cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic and demographic dynamics of small populations of Silene latifolia

Small local populations of Silene alba, a short-lived herbaceous plant, were sampled in 1994 and again in 1999. Sampling included estimates of population size and genetic diversity, as measured at six polymorphic allozyme loci. When averaged across populations, there was very little change between samples (about three generations) in population size, measures of within-population genetic diversity such as number of alleles or expected heterozygosity, or in the apportionment of genetic diversity within and among populations as measured by F(st). However, individual populations changed considerably, both in terms of numbers of individuals and genetic composition. Some populations doubled in size between samples, while others shrank by more than 75%. Similarly, expected heterozygosity and allele number increased by more than two-fold in individual populations and decreased by more than three-fold in others. When population-specific change in number and change in measures of genetic diversity were considered together, significant positive correlations were found between the demographic and genetic variables. It is speculated that some populations were released from the demographic consequences of inbreeding depression by gene flow.
Micro-Precision Interferometer Testbed: end-to-end system integration of control structure interaction technologies

This paper describes the overall design and planned phased delivery of the ground-based Micro-Precision Interferometer (MPI) Testbed. The testbed is a half scale replica of a future space-based interferometer containing all the spacecraft subsystems necessary to perform an astrometric measurement. Appropriate sized reaction wheels will regulate the testbed attitude as well as provide a flight-like disturbance source. The optical system will consist of two complete Michelson interferometers. Successful interferometric measurements require controlling the positional stabilities of these optical elements to the nanometer level. The primary objective of the testbed is to perform a system integration of Control Structure Interaction (CSI) technologies necessary to demonstrate the end-to-end operation of a space- based interferometer, ultimately proving to flight mission planners that the necessary control technology exists to meet the challenging requirements of future space-based interferometry missions. These technologies form a multi-layered vibration attenuation architecture to achieve the necessary quiet environment. This three layered methodology blends disturbance isolation, structural quieting and active optical control techniques. The paper describes all the testbed subsystems in this end-to-end ground-based system as well as the present capabilities of the evolving testbed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Growth, Motion and Concentration of Precipitation Particles in Convective Storms

Abstract Analytical solutions for the growth and vertical and horizontal motion of a precipitation particle growing by coalescence with cloud drops are derived under simplified steady-state assumptions. An equation is also developed for the concentration density of a continuous distribution of growing particles. Assuming that the cloud water content varies linearly with height, and that the fall speed of a drop is proportional to the square root of its diameter, it is shown that the combination of a linearly increasing updraft surmounted by a sharply decreasing one sets a sharp upper limit to the particle size, and sorts the particles horizontally. Particles which spend their entire life in regions of horizontal convergence associated with increasing updraft are packed into a narrower shaft than that in which they originated. Initially smaller particles are carried above into the region of horizontal divergence associated with decreasing updraft and are displaced far to the sides of the cloud core. It is ...
Segmentation of urinary bladder in CT urography

We are developing a Conjoint Level set Analysis and Segmentation System (CLASS) for bladder segmentation on CTU, which is a critical component for computer aided diagnosis of bladder cancer. A challenge for bladder segmentation is the presence of regions without contrast (NC) and filled with IV contrast (C). According to the characteristics of the bladder in CTU, CLASS is designed to perform number tasks such as preprocessing, initial segmentation, 3D and 2D level set segmentation and post-processing. CLASS segments separately the NC and the C regions of the bladder. In the post-processing stage the final contour is obtained based on the union of the NC and C contours. 70 bladders were segmented. Of the 70 bladders 31 contained lesions, 24 contained wall thickening, and 15 were normal. The performance of CLASS was assessed by rating the quality of the contours on a 5-point scale (1=“very poor”, 3=“fair”, 5=“excellent”). The average quality ratings for the 12 completely no contrast (NC) and 5 completely contrast-filled (C) bladder contours were 3.3±1.0 and 3.4±0.5, respectively. The average quality ratings for the 53 NC and 53 C regions of the 53 partially contrast-filled bladders were 4.0±0.7 and 4.0±1.0, respectively. Quality ratings of 4 or above were given for 87% (46/53) NC and 77% (41/53) C regions. Only 4% (2/53) NC and 9% (5/53) C regions had ratings under 3. After combining the NC and C contours for each of the 70 bladders, 66% (46/70) had quality ratings of 4 or above. Only 6% (4/70) had ratings under 3. The average quality rating was 3.8±0.7. The results demonstrate the potential of CLASS for automated segmentation of the bladder.
Frege and Wittgenstein on Elucidations

