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Book Review: Opening the Field of Practical Theology: An Introduction:

Opening the Field of Practical Theology: An Introduction. Edited by Kathleen A. Cahalan and Gordon S. Mikoski. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014. xi + 332 pp. $34.00 (paper).Practical theology as a field of study has seen a vast array of perspectives, approaches, and methodologies arise from a variety of cultural contexts, theological orientations, and communal experiences and practices. Recognizing this explosion of practical theological scholarship, and the need to catalog this litany of perspectives, Kathleen A. Cahalan and Gordon S. Mikosld, both practical theologians par excellence, have co-edited Opening the Field of Practical Theology, which seeks to "affirm the plurality and multiplicity of approaches to the field, especially for students entering the field for the first time" (p. 7). Because practical theology is ripe with theoretical fruit, the book only provides a "snapshot of the character and richness of contemporary practical theology" (p. 7).To help categorize the book, the editors provide a helpful "alternative table of contents," organizing the book by method (hermeneutical, liberationist, transformational, applied, and empirical), by the individual authors' ecclesial traditions (Roman Catholic or Protestant), and by ethnic and gender identity (among which are African American, Asian American, White, U.S. Latino/a, and Feminist and Womanist practical theologies) (pp. 8-10). Each chapter follows essentially the same format. The authors situate their particular approach in historical context and provide its key features and representative figures, then move to explicate its norms and sources of authority, its views on the theory-practice relationship, its approaches to cultural contexts, and its interdisciplinary conversation partners, and finally, to provide areas of current and future research. These helpful markers allow readers to better understand the historical and contextual richness of these various approaches to practical theology.Each chapter is thoroughly engaging, informative, and critically interacts with top theorists. Dale P. Andrews is perhaps one of the foremost experts in African American practical theology, while Joyce Ann Mercer continues to be a primary authority on feminist and womanist practical theology. Among the many approaches described in this book, I was personally surprised to see the inclusion of evangelical and White approaches to practical theology. Andrew Root does a masterful job in exploring evangelical practical theology, demonstrating that evangelicals have not had sufficient interaction with practical theology in its broadest form (the exception being the theorists affiliated with Fuller Seminary, such as Ray Anderson, Mark Lau Branson, and Chap Clark). …
Peptidoglycan of a Chemolithotrophic Bacterium, Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans

Abstract The rigid layer (peptidoglycan) of the wall of the chemolithotroph Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans was isolated after various chemical treatments. The removal of specific components was followed by noting in an electron microscope changes in the appearance of the cell surface. The final peptidoglycan was virtually free from proteins and was sensitive to the action of lysozyme. Results of chemical analyses of acidhydrolyzed peptidoglycan revealed three major amino acids and two amino sugars: glutamic acid, α,e-diaminopimelic acid, alanine, glucosamine, and muramic acid in a ratio of 1:1:2.33:062:088.
A Note on Error Bounds for Convex and Nonconvex Programs

Given a single feasible solution x_F and a single infeasible solution x_I of a mathematical program, we provide an upper bound to the optimal dual value. We assume that x_F satisfies a weakened form of the Slater condition. We apply the bound to convex programs and we discuss its relation to Hoffman-like bounds. As a special case, we recover a bound due to Mangasarian [11] on the distance of a point to a convex set specified by inequalities.
Sequences and characterization of hupU and hupV genes of Bradyrhizobium japonicum encoding a possible nickel-sensing complex involved in hydrogenase expression.

Abstract A 2.7-kb DNA fragment of Bradyrhizobium japonicum previously shown to be involved in hydrogenase expression has been sequenced. The area is located just upstream of the hupSLCDF operon and was found to contain two open reading frames, designated hupU and hupV; these encode proteins of 35.4 and 51.8 kDa, respectively. These proteins are homologous to Rhodobacter capsulatus HupU, a possible repressor of hydrogenase expression in that organism. B. japonicum HupU is 54% identical to the N terminus of R. capsulatus HupU, and HupV is 50% identical to the C terminus of R. capsulatus HupU. HupU and HupV also show homology to the [Ni-Fe] hydrogenase small and large subunits, respectively. Notably, HupV contains the probable nickel-binding sites RxCGxC and DPCxxCxxH, which are located in the N- and C-terminal portions, respectively, of the large subunit of hydrogenases. Hydrogenase activity assays, immunological assays for hydrogenase subunits, and beta-galactosidase assays on mutant strain JHCS2 (lacking a portion of HupV) were all indicative that HupV is necessary for transcriptional activation of hydrogenase. A physiological role as a possible nickel- or other environmental (i.e., oxygen or hydrogen)-sensing complex is proposed for HupU and HupV.
Punctuation in Quoted Speech

