cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A variational multiscale Newton–Schur approach for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

In the following paper, we present a consistent Newton–Schur (NS) solution approach for variational multiscale formulations of the time-dependent Navier–Stokes equations in three dimensions. The main contributions of this work are a systematic study of the variational multiscale method for three-dimensional problems and an implementation of a consistent formulation suitable for large problems with high nonlinearity, unstructured meshes, and non-symmetric matrices. In addition to the quadratic convergence characteristics of a Newton–Raphson-based scheme, the NS approach increases computational efficiency and parallel scalability by implementing the tangent stiffness matrix in Schur complement form. As a result, more computations are performed at the element level. Using a variational multiscale framework, we construct a two-level approach to stabilizing the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations based on a coarse and fine-scale subproblem. We then derive the Schur complement form of the consistent tangent matrix. We demonstrate the performance of the method for a number of three-dimensional problems for Reynolds number up to 1000 including steady and time-dependent flows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy Efficiency in the Low-SNR Regime under Queueing Constraints and Channel Uncertainty

Energy efficiency of fixed-rate transmissions is studied in the presence of queueing constraints and channel uncertainty. It is assumed that neither the transmitter nor the receiver has channel side information prior to transmission. The channel coefficients are estimated at the receiver via minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) estimation with the aid of training symbols. It is further assumed that the system operates under statistical queueing constraints in the form of limitations on buffer violation probabilities. The optimal fraction of power allocated to training is identified. Spectral efficiency-bit energy tradeoff is analyzed in the low-power and wideband regimes by employing the effective capacity formulation. In particular, it is shown that the bit energy increases without bound in the low-power regime as the average power vanishes. A similar conclusion is reached in the wideband regime if the number of noninteracting subchannels grow without bound with increasing bandwidth. On the other hand, it is proven that if the number of resolvable independent paths and hence the number of noninteracting subchannels remain bounded as the available bandwidth increases, the bit energy diminishes to its minimum value in the wideband regime. For this case, expressions for the minimum bit energy and wideband slope are derived. Overall, energy costs of channel uncertainty and queueing constraints are identified, and the impact of multipath richness and sparsity is determined.
Thiourea-Catalyzed Enantioselective Iso-Pictet–Spengler Reactions

A one-pot condensation of isotryptamines and aldehydes that affords enantiomerically enriched 4-substituted tetrahydro-γ-carbolines is reported. The reaction is induced by a chiral thiourea/benzoic acid dual catalyst system. Purification of the N-Boc-protected products by trituration or crystallization provides the optically pure tetrahydro-γ-carboline derivatives in a scalable and highly practical procedure.
The Effect of Federal Reserve Accounting Rules on the Equilibrium Level of Overnight Repo Rates

This paper addresses whether Federal Reserve Board accounting requirements are sufficiently pervasive to create regularities in government overnight repurchase agreement (repo) rates. US bank settlement regulations allow overnight government repos as substitutes for Federal (Fed) funds. We find that overnight government repos exhibit rate changes and variance regularities consistent with regularities identified in the Fed funds market, which have been shown to result directly from the Federal Reserve regulations and accounting policies governing the US bank settlement process. Thus, we conclude that the overnight government repo rates are influenced in a similar manner by regulatory rules. However, since the rate changes are not large economically, the influence of regulatory accounting practices does not violate the premise of an efficient market.
Solidarity for global health.

This paper introduces a special issue of the journal Bioethics devoted to the exploration of the role of solidarity in health. Papers in the special issue include Solidarity in Contemporary Bioethics – Towards a New Approach by Barbara Prainsack and Alena Buyx; A Dialectic of Cooperation and Competition: Solidarity and Universal Health Care Provision by Samuel Butler; Family Solidarity and Informal Care: The Case of Care for People with Dementia by Ruud ter Meulen and Katherine Wright; Solidarity, Children and Research by Barry Lyons; Altruism or Solidarity? The Motives for Organ Donation and Two Proposals by Ben Saunders; and Global Solidarity, Migration and Global Health Inequality by Lisa Eckenwiler, Christine Straehle, and Ryoa Chung. After reviewing the included papers, the introduction highlights the critical issues that remain if solidarity is to provide a viable normative principle for the distribution of health resources and the analysis of a wide range of bioethical problems. The introduction points in particular to solidarity’s association with partiality as especially problematic, and asks whether solidarity can maintain its forcefulness and efficacy as a guiding principle in a global context if it were stripped of its partiality. Without answering the questions, the introduction presents the special issue as a forum for its illumination.
Natalamycin A, an ansamycin from a termite-associated Streptomyces sp.

