cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Considerations for Training an Artificial Neural Network for Particle Type Identification

In the nuclear sciences and radiation detection fields, the differentiation between gamma-ray and neutron interactions inside a detector volume continues to be an area of active research. Historically, the primary mechanism for conducting particle identification has been pulse shape discrimination (PSD). However, almost all variations of this technique rely on only two factors: the area of the tail and the total area of the pulse. In the last decade, the emergence of advanced machine learning techniques, most specifically artificial neural networks (ANNs), offers a unique opportunity to capitalize on the entirety of the waveform. But such techniques appear highly reliant on the quality of datasets used for training. Our research addresses this challenge to quantify the relative performances of networks trained on a variety of datasets and subjected to the same test. Furthermore, we offer an analysis of the portability of a network trained on one detector to a similar detector.
Does marriage protect mental health? Evidence from the COVID‐19 pandemic

Using weekly variation from April 23 to June 23 2020, we exploit the surge in unemployment over the coronavirus pandemic to identify the effects on mental health outcomes and the role of marital status as a protective factor for households. We find that married respondents are 1–2 percentage points less likely, relative to their unmarried counterparts, to experience mental health problems following declines in work‐related income since the start of the pandemic. Our results suggest that the combination of intrafamily substitution and the psychological benefits of marriage helps insure against unanticipated fluctuations in job and income loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
A model for detecting and tracking humans using appearance, shape, and motion

The field of automated video surveillance has experienced increased research interest due to falling costs of video sensors, increasing security concerns, and the need for improved algorithm for extracting high-level information from video sequences. The analysis of human activities and their environment within the context of security provides information enabling the proactive identification of anomalous behavior. This makes human detection a prerequisite for the automatic extraction of higher level information, such as the recognition of the activities of individual humans. In this paper, we approach the challenge of detecting humans within video sequences as a classification task; moving objects in the foreground are either human or non-human. The classification approach presented in this work is based on motion (periodic motion detection), appearance (skin color detection), and shape (MPEG-7 shape descriptors). A modular infrastructure for data collection, object instantiation, and tracking was also implemented.
Transcriptional control mediated by the ArcA two-component response regulator protein of Escherichia coli: characterization of DNA binding at target promoters.

ArcA protein bearing an amino-terminal, oligohistidine extension has been purified, and its DNA binding activity has been characterized with or without prior incubation with carbamoyl phosphate. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase I protection assays indicate that where the phosphorylated form of the ArcA protein (ArcA-P) is expected to act as a transcriptional repressor (e.g., of lctPRD and gltA-sdhCDAB), the effect is likely to be mediated by sequestration of cis-controlling transcriptional regulatory elements. In contrast, in the case of cydAB, for which ArcA-P is expected to function as a transcriptional activator, two discrete binding sites have been identified upstream of a known promoter, and activation from these sites is likely to be mediated by a mechanism typical of the type I class of prokaryotic transcriptional activators. An additional ArcA-P binding site has also been located downstream of the known promoter, and a distinct role for this site in the regulation of the cydAB operon during anoxic growth transitions is suggested. These results are discussed within the framework of an overall model of signaling by the Arc two-component signal transduction system in response to changes in aerobiosis.
Schedules of Monetary Reinforcement in Organizational Behavior Management: Latham and Huber (1992) Revisited

Abstract In an article recently published in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, Latham and Huber (1992) reviewed a series of eight articles published from 1972 through 1982 that examined the effects of scheduling incentive pay in various ways. They used the results of these studies to support the contention that “the operant principles developed through basic research can be utilized in applied settings to design reinforcement schedules that evoke desired behavior from individual employees or employee groups” (p. 146). The present paper provides further analysis of the eight studies reviewed by Latham and Huber. In contrast to those authors, we contend that the results are quite ambiguous and relate superficially, if at all, to the results of basic research.
Koontz: The Very Worst Takings Decision Ever?

