cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilizing Spatial Demographic and Life History Variation to Optimize Sustainable Yield of a Temperate Sex-Changing Fish

Fish populations vary geographically in demography and life history due to environmental and ecological processes and in response to exploitation. However, population dynamic models and stock assessments, used to manage fisheries, rarely explicitly incorporate spatial variation to inform management decisions. Here, we describe extensive geographic variation in several demographic and life history characteristics (e.g., size structure, growth, survivorship, maturation, and sex change) of California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher), a temperate rocky reef fish targeted by recreational and commercial fisheries. Fish were sampled from nine locations throughout southern California in 2007–2008. We developed a dynamic size and age-structured model, parameterized separately for each location, to assess the potential cost or benefit in terms of fisheries yield and conservation objectives of changing minimum size limits and/or fishing mortality rates (compared to the status quo). Results indicate that managing populations individually, with location-specific regulations, could increase yield by over 26% while maintaining conservative levels of spawning biomass. While this local management approach would be challenging to implement in practice, we found statistically similar increases in yield could be achieved by dividing southern California into two separate management regions, reflecting geographic similarities in demography. To maximize yield, size limits should be increased by 90 mm in the northern region and held at current levels in the south. We also found that managing the fishery as one single stock (the status quo), but with a size limit 50 mm greater than the current regulations, could increase overall fishery yield by 15%. Increases in size limits are predicted to enhance fishery yield and may also have important ecological consequences for the predatory role of sheephead in kelp forests. This framework for incorporating demographic variation into fisheries models can be exported generally to other species and may aid in identifying the appropriate spatial scales for fisheries management.
Wetting Properties of Thin Liquid Polyethylene Propylene Films

Polyethylene propylene films of various molecular weights, which would normally wet native-oxide-covered Si surfaces, were observed to dewet the surface when the film thickness became less than the polymer radius of gyration. These films could be made to wet either by increasing the annealing temperature or by chemically modifying the surface. The results are shown to be consistent with an expression for the spreading parameter that incorporates a stretching free energy term for the polymer chains. Measurements of the diffusion constant of the polymer on the silica surface indicated that an activation energy was required to desorb the polymer segments from the surface before diffusion could occur.
Effect of Mothers' Exposure to Electronic Mass Media on Knowledge and Use of Prenatal Care Services: A Comparative Analysis of Indian States*

Abstract The Government of India considers prenatal care programs as a priority activity for promoting safe motherhood and child survival. It relies heavily on electronic mass media, including radio, television, and cinema to educate mothers—two-thirds of whom are illiterate—about prenatal check-ups and timing, iron prophylaxis, and tetanus toxoid injections. This study evaluated the effect of mothers' exposure to electronic mass media on knowledge and use of prenatal care services, using data from India's 1998–1999 National Family Health Survey. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to estimate the effects of media exposure by calculating odds ratios of each of the four response variables (complete prenatal care services, prenatal check-ups, tetanus toxoid injections, and iron prophylaxes) for exposure to mass media. The results indicated that exposure to mass media is related to the use of prenatal care services even when other likely causes of the relationships are statistically controlled at the...
A high-resolution study of the CO-H2 conversion factor in the diffuse cloud MBM 40

We made CO(1-0) observations of 103 lines of sight in the core and envelope of the high-latitude cloud MBM 40 to determine how the CO-H_2 conversion factor (X_CO) varies throughout the cloud. Calibrating X_CO with CH data at similar resolution (1' for CO, 1.5' for CH) yields values of X_CO ranging from 0.6 10^20 to 3.3 10^20 cm^-2 [K km s^-1]^-1 with an average of 1.3 10^20 cm^-2 [K km s^-1]^-1. Given that the cloud has a peak reddening of 0.24 mag, it should be classed as a diffuse rather than a translucent molecular cloud. The mass obtained from the CO data and our values of X_CO is 9.6 M(solar) for the core, 12 M(solar) for the envelope, and 10 M(solar) for the periphery of the cloud. A third of the molecular mass of the cloud is found in a region with E(B-V) < 0.12 mag. With these mass estimates, we determine that the cloud is not gravitationally bound.
213: Metformin Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA) Presenting as Myocardial Infarction in a Chronic Dialysis Patient

