cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A data‐driven calibration of a nonlinear mechanistic model for DNA damage and repair: applications to radiosurgery and heavy ion irradiation treatment for glioblastoma

Current radiation treatment options for the invasive primary brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), consist of two modalities which are very different in terms of the amount of dose delivered, the distribution of dose in space, and perhaps, the biological effectiveness. On one hand, the current standard of care for GBM consists of “conformal” or intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with daily treatments of 1.8 – 2 Gy over the course of several weeks to a total dose of approximately 60 Gy to a large treatment volume. On the other hand is stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), which is a secondary radiation therapy treatment used after the disease has recurred. The spatial localization of the highly focused “radiosurgical” dose is achieved through the composition of small 3–5 mm spherical targets, created with multiple small beams. SRS is typically a single fraction treatment, with doses of up to 24 Gy or higher and used primarily for small lesions. It is a matter of contemporary debate as to whether or not biological response to radiation changes for doses higher than 10 Gy per fraction. Because of the different dose per fraction, dose delivery times, and potentially different biological responses to these two radiation treatments, mechanistic models of radiation‐induced DNA damage and repair are often used to quantify and translate radiation dose into biological effect. I present a mechanistic two‐compartment nonlinear ODE model of radiation‐induced DNA damage and repair, which includes sub‐lethal and fatal DNA classes of damage which is based on physically measurable quantities of the radiation treatment. Analytic solutions for this model can be found and demonstrates orders of magnitude differences from the linearized approximation used pervasively in the literature, particularly in the SRS high dose range. Further, data‐driven parameterization of the fully nonlinear model reveals superior model prediction and parameter stability across a wide range of experimental conditions compared to current model paradigms such as the linear‐quadratic model. The doseresponse data used to test the model includes a wide range of particles, energies, doses, dose rates and dose‐fraction timing, motivated by current trends in radiation oncology, including fractionated SRS and heavy ion therapy. This mechanistic modeling approach at the DNA level is connected to a patient‐specific tissue level reaction‐diffusion model for GBM which includes spatial and temporal delivery and response to radiation therapy to investigate the net effect of these novel radiation treatment strategies in silico.
Access Fees in Politics

This paper develops a game-theoretic model of lobbying in which a politician sells access to interest groups. The politician sets an access fee, or the minimum contribution necessary to secure access, and an interest group that pays this fee can share verifiable evidence in favor of its preferred policy. The more the politician knows about interest group evidence, the better able he is to identify and implement the welfare-maximizing policy. In equilibrium, a wealthy interest group must pay more for access than an otherwise similar poor group; and a group involved with an important issue must pay less than an otherwise similar group involved with a less-important issue. The politician sets higher-than-optimal access fees in order to increase contributions. A contribution limit can improve constituent welfare by lowering the price of access, which tends to result in a more-informed politician. However, a limit can also decrease the range of issues for which the politician is willing to sell access, thereby reducing politician information and constituent welfare. Although the optimal limit is binding for some issues, it is never optimal to ban contributions.
A role for cGMP during tetanus toxin blockade of acetylcholine release in the rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell line

In order to identify the specific molecular mechanisms involved in neurosecretion, we investigated the mechanism of action of tetanus toxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin, in the rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line. It has recently been reported that tetanus toxin is a potent inhibitor of the release of depolarization-evoked 3H-acetylcholine (ACh) from nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells (Sandberg et al., 1989a). In PC12 cells, as in many neural tissue preparations, cGMP accumulation in intact cells increased 6- to 17-fold when stimulated with veratridine (200 microM), carbachol (1 mM), Ba2+ (2 mM), or K+ (30 mM). Preincubation of the cells with tetanus toxin inhibits this accumulation by greater than 95%. The toxin dose-inhibition curves for 3H-ACh release and cGMP accumulation are similar, with half-maximal doses of tetanus toxin seen at approximately 5 nM. The time courses for the development of the effects of tetanus on 3H-ACh release and on cGMP accumulation were also similar. Protocols which elevated intracellular cGMP levels reversed the action of the toxin. For example, evoked ACh release was restored in intoxicated PC12 cells by a 15 min exposure to 100 microM 8-bromo-cGMP. The half-maximal dose was observed at 50 microM nucleotide. Examination of the nucleotide specificity revealed that only cyclic guanine analogs were effective in reversing the effects of tetanus toxin. These results suggested that the inhibition of depolarization-evoked cGMP accumulation is causally related to the action of tetanus toxin on neurosecretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fundamental Optical Absorption in Sn S 2 and Sn Se 2

