cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Location Estimation and Guidance Using Radar Imagery

Radar map-matching location-estimation systems compare radar images of the terrain with a memory "map" to obtain an estimate of sensor position in the mapped area for guidance. This correspondence summarizes a data-acquisition program involving an omnidirectional range-scan radar sensor, and presents results of theoretical guidance exercises based on comparing actual radar signals with computer-generated memories.
Linear Versus Nonlinear Rules for Mixture Normal Priors

The problem under consideration is the Γ-minimax estimation, under L2loss, of a multivariate normal mean when the covariance matrix is known. The family Γ of priors is induced by mixing zero mean multivariate normals with covariance matrix τI by nonnegative random variables τ, whose distributions belong to a suitable family G. For a fixed family G, the linear (affine) Γ-minimax rule is compared with the usual Γ-minimax rule in terms of corresponding Γ-minimax risks. It is shown that the linear rule is "good", i.e., the ratio of the risks is close to 1, irrespective of the dimension of the model. We also generalize the above model to the case of nonidentity covariance matrices and show that independence of the dimensionality is lost in this case. Several examples illustrate the behavior of the linear Γ-minimax rule.
Particle Trajectories in a Gas Centrifuge

The motion of spherical particles injected into a cylinder of gas which rotates as a solid body is studied. The particle trajectory is expressed explicitly as a function of two dimensionless parameters; an injection-velocity parameter and an inertial parameter which is roughly the ratio of centrifugal force to drag force on the particle. The main results are the dependence on particle size of the time for particles to be centrifuged and of deposition angle. These results indicate performance limitations for an idealized cyclone separator and a centrifugal particle-size analyzer. Experimental data are presented for an air centrifuge which was designed to approximate the analytical flow model. Reasonably gocd agreement with theoretically predicted deposition angles was found for spherical glass beads and irregularly shaped chalk crystals, even to Reynolds numbers in excess of the Stokes flow regime for which the analysis applies. Particles as small as 2 microns may be classified with the present centrifuge configuration; however, by modification it might be used to classify particles in the submicron-size range.
Sensitivity of tests of the PIH to alternative consumption proxies

Abstract This note compares tests of the Permanent Income Hypothesis when alternative proxies for consumption are utilized. While the results appear to be sensitive to the proxy of consumption, J -tests show no significant difference between the alternative models.
Contribution of Metabolic Factors to Alanine Aminotransferase Activity in Persons With Other Causes of Liver Disease

Background & Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been defined by the presence of hepatic steatosis in the absence of other chronic liver diseases. We sought to determine whether obesity, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome, which are the main risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, are associated with similar elevations in serum alanine aminotransferase activity in persons with and those without other causes of chronic liver disease. Methods: Adult participants of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were divided into those with causes of chronic liver disease (n = 1037), defined as viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol consumption, or increased transferrin-iron saturation, and those without (n = 8004). Results: Among persons with other causes of chronic liver disease, obesity (adjusted odds ratio, 4.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.5–9.4), insulin resistance (adjusted odds ratio, 6.8; 95% confidence interval, 3.0–15.5, comparing the highest and the lowest quartile), and the metabolic syndrome (adjusted odds ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–8.0) were all strongly associated with increased alanine aminotransferase activity (>43 IU/L). Among persons without other causes of chronic liver disease, statistically similar associations were identified. Conclusions: Obesity, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome are strong predictors of increased alanine aminotransferase activity in the US population, both in persons with and in persons without other causes of chronic liver disease. We hypothesize that metabolic fatty liver disease related to these conditions is the cause of the increased alanine aminotransferase activity and may be underrecognized in persons with other causes of chronic liver disease.
Murine AIDS: A model for the human disease or a distinct entity?

The LP-BM5 mixture of murine retroviruses elicits a disease in mice referred to as murine immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) that is considered by some to be an animal homologue of human AIDS. In this article, we present and discuss some recent findings on the pathogenesis of the murine disease and their implications for the proposed homology between murine and human syndromes. The murine disease seems to display as many similarities to as it does differences from human AIDS. Among the latter are: definitive and exclusive viral etiology, a strong genetic effect on susceptibility to infection, expansion of the CD4+ cell population in spleen and peripheral blood, consistent transmissibility by a single transfusion of the minute amounts of blood or plasma from infected donors, and striking similarity between virus-induced alteration of the in vitro spleen cell proliferation and those caused by treatment with a protein kinase inhibitor K252a. With this in mind, the use of the noncommittal term retrovirus-induced murine lymphoproliferative disease instead of MAIDS appears to be more appropriate at this time.
Management of Periprosthetic Femur Fractures

