cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systematic strategy for simultaneous adaptive hp finite element mesh modification using nonlinear programming

Abstract Adaptive refinement usually involves refining or enriching a fraction of mesh elements by one level based on a cut-off criterion, requiring several costly intermediate solutions before a mesh that yields an acceptable solution is obtained. We avoid this by formulating and solving the mesh design problem as a mathematical program. Our approach simultaneously modifies both mesh size ( h ) and local polynomial order ( p ) to yield an “optimal” mesh for a target error or given computational cost with gradients from local convergence rates. Constraints such as the one irregularity rule during mesh refinement are systematically incorporated in this formulation. The design task leads to a mixed integer nonlinear program (MINLP), that is relaxed to an NLP. To reduce the computations for the NLP, we employ simplified analytical gradients derived from initial mesh calculations. Finally, we apply our method to three model problems showing that complex hp -adaptive grids can be obtained directly from a uniform coarse grid. A commercial optimization software, MINOS [B.A. Murtagh, M.A. Saunders, MINOS 5.4 User's Guide, Technical Report SOL 83-20R, Stanford University, Stanford, 1987, Revised February 1995], was used as the NLP optimizer.
Twisting toroidally compactified heterotic strings with enlarged symmetry groups

In toroidal compactification of string theory, enlarged symmetry groups arise at special radii of the compactified dimensions. Here an orbifold-like construction is considered in which the degrees of freedom describing the compact spatial dimensions are twisted by symmetries which exist only for special values of the radius. Constraints on the possible twists arising from the requirements of worldsheet supersymmetry and modular invariance are described, and some simple examples are given. One motivation for this work is that in twisting by a symmetry which exists only at a special value of the radius, one of the dilaton-like fields can acquire a mass, since the radius of the compact space is fixed.
Intratumoral acetic acid injection eradicates human prostate cancer tumors in a murine model.

To treat localized prostate cancer without substantial morbidity, an ideal treatment would be an effective local therapy with minimal morbidity. Direct injections have been used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia without major complications, but in limited cases. We evaluated the local oncotoxic effects of acetic acid in a prostate cancer xenograft murine model. PC3 and LNCaP human prostate cancer cell lines were used to grow subcutaneous tumors in SCID mice. For each cell line, 14 mice underwent intratumor injection with 25 % acetic acid (0.05 ml/100 cm3 of tumor) after the tumor was >300 mm3. Post-treatment one mouse/group was euthanized after 2 h, 24 h, 1 and 2 weeks; remaining mice (n = 10) were killed at 120 days. Control mice (8/group) were euthanized after they met the humane criteria for tumor burden and overall health. Tumor necrosis was noted immediately post-injection; by 24 h, ulceration and crusting of overlying skin were noted, which healed into scars by 23 ± 5 days. Histological examination showed tumor degeneration and necrosis with blood vessel obstruction. Ten treated mice in both groups survived for 120 days, which was much longer than the mean survival of PC3 (40 ± 9 days) and LNCaP (56 ± 10) control mice. Direct injection of acetic acid successfully eradicated both tumors. This treatment option could potentially be used in humans for treatment of early localized prostate cancer and nonoperative management of locally advanced cases. This is the first report of successful local chemical therapy for prostate cancer.
“A Cool Drink of Water Before I Die:” Four Modern John Henry Songs

Using Kenneth Burke's pentadic method of criticism, a study of four modern compositions based on the legend of John Henry reveals modern white anxieties—ambivalent attitudes toward class, race, and agency that leave modern white performers far less certain than their folk precursors about the nature of the world and of heroism. While the composers of modern John Henry songs emulate the traditional ballad's populist idealism, their compositions betray a doubleness of mind that vacillates between celebrating John Henry as an agent and pitying him as a victim of his environment. In a postlabor America only a radical recontextualization of John Henry as a creative hero can salvage the myth for a new century.
Constant-life diagram modified for notch plasticity

Abstract A modified constant-life Haigh diagram has been formulated to account for plasticity occurring at stress concentrations under cyclic loading at sufficiently high stress ratios. The notch plasticity is assumed to occur within a range of elastic stress concentration factors, kt, and cycles to failure, Nf, such that plastic straining occurs only during the first cycle of constant-amplitude cycling and straining remains elastic thereafter. This condition is expected to occur in high cycle fatigue at stress concentrations of moderate kt loaded at high stress ratio. The validity of the model is assessed by means of fatigue data from Ti–6Al–4V notched specimens having a range of kt. The model, purposely kept simple for ease of use as a design tool, is found to capture trends in the fatigue data not predicted using traditional straight-line models on a mean stress versus alternating stress constant-life plot.
Baseline patient-reported kidney cancer-specific symptoms as an indicator for median survival in sorafenib-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

