cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Wind Tunnel Polar Replicates Using the Modern Design of Experiments

The role of variance in a Modern Design of Experiments analysis of wind tunnel data is reviewed, with distinctions made between explained and unexplained variance. The partitioning of unexplained variance into systematic and random components is illustrated, with examples of the elusive systematic component provided for various types of real-world tests. The importance of detecting and defending against systematic unexplained variance in wind tunnel testing is discussed, and the random and systematic components of unexplained variance are examined for a representative wind tunnel data set acquired in a test in which a missile is used as a test article. The adverse impact of correlated (non-independent) experimental errors is described, and recommendations are offered for replication strategies that facilitate the quantification of random and systematic unexplained variance.
Minimization of optical non-linearities in Fourier transform-infrared microspectroscopic imaging

Abstract This paper describes the FT-IR microspectroscopic imaging measurements of 5-μm diameter particles and demonstrates the associated optical non-linearities, due to chromatic aberration and diffraction. FT-IR microscopes with single-element detector use image masking in order to minimize the optical effect due to diffraction. Image masking cannot be used in the focal-plane array detector microscopes. The work presented here demonstrates that, through the application of multivariate curve resolution (MCR), the chemically significant information can be separated from the optical non-linearities. An improvement of the spatial resolution is achieved through the use of multivariate images of individual components, compared to univariate images at long wavelength.
Using doctoral education to prepare faculty to work within Boyer's four domains of scholarship

This chapter focuses on the role of graduate education in preparing future faculty members for engagement not only in the domain of discovery but also in the scholarships of application, integration, and teaching.
Guidelines for training in advanced gestalt therapy skills

Abstract This article describes guidelines for gestalt training that emphasize observation of novice and expert therapists, opportunities to practice skills, and procedures to provide trainees with immediate feedback.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor HNF-6 regulates hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) during liver injury from biliary obstruction

Abstract Introduction: The liver enriched transcription factor HNF-6 (OC-1) is expressed in the embryonic and mature hepatocytes and bile duct epithelia, and has potential DNA binding sites for numerous hepatic target genes involved in critical liver function. The relevance of HNF-6 in liver development and function is illustrated in the HNF-6 knock out mice where the extra and intrahepatic bile ducts are abnormally differentiated and animals developed non obstructive cholestatic injury. Hypothesis: HNF-6 regulates in vivo hepatic genes involved in bile acid metabolism. Methods: CD1 mice underwent common bile duct ligation (BDL) (n = 4) or sham operation (SH) (n = 2) for 24 hours and the effects of biliary obstruction on the expression of hepatic HNF-6 and its in vivo target genes involved in bile acid transport and synthesis are examined. Whole liver total RNA was extracted for RNAse protection analyses. Data were collected on the Phosphoimager and analyzed by the ImageQuant program. Differences in mRNA signals between groups were evaluated by the student t test. Results: A 4 fold reduction in HNF-6 mRNA expression in BDL samples relative to SH samples (p = 0.005) is associated with a 3 fold (p = 0.001) and a 10 fold (p = 0.005) downregulation in the sodium dependent taurocholate bile acid transporter NTCP and the bile acid synthesis enzyme Cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) respectively, but a 7 fold upregulation in the apical bile acid transporter protein (ABAT). Overexpression of HNF-6 mRNA and protein in liver following 48 hours of recombinant adenovirus expressing HNF-6 cDNA (AdH6 n = 3) or control LacZ (n = 2) by tail vein injection showed a 4 fold upregulation of Cyp7A1 (p = 0.03) but no effect on NTCP, or ASBT expression in AdH6 infected liver. Electromobility shift assay using liver nuclear protein extracts, HNF-6 antibody and oligonucleotide of the CYP7A1 promoter bearing the DNA consensus sequences for HNF-6 binding confirmed that the mouse Cyp7A1 promoter at nt -1442/–1429 contains a binding site for HNF-6. Conclusions: CYP7A1 is a likely in vivo target gene for HNF-6. The downregulation of HNF-6 transcription factor expression in association with a reduction in Cyp7A1 during biliary obstruction is a likely protective mechanism to further limit the production and therefore the excess of intracellular toxic bile acids accumulated during cholestasis.
Partial resistance of nascent polypeptide chains to proteolytic digestion due to ribosomal shielding

Abstract Reticulocyte polyribosomes with labeled nascent chains were subjected to low-temperature proteolytic digestion by four different enzymes. Approximately 50% of the radioactive material in the nascent chain was digested by each of these enzymes, but the hydrodynamic integrity of the ribosome was maintained. Disruption of the ribosome, however, led to the complete proteolysis of the nascent chain. Pulse experiments showed that the most recently synthesized part of the chain was resistant to proteolysis, presumably because it is shielded by the ribosome. The resistant fractions were characterized by Sephadex column fractionation and were found to contain approximately 30 to 35 amino acid residues. These experiments suggest that the site for adding amino acids may be in the interior of the ribosome.
Compromise formation in social conflicts: The influence of age, issue, and interpersonal context.

