cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical calculation of potential-energy curves by the rydberg-klein-rees method

A technique is presented for the numerical evaluation of the integrals occurring in the Rydberg‐Klein‐Rees method of calculating potential‐energy curves.
Parameter impacts on hyperspectral remote sensing system performance

The design and use of hyperspectral imaging remote sensing systems involve the selection of a large number of parameters in particular due to the richness of the data. Many of these parameters interrelate in their effect on system performance. The tasks of optimizing parameter values that one has control over and understanding the impact of those that are uncontrollable are important in system design and use. A computational model of relevant system components and parameter values for a hyperspectral remote sensing system has been developed an used to explore their relative impact on system performance. The hyperspectral remote sensing system is defined by considering the scene and all contributions to the upwelling radiance, the sensor and all effects leading to measured data, and the subsequent processing applied to extract the desired information which is then used as the metric for system performance. The relative contribution to system performance is studied by defining a nominal configuration for the system and then perturbing individual parameters and examining the impact on system performance that results from these perturbations. By considering the effect of parameter values one at a time, the relative impact can be studied. However, since the entire system is still considered in the analysis, the constraining interrelationships are still present thus providing a more relevant indication of impact. Results will be presented for a canonical scenario where an airborne hyperspectral sensor observes a scene where an unresolved object is arbitrarily located and the performance metric is detection accuracy. Significant effects in system performance are seen to be attributable to spectral channel selection and the object spectral characteristics and size, while factors such as instrument noise and calibration error play relatively minor roles in system performance.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of elevated centrifugal field on the Nitella cell and postcentrifugation patterns of its cytoplasmic streaming and chloroplast files

Two stage centrifugation (250 × g and 6, 000 × g) was used to sediment organelles in layers in Nitella "leaf" cells. The earliest noticeable recovery of cytoplasmic streaming was minute and localized in the endoplasm adjacent to the chloroplast layer. This flow gradually expanded; within a few hours it covered the entire cellular space and showed an abnormal streaming pattern. At that time, chloroplasts still remained packed at the centrifugal end of the cell, and bundles of microfilaments were aligned along the direction of flow in the chloroplast-free area. The abnormal patterns observed were whirls, loops or flow perpendicular to the direction of normal streaming. Analysis of the angular velocities in the whirls indicated that each was an independent piece of rotating endoplasm, as reported by Kamitsubo (8, 9).Approximately one week later, chloroplasts began to reappear in the stripped area, and within 1 to 2 weeks the entire cell was covered with chloro-plasts exactly aligned along the direction of the reconstituted, abnormal flow. This suggests that chloroplast alignment can be governed by the direction of streaming. Cells with abnormal streaming pattrens survived for more than 3 months with no change in pattern. New cells initiated from the centrifuged cells, however, had normal streaming patterns and chloroplast alignments.
Energy efficient exact kNN search in wireless broadcast environments

The advances in wireless communication and decreasing costs of mobile devices have enabled users to access desired information at any time. Coupled with positioning technologies like GPS, this opens up an exciting domain of location based services, allowing a mobile user to query for objects based on its current position. Main bottlenecks in such infrastructures are the draining of power of the mobile devices and the limited network bandwidth available. To alleviate these problems, broadcasting spatial information about relevant objects has been widely accepted as an efficient mechanism. An important class of queries for such an infrastructure is the k-nearest neighbor (kNN) queries, in which users are interested in k closest objects to their position. In this paper, we describe mechanisms to perform exact kNN search on conventional sequential-access R-trees, and optimize established kNN search algorithms. We also propose a novel use of histograms for guiding the search and derive analytical results on maximum queue size and node access count. In addition, we discuss the effects of different broadcast organizations on search performance and challenge the traditional use of Depth-First (dfs) organization. We also extend our mechanisms to support kNN search with non-spatial constraints. While we demonstrate our ideas using a broadcast index, they are equally applicable to any kind of sequential access medium like tertiary tape storage. We validate our mechanisms through an extensive experimental analysis and present our findings.
Usefulness of Polarized Targets and the Polarization Transfer Tensor in Reconstruction of the Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering Matrix

