cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport Pathways and Processes

The goal of this chapter is to chart procedures for identifying endothelial transport pathways and mechanisms for water and solutes. An excellent description of the discovery of the microcirculation, of the identification of the capillaries as the main sites of interchange of fluid and solutes, and of the development of the concept of capillary permeability has been written by E. M. Landis.25 In the first half of this century, it was recognized that capillaries in most organs of the body allowed relatively free exchange of water and small solutes (crystalloids), but restricted the escape of plasma proteins and other macromolecules (colloids). In 1896, Ernest Starling53 explained the retention of vascular volume as the result of a balance of the osmotic pressure of plasma colloids and the hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood. Imbalance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces results in fluid movement into or out of the bloodstream. This process is called ultrafiltration. The fluid moved (ultrafiltrate) contains water and small solutes in equilibrium with plasma, but only traces of plasma proteins. The direction and rate of fluid movement are proportional to sign and magnitude of the difference between hydrostatic and effective osmotic forces (positive = outward).24, 35 Exchange of water and solutes smaller than plasma proteins was attributed to passive diffusion.22, 23 Differences in capillary permeability from organ to organ were recognized: the capillaries of the brain were known to be nearly impermeable to ions and small molecules, while the sinusoids of the liver and spleen were known to be permeable to plasma proteins. It was also recognized that capillaries in most organs allowed small (“trace”) amounts of plasma proteins to escape into the interstitial fluid, and that the lost protein was returned to the bloodstream by the lymphatics.16, 29
Formation vs. Completion: Determining the Main Drivers Behind Production From Shale; A Case Study Using Data-Driven Analytics

Summary Is it the quality of the formation or the quality of the completion that determines or controls the productivity of a shale well? In this paper we attempt to address this important question. We present a case study using a fit-forpurpose approach with no attempt to generalize the final conclusions. The analysis presented in this article is based on measured data. No assumptions are made regarding the physics of the storage and/or the transport phenomena in shale. We let the data speak for itself. The case study includes a large number of wells in a shale asset in the northeast of the United States. Characteristics such as net thickness, porosity, water saturation, and TOC are used to qualitatively classify the formations that each well is producing from. Furthermore, wells are classified based on their productivity. We examine the hypothesis that reservoir quality has a positive correlation with well productivity (wells completed in shale with better reservoir quality will demonstrate better productivity). The data from the field will either confirm or dispute this hypothesis. If confirmed, then it may be concluded that completion practices have not harm the productivity and are, in general, in harmony with the reservoir characteristics. The next step in the analysis is to determine the dominant trends in completion and judge them as best practices. However, if and when the hypothesis is disproved (wells completed in shale with better reservoir quality will NOT demonstrate better productivity), one can and should conclude that completion practices are the main culprit for the lack of better production from better quality shale. In this case, analysis of the dominant trends in the completion practices should be regarded as identifying the practices that need to be modified. Results of this study show that production from shale challenges many of our preconceived notions. It shows that the impact of completion practices in low quality shale are quite different from those of higher quality shale. In other words, completion practices that results in good production in low quality shale are not necessarily just as good for higher quality shale. Results of this study will clearly demonstrate that when it comes to completion practices in shale, “One-Size-fit-All” is a poor prescription.
Penetrating the Blood–Brain Barrier: Promise of Novel Nanoplatforms and Delivery Vehicles

Multifunctional nanoplatforms combining versatile therapeutic modalities with a variety of imaging options have the potential to diagnose, monitor, and treat brain diseases. The promise of nanotechnology can only be realized by the simultaneous development of innovative brain-targeting delivery vehicles capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier without compromising its structural integrity.
Dim sum

This story takes place in the largest and most prominent Chinatown outside of Asia. While the excitement is at its peak for endless food and entertainment in the City of San Francisco, one man's fate is a more thrilling attraction than any other. After busy lunch hours are over, Ping, a busboy and waiter at a dim sum restaurant, accidentally drops a tea cup, which shatters into pieces. Pong, the infamous owner of the restaurant, fires Ping and gives him his final pay. Now unemployed, Ping goes back to the restaurant as a customer, and Pong is in no position to refuse nor mistreat his former employee, Ping! Will Ping's payback be a success?
Design and Realization of Biomedical Devices Based on Shape Memory Polymers

Our experience with shape memory polymers (SMP) began with a project to develop an embolic coil release actuator in 1996. This was the first known SMP device to enter human trials. Recent progress with the SMP devices include multiple device applications (stroke treatments, stents, other interventional devices), functional animal studies, synthesis and characterization of new SMP materials, in vivo and in vitro biocompatibility studies and device-tissue interactions for the laser, resistive, or magnetic-field activated actuators. We describe several of our applied SMP devices.
THE ANTILACTOBACILLUS SYSTEM OF SALIVA. ROLE OF SALIVARY PEROXIDASE.

