cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulatory T cells

The tumor microenvironment consists of numerous and diverse immune cells many of which act to suppress the immune system response against cancer cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) perform a key role in mediating this immunosuppressive response via a variety of mechanisms. Tregs express FoxP3, CD4, and CD25 and they develop either in the thymus or differentiate in the periphery from naive T cells. To this day, Treg infiltration has been shown to have prognostic significance in many solid tumors. The tumor microenvironment and the role of Tregs in soft tissue sarcomas have only recently begun to unfold. In this chapter, we review the characteristics of Tregs, the various mechanisms of their functions in the tumor microenvironment as well as the prognostic significance they pose in malignant tumors and soft tissue sarcomas in particular.
Architectural distortion in the era of digital breast tomosynthesis: outcomes and implications for management.

Abstract Purpose Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has been shown to increase conspicuity of some mammographic findings, particularly architectural distortion (AD). The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the positive predictive value of AD on diagnostic DBT, and evaluate associations between AD characteristics and histopathologic outcomes. Methods This IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant study included diagnostic DBT exams performed between 1/2014 and 12/2015 that demonstrated AD. Imaging characteristics of AD, corresponding ultrasound and MRI exams, and pathology results were reviewed. Fisher's exact tests and a two-tailed t-test were performed. Results Seventy-seven cases of AD were visualized in 68 patients (ages 36–78 years, mean 54 years). Core biopsy of 74 cases of AD yielded malignant pathology in 26/74 (35%) tissue samples. Among 48/74 (65%) non-malignant cases of AD, 25 demonstrated a high-risk lesion, including radial scar in 20, with no upgrades to malignancy among 20 high-risk lesions that underwent surgical excision. Among 23 non high-risk causes of benign AD, stromal fibrosis was most common, present in 12 biopsy specimens. Associations between imaging characteristics of AD on DBT and histopathologic outcome were not statistically significant (one-view visualization 3/13 malignant, 10/13 benign, P = 0.52; DBT-only finding 1/11 malignant, 10/11 benign, P = 0.09). Of 48 cases with an ultrasound correlate, 22/48 (46%) were malignant versus 4/26 (15%) cases without an ultrasound correlate (P = 0.01). Conclusions AD on diagnostic DBT was malignant in over one-third of cases. The presence of an ultrasound correlate was associated with malignancy.
Detection of Protein Toxin Simulants from Contaminated Surfaces by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry

Proteinaceous toxins are harmful proteins derived from plants, bacteria, and other natural sources. They pose a risk to human health due to infection and also as possible biological warfare agents. Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) with wipe sampling was used to detect proteins from surfaces as a potential tool for identifying the presence of these toxins. Proteins ranging in mass between 12.4 and 66.5 kDa were tested, including a biological toxin simulant/vaccine for Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEBv). Various substrates were tested for these representative proteins, including a laboratory bench, a notebook cover, steel, glass, plant leaf and vinyl flooring. Carbon sputtered porous polyethylene (CSPP) was found to outperform typical chromatography paper used for paper spray, as well as carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated paper and polyethylene (PE), which have been previously shown to be well-suited for protein analysis. Low microgram quantities of the protein toxin simulant and other test proteins were successfully detected with good signal-to-noise from surfaces using a porous wipe. These applications demonstrate that PS-MS can potentially be used for rapid, sample preparation-free detection of proteins and biological warfare agents, which would be beneficial to first responders and warfighters.
Data Integration Tasks on Heterogeneous Systems Using OpenCL

In the era of big data, many new algorithms are developed to try and find the most efficient way to perform computations with massive amounts of data. However, what is often overlooked is the preprocessing step for many of these applications. The Data Integration Benchmark Suite (DIBS) [1] was designed to understand the characteristics of dataset transformations in a hardware agnostic way. While on the surface these applications have a high amount of data parallelism, there are caveats in their specification that can potentially affect this characteristic. Even still, OpenCL can be an effective deployment environment for these applications.In this work we take a subset of the data transformations from each category presented in DIBS and implement them in OpenCL to evaluate their performance for heterogeneous systems. For targeting heterogeneous systems, we take a common application and attempt to deploy it to three platforms targetable by OpenCL (CPU, GPU, and FPGA). The applications are evaluated by their average transformation data rate (see Figure 1). We illustrate the advantages of each compute device in the data integration space along with different communications schemes allowed for host/device communication in the OpenCL platform.
Dual Quaternions as a Tool for Modeling, Control, and Estimation for Spacecraft Robotic Servicing Missions

