cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Influence of Interactive CD-ROM Storybooks and Traditional Print Storybooks on Reading Comprehension

AbstractChanging from print to electronic text impacts the way students are reading and their reading comprehension. This article reports on 2 experiments designed to study the impact of electronic text on the reading comprehension of third-grade students. Experiment 1 involved 37 matched pairs of students reading either CD-ROM or print versions of books. The results of this study indicate that there was no statistically significant difference in reading comprehension as measured by open-ended questions. However, there was a statistically significant difference in reading comprehension as measured by story retellings for the group that read the CD-ROM versions of the stories. In Experiment 2,30 students who read the print stories in Experiment 1 read 2 additional stories in CD-ROM format. As measured by story retellings, their comprehension was statistically significantly higher when reading the CD-ROM stories.
Microfluidic sample preparation for elemental analysis in liquid samples using micro X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry

The integration of microfluidic devices with micro X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry offers a new approach for the direct characterization of liquid materials. A sample presentation method based on use of small volumes (<5 µl) of liquid contained in an XRF-compatible device has been developed. In this feasibility study, a prototype chip was constructed, and its suitability for XRF analysis of liquids was evaluated, along with that of a commercially produced microfluidic device. Each of the chips had an analytical chamber which contained approximately 1 µl of sample when the device was filled using a pipette. The performance of the chips was assessed using micro-XRF and high resolution monochromatic wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence, a method that provides highly selective and sensitive detection of actinides. The intended application of the device developed in this study is for measurement of Pu in spent nuclear fuel. Aqueous solutions and a synthetic spent fuel matrix were used to evaluate the devices. Sr, which has its Kα line energy close to the Pu Lα line at 14.2 keV, was utilized as a surrogate for Pu because of reduced handling risks. Between and within chip repeatability were studied, along with linearity of response and accuracy. The limit of detection for Sr determination in the chip is estimated at 5 ng/µl (ppm). This work demonstrates the applicability of microfluidic sample preparation to liquid characterization by XRF, and provides a basis for further development of this approach for elemental analysis within a range of sample types. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Sputtering of Fusion Plasma-Facing Carbon Surfaces

We perform molecular dynamics simulations of the chemical sputtering of deuterated amorphous carbon surfaces irradiated by low energy deuterium atoms and molecules (⩽ 30 eV/D). Particular attention was paid to the proper preparation of the surfaces, as well as to the internal (rovibrational) state of impinging molecules. Sputtered hydrocarbons are analyzed with respect to their mass, kinetic energy and angular distribution. The sputtering yields are in good agreement with recent experimental results.
User-centric deployment support in a component platform

Component-based software development is intended to make it easy to build applications from reusable components, but current technologies are very complex to use. One reason for this situation is the lack of tools to support the task of application building. An application builder should be able to easily compose applications without having to perform much manual programming. Tools for application builders should, among other things, support modeling and enforcement of architectural properties in order to give the application builder full control over the structure of an application. In this work, we present JPloy, a component-based extension to the Java platform that is user-centric (geared towards application builders) and supports architectural modeling and adaptation. JPloy is transparent to existing components; this means that components do not have to be specifically developed for use with the tool. The JPloy approach is based on loading time code modification; compiled code is modified when it is loaded into memory. In this way, we can automatically generate adaptations and enforce architectural constraints; components are not required to be written in a special-purpose programming language or to use a special-purpose API. Key elements of our approach are a configuration language, which can be used to express architectural connections and adaptations, and support for component interaction styles. The configuration language gives application builders full control over the architecture of an application without requiring much coding. Interaction style can be used to easily change architectural properties inherent in the way components communicate. We demonstrate our approach by applying it to a three-tier customer relationship management application.
Animated power-generating system reliability evaluation

This paper presents an animated power generating system reliability performance evaluation model. The model has real-time animation capabilities which allow the user to graphically view the interaction among various system components. The power generation model is developed based on a combination of Markov concepts and Monte Carlo techniques. The model incorporates the effects of several operating considerations, such as unit duty cycles, outage postponabilities, and planned outage schedules. Seven power system reliability performance measures such as loss of load expectation (LOLE), expected unserved energy (EUE), expected loss of load per year (ELLPYR), frequency of loss of load (FLOL), duration of loss of load (DLOL), expected energy not supplied per event (EENSPEV), expected loss of load per event (ELLPEV), and the statistics of each individual unit including the expected energy produced by some of the units and their expected number of hours operating, are reported. The results show that animation brings the user the single most effective way of verifying large-scale power system simulation models. Furthermore, it is concluded that animation based reliability models are a desirable and an ideal tool for educational purposes. >
Character in childhood and early adolescence: models and measurement

In recent years, the construct of character has received substantial attention among developmental scientists, but no consensus exists about the content and structure of character, especially among children and early adolescents. In a study of positive development among racially diverse Cub Scouts in the greater Philadelphia area, we assessed the construct and concurrent validity of a new measure of character, the Assessment of Character in Children and Early Adolescents (ACCEA), among 906 Scouts (mean age = 8.84 years, SD = 1.39 years) and 775 non-Scout boys and girls (mean age = 8.92, SD = 1.64). We identified an eight-correlated-factor model as providing the best fit with our data. We further established measurement invariance and explored latent mean differences for ACCEA scores across two Scout groups (with or without a higher-level program leader), non-Scout boys and non-Scout girls. Girls were generally superior than boys on all character attributes. We further examined concurrent validity of ACCEA...
Using diffusion-weighted MRI to predict aggressive histological features in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a novel tool for pre-operative risk stratification in thyroid cancer.