SummaryIt has been previously reported by others that the growth of lactobacillus in complete growth medium is inhibited by saliva and that a component of the antilacto-bacillus system of saliva is thiocyanate ion. The inhibition of growth of lactobacillus by saliva is decreased by catalase, The heat labile non-dialyzable component of the anti-lactobacillus system of saliva can be replaced by an amount of lactoperoxidase equivalent to the amount present in saliva. This suggests that the antilactobacillus system of saliva contains at least two components, per-oxidase and thiocyanate ions. Iodide at a concentration in excess of that present in saliva can replace thiocyanate in this system.
Two-dimensional, three-fluid modeling of capillary plasma discharges in electrothermal mass accelerators

Electrothermal (ET) plasma launchers have a wide array of applications as mass acceleration devices. An ET plasma launcher utilizes an ET plasma discharge to accelerate a projectile. ET plasma discharges are arc-driven capillary discharges that ablate liner materials and form partially ionized plasmas. ET plasma discharges are generated by driving current pulses through a capillary source. Current pulses typically have peak currents on the order of tens of kA with pulse lengths on the order of hundreds of μs. These types of plasma discharges have been explored for their application to military ballistics, electric thrusters, and nuclear fusion power. ET plasma discharges have been studied using 0D, 1D, and semi-2D fluid models. In this work, a three-fluid, fully two-dimensional model of ET plasma discharges is presented. First approximations used in the newly developed model and code are discussed and simulation results are compared with experiment. Simulation results indicate the development of back flow inside ET plasma discharges due to collisional drag forces between individual plasma species. This back flow is observed for simulations of ET plasma discharges receiving current pulses with peak currents of 10, 20, 30, and 40 kA. Simulation results also reveal the development of fluid perturbations near the breech of the plasma source. These perturbations cause variations in the plasma electrical conductivity and ultimately cause changes in the local ablation rate of the source liner. At higher current pulses, these perturbations are more localized in the region of the source closest to the breech. This effect causes a decrease in the ablated mass in this region relative to the region of the source experiencing the highest ablation.
Serum prolactin patterns in early human gestation

The relation between levels of human prolactin (HPRL), other protein hormones, and estradiol in serum immediately prior to and for the first few weeks after conception was determined. HPRL was measured by radioimmunoassay in serum samples obtained daily from these women during the menstrual cycle in which conception took place and for several weeks thereafter. It was found that the concentration of HPRL initially increased above nonpregnant levels 32 to 36 days after the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak. The patterns of estradiol and HPRL were similar in early gestation, while there was no similarity between the patterns of HPRL and human placental lactogen. These results are in agreement with other studies showing that high levels of estrogen influence HPRL secretion in the human subject.
Traumatic coronary artery-right heart fistula. Report of a case and review of the literature.

Although the left coronary artery is the most frequently injured vessel of the heart, traumatic fistulas appear more often in the right coronary vessels, as the initial injury to the left coronary artery usually results in early death prior to hospitalization. Indications for surgical repair include cardiac decompensation and signs of shunt progression. In asymptomatic patients with no changes in cardiac function, consideration for repair includes the following: (1) enlargement of the fistula, causing a large runoff into the low-pressure chamber, and reduction of blood supply to the local myocardium distal to the fistula; (2) progressive dilatation of a pseudoaneurysm when it exists; and (3) the presence of bacterial endarteritis. Surgery usually has been indicated in reported cases of coronary artery fistula. Conservative management is applicable when the shunt is small and cardiac function is normal, as evidenced by the present case report and the first case cited in the literature. Oversewing of the area of the fistula and bypass grafting from the ascending aorta to the distal coronary tree might provide an additional mode of management in selected cases.
CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSE OF VERY OBESE SUBJECTS TO TREADMILL EXERCISE.

Abstract Cardiorespiratory response to treadmill exercise was assessed in 12 normal and 15 very obese subjects. Under the same exercise conditions, the obese group required almost double the oxygen consumption and pulmonary ventilation of the normal group. Mechanical efficiency and oxygen debt in relation to oxygen consumption during exercise were similar in the two groups. The increased oxygen consumption of the obese subjects during exercise was predicted by empirical formulas developed from data on normal subjects. Thus, it was demonstrated that the relationships among body weight, walking speed, and oxygen consumption in the obese group were essentially the same as those obtaining in normal subjects. For comparable increment in energy expenditure as indicated by the change in oxygen uptake with exercise, obese subjects achieved equivalent increases in ventilation with higher respiratory frequencies and lower tidal volumes. No other important differences in cardio-respiratory response were observed under these circumstances.
µSR Measurements of Penetration Depth in Exotic Superconductors