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in spacecraft robotic operations in orbit. In fact, several agencies and organizations around the world are investigating satellite proximity operations as an enabling technology for future space missions such as on-orbit satellite inspection, health monitoring, surveillance, servicing, refueling, and optical interferometry, to name a few. Contrary to more traditional satellite applications, robotic servicing requires addressing both the translational and the rotational motion of the satellite at the same time. One of the biggest challenges for these applications is the need to simultaneously and accurately estimate – and track – both relative position and attitude reference trajectories in order to avoid collisions between the satellites and achieve stringent mission objectives. Motivated by our desire to control spacecraft motion during proximity operations for robotic in-orbit servicing missions which do not depend on the artificial separation of translational and rotational motion, we have recently developed a complete theory to describe the 6-DOF motion of the spacecraft using dual quaternions. Dual quaternions emerge as a powerful tool to model the pose (that is, both attitude and position) of the spacecraft during all phases of the mission under a unified framework. In this paper, we revisit the basic theory behind dual quaternions, the associated Clifford algebras, and compare quaternion-based attitude rigid-body control laws and estimation algorithms, to their dual quaternion-based pose counterparts. We also show that the resulting mathematical structure lends itself to the straightforward incorporation of an adaptive estimation scheme known as concurrent learning, which allows us to also estimate on-the-fly the mass properties of the spacecraft.
Religious Experience and the Practice of Psychology: Commentary on Part 4

This concluding section to Part 4 of the book The Problem of Religious Experience: Case Studies in Phenomenology discusses the relationship between the descriptive phenomenological research of the meaning of religious experience and the practice of psychotherapy. It is shown that phenomenological findings present the essential meaning-structure of religious experience in a holistic matter: that is, in irreducible lived connections with other aspects of the mind, as well as in the transformative impact of experience on the self. Bellini’s research of repentance, and Trajtelova’s research of mystical identity in Part 4 are juxtaposed with psychology’s attitudes to phenomenology and religious experience, suggesting that psychology represents its own finite province of meaning, which in its highly pragmatic orientation is distinct from the emancipatory finite province of meaning that is religion. Nevertheless, opening the boundaries and admitting the phenomenological clarifications of religious experience into psychology would enhance the latter’s diagnostic and healing potential.
Mechanisms of Regulation of Transporters of Amino Acid Absorption in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Intestinal absorption of dietary amino acids/peptides is essential for protein homeostasis, which in turn is crucial for maintaining health as well as restoration of health from significant diseases. Dietary amino acids/peptides are absorbed by unique transporter processes present in the brush border membrane of absorptive villus cells, which line the entire length of the intestine. To date, the only nutrient absorptive system described in the secretory crypt cells in the mammalian intestine is the one that absorbs the amino acid glutamine. Majority of the amino acid transporters are sodium dependent and therefore require basolateral membrane Na-K-ATPase to maintain an efficient transcellular Na gradient for their activity. These transport processes are tightly regulated by various cellular and molecular mechanisms that facilitate their optimal activity during normal physiological processes. Malabsorption of amino acids, recently described in pathophysiological states such as in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is undoubtedly responsible for the debilitating symptoms of IBD such as malnutrition, weight loss and ultimately a failure to thrive. Also recently, in vivo models of IBD and in vitro studies have demonstrated that specific immune-inflammatory mediators/pathways regulate specific amino acid transporters. This provides possibilities to derive novel nutrition and immune-based treatment options for conditions such as IBD. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:673-686, 2020.
Richard Zsigmondy and Henry Siedentopf’s Ultramicroscope

The concept that led to the invention of the ultramicroscope, a new type of dark-field microscope designed for the investigation of colloids, in 1903 by Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929) is not contested.
Chapter 7 – Qualities of Great Leadership

Leadership is often shrouded in myths, some of which can block our ability to think clearly and accurately about what makes a leader great. Many commonly listed characteristics of “great leaders” are off the mark and some are actually negatively associated with good leadership outcomes.
Destination stakeholders’ perceptions of overtourism impacts, causes, and responses: The case of Big Sur, California

Abstract Overtourism has recently become a pressing issue in Big Sur, a popular scenic route and major tourist attraction in Monterey County, California. The increased flow of visitors, competing for the limited existing infrastructure, has created negative impacts on the environment and community of Big Sur. By adopting an exploratory case study approach, this study gathered the perceptions of key destination stakeholders through 19 semi-structured interviews. The data-driven thematic analysis utilized to examine the interview data resulted in four major themes: pre-existing conditions, newly developed conditions, impacts, and responses. The findings suggest that a combination of a pre-existing condition of vulnerability and a sudden rise in popularity may be the basis for the development of overtourism, when proper tourism management is absent. As the first study investigating perceptions of overtourism in the context of California, this research attempted to categorize the full range of factors involved in the emergence of overtourism at a destination, as perceived by its local stakeholders.
The Human Integrator Complex Facilitates Transcriptional Elongation by Endonucleolytic Cleavage of Nascent Transcripts.