Introduction In the preface to The Principles of Mathematics Russell wrote: The discussion of indefinables-which forms the chief part of philosophical logic-is the endeavour to see clearly, and to make others see clearly, the entities concerned, in order that the mind may have that kind of acquaintance with them which it has with redness or the taste of a pineapple. Where, as in the present case, the indefinables are obtained primarily as the necessary residue in a process of analysis, it is often easier to know that there must be such entities than actually to perceive them.2 In the Tractatus Wittgenstein objected to Russell's conception of indefinables. His criticism involved a three-pronged movement. He objected to Russell's treating logical connectives as indefinables. He criticized Russell's view that certain categorial concepts are indefinables. He thought that the idea of obtaining an intellectual acquaintance with indefinables thus conceived was absurd. Of course, it was not only Russell whom he had in mind in his discussion of indefinables, but also the rather different claims of Frege. Having criticized his predecessors, Wittgenstein intimated how the meanings of genuine indefinables are conveyed-by elucidations or explications (Erlduterungen). In the following discussion I should like to throw some light on the obscure Tractarian notion of an elucidation. It is of some importance from an historical point of view for two reasons. Firstly, it seems that the idea and terminology of explaining indefinables by means of elucidations has its roots in Frege. This is not generally known. So I shall start by examining Frege's remarks on Erlduterungen. I shall subsequently add a few points about Russell's views on indefinables, and then show Wittgenstein's response to his masters. In the second place, clarification of Wittgenstein's notion of an elucidation is of value for the proper understanding of Wittgenstein's later discussions of ostensive definition. This latter topic, however, will not be examined in this paper.
Cholinergic sensitivity of the eccrine sweat gland in trained and untrained men

The purpose of this study was to compare the cholinergic responsiveness of the human sweat gland in trained and untrained men. Eighteen healthy male volunteers (9 trained, 9 sedentary) served as subjects. Pilocarpine concentration vs. sweat rate dose-response curves were obtained from each subject using iontophoresis. From these measurements, maximal iontophoretic sweat rate (SRmax) was determined and correlated with each subject's maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The trained group had a significantly (P less than 0.05) greater mean SR max and their mean dose-response curve was shifted up and to the left, as compared to the sedentary controls. Furthermore, VO2max was significantly correlated with SRmax (r = 0.76). These findings suggest that the modification occurring in the human sweat gland after training may include improvements in both SRmax and cholinergic sensitivity, and support the hypothesis that the potentiation in sweating following training is achieved via a peripheral mechanism.
β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Phycomyces blakesleeanus

Abstract β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase was partially purified from sporanghiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus NRRL1555(−). The enzyme has a Km for p-nitrophenyl-β-N-acetylglucosaminide of 0.30 mM at its pH optimum of 5.0. The same preparation had activity with p-nitrophenyl-β-N-acetylgalactosaminide and N,N′-diacetylchitobiose as substrates with Km-values of 2.3. mM and 0.33 mM, respectively. The preparation can thus discriminate among N-acetylhexosamines and can act as a chitobiase. β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucoside acetamidodeoxy-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) is not sensitive to EDTA, high salt, reducing agents, or low concentrations of lecithin or Triton X-100. Diacetylchitobiose causes significant inhibition of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the submillimolar range while product inhibition by N-acetylglucosamine sets in only well above 2 mM. An apparent molecular mass of 72 000 was determined on Sephacryl S-200. An Arrhenius plot (ln rate vs. 1/T) and a temperature inactivation plot (ln rate vs. time held at 60°C) both showed breaks. Sporangiophores had high activities while the mycelium had less than one-fifth the activity. β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase was not secreted into the medium.
Thyroxine binding to soluble proteins in rat liver and its sex dependence.

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 100 000 × g supernatant from rat liver homogenates shows binding of radiothyroxine in two zones with widely different electrophoretic mobilities. The slower zone contains 2 bands in the female (S 1 , S 2 ), but only 1 band can be resolved in the male (S 2 ). The faster zone contains a band (F) with the electrophoretic mobility of rat serum prealbumin, but F and serum prealbumin differ in their responses to inhibitors of thyroxine binding. S 1 , S 2 and F bind thyroxine noncovalently and are not structural binding sites. Preliminary estimates of the molecular weights of these proteins have been made electrophoretically. The sex-dependent band (S 1 ) can be induced in the male by the administration of estradiol.
Fluorocarbon combustion studies. VI. Competitive combustion reactions of fluorocarbons burning with fluorine

Abstract Rich mixtures of the three fuels perfluoroethane, perfluoropropane, and perfluorocyclobutane have been burned with fluorine singly, in pairs, and all together. Starting with stoichiometric mixtures, the fluorine concentration was reduced until the mixtures would no longer burn. Reaction products were analyzed chromatographically. In sharp contrast with the behavior of hydrocarbons, there were great differences in the proclivities of the fluorocarbons to react in flames. Perfluoroethane can pass unreacted through a perfluoropropane or a perfluorocyclobutane flame. Perfluoropropane can pass unreacted through a perfluorocyclobutane flame.
Foreground and scene structure preserved visual privacy protection using depth information

