 1338 (1988)]. This solution is presented and its relation to the work of Kumomi and Yonehara is discussed.
Business Policy and Planning

This article presents reviews of several books including, “Corporate Strategy,” by Igor Ansoff, “Business Policy: Text & Cases,” by Edmund Learned, C. Roland Christensen, Kenneth R. Andrews and Wiliam Guth and “Top Management Planning,” by George Steiner.
Legal Judgments as Plural Acceptances of Norms

In this paper, I propose an expressivist analysis of internal legal statements that is a development of the analysis I find in H.L.A. Hart’s writings. My analysis portrays a speaker of an internal legal statement as aiming at initiation or maintenance of a certain form of coordination with his audience. More specifically, I argue that an utterance of an internal legal statement is an expression of a conditional conative attitude by which the speaker displays his willingness to act in a particular way on the assumption that others have like or mirroring conditional commitments. Some have argued that expressivist analyses do not distinguish normative statements sufficiently clearly from attempts to goad or prod the audience in various non-rational ways. My analysis enables us to make this distinction quite clearly, and also thereby enables us to maintain Hart’s view that legal practices are fundamentally different from the kind of coercion-centered practices that Jeremy Bentham and John Austin conceived legal practices as being.
Scatter radiation intensities around a clinical digital breast tomosynthesis unit and the impact on radiation shielding considerations.

Purpose: To measure the scattered radiation intensity around a clinical digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) unit and to provide updated data for radiation shielding design for DBT systems with tungsten-anode x-ray tubes. Methods: The continuous distribution of scattered x-rays from a clinical DBT system (Hologic Selenia Dimensions) was measured within an angular range of 0°–180° using a linear-array x-ray detector (X-Scan 0.8f3-512, Detection Technology, Inc., Finland), which was calibrated for the x-ray spectrum range of the DBT unit. The effects of x-ray field size, phantom size, and x-ray kVp/filter combination were investigated. Following a previously developed methodology by Simpkin, scatter fraction was determined for the DBT system as a function of angle around the phantom center. Detailed calculations of the scatter intensity from a DBT system were demonstrated using the measured scatter fraction data. Results: For the 30 and 35 kVp acquisition, the scatter-to-primary-ratio and scatter fraction data closely matched with data previously measured by Simpkin. However, the measured data from this study demonstrated the nonisotropic distribution of the scattered radiation around a DBT system, with two strong peaks around 25° and 160°. The majority scatter radiation (>70%) originated from the imaging detector assembly, instead of the phantom. With a workload from a previous survey performed at MGH, the scatter air kerma at 1 m from the phantom center for wall/door is 1.76 × 10−2 mGy patient−1, for floor is 1.64 × 10−1 mGy patient−1, and for ceiling is 3.66 × 10−2 mGy patient−1. Conclusions: Comparing to previously measured data for mammographic systems, the scatter air kerma from Holgoic DBT is at least two times higher. The main reasons include the harder primary beam with higher workload (measured with total mAs/week), added tomosynthesis acquisition, and strong small angle forward scattering. Due to the highly conservative initial assumptions, the shielding recommendation from NCRP Report 147 is still sufficient for the Hologic DBT system given the workload from a previous survey at MGH. With the data provided from this study, accurate shielding calculation can be performed for Hologic DBT systems with specific workload and barrier distance.
Law's Claim to Legitimate Authority

Joseph Raz's famous authority-based critique against inclusive positivism includes the claim that "it is part of the very nature of law that it claims legitimate authority." Although this now seems to be predominant view among legal positivists, inclusive and exclusive, I argue that it is problematic. First, I identify a number of difficulties in interpreting the claim that a legal system, which is a system and hence an abstract object, can make "claims" to begin with. Second, I argue that Raz's arguments for this conclusion, most plausibly construed, fail. Third, I give a counterexample to the claim by describing something that has all the distinguishing features of a legal system except for those that Raz believes makes a claim to authority (e.g., the use of such terms as "rights" and "obligations"). I argue that this system is properly characterized as a legal system -- despite the absence of these features.