cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some observations on the link between learning disabilities and juvenile delinquency

In order to test the hypothesis that learning disabilities are related to juvenile delinquency, a sample of 1,005 public school and 687 adjudicated juvenile delinquent youths (ages 12 to 17) reported about delinquent behaviors in which they had engaged. The youths' educational records were screened, and, if the presence of learning disabilities could not be discounted, the children were given a series of tests. Every child was classified as either learning disabled or not. The results indicated that proportionately more adjudicated delinquent children than public school children were learning disabled. Self-report data, however, showed no differences in delinquent behaviors engaged in by learning-disabled and non-learning-disabled children, within either the adjudicated or public school samples. Public school children who have learning disabilities reported that they were picked up by the police at about the same rate as non-learning-disabled children, and engaged in about the same delinquent behaviors. Charges for which learning-disabled and non-learning-disabled adjudicated delinquents were convicted followed the same general patterns. In light of these findings, it was proposed that the greater proportion of learning-disabled youth among adjudicated juvenile delinquents may be accounted for by differences in the way such children are treated within the juvenile justice system, rather than by differences in their delinquent behaviors.
The Generation of Completion Signals in Iterative Combinational Circuits

It is shown that, if a flow table has synchronizing sequences, they can be used, at little added cost, to reduce substantially the average delay in combinational iterative realizations that generate completion signals. This constitutes a generalization of earlier work by Waite. Some quantitative results are presented indicating the extent of speed up to be expected.
Variability in Isotopic (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) Composition of Organic Matter Contributing to Detritus-Based Food Webs of the Columbia River Estuary

Abstract The use of stable isotopes has recently grown in studies of trophic structure and the recruitment and migration patterns of consumers. This type of analysis allows the flow of organic matter and trophic relationships to be outlined within complex systems. Although multiple stable isotope analysis is useful in distinguishing linkages between sources and consumers, its efficacy is contingent on the isotopic similarity within each source and the distinctiveness of producer isotope values. As part of a study investigating juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) food webs in the Columbia River estuary we examined the isotopic (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) composition of five prominent primary producers. We sought to examine statistical variability of primary producer isotope values and its effects on differentiation between sources. We found that within-group isotopic variability occurs at different scales, related to the heterogeneous landscape in which producers grow. Aquatic and wetland vascula...
A Comparison of Second‐Year Growth of Blue Catfish and Channel Catfish in Kentucky

Abstract Second-year growths of blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) and channel catfish (I. punctatus) were compared in north-central Kentucky. Percent weight gain was significantly higher (P 0.05) in feed conversion or survival. Blue catfish showed more consistent growth and were easier to seine than were channel catfish. Blue catfish should be evaluated further in temperate regions.
Radioiodine I-131 therapy in the management of thyroid cancer. A prospective study

The therapeutic value of I-131 ablation therapy following thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer was evaluated in 54 patients in a prospective study of 25 years. Thirteen (24%) patients had follicular, 24 (44%) papillary, 13 (24%) mixed papillary-follicular, two (4%) Hurthle cell and two (4%) had undifferentiated cell type tumor. Twenty-four (44.5%) patients had metastases at the time of I-131 therapy mainly to cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes, and less frequently to bone, brain, lung, and liver. After surgical thyroidectomy, the mean cumulative dose of I-131 required to achieve therapeutic ablation of functioning post-surgical remnants or tumor metastases was 163.4 mCi. The recurrence rate for patients with metastases was 56% and those without metastases was 25%. Ten patients showed recurrence of I-131 accumulating tissue five to 10 years after initial total ablation. The total mean cumulative dose of I-131 administered for both followup diagnostic studies, and initial and follow-up therapy was 245.3 mCi. Seven deaths were attributable to thyroid cancer, five with differentiated and two with anaplastic cell type tumors. Three of the four patients with differentiated cell type tumors had metastases to brain or bone. Their response to therapy was similar to those patients with anaplastic cell type tumors. In contrast, there were no deaths due to thyroid cancer when total ablation was achieved and maintained. After ablation, all patients were maintained on maximum tolerated doses of thyroid extract or thyroxin. No significant complications attributable to the therapeutic doses of I-131 employed in this series were noted. Cancer 40:195–202, 1977.
The Domestic Issue-Specific Political Opportunity Structure and Migrant Inclusion Organization Activity in Europe

This analysis compares broad and issue-specific political opportunity structures (POS) to help explain the domestic conditions under which migrant inclusion organizations across the European Union undertake political activity. Using data from an original survey of European migrant inclusion organizations, the analyses model nine domestic activity types that range from conventional lobbying to more confrontational tactics. The results show that the national issue-specific POS is a stronger predictor of groups' domestic action, mobilizing participation across a range of activities. In contrast, the broad POS tends to decrease participation after controlling for issue-specific factors. The results lend support to the importance of refining the concept of the POS to include variables specifically relevant to the movement in question. Moreover, they demonstrate that the nation-state is an important factor in explaining groups' activities.
Quantitative partition chromatography and the composition of E. coli

