cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using inverse theory and seabeam bathymetry to improve seismic refraction data corrections

An array consisting of ocean bottom seismometer and on-bottom hydrophones, was used to conduct a seismic experiment on 0.4 Ma crust east of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Seismic sources were large (>50 kg) explosive charges detonated by SUS devices set to explode at 1829 or 2438 m nominal depth. The objectives of the experiment were to determine the compressional wave velocity and attenuation structures of the uppermost 500 m depth. The relative positions of shots and receivers were originally determined by treating each shot-receiver pair independently, via raytracing of various water waves. Due to the reflection of some of these water waves by the rough bottom, significant scatter resulted, preventing a determination of a physically realizable velocity-depth function. A new method is described that co-locates shot and receiver positions, including receiver depths consistent withseabeam bathymetry, using only the water waves that do not interact with the bottom. Several potential pitfalls are outlined using this method. A stable solution could only be achieved by discarding shots located well outside the array. The water path corrections were applied to the refracted arrivals, again using theseabeam bathymetry. The joint inversion location procedure, along with the use of precise gridded bathymetry, reduced the travel time scatter to a level whereby a velocity-depth function could be determined. The results, using only the hydrophone data, indicate an initial velocity at the seafloor of 2.7 km s-1 with gradients from 4.6 s-1 slowly decreasing to 4.1 s-1 at 679 m depth. This velocity is similar to others conducted over very young oceanic crust, and can be interpreted as being due to a high porosity at the surface, due to cracks, fissures, and open pores, which rapidly diminish with depth.
Transient intermediates in intramolecularly photosensitized pyrimidine dimer splitting by indole derivatives.

— Intramolecularly photosensitized pyrimidine dimer splitting can serve as a model for some aspects of the monomerization of dimers in the enzyme-substrate complex composed of a photolyase and UV-damaged DNA. We studied compounds in which a pyrimidine dimer was covalently linked either to indole or to 5-methoxyindole. Laser flash photolysis studies revealed that the normally observed photoejection of electrons from the indole or the 5-methoxyindole to solvent was diminished by an order of magnitude for indoles with dimer attached (dimer-indole and dimer-methoxyindole). The fluorescence lifetime of dimer-indole in aqueous methanol was 0.85 ns, whereas that of the corresponding indole without attached dimer (tryptophol) was 9.7 ns. Similar results were obtained for the dimer-methoxyindole (0.53 ns) and 5-methoxytryptophol (4.6 ns). The quantum yield of dimer splitting for the dimer-methoxyindole (φ287K7 = 0.08) was only slightly greater than the value found earlier for the dimer bearing the unsubstituted indole (4>2K7= 0.04). Transient absorption spectroscopy also revealed lower yields of indole radical cations following laser flash photolysis of dimer-indole compared to the indole without attached dimer. Dimer-methoxyindole behaved similarly. These results are interpreted in terms of an enhanced rate of radiationless relaxation of the indole and methoxyindole excited singlet states in dimer-indoles. The possible quenching of the indole and methoxyindole excited states via electron abstraction by the covalently linked dimer is discussed.
Patterns in social entrepreneurship research

Social entrepreneurship appeals to social workers as an attractive way to create sustainable social capital through economic value creation. The practice, however, has attested to an imbalance betw...
The Logarithmic Poisson Gamma Distribution: A Model for Leadtime Demand.

Abstract : Many of the inventory models which are used in practice rely upon knowning the probability distribution of demand over a leadtime. The common assumption is that this distribution is normal. However, in certain circumstances, the normality assumption may be inappropriate. We consider a process in which demand occurrences obey a stationary Poisson process and at each occurrence a random number of units are demanded. Furthermore, the leadtime for replenishment is assumed to be random as well. Assuming a logarithmic compounding distribution and a gamma distribution of leadtime we derive the exact distribution of total demand in a leadtime. We call this the Logarithmic-Poisson-Gamma (LPG) distribution. An approximation is derived which is equivalent to a scaled version of the negative binomial distribution. In the final section we derive the first four central moments.
Irreversible Unilateral Visual Loss due to Acute Sinusitis

• Extension of sphenoethmoiditis into the orbital apex may result in visual loss and ophthalmoplegia, but minimal signs of orbital pathology such as proptosis, chemosis, or lid edema. This entity is termed orbital apex syndrome. The case of a 74-year-old woman with orbital apex syndrome and irreversible unilateral visual loss secondary to bacterial sphenoethmoiditis is presented. This case, and our review of the literature, suggest that patients with symptomatic acute sphenoethmoiditis are at a relatively higher risk of permanent visual loss than those with sinusitis not involving the posterior ethmoid and/or sphenoid sinuses. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;117:1400-1401)
Functional mixed effects models

