cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallel Simulations of Swirling Turbulent Flames

The feasibility of using massively paralleled computations as an engineering design tool is evaluated. A parallel Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) algorithm which simulates turbulent reacting flows using a space and time-accurate method, is used to model the complex flow found inside a realistic gas-turbine combustor. The parallelization philosophy and its implementation as a platform-independent solver is discussed. A performance analysis is carried out to determine the communication and storage requirements, and the associated overhead. As a case study, the LES methodology is used for a parametric investigation of swirl effects on the turbulent reacting flow in the gas-turbine.
An Electron Microscopic Study of Thrombin-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Fibrin thrombi due to slow intravascular coagulation appear simultaneously in rat kidney, liver, lung, and spleen, although the kidney is the only organ to show fibrin by light microscopy. The strands of fibrin are frequently associated with aggregation and viscous metamorphosis of platelets, particularly in the lungs. Some fibrin is eliminated by the reticuloendothelial system and through damaged glomeruli, but the major mechanism of removal is intravascular dissolution. Ischemic changes secondary to thrombosis are more prominent in glomerular capillaries than in other tissues. The morphologic observations are discussed in relation to "preparation" for the generalized Shwartzman reaction.
Intrinsically Disordered Regions in Autophagy Proteins

Autophagy is an essential eukaryotic pathway required for cellular homeostasis. Numerous key autophagy effectors and regulators have been identified, but the mechanism by which they carry out their function in autophagy is not fully understood. Our rigorous bioinformatic analysis shows that the majority of key human autophagy proteins include intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), which are sequences lacking stable secondary and tertiary structure; suggesting that IDRs play an important, yet hitherto uninvestigated, role in autophagy. Available crystal structures corroborate the absence of structure in some of these predicted IDRs. Regions of orthologs equivalent to the IDRs predicted in the human autophagy proteins are poorly conserved, indicating that these regions may have diverse functions in different homologs. We also show that IDRs predicted in human proteins contain several regions predicted to facilitate protein-protein interactions, and delineate the network of proteins that interact with each predicted IDR-containing autophagy protein, suggesting that many of these interactions may involve IDRs. Lastly, we experimentally show that a BCL2 homology 3 domain (BH3D), within the key autophagy effector BECN1 is an IDR. This BH3D undergoes a dramatic conformational change from coil to α-helix upon binding to BCL2s, with the C-terminal half of this BH3D constituting a binding motif, which serves to anchor the interaction of the BH3D to BCL2s. The information presented here will help inform future in-depth investigations of the biological role and mechanism of IDRs in autophagy proteins.
The Global Climate Regime: Explaining Lagging Reform

There have been growing calls for reform of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). How have governments met the demand for action on climate change despite the lagging pace of UNFCCC reform? New qualitative data demonstrate that the institutional, sectoral, and technical characteristics of multilateral institutions have guided government choices in managing climate change issues. Institutional resources and sectoral participation in multilateral institutions have enabled governments to handle climate change issues outside the UNFCCC, reducing the need to invest in its reform as demand for action has grown. These specialized institutions are able to mitigate political disputes and facilitate greater efficacy in handling specific issues such as financing and emissions mitigation. They have mandates that overlap with the cross-cutting nature of climate change, requiring no new mandates, which mitigates political disputes in managing specific climate issues.
On the cost of persistence and authentication in skip lists

We present an extensive experimental study of authenticated data structures for dictionaries and maps implemented with skip lists. We consider realizations of these data structures that allow us to study the performance overhead of authentication and persistence. We explore various design decisions and analyze the impact of garbage collection and virtual memory paging, as well. Our empirical study confirms the efficiency of authenticated skip lists and offers guidelines for incorporating them in various applications.
Space-time processing for MIMO-OFDM using DFT-based complementary sequences

In this paper, a new space-time signaling scheme is proposed for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) using complementary sequences derived from the rows of the DFT matrix. The autocorrelative properties of the complementary sequences allows multiple complex data signals at the transmitter with an arbitrary number of antennas to be perfectly separated and reconstructed at the receiver without prior channel knowledge while achieving full-rate. This new method is proposed and derived for multiple MIMO-OFDM systems with multipath fading; at the receiver, symbol estimation is effected via maximum likelihood estimation (ML).
A unidimensional model of comet ionosphere structure

