cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peroxide-like intermediate observed at hydrogen rich condition on Pt(111) after interaction with oxygen

Hydrogen peroxide has been found to form as a byproduct during fuel cell operation, which is linked to the degradation of the ion exchange membrane resulting in a shorter lifetime of the fuel cell. Using O 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy we investigated the molecular oxygen adsorption on hydrogenated Pt(111) and found that adsorbed hydrogen promotes the formation of a hydrogen peroxide-like intermediate. Polarization dependent X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the O–O molecular axis is close to parallel and the OH group is perpendicular to the surface.
Railroad accidents: A metropolitan experience of death and injury

A review of all railroad-related deaths and significant injuries that occurred in a medium-sized metropolitan area from January 1, 1979, to June 30, 1986, was conducted. Autopsy reports were obtained for each fatality, and pre-hospital data were retrieved for all railroad-related injuries resulting in emergency medical services dispatch. There were ten fatalities (24%) and 31 survivors. The average age was 31.2 years (range, 1 to 67). Thirty-seven (90%) were men. Eleven persons (27%) were intoxicated (average blood alcohol of 279 mg/dL; range, 140 to 460). Of the 30 survivors transported, hospital records were available for 24. Thirteen were hospitalized and ten underwent surgery. Six major amputations occurred among survivors. Six patients had an Injury Severity Score of more than 15. Three mechanisms of injury occurred: falls on or from a train (56%); pedestrians hit by a train (41%), which accounted for all fatalities; and a train-automobile accident. This is the first comprehensive review of all significant railroad-related injuries in a metropolitan area.
Detection of windows in point clouds of urban scenes

Laser range scanners have now the ability to acquire millions of 3D points of highly detailed and geometrically complex urban sites, opening new avenues of exploration in modeling urban environments. However, raw data are dense and complex, lacking high-level descriptive power, thus revealing the need for the automatic detection of architectural objects, such as facades, windows, balconies, etc. In this paper, we describe novel algorithms for the detection of windows, which are ubiquitous in urban areas. Detecting isolated windows is a challenging problem due to the inability of the laser range sensors to acquire any data on transparent surfaces and due to the wide variability of window features. Our approach is based on the assumption that the elements (windows) are arranged in multiple unknown periodic structures making our system robust to single window detection errors. This kind of detection is essential for high-level recognition algorithms, compression methods, registration, as well as realistic visualizations.
Are lungfishes the sister group of tetrapods

It is generally accepted that rhipaidistian crossopterygians are the closest relatives of tetrapods. Rosen, Forey, Gardiner & Patterson (1981) challenge this view and contend that lungfishes are the sister group of tetrapods. They present a detailed cladistic analysis and claim to identify a large number of synapomorphies shared by lungfishes and tetrapods but not by rhipidistians. Their analysis is faulty. Although Rosen et al. (1981) correctly emphasize that cladistic relationships must be based on shared derived characters, they often fail to take intragroup variation into account in postulating synapomorphies. They also use evidence inconsistently by attributing greater significance to similarities between lungfishes and tetrapods than to even more detailed similarities between rhipidistians and tetrapods. They misinterpret the skeletal pattern of the paired appendages. The many synapomorphies that they claim to have identified are either invalid, irrelevant, or are characters involving reduction or loss (which have a high probability of convergence). Consequently, they make an unconvincing case for a sister-group relationship between lungfishes and tetrapods. On the other hand, Rosen et al. (1981) do show that evidence for the orthodox view of rhipidistian-tetrapod relationships is not as strong as generally believed. The uncertain interrelationships among rhipidistians is a major problem. Tetrapod-fish relationships need to be re-examined by means of a properly conducted cladistic analysis.
Strategies for Genomic and Proteomic Profiling of Cancers

Omics-based technology platforms have made new kinds of cancer profiling tests feasible. There are several valuable examples in clinical practice, and many more under development. A concerted, transparent process of discovery with lock-down of candidate assays and classifiers and clear specification of intended clinical use is essential. The Institute of Medicine has now proposed a three-stage scheme of confirming and validating analytical findings, validating performance on clinical specimens, and demonstrating explicit clinical utility for an approvable test (Micheel et al., Evolution of translational omics: lessons learned and path forward, 2012).
Continuous real-time monitoring of metabolic parameters in growing bacterial cultures

Abstract Continuous monitoring of a bacterial culture for pH, growth, CO2, and NH3 has been accomplished by means of in situ probes. Changes in the metabolic parameters of Proteus cultures generally occurred about an hour before changes in growth were observed. The time of maximum CO2 production preceded that of NH3 elaboration by this organism; however, the sequence was reversed when urea was added to the medium. This type of in situ monitoring system has great potential for the study of the metabolism of growing organisms as well as for the early detection of growth in liquid culture.
Food uses of barley