This article argues that Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District, the most widely discussed of the Supreme Court’s takings trilogy in the 2012-13 term, represents a major, unprincipled break from prior law and casts an unfortunate pall of confusion and uncertainty over takings doctrine, partly reversing the Court’s recent, successful effort to make takings doctrine more coherent and predictable. The Court ruled that the relatively heightened standard of judicial review established by the Supreme Court for so-called “development exactions” in Nollan v. California Coastal Commission and Dolan v. City of Tigard applies both (1) when the government denies a development permit after the developer rejects a government demand for an exaction as a condition of project approval, and (2) when a permit condition requires a developer to pay or expend money to mitigate project impacts. In so ruling, the Court rejected the position that claims challenging such government orders should be evaluated under either the Court’s relatively forgiving regulatory takings analysis or deferential due process analysis. Justice Elena Kagan wrote a dissent for herself and three other justices, arguing that the case did not involve an actual demand triggering Nollan and Dolan and that the standards established by those cases do not apply to permit conditions requiring the expenditure of money. This article contends that the Koontz decision is one of the worst decisions, if the not the worst decision, in the pantheon of Supreme Court takings cases. In doctrinal terms, the majority opinion flagrantly contradicts or ignores established precedent, fails to acknowledge its departure from prior law, and does not attempt to offer any new, coherent justifications for its novel holdings. As a practical matter, the decision creates a perverse, wasteful incentive for local officials to decline to work cooperatively with developers in designing projects that make business sense and protect the interests of the community. Finally, the decision injects new uncertainty into takings law, setting the stage for future debates over the legitimacy and appropriate scope of intrusive judicial review of local land use decision-making, including whether local governments retain the authority to reject development proposals based on unacceptable project impacts without triggering stringent judicial review.
Comparative deterrency of two terpenoids to two genera of attine ants.

Caryophyllene and caryophyllene epoxide are two terpenoids found in neotropical plants and known to be deterrent to leafcutter ants. To estimate the variation in deterrent activity of these compounds toward the generaAtta andAcromyrmex, behavioral bioassays were conducted over a range of concentrations. The responses of four captive colonies ofAtta cephalotes and two captive colonies ofAcromyrmex octospinosus, all from a single locality in Costa Rica, were studied. Although specific patterns of deterrency differed in the two genera, in both cases caryophyllene epoxide concentrations of 0.70 mg/g or greater, and caryophyllene concentrations of 7.0 mg/g or greater, significantly deterred the harvest of potential substrates. Individual colonies within each genus did not differ significantly in their responses to caryophyllene epoxide. The mean response of the two genera to caryophyllene epoxide differed significantly, but responses to caryophyllene did not.Acromyrmex octospinosus was more sensitive to low concentrations and less sensitive to high concentrations of caryophyllene epoxide than wasAtta cephalotes.
The role of leptin in regulating bone metabolism

Leptin was initially best known for its role in energy homeostasis and regulation of energy expenditure. In the past few years we have realized that leptin also plays a major role in neuroendocrine regulation and bone metabolism. Here, we review the literature the indirect and direct pathways through which leptin acts to influence bone metabolism and discuss bone abnormalities related to leptin deficiency in both animal and human studies. The clinical utility of leptin in leptin deficient individuals and its potential to improve metabolic bone disease are also discussed. We are beginning to understand the critical role leptin plays in bone metabolism; future randomized studies are needed to fully assess the potential and risk-benefit of leptin's use in metabolic bone disease particularly in leptin deficient individuals.
Long-Term Accumulation of Amyloid-β, β-Secretase, Presenilin-1, and Caspase-3 in Damaged Axons Following Brain Trauma

Plaques composed of amyloid β (Aβ) have been found within days following brain trauma in humans, similar to the hallmark plaque pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we evaluated the potential source of this Aβ and long-term mechanisms that could lead to its production. Inertial brain injury was induced in pigs via head rotational acceleration of 110° over 20 ms in the coronal plane. Animals were euthanized at 3 hours, 3 days, 7 days, and 6 months post-injury. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses of the brains were performed using antibodies specific for amyloid precursor protein (APP), Aβ peptides, β-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE), presenilin-1 (PS-1), caspase-3, and caspase-mediated cleavage of APP (CCA). Substantial co-accumulation for all of these factors was found in swollen axons at all time points up to 6 months following injury. Western blot analysis of injured brains confirmed a substantial increase in the protein levels of these factors, particularly in the white matter. These data suggest that impaired axonal transport due to trauma induces long-term pathological co-accumulation of APP with BACE, PS-1, and activated caspase. The abnormal concentration of these factors may lead to APP proteolysis and Aβ formation within the axonal membrane compartment.
Towards Socially Assistive Robotics

The recent trend toward developing a new generation of robots that are capable of moving and acting in human-centered environments, interacting with people, and participating in our daily lives has introduced the need for building robotic systems able to learn how to use their bodies to communicate and to react to their users in a social and engaging way. Social robots that interact with humans have thus become an important focus of robotics research.
Harmonic analysis of nonlinear MR head transfer characteristics

The voltage transfer characteristic of an MR magnetic recording read head is intrinsically nonlinear. This can compromise error-rate performance. The nonlinearity can be modeled by a linear, quadratic, and cubic term in sensitivity to field from the medium. This paper describes a theoretical and experimental quantification of the cubic nonlinearity associated with head saturation. The characterization can be carried out on any teststand. It employs a technique previously used to characterize high density nonlinear transition interactions (write nonlinearity), but in the present application characterizes low density nonlinearity associated with the read head.
Victims of Modernization: Accident Rates and Papago Indian Adjustment