The goal of the study was to determine the relationship of baseline Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Kidney Cancer Symptom Index (FKSI) scores with median progression-free survival (mPFS) and median overall survival (mOS) after treatment with axitinib in patients with sorafenib-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. As part of a multicenter, open-label, phase II study, patients (N = 62) reported symptoms at baseline using the FKSI, with higher scores indicating less severe symptoms. A Weibull (fully parametric) model was fit to time-to-event data to establish the relationship of baseline FKSI score with mPFS and mOS. Kaplan–Meier curves were obtained as sensitivity analyses. Longer progression-free and overall survivals were associated with higher (more favorable) baseline FKSI-15 and FKSI disease-related symptoms (FKSI-DRS) subscale specific to kidney cancer scores. For example, for FKSI-15 scores of 0 (most symptoms), 30, and 60 (no symptoms), the mPFS were 0.72, 3.83, and 20.43 months, respectively, and the mOS were 1.05, 6.27, and 37.53 months. Similar patterns and interpretations were observed for the FKSI-DRS scores. The results from the Kaplan–Meier analyses supported the parametric model. Baseline patient-reported kidney cancer symptoms are linked to mPFS and mOS in a clear and interpretable way. These results support the evaluation of patient-reported symptoms at baseline in clinical trials and in clinical practice to measure symptom severity and potentially predict progression-free and overall survival outcomes. The results provide a heightened opportunity to use patient data not only to assist in medical treatment planning but also to prepare patients, who have advanced disease and an already reduced expected lifespan, with an opportunity to deal with the psychosocial aspects of the dying process.
Nonlinear optically active polymeric coordination networks based on metal m-pyridylphosphonates.

A family of polymeric coordination networks based on meta-pyridylphosphonate bridging ligands has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Compounds [M(2)(L-Et)(4)(mu-H(2)O)] (M = Mn, 1; Co, 2; Ni, 3; L-Et = ethyl-4-[2-(3-pyridyl)ethenyl]phenylphosphonate) were obtained by hydro(solvo)thermal reactions between diethyl-4-[2-(3-pyridyl)ethenyl]phenylphosphonate (L-Et(2)) and corresponding metal salts, while [Cd(L-H)(2)], 4 (L-H is monoprotonated 4-[2-(3-pyridyl)ethenyl]phenylphosphonate), was obtained by a hydro(solvo)thermal reaction between (L-H(2)).HBr and Cd(CF(3)SO(3))(2).6H(2)O. Compounds 1-3 are isostructural and crystallize in noncentrosymmetric space group Fdd2, and they adopt a complicated 3D framework structure composed of [M(2)(L-Et)(4)(mu-H(2)O)] building units, while compound 4 adopts a centrosymmetric 3D network structure resulted from linking 1D sinusoidal cadmium phosphate chains with L-H bridging ligands. Consistent with their polar structures, compounds 1-3 exhibit powder second harmonic generation signals larger than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
The indium subnitrides Ae6In4(InxLiy)N3-z (Ae = Sr and Ba)

The indium nitrides Sr6In4(In0.32Li0.92)N2.49 and Ba6In4.78N2.72 have been synthesized from an excess of molten sodium. They crystallize in a stuffed variant of the η-carbide structure type in the cubic space group Fd3m with Z = 8. The lattice parameters are a = 14.3752(4) and 15.216(1) A, with cell volumes 2970.6(2) and 3523.3(6) A3, respectively. In both compounds there are vacancies on some of the indium and nitrogen sites and, in the case of Sr6In4(In0.32Li0.92)N2.49, mixed lithium−indium occupancy of one metal site. It is demonstrated that the partial and mixed occupancies act to carefully tune to electron count to almost fulfill the bonding requirements of the stellar quadrangular subnets of both compounds. Four probe resistivity measurements performed upon a pellet of Sr6In4(In0.32Li0.92)N2.49 show it to have a room-temperature resistivity of 6.3 mΩ·cm with a weak temperature dependence.
Evaluation of a new latex agglutination method for detection of antibody to herpes simplex virus.

A new latex agglutination (LA) test (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, N.J.) for detection of antibody to herpes simplex virus was compared with a reference complement fixation (CF) method in a premarket evaluation. Of 102 serum samples tested, 19 were LA negative and CF negative, 79 were LA positive and CF positive, and 4 were LA positive and CF negative. An enzyme immunoassay (M. A. Bioproducts, Walkersville, Md.) performed on the four LA-positive and CF-negative serum samples agreed with LA in all cases. Most LA titers were two to four doubling dilutions higher than CF titers. We conclude that this new LA test is a rapid, sensitive, and simple method for documentation of past infection with herpes simplex virus.
Potential impact of low levels of chlorsulfuron and other herbicides on growth and yield of nontarget plants

