cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Property C with Constraints and Inverse Spectral Problems with Incomplete Data

Abstract It is proved that the set of products { u 1 u 2 } of solutions to homogeneous Schrodinger equations in a bounded domain D ⊂ R d , d ≥ 3, where the set { u 2 | ∂ D } has a finite codimension in L 2 (∂ D ), is complete in L 2 ( D ). This result is used in proofs of the uniqueness of the solution to the inverse spectral problem with incomplete data, and of the uniqueness of the solution to the boundary inverse problems with incomplete data.
Management accounting and control practices in a lean manufacturing environment

A lean strategy is rapidly becoming the dominant paradigm in manufacturing. Kennedy and Widener (2008) use a case study to develop a theoretical framework of management accounting and control practices for firms following a lean manufacturing strategy. We build on Kennedy and Widener (2008) by examining a structural equation model that provides evidence on the extent to which a lean manufacturing implementation is related to five management accounting and control practices. Using survey data from 244 US companies with an interest in lean manufacturing, we find a direct positive relation between the extent of a lean manufacturing implementation and a simplified strategic reporting system, value stream costing, visual performance measurement information, and employee empowerment. We find a direct negative relation with inventory tracking; however, we find it is conditional on the extent of top management support for change in production strategies such that firms decrease reliance on inventory tracking in the presence of strong management support. We also conclude that the management accounting and control practices work together as a package in a lean manufacturing environment as evidenced by the many direct associations among the five management accounting and control practices.
Improved results using Onyx glue for the treatment of persistent type 2 endoleak after endovascular aneurysm repair.

Objective Persistent type 2 (PT2) endoleaks (present ≥6 months) after endovascular aneurysm repair are associated with adverse outcomes, and selective secondary intervention is indicated in those patients with an expanding aneurysm sac. This study evaluated the outcomes of secondary intervention for PT2. Methods From 1999 to 2007, 136 patients who underwent endovascular aneurysm repair developed PT2 and comprised the study cohort. Primary end points included PT2 resolution (secondary interventional success) and survival, and were evaluated using multiple logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses, respectively. Results Fifty-one patients underwent a total of 68 secondary interventions for PT2 with expanding aneurysm sacs with a median postsecondary interventional follow-up of 13.7 months. Secondary interventions included 20 inferior mesenteric artery coil embolizations, 17 Onyx glue embolizations, 11 aneurysm sac coil embolizations, 10 non-Onyx glue embolizations, 7 lumbar artery coil embolizations, 2 open lumbar ligations, and 1 graft explant. The overall secondary interventional success rate was 43% (29 of 68). Onyx glue embolization was associated with a greater success rate when used as the initial secondary intervention (odds ratio, 59.61; 95% confidence interval, 4.78-742.73; P Conclusions Secondary intervention for PT2 is associated with success in less than half of all cases. Onyx glue embolization was associated with greater long-term success when used as the initial secondary intervention.
Effective stiffness tensor of composite media—I. Exact series expansions

Abstract The problem of determining exact expressions for the effective stiffness tensor macroscopically anisotropic two-phase composite media of arbitrary microstructure in arbitrary space dimension d is considered. We depart from previous treatments by introducing an integral equation for the “cavity” strain field. This leads to new, exact series expansions for the effective stiffness tensor of macroscopically anisotropic, d -dimensional, two-phase composite media in powers of the “elastic polarizabilities”. The nth -order tensor coefficients of these expansions are explicitly expressed as absolutely convergent integrals over products of certain tensor fields and a determinant involving n -point correlation functions that characterize the microstructure. For the special case of macroscopically isotropic media, these series expressions may be regarded as expansions that perturb about the optimal structures that realize the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds (e.g. coated-inclusion assemblages or finite-rank laminates). Similarly, for macroscopically anisotropic media, the series expressions may be regarded as expansions that perturb about optimal structures that realize Willis' bounds. For isotropic multiphase composites, we remark on the behavior of the effective moduli as the space dimension d tends to infinity.
Cranial plate anchoring of spinal cord stimulation paddle leads: technical note.

BACKGROUND Lead migration is a frequent complication of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and requires revision surgery. The evolution of wider paddle leads has necessitated more extensive laminotomy and epidural adhesiolysis, which may increase the risk of lead migration. OBJECTIVE We describe a novel anchoring technique for SCS paddle leads with use of a cranial "dogbone" plate. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 11 patients who underwent placement of paddle lead spinal cord stimulators with titanium plate anchoring. Patients were followed for a mean of 29.5 months from SCS implantation (range, 5-65 months). A 4-hole linear titanium cranial plate and two 4-mm screws were used to tightly affix the proximal paddle lead wiring to the lamina below the laminotomy defect. RESULTS All patients continue to have satisfactory spinal cord stimulation with no loss of efficacy or need for revision. No complications have been attributed to titanium plate anchoring, and there have been no cases of lead migration with this technique. Titanium plate anchoring added minimal time (approximately 3-5 minutes) to the operative case. CONCLUSION We report a safe and effective anchoring technique for paddle lead SCS with the use of a cranial plate. Our experience has been that this technique, which anchors the proximal lead wiring to the remaining lamina at the inferior laminotomy defect, is superior to anchoring methods that rely on suturing of lead wiring.
Modeling Adaptive Mutation of Enteric Bacteria in Surface Water Using Agent-Based Methods