Summary Transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is pervasive in the human genome. However, the mechanisms controlling transcription at promoters and enhancers remain enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that Integrator subunit 11 (INTS11), the catalytic subunit of the Integrator complex, regulates transcription at these loci through its endonuclease activity. Promoters of genes require INTS11 to cleave nascent transcripts associated with paused RNAPII and induce their premature termination in the proximity of the +1 nucleosome. The turnover of RNAPII permits the subsequent recruitment of an elongation-competent RNAPII complex, leading to productive elongation. In contrast, enhancers require INTS11 catalysis not to evict paused RNAPII but rather to terminate enhancer RNA transcription beyond the +1 nucleosome. These findings are supported by the differential occupancy of negative elongation factor (NELF), SPT5, and tyrosine-1-phosphorylated RNAPII. This study elucidates the role of Integrator in mediating transcriptional elongation at human promoters through the endonucleolytic cleavage of nascent transcripts and the dynamic turnover of RNAPII.
Educating for Character

Increasingly, educators at colleges and universities are recognizing the importance of educating for that elusive thing called character. But their efforts are often piecemeal—a service learning pr...
Structural breakdown in high power GaN-on-GaN p-n diode devices stressed to failure

The morphology of GaN-on-GaN vertical p-i-n diode devices after reverse-bias electrical stressing to breakdown has been investigated. All failed devices had irreversible structural damage, showing large surface craters that were ∼15–35 μm deep with lengthy surface cracks. Cross-sectional electron micrographs of failed devices showed substantial concentrations of threading dislocations around the cracks and near the crater surfaces. Progressive ion-milling across damaged devices revealed high densities of threading dislocations and the presence of voids beneath the surface cracks; these features were not observed in any unstressed devices. These results should serve as a useful reference for future reliability studies of vertical high-power GaN devices.
Feminist Activism and YPAR: Privileged Girls Interrupt Rape Culture:

This research focuses on a community-based project that foregrounds youth-led participatory action research with privileged youth. The youth's work involved interrogation of, and resistance strategies for, rape culture. Research findings demonstrate that youth came to see that rape culture has deep roots and disrupting it depends on naming its reality within their lives and its systemic foundations. Building on these emergent understandings, the youth took steps to educate their community about rape culture and gender-based violence, and the consequences of leaving it unexamined. They also created strategies to transform rape culture and facilitate social change within their own community.
Evidence of Choice Avoidance in Capital‐Investment Judgements*

Evaluating capital-investment decisions is an important function of managerial accountants. There is anecdotal evidence, however, that managers avoid making decisions or delay decisions, which is costly in terms of time, effort, and lost opportunities. Prior research has shown that choice avoidance among nonprofessionals making personal decisions is associated with having to choose between alternatives with very different features or that require trade-offs of very important goals (choice difficulty). It is unclear, however, whether experienced managers, using the analytical decision tools at their disposal, respond in the same way as nonprofessionals when making accounting decisions. Hence, this study examines whether increased choice difficulty increases negative affect in the capital-investment decision-making process and, as a result, the tendency of managers to avoid choice even when analytical decision tools are used. In an experiment with 120 executives, participants facing more difficult decisions reported they felt more worried, nervous, uneasy, and anxious and had a greater desire to postpone making the decision than participants in a control group. Participants provided with a decision aid designed to help them focus their cognitive effort reported a lower desire to postpone making the decision than participants in the choice-difficulty conditions without the decision aid. I conclude by discussing the result's implications for managers and accountants.
Spontaneous Broad Ligament Hematoma after Vaginal Delivery Requiring Hysterectomy

Background Broad ligament hematomas are rare in the setting of vaginal delivery. When they do occur, patients typically present with acute hemodynamic instability. No cases of infected broad ligament hematomas have been reported. Case A 22-year-old G2 P1011 status post vaginal delivery complicated by chorioamnionitis and pre-eclampsia presented 5 days postpartum with subjective complaints of fever, vomiting, and increased vaginal bleeding. She was treated with antibiotics and uterine evacuation was planned for presumed retained products. After dilation and curettage, the patient was transferred to our facility, as her clinical status did not improve, and was later found to have an infected broad ligament hematoma requiring hysterectomy. Conclusion Though uncommon, broad ligament hematomas should be considered in postpartum women presenting with anemia and vaginal bleeding, even without hemodynamic instability. Recent intrauterine infections may predispose to hematoma infection.
Habit persistence in tourist sub-industries

Habit persistence across six U.S. tourism sub-industries is estimated using a dynamic forward looking model. Estimates show that habits largely determine current expenditure for air transportation,...
Maternal Dietary Intake of Total Fat, Saturated Fat, and Added Sugar Is Associated with Infant Adiposity and Weight Status at 6 mo of Age.

