cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of hydrogen on steady, ductile crack growth: Computational studies

Abstract This paper describes studies of the near tip fields and the effects on void growth rates for a steadily advancing crack through a ductile metal in the presence of hydrogen, under plane-strain and quasi-static conditions. The computational model determines directly the deformation history of a steadily propagating crack without the need for a priori (transient) analysis that considers blunting of the pre-existing stationary crack and subsequent growth through the associated initial plastic zone. The present approach enables straightforward investigation over a range of geometric constraint configurations encountered in test specimens and structural components by application of a far field K I - T loading. The ductile crack propagation simulated in these studies represents that observed in a high-solubility model material, where the diffusion rate can sustain equilibrium of the hydrogen concentration ahead of the steadily propagating crack tip. The constitutive model accounts for the influence of hydrogen on the elastic–plastic regimes of material response at the continuum level, e.g. hydrogen-induced material softening. The model reflects the amount of hydrogen in the material under stress and the intensity of hydrogen-induced softening in the material. The hydrogen influenced, crack front fields serve as input to an exponential-based characterization of void growth rates which provides qualitative estimates for the impact of hydrogen on tearing resistance curves. The analyses suggest significantly higher void growth rates exist in a hydrogen-charged material than in a hydrogen free material, with a corresponding reduction in tearing resistance in the presence of hydrogen regardless of the level of imposed constraint.
Moving Query Monitoring in Spatial Network Environments

Moving queries over mobile objects are an important type of query in moving object database systems. In recent years, there have been quite a few works in this area. Due to the high frequency in location updates and the expensive cost of continuous query processing, server computation capacity and wireless communication bandwidth are the two limiting factors for large-scale deployment of moving object database systems. Many techniques have been proposed to address the server bottleneck including one using distributed servers. To address both scalability factors, distributed query processing techniques have been considered. These schemes enable moving objects to participate in query processing to substantially reduce the demand on server computation, and wireless communications associated with location updates. Most of these techniques, however, assume an open-space environment. Since Euclidean distance is different from network distance, techniques designed specifically for an open space cannot be easily adapted for a spatial network. In this paper, we present a distributed framework which can answer moving query over moving objects in a spatial network. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, we study two representative moving queries, namely, moving range queries and moving k-nearest-neighbor queries. Detailed algorithms and communication mechanisms are presented. The simulation studies indicate that the proposed technique can significantly reduce server workload and wireless communication cost.
Backscattering cross sections for hydrometeors: measurements at 6328 Å

Reported are estimates of backscattering cross sections and other scattering parameters determined experimentally at 6328 A for major atmospheric hydrometeor types.
On the characterization of Pareto-optimal solutions in bicriterion optimization

For bicriterion optimization involving objective functionsf 1 andf 2 defined on a decision spaceX, a condition is presented under which the Pareto-optimal points can be characterized as solutions of the scalar optimization problems: Minimizef 1(x), subject tof 2(x)≤α,x ∈X, which α ranges over a certain interval. Using this condition, it is shown how the Pareto-optimal points can be so characterized in both convex and nonconvex situations.
Unusual island structures in Ag growth on Si(100)-(2×1)

A detailed study of the early stages of nucleation and growth of Ag on Si(100)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) surfaces at room temperature using ultrahigh-vacuum high-resolution transmission-electron-microscopy imaging and diffraction is presented. While diffraction patterns suggest only a mixed epitaxy, off-zone axis images clearly reveal three-dimensional Ag islands. Aside from simple single-crystal structures, these islands are also seen to include multiply twinned morphologies with different epitaxies relative to the substrate; details of these are discussed.
Early hypophysial developmental in the chick embryo

The purpose of this study was to determine the developmental interrelationships existing between the lobes of the hypophysis and the prechordal mesoderm in the chick embryo. Using glass needles, operations were performed in ovo on embryos of three to 13 somites. The operative series involved extirpations of the prospective area or precursors of: (1) anterior lobe alone; (2) posterior lobe alone; (3) posterior lobe and the prechordal mesoderm together; and (4) anterior and posterior lobe precursors and the intervening mesoderm. The results of these experiments indicate that there is a mesodermal-neural sequence in the inductive process which leads to the development of the anterior lobe. Prechordal mesoderm induces the formation of Rathke's pouch. The latter is then influenced to differentiate through a vascular supply arising from the pial plexus of the infundibular region. Contact of the epithelial and neural rudiments of the hypophysis is not necessary.
Forming Successful Business-to-Business Services in Goods-Dominant Firms

Extant literature is almost unanimous in suggesting that managers in goods-dominant firms should integrate services into their core market offers. Furthermore, in actual practice, numerous firms ar...
Complementary Sensitivity Design of PID Controllers for Arbitrary-Order Transfer Functions With Time Delay

A graphical technique for finding all proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers that stabilize a given single-input-single-output (SISO) linear time-invariant (LTI) system of any order system with time delay has been solved. In this paper a method is introduced that finds all PID controllers that also satisfy an H∞ complementary sensitivity constraint. This problem can be solved by finding all PID controllers that simultaneously stabilize the closed-loop characteristic polynomial and satisfy constraints defined by a set of related complex polynomials. A key advantage of this procedure is the fact that it does not require the plant transfer function, only its frequency response.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
TrkA signal transduction pathways in neuroblastoma.

