cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social support in the transition to parenthood

The study explored the effects of different types of social support on the adjustment of first time parents in the postpartum period. At three months and nine months postpartum, questionnaires were filled out by 18 fathers and 23 mothers who attended parenting groups, and 23 mothers and 24 fathers in a comparison group. Four types of early postpartum social support (parenting group, marital instrumental, marital emotional, and network) were related to later postpartum adjustment (well-being, marital interaction, and parental sense of competence). The results suggest that the importance of a particular type of support may be different for fathers and mothers. Parenting group support and emotional marital support were found to be related to well-being, marital interaction, and parental competence for fathers. Emotional marital and network support were positively related to well-being and marital interaction for mothers. Implications for the provision of support by the naturally occurring informal networks of family and friends, and by specific group support systems were suggested. The limitations of the impact of social support and its assessment were discussed.
Effect of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on schedule-induced polydipsia

Rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus were maintained at either 80% of their preoperative lean weights or 80% of their postoperative obese weights. Unlike sham-operated rats maintained at 80% of their weights, neither group of lesioned rats acquired schedule-induced polydipsia after 15 daily 1-h sessions on a free variable-interval 1-min food schedule with water continuously available. The results are consistent with previous findings of reduced drinking responses of ventromedially lesioned rats to a variety of conditions which increase drinking in normal rats.
An adaptive index structure for similarity search in large image databases

A practical method for creating a high dimensional index structure that adapts to the data distribution and scales well with the database size, is presented. Typical media descriptors, such as texture features, are high dimensional and are not uniformly distributed in the feature space. The performance of many existing methods degrade if the data is not uniformly distributed. The proposed method offers an efficient solution to this problem. First, the data's marginal distribution along each dimension is characterized using a Gaussian mixture model. The parameters of this model are estimated using the well known Expectation-Maximization method. These model parameters can also be estimated sequentially for on-line updating. Using the marginal distribution information, each of the data dimensions can be partitioned such that each bin contains approximately an equal number of objects. Experimental results on a real image texture data set are presented. Comparisons with existing techniques, such as the well known VA-File, demonstrate a significant overall improvement.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Net acceleration of high-energy electron beams by net inverses bremsstrahlung of a laser wave in isotropic turbulent plasma waves and a uniform magnetic field

Abstract The net dc force (ponderomotive force) acting on a high-energy electron beam (⪢ 10 MeV) due to net inverse bremsstrahlung of a laser wave in isotropic turbulent plasma waves and a uniform magnetic field is calculated by using quantum kinetics. It is shown that the net force, averaged over the electron distribution, is independent of the beam energy spread, increases with the beam energy, and exceeds the oscillating Lorentz force of the laser wave when the electron energy is large.
Report of a complex karyotype in recurrent metastatic fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma and a review of hepatocellular carcinoma cytogenetics

Metastatic fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was detected in the abdominal lymph nodes of an adolescent male after resection of the primary tumor. No dividing cells were isolated from attempted cytogenetic studies of the primary tumor. However, cytogenetic analysis of lymph node metastases detected 9 and 12 months after partial hepatectomy revealed abnormal hypertriploid karyotypes, with a suggestion of clonal evolution: 62-92 ,XX, -Y, +3, +6, +6, +7, +7, +8, +10, +13, +15, +16, +20, -21, -22, +mar1 x 2, +mar[cp6]/46,XY[8] and 78 ,XX, -Y,der(1)t(1;1)(p36.1;q21), +4, +6, +6, +7, +7,i(8)(q10), +10, +15, +20, -21, -22, +mar1 x 2, +mar2[3]/46, XY[17], respectively. Karyotypes of this variant of HCC have not been reported previously. The cytogenetics of HCC are reviewed.
New isotopes, 19N and 21O, produced in high-energy nuclear reactions☆

Abstract We report the identification of two new isotopes, 19 N and 21 O, produced when gold is irradiated with 3 GeV protons.
Asymmetric localization of LGN but not AGS3, two homologs of Drosophila pins, in dividing human neural progenitor cells

Human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) can be recovered from postmortem human brains and used to study the molecular basis of neurogenesis. Human NPCs are being used to investigate the molecular basis of cell fate determination during stem cell divisions, based on comparison with the Drosophila model system. Drosophila neuroblasts and sensory organ precursors undergo well-defined asymmetric cell divisions (ACD), under the control of a genetically defined set of apical and basal determinants that are localized tightly and dynamically during division. We show by indirect immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and time-lapse video-microscopy that LGN and AGS3, two human homologs of the Drosophila ACD determinant Pins, have distinct patterns of localization in hNPCs. When cells are grown under conditions favoring proliferation, LGN is distributed asymmetrically in a cell cycle-dependent manner; it localizes to one side of the dividing cell and segregates into one of the daughter cells. When the cells are grown under conditions favoring differentiation, LGN accumulates in double foci similar to those containing the mitotic apparatus protein NuMA, and in a pattern shown previously for LGN and NuMA in differentiated cells. AGS3, a slightly more distant Pins homolog than LGN, does not show asymmetric localization in these cells. The progenitor cell marker nestin also localizes asymmetrically in colcemid-treated hNPCs and colocalizes with LGN. The results suggest that hNPCs undergo ACD and that similar molecular pathways may underlie these divisions in Drosophila and human cells.
Macaque pontine omnipause neurons play no direct role in the generation of eye blinks.

