cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pain in Women: Current Concepts in the Understanding and Management of Common Painful Conditions in Females.

Pain in Women: Current Concepts in the Understanding and Management of Common Painful Conditions in Females Eds. ML Chin, RB Fillingim, TJ Ness. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013; pp. 335. ISBN 978-0-19-979641-0 [Hardback]; ISBN 978-0-19-979653-3 [e-Book] Astounding! The first textbook I have ever reviewed where the majority of the authors are women! And about pain in women! There should be more texts this good! This volume is a landmark and a benchmark, perhaps the best ever on this subject. The editors intended to address sex differences in pain mechanisms, and management of acute and chronic pain conditions in women. They have achieved these goals in a most exemplary fashion. These differences include anatomically specific pain conditions, and pain conditions that have a higher female prevalence. The editors have recruited established clinicians and researchers, and other authors/clinicians on the cusps of their careers. This combination results in the immaculate editing outcome that we know and respect from the editors’ and authors’ extensive published research on pain in general, and pain in women in particular. There are 22 chapters in this volume, divided into three sections. The first four chapters [Section I] address epidemiology of pain conditions with higher prevalence in women, and sex differences in experimental pain responses, imaged cerebral responses, and analgesic responses. The epidemiologically significant pain conditions include fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, chronic pelvic pain, cardiac pain, migraine, and orofacial pain. Women may be more sensitive to experimental pain in the laboratory for complex reasons, including biopsychosocial variables. Brain imaging in pain states is in its infancy. Even though chronic pain conditions seem to have a female preponderance, central mechanisms are unclear. Future studies will need to carefully designed to evaluate, in particular, hormonal issues. Questions relating to responses to opioid and non-opioid analgesics have not been adequately addressed or answered yet. Chapter 4 shows trends for greater responses to opioids in women. However, it points out the paucity of the current literature regarding gender influences on … wilson.peter{at}mayo.edu
A Touch of the Artist: The Years of Ulysses, 1914–1922

In Ulysses, the Blooms live at 7 Eccles Street. Joyce came to know the address because he visited J. F. Byrne there, notably on that afternoon and evening, into the night, when Byrne had reassured him about Nora’s loyalty and Cosgrave’s ‘blasted lie’; Byrne lived in the house from 1908 to 1910, with two female cousins. Shortly before Joyce left Dublin in 1909, he visited the house once again, and he and Byrne took a long walk through the streets of Dublin. At one corner, they weighed themselves in a penny weighing machine and then walked back to Eccles Street — where Byrne discovered that his key was in his other trousers, up in his bedroom. Unperturbed, and not wanting to disturb his cousins, he climbed over the area railing, dropped down to the basement level and opened an unlocked door. Byrne was five feet, nine-and-a-half inches tall, and his weight according to the machine was eleven stone and four pounds (that is, 158 pounds), precisely the height and weight of Leopold Bloom, who had — in Joyce’s fictional world — lived in the house a few years before Byrne moved in.2 (Fortunately, no one ‘really’ lived there in June 1904, so Joyce could feel free to use it for the Blooms’ address.)
Varieties of Animalism

Animalism in its basic form is the view that we are animals. Whether it is a thesis about anything else – like what the conditions of our persistence through time are or whether we're wholly material things – depends on the facts about the persistence conditions and ontology of animals. Thus, I will argue, there are different varieties of animalism, differing with respect to which other theses are taken in conjunction with animalism in its basic form. The different varieties of animalism vary in credibility: some varieties are supported by arguments that are irrelevant to others, and some varieties are susceptible to objections that others can resist. Adequately distinguishing between varieties of animalism is thus an important preliminary to assessing them. In this paper, I'll present and argue for a taxonomy of the most distinctive varieties.
The University in the Knowledge Economy: Academic Capitalism and Its Implications for Doctoral Students in Public Administration

This article introduces the debate about the role of the university in the knowledge economy to the literature on doctoral education in public administration. An important part of this narrative is the rise of academic capitalism and the increasing tension between symbolic and commodified knowledge. A second part of this narrative is intellectual work as public work. Central to this idea of academic public work is the co-producing of knowledge and the valuing of local knowledge alongside expert knowledge, thus creating the conditions for universities in the 21st century to become enclaves of democratic engagement. Democratic engagement underscores the importance of epistemological pluralism and inclusiveness. Faculty and doctoral students in public administration can benefit from an appreciation of this new context.
171. Quantification of Human FVIII and Estimation of Its Molecular Weight: Potential Applications in Gene Therapy for Hemophilia A