METFORMIN ASSOCIATED LACTIC ACIDOSIS (MALA) PRESENTING AS MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN A CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENT. Chris Provenzano, MD , Anjali Acharya, MD, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein Collage, Bronx, NY, USA. A 49 year old Caucasian woman presented to the ER with 3 week history of nausea, vomiting and one day history of chest pain. Past medical history included hypertension, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) secondary to DM. Dialysis was initiated one month prior for uremia. Patient’s stated that she was on Nifedipine, Sevelamer and Sodium bicarbonate. On admission, her temperature was 95.6 F, blood pressure of 97/53 mmHg, pulse 101 beats/min. Physical exam was otherwise unremarkable. Last dialysis session was 48 hours ago. Serum Creatinine was 10.3mg/dL, BUN 51mg/dL, HCO3 10.9mg/dL, serum glucose 46mg/dl, anion gap 34 g/dL, serum lactate 17mmol/L. Liver enzymes were normal. Repeat labs obtained in 2 hours showed Serum bicarbonate of 2 mg/dl and an AG of 46. CT scan of the abdomen showed no bowel ischemia. 1 hour after a 4 hour hemodialysis treatment , Serum Creatinine was 7.1mg/dL, BUN 36mg/dL, HCO3 5.3mg/dL, lactate 17.42mmol/L and serum pH on ABG of 7.019. Intravenous bicarbonate therapy was begun and a second dialysis treatment was given 10 hours later. Repeat serum lactate and pH were: 8.32mmol/L and pH 7.354 respectively. Patient ruled in for a myocardial infarction with a peak troponin of 3.9 ng/dl ( ref .03ng/dl). It was discovered at this time that the patient was started on Metformin 3 weeks ago. 90% of Metformin is renally excreted unchanged. Therefore, its use is contraindicated in renal disease or renal dysfunction (serum creatinine 1.5 mg/dL in males or 1.4 mg/dL in females). While overall, lactic acidosis is seen in <1% of patients on Metformin, its incidence can be higher in patients with renal impairment. Mortality is 50% if not treated. Treatment is supportive and includes elimination of the drug and correcting the acidosis. Metformin’s low molecular weight and lack of protein binding allows for effective removal with hemodialysis. Though the patient developed a myocardial infarction, prompt dialysis prevented a fatal outcome. In summary, MALA is potentially fatal but preventable and should always be considered in the differential for lactic acidosis.
Motile Properties of Vimentin Intermediate Filament Networks in Living Cells

The motile properties of intermediate filament (IF) networks have been studied in living cells expressing vimentin tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP-vimentin). In interphase and mitotic cells, GFP-vimentin is incorporated into the endogenous IF network, and accurately reports the behavior of IF. Time-lapse observations of interphase arrays of vimentin fibrils demonstrate that they are constantly changing their configurations in the absence of alterations in cell shape. Intersecting points of vimentin fibrils, or foci, frequently move towards or away from each other, indicating that the fibrils can lengthen or shorten. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching shows that bleach zones across fibrils rapidly recover their fluorescence. During this recovery, bleached zones frequently move, indicating translocation of fibrils. Intriguingly, neighboring fibrils within a cell can exhibit different rates and directions of movement, and they often appear to extend or elongate into the peripheral regions of the cytoplasm. In these same regions, short filamentous structures are also seen actively translocating. All of these motile properties require energy, and the majority appear to be mediated by interactions of IF with microtubules and microfilaments.
Characterisation of hookworm heat shock factor binding protein (HSB-1) during heat shock and larval activation

When hookworm infective L3s infect their mammalian host, they undergo a temperature shift from that of the ambient environment to that of their endothermic host. Additionally, L3s living in the environment can be exposed to temperature extremes associated with weather fluctuations. The heat shock response (HSR) is a conserved response to heat shock and other stress that involves the expression of protective heat shock proteins (HSPs). The HSR is controlled by heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), a conserved transcription factor that binds to a heat shock element in the promoter of HSPs, causing their expression. HSF-1 is negatively regulated in part by a HSF binding protein (HSB-1) that binds to and removes HSF-1 trimers bound to HSP gene promoters, resulting in attenuation of the HSR. Herein we describe an HSB-1 orthologue, Ac-HSB-1, from the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. The Ac-hsb-1 cDNA encodes a 79 amino acid protein that is 71% identical to the Caenorhabditis elegans HSB-1, and is predicted to share the characteristic coiled-coil structural motif comprised of two interacting alpha helices. Recombinant Ac-HSB-1 immunoprecipitated Ce-HSF-1 expressed in mammalian cells that had been heat shocked for 1h at 42°C, but not from cells incubated at 37°C, indicating that HSB-1 only bound to the active DNA binding form of HSF-1. Expression of Ac-hsb-1 transcripts decreased following 1h of heat shock, but increased when L3s were incubated at 37°C for 1h. Activation of hookworm L3s induces a five-sixfold increase in Ac-hsb-1 expression that peaks at 12h, coincident with L3 feeding, but that subsequently decreases to two-threefold above control at 24h. Recombinant Ac-HSB-1 immunoprecipitates greater amounts of 70 and 40kDa proteins from extracts of activated L3s than from non-activated L3s. We propose that an increase in Ac-hsb-1 levels early in activation allows feeding to resume, but that a subsequent decrease in expression permits a HSR that protects non-developing L3s at host-like temperatures. Further investigations of the HSR will clarify the role of HSB-1 and HSF-1 in hookworm infection.
Relation of Body Mass Index to Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Events After Cardiac Rehabilitation

