cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trait stasis versus adaptation in disjunct relict species: evolutionary changes in seed dormancy-breaking and germination requirements in a subclade of Aristolochia subgenus Siphisia (Piperales)

There are two ideas regarding changes in the physiological and ecological tolerances and requirements within plant lineages through geological time. One is that these attributes have changed very little, or not at all (trait stasis), and the other is that they have undergone considerable change (adaptation), as plants shifted to new climatic and vegetation zones. We tested these ideas for seed dormancy-breaking and germination requirements of four species in a subclade of Aristolochia subgenus Siphisia: the three temperate species, A. macrophylla and A. tomentosa (the basal species in the subclade) of eastern USA and A. manshuriensis of East Asia, and the Mediterranean-climate species A. californica endemic to California, USA. A long period at cold-stratifying temperatures was required for growth of the underdeveloped embryo and seed germination in A. californica, whereas embryos grew and seeds germinated in the other three species at warm temperatures, either before or after they were cold stratified. Thus, seeds of A. californica have either intermediate or deep complex morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), whereas those of the three temperate species have either morphological dormancy or non-deep simple MPD. Further, there were quantitative differences in temperature requirements for dormancy-break and germination between the Appalachian A. macrophylla, which did not differ from its sister species A. manshuriensis, and the lowland A. tomentosa. Thus, within this lineage there has been both trait stasis and divergence (adaptation) in the physiology and ecology of seed dormancy and germination.
Effects of shock processing on Serkowski polarization curves

This paper presents a semi-empirical model for variations of interstellar polarization curves based upon the Serkowski-Wilking law for optical and near-infrared wavebands. The model assumes that nonspherical dust grains producing interstellar polarization are core-mantle particles shaped like oblate spheroids. The physical picture is one in which large (a0 ≈ 0.1µm) particles in the dense cloud phase are deposited into the diffuse cloud medium and thereafter undergo mantle processing by galactic shocks and UV starlight. It is shown that polarization curves vary their widths mainly as a consequence of the nonthermal sputtering of mantles by low-velocity shocks. Mantle sputtering by shocks in low density clouds tends to broaden the curves, whereas mantle sputtering by shocks in denser clouds produce narrow curves. Hence, shock processing of grain mantles can explain the observed correlation between the width of polarization curves and the dust grain environment.
A paraboloid failure surface for transversely isotropic materials

Abstract An invariant 3-D failure criterion for transversely isotropic solids is presented. For isotropic conditions, this criterion reduces to Mises–Schleicher failure criterion. It is shown that the anisotropic Mises–Schleicher (AMS) criterion can accurately describe the observed failure characteristics of transversely isotropic rocks under both compressive and tensile stresses. This criterion predicts that the application of multiaxial tensile stresses on rock reduces the value of the failure strength, i.e., the predicted value of the hydrostatic tensile strength as well as of the biaxial tensile strength is less than the uniaxial tensile strength in any direction. The intersections of the AMS failure surfaces with the octahedral plane demonstrates the ability of the criterion to describe the directional character of the strength of transversely isotropic materials under general loading conditions. The application of this criterion to conventional triaxial compression, reduced triaxial extension, and biaxial conditions, shows that this criterion captures the influence of the magnitude of the intermediate principal stress on strength. Representative sets of data from tests on rock have been analyzed and comparison between the theoretical predictions and the data appears to be quite good with the accuracies generally within the natural scatter of test data. In this paper, the AMS criterion is applied to rock materials; however, it can be used to describe the strength anisotropy of any material exhibiting transverse isotropy.
Variability in beta-adrenergic receptor population in cultured chicken muscle cells.

Investigations into expression of the beta-adrenergic receptor (bAR) in chicken skeletal muscle cells in culture were initiated because several beta-adrenergic receptor agonists are known to increase skeletal muscle protein deposition in avian and mammalian species. During initial attempts to study the bAR population on the surface of chicken skeletal muscle cells, we observed a high degree of variability that was later found to be the result of using different batches of horse serum in the cell culture media. The separation between total binding and nonspecific binding in cells grown in two serum samples was approximately two-fold The number of nuclei within multinucleated myotubes was not significantly different in cells grown in the two serum samples. To investigate whether these two sera had an effect on coupling efficiency between bAR population and cAMP production, the ability of these cells to synthesize cAMP was also assessed. Despite the two-fold difference in receptor population, the ability of these cells to synthesize cAMP was not significantly different. Because of the possible link between bAR population and muscle protein, we also determined if the quantity of the major skeletal muscle protein, myosin, was affected by conditions that so drastically affected the bAR population. The quantity of myosin heavy chain was not significantly different.
Does negative priming imply preselective identification of irrelevant stimuli