A method is presented for completely removing the ambiguities arising in the reconstruction of the nucleon-nucleon scattering matrix from data at a given angle and energy due to the bilinear form of expressions for observable quantities. Our method utilizes only the amplitudes defined by Wolfenstein and Ashkin and is more direct and computationally simpler than the methods using unitarity and measurements at all angles or the phase-shift analyses; thus, it would provide an independent means of arriving at the correct set of phase-shift solutions. Our method is based on a knowledge of the polarization transfer tensor ${\mathcal{K}}_{\mathrm{ik}}$, which has a form complementary to the familiar polarization correlation tensor ${\mathcal{C}}_{\mathrm{ik}}$. The ${\mathcal{K}}_{\mathrm{ik}}$ tensor may be obtained from triple scattering experiments on the recoil nucleon similar to those used to determine the familiar depolarization tensor ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{ik}}$, or from double scattering measurements on nucleons scattered from a polarized target.It is also shown that the use of polarized targets would have many experimental advantages: They would permit (1) determination of the depolarization tensor ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{ik}}$ for large scattering angles, without requiring the measurement of the polarization of a very slow nucleon; (2) determination of the correlation tensor ${\mathcal{C}}_{\mathrm{ik}}$ by the measurement of the cross section for the scattering of a polarized beam by a polarized target, instead of the difficult simultaneous measurements of the polarizations of both the final nucleons; (3) determination of the "difficult" components ${A}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${R}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ of the ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{ik}}$ and ${\mathcal{K}}_{\mathrm{ik}}$ tensors by the measurement of the polarization of an initially unpolarized beam scattered by a polarized target.
The phonocardiogram and apexcardiogram in patients with ventricular aneurysm.

Abstract The phonocardiographic and apexcardiographic findings are presented for 60 patients with established old myocardial infarction, 30 of whom had fluoroscopic evidence of ventricular aneurysm. The data indicate that presystolic gallop (83.4 per cent) and quadruple rhythm (40.0 per cent) are very common in patients with ventricular aneurysm and represent the most reliable and characteristic clinical and phonocardiographic findings in such patients. These gallops were far more frequent in patients with ventricular aneurysm than in patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Isolated protodiastolic gallop was rare in both groups. No diastolic or pansystolic murmur was recorded in the study, and a nondescript early systolic ejection murmur was recorded with equal frequency in both groups of patients. An ejection click was recorded in 1 patient with ventricular aneurysm. No difference in the quality or intensity of the heart sounds was evident in either group. A prominent a wave was the most common abnormality palpated and recorded on the apexcardiogram of patients with ventricular aneurysm; only 1 patient in this group had a paradoxic apical pulsation. On the basis of these data it is recommended that patients with old myocardial infarction with stable, compensated conditions who have a presystolic gallop, quadruple rhythm, or a palpable apical a wave be given appropriate fluoroscopic and x-ray studies to rule out the presence of a ventricular aneurysm.
The renal handling of delta-aminolevulinic acid in the rat and in the human.

Abstract Renal mechanisms for handling δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were investigated in control and lead-exposed rat and human populations. Elevated plasma ALA levels consequent to lead exposure permitted study of these mechanisms under conditions of heavy load. Reabsorption was observed in both species. The reabsorption mechanism appears to be saturable in the human and exists in parallel with a secretory process of smaller capacity. Reabsorption in the rat has a much larger capacity than in the human but appears also to be saturable. No secretory mechanism was apparent in the rat.
Curing Mind and Body in the Heart of the Canadian Rockies: Empire, Sexual Scandal and the Reclamation of Masculinity, 1880s–1920s

Based on a reading of published writings and a series of private letters and medical records, this article explores the life and career of the mountaineer Sir James Outram (1864–1925) in order to argue for a new, more psychologically oriented conceptualisation of the relationship between empire, masculinity and male sexuality. At its core is an attempt to understand both the sexual transgressions that forced Outram to flee Britain for Canada in 1900 and the impact that his travels across the Atlantic and his physical activities in the Rocky Mountains had on his gender and sexual subjectivities. As an intervention into the history of same-sex desire and behaviour in Britain and the Empire, this piece explores Outram's complicated relationship to the predominant sexual categories of the day and the masculine ideals that held considerable sway in the late imperial period. It also documents the Outram family's interactions with members of the emerging psychiatric profession.
SAPSI-M : Computer program for analyzing asphalt concrete pavements under moving arbitrary loads

A new solution for the dynamic analysis of asphalt concrete pavements subjected to moving fluctuating loads has been developed. The method builds on an existing model for stationary loads, SAPSI, which uses the complex response method of transient analysis with a continuum solution in the horizontal direction and a finite-element solution in the vertical direction. The structural model is an n-layered damped-elastic medium. The subgrade can be modeled as either a rigid base or a semi-infinite half space. The loads are surface pressure loads, and the analysis is under axisymmetric conditions. The moving loads are modeled as a series of pulses with a duration equal to the time required for the wheel to pass a fixed point in the pavement. The proposed method of analysis in the new version of the program, SAPSI-M, is an improvement over the existing methods because (a) it treats moving fluctuating loads on an n-layered damped-elastic system; (b) it incorporates such important factors as wave propagation, inertia, and damping effects of the medium, as well as frequency-dependent asphalt concrete properties; and (c) it can handle any load configuration, thus making possible the modeling of multiple wheel configurations of truck axles and airplane landing gears. Theoretical results have shown that the effect of vehicle speed is significant, in part due to the frequency-dependent properties of the asphalt concrete. Comparison with field strain data from full-scale pavement tests has shown excellent agreement.
GaAs microprocessors and digital systems: an overview of R&D efforts