Background: Initial management recommendations of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are very dependent on preoperative studies designed to evaluate the presence of PTC with aggressive features. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) before surgery can be used as a tool to stratify tumor aggressiveness in patients with PTC. Methods: In this prospective study, 28 patients with PTC underwent DW-MRI studies on a three Tesla MR scanner prior to thyroidectomy. Due to image quality, 21 patients were finally suitable for further analysis. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of normal thyroid tissues and PTCs for 21 patients were calculated. Tumor aggressiveness was defined by surgical histopathology. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the difference in ADCs among groups of normal thyroid tissues and PTCs with and without features of tumor aggressiveness. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the discri...
Mechanisms for diversity in gene expression patterns.

Abstract Despite the relatively low number of transcriptional regulatory proteins, the number of possible combinations that act in particular cell types at specific times and in response to appropriate extracellular stimuli is enormous. In considering the regulatory patterns of a particular gene, the critical determinants of diversity are the specific promoter sequences that govern the potential DNA-binding proteins which function either directly or indirectly in association with other proteins; constellations of proteins in the nucleus and their transcriptional activities; and synergistic or antagonistic protein-protein interactions. Although some of these regulatory principles operate in prokaryotes, the combinatorial nature of the transcriptional activation process, the existence of multiprotein families, and the prevalance of heteromeric protein complexes are characteristic of eukaryotic cells and are essential for the extraordinary complexity of gene expression patterns in multicellular organisms.
X-ray backlighting sources of 4 to 10 keV for laser-fusion targets

High-density, short-duration x-ray pulses are necessary to diagnose the compression of laser fusion targets. Present target designs are such that backlighting sources ranging from a few thousand electron volts to 100 keV will be necessary. The desired source durations range from a few tens of picoseconds for flash radiography to several nanoseconds for streaked backlighting, and the source occurence must be tightly synchronized to that of the target-irradiating laser pulse. For the latter reason, a laser-induced x-ray pulse is preferred. An initial study of the K lines of Ti, Ni, and Zn as possible backlighting sources was conducted. The conversion efficiency of laser light into line radiation was obtained as a function of laser intensity, pulse length, and wavelength. A threshold laser intensity for x-ray line production was identified. Information was obtained on the size and duration of the x-ray emission source, in relation to laser parameters. The experimental results, and their impact on backlighting capability for high-density laser fusion targets, are discussed.*© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mark Kesselman and the Study of Comparative Politics

Throughout his career, Mark Kesselman has combined rigorous scholarship and a critical perspective on the political science mainstream with a concern for the world that is worthy of emulation. His interests have ranged far and wide, from local French politics and Mitterrand's socialist experiment to criticisms of modernization theory. Yet his core theoretical concerns have always been grounded in an effort to show the dilemmas of, and possibilities for, long-term social and political change. His early work on local politics and modernization theory exposed the conservative biases of those literatures. His analyses of the permutations of the French left sought to explain the failures of French socialism. And his textbooks sought to transform a critical perspective on comparative and European politics into a set of pedagogical tools.
Gel-drawn fibres of poly(vinyl alcohol)

Semi-crystalline gels of several samples of poly(vinyl alcohol) were made from solutions in which the polymer concentration varied from 2.0 to 15.0%. Entanglement density in the material was in this way reduced from the melt entanglement density. When gels were partially dried and drawn isothermally the maximum draw ratio increased with drawing temperature up to 11 to 14 at 140 to 180‡ C. A meltcast film could be drawn to 6.8 times at 140‡ C. Drawn material had a crystallinity of 55 to 80%, while that of isotropic material was 20 to 55%. Gels of lower initial concentration (lower entanglement density) could be drawn to greater extensions at a given draw temperature and had better mechanical properties. Young's modulus increased with draw ratio to values very close to those for polyethylene fibres drawn by the same amount. Young's modulus was independent of drawing temperature or degree of crystallinity, but on comparing drawn gels of the same draw ratio, crystallinity and crystalline orientation, those of lower entanglement density had a higher Young's modulus.
What’s in a Name? The Dilemma of Title and Geography for Contemporary Hasidism

