cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A reusable suture anchor for arthroscopy psychomotor skills training.

Abstract For residents to adequately develop the early arthroscopy psychomotor skills required to better learn how to manage the improvisational situations they will encounter during actual patient cases, they need to experience sufficient practice repetitions within a contextually relevant environment. Unfortunately, the cost of suture anchors can be a practice repetition–limiting factor in learning arthroscopic knot-tying techniques. We describe a technique for creating inexpensive reusable suture anchors and provide an example of their application to repair the anterior glenoid labrum during an arthroscopy psychomotor skills laboratory training session. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 19, No 3 (March), 2003: pp E20
SU‐EE‐A2‐03: Visualization and Identification of Breast Glandular Tissue in Breast CT Volume Data

Purpose: Breast glandular tissue architecture complicates mammographyimage interpretation due to superposition. We have built a dedicated breast CT (BCT) scanner to produce volumetric images of the breast and begun a preliminary clinical trial in volunteers and selected patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate visualization and identification of breast landular tissue patterns in BCT volume data and its potential to improve lesion detection compared to mammography.Method and Materials: A dedicated BCT scanner was constructed and previously described. Volunteer and patient imaging was performed using 80 kVp at doses comparable to a standard 2‐view mammogram and reconstructed using a modified Feldkamp algorithm. BCT data of 512^3 voxels have an approximately isotropic resolution of 300 μm. Volume data were analyzed and viewed on a specially designed volume workstation and were displayed using blending, maximum‐intensity‐projection (MIP) and summation projection algorithms. Interactive review was possible for the entire volume. Breast glandular structures were identified based on CT number, voxel histograms and structural features. Results: BCT images showed impressive breast parenchyma and glandular structure detail with excellent contrast resolution. Volume rendering, especially summation projection, and thick slices provided optimization of viewing of ductal structures. Multi‐planar slices permitted rapid scrolling through slices. Voxel CT numbers, histograms and architectural features were effective in differentiating glandular from fat, skin and connective tissues. MIP images clearly demonstrated calcifications. Conclusion: BCT provides high‐quality volume data that enhanced visualization of breast glandular tissue and architecture compared to other breast imaging methods. Voxel CT numbers plus direct interactive viewing provided the mammographer clear views of breast architecture and glandular tissues. Workstation display flexibility presented data appearing similar to mammograms plus additional tomographic slices further enhancing conspicuity of breast architecture. A small number of mammographically demonstrated cancers were readily identified in BCT data.
Minimum-time three-dimensional turn to a point of supersonic aircraft

The objective of this paper is to present real-time, on-line, minimum-time three-dimensional turn to a point of supersonic aircraft/The analytic aspect of the theory of optimal trajectories is emphasized. This includes the general properties of optimal trajectories consisting of the integrals of motion and the characteristic features in engine and aerodynamic controls. By using the integrals of motion the totality of the optimal trajectories can be obtained as a family of curves depending on a certain number of arbitrary constants. The optimal control is obtained by geometrical method through the domain of maneuverability. This makes explicit the switching characteristics of the optimal control, in particular when singular or chattering control is involved. The optimality of singular thrust control and the optimal junction of different subarcs are analyzed. The computation of the optimal trajectories is carried out using the aerodynamic and engine characteristics of a lightweight, high thrust-to-weight ratio supersonic fighter. By using normalized control variables, i.e., the thrust-to-weight ratio, the bank angle, and the load factor, results can be applied to any supersonic aircraft.
Utility of CT Scan Evaluation for Predicting Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients With Parenchymal Lung Disease

Objective To determine the utility of CT-determined main pulmonary artery diameter (MPAD) for predicting pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with parenchymal lung disease. Design Retrospective review of right-heart hemodynamic data and chest CT scans in 45 patients. Setting Tertiary-referral teaching hospital and VA hospital. Patients Between October 1990 and December 1995, 36 patients referred for evaluation of parenchymal lung disease or possible pulmonary vascular disease were found to have PH, as defined by mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥20 mm Hg. Nine control patients (mPAP Results CT-determined MPAD was 35±6 mm in patients with PH and 27±2 mm in control subjects. In our group of patients, MPAD ≥29 mm had a sensitivity of 87%, specificity of 89%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.97, and positive likelihood ratio (LR) of 7.91 for predicting PH; in the subgroup of patients with parenchymal lung disease (n=28, PH and control subjects), MPAD >29 mm had a sensitivity of 84%, specificity of 75%, PPV of 0.95, and positive LR of 3.36 for predicting PH. The most specific findings for the presence of PH were both MPAD >29 mm and segmental artery-to-bronchus ratio >1:1 in three or four lobes (specificity, 100%). There was no linear correlation between the degree of PH and MPAD (r=0.124). Conclusions CT-determined MPAD has excellent diagnostic value for detection of PH in patients with advanced lung disease. Therefore, standard chest CT scans can be used to screen for PH as a cause of exertional limitation in patients with parenchymal lung disease. Because CT is commonly used to evaluate parenchymal lung disease, this information is readily available.
Action of synthetic lysine polypeptides on isolated guinea pig ileum.

