cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moral Luck and the Criminal Law

The problem of moral luck springs from a discrepancy between our notion of responsibility and the actual manner in which we make moral judgments. We tend to think people are only responsible for what they can control, but we are also inclined to judge them on the basis of what they cannot. The problem was introduced by two seminal articles written by Bernard Williams and Thomas Nagel and has generated a good deal of interest since. Scholars concerned with the criminal law have found it especially rich. Most lawyers have focused on Nagel's account of moral luck, perhaps because it is more concerned with external judgments of an agent's action (which are the kind of judgments the law makes), while Williams focuses on self-evaluation. As a matter of fact legal scholars have focused especially on one aspect of Nagel's account, namely luck in the outcomes of our actions, or outcome luck. This paper begins with a short example aimed at bringing out some of the questions involved in the notion of 'moral luck'. It then proceeds to give a critical account of the debate concerning the role of fortuity in the moral assessment of criminal actions and in their punishment. I preface the final part of the essay with a cautionary note about taking sides in this debate. The problem of moral luck represents a paradox in the heart of our moral practices; it needs to be described rather than 'solved', since paradoxes cannot be argued away. I then go on to describe aspects of the relationship between law and luck that have been largely neglected by the literature.
Diet, physical activity and mental health status are associated with dysglycaemia in pregnancy: the Healthy Start Study

AIMS To examine the association between dysglycaemia and multiple modifiable factors measured during pregnancy. METHODS The Healthy Start Study collected self-reported data on modifiable factors in early and mid-pregnancy (median 17 and 27 weeks gestation, respectively) from 832 women. Women received one point for each modifiable factor for which they had optimum scores: diet quality (Healthy Eating Index score ≥64), physical activity level (estimated energy expenditure ≥170 metabolic equivalent task-h/week), and mental health status (Perceived Stress Scale score <6 and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score <13). Dysglycaemia during pregnancy was defined as an abnormal glucose challenge result, ≥1 abnormal results on an oral glucose tolerance test, or a clinical diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Logistic regression models estimated odds ratios for dysglycaemia as a function of each factor and the total score, adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, history of gestational diabetes, and family history of Type 2 diabetes. RESULTS In individual analyses, only physical activity was significantly associated with a reduced risk of dysglycaemia (adjusted odds ratio 0.67, 95% CI 0.44-1.00). We observed a significant, dose-response association between increasing numbers of optimal factors and odds of dysglycaemia (adjusted P=0.01). Compared with having no optimal modifiable factors, having all three was associated with a 73% reduced risk of dysglycaemia (adjusted odds ratio 0.27, 95% CI 0.08-0.95). CONCLUSIONS An increasing number of positive modifiable factors in pregnancy was associated with a dose-response reduction in risk of dysglycaemia. Our results support the hypothesis that modifiable factors in pregnancy are associated with the risk of prenatal dysglycaemia.
U.S. and Japanese Approaches to SDR and Cognitive Radio: Legal and Cultural Factors Expressed in Certification and Technical Rules

Software Defined Radio (SDR), Cognitive Radio, and related technologies (Smart Radio) are exciting engineering advances but also important regulatory topics. Both the U.S. and Japan have wrestled with potential interference concerns regarding device conformity in reviewing SDR “certification” rules, and explored the potential of Cognitive Radio to achieve spectrum management goals. Nonetheless, how spectrum management goals are expressed in regulatory policy does vary. Where the U.S. has a growing list of SDR devices available to the U.S. consumer and significant licensed and unlicensed spectrum policy debates incorporating considerations of Cognitive Radio, considerations in Japan have proceeded at a different pace. This paper discusses the cultural and legal issues behind this policy divergence. In particular, the paper suggests that differences in legal authority to regulate radio equipment conformity with technical rules have influenced the pace of policy development on SDR and Cognitive Radio. The paper concludes that despite the differences, U.S. and Japanese policies may simply be proceeding at a different pace, but in the same direction.
Can Women Remember WhenTheir Milk Came in

The perception of the timing of milk arrival has been identified as an important predictor of breast-feeding success. Because this indicator has the potential to be used as a proxy for the onset of lactogenesis stage II and is relatively simple to measure, it is possible to include it as part of large-scale surveys. It is unknown, however, how likely women are to recall the timing of milk arrival accurately, several months after delivery. To test the validity of maternal recall, we conducted a longitudinal study in Hartford CT with 192 women who delivered healthy, term singletons at Hartford Hospital. All women were interviewed daily from day 1 postpartum until they perceived that milk arrival had occurred. Seven months after delivery, women were able to recall if their milk came in late (i.e. >72 h postpartum) with a high level of sensitivity (93.6%) and an acceptable level of specificity (62.5%).
Composition-Explicit Distillation Curves of Alternative Turbine Fuels