The magnetic field penetration depth λ has been measured in high-Tc cuprate, bismuthate (BKBO), organic, Chevrel phase and heavy-fermion superconductors, using muon spin relaxation (µSR) and/or some other bulk methods. Fermi energies eF of these systems are estimated from λ, based on the relation 1/λ2 ∝ ns/m* (superconducting carrier density / effective mass). A plot of transition temepratue Tc versus TF = eF/kB demonstrates that all of these “exotic” systems possibly belong to a unique group of supercopnductors characterized by high transition temperature relative to ns/m* and TF. This feature clearly distinguishes these exotic superconductors from ordinary BCS superconductors.
Quantitative dynamic SPECT imaging of 123I-mIBG in normal human subjects with a population-based plasma metabolite correction

1768 Objectives Conventional 2D planar imaging of 123I-mIBG is not fully quantitative. To develop a more accurate and sensitive approach for quantitation of 123I-mIBG imaging, we investigated 4D dynamic SPECT imaging on a stationary dedicated cardiac scanner and evaluated kinetic modeling for normal human subjects with a population-based plasma metabolite correction. Methods Dynamic 123I-mIBG SPECT imaging data for 6 normal subject studies were acquired on a GE Discovery 570c SPECT/CT system with 5 15-min dynamic scans over a 3-h period. For 4 studies, venous blood samples were taken and analyzed by HPLC for metabolites. List-mode SPECT data were binned into 29 frames. Images were reconstructed with body-contour constraints obtained from CT images with corrections for attenuation, scatter and decay. Myocardium and blood pool regions of interest were drawn to obtain the input function and tissue time activity curve. A population-based metabolite correction (PBMC) curve was generated with all the plasma data for all 6 studies, and was compared with individual metabolite correction (IMC) for 4 studies with individual plasma data. Distribution volume (VT) values were obtained from a two-tissue compartment model, without metabolite correction, and with both IMC and PBMC. Results By 15-min post-injection, the mean parent fraction in plasma was Conclusions 123I-mIBG is metabolized in plasma of humans and metabolite correction is needed for accurate kinetic modeling. The PBMC is feasible for absolute quantification of dynamic 123I-mIBG SPECT imaging. More human studies are ongoing to establish a more accurate PBMC. Research Support American Heart Association Grant-In-Aid award 13GRNT17090037 and Research Contracts from GE Healthcare.
"Give Sorrow Words": Working With Bereavement in Senior Residential Settings.

AbstractBereavement and its consequent grief are frequent in senior residential settings. Failure to manage grief appropriately can have serious medical consequences, principally clinical depression. Focused talk with a grieving person can help ease the pain of grief; it can also help prevent compli
Figurative Language Deficits Associated With Right Hemisphere Disorder

Purpose To describe the nonliteral language deficits associated with right hemisphere disorder (RHD), discuss the neuroimaging data associated with the processing of nonliteral language, and to off...
Chapter III.7 – The Regeneration of Skeletal Tissues With Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Publisher Summary The adult mesenchymal tissues have distinct molecular compositions and architectures that are optimized for their unique mechanical functions. Yet, all these tissues are derived from relatively common mesenchymal progenitor cells in the mesodermal layer of the developing embryo. Three distinct processes have been identified in considering the options for reconstruction of full or partial lesions in structural tissues. Development is the embryonic process by which tissues are formed and mature in response to in situ chemical and mechanical fields. Repair is the intrinsic process by which tissues attempt to minimize the consequences of injury and provide maximum tissue function by the most rapid method. This chapter defines regeneration as the process of reproducing an injured tissue's molecular composition and architecture as completely as possible for returning the tissue to normal function.
Manipulating the plant genome to increase susceptibility to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

N plant genes influence susceptibility to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, but until recently no gene has been identified that globally regulates susceptibility. We identified MTF, an Arabidopsis myb transcription factor that negatively regulates transformation. MTF is down-regulated by cytokinins secreted by Agrobacterium, resulting in increased transformation susceptibility. In plants, cytokinins trigger a signaling cascade mediated by a two-component phosphorelay pathway consisting of the AHKs (Arabidopsis histidine kinases) and the ARRs (Arabidopsis response regulators). ahk3 and ahk4 mutants show attenuated transformation, indicating involvement of these primary cytokinin receptors in transformation. Of the several ARR mutants tested, only arr3 shows decreased transformation-susceptibility. One of the earliest transformation events is the attachment of bacteria to plant cells. In the hyper-transforming mtf mutant, one of the transcriptionally up-regulated genes is AT14a, which encodes an integrin domain-containing protein. AT14a is plasma membrane-localized and may mediate connections between the cell wall and the cytoskeleton. mtf mutants show increased bacterial attachment and transformation, whereas at14a mutants show lower Agrobacterium attachment and transformation. AT14a transgenic plants also show increased transformation and bacterial attachment. Thus, modulation of MTF expression via the cytokinin signaling pathway plays an important role in Agrobacteriummediated transformation via increased bacterial attachment. We identified putative MTF orthologs in the crop species rice, Brassica napus, B. rapa, B. oleracea, soybean, and maize. cDNAs of these putative orthologs functionally complement the Arabidopsis mtf1-4 mutant, whereas an unrelated myb transcription factor cDNA does not. Preliminary data indicate that RNAi directed against the rice MTF ortholog results in increased rice transformation susceptibility. Stanton B. Gelvin, J Bacteriol Parasitol 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.S1.004
Proteomic patterns as a diagnostic tool for early-stage cancer: a review of its progress to a clinically relevant tool.