Current protocols for measurement of FVIII rely on chromogenic or coagulation assays, and are not designed for quantification of FVIII antigen. Development of assays for measuring FVIII antigen may be necessary and beneficial for determining the efficiency of newer therapeutic approaches for Hemophilia A such as gene therapy. Herein, we describe the development of proprietary assays for quantification of human FVIII in plasma matrices from heterologous species, and estimation of the human FVIII molecular weight.A variety of monoclonal antibodies against the FVIII heavy and light chain were screened for their ability to recognize human FVIII from normal human plasma pool, or CHO cell derived recombinant human FVIII-B domain deleted (FVIII-BDD) spiked in mouse and non-human primate (NHP) plasma. Based on the initial screen, a monoclonal each against the human FVIII heavy or the light chain was selected for enrichment, followed by detection using a sheep anti-FVIII polyclonal antibody. Using this sandwich ELISA procedure, a standard curve was generated for human FVIII-BDD antigen in the range of 100 ng/ml - 0.1 ng/ml, and minimal cross reactivity was observed when tested with mouse and NHP plasma pools containing endogenous FVIII antigen. Furthermore, individual mouse strain plasma pools, and individual NHP samples representing different genetic origins were also screened for cross-reactivity to endogenous FVIII antigen and found to be negative. The sandwich ELISA was used to quantify FVIII antigen in defined plasma samples from normal or Hemophilia A human subjects, and antigen levels correlated with the reported FVIII activity.The ELISA procedure was modified and adapted for estimation of the human FVIII antigen molecular weight. FVIII heavy and light chains, from normal human plasma pool or recombinant human FVIII-B domain deleted (FVIII-BDD), were enriched followed by resolution using a denaturing reducing PAGE and western blotting. The apparent migration of heavy and light chain was at the appropriate molecular weights; 90-185 kDa for heavy chain and 70 kDa for light chain. In case of heavy chain from normal human plasma pool, a ladder of differing molecular weights was seen and may be indicative of the differential furin and thrombin dependent processing of the B-domain.Thus, these newly developed assays for quantification of human FVIII and estimation of its molecular weights will be useful for further characterization of gene therapy for Hemophilia A.
Tympanostomy Tubes and Otorrhea

Otitis media represents failure of eustachian tube function. Patent tubes effectively address eustachian tube dysfunction. Most common indications are recurrent acute otitis media and chronic otitis media with effusion. Common complications are otorrhea, tympanic membrane perforation, and foreign body reaction.
Review of the PET/CT imaging patterns of treatment response in lymphoma

1311 Objectives Learning objectives: 1. To review morphologic and functional imaging changes on PET/CT following various lymphoma treatment regimens. 2. To evaluate various circumstances under which the morphologic and functional imaging changes are concordant or discordant. The World Health Organization International Classification of Disease (2008) identifies numerous types of lymphoma based on histopathologic, immunohistochemical, cytogenetic, and molecular analyses. Practically, only a few subtypes of lymphoma account for the majority of cases such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Many of the lymphomas are potentially curable when treated with chemotherapy alone or in combination with radiation therapy; remainder are only potentially curable with stem cell transplantation. Nowadays PET/CT imaging is crucial in staging and treatment response assessment for most of these lymphomas. On PET/CT there are multiple imaging patterns of the treatment response. Additionally, there have been continuing efforts to establish the response criteria on PET/CT to help aid optimal treatment decisions. This exhibit is designed to review and understand the various imaging patterns observed on the PET/CT on treatment of the lymphoma following simple and complex treatment regimens. Methods - Results - Conclusions - Research Support: -
Long reach sampling for ocean worlds

Reaching beyond the immediate vicinity of a lander to place instruments or collect samples on ocean world bodies has many benefits. These include: an order-of-magnitude or more increase in the area and consequent choices for accessing samples or making observations compared to past lander-based manipulator systems, the ability to deploy samplers and instruments over the extreme topography expected on ocean worlds, and accessing crevasses and vents from a safe distance. We have developed prototypes of concepts for long reach sampling and for deploying instruments and sampling systems on ocean worlds. In the paper, we describe a self-righting system to anchor and collect samples up to 20 cm below the surface and two options for sampler or instrument deployment at distances greater than 10m from a lander. The concepts and results from tests on prototypes are described in the paper.
Regulation of T-type Ca 2+ channel expression by herpes simplex virus-1 infection in sensory-like ND7 cells

