cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperatives for “Fair Globalization”? Indigenous People, Cooperatives, and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Brazilian Amazon:

Cooperatives and socially responsible corporations are being hailed as possible correctives to the socioeconomic and ecological exploitation of transnational capitalism. AmazonCoop—a cooperative linking indigenous Brazil nut harvesters and the multinational firm The Body Shop through trade and development projects—capitalized on indigenous symbolism to generate significant material benefits for both parties. At the same time, however, it made indigenous people more vulnerable and dependent, failed to promote participatory development, masked the effects of unfavorable state policies, and perpetuated discriminatory distinctions among indigenous people. Furthermore, the cooperative did not provide an organizational framework to ameliorate the vulnerabilities of indigenous identity politics or transform symbolic capital into enduring political-economic change. This case strongly supports arguments that cooperatives must be rooted in participation, democratic member control, and autonomy if they are to promote “fair globalization” or social transformation rather than institutionalize existing patterns of exploitation.
Silicon nanoelectronics and beyond: An overview and recent developments

This year marks the 40th anniversary of the invention of the first beam-lead device by Lepselter et al. Lepselter and coworkers proposed a method of fabricating a new semiconductor device structure and its application to high-frequency silicon switching transistors and ultra-high-speed integrated circuits. Beam-lead technology, also known as air-bridge technology, has established itself for its unsurpassed reliability in high-frequency silicon switching transistors and ultra-high-speed integrated circuits for telecommunications and missile systems. The beam-lead device became the first example of a commercial microelectromechanical structure (MEMS). Since its inception, MEMS has taken advantage of the evolving silicon technology, resulting in today’s nano-electromechanical structure and nano-optomechanical structure. In this paper, an overview of recent developments of silicon nanoelectronics is presented.
Bull and Line Differences in the Survival of Spermatozoa after Freezing and Thawing

Summary A study of the differences among bulls, among different inbred lines, and among different periods in the survivability of spermatozoa was made before and after freezing with 12 Holstein-Friesian bulls representing six inbred lines. A marked difference was observed among bulls in the ability of their spermatozoa to withstand freezing, although there were no significant differences prior to freezing. No line differences were observed at any of the pre- or post-freezing periods and as such this study does not indicate any evidence of genetic difference in the survival of spermatozoa before or after freezing. Although the rate of decrease in motility of spermatozoa with time in storage at the temperature used in this study differed among bulls, the per cent of motile spermatozoa after 12 weeks storage generally could be predicted immediately after freezing. A highly significant decline in the per cent survival of spermatozoa was observed from period to period. The rate of decline was the highest during the first two weeks after freezing.
BER analysis of orthogonal transmit waveform with space-time diversity for MIMO CDMA systems

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of an orthogonal transmit waveform that exploits space-time diversity (OTW-STD) in a CDMA cellular environment. The OTW-STD waveform is used in conjunction with multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas (also known as multi-input multi-output or MIMO) systems. The performance of the OTW-STD waveform in a MIMO system is evaluated based on the bit-error-rate (BER) performance. The analytical BER formula for the OTW-STD waveform, is derived as a function of the eigenvalues of the space-time channel covariance matrix. The BER results show that the OTW-STD system provides a significant performance improvement over the case of no diversity.
Package Inductors for Intel Fully Integrated Voltage Regulators

Intel fourth-generation and fifth-generation Core microprocessors are powered by high-frequency integrated switching voltage regulators. The inductors required to implement these regulators are constructed using the routing layers of conventional organic flip chip packaging. This paper provides an overview of the construction of these inductors including representative results from production packages. Measured inductors reported in this paper span from 1 to 6.7 nH under 2.4 mm2 and achieve $Q$ of up to 24 at 140 MHz (the switching frequency).
Exploring Green Chemistry Metrics with Interlocking Building Block Molecular Models

A classroom activity for learning green chemistry metrics with interlocking building blocks is described. The activity illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of conversion, selectivity, yield, atom economy, reaction mass efficiency, carbon efficiency, E-factor, and effective mass yield by counting, where appropriate, the number of molecular models built, the number of bricks used, or the number of connection points available. The activity is appropriate for students in general chemistry courses through advanced undergraduate green chemistry or industrial chemistry courses.
Riesgos de algunos químicos agrícolas en las pesquerías.

En este articulo se analizan varios metodos para medir el efecto que tienen sobre la pesca cuatro de los principales tipos de pesticidas quimicos: organofosfatos, organoclorados y piretroides naturales y sinteticos. Actualmente, se utilizan 700 millones de kg de pesticidas en Estados Unidos de Norteamerica, o sea, 3.1 kg per capita La agricultura usa cerca del 50% de los pesticidas producidos y cerca del 20% se aplica en las areas urbanas. Este uso extendido puede provocar una fuerte contaminacion ambiental con efectos ecologicos irreversibles. Los pesticidas utilizados en el sector agricola implican serias amenazas a la acuacultura, lo cual puede traducirse en mortandad de peces, reduccion de su crecimiento o contaminacion de especies comestibles, que pueden afectar su sabor y su potencial de venta. Estas amenazas pueden reducirse al minimo con la aplicacion de practicas racionales de manejo agricola.
Complete Genome Sequence of Marinobacter sp. CP1, Isolated from a Self-Regenerating Biocathode Biofilm.

