cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soybean Yield Response to Headline Fungicide Applications

BASF Corporation agronomists have reported that applications of Headline fungicide improve general soybean plant health and ultimately improve yields. The response to Headline fungicide was evaluated in 2005 at the Northern Research Farm. Soybeans sprayed at stage R3 yielded 4.3 bushels more than the check plots. In 2006 the experiment was expanded to evaluate the yield responses of four varieties treated at stage R3. Additionally, one variety was evaluated for responses to treatments applied at stage R1 and stage R3.
Improving the reliability of event reports in wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, data from sensors has to be transported to a central server or sink. Since the sensors are power-constrained devices, the data is typically fused en route, and an aggregated report of fused information is finally available at the sink. It is important that information from as many sensors as possible be fused in order to increase the credibility of the aggregated report. However, in sensor networks there may be faulty sensors or even malicious intruders that generate and report misleading information. Thus, it is important to collect and fuse enough correct reports that agree with each other; this would enable nodes that perform fusion to detect and ignore the effects of the faulty reports. In this work, we propose a protocol called corroborative aggregation protocol (CAP), in which, each sensor that detects a report from its neighbor that contradicts its own findings generates its own report to dispute the faulty report. The idea is to increase the number of correct reports so as to effectively reduce the adverse effects of faulty reports. We show by simulations that CAP is effective in maintaining the credibility of the final fused content even if approximately 30% of sensors within a detecting zone are wrong about an event.
The Effects of Global Competition on Total Factor Productivity in U.S. Manufacturing

This paper utilizes an instrumental variables approach to investigate the relationship between growth in total factor productivity and growth in imports and exports. Empirical models are based on a sample of Census years covering the period 1977–1992, with 1986 substituted for Census year 1987. The most important finding is that export growth positively impacts growth in total factor productivity for the pooled model and for every year of the sample. Growth in imports has a positive impact on TFP for the pooled model and in two of four sample years.
FIR Filter Based on Stochastic Computing with Reconfigurable Digital Fabric

FIR filtering is widely used in many important DSP applications in order to achieve filtering stability and linear-phase property. This paper presents a hardware-and energy-efficient approach to implement FIR filtering through reconfigurable stochastic computing. Specifically, we exploit a basic probabilistic principle of summing independent random variables to achieve approximate FIR filtering without costly multiplications. This allows our proposed FIR architecture to achieve about 9 times and 4 times less power consumption than the conventional multiplier-based and DA-based design, respectively. Additionally, when compared with the state-of-the art systolic DA-based design, our design can achieve about 3times reduction in hardware usage.
Solar Particle Observations over the Polar Caps

The increasing incidence of energetic particle emission from the sun has, since 1966, provided a number of opportunities to measure the spatial, angular and energy distribution of these particles at high latitudes with instruments flown aboard low altitude polar orbiting satellites. Such measurements provide insight into the structure of the distant magnetosphere and the mechanisms of solar particle access into the transmission through the magnetosphere. This work complements the measurements carried out by high altitude spacecraft.
Sexuality and Long-Term Care: Understanding and Supporting the Needs of Older Adults

In this book, Gayle Appel Doll tackles an element of holistic care that unnecessarily daunts many health care professionals. Doll is the director of the Kansas State University Center on Aging and ...
Bronchial myeloid sarcoma with concurrent Aspergillus fumigatus infection in a patient presenting with hemoptysis.

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is an extramedullary myeloid neoplasm characterized by proliferation of myeloblasts which can occur in any organ or site. Bronchial and pulmonary involvement, however, is uncommon. We describe a case of bronchial MS in an 81-year-old female with a history of high-grade myelodysplastic syndrome; she was started on treatment few months before, and she presented with fever, cough and profuse hemoptysis. She was found to be pancytopenic with bilateral airspace consolidations, most notably in the right upper and lower lobes, on imaging studies. She was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and antifungals without much improvement in her clinical or radiological status. Ultimately, biopsy of the lung lesions showed myeloid sarcoma with concurrent Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Bronchial/pulmonary MS should be considered in the list of differential diagnoses in a patient with a history of myeloid neoplasm and presenting with respiratory related symptoms, as early administration of chemot...
Photofission signatures for the detection of highly enriched uranium

Linear-accelerator (LINAC) driven active interrogation systems are under increasing investigation for the detection and characterization of nuclear materials, such as uranium-235. Prompt-neutron emission during active interrogation is not unique to fissionable material; photoneutron reactions occur in common materials such as lead. Consequently, accurate simulation of the yield, multiplicity, and energy spectra of photoneutrons, as well as the detector response, is paramount in designing an effective interrogation system. Advanced Monte Carlo codes such as MCNPX-PoliMi are ideal for simulating these quantities. In this paper, we present new results of simulations performed with MCNPX-PoliMi using LINAC-based interrogating sources on HEU, depleted uranium, and lead.
An Ancillarity Paradox in the Estimation of Multinomial Probabilities