The aim of the present study was to determine whether body mass index (BMI) influences survival and recurrent cardiovascular events in a cardiac rehabilitation population. We followed 389 consecutive entrants to cardiac rehabilitation for 6.4 ± 1.8 years. Patients were stratified into 3 groups: normal (BMI 18 to 24.9 kg/m 2 ), overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m 2 ), and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ). Total and cardiovascular mortality were inversely associated with BMI category in bivariate models. However, only cardiovascular mortality was significant after adjustment for age and gender (p
Molecular cloning and characterization of a calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase enriched in olfactory sensory neurons

Abstract The sensing of an odorant by an animal must be a rapid but transient process, requiring an instant response and also a speedy termination of the signal. Previous biochemical and electrophysiological studies suggest that one or more phosphodiesterases (PDEs) may play an essential role in the rapid termination of the odorant-induced cAMP signal. Here we report the molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of a cDNA from rat olfactory epithelium that encodes a member of the calmodulin-dependent PDE family designated as PDE1C. This enzyme shows high affinity for cAMP and cGMP, having a Km for cAMP much lower than that of any other neuronal Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent PDE. The mRNA encoding this enzyme is highly enriched in olfactory epithelium and is not detected in six other tissues tested. However, RNase protection analyses indicate that other alternative splice variants related to this enzyme are expressed in several other tissues. Within the olfactory epithelium, this enzyme appears to be expressed exclusively in the sensory neurons. The high affinity for cAMP of this Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent PDE and the fact that its mRNA is highly concentrated in olfactory sensory neurons suggest an important role for it in a Ca(2+)-regulated olfactory signal termination.
Robust Control for Microgravity Vibration Isolation System

Many microgravity science experiments need an active isolation system to provide a sufficiently quiescent acceleration environment. The glovebox integrated microgravity isolation technology (g-LIMIT) vibration isolation system will provide isolation for microgravity science glovebox experiments in the International Space Station. Although standard control system technologies have been demonstrated for these applications, modern control methods have the potential for meeting performance requirements while providing robust stability in the presence of parametric uncertainties that are characteristic of microgravity vibration isolation systems such as g-LIMIT. Whereas H 2 and H ∞ methods are well established, neither provides the levels of attenuation performance and robust stability in a compensator with low order. Mixed H 2 /μ controllers provide a means for maximizing robust stability for a given level of mean-square nominal performance while directly optimizing for controller order constraints. The benefit of mixed norm design is demonstrated from the perspective of robustness to parametric uncertainties and controller order for microgravity vibration isolation. A nominal performance metric analogous to the μ measure for robust stability assessment is also introduced to define an acceptable trade space from which different control methodologies can be compared.
Effects of short duration overpressure on astrocytes: An in vitro study

Blast wave overpressure from detonations can injure physiological systems ‘silently.’ Experimental and clinical studies have revealed the damaging effects of shock waves on different physiological systems, such as ears, lungs and gastrointestinal tracts [1, 2]. Despite the improved helmet and body armor, many veterans returning from wars suffered from neurological disorders that are being diagnosed as mild traumatic brain injury. Warden (2006) reported that most of these veterans were exposed to blast [3]. In vivo study illustrated neuronal degeneration in the brain after exposure to blast waves [4]. As with many neuronal diseases, blast-induced neuronal injury may be related to microglia and astrocyte activation. However, the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of short duration overpressure on astrocytes, in terms of cell proliferation and mRNA expression of several apoptotic genes and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A framework for scalable global IP-anycast (GIA)

This paper proposes GIA, a scalable architecture for global IP-anycast. Existing designs for providing IP-anycast must either globally distribute routes to individual anycast groups, or confine each anycast group to a pre-configured topological region. The first approach does not scale because of excessive growth in the routing tables, whereas the second one severely limits the utility of the service. Our design scales by dividing inter-domain anycast routing into two components. The first component builds inexpensive default anycast routes that consume no bandwidth or storage space. The second component, controlled by the edge domains, generates enhanced anycast routes that are customized according to the beneficiary domain's interests. We evaluate the performance of our design using simulation, and prove its practicality by implementing it in the Multi-threaded Routing Toolkit.
Development of a microfabricated cytometry platform for characterization and sorting of individual leukocytes

Organizing leukocytes into high-density arrays makes these cells amenable to rapid optical characterization and subsequent sorting, pointing to clinical and basic science applications. The present paper describes development of a cytometry platform for creating high-density leukocyte arrays and demonstrates retrieval of single cells from the array. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) photolithography was employed to fabricate arrays of microwells composed of PEG hydrogel walls and glass attachment pads 20 µm × 20 µm and 15 µm × 15 µm in size. PEG micropatterned glass surfaces were further modified with cell-adhesive ligands, poly-L-lysine, anti-CD5 and anti-CD19 antibodies, in order to engineer specific cell–surface interactions within the individual wells. Localization of the fluorescently-labeled proteins in the glass attachment pads of PEG microwells was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Glass slides micropatterned with PEG and cell-adhesive ligands were exposed to T-lymphocytes for 30 min. These anchorage-independent cells became selectively captured in the ligand-modified microwells forming high-density cell arrays. Cell occupancy in the microwells was found to be antibody-dependent, reaching 94.6 ± 2.3% for microwells decorated with T-cell specific anti-CD5 antibodies. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) was investigated as a method for sorting cells from the array and retrieval of single selected cells was demonstrated.
Comparing different measures of retention in outpatient HIV care.

