cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constructing Software Design Theories and Models

Software design methods are often taught informally and supported by CASE tools that do not make their underlying rules, or theory, explicit. The user of such a method is concerned with constructing a model of the system being built that satisfies the theory of this method. We suggest that it is useful to make the underlying design theory explicit, and to allow the designer to extend it to more closely describe the system being built. This paper describes 4Thought, a tool for constructing theories and models, which combines conceptual modeling (Entity-Relationship), graphical database visualization (higraphs), and visual logic programming (GraphLog).
New Insights into Mechanism and Regulation of Actin Capping Protein

The heterodimeric actin capping protein, referred to here as “CP,” is an essential element of the actin cytoskeleton, binding to the barbed ends of actin filaments and regulating their polymerization. In vitro, CP has a critical role in the dendritic nucleation process of actin assembly mediated by Arp2/3 complex, and in vivo, CP is important for actin assembly and actin-based process of morphogenesis and differentiation. Recent studies have provided new insight into the mechanism of CP binding the barbed end, which raises new possibilities for the dynamics of CP and actin in cells. In addition, a number of molecules that bind and regulate CP have been discovered, suggesting new ideas for how CP may integrate into diverse processes of cell physiology.
Spontaneous object recognition: a promising approach to the comparative study of memory.

Spontaneous recognition of a novel object is a popular measure of exploratory behavior, perception and recognition memory in rodent models. Because of its relative simplicity and speed of testing, the variety of stimuli that can be used, and its ecological validity across species, it is also an attractive task for comparative research. To date, variants of this test have been used with vertebrate and invertebrate species, but the methods have seldom been sufficiently standardized to allow cross-species comparison. Here, we review the methods necessary for the study of novel object recognition in mammalian and non-mammalian models, as well as the results of these experiments. Critical to the use of this test is an understanding of the organism’s initial response to a novel object, the modulation of exploration by context, and species differences in object perception and exploratory behaviors. We argue that with appropriate consideration of species differences in perception, object affordances, and natural exploratory behaviors, the spontaneous object recognition test can be a valid and versatile tool for translational research with non-mammalian models.
THE EXPANSION OF TRADE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN INDUSTRY TO 1600

This paper describes the industrial development of Europe to 1600. The conventional history of industrial development sees technological progress as its primary cause. However, this paper argues that the source of rising productivity was not new technology but the reorganization of production in response to falling trading costs and the expansion of trade. The expansion of trade changed which goods were produced, where they were produced, and by inducing an increasing division of labor, how they were produced. Of course, technological progress did contribute to rising productivity. However, it was less an independent cause than a consequence of industrial reorganization, expanding trade, and falling trading costs.
PAIMEIdiff: keeping Microsoft honest on patch Tuesdays

On the second Tuesday of each month Microsoft releases critical patches to it software. Companies that develop Host Intrusion Prevention Software (HIPS) and Intrusion Prevention Software (IPS) need to know specific details about the patches and more importantly about the vulnerable code being patched so the companies can protect their customers. Microsoft's practice, however is to silently fix vulnerabilities that they find in house (these are vulnerabilities that were not reported to Microsoft by a third party), instead of publicly announcing that a vulnerability was found. The poster at these proceedings will show silently patched vulnerabilities in MS06--025 that were identified by Peter Silberman.
Interdisciplinary Approach to Teaching Managerial Economics

Many economic topics can be presented either as a pure social science or as applications in business. Linear programming, production costs and factor productivity are among topics presented differently in economics and business courses. Gaps exist, such that students who come across the same topics in economics and business courses may lack the information necessary to relate the concepts. This paper argues that business students would have more interest in economics and be better rounded in business if the conceptual gaps were closed. Managerial economics, as offered in many business departments, could be the bridge that links economic theories to their business applications.
Estimates on the residue of the scattering amplitude

In this paper we study of the residue of the scattering amplitude for resonances near the real axis. We are motivated by the following interesting result by Lahmar-Benbernou and Martinez [5,6]. Consider the semiclassical scattering amplitude related to the Schrodinger equation in the case of a “well in an island”. They studied a simple resonance z0(h) exponentially close to the real axis, corresponding to a simple eigenvalue of the harmonic oscillator that approximates the Hamiltonian near the bottom of the well. Under some additional assumptions they showed that z0(h) that is also a pole of the scattering amplitude A(ω, θ, z,h), has residue satisfying the estimate
A clinical prediction tool to estimate the number of units of red blood cells needed in primary elective coronary artery bypass surgery