Adolescents' understanding of societal conflict and of compromise resolution in the context of peer and authority relations was investigated. Six conflict stories were prepared for three social issues. Each issue included two similar stories that were counterbalanced for presentation in peer or authority context. The adolescents—ages 11, 13, 15, and 17—were asked to develop dialogues by continuing conversations from the stories with the aim of resolving the conflict. Responses were categorized on a 3-point scale: (1) noncompromise, (2) routine compromise, and (3) constructive compromise. In addition, one moral and one political dilemma were presented in order to relate conflict resolution to moral and political development. The major findings were an increase in frequency of constructive compromise with age and in peer vs authority context. Further, both moral and political development were significantly related to conflict resolution scores in peer but not in authority context. Results corroborate an interpretation that considers peer communicative relations of mutual respect and cooperation as a primary path to mature stages of social reasoning.
Potential methods for predicting tumor radiocurability

Abstract Several predictors of tumor radiocurability are already integrated into clinical practice, for example, tumor size, gross morphology (that is, infiltrative or exophytic), histologic type and grade. These are nonspecific and relatively imprecise. The aim of research into predictive assays is not only to refine the discrimination of existing predictors, but also to suggest specific experimental approaches for overcoming tumor radioresistance in individual patients. Two broad categories of predictive assays can be defined: a) direct and indirect measurement of tumor cell survival and/or repair capability following irradiation, and b) measurement of cellular and extracellular parameters affecting radiosensitivity. The ongoing research at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital is overviewed to illustrate potential methods for predicting radiocurability.
A study of the effect of an intermediate phase on the dissolution and homogenization characteristics of binary alloys

The effect of an intermediate phase on the dissolution and homogenization characteristics of binary alloys was studied by mathematically modeling finite, three-phase, diffusion-controlled, binary systems for planar, cylindrical, and spherical interfaces with the mean composition in a terminal solid solution (α). Calculations were carried out using numerical methods and computer techniques. The major variables affecting the dissolution of the unstable terminal solid solution (γ) and the intermediate phase (β) were found as well as the variables affecting the homogenization process. Comparison of the results to existing solutions for one-phase (Heckel18) and two-phase (Tanzilli and Heckel16) binary systems led to predictions for the behavior ofn-phase binary systems. Calculations based on the spherical model were successfully compared to existing literature data for dissolution in a compacted blend of W−Re powders and for the formation of austenite from ferrite and cementite.
On-line measurements of diesel nanoparticle composition and volatility

Abstract A thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer (TDPBMS) and tandem differential mobility analyzers (TDMA) were used for on-line measurements of the chemical composition and volatility of nanoparticles and larger particles emitted from a modern, heavy-duty diesel engine operated at light and medium loads under laboratory conditions. Temperature-dependent TDPBMS mass spectra and mass spectra obtained using spectrally distinctive oil and synthetic Fischer–Tropsch fuel were analyzed using mass spectral matching methods to obtain quantitative information on the contributions of fuel, oil, oxidation products, and sulfuric acid to particle composition. TDMA measurements of volatility yielded information on nanoparticle vapor pressures and therefore on the composition of organic components. The results indicate that, for these operating conditions, the volatile component of both diesel nanoparticles and larger particles is comprised of at least 95% unburned lubricating oil. TDMA volatility measurements also detected residual species a few nanometers in diameter, which may be non-volatile cores (soot, metal oxide) or low-volatility organic compounds. These on-line analyses provide new insights into the mechanisms of diesel nanoparticle formation.
Activity of 5-episisomicin compared with that of other aminoglycosides.

Abstract 5-Episisomicin, a semisynthetic aminoglycoside, has been shown to inhibit many members of the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. At a concentration of 3.1 μg/ml, more than 90% of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, indole-positive Proteus, and Providencia were inhibited. 5-Episisomicin had activity against S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter similar to gentamicin and netilmicin. It had activity similar to amikacin and netilmicin against many gentamicin-resistant bacteria. The activity of 5-episisomicin was greatest at an alkaline pH and in medium of low magnesium content. Synergy of 5-episisomicin and carbenicillin was found to occur most often against Pseudomonas.
A model for electrochemical reactions in frozen solutions

In this communication, a model similar to that previously developed for chemical reactions is modified for electrochemical reactions in frozen systems
Commonality and Diversity in Fetal Development: Bridging the Interspecies Gap: Presidential Address, Society for Pediatric Research, 1977 Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California

Commonality and Diversity in Fetal Development: Bridging the Interspecies Gap: Presidential Address, Society for Pediatric Research, 1977 Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California
Optimizing functional MR urography: prime time for a 30-minutes-or-less fMRU

