cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of sticky traps and insecticides to prevent gall induction by Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) on Ficus benjamina.

BACKGROUND: Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman was first detected in North America from galls on weeping fig (Ficus benjaminaL.) in 2003. Ithas been reportedfrom ten states in the continental United States, Hawaii,Trinidad and Costa Rica. Adult thrips induce leaves to fold permanently along the midvein, making it a significant pest of weeping fig. Studies were initiated to determine monitoring methods and establish control recommendations. RESULTS: Comparison of captures of adult G. uzeli on blue, yellow, white and green sticky traps found yellow to be the most effective color. Yellow traps were effective for capturing adult Thripastichus gentilei (del Guercio), a larval parasitoid of G. uzeli. Thrips were first captured around 10:00 h. Captures peaked around 15:00‐16:00 h and typically ceased by 21:00 h. Systemic neonicotinoid insecticides applied to container media were ineffective against adult G. uzeli feeding on foliage, and foliar applications of these products provided ≤7 days control. Conventional products provided satisfactory control after 1day, but efficacy declined thereafter. Bifenthrin provided ≥14 days residual control of adults.
Scalable, enantioselective synthesis of germacrenes and related sesquiterpenes inspired by terpene cyclase phase logic.

Our laboratory has a longstanding interest in harvesting new chemical knowledge by learning from terpene biosynthesis. The straightforward construction of carbocyclic terpene backbones such as epoxy-germacrenol (1, Scheme 1A) in a low oxidation state (cyclase phase) followed by regio-, chemo-, and stereoselective oxidative modifications (oxidase phase) allow Nature to access a wide variety of related family members in a divergent manner.[1] Earlier this year, we reported our initial forays into the redox-economic synthesis of terpenes that resemble 1 by oligomerization of unfunctionalized isoprene (Scheme 1B, path a).[2] These studies ultimately led us to a new approach that utilizes the more advanced, yet readily available, C15 building block farnesol (2, Scheme 1A) as a starting point. In this communication, a short, efficient, scalable, and enantioselective synthesis of 1 is described. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the key intermediate 1 can be processed not only to germacrane-type natural products by chemo- and stereoselective oxidations, but also to a variety of polycyclic sesquiterpene frameworks (like selinanes, guaianes, or elemenes) by acid-mediated transannular cyclization reactions.
Adhesion enhancement of steel fibers to acrylic bone cement through a silane coupling agent

The use of a silane coupling agent (methacryloxypropyl-trichlorosilane) to improve the mechanical properties of steel fiber-reinforced acrylic bone cements was assessed. Changes to the tensile and fracture properties of bone cements reinforced with silane-coated or uncoated 316L stainless steel fibers of different aspect ratios were studied. Contact-angle measurements indicated that the coupling agent coats the metal surface through room temperature treatments in a short time (within 2 h). Push-out tests indicated that the interfacial shear strength of silane-coated 316L stainless steel rods is 141% higher than the uncoated rods. The elastic moduli, ultimate stresses, and fracture toughness of the silane-coated, steel fiber-reinforced bone cements are significantly higher than the bone cements reinforced with uncoated steel fibers. There were no differences in the tensile mechanical properties of the silane-coated or uncoated, steel fiber-reinforced cements after aging in a physiological saline solution, indicating that the bonding effectiveness is decreased by the intrusion of water at the metal-polymer interface. Because of possible biocompatibility issues with leaching of the silane coupling agent and no long-term mechanical benefit in simulated aging experiments, the use of these agents is not recommended for in vivo use.
Involvement of the LSPR spectral overlap for energy transfer between a dye and Au nanoparticle.

Nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) is a molecular ruler technique that has been utilized to optically probe long distances in biomolecular structures. We investigate the useful spectral range of donor dyes and the importance of overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the donor photoluminescence (520−780 nm) and provide a comprehensive study of the R0 values for the NSET processes from dyes to 2 nm Au NP (gold nanoparticle). The distance-dependent quenching results provide experimental evidence that the efficiency curve slope, R0 value, and distance of quenching is best modeled as a surface-mediated NSET process analogous to the predictions of Persson−Lang and Chance−Prock−Silbey (CPS). The results show that the LSPR plays a very important role in the observed quenching of excited-state donors at the surface of the nanometal, and the correlation to the NSET model allows a compilation of the necessary biophysical constants for application within the toolbox of biophysics.
Infection of Volunteers with Adenovirus Type 16.

