cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shallow Formation Hydrofracture Mapping Experiment

Geophysical diagnostic techniques are being developed to characterize massive hydraulic fractures. Sandia Laboratories is developing a system based on the measurement of surface electrical potentials. Model calculations indicate that the electrical potentials produced by direct electrical excitation of the fracture well and the fracture fluid can be used to determine the direction and asymmetry of a massive fracture. A small scale, shallow formation hydrofracture experiment was conducted by the AMOCO Production Company in an attempt to better correlate theoretical and experimental data.
Theory of Collision-Induced Ionization of Adsorbed Species on Solid Surfaces in the Presence of Laser Radiation.

A formalism is proposed for treating the problem of ionization of adsorbed species on solid surfaces. The ionizing agents are taken to be impact atoms and laser radiation with frequency low compared to the inverse of characteristic collision times. The physical constraints of short collision times and low laser frequency then allow one to treat the adatom-surface-plus-field system under the quasi-static approximation (QSA) and the impact-atom-adatom-surface collision dynamics under the impulse approximation (IMA). The latter leads to a time-dependent ionization cross-section which is factorizable into the square of an electron-atom scattering matrix element and a spectral function describing the energy-momentum distribution of electrons in the adatom-surface-plus-field system. The formalism focuses on the spectral function which is shown to be derivable from a single-particle Green's function exactly calculable for the present problem.
Self-similar shedding of vortex rings

The roll-up of an initially spherical vortex sheet into a vortex ring is computed using the vortex blob method. The ring sheds about 30% of its circulation into a tail which, in turn, rolls up into a ring that sheds circulation. The process repeats itself at smaller and smaller scales in a self-similar manner. The relation between the vortex shedding and the energy of the vortices is investigated. In contrast, an initially cylindrical vortex sheet rolls up into a vortex pair that sheds essentially no circulation.
Multi-console intelligent satellite graphics

Abstract The Department of the Army has undertaken the development of a graphics design system in order to satisfy a variety of engineering requirements. The system is being developed under the overall project, entitled: “Multidisciplined Engineering Design Evaluation and Analysis (MEDEA).” Goals inherent to the developing system are: hardware independence for local processors and graphic consoles, network orientation for resource sharing: multi-user independent operation and reasonable reaction to satisfy attention requests. The approach taken to realize these goals is one that provides a multi-program, multi-task environment. The environment is provided by an interrupt driven Multi-task Operating System (MTOS) that operates on a priority scheme to govern program execution and resource allocation. The priority system is dynamic in nature and governed by ‘static’, ‘relative’, and ‘time’ factors. Graphic processing is supported at the terminal. Large scale computations are supported remotely at large mainframes. Communications between the terminal and the remote mainframe are managed by a MEDEA Interface program resident at the remote site. The MEDEA interface resolves the peculiarities of the host system and allows the terminal graphic applications to view remote mainframe computational resources in a standard fashion. The hardware comprising the MEDEA design terminal is centered around an intelligent satellite terminal Ipporting a cluster of non-homogeneous graphic consoles. Test bed for the MEDEA design terminal has been implemented and will be used to debug and tune the MTOS system. define the minimum hardware configuration and provide a realistic production environment during system development.
Cooling Flows and Quasars: Different Aspects of the Same Phenomenon? I. Concepts

We present a new class of solutions for the gas flows in elliptical galaxies containing massive central black holes (BHs). Modified King model galaxies are assumed. Two source terms operate: mass loss from evolving stars, and a secularly declining heating by supernovae (SNe Ia). Relevant atomic physical processes are modeled in detail. Like the previous models investigated by Ciotti et al., these new models first evolve through three consecutive evolutionary stages: wind, outflow, and inflow. At this point the presence of the BH alters dramatically the subsequent evolution because the energy emitted by the BH can heat the surrounding gas to above virial temperatures, causing the formation of a hot expanding central bubble. Short and strong nuclear bursts of radiation (LBH) are followed by longer periods during which the X-ray galaxy emission comes from the coronal gas (LX). The range and approximate distribution spanned by LX are found to be in accordance with observations of X-ray early-type galaxies. Moreover, although high accretion rates occur during bursting phases when the central BH has a luminosity characteristic of quasars, the total mass accreted is very small when compared to that predicted by stationary cooling-flow solutions and computed masses are in accord with putative BH nuclear masses. In the bursting phases the X-ray gas luminosity is low and the surface brightness profile is very low compared to preburst or to cooling flow models. We propose that these new models, while solving some long-standing problems of the cooling flow scenario, can provide a unified description of QSO-like objects and X-ray-emitting elliptical galaxies, these being the same objects observed at two different evolutionary phases.
Metric entropy and the small ball problem for Gaussian measures

Abstract We establish a precise link between the small ball problem for a Gaussian measure μ on a separable Banach space and the metric entropy of the unit ball of the Hubert space H μ generating μ. This link allows us to compute small ball probabilities from metric entropy results, and vice versa.
Implications of hierarchical N-body methods for multiprocessor architecture