Optical absorption in single-crystal $n$-type Sn${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ and Sn${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ has been studied at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K throughout the wavelength range 0.26 to 6.5 \ensuremath{\mu}. Samples suitable for optical measurements were prepared by various vapor-deposition techniques. The electrical characteristics of the samples used in the absorption measurements were as follows: for Sn${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, conductivity 3.6 ${(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, electron concentration ${10}^{18}$ per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, mobility 27 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec; and for Sn${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, conductivity ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ ${(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. From transmittance and reflectance measurements, the absorption coefficient and index of refraction were determined for light polarized perpendicular to the crystallographic symmetry axis. From an analysis of the data in the high-absorption region, direct-transition band gaps of 1.62 and 2.88 eV were found for Sn${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ and Sn${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, respectively. A threshold for possible indirect phonon-assisted transitions was found to occur at 0.97 eV for Sn${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ and at 2.07 eV for Sn${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$. Photo-conductivity data for Sn${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ are also presented.
Deep Surveys of Field and Low-Flux-Radio Galaxies

We argue that deep galaxy counts are already so high as to favor a low density universe, with perhaps merging as a possible explanation to salvage an Ω = 1 geometry. CCD photometry in the I band suggest many at B ≈ 24 mag have redshifts z ≳ 1, while our deep U band photometry imply few have z ≳ 3. In contrast, spectra and colors of field galaxies to B ≈ 22 mag indicate increased numbers of galaxies with very active star formation by redshifts of only a few tenths, but with no clear evidence for unusually luminous galaxies. Highlights of our work on the optical identifications, colors, and redshifts of low flux radio sources are also presented to show their relevance to our understanding of the epoch of galaxy formation.
Medical Information Service via Telephone. The Pioneer of Physician Consultation Services

The organization and development of MIST were a response to the needs of health professionals in Alabama, principally rural physicians, who expressed a desire to access the knowledge of the faculty at the UAB Medical Center. MIST provides free service on a 24-hour, 7-day-a-week basis for physicians around the world. At any time, practitioners can obtain specific medical information and discuss possible diagnoses or patient-related problems with UAB specialists. MIST, the first and largest medical professional telephone consultation program of its kind, receives numerous requests from other institutions seeking information and advice on developing similar programs. Such programs now exist in many states. One reason for the success of MIST is that it has always enjoyed high visibility with UAB physicians, credibility with the physician callers, and priority within UAB's Office of the Vice President for Health Affairs. As a consultative system, MIST continues to contribute to improved health care for citizens of Alabama and beyond and to save patients and taxpayers the expense of unnecessary or inappropriate treatment. MIST provides consultation and continuing education at the moment of need for the professional in private practice. In return, UAB specialists are given access to vital research and demographic information, as well as patient referrals. MIST plays an important role in removing barriers to education and consultation for busy medical personnel and in facilitating patient referrals to an acclaimed center of research and excellent patient care. Rather than searching for the proper contact, one call to an easy-to-remember number puts the health professional in touch with the appropriate source. Rural doctors, as well as medical personnel working in urban areas, can feel that they are practicing "right next door" to an outstanding university medical center where colleagues who are ready and able to offer expert consultation and support at the critical moment of need are only a telephone call away.
Ig DH Gene Segment Transcription and Rearrangement Before Surface Expression of the Pan-B–Cell Marker CD19 in Normal Human Bone Marrow

The onset of IgH transcription and rearrangement is a defining characteristic of the progenitor population in which B-lineage commitment occurs. These features were used to better define the earliest stage of B-cell commitment in humans and to determine if these stages differ as a function of human ontogeny. Fetal and adult bone marrow mononuclear cells were sorted into B-lineage subpopulations on the basis of surface expression of the stem cell marker CD34, the pan-B-cell marker CD19, and IgM and analyzed for transcription and rearrangement of the IgH locus. The locus was found to be transcriptionally active before surface expression of CD19, as indicated by the presence of germline I mu, C mu, and D(H)Q52 transcripts in the CD34+ CD19- subpopulation. Transcripts from IgH alleles that had undergone DJC mu rearrangements were also detected in the CD34+ CD19- subpopulation. Within this subpopulation, low levels of DXP-containing DJC mu transcripts were detected in both fetal and adult cells. Although D(H)Q52 DJC mu transcripts were abundant in fetal CD34+ CD19- cells, they were not detected in cells of the same phenotype derived from adult bone marrow. In both fetus and adult, V(H)3-and V(H)6-containing VDJC mu transcripts were detected only in the CD19+ subpopulations. These data indicate that transcription of D(H)Q52-J(H) and DXP-J(H) rearrangements differs during fetal and adult B lymphopoiesis. Moreover, in both fetus and adult, transcription of unrearranged components of the IgH locus and DJ rearrangements can proceed before the surface expression of CD19.
Adding multiple micronutrient powders to a homestead food production programme yields marginally significant benefit on anaemia reduction among young children in Nepal.

