cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An indelible mark

Twenty-three years ago, I attended the inaugural address of the Clifton J. Latiolais Award at the ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting in New Orleans. At that time, I was a young assistant director of pharmacy and a recent graduate of the master’s program in clinical pharmacy at The Ohio State University
A Glivenko-Cantelli theorem for empirical measures of independent but non-identically distributed random variables

Abstract The bounded-dual-Lipschitz and Prohorov distances from the ‘empirical measure’ to the ‘average measure’ of independent random variables converges to zero almost surely if the sequence of average measures is tight. Three examples are also given.
Temperature and salinity effects on the toxicity of common pesticides to the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio

This study investigated the effects of increased temperature and salinity, two potential impacts of global climate change, on the toxicity of two common pesticides to the estuarine grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Larval and adult grass shrimp were exposed to the fungicide chlorothalonil and the insecticide Scourge under standard toxicity test conditions, a 10 degrees C increase in temperature, a 10 ppt increase in salinity, and a combined increased temperature and salinity exposure. Toxicity of the fungicide chlorothalonil increased with temperature and salinity. Toxicity of the insecticide Scourge also increased with temperature; while increased salinity reduced Scourge toxicity, but only in adult shrimp. These findings suggest that changes in temperature and salinity may alter the toxicity of certain pesticides, and that the nature of the effect will depend on both the organism's life stage and the chemical contaminant. Standard toxicity bioassays may not be predictive of actual pesticide toxicity under variable environmental conditions, and testing under a wider range of exposure conditions could improve the accuracy of chemical risk assessments.
HP−4: the monoconjugate base from tetraphosphabicyclobutane. Evidence for an exo ground state conformation in the gas phase

Abstract Ab initio theoretical studies reconsider recent experimental findings concerning the ground state conformation of the HP − 4 anion. Basis sets as large as triple zeta plus double polarization plus f functions plus diffuse functions (TZ2Pf + diffuse) were used in connection with methods that explicitly include the effects of electron correlation. At the highest level of theory, the exo structure is predicted to lie about two kcal/mol below the endo structure, in apparent disagreement with experiment. The Li + HP − 4 system has also been examined to approximate more closely the system synthesized in the laboratory. The energetics are significantly shifted by the appendage of the LI + cation, and the agreement between theory and experiment deteriorates further.
Origin, morphology and fate of the nonmineralized shell of Coryphella salmonacea, an opisthobranch gastropod

Little is known about initial shell formation in molluscs or about the possible functions of the embryonic shell field invagination (SFI). The present paper describes formation and loss of an unusual shell in embryos of the nudibranch Coryphella salmonacea (Couthouy, 1838), collected in February–March, 1981–1984. The first organic shell material was attached to shell field cells just outside the SFI at two weeks after fertilization (5°C). As viewed with transmission electron microscopy, the organic shell in section consisted of two electron dense layers having a total thickness of 16 nm. The shell continued to grow through at least the fifth week of encapsulated development. In the eighth week, the shell still covered the visceral mass; there was no evidence that mantle tissue reflexed and covered the shell or that shell materials were resorbed by the mantle. The shell and sometimes the operculum were discarded within the embryonic capsule prior to hatching at the end of Week 8. The cup-like shell is unusual in that it was shed as a wrinkled organic sheet which apparently lacked mineralization. Fully-developed shells were non-birefringent and did not produce calcium peaks when examined by electron microprobe. Both the location of the first organic shell material outside the SFI and the apparent absence of shell mineralization in the presence of an SFI are consistent with the hypothesis that the SFI is nonsecretory. C. salmonacea is probably in the evolutionary process of losing its shell, a structure of little or no function during encapsulated, nonplanktonic development.
Coxsackievirus B3 inhibits antigen presentation in vivo, exerting a profound and selective effect on the MHC class I pathway.

Many viruses encode proteins whose major function is to evade or disable the host T cell response. Nevertheless, most viruses are readily detected by host T cells, and induce relatively strong T cell responses. Herein, we employ transgenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as sensors to evaluate in vitro and in vivo antigen presentation by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and we show that this virus almost completely inhibits antigen presentation via the MHC class I pathway, thereby evading CD8+ T cell immunity. In contrast, the presentation of CVB3-encoded MHC class II epitopes is relatively unencumbered, and CVB3 induces in vivo CD4+ T cell responses that are, by several criteria, phenotypically normal. The cells display an effector phenotype and mature into multi-functional CVB3-specific memory CD4+ T cells that expand dramatically following challenge infection and rapidly differentiate into secondary effector cells capable of secreting multiple cytokines. Our findings have implications for the efficiency of antigen cross-presentation during coxsackievirus infection.
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides directed against a novel angiotensinogen mRNA-stabilizing protein reduce blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

We have previously reported that hypertension in the young spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is associated with an elevation in tissue angiotensinogen and a novel polysomal protein known to stab...
Changes in pyrophosphatase activity during the de novo mineralization associated with cartilage and bone formation

