cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 21. Molecular Basis of Drug Action

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of drug action and drug–receptor interactions. In medicinal chemistry, the ultimate goal is to interpret drug–receptor interactions in terms of the attachment of fully defined small molecules inducing fully defined changes in fully defined macromolecules. In various studies, the emphasis is on gathering information about the stereochemical consequences of replacing single amino acid residues in proteins with others by studying the molecular pathology of hemoglobin. More than 100 mutant hemoglobins have been found in human blood. Studies have revealed that hemoglobin and myoglobin are insensitive to amino acid replacements on the surface but extremely sensitive to even small alterations in the pattern of non-polar contacts, particularly near the heme groups. Even when drugs are known to interact with specific macromolecules, the phenomenon of “allotopy” must be considered. Many vitally important enzymes act in vivo while embedded in membranes or attached to subcellular particles. Studies of dose–response curves have been used for a long time to obtain information about the interaction of agonists, antagonists, and partial agonists with receptors. Attempts are also being made to use the sigmoid shape of drug dose–response curves to prove cooperativity in drug–receptor interactions.
Self‐knowledge, capacity and sensitivity: Prerequisites to authentic leadership by school principals

Purpose – The article proposes three prerequisites to authentic leadership by school principals: self‐knowledge, a capacity for moral reasoning, and sensitivity to the orientations of others.Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual framework, based on research on the valuation processes of school principals and their strategic responses to ethical dilemmas, is used as a practice grounded approach to describing authentic leadership and the acquisition of moral literacy by school leaders.Findings – Four motivational bases for administrative decision making are described: self‐interest/personal preferences, rational consensus, rational consequences, and trans‐rational ethics/principles. The achievement of self‐knowledge, capacity and sensitivity to others can be best achieved in professional settings through strategies of personal reflective practice, and sustained dialogue on moral issues and the ethical dilemmas of educational practice.Practical implications – Principals need the capacity to discriminate...
Exercise is associated with better erectile function in men under 40 as evaluated by the International Index of Erectile Function.

ABSTRACT Introduction Studies have shown an association between erectile dysfunction and sedentary lifestyle in middle‐aged men, with a direct correlation between increased physical activity and improved erectile function. Whether or not this relationship is present in young, healthy men has yet to be demonstrated. Aim The aim of this study was to assess the association between physical activity and erectile function in young, healthy men. Main Outcome Measures The primary end points for our study were: (i) differences in baseline scores of greater than one point per question for the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF); (ii) differences in baseline scores of greater than one point per question for each domain of the IIEF; (iii) exercise energy expenditure; and (iv) predictors of dysfunction as seen on the IIEF. Methods The participants were men between the ages of 18 and 40 years old at an academic urology practice. Patients self‐administered the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire and the IIEF. Patients were stratified by physical activity into two groups: a sedentary group (≤1,400 calories/week) and an active group (>1,400 calories/week). Men presenting for the primary reason of erectile dysfunction or Peyronie's disease were excluded. Results Seventy‐eight patients had complete information in this study: 27 patients (34.6%) in the sedentary group (≤1,400 kcal/week) and 51 patients (65.4%) in the active group (>1,400 kcal/week). Sedentary lifestyle was associated with increased dysfunction in the following domains of the IIEF: erectile function (44.4% vs. 21.6%, P = 0.04), orgasm function (44.4% vs. 17.7%, P = 0.01), intercourse satisfaction (59.3% vs. 35.3%, P = 0.04), and overall satisfaction (63.0% vs. 35.3%, P = 0.02). There was a trend toward more dysfunction in the sedentary group for total score on the IIEF (44.4% vs. 23.5%, P = 0.057), while sexual desire domain scores were similar in both groups (51.9% vs. 41.2%, P = 0.37). Conclusions. We have demonstrated that increased physical activity is associated with better sexual function measured by a validated questionnaire in a young, healthy population. Further studies are needed on the long‐term effects of exercise, or lack thereof, on erectile function as these men age. Hsiao W, Shrewsberry AB, Moses KA, Johnson TV, Cai AW, Stuhldreher P, Dusseault B, and Ritenour CWM. Exercise is associated with better erectile function in men under 40 as evaluated by the international index of erectile function. J Sex Med 2012;9:524–530.
UNCONVENTIONAL LEFT-TURN ALTERNATIVES FOR URBAN AND SUBURBAN ARTERIALS--PART ONE