Anaemia affects 46% of preschool-aged children in Nepal. A cluster-randomized study was conducted in rural Nepal to test whether providing micronutrient powders (MNP) in addition to enhanced homestead food production (EHFP) programme consisting of home gardens poultry and nutrition education could lead to a higher reduction in anemia compared with providing only EHFP. This sub-study enrolled 335 children aged 6-9 months into one of three groups: (1) EHFP+MNP; (2) EHFP; or (3) control. The EHFP+MNP group received 60 sachets of MNP for flexible consumption at the start and 6 months later for a total supplementation period of 11 months. The MNP contained 15 micronutrients including iron (10 mg encapsulated ferrous fumarate). Haemoglobin and anthropometry were measured at baseline and post-MNP supplementation. Mean±SE haemoglobin concentration increased significantly in all groups with a slightly higher but non-significant increase in the EHFP+MNP and EHFP compared with control (difference-in-differences: 4.1gL¯¹ for EHFP+MNP vs. control; 3.6gL¯¹ for EHFP vs. control; 0.5gL¯¹ for EHFP+MNP vs. EHFP). Anaemia decreased at a slightly higher magnitude in the EHFP+MNP [51.5 percentage points (PP)] than the EHFP (48.6 PP) and control (39.6 PP) with adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) at post-supplementation of 0.52 (0.25-1.12) for EHFP+MNP and 0.69 (0.35-1.36) for EHFP compared with control. There was no impact on child growth. Combining EHFP and MNP programmes yielded a marginally significant reduction in anemia among children.
In vitro studies of growth cone behavior support a role for fasciculation mediated by cell adhesion molecules in sensory axon guidance during development.

Abstract Axonal interactions, which are mediated by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) as well as other types of membrane proteins, are important for sensory axon pathfinding in the developing chick hindlimb. We have previously shown that injection of antibodies that block the function of either G4/L1 or N-cadherin into the limb, starting when the first sensory axons reach the plexus, alters the segmental pattern of projections along cutaneous nerves. Specific removal of polysialic acid from NCAM using the enzyme endoneuraminidase N (Endo N) also resulted in significant changes in cutaneous projection patterns, while injection of antibodies against NCAM itself had no obvious effect (M. G. Honig and U. S. Rutishauser, 1996,Dev. Biol.175, 325–337). To help understand the cellular basis for these findings, we developed a tissue culture system in which the axons from dorsal root ganglion explants grow within defined laminin lanes and examined whether the same treatments increased or decreased a growth cone's tendency to be closely associated with neighboring axons. After 2 days in culture, images of the cultures were recorded, antibodies or Endo N was added, and images of the same fields were recaptured an hour later. To quantify the results, growth cones located in defined regions of the laminin lanes were classified, before and after the perturbation, as “free” (i.e., growing primarily on the laminin substratum), “fasciculated” (i.e., growing tightly along other neurites), or “intermediate” (i.e., growing both on the laminin substratum and in contact with other neurites). We found that anti-G4/L1 and anti-N-cadherin, but not anti-NCAM, caused an increase in defasciculated growth cones, whereas Endo N resulted in an increase in fasciculated growth cones. These changes in fasciculation are consistent with the changes in cutaneous projections seen in our previousin ovoperturbations. The results from these tissue culture experiments thus provide strong support for the idea that one mechanism by which CAMs affect sensory axon pathfindingin vivois by regulating the affinity of sensory growth cones for neighboring axons, which in turn can modulate the growth cone's ability to navigate through the surrounding environment.
Single Molecules in Attoliter Droplets: A Comparison of FRET from Free and Confined RNA

Single molecular-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) has become a cross-disciplinary tool for understanding molecular folding and interactions. To the extent that much of this work is in vitro, many methods have been devised to hold molecules in a detection volume. Among others, these include surface functionalization and attachment, liposomal confinement, and gel encapsulation. Here we demonstrate the use of free, but slowly diffusing, attoliter volume aqueous droplets in perfluorinated oil as nanoenvironments for single-molecule sensitive measurement. FRET from dye-labeled RNA confined to droplets is compared with FRET from freely-diffusing RNA. We show that droplet-confinement results in dramatically higher signal-to-noise and longer observation times than are possible for freely-diffusing molecules. The effects of confinement on the molecular environment will be discussed, and a method for determining the pH in attoliter droplets will be described.
A normality relation for lattices

This paper introduces a relation (i among the elements of a lattice 9 which generalizes the relation of normality between subgroups in a lattice P(G) generated by a set of subgroups of a group G. Such generalizations have been made by A. Kurosh and H. Zassenhaus [4]. The prosperties defining our relation are stronger than those assumed by Kurosh and by Zassenhaus. In Section 2 we show the connection between our definition and that of Zassenhaus; later we show that his definition is not sufficiently strong to prove our Theorem 3.2. Many results valid in a lattice Y(G) of subgroups of a group G hold more generally in any lattice with a normality relation. The motivation for the relation presented here is the problem of finding which properties of Z’(G) may be proved without the use of conjugation in the group G, and thus may be extended to other algebraic systems. Results 2.6, 2.14, and 3.2 are typical examples. We are especially concerned with the search for conditions which insure that the join of two subnormal subgroups of a group is again subnormal. \Ve consider this problem in the context of a general lattice with normality
Molecular mechanisms of early gut organogenesis: a primer on development of the digestive tract.