Pyrophosphatase was extracted from implants undergoing de novo mineralization in an in vivo model of matrix-induced endochondral bone formation. Before the onset of the mineralization of the plaques and after the mineralization process had been completed only one form of pyrophosphatase activity was observed. During the active deposition of calcium phosphate, however, a new, higher molecular weight form of pyrophosphatase activity was produced suggesting that this enzyme activity is associated with biological mineralization. This observation gives support to the earlier suggestion that inhibitors of calcium phosphate precipitation, such as pyrophosphate, must be removed from the site of mineralization before calcification can occur. This high-molecular-weight activity also appears to be associated with alkaline and/or acid phosphatase activity as determined by molecular exclusion chromatography.
From Modern Loves to Universal Passions: Ethnographies of Love, Marriage, and Globalization

Jennifer S. Hirsch and Holly Wardlow, eds. 2006. Modern Loves: The Anthropology of Romantic Courtship and Companionate Marriage. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06959-0....
SU‐FF‐J‐83: Use of CT‐Simulation Tools Located On the CT Scanner for Localization Guidance in Extracranial Stereotactic Radiotherapy: A Feasibility Study

Purpose: To quantify the accuracy of CT-simulation localization tools located on the CT-scanner control console for guidance in extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy (ESRT). Method and Materials: ESRT applies stereotactic treatment principles to irradiate extracranial tumors in few fractions (typically 2–6) with high dose/fraction. To accomplish this, an anatomic reference coordinate system is replaced by an external stereotactic coordinate system and improved patient immobilization methods are also used. Because the patient is scanned prior to each treatment while in the immobilization device, it may be possible to use a low-sag (<1mm at 250lbs) CT couch and CT-simulation tools in place of the stereotactic coordinate system. With adequate immobilization, use of the CT-simulation tools may allow implementation of this technique at institutions where a stereotactic frame and specialized ESRT software are not available. Four ESRT patients, for a total of twelve treatment fractions, were scanned in a body frame on a CT-simulator equipped with CT-simulation localization tools prior to each treatment. Treatment isocenter coordinates were determined based on target volumes contoured by the physician using the stereotactic frame and specialized ESRT software. A second set of treatment coordinates was determined based on the same contours using the CT-simulation software. The two sets of coordinates were compared to quantify the accuracy of CT-simulation method. Results: The maximum, mean, and standard deviations between the CT-simulation and stereotactic coordinates for the twelve treatment fractions in X (left/right), Y (anterior/posterior), and Z (cranio/caudal) directions in millimeters were (Xmax=1.1, Xmean=0.5, XSD=0.4), (Ymax=1.2, Ymean=0.3, YSD=0.3), (Zmax=2.5, Zmean=1.1, ZSD=0.8). CT study voxel dimensions in X, Y, and Z directions were 0.94mm, 0.94mm, and 3.0mm. Conclusion: The excellent agreement between the CT-simulation and stereotactic coordinates indicates that CT-simulation tools with appropriate immobilization can be used for target localization or independent verification in ESRT.
Internal Structure of Massive Sandstones: ABSTRACT

The structure of 306 samples of seemingly homogeneous massive sandstone from 74 formations was studied by use of radiography. This technique consists of placing a large thin slice of rock directly upon photographic film and exposing it to an X-ray source from a standard medical or industrial X-ray unit. The image recorded on the emulsion depends on differences in X-ray absorption by the various constituents in the rock sample. Density variations between quartz and heavy minerals, clays, and other minor impurities are recorded on the radiograph and clearly outline the internal structure of the rock. The results of this study show that sandstones that seem to be homogeneous, massive, and completely structureless in outcrop and hand specimen actually contain a definite systematic arrangement of grains into small structural units. These units may be horizontal laminae, cross-laminae, micro-cross-laminae, disrupted bedding, or other types of stratification. A massive bed may contain only one structural type or several types in various combinations. The type of structure present seems to be related to grain size. Micro-cross-laminae and disrupted bedding are most common in the fine-grain deposits, whereas large-scale cross-laminae are restricted to coarser sediments. It is concluded that massive sandstones do not represent special environmental conditions but were formed by the same processes that produce well stratified deposits. On the basis of this study it is doubtful that any sandstones are completely structureless and isotropic throughout. End_of_Article - Last_Page 268------------
Containment area sizing for disposal of dredged material