Improving retention in outpatient HIV care benefits both patients and the general public.[1–11] For individual patients, consistent HIV care increases the probability of receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and improves clinical outcomes and survival.[1, 3–9] On the population level, retention in care may decrease the transmission of HIV and may reduce aggregate healthcare costs by minimizing acute health service utilization.[1, 2, 10, 12] The United States (U.S.) Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) and the Obama Administration’s National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States both identify retention in HIV care as a quality performance measure.[13–15] Nevertheless, many people living with HIV (PLWH) do not fully utilize HIV care.[8, 9, 15–19] Based on New York surveillance data, 6.5% of people initiating care in 2005 never returned for a second visit.[20] Among 530 patients from one university HIV clinic, 16% had no outpatient visits after the first 6-month period following intake, while only 59% had consistent attendance across 4 consecutive 6-month periods.[3] A study of 2,619 patients at U.S. Department of Veterans’ Affairs clinics reported that, in the year after starting ART, only 64% of patients had visits in each quarter.[8] Multiple measures of retention in outpatient HIV care have been proposed. A recent review describes five commonly used measures: missed visits (number of missed visits during an observation period), appointment adherence (ratio of number of completed visits to the number of total scheduled visits during an observation period ), visit constancy (proportion of time intervals with at least 1 visit during an observation period), gaps in care (time interval between outpatient visits), and the HRSA medical visit performance measure (whether a patient had 2 or more completed visits in a 12-month period separated by 3 or more months).[15, 21] There is no gold standard retention measure; each metric possesses advantages and limitations.[15, 22] The majority of prior studies use only one measure to evaluate retention, making comparison of different measures difficult. To fully understand patterns of outpatient HIV care utilization, a comparison of multiple measures of retention is necessary. This study extends prior research by comparing three different measures of retention (visit constancy, gaps in care, and the HRSA measure). We identify demographic and clinical correlates of each retention measure.
Multispecies tests for environmental toxicology

Abstract Multispecies test systems are potentially more complete, realistic, sensitive, and economical than single-species tests. These properties arise from the increased number and range of possible toxic responses resulting from species interactions. Because the adequacy of single-species tests has not been sufficiently tested, the need for these properties of multispecies tests has not been appreciated.
Space Exploration of Planetary Magnetism

This chapter gives a brief overview of the major observational advances in our quantitative knowledge of the intrinsic magnetic fields of the 8 planets, except Earth, from Mercury to Neptune, since “The Space Age” began on 4 October 1957 with the USSR launching of the world’s first artificial satellite SPUTNIK I.
Stiffness and Leakage in Spiral Groove Upstream Pumping Mechanical Seals

A numerical analysis of the lubricating film in spiral groove upstream pumping mechanical seals, accounting for the occurrence of cavitation, has been performed. Axial stiffness and leakage rate have been determined as functions of the operating conditions and design parameters. Results indicate that properly designed spiral groove upstream pumping seals will perform well in a double seal arrangement, with good stiffness characteristics and negative leakage of the buffer fluid. However, results also suggest that such seals will operate poorly as single seals, due to negative stiffness resulting from excessive cavitation. Presented at the 47th Annual Meeting In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania May 4–7, 1992
Teachers' Judgments of Students' Academic Functioning: A Comparison of Actual and Predicted Performances

The relationship between teachers' judgments of students' academic achievement and students' performances on an achievement test was investigated. The major questions examined were: (a) How accurate are teachers' ratings of students' academic achievement? (b) What is the relationship between teachers' judgments, as operationalized by item predictions on a standardized achievement test, and students' actual performances on an achievement test? (c) Does a student's educational status, high-achieving versus low-achieving, affect the accuracy of teachers' judgments? The study included 12 teachers who volunteered to participate, and 47 students randomly selected from Wisconsin public schools. The students consisted of 30 females and 17 males, ranging from first- to fourthgrade levels. Teachers filled out the Academic Competence Scale from the Social Skills Rating System-Teacher version (Gresham & Elliott, 1990) and one questionnaire for each student. The questionnaire, developed by the authors of the current study, required teachers to predict how students would do on each item of the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Brief form (K-TEA; Kaufman & Kaufman, 1985). Students were then administered the K-TEA by a qualified examiner. Teachers' judgments of students' academic achievement on the Academic Competence Scale were correlated moderately high (r = .70) with students' actual K-TEA scores. Furthermore, mean percent agreement between teachers' item predictions and students' actual performances on the K-TEA was moderately high (79%) (Kappa-coefficient of 67%). Lastly, there was partial support for the prediction that teachers were better predictors of higher-achieving than lower-achieving students. Analyses demonstrated a slightly higher percent agreement between teachers and students with above-average K-TEA scores (81 %) than between teachers and students with below-average K-TEA scores (77%). This article concludes with a discussion of the practical implications of these findings for psychologists conducting academic assessments.
Polyelectrolyte titrations of synthetic mineral microparticle suspensions to evaluate charge characteristics

