cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A test for second-order stationarity of a time series based on the discrete Fourier transform

We consider a zero mean discrete time series, and define its discrete Fourier transform at the canonical frequencies. It can be shown that the discrete Fourier transform is asymptotically uncorrelated at the canonical frequencies if and if only the time series is second order stationary. Exploiting this important property, we construct a Portmanteau type test statistic for testing stationarity of the time series. It is shown that under the null of stationarity, the test statistic is approximately a chi square distribution. To examine the power of the test statistic, the asymptotic distribution under the locally stationary alternative is established. It is shown to be a generalised noncentral chi-square, where the noncentrality parameter measures the deviation from stationarity. The test is illustrated with simulations, where is it shown to have good power.
Rate coefficients for the reactions of OH radicals with Methylglyoxal and Acetaldehyde

Rate coefficients have been measured for the reaction of OH radicals with methylglyoxal from 260 to 333 K using the discharge flow technique and laser-induced fluorescence detection of OH. The rate coefficient was found to be (1.32±0.30) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at room temperature, with a distinct negative temperature dependence (E/R of −830 ± 300 K). These are the first measurements of the temperature dependence of this reaction. The reaction of OH with acetaldehyde was also investigated, and a rate coefficient of (1.45 ± 0.25) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was found at room temperature, in accord with recent studies. Experiments in which O2 was added to the flow showed regeneration of OH following the reaction of CH3CO radicals with O2. However, chamber experiments at atmospheric pressure using FTIR detection showed no evidence for OH production. FTIR experiments have also been used to investigate the chemistry of the CH3COCO radical formed by hydrogen abstraction from methylglyoxal. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sequential quality control of a machining process

A machining process produces a batch of n units every time period. At the end of the period, the units are inspected. Based on the inspection and the quality data as well as the system history, a decision is made as to whether or not the process is in control. If not, the process is "revised", in terms of machine recalibration, maintenance, or repair. In the presence of inspection cost, there is also the need to decide whether or not to inspect the produced batch. The authors formulate the problem as Markov decision programs, considering both discounted and average costs, and prove the optimality of certain threshold policies.
Analysis of feedback systems with structured uncertainties

The paper introduces a general approach for analysing linear systems with structured uncertainty based on a new generalised spectral theory for matrices. The results of the paper naturally extend techniques based on singular values and eliminate their most serious difficulties.
Are There Treatment Duration Differences in the Seattle and Denver Income Maintenance Experiments

This paper re-examines the labor supply responses in the Seattle and Denver Income Maintenance Experiments (SIME/DIME). Specifically, the original experimental results show a significantly larger labor supply response for men and women from dual-headed households in the five-year Negative Income Tax (NIT) treatment relative to those in the three-year NIT treatment. Although typically thought of only as an NIT experiment, the SIME/DIME also included a job training experiment that enrolled roughly 60 percent of households, including both NIT treatment and control households. The original empirical specification imposed strong assumptions on the treatment response to the job training experiment in order to increase the precision of the estimated parameters. Once these assumptions are relaxed, the labor supply differences between men in the three- and five-year NIT treatments fall by over 50 percent in magnitude and become statistically insignificant. The analogous differences for women are almost entirely explained by these specification changes. Whereas the original findings of the SIME/DIME were inconsistent with the standard life-cycle labor supply model, the results of the re-analysis are mostly consistent with the model.
Book Review: Emotions At Work: Theory, Research and Applications for Management

Emotions At Work: Theory, Research and Applications for Management, edited by Roy L. Payne and Cary L. Cooper. Chichester, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2006. ISBN: 0470023007
A Finding List of Faint UV-Bright Stars in the Galactic Plane. VII.

Five plates from the Sandage two-color survey of the Galactic plane have been examined, yielding 161 UV-bright sources and one potential new planetary nebula. The plates were obtained using the Palomar 48 inch (1.2 m) Oschin Schmidt telescope, and each covers a field of view of 43 deg 2 . The plates were centered at the Galactic longitude (l) and latitude (b) coordinates (13 .1, 0), (104 .1, 0), (128, 0), (179, 0), and (179, 6). Identified sources range in color from to ∼1.2, and in magnitude
Phosphorus dynamics in selected wetlands and streams of the lake Okeechobee Basin

