cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Universal Social-Emotional and Behavioral Screening Among Middle School Students: A Multistage Approach to Identification

iii LIST OF TABLES vii CHAPTER1—INTRODUCTION 1 Recent Changes, Mandates, and Legislation 4 Assembly Bill 386 7 Theoretical Framework 10 Purpose of Study 12 Research Questions 12 Implications for Research 13 CHAPTER 2—LITERATURE REVIEW 14 Introduction 14 Multi-Tiered Systems of Support 15 Universal Screening 17 Multistage Approach to Universal Screening 22 Underidentification 25 Disproportionality 26 Barriers to Implementation 31 Summary 36 CHAPTER 3—METHODOLOGY 37 Participants 37 Instrumentation Stage 1 38 Instrumentation Stage 2 39
Dark Corners and the Limits of Ahmad Dehqan’s War Front Fiction

AbstractSince 2005, Iranian writer and veteran of the Iran-Iraq War, Ahmad Dehqan, has emerged as one of the most well-known writers of fiction based on that war. War fiction in Iran (as well as other forms of cultural production about the war) generally has adhered to the official narrative of ‘Sacred Defense,’ which the Islamic Republic has promoted. The state also has been, and continues to be, the chief supporter of cultural production dealing with the war, particularly through institutions such as the Howzeh-ye Honari (Islamic Arts Center). Ahmad Dehqan is one such writer who is affiliated with the state. His fiction, however, particularly his novel Safar beh garā-ye devist va haftād darajeh (Journey to Heading 270 Degrees) and short story collection, Man qātel-e pesar-tān hastam (I Killed Your Son), not only fail to adhere to the norms of Sacred Defense fiction, but in many ways, attempt to undermine it. By focusing on two of Dehqan’s short stories from the collection I Killed Your Son, this article...
Repeatability of Computerized Tomography-Based Anthropomorphic Measurements of Frailty in Patients With Pulmonary Fibrosis Undergoing Lung Transplantation.

Abstract Purpose To determine interreader and intrareader repeatability and correlations among measurements of computerized tomography–based anthropomorphic measurements in patients with pulmonary fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation. Methods This was an institutional review board–approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant retrospective study of 23 randomly selected subjects (19 male and 4 female; median age=69 years; range: 66-77 years) with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis undergoing pulmonary transplantation, who had also undergone preoperative thoracoabdominal computerized tomography. Five readers of varying imaging experience independently performed the following cross-sectional area measurements at the inferior endplate of the L3 vertebral body: right and left psoas muscles, right and left paraspinal muscles, total abdominal musculature, and visceral and subcutaneous fat. The following measurements were obtained at the inferior endplate of T6: right and left paraspinal muscles with and without including the trapezius muscles and subcutaneous fat. Three readers repeated all measurements to assess intrareader repeatability. Results Intrareader repeatability was nearly perfect (interclass correlation coefficients=0.99, P P r 2 = 0.67, P r 2 = 0.35-0.38, P Conclusion Measures of thoracic and abdominal muscle and fat area are highly repeatable in patients with pulmonary fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation. Measures of muscle area are strongly correlated among abdominal locations, but inversely correlated between abdominal and thoracic locations.
Inhibition of BK Channels by Strong Extracellular Acidification

Voltage- and Ca2+-dependent BK-type large conductance K+ channels regulate membrane excitability and homeostasis by providing negative-feedback control for local [Ca2+] in a wide variety of tissues and organelles. Some of these tissues or organelles, such as distal nephron and lysosome, are exposed to extreme acidity (pH <5) at physiological or pathological conditions. Such strong extracellular acidification may interfere with BK channel function by neutralizing the negative charges of key acidic residues on the extracellular side of BK channels. However, little is known about the behavior of BK channels at such acidic conditions. Our results show that BK activation is strongly inhibited at extracellular pH lower than 5. At pH 4 the G-V relationship of BK is positively shifted by more than 100 mV. The inhibition is largely caused by neutralization of several acidic residues in the BK voltage sensor domain (VSD), including D133, D147 and D153, some of which have been identified to be important for the normal function of BK VSD. Since the transmembrane domain of BK channels shares similar overall organization with many other voltage-gated ion channels such as the voltage-dependent K+ channels, the principle underlying strong extracellular acidification-induced inhibition in BK channels may also be applicable to these channels. Supported by NIH GM118114.
Multiview Centroid Based Fuzzy Classification of Large Data

Modern data is increasingly complex. High dimensionality, heterogeneity and independent multiple representations are the basic properties of today's data. With increasing sources of data collection, a single object can have multiple representations, which we call views. In this paper we propose a multiview classification technique, which uses fuzzy mapping to obtain maximum similarity between an object and nearest multiview centroids. Our fuzzy mapping based approach obtains a unit L1 hyperplane as a common space for each view. To establish the efficacy of our proposed method we present experimental comparisons with number of baselines on two synthetic and two real-world data sets.
Low-Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of MoS2 Films