This two-part feature presents unconventional alternatives for arterials that, under certain circumstances, move traffic more efficiently than conventional arterials with fewer negative impacts than widening, bypasses or interchanges. The second part discusses paired intersections, which use directional crossovers for high through-traffic volumes and low cross-street through-traffic volumes; the jughandle alternative, which uses ramps diverging from the right side of the arterial to accommodate all turns from the arterial; the continuous flow intersection, which features a ramp to the left of the arterial upstream of the main intersection to handle traffic turning left from the arterial; and the continuous green T, which works only for three-approach intersections. Descriptions, variations, history, advantages and disadvantages are highlighted for each of the four alternatives. Traffic volume and necessary extra right of way for each alternative should also be considered.
Steady‐state approximation of a multiechelon multi‐indentured repairable‐item inventory system with a single repair facility

We model a two-echelon multi-indentured repairable-item inventory system where each “base” has a maximum number of identical online machines, and each machine consists of several module types. Machine failures are due to module failures and occur according to an exponential distribution. When a machine fails, the failed module is replaced by an identical spare module if one is available. Otherwise, the module is backordered. All failed modules go to a single “depot” repair facility which consists of a finite number of identical repairmen who are able to repair any module type in an exponentially distributed time, although the repair rates for different module types may differ. The principal contribution of this article is an approximation algorithm for calculating the steady-state characteristics of the system. In comparison with simulation results, the algorithm is quite accurate and computationally efficient. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mutants of Yeast Sensitive to Ultraviolet Light

Six uvr mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with hypersensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light were isolated after mutagen treatment with ethylmethanesulfonate. UV sensitivity ranges from moderate to extreme, and four of the mutants are also sensitive to nitrous acid. Ranking in terms of UV sensitivity does not parallel ranking in terms of nitrous acid sensitivity. Homozygous diploid mutant strains are somewhat less sensitive than the corresponding haploids. All mutations are recessive. None of the mutants is sensitive to gamma rays, and each shows photoreactivation after UV radiation. Complementation tests and tetrad analysis indicate that each strain represents mutation in a different gene. Two of the uvr genes are linked, and two others are centromere-linked.
The effectiveness of corpus-induced dependency grammars for post-processing speech

This paper investigates the impact of Constraint Dependency Grammars (CDG) on the accuracy of an integrated speech recognition and CDG parsing system. We compare a conventional CDG with CDGs that are induced from annotated sentences and template-expanded sentences. The grammars are evaluated on parsing speed, precision/coverage, and improvement of word and sentence accuracy of the integrated system. Sentence-derived CDGs significantly improve recognition accuracy over the conventional CDG but are less general. Expanding the sentences with templates provides us with a mechanism for increasing the coverage of the grammar with only minor reductions in recognition accuracy.
Constraints on the causes of mid‐Miocene volcanism in the Pacific Northwest US from ambient noise tomography

[1] We use data from the 118-station High Lava Plains (HLP) seismic experiment together with other regional broadband seismic data to image the 3D shear wave velocity structure in the Pacific Northwest using ambient noise tomography. This extensive data set allows us to resolve fine-scale crustal structures throughout the HLP area in greater detail than previous studies. Our results show 1) a high velocity cylinder in the crust and average velocities in the upper mantle beneath the Owyhee Plateau; 2) a mid-crustal high velocity anomaly along the Snake River Plain that also extends south into Nevada and Utah; 3) a low velocity anomaly directly beneath Yellowstone throughout the crust; and 4) low velocities beneath the HLP both in the crust and uppermost mantle, possibly indicating very thin or absent mantle lithosphere in the area. These features provide important constraints on possible models for Miocene to recent volcanism in the Pacific Northwest.
Influence of tumor vaccines on graft versus tumor activity and graft versus host disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Powerful immunologically-mediated antitumor efforts can be observed in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In the absence of specific immune interventions, this graft versus tumor effect is closely associated with graft versus host disease. In the work summarized here, the influence of cellular tumor vaccines on graft versus tumor activity and graft versus host disease is examined in a murine model of MHC-matched, minor histocompatibility antigen-mismatched bone marrow transplantation. The experiments have generated the following conclusions. First, complex cellular vaccines, which include recipient minor histocompatibility antigens, when administered to allogeneic donors generate powerful graft versus tumor effects but also induce unacceptable exacerbations of graft versus host disease. Second, cellular tumor vaccines, which contain recipient minor histocompatibility antigens, can be administered to transplant recipients after transplant without significant exacerbation of GVHD and with r...
Shipping data from heterogeneous protocols on packet train