We first examine the key architectural implications of realistically scaling a representative member of this important class of applications. Using scaling methods that reflect the concerns of an application scientist leads to different conclusions than does naive scaling model, both the communication to computation ratio and the amount of cache memory per processor required for effective performance increase with scaling. We then examine the effect of a shared address space versus message passing as the communication abstraction. We show that the lack of a shared address space substantially increases the programming complexity and performance overheads of a message-passing implementation.
A Reduced Radial Basis Function Method for Partial Differential Equations on Irregular Domains

We propose and test the first Reduced Radial Basis Function Method for solving parametric partial differential equations on irregular domains. The two major ingredients are a stable Radial Basis Function (RBF) solver that has an optimized set of centers chosen through a reduced-basis-type greedy algorithm, and a collocation-based model reduction approach that systematically generates a reduced-order approximation whose dimension is orders of magnitude smaller than the total number of RBF centers. The resulting algorithm is efficient and accurate as demonstrated through two- and three-dimensional test problems.
Volumetric reconstruction applied to perceptual studies of size and weight

We explore the application of volumetric reconstruction from structured-light sensors in cognitive neuroscience, specifically in the quantification of the size-weight illusion, whereby humans tend to systematically perceive smaller objects as heavier. We investigate the performance of two commercial structured-light scanning systems in comparison to one we developed specifically for this application. Our method has two main distinct features: First, it only samples a sparse series of viewpoints, unlike other systems such as the Kinect Fusion. Second, instead of building a distance field for the purpose of points-to-surface conversion directly, we pursue a first-order approach: the distance function is recovered from its gradient by a screened Poisson reconstruction, which is very resilient to noise and yet preserves high-frequency signal components. Our experiments show that the quality of metric reconstruction from structured light sensors is subject to systematic biases, and highlights the factors that influence it. Our main performance index rates estimates of volume (a proxy of size), for which we review a well-known formula applicable to incomplete meshes. Our code and data will be made publicly available upon completion of the anonymous review process.
Sulfate-reducing ammonium oxidation: A thermodynamically feasible metabolic pathway in subseafloor sediment

Biogeochemical fluxes and Gibbs energies in sedimentary pore-waters point to the existence of sulfate-reducing ammonium oxidation. This process has not been previously inferred in natural environments. Porewater profiles in the Bay of Bengal (Indian Ocean) demonstrate that significant ammonium disappears at the ammonium-sulfate interface. Loss of ammonium at this horizon greatly exceeds possible nitrogen demand by biomass production. In situ Gibbs energies of reaction (ΔG) in Bay of Bengal and Greenwich Bay (Rhode Island) sediments indicate that sulfate-reducing ammonium oxidation is energy yielding. Relatively small and constant but consistently negative ΔG values for this reaction in both locations match the thermodynamic signature of anaerobic microbial respiration. The ΔG results and the substantial ammonium loss suggest that sulfate-reducing ammonium oxidation occurs in Bay of Bengal sediment. The Greenwich Bay ΔG results suggest that the process may also occur in anoxic sediment where the ammonium concentration profile shows no net loss of ammonium.
Enamine/carbene cascade catalysis in the diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of functionalized cyclopentanones

Herein we report an enantioselective synthesis of complex cyclopentanones using aliphatic aldehydes and activated enones. With the combination of a chiral secondary amine and a chiral triazolium catalyst, high diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity can be achieved. We present evidence of a clear cooperative effect when these two catalysts are present simultaneously in the system.
Mochizuki's crys-stable bundles: a lexicon and applications

Mochizuki's work on torally crys-stable bundles [18] has extensive implications for the theory of logarithmic connections on vector bundles of rank 2 on curves, once the language is translated appropriately. We describe how to carry out this translation, and give two classes of applications: first, one can conclude almost immediately certain results classifying Frobenius-unstable vector bundles on curves; and second, it follows from the results of [22] that one also obtains results on rational functions with prescribed ramification in positive characteristic.
Demand for Electric Vehicles in Hybrid Households: An Exploratory Analysis

Abstract Previous studies of the potential market for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) from different research streams have failed to converge on a single, robust estimate. What these previous research streams share are untested or implausible assumptions about consumer response to new transportation technology. We frame the BEV purchase decision in terms of a household's entire stock of vehicles, car purchase behavior and travel behavior. Within this framework, households which own both electric vehicles and gasoline vehicles are called ‘hybrid households’. Because nearly all consumers are unfamiliar with the characteristics of BEVs, we designed an interactive interview based on week-long travel diaries, which we call Purchase Intentions and Range Estimation Games (PIREG) to explore hypothetical hybrid household vehicle use. Our primary finding is that consumers' perceived driving range needs are substantially lower than previous hypothetical stated preference studies conclude. We find evidence of a viable market for BEVs with 60 to 100 miles driving range.
Sapphyrins and heterosapphyrins.