Functional mixed effects model (FMM) is a mixed effects modeling framework that both the fixed effects and the random effects are modeled by nonparametric curves. The combination of mixed effects model and nonparametric smoothing enables FMMs to handle outcomes with complex profiles and at the same time to incorporate complex experimental designs and include covariates. Estimation and inference can be performed either using techniques from linear mixed effects models or using fully Bayesian approaches. As in functional data analysis, inference in FMMs is preliminary and needs to be further investigated. Several software packages have been developed to implement FMMs, although computational challenges do exist no matter which smoothing method is used. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:527–534. doi: 10.1002/wics.1226 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
Multimedia- and Computer-Based Engineering Education

Multimedia technology provides a valuable resource to boost interest in engineering education and enhance the ability to teach and to learn from engineering courses. The ability to combine visualization of complex mathematical and abstract subjects, gain experience with virtual laboratories, develop guided use of simulation software, and even experience virtual participation in practical applications are among the many advantages of technology-based education. In this paper we describe and demonstrate the main features of four multimedia CD-ROMs developed by the CAEME Center for Multimedia Education and Technology. This includes the Physics Museum, Calculus Castle, the Genetics CD-ROM, and the most recent CD-ROM on Engineering Electromagnetics. In addition to describing and demonstrating the features of the developed multimedia CD-ROMs, results from statistical studies showing benefits from multimedia and technology-based education will be discussed. Preliminary results from controlled educational experiments show that students learn by an average of 20% more when exposed to multimedia components in their learning and studying of their technical subject.
Equilibrium Relations in the System NiO–TiO2 in the Temperature Range 1300° to 1750°C

Phase relations in the system NiO–TiO2 have been determined by heating oxide mixtures in air at selected temperatures in the range 1300° to 1750°C for sufficient periods of time to attain equilibrium, followed by rapid quenching to room temperature. The phases have been characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis. The most striking feature is the presence, above 1430°C, of a spinel-type phase that decomposes below this temperature to a mixture of remnant spinel, NiO of periclase-type structure, and NiTiO3 of ilmenite-type structure. There are two peritectic points in the system, one at 1730°C where spinel, NiO, and liquid coexist in equilibrium, and one at 1610°C where spinel, NiTiO3, and liquid are the coexisting phases. A eutectic is present at 1570°C, with NiTiO3, rutile, and liquid coexisting in equilibrium. Rapid transformation of the spinel phase, even during rapid quenching, imposes uncertainties on the interpretation of the experimental data obtained, but the equilibrium-phase relations are deduced essentially as shown in the phase diagram presented. Results of a small number of calculated activities of NiO in oxide-phase assemblages involving the spinel phase at high temperatures (∼1500°C) lend support to the interpretation of the phase relations as presented in this paper.
Mobile robot navigation control under coded light

The increasing use of computer controlled mobile robots in various tasks has created a growing technological need for efficient low cost means and methods for mobile robot guidance. This work presents a robot navigation and guidance system that consists of a directional light sensor and a set of at least three uniquely coded light sources. The three light sources provide distinct light fields in the operating area of the robot. The light sensor, mounted on a mobile robot, is used to measure the angle of the direction of origin of each of the three light sources with respect to the robot reference frame. The local room coordinates of the robot can then be determined by an on-board microprocessor system. The planar position and orientation of the robot can be used to control the drive and steering mechanisms to reach a given target position or track a prescribed trajectory. Control methods for robot guidance are discussed.
Properties of Polyurethane Anionomers: Ionization via Bimolecular Nucleophilic Displacement of the Urethane Hydrogen.

Abstract Two series of polyether polyurethane anionomers based on 4, 4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and polytetra-methylene oxide (PTMO) were synthesized and their properties investigated. Ionization proceeded via a bimolecular nucleophilic displacement reaction with sodium hydride, followed by a ring-opening reaction with γ-propane sultone. The lower hard segment content (20 wt% MDI) control material exhibited an initial one-phase morphology that underwent phase separation upon ionization, with subsequent development of hard segment ordering. These changes in morphology were accompanied by dramatic improvements in mechanical properties. The 38 wt% MDI control material possessed a two-phase morphology and well-developed hard segment ordering. Ionization disrupted the hard segment ordering and at low levels decreased the degree of phase separation. Further ionization led to reattainment of the original degree of phase separation and a marked improvement in mechanical strength. The differences in prop...
Nitric oxide donors stimulate bile flow and glutathione disulfide excretion independent of guanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate in the isolated perfused rat liver