Mechanistic models of enteric bacteria fate and transport in surface waters are important tools for research and management. The existing modeling approach typically assumes that bacteria die in a first-order fashion, but a recent study suggests that bacteria can mutate relatively rapidly to a strain better adapted to the surface water environment. We built an agent-based model that simulates individual wild-type and mutant Escherichia coli cells. The bacteria die, grow on the natural assimilable organic carbon available to E. coli, divide and mutate. We apply the model to laboratory experiments (from the literature and new ones) and the Charles River in Boston. Laboratory applications include decay, growth, and competition (between wild-type and mutant) in various types of surface water. For decay experiments, the stochastic mutation process in the model can produce both first-order and biphasic decay patterns, which is consistent with observations in the literature. For the Charles River, the model can reproduce the main patterns observed in the field data. The model applications provide evidence in support of the mutation mechanism. However, the mutation model does not produce better predictions for the Charles River than a previous model based on labile and resistant subpopulations.
Celebrating the International Year of Crystallography with a Wisconsin High School Crystal Growing Competition

In honor of the 2014 International Year of Crystallography, the first Wisconsin Crystal Growing Competition was successfully organized and conducted. High school students from 26 schools across the state competed for prizes by growing large crystals of CuSO4·5(H2O). This paper describes how the event was planned and carried out as well as looking at the scientific impact it had on the participants. (Abstract graphic created by Kandis Elliot and Ilia Guzei and used with permission.)
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity in the Pathogenesis of Recurrent Herpes Stromal Keratitis

Recurrent herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the developed world. Cyokines characteristic of Th1 cells (in particular IFN-γ and IL-2) have been shown to dominate in HSK in addition to mechanisms by nonspecific, antigen-independent effector cells such as neutrophils, basophils, and monocytes. More recently, the migration and maturation of dendritic cells (DC) within the corneal stroma of patients with HSK have been recognized as contributors to recurrent disease, suggesting a role for delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in the immunopathogenesis of HSK. The role of DC and DTH in recurrent HSK has not been studied extensively and experimental models of recurrent HSK focusing on DTH as the pathogenesis and viral particles as the triggering antigen may contribute to better understanding of the disease.
Six-degree-of-freedom guidance and control-entry analysis of the HL-20

The ability of the HL-20 lifting body to fly has been evaluated for an automated entry from atmospheric interface to landing. This evaluation was required to demonstrate that not only successful touchdown conditions would be possible for this low lift-to-drag-ratio vehicle, but also the vehicle would not exceed its design dynamic pressure limit of 400 psf during entry. This dynamic pressure constraint limit, coupled with limited available pitch-control authority at low supersonic speeds, restricts the available maneuvering capability for the HL-20 to acquire the runway. One result of this analysis was that this restrictive maneuvering capability does not allow the use of a model-following atmospheric entry-guidance algorithm, such as that used by the Space Shuttle, but instead requires a more adaptable guidance algorithm. Therefore, for this analysis, a predictor-corrector guidance algorithm was developed that would provide successful touchdown conditions while not violating the dynamic pressure constraint. A flight-control system was designed and incorporated, along with the predictor-corrector guidance algorithm, into a six-DOF simulation. which showed that the HL-20 remained controllable and could reach the landing site and execute a successful landing under all off-nominal conditions simulated.
Predictions of fluid flow and heat transfer problems by the vorticity-velocity formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract A relatively novel formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations is evaluated for obtaining solutions of 2-dimensional incompressible fluid flow and convective heat transfer problems. A vorticity transport equation along with two Poisson equations for the velocity components and the energy equation are solved by a finite difference scheme. A direct solution procedure is used for solving simultaneously the dependent variables along a grid line, using a block tridiagonal matrix algorithm. As test problems, laminar flow motion and heat transfer in a square cavity and in a horizontal concentric annulus induced by various strength of buoyancy and external shear forces are investigated. The formulation is found to be stable for high Reynolds and Grashof numbers and has features that may be desirable for solving a wide variety of flow and heat transfer problems.
Track testing for single targets in clutter