SummaryL-lysine polypeptides stimulated contraction of freshly excised guinea pig ileum. Ileal segments were refractory to a second challenge of polylysine, and the antihistamine, Benadryl, blocked the action of the polypeptide. Consequently, the contraction was attributed to release of endogenous histamine or a histamine-like substance which was displaced by the basic polypeptide. Polylysyl histamine was synthesized by initiation of polymerization of ∊-carbobenzoxy-N-carboxy-L-lysine anhydride with histamine. Although polylysyl histamine was readily hydrolyzed by trypsin. The relationship of these data to the proteolytic theory of histamine release was discussed.
Synergistic Action of Ampicillin and Erythromycin Against Nocardia asteroides: Effect of Time of Incubation

Ampicillin and erythromycin were shown to act synergistically in vitro against the majority of strains of Nocardia asteroides tested. With these strains, the minimal inhibiting concentration (MIC) of each drug when combined was reduced 4- to more than 512-fold as compared with the MIC of each antibiotic acting individually against the same strains. The combined action against other strains was at least additive, and occasionally indifferent, but antagonism was not observed. The duration of incubation greatly influenced the MIC of erythromycin but had less effect on the action of ampicillin. Synergistic action was still demonstrable, although less frequently, when the period of incubation was increased from 48 to 72 h.
The Effectiveness of the Parents as Teachers Program with Low-Income Parents and Children:

The association between poverty and compromised development, particularly in the early years, has been well documented. Many early childhood programs have been designed to promote positive parenting and more enriched home environments in order to nhance children's development. We describe findings from a multisite, randomized evaluation of the Parents as Teachers (PAT) program with 665 families, which was designed specifically to investigate the program's effectiveness with low-income families. The observed effects of the PAT program on parenting and child development outcomes were generally small, with few statistically significant effects. More consistent positive effects were noted for very low-income parents and their children relative to more moderate income parents. The discussion focuses on the policy implications of the findings for the design and implementation of early childhood parenting programs for low-income families and future research.
Impact of diabetes on cognitive function among older Latinos: a population-based cohort study.

Background and objectives Type 2 diabetes, which is highly prevalent in older Mexican Americans, may influence cognitive functioning. We examined the association of diabetes with decline in global cognitive function and memory function over a 2-year period. Methods Study subjects were derived from an existing cohort of Latinos aged 60 and over in the SALSA project (n=1,789). Statistical analysis was conducted using logistic regression and a generalized estimating equation (GEE). Results Logistic regression analysis indicated that baseline diabetes was a significant predictor of major cognitive impairment in Modified Mini Mental State Exam (3MSE) (OR=1.68, 95% CI=1.21, 2.34) and word-list test (OR=1.31, 95% CI=0.99, 1.75). GEE analysis showed that there was no significant difference between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects in change of cognitive scores over 2 years (3MSE, mean=-0.58, 95% CI=-1.48, 0.32; word-list test, mean=-0.10, 95% CI=-0.32, 0.11). Conclusions More diabetic complications were associated with major cognitive decline among diabetic subjects. Research on long-term impact of treatment for type 2 diabetes is warranted.
Water Curriculum Evaluation for Educators in Pennsylvania.

Results are presented from a formal evaluation of The Pennsylvania Bureau of State Park's Watershed Education (WE) curriculum developed for students in grades 6–12. The primary research objective was to measure the impact the training and subsequent use of the WE curriculum had on teachers' behavior, confidence, and self-efficacy in teaching about watersheds. A statewide mail survey measured these attributes in both curriculum participants and non-participants. Comparisons between the two populations revealed that teachers who participated in the WE training, and who use the curriculum in their classrooms, exhibit a higher degree of pro-watershed behavior inside and outside the classroom than do non-participants. Additionally, participants exhibit greater confidence and self-efficacy than teachers who have not participated in the WE training.
The effects of body weight and temperature on the metabolic rate of Hydropsyche venularis banks (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)

Abstract 1. 1. The metabolic rate of Hydropsyche venularis was determined in relation to body weight and temperature. 2. 2. H. venularis appears to be adapted to 10–15°C and 20–25°C with Q 10 values of 1.23 and 1.65, respectively. 3. 3. Temperature has a smaller but more consistent effect on metabolic rate than body weight. 4. 4. We hypothesize that differences in metabolic rate between smaller and larger larvae may allow temporal separation of these groups.
Admission rapid thrombelastography delivers real-time "actionable" data in pediatric trauma

