cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Team Production Proposal to the Shareholder - Stakeholder Quarrel: The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance

Among international agencies striving to establish global corporate governance norms, the Anglo-American Shareholder Value Model has become paradigmatic. Ironically, its ascendancy occurred as its principle academic progenitors, financial agency theorists, conceded the shareholder maxim misleading. Now, Financial Agency theorists speak of enlightened stakeholder theory and instruct directors to maximize the firm's long-term value. This theory's persistence owes much to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)'s Principles of Corporate Governance. The Principles uneasily incorporates the two contending corporate models, shareholder value maximization and stakeholder theory. Unfortunately, this shareholder - stakeholder counterpoint has lost its relevance. Accordingly good governance principles must rest on a microeconomic theory in which the firm operates as a voluntary association that, by safeguarding firm specific investments, encourages capital (especially, human capital) investments. The team production theory of the firm, found in behavioral law and economics, provides such a model.
New Perspectives on Working, Learning, and Collaborating and Computational Artifacts in Their Support

Human-computer interaction has refocused many research efforts within computer science from a technology-centered view to a user-centered view. Work-centered design transcends user-centered design by acknowledging that not only are most people novice or generic users of computer systems, but skilled workers in specific domains, as well. These efforts need to be augmented by a learner- and collaboration-centered design perspective that emphasizes the dynamic and collaborative, rather than the static and individualistic, nature of human knowledge and work.
Diversity of Cervicovaginal Cytokine Response to Incident Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Among a Prospective Cohort of Young Women.

Problem Animal, in vitro, and ex vivo studies have identified several cytokines involved in host immunity to genital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection. However, in vivo cytokine responses are not well described. Our objectives were to document cervicovaginal cytokine levels and intrawoman cytokine changes during incident CT in a prospective cohort. Methods From our prospective cohort, 62 women had incident CT, comprising a CT-negative visit followed by a CT-positive visit. At these visits, cytokine protein levels (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1α, IL-1β, MIP-1α, RANTES, IFN-γ) were measured using cervicovaginal lavages and the MILLIPLEX™/Luminex® multiplex assay. Quartiles were defined for each cytokine from all 124 visits. Results At the group level, RANTES was higher (P < 0.01) at the CT-positive visit than at baseline, but the other cytokines did not significantly differ. For intrawoman cytokine changes, women with a cytokine level that increased at least one quartile higher (going from baseline to the CT-positive visit) ranged between 26 and 53%. Women with a cytokine level staying in the same quartile ranged between 32 and 48%. Women with a cytokine level that decreased at least one quartile lower ranged between 15 and 37%. Conclusion Intrawoman cervicovaginal cytokine changes during incident CT appear heterogeneous and may reflect differences in natural host immunity.
Reduced Heart Rate Recovery Is Associated with Poorer Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older adults has been associated with varying degrees of cognitive dysfunction. Several mechanisms may explain this association, including impaired cardiovascular reactivity to autonomic nervous system (ANS) signaling. Reduced heart rate recovery following a stress test may be considered an indication of impaired ANS function (i.e., reduced parasympathetic activity). Participants were 47 older adults (53–83 years) who underwent a treadmill stress test and were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery upon entry to phase II cardiac rehabilitation. Reduced parasympathetic activity was associated with impaired cognitive performance on a measure of global cognitive function and on tasks of speeded executive function and confrontation naming. These relationships suggest that changes in autonomic function may be mechanistically related to the impaired cognitive function prevalent in CVD patients.
Common Themes in the Genome Strategies of Pathogens

Genomes of pathogenic bacteria evolve by large-scale changes in gene inventory. The continual acquisition of genomic islands, which refines their metabolic arsenal, is offset by gene loss. Far from this being a passive deletion of genes no longer useful to pathogens, the removal of genes encoding problematic metabolic process and immunogenic surface antigens might be strongly beneficial. Genomes of virulent eukaryotes show the footprint of similar genomic alterations, including acquisition of genes by lateral transfer, and genome degradation in obligate pathogens. These common features suggest that unicellular pathogens share common strategies for adaptation.
Prolactin-Induced Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and the Accumulation of Monocytes/Macrophages During Regression of the Rat Corpus Luteum