Quoted speech is often set off by punctuation marks, in particular quotation marks. Thus, it might seem that the quotation marks would be extremely useful in identifying these structures in texts. Unfortunately, the situation is not quite so clear. In this work, I will argue that quotation marks are not adequate for either identifying or constraining the syntax of quoted speech. More useful information comes from the presence of a quoting verb, which is either a verb of saying or a punctual verb, and the presence of other punctuation marks, usually commas. Using a lexicalized grammar, we can license most quoting clauses as text adjuncts. A distinction will be made not between direct and indirect quoted speech, but rather between adjunct and non-adjunct quoting clauses.
Oxygen reduction reaction on smooth single crystal electrodes

New in-situ techniques for structure determination at the electrochemical interface have made it possible to use single crystal electrodes in kinetic studies in a definitive way. Use of techniques like surface X-ray scattering (SXS) and/or scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under reaction conditions assures that the single crystal surface being studied has a stable and known atomic arrangement. Specifically, this capability has made it possible to determine definitively the structure sensitivity of the oxygen reduction reaction on Pt and Au surfaces. For Pt in sulfuric and phosphoric acid electrolytes, the structure sensitivity is dominated by the inhibiting effects of anion adsorption, which is strongly structure sensitive. In nonadsorbing acids like perchlorate or triflate, the structure sensitivity is weak, probably due to the single-site nature of the rate-determining step, i.e., electron transfer to form adsorbed superoxide radical anion. Thus, a particle size effect is not expected for supported Pt catalyst in a PEM fuel cell cathode if the geometric change in particle shape with size is the only factor contributing, i.e., absent electronic effects like quantum confinement. For Au in alkaline electrolyte, oxygen reduction is strongly structure sensitive, with the (100) surface the only Au surface with direct 4e− oxidation at potentials near 0.9 V. There is no explanation available for the unique catalytic activity of Au(100) for the ORR in alkaline electrolyte. In acid electrolyte, the ORR polarization curves on Au surfaces are shifted negatively (on a RHE scale) by hundreds of mV, and the reaction becomes structure insensitive. The large effect of pH on the overpotential for ORR on Au is due to the absence of chemisorption of either O2 or O2−. The rate-determining step on Au is inner sphere electron transfer to O2 from O2−, and this reaction step is independent of pH, i.e., the reaction occurs at a fixed potential on a SCE scale, so the overpotential (on an RHE scale) changes with pH. Keywords: oxygen reduction; platinum; gold; acid electrolyte; alkaline electrolyte; single crystals
Does the price of crude oil respond to macroeconomic news

In a recent study, Kilian L. and Vega C. (2011) indicate that the daily price of crude oil is mostly unresponsive to macroeconomic news, and at times exhibits response-coefficients that are counterintuitive. The authors conclude that the price of crude oil is predetermined to macro aggregates, and hence determined in a flow demand/supply framework. We make the argument that inferences on commodity price determination should be drawn from news responses only after the standard tests are subject to inventory (or stock) controls. Using daily and intraday price data and proxies for inventory levels, we reexamine the responsiveness of crude prices to macroeconomic news. Our evidence suggests a very limited role for stock levels in the responsiveness of crude oil. The prior conclusion that crude oil is priced primarily in a flow-environment is supported by our data. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 32:536–559, 2012
Monoclonal antibodies react with neuronal subpopulations in the human nervous system

Monoclonal antibody probes were used to identify antigenic cross reactivities among neuronal subpopulations and to dissect the human nervous system at several levels of organization. Six monoclonal antibodies, prepared with immunogens from Drosophila melanogaster or human nervous tissue, were used to localize antigens immunocytochemically in normal adult human neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord, and retina. Four of the six antibodies were neural specific in their reactivity and each stained a unique combination of neurons. The antibodies reacted with at least three subpopulations of cerebral cortical neurons, including discrete populations of pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells. Components of a widely distributed functional system within the spinal cord and cerebellum were labelled by one antibody, which reacted with neurons in the nucleus dorsalis of Clarke, deep cerebellar nuclei, and Purkinje cells. At the single-cell level, three of the monoclonals differentially labelled the photoreceptor cell outer segment, inner segment, and perikaryon. Three of the six antibodies were reactive with specific protein bands, on immunoblots of tissue homogenates. This monoclonal antibody panel provides a novel and potentially useful method of analysis of the organization of the normal and diseased human nervous system.
Synoviolin promotes IRE1 ubiquitination and degradation in synovial fibroblasts from mice with collagen-induced arthritis

The E3 ubiquitin ligase synoviolin (SYVN1) functions as an anti-apoptotic factor that is responsible for the outgrowth of synovial cells during the development of rheumatoid arthritis. The molecular mechanisms underlying SYVN1 regulation of cell death are largely unknown. Here, we report that elevated SYVN1 expression correlates with decreased levels of the protein inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)—a pro-apoptotic factor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-induced apoptosis pathway—in synovial fibroblasts from mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). SYVN1 interacts with and catalyses IRE1 ubiquitination and consequently promotes IRE1 degradation. Suppression of SYVN1 expression in synovial fibroblasts from CIA mice restores IRE1 protein expression and reverses the resistance of ER-stress-induced apoptosis of CIA synovial fibroblasts. These results show that SYVN1 causes the overgrowth of synovial cells by degrading IRE1, and therefore antagonizes ER-stress-induced cell death.
Dendritic translocation of climbing fibers: a new face of old phenomenon