Few attempts have been made to construct and apply measures of modernization and of consequent stress which will differentiate members of tribal populations under the impact of developmental change. This study utilizes occupational types as indices of personal modernization and a community scale developed by Patrick (Patrick and Tyroler 1972) as an index of village modernization, in combination with 1969-70 data on accidental injuries as an index of stress sustained by the Papago Indians. These measures are related in an effort to determine whether stress associated with rapid culture change falls more heavily upon (1) modern individuals in modern villages; (2) traditional individuals in modern villages; (3) modern individuals in traditional villages; (4) traditional individuals in traditional villages.By combining these possibilities into a 2 x 2 matrix, and comparing the frequencies of accidental injury in each cell, it was expected that either of the following two inferences would be supported: (1) if ...
Feeding Acceptability of Certain Insects and Various Water-Soluble Compounds to Two Varieties of the Imported Fire Ant

Studies were carried out to determine the preference of two varieties of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richleri Forel, and Solenopsis saevissima saevissima Smith, for various common insects as food, using whole and crushed insects as well as ether and water extractions. In addition, several sugars, amino acids, and B vitamins were tested for acceptability. A wide assortment of insect species tested were readily accepted: however, several species were consistently rejected by the ants. In general, the acceptance of amino acids by the ants was equal to or less than water for both ant varieties. Leucine, however, was found to be several fold more attractive than water and as acceptable as the best sugars. Both varieties were similar in their preferences for melezitose, sucrose, and dextrose (in all cases considerably higher than the water standard) and in their rejection of xylose, ribose, mannose. arabinose, and galactose. Folic acid, B 12 , and Inositol were accepted to a greater extent than the water standard, but none of the B vitamins tested were as attractive as the more acceptable sugars or amino acids.
Physiological and Production Responses of Dairy Cattle to a Shade Structure in a Subtropical Environment

Abstract Lactating cows (116) were assigned randomly to shade or no shade treatments during the summers of 1974 and 1975. Shade structure was 9.1 × 24.4 m with an insulated metal gable roof and floor of reinforced concrete. Feed and water were available under the structure, and cows had free access to adjacent bermudagrass sod. Black globe temperature was the climatological response that differed among treatments (shade = 28.4 C, no shade = 36.7 C). Respirations/min (54
Is blue going green

Abstract A number of American police agencies appear to have gone “green” by adopting a range of environmental sustainability initiatives. This article situates their efforts within a similar movement afoot throughout urban government and then explores potential theoretical explanations for them. Problems and benefits associated with environmentally-conscious police reforms are also discussed. Along the way, the author lays out a research agenda for scholars interested in further study of the apparent greening of policing.
The Psychologist in the Pediatrician's Office: One Approach to Community Psychology

This paper describes a community psychology program that was based in a pediatrician's office in a rural community. Three broad categories of psychological problems were encountered: (1) emotional disturbance, (2) developmental delay in children, and (3) ineffective child management procedures used by parents. The advantages and the problems involved in using the pediatric office as a setting to provide primary mental health care to children and families are outlined.
Optimized adhesives for strong, lightweight, damage-resistant, nanocomposite materials: new insights from natural materials

From our investigations of natural composite materials such as abalone shell and bone we have learned the following. (1) Nature is frugal with resources: it uses just a few per cent glue, by weight, to glue together composite materials. (2) Nature does not avoid voids. (3) Nature makes optimized glues with sacrificial bonds and hidden length. We discuss how optimized adhesives combined with high specific stiffness/strength structures such as carbon nanotubes or graphene sheets could yield remarkably strong, lightweight, and damage-resistant materials.
On Thermally Forced Deep Equatorial Circulation in a GCM

Abstract The thermohaline spinup of an equatorial ocean primitive equation GCM is investigated with a series of high-resolution numerical experiments. The author finds that a general problem of this class of models is unrealistically weak deep stratification combined with an unphysical parameterization of diffusion using vertical and horizontal coefficients. Near the equator, this leads to a heat balance between vertical advection and meridional diffusion. This balance, in turn, permits alternating zonal jets on the equator. The jets disappear when the deep stratification is improved to the extent that horizontal diffusion no longer dominates vertical diffusion. Therefore, the deep jet structures found in this and earlier studies are artifacts that are not related to observed equatorial deep jets.
Comparison of methods for design sensitivity analysis for optimal control of thermal systems