Nitric oxide (NO) modulates several metabolic functions in hepatocytes, but the role of NO in bile secretion has not been clearly defined. In the present study, we examined the effects of NO on bile flow and biliary HCO3− and glutathione excretion in the isolated perfused rat liver and assessed the role of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in mediating these effects. The NO donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and S-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine stimulated bile flow and increased both HCO3− and glutathione excretion. Increases in bile flow were linearly related to increases in biliary glutathione concentration and output (P < .0001), which were almost entirely caused by glutathione disulfide, whereas the excretion of reduced glutathione remained unchanged. NO donors increased cGMP concentrations in bile and perfusate, and the membrane-permeant cGMP analogue dibutyryl cGMP was also found to stimulate bile flow and HCO3− excretion. However, in contrast to the NO donors, dibutyryl cGMP did not increase glutathione excretion. Furthermore, the NO donors failed to stimulate bile flow in mutant TR-rats in which the canalicular transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates is deficient, although dibutyryl cGMP increased bile flow and HCO3− excretion in the mutant rats as in normals. These findings indicate that exogenous sources of NO increase bile acid-independent bile flow by stimulating glutathione disulfide excretion, effects that are independent of cGMP.
The Accuracy of Markov Chain Models in Predicting Packet-Loss Statistics for a Single Multiplexer

In this correspondence, we investigate the accuracy of low-complexity discrete-time Markov chain models in characterizing the packet-loss process associated with a transport network whose behavior can be described in terms of a single bottleneck node, modeled by a single multiplexer. The results are useful since network behavior is often characterized in terms of a single bottleneck node and it is of some interest to establish the accuracy of Markov chain models in predicting the packet-loss process on even such a simplified network model. We demonstrate that, although higher order Markov chain models can achieve increasingly more accurate descriptions, the Gilbert model has some serious deficiencies in predicting the packet-loss statistics of the single-multiplexer model for a variety of packet arrival processes. We show that this has some serious consequences for the performance evaluation of forward error correction (FEC) coding schemes using Markov chain models compared to that predicted by an exact queueing analysis of the single-multiplexer model.
VLSI design and implementation of a self-testing systolic array chip for signal processing

A CMOS VLSI implementation of a built-in self-test (BIST) systolic array that can perform both self-test and self-diagnosis is presented. The BIST is combined with a scan path design; therefore, all registers in the array cells are connected as a scan chain and all signatures are shifted out by this scan chain to be compared with a previously generated fault-free signature. Thus, the signature generated by the BIST circuitry determines the status of each cell. The cell is partitioned so that the resulting combinational networks can be cycled through all possible input combinations in the time allowed for testing. Therefore, no fault models or test pattern generation program are required. Various signal processing algorithms, such as multiplication, the FFT, and convolution, can be efficiently performed by an array of these BIST cells. >
Synthesis and Evaluation of Polyhydroxamate Chelators for Selective Actinide Ion Sequestration

The overall goal of our research program is to design, synthesize and evaluate organic chelators for the specific binding/removal of actinides in a variety of environmentally relevant situations. Such chelators would be useful to selectively remove actinide ions such as plutonium from a variety of waste forms including soils and waste streams. We have identified a new class of polyhydroxamates as potential chelating agents for actinides based on computer modeling, solubility properties and other important features including ease of synthesis. Several members of this class of tetrahydroxamate chelators have been synthesized in our laboratory and evaluated for the binding of actinides and other metal ions in solution. Some of the hydroxamate chelators that we have developed have also been evaluated for their plutonium(IV) binding and the results are very encouraging. Detailed studies of the complexation behavior of this class of chelators are currently in progress and the goal of these experiments is to develop an understanding of the efficiency and nature of the metal complexation chemistry. This in turn should allow the further modification of this class of chelators to obtain agents with higher specificity for the actinide ions.
Spatial locations gone awry: Object and spatial memory deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome

Hippocampus vulnerability following gestational alcohol exposure has been demonstrated neuroanatomically and behaviorally in animal models of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). There have been no similar demonstrations in humans. The Smith and Milner (1981) Memory for 16 Objects task has been used to explore the effects of right vs left temporal lobectomy with varying degrees of damage to the hippocampus. In the present experiment, this same task was administered to 15 children with FAS (mean age 10.03, S.D. = 2.33) and 15 control children (mean age 10.02, S.D. = 2.31). Similar to patients with right temporal lobectomies and a large excision to the hippocampus, children with FAS were able to perform immediate but not delayed object recall, had a general spatial memory deficit (P < 0.05), and significantly distorted the spatial array (P < 0.05). Although these results are consistent with an interpretation of hippocampal dysfunction, gestational alcohol exposure is known to result in a wide-ranging spectrum of neuropsychological deficits that vary in both extent and severity. Visuospatial deficits on the Beery test of Visuomotor Integration and Clock Drawing are suggestive of the other neural regions that may be involved in producing the behavioral deficits in children with FAS.
Levofloxacin use in the elderly: focus on pneumonia