An overview is provided of existing gallium arsenide microprocessors and related digital designs. The architectures described cover a wide range of applications and were chosen on the basis of their unique design and technology characteristics. The issues considered relate to the processor-design level with some register-transfer-level components covered for the sake of completeness. The discussion covers general-application microprocessors including: RCA 8-bit microprocessor; CDC 32-bit microprocessor; McDonnell Douglas 32-bit microprocessor; and RCA 32-bit microprocessor microprocessors of symbolic applications including: Carnegie Mellon's RISCF; and GAELIC from Magnavox, systolic array processors, and alternative approaches to processor design. >
Accounting for nonsystematic error in performance ratings

This analysis of simulated performance ratings on a six-point scale by two independent raters is an attempt to account for nonsystematic error in performance ratings under restrictive assumptions of classical measurement theory. Results suggest that rater agreement or covariance is not always a dependable estimate of score reliability, and that the practice of seeking additional raters for the adjudication of discrepant ratings is not equally appropriate in every evaluation decision context or at every possible rating score step. And, although nonsystematic rating error is most common at the midpoints of the rating scale, most of this midpoint error disappears when rater scores are averaged, so that the need for adjudication is most critical at the rating scale extremes, whether or not raters are in agreement.
Heat generation of aqueously dispersed CoFe2O4 nanoparticles as heating agents for magnetically activated drug delivery and hyperthermia

Abstract Self-heating from magnetic nanoparticles under AC magnetic field can be used either for hyperthermia or to trigger the release of an anti-cancer drug, using thermo-responsive polymers. The heat generated by applying an AC magnetic field depends on the properties of magnetic nanoparticles (composition, size, crystal structure) as well as the frequency and amplitude of the magnetic field. Before these systems can be efficiently applied for in vitro or in vivo studies, a thorough analysis of the magnetically induced heating is required. In this study, CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles were synthesized, dispersed in water, and investigated as heating agents for magnetic thermo-drug delivery and hyperthermia. The temperature profiles and infrared (IR) camera images of heat generation of CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles under various AC magnetic fields of 127–700 Oe at 195, 231, and 266 kHz were measured using an IR thermacam, excluding the external AC magnetic field interruption. The CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles were successfully dispersed in water using an 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid ligand exchange method to exchange the solvent used for synthesis of hexane for water. During the heating experiments, each of CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticle solutions reached a steady state where the temperature rose between 0.1 and 42.9 °C above ambient conditions when a magnetic field of 127–634 Oe was applied at 231 or 266 kHz. The heat generation was found to be dependent on the intensity of AC magnetic field and applied frequency. Therefore, the desired heating for magnetically triggered drug delivery or hyperthermia could be achieved in water-dispersed CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles by adjusting the AC magnetic field and frequency.
Excluding Minors in Nonplanar Graphs of Girth at Least Five

A graph G is quasi 4-connected if it is simple, 3-connected, has at least five vertices, and for every partition (A, B, C) of V(G) either ∣C∣ ≥ 4, or G has an edge with one end in A and the other end in B, or one of A,B has at most one vertex. We show that any quasi 4-connected nonplanar graph with minimum degree at least three and no cycle of length less than five has a minor isomorphic to P−10, the Petersen graph with one edge deleted. We deduce the following weakening of Tutte's Four Flow Conjecture: every 2-edge-connected graph with no minor isomorphic to P−10 has a nowhere-zero 4-flow. This extends a result of Kilakos and Shepherd who proved the same for 3-regular graphs.
Prevalence of Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity in the United States Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness Study Population

Celiac disease (CD) and schizophrenia have approximately the same prevalence, but epidemiologic data show higher prevalence of CD among schizophrenia patients. The reason for this higher co-occurrence is not known, but the clinical knowledge about the presence of immunologic markers for CD or gluten intolerance in schizophrenia patients may have implications for treatment. Our goal was to evaluate antibody prevalence to gliadin (AGA), transglutaminase (tTG), and endomysium (EMA) in a group of individuals with schizophrenia and a comparison group. AGA, tTG, and EMA antibodies were assayed in 1401 schizophrenia patients who were part of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness study and 900 controls. Psychopathology in schizophrenia patients was assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS). Logistic regression was used to assess the difference in the frequency of AGA, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and tTG antibodies, adjusting for age, sex, and race. Linear regression was used to predict PANSS scores from AGA and tTG antibodies adjusting for age, gender, and race. Among schizophrenia patients, 23.1% had moderate to high levels of IgA-AGA compared with 3.1% of the comparison group (χ2 = 1885, df = 2, P < .001.) Moderate to high levels of tTG antibodies were present in 5.4% of schizophrenia patients vs 0.80% of the comparison group (χ2 = 392.0, df = 2, P < .001). Adjustments for sex, age, and race had trivial effects on the differences. Regression analyses failed to predict PANSS scores from AGA and tTG antibodies. Persons with schizophrenia have higher than expected titers of antibodies related to CD and gluten sensitivity.
Genetic Control of Photoperiod Sensitivity in Maize Revealed by Joint Multiple Population Analysis