In this paper, we propose the use of depth-information to protect privacy in person-aware visual systems while preserving important foreground subjects and scene structures. We aim to preserve the identity of foreground subjects while hiding superfluous details in the background that may contain sensitive information. We achieve this goal by using depth information and relevant human detection mechanisms provided by the Kinect sensor. In particular, for an input color and depth image pair, we first create a sensitivity map which favors background regions (where privacy should be preserved) and low depth-gradient pixels (which often relates a lot to scene structure but little to identity). We then combine this per-pixel sensitivity map with an inhomogeneous image obscuration process for privacy protection. We tested the proposed method using data involving different scenarios including various illumination conditions, various number of subjects, different context, etc. The experiments demonstrate the quality of preserving the identity of humans and edges obtained from the depth information while obscuring privacy-intrusive information in the background.
Optical and thermal simulations of noninvasive laser coagulation of the human vas deferens

Successful noninvasive laser coagulation of the canine vas deferens, in vivo, has been previously reported. However, there is a significant difference between the optical properties of canine and human skin. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations of light transport through tissue and heat transfer simulations are performed to determine the feasibility of noninvasive laser vasectomy in humans. A laser wavelength of 1064 nm was chosen for deep optical penetration in tissue. Monte Carlo simulations determined the spatial distribution of absorbed photons inside the tissue layers (epidermis, dermis, and vas). The results were convolved with a 3-mm-diameter laser beam, and then used as the spatial heat source for the heat transfer model. A laser pulse duration of 500 ms and pulse rate of 1 Hz, and cryogen spray cooling were incident on the tissue for 60 s. Average laser power (5-9 W), cryogen pulse duration (60-100 ms), cryogen cooling rate (0.5-1.0 Hz), and increase in optical transmission due to optical clearing (0-50 %), were studied. After application of an optical clearing agent to increase skin transmission by 50%, an average laser power of 6 W, cryogen pulse duration of 60 ms, and cryogen cooling rate of 1 Hz resulted in vas temperatures of ~ 60°C, sufficient for thermal coagulation, while 1 mm of the skin surface (epidermis and dermis) remained at a safe temperature of ~ 45 °C. Monte Carlo and heat transfer simulations indicate that it is possible to noninvasively thermally coagulate the human vas without adverse effects (e.g. scrotal skin burns), if an optical clearing agent is applied to the skin prior to the procedure.
Scale effects in the bending vibrations of helicopter rotor blades

Abstract Scale effects and dynamic similarity in the bending vibrations of helicopter rotor blades are examined by expressing the first three modes of bending vibration of a uniform, conventional rotor blade by a series of Legendre polynomials as suggested by Wilde and others. The natural frequency ratios for these three modes are then determined as functions of a dynamic similarity parameter over the entire range of designs and operating conditions from very flexible, rapidly rotating blades to highly rigid, slowly turning conditions.
Knight shifts and quadrupole effects in Al alloys

Abstract The Al 27 nuclear resonance in AlZn and AlMg has been studied as a function of composition, temperature and applied magnetic field. At temperatures where the dipolar width is motionally narrowed but where the quadrupole splitting of the satellite lines is not, the second order quadrupole shift of the central transition is readily measureable. It is then possible to measure directly the average electric field gradient at the Al nuclei and the average Al Knight shift in the alloy. The measured gradients are essentially the same in AlMg and AlZn alloys consistent with the suggestion that the gradients arise from the electronic charge distribution about the solute and not from strain effects. The average gradients are of the order of 1 × 10 23 cm −3 . The Al Knight shift in the alloys is equal to that in pure Al to within the experimental uncertainty. The results are compared with the previous experiments of rowland and the theory of B landin and F riedel .
Localization of phytase and acid phosphatase isoenzymes in aleurone layers of barley