Creating an organ poses unique challenges in embryogenesis, including establishing an organ primordium and coordinating development of different tissues in the organ. The digestive tract (gut) is a complex organ system, posing the interesting question of how the development of a series of organs is coordinated to establish an organ system with a common function. Although gut development has been the focus of much research, the molecular mechanisms that regulate these events are just beginning to be understood. This primer will first outline the basic anatomy of the digestive tract and then focus on molecular mechanisms that drive vertebrate gut organogenesis. Deciphering mechanisms underlying gut organogenesis also provides insights into understanding the development of other organs.
Antarctic undersea exploration using a robotic submarine with a telepresence user interface

This field experiment used a telepresence-controlled, remotely operated underwater vehicle to study sea-floor ecology in Antarctica. In using environmental data to create the virtual reality model in near real-time, this experiment represents the first combined use of telepresence and virtual reality for scientific purposes.
Optimization of liquid phase mixtures

Abstract The concept of window diagrams has been used to predict what lengths of dissimilar fused-silica capillaries should be serially coupled to achieve the optimum separation of two “real world” samples whose separation on a single column has not yet been reported. Complicating factors, including the role of the solute partition ratio and the velocity gradient of the carrier gas, are discussed. Separations of mixtures of (a) volatiles produced by yeast fermentation, and (b) solvents used in the preparation of food packaging films, were achieved in single passes on properly configured serially coupled columns composed of two precise lengths, one coated with polymethylsiloxane, and the other with polyethylene glycol.
In Silico Reconstitution of Listeria Propulsion Exhibits Nano-Saltation

To understand how the actin-polymerization-mediated movements in cells emerge from myriad individual protein-protein interactions, we developed a computational model of Listeria monocytogenes propulsion that explicitly simulates a large number of monomer-scale biochemical and mechanical interactions. The literature on actin networks and L. monocytogenes motility provides the foundation for a realistic mathematical/computer simulation, because most of the key rate constants governing actin network dynamics have been measured. We use a cluster of 80 Linux processors and our own suite of simulation and analysis software to characterize salient features of bacterial motion. Our "in silico reconstitution" produces qualitatively realistic bacterial motion with regard to speed and persistence of motion and actin tail morphology. The model also produces smaller scale emergent behavior; we demonstrate how the observed nano-saltatory motion of L. monocytogenes,in which runs punctuate pauses, can emerge from a cooperative binding and breaking of attachments between actin filaments and the bacterium. We describe our modeling methodology in detail, as it is likely to be useful for understanding any subcellular system in which the dynamics of many simple interactions lead to complex emergent behavior, e.g., lamellipodia and filopodia extension, cellular organization, and cytokinesis.
Ultrasonic Transducer Characterization Station

The portable ultrasonic transducer characterization station (TCS) was developed in support of the U.S. Air Force Manufacturing Technology Contract F33615-85-C-5036, “Advanced Ultrasonic NDE Transducer Performance and Producibility”. The program objective is to develop and demonstrate multiple commercial sources of well characterized, reproducible ultrasonic transducers. The overall task of this MANTECH program is to develop procedures to help users write performance specifications and to develop tools to help suppliers design ultrasonic transducers to meet performance specifications.
Prediction of rectified diffusion during nonlinear bubble pulsations at biomedical frequencies

A computer study of rectified diffusion was made over the biomedical frequency range (1–10 MHz). Solutions of the Gilmore–Akulichev [E. Cramer, in Cavitation and Inhomogeneities in Underwater Acoustics, edited by W. Lauterborn (Springer, New York, 1980), pp. 54–63] formulation for bubble dynamics were combined with the Eller–Flynn [A. Eller and H. G. Flynn, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, 493–503 (1965)] approach to rectified diffusion in order to calculate thresholds and growth rates. It is found that: (1) for frequencies above 1 MHz, the widely held view that small bubbles grow by rectified diffusion to ‘‘resonance size’’ and then collapse violently is true only for narrow ranges of bubbles; (2) growth rates in the low megahertz range can be quite high for medically relevant pressures, ∼20 μm/s at 1 MHz, 1 bar; (3) thresholds derived analytically are accurate for low frequencies over a wide range of bubble radii but, for high frequencies, only near the fundamental resonance radius; and (4) thresholds are quite ...
COLLECTING AUTOGRAṔHS: n‐NODE GRAPHS THAT HAVE n‐INTEGER SIGNATURES1

Summary A new compact representation for many graphs is defined in a “numbered graph” context. Each integer of an n-element multiset (the signature of the graph) is assigned to a node of an n-node graph. An edge between a pair of nodes exists if and only if the absolute difference of their two node numbers is an element of the signature. A graph defined by such a signature is called an autograph. In this progress report families of autographs, including trees, are presented, and nonautographs are discussed. “Proper” signatures comprised only of positive integers are examined to determine which autographs may be drawn from them. Progress toward the objective of determining a characterization of proper autographs is discussed.
How tibiofemoral alignment and contact locations affect predictions of medial and lateral tibiofemoral contact forces.