Total joint replacement (TJR) is among the most clinically successful reconstructive surgeries in orthopaedics. The incidence of periprosthetic femur fractures has increased for many reasons, including longer duration of in situ use of the TJRs, more active lifestyle, wear debris and associated osteolysis, and trauma. Moreover, the fracture may occur with the increasing volume of revision TJRs. These fractures pose a significant technical challenge to the surgeon. This review focuses on periprosthetic femur fractures around a total hip replacement. We have elected to emphasize the following issues: • intraoperative calcar fractures from broaching and insertion of the stem during total hip replacement • postoperative fractures as classified by the Vancouver system • management and clinical outcome of treatment of these fractures
A survey of high level frameworks in block-structured adaptive mesh refinement packages

Over the last decade block-structured adaptive mesh refinement (SAMR) has found increasing use in large, publicly available codes and frameworks. SAMR frameworks have evolved along different paths. Some have stayed focused on specific domain areas, others have pursued a more general functionality, providing the building blocks for a larger variety of applications. In this survey paper we examine a representative set of SAMR packages and SAMR-based codes that have been in existence for half a decade or more, have a reasonably sized and active user base outside of their home institutions, and are publicly available. The set consists of a mix of SAMR packages and application codes that cover a broad range of scientific domains. We look at their high-level frameworks, their design trade-offs and their approach to dealing with the advent of radical changes in hardware architecture. The codes included in this survey are BoxLib, Cactus, Chombo, Enzo, FLASH, and Uintah. A survey of mature openly available state-of-the-art structured AMR libraries and codes.Discussion of their frameworks, challenges and design trade-offs.Directions being pursued by the codes to prepare for the future many-core and heterogeneous platforms.
The large scale purification of ubiquitin from human erythrocytes.

Abstract A simple, reproducible method for the large-scale purification of active ubiquitin from human erythrocytes is described. Erythrocytes contain 100 μg free ubiquitin per cc of packed cells, of which 44% can be recovered in homogeneous form by a combination of heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and ion exchange chromatography.
Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis constitutes high risk for catheter interventional techniques of the left anterior descending artery

7. Boden W, Bough E, Korr K, et al. Exercise-induced coronary spasm with ST segment depression and normal coronary arteriography. Am J Cardiol 1981;48:193-7. Waters DD, Chaitman B, Dupras G, Theroux P, Mizgala HF. Coronary artery spasm during exercise in patients with variant angina. Circulation 1979;59:580-5. Matsuda Y, Ozaki M, Ogawa H, et al. Coronary arteriography and left ventriculography during spontaneous and exerciseinduced ST segment elevation in patients with variant angina. AM HEART J 1983;106:509-15. Fuller CM, Raizner AE, Chahine RA, et al. Exercise-induced coronary arterial spasm: angiographic demonstration, documentation of ischemia by myocardial scintigraphy and results of pharmacologic intervention. Am J Cardiol 1980;46:500-6. Kugiyama K, Yasue H, Okumura K, et al. Simultaneous multivessel coronary artery spasm demonstrated by quantitative analysis of thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:1009-14.
Electrochemistry of oxygen in concentrated NaOH solutions: solubility, diffusion coefficients, and superoxide formation.

The diffusion coefficient (DO2), solubility (CO2), and electrochemical behavior of oxygen reduction were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and transient amperometry on a Pt ultramicroelectrode in aqueous solutions containing various concentrations of NaOH (1−12 M). The results show that both DO2 and CO2 decrease as the solution viscosity (η) increases significantly with increasing concentration of NaOH. The Stokes−Einstein relationship (DO2 vs 1/η) is followed, yielding a radius for the O2 molecule, 2.8 A, that does not change over the concentration range of NaOH studied. From results reported previously for CO2 in more dilute NaOH solutions and the new results here, the number of electrons, n, involved in the first step of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was found to change with the concentration of NaOH, from n = 2 at low NaOH concentrations (1−2 M) to n = 1 at high concentrations (>6 M), in line with the changing water activity. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was employed as a sensitiv...
Using (234U/238U) to assess diffusion rates of isotope tracers in ferromanganese crusts

Abstract Ferromanganese crusts record seawater isotope history for several elements useful for paleoceanography. Interpreting crust isotope profiles, however, requires an assessment of the rate of diffusion of each element within the crust. We address this issue using U- and Th-isotope profiles, coupled with concentration measurements of some trace elements whose isotopes are often measured in crusts. A depth profile of (230Thxs/234U) for a North Atlantic crust (Alv539) yields a growth rate of 3.05 mm/Myr, consistent with an existing 10Be/9Be record. But the growth rate implied by a (234U/238U) profile in the same crust is ≈6 times faster due to diffusion of U in the crust. The difference between the observed (234U/238U) profile and that expected from (230Thxs/234U) enables the effective diffusivity of U to be calculated as 1.2×10−6 cm2/year. Recalculated literature data indicate that other crusts have diffusivities which range down to 4.7×10−8 cm2/yr. This variation is to be expected given the range of porosity observed for ferromanganese crusts. Concentration measurements of various elements in the surface layer of the crust provide relative distribution coefficients for each element between seawater and crust. These distribution coefficients enable the effective diffusivity of each element to be calculated by comparison with the diffusivity of U. Such diffusivities are assessed for crust Alv539 and give a first indication of the expected preservation of isotope signals in ferromanganese crusts. Li, Os, and Sr have diffusivities of 2×10−4, 3×10−5 and 2×10−5 cm2/year respectively and diffusion is expected to be sufficiently fast that crusts will not accurately preserve past seawater compositions. Th, Nd, Pb and Be have diffusivities less than 10−9 cm2/year and are highly immobile in crusts, a reassuring result for Th and Be crust chronologies and for Nd- and Pb-isotope tracing of past water masses using crusts. Hf has a diffusivity of 3×10−8 in Alv539 — fast enough to perturb but not destroy its isotope history. For studies of Hf in this and other crusts, diffusion should therefore be considered. Measuring U-isotope profiles provides a potential way of assessing such diffusion for Hf or for other elements with relatively low distribution coefficients into ferromanganese crusts.
Low power, high-contrast, ultrafast O-CDMA nonlinear waveform discrimination at 10 GHz