The influence of low application rates of chlorsulfuron on the growth and reproduction of four taxonomically diverse plant species (canola, smartweed, soybean, and sunflower) were examined. Exposures examined ranged from 1 × 10−3 to 8 × 10−3 of the recommended field rates for cereal crops and were approximately 1,000 times less than the highest exposure recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Each species received a single application at one of three different stages of reproductive development. Effects were determined by measuring the height and yield of mature plants. The comparative effects of four different herbicides (atrazine, chlorsulfuron, glyphosate, and 2,4-D) were determined in the same manner by exposing each test species to a single low dose at one of three critical stages of reproductive development. Chlorsulfuron reduced the yield of all plants tested, with the amount of reduction depending on the time and rate of application. Most noteworthy was its influence on canola and soybean, in which at critical stages in development, applications of 9.2 × 10−5 and 1.8 × 10−4 kg/ha, respectively, reduced seed yields (dry wt) to 8 and 1% of those of controls without causing a significant change in vegetative growth. These low application rates are within the range of reported herbicide drift levels and suggest that chlorsulfuron may cause severe reduction in the yields of some nontarget crops if they are subjected to exposure at critical stages of development. Application of other herbicides at comparable rates and stages of plant development had no influence on either canola or soybean.
Local Does as Local Is: Information Content of the Geography of Individual Investors' Common Stock Investments

Using a data set on a large number of retail investors from 1991-96, we find that households exhibit a strong preference for local investment - the average household invests nearly a third of their portfolio in firms headquartered within 250 miles. We test whether this locality bias is driven by information or by simple familiarity. The average household generates an additional return of 3.7% per year from its local holdings relative to its non-local holdings, suggesting local investors are able to exploit local knowledge. The excess return to investing locally is even larger among stocks not in the S&P 500 index (firms where informational asymmetries between local and non-local investors may be largest), while there is no excess return earned by households that invest in local S&P 500 stocks. Moreover, the patterns in turnover, herding, and excess demand across local and non-local trades are suggestive of a gradual dissemination of information.
Chronic cardiovascular and renal actions of leptin during hyperinsulinemia.

Hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia occur concurrently in obese subjects, and both have been suggested to mediate increased blood pressure associated with excess weight gain. The goal of this stud...
Quantum Chaos for the Vibrating Rectangular Billiard

We consider oscillations of the length and width in rectangular quantum billiards, a two "degree-of-vibration" configuration. We consider several superpositon states and discuss the effects of symmetry (in terms of the relative values of the quantum numbers of the superposed states) on the resulting evolution equations and derive necessary conditions for quantum chaos for both separable and inseparable potentials. We extend this analysis to n-dimensional rectangular parallelepipeds with two degrees-of-vibration. We produce several sets of Poincare maps corresponding to different projections and potentials in the two-dimensional case. Several of these display chaotic behavior. We distinguish between four types of behavior in the present system corresponding to the separability of the potential and the symmetry of the superposition states. In particular, we contrast harmonic and anharmonic potentials. We note that vibrating rectangular quantum billiards may be used as a model for quantum-well nanostructures of the stated geometry, and we observe chaotic behavior without passing to the semiclassical (ℏ → 0) or high quantum-number limits.
Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(0)

[15133-82-1] C72H60NiP4 (MW 1107.89) InChI = 1S/4C18H15P.Ni/c4*1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;/h4*1-15H; InChIKey = KFBKRCXOTTUAFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (a source of nickel(0) useful for coupling reactions of organic halides,2 and the cyclooligomerization of cumulenes3) Physical Data: mp 123–128 °C (N2). Solubility: sol DMF, DMA, THF, acetonitrile, benzene; slightly sol Et2O; very slightly sol n-heptane, EtOH. Form Supplied in: widely available as a red powder of greater than 98% purity. Preparative Methods: the standard preparation involves the reduction of Nickel(II) Acetylacetonate with Triethylaluminum in the presence of Triphenylphosphine. To 21.3 g of anhydrous Ni(acac)2 and 125 g PPh3 in 800 mL of Et2O under N2 at 0 °C is slowly added 28.0 g Et3Al. The reddish-brown precipitate is collected, washed with Et2O, and twice dissolved in benzene and reprecipitated by the addition of n-heptane to give about 50 g (55%) of Ni(PPh3)4.4 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: highly oxygen sensitive. Special inert-atmosphere techniques must be used.5 Should be stored at 0 °C. Cancer suspect agent.
Imposed Delay of Response: Effects on Aphasics' Auditory Comprehension of Visually and Non-Visually Cued Material

Two groups of aphasics were administered an auditory comprehension task under conditions of 0-, 5-, and 10-sec. imposed delay of response. The auditory-visual group received auditory and visual cues; the auditory group received only auditory cues. Comprehension for the auditory-visual group was significantly better than for the auditory group. Increase in delay time significantly improved comprehension for the auditory-visual group but not for the auditory group.
THE PLAY WITH A PAST: ARTHUR WING PINERO'S NEW DRAMA

In the late Victorian period, when writers, critics, and actors of the English theatre became obsessed with defining a decidedly New Drama – with establishing its history, directing its progress forward, and creating a literary drama – the majority of the plays produced focused upon forms of femininity. Strangely, these innovative dramas engaged not with the future, but with an all-too-familiar stock character: the woman with a past. This well-known type was “a lady whose previous conduct, rightly or wrongly, disqualified her from any position of rank or respect” (Rowell 108–09). Familiar examples of such plays include George Bernard Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession (1893) and Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan (1892); lesser-known ones include Henry Arthur Jones's Case of Rebellious Susan (1894) and two plays that form the focus of this essay, Arthur Wing Pinero's The Second Mrs. Tanqueray (1893) and The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith (1895). Several English theatre historians (including Richard Dietrich and Jean Chothia) present these plays as the basis of modern intellectual drama, yet none explains the paradox that the theatre of modernity is founded upon the woman with a past, a figure whose future in these plays is foreclosed or ambivalently conceptualized at best.
Influence of cadmium and mycorrhizal fungi on the fatty acid profile of flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds.