Abstract An improved synthesis of 3,8,12,13,17,22-hexaethyl-2,7,18,23-tetramethyl-sapphyrin (1), is reported. Also presented are new synthetic procedures for the formation of 8,12,13,17-tetraethyl-7,18-dimethyl-25,29-dioxasapphyrin (2) and 3,7,18,22-tetraethyl-2,8,17,23-tetramethyl-27-thiasapphyrin (3). In addition the syntheses of two completely new heteroatom substituted sapphyrins; 3,7,18,22-tetraethyl-2,8,17,23-tetramethyl-27-oxasapphyrin (4) and 7,18-diethyl-8,17-dimethyl-25,29-dioxa-27-thiasapphyrin (5), and described in detail. The procedures described provide facile routes to representative members of one of the more widely-studied classes of expanded porphyrin macrocycles.
Poly(3′,4′-dibutyl-α-terthiophene-phenylene-vinylene): a new soluble and dopable phenylene-vinylene-based conjugated polymer

Abstract A new soluble and dopable copolymer consisting of 3′,4′-dibutyl-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene and phenylene-vinylene units has been designed and prepared via a Wittig reaction. This title copolymer is soluble in common organic solvents such as THF and CHCl 3 , and can be doped with iodine achieving an electrical conductivity of about 3.2 × 10 −2 S/cm at room temperature. Films of this copolymer are electroactive and turn reversibly and rapidly from red to green-blue upon doping and undoping electrochemically.
Long-lived neutralino NLSPs

We investigate the collider signatures of heavy, long-lived, neutral particles that decay to charged particles plus missing energy. Specifically, we focus on the case of a neutralino NLSP decaying to Z and gravitino within the context of General Gauge Mediation. We show that a combination of searches using the inner detector and the muon spectrometer yields a wide range of potential early LHC discoveries for NLSP lifetimes (cτ) ranging from 10−1 − 105 mm. We further show that events from Z(l+l−) can be used for detailed kinematic reconstruction, leading to accurate determinations of the neutralino mass and lifetime. In particular, we examine the prospects for detailed event study at ATLAS using the ECAL (making use of its timing and pointing capabilities) together with the TRT, or using the muon spectrometer alone. Finally, we also demonstrate that there is a region in parameter space where the Tevatron could potentially discover new physics in the delayed Z(l+l−) + Open image in new window channel. While our discussion centers on gauge mediation, many of the results apply to any scenario with a long-lived neutral particle decaying to charged particles.
Cosmic Neutrino Bound on the Dark Matter Annihilation Rate in the Late Universe

How large can the dark matter self-annihilation rate in the late universe be? This rate depends on (ρDM/mχ)2σAv, where ρDM/mχ is the number density of dark matter, and the annihilation cross section is averaged over the velocity distribution. Since the clustering of dark matter is known, this amounts to asking how large the annihilation cross section can be. Kaplinghat, Knox, and Turner proposed that a very large annihilation cross section could turn a halo cusp into a core, improving agreement between simulations and observations; Hui showed that unitarity prohibits this for large dark matter masses. We show that if the annihilation products are Standard Model particles, even just neutrinos, the consequent fluxes are ruled out by orders of magnitude, even at small masses. Equivalently, to invoke such large annihilation cross sections, one must now require that essentially no Standard Model particles are produced.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Type Ia Supernova Observations in Supernova Surveys

We have performed Monte Carlo simulations of Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) surveys to quantify their efficiency in discovering peculiar overluminous and underluminous SNe Ia. We determined how the type of survey (magnitude-limited, distance-limited, or a hybrid) and its characteristics (observation frequency and detection limit) affect the discovery of peculiar SNe Ia. We find that there are strong biases against the discovery of peculiar SNe Ia introduced by at least four observational effects: the Malmquist bias, the age of the SN Ia at the time of its discovery, the shape of its light curve, and its degree of extinction. Surveys with low observation frequency (less than once per 10 days) tend to discover SNe Ia that are too old for observers to easily recognize their peculiarity. Subluminous SNe Ia are underrepresented in magnitude-limited surveys because they can only be found within a small volume and they remain above the detection limit for less time. Conversely, overluminous SNe Ia are more easily found in magnitude-limited surveys, although their likely association with dusty regions reduces the volume in which they can be discovered. The unbiased rate of peculiar SNe Ia can be recovered only in distance-limited surveys with high observation frequencies and with detection limits that are fainter than the peak magnitude of a subluminous SN Ia in the farthest potential host.
Aggregate Physical Properties Affecting Modulus and Deformation Characteristics of Unsurfaced Pavements

AbstractThis paper presents findings from a recently completed research study at the University of Illinois aimed at investigating the effects of aggregate type and quality on mechanistic pavement response and rutting performance with implications to over 2.6 million km (1.6 million miles) of unsurfaced roads in the United States. Three aggregate types, crushed limestone, crushed dolomite, and uncrushed gravel, were tested in the laboratory for resilient modulus (MR) and permanent deformation characteristics at different factorial combinations of selected aggregate physical properties. Aggregate properties studied included particle shape and surface texture, type and amount of fines, and moisture and density in relation to required compaction conditions. Stress-dependent material characterization models determined from the laboratory MR tests were used in a nonlinear axisymmetric finite-element analysis program to compute the vertical compressive stress on top of the subgrade as a critical pavement respon...
An Empirical Analysis of the Risk Properties of Human Capital Returns

Presents an empirical analysis of the risk properties of human capital returns. Discussion on measures of human capital returns; Description of the mean-variance spanning methodology; Information on real human capital returns and U.S. equity index return for 1964 to 1996.
Laser guide star adaptive optics imaging polarimetry of Herbig Ae/Be stars.