In recent years, environmental considerations, the potential for supply disruptions, and rising fuel prices have led to the development of turbine fuels produced from non-petroleum feedstocks. To determine the suitability of an alternative turbine fuel, it is important to characterize the fuel properties and assess the degree of departure of the alternative fuel characteristics from those of petroleum-derived fuels. One very important property to use for this purpose is the volatility, as expressed by the distillation curve. In this paper, we present advanced distillation curve measurements of three prototype alternative turbine fuels and compare the distillation curve, composition, and combustion enthalpy to those of the petroleum-derived turbine fuels JP-8 and JP-10. We studied a hydrotreated fuel derived from chicken fat, a fuel composed of hydrogenated pinene dimers derived from turpentine, and a gas–liquid fuel produced from natural gas via the Fischer–Tropsch process. We found that the distillation ...
Ribosome Depurination Assay for Ribosome Inactivating Protein Purification

The ribosome depurination assay has been frequently used to identify new ribosome inactivating proteins(RIPs).The assay measures a ribosomal rRNA fragment generated by acidic analine catalyzed cleavage at the RIP catalyzed depurination site.Using published first order kinetic rate constants for RIP catalyzed depurination,the sensitivity of the depurination assay to RIP concentration has been determined.For a 30 minute incubation time of the RIP with a ribosome containing solution,the sensitivity of the depurination assay depends on the rate constant for the RIP catalyzed ribosome depurination.In addition common sources of false positive and false negative results have been determined.These results indicate that use of the depurination assay as a quantitative analytical method in the commercial manufacture of RIPs is complex.In addition if the depurination assay is to be combined with a well established method such as SDS-PAGE,it is important that the minimum detection levels of the two methods be similar in order to prevent a positive result by one method and not the other.
Can we stratify risk to guide therapy.

The relation of blood pressure to cardiovascular (CVD) disease is direct, continuous, and independent. Nevertheless, blood pressure alone is a poor predictor of CVD events. In fact, the totality of factors, including smoking, cholesterol, diabetes, target organ damage, and existing cardiovascular disease, together, permit discrimination of persons with similar blood pressure into subgroups with event expectations that might differ by more than twenty-fold. Thus, absolute CVD risk, rather than level of blood pressure, should determine the need for antihypertensive treatment. In addition, conventional treatment, even when effective, prevents only 25% of expected events. Observational study of long term treated patients provides the basis for pre-treatment stratification of CVD risk in patients who will maintain “normal” blood pressure in treatment. This stratification scheme makes it possible to modulate the intensity of therapy to match the potential for CVD prevention. Finally, specific risk factors, infl...
Multiagent stochastic planning with Bayesian policy recognition

A rational, autonomous decision maker operating in a partially observable, multiagent setting must accurately predict the actions of other entities. For this purpose, some kind of model of the other agents needs to be maintained and updated. One option is to consider intentional models, and simulate their decision making process. For instance, a POMDP-based agent might consider other decision makers to be POMDP-based themselves, and maintain a probability distribution over the collection of POMDP specifications it considers possible, as in the case of interactive POMDPs (Gmytrasiewicz and Doshi 2005). In general, this approach involves maintaining a probability distribution over all possible agents’ specifications, including their own beliefs and structure. Given the complexity of such space, this is clearly an impractical task, even without considering the additional complication that the other agents might themselves model other entities, including our agent; this recursion gives rise to an infinite hierarchy of nested beliefs. An alternative is to consider subintentional models, which provide a predictive distribution over other agents’ actions without explicitly simulating their decision-making algorithm. Within this class, stochastic finite state controllers (FSCs) provide a good tradeoff between expressivity and compactness. An FSC is a collection of nodes, each associated with a probability distribution over the agent’s actions, and transition probabilities for each possible observation. Each node can be thought of as an abstract memory state of the modeled agent, a statistic that summarizes its past history. Learning accurate FSC models of other agents from their observed behavior yields an implicit marginalization over the set of possible structures, particularly their reward functions, when predicting their actions. It also has the benefit of flattening the belief hierarchy, since all the information the modeled agents use to take their decisions is implicitly contained in the inferred FSCs, regardless of their actual mental process. From a Bayesian learning standpoint, let m ∈ M be an FSC, and D be the observed data about the behavior of an agent being modeled. We want to compute the posterior probability p(m|D) ∝ p(D|m)p(m). The complexity (i.e.
Regulation of Cardiac Calcium Channels in the Fight-or-Flight Response