The one-dimensional continuity and momentum equations for the plasma formed in the expanding coma of a comet near the sun are studied. An analytic expression for the magnetic field configuration in the presence of outflow, photoionization, dissociative recombination, plasma fluid pressure, and friction between the ions and neutrals is obtained. It is suggested that for a Halley-type comet there will be a region sunward of the nucleus from which the magnetic field is excluded, consistent with Giotto observations. Calculations have been performed for Halley and Giacobini-Zinner type comets, and in the field-free regions it is shown that the dominant terms in the momentum equation balancing the magnetic pressure gradient are the ion neutral friction and the net mass loading momentum gain.
The relationship between ankle plantar flexor muscle moments and knee compressive forces in subjects with and without pain.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the compressive knee joint reaction force and ankle plantar flexor muscle moment during the terminal stance phase in symptomatic osteoarthritic and non-symptomatic subjects. Design. The study design was a comparative investigation of walking patterns. Background. Patients with knee osteoarthritic symptoms may employ altered gait patterns to reduce the loading of painful joints. Speculation is that decreased ankle plantar flexor moments in the terminal stance phase may be an attempt to minimize compressive knee joint reaction forces. Methods. Twenty community-dwelling men (52–83 years old), ten with knee osteoarthritis and ten non-symptomatic, were studied while walking across a walkway containing two force plates at a comfortable speed. Retroreflective markers were placed in accordance with the Helen Hayes marker system and recorded with six 120 Hz cameras. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were computed. Results. Group means for gait velocity, peak ankle plantar flexor moment and compressive knee joint reaction force were significantly less for the osteoarthritic group relative to the non-symptomatic group. When accounting for the decreased velocity in the osteoarthritic group, however, no group differences were observed. There were significant correlations between all three gait parameters (r>0.75), but peak ankle plantar flexor moment was the greatest predictor of compressive knee joint reaction force. Conclusions. While no group differences were found for compressive knee joint reaction forces when accounting for gait velocity, it appears that subjects with osteoarthritis utilize gait velocity as a mechanism to reduce compressive knee joint reaction forces. Relevance An understanding of compressive knee joint reaction forces is important to the understanding of the disabling effects of knee osteoarthritis on physical function and to the understanding of appropriate and safe interventions to improve not only global parameters (e.g., pain, gait velocity), but also to “re-program” the locomotor pattern to develop “normal” muscle moments without increasing compressive knee joint reaction forces to painful levels.
Cell culture and animal models for human viral hepatitis

Abstract Human hepatitis viruses are currently the subjects of intense investigation because of the tremendous clinical impact of these agents on human health. For other viral infections, cell culture and animal models have played crucial roles in the development of vaccines and drug therapies as well as characterization of viral life cycles. However, for human hepatitis viruses, models have been limited. The chimpanzee model is considered to be the most valuable, because it provides the closest match to clinical human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Due to the expense and short supply, however, the use of this model is restricted. Thus, there is a great demand for the development of new convenient animal models of human hepatitis viral infection. This review will focus current cell culture and animal models to study HBV and HCV.
The Effect of Increasing the Stock in a Lake on the Size and Condition of Rainbow Trout

Abstract An investigation of the changes in length, weight and the length-weight relationship of rainbow trout frown Paul Lake, British Columbia, is presented. As a result of the management policy adopted in 1931 the stock in the lake increased from 1932 to 1935; at the same time both the length and weight decreased significantly as evidenced by representative samples of yearling and 2-year old fish. A valid method of comparing the length-weight relationship is presented. The findings indicate that, although significant fluctuations occurred, and there was a significant decrease in the condition of the first fish planted when they reached 2 years of age, the factors involved require further study. A recommendation for modifying the stocking policy for depleted waters is given.
Plasma pressure compaction of nanodiamond

Abstract Detonation synthesized nanodiamond (ND) was sintered using a Plasma Pressure Compaction (P 2 C) technique. Sintering was performed for 1 min at temperatures between 700 and 1200 °C, and for 1–10 min at 900 °C under 65 MPa pressure. Structure and composition of the sintered samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. The selected sintering conditions prevent excessive graphitization of diamond and allow formation of porous pellets having the density of 1.3–1.6 g/cm 3 , hardness > 0.1 GPa and Young's modulus > 3 GPa. The sintered ND pellets with porosity of about 50% have mechanical properties sufficient for handling and can be infiltrated to produce ND composites.
Variogram-Based Proper Scoring Rules for Probabilistic Forecasts of Multivariate Quantities*

AbstractProper scoring rules provide a theoretically principled framework for the quantitative assessment of the predictive performance of probabilistic forecasts. While a wide selection of such scoring rules for univariate quantities exists, there are only few scoring rules for multivariate quantities, and many of them require that forecasts are given in the form of a probability density function. The energy score, a multivariate generalization of the continuous ranked probability score, is the only commonly used score that is applicable in the important case of ensemble forecasts, where the multivariate predictive distribution is represented by a finite sample. Unfortunately, its ability to detect incorrectly specified correlations between the components of the multivariate quantity is somewhat limited. In this paper the authors present an alternative class of proper scoring rules based on the geostatistical concept of variograms. The sensitivity of these variogram-based scoring rules to incorrectly pre...
Promoting aggression and violence at Abu Ghraib: The U.S. military's transformation of ordinary people into torturers