Abstract 1. 1. A quantitative chromatographic method of analysis on filter paper has been described. In essence it depends on comparing the intensities of spots of the amino acids of the unknown material with spots of a standard mixture of amino acids. This analysis was done in two different ways, i.e. , one dimensional and two dimensional. 2. 2. In one dimensional chromatography aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glycine, threonine and alanine can be determined by using as solvent meta- or para-cresol plus 0.3% NH 3 . Tyrosine, proline, valine, leucine and isoleucine can be estimated when benzylalcohol is used. The basic amino acids can be estimated by first separating the amino acids in meta- or para-cresol plus 0.3% NH 3 on filter paper and by turning the filter paper chromatogram through 180° and by moving the contaminating amino acids away with benzylalcohol the bases can be separated and determined. 3. 3. In the two dimensional chromatographic method different dilutions of the standard mixture and hydrolysate are placed on different filter papers and the papers run in the solvent pair-m- or p-cresol NH 3 and collidine, or phenol NH 3 and collidine. The amino acids are then estimated by comparing the spots on the unknowns with those on the standard mixture. 4. 4. The methods of analysis have been applied to digests of E. coli in which the concentrations of the 17 amino acids present have been determined. 5. 5. When the amino acid concentrations are compared with those determined by the microbiological technique on similar digests it was found that the agreement between the two methods was excellent.
Influence of Deep-Fat Fryer Load on Computed Fry Time of Breaded Broiler Thighs

Abstract The validity of a regression equation for computing fry time for raw, breaded broiler thighs was tested with three times the number of thighs (24) used in establishing the equation. No difference (P>.05) was found in computed fry times based on mean weight of the load and actual mean fry times obtained from internal temperature measurement at the three frying temperatures (163, 177, and 191 C) under consideration.
Erbium: YAG versus holmium: YAG lithotripsy

Purpose: We test the hypothesis that erbium:YAG (Er:YAG) lithotripsy is more efficient than holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) lithotripsy.Materials and Methods: Human calculi composed of greater than 97% calcium oxalate monohydrate and cystine were studied. Calculi were irradiated in water using Er:YAG or Ho:YAG lasers. Er:YAG lithotripsy was done with a 425 μm. sapphire optical fiber at a pulse energy of 50 mJ. at 10 Hz. Ho:YAG lithotripsy was performed with a 365 μm. low hydroxy optical fiber at a pulse energy of 500 mJ. at 10 Hz. or a 425 μm. sapphire optical fiber at a pulse energy of 50 mJ. at 10 Hz. Fragmentation was defined as the initial stone mass minus the final dominant fragment mass and normalized for incident laser fluence (energy per unit area of fiber tip).Results: Mean fragmentation plus or minus standard deviation for calcium oxalate monohydrate was 38 ± 27 mg. for Er:YAG and 22 ± 6 for Ho:YAG (low hydroxy silica fiber) versus 5 ± 1 for Ho:YAG (sapphire fiber, p = 0.001). When fragmentation was normal...
The Influence of Voltage Grading and Insulation Length on Contamination Performance

The results of experiments made to determine the effect of voltage distributions on the ac contamination performance of insulators are described. By using both internal and external capacitive grading, the voltage distributions on long insulator strings were varied from highly uniform to highly nonuniform. Results of contamination tests made on these insulators with clean fog are presented, and the impact for insulation design is discussed. Additional contamination test data on long post-type insulators are given. An analysis of these results shows that a potentially severe design problem exists for such insulators if large diameter columns are used for supports or on apparatus in substations located in contaminated areas.
Intensity-modulated radiosurgery: Improving dose gradients and maximum dose using post inverse-optimization interactive dose shaping