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is thought to facilitate the recruitment and migration of monocytes/macrophages to sites of inflammation. Here we investigated whether the luteolytic effect of prolactin in the hypophysectomized rat is associated with the expression of ICAM-1. In addition, we examined the effect of exogenous testosterone (or its potential conversion to estradiol endogenously) on the corpus luteum to address recent speculation that ovarian steroids might augment luteal regression. Immature, 30-day-old rats were ovulated with eCG and hCG and then hypophysectomized; this resulted in a single cohort of persistent corpora lutea. The rats were assigned randomly into four treatment groups: vehicle treatment without or with testosterone (VEH-T4, VEH+T4) and prolactin treatment without or with testosterone (PRL-T4, PRL+T4). Corpora lutea of control rats exhibited minimal ICAM-1 staining and contained relatively few monocytes/macrophages. In contrast, corpora lutea of prolactin-treated rats exhibited prominent ICAM-1 staining and contained numerous monocytes/macrophages. Testosterone did not overtly affect ICAM-1 staining, numbers of monocytes/macrophages, or concentrations of plasma progestins (progesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone) in either VEH or prolactin treatment groups; notwithstanding, luteal weights increased significantly in response to testosterone in VEH+T4 rats compared to VEH-T4 rats and prolactin-treated rats. We conclude that ICAM-1 expression and monocyte/macrophage accumulation are associated with prolactin-induced luteal regression in the rat and that these aspects are not influenced by testosterone.
Computing Axes of Rotation for Setup Planning Using Visibility of Polyhedral Computer-Aided Design Models

This paper presents a method for determining feasible axes of rotation for setup planning, based on the visibility of a polyhedral model. The intent of this work was to develop a feature-free approach to setup planning, with the specific focus on multi-axis machine setups. Visibility mapping can provide a quantitative evaluation of a surface, a feature or an entire part model; however, the next step is to use this information for process planning. In this paper, we present an approach of using a visibility map to evaluate axes of rotation that could be used in an indexer-type setup on a machine tool. Instead of using expensive and complicated multi-axis machining, it may be feasible to machine using multiple three-axis toolpaths if a single axis of rotation can be used to rotate the part through the minimum set of orientations. An algorithm is presented that is capable of processing visibility information from a polyhedral model; hence, the method is generic and does not require feature detection. As such, the work is applicable to a variety of applications; in particular for subtractive rapid prototyping where complex geometry may not contain recognizable features.
Grammatical Morphology and Perception of Synthetic and Natural Speech in Children with Specific Language Impairments.

Studies investigating the relationship between the use of inflectional morphology and speech-perception abilities in children with SLI traditionally have employed synthetic speech stimuli. The purp...
Predictors of nonmedical ADHD medication use by college students.

Objective: To identify the predictors of nonmedical ADHD medication use by college students. Participants: A total of 843 undergraduates attending one public or one private university in southeastern United States. Method: Students completed a Web-based survey inquiring about ADHD medication use during the first semester freshman of their year and a second time during the second semester of their sophomore year. Results: A total of 45 participants (5.3%) reported the onset of nonmedical ADHD use between the two survey administrations. The majority of these students were high substance users as freshman. Attention difficulties also predicted the onset of nonmedical use, especially in the absence of excessive substance use. Compared with other nonmedical users of ADHD medication, those reporting attention difficulties had lower GPAs, greater academic concerns, and higher levels of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Attention difficulties contribute to the onset of nonmedical ADHD medication use in a significa...
Determinants of subjective sleepiness in suspected obstructive sleep apnoea

Summary Although daytime sleepiness is commonly associated with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), the relationship between OSA severity and subjective sleepiness has been documented elusive. This study aimed to identify clinical and polysomnographic determinants of subjective sleepiness among patients suspected of having OSA. A sleep clinic-based sample of 915 patients was interviewed with a structured questionnaire and underwent diagnostic overnight polysomnography. Subjective sleepiness was quantified by Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Excessive daytime sleepiness (defined as ESS score > 10) was present in 38.8% of patients. In multiple linear regression analysis, respiratory disturbance index [RDI; used to define (whenever RDI was >5) and quantify OSA], depression and diabetes were the most important determinants of ESS score accounting for 17%, 11% and 6% of its variability respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, heart disease, alcohol use and body mass index were less important determinants of ESS score explaining 1–3% of its variability. In conclusion, OSA should not be considered the sole potential cause of increased subjective sleepiness in patients suspected of having OSA. Primarily depression and diabetes, but also COPD, stroke, heart disease, alcohol use and increased body mass index may contribute to increased subjective sleepiness.
Technology challenges and opportunities for ubiquitous computing

Unprecedented transistor integration capacity will be available to make computing truly ubiquitous, but the energy consumption will be a major challenge. Compute energy can be reduced by employing near threshold voltage operation. However, data movement energy will become prohibitive. Software will have to be cognizant of data locality, with introspection for fine grain energy management. The entire stack has to participate in implementing resiliency. Such a holistic system approach will make computing truly ubiquitous.
Sympathetic Detonation and Initiation by Impact