The pace of development in novel technologies that promise improvements in the early diagnosis of disease is truly impressive. One such technology at the forefront of this revolution is mass spectrometry. New capabilities in mass spectrometry have provided the means for the development of proteomics, and the race is on to find innovative ways to apply this powerful technology to solving the problems faced in clinical medicine. One area that has garnered much attention over the past few years is the use of mass spectral patterns for cancer diagnostics. The use of these so-called ‘proteomic patterns’ for disease diagnosis relies fundamentally on the pattern of signals observed within a mass spectrum rather than the more conventional identification and quantitation of a biomarker such as in the case of cancer antigen-125-or prostate-specific antigen. The inherent throughput of proteomic pattern technology enables the analysis of hundreds of clinical samples per day. Currently, there are two primary means by which proteomic patterns can be acquired, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) and an electrospray ionization (ESI) method that has been popularized under the name, OvaCheck™. In this review, an historical perspective on the development of proteomic patterns for the diagnosis of early-stage cancers is described. In addition, a critical assessment of the overall technology is presented with an emphasis on the steps required to enable proteomic pattern analysis to become a viable clinical tool for diagnosing early-stage cancers.
First records of the Glacuous-winged Gull in Utah

First occurrences of the Glaucous-winged Gull ( Larus glaucescens ), and hybrids between it and the Western ( L. occidentalis ) and Herring Gull ( L. argentatus ), in Utah are documented. Sightings of 14 individuals over two winters (1984-86) may represent an inland expansion of the winter range of this species.
Singlet–Triplet Gaps through Incremental Full Configuration Interaction

The method of increments is herein applied to produce accurate singlet–triplet gaps in a variety of challenging polyatomic systems involving main group elements. This strategy computes incremental Full Configuration Interaction (iFCI) energies for the two spin states in a size-extensive n-body expansion. iFCI avoids exponential costs when n is small and thus is dependent on choice of reference function to maintain good accuracy at polynomial cost. The new algorithm presented in this article therefore employs a high-spin perfect pairing reference to capture the major qualities of the singlet and triplet wave functions at n = 0. Systematic studies will show that singlet–triplet gap predictions approach 1 kcal/mol accuracy at small n (n ≤ 3) compared with available experimental and high-level theoretical values.
Moisture Content Determination

The moisture (or total solids) content of foods is important to food manufacturers for a variety of reasons. This laboratory exercise includes moisture content determination by a variety of techniques on various food products: (a) forced draft oven; (b) vacuum oven, with and without the use of drying sand; (c) microwave drying oven; (d) rapid moisture analyzer; (e) toluene distillation; (f) Karl Fischer method; and (g) near-infrared analyzer. Results obtained can allow for evaluation of accuracy and precision, relative advantages and disadvantages of methods, and appropriate applications of methods.
Ultrawidefield microscope for high-speed fluorescence imaging and targeted optogenetic stimulation.

The rapid increase in the number and quality of fluorescent reporters and optogenetic actuators has yielded a powerful set of tools for recording and controlling cellular state and function. To achieve the full benefit of these tools requires improved optical systems with high light collection efficiency, high spatial and temporal resolution, and patterned optical stimulation, in a wide field of view (FOV). Here we describe our ‘Firefly’ microscope, which achieves these goals in a O6 mm FOV. The Firefly optical system is optimized for simultaneous photostimulation and fluorescence imaging in cultured cells. All but one of the optical elements are commercially available, yet the microscope achieves 10-fold higher light collection efficiency at its design magnification than the comparable commercially available microscope using the same objective. The Firefly microscope enables all-optical electrophysiology (‘Optopatch’) in cultured neurons with a throughput and information content unmatched by other neuronal phenotyping systems. This capability opens possibilities in disease modeling and phenotypic drug screening. We also demonstrate applications of the system to voltage and calcium recordings in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes.
Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Fruit as a Functional Food and Dietary Supplement for an Aging Population