SummaryInoculation of 3 volunteers with adenovirus type 16 produced an afebrile, non-purulent conjunctivitis associated in one case with slight corneal involvement. All subjects shed virus from inoculated eyes, throat and rectum. The failure to demonstrate HI antibody in these men was similar to the finding observed in children naturally infected with this same serotype.
Allozyme and morphological evidence for a newly introduced species of Aurelia in San Francisco Bay, California

The jellyfish Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus, 1758) is usually considered to be a cosmopolitan species. Aurelia sp. medusae observed at Foster City, San Francisco Bay, California, USA, since 1988 are morphologically distinct from Aurelia sp. collected 200 km away in Monterey Bay, but are morphologically similar to aquarium-cultured Aurelia sp. from Japan. They differ consistently in radial canal morphology. In allozyme electrophoresis, significant differences at 12 of 14 polymorphic loci strongly suggest that Aurelia sp. from Foster City and Tokyo Bay belong to one species, while Aurelia sp. from Monterey Bay and Vancouver Island belong to a second species. We propose that Aurelia sp. at Foster City is a recent introduction, possibly from Japan via ships' ballast water. The identities and taxonomic affinities of the two Aurelia defined in this study, and their relationships with the Linnaen A. aurita described from the North Atlantic, will require genetic and morphological study of the currently recognized species A. aurita and A. limbata (Brandt, 1838) from several zoogeographical provinces.
The Nonmarket Benefits of Nature: What Should be Counted in Green GDP?

Green gross domestic product (green GDP) is meant to account for nature's value on an equal footing with the market economy. Several problems bedevil green GDP, however. One is that nature does not come prepackaged in units like cars, houses, and bread. Even worse, green GDP requires measurement of the benefits arising from public goods provided by nature for which there are no market indicators of value. So what should green GDP count? That is the subject of this paper. Ecological and economic theory are used to describe what should be counted - and what should not - if green GDP is to account for the nonmarket benefits of nature.
A new solid state electronic iterative differential analyzer making maximum use of integrated circuits

The feasibility of really fast hybrid computation was demonstrated by the development and application of The University of Arizona's ASTRAC II. But, no machine commercially available to date has the required mode-control switching speed and low---impedance computing networks; and most computers do not have the required amplifier bandwidth. The development of the LOCUST system represents an attempt to design a truly producible very fast computer at moderate cost.
Acute kidney injury: kidney injury after contrast media: marker or mediator?

Changes in serum creatinine concentration are used to define acute kidney injury after the intravascular administration of iodinated contrast media, but less is known about the short-term increases in levels of cystatin C after angiography. A new study investigates whether cystatin C is a reliable marker of contrast-induced acute kidney injury after angiography.
n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids exert immunomodulatory effects on lymphocytes by targeting plasma membrane molecular organization

Fish oil, enriched in bioactive n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), has therapeutic value for the treatment of inflammation-associated disorders. The effects of n-3 PUFAs are pleiotropic and complex; hence, an understanding of their cellular targets and molecular mechanisms of action remains incomplete. Here we focus on recent data indicating n-3 PUFAs exert immunosuppressive effects on the function of effector and regulatory CD4(+) T cells. In addition, we also present emerging evidence that n-3 PUFAs have immunomodulatory effects on B cells. We then focus on one multifaceted mechanism of n-3 PUFAs, which is the alteration of the biophysical and biochemical organization of the plasma membrane. This mechanism is central for downstream signaling, eicosanoid production, transcriptional regulation and cytokine secretion. We highlight recent work demonstrating n-3 PUFA acyl chains in the plasma membrane target the lateral organization of membrane signaling assemblies (i.e. lipid rafts or signaling networks) and de novo phospholipid biosynthesis. We conclude by proposing new functional and mechanistic questions in this area of research that will aid in the development of fish oil as adjuvant therapy for treating unresolved chronic inflammation.
Megapixel CCD thinning/backside progress at SAIC

In order to support rigorous requirements for tracking, surveillance, and astronomical applications, SAIC pursues megapixel focal plane development programs which require high performance in areas such as quantum efficiency, dynamic range, charge transfer efficiency, and total noise. To provide CCDs with these properties, special backside thinning, post- processing, anti-reflection coating, and high-speed readout capabilities have been developed in-house at SAIC. The authors discuss the thinning efforts to date on SAIC 1024 X 1024 arrays, including flattening mounts and anti-reflection coatings. Test and characterization results are presented for various chips which have been passivated using either flashgate or p+ substrate remnant. Finally, preliminary results in two related areas are discussed: initial thinning efforts on SAIC/LORAL 18 micrometers 2048 X 2048 CCDs, and electron imaging with thinned chips in a Digicon tube.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fibrous dysplasia of the craniomaxillofacial region: current clinical perspectives

Fibrous dysplasia is a benign fibro-osseous disease of bone of unknown etiology. Its occurrence in the craniomaxillofacial skeleton is frequent and varies in severity from an asymptomatic monostotic lesion to polyostotic involvement resulting in progressive functional deficit and aesthetic problems. With the advent of refined instrumentation and craniofacial surgical techniques, a more aggressive, non-disabling approach to these benign yet deforming fibro-osseous growths is possible. In some patients, complete excision of the involved bone with graft reconstruction of the resultant defect with primary autogenous bone may be possible. Lifelong continuous ongoing monitoring of the involved region is required throughout the patient's life.
Identification of Acute Transplacental Hemorrhage in a Low-Risk Patient as a Result of Daily Counting of Fetal Movements