BACKGROUND The soil environment can affect not only the quantity of crops produced but also their nutritional quality. We examined the combined effects of below-ground cadmium (0, 5, and 15 ppm) and mycorrhizal fungi (presence and absence) on the concentration of five major fatty acids within flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum). RESULTS Plants grown with mycorrhizal fungi produced seeds that contained higher concentrations of unsaturated (18:1, 18:2 and 18:3), but not saturated (16:0 and 18:0) fatty acids. The effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds were most pronounced when plant roots were exposed to 15 ppm Cd (i.e. the concentrations of 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 increased by 169%, 370% and 150%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The pronounced effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids at 15 ppm Cd may have been due to the presence of elevated levels of Cd within seeds. Our results suggest that, once the concentration of cadmium within seeds reaches a certain threshold, this heavy metal may improve the efficiency of enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Reversing the decreasing trend of students majoring in accounting

Purpose – To provide accounting practitioners and educators some of the reasons for the decreasing trend of students majoring in accounting and describe some of the activities that can be undertaken by accounting educators and practitioners to reverse the trend.Design/methodology/approach – A range of published (1995‐2005) publications, which aim to show the reasons for the decreasing trend of students majoring in accounting, are reviewed. A study was conducted at a regional US university identifying – when student made the decision to major in accounting; the influence accounting instructors had on their decision to major in accounting; and the influence of the courses Managerial and Financial Accounting on their decision to major in accounting.Findings – The majority of students majoring in accounting decide their major prior to their first university accounting course. A significant percentage of accounting majors rate accounting instructors as having no or minimal influence on their decision to major ...
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ANTITOXIN PRODUCED IN NORMAL AND ALLERGIC INDIVIDUALS HYPERIMMUNIZED WITH DIPHTHERIA TOXOID III. STUDIES OF THE PASSIVE ARTHUS REACTION IN GUINEA PIGS USING HUMAN PRECIPITATING AND NON-PRECIPITATING DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN

The Arthus reaction was studied in guinea pigs passively immunized with human diphtheria antitoxin. Diphtheria toxoid was given intradermally 24 hours following the intravenous administration of antitoxin and the subsequent reactions were graded and measured. The intensity of Arthus reactions was dependent upon the relative amounts of precipitating antitoxin and toxoid used. Severe lesions were caused by intravenous sensitization with 0.48 mg. precipitating antitoxin N and intradermal challenge with 0.05 or 0.17 toxoid N. Reactions of lesser intensity were caused by smaller amounts of antitoxin and toxoid. The nature of the antibody used for sensitization was of importance in the severity of Arthus reactions. In contrast to the behavior of precipitating antitoxin, amounts of non-precipitating antitoxin equivalent to 0.48 mg. N did not cause severe Arthus reactions when 0.05 or 0.17 mg. toxoid N was given intradermally. Precipitating antitoxic whole serum is altered by heating at 56°C. for 5 hours so that its precipitability is lost without any appreciable loss of antitoxic strength. This modified antitoxin produced Arthus reactions of only intermediate severity in guinea pigs sensitized with 0.48 mg. antitoxin N. When fractions of precipitating antitoxic serum were obtained using a cold ethanol technique described by Deutsch (16), a mixture of the purified γ2-globulin and the crude albumin fraction heated together at 56°C. for 5 hours behaved similarly to whole serum. However, γ2-globulin alone was not affected by the heating procedure, remained precipitable by toxoid, and was able to cause a severe Arthus reaction following sensitization with 0.48 mg. antitoxin N.
The effect of the radial function on I-125 seeds used for permanent prostate implantation.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the integrity of eight commercially-available low-activity Iodine-125 ( 125 I) seeds for their radial function g(r) and its effect on the dose delivered to the adjacent critical structures when used in permanent prostate implants (PPI). Ten previously treated patients were retrospectively used in this comparison. The Amersham Health Oncura seed was used to peripherally design an isodose distribution with urethral and anterior rectal wall sparing. Plan criteria included minimum coverage of 144 Gy to the planning target volume (PTV), ≤ 70% dose to 150% of the PTV volume (V150-PTV), and the quantity of needles ≤ 70% of the size of the PTV, in cc. Upon completion of the Oncura plan, the seed type was changed and the activity was adjusted until the V100-PTV for each of the other 7 seed types matched the V100-PTV defined by the Oncura seed. Computed tomography (CT)-based postimplant dosimetry was used to determine the dose to 40% (D40) of the bulb of the penis (in Gy). Dose-volume histograms (DVH) were used to evaluate the differences to V100 (in %) and D40 (in Gy) of the anterior rectal wall and bulb of the penis, and V100 (in %) of the urethra. The data was tabulated. Radioactive 125 I sources included in this study were 125 I Source 2301 (Best); I-Plant (MedTech), IoGold (Mentor), Oncura (Amersham Health), ProstaSeed (UroCor), SelectSeed (Nucletron), SourceTech (Bard), and Symmetra (UroMed). The sizes of the PTV for the 10 patients ranged from 18.82 cc to 48.99 cc. The Oncura seed was used as the reference seed and all other seed types were normalized to it for data comparison. It was determined that the dose rate constant (⋀) and anisotropy factor (φ) contribute to the activity needed to achieve comparable V100-PTV doses, but a strong dependence on the radial function g(r) was found to effect the doses to the critical structures studied. Values of g(r) at 4 cm were calculated and the IoGold and SourceTech seeds were determined to have the highest g(r) values, with ProstaSeed and SelectSeed having the lowest values. 125 I Source 2301 and IoGold required less activity per seed to achieve the same dose to the V100-PTV due to the higher dose rate and anisotrophy constants (⋀.φ). The seed types with silver were less penetrating and resulted in the production of characteristic x-rays that modified the energy spectrum and influenced the radial function. The seeds requiring the lowest activity showed the highest dose to the anterior rectal wall, a posterior adjacent structure; the urethra, an interior structure; and the bulb, an inferior structure. This study was designed to investigate the integrity of eight different commercially-available seed types, and their dependence on the g(r) in seed choice. It was determined that the dose rate constant and anisotropy factor determine the activity needed for implantation but a strong dependence on the radial function was found to effect the doses to the adjacent structures.
Wave-induced distortions of a slightly stratified shear flow: a nonlinear critical-layer effect