This paper examines the importance of “branding” in hasidic life. It considers the impact of place names associated with the title of a particular rebbe or tsadik and his followers. When there is more than one claimant to succeed to the role of rebbe for a particular group of hasidim, the competition is often intensified because even though each claimant may have his own followers, there is only one name available for the group and its leader. This situation, different from the one that existed earlier in the history of Hasidism, makes the circumstances of succession today more fraught than they once were.
The Rise and Fall of the 2000 Rocky Mountain Regional Primary

I and around the United States have sought to replace the relatively haphazard arrangement of state primaries and caucuses which form the constituent elements of the presidential nominating process with a more "rational" system of regional primaries. Twenty-eight bills were introduced in Congress between 1972 and 1989 to achieve this result, but none were enacted (Norrander 1992, 21). The first successful cobbling together of a regional primary came in the South, where Democratic officeholders concerned with their national party's tilt to the left fashioned "Super Tuesday," coordinating most Southern primaries on a single date starting in 1988 (Norrander 1992). Beginning in 1996, several northeastern states also formed a "Yankee primary." As the process of primary "frontloading" accelerated, officials and party leaders in other regions viewed the regional primary option as a means of either arresting further
Radiation induced by Alpha-Particles in Thin Films

WE have examined spectrographically the light emitted by thin films bombarded by α-particles1. The films were built up by evaporation on quartz slides to a thickness small compared with the range of the α-particles. The slides were mounted in front of the slit of a Hilger f/4 quartz spectrograph and exposed to a 25-mC. polonium source. Representative spectra, photographed on Eastman Kodak type II-0 spectroscopie plates, are shown in the accompanying photograph.
Digital tourniquets: a pressure study with clinical relevance.

This study measured the pressures under the three most commonly used digital tourniquets—the Penrose drain, the rolled rubber glove, and the rubber band. A miniature pressure transducer and a digital strain indicator were used to measure pressures generated by the various tourniquets. The rolled rubber glove technique was highly consistent, irrespective of the clinical experience of the subject, and uniformly generated pressures of less than 500 mm Hg. Pressures generated by Penrose drains and rubber bands were highly variable and were significantly greater than 500 mm Hg. The so-called calibrated Penrose drain generated the highest pressures in the study. The relationship between tourniquet pressures and neurovascular injury in the human digit is not clearly defined.
Residence time of sphere or air bubble in sheared non-Newtonian fluids

DURING experiments to measure the residence time of air bubbles in a stirred beaker, we observed that for polyacrylamide solutions the bubbles rose more slowly as rotational speed was increased (Fig. 1). This result contradicted our expectation that ‘shear thinning’ of a non-Newtonian fluid would result in a more rapid rise of the bubbles. The multiple-rod impeller used in these initial experiments was similar in design to that used by Steel and Maxon1 for aeration of a novobiocin-producing actinomycete. Single air bubbles of known volume were generated by a Chromatronix 4-way valve; bubble size could be changed by changing the size or length of the splitting loop on the valve, and the volume of the bubble was checked by measuring its length in a capillary tube of known cross-sectional area. The rise of air bubbles was traced by high speed film.
Comparison of ventilation performance: standard resuscitation bag and the resuscitation bag controller.

Clinical evaluation of ventilation performance during resuscitation is largely subjective. A mechanical device, the resuscitation bag controller (RC), which encircles the bag and allows controlled compression may improve the precision and accuracy of ventilation with manual resuscitation bags (MRB). We hypothesize that more precise, controlled pressure ventilation can be delivered with the RC, compared to the MRB. Prehospital (N = 13) and hospital personnel (N = 12) who routinely perform manual ventilation were randomized to either method of ventilation. Operators were instructed to ventilate an intubated adult mannequin. The percent of breaths delivered within a specified range, 800 to 1200 mL, was compared using simple regression analysis. The precision of tidal volume (TV) and peak airway pressure (PAP) was compared between methods and groups using the coefficient of variation. Comparison for significant differences between methods and groups in the number of breaths with a TV less than 800 mL and those with pressures greater than 30 cm H20 was performed using chi square or Fisher's exact test. There were no significant differences in the percent of acceptable breaths or mean TV delivered between methods or groups. The precision (i.e., reproducibility of the same value) of TV for both methods was best for hospital personnel. PAPS were less than or equal to 30 cm H2O for 93% of all breaths. Hospital personnel delivered a significantly greater percent of inadequate (less than 0.8 L) breaths, 19 versus 7.4%, and excessive pressure breaths, 9.2 versus 4.2%, when compared to prehospital personnel. We conclude that the resuscitation bag controller offers little advantage over standard bag resuscitation for adult resuscitation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Surface relaxation in liquid water and methanol studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy

X-ray absorption spectroscopy is a powerful probe of local electronic structure in disordered media. By employing extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of liquid microjets, the intermolecular O–O distance has been observed to undergo a 5.9% expansion at the liquid water interface, in contrast to liquid methanol for which there is a 4.6% surface contraction. Despite the similar properties of liquid water and methanol (e.g., abnormal heats of vaporization, boiling points, dipole moments, etc.), this result implies dramatic differences in the surface hydrogen bond structure, which is evidenced by the difference in surface tension of these liquids. This result is consistent with surface vibrational spectroscopy, which indicates both stronger hydrogen bonding and polar ordering at the methanol surface as a consequence of “hydrophobic packing” of the methyl group.
Counting triangles in real-world networks using projections

Triangle counting is an important problem in graph mining. Two frequently used metrics in complex network analysis that require the count of triangles are the clustering coefficients and the transitivity ratio of the graph. Triangles have been used successfully in several real-world applications, such as detection of spamming activity, uncovering the hidden thematic structure of the web and link recommendation in online social networks. Furthermore, the count of triangles is a frequently used network statistic in exponential random graph models. However, counting the number of triangles in a graph is computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose the EigenTriangle and EigenTriangleLocal algorithms to estimate the number of triangles in a graph. The efficiency of our algorithms is based on the special spectral properties of real-world networks, which allow us to approximate accurately the number of triangles. We verify the efficacy of our method experimentally in almost 160 experiments using several Web Graphs, social, co-authorship, information, and Internet networks where we obtain significant speedups with respect to a straightforward triangle counting algorithm. Furthermore, we propose an algorithm based on Fast SVD which allows us to apply the core idea of the EigenTriangle algorithm on graphs which do not fit in the main memory. The main idea is a simple node-sampling process according to which node i is selected with probability $${\frac{d_i}{2m}}$$ where d i is the degree of node i and m is the total number of edges in the graph. Our theoretical contributions also include a theorem that gives a closed formula for the number of triangles in Kronecker graphs, a model of networks which mimics several properties of real-world networks.
A Feminist Group for Women Rape Survivors

ABSTRACT This article describes a feminist model of social group work for adult women survivors of rape. Framed by both social group work theory and feminist theory, this article reports on the infusion of specific feminist elements, such as consciousness raising, and an explicit focus on the influence of sexism in women's lives, into the group. The value of groups for trauma survivors is also discussed. Recommendations are made for feminism to play a more prominent role in the social work profession, particularly in the context of mutual aid groups.
BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF FLORAL COLOR POLYMORPHISM IN A HETEROCYANIC POPULATION OF TRILLIUM SESSILE (LILIACEAE)

Published by and copyright of the American Journal of Botany. The definitive version of this article is available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2444769
Isolation and properties of a human enterovirus, non-pathogenic for monkey kidney cell cultures and suckling mice.

SummaryA virus was isolated in human amnion FL cell cultures on April 14, 1959 from the rectal swab obtained from a 9-monthold male child admitted to the Children's Hospital, University of Pittsbur...
Uniform semiclassical orbital calculations of heavy ion Coulomb excitation

Abstract A new semielassical approach, which can be derived from Feynman's path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, is applied to multiple Coulomb excitation for backward scattering angles. The basic features of this method are that the dynamics of the problem is treated completely classically (that is, one solves classical equations of motion) but the quantum mechanical superposition principle is retained by evaluating a phase along the classical trajectory and adding probability amplitudes for indistinguishable processes rather than probabilities themselves. One finds even a quantitative agreement with the conventional De Boer-Winther code. The limit of sudden collision (ξ = 0) for η → ∞ (η = Sommerfeld parameter) is evaluated analytically and is in very good agreement with results published for this case.
In memory of Solange Akselrod (1950-2008)

A brief biography of Solange Akselrod (1950-2008) is given highlighting her professional achievements.
Laparoscopic loop ileostomy with a single-port stab incision technique

Loop ileostomy is an effective means of temporary fecal diversion. It is technically easy to create and manage. Moreover, ileostomy closure does not require a formal laparotomy. With the advent of laparoscopy, many of these loop ileostomies are being performed with laparoscopic assistance. Studies have proved the beneficial effects of laparoscopically created loop ileostomy for fecal diversion. Techniques for performing laparoscopic loop ileostomy have been described using two or more 10- to 12-mm ports with Hassan's technique at the umbilical site for pneumoperitoneum creation. We describe a modified technique, wherein pneumoperitoneum is created using a 10-mm port at the site of the future ileostomy, and a second 5-mm port is placed under vision at the umbilical site. This procedure requires minimal intervention and a reduced pneumoperitoneum time. Since the umbilical port site is 5 mm, it does not require closure, and it also reduces the chances of port-site hernia, formation, patient discomfort and scarring. Because intervention is minimally invasive, operative time is reduced, and there is less of chance postoperative ileus and adhesion formation.
Significance of scintillating scotoma of late onset.