Background Favorable neuroblastomas frequently express high levels of the TrkA receptor, and these tumors have a propensity to either differentiate or regress, but the mechanisms responsible for these two fates are unclear. Procedure To study TrkA signal transduction in neuroblastoma (nb), we stably expressed wild-type TrkA and five TrkA mutants in the human nb cell line SH-SY5Y. Resulting single cell clones were characterized by TrkA mRNA and protein expression and by autophosphorylation of the receptor. Results Introduction of TrkA restored nerve growth factor (NGF) responsiveness of SH-SY5Y cells, demonstrated by morphological differentiation and induction of immediate-early genes. TrkA overexpression leads to growth inhibition in theabsence of NGF, whereas NGF treatment results in increased proliferation. Conclusions Analysis of downstream signaling elements in mutated TrkA receptors indicates that NGF-induced differentiation is dependent on TrkA kinase activity, but several redundant pathways seem to be used farther downstream. This suggests differences from TrkA pathways identified in PC12 cells. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36:108–110, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Degree of allogeneic histoincompatibility assayed by the hemolytic plaque technique.

Es wurden in vitro die Wechselwirkungen von Milzzellen verschiedener allogener Mausstamme untersucht. Als Indikator fur die cytotoxische Wirkung der lymphoiden Zellen wurde die Fahigkeit dieser Zellen, in vitro Antikorper zu bilden, herangezogen (Methode vonMishell undDutton). Es hat sich dabei gezeigt, dass bei ausgepragter gegenseitiger Histoinkompatibilitat die Zahl der Plaque formenden Zellen erniedrigt ist. Bei geringer Histoinkompatibilitat war die Zahl der Plaque formenden Zellen unverandert oder leicht erhoht.
Inactivation of hepatic glucocorticoid receptors by heparin.

Abstract Heparin dramatically enhanced the rate of unbound glucocorticoid receptor inactivation in vitro in a concentration, time and temperature-dependent manner. Control specific binding decreased only about 25% after incubation for 6 h at 4°C. However in the presence of heparin (40 μg per ml cytosol) receptor binding decreased about 75%. At 25°C liver receptor specific binding was found to have a half0life of about 60 min in control cytosol. However, in the presence of heparin (40 μg per ml cytosol) the glucocorticoid receptor had a half-life of only 15 min at 25°C. Interestingly, 10 mM molybdate (with or without 5 mM dithiothreitol) greatly inhibited heparin-dependent receptor inactivation at 4°C. Dithiothreitol (alone) significantly stabilized receptor binding in control samples at 4°C, but provided no protection from heparin-dependent receptor inactivation. Heparin had no apparent inactivating effect on prebound glucocorticoid receptor complexes at 4°C. Interestingly however, heparin altered the sedimentation coefficient of prebound hepatic glucococorticoid-receptor complexes in low salt gradients from 7–8 S to about 3–4 S. When molybdate plus dithiothreitol were added with heparin, the sedimentation coefficient was found to be approx. 6—7 S. These results demonstrate that heparin, which is often used pharmacologically and which occurs naturally in animal tissues, has significant effects on liver glucocorticoid receptors in vitro.
3D coupled mechanical and hydraulic modeling of a geosynthetic-reinforced deep mixed column-supported embankment

Abstract Numerical studies were conducted to improve the understanding of the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced column-supported embankments. Due to the complexity of the problem, so far, consolidation process and three-dimensional patterns of columns have not been well simulated in most published numerical studies. As a result, the time-dependant behavior and the serviceability of this system have not been well evaluated. In this study, a three-dimensional coupled mechanical and hydraulic modeling was conducted using FLAC3D to consider consolidation and three-dimensional arrangement of columns. This study was based on a well-documented bridge approach embankment reinforced by a layer of geotextile and supported by deep mixed (DM) columns. The foundation soils including soft clay and silt, the embankment fill, and the deep mixed columns were modeled as linearly elastic-perfectly plastic materials with Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria. The geotextile reinforcement was simulated by geogrid elements incorporated in the FLAC3D software, which can sustain in-plane tensile force only. The staged construction was simulated by building the embankment in lifts. The duration of each lift was the same as the actual construction time plus the lapse time between two consecutive stages. The development of settlement and tension in the geotextile with time is compared with the long-term monitoring data and yields good agreement. The generation and dissipation of excess pore water pressure during and after construction are presented and discussed.
On independent random oracles