High-speed photographic techniques have been used to investigate the sympathetic detonation of solid explosives by shocks propagated across air gaps and solid barriers. It has been observed that initiation takes place within the body of the receptor stick, rather than at the surface, if the shock pressure is appreciably less than the detonation pressure. The depth in the receptor at which initiation occurs depends systematically upon the pressure of the incident shock ; the lower the pressure the deeper the point of initiation. Detonation always occurs at the shock front, but, under the conditions of the experiments completed thus far, does not propagate backward into the preshocked explosive. The propagation velocity of the detonation wave in the receptor is, at least initially, greater than that observed under ordinary conditions. Studies of initiation by impact have shown many points of similarity. Initiation takes place within the body of the target explosive block, at a point ahead of the striking projectile, except at very high velocities of impact. The depth in the explosive and the distance ahead of the projectile at which initiation occurs depend mainly upon the velocity of the projectile and upon the shape of its front. In agreement with previous work, it has been shown that the kinetic energy of the impacting projectile is not a basic parameter in determining the probability of initiation or the conditions under which it occurs.
The Quantitative Analysis of a Model Fermentation Broth

There has been interest in the quantitative infrared spectroscopy of aqueous solutions for many years, but these studies have not been numerous, because even qualitative applications of this type have been regarded as difficult. This has been due to the poor sensitivity of dispersive infrared instruments, combined with the high-infrared absorptivity of water. Past applications have been largely limited to concentrated solutions in thinpathlength transmission cells, but some attenuated total reflectance [ATR] work has been reported. However, the greater sensitivity of Fourier transform instruments, combined with the use of high-throughput ATR liquid cells, enables quantitative measurements to be made in aqueous solutions at and below the 1 % level. A typical ATR cell, giving about 10 reflections, provides a reproducible, effective pathlength of about 12 microns in the mid-infrared when used with aqueous solutions. The crystal may be constructed from Germanium or ZnSe, and the accessory may be designed as a flowcell for continuous monitoring purposes. FT-IR liquid cell ATR has been used in conjunction with a number of studies of biological systems, and has recently been employed in the quantitative analysis of ethanol in gasohol. In this paper, the analysis of a model fermentation broth by liquid cell ATR is described.
Fragile X syndrome: keys to the molecular genetics of synaptic plasticity.

In the previous column, we briefly discussed fragile X syndrome. Here, we expand on this developmental disorder because it introduces key aspects of synaptic plasticity that are the focus of several future columns. Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation. Its clinical symptoms include moderate to severe mental retardation, macroorchidism, and behavioral symptoms that include hyperactivity, gaze aversion, and stereotypies. A fragile site on the X chromosome was discovered in 1969, when magnified views of X chromosomes from affected individuals suggested that a section at the end of the chromosome had separated from the rest of the chromosome. The explanation for the fragile site came with the cloning and characterization of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) in 1991. Gene sequencing indicates that a portion of the gene is dramatically expanded, with sometimes 1,000 to 2,000 new nucleotides found in affected individuals. The new sequence is of a particular sort: the repeat of the three nucleotides cytosine, guanine, and guanine (called a CGG repeat). The expansion is located immediately adjacent to the regulatory portion of the gene, termed the promoter, and interferes with normal transcription of the gene. The net effect is that little if any message is produced, and little if any protein is translated. The gene is effectively silenced. All humans have a small number of CGG repeats at this site, with between 5 and 50 repeats normally present throughout the population. This short repeated sequence does not interfere with transcription. However, the repeat expands to between 50 and 200 repeats in some individuals. Why this happens is not yet understood, but when it occurs, the repeated element expands in the next generation. Individuals with the initial expansion of 200 repeats are carriers, who were initially thought to be affected only mildly, if at all. However, more recent studies show that carriers often develop fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome characterized by gait ataxia, tremor on the onset of movements, as well as milder cognitive and neurological symptoms. Fragile X syndrome is the second disorder in which an
Phosphorylation of Sindbis virus nsP3 in vivo and in vitro.

nsP3 is one of four viral nonstructural proteins required for RNA replication of Sindbis virus. In this report, post-translational modifications of nsP3 which occur in both vertebrate and mosquito cell cultures have been examined. In pulse-chase experiments, analyzed by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, nsP3 was initially observed as a single species (termed nsP3a, ∼ 76 kDa) which was gradually converted to slower mobility forms ranging from 78 kDa (termed nsP3b) to 106 kDa (termed nsP3c). The slower mobility forms, but not nsP3a or the other nonstructural proteins, could be labeled in vivo with [^(34)P]orthophosphate. Treatment of nsP3 immunoprecipitates with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase converted the slower mobility forms to nsP3a. Phosphoamino acid analysis of nsP3b and nsP3c demonstrated that both contained phosphoserine and phosphothreonine but not phosphotyrosine. nsP34, a polyprotein produced by readthrough of the in-frame opal codon preceding nsP4, was also phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. nsP3 phosphorylation did not require ongoing RNA synthesis since phosphorylated forms were also observed in the absence of Sindbis-specific RNA synthesis. Furthermore, when immunoprecipitates of nsP3 were incubated with [γ-^(32)P]ATP in the presence of Mg^(2+) or Mn^(2+), a kinase activity which was able to phosphorylate nsP3 on serine and threonine residues in vitro was detected. This kinase activity was inhibited by heparin, was activated by spermidine, and could utilize GTP and ATP as the phosphate donor. These latter properties are similar to those of cellular casein kinase II. Although it is possible that this nsP3-associated kinase is of cellular origin, autophosphorylation of nsP3 has not been excluded.
Digital enhancement and analysis of TEM plates