Infection of sensory neurons by herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 disrupts electrical excitability, altering pain sensory transmission. Because of their low threshold for activation, functional expression of T-type Ca2+ channels regulates various cell functions, including neuronal excitability and neuronal communication. In this study, we have tested the effect of HSV-1 infection on the functional expression of T-type Ca2+ channels in differentiated ND7-23 sensory-like neurons. Voltage-gated Ca2+ currents were measured using whole cell patch clamp recordings in differentiated ND7-23 neurons under various culture conditions. Differentiation of ND7-23 cells evokes a significant increase in T-type Ca2+ current densities. Increased T-type Ca2+ channel expression promotes the morphological differentiation of ND7-23 cells and triggers a rebound depolarization. HSV-1 infection of differentiated ND7-23 cells causes a significant loss of T-type Ca2+ channels from the membrane. HSV-1 evoked reduction in the functional expression of T-type Ca2+ channels is mediated by several factors, including decreased expression of Cav3.2 T-type Ca2+ channel subunits and disruption of endocytic transport. Decreased functional expression of T-type Ca2+ channels by HSV-1 infection requires protein synthesis and viral replication, but occurs independently of Egr-1 expression. These findings suggest that infection of neuron-like cells by HSV-1 causes a significant disruption in the expression of T-type Ca2+ channels, which can results in morphological and functional changes in electrical excitability.
GSI Three-Dimensional Ensemble–Variational Hybrid Data Assimilation Using a Global Ensemble for the Regional Rapid Refresh Model

AbstractThe Rapid Refresh (RAP) is an hourly updated regional meteorological data assimilation/short-range model forecast system running operationally at NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) using the community Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation analysis system (GSI). This paper documents the application of the GSI three-dimensional hybrid ensemble–variational assimilation option to the RAP high-resolution, hourly cycling system and shows the skill improvements of 1–12-h forecasts of upper-air wind, moisture, and temperature over the purely three-dimensional variational analysis system. Use of perturbation data from an independent global ensemble, the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS), is demonstrated to be very effective for the regional RAP hybrid assimilation. In this paper, application of the GSI-hybrid assimilation for the RAP is explained. Results from sensitivity experiments are shown to define configurations for the operational RAP version 2, the ratio of static and ense...
Child and Adolescent Firesetting

Firesetting by children and adolescents is a common, costly and complex problem across the USA and around the world, yet it remains an often neglected and under-resourced area of work.Whilst the absence of new research continues to hamper efforts to fully understand and ethically treat this potentially devastating childhood behavior, this chapter reviews what is currently known about juvenile firesetting along with some emerging findings in the field. Collectively, these studies provide some direction in screening, assessing and treating firesetting behavior in children and adolescents, whilst developments in novel assessment methods and understanding the role of key variables that contribute to firesetting behavior are also outlined.
Designing Classroom Activities to Improve Student Engagement and Learning: (Abstract Only)

Many approaches to active learning rely on a set of tasks that help students engage cognitively with the material. Studies have shown that this approach can significantly improve student learning. However, for best results it is not enough simply to have students solve problems: the activities must be carefully designed to produce the desired learning outcomes. In many cases, it is helpful to define a sequence of activities that lead students though a developmental progression toward a desired learning goal. This kind of approach is sometimes described in educational research as a "learning trajectory." In this workshop, we will help you get started on the path to developing your own active learning classroom activities. We'll begin by looking at examples that have been used successfully in a variety of different courses, and discussing some of the principles involved. Participants will be encouraged to bring examples of topics they have found challenging to teach. We'll work together with you to help develop possible approaches and get started on the design of active learning activities to address those topics.
Polyanionic Glycans of Other Tissues

Polyanionic glycans are ubiquitously distributed in the animal organism, appearing not only in supporting tissues, but also in a very great variety of glandular secretions and specialized tissues and organs. Their study in secretions and in tissues other than cartilage, notochord, and bone (Chap. 7) has been comparatively unsystematic, frequently confined to a single species of a class, and meager with respect to chemical structural details. Many presumptive identifications of specific types of polyanionic glycan structures depend solely upon histochemical observations. These must necessarily be considered uncertain and will be given little weight or attention here. Others are far from adequate with respect to extent of chemical investigation and to criteria applied to characterization of chemical groups and deserve little better consideration. However, a considerable body of sound information has become available in recent years and is worthy of full discussion. It is hoped that future investigators will be stimulated to extend it further.
Heavy Metal Models of Experimental Acute Renal Failure

A large number of experimental models have been developed to evaluate the pathophysiology of acute renal failure (ARF). The diversity of these models of experimental ARF is a reflection both of the search for the “perfect” model as well as the heterogeneity of clinical ARF. In general, the experimental models of ARF may be subdivided into those induced with a nephrotoxin and those following a period of renal ischemia (Flamenbaum, 1973). A similar subdivision maybe made, when an etiologic event is known, for clinical instances of ARF. The lack of a single, universally accepted model used for the study of the pathophysiology of ARF thus reflects both the diversity of clinical ARF as well as a lack of uniform agreement concerning the pathophysiologic mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of ARF.
Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate and Lipid on Nutrition and Metabolism of Metazoan Parasites with Special Reference to Parasitic Hymenoptera