In this report, we describe a case of acute, massive fetomaternal hemorrhage that was detected during the 32nd week of pregnancy by maternal perception of decreased fetal movement and suggestion of a sinusoidal heart rate pattern. Additional evaluation revealed an abnormal biophysical profile (2 of 10) and intermittent late decelerations. Because of the substantially decreased fetal reserve, cesarean section was emergently performed. A 1,880-g female infant was delivered. She had an initial hemoglobin concentration of 1.9 g/dl and a hematocrit of 5.7% but did well after appropriate transfusion therapy. This case confirms the importance of daily counting of fetal movements in low-risk patients. In addition, it emphasizes that early diagnosis and treatment of massive fetomaternal hemorrhage can improve infant survival.
Governance Barriers to Sustainability

Can democracy resolve the new set of survival problems we face? Our greatest challenge is to modify or perhaps even reverse what has worked well. Our economic system must adapt to our ecological system. Genetic values that allowed Homo sapiens to prosper may be counterproductive today. Four preconceptions that hinder the United States in facing challenges: 1) It has a divine destiny; 2) Problem solving machinery and institutions are equal to the challenges; (the influence of money on politics undermines this); 3) Our political system and democracy are sustainable; 4) Population and economic growth are good. Nations must ask: How many people can we support? We cannot be growth maximizers and ecological realists at the same time. Both the Rio Declaration and the Brundtland Commission set utopian but unachievable goals.
Energy Width of Spin Waves in the Heisenberg Ferromagnet

A calculation of the energy width of spin waves whose energy is small compared to $\mathrm{kT}$ in a Heisenberg ferromagnet is presented. Full account is taken of all two-particle processes. For $\frac{2JS}{\mathrm{kT}}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ and $\frac{2JS{a}^{2}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}}{\mathrm{kT}}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, the energy width $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ of a spin wave of wave number $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{4}{T}^{2}[A+B\mathrm{ln}(\frac{\mathrm{kT}}{2JS{a}^{2}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}})+C{\mathrm{ln}}^{2}(\frac{\mathrm{kT}}{2JS{a}^{2}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}})]$. The disagreement with some previous treatments is explained physically by their neglect of two many-body effects.
Female Bicyclists and Interest in Dress: Validation with Multiple Measures

Differences in the use of and interest in sport clothing of 56 female bicyclists at two levels of involvement in bicycling were examined. Two data collection methods-qualitative open-ended intervie...
The Religious Motif in the Poetry of Rabindranath Tagore

Religion in Tagore's Poetry Tagore's primary impression upon the English speaking world was made by his abilities as a poet. 1) The Nobel prize of 1913 was given in recognition of his poetic contribution. Writing in the Vishva-Bharati Quarterly, he described himself in 1923 as a singer. Listen as he sings in his lyrics "When the streams of ideals that flow from the East and from the West mingle their murmur in some profound harmony of meaning it delights my soul." 2) Tagore's poetry gives us a glimpse into his religious songs of meaning. Religion is the inner experience of man expressed by outward social concerns. It is free of territorial bounds, is dynamic and communicative. Poetry expresses the religion of man in the forms of the artist.
Late-glacial vegetation and environment on the eastern slope foothills of the Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Canada*

Stratigraphic pollen analysis done on sediment cores from two sites in the upper North Saskatchewan drainage basin of the eastern slopes foothills of the Rocky Mountains in west central Alberta, Canada combined with sedimentological data provide a local vegetational and environmental history. Radiocarbon AMS dates provide a chronology back to 17960 BP. Reconstruction and interpretation of the local pollen zones includes reevaluation of steppe and grassland as analogs for full- and late-glacial vegetation. Regional vegetation from c. 17960 to 16 100 BP is interpreted as an extremely cold semi-arid Artemisia steppe, the vegetation c. 16 100 to 11 900 BP as an Artemisia-Betula shrubland, and the vegetation c. 11 900–10 200 BP as a Picea woodland, in an environment characterized by consistently arid and windy conditions. This reconstruction emphasizes the significance of aridity, as opposed to simply low temperatures, as the critical factor in determining the late Quaternary vegetation of Alberta.
Co variance Analysis for a Relativity Mission

An experiment capable of measuring the Lense-Thirring effect of the general theory of relativity has been proposed recently. Satellite-to-satellite Doppler slant range measurements (made over the Earth's poles as the satellites pass) must be processed in order to distinguish the sum of the nonrelativistic orbit plane nodal precessions, which is a function of mean plane separation, from the relativistic nodal precession. A covariance analysis confirms that mean plane separation is determined with sufficient resolution to perform a relativistic measurement to the 1% accuracy previously estimated. * Additionally, much improved information is obtained about tesseral harmonic perturbations and about the Earth's tidal elastic response.
Phospholipids and their inhibitors: a critical evaluation of their role in the treatment of sepsis.

