cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mega-Project History and Decision-Making

Economic historians have long surmised that history plays a consequential role in the determination of economic growth patterns and levels of development. While this argument has been shown to be valid for entire national economies, can the same be said for projects, especially regarding the probabilities and trials attached to their implementation? A review of mega-projects worldwide reveals that in many cases significant amounts of time elapsed between the moment when the idea of a project first emerged and its initiation. A case in point is the Eurotunnel. The original idea of a cross-channel fixed link, which in modern times culminated in the Channel Tunnel rail project, was first conceived over two centuries ago, in 1802. Diverse geopolitical factors (e.g., British-French relations) and evolving economic realities hindered its construction until 1988. Especially relevant to this observation is the fact that an idea’s origination was often rooted in a single or a series of historical events. Consider the development of the plans for the airport hub constructed in Frankfurt, Germany, in the early 1950s; these plans can be traced to the need to relocate the hub from its original site in Berlin, which stemmed in turn from Germany’s division after World War II. Germany’s unification in 1990 did not, however, serve as a sufficient reason to return the hub to Berlin; the crucial decision factor at this point in time was Germany’s irreversible trends in industrial development (Redding et al. 2010). Another example would be the decision leading to the construction of New York’s Second Avenue Subway (SAS), which was firmly planted in 1942 after the elevated rail line operating above Second Avenue, on Manhattan’s East Side, was demolished. Save for a failed attempt in the 1970s, it took over 70 years before construction actually began. We can therefore conclude that in general, a well-founded idea regarding a project’s need, even if raised many years back, can be quite influential many years later, when making the decisions that may lead to its implementation (Rodrik 2014).
Intergroup Emotions Theory: Production, Regulation, and Modification of Group-Based Emotions

Abstract Emotions are a ubiquitous aspect of interaction between groups. As described in Intergroup Emotions Theory (IET; Mackie, Devos, & Smith, 2000 ; Smith, 1993 ), intergroup emotions are emotions people feel on account of their membership in a group to which they belong and with which they identify. In this chapter, we first describe the foundational assumption of IET: that the experience of intergroup emotions depends upon group membership and the pervasive normative processes that group membership entails. We then review the voluminous literature that documents the intragroup and intergroup cognitive and behavioral outcomes driven by such emotions. We next review the theoretically and practically crucial notion of how such emotions are regulated, a topic that has been an increasing research focus in the last 5 years. The chapter ends with a description and discussion of intergroup emotion-relevant interventions that have been or could be designed to improve intergroup relations.
The Amylases of Five Streptomycetes

Of the 73 Streptomyces spp. described in the 1948 edition of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 48 are listed as capable of hydrolyzing starch. Little, however, is known about the properties of the amylases of this group of organisms. Bois and Savary (1945) claim to have identified gentiobiose as a product of the amylolytic action of Streptomyces microflavus on wheat starch. Waksman (1950) reported that Surovaya obtained a potent amylase active at 70 to 100 C and with an optimum at pH 6.6 to 6.7 from an organism described as Streptomyces diastaticus. None of the five amylases studied in the present investigation was found to be heat stable.
FlexTrack: a system for querying flexible patterns in trajectory databases

We describe the FlexTrack system for querying trajectories using flexible pattern queries. Such queries are composed of a sequence of simple spatio-temporal predicates, e.g., range and nearest-neighbors, as well as complex motion pattern predicates, e.g., predicates that contain variables and constraints. Users can interactively select spatio-temporal predicates to construct such pattern queries using a hierarchy of regions that partition the spatial domain. Several different query processing algorithms are currently implemented and available in the FlexTrack system.
Augmented Arithmetic Operations Proposed for IEEE-754 2018

Algorithms for extending arithmetic precision through compensated summation or arithmetics like double-double rely on operations commonly called twoSum and twoProd-uct. The current draft of the IEEE 754 standard specifies these operations under the names augmentedAddition and augment-edMultiplication. These operations were included after three decades of experience because of a motivating new use: bitwise reproducible arithmetic. Standardizing the operations provides a hardware acceleration target that can provide at least a 33 % speed improvements in reproducible dot product, placing reproducible dot product almost within a factor of two of common dot product. This paper provides history and motivation for standardizing these operations. We also define the operations, explain the rationale for all the specific choices, and provide parameterized test cases for new boundary behaviors.
Newer Does Not Necessarily Mean Better

One of the most important reasons for hospital transformation and modernization has been research and technological advances. However, in research on policy diffusion, the belief that new ideas should always be adopted has been referred to as pro-innovation bias. This belief is widespread in health care and certainly applies to medical technologies introduced into practice in hospitals. Given that medical technology is the main driver of health-care costs, hospital administrators and clinicians would be prudent to challenge this belief when making decisions about whether to acquire new technology or to encourage use of new interventions.
Ethics Meets the 'O' in DR