Abstract Let X be a multinomial (n, p) variable, where n is an ancillary statistic. In Section 2, it is shown that the minimax estimator of p for fixed sample size n is not minimax for squared error loss. In Section 3, it is shown that the minimax estimator of p for fixed sample size n is still minimax for relative squared error loss.
Decision feedback equalization with multichannel readback in high-density optical recording

Multi-channel readback using array heads has been reported in optical recording. A method to reduce both interference along and across the tracks using multi-channel readback is presented. In this method, the non-linear multi-channel decision feedback equalization is used to remove both forms of interference. Simulation results show good improvement (in performance) by using the multi-channel equalization. By this readback method, tracks can be brought closer, thus increasing the areal density. Another advantage of this method is the high data rate possible.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of Porosity on the Threshold Strength of Laminar Ceramics

Ceramic laminates exhibiting a threshold strength have been fabricated by dip-coating thick tape-cast Al2O3 layers into slurries containing mixtures of Al2O3 and either unstabilized zirconia (MZ-ZrO2) or mullite to produce thin compressive layers via both a molar volume change and a differential thermal contraction. Porosity was introduced into the thin compressive layers by adding rice starch to the dip-coating slurries, which decomposed during densification of the laminate. As the volume fraction of porosity is increased, the residual compressive stress (σC), as measured by piezospectroscopy, is reduced and approaches zero at approximately 0.65 volume fraction of porosity. The elastic modulus mismatch (E1/E2) between the thin and thick laminate layers accounted for approximately one-half of the threshold strength for volume fractions of porosity ≤0.30 (E1/E2<0.4). Above 0.40 volume fraction of porosity, the strength significantly increased as did the scatter in strength values, and it was observed that the highly porous layers completely arrested crack extension; these materials no longer exhibited a threshold strength. For these laminates, failure occurred by the independent, sequential failure of one layer after another, followed by catastrophic failure due to delamination.
Use of Fundulus heteroclitus in Pollution Studies

The mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), an estuarine cyprinodontiform teleost, is used extensively and increasingly as a bioassay organism in toxicological investigations and as an indicator of marine water quality owing, in part, to its wide geographic range, abundance throughout most of that range, and adaptability to laboratory conditions. Available data are summarized for acute toxicities to mummichog adults of 118 contaminants at 22±2% salinity, 19.5±0.5°C, pH 7.8±0.2, and dissolved oxygen >4.0 mg/liter. Organochlorine insecticides were the most toxic chemicals tested under these conditions; approximate concentrations of 15 organochlorine pesticide compounds fatal to 50% in 96 hr ranged between 0.0001 mg/liter and 0.1 mg/liter. Comparable data for other groups of chemicals were: 11 organophosphorus insecticides, 0.001 and 100.0 mg/ liter; 30 trace metals and metalloids, 0.01 and 10,000.0 mg/liter; 34 synthetic detergents, 1.0 and 1,000.0 mg/liter; 10 chemical oil dispersants, 1.0 and 10,000.0 mg/liter; 13 oildispersant mixtures, 100.0 and 10,000.0 mg/liter; 3 household soaps, 100.0 and 10,000.0 mg/liter; and 2 crude oils, 1,000.0 and>10,000.0 mg/liter. Parameters currently used to evaluate sublethal effects of pollutants in mummichogs include bioaccumulation, histopathology, growth and early development, teratology, liver enzymes, blood chemistry, fin regeneration, organ weight, and behavior; these are illustrated with appropriate examples. There is a need for more pertinent variables to assess toxicant-induced stress in mummichogs.
Enhancing prolonged exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder with D-cycloserine: further support for treatments that promote experience-dependent neuroplasticity.