ABSTRACT Marinobacter sp. CP1 was isolated from a self-regenerating and self-sustaining biocathode biofilm that can fix CO2 and generate electric current. We present the complete genome sequence of this strain, which consists of a circular 4.8-Mbp chromosome, to understand the mechanism of extracellular electron transfer in a microbial consortium.
Water Changes in Cockroach Oöthecae in Relation to the Evolution of Ovoviviparity and Viviparity

In the Blattellidae, the pattern of increase of water during egg development can be correlated with the amount of water initially present in the ootheca. Oothecae which initially contain more than 50% water, and are kept on a moist substrate, show a gradual increase in the water percentage toward the end of embryogenesis; those with less than 50% water have an S-shaped curve of water uptake. Similar patterns of water uptake during egg development suggest that ovoviviparous forms may have arisen from a plectopterine-like stock that had oothecae with a low percentage of water, or from a form similar to Blattella (whose oothecae have a high percentage of water) following a reduction in the water content of the eggs and an extension of the embryogenetic period. Viviparity (in Diploptera ) may have evolved from ovoviviparity in a stock the oothecae of which had a low percentage of water following a reduction in number of ovarioles, egg size, and yolk, and after a proportionate increase in water in the eggs. However, it is also possible that viviparity arose from a blattellid-like form the ootheca of which initially contained more than 50% water and was carried externally for the entire embryogenetic period; if so, then species of Blattella can be considered links between oviparous and viviparous species.
How to Classify Differential Polynomials

(1973). How to Classify Differential Polynomials. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 641-654.
Beyond definitive treatment. A new emphasis in cancer care.

Many patients “cured” of cancer are left disfigured and disabled. It is time to improve the quality of their survival. Cancer patients as a group are wrongly considered to have no rehabilitation potential and hence are denied the all-out restorative efforts accorded persons with other chronic diseases. Ideally, rehabilitation of the cancer patient should begin as soon as definitive treatment is determined and before physical deformity occurs. The patient should be encouraged to return to society and make maximum use of his residual capacities.
Can Anyone Stop the President? Power Asymmetries and Term Limits in Latin America, 1984–2016

Since the late twentieth century, numerous Latin American nations have launched efforts to relax presidential term limits, often successfully. This article discusses the conditions under which countries succeed in relaxing term limits. Drawing from bargaining models and reviewing 36 cases, it makes three arguments. First, actors' preferences are fairly predictable on the basis of officeholding: presidents are the most prominent actors pushing for expansion of term limits; opposition parties lead the resistance. Second, power asymmetry, measured by presidential approval ratings, is the best predictor of success, better than ideology or share of seats in Congress. Third, the only hope for stopping popular presidents rests with ruling parties and the courts, but only when the latter are sufficiently independent.
Research on the Microfinance Institution Sustainable Development Based on Inclusive Financial Systems

According to the data collecting from nine different types of financial organizations for micro finance in the Midwestern five provinces and one city,this paper analyzes the organizations' operating performances,basic situations,operating states and other aspects.According to the survey,the organization is such a unique innovation that it emerges tends of multi-forms,many investors and varieties of marker patterns,which represent the aim and direction of finance reform.It plays an active part in increasing the supply of rural fund,facilitating the loan application and improving productive forces.The main factors holding back the development are the government policies and the systems at the present time.Besides,to keep the organizations' sustainable development,it is essential to satisfy several conditions,such as the regulatory policy,the strictly enforced law,the government advocate,the self-management and the cultivation of credit sense and market attitude among farmers.
Effects of Venturi Tube Structure on Flow Field of the Combustion Chamber

To investigate the effects of venturi tube structure on flow field characteristics of the combustion chamber,three-dimensional numerical simulation was carried out to a single stage axial swirler/venturi tube.Results show that as the divergence angle increases,both the radial expansion intensity and diameter of recirculation zone increase;when the venturi tube's divergence angle and contraction ratio change,double-,triple-and quadruple-vortex will occur in the recirculation zone,and the vortexes distributed in tandem are equivalent to the main and secondary vortex,bringing benefits to the ignition and combustion of the combustion chamber;the length and back-flow velocity of central recirculation zone increase with the rise of venturi tube's contraction ratio;the structure of triple-and quadruple-vortex is more stable than that of double-vortex,which helps to extend the range of available load,and therefore improve the performance of the combustion chamber.
Impacts of land use, restoration, and climate change on tropical peat carbon stocks in the twenty-first century: implications for climate mitigation