The localization of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) in aleurone layers of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) grains was studied. Phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.26) activity, assayed with phytic acid as the substrate, is present in the dry grain at low leveis and increases during incubation in H2O at 25°C for three days. When aleurone layers are isolated from imbibed grain and incubated for 18 h in buffer with or without 50 μM gibberellic acid (GA3), the level of extractable phosphatase activity increases two- to threefold, and phosphatase is released into the medium. GA, promotes the release of phosphatase activity: aleurone layers incubated in GA, release twice as much phosphatase as layers incubated in buffer. Nine isoenzymes of phosphatase are found in aleurone layers of barley by non-denaturing polyacrvlamide gel electropho-resis. Six of these forms, isoenzymes 1,2,3,5,6 and 8, can be extracted from dry tissue, and after three days of imbibition in H2O an additional isoenzyme, isoenzyme 9, is found in aleurone extracts. When isolated aleurone layers are incubated for a further 22 h in buffer with or without GA3, isoenzyme 7 is found and yet another form, isoenzyme 4, is found in layers incubated in GA3. Eight isoenzymes are released from aleurone layers into the incubation medium. Isoenzymes 5 and 6 are released in buffer both with and without GA3, even when cycloheximide is present; cycloheximide inhibits the release of the other isoenzymes. Isoenzymes 1-4, 7 and 8, on the other hand, are secreted into the incubation medium only when GA3, is present. Isoenzyme 9 is not released into the incubation medium. Acid phosphatase activity was localized in aleurone tissue using cytochemical, cell fractionation, and enzymatic methods. Cytochemical localization of ATPase (EC 3.6.1.8) in aleurone tissue showed the presence of enzyme activity in cell wall, protein bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. Analysis of organelle fractions isolated by density gradient centrifugation showed that the activity of acid phosphatase isoenzymes 1, 2 and 3 was prominently associated with the phytin globoid of protein bodies, and analysis of the activity released from the cell wall by enzymatic digestion showed that it was almost exclusively isoenzymes 5 and 6.
Ostracoda of Coastal Group of Formations of Jamaica: ABSTRACT

Traditionally the group of formations that crops out along the northeast, east, and southeast coasts of Jamaica, has been divided into an upper and lower part. The upper, of Pleistocene age, includes the Manchioneal Formation with the Navy Island Member, and the beds in the upper part of the Bowden section. The lower part, at least partly of Pliocene age, includes the Bowden Formation, the San San clay, the Buff Bay Formation and overlying beds in the Buff Bay section, and the August Town Formation. Correlation of 8 different sections by means of ostracods shows some discrepancies with Blow's correlation, based on planktonic forams. Distribution of ostracods in the August Town Formation suggests that its age is older than that of the Bowden shell bed. The overlying Harbour View beds are brackish-water deposits. A new species of Cyprideis, with reversal of overlap and hinge, has been found. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1700------------
A non-responsive α-secreting thyrotropic tumor contains T3 receptors and a TSHβ gene

We have recently described a mouse pituitary tumor line, MGH 101A which is derived from a TSH-producing thyrotropic tumor line and now produces only the α-subunit of the glycoprotein hormones. In these studies, we have investigated the mechanism for the lack of TSHβ subunit expression in MGH 101A, as well as the failure of triiodothyronine (T3) to regulate α-subunit. Southern blot analysis of restriction endonuclease-digested DNA from MGH 101A tumors indicates the presence of a TSHβ gene and an α-subunit gene indistinguishable from those in a TSH-producing tumor (TtT 97). In MGH 101A tumors, however, TSHβ gene transcription was minimal (4 ± 2 ppm) relative to α-subunit (283 ± 29 ppm) and there was no significant difference in transcription after T3 treatment. In contrast, TtT 97 tumors had nearly equal rates of α-subunit (375 ± 25 ppm) and TSHβ (386 ± 31 ppm) gene transcription, and T3 suppressed the transcription of α-subunit and TSHβ genes by 76% and 87%, respectively. The MGH 101A tumor contained T3 receptors with a binding affinity (1.54 × 10−10 M) similar to receptors on TtT 97 tumors (1.78 × 10−10 M), but at a lower concentration (2800 vs. 4000 sites/cell). We conclude that the absence of TSHβ production in MGH 101A tumors is not due to the absence of the TSHβ gene, but perhaps to some other modification of the gene structure. This could also explain the failure of MGH 101A tumors to respond to T3, since they do contain T3 receptors of normal affinity.
Ultrasonic monitoring of food freezing

The time of flight of an ultrasonic pulse moving parallel to the direction of heat flux was measured in blocks of food (gelatin, chicken, beef) during freezing. Echoes were recorded from the food surfaces and from the moving ice front within the food. The changing return times of these echoes were used to calculate the percentage of the food frozen as a function of time either from the measured position of the ice front or by assuming the overall time of flight of the acoustic pulse was the sum of times spent traveling through a frozen and unfrozen phase. Both methods are predicated on the observation that for foods the change in speed of sound on freezing is much greater than the changes with respect to temperature in the absence of a phase change. Both methods gave reasonable prediction of the time for complete freezing as measured by thermocouples but the latter was more practical as the ice front was difficult to measure as the muscle foods became increasingly frozen.
Oscillatory finite amplitude supercritical equilibria induced by active stress.