Current protocols for functional MR urography (fMRU) require long scan times, limiting its widespread use. Our goal was to use pre-defined criteria to reduce the number of sequences and thus the examination time without compromising the morphological and functional results. The standard fMRU protocol in our department consists of eight sequences, including a 17-min dynamic post-contrast scan. Ninety-nine children and young adults (43 male, 56 female, mean age 7 years) were evaluated with this protocol. Each sequence was retrospectively analyzed for its utility and factors that affect its duration. Mean scan time to perform the eight sequences, without including the variable time between sequences, was 40.5 min. Five sequences were categorized as essential: (1) sagittal T2 for planning the oblique coronal plane, (2) axial T2 with fat saturation for the assessment of corticomedullary differentiation and parenchymal thickness, (3) coronal 3-D T2 with fat saturation for multiplanar and 3-D reconstructions, (4) pre-contrast coronal T1 with fat saturation to ensure an appropriate scan prior to injecting the contrast material and (5) the coronal post-contrast dynamic series. Functional information was obtained after 8 min of dynamic imaging in the majority of children. The coronal fat-saturated T2, coronal T1, and post-contrast sagittal fat-saturated T1 sequences did not provide additional information. Because of the effects of pelvicalyceal dilation and ureteropelvic angle on the renal transit time, prone position is recommended, at least in children with high-grade pelvicalyceal dilation. Comprehensive fMRU requires approximately 19 min for sequence acquisition. Allowing for time between sequences and motion correction, the total study time can be reduced to about 30 min. Four pre-contrast sequences and a shortened post-contrast dynamic scan, optimally with the child in prone position, are sufficient.
Talking to Neighbors: The Evolution of Regional Meaning*

In seeking to explain the evolution of social cooperation, many scholars are using increasingly complex game‐theoretic models. These complexities often model readily observable features of human and animal populations. In the case of previous games analyzed in the literature, these modifications have had radical effects on the stability and efficiency properties of the models. We will analyze the effect of adding spatial structure to two communication games: the Lewis Sender‐Receiver game and a modified Stag Hunt game. For the Stag Hunt, we find that the results depart strikingly from previous models. In all cases, the departures increase the explanatory value of the models for social phenomena.
Bone Cell Defects in Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Iliac crest bone biopsies from nine children (6-15 years old) with osteogenesis imperfecta tarda (O.I.) have been studied by bone histomorphometry after double fluorescent labeling with tetracycline and compared to five unlabeled biopsies from normal children in the same age group. The results indicate that children with O.I. have a low trabecular bone volume associated with an increased bone turnover rate. Bone formation is increased at the tissue level despite a decrease in the activity of individual osteoblasts. The original defects in O.I. seem to be due to the altered rate of matrix synthesis by osteoblasts. It is, however, compensated by an increase in the number of these cells. These results suggest that these children were not losing bone at the time of the biopsy, which fits with the clinical stability of O.I. with age. Our study therefore suggests that the osteopenia observed in O.I. is most likely due to an inability to accumulate bone during growth, as normal children do, rather than to a progressive net loss of bone.
A Randomized Trial to Increase Acceptance of Childhood Vaccines by Vaccine-Hesitant Parents: A Pilot Study

Abstract Objective A cluster randomized trial was performed to evaluate an educational intervention to improve parental attitudes and vaccine uptake in vaccine-hesitant parents. Methods Two primary care sites were randomized to provide families with either usual care or an intervention (video and written information) for vaccine-hesitant parents. Eligible parents included those presenting for their child's 2-week well-child visit with performance on the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) survey suggesting vaccine hesitancy (score ≥25). Enrollees completed PACV surveys at the 2-month well-child visit and vaccination status at 12 weeks of age was assessed. The primary outcome was the difference in PACV scores obtained at enrollment and 2 months between the 2 groups. The proportion of on-time vaccination was also compared at 12 weeks. Results A total of 454 parents were approached, and 369 (81.3%) participated; 132 had PACV scores of ≥25 and were enrolled, 67 in the control group (mean PACV score 37) and 55 in the intervention group (mean PACV score 40). Two-month PACV surveys were completed by 108 (∼90%) of enrollees. Parents in the intervention group had a significant decrease in PACV score at 2 months compared to control (median difference 6.7, P = .049); this remained significant after adjustment for baseline PACV score, race/ethnicity, and income ( P = .044). There was no difference in the on-time receipt of vaccines between groups at 12 weeks. Conclusions A brief educational intervention for vaccine-hesitant parents was associated with a modest but significant increase in measured parental attitudes toward vaccines.
Characterization of nonderivatized plant cell walls using high‐resolution solution‐state NMR spectroscopy