Comprehensive investigation on the nutrition and biochemistry of parasitic metozoans is largely restricted to a few species. Severe limitations are therefore placed on the conclusive assessment of their nutritional and biochemical nature as characteristic of a parasitic way of life. Furthermore, in those species studied, the possible adaptive significance of their nutrition and metabolism to parasitism has been elusive due to the difficulty in establishing a relationship to probable reproductive fitness as well as a lack of comparative knowledge concerning related free-living forms. Our present knowledge, nevertheless, indicates that parasitic animals have evolved a variety of life strategies and become physiologically and biochemically adapted to their hosts in novel ways. Lipid and carbohydrate nutrients play unusual and important roles in parasites as nutrients essential for growth and development and as factors affecting the success of the parasite-host relationship.
Solution of Solid Mechanics Problems by Random Walk

Global analytical and numerical methods providing values of stress, displacement, and other functions at all or a finite set of points of the domain of definition of partial differential equations are generally used to solve solid mechanics problems. The analytical methods are of limited practical value because only few solid mechanics problems admit closed form solutions. The finite element, boundary element, finite difference, and other numerical methods are generally applied for solution. These numerical methods have been applied successfully to solve a wide variety of solid mechanics problems. Some limitations of these methods are (1) the computer codes needed for solution are complex and require extensive preprocessing to cast a particular problem in the required format, (2) The numerical algorithm are not always stable, (3) The order of the errors caused by the discretization of the continuum and the numerical integration methods used in the analysis cannot be bounded, and (4) The field solution must be calculated even if the solution is needed at a single point or a small set of points, such as stress concentration, localization, and other problems.
Efficiency improvement of thin-sheet-metal bending by femtosecond laser peen forming

Abstract Femtosecond laser peen forming is die-less incremental sheet forming using laser induced shock waves. It was applied to bending of thin sheet micro parts. When severe curvatures are requested, the process needs dense laser pulse irradiation, which reduces sheet thickness remarkably owing to excessive laser ablation. High bending efficiency per pulse is necessary to realize a small radius of curvature without sheet thickness reduction. The authors attempted to improve the bending efficiency by changing scanning velocity and scanning pitch. Optimized scanning achieved 40% smaller radius of curvature than conventional one, in spite of same irradiated pulse density. Obtained knowledge is effective in miniaturization and productivity increase.
Framing Risk with Numbers: The Framing Effects of Risk Assertions and Number Formats on Emotions and Risk Perceptions

This study examines how risk assertions and relevant statistics presented in different number formats interact to influence emotional and cognitive outcomes. Experimental news stories present risk assertions that highlight either safety from or vulnerability to violent crime; these assertions are accompanied by crime statistics in absolute frequency, simple fraction, or percentage format. Although it may be tempting to assume that national statistics in absolute frequency format create a greater impression due to the sheer size of the numbers, our results show that only probability formats, including simple fractions and percentages, interact with assertions to generate amplified emotions. Furthermore, we find that negative emotions play a mediating role in producing pessimistic risk assessments. Our findings reveal how people process numerical information and its impact on emotional and cognitive responses. This article also discusses the empirical and methodological implications for framing research, as...
Finite deformation cohesive polygonal finite elements for modeling pervasive fracture

We introduce a framework for modeling dynamic fracture problems using cohesive polygonal finite elements. Random polygonal meshes provide a robust, efficient method for generating an unbiased network of fracture surfaces. Further, these meshes have more facets per element than standard triangle or quadrilateral meshes, providing more possible facets per element to insert cohesive surfaces. This property of polygonal meshes is advantageous for the modeling of pervasive fracture. We use both Wachspress and maximum entropy shape functions to form a finite element basis over the polygons. Fracture surfaces are captured through dynamically inserted cohesive zone elements at facets between the polygons in the mesh. Contact is enforced through a penalty method that is applied to both closed cohesive surfaces and general interpenetration of two polygonal elements. Several numerical examples are presented that illustrate the capabilities of the method and demonstrate convergence of solutions.
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

Beta-lactamase inhibitors enhance the activity of beta-lactam antibacterials against beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. These agents cause irreversible inhibition of many plasmid-mediated and some chromosomal beta-lactamases. They result in successful inhibition of beta-lactamases produced by gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, and gram-negative bacteria including H. influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Bacteroides fragilis, and some Enterobacteriaceae. Because the beta-lactamase inhibitors are generally less effective against chromosomally mediated type 1 beta-lactamases, many Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Morganella, and Serratia spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are resistant to them. Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are beta-lactamase inhibitors. Whereas clavulanic acid is used in combination with amoxicillin and ticarcillin, sulbactam sodium is used in combination with ampicillin and cefoperazone, and tazobactam in combination with piperacillin …
The Chilean exception: racial homogeneity, mestizaje and eugenic nationalism

Scholarship on race in Latin America has overwhelmingly characterized racial mixture as a unique feature of the political and social landscape there. Studies of eugenics in Latin America especially...
An Overview of Cancer Drugs Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration Based on the Surrogate End Point of Response Rate.

