cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early HPV ctDNA Kinetics and Imaging Biomarkers Predict Therapeutic Response in p16+ Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: In locally advanced p16+ oropharynx cancer (OPSCC), 1) to investigate kinetics of circulating tumor human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA (ctDNA) and association with tumor progression after chemoradiation (CRT), and 2) to compare the predictive value of ctDNA to imaging biomarkers of MRI and FDG-PET. Methods: Serial blood samples were collected from patients with AJCC8 stage III OPSCC (n=34) enrolled on a randomized trial: pre-treatment, during CRT at weeks 2, 4 and 7, and post-treatment. All patients also had dynamic-contrast-enhanced and diffusion weighted (DW) MRI, as well as FDG PET scans pre-CRT and week 2 during CRT. ctDNA values were analyzed for prediction of freedom from progression (FFP), and correlations with aggressive tumor subvolumes with low blood volume (TVLBV) and low apparent diffusion coefficient (TVLADC), and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) using Cox proportional hazards model and spearman's rank correlation. Results: Low pretreatment ctDNA and an early increase in ctDNA at week 2 compared to baseline were significantly associated with superior FFP (p<0.02 and p < 0.05, respectively). At week 4 or 7, neither ctDNA counts nor clearance were significantly predictive of progression (p=0.8). Pretreatment ctDNA values were significantly correlated with nodal TVLBV, TVLADC and MTV pre-CRT (p<0.03), while the ctDNA values at week 2 were correlated with these imaging metrics in primary tumor. Multivariate analysis showed that ctDNA and the imaging metrics performed comparably to predict FFP. Conclusions: Early ctDNA kinetics during definitive chemoradiation may predict therapy response in stage III OPSCC.
Feminist Ethics and Social and Political Philosophy: Theorizing the Non-Ideal

Acknowledgments.- Introduction Lisa Tessman.- Section I: Feminist Theorizations of Ethics and Politics, and of the Ideal and Non-Ideal.- 1. Normativity, Feminism, and Politics Bat-Ami Bar On.- 2. Ethical Reasons and Political Commitments Lisa Rivera.- 3. Feminist Eudaimonism: Eudaimonism as Non-Ideal Theory Lisa Tessman.- 4. L'Imagination au Pouvoir: Comparing John Rawls's Method of Ideal Theory with Iris Marion Young's Method of Critical Theory Alison M. Jaggar.- Section II: Critiquing Idealized Characterizations of Personhood.- 5. Conjoined Twins, Embodied Personhood, and Surgical Separation Christine Overall.- 6. The Ideology of the Normal: Desire, Ethics, and Kierkegaardian Critique Ada S. Jaarsma.- 7. The Challenge of Care to Idealizing Theories of Distributive Justice Anca Gheaus.- 8. The Ethics of Philosophizing: Ideal Theory and the Exclusion of People with Severe Cognitive Disabilities Eva Feder Kittay.- Section III: Remaking the Moral and Political Subject.- 9. The Vulnerable Self: Enabling the Recognition of Racial Inequality Desiree H. Melton.- 10. Anger, Virtue and Oppression Macalester Bell.- 11. Practicing Imperfect Forgiveness Alice MacLachlan.- 12. Feminist Political Solidarity Sally J. Scholz.- Section IV: Contextualizing in Actualities.- 13. Resisting Organizational Power Peggy DesAutels.- 14. Women and Violence: A Theory of Judgment Maria Pia Lara.- 15. Narrative Structures, Narratives of Abuse, and Human Rights Diana Tietjens Meyers.- 16. Women, Corporate Globalization, and Global Justice Ann Ferguson.- Index.- About the Contributors.
Adhesion Receptors in Oral Cancer Invasion

Publisher Summary An important element of oral-cancer invasion is adhesion receptors, predominantly integrins that modulate not only cell motility but also survival and proliferation. A second class of receptors, the cadherins, form intercellular adhesions between the carcinoma cells and are also relevant to the invasive process. Observations suggest that it is the interplay and crosstalk between these two receptor families, integrins and cadherins, that modulate invasion. During tumor progression, the development of variant cells with alterations in the expression of adhesion receptors and their associated signaling pathways could result in the derivation of cells with a highly invasive and metastatic phenotype. Integrins are responsible for mediating the adhesive interactions of the cell with extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules. They provide a linkage between the cell cytoskeleton and the extracellular environment. In addition to providing adhesive and migratory functions, the integrin–ECM interactions can regulate several cellular properties, including cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, protease production, differentiation, and gene expression—all properties that are involved in malignant conversion and invasion. In addition to functioning as adhesion- or migration-regulating molecules, integrins can activate several pathways involved in tumor progression. These pathways are dependent on particular integrin subunits and integrin cytoplasmic domains.
The Use of Technology In-and-outside Second Language Classrooms: How, What, and Why?