Abstract The techniques of digital image analysis and enhancement have been applied to TEM micrographs. Digitized micrographs of irradiated A1 and Mo containing cavities were enhanced by applying digital unsharp masking and thresholding techniques. These techniques produce enhanced images that allow for more effective analysis of image features using conventional analysis methods as well as computer methods. For the Mo data, a template-matching algorithm was applied to thresholded data and a computer-generated void histogram was obtained. The computer analysis gives results that are in agreement with conventional analysis of the same data. It is concluded that computer methods for cavity/void analysis can be successfully developed.
Optical, Structural, and Electrical Properties of Vanadium Dioxide Grown on Sapphire Substrates with Different Crystallographic Orientations

The phase transition of VO2 grown on sapphire having different crystallographic growth planes is examined experimentally. Measurements of electrical resistivity are compared with spectroscopic ellipsometry studies, to obtain complex index of refraction and plasma frequency, and transmission in the terahertz frequency range, each as a function of temperature.
Size-dependent ultrafast magnetization dynamics in iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanocrystals.

Optically induced ultrafast demagnetization and its recovery in superparamagnetic colloidal iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanocrystals have been investigated via time-resolved Faraday rotation measurements. Optical excitation with near-infrared laser pulse resulted in ultrafast demagnetization in ∼100 fs via the destruction of ferrimagnetic ordering. The degree of demagnetization increased with the excitation density, and the complete demagnetization reached at ∼10% excitation density. The magnetization recovered on two time scales, several picoseconds and hundreds of picoseconds, which can be associated with the initial reestablishment of the ferrimagnetic ordering and the electronic relaxation back to the ground state, respectively. The amplitude of the slower recovery component increased with the size of the nanocrystals, suggesting the size-dependent ferrimagnetic ordering throughout the volume of the nanocrystal.
Synergistic Inhibition of Survival, Proliferation, and Migration of U87 Cells with a Combination of LY341495 and Iressa

Glioblastomas exploit various molecular pathways to promote glutamate- dependent growth by activating the AMPA (2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid) receptor, the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR, and the epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR. We hypothesized that targeting more than one of these pathways would be more effective in inhibiting glutamate-dependent growth. Using a model of U87 cell line, we show that blocking glutamate release by Riluzole inhibits cell proliferation. Glutamate-dependent growth is effectively inhibited by a combination of Iressa, an inhibitor of EGFR activation and LY341495, a group II mGluR inhibitor. Treatment of U87 cells with a combination of Iressa and LY341495 inhibits proliferation as indicated by Ki-67 staining, induces apoptosis and inhibits migration of U87 cells more effectively than the treatment by Iressa or LY341495 alone. These results demonstrate that a combinatorial therapy with Iressa and LY341495 is more effective due to synergistic effects of these drugs in inhibiting the growth of glioblastoma.
Numerical simulation of surface explosions over dry, cohesionless soil

Abstract Numerical modeling of the effects of explosions relies on suitable material models appropriate for large deformation problems. Available results of a wide range of static and dynamic tests on Nevada #120 sand, completed as part of an earlier project (VELACS), were utilized to calibrate a numerical model for sand, suitable for modeling surface explosions. A fully-coupled Euler–Lagrange Interaction was utilized to correctly model pressures created by the explosion simultaneously with the large deformations in the soil. The model was used to study two cases – the first with a 2-D axisymmetric case of crater formation; and the second with a 3-D case of surface explosion above an underground tunnel. The results of numerical analyses were found to closely match those from other analyses, field tests, and centrifuge model tests.
Longevity Record for Largemouth Bass

Abstract The age of a largemouth bass Micropterus salinoides was determined to be 23 years based on the number of annuli on an otolith. An additional annulus could have been present at the edge of the otolith. Until now the maximum age reported for a largemouth bass was 18 years.
Insulin sensitivity as a mediator of the relationship between BMI and working memory-related brain activation.

Midlife obesity is associated with cognitive deficits and cerebral atrophy in older age. However, little is known about the early signs of these deleterious brain effects or the physiological mechanisms that underlie them. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows us to detect early changes in brain response to cognitive challenges while behavioral performance is still intact. Accordingly, we examined the impact of obesity on functional activation during a 2-Back task in 32 cognitively normal middle-aged adults, who were classified into normal, overweight, and obese groups according to BMI. Additionally, we examined insulin sensitivity as a potential mediator of the relationship between BMI and brain activation. Insulin sensitivity is of special interest because insulin is strongly associated with both obesity and central nervous system functioning. Group differences in task-related brain activation were examined in a priori regions of interest (ROIs) using ANOVA. The obese BMI group displayed significantly lower task-related activation in the right parietal cortex, BA 40/7, (F(2,29) = 5.26, P = 0.011) than the normal (P = 0.016) and overweight (P = 0.047) BMI groups. Linear regression and bootstrapping methods for assessing indirect effects indicated that insulin sensitivity fully mediated the relationship between task-related activation in the right parietal cortex and BMI ((F(3,28) = 9.03, P = 0.000), β = 0.611, P = 0.001, 95% confidence interval: −2.548 to −0.468). In conclusion, obesity in middle age was related to alterations in brain activation during a cognitive challenge and this association appeared to be mediated by insulin sensitivity.
Effects of Chlorophyll and β‐Carotene on the Oxidation Stability of Olive Oil