Background Whether current dietary guidelines are appropriate for pregnancy and lactation has not been well studied. Many women of reproductive age are not meeting recommendations for dietary components such as fat, added sugar, and fiber. Objectives To assess associations between maternal dietary components during pregnancy and lactation and infant growth and adiposity at 6 mo of age. Methods Mother-infant dyads (n = 349) from the prospective, observational Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth study were included (100% fully breastfed for 1 mo; 75% to 6 mo). Daily intake of fat, fiber, and added sugar was obtained using the National Cancer Institute Diet History Questionnaire II during the third trimester of pregnancy and at 1 and 3 mo postpartum. Furthermore, intakes were categorized as meeting/exceeding 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for numerous potential confounders tested relations between dietary components and infant adiposity (via DXA) and growth parameters. Regression coefficients (β) for continuous variables were expressed per SD to allow for comparison of effect sizes. Results Maternal intake of total fat and saturated fat was positively associated with infant percent body fat (%BF) (β: 0.84 per SD, P = 0.04; β: 0.96 per SD, P = 0.01, respectively). Added sugar intake was positively associated with infant weight-for-length z score (β: 0.16 per SD, P = 0.02), and excessive added sugar intake was positively associated with %BF at 6 mo (β: 0.75 per SD, P = 0.05). Conclusions In a predominantly fully breastfeeding cohort of women, maternal intake of fat and added sugar during pregnancy and lactation were associated with small increases in infant adiposity and relative weight at 6 mo. Additional research is needed to determine if these relations persist later in infancy and if such elevations in adiposity are important for long-term obesity risk.
Quantification of Nonpersistent Pesticides in Small Volumes of Human Breast Milk with Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Existing methods for the analysis of pesticides in human breast milk involve multiple extraction steps requiring large sample and solvent volumes, which can be a major obstacle in large epidemiologic studies. Here, we developed a simple, low-volume method for extracting organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, atrazine, and imidacloprid from 100 to 200 μL of human breast milk. Multiple extraction protocols were tested including microwave-assisted acid/base digestion and double-solvent extraction with 2 or 20 mL of 2:1 (v/v) dichloromethane/hexane, with or without subsequent solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Analyte recoveries and reproducibility were highest when 100-200 μL of milk were extracted with 2 mL of dichloromethane/hexane without subsequent SPE steps. Analysis of 79 breast milk samples using this method revealed the presence of carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and imidacloprid at detection frequencies of 79-96, 53-90, 1-7, and 61%, respectively. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a simple low-volume extraction method for measuring pesticides in human breast milk.
The effects of restaurant service quality on revisit intention in pandemic conditions: an empirical study from Khonkaen, Thailand

Due to the pandemic conditions of COVID-19, there is a restriction to dine out at restaurants. All restaurants need to reformat their business models, some restaurants are temporarily closed, and some restaurants offer takeaway and/or delivery services. The purposes of this study were twofold: to determine the relationship between restaurant service quality and revisit intention and to examine the moderating effect of trust on this relationship. This study examined how service quality in restaurants affects revisit intention during pandemic conditions. This study indicated that restaurant service quality influences customer trust. In the same way, customer trust has a positive effect on revisit intention. However, restaurant service quality does not directly affect on revisit intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Foodservice Business Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Composing Citizens: Epistemic Work in the Interstices of Comprehensive-Planning Genre Systems

This case-study examines the ways citizens took up, and in some ways resisted, city planners’ assumptions about their lived experience of “Portstown.” While it is necessary to acknowledge the coercive properties of institutional documents and genre-systems, community-literacy workers must not efface the epistemic potential of everyday compositions, for this quality creates opportunities for strategic interventions in the solicitation and reception of civic writing.
Experimental method of measuring C4 die bump temperature for electronics packaging

Recent trends in the semiconductor industry are driving a continuous increase in power dissipation, but require a lighter, more compact and thinner packaging technology. One of the concern areas is the increasing temperature of the C4 die bump. As the power continues to increase, the electrical current through the C4 die bump increases accordingly, resulting in increased bump temperature due to Joule self-heating and trace heating. This increased electrical current and temperature causes electro-migration failure of the C4 die bumps. In order to fully understand and avoid this failure phenomenon, we need to know the C4 die bump temperature. This has necessitated the development of a measurement method for the C4 die bump temperature. This paper discusses the methodology of measuring the C4 die bump temperature as well as results of our measurements. The experimental study includes variation of the bump current, the die power dissipation, and different enabling thermal solutions including natural convection and forced convection conditions. The experimental results show the effect of the Joule self-heating of the bump, the effect of the trace heating to the bump, the effect of the die heating and the effect of the bump and trace resistivity.
Cross-lingual Slot Filling from Comparable Corpora