Wet chemical screening reveals the very high reactivity of Mo(NMe2)4 with H2S for the low-temperature synthesis of MoS2. This observation motivated an investigation of Mo(NMe2)4 as a volatile precursor for the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of MoS2 thin films. Herein we report that Mo(NMe2)4 enables MoS2 film growth at record low temperatures—as low as 60 °C. The as-deposited films are amorphous but can be readily crystallized by annealing. Importantly, the low ALD growth temperature is compatible with photolithographic and lift-off patterning for the straightforward fabrication of diverse device structures.
Long-Term Ambulatory Temperature Monitoring in a Subject with a Hypernychthemeral Sleep-Wake Cycle Disturbance

A portable temperature data logger was used for prolonged rectal temperature monitoring in an ambulatory subject with a longer than 24 hr (hypernychthemeral) sleep-wake cycle. The mean period of the sleep-wake and circadian temperature cycles was 24.8 hr. However, the period of the sleep-wake cycle fluctuated considerably, being less than 24.8 hr when he slept during the socially desirable sleep hours and more than 24.8 hr when he slept during the day. In the first instance, the daily temperature fall occurred later than, and in the second earlier than, sleep onset. During the times of desynchronization of the two cycles, he complained of insomnia, fatigue, and reduced performance. We postulate that his hypernychthemeral cycles were the result of either a primary defect in the mechanism of entrainment or "weakened" social zeitgebers due to a personality disorder. These concepts are supported by a sleep-wake pattern resembling that of relative coordination. We therefore raise the possibility that 24 hr was beyond the range of entrainment of the subject's circadian temperature cycle during the study.
Why Ubiquitin Has Not Evolved

Ubiquitin, discovered less than 50 years ago, tags thousands of diseased proteins for destruction. It is small (only 76 amino acids), and is found unchanged in mammals, birds, fish, and even worms, indicating that ubiquitin is perfect. Key features of its functionality are identified here using critical point thermodynamic scaling theory. These include synchronized pivots and hinges, a stabilizing central pivot, and Fano interference between first- and second-order elements of correlated long-range (allosteric) globular surface shape transitions. Comparison with its closest relative, 76 amino acid Nedd8, shows that the latter lacks all these features. A cracked elastic network model is proposed for the common target shared by many diseased proteins.
¿Igual libertad para todos? (Sobre el capítulo cuatro de Teoría de la Justicia)

Una sociedad debe estar estructurada de la manera que sea mejor para sus miembros. Hace ya doscientos anos que esta idea basica fue transformada en forma utilitarista por Jeremy Bentham. Para el, la calidad moral de las instituciones sociales se mide por la suma de la felicidad de las personas afectadas por ellas: las sociedades han de estructurarse como maximizantes de felicidad. Un patron tal exige que nuestras instituciones deban cargar con una considerable infelicidad (por ejemplo, mediante prostitucion forzada), para obtener una mayor ganancia de felicidad suficiente para muchos.
Myosin-Binding Protein C Corrects an Intrinsic Non-Uniformity in Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Cardiac contraction is initiated by calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through channels (ryanodine receptors) that are located near the sarcomere ends. Once released, calcium must diffuse towards the sarcomere center to fully activate the actomyosin contractile system. This physical arrangement should lead to a spatial calcium gradient and thus non-uniform contractile activation. We hypothesize that myosin-binding protein C (MyBP-C), a potent thin filament activator, is localized to the sarcomere center (C-zone) to mitigate the potential deficit in calcium activation. We used EM and super-resolution STORM microscopy to visualize the relative positions of the ryanodine receptors and MyBP-C within the sarcomere. Laser scanning confocal microscopy of calcium transients in isolated cardiac cells showed that calcium concentrations at the center of each sarcomere lagged those near the ends of each sarcomere by as much as 150 nM. The functional impact of this calcium gradient was determined by examining the sliding of native, calcium-sensitive actin-thin filament shards over native mouse cardiac myosin-thick filaments using a TIRFM-based motility assay. The presence of MyBP-C enhanced the fraction of thin filaments moving within the thick filament C-zone (pCa50 6.5 ± 0.04 vs 6.4 ± 0.02; p<0.01). 3D EM reconstructions of native thin filaments suggest this calcium sensitization results from MyBP-C's N-terminal domains shifting tropomyosin on the thin filament. Using an analytic model, we show that MyBP-C residing within the C-zone can counterbalance differences in calcium activation within the sarcomere during the early phase of contraction. Thus, MyBP-C's localization to the C-zone may function to correct an intrinsic defect in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, and any disturbance of MyBP-C localization or function will contribute to the consequent cardiac pathologies.
Teachers’ Perceptions of Creativity in the Classroom

Teachers’ implicit understandings of creativity may not align with current research-based understanding of creativity and characteristics associated with creative students. Even teachers who say th...
Pore Morphography in Ceramic Processing

Most ceramics while being processed begin as an aggregation of particles and of pores. During processing the size and distribution of pores change. Some factors affecting pore size distribution (PSD) during processing are the particle size distribution, forming pressure, the volatilization of temporary binders and plasticizers, decomposition, and sintering. After processing many ceramics are porous and their PSDs can affect the properties in use. Mercury intrusion has been found to be the most useful method of characterizing PSD of porous ceramics. The method was first proposed by Washburn in 1921,1 but not until 1945 did Ritter and Drake report applications. 2 Since then many investigators have used the method to characterize porous materials. 4,5 This paper will describe several applications of mercury porosimetry for the characterization of ceramics at various stages of processing.
Persistent pulmonary hypertension after mitral valve surgery: does surgical procedure affect outcome?