This paper concerns itself with the target-free behavior of data association in the clutter. There are a pair of main results. In the first, a new technique is developed for the detection of track loss. The basis is Page's (cusum) test, but a modification is given for the situation that the track-absent parameter (e.g. of mean of squared innovations) is not known. The result is a Page-style test with variable bias and threshold. The second matter of interest if the target-free distribution of the maximum-likelihood probabilistic data association (MLPDA) statistic. It is confirmed via importance sampling that a Gaussian distribution is not inappropriate; but the mean and variance of this distribution are different from those of the un-maximized log- likelihood surface. Guidance is given on the calculation of these.
Kainic acid seizures in the developing brain : status epilepticus and spontaneous recurrent seizures

Abstract Acute and chronic effects of seizures induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of kainic acid (KA) were studied in developing rats (postnatal days (P) 5, 10, 20, 30, and adult 60). For 3 months following KA-induced status epilepticus, spontaneous recurrent seizure (SRS) occurrence was quantified using intermittent video monitoring. Latency to generalized seizures was then tested using flurothyl, and brains were histologically analyzed for CA3 lesions. In P5–10 rats, KA caused generalized tonic-clonic (‘swimming’) seizures. SRS did not develop, and there was no significant difference between control and KA-treated rats in latency to flurothyl-induced seizures. In contrast, rats P20 and older exhibited limbic automatisms followed by limbic motor seizures which secondarily generalized. Incidence and frequency of SRS increased with age. P20–30 rats with SRS had shorter latencies to flurothyl seizures than did KA-treated P20–30 rats without SRS or controls. KA-treated P60 rats (with or without SRS) had shorter latencies than controls to flurothyl seizure onset. SRS in P60 rats occurred sooner after KA than in P20–30 rats. CA3 lesions were seen in P20–60 rats with and without SRS, but not in P5–10 rats. These data suggest that there are developmental differences in both acute and chronic responses to KA, with immature animals relatively protected from the long-term deleterious effects of this convulsant.
Guinea-pig keratinocytes and melanocytes in tissue culture: scanning, transmission and high voltage electron microscope observations.

SUMMARY Keratinocytes and melanocytes cultured from guinea-pig epidermis were studied with scanning, transmission and high voltage electron microscopy to characterize the surface and internal morphology. Keratinocytes exhibited contact-inhibition and a range of surface structures consistent with cell-cycle dependent changes. Stereoscopic analysis of high voltage electron micrographs indicated regular oval nuclei with nucleoli at different depths, while thin sections revealed local channels in the nuclei. Secondary cultures differed from primary cultures in the disorder of the microfilaments, in the failure to form desmosomes, and in the failure of melanocytes to persist in culture. The beaded surface of melanocytes was indicative of underlying melanosomes that were seen in high voltage micrographs. Melanocytes were rounded with moderate ruffles or were dendritic with ruffles on the termini. These findings are discussed in relation to the observational techniques and in relation to modes of locomotion of and pigment transfer to epidermal cells.
Electronic structure and superconductivity of europium

Abstract We have calculated the electronic structure of Eu for the bcc, hcp, and fcc crystal structures for volumes near equilibrium up to a calculated 90 GPa pressure using the augmented-plane-wave method in the local-density approximation. The frozen-core approximation was used with a semi-empirical shift of the f-states energies in the radial Schrodinger equation to move the occupied 4f valence states below the Γ 1 energy and into the core. This shift of the highly localized f-states yields the correct europium phase ordering with lattice parameters and bulk moduli in good agreement with experimental data. The calculated superconductivity properties under pressure for the bcc and hcp structures are also found to agree with and follow a T c trend similar to recent measurement by Debessai et al. [1] .
Adjuvant high-dose-rate and low-dose-rate brachytherapy with external beam radiation in soft tissue sarcoma: a comparison of outcomes.

Abstract Purpose To compare outcomes of patients treated with low-dose-rate (LDR) adjuvant brachytherapy (BT) + external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) vs. high-dose-rate (HDR) adjuvant BT + EBRT. Methods and materials Thirty-seven patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) were treated with pre- or postoperative external beam irradiation and postoperative LDR or HDR BT. Results There was no significant difference in the 2-year local control rates (90% with LDR boost vs. 94% for HDR). The rate of National Cancer Institute (NCI) grades 2–4 wound-healing complications was 40% in the LDR group vs. 18% in the HDR group (p = 0.14). On univariate analysis, only suboptimal geometry of the implant predicted for increasing complication rate in the LDR group. In the HDR group, BT dose per fraction, total BT dose, and total biologically equivalent dose (BED3) radiation dose were significant. Conclusions HDR and LDR boost BT results in acceptable local control for STS. There is a suggestion that HDR may have lower incidence of severe (grade ≥3) acute toxicity than LDR.
A conceptual framework and comparison of spatial data models.