The growing popularity of computer-mediated communication (CMC) has given rise to virtually endless possibilitiesfor second language (L2) teaching and learning. For one,computer-mediated tasks allow learners to work at their own pace,whilemaintaining the anonymityof the interlocutor(s).Such anonymityin turn lowerslearners’ anxietylevel(s)and arouses their interestinparticipation,resulting in a higher level of learner autonomy(Bhatia& Ritchie, 2009).A case in point would be computer-mediated instructionof L2writingusing Wikis. More specifically,multiple participants can edit a piece of writingand leave comments outside of the second language (L2)classroom; instead, learners write extensively via such media as blogs. This has shown (e.g., Nonaka, 2011; Sato, 2008) to have a positive effect on increasing the learner’s level motivation.
Interferon-sensitive mutants of mengovirus. I. Isolation and biological characterization.

Abstract Three interferon-sensitive ( is ) mutants of mengovirus have been isolated and the properties of one ( is -1) studied in detail. This mutant, is -1, grows normally in control L cells, but in cells pretreated with interferon, its yield is at least 10-fold lower than wild type ( is + ). Furthermore, is -1 attains 95% of its final yield 12 hr postinfection whether in the presence or absence of interferon, whereas in protected cells, is + does not reach this level until 20 hr postinfection. In mixed infection in the presence of interferon, is + can rescue is -1, implying that the mutation affects a diffusible product. Most cells protected with 10 units of interferon and infected with is -1 survive the infection and are able to form clones, as measured by colony-forming ability. If protected cells are treated with actinomycin D immediately following infection, the yields from cells infected with is -1 are enhanced and the yields from cells infected with is + are lowered, the net result being complete reversal of the is -1 phenotype. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the is -1 function protects the virus genome from an induced cellular nuclease.
A time-domain approach for monitoring battery state of health (SOH) and remaining useful life (RUL)

This paper describes a time-domain approach for estimating the state of health (SOH) and remaining useful life (RUL) of a battery, with particular emphasis on LiFePO 4 cells. In this methodology, a small test signal is superimposed on top of the battery load to trigger its transient dynamics. The resulting terminal voltage and current are measured, and a nonlinear least-squares routine is used to estimate the impedance parameters of the battery model. These parameter values are then used to track the SOH and RUL over time. Experimental results are presented. The approach requires minimal hardware and could be used to form the basis of a robust on-line monitoring system.
Chapter 17 Labor-market frictions and employment fluctuations

Abstract The labor market occupies center stage in modern theories of fluctuations. The most important phenomenon to explain and understand in a recession is the sharp decline in employment and jump in unemployment. This chapter considers explanations based on frictions in the labor market. Earlier research within the real business cycle paradigm considered frictionless labor markets where fluctuations in the volume of work effort represented substitution by households between work in the market and activities at home. A preliminary section of the chapter discusses why frictionless models are incomplete — they fail to account for either the magnitude or persistence of fluctuations in employment. And the frictionless models fail completely to describe unemployment. The evidence suggests strongly that consideration of unemployment as a third use of time is critical for a realistic model. The two elements of a theory of unemployment are a mechanism for workers to lose or leave their jobs and an explanation for the time required from them to find new jobs. Theories of mechanism design or of continuous re-bargaining of employment terms provide the first. The theory of job search together with efficiency wages and related issues provides the second. Modern macro models incorporating these features come much closer than their predecessors to realistic and rigorous explanations of the magnitude and persistence of fluctuations.
Fuel Sulfur Effects on a Medium-Duty Diesel Pick-Up with a NOx Adsorber, Diesel Particle Filter Emissions Control System: 2000-Hour Aging Results

Discusses the emission results of a nitrogen oxide adsorber catalyst and a diesel particle filter in a medium-duty, diesel pick-up truck.
Seasonal hydrological and nutrient loading forecasts for watersheds over the Southeastern United States

We show useful seasonal deterministic and probabilistic prediction skill of streamflow and nutrient loading over watersheds in the Southeastern United States (SEUS) for the winter and spring seasons. The study accounts for forecast uncertainties stemming from the meteorological forcing and hydrological model uncertainty. Multi-model estimation from three hydrological models, each forced with an ensemble of forcing derived by matching observed analogues of forecasted quartile rainfall anomalies from a seasonal climate forecast is used. The attained useful hydrological prediction skill is despite the climate model overestimating rainfall by over 23% over these SEUS watersheds in December-May period. The prediction skill in the month of April and May is deteriorated as compared to the period from December-March (zero lead forecast). A nutrient streamflow rating curve is developed using a log linear tool for this purpose. The skill in the prediction of seasonal nutrient loading is identical to the skill of seasonal streamflow forecast. We present ensemble hydrological forecasting method that accounts for the uncertainty in hydrological models.We evaluate the skill of seasonal hydrological and water quality prediction using both deterministic and probabilistic skill scores.The study emphasis the importance of bias correction in climate product for hydrological application.
Counterfeit Drugs: The Consumer Perspective