Intensity-modulated radiosurgery (IMRS) for brain metastases and arterio-venous malformations (AVM) using a serial tomotherapy system (Nomos Corp., Cranberry Township, PA) has been delivered in >150 cases over the last 5 years. A new software tool provided within the Corvus inverse planning software (ActiveRx) allows for post inverse planning re-optimization and individualization of the dose distribution. We analyzed this tool with respect to increasing the steepness of the dose gradient and in-target dose inhomogeneity while maintaining conformity. Fifteen clinically delivered IMRS plans for solitary brain metastases provided the basis for this analysis. The clinical IMRS plans were copied and the ActiveRx module was opened. The toolset in ActiveRx includes a hot spot eraser, a pencil tool to redefine isodose lines and a drag and drop tool, allowing reshaping of existing isodose lines. To assess changes in the steepness of the dose gradient and dose homogeneity, the 100%, 90%, 50% and 25% isodose volume, the volume of the target, maximum dose and mean dose to the target were recorded. We also recorded total monitor units and calculated treatment delivery times. Target volumes ranged from 0.6 to 14.1 cm(3) (mean/median 3.9/1.8 cm(3)). Mean RTOG conformity index (CI) of plans clinically delivered was 1.23+/-0.31; mean homogeneity index (HI) was 115+/-5%. After using the ActiveRx tool-set, the mean CI was slightly improved to 1.14+/-0.1, with an associated increase in HI to 141+/-10%. The average, respective Ian Paddick CI for the 100%, 90% 50% and 25% isodose lines were 0.79 vs. 0.83, 0.44 vs. 0.59, 0.12 vs. 0.19, and 0.04 vs. 0.07, representing significant improvements after using ActiveRx post-optimization. Total MU were reduced by a mean of 12.3% using ActiveRx, shortening estimated treatment delivery times by 3.2 minutes on average. A post inverse planning optimization tool for IMRS plans allowed for statistically significant improvements in the steepness of the dose gradient, and increased maximum and mean target doses compared to clinically delivered plans that were already considered excellent. Gains were especially pronounced in the reduction of normal brain tissue included into the 90%, and 50% isodose lines. We have since made this process part of the clinical routine for all cranial IMRS procedures.
The Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier during Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus is a mosquito-borne alphavirus associated with sporadic outbreaks in human and equid populations in the Western Hemisphere. After the bite of an infected mosquito, the virus initiates a biphasic disease: a peripheral phase with viral replication in lymphoid and myeloid tissues, followed by a neurotropic phase with infection of central nervous system (CNS) neurons, causing neuropathology and in some cases fatal encephalitis. The mechanisms allowing VEE virus to enter the CNS are currently poorly understood. Previous data have shown that the virus gains access to the CNS by infecting olfactory sensory neurons in the nasal mucosa of mice. However, at day 5 after inoculation, the infection of the brain is multifocal, indicating that virus particles are able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To better understand the role of the BBB during VEE virus infection, we used a well-characterized mouse model system. Using VEE virus replicon particles (VRP), we modeled the early events of neuroinvasion, showing that the replication of VRP in the nasal mucosa induced the opening of the BBB, allowing peripherally administered VRP to invade the brain. Peripheral VEE virus infection was characterized by a biphasic opening of the BBB. Further, inhibition of BBB opening resulted in a delayed viral neuroinvasion and pathogenesis. Overall, these results suggest that VEE virus initially enters the CNS through the olfactory pathways and initiates viral replication in the brain, which induces the opening of the BBB, allowing a second wave of invading virus from the periphery to enter the brain.
Boundary structures are formed by organic components of the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite

The first cellular systems to appear on the Earth were presumably assembled from three molecular species: information-storing molecules capable of replication, enzyme-like catalysts structurally encoded by that information and able to enhance replication rates, and boundary-forming molecules which could encapsulate the system represented by the first two molecular species. Encapsulation would provide a microenvironment conducive to interaction of the molecular species involved, and would further serve to differentiate such systems according to their reproductive success. Boundary structures could also provide permeability properties useful for the directed transport of nutrient molecules required for growth and replication. The experiments reported here focused on non-polar molecules extracted from carbonaceous chrondrites. Such molecules represent plausible models for the mixture of organic substances present on the early Earth. We found that certain components in the extract have physical properties which lead to the formation of boundary structures.
Conversion of acid chlorides to substituted acetylenes with tungsten alkylidynes

Our investigation into the conversion of acid chlorides to substituted acetylenes using tungsten alkylidynes is presented. Several acid chlorides can be converted to acetylenes in good yields, although a more straightforward synthesis of the required tungsten alkylidynes would be desirable.
Insomnia is associated with quality of life impairment in medical-surgical intensive care unit survivors

Abstract Objectives To examine the prevalence of insomnia and its relationship to health-related quality of life (HRQOL) post-intensive care unit (ICU). Background The burden of post-ICU insomnia is unknown. Methods This cross-sectional study examined data from 120 patients with an ICU stay >24 h. Pre-hospital health was assessed in-hospital. Insomnia, HRQOL and post-ICU psychiatric symptoms were assessed at 12 months post-ICU. Results Over one-quarter (28%) of subjects met insomnia criteria at 12 months post-ICU. Post-ICU insomnia was independently associated with worse mental HRQOL (P Conclusions Insomnia is common among ICU survivors. Post-ICU insomnia is significantly associated with mental HRQOL and could identify ICU survivors who may benefit from further psychiatric evaluation.
Virotherapy Using Myxoma Virus Prevents Lethal Graft-versus-Host Disease following Xeno-Transplantation with Primary Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a potentially lethal clinical complication arising from the transfer of alloreactive T lymphocytes into immunocompromised recipients. Despite conventional methods of T cell depletion, GVHD remains a major challenge in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. Here, we demonstrate a novel method of preventing GVHD by ex vivo treatment of primary human hematopoietic cell sources with myxoma virus, a rabbit specific poxvirus currently under development for oncolytic virotherapy. This pretreatment dramatically increases post-transplant survival of immunocompromised mice injected with primary human bone marrow or peripheral blood cells and prevents the expansion of human CD3+ lymphocytes in major recipient organs. Similar viral treatment also prevents human-human mixed alloreactive T lymphocyte reactions in vitro. Our data suggest that ex vivo virotherapy with myxoma virus can be a simple and effective method for preventing GVHD following infusion of hematopoietic products containing alloreactive T lymphocytes such as: allogeneic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, donor leukocyte infusions and blood transfusions.
Re-entrant kinetic arrest and elasticity of concentrated suspensions of spherical and nonspherical repulsive and attractive colloids