Abstract It is shown that P ( A )∩ P ( B )= BPPP holds for every algorithmically random oracle A ⊕ B . This results extends the corresponding “probability one” characterization of Ambos-Spies (1986) and Kurtz (1987).
New Health Practitioners and Rural Health Care

We present and interpret evidence from a national survey of two types of new health practitioners (NHPs) with regard to their impact on the accessibility and quantity of rural physicians' services. Specifically, we address the following questions: (a) Are NHPs locating in or near rural areas? (b) Are persons from small cities and rural areas who get training as NHPs returning to those types of areas to practice? (c) Are the location decisions of NHPs affected by the types of medical resources in an area in a way that works for or against rural locations?
Effect of hypothalamic deafferentation on the secretion of thyrotropin during thyroid blockade and exposure to cold in the rat.

Complete hypothalamic deafferentation in normal male rats, either limited to the median eminence, arcuate nucleus, and basal parts of ventromedial nuclei, or including, in addition, the ventromedial nuclei, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and a large part of the posterior hypothalamus, caused a decrease of resting serum TSH levels and a marked lowering of the pituitary TSH concentration. Partial frontal anterior cuts caused similar changes, whereas partial posterolateral cuts, or a complete deafferentation extended rostrally to include suprachiasmatic nuclei and caudal parts of the anterior hypothalamus, were without effect. Serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine levels in animals with the effective types of deafferentations were, after an initial short-lived decrease, within normal range despite persistent low TSH levels. Destruction of the median eminence-arcuate nucleus by electrolytic lesions in either normal or deafferented animals lowered serum TSH more than deafferentations alone, and caused a lasting...
Salpingitis in a sexually inactive adolescent with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia

Abstract We report a sexually inactive adolescent female with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia (CVAH) and associated urogenital maldevelopment. At the age of 16 6/12 years, she developed signs and symptoms of an acute abdomen. At surgery, gross inflammation of both fallopian tubes and bilateral hydrosalpinges were observed. An anaerobic, gram-positive coccus was isolated. A subsequent sinogram demonstrated reflux of contrast agent from the urogenital sinus through the endocervical canal into the uterus. We postulate that the abnormal urogenital anatomy in our patient provided a mechanism whereby retrograde passage of vaginal bacteria resulted in salpingitis. Consideration should be given to performing a vaginoplasty early in patients with CVAH and small urogenital openings so that the morbid consequences of gynecologic infection can be prevented.
Ameliorating property gradients in photocured polymer lattices via thermal curing

Abstract An experimental study has been performed to assess the efficacy of thermal curing in ameliorating the property gradients that ensue from photo-curing of thiol-ene lattices. Through measurements of glass transition temperatures and complex moduli of the constituent thiol-ene as well as strain distributions during compression testing of the lattices, we show that the lattice can be homogenized with a 24 h curing treatment at 160 °C. In addition to homogenization, the treatment yields an elevated glass transition temperature (to 50 °C) relative to that of the pristine material or that after a lower temperature (130 °C) cure. The resulting elastic response of the lattice at ambient temperature is essentially rate-independent over a strain rate range spanning four orders of magnitude. Finally, comparisons of the measured strengths with model predictions indicate that, through modest changes in either the slenderness ratio or the material properties, the mode of failure (yielding- vs. buckling-dominated) and hence the strain rate sensitivity of the lattice strength could be readily tailored.
Real-time holography via DFWM in thin liquid crystal films and thin photorefractive materials

We describe a coherence filtering technique in the near infrared (IR) based on degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) in a Barium Titanate photorefractive crystal and a dye-doped liquid crystal layer. in our experiments, we used a self modelocked Ti:Sapphire laser and a Q-switched alexandrite laser as light sources. This technique can be used to provide instantaneous, single-shot, two-dimensional images ofthe internal structure ofmaterials versus depth.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparative food utilization of coffee bean weevil larvae on a new freeze-dried diet and green coffee beans☆

A meridic diet for culturing the coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus was formulated and freeze-dried into pellets. When exposed to an atmosphere of 80 ± 5%r.h. the diet reached a moisture equilibrium that invoked oviposition and was satisfactory for growth and development of the insect. Larvae ingested larger amounts of the freeze-dried diet than of the natural food, green coffee beans, reaching equivalent weight and pupation in 31.8 ± 0.4 days on the diet as compared to 46.8 ± 0.8 days on the coffee beans. Approximate digestibilities of the two foods were not significantly different. However, the coffee beans were converted more efficiently to body mass than was the diet. Faeces of larvae on the diet contained more uric acid than those of larvae on coffee beans. Continuous culture and mass rearing of A. fasciculatus on the diet is possible.
The structure, function and metamorphic reorganization of somatotopically projecting sensory neurons in Manduca sexta larvae

