cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The visible spectrum of S3 and S4

Abstract A vibrational analysis of the long-known, but unanalyzed and inconclusively assigned absorption around 400 nm in sulfur vapor at 450°C and 20 Torr, with pure isotopes 34 S and 32 S yields T 0,0 = 23,465 cm −1 . All 34 vibrational band heads fit the progression of ν ′ = 420 cm −1 and ν ″ = 590 cm −1 . At high dispersion, doublet band heads with unresolved rotational structure can be recognized. Another long-known absorption system around 530 nm reveals neither vibrational nor rotational structure. Photolysis experiments with a 10 −3 M solution of chlorosulfanes in an isopentane-methylcyclohexane glass at 77°K and in a krypton matrix at 20°K show that S 3 Cl 2 yields a new species characterized by a progression of bands with ν ′ = 400 cm −1 , and T 0,0 = 23,400 ± 100 cm −1 in the glass, while photolysis of S 4 Cl 2 at 77°K yields a species with continuum absorption at 530 nm. Annealing experiments with S 2 in a krypton matrix at 20°K also yield the 530 nm absorption. The correlation of the photolysis reactions and spectra indicates that the 400 nm system is due to S 3 while the 530 nm is due to S 4 . We discovered that the characteristic absorption of S 3 and S 4 is also found in hot liquid sulfur, in trapped liquid sulfur, and in trapped sulfur vapor.
A separation standard for departures transitioning from terminal to en route control

The advent of radar surveillance over half a century ago enabled numerous Air Traffic Control (ATC) standards that continue to be in use today to safely separate aircraft. In the case of departure operations, the discrete increase of spacing requirements that applies when transitioning from terminal to en route control hampers Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) goals of improving operational efficiencies. This paper proposes the concept of the Established-on-Departure Operation, or EDO, standard that capitalizes on improved navigational precision of Performance Based Navigation (PBN) operations. The concept incorporates current diverging procedures permitted in the terminal area as well as the concept of reduced divergence. The paper describes the requirements for its application and presents the analysis carried out to extend the applicability of a previously proposed standard for reduced-divergence operations. For Area Navigation (RNAV) Standard Instrument Departure (SID) operations, the analysis conservatively quantified a reduced divergence angle of 9 degrees, a 40-percent reduction in angular divergence when compared to today's 15-degree requirement. In order to illustrate implementation examples and estimate potential benefits, the concepts were applied to the RNAV SID structure at The Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL). For ATL alone, the estimates show a potential annual benefit of approximately $1.6 million per year. The standard concepts offer a suite of additional procedure design options not currently available to better accommodate airspace constraints and to increase the efficiency of departure operations transitioning from terminal to en route control.
Development of mechanical property correlation methodology for fusion environments

Abstract It is suggested that a model-based analysis of the relationship between microstructure and properties and relatively simple properties, such as tensile data and fracture/failure parameters is one useful component in the overall effort to predict structural response in fusion reactor environments. The approach is applied to modeling yield strength changes in irradiated stainless steel with apparent success. Further analysis of ductility data may suggest significant changes in fracture mechanisms in highly irradiated stainless steel. Finally, a simple micromechanical model is used to estimate changes in fracture toughness; while there is not sufficient confirmatory data, the calculations indicate a substantial reduction in toughness due to irradiation.
Factors Affecting the Alkaline Cooking Performance of Selected Corn and Sorghum Hybrids

ABSTRACT Dent corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) sample sets representative of commonly grown hybrids and diverse physical attributes were analyzed for alkaline cooking performance. The influence of kernel characteristics including hardness, density, starch properties (thermal, pasting, and crystallinity), starch content, protein content, and prolamin content on alkaline cooking performance was also determined. Corn nixtamal moisture content was lower for hard, dense kernels with high protein contents; sorghum nixtamal moisture content was lower for kernels with low moisture contents and low starch relative crystallinities. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) regression equations showed that corn nixtamal moisture content was influenced by TADD (tangential abrasive dehulling device) index, kernel moisture content, starch content, and protein content; sorghum nixtamal moisture content was influenced by starch relative crystallinity, kernel moisture content, and abrasive hardness in...
Escherichia coli transport in porous media: Influence of cell strain, solution chemistry, and temperature

Packed bed column and complementary characterization experiments were carried out with two Escherichia coli strains (D21 g and XL1-Blue) under a range of ionic strength (IS) and valence (KCl, CaCl(2), and artificial groundwater) to determine the role of bacterial strain and solution chemistry on cell adhesion. Increasing IS and valence had a marked effect on the electrokinetic and surface properties of bacteria and quartz grains; hence resulting in a greater rate of deposition. Distinct deposition trends were observed for the two cell strains, with greater retention observed for D21 g versus XL1-Blue across the range of IS. Selected transport and characterization experiments were also conducted with the D21 g cells, finding deposition also increasing with IS and valence. In the presence of Ca(2+) bacterial deposition behavior deviated from anticipated trends and it is concluded from additional analysis that Ca(2+) ions influence bacterial surface charge, hydrophobicity, and extracellular polymers. Further transport experiments were conducted with the D21 g cells and colloids to establish the role of temperature (4, 10 and 25 degrees C). Results suggested that a combination of specific and non-specific interactions occurring between the cells and quartz determines the extent of deposition, rather than transport from the bulk to the collector surface.
Measurement of the surface exchange and diffusion coefficients of thin film LaCoO3 and SrCoOx