We report a preliminary functional and complete structural characterization of a highly unusual geldanamycin analog, natalamycin A, that was isolated from Streptomyces strain M56 recovered from a South African nest of Macrotermes natalensis termites. Bioassay-guided fractionation based on antifungal activity led to the isolation of natalamycin A, and a combination of NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallographic analysis, including highly-accurate quantum-chemical NMR calculations on the largest and most conformationally-flexible system to date, revealed natalamycin A's three-dimensional solid- and solution-state structure. This structure along with the structures of related compounds isolated from the same source suggest a geldanamycin-like biosynthetic pathway with unusual post-PKS modifications.
Do Stock Prices and Volatility Jump? Reconciling Evidence from Spot and Option Prices

This paper examines the empirical performance of jump diffusion models of stock price dynamics from joint options and stock markets data. The paper introduces a model with discontinuous correlated jumps in stock prices and stock price volatility, and with state-dependent arrival intensity. We discuss how to perform likelihoodbased inference based upon joint options/returns data and present estimates of risk premiums for jump and volatility risks. The paper finds that while complex jump specifications add little explanatory power in fitting options data, these models fare better in fitting options and returns data simultaneously. THE STATISTICAL PROPERTIES of stock returns have long been of interest to finan
Extended ethidium bromide analogue as a triple helix intercalator: synthesis, photophysical properties and nucleic acids binding

Ethidium bromide has been extended by fusing an additional aromatic ring resulting in a larger intercalator with increased affinity for poly r(A)·r(U), poly d(A)·d(T) and triple helices when compared to the parent heterocycle.
Installation of protected ammonia equivalents onto aromatic & heteroaromatic rings in water enabled by micellar catalysis

A single set of conditions consisting of a palladium catalyst, a commercially available ligand, and a base, allow for several types of C–N bond constructions to be conducted in water with the aid of a commercially available “designer” surfactant (TPGS-750-M). Products containing a protected NH2 group in the form of a carbamate, sulfonamide, or urea can be fashioned starting with aryl or heteroaryl bromides, iodides, and in some cases, chlorides, as substrates. Reaction temperatures are in the range of room temperature to, at most, 50 °C, and result in essentially full conversion and good isolated yields.
Arithmetic of division fields

We study the arithmetic of division fields of semistable abelian varieties A over the rationals. The Galois group of the 2-division field of A is analyzed when the conductor is odd and squarefree. The irreducible semistable mod 2 representations of small conductor are determined under GRH. These results are used in "Paramodular abelian varieties of odd conductor," arXiv:1004.4699.
First-principles modeling of strain in perovskite ferroelectric thin films

We review the role that first-principles calculations have played in understanding the effects of substrate-imposed misfit strain on epitaxially grown perovskite ferroelectric films. We do so by analyzing the case of BaTiO3, complementing our previous publications on this subject with unpublished data to help explain in detail how these calculations are done. We also review similar studies in the literature for other perovskite ferroelectric-film materials.
Engineering of Targeted Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy Using Internalizing Aptamers Isolated by Cell-Uptake Selection

One of the major challenges in the development of targeted nanoparticles (NPs) for cancer therapy is to discover targeting ligands that allow for differential binding and uptake by the target cancer cells. Using prostate cancer (PCa) as a model disease, we developed a cell-uptake selection strategy to isolate PCa-specific internalizing 2′-O-methyl RNA aptamers (Apts) for NP incorporation. Twelve cycles of selection and counter-selection were done to obtain a panel of internalizing Apts, which can distinguish PCa cells from nonprostate and normal prostate cells. After Apt characterization, size minimization, and conjugation of the Apts with fluorescently labeled polymeric NPs, the NP–Apt conjugates exhibit PCa specificity and enhancement in cellular uptake when compared to nontargeted NPs lacking the internalizing Apts. Furthermore, when docetaxel, a chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of PCa, was encapsulated within the NP–Apt, a significant improvement in cytotoxicity was achieved in targeted P...
Learning document-level semantic properties from free-text annotations

This paper presents a new method for inferring the semantic properties of documents by leveraging free-text keyphrase annotations. Such annotations are becoming increasingly abundant due to the recent dramatic growth in semi-structured, user-generated online content. One especially relevant domain is product reviews, which are often annotated by their authors with pros/cons keyphrases such as "a real bargain" or "good value." These annotations are representative of the underlying semantic properties; however, unlike expert annotations, they are noisy: lay authors may use different labels to denote the same property, and some labels may be missing. To learn using such noisy annotations, we find a hidden paraphrase structure which clusters the keyphrases. The paraphrase structure is linked with a latent topic model of the review texts, enabling the system to predict the properties of unannotated documents and to effectively aggregate the semantic properties of multiple reviews. Our approach is implemented as a hierarchical Bayesian model with joint inference. We find that joint inference increases the robustness of the keyphrase clustering and encourages the latent topics to correlate with semantically meaningful properties. Multiple evaluations demonstrate that our model substantially outperforms alternative approaches for summarizing single and multiple documents into a set of semantically salient keyphrases.
Spike-time reliability of layered neural oscillator networks