1. A set of innervated sensory hairs that cover the abdominal surface ofManduca larvae is described (Fig. 1). 2. Intracellular recordings from intersegmental muscle motorneurons reveal that they receive different inputs from these sensilla, depending upon the location of their target muscle. In general, sensilla on the same side of the body excite, and those on the opposite side inhibit these motorneurons (Figs. 2, 3). Motorneurons receive input from sensilla on several segments. 3. The branching patterns of the sensory neurons within the CNS were revealed by filling individual sensilla with cobalt. There is a strong correlation between the branching pattern of a sensory neuron and the peripheral location of the hair it innervates (Figs. 4–9). 4. This precise topographic map is maintained across various borders on the body surface. Thus anterior sensory neurons in one segment branch in a similar area as afferents from posterior sensilla in the next anterior segment (Fig. 10). Similarly, sensilla on either side of the dorsal and ventral midlines send their axons to the midline of the ganglion, where their processes overlap (Fig. 10). 5. Ten large hairs are identifiable on each segment of the 5th instar larva, and their sensory neurons branch in a characteristic region of the CNS (Fig. 11). These hairs are among only 16 present on each abdominal segment of the 1st instar animal (Fig. 12). 6. During the larval-pupal transition many of the hairs are lost, but a subset of the sensory neurons remain to innervate the pupal gin-trap sensilla. The central processes of these afferents increase in extent during this developmental period (Fig. 13).
Remindings influence the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli

Remindings-stimulus-guided retrievals of prior events-may help us interpret ambiguous events by linking the current situation to relevant prior experiences. Evidence suggests that remindings play an important role in interpreting complex ambiguous stimuli (Ross & Bradshaw Memory & Cognition, 22, 591-605, 1994); here, we evaluate whether remindings will influence word interpretation and memory in a new paradigm. Learners studied words on distinct visual backgrounds and generated a sentence for each word. Homographs were preceded by a biasing cue on the same background three items earlier, preceded by a biasing cue on a different background three items earlier, or followed by a biasing cue on the same background three items later. When biasing cues preceded the homographs on the same backgrounds as the homographs, the meanings of the homographs in learner-generated sentences were consistent with the biasing cues more often than in the other two conditions. These results show that remindings can influence word interpretation. In addition, later memory for the homographs and cues was greater when the meaning of the homograph in the sentence was consistent with the earlier biasing cue, suggesting that remindings enhanced mnemonic performance. Remindings play an important role in how we interpret ambiguous stimuli and enhance memory for the involved material.
Phononic thin plates with embedded acoustic black holes

We introduce a class of two-dimensional nonresonant single-phase phononic materials and investigate its peculiar dispersion characteristics. The material consists of a thin platelike structure with an embedded periodic lattice of acoustic black holes. The use of these periodic tapers allows achieving remarkable dispersion properties such as zero group velocity in the fundamental modes, negative group refraction index, birefraction, Dirac-like cones, and mode anisotropy. The dispersion properties are numerically investigated using both a three-dimensional supercell plane wave expansion method and finite element analysis. The effect on the dispersion and propagation characteristics of key geometric parameters of the black hole, such as the taper profile and the residual thickness, are also explored.
A Statistical Reanalysis of the Replicated Climax I and II Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding Experiments

Abstract A reanalysis of the Climax I and II experiments is described. The concern prompting this reanalysis is a suggestion arising from Colorado State University analyses of extended area effects. Those analyses suggested a regionwide pattern of precipitation that, by chance, may have favored the randomly selected seeding days for some of the important meteorological partitions used in earlier analyses. In order to address this concern, this reanalysis employs excellent covariate relationships developed before the initiation of Climax II and which account for over half of the target variability for most meteorological partitions of major interest (e.g., warm 500 mb temperatures and southwest 700 mb wind directions). The statistical evidence of seeding-induced increases for this reanalysis is generally much stronger than in the previous analysis, which did not utilize covariates. For example, the joint one-sided Wilcoxon test statistic P-value for testing the null hypothesis that seeding did not induce a...
An investigation of the role of affective and moral evaluations in the purposeful behaviour model of attitude

