cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIII–D tokamak control and neutral beam computer system upgrades

Abstract This paper covers recent computer system upgrades made to the DIII–D tokamak control and neutral beam computer systems. The systems responsible for monitoring and controlling the DIII–D tokamak and injecting neutral beam power have recently come online with new computing hardware and software. The new hardware and software have provided a number of significant improvements over the previous Modcomp AEG VME and accessware based systems. These improvements include the incorporation of faster, less expensive, and more readily available computing hardware which have provided performance increases of up to a factor 20 over the prior systems. A more modern graphical user interface with advanced plotting capabilities has improved feedback to users on the operating status of the tokamak and neutral beam systems. The elimination of aging and non supportable hardware and software has increased overall maintainability. The distinguishing characteristics of the new system include: (1) a PC based computer platform running the Redhat version of the Linux operating system; (2) a custom PCI CAMAC software driver developed by general atomics for the kinetic systems 2115 serial highway card; and (3) a custom developed supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) software package based on Kylix, an inexpensive interactive development environment (IDE) tool from borland corporation. This paper provides specific details of the upgraded computer systems.
Radiometric stability of the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) following 15 years on-orbit

The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) has successfully operated on the EOS/ Terra spacecraft since 1999. It consists of nine cameras pointing from nadir to 70.5° view angle with four spectral channels per camera. Specifications call for a radiometric uncertainty of 3% absolute and 1% relative to the other cameras. To accomplish this, MISR utilizes an on-board calibrator (OBC) to measure camera response changes. Once every two months the two Spectralon panels are deployed to direct solar-light into the cameras. Six photodiode sets measure the illumination level that are compared to MISR raw digital numbers, thus determining the radiometric gain coefficients used in Level 1 data processing. Although panel stability is not required, there has been little detectable change in panel reflectance, attributed to careful preflight handling techniques. The cameras themselves have degraded in radiometric response by 10% since launch, but calibration updates using the detector-based scheme has compensated for these drifts and allowed the radiance products to meet accuracy requirements. Validation using Sahara desert observations show that there has been a drift of ~1% in the reported nadir-view radiance over a decade, common to all spectral bands.
Enhanced detection of viroid-RNA after selective divalent cation fractionation.

Abstract Treatment of nucleic acid preparations from citrus exocortis viroid infected tissues with Ca 2+ , Co 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Zn 2+ results in rapid precipitation of all large RNA molecules and selective precipitation of low-molecular-weight RNA species. Analysis of the viroid-RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is greatly enhanced in the absence of any additional treatment with 2 m LiCl. The ratio of circular to linear molecules as well as the relative infectivity of Mn 2+ -treated viroid preparations remain unaffected.
Rabbit anti-idiotypic antibodies raised against monoclonal anti-morphine IgG block μ & δ opiate receptor sites

Abstract Rabbit antibodies have been raised against murine monoclonal anti-morphine Fab fragments. Following affinity purification, these antibodies competitiveky inhibit morphine binding to anti-morphine monoclonal antibodies, yet do not recognize normal mouse IgGs, suggesting that the antibodies produced are anti-idiotypic with respect to the anti-morphine IgG. More importantly, the purified antibodies competitively inhibit binding of morphine, naloxone, and D-ala-2-D-leu-5-enkephalin to rat brain opiate receptors.
Osmotic regulation and salinity tolerance of the mole crab, Emerita talpoida (say) (crustacea, anomura)

Abstract 1. 1. Osmotic concentrations were determined on the hemolymph of adult Emerita talpoida exposed to concentrations of sea water ranging from 20 to 200%. 2. 2. Hyperosmotic regulation occurs over the entire range of salinity tolerance. An average gradient of 30mOsm is maintained in concentrated medium, while in dilute medium, the gradient may rise to 150mOsm. 3. 3. Crabs transferred directly from one salinity to another experience changes in hemolymph concentration toward that of the new medium. Less than 2hr is required to establish a new steady state. 4. 4. E. talpoida tolerates sea water concentrations of 40–180%.
Sex, gender, and the US presidency: ready for a female President?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine perceptions of the “Ideal President” and candidates in the 2008 US presidential election in relation to gender and leader prototypes.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 768 undergraduate business students rated either the ideal President or a presidential candidate on Bem Sex‐Role Inventory and Implicit Leadership Theory scales.Findings – The ideal President was seen as more similar to male candidates as a group than female candidates as a group (i.e. “think president – think male”). The ideal President was seen as higher in masculinity than femininity (i.e. “think president – think masculine”).Research limitations/implications – Additional factors beyond gender and leader prototypes may affect perceptions of presidential candidates and the ideal President. Respondents came exclusively from northeastern USA; hence, results may not be generalizable to other populations. Replication of this study in nations that have elected a female leader is recommend...
An Analog Approach to Suppressing In-Band Narrow-Band Interference in UWB Receivers