Lake Okeechobee is becoming increasingly eutrophic, presumably due to P loading from numerous dairy operations in the Lake's northern drainage basin. Phosphorus released from this basin is transported through canals, streams, and wetlands before its discharge into the lake. This paper summarizes the results of several studies on P dynamics in wetlands and stream sediments in the Lake Okeechobee Basin with primary focus on P interaction with soil/sediment-water column and vegetation. Stream sediments and wetland soils in the basin were characterized for labile and non-labile pools of P. The labile inorganic P (Pi) pool (KCl-extractable) accounted for 0.1 to 2.3% and 0.1 to 0.7% of the total P in sediments and wetland soils, respectively. The NaOH extractable Pi, representing the P associated with Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, was the dominant Pi in both stream sediments and wetland soils (accounting for up to 71 and 43% total P, respectively). The NaOH-Po (humic and fulvic acid associated organic P) is considered resistant to biological breakdown and accounted for 6 to 56% of total P. Stream sediments showed higher buffer intensity for P sorption than wetlands. Phosphate sorption capacity (Smax) and buffer intensity (Kd-adsorption coefficient) were highly correlated with oxalate extractable [Fe + Al] and total organic carbon (TOC) suggesting P sorption is associated with amorphous and weakly crystalline forms of Fe and Al, and/or complexed with organic matter. Phosphorus assimilation in vegetation was found to be short-term and dependent upon plant species, P loading, and wetland hydrology. Decomposition of detrital tissue resulted in rapid release of P into the water column. Phosphorus release was rapid during decomposition of floating macrophytes, as compared to herbaceous vegetation. Phosphorus retention coefficients were positively correlated with oxalate extractable Fe and Al content of soils and sediments. The average EPCw (threshold P concentration in the water column where P retention = P release) for stream sediments was 0.10 mg p l−1 and 0.42 mg P l−1 for wetland soils. The stability of the P retained was regulated by the physico-chemical properties of the soils and sediments.
The ASSET client interface: balancing high level specification with low level control

This paper describes an advanced client interface for spacecraft operations. This interface permits system clients to specify operations at a level of abstraction relevant to their experience, need, and desire. The interface encourages high-level specification of desired products in which only the relevant product attributes are described. This mode is simple, convenient, and promotes system level flexibility through the elimination of unnecessary constraints. More sophisticated clients may augment this process with lower level directions that mandate particular command and telemetry operations or constrain specific operational variables.
Self-control, differential association, and gang membership: A theoretical and empirical extension of the literature

Using data gathered from a sample of two hundred jail inmates housed in a large California city, this research extends the still nascent literature on the self-control/gang membership association. The article begins by first articulating more comprehensively than earlier research Gottfredson and Hirschi's theoretical justification for expecting a self-control/gang membership link. Next, an examination is undertaken of the relative independent influences on gang membership of self-control and a series of measures, derived from differential association theory, that mainly tap familial gang involvement. On the whole, logistic regression models suggested that self-control exerted an effect on gang membership that was almost entirely independent of, but also modest in comparison to, familial gang involvement effects, although the results also indicated the insignificance of self-control upon controlling for a series of differential association measures. Finally, theoretical implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are offered.
An evaluation of CMOS adders in deep submicron processes

An evaluation of various adders that are representative of different CMOS logic design styles is carried out for nanoscale CMOS technologies using a Predictive Technology Model from [1]. The adders under consideration are the static CMOS mirror adder, the Complementary Pass-transistor Logic (CPL) adder, the Transmission Gate Adder (TGA), and the Hybrid-CMOS adder (HCMOS). The adders are evaluated in terms of delay, power dissipation, voltage scalability, and area. Because scaling of the voltage supply to less than 1 V results in gate overdrive factors of less than 0.5 V, it is found that adders that maintain the optimum signal paths for both high and low signals (the mirror and TGA adders) had the best performance metrics when scaled to the deep submicron regime. The adders that rely upon PMOS feedback for signal restoration (the CPL and HCMOS designs) experienced significant degradation in performance at low power supply voltages.
Type II diabetes increases mitochondrial DNA mutations in the left ventricle of the Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rat

Mitochondrial dysfunction has a significant role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mitochondrial oxidant stress has been accepted as the singular cause of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage as an underlying cause of mitochondrial dysfunction. However, separate from a direct effect on mtDNA integrity, diabetic-induced increases in oxidant stress alter mitochondrial topoisomerase function to propagate mtDNA mutations as a contributor to mitochondrial dysfunction. Both glucose-challenged neonatal cardiomyocytes and the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat were studied. In both the GK left ventricle (LV) and in cardiomyocytes, chronically elevated glucose presentation induced a significant increase in mtDNA damage that was accompanied by decreased mitochondrial function. TTGE analysis revealed a number of base pair substitutions in the 3' end of COX3 from GK LV mtDNA that significantly altered the protein sequence. Mitochondrial topoisomerase DNA cleavage activity in isolated mitochondria was significantly increased in the GK LV compared with Wistar controls. Both hydroxycamptothecin, a topoisomerase type 1 inhibitor, and doxorubicin, a topoisomerase type 2 inhibitor, significantly exacerbated the DNA cleavage activity of isolated mitochondrial extracts indicating the presence of multiple functional topoisomerases in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial topoisomerase function was significantly altered in the presence of H2O2 suggesting that separate from a direct effect on mtDNA, oxidant stress mediated type II diabetes-induced alterations of mitochondrial topoisomerase function. These findings are significant in that the activation/inhibition state of the mitochondrial topoisomerases will have important consequences for mtDNA integrity and the well being of the diabetic myocardium.
Structural model of the transmembrane Fo rotary sector of H+-transporting ATP synthase derived by solution NMR and intersubunit cross-linking in situ