Two studies were conducted to investigate the antecedents of attitudes in the purposeful behaviour model. Study 1 demonstrated that distinct affective and moral evaluations exist towards at least some everyday behaviours. Giving blood, in particular, produced the most unambiguous evidence for distinct evaluations according to certain theoretical and empirical criteria. This behaviour was then chosen as the focal action for inquiry in study 2. A 2 (high vs. low affect) × 2 (high vs. low moral) × 2 (high vs. low involvement) experiment was conducted to examine the conditions under which affective and moral evaluations have linear additive or interaction effects on attitudes. The findings show that a person's resistance towards giving under high involvement conditions is overcome only when affective and moral pressures are both favourable. Under low involvement, avoidance is minimal no matter what the levels of affective and moral pressures. By examining the antecedents of attitude, this study complements an earlier study on attitude formation by Bagozzi (1986) and in so doing deepens the construct validity of the purposeful behaviour model of attitude.
A Constitutive Theory for Brittle Solids with Application to Concrete

A single-flow surface model unifying damage mechanics and plasticity is developed for quasi-brittle solids in general and concrete in particular. The necessity of using both plasticity and damage mechanics is discussed, and the preference for developing a single-flow surface model over the existing bi-surface models is outlined. The model is cast within the general setting of the continuum thermodynamics with internal variables. Invoking the internal dissipation inequality and guided by physical arguments, a flow surface is developed via introducing pressure functions. The flow surface displays both hardening and softening. The model is capable of predicting the essential features of material inelasticity including dilatation, anisotropic degradation, inelastic flow, and enhancement in strength and apparent ductility with lateral pressure, and is simple for computer implementation. These features are shown together with comparisons of theoretical and experimental data.
Part-whole relationships in the processing of small visual patterns.

Subjects seem to react to a word faster than they react to a letter within a word. One interpretation is that words are processed holistically; another is that all visual stimuli are processed in terms of components, but that more stimulus information is available for use when the targets are words than when they are letters within words. The results of three experiments indicate that the word or pattern-level advantage occurs even when the stimulus information in the two situations is equated, but if the perceptual arrays cannot be unitized (e.g., consonant sequences), a pattern-level advantage does not occur. In addition, the experiments provide substantial evidence to indicate that if letter arrays cannot be unitized, then they are processed on a componentby-component basis, rather than holistically. Finally, the appropriate definition ofholistic processing is considered.
Grazing by the jellyfish, Aurelia aurita , on microzooplankton

The medusa of the scyphozoan, Aurelia aurita, is a seasonally important predator of copepodj and fish larvae in coastal waters but little is known about its grazing on mkrozooplanltton. Medusae preferen- tially remove large (£50 /un) oligotrichs and copepod nauplii from natural microzooplankton assemblages. Clearance rates for phytoplankton, tintinnids, rotifers and polychaete larvae are usually low. In feeding ex- periments in which mixtures of cultured prey were used, medusae selected small non-loricate ciliates over similar-sized algae, non-loricate ciliates over tintinnids, and large non-loricate ciliates over smaller ones. Observations of feeding medusae confirmed that post-capture selection of particles is important during microphagous feeding.
Dynamic 3-Dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of Mitral Annular Geometry in Patients With Functional Mitral Regurgitation

Background Mitral valve (MV) annular dynamics have been well described in animal models of functional mitral regurgitation (FMR). Despite this, little if any data exist regarding the dynamic MV annular geometry in humans with FMR. In the current study we hypothesized that 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography, in conjunction with commercially available software, could be used to quantify the dynamic changes in MV annular geometry associated with FMR. Methods Intraoperative 3D transesophageal echocardiographic data obtained from 34 patients with FMR and 15 controls undergoing cardiac operations were dynamically analyzed for differences in mitral annular geometry with TomTec 4D MV Assessment 2.0 software (TomTec Imaging Systems GmbH, Munich, Germany). Results In patients with FMR, the mean mitral annular area (14.6 cm 2 versus 9.6 cm 2 ), circumference (14.1 cm versus 11.4 cm), anteroposterior (4.0 cm versus 3.0 cm) and anterolateral-posteromedial (4.3 cm versus 3.6 cm) diameters, tenting volume (6.2 mm 3 versus 3.5 mm 3 ) and nonplanarity angle (NPA) (154 degrees ± 15 versus 136 degrees ± 11) were greater at all points during systole compared with controls ( p p Conclusions There are significant differences in dynamic mitral annular geometry between patients with FMR and those without. We were able to analyze these changes in a clinically feasible fashion. Ready availability of this information has the potential to aid comprehensive quantification of mitral annular function and possibly assist in both clinical decision making and annuloplasty ring selection.
North-South interdependence: Projections of the world economy, 1985–2000☆

Abstract This article makes projections of the world economy where the North-South interdependence is incorporated through complex international linkages for the period 1985–2000, using a latest version of FUGI global macroeconomic model type IV 011-62. Based on two alternative future-scanarios—a baseline and on optimistic one—the model forecasts that the real economic growth of the developing countries as a whole in 1985–2000 will likely be around 4%–7% annual rate whereas the developed countries seems likely to sustain around 2.5%–3.5% annual rate of economic growth for the period.
JIT Mixed-Model Sequencing Rules: Is There a Best One?

