cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoelastic Measurement of Residual Thermomechanical Stress in SiC‐Reinforced Glass Composites

Residual thermomechanical stresses in a Nicalon® SiC/7740 glass composite system were measured directly. Residual stresses for both single-tow and two-dimensional cloth-reinforced samples were completely described via a digital microphotoelastic technique. Normal stresses approaching 4 MPa were observed in this composite system that had a thermal expansion coefficient mismatch of only 1.8%. The advantages of using this direct, full-field technique over other theoretical and composite model approaches are also discussed.
A Polynomial Algorithm for Minimizing Communication in a Distributed Discrete Event System with a Central Station

The problem of minimizing communication in distributed systems is considered in a discrete-event formalism where the system is modeled as a finite-state automaton. There are a central station and a set of N communicating local agents observing the behavior of the system. The central station needs to know exactly the state of the system, whereas local agents need to disambiguate certain pre-specified pairs of states for purposes of control or diagnosis. Communication occurs only between the central station and local agents but not among local agents. A set of communication policies is said to be minimal if communications cannot be removed without affecting the correctness of the solution. Under an assumption on the absence of cycles (other than self-loops) in the system model, an algorithm that computes a set of minimal communication policies in polynomial-time in all input variables of the system is presented. These results improve upon algorithms for solving minimum communication problems.
Neonatal local noxious insult affects gene expression in the spinal dorsal horn of adult rats

Neonatal noxious insult produces a long-term effect on pain processing in adults. Rats subjected to carrageenan (CAR) injection in one hindpaw within the sensitive period develop bilateral hypoalgesia as adults. In the same rats, inflammation of the hindpaw, which was the site of the neonatal injury, induces a localized enhanced hyperalgesia limited to this paw. To gain an insight into the long-term molecular changes involved in the above-described long-term nociceptive effects of neonatal noxious insult at the spinal level, we performed DNA microarray analysis (using microarrays containing oligo-probes for 205 genes encoding receptors and transporters for glutamate, GABA, and amine neurotransmitters, precursors and receptors for neuropeptides, and neurotrophins, cytokines and their receptors) to compare gene expression profiles in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn (LDH) of adult (P60) male rats that received neonatal CAR treatment within (at postnatal day 3; P3) and outside (at postnatal 12; P12) of the sensitive period. The data were obtained both without inflammation (at baseline) and during complete Freund's adjuvant induced inflammation of the neonatally injured paw. The observed changes were verified by real-time RT-PCR. This study revealed significant basal and inflammation-associated aberrations in the expression of multiple genes in the LDH of adult animals receiving CAR injection at P3 as compared to their expression levels in the LDH of animals receiving either no injections or CAR injection at P12. In particular, at baseline, twelve genes (representing GABA, serotonin, adenosine, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin, opioid, tachykinin and interleukin systems) were up-regulated in the bilateral LDH of the former animals. The baseline condition in these animals was also characterized by up-regulation of seven genes (encoding members of GABA, cholecystokinin, histamine, serotonin, and neurotensin systems) in the LDH ipsilateral to the neonatally-injured paw. The largest aberration in gene expression, however, was observed during inflammation of the neonatally injured hindpaws in the ipsilateral LDH, which included thirty-six genes (encoding numerous members of glutamate, serotonin, GABA, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neurotrophin, and interleukin systems). These findings suggest that changes in gene expression may be involved in the long-term nociceptive effects of neonatal noxious insult at the spinal level.
Tumour necrosis factor α in refractory asthma: new insight

▴ Berry MA, Hargadon B, Shelley M, et al . Evidence of a role of tumour necrosis factor α in refractory asthma. N Engl J Med2006;354:697–708 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] The authors showed that monocytes from 10 patients with refractory asthma expressed significantly higher levels of TNF-α receptor 1, TNF-α converting enzyme, and membrane bound TNF-α than monocytes from 10 normal controls or from 10 patients with mild to moderate asthma. They also investigated … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DBerry%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D354%26rft.issue%253D7%26rft.spage%253D697%26rft.epage%253D708%26rft.atitle%253DEvidence%2Bof%2Ba%2BRole%2Bof%2BTumor%2BNecrosis%2BFactor%2B%257Balpha%257D%2Bin%2BRefractory%2BAsthma%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa050580%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16481637%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa050580&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=16481637&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F61%2F6%2F495.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000235316100006&link_type=ISI
The associations between visceral fat and calcified atherosclerosis are stronger in women than men.