Levofloxacin is a broad-spectrum, rapid-acting bactericidal agent that exhibits concentration-dependent killing activity as well as a postantibiotic effect. Its activity includes enteric Gram-negative bacilli, Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and most species of streptococci, including Streptococcus pneumoniae. With increasing age, there is a natural decline in renal function by approximately 1 ml/min/year after the age of 30 years, or an average decrease in creatinine clearance of 40% by the age of 80 years. This decline in renal function can have a significant impact on antibiotics that are predominantly eliminated from the body via the kidneys, such as levofloxacin. The favorable pharmacodynamic, safety and efficacy profiles, in addition to in vitro activity versus the usual respiratory pathogens, make levofloxacin among the first-line agents for the management of pneumonia, and an option for other respiratory bacterial infections in which more r...
L'Illusion mythique

L'Illusion mythique. Jean-Louis Siran. Paris: Institut Synthglabo, 1998.127 pp., references.
Perils of petrotectonic modeling: A view from southern Sonora, Mexico

Abstract We present major and trace element geochemical data from well-dated Oligocene–Miocene volcanic sections in southern Sonora, Mexico (28°, 110°) that span the transition from subduction to oblique extension in the proto-Gulf of California. The region of northwest Mexico including Sonora experienced this abrupt change in tectonic setting ca. 15–12.5 Ma. Syn- and post-subduction calc-alkaline volcanic rocks erupted in Sonora all have similar major and trace element signatures indicative of a continental arc setting. Post-subduction rocks in Sonora document only a subtle change in the behavior of high field strength, large ion lithophile and rare earth elements and a decrease in pre-eruptive water-content. The protracted geochemical changes in Sonora suggest it took at least 4 m.y. to erase the subduction signature from the sub-arc mantle here. Therefore Sonoran geochemistry is not consistent with the predictions of petrotectonic models and contrasts with central and southern Baja where a rapid and distinct change in the composition of lavas erupted is reported synchronous with the tectonic transition. This study exemplifies the need for caution when interpreting geochemical data for tectonic information in the absence of plate reconstructions.
An observational study of reduction of insulin resistance and prevention of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin and diet

Our first specific aim in an observational study of 431 nondiabetic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), aged >or=20 years and with >or=11 months follow-up on metformin diet, was to prospectively assess relationships between pretreatment glucose and insulin resistance (IR) and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or gestational diabetes (GD). Our second specific aim was to determine whether development of T2DM and GD was independently associated with lesser reduction of IR on metformin diet when compared with women who remained free of T2DM and GD. Women with body mass index or=25 kg/m(2) were, respectively, instructed in a 2000- or 1500-cal/d, high-protein (26% of calories), low-carbohydrate (44%) diet, with 30% of calories as fat and a polyunsaturate-saturate ratio of 2:1. Three groups of women with PCOS were categorized: (a) 17 with no previous GD, who developed T2DM on metformin diet (mean +/- SD follow-up, 49 +/- 33 months), (b) 401 with no previous GD and free of T2DM on metformin diet (follow-up, 38 +/- 25 months), and (c) 13 with either previous GD or GD on metformin diet (follow-up, 38 +/- 25 months). On metformin diet, women who developed T2DM vs those who remained free of T2DM had higher pretreatment glucose (odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.16; P = .003) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.42; P = .01), and less reduction of HOMA-IR (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.92; P = .0008). On metformin diet, women either with previous GD or who developed GD vs those who remained free of T2DM had less reduction of HOMA-IR (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78-0.99; P = .03). By repeated-measures analysis, on metformin diet, women who did not develop T2DM had reduction in HOMA-IR (P < .0001), with the slope of this curve different (P = .002) from the unchanged IR exhibited by women who developed T2DM and different (P = .017) from an increased IR slope (P = .049) in women who had GD. In women with PCOS, pretreatment glucose and IR, and lesser reduction in IR on metformin diet were associated with T2DM and GD.
Initial experience with the PulseRider for the treatment of bifurcation aneurysms: report of first three cases in the USA

Introduction The PulseRider is a novel device intended for use in the treatment of aneurysms arising at bifurcations. We present the initial results of the first three cases in the USA employing the PulseRider device. Methods Aneurysms intended to be treated with the PulseRider device at a single institution were identified prospectively. Aneurysms arising at either the carotid terminus or basilar apex that were relatively broad-necked were considered candidates for treatment with the novel device. Results Patients were pretreated with dual antiplatelet therapy. All cases were performed under general endotracheal anesthesia. An appropriately sized PulseRider device was deployed across the neck of the aneurysm. A microcatheter was then navigated over a 0.014 inch microwire through the device into the aneurysm. Complete occlusion of the aneurysm was achieved in all cases without intraprocedural complications. Conclusions We have found in our early experience with the Pulse Rider device that its use is safe and effective as an adjunct in the treatment of bifurcation aneurysms arising at the basilar apex or carotid terminus. As such, it represents a useful addition to the armamentarium of the neuroendovascular specialist.
Gain compression and thermal analysis of a sapphire-bonded photonic crystal microcavity laser under various duty cycles