Much has been written about the problems of the supply of pharmaceutical counterfeits. Common topics include inadequate laws, lack of enforcement, and the absence of criminal penalties for counterfeiters. Less has been written in the legal literature, however, about the demand side of pharmaceuticals. Consumers remain both the root problem and the ultimate destination of counterfeit products. A substantial portion of counterfeit losses can be traced to willing purchases by consumers. Understanding under what temporal, economic, social, and psychological conditions individuals purchase counterfeit medicines is essential to understanding the underlying determinants of demand. This understanding can assist pharmaceutical firms and policy makers to better address consumer needs and ultimately reduce the preference for these potentially dangerous remedies. The purpose of this article is to present a brief discussion of consumer behavior toward counterfeit drugs.
Penicillin-aminoglycoside inactivation: another possible mechanism of interaction

A case of a carbenicillin-tobramycin interaction resulting in laboratory test reports of subtherapeutic serum tobramycin levels in a 71-year-old man with renal failure is reported. The patient's Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was treated with carbenicillin, 2 g every eight hours, and tobramycin, 80 mg after daily hemodialysis. The serum antibiotic levels were monitored using a microbiologic assay and a radioimmunoassay technique. At 30 minutes and five hours after the tobramycin was administered, microbiologic assay of serum levels indicated negligible tobramycin concentrations (2 micrograms/ml). Radioimmunoassay of tobramycin levels showed markedly higher concentrations (4.1 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes after infusion). The difference in assay results was attributed to greater inactivation occurring with the microbiologic assay, which was the less rapid technique. In vitro and in vivo factors influencing the occurrence and extent of the carbenicillin-tobramycin interaction are reviewed. When using an aminoglycoside-penicillin combination in patients with renal failure, it is important to use a rapid assay technique or one that inactivates one of the antibiotics before bioassay, and to be aware of the patient-related factors that can alter assay results.
Lexical transfer and second language morphological development.

This study investigates the development of two levels of morphological knowledge that contribute to Spanish-English bilingual students’ ability to recognize cognates: the ability to recognize a cognate stem within a suffixed English word, and knowledge of systematic relationships between Spanish and English suffixes (e.g., the fact that words ending in -ty in English often have a Spanish cognate ending in -dad). A total of 196 Latino bilingual students in 4th, 6th, and 8th grade were asked to give the Spanish equivalent for English words, some of which had derivational and inflectional suffixes. The results indicated that the students’ ability to translate cognates increased with age above and beyond any increase in their vocabulary knowledge in Spanish and English. There was also marked growth in the students’ knowledge of systematic relationships between Spanish and English suffixes. Students recognized cognate stems of suffixed words more easily than noncognate stems, suggesting that, in closely related languages such as Spanish and English, cross-language transfer may play a role, not just in recognizing individual words, but also in the learning of derivational morphology.
Urea Synthesis by Hemic Cells

A method for measuring urea production by isolated erythrocytes and leucocytes under physiologic conditions is described. Erythrocytes from 10 normal subjects formed an average of 82.5 mµmoles urea/ml. packed cells/hr. Leucocytes formed 7.4 mµmoles urea/108 cells/hr. By extrapolation, total urea synthesis by circulating erythrocytes would be approximately 270 mg./day and by the granulocyte pool approximately 5 mg./day. The total contribution of circulating hemic cells to over-all urea synthesis approximates 1 to 3% on an average protein diet. Six patients with cystinuria were also studied. No defect in urea synthesis, as a reflection of impaired arginine transport, could be detected in their blood cells with the conditions employed.
Arsenic-selenium interactions determined with cultured fish cells.

Abstract A fibroblastic cell line derived from gill tissue (designated BG/G) and an epithelioid cell line derived from fin tissue (designed BG/F) of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) were used as the bioindicators in toxicity experiments. The neutral red in vitro cytotoxicity assay served as the endpoint. In both cell lines the sequence of observed cytotoxicity was arsenite > arsenate > selenite > selenate, with each cell type exhibiting comparable ranking of midpoint toxicity (NR5O) concentrations. Antagonistic interactions were noted between combinations of arsenics and seleniums. Thus, selenate and selenite (at nontoxic levels) reduced, but did not eliminate, the acute cytotoxicities of arsenate and, to a lesser extent, of arsenite.
Characteristics of valproic acid resistant juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is often exquisitely responsive to treatment with valproic acid (VPA). However, a subset of patients does not respond to this medication and often has intractable seizures. We wanted to identify differences between these two subsets of JME patients. Charts of all JME patients followed at the Duke Epilepsy Center were reviewed. Clinical parameters, electroencephalogram (EEG) findings and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were reviewed. These features were compared between patients with VPA sensitive and VPA resistant JME. Thirty-three patients with JME were identified: 23 (70%) were VPA sensitive (13 females, 10 males; mean age of onset 15.9 years) and 10 (30%) were VPA resistant (5 females, 5 males; mean age of onset 14.1 years). The VPA resistant group had a higher frequency of EEG asymmetries (40% vs. 10%); atypical seizure characteristics including auras and post-ictal confusion (30% vs. 4%); and intellectual deficiency (20% vs. 0%). Clinical characteristics combined with EEG data may help in predicting which JME patients will respond favorably to VPA. This study also raises the issue whether VPA resistant JME is in fact a localization-related epilepsy.
Studies on N5,N10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase.