Virgin olive oil was purified by silicic acid column chromatography to remove non-triglyceride components. The effects of chlorophyll and β-carotene on the oxidation stability of purified olive oil were studied by a combination of measuring peroxide value and oxygen disappearance in the headspace of sample bottles by gas chromatography. Chlorophyll in the purified oil acted as a photosensitizer for singlet oxygen formation under light. β-carotene minimized lipid oxidation of purified oil under light storage by its light-filtering effect. Experiments clearly suggested that singlet oxygen was mainly responsible for the photooxidation of the oil containing chlorophyll.
Antioxidants reduce corneal light scattering after excimer keratectomy in rabbits

Background and Objective: Excimer laser-corneal tissue interaction liberates highly reactive free radicals. Our aim was to determine if intraoperative application of antioxidants reduces the postoperative corneal light scattering by minimizing free radical-mediated cellular injury. Study design/materials and methods: Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) was performed in 20 rabbit eyes. Following 40-μm epithelial ablation, rabbits were divided into two groups and received 1-minute intraoperative application of either 50% dimethyl sulfoxide and 1% superoxide dismutase or vehicle (balanced salt solution) only. This was followed by a 6-mm diameter 100-μm PTK. Corneal light scattering was measured for 18 weeks using scatterometry. A light scattering index (SI) ranging from 0–10 was calculated;SI = 1 represents normal scattering. Light microscopic examination was performed in selected corneas. Results: The mean baseline SI was similar for both groups (P-= 0.95). Corneal haze followed a pattern of gradually increasing to peak at 2–3 weeks, and regressing partially thereafter. The decrease in mean SI following antioxidant application (dimethyl sulfoxide and superoxide dismutase) as compared to control group approached significance at 3 weeks (0.1 > P > 0.05) and was highly significant at 9 weeks (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Intraoperative application of antioxidants decreases light scattering following excimer keratectomy in rabbit corneas. UV-induced free radicals may play a role in the pathogenesis of corneal light scattering following excimer laser keratectomy.
Wetland development potential of coal mine tailings basins

Research at the Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory has identified the environmental and economic benefits of utilizingPhragmitesaustralia for stabilizing inactive slurry impoundments. Physical and chemical factors affecting successful vegetation establishment are controlled by the maintenance of a saturated substrate which prevents pyrite oxidation and acid production. The moist soil zones provided by the saturated slurry substrate represent a favorable root growth medium similar to natural wetlands. Implementation of this reclamation alternative for the State’s abandoned mined lands has necessitated the collection and propagation of other physiologically adapted native plant materials to identify species suitability and ensure availability of diverse planting stock. Acceptance of this reclamation atlernative can provide cost effective resolution of abandoned mined land problems as well as replace valuable wetlands being permanently lost through intensive agricultural/urban development.
Method to Subtract an Effect of the Geocorona EUV Radiation from the Low Energy Particle (LEP) Data by the Akebono (EXOS-D) Satellite

It was found that the LEP data was sometimes contaminated with unexpectedly larger noise mainly due to the geocorona EUV radiation. Its noise level is so high that we are obliged to substract the background noise in ground processing when we intend to analyze such LEP data. We therefore propose an efficient and useful procedure for eliminating this background noise, which is highly implemented so as to reduce the computing time. This method is based on a Bayesian smoothness prior approach with a state space modeling.
Uptake of reconstituted Na,K-ATPase vesicles by isolated lymphocytes measured by FACS, confocal microscopy and spectrofluorometry.