The torture of detainees at Abu Ghraib has been characterized as an isolated incident and blamed on a few "bad apples." However, as similar reports of war crimes throughout Iraq continue to surface, it seems increasingly apparent that in the anxious post-9/11 context, the low-level agents who carried out such violence were designed to function in this way. This paper suggests that the U.S. military transformed ordinary soldiers into the cruel and ruthless guards at Abu Ghraib through the use of basic recruitment and training strategies, general authorizations for increased aggression and violence after 9/11, specific authorizations for more aggressive interrogations, a range of pressures and protections, and the dehumanization of prisoners. While the legitimate needs of an effective Army must be preserved, this paper offers several specific ways we might reform the U.S. military and prevent such abuses in the future.
Nutrition Intervention Programs for Rural Areas: African Experiences

The experiences of 24 African countries was reviewed: Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroun, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Malagasy Rep, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Upper Volta, Zaire & Zambia.
An iterative row-action method for interval convex programming

The iterative primal-dual method of Bregman for solving linearly constrained convex programming problems, which utilizes nonorthogonal projections onto hyperplanes, is represented in a compact form, and a complete proof of convergence is given for an almost cyclic control of the method. Based on this, a new algorithm for solving interval convex programming problems, i.e., problems of the form minf(x), subject to γ≤Ax≤δ, is proposed. For a certain family of functionsf(x), which includes the norm ∥x∥ and thex logx entropy function, convergence is proved. The present row-action method is particularly suitable for handling problems in which the matrixA is large (or huge) and sparse.
The Heme Complex of Hmu O, a Bacterial Heme Degradation Enzyme from Corynebacterium diphtheriae STRUCTURE OF THE CATALYTIC SITE

Hmu O, a heme degradation enzyme in Corynebacterium diphtheriae, forms a stoichiometric complex with iron protoporphyrin IX and catalyzes the oxygen-dependent conversion of hemin to biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and free iron. Using a multitude of spectroscopic techniques, we have determined the axial ligand coordination of the heme-Hmu O complex. The ferric complex shows a pH-dependent reversible transition between a water-bound hexacoordinate high spin neutral pH form and an alkaline form, having high spin and low spin states, with a p Ka of 9. 1H NMR, EPR, and resonance Raman of the heme-Hmu O complex establish that a neutral imidazole of a histidine residue is the proximal ligand of the complex, similar to mammalian heme oxygenase. EPR of the deoxy cobalt porphyrin IX-Hmu O complex confirms this proximal histidine coordination. Oxy cobalt-Hmu O EPR reveals a hydrogen-bonding interaction between the O2and an exchangeable proton in the Hmu O distal pocket and two distinct orientations for the bound O2. Mammalian heme oxygenase has only one O2 orientation. This difference and the mixed spin states at alkaline pH indicate structural differences in the distal environment between Hmu O and its mammalian counterpart.
Biological time and the effects of hydroxyurea on DNA synthetic activity of bone marrow and tumor cells in mice bearing the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.

The objective of this experiment was to attempt to induce, with hydroxyurea (HU), significant quantitative differences in the level of DNA-synthetic activity (DNA-SA) between a neoplastic cell population (the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma or EAC) and bone marrow in the same animal. Mice bearing a 5-day-old EAC were standardized to and kept on an LD 12:12 cycle (light 0600-1800 hr). They were treated with 500 mg/kg HU at 0500 hr (23 hr after lights on, or HALO) or at 1700 hr (11 HALO). DNA-SA was determined by liquid scintillation counting of 3H-thymidine incorporation into chemically isolated DNA. DNA-SA in bone marrow and EAC cells was monitored over the next 60 hr with subgroups of ten mice each killed every 3 hr beginning 3 hr after treatment with HU. The circadian system of the host influenced the response of the bone marrow to HU; i.e., the response to HU administered at 0500 hr was different both qualitatively and quantitatively from that for HU given at 1700 hr. Comparisons of DNA-SA in bone marrow and EAC from the same animal revealed time points after treatment with HU when DNA-SA in the EAC was high, but DNA-SA in bone marrow was low. These differences in the level of DNA-SA between a tumor cell population and bone marrow should be of therapeutic value; i.e., executor doses of anti-DNA-SA drugs such as cytosine arabinoside could be given at that point in time after treatment with HU when DNA-SA in the tumor was high, but DNA-SA in the bone marrow was low.
Psychophysical tuning curves in normal-hearing listeners: test reliability and probe level effects.

Psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs) were obtained from 19 normal-hearing listeners using a computer-controlled, modified Bekesy tracking procedure which employed a minimum standard error stopping r...
National Forces and the U.S. House Vote, 1980-2004: The Uncertain Progress of Nationalization

Much recent scholarly attention has focused on the theme of growing nationalization in U.S. House elections. In this study, I reach a mixed verdict concerning the extent to which national forces have become more determinative of the House vote from 1980 to 2004. Only voter partisanship, but not ideology, economic evaluations, or assessments of presidential candidates' personal qualities, has increased in importance during presidential year elections. Since presidential voting, on the other hand, has come to depend more heavily on all these factors except the last, this means that contrary to the conventional wisdom, the bases of House and presidential voting actually have grown less, rather than more, similar over time.
Regression Modeling of a Physiological Parameter Affected by Both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors

We discuss regression modeling of a physiological parameter affected by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Such parameter commonly exists in our daily life (e.g., the sleeping quality of human beings or other animals). An additive regression model is suggested which consists of two parts. The first part is for explaining the effect of intrinsic factors and the second part is for describing the effect of extrinsic factors. The fitted model is proved to be statistically consistent. Hypothesis tests about the model coefficients are also discussed. Some simulation results are presented and the modeling procedure is applied to a rat sleep data set.
Predicting the electronic properties of 3D, million-atom semiconductor nanostructure architectures

The past ~10 years have witnessed revolutionary breakthroughs both in synthesis of quantum dots (leading to nearly monodispersed, defect-free nanostructures) and in characterization of such systems, revealing ultra narrow spectroscopic lines of <1meV width, exposing new intriguing effects, such as multiple exciton generation, fine-structure splitting, quantum entanglement, multi- exciton recombination and more. These discoveries have led to new technological applications including quantum computing and ultra-high efficiency solar cells. Our work in this project is based on two realizations/observations: First, that the dots exhibiting clean and rich spectroscopic and transport characteristics are rather big. Indeed, the phenomenology indicated above is exhibited only by the well-passivated defect-free quantum dots containing at least a few thousand atoms (colloidal) and even a few hundred thousand atoms (self assembled). Understanding the behavior of nanotechnology devices requires the study of even larger, million-atom systems composed of multiple components such as wires+dots+films. Second, first-principles many-body computational techniques based on current approaches (Quantum Monte-Carlo, GW, Bethe-Salpeter) are unlikely to be adaptable to such large structures and, at the same time, the effective mass-based techniques are too crude to provide insights on the many-body/atomistic phenomenology revealed by experiment. Thus, we have developed a set of methods that use an atomistic approach (unlike effective-mass based techniques) and utilize single-particle + many body techniques that are readily scalable to ~10 3
Improved procedure for the the determination of rofecoxib in human plasma involving 96-well solid-phase extraction and fluorescence detection.

Abstract An improved assay for the determination of rofecoxib in human plasma samples is described. The analyte and an internal standard were extracted from the plasma matrix using solid-phase extraction in the 96-well format with an Empore C 8 -SD extraction plate. The analytes are chromatographed on a Waters Symmetry C 18 analytical column (3.5 μm, 50×4.6 mm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile–water (35:65, v/v). Analyte detection was via fluorescence following post-column photochemical derivatization. Eight point calibration curves over the concentration range of 0.5–80 ng/ml yielded a linear response when a 1/ y weighted linear regression model was employed. Based on the replicate analyses ( n =5) of spiked standards, the within-day assay precision was better than 8% RSD at all points on the calibration curve, within-day accuracy was within 6% of nominal at all standard concentrations. The between-run precision and accuracy of the assay, as calculated from the results of the analysis of quality control samples, was better than 7% RSD and within 5% of nominal. Assay throughput was improved by a factor of three as compared to previously described methods. The method was partially automated using a combination of a Packard Multi-Probe liquid handling system and a TomTec Quadra 96 workstation.
Desoxyribonucleic acid in Arbacia eggs.

Abstract 1. 1. The amount of thymine in a suspension of Arbacia eggs was determined by isotope dilution using C 14 -labelled thymine. The eggs were found to contain 8.4 × 10 −7 μg thymine or 8.1 × 10 −6 μg DNA per egg. 2. 2. From determinations of uracil it was calculated that there was 2.4 × 10 −3 μg RNA per egg. 3. 3. From the thymine content it was determined that there was 7.9 × 10 −7 μg DNA per sperm. 4. 4. A portion of the DNA found in the egg suspension could be attributed to aggregates of syncitial cells which were not removed by careful filtration or washing. The amount of DNA from this source was estimated as 2 X–4 X where X is the haploid amount found in the sperm. It was possible to account for the remaining 6 X in the egg suspension as polar body DNA (3 X) and cytoplasmic DNA derived from the egg (3X). 5. 5. The nucleus of the mature ovum contains no detectible Feulgen-positive material. This deficiency cannot be ascribed to dispersion of DNA over a large volume or area of the nucleus since the nucleus is smaller than that of the immature ovum which has distinctly Feulgen-positive chromatin. 6. 6. Because of the absence of DNA in the nucleus of the mature ovum which is capable of embryological development following parthenogenetic stimulation it is concluded that DNA must be a derived nuclear product and not a prime initiator of gene reactions.
Parenting Styles: The Impact on Student Achievement