Responses to recently ignored stimuli are often slower than responses to new stimuli (negative priming). This slowing is thought to imply that the irrelevant stimuli were identified before the relevant stimuli were selected. The slowing may, however, reflect processing that occurred after the selection process had already begun. In two experiments, the opportunity for preselective identification of irrelevant stimuli was eliminated by presenting the irrelevant stimuli late within the trial. Negative priming failed to occur under these conditions.
Reproduction and development of three symbiotic scale worms (Polychaeta: Polynoidae)

. The reproduction and development of symbiotic polynoid polychaetes in the genus Arctonoe were examined with light and electron microscopy. Around San Juan Island, Washington, the 3 described Arctonoe spp. have very similar reproductive periods and ontogenies. Free-spawned eggs 80 μm in diameter fuse with sperm and develop into planktonic, feeding larvae that bear a prototroch, but no metatroch or food groove cilia. Larvae begin feeding only after the development of episphere ciliary bands and an oral brush, consistent with the hypothesis that these structures are involved in particle capture and handling. Metamorphosis occurs in the laboratory in the absence of hosts after 6–12 weeks of feeding and growth. Juveniles begin feeding using the pharyngeal jaws several days after metamorphosis is complete. In the laboratory, worms reach sexual maturity 4–6 months after metamorphosis. The long planktonic larval period of Arctonoe spp. probably leads to high dispersal, suggesting that geographic differentiation in host preferences is unlikely except over large spatial scales. Naive juveniles of Arctonoe spp. can now be obtained from laboratory cultures to test the hypothesis that genetically based host preferences are important in determining host-use patterns in these symbionts.
A Traditional Teaching Model Embedded in Online Course Design

Psychologist David Ausubel (1968) [3] has developed a theory of meaningful learning in which skills have been developed for structuring courses and presentations to increase the mental activities of the students. How can this traditional model of teaching “Advance Organizer” be embedded in the present educational settings in which the proliferation of online course designs has changed the learning and teaching environments for our students and professors (LaPointe, L. & Reisetter, M., 2008) [9]? This paper is an explorative study of how a forty-year-old teaching model can be applied in designing “Web Design” online course for students in a business college.
Just(?) a True-False Test: Applying Signal Detection Theory to Judgments of Organizational Dishonesty

Recognizing dishonesty is difficult. It involves both cognitive and moral judgments in situations where it is often costly to gather information. Some individuals are better at it than others; some situations make information gathering less costly. This article uses signal detection theory to model the individual and situational effects on assessments that someone has lied. Signal detection theory is explained, and examples of how it can be used to model other moral judgments are provided.
Spanwise averaging of plane mixing layer properties

An attempt is made to demonstrate the effects of streamwise vorticity on such mixing layer global properties as layer thickness and peak Reynolds stresses. Attention is given to differences between results obtained from spanwise averaging over a number of velocity profiles and those given by the more conventional approach of analyzing a single profile measured along the test section centerline. It is found that the growth rate and streamwise development of peak Reynolds stresses in the near field can be significantly affected by spanwise variations in the mixing layer.
Comparison of Statistical Population Reconstruction Using Full and Pooled Adult Age-Class Data

BACKGROUND Age-at-harvest data are among the most commonly collected, yet neglected, demographic data gathered by wildlife agencies. Statistical population construction techniques can use this information to estimate the abundance of wild populations over wide geographic areas and concurrently estimate recruitment, harvest, and natural survival rates. Although current reconstruction techniques use full age-class data (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, … years), it is not always possible to determine an animal's age due to inaccuracy of the methods, expense, and logistics of sample collection. The ability to inventory wild populations would be greatly expanded if pooled adult age-class data (e.g., 0.5, 1.5, 2.5+ years) could be successfully used in statistical population reconstruction. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the performance of statistical population reconstruction models developed to analyze full age-class and pooled adult age-class data. We performed Monte Carlo simulations using a stochastic version of a Leslie matrix model, which generated data over a wide range of abundance levels, harvest rates, and natural survival probabilities, representing medium-to-big game species. Results of full age-class and pooled adult age-class population reconstructions were compared for accuracy and precision. No discernible difference in accuracy was detected, but precision was slightly reduced when using the pooled adult age-class reconstruction. On average, the coefficient of variation (i.e., SE(θ)/θ) increased by 0.059 when the adult age-class data were pooled prior to analyses. The analyses and maximum likelihood model for pooled adult age-class reconstruction are illustrated for a black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) population in Washington State. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Inventorying wild populations is one of the greatest challenges of wildlife agencies. These new statistical population reconstruction models should expand the demographic capabilities of wildlife agencies that have already collected pooled adult age-class data or are seeking a cost-effective method for monitoring the status and trends of our wild resources.
Comparison of anti-conflict drug effects in three experimental animal models of anxiety