We demonstrate ultrafast O-CDMA nonlinear waveform discrimination at 10 GHz with less than 1 mW coupled into a nonlinear PPLN waveguide and greater than 20 dB contrast ratio between coded and uncoded waveforms
A monolithic surface micromachined accelerometer with digital output

A surface micromachined accelerometer with on-chip electronics realized in a 3 /spl mu/m BiCMOS technology is described. The sensing element consists of a thin film of polysilicon that is deposited after fabrication of the electronic circuitry. Acceleration is measured by capacitively sensing sub-angstrom displacements of a mechanical proof-mass weighing 0.5 /spl mu/grams. The sensor uses force-feedback and achieves a resolution of 1.6 mg//spl radic/(Hz) (1 g=9.8 m/s/sup 2/). The limitations arising from the small size and mass of the sensing element and means for improvement are discussed. The small active die area of less than 3 mm/sup 2/ including the sensor along with the possibility to combine several different sensors on a single chip make this approach particularly attractive for applications demanding very small form factors.
Initial experience with ultrasound localization for positioning prostate cancer patients for external beam radiotherapy.

Abstract Purpose: Transabdominal ultrasound localization of the prostate gland and its immediate surrounding anatomy has been used to guide the positioning of patients for the treatment of prostate cancer. This process was evaluated in terms of ( 1 ) the reproducibility of the ultrasound measurement; ( 2 ) a comparison of patient position between ultrasound localization and skin marks determined from a CT treatment planning scan; ( 3 ) the predictive indicators of patient anatomy not well suited for ultrasound localization; ( 4 ) the measurement of prostate organ displacement resulting from ultrasound probe pressure; and ( 5 ) quality assurance measures. Methods and Materials: The reproducibility of the ultrasound positioning process was evaluated for same-day repeat positioning by the same ultrasound operator (22 patients) and for measurements made by 2 different operators (38 patients). Differences between conventional patient positioning (CT localization with skin markings) and ultrasound-based positioning were determined for 38 patients. The pelvic anatomy was evaluated for 34 patients with pretreatment CT scans to identify predictors of poor ultrasound image quality. The displacement of the prostate resulting from pressure of the ultrasound probe was measured for 16 patients with duplicate CT scans with and without a simulated probe. Finally, daily, monthly, and semiannual quality assurance tests were evaluated. Results: Self-verification tests of ultrasound positioning indicated a shift of 10 mm in 1.5% of lateral shifts, 7% of longitudinal shifts, and 7% of vertical shifts. The depth to the isocenter, thickness of tissue overlying the bladder, and position of the prostate relative to the pubic symphysis, but not the bladder volume, were significant predictive indicators of poor ultrasound imaging. The pressure of the ultrasound probe displaced the prostate in 7 of the 16 patients by an average distance of 3.1 mm; 9 patients (56%) showed no displacement. Finally, the quality assurance tests detected ultrasound equipment defects. Conclusion: The ultrasound positioning system is reproducible and may indicate the need for significant positioning moves. Factors that predict poor image quality are the depth to the isocenter, thickness of tissue overlying the bladder, and position of the prostate relative to the pubic symphysis. The prostate gland may be displaced a small amount by the pressure of the ultrasound probe. A quality assurance program is necessary to detect ultrasound equipment defects that could result in patient alignment errors.
The Sound of Silence: Comments on “Still Louis Hartz after All These Years”