Abstract The enzyme 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the above compound to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, has been purified about 100-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The stability of this extremely unstable enzyme is enhanced by mercaptoethanol and glycerol. Evidence that this is an SH enzyme was derived from the inhibitory effects of standard sulfhydryl agents and the partial activation by reducing compounds. Consonant with this is the inhibition observed with the metal ions Cu ++ , Cd ++ , Hg ++ , Fe ++ , and Fe ++ . The optimum pH (8.0), temperature stability, and Michaelis constants for the reaction in the forward and reverse direction have been determined and utilized to estimate the equilibrium constant of the reaction. At concentrations higher than 35 μM 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate were found to inhibit the enzyme.
Characterization of dinucleotide microsatellite loci and confirmation of sexing primers for the bush dog (Speothos venaticus)

Bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) are small, threatened canids from Central and South America. The ability to conduct population-level studies using noninvasive genetic samples would provide important information on this poorly understood species. We characterized eight dinucleotide microsatellite loci using samples from 15 captive bush dogs. Allelic diversity ranged from 2 to 5 alleles per locus, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.267 to 0.933. All loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and no evidence of genotypic linkage disequilibrium was found. We determined that DBX6 and DBY7, two canid-specific molecular sexing primers, accurately indicate the sex of individual bush dog samples.
Chloroform toxicity in mice: Correlation of renal and hepatic necrosis with covalent binding of metabolites to tissue macromolecules

Abstract Chloroform (CHCl 3 ) treatment caused centrolobular hepatic necrosis in mice of both sexes whereas renal necrosis was observed only in male mice. Following administration of 14 CHCl 3 to mice, substantial amounts (about 3 mmole/g) of radiolabeled material were covalently bound to proteins in the liver and kidney. The amount of convalent binding paralleled the extent of renal and hepatic necrosis both in normal animals and in male mice pretreated with either phenobarbital or piperonyl butoxide, agents which induce or block, respectively, microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes. These results suggest that the covalent binding is due to a metabolite of CHCl 3 . Evidence that the covalent binding is causally related to the tissue necrosis was obtained from autoradiograms showing that the radioactivity is located mainly in the necrotic lesions.
INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS ON GROWTH OF Staphylococcus aureus AND PRODUCTION OF ENTEROTOXINS

Influences of soy protein (promine D; SP), fish protein concentrate (FPC) and Brewer's Yeast or Torula Yeast on aerobic growth of S. aureus (288) and production of enterotoxins A and D were evaluated in liquid media containing equivalent amounts (1.8%) of protein from each source. S. aureus grew faster (29 min generation time) and reached a final population of 2–7 × 109/ml in yeast media as compared to soy or, fish protein concentrate; 50–56 mm generation time and a final population of 2 × 108/ml in SP or EPC. Production of enterotqxins by S. aureus was enhanced in yeast media. Enterotoxin A was detectable in unconcentrated yeast preparations after 6 hr and both toxins (A and D) after 12 hr incubation. Enterotoxin A was detected only in FPC concentrated 50-fold and after 24 hr incubation. Neither enterotoxin A nor D was detected in SP concentrated 100-fold after 24 or 48-hr incubation. Addition of Brewer's Yeast (2% w/v) to whole milk enhanced production of enterotoxins A and D; there was at least a 100-fold higher amount of enterotoxin in milk + yeast as compared to simply milk.
Novel model of TH2-polarized chronic ileitis: the SAMP1 mouse.

Background: SAMP1/Yit mice develop spontaneous, segmental, transmural ileitis recapitulating many features of Crohn's disease (CD). The ileitic phenotype may have arisen during crosses of SAMP1 mice selected for the presence of skin lesions. We hereby describe that the original SAMP1 strain similarly develops ileitis. Our aim was to characterize the histopathological and immunological features of this model and assess its responsiveness to standard inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. Methods: The time course of histopathological features of ileitis was assessed. Immune compartments were characterized by flow cytometry. Ileal cytokine profiles and transcription factors were determined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Finally, response to corticosteroid therapy and its effect on immune compartments and cellularity was evaluated. Results: Histological features and time course of disease were conserved, compared to those reported in SAMP1/Yit strains, with similar expansion of CD19+, CD4+, and CD8+ effector (CD44high CD62Llow), and central memory lymphocytes (CD44highCD62Lhigh). However, different from SAMP1/YitFc mice, analysis of ileal cytokine profiles revealed initial TH1 polarization followed by TH2-polarized profile accompanied by prominent eosinophilia during late disease. Lastly, corticosteroids attenuated ileitis, resulting in decreased lymphocyte subsets and cellularity of compartments. Conclusions: Here we report that the ileitic phenotype of SAMP1-related strains was already present in the original SAMP1 strain. By contrast, the cytokine profile within the terminal ilea of SAMP1 is distinct from the mixed TH1/TH2 profile of SAMP1/YitFc mice during late disease, as it shows predominant TH2 polarization. Dissemination of these strains may advance our understanding of CD pathogenesis, which in 60% of patients involves the terminal ileum. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009)
Ionizing radiation accelerates aortic lesion formation in fat-fed mice via SOD-inhibitable processes