Abstract Purpose Admission rapid thrombelastography (rTEG) is a "real-time" clinical tool used to evaluate trauma-induced coagulopathy and direct hemostatic resuscitation. The relationship of rTEG to conventional coagulation tests (CCT) and early lifesaving interventions (LSI) in pediatric trauma is unknown. Methods Severely injured patients (age ≤14years) with an rTEG were retrospectively reviewed (8/1/2009–8/31/2011). Demographic and clinical information was collected. Spearman's correlation and regression models were used to evaluate rTEG with respect to CCT, early transfusion, LSI, and mortality. Results Eighty-six patients were identified. The median age was 8years, and the median injury severity score (ISS) was 21. Activated clotting time ( r =0.68), k -time ( r =0.77), and α -angle ( r =−0.75) showed strong correlation to PTT, and maximum amplitude (MA) ( r =0.46) showed good correlation to platelet count (all p r -value, k -time, α -angle, and MA predicted red blood cell and plasma transfusion within 6h. MA (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70–0.96; p =0.018) was predictive of LSI. All rTEG values, except for LY30, predicted mortality. Conclusion Admission rTEG correlates with CCT and predicts early transfusion, early LSI, and outcome in pediatric trauma. rTEG provides valuable data for goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation of critically injured children.
Design of Secondary Beam Channels for the Nevis Synchrocyclotron Conversion Program

The modification program includes the design of two pion channels characterized by 0?Po?250 MeV/c with ±1% ??P/Po?±10% and 200? Po?400 MeV/c with ±0.5%??P/Po?±3% and a stopped muon channel with low contamination and average polarization ?70%. Two computer programs instrumental in their design are described. BARTELBE utilizes a function minimizing code in conjunction with first order beam optics to simultaneously optimize any number of desired conditions relating to e.g., a desired optical system and momentum resolution, and a beam acceptance volume. MAGSYS is a Monte Carlo code which generates each pion according to given input parameters and follows its history through a system. In the output are e.g. detailed pion and muon beam profiles and muon polarization.
An Analysis of the Picking Mechanism of a Textile Loom

A shuttle loom runs irregularly, noisily, and sometimes inefficiently due, in part, to the nature of the conventional picking mechanism. The fact has been demonstrated by measuring the instantaneous speed and power values over a number of loom cycles. The probable reasons for the behavior are discussed from a theoretical viewpoint and some supporting data are presented to show that the simple classical theories do not hold good under actual dynamic conditions.
Humanizing education: Subjective and objective aspects

I propose that there are four standards to be met if a given educational enterprise is to be considered humane: (1) the practice to be mastered must be socially justified; (2) the disciplines pursued to master the practice must be appropriate to the practice; (3) the practice must be owned by the learner; and (4) this ownership must itself meet certain ethical requirements. The paper emphasizes the problem of ownership. It argues for a view of ownership that is “communitarian.” This view sees ownership as a function of identification or membership. People become committed to certain educational ends in virtue of the fact that they see themselves as members of a group and the ends as the ends of the group. It is central to this view that ownership of ends does not require full understanding or rational appraisal of such ends. I argue that a rational appraisal of ends is difficult when a novice seeks to appraise the ends of some practice both because the ends of the practice are internal to it in a way that makes grasping such ends difficult prior to mastery of the practice and because initiation into the practice will change the individual's standards of appraisal.
The activation-selection model of meaning: Explaining why the son comes out after the sun

The activation-selection model (ASM) of determining the meaning of an ambiguous word is unique in that it is able to account for the long-term effects of meaning selection without an explicit mechanism for suppressing the representation of the nonselected meaning. The model assumes that a meaning is selected when a threshold number of attributes associated with that particular meaning are activated. When a meaning is selected, the ASM assumes that the weights of the attributes that are associated with the chosen meaning are increased. This two-phase process (transient activation followed by long-term weight changes) provides a mechanism by which meaning selection at one time can affect meaning selection at a much later time. The ASM can explain the results of the presently reported experiments, in which the meaning selected for a homophone presented in an unbiased context is affected by multiple previous presentations of the homophone in different contexts. In particular, although participants who are initially oriented toward the secondary meaning of a homophone show an increased proportion of dominant responses when next primed by the dominant meaning of the homophone, the proportion of dominant responses decreases to below baseline levels when the homophone is later presented in a neutral context, indicating the lasting influence of the initial secondary meaning context.
A CMOS ultra-wideband differential low noise amplifier

This paper presents the design and simulation of a CMOS Ultra-wideband Low noise Amplifier. In the design, specific architecture decisions were made in consideration of system-on-chip implementation. The basic architecture of the LNA designed herein exhibits a differential amplifier core with active input and output impedance matching. Simulations reveal that the LNA maintains a gain of 16.7 dB with a plusmn0.3 dB ripple over the band of 3.1-6.0 GHz. Despite the use of an active input matching stage, the LNA achieved a simulated noise figure ranging from 3.0-3.5 dB over the band of operation. The input and output active matching stages maintain less than -10 dB reflection coefficients, thus successfully matching with 50Omega over the bands of 3 - 12 GHz and 3 - 17 GHz, respectively.
A comparison of the psychometric properties of the hooked on nicotine checklist and the modified Fagerström tolerance questionnaire.