This paper introduces a new task of crosslingual slot filling which aims to discover attributes for entity queries from crosslingual comparable corpora and then present answers in a desired language. It is a very challenging task which suffers from both information extraction and machine translation errors. In this paper we analyze the types of errors produced by five different baseline approaches, and present a novel supervised rescoring based validation approach to incorporate global evidence from very large bilingual comparable corpora. Without using any additional labeled data this new approach obtained 38.5% relative improvement in Precision and 86.7% relative improvement in Recall over several state-of-the-art approaches. The ultimate system outperformed monolingual slot filling pipelines built on much larger monolingual corpora.
CAR-Engineered NK Cells Targeting Wild-Type EGFR and EGFRvIII Enhance Killing of Glioblastoma and Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Stem Cells.

CAR-Engineered NK Cells Targeting Wild-Type EGFR and EGFRvIII Enhance Killing of Glioblastoma and Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Stem Cells
Magnetic resonance microscopy.

Publisher Summary Magnetic resonance (MRI) can produce three-dimensional images of foods non-invasively. The images represent true 3D information of the interior of the material. No slicing or sectioning of the material is necessary to prepare it for imaging, and the material may be subjected to processing conditions during imaging. Various techniques can be used to study different molecules with the same basic instrumentation. Advances in MRI technology have increased the spatial resolution of images, allowing for the microscopic study of small regions of interest. Magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy is the terminology used for these high-resolution MRI techniques that yield images with spatial resolution of 100 μm or less. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of MR microscopy, including the theory and instrumentation behind the technology, as well as a summary of published studies and possibilities for future food applications.
Efficient core designs based on parameterized macrocells with accurate delay models

A new design methodology targeted for core-based designs using parameterized macrocells (PMCs) is proposed. This methodology provides the flexibility for instance-based cores to be easily customized for application specifics. By using few scaling parameters to characterize a PMC, a macrocell can be instantiated in virtually any size depending on the required performance. Moreover, new macro delay and peak current models which are function of the PMC scaling parameters are proposed. These models enable accurate delay and peak current predictions at the subsystem/core level. The macro delay model is suitable for use in a delay optimizer to determine the optimum scaling parameters of individual PMC's in a core. The peak current model is useful for computing the peak current drawn by a PMC which allows efficient power rails sizing in order to address power grid reliability issues. A PMC library has been developed using the proposed methodology and used to design cores for communications applications. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a subsystem used in a channel decoder application was synthesized using this library where the individual PMC's were optimized for delay. The resulting custom-quality layout has an area of 50 /spl times/ 100 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and a delay of 1.6 ns in 0.18 /spl mu/m, 1.8 V CMOS technology.
Dynamic materials testing, texture, and yield-surface calculation of an automotive sheet steel

The relationships between the stress state and anisotropic mechanical response for a drawing-quality, special-killed (DQSK) mild sheet steel has been analyzed. The strain rate and temperature sensitivity of the flow stress and the insensitivity of the strain hardening to strain rate are shown to be consistent with thermal activation over a Peierls barrier as the rate-controlling mechanism for deformation in DQSK. A calculated yield surface, using the quadratic Hill criterion, is shown to produce an accurate correlation with the experimental results as a function of stress state. Annealing of the DQSK sheet steel at 773 K for 1 hour reduced some of the residual stresses developed during the forming process, but had little effect on the texture. The R values derived from computed yield surfaces suggested very little difference between in-plane (IP) and transverse tensile tests, consistent with the experimental results. A comparison of the stress-strain response with the calculated yield-surface and texture measurements correlates well with the relationships between the IP and through-thickness (TT) deformation.
Current-based fault detection for wind turbine systems via Hilbert-Huang transform