Abstract Procedures are given for containment area sizing for retention of suspended solids based on the settling characteristics of the dredged material. Separate sizing procedures for freshwater and saltwater sediments provide for determination of the respective surface area or detention time required to accomodate continuous dredged material disposal. Procedures are given for the laboratory testing required to obtain data for sediment characterization, containment area sizing, and estimates of storage capacity required. These procedures can also be used for designing containment areas for other slurries having high suspended solids concentrations. Settling tests performed in a 20-cm-diam column were found to be satisfactory for defining dredged material settling behavior. Settling behavior in the freshwater environment was best described by a flocculent settling test, while behavior in a saltwater environment was best described by a zone settling test. The same settling columns were used for both tests withonly minor procedural changes. Procedures are presented for designing new containment areas for suspended solids retention and for evaluating the suspended solids retention potential of existing containment areas during planned disposal activities.
31P NMR of apicomplexans and the effects of risedronate on Cryptosporidium parvum growth

Abstract High-resolution 303.6 MHz 31 P NMR spectra have been obtained of perchloric acid extracts of Plasmodium berghei trophozoites, Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Essentially complete resonance assignments have been made based on chemical shifts and by coaddition of authentic reference compounds. Signals corresponding to inorganic pyrophosphate were detected in all three species. In T. gondii and C. parvum, additional resonances were observed corresponding to linear triphosphate as well as longer chain polyphosphates. Spectra of P. berghei and T. gondii also indicated the presence of phosphomonoesters and nucleotide phosphates. We also report that the pyrophosphate analog drug, risedronate (used in bone resorption therapy), inhibits the growth of C. parvum in a mouse xenograft model. When taken together, our results indicate that all the major disease-causing apicomplexan parasites contain extensive stores of condensed phosphates and that as with Plasmodium falciparum and T. gondii, the pyrophosphate analog drug risedronate is an inhibitor of C. parvum cell growth.
Anomalies of motor development in hyperactive boys.

Forty-eight boys who scored high on rating scales for the “hyperactive syndrome” but who went without traditional neurological signs of learning disabilities were compared with 50 control boys on coordination tests. Discriminant function scores for speed, rhythm, and overflow correctly classified 89% of the boys as those with “hyperactive” versus “normal” behavioral histories. Thus, neurological examination of “hyperactive” boys does reveal developmentally immature coordination.
Organization of Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Mentha. Immunocytochemical Localizations of Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase, Limonene-6-Hydroxylase, Isopiperitenol Dehydrogenase, and Pulegone Reductase

We present immunocytochemical localizations of four enzymes involved in p-menthane monoterpene biosynthesis in mint: the large and small subunits of peppermint (Mentha x piperita) geranyl diphosphate synthase, spearmint (Mentha spicata) (-)-(4S)-limonene-6-hydroxylase, peppermint (-)-trans-isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, and peppermint (+)-pulegone reductase. All were localized to the secretory cells of peltate glandular trichomes with abundant labeling corresponding to the secretory phase of gland development. Immunogold labeling of geranyl diphosphate synthase occurred within secretory cell leucoplasts, (-)-4S-limonene-6-hydroxylase labeling was associated with gland cell endoplasmic reticulum, (-)-trans-isopiperitenol dehydrogenase labeling was restricted to secretory cell mitochondria, while (+)-pulegone reductase labeling occurred only in secretory cell cytoplasm. We discuss this pathway compartmentalization in relation to possible mechanisms for the intracellular movement of monoterpene metabolites, and for monoterpene secretion into the extracellular essential oil storage cavity.
Sera from MS patients and normal controls opsonize myelin

Fc receptor-dependent myelin phagocytosis has been proposed as a mechanism of demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS). The object of this study was to determine whether MS patients' sera are more opsonic for myelin than normal controls' sera. Opsonization was tested by culturing thioglycollate elicited murine peritoneal macrophages with 125I-labelled, serum-sensitized bovine central myelin. The two groups of sera were found to opsonize myelin equally well after 30 and 120 min incubations. We conclude that MS patients' sera are not more opsonic for myelin than sera from normal controls.
Functional consequences of sarcomeric protein abnormalities in failing myocardium

Sarcomeric protein abnormalities have been recognized for many years in heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In contrast, virtually nothing is known about myofilament abnormalities in heart failure occurring in association with diastolic dysfunction. With the exception of sarcomeric protein mutations that cause DCM, the most important mechanism of myofilament dysfunction in DCM is probably altered post-translational modification, in particular the phosphorylation state of troponins I and T and possibly myosin light chain. Other modifications, including oxidation and glycation, may also play a role. Myosin heavy chain isoform switching occurs in human heart failure, but its functional significance is uncertain. Myofilament abnormalities contribute significantly to myocardial dysfunction in DCM, although their relative importance compared with abnormal calcium handling is debated. One consistent functional abnormality in DCM is increased myofilament calcium sensitivity of tension generation, which contributes to slowed or incomplete relaxation. More recently, decreases in the optimal frequency of myofilament work and power generation have been recognized. These changes may contribute to depression of the force-frequency relation in DCM. Altered mechanoenergetics constitute one of the most important manifestations of myofilament dysfunction in heart failure. DCM and hemodynamic overload are associated with more economical and efficient energy utilization by the contractile machinery, which may be protective of the myocardium. This change is strongly associated with depressed myofibrillar ATPase activity. We speculate that the effectiveness of mechanical therapies such as resynchronization may at least in part be related to improved mechanical function without loss of this mechanoenergetic advantage.
The effects of serum concentration on the level of integration of simian virus (SV40) genome and the transformation frequency in SV40-infected Chinese hamster cells.