H(+)-transporting, F(1)F(o)-type ATP synthases utilize a transmembrane H(+) potential to drive ATP formation by a rotary catalytic mechanism. ATP is formed in alternating beta subunits of the extramembranous F(1) sector of the enzyme, synthesis being driven by rotation of the gamma subunit in the center of the F(1) molecule between the alternating catalytic sites. The H(+) electrochemical potential is thought to drive gamma subunit rotation by first coupling H(+) transport to rotation of an oligomeric rotor of c subunits within the transmembrane F(o) sector. The gamma subunit is forced to turn with the c-oligomeric rotor due to connections between subunit c and the gamma and epsilon subunits of F(1). In this essay we will review recent studies on the Escherichia coli F(o) sector. The monomeric structure of subunit c, determined by NMR, shows that subunit c folds in a helical hairpin with the proton carrying Asp(61) centered in the second transmembrane helix (TMH). A model for the structural organization of the c(10) oligomer in F(o) was deduced from extensive cross-linking studies and by molecular modeling. The model indicates that the H(+)-carrying carboxyl of subunit c is occluded between neighboring subunits of the c(10) oligomer and that two c subunits pack in a "front-to-back" manner to form the H(+) (cation) binding site. In order for protons to gain access to Asp(61) during the protonation/deprotonation cycle, we propose that the outer, Asp(61)-bearing TMH-2s of the c-ring and TMHs from subunits composing the inlet and outlet channels must turn relative to each other, and that the swiveling motion associated with Asp(61) protonation/deprotonation drives the rotation of the c-ring. The NMR structures of wild-type subunit c differs according to the protonation state of Asp(61). The idea that the conformational state of subunit c changes during the catalytic cycle is supported by the cross-linking evidence in situ, and two recent NMR structures of functional mutant proteins in which critical residues have been switched between TMH-1 and TMH-2. The structural information is considered in the context of the possible mechanism of rotary movement of the c(10) oligomer during coupled synthesis of ATP.
Infrared Study of the Dynamics of Adsorbed Species During Co Hydrogenation

Abstract The dynamics of adsorbed species on Rh/SiO2 catalyst during CO hydrogenation to form methane was studied using in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy combined with steady-state isotopic transient and pulsing CO methods. In situ IR spectra and transient responses reveal that gaseous CO rapidly exchanges with adsorbed CO and hydrogenation of CHx intermediate is the rate-determining step under steady-state conditions. Compartment modeling and site distribution analysis of the transient responses show that CHx is hydrogenated to CH4 with a bimodal distribution of the rate constant. When CO is pulsed into H2 flow, CO dissociation is the rate-determining step and linear CO depletes faster than bridged CO. The rate-determining step for methanation is a delicate balance of intermediate concentrations, surface intrinsic properties, and reaction conditions. Mechanistic and kinetic studies of catalytic reactions have to be performed under practical reactor conditions.
TCT-410 Arteriotomy Location Guided by Fluoroscopy Plus Real-time Ultrasound: In Defense of the Femoral Approach

Vascular complications are increased by puncture above or below the common femoral artery (CFA). The FAUST study showed that real-time ultrasound guidance (USG) modestly increased accuracy over fluoroscopic guidance (86.4% vs 83.3% CFA punctures) and decreased vascular complications. We hypothesized
A Theory of Secondary Qualities

The secondary qualities are those qualities of objects that bear a certain relation to our sensory powers: roughly, they are those qualities that we can readily detect only through a certain distinctive phenomenal experience. Contrary to what is sometimes supposed, there is nothing about the world itself (independent of our minds) that determines the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Instead, a theory of the secondary qualities must be grounded in facts about how we conceive of these qualities, and ultimately in facts about human perception.
Government Deficits and Inflation in Brazil: The Experience During 1948-1964

A re-examination of the Aghevli-Khan model developed at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) revealed that the specification of the money supply function provided an unconvincing test of the link between government deficits and monetary growth. Their specification of the money supply function was found to be, for all practical purposes, an identity thereby explaining little. Furthermore, they also assumed that the impact of changes in the fiscal deficit on the monetary base was independent of other variables in the money supply function which were therefore treated as exogenous by the model. We respecified the model casting the money supply equation as a function of the fiscal deficit only -- a formulation testing the hypothesis that deficits were largely financed through money creation. This confirmed the thesis that in a period characterized by financial repression, the government could not tap domestic savings adequately to be able to finance the deficits in a non-inflationary manner. Instead, the government had to rely almost exclusively on credits from the monetary authorities to finance its budget deficits. The reformulated dynamic simulation model confirmed that the inflation thus generated further widened the deficits due to the asymmetrical adjustment of government expenditures and revenues to inflation. This vindicated the IMF model but that vindication only held under the limiting condition of the pure money finance of government deficits. Non-inflationary financing of government deficits would break the vicious-cycle hypothesis not only for Brazil but for other countries as well.
Comparison of Urinary Modified Nucleosides and Bases in Rats with Hepatomas and Nephroblastomas