We have used laser guide star adaptive optics and a near-infrared dual-channel imaging polarimeter to observe light scattered in the circumstellar environment of Herbig Ae/Be stars on scales of 100 to 300 astronomical units. We revealed a strongly polarized, biconical nebula 10 arc seconds (6000 astronomical units) in diameter around the star LkHα 198 and also observed a polarized jet-like feature associated with the deeply embedded source LkHα 198-IR. The star LkHα 233 presents a narrow, unpolarized dark lane consistent with an optically thick circumstellar disk blocking our direct view of the star. These data show that the lower-mass T Tauri and intermediate mass Herbig Ae/Be stars share a common evolutionary sequence.
Bile duct complications of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy evaluated by helical CT.

AIM To describe the imaging findings of bile duct complications of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) using helical CT, to set diagnostic criteria, to develop a CT grading system, and to correlate these with clinical findings and laboratory data. METHODS Follow-up helical CT of the abdomen was performed every 3 months for 60 patients receiving HAIC. Three radiologists reviewed all CT studies before and after treatment, using either the picture archiving and communication system or hard copies. The findings of bile duct abnormalities were correlated with findings from other imaging techniques, clinical symptoms and laboratory data. RESULTS Bile duct abnormalities developed in 34 (57%) of cases either during HAIC or 1 to 12 months after treatment. In 14 (41%) of these 34 patients, enhancement of the hepatic parenchyma along the dilated bile duct or in the segmental or lobar distribution was observed. In 43 cases (72%), normal or abnormal alkaline phosphatase levels were consistent with normal or abnormal CT findings, respectively. Increasing alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels were related to CT grade. CONCLUSION Imaging findings of bile duct complications of HAIC are similar to those of primary sclerosing cholangitis, and correlate well with abnormal clinical and laboratory data. In the presence of such clinical abnormalities, thin-section helical CT with careful review of the imaging studies helps to determine the correct diagnosis, monitor the changes and guide appropriate treatment.
Announcing the IEEE Journal of Electron Devices Society

ln June 2012 EDS secured approval to launch its very own "all electronic" Open Access IEEE Journal of Electron Devices (J-EDS). As the word "Open Access" implies, articles published in J-EDS will be available to all professionals worldwide for the asking without any strings attached in terms of IEEE I EDS membership or a paid subscription. Furthermore, they can be freely posted and shared among researchers so long as the source is properly cited. The pros of this approach include a wider readership and citation of the work. The flip side of the coin is that the author must have financial resources to be in the game.
Current efforts toward implementation of an urban health strategy: Boston.

This paper has presented only some of the efforts taking place in Boston and at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Representatives from other hospitals would come up with other specifics. In today's highly competitive economic environment, however, there is a growing common conviction that the health of the community involves all providers, and that all persons are equally deserving of the full consideration that can be offered.
Catalytic Reduction of Dinitrogen to Ammonia by Molybdenum: Theory versus Experiment

Molybdenum complexes that contain the triamidoamine ligand [(RNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N](3-) (R = 3,5-(2,4,6-iPr(3)C(6)H(2))(2)C(6)H(3)) catalyze the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia at 22 degrees C and 1 atm with protons from 2,6-dimethylpyridinium and electrons from decamethylchromocene. Several theoretical studies have been published that bear on the proposed intermediates in the catalytic dinitrogen reduction reaction and their reaction characteristics, including DFT calculations on [(HIPTNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N]Mo species (HIPT =hexaisopropylterphenyl = 3,5-(2,4,6-iPr(3)C(6)H(2))(2)C(6)H(3)), which contain the actual triamidoamine ligand that is present in catalytic intermediates. Recent theoretical findings are compared with experimental findings for each proposed step in the catalytic reaction.
Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of 5-oxo and 5-thio derivatives of 1,4-diaryl tetrazoles