The maturity and availability of network protocols have enabled wireless sensor networks (WSN) designers to build heterogeneous applications by composing different protocols. A common heterogeneous application combines data collection and dissemination for environmental monitoring with node retasking. While these co-located protocols on the same node have different goals, many of them share requirements and characteristics. Examples of commonalities include the use of bi-directional traffic for reliable transmissions and tree for packet routing. This work explores how the MAC layer can reduce the network transmission overhead of heterogeneous applications by taking advantage of protocol commonalities to aggregate outgoing packets. In other words, this aggregation creates a train of packets destined to the same receiver. Finally, we discuss a strawman implementation of packet train and how our data center monitoring deployment leverages it.
Absolute differential cross sections for the scattering of kilo-electron-volt O atoms

This paper reports measurements of absolute differential cross sections for the direct scattering of oxygen atoms by He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, CO, ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, ${\mathrm{SO}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{CF}}_{4}$, and ${\mathrm{SF}}_{6}$ targets. The measured cross sections include contributions from all elastic and inelastic processes that result in a fast neutral oxygen atom product. Cross sections are presented for 0.5- and 1.5-keV projectile energies over the laboratory angular range 0.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. When compared in the center-of-mass reference frame, these cross sections exhibit a high degree of similarity in both amplitude and angular dependence. The cross sections for ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, CO, ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O are inverted using a partial-wave analysis to yield empirical interaction potentials, which can then be used to extrapolate the measurements down to lower energies. Using these potentials, cross sections are evaluated at 0.1 keV. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Final Syllable Lengthening (FSL) in Infant Vocalizations.

Final Syllable Lengthening (FSL) has been extensively examined in infant vocalizations in order to determine whether its basis is biological or learned. Findings suggest there may be a U-shaped developmental trajectory for FSL. The present study sought to verify this pattern and to determine whether vocal maturity and deafness influence FSL. Eight normally hearing infants, aged 0;3 to 1;0, and eight deaf infants, aged 0;8 to 4;0, were examined at three levels of prelinguistic vocal development: precanonical, canonical, and postcanonical. FSL was found at all three levels suggesting a biological basis for this phenomenon. Individual variability was, however, considerable. Reduction in the magnitude of FSL across the three sessions provided some support for a downward trend for FSL in infancy. Findings further indicated that auditory deprivation can significantly affect temporal aspects of infant speech production.
Effects of monosodium glutamate on circulating concentrations of luteinizing hormone and growth hormone in young growing domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) at a dose of 4 g/kg in 5-day-old fowl or 5 daily injections of MSG (total dose 20 g/kg) in 1- to 5-day-old fowl did not affect body growth in either male or female domestic fowl. Neither MSG treatment schedule affected either testis weight or the circulating concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH). A small, but significant decrease in the plasma concentration of growth hormone (GH) was observed in female chicks which had received daily MSG injections.
The Action of Milk Fat as a Foam Depressant

Summary The action of the milk fat in milk as a foam depressant has been discussed in connection with the theories which have been proposed to explain the phenomenon. The consequences of these theories have been investigated experimentally. Contrary to some of the ideas expressed adsorption experiments indicate that the action of milk fat is not due to the removal by the fat of the protein adsorbed at the air/milk serum interface; and surface tension, and superficial viscosity measurements indicate that the action is not attended by any significant changes in the dynamic and static surface tension, or in the superficial viscosity of milk serum. The destructive action of milk fat and other lipoids on foam depends in some way upon the ability of these substances to spread on pure water, and consequently the theories relating to the destructive action of fat on foam which do not take into consideration the importance of spreading, are open to criticism. It has been pointed out that the presence in a thin film of a globule of a substance which will spread may be considered tantamount to the existence of a rupture, and the suggestion has been made that the decrease in foaming power occurring when skim milk is added to milk serum is capable of interpretation on the basis of the equivalence noted between the existence of a rupture, and the presence of a spreading substance in a thin film. Procedures have been described for the measurement of dynamic surface tension, and of an index of superficiual viscosity.
The Interneurons of the Abdominal Positioning System of the Crayfish

Arthropods with segmented abdomens show similar abdominal positioning behaviors. It has been possible to gain some understanding of the neural basis of these behaviors in lobsters and crayfish using s
Analytical Solution for Forced Convection in a Sector Duct Filled With a Porous Medium

The fully developed viscous flow through a sector duct filled with a porous medium is studied. The Darcy―Brinkman and energy equations are solved analytically by series expansions in Bessel functions of the first kind. The problem is governed by a porous medium parameter s, which is proportional to the inverse square root of the permeability. For large s there exists a boundary layer on the walls, and the resistance increases greatly. The Nusselt number for the H1 heat transfer problem also increases. If the apex angle is acute, the local velocity and heat transfer are very low. If the apex angle is obtuse, the local shear and heat transfer are large. Tables for the friction factor-Reynolds number products and Nusselt numbers are determined for various s and apex angles.
Horner Syndrome Following Attempted Internal Jugular Catheter Placement in a Toddler With Congenital Heart Disease