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is common during cardiac surgical procedures. Empiric crossmatching, without attempting to estimate individual transfusion requirements is typical. We hypothesized that a clinical prediction tool could be developed to estimate the number of units of RBCs needed for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: With institutional review board approval, detailed demographic, risk factor, and transfusion data of primary elective CABG procedures (n = 5887) from September 1, 1993, to June 20, 2002, were studied and the data set was divided into development and validation subgroups. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was used to develop and validate transfusion risk factors, assign them a relative weight, and create a model to stratify patients into groups depending on predicted need for 0, 2, 4, or more than 4 RBC units. The model was compared with current standard practice of crossmatching 4 RBC units in terms of observed blood product usage over the study period. RESULTS: Demographic and transfusion risk factor variables in the development (n = 3876) and validation (n = 2011) data sets were similar. The predictive value of the model was good for the development and validation groups, with a c-index of 0.79 and 0.78, respectively. Applying the predictive model reduced the number of crossmatches by 30% without underproviding RBC units and increased the percentage of patients crossmatched exactly for the required number of units from 11% to 21%. CONCLUSIONS: Predictive factors for RBC transfusion were identified and used to construct a clinical tool to conserve blood bank resources without increasing patient risk.
Do Protoplasmic Connections Function in the Phototactic Coordination of the Volvox Colony During Light Stimulation

SYNOPSIS. The flagellar behavior of the colonial flagellates Volvox carteri Stein and Volvox perglobator Powers was examined by placing 1.01 μm polystyrene particles in solution with swimming colonies, and photographing these particle movements. When directional light stimulation was administered to individual colonies, a cessation of flagellar activity occurred in the anterior cells of the stimulated side in both species. Since Volvox perglobator possesses prominent intercellular connections and Volvox carteri does not, the results of these experiments suggest that the connections linking colony members in some species do not function in the coordination of flagellar activity associated with light orientation behavior.
MR imaging and prognosis of hypoxic-ischemic leukoencephalopathy.

To correlate prognosis of hypoxic-ischemic white-matter injury with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In a retrospective review at an urban medical center, three adult and three pediatric patients with predominant white-matter involvement caused by hypoxic-ischemic injury were evaluated over a 15-month period. Five patients with MRI-defined hypoxic-ischemic leukoencephalopathy had a favorable outcome, and one with associated diffusion-weighted abnormality of deep gray structures died. The prognosis of hypoxic-ischemic leukoencephalopathy is more favorable than previously reported, and diffusion-weighted imaging abnormality of deep gray structures was associated with a poor outcome.
The stellar velocity field in M 51

Radial velocities have been measured from the absorption lines on two image tube spectra of M 51. These velocities show large deviations from the ‘smoothed’ rotation curve for that object. The measurements seem to indicate that both the stars and the gas move in the same way.
Influence of age on renal function in congestive heart failure patients

Cardiovascular disease, including congestive heart failure, is the leading cause of death and morbidity in the elderly. Normal structural and functional changes to the kidney that occur with age compound problems caused by chronic congestive heart failure, thus differentiating older congestive heart failure patients from younger patients. In congestive heart failure, reduced renal blood flow is accompanied by a lower glomerular filtration rate. Both decrease with increasing age. In younger patients, a compensatory increase in filtration fraction occurs, due to increased efferent vasoconstriction. In the elderly, this compensation does not occur, and the problem is compounded by increased afferent vasoconstriction; vasoactive neurohormonal control, also modified by age, may be a regional mediator of this phenomenon. Thus, renal function is very fragile in the elderly congestive heart failure patient, and it requires particular consideration, especially during therapeutic management.
Power-Aware Computing in Wearable Sensor Networks: An Optimal Feature Selection

Wearable sensory devices are becoming the enabling technology for many applications in healthcare and well-being, where computational elements are tightly coupled with the human body to monitor specific events about their subjects. Classification algorithms are the most commonly used machine learning modules that detect events of interest in these systems. The use of accurate and resource-efficient classification algorithms is of key importance because wearable nodes operate on limited resources on one hand and intend to recognize critical events (e.g., falls) on the other hand. These algorithms are used to map statistical features extracted from physiological signals onto different states such as health status of a patient or type of activity performed by a subject. Conventionally selected features may lead to rapid battery depletion, mainly due to the absence of computing complexity criterion while selecting prominent features. In this paper, we introduce the notion of power-aware feature selection, which aims at minimizing energy consumption of the data processing for classification applications such as action recognition. Our approach takes into consideration the energy cost of individual features that are calculated in real-time. A graph model is introduced to represent correlation and computing complexity of the features. The problem is formulated using integer programming and a greedy approximation is presented to select the features in a power-efficient manner. Experimental results on thirty channels of activity data collected from real subjects demonstrate that our approach can significantly reduce energy consumption of the computing module, resulting in more than $30$ percent energy savings while achieving $96.7$ percent classification accuracy.
Experimental determination of the damping ratio of a thermal insulation cover plate