Abstract We compared the psychometric properties of the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) and the Modified Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (MFTQ). Adolescent current smokers (n = 215) completed both instruments three times, at baseline and 6- and 12-month follow-up. Internal consistency of the HONC was high (α = 0.92), as was its stability over the follow-up interval (intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.93 over 6 months and 0.91 over 1 year). Internal consistency of the MFTQ was acceptable (α = 0.83), and its stability over the follow-up interval was similar to that reported previously (ICC = 0.79 at 6 months and 0.76 at 1 year). The HONC predicted smoking at both follow-up points, while the MFTQ did so only at 6 months. The HONC compared favorably with the MFTQ in all respects. The most important advantage of the HONC is that it is measuring a clearly defined concept, diminished autonomy over tobacco, which begins when the sequelae of tobacco use present a barrier to quitting.
Assessing and treating patients with increasing prostate specific antigen following radical prostatectomy.

Purpose: In patients who undergo local treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer evidence of increasing serum prostate specific antigen usually antedates the development of clinically evident metastasis by many years. Prostate specific antigen is used to guide subsequent salvage strategies, such as postoperative radiotherapy, androgen ablation or active surveillance with delayed intervention. We discuss options for management in patients who have increasing prostate specific antigen after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: The current status of treatment approaches was reviewed to provide an update on frequently used management strategies.Results: Increasing prostate specific antigen values of 0.2 to 0.4 ng/ml are used to indicate recurrent disease after surgery. Restaging is recommended to determine whether metastatic disease can be detected, although many patients with low prostate specific antigen values will have no detectable metastases. Local therapy should be used for select pati...
Improving reliability of non-volatile memory technologies through circuit level techniques and error control coding

Non-volatile resistive memories, such as phase-change RAM (PRAM) and spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), have emerged as promising candidates because of their fast read access, high storage density, and very low standby power. Unfortunately, in scaled technologies, high storage density comes at a price of lower reliability. In this article, we first study in detail the causes of errors for PRAM and STT-RAM. We see that while for multi-level cell (MLC) PRAM, the errors are due to resistance drift, in STT-RAM they are due to process variations and variations in the device geometry. We develop error models to capture these effects and propose techniques based on tuning of circuit level parameters to mitigate some of these errors. Unfortunately for reliable memory operation, only circuit-level techniques are not sufficient and so we propose error control coding (ECC) techniques that can be used on top of circuit-level techniques. We show that for STT-RAM, a combination of voltage boosting and write pulse width adjustment at the circuit-level followed by a BCH-based ECC scheme can reduce the block failure rate (BFR) to 10–8. For MLC-PRAM, a combination of threshold resistance tuning and BCH-based product code ECC scheme can achieve the same target BFR of 10–8. The product code scheme is flexible; it allows migration to a stronger code to guarantee the same target BFR when the raw bit error rate increases with increase in the number of programming cycles.
Optimized three-dimensional recovery from two-dimensional images by means of sine wave structured light illumination

A common problem in manufacturing design is the accurate rendering of a 3-D object into a digitized 3-D representation. Such a rendering can be used to duplicate or modify existing objects as well as perform quality control and object recognition in automated manufacturing operations. A structured light technique that uses a sinusoidal illumination pattern to retrieve 3-D information is presented. This technique requires only one image of a surface area to process the topology and can be accomplished with incoherent light. The sine section technique projects a sinusoidal pattern onto an object and recovers the local slopes (first order), which are then combined to reconstruct the surface topology. Surface variations act to create a wideband frequency modulation (zero to infinite frequency), so an optimum frequency demodulation technique is developed to yield average slopes in local regions of the illuminated area. A reconstruction algorithm is introduced that uses these slopes with minimum mean square error. The performance of this technique appears to be very robust and insensitive to intensity variations. Results are presented for recovery of synthesized surfaces corrupted in altitude by additive colored Gaussian spatial noise. The colored noise is generated with a fractal filter to best emulate real surface topologies.
Even with a green card, you can be put out to pasture and still have to work: Non-native intuitions of the transparency of common English idioms

Native speakers of English use idioms such asput your foot down andspill the beans to label events that are not described literally by the words that compose the idioms. For many such expressions, the idiomatic meanings are transparent; that is, the connection between the literal expression and its figurative meaning makes sense to native speakers. We tested Keysar and Bly’s (1995) hypothesis that this sense of transparency for the meaning of everyday idioms does not necessarily obtain because the idiomatic meanings are derived from motivating literal meanings or conceptual metaphors, but rather (at least in part) because language users construct explanations after the fact for whatever meaning is conventionally assigned to the expression. Non-native speakers of English were exposed to common English idioms and taught either the conventional idiomatic meaning or an alternative meaning. In agreement with Keysar and Bly’s suggestion, their subsequent sense of transparency was greater for the meaning that the speakers had learned and used, regardless of which one it was.
PIC simulations of extraction geometry B-diodes