Mixed ionic-electronic conducting perovskite materials are of interest as solid oxide fuel cell electrodes, though improved surface exchange and diffusion coefficients are desired. As a first step towards compositional optimization of thin film (La1-xSrx)CoO3-δ, we present here fabrication and characterization of films with nominal composition of the end members: LaCoO3 and SrCoOx. Isotope exchange depth profiling allowed straightforward measurement of the surface exchange coefficient of the roughly 100 nm thick films. The surface exchange coefficient for LaCoO3 was measured to be 2.3·10−8 cm·s−1 at 400 °C and 1.1·10−7 cm·s−1 at 500 °C. The values for SrCoOx were significantly lower at 7.0·10−10 cm·s−1 at 400 °C and 2.1·10−9 cm·s−1 at 500 °C. The diffusion coefficient was predictably more difficult to measure using such thin samples. It could not be reliably determined for LaCoO3 at 400 °C, but was about 2.4·10−12 cm2·s−1 at 500 °C. The values measured for SrCoOx were again lower, at 2.9·10−14 cm2·s−1 at 400 °C and 6.1·10−14 cm2·s−1 at 500 °C. The diffusion and—especially—surface exchange coefficients are all somewhat higher than expected based on data from literature reports, but may be increased due to various thin film-related effects. It is shown that future isotope exchange measurements of thin films would benefit greatly from examining both the time dependence and depth dependence of isotope concentration.
Heterosexual behaviors and risk of exposure to HIV: Current status and prospects for change

Abstract Prevalence of HIV among heterosexuals is relatively low as compared to that of gay and bisexual males and intravenous drug users (IDUs). However, many heterosexuals engage in behavior that places them at risk for exposure to HIV. Changes in sexual behavior in response to HIV are reviewed for both high-prevalence groups such as gay and bisexual men and IDUs and lower prevalence heterosexual groups. Psychosocial factors contributing to behavior change are evaluated. The implications for future changes by heterosexuals, especially the adoption of self-protective behaviors such as condom use, are discussed.
Forest-tree genetics research:Populus L.

The genus Populus, because of its considerable economic importance coupled with favorable experimental characteristics, has attracted the interest of many investigators of tree genetics and may truly be called the “guinea pig” of forest-tree breeding.
Surfactant protein-A mRNA expression by human fetal membranes is increased in histological chorioamnionitis but not in spontaneous labour at term†

Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) is produced by the fetal lung, participates in innate immunity, and has been proposed to play a role in the initiation of parturition in mice. Amniotic fluid SP-A concentration increases as a function of gestational age, and SP-A protein has been demonstrated in human chorioamniotic membranes. This study was conducted to determine whether parturition at term, gestational age and chorioamnionitis in preterm delivery (PTD) are associated with changes in the expression of SP-A in the chorioamniotic membranes. Chorioamniotic membranes were obtained from women at term and women with PTD (n=58). SP-A mRNA and protein expression was detected in amniotic epithelial cells, chorionic trophoblasts and macrophages by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated predominant expression of SP-A1 mRNA, whose expression was 17.4-fold higher in patients with PTD with chorioamnionitis (n=15) than in those without (n=13) (p=0.018). While no difference was observed in SP-A1 mRNA expression in the chorioamniotic membranes of women at term not in labour (n=16) and those in labour (n=14) (p=0.87), the expression in term membranes was higher than that of membranes from women with PTD without chorioamnionitis (p=0.003). Analysis of JAR choriocarcinoma cells demonstrated SP-A1 mRNA expression that was up-regulated following lipopolysaccharide treatment. Furthermore, monocytic cell lines (THP-1 and U937) and peripheral blood monocytes (CD14+/CD115+) obtained from pregnant women also expressed SP-A1 mRNA and protein, suggesting the presence of autocrine/paracrine activation in vivo. Interestingly, a mid-trimester amniotic fluid sample obtained from a case of tracheal atresia contained SP-A (3.13 microg/ml), indicating the presence of SP-A of extrapulmonary origin. These findings suggest not only that SP-A expression is a part of the innate immune response deployed during chorioamniotic inflammation, but also that chorioamniotic membranes are a source of SP-A in the amniotic fluid with advancing gestation.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to Marek's disease herpesvirus-encoded glycoproteins.