Gain compression factor and thermal properties of a sapphire-bonded microcavity laser are extracted by analyzing wavelength shifts under different duty cycles. High thermal resistance of 21K/mW and gain compression factor of 1.0µ10−16cm−3 are obtained.
ASCORBIC ACID REQUIREMENTS AND METABOLISM IN RELATION TO ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES

Those organochlorine pesticides which possess both high lipoid solubility and high resistance to biodegradation are prone to accumulation in animal tissues and produce relatively long-term effects as toxicants. Such compounds, typified by DDT, Dieldrin, and Lindane, are profound inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes, including parts of the glucuronic acid and ascorbic acid biosynthetic pathways. Consequently, administering such pesticides to rats in accompanied by enhanced formation and excretion of D-glucuronic acid and L-ascorbic acid, or D-glucaric acid in the case of guinea pigs. Secondarily, the efficiency in biodegrading the pesticides is reduced in ascorbic-acid-deficient guinea pigs with correspondingly greater residue accumulation in tissue. This would aggravate chronic toxic effects of the compounds. Finally, the capacity of the liver to adapt to the presence of such toxicants through enhanced microsomal enzymatic levels appears to be sensitive to its ascorbate status. Impaired enzyme induction is apparent quite early during ascorbic acid depletion in guinea pigs. The enhanced turnover of ascorbate produced by such pesticides, the poor enzymatic adaptation to them during ascorbate depletion and the dependency of the oxidase system upon adequate ascorbate, all point to the central significance of ascorbate status in the liver, and possibly other tissues, as a determinant of their chronic toxicity.
Murine models of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection

The animal model of chronic bronchopulmonary infection using agarose beads laden with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is frequently utilized in cystic fibrosis research, though it is challenging to perform it in mice. This paper reports the most successful methods for the creation of this model. Transtracheal insertion of a 22 G 1" over-the-needle intravenous catheter to preferentially inoculate the right mainstem bronchus using tribromoethanol anaesthesia administered i.p. was better for a successful surgical outcome compared, respectively, to the use of a 27 G (1/2)" needle, bilateral inoculation or an anaesthetic cocktail of xylazine, acepromazine and ketamine administered i.p. Bilateral infection was associated with higher mortality, greater weight loss and higher levels of bronchoalveolar cytokine concentration, compared to mice infected primarily in the right lung. Mucoid clinical strain PA M57-15 was preferred since mucoid clinical strain PA 2192 led to comparatively more severe lesions and higher mortality. Using the same operator for a given task reduced the variability inherent in this model, illustrated using outcome measures such as gross lung pathology. The response of mice inoculated with P. aeruginosa-laden agarose beads was characterized by bronchopulmonary inflammation, high production of cytokines, and significant weight loss; whereas the response to infection with free-living bacteria was characterized by pneumonia, lower production of cytokines and weight loss. The use of free P. aeruginosa pre-mixed with sterile agarose beads may be considered as an alternative to the use of P. aeruginosa-laden agarose beads, since the histopathological features were similar, though further characterization is needed to evaluate its utility as an adequate model of cystic fibrosis.
Microfabrication of High-Density Microelectrode Arrays for Peripheral Intraneural Applications

This paper presents a novel approach to fabricate a high-density silicon microelectrode array on a silicon-glass bonded substrate. Electrodes were created with deep-reactive-ion etching (DRIE), and sharpened with a mixture of hydrofluoric, nitric, and acetic acids (HNA) wet etchant. A partial photoresist exposure method was developed to encapsulate the electrodes. A 10 times 10 microelectrode array was demonstrated in a 1 mm2 area. In addition, a novel fabrication technique was incorporated to create the microelectrodes each with a different length to allow better access to the entire cross section of the target nerve bundle. Both the preliminary mechanical and electrical characteristics of the prototype devices were promising for use as peripheral intraneural probes.
Focal length and compression of space

Images taken with long telephoto lenses exhibit a characteristic perspective distortion known as compression of space. Objects that are actually far apart appear unusually close together, and observed texture gradients and optic flows impart a distorted sense of orientation and depth. An attempt is made to quantify the space compression. It is shown that only a full perspective model, rare in shape from texture literature for example, is able to compute the above effect. >
The Effective Application of BP Neural Networks Prediction Model for Gas Content in Binchang Mining

in order to predict gas content of coal seam accurately in binchang mining, we use core data to build the BP neural network. We select the important controlling factors which impacted gas content of coal seam, coal bed thickness, ash and max vitrinite reflectance as the basic features of the BP neural network model, and establish the BP neural network prediction model between coal bed methane content and the main controlling factors. The testing results show that the BP neural network model could truly reflect the non-linear relationship between the gas content and the controlling factors, and obtain minimal error between the predicted results and the measured ones. This method provides the probability for using geological, logging and seismic information to predict gas content of coal seam. Key word- CBM content, geologic parameter, BP neural networks model
A Review of Recreation/Leisure Skills Research with Moderately, Severely and Profoundly Mentally Handicapped Individuals.