Objective:The clinical condition sepsis and its sequelae are caused by numerous mediators that are released by various cell types. The purpose of this review is to describe the results of various studies performed with agents that either inhibited or stimulated the synthesis of, or affected the rece
Development of an adhesive system for bonding to hard tooth tissues.

The development of an adhesion system for bonding dental composites to dentin and enamel is reviewed. Building on findings concerning adhesion to enamel, a field pioneered by Dr. Michael Buonocore and others, Dr. R.L. Bowen and his colleagues at the Paffenbarger Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, began addressing and solving problems associated with (1) silicate cements and unfilled resins, (2) bonding in an aqueous environment, and (3) the development of an adhesion system for both dentin and enamel that could withstand various stresses. Although commercial products based on this adhesion system are currently available in the dental materials marketplace, experimentation continues, focusing on the synthesis of potentially better component analogs, the optimization of the individual components, and on improved storage stability and ease of synthesis.
Amphiphilic dipyrrinones: methoxylated [6]-semirubins

Abstract Replacing the typical β-alkyl substituents of [6]-semirubin and [6]-oxosemirubin, two intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded bilirubin analogs, with methoxy groups produces amphiphilic dipyrrinones. Synthesized from the respective 9H-dipyrrinones prepared by base-catalyzed condensation of 3,4-dimethoxypyrrolin-2-one with the appropriate pyrrole α-aldehyde, the 2,3-dimethoxy and 2,3,7,8-tetramethoxy analogs of [6]-semirubin are yellow-colored dipyrrinones that form intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded monomers in CDCl3, as deduced from 1H NMR NH chemical shifts. They are monomeric in CHCl3, as determined by vapor pressure osmometry. In contrast, in the solid, X-ray crystallography reveals supramolecular ribbons of intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded (dipyrrinone to dipyrrinone and acid to acid) 2,3,7,8-tetramethoxy-[6]-semirubin. The latter is approximately 20 times more soluble in water than the parent [6]-semirubin with four β-methyl groups.
Film Reinforced Multifastened Mechanical Joints in Fibrous Composites

[±45] graphite fiber/epoxy resin composites were fabricated to form double lap bolted joints, each containing three bolts abreast at constant pitch distance. The specimens were tested to measure the joint strenghtening effectiveness of colaminated boron/polyimide film, introduced locally at 6 or 12 volume percent levels. Such film additions increased the load transfer capacity of the joint systems to nearly double that of the corresponding fiber-only specimens. This behavior, in qualitative and quantitative agreement with the earlier experiments on single-bolted lug configurations, indicated that boron film can contribute significant tensile, bearing, and shear strength to this type of multifastened joint design. The resulting stiffness increase did not prevent the uniform distribution of the load among the several fasteners in these experiments.
Grassland composition, structure, and diversity patterns along major environmental gradients in the Central Tien Shan

What species and traits signal vegetation types along prominent environmental gradients in the Central Tien Shan and what are the corresponding diversity patterns? Vegetation was sampled at 41 sites throughout the Kyrgyz Republic using quadrats stratified throughout a 1,000-m2 sample area. Relationships among major environmental gradients, vegetation structure, and species composition were explored with nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Species distributions were examined to characterize phytogeographic patterns. Seven vegetation types ranging from desert grassland to meadow steppe were identified with cluster analysis, ordered primarily along elevation/mean annual temperature gradients. Four arid grassland types were distinguished, ranging mainly from 900 to 1,700 m elevation, and characterized by co-dominance of grasses and forbs with secondary dominance by shrubs. Annual and biennial forbs equaled perennial forbs in total importance. Grasses include C3 and C4 species. Three montane grassland types were recognized and characterized by co-dominance of perennial C3 grasses and forbs. Transition to montane steppe occurred from 1,500 to 1,900 m and is correlated with absence of C4 grasses and dominance of Festuca valesiaca. Highest diversity was found at intermediate elevations, from 1,800 to 2,600 m, in meadow steppe habitats. Forty-six percent of 580 identified species are Middle Asian endemics and remaining species primarily have distributions including Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and western Siberia. Although grassland degradation from overgrazing has been chronic throughout the region, grasslands are widespread throughout the Kyrgyz Republic and many, particularly mid-elevation meadow steppes, retain high levels of native species diversity.
The reactions of ozone with alkenes: An important source of HOx in the boundary layer

The reactions of ozone with alkenes have been shown recently to lead to the direct production of OH radi- cals. Organic peroxy radicals (RO2) probably accompany the production of OH. In this paper, we draw attention to the potential importance of these reactions in the primary production of HOx (HOx = OH, HO2 and RO2) radicals in various regions of the boundary layer. The reactions of ozone with anthropogenic alkenes are shown to be the most important source of HOx in many urban settings during the day and evening, and a significant source at night. The majority of HO x comes from trace quantities of alkenes with internal double bonds. Reaction of 03 with isoprene and terpenes can be an important source of HOx in forested regions; we show that these reactions are the dominant radical source in the late afternoon and into the night. This additional HOx source is expected to increase predicted OH concentrations compared to those calculated by models that do not include the O3-alkene source.
Hypermethylated tRNA in cleaving rabbit embryos.