Abstract The coupling of chemical reaction and motion in living materials is an area of intensive research in many disciplines. An active stress mechanism which may be important in protoplasmic flows and autologous mechanical oscillation sometimes seen in small organisms is examined. It is shown below, using finite amplitude hydrodynamic stability analysis, that fluids with specific types of active stress constitutive relations can exhibit spontaneous oscillations in time if a dimensionless active stress-reaction rate parameter is large enough. The non-linear terms in the perturbations are stabilizing, indicating that an oscillatory equilibrium state will be reached.
The Heme-Responsive Element of the Mouse Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene Is an Extended AP-1 Binding Site That Resembles the Recognition Sequences for MAF and NF-E2 Transcription Factors ☆

Jun and Fos (AP-1) transcription factors were recently proposed to mediate induction of the mouse heme oxygenase-1 gene by different agents including heme and cadmium. In this report we show that the AP-1 binding sequence, TGAGTCA, is necessary but insufficient for gene activation in response to heme or cadmium. The minimal heme response element was identified as an extended AP-1 binding site, (T/C)GCTGAGTCA. In addition to the AP-1 heptad, this element also contains an interdigitated antioxidant response element, GCnnnGTCA. Specific antioxidant response elements from the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 and the glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit genes were in fact responsive to heme but not all sequences that conform to the consensus antioxidant response element were activated by this agent. The heme response element resembles the consensus binding sites for the product of the maf oncogene and for the transcription factor NF-E2. The potential role of these and related transcription factors and the implication of the composite heme response element in heme oxygenase-1 gene regulation are discussed.
Temporal variability of remotely sensed suspended sediment and sea surface temperature patterns in Mobile Bay, Alabama

Distribution patterns of suspended sediments and sea surface temperatures in, Mobile Bay were derived from algorithms using digital data from the visible, near infrared, and infrared channels of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAA-TIROS-N satellite. Closely spaced AVHRR scenes for January 20, 24, and 29, 1982, were compared with available environmental information taken during the same period. A complex interaction between river discharge, winds, and astronomical tides controlled the distribution patterns of suspended sediments. These same variables, coupled with air temperatures, also governed the distribution patterns of sea surface temperatures.
Depolymerization of ribonucleic acid by plumbous ion.

Abstract 1. 1.1 mM Pb2+ catalyzed the depolymerization of RNA at 37° in the regions of neutral pH. The reaction proceeded most rapidly at pH 7.5 but the pH optimum was dependent on Pb2+ concentration and was 8.5 at 0.125 mM Pb2+. The products of the reaction consisted primarily of oligonucleotides phosphorylated at the 3′ terminus. 2. 2. Poly (I) was degraded more rapidly than poly (C). Poly (A) and poly (U) were attacked at similar rates but more rapidly than poly (I). 2′,3′-Cyclic ribonucleotides and dinucleoside phosphates were not attacked. 3. 3. Secondary structure in the polynucleotides protected against depolymerization by Pb2+ as was shown by the decreased rate at which complimentary polynucleotides were degraded. The poly (A)-poly (U) hybrid was attacked at one third the rate of poly (A) or poly (U) alone. The poly (I)-poly (C) complex was refractory to Pb2+ catalyzed depolymerization. 4. 4. No other cation tested was similarly effective in promoting RNA degradation.
On the masking of signals on immunoblots by cellular proteins

When determining the concentration of a particular protein in a cell extract, or when comparing the amount of a protein in different samples, it is a common practice to use specific antibodies in immunoblotting to compare the samples side by side with known amounts of purified protein. Here we show that with many antibodies, in particular monoclonal antibodies, the sensitivity of detecting the cognate antigen on immunoblots can be significantly reduced when the antigen is in a mixture with other cellular proteins. The signals on the immunoblots are masked by other endogenous proteins in the cell lysate, making the amount of the protein on the immunoblot appear to be less than the actual amount, thus invalidating direct comparison with purified protein.
Interactions between tectal radial cells in the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans: an analysis of tectal modules.

The optic tectum is a major subdivision of the visual system in reptiles. Previous studies have characterized the laminar pattern, the neuronal populations, and the afferent and efferent connections of the optic tectum in a variety of reptiles. However, little is known about the interactions that occur between neurons within the tectum. This study describes two kinds of interactions that occur between one major class of neurons, the radial cells, in the optic tectum of Pseudemys using Nissl, Golgi and electron microscopic preparations. Radial cells have somata which bear long, radially oriented apical dendrites from their upper poles and short, basal dendrites from their lower poles. They are divided into two populations on the basis of the distribution of their somata in the tectum. Deep radial cells have somata densely packed in the stratum griseum periventriculare. Their plasma membranes form casual appositions. Middle radial cells have somata scattered throughout the stratum griseum centrale and stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and do not contact each other. The apical dendrites of both populations of radial cells participate in vertically oriented, dendritic bundles. The plasma membranes of the dendrites in these bundles form casual appositions in the deeper tectal layers and chemical, dendrodenritic synapses within the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. The synapses have clear, round synaptic vesicles and slightly asymmetric membrane densities. Thus, radial cells interact via both casual appositions and chemical synapses. These interactions suggest that radial cells may form a basic framework in the tectum. Because both populations of radial cells extend into the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and stratum opticum, they may receive input from some of the same tectal afferent systems. Because the deep radial cells alone have somata and dendrites in the deep tectal layers, they may receive additional inputs that the middle radial cells do not. Neurons in the two populations interact via chemical dendrodendritic synapses, thereby forming vertically oriented modules in the tectum.
Comments on the extent of simultaneous recovery during recrystallization and its effect on recrystallization kinetics