Na,K-ATPase (EC, 3.6.1.37, Na,K-ATPase) is a fundamental vital membrane transport and receptor system which, after biosynthesis, is exported to the plasma membrane in inside-out vesicles. Na,K-ATPase can be extracted form the natural membrane and inserted into artificially formed phosphatidylcholine vesicles (liposomes). The ultrastructure of the reconstituted vesicles has been fully described. In the present work, the Na,K-ATPase-vesicles were labeled with fluorescent tracers either in their water or membrane phase, incubated with freshly isolated human lymphocytes, and the resulting cellular fluorescence measured with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), confocal microscopy and spectrofluorometry. The FACS data show that all lymphocytes take up Na,K-ATPase-vesicles in a dose-and temperature-dependent fashion. Three-dimensional analysis of the fluorescence by confocal microscopy reveals that the fluorescence is contained within the cells. Quantitative determination by spectrofluorometry indicates that depending on the vesicle/cell ratio, a single lymphocyte takes up 650 to 36,500 vesicles within 30 min at 37°C together with up to about 200,000 renal Na,K-ATPase molecules.
Surface Vibration of a Multilayered Elastic Medium due to Harmonic Concentrated Force

Dynamic response of a multilayered elastic medium subjected to harmonic surface concentrated load is considered. In development of the analytical solution, the three-dimensional theory of elasto-dynamics is utilized for derivation of the governing partial differential equations for each layer. These equations are solved in the Fourier domain by employing the double complex Fourier transform technique. In the analysis, each layer of the medium is assumed to be extended infinitely in the horizontal x and z directions and has uniform depth in the y direction and is considered to be linearly elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic. Utilizing the integral Fourier transform, displacements and stresses at any point in each layer can be determined in terms of boundary stresses for each layer. Also, the presented solution provides the relation between stress and displacement vectors for the top and bottom of each layer in matrix notation. By satisfying the compatibility of displacements and stresses for each interface, a propagator matrix relating displacements and stresses at the top of the medium to the bottom interface will be obtained. This relates the displacement and stress vector on the top surface to the bottom interface by eliminating similar information for the other interfaces. In this study, the displacements on the surface of the layered medium are computed for the two cases where the surface of the medium is subjected to a concentrated harmonic vertical or horizontal harmonic force.
Deuterium–Hydrogen Ratio in Jupiter

Reeves and Bottinga, in discussing the D/H ratio in Jupiter1, claim to make an estimate of this ratio based on theoretical work by Geiss and Reeves2. In fact, the only value given is that which we have ourselves derived3 from a detailed reduction of the observational data of Beer et al.4. This result is incorrectly attributed to Black (to whom we had communicated our results) and is stated to be the D/H ratio in the CH4 phase, which is also incorrect. Our result pertains to the overall isotopic ratio.
Flying yellow kangaroos

Tree Kangaroos: A Curious Natural History by T. F. Flannery, R. Martin and A. Szalay. Illustrated by P. Schouten Reed Books Australia: 1996. Pp. 202. A$100
Spectroscopic and Functional Characterization of a Ligand Coordination Mutant of Soybean Lipoxygenase-1: First Coordination Sphere Analogue of Human 15-Lipoxygenase

Lipoxygenases are an important class of non-heme iron enzymes which catalyze the hydroperoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. This study utilizes a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and variable-temperature, variable-field (VTVH) MCD to probe the ground state and excited states of the active site of an iron coordination mutant of soybean lipoxygenase-1 (SLO-1), N694H, and relate the structural modifications with kinetic changes. The sixth coordination ligand for SLO-1, Asn694, is proposed to be a primary factor in the coordination flexibility of the site and is reflected in both its ferrous MCD and ferric EPR spectroscopic properties. In the present study, we compare the spectroscopic properties of the N694H SLO-1 mutant with those of wild-type (WT) SLO-1 and WT human 15-lipoxygenase (15-HLO) and determine that its properties are intermediate between the WT enzymes. WT 15-HLO has a His substitution in the Asn694 equivalent position. The low-temperatu...
Performance Of In-Situ Copper Alloys As Electrodes In High Current, High Energy Switches

The thermal loading of high current, high energy opening and closing switches require electrode materials which have superior high temperature strength and thermal conductivi-ty. A recently developed class of copper alloys, called in-situ materials', such as Cu-Nb, Cu-Ta, and Cu-W, provide these char-acteristics. In addition, our recent tests have verified that the addition of LaB6 to Cu and CuW composite materials improved their performance. Results are given for several of these material combinations in both stationary and moving arc closing switches. Performance is evaluated using figures of merit derived from thermal considerations.
Cascading nonlinearities in KTP waveguides at communications wavelengths

Self-phase modulation due to the cascading of second-order nonlinearities is reported in segmented KTP channel waveguides in the communications band at 1587 nm. Peak nonlinear phase shifts are approximately pi /2. >
Generalization of the Maxwell Criterion for Van der Waals Equation

A method is proposed for generalizing the Maxwell equal-area rule for replacing isobaric isotherm segments in the condensing phase for van der Waals equation. The new vapor-pressure isotherm cuts off lobes unequal by an amount depending on the internal energies and differing specific heats of the liquid and vapor phases. Improved predictions of both liquid specific heat and entropy of vaporization for some metals are demonstrated by a simple example.
Determination of gas mixture adsorption equilibria by the tracer-pulse technique