Horner syndrome results from interruption of the normal sympathetic innervation to the face and eye. Common clinical manifestations include ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis, conjunctival injection and relative enophthalmos. Several diverse etiologies may be responsible for Horner syndrome. We present an 8-month-old child who was noted to have Horner syndrome following attempts at placement of a right jugular venous catheter. The normal sympathetic innervation of the head and eye are presented, potential etiologies for Horner syndrome are reviewed and previous reports of Horner syndrome following invasive procedures are presented. J Med Cases. 2014;5(6):369-372 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc1795w
Predicted trend in swelling pressure measurements for lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium montmorillonite

Abstract A modified Gouy—Chapman theory is used to predict the variation in swelling pressures for various alkali metal-montmorillonite clays.
Analog applications of photochemical switches

Molecules that change their structure in response to a stimulus such as light or an added chemical can act as molecular switches. Such switches can be chemically linked to other active moieties to create molecular "devices" for various purposes. There has been much activity of late in the use of molecular switches such as photochromes in the construction of molecular logic gates that carry out binary or digital functions. However, ensembles of such molecules can also act as analog devices. Here, examples of a molecular photonic signal transducer and two mimics of photosynthetic photoregulatory processes are discussed.
Nondestructive evaluation and real-time monitoring of laser surface hardening.

An infrared process monitor was used to monitor in real-time the infrared emissions during laser surface hardening of ferrous alloys. The signals from the monitor were correlated with the hardness and case depth of the laser-treated tracks. Test data show that a linear relationship exists between the monitor output DC level voltage and hardness up to the maximum hardness possible and also between the monitor output DC level voltage and case depth. This simple relationship makes it easy to monitor process hardness, case depth and quality of laser heat-treated workpiece. A calibration test on a prototypic material can be used to determine the upper and lower bounds of the voltage signals for a sound quality treatment. In-process monitoring or real-time nondestructive measurement of the hardness and depth of the laser transformation hardened case can then be achieved. The monitor is also capable of tracking changes in surface quality or flatness of the part that is being treated.
Immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry for highly multiplexed cellular molecular imaging

The role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the management of cancer has expanded to provide improved diagnostic classification, as well as guidance on disease prognosis, therapy, and relapse. These new tasks require evaluation of an increasing number of protein targets; however, conventional multiplexing, usually achieved using serial tissue sections stained for a single analyte per slide, can exhaust small biopsy specimens, complicate slide-to-slide protein expression correlation, and leave insufficient material for additional molecular assays. A new approach, mass spectrometry immunohistochemistry (MSIHC), compatible with high levels of target multiplexing and suitable for use on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples can circumvent many of these issues. The strategy employs antibodies that are labeled with elemental mass tags, such as isotopically pure lanthanides not typically found in biological specimens, rather than with typical fluorophores or chromogens. The metal-labeled antibodies are then detected in tissue using lasers or ion beams to liberate the tags for subsequent mass spectrometry detection. Within a given multiplexed IHC panel, the metal labels are selected so that their respective masses do not overlap. More than 30 antibodies have been imaged simultaneously, and up to 100 antibodies could potentially be detected at once if the full available mass spectrum is deployed. MSIHC has a number of advantages over conventional IHC techniques. Background due to autofluorescence is absent and the dynamic range is 10(5), exceeding immunofluorescence and chromogenic IHC by 100-fold and 1000-fold, respectively. Detection of labeled primary antibodies improves assay linearity over both chromogenic and fluorescent IHC. Multiplexed mass-tagged antibodies incubated simultaneously with tissue do not appear to cross-interfere, and because the mass tags do not degrade, samples are stable indefinitely. The imaging resolution of multiplexed ion-beam imaging can be better than light microscopy. With appropriate instrumentation, MSIHC has the potential to transform research and clinical pathology practice.
Racial Differences in the Household Composition of Elders by Age, Gender, and Area of Residence

Using census data and an innovative technique for describing the composition of households from the perspective of elders, this research provides a more detailed description of race differences in living arrangements of older persons than has previously existed. In addition, cross tabulations of race with other factors known to influence household composition (gender, age, and area of residence) are examined. While white women are more likely than black women to live alone, the reverse is true among men. Whites are more likely than blacks to live in married-couple-only households, and blacks are more likely than whites to live in multigenerational households, although these differences decrease with advancing age. Blacks are also more likely than whites to live with collateral kin or non-kin only, although these categories comprise small proportions of the population. Implications of these differences for caregiving and quality of life among older persons are discussed.
CT Liver Imaging: What is New?