t n i r P osttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common, distressing, and debilitating consequence of the experience of extremely stressful life events, exemplified by combat, sexual assault, torture, or natural disasters. Although the majority of people exposed to these extreme events recover within days to months, long-term follow-up of Vietnam Veterans and survivors of the Nazi Death Camps indicate that for many traumatized people, symptoms persist for decades, perhaps for the rest of their lives (1,2). The very persistence of the impact of what can be a single life experience suggests that traumatization profoundly engages neuroplasticity mechanisms. In addition, compromised neuroplasticity may be a factor preventing individuals with PTSD from benefiting from available social supports and from psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for PTSD. In this issue of Biological Psychiatry, de Kleine et al. (3) present the first test of the hypothesis that enhancing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor function could increase the efficacy of prolonged exposure (PE) therapy, an evidence-based behavioral therapy for PTSD. In this case, NMDA receptor function was enhanced by administration of the partial agonist of the glycineB site of the NMDA receptor, D-cycloserine, a drug that did not show direct effects on PTSD symptoms outside the context of behavioral therapy (4). In the study by de Kleine et al. (3), 75 patients with PTSD were randomized to receive D-cycloserine 50 mg or placebo 1 hour prior to PE sessions. Eight patients dropped out before taking a dose of research medication. The study was designed to deliver 10 PE sessions, but 19 of the 67 patients (28.5%) who took at least one dose of randomized medication and who met remission criteria on a self-rated PTSD scale were permitted to terminate treatment early. In the intent-to-treat analysis, there were no significant treatment effects on the clinician-rated (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale) and self-rated PTSD symptom measures. However, in the intent-to-treat analysis, D-cycloserine was associated with a 3-fold increase in the likelihood of showing a clinically meaningful improvement of PTSD symptoms (10 point or greater reduction of the total score on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale). In the group of treatment completers, patients treated with D-cycloserine were more than 4 times as likely to show a clinical response by the end of treatment and more than 9 times as likely to maintain this response at a 3-month posttreatment follow-up evaluation. This paper extends the impact of the work initiated by the group at Emory University (Atlanta, Georgia) that provided evidence in
Mapping the bycatch seascape: multispecies and multi-scale spatial patterns of fisheries bycatch

Fisheries bycatch is a worldwide conservation issue. Despite a growing awareness of bycatch problems in particular ocean regions, there have been few efforts to identify spatial patterns in bycatch events. Furthermore, many studies of fisheries bycatch have been myopic, focusing on a single species or a single region. Using a range of analytical approaches to identify spatial patterns in bycatch data, we demonstrate the utility and applications of area and point pattern analyses to single and multispecies bycatch seascapes of pelagic longline fisheries in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. We find clear evidence of spatial clustering within bycatch species in both ocean basins, both in terms of the underlying pattern of the locations of bycatch events relative to fishing locations and for areas of high bycatch rates. Furthermore, we find significant spatial overlap in the pattern of bycatch across species relative to the spatial distribution in fishing effort and target catch. These results point to the importance of considering spatial patterns of both single and multispecies bycatch to meet the ultimate goal of reducing bycatch encounters. These analyses also highlight the importance of considering bycatch relative to target catch as a way of identifying areas where fishing effort reduction may help to reduce multispecies bycatch with minimal impact on target catch.
Genetic implications of Lunar regolith thickness variations

Regolith thickness distribution at Lunar Orbiter sites, correlating thickness directly with cratering density
Adhesive tongue-and-groove joints between thin carbon fiber laminates and steel

A tongue-and-groove joint geometry for thick composite laminates has been proposed in recent literature. The present study experimentally investigated nine geometrically different tongue-and-groove designs between a thin carbon fiber composite and stainless steel. The specimen width and tongue length were kept constant, but the number of tongues and their tapers were varied. One version with a lollipop like geometry was also investigated. The carbon fiber specimens were made by oven cured prepregs, the tongue and grooves were cut using a waterjet cutter, and the specimens were joined with an epoxy paste adhesive. Uniaxial tension tests were performed. The tongue-and-groove specimens were observed to fail by the adhesive regardless of joint type. Conventional single lap joints using the same materials, the same widths, and overlap lengths equal to the tongue lengths of the tongue-and-groove specimens, were also manufactured and tested. The tongue-and-groove specimens with large aspect ratio tongues were stronger than the conventional single lap joints.
Improved soundings and error estimates using AIRS/AMSU data

AIRS was launched on EOS Aqua on May 4, 2002, together with AMSU A and HSB, to form a next generation polar orbiting infrared and microwave atmospheric sounding system. The primary products of AIRS/AMSU are twice daily global fields of atmospheric temperature-humidity profiles, ozone profiles, sea/land surface skin temperature, and cloud related parameters including OLR. The sounding goals of AIRS are to produce 1 km tropospheric layer mean temperatures with an rms error of 1 K, and layer precipitable water with an rms error of 20 percent, in cases with up to 80 percent effective cloud cover. The basic theory used to analyze AIRS/AMSU/HSB data in the presence of clouds, called the at-launch algorithm, and a post-launch algorithm which differed only in the minor details from the at-launch algorithm, have been described previously. The post-launch algorithm, referred to as AIRS Version 4.0, has been used by the Goddard DAAC to analyze and distribute AIRS retrieval products. In this paper we show progress made toward the AIRS Version 5.0 algorithm which will be used by the Goddard DAAC starting late in 2006. A new methodology has been developed to provide accurate case by case error estimates for retrieved geophysical parameters and for the channel by channel cloud cleared radiances used to derive the geophysical parameters from the AIRS/AMSU observations. These error estimates are in turn used for quality control of the derived geophysical parameters and clear column radiances. Improvements made to the retrieval algorithm since Version 4.0 are described as well as results comparing Version 5.0 retrieval accuracy and spatial coverage with those obtained using Version 4.0.
Trends in economic-journal literature: 1969–89