Mechanical failures of wind turbines represent a significant cost in both repairs and downtime. Detecting incipient faults of wind turbine components permits maintenance to be scheduled and failed parts to be repaired or replaced before causing failures of other components or catastrophic failure of the system. This paper proposes a Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT)-based algorithm to effectively extract fault signatures in generator current signals for wind turbine fault diagnosis by using the HHT's capability of accurately representing the instantaneous amplitude and frequency of nonlinear and nonstationary signals. A phase-lock-loop (PLL) method is integrated to estimate wind turbine rotating speed, which is then used to facilitate the fault detection. The proposed method is validated by a real direct-drive wind turbine with different types of faults. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective to detect various faults in wind turbine systems as well as to reveal the severities of the faults.
Multivariate Analysis of Laminar Patterns of Neurodegeneration in Posterior Cingulate Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract Posterior cingulate cortex is the site of earliest reductions in glucose metabolism and qualitatively different laminar patterns of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study used multivariate analyses of area 23 in 72 cases of definite AD to assess relationships between laminar patterns of neurodegeneration, neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and senile plaque (SP) densities, age of disease onset and duration, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype. No age-related changes in neurons occurred over four decades in 17 controls and regression analysis of all AD cases showed no relationships between neuron, SP, and tau-immunoreactive NFT densities. Principal components analysis of neurons in layers III–Va and eigenvector projections showed five subgroups. The subgroups were independent because each had a full range of disease durations and qualitatively different laminar patterns in degeneration suggested disease subtypes (ST). Cases with most severe neuron losses (STSevere) had an early onset, most SP, and highest proportion of ApoE ϵ4 homozygotes. Changes in the distribution of NFT were similar over disease course in two subtypes and NFT did not account for most neurodegeneration. In STII–V with moderate neuron loss in most layers, cases with no NFT had a disease duration of 3.5 ± 0.9 years (mean ± SEM), those with most in layers IIIc or Va had a duration of 7.3 ± 1 years, and those with most in layers II–IIIab had a duration of 12.1 ± 1 years. In STSevere, cases with highest NFT densities in layers II–IIIab also were late stage. Finally, ϵ4 homozygotes were most frequent in STSevere, but four statistical tests showed that this risk is not directly involved in neurodegeneration. In conclusion, multivariate pattern recognition shows that AD is composed of independent neuropathological subtypes and NFT in area 23 do not account for most neuron losses.
A local lagrangian analysis of passive particle advection in a gas flow field

Abstract A local analysis is performed to study the departure from passive advection by small inertial particles based on a Lagrangian framework. The analysis considers heavy particles immersed in a gaseous flow and is restricted to short times, making it relevant to the PIV technique. A necessary (but not sufficient condition) for passive particle advection of inertial particles is that the quantity Λmaxτp be much smaller than one, where Λmax is the largest modulus of the eigenvalues corresponding to the velocity gradient tensor. This allows for the inertial and passive time scales to match beyond the initial transient, and consequently for the respective trajectories to remain relatively close. Due to this important role regarding advection behavior, Λmaxτp is offered as a definition of a local Stokes number, StΛ. Since this quantity is a field quantity, it directly provides indication of when and where passive advection by particles can be expected. A departure equation is obtained in one-dimension, where the influence of initial velocity and gravity are explicitly shown. If the flow is irrotational, the higher dimensional analysis reduces to a set of decoupled one-dimensional equations acting along each respective eigenvector of the velocity gradient tensor. A similar expression is found for the case of a purely temporal flow field.
Endothelial Precursor Cells in the Peripheral Blood of Pregnant Women

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether primitive endothelial precursor cells are present in the peripheral blood of pregnant compared with nonpregnant subjects and whether these precursor cells are of fetal or maternal origin. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 13 pregnant women in the second trimester and from ten nonpregnant women and men were cultured for 8-10 weeks under conditions that promoted endothelial cell development. Early outgrowth (1 week culture) and late outgrowth (4-6 weeks) colonies were observed, their endothelial nature was investigated, and fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed to determine the origin of the colonies from pregnant women's specimens. RESULTS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from all pregnant women and all nonpregnant controls yielded early-outgrowth endothelial cells. Late-outgrowth endothelial cells were observed in 61.5% (eight of 13) of pregnant subjects, but in none of the ten nonpregnant controls (chi(2) test; P <.01). The adherent cells stained positively for von Willebrand factor and incorporated Dil-Ac-LDL, confirming their endothelial origin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed only X chromosome-specific signals and no Y chromosome-specific signals in the cells from the late-outgrowth endothelial cells in all pregnant women carrying either a male (n = 5) or a female (n = 8) fetus. CONCLUSION: Primitive endothelial precursor cells are present in most pregnant women during the second trimester. These cells appear to be of maternal origin.
CEO tenure, the risk of termination and firm value

Abstract We examine CEOs' risk of termination, its determinants and its effect on firm value. Using survival analysis, we find that the risk of termination increases for about thirteen years before decreasing slightly with CEO tenure; 82% of CEOs have tenure of less than thirteen years. We also find that tenure increases with performance and compensation and decreases with monitoring by the board. Changes in the risk of termination do not have a significant effect on firm value. Taken as a whole, our results are consistent with the view that corporate governance functions reasonably well for the vast majority of firms.
Binuclear copper(I) macrocycles synthesized via the weak-link approach