Abstract Scintillating hemianopic scotomas are usually caused either by migraine or, more rarely, vertebral-basilar insufficiency. We report two patients in whom this symptom was probably caused by platelet microthrombi or microemboli in pial vessels of the visual cortex. These patients were similar in that they had scintillating scotomas which began after the age of fifty and abnormal platelet aggregability. Since increased platelet aggregability is associated with cerebral vascular accidents and is treatable, older patients who develop teichopsias should have appropriate hematological tests.
Thermodynamics of the Second Dissociation Constant of N-tris[Hydroxymethyl]-4-amino-butanesulfonic Acid (TABS) from 5 to 55°C

N-tris[Hydroxymethyl]-4-aminobutanesulfonic acid (TABS) has been investigated for the determination of the values of the second dissociation constant, pK 2, in water at 12 temperatures in the range 5–55°C, including 37°C. This zwitterionic compound is useful as a secondary pH standard in the range of pH (7–9) for physiological applications. The electromotive force (emf) measurements have been carried out using a hydrogen gas electrode and a silver–silver chloride electrode. The values of pK 2 are fitted as a function of temperature with the following results: pK 2 = 1671.305/T+14.8737−2.04383 ln T, where T is the thermodynamic temperature in Kelvins. The experimental values of pK 2 are 8.834 ± 0.0005 and 8.539 ± 0.0004 at 25 and 37°C, respectively. The related thermodynamic quantities, Δ G°, Δ H°, Δ S°, and Δ C p ° characterizing the dissociation process have been derived from the pK 2 and its temperature coefficients.
Potent genistein derivatives as inhibitors of estrogen receptor alpha-positive breast cancer

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a major target for the treatment of breast cancer cells. Genistein, a soy isoflavone, possesses a structure similar to estrogen and can both mimic and antagonize estrogen effects although at high concentrations it inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation. Hence, to enhance the anti-cancer activity of Genistein at lower concentrations, we have synthesized seven structurally modified derivatives of Genistein (MA-6, MA-8, MA-11, MA-19, MA-20, MA-21 and MA-22) based on the structural requirements for an optimal anti-cancer effect. Among those seven, three derivatives (MA-6, MA-8 and MA-19) showed high antiproliferative activity with IC(50) levels in the range of 1-2.5 μM, i.e., at much lower concentrations range than Genistein itself, in three ER-positive breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, 21PT and T47D) studied. In our analysis, we noticed that at IC(50) concentrations, the MA-6, MA-8 and MA-19 Genistein derivatives induced apoptosis, inhibited ER-α messenger RNA expression and increased the ratio of ER-β to ER-α levels in a manner comparable to the parent compound Genistein. Of note, these three modified Genistein derivatives exerted their effects at concentrations 10-15 times lower than the parent compound, decreasing the likelihood of significant ER- α pathway activation, which has been a concern for Genistein. Hence these compounds might play a useful role in breast cancer chemoprevention.
Overpowering the component problem.

Synthetic gene networks can be readily redesigned using new libraries of quantitatively characterized promoters coupled with predictive mathematical modeling.
Sandwiching the Consistency Strength of Two Global Choiceless Cardinal Patterns

We provide upper and lower bounds in consistency strength for the theories “ZF + ¬ACω + All successor cardinals except successors of uncountable limit cardinals are regular + Every uncountable limit cardinal is singular + The successor of every uncountable limit cardinal is singular of cofinality ω” and “ZF + ¬ACω + All successor cardinals except successors of uncountable limit cardinals are regular + Every uncountable limit cardinal is singular + The successor of every uncountable limit cardinal is singular of cofinality ω1”. In particular, our models for both of these theories satisfy “ZF + ¬ACω + κ is singular iff κ is either an uncountable limit cardinal or the successor of an uncountable limit cardinal”. There are many instances in the literature where choiceless large cardinal patterns are initially forced from strong hypotheses which one later sees can be weakened somewhat. For example, it is shown in [4] that the models constructed in [11] from an almost huge cardinal can actually be ∗2000 Mathematics Subject Classifications: 03E25, 03E35, 03E45, 03E55. †
Effect of glibenclamide on the prevention of secondary brain injury following ischemic stroke in humans

Cerebral edema and hemorrhagic conversion are common, potentially devastating complications of ischemic stroke and are associated with high rates of mortality and poor functional outcomes. Recent work exploring the mo- lecular pathophysiology of the neurogliovascular unit in ischemic stroke suggests that deranged cellular ion homeo- stasis due to altered function and regulation of ion pumps, channels, and secondary active transporters plays an inte- gral role in the development of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema and hemorrhagic conversion. Among these proteins involved in ion homeostasis, the ischemia-induced, nonselective cation conductance formed by the SUR1-TRPM4 protein complex appears to play a prominent role and is potently inhibited by glibenclamide, an FDA-approved drug commonly used in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Several robust preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of glibenclamide blockade of SUR1-TRPM4 activity in reducing edema and hemorrhagic conversion in rodent models of ischemic stroke, prompting the study of the potential protective effects of glibenclamide in humans in an ongoing prospective phase II clinical trial. Preliminary data suggest glibenclamide significantly reduces cerebral edema and lowers the rate of hemorrhagic conversion following ischemic stroke, suggesting the potential use of glibenclamide to improve outcomes in humans.
An extract of rat submandibular glands activates platelets and enhances cutaneous vascular permeability in rats and guinea pigs