THERE is evidence of a significant transition in the growth characteristics of the mammalian embryo shortly after the onset of blastocyst formation1–3. In those mammals displaying “delayed implantation”, extended periods of reversible growth arrest can occur at this time4. In the rat, this arrest is clearly a function of embryonic development: cleavage is uninhibited by the hormonally deprived uterus, and arrest occurs only with blastocyst formation5. The rabbit embryo, which does not display reversible arrest, nonetheless develops to the early blastocyst stage under various abnormal conditions6,7, whereas further progress to implantation requires, at least transiently, a more complex environment8. The molecular basis of this transition in embryonic behaviour in mammals is, therefore, relevant to the problem of the control of cell division. Developmental transitions in a number of biological systems have been found to be accompanied by alterations in the tRNA methyl-transferases and in populations of tRNA9, and as tRNA synthesis begins shortly after fertilization in mammalian embryos10,11, we have examined the methylation of tRNA during the preimplantation development of rabbit embryos as an approach to understanding the transition in embryonic growth characteristics. Our findings provide evidence for a marked decrease in tRNA methylation with blastocyst formation.
Instructional design for situated learning

The design of situated learning must be closely linked to the ecological psychology of “situated cognition,” as exemplified by problem solving in a complex situated context, the Jasper Series. The extreme view of situated learning contends thatall thinking must be viewed as situated, and is therefore better explained by concepts of perception and action than by the concepts of information processing psychology. In this article, ideas of ecological psychology provide the background for describing four broad tasks for the design of situated learning: selecting the situations, providing scaffolding, determining and supporting the role of the teacher, and assessing situated learning. Further, three metrics for evaluating situated learning are suggested: affording transfer, providing meaning, and providing an anchor for cross-curricular investigation.
Reading from the outside: The uses of translation for Virginia Woolf's “common reader”

Extending recent critical appraisals of the ways in which Virginia Woolf's politics shape her modernist narrative practices, this essay examines Woolf's non-fiction and its engagement with the political questions surrounding the production, circulation and reception of literature in translation. It proposes that the figure of the “common reader” to whom Woolf addresses many early essays intersects with that of the “Outsider”, whose refusal of national allegiance she identifies as a source of internationally influential political power in Three Guineas. However, the freedom from nationalist cultural authorities that Woolf claims for Outsiders, who necessarily “read and write in their own tongue”, neither guarantees nor even seeks complete intelligibility across cultural borders. Rather, the essays model reading practices that remain attentive to the persistent and productive traces of difference retained in translation and refuse hierarchical divisions between professional and amateur readers within Anglop...
A novel striated tropomyosin incorporated into organized myofibrils of cardiomyocytes in cell and organ culture.

Striated muscle tropomyosin is classically described as consisting of 10 exons, 1a, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6b, 7, 8, and 9a/b, in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. A novel isoform found in embryonic axolotl heart maintains exon 9a/b of striated muscle but also has a smooth muscle exon 2a instead of exon 2b. Translation and subsequent incorporation into organized myofibrils, with both isoforms, was demonstrated with green fluorescent protein fusion protein construct. Mutant axolotl hearts lack sufficient tropomyosin in the ventricle and this smooth/straited chimeric tropomyosin was sufficient to replace the missing tropomyosin and form organized myofibrils.
Predictions for the A 2∑-X 2Π system of LiO

Abstract Theoretical potential well constants for the 7 Li 16 O molecule were used to predict the spectral and intensity distribution (equal level population assumption) of the A 2 ∑- X 2 Π emission band system, so far not experimentally detected. Morse Franck-Condon factors were computed and are given. The system should be sought in the infrared, via the Δ v = 0 sequence (0, 0 at 4.3 μ) and stronger but overlapped sequences Δ v = -1 (3.2 μ), Δ v = -2(2.5 μ), and Δ v = -3 (2.1 μ).
Stability of traveling waves in the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction.

As we have seen in Dr. Muller’s talk, the Belousov-Zhabotinskii (BZ) reaction leads to a rich variety of non-equilibrium spatial structures and serves as a paradigm for pattern formation in excitable media1. In this talk, we will focus on the simplest such pattern, the planar travelling wave, in which regions of excited and quiescent reagents move uniformly through space (Fig. 1). Understanding this structure is a necessary first step towards a complete picture of more complex structures such as the target2, the rotating spiral3 or, in three dimensions, the scroll4. This is particularly true as these patterns far from their centers asymptotically approximate planar travelling waves.
Diurnal Variability of the Planetary Albedo: An Appraisal with Satellite Measurements and General Circulation Models