We have designed and studied a new experimental colloidal system to probe how the weak shape anisotropy of uniaxial particles and variable repulsive (Coulombic) and attractive (van der Waals) forces influence slow dynamics, shear elasticity, and kinetic vitrification in dense suspensions. The introduction of shape anisotropy dramatically delays kinetic vitrification and reduces the shear elastic modulus of colloidal diatomics relative to their chemically identical spherical analogs. Tuning the interparticle interaction from repulsive, to nearly hard, to attractive by increasing suspension ionic strength reveals a nonmonotonic re-entrant dynamical phase behavior (glass–fluid–gel) and a rich variation of the shear modulus. The experimental results are quantitatively confronted with recent predictions of ideal mode coupling and activated barrier hopping theories of kinetic arrest and elasticity, and good agreement is generally found with a couple of exceptions. The systems created may have interesting materials science applications such as flowable ultrahigh volume fraction suspensions, or responsive fluids that can be reversibly switched between a flowing liquid and a solid nonequilibrium state based on in situ modification of suspension ionic strength.
On the Distribution of Portunus (Achelous) Affinis and Euphylax Dovii (Decapoda Brachyura, Portunidae) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific 1)

On rencontre couramment au large du Pacifique est, a la hauteur des tropiques, deux especes de crabes pelagiques qui sont toutes deux des elements importants du regime alimentaire de Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre). Portunus (Achelous) af finis (Faxon) a ete trouve dans 138 prises de micronekton et dans deux prelevements a l'epuisette. Dans la region comprise entre le Golfe de Panama et le cap Corrientes, Mexique, P. af finis etait present jusqu'a environ 320 km au large de la cote. Dans les prelevements faits par l'Institut Scripps, qui sont entierement pelagiques, aucune femelle de P. affinis n'etait ovigere, tandis que, dans les prelevements faits par la Fondation Allan Hancock, les seules ovigeres ont ete prises dans des eaux peu profondes, par chalutages benthiques. Cela laisse supposer que les P. affinis pelagiques trouves loin en mer n'appartiennent pas a la population reproductive. Quarante-huit specimens de P. affinis portaient des balanes, Conchoderma virgatum, sur leur carapace. Euphylax dovii Stimpson a ete trouve dans 9 prises de micronekton et dans 6 prelevements a l'epuisette, et, a l'exception d'un seul specimen present dans les prelevements faits par l'Institut Scripps, on ne l'a pas capture au nord de 9° Nord. Le point le plus eloigne de la cote ou la presence de E. dovii a ete signalee est situe a environ 640 km a l'ouest sud-ouest des Iles Galapagos. Les repartitions de P. affinis et de E. dovii etablies d'apres leur presence, d'une part, dans l'estomac du thon a nageoires jaunes et, d'autre part, dans les prelevements au filet et au chalut sont concordantes.
Silver(I)-dithiolate chemistry: Syntheses and characterizations of three new Ag1 cluster anions containingi-MNT [i-MNT= S2CC(CN) in2 su2− ] ligands-[Ag4(i-MNT)4]4−, [Ag8(i-MNT)6(PPh3)4]4−, and [Ag9(i-MNT)6(PPh3)6]3−

The reaction of AgNO3 with [(“Bu4N2 i-MNT)]3 in CH3CN produces a new silver cluster anion [Ag4(i-MNT)4]4− ,3, a species having a tetrahedral arrangement of silver atoms bridged by fouri-MNT ligands which has been isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography as [Bu4N]2[(PPh3)2]2 [Ag4(i-MNT)4],4. The reaction of two or three equivalents of Ag(PPh3)2NO3 with [BzEt3N]6[Ag6(i-MNT)6] in CH3CN produces two new clusters, [BzEt3N]4[Ag8(i-MNT)6(PPh3)4],6, and [BzEt3N]3[Ag4(i-MNT)6(PPh3)6], 7, having the common structural feature of an octahedral Ag6S12 core. The octanuclear Ag8 cluster also can be synthesized from the reaction of 4 and PPh3 in CH2Ck2 and compound 5 has been structurally characterized as [Bu4N]2[(PPh3)2N]2[Ag8(i-MNT)6(PPh3)4]. The31P{1H} NMR spectrum of 6 in CD3CN at −43° shows two sets of two doublets. The corresponding chemical shift and coupling constant of each species is 9.32 ppm (354, 408.8 Hz) and 9.45 ppm (346.7, 401.7 Hz), respectively. Pertinent crystallographic data are as follows: Compound 4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cc2a, witha=18.668(3)A,b=36.793(4) A,c=17.836(3)A, Z=4, andV= 12250(3)A3. Compound 5 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, witha=16.506(3)A,b=17.280(3)A,c=19.144(4) A,x=98.485(14)°, β= 105.44(2)°.y=94.63(2),Z= 1, andV = 5164(2)A3. Compound6 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m, witha= 25.341(9)A,b= 25.289(9)A,c= 15.076(7)A, β= 107.19(5)°,Z=2, and V=9230(6)A3. Compound7 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, witha=25.872(6)A,b=21.288(4) A,c=35,928(5), β=100.98(1)°,Z-4, andV=19426(6)A3.
Analysis of nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

Abstract Mass spectrometry, especially fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, is playing an ever increasing role in the identification of naturally occurring and synthetic nucleic acid components. Practical applied aspects of this technique are discussed using examples taken from the recent literature describing the mass spectral analysis of nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides.
Electromigration effects in aluminum alloy metallization