Abstract A series of 1,4-diaryl tetrazol-5-ones were synthesized by copper mediated N-arylation of 1-phenyl-1 H -tetrazol-5(4 H )-one with aryl boronic acids, o -R 1 C 6 H 4 B(OH) 2 where R 1 = H, OMe, Cl, CF 3 , Br, C CH. The 1,4-diaryl tetrazol-5-ones substituted with OMe, Cl, CF 3 , Br underwent thionation with Lawesson’s reagent to yield the corresponding 5-thio derivatives. The 1-(2-bromophenyl)-4-phenyl-1 H -tetrazole-5(4 H )-thione so obtained was subjected to lithiation/protonation and Sonogashira coupling to produce 1,4-diphenyl-1 H -tetrazole-5(4 H )-thione and 1-(2-ethynylphenyl)-4-phenyl tetrazole-5-thione, respectively. The title compounds were found to be stable to strong Lewis acid conditions. Three of these novel compounds were found to inhibit L1210 leukemia cell proliferation and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell growth over several days in culture in vitro. Shorter tetrazole derivative treatments also reduced the expression of the Ki-67 marker of cell proliferation in SK-BR-3 cells and the rate of DNA synthesis in L1210 cells.
Sums of Laplace eigenvalues—rotationally symmetric maximizers in the plane

Abstract The sum of the first n ⩾ 1 eigenvalues of the Laplacian is shown to be maximal among triangles for the equilateral triangle, maximal among parallelograms for the square, and maximal among ellipses for the disk, provided the ratio ( area ) 3 / ( moment of inertia ) for the domain is fixed. This result holds for both Dirichlet and Neumann eigenvalues, and similar conclusions are derived for Robin boundary conditions and Schrodinger eigenvalues of potentials that grow at infinity. A key ingredient in the method is the tight frame property of the roots of unity. For general convex plane domains, the disk is conjectured to maximize sums of Neumann eigenvalues.
Optical Analog Computers

Certain applications of optical devices in digital computers are described, and a general theory of optical analog computers is developed. Certain characteristics of the photographic process make it possible to perform mathematical operations with photosensitive materials, as well as with photocells. These characteristics are: (1) the modulation of light intensities by optically dense films; (2) the addition of densities of superimposed layers; (3) the multiplication of transparencies of superimposed layers; (4) the ability of the photographic emulsion to integrate exposures occurring throughout time or from several sources.Examples of optical methods of calculation are described, and the construction of an optical analog computer for synthesizing the two-dimensional Fourier transform of a function for use in crystal structure determination is described. A new machine giving immediate presentation of the results of two-dimensional Fourier transforms is proposed.
An Evidence-Based Approach to Physician Etiquette in Pediatric Ophthalmology

Purpose Little objective evidence exists to guide physician etiquette in pediatric ophthalmology. This article describes the preferences of families visiting a pediatric ophthalmology clinic for the first time. Methods Review of 149 questionnaires completed by the families of patients visiting a pediatric ophthalmology clinic in a tertiary care center. The Fisher exact and chi-square tests were used to compare subpopulations. Results Most respondents preferred that their physician wear a white coat. Men preferred a handshake to a verbal greeting (P = .0264) and professional to business casual attire for both male and female physicians (P = .01, both). African-American parents were more likely to prefer being addressed by surname than other races (P = .008). No statistically significant differences were found comparing the preferences of parents with an advanced education (bachelor and graduate degrees) to those without. Conclusion Pediatric ophthalmologists may wish to consider wearing white coats and business casual attire in clinic and addressing parents informally as "mom" or "dad" or by their first name, although etiquette should ultimately be determined on an individual patient basis.
Nonlinear evolution of the magnetohydrodynamic Rayleigh-Taylor instability

We study the nonlinear evolution of the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability using three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We consider the idealized case of two inviscid, perfectly conducting fluids of constant density separated by a contact discontinuity perpendicular to the effective gravity g, with a uniform magnetic field B parallel to the interface. Modes parallel to the field with wavelengths smaller than λc=B∙B∕(ρh−ρl)g are suppressed (where ρh and ρl are the densities of the heavy and light fluids, respectively), whereas modes perpendicular to B are unaffected. We study strong fields with λc varying between 0.01 and 0.36 of the horizontal extent of the computational domain. Even a weak field produces tension forces on small scales that are significant enough to reduce shear (as measured by the distribution of the amplitude of vorticity), which in turn reduces the mixing between fluids, and increases the rate at which bubbles and finger are displaced from the interface compared to the pu...
Calabi-Yau spaces and five-dimensional field theories with exceptional gauge symmetry

Abstract Five-dimensional field theories with exceptional gauge groups are engineered from degenerations of Calabi-Yau threefolds. The structure of the Coulomb branch is analyzed in terms of relative Kahler cones. For low number of flavors, the geometric construction leads to new five-dimensional fixed points.
Plan-coordination: Who needs it?

In this paper I revisit the question of coordination - of plans by prices and other social institutions. Prices contain ambiguous information that requires interpretation. How are they, in spite of this, able to coordinate plans and actions? The answer given in this paper is that they are not - they do not. I suggest that a closer examination of plan-coordination indicates that some plans should not be coordinated, at least as regards their outcomes. Coordination applies to the ‘rules’, the institutions, and not to the outcomes that occur from following them. This follows from the obvious notion that there must be room for creativity. While this may seem like a trivial point, made many times, it is not clear, at least as concerns the role of prices, that it has been fully digested.
Simulation training in critical care: does practice make perfect?