Background Previous studies have found a significant association between body mass index (BMI) and coronary artery calcium (CAC). Little is known about whether body fatness is linked with atherosclerotic calcium (AC) in the non-coronary vasculature. Accordingly, this study tested the hypothesis that there would be significant associations between CAC and AC in the non-coronary vasculature and BMI, visceral fat (VF), and percent body fat (BF%). Methods Subjects (n = 1160; mean age 57 years; 55% men) underwent electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) screening for AC in the carotid, coronary, thoracic and abdominal aorta, and iliac arteries. Visceral fat and BF% were measured using EBCT and electrical bioimpedance analysis, respectively. Results In sex-stratified models adjusted for CVD risk factors, there were significant associations among both sexes between 1-SD increments of BMI, BF% and VF and the presence of CAC (p < 0.01) as well as for quartiles of BMI and VF and prevalent CAC. Higher levels (tertiles) of BF% and VF were significantly associated with higher amounts of both abdominal aortic calcium (OR = 1.90, 1.57 with p = 0.02, 0.05 in females and males, respectively) and CAC. Conclusions Measures of body morphology are significantly associated with AC in the coronary arteries and abdominal aorta. Of the measures studied, VF appears to be the most relevant by having the most consistent and stronger magnitudes of association, especially in women. These results suggest that VF may be more relevant in women than men with respect to the presence and extent of atherosclerosis in multiple vascular beds.
Acoustical Design Features Associated With Noise Level In Health Facilities: The Case Of Dialysis Facilities

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine acoustical design features associated with different noise levels measured in dialysis facilities. Dialysis facilities were selected because they have noise sources that were similar across facilities but varying acoustical design features. RESEARCH DESIGN: Specific acoustical features in patient treatment areas were observed in 55 dialysis facilities in Texas. Decibel level was recorded from a sample of patient stations in each facility. Sources of noise and ability of staff and patients to control loudness were documented. ANALYSIS: Nonparametric correlations and analysis of variance were used to test for acoustical features associated with differences in mean level of noise between facilities, controlling for observer bias and measurement error. KEY FINDINGS: Noise levels in all facilities exceeded levels appropriate for patient care environments. Televisions and staff talking contributed significantly to the noise level measured in an open plan treatment environment. Acoustical tiles, wall covering, wall cabinets, and shelves did not alter the high noise level. Noise level did vary according to acoustical screening effects of treatment room layouts. Sound reverberating within a bay of patient stations contributed to higher noise levels. A pinwheel layout was significantly quieter, reflecting sound more randomly because of the geometry of treatment stations configured at right angles. CONCLUSION: Noisy environments increase stress and decrease work performance—a condition detrimental to effective and efficient health care. The only acoustical feature associated with differences in noise level was layout of patient stations. The different screening effects of the various layouts were significant in modifying the noise level in the treatment environment.
The utility of echocardiography in the diagnostic strategy of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture: A comparison of two-dimensional echocardiography versus Doppler color flow imaging

Abstract The diagnostic accuracy of doppler color flow imaging in the diagnosis of postinfarction ventricular septal defects has not been established. In this study, 43 patients with unexplained hypotension or a new murmur in the periinfarct period were evaluated with conventional two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler color flow imaging. The presence of a ventricular septal defect was confirmed by oximetry, ventriculography, operative repair, or autopsy in each case. Both two-dimensional and Doppler color flow imaging were 100% specific in excluding a ventricular septal defect. Doppler color flow imaging correctiy identified the 12 confirmed ventricular septal defects in this study (100% sensitivity), whereas any combination of two-dimensional criteria only correctly identified seven (58% sensitive) ( p
Hydrodynamics of Podded Propulsors With Highly Loaded Propellers and in Extreme Azimuthing Conditions

State of the art CFD capabilities has enabled the accurate prediction of forces and moments on the propeller as well as on the pod-strut body due to small to moderate azimuthing angles. The capability of CFD to predict the hydrodynamics at extreme azimuthing angles is yet to be demonstrated. The aim of this research is to develop a simulation capability to capture most of the dynamics of podded propulsion systems in regular to extreme operating conditions. The numerical methodologies to evaluate the hydrodynamic characteristics of podded propulsors in puller configurations in extremely oblique inflow and highly loaded condition in open water and the associated results are presented in this paper.A numerical study is carried out to predict the hydrodynamic forces of a podded propulsor unit in various extreme static azimuthing conditions. An unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) solver is used to predict the propulsive performance of the podded propulsor system in puller configuration using both steady and unsteady state solutions. To obtain insight into the reliability and accuracy of the results, grid dependency studies are conducted for a podded propulsor in straight-ahead condition. RANS solver simulation technique is first validated against measurements of a puller podded propulsor in straight ahead condition for multiple loading scenarios. The propeller thrust and torque as well as the forces and moments of the pod unit in the three coordinate directions in straight-ahead condition and at static azimuthing angles in the range of −180° to 180° at advance coefficient of 0.20 are then compared with that of the measurements. Additionally, the velocity and pressure distribution on and around the pod-strut-propeller bodies are presented as derived from the RANS predictions. Analysis demonstrates that the RANS solver can predict the performance coefficients of the podded propulsor in extreme azimuthing and in the highly loaded conditions within the same level of accuracy of the same order of magnitude of the experimental results.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Temperament and Goodness of Fit