The objective of this study is to examine two analytical methods for the design sensitivity analysis of optimal control problems and to develop the analyses necessary for the application of the methods to thermal systems. The two methods are the direct differentiation method and the adjoint variable method. Results for these methods are compared with those obtained using central finite difference approximations for design sensitivity analysis. The adjoint variable method has the potential to reduce significantly computational times for design sensitivity analysis while sacrificing only a small amount of accuracy. As the number of functional requiring design sensitivity analysis increases, however, the adjoint variable method becomes less attractive and the direct differentiation method becomes more attractive.
Continuing Professional Development for Special Educators: Reforms and Implications for Unj"tversity Programs:

Many changes are being proposed and undertaken for the manner in which special educators are initially prepared, licensed, and participate in professional development activities throughout their teaching careers. This article focuses on reforms being proposed for the continuing professional development stage of the teacher preparation continuum. It includes information on (a) various sets of performance standards practicing special educators will need to address; (b) proposed changes in licensure and certification of practicing special educators at the national and state levels; and, (c) proposed reforms in continuing professional development requirements for career advancement or advanced certification. Implications of proposed reforms for graduate level special education teacher preparation programs as well as suggestions for specific types of experiences graduate programs could provide to prepare special educators to meet new requirements will also be addressed.
EFFECT OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM NORMAL AND LEUKAEMIC LYMPHOID TISSUE ON THE INCIDENCE OF LEUKAEMIA IN (AKR X C3H) F-1 HYBRID MICE.

Effect of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Normal and Leukaemic Lymphoid Tissue on The Incidence of Leukaemia in (AKR × C3H) F1, HYBRID MICE
Accurate 3D reconstruction of tortuous coronary vessels using biplane angiography and intravascular ultrasound

At present, 3D reconstructions of coronary vessels are generated from intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) pullback sequences by stacking up ECG-gated segmented IVUS frames. Since this approach results in straight vessel reconstructions, it clearly fails in tortuous coronary arteries. This shortcoming may be overcome by data fusion with biplane angiography. The 3D course of the vessel is first derived from angiograms and then combined with segmented IVUS images in order to obtain a spatially correct and anatomically complete vessel reconstruction. In this paper, different approaches to two problems associated with the data fusion method are discussed: the definition of the pullback path and the estimation of IVUS catheter twist during pullback. A procedure for image acquisition, segmentation, mapping, and interpolation is proposed that has been designed with respect to its clinical applicability. In vitro validations of our previously reported algorithm for analytic catheter twist quantification is presented along with data fusion results of coronary arteries in cadaveric pig hearts.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
CT features of low grade serous carcinoma of the ovary

Objective To evaluate the CT features of pathologically proven low grade serous carcinoma (LGSC) of the ovary.
Dean Vortices with Wall Flux in a Curved Channel Membrane System: 3. Concentration Polarization in a Spiral Reverse Osmosis Slit

Numerical solutions of the 3-dimensional convective diffusion equation are used to obtain a quantitative measure of concentration polarization for Dean vortex flow of an aqueous salt solution in a spiral reverse osmosis system. The velocity fields for total spanwise, radial and streamwise directions are incorporated into the convective-diffusion equation to obtain the concentration profiles. The concentration polarization for flow in spiral (with Dean vortices) and flat (without Dean vortices) membrane channels are calculated under similar flow conditions. The rate of concentration build-up in a spiral membrane channel with axial distance is significantly inhibited when Dean vortices are present. Dean vortex flow promotes rapid mixing and inhibits the growth of the solute concentration boundary layer, hence a module with Dean vortices is more productive at larger downstream distances than one without such instabilities.
Convergence of finite-difference techniques for a harmonic mixed boundary value problem

The paper deals with the convergence of finite-difference approximations for a harmonic mixed boundary value problem. In particular the case when the boundary contains a slit is considered.
Macroscopic Constriction Resistance in Microelectronic Packages

Because the reliability of semiconductor packages is strongly dependent upon the package operating temperature, the thermal behavior of these packages is a significant factor in determining the mean time between failures. As a result, the package thermal resistance is of great interest to design and development engineers. The internal thermal resistance of a typical dual-in-line (DIP) semiconductor device can be divided into two components: the microscopic resistance (that resistance caused by the imperfect contact between the internal surfaces) and the macroscopic resistance (the resistance resulting from large geometric variations). The current investigation focuses on the macroscopic resistance, which is typically the larger of the two resistances occurring in a package. In order to determine the macroscopic construction resistance occurring in a representative microelectronic package, a combined numerical and experimental investigation was conducted. The constriction resistance was determined as a function of the geometric parameters, and an electrolytic analog technique was used to provide experimental data for comparison with the numerical model.
Experimental determination of transformation enthalpies of metastable phase transitions in ion-irradiated NiAl3