The climate mitigation potential of tropical peatlands has gained increased attention as Southeast Asian peatlands are being deforested, drained and burned at very high rates, causing globally significant carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere. We used a process-based dynamic tropical peatland model to explore peat carbon (C) dynamics of several management scenarios within the context of simulated twenty-first century climate change. Simulations of all scenarios with land use, including restoration, indicated net C losses over the twenty-first century ranging from 10 to 100 % of pre-disturbance values. Fire can be the dominant C-loss pathway, particularly in the drier climate scenario we tested. Simulated 100 years of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation with an initial prescribed burn resulted in 2400-3000 Mg CO2 ha-1 total emissions. Simulated restoration following one 25-year oil palm rotation reduced total emissions to 440-1200 Mg CO2 ha-1, depending on climate. These results suggest that even under a very optimistic scenario of hydrological and forest restoration and the wettest climate regime, only about one third of the peat C lost to the atmosphere from 25 years of oil palm cultivation can be recovered in the following 75 years if the site is restored. Emissions from a simulated land degradation scenario were most sensitive to climate, with total emissions ranging from 230 to 10,600 Mg CO2 ha-1 over 100 years for the wettest and driest dry season scenarios, respectively. The large difference was driven by increased fire probability. Therefore, peat fire suppression is an effective management tool to maintain tropical peatland C stocks in the near term and should be a high priority for climate mitigation efforts. In total, we estimate emissions from current cleared peatlands and peatlands converted to oil palm in Southeast Asia to be 8.7 Gt CO2 over 100 years with a moderate twenty-first century climate. These emissions could be minimized by effective fire suppression and hydrological restoration.
Characterization of a spleen sulphotransferase responsible for the 6-O-sulphation of the galactose residue in sialyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine sequences

An enzyme which catalyses the transfer of sulphate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (PAPS) to C-6 of galactose in the NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc (3'SLN) sequence has been found in rat spleen microsomes and its specificity indicates that it is well suited to participate in the assembly of 3'-sialyl-6'-sulpho-LacNAc [NeuAcalpha2-3Gal(6-SO4)beta1-4GlcNAc] and 3'-sialyl-6'-sulpho-LewisX [NeuAcalpha2-3Gal(6-SO4)beta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc] saccharide groups which have been implicated as selectin ligands. This sulphotransferase has a strict requirement for oligosaccharide acceptors which are capped by an alpha2-3-linked sialic acid residue, although GlcNAc in 3'SLN can be substituted by Glc, and Galbeta1-4GlcNAc can be replaced by Galbeta1-3GlcNAc without loss of activity. The finding that 3'-sialyl LewisX was inert as an acceptor suggested that fucosylation, in contrast with sialylation, follows the addition of the sulphate group. Since fetuin glycopeptides containing the NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc sequence had a similar affinity for the enzyme as the unattached 3'SLN, it would appear that the acceptor determinants reside primarily in the peripheral trisaccharide constellation. The position of the sulphate on C-6 of galactose was elucidated by Smith periodate oxidation, hydrazine/nitrous acid/NaBH4 treatment and elder (Sambucus nigra) bark lectin chromatography of the desialylated [35S]sulphate-labelled products of the enzyme. Assays carried out with 3'SLN as acceptor indicated that the sulphotransferase had a pH optimum between 6.5 and 7.0 and a dependence on a bivalent cation best met by Mn2+ (12-25 mM); Triton X-100 (0.02 to 0.35%) brought about maximal stimulation. Tentative Km values determined for this enzyme were 4.7 microM for PAPS, and 0.72 mM and 1.16 mM for 3'SLN and fetuin glycopeptides respectively. A survey of several rat organs indicated that the PAPS:3'SLN-6-O-sulphotransferase is selectively distributed with maximal activity occurring in spleen which was substantially greater than thymus or lymph nodes. In contrast, other enzymes (i.e. PAPS:Gal-3-O-and GlcNAc-6-O-sulphotransferases) involved in the sulphation of sialyl-lactosamine and lactosamine sequences, which in the sulphated form are believed to also be selectin ligands, were more evenly distributed in lymphoid tissues. Relatively high activities for all three enzymes were found in brain.
A STUDY OF OPTIMAL DESIGN UNDER CONFLICT USING MODELS OF MULTI-PLAYER GAMES

In the broad context of modelling for system design, it is normally assumed that all decision-makers cooperate fully and thus avoid conflict. However, this is not always possible, in which case the design process is best modelled and studied as a multi-player game. The objective in this paper is to present and illustrate such a general game-theoretic framework for design modelling. In particular, explicit solutions are computed and interpreted for conservative or minmax, Pareto, Nash and Stackelberg games in a simple pressure vessel design example in which two players interact strategically, one of whom wants to minimize the weight and other wishes to maximize the volume. In another example in which a rotating disk is to be optimized for two objectives related to its design and manufacture, the Pareto solutions show how a novel manufacturing cost function can improve, under assumptions of a cooperative game, the optimal shape that was obtained under a single objective formulation related to design alone.
Role of Histology in Selecting Treatment for Stage A1 and Stage A2 Disease