This column will provide an overview of ethical considerations related to ODR advocacy in two types of ODR processes: replication ODR and algorithm-based ODR processes, both of which are becoming part of court-connected processes. While most of the writing related to ethics in ODR has focused on the ODR system provider’s ethics, or those of individual practitioners, this column focuses on your ethics as an attorney who is considering recommending ODR for your client. I am honored to have my esteemed colleague and critical thinker about ODR, Noam Ebner, collaborate with me in facilitating this evolving discussion.
Subversive Spaces and Gendered Geographies in Early Childhood Classrooms in the American Southwest

Rendered from Black Delfin, K. A. 2018. “Discursive Constructions of Gender in Early Childhood Education: A Feminist Poststructural Analysis.” PhD diss., New Mexico State University.The objective o...
Zoonotic Staphylococcus pseudintermedius sinonasal infections: risk factors and resistance patterns.

BACKGROUND Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a Gram-positive bacteria that colonizes the skin and orifices of healthy canines and felines. It has recently been identified as a cause of sinonasal infections in humans. METHODS This study was a retrospective review of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with S pseudintermedius-positive sinonasal cultures and comparison to a prospectively collected control sample of patients who underwent culture for acute exacerbation of CRS. RESULTS Thirty-three patients with CRS had nasal cultures positive for S pseudintermedius. Of the positive cultures, 82% demonstrated resistance to penicillin, 58% to clindamycin, 45% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 33% to doxycycline, and 27% to oxacillin. Ninety-seven percent of patients with S pseudintermedius were dog owners. There was no significant difference in age, gender, recent endoscopic sinus surgery, or immunosuppression or deficiency between S pseudintermedius patients and patients undergoing culture for acute exacerbation of CRS, but S pseudintermedius infection was associated with dog ownership (p < 0.01). S pseudintermedius infection was not associated with behaviors such as a dog sleeping in the bedroom, routinely licking humans, or being diagnosed with a soft tissue infection. CONCLUSION Although a rare cause of infection in humans, S pseudintermedius should be considered in sinonasal infections refractory to standard medical management, especially if the patient has regular contact with dogs. S pseudintermedius is not readily identified with routine laboratory diagnostic testing and often demonstrates multidrug resistance, making it a pathogen that is commonly misdiagnosed and difficult to treat.
Cold War ‘Peace’

After being stripped of their Dynastic State intergenerational entitlement programme (1919), Hayek and Mises promoted the deflation that facilitated Hitler’s rise to power (1933–1945) and thus the expansion of the Soviet Empire into the heart of Europe (1945–1989). Partly in deference to their (criminally used) Second Estate titles, they then became the ‘theoreticians’ and heroes of the Cold War. One admirer—Henry Regnery—commissioned James Kilpatrick to write The Sovereign States Notes of a Citizen of Virginia (Henry Regnery, Chicago, 1957) which justified post-Brown versus Board of Education segregation on the grounds of the states’ ‘right of interposition’ (i.e. vetoing or nullifying) the 1954 Supreme Court ruling. The William Volker Fund underwrote bulk purchases of The Sovereign States to distribute, free of charge, to some 1200 college libraries and 260 private schools, and planned an educational outreach programme for ‘selected editors.’ At the Foundation for Economic Education—where Mises was the ‘spiritus rector’—Kilpatrick’s book was endorsed. Before the Kochs, the Volker Fund financed the Austrian revival, and Mises received the William Volker Distinguished Service Award. As the Vietnam War accelerated, Mises (Human Action a Treatise on Economics. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, p. 282, 1963; Human Action a Treatise on Economics. Henry Regnery, Chicago, p. 282, 1966), in the Regnery edition of Human Action, lobbied for conscription and the Warfare State: ‘He who in our age opposes armaments and conscription is, perhaps unbeknown to himself, an abettor of those aiming at the enslavement of all.’ Just before his Nobel Prize, Hayek explained that he regarded the Austrian School as an historical curiosity: ‘What we can hope for is just that this neoclassical tradition again becomes influential, not its specific Austrian branch which constitutes a particular phase in the neoclassical development.’ The Nobel Prize appeared to rescue Hayek from suicidal depression, and the threat to Koch Industries from the Environmental Protection Agency (Charles Koch’s ‘wallet’) appeared to rescue the Austrian School of Economics from irrelevance.
The Duality of Salient Exemplars for Prototype Evolution: The Creation of the Category AIDS

Categories are cognitive structures that field participants to use to understand their environments. Category prototypes, which are the most representative part of a category, play an important rol...
Toward A Digestible Biochemical Computer

Molecular computing that utilizes DNA structure, biochemistry, and molecular biology, supplies an alternative of post-silicon computing. Bio-chemical computing can also facilitate the wide-range biomedical applications. In this paper, we demonstrate the biochemical synthesis of digital logic circuits to realize computing through the biochemical reactions existing inside the human body, that is metabolisms. The constructed computing logic circuits are harmless to the human body and are even digestible. Our research further explores molecular communication paths and flexible design. Laboratory experimentation is employed to verify the concept and demonstrate simplicity in biochemical implementation with the development of diffusion analysis to justify future miniaturization for practical applications.
Brief Report: Adipogenic Expression of Brown Fat Genes in HIV and HIV-Related Parameters.