Due to the huge bandwidth of ultra-wide-band (UWB) systems, in-band narrow-band interference (NBI) may hinder receiver performance. Sources of potential NBI that lie within the IEEE 802.15.3a UWB bandwidth are presented. To combat interference in multi-band orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) UWB systems, an analog notch filter is designed to be included in the UWB receive chain. The filter's architecture is based on feedforward subtraction of the interference, and includes a least-mean-square (LMS) tuning scheme to match amplitudes of the two paths. An 8-bit discrete control is used to adjust the filter's center frequency across the UWB baseband. It was fabricated in TSMC's 0.18-mum process, and experimental results are provided
Automated Resolution of Nontarget Analyte Signals in GC x GC-TOFMS Data Using Parallel Factor Analysis

We previously reported a method for the automated (objective) selection of a PARAFAC model having an appropriate number of factors for mathematical resolution of signal from a target analyte in GC x GC-TOFMS data (i.e., for an analysis in which the identity of the analyte is known a priori). While the previous target method has been successfully applied in several studies, the target method requires that the identity of the analyte be known. Also, multiple applications of the target method are required in cases where several analytes of interest are present in a single subsection of the chromatogram. Thus, having to know the analyte identity a priori restricts the applicability of the automated implementation of PARAFAC. The method presented in this report generalizes the previous method to allow analysis of one or more nontarget analyte signals in a subsection of a GC x GC-TOFMS chromatogram (i.e., for analyses when identities of analyte and interferences are not known a priori), thereby addressing and overcoming the limitations of the target method. Herein, we put the nontarget analyte PARAFAC method into theoretical context and illustrate the mechanics of the method using simulated data. We use real experimental GC x GC-TOFMS data to demonstrate the broad applicability of the method, with various analysis situations selected to illustrate challenging chemical analysis scenarios.
Wnts/' fashion statement: from body stature to dysplasia

Bone is constantly being made and remodeled to maintain bone volume and calcium homeostasis. Even small changes in the dosage, location and duration of int/Wingless (Wnt) signaling affect skeletal development and homeostasis. Wnt/β-catenin signaling controls cell fate determination, proliferation and survival by affecting a balance between bone-forming osteoblast and bone-resorbing osteoclast cell differentiation. During early skeletal development, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is required in directing mesenchymal progenitor cells toward the osteoblast lineage. Later, Wnt/β-catenin in chondrocytes of the growth plate promotes chondrocyte survival, hypertrophic differentiation and endochondral ossification. Gain- or loss-of-function mutations in the Wnt signaling components are causally linked to high or low bone mass in mice and humans. Inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling leads to imbalance between bone formation and resorption because of accelerated osteoclastogenesis due to decline in the levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) secreted by osteoblasts or directly via Frizzled 8 (Fzd8). In this review, we provide a landscape of the Wnt pathway components in influencing progenitor cell differentiation toward osteoblasts or osteoclasts under physiological conditions as well as pathological disorders resulting in various skeletal dysplasia syndromes.
Post-carotid endarterectomy neurocognitive decline is associated with cerebral blood flow asymmetry on post-operative magnetic resonance perfusion brain scans.

Abstract Objective: Up to 25% of patients experience subtle declines in post-operative neurocognitive function following, otherwise uncomplicated, carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We sought to determine if post-CEA neurocognitive deficits are associated with cerebral blood flow (CBF) abnormalities on post-operative MR perfusion brain scans. Methods: We enrolled 22 CEA patients to undergo a battery of neuropsychometric tests pre-operatively and on post-operative day 1 (POD 1). Neurocognitive dysfunction was defined as a two standard deviation decline in performance in comparison to a similarly aged control group of lumbar laminectomy patients. All patients received MR perfusion brain scans on POD 1 that were analysed for asymmetries in CBF distribution. One patient experienced a transient ischemic attack within 24 hours before the procedure and was excluded from our analysis. Results: Twenty-nine percent of CEA patients demonstrated neurocognitive dysfunction on POD 1. One hundred percent of those patients wi...
Diels-Alder reactions with dienes bearing a remote stereogenic center. Conformational model for diastereofacial selectivity

Abstract In Diels-Alder reactions of 1-acyloxydienes, the 1- O -methylmandeloxy group has the distinct advantage of serving dual functions. Not only is it an effective chiral auxiliary for Diels-Alder stereocontrol, but also it provides rather reliable determination of the absolute stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder adduct, via the Dale-Mosher NMR model, subject only to the ability to resolve the proper NMR resonances. Study of the Diels-Alder reactions of such chiral 1-acyloxydienes has led us to a transition structure model which uniquely explains the origin of the observed stereoselectivities and is supported by experimental evidence, including X-ray structures showing the conformations of three Diels-Alder adducts. The model may also have wider applicability in conformational analysis and control of selectivity in other reactions.
A write update cache coherence protocol for MIN-based multiprocessors with accessibility-based split caches