Ionizing radiation promotes formation of reactive oxygen species, including the superoxide anion (O2-). To evaluate whether O2- or O2--mediated perturbations may contribute to the known atherogenic effects of radiation, we examined aortic lesion formation in irradiated C57BL/6 mice and evaluated the effects of CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) overexpression. Ten-week-old mice were exposed to a 2-, 4-, or 8-Gy dose of 250-keV x-rays to the upper thorax and then placed on a high-fat diet for 18 weeks. Based on quantitative lipid staining of serial sections of the proximal aorta, mean lesion area was increased with increasing radiation dose and was 3-fold greater in 8-Gy-irradiated than sham-irradiated mice (7800+/-2140 versus 2635+/-709 micrometer(2), P<0.05). These effects were absolutely dependent on a high-fat diet, which had to be introduced within 1 to 2 weeks of the radiation exposure, suggesting the early involvement of atherogenic lipoproteins that were elevated in response to the diet. The importance of radiation-induced oxidative stress was supported by the observation of a 2-fold lower mean lesion area in irradiated CuZn-SOD transgenic mice than in their irradiated, nontransgenic littermates (3026+/-1590 versus 6102+/-1834 micrometer(2), P<0.05). Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, used as an index of aortic O2- concentrations, was significantly elevated in the postradiation period, and this response was reduced in CuZn-SOD transgenics. On the basis of these results, we propose that radiation may be a useful tool for initiating oxidative or redox-regulated events that promote atherogenesis and for testing the antiatherogenic properties of antioxidants.
Three New Adjacent Bis-tetrahydrofuran Acetogenins with Four Hydroxyl Groups from Asimina triloba

Three new adjacent bis-tetrahydrofuran ring Annonaceous acetogenins with four hydroxy groups, bullatetrocin (1), 10-hydroxyasimicin (2), and 10-hydroxytrilobacin (3), were isolated by activity-directed fractionation from the stem bark of Asimina triloba. Their structures were established on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence. The absolute stereochemistry at the C-10 hydroxy position was determined by converting 2 and 3 to their ketolactone isomers, 2,4-cis/trans 10-hydroxyasimicinones and 2,4-cis/trans 10-hydroxytrilobacinones, respectively. The bioactivities of the new compounds against brine shrimp larvae and six human solid-tumor cell lines are reported, and structure-activity relationships between trihydroxylated and tetrahydroxylated acetogenins are discussed. In addition to 1-3, gigantetrocin A, 2,4-cis/trans-gigantetrocin A-ones, annonacin, and annonacin A were also isolated for the first time from this species.
Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Phospholipids in Cocoa Beans

SUMMARY: The lipids extracted from several common cocoa bean varieties were separated into neutral lipid, glycolipid, and phospholipid fractions. The composition of the total lipid extract was 98% neutral lipid and 1 to 2% oolar lioid of which aporoximatelv 70% was glycolipid and 30% was phospholipids. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography was used to separate all of the known major phospholipids. The relative distribution of the phospholipids was determined by quantitative phosphorus analyses of individual spots scraped from two-dimensional thin-layer plates. The major components were lysophosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol. Phosphatidyl choline was found to contribute 36 to 40% of the phospholipids of cocoa beans. The phospholipid composition of Accra, Arriba, and Bahia beans was shown to be quite similar although minor variations were observed.
Consumer responses to offline and online low price signals: The role of cognitive elaboration

Abstract Low price signals (LPS), pricing tools where retailers promise to match or beat competitors' prices, have been increasingly popular in offline and online markets. We compare consumer evaluation of offline and online LPS as a function of how deeply they process the signals. Results of an experiment indicate that regardless of retail media consumers accept an LPS as an indicator of low price when they do not elaborate sufficiently on the signal. However, at high levels of elaboration, consumers challenge the assumptions underlying their acceptance of the signal at lower levels of elaboration whereby they become more skeptical of an online signal than an offline signal resulting in lower efficacy of the former. Implications of these findings for consumer vulnerability to false low price signaling are discussed along with other theoretical and managerial implications. Additionally, directions for future research are provided.
Factors influencing community pharmacists' enrollment in a state prescription monitoring program