Abstract Treatment of Chinese hamster embryo cultures with different serum concentrations during the first 48 hr after simian virus 40 (SV40) infection, modified the proportion of cells in DNA synthesis, the amount of SV40-DNA integrated, the proportion of cellular DNA with 5-bromodeoxyuridine substitution in both strands, the proportion of polyploid cells, and the transformation frequency. All these parameters increase in a coordinated way as function of the serum concentration. It is suggested that the increase in the number of cells recruited into DNA synthesis facilitates the integration of viral DNA with an increased probability of transformation.
A Collagen Defect in Homocystinuria

Abstract The biochemical mechanism accounting for the connective tissue abnormalities in homocystinuria was explored by examining the effects of various amino acids known to accumulate in the plasma of patients with this disease on cross-link formation in collagen. Neutral salt solutions of purified, rat skin collagen, rich in cross-link precursor aldehydes, were polymerized to native type fibrils by incubating at 37°C in the presence of homocysteine, homocystine, or methionine. After the polymerization was completed, each sample was examined for the formation of covalent intermolecular cross-links, assessed indirectly by solubility tests and directly by measuring the cross-link compounds after reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride and hydrolysis. Collagen solutions containing homocysteine (0.01 M-0.1 M) failed to form insoluble fibrils. Furthermore, much less of the reducible cross-links, Δ6,7 dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine, Δ6,7 dehydrohydroxylysinohydroxynorleucine, and histidino-dehydrohydroxymerodesmosine were formed in the preparations containing homocysteine as compared with the control and the samples containing methionine or homocystine. The content of the precursor aldehydes, α-aminoadipic-δ-semialdehyde (allysine) and the aldol condensation product, was also markedly diminished in tropocollagen incubated with homocysteine. It is concluded that homocysteine interferes with the formation of intermolecular cross-links that help stabilize the collagen macromolecular network via its reversible binding to the aldehydic functional groups. Analysis of the collagen cross-links in skin biopsy samples obtained from three patients with documented homocystinuria showed that the cross-links were significantly decreased as compared with the age-matched controls, supporting the tentative conclusions reached from the in vitro model studies. In addition, the solubility of dermal collagen in non-denaturing solvents was significantly increased in the two patients examined, reflecting a functional defect in collagen cross-linking. Although the concentration of homocysteine used in this study to demonstrate these effects in vitro is clearly higher than that which is observed in homocystinuric's plasma, the data do suggest a possible pathogenetic mechanism of connective tissue defect in homocystinuria.
Isolation of sealed vesicles highly enriched with sarcolemma markers from canine ventricle.

Abstract A highly enriched sarcolemma preparation was isolated by a combination of homogenizations and differential centrifugations of a homogenate of canine ventricular tissue followed by centrifugation of a membrane fraction layered over 24% (w/v) sucrose. The membrane fragments in the preparation were found to reside in a vesicular configuration by electron microscopy. Adenylate cyclase activity, specific ouabain binding sites, ouabain-sensitive potassium phosphatase activity and high-affinity (−)dihydroalprenolol binding sites were enriched from 27- to >40- fold compared to the homogenate. 5′-Nucleotidase and antimycin A-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase activities were enriched 10.1- and 3.0–3.9-fold, respectively, compared to the homogenate. Conversely, Ca2+-ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase activities were somewhat less than those expressed by the homogenate. The vesicles, or at least a fraction thereof, in the preparation were osmotically active as monitored by changes in 90° light scatter upon increases in the osmolarity of the extravesicular medium. (Na + + K + )-ATPase activity in the preparation was 23.6 and 99.9 μmol/mg per h before and after 15 consecutive freeze-thaw cycles, respectively. This suggests that the preparation contains a large fraction of intact right-side-out vesicles but that about 24% of the vesicles in the preparation may be freely permeable. Conversely, the number of specific ouabain binding sites was increased about 1.4-fold by the freeze-thaw cycles which is consistent with the presence of
Nutritional status, CT body composition measures and survival in ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective Body composition measures (BCMs) are an important predictor of nutritional status in patients with cancer. Poor nutritional status is common in ovarian cancer (OC) and is a well-known variable that influences cancer treatment and outcome. We aim to establish the role of BCMs measured by computed tomography (CT) in predicting outcomes in patients with OC. Methods We retrospectively searched our institutional database for patients with stage IIIC/IV OC who underwent surgery as primary treatment at Mayo Clinic between 1996 and 2005 and had adequate presurgical CT images available. For each patient, 1 axial CT image at the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebra was evaluated. Adipose and lean tissues were discriminated using commercially available software. Cox models were fit to evaluate the relationship between patient factors and overall survival (OS). Associations were summarized using hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% CIs. Results A total of 82 patients were identified, with a median age of 68.4years. OS at 1 and 5years was 84.1% and 24.1%, respectively. Older age ( P =.01), stage IV disease ( P 2 ( P P =.03), suboptimal surgery ( P =.02), and subcutaneous and muscular fat 2 ( P P Conclusions CT BCMs, as indicators of nutritional status, are independent predictors of longer hospital stay and poor OS in patients with OC.
Determining sink location through Zeroing-In attackers in wireless sensor networks