Background and aim of the study Recently published data suggest that prosthesis-patient mismatch is common after mitral valve replacement (MVR), and manifests as persistent pulmonary hypertension. The study aim was to determine the prevalence and severity of pulmonary hypertension after mitral valve surgery, including mitral valve repair, and to determine whether surgery type affects the prevalence of post-operative pulmonary hypertension. Methods Matched preoperative and > or =1 year postoperative Doppler estimates of right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) were evaluated in a cohort of 179 patients who underwent MVR or repair (33 after bioprosthetic valve replacement, 20 after mechanical valve replacement, 43 after physiological valve repair (predominantly for myxomatous disease), 78 after undersized annuloplasty for functional regurgitation, and five after repair of rheumatic stenosis). Results Patients undergoing repair of function mitral regurgitation had a lower left ventricular ejection fraction. The postoperative mean transmitral gradient was slightly higher for patients after bioprosthetic valve replacement (6.9 +/- 2.6 mmHg) compared to mechanical valve replacement (5.2 +/- 2.8 mmHg; p = 0.03), physiological repair (5.2 +/- 2.8 mmHg; p = 0.05), or repair of functional regurgitation (5.5 +/- 2.8 mmHg; p = 0.02). Pulmonary hypertension was common (present in 78% of patients before and 64% after surgery), and there were no significant differences between groups in the prevalence of postoperative pulmonary hypertension. The RVSP tended to decrease in all groups, but reached statistical significance only for patients undergoing bioprosthetic replacement (-9 +/- 24 mmHg; p = 0.04), mechanical replacement (-10 +/- 14 mmHg; p = 0.003) or physiological repair (-6 +/- 16 mmHg; p = 0.01). Conclusion Pulmonary hypertension is common before and after mitral valve surgery. Although there were at least trends toward lower pulmonary artery pressures regardless of surgery type, significant decreases were noted only after MVR and physiological repair. A slightly higher postoperative mean transmitral gradient after bioprosthetic valve replacement may have contributed to postoperative pulmonary hypertension. The physiological repair of organic, non-rheumatic mitral regurgitation appears to offer favorable hemodynamics and a relatively low rate of postoperative pulmonary hypertension.
Prävalenz von Antikörpern gegen Bordetella pertussis bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ohne vorausgegangene Pertussisimpfung

Ziel der Untersuchung Bestimmung der altersabhangigen Pravalenz von Antikorpern gegen Bordetella pertussis bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, die nicht gegen Pertussis geimpft wurden.
Transection of the ventral hippocampal commissure impairs spatial but not contextual memory in split-brain mice

The left and right rodent hippocampi are functionally lateralized with respect to memory. Though theories of bilateral hippocampal function are beginning to incorporate hemispheric lateralization, there is a lack of data concerning how interhippocampal communication contributes to memory. One hypothesis suggests that synaptic plasticity in left CA3 facilitates acquisition and storage of new information, while synaptic stability in right CA3 is ideal for rapidly producing spatial representations. Convergence of these inputs in bilateral CA1 may bind memories to locations. Loss of interhippocampal communication would then spare the ability to acquire, store and retrieve memories, but would impair the binding of information and events to particular locations. To test this hypothesis in male and female mice, we performed split-brain surgery to transect the ventral hippocampal commissure, which contains direct interhippocampal projections. Mice underwent surgery to section the hippocampal commissure and overlying corpus callosum (HC+CC), just the corpus callosum (CC), or neither (SHAM) and then underwent a battery of hippocampus-dependent behavioral paradigms. We found deficits indicative of impaired binding of events and information to particular locations in HC+CC mice only. Despite these deficits, hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory was unaffected by HC+CC surgery. Moreover, CC mice did not show any deficits in these tasks. These data suggest that interhippocampal communication may be needed for the memory of events at certain locations, but not for contextual associative memory. We propose that consideration of hemispheric lateralization and interhemispheric communication is necessary to formulate a more comprehensive understanding of hippocampal memory processes.
A focus on needs: toward a more nuanced understanding of inequality and urban informality in the global north.