This paper examines the major types of spatial data models currently known and places these models in a comprehensive framework. This framework is used to provide clarification of how varying data models, as well as their inherent advantages and disadvantages, are interrelated. It also provides an insight into how these conflicting demands may be balanced in a more systematic and predictable manner for practical applications, and reveals directions for needed future research. On examine les principaux types de modeles de donnees spatiales actuels, et on les place dans un cadre global. Ce cadre est utilise pour eclaircir comment ces divers modeles spatiaux, de meme que leurs avantages et desavantages, sont interrelies. Le cadre laisse aussi voir comment ces demandes contradictoires peuvent etre equilibrees d'une facon plus systematique et previsible pour des applications pratiques, et revele les directions que doit prendre la recherche future.
Dynamic equipment workspace generation for improving earthwork safety using real-time location system

Display Omitted Earthwork equipment accounts for a large proportion of the fatalities on construction sites. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in the period between 1992 and 2002, struck by vehicles and struck by objects (e.g., vehicle parts, vehicle loads, or falling vehicles) were identified as the causes of 30% and 24% of fatal equipment-related accidents on excavations sites, respectively. It is therefore of a paramount importance to improve the safety of construction sites by increasing the peripheral awareness of the operators of earthwork equipment. Several research works have investigated numerous collision avoidance systems that exploit real-time location systems and proximity measurements to mitigate the risk of accidents on excavation sites. However, these systems often detect collisions based on using the workspaces that only account for the geometry and the degrees of freedom of the equipment, and thus disregard the state-dependent characteristics of equipment. This results in reserving a large space for every piece of equipment, which reduces the applicability of these systems in congested sites. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel method for generating dynamic equipment workspaces based on the continuous monitoring of a spectrum of equipment-related information, i.e., the current pose/state of the equipment, and the speed characteristics of each movement. This method uses the required operation stoppage time to determine how much space needs to be reserved for each piece of equipment. A case study is conducted to validate the proposed method. It is shown that the proposed method has a strong potential in capturing the hazardous areas around the equipment and triggering warnings in view of the impending movements of various pieces of equipment. Also, the proposed method proved to have potential applications in actual projects in congested sites where space is limited.
Changing dental images from stone tablets to comic strips

From deworming and tooth drawing to rehabilitation and prevention—the dentist’s role has changed decidedly over the centuries. Dental images have changed as well. The perceptions of teeth and dentistry in myth and folklore, in art, literature, and popular cultural forms are varied, shifting, and reflective of both the growth of the profession and the fluxes and attitudinal changes in society.
BPS AND DUALITY IN SUPERSYMMETRIC QUANTUM MECHANICS

This paper explores the consequences of superalgebras with central charges in the context of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. We find the emergence of target space duality structures in these theories. We also demonstrate that shape invariance is understood most naturally in the context of such centrally extended superalgebras, with their exact solvability a consequence of a BPS structure.
Effect of papillary and chromophobe cell type on disease-free survival after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma

The clinical staging of renal cortical tumors traditionally has not evaluated the potential effect of histological subtypes on survival. Evidence suggests that conventional clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and nonconventional clear cell RCC (chromophobe and papillary) have different metastatic potential. Using a large renal tumor database, we examined the effect of tumor histology on the pattern of metastasis and patient survival. All patients with nonmetastatic renal cortical tumors undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy were identified from a renal tumor database between July 1989 and July 2002. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression tests were used for statistical analysis. Analysis revealed 1057 patients: 794 with conventional clear cell RCC, 157 with papillary RCC, and 106 with chromophobe RCC. Metastasis occurred in 95 conventional clear cell RCC, 9 papillary RCC, and 6 chromophobe RCC. Metastasis occurred in 95 conventional clear cell RCC, 9 papillary RCC, and 6 chromophobe RCC with a median follow-up of 34.6, 43.0, and 33.2 months, respectively. Using log-rank analysis, chromophobe and papillary RCC were associated with an improved disease-free survival at 5 years (P=.009 and .015, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed tumor size, stage, and chromophobe histology as significant variables for disease progression. Renal cortical tumors have distinct histological subtypes with varying degrees of metastatic potential. Conventional clear cell RCC, which comprises two thirds of renal cortical tumors presenting with localized disease, has a less favorable outcome when compared with papillary and chromophobe RCC. Controlling for size and stage, chromophobe, and not papillary, RCC was a significant variable for disease progression compared with conventional clear cell RCC. Knowledge of renal cortical tumor histological subtype is critical for projecting prognosis, tailoring follow-up strategies, and designing clinical trials.
Effect of beta adrenergic agonist, prostaglandins, and cortisol on lymphocyte levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and glycogen: Abnormal lymphocytic metabolism in asthma