The viability and success of wireless sensor networks critically hinge on the ability of a small number of sinks to glean sensor data throughout the networks. Thus, the locations of sinks are critically important. In this paper, we examine the sink location privacy problem from both the attack and defense perspectives. First, we examine resource-constrained adversaries who can only eavesdrop the network at their vicinities. To determine the sink location, they can launch a Zeroing-In attack by leveraging the fact that several network metrics are 2-dimensional functions in the plane of the network, and their values minimize at the sink. Thus, determining the sink location is equivalent to finding the minima of those functions. We demonstrate that by obtaining the hop counts or the arrival time of a broadcast packet at a few spots in the network, the adversaries are able to determine the sink location with the accuracy of one radio range, which is sufficient to disable the sink by launching jamming attacks, for example. To cope with the Zeroing-In attacks, we present a directed-walk-based routing scheme and show that the defense strategy is effective in deceiving adversaries at little energy costs.
The Antecedents of Preventive Health Care Behavior: An Empirical Study:

A conceptual model of preventive health care behavior is proposed and tested. Results suggest that preventive health care behaviors are strongly influenced by the value consumers perceive in engaging in such actions. This value is greatly affected by response efficacy, or the person’s belief that a specific action will mitigate the health threat. A separate consideration affecting adherence to a prescribed preventive health care behavior is self-efficacy, or the person’s belief that the target behaviors can be enacted. Additionally, health motivation and health consciousness are also shown to influence preventive health care behaviors. Future research directions and managerial implications of the findings are outlined.
“The Roaring Adventures of Puff” (RAP) – a school based asthma education program for children with asthma

Background Asthma guidelines recognize asthma education as “an essential component of asthma therapy”. The Children’s Asthma Education Centre (CAEC)’s small group interactive sessions for children and families does not meet the needs of all families. Schools provide an opportunity for asthma education. The “Roaring Adventures of Puff” (RAP) is an effective, previously validated asthma education program.
Management of aerodigestive tract foreign bodies: innovative teaching concepts.

Objectives:We discuss a method to provide medical education in bronchoesophagology by using high-fidelity patient simulation manikins.Methods:A sophisticated, life-sized infant manikin with realistic anatomic, physiologic, and hemodynamic responses to interventions was programmed to simulate endobronchial foreign body lodgment by blocking ventilation of one lung and manifesting audible stridor, asymmetric chest wall motion, and decreased oxygen saturation.Results:Otolaryngology residents participated in simulation exercises incorporating the cognitive and technical skills necessary for successful airway endoscopy, including technical proficiency and teamwork, to learn to coordinate endoscopy and ventilation and manage laryngospasm. Rather than relying on instructor description, the participants responded directly to the manikin. This sense of realism stimulated participants to rehearse to improve provider performance and patient safety. Simulation provided an agenda determined by the needs of the learners...
Mixture of mixture n-gram language models

This paper presents a language model adaptation technique to build a single static language model from a set of language models each trained on a separate text corpus while aiming to maximize the likelihood of an adaptation data set given as a development set of sentences. The proposed model can be considered as a mixture of mixture language models. The mixture model at the top level is a sentence-level mixture model where each sentence is assumed to be drawn from one of a discrete set of topic or task clusters. After selecting a cluster, each n-gram is assumed to be drawn from one of the given n-gram language models. We estimate cluster mixture weights and n-gram language model mixture weights for each cluster using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to seek the parameter estimates maximizing the likelihood of the development sentences. This mixture of mixture models can be represented efficiently as a static n-gram language model using the previously proposed Bayesian language model interpolation technique. We show a significant improvement with this technique (both perplexity and WER) compared to the standard one level interpolation scheme.
Engineering Students' Beliefs About Research: Sex Differences, Personality, and Career Plans