An atmospheric radiation model is used here to illustrate several features associated with modeling the diurnal cycle of the planetary albedo. It is found that even for clear regions there appear to be deficiencies in our knowledge of how to model this quantity. The diurnal amplitude factor, defined as the ratio of the diurnally averaged planetary albedo to that at noon, between two GCMs and measurements made from a geostationary satellite. While reasonable consistency is found, the comparisons underscore difficulties associated with converting local-time albedo measurements, as made from sun-synchronous satellites, to diurnally averaged albedos.
Size-Frequency Distribution Patterns of the Juvenile Stages of the Pedunculate Barnacle, Pollicipes Pol Ymer Us Sowerby, 1833 (Cirripedia, Lepadomorpha)

Les larves du cirripede pedoncule, Pollicipes polymerus Sowerby, tendent plutot a se fixer aux pedoncules de leurs congeneres qui forment des agregats distinctifs. Des observations sur le terrain et en laboratoire montrent que les juveniles ne sont par repartis au hasard sur les adultes. Au contraire, il existe un gradient de tailles: les plus petits et les plus nombreux sont en position immediatement adjacente aux capitula, et les plus gros et les moins nombreux sont situes a la base, pres des disques de fixation. Ce schema de repartition peut en partie s'expliquer par le mode de croissance naturelle du pedoncule adulte, la nouvelle cuticule etant secretee juste en dessous du capitulum. Les jeunes seraient alors passivement achemines jusqu'au bas du pedoncule pendant que l'adulte grandit. Par la suite, les jeunes se detachent des adultes et se fixent dans l'aggregat en inserant leurs pedoncules parmi les adultes se trouvant a proximite. On considere comme etabli le fait qu'une haute pression hydrostatique interne est utilisee pour faire descendre de force les disques autonomes, lorsque ces derniers cherchent de nouvelles zones de fixation sur le substrat rocheux.
Search directions for interior linear-programming methods

Since Karmarkar published his algorithm for linear programming, several different interior directions have been proposed and much effort was spent on the problem transformations needed to apply these new techniques. This paper examines several search directions in a common framework that does not need any problem transformation. These directions prove to be combinations of two problem-dependent vectors, and can all be improved by a bidirectional search procedure. We conclude that there are essentially two polynomial algorithms: Karmarkar's method and the algorithm that follows a central trajectory, and they differ only in a choice of parameters (respectively lower bound and penalty multiplier).
Discontinuous Galerkin for Stiff Hyperbolic Systems

A Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is applied to hyperbolic systems that contain stiff relaxation terms. We demonstrate that when the relaxation time is under-resolved, DG is accurate in the sense that the method accurately represents the system's Chapman-Enskog (or ''diffusion'') approximation. Moreover, we demonstrate that a high-resolution, finite-volume method using the same time-integration method as DG is very inaccurate in the diffusion limit. Results for DG are presented for the hyperbolic heat equation, the Broadwell model of gas kinetics, and coupled radiation-hydrodynamics.
Abdominal Pain in Special Populations

Evaluation and management of acute abdominal pain in special populations can be challenging for the emergency physician. This article focuses on two specific populations: patients with altered immunologic function and postprocedural patients. Recognition of life-threatening abdominal diseases may be delayed in immunosuppressed patients because of the atypical presentations of these conditions. In postprocedural patients, evaluation of acute abdominal symptoms requires an understanding of the complications of procedures often performed by others. The unique characteristics of abdominal pain in these two populations and, more specifically, which diseases to consider and how to use appropriate testing to detect life-threatening conditions, are discussed.
MicroBooNE and the Road to Large Liquid Argon Neutrino Detectors

Abstract Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPC's) provide a promising technology for multi-kiloton scale detectors aiming to address—among other pressing particle physics questions—the possibility of short and long baseline electron neutrino and antineutrino appearance. MicroBooNE, a 170 ton LArTPC under construction, is the next necessary step in a phased R&D effort toward construction and stable operation of larger-scale LArTPC's. This development effort also leans heavily on the ArgoNeuT and LAr1 LArTPC R&D experiments at Fermilab. In addition to advancing the LArTPC technology, these projects also provide unique physics opportunities. For example, Micro-BooNE will be located in the Booster Neutrino Beamline at Fermilab, at ∼470 m from neutrino production. Thus, in addition to measuring a suite of low energy neutrino cross sections on argon, MicroBooNE will investigate the anomalous low energy excess seen by the MiniBooNE experiment. Furthermore, the neutrino beam energy and relatively short baseline provide MicroBooNE with sensitivity to high-∼m2 neutrino oscillations. These proceedings summarize the role of the MicroBooNE detector in the US LArTPC R&D program, present its physics reach, and briefly discuss the physics potential of a dedicated near-future neutrino oscillation program at the Booster Neutrino Beamline, as a way to maximize the physics output of the Fermilab LArTPC R&D projects.
Chloroplast biogenesis: Molecular structure of short wavelength chlorophyll a (E432 F662)

