cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of a restricted transfusion schedule with erythropoietin therapy versus a restricted transfusion schedule alone in very low birth weight premature infants.

OBJECTIVE Erythropoietin (EPO) is commonly used in very low birth weight neonates to minimize blood transfusions during hospitalization. Data are limited comparing the use of EPO along with a restricted transfusion schedule versus a restricted transfusion schedule alone. We compared the effects of a restricted transfusion schedule with EPO versus a restricted transfusion schedule alone during two consecutive 6-month periods. METHODS In period I, infants born at <30 weeks gestational age (GA) or <1,500 g birth weight (BW) were treated prophylactically for six weeks with EPO 1,000 U/kg/wk in three divided doses and blood transfusions were given using a restricted transfusion schedule. This was the called the EPO Group. In period II, a restricted transfusion schedule was utilized, but EPO was not administered. This constituted the No EPO Group. No other changes in clinical practice were introduced in either period. RESULTS There were 30 neonates in the EPO Group and 20 in the No EPO Group. There were no significant differences in sex, race, mean birth weight (1,074 +/- 283 versus 965 +/- 330 g), mean gestational age (28.9 +/- 2.96 versus 27.8 +/- 2.86 wks), 5 minute Apgar score (7.8 +/- 1.2 versus 7.6 +/- 1.1), or mean hematocrit (48.2% +/- 6.05 versus 48.6% +/- 6.31) at admission. There were no significant differences in the total number of transfusions between the two periods. In the EPO Group, 8/30 patients received 27 transfusions. Six transfusions violated guidelines based on hematocrit level. EPO was discontinued in three infants secondary to treatment-related neutropenia. There were two deaths unassociated with EPO treatment. Excluding deaths, 6 patients received 16 transfusions. In the No EPO Group, 8/20 patients received 13 transfusions. Two transfusions violated guidelines based on hematocrit. There were three deaths and one patient transfer. Excluding these four patients, 6 infants received 11 transfusions (P < or = 1.) Among survivors, there were no significant differences in mean total length of stay (49.3 +/- 22.7 versus 53.2 +/- 26.4 d), mean discharge weight (2,144 +/- 405 versus 2,358 +/- 458 g), or average weight gain/d (20.7 +/- 5.44 versus 22.6 +/- 6.81 g), between the two groups respectively, nor were there significant differences when all babies were included in the analysis. There was a significant difference in mean hematocrit at discharge, respectively, (38.3% +/- 6.84 versus 31.4% +/- 6.26; P = 0.003) in survivors. CONCLUSIONS A restricted transfusion schedule without EPO use was associated with lower mean hematocrit at discharge, but not with an increased frequency of transfusions, nor significant differences in length of stay, discharge weight, or average daily weight gain. A restricted transfusion schedule alone avoided side effects and costs associated with EPO. Indications for transfusion and what constitutes appropriate levels of hemoglobin still require clinical investigation, including long-term clinical outcomes.
Do NCCHC Dental Standards Have Any Teeth

Federal civil rights law establishes legal parameters for correctional dental care, but it does not provide specific standards for implementation. Thus, courts have developed guidelines on a case-b...
Vulnerability and Information Practices Among (Undocumented) Latino Migrants

This paper explores the information practices (information seeking, using, and sharing) among Latino migrants, particularly undocumented migrants, in three different settings: at the US-Mexico border, in Seattle, Washington, and in Cali, Colombia. Through participatory photography and unstructured interviews, we explore the life experiences and information practices of marginalized and underserved communities and relate them to their experience of transience through different stages of the migration experience. We discuss how stages of migration may be limited to understand the iterative and constantly shifting experiences of migrants in the contexts we studied. Using a narrative style, we offer the richness of stories and the power of pictures to illustrate the concepts, in the words and images of the participants themselves.
Phonological Encoding in Speech-Sound Disorder: Evidence from a Cross-Modal Priming Experiment.

Background Psycholinguistic models of language production provide a framework for determining the locus of language breakdown that leads to speech-sound disorder (SSD) in children. Aims To examine whether children with SSD differ from their age-matched peers with typical speech and language development (TD) in the ability phonologically to encode lexical items that have been accessed from memory. Methods & Procedures Thirty-six children (18 with TD, 18 with SSD) viewed pictures while listening to interfering words (IW) or a non-linguistic auditory stimulus presented over headphones either 150 ms before, concurrent with or 150 ms after picture presentation. The phonological similarity of the IW and the pictures’ names varied. Picture-naming latency, accuracy and duration were tallied. Outcomes & Results All children named pictures more quickly in the presence of an IW identical to the picture's name than in the other conditions. At the +150 ms stimulus onset asynchrony, pictures were named more quickly when the IW shared phonemes with the picture's name than when they were phonologically unrelated to the picture's name. The size of this effect was similar for children with SSD and children with TD. Variation in the magnitude of inhibition and facilitation on cross-modal priming tasks across children was more strongly affected by the size of the expressive and receptive lexicons than by speech-production accuracy. Conclusions & Implications Results suggest that SSD is not associated with reduced phonological encoding ability, at least as it is reflected by cross-modal naming tasks.
Some intertidal and shallow water polychaetes of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