Context:Persons with HIV are at increased risk for adipose dysfunction, which could mediate metabolic complications such as cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, and diabetes. We have previously reported reduced browning and beiging capacity of the subcutaneous adipose depot in HIV.Objective:
Usability testing using physiological analysis

Because traditional measures employed in usability testing are inherently subjective, it is necessary to develop an objective method for evaluating the usability of a system. This paper describes a project that used physiological analysis to quantify the ease of use of a Web site, specifically concentrating on the effect of color combinations on the user's bodily processes. Testing of the system reveals that there is a definite correlation between the results of physiological analysis and subjective user satisfaction surveys. Thus, physiological analysis results can be used in the place of contrived values to assess the usability of a system.
Spreading of fast-curing, thermosetting silicones

This letter presents an experimental study and the associated numerical modeling of fast-curing, thermosetting droplets spreading on a heated surface. The results show a significant morphological dependence of the spreading droplets of Ecoflex 0050 (a heat-sensitive, platinum-catalyzed silicone material) on thermal conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry and rheometry provide quantifiable data for modeling the cure kinetics and rheological properties of the material. This work demonstrates an approach to developing a phenomenological model suitable for predicting the morphological variation of fast-curing, thermosetting materials without prior knowledge of their chemical composition. The developed multiphysics models for cure kinetics and chemorheology can serve as a functional tool for predictions requiring accurate dimensional control of free-forming thermosetting materials, such as nozzle-based additive manufacturing, centrifugal coating and forming, fabrication of soft robots, and soft lithography.
The Scale-Up of the Global Surgical Workforce: Can Estimates be Achieved by 2030?

The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery showed that countries with surgeon, anesthetist, and obstetrician (SAO) densities of 20–40 SAO/100,000 population were associated with improved health outcomes and recommended a global surgical workforce scale-up by 2030. Whether countries would be able to achieve such scale-up efforts in that time-frame is unknown. A differential equation model was used to estimate the growth rate and number of SAO necessary for each country to reach the aforementioned SAO densities. Workforce data from Mexico and India were used to estimate achievable rates of SAO scale-up for middle- and low-income countries, respectively. Secular surgical growth rates were estimated to demonstrate what might occur without dedicated scale-up efforts. To reach at least 20 SAO/100,000 population in all countries by 2030, over 808 thousand SAO need to be trained by 2030. To reach at least 40 SAO/100,000 population, over 2.1 million SAO need to be trained. If countries adopt a scale-up rate similar to Mexico’s previously achieved rate of scale-up, 66% of countries would have 20 SAO/100,000 population by 2030. If countries adopt a scale-up rate similar to India’s previously achieved rate of scale-up, 56% would have 20 SAO/100,000 population by 2030. With dedicated efforts in surgical workforce scale-up, significant gains in SAO density can be made worldwide. However, without intervention, many countries are unlikely to improve their current workforce densities. Investments in workforce scale-up are likely to yield workforce gains that mirror current resource states.
STP at 75: Membership & Member Communication.

As part of the exploration of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology's (STP) history, subsets of STP leaders participated in panel discussions on various topics that represent areas of dramatic...
Electronic Transport in Materials

Electrical conductivity coefficients σ ij constitute a second-rank tensor relating current density components J i to electric field E j :Ji=σ ij E j Cubic crystals and amorphous solids have the same conductivity in all directions so that σ is a scalar property. Tetragonal, hexagonal and trigonal crystals have two independent coefficients measured parallel and perpendicular to the major symmetry direction (c-axis). Three coefficients are required for lower symmetry crystals.
Intimate partner violence in adolescents: Preventive strategies for psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners.

TOPIC Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a significant public health problem that is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. IPV has become increasingly prevalent in adolescents, with 20% of adolescents between 13 and 18 years reporting physical IPV, and 9% reporting sexual IPV. To assure the best outcomes for adolescents at-risk for or experiencing IPV, it is critical for psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) to implement preventive interventions, spanning from primary to tertiary prevention, to address IPV. PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of primary, secondary, and tertiary preventative strategies needed to improve outcomes for adolescents experiencing IPV within the context of the socioecologial model. SOURCES USED Utilizing PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, a literature review was conducted to identify relevant publications spanning from 2015 to present. Reference lists of identified articles were also searched. CONCLUSIONS PMHNPs must be competent in psychoeducation and counseling, screening, and management of comorbidities and safety planning to assure best outcomes for adolescents exposed to IPV.
Goal-focused Emotion-Regulation Therapy for young adult survivors of testicular cancer: Feasibility of a behavioral intervention.