Abstract Objectives To determine factors influencing enrollment for community pharmacists registered and not registered in Ohio's prescription monitoring program (PMP), the Ohio Automated Rx Reporting System (OARRS); to identify association of OARRS enrollment with demographics, availability of Internet access at work, educational background, and/or previous PMP education received; and to compare knowledge of OARRS for enrollees versus nonenrollees. Design Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. Setting Ohio in November and December 2008. Participants Pharmacists licensed and living in Ohio with a valid e-mail address on file with the state board of pharmacy. Intervention Online survey developed and administered via Zoomerang. Main outcome measure Factors influencing enrollment for community pharmacists registered and not registered with OARRS. Results 2,511 complete responses were recorded, and 1,434 respondents indicated community pharmacy as their primary practice setting. Pharmacists not registered with OARRS noted "time available to access the OARRS report" as the top factor influencing their decision not to enroll in OARRS. Pharmacists registered with OARRS noted "being able to assist with decreasing doctor shopping" as the top factor influencing their decision to enroll in OARRS. Conclusion Factors influencing enrollment as indicated by pharmacists not registered with OARRS should be the primary focus of initial efforts to increase enrollment.
Polarized Light Scattering by Small Particles

All of the polarized light scattering properties of single particles and suspensions of particles are contained in the 16-element Mueller matrix. For single-particle studies the particle is electrostatically suspended, the light scattering functions are measured, and the particle is then extracted from the suspension chamber by placing it on the point of a needle. The particle is examined subsequently with an electron microscope to determine precisely its size and shape. Results will be presented for single polystyrene spheres, sphere multiplets, approximately cubic NaCl crystals, and cubes of MgO. Recent studies of suspensions have concentrated on oceanic hydrosols. Some results and general features of these hydrosols will be presented.
On the use of mass scaled cluster coordinates to describe polyatomic molecule reaction dynamics: Application to O + CS2 → SO + CS

Abstract We explore the use of mass scaled cluster coordinates to describe polyatomic molecule reaction dynamics. These coordinates provide the natural extension to polyatomic systems of the familiar atom—diatom model of “rolling a marble” on a skewed and scaled potential surface in that they reduce the kinetic energy of an arbitrary system to one equivalent to that of a single mass point moving in 3 N - 3 dimensions. For any given number of atoms, usually several distinct types of mass scaled cluster coordinates can be introduced, all of which are interrelated by orthogonal transformations, and many of which are convenient for describing trajectory motion in one or more arrangement channels. We illustrate these points by an application to the collinear O + CS 2 → SO + CS reaction. For this system, the reagent to product coordinate transformation is conveniently described in terms of two Euler angles α and β, for which β is analogous to the atom—diatom skew angle, and α determines how the reagent vibrational normal modes relate to the product degrees of freedom. Examination of trajectory behavior indicates that the rather small value of π - α (21.7°) leads to a rather clean correlation between CS 2 asymmetric stretch motion and product CS vibrational motion, and between CS 2 symmetric stretch and a combination of SO stretch and product translation. This explains why symmetric stretch mode excitation enhances the O + CS 2 reaction rate more efficiently than asymmetric stretch mode excitation. We also find for O + CS 2 (and many other reactions for which the unbroken bond does not significantly change its length during the reaction) that the reagent and product segments of the minimum energy path are coplanar. This means that a natural partitioning of the reaction dynamics exists in which motions parallel to this plane tend to be active in promoting the reaction whereas motions perpendicular tend to be inactive. A study of trajectory motions and product state energy partitioning for O + CS 2 confirms this.
The spontaneous intake of food, self-rated moods, and hunger of underweight women

To investigate the effect of being underweight on food intake, the meal patterns of 66 normal weight women and 33 normal underweight women spontaneously eating in their natural environment were compared. Subjects reported everything they ate and drank, and their mood and hunger before and after eating for seven consecutive days. Caloric intakes were equivalent and, as a result, the underweight group ate significantly more per kg body weight than the normal weight groups. The factors normally associated with meal size and subjective hunger were equivalently correlated between groups. The normal weight women had significantly higher restraint scale scores and histories of significantly greater weight fluctuations than the underweight group. The underweight women appear to be unusual in that they are truly unrestrained eaters. It appears that underweight women are not at all like anorectic women in relation to food intake and that differences found in previous studies between control and anorectic women are due primarily to the disorder itself and not to low body weight.
SU-FF-J-107: 4D Predictive Patient-Specific Anatomical Model Based On 4D CT Data: A Feasibility Study

Purpose: To construct a patient‐specific 4D predicting geometry model based on 4D CT data. Material and methods: Patient's contours were re‐sampled and reconstructed using Non‐Uniform Rational B‐Spline (NURBS) surface. The breathing curve associated with the patient was predicted using Kalman filter and fitted using precise cosine functions. The 4D NURBS model was generated using 3D NURBS surface models in different phases. Results: The percent differences of the volume and the distances of the COM (center of mass) for all structures in phase P0 and P50 shows the model accurate within 5% for volume and 1 mm in three x, y, z directions. With the expense of sampling and reconstructing time, the percentage difference can be further improved. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of constructing a patient‐specific 4D predicting geometry model based on 4D CT data. The model was controlled by the patient's breathing curve. Since the breathing curve can be predicted using the Kalman filter and approximated using the cosine function, the model is predictive of patient's lung motion. NURBS control points can reconstruct the anatomical deformations precisely and quickly with affordable computing power and time, therefore, the model has the potential for real‐time controlling and guiding of the radiation delivery.
Fungating Mass as First Presentation of Advanced Breast Cancer