The question posed is based on the assumption that the biologic risk of clinically unsuspected prostatic adenocarcinoma is sufficiently well defined as to permit treatment decisions to be made as a function of histologic grade and perceived local volume of the malignancy. Unfortunately, the published series which examine occult prostatic malignancy in an attempt to predict outcome are distorted due to variation in classification of focal and diffuse, and biologic risk is distorted due to uncontrolled use of various treatments. (1–8) One published series does much to define the clinical course of low volume, low histopathologic grade prostatic malignancy. (3,9) The series is unique in that the population was untreated until progression. Cantrell and associates identified 82 patients with clinically unsuspected disease and segregated these into two populations, A1 and A2, based on volume and histopathologic grade of the resected prostatic tissue. (10) A1 tumors were ≤ 5 percent of the volume of resected tissue and were ≤ Gleason histopathologic sum of 7. The population segregated into 48 A1 patients and 34 A2 patients. Followed for 48 months from diagnosis without treatment, 1 of 48 A1 tumors recurred while 11 of 34 A2 tumors recurred or progressed. Cantrell excluded all high grade (Gleason 8, 9, 10) tumors from Stage A1.
Extracting and converting quantitative data into human error probabilities

This paper discusses a proposed method using a combination of advanced statistical approaches (e.g., meta-analysis, regression, structural equation modeling) that will not only convert different empirical results into a common metric for scaling individual PSFs effects, but will also examine the complex interrelationships among PSFs. Furthermore, the paper discusses how the derived statistical estimates (i.e., effect sizes) can be mapped onto a HRA method (e.g. SPAR-H) to generate HEPs that can then be use in probabilistic risk assessment (PRA). The paper concludes with a discussion of the benefits of using academic literature in assisting HRA analysts in generating sound HEPs and HRA developers in validating current HRA models and formulating new HRA models.
A velocity decomposition approach for three-dimensional unsteady flow

Abstract A velocity decomposition method is developed for the solution of three-dimensional, unsteady flows. The velocity vector is decomposed into an irrotational component (viscous-potential velocity) and a vortical component (vortical velocity). The vortical velocity is selected so that it is zero outside of the rotational region of the flow field and the flow in the irrotational region can thus be solely described by the viscous-potential velocity. The formulation is devised to employ both the velocity potential and the Navier–Stokes-based numerical methods such that the field discretization required by the Navier–Stokes solver can be reduced to only encompass the rotational region of the flow field and the number of unknowns that are to be solved by the Navier–Stokes solver is greatly reduced. A higher-order boundary-element method is used to solve for the viscous potential by applying a viscous boundary condition to the body surface. The finite-volume method is used to solve for the total velocity on a reduced domain, using the viscous-potential velocity as the boundary condition on the extent of the domain. The two solution procedures are tightly coupled in time. The viscous-potential velocity and the total velocity are time dependent due to the unsteadiness in the boundary layer and the wake. The solver is applied to solve three-dimensional, laminar and turbulent unsteady flows. For turbulent flows, the solver is applied for both Unsteady-Reynolds-Averaging-Navier–Stokes and Large-Eddy-Simulation computations.
Bourgeois Equality: Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World

Bourgeois Equality is the third part of McCloskey’s ‘Bourgeois Era’ trilogy. The first part, Bourgeois Virtues (2006), argued that a prudence-only conception of morality in the economic realm is to...
¿Es su estrategia la misma que la mía? De cómo la nte convierte a la estrategia en una disciplina para la articulación social| Is Your Strategy The same as mine? How to NTE makes the strategy a discipline for Social Articulation

Se imagina el lector que pasaria si despues de pasarse un rato leyendo este articulo descubriese que Vd. y yo hemos estado tratando de cosas distintas. Compartir el uso de misma palabra- “estrategia”- no garantiza el entendimiento a menos que compartamos tambien su significado.La situacion puede ser mas incomoda cuando esto ocurre en el mundo profesional. En una ocasion una importante institucion publica espanola me contrato el diseno de su estrategia de comunicacion. Ya hecho mi trabajo, en el momento de presentar mis conclusiones me interrumpio su presidente: -“Perdona Rafael lo que yo quiero es otra cosa, me parece que te has confundido”. Mucho me temo que mi respuesta no fue de su entero agrado: -“Bueno en mi contrato figura literalmente “estrategia de comunicacion” y es lo que estoy presentando. Pero no se preocupe, desde el principio me parecio entender que lo que a Vd. le preocupa es mejorar su oficina de prensa, y que tiene sus dudas sobre si la persona que tiene al cargo de esa funcion es suficientemente competente. Y la respuesta que resulta de mi analisis y que hoy puedo darle es que si: es muy competente, pero no puede hacer bien su trabajo- como Vd. muy bien ha captado- porque esta institucion de su digna presidencia, carece de una autentica estrategia de comunicacion que sirva de marco a su actuacion. Y ese marco es precisamente es lo que hoy les traigo”.
Corrosion Behavior and Microstructure Influence of Glass-Ceramic Nuclear Waste Forms