Background Few data exist regarding the effectiveness of simulation in resident education in critical care. The purpose of this study was to determine whether multiple-simulation exposure (MSE) or single-simulation exposure (SSE) improved residents' recognition of shock and initial management of the critically ill simulated surgical patient. Methods Data were collected at a level 1 trauma center. Surgery, anesthesiology, and emergency medicine residents were given a multiple-choice question (MCQ) pretest before a tutorial on the recognition and management of shock followed by high-fidelity simulation/debriefing and MCQ post-test. MSE residents had 1.5 hours of simulation per resident over 3 days, and SSE residents had 1.5 hours of simulation as a group in 1 day. Pre- and posttest comparisons overall and subgroup analysis for MSE versus SSE were performed. Results Data was available for 45 MSE residents and 15 SSE residents. Overall posttest percent correct was greater than pretest percent correct (81% ± 9% vs 75% ± 13%, post- versus pre-, P = .01). Subgroup analysis demonstrated significantly improved post- versus pretest performance for MSE residents only. There were no differences in pre- or posttest performance for MSE residents during the first 4 months of the academic year versus the last 4 months. Pretest performance over 12 months of observation for MSE residents showed no significant differences. Conclusion Repeated simulation exposure was more effective than single simulation exposure at improving MCQ performance designed to measure the recognition and management of shock in the critically ill simulated surgical patient. Duration of training did not impact MCQ performance.
High-Pressure Framework Silicates

Recent syntheses of high-pressure alkali and alkaline earth silicates reveal a class of framework structures with corner-linked 4- and 6-coordinated silicon. These compounds possess the structural formula (A1+4−2xB2+x)SiVIm(SiIVnO2(m+n)+2), where x, m, and n specify the amounts of alkaline earth, 6-coordinated silicon, and 4-coordinated silicon, respectively. Appropriate values of m and n yield a range of high-pressure structures, from fully 4-coordinated to fully 6-coordinated silicate frameworks. Recognition of this class of framework silicates leads to predictions of high-pressure structures as well as room-pressure isomorphs of high-pressure silicates.
Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors fabricated from an amorphous Mo0.75Ge0.25 thin film

We present the characteristics of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) fabricated from amorphous Mo0.75Ge0.25 thin-films. Fabricated devices show a saturation of the internal detection efficiency at temperatures below 1 K, with system dark count rates below 500 cps. Operation in a closed-cycle cryocooler at 2.5 K is possible with system detection efficiencies exceeding 20% for SNSPDs which have not been optimized for high detection efficiency. Jitter is observed to vary between 69 ps at 250 mK and 187 ps at 2.5 K using room temperature amplifiers.
Catalytic Enantioselective Allylation of Dienals through the Intermediacy of Unsaturated π-Allyl Complexes

The nickel-catalyzed enantioselective addition of allylboronic acid pinacol ester [allylB(pin)] to alpha,beta,gamma,delta-unsaturated aldehydes is described. This reaction results in a remarkable inversion of substrate olefin geometry, providing the Z,E-configured reaction product in good enantioselectivity and olefin stereoselectivity. The reaction appears to proceed by conversion of the dienal to an unsaturated pi-allyl complex followed by reductive elimination via transition state II. Enantioselectivities range from 73-94% ee for a range of delta-substituted dienals when chiral ligand L3 is employed.
Testing diamond strength at high pressure

Abstract We present two designs to measure the strength of diamond, natural or synthetic, above 30 Mbar. Both designs are based on the Rayleigh–Taylor instability carried out on a laser system providing a truncated ignition pulse. The first is an indentation technique which can be challenging to diagnose because of the low-Z value of carbon. The second is similar to that used in DAC (diamond anvil cell) experiments with a flat diamond squeezing a highly perturbed gold foil and provides the required high-Z diagnostics. Based on two-dimensional hydrocode simulations we conclude that the second technique is superior because of its sensitivity to diamond strength coupled with the benefit of diagnostics at these extremely high pressures.
Multicyclic-Detonation-Initiation Studies in Valveless Pulsed Detonation Combustors

A pulsed detonation combustor was developed with the total absence of mechanical valves. The device was operated over a range of conditions with air and gaseous fuels (ethylene and propane) with both fuel streams and airstreams operating in valveless mode. This configuration allows a simplified design that could be used for propulsion and power generation systems as well as combined-cycle propulsion concepts. High-frequency pressure instrumentation reveals that overdriven detonations and Chapman-Jouguet detonations are generated within the device using both fuels. A novel vortex-generator design is employed to promote the deflagration-to-detonation transition process in a cyclic fashion. Pressure instrumentation within inlet manifolds confirms the capabilities of the configuration to cease fuel and air flows over a portion of the cycle. The character of wave development in the device is discussed, and a performance map is included to denote the range of operation in valveless mode.
Dielectric characterization of hot-mix asphalt at the smart road using GPR