This is a review of industrial and food uses of barley. Following a general description of the structure and the composition of the barley kernel and outline of present uses, recent and projected developments are discussed. Those developments include uses of malted barley in brewing and baking. Mechanically abraded barleys malted in the presence of exogenous gibberellic acid can be used in novel brewing systems and in the improvement of bread quality. By‐products of malting and brewing can be utilized in feed and nonfood products and at the same time reduce problems of waste disposal. The availability of barley cultivars with unique starch compositions (high in amylose or amylopectin) or high in protein and lysine expand the potential usefulness of barley in the production of modified starches and cereals of greatly improved nutritional value.
Speciation, formation, stability and analytical challenges of human arsenic metabolites

Human arsenic metabolism produces a number of species with varying toxicities; the presence of some has been identified while the existence of others has been postulated through indirect evidence. Speciation methods for the analysis of arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII), dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII), arsenate (AsV), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAV), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV), arsino-glutathione (As(GS)3), monomethylarsino-glutathione (MMA(GS)2) and dimethylarsino-glutathione (DMA(GS)) were developed in this study through the use of cation exchange and reverse phase chromatography in a complementary manner. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used for molecular identification of the arsenicals while inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed for quantitation purposes. Validation of the developed methods against each other for the quantitation of trivalent and pentavalent arsenicals was performed. The effect of reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration on the formation of arsenic-glutathione (As-GSH) complexes was studied. In the presence of glutathione, the occurrence of chromatographic artifacts on the cation exchange column was observed. The stability of trivalent arsenicals and As-GSH complexes was studied at various pH conditions. The results shed light on the importance of sample preparation, storage and proper choice of analytical column for the accurate identification of the As species. Reinvestigation of some of the previously reported As speciation studies of glutathione-rich biological samples needs to be performed for the verification of occurrence of As-GSH complexes and DMAIII.
Coevolution: The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolutionary Arms Races

Coevolutionary arms races between species can favor exaggeration of traits for attack and defense, but relentless escalation of these arms races does not necessarily occur in all populations.
Effects of metaknowledge on talk duration and interaction involvement in small group decision‐making

The purpose of this investigation was to examine empirically the effects of metaknowledge of small group problem solving on two different measures of member interaction, interaction involvement and talk duration. Results from the present investigation indicated that metaknowledge of small group problem solving processes was significantly correlated with talk duration and the responsiveness dimension of interaction involvement.
Duration of inhibition of platelet prostaglandin formation and aggregation by ingested aspirin or indomethacin.

Abstract Platelet prostaglandin production was abolished in platelet-rich plasma taken from 4 adult subjects one and 6 hours after ingestion of aspirin or indomethacin. The second wave of epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation was also abolished. Sodium salicylate did not produce these effects. While the effects of aspirin persisted for as long as 2 to 3 days those of indomethacin lasted less than 24 hours.
Computers and Achievement in the Elementary Schools

This article is a summary of a comprehensive meta-analysis of CAI research at the elementary school level. One conclusion is that CAI is effective in raising student achievement scores, but that different classes of children and different forms of CAI produce different results.
Embedded NFC protection and forensics for mobile phones with EnGarde

Near Field Communication (NFC) on mobile phones presents new opportunities and threats. While NFC is radically changing how we pay for merchandise, it opens a pandora's box of ways in which it may be misused by unscrupulous individuals. This could include malicious NFC tags that seek to compromise a mobile phone, malicious readers that try to generate fake mobile payment transactions or steal valuable financial information, and others. In this demo, we show the capabilities of our hardware solution, EnGarde, that protects a mobile phone from these vulnerabilities.
Antihistamines in the Treatment of the Common Cold: A Preliminary Report

1)Sixty-three cases of the common cold were treated with antihistamines and 29 with placebos as a control. 2)There appeared to be a definite and significant percentage of cases benefited by the antihistamines. 3)Few colds seemed to be truly "aborted" by this therapy. 4)Neither duration of symptoms of a cold nor a history of allergy is any indication of the amount of benefit that may be expected. 5)The results obtained in this small series warrant further critical investigation and study.
Routine pelvic radiography in severe blunt trauma: Is it necessary?