A novel experimental technique has been developed by which metastable phase transformations in thin films may be investigated. The technique is demonstrated by the determination of the enthalpies of transformation of two commonly observed metastable phases in the compound NiAl,; the vapor deposited, fee extended solid solution phase, and the ion-induced amorphous phase. The measured transformation enthalpies are -4.16 *0.35 and - 5.02+0.49 kcal/mole, respectively. The latter compares with a calculated value of -5.83 kcal/mole. determined using the embedded atom model. This technique demonstrates the feasibility of determining phase transformation enthalpies in ion-irradiated and vapor-deposited metastable phase thin films.
Parallel probabilistic tree embeddings, k-median, and buy-at-bulk network design

This paper presents parallel algorithms for embedding an arbitrary n-point metric space into a distribution of dominating trees with O(log n) expected stretch. Such embedding has proved useful in the design of many approximation algorithms in the sequential setting. We give a parallel algorithm that runs in O(n2 log n) work and O(log2 n) depth---these bounds are independent of Δ = (maxx,y d(x,y))/(minx≠ y d(x,y)), the ratio of the largest to smallest distance. Moreover, when Δ is exponentially bounded (Δ ≤ 2O(n)), our algorithm can be improved to O(n2) work and O(log2 n) depth. Using these results, we give an RNC O(log k)-approximation algorithm for k-median and an RNC O(log n)-approximation for buy-at-bulk network design. The k-median algorithm is the first RNC algorithm with non-trivial guarantees for arbitrary values of k, and the buy-at-bulk result is the first parallel algorithm for the problem.
Results of urinary tract reconstruction in boys with end stage bladders resulting from obstructive uropathy

AbstractPurpose: The records of 17 boys who underwent reconstruction of the lower urinary tract because of end stage bladders resulting from obstructive uropathy were reviewed to evaluate the degree to which they void and factors that favorably impacted outcome.Materials and Methods: A total of 17 boys with end stage bladders resulting from obstructive uropathy, including posterior urethral valves in 15 and obstructing ureteroceles in 2, underwent reconstruction of the urinary tract. Procedures consisted of augmentation (autoaugmentation in 3, ileocystoplasty in 2, ileocecal cystoplasty in 1 and colocystoplasty in 10), an ileal ureter in 2, bladder neck revision in 15 and appendicovesicostomy in 8.Results: All patients achieved a low pressure reservoir of adequate volume with stable or improved urinary tracts. A total of 13 patients voided sufficiently well to maintain a favorable life-style, including 5 who were completely catheter-free. With respect to the variables involved in reconstruction, bladder n...
Active commuting influences among adults.

Abstract Objective Active commuting (AC) is a behavior with many documented health benefits; however, influences on AC are not well understood. This paper examined a range of influences on self-reported AC behavior. Methods Participants in Manhattan, KS, responded to an online survey (August–December 2008) with questions about walking, biking and driving patterns, influences on AC (motivators, barriers, self-efficacy, and workplace factors) and demographics. Separate logistic regression models predicted if participants walked, biked, or drove to work at least once/week according to the demographic factors and influences on AC, and significant factors were examined simultaneously in a multivariate logistic model. Results Participants (n = 375) were primarily young to middle aged adults, female, Caucasian, with at least a high school education, and 24.2% reported AC one or more times per week. Univariate analyses revealed several demographic variables, employment related factors, barriers, and motivators significantly associated with walking, biking, and driving. The multivariate models found multiple significant predictors associated with walking (Nagelkerke R 2 = 0.685), biking (Nagelkerke R 2 = 0.717), and driving (Nagelkerke R 2 = 0.799). Conclusions AC is a complex behavior and this study noted a wide range of significant influences. These results provide insight for the development of policies and programs to enhance population level AC.
TMS 9995 the power packed microcontroller

Abstract The newest additions to the Texas 9900 family have been integrated with the central processor function thereby enabling 16bit dedicated controller applications to be met with a minimum package count.
The effects of in-row subsoil tillage and soil water on corn yields in the southeastern coastal plain of the United States