ABSTRACT Parenting style and its impact on student achievement in a multidimensional society continues to pose significant challenges to clinicians, researchers, educators, and parents alike. This literature review summarizes the research surrounding five domains: (1) parental control; (2) gender and parenting style; (3) parental education; (4) perceptual differences between parents and their children; and (5) ethnicity and diversity. Behavioral control and psychological control were found to be two inherent features of parental style that have a direct affect on student achievement. Adolescents' perceived level of independence when interacting with their parents also seemed to have a direct relationship on their academic achievement. Research concerning children's progress in mathematics as related to parenting style and gender stereotype was also uncovered. Evidence was found to support the notion that parental education can have an indirect impact on children's academic achievement in various cultures....
Optimizing Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy

OBJECTIVE: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for neonatal encephalopathy is becoming widely available in clinical practice. The goal of this collaborative was to create and implement an evidence-based standard-of-care approach to neonatal encephalopathy, deliver consistent care, and optimize outcomes. METHODS: The quality improvement process identified and used the Model for Improvement as a framework for improvement efforts. This was a Vermont Oxford Network Collaborative focused on optimizing TH in the treatment of neonatal encephalopathy. By using an evidence-based approach, Potentially Better Practices were developed by the topic expert, modified by the collaborative, and implemented at each hospital. These included the following: timely identification of at-risk infants, coordination with referring hospitals to ensure TH was available within 6 hours after birth, staff education for both local and referring hospitals, nonsedated MRI, incorporating amplitude-integrated EEG into a TH protocol, and ensuring standard neurodevelopmental follow-up of infants. Each center used these practices to develop a matrix for implementation. RESULTS: Local self-assessments directed the implementation and adaptation of the Potentially Better Practices at each center. Resources, based on common identified barriers, were developed and shared among the group. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a TH program to improve the consistency of care for patients in NICUs is feasible using standard-quality improvement methodology. The successful introduction of new interventions such as TH to the NICU culture requires a collaborative multidisciplinary team, use of a systematic quality improvement process, and perseverance.
Vertical movement and behavior of the ocean sunfish, Mola mola, in the northwest Atlantic

Abstract Pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were attached to 31 ocean sunfish, Mola mola. in the Northwest Atlantic between 2005 and 2008, in order to examine their vertical movement and behavior. Tags remained attached from 7 to 242 days, with a mean attachment period of 107.2 ± 80.6 (SD) days. Fish spent greater than 30% of their time in the top 10 m of the water column, and over 80% of time in the top 200 m. The maximum depth recorded by any fish was 844 m. Temperatures experienced by tagged fish ranged from 6 to 30 °C. Vertical behavior of M. mola changed over short-term and seasonal scales. Ocean sunfish in northeastern US waters in the summer months inhabited shallower depths and spent more time at the surface than those that moved south in the winter and spring. This shift from shallow to deeper depths was especially apparent when fish entered the Gulf Stream, where they spent little time at the surface and dove to depths of 400–800 m. A diel pattern was observed in vertical behavior. Tagged fish spent more time at depth during the day and inhabited shallower waters at night. There was no observed relationship between the amount of time per day that fish spent in cold water (
On the collision probability for the infinite cylinder

Abstract The derivation of a compact expression for the collision probability for the infinite cylinder involves the reduction of a complicated integral, a reduction attributed to the late D.R. Inglis in a Los Alamos report that is unavailable. We present an alternative evaluation here.
Runaway cosmic strings

Cosmic strings are now established as a possible mechanism for forming galaxies and clusters in the Universe (refs 1–4; H. Sato, preprint HUNS 827, Kyoto University, 1986). Much recent work has been devoted to calculating the behaviour of strings and their interaction with matter in an effort to understand better the special features of the string model. Here, I examine two effects which have been neglected in many treatments but which could, it appears, alter certain details of our picture of string-induced galaxy formation. First, loops of cosmic string behave like relativistic gyroscopes, and undergo only a very slow precession under the influence of newtonian gravitational torques. They thus impose a 'stiff time-averaged quadrupolar gravitational potential on matter in their vicinity. Second, the gravitational radiation beamed by an oscillating loop probably has a significant component of dipole asymmetry when averaged over the loop decay time. Recoil reaction on the loop causes a coherent acceleration over time and eventually leads to a high peculiar velocity when loops decay. String loops today would then not generally be found in the centres of galaxies and clusters, but flying freely through intergalactic space.
English for what? Rural Nicaraguan teachers’ local responses to national educational policy

This article describes and analyzes how rural Nicaraguan teachers and NGO leaders are working with a US university-based team to develop a locally responsive, critical, and inquiry-based approach to the Ministry of Education requirement for English in secondary school. This requirement has placed a new and challenging expectation upon rural teachers, many of whom do not have basic English proficiency. Through macro level comparative analysis of language situations in different countries, coupled with meso and micro level analysis of authentic uses of English in their communities, the teachers and their US partners are shifting assumptions in multiple ways: from assuming that rural teachers need to be foreign language experts to re-envisioning teachers as co-explorers of languages together with their students; from assuming that Nicaragua has uniform needs for English to recognizing regional variation in the need for English; from assuming the availability of urban language learning tools and technologies to valuing and using rural resources that are locally available; and from reliance on so-called “foreign experts” to supporting community-based Nicaraguan teachers as leaders. Taken together, these shifts inform an emerging approach that supports teachers to move away from passive acceptance of language education policy and toward a more engaged, critical, and practical stance toward the introduction of English into the curriculum.
Product study of the reaction of CH3 with OH radicals at low pressures and temperatures of 300 and 612 K.