A recently described plant cell wall dissolution system has been modified to use perdeuterated solvents to allow direct in-NMR-tube dissolution and high-resolution solution-state NMR of the whole cell wall without derivatization. Finely ground cell wall material dissolves in a solvent system containing dimethylsulfoxide-d(6) and 1-methylimidazole-d(6) in a ratio of 4:1 (v/v), keeping wood component structures mainly intact in their near-native state. Two-dimensional NMR experiments, using gradient-HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence) 1-bond (13)C--(1)H correlation spectroscopy, on nonderivatized cell wall material from a representative gymnosperm pinus taeda (loblolly pine), an angiosperm Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen), and a herbaceous plant Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) demonstrate the efficacy of the system. We describe a method to synthesize 1-methylimidazole-d(6) with a high degree of perdeuteration, thus allowing cell wall dissolution and NMR characterization of nonderivatized plant cell wall structures.
Density gradients in packed columns: II. Effects of density gradients on efficiency in supercritical fluid separations

To investigate how fluid compressibility affects efficiency in supercritical fluid separations, band dispersion along a packed capillary column was measured from on-column elution rate profiles obtained under solvating gas chromatography (SGC) conditions; this allowed efficiency to be determined with respect to position along the column. Theoretical efficiency was also modeled. The model indicates that the primary cause of band broadening in SGC is high mobile phase velocity near the column outlet. However, the experimental results show that significant band broadening also occurs near the column inlet in a region that corresponds to high elution rates of the analyte. On-column detection also revealed spatial focusing of the analyte as it moves down the column density gradient.
Phenomenology and Social Constructionism: Constructs for Political Identity

This essay explores the roots of social constructionism in the work of Alfred Schutz, the teacher of Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann and, beyond Schutz, Edmund Husserl. It is described how pregiven things are logically formed and then ideal types or constructs with content are also constituted about them. Schutz begins in the egological perspective but goes beyond that to the intersubjective perspective to show how the world of everyday life has constructs received from predecessors as well as contemporaries and shared by in-groups. Common-sense constructs are constituted like cultural-scientific ones. Motivation in everyday life and the role of the ordinary vernacular in their transmission is shown. An analysis then focuses on how constructs have recently been received and/or reinforced by political election polling in the latest USA presidential election. These constructs involve results in percentages that can be understood qualitatively for Democrats and Republicans divided into gender groups, generations, races, regions, and by education, income or social class, religion. This account can be considered reflective, descriptive, and culture-appreciative and thus phenomenological. Similar constructing no doubt occurs in other industrialized countries and affects so-called common sense. Deeper understanding than this analysis reaches is called for at the end of this essay.
Conversion to fundamentalism

We are suggesting that these data allow a full test of all aspects of the model of conversion or commitment that we have developed, based particularly on the work of Lofland and Stark, and Gerlach and Hine. We are missing data that would allow full confidence in our theorizing, although available data suggests that our approach is sound. One major problem is that of a possible “ecological fallacy,” since what we have done is present group percentage data which can be misleading. We do hope and plan to do such a “cohort analysis” in the future. For instancs we might take just the group of individuals that did not fit our initial expectations and see if they fit the model in other ways. Recall our notion of serial alternatives. We have tentatively developed a “crash pad hypothesis” involving such people. Simply stated we would expect that persons, even if they had no background of religious socialization, would, if they “crashed” with the group (which always welcomes visitors) at a time when alternatives to problematic situations seemed unavailable, be prone to affiliate.
Hypertension in the Hispanic-American population

Abstract According to the 1988 census, there are 19.4 million Hispanics living in the United States. They represent 8.1 percent of the nation's population, and that percentage is expected to rise significantly in the next 25 years. Demographic projections indicate that Hispanics will become the largest minority group in the United States by the year 2000, yet they remain a seriously understudied population. This article examines available clinical data, epidemiologic findings, and sociologic observations regarding the incidence of hypertension in this minority group and summarizes what is known about the detection, evaluation, treatment, and control of high blood pressure in Hispanics. In addition, the preliminary results of a multi-center, placebo-controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of a potassium-sparing diuretic (Dyazide®; Smith Kline & French Laboratories) in Hispanic-American patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension are presented.
Education for rural health services administration.