This review article aims to bring the reader up to date on advances in liver CT imaging, with an emphasis on the literature from the past year. Recent studies and developments in hepatic imaging using dual-energy CT, perfusion CT, low-tube-voltage imaging, and iterative reconstruction techniques are discussed.
Multipulse precession of spinning spacecraft with flexible appendages

A multipulse precession scheme for spinners with large flexible appendages is described. By choosing the prescribed time delay between pulses as integer (or half integer) multiples of the several incommensurate modal periods it is possible to leave both central spinner and appendages in a final state of negligible nutation. Computer simulations illustrate the several schemes. The results indicate that the proposed method is relatively insensitive to parameter variations such as thruster and inertia uncertainties. Complete equations are presented, including a closed form solution for an important special case: the appendage plane contains the central body mass center.
Emergency Department Practice Variation in Computed Tomography Use for Children with Minor Blunt Head Trauma

Objective To describe factors associated with computed tomography (CT) use for children with minor blunt head trauma that are evaluated in emergency departments. Study design Planned secondary analysis of a prospective observational study of children Results CT rates varied between 19.2% and 69.2% across hospitals. Risk adjustment had little effect on the differential rate of CT use. In low- and middle-risk patients, clinicians obtained CTs more frequently at suburban and nonfreestanding children's hospitals. Physicians with emergency medicine (EM) residency training obtained CTs at greater rates than physicians with pediatric residency or pediatric EM training. In multivariable analyses, compared with pediatric EM–trained physicians, the OR for CT use among EM-trained physicians in children 2 years was 1.68 (95% CI 1.50-1.89). Physicians of all training backgrounds, however, overused CT scans in low-risk children. Conclusions Substantial variation exists in the use of CT for children with minor blunt head trauma not explained by patient severity or rates of positive CT scans or clinically important traumatic brain injuries.
Analysis of structural differences between Ly-5 molecules of T-and B-cells

A group of closely related high mol. wt (Mr) membrane glycoproteins is expressed with varying Mr on different subpopulations of lymphocytes, but the different Mr forms share the Ly-5 and T200 antigenic determinants. The Ly-5 molecule expressed by thymocytes has an Mr of 175,000 (175ly5). The antigenically related molecule on B-cells has an Mr of 210,000 (210ly5). It is not known whether the variations in size are due to differences in the polypeptide chain, post-translational modifications such as glycosylation, or both. In this report we examine the glycosylation of 175ly5 and 210ly5 to determine whether differences in carbohydrate moieties may account for the different Mr of these two Ly-5 species. Pronase digestion and alkaline borohydride treatment of these molecules labeled in the terminal galactose residues revealed that 210ly5 molecules have a more complex oligosaccharide pattern than 175ly5 molecules. While Ly-5 oligosaccharides from a T-cell tumor line were very similar to those of normal thymocytes, the pattern of Ly-5 carbohydrates from a B-cell tumor were somewhat different than those from normal B-cells. This report also presents evidence for O-linked sugars on Ly-5 molecules.
Monolayer Cultures of Brown Fat Cells.

SummaryDissociated interscapular fat pads of 1-3-day-old rats were studied in monolayer cultures. The fat cells were observed to form islands of epithelioid cells which were clearly distinguishable from fibroblasts. Addition of insulin to cultures induced hypertrophy of adipose cells and increased the number and size of their fatty droplets. The fibroblasts were unaffected.
Local injection of alkylating and nonalkylating dopamine receptor antagonists into rat basal forebrain: autoradiographic assessment of D2-like and D3 sites.

Abstract N-chloroethyl derivatives of 7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (7-OH-DPAT), 1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ), or fluphenazine were microinjected into rat nucleus accumbens (Acc), and receptor binding quantified autoradiographically after 24 h. EEDQ reduced [ 3 H ] nemonapride (D2-like receptors) binding in Acc (by 84%) and islands of Calleja (IC; 44%), without affecting [ 3 H ] (+)-7-OH-DPAT (D3); N-chloroethyl-7-OH-DPATs blocked both radioligands in Acc and IC (30%–70%); fluphenazine had no effect.
Translation of the Diabetes Prevention Program to Ethnic Communities in the United States.