Glass-ceramic waste forms present a potentially viable technology for the long-term immobilization of liquid nuclear wastes arising from used nuclear fuel reprocessing. Through control of chemistry during fabrication, such waste forms can have designed secondary crystalline phases within a borosilicate glass matrix. In this work, a glass-ceramic containing crystalline powellite and oxyapatite secondary phases was tested for its corrosion properties in dilute conditions using single-pass flow-through testing. Three glass-ceramic samples were prepared using different cooling rates to produce samples with varying microstructure sizes. In testing at 90°C in buffered pH(RT) 7 and pH 9 solutions, it was found that increasing solution pH and decreasing microstructure size (resulting from rapid cooling during fabrication) both led to a reduction in overall corrosion rate, indexed by boron release from the glass matrix. On the other hand, the corrosion rate of crystalline phase decreased with a decrease in pH. The...
Propofol, Sevoflurane, and Ketamine Induce a Reversible Increase in Delta-Gamma and Theta-Gamma Phase-Amplitude Coupling in Frontal Cortex of Rat.

Studies from human and non-human species have demonstrated a breakdown of functional corticocortical connectivity during general anesthesia induced by anesthetics with diverse molecular, neurophysiological, and pharmacological profiles. Recent studies have demonstrated that changes in long-range neural communication, and by corollary, functional connectivity, might be influenced by cross-frequency coupling between the phase of slow oscillations and the amplitude of local fast oscillations. Phase-amplitude coupling between slow oscillations and alpha rhythm during general anesthesia reveal distinct patterns depending on the anesthetic. In this study, we analyzed the effect of three clinically used anesthetics (propofol: n=6, sevoflurane: n=10, and ketamine: n=8) with distinct molecular mechanisms on changes in phase-amplitude coupling in the frontal cortex of rat. The loss of righting reflex was used as a surrogate for unconsciousness. Phase-amplitude coupling was calculated using the modulation index algorithm between delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-10 Hz), low gamma (25-55 Hz), and high gamma (65-125 Hz) bands. A linear mixed model with fixed effects was used for statistical comparisons between waking, anesthetized, and post-anesthesia recovery epochs. All three anesthetics increased the coupling between delta and low gamma (p<0.0001) as well as between theta and low gamma (p<0.0001) oscillations, which returned to baseline waking levels during the post-anesthetic recovery period. In addition, a reversible reduction in high gamma power (p<0.0001) was a consistent change during anesthesia induced by all three agents. The changes in delta-high gamma and theta-high gamma phase-amplitude coupling as well as power spectral changes in delta, theta, and low gamma bandwidths did not show a uniform response across the three anesthetics. These results encourage the study of alternative phase-amplitude coupling patterns as drug-invariant markers of general anesthesia in humans.
G12 Reducing harm from extravasation injury in children

Background/problem Extravasation injuries are a recognised cause of avoidable harm. Baseline data collection identified 35 such injuries to children in our hospital in 2014. In addition to the adverse effect on patients and the distress to their families and staff involved, several of these injuries resulted in litigation proceedings. Litigation resulted in £170 00 paid out in 2014. Aims Reduce harm caused by extravasation in children by half within two years. Methods A multi-disciplinary continuous improvement approach was adopted. The first task was to map the process for extravasation occurrence and identify where improvements could be made. Potential improvements were identified in a number of domains including systems, equipment, human interaction and education. Concurrent plan, do, study, act (PDSA) cycles were undertaken to address the areas identified. Interventions included: working with theatre staff to change dressing practice, improving awareness of high-risk drugs, education on training days including IV study days, mandatory training and doctor’s induction, standardisation of management of extravasation injury and regular MDT in-situ simulations. Results/measures Number of extravasations have reduced from 3/ year to 6 in 6 months: Measures collected include of the number of extravasations requiring: irrigation, observation only, plastic surgery input or financial payout occurred. The education based improvement programme was fully implemented mid 2015. Furthermore, no cases have occurred which required plastic surgery input. We understand there were no payouts in the last year for litigation (awaiting final confirmation). Lessons for practice We believe this example shows how utilising a multi-disciplinary team approach to improvement can result in considerable success. Embedding classroom and IT based skills and knowledge acquisition alongside an in-situ simulation programme has aided the success. Standardisation of process and practice has ensured all staff know what should occur and members of the team are able to aid those less familiar. We plan to adopt similar methods for improvement in other areas.
Towards the use of computationally inserted lesions for mammographic CAD assessment.