An investigation of electromigration-induced failure in aluminum alloy films, with the major emphasis on aluminum-copper-silicon, was conducted. Flash evaporation was utilized for alloy deposition and yielded aluminum-copper films having electromigration resistance comparable to that of such films prepared by other techniques. Results for aluminum-copper-silicon and aluminum-copper were similar indicating the passive role of silicon in the presence of copper. Additions of four weight percent copper resulted in near-optimum electromigration resistance. In addition, hot-substrate deposition was beneficial in attaining greater lifetime. For films deposited on unheated substrates, or having lower copper contents, heat treatment seriously degraded electromigration resistance. Heat treatment effects were considered to be a consequence of copper redistribution. Lifetime decrease at large copper contents and possible saturation at large thicknesses were interpreted in terms of clustering of CuAl2 precipitates. The superior reliability of copper-alloyed metallization when compared with aluminum or aluminum-silicon was clearly demonstrated. Lifetime improvement could be accounted for by the increased activation energy for the failure process in the aluminum-copper alloys.
Gyrus: A Framework for User-Intent Monitoring of Text-Based Networked Applications

Traditional security systems have largely focused on attack detection. Unfortunately, accurately identifying the latest attack has proven to be a never-ending cycle. In this paper, we propose a way to break this cycle by ensuring that a system's behavior matches the user's intent. Since our approach is attack agnostic, it will scale better than traditional security systems. There are two key components to our approach. First, we capture the user's intent through their interactions with an application. Second, we verify that the resulting system output can be mapped back to the user's interactions. To demonstrate how this works we created Gyrus, a research prototype that observes user interactions for common tasks such as sending email, instant messaging, online social networking, and online financial services. Gyrus secures these applications from malicious behavior such as spam and wire fraud by allowing only outgoing traffic with content that matches the user's intent. To understand how Gyrus captures user intent, consider the case of a text- based application. In this case the user's input is displayed on the screen so the user can confirm that their input is correct. Gyrus builds on this concept by focusing on what is being displayed to the user instead of what the user has typed or clicked. We call this the "what you see is what you send (WYSIWYS)" policy. We implemented Gyrus under a standard virtualization environment, and our prototype system successfully stops malware from sending unintended content over the network. Our evaluation shows that Gyrus is very efficient and introduces no noticeable delay to a users' interaction with the protected applications.
ANALYSIS OF CHIMERIC UMUC PROTEINS : IDENTIFICATION OF REGIONS IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM UMUC IMPORTANT FOR MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY

UnlikeEscherichia coli, the closely related bacteriumSalmonella typhimurium is relatively unresponsive to the mutagenic effects of DNA-damaging agents. Previous experiments have suggested that these phenotypic differences might result from reduced activity of theS. typhimurium UmuC protein. To investigate this possibility, we have taken advantage of the high degree of homology between the UmuC proteins ofE. coli andS. typhimurium and have constructed a series of plasmid-encoded chimeric proteins. The possibility that the phenotypic differences might be due to differential expression of the respective UmuC proteins was eliminated by constructing chimeric proteins that retained the first 25 N-terminal amino acids of either of the UmuC proteins (and presumably the same translational signals), but substituting the remaining 397 C-terminal amino acids with the corresponding segments from the reciprocal operon. Constructs expressing mostlyE. coli UmuC were moderately proficient for mutagenesis whereas those expressing mostlyS. typhimurium UmuC exhibited much lower frequencies of mutation, indicating that the activity of the UmuC protein ofS. typhimurium is indeed curtailed. The regions responsible for this phenotype were more precisely localized by introducing smaller segments of theS. typhimurium UmuC protein into the UmuC protein ofE. coli. While some regions could be interchanged with few or no phenotypic effects, substitution of residues 212–395 and 396–422 ofE. coli UmuC with those fromS. typhimurium resulted in reduced mutability, while substitution of residues 26–59 caused a dramatic loss of activity. We suggest, therefore, that the primary cause for the poor mutability ofS. typhimurium can be attributed to mutations located within residues 26–59 of theS. typhimurium UmuC protein.
Nutrition Counts Campaign “95”

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To design and market a nutrition and health promotion program for a health maintenance organization. Nutrition Counts Campaign "95" was designed to generate member and staff interest in nutrition, as well as referrals to nutrition services and health education classes. The campaign began during National Nutrition Month with a quiz concerning a variety of nutrition topics. The campaign was promoted via colorful bulletin boards, flyers in waiting rooms and stickers worn by staff. The Nutrition Counts Campaign was a coordinated effort by nineteen registered dietitians at thirteen health care delivery sites. Monthly fact sheets were distributed at all sites. Ten nutrition topics were addressed: sodium, dietary cholesterol, blood sugar, fiber, dietary fat, calcium, exercise, body mass index, cancer prevention guidelines and USDA Food Guide Pyramid. Several topics were coordinated with the corresponding national health education calendar. The campaign culminated with a repeat quiz from the first month. Prizes donated by local businesses were awarded to participants via a drawing at each health care delivery site. The prizes included sports shoes, cookbooks and gift certificates to health classes, supermarkets and restaurants. The campaign generated enthusiasm and increased awareness about good nutrition.
CARDIAC MEASURES OF DRIVER WORKLOAD DURING SIMULATED DRIVING WITH AND WITHOUT VISUAL OCCLUSION