The authors present a cache coherence protocol for MIN-based multiprocessors with two distinct private caches: private-block caches containing information private to a processor and shared-block caches containing data accessible by all processors. The protocol utilizes a coherence control bus (snooping) for connecting all shared-block cache controllers. Timing problems due to variable transit delay through the MIN are dealt with by introducing transient states in the protocol. Assuming homogeneity of all nodes, a single-node queuing model is developed to analyze the system performance. This model is solved using the mean-value-analysis technique with protocol state probabilities, and few communication delays as input parameters. System performance measures are verified through simulation. >
Easy freshness with Pequod cache joins

Pequod is a distributed application-level key-value cache that supports declaratively defined, incrementally maintained, dynamic, partially-materialized views. These views, which we call cache joins, can simplify application development by shifting the burden of view maintenance onto the cache. Cache joins define relationships among key ranges; using cache joins, Pequod calculates views on demand, incrementally updates them as required, and in many cases improves performance by reducing client communication. To build Pequod, we had to design a view abstraction for volatile, relationless key-value caches and make it work across servers in a distributed system. Pequod performs as well as other in-memory key-value caches and, like those caches, outperforms databases with view support.
The characterization of socio-political instability, development and sustainability with Fisher information

In an effort to evaluate socio-political instability, we studied the relationship between dynamic order, socio-political upheavals and sustainability in nation states. Estimating the degree of dynamic order inherent in the socio-political regime of various countries throughout the world involved applying Fisher information theory to data from the Political Instability Task Force database. Fisher information is a key method in information theory and affords the ability to characterize the structure and dynamics of complex systems. The results of this work demonstrate that nation states bifurcate into two distinct regimes, which exhibit a negative correlation between dynamic order, as determined by Fisher information, and the prevalence of upheavals. Countries in the High Incidence of Upheavals regime with low dynamic order (i.e., low Fisher information) experienced sixteen times more upheavals than the countries in the Low Incidence of Upheavals regime with high dynamic order (i.e. high Fisher information). Most importantly, our analysis demonstrates that newly industrializing countries suffer from the most instability, which is manifested in low dynamic order thereby resulting in a high number of upheavals. These results suggest that developing countries endure a period of socio-political instability on their path to the developed world.
Gradient eigenspace projections for adaptive filtering

Although adaptive gradient algorithms are simple and relatively robust, they generally have poor performance in the absence of "rich" excitation. In particular, it is well known that the convergence speed of the LMS algorithm deteriorates when the condition number of the input autocorrelation matrix is large. This problem has been previously addressed using weighted RLS or normalized frequency-domain algorithms. In this paper, we present a new approach that employs gradient projections in selected eigenvector sub-spaces to improve the convergence properties of LMS algorithms for colored inputs. We also introduce an efficient method to iteratively update an "eigen subspace" of the autocorrelation matrix. The proposed algorithm is more efficient, in terms of computational complexity, than the WRLS and its convergence speed approaches that of the WRLS even for highly correlated inputs.
Septimu2 - earphones for continuous and non-intrusive physiological and environmental monitoring

Mobile phones have become an ideal platform for physiological and environmental sensing. A number of research and commercial smartphone "accessories" have emerged in recent years that try to extend the sensing capabilities of a mobile phone. However, the major drawback of these devices is that they either require the user to act in some specific way or change their lifestyle and habit to some extent. In this demo, we present Septimu V2 (Septimu2) -- a novel non-intrusive physiological and environmental sensing platform which is fully embedded in a conventional earphone, works with existing smartphones, and does not require the user to change habits in any way. Septimu2 is a continuation of [1], and integrates a suite of new sensors. In addition to 3-axis accelerometer and gyroscope, Septimu2 incorporates remote IR temperature sensor, IR LED, IR photodiode and two additional microphones. The baseboard performs signal condition and sends the data to cellphone via Bluetooth. Septimu2 enables a number of applications, including heart-rate monitoring, fine grained posture detection, and external sound source localization and classification.
Practical approaches to comforting users with relational agents

Interactions in which computer agents comfort users through expressed empathy have been shown to be important in alleviating user frustration and increasing user liking of the agent, and may have important healthcare applications. Given the current state of technology, designers of these systems are forced to choose between (a) allowing users to freely express their feelings, but having the agents provide imperfect empathic responses, or (b) greatly restricting how users can express themselves, but having the agents provide very accurate empathic feedback. This study investigates which of these options leads to better outcomes, in terms of comforting users and increasing user-agent social bonds. Results, on almost all measures, indicate that empathic accuracy is more important than user expressivity.
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF A GENERATION 4.5 PAMAM DENDRIMER PLATINUM DRUG CONJUGATE