Explanations of the unique character of American political development—i.e., its exceptionalism—must consider and explain a wide range of phenomena. Why has the United States been relatively immune to the kinds of social movements and political parties commonly found in other industrialized democracies? Why is there no American Left? Why are American unions as politically weak and numerically insignificant as they are? Beyond parties and movements, we must also seek to understand the absence in the United States of the public goods that are commonly associated with the emergence of social democratic parties in other countries: comprehensive and redistributive policies in the areas of welfare, housing, education, and health care. Understanding these absences requires, in my view, that serious attention be paid to the ways in which race and certain ascriptive practices have shaped the development of the American nation. Richard Iton is associate professor of African American Studies and political science at Northwestern University (r-iton@northwestern.edu). He is the author of Solidarity Blues: Race, Culture, and the American Left , and In Search of the Black Fantastic: Politics and Popular Culture in the Post–Civil Rights Era (forthcoming) . The author thanks Joseph Carens and Barnor Hesse for their comments on earlier drafts of this response.
A benchmark tutorial

The author describes benchmarking and discusses some of the specific benchmark tests for computer systems that are in use today. He examines some of the pitfalls involved with benchmark comparison and analysis and points out how to avoid, or at least minimize the impact of, such problems. The goal is to learn how to gather and interpret meaningful comparison data. Benchmark test results are tabulated for the Dhrystone 1.1, Digital Review, Dodec, Khornerstone, Linpack, Livermore Fortran Kernel, SPICE, Stanford, and single-precision Whetstone benchmarks. >
Engineering adjuvants for predictable immunity

![Figure][1] Insight from Steven Reed A designer approach to adjuvant development may be required to improve upon natural immunity, to reliably induce protective immunity to pathogens against which we have no effective vaccines, and to develop effective therapeutic vaccines for cancer and
A single mouse glutathione synthetase gene encodes six mRNAs with different 5' ends.

Abstract To understand more about the role of glutathione (GSH) in metabolism, we have cloned both cDNA and genomic sequences for mouse glutathione synthetase (GSH syn), the enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the synthesis of glutathione. The mouse cDNA contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 474 aa and shares 64 and 95% deduced amino acid sequence identity withXenopuscDNA and rat cDNA, respectively. The cDNA complementsSchizosaccaromyces pombestrains deficient in GSH syn. The gene is a single-copy gene spanning ∼30 kb and is composed of at least 15 exons. Steady-state RNA levels and enzyme activity levels are highest in kidney, about 3-fold lower in liver, and 8- to 10-fold lower in lung and brain. We have identified six different GSH syn RNAs: three, termed types A1, A2, and A3, have different 5′ ends that localize to different sites in the gene, but appear to encode the same protein (474 aa). Types B, C1, and C2 all have unique 5′ ends and type-specific ORFs, which are shorter than that for types A1, A2, and A3. In liver only type A1 GSH syn RNA is detectable, while in kidney 90% of GSH syn RNA is type A1 and types B and C account for about 10%.
An Equilibrium Model for the Calculation of Activity and Osmotic Coefficients in Aqueous Solutions.

A procedure is described for the calculation of activity and osmotic coefficients which is based upon a knowledge of the equilibria in solutl.on and assumed si.ngle-ion activity coefficients. The procedure permits one to introduce chemical equilibria of various types (ion-pairing, complexation, hydration, and hydrolysis) into a model which can be used to calculate values of the excess Gibbs energy and the activity and osmotic coefficients. Both the Debye-Hiickel theory and Pitzer's expression are used to calculate the electrostatic contribution to the single-ion activity coefficients. Calculations have been perform~d on aqueous sulfuric acid, acetic acid, hydrofluoric acid, cadmium chloride, copper sulfate, and sodium carbonate. Properties which have been calculated are the excess Gibbs energy, the osmotic coefficient, the mean ionic activity coefficient, and Frank's single-ion activity coefficient function. Agreement between calculated and measured properties has been obtained up to molalities of::::: 1.0 mol kgl
Gamma‐detecting probe and autoradiographic studies of radiolabeled antibody B72.3 in CX‐1 colon xenografts

Nude mice bearing CX-1 colon tumors were injected with 50 microCi 125I-labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3. Radioactivity in tumors was studied with the gamma detecting probe (GDP) on days 1, 3, 7, and 10 after MAb injection. On each day, two mice were sacrificed and sections were examined with autoradiography (ARG), immunoperoxidase methods (IMP), and routine stains. Mean probe counts showed increasing tumor to background ratios and ARG demonstrated a progressive increase in radionuclide in the tumors. The distribution of 125I was primarily around the vascular spaces on day 1, but by day 3 and progressively it appeared in tumor gland lumina and necrotic areas. A regional correlation was shown between radionuclide in vascular spaces and its sequestration in tumor elements.
A cognitive model for the perception and understanding of graphs

Despite the increasing importance of graphics in the design of information systems, we have only a partial understanding of how people perceive and process graphic information. This paper describes a computer program, UCIE, that simulates graphical perception. The goal of the program is to model the underlying perceptual and cognitive processes people use to decode information from a graph. The model predicts reaction time from assumptions about eye movements, STM capacity and duration limitations, and the relative level of difficulty to acquire information in each glance. The model summarizes a large body of empirical results and can be the core of an expert advisor for the construction of graphs. CHI'90 Paper Submission Topic User Interface Design Issues graphic presentations, screen layout Models of the User Model of graphical perception, GOMS Presentation format Oral paper presentation with a short demonstration of the computer model as part of the presentation and a separate demonstration of the program that provides hands-on use for
Comparison of the chemotherapeutic and pharmacodynamic activities of cephradine, cephalothin, and cephaloridine in mice.