Cardiac (heart rate, pre-ejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia), performance, and visual demand measures of driver workload were obtained from 15 male university students who drove a simulated course multiple times at a fixed speed of 72.4 km/h. The course contained curves of 3 different radii (582, 291, and 194 m) and was driven with and without visual occlusion of the road scene to manipulate driver workload. Visual occlusion of the road scene significantly reduced driving performance but did not affect the cardiac measures. Driving performance significantly deteriorated and visual demand significantly increased as curve radius decreased. The cardiac measures were differentially affected by curve radius, indicating different modes of autonomic control for the 291-m curve as compared with the 582- and 194-m curves. The patterns of dissociation across the cardiac, performance, and visual demand measures were interpreted as being capable of isolating the perceptual demands of driving from the central and motor processing demands. A potential application of this research is that the combination of psychophysiological and visual occlusion methodologies are a powerful research tool to assess performance and processing resource cost trade-offs associated with using advanced in-vehicle technologies.
Single wall diesel particulate filter (DPF) filtration efficiency studies using laboratory generated particles

Abstract Diesel engines offer higher fuel efficiency, but produce more exhaust particulate than conventional gasoline engines. Diesel particulate filters are presently the most efficient means to reduce these emissions. These filters typically trap particles in two basic modes: at the beginning of the exposure cycle the particles are captured in the filter holes, and at longer times the particles form a “cake” on which particles are trapped. Eventually the “cake” is removed by oxidation and the cycle is repeated. We have investigated the properties and behavior of two commonly used filters: silicon carbide (SiC) and cordierite (DuraTrap® RC) by exposing them to nearly-spherical ammonium sulfate particles. We show that the transition from deep bed filtration to “cake” filtration can easily be identified by recording the change in pressure across the filters as a function of exposure. We investigated the performance of these filters as a function of flow rate and particle size and found that the filters have the highest filtration efficiencies for particles smaller than ∼80 nm and larger than ∼200 nm. A comparison between the experimental data and a simulation using incompressible lattice-Boltzmann model shows good qualitative agreement, but the model over-predicts the filter's trapping efficiency.
MicroRNA: mIR-ly regulators of DNMT?

In this issue of Blood , Garzon and colleagues present evidence for a functional role of miR 29b in controlling DNMT levels in leukemia. Their work may provide insight into the mechanism of action of the azanucleotides and could potentially offer the first pharmacologically active miRNA.
Tigers of an-other jungle: Adiga’s tryst with subaltern politics

Critical responses to Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger reveal two conflicting trends: one set of critics argues that the novel feeds into an orientalist fantasy of India as an underdeveloped and impoverished third world postcolony. Criticism at the other end of the spectrum celebrates Adiga’s novel for rupturing the myth of a “New India”. This article explores the multiple underlying anxieties that shape the responses of Adiga’s detractors, and argues that thus far the novel has been critiqued for the wrong reasons. The essay goes onto extricate The White Tiger from this dichotomous framework and assess the text in terms of its internal slippages, to suggest that the real, although subtle, conservatism of the novel lies elsewhere. By presenting a searingly dystopic vision of individualized subaltern violence, Adiga invokes a fear response, such that the English-speaking bourgeois readership is galvanized into taking corrective measures that will only strengthen an exploitative market-driven society.
Positron emission tomography in the investigation of neuropsychiatrie disorders: Update and comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography

Abstract In many neuropsychiatrie disorders, PET imaging offers functional insights unavailable from anatomic imaging alone. Functional deficits may be more extensive than structural findings would indicate, may occur before the detection of anatomic changes, or may even occur in the absence of any structural lesions. We contrast the current role of PET with that of MRI and CT in the investigation of neuropsychiatric disorders including stroke, tumor, head trauma, epilepsy, schizophrenia, movement disorders, normal aging and dementia.
Calcium ionophores A23187 and X537A affect cell agglutination by lectins and capping of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins

Abstract The microtubule-disruptive drugs colchicine and vinblastine alter ligand-induced redistribution of cell surface immunoglobulins and lectin receptors. These effects can be duplicated by treatment of cells with the divalent cation ionophores A23187 and X537A. Ionophore activity was dependent upon the presence of Ca 2+ (1.8·10 −3 −4·10 −4 M) in the culture medium. The K + -selective ionophore valinomycin had no effect on ligand-induced redistribution of surface receptors. It is suggested that A23187 and X537A impair membrane-associated microtubules involved in transmembrane control of receptor mobility and topography. In contrast to the action of colchicine and vinblastine that bind directly to microtubules, it is proposed that ionophores indirectly affect microtubules by raising the concentration of Ca 2+ in the cytoplasm to levels that favor microtubule depolymerization and inhibit microtubule assembly.
Nanodiamond lateral field emission triode