Variation in maize for response to photoperiod is related to geographical adaptation in the species. Maize possesses homologs of many genes identified as regulators of flowering time in other species, but their relation to the natural variation for photoperiod response in maize is unknown. Candidate gene sequences were mapped in four populations created by crossing two temperate inbred lines to two photoperiod-sensitive tropical inbreds. Whole-genome scans were conducted by high-density genotyping of the populations, which were phenotyped over 3 years in both short- and long-day environments. Joint multiple population analysis identified genomic regions controlling photoperiod responses in flowering time, plant height, and total leaf number. Four key genome regions controlling photoperiod response across populations were identified, referred to as ZmPR1–4. Functional allelic differences within these regions among phenotypically similar founders suggest distinct evolutionary trajectories for photoperiod adaptation in maize. These regions encompass candidate genes CCA/LHY, CONZ1, CRY2, ELF4, GHD7, VGT1, HY1/SE5, TOC1/PRR7/PPD-1, PIF3, ZCN8, and ZCN19.
A systems analysis for implementing video display terminals

The utility of a seven-step systems analysis model is demonstrated. This analysis addresses the safety and ergonomics problems associated with implementing video display terminals (VDTs). The seven-step analysis model consists of: defining the problems; setting the objectives and developing an evaluation criteria table; developing alternatives; modeling alternatives; evaluating alternatives; selecting an alternative; and planning for implementation. A detailed diagrammatic analysis of these steps is presented. Solutions to VDT problems are suggested using data gathered from case studies. >
An MHD simulation of plasma flow past Io: Alfvén and slow mode perturbations

The flow of plasma past Io is studied using a time dependent, three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation. In addition to observing the 'Alfven wing', a standing Alfven wave perturbation expected from analytic theory, it is found that the other MHD modes contribute important perturbations. Standing slow mode perturbations also are present in the flow.
Structural design and molecular evolution of a cytokine receptor superfamily.

Abstract A family of cytokine receptors comprising molecules specific for a diverse group of hematopoietic factors and growth hormones has been principally defined by a striking homology of binding domains. This work proposes that the approximately 200-residue binding segment of the canonical cytokine receptor is composed of two discrete folding domains that share a significant sequence and structural resemblance. Analogous motifs are found in tandem approximately 100-amino acid domains in the extracellular segments of a receptor family formed by the interferon-alpha/beta and -gamma receptors and tissue factor, a membrane tether for a coagulation protease. Domains from the receptor supergroup reveal clear evolutionary links to fibronectin type III structures, approximately 90-amino acid modules that are typically found in cell surface molecules with adhesive functions. Predictive structural analysis of the shared receptor and fibronectin domains locates seven beta-strands in conserved regions of the chain; these strands are modeled to fold into antiparallel beta-sandwiches with a topology that is similar to immunoglobulin constant domains. These findings have strong implications for understanding the evolutionary emergence of an important class of regulatory molecules from primitive adhesive modules. In addition, the resulting double-barrel design of the receptors and the spatial clustering of conserved residues suggest a likely binding site for cytokine ligands.
A clinical comparison of patient setup and intra-fraction motion using frame-based radiosurgery versus a frameless image-guided radiosurgery system for intracranial lesions.