We recorded the activity of pontine omnipause neurons (OPNs) in two macaques during saccadic eye movements and blinks. As previously reported, we found that OPNs fire tonically during fixation and pause about 15 ms before a saccadic eye movement. In contrast, for blinks elicited by air puffs, the OPNs paused <2 ms before the onset of the blink. Thus the burst in the agonist orbicularis oculi motoneurons (OOMNs) and the pause in the antagonist levator palpabrae superioris motoneurons (LPSMNs) necessarily precede the OPN pause. For spontaneous blinks there was no correlation between blink and pause onsets. In addition, the OPN pause continued for 40–60 ms after the time of the maximum downward closing of the eyelids, which occurs around the end of the OOMN burst of firing. LPSMN activity is not responsible for terminating the OPN pause because OPN resumption was very rapid, whereas the resumption of LPSMN firing during the reopening phase is gradual. OPN pause onset does not directly control blink onset, nor does pause offset control or encode the transition between the end of the OOMN firing and the resumption of the LPSMNs. The onset of the blink-related eye transients preceded both blink and OPN pause onsets. Therefore they initiated while the saccadic short-lead burst neurons were still fully inhibited by the OPNs and cannot be saccadic in origin. The abrupt dynamic change of the vertical eye transients from an oscillatory behavior to a single time constant exponential drift predicted the resumption of the OPNs.
THE TOEIC® SPEAKING AND WRITING TESTS: RELATIONS TO TEST‐TAKER PERCEPTIONS OF PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH

To facilitate the interpretation of test scores from the new TOEIC® speaking and writing tests as measures of English-language proficiency, we administered a self-assessment inventory to TOEIC examinees in Japan and Korea, to gather their perceptions of their ability to perform a variety of everyday English-language tasks. TOEIC scores related relatively strongly to test taker self-reports for both speaking and writing tasks. The results were extraordinarily consistent, with examinees at each higher TOEIC score level being more likely to report that they could successfully accomplish each of the everyday language tasks in English. The pattern of correlations also suggested modest discriminant validity of the new TOEIC speaking and writing measures, suggesting that both measures contribute uniquely to the assessment of English-language proficiency.
Misdiagnosis of Spider Bites: Bacterial Associates, Mechanical Pathogen Transfer, and Hemolytic Potential of Venom from the Hobo Spider, Tegenaria agrestis (Araneae: Agelenidae)

The European spider Tegenaria agrestis (Walckenaer) (hobo spider) has been implicated as a spider of medical importance in the Pacific Northwest since its introduction in the late 1980s. Studies have indicated that the hobo spider causes necrotic tissue lesions through hemolytic venom or through the transfer of pathogenic bacteria introduced by its bite. Bacterial infections are often diagnosed as spider bites, in particular the pathogenic bacteria methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study examines three aspects of the potential medical importance of hobo spiders in part of its introduced range, Washington State. First, the bacterial diversity of the spider was surveyed using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay to determine whether the spider carries any pathogenic bacteria. Second, an experiment was conducted to determine the ability of the spiders to transfer MRSA. Third, the venom was evaluated to assess the hemolytic activity. We found 10 genera of ubiquitous bacteria on the exterior surface of the spiders. In addition, none of the spiders exposed to MRSA transferred this pathogen. Finally, the hemolytic venom assay corroborates previous studies that found hobo spider venom was not deleterious to vertebrate red blood cells.
Identifying water source from chemical characteristics of spilled water at the mining areas with hierarchical cluster analysis method

Identifying water source is basic problem for preventing and controlling mine water disaster. This paper presents a method of identifying water source from analyzing the chemical characteristics of spilled water. Twenty six water samples were collected, which were divided into six groups according to their different chemicals with Hierarchical Cluster analysis method. A piper plot was also drawn according to the chemicals in each sample. The water source was determined from the Hierarchical Cluster analysis results and the piper plot analysis, which provided a reference for the coal mine dewatering and water supply management‥
Vessel wall-related risk factors in acute vascular events.