A novel form of experimentally-induced conflict behavior based on the conditioned suppression of drinking (CSD) is described and compared with two conventional animal models of human anxiety — a modified Geller-Seifter and an Estes-Skinner (Conditioned Emotional Response) procedure. The CSD procedure offered significant advantages over the two operant procudures in that the session duration was short (10 min) and the acquisition of stable behavioral baselines was rapid (approximately 2 weeks). Like the more conventional procedures, the CSD paradigm permitted the simultaneous determination of drug effects on shock-suppressed and nonsuppressed responding as estimates of antianxiety and sedative properties, respectively. With the CSD procedure, the anticonflict profiles for the benzodiazepines were highly correlated with their relative clinical antianxiety potency. Therefore, the CSD procedure appears to be a valuable tool in screening for possible antianxiety agents as well as in the behavioral testing of mechanism of action hypotheses regarding such agents.
Temporal Distributed Learning with Heterogeneous Data Using Gaussian Mixtures

Learning a model for data in a distributed source system has often been performed by collecting all data at a central location and performing the learning process on the global data set at the central location. Although a common global feature space is normally assumed, each local source may only sample a subset of features, producing a heterogeneous data combination at the central location. Additionally, various constraints such as communication limitations and data privacy concerns require that limited information from each local source be sent to the central processor. The challenge is then to learn the most accurate global data model given this constrained information. In online systems, the data may be non-stationary, requiring explicitly dynamic modeling. We have proposed an online dynamic method to learn the probability distribution of a global data set as a Gaussian mixture model given synchronous updates of distribution parameters from local data sources of possibly non-overlapping features.
Financial Sector Conditionality: Is Tougher Better?

The aim of this paper is to take a closer look at IMF conditionality in the banking sector. Our analysis shows that while such conditionality became more stringent following the Asian crisis, compliance has remained broadly unchanged, comparing unfavorably with other structural reforms. The results of panel data regressions show that while compliance with IMF-supported banking sector reform strategies has contributed to an improvement in banking sector performance, increases in the hardness and intensity of IMF conditionality may not be, ceteris paribus, effective. The policy implication is that the IMF should, therefore, continue its efforts in enhancing countries' ownership and streamlining conditionality.
Evaluating statistical analysis models for RNA sequencing experiments

Validating statistical analysis methods for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) experiments is a complex task. Researcher often find themselves having to decide between competing models or assessing the reliability of results obtained with a designated analysis program. Computer simulation has been the most frequently used procedure to verify the adequacy of a model. However, datasets generated by simulations depend on the parameterization and the assumptions of the selected model. Moreover, such datasets may constitute a partial representation of reality as the complexity or RNA-seq data is hard to mimic. We present the use of plasmode datasets to complement the evaluation of statistical models for RNA-seq data. A plasmode is a dataset obtained from experimental data but for which come truth is known. Using a set of simulated scenarios of technical and biological replicates, and public available datasets, we illustrate how to design algorithms to construct plasmodes under different experimental conditions. We contrast results from two types of methods for RNA-seq: i) models based on negative binomial distribution (edgeR and DESeq), and ii) Gaussian models applied after transformation of data (MAANOVA). Results emphasize the fact that deciding what method to use may be experiment-specific due to the unknown distributions of expression levels. Plasmodes may contribute to choose which method to apply by using a similar pre-existing dataset. The promising results obtained from this approach, emphasize the need of promoting and improving systematic data sharing across the research community to facilitate plasmode building. Although we illustrate the use of plasmode for comparing differential expression analysis models, the flexibility of plasmode construction allows comparing upstream analysis, as normalization procedures or alignment pipelines, as well.
Online Notes: Differential Effects of Studying Complete or Partial Graphically Organized Notes.

The authors investigated in this study the effects of two electronic notes conditions (complete vs. partial) and two testing conditions (immediate vs. delayed) on three types of tests (fact, structure, and application). A 2 × 2 factorial multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) yielded no significant main effects for notes conditions on the fact and structure tests. The results did show a significant main effect for notes conditions (partial > control) on the application test and for testing condition. Students tested immediately performed significantly better than those in the delayed condition on all three outcome measures. Results also show significant interactions between Notes Condition x Testing Condition on the structure and application tests. Implications and limitations of computerized notes are discussed.
Quantification and characterisation of cyclo-oxygenase and lipid peroxidation inhibitory anthocyanins in fruits of Amelanchier.