Background and purpose: A comparison of patient positioning and intra-fraction motion using invasive frame-based radiosurgery with a frameless X-ray image-guided system utilizing a thermoplastic mask for immobilization. Materials and methods: Overall system accuracy was determined using 57 hidden-target tests. Positioning agreement between invasive frame-based setup and image-guided (IG) setup, and intra-fraction displacement, was evaluated for 102 frame-based SRS treatments. Pre and post-treatment imaging was also acquired for 7 patients (110 treatments) immobilized with an aquaplast mask receiving fractionated IG treatment. Results: The hidden-target tests demonstrated a mean error magnitude of 0.7 mm (SD = 0.3 mm). For SRS treatments, mean deviation between frame-based and image-guided initial positioning was 1.0 mm (SD = 0.5 mm). Fusion failures were observed among 3 patients resulting in aberrant predicted shifts. The image-guidance system detected frame slippage in one case. The mean intra-fraction shift magnitude observed for the BRW frame was 0.4 mm (SD = 0.3 mm) compared to 0.7 mm (SD = 0.5 mm) for the fractionated patients with the mask system. Conclusions: The overall system accuracy is similar to that reported for invasive frame-based SRS. The intra-fraction motion was larger with mask-immobilization, but remains within a range appropriate for stereotactic treatment. These results support clinical implementation of frameless radiosurgery using the Novalis Body Exac-Trac system.
A linear algorithm for full-chip statistical leakage power analysis considering weak spatial correlation

Full-chip statistical leakage power analysis typically requires quadratic time complexity in the presence of spatial correlation. When spatial correlation are strong (with large spatial correlation length), efficient linear time complexity analysis can be attained as the number of variational variables can be significantly reduced. However this is not the case for circuits where gate leakage currents are weakly correlated. In this paper, we present a linear time algorithm for statistical leakage power analysis in the presence of weak spatial correlation. The new algorithm exploits the fact that gate leakage current can be efficiently computed locally when correlation is weak. We adopt a newly proposed spatial correlation model where a new set of location-dependent uncorrelated variables are defined over virtual grids to represent the original physical random variables via fitting. To compute the leakage current of a gate on the new set of variables, the new method uses the orthogonal polynomials based collocation method, which can be applied to any gate leakage models. The total leakage currents are then computed by simply summing up the resulting orthogonal polynomials (their coefficients) on the new set of variables for all gates. Experimental results show that the proposed method is about two orders of magnitude faster than the recently proposed grid-based method [3] with similar accuracy and many orders of magnitude times over the Monte Carlo method.
Broadband RF communications in underwater environments using multi-carrier modulation

We describe new methods that solve well-known problems associated with high throughput, robust communication in underwater environments. By robust, we imply simultaneous increases in enabled underwater communication data rates, range, and reliability. Our methods borrow concepts from advanced multi-carrier modulation using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), multiple input multiple output (MIMO) space time codes (e.g. Alamouti diversity), and zero carrier frequency ultra wideband (UWB) wireless. In addition, we discuss system optimization involving the elimination of the phase synthesizer and analog mixer through direct sampling of the RF antenna port.
Prognostic Value of Coronary CT Angiography

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a highly accurate noninvasive test that is increasingly used in symptomatic patients primarily for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Beyond its proven accuracy, data have now clearly demonstrated the incremental prognostic information available from coronary CTA related to the presence, extent, and severity of obstructive and nonobstructive CAD across a variety of clinical settings and patient populations. Current evidence supports the use of coronary CTA not only for the diagnosis of CAD in appropriately selected symptomatic patients but also to further refine their cardiovascular risk assessment following testing.
When Will Little Red Riding Hood Become Scared? Children's Attribution of Mental States to a Story Character

As children listen to a simple action-based narrative, they construct a dynamic representation of the protagonist's movements, visual perspective, and goal-directed thoughts. We examined children's representations of more complex narratives in which the protagonist will encounter an unexpected outcome upon reaching his or her goal. Three studies involving 105 children between 3 and 6 years of age showed that children shifted in the mental states they attributed depending on the distance of the protagonist from the unexpected outcome. Even though children consistently recognized that the protagonist did not know about the surprise at any point, they increasingly attributed feelings and thoughts consistent with the surprise. The studies highlight the degree to which children's mental state attributions are dynamic rather than fixed by their current theory of mind.
On modelling physical systems with stochastic models: diffusion versus Lévy processes.

Stochastic descriptions of multiscale interactions are more and more frequently found in numerical models of weather and climate. These descriptions are often made in terms of differential equations with random forcing components. In this article, we review the basic properties of stochastic differential equations driven by classical Gaussian white noise and compare with systems described by stable Levy processes. We also discuss aspects of numerically generating these processes.
Effects of Age Upon Interhemispheric EEG Coherence in Normal Adults