Intracellular calcium transients generated by activation of voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels generate local signals, which initiate physiological processes such as secretion, synaptic transmission, and excitation-contraction coupling. Regulation of calcium entry through CaV channels is crucial for control of these physiological processes. In this article, I review experimental results that have emerged over several years showing that cardiac CaV1.2 channels form a local signaling complex, in which their proteolytically processed distal C-terminal domain, an A-Kinase Anchoring Protein, and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) interact directly with the transmembrane core of the ion channel through the proximal C-terminal domain. This signaling complex is the substrate for β-adrenergic up-regulation of the CaV1.2 channel in the heart during the fight-or-flight response. Protein phosphorylation of two sites at the interface between the distal and proximal C-terminal domains contributes importantly to control of basal CaV1.2 channel activity, and phosphorylation of Ser1700 by PKA at that interface up-regulates CaV1.2 activity in response to β-adrenergic signaling. Thus, the intracellular C-terminal domain of CaV1.2 channels serves as a signaling platform, mediating beat-to-beat physiological regulation of channel activity and up-regulation by β-adrenergic signaling in the fight-or-flight response.
Comparison of Four Agar Media for Detection of Histamine-Producing Bacteria in Tuna

In a comparative study to determine their effectiveness for early detection of prolific histamine-producing bacteria from tuna samples, Niven's medium proved to be superior to three modifications of the medium. Presumptive colonies could be detected in 24 h on Niven's agar surface-plated and incubated at 35°C. Following confirmatory histamine determination with high performance liquid chromatography of the tuna fish infusion broth inoculated with presumptive histamine-producers and non-producers, detection rates of 95.8 and 93.9% were obtained from temperature-abused and bacteria-spiked tuna samples, respectively, using Niven's agar. The other three modifications provided much lower detection rates and higher false-positive and false-negative results than did Niven's agar.
ADARs Edit MicroRNAs to Promote Leukemic Stem Cell Activity

Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) drive progression of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance through poorly understood mechanisms. Now in Cell Stem Cell, Zipeto et al. (2016) show targeting the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 restores expression of let-7 and efficiently kills LSCs, providing an innovative therapeutic target in CML.
Fitting in or Opting Out: A Review of Key Social-Psychological Factors Influencing a Sense of Belonging for Women in Physics.

Review of empirical and theoretical literature on the importance of sense of belonging in academic contexts including recommendations for physics educators.
Study Bacteria-Host Interactions Using Intestinal Organoids.

The intestinal epithelial cells function to gain nutrients, retain water and electrolytes, and form an efficient barrier against foreign microbes and antigens. Researchers employed cell culture lines derived from human or animal cancer cells as experimental models in vitro for understanding of intestinal infections. However, most in vitro models used to investigate interactions between bacteria and intestinal epithelial cells fail to recreate the differentiated tissue components and structure observed in the normal intestine. The in vitro analysis of host-bacterial interactions in the intestine has been hampered by a lack of suitable intestinal epithelium culture systems. Here, we established a new experimental model using an organoid culture system to study bacterial infection.
Incorporating Concomitant Medications into Genome-Wide Analyses for the Study of Complex Disease and Drug Response.

Given the high costs of conducting a drug-response trial, researchers are now aiming to use retrospective analyses to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify underlying genetic contributions to drug-response variation. To prevent confounding results from a GWAS to investigate drug response, it is necessary to account for concomitant medications, defined as any medication taken concurrently with the primary medication being investigated. We use data from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Disease (ACCORD) trial in order to implement a novel scoring procedure for incorporating concomitant medication information into a linear regression model in preparation for GWAS. In order to accomplish this, two primary medications were selected: thiazolidinediones and metformin because of the wide-spread use of these medications and large sample sizes available within the ACCORD trial. A third medication, fenofibrate, along with a known confounding medication, statin, were chosen as a proof-of-principle for the scoring procedure. Previous studies have identified SNP rs7412 as being associated with statin response. Here we hypothesize that including the score for statin as a covariate in the GWAS model will correct for confounding of statin and yield a change in association at rs7412. The response of the confounded signal was successfully diminished from p=3.19*10-7 to p=1.76*10-5, by accounting for statin using the scoring procedure presented here. This approach provides the ability for researchers to account for concomitant medications in complex trial designs where monotherapy treatment regimens are not available.
Software for Automated Spurious Signal Testing