The levels of bioactive anthocyanins in the fruits of Amelanchier alnifolia, A. arborea and A. canadensis have been determined by HPLC. Cyanidin 3-galactoside (1) was present in the fresh fruit of the three species at concentrations of 155, 390 and 165 mg/100 g, respectively. Cyanidin 3-glucoside (2) was present only in A. alnifolia and A. canadensis at concentrations of 54 and 48 mg/100 g, respectively. The anthocyanins were confirmed by LC-ESI/MS and NMR studies. At 100 ppm, anthocyanin mixtures from the three species inhibited cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 enzymes at 66 and 67%, 60 and 72%, and 51 and 76%, respectively. The positive controls used in the COX assays were aspirin, Celebrex and Vioxx at 180, 1.67 and 1.67 ppm, respectively, and showed 74 and 69%, 5 and 82% and 0 and 85% COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition, respectively. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 and cyanidin (3) inhibited COX-1 enzyme 50.5, 45.62 and 96.36%, respectively, at 100 ppm, whereas COX-2 inhibition was the highest for 3 at 75%. In the lipid peroxidation inhibitory assay, anthocyanin mixtures at 10 ppm from the three species showed activities of 72, 73 and 68%, respectively, compared with 89, 87 and 98% for commercial anti-oxidants butylated hydoxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and tert-butylhydroxyquinone at 1.67, 2.2 and 1.67 ppm, respectively. At 10 ppm, compounds 1–3 inhibited lipid peroxidation by 70, 75 and 78%, respectively. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiments on natural convection in complex enclosed spaces containing either two fluids or a single fluid

Abstract Heat transfer coefficients were determined experimentally for natural convection in the enclosed space between two concentrically positioned vertical cylinders having different finite heights. The space was filled with a pair of fluid layers, one atop the other. The investigated two-fluid systems included air and water, air and hexadecane, and hexadecane and water. Experiments were also performed for the case in which the intercylinder space was filled with a single fluid—air, water, or hexadecane. Parametric variations were carried out for the height of the fluid-fluid interface and for the Rayleigh number. Comparisons were made between the experimental results and predictions obtained from numerical solutions of the problem. Very good agreement prevailed for the single-fluid cases and also for the two-fluid cases where meniscus and interfacial tension effects were either negligible or small. When these effects were more significant, as for the hexadecane-water system (the only liquid-liquid system investigated), it was found possible to achieve satisfactory agreement by making use of a relatively simple interface model. For the single-fluid results, the effect of the Prandtl number variation (between 0.71 and 40) was highlighted.
Effect of esomeprazole versus placebo on pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis

Gastro esophageal reflux (GER) is common in cystic fibrosis (CF) and may contribute to lung disease. Approximately 50% of patients with cystic fibrosis are being treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). In a randomized controlled study in adults, we compared treatment with esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily versus placebo in patients with CF and frequent respiratory exacerbations over a thirty-six week treatment period to determine effect on time to first exacerbation and other health related outcomes. 17 patients without symptoms of GER were randomized and 15 completed the study. 13 subjects underwent 24 hour ambulatory pH probe monitoring; 62% had pH probe evidence of GER. Forty one percent of subjects had a pulmonary exacerbation during the study. There was no significant difference in time to first pulmonary exacerbation (log rank test p = 0.3169). Five of nine subjects in the esomeprazole group compared with 2 of eight subjects in the placebo group experienced exacerbations (esomeprazole vs. placebo: odds ratio = 3.455, 95% CI = (0.337, 54.294), Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.334). There was no change in Forced Expiratory Volume in one second, Gastroesophageal Symptom Assessment Score or CF Quality of Life score between the two treatment groups. There was a trend to earlier exacerbation and more frequent exacerbations in subjects randomized to esomeprazole compared with placebo. The effect of proton pump inhibitors on pulmonary exacerbations in CF warrants further investigation. Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01983774
Evaluation of acute sensory--motor effects and test sensitivity using termiticide workers exposed to chlorpyrifos.

Abstract Sensory and motor testing was performed on a group of termiticide workers primarily using chlorpyrifos-containing products to evaluate both the acute effects from current exposure and sensitivity of the measures to detect effects. The study group comprised 106 applicators and 52 nonexposed participants. Current exposure was measured by urinary concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) collected the morning of testing. The mean TCP value for the 106 applicators was 200 μg/g creatinine. Participants received 4–5 h of testing and were evaluated using a sensory–motor test battery recommended by a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-sponsored advisory panel to be appropriate for testing effects from pesticide exposures. Measurements testing olfactory dysfunction, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, vibrotactile sensitivity, tremor, manual dexterity, eye–hand coordination, and postural stability were analyzed. Study results indicated limited acute effects from exposure to chlorpyrifos using urinary TCP as a measure of current exposure. The effects occurred primarily on measures of postural sway in the eyes closed and soft-surface conditions, which suggests a possible subclinical effect involving the proprioceptive and vestibular systems. Several other tests of motor and sensory functions did not show any evidence of acute exposure effects, although statistically significant effects of urinary TCP on the Lanthony color vision test scores and one contrast sensitivity test score were found. The visual measures, however, were not significant when a step-down Bonferroni correction was applied. Information also is presented on the sensitivity of the measures to detect effects in an occupationally exposed population using standard error of the parameter estimates.
Sea level time series in the equatorial Pacific from satellite altimetry