Background Undergraduate research is a gateway to academic careers. Understanding student perceptions of research, and links to sex differences and personality, may shed light on the small proportion of women in undergraduate engineering programs and academia. Purpose (Hypothesis) How do personality variables and beliefs about research influence men and women's intentions to pursue a research-related career in engineering? Specifically, we test the hypotheses that: (1) Thing Orientation will be a significant predictor of intention to pursue a research career in engineering, and will be a stronger predictor of research career intentions for women than men; (2) Engineering students' beliefs and expectations about the research enterprise and researchers themselves will be associated with their desire to pursue a research career; (3) Thing Orientation will influence students' beliefs and expectancies about research. Design/Method Undergraduates majoring in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM) fields from a large research-intensive university in the USA (N = 544) reported perceptions and beliefs in a survey. Results Seven core beliefs about research and researchers emerge, two of which predicted interest in researchrelated careers. Thing Orientation influenced students' beliefs and expectancies about research and researchers, which in turn were related to intentions to pursue a research-related career. Thing Orientation was a better predictor of intentions to pursue a research-related engineering career for women than men. Conclusions Students' expectancies, beliefs, and Thing Orientation were predictors of planning research careers in engineering, especially for women. Future directions include understanding the malleability of research beliefs and Thing Orientation and applying it to intervention programs.
Infective Endocarditis Prevention: Update on 2007 Guidelines

Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infective endocarditis is unproven. The recently issued American Heart Association guidelines for endocarditis prevention call for restricting the use of preprocedure antibiotics. We discuss how these revisions apply to clinical practice in patients undergoing elective medical and dental procedures.
Alterations in uptake and metabolism of aspartate and glutamate in brain of thiamine deficient animals

Abstract The high affinity uptake systems of aspartate, glutamate, glycine and taurine were studied in synaptosomal preparations isolated from the cerebellum, medulla-pons and the telencephalon of rats made thiamine deficient (TD) by diet or pyrithiamine (PT). There was a significant enhancement in the uptake of aspartate/glutamate (probably transported by the same carrier) by the synaptosomal preparations of the cerebellum only, in both groups of thiamine-deficient animals as compared to controls. This was due to an increase in the number of uptake sites and not to an alteration of the binding affinity. Aspartate levels decreased significantly in all three brain areas of PT-treated animals and this change was greatest in the medulla-pons and the cerebellum and least in the cortex. Glutamate and serine levels were significantly decreased only in the medulla-pons whilst the concentration of glutamine was significantly increased in the three brain regions studied. The changes in both uptake and levels of amino acids in TD rats were reversed by thiamine therapy. Though the uptake studies do not discriminate between an altered aspartergic or glutamergic system, the changes in the levels of aspartate in the cerebellum suggest that the aspartergic system is involved. Since earlier studies showed a selective impairment in the high affinity uptake of serotonin by cerebellar synaptosomes, thiamine deficiency could impair cerebellar function by inducing an imbalance in its neurotransmitter systems.
An accurate determination of the total pair production cross section in carbon, aluminium, copper and lead for photons from 1.200 to 4.050 GeV

Abstract The total pair production cross section for photons of energies 1.200 to 4.050 GeV has been measured for targets of carbon, aluminium, copper and lead by a good geometry absorption technique. The accuracy of the work is ± 0.3%.
Ingestion of caustic: A pediatric problem*****

T H F~ M A N A G E M E N T o f esophageal trauma from ingestion of caustic in the acute form has changed greatly in the past decade. Formerly one could expect a stricture rate of from 40 to 60 per cent in those patients having a history of caustic ingestion, while today the rate of stricture formation may be lowered to from 3 to 5 per cent and the frequent dilations axoided in most cases/ This paper describes our experience with this problem. The prevention of esophageal stricture is best accomplished by the use of early esophagoscopy for diagnosis, treatment with anti-inflammatory steroids and antibiotics, and serial evaluation of the esophagus until healing of the nmcosa has occurred. On the basis of these facts, the following therapeutic program has been recommended. 1. Upon admission, a history and physical examination are carried out, an airway assured, and bland neutralizing substances are used as indicated. 2. Vomiting is not induced and nasogastric tubes and lavage are avoided. 3. Anti-inflammatory steroids and anti-
Identifying correlates of reabuse in maltreating parents.

Forty-five abusive parents (40 mothers, 5 fathers) in treatment at a large, urban medical center's child abuse program were compared on 22 parent, child, and treatment variables posited to bear on reabuse. While no one variable by itself was strongly associated with reabuse, the data indicated that interactions involving several variables (e.g., income source, marital status, and the abuser's personal abuse history) significantly differentiated between reabusers and nonreabusers. Implications of the findings for research and clinical intervention are discussed.
Differential activity of the endogenous antiopiate Tyr-MIF-1 after various intensities of stress

Three forms of stress-induced analgesia (electric shock, forced water-swim and novelty) were used to examine the nature of the endogenous antiopiate system. It was hypothesized that a role of the antiopiate system may be to regulate the extent of antinociception within varying environments. The antiopiate properties of Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), which were manifest by reduction of opiate analgesia in mice on a hot-plate, were best expressed within a defined range of intensities. In each of the 3 analgesic situations, pre-administration of Tyr-MIF-1 (0.1 mg/kg) resulted in an antinociceptive effect after low to moderate stress but not after more intense stress. These observations indicate that the antiopiate system can function differentially under various environmental conditions, thus ensuring that the organism's responses to its perception of the immediate environment are appropriate and specific.
Distribution of Pollutants from a New Paper Plant in Southern Lake Champlain, Vermont and New York