Angiography in patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction with subtotal coronary occlusion often reveals eccentric stenoses with irregular borders, suggesting ruptured atherosclerotic plaques and thrombosis, as documented by angioscopy and at autopsy. We have studied these processes in an ex vivo perfusion chamber, an in vivo swine model, and in human subjects. Our results, and those of other investigators, suggest that specific local risk factors at the time of plaque disruption influence the degree of thrombogenicity and, therefore, the various clinical syndromes. These risk factors can be divided into 2 groups: local vessel wall-related factors, and local (focal action) systemic factors. These risk factors include the following: 1) Rheological factors. It has been demonstrated that the more severe the stenotic lesion after plaque rupture, the higher the local shear rate with enhanced platelet deposition and thrombus formation; platelet deposition and thrombosis are particularly likely if the rupture includes the apex of the stenotic plaque, because of the high shear rate induced. 2) Degree of plaque damage. Plaque rupture produces a rough surface and stimulates an occlusive thrombus, which is enhanced depending on the degree of damage or amount of collagen type I and macrophage-dependent tissue factor exposed. 3) Residual thrombus. After spontaneous or pharmacological reperfusion, the surface of the residual thrombus is very thrombogenic and may contribute to reocclusion; this is partially due to thrombin bound to fibrin in the original thrombus. 4) Systemic factors. There is clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that 3 systemic factors at the time of plaque rupture may enhance thrombogenicity. Firstly, the levels of epinephrine (adrenaline) [i.e. in stress, smoking, early acute myocardial infarction], secondly, the level of serum cholesterol, and thirdly, impaired fibrinolysis resulting from high serum lipoprotein(a).
Long-term outcomes of positive fluorescence in situ hybridization tests in primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are at increased risk for developing cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a cytological test designed to enhance early CCA diagnosis. The long-term outcome of PSC patients with a positive FISH test (polysomy, trisomy/tetrasomy) are unclear. All PSC patients with at least one FISH test were identified and defined to have CCA if they had a positive tissue biopsy, positive cytology, or evidence of cancer in the explant after liver transplantation. A total of 235 PSC patients had at least one FISH test performed, and 56 patients had CCA on histopathology (n = 35) or cytology (n = 21). Overall, 120 of 235 (51%) of PSC patients tested for FISH were positive, but only one third of these positive patients had CCA. Sensitivity and specificity for FISH polysomy were 46% and 88%, and for trisomy/tetrasomy they were 25% and 67%, respectively. Survival analysis showed that patients with FISH polysomy had an outcome similar to patients with CCA; whereas FISH trisomy/tetrasomy patients had an outcome similar to patients with negative FISH tests. The FISH polysomy patients without cancer compared with those with CCA had lower serum bilirubin, lower carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), lower Mayo risk score, and lower occurrence of dominant strictures. Conclusion: In PSC patients, the presence of a dominant stricture plus FISH polysomy has a specificity of 88% for CCA. Patients with FISH showing trisomy or tetrasomy have a similar outcome to patients with negative FISH. FISH testing should be used selectively in patients with other signs indicating CCA and not as a screening tool in all PSC patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
Record of postglacial organic matter delivery and burial in sediments of Lake Ontario

A 12 m piston core obtained from Lake Ontario has allowed us to study the accumulation of organic matter in sediments deposited since the retreat of the Laurentian ice sheet about 12,500 years ago. Discrepancies between radiocarbon dates of disseminated organic matter and ostracod shells emphasize the magnitude of the recycling and retention of organic carbon in the Great Lakes. Concentrations of CaCO3 and organic carbon decrease down core due to the presence of fine grained glaciolacustrine clays at the base of the sedimentary sequence. Increases in sediment grain size indicate periods with enhanced fluxes of terrigenous material. CN ratios, %organic carbon and %CaCO3 vary proportionally with fluctuations in terrigenous input. CN ratios indicate that lacustrine algae have been the main source of organic matter to Lake Ontario sediments. Organic δ13C values become heavier at the bottom of the core, suggesting a shift in carbon sources for the bulk organic matter. Anthropogenic effects are well documented in total hydrocarbon and total fatty acid profiles of modern sediments, whereas postglacial trends representing natural changes of organic matter are relatively undetectable. Sedimentary profiles of terrigenous/aquatic ratios of n-alkane and n-alkanoic acids indicate that early variations in postglacial sedimentation rates may have impacted the preservation of aquatic organic matter. Changes in watershed vegetation and organic matter delivery to Lake Ontario altered these ratios as deglaciation progressed. Organic geochemical properties of modern sediments have recorded how anthropogenic activity has augmented algal productivity in Lake Ontario by increasing nutrient input.
Multimode Optical Coupler Characterization

Many assumptions have been made over the years about the correct launch conditions for measuring multimode components. These conditions are usually associated with the type of source used in an optical link, such as an LED or laser. Conventional thinking has been to assume that an LED would angularly and spatially overfill a fiber with light, and by inference, those were the appropriate launch conditions. Similarly, when using a laser source, a more restrictive launch condition has been advocated. Experimental data, investigated during the development of the FDDI standard, has already been reported showing that significant errors can result from these assumptions. The effects of launch conditions on system power budgeting for short optical links with switches, connectors and fiber cables were analyzed. Recent work at Corning has demonstrated that this same situation exists for passive optical fiber couplers. The data below show that errors in link power budgeting can occur when overfilled launch conditions are used to measure optical coupler insertion loss. As was shown previously for other types of passive devices, restricted launch conditions should be utilized with optical couplers to better represent the performance of a device in a real system. Additionally, depending upon the degree of modal restriction in a system, coupler testing shows significant modal sensitivity in parameters such as splitting ratio for optical devices fabricated by some processes and less for other processes. This study examines the behavior of two types of optical coupling devices: fused-biconic taper couplers and ion exchange planar couplers.
Cortical spreading depression and memory transfer: a methodological critique