To evaluate the hypothesis that all victims of severe blunt trauma require a pelvic radiograph, we prospectively studied all such patients admitted to the Southern New Jersey Regional Trauma Center during a seven-month period. All patients were classified as unconscious; impaired; awake, alert, and symptomatic; or alert, oriented, and asymptomatic for pelvic fracture on admission. All underwent a plain anterior-posterior radiograph of the pelvis. A total of 265 patients were studied and 26 pelvic fractures were identified. These occurred in seven of 36 unconscious patients, 11 of 96 impaired patients, and eight of 23 symptomatic patients. No fractures were identified in 110 awake, alert, oriented, and asymptomatic patients ( P
Lepidopteran anti-juvenile hormones: Effects on development of Apanteles congregatus in Manduca sexta

Abstract Parasitism by the braconid wasp Apanteles congregatus decreases the effectiveness of the anti-juvenile hormone agents ETB (ethyl 4-[2-{ittert-butyl carbonyloxy}bytoxy]benzoate) and fluoromevalonolactone (FMev) in inducing precocious metamorphosis of Manduca sexta larvae. Topical application of 1–200 μg ETB to parasitized third-instar larvae had no effect on either host or parasite development, whereas doses of 50μg or more ETB applied to unparasitized third-instar larvae caused formation of larval-pupal intermediates after the fourth instar. Parasitism also decreased the effectiveness of 100–200 μg FMev in causing metamorphosis at the moult following its application. In contrast to ETB, FMev disrupted development of the parasitoids. No wasps emerged when preterminal stage hosts were treated with FMev and the hosts formed larval-pupal intermediates. After treatment of terminal stage hosts with FMev, the number of emerging parasitoids was reduced by one-third. Precocene II (100 μg per larvae) had no effect on development of either M. sexta or A. congregatus .
Suicide, impulsive aggression, and HTR1B genotype

Abstract Background: Suicidality and impulsive aggression are partially heritable, and postmortem brain studies suggest that abnormalities in serotonin 1B may be associated with suicide. Studies of serotonin 1B "knockout" mice show an increase in aggressive behavior relative to wild-type mice. Methods: We assessed the relationship between genotype at the HTR1B locus and both suicide history and impulsive aggression in personality disorders. Results: The "G" allele of a polymorphic gene at the HTR1B locus was associated with a history of suicide attempts in white patients with personality disorders [χ 2 (1) = 9.3, p = .01, n = 90]. No relationship was found between HTR1B genotype and self-reported impulsive aggression. Conclusions: This preliminary finding suggests that allelic variability at the HTR1B locus may be associated with the susceptibility to suicide attempts in patients with personality disorders.
Correlation of 1.65 and 2.15 μ airglow emissions

Abstract The intense infrared airglow is due primarily to vibration-rotation bands of the OH molecule. This airglow has been observed with a 24-in. scanning photometer at two wavelengths. Narrow-band interference filters are used to limit observations to the (9,7) band at 2.15 μ and the (4,2) and (5,3) bands at 1.65 μ. If OH emission results from creation of the excited OH molecule in the v = 9 vibrational state and subsequent cascading through lower vibrational levels, the 1.65 and 2.15 μ radiation will be well correlated in space and time. However, if several mechanisms are involved in producing OH in a variety of initial excitation levels, there is no reason to expect good correlation. Sky maps obtained simultaneously at 1.65 and 2.15 μ show strongly correlated intensity fluctuations. Quantitative analysis of these maps and other investigations of smaller areas of the sky yield correlation coefficients typically in excess of 0.8.
Characterization of highly dispersed Ru catalysts by chemisorption

Abstract Stoichiometries for H2 chemisorption and H2-O2 titration on Ru are somewhat in doubt based on the literature. In addition, little or no work has been done on highly dispersed (75–100%) Ru catalysts. In order to be able to better charcterize such types of catalysts, H2 chemisorption and H2-O2 titration on highly dispersed Al2O3- and zeolite-supported Ru have been investigated. The findings suggest that H2 chemisorption may be the best method for determination of the Ru surface-area/dispersion. For such dispersed catalysts the ratio H ads Ru(s) was found to be slightly larger than 1.0.
Statistical characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen ENA emission from the storm-time ring current

[1] The present study statistically examines energetic neutral atom (ENA) emission from the storm-time inner magnetosphere using measurements from the IMAGE/HENA instrument. It is found that the total image-integrated ENA energy flux is well correlated (∣c.c.∣ ∼ 0.7) with the Sym-H index. However, the increase is not linear but exponential with ∣Sym-H∣, which can be attributed to the fact that the ring current moves closer to Earth as the storm becomes more intense. The oxygen (52–180 keV) energy flux increases more steeply with ∣Sym-H∣ than the hydrogen (27–60 keV and 60–119 keV) energy flux, which is consistent with the results of in situ measurements reported previously. The relative contribution of near-Earth emission to total energy flux is larger during the main phase than during the recovery phase presumably because during the main phase the ring current moves closer to Earth and ion precipitation is more intense. Interestingly, if Sym-H is the same, the ring current emission of 60–119 keV hydrogen and 52–180 keV oxygen is systematically weaker during the main phase than during the recovery phase. This can be explained if the ring current is indeed weaker during the main phase than during the recovery phase (for a given Sym-H), and its smaller contribution to Sym-H is compensated by the contribution of a more intense tail current. This idea is confirmed by the finding that the geosynchronous magnetic field is more stretched during the main phase.
What Made Sahar Scared?: Imaginary and Realistic Causes in Palestinian and American Children’s Concept for Fear