A program is described that performs automated testing of spurious signal emmissions from a satellite transponder. This program makes extensive use of the HP-8566 spectrum analyzer in acquiring spur data over a wide frequency range (typically 8 to 20 GHz). The data is compared to spur specification levels that vary both as a function of frequency and bandwidth resolution. All specification levels and spectrum analyzer settings are supplied to the software from ASCII files, thus the program's operation can be readily modified as test requirements are changed. In addition, this approach eliminates operator intervention, hence errors, during execution of the program.
Associations Between Alcohol Use and Intimate Partner Violence Among Men Who Have Sex with Men

Abstract Purpose: Intimate partner violence (IPV) research among men who have sex with men (MSM) has primarily focused on the prevalence of IPV victimization and perpetration. Although alcohol use ...
Circuit diagrams vs. physical circuits: The effect of representational forms during assessment

Assessment of students' conceptual knowledge is a difficult task in all fields including electrical engineering. Recently, electrical engineering assessments have tried to isolate various types of knowledge through expert reviewed and validated tests or concept inventories, which attempt to cover the foundational concepts within a particular domain. While these tests have been fundamental in uncovering how students understand important concepts within specialties, they are traditionally administered on a static 2D interface without providing the students with tangible examples to think with or about. We report on a qualitative laboratory study to understand how different tools can change the possibilities and limitations of thinking with circuits. Specifically, we administer two versions of an assessment targeting concepts in direct current (DC) circuits in which students talked through their reasoning. One version represents the circuits as conventional symbolic diagrams, and the other version represents the circuits using physical circuit components connected with wires and solder. The participants conveyed several misconceptions within both forms with an even spread across each assessment. However, students exhibited the misconception of sequential reasoning more prevalently in the physical circuit assessment than the diagram assessment.
Enhanced Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Dual-Sensitizer Systems: Translating Broadband Light Absorption to Practical Solid-State Materials

Photochemical upconversion (UC) of low-energy photons that would otherwise be wasted could drastically improve the efficiency of solar technologies by allowing them to harness a greater fraction of the solar spectrum. Although UC through the triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) mechanism operates efficiently under low-power irradiation such as sunlight, its ability to improve solar device efficiencies is limited by the narrow light absorption bands of its sensitizer chromophores. This bottleneck on UC performance can be overcome by employing multiple sensitizers in tandem, but such an approach has thus far been studied exclusively in solution-based TTA-UC systems requiring intensive deoxygenation and sealing procedures. This study presents the first dual-sensitizer TTA-UC system in a solid-state host suitable for practical applications. We fabricate thin polyurethane films containing two benchmark TTA-UC sensitizers in a range of different concentrations and characterize their red-to-blue and green-to-blue ...
Spontaneous Rupture of a Leiomyoma Causing Life-Threatening Intra-Abdominal Hemorrhage.

Background. Uterine fibroids are common benign tumors in women. Clinical manifestations are well known. Acute complications necessitating emergent surgical intervention are rare. Case. We report a case of a 53-year-old woman with a history of uterine fibroids presenting with acute-onset severe abdominal pain. Imaging indicated massive free fluid and a large partially solid uterine mass. Vitals were consistent with hypovolemic shock. Examination revealed a surgical abdomen. She underwent an emergent laparotomy and total hysterectomy. Surgery revealed 4.5 L of hemoperitoneum and a 15 cm degenerated uterine fibroid with active bleeding. Pathology was consistent with intraoperative findings. She required transfusion of numerous blood products perioperatively. Her postoperative course was uncomplicated. Conclusion. It is rare for a uterine fibroid to spontaneously rupture. However, prompt recognition of this severe complication is critical for expeditious, life-saving surgical management.
Interdisciplinary Women’s Health Research and Career Development

Since the 1970s, many leaders in biomedical research have warned about a looming national shortage of new physician investigators but evidence, especially for Women’s Health, has been largely indirect or anecdotal. This chapter discusses the number of junior physician investigators, in either patient-oriented or basic science research, who are present in departments and who are needed to maintain a research mission.
Targeting resolution of neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke with a lipoxin A4 analog: Protective mechanisms and long‐term effects on neurological recovery