Abstract Systems circulating fluids within closed boundaries generate noise produced by the circulator, turbulence in the flow, vortex shedding, etc. The ducting containing the flowing fluid acts as a generator of additional noise and as a filter amplifying the noise at discrete frequencies (i.e. normal mode of vibrations of the structural boundary). The damping ratio of these structures is an important parameter which controls the amplitude of the vibrating structure and the noise level at discrete frequencies transmitted by that structural boundary. An equally important consideration is the amplitude of the structure vibration which can cause early failure of the boundary (resonance response) or longer-term fatigue failure. The damping ratio depends on the geometrical configuration and numerous boundary conditions. It cannot be predicted accurately by analysis and must be determined experimentally. This paper describes an experiment on the measurement of the damping ratio of a commonly used structure (i.e. a square plate cover with kaowool fiber insulation backup). The measured values of the damping ratio are given for two different sizes of plate with different attachments. The effects of the configuration and attachments on the damping ratio are discussed.
Swim escape: A multicomponent, one-trial learning task

Rats were trained to escape from a tank of water by climbing a rope. Latencies were reduced 78% in a single trial. Performance during initial training was facilitated by familiar and nonfamiliar preexposure to swimming, and was shown to be independent of maturational influence. However, performance during retention testing was impeded by nonfamiliar preexposure to swimming. Analysis of the escape behavior revealed it to consist of at least two sequential components which differ in their degree of preparedness. Intracranial injections of puromycin caused a deficit in the less highly prepared component only. The procedure is simple, direct, modifiable for a variety of psychobiological studies, and provides an alternative to shock-avoidance procedures.
Quaking∗jimpy double mutant mice: additional evidence for independence of primary deficits in jimpy

Mice which have the genotype qk/qk*Tajp/Y, and therefore simultaneously express both the quaking (qk) and jimpy (jp) mutations, have CNS white matter morphology intermediate between qk and jp with respect to amount of myelin, myelin structure, and oligodendrocyte number. The level of myelin basic protein in the CNS is also intermediate; however, myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) is virtually absent. Thus in the qk/qk*Tajp/Y double mutant mouse the PLP deficit is as severe as in jp alone but the oligodendrocyte survival deficit (reflected in number and myelin production) of jp alone is rendered less severe. The observation that these two cardinal deficits of the jp mutation can be independently altered in double mutant combinations is consistent with our previous suggestion that the PLP genetic locus may encode at least two independently regulated primary gene functions: a structural protein and signal influencing oligodendrocyte behavior.
A mathematical programming approach to inference with the capability of implementing default rules

We suggest solving the problem of logical inference via the use of mathematical programming. We investigate a way that we can use this programming approach to reason in the face of default rules.
The impact of co-morbid conditions on family history of venous thromboembolism in Whites and Blacks

Abstract Introduction Our objectives were to compare the magnitude of family history as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk between Blacks and Whites, and to assess the impact of co-morbid conditions on familial risk for VTE. Materials and methods We used data from the Genetic Attributes Thrombosis Epidemiology (GATE) study, a matched case-control study which enrolled Blacks and Whites aged 18–70 years in Atlanta, Georgia. A total of 1,094 case patients with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) and 1,264 control patients were interviewed about their family history. Results Family history of VTE was a statistically significant risk factor for VTE among Blacks (odds ratio (OR) = 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-4.1; P value Conclusion Our study indicated that the adjusted attributable fraction for VTE was 16.9% among Blacks vs. 18.3% among Whites, and certain co-morbid conditions could further increase the risk of VTE associated with a positive family history of VTE.
Artist-run galleries—A contemporary institutional change in the visual arts

This paper focuses on the contemporary phenomenon of artists who, because of institutional changes in the social organization of the visual arts, become their own gatekeepers by running their own galleries, managing their own exposure and re-establishing direct contact with their audiences and communities. The author contends that the ways in which artists have pursued and organized their own galleries shed light on both the functioning of the established social organization of art and the circumstances that bring about its change. The paper explores the organization, operations and viability of visual artist-managed galleries in the San Francisco and Santa Cruz areas of California as an alternative to the established organization of the art market.
A simple LSI-11 system for real-time control, interevent time storage, and data analysis

A simple laboratory computer system based on a Digital Equipment Corporation LSI-11, floppy disk, DRV11 parallel input-output board, and the RT-11 operating system is described. Interface to experimental devices is provided through a lab-built relay driver and relay closure sensing interface. An extensive high-level software package provides an easy-to-use control language (e.g., stimuli can be controlled with a simple “TURN ON” or “TURN OFF” instruction) and easy-to-use FORTRAN subroutines for data exploration (e.g., “IFIND” searches a data file for a particular event). The control software automatically generates, codes, and stores a complete log of every input and output event and its time of occurrence in each of five simultaneously running experiments. This provides the capability to reanalyze data in light of hypotheses not available when the experiment was designed. The FORTRAN subroutine library for data exploration provides a conditional and iterative search facility to sift out events or sets of events from the data file for analysis. Standard FORTRAN statements perform arithmetic operations on the resulting data.
On the Acoustic Characteristics of a Gulf Stream Cyclonic Ring

Abstract The acoustic properties of a cyclonic Gulf Stream ring have been studied with field data and ray computations. Cyclonic rings represent relatively low sound velocity regions with large horizontal gradients of sound velocity embedded in the Sargasso Sea. Ray computations have shown the development of deep sound-channel-axis propagation from a near-surface source within a cyclonic ring.
Abrupt Uplift Within the Past 1700 Years at Southern Puget Sound, Washington