This section briefly describes the administrative needs of rural health services delivery entities, especially hospitals. It then reviews the educational processes in which health administrators are trained, with a focus on changes that have emerged during the 1980s. The final section examines the extent to which the educational programs are consistent with the needs of rural environments, and provides some suggested strategies for the coming decade.
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of low-molecular-mass oligomers of polyethylene glycol in aqueous skin extracts

Abstract The isocratic, reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method presented provides a simple and rapid analytical technique for the simultaneous determination of low-molecular-mass oligomers of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in aqueous polymer samples containing polar contaminants of biologic origin. In the present case, individual molecular mass species were quantitated in aqueous skin extracts arising from the investigation of PEG transport through mammalian skin. PEGs were isolated and purified by solid-phase extraction using large-pore kieselguhr (Extrelut QE) cartridges, which selectively retained polar contaminants from excised skin specimens. Sample recoveries were found to be dependent upon molecular mass, ranging from 18.28% to 86.10%, but were highly reproducible. The mean inter-sample error ( n ⩾5) for the extraction of twenty-six molecular mass species of PEG was less than 3%. Satisfactory resolution of primary molecular mass components was accomplished using a base-deactivated, C 8 column (Supelcosil LC-8-DB) and a mobile phase consisting of methanol and water. Corresponding run times for the complete separation of individual oligomers ranged from 8 to 30 min, while the limit of detection for a particular molecular mass species was approximately 5 μg/ml. The method was further employed to determine the weight-average ( M w ) and number-average ( M n ) molecular mass distributions and polydispersity for three commercial PEG blends, as well as to characterize the methylene chloride/water distribution coefficients for twenty-two molecular mass species ranging from 282 to 1206 Da.
Model-driven simulation for cross-domain policy enforcement

This paper proposes an enforcement architecture and develop a simulation framework for cross-domain policy enforcement. The entire simulation environment is used to solve the problem of enforcing policies across domain boundaries when permanent or temporary collaborations have to span over multiple domains. In reality, different systems from different organizations or domains have very different high-level policy representations and various low-level enforcement mechanisms, such as high-level security policies, privacy configurations, and low-level system calls (services). To make sure the compatibility and enforceability of one policy set in another domain, a simulation environment is needed before actual policy deployment and code development. The framework developed in this simulation environment can also be used to generate policy enforcement code directly for permanent integrations or temporary interactions. This framework provides various functions to enforce policies automatically or semi-automatically across domains as by-products. A case study in healthcare information systems confirms the advantages of these new functions and facilities in this simulation environment.
Penalty function techniques: a tutorial

Abstract This tutorial surveys several unconstrained methods for solving constrained mathematical programming problems. The paper presents a historical development of the transformation approach in order to give a general sense for the appropriateness of these methodologies. The ideas presented here serve as a general introduction to those who wish to acquaint themselves to this area without assuming that the reader is a mathematician or a mathematical programmer. Strengths, weaknesses, and improvements to various procedures are subsequently presented in order to encourage the use of the methods to solve real-world problems that frequently present themselves to industrial engineers.
A Comparison of Analog and Digital Scales for Use in Heads-up Displays

This paper presents the results of an experiment in which subjects were taught to fly five flight maneuvers using three different types of displays: traditional round-dialed instrument panel, a linear tape type of HUD, and a HUD which utilizes digital symbols for the flight parameters. After achieving a pre-determined level of proficiency on each of the displays, the subjects had to perform each of the maneuvers on each of the displays while performing a secondary task of reporting the presence of odd-even-odd sequences of digits from a continuous string of digits presented by a tape recorder. Overall, the learning of the basic maneuvers, the results showed the abstract display to require more trials to learn than the traditional display, but as the third display to be learned there were no significant differences between display types.After all subjects met the same criterion level of performance with each type, performance under loading stress was poorer using the abstracted display.
Unusual long-term survival following cardiac arrest in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Sudden death is a well-recognized complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and may occur either in symptomatic1-7 or in previously asymptomatic patients.7-8 The mechanism of sudden death is not known definitively, although a primary ventricular arrhythmia seems to be the most likely cause.2B3 A small number of patients with HCM are known to have survived a documented cardiac arrest with ventricular fibrillation.8-10 However, the longterm clinical course and life expectancy of such patients has not been well characterized. This report describes a patient who was a competitive athlete and experienced cardiac arrest as the first clinical manifestation of nonobstructive HCM at age 18 years; he has demonstrated a particularly long survival of 16 years since the cardiac arrest. The patient, a 34-year-old man, was virtually asymptomatic during his childhood and adolescence. Of note, he was a competitive swimmer on his high school team, achieving the time of 59 seconds for the lOO-yard freestyle event. Although he always swam without experiencing symptoms, he would often experience chest discomfort when running. When he was 18 years old, after running on level ground for approximately 400 yards as part of a military training drill, he suddenly collapsed. Moments later an anesthesiologist and a trained fireman, who fortuitously were passing by at the time, came to his aid. He was noted to be pulseless and cyanotic and to have dilated pupils. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and closedchest cardiac massage were instituted and an endotracheal tube was inserted by the anesthesiologist. Reportedly, about 10 minutes elapsed before regular respiration and heart rate resumed. However, cardiopulmonary arrest occurred several times in the ambulance and further resuscitative measures were required. When he arrived at the emergency department of a nearby community hospital, cardiac arrest occurred again. Further cardiopulmonary resuscitation and tracheostomy were required to establish vital signs, although the patient was judged to have decerebrate rigidity. He remained unconscious and unresponsive to stimuli for 14 hours, after which he was
Maximum a posteriori estimation of activation energies that control silicon self-diffusion