We study the reliability of layered networks of coupled “type I” neural oscillators in response to fluctuating input signals. Reliability means that a signal elicits essentially identical responses upon repeated presentations, regardless of the network’s initial condition. We study reliability on two distinct scales: neuronal reliability, which concerns the repeatability of spike times of individual neurons embedded within a network, and pooled-response reliability, which concerns the repeatability of total synaptic outputs from a subpopulation of the neurons in a network. We find that neuronal reliability depends strongly both on the overall architecture of a network, such as whether it is arranged into one or two layers, and on the strengths of the synaptic connections. Specifically, for the type of single-neuron dynamics and coupling considered, single-layer networks are found to be very reliable, while two-layer networks lose their reliability with the introduction of even a small amount of feedback. As expected, pooled responses for large enough populations become more reliable, even when individual neurons are not. We also study the effects of noise on reliability, and find that noise that affects all neurons similarly has much greater impact on reliability than noise that affects each neuron differently. Qualitative explanations are proposed for the phenomena observed.
Dynamic Capacity Management with General Upgrading.

This paper studies a capacity management problem with upgrading. A firm needs to procure multiple classes of capacities and then allocate the capacities to satisfy multiple classes of customers tha...
The pompeiu problem

A short and self-contained presentation of the results known about the Pompeiu problem is given and result is obtained. In particular, it is proved that if D1 has Pompeiu's property (P-property) then D2 has it, provided D2 is sufficiently close to D1 in the following sense: meas (D12\D12) is sufficiently small. Here D12 = D1 ∪ D2 D12 = D1 D2 .
A Latent Source Model for Patch-Based Image Segmentation

Despite the popularity and empirical success of patch-based nearest-neighbor and weighted majority voting approaches to medical image segmentation, there has been no theoretical development on when, why, and how well these nonparametric methods work. We bridge this gap by providing a theoretical performance guarantee for nearest-neighbor and weighted majority voting segmentation under a new probabilistic model for patch-based image segmentation. Our analysis relies on a new local property for how similar nearby patches are, and fuses existing lines of work on modeling natural imagery patches and theory for nonparametric classification. We use the model to derive a new patch-based segmentation algorithm that iterates between inferring local label patches and merging these local segmentations to produce a globally consistent image segmentation. Many existing patch-based algorithms arise as special cases of the new algorithm.
Cryptophycin affinity labels: synthesis and biological activity of a benzophenone analogue of cryptophycin-24

Abstract An efficient synthesis of a C16 side chain benzophenone analogue of cryptophycin-24 using a crotylboration reaction and Heck coupling as key steps is described. In an in vitro tubulin assembly assay, the benzophenone analogue of the β isomer (IC 50 =7.4 μM) is twice as active as cryptophycin-24 (IC 50 =15 μM).
Identification of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Models of Flexible Polyurethane Foam From Uniaxial Compression Data

Flexible polyethylene foam is used in many engineering applications. It exhibits nonlinear and viscoelastic behavior which makes it difficult to model. To date, several models have been developed to characterize the complex behavior of foams. These attempts include the computationally intensive microstructural models to continuum models that capture the macroscale behavior of the foam materials. In this research, a nonlinear viscoelastic model, which is an extension to previously developed models, is proposed and its ability to capture foam response in uniaxial compression is investigated. It is hypothesized that total stress can be decomposed into the sum of a nonlinear elastic component, modeled by a higher-order polynomial, and a nonlinear hereditary type viscoelastic component. System identification procedures were developed to estimate the model parameters using uniaxial cyclic compression data from experiments conducted at six different rates. The estimated model parameters for individual tests were used to develop a model with parameters that are a function of strain rates. The parameter estimation technique was modified to also develop a comprehensive model which captures the uniaxial behavior of all six tests. The performance of this model was compared to that of other nonlinear viscoelastic models.
Computer text-editing: an information-processing analysis of a routine cognitive skill

Abstract An information-processing model is presented that describes how a person uses an interactive computer text-editing system to make modifications to a manuscript. It is demonstrated that the behavior of an expert user can be modeled by giving his goals, operators, methods, and selection rules for choosing among method alternatives. The paper assesses the predictions of such a model with respect to (1) predicting user behavior sequences, (2) predicting the time required to do particular modifications, and (3) determining the effect on accuracy of the detail with which the modeling is done (the model's “grain size”). Chronometric task protocols from several users are examined in some detail. Users' choices between alternative methods are predicted about 80% of the time by a few simple rules. Accuracy of the model is little affected by the detail of modeling. The manuscript-editing task is discussed as an example from the larger class of tasks called “routine cognitive skills.”
Optimization of hydraulic fracturing design under spatially variable shale fracability

