cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Understanding Divergence of Online Social Group Discussion

We study online social group dynamics based on how group members diverge in their online discussions. Previous studies mostly focused on the link structure to characterize social group dynamics, whereas the group behavior of content generation in discussions is not well understood. Particularly, we use Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence to measure the divergence of topics in user-generated contents, and how it progresses over time. We study Twitter messages (tweets) in multiple real-world events (natural disasters and social activism) with different times and demographics. We also model structural and user features with guidance from two socio-psychological theories, social cohesion and social identity, to learn their implications on group discussion divergence. Those features show significant correlation with group discussion divergence. By leveraging them we are able to construct a classifier to predict the future increase or decrease in group discussion divergence, which achieves an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.84 and an F-1 score (harmonic mean of precision and recall) of 0.8. Our approach allows to systematically study collective diverging group behavior independent of group formation design. It can help to prioritize whom to engage with in communities for specific topics of needs during disaster response coordination, and for specific concerns and advocacy in the brand management.
Visual projections induced into auditory thalamus and cortex: implications for thalamic and cortical information processing.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the implications for thalamic and cortical information processing. A central question in visual development and processing is: what is intrinsically “visual” about visual thalamus and cortex? Does visual function derive from specific inputs (and outputs), or from intrinsic organization and specific microcircuitry in central visual structures independent of input and output? In other words, what makes visual thalamus or cortex “visual?” To answer these questions, the chapter follows up, in ferrets, observations made earlier in hamsters by Schneider and Frost. There are many examples of redirecting connections in the mammalian brain following early or late surgical manipulations but nearly all examples of a major rearrangement are in rodents. It is more difficult to compare the visual responses from auditory cortex, because a pure W cell thalamocortical pathway is difficult to demonstrate in normal animals. Still, it is clear that many visual cells in auditory cortex do show integrative properties characteristic of cells in visual cortex.
The Hidden Potential of Sustainable Neighborhoods: Lessons from Low-Carbon Communities, by Harrison Fraker / Next Generation Infrastructure: Principles for Post-Industrial Public Works, by Hillary Brown

In the past year, Island Press has published two important books by architects that describe possibilities for whole systems infrastructure for cities and utilities. The first, The Hidden Potential...
An FFT based technique for suppressing narrow-band interference in PN spread spectrum communications systems

Analyses and performance predictions of an FFT-based narrowband interference suppression filter for use in PN (pseudonoise) spread-spectrum communications systems are presented. The received baseband signal is processed in fixed-length blocks, transformed to the frequency domain with an FFT, filtered there by using an appropriate weighting, and then transformed back to the time domain. A general expression for the symbol matched filter signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is given in terms of signal parameters and filter weighting coefficients. An optimal (maximum SNR) filter scheme and several suboptimal thresholding algorithms are discussed. Performance predictions, based on a realistic high-frequency interference model, are presented for these algorithms and FFT-based architecture. >
Road Trip! A Look at the Places and Personalities Made Famous by Sherwood v. Walker

This presentation at the Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society’s 2009 annual luncheon highlights the parties and locations involved in Sherwood v. Walker (1887), the state’s most celebrated Contracts case. Dealing with the law of mutual mistake, the case has itself been the subject of several erroneous beliefs. Nevertheless, it remains one of the great contributions to Contracts jurisprudence and law-school lore. Includes pictures of the parties and the historical marker erected by the State Bar of Michigan.
Montana's Rural Version of the School-to-Prison Pipeline: School Discipline and Tragedy on American Indian Reservations

American Indian adolescents in Montana are caught in a school-to prison pipeline. They are plagued with low academic achievement, high dropout, suspension and expulsion rates, and disproportionate contact with the juvenile and criminal justice systems. While these are typical of the school-to-prison phenomenon as it also appears in poor minority communities across the country, the rates and the disproportion for American Indians in Montana are particularly acute. Even more disturbing, many American Indian students in Montana are also the victims of another heartbreaking trend related to the school-to-prison pipeline — alarming levels of adolescent suicides and self-harm. The tragic situation of these children on remote reservationsin the Northeast corner of Montana has received far too little attention.This article presents relevant regional data, heretofore largely unexamined, and provides some personal narratives that demonstrate the shocking educational inequities American Indian children suffer in Montana. It also makes recommendations for addressing the problem. Part I lays out the theory of the school-to-prison pipeline and introduces the tribes of the Fort Peck and Rocky Boy’s reservations. Part II provides some background and history on American Indian public education. Part III presents data which demonstrate the existence of the school-to-prison pipeline for American Indians in Montana, including characteristic features of the pipeline such as school funding inequalities, racial imbalances in academic achievement among public school students, and racially disproportional school discipline. Part IV describes the youth suicide crisis on the Fort Peck Reservation and its relationship to school practices. Part V examines the disproportionate involvement of American Indian youth with the State’s juvenile justice system. Part VI provides recommendations for how to alleviate the school-to-prison pipeline problem through changes in policy or practice. Part VII proposes legal challenges to combat the pipeline and posits that the limited number of legal avenues available for reversing the pipeline is illustrative of a more general nationwide dilemma in education law for which lawyers and advocates will need to develop innovative strategies.
The role of space and time for knowledge organization on the Semantic Web