A slightly stratified shear flow is considered when the effects of nonlinearity, viscosity and thermal diffusivity are in balance in the critical layer. Finite amplitude essentially non-diffusive neutral waves exist only if the mean temperature, velocity and vorticity profiles are distorted such that small jumps in these quantities occur across the critical layer.
Cephalin-cholesterol flocculation in premature infants and children receiving immune globulin

Summary 1. The cephalin-cholesterol flocculation is positive in premature infantsduring the first week of life, and often throughout the second. 2. The cephalin-cholesterol flocculation appears to be influenced when large amounts of immune globulin are given intramuscularly. 3. The cephalin-cholesterol flocculation is subject to many variable factors capable of producing false positive results.
Stabilization of laser beam alignment to an optical resonator by heterodyne detection of off-axis modes

We demonstrate a method for real time alignment of a Gaussian beam to an optical resonator. While thefrequency of a source laser is stabilized to a fundamental cavity mode resonance, phase modulation sidebands are applied at the off-axis mode frequencies. Asymmetrical transmission of the sideband at the frequency of each off-axis mode produces amplitude modulated optical signals and indicates the extent of the misalignments. Phase sensitive detection of these optical signals provides the error signals which are minimized by a control system that steers the input beam. In this way, optimum coupling of an injected source beam can be maintained to the fundamental mode of the resonator. This active alignment technique has demonstrated a sensitivity to tilts of 0.1 nrad/ radicalHz and to lateral beam displacements of 0.08 nm/ radicalHz in the ~1-Hz-1-kHz frequency range. These values correspond to 2 parts in 10(7) radicalHz for both the far-field divergence angle and the beam waist size. Such performance is within a factor of 2 of the shot noise limitation of the error signal measurement for a detected power of 160 microW.
The epistemology of climate change: Some morals for managers

Abstract This paper surveys several aspects of the climate change issue with a view to identifying some morals for resource managers. It discusses problems with defining and identifying climate change, assessing its impacts, and motivating policy responses. The conclusion is that climate change is likely to occur, but our institutions are unlikely to respond successfully to its effects.
Numerical simulation of continuous-time stochastic dynamical systems with noisy measurements and their discrete-time equivalents

Computer-aided control system design software packages offer several numerical methods to simulate continuous-time (CT) deterministic dynamical systems. However, simulating stochastic dynamical systems (SDSs) has not received as much attention. This paper presents a self-contained treatment of how to simulate linear time-invariant CT SDSs with noisy measurements. The system model considered is quite general and avoids many simplifying assumptions generally made in the literature. An analytical solution to a state-space representation of the CT SDS is presented, and numerical approximations to such solution are derived. Moreover, the connection between the CT SDS and a discrete-time (DT) statistically equivalent system is established. Numerical methods for computing the various DT system and noise statistics matrices are discussed. An example is presented to illustrate the application of the various methods discussed in this paper.
A study of injection pulling and locking in oscillators

This paper presents an analysis that confers new insights into injection pulling and locking of oscillators and the reduction of phase noise under locked condition. A graphical interpretation of Adler's equation predicts the behavior of injection-pulled oscillators in time and frequency domains. An identity derived from the phase and envelope equations expresses the required oscillator nonlinearity across the lock range.
Evolution and Function of the Plant Cell Wall Synthesis-Related Glycosyltransferase Family 8