The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), an evidenced-based lifestyle intervention for type 2 diabetes (T2D), has been translated for use with ethnic minority communities throughout the United States that are disproportionately at-risk for T2D. The present paper sought to critically review ethnic translation studies of the DPP with respect to translation methods utilized, the success of these methods, and alternative or supplemental methodologies for future translation efforts. Manuscripts reviewed were found by searching PubMed and PsycINFO, using the terms: “diabetes prevention program” AND [“translation” or “ethnic”]. Of 89 papers found, only 6 described ethnic translations of the DPP in the United States, and were included in this review. Translations of the DPP to African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, Arab American, and American Indian and Native Alaskan communities were identified and reviewed. The most common translation strategies included group-based delivery and use of bilingual study personnel. Generally, these factors appeared to increase acceptability of the intervention within the ethnic communities reviewed, and should be considered in future efforts to implement and translate the DPP to ethnic communities in the United States.
Diffusion of oxygen in Pd

Abstract It has been shown previously that after exposure of Pd to O2 (g) at elevated temperatures, e.g., 1123 K, O solubilities can be determined after cooling by the subsequent trapping of H by the dissolved O at a moderately low temperature, 323 K. Similarly the diffusion constants of O can be determined by the amounts of O which accumulate or leave a Pd plate for times smaller than those required for equilibrium. The results are represented by Do = 2.9 × 10−4 exp−[122 kJ/mol/RT].
Predictors of Change in Satisfaction with Body Appearance and Body Function in Mid-Life and Older Adults: Active for Life®

Body satisfaction has not been well studied among mid-life and older adults despite age-related changes in body appearance and function. The objective of this study is to examine predictors of change in body appearance satisfaction and body function satisfaction in an adult sample (n = 1,839; mean age = 69). Participants took part in a physical activity behavior change program. Simultaneous regression analyses examined predictors of change in body function satisfaction and body appearance satisfaction. Greater improvements in body function satisfaction were associated with being younger and white, better baseline health ratings, greater reductions in body mass index (BMI) and depressive symptoms, and greater increases in physical activity. Greater improvements in body appearance satisfaction were associated with being white, obtaining a college degree, greater reductions in BMI and depressive symptoms, and greater increases in physical activity. These findings suggest the importance of physical activity in enhancing body satisfaction in mid-life and older adults. Future research aimed to better understand effective methods for increasing physical activity remains essential.
A UNIQUE MODEL FOR TRAINING MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS TO WORK WITH OLDER ADULTS

As the American population continues to age, it will be imperative that there be a supply of qualified mental health professionals to meet the increasing demand for these services. In this article, issues related to training mental health professionals to work with older adults are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of learning theory to this training. To this end, prior curricular models are reviewed, along with specific components of these curricula, such as supervision and practica. A comprehensive model for training mental health professionals to work with older adults is presented. All students are exposed to issues related to the mental health of older adults, and an interdisciplinary specialization is provided for students who desire more intensive training. This model of training integrates all three dimensions of human experience ‐‐ the cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains. A call is made for professionals to accommodate the mental health needs of the older adult p...
An analysis of the effect of funding source in randomized clinical trials of second generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia

Abstract Objective The effect of funding source on the outcome of randomized controlled trials has been investigated in several medical disciplines; however, psychiatry has been largely excluded from such analyses. In this article, randomized controlled trials of second generation antipsychotics in schizophrenia are reviewed and analyzed with respect to funding source (industry vs. non-industry funding). Method A literature search was conducted for randomized, double-blind trials in which at least one of the tested treatments was a second generation antipsychotic. In each study, design quality and study outcome were assessed quantitatively according to rating scales. Mean quality and outcome scores were compared in the industry-funded studies and non-industry-funded studies. An analysis of the primary author's affiliation with industry was similarly performed. Results Results of industry-funded studies significantly favored second generation over first generation antipsychotics when compared to non-industry-funded studies. Non-industry-funded studies showed a trend toward higher quality than industry-funded studies; however, the difference between the two was not significant. Also, within the industry-funded studies, outcomes of trials involving first authors employed by industry sponsors demonstrated a trend toward second generation over first generation antipsychotics to a greater degree than did trials involving first authors employed outside the industry (p=0.05). Conclusions While the retrospective design of the study limits the strength of the findings, the data suggest that industry bias may occur in randomized controlled trials in schizophrenia. There appears to be several sources by which bias may enter clinical research, including trial design, control of data analysis and multiplicity/redundancy of trials.
Medical and environmental risk factors associated with frontotemporal dementia: a case-control study in a veteran population

Abstract Background Compared with other major dementias, very little is known about the medical and environmental risk factors associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). In this study, we evaluated medical and environmental disorders associated with FTD in a veteran population. Methods The medical records of 845 consecutive veterans who were evaluated for cognitive and/or behavioral complaints at a cognitive disorders clinic in an academic medical center between March 1, 2003, and June 30, 2008, were reviewed and 554 patients received a diagnosis of dementia. Medical disorders and environmental risk factors in 63 patients with behavioral variant of FTD were compared with 491 patients with non-FTD dementias. Results The prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) was significantly greater in patients with FTD versus those with non-FTD dementias (12.7% vs 3.5%; P P P P > .05 for all). In multivariate analysis, the risk for FTD was increased in patients with TBI (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.6–11.8). The risk for FTD was marginally decreased in patients with heart disease (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3–0.96). Conclusions In a clinical sample of veterans, risk of FTD was increased in patients with TBI and marginally decreased in patients with heart disease. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these associations temporally and to identify their underlying mechanisms.
The design and development of ZPL