Cell-mediated immune responses are important for protective immunity to Marek's disease (MD), especially because MD herpesvirus (MDV) infection is strictly cell-associated in chickens with the exception of the feather follicle epithelium. A system previously developed using reticuloendotheliosis (REV)-transformed cell lines stably expressing individual MDV genes allows the determination of relevant MDV proteins for the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. To examine the importance of glycoproteins for the induction of CTL, the MDV genes coding for glycoproteins (g) C, D, E, H, I, K, L, and M were stably transfected into the REV-transformed chicken cell lines RECC-CU205 (major histocompatibility complex (MHC): B(21)B(21)) and RECC-CU91 (MHC: B(19)B(19)). All transfected cell lines were lysed by REV-sensitized, syngeneic splenocytes obtained from MD-resistant N2a (MHC: B(21)B(21)) and MD-susceptible P2a (MHC: B(19)B(19)) chickens, indicating that the expression of individual MDV glycoproteins did not interfere with antigen processing pathways. Only cell lines expressing gI were recognized by CTL from both N2a and P2a MDV-infected chickens. Cell lines expressing glycoproteins gC and gK, and to a lesser extent, gH, gL, and gM were lysed by syngeneic MDV-sensitized splenocytes from N2a birds but not P2a birds. In contrast, gE was recognized by MDV-sensitized effector cells from the P2a line and not the N2a line. Glycoprotein D was not recognized by either line, with the exception of one marginally significant P2a assay. These results indicate that late viral glycoproteins are relevant for the induction of cell-mediated immunity during MDV infection.
Macromolecular chemistry: Polymers kept in the loop.

Cyclic molecules have fascinated chemists for many years and researchers have now made nanoscale macromolecular 'doughnuts' that are large enough to be imaged with an atomic force microscope — providing direct visual proof of their cyclic topologies.
Soil Structure Interaction Through Two Parameter Foundation

Beams on foundations and piles resisting by surrounding soil are significantly complex due to the behavior of the surrounding semi-infinite soil media. Winkler’s model is the simplest element that account for the behavior of both the foundation and soil. The Winkler model is the one-parameter model which assumes the foundation reaction at a particular point is proportional to the soil displacement. Most of the existing elements assume the soil to be tensionless or even elastic. In reality, the soil cohesiveness plays an important role in the behavior of foundation elements. In this paper a new finite element formulation was developed in which the soil can be viewed as an inelastic element with a combination of cohesive behavior that transmits rotations due to bending, in addition to the well-known Winkler effect known as the two-parameter model. The non linear response of structures resting on this improved foundation model is analyzed following a Pasternak approach with improved soil parameters. The soil parameters are evaluated by an internal iteration which depends upon the loading and foundation parameters. Parametric analyses of a foundation element have been carried out and comparisons were made between different foundation parameters. The numerical performance of the element was further enhanced by adopting the newly developed mixed finite element formulation with fiber discretization. The presented solutions and applications show the superiority of the element in simulating the complex response of foundation structures.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Interacting models of cooperative gene regulation

Cooperativity between transcription factors is critical to gene regulation. Current computational methods do not take adequate account of this salient aspect. To address this issue, we present a computational method based on multivariate adaptive regression splines to correlate the occurrences of transcription factor binding motifs in the promoter DNA and their interactions to the logarithm of the ratio of gene expression levels. This allows us to discover both the individual motifs and synergistic pairs of motifs that are most likely to be functional, and enumerate their relative contributions at any arbitrary time point for which mRNA expression data are available. We present results of simulations and focus specifically on the yeast cell-cycle data. Inclusion of synergistic interactions can increase the prediction accuracy over linear regression to as much as 1.5- to 3.5-fold. Significant motifs and combinations of motifs are appropriately predicted at each stage of the cell cycle. We believe our multivariate adaptive regression splines-based approach will become more significant when applied to higher eukaryotes, especially mammals, where cooperative control of gene regulation is absolutely essential.
The Effect of Turbulent Intermittency on the Deflagration to Detonation Transition in Supernova Ia Explosions

We examine the effects of turbulent intermittency on the deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) in Type Ia supernovae. The Zel'dovich mechanism for DDT requires the formation of a nearly isothermal region of mixed ash and fuel that is larger than a critical size. We primarily consider the hypothesis by Khokhlov et al. and Niemeyer and Woosley that the nearly isothermal, mixed region is produced when the flame makes the transition to the distributed regime. We use two models for the distribution of the turbulent velocity fluctuations to estimate the probability as a function of the density in the exploding white dwarf that a given region of critical size is in the distributed regime due to strong local turbulent stretching of the flame structure. We also estimate lower limits on the number of such regions as a function of density. We find that the distributed regime, and hence perhaps DDT, occurs in a local region of critical size at a density at least a factor of 2-3 larger than predicted for mean conditions that neglect intermittency. This factor makes the transition density much larger than the empirical value from observations in most situations. We also consider the intermittency effect on the more stringent conditions for DDT by Lisewski et al. and Woosley. We find that a turbulent velocity of 108 cm s−1 in a region of size 106 cm, as required by Lisewski et al., is rare. We expect that intermittency has a weaker effect on the Woosley model with a stronger DDT criterion. The predicted transition density from this criterion remains below 107 g cm−3 after accounting for intermittency using our intermittency models.
Nanotopographical imaging using a heated atomic force microscope cantilever probe