Abstract Sufficient experimental evidence does exist to indicate that simultaneous recovery can contribute to the strong negative deviation from linear KJMA kinetics. The Monte Carlo simulations also demonstrate that nonuniform deformation can cause similar deviation. However, conformance of data that exhibits strong KJMA deviation to the Speich-Fisher model implies that recovery could be dominant. Furthermore, nonuniform deformation should cause copper to deviate from linear KJMA kinetics, but copper shows reasonably linear KJMA behavior. Unfortunately, current knowledge of recovery and recrystallization mechanisms is inadequate to positively isolate the relative effects of recovery and nonuniform deformation. Therefore, continued emphasis should be placed on the use of simulation studies and correlations of simulated and experimental behavior to isolate not only these effects but also other factors that affect recrystallization behavior.
Scintigraphic imaging of MHC class II antigen induction in mouse kidney allografts: a new approach to noninvasive detection of early rejection

Mice with kidney transplants were investigated to determine whether early kidney allograft rejection could be detected by radioimmune scintigraphy targeting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens induced on donor organ cells. Allografts from C3H/He (H2k) donors were transplanted into BALB/c (H2d) recipients. Each mouse was injected intravenously with 100 μCi of 123I-labeled anti-MHC class II monoclonal antibody (mAb; Y17, anti-IEk) 16 h before scintigraphy. After imaging, mice were sacrificed for tissue counting and histopathological examination. Radiotracer uptake in the nontreated allografts increased starting on the 3rd day after transplantation, peaked at around the 6th day, and then gradually decreased. Rejecting allografts with only focal perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration could be identified by scintigraphy. However, allografted mice without evidence of rejection and isografted mice did not show an increase in radiotracer uptake. Rejecting BALB/c kidney transplanted into C3H/He mice did not show an increase in Y17 mAb uptake, suggesting that class II antigens induced on donor kidneys are solely responsible for the mAb uptake in positive scintigrams of rejecting allografts. Five allografted mice were treated with anti-CD3 mAb and cyclosporin starting 3–9 days after transplantation. Radiotracer uptake decreased after 4 weeks of treatment and increased 2 weeks after the cessation of immunosuppressive treatment, reflecting suppression and recurrence of rejection, as determined by histological examination. These changes could be followed scintigraphically. We conclude that changes in class II antigen expression can be assessed by the 123I-labeled anti-MHC class II antigen mAb and that it is a sensitive and noninvasive method for detecting kidney allograft rejection.
Organismic concepts in the unification of rhetoric and communication

Concepts drawn from an organismic philosophy can provide an integrative framework for bridging certain differences between communication as science and rhetoric as art. Key concepts such as process, pattern, empathy and paradox emerge as methods of observation in both art and science, rhetoric and communication.
Pure agraphia and Gerstmann's syndrome as a visuospatial-language dissociation : an experimental case study

A right-handed man suffered a left parieto-occipital cerebral infarction, causing agraphia with Gerstmann's syndrome but without major aphasia, alexia, or apraxia. Oral spelling was superior to written spelling. Experiments were performed involving (1) analysis of errors in writing, (2) tasks of visual imagery, and (3) identifying letters drawn without leaving a visual trace. The results suggest that the agraphia and Gerstmann's syndrome are due to a dissociation of language skills and visuospatial skills caused by a dominant parieto-occipital lesion.
Credible public policy

Abstract Credible public policy is defined in a way that incorporates competitive equilibrium behavior for households and subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium behavior for the government. It is shown that the set of all equilibrium outcome paths for credible policies can be constructed by using arguments analogous to those of Abreu (1988) for repeated games. The results are then extended to systems with state variables. Simple models of monetary policy and capital taxation are studied by way of example.
A Ramsey-type problem on right-angled triangles in space

Abstract It is proved that for any 3-coloring of R 3 and for any right-angled triangle T , one can find a congruent copy of T , all of whose vertices are of the same color.
Role of the extracellular domain of FcɛRIα in intracellular processing and surface expression of the high affinity receptor for IgE FcɛRI