Understanding degeneration of biological and prosthetic knee joints requires knowledge of the in-vivo loading environment during activities of daily living. Musculoskeletal models can estimate medial/lateral tibiofemoral compartment contact forces, yet anthropometric differences between individuals make accurate predictions challenging. We developed a full-body OpenSim musculoskeletal model with a knee joint that incorporates subject-specific tibiofemoral alignment (i.e. knee varus-valgus) and geometry (i.e. contact locations). We tested the accuracy of our model and determined the importance of these subject-specific parameters by comparing estimated to measured medial and lateral contact forces during walking in an individual with an instrumented knee replacement and post-operative genu valgum (6°). The errors in the predictions of the first peak medial and lateral contact force were 12.4% and 11.9%, respectively, for a model with subject-specific tibiofemoral alignment and contact locations determined through radiographic analysis, vs. 63.1% and 42.0%, respectively, for a model with generic parameters. We found that each degree of tibiofemoral alignment deviation altered the first peak medial compartment contact force by 51N (r2=0.99), while each millimeter of medial-lateral translation of the compartment contact point locations altered the first peak medial compartment contact force by 41N (r2=0.99). The model, available at www.simtk.org/home/med-lat-knee/, enables the specification of subject-specific joint alignment and compartment contact locations to more accurately estimate medial and lateral tibiofemoral contact forces in individuals with non-neutral alignment.
Statistical Properties of Broadband ELF Electric Field Fluctuations Associated with Ion Acceleration and Outflow as Observed by the Fast Satellite

Summary form only given. Broadband ELF (BBELF) electric field fluctuations are commonly observed in association with ion acceleration and outflow from the terrestrial auroral zone and ionosphere. These fluctuations are the conduit by which energy is transferred from macroscopic field and current systems to the ambient ion populations, and are thus an important part of the mass and energy flow between the magnetosphere and ionosphere. We will review the current state of the observations of BBELF and ion acceleration as found on sounding rockets and satellites. In particular, we will focus on and present the observations of BBELF by the FAST satellite, which has found that the BBELF phenomenon at intermediate altitudes (3000-4000 km) is due primarily to low-frequency (f<fci), short-wavelength (L perpLtelectron skin depth) fluctuations that are Doppler-shifted into the ELF frequency band by spacecraft motion. This has important ramifications for theories of both the source of the BBELF, as well as its interactions with the ambient ion populations, as it rules out temporal turbulence and simple gyro-resonant mechanisms, respectively
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the denaturation of ubiquitin

The effects of pH, temperature and guanidine hydrochloride concentration on the structure of ubiquitin, a polypeptide which can activate adenylate cyclase and can mimic thymopoietin induced differentiation of prothymocytes, were monitored using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This relatively small polypeptide (molecular weight of 8541) exhibits a remarkable stability towards pH and temperature changes. At 7 M guanidine hydrochloride concentration, the structure of ubiquitin is essentially a random coil.
Accuracy issues in polarization mode dispersion measurements: Stokes parameter evaluation technique, state-of-polarization method, and fixed analyzer technique

As optical communication systems become more complex the quality of signals can be significantly affected by polarization mode dispersion (PMD) effects from optical fiber and in-line components. While the PMD is a vector quantity with a magnitude differential group delay (DGD) and a direction principal state of polarization (PSP), the interest was focus on the DGD value. Vendors demand from optical components manufacturers that the DGD introduced by a devices to be below a certain value. For this reason it is imperative to be able to accurately measure the PMD effects. In this report we present our investigation with respect to the accuracy issues related to the three techniques used for the PMD measurement. In each case the advantages and the drawbacks are presented. We have selected these methods because they are three among the four methods suggested by ITU-T under Recommendation G.650(1997 modified 2000).
Some general laws of human emotion: Interrelationships between intensities of desire, expectation, and emotional feeling.