Abstract This paper reports quantitative topographical measurements using a heated atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever probe. The study compares topographies measured by the cantilever thermal signal to topographies measured by the laser-deflection signal of an AFM system. The experiment used 20 and 100 nm tall Si gratings as topographical test samples. The cantilever heater temperature ranged from 130 to 640 °C, and the cantilever power ranged from 1.5 to 6.6 mW. The measured topography sensitivity, which is the fractional change of the heated cantilever resistance, has a |ΔRcant|/Rcant of 4.5 × 10−5 to 1.1 × 10−3 per vertical nanometer, which is 10–100 times greater than that of similarly sized piezoresistive cantilevers. In a proof of concept demonstration, the heated cantilever measures the topography of a microfabricated platinum line of thickness 100 nm on a silicon dioxide substrate.
Distribution of Eph-related molecules in the developing and mature cochlea

Receptors and ligands of the Eph family have recently been shown to influence the development of a variety of tissues. In the present study, the temporal and spatial distribution of Eph receptors and ligands were investigated in the embryonic and postnatal cochlea using Northern blot and immunohistochemical analysis. The results of Northern blot experiments revealed that a large number of Eph family members were present in embryonic cochlear and vestibular ganglia. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that ligands and receptors of the GPI subclass were distributed in complementary patterns within the differentiating spiral limbus, inner sulcus and outer sulcus. The distribution of these molecules became more restricted beginning in the first postnatal week. In contrast, members of the transmembrane subclass of Eph ligands were largely associated with cochlear neurons and their target hair cells. Expression of these ligands appeared to increase during the second postnatal week, corresponding to the period of peripheral nerve fiber reorganization in the cochlea. Together, these studies suggest that multiple Eph family members play unique roles in formation of the cochlea.
Conditional characterizations of multivariate distributions

Let (X, Y) be a bivariate random variable with\(X\mathop = \limits^d Y\). Denote the family of conditional distributions ofX givenY by φ(x|y) determines the joint distribution of (X, Y) in such a setting. This observation provides an alternative proof of a bivariate normal characterization first proved by Ahsanullah (1985). Many analogous characterization results can be enumerated. Some examples are provided. Multivariate extensions are discussed. For example it is shown that a random vector\(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot\cdot}$}}{X} _n = (X_1 ,...,X_n )\) has a multivariate normal distribution, if and only ifX 1,X 2 belong to a location-scale family and fori=2, 3, …,n the conditional distribution ofX i given\(X_{i - 1} = x_{i - 1} ,...,X_1 = x_1 is N\left( {\beta _i + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^{i - 1} {\alpha _{j,i - 1} x_j ,\sigma _i^2 } } \right)\), for all realx 1,…,x i-1. Also, we show that a conjecture of M. Ahsanullah concerning multivariate normality ofX n is incorrect.
Usefulness of the CHA2DS2VASc score to predict postoperative stroke in patients having cardiac surgery independent of atrial fibrillation.

Despite its association with cardioembolic stroke, atrial fibrillation (AF) appears to be inconsistent as a risk factor for postoperative strokes in patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Furthermore, the relation between AF and the CHA 2 DS 2 VASc score has not been definitively established with respect to postoperative stroke. We retrospectively analyzed the records of all cardiac surgery performed at our institution between January 2008 and July 2013. Baseline characteristics, operative data, and postoperative outcomes were compared in patients who developed stroke with those who did not. Previously recognized stroke risk factors, including AF, were analyzed along with the CHADS 2 and CHA 2 DS 2 VASc scores. A total of 3,492 consecutive patients were identified, of which 2,077 (60%) underwent valve surgery, 915 (26%) had coronary artery bypass grafting, 399 (11%) underwent combined coronary artery bypass grafting and valve procedures, and 101 (3%) had other cardiac operations. Postoperative ischemic strokes occurred in 44 patients (1.2%). The development of a stroke was associated with older age (74 ± 12 vs 69 ± 12, p = 0.008), preoperative antiplatelet medication use (38.6% vs 24.5%, p = 0.043), congestive heart failure (37% vs 20%, p = 0.002), and greater CHADS 2 (2.48 ± 1.3 vs 1.98 ± 1.1, p = 0.015) and CHA 2 DS 2 VASc scores (4.2 ± 1.8 vs 3.4 ± 1.6, p = 0.002). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the CHA 2 DS 2 VASc score was the only independent predictor of postoperative strokes (odds ratio 1.25; 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.5, p = 0.014). In conclusion, the CHA 2 DS 2 VASc score appears to predict postoperative strokes independent of the presence of AF.
Effects of L2C leukemia on macrophage-mediated responses