ABSTRACTIn recent years, there has been an increase in work on urban informality in Northern cities. While this newfound focus is welcome, a problem arises when it comes to conceptualizing various practices under study. Specifically, I argue for the importance in differentiating the informality of need – defined here as practices undertaken to fulfill basic needs like housing and income generation – from the informality of desire – defined as activities that serve interests of leisure, aesthetics, and convenience. Using the case of the Red Hook food vendors in Brooklyn, New York, I show how ignoring needs can lead to imprecise conceptualizations, misunderstood intentions, and misread political subjectivity when it comes to informal actions. I move on to show how existing theories concerning informality in the North fail to provide tools for understanding the specific characteristics of needs-based informal practice. I close the paper by arguing that need-driven informality deserves its own set of conceptu...
Using Machine Learning to Analyze Image Data from Advanced Manufacturing Processes

Additive manufacturing (AM) - also known as 3D printing - promises a new approach to creating parts in a manufacturing environment; the process allows more design freedom and the production of parts with more complex features, compared to traditional manufacturing processes. The laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) printer operates by building a part layer by layer in an iterative process of spreading metal powder and melting the desired shape. One particular feature is an overhang (material being melted onto the part over loose un-melted parts). However, some of the un-melted powder from the process could become melted to the overhanging feature - which is known as dross. Overhangs tend to form dross, but the extent of dross created at these features is not fully understood. Due to this unpredictable nature of dross formation, the build process exhibits variability in build quality, deterring industry-wide adoption. The conducted research aims to develop a system that analyzes cross-sectional image data captured from each layer of the print in order to identify dross with a certain level of confidence. Using machine learning techniques, images are used in a model that identifies pixels as a region that contains dross. These images are first labeled with bounding boxes (a coordinate system that identifies features/objects as existing within its boundaries) to train a neural network. The result is an adaptive model that autonomously detects dross in image scans of the part, pointing out these impurities to the printers' users, especially in regions difficult to inspect like interior surfaces of parts. The model aims to further understand L-PBF processing by location regions of excessive dross to relate dross formation with specific design features.
High throughput screening strategies and technology platforms for detection of pathogens: an introduction

Globally, foodborne pathogens are a major public health concern. In this chapter, we provide a broad description of the problem of foodborne diseases, and current and future detection technologies for food safety assurance and prevention of foodborne illnesses. Current detection approaches include sample processing, culturing, and detection using the nucleic acid or antibody-based method. Improvement in target recognition, and signal generation and analysis, can be combined to achieve more sensitive, faster, and more informative screening technologies. This introductory chapter summarizes potential applications of the high throughput screening approach in food pathogen testing and for development of advanced biosensor-based technologies in the coming years.
Triads in the L2 classroom: Interaction patterns and engagement during a collaborative task

Abstract Communication is a primary goal of most second and foreign language classes, and teachers frequently implement group work to maximize opportunities for interaction. Previous research has investigated the communicative exchanges between paired learners during collaborative tasks, but few studies have examined interactions among learners in triads. The present study explores this context, focusing specifically on the distribution of participation among learners, the frequency and nature of the LREs they produce, and the patterns of interaction that characterize triadic exchanges. This descriptive investigation documents the nature of learners' interactions rather than attempts to establish a link between their performance and learning. The findings offer no evidence to indicate that triads are superior or inferior but do affirm the importance of true collaboration in group interaction. Also interesting are these participants' almost exclusive use of their first language in carrying out the task. The results showcase the challenging realities of the language classroom and highlight several pedagogical implications.
Improving Value of Care: Cessation of Screening Urine Culture Prior to Orthopedic and Spinal Surgery

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of cessation of screening urine cultures on surgical site infection (SSI) incidence in clinical practice. Patients and Methods Our study included patients undergoing hip replacement, knee replacement, spinal fusion, and laminectomy 12 months before (preintervention) and after (postintervention) cessation of preoperative screening urine cultures on June 1, 2017, at our institution. Urine cultures and urinalyses performed within 30 days before surgery during the 12 months before and after cessation were reviewed. SSI surveillance was performed in accordance with the methods of the National Healthcare Safety Network. Results A total of 2754 patients were included (1286 preintervention and 1468 postintervention). In the preintervention period, 1141 urine cultures were performed, compared to 153 in the postintervention period; 35 and 6 episodes of asymptomatic bacteriuria were treated, respectively. The occurrence of SSI did not differ noticeably between time periods (1.2% vs 0.7%, P=.24), and quarterly incidences of SSI were unchanged. The rate of SSI was significantly lower in the postintervention period for laminectomy (3.0% vs 0.3%, P=.02). Conclusion An 86.6% (153 vs 1141) reduction in screening urine cultures over a 12-month period was associated with a reduction of 988 unnecessary urine cultures, an 82.8% (6 vs 35) decline in inappropriate antibiotic treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria, and no increase in SSI incidence after hip replacement, knee replacement, spinal fusion, or laminectomy procedures. No value of screening urine cultures before clean surgery was identified.
Selective laser melting of austenitic oxide dispersion strengthened steel: Processing, microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanisms

Abstract Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys exhibit superior mechanical properties due to the presence of nano-sized thermally stable oxide particles. However, manufacturing of ODS alloys is very complex and composed of numerous time consuming steps such as mechanical alloying, which is one of the main barriers toward the widespread application of ODS alloys. Light mixing of 304L stainless steel powder with sub-micrometer size yttria particles was coupled with selective laser melting (SLM) to produce 304L ODS nanocomposite. The added yttria was dissolved in the matrix due to the high intensity of the laser and altered the rheological properties of the melt and caused balling effect. The SLM 304L ODS alloy presented cellular substructure with a uniform dispersion of yttrium silicate (Y–Si–O) spherical nanoparticles, range 10–80 nm. As a result, the SLM 304L ODS alloy showed a high ultimate tensile strength of ~700 MPa, ductility of ~32% and microhardness of ~350 HV. The underlying mechanism for this strength and ductility improvement are identified. This study provides deep insight into an alternative method of producing ODS alloys with fewer steps and capable of manufacturing complex design geometries.
Risk Factors for Major Hemorrhage Following Percutaneous Image-Guided Renal Biopsy: What is the "core" of the Problem? A Retrospective Case-control Study.

Objectives Percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) plays a critical role in the work-up of renal parenchymal disease. Although it is considered a low-risk procedure, additional interventions may be required in about 7% of the cases following biopsy. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for major hemorrhage by microscopic analysis of the cores obtained following PRB, with an intent to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the risk stratification process, especially in patients undergoing this procedure in an outpatient setting. Material and methods A retrospective review identified 17 of 179 patients (9.50%) with major hemorrhage following PRB between July 2014 and June 2019. Using propensity score matching, 26 controls (without major hemorrhage) were matched to 17 cases (with major hemorrhage). The biopsy cores obtained from the cases and controls were analyzed by a single pathologist for medullary, cortical, total (medullary + cortical) lengths, and the number of arcuate arteries (AAs). Medullary:cortical (M:C), cortical:total (C:T), and medullary:total (M:T) length ratios were then calculated. Results A stratified version of logistic regression was used to test for an association between each of the variables identified on the cores and the probability of a major hemorrhage. The analysis revealed that there was a statistically significant association between the number of AAs per specimen with the risk of major hemorrhage (P = 0.0006). When 0, 1, or >2 AAs were identified, the frequency of major hemorrhage was 13.04%, 66.67%, and 75.00%, respectively. The odds of major hemorrhage were 6 times higher with one AA and (95% CI, 1.28-32.30) and 15 times higher with >2 AAs (95% CI, 1.41-169.57). No significant association was found between medullary length (P = 0.228), medulla:cortex (M:C) (P = 0.089), medulla:total (M:T) (P = 0.108), or cortex:total (C:T) (P = 0.112) length ratios and major hemorrhage. Conclusion There was a strong and incremental correlation between major renal hemorrhage following PRB and the number of AAs per core specimen. Identification of AAs by the pathologist, while assessing for sample adequacy, in the US suite can help predict major hemorrhage in patients undergoing PRBs.
Don't Cache out Your Case: Prosecuting Child Pornograpy Possession Laws Based on Images Located in Temporary Internet Files

This Article explores issues surrounding the prosecution of child pornography possession laws based on images located in temporary Internet files. The Article begins with a technical background of both caches and the forensic examinations used by investigators. After reviewing the pertinent case law, the Article introduces the two conceptual approaches-the Present Possession approach and the Evidence Of approach-and discusses how conceptual choices affect the analysis of knowing possession. Using the two conceptual approaches as a guide, the Article then reevaluates the various factors courts have considered, and the various defenses defendants have forwarded, when faced with a possession case based upon cached images. For courts, that reevaluation suggests that the approach to which they have defaulted may not be the most technologically accurate. For prosecutors, the reevaluation suggests that their choice of conceptual approach could have serious effects on their case strategy as well as on how best to serve the punitive and penological goals of child pornography possession laws.
Positional Flexibility and Consistent Assignment in Long-Term Care Rostering

We consider the rostering decisions of a long-term care facility that assigns a set of interchangeable caregivers working a particular shift to units, and evaluate whether part-time or full-time workers should have higher priority to work in their “home” units. The facility’s objective is to minimize the monthly inconsistency level – i.e., a widely promoted quality metric representing the number of diﬀerent caregivers working in each unit. We introduce simple rostering heuristics that prioritize part-time or full-time workers, and present a stochastic model of the repeated rostering problem to analytically compare their performance. This analysis supports prioritizing the assignment of part-time workers to their home units, while ﬂexibly assigning full-time workers to minimize the inconsistency level. Using data from over 15,000 shifts worked by certiﬁed nursing assistants at three nursing homes, we compare the actual schedules to the consistency-maximizing schedules using hindsight optimization and test the performance of our rostering heuristics via trace-based simulation. This reinforces the superiority of prioritizing part-time workers, observing reductions in the inconsistency level between 20% and 30% in trace-based simulations of historical schedules. We also establish an upper bound for a threshold on the time horizon above which a policy giving assignment priority to part-time workers outperforms one giving priority to full-time workers.
Intro to this special issue: refugees/displaced people in the workplace