The style of infant and child behavior is a nexus where many factors affecting normative and pathological development converge, providing a unique opportunity for understanding a variety of children’s pathways through development. During the past 40 years, temperament in infants and children has been a focus of normative work in human development and has been advanced as a potential contributor to psychopathology in children and adolescents. As such, it is an ideal focus of those interested in pursuing the developmental psychopathology agenda. Of particular interest is the extension of temperament to the relationship processes between children and their caregivers, particularly during the first years of life. In this chapter, I provide a brief overview of issues addressed by temperament researchers, review knowledge about basic developmental phenomena related to temperament, identify empirical evidence that temperament is associated with incompetence and/or psychopathology, and discuss goodnessof-fit models as a coherent framework for understanding the interplay of infant characteristics and parental behavior in the context of explaining variations in developmental outcomes.
Reducing extracellular Cl- suppresses dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ currents and synaptic transmission in amphibian photoreceptors

Thoreson, Wallace B., Ron Nitzan, and Robert F. Miller. Reducing extracellular Cl− suppresses dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ currents and synaptic transmission in amphibian photoreceptors. J. Neuro...
Advanced Inverter Technology for High Penetration Levels of PV Generation in Distribution Systems

This subcontract report was completed under the auspices of the NREL/SCE High-Penetration Photovoltaic (PV) Integration Project, which is co-funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) and the California Solar Initiative (CSI) Research, Development, Demonstration, and Deployment (RD&D) program funded by the California Public Utility Commission (CPUC) and managed by Itron. This project is focused on modeling, quantifying, and mitigating the impacts of large utility-scale PV systems (generally 1-5 MW in size) that are interconnected to the distribution system. This report discusses the concerns utilities have when interconnecting large PV systems that interconnect using PV inverters (a specific application of frequency converters). Additionally, a number of capabilities of PV inverters are described that could be implemented to mitigate the distribution system-level impacts of high-penetration PV integration. Finally, the main issues that need to be addressed to ease the interconnection of large PV systems to the distribution system are presented.
The Administrative Costs Of Debt Restructurings

I examine the direct costs of 152 exchange offers, prepackaged bankruptcies, and "traditional" Chapter 11s from 1986-1993. Reexamining direct restructuring costs is interesting in light of several recent, and related developments in reorganizing financially distressed firms: prepackaged bankruptcy, failed HLTs, "vulture" investors, and informal pre-restructuring bondholder committees. Prepackaged bankruptcy costs lie between costs of traditional Chapter 11s and exchange offers, but are similar to prior estimates for traditional Chapter 11s. Direct costs are positively related to the percentage of the firm's debt that is restructured, the number of debt classes restructured, and if labor or environmental liabilities are restructured. Direct costs are lower for larger firms, more insolvent firms, if the firm is an HLT, and if a vulture investor holds a block in the reorganized firm. The evidence is consistent with the view of vulture investors as facilitating, rather than complicating, debt restructurings.
Calcification. XXVII. Collagen transformation under influence of calcium and phosphate ions.

Summary1) Fibers of acid-soluble collagen reconstituted with chondroitin sulfate showed sheet-like structures without indication of spacings. After treatment for 2 days with basal salt solution at pH 7.3 and 37°C, containing neither calcium nor phosphate ions, non-striated fibers were formed of 300-1500 A thickness. If either calcium or phosphate ions were present partial transformation to the form with 640 A spacings took place. If both of these ions were present this transformation occurred more rapidly and more completely. 2) These findings suggest that calcium and phosphate ions interact with sites on the collagen fiber where the breaking of electrostatic bonds catalyzes transformation to the 640 A spaced fiber.
S.P.3 Diverse walking distances predict functional outcomes in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Evaluate the utility of timed walking tests in DMD. Many different timed walking tests have been shown to be accurate, reproducible, and simple to administer (10 m walk (10 mw), 2 min (2MWT), and 6 min (6MWT)). Recently the 6MWT has emerged as the gold standard for use in clinical trials. Thirty five subjects with DMD were evaluated 95 times. Tests include walking distance; isometric quadriceps strength testing and the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA). Mixed model analysis revealed that both the 2MWT and 6MWT are highly significant correlations to the NSAA (p < 0.0001) and quadriceps strength (p = 0.05). Boys walked a consistent speed throughout the entire test. Velocity during each minute of a single session ranged from 0.97 to 1.06 m/s, showing a high degree of correlation at each timed interval (r = 0.725 − 0.921; p < 0.001). Wilcoxon signed rank tests on walking test group data revealed no significant difference between distances on day 1 and day 2 for either the 2MWT (p = 0.8) or the 6MWT (p = 0.5). Individual variability between days, however, was quite large. For 6MWT distance walked between subsequent days ranged from 0–44 m or 0–59% (mean = 6.4% = /− 10.26) of the total distance. Variability for the 2MWT was similar, ranging from 0–33 m or 0–56% (mean = 7.9% = /−10.05). In DMD the 2MWT is comparable to the 6MWT. Both correlate with quadriceps strength and function. The caveat for the data set analyzed here is that each minute was part of a 6MWT. Future studies will need to test walking velocity in separate designated 6 and 2 min tests.
Long-term therapeutic strategies in HIV