Abstract Current hydraulic fracturing designs are based on equal fracture intervals (spacing) along horizontal wells. Typical fracture spacing ranges from 50 to 600 feet while the fracture half-lengths normally vary between 100 and 600 feet. Symmetric spacing designs assume homogeneous shale mechanical property distributions, e.g. rock brittleness or fracability, which may not be the case in many shale plays. Fracability of the shale rock is an important property that controls the efficiency of the fracturing process. Therefore, the heterogeneity in shale fracability can have an important impact on the design and optimization of the hydraulic fracturing process. In particular, the optimal number, location, and length of the fractures can depend on rock fracability distribution. In this paper, we develop an optimization approach for hydraulic fracturing design under geospatial variability in shale fracability and investigate several aspects of the proposed fracture design optimization approach. In particular, we optimize the hydraulic fracturing design by implementing a variant of the Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation algorithm to maximize the net present value of the shale asset, including the cost of fracturing and the revenue from gas production. The optimization framework provides a systematic design approach for hydraulic fracturing of unconventional reservoirs and can be applied to improve production efficiency and reduce the cost and environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing. We demonstrate the effectiveness and suitability of the proposed method using a series of numerical experiments in shale gas development.
Data dependency graph bracing

The Sunburst compiler refined at Utah State University employs a powerful mechanism for management of data anti-dependencies in data dependency graphs, DDG's: the DDG Bracer. The term bracing1 is used to mean the fastening of two or more parts together. There are two major goals in bracing: 1) semantic correctness, and 2) creation of an optimal DDG. Bracing provides necessary joining of code fragments, produced by a divide and conquer code generation algorithm, while yielding multiple code sequences.Since no anti-dependency arcs are present, the input DDG's are said to be in normal form. Because anti-dependency arcs occur only when a resource must be reused, a DDG in normal form represents infinite resources. The output DDG is a merging of the two input DDG's such that data dependency arcs between the two DDG's are inserted and data anti-dependency arcs are added to sequentialize the use of common resources.Vegdahl [Veg82] was one of the first to recognize the importance of live track manipulation. A live track is an ordered pair: the first component is the microoperation node ( MO) in which a resource is born, and the second component is the set of nodes in which the resource dies.
Optimal Coding for Streaming Authentication and Interactive Communication

Error correction and message authentication are well studied in the literature, and various efficient solutions have been suggested and analyzed. This is however not the case for data streams in which the message is very long, possibly infinite, and not known in advance to the sender. Trivial solutions for error-correcting and authenticating data streams either suffer from a long delay at the receiver’s end or cannot perform well when the communication channel is noisy.
Prepregnancy Obesity and Birth Outcomes

Objective To investigate the association between prepregnancy obesity and birth outcomes using fixed effect models comparing siblings from the same mother. Methods A total of 7496 births to 3990 mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 survey are examined. Outcomes include macrosomia, gestational length, incidence of low birthweight, preterm birth, large and small for gestational age (LGA, SGA), c-section, infant doctor visits, mother’s and infant’s days in hospital post-partum, whether the mother breastfed, and duration of breastfeeding. Association of outcomes with maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was examined using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to compare across mothers and fixed effects to compare within families. Results In fixed effect models we find no statistically significant association between most outcomes and prepregnancy obesity with the exception of LGA, SGA, low birth weight, and preterm birth. We find that prepregnancy obesity is associated with a with lower risk of low birthweight, SGA, and preterm birth but controlling for prepregnancy obesity, increases in GWG lead to increased risk of LGA. Conclusions Contrary to previous studies, which have found that maternal obesity increases the risk of c-section, macrosomia, and LGA, while decreasing the probability of breastfeeding, our sibling comparison models reveal no such association. In fact, our results suggest a protective effect of obesity in that women who are obese prepregnancy have longer gestation lengths, and are less likely to give birth to a preterm or low birthweight infant.
Changes in pituitary hormones during and following transsphenoidal removal of prolactinomas.

Abstract Prolactin (PRL) and other pituitary hormones (luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, growth hormone [GH], thyrotropin stimulating hormone) were measured before, during, and after transphenoidal pituitary adenomectomy in 16 patients with hyperprolactinemia. The diagnosis of prolactinoma was made in three of the 16 patients by the absence of PRL response to thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) and a dopamine receptor antagonist, metoclopramide, without radiologic evidence of an adenoma. Contrary to findings in subjects with normal PRL values, the PRL rise in response to anesthesia and operation was absent. Other pituitary hormones, with the exception of GH, which increased during anesthesia and operation, exhibited no acute changes. In 11 of 16 cases, complete tumor removal was achieved as determined by the rapid decline of PRL levels to normal values within 24 to 48 hours after operation and by subsequent clinical follow-up. This finding documents that the adenoma is the main source of excessive PRL secretion. The circulating half time of immunoreactive PRL determined by frequent sampling in these patients was variable, ranging from 74 to 190 minutes, significantly longer than the previously reported value of 15 minutes determined by bioassay. Although a transient decline was evident, serum PRL levels remained elevated in those patients with incomplete tumor removal. These findings suggest that a single measurement of serum PRL within 24 to 48 hours following transphenoidal adenomectomy is a reliable indicator of the success or failure of the procedure.
The spatial dimension of US house prices

Spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence are two well established aspects of house price developments. However, the analysis of differences in spatial dependence across time and space has not gained much attention yet. This paper jointly analyses these three aspects of spatial data. A panel smooth transition regression model is applied that allows for heterogeneity across time and space in spatial house price spillovers and for heterogeneity in the effect of the fundamentals on house price dynamics. Evidence is found for heterogeneity in spatial spillovers of house prices across space and time: house prices in neighbouring regions spill over more in times of increasing neighbouring house prices then when neighbouring house prices are declining. This is interpreted as evidence for the disposition effect. Moreover, heterogeneity in the effect of the fundamentals on house price dynamics could not be detected for all variables; real per capita disposable income and the unemployment rate have a homogeneous...
Boosting Deuteron Polarization in HD Targets: Experience of moving spins between H and D with RF methods during the E06-101 experiment at Jefferson Lab

Solid HDice targets are polarized by bringing the HD crystal to thermal equilibrium at low temperature and high magnetic field, typically 10-20 mK and 15 Tesla, at Jefferson Lab. In this regime, due to its smaller magnetic moment, the resulting polarization for D is always at least three times smaller than for H. The controlled amount of polarizing catalysts, o-H2 and p-D2, used in the process of reaching a frozen-spin state, further limit the maximum achievable D polarization. Nonetheless, H and D polarizations can be transferred from one to the other by connecting the H and D sub-states of the HD system with RF. In a large target, the RF power needed for such transitions is effectively limited by non-uniformities in the RF field. High efficiency transfers can require substantial RF power levels, and a tuned-RF circuit is needed to prevent large temperature excursions of the holding cryostat. In this paper, we compare the advantages and limitations of two different RF transfer methods to increase D polarization, Forbidden Adiabatic and Saturated Forbidden RF Transitions. The experience with the HD targets used during the recently completed E06-101 experiment in Hall-B of Jefferson Lab is discussed.
Cell–Cell Communication in Yeast Using Auxin Biosynthesis and Auxin Responsive CRISPR Transcription Factors

An engineering framework for synthetic multicellular systems requires a programmable means of cell–cell communication. Such a communication system would enable complex behaviors, such as pattern formation, division of labor in synthetic microbial communities, and improved modularity in synthetic circuits. However, it remains challenging to build synthetic cellular communication systems in eukaryotes due to a lack of molecular modules that are orthogonal to the host machinery, easy to reconfigure, and scalable. Here, we present a novel cell-to-cell communication system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) based on CRISPR transcription factors and the plant hormone auxin that exhibits several of these features. Specifically, we engineered a sender strain of yeast that converts indole-3-acetamide (IAM) into auxin via the enzyme iaaH from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. To sense auxin and regulate transcription in a receiver strain, we engineered a reconfigurable library of auxin-degradable CRISPR transcription fac...
Facile Conversion of Red Phosphorus into Soluble Polyphosphide Anions by Reaction with Potassium Ethoxide

Soluble polyphosphide anions were successfully generated in a number of organic solvents by the reaction between shelf-stable red phosphorus and potassium ethoxide. The species were identified by 31P NMR spectroscopy in solution and by X-ray crystal-structure determination of (Bu4N)2P16 in the solid state. The reaction was scaled up to gram quantities by using a flow-chemistry process.
Iron(III) Chloride Catalyzed Formation of 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyrans from α-Alkylated 1,3-Dicarbonyls. Selective Synthesis of α- and β-Lapachone

A mild, catalytic method for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans is described. The FeCl3-catalyzed transformation of aryl- and alkyl β-diketones enables synthetic access to functionalized pyran core structures incorporated in many natural products and biologically active target structures. The method represents a mild alternative to currently available reaction protocols relying on stoichiometric reagents and harsh reaction conditions. This FeCl3-catalyzed transformation has enabled the selective synthesis of α-lapachone in two synthetic transformations and subsequently β-lapachone in three synthetic transformations, which is currently undergoing clinical trials as a potent anticancer agent.
Toward meaningful human control of autonomous weapons systems through function allocation

One of the few convergent themes during the first two United Nations Meeting of Experts on autonomous weapons systems (AWS) was the requirement that there be meaningful human control (MHC) of AWS. What exactly constitutes MHC, however, is still ill-defined. While multiple sets of definitions and analyses have been published and discussed, this work seeks to address two key issues with the current definitions: (1) they are inconsistent in what authorities and responsibilities of human and automated agents need to be regulated, and (2) they lack the specificity that would be required for designers to systemically integrate these restrictions into AWS designs. Given that MHC centers on the interaction of human and autonomous agents, we leverage the models and metrics of function allocation — the allocation of work between human and autonomous agents — to analyze and compare definitions of MHC and the definitions of AWS proposed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Specifically, we transform the definitions into function allocation form to model and compare the definitions, and then show how a mismatch between authority and responsibility in an exemplar military scenario can still plague the human-AWS interactions. In summary, this paper provides a starting point for future research to investigate the application of function allocation to the questions of MHC and more generally, the development of rules and standards for incorporating AWS into the law of armed conflict.
Tactical-grade interferometric fiber optic gyroscope driven with a narrow-linewidth laser