Washed, [3H]serotonin-labeled platelets from rats and guinea pigs were stimulated in vitro with a novel protein extracted from rat submandibular salivary glands (RS-PAP) and with the phospholipid platelet- activating factor 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (AGEPC). Rat platelets, which are refractory to AGEPC stimulation, underwent shape-change, aggregation and secretion of [3H]serotonin in response to graded doses of RS-PAP and AGEPC. Intradermal injections of histamine, RS-PAP and AGEPC caused a dose-related increase in local microvascular permeability in rats, as measured by the extravasation of plasma containing Evans blue dye. Similarly, histamine, RS-PAP and AGEPC increased cutaneous vascular permeability when injected intradermally in guinea pigs. The vascular permeability induced by histamine and RS-PAP, but not by AGEPC, was partially inhibited by pretreatment with an antihistamine (diphenhydramine HCl). Pretreatment of guinea pigs with captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), partially inhibited cutaneous responses to subsequent intradermal injections of histamine, RS-PAP and AGEPC. Regardless of pretreatment with diphenhydramine or captopril, skin test sites injected with large amounts of RS-PAP became hemorrhagic within minutes and necrotic within 12 hours.
Intelligent water drops for aerospace and defense applications

A modified version of the intelligent water drop algorithm for performing planning for air and ground robots based on telemetry provided by satellites has been created. The IWD algorithm works by simulating the flow of water drops in a stream-network, dynamically adapting drop and network characteristics. This paper presents the base IWD algorithm, a simplified version of the algorithm (SIWD) and a derivative of this simplified version that has been adapted and applied to planning air and ground robot paths based upon orbital (for aerial) and aerial (for ground) imagery. An analysis of the performance of the algorithm is presented.
Effect of Backup Ratio on Root Stresses in Spur Gear Design

Abstract This article studies the effect of backup ratio in spur gear root stress analysis and design. Backup ratio is important in understanding rim failures that start at the tooth root. Such failures can become the critical failure mode in gears with low rim thickness such as those used in turboprops, helicopters, and other applications where compact size and low weight are important design considerations. Here an analytical approach, based on theory of elasticity, is used to provide a computational formulation for root stress calculations in spur gears based on their bending capacity both as a function of tooth strength as well as rim strength. Sensitivity analysis is then applied (due to the analytic nature of the formulation) to evaluate the effect of backup ratio on root stresses as well as on the American Gear Manufacturers Association's (AGMA) geometry factor used in standardized design methods. It is shown that there exists an optimal backup ratio that would minimize root stresses. The sensitivi...
Identification of Molecular Markers Associated with Semigamy in Cotton

Semigamy, controlled by one incomplete dominant gene (Se) in Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense), is an aberrant form of sexual reproduction or apomixis, in which the sperm and egg nuclei fail to fuse and proceed to develop independently resulting in various outcomes, such as haploids, diploids, and chimeras. The objective of this study was to develop molecular markers linked to the semigamy gene using a (Pima S-1 × 57-4) × Pima S-1 BC1F1 mapping population consisting of 34 semigametic and 30 non-semigametic progenies. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), ATG-anchored AFLP (ATG-AFLP), sequenced tagged site (STS), and single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) markers were tested. None of the apparent polymorphic RAPD, AFLP, and ATG-AFLP markers were linked to the semigamy gene, while three polymorphic markers developed from genes based on comparative microarray and differential display analyses, SSCP Se18-1800 and Se18-3000, and STS Se19, were mapped to a linkage group carrying the semigamy gene. The results present evidence that targeted gene mapping is an efficient method using markers developed from comparative gene expression studies. The current work represents the first study in identifying DNA markers associated with semigamy in plants, providing an incentive toward high-resolution mapping and isolation of the semigamy gene.
Formation of a cationic gold(I) complex and disulfide by oxidation of the antiarthritic gold drug auranofin.

The mechanism of action of auranofin, an antiarthritic gold(I) drug, is unknown, but several studies suggest that oxidation may be important for its biochemical effect. Bulk electrolysis studies on auranofin [(Et(3)P)Au(TATG); TATG = 2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-1-thio-d-glucopyranosato] at +1.2 and +1.6 V versus Ag/AgCl in 0.1 M Bu(4)NBF(4)/CH(2)Cl(2) results in n values of 0.5 and >2 electrons, respectively. Oxidation of auranofin with the mild oxidant, Cp(2)Fe(+), results in formation of disulfide and a digold(I) cation with a bridging thiolate ligand, [(Et(3)PAu)(2)(mu-TATG)](+) (1). The X-ray structure of the PMe(3) analogue, [(Me(3)PAu)(2)(mu-TATG)](NO(3)) (2), is reported. Compound 2 forms a tetranuclear cluster containing an almost perfect square of four gold atoms with Au.Au distances averaging 3.14 A. The complex crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4(2)2(1)2 with cell constants a = 26.1758(6) A, b = 26.1758(6) A, c = 9.7781(3) A, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees, V = 6699.7(3) A(3), Z = 4, R1 = 0.0644, and wR2 = 0.1152. A mechanism for oxidation of auranofin and possible biological implications are discussed.
Subtraction ictal SPECT co-registered to MRI improves clinical usefulness of SPECT in localizing the surgical seizure focus