Advances in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, including the use of potent combination antiretroviral regimens, has greatly improved the outlook for patients with AIDS. Because HIV patients can now survive for extended periods, clinicians need to develop rational plans for long-term therapy that recognize the impact of such therapy on the patient. There are many similarities between cancer and HIV disease and an oncologic model can be used to design treatment plans for HIV. A successful plan for long-term management of HIV involves establishing the diagnosis and extent of disease; determining the concerns of the patient as they relate to specific life goals and quality-of-life issues; identifying antiretroviral regimens for initial therapy, salvage therapy, and terminal or experimental therapy; and implementing the plan using clear parameters to evaluate the response to therapy. Tremendous strides have been made in managing HIV disease. It is now time to advance our management of the patients' concerns.
Postoperative pain following bonded amalgam restorations

Sixty subjects were randomized into two groups. The time, in seconds, that it took subjects to respond to a standardized cold stimulus was recorded at baseline and again 1 week following treatment. During the intervening week subjects filled out three self-report questionnaires about pain from exposure to cold and several other common sources of postoperative pain. These questionnaires were filled out after 1 day, again 3 days after the first questionnaire, and 3 days after the second. Subjects mailed the questionnaires in immediately to provide three independent reports about cold sensitivity. The group receiving an OptiBond adhesive liner under their amalgam restorations was not found to be any less sensitive to cold, either by timed response to a cold stimulus or by self-report of pain, than the group receiving conventional liners and bases.
Preference for gain- or loss-framed electronic cigarette prevention messages.

Abstract Background Effective electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) prevention messages are needed to combat the rising popularity/uptake of e-cigarettes among youth. We examined preferences for e-cigarette prevention messages that either emphasized gains (e.g., You save money by not using e-cigarettes) or losses (e.g., You spend money by using e-cigarettes) among adolescents and young adults. Methods Using surveys in two middle schools, four high schools, and one college in CT ( N = 5405), we assessed students' preferences for gain- or loss-framed e-cigarette prevention messages related to four themes: financial cost, health risks, addiction potential, and social labeling as a smoker. We also assessed whether preferences for each message framing theme differed by sex, school level, cigarette-use status, and e-cigarette use-status. We also examined whether preference for message framing differed by cigarette and e-cigarette susceptibility status among never e-cigarette users. Results Overall, loss-framing was preferred for message themes related to health risks, addiction potential, and social labeling as a smoker, whereas gain-framing was preferred for message themes related to financial cost. Logistic regression analyses showed that 1) females preferred loss-framed messages for all themes relative to males, 2) lifetime e-cigarette users preferred loss-framed health risks and social labeling messages relative to never users, and 3) high school students preferred gain-framed social labeling messages relative to college students. The preference for message framing did not differ by cigarette or e-cigarette susceptibility. Conclusions Preference for message framing differed by themes and individual characteristics. This formative research could inform the construction of persuasive e-cigarette prevention messages.
Sequential release of leukotrienes and norepinephrine in rat bowel after platelet-activating factor. A mechanistic study of platelet-activating factor-induced bowel necrosis.

Abstract We have developed a model of ischemic bowel necrosis in the rat by injecting synthetic platelet-activating factor into the mesenteric vascular bed. Our previous studies have shown that the development of ischemic necrosis was not due to thrombus formation, but to release of vasoconstricting meditors from the intestinal tissue, such as leukotriene C 4 . However, the release of leukotriene C 4 was transient and could not account for the prolonged intestinal vasoconstriction. In the present study, we show that (a) the release of norepinephrine from intestinal tissue was increased after injection of platelet-activating factor, and was responsible, at least in part, for the prolonged vasoconstriction; (b) in vivo treatment with reserpine abolished both the prolonged vasoconstriction and the release of norepinephrine from the perfused small intestine; (c) the release of norepinephrine was largely secondary to leukotriene C 4 production and direct injection of leukotriene C 4 caused catecholamine release; and (d) there was a concomitant release of epinephrine (of a lesser magnitude) after injection of platelet-activating factor.
H.M. (Henry Gustav Molaison)

Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) is one of the most famous cases in the history of neuroscience. His profound amnesia, caused by the removal of bilateral medial temporal lobes, was carefully characterized by the behavioral neuroscientist, Brenda Milner, and helped to elucidate how medial temporal structures affect memory systems. Dominant theories on memory before H.M.'s case had held that memory could not be localized in the brain. H.M.'s case marked the beginning of modern inquiry into the neuroanatomical organization of memory, and the beginning of the discovery of distinctions between different memory systems. This article reviews the impact of H.M.'s case on the neuroscience of memory and the important distinctions in memory systems that have continued to be elucidated today.
Lengthening Gastroplasty for Managing Giant Paraesophageal Hernia

The herniation of stomach into the thorax has been classified into four major types. The sliding hiatus hernia (type I), which is the commonest type and accounts for 95% of all cases, has the gastroesophageal (GE) junction as the leading point of the hernia. The GE junction is herniated into the thorax in this type of hernia. The pure paraesophageal hernia (type II), which is extremely rare, is characterized by a GE junction that maintains its intra-abdominal position while the fundus herniates into the chest through the anterolateral hiatus. The majority of the paraesophageal hernias (type III) are a combination of the above two types, in which the GE junction is herniated along with the fundus into the thorax. Finally, type IV hernias are those in which other organs like colon, small intestine, and spleen are also present in the sac.
A Postfault Strategy to Control the Modular Multilevel Converter Under Submodule Failure

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has become one of the most promising topologies for high-voltage applications. Although the MMC has a modular and redundant structure, which can significantly enhance its reliability and fault tolerance, its fault handling capability can be further improved by adopting a postfault strategy. In this paper, a postfault strategy based on the neutral-shift method is proposed, which, subsequent to bypassing the faulty submodule(s), aims at improving the maximum attainable line-to-line voltages of the MMC. Based on a newly developed internal variable analysis method, the impact of the neutral-shift strategy on the operation of the MMC is analyzed. In conjunction with the proposed postfault strategy, a modified circulating current suppression (CCS) method is used to mitigate the double-frequency component of the circulating currents. Performance and effectiveness of the proposed neutral-shift strategy with and without the CCS method is evaluated based on time-domain simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment.
Substrate-independent light confinement in butterfly-inspired photonic crystal slabs

Using the scale structure of the Dione juno butterfly wing as an inspiration, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a class of low-index surface structures that supports resonances without index contrast with the substrate; these resonances are substrate-independent.
MONSTERS AND PATIENTS: AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF MEDICINE, ISLAM, AND MODERNITY

Foucault's analysis of the history of evolutionary thought in Les Mots et les choses introduces monsters as incomplete beings that form important steps on the evolutionary ladder toward the terminal species. Monsters represent attempts by nature to achieve the perfection of the terminal species and are, therefore, significant for naturalists in constructing the details of the natural continuum. Despite their incompleteness, monsters underwrite the natural continuum and evidence the grounding of this continuum in reality. To a great extent, the continuum of nature, proposed by Foucault, resembles a continuum of civilization through which the history of the world and the history of colonization were often seen. The non-European emerged as the monster that showcased the deeper history of the more-perfect European. In the same way that monsters were written into natural history as intermediary and incomplete beings, losing in the process their uniqueness as independent species, the colonized were written into the (new) World History as objects of colonization, modernization, and development and as the living fossils of a bygone European past. This new history was not only created for European consumption but was also an important part of European-style education in the colony shaping colonial and postcolonial identities and perceptions of self and other. This article uses Foucauldian monsters to understand the making of historical narratives about the precolonial past in nineteenth-century Egypt, where one of the earliest European-style medical schools in Africa and Asia was built in the early nineteenth century. In this school and surrounding emerging educational system, narratives about science, modernity, and religion produced new histories that came to form colonial subjects. Finally, the article asks about a postcolonial/postmonstrous epistemology, what it might look like and whether and how it can emerge from the postcolonial condition.
Use of high-intensity surveillance in patients following a diagnosis of stage I-II non-small cell lung cancer.

6505 Background: The incidence of stage I and II lung cancer has been increasing due to the reported benefits of CT screening in high risk individuals. Guidelines suggest continued surveillance fol...
Do Time-Asymmetric Laws call for Time-Asymmetric Spacetime Structure?

Many philosophers of physics take the failure of the laws of physics to be invariant under the time reversal transformation to give us good reason to think that spacetime is temporally anisotropic, yet the details of this inference are rarely made explicit. I discuss two reasonable ways of filling in the details of this inference, the first of which utilizes a symmetry principle proposed by John Earman and the second of which utilizes Harvey Brown’s account of spacetime. I contend that neither of the resulting arguments is sound.
Chemical mechanisms of photodynamic action

Mechanisms of dye sensitized photooxidation are introduced, and techniques of distinguishing and analytically determining mechanisms in these systems by the use of chemical and physical traps, kinetic tests and luminescence are described.
Q-boosting of metal MEMS resonators via localized anneal-induced tensile stress