Carbohydrate-active enzyme glycosyltransferase family 8 (GT8) includes the plant galacturonosyltransferase1-related gene family of proven and putative a-galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT) and GAUT-like (GATL) genes. We computationally identified and investigated this family in 15 fully sequenced plant and green algal genomes and in the National Center for Biotechnology Information nonredundant protein database to determine the phylogenetic relatedness of the GAUTs and GATLs to other GT8 family members. The GT8 proteins fall into three well-delineated major classes. In addition to GAUTs and GATLs, known or predicted to be involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis, class I also includes a lower plantspecific GAUT and GATL-related (GATR) subfamily, two metazoan subfamilies, and proteins from other eukaryotes and cyanobacteria. Class II includes galactinol synthases and plant glycogenin-like starch initiation proteins that are not known to be directly involved in cell wall synthesis, as well as proteins from fungi, metazoans, viruses, and bacteria. Class III consists almost entirely of bacterial proteins that are lipooligo/polysaccharide a-galactosyltransferases and a-glucosyltransferases. Sequence motifs conserved across all GT8 subfamilies and those specific to plant cell wall-related GT8 subfamilies were identified and mapped onto a predicted GAUT1 protein structure. The tertiary structure prediction identified sequence motifs likely to represent key amino acids involved in catalysis, substrate binding, protein-protein interactions, and structural elements required for GAUT1 function. The results show that the GAUTs, GATLs, and GATRs have a different evolutionary origin than other plant GT8 genes, were likely acquired from an ancient cyanobacterium (Synechococcus) progenitor, and separate into unique subclades that may indicate functional specialization. Plant cell walls are composed of three principal types of polysaccharides: cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Studying the biosynthesis and degradation of these biopolymers is important because cell walls have multiple roles in plants, including providing structural support to cells and defense against pathogens, serving as cell-specific developmental and differentiation markers, and mediating or facilitating cell-cell communication. In addition to their important roles within plants, cell walls also have many economic uses in human and animal nutrition and as sources of natural textile fibers, paper and wood products, and components of fine chemicals and medicinal products. The study of the biosynthesis and biodegradation of plant cell walls has become evenmore significant because cell
Extensions to the Prototype Library

The library and sample models serve as a small, prototype example, and test case. However, one of the goals for the structured modeling approach is to support extensibility, that is, the addition of new capabilities that are built on and integrated with an existing library. The chapter discusses how the prototype library could be extended and enhanced to support a handful of new capabilities: collision and contact, finite-state control mechanisms, interchanging kinematic and dynamic motion, and flexible bodies. The basic conceptual model of a flexible body is that it is a smooth, continuous surface. There are several advantages to creating a smooth surface at the mathematical and conceptual levels, rather than using the mass-point-spring model: (1) the body can be rendered without regard to the numerical discretization.
Immunoreactive prothrombin-like material in hepatoblastoma and other tumor monolayers

Using an indirect immunofluorescence assay, we looked for the presence of immunoreactive prothrombin-like material in human tumor cell and fibroblast cultures. Prothrombin-like material was found in one hepatoblastoma, one choroidal melanoma, and 3/7 neuroectodermal cell lines. However, it was not found in peripheral melanoma or fibroblast cells.
Estimates of Population Size, Measurements of Sex Ratios, and Reported Mortality Rates for Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) at a Site in the Upper Midwestern United States

Abstract The characteristics of snake populations are reportedly difficult to quantify and such information exists for relatively few species, including Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi). A Bullsnake population in southwestern Wisconsin was surveyed for three seasons (2003–05). All snakes encountered were (1) implanted with Passive Integrated Transponders for mark-recapture analyses of population size, (2) aged by size, and (3) sexed via probing and released. A subset of individuals was also implanted with radio transmitters to determine, in part, mortality rates and sources. Although recapture rates over the three years of surveying were low, an unbiased Lincoln-Petersen estimation was possible. This estimation revealed a small adult population size (N = 28.8) that was similar to the total number of adults encountered throughout the study (N = 30). Chi-squared analysis revealed that adult sex ratios were similar to 50 : 50 in all years. Mortality rates were high, particularly in females (44%), and so...
A Break In The Cloud? The Reality Of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is on the forefront of the technological landscape with Google, Microsoft and Amazon, among others, building up their server capacity to handle the next perceived leap in technological innovation. However, not only does the security of cloud computing have to be seriously addressed, but SOA governance and the capacity in the core, connectivity and fiber layers of the Internet to absorb the increased bandwidth will also have to be considered.
Effects of stratospheric variability on El Niño teleconnections