Abstract This special issue focuses on refugees’ experiences and displaced people across a diverse set of ethnicities and circumstances. The growing number of refugees and displaced people and the work and life difficulties they face are central social issues in the world today. This special issue will explore how refugees and displaced people in Brazil can be fully integrated, socialized, engaged, embraced, and affirmed into the workplace and society. Research is presented on the experiences of refugees and displaced people, a growing but under-researched segment of the world’s population. Little is known about refugees’ career experiences and displaced people and how organizations, leaders, and policymakers can assist them in finding work, maintaining employment, and creating positive life outcomes. There are 12 articles included in this special issue. They focus on three areas of refugees in the workplace. The first area explores biases in the perceptions of refugees based on factors such as skin complexion, countries of origin, and race. The second area presents research that elaborates on the theme of displacement of refugees and barriers to integration, inclusion, social recognition, and belonging. The third area examines ways in which refugees have been integrated and acculturated into Brazilian society, often through the assistance of NGOs or through the efforts of managers in the workplace. It is our hope that the research presented in this special issue will increase interest in this important topic and lead to additional future research related to reducing barriers to integration and acculturation that refugees and displaced people face.
Lysophosphatidic acid attenuates the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway to mediate MMP-2 activation and stress fiber disassembly

1854 Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) exerts pleitropic biological effects upon binding to the cognate G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) encoded by the endothelial-cell-differentiation-gene (Edg) family members. LPA plays a unique role in the pathobiology of ovarian cancer, because levels of this phospholipid are elevated in the ascites and plasma of women with ovarian cancer. Previously, we reported that LPA stimulates pro-MMP-2 activation, migration, and invasion in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) cells. In the current study, we investigated the functional link between two processes regulated by LPA: changes in actin microfilament organization and metalloproteinase (MMP) activation. We report the novel finding that, in the DOV13 EOC cell line, LPA downregulates RhoA activity, but Rho GDI does not mediate this repression. Correspondingly, phalloidin staining of actin filaments in three different EOC cell lines shows that LPA triggers the disassembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions, as well as, the formation of peripheral filaments. Consistent with the observed loss of stress fibers and focal adhesions, Western analysis of cellular detergent extracts reveals a decrease in the amount of focal adhesion proteins –talin and vinculin –associated with the actin cytoskeleton (Triton-insoluble proteins) in LPA-treated cells. Furthermore, inhibition of Rho Kinase function with Y-27632 augments LPA-induced loss of stress fibers as well as pro-MMP-2 activation. Disruption of stress fibers with cytochalasin D also enhances LPA-stimulated pro-MMP-2 activation. In contrast, MLCK regulates peripheral filament formation in EOC cells, and inhibition of MLCK with ML-7 had no effect on LPA-induced pro-MMP-2 activation. These results begin to define a model in which LPA facilitates metastasis by coupling central stress fiber disassembly with proteinase activation via downregulation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway.
Chromium fate in constructed wetlands treating tannery wastewaters

Nine experimental wetlands were built to determine chromium partitioning inside systems treating tannery wastewaters. Results showed 5-day biochemical oxygen demand and chromium removals of 95 to 99% and 90 to 99%, respectively. The majority of chromium was found in association with media (96 to 98%), followed by effluents (2.9 to 3.9%), and the least was found in plant parts (0.1%). Chemical speciation modeling of solutions and scanning electron microscope analysis suggest two potential chromium removal mechanisms--sorption/coprecipitation with iron hydroxides or oxyhydroxides and biomass sorption. The release of the majority of chromium in the iron- and organic-bound phases during sequential extractions supports the proposed dominant removal mechanisms. The use of a mixture of peat and gravel resulted in lower removal efficiencies and stronger partitioning in organic phases during sequential extractions. Chromium was efficiently removed by wetlands, retained through chemical and biological processes. Future research will focus on further exploring removal mechanisms and proposing management strategies for the chromium-containing wetland media.
Dual Variational Inequalities for Extremal Eigenvalue Problems

Abstract Extremal eigenvalue problems arise in problems of determining stability condition for certain elastic systems subjected to periodic disturbances, and in certain structural design problems in mechanical engineering. In the stability problems the extreme eigenvalues represent boundaries on the domains of parametric stability. In the structural design problems they represent critical buckling loads. In this paper we derive a pair of variational inequalities which can be used to obtain upper and lower bounds on the values of these extreme eigenvalues.
Methods and Mechanisms for Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Csp2 Halides with Alkyl Electrophiles