Space and time have not received much attention on the Semantic Web so far. While their importance has been recognized recently, existing work reduces them to simple latitude-longitude pairs and time stamps. In contrast, we argue that space and time are fundamental ordering relations for knowledge organization, representation, and reasoning. While most research on Semantic Web reasoning has focused on thematic aspects, this paper argues for a unified view combining a spatial, temporal, and thematic component. Besides their impact on the representation of and reasoning about individuals and classes, we outline the role of space and time for ontology modularization, evolution, and the handling of vague and contradictory knowledge. Instead of proposing yet another specific methodology, the presented work illustrates the relevance of space and time using various examples from the geo-sciences.
Guiding stochastic search by dynamic learning of the problem topography

We study experimentally the effect of dynamic learning of the problem topographic characteristics on stochastic search.
Recess: Its Role in Education and Development

Writing a book about recess could be a very questionable endeavor for a serious academic psychologist. At first blush it seems to be a pretty trivial topic. It's the time during the school day where there's a break from what's typically considered the most serious work of the day--reading, writing, and arithmetic. Reflecting this trivial tenor, it's also that time of the school day that kids--perhaps only half jokingly--say is their favorite part of school. This perception has lead many schools to question the role of recess in the school day. This book is an attempt to broach two views of recess--the perceived value of recess and the movement to eliminate or reduce the school recess period from the primary school day. Due to tightened school budgets and the emphasis on testing, many elementary schools eliminate recess, gym classes, and play periods to the developmental detriment of the very children the schools are supposed to serve. Author Anthony Pellegrini has conducted a number of careful studies regarding student attentiveness and performance within programs that have recess periods, and those that don't. The data show that students need recess in order to blow off energy and interact with each other in the unstructured recess environment in order to grow socially. The goal of Recess is to help readers realize the importance of recess and counter the trend to eliminate it from schools. This book appeals to academics, teachers, administrators, and parents.
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase of Acanthamoeba castellanii PURIFICATION, KINETIC, AND DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES

Abstract When cells of Acanthamoeba castellanii (Neff) are placed on a salts medium the amoebas encyst with the formation of a cellulose-containing cyst wall and an in vitro system synthesizing cellulose from UDP-glucose becomes detectable after about 12 hours of encystment. In the present study cellular levels of UDP-glucose were observed to increase 5-fold within 5 hours of the induction of encystment and to remain at elevated levels for 5 to 10 hours, apparently making UDP-glucose available to the cells at the time of cellulose synthesis. The increased level of UDP-glucose during encystment is not the reflection of an increase in uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase activity detectable in vitro. The specific activity and the activity per cell were examined as a function of development in cell extracts. The specific activity was constant for the first 20 hours of encystment while the activity per cell decreased almost from the beginning of encystment. The uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9) from trophozoites was purified to homogeneity as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme (final specific activity 15,833 units per mg) was highly specific for both UTP and UDP-glucose. The divalent cation requirement was most readily satisfied by magnesium and the pH optimum was 8 to 9 in the direction of UDP-glucose synthesis and 7.5 to 7.6 in the direction of pyrophosphorolysis. The enzyme was characterized kinetically as having an ordered mechanism of catalysis. Pyrophosphorylase was subject to product inhibition by UTP and pyrophosphate. The following Km values were obtained: UTP, 5.8 x 10-5 m; glucose 1-phosphate, 1.4 x 10-4 m; UDP-glucose, 5.0 x 10-5 m; pyrophosphate, 2.4 x 10-3 m.
Modification of in vitro cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from patients with chronic ulcerative colitis or granulomatous colitis for allogenic colonic epithelial cells.

It has been shown that preliminary incubation of the lymphocytes from patients with chronic ulcerative colitis or granulomatous colitis with a lipopolysaccharide extract of Escherichia coli O119:1314 resulted in considerable diminution of their cytotoxic effects in vitro for allogenic colonic epithelial cells, but that this did not occur when the lymphocytes were incubated with phytohemagglutinin-P or the tuberculin preparation purified protein derivative. It is speculated that the E. coli extract could be a specific antigen and that its preincubation with sensitized lymphocytes resulted in their desensitization. If this view were correct, then the phenomenon of cytotoxicity for colonic cells might be a final expression of delayed hypersensitivity in vitro, but the arguments against this are reviewed and presently it remains highly theoretical.
A Stochastic Programming Approach For Multi-Period Portfolio Optimization With Transaction Costs