We report on the use of narrowband lasers in fiber optic gyroscopes using solid-core and microstructured air-core fiber coils. We present theoretical and experimental results and discuss the benefits over traditional fiber gyroscopes.
Practical Application of Objective Picture Quality Measurements

Increasing use uncompressed video methods in the generation and distribution of television programs has led to a requirement for objective picture quality measurement methods. Although traditional, indirect, signal quality measurements are still required for evaluation of the uncompressed part of the system, they are not adequate for evaluation of the compression-decompression process. Subjective testing methods are complex, time consuming, and only applicable for development purposes. They do not lend themselves to operational monitoring, production line testing, or trouble shooting. Considering the variety of video compression methods and growing ease of data interconnection, measurement of the resulting video quality must not be limited to a particular compression system. This paper describes the feature-extraction and picture-differencing objective picture quality measurement methods with reference to ongoing research developments. Emphasis is placed on application of the human visual system model to picture-differencing as the preferred objective method. System requirements for application of the model are described in conjunction with a practical implementation of a measurement set.
IS CLOSED REDUCTION OF DDH SUCCESSFUL AFTER FAILED PAVLIK HARNESS TREATMENT

Aims: To assess the success rate of closed reduction after failing Pavlik harness for treatment of DDH. Methods: It was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Patient9s notes/computerised records were reviewed. Radiological investigations were also reviewed. Microsoft excel used for descriptive stats. Results: From 1998 to 2011, 975 patients (1322 hips) were treated with Pavlik harness. Of these, 188 (20%) were male and 787 (80%) were female patients. The Pavlik Harness was successful in 92% patients and failed in 8% (102) patients. These 102 patients underwent closed reduction under general anaesthesia. Of these, the closed reduction was successful in 33 (20%) patients and failed in 69(68%) patients who then underwent open reduction. Conclusion: The Success of closed reduction in patients with failed Pavlik Harness is low. Closed reduction may not overcome intrinsic and extrinsic obstructing factors responsible for failure of Pavlik Harness. Level of evidence: IV
Simulation of adiabatic thermal beams in a periodic solenoidal magnetic focusing field

Self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations are performed to verify earlier theoretical predictions of adiabatic thermal beams in a periodic solenoidal magnetic focusing field [K. R. Samokhvalova, J. Zhou, and C. Chen, Phys. Plasmas 14, 103102 (2007); J. Zhou, K. R. Samokhvalova, and C. Chen, Phys. Plasmas 15, 023102 (2008)]. In particular, results are obtained for adiabatic thermal beams that do not rotate in the Larmor frame. For such beams, the theoretical predictions of the rms beam envelope, the conservations of the rms thermal emittances, the adiabatic equation of state, and the Debye length are verified in the simulations. Furthermore, the adiabatic thermal beam is found be stable in the parameter regime where the simulations are performed.
Nuclear-Associated Plasmid, but Not Cell-Associated Plasmid, Is Correlated with Transgene Expression in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Intracellular plasmid is rapidly incorporated into the nucleus of HeLa cells following cationic lipoplex transfection. CV1 cells are less effective in translocating plasmid to the nucleus and also express less transgene than HeLa cells. Cultured HeLa and CV1 cells and corresponding isolated nuclei were analyzed after transfection of a Cy3-labeled pGreenLantern plasmid (Cy3-pGL). Flow cytometry was used to measure both plasmid delivery and transgene expression from the plasmid encoding a CMV promoter-driven green fluorescent protein. During transfection, HeLa cells rapidly incorporated the plasmid, reaching a maximum of 80% Cy3-pGL positive cells 8 h posttransfection. The average Cy3-pGL-positive HeLa cell contained approximately 2470 plasmid copies. Forty-eight percent of the nuclei isolated from the transfected HeLa cells were positive for the plasmid marker after 8 h. In contrast to HeLa cells, fewer CV1 cells and CV1 nuclei incorporated plasmid DNA with peak transfection occurring after 12 h for 36% of the cells and after 8 h for 12% of the nuclei. However, the average Cy3-pGL-positive CV1 cell did not have a significantly different number of total cellular plasmid copies than the average positive HeLa cell. CV1 nuclei, however, had half as much nuclear associated plasmid as HeLa nuclei. HeLa cells are more efficient than CV1 cells at transporting plasmid from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This study demonstrates the use of a novel quantitative method to study plasmid transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and the effect on transgene expression.
Curved Mesh Generation and Mesh Refinement using Lagrangian Solid Mechanics