Computer-aided detection (CADe) devices used for breast cancer detection on mammograms are typically first developed and assessed for a specific “original” acquisition system, e.g., a specific image detector. When CADe developers are ready to apply their CADe device to a new mammographic acquisition system, they typically assess the CADe device with images acquired using the new system. Collecting large repositories of clinical images containing verified cancer locations and acquired by the new image acquisition system is costly and time consuming. Our goal is to develop a methodology to reduce the clinical data burden in the assessment of a CADe device for use with a different image acquisition system. We are developing an image blending technique that allows users to seamlessly insert lesions imaged using an original acquisition system into normal images or regions acquired with a new system. In this study, we investigated the insertion of microcalcification clusters imaged using an original acquisition system into normal images acquired with that same system utilizing our previously-developed image blending technique. We first performed a reader study to assess whether experienced observers could distinguish between computationally inserted and native clusters. For this purpose, we applied our insertion technique to clinical cases taken from the University of South Florida Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) and the Breast Cancer Digital Repository (BCDR). Regions of interest containing microcalcification clusters from one breast of a patient were inserted into the contralateral breast of the same patient. The reader study included 55 native clusters and their 55 inserted counterparts. Analysis of the reader ratings using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) methodology indicated that inserted clusters cannot be reliably distinguished from native clusters (area under the ROC curve, AUC=0.58±0.04). Furthermore, CADe sensitivity was evaluated on mammograms with native and inserted microcalcification clusters using a commercial CADe system. For this purpose, we used full field digital mammograms (FFDMs) from 68 clinical cases, acquired at the University of Michigan Health System. The average sensitivities for native and inserted clusters were equal, 85.3% (58/68). These results demonstrate the feasibility of using the inserted microcalcification clusters for assessing mammographic CAD devices.
On compact space objects in topoi

As E. Manes [3] has shown, the se t based category of compact Hausdorff spaces and their continuous maps is isomorphic to the category of algebras for the ultrafilter monad on sets. Several proofs of this result have been given; they show clearly that the isomorphism between the categories of compact Hausdorff spaces and of ultrafilter monad algebras is closely tied in with the Axiom of Choice. Thus the question is legitimate: what happens if we replace sets by a topos? When trying to answer this question, we are immediately confronted with another question: how do we generalize ultrafilters? Should we use prime filters, or should we use uitrafilters as defined by H. Volger [8]? Should we replace "non -emp ty " by " n o n initial" or by "inhabited"? We have not been able to decide between the various possibilities; thus we shall use them on an equal footing. Our first task is to construct suitable objects and monads of prime filters and of ultrafilters; this is accomplished in Sections 2 and 3. In Section 2, we obtain submonads of the double powerset monad from propositional connectives. This allows us to construct a filter monad and a prime filter monad on a topos, as well as arithmetic lattices and Stone spaces based on a topos. In Section 3, we construct a "sets of inhabited subsets" monad from a contravariant adjunction. One part of this adjunction is a contravariant powerset functor, from the category of partial morphisms in a topos to the topos. One can easily show, following the method of Par~ [5], that this functor is monadic; we shall not do this here. Combining the results of these two sections, by taking intersections of submonads of the double powerset monad, we obtain all the prime filter and ultrafilter monads we may want. The algebraic side of the problem is thus in good shape; this cannot be said for the topological side which we discuss in Section 4. In this section, we define compact Hausdorff spaces in a topos, relative to a submonad 9" of the filter monad, and we obtain an induced algebra functor Jr, from compact Hausdorff spaces to T algebras. In the other direction, we construct an induced topology functor, from T algebras to topological spaces. Induced topologies of T-algebras need not be Hausdorff. If we restrict ourselves to algebras for which the induced topology is Hausdorff, then induced topologies define a right inverse left adjoint functor of the induced algebra functor J.. We use standard notations as much as possible. Additional notations and auxiliary results are collected in Section 1. In particular, we define characteristic functions of relations, and discuss some of their properties. This is one useful tool for the present paper; the Mitchell B~nabou Osius language is another. We use this language in the form presented by G. Osius in [4]. Most of the material presented in this paper is taken from the unpublished thesis of the f i rs t -named author [6].
Aggressive angiomyxoma of the pelvis: a case report.

First described by Steeper and Rosai in 1983,1 aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) is a mesenchymal tumour found mainly in the pelvis and perineum. There is a strong female predominance, with a female-to-male ratio of approximately 6:1. It is a slow-growing tumour with a high rate of local recurrence. Because of its rarity, it is often initially misdiagnosed, frequently as a gynecological malignancy.
What Is Energy and How Is It Related to Wealth Production

Energy is, at best, an abstract entity for most contemporary people. Only rarely does it enter our collective consciousness, generally in those relatively rare times when there are particular shortages or sharp price increases in electricity or gasoline. In fact, as this book will demonstrate, energy and its effects are pervasive, relentless, all-encompassing, and responsible for not only each process and entity in nature and our own economic life but also for many aspects of the basic nature of our psyches and many of the ways that world history has unfolded. Few understand or acknowledge this because the pervasive impact in energy shown in this book does not usually enter into our collective training and education, and it does not enter into our educational curricula. Why is this so? If energy is as important as we believe then why is that not more generally known and appreciated? The answers are complex. One important reason is that the energy that is used to support ourselves, our families, or our economic activity generally is used at some other location and by other people, often in order to reduce environmental impacts on people, or by quiet, automatic machines whose fuel tends to be relatively cheap. After all, coal oil and gas, our principal sources of energy, are basically messy, smelly, dangerous, and unpleasant materials. The energy from food that we need to fuel ourselves surrounds most of us abundantly and is available readily and relatively cheaply. Society has gone to great lengths to isolate most of us physically and intellectually from the energy sources upon which our food, our comfort, our transportation, and our economy depend. It is convenient to ignore energy because many facts about it are uncomfortable to know.
Kalkulation von öffentlichen Leistungen