This research effort compares four sequencing rules intended to smooth production scheduling for mixed-model production systems in a Just-in-Time/Lean manufacturing environment (“JIT” hereafter). Each rule intends to schedule mixed-model production in such a way that manufacturing flexibility is optimized in terms of system utilization, units completed, average in-process inventory, average queue length, and average waiting time. A simulation experiment, where the various sequencing rules are tested against each other in terms of the above production measures, shows that three of the sequencing rules essentially offer the same performance, whereas one of them shows more variation.
Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α Regulates a SOCS3-STAT3-Adiponectin Signal Transduction Pathway in Adipocytes

Obesity has been identified as a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance in insulin target tissues. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) regulates pathways in energy metabolism that become dysregulated in obesity. Earlier studies revealed that HIF1α in adipose tissue is markedly elevated in high-fat diet-fed mice that are obese and insulin-resistant. Genetic ablation of HIF1α in adipose tissue decreased insulin resistance and obesity, accompanied by increased serum adiponectin levels. However, the exact mechanism whereby HIF1α regulates adiponectin remains unclear. Here, acriflavine (ACF), an inhibitor of HIF1α, induced the expression of adiponectin and reduced the expression of SOCS3 in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mechanistic studies revealed that HIF1α suppressed the expression of adiponectin through a SOCS3-STAT3 pathway. Socs3 was identified as a novel HIF1α target gene based on chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays. STAT3 directly regulated adiponectin in vitro in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. ACF was found to prevent diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. In vivo, ACF also regulated the SOCS3-STAT3-adiponectin pathway, and inhibition of HIF1α in adipose tissue was essential for ACF to improve the SOCS3-STAT3-adiponectin pathway to counteract insulin resistance. This study provides evidence for a novel target gene and signal transduction pathway in adipocytes and indicates that inhibitors of HIF1α have potential utility for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Background: HIF1α in adipose tissue was induced during the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Results: The HIF1α inhibitor acriflavine increased the expression of adiponectin through decreased expression of the novel HIF1α target gene Socs3 and transcriptional activation of Stat3 in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: HIF1α regulates an adipocyte SOCS3-STAT3-adiponectin signal transduction pathway. Significance: Inhibitors of HIF1α provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Growth factors induce monocyte binding to vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for monocyte retention in atherosclerosis

Adhesive interactions between monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) may contribute to subendothelial monocyte-macrophage retention in atherosclerosis. We investigated the effects of ang...
Upsilon cross section in p+p collisions at STAR

The main focus of the heavy flavour programme at RHIC is to investigate the properties of the dense matter produced in heavy-ion collisions by studying its effect on open heavy flavour and quarkonia production. This in turn requires a detailed understanding of their production in elementary p+p collisions so that the dense matter effects can be later unfolded. In this paper, we present the first midrapidity cross section measurement of bottomonium at with the STAR experiment. We compare our results with perturbative QCD calculations. A brief status on the study of charmonium in STAR is given.
Microradiography of creep damage in copper

Abstract New advances in the radiographic technique have been made using high intensity synchroton radiation as the X-ray source. A 100-fold improvement in the resolution of the technique was realized, and features on the order of micrometers in size can now be routinely observed using “microradiography”. The resolution which can be achieved and the factors influencing resolution and sensitivity are discussed. We have applied microradiography to a study of the development of creep damage in metals. Notched samples of copper were subjected to high temperature, slow strain rate tensile testing, and the resulting creep damage in these samples was recorded using microradiography. The density and distribution of creep damage was measured from the radiographs using an image analysis system. The results from the image analysis can be compared to damage predictions obtained from finite element models of the damage process to determine the applicability of these models.
Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) pilots take information sharing to the real world of incident management: A department of homeland security initiative for information sharing among commercial, government, academic, and volunteer technology providers to support the national incident management system

The Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) middleware has moved through its architecture design phase, the development of a reference implementation, and now is engaged in a major pilot under the sponsorship of the Department of Homeland Security, Directorate of Science and Technology, Infrastructure and Geophysical Division. The current project will deploy pilots of the middleware in more than 20 states and approximately 100 pilot locations in order to assess the utility of the design for federal, state, and local agency use. UICDS enables ubiquitous information exchange among existing government and commercial incident management technologies for the purpose of creating one-to-many, incident-specific, agreement-based information sharing among a wide range of technologies used in incident management. This paper describes the current state of the architecture and reference implementation and offers an invitation to organization in both the government and private sectors to participate in pilots.
An improved algorithm of compressing redundant data

The database has a large redundant data for Compass Navigation Satellite System (CNSS) always gives different values in different time even the user is stationary. In order to solve the problem, this paper first analyzes the existing algorithm of compressing redundant data based on clustering, and then proposes a comparison algorithm based on time-series. The latter deletes the redundant data so concisely and avoids analyzing the various movement characteristic of users.
Neuro-ethics of "walking" in the newborn.