We propose a method for generating well-shaped curved unstructured meshes using a nonlinear elasticity analogy. The geometry of the domain to be meshed is represented as an elastic solid. The undeformed geometry is the initial mesh of linear triangular or tetrahedral elements. The external loading results from prescribing a boundary displacement to be that of the curved geometry, and the final configuration is determined by solving for the equilibrium configuration. The deformations are represented using piecewise polynomials within each element of the original mesh. When the mesh is sufficiently fine to resolve the solid deformation, this method guarantees non-intersecting elements even for highly distorted or anisotropic initial meshes. We describe the method and the solution procedures, and we show a number of examples of two and three dimensional simplex meshes with curved boundaries. We also demonstrate how to use the technique for local refinement of non-curved meshes in the presence of curved boundaries.
Pd(II)-catalyzed meta-C-H olefination, arylation, and acetoxylation of indolines using a U-shaped template

meta-C–H olefination, arylation, and acetoxylation of indolines have been developed using nitrile-containing templates. The combination of a monoprotected amino acid ligand and the nitrile template attached at the indolinyl nitrogen via a sulfonamide linkage is crucial for the meta-selective C–H functionalization of electron-rich indolines that are otherwise highly reactive toward electrophilic palladation at the para-positions. A wide range of synthetically important and advanced indoline analogues are selectively functionalized at the meta-positions.
Comparison of the redox chemistry of primary and secondary amides of U(IV): isolation of a U(VI) bis(imido) complex or a homoleptic U(VI) amido complex.

Reaction of UCl4 with 6 equiv of LiNHtBu generates the U(IV) homoleptic amide complex [Li(THF)2Cl]2[Li]2[U(NHtBu)6] (1·THF) in 57% yield. In the solid-state, 1·THF exists as a one-dimensional coordination polymer consisting of alternating [Li]2[U(NHtBu)6] and [Li(THF)2Cl]2 building blocks. Recrystallization of 1·THF from DME/hexanes affords the monomeric DME derivative, [Li(DME)2ClLi]2[U(NHtBu)6] (1·DME), which was also characterized by X-ray crystallography. The oxidation of 1·THF with 1 equiv of AgOTF generates the U(VI) bis(imido) complex [Li(THF)]2[U(NtBu)2(NHtBu)4] (2) in low yield. In contrast, oxidation of 1·THF with 1 equiv of I2, in the presence of excess tert-butylamine, cleanly affords the U(VI) bis(imido) U(NtBu)2(NHtBu)2(NH2tBu)2 (3) in 78% yield. We have also explored the reactivity of UCl4 with the lithium salt of a secondary amide. Thus, reaction of 6 equiv of (LiNC5H10) (HNC5H10 = piperidine) with UCl4 in DME produces the U(IV) amide, [Li(DME)][U(NC5H10)5] (4). Oxidation of this material ...
Signatures of evanescent transport in ballistic suspended graphene-superconductor junctions

In Dirac materials, the low energy excitations behave like ultra-relativistic massless particles with linear energy dispersion. A particularly intriguing phenomenon arises with the intrinsic charge transport behavior at the Dirac point where the charge density approaches zero. In graphene, a 2-D Dirac fermion gas system, it was predicted that charge transport near the Dirac point is carried by evanescent modes, resulting in unconventional “pseudo-diffusive” charge transport even in the absence of disorder. In the past decade, experimental observation of this phenomenon remained challenging due to the presence of strong disorder in graphene devices which limits the accessibility of the low carrier density regime close enough to the Dirac point. Here we report transport measurements on ballistic suspended graphene-Niobium Josephson weak links that demonstrate a transition from ballistic to pseudo-diffusive like evanescent transport below a carrier density of ~1010 cm−2. Approaching the Dirac point, the sub-harmonic gap structures due to multiple Andreev reflections display a strong Fermi energy-dependence and become increasingly pronounced, while the normalized excess current through the superconductor-graphene interface decreases sharply. Our observations are in qualitative agreement with the long standing theoretical prediction for the emergence of evanescent transport mediated pseudo-diffusive transport in graphene.
An Update on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Dementia

With the rapidly expanding evidence on brain structural and functional changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, there is an increasing need to update our understanding on how T2DM associates with dementia as well as the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. A literature search of T2DM and dementia or cognition impairments was carried out in electronic databases Medline, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. In this review, the chosen evidence was limited to human subject studies only, and data on either type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or non-classified diabetes were excluded. T2DM is a risk factor for both vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), although AD pathological marker studies have not provided sufficient evidence. T2DM interacts additively or synergistically with many factors, including old age, hypertension, total cholesterol, and APOEɛ4 carrier status for impaired cognition functions seen in patients with T2DM. In addition, comorbid T2DM can worsen the clinical presentations of patients with either AD or VaD. In summary, T2DM increases the risk for AD through different mechanisms for VaD although some mechanisms may overlap. Tau-related neurofibrillary tangles instead of amyloid-β plaques are more likely to be the pathological biomarkers for T2DM-related dementia. Degeneration of neurons in the brain, impaired regional blood supply/metabolism, and genetic predisposition are all involved in T2DM-associated dementia or cognitive impairments.
Tropospheric emissions: monitoring of pollution (TEMPO)