Importance Approximately one-third of cancer drugs are approved based on response rate (RR)—the percentage of patients whose tumors shrink beyond an arbitrary threshold—typically assessed in a single-arm study. Objective To characterize RR end points used by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cancer drug approval. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective review of FDA-approved drug indications in oncology from 2006 to 2018. Exposures Data related to cancer type, line of therapy (first-line, second-line, or third-or-later-line treatment for advanced/metastatic disease), type of FDA approval pathway, trial design, sample size, and level of innovation were extracted. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the RR used as the basis for FDA approval. The secondary outcome was rate of complete response. Results Eighty-five indications for 59 cancer drugs were identified, 32 (38%) received regular approval, and 53 (62%) were granted accelerated approval. Twenty-nine (55%) accelerated approvals were later converted to regular approval. Of these, 6 (21%) approvals showed overall survival benefit, 16 (55%) later established progression-free survival benefit, and 7 (24%) continued to use RR but gained regular approval. The median RR among the 85 indications was 41% (interquartile range [IQR], 27%-58%). Among them, 14 of 85 (16%) had an RR less than 20%, 28 of 85 (33%) had an RR less than 30%, and 40 of 85 (47%) had an RR less than 40%. The median complete RR for 81 participants was 6% (IQR, 2%-22%). The median sample size among studies leading to approval was 117 (IQR, 76-182; range, 18-1052 participants). Drugs with accelerated approval pending confirmatory data had lower RR compared with drugs that have completed most postmarketing efficacy requirements (median, 28%; IQR, 15%-50% vs median, 42%; IQR, 31%-58%;P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Many cancer drugs approved on the basis of response rate offer numerically low or modest response rates. Most premarket studies accrue more than 100 patients. Some of these drugs could potentially be tested in premarket randomized clinical trials measuring directly end points that demonstrate clinical benefit.
An ethnobotanical study of the genus Elymus

Grains of domesticated grasses (Poaceae) have long been a global food source and constitute the bulk of calories in the human diet. Recent efforts to establish more sustainable agricultural systems have focused in part on the development of herbaceous, perennial crops. Perennial plants have extensive root systems that stabilize soil and absorb water and nutrients at greater rates than their annual counterparts; consequently, perennial grasses are important potential candidates for grain domestication. While most contemporary grass domesticates consumed by humans are annual plants, there are over 7,000 perennial grass species that remain largely unexplored for domestication purposes. Documenting ethnobotanical uses of wild perennial grasses could aid in the evaluation of candidate species for de novo crop development. The objectives of this study are 1) to provide an ethnobotanical survey of the grass genus Elymus; and 2) to investigate floret size variation in species used by people. Elymus includes approximately 150 perennial species distributed in temperate and subtropical regions, of which at least 21 taxa have recorded nutritional, medicinal, and/or material uses. Elymus species used for food by humans warrant pre-breeding and future analyses to assess potential utility in perennial agricultural systems.
Coercing machine learning to output physically accurate results

Abstract Many machine/deep learning artificial neural networks are trained to simply be interpolation functions that map input variables to output values interpolated from the training data in a linear/nonlinear fashion. Even when the input/output pairs of the training data are physically accurate (e.g. the results of an experiment or numerical simulation), interpolated quantities can deviate quite far from being physically accurate. Although one could project the output of a network into a physically feasible region, such a postprocess is not captured by the energy function minimized when training the network; thus, the final projected result could incorrectly deviate quite far from the training data. We propose folding any such projection or postprocess directly into the network so that the final result is correctly compared to the training data by the energy function. Although we propose a general approach, we illustrate its efficacy on a specific convolutional neural network that takes in human pose parameters (joint rotations) and outputs a prediction of vertex positions representing a triangulated cloth mesh. While the original network outputs vertex positions with erroneously high stretching and compression energies, the new network trained with our physics “prior” remedies these issues producing highly improved results.
Accidental hypothermic cardiac arrest and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case report.