Abstract Background Young adult cancer testicular survivors experience impairing, distressing, and modifiable physical, behavioral, and psychosocial adverse outcomes that persist long after the completion of primary medical treatment. These include psychological distress and poor psychosocial adjustment, impaired navigation of life goals, persistent treatment side effects, and fear associated with elevated risk of secondary malignancies and chronic illness. This paper describes the feasibility and acceptability of a novel intervention, Goal-focused Emotion-Regulation Therapy (GET) aimed at improving distress symptoms, emotion regulation, and goal navigation skills in young adult testicular cancer patients. METHODS: Participants (N = 6) were recruited from a large comprehensive cancer center and received the GET intervention that included six individual sessions across eight weeks. Following all sessions, participants underwent a qualitative interview. RESULTS: Results supported the feasibility in recruitment and retention and overall positive satisfaction, working alliance, and helpfulness of the intervention. Clinically meaningful change was observed in both depression and anxiety. CONCLUSION: With slight adaptation, results support the feasibility of a future clinical trial.
c-MET expression/activation, functions, and mutations in non-small cell lung cancer

1875 c-MET is believed to be an attractive target for molecular therapeutic inhibition in cancers associated with overexpression or activating mutations of c-MET. Since non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a difficult disease to treat, we have examined the expression of c-MET in 15 NSCLC cell lines using standard immunoblotting with anti-human c-MET antibody. There was overexpression of c-MET in most of the cell lines, including A549, H1838, H2170, SW-900, H358, H1993, Calu-3, Calu-1 and H596; while SK-NES-1, SW-1573, SK-LU-1, and Calu-6 had a lower c-MET expression. H661 did not express c-MET, and H520 expressed c-MET only minimally. Utilizing standard immunoperoxidase staining technique with anti-c-MET antibody and also phosphospecific c-MET antibodies (pY1230/1234/1235 auto-phosphorylation sites; and pY1003 juxtamembrane c-Cbl binding site), we show that expression of both total c-MET and also phosphorylated activated-MET are present in various subtypes of NSCLC tumor tissues. Specifically, strong activated-MET immunoperoxidase staining was seen in the invasion fronts of the tumor tissues. Also, up to 80% or more of the various NSCLC tumor tissue subtypes, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, large cell, examined expressed pY1003-Met and pY1230/1234/1235-Met. Since we have recently identified novel somatic missense mutations and alternatively spliced transcripts of c-MET in SCLC, we have begun to screen for mutations of c-MET in NSCLC cell lines (n=8) and also adenocarcinoma tumor tissues (n=127). Most interestingly, preliminary analysis of the sequencing results show clustering of mutations within the Sema (semaphorin) and JM (juxtamembrane) domains; however no mutations of the tyrosine kinase domain have been identified. We have now identified two novel sema domain missense mutations, S323G and N375S, in 3 different tumor tissue samples. In addition, we found several interesting JM mutations in the various cDNA samples. These include the R988C JM mutation, simultaneous JM mutations of R988C and T1010I, and also an alternative splice form with 47 amino acid deletion of the entire exon 14 (JM domain) of c-MET. Utilizing the adenocarcinoma A549 cell line that overexpresses c-MET to study signal transduction, we further show that HGF/c-MET pathway is functional and responsive to HGF (40 ng/ml) stimulation in a time-dependent fashion, with significant HGF-induced phosphorylation of c-MET, AKT, and p70-S6K. Also, there was HGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the pY1230/1234/1235 sites demonstrated with the immunofluorescent staining using the phosphospecific antibodies. c-MET appears to be an important therapeutic target in NSCLC, and inhibitory strategies developed to target the receptor tyrosine kinase would be important to improve the therapeutic outcome.
Calcium signaling through a Transient Receptor Channel is important for Toxoplasma gondii growth

ABSTRACT Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels participate in calcium (Ca2+) influx and intracellular Ca2+ release. TRP channels have not been studied in Toxoplasma gondii or any other Apicomplexan parasite. We characterized TgGT1_310560, a gene predicted to possess a TRP domain (TgTRPPL-2) and determined its role in Ca2+ signaling in T. gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. TgTRPPL-2 localized to the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum of T. gondii. ΔTgTRPPL-2 mutants were defective in growth and Ca2+ influx. Heterologous expression of TgTRPPL-2 in HEK-3KO cells allowed its functional characterization. Patching of ER-nuclear membranes demonstrated that TgTRPPL-2 is a non-selective cation channel that conducts Ca2+. Pharmacological blockers of TgTRPPL-2 inhibited Ca2+ influx and parasite growth. This is the first report of an Apicomplexan channel that conducts Ca2+ and initiates the Ca2+ signaling cascade that culminates in the stimulation of motility, invasion and egress. TgTRPPL-2 is a potential target for combating Toxoplasmosis.
Acoustic metasurfaces as sound diffusers and diffsorbers