Shorelines rose as much as 7 meters along southern Puget Sound and Hood Canal between 500 and 1700 years ago. Evidence for this uplift consists of elevated wave-cut shore platforms near Seattle and emerged, peat-covered tidal flats as much as 60 kilometers to the southwest. The uplift was too rapid for waves to leave intermediate shorelines on even the best preserved platform. The tidal flats also emerged abruptly; they changed into freshwater swamps and meadows without first becoming tidal marshes. Where uplift was greatest, it adjoined an inferred fault that crosses Puget Sound at Seattle and it probably accompanied reverse slip on that fault 1000 to 1100 years ago. The uplift and probable fault slip show that the crust of the North America plate contains potential sources of damaging earthquakes in the Puget Sound region.
Evaluation of disk susceptibility testing of fosfomycin tromethamine

Abstract Fosfomycin tromethamine is an orally administered fosfomycin that may be used for single-dose therapy of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. At breakpoint concentrations [≤128 μ g/ml plus 25 μg/ml glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P)], fosfomycin tromethamine inhibited >90% of the 350 bacterial isolates tested. When testing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp., we note that the performance of fosfomycin disks improved when G-6-P was added to the disks. The interpretive error rates were minimized when 200-μg fosfomycin disks were supplemented with either 50 or 100 μg G-6-P. Using ≤128 and ≥256 μ g/ml as the susceptible and resistant MIC breakpoints, respectively, the regression-analysis-derived disk diffusion zone diameter breakpoints for the 200-μg fosfomycin disk supplemented with 50 μg of G-6-P are as follows: susceptible, ≥16 mm; intermediate, 13–15 mm; and resistant, ≤12 mm.
Identification of Hsc70 binding sites in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase.

Abstract Hsc70 binds acid-unfolded mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mAAT), forming either soluble or insoluble complexes depending on the relative concentrations of the proteins. Using partial proteolysis of Hsc70–mAAT complexes in combination with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, we have identified several potential Hsc70-binding regions in the mAAT polypeptide. Only one mAAT peptide was found bound to Hsc70 in the insoluble complexes while nine peptides arising from eight sequence regions of mAAT were found associated with Hsc70 in the soluble complexes. Most of these binding sites map to secondary structure elements, particularly α-helix, that are partly exposed on the surface of the folded structure. These results suggest that these peptide regions must not only be exposed but still in a flexible extended conformation in the mAAT folding intermediates recognized by Hsc70. Thus, for mAAT the discrimination between native and non-native structures by Hsc70 may rely more on the level of structure of the binding sites than on their degree of exposure to the solvent in the native structure.
Performance of RAKE receivers in Nakagami fading channel with arbitrary fading parameters

A new expression for the bit error rate of RAKE receivers with either coherent or noncoherent/differentially coherent binary demodulation schemes in a Nakagami fading channel is derived. The analysis assumes an arbitrary number of diversity branches with arbitrary fading parameters.
Interaction of bepridil with the cardiac troponin C/troponin I complex.

We have investigated the binding of bepridil to calcium-saturated cardiac troponin C in a cardiac troponin C/troponin I complex. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and [15N,2H]cardiac troponin C permitted the mapping of bepridil-induced amide proton chemical shifts. A single bepridil-binding site in the regulatory domain was found with an affinity constant of ∼140 μM−1. In the presence of cardiac troponin I, bepridil binding to the C domain of cardiac troponin C was not detected. The pattern of bepridil-induced chemical shifts is consistent with stabilization of more open regulatory domain conformational states. A similar pattern of chemical shift perturbations was observed for interaction of the troponin I cardiac-specific amino-terminus with the cardiac troponin C regulatory domain. These results suggest that both bepridil and the cardiac-specific amino-terminus may mediate an increase in calcium affinity by interacting with and stabilizing open regulatory domain conformations. Chemical shift mapping suggests a possible role for inactive calcium-binding site I in the modulation of calcium affinity.
Double-strand breaks and tumorigenesis

The establishment of connections between biochemical defects and clinical disease is a major goal of modern molecular genetics. In this review, we examine the current literature that relates defects in the two major DNA double-strand-break repair pathways — homologous recombination and nonhomologous end-joining — with the development of human tumors. Although definitive proof has yet to be obtained, the current literature is highly suggestive of such a link.
The variance of the error function in the shifted circle problem is a wild function of the shift

We prove that the variance of the error function in the shifted circle problem, as a function of the shift, is a continuous function which has a sharp local maximum with infinite derivatives at every rational point on a plane.
Calculation of temperature-concentration diagrams by the cv method with Lennard-Jones pair interactions

Abstract Temperature-concentration phase diagrams containing Incoherent equilibrium between the L12, B2 and Al phases have been calculated using the Cluster Variation method. The tetrahedron approximation has been used for both the fee- and bcc- based structures. To model the cohesive energy, Lennard-Jones pair potentials were utilized.
Performance of solar assisted heatpump systems in residential applications