A nanoscale multivalent platinum drug based on a poly(amidoamine) [PAMAM] dendrimer (generation 4.5, carboxylate surface) has been synthesized and fully characterized using a variety of spectroscopic, chromatographic and thermal methods. Treatment of the dendrimer with an aqueous solution containing an excess diaquo(cis-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) produces a conjugate containing approximately forty (diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) moieties at the surface of the dendrimer. This material undergoes smooth two-stage thermal decomposition to provide residual platinum oxide reflecting the platinum loading in the drug.
The Interaction between Product Liability and Workers' Compensation as Ex Post Remedies for Workplace Injuries

Recent attention devoted to the emerging product liability crisis has highlighted the increased role played by tort remedies for individual accidents. Before the advent of workers' compensation, workers pursued legal remedies for individual accidents in much the same manner as they did in litigation for product-related injuries.' Tort liability remedies were replaced by administrative compensation systems in most states, but in recent years tort liability suits have reemerged as a prominent source of compensation for job injuries (Weiler). The significance of the role of the different institutions that address job injuries is suggested by a review of the economic rationale for adoption of workers' compensation systems earlier in this century. Reliance on product liability for ex post compensation was generally viewed as an unsatisfactory solution, and as a consequence states established workers' compensation sys-
Compact model of memristors and its application in computing systems

In this paper, we present a compact model of the spintronic memristor based on the magnetic-domain-wall motion mechanism for circuit design. Our model also takes into account the variations of material parameters and fabrication process, which significantly affects the actual electrical characteristics of a memristor in nano-scale technologies. Our proposed model can be easily implemented by Verilog-A languages and compatible to SPICE-based simulation. Based on our model, we also show some potential applications of memristor in computing system, including the detailed analysis and optimizations based on our proposed model.
Energy coupling by partially degenerate four-wave mixing in multichannel lightwave systems

We investigate the energy coupling among different frequency carriers by partially degenerate four-wave mixing in single-mode fibers. We show that for a multichannel lightwave system operated near the zero-dispersion frequency of the single-mode fiber, four-wave mixing may cause significant signal depletion in a channel whose power acts as a pump in the four-wave mixing process. Analytical solutions are derived and the signal depletion due to four-wave mixing is obtained. >
Reversible Photochemically Gated Transformation of a Hemicarcerand to a Carcerand

Guests in a gated community: introduction of two anthracene groups into a linker in a hemicarcerand creates a new type of photochemically controlled gated hemicarcerand. The reversible opening and closing of the "gate" of the host is controlled photochemically. The encapsulation and release of the guest molecules such as 1,4-dimethoxybenzene is controlled by irradiation with light of different wavelengths.
Computing Acute and Non-obtuse Triangulations

We propose a method for computing acute (non-obtuse) triangulations. That is, for a given two dimensional domain (a set of points or a planar straight line graph), we compute a triangulation of the domain such that all angles are less than (or less than or equal to) �/2. This leads to the first software to compute such triangulations.
Analysis of a new 1-D IIR median hybrid filter

A class of nonlinear filters, the class of multidirectional infinite impulse response median hybrid (MIMH) filters, is presented and analyzed. The input signal is processed twice using a linear shift-invariant (LSI) infinite impulse response (IIR) filtering module: once with normal causality and a second time with inverted causality. The final output of the MIMH filter is the median of the two directional outputs and the original input signal. Thus, the MIMH filter is a concatenation of linear filtering (a LSI IIR filtering module) and nonlinear filtering (a median filtering module). Because of this unique scheme, the MIMH filter possesses many desirable properties (including impulse removal, step preservation, and noise suppression). A comparison to other existing median-type filters is provided. >
Representing a 3-D environment with a 2 1/2 -D map structure

This paper explores the development of a two and one-half dimensional (2 1/2 -D) map structure to provide an autonomous mobile robot with a more three-dimensional (3-D) model of its environment than those afforded by current map structures. The 2 1/2 -D map structure was created by modifying the widely used evidence grid to store a height, along with a probability value, in each cell location to record the varying elevations of a 3-D environment. Results show that this map structure is capable of providing an autonomous mobile robot with a representation of a limited 3-D environment that will allow it to perform obstacle detection, path planning, and to an extent, localization.
The Hilbert Space Model for Quantum Mechanics and the EPR Dilemma

Throughout this book we have used the phrase “quantum physics” to mean the collection of all the philosophical viewpoints and all the alternative ways of dealing with a physical universe behaving in contradiction to classical Newtonian physics, whereas “quantum mechanics” means a specific set of working hypotheses about the physical universe. Up to now we have been exploring quantum physics in general. Part A of this chapter is a brief history of quantum mechanics. In Part B we outline a set of working hypotheses for quantum mechanics. In Part C we discuss a philosophical dilemma arising from these hypotheses and articulated in a famous paper written in 1935 by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen.
How Thermodynamics Drives Wet-out in Adhesive Bonding: Correcting Common Misconceptions