To better interpret collected ground penetrating radar (GPR) data, a project is currently underway at the Virginia Smart Road. Twelve different flexible pavement sections and a continuously reinforced concrete rigid pavement section are incorporated in the road design. Thirty-five copper plates were placed at different layer interfaces throughout the pavement sections. The copper plates serve as a reflecting material and thus allow the determination of layers' dielectric constant over the GPR frequency range. An initial development of a method to calculate the complex dielectric constant of hot-mix asphalt over the frequency range of 750 to 1750 MHz using an air-coupled GPR system is presented. Utilizing GPR data, this method will be used to predict changes of the dielectric properties of the different SuperPaveTM mixes used at the Smart Road over time. The method is based on equating the overall reflection coefficient as obtained from the radar measurements with the calculated reflection coefficient using electromagnetic theory. The measured overall reflection coefficient is obtained by dividing the reflected frequency spectrum over the incident one. The theoretical overall reflection coefficient is obtained using the multiple reflection model. A Gauss-Newton method is then used to solve for the complex dielectric constant.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Polarization Dependence of the Cr3+ R-Line Fluorescence from Sapphire and Its Application to Crystal Orientation and Piezospectroscopic Measurement

The room-temperature polarization characteristics of the ruby R lines have been studied by monitoring the fluorescence intensity as a function of excitation direction relative to the crystallographic axes of the ruby crystal. The R lines are strongly polarized in the basal plane but have no preferred vibration direction within the basal plane. However, the degree of polarization, P, of the R1 and R2 lines is not the same, being PR1=87% and PR2=62%. The phenomenon is explained in terms of the absorption anisotropy and the probability of spontaneous emission. The findings provide the basis for a high-spatial-resolution spectrophotometric method to determine the optical c-axis of chromium-doped Al2O3 crystals using the angular dependence of the intensity ratio of the R2 line to the R1 line. The application to the orientation determination of sapphire fibers embedded in composites and the corresponding residual stress components are discussed together with the possibility of measuring the texture in the Al2O3 polycrystalline thin films such as oxidation scales. Furthermore, the consequences of polarization orientation on piezospectroscopic measurements are discussed.
UNOBTRUSIVE USER MODELING FOR ADAPTIVE HYPERMEDIA

We propose a technique for user modeling in Adaptive Hypermedia (AH) that is unobtrusive at both the level of observable behavior and that of cognition. Unobtrusive user modeling is complementary t...
Managing Learning and Turnover in Employee Staffing

We study the employee staffing problem in a service organization that uses employee service capacity to meet random, nonstationary service requirements. The employees experience learning and turnover on the job, and we develop a Markov Decision Process (MDP) model which explicitly represents the stochastic nature of these effects. Theoretical results show that the optimal hiring policy is of a state-dependent "hire-up-to" type, similar to an inventory "order-up-to" policy. For two important special cases, a myopic policy is optimal. We also test a linear programming (LP) based heuristic, which uses average learning and turnover behavior, in stationary environments. In most cases, the LP-based policy performs quite well, within 1% of optimality. When flexible capacity--in the form of overtime or outsourcing--is expensive or not available, however, explicit modeling of stochastic learning and turnover effects may improve performance significantly.
A normal hierarchical model and minimum contrast estimation for random intervals

Many statistical data are imprecise due to factors such as measurement errors, computation errors, and lack of information. In such cases, data are better represented by intervals rather than by single numbers. Existing methods for analyzing interval-valued data include regressions in the metric space of intervals and symbolic data analysis, the latter being proposed in a more general setting. However, there has been a lack of literature on the parametric modeling and distribution-based inferences for interval-valued data. In an attempt to fill this gap, we extend the concept of normality for random sets by Lyashenko and propose a Normal hierarchical model for random intervals. In addition, we develop a minimum contrast estimator (MCE) for the model parameters, which is both consistent and asymptotically normal. Simulation studies support our theoretical findings and show very promising results. Finally, we successfully apply our model and MCE to a real data set.
Mariner Mars 1969 flight path design and mission analysis.

Mariner Mars 1969 flyby missions objectives, experiments, spacecraft configuration, trajectory design, sterilization, flight path control and photographic imaging
The Broken Ring: Reduced Aromaticity in Lys-Trp Cations and High pH Tautomer Correlates with Lower Quantum Yield and Shorter Lifetimes

Several nonradiative processes compete with tryptophan fluorescence emission. The difficulty in spectral interpretation lies in associating specific molecular environmental features with these processes and thereby utilizing the fluorescence spectral data to identify the local environment of tryptophan. Here, spectroscopic and molecular modeling study of Lys-Trp dipeptide charged species shows that backbone-ring interactions are undistinguished. Instead, quantum mechanical ground state isosurfaces reveal variations in indole π electron distribution and density that parallel charge (as a function of pK1, pK2, and pKR) on the backbone and residues. A pattern of aromaticity-associated quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime changes emerges. Where quantum yield is high, isosurfaces have a charge distribution similar to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of indole, which is the dominant fluorescent ground state of the 1La transition dipole moment. Where quantum yield is low, isosurface charge distri...
Canine Osteosarcoma Cells Exhibit Resistance to Aurora Kinase Inhibitors