Abstract Decreased beta adrenergic regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in lymphocytes has been described in asthma. We investigated adrenergic stimulation of glycogenolysis and responses to prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 ). Lymphocytes from 24 normal and 24 mild asthmatic subjects who had no drugs for at least 2 weeks were separated on Ficoll-hypaque and incubated in medium 199 with Hepes buffer. Beta adrenergic stimulation of cAMP and glycogenolysis was reduced in the asthmatics (p 0.05) and glycogenolysis was normal. Cortisol added in vitro potentiates the effect of isoproterenol and PGE 1 —but in the presence of cortisol the response of the asthmatic cells to isoproterenol is still lower than that of normal cells. This observation would support that “beta adrenergic blockade” is the major defect of asthmatic cells. The conclusion is further supported by the observation that the degree of the blockade is associated with a pathologic condition.
Climate change in the circum-North Atlantic region during the last deglaciation

A survey of new and published palaeoclimate data indicates that both the high- and low-latitude North Atlantic regions were characterized by at least three synchronous periods of abrupt climate change during the last glacial-to-interglacial transition. Climate model results suggest that changes in the melting history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet may explain much of this nonlinear response of the climate system to astronomical (Milankovitch) forcing.
INTRINSIC PARITY FROM THE S-MATRIX VIEWPOINT

The concept of intrinsic parity is developed as a construct of observables within the S-matrix framework, and ambiguities arising in more conventional approaches are avoided. It is shown that invariance of transition probabilities under spatial inversion implies the existence of a set of particle intrinsic parities that is real and unique to within a gauge transformation, provided all processes not forbidden by additive conservation laws do occur in nature. If certain of the conservation laws are multiplicative, then nonreal intrinsic parities are possible. The intrinsic parity of particle-antiparticle pairs is fixed by the general Smatrix postulates to be negative for fermions and positive for bosons, a result that parallels the one of field theory. (auth)
Mortality Due to Reye's Syndrome in Michigan: Distribution and Longitudinal Trends

Death rates due to Reye's syndrome and related diseases among children in Michigan were estimated from 1969 to mid-1977 on the basis of searches of death certificates, with verification of diagnosis by review of hospital records. There was no significant increase in mortality for Reye's syndrome during the study period. Temporal association with type A and B influenza outbreaks was found. The syndrome occurred at a lower rate in summer and autumn when these infections, as well as chickenpox, were rare. The mean age of children dying of Reye's syndrome and related diseases was 5.5 years, with a modal age of less than one year. Deaths among white children were more frequent than among black children, but below the age of one year the reverse was true. In black children a higher mortality was found among males than among females. Deaths due to Reye's syndrome were more common in rural areas than in urban areas.
Receptor-mediated Targeting of Fluorescent Probes in Living Cells

A strategy was developed to label specified sites in living cells with a wide selection of fluorescent or other probes and applied to study pH regulation in Golgi. cDNA transfection was used to target a single-chain antibody to a specified site such as an organelle lumen. The targeted antibody functioned as a high affinity receptor to trap cell-permeable hapten-fluorophore conjugates. Synthesized conjugates of a hapten (4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one, phOx) and fluorescent probes (Bodipy Fl, tetramethylrhodamine, fluorescein) were bound with high affinity (approximately 5 nM) and specific localization to the single-chain antibody expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and plasma membrane of living Chinese hamster ovary cells. Using the pH-sensitive phOx-fluorescein conjugate and ratio imaging microscopy, pH was measured in the lumen of Golgi (pH 6.25 +/- 0.06). Measurements of pH-dependent vacuolar H+/ATPase pump activity and H+ leak in Golgi provided direct evidence that resting Golgi pH is determined by balanced leak-pump kinetics rather than the inability of the H+/ATPase to pump against an electrochemical gradient. Like expression of the green fluorescent protein, the receptor-mediated fluorophore targeting approach permits specific intracellular fluorescence labeling. A significant advantage of the new approach is the ability to target chemical probes with custom-designed spectral and indicator properties.
Female competition in chimpanzees.

Female chimpanzees exhibit exceptionally slow rates of reproduction and raise their offspring without direct paternal care. Therefore, their reproductive success depends critically on long-term access to high-quality food resources over a long lifespan. Chimpanzee communities contain multiple adult males, multiple adult females and their offspring. Because males are philopatric and jointly defend the community range while most females transfer to new communities before breeding, adult females are typically surrounded by unrelated competitors. Communities are fission–fusion societies in which individuals spend time alone or in fluid subgroups, whose size depends mostly on the abundance and distribution of food. To varying extents in different populations, females avoid direct competition by foraging alone or in small groups in distinct, but overlapping core areas within the community range to which they show high fidelity. Although rates of aggression are low, females compete for space and access to food. High rank correlates with high reproductive success, and high-ranking females win direct contests for food and gain preferential access to resource-rich sites. Females are aggressive to immigrant females and even kill the newborn infants of community members. The intensity of such aggression correlates with population density. These patterns are compared to those in other species, including humans.
Longitudinal kerr magneto-optic effect in thin films of Iron, nickel, and permalloy