Two experiments were performed to determine how desires and expectations interact to influence the intensities of emotional feelings. The first experiment required participants to respond to their imagined intensities of desire and expectation in two hypothetical situations, (1) anticipating different probabilities of receiving money (2) anticipating the possibility of different durations of continuous rain combined with different probabilities of rain occurring. Participants responded by producing line lengths to desire and feeling, a form of cross-modality matching. Feeling intensity but not desire intensity increased as a negatively accelerating power function of expectation for the positive approach goal of receiving money (F =KE0.5) and both desire and feeling were negatively accelerating power functions of the hypothetical amount of money presented (F=K$4; D=K$4). Feeling intensity but not desire intensity increased as a positively accelerating function of expectation for the negative avoidance goal of anticipating different amounts of rain (F=KE1.9) and both desire and feeling were negatively accelerating functions of amount of rain (F=KR0.9; D=KR0.9). The second experiment required participants to make visual analogue scale responses to desire, expectation, and emotional feeling intensities in ordinary life situations. Similar to Experiment 1, feeling intensity but not desire intensity increased as a negatively accelerating function of expectation for positive approach goals (F=KE0.6) and as a positively accelerating function of expectation for negative avoidance goals (F=KE2.0). Functional interrelationships found in both experiments were fit to the general equations F=K1D+K2DE0.5 for positive approach goals and F=K1D+K2DE2.0 for negative avoidance goals. Both equations have the same general form and indicate that desire and expectation have a multiplicative interaction with respect to their influence on emotional feeling intensity. Both functions
Anomalous properties of oxygen-deficient YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract A simple technique is described for the control and determination of the oxygen stoichiometry between 6.95–5.83 of pure deoxygenated YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ (YBCO). By studying samples prepared using this method, two anomalous properties, namely (1) the step-like increase of the c -axis length of the crystal unit cell, and (2) the changes of the superconducting (SC) transition temperature, T c , clearly showing the presence of two familiar plateaus as oxygen is gradually removed from YBCO have been reproduced. These two properties, first observed by Cava et al. by a Zr gettering technique thus appear to be inherent to pure YBCO. In addition, it is also found that the crystal structure of YBCO does not break down for an oxygen stoichiometry as low as 5.83. The extra (0.17) O atom per unit cell difference between 6.0 and 5.83 is believed to be lost from the O(4) sites. The technique adopted in this study which involves isothermal vacuum annealing (VA) can, therefore, be used as an alternative to the Zr gettering method for tuning various amounts of oxygen per unit cell in YBCO.
The diode reactance modulator

CERTAIN COMBINATIONS of a capacitor with one or two diodes can be operated as voltage-controlled reactances. Such modulators are used as frequency controls, frequency modulators, and phase modulators. Their performance can be calculated easily if ideal diodes and lossless circuit elements are assumed.
Tokamak Edge Transport Theory

Kinetic equations commonly used to study the plasma core of a tokamak do not allow a balance between parallel ion streaming and radial diffusion and are, therefore, inappropriate in the plasma edge. Standard core tokamak transport orderings allow large divergence-free nows in flux surfaces, but only weak radial flows. Alternate orderings are required in the edge region where radial diffusion must balance large parallel ion flows to divertor target plates or limiters. Similarly, core transport formulae cannot be extended to the edge region without qualitative alteration. Here we address the necessary changes by considering a large parallel flow ordering appropriate for the scrape-off layer of a tokamak. By deriving and solving a novel kinetic equation, we construct distinctive transport laws for an impure, collisional edge plasma. We find in particular a surprising form for parallel transport in the scrape-off layer, in which the parallel flow of particles (and heat) are driven by a combination of the conventional gradients, as well as viscosity terms and new terms involving products of radial derivatives of the parallel mean velocity with density and temperature gradients. The new terms are not relatively small, and could affect understanding of limiter and divertor operation.
A conditional logit model for executive incentives

Abstract In this paper, firm and executive characteristics are directly related to the probability of termination of the contract of the chief executive of a firm. A conditional logit model is specified from which implications concerning profit maximization can be inferred.
Biosynthesis of Variant Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase in Cultured Fibroblasts from Patients with Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency

ABSTRACT. We prepared monospecific antiserum in rabbits against medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) purified from rat liver and studied the biosynthesis of MCAD in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with MCAD deficiency using the antibody. Cells were incubated with [35S]methionine. The labeled MCAD was immunoprecipitated using the anti-rat MCAD antiserum and Staphylococcus aureus cells and then analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We first demonstrated that antirat MCAD antibody cross-reacted specifically with human MCAD. In 13 MCAD-deficient cell lines tested, the residual MCAD activity ranged from 5–12% of the mean of normal controls, but the variant MCAD in all of these cells was indistinguishable from the normal human MCAD on the basis of molecular size, indicating that MCAD deficiency in all of these patients is most likely due to point mutation(s) in the MCAD gene.
Age-dependent effect of UV light in abnormal alpha neoprotein formation in the lens

The aim of this study was to determine whether or not alpha neoprotein formation can occur in the lens in response to a photolytic process. Alpha crystallin from young calf and aged bovine lenses was irradiated for up to 22 hours with UV light. After cortical alpha crystallin had been irradiated, it completely preserved its quaternary antigenic determinants. In contrast, 24.3% of the bovine nuclear alpha crystallin completely lost their quaternary determinants as a result of irradiation. The latter population of molecules still preserved the association of A chains with B chains, suggesting the formation of abnormal proteins.The exposure to UV irradiation can cause the formation of alpha neoproteins from aged but not from young alpha crystallin. Comparison of photolytic rates based on spectroscopic and chromatographic parameters also show an age-related increase in the susceptibility of alpha crystallin to photolyze. It is suggested that this increase is due to the age-related formation of a photosensitiz...
Application of Host−Guest Chemistry in Nanotube-Based Device Fabrication: Photochemically Controlled Immobilization of Azobenzene Nanotubes on Patterned α-CD Monolayer/Au Substrates via Molecular Recognition