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses noni fruit as a functional food and dietary supplement for older people. The study is a literature review of medical publications done online. A table shows the common dietary supplements of noni, beneficial for age-elated conditions. The medicinal uses of noni includes lowering of blood pressure, as an anti-inflammatory agent and beneficial effects in osteoporosis, tuberculosis, HIV infections and cancer. The risk of cancer morbidity and mortality is increased in the aging population and use of complementary and alternative medicine is common among cancer patients and studies have indicated noni as having anti-cancer activity. Summaries of in vitro studies on effect of noni in cancer is given. A brief account of the safety of noni and its potential toxicity is cited and include side effect arising from the consumption of noni product and potential drug-supplement interaction. It concludes that the studies conducted on noni and various health conditions are limited in number and so the effectiveness of noni products on health remains inconclusive.
Characterization of the pixB gene in Xenorhabdus nematophila and discovery of a new gene family

Xenorhabdus nematophila are Gram-negative bacteria that engage in mutualistic associations with entomopathogenic nematodes. To reproduce, the nematodes invade insects and release X. nematophila into the haemolymph where it functions as an insect pathogen. In complex medium, X. nematophila cells produce two distinct types of intracellular crystalline inclusions, one composed of the methionine-rich PixA protein and the other composed of the PixB protein. Here we show that PixB crystalline inclusions were neither apparent in X. nematophila cells grown in medium that mimics insect haemolymph (Grace’s medium) nor in cells grown directly in the insect haemocoel. The identified pixB gene was regulated by a conserved σ70 promoter while the pixA promoter was less well conserved. Expression of pixA and pixB under biological conditions was analysed using GFP promoter reporters. Microplate fluorescence detection and flow cytometry analyses revealed that pixB was expressed at high levels in Grace’s medium and in insect haemolymph and at lower levels in complex medium, while pixA was expressed at lower levels under all conditions. Although pixB was highly expressed in Grace’s medium, PixB crystalline inclusions were not present, suggesting that under biological conditions PixB production may be controlled post-transcriptionally. Although a pixB-minus strain was constructed, the function of PixB remains unresolved. The pixB gene was present in few Xenorhabdus species and pixB-type genes were identified in some Proteobacteria and Gram-positive species, while pixA was only present in Xenorhabdus species. Two conserved sequences were identified in PixB-type proteins that characterize this previously unrecognized gene family.
Interpolation as a Momentum Problem

In the scalar setting the Caratheodory interpolation Problem 2.4 in Chapter X is equivalent to the following: Given b and c in Cn find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a contractive analytic f in H∞ satisfying f(T)b = c where T is the lower shift matrix on Cn. In this chapter we will present a fundamental momentum theorem due to Rosenblum and Rovnyak, to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of contractive analytic F in H∞(E, E′) satisfying F(T)b = c. Here b and c are arbitrary operators and F(T) defined below is generalization of the function of an operator T. In the first section the commutant lifting theorem will be used to prove the basic momentum result. In the subsequent sections we will follow Rosenblum and Rovnyak’s ideas to solve the Caratheodory, Nevanlinna-Pick, Hermite-Fejer and Loewner interpolation problems.
Validizované dotazníky PedsQLTM pro hodnocení kvality života u dětí a jejich rodin

Kvalita života je to, jak clověk vnima sve postaveni v životě v kontextu kultury, ve ktere žije, a ve vztahu ke svemu životnimu stylu, cilům, zajmům a ocekavanim. Při hodnoceni kvality života u děti se využiva cela řada dotazniků sloužicich k jejimu posouzeni. Metodou volby pro hodnoceni kvality života je využiti dotazniků Pediatric Quality of Life InventoryTM (dale jen PedsQL). Tento system ma přidanou hodnotu v možnosti zapojeni cele rodiny.Cilem tohoto přispěvku je zvýsit povědomi o obsahu a reliabilitě dotazniků PedsQL a předmětem studie je ověřovani obsahu a reliability těchto dotazniků. Po prostudovani informaci, ziskaných sekundarni analýzou dat, budou tyto vzajemně srovnany a navrženy možnosti jejich využiti pro zhodnoceni kvality života u děti s vybranými chronickými onemocněnimi. Pro uvedena zhodnoceni byla využita sekundarni analýza dat, ktera byla ziskana z databazi WOS, SCOPUS a z těch databazi, ktere jsou sledovany v knihovně PubMed (např. MEDLINE). Zdrojem ziskani dotazniků PedsQL je platforma ePROVIDE, kde jsou dotazniky po registraci dostupne. Při výběru publikaci bylo dale přihliženo, zda jsou v nich uvedena kriteria reliability - Cronbachův alfa koeficient.Za pomoci Booleovských operatorů jsme v databazi využivali klicových slov PedsQL, PedsQL AND Validation, PedsQL AND Reliability. Nejstarsi literatura v přispěvku je z cervna roku 1996 a nejnovějsi je ze srpna roku 2017. Na podkladě analýzy těchto zdrojů byla pak provedena synteza ziskaných informaci. Pro zhodnocovani ziskaných výsledků jsme využili Haynesovu pyramidu EDA.
Smoothing the Bartnik boundary conditions and other results on Bartnik’s quasi-local mass