ZPL is an implicitly parallel programming language, which means all instructions to implement and manage the parallelism are inserted by the compiler. It is the first implicitly parallel language to achieve performance portability, that is, consistent high performance across all (MIMD) parallel platforms. ZPL has been designed from first principles, and is founded on the CTA abstract parallel machine. A key enabler of ZPL's performance portability is its What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) performance model. The paper describes the antecedent research on which ZPL was founded, the design principles used to build it incrementally, and the technical basis for its performance portability. Comparisons with other parallel programming approaches are included.
Predictive factors of early bowel obstruction in colon and rectal surgery: data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2006-2008.

Background Early postoperative bowel obstruction is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality after colorectal surgery. We evaluated the impact of patient characteristics, patient comorbidities, pathology, resection site, surgical technique, admission type, and teaching hospital status on the incidence of in-hospital bowel obstruction after colorectal surgery. Study Design Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, we examined the clinical data of patients who underwent colorectal resection from 2006 to 2008. Regression analyses were performed to identify factors predictive of in-hospital bowel obstruction. Results A total of 975,825 patients underwent colorectal resection during this period. Overall, the rate of postoperative bowel obstruction was 8.65% (elective surgery: 5.32% vs emergent surgery: 13.26%; p Conclusions Early bowel obstruction is a relatively common complication after colorectal surgery. Crohn disease patients had a 12-fold higher incidence of early bowel obstruction, and emergent surgery and malignancy were relevant predictors of early bowel obstruction.
Physical Activity at Child Care Settings: Review and Research Recommendations

Child care settings, such as nursery schools and preschools, provide important opportunities to increase physical activity in children aged 2 to 5 years. Because of the large numbers of children enrolled, physical activity interventions at child care facilities have the potential to reach many children at an age when behaviors are influenced more easily. To learn more about this possibility, the authors conducted a systematic review of the published literature for intervention studies conducted at organized child care settings that focused on increasing children’s physical activity levels. Although 8 databases were searched from their inception, only 9 studies were found that met inclusion criteria, all of which were published since 2003. Of these, 7 studies implemented some type of organized educational program or specific curricula, whereas 2 studies implemented environmental changes. Intervention length across studies varied from 2 days to 12 months. Five studies demonstrated a positive change in physi...
A note on surface-wave scattering by a small plate

Abstract A low-frequency approximation for the diffraction of a straight-crested gravity wave of wave number k by a fixed plate of area S on the surface of water of uniform depth is constructed for k2S≪1. The resulting scattering width (the counterpart of the scattering cross-section in classical diffraction theory), to which the scattered power is proportional, is Q= 1 4 k 3 S 2 (c/c g ) 2 , where c and cg are the phase and group velocities of the wave.
Multiobjective Optimization of Experimental and Simulated Residual Stresses in Turning of Nickel-Alloy IN100

In this study, physics-based simulations are utilized to predict the forces and residual stresses induced during machining, and the results were validated using the experimental measurements. Physics-based simulations also involve uncertainty in the predicted values that can be represented as expected value and variance of the predictions. These predictions are inputted to a multiobjective optimization methodology to select the optimal machining parameters where competing or conflicting objectives constitute hurdles in the decision-making of the manufacturing plans. The objectives are chosen as related to residual stress measurements and predictions. Multiobjective particle swarm optimization (PSO) procedure is employed in optimizing process parameters. Objectives are solved for minimizing tensile residual stresses on the surface, maximizing peak compressive residual stresses, and minimizing the variance of these variables in order to increase certainty in the predictions. The optimum machining parameters...
Syntheses and molecular structures of ruthenium(II) complexes of the atropisomeric ligands 1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diamine and 3,3′-diamino-2,2′-bipyridine

Abstract The unique ligands of [Ru(bipy)2(bpda)](PF6)2 (1, bpda=1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diamine) and [Ru(bipy)2(dabipy)](PF6)2 (2, dabipy=3,3′-diamino-2,2′-bipyridine) are atropisomeric (exhibit hindered rotation about the sigma bonds that connect the two aromatic groups), so the complexes are diasteromeric with conformation isomers possible for the atropisomeric ligands and configurational isomers possible at the metal centers. Only one diastereomer is observed in the solid-state in both cases. The seven- (1) and five-membered (2) chelate ring of dabipy and bpda (the ligand is bound through its pyridyl groups) ligands are δ when the configuration at the metal is Δ. No evidence for atropisomerization is found in solution. For 1, we conclude bpda binds stereospecifically; however, the atropisomerization barrier of dabipy may be sufficiently low for 2 to preclude the observation of diastereomers by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy.
Is load-based carbon trading less costly than source-based trading?