During postnatal development of the cerebellum, the number of climbing fibers that innervate individual Purkinje cells decreases from many to one. This is one of the most characterized models of activity-dependent refinement of synaptic circuitry in the mammalian brain. As surplus climbing fibers are eliminated, subcellular location of climbing fiber terminals moves from the soma to the dendrites of Purkinje cells. The role of this dendritic translocation in climbing fiber elimination has been under debate for a long time, but recent studies have significantly changed the view. Traditionally, dendritic translocation was considered neither sufficient nor necessary for climbing fiber elimination, but experimental evidence obtained over the past 5 years indicates crucial roles of dendritic translocation for selectively maintaining one fiber while removing all the others. Here, I provide an overview of (i) several key findings that have contributed for developing the traditional and current views of dendritic translocation, (ii) how our novel experimental approach supports the current view, and (iii) a remaining question that is yet to be answered.
Dual expression of p80 type I and p68 type II interleukin-I receptors on anterior pituitary cells synthesizing growth hormone.

Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and IL-1 beta bind to either the p80 type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI) or the p68 type II IL-1R (IL-1RII) on both T and B lymphocytes. We and others have previously shown that the anterior pituitary gland also has specific high affinity binding sites for IL-1 alpha (Kd = approximately 1 nM) and expresses transcripts for both isoforms of the IL-1R. However, the identity of cells in the anterior pituitary gland that express the IL-1R and whether different populations of adenohypophyseal cells express different isoforms of the IL-1R remain unknown. Here we have used a combination of immunohistochemistry and histochemistry to localize IL-1RI and IL-1RII to specific target cells in the mouse anterior pituitary gland. Perfusion-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of anterior pituitary gland were immunolabeled with well characterized monoclonal antibodies to either IL-1RI or IL-1RII and counterstained using a modified Gomori's method to document acidophils and basophils. Immunolabeling...
Preliminary assessments of carbide fuel pins during mild overpower transients in LMFBRs

Abstract Mixed carbide fuel has been proposed for advanced liquid metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBRs). In this paper the general characteristics of carbide fuel are reviewed and a survey of available data for use in safety studies is presented. A preliminary investigation of the unprotected transient overpower accident sequence postulated for a large carbide fueled reactor is also presented. The HOPE computer code is the computational tool used to analyse a conceptual core design fueled with mixed carbides of uranium and plutonium. The details of this design are presented and compared with those of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant. Results of HOPE calculations for both helium and sodium bonded carbide fueled cores are presented and compared with a similar study performed on an oxide core. Conclusions are drawn based on the findings of the preliminary transient overpower studies conducted.
High temperature deformation of oxide dispersion strengthened al and AlMg solid solutions

Abstract The steady compression flow properties of oxide dispersion strengthened Al and an AlMg solid solution have been studied in the temperature range 475–825 K. The flow properties of dispersion strengthened pure aluminium (D.S. Al) can be characterized by a threshold stress for creep at about σ/E = 10−3. below which the creep rate is extremely low. The steady state deformation rate of the dispersion strengthened aluminum-magnesium solid solution (D.S. AlMg) also decreases rapidly below of σ/E = 10−3 although the flow properties cannot be characterized by a simple threshold stress. Above σ/E = 10−3 the D.S. AlMg is found to creep faster than the solid solution itself at the same stress and temperature. It is shown that dislocations lose their solute atmospheres when they pass particles by the Orowan process and that this provides a rationale for the observed dispersion weakening effect. Below σ/E = 10−3 the dispersion strengthened solid solution (D.S. AlMg) is found to creep faster than the dispersion strengthened pure metal (D.S. Al). This unexpected result is caused by the different oxide dispersoids present in the two materials. Transmission electron diffraction techniques were used to identify α-Al2O3 and MgO as the oxide dispersoids in D.S. Al and D.S. AlMg, respectively. It is shown that MgO particles can deform by diffusional processes at the test temperatures because the very low partial pressures of oxygen present in the alloy cause a high concentration of oxygen vacancies to exist in the oxide. This leads to significant creep below the threshold stress.
Characterization of mammalian eIF2A and identification of the yeast homolog

Abstract To begin the physical characterization of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2A, a translation initiation factor that binds Met-tRNAi, tryptic peptides from rabbit reticulocyte eIF2A were analyzed to obtain amino acid sequence information. Sequences for 8 peptides were matched to three different expressed sequence tag clones. The sequence predicted for eIF2A is 585 amino acids. Matching of the cDNA sequence to the human genome revealed that the eIF2A mRNA is made up of 15 or 16 exons, and the gene is contained on chromosome 3. A homolog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was identified, YGR054W, which is a non-essential gene. Hemagglutinin-tagged yeast eIF2A localizes on both 40 S and 80 S ribosomes. A knockout of both eIF2A and eIF5B yielded a “synthetically sick” yeast strain with a severe slow growth phenotype. The phenotype of this double mutant and the biochemical localization suggest that eIF2A participates in translation initiation. eIF2A does not appear to participate in re-initiation as the ΔeIF2A strain shows the same level of GCN4 induction with amino acid starvation as seen in wild type yeast. The lack of any apparent phenotype in the ΔeIF2A strain suggests that eIF2A functions in a minor pathway, perhaps internal initiation or in the translation of a small number of specific mRNAs.
Alterations of GABAA receptor subunit mRNA levels in the aging Fischer 344 rat inferior colliculus

The inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is critically involved in shaping neuronal responses to simple and complex acoustic stimuli in the central auditory structure, the inferior colliculus (IC). Studies in rat and human suggest that age-related changes in markers for GABA neurotransmission occur in the IC. In particular, these changes include findings indicative of an age-related increase in the efficacy/potency of GABA to inhibit ligand binding at the GABAA receptor picrotoxin site in the Fischer (F344) rat IC. Such changes in GABAA receptor modulation suggest the potential for an alteration in GABAA receptor subunit composition in the old rat IC. To test this idea, the present study used in situ hybridization to quantify age-related changes in GABAA receptor subunit mRNA levels in the three major subdivisions of the IC in the F344 rat: dorsal cortex (DCIC), external cortex (ECIC), and the central nucleus (CIC). In support of earlier findings of an age-related change in GABAA receptor modulation, the present study found: (1) GABAA receptor subunit mRNA levels were significantly altered in the IC of old rats, and (2) age-related changes in subunit levels appeared to be regionally selective and subunit specific. A highly significant increase in the level of the gamma 1 subunit mRNA was observed with little change in the levels of the alpha 1, beta 2, and gamma 2 subunit mRNAs. A nonstatistically significant increase in alpha 2 subunit mRNA was also observed. This observed increase in alpha 2 subunit mRNA could be important since previous expression studies have shown that the alpha 2 and gamma 1 subunits coassemble and are incorporated into GABAA receptors which appear to be more sensitive to GABA. If the observed changes in subunit mRNA levels with age correlate well with enhanced GABAA receptor function in the IC of old rats, this, in turn, may represent a compensatory mechanism in response to presynaptic GABAergic changes.
Corticotrophin increases cerebral polyamine content.

— To determine whether changes in cerebral polyamines might mediate previously reported ACTH-induced changes in brain biochemistry and behavior, the cerebral content of polyamines was examined following ACTH treatment. Male CD-1 mice were injected daily for 3 days with long-acting (zinc phosphate) preparations of ACTH1–24 (1 μg/g) or ACTH4–10 (0.33 μg/g) and killed 24 h after the last injection. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine contents were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Putrescine content was significantly elevated in all brain regions by ACTH1–24 (approx 50%), and in the telencephalon by ACTH4–10 At the dose tested ACTH4–10 was less effective than ACTH1–24. Telencephalic spermidine was also elevated (10%)by ACTH1–24, but spermine content was not altered in any brain region. One injection of the long-acting ACTH1–24 preparation elevated telencephalic putrescine (49%) 24 h post-injection. ACTH1–24 (1 μg/g) in saline produced a peak elevation of all three telencephalic polyamines 6 h post-injection, while in the liver only putrescine was significantly elevated and reached a peak at 10h. Neither plasma polyamine nor ornithine concentrations were significantly altered by any of the treatments. Corticosterone, in both single and multiple injection regimens, failed to alter telencephalic polyamine content. Adrenalectomy, however, prevented the ACTH1–24-induced increase in telencephalic polyamines. It is concluded that ACTH acts directly in the brain to increase cerebral polyamine concentrations. The possibility that adrenal hormones exert permissive effects on this action is discussed.
On simulating a class of Bernstein polynomials

Given a black box that generates independent Bernoulli samples with an unknown bias p, we consider the problem of simulating a Bernoulli random variable with bias f(p) (where f is a given function) using a finite (computable in advance) number of independent Bernoulli samples from the black box. We show that this is possible if and only if f is a Bernstein polynomial with coefficients between 0 and 1, and we explicitly give the algorithm. Our results differ from Keane and O'Brien [1994] in that our goal is more modest/stringent, since we are considering algorithms that use a finite number of samples as opposed to allowing a random number (such as in acceptance rejection algorithms).
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON RESPONSE OF SEX CHARACTERS OF DIFFERENTIATED RANA CLAMITANS LARVAE TO INJECTED ANDROGENS AND ESTROGENS1