This paper evaluates some methodological issues related to the utilization of cortical spreading depression (CSD) as a technique to study interhemispheric transfer of learned engrams. The available evidence leads one to question the usefulness of CSD to understand one trial memory transfer.
Heart Rate and Affective Reactions to State Self-Objectification as a Function of Gender

The purpose of the present study was to examine heart rate (HR) and affective reactions to state self-objectification as a function of gender. We examined negative affect, positive affect, guilt, and HR at 6-second and 5-minute intervals across baseline, control, high objectification, low objectification, and cologne conditions in men (n = 53) and women (n = 57). Mixed factorial MANOVA results indicated a statistically significant Gender × Condition interaction. Both men and women showed a cardiac orienting response to high versus low objectification. Cardiac stress reactions to objectification were higher among women. Negative affective reactions to objectification were more pervasive across conditions among women.
Laser ablation ion-storage time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A new mass spectrometer system was developed for studying laser ablation and performing analytical chemistry. The system is based on an ion trap geometry used in ion-storage (IS) mode, coupled with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS). The LA-IS/TOF-MS can be used for MALDI or direct ionization of samples on a probe tip. The system configuration and related operating principles for accurately measuring low concentrations of isotopes will be described. Preliminary measurements identified ultra-trace contaminants of Ag, Sn, and Sb in a Pb target with single laser-shot experiments. Survey analyses of uranyl acetate, hair samples, and mushrooms demonstrated that this technology can be applied to a wide range of sample materials.
Capsaicin migration through maple sap collection tubing

Abstract Capsaicins, present in most hot sauces and salsas, are responsible for the “hot” sensation in many spicy foods. At high doses, capsaicins cause significant discomfort upon contact with the sensitive tissues of the mouth and throat of mammals. By applying a capsaicin containing paste to the outside of maple tree sap collection tubing, operators hope to minimize rodent (primarily red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) gnawing damage to the tubing. However, some operators and sap processors have expressed concern regarding the potential migration of capsaicins through the tubing and into the tree sap, leading to contaminated maple syrup. To address these concerns, we filled a variety of new and used sap collection tubing with maple sap, plugged the ends, and coated the tubing with a commercially available capsaicin-based rodent repellent paste. Following storage, the contents of the tubes were carefully removed and subjected to a solid-phase extraction clean-up process. Capsaicins in the sap were then quantified by high performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection. Results indicate that polyethylene tubing was more resistant to capsaicins migration than was polyvinyl tubing. While capsaicins were detected in the sap, the predicted levels in syrup would be below the human taste threshold.
Partial Breast Irradiation Versus Whole Breast Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Decision Analysis

Purpose To compare the quality-adjusted life expectancy between women treated with partial breast irradiation (PBI) vs. whole breast radiotherapy (WBRT) for estrogen receptor–positive early-stage breast cancer. Methods and Materials We developed a Markov model to describe health states in the 15 years after radiotherapy for estrogen receptor–positive early-stage breast cancer. Breast cancer recurrences were separated into local recurrences and elsewhere failures. Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) risk was extracted from the Oxford overview, and rates and utilities were adapted from the literature. We studied two cohorts of women (aged 40 and 55 years), both of whom received adjuvant tamoxifen. Results Assuming a no evidence of disease (NED)–PBI utility of 0.93, quality-adusted life expectancy after PBI (and WBRT) was 12.61 (12.57) and 12.10 (12.06) years for 40-year-old and 55-year-old women, respectively. The NED-PBI utility thresholds for preferring PBI over WBRT were 0.923 and 0.921 for 40-year-old and 55-year-old women, respectively, both slightly greater than the NED-WBRT utility. Outcomes were sensitive to the utility of NED-PBI, the PBI hazard ratio for local recurrence, the baseline IBTR risk, and the percentage of IBTRs that were local. Overall the degree of superiority of PBI over WBRT was greater for 55-year-old women than for 40-year-old women. Conclusions For most utility values of the NED-PBI health state, PBI was the preferred treatment modality. This result was highly sensitive to patient preferences and was also dependent on patient age, PBI efficacy, IBTR risk, and the fraction of IBTRs that were local.
Acquisition Of Quantitative Physiological Data And Computerized Image Reconstruction Using A Single Scan TV System

A single-scan radiography system has been interfaced to a minicomputer, and the combined system has been used with a variety of fluoroscopic systems and image intensifiers available in clinical facilities. The system's response range is analyzed, and several applications are described. These include determination of the gray scale for typical X-ray-fluoroscopic-television chains, measurement of gallstone volume in patients, localization of markers or other small anatomical features, determinations of organ areas and volumes, computer reconstruction of tomographic sections of organs in motion, and computer reconstruction of transverse axial body sections from fluoroscopic images. It is concluded that this type of system combined with a minimum of statistical processing shows excellent capabilities for delineating small changes in differential X-ray attenuation.
Legal Docket Classification: Where Machine Learning Stumbles