Acoustic metasurfaces (AMS) may offer additional design space for the creation of sound diffusers and diffsorbers. We present the design and experimental characterization of an AMS created to diffuse sound fields using a treatment of uniform thickness. The AMS unit cell designs were chosen to minimize viscous losses while enabling control of reflected phase at each point of the AMS. The design geometry was then optimized with a parametric sweep of unit cell dimensions using finite element (FE) models where the target phase shifts are associated with a one- and two-dimensional quadratic residue diffuser (QRD). Samples were fabricated using additive manufacturing and impedance tube measurements were conducted to validate FE predictions. Modeled and measured reflection coefficients were shown to be in good agreement. The scattered field was then measured in an anechoic chamber using the logarithmic frequency modulated chirp excitation and the deconvolution methods to provide narrowband and broadband estimates of sound diffusion performance. Overall performance is presented for narrow-band and broadband considerations. The AMS response is compared and contrasted with traditional QRD designs, highlighting differences in frequency- and angle-dependence as well as temporal diffusion and absorption. [S.N.L. is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA Contract No. DE-NA0003525.]
Nanotechnology in the Context of Obesity

Obesity is a pandemic disease with immense magnitude and it is due to escalating death with co-morbidity in this century. Obesity is caused by combinatorial factors including genetic, metabolic, behavioral, environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic factors that contribute to a person’s body weight. This condition parse is alarmingly big magnitude problem and it is conformingly with the co-morbidities. An elevated body mass index (BMI) increases the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, respiratory tract disorders, gallstones, certain types of cancer, and psychological disorders. It is striking that only a few therapeutic agents are available to treat obesity including orlistat, sibutramine, lorcaserin, phentermine-topiramate available to treat obesity. These agents can reduce body weight by decreasing the consumption or absorption of food or by augmenting energy disbursement. In recent decades, the limelight of nanotechnology has opened numerous new vistas in medical sciences, especially in the area of drug delivery. The nanoparticulate drug delivery system can transport specific anti-obesity drugs to the white adipose tissue in the body, aiding to evade potential side effects that can occur if the drugs find their way to other parts of the body. In this chapter, we highlighted the various nano-drug delivery systems including polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, Polyethylene glycol-based nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, liposomes, transfersomes, and microparticles to enhance the therapeutic efficacy against obesity treatment.
CD4+ Memory T-Cell Formation during Type 1 Immune Responses

Naive CD4+ T cells become memory cells after proliferating in response to their cognate major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-bound peptide and passing through an effector cell stage. The process by which CD4+ memory T cells emerge from the effector cell pool, however, is less well understood than in the case of CD8+ T cells. During certain acute infections, naive CD4+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into various forms of type 1 (Th1) and follicular helper (Tfh) effector cells. We review the evidence that about 10% of the cells in each of these subsets survive to become memory cells that resemble their effector cell precursors. The roles that asymmetric cell division, the TCF-1 transcription factor, metabolic activity, reactive oxygen species, and the IL-7 receptor play in the effector to memory cell transition are discussed. We propose a speculative model in which the metabolic activity needed for rapid clonal expansion also generates toxic products that induce apoptosis in most effector cells. Memory cells then arise from the effector cells in each subset that are at the low end of the metabolic activity spectrum.
Early phase clinical studies of AR-42, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, for neurofibromatosis type 2-associated vestibular schwannomas and meningiomas.

Objectives Two pilot studies of AR-42, a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor, in human neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), vestibular schwannomas (VS), and meningiomas are presented. Primary endpoints included safety, and intra-tumoral pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Methods Pilot 1 is a subset analysis of a phase 1 study of AR-42 in solid tumors, which included NF2 or sporadic meningiomas. Tumor volumes and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) are reported (NCT01129193).Pilot 2 is a phase 0 surgical study of AR-42 assessing intra-tumoral PK and PD. AR-42 was administered for 3 weeks pre-operatively. Plasma and tumor drug concentrations and p-AKT expression were measured (NCT02282917). Results Pilot 1: Five patients with NF2 and two with sporadic meningiomas experienced a similar incidence of TRAEs to the overall phase I trial. The six evaluable patients had 15 tumors (8 VS, 7 meningiomas). On AR-42, tumor volume increased in six, remained stable in eight, and decreased in one tumor. The annual percent growth rate decreased in eight, remained stable in three, and increased in four tumors. Pilot 2: Four patients with sporadic VS and one patient with meningioma experienced no grade 3/4 toxicities. Expression of p-AKT decreased in three of four VS. All tumors had higher AR-42 concentrations than plasma. Conclusions AR-42 is safe. Tumor volumes showed a mixed response, but most slowed growth. On a 40-mg regimen, drug concentrated in tumors and growth pathways were suppressed in most tumors, suggesting this may be a well-tolerated and effective dose. A phase 2 study of AR-42 for NF2-associated tumors appears warranted. Level of evidence 1b, 4.
Report on the united states experience with cimetidine in zollinger-ellison syndrome and other hypersecretory states