From November of 1973 to May of 1974, 15 arrays of sediment traps were placed along 33 km of southern Lake Champlain to sample the distribution of effluent from a large paper plant located on the western shore which had commenced operation in 1971. In the arrays located near the effluent diffuser pipeline as much as 2.3 cm of sediment accumulated, whereas elsewhere in the lake less than 1 cm accumulated. In the area of accelerated accumulation, sediments contained high concentrations of several components used in or derived from paper manufacturing. Values for kaolinite, expressed as the ratio of kaolinite to chlorite, for example, were as high as 1.4, anatase (TiO2) concentrations were as high as 0.8%, organic carbon 8.7%, and phosphorus 254 µg/g; all were more abundant than in sediments collected in traps to the south or north. In surficial bottom sediments collected near each array organic carbon and phosphorus were also higher (4.2% and 127 µg/g respectively) near the diffuser than elsewhere. Thus, the new plant after three years of production measurably affected the composition of suspended sediment and surficial bottom sediment despite the construction and use of extensive facilities to reduce the flow of pollutants to the lake.
RAMAN EXCITATION PROFILES OF C70 IN BENZENE SOLUTION. ASSIGNMENT OF THE ELECTRONIC SPECTRUM IN THE 380-510-NM REGION

The resonance Raman (RR) spectrum of C70 has been studied in benzene using 11 laser excitation energies across the main visible absorption band (MVAB) of C70 between 514.5 and 406.7 nm. Raman excit...
Application Of Digitized Fluorescence Microscopy And Video Photobleaching To Study Membrane Dynamics During Cell Locomotion

Our laboratory is concerned with understanding the dynamic structure of the plasma membrane with particular reference to the movement of membrane constituents during cell locomotion. We employ digitized fluorescence microscopy (DFM) alone or in combination with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to investigate individual cells. DFM is really a new form of light microscopy in that the distribution of individual classes of ions, molecules, and macromolecules can be followed in single, living cells. By employing fluorescent antibodies to define antigens or fluorescent analogs of cellular constituents as well as ultra-sensitive, electronic image detectors and video image averaging to improve signal to noise, fluorescent images of living cells can be acquired over an extended period without significant fading and loss of cell viability. FRAP allows the measurement of translational mobility of membrane and cytoplasmic molecules in small regions of single, living cells.
Deactivation of jack bean urease in urea hydrolysis

Deactivation studies of jack bean urease immobilized on porous alumina beads in the hydrolysis of urea were conducted in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at a temperature of 25°C and pH 7.0. Though the mechanism of poisoning of urease by product ammonia is fairly well understood from the literature, the nature of the poisoning of urease by urea is presented in this article. These studies were conducted by adsorbing the ammonia formed in the hydrolysis reaction. The results indicate that, in the presence of the adsorbent Zeolite W, the deactivation rate is reduced by a factor of almost two, and thus provide a technique for prolonging the life of the enzyme. The deactivation model suggests that the free form of the enzyme is most susceptible to attack by the substrate urea. The experimental data suggest that deactivation by combined ammonia and urea is fairly complex.
Hospital Discharge Algorithm Based on Admission HbA1c for the Management of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Effective treatment algorithms are needed to guide diabetes care at hospital discharge in general medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a prospective, multicenter open-label study aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of a hospital discharge algorithm based on admission HbA1c. Patients with HbA1c 9% were discharged on oral antidiabetes agents (OADs) plus glargine or basal bolus regimen at 80% of inpatient dose. The primary outcome was HbA1c concentration at 12 weeks after hospital discharge. RESULTS A total of 224 patients were discharged on OAD (36%), combination of OAD and glargine (27%), basal bolus (24%), glargine alone (9%), and diet (4%). The admission HbA1c was 8.7 ± 2.5% (71.6 mmol/mol) and decreased to 7.3 ± 1.5% (56 mmol/mol) at 12 weeks of follow-up ( P 9%, respectively ( P 7% (31%, P = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS Measurement of HbA1c on admission is beneficial in tailoring treatment regimens at discharge in general medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes.
Active replication of multithreaded applications

Software-based active replication is expensive in terms of performance overhead. Multithreading can help improve performance; however, thread scheduling is a source of nondeterminism in replica behavior. To achieve strong replica consistency in multithreaded environments, this paper proposes intercepting mutex lock/unlock operations performed by threads on accessing the shared data and contributes with two algorithmic solutions: 1) a loose synchronization algorithm (LSA), which captures the natural concurrency in a leader replica and projects it on follower replicas through interreplica communication, and 2) a preemptive deterministic scheduler (PDS) algorithm, which removes the need for interreplica communication through the notion of round and by suspending threads when it is unable (yet) to schedule them deterministically. Failure behavior and performance of LSA and PDS implementations are evaluated in a triplicated system and compared with existing solutions. A performance evaluation indicates that LSA and PDS outperform existing solutions, with PDS offering lower throughput than LSA. A fault-injection campaign shows that PDS is more robust to errors due to the absence of interreplica communication. Hence, LSA and PDS represent a trade-off between performance and dependability. Finally, LSA and PDS are demonstrated in replicating the Apache Web server, a substantial real-world application.
Generalized Pseudopotentials for Higher Partial Wave Scattering