The traditional maxim that one should keep the adhesive surface energy below that of the substrate to ensure wet-out is shown to be a false and often counter-productive constraint in designing superior adhesive bonds. The confusion stems from the failure to carefully distinguish the one-substrate problem (coating) from the two-substrate problem (adhesive bonding). When two substrates are bonded the adhesive will almost invariably be driven to wet them out, even if the adhesive is of much higher surface energy than the substrates. The driving force is the elimination of the condensed phase/air interfaces in favor of condensed phase/condensed phase interfaces. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate that high surface energy liquids and adhesives will easily wet low surface energy substrates when sandwiched between them. The standard mathematical formalism for the free energy change of coating, bonding liquid adhesives, and bonding PSA tapes is developed to clarify the thermodynamic distinctions between these very different processes. It is shown that for spontaneous, thermodynamically driven, wet-out the contact angle the adhesive must make with the substrate is <90 ◦ for a liquid adhesive and <180 ◦ for a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) tape. These forgiving criteria are readily met in practice, and are far less stringent than the 0 ◦ contact angle required for
A Domain Theoretic Model of Qubit Channels

We prove that the spectral order provides a domain theoretic model of qubit channels. Specifically, we show that the spectral order is the unique partial order on quantum states whose least element is the completely mixed state, which satisfies the mixing law and has the property that a qubit channel is unital iff it is Scott continuous and has a Scott closed set of fixed points. This result is used to show that the Holevo capacity of a unital qubit channel is determined by the largest value of its informatic derivative. In particular, these channels always have an informatic derivative that is necessarily not a classical derivative.
OUTER ZONE PROTONS.

Charged particle detectors aboard satellites Explorer XII, XIV and XV have provided measurements of the intensity and spectra of 100 keV to 1700 keV protons in the region above two earth radii during 1961 and 1962. These results as well as those of other measurements are summarized.
Neural network application to ship position estimation

The real time estimation of ship motion is considered. The problem is viewed as an estimation/prediction problem for partially unknown systems. A neural estimator based on a dynamic recurrent neural network is considered. The model that describes the ship motion dynamics is presented, and the neural algorithm is tested and evaluated via extensive simulations. The results show that the new algorithm has excellent performance, and a significant saving in computational time is achieved. >
Arabidopsis and Tobacco SUPERMAN regulate hormone signalling and mediate cell proliferation and differentiation

Arabidopsis thaliana SUPERMAN (SUP) plays an important role during flower development by maintaining the boundary between stamens and carpels in the inner two whorls. It was proposed that SUP maintains this boundary by regulating cell proliferation in both whorls, as loss-of-function superman mutants produce more stamens at the expense of carpels. However, the cellular mechanism that underlies SUP function remains unknown. Here Arabidopsis or tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) SUP was overexpressed in tobacco plants to substantiate SUP's role as a regulator of cell proliferation and boundary definition and provide evidence that its biological role may be mediated via hormonal changes. It was found that moderate levels of SUP stimulated cell growth and proliferation, whereas high levels were inhibitory. SUP stimulated auxin- and cytokinin-regulated processes, and cells overexpressing SUP displayed reduced hormone dependency for proliferation and regeneration into plants. SUP also induced proliferation of female traits in the second and third flower whorls and promoted differentiation of petaloid properties in sepals, further supporting a role for SUP as a boundary regulator. Moreover, cytokinin suppressed stamen development and promoted differentiation of carpeloid tissues, suggesting that SUP may regulate male and female development via its effect on cytokinin signalling. Taken together, these observations suggest a model whereby the effect of SUP on cell growth and proliferation involves the modulation of auxin- and cytokinin-regulated processes. Furthermore, differential SUP expression or different sensitivities of different cell types to SUP may determine whether SUP stimulates or suppresses their proliferation.
Susceptibility of “Enterobacteria” to Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Lincomycins, Erythromycin, and Rifampin

Agar dilution tests for susceptibility of gram-negative rods and enterococci were done with a number of penicillins, cephalosporins, lincomycin analogues, erythromycin, and rifampin. Many in the first three categories were investigational drugs. All were generally less active than aminoglycoside and tetracycline antibiotics against gram-negative rods and more active against enterococci. Cephalosporins as a group were more active than penicillins against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli and less active enterococci. Both groups were equally active against Enterobacter, Proteus, and Providencia but inactive against most strains of Serratia and all strains of Pseudomonas; however, ticarcillin, carbenicillin, and BL-1654 were active against most strains of Pseudomonas. Penicillins and cephalosporins were more active against Proteus mirabilis than against indole-positive Proteus. Lincomycins had little or no activity against gram-negative rods but were moderately active against enterococci. Erythromycin was more active than the lincomycins, but rifampin was much more active than either of these types of drug. Of the penicillins, ticarcillin, carbenicillin, and BL-P1654 were the most active against gram-negative rods, whereas BL-P1654, amoxicillin, and ampicillin were the most active against enterococci. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins, cyclacillin, and penicillin V were essentially inactive against gram-negative rods. Of the cephalosporins tested, cephanone and cefamandole were the most active against most gram-negative rods, whereas cephaloridine and cephacetrile were the most active against enterococci. The least active of the cephalosporins against most species were cephradine, cephalexin, and cephapirin, but cefoxitin was the least active against enterococci.
Percussion hemoglobinuria - a novel term for hand trauma-induced mechanical hemolysis: a case report