Background Accidental hypothermic cardiac arrest, an involuntary drop in core body temperature resulting in cardiopulmonary arrest, is linked to 1500 deaths annually. We highlight the challenges with the treatment of accidental hypothermic cardiac arrest and describe improved preparations necessary for an integrated health system to care for similar patients. Case report Emergency medical services (EMS) were dispatched to a 34-year-old female who had been missing for several hours during a January snowfall. The patient was found unconscious over an embankment. The patient was found with a weak carotid pulse and two empty bottles of clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic. The EMS crew extricated the patient, performed a rapid trauma assessment, passive rewarming, and airway management. During transport, the patient suffered a ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest, received defibrillation, and advanced life support measures. Resuscitative efforts continued in the emergency department while the treatment team addressed environmental exposure, assessed for traumatic injury and toxicologic exposure. On emergency department (ED) arrival, the patient's core temperature was 24°C, and despite aggressive resuscitation, the patient remained in cardiac arrest. The ED care team used extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) and successfully resuscitated the patient with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The patient achieved full neurologic recovery 15 days post-ED arrival. Conclusion This case highlights the importance of early recognition of accidental hypothermic cardiac arrest by EMS clinicians, rapid transport to a tertiary facility, and the timely application of active rewarming and in-hospital ECMO. Accidental hypothermic cardiac arrest is a reversible state; prompt and correct treatment allows for a high probability of a favorable neurologic outcome.
Allocation of reproductive effort by breeding Blackbirds, family Icteridae

Because breeding activities, such as courtship feeding, nest building, incubation, advertising for mates, feeding young and defending territories, compete for available time, patterns of investment in these activities can reveal important aspects of the evolution of reproductive behavior. This survey of parental investment patterns in the avian family Icteridae, reveals that some patterns are highly conservative in the family while others are variable. Among the conservative traits are that females of every species build nests, incubate eggs and feed nestlings and fledglings, and that males apparently never incubate and rarely build nests. Feeding of the incubating female by the male is also very rare in the family. Among monogamous species both sexes feed nestlings and fledglings but males generally feed less than their mates. Males of polygynous species may or may not feed nestlings and there may be considerable intraspecific geographical variation in this behavior. These patterns might be explained by assuming that the patterns observed are those that yield the highest fitnesses to the individuals. Alternatively, some of these behaviors may benefit one sex but be detrimental to the other. Evolutionary stabilization in such cases could be achieved if it were difficult for individuals of one sex to predict the behavior of potential spouses, and if terminating the bond once the behavior is known is more disadvantageous than remaining in it. Finally, some aspects of the patterns may reflect evolutionary conservatism within taxonomic lineages. Each of the parental investment patterns is discussed in this context, and ways of distinguishing among the hypotheses are proposed.
Emergence Mechanisms in Yellow Fever and Dengue

This chapter defines emerging infectious diseases as the diseases which increase or threaten to increase due to genetic changes or to stable changes in microbial trafficking. It considers what is known and unknown about the mechanisms which govern the emergence of yellow fever and the dengue viruses. A succession of genetic studies on yellow fever viruses have concluded that there are at least two or three genotypes in circulation: type I in Central Africa, type IIA in West Africa, and type lIB in the Americas. From clinical reports, dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) can be identified in the medical literature in northeastern Australia in 1897 and continuing for the next fifteen years. The virological attributes of all Asian DHF/DSS epidemics have been the same: (i) multiple types of dengue viruses circulated simultaneously or sequentially and (ii) patients with carefully defined DHF/DSS have secondary-type dengue antibody responses or primary-type responses. In common with other infectious diseases, dengue is characterized by afferent and efferent phases. Afferent events are those phenomena which impact on the survival of microorganisms and their ability to enter cells and replicate. Efferent events are those phenomena which cause illness. Host resistance factors may permanently restrict the penetrance of DHF/DSS into Africa and may already have reduced predicted rates of DHF/DSS morbidity and mortality in the Americas through the widespread distribution of African dengue resistance genes.
Complex physiological and molecular processes underlying root gravitropism

Gravitropism allows plant organs to guide their growth in relation to the gravity vector. For most roots, this response to gravity allows downward growth into soil where water and nutrients are available for plant growth and development. The primary site for gravity sensing in roots includes the root cap and appears to involve the sedimentation of amyloplasts within the columella cells. This process triggers a signal transduction pathway that promotes both an acidification of the wall around the columella cells, an alkalinization of the columella cytoplasm, and the development of a lateral polarity across the root cap that allows for the establishment of a lateral auxin gradient. This gradient is then transmitted to the elongation zones where it triggers a differential cellular elongation on opposite flanks of the central elongation zone, responsible for part of the gravitropic curvature. Recent findings also suggest the involvement of a secondary site/mechanism of gravity sensing for gravitropism in roots, and the possibility that the early phases of graviresponse, which involve differential elongation on opposite flanks of the distal elongation zone, might be independent of this auxin gradient. This review discusses our current understanding of the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying these various phases of the gravitropic response in roots.
Role of Adenosine as a Modulator of Synaptic Activity in the Central Nervous System