The newborn has protective mechanisms against most overstimulation through the special sense modalities. By contrast, he is forced to react with stereotyped motion when his reflexes, e.g., the "walking" and placing reflexes, are elicited through exercises and at times even beyond the normal prevalence of the walking reflex (until 8 wk of age). This interferes with the normal newborn's phases of motor quiescence and reflex inhibition probably due to cortical inhibition. Questions are raised about long-range neurological implications of such an overemphasis on the lowest level of motor integration at a time when not even the pyramidal tracts have matured sufficiently to make voluntary walking possible. Clinical observations by M. J. Simpkiss and A. S. Raikes point to detrimental effects of too early use of "baby-walkers" even at 3 mo of age. Language: en
Estimation of coupling between mobile vehicular radars and satellite radiometers

Coupling of emissions from wideband vehicular collision avoidance radars into passive microwave satellites can impart significant interference to earth remote sensing applications. One of the most physically obvious coupling mechanisms is reflection of the main lobe of the radar by another vehicle toward the main lobe of the radiometer. Since vehicular radars will commonly illuminate another close-in leading vehicle it is suspected that such scattering scenarios will be commonplace. In order to estimate the interference from a collection of such vehicular radars to a passive microwave satellite we performed numerical simulations to determine the system coupling coefficient C sm ,. The only reflection taken into account is that from the rear window of the leading vehicle. We considered three typical styles of automobiles having rear window angles of 25(, 35( (( (, and 45( (( (. It is shown that reflection of radiation from vehicular radars from the rear windows of automobiles can alone easily cause a significant amount of coupling (-10 to -20 dB) with space-borne radiometers. Additional scattering can be expected from other metallic parts of the leading automobile and by other nearby objects such as trees, railings, barriers, and the tilted roofs of buildings.
Discrete multitone modulation with blind detection capability

We introduce the cosine modulated filter bank (CMFB) as a multicarrier modulation (MCM) tool for wideband data transmission over wireless channels. In the past, under the name discrete wavelet multitone (DWMT) modulation, CMFB has been considered for data transmission over digital subscriber lines (DSL). We propose a new receiver structure that is different from those proposed previously. The new structure simplifies the task of channel equalization, by reducing the number of equalizer parameters significantly. We also propose a novel blind equalization algorithm that fits very nicely into the proposed structure. The bit-error rate (BER) of the proposed transceiver is compared against the results obtained from an OFDM (DFT-based MCM) system. Even though the proposed system may suffer from inter-carrier/inter-channel interference (ICI), the effect of ICI is not noticeable in the practical range of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 30 dB or less.
Ultrasmall integrin-targeted silica nanoparticles modulate signaling events and cellular processes in a concentration-dependent manner.

The interactions of nanoparticles with biological systems at a cellular and molecular level is a rapidly evolving field that requires an improved understanding of endocytic trafficking as the principal driver and regulator of signaling events and cellular responses. An understanding of these processes is vital to many applications, including nanomedicine delivery, cellular imaging, and cytotoxicity analysis, among others. Studies investigating the complex interplay of these processes and their relationship to well-defined targeted nanoparticle probes exploiting endocytic pathways are notably lacking, particularly for particles at the sub-10 nanometer scale. It is known that integrins, as cell-adhesion molecules are trafficked through the endosomal pathway and participate in diverse roles controlling intercellular and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, such as signal transduction, cell migration, and proliferation. Here we report that ultrasmall, non-toxic fluorescent silica core-shell nanoparticles (Cornell or C dots), surface PEGylated and functionalized with cyclic cRGDY peptide ligands (cRGDY-PEG-C dots), activate integrin-signaling pathways that, in turn, promote enhancement of cellular functions. First, nanomolar concentrations of particles, about two orders of magnitude higher than those achieved in vivo in current clinical trials, were shown to bind to and internalize within two αvβ3 integrin-expressing cell types, M21 melanoma cells and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs), predominantly through an integrin receptor-dependent endocytic route. Second, we present evidence that at these and higher concentrations, integrin-mediated activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and multiple downstream signaling pathways in M21 cells occurs, in turn, upregulating phosphorylated protein expression levels and promoting concentration-dependent cellular migration and proliferative activity. Targeting FAK catalytic activity with the FAK inhibitor, PF-228, led to decreased phosphorylation levels and cellular migration rates. The findings presented here may inform the subsequent design of more effective targeted nanomedicine delivery systems and provide insights into the endocytic regulation of signal transduction.
Hurricane Iniki: measuring the long-term economic impact of a natural disaster using synthetic control