Age-related differences in quantified electrophysiological measures of interhemispheric EEG coherence were studied in 371 subjects (171 males and 200 females), ages 20-80, all of whom were judged to be optimally healthy. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on interhemispheric coherence of Laplacian referenced data from eight homologous left-right electrode pairs, from 0.5 to 32 Hz. Regression procedures, using signals from artifact monitoring channels, were used to minimize effects of eye movement and muscle artifact. Forty-six factors described 80% of the total variance, with electrode location the primary source of communality in factor formation. Within 350 right-handed subjects, results indicated a broad trend for decreased interhemispheric coherence with advancing age. Using canonical correlation, the coherence-based factors also successfully predicted spectral variables, previously found to maximally illustrate age-related EEG desynchronization. We speculate that age-related reduction of interhemispheric coherence may in part explain age-related EEG desynchrony and stems from age-related reduction of cortical connectivity. Gender differences of interhemispheric coherence were also evident. Females demonstrated higher interhemispheric coherence than males. Within a smaller subpopulation of 63 subjects (21 left and 42 right handed), there was a gender-by-handedness interaction, with higher interhemispheric coherence in right-handed females than right-handed males and the reverse in left-handed male and female subjects.
A hybrid multi-time-step framework for pore-scale and continuum-scale modeling of solute transport in porous media

Abstract In this paper, we propose a computational framework, which is based on a domain decomposition technique, to employ both finite element method (which is a popular continuum modeling approach) and lattice Boltzmann method (which is a popular pore-scale modeling approach) in the same computational domain. To bridge the gap across the disparate length and time-scales, we first propose a new method to enforce continuum-scale boundary conditions (i.e., Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions) onto the numerical solution from the lattice Boltzmann method. This method is based on maximization of entropy and preserve the non-negativity of discrete distributions under the lattice Boltzmann method. The proposed computational framework allows different grid sizes, orders of interpolation, and time-steps in different subdomains. This allows for different desired resolutions in the numerical solution in different subdomains. Through numerical experiments, the effect of grid and time-step refinement, disparity of time-steps in different subdomains, domain partitioning, and the number of iteration steps on the accuracy and rate of convergence of the proposed methodology are studied. Finally, to showcase the performance of this framework in porous media applications, we use it to simulate the dissolution of calcium carbonate in a porous structure.
Implementing guidelines for managing extravasation of antineoplastics.

The development and implementation of guidelines for managing extravasation of antineoplastics in a community teaching hospital are described. Guidelines outlining general and specific treatment measures for extravasation of antineoplastic agents were prepared with the cooperation of the medical, pharmacy, and nursing staffs. These guidelines were incorporated into policies and procedures allowing nurses on the oncology unit to administer i.v. push antineoplastic agents and manage extravasations of these drugs; on other units, physicians were responsible for administering these drugs and managing extravasations. Monographs containing information about administering injectable antineoplastics were compiled in a manual and placed on nursing units as a reference source. An extravasation treatment kit was also prepared by the pharmacy and distributed to the nursing units; kits were exchanged and charged in a manner similar to that used for emergency-code carts. Physicians, nurses, and pharmacists were informed about the extravasation management guidelines and treatment kits through inservice-education programs, newsletters, and staff meetings. A quality-assurance program to monitor process and outcome associated with the use of the guidelines was initiated. Multidisciplinary involvement in the development of extravasation management guidelines for antineoplastic agents used in this hospital ensures prompt and uniform treatment of these adverse reactions.
Tough germanium nanoparticles under electrochemical cycling.

Mechanical degradation of the electrode materials during electrochemical cycling remains a serious issue that critically limits the capacity retention and cyclability of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Here we report the highly reversible expansion and contraction of germanium nanoparticles under lithiation–delithiation cycling with in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). During multiple cycles to the full capacity, the germanium nanoparticles remained robust without any visible cracking despite ∼260% volume changes, in contrast to the size-dependent fracture of silicon nanoparticles upon the first lithiation. The comparative in situ TEM study of fragile silicon nanoparticles suggests that the tough behavior of germanium nanoparticles can be attributed to the weak anisotropy of the lithiation strain at the reaction front. The tough germanium nanoparticles offer substantial potential for the development of durable, high-capacity, and high-rate anodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
An investigation into the purity of american strains of bacillus botulinus

The descriptions of Bacillus botulinus by the various investigators of this country dififer markedly in certain respects from those of van Ermengem1 and other European investigators. What is particularly noteworthy is that odors of putrefactive decomposition were not noted by the latter. In a recent study of B. botulinus the author employed 19 diiferent strains of the organism. These were obtained from various laboratories and came originally from many sections of the United States. A preliminary examination of some of these strains soon gave some indications of impurities in the cultures. Consequently, all of the 19 strains were subjected to anaerobic plate cultivation. In every instance but one toxic and nontoxic cultures were obtained from the stock strains. In
Analyzing water contents in unexposed glass inclusions in quartz crystals