The effects of the tropical Pacific El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon are communicated to the rest of the globe via atmospheric teleconnections. Traditionally, ENSO teleconnections have been viewed as tropospheric phenomena, propagating to higher latitudes as Rossby waves. Recent studies, however, suggest an influence of the stratosphere on extra-tropical ENSO teleconnections. The stratosphere is highly variable: in the tropics, the primary mode of variability is the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and in the extra-tropics sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) regularly perturb the mean state. Here, we conduct a 10-member ensemble of simulations with a stratosphere-resolving atmospheric general circulation model forced with the observed evolution of sea surface temperatures during 1952–2001 to examine the effects of the QBO and SSWs on the zonal-mean circulation and temperature response to El Nino, with a focus on the northern extra-tropics during winter. We find that SSWs have a larger impact than the QBO on the composite El Nino responses. During El Nino winters with SSWs, the polar stratosphere shows positive temperature anomalies that propagate downward to the surface where they are associated with increased sea-level pressure over the Arctic. During El Nino winters without SSWs, the stratosphere and upper troposphere show negative temperature anomalies but these do not reach the surface. The QBO modulates the El Nino teleconnection primarily in winters without SSWs: the negative temperature anomalies in the polar stratosphere and upper troposphere are twice as large during QBO West compared to QBO East years. In addition, El Nino winters that coincide with the QBO West phase show stronger positive sea-level pressure anomalies over the eastern Atlantic and Northern Europe than those in the QBO East phase. The results imply that the stratosphere imparts considerable variability to ENSO teleconnections.
Molecular Control of Lymphatic Metastasis in Lung Cancer

Lymph node metastasis in lung cancer is a strong independent predictor of poor prognosis, and designation of the tumor “nodal” status is a challenging and central component of the lung carcinoma TNM staging system. In recent years, genetic studies in mouse models as well as pathologic human lung cancer studies have revealed a variety of molecules that may critically regulate thoracic lymph node metastasis. These include important lymphatic endothelial growth factors such as VEGF-C and VEGF-D as well as the pro-angiogenic factors VEGF-A and FGF-2 (often overexpressed by lung carcinoma cells) that stimulate the growth of lymphatic conduit in both the primary tumor and the downstream lymph nodes. This process of pathologic lymphangiogenesis correlates with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in lung cancer. Certain families of chemokines also appear to be critical for driving the process of tumor–lymphatic invasion, where the cognate chemokine receptors (e.g., CXCR4 or CCR7) are often overexpressed by carcinoma cells. In addition to lymphatic growth factors and chemokine effectors, a variety of molecules may facilitate interactions of lymphatic endothelial cells with growth factors, chemokines and their receptors, as well as the extracellular matrix. These include proteoglycans and integrins, and their roles in coordinating tumor-lymphatic interactions in the lung carcinoma microenvironment may be critical for lymph node metastasis.
Narrating Trauma in Jennifer Johnston's O Ananias, Azarias and Miseal and Mary Beckett's “A Belfast Woman”

As a Dublin-born, Protestant, Anglo-Irish writer of the big house, Jennifer Johnston is in sharp contrast with Mary Beckett, a Roman Catholic, working-class writer from the Northern Ireland. Their ...
Intermolecular MH···HR Bonding in Monohydride Mo and W Complexes

Intermolecular interactions between HR (R = F, OH, H2O+) and the hydride and NO ligands of Mo(H)(CO)2(L)2(L‘) (where cis-ligand L = PH3, NH3; trans-ligand L‘ = NO, Cl, H) and the W(H)(CO)2(NO)(PH3)2 complex have been studied using HF/3-21G and DFT (B3LYP, BLYP, B3PW91) methods. The structure of the complexes depends upon the nature of the trans-ligand and the proton donor ability of HR. H···H bonding exists in the case of poor and moderate proton donors HR and the strong π-acceptor trans-ligand. A strong σ-donor cis-ligand strengthens the H···H bonding. The change from poor proton donor to strongly acidic HR leads to a η2-H2 structure. The dihydride structure is formed with replacement of a π-acceptor trans-ligand by a σ-donor as a result of greater nucleophilicity of the metal atom. Energy decomposition analysis shows that the H···H bond consists of a large electrostatic component, with a small but significant contribution from both charge transfer and polarization, distinct from the pattern of the conve...
Panic Disorder: Cognitive Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatment Strategies

The past decade has seen significant advances in both psychosocial, notably cognitive behavioral (CBT), and pharmacological treatments for panic disorder. Given the widely acknowledged efficacy of both forms of treatment, it is reasonable to consider that the combination of approaches should yield an extremely potent strategy to treating panic disorder. The present report summarizes scientific evidence for the singular and combined treatment approaches to panic disorder. Data across studies indicate that combined treatments yield immediate and short-term benefits above those provided by either pharmacologic treatment or CBT alone. In the long-term, however, these benefits disappear. In fact, the combination of benzodiazepines and CBT appears to produce poorer end-state functioning than CBT alone. Other data indicate that the sequencing of pharmacotherapy and CBT may be useful for benzodiazepine fading. Although these data are preliminary, combined treatments do not appear to be the treatment of choice for patients with panic disorder. Treatment algorithms are suggested based on existing data.
Plaster Drop-Out Casts as a Dynamic Means to Reduce Muscle Contracture