Abstract Cephradine, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin derivative, is 7[d(−)-2-amino-2-(1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl) acetamido]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid hydrate. The compound has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity in vitro. When given subcutaneously to mice, cephradine was appreciably more effective than cephalothin against infections induced by penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Enterobacter cloacae strains. Cephradine and cephaloridine possessed equivalent activity in treating infections caused by these same three gram-negative bacteria. The mean total bioactivity of cephradine in the serum of mice peaked within 30 min (59 μg/ml) after parenteral administration and was approximately threefold that of cephalothin (20 μg/ml), but less than that of cephaloridine (83 μg/ml). Nearly all of the administered cephradine (84%) and cephaloridine (70%) were excreted in the urine as the parent compounds. In contrast, only 47% (total bioactivity) of administered cephalothin was recovered, an amount that represented only 15 to 20% of the parent substance.
Inhibitory effect of dibutyryl cAMP on mouse oocyte maturation in vitro.

The effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the maturation of the mouse oocyte in vitro were studied. It was found that concentrations of 100 μg/ml or greater prevented germinal vesicle breakdown in more than 95% of the treated oocytes. The inhibition of maturation was found to be a reversible phenomenon. When oocytes were exposed to the drug after the completion of germinal vesicle breakdown, no effect of the drug was noted. Thus, dibutyryl cyclic AMP appears to effect only the initial stages of meiotic maturation in the mouse oocyte. Theophylline was also found to inhibit maturation, suggesting that increased levels of cyclic AMP in the oocyte may be the causative agent of the inhibition of maturation.
Seasonal Synchronization in a Chaotic Ocean–Atmosphere Model

Abstract The signatures of feedback between the atmosphere and the ocean are studied with a simple coupled model. The atmospheric component, based on Lorenz's 1984 model is chaotic and has intrinsic variability at all timescales. The oceanic component models the wind-driven circulation, and has intrinsic variability only in the decadal band. The phase of the cospectrum of atmospheric and oceanic temperatures is examined and it is found that in the decadal band, the oceanic signal leads the atmospheric one, while the opposite is true at shorter and longer timescales. The associated atmosphere-only model, driven by the oceanic temperature derived from a coupled run, synchronizes to the coupled run for arbitrary initial conditions. When noise is introduced in the time series of oceanic driving, episodic synchronization still occurs, but only in summer, indicating that control of the atmosphere by the oceanic variables is prevalent in this season.
An Assessment of Country of Origin Effects Under Alternative Presentation Formats

Empirical research concerning the effects of country of origin (COO) on consumers’ evaluative reactions to products has produced mixed and sometimes inconsistent results. Potential explanations for this situation include differences in the countries considered, populations sampled, products investigated, availability of product cues other than COO, the format in which the product cues were presented to the subjects, and the types of evaluative reactions considered. The authors present the results of three experiments designed to investigate the impact of three presentation formats (i.e., single cue, explicit multiple cues, and implicit multiple cues) on COO effects for four evaluative reactions (i.e., perceived quality, product evaluations other than quality, affect, and purchase intentions). COO effects were strongest for the single-cue format and weakest for the implicit multiple-cues condition. Perception of product quality was most strongly affected by COO, followed by product evaluations other than quality; COO had its smallest effect on purchase intention. Implications of these results and future research directions are discussed.
The blood vascular supply of the dental pulp with emphasis on capillary circulation.

Histologic study of the capillary bed contained within the pulps of human teeth shows components which differ as to the presence or absence of muscle in their walls. The vessels which supply the capillary network of the pulp are metarterioles and precapillaries with their sphincters. Arteriovenous anastomoses are also found in the pulp.
Channel allocation strategies in dual mode digital cellular networks

Two considerably different control strategies for dual-mode digital cellular networks are examined and compared. In one strategy, a number of channels is allocated to each type of traffic; in the other strategy, a threshold is placed on the number of available channels before an analog call request is served. It is shown that a no-control strategy is clearly not desirable from a performance point of view. At low to moderate fractions of analog traffic, the improvement in the probability of blocking is significant if one of the two strategies discussed is employed. Some what surprisingly, it is found that both control strategies resulted in approximately the same performance, implying that either strategy could be used with the same resulting performance. Thus, from a practical point of view, one would use the strategy that has implementational advantages. Another implication is that there may be other strategies that perform even between. >
Logistic nonlinear mixed effects model for estimating growth parameters