Abstract Colloidal charge properties were determined for a system of synthetic mineral microparticles (SMM), which have been developed to promote drainage of water and retention of fine particles during papermaking. Prior research, as well as our own preliminary research showed that the SMM system can have advantages in both of drainage and retention, compared with montmorillonite (bentonite), which is one of the most popular materials presently used in this kind of application. Streaming current titrations employing highly charged polyelectrolytes and were used to evaluate the charge properties of SMM suspensions and to understand the interactions among SMM particles, fibers, fiber fines, and cationic polyacrylamide (cPAM). Polyelectrolyte titrations were carried out under different conditions of pH to predict the charge properties of SMM under conditions that reflect paper manufacturing practices. It was found that pH variation, caused by the change of Al/Si ratio and partial neutralization of aluminum's acidity, profoundly affected the charge properties of SMM, due to the variation of Al-ions and the influence ionizable groups on the Si-containing particle surface.
The intifada: Palestinian adaptation to Israeli counterinsurgency tactics

In December 1987 the uprising in the West Bank and Gaza Strip significantly changed the nature of the Palestinian threat to Israel and pushed the West Bank and Gaza Palestinians into the forefront of the Palestinian‐Israeli conflict. This article examines the effects of the Israeli counterinsurgency tactics on the Palestinian strategy from the period of 1967 through 1987. It proposes that the implementation of Israel's counterinsurgency policy since 1967 was a crucial factor in creating the conditions for revolution and influencing the Palestinians’ adaptation of their tactics, culminating in the intifada.
Load sharing characteristics of planetary transmissions

Abstract A nonlinear time-varying dynamic model of a planetary transmission with an arbitrary number of pinions is developed. The model includes several manufacturing errors and assembly variations, and can accommodate for any pinion spacing arrangement, tooth separations and time-varying gear mesh stiffnesses. A dynamic load sharing factor K DLS , which is defined as the ratio of the actual dynamic load at a given gear mesh to the ideal static load, is predicted using the dynamic model. Key design parameters, assembly variations and manufacturing errors are identified, and their effects on K DLS are quantified.
Chemokine receptor expression by human intestinal epithelial cells.

Abstract Background & Aims: Intestinal epithelial cells produce an array of proinflammatory chemokines that can provide signals to mucosal immune and inflammatory cells. To determine if chemokines can also signal epithelial cells, we characterized the expression of chemokine receptors on human colon epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Expression of chemokine receptor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by the human colon epithelial cell lines HT-29, HT-29.18.C1, Caco-2, T84, HCA-7, and LS174T was assessed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Chemokine receptors on intestinal epithelial cells in vitro were determined by flow cytometry, and expression in vivo was determined by immunostaining of human colon. Interleukin (IL)-8 and growth-related (GRO) α secretion were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Human colon epithelial cells constitutively expressed mRNAs for an array of CC and CXC chemokine receptors, including CCR1-8 and CXCR4, but little if any CXCR1 or CXCR2. Further studies focused on CXCR4 and CCR5 because mRNA for those chemokine receptors was abundantly expressed by each of the colon epithelial cell lines, and these receptors were present on the cell surface. Analogous to their localization on polarized cell lines, CXCR4 and CCR5 had a predominant apical and, to a lesser extent, basolateral distribution on human enterocytes, as demonstrated by immunostaining of human colon. Human colon epithelial cells stimulated with stromal cell–derived factor 1α and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)- 1α or MIP-1β, which are the chemokine ligands for CXCR4 or CCR5, up-regulated production of the CXC chemokines IL-8 and GROα. Conclusions: Human colon epithelial cells express chemokine receptors. Human colonocytes have the potential to serve as targets for chemokine signaling.
The convention on migratory species and other international instruments relevant to marine turtle conservation: Pros and cons

Abstract This paper examines various international instruments relevant to marine turtle conservation, ranging in scope from global treaties to regional action plans, with particular emphasis given to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). While focusing on CMS and its strengths and weaknesses, the paper highlights the innovative features of other instruments that have been used to promote marine turtle conservation in recent years. The paper also discusses in more generic terms the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of instruments that governments have at their disposal to effect conservation measures for marine turtles, ranging from legally‐binding treaties to less formal cooperative arrangements.
The reconstruction of separable graphs with 2-connected trunks that are series-parallel networks