Traditional side-by-side visual interpretation of ictal and interictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans can be difficult in identifying the surgical focus, particularly in patients with extratemporal or otherwise unlocalized intractable epilepsy. Computer-aided subtraction ictal SPECT co-registered to MRI (SISCOM) may improve the clinical usefulness of SPECT in localizing the surgical seizure focus. We studied 51 consecutive intractable partial epilepsy patients who had interictal and ictal scans. The SPECT studies were blindly reviewed and classified as either localizing to 1 of 16 sites in the brain or as nonlocalizing. SISCOM images were localizing in 45 of 51 (88.2%) compared with 20 of 51 (39.2%) for traditional side-by-side inspection of ictal and interictal SPECT images (p 45 seconds), but not secondary generalization of the seizure, was associated with a falsely localizing or nonlocalizing SISCOM. Epilepsy surgery patients whose SISCOM localization was concordant with a falsely localizing or nonlocalizing SISCOM. Epilepsy surgery patients whose SISCOM localization was concordant with the surgical site were more likely to have excellent outcome than patients with nonconcordant or nonlocalizing findings (62.5% [10/16] versus 20% [2/10]; p < 0.05). On the other hand, seizure localization by the traditional method of SPECT inspection had no significant association with postsurgical outcome. We conclude that SISCOM improves the sensitivity and the specificity of SPECT in localizing the seizure focus for epilepsy surgery. Concordance between SISCOM localization and site of surgery is predictive of postsurgical improvement in seizure outcome.
Shrines and Sovereigns: Life, Death, and Religion in Rural Azerbaijan

Shrines fill the Eurasian land mass. They can be found from Turkey in the west to China in the east, from the Arctic Circle in the north to Afghanistan in the south. Between town and country, they can consist of full-scale architectural complexes, or they may compose no more than an open field, a pile of stones, a tree, or a small mausoleum. They have been at the centers and peripheries of almost every major religious tradition of the region: Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. Yet in the formerly socialist world, these places of pilgrimage have something even more in common: they were often cast as the last bastions of religious observance when churches, mosques, temples, and synagogues were sent crashing to the ground in rapid succession across the twentieth century.
Kinetic isotope effects in the thermal cracking of neopentane

Abstract The isotope fractionation in relation to the cracking temperature and chain-reaction mechanism of thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons was studied using 2,2-dimethylpropane (neopentane). The C13 depletion in methane generated during thermal cracking was found to be 18.7, 18.1, 18.0 and 17.7 ± 0.2%. at 500, 525, 550 and 600°C respectively, showing that the temperature dependence of the kinetic isotope effect (~1.0%. from 500 to 600°C) is relatively unimportant. This and previous studies suggest that the multiplicity of carbon—carbon bonds types available for breaking and isotope fractionation associated with the cracking of decomposition products of the original hydrocarbon are the primary factors that determine the isotopic composition of the methane produced.
A wide dynamic range self-biased fully differential operational amplifier for micro mechanical sensors and actuators circuitry

An all-new, self-biased, wide-range, high gain, fully differential folded cascode operational amplifier topology for interfacing with capacitive Micro Electro-Mechanical (MEMS) actuators interfaces designed in 45 nm technology is presented. The proposed topology shows seamless scalability across different technology nodes and low sensitivity to Vt & Le process variations. The designed amplifier is the first of its kind in the literature and is the first attempt to develop circuit interfaces for high impedance MEMS actuators on any advanced process technology. A new self-bias mechanism is used to limit the amplifier biasing requirements, eliminating the need of any additional bias circuitry. The amplifier average differential gain is about 35dB across process corners and across a 110°C temperature range.
Effects of waterlogging on chickpeas II. Possible causes of decreased tolerance of waterlogging at flowering

Waterlogging tolerance of chickpeas was found, in earlier work, to decrease sharply at flowering. Three experiments were performed to attempt to explain the mechanisms involved in this response. In the first, a range of treatments was imposed to modify the plant's source/sink relationships, as carbohydrate supply and partitioning were considered possible determinants of waterlogging tolerance. Plants from which buds were removed showed the most rapid recovery after waterlogging. Defoliation immediately before waterlogging reduced the rate of recovery. Application of benzyladenine plus gibberellic acid prior to waterlogging delayed stomatal closure and leaf senescence, inhibited apical growth and stimulated axillary growth.
A sexual enhancement program for elderly couples