Abstract Quite a number of distinct versions of Bartnik’s definition of quasi-local mass appear in the literature, and it is not a priori clear that any of them produce the same value in general. In this paper we make progress on reconciling these definitions. The source of discrepancies is two-fold: the choice of boundary conditions (of which there are three variants) and the non-degeneracy or “no-horizon” condition (at least six variants). To address the boundary conditions, we show that given a 3-dimensional region Ω of nonnegative scalar curvature ( R ≥ 0 ) extended in a Lipschitz fashion across ∂ Ω to an asymptotically flat 3-manifold with R ≥ 0 (also holding distributionally along ∂ Ω ), there exists a smoothing, arbitrarily small in C 0 norm, such that R ≥ 0 and the geometry of Ω are preserved, and the ADM mass changes only by a small amount. With this we are able to show that the three boundary conditions yield equivalent Bartnik masses for two reasonable non-degeneracy conditions. We also discuss subtleties pertaining to the various non-degeneracy conditions and produce a nontrivial inequality between a no-horizon version of the Bartnik mass and Bray’s replacement of this with the outward-minimizing condition.
Applications of Optical Phase Conjugation in Medicine

In this paper we introduce optical phase conjugation to the laser-medical community as well as to speculate on several possible applications of this phenomenon.
Alkylation of Purine Bases by Carbon-Centered Radicals

Mono- and di-substituted hydrazines are found ubiquitously (1, 2). They are present in the environment since they are used as herbicides, chemical intermediates, and as high energy fuels for rockets. They are found in plants such as tobacco and mushrooms. They are also present in medicine. All substituted hydrazines tested for carcinogenicity in long-term animal studies have been found to be positive (1). 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) is a well known carcinogen that induces tumors specifically in the colon of rodents (3). Since DMH-induced lesions have characteristics that are remarkably similar to those of human colon cancer, this carcinogen is widely used as a model in the study of colon cancer. The ethyl derivative of DMH, 1, 2-diethylhydrazine (DEH), is also a carcinogen. DEH produces cancer in the thymus, liver, and brain (4). The mechanism(s) by which these di-alkyl hydrazines induce tumors is not known. Kang et al. (5) have shown that in rats the metabolism of DMH and DEH produces methyl radicals (·CH3) and ethyl radicals (·CH2CH3), respectively. Therefore, this investigation was conducted to explore the nature of the chemical interaction(s) between alkyl radicals and biomolecules using CH3 and RNA as models.
Engagement in Online Communities: the Impact of Self-Disclosure and Humor

This study extends the IT acceptance research by proposing an engagement model that supports acceptance and use of online social network systems. Using the proposed model, this research demonstrates that sponsors of online communities created through online social networks can increase the member engagement in these online communities. The primary contribution of this research is deepening insights into the information systems and communication artifact by conceptualizing a model that helps researchers understand the reasons why some communication types, such as appropriate humor messages, can improve the relationships between online communities members, and increase their engagement perceptions in these online communities, while other communication types may negatively affect participation and engagement within these communities.
Monte Carlo Modeling of Astrophysically-Relevant Temperature-Programmed Desorption Experiments

The formation of molecules in the interstellar medium is significantly driven by grain chemistry, ranging from simple (e.g. H2) to relatively complex (e.g. CH3OH) products. The movement of atoms and molecules on amorphous ice surfaces is not well constrained, and this is a quintessential component of surface chemistry. We show that ice structure created by utilizing an off-lattice Monte Carlo kinetics model is highly dependent on deposition parameters (i.e. angle, rate, and temperature). The model, thus far, successfully predicts the densities of deposition rate- and temperature-dependent laboratory experiments. The simulations indicate, when angle and deposition rate increase, the density decreases. On the other hand, temperature has the opposite effect and will increase the density. We can make ices with desired densities and monitor how molecules, like CO, percolate through H2O ice pores. The strength of this model lies in the ability to replicate TPD-like experiments by monitoring molecules diffusing on and desorbing from user-defined surfaces.
Architectural anatomy