Summary form only given, as follows. Experimental programs at Los Alamos for intense diagnostic neutral beams and for the thin-film deposition require efficient operation of extraction geometry B-ion diodes. Multidimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) calculations have been used to model beam formation and acceleration in the magnetically insulated diodes, as well as beam transport in the extraction section. Beam transport is facilitated by space-limited electron flow due to emission from the extractor walls. The emission is caused by ion beam self-fields. The effect of magnetic field strength and morphology on ion current and radial profiles has been studied. Divertor configurations to control electron sheath characteristics have also been investigated.
Integrated nano photonic molecule

An integrated nano photonic molecule was demonstrated by utilizing notched micro ring resonators. By creating a notch in the ring resonator, large spectral splittings at nm scale can be achieved, compared to only pm scale observed by fiber tip evanescently coupled to the surface of microsphere, thereby significantly lowered the quality factor requirement for single nanoparticle detection.
Branched projections in the auditory thalamocortical and corticocortical systems

Branched axons (BAs) projecting to different areas of the brain can create multiple feature-specific maps or synchronize processing in remote targets. We examined the organization of BAs in the cat auditory forebrain using two sensitive retrograde tracers. In one set of experiments (n=4), the tracers were injected into different frequency-matched loci in the primary auditory area (AI) and the anterior auditory field (AAF). In the other set (n=4), we injected primary, non-primary, or limbic cortical areas. After mapped injections, percentages of double-labeled cells (PDLs) in the medial geniculate body (MGB) ranged from 1.4% (ventral division) to 2.8% (rostral pole). In both ipsilateral and contralateral areas AI and AAF, the average PDLs were <1%. In the unmapped cases, the MGB PDLs ranged from 0.6% (ventral division) after insular cortex injections to 6.7% (dorsal division) after temporal cortex injections. Cortical PDLs ranged from 0.1% (ipsilateral AI injections) to 3.7% in the second auditory cortical area (AII) (contralateral AII injections). PDLs within the smaller (minority) projection population were significantly higher than those in the overall population. About 2% of auditory forebrain projection cells have BAs and such cells are organized differently than those in the subcortical auditory system, where BAs can be far more numerous. Forebrain branched projections follow different organizational rules than their unbranched counterparts. Finally, the relatively larger proportion of visual and somatic sensory forebrain BAs suggests modality specific rules for BA organization.
Comparative cytochemical studies by micro-incineration of a saprozoic and an holozoic infusorian†

Nyctotherus cordiformis and Opalinids infesting Rana pipiens were studied by microincineration and in stained control sections. A marked difference in concentration and distribution of mineral salts was noted within saprozoic and holozoic organisms. The endoplasm in the saprozoic protozoa was free from inorganic residue except for the ‘vegetative’ granules; the protoplasm of the holozoic infusorians consisted of a fine network of mineral salts. Detailed examinations suggested that the qualitative and quantitative differences might be correlated with diffusion of digestible material through the cuticle. The inorganic residue of the walls of vacuoles was relatively rich in iron.
Impact of the maturity of corn for use as silage in the diets of dairy cows on intake, digestion, and milk production

Whole-plant corn was harvested at early dent, quarter milkline, two-thirds milkline, and black layer stages to evaluate the effects of maturity on intake, digestion, and milk production when corn was fed as silage in the diet. Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated experiment with a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods. Diets containing 50% forage (67% corn silage and 33% alfalfa silage) and 50% concentrate (dry matter basis) were fed as total mixed rations. Moisture contents were 69.9, 67.6, 64.9, and 58.0% for silages from corn harvested at early dent, quarter milkline, two-thirds milkline, and black layer stages, respectively. Intakes of dry matter were similar across the four treatments and ranged from 3.73 to 3.79% of body weight. Milk production was highest (33.4 kg/d) for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the two-thirds milkline stage and lowest (32.4 kg/d) for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the early dent stage. Milk protein production was highest for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the two-thirds milkline stage (1.17 vs. 1.12 to 1.13 kg/d). Apparent total tract digestion of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and starch was lowest for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the black layer stage. Although starch intake was similar for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the two-thirds milkline stage and for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the black layer stage (9 kg/d), intake of digestible starch was 0.4 kg/d lower for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the black layer stage. The optimum stage for corn that was ensiled was two-thirds milkline with some flexibility between quarter and two-thirds milkline.
The coupling of tight DNA binding and base flipping: identification of a conserved structural motif in base flipping enzymes.