Background Resolution of inflammation is an emerging new strategy to reduce damage following ischemic stroke. Lipoxin A4 (LXA 4) is an anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution lipid mediator that reduces neuroinflammation in stroke. Since LXA 4 is rapidly inactivated, potent analogs have been synthesized, including BML-111. We hypothesized that post-ischemic, intravenous treatment with BML-111 for 1 week would provide neuroprotection and reduce neurobehavioral deficits at 4 weeks after ischemic stroke in rats. Additionally, we investigated the potential protective mechanisms of BML-111 on the post-stroke molecular and cellular profile. Methods A total of 133 male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and BML-111 administration was started at the time of reperfusion. Two methods of week-long BML-111 intravenous administration were tested: continuous infusion via ALZET ® osmotic pumps (1.25 and 3.75 μg μl-1 hr-1), or freshly prepared daily single injections (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg). We report for the first time on the stability of BML-111 and characterized an optimal dose and a dosing schedule for the administration of BML-111. Results One week of BML-111 intravenous injections did not reduce infarct size or improve behavioral deficits 4 weeks after ischemic stroke. However, post-ischemic treatment with BML-111 did elicit early protective effects as demonstrated by a significant reduction in infarct volume and improved sensorimotor function at 1 week after stroke. This protection was associated with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, decreased M1 CD40+ macrophages, and increased alternatively activated, anti-inflammatory M2 microglia/macrophage cell populations in the post-ischemic brain. Conclusion These data suggest that targeting the endogenous LXA 4 pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. More work is necessary to determine whether a different dosing regimen or more stable LXA 4 analogs could confer long-term protection.
British Public Debt, the Acadian Expulsion and the American Revolution

Starting in 1755, the French-speaking colonists of Atlantic Canada (known as the Acadians) were deported by the British. The expulsion was desired by the American colonists in New England but was ultimately opposed by the British government. In fact, the expulsion was enacted against the wishes of the Imperial government. Set against the backdrop of rising public debt in Britain, the costly expulsion of the Acadians (combined with the subsequent conquest of the French-speaking colony of Quebec) contributed to a change in policy course favoring centralization. Using public choice theory, I construct a narrative to argue that the Acadian expulsion contributed to the initiation of the American Revolution.
Modeling Hybridization Kinetics of Gene Probes in a DNA Biochip Using FEMLAB

Microfluidic DNA biochips capable of detecting specific DNA sequences are useful in medical diagnostics, drug discovery, food safety monitoring and agriculture. They are used as miniaturized platforms for analysis of nucleic acids-based biomarkers. Binding kinetics between immobilized single stranded DNA on the surface and its complementary strand present in the sample are of interest. To achieve optimal sensitivity with minimum sample size and rapid hybridization, ability to predict the kinetics of hybridization based on the thermodynamic characteristics of the probe is crucial. In this study, a computer aided numerical model for the design and optimization of a flow-through biochip was developed using a finite element technique packaged software tool (FEMLAB; package included in COMSOL Multiphysics) to simulate the transport of DNA through a microfluidic chamber to the reaction surface. The model accounts for fluid flow, convection and diffusion in the channel and on the reaction surface. Concentration, association rate constant, dissociation rate constant, recirculation flow rate, and temperature were key parameters affecting the rate of hybridization. The model predicted the kinetic profile and signal intensities of eighteen 20-mer probes targeting vancomycin resistance genes (VRGs). Predicted signal intensities and hybridization kinetics strongly correlated with experimental data in the biochip (R2 = 0.8131).
A Novel Tool for Teaching Property

For most Property Law professors teaching Property Law is both a joy and a challenge. We are convinced of the importance of the subject for law practice and society at large, but we face numerous challenges in the classroom. Our pedagogical objectives vary, but most of us want to teach some doctrine, some policy and some theory. Engaging fruitfully in policy and theoretical debates requires some grasp of doctrine, but many of the doctrines are complex and not intuitive. This essay offers Property Law professors a new tool that will help them teach doctrine more efficiently so that they can spend more time on policy and theory and engage the subject more critically. This new tool also advances the goal of contemporary legal education to help students integrate legal analysis and legal practice. This essay argues that property doctrines and rules are answers to several consistent legal questions, and that these questions provide a useful framework for teaching Property doctrine. Beginning with the questions helps students recognize the connections among doctrines and rules across topics instead of seeing Property as a disconnected group of topics and rules. The proposed framework offers the questions as reference points for navigating the sea of common law Property doctrines and rules. A student still must navigate the treacherous straits of the Rule Against Perpetuities and similar difficulties. And, more importantly, she must wrestle with the deeper policy, theory and value issues that our system of private property presents. However, using the framework of questions, she can always orient herself efficiently and, then engaging the diverse policy and theoretical perspectives that our Property Law tradition offers, guide herself to an answer (or set of possible answers).
The patient's perspective on breast radiotherapy: Initial fears and expectations versus reality.