Geosat, a Navy satellite launched in March 1985, will provide the first long-term, global altimeter data set. These observations will enable construction of monthly sea level maps of the equatorial Pacific, much like those presently derived from island tide gauges, but with greatly improved spatial resolution and coverage. During the first half of the Geosat mission, the satellite ground track will not repeat, requiring time series analyses to be based on altimetric height differences at crossover points. We have used the 3-month Seasat data set in the equatorial Pacific to test the feasibility and accuracy of this procedure. Crossover differences were sorted into diamond-shaped areas with zonal and meridional dimensions of 200 and 400 km, respectively. The sea level time series in each of these areas was then determined using objective analysis. These computations show agreement within 5 cm between altimeter and island tide gauge observations on time scales greater than 1 month. Using this technique, we propose to construct monthly maps of sea level variability in the equatorial Pacific for the duration of the Geosat mission (approximately 3 years).
A third antigenic component associated with foot-and-mouth disease infection

Abstract A third antigen is produced in tissue cultures of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells and tissues of guinea pigs and cattle infected with type A foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). This antigen is distinct from the recognized 140 S and 12 S antigenic components of FMDV. It does not appear to be a virus constituent but is produced as a consequence of the infection; therefore, it has been termed the “virus infection-associated” (VIA) antigen. Guinea pigs and cattle infected with FMDV produce antibody to VIA antigen that can be demonstrated by agar gel precipitin techniques; whereas, animals immunized with inactivated preparations of FMDV do not. This further suggests it to be an infection-associated material. VIA antigen has a sedimentation coefficient ( s rate) less than that of bovine serum albumin and is not excluded from Sephadex G-100 or G-200 gels. Antigenic activity is eliminated by heating for 30 minutes at 50 ° or by treatment at pH 5.0. Sera from animals infected with FMDV serological types A, O, C, SAT-1, SAT-3, and Asia-1 gave precipitin and complement fixation reactions with VIA antigen prepared from type A-infected tissue culture sources, but antisera to several other disease viruses did not. The antigen is specific for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) but it is not virus-type specific within the disease. The implications of this finding with respect to problems encountered in the diagnostic typing of FMDV are discussed. Utilizing agar gel precipitin techniques for assay, VIA antigen appeared in infected BHK cultures prior to the 140 S virus particles. The absence of 12 S particles suggests that they are a breakdown product of 140 S particles, not building units for the synthesis of 140 S particles. The nature and function of VIA antigen in the infectious process is discussed, and the possibility that it is a component involved in virus replication is considered.
The growth and elevated temperature stability of high refractory nickel-base single crystals

Additions of refractory alloying elements to single-crystal and polycrystalline nickel-base alloys are known to provide potent high temperature strengthening. However, high levels of elements such as Re, W and Ta can result in unexpected modes of degradation during solidification and subsequent long-term exposures at high temperatures. Here the contributions of refractory alloying additions to various mechanisms of high temperature strengthening are discussed. In addition, the results of experiments which have identified two new modes of degradation associated with the presence of high levels of refractory alloying elements in nickel-base single crystals will be presented. Nucleation and growth of isolated columnar grains during solidification and discontinuous reactions at defects in the single-crystal structure will be shown to be extremely sensitive to the level of refractory alloying additions in a number of nickel-base single-crystal alloys.
Heparin cofactor II in adults and infants with thrombosis and DIC

Heparin cofactor II (HC II) was measured by a chromogenic activity assay in normal preterm infants (gestational age, 28-36 weeks; n = 17; 29% +/- 11.5 [mean +/- 1 SD], range 11-51), normal full-term infants (n = 18; 49% +/- 6.6 [mean +/- 1 SD], range 36-58), and normal adults (n = 38; 101% +/- 14 [mean +/- 1 SD], range 73-130). Normal children attained adult levels at approximately 5 to 7 months of age. The lower values in preterm and term infants most likely reflect immature liver function. Neither adults and children with a history of thrombosis with prior negative evaluation (n = 74), patients with documented protein C and protein S deficiency (n = 4), nor sick infants without evidence of consumptive coagulopathy (n = 15) had significantly lower levels of HC II activity. Infants with disseminated intravascular coagulation (n = 2) had strikingly lower levels of HC II activity.
The Survival of Tissues At Ice-Box Temperatures1