A 52-year-old woman visiting from the nation of Tonga presented to the Emergency Department with shortness of breath and an enlarging right breast mass that she first noticed one year prior to evaluation. Physical examination revealed a pulse of 120 beats/min, a respiratory rate of 40 breaths/min and a necrotic right breast mass, measuring 15 cm × 7.5 cm (Fig. 1). Diminished breath sounds and dullness to percussion were noted at the right posterior chest. Computed tomography of the chest showed one dominant (Fig. 2, X) and multiple smaller lesions in the right breast; a right-sided pleural effusion (Fig. 2, asterisk); nodular pleural thickening (Fig. 2, arrowhead); lung parenchymal nodules (Fig. 2, arrow); and diffuse lymphadenopathy. Biopsy demonstrated infiltrating poorly differentiated ductal adenocarcinoma. While fungating breast masses are considered locally advanced disease (stage III), she was diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer due to the presence of distant metastases.1–3 Globally, breast cancer incidence is increasing.4,5 In developing countries >60 % of women present with later stage cancers (III/IV).4 In one case series, 39 % of 212 patients presented with fungating breast masses.6 This patient was subsequently discharged with palliative care follow-up. Figure 1 Necrotic right breast mass. Figure 2 Computed tomography of the chest showing one dominant (X) and multiple smaller lesions in the right breast; a right-sided pleural effusion (asterisk); nodular pleural thickening (arrowhead); lung parenchymal nodules (arrow); and diffuse lymphadenopathy. ...
Multidimensional restriction enzyme analysis of complex genomes.

A procedure which allows the resolution of complex genomes into discrete bands of specific DNA segments on agarose gels is described. The method consists of first cleaving the DNA with one restriction enzyme and then fractionating the resulting DNA segments according to size on an electro-elution device. The DNA in each fraction is subsequently digested with another restriction enzyme and analyzed on a slab gel. The results of such an analysis of E. coli DNA are shown and possible applications are discussed.
Eddy current sensor concepts for the Bridgman growth of semiconductors

Abstract Electromagnetic finite element methods have been used to identify eddy current sensor designs for monitoring CdTe vertical Bridgman crystal growth. A model system consisting of pairs of silicon cylinders with electrical conductivities similar to those of solid and liquid CdTe has been used to evaluate the multifrequency response of several sensors designed for locating and characterizing the curvature of liquid-solid interfaces during vertical Bridgman growth. At intermediate frequencies (100–800 kHz), the sensor's imaginary impedance monotonically increases as interfacial curvature changes from concave to convex or the interface location moves upwards through the sensor. The experimental data are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. At higher test frequencies (∼ 5 MHz), the test circuit's parasitics contribute to the sensor's response. Even so, the predicted trends with interface location/curvature were found to be still preserved, and the experiments confirm that the sensor's high frequency response depends more on interface location and has only a small sensitivity to curvature. Multifrequency data obtained from these types of sensors have the potential to separately discriminate the location and the shape of liquid-solid interfaces during the vertical Bridgman growth of CdTe and other semiconductor materials of higher electrical conductivity.
Reading lexically without semantics: evidence from patients with probable Alzheimer's disease.

Recent modifications of the lexical model of oral reading make the prediction that under conditions where sublexical reading processes alone cannot achieve the target pronunciation (i.e., when words have exceptional spellings or when sublexical processes are impaired), patients with severe semantic impairment should have more difficulty reading aloud semantically impaired words than semantically retained words. In a battery of lexical-semantic and reading tasks, two neurologically normal control subjects and two subjects with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and only moderate semantic impairment read aloud all words accurately. One AD subject with severe semantic impairment was impaired in word reading but demonstrated no difference in reading words with regular and exceptional spellings. Another AD subject with severe semantic impairment read aloud without error virtually all regular and exception words. Neither severely impaired AD subject demonstrated any relationship between oral reading accuracy and semantic knowledge of exception words. These findings support a model of word reading incorporating lexical, nonsemantic processes by which lexical orthographic input representations directly activate lexical phonological output representations without the necessity of semantic mediation. (JINS, 1996, 2, 340–349.)
Taphonomy of Isocrinid Stalks: Influence of Decay and Autotomy

Stalks of isocrinid crinoids are differentiated into cirri-bearing columnals (nodals) and columnals lacking cirri (internodals). This skeletal differentiation allowed us to test whether stalk fragmentation is random or whether it occurs preferentially at a specific articulation. Our analyses indicate that the patterns of fragmentation in multicolumnal segments of extant isocrinids collected by submersible, by dredging, and in sediment samples, as well as those found as fossils, are nonrandom. The preferred plane of fragmentation corresponds to the synostosis, the articulation between a nodal and the internodal distal to it. In isocrinids this articulation has a characteristic morphology and is the site of autotomy. Although stalk shedding by autotomy may contribute to the observed patterns, decay experiments on isocrinid stalks, both in situ and in the lab, suggest that post-mortem disarticulation also results in nonrandom fragmentation. Thus both processes, autotomy and post-mortem decay, contribute to the observed pattern of fragmentation. Underlying both processes is the organization of soft tissues at synostoses.
Residence-time dependent changes in fibrinogen adsorbed to polymeric biomaterials.