This paper has presented a descriptive analysis of the shifting patterns of productive output and topical coverage in the economic-journal literature over the last two decades. Summary results suggest that research interests have not been stagnant. In fact, the analysis reveals that economists' research interests have tended to shift direction as society's economic problems change. The economics profession is still productive, with growth rates in research output similar to those prior to 1968. Also, the increase in the incidence of co-authorship suggests that perhaps we are smart enough to exploit comparative advantages. The profession's research output is probably best described by a saying credited to Jacob Viner, “Economics is what economists do.” One can safely state that this definition has not significantly changed.
Semi‐Empirical Calculations of the Configuration and Electronic Structure of Lithium‐Related Defects in Silicon

A modified extended Huckel theory method is employed to perform calculations for the lithium defect in silicon model crystals with and without vacancies. The energetically stable positions for the lithium atom appear to be the tetrahedral interstitial in models without vacancies; in the case of vacancies the substitutional position is preferred. The migration energy is found to be in the same range as experimental predictions. In models with no vacancy defects the electronic defect level is established to be a shallow donor. Lithium-Gitterfehler in Silizium-Modellkristallen mit und ohne Leerstellen werden mit einer modifizierten Version der erweiterten Huckel-Theorie berechnet. In Modellkristallen ohne Leerstellen scheint die energetisch gunstigste Lage fur das Lithium-Atom der tetraedrische Zwischengitterplatz zu sein; bei Anwesenheit von Leerstellen wird der normale substitutionelle Gitterplatz bevorzugt. Die berechnete Wanderungsenergie ist von derselben Grosenordnung wie experimentelle Werte. Das elektronische Defektniveau in Modellkristallen ohne Leerstellen ist das eines flachen Donators.
Transmembrane Domains of Attraction on the TSH Receptor

The TSH receptor (TSHR) has the propensity to form dimers and oligomers. Our data using ectodomain-truncated TSHRs indicated that the predominant interfaces for oligomerization reside in the transmembrane (TM) domain. To map the potentially interacting residues, we first performed in silico studies of the TSHR transmembrane domain using a homology model and using Brownian dynamics (BD). The cluster of dimer conformations obtained from BD analysis indicated that TM1 made contact with TM4 and two residues in TM2 made contact with TM5. To confirm the proximity of these contact residues, we then generated cysteine mutants at all six contact residues predicted by the BD analysis and performed cysteine cross-linking studies. These results showed that the predicted helices in the protomer were indeed involved in proximity interactions. Furthermore, an alternative experimental approach, receptor truncation experiments and LH receptor sequence substitution experiments, identified TM1 harboring a major region involved in TSHR oligomerization, in agreement with the conclusion from the cross-linking studies. Point mutations of the predicted interacting residues did not yield a substantial decrease in oligomerization, unlike the truncation of the TM1, so we concluded that constitutive oligomerization must involve interfaces forming domains of attraction in a cooperative manner that is not dominated by interactions between specific residues.
Statistical Power for a Long-Term Survival Trial with a Time-Dependent Treatment Effect

Abstract A time-dependent treatment effect is often observed in cancer clinical trials with survival endpoints, especially in long-term studies. This article evaluates the statistical power of the log-rank test when change point(s) in treatment effect are given. Following the work of Schoenfeld, we derive the asymptotic properties of the log-rank test statistics with time-dependent step-function alternatives. We show that the statistical power for such an alternative hypothesis is determined by the distribution of the number of events for given time intervals. Then, the relationship between the statistical power and the sample size, accrual, and minimum follow-up period can be established. Aided by the examples of two prostate cancer trials conducted by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, we demonstrate the changes in statistical power under various alternative hypotheses such as prolonged lag time and a declining treatment effect in long-term studies. Having examined the loss in statistical power by the interim analyses under the alternative hypothesis with a lag time, we recommend that the lower sequential boundary not be used in a long-term survival clinical trial. Control Clin Trials 2000;21:561–573
Topographical structure of membrane-bound Escherichia coli F1F0 ATP synthase in aqueous buffer

Scanning force microscope images of membrane-bound Escherichia coli ATP synthase F0 complexes have been obtained in aqueous solution. The images show a consistent set of internal features: a ring structure which surrounds a central dimple and contains an asymmetric lateral mass. Images of trypsin-treated F0 complexes, which have lost part of their b subunits, show a reduced asymmetric mass, while images of c-subunit oligomers, which lack both the a and b subunits, show a ring and dimple but do not have an asymmetric mass. These results support models in which the F0 complex contains a ring of 9–12 c subunits with the b subunits located outside this ring, and show that scanning force microscopy is able to provide structural information on membrane proteins of molecular mass less than 200 000 Da.
Reduction of Egg Hatch in Pear Psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae) After Contact by Adults with Insect Growth Regulators

Pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster, adults that had contacted substrates treated with the insect growth regulators fenoxycarb or pyriproxyfen were allowed to oviposit on untreated plants. Eggs from treated insects had a reduction in hatch for up to 2 wk after treatment. The reduction was dependent on duration of contact with the treated surface. A pyriproxyfen-impregnated yellow tape has been developed and may assist in an attract-and-sterilize approach to management of pear psylla. Contact durations of as little as 5 s with this product reduced egg hatch in psylla for 1 wk after exposure.
Who knows what about contempt: A reply to Izard and Haynes

Izard and Haynes question our findings and claims for disovery because they did not consider the difference between a one-to-one and one-to-many relationship between a sign (the facial expression) and what it signifies (a message about emotion). Clarifying this matter not only shows that the disagreement between us is more apparent than real, but more importantly highlights what remains to be discovered about which emotional states are signaled by which facial expressions.
Epigenetic-mediated upregulation of progesterone receptor B gene in endometrial cancer cell lines.

Abstract Objectives. To determine if epigenetic interference can restore progesterone receptor-B (PR-B) expression in PR-B negative endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines, and to characterize the kinetics of PR-B induction mediated by DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Methods. The PR-B negative endometrioid cancer cell lines KLE and HEC-1B were used as study models. PR-B mRNA and protein expression levels were measured using real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. DNA methylation levels of the PR-B promoter were determined by methylation-specific PCR. Dose–response correlations and the duration of response to aza-deoxycytidine (ADC) and trichostatin A (TSA) were characterized. Cell responses to prolonged and repeated drug treatment were also examined. Results. Relatively low concentrations of ADC and TSA over a 24-h period induced PR-B expression. Furthermore, ADC and TSA acted synergistically to reactivate PR-B expression. Depending on the cell line used, PR-B mRNA was induced 10–110 fold. This elevated PR-B expression continued for 48 h after drug withdrawal. Sustained upregulation of PR-B mRNA and protein was observed during prolonged and repeated drug treatment. Conclusion. The epigenetically silenced PR-B gene remains sensitive to changes in DNA demethylation and histone acetylation in uterine adenocarcinoma cell lines. Treatment with ADC and/or TSA results in a robust and sustainable PR-B upregulation. These small molecule epigenetic modifying agents may be used to sensitize poorly differentiated, PR-B negative endometrial cancers to progestational therapy.
FastSlim: prefetch-sfe trace reduction for I/O cache simulation

Trace-driven simulation is a valuable tool for evaluating I/O systems. This article presents a new algorithm, called FASTSLIM, that reduces the size of I/O traces and improves simulation performance without compromising simulation accuracy.FASTSLIM is more general than existing trace reduction algorithms in two ways. First, it is prefetch-safe: traces reduced by FASTSLIM yield provably exact simulations of I/O systems that use prefetching, a key technique for improving I/O performance. Second, FASTSLIM is compatible with a wide range of replacement policies, including common practical approximations to LRU. FASTSLIM-reduced traces are safe for simulations of storage hierarchies and systems with parallel disks.This article gives a formal treatment of prefetching and replacement issues for trace reduction, introduces the FASTSLIM algorithm, proves that FASTSLIM and variants are safe for a broad range of I/O caching and prefetching systems, and presents empirical results comparing FASTSLIM to competing trace reduction algorithms.
Comparison of the arachidonic acid and NADPH-dependent microsomal metabolism of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene and the effect of indomethacin on the bronchiolar necrosis

Abstract Naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene cause a highly organo- and species-selective lesion of the pulmonary bronchiolar epithelium in mice. Naphthalene- but not 2-methylnaphthalene-induced pulmonary bronchiolar injury is blocked by prior administration of the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide, thus suggesting that metabolism by enzymes other than the P-450 monooxygenases may be important in 2-methylnaphthalene-induced lung injury. Since many of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are metabolized by the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase system and because detectable xenobiotic metabolizing activity has been associated with the prostaglandin synthetases in the Clara cell, the studies reported here were done to compare NADPH- versus arachidonate-dependent metabolism of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene in vitro and to determine whether indomethacin, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, was capable of blocking the in vivo toxicity of these two aromatic hydrocarbons. The NADPH-dependent metabolism of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene to covalently bound metabolites in lung or liver microsomal incubations occurred at easily measurable rates. Renal microsomal NADPH-dependent metabolism of either substrate was not detected. The formation of covalently bound naphthalene or 2-methylnaphthalene metabolites was dependent upon NADPH and was inhibited by the addition of reduced glutathione, piperonyl butoxide, and SKF 525A. Covalent binding of radioactivity from [14C]2-methylnaphthalene also was strongly inhibited by incubation in a nitrogen atmosphere or at 2°. The arachidonic acid-dependent formation of reactive metabolites from naphthalene or 2-methylnaphthalene was undetectable in microsomal incubations from lung, liver or kidney. Indomethacin, 1 hr before and 6 hr after the administration of 300 mg/kg naphthalene or 2-methylnaphthalene, failed to block the pulmonary bronchiolar injury induced by these aromatic hydrocarbons. These studies suggest that the major enzymes involved in the metabolic activation of naphthalene or 2-methylnaphthalene in vitro are the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases and that cooxidative metabolism by the prostaglandin synthetases appears to play little role in the formation of reactive metabolites in vitro.
Application of a solution adaptive grid scheme to complex three-dimensional flows