Azobenzene-functionalized nanotubes recognized and attached onto well-defined complementary regions of thiolated α-CD SAM/Au substrates via host−guest molecular recognition. The binding between the azobenzene nanotubes and the α-CD SAM/Au substrates was controlled by UV irradiation. The light-induced attachment−detachment of the azobenzene nanotubes on the α-CD SAMs was reversible. Some of the nanotubes were capable of interconnecting two Au substrates. This smart building block may be applied to build photoactive nanometer-sized mechanical switches in electronics.
In situ assembled diffraction grating for biomolecular detection

The authors report experiments with a diffraction-based biosensor based on self-assembly of target-containing nanobeads that form optical diffraction gratings. They demonstrate that the diffraction signal is a function of the bead size, and that noise is minimized by normalizing the intensities of the diffraction modes. They characterize the dependence of the diffraction signal on equivalent bead size and demonstrate the potential of the scheme in detecting biologically significant molecules. © 2007 American Institute of Physics. DOI: 10.1063/1.2746409
Application of autonomous underwater vehicle systems in distributed ocean observing networks

The task of characterizing a volume of ocean, seafloor, and/or sub-seafloor has long been the realm of (1) surface vessels using hull-mounted sensors or uniquely configured tow bodies, (2) free floating/drifting systems, and (3) moored sensors. In the last decade, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have emerged as a viable and efficient means for the complex tasks of oceanographic data collection and seafloor mapping efforts that enable an accurate volume depiction. Geophysical and telecommunication survey companies have also demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of these systems, as evidenced by the growth in commercial inventory to support pipeline or cable route studies. The high operational tempo of these systems is further proof of this growth. Additionally, a broad spectrum of joint government and academia partnerships has sponsored efforts across the globe to develop permanent ocean observing systems in coastal environments. Such systems consist primarily of sensor nodes that are moored in a fixed location and connect to each other and/or a relay node (ocean to surface/land) via a fiber-optic subsurface Ethernet network. As seafloor observing systems move into the deeper water environments, installation costs for fiber networking present fiscal and technical challenges. The application of AUV systems as a mobile node in such networks presents an opportunity for expanding the basic data-mapping mission. This paper discusses efforts to date and elaborates on concepts for integrating AUVs into such networks for the purpose of data recovery, relay, and transfer between other moored, drifting (i.e., profiling floats, gliders), or surface network nodes.
Development and testing of an iOS waiting room "app" for contraceptive counseling in a Title X family planning clinic

Objective Long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods, such as the intrauterine device and implant, are highly effective but used by less than 10% of US women. The objective of our study was to improve LARC interest by enhancing clinic counseling. Study Design A quality improvement methodology was used to evaluate intrauterine device service delivery in 3 Chicago Title X clinics. To address identified barriers, we developed a theory-based iOS application (app) for patients to use in the clinic waiting room using human-centered design. The final prototype was tested in a randomized controlled trial in a Title X clinic with sexually active females (79% African American) under age 30 years. Our sample of 60 was chosen to detect an increase from 10% (baseline) to 45% (app intervention) in the proportion of patients expressing interest in discussing a LARC method during their clinic visit with 80% power and two-sided α = 0.05. After completing demographic and baseline knowledge questionnaires, participants were randomized 1:1 to intervention (app) or standard care arms. App users also completed a posttest. Our primary outcome was expressed interest in discussing a LARC method during the clinic visit. Secondary outcomes were contraceptive knowledge and LARC selection. Results App testers (n = 17) preferred interactive, visually appealing design and video testimonials. In the pilot randomized controlled trial (n = 52), app users had a significantly higher knowledge of contraceptive effectiveness ( P = .0001) and increased interest in the implant (7.1-32.1%, P = .02) after the intervention. Users were highly satisfied with the app. Staff reported no problems using the app in the clinic. Conclusion Use of a theory-based counseling app offers a novel method to optimize wait time while minimizing clinic flow disruption. Preliminary data demonstrate that app use was associated with improvements in patients' contraceptive knowledge and interest in the implant.
Plasma transport forms of ingested fatty alcohols in the rat

Previous studies have shown that ingested fatty alcohols are absorbed as fatty acids and fatty acid esters, particularly triglycerides. The present study was carried out to determine whether fatty alcohols are also transported as 0-alkyl glyceryl ethers, alk-1-enyl glyceryl ethers, and as wax esters. Oxidation of fatty alcohols to other lipids was assessed by using a mixture of [1-3H] hexadecanol and [1-14C] hexadecanol of predetermined ratio. The results indicate that the absorption of fatty alcohol, and of its transport forms, parallels the absorption of labeled fatty acids. Six to 25% of plasma radioactivity was present as 1-0-alkyl diacylglyceryl ethers with a smaller proportion of ether lipids in the phospholipid fraction. In addition, 4–13% of the ingested hexadecanol appeared in the plasma as a material having the chromatographic properties of wax ester. Fatty alcohols were not detected in the plasma as alk-1-enyl lipids.
The effects of pentoxifylline (trental/R) on blood flow, viscosity, and oxygen transport in young adults with inoperable, cyanotic congenital heart disease