The high affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E, FcɛRI, is a critical component of IgE-mediated allergic reactions. It is expressed as a tetramer (αβγ2) made of an IgE-binding α chain and a signaling module formed by the β chain and a dimer of γ chains. It is expressed in humans and rodents on basophils and mast cells at a high level, and, upon activation, it induces the liberation of allergy mediators. In humans a trimeric form lacking the β chain also exists (αγ2). This trimeric form is expressed on antigen presenting cells where it acts to facilitate antigen presentation via IgE. Both the expression and the signaling capacity of the trimer are lower than those of the tetramer. The differences between human (tetrameric and trimeric) and murine (tetrameric only) expression is explained in part by the fact that mouse α cannot be expressed at the cell surface in the absence of β, while human α can. Here we demonstrate that the capacity of human α to be expressed at the cell surface in the absence of β is encoded entirely in its extracellular domain. These findings show that the extracellular domain of the type I transmembrane protein FcɛRI α plays a role in FcɛRI intracellular processing and expression at the cell surface.
An Excellent Lightness

In a report in this issue, Rossi et al . (p. 1104) describe neurons in the visual cortex that likely mediate part of the phenomenon of “brightness induction.” In his Perspective, Albright explains brightness induction, exploited by artists to increase the perceived range of light in a painting. The new work takes us closer toward understanding the basis of visual perception.
Modeling and analysis of aerodynamic noise in milling cutters

Aerodynamic noise generated in high speed face milling cutters is usually much higher than the noise exposure limit set by OSHA. Experiments were conducted on two different face milling cutters to understand the aerodynamic noise generation in face milling cutters. It is observed that dipole sources of noise are most important in determining the noise generation in rotating face milling cutters. The aerodynamic noise spectrum consists of discrete tones at the rotational frequency and a broad range of higher frequencies, with the broadband spectrum contributing significantly to overall noise. A mathematical model based on the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings Equation is used to predict (un-weighted) aerodynamic noise. The noise predicted compares well with the experimental observations. The cutter gullet shape was found to be an important factor in determining broadband noise.
Asymmetric Association between Exposure to Obesity and Weight Gain among Adolescents

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we provide empirical evidence that an individual's weight gain is associated with an increase in the number of obese friends, but a decrease in that number is not associated with weight loss. Previous studies of peer effects in body weight have tended to assume that peer effects operate symmetrically. We extend that literature by highlighting an asymmetric association between exposure to obesity and body weight, which suggests a possibility of an endogenous growth of obesity on the basis of the asymmetric peer effect in body weight.
Supernova science at spallation neutron sources

New facilities to measure neutrino–nucleus cross sections, such as those possible in conjunction with spallation neutron sources, could provide an experimental foundation for the many neutrino–nucleus weak interaction rates needed in supernova models. This would enable more realistic supernova models and provide a greatly improved ability to understand the physics fundamental to supernovae by comparison of these models with detailed observations. Charged- and neutral-current neutrino interactions on nuclei in the stellar core play a central role in supernova dynamics and nucleosynthesis as well as being important for supernova neutrino detection. Measurements of these reactions on judiciously chosen targets would provide an invaluable test of the complex theoretical models used to compute the large number of neutrino–nucleus cross sections that are needed.
Intra- and extra-dimensional shifts with constant- and variable-irrelevant dimensions in the rat1

Rats, trained on a C-I problem, exhibited no differences between IDS and EDS, whereas rats trained on a V-I problem did. Furthermore, the C-I problem was learned faster than the V-I problem originally. These data suggest that the C-I condition was not sufficient for the acquisition of a mediator in the present experiment.
High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy on macromolecular complexes and cell organelles

Cryo-electron microscopy techniques and computational 3-D reconstruction of macromolecular assemblies are tightly linked tools in modern structural biology. This symbiosis has produced vast amounts of detailed information on the structure and function of biological macromolecules. Typically, one of two fundamentally different strategies is used depending on the specimens and their environment. A: 3-D reconstruction based on repetitive and structurally identical unit cells that allow for averaging, and B: tomographic 3-D reconstructions where tilt-series between approximately ±60 and ±70° at small angular increments are collected from highly complex and flexible structures that are beyond averaging procedures, at least during the first round of 3-D reconstruction. Strategies of group A are averaging-based procedures and collect large number of 2-D projections at different angles that are computationally aligned, averaged together, and back-projected in 3-D space to reach a most complete 3-D dataset with high resolution, today often down to atomic detail. Evidently, success relies on structurally repetitive particles and an aligning procedure that unambiguously determines the angular relationship of all 2-D projections with respect to each other. The alignment procedure of small particles may rely on their packing into a regular array such as a 2-D crystal, an icosahedral (viral) particle, or a helical assembly. Critically important for cryo-methods, each particle will only be exposed once to the electron beam, making these procedures optimal for highest-resolution studies where beam-induced damage is a significant concern. In contrast, tomographic 3-D reconstruction procedures (group B) do not rely on averaging, but collect an entire dataset from the very same structure of interest. Data acquisition requires collecting a large series of tilted projections at angular increments of 1–2° or less and a tilt range of ±60° or more. Accordingly, tomographic data collection exposes its specimens to a large electron dose, which is particularly problematic for frozen-hydrated samples. Currently, cryo-electron tomography is a rapidly emerging technology, on one end driven by the newest developments of hardware such as super-stabile microscopy stages as well as the latest generation of direct electron detectors and cameras. On the other end, success also strongly depends on new software developments on all kinds of fronts such as tilt-series alignment and back-projection procedures that are all adapted to the very low-dose and therefore very noisy primary data. Here, we will review the status quo of cryo-electron microscopy and discuss the future of cellular cryo-electron tomography from data collection to data analysis, CTF-correction of tilt-series, post-tomographic sub-volume averaging, and 3-D particle classification. We will also discuss the pros and cons of plunge freezing of cellular specimens to vitrified sectioning procedures and their suitability for post-tomographic volume averaging despite multiple artifacts that may distort specimens to some degree.
Three muscular dystrophies: loss of cytoskeleton-extracellular matrix linkage.