Preliminary experiments have suggested that guinea pig L2C B-cell leukemia cells were able to evade macrophage-mediated lysis. To determine whether the L2C cells were resistant to macrophage cytotoxic activity or whether factors associated with the L2C leukemia contributed to a generalized inhibition of macrophage cytotoxic activity, pulmonary macrophages from strain 2 guinea pigs with L2C leukemia were tested for their ability to lyse the susceptible K562 cell line after activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lymphokines. In addition, the potential presence of soluble inhibitors of macrophage tumoricidal activity in serum-free culture supernatants and in serum from strain 2 guinea pigs terminally ill with the leukemia was tested by determining the effects of leukemic guinea pig serum (LGPS) or L2C-conditioned medium (CM) on the tumoricidal activity of normal pulmonary macrophages. Macrophages from guinea pigs terminally ill with L2C leukemia were demonstrated to be depressed in their cytotoxic activity against the K562 cell after stimulation by either LPS or lymphokines when compared to normal macrophages. The lymphokine-stimulated cytotoxic activity of normal macrophages was inhibited in the presence of LGPS or CM. Oxidative burst activity of normal macrophages, as measured by zymosan-stimulated production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, was also inhibited under these conditions. The data presented here suggests that soluble factors associated with L2C leukemia cells can suppress oxidative burst activity of macrophages in vitro and that this effect may contribute to the ability of the leukemia cells to evade macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity.
Automation of clinical laboratories

Clinical laboratories have the responsibility for providing a variety of tests that are crucial to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. Currently, they are faced with a growing task in that the half billion tests they now perform annually will double within the next 5 years under the stress of an increasing demand for health services. This is a critical problem whose solution lies in the automation of these laboratories since technical help is in short supply and would be too costly to employ in the amounts needed even if they were available. This paper deals with some of the social, medical, and technical considerations surrounding the automation of these laboratories, and research and development activities of significance. It is imperative that engineers join with clinical scientists in these efforts, as their contributions in the area of basic and applied research and in the development of the instruments, devices, and systems required for total automation of the clinical laboratory are particularly important.
Techniques for Identifying Fertile Hens’ Eggs

Abstract KOSIN (1944) has described techniques for determining the fertility of unincubated hens’ eggs by examination either (a) with the naked eye, or (b) microscopically, after fixation and staining with alum cochineal. If these techniques are sufficiently accurate, they should be of great value to people working in the field of avian reproduction, provided that chicks are not desired from the eggs under test. With these methods it is not necessary to operate incubators, and, perhaps more important, the fertility of a group of eggs can be determined on the day they are laid, which results in a considerable saving of time. In studies of fertility undertaken at Cornell University, the saving in time and in eggs was thought to be sufficient to warrant further investigation of the utility of these techniques. The accuracy of the macroscopic technique has been investigated by Kosin (1945a). When 182 eggs that had been judged . . .
A Study of the Emerging Renewable Energy Sector Within Iowa

This article offers an understanding of the evolution of Iowa's ethanol industry landscape. A conceptual framework based on a techno-economic paradigm of networked organizations and associated regi...
Availability of nesting sites as a limit to woodpecker populations

Abstract We determined availability of potential cavity sites in a second-growth beech-birch-maple ( Fagus-Betula-Acer ) forest in central New York, USA and related these measures to estimates of wood-pecker abundance from line-transect surveys. Nine habitat variables, including seven indicators of decay, were used to develop a model to discriminate between cavity trees and non-cavity trees. Presence of broken tops and broken branch stubs > 10 cm diameter were the best predictors of bird use. Using the model to classify trees as potential nest sites, we estimated the density of such trees as 80.7 trees ha −1 . This supply of potential cavity trees should have been sufficient to support potential maximum woodpecker populations, but our estimates of density for five species of woodpecker were well below potential maximum woodpecker densities in northern hardwoods. Availability of suitable nest trees apparently was not limiting woodpecker on the study area, thus efforts to maintain or increase woodpecker populations should not focus solely on providing potential cavity trees because other factors may be limiting.
Upregulation of the apelin–APJ pathway promotes neointima formation in the carotid ligation model in mouse

To investigate apelin-APJ (angiotensin receptor- like 1) signalling in vascular remodelling, we have examined the pathophysiological response to carotid ligation in apelin knockout mice. Methods and results Apelin null animals compared with wild-type mice had significantly decreased neointimal lesion area (1.17+ 0.17 vs. 3.33+ 1.04 � 10 4 mm 2 , P , 0.05) and intima/media ratio (0.81+ 0.23 vs. 1.49+ 0.44, P , 0.05), averaged over four sites 0.5-2 mm from the ligation. Exogenous apelin infusion rescued the apelin-KO phenotype, promoting neointima formation in the null animals. Apelin null animals showed decreased smooth muscle positive area in the neointima (82.3+ 2.4 vs. 63.9+ 8.4, P , 0.05), and a smaller percentage BrdU positive cells in the neointima and media (11.06+ 1.00 vs. 6.53+ 0.86, P , 0.05). Apelin mRNA expression increased initially (5.2-fold, P , 0.01) followed by increased apelin receptor expression (10.1-fold, P , 0.05) in the ligated artery. Cytochemistry studies localized apelin expression to luminal endothelial cells and apelin receptor upregulation to smooth muscle cells (SMC) in the media and neointima. In vitro experiments with cultured rat aortic SMC revealed that apelin stimulation increased migration. In contrast to the increased expression of apelin and apelin receptor in carotid remodelling, expression was not upregulated in the apoE high fat model, and correlated with the known disease-inhibitory effect in this model. Conclusion These data suggest that increased apelin receptor expression by SMC provides a paracrine pathway in injured vessels
Cardiac myocyte volume, Ca2 fluxes, and sarcoplasmic reticulum loading in pressure-overload hypertrophy