ConspectusCross-electrophile coupling, the cross-coupling of two different electrophiles, avoids the need for preformed carbon nucleophiles, but development of general methods has lagged behind cross-coupling and C–H functionalization. A central reason for this slow development is the challenge of selectively coupling two substrates that are alike in reactivity. This Account describes the discovery of generally cross-selective reactions of aryl halides and acyl halides with alkyl halides, the mechanistic studies that illuminated the underlying principles of these reactions, and the use of these fundamental principles in the rational design of new cross-electrophile coupling reactions.Although the coupling of two different electrophiles under reducing conditions often leads primarily to symmetric dimers, the subtle differences in reactivity of aryl halides and alkyl halides with nickel catalysts allowed for generally cross-selective coupling reactions. These conditions could also be extended to the couplin...
Games in economic development

Games in Economic Development examines the roots of poverty and prosperity through the lens of elementary game theory, illustrating how patterns of human interaction can lead to vicious cycles of poverty as well as virtuous cycles of prosperity. This book shows how both social norms and carefully designed institutions can help shape the 'rules of the game', making better outcomes in a game possible for everyone involved. The book is entertaining to read, it can be accessed with little background in development economics or game theory. Its chapters explore games in natural resource use; education; coping with risk; borrowing and lending; technology adoption; governance and corruption; civil conflict; international trade; and the importance of networks, religion, and identity, illustrating concepts with numerous anecdotes from recent world events. Comes complete with an appendix, explaining the basic ideas in game theory used in the book.
ROLE OF HELICOPTERS IN AIRPORT ACCESS

This paper is intended to provide guidelines for the assessment of the potential feasibility of helicopter airport access systems. Following a review of the present status of such systems, the paper develops a helicopter cost model and a computerized method for analyzing helicopter networks in a given urban setting. The analysis provides two indicators of the economic feasibility of the development of such a system in a given region. These are the cost per seat-mile and the required market penetration rate. The latter represents the percentage of air travelers who must use the system in order to render it feasible under currently practiced operating strategies. The model is then applied to 20 metropolitan areas. It is found that five areas have a high potential for the development of such a system. Caveats of the noneconomic impediments to helicopter airport access system development are also briefly considered.
A primer for telemetry interfacing in accordance with NASA standards using low cost FPGAs

Photon counting detector systems on sounding rocket payloads often require interfacing asynchronous outputs with a synchronously clocked telemetry stream. Though this can be handled with an on-board computer, there are several low cost alternatives including custom hardware, microcontrollers, and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). This paper outlines how a telemetry interface for detectors on a sounding rocket with asynchronous parallel digital output can be implemented using low cost FPGAs and minimal custom hardware. It also discusses how this system can be tested with a simulated telemetry chain in the small laboratory setting.
Causality and Price Discovery in U.S. Corn Markets: An Application of Error Correction Modeling and Directed Acyclic Graphs

This study investigates dynamic relationships among U.S. corn cash prices for the years 2006-2011. With daily data from 182 spatially separated markets spreading across 7 states, Iowa (IA), Illinois (IL), Indiana (IN), Ohio (OH), Minnesota (MN), Nebraska (NE), and Kansas (KS), we apply an error correction model and directed acyclic graphs to identify the contemporaneous casual relationships among prices of different states, where the price of each state is calculated as the average of the prices of observed markets in it. Our empirical results show that 3 states, IA, OH, and MN, can dominate the corn cash prices. Depending on the way the causal flows are assigned among them, OH and MN together, MN, OH, or IA is the most important in pricing. If additional empirical evidence becomes available, more precise results can be expected. We also divide the data into a store period and a harvest period, and adopt a VAR in differences to model the price relationships. While IA and OH dominate the corn prices during the store period, IL, IN, OH, and MN can be essential in pricing without more evidence to narrow our attention.
Fever in hospitalized patients: With special reference to the medical service

Fever (oral temperature of 38 degrees C or more on two or more consecutive days) during the hospital stay of 4,065 patients admitted to Grady Memorial Hospital during an 11-week period was studied. At least one episode of fever occurred in 1,194 patients (29 percent). Rates of fever were highest on medical and surgical services. Review of 341 episodes of fever in 302 patients on the medical service identified a single potential cause in 56 percent. Multiple factors were present in 26 percent, and no potential causes were found in 18 percent. Of 390 factors identified, 44 percent were community-acquired infections, 9 percent were nosocomial infections, 20 percent possibly involved infection, and 26 percent were noninfectious processes. Fever is a frequent finding in hospitalized patients. Both infectious and noninfectious processes play important roles. Determining the cause of fever is complicated by the multiplicity of possible causes.
Gangliosides rescue neuronal cells from death after trophic factor deprivation.