Abstract Sixty-one cases of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, encountered over a 2-year period, have been treated with cimetidine, half of them for over 1 year. Two-thirds of the patients responded to 300 mg of the drug every 6 hr by mouth. Others required up to 600 mg every 6 hr. In adequate doses the drug was highly effective: it controlled pain and dyspepsia, restored weight, abolished diarrhea, and allowed healing of ulcers and other inflammatory conditions. Missed or reduced doses led to rapid return of symptoms. Progression of the basic neoplastic process, with associated secretory drive, was unimpeded. Patient acceptance of the drug was 100%, and apart from minor transient abnormalities, gynecomastia (5 cases) and liver dysfunction (3 cases), which resolved while treatment continued, no serious adverse effects were seen. Of 61 patients 48 are still on the drug, 3 who were well controlled were treated surgically, 5 died for reasons unrelated to therapy, and 5 had significant problems. The drug provides an alternative to total gastrectomy and can be recommended with confidence for the suitably selected patient. The drug was also beneficial in some cases of the short bowel syndrome, systemic mastocytosis, and endogenous hyperhistaminemia due to leukemia.
Measures and topology

Chapter 8 dealt with measures and charges defined on abstract semirings or σ-algebras of sets. In applications there is often a natural topological or metric structure on the underlying measure space. By combining topological and set theoretic notions it is possible to develop a richer and more useful theory. Some of these connections between measure theory and topology are discussed in this chapter.
Output bound approximations for partial differential equations; application to the incompressible navier-stokes equations

We describe an a posteriori finite element procedure for the efficient computation of lower and upper estimators for functional outputs of semilinear elliptic partial differential equations. The general theory is presented, and earlier applications of the procedure to a variety of different problems—including the Poisson equation, the advection-diffusion equation, elasticity problems, the Helmholtz equation, the Burgers equation, and eigenvalue problems—are reviewed. The method is then extended to treat incompressible flow problems, and numerical results are presented for a problem of natural convection in a complex enclosure.
Experimental migration of knickpoints: influence of style of base-level fall and bed lithology

Abstract. Knickpoints are fascinating and common geomorphic features whose dynamics influence the development of landscapes and source-to-sink systems – in particular the upstream propagation of erosion. Here, we study river profiles and associated knickpoints experimentally in a microflume filled with a cohesive substrate made of silica, water and kaolinite. We focus on the effect on knickpoint dynamics of varying the distribution of base-level fall (rate, increment, and period) and substrate strength, i.e., kaolinite content. Such simple cases are directly comparable to both bedrock and alluvial river systems. Under a constant rate of base-level fall, knickpoints of similar shape are periodically generated, highlighting self-organized dynamics in which steady forcing leads to multiple knickpoint events. Temporary shielding of the bed by alluvium controls the spacing between these unit knickpoints. Shielding is, however, not effective when base-level drops exceed alluvium thickness. While the base-level fall rate controls the overall slope of experiments, it is not instrumental in dictating the major characteristics of unit knickpoints. Instead the velocity, face slope and associated plunge pool depth of these knickpoints are all strongly influenced by lithology. The period between knickpoints is set by both alluvium thickness and base-level fall rate, allowing use of knickpoint spacing along rivers as an indicator of base-level fall rate.
Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

We previously developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detection of the four Plasmodium species that infect humans. Recent studies have shown that natural transmission of the simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi to humans occurs frequently in Southeast Asia. We have expanded our PCR assay to include detection of P. knowlesi.
First-principles thermodynamics of transition metals: W, NiAl, and PdTi

We apply the pseudopotential density-functional-perturbation theory approach along with the quasiharmonic approximation to calculate the thermal expansion of tungsten and two important metallic alloys NiAl and PdTi. We derive the theory for anisotropic crystal structures and test the approximation that the anisotropic effects of thermal expansion are equivalent to negative pressure---this simplifies the calculation enormously for complex structures. Throughout, we find excellent agreement with experimental results.
Microstructure and defects in a-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films

Abstract MOCVD-grown, a -axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x thin films have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). The majority of the thin film material is oriented with the a -axis perpendicular to the substrate surface, while about 20% of the material has the c -axis perpendicular to the substrate. The c -axis oriented grains are disconnected from each other, and are separated by a -axis oriented grains. There are two types of a -axis oriented grains, differing by a 90° rotation of the c -axis. HREM images in conjunction with image simulation analysis are used to derive the atomic structures of the 90° rotation grain boundaries and of defect structures in the film. The majority of the grain boundaries is asymmetrical, bounded by (010)(001) lattice planes. However extended steps, whose segments are mostly parallel to the (013)(013) planes, are also present, thus forming short facets of symmetric grain boundaries. The latter are believed to be important in forming weak-link-free connections between the grains. The misfit at (010)(001) grain boundaries is accomodated by the formation of stacking faults, which were identified to be 124-type defects. The grain boundary structures are discussed in terms of correlations with the electric transport properties across the boundaries.
Management of advanced trapeziometacarpal arthrosis.