Soil erosion is a problem in the Southeastern Coastal Plain of the U.S.A. where clean tillage row cropping exists without adequate soil conserving practices. Conservation tillage practices in the region have frequently incorporated in-row subsoiling to overcome root restricting soil layers 0.20 to 0.35 m below the surface. A number of studies have been conducted to determine the benefits of in-row subsoiling and results have been contradictory. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships between in-row subsoil and non-subsoil tillage treatments, soil water, and corn grain yields. The study was conducted for two years on an Orangeburg sandy loam (Typic Paleudult). The study contained irrigated and non-irrigated treatments. The four tillage treatments used were (T1) in-row subsoiler followed by a double disk bedder, (T2) double disk bedder, (T3) fluted coulter followed by in-row subsoiler and slot filler tines, and (T4) fluted coulter. Tillage and planting were accomplished simultaneously. Each corn (Zea Mays L. ‘Dekalb XL72B’) crop was preceded by fall-planted wheat and the wheat (Triticum aestivium L. “Coker 747”) was killed with herbicides in the spring before corn planting. Wheat mulch was disked in prior to the bedding treatments and left undisturbed for the two fluted coulter treatments. Corn was planted 0.04 m deep with double disk openers. Soil water potential was maintained above 0.05 MPa in the irrigated corn plots. Forty kg/ha of N was applied at planting and followed 42 days later with eight weekly applications of 50 kg/ha N. In-row subsoiling and irrigation treatments significantly increased grain yields. Irrigated corn grain yields were 12333 and 7872 kg/ha in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Non-irrigated corn yields were 7697 and 4892 kg/ha in 1978 and 1979, respectively. In-row subsoiled to a depth of 0.36 m and non-subsoiled grain yields were 8577 and 7820 kg/ha, respectively. There was no significant difference between bedding and fluted coulter treatments.
Secondary organic aerosol formation and transport — II. Predicting the ambient secondary organic aerosol size distribution☆

Abstract The size distribution of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol is simulated by a Lagrangian trajectory model that includes descriptions of gas-phase chemistry, inorganic and organic aerosol thermodynamics, condensation/evaporation of aerosol species, dry deposition and emission of primary gaseous and particulate pollutants. The model is applied to simulate the dynamics of aerosol size and composition along trajectories on 27–28 August 1987 during the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS). The secondary organic aerosol material is predicted to condense almost exclusively on the submicron aerosol in agreement with the available measurements, and its size distribution for Claremont, CA, is predicted to be unimodal with a mass mean diameter of roughly 0.2 μm. The distributions of the various secondary organic aerosol species are predicted to be essentially the same. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) size distribution is found to depend crucially on the mass and size distribution of primary aerosol on which the secondary species condense and on the surface accomodation coefficient of the condensable species. The SOA size distribution is predicted not to be significantly affected by diffusional dry deposition, sources and sinks of ammonia, emissions of VOC, and secondary aerosol yields from precursor hydrocarbons. A bimodal secondary organic aerosol size distribution is predicted only if the submicron primary dust particles reside mainly in the 0.5–1.0 μm diameter size range, or if the condensable species have a strong preference (an accomodation coefficient difference of two orders of magnitude) for the 0.5–1.0 μm diameter particles. The secondary organic aerosol distribution in Claremont is predicted to shift slightly towards the larger aerosol particles during the nighttime hours with it mass mean diameter peaking around midnight at 0.21 μm and having its minimum in early afternoon at 0.18 μm. In coastal locations of the Los Angeles basin, secondary organic material exists in relatively smaller particles (mass mean diameter 0.16 μm) but in far inland locations it condenses on the available larger particles (mass mean diameter 0.23 μm).
Thiolate Ligand Exchange Mechanisms of Au1 and Subnanometer Gold Particle Au11

Density functional theory is employed to examine the thiolate-for-thiolate ligand exchange mechanism of the undecagold Au11(SR′)3(PH3)7 particle with several incoming thiols HSR′′ (R′ = H, CH3; R′′ = H, CH3, CH2CH3, CH2CH2CH3, CH2CH(NH2)COOH). The reaction with cysteine is investigated as a representation for undecagold-protein binding. BP86 calculations using double-, triple-, and quadruple-ζ basis sets on a model Au1 system show that the triple-ζ basis set predicts reaction energies and geometries in good agreement with the larger quadruple-ζ basis set, while barrier heights are underestimated by ∼9 kJ/mol. Ligand exchange reaction on Au11 is more endothermic than Au1, and longer organic chains on the incoming thiol lead to increases in the reaction energy of up to 0.8 kJ/mol. The reaction of cysteine is more favorable than other ligands, and the reaction energy is predicted to be −5.0 kJ/mol with the Au11(SCH3)3(PH3)7 particle. Barrier heights are essentially constant for aliphatic ligands, while the b...
SPANISH SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: STATE OF THE SCIENCE

SPANISH SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: STATE OF THE SCIENCE. Barbara A. Lafford and Rafael Salaberry (Eds.). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003. Pp. xii + 332. $39.95 paper.Lafford and Salaberry's new volume provides an overview of the past, present, and anticipated future of SLA theory and research on second language (L2) acquisition of Spanish. Chapters 1–6 summarize some of the major products of Spanish SLA research, whereas chapters 7–9 treat overarching theoretical concerns related to the processes involved in Spanish SLA. The final chapter examines the role of L2 instruction. This accessible work reports on major trends in the field and discusses the results and conclusions of landmark studies published during the last half century.
Model of the backside illuminated Chandra CCD