The polychaete fauna of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica has been inadequately characterized with only nine species previously reported. Collections of polychaetes from intertidal coralline rocks and several shallow sub-tidal sites on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica have been examined and 68 species were identified. Of these, 66 are new records for Costa Rica.
Understanding Smallholder Participation in Payments for Ecosystem Services: the Case of Costa Rica

This paper uses household survey data to examine factors associated with smallholder households that enroll in Costa Rica’s longstanding payments for ecosystem services (PES) program. To date, most evaluations of this sort have focused on larger landowners. Results from this study show that smallholders enrolled in PES tend to be older, wealthier, and have access to non-farm salaried income. These features match enrollment patterns of larger landowners in that enrollees tend to be relatively wealthy and only marginally engaged in agriculture. In addition, smallholders on state agrarian reform lands are significantly less likely to enroll in PES. These results indicate that targeting PES toward smaller landowners does not necessarily equate to a policy that reaches the rural poor, and suggests that further work is needed to address the access barriers to this program for economically marginal landowners.
Open Surgical Release of Posttraumatic Elbow Contracture in Children and Adolescents.

BACKGROUND Posttraumatic elbow contractures in children and adolescents are challenging to manage, and studies investigating surgical treatment are limited by the rarity of this condition. Small case series have shown variable gains in immediate and long-term elbow arc of motion after open surgical release. We reviewed our experience with open surgical release of posttraumatic elbow contracture in patients <21 years old at 2 institutions. METHODS A retrospective chart review identified patients who underwent posttraumatic open elbow contracture release by 2 surgeons at 2 institutions between 2006 and 2013. Nontraumatic contractures and arthroscopic releases were excluded. Twenty-six patients were included in this study. Mean age at the time of injury was 12 years (5 to 19 y) and at the time of surgery was 14 years (7 to 20 y). Capsulotomy, osteoplasty, removal of hardware, ulnar nerve release or transposition, and ligament reconstruction were performed through medial and lateral approaches as indicated by the pathology. Ten patients had ligament repair or stabilization, and 16 patients used a continuous passive motion (CPM) postoperatively. Outcomes included active range of motion and complications. RESULTS Mean time from injury to surgical release was 29 months. Mean postoperative follow-up was 42 months. Elbow active flexion-extension and forearm rotation arcs both increased significantly by a mean of 49 and 70 degrees, respectively, at final follow-up. A mean 85% of intraoperative flexion-extension arc was maintained at final follow-up. Ligament repair or reconstruction and the use of a postoperative CPM did not significantly change these outcomes. Outcomes were not significantly different if our contracture release was performed within a year from injury. Patients who had surgery before our contracture release had decreased restoration of forearm rotation after release. Complications included 2 recurrent contractures (1 used a CPM and 1 did not), and 2 postoperative ulnar neuropathies (1 used a CPM and 1 did not). CONCLUSIONS Open contracture release for posttraumatic elbow contracture in an adolescent population can significantly improve active range of motion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3-therapeutic.
“Like Some Supplicant to the Darkness Over Them All”: The Good of John Grady Cole in Cities of the Plain

The fifth chapter extends and develops Chapter Four’s interpretation of John Grady’s significance in All the Pretty Horses by supplying a close reading of Cities of the Plain. After comparing the trilogy’s two chief protagonists Billy Parham and John Grady, the chapter defends John Grady’s continuing centrality for the trilogy. Hillier considers the historical process of McCarthy’s composition of the trilogy and how its structural and formal principles identify the trilogy as a novelistic epic. While Hillier continues to discuss John Grady’s role as a Stoic and tragic hero, he also explores his behavior as being consonant with the Christian existentialist Kierkegaard’s belief in the will to good, rather than, as some scholars have suggested, Nietzschean eternal recurrence and the will to power. John Grady’s representation of a good life illustrates how arduous it is to strive to live an honest and decent life, free from moral compromise. The chapter examines many aspects of this unjustly underrated novel, including: the nature of John Grady’s heroic action; the fascination of Magdalena’s character and her relation to Dostoevskian saintliness; the social, political, and metaphysical forms of systemic evil in this novel and across The Border Trilogy; the form that the novel’s particular incarnation of evil takes in the character of the pimp Eduardo and his relation to Dostoevskian and Miltonic villainy; McCarthy’s creative appropriation of Shakespearean tragic intertexts; and the significance of the key motif of light and darkness for the novel, the trilogy, and McCarthy’s corpus as a whole.
NRAS and BRAF mutations in atypical melanocytic lesions arising in melanoma patients treated with vemurafenib.