It has generally been accepted that biomaterials adsorbing the least amount of the plasma protein fibrinogen following exposure to blood will support less platelet adhesion and therefore exhibit less thrombogenicity. Several studies suggest, however, that the conformation or orientation of immobilized fibrinogen rather than the total amount adsorbed plays an important role in determining the blood compatibility of biomaterials. The purpose of this study was to investigate time-dependent functional changes in fibrinogen adsorbed to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene (PE), and silicone rubber (SR). Fibrinogen was adsorbed to these materials for 1 min and then allowed to ‘reside” on the surfaces for up to 2 h prior to assessing its biological activity. Changes in fibrinogen reactivity were determined by measuring the adhesion of 51Cr-labeled platelets, the binding of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against an important functional region of the fibrinogen molecule (the γ-chain dodecapeptide sequence 400–411), and the ability of blood plasma to displace previously adsorbed fibrinogen. Platelet adhesion differed among the polymeric materials studied, and PTFE and PE samples exhibited a small decrease in adhesion with increasing fibrinogen residence time. Platelet adhesion to SR was the least among all materials studied and showed no variation with residence time. When using PTFE and SR as substrates, mAb recognition of adsorbed fibrinogen did not change with residence time whereas that on PE decreased slightly. The mAb binding was least to fibrinogen adsorbed to SR, which is in agreement with the platelet adhesion results. Finally, the ability of plasma to displace previously adsorbed fibrinogen decreased dramatically with increasing residence time on all materials. These in vitro studies support the hypothesis that fibrinogen undergoes biologically significant conformational changes upon adsorption to polymeric biomaterials, a phenomenon that may contribute to the hemocompatibility of the materials following implantation in the body. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 44, 253–260, 1999.
Rate of escape from nonattracting chaotic sets

Chaotic transient phenomena occur in the vicinity of nonattracting chaotic sets. The rate of escape measures the average length of the transients. There is a conjecture by Eckmann and Ruelle connecting the rate of escape to the Lyapunov exponents and entropy. We prove an inequality that partially supports the conjecture.
Teaching about power in groups: An experiential method

Tremendous power is available and in use in contemporary society, and the ability to examine and to understand power functioning in a group context is an important one for students to have. This article describes an experiential method for teaching about power in groups, using an adaptation of the Tavistock method. The authors discuss course assumptions, methods, goals, and evaluation.
Prosthesis-guided training of pattern recognition-controlled myoelectric prosthesis

Pattern recognition can provide intuitive control of myoelectric prostheses. Currently, screen-guided training (SGT), in which individuals perform specific muscle contractions in sync with prompts displayed on a screen, is the common method of collecting the electromyography (EMG) data necessary to train a pattern recognition classifier. Prosthesis-guided training (PGT) is a new data collection method that requires no additional hardware and allows the individuals to keep their focus on the prosthesis itself. The movement of the prosthesis provides the cues of when to perform the muscle contractions. This study compared the training data obtained from SGT and PGT and evaluated user performance after training pattern recognition classifiers with each method. Although the inclusion of transient EMG signal in PGT data led to decreased accuracy of the classifier, subjects completed a performance task faster than when compared to using a classifier built from SGT data. This may indicate that training data collected using PGT that includes both steady state and transient EMG signals generates a classifier that more accurately reflects muscle activity during real-time use of a pattern recognition-controlled myoelectric prosthesis.
Elastic form factor experiments: a serial story

This paper provides an experimental overview of elastic nucleon form factors with a summary of current and future efforts.
CO2 Probe Laser With Rapid Wavelength Switching

The wavelength switching probe laser as described in this paper is the key component in a "J-line scan" diagnostic system, that was developed during the past year at Rocketdyne. Typically, the J-line scan experiment consists of performing small signal gain measurements at a set of wavelengths, that correspond to different rotational transitions of the CO2 molecule. From these gain measurements the rotational temperature of the CO2 (001) state may be computed, which in turn yields the amount of specific optical energy available in the active medium. The significance of being able to measure this quantity is substantial. A low power wavelength switching CO2 laser was designed and constructed, that allows scanning of up to 8 individual, selected wavelengths in rapid sequence. This probe laser incorporates several novel features. The wavelength scan of the probe laser is accomplished by a galvo controlled mirror, switching 8 prealigned gratings in sequence into the optical cavity of the probe laser. Accurate and rapid angular registration of the switch-mirror is achieved by using control loops. After the laser is switched to the next wavelength (in less then 10 milliseconds) the laser cavity length is then rapidly readjusted to lock cavity resonance to line center. An electronic control center was also developed, that provides fully automatic operation. This system is now fully operational. The present paper describes the system together with experience gained by using it on a medium scale Gas Dynamic Laser (GDL) device.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.