AMPHIBIANS have frequently served as the subjects of experiments designed to investigate the nature of sex differentiation. Various agents were employed successfully to effect extensive alterations (reviewed by Witschi, 1939; Humphrey, 1942), but it is only within relatively recent years that commercial hormone preparations in the form of tissue extracts or synthetic compounds have opened up new lines of inquiry. The increasing degree of purity of these preparations has made possible more exact and quantitative studies of their effects on sex development. As early as 1930, Witschi and co-workers injected estrogenic hormones extracted from urine of pregnant women into the body cavities of Rana clamitans larvae, with the result that “although fairly large quantities were administered no effect beyond unspecific degeneration in the ovaries could be detected” (Foote and Witschi, 1939). In 1936, Padoa made the surprising report that he had obtained a so-called “paradoxical” masculinization of the gonads of Ran...
Excimer, Ho:YAG, and Q-switched Ho:YAG ablation of aorta: a comparison of temperatures and tissue damage in vitro

The adjacent thermal and mechanical tissue damage after normal-mode Ho:YAG (pulse length = 250 mus, lambda = 2.09 mum), Q-switched Ho:YAG (pulse length = 200 ns, lambda= 2.09 mum), and excimer (pulse length = 120 ns, lambda = 308 nm) pulsed laser irradiation of human thoracic aorta samples was studied in vitro. Surface temperatures were monitored during laser irradiation with an IR camera in air or a thermocouple in saline. Histological analysis of the irradiated sites was performed to assess thermal and mechanical damage to tissue surrounding the crater. The ablation of aortic tissue with any of the lasers resulted in a temperature buildup inside the tissue; this effect was most significant for the IR wavelength. Mechanical damage was observed in all cases but was most pronounced for the Q-switched Ho:YAG laser. Excimer ablation in air left behind a smooth surface; however, under saline the result was a much rougher surface.
Endogenous parathyroid hormone-related peptide enhances proliferation and inhibits differentiation in the osteoblast-like cell line ROS 17/2.8.

Abstract To investigate potential effects of endogenous parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) on osteoblast function, ROS 17/2.8 cells were transfected with full-length PTHrP cDNA in a sense or antisense orientation to alter PTHrP production. Compared with vector-transfected control cells, PTHrP-overproducing (sense-transfected) cells showed increased DNA synthesis ([ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation) and increased growth (cell number). The extent of apoptosis was compared for the different clones using the terminal deoxynucleotide-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling assay (TUNEL) and Hoechst staining. No differences in percentages of apoptotic cells were found under basal culture conditions or after 3 days of serum deprivation, which, itself, markedly increased numbers of apoptotic cells. The effect of PTHrP on osteoblast differentiation was assessed by examining two protein markers of differentiation, alkaline phosphatase, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2. Alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased in sense-transfected cells and increased in antisense-transfected cells, compared with cells transfected with empty vector. PTHrP-overproducing cells also showed decreased numbers of BMP-2-positive cells, whereas antisense-transfected cells showed no difference compared with vector control. The results indicate that: (a) endogenously produced PTHrP can increase growth of these osteoblastic cells by stimulating proliferation while not affecting apoptosis; and (b) the increased cell proliferation produced by PTHrP was accompanied by a reduction in activity or amount of two proteins normally expressed by differentiated osteoblasts.
Chemisorptive bonding of carbon monoxide on Ni(001) and Fe(110)

Abstract The nature of the chemisorptive CO bond on Ni(001) and Fe(110) is considered in terms of coordination and charge transfer in analogous metal carbonyl molecular clusters, and of new data on valence level shifts in photoemission based on the bond stretching model of Broden et al. A preliminary theoretical analysis of photoemission dispersion based on recent ab initio self-consistent calculation results using Kasowski's original self-consistent field extended muffin- tin orbital (SCF-EMTO) slab calculational approach is presented for CO bonding on single atom slab nickel and iron. The roles of charge transfer, backbonding and bond stretching are discussed.
The Drosophila Ovarian and Testis Stem Cell Niches: Similar Somatic Stem Cells and Signals

Summary The stem cell niches at the apex of Drosophila ovaries and testes have been viewed as distinct in two major respects. While both contain germline stem cells, the testis niche also contains "cyst progenitor" stem cells, which divide to produce somatic cells that encase developing germ cells. Moreover, while both niches utilize BMP signaling, the testis niche requires a key JAK/STAT signal. We now show, by lineage marking, that the ovarian niche also contains a second type of stem cell. These "escort stem cells" morphologically resemble testis cyst progenitor cells and their daughters encase developing cysts before undergoing apoptosis at the time of follicle formation. In addition, we show that JAK/STAT signaling also plays a critical role in ovarian niche function, and acts within escort cells. These observations reveal striking similarities in the stem cell niches of male and female gonads, and suggest that they are largely governed by common mechanisms.
Nitrogen nuclear quadrupole coupling constants from 14N NMR linewidths in some organic liquids

Abstract Nuclear spin-spin relaxation times T 2 ( 14 N) have been determined from 14 N NMR line widths for 37 organic nitrogen compounds in the liquid phase and reorientational correlation times τ c have been computed from the viscosity coefficients and densities. For those compounds for which the nitrogen quadrupole coupling constants in the solid state are known, T 2 values have been used to calculate values of τ q the correlation times characterizing quadrupolar relaxation. The ratios τ c τ q so obtained have then been employed to estimate τ q and nitrogen quadrupole coupling constants for the remaining compounds by an empirical method.
The Immunopathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis

This review explores the principle features of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS), particularly relapsing-remitting MS. It highlights the emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of MS in the context of known features of pathology, including the characterization of cytokine networks promoting inflammatory damage of the central nervous system, B-cell involvement, and inflammatory damage of axons and neurons. This article preferentially focuses on MS rather than animal models of the disease, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Speeding up scientific imaging workflows: Design of automated image annotation tool

Low cost digital cameras have transformed the process of collecting data. Researchers can now generate massive datasets and analyze the images later, either manually or with the assistance of software tools for processing and annotating images. However, it remains time-consuming and expensive to develop custom software analysis tools for a specific research problem or domain - and often these custom tools cannot scale to larger datasets or adapt to new research questions. Existing image analysis tools also work best with well-defined research projects, where the researchers know what information to extract from each image. Yet, for new projects, it is especially difficult to build useful software, where researchers have not yet determined what information is “interesting” within the images. One way to increase the efficiency of the research is to improve the workflow of this exploration process. This paper presents one approach for improving exploratory image analysis workflows using point-based image annotation. We describe a landmark labeling system that (1) assists researchers in identifying interesting features and annotating images, (2) evolves over time to automate the annotation process, and (3) can be readily scaled and adapted to explore new problems and new domains. We describe both a proof-of-concept system in current use, and ongoing work to develop a generalizable software tool to support fully automated image annotation, with the ultimate goal of allowing researchers to explore data faster and significantly reduces the mean time to science.
Genetically Modifiable Flagella as Templates for Silica Fibers: From Hybrid Nanotubes to 1D Periodic Nanohole Arrays

Bacterial flagellum is a protein nanotube that is helically self-assembled from thousands of a protein subunit called flagellin. The solvent-exposed domain of each flagellin on the flagella is genetically modifiable, in that a foreign peptide can be genetically inserted into this domain, leading to the high-density display of this foreign peptide on the surface of flagella. In this work, wild-type and genetically engineered flagella (inner diameter of ∼2 nm and outer diameter of ∼14 nm) detached from the surface of Salmonella bacterial cells are used as templates to site-specifically form silica sheaths on the flagellar surface, resulting in the formation of double-layered silica/flagella nanotubes. The flagella templates inside the silica/flagella nanotubes can be removed to obtain silica nanotubes by calcining the nanotubes at high temperature (550°C). Further calcination of the silica nanotubes at a higher temperature (800 °C) leads to the formation of a periodic nanohole array along the silica fibers with a center-to-center nanohole spacing of ∼79 nm. It is demonstrated that the double-layered silica-flagella nanotubes can be used for selective CdTe quantum dot uptake into the inner channels or selective Au nanoparticle coating on the outer wall of the nanotubes due to the different chemistry between inner flagellum core (protein) and outer silica wall of the nanotubes. It is also found that flagella displaying different peptides result in different morphologies of the silica nanotubes. This work suggests that the monodisperse diameter and genetically tunable surface chemistry of the flagella can be exploited for the fabrication of silica nanotubes with uniform diameter and controllable morphologies as well as silica nanofibers decorated with periodic nanohole arrays.
Multiple mechanisms for adsorbate-induced resistivity: oxygen and formate on Cu(100)

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of changes in the DC resistivity and broadband infrared reflectance induced by oxygen and formate adsorption on epitaxial Cu(100) thin films demonstrate that the mechanism of the resistance change is chemically specific. For oxygen, a linear relationship between the resistivity and reflectance changes confirms that conduction electron scattering is dominant, as previously deduced from infrared measurements on single crystals. On identically prepared Cu films, adsorbed formate induces a comparable resistivity change, but no detectable reflectance change. This difference is inconsistent with the scattering mechanism, for which the ratio of the two effects should depend only on the substrate and not on the adsorbate. The resistivity change induced by the formate may arise from a reduction of the conduction electron density.
An Angled Slit MTF Calculation Technique for Alignment and Characterization of the OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite

We present applications of an angled slit method for calculating MTF with sub-pixel resolution for the OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite. The technique is used for determination of best focus, CCD alignment, and performance characterization.
Error analysis of a dimension estimation approach

In this paper, we present an error analysis of a previously reported dimension estimation approach using laser diodes. To assess the reliability of the measurement system, we derive the estimation error with respect to a number of influential variables. We concentrate on the error propagation from the intersection estimation/approximation block to the final dimension estimation block, since the integration of the instrument noise, measurement error, numerical error and processing error can be treated as additive white noise. Our analysis shows that the error minimization problem is equivalent to a feature point position selection problem.
Why credible propeller noise measurements are possible in the acoustically untreated NASA Lewis 8 ft by 6 ft wind tunnel

An explanation is presented for the lack of acoustic reflections in noise studies of propfan models in the NASA-Lewis 8 x 6 ft wind tunnel, where trials were run at Mach numbers 0.5-0.85. The highly directional propeller noise, i.e., mainly in the plane of rotation, experiences a convective effect due to the high subsonic axial Mach number. Reflected sounds are carried downstream, out of range of the acoustic sensors in the tunnel. Furthermore, reflected noise is less audible, and therefore does not affect measurements near peak values. It is suggested that some data contamination may occur below Mach 0.6, and that measurements be performed on higher harmonics generated by low level reflected noise.
Insights into Neonatal Oral Feeding through the Salivary Transcriptome.