9017 Background: BRAF inhibition with targeted therapy has demonstrated improved overall survival in patients with BRAF mutant melanoma. The use of the selective BRAF inhibitors vemurafenib and dab...
Using Variance Structure to Quantify Responses to Perturbation in Fish Catches

AbstractWe present a case study evaluation of gill-net catches of Walleye Sander vitreus to assess potential effects of large-scale changes in Oneida Lake, New York, including the disruption of trophic interactions by double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus and invasive dreissenid mussels. We used the empirical long-term gill-net time series and a negative binomial linear mixed model to partition the variability in catches into spatial and coherent temporal variance components, hypothesizing that variance partitioning can help quantify spatiotemporal variability and determine whether variance structure differs before and after large-scale perturbations. We found that the mean catch and the total variability of catches decreased following perturbation but that not all sampling locations responded in a consistent manner. There was also evidence of some spatial homogenization concurrent with a restructuring of the relative productivity of individual sites. Specifically, offshore sites generally becam...
Power System Dynamic State Estimation Considering Measurement Correlations

This letter proposes a power system dynamic state estimator (DSE) by integrating measurement correlations. The correlations between voltage phasors and calculated real/reactive power as well as the correlations between real and reactive power at the generator terminal buses are analyzed. The unscented transformation approach is used to estimate the measurement error covariance matrix that models the self- and cross-correlations. By integrating these correlations into the unscented Kalman filter (UKF)-based DSE, we show that it achieves higher statistical efficiency than the conventional UKF in the presence of both small and large measurement noise.
History, Historicity, and Fiction: Pseudorealities in Ground Zeroes and The Phantom Pain

This chapter considers how Ground Zeroes and The Phantom Pain both explore post-9/11 realities by using a narrative frame set in the past––in the 1970s and 1980s, respectively. Ground Zeroes, through its use of setting the game in a military detention facility in Cuba named Camp Omega, provides pointed and devastating commentary on America’s uses of Guantanamo Bay as a prison and the extraordinary rendition program as a tool in the War on Terror. The chapter also considers how these two games present a complex intersection of what is historically accurate and what is essentially historical fiction, utilizing this space as a place from which to comment on modern events.
Examining the Feasibility of Supine-to-Stand as a Measure of Functional Motor Competence

A person’s ability to rise from the floor to a standing position is seen as a precursor for establishing and maintaining bipedal independence. It also is an important primer for the development of other fundamental movement skills (FMS) and is associated with functional capacity in later life. Thus, the potential importance of developing this movement capability early in life and understanding how it may relate to global function (i.e., motor competence-MC) across the lifespan may be underestimated. Therefore, this study examined the validity of STS as a developmental measure of functional MC across childhood into young adulthood using a pre-longitudinal screen approach and examining associations between movement components. STS time also provided a secondary measure of developmental validity in addition to an examination of the concurrent validity of STS against developmentally valid measures of MC (i.e., throwing, kicking hopping and standing long jump) in these age groups. Overall, results indicated th...
Human Progress and the Inconsistency of the Equation ‘Economic Growth=Progress’ in the Late Capitalism

The concept of progress has characterized human society for millennia. The goal of this paper is to suggest a definition of human progress that is a concept too often given for certain. The theoretical framework is based on philosophical and sociological researches from the Nineteenth century to the present day. This study proposes human progress as an inexhaustible process driven by an ideal of maximum wellbeing which, on attainment of any of its goals or objectives for increasing wellbeing, then seeks another consequential goal and objective, endlessly, which more closely approximates its ideal. The ideal of human progress as time approaches infinity is the expansion of scientific knowledge, the improvement of technology and the growth of freedom directed to increase wellbeing in society. In the global, capitalistic, and post-humanistic Era, the concept of human progress has been linked to several dimensions represented by science advances, technological evolution, economic growth, extended education, long and healthy life of individuals and society. These factors support the acquisition by humanity of better and more complex forms of life. However, human progress also generates - during its continuous process without limit - negative effects for human being and society. This study shows the inconsistency of the equation economic growth=progress. Philosophical and sociological implications are discussed.
Teratogenic, Mutagenic, and Carcinogenic Effects of Insecticides

There is increasing concern over the possible toxicological hazards posed by a spectrum of synthetic organic chemicals including industrial pollutants, pesticides, food additives, and drugs. Because of their ubiquity, persistence, presence and/or concentration in food chains, and toxicological properties, insecticides constitute a major group of potential environmental hazards to mammalian species, including man.
OXIDATION AND HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES IN GRAPHITE CHANNELS*: IV. COMBINED EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, FLOW RATE, DIAMETER AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY ON THE LENGTH OF CHANNEL COOLED BY AIR