Abstract In this experimental study, several solar-assisted heating and cooling configurations have beenconsidered for a basic system comprised of a two-speed heat pump, photovoltaic (PV) arrays, solar thermal collectors, and thermal storage. The objective of the study was to determine the performance of the PV arrays at decreased insolation, the effects of air preheat by solar thermal energy on heat pump operation, and cooling system performance under two different configurations. During the entire operation, the PV arrays converted 4.7 per cent (9.5 MWh) of the incident solar insolation to d.c. power, of which 54.6 per cent was used by the residence. This contributed 23.4 per cent of the total house electrical demand. The remaining 45.4 per cent of the output was fed to the utility, indicating the arrays and the heat pump were not properly sized with each other. Based on results from the winter heating operation, it is shown that for the particular heating system consdered, the best performance is attained when the solar heating is used alone. By using the heat pump as a booster, the remaining available solar energy left in the storage tank can be used with good seasonal performance factor. Summer cooling operation consisted of two sequential cooling configurations. In the first cooling test, the heat pump was operated to either the house or storage when the PV array generation level was greater than the energy demand of the heat pump and associated equipment. When the array output level was less than the cooling system demand, the operating strategy was that of an off-peak cooling operation to chill the water storage. Utilization of chilled water storage was not realized in the first cooling test because of the inherent inefficient design of the Tri-X coil. The capacity at low-speed heat pump operation was too small to effect significant cooling of the water loop; whereas high-speed heat pump operation in attempting to chill water (fan operation absent) caused frosting of the coil. The heat pump was utilized only to maintain chilled water storage in the second cooling test, without heat transfer through the Tri-X coil. Cooling system performance obtained in cooling test 2 using the Ametex exchanger was considerably improved over the test 2 performance with the Tri-X coil.
p21WAF1 expression is associated with improved survival after adjuvant chemoradiation for pancreatic cancer.

Abstract Background. Cell cycle arrest after DNA damage is partly mediated through the transcriptional activation of p21WAF1 by the p53 tumor suppressor gene. p21WAF1 and p53 are both critical in maintaining cell cycle control in response to DNA damage from radiation or chemotherapy. Therefore, we examined the role of p21WAF1 and p53 in the determination of outcome for patients who receive radiation and/or chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Methods. p21WAF1 and p53 protein expression were determined (with the use of immunohistochemistry) in specimens from 90 patients with pancreatic cancer. Forty-four patients underwent surgical resection, and 46 patients had either locally unresectable tumors (n = 9 patients) or distant metastases (n = 37 patients). Seventy-three percent of the patients who underwent resection and 63% of the patients who did not undergo resection received radiation and/or chemotherapy. Results. p21WAF1 expression was present in 48 of 86 tumors (56%) and was significantly (P
A radioimmunoassay and biological profile of Ia-like antigens on human melanoma cells

Human melanoma cells have unexpectedly been found to express Ia-like antigens, histocompatibility type antigens which are believed to be the gene products of the immune response region. Melanoma derived Ia-like antigens are immunologically functional. Monoclonal antibodies have been produced to these antigens. The level of Ia-like antigens on melanoma cells is significantly lower than on B lymphoid cells, and this is more likely to reflect a reduced synthesis than an increased shedding. We have employed radioimmunometric and immunofluorescent procedures in this investigation. Melanoma cell-derived Ia-like antigens have a structure similar to that of B lymphoid cell-derived Ia-like antigens. The antigens are composed of two non covalently associated glycoproteins. One chain, referred to as the alpha chain, has an approximate molecular weight of 34,000 and the other one, referred to as the beta chain, has an approximate molecular weight of 29,000. The expression of Ia-like antigens is restricted to malignant melanoma and not on benign nevi.
NEWSART: Negative binomial weighted spectral analysis in real time

In this paper, digital filters are described for concurrent adaptive estimation of the spectral powers at several target frequencies. Least-squares estimation is used, with a tapered weight function that discounts time-series data according to age. Frequency selectivity and reliability of spectral estimates are controlled by different parameters. The spectral windows are closely approximated by Student’st distribution, which is useful in the planning of experiments.
A rare HLA DQB allele sequenced from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Most autoimmune disorders are associated with particular alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes. However, only a minority of individuals with these alleles develop autoimmunity. The identification of alleles more closely associated with an autoimmune disorder such as lupus would facilitate screening and diagnosis and perhaps the understanding of mechanisms of disease. Analysis of sequence variation in the polymorphic first domain of the MHC genes HLA DQ beta and DQ alpha has revealed a novel DQ beta allele in two Caucasian lupus patients and no Caucasian controls. The novel DQ beta allele shares polymorphic amino acids at positions 26 to 30 and 57 with other lupus-associated DQ beta alleles. These hypervariable regions may play a role in lupus susceptibility and may provide insights into the molecular mechanism for this susceptibility.
The formation and evolution of star cluster systems in different environments

The age, mass, and size distributions of star clusters in nearby star-forming galaxies provide important clues to the formation and evolution of cluster systems. In particular, the similarities and differences between these cluster distributions in very different environments can help to disentangle formation and disruption processes. We present the age and mass distributions for clusters younger than ≈1 Gyr in the Magellanic Clouds, which are typical, star-forming irregular galaxies, and compare the results with the more “extreme” environment found in the merging Antennae galaxies. In addition, we describe some new results on the interpretation of ancient globular cluster systems, and present an emerging picture for the life cycle of star clusters.
Fetal ethanol exposure attenuates aversive oral effects of TrpV1, but not TrpA1 agonists in rats.