Young children associate fear with monsters, ghosts, and other imaginary creatures more than with real threats to safety, such as robbers or bullies – at least in Western societies. Cross-cultural studies are rare, are limited to older children, and have not asked if the role of the imagination extends to emotions other than fear. In this study, young Palestinian and American children (60 in each group, 3–7 years, age- and sex-matched) were asked to tell stories in which they generated a cause for fear as well as happiness, sadness, anger and surprise. Imaginary creatures were rarely cited as the cause of any emotion other than fear, but were cited frequently for fear by both Palestinians and Americans. There was also a cultural difference: Palestinians generated significantly fewer imaginary and more realistic causes for fear than did Americans. Thus, imaginary causes are a part of Palestinian children’s fear concept, but imaginary causes are not primary as they are for American children; for Palestinian children, realistic causes are primary in their fear concept.
Revolution's end: Information technology and crisis management

Despite the general enthusiasm for applying information technology to military affairs, insufficient work has been done on the question of how new systems will facilitate the management of international crises. Crises often set the initial conditions under which military competition must take place. The prevailing wisdom treats them as a less intense form of military conflict, so the same gains that revolutionary technologies have achieved in combat should obtain during crises. However, crisis management has its own dynamics apart from warfighting. Wars are fought to eliminate competition, while crisis managers seek to induce cooperation – producing a favorable agreement while avoiding war. Crises call upon leaders' political intuition, their personal style of information processing, and their capacity to respond after surprises in different measures than combat does. A historical comparison of US crisis management during the Berlin crises – 1948–1962 and the crises in the former Yugoslavia – 1992–1999 sh...
Local immunoglobulin synthesis in periodontal disease.

The inflammatory lesions in advanced periodontal disease are characterized by a plasma cell infiltrate. In vitro synthesis of immunoglobulins (Ig) was detected by incorporation of 14C-lysine and 14C-isoleucine combined with immunoelectrophoresis and autoradiog-raphy. IgG and IgA but not IgM synthesis was detected in chronically inflamed gingival tissues. No Ig synthesis was detected in histologically normal gingival tissue cultured under the same conditions or in predominantly fibrotic tissue. These results directly indicate that local synthesis does occur in diseased gingival tissues, suggesting that not all of the immunoglobulin in the gingival sulcus and gingival tissues are derived from the circulation.
Short people got no reason: gender, height, and disparities in the management of acute lung injury

Though the benefits of lung protective ventilation (LPV) in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) have been known for more than a decade, widespread clinical adoption has been slow. Han and colleagues demonstrate that women with ALI/ARDS are less likely than men to receive LPV, though this disparity resolves when the analysis is adjusted for patient height. This analysis identifies patient height as a significant factor in predicting provider adherence with LPV guidelines, and illuminates why some disparities in intensive care exist and how they may be resolved via improved utilization of evidence-driven protocols.
Seasonal Population Dynamics of Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Sweet Orange Trees Maintained Under Continuous Deficit Irrigation

A 2-yr study was conducted in a citrus orchard (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck cultivar Valencia) to determine the influence of plant water stress on the population dynamics of glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar). Experimental treatments included irrigation at 100% of the crop evapotranspiration rate (ETc) and continuous deficit-irrigation regimens at 80 and 60% ETc. Microclimate and plant conditions monitored included temperature and humidity in the tree canopy, leaf surface temperature, water potential, and fruit quality and yield. Glassy-winged sharpshooter population densities and activity were monitored weekly by a combination of visual inspections, beat net sampling, and trapping. Glassy-winged sharpshooter populations were negatively affected by severe plant water stress; however, population densities were not linearly related to decreasing water availability in plants. Citrus trees irrigated at 60% ETc had significantly warmer leaves, lower xylem water potential, and consequently hosted fewer glassy-winged sharpshooter eggs, nymphs, and adults than trees irrigated at 80% ETc. Citrus trees irrigated at 100% ETc hosted similar numbers of glassy-winged sharpshooter stages as trees irrigated at 60% ETc and a lower number of glassy-winged sharpshooter nymphs than the 80% ETc treatment, specifically during the nymphal density peak in mid-April to early July. Irrigation treatments did not affect populations of monitored natural enemies. Although the adult glassy-winged sharpshooter population was reduced, on average, by 50% in trees under severe water stress, the total number of fruit and number of fruit across several fruit grade categories were significantly lower in the 60% ETc than in the 80 and 100% ETc irrigation treatments.
Multiscale Rician approach to Gabor filter design for texture segmentation