In this work we describe a simulator developed to model the x-ray response of the backside illuminated Chandra CCDs. The model is based on the Monte Carlo technique, where individual x-ray photons are thrown into the silicon structure and the behavior of the simulated electron clouds is calculated. In order to reproduce the complex redistribution function of the device at low energies we had to introduce charge losses for the clouds formed near the illuminated surface. An important feature of this model is its simulation of Charge Transfer Inefficiency (CTI) which attempts to reproduce losses of signal charge to electron traps in the buried channel of the device during different vertical and horizontal charge transfers. The CTI model takes into account a reduction of the number of empty traps in the channel due to precursor charge packets found in the previous rows of the image section of the device. Parameters of the model were tuned to fit the large amount of experimental data acquired during the on-the-ground calibration of the Chandra devices at energies ranging from 277 eV to 9.9 keV.
Coherence properties of some broadband highly coherent light fields

Coherence properties are studied for nonsinusoidal steady-state light fields, which have the property that they produce nonsinusoidal traveling waves with the same time-dependent waveform throughout the far field of their sources. It is found that many such deterministic light fields can have frequency bandwidths that more than span the visible spectrum and can produce interference fringes with unit visibility if light from any pair of points in the far field is combined. However, the complex degree of coherence (in the space–time domain) for such fields over the far field is not unimodular. Thus these fields are not perfectly coherent according to the usual definition within the theory of partial coherence.
Poised for Success: Implementation of Sound Conditioning Strategies to Promote Endogenous Protective Responses to Stroke in Patients

The following perspective represents our summary of questions, ideas, concerns, and recommendations expressed by speakers and discussants at the second Biennial Translational Preconditioning Workshop held in Miami in December 2011.
Understanding situational awareness in multi-unit supervisory control through data-mining and modeling with real-time strategy games

As robots become increasingly capable and autonomous, the role of a human operator may be to supervise multiple robots and intervene to handle problems and provide strategic guidance. In such cases, the extent to which HRI tools support the human supervisor's situational awareness (SA) and ability to intervene in an appropriate and timely fashion will constrain the scale of operations (e.g., the number of robots; the complexity of tasks) that can reasonably be supervised by a single person. One approach to understanding how humans might acquire, maintain, and use situational awareness in multi-robot supervision tasks is to look at video games that require similar activities. We describe our initial efforts at analyzing and modeling data from Real-Time Strategy (RTS) games with the goal of answering basic questions about the nature of situational awareness and supervisory control of multiple semi-autonomous agents.
Coding to analyze students' critical thinking

Using a problem developed from Guinotte et al. (pp 141-146), we illustrate a research approach to determine the effectiveness of inquiry-based instruction on students' understanding. Two research studies, one in biology (Udovic et al. 2002) and one in chemistry (Wright et al. 1998), influenced our thinking about how to proceed. Both are exemplary studies that examined the impact of active learning and cooperative groups on student learning by comparing reformed courses to traditional existing courses. The studies coded and analyzed students' written and oral responses to determine their understanding. Udovic et al. (2002) concluded that students in the reformed course showed significant gains in conceptual learning, scientific reasoning, and attitudes about science; Wright et al. (1998) concluded that students in the reformed course demonstrated higher-level critical thinking skills in oral assessments given by faculty external to the course. Human-induced changes in seawater chemistry, as illustrated in Guinotte et al., is a newly emerging topic in biology and is connected to larger issues surrounding global climate change. The main concept of the paper is appropriate for a unit on carbon cycling designed to expand students' understanding of carbon fluxes in both marine and terrestrial systems. For students not familiar with marine systems, it may be counterintuitive to relate addition of carbon to oceans with degradation of calcium carbonate-based skeletal structures such as corals. A common preconception among students is that as more carbon goes into the ocean, more calcium carbonate becomes available to build the skeletons of corals and other marine organisms.
Co-translational protein targeting by the signal recognition particle

The signal recognition particle (SRP) mediates the co-translational targeting of nascent proteins to the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum membrane, or the bacterial plasma membrane. During this process, two GTPases, one in the SRP and one in the SRP receptor (SR), form a complex in which both proteins reciprocally activate the GTPase reaction of one another. The recent crystal structures of the T. aquaticus SRP · SR complex show that the two GTPases associate via an unusually extensive and highly cooperative interaction surface, and form a composite active site at the interface. GTPase activation proceeds through a unique mechanism, stimulated by both interactions between the twinned GTP molecules across the dimer interface and by conformational rearrangements that position catalytic residues in each active site with respect to the bound substrates. Distinct classes of mutations have been isolated that inhibit specific stages during SRP–SR complex formation and activation, suggesting discrete conformational stages during formation of the active SRP · SR complex. Each stage provides a potential control point in the targeting reaction at which regulation by additional components can be exerted, thus ensuring the binding and release of cargo at the appropriate time.
Perceptual stability during dramatic changes in olfactory bulb activation maps and dramatic declines in activation amplitudes.