The product distribution for the title reaction was studied using our time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) connected to a tubular flow reactor. The methyl and hydroxyl radicals were produced by an excimer laser pulse (λ = 193 nm) photolyzing acetone and nitrous oxide in the presence of excess water or hydrogen. Helium was used as the bath gas; the total density was held constant at 1.2 × 1017 cm-3. At 300 K the observations were consistent with singlet methylene (1CH2) and water as the main product channel with a small contribution of methanol. In contrast, at about 610 K three channelsformaldehyde isomers and methanol in addition to 1CH2 + H2Oare formed with similar yields. When acetone-d6 was used, the production of both CHDO and CD2O was observed, indicating that two different formaldehyde-producing channels are operating simultaneously. These experimental results are compared with RRKM and master equation calculations on the basis of the properties of the methanol potential energy surface from a r...
Interleukin-36 (IL-36) ligands require processing for full agonist (IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ) or antagonist (IL-36Ra) activity.

IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ (formerly IL-1F6, IL-1F8, and IL-1F9) are IL-1 family members that signal through the IL-1 receptor family members IL-1Rrp2 (IL-1RL2) and IL-1RAcP. IL-36Ra (formerly IL-1F5) has been reported to antagonize IL-36γ. However, our previous attempts to demonstrate IL-36Ra antagonism were unsuccessful. Here, we demonstrate that IL-36Ra antagonist activity is dependent upon removal of its N-terminal methionine. IL-36Ra starting at Val-2 is fully active and capable of inhibiting not only IL-36γ but also IL-36α and IL-36β. Val-2 of IL-36Ra lies 9 amino acids N-terminal to an A-X-Asp motif conserved in all IL-1 family members. In further experiments, we show that truncation of IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ to this same point increased their specific activity by ∼103–104-fold (from EC50 1 μg/ml to EC50 1 ng/ml). Inhibition of truncated IL-36β activity required ∼102–103-fold excess IL-36Ra, similar to the ratio required for IL-1Ra to inhibit IL-1β. Chimeric receptor experiments demonstrated that the extracellular (but not cytoplasmic) domain of IL-1Rrp2 or IL-1R1 is required for inhibition by their respective natural antagonists. IL-36Ra bound to IL-1Rrp2, and pretreatment of IL-1Rrp2-expressing cells with IL-36Ra prevented IL-36β-mediated co-immunoprecipitation of IL-1Rrp2 with IL-1RAcP. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanism of IL-36Ra antagonism is analogous to that of IL-1Ra, such that IL-36Ra binds to IL-1Rrp2 and prevents IL-1RAcP recruitment and the formation of a functional signaling complex. In addition, truncation of IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ dramatically enhances their activity, suggesting that post-translational processing is required for full activity.
Thermoregulatory and locomotor effects of DSIP: Paradoxical interaction with d-amphetamine

Abstract A low dose (0.1 mg/kg) of peripherally administered delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) caused hypothermia in rats maintained at 4°C but larger doses (1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg) did not. At 22°C all 3 doses of DSIP caused hyperthermia. The interaction of d-amphetamine with DSIP was dependent on ambient temperature; at 4°C DSIP had no effect on d-amphetamine-induced hypothermia, but at 22°C DSIP reversed the usual d-amphetamine-induced effect of hyperthermia to hypothermia. At 4°C, DSIP also potentiated the hypermotility effects of d-amphetamine but blocked it at 22°C. Many rats receiving DSIP (0.1 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (15.0 mg/kg) at 22°C paradoxically exhibited what appeared to be sleep. This sleep-like effect was not found after several other doses of DSIP and d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, or at a cold ambient temperature. Sodium methohexital caused apparent sleep in animals treated with DSIP alone or with DSIP and d-amphetamine, but was unable to induce this effect in rats receiving d-amphetamine alone. The results suggest that the effects of peripherally injected DSIP on body temperature are independent from its effects on locomotion and that both effects are dependent upon ambient temperature.
Removal and utilization of nutrients by Chinese waterchestnut in catfish ponds