In humans, fetal ethanol exposure is highly predictive of adolescent ethanol use and abuse. Prior work in our labs indicated that fetal ethanol exposure results in stimulus-induced chemosensory plasticity in the taste and olfactory systems of adolescent rats. In particular, we found that increased ethanol acceptability could be attributed, in part, to an attenuated aversion to ethanol’s aversive odor and quinine-like bitter taste quality. Here, we asked whether fetal ethanol exposure also alters the oral trigeminal response of adolescent rats to ethanol. We focused on two excitatory ligand-gated ion channels, TrpV1 and TrpA1, which are expressed in oral trigeminal neurons and mediate the aversive orosensory response to many chemical irritants. To target TrpV1, we used capsaicin, and to target TrpA1, we used allyl isothiocyanate (or mustard oil). We assessed the aversive oral effects of ethanol, together with capsaicin and mustard oil, by measuring short-term licking responses to a range of concentrations of each chemical. Experimental rats were exposed in utero by administering ethanol to dams through a liquid diet. Control rats had ad libitum access to an iso-caloric iso-nutritive liquid diet. We found that fetal ethanol exposure attenuated the oral aversiveness of ethanol and capsaicin, but not mustard oil, in adolescent rats. Moreover, the increased acceptability of ethanol was directly related to the reduced aversiveness of the TrpV1-mediated orosensory input. We propose that fetal ethanol exposure increases ethanol avidity not only by making ethanol smell and taste better, but also by attenuating ethanol’s capsaicin-like burning sensations.
A high sensitivity determination of the hard X-ray spectrum of Sco X-1

The results of hard X-ray observations of Sco X-1 by HEAO 1 and OSO 7 are reported. The X-ray spectrum between 20 and 70 keV was found consistent with thermal bremsstrahlung from a hot plasma at a temperature of 5.15 plus or minus 0.05 keV. Observations with the instruments of HEAO 1 on Sept. 6-7, 1978, and with those of OSO 7 during 1972, have not confirmed reports that the bremsstrahlung spectrum is accompanied by an extra component at energies greater than 40 keV - the reported observations yield a two-standard deviation upper limit to the flux in this region of 6.4 x 10 to the -6th photons/sq cm/s/keV.
A diurnal serotonin cycle in the pineal body of Japanese quail: photoperiod phasing and the effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy.

Abstract Serotonin content of the pineal body of Japanese quail maintained in a 14L:10D photoperiod (light 0600–2000) varies diurnally, reaching a peak of 1.5 ng shortly after the onset of light, declining to a midday low of 0.6 ng, and then failing slightly more near the middle of the dark period before rapidly rising toward the early morning peak. When the phases of the photoperiod were shifted to approximately opposite that of the standard, the serotonin cycle shifted accordingly. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy prevented the occurrence of the expected serotonin peak.
Electrochemical Noise Monitoring of the Cathodic Protection of Mg-Rich Primers

Abstract Mg-rich primers provide cathodic protection of aluminum substrates similar to that provided by Zn-rich primers for steel substrates. This protection is due to the mixed potential that deve...
Chemical and infra-red spectroscopic studies of metal(II) halide complexes of pyrazine

Abstract The preparation and characterization of complexes of pyrazine with zinc, cadmium and mercury halides exclusive of fluoride is reported. The preparation of pyrazine- d 4 is described. Infra-red data for pyrazine- d 4 complexed with HgCl 2 satisfy Teller-Redlich product rule ratios constructed for the isolated pyrazine molecule. The spectra are discussed, and a polymeric crystalline structure is proposed for the 1 : 1 complexes.
Effects of Loop Diuretics on Carbohydrate Metabolism and Electrolyte Excretion

The effects of two loop diuretics, bumetanide and furosemide, on carbohydrate metabolism and electrolyte balance were assessed in 11 normal male subjects in a double-blind manner. Glucose, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone responses to 5-hour glucose tolerance test and arginine infusion were measured during the control and drug treatment periods. Three other non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, receiving diuretic drug for six weeks, underwent a similar protocol. Kaliuresis and natriuresis due to diuretic administration were significant only on day 1 of treatment. There were no significant changes in total body potassium by 40K counting; net potassium loss by balance study was minimal in both the acutely treated subjects and the chronically treated patients. Effects of bumetanide and furosemide on water and electrolyte excretion did not differ. Glucose tolerance was significantly improved with bumetanide but not with furosemide. Plasma insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone levels during the oral glucose tolerance test were unaffected by either drug. Insulin levels with arginine infusion were significantly increased, and growth hormone levels decreased with bumetanide but not with furosemide. No evidence of impaired carbohydrate metabolism in the three chronically treated diabetic subjects was seen. It is concluded that the effects of bumetanide and furosemide on potassium balance and glucose utilization were minimal in this experimental setting.
CHANGES IN THE REPLICATION TIMES AND PATTERNS OF THE LIVER CELL DURING THE LIFE OF THE RAT.