Abstract 1H NMR and FAB mass spectrometric analyses are compatible with a monovinyl 10-hydroxylactone chlorophyll a [i.e. 131 A-homo-131 A-oxa-132-hydroxy-] structure for a chlorophyll (E432 F662) purified from cultures of Anacystis nidulans, a blue-green algae that lacks chlorophyll b. Its biosynthesis in greening cucumber cotyledons has been reported earlier.
Postnatal development of the corticotectal projection in cats

Although numerous physiological studies have provided compelling evidence for the involvement of the corticotectal projection in the normal development of visual response properties of neurons in the superior colliculus, little information is available on the morphological development of corticotectal axons. Thus, our goal was to determine the postnatal changes characterizing the development of the topography and morphology of corticotectal axon arbors. Topographically restricted injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were made into striate cortex to label corticotectal axons and their terminal arbors. Following injections of similar size and location in kittens and adult cats, a similar, localized region of the superior colliculus was labeled at all ages. However, while present in the appropriate topographic location in colliculus, the corticotectal projection revealed a greater tangential distribution in kittens than adults. Corticotectal terminal zones underwent a twofold decrease in tangential area during the first 8 weeks after birth. From corticotectal terminal zones in kittens, extended many fine collaterals that ended as growth cones and radiated up to 1 mm from the focus of the terminal zone. By 8 weeks after birth, these immature collaterals were no longer observed, and the corticotectal terminal zone was indistinguishable from those in 12-week-old kittens and adult cats. Corticotectal axon arbors became more specialized in the first 8 weeks after birth; both en passant and terminal swellings increased in diameter, and terminal swellings increased in number, although the total number of swellings per unit length of axon remained relatively stable. The number of axonal branches increased threefold between 1 and 8 weeks after birth. Thus, as the corticotectal projection becomes spatially restricted during development, individual arbors become progressively more intricate with regard to focused collateral branching and the elaboration of complex axonal specializations.
Biological reactions of peroxynitrite: evidence for an alternative pathway of salicylate hydroxylation.

Salicylate hydroxylation has often been used as an assay of hydroxyl radical production in vivo. We have examined here if hydroxylation of salicylate might also occur by its reaction with peroxynitrite. To test this hypothesis, we exposed salicylate to various concentrations of peroxynitrite, in vitro. We observed the hydroxylation of salicylate at 37°C by peroxynitrite at pH 6, 7 and 7.5, where the primary products had similar retention times on HPLC to 2,3– and 2,5-dihydroxy-benzoic acid. The product yields were pH dependent with maximal amounts formed at pH 6. Furthermore, the relative concentration of 2,3– to 2,5-dihydroxyben-zoic acid increased with decreasing pH. Nitration of salicylate was also observed and both nitration and hydroxylation reaction products were confirmed independently by mass spectrometry. The spin trap N-t-butyl-a-phenylnitrone (PBN), with or without dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), was incapable of trapping the peroxynitrite decomposition intermediates. Moreover, free radical adducts ...
An infrared study of the adsorption of NO on the reduced and oxidized forms of silica-supported Ru

Abstract The infrared spectra of NO adsorbed on the reduced and oxidized forms of supported Ru have been recorded. (An oxidized Ru sample was made by exposing a reduced sample to 50 Torr of O 2 at 325 °C.) For NO adsorbed on an oxidized 6% Ru-silica sample, a strong sharp band at 1880 cm −1 is observed, and this band is assigned to v ( no ) for NO adsorbed on an oxygen-perturbed Ru surface site. NO adsorbed on the oxidized form of Ru is stable both to evacuation up to temperatures of 325 °C and to H 2 (g) up to temperatures of 200 °C. When NO is adsorbed on a reduced 6% Ru-silica sample, N 2 O (g) is detected, and the oxygen species formed in this reduction is adsorbed on the Ru-silica surface. Three bands are observed in the infrared spectra: a band at 1630 cm −1 assigned to v ( no ) for Ru δ+ -NO δ− , a band at 1820 cm − assigned to v ( no ) for Ru δ− -NO δ+ , and a band at 1860 cm −1 assigned to v ( no ) for NO adsorbed on an oxygen-perturbed Ru surface site. When a reduced Ru-silica sample with full NO surface coverage is heated, we observe an intensification of the high-frequency NO band; however, if this sample is heated to 125 °C in the presence of a reducing gas, i.e., H 2 , the surface species react, and the frequencies of the infrared bands are shifted to lower wave numbers.
Lack of patient knowledge regarding hospital medications