Abstract A 2-connected graph has a cleavage unit-virtual edge decomposition which is due to Tutte [8]. Cleavage units are either polygons, bonds (planar duals to polygons) or 3-connected simple graphs. When all cleavage units are polygons or bonds, such graphs are called series-parallel networks. The Ulam graph reconstruction conjecture is open for the class of connected graphs containing circuits and/or pendant vertices. Such graphs can be expressed uniquely in terms of a trunk, a connected subgraph without pendant vertices, and a tree-growth, a forest each connected component of which meets the trunk in a unique root vertex. This paper establishes the reconstruction conjecture when the trunk is a series-parallel network and the tree-growth is ‘non-trivial’. This is accomplished by means of Tutte's decomposition of the trunk, and group theoretical techniques first developed in [2]. Use is made of the restricted nature of the automorphism groups of the polygon and bond cleavage units of the trunk.
Synthesis and characterization of synthetic zeolite ECR-1

Zeolite ECR-1 has been synthesized from a low SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 reaction mixture in the presence of adamantane-containing diquaternary alkylammonium iodides with the following structures. ECR-1 was first prepared by Vaughan and Strohmaier in 1987 (US Pat. 4,657,748). Their synthesis method used other directing agents in combination with sodium zeolite (aluminosilicate) seeds. Two models with related but distinct framework topologies have been proposed as possible solutions of the ECR-1 structure. Our work has established that one of these, ECR-1 B, can be rejected as a structural solution. The remaining model, ECR-1A, described by Leonowicz and Vaughan ( Nature 1987, 329 819) is probably the correct framework of ECR-1.
Oxygen-containing functionalities on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes quantitatively determined by fluorescent labeling

Abstract Control over the type and concentration of functional groups on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) require the use of reliable and sensitive analytical methods to detect, identify and quantify the functionalities on the material. Here we report the results of the selective quantification of aldehyde (together with ketone), carboxylic, and alcohol groups on arc-produced multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using fluorescent labeling of surface species (FLOSS), combined with surface area and thermogravimetric analysis. The high sensitivity of the fluorescence spectroscopy combined with the selectivity of the chemistry of covalent attachment, allowed us to determine that as-produced MWCNTs contain ∼1.1 at.% carboxylic groups, ∼2.0 at.% aldehydes (and ketones) and
In vivo microdialysis as a tool for monitoring pharmacokinetics

Microdialysis sampling is used to monitor the pharmacokinetics and distribution of drugs and endogenous compounds in vivo. This article discusses advantages of microdialysis performed in vivo compared to traditional sampling methods. In addition, analytical considerations are discussed with a focus on practical aspects of microdialysis. Recent advances and applications of in vivo microdialysis with emphasis on pharmacokinetics are described.
Temperature and sunlight controls of mercury oxidation and deposition atop the Greenland ice sheet

Abstract. We conducted the first ever mercury speciation measurements atop the Greenland ice sheet at Summit Station (Latitude 72.6° N, Longitude 38.5° W, Altitude 3200 m) in the Spring and Summer of 2007 and 2008. These measurements were part of the collaborative Greenland Summit Halogen-HOx experiment (GSHOX) campaigns investigating the importance of halogen chemistry in this remote environment. Significant levels of BrO (1–5 pptv) in the near surface air were often accompanied by diurnal dips in gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), and in-situ production of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM). While halogen (i.e. Br) chemistry is normally associated with marine boundary layers, at Summit, Greenland, far from any marine source, we have conclusively detected bromine and mercury chemistry in the near surface air. The likely fate of the formed mercury-bromine radical (HgBr) is further oxidation to stable RGM (HgBr2, HgBrOH, HgBrCl...), or thermal decomposition. These fates appear to be controlled by the availability of Br, OH, Cl, etc. to produce RGM (Hg(II)), versus the lifetime of HgBr by thermal dissociation. At Summit, the production of RGM appears to require a sun elevation angle of >5 degrees, and an air temperature of 5 degrees, while the formation of RGM from HgBr requires a temperature
Incrementalism before the Storm: Network Performance for the Evacuation of New Orleans

Hurricane Katrina revealed a lack of preparedness in disaster management networks covering the New Orleans area. This paper focuses on the operation of networks in preparing to evacuate residents in advance of a major disaster. There are two cases: the relatively successful evacuation of residents who left by private conveyance and the widely publicized failure to provide for those who could not or would not leave on their own. We trace the actions and inactions of various players to reach conclusions about the strengths and weaknesses of networks in the special circumstances of disaster preparation.
Measuring Quality and Enacting Policy Readmission Rates and Socioeconomic Factors