The weak-link approach has been employed to synthesize a series of bimetallic Cu(I) macrocycles in high yield. Addition of phosphinoalkylether or -thioether ligands to [Cu(MeCN)4]PF6 produces "condensed" intermediates, [mu-(1,4-(PPh2CH2CH2X)2Y)2Cu2][PF6]2 (X = S, O; Y = C6H4, C6F4), containing strong P-Cu bonds and weaker O-Cu or S-Cu bonds. The weak bonds of these intermediates can be cleaved through ligand substitution reactions to generate macrocyclic structures, [mu-(1,4-(PPh2CH2CH2X)2Y)2(Z)nCu2][PF6]2 (X = S, O; Y = C6H4, C6F4; Z = pyridine, acetonitrile, diimines, isocyanide) in nearly quantitative yields. The incorporation of tetrahedral Cu(I) metal centers into these macrocycles provides a pathway to complexes that differ from analogous d8 square planar macrocycles generated via this approach in their increased air stability, small molecule reactivity, and ability to form multiple structural isomers. Solid-state structures, as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, are presented for condensed intermediates and an open macrocycle
Time-domain orthogonal finite-element reduction-recovery (OrFE-RR) method for fast and accurate broadband simulation of die-package interaction

The co-simulation of a die and a package results in numerical problems of ultra-large scale, requiring billions of parameters to describe them accurately. In this paper, an orthogonal finite-element reduction-recovery method is proposed to overcome the large problem sizes encountered in the simulation of an integrated die-package system. In this method, a set of orthogonal prism vector basis functions are developed to render the surface-unknown-based matrix in each layer diagonal. An arbitrary 3D multilayered system such as a combined package and die is then reduced to a single-layer system with negligible computational cost. The reduced single-layer system is diagonal due to the orthogonal bases, and hence can be solved readily. From the solution of the reduced single-layer system, the solution in other layers is recovered in linear complexity. The method entails no approximation. It applies to arbitrarily-shaped multilayer structures and arbitrary inhomogeneity. In addition, it permits nonlinear device modeling and broadband simulation within one run. Numerical and experimental results have demonstrated its accuracy and high capacity in simulating on-chip, package, and die-package interface problems.
Podcasting as Transformative Work

Although technology is most often heralded an intrinsic efficiency, the process of using technology to create a text is full of opportunities to learn new information, create and distribute knowledge, and engage in identity work. This article explores how the production of 1 such technological text, a podcast, offered students opportunities to engage in sophisticated research practices and draw upon their cultural and semiotic resources in ways that are not possible through traditionally print-centric texts. Using the production of a podcast series in a diverse, urban second-grade classroom, this article seeks to provide insights into not only podcast creation with young learners, but also into the intense and meaningful literacy work possible during their production.
Quantitative Evidence for Protein Denaturation as the Cause of Thermal Death

THE specific cause of the death rates of unicellular organisms and poikilothermic animals at high temperatures is not known for certain1. We wish to report a good numerical correlation between certain thermodynamic parameters in protein denaturation and death rates, where these have been reported, for these organisms. A similar correlation may exist between the thermal denaturation of other biopolymers, such as DNA and RNA, and thermal death, but in the absence of adequate data we cannot consider this possibility further.
Worker Internationalism and Italian Labor Migration, 1870–1914

Was internationalism a grand failure? Was it practiced even bt those who proclaimed it? Beyond the international congresses with their affirmations of working-class solidarity, the meaning of internationalism seems to unravel. Marx called for international solidarity precisely because socialist activists operated, conceptually and practically, within a world of nationstates. Modern nationalism and the internationalism of workers's movements at best can be considered “twins, developing side by side in an uneasy relationship since 1830s”. While an international economy and division of labor surely existed before World War I, workers' internationalism seemed more a rhetorical response to modern nationalism than a pragmatic response to an international economy.
A new proof of regularity for two-shaded image segmentations

In this paper, we consider minimizing the Mumford-Shah functional over two-valued functions in the plane, which is equivalent to minimizing over characteristic functions. Existence of minimizers is straightforward and we show that any minimizing set is essentially open, has a boundary with finitely many connected components, and each component is C 1. The relatively quick proof does not rely on quasi-minimal surface or varifold theory, but on uniform estimates on the regularity of the boundary.
Abnl(17p) in AML: who will guard the guardian?

In this issue of Blood , Middeke and colleagues highlight the poor outcome of the abnormal (17p) [abnl(17p)] subgroup of cytogenetically adverse-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) even after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).[1][1] ![Figure][2] Schema for the
Behavioral skills training for teaching PECS implementation: Initial evidence is promising but still limited

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Rosales, R., Stone, K. & Rehfeldt, R. A. (2009). The effects of behavioral skills training on implementation of the picture exchange communication system. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42, 541–549. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: No source of funding reported, and the original authors of this research report no conflicts of interest.
Percutaneous gastrostomy tube placement in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts.