This study was undertaken to apply the logistic model with nonlinear mixed effects to model growth in Japanese quail. Nonlinear mixed models (NLMM) allow for the inclusion of random factors in a linear manner, which accounts for the between-individual variability and heterogeneous variance. A fixed effects model (M1) was compared with NLMM containing either 1 (M2) or 2 (M3) random effects using the residual error variance, -2 log-likelihood, Akaike information criterion, and Bayesian information criterion as the criteria for evaluating these alternative models. In M2, the between-bird variability was modeled by varying the asymptotic BW, which led to a 57% reduction in the residual variance compared with M1 in males. In M3, the between-bird variation was partitioned into variances due to varying asymptotic BW and the age at the inflection point. The residual variance in M3 was reduced by about 72 and 38% compared with M1 and M2, respectively, in males. The correlation coefficient between the actual and predicted BW for M1, M2, and M3 were 0.9887, 0.9955, and 0.9975, respectively. Similar results were found in females. The model evaluation criteria indicated that the mixed effect models fitted the data better than the fixed effect model because they account for between-bird variation. The use of NLMM is recommended for modeling growth data in poultry because the predicted BW at different ages is more accurate than using the mean prediction function of the fixed effect model.
Endoscopic Variceal Ligation Plus Partial Splenic Embolization for Esophageal Varices

Ohmoto et al. [1] provide data that might compel one to utilize partial splenic embolization (PSE) in conjunction with endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) to treat esophageal varices in patients who are not liver transplant candidates. The authors found that this treatment strategy prevented the recurrence of varices and progression to variceal bleeding and decreased mortality from variceal bleeding when compared with EVL alone. However, their study appears to underreport the severity and rate of complications from PSE. Ohmoto et al. reported no serious complications, despite embolizing a mean of 68% of the splenic parenchyma, a number that approaches the cutoff for an increased rate of severe complications in prior studies. N’Kontchou et al. [2] reported 2 deaths from splenic abscesses after PSE in patients who had >70% of their spleens embolized. Other groups, such as Foruny et al. [3], adhered to a more rigid protocol using periprocedural intravenous antibiotics, embolizing particles soaked in antibiotic solution, and the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine prior to the procedure; they were able to embolize larger fractions of the spleen without infectious or deadly sequelae. It is possible that Ohmoto et al.’s rate of severe complications were unusually low owing to the adoption of some of these measures. However, we are given no details on this issue. Furthermore, the authors summarize the less severe complications in a single inclusive statement, thereby minimizing the morbidity suffered by these patients. These include left upper quadrant pain, postembolization syndrome (pain,
Integration of pricing with call admission control for wireless networks

Traditional call admission control (CAC) schemes that mainly focus on the trade off between new call blocking probability and handoff call blocking probability can not solve the problem of congestion in wireless networks. We investigate the role of pricing as an additional dimension of the call admission control process in order to efficiently and effectively control the use of wireless network resources. First we prove that for a given wireless network there exists a new call arrival rate which can maximize the total utility of users. Based on this result and observation we propose an integrated pricing and call admission control scheme, where the price is adjusted dynamically based on the current network conditions, in order to alleviate the problem of congestion. We compare the performance of our approach with the corresponding results of conventional systems where pricing is not taken into consideration in the call admission control process. These performance results verify the considerable improvement that can be achieved by the integration of pricing in the call admission control process in cellular networks.
Ultrasonic Evaluation and Imaging

Ultrasonic evaluation of materials for material characterization and flaw detection is as simple as manually moving a single-element probe across a specimen and looking at an oscilloscope display in real time or as complex as automatically (under computer control) scanning a phased-array probe across a specimen and collecting encoded data for immediate or off-line data analyses. The reliability of the results in the second technique is greatly increased because of a higher density of measurements per scanned area and measurements that can be more precisely related to the specimen geometry. This chapter will briefly discuss applications of the collection of spatially encoded data and focus primarily on the off-line analyses in the form of data imaging. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has been involved with assessing and advancing the reliability of inservice inspections of nuclear power plant components for over 35 years. Modern ultrasonic imaging techniques such as the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT), phased-array (PA) technology, and sound field mapping have undergone considerable improvements to effectively assess and better understand material constraints.
Robust trajectory selection for rearrangement planning as a multi-armed bandit problem

We present an algorithm for generating open-loop trajectories that solve the problem of rearrangement planning under uncertainty. We frame this as a selection problem where the goal is to choose the most robust trajectory from a finite set of candidates. We generate each candidate using a kinodynamic state space planner and evaluate it using noisy rollouts. Our key insight is we can formalize the selection problem as the “best arm” variant of the multi-armed bandit problem. We use the successive rejects algorithm to efficiently allocate rollouts between candidate trajectories given a rollout budget. We show that the successive rejects algorithm identifies the best candidate using fewer rollouts than a baseline algorithm in simulation. We also show that selecting a good candidate increases the likelihood of successful execution on a real robot.
Invariant TAD Boundaries Constrain Cell-Type-Specific Looping Interactions between Promoters and Distal Elements around the CFTR Locus