Val121 is positioned immediately above the extrahelical cytosine in HhaI DNA C5-cytosine methyltransferase, and replacement with alanine dramatically interferes with base flipping and catalysis. DNA binding and kcat are decreased 105-fold for the Val121 → Ala mutant that has a normal circular dichroism spectrum and AdoMet affinity. The magnitude of this loss of function is comparable with removal of the essential catalytic Cys81. Surprisingly, DNA binding is completely recovered (increase of 105-fold) with a DNA substrate lacking the target cytosine base (abasic). Thus, interfering with the base flipping transition results in a dramatic loss of binding energy. Our data support an induced fit mechanism in which tight DNA binding is coupled to both base flipping and protein loop rearrangement. The importance of the proximal protein segment (His127–Thr132) in maintaining this critical interaction between Val121 and the flipped cytosine was probed with single site alanine substitutions. None of these mutants are significantly altered in secondary structure, AdoMet or DNA affinity, kmethylation, kinactivation, or kcat. Although Val121 plays a critical role in both extrahelical base stabilization and catalysis, its position and mobility are not influenced by individual residues in the adjacent peptide region. Structural comparisons with other DNA methyltransferases and DNA repair enzymes that stabilize extrahelical nucleotides reveal a motif that includes a positively charged or polar side chain and a hydrophobic residue positioned adjacent to the target DNA base and either the 5′- or 3′-phosphate.
Lawyers, Covert Activity, and Choice of Evils

After discussing the origins of Model Rule 8.4(c), which purports to prohibit all deceit and misrepresentation, and states' recent amendments to the rule to accommodate lawyer involvement in some covert activity, Professor Fortune proposes a broad rule that would allow lawyers to supervise and actively participate in lawful investigations. As an alternative he proposes that states follow Virginia and qualify the rule against deceit by adding 'that reflects adversely on the person's fitness as a lawyer.' In this article, Professor Fortune discusses the concept of choice of evils in the context of deceit to further a societally-beneficial end.
Indiana's High-stakes Reading Assessment: Impact on Professionalism and Instructional Practices of Elementary Teachers

INDIANA’S HIGH-STAKES READING ASSESSMENT: IMPACT ON PROFESSIONALISM AND INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES OF ELEMENTARY TEACHERS
Paramyxoviruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (MPV) are members of the family Paramyxoviridae of the Mononegavirales order, comprising the nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. Paramyxoviridae has two subfamilies: Paramyxovirinae, which includes the parainfluenza viruses 1–4 and measles and mumps viruses, and Pneumovirinae, which includes RSV and MPV. Pneumovirinae has two genera: Pneumovirus, which includes human RSV, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and pneumonia virus of mice, and Metapneumovirus, which includes human MPV and avian metapneumovirus, sometimes called avian pneumovirus.
Role of Mismatch Repair in the Fidelity of RAD51- and RAD59-Dependent Recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

To prevent genome instability, recombination between sequences that contain mismatches (homeologous recombination) is suppressed by the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. To understand the interactions necessary for this regulation, the genetic requirements for the inhibition of homeologous recombination were examined using mutants in the RAD52 epistasis group of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The use of a chromosomal inverted-repeat recombination assay to measure spontaneous recombination between 91 and 100% identical sequences demonstrated differences in the fidelity of recombination in pathways defined by their dependence on RAD51 and RAD59. In addition, the regulation of homeologous recombination in rad51 and rad59 mutants displayed distinct patterns of inhibition by different members of the MMR pathway. Whereas the requirements for the MutS homolog, MSH2, and the MutL homolog, MLH1, in the suppression of homeologous recombination were similar in rad51 strains, the loss of MSH2 caused a greater loss in homeologous recombination suppression than did the loss of MLH1 in a rad59 strain. The nonequivalence of the regulatory patterns in the wild-type and mutant strains suggests an overlap between the roles of the RAD51 and RAD59 gene products in potential cooperative recombination mechanisms used in wild-type cells.
Edmund Berkeley and the Social Responsibility of Computer Professionals

Edmund C. Berkeley (1909--1988) was a mathematician, insurance actuary, inventor, publisher, and a founder of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). His book “Giant Brains or Machines That Think” (1949) was the first explanation of computers for a general readership. His journal "Computers and Automation" (1951--1973) was the first journal for computer professionals. In the 1950s, Berkeley developed mail-order kits for small, personal computers such as Simple Simon and the Brainiac. In an era when computer development was on a scale barely affordable by universities or government agencies, Berkeley took a different approach and sold simple computer kits to average Americans. He believed that digital computers, using mechanized reasoning based on symbolic logic, could help people make more rational decisions. The result of this improved reasoning would be better social conditions and fewer large-scale wars. Although Berkeley's populist notions of computer development in the public interest did not prevail, the events of his life exemplify the human side of ongoing debates concerning the social responsibility of computer professionals. This biography of Edmund Berkeley, based on primary sources gathered over 15 years of archival research, provides a lens to understand social and political decisions surrounding early computer development, and the consequences of these decisions in our 21st century lives.
Full of God: Ashtavakra and Ideas of Justice in Hindu Texts