This paper uses stochastic programming to solve multi-period investment problems. We combine the feature of asset return predictability with practically relevant constraints arising in a multi-period investment context. The objective is to maximize the expected utility of the returns the periods to balance the liabilities. Asset returns and state variables follow a first-order vector auto-regression and the associated uncertainty is described by discrete scenario trees. To deal with the long time intervals involved in multi-period problems, we consider short-term decisions, and incorporate a solution for the long, subsequent steady-state period to account for end effects.
The Mechanisms Underlying the ASD Advantage in Visual Search

A number of studies have demonstrated that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are faster or more successful than typically developing control participants at various visual-attentional tasks (for reviews, see Dakin and Frith in Neuron 48:497–507, 2005; Simmons et al. in Vis Res 49:2705–2739, 2009). This “ASD advantage” was first identified in the domain of visual search by Plaisted et al. (J Child Psychol Psychiatry 39:777–783, 1998). Here we survey the findings of visual search studies from the past 15 years that contrasted the performance of individuals with and without ASD. Although there are some minor caveats, the overall consensus is that—across development and a broad range of symptom severity—individuals with ASD reliably outperform controls on visual search. The etiology of the ASD advantage has not been formally specified, but has been commonly attributed to ‘enhanced perceptual discrimination’, a superior ability to visually discriminate between targets and distractors in such tasks (e.g. O’Riordan in Cognition 77:81–96, 2000). As well, there is considerable evidence for impairments of the attentional network in ASD (for a review, see Keehn et al. in J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37:164–183, 2013). We discuss some recent results from our laboratory that support an attentional, rather than perceptual explanation for the ASD advantage in visual search. We speculate that this new conceptualization may offer a better understanding of some of the behavioral symptoms associated with ASD, such as over-focusing and restricted interests.
Temperature Dependent Dielectric Properties of Polycrystalline 96%Al2O3

Polycrystalline Al2O3 substrates have been proposed and tested for high temperature micro devices packaging intended for operation at temperatures up to 500°C. The dielectric properties of this material, including dielectric constant and effective volume conductivity, at elevated temperatures are of interest, especially for RF packaging applications. This article reports temperature dependent dielectric properties of polycrystalline 96% Al2O3 substrates from room temperature to 550°C measured by the AC impedance method at 120 Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz, 100 kHz, and 1 MHz. We observed negative temperature coefficients of volume electrical conductivity of 96% Al2O3 at 1 k, 10 k, and 100 kHz between room temperature and 50°C. The dielectric constant of the material increases significantly with temperature at frequencies below 10 kHz. The physical mechanisms of these dielectric behaviors of 96% Al2O3 at elevated temperatures are discussed.
What Advanced Traveler Information System Information Do Users Want? Evidence from In-Vehicle Navigation Device Users

Findings from research into user preferences for enhanced travel information disseminated to the drivers of private vehicles are reported. The research is based on trade-off surveys of three small populations in the Seattle, Chicago, and Boston metropolitan regions who had had significant hands-on experience with vehicles equipped with dynamic invehicle navigation (IVN) units in prior field operational tests. It was found that the structure of consumers' preferences was similar across the three surveys. The analysis indicates that, at least in a familiar commuting context, users are split in their opinions whether they prefer to receive routing advice or simply advice about traffic delays to inform their own routing decisions. More people prefer the latter, although this is less pronounced for women than for men. Geographical coverage of routes and the frequency of information updates were found to be significantly important attributes of IVN information. The results also indicate diminishing returns in u...
Laser photoradiation therapy of cancer following hematoporphyrin sensitization

Hematoporphyrin derivative-photoradiation therapy (HPD-PRT) of human malignancy has been performed on 267 tumor sites in 50 patients. Tumor response has been assayed at 24 hours and one month following treatment with 625-635 nm light from an argon laser-pumped dye laser. The majority of tumors treated were dermal breast cancer recurrences (21 cases), local recurrence of ENT squamous cell carcinomas (16 cases), and ENT cutaneous metastases of squamous cell carcinomas (9 cases). A 30-day favorable response was judged to be either complete regression of the tumor or reduction of tumor diameter by greater than 50%. The above categories of tumors had a combined favorable response of 81%. Appropriate dosimetry is discussed.
Combined therapy with an aziridine derivative NSC 200724 (AB182) and radiation on an experimental leukemia.