Introduction of tensile stress via localized Joule heating has yielded some of the highest metal MEMS resonator Q's measured to date, as high as 48,919 for a 12-MHz ruthenium micromechanical clamped-clamped beam (‘CC-beam'). The high Q's continue into the VHF range, with Q's of 7,202 and 4,904 at 61 and 70 MHz, respectively. These marks are substantially higher than the 6,000 at 10 MHz and 300 at 70 MHz previously measured for polysilicon CC-beams, defying the common belief that metal Q cannot compete with conventional micromachinable materials. The low-temperature ruthenium metal process, with highest temperature of 450°C and paths to an even lower ceiling of 200°C, further allows for MEMS post-processing directly over finished foundry CMOS wafers, thereby offering a promising route towards fully monolithic realization of CMOS-MEMS circuits, such as needed in communication transceivers. This, together with its higher Q, may eventually make ruthenium metal preferable over polysilicon in some applications.
ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN ZONE-SPECIFIC TOXICITY TO THE LIVER LOBULE

Recently developed non-invasive optical and polarographic techniques along with ultramicrobiochemical methods were used to study the actions of allyl alcohol, a classic periportal toxin, on biochemical events in sublobular zones of the isolated perfused liver. Anterograde infusion of allyl alcohol (350 μM) for 60 minutes selectively injured periportal hepatocytes as indexed by uptake of trypan blue and by decreases in ATP/ADP ratios. Zone-specific decreases in ATP/ADP ratios were accompanied by impaired rates of oxygen uptake. Potassium cyanide (2 mM), an inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase, decreased ATP/ADP ratios but did not increase trypan blue uptake. Thus, disruption of ATP generation is a consequence rather than a cause of cellular injury due to allyl alcohol. Rates of oxidation of allyl alcohol to acrolein via alcohol dehydrogenase and depletion of cellular glutathione occurred equally in both zones of livers exposed to allyl alcohol indicating that zonal toxicity due to allyl alcohol was not due to differences in rates of metabolism of this compound.
Children with Brain Tumors: Role of the Neurosurgeon

The surgical management of children with brain tumors has evolved considerably over the years and continues to be the first line of therapy for most tumors of the central nervous system. Outcomes are profoundly influenced by the level of specialized care and expertise available. Important elements of therapy include management of hydrocephalus, diagnostic sampling and tumor removal, each of which has been influenced by the rapid advances in the fields of pediatric neurosurgery and neurooncology. Tumor type and other factors dictate the appropriate course of action for each patient. The role of the pediatric neurosurgeon continues to expand to involve investigation of tumor development and therapies, consideration of disease staging, and drug delivery.
Theoretical Reshaping for the Augmented Inequality Dynamics

This chapter examines whether rising income inequality is the stylised fact for the process of structural transformation by revisiting classical accounts on various theories of normative inequality dynamics, modernisation, and endogenous growth. In addition, a complex interaction between transformational process and income inequality is analysed by exploring the multidimensions of inequality dynamics, including social, economic, political, and moral. This critical review allows us to conclude that rising income inequality is far from inevitable by introducing a proposal for what it calls Augmented Inequality Dynamics which attempts to systematise the endogenous process within a society, underpinned by these multidimensional aspects. Once the inequality dynamics are formed as historically driven systems of social, economic, and political relations that frame the regulation and coordination mechanism that governs a society, the dynamics can be so evolutionary in a way that they structurally transform themselves by interacting with various dimensions and institutions to shape their own pathway. This explains how income inequality is used to incentivise or restrain the process of various societal interactions by itself going Up and Down repeatedly in the context of structural transformation.
Longitudinal Wide-Field Swept-Source OCT Angiography of Neovascularization in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy after Panretinal Photocoagulation.

Purpose Wide-field swept-source (SS) OCT angiography (OCTA) was compared with ultrawide-field (UWF) fluorescein angiography (FA) for evaluating neovascularization (NV) before and after panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in eyes with treatment-naive proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Design Prospective, observational, consecutive case series. Participants Patients with treatment-naive PDR. Methods Patients were imaged using the SS OCTA 12 × 12-mm field of view (PLEX Elite 9000; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc, Dublin, CA) at baseline and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after PRP. Select eyes were imaged with 5 SS OCTA 12 × 12-mm scans to create posterior pole montages. Ultrawide-field fundus photography and UWF FA were obtained at baseline and 3 months after PRP. Main Outcome Measures Neovascularization visualized using wide-field SS OCTA and UWF FA. Results From January through May 2018, wide-field SS OCTA was performed on 20 eyes with treatment-naive PDR from 15 patients. The en face SS OCTA 12 × 12-mm vitreoretinal interface (VRI) slab images showed NV at baseline in 18 of 20 eyes (90%). Of the remaining 2 eyes, the posterior pole montage captured peripheral NV in one eye, and in the other eye, no evidence of NV was detected with either UWF FA or SS OCTA. After PRP, both SS OCTA and FA demonstrated similar progression or regression of NV, but SS OCTA provided more detailed visualization of the vascular changes. Conclusions Neovascularization in PDR can be identified at baseline and imaged serially after PRP using wide-field SS OCTA. In patients with a high clinical suspicion for PDR, wide-field SS OCTA likely will be the only imaging method needed for diagnosis and longitudinal evaluation of NV.
The conserved XPF:ERCC1-like Zip2:Spo16 complex controls meiotic crossover formation through structure-specific DNA binding.