Abstract This study was designed to examine the effects of a group sexual enhancement program for elderly couples. Ten marital couples whose ages ranged from 51 to 71 were placed in one of three sexual enhancement groups based on their scheduling preferences. All groups followed the same format, but each was conducted by a different pair of group leaders. The sexual enhancement program was divided into three 2-week phases: (1) a pretreatment period in which there was no contact with the therapists, (2) an education phase in which subjects were provided with information on human sexual functioning in aging people in particular, and (3) a communication exercises-sexual techniques phase in which subjects were instructed on methods to improve communication and increase enjoyment of sexual contact. Following an initial interview in which the purpose of the study was explained, subjects were administered a questionnaire assessing satisfaction and frequency of sexual activities and perception of partner's sexual...
Stimulation of microbial para-dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls that have persisted in housatonic river sediment for decades

We added 2,5,3‘,4‘-tetrachlorobiphenyl (25-34-CB) (350 μM) to slurries of Aroclor 1260-contaminated sediment from Woods Pond (Lenox, MA) in an attempt to stimulate dechlorination of the PCBs. The slurries were incubated under methanogenic conditions at 23−25 °C and analyzed by GC/ECD and GC/MS. The 25-34-CB was stoichiometrically converted to 25-3-CB and stimulated a selective para-dechlorination, which we designate Process P, that decreased the penta- through heptachlorobiphenyls containing 2,3,4- (234-), 245-, or 2345-chlorophenyl groups by up to 83% in 12 weeks. The products were tetra- and pentachlorobiphenyls containing 23-, 25-, and 235-chlorophenyl groups, especially 25-25-CB, 23-25-CB, 24-25-CB, 235-25-CB, and 235-23-CB. Mass balances for key parent congeners and their dechlorination products ranged from 80 to 115%. No dechlorination was detected in autoclaved controls or in live controls that were not amended with 25-34-CB. We propose that the 25-34-CB selectively enriched a population of PCB-dec...
Supratentorial cavernous malformations

Supratentorial cavernomas account for 75% of all cavernous malformations. These lesions become symptomatic as a result of hemorrhage, seizures, or mass effect. Patients with symptomatic supratentorial cavernomas are candidates for surgical resection. In recent years, resecting cavernous malformations has become safer. The procedure is straightforward utilizing neuronavigation and, when necessary, skull base techniques. This article reviews the basic surgical management of supratentorial cavernous malformations, reflecting the treatment strategies used at our institution.
Comparison of In vivo D-2 dopamine receptor binding of IBZM and NMSP in rat brain

In vivo biodistribution of S- and R-isomers of [125I]IBZM in rats showed a significant initial brain uptake (3.20 and 2.67% dose/organ at 2 min, respectively). The wash-out from the brain was slower for the S-isomer. The striatum to cerebellum ratio for [125I]S-IBZM decreased with an increasing dose of cold carrier or spiperone, suggesting that the brain uptake is stereospecific and saturable, and may be related to the binding of D-2 dopamine receptors. In a dual isotope digital autoradiography study [125I]IBZM and [3H]NMSP(N-methylspiperone) show comparable regional cerebral distribution in rats.
Ziconotide: a new option for refractory pain.

Ziconotide has been introduced as a new non-opioid treatment for chronic pain. Structurally, it is a peptide, the synthetic analog of the omega-conotoxin, derived from the marine snail, Conus magus. N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels play a role in the transmission of nociceptive stimuli and also are involved in the release of neurotransmitters important in pain transmission. Ziconotide's therapeutic benefit derives from its potent and selective blockade of neuronal-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels. Blockade of the channels results in suppression of abnormal ectopic discharges from the injury site or the dorsal root ganglia, possibly resulting in decreased neuroplasticity, and decreased synaptic transmission that leads to the generation of chronic pain syndromes. The advantage of ziconotide is that tolerance does not occur, while disadvantages associated with ziconotide are the need for intrathecal administration and significant neurotoxicites associated with its use. When tested in clinical trials, ziconotide has been shown to have synergistic or additive value to the effect of morphine. Ziconotide, formerly known also as SNX- 111, represents a new class of agents, the N-type calcium channel blockers. These may represent another option for patients with refractory pain and refractory pain syndromes.
Education as a Dependent Variable in the Process of Modernization

Summary This study focuses on correlates of sending children to school. Hypotheses on the effects of father's education, socioeconomic status, “modern” values, urban contact, media participation, and job dissatisfaction were tested, with use of data from a sample of 115 Arab peasants. Analysis of the data shows that father's future orientation was very highly correlated with sending both sons and daughters to school, his education was highly correlated with sending sons to school and moderately correlated with sending daughters to school, and his job dissatisfaction was moderately correlated with sending both sons and daughters to school. Other “modern” values, urban contact, and media participation had only low to insignificant correlations with sending children to school, and socioeconomic status had the least effect of any of the variables.