We investigate the problem of binary text classification in the domain of legal docket entries. This work presents an illustrative instance of a domain-specific problem where the state-of-the-art Machine Learning (ML) classifiers such as SVMs are inadequate. Our investigation into the reasons for the failure of these classifiers revealed two types of prominent errors which we call conjunctive and disjunctive errors. We developed simple heuristics to address one of these error types and improve the performance of the SVMs. Based on the intuition gained from our experiments, we also developed a simple propositional logic based classifier using hand-labeled features, that addresses both types of errors simultaneously. We show that this new, but simple, approach outperforms all existing state-of-the-art ML models, with statistically significant gains. We hope this work serves as a motivating example of the need to build more expressive classifiers beyond the standard model classes, and to address text classification problems in such non-traditional domains.
Analysis of quality of service provisioning in passive optical networks

Today, tremendous pressure falls on the local networks to provide customers with access to the global telecom infrastructure. To ease this pressure, various versions of broadband access networks have been developed. Among them, the optical access networks provide the most promising immediate and future solution to the access problem. These optical access networks are mostly implemented today in the form of passive optical networks (PONs). This paper analyzes the quality of service (QoS) provided by the PONs. We start with an introduction to the principle of PON operation, the architectures, topologies, protocols and standards, design issues, and network management and services. Through this introduction, we consider provisioning such QoS parameters as bandwidth allocation, delay (response) time, security, and availability. We also discuss PON lifeline service and survivability and compare the QoS provisioning in ATM-based and Ethernet-based PONs
Determination of the x-ray anomalous dispersion of titanium made with a titanium-carbon layered synthetic microstructure

Layered synthetic microstructures (LSM’s) are manufactured structures consisting of alternating layers of two materials, A and B, that have been deposited from a vapor to obtain uniform layer thicknesses ta and tb. As a consequence, LSM’s diffract x rays as if they had a characteristic superlattice parameter d = ta + tb. The details of this reflection process can be modeled and shown to depend critically on the x-ray optical properties of both A and B layers. Thus measurements of the diffraction of x rays by such LSM’s permit determination of x-ray optical constants. In this paper we report our initial results obtained from this technique. The sample studied contained 70 26-A-thick titanium layers separated by 30.4-A-thickamorphous carbon layers sequentially deposited onto a (100) single-crystal silicon substrate using sputter-deposition techniques. The diffraction-reflection behavior over the 2θ range 0° to 3.2° was measured at photon energies of 4795, 4895, 4945, 4955, 4965, 4970, 4975, 4977.5, 4980, 4982.5, 4985, 4995, 5045, 5145, and 5195 eV, the titanium K edge lying at 4965 eV. The maximum value of the real part of the anomalous dispersion coefficient of titanium Δf′(Ti) occurred at an energy of 4980 eV and had a value of −8.24 to −8.68 electrons. Our results for Δf′(Ti) are compared on a normalized wavelength basis (λ/λk) with values of Δf′(Ni) obtained by Bonse and Materlik [ Z. Phys. B24, 189 ( 1976)] at the nickel K edge by interferometry, and good agreement is shown.
Magnetic Dielectric Oxides: Subsolidus Phase Relations in the BaO:Fe2O3:TiO2System

Abstract The BaO–Fe2O3–TiO2ternary phase diagram has been investigated at 1250–1270°C in air. X-ray diffraction studies of approximately 150 polycrystalline specimens at room temperature confirmed the existence of sixteen ternary compounds. Two of these compounds, BaFe4Ti2O11and Ba12Fe28Ti15O84, were previously reported, four were found to be isostructural with known chemically similar compounds, and ten apparently adopt new structure-types. The crystal structures of five of the new ternary phases are briefly described. The oxidation state of iron found in this study is similar to that reported for a study of the BaO–Fe2O3–SnO2system in air at 1200°C. No indications of reduction of Fe3+of Fe2+were observed; however, oxidation to Fe4+was clearly indicated in an extensive solid solution BaTi1−xFexO3−z,x= 0.06 → 0.84, with the hexagonal BaTiO3structure. Substantial solid solution regions were also found for the hollandite-type structure (BaxFe2xTi8−2xO16,x= 1.07 → 1.33), and for TiO2dissolved in the BaFe12O19structure (end member BaFe10.8Ti0.9O19). The complexity of the BaO–Fe2O3–TiO2system is attributed to the coordinative versatility of Fe3+in a close-packed O/Ba–O matrix and the resulting opportunity to form a wide variety of layered structures with different stacking sequences and distortions from ideal packing.
Abstract simplicity of complete Kac-Moody groups over finite fields