Self-diffusion in crystalline silicon is controlled by a network of elementary steps whose activation energies are important to know in a variety of applications in microelectronic fabrication. The present work employs maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation to improve existing values for these activation energies, based on self-diffusion data collected at different values of the loss rates for interstitial atoms to the surface. Parameter sensitivity analysis shows that for high surface loss fluxes, the energy for exchange between an interstitial and the lattice plays the leading role in determining the shape of diffusion profiles. At low surface loss fluxes, the dissociation energy of large-atom clusters plays a more important role. Subsequent MAP analysis provides significantly improved values for these parameters.
Medical management of aldosterone-producing adenomas.

Medical management of aldosterone-producing adenomas is a viable option for controlling blood pressure and serum potassium levels.
The relationship between mean channel selection and the calculated coefficient of variation.

Calculated coefficients of variation (CV) taken from the quotient of the standard deviation (S.D.) and the mean value of measured distributions are often used as an indicator of system performance in linear flow cytometry (FCM). The ability of the calculated CV to estimate the true CV of the underlying experiment before grouping (channelization) is dependent on the relationship between the width of the data channels and the magnitude of the S.D. of the measured distribution. When the channel width is equal to the S.D. of a distribution, the calculated CV is approximately 20% larger than the true CV of an experiment. By the time the S.D. is only one-half of a channel width, the calculated CV is unreliable. When the distribution S.D. is narrower than a channel's width, small changes in the distribution mean value will cause large variations in the calculated CV. As the true CV decreases, the calculation must be made with higher mean channel values. This dependence of calculated CV accuracy upon the relationship between S.D. and channel width places limitations upon mean channel selection that must be considered when using CV calculations for evaluating system performance, especially when looking for small improvements during optical alignment procedures. When an instrument is assumed to have a constant CV and the data are collected linearly, it is possible to improve the CV estimation accuracy by placing distributions in higher-numbered channels. When linear data with a constant CV are processed logarithmically before channelization, the accuracy of linear equivalent CV calculations is dependent upon the slope of the logarithmic converter and the number of channels available. Under these conditions, CV determination accuracy is independent of mean channel selection.
INTERACTION OF COMPLEMENTARY RNA AND DNA.

Double-strand formation occurs with high molecular weight DNA embedded in agar on incubation with either messenger RNA or sheared, denatured DNA. Both the DNA in the agar and the DNA fragments must be previously denatured for reaction to occur. The fraction of the total RNA in E. coli represented by the messenger type is about 1·3%. Essentially all of the DNA trapped in the agar can form duplex structures with DNA and about half with RNA. The latter result implies that there exist in a cell population RNA molecules homologous to half of the possible sequences in the DNA. In view of the inability of purified messenger RNA molecules to form double-stranded structures when incubated alone, the interpretation has been made that RNA molecules are complementary to one strand of the DNA and identical to the other. Thus, essentially all of the genome is active in making RNA, although from the nature of the saturation curve of DNA with RNA it would appear that the relative abundances of the various RNA molecules are widely different.
TU‐F‐12A‐03: Using 18F‐FDG‐PET‐CT and Deformable Registration During Head‐And‐Neck Cancer (HNC) Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) to Predict Treatment Response

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of deformable vs. rigid registration of pre-treatment 18F-FDG-PET-CT to intra-treatment 18F-FDG-PET-CT on different standardized uptake value (SUV) parameters and investigate which parameters correlate best with post-treatment response in patients undergoing IMRT for HNC. Methods: Pre-treatment and intra-treatment PET-CT (after 20Gy) scans were acquired, in addition to a 12 week post-treatment PET-CT to assess treatment response. Primary and lymph node gross tumor volumes (GTV_PRI and GTV_LN) were contoured on the pre-treatment CT. These contours were then mapped to intra-treatment PET images via rigid and deformable registration. Absolute changes from pre- to intra-treatment scans for rigid and deformable registration were extracted for the following parameters: SUV_MAX, SUV_MEAN, SUV_20%, SUV_40%, and SUV_60% (SUV_X% is the minimum SUV to the highest-intensity X% volume). Results: Thirty-eight patients were evaluated, with 27 available for classification as complete or incomplete response (CR/ICR). The pre-treatment average tumor volumes for the patients were 24.05cm3 for GTV_PRI and 23.4cm3 for GTV_LN. For GTV_PRI, there was no statistically significant difference between rigid vs. deformable registration across all ΔSUV parameters. For GTV_LN contours, all parameters were significantly different except for ΔSUV_MAX. For deformably-registered GTV_PRI, changes in the following metrics were significantly different for CR vs. ICR: SUV_MEAN(p=0.003), SUV_20%(p=0.02), SUV_40%(p=0.02), and SUV_60%(p=0.008). The following cutoff values separated CR from ICR with high sensitivity and specificity: ΔSUV_MEAN=1.49, ΔSUV_20%=2.39, ΔSUV_40%=1.80 and ΔSUV_60%=1.31. Corresponding areas under the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve were 0.90, 0.81, 0.81, and 0.85, respectively. Conclusion: Rigidly and deformably registered contours yielded statistically similar SUV parameters for GTV_PRI, but not GTV_LN. This implies that neither registration should be solely relied upon for nodal GTVs. Of the four SUV parameters found to be predictive of CR vs. ICR, SUV_MEAN was the strongest. Preliminary results show promise for using intra-treatment 18F-FDG-PET-CT with deformable registration to predict treatment response.
Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Regulation of Islet Growth and Glucose Homeostasis