Die Diskussion uber die Fragen der sachgerechten und angemessen Kalkulation von Auftragen fur die offentliche Hand hat in der Betriebswirtschaftslehre und in der Betriebswirtschaftspraxis eine lange Tradition. Die hierzu duale Problemstellung, namlich wie Leistungsangebote von Einrichtungen der offentlichen Hand zu kalkulieren sind, ist dagegen nur sehr stiefmutterlich behandelt worden. Rechtliche Restriktionen, gravierende Uneinheitlichkeit in der Handhabung sowie immer starker steigende Kosten von Leistungen der offentlichen Hand, insbesondere auch in der Entsorgungswirtschaft, lassen die Fragen der sachgerechten Kalkulation offentlich erbrachter Leistungen zu einer immer bedeutsameren Themenstellung werden.
Analytic relaxation modulus expression for a viscoelastic liquid with complex viscosity following a Havriliak-Negami model

From results published by Rudolf Hilfer for the similar problem involving dielectric permittivities, we derive an explicit analytic expression for the step-strain relaxation modulus implied by the Havriliak–Negami model for complex viscosities.
Use of Wearable Technologies for Early Diagnosis and Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes and Arrhythmias

We sought to describe current issues in patient healthcare access to diagnostics and potential solutions via wearable and/or mobile/digital technologies. There are ongoing as well as completed studies showing feasibility of direct-to-consumer FDA-approved technologies to identify acute coronary syndromes and/or arrhythmias. Improvement in direct-to-consumer technology, cloud-based services, and access to the internet have the potential to greatly benefit and impact patient engagement and access to healthcare as well as early diagnosis of cardiovascular-related diseases.
Traumatic Atlantoaxial Lateral Subluxation With Chronic Type II Odontoid Fracture: A Case Report.

ABSTRACT Background: We report a case of an elderly patient who was diagnosed with lateral atlantoaxial subluxation with type II odontoid fracture, an extremely uncommon upper cervical spine injury that has not been previously reported in the literature to the knowledge of the authors. Methods: An 87-year-old male reported to the emergency room following a syncopal episode after sustaining a fall. He complained of dizziness, fatigue, disruption of vision and audition, and worsening neck pain. Computed tomographic scans were positive of partial dislocation of the C1 relative to C2 and chronic fracture of dens classified as type II according to the Anderson and D9Alonzo classification system. Magnetic resonance imaging further revealed large fracture pannus tissue at the level of the dens, reducing the space in the spinal cord. There was no evidence of spinal cord injury. Atlas-axis fusion with instrumentation was performed to manage the injury. A review of the classification, occurrence, and management of upper cervical spine surgeries was performed. Results: An acute injury to a previously unrecognized type II odontoid fracture with partial C1-C2 dislocation was identified as a rare upper cervical spine injury and classified based on the Anderson and D9Alonzo and Fielding and Hawkins classification systems. The decision was made to perform instrumented spinal fusion by inserting mass screws into C1, pars screws into C2, and locking rods to realign the vertebral bodies and address the atlantoaxial instability. Follow-up scans indicated good postsurgical reduction and fixation, including resolution of the pannus overgrowth without direct intervention. Conclusions: Lateral atlantoaxial subluxation with chronic type II fracture of the dens constitutes a rare injury of the upper cervical vertebrae. Posterior instrumented spinal fusion was used to effectively manage the injury, leading to reabsorption of retro-odontoid pannus tissue.
Evaluating Distributed Computing Infrastructures: An Empirical Study Comparing Hadoop Deployments on Cloud and Local Systems

The popularity of distributed computing platforms (e.g., Hadoop) is largely due to their ability to address scalability issues that arise from data storage and processing limitations of standard computing systems. However, the decision to dedicate organizational resources and capital for such systems needs a careful consideration of several factors including evaluation of cloud-based distributed computing options. We propose a framework of metrics which we used to conduct an in-depth performance and cost benefit analysis of two standard Hadoop infrastructural choices, i.e., a Platform as a Service ( PaaS ) on-demand cloud setup and a local organizational setup. We evaluated the framework by means of an exploratory data analysis use-case for a large-scale graph processing research problem. Our analysis considered highly granular aspects of distributed computing performance and studied how utilization rates and infrastructure amortization times affect break-even times. We identified that virtual memory management adversely affects the performance of a cloud cluster during the reduce phase with the magnitude of degradation dependent on the type of MapReduce operation. Our study is intended not only as an evaluation of infrastructural choices but also a development of a metric framework that can serve as a baseline for researchers examining distributed infrastructures.
Evaluating alternatives to reduce whale entanglements in commercial Dungeness Crab fishing gear