It has been known for more than 20 years that patients with cancer excrete greater than normal amounts of purine and pyrimidine derivatives in their urines (Adams et al. 1960; Park et al. 1962). The unmodified purine derivatives, adenine and guanine, are normally metabolized to uric acid, but in some instances they are not metabolized further and may be excreted or recycled into nucleic acids. The unmodified pyrimidine derivatives, cytosine and uracil, are usually degraded and excreted as ammonia and urea, but recycling and excretion may occur. It was not until the pioneering studies by Borek and his students on tRNA methyltransferases (Fleissner and Borek 1963) that the methylated nucleosides in the urine were shown to be derived from tRNA (Mandel et al. 1966). More recently, using more sensitive techniques, several groups of investigators have reported increased levels of modified nucleosides in urines from patients with cancer (Hogan et al. 1970; Waalkes et al. 1973; Mrochek et al. 1974; Senftleber et al. 1976; Davis et al. 1977; Gehrke et al. 1978; Speer et al. 1979; Hartwick et al. 1980). The increased levels of most modified nucleosides and bases in urine of hosts with neoplasms have been attributed to an increased rate of turnover of tRNA in cancer tissue (Borek et al. 1977). The evidence to date suggests that modified nucleosides or bases are not metabolized further and are quantitatively excreted into the urine (Weissman et al. 1962; Dlugajczyk and Eiler 1966). More than 20 modified nucleosides have been isolated from human urine (Chedda 1975).
Intracisternal antisense oligonucleotides to TRH receptor abolish TRH-evoked gastric motor excitation

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the nucleus raphe obscurus (nROb) innervates the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and activates gastric motor function. Assessment of the importance of TRH has been hampered by the lack of TRH receptor antagonists. To overcome this, rats were given intracisternal antisense oligonucleotides against the first 18 bases of TRH receptor mRNA, mismatch oligonucleotides, or saline. Rats were anesthetized, and L-glutamate (15 nmol), TRH (1 and 10 pmol), and saline were microinjected into the DVC and nROb while gastric motor function was monitored. Intracisternal TRH mRNA antisense oligonucleotides abolished the gastric excitatory affects of microinjection of TRH, but not L-glutamate, into the DVC, and the response to TRH recovered after 2 wk of no antisense treatment. Chemical stimulation of the nROb increased intragastric pressure in saline- and mismatch- but not antisense-treated animals. These studies demonstrate that intracisternal TRH receptor antisense oligonucleotides produce a selective and reversible "knockdown" of responsiveness to exogenous TRH in the DVC, as well as to excitation of an endogenous TRH pathway controlling gastric function. It also provides a new tool for assessment of TRH pathways in hindbrain control of gastric function.
Plasma glutamine and oxypurine content in patients with gout.

SummaryPlasma glutamine and oxypurine levels were studied in a group of 10 control and 10 gouty subjects. No differences could be observed in the plasma glutamine content between the 2 groups. Plasma oxypurine level was clearly elevated in only one gouty subject. This study fails to confirm a previous report of abnormally low levels of glutamine and markedly high levels of oxypurines in blood of patients with gout.
Genome Sequence of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium columnare Genomovar II Strain 94-081.

ABSTRACT Flavobacterium columnare causes columnaris disease in fresh and brackish water worldwide. F. columnare strain 94-081 was isolated from a diseased channel catfish in 1994; its genome sequence is the first completed genomovar II sequence.
Respiratory distress syndrome.

Respiratory distress syndrome is still the most common cause of death in premature infants. During the past decade, major advances in understanding its pathophysiology has made prevention feasible, and development of new modalities of treatment has significantly reduced its mortality rate. However, as expected, complications related to the disease and the various forms of treatment have increased. This review highlights pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and complications.
User-interface design for MIMO LTI human-automation systems through sensor placement

We propose a method for user-interface design for a MIMO LTI human-automation system by solving a corresponding sensor placement problem. We derive suitable metrics for optimization by transforming human factors guidelines for human-automation interaction into objective functions and constraints. We consider operation under 1) both nominal and off-nominal conditions, which have vastly different user requirements, and 2) noisy and noise-free sensors. The resulting optimization problems are combinatorial. We analyze optimal solutions, and provide algorithms to construct sub-optimal solutions when optimal solutions are not readily available. We apply this method to the problem of designing a user-interface for the remote operation of a fleet of UAVs.
Reliable storage and recall of aperiodic spatiotemporal activity patterns using scaffolded attractors

Spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity have increasingly come to be seen as important for encoding information in the nervous system, motivating the development of various neurocomputational models. In this paper, we present a simple recurrent neural network model motivated by the need to understand the basis of voluntary motor control. For a given individual, any specific voluntary movement is ultimately encoded as an aperiodic spatiotemporal pattern of activation across a set of muscles, and presumably in spinal and cortical, motor neurons. Over time, such patterns can become stereotypical for the individual, and determine the “style” of specific movements - e.g., how they walk or write an “A”. Experimental studies also indicate that these activity patterns may themselves be constructed as linear combinations of a few fixed spatiotemporal basis patterns of activity called motor synergies. For this to work, it is essential that neural systems be able to represent spatiotemporal activity patterns that are stimulus-specific, aperiodic (i.e., not rhythmic), transient (i.e., lasting only briefly), and robust (i.e., at least somewhat tolerant of errors and noise). The model we describe achieves this by using the dynamics of a recurrent neural network with two classes of primary neurons: Fast neurons that rapidly identify the patterns to be produced based on the stimulus and set up a “scaffolding” for it; and slow neurons that eventually instantiate the relevant spatiotemporal activity pattern. We show that this minimal system exhibits many of the properties needed for the flexible construction of complex, aperiodic movements.
Improved regulatory element prediction based on tissue-specific local epigenomic signatures

Accurate enhancer identification is critical for understanding the spatiotemporal transcriptional regulation during development as well as the functional impact of disease-related noncoding genetic variants. Computational methods have been developed to predict the genomic locations of active enhancers based on histone modifications, but the accuracy and resolution of these methods remain limited. Here, we present an algorithm, regulatory element prediction based on tissue-specific local epigenetic marks (REPTILE), which integrates histone modification and whole-genome cytosine DNA methylation profiles to identify the precise location of enhancers. We tested the ability of REPTILE to identify enhancers previously validated in reporter assays. Compared with existing methods, REPTILE shows consistently superior performance across diverse cell and tissue types, and the enhancer locations are significantly more refined. We show that, by incorporating base-resolution methylation data, REPTILE greatly improves upon current methods for annotation of enhancers across a variety of cell and tissue types. REPTILE is available at https://github.com/yupenghe/REPTILE/.
Induction of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Prostate Cancer Cells by Dovitinib (TKI-258) and its Therapeutic Implications

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men with an estimated mortality of more than 26,000 in 2016 alone. Aggressive and metastatic tumors are treated with androgen deprivation therapies (ADT); however, the tumors acquire resistance and develop into lethal castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). With the advent of better therapeutics, the incidences of a more aggressive neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) variant continue to emerge. Although de novo occurrences of NEPC are rare, more than 25% of the therapy-resistant patients on highly potent new-generation anti-androgen therapies end up with NEPC. This, along with previous observations of an increase in the number of such NE cells in aggressive tumors, has been suggested as a mechanism of resistance development during prostate cancer progression. Dovitinib (TKI-258/CHIR-258) is a pan receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that targets VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, and KIT. It has shown efficacy in mouse-model of PCa bone metastasis, and is presently in clinical trials for several cancers. We observed that both androgen receptor (AR) positive and AR-negative PCa cells differentiate into a NE phenotype upon treatment with Dovitinib. The NE differentiation was also observed when mice harboring PC3-xenografted tumors were systemically treated with Dovitinib. The mechanistic underpinnings of this differentiation are unclear, but seem to be supported through MAPK-, PI3K-, and Wnt-signaling pathways. Further elucidation of the differentiation process will enable the identification of alternative salvage or combination therapies to overcome the potential resistance development.
What You See is What You Get? Enhancing Methodological Transparency in Management Research

We review the literature on evidence-based best practices on how to enhance methodological transparency, which is the degree of detail and disclosure about the specific steps, decisions, and judgme...
One-step synthesis of carbohydrate esters as antibacterial and antifungal agents

Carbohydrate esters are biodegradable, and the degraded adducts are naturally occurring carbohydrates and fatty acids which are environmentally friendly and non-toxic to human. A simple one-step regioselective acylation of mono-carbohydrates has been developed that leads to the synthesis of a wide range of carbohydrate esters. Screening of these acylated carbohydrates revealed that several compounds were active against a panel of bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum. Unlike prior studies on carbohydrate esters that focus only on antibacterial applications, our compounds are found to be active against both bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, the synthetic methodology is suitable to scale-up production for a variety of acylated carbohydrates. The identified lead compound, MAN014, can be used as an antimicrobial in applications such as food processing and preservation and for treatment of bacterial and fungal diseases in animals and plants.
Surprise, Recipes for Surprise, and Social Influence

Surprising people can provide an opening for influencing them. Surprises garner attention, are arousing, are memorable, and can prompt shifts in understanding. Less noted is that, as a result, surprises can serve to persuade others by leading them to shifts in attitudes. Furthermore, because stories, pictures, and music can generate surprises and those can be widely shared, surprise can have broad social influence. People also tend to share surprising items with others, as anyone on social media has discovered. This means that in addition to broadcasting surprising information, surprising items can also spread through networks. The joint result is that surprise not only has individual effects on beliefs and attitudes but also collective effects on the content of culture. Items that generate surprise need not be random or accidental. There are predictable methods or recipes for generating surprise. One such recipe is discussed, the repetition-break plot structure, to explore the psychological and social possibilities of examining surprise. Recipes for surprise offer a useful means for understanding how surprise works and offer prospects for harnessing surprise to a wide array of ends.
The Biology, Clinical Significance and Control of the Common Snake Mite, Ophionyssus natricis, in Captive Reptiles