The Irs2 branch of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling cascade activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase → Akt → Foxo1 cascade in many tissues, including hepatocytes and pancreatic β-cells. The 3′-lipid phosphatase Pten ordinarily attenuates this cascade; however, its influence on β-cell growth or function is unknown. To determine whether decreased Pten expression could restore β-cell function and prevent diabetes in Irs2-/- mice, we generated wild type or Irs2 knock-out mice that were haploinsufficient for Pten (Irs2-/-::Pten+/-). Irs2-/- mice develop diabetes by 3 months of age as β-cell mass declined progressively until insulin production was lost. Pten insufficiency increased peripheral insulin sensitivity in wild type and Irs2-/- mice and increased Akt and Foxo1 phosphorylation in the islets. Glucose tolerance improved in the Pten+/- mice, although β-cell mass and circulating insulin levels decreased. Compared with Irs2-/- mice, the Irs2-/-::Pten+/- mice displayed nearly normal glucose tolerance and survived without diabetes, because normal but small islets produced sufficient insulin until the mice died of lymphoproliferative disease at 12 months age. Thus, steps to enhance phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling can promote β-cell growth, function, and survival without the Irs2 branch of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling cascade.
Enhanced adrenocortical responses to stress in hypertension-prone men and women.

Hypertension risk may be associated with increased adreno-cortical activity, but the extent to which this enhanced activation differs between men and women at rest and in response to psychological stress is not known. This study examined gender differences in adrenocortical responses to an extended public-speaking stressor in persons at high (resting systolic blood pressure > median; n = 21)or low risk (negative parental history and = median systolic blood pressure; n = 26). Salivary cortisol levels were assessed at rest and in response to public speaking in a repeated measure design on two test sessions held on separate days. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were obtained at 3-min intervals before, during, and after the task. High-risk participants showed greater cortisol, blood pressures, and heart rate responses to the public-speaking stressor than the low-risk group (ps < .01). Men showed greater cortisol concentrations than women (p < .05), independent of hypertension risk status. Cardiovascular measures during the acute stressor predicted subsequent cortisol production, but only in the high-risk group. Results suggest that hypertension risk is associated with enhanced physiological reactivity across sympathetic and adrenocortical systems, supporting the possibility that this exaggerated reactivity may represent a marker of risk in hypertension-prone men and women.
Galvani and the pre-Galvanian electrophysiologists

(1936). Galvani and the pre-Galvanian electrophysiologists. Annals of Science: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 157-172.
Propane Phosphonic Acid Anhydride: A Mild Reagent for β-Lactam Synthesis

Abstract The use of propane phosphonic acid anhydride (T3P) as an acid activating reagent was demonstrated in the syntheses of cis β-lactams from the reactions of a glycine Dane salt and various imines.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Is Heritable

Objectives This study sought to determine the size of the genetic effect (heritability) in families identified by a hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) proband. Background Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a severe form of cardiovascular malformation (CVM), and it remains a leading cause of infant mortality and childhood morbidity. Familial clustering of HLHS and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) has been observed, and pedigree analysis has suggested recessive inheritance. The genetic significance of these observations is unknown. Methods In 38 probands with HLHS, a 3-generation family history was obtained; using a sequential sampling strategy, echocardiograms on family members were performed. A total of 235 participants were recruited. Heritability (h 2 ) of HLHS and associated CVM was estimated using maximum-likelihood-based variance decomposition. Results All HLHS probands had aortic valve hypoplasia and dysplasia; dysplasia of the mitral (94%), tricuspid (56%), and pulmonary (11%) valves was also noted. Overall, 21 of 38 (55%) families had more than 1 affected individual, and 36% of participants had CVM, including 11% with BAV. The heritability of HLHS alone and with associated CVM were 99% and 74% (p Conclusions The high heritability of HLHS suggests that it is determined largely by genetic factors. The frequent occurrence of left- and right-sided valve dysplasia in HLHS probands and the increased prevalence of BAV in family members suggests that HLHS is a severe form of valve malformation.
Variation in the Life History of the Citrus Mealybug Parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on Three Varieties of Coleus blumei