The authors review data-based recreation/leisure skills research efforts conducted with moderately, severely and profoundly mentally handicapped individuals. Extant literature was divided into four subareas: (1) studies which attempted to determine antecedents that promote involvement with play materials; (2) studies which examined antecedent and consequent intervention strategies; (3) task analytic recreation/leisure skill training efforts; and (4) studies which examined recreation/leisure skill maintenance and/or generalization. Practitioner implications as well as future research needs are discussed.
Self-reconfiguration in modular robots using coalition games with uncertainty

We consider the problem of dynamic self-reconfiguration in a modular self-reconfigurable robot (MSR). Previous MSR self-reconfiguration approaches search for new configurations only within the modules of the MSR that needs reconfiguration. In contrast, we describe a technique where an MSR that needs to reconfigure communicates with other MSRs in its vicinity to determine if modules can be shared from other MSRs, and then determines the best possible configuration among the combined set of modules. We model the MSR self-reconfiguration problem as a coalition structure generation problem within a coalition game theoretic framework. We formulate the coalition structure generation problem as a planning problem in the presence of uncertainty and propose an MDP-based algorithm to solve it. We have implemented our algorithm within an MSR called ModRED that is simulated on the Webots simulation platform. Our results show that using our self-reconfiguration algorithm, when an MSR needs to reconfigure, a new configuration that is within 5-7% of the globally optimal configuration can be determined. We have also shown that our algorithm performs comparably with another existing algorithm for determining optimal coalition structure.
One-Diemensional Consolidation in Triaxial Cell

The one-dimensional consolidation of the test specimens in a triaxial cell is often used to simulate field conditions. During this process, the clay particles acquire an orientation which endows the material with cross anisotropic properties. The design of a pneumatic system which performs such an operation automatically is described herein.
Conservation Strategies and Emergent Diseases: The Case of Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in the Gopher Tortoise

ABSTRACT We obtained demographic data on more than 60 gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) populations in Florida before the emergence of upper respiratory tract disease (URTD). We later resurveyed 10 populations to compare demographic profiles at sites where antibodies to Mycoplasma agassizii were detected subsequently and at sites where they were not. We screened for antibodies and checked for potential biases in studying URTD by determining whether individuals caught above ground were representative of a population as a whole and whether the probability of detection of seropositive (plus serologically suspect) individuals is a function of sample size. Some sites with no indication of decline had relatively high percentages of seropositive individuals, and some sites exhibiting substantial population decline had no or low percentages of seropositive individuals; therefore, our results do not unambiguously implicate the presence of URTD in the population declines. Seropositive individuals occurred at 4 ...
Information Content of USDA Rice Reports and Price Reactions of Rice Futures

Rice is a predominant food staple in many regions of the world, and it is important to determine how efficiently the U.S. rice market helps to ensure world food security. This question can be answered by gauging the price discovery performance of the U.S. rice futures market and the economic usefulness of the U.S. government's supply and demand forecasts. So, to this end, we employ two event study approaches: (1) to examine variability in returns on report-release days as compared to returns on pre- and post-report days, and (2) to regress price reactions on changes in usage and production information. It is found that the USDA provides the rice futures markets with valuable information and rice futures respond to the information in an economically consistent manner.
Interdisciplinary Model for Infusing Food Security into STEM Curriculum

Integrating applied learning and research experiences into the curriculum at any academic level represents hands-on, student-centered learning at its best. It provides expanded opportunities for instructional innovations and faculty-student mentorships that can both translate to the classroom and extend beyond the classroom. Here we propose an interdisciplinary, comprehensive, and immersive approach to integrating service-learning and research into the science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) classroom by devising the infrastructure necessary for students to have the opportunity to actively participate in a local food security network. Presented here are two examples of experiential-learning activities integrated into STEM curricula that align learning objectives with food security stakeholder needs. We hypothesize that the sense of personal responsibility to serve and empower food security network stakeholders will be a very important motivating factor for students to master the accompanying STEM learning objectives that have been integrated into the framework of the service-learning project.
A Review of the Larvae of Xyelidae, with Notes on the Family Classification (Hymenoptera)