BACKGROUND: Patient involvement in preventing inpatient medication errors is predicated upon patient knowledge of their medications. However, there is little published on the accuracy of patient knowledge or understanding of their hospital medications. OBJECTIVE: To assess hospitalized patients' knowledge of their hospital medications and attitudes towards involvement in the medication safety process while hospitalized. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 50 adult internal medicine inpatients at the University of Colorado Hospital. Patients completed a list of the hospital medications they believed were prescribed to them and a survey of attitudes toward involvement in the medication safety process. The patient-completed hospital medication list was compared to the hospital medication administration record. RESULTS: Ninety-six percent of study patients omitted at least one prescribed hospital medication. On average, patients omitted 6.8 hospital medications. Forty-four percent of patients believed they were receiving at least one hospital medication that was not actually prescribed. Patients < 65 years old omitted 60% of their as needed (PRN) medications whereas patients ≥ 65 years old omitted 88% (P = 0.01). Only 28% reported having seen their hospital medication list, although 81% reported this would improve their satisfaction with hospital care. Ninety percent wanted to review their hospital medication list for accuracy and 94% felt patient review of the hospital medication list had the potential to reduce errors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that, in contrast to patient preferences, there are significant deficits in patients' knowledge of hospital medications. These results are a call to reexamine how we educate patients regarding their hospital medications. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:83–86. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Paleoclimate Implications for Human-Made Climate Change

Paleoclimate data help us assess climate sensitivity and potential human-made climate effects. We conclude that Earth in the warmest interglacial periods of the past million years was less than 1°C warmer than in the Holocene. Polar warmth in these interglacials and in the Pliocene does not imply that a substantial cushion remains between today’s climate and dangerous warming, but rather that Earth is poised to experience strong amplifying polar feedbacks in response to moderate global warming. Thus, goals to limit human-made warming to 2°C are not sufficient—they are prescriptions for disaster. Ice sheet disintegration is nonlinear, spurred by amplifying feedbacks. We suggest that ice sheet mass loss, if warming continues unabated, will be characterized better by a doubling time for mass loss rate than by a linear trend. Satellite gravity data, though too brief to be conclusive, are consistent with a doubling time of 10 years or less, implying the possibility of multimeter sea level rise this century. Observed accelerating ice sheet mass loss supports our conclusion that Earth’s temperature now exceeds the mean Holocene value. Rapid reduction of fossil fuel emissions is required for humanity to succeed in preserving a planet resembling the one on which civilization developed.
An instruction fetch unit for a graph reduction machine

The G-machine provides architecture support for the evaluation of functional programming languages by graph reduction. This paper describes an instruction fetch unit for such an architecture that provides a high throughput of instructions, low latency and adequate elasticity in the instruction pipeline. This performance is achieved by a hybrid instruction set and a decoupled RISC architecture. The hybrid instruction set consists of complex instructions that reflect the abstract architecture and simple instructions that reflect the hardware implementation. The instruction fetch unit performs translation from complex instruction to a sequence of simple instructions which can be executed rapidly. A suitable mix of techniques, including cache, buffers and the translation scheme, provide the memory bandwidth required to feed a RISC execution unit. The simulation results identify the performance gains, maximum throughput and minimum latency achieved by various techniques. Results achieved here are in general applicable to von Neumann architectures.
Pollution prevention with chemical process simulators: the generalized waste reduction (WAR) algorithm—full version

A general theory for the flow and the generation of potential environmental impact through a chemical process has been developed. The theory defines six potential environmental impact indexes that characterize the generation of potential impact within a process, and the output of potential impact from a process. The indexes are used to quantify pollution reduction and to develop pollution reducing changes to process flow sheets using process simulators. The potential environmental impacts are calculated from stream mass flow rates, stream composition, and a relative potential environmental impact score for each chemical present. The chemical impact scores include a comprehensive set of nine effects ranging from ozone depletion potential to human toxicity and ecotoxicity. The resulting waste reduction methodology or WAR algorithm is illustrated with two case studies using the chemical process simulator Chemcad III (Use does not imply USEPA endorsement or approval of Chemcad III).
Influence of alcohol dehydrogenase 1C polymorphism on the alcohol-cardiovascular disease association (from the Framingham Offspring Study).

Although moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), little is known of the effects of alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (ADH1C) polymorphism on the association between alcohol and CVD. We used data on 1,805 unrelated subjects in the Framingham Offspring Study to assess whether rs1693482 and rs698, 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms of the ADH1C gene, modify the relation between alcohol consumption and prevalent CVD. The 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.99, R(2) = 0.96). There was evidence for a U-shaped association between alcohol consumption and CVD in this population. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios for prevalent CVD were 0.63 (95% confidence interval 0.41 to 0.97) and 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.46 to 1.41) for CT and TT genotypes of rs1693482 relative to CC genotype (model p T and rs698 A-->G mutations and prevalent CVD among current drinkers (lower CVD prevalence with minor allele) but not among nondrinkers in whom the minor allele was associated with a trend toward higher CVD prevalence (p values for interaction are 0.16 for rs1693482 and 0.52 for rs698). Alcohol consumption was associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol across all genotypes of the 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a dose-response fashion without evidence for interaction. In conclusion, these data suggest borderline interactions between genes and environment of ADH1C variation and alcohol intake on prevalent CVD. The interaction does not appear to be mediated through effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.