We derive a generalized zero-range pseudopotential applicable to all partial wave solutions to the Schrodinger equation based on a delta-shell potential in the limit that the shell radius approaches zero. This properly models all higher order multipole moments not accounted for with a monopolar delta function at the origin, as used in the familiar Fermi pseudopotential for s-wave scattering. By making the strength of the potential energy dependent, we derive self-consistent solutions for the entire energy spectrum of the realistic potential. We apply this to study two particles in an isotropic harmonic trap, interacting through a central potential, and derive analytic expressions for the energy eigenstates and eigenvalues.
Wnt signals and Frizzled activity orient anterior-posterior axon outgrowth in C. elegans

Secreted proteins of the Wnt family affect axon guidance, asymmetric cell division, and cell fate. We show here that C. elegans Wnts acting through Frizzled receptors can shape axon and dendrite trajectories by reversing the anterior-posterior polarity of neurons. In lin-44/Wnt and lin-17/Frizzled mutants, the polarity of the PLM mechanosensory neuron is reversed along the body axis: the long PLM process, PLM growth cone, and synapses are posterior to its cell body instead of anterior. Similarly, the polarity of the ALM mechanosensory neuron is reversed in cwn-1 egl-20 Wnt double mutants, suggesting that different Wnt signals regulate neuronal polarity at different anterior-posterior positions. LIN-17 protein is asymmetrically localized to the posterior process of PLM in a lin-44-dependent manner, indicating that Wnt signaling redistributes LIN-17 in PLM. In this context, Wnts appear to function not as instructive growth cone attractants or repellents, but as organizers of neuronal polarity.
Presidential Address 1974: I. Professional Standards Review Organizations and Their Implications for Physicians; II. Thromboembolism on Mitral Valve Prosthesis

Abstract Although improvements in surgical technique, prosthetic design, and anticoagulant therapy have decreased the initial high incidence of thrombosis, thromboembolism, and excessive overgrowth causing valve dysfunction, these complications of prosthetic valve replacement continue to be potential hazards. Some investigators have further reduced the incidence of thromboembolism by covering exposed metal surfaces with fabric to anchor the extensions of pannus formation over the metal/fabric interface. This has been accomplished at the expense of reduction in flow area. For the past 3 years we have directed our efforts at minimizing the extent of tissue deposit on fixation rings by coating the Teflon fabric with a polyurethane film. * Previous clinical use of polyurethane-filmed Teflon trileaflet valves between 1959 and 1962, and recent experimental evidence, indicated that the filming technique materially reduces or prevents tissue deposition on Teflon fabric. Since January, 1972, all fabric fixation rings have been filmed with polyurethane; during this period of observation there has been no incidence of thrombosis, thromboembolism, or valve dysfunction from excessive tissue overgrowth. The use of polyurethane filming may prove to be a valuable adjunct in avoiding or reducing potential hazards in prosthetic replacement surgery in the future.
Diazotrophic Community Structure and Function in Two Successional Stages of Biological Soil Crusts from the Colorado Plateau and Chihuahuan Desert

The objective of this study was to characterize the community structure and activity of N2-fixing microorganisms in mature and poorly developed biological soil crusts from both the Colorado Plateau and Chihuahuan Desert. Nitrogenase activity was approximately 10 and 2.5 times higher in mature crusts than in poorly developed crusts at the Colorado Plateau site and Chihuahuan Desert site, respectively. Analysis of nifH sequences by clone sequencing and the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism technique indicated that the crust diazotrophic community was 80 to 90% heterocystous cyanobacteria most closely related to Nostoc spp. and that the composition of N2-fixing species did not vary significantly between the poorly developed and mature crusts at either site. In contrast, the abundance of nifH sequences was approximately 7.5 times greater (per microgram of total DNA) in mature crusts than in poorly developed crusts at a given site as measured by quantitative PCR. 16S rRNA gene clone sequencing and microscopic analysis of the cyanobacterial community within both crust types demonstrated a transition from a Microcoleus vaginatus-dominated, poorly developed crust to mature crusts harboring a greater percentage of Nostoc and Scytonema spp. We hypothesize that ecological factors, such as soil instability and water stress, may constrain the growth of N2-fixing microorganisms at our study sites and that the transition to a mature, nitrogen-producing crust initially requires bioengineering of the surface microenvironment by Microcoleus vaginatus.