Abstract 0-[bis(2,3-dimethyl-l-aairidinyl)phosphinyl]-N-hydroxyurethane AB182, in combination with irradiation was investigated in the P388 lymphocytic leukemia system. Combined modality effectiveness appeared to be associated with radiation dose and tumor stage. Cytotoxicity studies indicated that the drug alone was cytotoxic and potentiated cell killing when it was used in combination with radiation.
Decolorization of alkaline TNT hydrolysis effluents using UV/H2O2

Abstract Effects of H2O2 dosage (0, 10, 50, 100 and 300 mg/l), reaction pH (11.9, 6.5 and 2.5) and initial color intensity (85, 80 and 60 color unit) on decolorization of alkaline 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) hydrolysis effluents were investigated at a fixed UV strength (40 W/m2). Results indicated that UV/H2O2 oxidation could efficiently achieve decolorization and further mineralization. Pseudo first-order decolorization rate constants, k, ranged between 2.9 and 5.4 h−1 with higher values for lower H2O2 dosage (i.e., 10 mg/l H2O2) when the decolorization occurred at the reaction pH of 11.9, whereas a faster decolorization was achieved with increase in H2O2 dosage at both pH 6.5 and 2.5, resulting in the values of k as fast as 15.4 and 26.6 h−1 with 300 mg/l H2O2 at pH 6.5 and 2.5, respectively. Difference in decolorization rates was attributed to the reaction pH rather than to the initial color intensity, resulting from the scavenging of hydroxyl radical by carbonate ion. About 40% of spontaneous mineralization was achieved with addition of 10 mg/l H2O2 at pH 6.5. Efficient decolorization and extension of H2O2 longevity were observed at pH 6.5 conditions. It is recommended that the colored effluents from alkaline TNT hydrolysis be neutralized prior to a decolorization step.
The 1992, 1994 and 1996 elections: A comment and a forecast

A model of the two-way relationship between elections and the economy, previously estimated on historical data for 1916–1988, is applied to the United States elections of 1992, 1994, and 1996. The 1992 result was a surprise to the model since the economy had performed reasonably well that election year. The midterm elections of 1994 were accurately forecast. The Republicans took control of Congress not because of unusual circumstances but because of a normal midterm cycle. President Clinton's chances in 1996 look dim given the current modest growth rate and an electoral bias favoring Republican presidential candidates. But an alternative model, keyed more to the voters choosing Clinton to balance the Republican Congress, gives him a reasonable chance of reelection.
Hemangiopericytoma of the tongue: report of case

By 1982, only nine cases of this rare tumor had been reported. This report describes an additional case and discusses it.
An abundance analysis of Tau Herculis, B5 IV

An abundance analysis of the sharp-lined star Tau Herculis (B5 IV) has been performed using a fully line-blanketed model atmosphere. The derived abundances are similar to those of the sun and the normal main-sequence B stars Iota Her (B3 V) and Nu Cap (B9 V).
Completeness of gastric vagotomy by the selective technic

In answer to the questions posed at the beginning of this report, the following conclusions were reached:
Receptor crosstalk: effects of prolonged carbachol exposure on β1-adrenoceptors and adenylyl cyclase activity in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes

Supersensitivity of adenylyl cyclase after exposure to inhibitory agonists is a general means of cellular adaptation. We hypothesized that such “crosstalk” between muscarinic cholinergic agonists, β1-adrenoceptors, and adenylyl cyclase may be an important mechanism of cardiac adaptation to interventions that enhance vagal activity. We used primary cultures of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes and measured β-adrenoceptors by radioligand binding and adenylyl cyclase activity by a single column method. Carbachol induced a time- and dose-dependent reversible decrease in cell surface β1-adrenoceptors. The peak effect occurred afte 20 h of exposure to 100 μM carbachol which caused a decrease in the maximum number of binding sites for the β-adrenoceptor antagonist 3H-CGP-12177 from 42.3±3.4 to 33.0±2.6 fmol/mg protein (n = 12, P < 0.03) without a change in antagonist affinity. Loss of cell surface receptors was prevented by atropine and by the protein kinase C inhibitor H7. The decrease in cell surface receptors was not accompanied by receptor internalization as assessed by equilibrium binding experiments in a cytosolic fraction using 125I-iodocyanopindolol. In contrast to the well-known acute inhibitory effects of carbachol on adenylyl cyclase activation, prolonged carbachol exposure preserved (−)-isoprenaline-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity and enhanced postreceptor stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. Carbachol did not further enhance adenylyl cyclase activity after pretreatment with pertussis toxin. The protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine prevented the carbachol induced enhancement of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. We conclude that prolonged incubation with carbachol in rat neonatal ventricular myocytes causes a reduction in cell surface β1-adrenoceptor density. β1-Adrenoceptor-mediated adenylyl cyclase activity is preserved and postreceptor-mediated adenylyl cyclase activity is augmented. Our data suggest that carbachol-stimulated protein kinase C activity may play a key role in the prolonged muscarinic regulation of adenylyl cyclase activity.
Fiscal Policy and Interest Rates: How Sustainable is the 'New Economy'?