Three-dimensional genome structure plays an important role in gene regulation. Globally, chromosomes are organized into active and inactive compartments while, at the gene level, looping interactions connect promoters to regulatory elements. Topologically associating domains (TADs), typically several hundred kilobases in size, form an intermediate level of organization. Major questions include how TADs are formed and how they are related to looping interactions between genes and regulatory elements. Here we performed a focused 5C analysis of a 2.8 Mb chromosome 7 region surrounding CFTR in a panel of cell types. We find that the same TAD boundaries are present in all cell types, indicating that TADs represent a universal chromosome architecture. Furthermore, we find that these TAD boundaries are present irrespective of the expression and looping of genes located between them. In contrast, looping interactions between promoters and regulatory elements are cell-type specific and occur mostly within TADs. This is exemplified by the CFTR promoter that in different cell types interacts with distinct sets of distal cell-type-specific regulatory elements that are all located within the same TAD. Finally, we find that long-range associations between loci located in different TADs are also detected, but these display much lower interaction frequencies than looping interactions within TADs. Interestingly, interactions between TADs are also highly cell-type-specific and often involve loci clustered around TAD boundaries. These data point to key roles of invariant TAD boundaries in constraining as well as mediating cell-type-specific long-range interactions and gene regulation.
The measurement of cognitive and metacognitive control processes during the study with the hypermedia

L’apprendimento autoregolato rappresenta una modalita di apprendimento di fondamentale importanza quando ci si avvale del supporto di ambienti ipermediali. Obiettivo di questo articolo e presentare quattro assunzioni chiave che consentono la misurazione dei processi cognitivi e metacognitivi attivati durante l’apprendimento tramite ipermedia. Innanzi tutto, assumiamo che sia possibile individuare, tracciare, modellare e favorire processi di apprendimento auto-regolato durante lo studio con gli ipermedia. La seconda assunzione si focalizza sul comprendere come la complessita dei processi regolatori che avvengono durante l’apprendimento mediato da sistemi ipermediali sia importante per determinare il perche alcuni processi vengono messi in atto durante l’esecuzione di un compito. Le terza assunzione e relativa al considerare che l’utilizzo di processi di apprendimento auto-regolato possa dinamicamente cambiare nel tempo e che tali processi sono di natura ciclica (influenzati dalle condizioni interne ed esterne e da meccanismi di feedback). Infine, l’identificazione, raccolta e classificazione dei processi di apprendimento autoregolato utilizzati durante lo studio con sistemi ipermediali, puo risultare un compito alquanto difficoltoso.
Duality and Symmetry in the Hypergeometric Distribution

A CNN posting on the internet [1] reports that the 1996 trial of a rap star on manslaughter charges resulted in a hung jury. The posting says that the jury was composed of 7 men and 5 women and was hung at 9 to 3. Not reported is how many men or women voted with the majority. Several interesting probability problems come to mind. For example, what is the probability that exactly 5 jurors among the fnajority are men? The usual solution for such a problem utilizes methods that are associated with the hypergeometric probability distribution and involves designating successes and choosing a sample from a population. For the problem stated, it is clear that the population is the 12 jurors. But for the men and the majority, it is not so clear which should be et et ic istribution
Useful Industry and Muscular Christianity: George Augustus Selwyn and His Early Years as Bishop of New Zealand

Charles Kingsley in 1855 gave the following dedication to his novel, Westward Ho!: To the Rajah Sir James Brooke, K.C.B., and George Augustus Selwyn, D.D., Bishop of New Zealand this book is dedicated, by one who (unknown to them) has no other method of expressing his admiration and reverence for their characters. That type of English virtue, at once manful and godly, practical and enthusiastic, prudent and self-sacrificing, which he has tried to depict in these pages, they have exhibited in a form even purer and more heroic than that in which he has drest it. Brooke, the adventurer, soldier, and colonial administrator, and Selwyn, the missionary colonial bishop, appealed to Kingsley as exemplars of what he called ‘Christian manliness’. One of Kingsley’s reviewers, T. C. Sandars, described Kingsley as ‘spreading the knowledge and fostering the love of a muscular Christianity’. The defining characteristics of this ‘muscular Christianity’, a term with which Kingsley was uneasy, were ‘an association between physical strength, religious certainty, and an ability to shape and control the world around oneself’.
Constitutional Change in America: Dynamics of Ratification Under Article V

Although amendments to the U.S. Constitution have often wrought fundamental changes in American politics, there is little systematic or quantitative research on the dynamics of the amending process. The roles of interest groups and social movements in the amending process, as well as the very structure of Article V (states "adopt" or "reject"), suggest that one can treat constitutional change by amendment as an instance of the diffusion of innovations. This article focuses on how, when, and under what circumstances the states have chosen to accept or reject amendments proposed by the Congress. The article presents descriptive data on the speed of adoption for proposed amendments, develops three alternative models (constant-source, interactive, and mixed), and discusses the results of statistical tests of the models. Despite the "nationalization" of the mass media and American politics, the diffusion of constitutional amendments does not appear to have accelerated in dramatic fashion from the nineteenth to the twentieth centuries. In the final analysis, a mixed model, with elements of constant-source and interaction between states, provides the best explanation for patterns in the ratification of constitutional amendments.
Nanopatterned Substrates Increase Surface Sensitivity for Real-Time Biosensing