A study of the literature reveals that very little work has been done on the metabolism of adult tissues over a prolonged period after excision. It is well known that tumor tissue can be kept for several days after excision with no change in its glycolytic action; and that, on transplantation, the resulting growth is just as great as in the case of fresh material taken from the body (1). Likewise embryonic tissue can be cultured and successfully grown in vitro (2). Frog muscle at room temperature has a maximum respiration immediately after excision and then declines to a constant level (3). At 0°C. the respiration of suspensions of muscle remains unaltered for one and a half hours and then diminishes to almost zero after twentyfour hours (4). In rat muscle the respiration reaches a maximum an hour after excision and then declines for five or six hours to zero when kept at room temperature (3). Muscle brei from dogs, cows, lambs and horses loses its respiratory activity several hours after excision, but the liver brei from the same animals retains its respiratory activity intact even after twenty hours or more (5). In determinations of 02 consumption after 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes, muscle becomes most rapidly exhausted, liver less and spleen least (6). The respiration of liver, heart or diaphragm markedly decreases after a few hours on ice, whereas, the respiration of kidney cortex and medulla after one to three hours is either unchanged or even greater than in the fresh condition (7). If tumor tissue is actually frozen with liquid air, the glycolytic property disappears and the tissue cannot be transplanted (1). Likewise rat heart, liver, kidney, lung, spleen and testes lose the ordinary 02 utilization by freezing with liquid air, but the enzyme system converting succinic to fumeric acid remains intact (8).
Intervention processes as predictors of outcomes in a preventive home-visitation program

Although much preventive intervention research has been focused on outcome evaluation, an equally important topic is the process by which an intervention brings about these outcomes. In this investigation, intervention process is described and related to caregiving outcomes in a program of nurse home visitation for first-time mothers and their infants (N × 228) living in Memphis, Tennessee. Results show that, although previous investigation has demonstrated the effectiveness of the program, mothers received only approximately half the number of home visits as expected by protocol. Different dimensions of intervention process, although interrelated, predict outcomes uniquely. The hypothesis that empathy perceived by the mother from the nurse would predict the empathic attitudes the mother has towards her own child was supported only for mothers with high levels of psychological resources. Home caregiving environment was predicted by in-session parenting focus, particularly for mothers with low levels of psychological resources. This discussion suggests reasons why the amount of visitation was lower than expected and points to the importance of including multiple dimensions of intervention process. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diurnal differences in amphetamine sensitization

A computerized motor activity monitoring system was used to investigate the development and time dependence of sensitization to repeated exposure of amphetamine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were acclimated for 7 days to light/dark cycle (0700 h:1900 h) in the testing room, and were then housed in the test cages for 16 days of continuous recording. The locomotor responses to s.c. administration of amphetamine (0.3, 0.6, or 1.2 mg/kg) were compared before and after five daily injections of 0.6 mg/kg of amphetamine. Different groups of rats were administered drug at either 0800 h, 1400 h, 2000 h, or 0200 h. The locomotor indices studied were total distance and vertical activity. Sensitization was more pronounced for total distance (i.e., forward ambulation) than for vertical activity (i.e., rearing), and its expression was dependent on the challenge dose. Sensitization was also time-dependent, with the strongest sensitized response occurring during the middle of the dark cycle (0200 h). Repeated administration of amphetamine (0.6 mg/kg) did not cause post-stimulant depression as has been seen at higher doses.
SCR pulse power supply for resistance welding

The advent of the SCR (silicon-controlled rectifier) has made possible a new concept of power supply for use in resistance welding. The operation of the pulse power supply is described functionally and the basic subcircuits are discussed. Several circuit variations are indicated which provide different system characteristics.
Ionospheric electron upflow in the polar cap region: Derived from ISIS 2 measurements

[1] Using the mass conservation equation, the parallel electron upflow velocity normalized by the base velocity in the polar cap region of the topside ionosphere is derived as a function of electron density and neutral species densities. The normalized parallel velocity profiles are evaluated using ISIS 2 electron density observations and neutral species density profiles from the MSIS model. From the cases analyzed, the derived velocity profiles show a similar trend of (a) a region of slow acceleration below an altitude of ∼500 km, (b) a region of fast acceleration (∼500 km–1100 km), and (c) another region of weak or no acceleration (>∼1100 km). A simple analytical function is proposed to empirically describe the normalized parallel velocity profile. The parameters in the function have been determined by a multivariate least squares fit of calculated profiles to the analytical expression. These parameters define the magnitude and the height of maximum acceleration. For the cases studied the maximum acceleration height occurred in the range of 731–908 km. The parallel velocity can increase by a factor of up to 6 within the acceleration region. The results from the cases studied suggest that the chosen analytical function suitably describes the normalized parallel electron velocity in the high-latitude topside ionosphere. Furthermore, the acceleration mechanisms have been investigated using the electron momentum equation. On the basis of an existing model of the electron temperature, our results suggest that the enhanced pressure gradient force may be the main driver of the observed acceleration in the electron upflow.
Remark on the solution given by Muriel for a two-level atom in an arbitrarily intense sinusoidal field