Introduction Extracorpuscular hemolysis caused by mechanical trauma has been well described in relation to lower extremity use, such as in soldiers and runners. Terms such as "march hemoglobinuria", "foot strike hemolysis" and "runners hemoglobinuria" have previously been coined and are easily recalled. Newer cases, however, are being identified in individuals vigorously using their upper extremities, such as drum players who use their hands to strike the instrument. Given the increased recognition of upper extremity-related mechanical hemolysis and hemoglobinuria in drummers, and the use of hand drumming worldwide, we would like introduce a novel term for this condition and call it "percussion hemoglobinuria".
Incompleteness as a Constraint in Contract Design

We develop a model that encompasses both the incomplete contracts that are used in practice and the idealized complete contracts that address all contingencies. The objectives of the paper are: (i) to identify properties of agents’ preferences that determine whether or not incompleteness causes inefficiency; (ii) to examine the extent of the inefficiency caused by the constraint of contractual incompleteness; (iii) to analyze the implications of the incompleteness constraint on optimal contracts in principal-agent and bilateral bargaining models.
Antigone in China: Teaching American Law and Lawyering in Shenzhen

This article recounts the very first week of classes at Peking University’s new School of Transnational Law. The author, who conducted 22 hours of instruction that week, grounded the introduction to legal practice in a comparison of one of the earliest and greatest court-room dramas, Antigone, which involves the right to bury a brother’s corpse, with Melfi v. Mount Sinai Hospital, a recent New York case involving the same issue. After presenting a sketch of the history of law in China, the project is explained, with reference to the rich opportunities for analysis using such approaches as Positivism, Feminist Legal Theory, and Law and Literature. Reflections on the development of “rule of law” in China, recommendations for law school use of classical literature, and admonitions against Western arrogance conclude the work.
Investigation of Electrophoretic Exclusion Method for the Concentration and Differentiation of Proteins

This work presents a technique termed as “electrophoretic exclusion” that is capable of differentiation and concentration of proteins in bulk solution. In this method, a hydrodynamic flow is countered by the electrophoretic velocity to prevent a species from entering into a channel. The separation can be controlled by changing the flow rate or applied electric potential in order to exclude a certain species selectively while allowing others to pass through the capillary. The exclusion of various proteins is investigated using a flow-injection regime of the method. Concentration of myoglobin of up to 1200 times the background concentration in 60 s was demonstrated. Additionally, negatively charged myoglobin was separated from a solution containing negatively charged allophycocyanin. Cationic cytochrome c was also differentiated from a solution with allophycocyanin. The ability to differentially transport species in bulk solution enables parallel and serial separation modes not available with other separati...
Optistore: an on-demand data processing middleware for very large scale interactive visualization

OptiStore is an on-demand data processing middleware for extremely large scale interactive visualization applications. It was designed and implemented to help the visualization users to access large amount of data (from terabytes to petabytes) on remote locations, query them on the distributed servers, transfer them among high performance clusters that are interconnected with optical network, and transform them from one data model to another in near real-time. Compared with the predominant strategy by preprocessing data on data repository before visualization, OptiStore processes the data on-demand and interactively so as to minimize the need to manage extraneous pre-processed copies of the data that will become a major problem as scientists continue to amass vast amounts of data. Furthermore, OptiStore is an extensible middleware framework, into which more new data structures and filters can be integrated. In order to address the issues of scalability of data size, interactivity in data exploration and scientific computation processes, and flexibility of data filter deployment, I proposed the following techniques in this dissertation: load-balancing data partition and organization, multi-resolution analysis, view-dependent data selection, runtime data preprocessing and dedicated parallel data filtering. To achieve high overall utilization and reduce latency cost, we applied a load-balancing data partition and organization mechanism. To ensure the scalability with the data size, the multi-resolution analysis and visibility culling were applied for processing the necessary data in the view of the visualization application. To take advantage of the increasing network bandwidth, we decoupled the data filter from visualization applications and data repository servers by transferring the bulk of data through the high-speed network infrastructure so that the data users can explore more large datasets available on remote sites and deploy their own filters flexibly. To minimize the data access latency, a novel caching algorithm and a prediction model for prefetching and preprocessing were developed. Experiments were conducted to prove that the system is effective and efficient.
El tarot como discurso de contestación en la caricaturista venezolana Rayma