Larvae have now been associated with all 5 Nearctic genera of the family Xyelidae: Xyela Dalman, Pleroneura Konow, Macroxyela Kirby, Megaxyea Ashmead, and Xyelecia Ross. A key to the genera is given and each genus is described. Descriptions are given for Macroxyela ferruginea (Say), Megaxyela langstoni Ross, M. aviingrata (Dyar), Xyelecia nearctica Ross, Pleroneura borealis Felt, and 2 undetermined species of Pleroneura . The larva of X. nearctica is described for the first time. The larvae of Pleroneura are described in detail for the first time. A classification of the Xyelidae is proposed, based on larval and adult characters and known habits. Two subfamilies, each with 2 tribes, are included. The Xyelinae is divided into the Xyelini, with 1 genus, Xyela , which feeds in the staminate cones of pines, and the Pleroneurini, with 1 genus, Pleroneura , which is a shoot borer in fir and pine. The Macroxyelinae is separated into the Macroxyelini, with 2 genera, Macroxyela and Megaxyela , which are external feeders on elm and hickory, and the Xyeleciini, with 1 genus, Xyelecia , which is probably a shoot borer in fir. The larval characters presented substantiate the dichotomous grouping into 2 subfamilies which was previously suggested by adult characters. Therefore, 2 evolutionary lines probably exist within this family. The tribes represent further evolutionary developments within the subfamilies, and are based on habits as well as on larval and adult characters.
“When’s the next bus?”: Influences of mobility and infrastructure on entrepreneurship in India

This paper examines the conditions of entrepreneurial success and failure in contexts where the institutional and physical infrastructure of Western capitalism is still emerging. I propose that at ...
Pregnancy-associated adaptations in [Ca2+]i-dependent and Ca2+ sensitization mechanisms of venous contraction: implications in pregnancy-related venous disorders.

This study demonstrates significant reduction in venous function and Ca2+ entry-dependent mechanisms of venous contraction during pregnancy. The pregnancy-associated reduction in Ca2+-dependent mec...
Investigation of Health Risk Behaviors among 838 Middle School Students in Huairou District of Beijing City

[Objective] To learn the current status of health risk behaviors among adolescent in Huairou district of Beijing city.[Methods] According to Health-related behavior monitoring standards of Beijing centers of diseases control and prevention,two middle schools of Huairou District were chosen for the survey,by using junior middle school and the high school's Chinese Young People Health Behavior Questionnaire.[Results] 73.3% of the students conducted improperly when crossing roads,7.9%～31.7% got unsafe traffic behaviors,14.9% had been to the places without security measures to swim,19.4% feel insecurity at school,7.5% had intended to commit suicide,27.2% had thought about leaving their home,22.6%～75.7% needed balanced nutrition,73.7% did little physical exercise,11.6% had watched porn,5.4%～26.0% had internet addiction.[Conclusion]Traffic violations and fights are the most common youth risk behaviors;smoking and drinking are common to high school students;The adolescent mental hygiene problems are prominent;The unreasonable nutrition,being lack of the exercises,internet addiction are the most common lifestyle health risks.
Research and Analysis on the High Current Impulse Withstand Capability of 10 kV Polymer Housed Arreste

A huge amount of 10 kV arresters are used in the power system.The quality of the arrester is important to the lightning protection level of 10 kV lines.Through the 4/10 μs、65 kA high-current impulse withstand test on the 10 kV polymer housed MOA,the analysis results show that: high current impulse withstand capability of the 10 kV polymer housed surge arresters is impacted significantly by its production process.In case of no resistor factor,the high-current impulses withstand capability can be improved by improving the production process.
Greenberg surgical support system for the endourologist.

SUMMARY As the field of endourology diversifies, the importance of ergonomics grows. The technology developed to assist the endourologist may accomplish the surgical goals effectively, but it often does not consider instrument control, planning of space, and the physical comfort of the operator. The Greenberg retractor creates a surgical environment that improves the urologist's efficiency and technical proficiency. Complex staghorn cases can be performed with reduced risk of inadvertent damage to renal tissue, no shifts of the nephroscope, and a more productive experience for the assistant.
Bevacizumab and interferon reduce venous recanalization following sclerotherapy.

Abstract Purpose The treatment of venous malformations is difficult because these lesions frequently recur after resection or sclerotherapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether recanalization of sclerosed venous lumens could be prevented with systemic angiogenic inhibition using bevacizumab or peginterferon alfa-2a. Methods To establish an animal model of recanalization of sclerosed facial veins, 18 rabbits had ethanol sclerotherapy of 1 facial vein followed by venography after 4weeks (n=6), 12weeks (n=6), and 24weeks (n=6). Subsequently, 21 different leporids underwent sclerotherapy of both facial veins (n=42 veins) and were treated pharmacologically in three ways: (1) control (n=14); bevacizumab (n=14); or peginterferon alfa-2a (n=14). Animals received 2 systemic drug doses 1month prior to and during the procedure. Vessel patency was determined 24weeks later using venography. Results Venous recanalization occurred in 33.3% of sclerosed facial veins after 4weeks and 50.0% after 12 and 24weeks. For animals treated with systemic medication, recanalization occurred less frequently when bevacizumab (14.3%, n=2/14) ( P =0.04) or peginterferon alfa-2a (7.7%, n=1/14) ( P =0.01) was administered compared to controls (57.1%, n=8/14). Conclusions Systemic treatment with bevacizumab or peginterferon alfa-2a reduces venous recanalization following sclerotherapy in an animal model. Further studies are indicated to determine whether anti-angiogenic pharmacotherapy can prevent recurrence of venous malformations in humans after sclerotherapy.
Radio-Mechanical Energy Conversion at Microwave and Optical Frequencies*