HE PATIENT 61-year-old, right-handed woman has experienced ifficulty opening jars and buttoning her pants for sevral years. She has managed her symptoms with splints, onsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and a steoid injection. She is not satisfied with her comfort level uring tennis and gardening and wants to learn about urgical treatment options. She is confused by diferences between her mother’s surgery to “remove the rthritis” 20 years ago, a friend recently treated with little poke holes and lasers,” and another friend who ad a “thumb replacement.” On examination, the trapeziometacarpal (TM) joint s prominent dorsally and tender. There is crepitation nd pain with circumduction under an axial load. The humb metacarpophalangeal joint extends slightly beond neutral but is not unstable. The patient is able to ppose the tip of her thumb to the palmodigital crease f her small finger. Grip and pinch strength are markdly diminished compared with the nondominant left ide. Standard hand x-rays supplemented with an aneroposterior view in maximal pronation confirm severe M arthritis (Fig. 1).
Cholecystokinin-induced hypophagia is not potentiated by cancer anorexia

The interaction of cholecystokinin-induced hypophagia with cancer anorexia was investigated within both acute (Walker 256 carcinosarcoma) and chronic (methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma) animal models of cancer anorexia. Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8) effectively reduced feeding for at least one hour in both groups of rats. However, this peptide was no more effective in inducing hypophagia in tumor-bearing rats than in nontumor-bearing control rats when tested at a variety of doses (0.5, 5.0 and 50.0 microgram/kg; IP) both prior to and after the development of anorexia. Therefore, these data do not support a role of cholecystokinin in the mediation of experimental cancer anorexia, since no synergism of CCK8-induced hypophagia with the anorexia was observed.
The localizability of valence space electron–electron correlations in pair-based coupled cluster models

Inspired by the success of very restrictive local active space approaches like Generalized Valence Bond Perfect Pairing (GVB-PP) and Imperfect Pairing (IP), we investigate the localizability of valence correlation in the context of electron pair models. In particular, the role of two-center local excitations in local active space coupled cluster doubles models is examined in the context of a variety of chemical applications. The full two spatial center pairing model is found to recover the majority of the correlation effects missed by GVB-PP and IP, recovering up to 95% of the untruncated valence correlation energy, and could provide an inexpensive reference wave function for the treatment of additional electron–electron correlations. All of these models improve noticeably upon the Hartree–Fock wave function and can be computed for very large systems due to their only cubic computational cost. Their main weakness is a tendency to exhibit symmetry breaking in systems with multiple resonance structures.
Computational analysis and identification of amino acid sites in dengue E proteins relevant to development of diagnostics and vaccines

We have identified 72 completely conserved amino acid residues in the E protein of major groups of the Flavivirus genus by computational analyses. In the dengue species we have identified 12 highly conserved sequence regions, 186 negatively selected sites, and many dengue serotype-specific negatively selected sites. The flavivirus-conserved sites included residues involved in forming six disulfide bonds crucial for the structural integrity of the protein, the fusion motif involved in viral infectivity, and the interface residues of the oligomers. The structural analysis of the E protein showed 19 surface-exposed non-conserved residues, 128 dimer or trimer interface residues, and regions, which undergo major conformational change during trimerization. Eleven consensus Th-cell epitopes common to all four dengue serotypes were predicted. Most of these corresponded to dengue-conserved regions or negatively selected sites. Of special interest are six singular sites (N37, Q211, D215, P217, H244, K246) in dengue E protein that are conserved, are part of the predicted consensus Th-cell epitopes and are exposed in the dimer or trimer. We propose these sites and corresponding epitopic regions as potential candidates for prioritization by experimental biologists for development of diagnostics and vaccines that may be difficult to circumvent by natural or man-made alteration of dengue virus.
Critique of the Clinical Importance of Diurectic-Induced Hypokalemia and Elevated Cholesterol Level

One of the disappointing conclusions of the antihypertensive drug trials is that, while most morbid events were prevented by treatment, the incidence of death from coronary heart disease (CHD) was not significantly reduced. As originally emphasized in the Veterans Administration trial 1 and in most subsequent trials, treatment has not resulted in a significant reduction in myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden death. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain the lack of benefit in the prevention of complications of coronary heart disease, including the following: (1) critical reduction of blood flow in the coronary arteries by lowering blood pressure too far with antihypertensive drugs; (2) initiation of treatment too late in patients with extensive coronary artery atherosclerosis; (3) failure to reduce other risk factors, such as diet and cigarette smoking; (4) inadequate length of follow-up to detect differences; and (5) use of drugs that may increase the risk of CHD
Performance of Optimized Actuator and Sensor Arrays in an Active Noise Control System