El hecho ocurrido el 7 de enero de 2015, cuando dos fanaticos religiosos armados entraron a las oficinas de Charlie Hebdo en Paris, asesinando a once personas e hiriendo a otras tantas (en su mayoria caricaturistas y periodistas), nos vuelve a poner en evidencia que no hay “nada mas demoledor” que el humor. Me propongo un estudio que combina el analisis critico del discurso (Fairclough 1995, 2001, van Dijk 2000, 2011), la teoria sobre los discursos multimodales (Kress y van Leeuwen 2001, 2006) y los aportes de la teoria general del humor verbal (Attardo 1994, Ruiz Gurillo 2012) a una serie de 27 caricaturas publicadas entre el 2 y el 30 de mayo de 2014 en el diario El Universal (Caracas, Venezuela) bajo el titulo de “Rayma en Tarot…”. Las mismas aparecieron dentro del clima de protestas estudiantiles contra el gobierno del presidente Nicolas Maduro y la subsiguiente respuesta represiva. La caricatura que de por si es un genero connotativo se exponencia al asumir la caricaturista la posicion de nigromante y, su discurso, la funcion adivinatoria del tarot. Para tal fin, se vale de las figuras consonas con este arte adivinatorio adaptadas a sus vinetas y desentranar su sentido requerira una hermeneutica que la caricaturista solo quisiera revelar mediante la relacion adivinatoria con el lector-pais. Las conclusiones de este estudio se orientaran hacia las caracteristicas y funcion de contestacion del discurso de la caricatura editorial.
An Evaluation of the Techniques and Strategies for Recruiting African-Americans by 1862 Land-Grant Universities

OF THESIS An Evaluation of the Techniques and Strategies for Recruiting African-Americans by 1862 Land-grant Universities As post-secondary education becomes more important for the American citizen to generate wealth, universities are struggling to retain and graduate African-Americans, the third-most represented demographic in the country, especially at predominately white colleges and universities. The Colleges of Agriculture at these particular institutions are struggling to even get Black students to apply, let alone graduate. One of the major issues is the disconnect between the African-American community and the idea of post-secondary education in the agricultural field. One way that disconnect can be combatted is new techniques and strategies in recruiting African-Americans. This study identifies three themes based on interviews with recruiters from universities throughout the country, as to why universities are struggling to effectively recruit Black students into programs. The results indicate that there is a lack of resources present and offered in recruiting said student, a perceived misconception of African-American’s views of agriculture and a major disconnect with the African-American community and colleges of agriculture. In order to combat and ultimately fix this issues, these three themes must be addressed.
What can trigger the onset of Parkinson's disease – A modeling study based on a compartmental model of α-synuclein transport and aggregation in neurons

The aim of this paper is to develop a minimal model describing events leading to the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD). The model accounts for α-synuclein (α-syn) production in the soma, transport toward the synapse, misfolding, and aggregation. The production and aggregation of polymeric α-syn is simulated using a minimalistic 2-step Finke-Watzky model. We utilized the developed model to analyze what changes in a healthy neuron are likely to lead to the onset of α-syn aggregation. We checked the effects of interruption of α-syn transport toward the synapse, entry of misfolded (infectious) α-syn into the somatic and synaptic compartments, increasing the rate of α-syn synthesis in the soma, and failure of α-syn degradation machinery. Our model suggests that failure of α-syn degradation machinery is probably the most likely cause for the onset of α-syn aggregation leading to PD.
Is there significance beyond the t-test.

Choosing the most appropriate statistical test may be routine for statisticians, but not for clinicians. The t-test, a parametric statistical test, may be used inappropriately. This commentary describes the assumptions of and alternatives to the t-test.T-tests are used to compare two groups of data that are from a continuous scale and normally distributed. Determining if data are normally distributed can be difficult but selected methods can be useful. Two nonparametric tests, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test, may be more appropriate in analyzing data that are neither continuous nor normally distributed. Statistical results may vary with the test chosen. Investigators are responsible for using the appropriate statistical tests. Statisticians and texts can be consulted. Pharmacy educational and training programs may need further emphasis in the area of statistics.
Cortical GABA markers identify a molecular subtype of psychotic and bipolar disorders.