Let G be a Kac�Moody group over a finite field corresponding to a generalized Cartan matrix A, as constructed by Tits. It is known that G admits the structure of a BN-pair, and acts on its corresponding building. We study the complete Kac�Moody group which is defined to be the closure of G in the automorphism group of its building. Our main goal is to determine when complete Kac�Moody groups are abstractly simple, that is have no proper non-trivial normal subgroups. Abstract simplicity of was previously known to hold when A is of affine type. We extend this result to many indefinite cases, including all hyperbolic generalized Cartan matrices A of rank at least four. Our proof uses Tits� simplicity theorem for groups with a BN-pair and methods from the theory of pro-p groups.
THE ACTIVE NUCLEUS OF IC 4970 : A NEARBY EXAMPLE OF MERGER-INDUCED COLD-GAS ACCRETION

We present results from Chandra X-ray and Spitzer mid-infrared observations of the interacting galaxy pair NGC 6872/IC4970inthePavogalaxygroupandshowthat thesmaller companiongalaxyIC4970hostsahighlyobscured activegalacticnucleus(AGN).The0.5Y10keVX-rayluminosityof thenucleusisvariable,increasingbyafactor2.9 to a luminosity of 1:7 ;10 42 erg s � 1 (bright state) on � 100 ks timescales. The X-ray spectrum of the bright state is heavily absorbed (NH ¼ 3 ;10 23 cm � 2 for power-law models with � ¼ 1:5Y2:0) and shows a clear 6.4 keV Fe K� line with equivalent width of 144Y195 eV. Limits on the diffuse emission in IC 4970 from Chandra X-ray data suggest that the available power from Bondi accretion of IC 4970’s hot interstellar gas may be an order of magnitude toosmalltopowertheAGN.Spitzerimagesshowthat8 � mnonstellaremissionisconcentratedinthecentral1kpcof IC 4970, consistent with high obscuration in this region. The mid-infrared colors of the nucleus are consistent with thoseexpectedfor ahighlyobscuredAGN.Takentogetherthesedatasuggest thatthenucleusof IC4970isaSeyfert2, triggered and fueled by cold material supplied to the central supermassive black hole as a result of the off-axis collision of IC 4970 with the cold-gas-rich spiral galaxy NGC 6872. Subject headingg galaxies: active — galaxies: clusters: general — galaxies: individual (IC 4970) — galaxies: interactions — infrared: galaxies — X-rays: galaxies
Parameterized Novelty Detectors for Environmental Sensor Monitoring

As part of an environmental observation and forecasting system, sensors deployed in the Columbia RIver Estuary (CORIE) gather information on physical dynamics and changes in estuary habitat. Of these, salinity sensors are particularly susceptible to bio-fouling, which gradually degrades sensor response and corrupts critical data. Automatic fault detectors have the capability to identify bio-fouling early and minimize data loss. Complicating the development of discriminatory classifiers is the scarcity of bio-fouling onset examples and the variability of the bio-fouling signature. To solve these problems, we take a novelty detection approach that incorporates a parameterized bio-fouling model. These detectors identify the occurrence of bio-fouling, and its onset time as reliably as human experts. Real-time detectors installed during the summer of 2001 produced no false alarms, yet detected all episodes of sensor degradation before the field staff scheduled these sensors for cleaning. From this initial deployment through February 2003, our bio-fouling detectors have essentially doubled the amount of useful data coming from the CORIE sensors.
Vessel tracking: prospective adjustment of section-selective MR angiographic locations for improved coronary artery visualization over the cardiac cycle.

To follow the motion of the coronary artery in magnetic resonance angiography, the authors evaluated vessel tracking, a method for prospective adjustment of the section location as a function of the delay from the cardiac trigger. In 10 volunteers and four patients, this method allowed the vessel to be maintained in the plane of acquisition throughout the cardiac cycle. With a single-phase multisection sequence, vessel-tracking acquisitions had an efficiency of 0.68 ± 0.04 for both the right and left coronary arteries compared with 0.19 ± 0.03 for a non–vessel-tracking acquisition (P < .001).
Gap Junctions Mediate Bystander Cell Death in Developing Retina

During development of the retina, programmed cell death helps to establish the final size and distribution of various cell classes in distinct layers of the tissue. Here we show that dying cells in the developing ganglion and inner nuclear layers are clustered spatially and that gap junction inhibitors decrease the clustering of dying cells. To confirm the role of gap junctions in cell death, we induced targeted cell death via intracellular cytochrome c (Cc) and examined the induced cells and their neighbors for apoptotic morphology or caspase-3 cleavage. These studies indicate that bystander killing extends to coupled cells. Quantitative studies of bystander killing were performed by scrape-loading retinas with Cc in the presence of rhodamine dextran (RD; to identify Cc-loaded cells) and by counting pyknotic cells in cryosections. Although only 1.5% of control scrape-loaded cells (RD alone) showed apoptotic morphology, 97% of Cc scrape-loaded cells were pyknotic. Moreover, bystander killing extended to neighboring cells, not labeled with RD, and was reduced significantly by the gap junction inhibitors octanol and carbenoxolone. We hypothesize that dying cells in the retina generate a gap junction-permeant apoptotic signal that mediates bystander killing. This novel finding of naturally occurring bystander cell death may have important implications in the histogenesis and pathology of the nervous system.
Functional Deficiencies and a Reduced Response to Calcium in the Flagellum of Mouse Sperm Lacking SPAG16L