The activation energy for graphite oxidation was obtained from the change in the stable length of channel with temperature. The maximum temperature at which thermal equilibrium (between the heat generated by graphite oxidation and the heat removed by the air stream) will occur in a channel can be predicted from the heat transfer coefficient, the activation energy, and a single value of the graphite reactivity at any temperature. Above this maximum temperature, the total length of channel is thermally unstable. An equation is given expressing the length of channel that can be cooled as a function of temperature, flow rate, diameter, and reactivity. (auth)
Bayesian Statistical Analysis

As discussed in Chapter 1, it is not the intention of this monograph to provide a convincing philosophical justification for the Bayesian approach. Excellent discussions of these matters can be found, for example, in Berger (1985, Chapters 1 and 4) and Lindley (1983). In the latter paper the Bayesian paradigm is described in its simplest form. Of interest is a quantity θ whose value is unknown. What is known is a probability distribution π(θ) that expresses our current relative opinion as to the likelihood that various possible values of θ are the true value. For additional discussion of the merits of expressing uncertainty by probability see Lindley (1982 and 1987). This is called the prior distribution as it represents the state of our knowledge prior to conducting the experiment.
Mutagenicity emission factors of canola oil and waste vegetable oil biodiesel: Comparison to soy biodiesel.

Abstract Canola (or rapeseed) oil and waste vegetable oil (WVO) are used commonly to make biodiesel fuels composed completely from these oils (B100) or as blends with petroleum diesel (B0). However, no studies have reported the mutagenic potencies of the particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) or the mutagenicity emission factors, such as revertants/MJthermal (rev/MJth) for these biodiesel emissions. Using strains TA98 and TA100 with the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay, we determined these metrics for organic extracts of PM2.5 of emissions from biodiesel containing 5% soy oil (soy B5); 5, 20, 50, and 100% canola (canola B5, B20, B50, B100), and 100% waste vegetable oil (WVO B100). The mutagenic potencies (rev/mg PM2.5) of the canola B100 and WVO B100 emissions were generally greater than those of B0, whereas the mutagenicity emission factors (rev/MJth, rev/kg fuel, and rev/m3) were less, reflecting the lower PM emissions of the biodiesels relative to B0. Nearly all the rev/mg PM2.5 and rev/MJth values were greater in TA98 with S9 than without S9, indicating a relatively greater role for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which require S9, than nitroarenes, which do not. In TA100 -S9, the rev/mg PM2.5 and rev/MJth for the biodiesels were generally ≥ to those of B0, indicating that most of these biodiesels produced more direct-acting, base-substitution mutagenic activity than did B0. For B100 biodiesels and petroleum diesel, the rev/MJth in TA98 + S9 ranked: petroleum diesel > canola > WVO > soy. The diesel emissions generally had rev/MJth values orders of magnitude higher than those of large utility-scale combustors (natural gas, coal, oil, or wood) but orders of magnitude lower than those of inefficient open burning (e.g., residential wood fireplaces). These comparative data of the potential health effects of a variety of biodiesel fuels will help inform the life-cycle assessment and use of biodiesel fuels.
Sustained Attention and Working Memory in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to investigate sustained attention and working memory in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as this issue has not been widely investigated in thi...
Beyond Reproductive Isolation: Demographic Controls on the Speciation Process

Studies of speciation typically investigate the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations, but several other processes can serve as key steps limiting the formation of species. In par...
Fluctuation relations for non-Markovian and heterogeneous temperature systems

Abstract Fluctuation relations such as the Jarzynski equality provide general statements about thermodynamic variables and have been used to infer free energy from nonequilibrium measurements. Here we utilize model-specific fluctuation relations derived from corresponding stochastic dynamical equations to study systems whose thermodynamics have not been well-understood. We detail steps of known frameworks to obtain specific forms of fluctuation relations for examples governed by non-Markovian Langevin dynamics and spatial temperature heterogeneity. We show related simple approximations in a system obeying Tsallis nonextensive statistical mechanics and propose efficient design features for biomolecular machines.
Daily Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) therapy inhibits tumor angiogenesis via the hypoxia driven pathway: therapeutic implications

1236 Ten minute daily PEMF inhibits hypoxia driven tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth (Williams et al. ’01 and Cameron et al. ’04) but does not inhibit non-hypoxia driven angiogenesis that normally occurs during embryogenesis and tail fin regeneration in Zebrafish (Short et al. ’05). Daily PEMF was found to retard angiogenesis and growth of a human breast cancer xenograph causing the tumor to develop proportionately larger areas of necrosis and hypoxia and smaller areas of proliferatively active cancer cells. It was also demonstrated that the daily PEMF therapy continued to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and tumor regrowth for two weeks following a standard course of ionizing radiation (IR) therapy (Cameron et al. ’04) however this PEMF therapy renders larger areas of the tumor hypoxic therefore is expected to lessen susceptibility to oxidative damage caused by further IR treatments or by oxidative dependent chemotherapy. This leads to the conclusion that PEMF is an effective adjunct therapy following IR therapy but that the continued daily PEMF therapy should be stopped sometime (perhaps 2-4 days) prior to a second round of IR therapy. The temporary cessation of PEMF prior to the second round of IR is necessary for resumption of angiogenesis, decrease of hypoxic areas and increase in proliferative active and well oxygenated areas within the tumor.
Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures Adjacent to Previous Spinal Fusion