In eukaryotic meiosis, generation of haploid gametes depends on the formation of inter-homolog crossovers, which enable the pairing, physical linkage, and eventual segregation of homologs in the meiosis I division. A class of conserved meiosis-specific proteins, collectively termed ZMMs, are required for formation and spatial control of crossovers throughout eukaryotes. Here, we show that three Saccharomyces cerevisiae ZMM proteins-Zip2, Zip4 and Spo16-interact with one another and form a DNA-binding complex critical for crossover formation and control. We determined the crystal structure of a Zip2:Spo16 subcomplex, revealing a heterodimer structurally related to the XPF:ERCC1 endonuclease complex. Zip2:Spo16 lacks an endonuclease active site, but binds specific DNA structures found in early meiotic recombination intermediates. Mutations in multiple DNA-binding surfaces on Zip2:Spo16 severely compromise DNA binding, supporting a model in which the complex's central and HhH domains cooperate to bind DNA. Overall, our data support a model in which the Zip2:Zip4:Spo16 complex binds and stabilizes early meiotic recombination intermediates, then coordinates additional factors to promote crossover formation and license downstream events including synaptonemal complex assembly.
Global Tropical Cyclone Damages and Fatalities Under Climate Change: An Updated Assessment

Although it is well known that climate change will alter future tropical cyclone characteristics, there have been relatively few studies that have measured global impacts. This paper utilizes new insights about the damage caused by tropical cyclones from Bakkensen and Mendelsohn (J Assoc Env Res Econ 3:555–587, 2016) to update the original methodology of Mendelsohn et al. (Nat Clim Change 2:205–209, 2012). We find that future cyclone losses are very sensitive to both adaptation and development. Future development (higher income) is predicted to sharply reduce future fatalities. However, damage may take two distinct paths. If countries follow the United States and adapt very little, damage is predicted to increase proportionally with income, rising 400% over the century. However, if development follows the remaining OECD countries, which have done a lot of adaptation, future cyclone damage will only increase slightly.
Synthesis, redox chemistry, and X-ray structure of the mixed-metal cluster Fe2(CO)6(μ3-S)2Ni(dppf)

The reaction between the dianion [Fe2(CO)6(μ2-S)2]2− and NiCl2(dppf) occurs readily at room temperature to give the mixed-metal cluster Fe2(CO)6(μ3-S)2Ni(dppf) in moderate yield. Fe2(CO)6(μ3-S)2Ni(dppf) was isolated by preparative chromatography and its solid-state structure established by X-ray diffraction analysis. Fe2(CO)6(μ3-S)2Ni(dppf) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, a = 20.320(6), b = 13.114(2), c = 15.622(2) A, β = 110.25(2)°, V = 3905.4(11) A3, Z = 4, and d calc = 1.630 g/cm.3 The X-ray structure of Fe2(CO)6(μ3-S)2Ni(dppf) exhibits an Fe2S2Ni arachno polyhedral core, with the pendant dppf ligand attached to an essentially square planar Ni center. The redox chemistry of Fe2(CO)6(μ3-S)2Ni(dppf) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry which showed a reversible, one-electron oxidation localized on the Fe2S2 core along with an irreversible, one-electron reduction that is antibonding with respect to the Fe—Fe and Fe—S bonds. The electrochemical assignments were confirmed by carrying out extended Huckel MO calculations on the model cluster Fe2(CO)6(μ3-S)2Ni(H4-dppf).
Bioengineered analog of stromal cell-derived factor 1α preserves the biaxial mechanical properties of native myocardium after infarction.