Gabor filters have been applied successfully to the segmentation of textured images. Previous investigators have used banks of Gabor filters, where the filter parameters were predetermined ad hoc and not necessarily optimized for a particular task. Other investigators have proposed using filters tuned to dominant components in the FFT of constituent textures. More recent work presented a Gabor filter design method using a Rician distribution to characterize the filtered textures. The article addresses the design of a single Gabor filter to segment multiple textures and is based on using the Rician distribution at two different scales of the Gabor-filter envelope. Furthermore, variable degrees of postfiltering and the accompanying effect on postfilter output statistics are considered. >
Crystallization‐induced reactions of copolymers. III. Ester interchange reorganization of poly(cis/trans‐1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate)

Random copolymers of cis- and trans-1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate were permitted to undergo ester-interchange reorganization at temperatures just below the melting point. As predicted from the principles of crystallization-induced reactions of semicrystalline copolymers proposed in the first two papers of this series, the copolymers were observed to undergo changes in physical properties which are associated with the conversion of a random to a block copolymer. The driving force for this antiequilibrium ordering process is believed to be the irreversible expansion of the crystalline regions following replacement of cis by trans glycol units. Solubility, crystallinity, and crystallization properties were monitored to determine the effects of copolymer composition, temperature, catalyst, and molecular weight on the reorganization rate. This type of process is also believed to be responsible for the direct preparation of block copolymers by a solid-state polycondensation reaction used in this study.
Parenthood and Psychological Well-Being Among the Formerly Married Are Children the Primary Source of Psychological Distress?

Previous studies have found that children have a negative, albeit fairly weak, impact on the psychological well-being of parents. These studies have generally focused on married respondents and, to a somewhat lesser extent, unmarried women, but have generally ignored unmarried men. For the most part, studies of parenthood and well-being have not considered the issue of adult and/or absent children. Defining parenthood so it includes relations with adult children, absent children, and dependent children in the home, the present study compares the impact of parenthood on the well-being of formerly married men and women to that of married men and women. The findings confirm that nonparents experience better mental health than parents and further indicate that (1) variation in the parental role is more strongly associated with psychological well-being for men than for women, (2) parenthood is most strongly related to well-being among formerly married men, for whom the greatest problems occur with the presence...
Modelling the structure of amorphous As2S3

Abstract A mixed mechanical-computer model was used to obtain information about the medium range order in amorphous As2S3. Beginning with a mechanical stick and ball model, the structure was computer relaxed with an interatomic potential. The relaxed model shows evidence of polymeric non-planar structural ordering.
Phylogeny of Rubus (rosaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences.

We used nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS 1 2 5.8S 2 ITS 2; ITS) sequences to generate the first phylogeny of Rubus based on a large, molecular data set. We sampled 57 taxa including 20 species of subgenus Rubus (blackberries), one to seven species from each of the remaining 11 subgenera, and the monotypic and closely related Dalibarda .I nRubus, ITS sequences are most informative among subgenera, and variability is low between closely related species. Parsimony analysis indicates that Rubus plus Dalibarda form a strongly supported clade, and D. repens may nest within Rubus. Of the subgenera with more than one species sampled, only subgenus Orobatus appears monophyletic. Three large clades are strongly supported: one contains all sampled species of nine of the 12 subgenera; another includes extreme Southern Hemisphere species of subgenera Comaropsis, Dalibarda, and Lampobatus; and a third clade consists of subgenus Rubus plus R. alpinus of subgenus Lampobatus. Rubus ursinus appears to be a hybrid between a close relative of R. macraei (subgenus Idaeobatus, raspberries) and an unidentified subgenus Rubus species. ITS sequences are generally consistent with biogeography and ploidy, but traditionally important morphological characters, such as stem armature and leaf type, appear to have limited phylogenetic value in Rubus.
Spectral Graph Theory and its Applications

Spectral graph theory is the study of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices associated with graphs. In this tutorial, we will try to provide some intuition as to why these eigenvectors and eigenvalues have combinatorial significance, and will sitn'ey some of their applications.
Optimal experimental design for systems involving both quantitative and qualitative factors

Often in discrete-event simulation, factors being considered are qualitative such as machine type, production method, job release policy, and factory layout type. It is also often of interest to create a response surface (RS) metamodel for visualization of input-output relationships. Several methods have been proposed in the literature for RS metamodeling with qualitative factors but the resulting metamodels may be expected to predict poorly because of sensitivity to misspecification or bias. This paper proposes the use of the expected integrated mean squared error (EIMSE) criterion to construct alternative optimal experimental designs. This approach explicitly takes bias into account. We use a discrete-event simulation example from the literature, coded in ARENA/spl trade/, to illustrate the proposed method and to compare metamodeling accuracy of alternative approaches computationally.
Stochastic theory of self-induced transparency: linearized approach