Advances in surgical technique and instrumentation have enabled surgeons to treat symptomatic adult spinal deformity in high-risk populations such as elderly and osteoporotic patients that previously had more limited treatment options. Adjacent segment disease is a significant complication of spinal deformity surgery and is especially relevant in the osteoporotic population. Consequences of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in segments adjacent to previous spinal fusion exist on a spectrum ranging from asymptomatic, benign PJK on one end to severe (proximal junctional failure) PJF on the other. As the elderly cohort of the population continues to increase, further research will be required to better understand the causes and treatment of the condition.
Validating a CS Attitudes Instrument

This paper discusses the validation of a modified computer science attitudes instrument. Dorn and Tew's Computing Attitude Survey was modified by adding questions on gender issues and questions regarding students' perceptions of the utility of computing. Current trends indicate an increasing gap in the genders graduating with degrees in computer science. The new questions explore student attitudes and perceptions of women in computing while items related to computer science utility explore the importance of CS in students' lives and careers. These modifications necessitated the re-validation of the new revised instrument and comparison of the results obtained with in the original instrument by Dorn and Tew.
Workshop on Virtualized Active Learning in STEM

Virtualized Active Learning (VAL) engages synchronous group-based problem solving within the last 30minutes of fully-live class offerings or the Face-to-Face component of mixed-mode delivery. As opposed to students solving problems together on-paper, which is not readily observable by the instructor nor scalable to larger class enrollments, VAL deploys laptops/tablets and Wi-Fi connectivity to create a virtualized active learning environment where students and instructors can interact.
An adolescent sensitive period of heightened frontal top-down projection activity promotes local circuit integration and attentional behavior

Frontal top-down cortical neurons projecting to sensory cortical regions are well-positioned to integrate long-range inputs with local circuitry in frontal cortex to implement top-down attentional control of sensory regions. How adolescent period contributes to the maturation of top-down neurons and associated local/long-range input balance, and the establishment of attentional control is poorly understood. Here we combine projection-specific electrophysiological and rabies-mediated input mapping in mice to uncover adolescence as a developmental stage when frontal top-down neurons projecting from the anterior cingulate to visual cortex are highly functionally integrated into local excitatory circuitry and have heightened activity compared to adulthood. Chemogenetic suppression of top-down neuron activity selectively during adolescence, but not later periods, produces long-lasting visual attentional behavior deficits, and results in excessive loss of local excitatory inputs in adulthood. Our study reveals an adolescent sensitive period when top-down neurons integrate local circuits with long-range connectivity to produce attentional behavior.
3D Printed Hydrogel-Based Sensors for Quantifying UV Exposure

Exposure to excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation can have detrimental effects on human health. Inexpensive easy-to-use sensors for monitoring UV radiation can allow broad-scale assessment of UV exposure, but their implementation requires technology that enables rapid and affordable manufacturing of these sensors on a large scale. Herein, we report a novel three-dimensional (3D) printing procedure and printable ink composition that produce robust, flexible, and wearable UV sensors. To fabricate the sensors, a color-changing hydrogel ink was first developed from which standalone constructs were 3D printed. The ink contains alginate, gelatin, photoactive titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and dyes (methyl orange, methylene blue, and malachite green) in which the nanoparticles are used to initiate photocatalytic degradation of dyes, leading to discoloration of the dye. The sensors resemble a color-changing tattoo that loses color upon exposure to UV. The viscosity and ink composition were optimized to achieve printability and tune the mechanical properties (e.g., modulus, hardness) of the sensors. The optimized procedure enabled the one-step fabrication of mechanically stable sensors that can effectively measure outdoor sun exposure by quantifying the decrease in color, visible to the naked eye. Apart from being used as wearable sensors, these sensors have the potential to be used along with UV-based workspace sterilizing devices to ensure that surfaces have been efficiently exposed to UV. The sensors are inexpensive, stable, extremely robust, biodegradable, and easy to use. The tunability, biocompatibility, and printability of the ink offer excellent potential for developing advanced 3D printing methods that, in addition to UV sensors, can be applied more broadly to fabricate other sensing technologies for a variety of other applications.
The End of an Era: Who Pays the Price when the Livestock Futures Pits Close?