Abstract Liver cell replication has been studied in rats aged 1 day, 3, 8, 24, 68, 102 and 156 weeks. Tritiated-thymidine has been used in the autoradiographic study of the time-phase changes of nuclear interphase and mitotic labeling. Growth in the liver occurs through the regular, polycyclical multiplication of a particular cohort of cells. Following birth there is an exponential decrease in the rate of body and liver growth as well as in the number of cells engaged in DNA synthesis and in mitosis. In addition, the size of the multiplying population pool decreases and there is lengthening of the replication time and of its component parts, DNA synthesis, G2, mitosis and G1. Polyploidization of liver cells may play a role in determining the replication time. Growth ceases at 24 weeks and thereafter cell replication is at a very low level.
Incentive Systems and The Implementation of Management Science: A Spare Parts Application

The application of operations research models to solve a variety of management problems has enjoyed striking success over the past three decades. However, a disconcerting note has long been apparent to most practitioners. While the mathematical techniques of management scientists have been expanding rapidly, their influence on corporate decision-making has not kept pace. This paper will illustrate an often overlooked reason for the lack of acceptance of operations research models using a case study application of inventory theory. The overlooked reason is that, quite often, the model and the manager have different and possibly conflicting goals. In such a situation, the model is likely to be either rejected or misused.
Coordination of adenylate energy charge and phosphorylation state during ischemia and under physiological conditions in rat liver and kidney.

Abstract The relation of the adenylate energy charge ( ATP + 1 2 ADP/ATP + ADP + AMP ) to the phosphorylation state (ATP)/(ADP)(HPO 4 2− ) in rat liver and kidney was analyzed. Under physiological conditions and in ischemia, the two regulatory parameters, calculated from reported values for adenine nucleotides and inorganic phosphate (P i ) and from new observations, were closely coordinated. Energy charge was an inverse linear function of P i and -log (1 - energy charge) was a positive linear function of log phosphorylation state. To evaluate experimental data with known energy charge, but unknown P i , and to determine the theoretical relation between energy charge and phosphorylation state, P i was estimated from a) the regression equation: P i , μ mol/g wet wt tissue = 1.05 - energy charge /0.073 and b) the empirical relationship: (P i /2P a ) + energy charge = k, where P a = σ AMP + 2ADP + 3ATP and k = 1. With both estimates, the relation between phosphorylation state and energy charge for the experimental data was, within error, the same as that observed with measured P i and concordant with theoretical values. Over the physiological range of energy charge (∼0.85 – 0.95, log phosphorylation state ∼3.3 – 4.3), apparent ΔG ATP (×2) was closer to the range of ΔG observed by Wilson et al (Biochem. J. 140 :57, 1974) for transfer of two electrons from mitochondrial NAD to the cytochrome c couple than the ΔG ATP (×2) they reported, supporting their conclusion that near-equilibrium exists between the mitochondrial respiratory chain and the cytoplasmic phosphorylation state under physiological conditions. From evidence presented, it is postulated that the phosphorylation state is regulated by the adenylate energy charge.
Follow-up of stented carotid arteries by Doppler ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE Blood flow velocity (BFV) in the carotid artery is altered by stent placement. The significance of these alterations is unknown. In our experience, both standard BFV criteria for stenosis and customized criteria recommended by other authors have led to high rates of false-positive studies.
Implications of High-Risk Family Studies for Prevention of Depression

The high-risk family study is a powerful design that facilitates identification of early forms of expression of depression and premorbid vulnerability, risk, and protective factors that are important for defining prevention targets and program foci. This paper (1) highlights the strengths of high-risk studies for informing early intervention efforts; (2) summarizes findings of familial aggregation from controlled high-risk studies of depression; and (3) briefly reviews evidence for potential mediators (i.e., early forms of expression, vulnerability factors) that explain familial risk and for moderators (i.e., interactive risk and protective factors) that enhance or minimize familial risk. New data from the Yale High-Risk Study of Comorbidity of Substance Use and Affective Disorders are presented to exemplify strategies for identifying specific familial pathways to depression among offspring of parents with substance and anxiety disorders. Likewise, parental depression is associated with a range of emotional and behavioral problems, including anxiety and conduct disorder, in their offspring. These nonspecific effects, together with emerging findings on mechanisms of risk, support early intervention efforts that target a range of youth at risk for depression through multipronged approaches that attend to the individual characteristics of the child and parent, clinical comorbidity, and the broader family and social context.
CFD predictions of heat transfer coefficient augmentation on a simulated film cooled turbine blade leading edge