Abstract A chromatographic technique using radiotracer gases has been used to determine pure gas isotherms and gas mixture adsorption equilibria over the entire concentration range. The ethane—ethylene-Molecular Sieve Type 13X and pure carbon monoxide-Molecular Sieve Type 5A systems were studied. The data obtained by this dynamic technique are shown to be in agreement with data obtained previously by a static (volumetric) method. The chromatographic method is much more efficient for obtaining mixture data and is considerably easier to adapt to wider pressure and temperature ranges than static methods.
The North Pacific Oscillation

A climatological study of the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) during Januaries and winters (D-J-F) between 1906 and 1978 is presented. The NPO is defined in terms of opposition in sign of mean temperature anomaly between western Alaska-eastern Siberia (as represented by the stations at Dutch Harbor and St. Paul, Alaska) and western Canada (as represented by Edmonton). The two oscillation modes, Aleutians below normal temperature (Edmonton above normal) and Aleutians above normal temperature (Edmonton below normal), are associated with variations in the strength of the zonal westerlies over the Pacific and North America which in turn result from longitudinal variations in the mean position of the Aleutian low. A westward location of the mean low. over the Sea of Okhotsk, is associated with the development of intense mean high pressure cells over western North America while zonal flow is associated with a more eastward location of the mean low over the Gulf of Alaska. Significant spatial correlations exist between the strength of the zonal component of the geostrophic wind over the Pacific Ocean and the zonal component of the polar and subtropical easterlies over the Pacific sector. The NPO modes are associated with large regional variations in air temperature and precipitation over North America, sea surface temperatures in the North Pacific, and Bering Sea ice. The NPO is found to resemble the second eigenvector of January and winter sea level pressure anomalies. In contrast to its more frequently occurring counterpart, the North Atlantic Oscillation, the NPO is not clearly associated with hemispheric mean temperature trends and its modes occur randomly with time. The two oscillations represent separate patterns of teleconnections of sea level pressure and zonal geostrophic winds over the Northern Hemisphere.
A long-term infiltrometer study in southern Idaho, U.S.A.

Abstract Nine years of infiltration measurements were made over a 12-yr. period on a big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ) site in southern Idaho that was plowed and seeded in the fall of 1968. Results of the study thus far indicate that plowing caused an initial significant decline in infiltration rates. Grazing, started in 1970, did not further reduce infiltration but seasonal trends were eliminated and there was no recovery of infiltration. Exclosures indicate it would take at least six years for complete recovery of infiltration rates, assuming no grazing. Suggestions are given for the use of deterministic models in predicting infiltration rates based on grazing intensity.
Some applications of the term condition

In our main result we describe a countable algebraic lattice L which is not isomorphic to the congruence lattice Con S of any semigroup S. B. J6nsson asked in (1975) whether there was any algebraic lattice M not congruence-representable with a semigroup. W. A. Lampe found such an M in (1977), but his reasoning had very little to do with semigroups: his M requires R1 operations for any representing algebra, regardless of what identities it might satisfy. Moreover, his method seems to make essential use of the existence of R1 compact elements in M. (For more details, see Freese, Lampe and Taylor (1979).) In order to refine J6nsson's question in the light of Lampe's example, we examine five properties of a lattice L:
Changes in gap junctional connexin isoforms during prostate cancer progression.

BACKGROUND Connexins have their traditional function as part of gap junction (GJ) structures, but have recently been shown to have GJ-independent roles. Although GJs and their connexin subunits are thought to be down-regulated in cancer, depending on the connexin examined, many times the expression level is preserved or even increased. This is further apparent by the importance of GJs in “by-stander effects” of radiation and viral targeting treatments. METHODS We surveyed connexin isoforms in prostate cancer cell lines and tissue with RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Upon modulating GJ function, we observed prostate epithelial cell behaviors. RESULTS Advanced cells within PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer progression models exhibit elevated connexin 26 (Cx26) levels—a trend validated in clinical samples. When GJs were inhibited, adhesion was not affected, but invasion and migration were strikingly decreased. A link between the expression of Cx26 and integrin adhesion-linked functions are suggested by Cx26's direct interaction with focal adhesion kinase (FAK). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a novel mechanism for adhesion regulation by a GJ-independent Cx26 function that correlates with prostate disease progression. The increased Cx26 expression during prostate cancer progression plays a role in adhesion regulation possibly through its interaction with FAK. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Validation of MODIS snow mapping algorithm using AVIRIS image and near-infrared color photo data

For climatic, hydrological, and snow hazard investigations, the snow covered area is one of important parameters. Moderate Resolution Image Spectrometer (MODIS) is an EOS-A facility instrument to be launched in this year. With much richer spectral and more frequent temporal measurements by MODIS, we expect that daily or weekly global snow cover information can be obtained. The objective of this study is to validate the accuracy of the MODIS snow mapping algorithm under a variety of viewing and illuminations, land cover, atmospheric and terrain conditions. We have collected a huge amount of AVIRIS image data, from which we can simulate the MODIS spectra measurements. The high resolution color infrared photo taken simultaneous as AVIRIS image data can be used to access the snow covered area as the ground truth. Through examples, we demonstrate the techniques used to access the ground truth and validation of MODIS snow mapping algorithm.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Examining Systematic Errors in Predictors of College Student Self-Reported Gains.