We evaluated the effect of Aurora kinase inhibitors AZD1152 and VX680 on canine osteosarcoma cells. Cytotoxicity was seen in all four cell lines; however, half-maximal inhibitory concentrations were significantly higher than in human leukaemia and canine lymphoma cells. AZD1152 reduced Aurora kinase B phosphorylation, indicating resistance was not because of failure of target recognition. Efflux mediated by ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters is one known mechanism of resistance against these drugs and verapamil enhanced AZD1152-induced apoptosis; however, these transporters were only expressed by a small percentage of cells in each line and the effects of verapamil were modest, suggesting other mechanisms contribute to resistance. Our results indicate that canine osteosarcoma cells are resistant to Aurora kinase inhibitors and suggest that these compounds are unlikely to be useful as single agents for this disease. Further investigation of these resistance mechanisms and the potential utility of Aurora kinase inhibitors in multi-agent protocols is warranted.
On Sha's Secondary Chern–Euler Class

For a manifold with boundary, the restriction of Chern's transgression form of the Euler curvature form over the boundary is closed. Its cohomology class is called the secondary Chern– Euler class and was used by Sha to formulate a relative Poincare–Hopf theorem under the condition that the metric on the manifold is locally product near the boundary. We show that the secondary Chern–Euler form is exact away from the outward and inward unit normal vectors of the boundary by explicitly constructing a transgression form. Using Stokes’ theorem, this evaluates the boundary term in Sha's relative Poincare–Hopf theorem in terms of more classical indices of the tangential projection of a vector field. This evaluation in particular shows that Sha's relative Poincare–Hopf theorem is equivalent to the more classical law of vector fields.
Two-step acquisitions and liquidity spread

We hypothesize that macro-level liquidity affects the choice between tender-mergers and mergers. We employ a novel methodology to test this relationship. This method finds structural breaks in the number of tender-mergers relative to mergers and finds that the structural breaks coincide strikingly well with major changes in macro-level liquidity. Consistent with our hypotheses our regression analysis finds that the number of tender offers increases with liquidity and also that the acquirer’s share of synergy increases as tender-mergers increase.
Microwave-Assisted Chemistry: a Rapid and Sustainable Route to Synthesis of Organics and Nanomaterials

The use of emerging microwave (MW)-assisted chemistry techniques in conjunction with benign reaction media is dramatically reducing chemical waste and reaction times in several organic syntheses and chemical transformations. The present review summarizes recent developments in MW-assisted synthesis, name reactions and organic transformations, and rapid generation of nanoparticles with uniform size distribution. Greener protocols have been developed for the synthesis of various bio-active heterocycles, namely 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 1,3-dioxanes, pyrazoles, hydrazones and 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones, which proceed under the influence of microwaves and using eco-friendly conditions. These high-yielding methods were catalyzed efficiently by solid-supported Nafion NR50 under solvent-free conditions and polystyrene sulfonic acid in aqueous media. The eco-friendly nucleophilic substitution chemistry in water to generate cyclic amines via double N-alkylation of primary amines or hydrazines by dihalides or tosylates enables the greener synthesis of a range of pharmaceutically active heterocycles. Similarly, efficient MW synthesis of various azides, thiocyanates, and sulfones in aqueous medium occurs wherein nucleophilic substitution reaction takes place in the absence of a phase-transfer catalyst. Bulk and shape-controlled synthesis of noble nanostructures via MW-assisted spontaneous reduction of noble metal salts using α-d-glucose, sucrose, and maltose is described. MW method also accomplishes the cross-linking reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) with metallic systems such as Pt, Cu, and In; bimetallic systems, namely Pt–In, Ag–Pt, Pt–Fe, Cu–Pd, Pt–Pd, and Pd–Fe; and single-walled nanotubes, multi-walled nanotubes, and buckminsterfullerenes (C-60). The strategy is extended to the formation of biodegradable carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite films with noble nanometals; such metal decoration and alignment of carbon nanotubes in CMC is possible using a MW approach that also enables the shape-controlled bulk synthesis of Ag and Fe nanorods in poly(ethylene glycol).
Uniquely universal sets

Abstract We say that X × Y satisfies the Uniquely Universal property (UU) iff there exists an open set U ⊆ X × Y such that for every open set W ⊆ Y there is a unique cross section of U with U x = W . Michael Hrusak raised the question of when does X × Y satisfy UU and noted that if Y is compact, then X must have an isolated point. We consider the problem when the parameter space X is either the Cantor space 2 ω or the Baire space ω ω . We prove the following: 1. If Y is a locally compact zero-dimensional Polish space which is not compact, then 2 ω × Y has UU. 2. If Y is Polish, then ω ω × Y has UU iff Y is not compact. 3. If Y is a σ-compact subset of a Polish space which is not compact, then ω ω × Y has UU.