This paper evaluates how the closure of the futures pits impacted the execution costs of customer orders in the livestock futures market. Our results indicate that the execution cost of electronic orders placed by customers who were active in the pit increase after the pit closure. We find no evidence that this is due to an increase in trading with high-frequency traders. However, we find that the overall per contract unit execution costs, including pit and electronic orders, has declined for pit users, after the pit closure. Our findings suggest that this decline in overall execution costs can be attributed to the complete or partial withdrawal of some pit users from the market, while the detected increase in their execution costs in the electronic market is likely due to the migration of some informed pit orders to the electronic order book.
Equilibria and Capacities for Adsorption on Carbon

Laboratory investigations show that the ultimate capacity of granular carbon for adsorption of biochemically-resistant organic substances from dilute solution after a sufficient period of contact is on the order of 15% to 25% by weight. Experimental adsorption isotherms for a number of organic substances indicate that adsorption equilibria for solutions of micromolar concentration are well-described by the Langmuir monolayer adsorption theory. Adsorption equilibria for solutions of high concentration appear to be best described by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller multilayer theory. Interpretation of observed data leads to the conclusion that different types of adsorbed films are formed for high and low concentrations in solution at equilibrium with carbon; the data appear to reveal a range of activities for various parts of the surface area of the adsorbent. Ultimate capacities increase with decreasing temperature, decreasing pH, and decreasing particle size.
US Guidelines for immune tolerance induction in patients with haemophilia a and inhibitors

Introduction The development of anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies (inhibitors) is the most serious treatment-related complication in patients with hemophilia A, rendering standard replacement therapy ineffective, heightening the risk for uncontrollable bleeding and morbidity, decreasing quality of life, and increasing healthcare costs. Aim Formulate evidence-based guidelines for optimizing immune tolerance induction (ITI) in patients with hemophilia A and inhibitors. Methods Results from the International ITI study and other available evidence were used to develop guidelines for ITI. Results Predictors of ITI success were identified and recommendations made for ITI with regard to candidates, timing, product, regimen, monitoring, defining success, concurrent immunomodulation, duration of treatment, and bleed management before and during ITI. Conclusion Evidence-based recommendations to guide treatment decisions may increase the likelihood of successful inhibitor eradication and the induction of FVIII tolerance in patients with hemophilia A who develop inhibitory antibodies.
Identification of a Locus Upstream from the Hydrogenase Structural Genes That Is Involved in Hydrogenase Expression in Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Abstract A locus involved in the expression of the uptake hydrogenase system of Bradyrhizobium japonicum was identified adjacent to genes encoding the hydrogenase subunits. A cloned fragment of DNA was used to complement to autotrophy a Hup− putative regulatory mutant of B. japonicum. The mutant strain lacked hydrogenase activity and synthesized low levels of the large subunit of hydrogenase as determined by Western gels. Tn5-induced mutagenesis located the region within the fragment which was necessary for complementation of the mutant phenotype. The locus identified is adjacent to that encoding the small subunit of hydrogenase; its right border is <0.5 kilobase upstream from the hydrogenase transcriptional start site, and its left border is between 1 and 2.5 kilobases from that start site. However, the locus is outside the region previously shown to contain hup-related genes of B. japonicum. Thus, the localization of this gene describes a previously unidentified hup-related gene on a region of DNA not previously shown to contain hup-specific DNA.
High-level language support for programming distributed systems

This paper presents a strategy for simplifying the programming of heterogeneous distributed multiapplications. A multiapplication is a distributed system or a collection of autonomous applications which occasionally interact, such as a bank and its customers. Our approach is based on designing a machine-and language-independent process model, and integrating the abstract primitives for process creation, connection, and communication into programming languages. Our goal is to make it easy for non-experts to write multiapplications and multiapplication components, and to produce software which is portable across different machine and operating system environments. The complexity of managing address spaces, name spaces, buffers, communications connections, and recovery in such environments is hidden inside the implementation of a small number of high-level language constructs.We discuss our process model, and two language efforts based on this model: Hermes, a secure, representation-independent language designed explicitly around the process model, and Concert-C, a minimal set of extensions to C to support the process model while allowing reuse of existing C code. We discuss the status of the Hermes and Concert-C prototype implementations.
Towards comprehensive privacy protection in data clustering

We address the protection of private information in data clustering. Previous work focuses on protecting the privacy of data being mined. We find that the cluster labels of individual data points can also be sensitive to data owners. Thus, we propose a privacy-preserving data clustering scheme that extracts accurate clustering rules from private data while protecting the privacy of both original data and individual cluster labels. We derive theoretical bounds on the performance of our scheme, and evaluate it experimentally with real-world data.
Quaternary volcanism in the United States