TEMPO was selected in 2012 by NASA as the first Earth Venture Instrument, for launch circa 2018. It will measure atmospheric pollution for greater North America from space using ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy. TEMPO measures from Mexico City to the Canadian tar sands, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, hourly and at high spatial resolution (~2 km N/S×4.5 km E/W at 36.5°N, 100°W). TEMPO provides a tropospheric measurement suite that includes the key elements of tropospheric air pollution chemistry. Measurements are from geostationary (GEO) orbit, to capture the inherent high variability in the diurnal cycle of emissions and chemistry. The small product spatial footprint resolves pollution sources at sub-urban scale. Together, this temporal and spatial resolution improves emission inventories, monitors population exposure, and enables effective emission-control strategies. TEMPO takes advantage of a commercial GEO host spacecraft to provide a modest cost mission that measures the spectra required to retrieve O3, NO2, SO2, H2CO, C2H2O2, H2O, aerosols, cloud parameters, and UVB radiation. TEMPO thus measures the major elements, directly or by proxy, in the tropospheric O3 chemistry cycle. Multi-spectral observations provide sensitivity to O3 in the lowermost troposphere, substantially reducing uncertainty in air quality predictions. TEMPO quantifies and tracks the evolution of aerosol loading. It provides near-real-time air quality products that will be made widely, publicly available. TEMPO will launch at a prime time to be the North American component of the global geostationary constellation of pollution monitoring together with European Sentinel-4 and Korean GEMS.
How Much Polymer Should Be Injected During a Polymer Flood? Review of Previous and Current Practices

This paper provides an extensive review of the polymer concentrations, viscosities, and bank sizes used during existing and previous polymer floods. On average, these values have been substantially greater during the past 25 years than during the first 30 years of polymer flooding field activity. Reasons for the changes are discussed. Even with current floods, a broad range of polymer viscosities are injected—with substantial variations from a base-case design procedure. Extensive discussions with operators and designers of current polymer floods revealed substantial differences of opinion for the optimum design of polymer floods. This paper examines the validity of arguments that are commonly given to justify deviations from the base-case design. For applications involving viscous oils (e.g., 1000 cp), the designed polymer viscosities have sometimes been underestimated because of (1) insufficient water injection while determining relative permeabilities, (2) reliance on mobility ratios at a calculated shock front, and (3) over-estimation of polymer resistance factors and residual resistance factors. In homogeneous reservoirs, the ratio of produced oil value to injected fluid cost is fairly insensitive to injected polymer viscosity (up to the viscosity predicted by the base-case method), especially at low oil prices. However, reservoir heterogeneity and economics of scale associated with the polymer dissolution equipment favor high polymer viscosities over low polymer viscosities, if injectivity is not limiting. Injection above the formation parting pressure and fracture extension are crucial to achieving acceptable injectivity for many polymer floods—especially those using vertical injectors. Under the proper circumstances, this process can increase fluid injectivity, oil productivity, and reservoir sweep efficiency, and also reduce the risk of mechanical degradation for polyacrylamide solutions. The key is to understand the degree of fracture extension for a given set of injection conditions so that fractures do not extend out of the target zone or cause severe channeling. Many field cases exist with no evidence that fractures caused severe polymer channeling or breaching the reservoir seals, in spite of injection above the formation parting pressure. Although at least one case exists (Daqing) where injection of very viscous polymer solutions (i.e., more viscous than the base-case design) reduced Sor below that for waterflooding, our understanding of when and how this occurs is in its infancy. At this point, use of polymers to reduce Sor must be investigated experimentally on a case-by-case basis. A “one-size-fits-all” formula cannot be expected for the optimum bank size. However, experience and technical considerations favor using the largest practical polymer bank. Although graded banks are commonly used or planned in field applications, more work is needed to demonstrate their utility and to identify the most appropriate design procedure.
Volvulus of the colon.

THE NOUN volvulus has its origin from the Latin verb "volvere" which means "to turn about" or "to roll." During the past one hundred years physicians have created and firmly established the word "volvulus" as a vernacularism common to their profession and without meaning if employed in any other manner. The term is interpreted as describing a process in which a torsion or twisting of a segment of bowel results in an obstruction to the lumen and a disturbance in circulation to the wall of the intestine. Even though volvulus may occur almost anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, this paper is designed primarily to deal with lesions of the colon. Eight cases of volvulus of the colon, encountered during the past ten years, form a basis for this study. A personal interest in volvulus of the colon was inspired by the rather unique experience of observing 5 of the 8