A new three-dimensional (3D) adaptive grid code based on the algebraic, solution-adaptive scheme of Nakahashi and Deiwert is developed and applied to a variety of problems. The new computer code, SAGE, is an extension of the same-named two-dimensional (2D) solution-adaptive program that has already proven to be a powerful tool in computational fluid dynamics applications. The new code has been applied to a range of complex three-dimensional, supersonic and hypersonic flows. Examples discussed are a tandem-slot fuel injector, the hypersonic forebody of the Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE), the 3D base flow behind the AFE, the supersonic flow around a 3D swept ramp and a generic, hypersonic, 3D nozzle-plume flow. The associated adapted grids and the solution enhancements resulting from the grid adaption are presented for these cases. Three-dimensional adaption is more complex than its 2D counterpart, and the complexities unique to the 3D problems are discussed.
Instructional/Developmental Communication: Current Theory, Research, and Future Trends

The Instructional/Developmental Communication Division of ICA has produced a significant literature investigating communication processes within instructional settings as well as communication change occurring throughout the life span. This article documents the significant theoretical developments and empirical findings by communication scholars that have occurred over the past several decades. In addition, based upon the strengths and weaknesses of theory and research, it sets an agenda for future research within instructional/developmental research.
Multiparametric exponential sums associated with quasi-homogeneous polynomial mappings

We obtain sharp estimates for p-adic oscillatory integrals of the formE"A(z,f)=@!A@j(@?j=1lz"jf"j(x))|dx|, where @j is a nontrivial additive character on a non-archimedean local field K of arbitrary characteristic, and f=(f"1,...,f"l):A->K^l is a quasi-homogeneous polynomial mapping defined on a compact subset A@?K^n. We prove that if l=0, as @?z@?"K->~, and give an explicit expression for @a. If l=1, our estimation agrees with the one obtained by using Igusa's theory. If A=R"K^n, where R"K is the ring of integers of K, and each f"j has coefficients in R"K, then E"A(z,f) becomes a Gaussian sum depending on several parameters. The estimation of this type of oscillatory integrals occurs in the circle method and in some p-adic quantum models.
Cartilage Resurfacing Using Synthetic Composite Plugs

AbstractBiodegradable scaffolds offer a novel therapeutic strategy for articular cartilage repair. Synthetic scaffolds have a number of favorable characteristics, including mechanical properties and a biphasic design that match the adjacent native cartilage and subchondral bone. The donor site morbi
Development and experience of a university-based, freestanding birthing center.

Objective: To describe our experience with a freestanding birthing center established in conjunction with a university medical center, and to determine the safety and effectiveness of such a program. Methods: The University of California Irvine Medical Center opened a freestanding birthing center 2 miles from the hospital. The unit provides prenatal, labor, delivery, postpartum and well-baby care 24 hours/day. All direct patient care is provided by certified nurse-midwives. Data were collected prospectively to provide a descriptive account and to evaluate maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality to determine the safety and efficacy of this approach. Results: During the first 20 months of operation, the University of California Irvine Birthing Center cared for 1830 patients. Approximately 90% were indigent, 85% were Hispanic, and 35% were nulliparas. Of the total patients, 12% were transferred antenatally for high-risk conditions and 19% were transferred intrapartum. The cesarean rate for all patients was 10% (6.5% for those whose intrapartum care began at the birthing center). The perinatal mortality rate was six per 1000. Neonatal morbidity rates, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, and maternal complications were not greater than expected. Conclusion: The first 20 months of experience with a university-based, freestanding birthing center suggests that this alternative is safe for delivering obstetric and newborn care to low-risk patients.
Noise generation, propagation and effects on RF components in system-on-a-chip packaging

Substrate coupling noise effects in wireless receiver systems in terms of the crosstalk power spectral density induced from the fast switching digital circuits is the center of study in this paper. Deterioration in performance of a low noise amplifier is plotted against various values of die-attach inductance, inductance on digital ground pins, physical separation between the analog and digital circuits on-chip, number of simultaneous switching output buffers, etc. Different Ball Grid Array Packages, both the wire bonded and flip-chip attached versions have been studied. The return loss and insertion loss for paths from the on-chip wire bond pad to connect pads on the printed circuit boards have been plotted. Results show that noise reduces by a greater amount for reduction in die-attach inductance as compared to a reduction in inductance on the digital ground pin.
BooleDozer: logic synthesis for ASICs