Making use of c-number stochastic theory and soliton perturbation theory, we study the quantum fluctuations of a self-induced transparency (SIT) soliton propagating through a lossless two-level medium. Considering the fluctuations as small corrections to the classical soliton, we are able to construct and solve four stochastic equations that govern the evolution of four soliton parameters: photon number (intensity), phase, timing, and momentum (frequency). We find excellent agreement between our stochastic theory of SIT solitons and the second-quantized theory of Lai and Haus [Phys. Rev. A 42, 2925 (1990)].
Genetic line differences in survival and pathogen load in young layer chicks after Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis exposure

Early infection may result in long-term colonization of layers with Salmonella enterica sv. enteritidis (S. enteritidis, SE), resulting in shedding into table or hatching eggs. To evaluate genetic factors underlying early response to SE, genetic line differences in mortality and pathogen load at two sites (cecal lumen and spleen) were investigated. At day of hatch, chicks of four genetic lines were intra-esophageally inoculated with one of three doses of SE phage type 13a. There was a significant effect (P < 0.001) of genetic line on chick 6-d survival. The effect of genetic line was significant (P < 0.05) on survivors' SE burden in cecal content but not on SE burden per gram of spleen. The SE pathogen load of the spleen and the cecal content were not significantly correlated, indicating that independent host mechanisms are partly responsible for these two traits. Genetic line differences in chick survival and SE colonization of cecal content were demonstrated in young layer chicks.
Design and performance of a high-repetition-rate single-frequency Yb:YAG microlaser.

We describe the design and performance of a high-repetition-rate single-frequency passively Q-switched Yb:YAG microlaser operating near 1030 nm. By using short cavity length, an intracavity Brewster polarizer, and an etalon output coupler, we are able to produce ~1-ns-long single-frequency pulses at repetition rates up to 19 kHz without shot-to-shot mode hopping. The laser's output spatial mode is TEM00 and its pulse energy varies between 31 μJ and 47 μJ depending on repetition rate. Its peak optical-to-optical efficiency is 22%.
Frequency domain algebraic image reconstruction technique

We propose an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) in the frequency domain for linear imaging problems. This algorithm has the advantage of efficiently incorporating pixel correlations in an a priori image model. First it is shown that the generalized ART algorithm converges to the minimum weighted norm solution. Then an implementation in the frequency domain is described. The performance of the new algorithm is demonstrated with a fan beam computed tomography (CT) example. Compared to the traditional ART and its major improvement SART, the new algorithm offers superior image quality, fast convergence and potential application to other modalities.
End of life customs among immigrants from Eritrea.

Eritrean immigrants bring expectations and resources to meet the challenge of illness and death. This study, undertaken in cooperation with the Cross Cultural Health Care Program of Seattle, sought...
IL-10 Restrains IL-17 to Limit Lung Pathology Characteristics following Pulmonary Infection with Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain

IL-10 production during intracellular bacterial infections is generally thought to be detrimental because of its role in suppressing protective T-helper cell 1 (Th1) responses. Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that activates both Th1 and Th17 protective immune responses. Herein, we report that IL-10–deficient mice (Il10−/−), despite having increased Th1 and Th17 responses, exhibit increased mortality after pulmonary infection with F. tularensis live vaccine strain. We demonstrate that the increased mortality observed in Il10−/−-infected mice is due to exacerbated IL-17 production that causes increased neutrophil recruitment and associated lung pathology. Thus, although IL-17 is required for protective immunity against pulmonary infection with F. tularensis live vaccine strain, its production is tightly regulated by IL-10 to generate efficient induction of protective immunity without mediating pathology. These data suggest a critical role for IL-10 in maintaining the delicate balance between host immunity and pathology during pulmonary infection with F. tularensis live vaccine strain.
Embedding binary trees in arrays with optical buses

Optical bus based architectures have received much attention lately, and how to take advantage of the unique communication capabilities of such architectures in application development needs to be demonstrated. In this paper we first describe an embedding of a binary tree into a Reconfigurable Array with Spanning Optical Buses (or RASOB), which achieves a near minimal expansion cost. We then describe an embedding of a large binary tree into a small RASOB, which achieves a near optimal load balance. In both embeddings, all packet transfers between parents and children in the binary trees can be accomplished in one bus cycle, which implies that the embeddings achieve an optimum dilation cost of 1.
High-gain quasi-shielded tapered-slot antennas for 50–65 GHz switched-beam systems

A tapered-slot antenna (TSA) with microstrip-to-slotline transition is demonstrated for millimeter-wave wireless communications. Two antennas with different aperture widths and lengths are fabricated on a Teflon substrate (e r = 2.2, t = 10 mils), and result in a measured S 11 &#60; −8 dB with a gain of 11 dB and 7 dB at 55–63 GHz for an aperture of 3.5 mm and 1 mm, respectively. To validate its performance inside portable mm-wave systems, two metal shielding planes are placed above and below the antennas. The results show that the TSAs maintain good impedance matching and gain with a metal plane height of 1–3 mm, depending on the aperture. A four-element TSA array is also demonstrated for switched-beam systems.
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRENGTHS AND NEEDS OF LOW-INCOME SUBSTANCE ABUSERS IN RECOVERY