AbstractStarting torque and speed characteristics of a microwave motor and the speed-distance characteristic of an optical motor were investigated. In both motors, a radio-electrical transducer which had directional properties, was directly attached to a rotor coil which was placed in a permanent dc magnetic field, The directional property of the radio-electrical transducer produced self-commutation. The microwave motor was operated at S-band frequencies and the optical motor was operated with a slide projector light. Radiation from a He-Ne gas laser was considered as another energy source. In the case of the microwave motor it was found that placing the rotor coil in the middle of the dc magnetic field produced maximum torque. This operating point did not produce maximum speed. In the optical motor, when the motor is energized by the laser instead of by collimated non-coherent light of the same amount of launched transmission energy at the same distance, the motor would produce high speed.
Escherichia coli Reduction by Bivalves in an Impaired River Impacted by Agricultural Land Use

Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are leading causes of impaired surface waters. Innovative and environmentally appropriate best management practices are needed to reduce FIB concentrations and associated risk. This study examines the ability of the native freshwater mussel Anodonta californiensis and an invasive freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea to reduce concentrations of the FIB Escherichia coli in natural waters. Laboratory batch experiments were used to show bivalve species-specific E. coli removal capabilities and to develop a relationship between bivalve size and clearance rates. A field survey within an impaired coastal river containing both species of bivalves in an agricultural- and grazing-dominated area of the central coast of California showed a significant inverse correlation between E. coli concentration and bivalve density. An in situ field spiking and sampling study showed filtration by freshwater bivalves resulting in 1–1.5 log10 reduction of E. coli over 24 h, and calculated clearance rat...
Comprehensive Optimization of LC-MS Metabolomics Methods Using Design of Experiments (COLMeD).

Both reverse-phase and HILIC chemistries are deployed for liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) metabolomics analyses, however HILIC methods lag behind reverse-phase methods in reproducibility and versatility. Comprehensive metabolomics analysis is additionally complicated by the physiochemical diversity of metabolites and array of tunable analytical parameters. Our aim was to rationally and efficiently design complementary HILIC-based polar metabolomics methods on multiple instruments using design of experiments (DoE). We iteratively tuned LC and MS conditions on ion-switching triple quadrupole (QqQ) and quadrupole-time-of-flight (qTOF) mass spectrometers through multiple rounds of a workflow we term Comprehensive optimization of LC–MS metabolomics methods using design of experiments (COLMeD). Multivariate statistical analysis guided our decision process in the method optimizations. LC–MS/MS tuning for the QqQ method on serum metabolites yielded a median response increase of 161.5 % (p < 0.0001) over initial conditions with a 13.3 % increase in metabolite coverage. The COLMeD output was benchmarked against two widely used polar metabolomics methods, demonstrating total ion current increases of 105.8 and 57.3 %, with median metabolite response increases of 106.1 and 10.3 % (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05 respectively). For our optimized qTOF method, 22 solvent systems were compared on a standard mix of physiochemically diverse metabolites, followed by COLMeD optimization, yielding a median 29.8 % response increase (p < 0.0001) over initial conditions. The COLMeD process elucidated response tradeoffs, facilitating improved chromatography and MS response without compromising separation of isobars. COLMeD is efficient, requiring no more than 20 injections in a given DoE round, and flexible, capable of class-specific optimization as demonstrated through acylcarnitine optimization within the QqQ method.
Appropriateness of the food-pics image database for experimental eating and appetite research with adolescents.

Abstract Background Research examining effects of visual food cues on appetite-related brain processes and eating behavior has proliferated. Recently investigators have developed food image databases for use across experimental studies examining appetite and eating behavior. The food-pics image database represents a standardized, freely available image library originally validated in a large sample primarily comprised of adults. The suitability of the images for use with adolescents has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the appropriateness of the food-pics image library for appetite and eating research with adolescents. Methods Three hundred and seven adolescents (ages 12–17) provided ratings of recognizability, palatability, and desire to eat, for images from the food-pics database. Moreover, participants rated the caloric content (high vs. low) and healthiness (healthy vs. unhealthy) of each image. Results Adolescents rated approximately 75% of the food images as recognizable. Approximately 65% of recognizable images were correctly categorized as high vs. low calorie and 63% were correctly classified as healthy vs. unhealthy in 80% or more of image ratings. These results suggest that a smaller subset of the food-pics image database is appropriate for use with adolescents. Conclusions With some modifications to included images, the food-pics image database appears to be appropriate for use in experimental appetite and eating-related research conducted with adolescents.