ABSTRACT The common snake mite, Ophionyssus natricis (Parasitiformes: Macronyssidae), is a blood feeding, mesostigmatid mite that parasitizes reptiles. Anemia, dehydration, dermatitis, and several blood-borne infectious diseases have been linked to infestations (Camin, 1948Camin, 1953, Chiodini, et al, 1983). Severe pruritic dermatitis has been reported in humans bitten by Ophionyssus natricis (Schultz, 1975, Beck, 1996). All levels of Ophionyssus natricis infestation should be considered a serious problem worthy of prompt treatment. This article describes the general morphology, biology, and behavior of each life stage and discusses the components of an integrated control and prevention program for the maintenance of mite-free snake collections.
The Leader as an Architect

As stated in the introduction to this section, Peter Senge in the Fifth Discipline asked organization leaders to consider that the most “influential” position on a ship might not be the captain, but rather the ship’s architect. In this chapter, we draw upon examples from a variety of settings, ranging from the history of ship design, revolutionary ideas tried out in the built environment (buildings, urban design, etc.) by Frank Lloyd Wright, to more recent and agile instantiations of architecture in the software industry. In doing so, we argue that to an organization engaged in distributed innovation needs leadership at multiple levels within many organizations. To an extent, every innovation leader in such settings inherently plays the role of an architect by exploiting emerging scientific capabilities, by having the vision for change, and by purposefully decomposing and integrating the interactions among key human elements on behalf of developers and customers during the innovation process.
Hearing impairment after acute bacterial meningitis in children.

Objective To determine the incidence of hearing loss after acute episode of meningitis in children. Methods A descriptive study carried out in the Department of Pediatric Medicine of The Children's Hospital Lahore, Pakistan from January 2014 to July 2016. A total of 175 children one month to 13 years of age admitted with diagnosis of meningitis were included. Complete blood count, CSF cytology, biochemistry and culture sensitivity were sent. CT scan brain was done if required. Hearing assessment was done two weeks after admission using otoacoustic emissions in the patients having normal tympanogram. Hearing impairment was classified as sensorineural if otoacoustic emissions were absent while tympanometry was normal. Results Of 175 children, 58% were males and 42% were females. Mean age was 2.1 years. Orientation as assessed by Glasgow comma scale (GCS) was normal in 63% while 5% had GCS<8 and 32% had GCS between 8 and 15. Signs of meningeal irritation were seen in 58% while focal signs only in 4%. In 15 % cases CT scan was done, out of which 73% showed abnormal findings. Otoacoustic emissions were absent in 22% of cases. Risk factors of hearing deficit were stay duration of more than 10 days (p=0.04), low GCS at presentation (p=0.009) and meningitis with complications (p=0.008). Conclusion The frequency of hearing loss is 22% following acute episode of meningitis which necessitates the need for implementation of screening assessment after meningitis in Pakistan. Prolonged stay, low GCS and complicated meningitis are risk factors for hearing impairment.
Architecture and Implementation of a Clinical Research Data Warehouse for Prostate Cancer

Background: Electronic health record (EHR) based research in oncology can be limited by missing data and a lack of structured data elements. Clinical research data warehouses for specific cancer types can enable the creation of more robust research cohorts. Methods: We linked data from the Stanford University EHR with the Stanford Cancer Institute Research Database (SCIRDB) and the California Cancer Registry (CCR) to create a research data warehouse for prostate cancer. The database was supplemented with information from clinical trials, natural language processing of clinical notes and surveys on patient-reported outcomes. Results: 11,898 unique prostate cancer patients were identified in the Stanford EHR, of which 3,936 were matched to the Stanford cancer registry and 6153 in the CCR. 7158 patients with EHR data and at least one of SCIRDB and CCR data were initially included in the warehouse. Conclusions: A disease-specific clinical research data warehouse combining multiple data sources can facilitate secondary data use and enhance observational research in oncology.
Assessment of first wall lifetime in D-3He and D-T reactors with impact on reactor availability

The neutron yield in a D-{sup 3}He reactor is much lower than that in a D-T reactor of equivalent power. Therefore, the rate of neutron damage and gas production in the first wall of D-{sup 3}He reactors is lower by more than an order of magnitude. Whereas different structural materials proposed for use in commercial fusion reactors will last the reactor lifetime of 30 full power years in a D-{sup 3}He reactor, frequent replacement of the first wall and blanket will be required during the lifetime of a D-T power reactor. The blanket modules may require 30 replacements depending on the material used and the maximum allowable damage level. The down time required for replacement of the first wall and blanket in a D-T reactor will impact the reactor availability and consequently the cost of electricity. It appears that a D-{sup 3}He reactor should have a 10% advantage in availability over a D-T reactor.
The continuing evolution of an estrogen-receptor model.