Psychosocial heterogeneity among recovering substance users is not well understood. Cluster analysis was used to identify subgroups with distinct psychosocial profiles among a low-income sample attending a community recovery center (n = 151). Psychosocial characteristics assessed included depressive symptoms, perceived social support, self-efficacy, and coping. A 3-cluster solution explained the most variance in the constructs assessed (R2 = 0.72). The largest cluster (38.4% of the sample) was characterized as “distressed,” with high emotional distress and few psychosocial resources. The second largest (34.2%) was characterized as “adjusted” because of its generally positive pattern of psychosocial functioning. The smallest (27.4%) was characterized as “resilient” because this cluster displayed emotional strengths despite low perceived social support. Findings have implications for tailoring interventions for this vulnerable population.
Modeling defect cluster evolution in irradiated structural materials: Focus on comparing to high-resolution experimental characterization studies

It is well established that exposure of metallic structural materials to irradiation environments results in significant microstructural evolution, property changes, and performance degradation, which limits the extended operation of current generation light water reactors and restricts the design of advanced fission and fusion reactors. Further, it is well recognized that these irradiation effects are a classic example of inherently multiscale phenomena and that the mix of radiation-induced features formed and the corresponding property degradation depend on a wide range of material and irradiation variables. This inherently multiscale evolution emphasizes the importance of closely integrating models with high-resolution experimental characterization of the evolving radiation-damaged microstructure. This article provides a review of recent models of the defect microstructure evolution in irradiated body-centered cubic materials, which provide good agreement with experimental measurements, and presents some outstanding challenges, which will require coordinated high-resolution characterization and modeling to resolve.
Short-Term Fluxes Through Major Outlets of the North Inlet Marsh in Terms of Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate

Transects across three major creeks joining the North Inlet marsh system to the neighboring ocean and bay environments were characterized in terms of the temporal fluctuations, distribution, and short-term transport of total microbial biomass (measured as adenosine 5′-triphosphate [ATP]). The mean ATP density ranged from 0.865 to 1.357 mg per m3. Highest densities were recovered during flood tides. The distribution of mean ATP densities as well as net flux through each interface proved to be complex with both vertical and horizontal stratification apparent at some locations. A net import of ATP at a rate of about 40 mg per s was noted at the two creeks that interfaced directly with the oceanic environment. A net export was noted through the creek that emptied into the bay. The results indicate that the characterization of a tidal creek interface in terms of ATP, or similar parameters, requires the simultaneous measurement of both the component of interest and directional velocity.
Functional assembly of minicellulosomes on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surface for cellulose hydrolysis and ethanol production.

We demonstrated the functional display of a miniscaffoldin on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surface consisting of three divergent cohesin domains from Clostridium thermocellum (t), Clostridium cellulolyticum (c), and Ruminococcus flavefaciens (f). Incubation with Escherichia coli lysates containing an endoglucanase (CelA) fused with a dockerin domain from C. thermocellum (At), an exoglucanase (CelE) from C. cellulolyticum fused with a dockerin domain from the same species (Ec), and an endoglucanase (CelG) from C. cellulolyticum fused with a dockerin domain from R. flavefaciens (Gf) resulted in the assembly of a functional minicellulosome on the yeast cell surface. The displayed minicellulosome retained the synergistic effect for cellulose hydrolysis. When a -glucosidase (BglA) from C. thermocellum tagged with the dockerin from R. flavefaciens was used in place of Gf, cells displaying the new minicellulosome exhibited significantly enhanced glucose liberation and produced ethanol directly from phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose. The final ethanol concentration of 3.5 g/liter was 2.6-fold higher than that obtained by using the same amounts of added purified cellulases. The overall yield was 0.49 g of ethanol produced per g of carbohydrate consumed, which corresponds to 95% of the theoretical value. This result confirms that simultaneous and synergistic saccharification and fermentation of cellulose to ethanol can be efficiently accomplished with a yeast strain displaying a functional minicellulosome containing all three required cellulolytic enzymes.
Potential Flow Past a Group of Circular Cylinders

The problem of an accelerating potential flow past a group of stationary circular cylinders is considered using the method of images. The problem is formulated so that the number and location of the cylinders is arbitrary so long as there is no overlap between adjacent cylinders. Inertial and lift coefficients are determined for several different cylinder arrangements. The inertial coefficient for a cylinder can vary in either direction from its single-cylinder value of 2.0. The controlling factors on this variation are the relative geometric position of the cylinder within the group and its distance from its neighbors. These same factors determine, as is expected, the lift coefficient values. In two example configurations, there is even a drag-type force generated on an individual cylinder in the potential flow.
An MBoC Favorite: Ezrin self-association involves binding of an N-terminal domain to a normally masked C-terminal domain that includes the F-actin binding site.

The ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) proteins have emerged as important regulators of the cortical actin cytoskeleton, particularly in the apical domain of polarized epithelial cells. In this paper (Gary and Bretscher, 1995), which has been cited more than 250 times since publication, the authors showed that head-to-tail binding regulates interactions with actin and other binding partners at the cell cortex. Intramolecular head-to-tail binding has subsequently been shown to be critical for regulation of ERM proteins, as well as for the closely related protein Merlin, a component of the Hippo growth control pathway. ERM folding has also served as a model for autoinhibition of a number of other cortical cytoskeletal proteins. Interestingly, although the authors’ data suggested the existence of both intramolecular and intermolecular interactions, little is known about the importance of the latter in living cells, suggesting that the full importance of this work remains to be discovered.
Combinatorial substrate epitaxy: A high-throughput method for determining phase and orientation relationships and its application to BiFeO3/TiO2 heterostructures

Abstract A new technique, combinatorial substrate epitaxy, has been used to study the polymorphic stability and orientation relationships (ORs) for TiO2 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition on polycrystalline BiFeO3 at 600 °C. Electron backscatter diffraction data from 150 substrate/film pairs were analyzed to determine that anatase (A) grew with the OR (1 1 2)A || (1 1 1)BFO and [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] A | | [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] BFO on BiFeO3 (BFO) substrates oriented within 35° of [1 0 0]. Rutile (R) was found on all other substrate orientations with (1 0 0)R || (1 1 1)BFO. The in-plane orientation was primarily [0 0 1]R || [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] BFO , but some films near the anatase/rutile phase boundary were rotated by 30° so that [0 0 1]R || [ 1 ¯ 2 1 ¯ ] BFO . Because these substrate film pairs have high-index interface planes, conventional epitaxy arguments based on two-dimensional lattice mismatch in low-index planes are considered to be limiting cases of a more general model involving the three-dimensional alignment of closest packed planes and directions, regardless of the interface plane.
CO2/Brine transport into shallow aquifers along fault zones.

Unintended release of CO2 from carbon sequestration reservoirs poses a well-recognized risk to groundwater quality. Research has largely focused on in situ CO2-induced pH depression and subsequent ...
An Expert System for Secondary Structure Prediction

The problem of aligning protein sequences would disappear if we could solve the protein folding problem. The three-dimensional structures could be compared to decide if two proteins were related. Unfortunately, there seems to be little hope of solving the problem in the near future. This chapter will focus on sequence patterns within primary structure which correlate with secondary structure (Kabsch and Sander, 1984). Protein chain folding is likely to involve significant structural feedback. Primary structure is not the sole determinant of secondary structure. As secondary structure forms, there are implications for the formation of other secondary structures, so the issues of context-dependent secondary structure and tertiary structure interactions will need to be addressed.
Is Ultrasound As Useful As Metal Artifact Reduction Sequence Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Longitudinal Surveillance of Metal-on-Metal Hip Arthroplasty Patients?

Abstract Background Current guidelines recommend longitudinal monitoring of at-risk metal-on-metal (MoM) arthroplasty patients with cross-sectional imaging such as metal artifact reduction sequence (MARS) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound. During follow-up evaluations, the clinical focus is on the relative interval changes in symptoms, radiographs, laboratory tests, and cross-sectional imaging modalities. Although MRI has the capacity for the detection of adverse local soft tissue reactions (ALTRs), the potential disadvantages of MARS MRI include the obscuration of periprosthetic tissues by metal artifacts and the cost. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in comparison with MARS MRI in detecting ALTR in MoM patients during consecutive follow-up. Methods Thirty-five MoM patients (42 hips) were recruited prospectively to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the ultrasound for detecting ALTR in relation to MARS MRI during 2 longitudinal follow-up scans. The agreement between ultrasound and MARS MRI in ALTR grade, size, and size change was calculated. Results At the initial evaluation and at the subsequent follow-up, ultrasound had a sensitivity of 81% and 86% and a specificity of 92% and 88%, respectively. At the follow-up evaluations, ultrasound was able to detect the "change" in the lesions size with −0.3 cm 2 average bias from the MARS MRI with higher agreement (k = 0.85) with MARS MRI compared to the initial evaluation in detecting any "change" in ALTR size or grade. Conclusion Ultrasound detected the interval change in the ALTR size and grade with higher accuracy and higher agreement with MARS MRI compared with the initial evaluation, suggesting ultrasound is a valid and useful.