Logic synthesis is the process of automatically generating optimized logic-level representation from a high-level description. With the rapid advances in integrated circuit technology and the resultant growth in design complexity, designers increasingly rely on logic synthesis to shorten the design time while achieving performance objectives. This paper describes the IBM logic synthesis system BooleDozer™, including its organization, main algorithms, and how it fits into the design process. The BooleDozer logic synthesis system has been widely used within IBM to successfully synthesize processor and ASIC designs.
Observations on Vessel Release under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

If a foreign ship is detained by a coastal or port state, the flag state may contest the legality of the detention and submit the case to a court or tribunal having jurisdiction under the general dispute settlement provisions of the Convention. Article 292 sets up a more circumscribed, additional procedure for vessel release. It does not entail the submission of a dispute on the merits to a court or tribunal for judgment. The matter must be dealt with "without delay". Articles 294 and 295 are arguably not relevant. Local proceedings are unaffected and local remedies need not be exhausted. Application can be made "by or on behalf" of the flag state. The text provides an alternative. The words "on behalf of" present an option that is not already provided by the word "by". Therefore, these words should be understood to permit the flag state to dispense with the need for official communication from its government in connection with each application for release, such as is necessary for an application "by" the flag state. Instead, the state may designate in advance natural or judicial persons (e.g. owners or operators), who are authorized to bring applications for release on its behalf. Since no application for release "on behalf of the flag State" may be made against its will, the flag state may change, qualify or withdraw its designations at any time. While there is no doubt that the German Government will permit parties before the Tribunal to be represented by counsel of their choice, without regard to the country in which counsel is licensed to practise law, the question remains whether foreign counsel will be permitted to maintain an office in Hamburg even when they are not working on a case before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. This is, however, less a question of Germany's international obligations, than a question of whether Germany wishes to promote the idea that Hamburg is a global centre for legal activity related to the Law of the Sea.
Some special vapnik-chervonenkis classes

For a class C of subsets of a set X, let V(C) be the smallest n such that no n-element set F@?X has all its subsets of the form A @? F, A @? C. The condition V(C) <+~ has probabilistic implications. If any two-element subset A of X satisfies both A @? C = O and A @? D for some C, D@?C, then V(C)=2 if and only if C is linearly ordered by inclusion. If C is of the form C={@?^n"i"="1 C"i:C"i@?C"i, i=1,2,...,n}, where each C"i is linearly ordered by inclusion, then V(C)=0} for f in H, then V(C)=n.
Thickness dependent anisotropies in ultrathin amorphous Co80B20/Ag multilayer films

Abstract Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) was used to study the anisotropies present in Co 80 B 20 /Ag multilayer films. The magnetic surface anisotropy constant K S was observed to have a constant negative value (favouring an in-plane orientation of the magnetization) for a Co 80 B 20 layer thickness 2 L > 20 A, but then to decrease in magnitude for 2 L
The prevalence of defective color vision in Old World monkeys and apes

This article examines the question of whether the congenital red/green color vision defects that are common in human populations can be detected in other catarrhine primates. Spectral sensitivity functions obtained from more than 100 Old World monkeys and apes reveal no hint of such individual variation. A literature survey on the subject leads to the same conclusion and provides the further inference that, if color defects do exist in these nonhuman primates, they must be rare. Two classes of explanation for the apparent low incidence of color defects in Old World monkeys and apes are discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, S123–S127, 2001
Diagnostic Testing and Treatment of Pediatric Headache in the Emergency Department

Objective To describe the variability in diagnostic testing and treatment of headaches in children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with use of a nationally representative sample. Study design This was a retrospective cohort study using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey during 2005-2009. To assess the use of evidence-based treatment, we analyzed all patients Results Four hundred forty-eight sampled ED visits from 2005-2009 represented a national estimate of 1.7 million visits with a discharge diagnosis of headache. A total of 95 visits represented a national estimate of 340 000 visits with a discharge diagnosis of migraine. Median age was 13.1 years and 60% were female with a primary diagnosis of headache. In this group, neuroimaging was performed in 37% of patients and 39% underwent blood tests. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids were most commonly used for treatment. For children with a discharge diagnosis of migraine, approximately 40% of patients received non–evidence-based treatment, most commonly with opioid medications, and >20% of patients underwent computed tomography scanning. Conclusions There is significant variability in the evaluation and treatment of pediatric headache in the ED. Despite evidence-based clinical guidelines for migraine headache, a large number of children continue to receive opioids and ionizing radiation in the ED.
Nanoparticulate DNA packaging using terpolymers of poly(lysine-g-(lactide-b-ethylene glycol)).