The longitudinal Kerr magneto-optic effect can be characterized by four parameters n, k, Q0, and q. The first two parameters, n and k, are the ordinary optical refractive index and index of absorption, and the last two parameters, Q0 and q, are the magneto-optic amplitude and phase. These parameters were determined for opaque, high-vacuum deposited films of iron, nickel, and Permalloy for wavelengths between 0.360 and 0.620 μ. To find n, k, Q0, and q, the rotation and the ellipticity of the light reflected from the surface of these films were measured with a photoelectric ellipsometer. This ellipsometer employed a “Faraday cell” which sinusoidally rotated the polarization of the reflected light. To find the ellipticity, a calibrated retardation plate was placed in front of the Faraday cell. From the reflection coefficients derived by Voigt, the four parameters were computed from these data. As a check, the Kerr rotation and ellipticity for angles of incidence between 16° and 65° were then calculated from Voigt’s theory. These results compared satisfactorily with the experimental measurements at these same angles of incidence.The complex magneto-optic conductivity σ¯1 was calculated from the four optical parameters for each kind of film. The change of σ¯1real and σ¯1imag with the frequency of the incident radiation was compared with the predictions of Argyres’s theory. This comparison indicated that the predicted frequency dependence did appear in σ¯1real and σ¯1imag; however, the data extended over such a short frequency range that the results were inconclusive.
Multiscale microstructural characterization of Sn-rich alloys by three dimensional (3D) X-ray synchrotron tomography and focused ion beam (FIB) tomography

Abstract Sn-rich (Pb-free) alloys serve as electrical and mechanical interconnects in electronic packaging. It is critical to quantify the microstructures of Sn-rich alloys to obtain a fundamental understanding of their properties. In this work, the intermetallic precipitates in Sn–3.5Ag and Sn–0.7Cu, and globular lamellae in Sn–37Pb solder joints were visualized and quantified using 3D X-ray synchrotron tomography and focused ion beam (FIB) tomography. 3D reconstructions were analyzed to extract statistics on particle size and spatial distribution. In the Sn–Pb alloy the interconnectivity of Sn-rich and Pb-rich constituents was quantified. It will be shown that multiscale characterization using 3D X-ray and FIB tomography enabled the characterization of the complex morphology, distribution, and statistics of precipitates and contiguous phases over a range of length scales.
Apoptosis and cutaneous biology

Apoptosis, a genetically encoded program that results in cell death, represents a fundamental biologic concept that has relevance to a wide range of dermatologic processes. This review discusses the basic biology of apoptosis and its relevance to cutaneous disease.
The S1103Y Cardiac Sodium Channel Variant Is Associated With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Events in Blacks With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction

Background— Risk-stratifying heart failure patients for primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) remains a challenge, especially for blacks, who have an increased incidence of sudden cardiac death but have been underrepresented in clinical trials. We hypothesized that the S1103Y cardiac sodium channel SCN5A variant influences the propensity for ventricular arrhythmias in black patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Methods and Results— Blacks (n=112) with ejection fractions <35% receiving primary prevention ICDs were identified from the Duke Electrophysiology Genetic and Genomic Studies (EPGEN) biorepository and followed for appropriate ICD therapy (either anti tachycardia pacing or shock) for documented sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. The S1103Y variant was overrepresented in patients receiving appropriate ICD therapy compared with subjects who did not (35% versus 13%, P =0.03). Controlling for baseline characteristics, the adjusted hazard ratio using a Cox proportional hazard model for ICD therapy in Y1103 allele carriers was 4.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.60 to 11.73, P =<0.01). There was no difference in mortality between carriers and noncarriers. Conclusions— This is the first report that the S1103Y variant is associated with a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in blacks with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.
Sequence variation in dispersed repetitive sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Two new dispersed repetitive DNA sequences related to the transposable element Tyl have been isolated from the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One sequence, designated Tyl-17, is present at about six copies per haploid genome, and one copy is located approximately 1000 base-pairs from the LEU2 locus on chromosome III. Tyl-17 is about the same size as Tyl (Cameron et al., 1979) and is flanked by δ sequences, but differs from Tyl by the presence of two large substitutions representing about 50% of the sequence. Tyl and Tyl-17 are found in a ‘head-to-head’ array in at least one cloned region of the yeast genome. Another sequence, designated Tyl-161, is situated about 9000 base-pairs from the PGK locus of chromosome III, and is structurally identical to Tyl except for the presence of a 1200 base-pair insertion near one end of the sequence element.
DO HIGH CARBOHYDRATE DIETS PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT OR ATTENUATE THE MANIFESTATIONS (OR BOTH) OF SYNDROME X? A VIEWPOINT STRONGLY AGAINST