Experiments have been conducted in NASA Langley''s Acoustics and Dynamics Laboratory to determine the effectiveness of optimized actuator/sensor architectures and controller algorithms for active control of harmonic interior noise. Tests were conducted in a large scale fuselage model - a composite cylinder which simulates a commuter class aircraft fuselage with three sections of trim panel and a floor. Using an optimization technique based on the component transfer functions, combinations of 4 out of 8 piezoceramic actuators and 8 out of 462 microphone locations were evaluated against predicted performance. A combinatorial optimization technqiue call tabu search was employed to select the optimum transducer arrays. Three test frequencies represent the cases of a strong acoustic and strong structural response, a weak acoustic and strong structural response and a strong acoustic and weak structural response. Noise reduction was obtained using a Time Averaged/Gradient Descent (TAGD) controller. Results indicate that the optimization technique successfully predicted best and worst case performance. An enhancement of the TAGD control algorithm was also evaluated. The principal components of the actuator/sensor transfer functions were used in the PC-TAGD controller. The principal components are shown to be independent of each other while providing control as effective as the standard TAGD.
A Bayesian Approach to Multicollinearity and the Simultaneous Selection and Clustering of Predictors in Linear Regression

Abstract High correlation among predictors has long been an annoyance in regression analysis. The crux of the problem is that the linear regression model assumes each predictor has an independent effect on the response that can be encapsulated in the predictor's regression coefficient. When predictors are highly correlated, the data do not contain much information on the independent effects of each predictor. The high correlation among predictors can result in large standard errors for the regression coefficients and coefficients with signs opposite of what is expected based on a priori, subject-matter theory. We propose a Bayesian model that accounts for correlation among the predictors by simultaneously performing selection and clustering of the predictors. Our model combines a Dirichlet process prior and a variable selection prior for the regression coefficients. In our model highly correlated predictors can be grouped together by setting their corresponding coefficients exactly equal. Similarly, redun...
Confidence estimation for information extraction

Information extraction techniques automatically create structured databases from unstructured data sources, such as the Web or newswire documents. Despite the successes of these systems, accuracy will always be imperfect. For many reasons, it is highly desirable to accurately estimate the confidence the system has in the correctness of each extracted field. The information extraction system we evaluate is based on a linear-chain conditional random field (CRF), a probabilistic model which has performed well on information extraction tasks because of its ability to capture arbitrary, overlapping features of the input in a Markov model. We implement several techniques to estimate the confidence of both extracted fields and entire multi-field records, obtaining an average precision of 98% for retrieving correct fields and 87% for multi-field records.
Soil–plant N processes in a High Arctic ecosystem, NW Greenland are altered by long‐term experimental warming and higher rainfall

Rapid temperature and precipitation changes in High Arctic tundra ecosystems are altering the biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), but in ways that are difficult to predict. The challenge grows from the uncertainty of N cycle responses and the extent to which shifts in soil N are coupled with the C cycle and productivity of tundra systems. We used a long-term (since 2003) experiment of summer warming and supplemental summer water additions to a High Arctic ecosystem in NW Greenland, and applied a combination of discrete sampling and in situ soil core incubations to measure C and N pools and seasonal microbial processes that might control plant-available N. We hypothesized that elevated temperature and increased precipitation would stimulate microbial activity and net inorganic N mineralization, thereby increasing plant N-availability through the growing season. While we did find increased N mineralization rates under both global change scenarios, water addition also significantly increased net nitrification rates, loss of NO3 (-) -N via leaching, and lowered rates of labile organic N production. We also expected the chronic warming and watering would lead to long-term changes in soil N-cycling that would be reflected in soil δ(15) N values. We found that soil δ(15) N decreased under the different climate change scenarios. Our results suggest that temperature accelerates biological processes and existing C and N transformations, but moisture increases soil hydraulic connectivity and so alters the pathways, and changes the fate of the products of C and N transformations. In addition, our findings indicate that warmer, wetter High Arctic tundra will be cycling N and C in ways that may transform these landscapes in part leading to greater C sequestration, but simultaneously, N losses from the upper soil profile that may be transported to depth dissolved in water and or transported off site in lateral flow.
Statistical method for checking the density of silica

As a result of our investigations for the first time we were able to develop a method for determining the density without breaking silica products, based on the use of correlation relationships between density and group I parameters, the permitted limits of which can be determined by the control chart method.
Matrix metalloproteinase-1 therapy improves muscle healing.

Muscle undergoes time-dependent phases of healing after injury, which ultimately results in residual fibrosis in the injured area. The use of exogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may improve ...