We compared the concentration dependence of the ability of rats to identify odorants with the calcium signals in the nerve terminals of the olfactory receptor neurons. Although identification performance decreased with concentrations both above and below the training stimuli it remained well above random at all concentrations tested (between 0.0006% and 35% of saturated vapor). In contrast, the calcium signals in the same awake animals were much smaller than their maximum values at odorant concentrations 1000 times smaller than the response at saturating odorant concentrations. We speculate that only a few spikes in olfactory sensory neurons may be sufficient for correct odorant identification.
MUSCLE FIBER TYPES OF SELECTED MUSCLES FROM BROILER CHICKENS IN RELATION TO AGE AND SEX1

Changes in muscle fiber types in relationship to chronological age and sex from selected back, breast and wing muscles of broiler chickens were characterized. Types of muscle fibers were distributed unevenly across the cross sections of back muscles with more red fibers in the deep part than in the superficial location. Very high proportions of αW fibers were found in breast and wing muscles. Muscle fiber area increased as chickens became older; however, the rate of area enlargement decreased with increasing chronological age. The sex of the chickens had no influence on either the proportion of muscle fiber types or areas. However, a sex × age interaction was observed for muscle fiber population in the Pectoralis superficialis muscle. Giant fibers were observed and these resembled βR and/or αR fibers. More giant fibers were observed in muscles consisting of higher proportion of αW fibers.
Impact of climate change on Pacific Northwest hydropower

The Pacific Northwest (PNW) hydropower resource, central to the region’s electricity supply, is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The Northwest Power and Conservation Council (NWPCC), an interstate compact agency, has conducted long term planning for the PNW electricity supply for its 2005 Power Plan. In formulating its power portfolio recommendation, the NWPCC explored uncertainty in variables that affect the availability and cost of electricity over the next 20 years. The NWPCC conducted an initial assessment of potential impacts of climate change on the hydropower system, but these results are not incorporated in the risk model upon which the 2005 Plan recommendations are based. To assist in bringing climate information into the planning process, we present an assessment of uncertainty in future PNW hydropower generation potential based on a comprehensive set of climate models and greenhouse gas emissions pathways. We find that the prognosis for PNW hydropower supply under climate change is worse than anticipated by the NWPCC’s assessment. Differences between the predictions of individual climate models are found to contribute more to overall uncertainty than do divergent emissions pathways. Uncertainty in predictions of precipitation change appears to be more important with respect to impact on PNW hydropower than uncertainty in predictions of temperature change. We also find that a simple regression model captures nearly all of the response of a sequence of complex numerical models to large scale changes in climate. This result offers the possibility of streamlining both top-down impact assessment and bottom-up adaptation planning for PNW water and energy resources.
Excitation of ducted gravity waves in the lower thermosphere by tropospheric sources

[1] Short-period, small-scale gravity waves are frequently observed in nighttime airglow imaging experiments. These waves are often found to be ducted and may be confined to a thin region of altitude in the mesosphere or lower thermosphere. An apparent paradox of high-altitude ducted waves is the nature of the source; it is necessary that a ducted wave be excited in situ or have been able to tunnel into the duct from another atmospheric region. In this paper, analytical and numerical solutions are presented for simple thermally ducted gravity waves that are Doppler-shifted by constant background winds. Using a continuous analytical model, duct dispersion properties are calculated for three case studies. Using a fully nonlinear numerical model, several scenarios are explored by which a tropospheric source can excite these thermally ducted wave modes. First, we validate the analytical and numerical models for the classical case of linear wave tunneling. Second, we examine the nonlinear excitation of ducted waves due to resonant wave self-interactions associated with realistic propagation and small-scale wavebreaking, for propagation in the same direction as the wind flow. Third, we consider the case of ducted wave excitation and propagation opposite to the direction to wind flow. Specifically, where horizontal group and phase velocities exhibit opposite sign in the ground-relative frame. The results suggest that ducted waves of very short period can be excited in the lower thermosphere by tropospheric sources, via simple linear and nonlinear processes. These excitation mechanisms are likely to be robust for a range of realistic thermal and thermal-Doppler ducts.