Abstract Since 2014, the U.S. West Coast has experienced a sudden increase in reported whale entanglements with commercial fishing gear. The increase has been particularly acute in reported entanglements between Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and commercial Dungeness crab gear. The current rate of entanglements is alarming and could trigger consequences for the responsible fisheries under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and Endangered Species Act (ESA); it seems likely that some change in the social-ecological status quo will be necessary to avoid significant harm to either the fishing community or the whale population. Here, we compare management alternatives to reduce entanglements, thereby reducing conflicts between whales and fishermen, scoring these alternatives according to estimated cost to fishermen, likely technical effectiveness, and anticipated reaction of fishermen in response to the change. We analyze these alternatives quantitatively using a Multi-Criterion Decision Analysis, and provide the analytical code as a decision-aid tool for managers and policy makers to use when contemplating changes to the West Coast commercial Dungeness fishery. We find a small number of high-ranking policy options; most prominently among these are Galvanic Timed Releases, which minimize the time that crab-pot lines are in the water and thus reduce the likelihood of entanglement. In addition, we include in an appendix a detailed list of regulations affecting the commercial Dungeness fishery, thereby providing both a substantive and procedural roadmap for reducing fishery-whale conflict.
‘They’re gay bars, but they’re men bars’: Gendering questionably queer spaces in a Southeastern US university town

AbstractThe increased acceptance of LGBTQ people in U.S. society has arguably led explicitly queer social spaces, such as the gay bar, to be displaced by more ‘questionably queer’ venues—fluid spac...
Chiral Synthesis via Organoboranes. 42. Selective Reductions. 57. Efficient Kinetic Resolution of Representative α-Tertiary Ketones with B-Chlorodiisopinocampheylborane

Kinetic resolution of racemic α-tertiary ketones with 0.5−0.6 molar equiv of B-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane provides the product alcohols in very high diastereomeric and enantiomeric excess, with the unreacted ketone recovered in very high ee. For example, ethyl 1-methyl-2-oxocyclopentane- and -cyclohexanecarboxylates are partially reduced to recover the ketone in 91 to ≥99% ee and the product alcohols in up to 94% de, with >90% ee for the major diastereomer. Bicyclic ketones, such as 1-methyl- and 1-ethylnorcamphor, camphor, and camphenilone, are readily resolved to provide the ketone in 92 to ≥99% ee, with the product alcohol recovered in high de and ee. Dihydrospiro[bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2,2‘(3‘H)-furan]-3-one is resolved to provide the ketone in ≥99% ee and the product alcohol in ≥99% de. In all the cases studied, the R-isomer of the ketone is recovered when dIpc2BCl is used for kinetic resolution, while lIpc2BCl provides the S-ketone. Optimum conditions for obtaining the product alcohol, or the keton...
PSORIASIFORM MUCOSITIS BY ANY OTHER NAME… A CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW OF ORAL PSORIASIS

A 60–year-old male presented for evaluation of “gum” lesions noted by an oral surgeon. The patient had been treated with chlorhexidine rinse, but the lesions had persisted. The medical history was significant for diabetes mellitus type 2, well-controlled HIV infection, and cutaneous psoriasis. On examination, multiple red macules were noted on the palate. Exfoliative cytology was performed and the patient treated empirically for erythematous candidiasis. On return for re-evaluation, the oral lesions had become widespread. The patient reported that he had discontinued apremilast for insurance reasons, and his cutaneous lesions had also worsened. Exfoliative cytology was negative for Candida organisms. A biopsy of the palatal lesions was recommended and a tentative diagnosis of oral psoriasis rendered. Microscopic examination revealed hyperparakeratosis and psoriasiform mucositis. Since the oral lesions were asymptomatic, the patient was reassured and advised to return for evaluation one month after resumption of psoriasis medication. Clinical assessment is ongoing.
High School Physical Activity and Nutrition Policy: Summarizing Changes Over Time Using Latent Class Analysis.

Introduction High school physical activity and nutrition policies can substantially affect student behavior and outcomes. Although public health officials and legislators have advocated for policy improvements, the extent to which policies have changed at local levels is not well understood. This study identifies latent classes of physical activity and nutrition policy environments and explores changes in prevalence of these classes from 2000 to 2016. Methods Data from the School Health Policies and Practices Study, a repeated cross-sectional survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administered at the school district level in 2000, 2006, 2012, and 2016, were analyzed in 2018. Using latent class analysis, policy environment subgroups were identified, described, and then dichotomized based on satisfaction in meeting recommendations. Associations of latent classes with year and urbanicity were evaluated using logistic regression. Results Five latent classes were identified each for physical activity and nutrition policy environments, all with distinct characteristics. Physical activity policies improved from 2000 to 2006 (p Conclusions The estimated proportion of school districts with satisfactory physical activity and nutrition policy environments increased from 2000 to 2016, possibly because of legislative and policy advocacy efforts. However, many areas for improvement remain. Unsatisfactory latent classes that remained prevalent though 2016 may highlight policy domains that should be targeted by future interventions or subject to further research.