We provide an overview of the early stages of three related research projects whose goals are to exploit augmented reality, virtual worlds, and artificial intelligence to explore relationships between perceived architectural space and the structural systems that support it. In one project, we use a see-through head-mounted display to overlay a graphic representation of a building's structural systems on the user's view of a room within the building. This overlaid virtual world shows the out-lines of the concrete joists, beams, and columns surrounding the room, as well as the reinforcing steel inside them, and includes displays from a commercially available structural analysis program. In a related project, the structural view is exposed by varying the opacity of room finishes and concrete in a 3D model of the room and surrounding structure rendered on a conventional CRT. We also describe a hypermedia database, currently under construction, depicting major, twentieth-century American buildings. The interactive, multidisciplinary elements of the database-including structural and thermal analyses, free body diagrams which show how forces are resisted by portions of a structure under various loading conditions, facsimiles of construction documents, and critical essays-are bound together and made available over the World-Wide Web. Finally, we discuss the relationships among all these projects, and their potential applications to teaching architecture students and to construction, assembly, and repair of complex structures.
Optical-Feedback-Stabilized Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs

Stabilization of quantum-cascade-laser frequency combs by means of external optical feedback is presented. Experimental results suggest reduced phase-noise in the frequency comb, allowing comb operation in previously unstable regimes. © 2019 The Authors
From Mid 16th Century French Court to End 18th Century Danish Court: The Fatal Power of the Mammillary Process.

Objectives/hypothesis Two Royal events marked the history of the mastoid process between the 16th and 18th centuries. The first was the death of Francois II, King of France, following a complication of a chronic running left ear at the age of 16 years, and the second the death of Justus von Berger, Court physician of Christian VII, King of Denmark, after a trepanation of the mastoid process to heal his right-sided deafness at the age of 68 years. The aim of this study is to analyze these two events again with only original references and to replace them in their historical context. Method Historical review of original literature dealing with the subject. Results/conclusion These two Royal events marked the history of the mastoid process, but they were unlikely to have been avoided during their specific era. Medical knowledge was insufficient to avoid these fatal outcomes. Because of their societal impact, they were known of and largely discussed, notably in the medical world, leading to the eventual modification of medical practice during that time. Francois II's death had no medical impact but von Berger's death practically stopped, for more than a half century, the development of mastoid surgery.
Justice and health care rationing in AUGE: bioethical dilemmas associated to the distribution of scarce resources

Rationing criteria in health care establish by AUGE, in Chile, are based, mainly, in maximum efficiency, contrary to the equity principle, which should sustain health care policies in democratic societies. For the application and justification of health care rationing techniques is required not only a medical science and health care economy reflection, but a moral philosophy and bioethical reflection as well. The study of health care distributive justice theories allows to value critically health care rationing criteria used by Clinical Guidelines for each GES/AUGE pathology, which operate contrary to the equity principle.
Day of the Dead Ofrendas: from family program to visitor-centered exhibition with the supported interpretation (SI) model

In 2016, the Detroit Institute of Arts’ Day of the Dead Ofrenda program was at a turning point. An opportunity arose to transition the popular public program to an annually scheduled exhibition whi...
Artificial Intelligence's Impact on Mental Health Treatments

An interest in artificial intelligence (AI) as a medical aid stemmed as research on mental health and psychology increased. Yet despite failing the Turing Test, AI continues to be used as a practical aid in the psychological community. From virtual reality simulations of everyday activities to robotic pet seals implemented in nursing homes, AI has found a home in the psychological field as a support for those in the medical field as well as those taking care of loved ones. In this paper, I aim to look at the stages of the Turing Test, how those are related to factoid and non-factoid questions and how current applications of AI are used in mental health treatments.
Is Routine Carotid Imaging Warranted Following Radiation Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer

Radiation demonstrates a prominent role in the definitive management of many head and neck cancers. As patients are living longer, they are at a higher risk for neurovascular events from radiation-induced carotid injury. This chapter summarizes the available literature regarding carotid artery surveillance with B-Mode Ultrasound, Doppler Ultrasound, Duplex Ultrasound, and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound after head and neck radiation. This chapter also provides guidance for screening from a radiation oncologist’s perspective.
Nonpharmacologic management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting

Purpose/objectives To review the nonpharmacologic interventions indicated to prevent or control chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Data sources Journal articles. Data synthesis Despite improvements in antiemetic drug therapy, as many as 60% of patients with cancer who are treated with antineoplastic agents experience nausea and vomiting. Anticipatory nausea and vomiting are thought to be caused by the behavioral process of classical conditioning. Most nonpharmacologic interventions that are used to prevent or control nausea and vomiting in patients with cancer are classified as behavioral interventions. Behavioral interventions involve the acquisition of adaptive behavioral skills to interrupt the conditioning cycle. Conclusions Nonpharmacologic interventions appear to be effective in reducing anticipatory and post-treatment nausea and vomiting. Implications for nursing practice These behavioral interventions can be effective in reducing anticipatory and post-treatment nausea and vomiting. Oncology nurses must learn these nonpharmacologic techniques and teach their patients to use them in combination with their prescribed antiemetic therapy.
Regulation of gene expression by repression condensates during development