Publisher Summary Adenosine exerts physiological effects on the nervous system through interactions with cell surface receptors. In the nervous system adenosine has been shown to alter levels of cyclic adenosine 3', 5’-monophosphate (CAMP), inhibit synaptic activity and neuronal excitability, and modulate cerebral blood flow, and these effects have led to numerous proposed functional roles for adenosine. Adenosine can act as a “retaliatory metabolite” by which cells communicate their energy status to the surrounding tissues. Adenosine has been shown to be released during cerebral ischemia, and it increases cerebral blood, inhibits synaptic activity, and decreases neuronal excitability. Thus adenosine acts as a neuroprotectant, preventing damage from ischemia and excitotoxicity. Adenosine receptors are located throughout the nervous system and extracellular adenosine can effectively modulate neuronal activity. This chapter summarizes what is known about how adenosine exerts it effects on neuronal activity, how cells form adenosine and regulate adenosine concentrations, and how cells release adenosine into the extracellular space where it can exert its modulator actions. By integrating these different areas of research, it is hoped that a more complete picture of how the brain uses adenosine as a modulator of synaptic activity will be formed. The chapter discusses the various adenosine receptors, adenosine formation by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, adenosine formation metabolism of lntracellular nucleotides, degradation of adenosine, adenosine levels in the brain, extracellular degradation of nucleotides, direct release of adenosine into the extracellular space, and localized adenosine release and synaptic modulation. The experimental evidence has made it clear that adenosine serves multiple functions throughout the nervous system. Studies on the actions of exogenous adenosine have conclusively shown that adenosine can act as a potent and effective modulator of synaptic activity and neuronal function. The purpose of the chapter to summarize what is known about how cells synthesize, release, and regulate adenosine.
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy. Clinical experience in twenty-five patients

During the past eight years, twenty-five patients with pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) have been prospectively evaluated at our institution. This distinct eruption of the third trimester was most frequently seen in primigravidas. Lesions began on the abdomen in all patients, and 48% specified that initial lesions were localized to periumbilical striae distensae. Other common sites of involvement included the buttocks, hips, thighs, legs, and upper inner arms. The face was uniformly spared. Initial lesions were 1- to 2-mm erythematous papules that quickly coalesced to form urticarial plaques. Although pruritus was the major complaint of all patients, excoriations were very rare. Frequent applications of high-potency topical corticosteroids were generally effective in relieving pruritus and controlling the eruption. Systemic corticosteroids were efficacious in three patients with extensive disease. No severe maternal complications were documented. There were no cases of prematurity, postmaturity, or spontaneous abortion. Two congenital abnormalities and one developmental problem have been documented in children of these patients, but patient numbers preclude definitive interpretation of these findings. As much as 6 years of follow-up on nineteen patients revealed no recurrence of PUPPP in the postpartum period, during eight subsequent pregnancies, or upon exposure to oral contraceptives.
Addressing the computing technology-capability gap: The coming Golden Age of design

Traditional performance and energy scaling benefits based on technology improvements have slowed greatly. At the same time the demand for computing capability is unsatiated with new killer applications emerging in the domains of robotics, automotive, and machine-intelligence. Lack of progress in technology scaling will necessarily place more demands on the computer architecture and software layers to deliver capability. This talk outlines two promising directions for research in this coming Golden Age of design. First, hardware acceleration in the form of data path and control circuitry customized to particular algorithms or applications has surfaced as a promising approach, as it delivers orders of magnitude performance and energy benefits compared to general-purpose solutions. To broaden the scope of applicability for accelerator-based architectures it will be necessary to preserve flexibility and provide programmable solutions while reducing design costs. At the same time, the last decade has seen great progress in compiler and architecture approaches to exploit parallelization. Continued research investment in this direction will lead to solutions with better scalability and even more radical approaches are on the horizon. This talk will draw highlights from several research projects in both directions.
Online multi-modal task-driven dictionary learning and robust joint sparse representation for visual tracking

Robust visual tracking is a challenging problem due to pose variance, occlusion and cluttered backgrounds. No single feature can be robust to all possible scenarios in a video sequence. However, exploiting multiple features has demonstrated its effectiveness in overcoming challenging situations in visual tracking. We propose a new framework for multi-modal fusion at both the feature level and decision level by training a reconstructive and discriminative dictionary and classifier for each modality simultaneously with the additional constraint of label consistency across different modalities. In addition, a joint decision measure is designed based on both reconstruction and classification error to adaptively adjust the weights of different features such that unreliable features can be removed from tracking. The proposed tracking scheme is referred to as the label-consistent and fusion-based joint sparse coding (LC-FJSC). Extensive experiments on publicly available videos demonstrate that LC-FJSC outperforms state-of-the-art trackers.
Present trends and future prospects for criminal justice manpower planning