BACKGROUND Although the efficacy and toxicity of breast radiotherapy (RT) has been studied extensively, to the authors' knowledge little is known regarding the patient's perspective on the modern breast RT experience. To better inform future patients and providers, the authors explored patient perceptions of their RT experience. METHODS Consecutive patients who were free of disease recurrence and who had been treated between 2012 and 2016 were surveyed regarding their original fears, how short-term and long-term toxicities compared with initial expectations, and how pretreatment beliefs concerning RT compared with the actual experience. RESULTS A total of 502 patients were surveyed, with a response rate of 65% (327 patients). The median patient age and posttreatment follow-up was 59 years and 31 months, respectively. Approximately 83% of patients (269 patients) underwent breast conservation therapy. Although approximately 68% of patients (221 patients) endorsed that they initially had little to no knowledge regarding RT, approximately 47% (152 patients) reported that they had heard frightening stories. Approximately 2% of patients (6 patients) agreed that the negative stories they previously heard about RT were actually true. Approximately 92% of patients treated with breast conservation (247 patients) and 81% of patients who underwent mastectomy (47 patients) agreed with the statement “If future patients knew the real truth about RT, they would be less scared about treatment.” Approximately 83% (272 patients) and 84% (274 patients), respectively, of all patients reported the overall severity of short-term and long-term side effects to be better than or as expected. CONCLUSIONS Breast RT is associated with misconceptions and fears. Patients' experiences with modern breast RT appear to be superior to expectations, and the majority of patients in the current study agreed that their initial negative impressions were unfounded. Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Historical precedents for the DSM-III bereavement exclusion criteria for major depression.

Background I review the historical antecedents of the two key features of the bereavement exclusion (BE) for major depression (MD) criteria initially proposed in DSM-III: (i) a context-dependent approach to the evaluation of MD which required that the diagnosis be given only when course, symptoms and signs are 'out of proportion' to experienced adversities, and (ii) bereavement is the sole adversity for which this context-dependent approach should be utilized. Methods A review of 49 textbook and review articles on depression or melancholia published 1880-1960. Results Seventeen (35%) of the 49 texts advocated for a context-dependent approach to the diagnosis of MD. Most advocates relied on an intuitive clinical understanding of when the depressive features were v. were not commensurate with the experienced adversities. Several authors suggested that specific symptoms or course of illness could differentiate MD from 'normative' sadness. Others noted that patient reports of psychological causes of their depression should be treated skeptically. While death of loved ones was the most frequently noted specific adversity associated with MD, no author considered it qualitatively different from other stressors or suggested that it alone should be considered when diagnosing MD in a context-dependent manner. Conclusions A key underlying assumption of the BE criteria - a context-dependent approach to the diagnosis of MD- was advocated by a significant minority of earlier psychiatric diagnosticians, although problems in its clinical implementation were sometimes noted. No historical precedent was found for the application of the context-dependent approach only to bereavement, as proposed in DSM-III.
A Performance Tool for High-Level Parallel Programming Languages

Users of high-level parallel programming languages require accurate performance information that is relevant to their source code. Furthermore, when their programs experience performance problems at the lowest levels of their hardware and software systems, programmers need to be able to peel back layers of abstraction to examine low-level problems while maintaining references to the high-level source code that ultimately caused the problem. In this paper, we present NV, a model for the explanation of performance information for programs built on multiple levels of abstraction. In NV, a level of abstraction includes a collection of nouns (code and data objects), verbs (activities), and performance information measured for the nouns and verbs. Performance information is mapped from level to level to maintain the relationships between low-level activities and high-level code, even when such relationships are implicit.
The Statistics of Variation

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews univariate and multivariate measures of variation, for both absolute and relative variation. Biologists almost never test variation appropriately; in particular, the F test should never be used for this purpose. There are, however, several useful and robust tests that apply, with modifications, to all useful measures of variation, including the multivariate coefficient of variation. Some of these applications are little known or new. A measure of the effective dimensionality of variation permits the relative variation of quantities such as volumes to be compared with that of linear measurements. Several measures exist for the tightness of a distribution in two or more dimensions, one of which generalizes this property of the correlation coefficient. Measurement error is part of observed variation and can be subtracted from it. ABSTRACT Univariate and multivariate measures of variation are reviewed, for both absolute and relative variation. Biologists almost never test variation appropriately; in particular, the F test should never be used for this purpose. There are, however, several useful and robust tests that apply, with modifications, to all useful measures of variation, including the multivariate coefficient of variation. Some of these applications are little known or new. A measure of the effective dimensionality of variation permits the relative variation of quantities such as volumes to be compared with that of linear measurements. Several measures exist for the tightness of a distribution in two or more dimensions, one of which generalizes this property of the correlation coefficient. Measurement error is part of observed variation and can be subtracted from it.
Patient Preferences for the Treatment of Shoulder and Proximal Biceps Disorders Are Associated With Patient Age, Race, Sex, and Activity Level.