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is commonly used to measure volatile contents dissolved in glass inclusions in minerals. The standard method is to doubly polish the crystal to fully expose the inclusion to allow infrared light to pass through the inclusion only. Glass inclusions are often a few tens of micrometers thick, which can limit the usefulness of FTIR because of how fragile samples become when thinned enough to doubly expose inclusions. Here, we test whether unexposed inclusions can be feasibly analyzed by measuring the dissolved volatile contents of a population of rehomogenized quartz-hosted glass inclusions at variable exposure levels. We analyzed 118 unexposed inclusions in 46 crystals. Of those, we analyzed the 74 inclusions in 38 crystals that survived being singly exposed. Of those, only 24 inclusions in 18 crystals remained to be analyzed when doubly exposed. Measuring the path length of light through the inclusion is critical to FTIR analyses. That length can be measured directly for doubly exposed inclusions. For those inclusions we find that water contents vary from 1.6 to 2.6 wt%, averaging 2.2 ± 0.3 wt%. Path length is difficult to measure, however, in singly exposed or unexposed inclusions. Indeed, we find that path length is variably underestimated when measured using a well-calibrated optical method. Despite that difficulty, the average water contents for the populations at each exposure level are statistically the same. But, on an inclusion-by-inclusion basis volatile contents at various exposure levels are highly discrepant because the typically underestimated thicknesses for non-doubly exposed inclusions result in anomalously high volatile contents. One way to measure path length in those inclusions is to reorient the host crystal to align the path length horizontally so it can be measured with the eyepiece reticle. Often, however, that technique proves impractical because small samples are difficult to handle. When path length cannot be measured directly, we find that using the average of the dimensions of the inclusion orthogonal to the path length can be used as a proxy for path length. That proxy allows volatile contents in unexposed inclusions to be analyzed accurately, which significantly reduces difficulties of sample preparation and can dramatically increase the number of potential target inclusions.
The Effect of Hyper-and Hypotonic Solutions on Oxidations by the Red Blood Cell.

It has previously been reported1 that under the proper conditions of nutrient supply, the adult red blood cell has a well defined metabolism. At the same time it was shown that dialyzed solutions of hemoglobin have the power to oxidize the same substrate, sodium lactate to CO2. While the oxidation by the red cell is of long duration and considerable, magnitude as compared with the same activity in the case of hemoglobin, one may suppose the blood pigment is associated with this oxidative activity of the cell. That this is the case is shown by the fact that loss of oxygen by the hemoglobin of the cell results in a diminished production of CO2.That there is a relationship between structure and oxidative activity appears to be beyond question.2 This relationship becomes of peculiar interest in connection with the role of hemoglobin in oxidations by the red blood cell. If the hemoglobin of the cell is upon the cell surface, and, the assumption is correct that the blood pigments play a role in the oxidation by...
Reproduction and social organization of the black-capped Donacobius (Donacobius atricapillus) in southeastern Peru

-A color-banded population of Black-capped Donacobius (Donacobius atricapillus) on a Peruvian oxbow lake was studied during one breeding season and censused for 3 yr thereafter. Eighteen territories along a marshy shoreline were occupied by groups of 24 donacobius. Each group contained a mated pair and 0-2 helpers, apparently offspring produced during 1-2 preceding breeding seasons. Helpers participated in nest surveillance, territorial displays, and feeding nestlings. Displays occurred at territory boundaries and consisted of loud duetting by the pair or group. Breeding coincided with the rainy months, October through April, and peaked in November-January. Clutch size was always two. Egg and nestling periods each lasted 17-18 days. No correlation was demonstrable between group size and overall fledging success. Trios, however, accounted for all cases in which both young successfully fledged, whereas pairs never fledged more than one young. Annual survivorship of breeding adults averaged 71%. Cooperative breeding in donacobius is associated with limited opportunities for acquiring breeding territories, as in many other cooperative breeders. The relatively short period during which young serve as helpers (and the resulting small family sizes), however, suggests that at other times or places breeding territories are more readily available to young. Received 9 November 1983, accepted 19 April 1984. THE Black-capped Donacobius (Donacobius atricapillus) is distributed widely in lowland tropical South America (Meyer de Schauensee 1970). Little has been published on the behavior and ecology of this aberrant monotypic species, which was recently reclassified as a wren (Troglodytidae) rather than as a mimid (Clench et al. 1982, A.O.U. 1983). Only Skutch (1968) has briefly described the nesting of donacobius in Venezuela. In this paper, we describe the social organization and reproductive attributes of a population of donacobius living along the shore of an oxbow lake in southeastern Peru. With this report, the species joins the ever-growing list of birds exhibiting cooperative breeding. METHODS AND STUDY SITE All observations were made on Cocha Cashu (Fig. 1), an oxbow lake about 1 km from the Manu River in the Manu National Park, Dept. Madre de Dios, Peru (71?19'W, 11051'S), at about 400 m elevation. The lake is surrounded by tall tropical moist forest (Holdridge 1967, see Terborgh et al. 1984 for detailed habitat descriptions and a complete checklist of birds at the site). On the shallower (western) side of the lake, most of the margin is lined with marsh grass and sedge (primarily Panicum grande and Scleria microcarpa) up to 2 m tall. Other vegetation on this shore includes scattered patches of Heliconia marginata up to 5 m tall, occasional figs (Ficus trigona and two unidentified species), and, at the extreme northern end, some overhanging limbs of other forest trees. The opposite (eastern) shore has little marsh but, instead, is lined with overhanging limbs of forest trees and
“Como los hebreos en España”: El encuentro de los jesuitas con los musulmanes y el problema del cambio cultural