Objective. The purpose of this study is to determine the risk of CNS and/or peritoneal infection in children with ventriculoperitoneal shunts in whom a percutaneous gastrostomy tube is placed. Materials and methods. We placed 205 gastrostomy or gastrojejunostomy tubes from January of 1991 to December 1996. Twenty-three patients (10 boys, 13 girls) had ventriculoperitoneal shunts at the time of placement. All shunts were placed at least 1 month prior to placement of the gastrostomy tube. The patients ranged in age from 8 months to 16 years with a mean age of 6 years, 9 months. Patient weight ranged from 2 kg to 60 kg. All 23 children required long-term nutritional support due to severe neurologic impairment. No prophylactic antibiotics were given prior to the procedure. Of the patients, 21/23 had a 14-F Sacks-Vine gastrostomy tube with a fixed terminal retention device inserted, using percutaneous fluoroscopic antegrade technique. Two of the 23 patients had a Ross 14-F Flexi-flo gastrostomy tube which required a retrograde technique due to a small caliber esophagus in these children. Results. All 23 children had technically successful placements of percutaneous gastrostomy (7) or gastrojejunostomy (16) tubes. Of the children, 21/23 (91 %) had no complications from the procedure. Two of 23 (9 %) patients demonstrated signs of peritonitis after placement of their gastrostomy tubes and subsequently had shunt infections. In both, children CSF culture grew gram-positive cocci. The antegrade technique was used in both children who developed peritonitis. Conclusion. Our study indicates children with ventriculoperitoneal shunts who undergo percutaneous gastrostomy are at greater risk for infection and subsequent shunt malfunction. Therefore, we recommend prophylactic antibiotic therapy to cover for skin and oral flora.
Preservation and Recycling of Crust during Accretionary and Collisional Phases of Proterozoic Orogens: A Bumpy Road from Nuna to Rodinia

Zircon age peaks at 2100–1650 and 1200–1000 Ma correlate with craton collisions in the growth of supercontinents Nuna and Rodinia, respectively, with a time interval between collisions mostly <50 Myr (range 0–250 Myr). Collisional orogens are two types: those with subduction durations <500 Myr and those ≥500 Myr. The latter group comprises orogens with long-lived accretionary stages between Nuna and Rodinia assemblies. Neither orogen age nor duration of either subduction or collision correlates with the volume of orogen preserved. Most rocks preserved date to the pre-collisional, subduction (ocean-basin closing) stage and not to the collisional stage. The most widely preserved tectonic setting in Proterozoic orogens is the continental arc (10%–90%, mean 60%), with oceanic tectonic settings (oceanic crust, arcs, islands and plateaus, serpentinites, pelagic sediments) comprising <20% and mostly <10%. Reworked components comprise 20%–80% (mean 32%) and microcratons comprise a minor but poorly known fraction. Nd and Hf isotopic data indicate that Proterozoic orogens contain from 10% to 60% of juvenile crust (mean 36%) and 40%–75% reworked crust (mean 64%). Neither the fraction nor the rate of preservation of juvenile crust is related to the collision age nor to the duration of subduction. Regardless of the duration of subduction, the amount of juvenile crust preserved reaches a maximum of about 60%, and 37% of the volume of juvenile continental crust preserved between 2000 and 1000 Ma was produced in the Great Proterozoic Accretionary Orogen (GPAO). Pronounced minima occur in frequency of zircon ages of rocks preserved in the GPAO; with minima at 1600–1500 Ma in Laurentia; 1700–1600 Ma in Amazonia; and 1750–1700 Ma in Baltica. If these minima are due to subduction erosion and delamination as in the Andes in the last 250 Myr; approximately one third of the volume of the Laurentian part of the GPAO could have been recycled into the mantle between 1500 and 1250 Ma. This may have enriched the mantle wedge in incompatible elements and water leading to the production of felsic magmas responsible for the widespread granite-rhyolite province of this age. A rapid decrease in global Nd and in detrital zircon Hf model ages between about 1600 and 1250 Ma could reflect an increase in recycling rate of juvenile crust into the mantle; possibly in response to partial fragmentation of Nuna.
Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X

Twenty years after his assassination, what is it about Malcolm X's life and words that speaks so powerfully to so many? In Making Malcolm, Michael Eric Dyson probes the myths and meanings of Malcolm X for our time. From Spike Lee's film biography to Eugene Wolfenstein's psychobiographical study, from hip-hop culture to gender and racial politics, Dyson cuts a critical swathe through both the idolization and the vicious caricatures that have undermined appreciation of Malcolm's greatest accomplishments. A rare and important book, Making Malcolm casts new light not only on the life and career of a seminal black leader, but on the aspirations and passions of the growing numbers who have seized on his life for insight and inspiration.