Red-, yellow-variegated, and green-leafed plants of Coleus blumei (Bentham) were studied to determine host plant effects on the size of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), and the life-history of its parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard). Same-aged 4th-instar citrus mealybugs were significantly larger on red-variegated and green plants than on yellow-variegated plants. Body size of citrus mealybugs at parasitization was correlated positively with body size of emerging adult parasitoid females. Number of eggs within parasitoid adult females 24 h after adult emergence was correlated positively with parasitoid body size. Average fecundity of parasitoid females was significantly higher on red-variegated and green plants than on yellow-variegated plants. Survivorship of L. dactylopii was also higher on red-variegated and green plants. Overall, population growth rates (r m ) of the parasitoid were higher on red-variegated and green-plants than on yellow-variegated plants. When differences among the population growth rates reported for citrus mealybugs on these plants are considered, the potential for biological control seems greatest on green plants. Thus, despite the positive relation between parasitoid r m and host size, L. dactylopii is unlikely to adequately compensate for plant-mediated increases in host population growth.
Characterization of maternal haemoglobins in the eggs and embryos of Chironomus thummi

Abstract Cytochemical evidence suggests that haemolymph haemoglobins are taken up and stored by developing oocytes of the insect Chironomus thummi . In this study, haemoglobins in ovaries (developing oocytes) and egg masses (fertilized eggs) were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with haemoglobin-specific antiserum. Three ovarian and 4 egg-mass haemoglobins migrated to the same position as haemoglobins found in 4th-instar and pupal haemolymph. However, two haemoglobins present in both ovaries and egg masses did not correspond to haemolymph haemoglobins. Ovarian tissue in organ culture failed to specifically incorporate either δ-aminolevulinic acid or amino acids into haemoglobins, suggesting that ovaries do not engage in haemoglobin synthesis. Therefore, the presence of novel haemoglobins in ovarian and egg-mass immunoblots in attributed to modification of the haemoglobins after their uptake from the haemolymph. Molecular-sieve chromatography of egg haemoglobins demonstrated that their elution position was unchanged compared to the position of larval haemoglobins, implying that post-uptake modification involves primarily an alteration of molecular charge. Finally, as measured by competitive immunoassay, the amount of immunoreactive egg haemoglobins was found to decrease throughout embryonic development. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that egg haemoglobins serve a nutritional function during embryogenesis.
Energy Expenditure and Intensity Levels During a 6170-m Summit in the Karakoram Mountains

Objective Although the majority of high altitude studies have used doubly labeled water to assess energy expenditure (EE), minimal research has examined variation in intensity levels while participating in such an expedition. The purpose of this study was to use ambulatory monitoring technology to assess EE and time spent in moderate (3.0–6.0 METS), vigorous (6.0–9.0 METS), and very vigorous (>9.0 METS) intensities during an expedition to summit a 6170-m peak in Northern Pakistan. Methods Twelve men and 2 women were studied. Their EE was determined from galvanic skin response, heat flux, and biaxial accelerometry using a multisensor armband. Lake Louise Scores for altitude illness assessment were obtained each morning. Results Average daily total EE and number of steps taken was 4173 ± 848 kcal/d (range, 3332 to 4838 kcal/d) and 26,232 ± 7210 steps/d (range, 11,788 to 34,979 steps/d), respectively. On average, subjects spent approximately 7.7 h/d performing physical activity (>3.0 METS). Of this, subjects spent 399 ± 107, 61 ± 77, and 3 ± 10 min/d at moderate, vigorous, and very vigorous intensity levels, respectively, corresponding to 88%, 11%, and 1% of total physical activity time. During summit day, subjects climbed at an intensity equivalent to approximately 42% of their high altitude predicted maximal oxygen consumption at 5100 m). Conclusions During a high altitude expedition, subjects predominantly exercise at a moderate intensity, with limited time spent at higher intensity levels. Use of accelerometer-based technology may provide more cost-effective and logistically easier means of assessing EE in extreme environments.
Passive Wireless Host Detection Using Local RTT Timing Characteristics on an Enterprise Network

Wireless network access is a great convenience to users while at the same time can be a burden to network security personnel. This is magnified by the fact that inexpensive wireless access points can be easily installed in a network without the approval or knowledge of network administrators. For this reason, wireless host detection is an essential capability, but remains a very difficult problem. We present a passive method of detecting wireless hosts using a local RTT metric, and perform analysis on an enterprise network. Pre-processing techniques are utilized to remove noise associated with a large network, which is not present in a typical experimental lab environment, resulting in more effective wireless detection capabilities.