Abstract It is shown that the solution recently given by Muriel for a two-level atom in an arbitrary strong sinusoidal field can not be applied directly to the calculation of the time averaged transition rate.
Writing representations over proper division subrings

Abstract Let E be a division ring, and G a finite group of automorphisms of E whose elements are distinct modulo inner automorphisms of E . Let F = E G be the division subring of elements of E fixed by G. Given a representation ρ : A → E d × d of an F -algebra A , we give necessary and sufficient conditions for ρ to be writable over F . (Here E d × d denotes the algebra of d × d matrices over E , and a matrix A writes ρ over F if A −1 ρ ( A ) A ⊆ F d × d .) We give an algorithm for constructing an A, or proving that no A exists. The case of particular interest to us is when E is a field, and ρ is absolutely irreducible. The algorithm relies on an explicit formula for A, and a generalization of Hilbert's Theorem 90 that arises in galois cohomology. The algorithm has applications to the construction of absolutely irreducible group representations (especially for solvable groups), and to the recognition of class C 5 in Aschbacher's matrix group classification scheme [M. Aschbacher, On the maximal subgroups of the finite classical groups, Invent. Math. 76 (1984) 469–514, MR0746539; Shangzhi Li, On the subgroup structure of classical groups, in: Group Theory in China, in: Math. Appl. (China Ser.), vol. 365, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, 1996, pp. 70–90, MR1447199. [1] , [13] ].
Computational analysis of microarray gene expression profiles: clustering, classification, and beyond

Abstract Gene array studies can assess the global expression patterns of thousands of genes under multiple conditions. This technology can provide important insights about the underlying genetic causes of many important biological questions, and can change our understanding of diseases, ultimately allowing the development of novel chemical entities as potential drug candidates. The informatics analysis and integration of gene expression pattern are critical for interpreting gene array studies. In this paper, we discuss the computational analysis of three important tasks: (1) the identification of differentially expressed genes, (2) the discovery of gene clusters, and (3) the classification of biological samples. In addition, we discuss how gene sequence and chemical structures can be profitably combined with microarray studies. Detailed examples are given throughout. Programs written in open source R language for achieving each of these tasks are freely available at gila.engr.uic.edu/genex.
The free electron maser and self-excited microwave undulator

Abstract An undulated high energy beam can exchange energy with a backward electromagnetic wave in the microwave region. This phenomenon can be used as a high power microwave source separately or in combination with a microwave undulator to form a self-excited microwave undulator. The operation principle of the free electron maser is discussed and the fundamental formulas are derived. In principle, the efficiency of the FEM can be much higher than that of a FEL.
RELAXATION PHENOMENA IN EXCITED MOLECULES

ABSTRACT This paper reviews the interpretation of radiationless transitions, thermal reactions and photochemical rearrangements and decompositions, developed in the last three years. In each of these cases, the relaxation process involved can be described within a common theoretical framework by simply observing that the system of interest is prepared in a compound (nonstationary) state. We begin (part II) by briefly discussing the role of zero-order properties (e.g. interaction energies and densities of states) in determining the time scales appropriate to the observation of irreversible decay in isolated molecules. We then (part III) identify the various ways in which the usual classification of excited molecular states breaks down. A simple, but quite general, energy level model is shown to represent the essential features of the spectrum of zero-order vibronic manifolds in polyatomic molecules: absorption line shapes, interference effects, and emission lifetimes and quantum yields, are briefly discussed. The experimentally observed dependencies of the nonradiative transition rate on electronic energy gap, molecular geometry and frequency changes, and isotope effects, are shown to follow directly from a many-phonon description of the electronic relaxation process. We discuss further the way in which this theoretical approach provides quantitative predictions of the dependence of the radiationless lifetimes (within a given electronic state) on vibrational excitation. In part IV we elaborate upon the general theme of this paper, namely that the details of the nuclear and electonic couplings can directly determine the rates of, and products of, reactions in which molecules are prepared with highly non-uniform distributions of internal energy. The models of photo-dissociation and isomerism treated in earlier papers are cast in terms of a resonance scattering formalism in order to emphasize the chemical dynamics common to these diverse decomposition and rearrangement processes. An alternative to the conventional theory of unimolecular reactions is briefly reviewed—the roles of nonuniform internal energy distributions and intramolecular vibrational interactions are shown to be of considerable importance in providing a priori predictions of the dissociation kinetics in large molecules. These results are illuminated by reference to recent linear chain calculations and molecular exciton descriptions. Finally, in part V, we discuss several semi-empirical and experimental methods which we feel can complement our theoretical studies by providing unambiguous information on the actual dynamics of intramolecular energy exchange and dissociation.
Stereoelectroencephalography in children and adolescents with difficult-to-localize refractory focal epilepsy.