Summary form only given. In this work, we report the fabrication and field emission characteristics of a nanodiamond lateral triode. The device fabrication involved a single-mask process, where a uniform layer of nanodiamond film of grain size 5-10 nm grown by CH4/H2/N2 MPECVD on a SOI substrate, was micropatterned using reactive ion etching in pure O2 plasma, with aluminum as the etch barrier for delineating the anode, cathode and the gate. On etching the silicon layer beneath the nanodiamond, the 1 mum-thick buried-oxide layer of the SOI serves to isolate the electrodes and achieve close inter-electrode spacing. The triode device structure (see figure 1) has a single finger nanodiamond cathode acting as the emitter, with 2 nanodiamond fingers in close proximity to the emitter on either side forming the gate, and a straight-edge geometry serving as the nanodiamond anode. A gate-cathode distance as small as 2 mum was achieved by photolithography and the subsequent etch processes. Fabricated anode-cathode distances per design were set to vary between 20 mum and 1 mm, so as to have a wide range to observe the modulation effect of the gate on the triode characteristics for field emission characterization of the device. A Ti/Au metal contact layer was applied on the nanodiamond to provide good electrical contact. A lateral triode with 2 mum gate-cathode and 20 mum anode-cathode spacing was characterized for field emission in a vacuum of 10-7 Torr. The triode achieved a very low gate turn-on voltage of ~9 V (threshold field: 4.5 V/mum) and displayed gate-controlled current modulation behavior whereby higher applied gate voltages gave rise to high emission current collected by the anode (see Figure 2). As a result, a large anode current of ~15 muA was achieved at Vg = 40 V and Va = 105 V. The device characteristics showed cut-off, linear and onset of saturation regions. The transistor parameters defining the performance of a triode amplifier were determined graphically from the DC characteristics curves. The transconductance gm of the triode was estimated to be ~ 0.83 muS at Va = 105 V, which will be improved by building a larger nanodiamond finger array for the electron emitter. At a constant Ia of 8 muA, the amplification factor mu was calculated to be ~ 10, indicating that this triode is an amplifier. The detailed dc characteristics of the nanodiamond lateral triode and further enhancements of the transistor performance will be investigated and presented. The nanodiamond lateral triode is a potential candidate for high frequency, high power amplification device applications
Persistence of tidally-oriented vertical migration by zooplankton in a temperate estuary

Tidal vertical migration by zooplankton is a common phenomenon in estuaries, usually associated with landward movement of meroplankton or position maintenance of holoplankton. Little is known about the persistence of this behavior, its spatial variability, or its response to changing environmental conditions. We extended a previous study of tidal movements of zooplankton in the low-salinity zone (LSZ) of the San Francisco estuary in 1994 to include data from two additional years with very different hydrology. Freshwater flow during sampling in 1995 was about 7-fold greater than in 1994; the LSZ was about 28 km further seaward, and gravitational circulation in the LSZ was strong. In 1996 freshwater flow and LSZ position were intermediate but, because the LSZ was in shallower water in 1996 than in 1995, gravitational circulation was uncommon. Behavior of copepods in both years was similar to that reported in 1994 with some tidal migration observed during most cruises. An exception was the introduced carnivorous copepodTortanus dextrilobatus, which did not migrate and maintained a position deep in the water column (1995 only). In 1996, mysids mainly stayed near the bottom with evidence for vertical migration from only 1 of 6 data sets, whereas amphipods migrated slightly on a diel schedule; these behaviors contrasted with the tidal migration observed in 1994. The bay shrimpCrangon franciscorum did not appear to migrate, but was more abundant in the water column during both ebb and flood, suggesting passive vertical dispersal. Zooplankton did not appear to maintain position by interactions with lateral circulation cells. The results for copepods suggest rigidity in behavior with little or no relaxation of the vertical movement in 1995 when strong gravitational circulation would have made upstream movement relatively easy. Mysids and amphipods altered their behavior depending on local conditions related to freshwater flow.
The Relationship of Neuropsychological Variables to Driving Status Following Holistic Neurorehabilitation

Objective: The main objectives of the present study were to evaluate the cognitive and driving outcomes of a holistic neurorehabilitation program and to examine the relationship between the neuropsychological variables of attention, speed of information processing, and visuospatial functioning and driving outcomes. Methods: One hundred and twenty eight individuals with heterogeneous neurological etiologies who participated in a holistic neurorehabilitation program. Holistic neurorehabilitation consisted of therapies focusing on physical, cognitive, language, emotional, and interpersonal functioning, including training in compensatory strategies. Neuropsychological testing was administered at admission and prior to starting driving or program discharge. Subtests of processing speed, working memory, and perceptual reasoning from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and Trail Making Test were included. Results: At the time of discharge, 54% of the individuals returned to driving. Statistical analyses revealed that at the time of discharge: the sample as a group made significant improvements on cognitive measures included in the study; the driving and non-driving groups differed significantly on aspects of processing speed, attention, abstract reasoning, working memory, and visuospatial functions. Further, at the time of admission, the driving group performed significantly better than the non-driving group on several neuropsychological measures. Conclusions: Cognitive functions of attention, working memory, visual-motor coordination, motor and mental speed, and visual scanning significantly contribute to predicting driving status of individuals after neurorehabilitation. Holistic neurorehabilitation facilitates recovery and helps individuals gain functional independence after brain injury.
HIV-1 and IL-1β regulate Fas ligand expression in human astrocytes through the NF-κB pathway