The Spag16L gene codes for a protein that is localized to the central apparatus which is essential for normal sperm motility and male fertility. Sperm from mice homozygous for a targeted deletion of the Spag16L gene were examined to assess their flagellar motor functions compared with age- and strain-matched control sperm. Sperm were also demembranated with Triton X-100 and examined for their ability to respond to free calcium, as well as for their ability to undergo microtubule sliding driven by dynein action. In addition, the passive flagella, inhibited by sodium metavanadate to disable the dyneins, were examined for mechanical abnormalities. Live Spag16L-null sperm exhibited much less bending of the flagellum during the beat. The amount of microtubule sliding in the R-bend direction of the beat was selectively restricted, which suggests that there is limited activation of the dyneins on one side of the axoneme in the live cells. This is corroborated by the results on detergent-extracted sperm models. The flagellar response to calcium is greatly reduced. The calcium response requires the activation of the dyneins on outer doublets 1, 2, 3, and 4. These are the same dyneins required for R-bend formation. In axonemes prepared to disintegrate by microtubule sliding, we observed little or no extrusion of doublets 1 and 2, consistent with a reduced activity of their dyneins. This deficit in motor function, and an increased rigidity of the midpiece region which we detected in the passive flagella, together can explain the observed motility characteristics of the Spag16L-null sperm.
Intellectual Decline After Stroke The Framingham Study

Background and Purpose —The causes and characteristics of cognitive decline after stroke are poorly defined, because most studies have relied on the diagnosis of dementia after stroke, without measurement of prestroke cognitive function. Methods —The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess the cognitive performance of 74 subjects from the Framingham Study cohort who had suffered a stroke during a 13-year period. We compared their poststroke cognitive performance with the prestroke MMSE scores collected during their biennial examinations, and their prestroke/poststroke changes in MMSE score were then compared with those of 74 control subjects matched for age and sex. Cases and controls underwent testing for symptoms of depression using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression (CES-D) scale, and these findings were correlated with their cognitive performance. Changes in cognitive performance in the cases were correlated with the CT-documented characteristics of the stroke. Results —The cases had a significantly lower mean±SE MMSE score at prestroke baseline (27.28±0.34) than did the control subjects (28.08±0.21), a difference that became more pronounced (23.57±0.92 versus 28.31±0.25; P <.001) after stroke. The poststroke decline in cognitive function in the cases was correlated only with a large, left-sided stroke on CT. The CES-D scores were significantly higher in the cases, but nondepressed cases had significantly lower MMSE scores than nondepressed controls. Conclusions —Stroke is followed by a significant decline in cognitive performance when prestroke and poststroke measurements are compared. Although depression is more frequent in the stroke patients, their intellectual decline appears to be independent from the presence of depression.
Wigglers at the Advanced Light Source

Two 3.4 m long wigglers are being designed and constructed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's (LBL) Advanced Light Source (ALS). A 19 period planar wiggler with 16.0 cm period length is designed to provide photons up to 12.4 keV for protein crystallography. This device features a hybrid permanent magnet structure with tapered poles and designed to achieve 2.0 T at a 1.4 cm magnetic gap. An elliptical wiggler is being designed to provide circularly polarized photons in the energy range of 50 eV to 10 keV for magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy. This device features vertical and horizontal magnetic structures of 14 and 14 1/2 periods respectively of 20 cm period length. The vertical magnetic structure is a 2.0 T hybrid permanent magnet configuration. The horizontal structure is an iron core electromagnetic design, shifted longitudinally 1/4 period with respect to the vertical magnetic structure. A maximum horizontal peak field of 0.1 T at an oscillating frequency up to 1 Hz will be achieved by excitation of the horizontal poles with a trapezoidal current waveform.
A Sketch of a Theory of Moral Blameworthiness

In this paper I sketch an account of moral blame and blameworthiness. I begin by clarifying what I take blame to be and explaining how blameworthiness is to be analyzed in terms of it. I then consider different accounts of the conditions of blameworthiness and, in the end, settle on one according to which a person is blameworthy for φ-ing just in case, in φ-ing, she violates one of a particular class of moral requirements governing the attitudes we bear, and our mental orientation, toward people and other objects of significant moral worth. These requirements embody the moral stricture that we accord to these others a sufficient level of respect, one that their moral worth demands. This is a familiar theme which has its roots in P. F. Strawson’s pioneering views on moral responsibility. My development of it leads me to the conclusion that acting wrongly is not a condition of blameworthiness: violating a moral requirement to perform, or refrain from performing, an action is neither necessary nor sufficient for being blameworthy. All we are ever blameworthy for, I will argue, are certain aspects of our mental bearing toward others. We can be said to be blameworthy for our actions only derivatively, in the sense that those actions are the natural manifestations of the things for which we are strictly speaking blameworthy.
Simulations of Heat Transfer Within the Fuel Assembly/Backfill Gas Region of Transport Packages