The long-term impacts of disasters are ‘hidden’ as it becomes increasingly difficult over time to attribute them to a singular event. We use a synthetic control methodology, formalized in Abadie, A. et al. (2010), Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: estimating the effect of California's tobacco control program, Journal of the American Statistical Association105(490): 493–505, to estimate the long-term impacts of a 1992 hurricane on the Hawaiian island of Kauai. Hurricane Iniki, the strongest storm to hit Hawaii in many years, wrought an estimated US$ 7.4 billion (2008) in direct damages. Since the unaffected Hawaiian Islands provide a control group, the case of Iniki is uniquely suited to provide insight into the long-term impact of natural disasters. We show that Kauai's economy has yet to recover, 18 years after this event. We estimate the island's current population to be 12 per cent smaller than it would have been had the hurricane not occurred. Similarly, aggregate personal income and the number of private sector jobs are proportionally lower.
Gene expression profiling data in lymphoma and leukemia: review of the literature and extrapolation of pertinent clinical applications.

c Context.—Gene expression (GE) analyses using microarrays have become an important part of biomedical and clinical research in hematolymphoid malignancies. However, the methods are time-consuming and costly for routine clinical practice. Objectives.—To review the literature regarding GE data that may provide important information regarding pathogenesis and that may be extrapolated for use in diagnosing and prognosticating lymphomas and leukemias; to present GE findings in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, acute leukemias, and chronic myeloid leukemia in detail; and to summarize the practical clinical applications in tables that are referenced throughout the text. Data Source.—PubMed was searched for pertinent literature from 1993 to 2005. Conclusions.—Gene expression profiling of lymphomas and leukemias aids in the diagnosis and prognostication of these diseases. The extrapolation of these findings to more timely, efficient, and cost-effective methods, such as flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, results in better diagnostic tools to manage the diseases. Flow cytometric and immunohistochemical applications of the information gained from GE profiling assist in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, other low-grade B-cell nonHodgkin lymphomas and leukemias, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, and classic Hodgkin lymphoma. For practical clinical use, GE profiling of precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia, precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia has supported most of the information that has been obtained by cytogenetic and molecular studies (except for the identification of FLT3 mutations for molecular analysis), but extrapolation of the analyses leaves much to be gained based on the GE profiling data. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130:483‐520)
Development and validation of a high-content bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay for small-molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 Nef dimerization.

Nef is a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) accessory factor essential for viral pathogenesis and AIDS progression. Many Nef functions require dimerization, and small molecules that block Nef dimerization may represent antiretroviral drug leads. Here we describe a cell-based assay for Nef dimerization inhibitors based on bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Nef was fused to nonfluorescent, complementary fragments of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and coexpressed in the same cell population. Dimerization of Nef resulted in juxtaposition of the YFP fragments and reconstitution of the fluorophore. For automation, the Nef-YFP fusion proteins plus a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) reporter were expressed from a single vector, separated by picornavirus “2A” linker peptides to permit equivalent translation of all three proteins. Validation studies revealed a critical role for gating on the mRFP-positive subpopulation of transfected cells, as well as use of the mRFP signal to normalize the Nef-BiFC signal. Nef-BiFC/mRFP ratios resulting from cells expressing wild-type versus dimerization-defective Nef were very clearly separated, with Z factors consistently in the 0.6 to 0.7 range. A fully automated pilot screen of the National Cancer Institute Diversity Set III identified several hit compounds that reproducibly blocked Nef dimerization in the low micromolar range. This BiFC-based assay has the potential to identify cell-active small molecules that directly interfere with Nef dimerization and function.
Group testing strategies for recovery of sparse signals in noise

We consider the recovery of sparse signals, f ∈ ℝN, containing at most k ≪ N nonzero entries using linear measurements contaminated with i.i.d. Gaussian background noise. Given this measurement model, we present and analyze a computationally efficient group testing strategy for recovering the support of f and approximating its nonzero entries. In particular, we demonstrate that group testing measurement matrix constructions may be combined with statistical binary detection and estimation methods to produce efficient adaptive sequential algorithms for sparse signal support recovery. Furthermore, when f exhibits sufficient sparsity, we show that these adaptive group testing methods allow the recovery of sparse signals using fewer noisy linear measurements than possible with non-adaptive methods based on Gaussian measurement ensembles. As a result we improve on previous sufficient conditions for sparsity pattern recovery in the noisy sublinear-sparsity regime.