This paper explores the determinants of long-term government bond yields in the Group of Seven (G-7) economies and analyzes the factors that could explain the conundrum of very low rates in the face of a variety of adverse factors in recent years. In particular, the paper focuses on the deteriorating fiscal position in the G-7 economies and enquires which factors could have offset their impact on long-term interest rates, and how sustainable they are likely to be. A model of interest rate determination is elaborated and estimated for the G-7, with explicit emphasis on capital flows and public savings. The results suggest a high likelihood of a substantial impact of the weaker budgetary positions in the G-7 on global interest rates when the offsetting unprecedented capital flows slow down.
Transcription elongation: structural basis and mechanisms.

A ternary complex composed of RNA polymerase (RNAP), DNA template, and RNA transcript is the central intermediate in the transcription cycle responsible for the elongation of the RNA chain. Although the basic biochemistry of RNAP functioning is well understood, little is known about the underlying structural determinants. The absence of high- resolution structural data has hampered our understanding of RNAP mechanism. However, recent work suggests a structure-function model of the ternary elongation complex, if not at a defined structural level, then at least as a conceptual view, such that key components of RNAP are defined operationally on the basis of compelling biochemical, protein chemical, and genetic data. The model has important implications for mechanisms of transcription elongation and also for initiation and termination.
A Numerical Study of Barotropic Instability in a Zonally Varying Easterly Jet

Abstract The structure and behavior of barotropically unstable and stable waves in the vicinity of a zonally varying easterly jet are studied numerically with a linearized barotropic vorticity equation on a β plane. The easterly jet is approximated by a Bickley jet with a slow zonal variation. The numerical results are also compared with a simple mechanistic analytical model using the local phase speed and growth rate concepts. In several aspects the results are grossly similar to that expected from the parallel flow theory of barotropic instability. However, in the unstable region the resultant structure of the waves causes a spatial growth rate greater than predicted by the local growth rates computed with a parallel flow model. In the stable region, the structure leads to a strong dynamic damping. When a uniform advective velocity is added to a variable mean flow, the difference between the magnitude of the growth rate of the computed waves and that implied by the parallel flow theory is somewhat reduc...
Children's behavioral understanding of knowledge acquisition

Abstract Young children often absorb the information they are taught without being aware they are learning something new. In two experiments, we tested the hypothesis that children are more aware of transitions in their own knowledge that involve changes in behavior than transitions that involve changes in vocabulary or general knowledge. In Experiment 1, 4- and 5-year-olds were taught a variety of new facts and new behaviors. In Experiment 2, 4-year-olds heard stories under two conditions: In one condition, the emphasis was on behaviors (e.g., how to count in Japanese), whereas in the other condition, the information was essentially the same, but the emphasis was on vocabulary (e.g., the meaning of Japanese counting words). Overall children tended to report they had learned something new when the novel information was behavioral and tended to claim prior knowledge of the novel information when it was factual. These results are consistent with Perner's (1991) claim that young children initially have a behavioral understanding of knowledge acquisition.
The effects of employee participation and work design on firm performance: A managerial perspective

Presents the results of a study looking at the influence of employee participation and flexible work design on productivity change and process quality. Considers whether there is a complementary relationship between participation and flexible work design and investigates if firms employing both of these items together perform better than others.
Automated fibronectin assay using light-scattering optics on a centrifugal analyzer

We describe an automated, kinetic nephelometric method for fibronectin on the Multistat III F/LS Centrifugal Analyzer (Instrumentation Laboratory Inc., Lexington, MA 02173). Antiserum is diluted with polyethylene glycol. Calibrators and samples are prediluted with potassium phosphate buffer (10 mmol/L, pH 7.0) containing 8.5 g of NaCl per litre. Intensity (I) is read at 5 and 180 s and the resulting δI plotted against concentration. A non-linear least squares curve fitting and interpolation of results is carried out automatically. Three controls, with values of between 190–370 gave coefficients of variation between 4 and 7 percent, and the sensitivity of the method is to 25 mg/L.
Effects of strain hardening and strain-rate sensitivity on the penetration of aluminum targets with spherical-nosed rods

Abstract We present penetration equations for rigid, spherical-nosed rods that penetrate 6061-T651 aluminum targets. The penetration models use the spherical cavity-expansion approximation and constitutive equations for the target that include strain hardening and strain-rate sensitivity. We obtained closed-form penetration equations for an incompressible target material; however, predictions for a compressible target require the numerical solution of a coupled set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Numerical results show the effects of compressibility, strain hardening, and strain-rate sensitivity. We also show that our penetration model requires compressibility, strain hardening, and strain-rate sensitivity to obtain good agreement with previously published depth of penetration data for striking velocities between 300 and 1200 m/s.
A photoelectron and energy-loss spectroscopy study of Ti and its interaction with H2, O2, N2 and NH3