A working hypothesis of the mechanism of action of estrogenic hormones similar to that shown in Fig. 1 was first suggested a number of years ago. Reports from our laboratory (1,2) as well as from Elwood Jensen’s (3), suggested that an estrogen-binding protein initially present in the cytosol moved into the nucleus as a result of the interaction with estrogen. The cytoplasmic protein which binds estrogen in uterine cells had all the attributes required of a physiological receptor. These attributes include a highly specific interaction with physiologically active estrogens such as estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and estriol, but not with androgens, progestins, or glucocorticoids (U,5). The affinity of the estrogens was high, described by the equilibrium dissociation constant as approximately 10-10 to 10-9 M (2), and appropriate for physiological concentrations of estrogens, which are 10-10 to 10-9 M in the plasma of non-pregnant females of most species (6). The binding protein was present in detectable concentrations in the uterus, vagina, other parts of the reproductive tract, and pituitary; but was present in extremely low concentrations in other tissues.
Low Temperature Strengthening of Austenitic Stainless Steels with Nitrogen and Carbon

Austenitic steels have been used extensively in the construction of superconducting magnets. To restrain high field forces in the support structures, stronger alloys than the conventional AISI 300 series stainless steels must be developed and characterized for use at liquid helium temperatures. These stronger alloys must also retain adequate low temperature toughness. In the past few years there have been several studies of high-N 18Cr-9Ni austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304LN, 304N, and higher N alloys). They demonstrate that N and C additions significantly raise the strength of the steels at low temperatures.
A Decade after Institutionalization: Educators' Perspectives of Structured English Immersion.

In 2006, Arizona ELL Task Force implemented Structured English Immersion (SEI) within its public schools to educate emergent bilingual (EB) students. Although prior research has demonstrated limitations of SEI, we investigate whether institutionalization has improved its implementation and outcomes using coordinators’ and teachers’ responses from a statewide summit. Analyses of responses for each of the research questions uncovered that SEI was viewed as providing ease of implementation, but there were several obstacles introduced: (1) limitations to curricular access and correlation to standards; (2) deficit model; (3) limited access to language acquisition; (4) limited access to high school graduation; (5) issues with language assessment; (6) classification concerns; (7) classroom segregation; and (8) lack of teacher preparation for instruction. Respondents asserted that changes were needed in SEI and standards, teacher endorsement and pedagogy, and assessment to support EB learning and language acquisition. We discuss the resulting themes against extant literature, and provide policy recommendations.
Assessing the Capacity of DRDoS-For-Hire Services in Cybercrime Markets

Over the last few years the market for distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks has changed from a pay-per-attack model executed by botnets, to a subscription service of booters and stressers w...
What I learned from this book I wrote: a rejoinder by Karida L. Brown

Stories matter.In a way, we are all simply an accumulation of the stories that we speak over ourselves, and of the stories others continue to tell and retell about us. It is very much a part of the...
Maladaptive Contractility of 3D Human Cardiac Microtissues to Mechanical Nonuniformity

Cardiac tissues are able to adjust their contractile behavior to adapt to the local mechanical environment. Nonuniformity of the native tissue mechanical properties contributes to the development of heart dysfunctions, yet the current in vitro cardiac tissue models often fail to recapitulate the mechanical nonuniformity. To address this issue, a 3D cardiac microtissue model is developed with engineered mechanical nonuniformity, enabled by 3D-printed hybrid matrices composed of fibers with different diameters. When escalating the complexity of tissue mechanical environments, cardiac microtissues start to develop maladaptive hypercontractile phenotypes, demonstrated in both contractile motion analysis and force-power analysis. This novel hybrid system could potentially facilitate the establishment of "pathologically-inspired" cardiac microtissue models for deeper understanding of heart pathology due to nonuniformity of the tissue mechanical environment.
A Model-Based, Decision-Theoretic Perspective on Automated Cyber Response

Cyber-attacks can occur at machine speeds that are far too fast for human-in-the-loop (or sometimes on-the-loop) decision making to be a viable option. Although human inputs are still important, a defensive Artificial Intelligence (AI) system must have considerable autonomy in these circumstances. When the AI system is model-based, its behavior responses can be aligned with risk-aware cost/benefit tradeoffs that are defined by user-supplied preferences that capture the key aspects of how human operators understand the system, the adversary and the mission. This paper describes an approach to automated cyber response that is designed along these lines. We combine a simulation of the system to be defended with an anytime online planner to solve cyber defense problems characterized as partially observable Markov decision problems (POMDPs).
1184-P: Factors Associated with HbA1c of Less Than 8% among Patients Initiated with Metformin and SGLT2 Inhibitor Dual Therapy in the United States