The paper examines how ideas about disability, sexuality, gender, desire and aversion, have circulated in Hindu texts through the figure of the disabled sage Ashtavakra. In the Mahabharata, Ashtavakra learns from a woman teacher that no one is immune to desire. The Ashtavakra Gita explicitly states that a wise person sees no difference between man and woman. Two medieval devotional texts, which tell the story of a child born to two women who have sexual intercourse, invoke Ashtavakra as an authority. The texts move away from the abstract question of sex between any two women, and towards the specific instance of these two women’s relationship. Narrative, unlike medical and legal texts, is impelled towards particulars, not abstract theories. Ashtavakra represents an ascetic tradition that tends to be opposed to pleasure. But because he is disabled, he is represented as aware of the vulnerability of living beings and their susceptibility to desire; he is therefore ideally suited to make the right ethical choice in this particular instanced. Hindu ethics tend to value the particular over the general, which is why Hindu law favors local custom over universal principle.
Burden of hospitalization in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

AbstractObjective: This study sought to quantify the economic burden of adults with Philadelphia chromosome negative (Ph-) relapsed B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by examining hospitalization events in the US. Research design and methods: The Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Database was used to identify eligible patients hospitalized between April 2009 and July 2014. Eligible patients were continuously enrolled 6 months before (pre-index) their first claim with an eligible relapsed ALL diagnosis (index date) and followed up for a maximum of 18 weeks. Results: A total of 583 hospitalizations involving 205 adults with Ph(-) relapsed B-precursor ALL were identified. Mean (SD) percentage of follow-up time spent in the hospital was 56.2% (40.0%). Mean (SD) length of stay per hospitalization was 13.1 (15.7) days; mean (SD) reimbursement per hospitalization stay was $89,663 ($195,725). The highest reimbursements were hospitalization for ALL in relapse ($132,137 [$178,742]) and ALL without rem...
Long-term functional outcomes and predictors of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in the BRAT trial: Revisiting the clip vs coil debate

BACKGROUND Acute hydrocephalus is a well-known sequela of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Controversy exists about whether open microsurgical methods serve to reduce shunt dependency compared with endovascular techniques. OBJECTIVE To determine predictors of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus and functional outcomes after aneurysmal SAH. METHODS A total of 471 patients who were part of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial from 2003 to 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. All variables including demographic data, medical history, treatment, imaging, and functional outcomes were included as part of the trial. No additional variables were retrospectively collected. RESULTS Ultimately, 147 patients (31.2%) required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) in our series. Age, dissecting aneurysm type, ruptured vertebrobasilar aneurysm, Fisher grade, Hunt and Hess grade, admission intraventricular hemorrhage, admission intraparenchymal hemorrhage, blood in the fourth ventricle on admission, perioperative ventriculostomy, and hemicraniectomy were significant risk factors (P < .05) associated with shunt-dependent hydrocephalus on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, intraventricular hemorrhage and intraparenchymal hemorrhage were independent risk factors for shunt dependency (P < .05). Clipping vs coiling treatment was not statistically associated with VPS after SAH on both univariate and multivariate analyses. Patients who did not receive a VPS at discharge had higher Glasgow Outcome Scale and Barthel Index scores and were more likely to be functionally independent and to return to work 72 months after surgery (P < .05). CONCLUSION There is no difference in shunt dependency after SAH among patients treated by endovascular or microsurgical means. Patients in whom shunt-dependent hydrocephalus does not develop after SAH tend to have improved long-term functional outcomes.
Release of Superoxide Dismutase Activity From Human Umbilical Veins by Heparin

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated superoxide dismutase activity released from human umbilical veins incubated with different doses of heparin and examined at different time points. STUDY DESIGN: Umbilical veins of fresh cords from full term babies were incubated with 175 or 1 U/ml of heparin at one end while the other end was incubated without heparin as control. Specimens were obtained at 10 minutes and 24 hours (high-dose) or at 10 minutes and 60 minutes (low-dose). Superoxide dismutase activity was measured by the cytochrome c method. Results were analyzed using Student’s paired t test. RESULTS: A time-dependent release of superoxide dismutase activity into the buffer was observed in both heparin specimens as well as in control specimens. The difference in release in the presence of heparin was of statistical significance, compared with the controls. CONCLUSION: Because heparin is routinely used as an anticoagulant to maintain the patency of umbilical catheters, we conclude that this usage may alter a newborn’s response to oxygen free radical damage by changes in superoxide dismutase activity.
Integrated Study of Water Sorption/Desorption Behavior of Weak Polyelectrolyte Layer-by-Layer Films

We present an integrated study of the water sorption/desorption behavior of layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled films made of two oppositely charged weak polyelectrolytes, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The water sorption and desorption of PAH/PAA LbL films are investigated using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring, which allows for the simultaneous determination of the swelling/deswelling ratio and mechanical properties of the LbL films as well as the real-time monitoring of the sorption/desorption dynamics as a function of relative humidity (RH). It is shown that PAH/PAA LbL films that exhibit significant swelling/deswelling hysteresis during water sorption and desorption have higher shear moduli than those that exhibit small hysteresis. The diffusion mechanisms during sorption and desorption, studied as a function of relative humidity (RH), also show hysteresis, which correlates with the humidity-induced swelling/deswelling hysteresis of the fi...
Synthesis and Reactivity Studies of Benzo-Substituted Bis(indenyl) Iron and Zirconium Complexes: The Difference a Methyl Group Can Make