Alterations in cellular Ca2+ transport and excitation-contraction coupling may contribute to dysfunction in cardiac hypertrophy. Left ventricular myocytes were isolated from rat hearts after 15-18 wk of suprarenal abdominal aortic banding to evaluate the hypothesis that hypertrophy alters the relationship between Ca2+ current (ICa) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ load during steady-state voltage-clamp depolarization. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart weight-to-body weight ratio of banded (B) animals were significantly higher than in control or sham-operated animals (C). Isolated myocyte dimensions and volume increased in parallel with whole heart hypertrophy and elevation in MAP. However, the relationship between membrane surface area (measured by capacitance) and cell volume (measured by laser scanning confocal microscopy) was unaltered (C: 8.9 +/- 0.3; B: 8.5 +/- 0.4 pF/pl). No differences in the voltage dependence of ICa activation, steady-state inactivation, or recovery from inactivation were detected between C and B myocytes. Maximal ICa density for the two groups was also not different either under basal conditions (C: 4.28 +/- 0.98; B: 4.57 +/- 0.60 pA/pF) or in the presence of 1 microM isoproterenol (C: 16.6 +/- 2.3; B: 16.5 +/- 2.3 pA/pF). The fraction of Ca2+ released from the SR by a single twitch was 55.4 +/- 9.4% in C and 37.1 +/- 6.9% in B (not significantly different). Steady-state Ca2+ influx during a twitch was calculated in units of micromoles per liter of nonmitochondrial volume from the integral of ICa (C: 13.4 +/- 0.7 microM; B: 13.3 +/- 0.8 microM). The SR Ca2+ load was similarly calculated by integration of Na+/Ca2+ exchange current induced by rapid caffeine application (C: 140 +/- 9 microM; B: 169 +/- 18 microM). We conclude that significant cellular hypertrophy is associated with proportional increases in sarcolemmal ICa influx, SR Ca2+ loading, and the amount of SR Ca2+ released in this model of pressure overload.
CLIMATOLOGY OF THE LOW LEVEL JET

Abstract Geographical and diurnal variations in the frequency of occurrence of strong low level wind maxima are determined using 2 yr. of wind data from 47 rawinsonde stations in the United States. Maximum frequency of occurrence is found in the Great Plains at approximately 37°N. and 98°W. The vast majority of jets in this region occur with southerly flow. Southerly wind maxima appear on both morning and afternoon soundings but occur with much greater frequency, over a larger area, on the morning observations. Twenty-eight morning jet cases are used to determine average synoptic-scale wind and temperature patterns in the vicinity of the jet. Diurnal wind oscillations are examined by comparisons of jet frequencies, speeds, and altitudes on four-times-daily observations. The oscillation is similar to that described by Blackadar; however, there is no apparent tendency for the latitudinal variation in period of the oscillation which Blackadar's model implies.
Teacher-Learner Negotiation in Content-Based Instruction: Communication at Cross-Purposes?

Unnenuv oj Illinois at Urbana-Champaign This research looks at teacher-stude nt exchanges in three content-based language classrooms The data reveal persistent archetypal patterns of classroom interaction, teachers speak most of the time and they initiate the majority of the exchanges by asking display questions, whereas student-initiated requests are referential In addition, teachers modify their own speech in response to students' signals of non-understan ding regardless of activity type (whole class, small group, one-to-one), but students prefer to verbally request help only in small group or one-to-one interactions with the teacher Moreover, although teachers repeatedly modify their speech in response to students' requests (verbal or non-verbal), they rarely request modifications oj the students' speech Sustained negotiation—in which teachers and students verbally resolve incomplete or inaccurate messages—occurs rarely or not at all in these classrooms The research differs from earlier work on L2 teacher talk and negotiation in that it attempts to shed light on why these patterns of interaction persist The discussion of the data includes the participating teachers' explanations of their own behaviors Students' reactions to negotiation in content-based instruction are gleaned from end-of-semester evaluations of both the teacher and the course Overall lack of linguistic negotiation is attributed to teachers' and learners' expectations for appropriate classroom behaviors, teachers' sensittvity to affective variables in second language learning, power relationships, and time management considerations While the present research supports previous experimental studies in which learners' clarification requests result in teacher-modified input, they also challenge the feasibility of promoting more negotiation in content-based instruction
Atomistic Structure of Calcium Silicate Intergranular Films in Alumina Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Molecular dynamics simulations of calcium silicate (CaSiO3)intergranular films that were formed during the liquid-phase sintering of alumina (Al2O3)ceramics were conducted. A constant-pressure algorithm was used in the simulations to accommodate changes in the sample size during heat treatment and tensile tests. A model of the grain boundary that was wetted by glass was created by melting the silicate film between two Al2O3surfaces with the basal orientation. Samples with different film thicknesses and CaO contents were studied. The presence of an ordered interface in the atomistic structure of the mostly amorphous films was revealed. Calcium additives segregated preferentially into the ordered SiO2/Al2O3interface regions. Increased addition of calcium further promoted the ordering and increased stability of the films. Tensile strength was evaluated and showed an increase with low calcium additions, followed by strength reduction at higher CaO additions. Two modes of fracture were observed in the simulations.
Heritable symbiosis: The advantages and perils of an evolutionary rabbit hole.