This chapter examines the extent to which using self-reported gains as a proxy for longitudinal growth leads to systematic biases in institutional and individual predictors of college student outcomes.
The stage ii recovery behavior of a series of ion-irradiated platinum (gold) alloys as studied by field-ion microscopy

Abstract Direct and visible evidence has been obtained for long-range migration of self-interstitial atoms (SIAs) in Stage II of three different ion-irradiated platinum (gold) alloys. Field-ion microscope (FIM) specimens of Pt-0.10, 0.62 and 4.0 at.% Au alloys were irradiated in situ with 30 keV W+ or Pt+ ions at a tip temperature of 35 to 41 K at 2 × 10−9 torr. Direct observation of the surfaces of the FIM specimens during isochronal warming experiments to 100 K showed that a flux of SIAs crossed the specimens' surfaces between 40 to 100 K. The spectrum for each alloy consisted of two recovery peaks (substages IIB and IIC).The results are explained on the basis of an impurity-delayed diffusion mechanism employing a two-level trapping model. The application of this diffusion model to the isochronal recovery spectra yielded a dissocation enthalpy (δh diss li-Au) and an effective diffusion coefficient for each substage; for substage IIB δh diss li-Au (IIB) = 0.15 eV for substage IIC δh diss li-Au (IIC) = 0....
Insect Photoreceptor: An Internal Ocellus Is Present in Sphinx Moths

Adult sphinx moths lack external ocelli. In Manduca sexta and other anocellate moths structures homologous to ocelli have been observed. Histological examination of such a structure in Manduca sexta has shown structural similarities to ocelli of other insects. Electrophysiological studies revealed a response to light stimuli stimilar to the electroretinogram of external ocelli. The evidence strongly suggests that the structures are internal ocelli.
Splicing of yeast tRNA precursors: a two-stage reaction

Soluble extracts of S. cerevisiae splice tRNA precursors which contain intervening sequences. The reaction goes to completion and requires ATP for the production of mature sequence tRNA. In the absence of ATP, half-tRNA molecules accumulate. Similar half-tRNA molecules appear as kinetic intermediates and accumulate if splicing is inhibited with pure, mature tRNA. Half-tRNA molecules have been purified. These half-tRNAs are efficiently ligated in an ATP-dependent reaction that is inhibited by added mature tRNA. The product of ligation is the expected mature sequence tRNA. The excised intervening sequence has also been identified. These results suggest an enzymatic mechanism for splicing which involves two independent steps.
Characterization of neurohistone variants and post-translational modifications by electron capture dissociation mass spectrometry

Abstract Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones are intimately involved in chromatin structure and thus have roles in cellular processes through their impact on gene activation or repression. At the forefront in histone PTM analysis are mass spectrometry-based techniques, which have capabilities to produce improved views of processes affected by chromatin remodeling via histone modifications. In this report, we take the first mass spectrometric look at histone variant expression and post-translational modifications from histones isolated from rat brain tissue. Analyses of whole rat brain identified specific histone H2A and H2B gene family members and several H4 and H3 post-translational modification sites by electron capture dissociation (ECD) mass spectrometry. We subsequently compared these results to selected rat brain regions. Major differences in the expression profiles of H2A and H2B gene family members or in the post-translational modifications on histone H4 were not observed from the different brain regions using a Top Down approach. However, “Middle Down” mass spectrometry facilitating improved characterization of the histone H3 tail (1–50 residues), revealed an enrichment of trimethylation on Lys9 from cerebellum tissue compared to H3 extracted from whole brain, cerebral cortex or hypothalamus tissue. We forward this study in honor of Professor Donald F. Hunt, whose pioneering efforts in protein and PTM analyses have spawned new eras and numerous careers, many exemplified in this special issue.
Motion estimation from SAR data

A method for determining the relative motion between an antenna and a target using SAR data is presented. The motion is broken into two parts: translation and rotation. The translation is relative range motion between the antenna and a point fixed with respect to the target. The rotation is defined by an axis of rotation vector with origin at the point and target rotation about the vector. The net result is that four functions of time completely describe the motion, one for translation and three for rotation. For an isolated scatterer the negative of the phase (in cycles) is twice the range to the scatterer divided by the radar wavelength. For real scenes the phase is corrupted by neighboring scatterers and so provides only approximate information about the motion functions. The procedure is to locate strong scatterers, obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the motion from the phase, adjust the pulses according to the motion, and repeat until convergence is achieved. Arbitrary translational motion can be found in this way. However, even with a rigid target assumption, general rotational motion can not be found. The rotation must be restricted in some way. An example where the rotation is restricted to rotation about a fixed axis is included.