Influence of hydrostatic pressure on the mechanical behavior and properties of unidirectional, laminated, graphite-fiber/epoxy-matrix thick composites

Abstract This paper reviews and gives new insight into earlier work by the author and his co-workers on the experimental investigation of the influence of superimposed hydrostatic pressure on the mechanical behavior and properties of the epoxy used for the matrix and unidirectionally laminated, graphite-fiber/ epoxy-matrix thick composites. The direction of the fibers was, respectively, 0°, 45° and 90° for the compressive test samples and 0°, 45° -45° and 90° for the shear samples. Hydrostatic pressure induces very significant, often dramatic changes in the compressive and shear stress/ strain behavior of composites, and consequently in the elastic, yielding, deformation and fracture properties. The range of pressures covered for the compressive experiments was 1 bar to 4 kbar, and for the shear tests 1 bar to 6 kbar. The shear modulus (G) of the epoxy increased bilinearly with pressure, with the break, or the discontinuity point, occurring at ∼2 kbar. The compressive elastic modulus (E) and the shear modulus (G) of the composites increase in the same manner as for the epoxy. The break, which is located at ∼2 kbar, represents a pressure at which physical changes in the molecular motion of the matrix epoxy occur. That is, segmental motion of molecules between the cross-links is frozen in by 2 kbar pressure. This pressure is known as the secondary glass transition pressure of the epoxy at room temperature. Alternatively, the sub-zero secondary glass transition temperature of the epoxy is shifted to ambient temperature by 2 kbar pressure. The increase in the moduli may also be given a mechanical interpretation. The elastic or shear modulus of an isotropic, elastic material due to small compressive or shear deformations, respectively, superimposed on a finite volume deformation, which is caused by hydrostatic pressure, increases with pressure. Such an increase in E or G has been predicted using finite deformation theory of elasticity. The normally brittle epoxy develops yielding when the superimposed hydrostatic pressure exceeds 2 kbar. The shear yield stress (1% off-set) of the epoxy increases linearly with pressure above 2 kbar. This kind of yielding behavior can be predicted by a pressure-dependent yield criterion. The compressive yield strength of the 45° and 90° composites increases bilinearly with pressure, and the shear yield strength of the 0°, 45° and 90° composites also increases bilinearly with pressure. This bilinear behavior is also due to the secondary glass transition pressure of the matrix epoxy, being located at 2 kbar. The fracture strength of the composites also increases with pressure linearly and the greatest increase occurs in the 45° composite in compression and in the −45° composite in shear. The fracture modes of the composites undergo changes with increasing hydrostatic pressure. For instance, the 0° composite undergoes a brittle-ductile transition under shear stress, while no such transition appears to set in under compressive stress. The fracture mode of the 45° composite changes from matrix failure at lower pressures to fiber failure at high pressures under shear stress.