Load-based trading of CO 2 places responsibility for reducing emissions upon retail suppliers of electricity by requiring them to buy energy from a mix of sources so that their weighted emissions do not exceed a given standard. It has been argued that load-based trading would solve the problem of emissions leakage, cost consumers less, and provide more incentive for energy efficiency than traditional source-based cap-and-trade programs. Because pure load-based trading would complicate the operation of spot power markets, variants of load-based trading (the GEAC and CO 2 RC proposals) that separate emissions attributes from energy have also been proposed. We present models of the pure load-based and source-based trading that calculate equilibrium prices, along with consumer costs for the case in which these systems cover essentially all producers and consumers in a market. We show that load-based programs are equivalent to source-based trading in which emissions allowances are allocated by various rules, and have no necessary cost advantages over traditional cap-and-trade systems. As avoided costs of energy under pure load-based trading are the same as in source-based trading, the former provides no additional incentive for energy efficiency. However, load-based programs impose additional administrative costs, so source-based trading programs are to be preferred to load-based trading.
The neuronal response to injury as visualized by immunostaining of class III β-tubulin in the rat

The neuronal response to trauma of the brain and spinal cord was examined by staining sections of injured central nervous system (CNS) with a monoclonal antibody (TuJ1) that recognizes class III beta-tubulin exclusively. Because class III beta-tubulin is expressed by neurons and not by glia, this monoclonal antibody stains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axons and axonal terminations darkly with a pale staining background. Thus, the TuJ1 antibody is extremely useful, revealing the fine details of axons and their terminations, as well as significant injury-related alterations in the composition of the somatic cytoskeleton.
Comments on "An analytic solution for an algebraic matrix Riccati equation"

In a recent paper by Shubert an analytic solution to a special class of Riccati quadratic matrix equations was proposed. The solution given there, based on completing the square, involves m = n(n-1)/2 parameters that are somewhat ambiguously defined. In this correspondence we point out that the ambiguity can be reduced by introducing orthogonal transformations. However, the form that the solution takes reveals that only a very restricted class of problems can be solved by the analytic method of the reference.
Effects of continual mechanical agitation prior to cleavage in echinoderm eggs.

The force necessary to accomplish animal cell division is exerted by a ring of specialized cytoplasm which is rapidly established at the equatorial surface by the mitotic apparatus. Although the structure of the cleavage mechanism is not demonstrable before it is functional, the geometrical relation between the mitotic apparatus and the equatorial surface is established early in the mitotic cycle and remains unchanged. In order to learn more about the process by which the mitotic apparatus establishes the division mechanism, regions of cleaving echinoderm eggs (Echinarachnius parma, Lytechinus pictus) were continually agitated or stretched while establishment took place. Normal cleavage occurred despite stroking and vibration of the equatorial surface at different frequencies. Cells continually stretched at right angles to the future cleavage plane produced temporally and morphologically normal furrows. Subsurface cytoplasm was agitated by moving the mitotic apparatus back and forth parallel to its axis and by a vibrating needle inserted between the mitotic apparatus and the equatorial margin of flattened cells. Neither of these operations blocked cleavage. Cells held and shaped by the nozzle of a pipette were pierced by a needle inserted through the polar surface and into the zone between the mitotic apparatus and the equatorial surface. The needle was then swept around the entire mitotic apparatus. Furrows developed in these cells; they appeared later than in controls and did not appear completely normal. Furrow establishment does not seem to depend upon a precise, long-standing, stable arrangement of sub-surface cytoplasmic components.
Perks Diplomacy: The Role of Perquisites in Mediation

Abstract This article examines impacts of luxurious perks, such as paid daily allowances on peace talks. It draws on the case of the Burundian peace processes held in Arusha, Tanzania and the Seventh Round of the Inter-Sudanese Peace Talks held in Abuja, Nigeria to show that perks can unintentionally prolong peace talks. Perks bestowed on delegates to the talks seduced the conflicting parties away from whatever interest they might have had in actually reaching an agreement. For some, living free of charge in five-star hotels and receiving the equivalent of five months’ pay in one week of per diems made continued talks more attractive than achieving peace. Many of the feuding parties found the perks of greater value for their effort – or rather, lack thereof – and they shared an incentive to keep the talks going.