A two-dimensional computational model of a spent 7×7 Boiling Water Reactor assembly in a horizontal support basket was developed using the Fluent computational fluid dynamics package. Heat transfer simulations were performed to predict the maximum cladding temperature for assembly heat generation rates between 100 and 600W, uniform basket wall temperatures of 25 and 400°C, and with helium and nitrogen backfill gases. Different sets of simulations modeled conduction/radiation and natural convection/radiation transport across the gas filled regions to assess the importance of different transport processes. Simulations that included natural convection exhibited measurably lower cladding temperatures than those that did not only for nitrogen, at the lower basket wall temperature, and within an intermediate range of heat generation rates. Outside these conditions and for helium, conduction and radiation transport are sufficiently large so that natural convection has no measurable effect. Finally, the maximum cladding temperature is more sensitive to the assumed value of the fuel cladding emissivities when nitrogen is the backfill gas than when helium is used.© 2005 ASME
Electrohydrodynamic induction pumping of liquid film in vertical annular configuration

Electrohydrodynamic induction pumping of two-phase medium is attractive for terrestrial and outer space applications since it is non-mechanical, lightweight, and involves no moving part. In addition to pure pumping purposes, EHD induction pumps are also used for the enhancement of heat transfer, as an increase in mass transport often translates to an augmentation of the heat transfer. Applications include two-phase heat exchangers (evaporators and condensers), heat pipes and capillary pumped loops. A theoretical model for the EHD induction pumping of an annular liquid/vapor medium where the charges are induced at the two-phase interface as well as within the bulk of the liquid phase in vertical configuration is presented. The dimensionless numerical results are obtained and the flow physics are discussed in conjunction with the effect of the controlling parameters. The controlling parameters include: liquid film thickness, voltage, wavelength, frequency, external pressure, and gravity. The dimensionless numerical results obtained provide an essential tool for designing and optimizing two-phase liquid/vapor EHD induction pumps.
Letter by Elkins et al Regarding Article, “Blocking of α4 Integrin Does Not Protect From Acute Ischemic Stroke in Mice”

We read with interest the article by Langhauser et al1 that reported no benefit of blocking α4 integrin in a mouse model of acute ischemic stroke. The authors identified several reasons that might account for the discrepancies between their results and those of 3 prior studies2–4 that did observe a benefit of blocking α4 integrin in stroke models. The authors and accompanying editorialists then went on to suggest that more animal studies should be performed before human trials of blocking α4 integrin are undertaken. Although we agree with the need to bring greater standardization to preclinical stroke studies, we do not agree that the ongoing phase II biomarker-driven clinical trial to assess the effect of natalizumab on infarct volume in acute ischemic stroke (NCT01955707) should be halted or delayed pending …
Meeting Reproductive Demands in a Dynamic Upwelling System: Foraging Strategies of a Pursuit-Diving Seabird, the Marbled Murrelet

Abstract. Seabirds maintain plasticity in their foraging behavior to cope with energy demands and foraging constraints that vary over the reproductive cycle, but behavioral studies comparing breeding and nonbreeding individuals are rare. here we characterize how Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) adjust their foraging effort in response to changes in reproductive demands in an upwelling system in central California. we radio-marked 32 murrelets of known reproductive status (9 breeders, 12 potential breeders, and 11 nonbreeders) and estimated both foraging ranges and diving rates during the breeding season. Murrelets spent more time diving during upwelling than oceanographic relaxation, increased their foraging ranges as the duration of relaxation grew longer, and reduced their foraging ranges after transitions to upwelling. When not incubating, mur relets moved in a circadian pat ter n, spending nighttime hours resting near flyways used to reach nesting habitat and foraging during the daytime an...
Analysis of coupled magneto-dielectric image guides

Coupled magneto-dielectric image guides have been analyzed by the effective dielectric and permeability method. The external magnetic field was applied normal to the direction of propagation and the ground plane. A closed form dispersion relationship has been derived for the coupled structure. Complex propagation constants of the guided structure were calculated as a function of frequency and external magnetic field. The authors have investigated the even and odd modes of propagation in the vicinity of ferromagnetic resonance frequencies. >
Anaphora by Phase

. This article provides evidence based on the phenomenon of reconstruction asymmetry in English, and anaphoric clitics in Romance to show that binding conditions—more specifically condition A—apply cyclically on the basis of information contained at the level of the syntactic phase. Given that cyclicity is a property of derivations, the facts analyzed here constitute evidence in favor of an essentially “derivational” approach to binding relations based on the central concept of syntactic phase. Evidence is also presented against LF analyses, which assume a “representational” approach to binding, and against an alternative derivational approach, which assumes that binding principles apply at arbitrary points in the syntactic derivation.