Abstract A unified electron spectroscopic study of polycrystalline Ti and its interaction with H2, O2, N2, and NH3 are described. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (ELS), ultraviolet and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS and XPS) are combined to provide detailed information about the electronic structure of the titanium surface and its interaction with these adsorbates. X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectra and electron energy-loss spectra are presented for the clean titanium surface, and following exposure to H2, O2, N2 and NH3. Spectral assignments are provided in each case. The electron spectra of oxygen exposed Ti and nitrogen sputtered Ti are quite similar, and are interpreted with reference to band structure calculations for TiO and TiN. Electron spectroscopy indicates essentially complete dissociative adsorption of NH3 on the clean titanium surface.
Enhancement of dislocation generation induced by films on crack surfaces

The major result of this investigation is that coating a crack with a ''Large Atom Film'' changed the original brittle response to a ductile one. This was the response expected in analogy to earlier results. The conclusion is that ''Large Film Atoms'', i.e. those with an interatomic distance in the film larger than that in the substrate, promote dislocation generation at the film-substrate interface and can thereby change a brittle response, when no film is present, to a ductile one when the crack is coated. Conversely, ''Small Film Atoms'' inhibit dislocation formation and promote brittle fracture in an otherwise ductile material.
Efficacy of an Emergency Department-Based HIV Screening Program in the Deep South

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continue to be a significant public health concern in the United States. It disproportionately affects persons in the Deep South of the United States, specifically African Americans. This is a descriptive report of an Emergency Department (ED)-based HIV screening program in the Deep South using the 2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for rapid testing and opt-out consent. Between May 2008 and March 2010, patients presenting for medical care to the ED Monday through Friday between 10 am and 10 pm were approached for HIV screening. Patients were eligible for screening if they were 18 or older, had no previous history of positive HIV tests, were English-Speaking, and were not incarcerated, medically unstable, or otherwise able to decline testing. All patients were tested using the OraQuick® rapid HIV 1/2 antibody test. Patients with non-reactive results were referred to community anonymous testing sites for further testing. Patients with reactive results had confirmatory Western blot and CD4 counts drawn and were brought back to the ED for disclosure of the results. All patients with confirmed HIV positive via reactive Western blot were referred to the hospital-based infectious disease clinic or county health department. We tested 7,616 patients out of 8,922 approached. The overall test acceptance rate was 85.4%. 91.0% of patients tested were African American. The most common reason for refusal was recent HIV test. 1.7% of patients tested were confirmed HIV positive via Western blot. 95.2% of patients testing HIV positive were African American. The average CD4 count for patients testing positive was 276 cells/μl, with 42.0% of patients having CD4 counts ≤200 μl, consistent with an AIDS diagnosis. 88.4% of patients who had reactive oral swabs returned for Western blot results and 75.0% of patients attended their first clinic visit. We have been able to successfully carry out an ED-based HIV screening program in a resource-poor urban teaching facility in the Deep South. We define our success based on our relatively high test acceptance rate and high rate of attendance at first clinic visit. Our patient population has a relatively high undocumented HIV prevalence and are at advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis.
A proposed staging for children with neuroblastoma. Children's cancer study group A

A clinical staging of patients with neuroblastoma is proposed. Such staging is desirable to aid in estimating the prognosis and to be able to evaluate the efficacy of differing therapeutic regimens by analyzing results obtained in comparable groups of patients. That the suggested staging is practical is illustrated by the ease with which 100 children with neuroblastoma, entered in previous studies by Children's Cancer Study Group A, were staged using the criteria described. Short-term survival data of this small sample demonstrated, in addition, that the proposed staging appears to be of help in estimating the prognosis. Also proposed is a list of investigations which aid in accurate staging.
Inhibition of a brain protease by general anaesthetics.

WE described previously a protease in rat brain cortex the activity of which increased after electrical stimulation of afferent nerves1. Further investigations have shown that this enzyme, besides being active on the synthetic substrates N-acetyl-L-tryptophan ethyl ester (ATrEe) and N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATyEe), is also capable of hydrolysing casein and that it is activated by the addition of cysteine. Its optimum pH is 7.1. A similar enzyme was extracted from rat brain by Guroff2.
Neutral and Cationic Alkyl Tantalum Imido Complexes: Synthesis and Migratory Insertion Reactions.

The synthesis and reactivity of dibenzyl cationic tantalum imido complexes are described. The trialkyl tantalum imido compounds Bn3TaNCMe3 (1) and Np3TaNCMe3 (2) were synthesized as starting materials for the study of dialkyl cationic tantalum imido complexes. Compound 1 undergoes insertion reactions with diisopropylcarbodiimide and 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide to give (bisamidinate)imido complex 5 and (bisiminoacyl)imido complex 6, respectively. Treatment of compound 1 with B(C6F5)3 gives the zwitterionic tantalum complex [Bn2TaNCMe3][BnB(C6F5)3] (7), which is stabilized by η6-coordination of the benzyl triaryl borate anion. The aryl anion can be displaced by 3 equiv of pyridine to give the Lewis base complex 8. Treatment of compound 1 with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] gives the cationic tantalum imido complex [Bn2TaNCMe3][B(C6F5)4] (3). This salt forms insoluble aggregates unless trapped by THF coordination or an insertion reaction with an alkyne or an alkene. Cation 3 undergoes migratory insertion reactions with d...
Long-duration orbital effects on optical coating materials.