Abstract The effect of Chinese waterchestnut ( Eleocharis dulcis ) on production of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) and resulting water quality were studied in 1975 in 0.04-ha earthen ponds at Clemson University. Ponds containing waterchestnut had significantly lower levels of nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen. These lower nitrient levels resulted in lower phytoplankton levels in ponds with waterchestnut. Data indicated that Chinese waterchestnut had no effect on channel catfish production. Poor fish survival may have prevented detection of any effect of waterchestnut on catfish production. Chinese waterchestnut removed nutrients from the pond water. Mean nutrient removal per ha for the 201-day growing season was 108.06 kg of nitrogen, 6.90 kg of calcium, and 37.46 kg of magnesium. Mean corm production was 4664 kg per ha. These data indicate that Chinese waterchestnut should remove nutrients in sufficient quantities to improve water quality and allow increases in feeding rates and greater catfish production.
Ultrastructural differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii schizonts (types B to E) and gamonts in the intestines of cats fed bradyzoites

The ultrastructural characterisitics of four types of Toxoplasma gondii schizonts (types B, C, D and E) and their merozoites, microgamonts and macrogamonts were compared in cats killed at days 1, 2, 4 and 6 after feeding tissues cysts from the brains of mice. Schizonts, merozoites and gamonts contained most of the ultrastructural features characteristic of the phylum Apicomplexa. All four types of schizonts developed within enterocytes or intraepithelial lymphocytes. Occasionally, type B and C schizonts developed within enterocytes that were displaced beneath the epithelium into the lamina propria. Type D and E schizonts and gamonts developed exclusively in the epithelium. Tachyzoites occurred exclusively within the lamina propria. Type B schizonts formed merozoites by endodyogeny, whereas types C to E developed by endopolygeny. The parasitophorous vacuoles surrounding type B and C schizonts consisted of a single membrane, whereas those surrounding types D and E schizonts were comprised of two to four electron-dense membranes. The parasitophorous vacuole of type B schizonts had an extensive tubulovesicular membrane network (TMN); the TMN was reduced or absent in type C schizonts and completely absent in types D and E schizonts and gamonts. Type B merozoites were ultrastructurally similar to tachyzoites, except that they were slightly larger. Type C merozoites exhibited a positive periodic acid-Schiff reaction by light microscopy and ultrastructurally contained amylopectin granules. Rhoptries were labyrinthine in type B merozoites but were electron-dense in types C-E. The development of microgamonts, macrogamont and oocysts is also described.
Aerogel insulation systems for space launch applications

New developments in materials science in the areas of solution gelation processes and nanotechnology have led to the recent commercial production of aerogels. Concurrent with these advancements has been the development of new approaches to cryogenic thermal insulation systems. For example, thermal and physical characterizations of aerogel beads under cryogenic-vacuum conditions have been performed at the Cryogenics Test Laboratory of the NASA Kennedy Space Center. Aerogel-based insulation system demonstrations have also been conducted to improve performance for space launch applications. Subscale cryopumping experiments show the thermal insulating ability of these fully breathable nanoporous materials. For a properly executed thermal insulation system, these breathable aerogel systems are shown to not cryopump beyond the initial cooldown and thermal stabilization phase. New applications are being developed to augment the thermal protection systems of space launch vehicles, including the Space Shuttle External Tank. These applications include a cold-boundary temperature of 90 K with an ambient air environment in which both weather and flight aerodynamics are important considerations. Another application is a nitrogen-purged environment with a cold-boundary temperature of 20 K where both initial cooldown and launch ascent profiles must be considered. Experimental results and considerations for these flight system applications are discussed.
A new technique for mechanical strength testing of rapidly charred ablation materials.

Abstract : Mechanical strength of rocket nozzle liner or reentry vehicle ablation materials is of increasing interest in cases where mechanical loss may comprise a major loss or failure mechanism during rocket firing or reentry. Previous studies of reinforced plastics have utilized specimens heated and charred slowly prior to the application of load. Since heating is rapid during rocket firing or reentry, it appeared to interest to develop a new technique for heating and loading in time periods typical of these two stages, on the order of 10 seconds. Such a technique was developed, utilizing a high temperature plasma arc flow to heat slender specimens and pneumatically actuated loading frame to apply stress. Initial results were obtained for tensile strength in the laminate direction of phenolic graphite and phenolic carbon materials, and interlaminar shear strength of phenolic graphite. The technique appears promising for determination of strength in various loading-laminate orientations, elongations, and moduli, and for studies of heating rate effects on strength. (Author-PL)
A Full Rank Analysis of Some Linear Model Problems

Abstract The analysis of linear models is supported by a rigorous mathematical development, but there appear to be serious gaps between theory and practice. In this article we compare, for a number of examples, the classical non-full rank analysis with the full rank analysis, or analysis of means. We find that the latter analysis eliminates much of the confusion, particularly in the area of hypothesis testing with unbalanced data.
DNA Damage Signaling Recruits the Rtt107-Slx4 Scaffolds via Dpb11 to Mediate Replication Stress Response