Reactive astrogliosis is a prominent pathological feature of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). We hypothesized that in HAD, astrocytes activated with proinflammatory stimuli such as IL-1beta express Fas ligand (FasL), a death protein. IL-1beta and HIV-1-activated astrocytes expressed FasL mRNA and protein. Luciferase reporter constructs showed that IL-1beta and HIV-1 upregulated FasL promoter activity (p<0.001). The NF-kappaB pathway was involved as shown by inhibition with SN50 and dominant negative IkappaBalpha mutants. Brain extracts from HAD patients had significantly elevated FasL levels compared to HIV-seropositive (p<0.001) and seronegative individuals (p<0.01). We propose that astrocyte expression of FasL may participate in neuronal injury in HAD.
Design and Evaluation of a Social Visualization Aimed at Encouraging Sustainable Behavior

The environment is affected by our collective behavior, yet many visualizations of energy saving behavior focus on personal actions, or simple, unidimensional comparisons between individuals and groups. Based on past work in social psychology and in environmental visualization, we present a design space for social visualizations that considers issues such as anonymity, dimensionality, and competition vs. collaboration. We describe the design and implementation of a social visualization of energy saving behavior. This visualization goes beyond past examples in that it includes both uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional comparative feedback. It is designed to scale to a small group of dorms or a whole city. We evaluated our visualization in the context of a dorm competition at a small liberal arts college. While this was a preliminary study, it helps to provide formative data on the value of our visualization.
Effect of LSM-YSZ cathode on thin-electrolyte solid oxide fuel cell performance

The effect of cathode composition, processing and structure on the performance of medium-temperature (600–800 °C) solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is described. The cathodes and physical supports for the SOFCs were two-phase mixtures of (La1 − xSrx)1 − yMnO3 (LSM) and Yttria-stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), the electrolytes were < 10 μm thick YSZ, and the anodes were Ni-YSZ with Y-doped CeO2 interfacial layers. It was found that the cathode overpotential was the primary factor limiting cell power densities during operation with air as the oxidant and humidified hydrogen as the fuel. Increasing the YSZ volume fraction in LSM-YSZ cathodes from 0 to 60% reduced the low-current area-specific resistance of the cells (in air and humidified hydrogen) from ~ 3.3 to 0.7 Ω cm2. The use of LSM with y = 0.1 suppressed the formation of zirconate phases during cathode sintering. Optimal cathode porosity was ≈ 40%. Decreasing the cathode porosity below ≈ 30% resulted in a mass transport limitation at high current densities due to the small pore size (< 0.5 μm) and large cathode thickness (≈ 1 mm). The maximum power densities measured in humidified H2 and air ranged from ~110 mW cm−2 at 600 to 470 mW cm−2 at 800 °C.
Effect of temperature and zooplankton abundance on growth and survival of larval threadfin shad

Abstract As a test of the match–mismatch hypothesis, we examined the effects of prey availability and water temperature on growth and survival of weekly cohorts of larval threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense in J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir, Georgia–South Carolina. Hatching dates were estimated from otolith increments, and availability of prey was estimated from the abundance of zooplankton size-classes commonly eaten by larval threadfin shad. Growth rates of 31 cohorts ranged from 0.39 to 0.78 mm/d, demonstrating the potential for stage-duration effects on cohort survival. Daily growth rate was related to water temperature and prey availability for larvae up to 21 d old. Growth increased linearly with water temperature up to 28°C, but the relation between growth and prey availability was more complex. Growth rate increased with prey density up to 160–290 organisms/L; at higher densities, growth rate decreased or was unchanged. Cohort survival ranged from 0.65 to 0.96 (per millimeter increase in length) and wa...
Subset of emerging equity markets performance in international equity markets at time of currency crises

This study examines the behaviors of eight Asian emerging market Single Country‐Closed End Funds’ (SCCEFs) market prices, net asset values (NAV) and price to net asset value ratios from January 5, 1996 to February 25, 2000, bracketing the period of the Asian currency crisis. The purpose of the study is to discern the degree of change of SCCEFs’ market prices and net asset values (NAV) in conjunction with changes in certain objective economic factors as explanatory variables, particularly changes in exchange rates, that may shed light on the probable reasons for the stickiness of market prices and yet speedy adjustment of NAVs. Results of statistical analysis suggest asymmetric information holding explanation to be the major reason for the observed phenomenon that can be exploited for profitable SCCEF investment decisions.
Insect herbivores of a bald-cypress/tupelo ecosystem

Abstract The forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubner, and the fruit-tree leafroller, Archips argyprospila (Walker), are the two dominant insect herbivores affectinf Louisiana's forested wetlands. The lack of tree species diversity and the paucity of natural enemies has resulted in continuous epidemics of these two herbivores. The resultant effects have been severe radial-growth losses of tupelo, Nyssa aquatica L., caused by the forest tent caterpillar, and growth reduction, dieback, and scattered mortality of bald cypress, Taxodium distichum L., by a relatively new insect pest of this tree species, the fruit-tree leafroller.