We flew specimens of eight different optical coating materials in low earth orbit as part of the Long Duration Exposure Facility manifest to determine their ability to withstand exposure to the residual atomic 0 and other environmental effects at those altitudes. We included samples of Al, Au, Ir, Os, Pt, Al + MgF2, Al + SiO(x), and chemical-vapor-deposited SiC, representing reflective optical applications from the vacuum ultraviolet through the visible portions of the spectrum. We found that the majority of the materials suffered sufficient reflectance degradation to warrant careful consideration in the design of future space-flight instrumentation.
Neural damage in the guinea pig cochlea after noise exposure. A light microscopic study.

Neural damage produced by exposure to 8 kHz octave-band noise was studied by light microscopy in guinea pigs. Abnormal nerve endings were found beneath both inner and outer hair cells within 24 hours after exposure at either 118 or 120 dB SPL. In areas where the organ of Corti was destroyed degeneration of myelinated nerve fibers was seen immediately after 24-hour exposures. Nerve degeneration secondary to hair cell loss was observed. However, degeneration of myelinated fibers occurred in some cases without significant hair cell loss. At survival times as long as two months nerve fibers coursing near capillaries were still present in extensively damaged areas. In three animals nerve fibers which had apparently regenerated into regions where the sensory epithelium was destroyed were found distal to the habenula perforata. Evidence of regenerative activity was also noted in the osseous spiral lamina.
Urotensin II Alters Vascular Reactivity in Animals Subjected to Volume Overload

Congestive heart failure (CHF) alters vascular reactivity and an up regulation in Urotensin II (UTII), a potent vasoactive peptide. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between CHF and UTII in altering vascular reactivity in a rat model of volume overload heart failure. Animals were divided into 4 groups: control, UTII infused (UTII), volume overload only (VO) or volume overload+UTII (VO+UTII). Volume overload was established by the formation of an aorto-caval fistula. Following fistula formation animals were administered UTII at a rate of 300 pmol/kg/hr for 4 weeks subcutaneously with mini-osmotic pumps. Thoracic aorta rings, with/without endothelium, were subjected to cumulative dose-responses to phenylephrine, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), acetylcholine (ACH), UTII, and the Rho-kinase inhibitor HA-1077. Aortas from VO animals exhibited increased sensitivity to phenylephrine and UTII with a decreased relaxation response to ACH and HA-1077. Aortas from animals subjected to chronic UTII with volume overload (VO + UTII) retained their sensitivity to phenylephrine and UTII while they improved their relaxation to HA-1077 but not ACH. The constrictive response to UTII was dose-dependent and augmented at concentrations < 0.01 μM in VO animals. The changes in vascular reactivity paralleled an elevation of both the UTII and α1a-adrenergic receptor while the Rho and Rho-kinase signalling proteins were diminished. We found that volume overload increased sensitivity to the vasoconstrictor agents that was inversely related to changes in the Rho-kinase expression. The addition of UTII with VO reversed the constrictive vascular response through alterations in the Rho-kinase signalling pathway.
Automatic grid construction for few-body quantum-mechanical calculations

Abstract An algorithm for generating optimal nonuniform grids for solving the two-body Schrodinger equation is developed and implemented. The shape of the grid is optimized to accurately reproduce the low-energy part of the spectrum of the Schrodinger operator. Grids constructed this way are applicable to more complex few-body systems where the number of grid points is a critical limitation to numerical accuracy. The utility of the grid generation for improving few-body calculations is illustrated through an application to bound states of He trimers.
Design and Development of a Boron-Glass-Epoxy Lightweight Composite Gear Case

The design and development of a composite material front housing for the reduction gear of the T56 engine are discussed. The program was undertaken to advance the state-of-the-art in engine structures by making a material available that is capable of replacing aluminum and magnesium. The selected boron-glass-epoxy material exhibits high strength and specific stiffness, light weight, good corrosion resistance, and suitability for molding. The design, molding, machining, and testing phases of the programs are described.Copyright © 1971 by ASME
How Business Professionals View Their Stress