Background:Patient preference information has become increasingly more important in clinical decision making.Purpose:To assess patient preferences when making treatment decisions in the shoulder to...
IL-17 in Renal Immunity and Autoimmunity

The kidney is an organ particularly susceptible to damage caused by infections and autoimmune conditions. Renal inflammation confers protection against microbial infections. However, if unchecked, unresolved inflammation may lead to kidney damage. Although proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 is required for immunity against extracellular pathogens, dysregulated IL-17 response is also linked to autoimmunity. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of IL-17 activity in the kidney in context to renal immunity and autoimmunity and raise the intriguing question to what extent neutralization of IL-17 is beneficial or harmful to renal inflammation.
Enhancing CO2 absorption for post-combustion carbon capture via zinc-based biomimetic catalysts in industrially relevant amine solutions

Abstract Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, such as CO2 from fossil fuel combustion, are a global environmental, health, and economic concern. Aqueous amine-based CO2 capture processes offer a technologically mature and relevant approach to CO2 sequestration, although cost reduction strategies are still necessary for widespread deployment. Inspired by the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), we report the design, synthesis, and activity testing of zinc(II) complexes [ZnII(PSAAMP)Cl2] (1) and [ZnII(PSAMEA)Cl2] (2) as CO2 hydration catalysts in aqueous amine solutions. The novel multifunctional ligand environment includes features in the primary and secondary coordination spheres that result in enhanced CO2 mass transfer in industrially relevant carbon capture solvents and stability towards harsh industrial process conditions. Complexes that lack these key features do not show enhanced CO2 absorption. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations that assess the catalytic pathway demonstrate how 1 and 2 catalyze CO2 hydration analogous to CA. These catalysts increase mass transfer by 20–55% in lab scale experiments, offering the potential to reduce the cost of amine-based CO2 capture processes without significantly altering industrial-scale system design, making rapid deployment of this critical bridge technology a viable strategy to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions.
The Building Blocks of Religious Systems: Approaching Religion as a Complex Adaptive System

Religions consist of cognitive, neurological, affective, behavioral, and developmental traits that form a complex adaptive system. The underlying adaptive goal of religious systems is to foster cooperation and social coordination within communities. The workings of religious systems are intricate, and even convoluted, but at their core, they maintain eight primary interdependent building blocks: authority, meaning, moral obligation, myth, ritual, sacred, supernatural agents, and taboo. These features exhibit independent phylogenetic histories, but at some point in human history, they began to regularly coalesce across human populations. Religious systems, which require energy like all systems, are fueled by ritual behaviors. Ritual’s interconnections with the other core building blocks produce individual-level effects, including physiological and affective responses, which in turn yield group-level effects such as shared cognitive schema, ethos, symbolic meaning, and identity. These group-level effects result in a sense of communal order and produce social norms, most importantly, norms that encourage cooperative and coordinated behaviors among community members. Further investments in ritual, which sustain the religious system, depend upon the success of these collective behaviors. Specifically, religious systems maintain positive and negative feedback loops that inform individuals about the system’s success, or lack thereof, in terms of collective outputs, mating opportunities, reproduction, and health outcomes. When cooperation fails, or mating, reproduction, or health suffer, the religious system will generally adapt to its current environmental conditions accordingly, sometimes subtly without notice among adherents and sometimes through significant revivals that reinvigorate ritual participation. Religious systems that are unable to adapt cease to function as living social institutions that bring order to individual lives.
Investigating the Gender Pay Gap in Industry Contributions to Academic Neurosurgeons.

Background A large gender gap exists in industry funding for academic neurosurgeons. Selection criteria for funding distribution remain unclear. However, academic rank, scholarly productivity, and experience have been suggested as determining factors. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of industry payments to US academic neurosurgeons. We used online faculty listings to determine academic rank and gender, then used the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payment Database to identify industry contributions. Details were collected on H-index and length of time in practice was used as a proxy for experience. Results Of the 1481 academic neurosurgeons included, men were in the majority (91% vs. 9%, P = 0.0001). Relative to their male colleagues, female assistant and associate professors received fewer payments (4 vs. 8, P = 0.0040; 2 vs. 7, P = 0.0067) at lower median values ($409 vs. $437, P = 0.0490; $163 vs. $260, P = 0.0089). H-index was more strongly associated with general payment receipt for women academic neurosurgeons (r = 0.20, P = 0.0201) than men academic neurosurgeons (r = 0.06, P = 0.0301). Experience trended toward a significant association with industry funding in men (r = 0.05, P = 0.0601). After adjustment for scholarly productivity and experience, gender-based funding inequalities became insignificant. Conclusions In academic neurosurgery, substantial gender disparities exist in industry payments and metrics of academic success. There may be an industry selection bias toward recruitment of key opinion and thought leaders, as identified by scholarly productivity and experience. Despite the objective gender inequalities, industry funding to academic neurosurgeons appears to be equitable when metrics of academic success are considered.
Sensory Over-Responsivity as an Added Dimension in ADHD