Abstract Adverse remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) after myocardial infarction (MI) results in abnormal tissue biomechanics and impaired cardiac function, often leading to heart failure. We hypothesized that intramyocardial delivery of engineered stromal cell-derived factor 1α analog (ESA), our previously-developed supra-efficient pro-angiogenic chemokine, preserves biaxial LV mechanical properties after MI. Male Wistar rats (n = 45) underwent sham surgery (n = 15) or permanent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Rats sustaining MI were randomized for intramyocardial injections of either saline (100 μL, n = 15) or ESA (6 μg/kg, n = 15), delivered at four standardized borderzone sites. After 4 weeks, echocardiography was performed, and the hearts were explanted. Tensile testing of the anterolateral LV wall was performed using a displacement-controlled biaxial load frame, and modulus was determined after constitutive modeling. At 4 weeks post-MI, compared to saline controls, ESA-treated hearts had greater wall thickness (1.68 ± 0.05 mm vs 1.42 ± 0.08 mm, p = 0.008), smaller end-diastolic LV internal dimension (6.88 ± 0.29 mm vs 7.69 ± 0.22 mm, p = 0.044), and improved ejection fraction (62.8 ± 3.0% vs 49.4 ± 4.5%, p = 0.014). Histologic analysis revealed significantly reduced infarct size for ESA-treated hearts compared to saline controls (29.4 ± 2.9% vs 41.6 ± 3.1%, p = 0.021). Infarcted hearts treated with ESA exhibited decreased modulus compared to those treated with saline in both the circumferential (211.5 ± 6.9 kPa vs 264.3 ± 12.5 kPa, p = 0.001) and longitudinal axes (194.5 ± 6.5 kPa vs 258.1 ± 14.4 kPa, p
Efficacy of electromotive drug administration in delivering botulinum toxin a in children with neuropathic detrusor overactivity-outcomes of a pilot study.

Extended summary Background Intravesical botulinum toxin A (BtA) injection is well established in managing paediatric neuropathic detrusor overactivity (NDO). Electromotive drug administration (EMDA) is a less invasive method, which can be performed in the clinic, using pulsed electrical current for drug delivery via a urethral catheter. Few small studies report good outcomes following BtA via EMDA (BtA/EMDA) into bladders of children with NDO. Objective The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of BtA/EMDA in children with NDO, reduced bladder capacity and compliance. Methods Twelve children with NDO on baseline urodynamic study were prospectively included. Pre-BtA/EMDA and post-BtA/EMDA results compared the following four parameters: maximal cystometric capacity, bladder compliance, maximal detrusor pressure (pDetmax) during detrusor overactivity and pDetmax at capacity. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test using Graphpad Prism 8 was used for analysis. Secondary outcomes include adverse effects and symptomatic improvement. Results Fourteen episodes of BtA/EMDA were performed. Five patients received 3.3 IU/kg of Botox®, and five received 10 IU/kg (maximum 300 IU). Four patients received 10 IU/kg of Dysport®. Two patients in the Dysport®/EMDA group also received Botox®/EMDA more than six months previously. Thirteen of 14 post-EMDA results were completed and included in the paired analysis. No statistically significant improvements in any cystometric parameters were demonstrated. Eight patients subsequently had intravesical BtA injections with significant improvements in both cystometric parameters and symptoms. Two patients subsequently transitioned to adult services; one was commenced on mirabegron, and one has undergone ileocystoplasty with Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy. Discussion Despite some evidence to support BtA/EMDA in children with NDO, the authors were unable to replicate previously published positive cystometric and symptomatic outcomes. In addition, BtA/EMDA performed poorly when compared with conventional intravesical BtA injections. This implies failure of EMDA to deliver BtA correctly to the target tissue. The large size of the BtA molecule or the abnormal bladder wall in NDO could account for the negative results. Thorough preparation and consultation was undertaken before this study with BtA/EMDA, and it is discouraging that the authors were unable to reproduce the positive results of other groups. Conclusions Although safe and acceptable to most patients, the authors cannot recommend the use of BtA/EMDA for NDO in children at present.
Revisiting the Disablement Process

The Disablement Process is a scientific model designed to aid research and thinking on disability. It has been of high utility in recent decades, serving as architecture for many specific studies. This chapter takes a fresh look at the disablement process model, placing it in the context of other options and considering its future value.
The White Mob, (In) Equality Before the Law, and Racial Common Sense: A Critical Race Reading of the Negro Question in “Reflections on Little Rock”:

This article argues that Hannah Arendt’s controversial essay “Reflections on Little Rock,” when situated within her analysis of Jewish assimilation, has an astute insight: racial integration and th...
Faith Community and Campus Engagement in Immigrant Integration

Immigration is one of the most contentious topics in contemporary American politics. This study presents the planning, implementation and evaluation of a program of faith community dialogues on immigration developed in partnership between a public university, a faith-based group of volunteers, and Catholic congregations. Based on data from dialogue transcriptions, exit questionnaires completed by participants, observation notes, and reflections shared by students and faith community leaders, the study shows the outcomes of the program for the congregations, the volunteer group, the students, and the faculty leader. The volunteer group was able to launch a new program that helped immigrant and US-born members of faith communities develop feelings of mutual understanding and collaboration. Students had the opportunity to learn research skills and better understand people’s perspectives on immigration and race. The faculty leader produced community-based scholarship that otherwise would not have been possible. The study concludes that cumulative collaborative learning, the inclusion of a religious dimension, and support from faith leaders are key for the success of partnerships between university and faith-based actors.