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the concept of volcanic loci––vents or groups of vents that define logical units of volcanism in space and time––and focuses on advances in the understanding of the Quaternary history of volcanic areas in the United States and key processes in the evolution of volcanoes. Large flank failures and caldera-forming eruptions catastrophically change the form of some edifices; subsequent eruptions rebuilt many of them. Some of the long-lived fields show evidence of migration of active vent areas through time as the North American Plate moved relative to a deeper fixed zone of magma genesis. Quaternary eruptions in the Hawaiian Islands reflect the long-lived volcanism related to the movement of the Pacific Plate across the Hawaiian hot spot. Each major Hawaiian volcano follows a general evolution from submarine volcano to rapidly growing emergent shield volcano. The detailed mapping, geochronologic, geophysical, and petrologic investigations of Quaternary volcanic centers in the U.S. reveal new insights about long-term eruptive history; magma-genesis, -transport, and -eruption processes; and influence of tectonics on volcanic systems.
Varieties of Coronal Mass Ejections and Their Relation to Flares

Most coronal mass ejections (CMEs) start as coronal storms which are caused by an opening of channels of closed field lines along the zero line of the longitudinal magnetic field. This can happen along any zero line on the Sun where the configuration is destabilized. If the opening includes a zero line inside an active region, one observes a chromospheric flare. If this does not happen, no flare is associated with the CME in the chromosphere, but the process, as well as the response in the corona (a Long Decay Event in X-rays) remains the same. The only difference between flare-associated and non-flare-associated CMEs is the strength of the magnetic field in the region of the field line opening. This can explain essentially all differences which have been observed between these two kinds of CMEs. However, there are obviously also other sources of CMEs, different from coronal storms: sprays (giving rise to narrow, pointed ejections), erupting interconnecting loops (often destabilized by flares), and growing coronal holes. This paper tries to summarize and interpret observations which support this general picture, and demonstrates that both CMEs and flares must be properly discussed in any study of solar-terrestrial relations.
Adaptive reflector antenna with smart materials

The paper describes a method for placing nulls in a reflector antenna pattern by incorporating elements which have a reflectivity that can be varied over a wide range using electrical or optical control.
Large increase in dissolved inorganic carbon flux from the Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico due to climatic and anthropogenic changes over the 21st century.

It is recognized that anthropogenic factors have had a major impact on carbon fluxes from land to the ocean during the past two centuries. However, little is known about how future changes in climate, atmospheric CO2, and land use may affect riverine carbon fluxes over the 21st century. Using a coupled hydrological-biogeochemical model, the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model, this study examines potential changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) export from the Mississippi River basin to the Gulf of Mexico during 2010–2099 attributable to climate-related conditions (temperature and precipitation), atmospheric CO2, and land use change. Rates of annual DIC export are projected to increase by 65% under the high emission scenario (A2) and 35% under the low emission scenario (B1) between the 2000s and the 2090s. Climate-related changes along with rising atmospheric CO2 together would account for over 90% of the total increase in DIC export throughout the 21st century. The predicted increase in DIC export from the Mississippi River basin would alter chemistry of the coastal ocean unless appropriate climate mitigation actions are taken in the near future.
The asymptotic behavior of an urn model arising in population genetics

Abstract A Polya-like urn arises in studying stationary distributions and stationary sampling distributions in neutral (Fleming-Viot) genetics models with bounded mutation rates. This paper gives a detailed analysis of asymptotic properties of the urn. In particular, it is shown that in a sample of size n , the maximum number of mutations along any lineage from the common ancestor grows extremely slowly with n . Kesten's result on the growth rate of the number of types when the mutation process is simple symmetric random walk (the Ohta-Kimura model) follows similarly.
A Theoretical Description of Flame Spreading over Solid Combustibles in a Quiescent Environment at Zero Gravity

Abstract A theoretical model is presented that can be used to predict the structure and rate of spread of an attached diffusion flame moving over a thermally thin, pyrolyzing combustible placed in a gravity-free, quiescent, oxidizing environment. The gas-phase model includes steady-state, two-dimensional momentum, energy, and species equations while the solid-phase model consists of continuity and energy equations, the solution to which provide boundary conditions for the gas-phase problem. The spread rate appears as an eigenvalue in both the gas- and solid-phase equations. The numerical procedure developed to solve the system of equations is stable even for spread rates comparable to normal velocities present at the fuel-gas interface. Solid fuel pyrolysis is modelled using a first-order Arrhenius decomposition while both finite-rate and infinite rate chemistry in the gas phase are considered. Computed spread rates increase with increasing oxygen concentration in the ambient and are generally a factor of...
Bistable arches for morphing applications

This article examines the bistable behavior of an arch for morphing applications. The arch has a cosine profile, is clamped at both ends, and is restrained axially by a spring at one end. Fabrication and testing of several Delrin and NiTiNOL arch specimens (with varying arch height, thickness, and spring stiffness) were followed by ANSYS finite element modeling, and the ANSYS simulation results showed good overall agreement with the test results. A parametric study was conducted using the ANSYS model to assess the influence of arch thickness, height, and spring stiffness on the bistable behavior. The results indicated that lower arch thickness, larger arch height, and higher spring stiffness tend to promote bistability; lower arch thickness and height reduce peak strains as the arch moves between equilibrium states, but increasing spring stiffness has a smaller effect; and higher arch thickness, height, and spring stiffness increase the snap-through force, which in turn increases the actuation force requi...
Credibility and the dynamics of disinflation in open economies A note on the southern cone experiments