In this issue of Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes , Blum et al1 ask how hospital quality profiling for the 48 hospitals in New York City would change if publicly reported heart failure readmission measures accounted for patients’ socioeconomic status. This article is timely—the debate about patients’ socioeconomic status and outcome quality measures is garnering national attention, including public statements by the American Hospital Association,2 the release of an expert report commissioned by the National Quality Forum,3 and proposed legislation on the same topic, which would modify the formula used to penalize hospitals for excess readmissions to account for the low-income patients served by the hospital.4 Article see p 391 Sparked by concerns about impact of pay-for-performance programs on safety-net providers5,6 and fueled by data suggesting that hospitals with higher disproportionate share hospital funding face payment penalties at a greater rate under the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program,7,8 increasingly stakeholders are calling for a change to the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) readmission measures to include risk adjustment for patients’ socioeconomic status. The article by Blum et al,1 however, demonstrates that for a diverse set of New York City hospitals such a change would have little impact on hospital profiling. Blum et al1 use a methodological approach that closely mirrors, but is not identical to, the methods used by CMS to calculate hospitals’ 30-day risk-standardized readmission risk for patients after heart failure hospitalizations. This is a strength of the article. As with CMS’s measures, the authors’ use hierarchical modeling to compare a hospital’s performance to what would be expected for an average hospital with a similar case mix. They then simulate the effect of adding socioeconomic status to the risk model. In their evaluation of hospital profiling, …
Outcomes after breast conservation treatment with radiation in women with ductal carcinoma in situ and prior nonbreast malignancy.

: Management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is controversial, as not all patients progress to invasive carcinoma. This report analyzes the outcomes after breast conservation treatment (BCT) with radiation in patients with DCIS following prior malignancy at another anatomic site. The study cohort was comprised of 14 women with DCIS who were treated between 1978 and 2003. The median age at diagnosis of DCIS was 54 years (mean 56; range 37–78) and for the prior nonbreast malignancy was 44 years (mean 47; range 27–76). All patients underwent breast conservation surgery followed by whole breast radiation and tumor bed boost. The median and mean follow-up times after treatment of DCIS were 8.0 and 9.1 years, respectively (range 2–18). The median and mean interval period between the prior malignancy and DCIS was 6.0 and 8.2 years, respectively (range 1–30). There was one (7%) local failure, two (14%) contralateral breast cancers, and one (7%) death from breast cancer that occurred 7 years after BCT following contralateral invasive breast cancer. In this cohort of 14 patients treated for DCIS of the breast after a prior nonbreast malignancy, treatment for DCIS resulted in a high rate of local control and should be considered for curative intent.
The sea ice mass budget of the Arctic and its future change as simulated by coupled climate models

Arctic sea ice mass budgets for the twentieth century and projected changes through the twenty-first century are assessed from 14 coupled global climate models. Large inter-model scatter in contemporary mass budgets is strongly related to variations in absorbed solar radiation, due in large part to differences in the surface albedo simulation. Over the twenty-first century, all models simulate a decrease in ice volume resulting from increased annual net melt (melt minus growth), partially compensated by reduced transport to lower latitudes. Despite this general agreement, the models vary considerably regarding the magnitude of ice volume loss and the relative roles of changing melt and growth in driving it. Projected changes in sea ice mass budgets depend in part on the initial (mid twentieth century) ice conditions; models with thicker initial ice generally exhibit larger volume losses. Pointing to the importance of evolving surface albedo and cloud properties, inter-model scatter in changing net ice melt is significantly related to changes in downwelling longwave and absorbed shortwave radiation. These factors, along with the simulated mean and spatial distribution of ice thickness, contribute to a large inter-model scatter in the projected onset of seasonally ice-free conditions.
7.3: Novel Structure of Carbon Nanotubes Backlight Unit

A novel structure of carbon nanotubes backlight unit (CNT-BLU) was introduced to improve the uniformity. From the calculation and experimental verification, large improvement on uniformity can be observed. Benefiting from these important results, the new planar backlight technology has chances to proceed to mass production and reduce the cost of optical films such as diffuser and/or brightness enhancement film. Based on the structure, the printed CNT-BLU has the potential to replace traditional backlight technology because of it's good properties like the simple processes, easy to large scale, low surface Temp and Hg-free…etc.
An emerging toolkit for targeted cancer therapies.

The investment in the “War on Cancer” initiated by the National Cancer Act of 1971 is paying off in terms of improved patient outcomes, with more than 65% of all cancer patients now surviving more than five years in developed countries (Howlader et al. 2011). The number of cancer survivors now exceeds 11 million in the United States alone, with one in 30 adults being a cancer survivor (Howlader et al. 2011). Due to the intensive research programs focused on cancer, our understanding of the processes leading to the initiation and progression of cancer has improved markedly, and this, in turn, has fueled the transition to rational approaches to therapy by targeting the effects of the underlying genomic events driving the pathophysiology of cancer rather than previously relatively non-specific and more toxic chemotherapy approaches. This progress has been hard won in terms of the number of patients who have contributed by participating in clinical trials and certainly has been much slower than hoped for. However, a rapidly emerging toolkit is creating a “perfect storm” of deep mechanistic understanding, relevant model systems, an array of targeted therapeutics, and technological advances allowing the characterization of the patient and tumor genome that are the topics of this special issue of Genome Research and that should herald an unprecedented rate of improvement in patient outcomes.
The origin of n-alkanes in Santa Monica Basin surface sediment: a model based on compound-specific Δ14C and δ13C data