Serum-free cultures of PC 12 cells have been used as a model system for studying neuronal death occurring after neurotrophic factor deprivation. In this system, NGF rescues cells from death and prevents apoptotic DNA fragmentation. We report here that GM1 also promotes long- term survival of naive and NGF-pretreated PC 12 cells in serum-free medium and prevents internucleosomal cleavage of PC 12 cell DNA. In contrast to NGF, GM1 does not promote neurite outgrowth or somatic hypertrophy. The survival effects of GM1 are concentration dependent, with maximal activity at 30–50 microM. Optimal promotion of survival is obtained with multiple additions of GM1. Asialo-GM1 and sialic acid do not mimic these actions, indicating a requirement for the intact GM1 molecule. Prevention of serum-free PC 12 cell death is also obtained with di-, tri-, and tetrasialogangliosides. The ganglioside effects on survival and DNA fragmentation appear to be independent of macromolecular synthesis. GM1 is also effective under conditions in which cellular protein kinase C activity is downregulated by preexposure to high concentration of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate. Furthermore, GM1 promotes long-term survival of cultured rat sympathetic neurons after withdrawal of NGF. These findings complement prior observations that gangliosides protect cerebellar granule neurons from neurotoxicity caused by exposure to excitatory amino acids and extend the actions of gangliosides to rescue of neuronal cells deprived of neurotrophic factor support.
Solubilities of molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, titanium, and zirconium in liquid potassium

The solubilities of five transition metals were studied in liquid potassium containing less than 20 ppm by weight of oxygen. The solubilities of molybdenum at 1040 and 1316 K, tungsten at 1055 and 1328 K, and vanadium at 1012 and 1341 K are 6 and 13, 20 and 130, and 6 and 70 ppm by weight, respectively. The solubilities of titanium and zirconium between 1020 and 1340 K are less than 4 and 10 ppm by weight, respectively. The heats of solutions for molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium in liquid potassium are 6.7±0.8, 17.6±1.2, and 20.7±1.4 kilocalories per mole (28.0, 73.7, and 86.6 kJ/mole), respectively.
Age and renal prostaglandin inhibition during exercise and heat stress

Aging is associated with a number of physiological changes that may cause the kidney to rely to a greater extent on vasodilatory PGs for normal functioning. Acute exercise has been shown to cause r...
The Universality of Medicaid at Fifty

This essay, written for the Yale Law School symposium on The Law of Medicare and Medicaid at 50, explores how the law of Medicaid after the ACA creates a meaningful principle of universalism by shifting from fragmentation and exclusivity to universality and inclusivity. The universality principle provides a new trajectory for all of American health care, one that is not based on individual qualities that are unrelated to medical care but rather grounded in non-judgmental principles of unification and equalization (if not outright solidarity). This essay examines the ACA's legislative reformation, which led to universality, and its quantifiable effects. The essay then assesses and evaluates Medicaid’s new universality across four dimensions - governance, administration, equity, and eligibility. Each reveals a facet of universality that underscores this new principle’s importance for health care into the future.
Remarkable connections between extended magnetohydrodynamics models

Through the use of suitable variable transformations, the commonality of all extended magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) models is established. Remarkable correspondences between the Poisson brackets of inertialess Hall MHD and inertial MHD (which has electron inertia, but not the Hall drift) and extended MHD (which has both effects) are established. The helicities (two in all) for each of these models are obtained through these correspondences. The commonality of all the extended MHD models is traced to the existence of two Lie-dragged 2-forms, which are closely associated with the canonical momenta of the two underlying species. The Lie-dragging of these 2-forms by suitable velocities also leads to the correct equations of motion. The Hall MHD Poisson bracket is analyzed in detail, the Jacobi identity is verified through a detailed proof, and this proof ensures the Jacobi identity for the Poisson brackets of all the models.
Intrinsic Modeling of Linear Thermo-Dynamic Thin Shells

We consider the problem of modeling dynamic thin shells with thermal effects based on the intrinsic geometry methods of Michel Delfour and Jean-Paul Zolesio. This model relies on the oriented distance function which describes the geometry. Here we further develop the Kirchhoff-based shell model introduced in our previous work by subjecting the elastically and thermally isotropic shell to an unknown temperature distribution. This yields a fully-coupled system of four linear equations whose variables are the displacement of the shell mid-surface and the thermal stress resultants.
Fuel Properties and Nuclear Performance of Fast Reactors Fueled with Molten Chlorides

The characteristics of fast reactors having molten fuels consisting of uranium and plutonium trichlorides dissolved in alkali chlorides and alkaline-earth chlorides were studied. The study included...
Medical and non-Medical Use of Psychotropic Drugs : the Anxiolytics

Drugs should be used to prevent or relieve psychophysical illness. Their repeated use to achieve intoxication or avoidance of life and its frustrations can be harmful physically and psychologically. Modern society seems to be revaluating its willingness to endure distress as opposed to its use of drugs, particularly the anxiolytics, to relieve distress.
THE EFFECTS OF NEW HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANES ON TRAVEL AND EMISSIONS

Many urban regions in the U.S. are planning to build extensive networks of new high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) freeway lanes. Past modelling efforts are reviewed and travel demand simulations by the authors are used to demonstrate that new HOV lanes may increase travel (vehicle-miles) and increase emissions when compared to transit alternatives. Recommendations are made for better travel demand modelling methods for such evaluations.