Abstract When people lack confidence in the ability of politicians to carry out a newly announced disinflationary policy, disinflation becomes more difficult to achieve. Numerous writers have emphasized the importance of policy consistency for establishing credibility. This essay suggests, in addition, that policies with a quicker disinflationary impact become more credible sooner, and thus have a better chance of succeeding. With that proposition in mind, the objective is to examine and compare the initial impacts of alternative disinflationary strategies in an open economy with capital mobility, using evidence from the Southern Cone experience with preannounced exchange rates for illustrative purposes.
Photophysical Properties of a 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexasubstituted Fullerene Derivative

The photophysical properties of a novel 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexasusbstituted fullerene derivative (1) are examined in this study. In addition to the ground state absorption spectrum of 1 we report its triplettriplet absorption spectrum and molar extinction coefficient (ΔeT-T), as well as the triplet quantum yield (ΦT), lifetime (τT), and energy (ET). The saturation of a single six-member ring on the fullerene cage results in significant changes in the triplet state properties as compared to that of pristine C60. The triplet-triplet absorption spectrum shows a hypsochromic shift in long wavelength absorption and both the triplet state lifetime and triplet quantum yield are decreased. The triplet energy was found to be similar to that of C60. In addition, the quantum yield (ΦΔ) of singlet oxygen generated by 1 was calculated and is found to be significantly less than in the case of C60.
Public-access defibrillation.

This paper provides a general overview of the current status of public-access defibrillation (PAD). The objectives are to describe the rationale for PAD, to define different levels of PAD as enumerated by the American Heart Association AED Task Force, to review the development of PAD over the past decade, and to discuss the cost-benefit of PAD, mainly from models and a few small implementations throughout the country. A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial (the Public Access Defibrillation Phase I Trial) has been designed to compare nontradi-tional targeted bystander CPR using AEDs with that not using AEDs. It is expected that the trial will resolve many of the uncertainties about the benefits of PAD.
Access services for the Networking Broadband Services architecture

This paper describes how Networking BroadBand Services (NBBS) provides multiple protocol support over emerging high-bandwidth networks. It describes the problems associated with handling these multiple protocols that are seen now more than ever in the emerging asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) infrastructure. The paper addresses the access services of NBBS and how the NBBS transport functions are used to provide these access services. A detailed example of one access service component is given to provide the reader with a feeling for typical access services issues. Brief examples of access services are given to show how the concepts described are being used.
Experimental Demonstration of the Extended Probe Instrument Calibration (EPIC) Technique

A chamber calibration technique for spherical near-field antenna measurements proposed by Pogorzelski is experimentally demonstrated. The chamber was purposely degraded by introducing a metal plate situated so as to produce a strong specular reflection from the antenna under test to the chamber probe. The effects of this artifact were easily observed in the raw data. The chamber with the artifact was calibrated using an open ended waveguide calibration antenna and the resulting calibration coefficients were used to correct the raw measurement producing a result very similar to the measurement carried out in the undegraded chamber over about 30 to 35 dB of dynamic range.
Resource Tangibility and the Evolution of a Publicly Funded Health and Human Services Network

This article is a longitudinal examination of a publicly funded network of health and human services organizations that provide services to mentally ill adults. Data were collected at two points in time from a single network in a large U.S. metropolitan area: when the network was completely reorganized, and again when it had matured, four years later. Analysis focuses on changes in the patterns of interaction within and across five resource-based subnetworks. The authors argue that the structure of network relationships depends on the type of resources involved—whether tangible or intangible, the stage of network evolution, and whether macro- or micro-level interactions are considered. Implications for theory and for network management, governance, and policy are discussed.
Sex offenders and the law.

In this foreword, the editors of this special issue describe recent developments in the law pertaining to sex offenders and summarize the articles in the issue. These articles analyze sex offender law in its historical context, the science of sex offenders (including risk assessment, treatment, and prevention), legal theory relating to sex offender law, evidentiary and remedial issues, and policy issues. The editors conclude with a discussion of the significance of these articles and of the special issue to policymakers, lawyers, clinicians, administrators, and the public.
A Signal Analysis Method Using Cross-Correlation of Turbulence Flow Signals to Determine Calibration of Permanent Magnet Sodium Flowmeters

Permanent magnet flowmeters are used to measure flow in sodium cooled power plants both in the core and in plant piping. In this paper the cross-correlation technique and in particular the transfer function method is used to process the flow turbulence signals from electrodes spaced along the pipe in the vicinity of the magnetic field. Results from a loop flowmeter the EBR-II secondary flowmeter and a 400 mm diameter flowmeter will be presented.