Many eukaryotes have obligate associations with microorganisms that are transmitted directly between generations. A model for heritable symbiosis is the association of aphids, a clade of sap-feeding insects, and Buchnera aphidicola, a gammaproteobacterium that colonized an aphid ancestor 150 million years ago and persists in almost all 5,000 aphid species. Symbiont acquisition enables evolutionary and ecological expansion; aphids are one of many insect groups that would not exist without heritable symbiosis. Receiving less attention are potential negative ramifications of symbiotic alliances. In the short run, symbionts impose metabolic costs. Over evolutionary time, hosts evolve dependence beyond the original benefits of the symbiosis. Symbiotic partners enter into an evolutionary spiral that leads to irreversible codependence and associated risks. Host adaptations to symbiosis (e.g., immune-system modification) may impose vulnerabilities. Symbiont genomes also continuously accumulate deleterious mutations, limiting their beneficial contributions and environmental tolerance. Finally, the fitness interests of obligate heritable symbionts are distinct from those of their hosts, leading to selfish tendencies. Thus, genes underlying the host–symbiont interface are predicted to follow a coevolutionary arms race, as observed for genes governing host–pathogen interactions. On the macroevolutionary scale, the rapid evolution of interacting symbiont and host genes is predicted to accelerate host speciation rates by generating genetic incompatibilities. However, degeneration of symbiont genomes may ultimately limit the ecological range of host species, potentially increasing extinction risk. Recent results for the aphid–Buchnera symbiosis and related systems illustrate that, whereas heritable symbiosis can expand ecological range and spur diversification, it also presents potential perils.
Joachim Kohn (1912–1987) and the Origin of Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis

The year 2006 marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of cellulose acetate (CA) electrophoresis by Joachim Kohn, a pathologist at Queen Mary's Hospital in Roehampton, London. During a career in pathology that began in 1950 and spanned 37 years, Kohn published more than 50 papers in clinical laboratory medicine. He was the first to report the use of CA microbiology filters as solid supports for zone electrophoresis and the separation of hemoglobin phenotypes on CA membranes. Kohn also invented a new electrophoresis chamber and an 8-position stamp applicator especially for use with CA membranes. Beginning in 1957, Kohn pioneered the development of CA techniques for immunoelectrophoresis, counter immunoelectrophoresis, radial immunodiffusion, protein blotting, and immunofixation. He also designed a transport dressing for burn patients and was the first person to describe the use of an enzyme-based dipstick for measuring fingerstick blood glucose concentrations. This short review highlights Kohn's discovery of CA electrophoresis and his contributions to the development of this procedure.
Radiation fields of an annular source of radially directed currents

Obtains an expression for the radiation field as a function of the angular current density, the annular radius, and the angular coordinate
Brown midrib-3 Corn Silage and Heat Extruded Soybeans for Early Lactating Dairy Cows ~

Abstract Twenty-eight Holstein cows individually were fed brown midrib -3 or normal corn silage in combination with heated or unheated soybeans as complete rations from wk 3 to wk 10 postpartum in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Each of the four rations contained 65% silage, 31% soybeans, and 4% of a vitamin-mineral supplement (dry basis). Actual milk (kg/day), milk fat, and milk protein for cows fed brown midrib -3 and normal were: 35.4, 2.82%, and 2.96% and 33.1, 3.15%, and 2.89%. The reduced milk fat percent was consistent with reduced rumen pH and acetate: propionate ratio by cows fed brown midrib -3. Cows fed normal showed a high incidence of ketosis, possibly related to a lower energy intake. Actual milk (kg/day), milk fat, and milk protein for cows fed heated and unheated soybeans were 33.9, 2.52%, and 3.00% and 34.6, 3.50%, and 2.85%. Cows fed heated soybeans consumed less soluble-protein but similar dry matter. Rumen pH and ammonia in cows fed heated and unheated soybeans were 6.39, 10.1; 6.26, 17.2. The reduced milk fat percent from heated soybeans is consistent with the lower ruminal acetate:propionate ratio and may be related to chemical changes in the fat in soybeans from heating. Concentrations of total essential amino acids in tail vein serum were higher in cows fed heated soybeans. Cows fed heated soybeans had a higher incidence of ketosis than cows fed unheated soybeans. Feeding in excess of 6 kg/day of heated soybeans with corn silage as the sole forage is not recommended.
High frequency modeling of current sensors