There is emerging evidence for transcription condensates in the activation of gene expression. However, there is considerably less information regarding transcriptional repression, despite its pervasive importance in regulating gene expression in development and disease. Here, we explore the role of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in the organization of the Groucho/TLE (Gro) family of transcriptional corepressors, which interact with a variety of sequence-specific repressors such as Hes/Hairy. Gro-dependent repressors have been implicated in a variety of developmental processes, including segmentation of the Drosophila embryo and somitogenesis in vertebrates. These repressors bind to specific recognition sequences, but instead of interacting with coactivators (e.g., Mediator) they recruit Gro corepressors. Gro contains a series of WD40 repeats that are thought to mediate oligomerization. How putative Hes/Gro oligomers repress transcription has been the subject of numerous studies5,6. Here we show that Hes/Gro complexes form discrete puncta within nuclei of living Ciona embryos. These puncta rapidly dissolve during the onset of mitosis and reappear in the ensuing cell cycle. Modified Hes/Gro complexes that are unable to bind DNA exhibit the properties of viscous liquid droplets, similar to those underlying the biogenesis of P-granules in C. elegans and nucleoli in Xenopus oocytes. These observations provide vivid evidence for LLPS in the control of gene expression and suggest a simple physical exclusion mechanism for transcriptional repression. WD40 repeats have been implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes in addition to transcriptional repression. We suggest that protein interactions using WD40 motifs might be a common feature of processes reliant on LLPS.
Transgenerational Epigenetics: A Window into Paternal Health Influences on Offspring

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance provides a mechanism by which environmental exposures and lifestyle decisions can affect the offspring directly through the gamete. It is this pattern of inheritance that has shed light on the fact that preconception lifestyle decisions that a father makes are significant because they can significantly impact the offspring. Understanding the epigenetic alterations in gametes and the potential implications of these changes is key to the health of future generations.
Lettuce plant health assessment using UAV-based hyperspectral sensor and proximal sensors

This paper presents the assessment of lettuce plant health using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based hyperspectral sensor, proximal sensors, and measurement of agronomic & physiological parameters. Hyperspectral data of lettuce plants at Cal Poly Pomona’s Spadra Farm was collected from a DJI Matric 600 multicopter UAV. An experimental lettuce plot was designed for the study. The plot was divided into several subplots that were subject to different water and nitrogen applications with three replications. Proximal sensors included Handheld spectroradiometer, water potential meter, and chlorophyll meter. The hypespectral data from the UAV and spectroradiometer were used in the determination of several vegetation indices including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), water band index (WBI), and modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCARI). These indices were compared with chlorophyll meter data, water potential, plant height, leaf numbers, leaf water content, and leaf nitrogen content. With the hyperspectral data collected so far, MCARI has shown good correlation with chlorophyll meter data and WBI has shown good correlation with leaf water content. The paper will show and discuss all the vegetation indices and their relationship with proximal sensor data, agronomic measurement, and leaf water & nitrogen contents.
Conformational Sensing by a Mammalian Olfactory Receptor.

To identify odors, the mammalian nose deploys hundreds of olfactory receptors (ORs) from the rhodopsin-like class of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Odorants having multiple rotatable bonds present a problem for the stereochemical shape-based matching process assumed to govern the sense of smell through OR-odorant recognition. We conformationally restricted the carbon chain of the odorant octanal to ask whether an OR can respond differently to different odorant conformations. By using calcium imaging to monitor signal transduction in sensory neurons expressing the mouse aldehyde OR, Olfr2, we found that the spatial position of the C7 and C8 carbon atoms of octanal, in relation to its -CHO group, determines whether an aliphatic aldehyde functions as an agonist, partial agonist or antagonist. Our experiments provide evidence that an odorant can manipulate an OR through its intrinsic conformational repertoire, in unexpected analogy to the photon-controlled aldehyde manipulation observed in rhodopsin.
Modeling Attack, Defense and Threat Trees and the Cyber Kill Chain, ATT&CK and STRIDE Frameworks as Blackboard Architecture Networks

Multiple techniques for modeling cybersecurity attacks and defense have been developed. The use of tree- structures as well as techniques proposed by several firms (such as Lockheed Martin’s Cyber Kill Chain, Microsoft’s STRIDE and the MITRE ATT&CK frameworks) have all been demonstrated. These approaches model actions that can be taken to attack or stopped to secure infrastructure and other resources, at different levels of detail.This paper builds on prior work on using the Blackboard Architecture for cyberwarfare and proposes a generalized solution for modeling framework/paradigm-based attacks that go beyond the deployment of a single exploit against a single identified target. The Blackboard Architecture Cyber Command Entity attack Route (BACCER) identification system combines rules and facts that implement attack type determination and attack decision making logic with actions that implement reconnaissance techniques and attack and defense actions. BACCER’s efficacy to model examples of tree-structures and other models is demonstrated herein.