Differences in stress for business professionals by sex, age, marital status, stress levels, job classification, having children and pets were investigated. Subjects were 80 business professionals who responded to the Tennessee Stress Scale-L inventory which provides three subscales (Stress Producers, Coping Mechanisms, and Stress Symptoms) and Total Stress. Significant differences were found between 40 men and 40 women and among stress level groups on Stress Producers, Stress Symptoms, and Total Stress scores.
Pathology, management and diagnosis of oyster velar virus disease (OVVD)

Abstract Hatchery mortality, clinical, histological and ultrastructural studies were conducted to substantially increase knowledge of larval oyster velar virus disease (OVVD). Over an 8-year period loss of up to 50% of oyster larval production in a commercial facility between March and June of each year was presumptively attributed to OVVD. The disease affects Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae greater than 150 μm in shell height. Enumerative histopathological study of 900 animals demonstrated that viral inclusion bodies occur in velar epithelium in 38% of the animals studied, and in oral and esophageal epithelium in 13% and 11%, respectively. Associated lesions included cellular swelling and detachment. Intracellular lesions included swelling of the nucleus and mitochondria in association with viroplasm production. All lesions, including cellular detachment, could occur prior to virion formation. The sequence of viroplasm, capsid and complete particle formation is described. Approaches for the prevention and management of the disease are presented.
A volume integral for medical research

Brain surgery can require calculus skills. This note presents a genuine application of standard freshman integration to ongoing research in brain mechanisms and chemistry. Besides being real and relevant, this problem involves all imaginable techniques of integration, and thus constitutes an interesting graduation exercise for calculus students.
Invariant imbedding and radiation dosimetry: II. Integral recurrence relations for the finite order scattering and transmission functions☆

Abstract In radiation dosimetry problems the computation of the reflection and transmission function is important for guidance in determining the amount of dosage received by the irradiated parts of the body of material involved. An easy method of obtaining numerical results is outlined. In radiation shielding and other situations where the bounding surfaces are metals, we encounter transfer of radiation in a semi-infinite slab. This problem is analyzed with a view to obtaining numerical results in an easy manner.
Mis) Understanding Islam in a Suburban Texas School District

This case study reports 1 Texas suburban school district's efforts to promote cultural proficiency after leadership trainings and explores how and in what ways this may or may not have improved school leaders’ understanding of Islam. Terrell and Lindsey's (2009) conceptual framework of Leadership and the Cultural Proficiency Continuum guided the inquiry, which was comprised of constructs that span from culturally destructive to proficient. Data collection included semistructured interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and documents. The analysis of data revealed that the cultural proficiency trainings did and did not influence the cultural proficiency of educators working in the district.
TIME-OPTIMAL CONTROL OF AXI-SYMMETRIC RIGID SPACECRAFT

In this paper, we consider the minimum-time reorientation problem of an axi-symmetric rigid spacecraft with two independent control torques mounted perpendicular to the spacecraft symmetry axis. The spacecraft is allowed to spin about its symmetry axis. All possible control structures, including both singular and nonsingular arcs, are studied completely by deriving the corresponding formulae, and the necessary optimality conditions. An efficient method for solving the optimal control problem numerically, based on a cascaded computational scheme, is also presented. Numerical examples demonstrate optimal reorientation maneuvers with both nonsingular and singular subarcs.
What's Wrong With This Picture? John 4, Cultural Stereotypes of Women, and Public and Private Space:

Since John 4 makes much of gender issues, readers must know the typical cultural expectations in antiquity concerning females in terms of places, times, persons, and things. Initially, the Samaritan woman appears to be shamefully "out of place" at the well at noon; but as she is transformed into a disciple, she becomes "in place," and so her actions and behavior are judged appropriate within the fictive-kinship circle of disciples. Thus she moves from "public" to "private" space, with corresponding shifts in behavior and evaluation. According to cultural expectations, she represents the quintessential deviant (non-Jew, unclean, shameless, even sinner); but in her transformation, she exemplifies the radical inclusivity of Jesus' circle.
Inference about the change-point in a sequence of binomial variables

Abstract : The report discusses the problem of making inference about the point in a sequence of zero-one variables at which the binomial parameter changes. The asymptotic distribution of the maximum likelihood estimate of the change-point is derived in computable form using random walk results. The asymptotic distributions of likelihood ratio statistics are obtained for testing hypotheses about the change-point. Some exact numerical results for these asymptotic distributions are given and their accuracy as finite sample approximations is discussed. (Author)
Paradoxical cardiovascular response to visceral afferent stimulation in the established spontaneously hypertensive rat.

SUMMARY 1. Afferent splanchnic nerve stimulation with different frequencies in Wistar Kyoto rats caused depressor and pressor responses depending on the frequency employed. 2. Similar visceral afferent activation in spontaneously hypertensive rats caused depressor responses at all frequencies of stimulation. 3. It is suggested that the central integrated mechanisms for activating a cardiovascular state change as evoked by visceral afferents may differ in the established hypertensive rat from that of the normotensive.