Background. The development of safe and effective oral feeding skills in the newborn is complex and may be associated with significant morbidities. Our understanding of neonatal oral feeding maturation at the molecular level is limited, providing an opportunity to utilize emerging molecular techniques to accurately assess neonatal oral feeding skills. Objective. To identify key regulatory genes in neonatal saliva involved in successful oral feeding. Methods. Previously, our laboratory identified 9,286 genes in saliva that statistically significantly altered their gene expression as premature newborns gained advanced oral feeding skills. In this report, genes previously identified underwent an updated and targeted pathway analysis with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify potential candidate genes involved in successful oral feeding. Genes were considered if they were in the five most significantly up- and down-regulated physiological pathways and were associated with the keywords “feeding”, “digestion” and “development”. Results. There were 2,186 genes that met criteria. Pathways associated with feeding behavior, cranial nerve development, and the development of the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems were highlighted. Discussion. These data provide important insights into the biological processes involved in oral feeding in the newborn at a molecular level and identify novel pathways associated with successful oral feeding.
GENITAL ULCER INFECTIONS IN THE FEMALE PATIENT AND THE VAGINITIDES

This article discusses genital ulcers caused by sexually transmitted diseases in female patients, and the etiology, morphology of the ulcerations, diagnostic work-up, and current treatment. The article also discusses patients with a vaginal discharge, laboratory work-up, diagnoses, and treatment.
Index structure of fiber Bragg gratings in Ge-SiO(2) fibers.

The behavior of the concentration of photoinduced color centers in Ge-SiO2 optical fibers was compared with that of the index modulation associated with fiber Bragg gratings (FBG's) written in the same fibers. We find that the fluence dependence of the photoinduced Ge E′ center, its thermal annealing behavior, and its reaction with H2 are similar to that of the index modulation generated in both H2-loaded and unloaded Ge-SiO2 fibers. The much higher photosensitivity of H2-loaded Ge-SiO2 fibers is attributed to the much higher formation efficiency of Ge E′ centers, with an additional contribution from GeH. A diamagnetic structure, possibly densification, is also found to contribute to the index modulation of FBG's.
Interaction of ozone exposure and Fusarium subglutinans inoculation on growth and disease development of loblolly pine seedlings.

Abstract Seedlings from ten half-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) were exposed in open-top chambers to carbon-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF), or air amended with ozone to 1·7 or 2·5 times ambient. After 105 days of exposure, half the seedlings within each family were wounded but not inoculated and half were wounded and inoculated with the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium subglutinans, to which five families were relatively resistant. After an additional 50 days of ozone treatment, seedling growth and canker development were recorded. Cankers were significantly (σ ≤ 0·05) smaller among resistant compared to susceptible families, and were significantly larger among seedlings receiving the highest (2·5) compared to the ambient (NF) ozone treatment. The wound scars of non-inoculated seedlings were also significantly larger among seedlings receiving the 2·5 compared to the NF treatment, but these dimensions did not differ significantly with seedling family or resistance. The weights of needles and large roots were significantly smaller at the 2·5 compared to the 1·7 ozone treatment for inoculated but not for non-inoculated seedlings; this resulted in a significant interaction for ozone and inoculation effects. Among resistant families, root weights were significantly smaller for inoculated seedlings. Diameter growth and dry weights of needles were significantly smaller among inoculated compared to non-inoculated seedlings, but did not differ between NF and 2·5 ozone treatments.
Rapid Ranking Procedures for Gusset Plate Connections in Existing Steel Truss Bridges

Evaluation and rating of steel truss bridge connections has become imperative for many transportation agencies after the recent collapse of the I-35W Bridge in Minneapolis. Detailed engineering capacity calculations of gusset plate connections are time consuming and thus expensive. Large numbers of connections are in the national inventory and must be evaluated. A screening process and a simplified rapid screening process are proposed for ranking gusset plate connections in steel truss bridges to help bridge engineers identify possible vulnerable connections and aid field inspections. The procedures consider member demands relative to the connection geometric proportions for four different parameters: fasteners, plate tension, plate compression, and overall horizontal shear. The methods are demonstrated for two bridges, including the collapsed I35W Bridge, and clearly identify connections U10 and L11 as vulnerable for three of the four parameter types (fasteners were not identified as vulnerable for these...
On the linear model with two absorbing barriers