Δ14C and δ13C values were measured for individual long-chain n-alkanes (C24–33) from Santa Monica Basin sediments. The data were then simulated using a three-component mixing model designed to represent the contributions of different sources. The three selected end members were petroleum, modern plant wax, and shale-derived alkanes. The model was optimized to fit the data and to determine the fractional contribution of each component. The results indicated that petroleum accounted for 12% of the alkanes in 0–2.5 cm sediment and 5% in 2.5–7.5 cm sediment. Modern plant waxes contributed 80% (0–2.5 cm) and 87% (2.5–7.5 cm), and the remaining 8% of each sample was attributed to the shale source. The 14C concentration of the modern terrestrial end member was also determined from the model. Δ14C values of ∼+235‰ for the 0–2.5 cm (post-bomb) horizon and ∼ 0‰ for the 2.5–7.5 cm (pre-bomb) horizon indicate that plant leaf waxes have a continental residence time of decades in the southern California region.
Effect of feed withdrawal on the incidence of Salmonella in the crops and ceca of market age broiler chickens

Previous research regarding Salmonella contamination in poultry has focused predominantly on cecal and intestinal contamination. Recently, the crop has been implicated as an important source of carcass contamination within the processing plant. In the present study, broiler chickens were orally challenged with 1 x 10(8) cfu S. enteritidis at 6 wk of age. At 7 wk of age, birds were randomly divided into two groups consisting of full access to feed, or total feed withdrawal, 18 h prior to sample collection. At the time of sample collection, crops and ceca were aseptically removed and cultured for the presence or absence of S. enteritidis by enrichment. The incidence of S. enteritidis-positive crops was consistently higher (range: 2.8- to 7.3-fold increases) following feed withdrawal than the incidence in samples collected from full-fed broilers in four experiments. Similarly, the incidence of S. enteritidis isolation was consistently higher (range: 1.4- to 2.1-fold increases) in ceca following feed withdrawal than in samples collected from full-fed broilers in these experiments. In a subsequent experiment, ceca and crops were aseptically collected and cultured for the presence of Salmonella immediately prior to or following 8 h feed withdrawal at a commercial broiler house. Similar to the laboratory experiments, the incidence of Salmonella isolation was significantly (P < 0.01) greater from crops following feed withdrawal (36/100) than from samples obtained immediately prior to withdrawal (19/100). However, the incidence of Salmonella in the ceca was not significantly higher following feed withdrawal (31/100) than in samples obtained immediately prior to withdrawal (25/ 100) in this field experiment. These studies indicate that feed withdrawal increases the incidence of Salmonella in broiler crops prior to slaughter and provide further evidence that the crop may be an important critical control point for reducing Salmonella contamination of broiler carcasses.
Simulating conservative tracers in fractured till under realistic timescales.

Discrete-fracture and dual-porosity models are infrequently used to simulate solute transport through fractured unconsolidated deposits, despite their more common application in fractured rock where distinct flow regimes are hypothesized. In this study, we apply four fracture transport models—the mobile-immobile model (MIM), parallel-plate discrete-fracture model (PDFM), and stochastic and deterministic discrete-fracture models (DFMs)—to demonstrate their utility for simulating solute transport through fractured till. Model results were compared to breakthrough curves (BTCs) for the conservative tracers potassium bromide (KBr), pentafluorobenzoic acid (PFBA), and 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (PIPES) in a large-diameter column of fractured till. Input parameters were determined from independent field and laboratory methods. Predictions of Br BTCs were not significantly different among models; however, the stochastic and deterministic DFMs were more accurate than the MIM or PDFM when predicting PFBA and PIPES BTCs. DFMs may be more applicable than the MIM for tracers with small effective diffusion coefficients (De) or for short timescales due to differences in how these models simulate diffusion or incorporate heterogeneities by their fracture networks. At large scales of investigation, the more computationally efficient MIM and PDFM may be more practical to implement than the threedimensional DFMs, or a combination of model approaches could be employed. Regardless of the modeling approach used, fractures should be incorporated routinely into solute transport models in glaciated terrain.
Molecular and evolutionary basis of the cellular stress response

The cellular stress response is a universal mechanism of extraordinary physiological/pathophysiological significance. It represents a defense reaction of cells to damage that environmental forces inflict on macromolecules. Many aspects of the cellular stress response are not stressor specific because cells monitor stress based on macromolecular damage without regard to the type of stress that causes such damage. Cellular mechanisms activated by DNA damage and protein damage are interconnected and share common elements. Other cellular responses directed at re-establishing homeostasis are stressor specific and often activated in parallel to the cellular stress response. All organisms have stress proteins, and universally conserved stress proteins can be regarded as the minimal stress proteome. Functional analysis of the minimal stress proteome yields information about key aspects of the cellular stress response, including physiological mechanisms of sensing membrane lipid, protein, and DNA damage; redox sensing and regulation; cell cycle control; macromolecular stabilization/repair; and control of energy metabolism. In addition, cells can quantify stress and activate a death program (apoptosis) when tolerance limits are exceeded.