Background Although stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) has been shown to be a valuable tool for preoperative decision making in focal epilepsy, there are few reports addressing the utility and safety of SEEG methodology applied to children and adolescents. Objective To present the results of our early experience using SEEG in pediatric patients with difficult-to-localize epilepsy who were not considered candidates for subdural grid evaluation. Methods Thirty children and adolescents with the diagnosis of medically refractory focal epilepsy (not considered ideal candidates for subdural grids and strip placement) underwent SEEG implantation. Demographics, electrophysiological localization of the hypothetical epileptogenic zone, complications, and seizure outcome after resections were analyzed. Results Eighteen patients (60%) underwent resections after SEEG implantations. In patients who did not undergo resections (12 patients), reasons included failure to localize the epileptogenic zone (4 patients); multifocal epileptogenic zone (4 patients); epileptogenic zone located in eloquent cortex, preventing resection (3 patients); and improvement in seizures after the implantation (1 patient). In patients who subsequently underwent resections, 10 patients (55.5%) were seizure free (Engel class I) and 5 patients (27.7%) experienced seizure improvement (Engel class II or III) at the end of the follow-up period (mean, 25.9 months; range, 12 to 47 months). The complication rate in SEEG implantations was 3%. Conclusion The SEEG methodology is safe and should be considered in children/adolescents with difficult-to-localize epilepsy. When applied to highly complex and difficult-to-localize pediatric patients, SEEG may provide an additional opportunity for seizure freedom in association with a low morbidity rate.
Interface design methods for two-material optical multilayer coatings

A method for the design of multilayers is proposed in which the thicknesses of two layers on either side of an interface are simultaneously adjusted. It is therefore possible to shift the boundary between two layers without changing their combined optical thickness. This can be an advantage during the solution of some problems. The method has been implemented for the refinement and the synthesis of systems that are made of two nonabsorbing, dispersive coating materials. A number of numerical examples illustrating the various ways in which the method can be applied are presented. The results are compared with those obtained by a more conventional technique. The interface design method is quite robust and yields solutions that can be implemented readily.
Development of Integrated Thermionic Circuits for High-Temperature Applications

This paper describes a class of microminiature, thin-film devices known as integrated thermionic circuits (ITC) capable of extended operation in ambient temperatures up to 500°C. The evolution of the ITC concept is discussed. A set of practical design and performance equations is demonstrated. Recent experimental results are discussed in which both devices and simple circuits have successfully operated in 500°C environments for extended periods of time (greater than 11000 h).
Numerical oxidation model for gamma radiation-sterilized UHMWPE: consideration of dose-depth profile.

Gamma sterilization of UHMWPE hip and knee joint replacement components secondarily creates free radicals along the polymer chains. Though crosslinking between radicals may improve mechanical properties, typical post-irradiation environments (air shelf storage or in vivo service) may instead favor scission reactions with oxygen from the surroundings. As such aging of irradiated UHMWPE joint replacement components has important consequences such as osteolysis, increased insight has been sought through descriptive models of this oxidation process. The quantitative numerical model presented here accounts for a free radical concentration that varies with position (because of irradiation dose-depth profile) and time (because of free radical decay through crosslinking). A moving front of diffusing O(2) is allowed to traverse the UHMWPE medium containing depth- and time-dependent free radical concentration, and these diffusing molecules react with available free radicals persisting at the front. This model's capabilities are illustrated in three examples of irradiated UHMWPE aging behavior: In room-temperature air (shelf-aging), in atmospheres of augmented oxygen partial pressure and temperature intended to accelerate aging while otherwise remaining simulative of real-time aging; and following post-irradiation vacuum storage intended to consume free radicals through complete crosslinking, but often performed to an incomplete extent.
Accuracy and Calibration of High Explosive Thermodynamic Equations of State

The Jones-Wilkins-Lee-Baker (JWLB) equation of state (EOS) was developed to more accurately describe overdriven detonation while maintaining an accurate description of high explosive products expansion work output. The increased mathematical complexity of the JWLB high explosive equations of state provides increased accuracy for practical problems of interest. Increased numbers of parameters are often justified based on improved physics descriptions but can also mean increased calibration complexity. A generalized extent of aluminum reaction Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL)-based EOS was developed in order to more accurately describe the observed behavior of aluminized explosives detonation products expansion. A calibration method was developed to describe the unreacted, partially reacted, and completely reacted explosive using nonlinear optimization. A reasonable calibration of a generalized extent of aluminum reaction JWLB EOS as a function of aluminum reaction fraction has not yet been achieved due to the incre...