This essay is concerned with the possibility of cultural change in the writings of Matteo Ricci. In order to elucidate this question, this essay discusses aspects of Matteo Ricci’s perception of Islam and Muslims in China and identifies the moments when they changed. I show that over time Ricci developed a much more nuanced perception of Islam in China, but argue still that his views remained quite limited because of lack of dialogue with Muslims he saw in China. These limitations, I also argue, reflect the limitations of European views of Islam in the early modern Euro-Mediterranean world. Recognizing these limitations, I suggest, might help us to develop new approaches to questions of religion in early modern China.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: CRISPR/Cas9 treatment

A novel approach to gene correction by genome editing shows great promise as a treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). CRISPR/Cas9 delivered by adeno-associated virus to a mouse model for DMD demonstrated improvement in function and histology.
Maternal Risk Exposure and Adult Daughters' Health, Schooling, and Employment: A Constructed Cohort Analysis of 50 Developing Countries.

This study analyzes the relationships between maternal risk factors present at the time of daughters’ births—namely, young mother, high parity, and short preceding birth interval—and their subsequent adult developmental, reproductive, and socioeconomic outcomes. Pseudo-cohorts are constructed using female respondent data from 189 cross-sectional rounds of Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 50 developing countries between 1986 and 2013. Generalized linear models are estimated to test the relationships and calculate cohort-level outcome proportions with the systematic elimination of the three maternal risk factors. The simulation exercise for the full sample of 2,546 pseudo-cohorts shows that the combined elimination of risk exposures is associated with lower mean proportions of adult daughters experiencing child mortality, having a small infant at birth, and having a low body mass index. Among sub-Saharan African cohorts, the estimated changes are larger, particularly for years of schooling. The pseudo-cohort approach can enable longitudinal testing of life course hypotheses using large-scale, standardized, repeated cross-sectional data and with considerable resource efficiency.
Southern Min Post-verbal Negation

In this paper, we examine the structure of Southern Min (SM) post-verbal negation. Contra Wang (2008), we analyze postverbal negation as an instance of a Serial Verb Construction (SVC), rather than a Resultative Verb Construction (RVC), based on a comparison between the behavior of RVCs and SVCs in SM.
Agrarian Crisis, WTO Entry, and Institutional Change in Rural China

The far-reaching commitments that China has made entering the World Trade Organization (WTO) pose major challenges to the country's fragile agricultural sector. These commitments are highly controversial and have sparked a heated debate over their potential impact on Chinese farmers. Tariff reductions, minimum access opportunities under the tariff-rate quota system, and the weakening of other mechanisms of state control and support are expected to bring surging imports of cheap agricultural products, which would in turn likely undermine the livelihood of large numbers of farmers and lead to high dislocation costs. A sharp fall in farmer income and extensive structural changes in the agricultural sector could exacerbate the ongoing agrarian crisis in China known as the ”san-nong wenti”-difficulties facing agriculture, rural areas, and peasants. This development, if it occurs, will have serious implications for state-peasant relations and the institutions governance in China's rural areas.
Three-way junction conformation dictates self-association of phage packaging RNAs

The packaging RNA (pRNA) found in the phi29 family of bacteriophage is an essential component of a powerful molecular motor used to package the phage's DNA genome into the capsid. The pRNA forms homomultimers mediated by intermolecular "kissing-loop" interactions, thus it is an example of the unusual phenomenon of a self-associating RNA that can form symmetric higher-order multimers. Previous research showed the pRNAs from phi29 family phages have diverse self-association properties and the kissing-loop interaction is not the sole structural element dictating multimerization. We found that a 3-way junction (3wj) within each pRNA, despite not making direct intermolecular contacts, plays important roles in stabilizing the intermolecular interactions and dictating the size of the multimer formed (dimer, trimer, etc.). Specifically, the 3wj in the pRNA from phage M2 appears to favor a different conformation compared to the 3wj in the phi29 pRNA, and the M2 junction facilitates formation of a higher-order multimer that is more thermostable. This behavior provides insights into the fundamental principles of RNA self-association, and additionally may be useful to engineer fine-tuned properties into pRNAs for nanotechnology.