The synthesis of the sterically hindered 1,3,4,7-tetrasubstituted indenyl ligand 1,3-(CHMe2)2-4,7-Me2-C9H3 is accomplished via initial preparation of 4,7-dimethylindene and subsequent installation of isopropyl groups on the five-membered ring. Synthesis of the corresponding bis(indenyl) iron complex (η5-C9H3-1,3-(CHMe2)2-4,7-Me2)2Fe (3) and comparison to a bis(indenyl) iron analogue devoid of benzo substituents, (η5-C9H5-1,3-(CHMe2)2)2Fe (4), through variable-temperature NMR studies and electrochemistry, establishes the new ligand as both more sterically demanding and slightly more electron rich. Alkali-metal reduction of (η5-C9H3-1,3-(CHMe2)2-4,7-Me2)2ZrCl2 (5) yields an equilibrium mixture of the η5,η9 sandwich complex 7 and the cyclometalated hydride 8, indicating both that benzo binding is still possible when the six-membered ring is substituted and that ligand activation can be modulated by the choice of substituents, as the η5,η9 zirconium sandwich 9, which lacks methyl groups on the benzo ring, doe...
Thermal Relations Affecting Survival of Pink Bollworm Larvae Between Cutout and Pupation

Last-instar larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), leave the protective microhabitat provided by cotton fruit in a midday (1000–1400 h) circadian cutout rhythm and drop to the soil surface to search for a suitable pupation site. Before the plant canopy closes, larvae falling upon sunlit portions may encounter sufficiently high temperatures for periods long enough to render them ecologically dead. This time-temperature relationship, termed the Critical Thermal Maximum (CTM), was determined for 120 larvae at soil surface temperatures ranging from 45–68°C under field conditions. At temperatures below 50°C all but one insect survived a 10-min exposure, and most traveled at least one meter. At 51°C the CTM occurred within 2.5 min; at 65°C, it was reached within 0.33 min and the distance traveled was less than 0.2 m. A model developed by monitoring temperatures of larval cuticle with 2 thermocouple techniques showed that the CTM occurred when the insect cuticle reached 46–53°C.
Research and Development in Application of the Simulation Model Portability Standard

The development of physics based spaceflight simulators is undertaken by many programs, and inevitably the opportunity for cost and schedule savings from the reuse of developed simulation models is a topic of much interest. While it is acknowledged numerous approaches for achieving model reuse exist; the second version of the European Space Agency (ESA) Simulation Model Portability (SMP2) standard has been investigated for potential use in modeling and simulation for NASA’s Constellation Program (CxP). The SMP2 standard is particularly well suited for use in the CxP as the standard's objectives and spaceflight operations domain are nearly identical for both NASA and ESA. The standard puts forth interface requirements to enable flexible and efficient reuse of simulation models thereby laying the foundation for direct reuse of developed simulation model assets. Using the SMP2 standard, ESA has demonstrated the reuse of engineering models across the engineering life-cycle from vehicle design, to hardware and software validation, and finally in flight operations. This reuse can substantially reduce the total cost of model development to the Constellation Program since the associated software development process and documentation need not be wholly recreated. Lessons learned include areas of the standard that fit well with current needs, along with areas of potential improvement. To provide hands-on application of the SMP2 standard, a Python and C++ based hybrid simulation prototype was developed using the SMP2 standard as a blueprint for defining interfaces between the simulation models and framework. The advantages of using a dynamic programming language are revealed along with challenges that were overcome. Details regarding the use of SMP2 to promote interoperability with an existing legacy simulation toolset and the newly developed prototype simulation framework are explained along with benefits of using the SMP2 standard. The dream of model and simulation reuse has continually been difficult to achieve in real applications. Based upon a practical approach and sound computer science techniques, the SMP2 standard is poised to deliver upon the dream of simulation model reuse by enabling efficient sharing of information, and achieving integration across diverse space programs.
Drop-by-drop Polymer Deposition by Acoustic Picoliter Droplet Generators for Applications in Semiconductor Industry and Biotechnology

We ejected photoresist droplets onto a wafer surface using an acoustic two dimensional micromachined ejector array. We also studied the spread of single droplets on a silicon wafer surface at varying droplet speeds. Series of photoresist droplets were printed periodically drop-on-demand on a silicon wafer surface, and profiles of a single droplet and two droplets overlapping with varying distances of 25 µm and 1 µm on a silicon wafer were demonstrated. Moreover, we demonstrated 3.4 µm-thick spinless full coverage of a 4 inch wafer with photoresist, which indicates a potential for coating wafers in less than a few seconds.