Reflected wave transient voltages that result from fast insulated gate bipolar transistor voltage source inverters have received considerable investigation. Modeling, simulation, and attenuation of these transients require sophisticated motor and cable models. Most drive suppliers now provide combinations of passive and active solutions to mitigate the adverse effects of overvoltage stress, however, the cost of the passive solutions often exceed the cost of the drive. Another aspect of low rise time devices, not examined to the extent of the overvoltage problem, is the resulting current from traveling waves. Current sensor fidelity limits the ability of modern drives to detect peak current and can result in current feedback distortion. This paper presents research into the response, modeling, and construction of Hall effect current sensors. Models for Hall current sensors are introduced and compared. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate the complexity of the common current sensors employed in modern adjustable speed drives. A comparison of the sensor response and the model's prediction demonstrates the difficulty associated with accurate current detection. Finally, the paper presents design guidelines to reduce the corrupting influence of high frequency differential and common mode currents.
Spectroscopic constants and potential energy curves of 21 electronic states of RuH

Abstract State-averaged complete-active-space self-consistent-field (SA CASSCF) calculations, followed by first-order configuration interaction (FOCI) and multi-reference singles+doubles CI (MRSDCI) calculations which included up to 100000 configurations, are carried out on 21 electronic states of RuH. In addition spin-orbit effects are investigated using the relativistic CI (RCI) methodology. The ground state of RuH is found to be a X 4Σ− electronic state with Re=1.547 A, ωe=1938 cm−1 and De=2.9 eV. Many allowed electronic transitions from the ground X 4Σ− state, and from excited 4Π and 4Φ states, are predicted which are yet to be observed. The nature of the low-lying electronic states and bonding in them are analyzed through Mulliken populations, orbital interactions, and the weights of various configurations in the CI wavefunctions. All the low-lying states exhibit ionic character with Ru+H− polarity of bonds. The Ru orbitals in the RuH bonds in the low-ying 4Σ and 4Π states are composed of 43% Ru(s), 4% Ru(p), 53% Ru(d), and 55% Ru(s), 4% Ru(p), and 41% Ru(d), respectively. There is 6.5% and 9% electron transfer from Ru to H in the 4Σ− and 4Π states, respectively.
Network coding-based protection of many-to-one wireless flows

This paper addresses the problem of survivability of many-to-one flows in wireless networks, such as wireless mesh networks (WMNs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Traditional protection schemes are either resource-hungry like the (1+1) protection scheme, or introduce a delay and interrupt the network operation like the (1 : N) protection scheme. In this paper, we present a network coding-based protection technique that overcomes the deficiencies of the traditional schemes. We derive and prove the necessary and sufficient conditions for our solution on a restricted network topology. Then we relax these connectivity requirements and show how to generalize the sufficient and necessary conditions to work with any other topology. We also show how to perform deterministic coding with {0,1} coefficients to achieve linear independence. Moreover, we discuss some of the practical considerations related to our approach. Specifically, we show how to adapt our solution when the network has a limited min-cut; we therefore define a more general problem that takes this constraint into account, which prove to be NP-complete. Furthermore, we discuss the decoding process at the sink, and show how to make use of our solution in the upstream communication (from sink to sources). We also study the effect of the proposed scheme on network performance. Finally, we consider the implementation of our approach when all network nodes have single transceivers, and we solve the problem through a greedy algorithm that constructs a feasible schedule for the transmissions from the sources.
Dual-Language Planning at Oyster Bilingual School: "It's Much More Than Language.".

This article describes how Oyster Bilingual School's two-way Spanish-English language plan functions in its sociopolitical context. Language planning and implementation at Oyster Bilingual School constitute a dynamic, multilevel, multidirectional process in which language minority and language majority members of the Oyster community collaborate in their efforts to define bilingualism and cultural pluralism as resources to be developed. The Spanish-English language plan is one part of a larger identity plan that aims to promote social change by socializing children differently from the way children are socialized in mainstream U.S. educational discourse. In addition, the ethnographic/discourse analytic approach presented can be applied in investigating how other language plans function in their sociopolitical contexts.
Sindbis Virus-Associated Pathology in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Virus dissemination and associated pathology were examined in Aedes albopictus after intrathoracic inoculation of Sindbis virus (SIN), the prototypic Alphavirus. At 10 days postinfection, virus RNA was detected in all three-body segments of the insect. Colocalization of virus antigen with structural pathology was observed in mosquito salivary glands and midgut-associated visceral muscles, representing yet another example of arbovirus-associated pathology in a mosquito host. SIN antigen and gross pathology were detected in lateral lobes, but not the medial lobe of salivary glands, whereas virus antigen, vacuolated cytoplasm, and myofilament misalignment were detected in the visceral muscles at the midgut exterior surface. Early in the midgut infection, virus antigen was localized in small foci on the organ surface that progressed to a grate work-like banding pattern that eventually cleared. Both the salivary glands and the midgut are essential to insect survival and reproduction. Additionally, these organs provide a pathway for virus transmission in nature. Although SIN infection may not shorten the mosquito life span, persistent coexistence could permit survival of both host and microbe as well as contribute to alterations in insect behavior.