Many experimental studies of the augmentation of the heat transfer coefficients due to film cooling jet injection have been done with the coolant at mainstream temperature because this improves the accuracy of the measurements. However, for typical engine conditions the coolant is generally much colder than the mainstream with a significantly higher density. It is generally presumed that the density of the coolant has negligible effect on the augmentation of the heat transfer coefficient due to coolant injection. In this study, the effects of coolant density on heat transfer coefficient augmentation were studied computationally. The focus was on a simulation of a turbine blade leading edge where augmentation of the heat transfer coefficient can be as much as factor of two. The realizable k-e turbulence model (RKE) and Shear Stress Transport k-ω turbulence model (SST) were used in these computational simulations. The RKE computations completed at a unity density ratio were found to be similar to previous experimental measurements, whereas SST computations exhibited significant discrepancies. Simulations with coolant density ratios varying from 1.0 to 1.5 showed that heat transfer coefficient augmentation can be simulated using unity density ratio jets, but only when scaled with the momentum flux ratio of the coolant jets.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Time-, fuel-, and energy-optimal control of nonlinear norm-invariant systems

Nonlinear systems of the form \dot{X}(t)=g[x(t);t]+u(t) , where x(t), u(t) , and g[x(t); t] are n vectors, are examined in this paper. It is shown that if \parellelx(t)\parellel = \sqrt{x_{1}^{2}(t) + ... + x_{n}^{2}(t)} is constant along trajectories of the homogeneous system \dot{X}(t)=g[x(t); t] and if the control u(t) is constrained to lie within a sphere of radius M , i.e., \parellelu(t}\parellel \leq M , for all t , then the control u^{\ast}(t)= - Mx(t} /\parellelx(t)\parellel drives any initial state \xi to 0 in minimum time and with minimum fuel, where the consumed fuel is measured by \int \liminf{0} \limsup{T}\parellel u(t) \parelleldt . Moreover, for a given response time T , the control \utilde(t) = -\parellel\xi\parellel x(t)/T \parellel x(t) \parellel drives \xi to 0 and minimizes the energy measured by \frac{1}{2}\int \liminf{0} \limsup{T}\parellelu(t)\parellel^{2}dt . The theory is applied to the problem of reducing the angular velocities of a tumbling asymmetrical space body to zero.
Complement Subcomponent C1q Modulation of TNF‐α Binding to L929 Cells for Enhanced TNF‐Mediated Cytotoxicity

Complement subcomponent C1q has been recently implicated in the modulation of autocrine binding of TNF-alpha to murine macrophages for induction of nitric oxide synthase. In the present study, the putative role of C1q in increasing TNF-alpha binding to L929 cells to mediate cytotoxicity was explored. TNF-sensitive L929 cells (L929-S) had higher total endogenous cellular and surface C1q levels and bound correspondingly more phycoerythrin-labelled rTNF-alpha (PE-TNF) than did a TNF-resistant L929 variant (L929-R). Pretreatment of L929-S with soluble C1q increased their sensitivity to TNF-mediated cytotoxicity coincident with increased binding of PE-TNF, but similar treatment of L929-R had no effect. Pretreatment of L929-S with an inhibitor of C1q secretion, 3,4 dehydro-D,L-proline (DHP), resulted in a decrease in their TNF-mediated cytotoxicity, as well as reduced binding of PE-TNF. Subsequent exposure of DHP-treated L929-S with exogenous soluble C1q restored their TNF-mediated cytotoxicity and binding of PE-TNF. These results provide evidence for the modulation of TNF-alpha binding to TNF sensitive tumour targets L929 by either endogenously synthesized or exogenously added C1q to promote TNF-mediated cytotoxicity by mechanisms which remain to be elucidated.
An analysis of an adiabatic adsorption column: Part II. Adiabatic adsorption of a single solute☆

Abstract The theory developed in Part I is applied to the adiabatic adsorption of a single solute subject to the Langmuir isotherm. Basic equations are generated in terms of actual quantities. The adsorption of benzene vapor on charcoal is exemplified where the carrier gas is nitrogen. Both elution and saturation are considered and the effects of the contamination, the feed temperature, and the solid phase heat capacity are investigated. Physical implications are explained. Also analysed are the countercurrent operations for which the parametric study provides an optimum value for the flow rate ratio. For comparison some of the important numerical values are tabulated and typical features are remarked in Tables 1 and 2. In every operation more than 90% of the elution or the saturation is achieved by the (2)-wave while the desorbed solute or the heat evolved by adsorption is carried away by the (1)-wave. Therefore, the (1)- and (2)-waves may be regarded as the passive and active exchange waves, respectively. For the purpose of elution a feed stream of pure solvent at high temprature is recommended whereas it is desired to keep the feed temperature low for saturation. In both cases a low value for C s is favored.