Four polycythemic young adults with inoperable cyanotic congenital heart disease were treated for 12 weeks with 20 mg/kg/day of pentoxifylline in an attempt to increase pulmonary blood flow by improving red blood cell demorability and decreasing whole blood viscosity. Treatment caused a rise in mean arterial oxygen saturation from 75–82%, a fall in the mean oxygen extraction coefficient from 47–40%, and a fall in mean oxygen consumption from 186–169 ml/min/m2. Pentoxifylline decreased whole blood, but not plasma, viscosity at all hematocrits over a range of shear rates. Two patients had significant bleeding episodes during treatment.
lncRNAs transactivate STAU1-mediated mRNA decay by duplexing with 3′ UTRs via Alu elements

Staufen 1 (STAU1)-mediated messenger RNA decay (SMD) involves the degradation of translationally active mRNAs whose 3'-untranslated regions (3' UTRs) bind to STAU1, a protein that binds to double-stranded RNA. Earlier studies defined the STAU1-binding site within ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) mRNA as a 19-base-pair stem with a 100-nucleotide apex. However, we were unable to identify comparable structures in the 3' UTRs of other targets of SMD. Here we show that STAU1-binding sites can be formed by imperfect base-pairing between an Alu element in the 3' UTR of an SMD target and another Alu element in a cytoplasmic, polyadenylated long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). An individual lncRNA can downregulate a subset of SMD targets, and distinct lncRNAs can downregulate the same SMD target. These are previously unappreciated functions of non-coding RNAs and Alu elements. Not all mRNAs that contain an Alu element in the 3' UTR are targeted for SMD even in the presence of a complementary lncRNA that targets other mRNAs for SMD. Most known trans-acting RNA effectors consist of fewer than 200 nucleotides, and these include small nucleolar RNAs and microRNAs. Our finding that the binding of STAU1 to mRNAs can be transactivated by lncRNAs uncovers an unexpected strategy that cells use to recruit proteins to mRNAs and mediate the decay of these mRNAs. We name these lncRNAs half-STAU1-binding site RNAs (1/2-sbsRNAs).
Watching the Domestication of the Wikileaks Helicopter Controversy

This essay provides readers with a rhetorical analysis of 2007 WikiLeaks helicopter controversy. It argues that while critics of the Iraqi War might have hoped that the publicizing of this incident might have mobilized intellectual and public dissent that could have led to hasty exit strategies, this potential was domesticated. What actually happened is that U.S. military personnel were about to use apologia, recontextualization, humanization, and transcendence strategies as ways of deflecting concerns about the loss of civilian life.
Introduction to the Electric Power Systems Monitoring and Control Minitrack

This paper is an introduction to the Monitoring and Control Minitrack of the Electric Power Systems Track
Classifying circular cellular automata

We introduce a hierarchy of linear cellular automata based on their limiting behavior on spatially periodic configurations. We show that it is undecidable to which class in the hierarchy a cellular automaton belongs. In particular, it is undecidable whether all spatially periodic configurations evolve to a fixed point. Furthermore, there is no computable bound on the period lengths of these configurations. Our arguments are based on a non-standard simulation of Turing machines on circular cellular automata.
Multi-Component Tree Adjoining Grammars, Dependency Graph Models, and Linguistic Analyses

Recent work identifies two properties that appear particularly relevant to the characterization of graph-based dependency models of syntactic structure: the absence of interleaving substructures (well-nestedness) and a bound on a type of discontinuity (gap-degree ≤ 1) successfully describe more than 99% of the structures in two dependency treebanks (Kuhlmann and Nivre 2006). Bodirsky et al. (2005) establish that every dependency structure with these two properties can be recast as a lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG) derivation and vice versa. However, multi-component extensions of TAG (MC-TAG), argued to be necessary on linguistic grounds, induce dependency structures that do not conform to these two properties (Kuhlmann and Mohl 2006). In this paper, we observe that several types of MC-TAG as used for linguistic analysis are more restrictive than the formal system is in principle. In particular, tree-local MC-TAG, tree-local MC-TAG with flexible composition (Kallmeyer and Joshi 2003), and special cases of set-local TAG as used to describe certain linguistic phenomena satisfy the well-nested and gap degree ≤ 1 criteria. We also observe that gap degree can distinguish between prohibited and allowed wh-extractions in English, and report some preliminary work comparing the predictions of the graph approach and the MC-TAG approach to scrambling.