Years of research have added to our understanding of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). None-the-less there is still much that is poorly understood. There is a need for, and ongoing interest in, developing a deeper understanding of this disorder to optimally identify risk and better inform treatment. Here, we present a compilation of findings examining ADHD both behaviorally and using neurophysiologic markers. Drawing on early work of McIntosh and co-investigators, we examined response to sensory challenge in children with ADHD, measuring HPA activity and electrodermal response (EDR) secondary to sensory stressors. In addition, we have examined the relationship between these physiologic measures, and reports of behavioral sensory over-responsivity and anxiety. Findings suggest that sensory responsivity differentiates among children with ADHD and warrants consideration. We link these findings with research conducted both prior to and after our own work and emphasize that there a growing knowledge supporting a relationship between ADHD and sensory over-responsivity, but more research is needed. Given the call from the National Institute of Health to move toward a more dimensional diagnostic process for mental health concerns, and away from the more routine categorical diagnostic process, we suggest sensory over-responsivity as a dimension in the diagnostic process for children with ADHD.
Gender and incarceration as coercive mobility: a theoretical model of effects on women’s forms of capital and informal social control

Previous work has theorized that the removal of residents due to incarceration, known as coercive mobility, contributes to disruptions in neighboring relationships and therefore, impedes the commun...
Local Presentability Of Certain Comma Categories

It follows from standard results that if A and C are locally ^presentable categories and F:A^C is a ^-accessible functor, then the comma category IdC^F is locally ^-presentable. We show that, under the same hypotheses, F^IdC is also locally ^-presentable.
Autonomous Navigation via a Deep Q Network with One-Hot Image Encoding

Common autonomous driving techniques employ various combinations of convolutional and deep neural networks to safely and efficiently navigate unique road and traffic conditions. This paper investigates the feasibility of employing a reinforcement learning (RL) model for autonomous navigation using a low dimensional input. While many navigation applications generate each individual state as a function of a frame's raw pixel information, we use a deep Q network (DQN) with reduced input dimensionality to train a mobile robot to continuously remain within a lane around an elliptical track. We accomplish this by using a one-hot encoding scheme that assigns a binary variable to each element in a square array. This value is a function of whether the input frame detects the presence of a lane boundary. Our ultimate goal was to determine the minimum number of training samples required to consistently train the robot to complete one cycle around the track, from multiple starting positions and directions, without crossing a lane boundary. We found that by intelligently balancing exploration and exploitation of its environment, as well as the rewards for staying in the lane, the robot was able to achieve its goal with a small number of samples.
Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine in COVID-19: A Survey of Prescription Patterns Among Rheumatologists.

OBJECTIVE: With hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) emerging as potential therapies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), shortages have been reported. We aimed to understand how rheumatologists, one of the most common prescribers of HCQ/CQ, prescribed these medications to manage COVID-19 and to understand if their patients are affected by shortages. METHODS: Between April 8 and April 27, 2020, an online survey was distributed to a convenience sample of rheumatologists who practice medicine in a diverse range of settings globally, resulting in 506 responses. Adjusted Poisson regression models were calculated. RESULTS: Only 6% of respondents prescribed HCQ/CQ for COVID-19 prophylaxis, and only 12% for outpatient treatment of COVID-19. Compared to the United States, the likelihood of prescribing HCQ/CQ for prophylaxis was higher in India (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 6.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7-16.8; p < 0.001). Further, compared to the United States and those with 1 to 5 years of experience, rheumatologists in Europe (aRR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6-5.3; p < 0.001) and those with 10+ years of experience (11-20 years: aRR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.3; p = 0.015; 21+ years: aRR = 3.3; 95% CI, 1.4-7.4; p = 0.004) had a higher likelihood of prescribing HCQ/CQ for outpatient treatment. Of note, 71% of all rheumatologists reported that their patients were directly affected by HCQ/CQ shortages. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that only a small percentage of rheumatologists are prescribing HCQ/CQ for prophylaxis or outpatient treatment of COVID-19. Medication shortages experienced by large numbers of autoimmune disease patients are concerning and should play a role in decisions, especially given poor efficacy data for HCQ/CQ in COVID-19.