In this paper, we report critical design rules for improving the sensitivity of plasmonic biosensors. We use a scalable, parallel method to fabricate Au plasmonic crystal substrates patterned with an array of pits for real-time sensing. Capture ligands printed selectively in these pits resulted in a strong response to the binding of macromolecules. Angle-resolved sensorgrams showed quantitative differences between wavelength shifts produced by protein analyte bound within regions supporting localized and long-range electromagnetic fields. Contributions from the localized fields dominated the sensing response, especially at high angles. The angle-dependent far-field and near-field optical properties of selectively functionalized plasmonic crystals suggest that optimal performance is achieved at excitation parameters that produce an intense resonance with narrow spectral bandwidth and highly localized electromagnetic fields.
Emotion-Based Reconciliation Requires Attention to Power Differences, Critical Consciousness, and Structural Change

The premise of the target article by Cehajic-Clancy, Goldenberg, Gross, and Halperin (this issue) is that intergroup reconciliation should be understood as an emotion regulation process. Interventi...
Complete genome of Pieris rapae , a resilient alien, a cabbage pest, and a source of anti-cancer proteins.

The Small Cabbage White ( Pieris rapae ) is originally a Eurasian butterfly. Being accidentally introduced into North America, Australia, and New Zealand a century or more ago, it spread throughout the continents and rapidly established as one of the most abundant butterfly species. Although it is a serious pest of cabbage and other mustard family plants with its caterpillars reducing crops to stems, it is also a source of pierisin, a protein unique to the Whites that shows cytotoxicity to cancer cells. To better understand the unusual biology of this omnipresent agriculturally and medically important butterfly, we sequenced and annotated the complete genome from USA specimens. At 246 Mbp, it is among the smallest Lepidoptera genomes reported to date. While 1.5% positions in the genome are heterozygous, they are distributed highly non-randomly along the scaffolds, and nearly 20% of longer than 1000 base-pair segments are SNP-free (median length: 38000 bp). Computational simulations of population evolutionary history suggest that American populations started from a very small number of introduced individuals, possibly a single fertilized female, which is in agreement with historical literature. Comparison to other Lepidoptera genomes reveals several unique families of proteins that may contribute to the unusual resilience of Pieris . The nitrile-specifier proteins divert the plant defense chemicals to non-toxic products. The apoptosis-inducing pierisins could offer a defense mechanism against parasitic wasps. While only two pierisins from Pieris rapae were characterized before, the genome sequence revealed eight, offering additional candidates as anti-cancer drugs. The reference genome we obtained lays the foundation for future studies of the Cabbage White and other Pieridae species.
Impact of Donor Recipient Gender and Race Mismatch on Graft Outcomes in Patients With End-Stage Liver Disease Undergoing Liver Transplantation.

Context:The discrepancy between donor supply and organ demand increased the possibility of gender and race mismatch between the donors and recipients. However, the findings of their impact on graft and patient survival are outdated and mixed.Objective:To estimate the effects of gender and race mismatch on graft survival and patient survival among adult patients (18 years and older) with end-stage liver disease.Design:A total of 38 768 patients undergoing liver transplant between 2002 and 2011 were identified from United Network for Organ Sharing database. Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazard regressions with backward elimination adopting a marginal approach with a working independence assumption and stratification on recipient hepatitis C virus status were used.Main Outcome Measures:Posttransplantation graft survival and patient survival.Results:Both gender mismatch (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.12) and race mismatch (HR 1.08, 95%C: 1.04-1.12) h...
Trophic Relationships of Macroinvertebrates

Abstract Aquatic insects around the world exhibit similar morphologies and behaviors even though they are in very different taxonomic groups. This is the basis for the functional feeding group (FFG) method that was initially developed in the early 1960s. Taxonomy is applied only to the level of detail that allows assignment to one of the five FFG categories. These are scrapers adapted to feed on periphyton, shredders adapted to feed on riparian derived plant litter, filtering-collectors adapted to remove fine particle detritus from the water column, gathering-collectors adapted to feed on fine particle detritus where it is deposited on surfaces or in crevices, and predators that capture live prey. In this chapter on trophic relationships, we present (1) the general design of this functional classification system; (2) the basic food resources used by stream macroinvertebrates; (3) how to use the FFG approach in the assessment of the ecological condition of freshwater communities; (4) pictorial keys to identify FFGs; and (5) FFG ratios that can be used as surrogates for stream ecosystem attributes.