Abstract A family of linear models for learning in two-choice situations is considered. These models have in common the assumption that nonreward has no effect on response probability. The function γ ( p ) that relates asymptotic probability of one of the responses to its initial probability is studied intensively. It is shown to be closely related to the total number χ ( p ) of response alternations. The asymptotic probability of making the less favorable response is shown to be small when the learning rates associated with reward are small. Finally, some of the basic analytic function theoretic properties of γ ( p ) are presented.
A Sericesthis iridescent virus infection of the hemocytes of the waxmoth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera)

Abstract The cytopathology of the Seriscethis iridescent virus (SIV) infection of Galleria hemocytes was studied by phase-contrast microscopy, [3H]thymidine autoradiography, and fluorescent antibody and acridine orange staining. Of the five hemocyte classes only the oenocytoid was not infected. Infected plasmatocytes and adipohemocytes undergo nuclear and cytoplasmic hypertrophy accompanied by nuclear DNA synthesis. The timing and identity of nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA synthesis are discussed.
Hyperproduction of some glycosidases in Neurospora crassa

Results of a cross betwen a hyperderepressed strain (89601a) and a normal strain (74A) of Neurospora crassa suggest that there is a single gene dif- ference in this trait. The evidence is clearest with amylase although a similar segre- gation pattern is suggested for invertase and, perhaps, trehalase. On the other hand, phosphatase activity is not affected by this gene. The gene for hyperderepression does not appear to be widespread in wild-type strains of this organism for, in the seven tested, only 89601 a was hyperderepressed for amylase. The action of the hyperderepression gene probably is not due to diminished sensitivity to eatabolite repression because the synthesis of amylase begins at roughly the same point in glucose depletion in both the hyperderepressed and normal strains. Furthermore, growth of these strains on constant but low levels of a carbon source causes dere- pression to the degree expected in both strains. Nor does hyperderepression appear to be due to achange in sensitivity to induction, according to experiments with cello- biase, which is inducible. Increases in enzyme activity due to the gene for hyper- derepression are in the order, amylase-cellobiase > invertase > trehalase. Thus, the gene exhibits polarity as well as being pleiotropie. An explanation for its effect is proposed, based upon changes in the cell surface.
DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS BY ON-LINE CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS-ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY

On-line capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE-ESMS) has been used for the separation and detection of amino acid mixtures. Four natural amino acids, histidine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and a tripeptide, glutathione, were separated and determined. Protonated molecules were detected in the CE-ESMS mode with detection limits of about one pmol. Optimum CE-ESMS operating conditions for amino acid analysis were determined employing acetic acid solutions as CE electrolytes. The examined parameters included capillary diameter (50-100 microns internal diameter), applied separation voltage (20-30 kV), and concentration of electrolyte (10-60% acetic acid). Stable working conditions were maintained when the CE currents were less than 18 microA. The use of electrolyte solutions such as those described here instead of true buffer solutions may have advantages for CE-ESMS systems which employ a "sheathless" interface.
A noise-reduction scheme for computer-controlled EPR spectrometers

Improving the signal-to-noise ratio, S/N, of an EPR signal has traditionally involved signal averaging or simply increasing the scan time and detector time constant. Either technique results in a substantial increase in the time required for data acquisition. When rapidly decaying samples or large numbers of samples must be measured, this large increase in time per sample may be unacceptable. In this note we report on a signal averaging technique which is useful and time efficient when only selected regions of the spectrum are crucial to the experiment. Such a situation occurs in spin-labeling experiments where measurement of the spectral parameters such a AL and A,, depends on only a few selected peaks in the spectrum (I). All that is needed in such situations is to minimize the noise in the selected spectral regions where splittings or amplitudes will be measured. Signal-to-noise levels elsewhere are not critical as long as the general shape is clear and artifacts or impurity signals can be detected. The key, then, to rapidly obtaining a low-noise spectrum is to signal average only in the spectral regions to be measured. Furthermore, strong, clearly defined features such as a narrow line, require less signal averaging than poorly defined features such as a low, broad peak. Such a scheme is easily implemented on most computer operated spectrometers. Our implementations are on a Varian El09 with an E900 Data System and on an early Bruker ER 200 series machine. The essential spectrometer requirement is for an external input, magnetic field advance which can be computer controlled. We use the spectrometer external analog ramp input which is in turn driven by an external digital-to-analog converter; however, the technique should be adaptable to systems with a direct digital field advance. Via the analog ramp, the computer can advance the field rapidly in unimportant spectral regions and slowly, with signal averaging, in important regions. Programs which advance the field at a fixed clock rate (typically by slaving the computer to the spectrometer) sacrifice much of the power of the computer and are unable to perform the manipulations described here. Because it is compatible with the techniques described below, we also mention reverse field sweeping which is useful for spectra with a weak, rapidly decaying highfield line, a frequent occurrence in spin-labeled cell work. This simple expedient can greatly enhance the S/N of the high-field line. Variable rate sweep and signal averaging are implemented as follows: A fairly rapid, base scan time, tb, and an appropriate nondistorting signal detector time constant, t,,