Syndrome X refers to a cluster of abnormalities, associated with resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake that increase risk of coronary heart disease. Increases in carbohydrate intake (with reciprocal decreases in fat content) within the boundaries of menus that can be followed in the free-living state have not been shown to decrease insulin resistance, either directly by enhancing insulin sensitivity or indirectly by producing and maintaining weight loss. However, such diets accentuate the metabolic abnormalities that constitute syndrome X. Because substitution of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat, or both, for saturated fat results in the same fall in LDL-cholesterol concentration as seen with low fat/high carbohydrate diets, it is concluded that low fat/high carbohydrate diets should be avoided in the treatment of syndrome X.
Revisiting The Second Law of Energy Degradation and Entropy Generation: From Sadi Carnot's Ingenious Reasoning to Holistic Generalization

Sadi Carnot's ingenious reasoning of reversible cycles (1824) laid foundations for The Second Law before The First Law of energy conservation was even known (Joule 1843) and long before Thermodynamic concepts were established in 1850s. A century later, Bridgman (1941) ‘complained’ that “there are almost as many formulations of The Second Law as there have been discussions of it.” Even today, The Second Law remains so obscure, due to the lack of its comprehension, that it continues to attract new efforts at clarification, including this one.The Laws of Thermodynamics have much wider, including philosophical significance and implication, than their simple expressions based on the experimental observations—they are The Fundamental Laws of Nature: The Zeroth (equilibrium existentialism), The First (conservational transformationalism), The Second (irreversible directional transformationalism), and The Third (unattainability of emptiness). They are defining and unifying our comprehension of all existence and tr...
Efficacy of targeted CT angiography in evaluation of intracranial internal carotid artery disease.

Rationale and Objectives. This study evaluated the efficacy of targeted computed tomographic (CT) angiography in the diagnosis of intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) disease and compared the results of routine and targeted CT angiography. Materials and Methods. Fifty-four patients (24 male and 30 female patients aged 2 months to 87 years) were examined with CT angiography. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed in 42. CT angiograms were reconstructed with the maximum-intensity projection (MIP) algorithm. Targeted CT angiography was performed by individually reconstructing a single ICA territory. Each ICA was divided into four segments, and findings of routine MIP CT angiography, routine MIP plus targeted CT angiography, and DSA were reviewed independently by two neuroradiologists for vascular lesions involving each segment. Routine and targeted CT angiograms were also evaluated to determine how well both ICAs were visualized. Results. Routine CT angiography was rated good or excellent for ICA visualization in 64% of cases, compared with 81% for targeted CT angiography ( P = .0005). The overall agreement between routine CT angiography and DSA and between routine plus targeted CT angiography and DSA was 92% and 94%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the percentages of vascular lesions detected with routine CT angiography alone and with routine plus targeted CT angiography. Both methods tended to show false-positive findings of steno-occlusive disease, but targeted CT angiography showed details of aneurysms and stenotic lesions that were easily overlooked with routine CT angiography alone. Conclusion. Routine plus targeted CT angiography, while providing superior image quality, did not have much clinical effect; further assessment may be needed.
Judicial Decisions on Public Law

Bulk Sales Law-Constitutionality. Klein v. Maravelas. (New York. December 15, 1916. 114 N. E. 809.) The court of appeals of the state of New York has declared the bulk sales law constitutional, holding that its prohibitions do not impose arbitrary and purposeless restrictions upon liberty of contract. In so doing it reverses the decision of the same court in Wright v. Hart (1905) 182 N. Y. 330, 75 N. E. 404, which held a former similar statute unconstitutional. The court, in thus reversing itself, pointed to the fact that similar statutes have been upheld by the United States supreme court and by the courts of last resort of nineteen states, and that in but one state had such a statute been held invalid. The court says, "In such circumstances we can no longer say, whatever past views may have been, that the prohibitions of this statute are arbitrary and purposeless restrictions upon liberty of contract. . . . The needs of successive generations may make restrictions imperative today which were vain and capricious to the vision of times past. . . . Back of this legislation, which to a majority of the judges who decided Wright v. Hart seemed arbitrary and purposeless, there must have been a real need. We can see this now, even though it may have been obscure before. Our past decision ought not to stand in opposition to the uniform convictions of the entire judiciary of the land." For other recent decisions upholding the uniform bulk sales law see Gazette v. Wipf. (Wisconsin. December 5, 1916. 160 N. W. 170.); Marlow v. Ringer. (West Virginia. February 6, 1917. 91 S. E. 386.)
Contributions of developed and developing countries to global climate forcing and surface temperature change