PRESSURES are building for human resource development and manpower planning to become a major criminal justice organizational undertaking in the years ahead. Rising labor costs in what are essentially ‘labor-intensive’ public bureaucracies have escalated the concern with increasing the cost effectiveness of the delivery of public services. Concurrently, cutbacks in the purchasing power of municipal, county and state jurisdictions have focused political, social and economic concern on efficiency in the utilization of criminal justice personnel. The current ‘taxpayer revolution’ and the corresponding reduction in funding for public-sector organizations are dramatic evidence that issues of efficiency and effectiveness have a broad-based public appeal. Human resource planning among criminal justice agencies has also gained support from labor organizations concerned with the ‘quality of life’ at the work place. Issues like job enlargement, job enrichment and occupational safety have emerged as major labor concerns in the past decade and are likely to continue to be issues in the immediate future. Thus, both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards have been linked to an organization’s ability to attract and to retain the kinds and numbers of people it needs. Against this backdrop, criminal justice agencies have begun to consider that the processes of human resource development and manpower planning involve something more than the traditional day-to-day aspects of personnel administration. Specifically, criminal justice human resource planning experts are beginning to recognize a need for broader-based manpower-related data-collection efforts, the employment of more sophisticated analytical techniques like job-task analysis and the need to interact more effectively with external agencies like the civil service, the budget office, the EEOC and the courts. But future developments in criminal justice manpower planning are of necessity linked to present potentials-planning will very likely evolve out of and be built upon current capacities. A review of the existing configuration of human resource planning efforts in criminal justice and the premises undergirding these efforts will serve to highlight what the future portends.
The intermediate phase during (Bi,Pb)2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ to (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ phase transformation

Abstract We report our observations on and identification of an intermediate phase, (Bi,Pb)4Sr4Ca3Cu5O18+δ (denoted as Bi/4435), during the phase transformation of (BiPb)2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi/2212) to (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ (Bi/2223) in powder-in-tube processed tapes. The until cell of the phase consists of one half each of the Bi/2212 and the Bi/2223 cell, with lattice parameters of a ≈ b = 5.4 A and c = 33.9 A . The space group of the new phase was determined to be Pbmn using the extinction rule of the selected-area electron diffraction, as well as convergent beam electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy. The presence of the Bi/4435 phase and the abundance of its local structure during the early stage of the transformation suggests that the Bi/2223 phase is formed by the rapod insertion of two extra Ca/CuO bi-layers, one at a time, into the two identical CuO/Ca/CuO building blocks of the Bi/2212 matrix. This finding may shed light on the mechanism of structural phase transformation in layered cuprate superconductors.
Evaluation of Infant Intelligence: Infant intelligence scores--true or false?

The issue of infant intelligence as a unitary concept was attacked. Using data from three different tests of infant intelligence, it was shown that infant intelligence is neither unitary nor stable over the first two years of life. Implications for intervention programs were discussed in light of the failure to produce meaningful criterion measures
Deep underground transmutor (passive heat removal of LWR with hard neutron energy spectrum)

Abstract To run a high conversion reactor with Pu -Th fueled tight fueled assembly which has a long burn-up of a fuel, the reactor should be run in a deep under-ground. Putting the reactor in a deep under ground a reactor heat can be removed passively not only in steady state run and also in an emergency case of loss of coolant and loss of on-site power, and safety of reactor can be improved. Also we can minimize an evacuation area, and can run the reactor near consumer area. This reduces the cost of generating electricity by eliminating the container building and shortening the transmission line.
Fast local backbone dynamics of encapsulated ubiquitin

Backbone dynamics of ubiquitin confined within AOT reverse micelles have been evaluated based on analysis of 15N NMR relaxation data. Results indicate that upon encapsulation the protein experiences a slight overall increase in the value of the order parameter, S2, indicating a restriction in the average amplitude of fast local N−H bond vector motion. The largest increases in S2 upon encapsulation were concentrated in the region of β-sheet 2 and, additionally, at the transitions of secondary structure motifs and loop regions. In addition, statistical analysis of the residue average ratio of the 15N longitudinal and transverse NMR relaxation time constants indicates that chemical exchange contributions to relaxation are consistent with previous aqueous studies. Earlier studies have demonstrated that native protein structure can be maintained in the encapsulated state. These results presented here establish that the dynamical behavior of encapsulated ubiquitin is likewise nativelike and adds important new o...