Background: Metformin is the first line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a novel class of oral antidiabetic agents. We aimed to understand factors associated with attaining the HbA1c threshold of Methods: Observational, retrospective cohort study in adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients from IQVIA EMR database. Observation period was June 2015 to June 2018. Patients needed to initiate SGLT2i and metformin without other antihyperglycemic agents. The impact of sociodemographic factors on achievement of HbA1c Results: Of 3491 patients in the final cohort, 2176 (62.3%) achieved HbA1c Conclusion: In the real world in the U.S., 62% of patients treated with metformin and an SGLT2i had an HbA1c Disclosure D. Lautsch: Employee; Self; Merck & Co., Inc. L. Yang: Employee; Self; Merck & Co., Inc. S. Rajpathak: Employee; Self; Menarini Group. N. Bansal: None. N. Kathe: None. Funding Merck & Co., Inc.
The impact of a cascade testing video on recipients' knowledge, cognitive message processing, and affective reactions: A formative evaluation.

Cascade genetic testing is essential to clarify cancer risk in families with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) due to pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA1 or BRCA2. To date, data suggest that family communication of genetic testing results, with or without the aid of clinical resources such as a provider-written family letter, is impacted by multiple barriers. These barriers eventually lead to sub-optimal uptake of cascade genetic testing. We designed a 2-min animated video that a proband can share with relatives to notify them that the proband has tested positive for a pathogenic variant in BRCA1 or BRCA2. We studied the video via hypothetical scenario in an unselected population to simulate the process by which a relative receives unsolicited genetics information about their family member. We assessed the impact of the video on three specific domains: knowledge, cognitive message processing, and affective reactions. A total of 399 participants recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk completed the study, and 373 were analyzed. The video significantly improved content knowledge/recall (p < .0001) from pre- to post-video viewing, indicating effective message communication. Items used to measure cognitive processing showed preliminary tendencies toward systematic message processing, which could be desired in familial communication aimed at initiating a specific action-in this case, cascade genetic testing. A majority of participants (66%) reported positive affective reaction as they indicated that they would feel gratitude if they received the video message from a relative, and did not evidence a negative affective reaction to receiving the information. Our data suggest that a video message can effectively communicate information about cascade genetic testing to potential relatives with as little as two minutes of content. Our data suggest that video messaging to assist family communication is a reasonable approach that increases understanding and is unlikely to cause harm.
Radar Pulse on Pulse Identification Parallel FFT and Power Envelope Algorithm

Identification of pulse radar signals is a crucial component in radar receiver processing. Extracting RF radar pulse information in wideband receivers in a dense and noisy environment without prior knowledge of the signal is challenging in high-risk real-time scenarios. Overlapping radar pulses can create complications in identification by creating interference between the signals, causing loss or hidden information. This paper presents a deinterleaving overlapping radar pulse train process by correlating the pulse descriptor words (PDW) of a power envelope based deinterleaving algorithm with a parallel fast Fourier transform (FFT) based deinterleaving algorithm implemented on an MPSoC FPGA.
Abstract P623: Lipid-Lowering Therapy and Intracerebral Hemorrhage Risk: Comparative Meta-Analysis of Statins and PCSK9 Inhibitors

Background: Statins were shown to increase intracerebral hemorrhage rates in patients with a first cerebrovascular event in 2006 (SPARCL), likely due to off-target antithrombotic effects, but conti...
Nontarget emotional stimuli must be highly conspicuous to modulate the attentional blink

The attentional blink (AB) is often considered a top-down phenomenon because it is triggered by matching an initial target (T1) in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream to a search template. However, the AB is modulated when targets are emotional, and is evoked when a task-irrelevant, emotional critical distractor (CDI) replaces T1. Neither manipulation fully captures the interplay between bottom-up and top-down attention in the AB: Valenced targets intrinsically conflate top-down and bottom-up attention. The CDI approach cannot manipulate second target (T2) valence, which is critical because valenced T2s can "break through" the AB (in the target-manipulation approach). The present research resolves this methodological challenge by indirectly measuring whether a purely bottom-up CDI can modulate report of a subsequent T2. This novel approach adds a valenced CDI to the "classic," two-target AB. Participants viewed RSVP streams containing a T1-CDI pair preceding a variable lag to T2. If the CDI's valence is sufficient to survive the AB, it should modulate T2 performance, indirectly signaling bottom-up capture by an emotional stimulus. Contrary to this prediction, CDI valence only affected the AB when CDIs were also extremely visually conspicuous. Thus, emotional valence alone is insufficient to modulate the AB.
Integrated thin-film lithium niobate non-reciprocal circulator

We demonstrate an integrated electro-optic frequency circulator on thin-film lithium niobate. Our device operates at telecommunications wavelengths, exhibiting frequency conversion and isolation of 37.3 dB, with insertion loss of 3.8 dB.