Understanding the relative contributions of individual countries to global climate change for different time periods is essential for mitigation strategies that seek to hold nations accountable for their historical emissions. Previous assessments of this kind have compared countries by their greenhouse gas emissions, but have yet to consider the full spectrum of the short-lived gases and aerosols. In this study, we use the radiative forcing of anthropogenic emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases, ozone precursors, aerosols, and from albedo changes from land cover change together with a simple climate model to evaluate country contributions to climate change. We assess the historical contribution of each country to global surface temperature change from anthropogenic forcing ( ? Ts), future ? Ts through year 2100 given two different emissions scenarios, and the ? Ts that each country has committed to from past activities between 1850 and 2010 (committed ? Ts). By including forcings in addition to the long-lived greenhouse gases the contribution of developed countries, particularly the United States, to ? Ts from 1850 to 2010 (58%) is increased compared to an assessment of CO2-equivalent emissions for the same time period (52%). Contributions to committed ? Ts evaluated at year 2100, dominated by long-lived greenhouse gas forcing, are more evenly split between developed and developing countries (55% and 45%, respectively). The portion of anthropogenic ? Ts attributable to developing countries is increasing, led by emissions from China and India, and we estimate that this will surpass the contribution from developed countries around year 2030.
Rab and ARF GTPase regulation of exocytosis (Review)

Our understanding of the mechanisms governing of Rab and Arf protein function has exploded in recent years with a convergence of information from model genetic organisms, biochemical studies, cell biological observations and protein structural information. However, the list of known Rab and Arf interacting factors still remains small relative to the number of these small GTPases that have been identified through complete genomic sequencing. It can be anticipated that the factors listed and discussed in this review probably represent a small fraction of the Rab and Arf accessory molecules that remain to be discovered. The identification of regulators and accessory molecules for the Rab and Arf families has allowed investigators to elaborate themes and develop a framework for a mechanistic understanding of these proteins. The themes are highlighted in this review, which aims to concentrate on Rab and Arf function in exocytosis.
Stability and Reconfiguration Analysis of a Circularly Spinning 2-Craft Coulomb Tether

The concept of a spinning 2-craft Coulomb tether is introduced. Here a physical tether is replaced with an electrostatic force field resulting in an attractive Coulomb force between the 2-craft. The spacecraft charge is assumed to be regulated with an active charge servo system. The open-loop stability of a Coulomb tether with constant spacecraft charges is investigated. The reduced equations of motion for a deep space mission are obtained and linearized to determine eigenvalues of the perturbed motion. This analysis shows that if the plasma Debye length is smaller than the spacecraft separation distance the radial motion is guaranteed to be unstable. For larger Debye lengths the nonlinear radial motion is locally stable. The perturbed out-of-plane motion is shown to always be stable regardless of Debye length. Further, open-loop charge solutions are obtained to perform reconfiguration where the circular orbit radius is changed to a new value. This maneuver is related to the classical Hohmann transfer orbit between circular orbits. However, in the Coulomb tether concept the reconfiguration is achieved by varying the effective gravitational parameter through spacecraft charge changes.
Rail Transit Identification and Neighbourhood Identity. Exploring the Potential for ‘Community-Supportive Transit’

The preservation and promotion of neighbourhood identity is important in contemporary cities. Los Angeles, long known for its lack of both effective mass transit and, separately, local identity and cohesion among its neighbourhoods, is currently working to address each of these issues, yet little attention has been paid to the possibility that the two can be directly related. This paper investigates how rail transit line identification and station-naming decisions are not only important to community members but can have an impact on the neighbourhood identity. After introducing these ideas with the case of the identification of the Metro ‘Expo Line’ in LA, the paper turns to a comparison of naming logics for other local institutions and other major transit systems, arguing that cities could benefit from considering ‘community supportive’ transit design that promotes local identity in addition to more pragmatic wayfinding concerns.
Cardiovascular disease is preventable among women.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) among women is preventable. Women with minimal cardiovascular risk factors and low coronary calcium scores have a very low incidence and mortality due to CHD. Women have much less coronary atherosclerosis than men, especially those of younger age groups. The lower coronary atherosclerosis is likely a function of both lower risk factors premenopausal and the effects of estrogen on the arterial wall. Reduction of elevated risk factors, such as atherogenic lipoproteins, systolic blood pressure and smoking cessation, results in substantial reduction in the risk of CHD for both men and women. There is relatively little evidence that these effects are different for men as compared with women. The prevention of increase in risk factors premenopausal (primordial prevention) by public health initiatives, individualized lifestyle intervention and more aggressive pharmacological therapies for most postmenopausal women to prevent the development and progression of atherosclerosis and thro...
A 600V quick punch through (QPT) IGBT design concept for reducing EMI

Punch Through IGBTs inherently generate more EMI than their MOSFET counter part. This results from the nature of the IGBT being a two carrier device and the switching characteristics being controlled by the gain of the p-n-p bipolar. The EMI is a direct result of the abrupt turn-off di/dt. In this paper, a novel IGBT, the QPT, that enables the PT IGBT to switch similar to a MOSFET is presented and analyzed. This is achieved by designing the PT IGBT with a thinner lower concentration drift region. This allows the depletion layer to punch through to the buffer at a lower voltage. The capacitances of the QPT are optimized so that the channel remains open until the collector voltage reaches the bus voltage. This provides the ability to control and thereby minimize the turn-off di/dt.