Terpolymers of poly(lysine-g-(lactide-b-ethylene glycol)) (pK−pLL−pEG) were synthesized by using ring-opening polymerization and functional end-group grafting. Synthesis was characterized with gel permeation chromatography, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and a trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid binding assay. Polymer association behavior with DNA was investigated using an ethidium bromide exclusion assay, static light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy. Polylactide molecular weight was varied to investigate its impact on DNA association and resulting complex characteristics. Polylysine ( = 8800, DP = 42) modified with either 7400 or 10 870 pLL−pEG reduced the minimum amount of primary amines necessary for complete condensation by 23% and 48%, respectively, compared to unmodified polylysine (pK42). Complexes formed with the highest molecular weight terpolymer demonstrated significantly (p < 0.1) greater resistance to DNase I than lyophilized pK42−DNA particles. This study suggests tha...
PHOTOTROPISM IN YOUNG RATS

Before the eyelids have opened young rats are negatively heliotropic. They behave very much as does the larva of the blow-fly. The angle of orientation by lights opposed at 180° may be calculated by an equation based upon the elementary requirement of phototropism, namely that orientation is attained when the illumination of bilaterally disposed photoreceptors is equal. The precision of orientation decreases very nearly in proportion to the sum of the logarithms of the acting light intensities, due to photokinetic head movements. When the eyelids are opened, the rats move toward a darkened place in the field of vision, usually toward the shaded region immediately to one side of the lamp house. Therefore, when heliotropic, the rat is not "seeking the dark". The phototropism of these animals may be brought into conflict with their pronounced stereotropism, and the resolution of such conflicts may perhaps be utilized for the investigation of central nervous states.
FIRST-YEAR GROWTH OF THE WALLEYE, STIZOSTEDION VITREUM VITREUM (MITCHILL), AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN THE RED LAKES, MINNESOTA1

First-year growth of the walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill), was studied from 4,544 fish collected during the first summer of life in the Red Lakes in six seasons and from back calculations on 4,474 fish one year or more in age representing 17 year classes. Sexes did not differ in growth rate. Growth within the season varied greatly in different years and total growth deviated as much as 15.3% from the mean of the entire period. Water temperature, size of brood, and abundance of large walleyes and perch did not affect growth rate. Very early or late spawning influenced total growth during the season and final size and goodness or poorness of a season's growth was determined by the middle of July. Growth rate of young-of-the-year perch and total use of perch as food did not significantly influence growth. Incidence of perch in walleye stomachs ranged from 10.9 to 98.0% and spottail shiner was a more important food item in most years than perch. Total first- year growth of the walleye was apparently determined before fish became a major item in the diet.
Farmers' Attitudes about Farming and the Environment: A Survey of Conventional and Organic Farmers

Farmers have been characterized as people whose ties to the land have given them a deep awareness of natural cycles, appreciation for natural beauty and sense of responsibility as stewards. At the same time, their relationship to the land has been characterized as more utilitarian than that of others who are less directly dependent on its bounty. This paper explores this tension by comparing the attitudes and beliefs of a group of conventional farmers to those of a group of organic farmers. It was found that while both groups reject the idea that a farmer’s role is to conquer nature, organic farmers were significantly more supportive of the notion that humans should live in harmony with nature. Organic farmers also reported a greater awareness of and appreciation for nature in their relationship with the land. Both groups view independence as a main benefit of farming and a lack of financial reward as its main drawback. Overall, conventional farmers report more stress in their lives although they also view themselves in a caretaker role for the land more than do the organic farmers. In contrast, organic farmers report more satisfaction with their lives, a greater concern for living ethically, and a stronger perception of community. Finally, both groups are willing to have their rights limited (organic farmers somewhat more so) but they do not trust the government to do so.
Isolation increases time to emerge from shells in two Coenobita hermit crab species

Isolation increases activity in individuals of some species, whereas it decreases activity in individuals of other species. Furthermore, as the length of isolation increases, behavioral changes can become more pronounced. Here, we examined effects of short-term isolation on latencies for individuals to emerge from their shells in two species of terrestrial hermit crab (Coenobita rugosus and Coenobita brevimanus) over a 4-week period. Within each species, crabs were housed individually (isolate context) or socially in groups of four (social context). In each week, crabs were exposed to an emergence test, which measured the latency to emerge from the shell following a potentially threatening stimulus. We obtained a significant context × week interaction. Although socially housed crabs showed no change in emergence over the 4 weeks of the study, isolate crabs took longer to emerge from their shells as the period of isolation increased. Our study corroborates findings in other invertebrate species, as well as in vertebrate species, that isolation generally decreases activity levels and may increase fear levels, in individuals.
Functional approach to the asymptotic normality of the non-linear least squares estimator

The derivation of the asymptotic normality LSE's under univariate non-linear regression models is presented based on the weak convergence of the natural random field generated by the sum of squared residuals. Some examples, showing that neglecting the condition of uniform convergence leads to serious errors are presented. This approach is analogous to that of Le Cam's for the case of a known smooth family of distributions.