Muscular dystrophies are a group of diseases that primarily affect skeletal muscle and are characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness. Although these diseases have been clinically recognized for a number of years, genetic defects in a number of muscular dystrophies have only recently been identified. One of the most important advances in understanding the molecular genetics of neuromuscular diseases has been the cloning of the gene encoding dystrophin, the protein absent in muscle of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. In the last few years, the role of dystrophin in skeletal muscle has been studied, and several dystrophin-associated proteins (DAPs) have been identified. Components of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex are now being characterized, and evidence is beginning to indicate that proteins of this complex may be responsible for other forms of muscular dystrophy. The present review focuses on the molecular basis of three muscular dystrophies (DMD, severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy [SCARMD], and congenital muscular dystrophy [CMD]) that may be caused by disruptions in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, which normally links the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix in skeletal muscle.
Training Wh-Question Production in Agrammatic Aphasia: Analysis of Argument and Adjunct Movement

Abstract The present research utilized aspects of the Principles and Parameters Approach (PP Chomsky, 1991, 1993) in linguistic theory as well as findings from the psycholinguistic literature as a basis for examining sentence production in aphasic individuals. We examined the production of particularwh-movement constructions—wh-questions requiring movement of an argument noun phrase (i.e.,whoandwhatquestions) and those which require adjunct movement (i.e.,whenandwherequestions). Using a single-subject experimental treatment paradigm, subjects were sequentially trained to produce thesewh-questions and, throughout training, generalization to untrainedwh-questions relying on similarwh-movement processes was tested. As well, the influence of training on aspects of narrative and conversational discourse was examined. Seven agrammatic aphasic subjects who evinced difficulty producing (and comprehending) "complex" sentences (e.g., passives, object relative clauses,wh-questions)—sentences that involve movement of noun phrases (NPs) out of their canonical positions, leaving behind a "trace" of that movement or "gap"—participated in the study. Subjects were trained to producewh-questions by taking them through a series of steps emphasizing the lexical and syntactic properties (e.g., thematic role assignment, movement processes, and proper selection ofwh-morpheme) of declarative sentence counterparts of target sentences. Results revealed improved sentence production abilities in all subjects under study in both constrained sentence production and, importantly, in discourse tasks. The argument/adjunct distinction was observed in the sentence production recovery patterns noted in six of the seven subjects. Three of the subjects evinced correct argument movement across trained and untrained question structures whenwh-questions relying on argument movement were trained; similarly, for these subjects, training structures relying of adjunct movement resulted in improved adjunct movement. Three of the remaining four subjects who required additional treatment to alleviate theirwh-morpheme selection deficits, too showed covariance between argument and adjunct movement structures with each type of movement emerging across structures in temporal sequence. We discuss these data in terms of the operations necessary to producewh-questions, the importance of considering linguistic and psycholinguistic data when designing treatment programs for language disordered patients, and the contribution that detailed recovery data can make both to understanding the nature of sentence production deficits and to issues regarding normal sentence production.
On the Tracking Performance and Return Deviationof Real Estate Leveraged ETFs

This article studies the performance and return deviation of real estate leveraged exchange-traded funds (RE LETFs) tracking the Dow Jones U.S. Real Estate Index (DJUSRE) and the Morgan Stanley U.S. REIT Index (RMZ) from their inception to March 2011. Relative to the broad-market LETFs tracking the S&P 500 Index, the RE LETF market is marked with greater daily market inefficiency, less-predictable management tracking error, and much more pronounced negative compounding deviation. To avoid sample-specific bias, we also simulate the target performance of RE LETFs using the entire history of the DJUSRE from 1992 and show much less severe negative compounding deviation along with a consistent set of determinants. While the introduction of RE LETFs has provided investors with innovative financial instruments to leverage their long or short exposure to the traditional illiquid real estate sector, this article suggests that the behaviors, sources, and determinants of the return deviation on RE LETFs should be taken into consideration when formulating effective asset allocation strategies.