Physical therapy for reducing muscle contracture, whether by passive stretch or active exercise, is often undermined by the joint position usually maintained outside the time of therapy. Any maintained joint position may be a serious problem, especially in the presence of spasticity, for example, upper extremity flexor pattern after a cerebrovascular accident or the total flexor or extensor responses of the limbs following head trauma or CNS infection. Plaster of Paris splinting that maintains the joint at the maximum comfortable range and allows further motion out of the contracted position can be effective in preventing further loss of range of motion and even in gaining additional range of motion. Such casts can be made in physical therapy with easily obtained materials. This case report illustrates this technique.
Metaphor in William H. Rehnquist's Judicial Rhetoric

(1996). Metaphor in William H. Rehnquist's Judicial Rhetoric. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 78-87.
Copy number variation, exome sequencing and the variability in neurological disease

We present a detailed study of the genomes of children with developmental delay compared to adult controls and show that as much as 14% of paediatric disease, including autism, epilepsy and intellectual disability, is caused by deletions and duplications of large segments of the genome involving multiple genes. These mutations can be either inherited or found in the parents of children depending on the size of the event. I will present evidence from exome sequencing of over 200 parent–child trios with sporadic autism and show how these data may be used to pinpoint novel genes underlying copy number variation (CNV) burden as well as provide insight into new pathways. We find that some of the same disease-causing mutations can manifest very differently and, in particular, be more severe if they occur on a background of other compounding mutations. We predict that the overall burden of rare and private severe mutations will correlate with different outcomes ranging from autism, intellectual disability and epilepsy. We propose that the early development of the brain is particularly sensitive to the timing and expression of many different genes and that multiple genetic perturbations within specific pathways can lead to disease with varying severity.
Code-switching as a communicative resource within routine, bilingual family interactions for a child on the autism spectrum

In today's global society, bilingualism is increasingly regarded as an asset. Bilingual competencies have been associated, for example, with cognitive benefits, increased ethnolinguistic pride, and...
Conventional and Molecular Techniques for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Infections of the Central Nervous System

This article discusses general principles of laboratory diagnosis, detection of microbial antigens, specific chemical reactants associated with inflammation of the CNS, and diagnostic tests in development for the laboratory diagnosis of infectious meningitis.
One View of the Advantages of Infrared Interferometry

Since the mid 1950’s many papers have appeared emphasizing substantial advantages of interferometry over dispersive spectroscopy. While it is generally recognized that these advantages are qualitatively correct, the magnitudes of these advantages are still subject to debate.
Malignant Spinal Cord Compression

Malignant spinal cord compression is a dreaded consequence of advanced cancer. Patients with this condition have an average life expectancy of 3–6 months. Diagnosis is dependent upon a high index of suspicion, thorough physical exam, and advanced imaging. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment is required to ensure optimal outcome. This chapter will explore the epidemiology and risk factors for metastatic spinal cord compression. We will discuss the pathophysiology of the condition and clinical presentation. Finally, we will review management of the condition and its implications for planning future care.
Characterization of surface mobility on the sidewalls of dry-etched trenches

The mobility on the sidewalls of the etched trenches was measured for electrons and holes for two surface orientation, for two different trench etch processes, and for various post-etch treatments. It was found that the dry etch process decreases the mobility of electrons for both processors and orientations and for all post-etch treatments. However, hole mobility is not reduced significantly by the dry etch processes. It is proposed that atomic scale surface roughness is the cause of the electron mobility reduction. Holes seem to be more immune to these surface roughness effects; thus the mobility is not significantly reduced by the dry etch process. Moreover, because of quantization and effective mass considerations, the hole mobility on
Sustainability of genetically engineered insect-resistant Crops: A view from the fringe

The goal of this paper is to highlight important benefits and limitations of ubiquitous technology-based approaches to pest control that are often utilized outside the framework of integrated pest management (IPM). Particularly in Pennsylvania and other states on the fringe of the Cornbelt, where pest pressures can be lower or different than in large portions of the Midwest, farmers and pest managers would benefit from remembering the tenets of IPM, which involve understanding local pest populations and using appropriate measures to control them when necessary.
Perioperative Considerations of Herbal Medications.

Background A considerable portion of the US population uses herbal supplements on a daily basis for their various proposed beneficial effects. However, the over-the-counter nature of these medications and lack of knowledge of adverse effect profiles can have unexpected serious impact on the perioperative course. The growing list of supplements presents a pharmacologic conundrum to the anesthesiologist. Objective The study aimed to compile a comprehensive list of vitamins, herbals, and supplements used commonly by patients, describe the risks associated with them, and identify recommendations for perioperative management. Method The current literature on PubMed and Medline was reviewed for the years 2000 through 2016. The reference lists of each selected article were also reviewed for additional sources of information. Results The review identified 23 herbals and supplements that are commonly used and their perioperative considerations. Conclusion The management of herbals and supplements is an issue for the anesthesiologist. Although it would be prudent to stop the use of most substances a week or more preoperatively, the perioperative physician must be wary of the potential for withdrawal.