The DNA damage checkpoint kinase Mec1(ATR) is critical for maintaining the integrity of replication forks. Though it has been proposed to promote fork repair, the mechanisms by which Mec1 regulates DNA repair factors remain unclear. Here, we found that Mec1 mediates a key interaction between the fork protein Dpb11 and the DNA repair scaffolds Slx4-Rtt107 to regulate replication stress response. Dissection of the molecular basis of the interaction reveals that Slx4 and Rtt107 jointly bind Dpb11 and that Slx4 phosphorylation is required. Mutation of Mec1 phosphorylation sites in Slx4 disrupts its interaction with Dpb11 and compromises the cellular response to replisomes blocked by DNA alkylation. Multiple fork repair factors associate with Rtt107 or Slx4, supporting that Mec1-dependent assembly of the Rtt107-Slx4-Dpb11 complex functions to coordinate fork repair. Our results unveil how Mec1 regulates the Slx4 and Rtt107 scaffolds and establish a mechanistic link between DNA damage signaling and fork repair.
Design patterns in X3D toolkits

Design patterns capture reusable solutions to common problems, and have been used as an approach to simplifying the development and maintenance of software systems. This paper extracts several design patterns from the implementations of recent popular 3D Visualization toolkits. While these toolkits follow the same X3D standard, their respective realizations of this standard differ to an extent. The use of these design patterns leads to better modularity, making the resulting code base easier to maintain and extend. Therefore, our initial catalog of 3D visualization design patterns can guide the designers of future toolkits in their quest to create more maintainable and extensible software.
Should Market Forces Control Educational Decision Making

In the December 1988 issue of this Review, John Chubb and Terry Moe presented data comparing public and private schools, and made an argument concerning “politics, markets, and the organization of schools.” Chubb and Moe argue that private schools outperform public schools because they are more autonomous, advantaged by market forces rather than democratic political control. Jack Tweedie takes vigorous exception to this conclusion, arguing that the evidence does not support Chubb and Moe's conclusions about the efficacy of market forces. Dennis Riley directly attacks the virtues of market control of institutional choices in educational policy making. Chubb and Moe find their critics unconvincing.
Visual acuity after cycloplegia in children: implications for atropine penalization.

Abstract Background: Atropinization of the sound eye is an alternative to patching in the treatment of amblyopia. Whether atropine treatment can induce a switch in fixation depends on the refractive error of the sound eye, visual acuity of the amblyopic eye, distance from the fixation target, and presence of any optical correction or penalization. General guidelines are needed on the basis of refractive error and visual acuity in the amblyopic eye to predict which patients may potentially benefit from atropine penalization. Methods: Refractive error and visual acuity at distance (6 m) and/or at near (33 cm) were recorded in a normal eye of 126 consecutive children (mean age, 8.2 years), 30 to 60 minutes after receiving cyclopentolate 1%. Visual acuity was plotted versus refractive error at distance and at near, and best-fit curves were calculated. Results: There was a consistent, reproducible relationship between refractive error and visual acuity after cycloplegia at both distance and near in healthy children. Conclusions: The results of this study can be used to quickly determine whether atropine penalization has the potential for success on the basis of a patient's visual acuity in the amblyopic eye and refractive error in the sound eye. When adequate hyperopia is present in the sound eye, one should consider testing for fixation preference or initiating a therapeutic trial of atropine. Those children with insufficient hyperopia in the sound eye relative to visual acuity in the amblyopic eye can be spared the time, expense, and potential side effects of atropine penalization. (J AAPOS 29;3:241-4)
A Comparison Of Binary And Continuous Phase-Only Filters With A Restricted Phase Range

A procedure is given for optimizing phase-only filters with a phase range restricted to a continuous but limited range of phase. The signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio of this optimized "windowed" phase-only filter (WPOF) is compared with an optimized binary phase-only filter (BPOF) using a computer simulation. These results show that in certain cases the gain in SNR using the WPOF is significant.
Anaphylaxis in Peromyscus leucopus mice

Abstract Five strains of laboratory mice (Mus musculus) were readily sensitized by the pertussis technique; an anaphylactic mortality of 60 to 100 per cent resulted following challenge. By contrast, only a 30 per cent mortality was obtained for the common white-footed deer mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) . Although the total adrenal gland weight for the latter species is about 2 to 3 times that of the former, the plasma corticosterones and total catecholamines content of the gland were essentially the same.
Effects of Parent-Adolescent Interaction on the Continuity of Cognitive Development from Early Childhood to Early Adolescence

The continuity of cognitive development from early childhood to early adolescence is examined in light of mother-adolescent interaction and demographic measures. The sample was comprised of fifty-four mother-adolescent dyads, from a follow-up of an early-age antipoverty intervention. Middle class and lower class control groups and an experimental group were balanced by social class, ethnicity and gender. Measures used were the Participatory Style of Interaction, (PSI), the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, the Stanford Binet, and the California Test of Basic Skills. There was a continuity of cognitive development within each social class, in the absence of intervention. Social class and ethnic differences were mitigated for the lower class treated group, but re-emerged over the decade following the intervention. For the middle class and treated lower class groups, a participatory style of mother-adolescent interaction was found to be related to cognitive development and to account for much of the power...