Background Deficits in gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) neuron-related markers, including the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD67, the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, the neuropeptide somatostatin, and the transcription factor Lhx6, are most pronounced in a subset of schizophrenia subjects identified as having a ‘low GABA marker’ (LGM) molecular phenotype. Furthermore, schizophrenia shares degrees of genetic liability, clinical features and cortical circuitry abnormalities with schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Therefore, we determined the extent to which a similar LGM molecular phenotype may also exist in subjects with these disorders. Method Transcript levels for GAD67, parvalbumin, somatostatin, and Lhx6 were quantified using quantitative PCR in prefrontal cortex area 9 of 184 subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 39), schizoaffective disorder (n = 23) or bipolar disorder (n = 35), or with a confirmed absence of any psychiatric diagnoses (n = 87). A blinded clustering approach was employed to determine the presence of a LGM molecular phenotype across all subjects. Results Approximately 49% of the subjects with schizophrenia, 48% of the subjects with schizoaffective disorder, and 29% of the subjects with bipolar disorder, but only 5% of unaffected subjects, clustered in the cortical LGM molecular phenotype. Conclusions These findings support the characterization of psychotic and bipolar disorders by cortical molecular phenotype which may help elucidate more pathophysiologically informed and personalized medications.
Transfer of DNA from Bacteria to Eukaryotes

Historically, the members of the Agrobacterium genus have been considered the only bacterial species naturally able to transfer and integrate DNA into the genomes of their eukaryotic hosts. Yet, increasing evidence suggests that this ability to genetically transform eukaryotic host cells might be more widespread in the bacterial world. Indeed, analyses of accumulating genomic data reveal cases of horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to eukaryotes and suggest that it represents a significant force in adaptive evolution of eukaryotic species. Specifically, recent reports indicate that bacteria other than Agrobacterium, such as Bartonella henselae (a zoonotic pathogen), Rhizobium etli (a plant-symbiotic bacterium related to Agrobacterium), or even Escherichia coli, have the ability to genetically transform their host cells under laboratory conditions. This DNA transfer relies on type IV secretion systems (T4SSs), the molecular machines that transport macromolecules during conjugative plasmid transfer and also during transport of proteins and/or DNA to the eukaryotic recipient cells. In this review article, we explore the extent of possible transfer of genetic information from bacteria to eukaryotic cells as well as the evolutionary implications and potential applications of this transfer.
Depression in Low-Income Adolescents: Guidelines for School-Based Depression Intervention Programs

It is estimated that 2.6 million adolescents suffer from major depressive episodes each year. Research has noted that symptoms in youth have become indicators of mental health complications later in life. Studies reveal that low income is a risk factor for depression and that socioeconomically-disadvantaged teenagers are more than twice as likely to develop mental illnesses. Only roughly 25% of children with mental illnesses receive adequate help and 80% of these resources come from schools. This study focuses on establishing the importance of depression intervention programs in low-income high schools and on designing novel guidelines for effective protocols. A compilation of expert opinion on depression screening, education, and treatment, as well as analysis of previously implemented school screening and/or awareness programs, was examined in order to understand key strategies. This study found that a multi-layered approach that includes screening, universal education, and high-risk intervention is most effective in addressing mental health needs of low-income adolescents. To ensure feasibility and efficacy, screening should be conducted with a modified PHQ-a test and followed-up with timely clinical interviews by school psychologists. All students should receive universal depression education curriculum consisting of principles like depression literacy, asset theory, and promotion of help-seeking behaviors. Extending universal education to teachers would also be beneficial in promoting mental health communication and positive classroom environments. It is vital that students screened positively for depression or suicidality then receive high-risk protocols, ranging from group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to facilitated mental health center referrals based on individual severity. Effectively addressing depression in school systems requires integration of mental health promotion, depression prevention, and psychotherapy. By taking a multidimensional approach addressing all three aspects, public health officials and school administrations can ensure that adequate resources are being directed to those most in need.
Age at First Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Analysis of Two US Surveys

Objective Evidence regarding the age at which autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is identified is essential for improving early detection, yet many extant studies have not applied time-to-event analyses, which account for statistical biases that arise from sampling in cross-sectional surveys by adjusting for child age at time of parental report. Our objective was to estimate age distributions for first identification of ASD in national parent surveys using time-to-event analyses. Method We conducted time-to-event analyses of responses to identical questions in the 2011 to 2012 National Survey of Children's Health (n = 95,677) and the 2009 to 2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (n = 371,617). Results Parents in both surveys reported that a minority of ASD cases were identified before age 3 years, and that one-third to one-half of cases were identified after 6 years. In both surveys, a majority of parents described their child's ASD severity as mild, and these parents reported the oldest age at identification (mean, 5.6 and 8.6 years). In contrast, parents who described their child's ASD as severe reported earlier age at identification (mean, 3.7 and 4.5 years). Time-to-event analyses yielded older estimates of age at identification than analyses based on raw distributions. Conclusion In two national surveys, a majority of parents of children with ASD reported identification after 3 years, when eligibility for early intervention services expires, and many reported identification of ASD after school age. Later identification of children with milder symptoms highlights the need for early screening that is sensitive to all forms of ASD, regardless of severity.