cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring dynamics of protein structure determination and homology-based prediction to estimate the number of superfamilies and folds

As tertiary structure is currently available only for a fraction of known protein families, it is important to assess what parts of sequence space have been structurally characterized. We consider protein domains whose structure can be predicted by sequence similarity to proteins with solved structure and address the following questions. Do these domains represent an unbiased random sample of all sequence families? Do targets solved by structural genomic initiatives (SGI) provide such a sample? What are approximate total numbers of structure-based superfamilies and folds among soluble globular domains? To make these assessments, we combine two approaches: (i) sequence analysis and homology-based structure prediction for proteins from complete genomes; and (ii) monitoring dynamics of the assigned structure set in time, with the accumulation of experimentally solved structures. In the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) database, we map the growing population of structurally characterized domain families onto the network of sequence-based connections between domains. This mapping reveals a systematic bias suggesting that target families for structure determination tend to be located in highly populated areas of sequence space. In contrast, the subset of domains whose structure is initially inferred by SGI is similar to a random sample from the whole population. To accommodate for the observed bias, we propose a new non-parametric approach to the estimation of the total numbers of structural superfamilies and folds, which does not rely on a specific model of the sampling process. Based on dynamics of robust distribution-based parameters in the growing set of structure predictions, we estimate the total numbers of superfamilies and folds among soluble globular proteins in the COG database. The set of currently solved protein structures allows for structure prediction in approximately a third of sequence-based domain families. The choice of targets for structure determination is biased towards domains with many sequence-based homologs. The growing SGI output in the future should further contribute to the reduction of this bias. The total number of structural superfamilies and folds in the COG database are estimated as ~4000 and ~1700. These numbers are respectively four and three times higher than the numbers of superfamilies and folds that can currently be assigned to COG proteins.
Preparation of Single Cells from Solid Tissues for Analysis by PCR

This unit details a protocol for the separation of solid tissues into single cell suspensions for subsequent analysis of nucleic acids and protein. Tissues are fixed in situ by perfusion, which terminates cell processes and thus changes that would accompany dissociating the living tissue. The procedure is particularly useful when the cell type of interest represents a minor population relative to other cells types in the tissue. Once separated, individual cells or groups of a particular cell type can then be analyzed using PCR strategies. The procedure can also be adapted to allow the quantification of the number of cells within a tissue containing specific nucleic acid sequences, for example, a particular viral DNA or RNA sequence.
Resource allocation methodology for through silicon vias and sleep transistors in 3D ICs

A methodology and analytic expressions are proposed to appropriately allocate the available physical area to through silicon vias (TSVs) and sleep transistors in three-dimensional (3D) ICs with power gating. Power supply noise is minimized by the proposed resource allocation methodology while satisfying the required constraints on leakage current and turn-on time. A comprehensive simulation setup of a three plane 3D IC is developed to evaluate the accuracy and efficacy of the proposed methodology. The proposed expressions exhibit an error of 4% as compared to simulation results. The simulation results also demonstrate that the power supply noise is reduced by more than 46% while satisfying both turn-on time and leakage current.
The Early College High School Initiative: An Overview of Five Evaluation Years.

In 2002, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation started the Early College High School Initiative (ECHSI). Through this initiative, more than 200 Early College Schools (ECSs) opened by fall 2009. All of the schools aim to provide underserved students access to college classes while in high school. This article will provide an overview of the first 6 years of the ECHSI, and key findings across 5 years of the ECHSI evaluation, in particular highlighting how participants have implemented the ECHSI's core principles. However, the ECS is not a rigid model, and this article describes the variations in ECS implementation. Finally, this article documents outcomes such as attendance, grade-to-grade progression and graduation rates, student performance on assessments, and college credit accrual.
Dietary protein prior to renal ischemia dramatically affects postischemic kidney function

Dietary protein prior to renal ischemia dramatically affects postischemic kidney function. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were maintained on high protein (60%), normal protein (20%), low protein (5%), or no protein (0%) diets for two or four weeks prior to 45 minutes of renal ischemia induced by renal pedicle clamping. Most (93%) of the rats on the high protein diet died within three days following renal ischemia. In addition, 69% of the rats on normal protein diets also died, most before the fourth day following ischemic insult. In contrast, 88% of the rats on the low protein diet lived, although some exhibited elevated serum creatinine levels for up to one to two weeks following ischemia. Finally, all of the rats on no protein diets lived, and most (75%) exhibited normal serum creatinine levels by the fourth day following ischemia. Shifting the diets of high protein and normal protein adapted rats to no protein diets immediately following ischemia did not improve postischemic survival. Also, changing the diets of no protein adapted rats to high protein diets immediately following ischemia did not significantly affect postischemic recovery. When rats were maintained on no protein diets for shorter periods of time prior to ischemia, it was found that approximately a week on this diet is necessary to provide maximum protection from postischemic acute renal failure. These findings demonstrate a dramatic effect of dietary protein prior to ischemic induced acute renal failure, and suggests that preoperative dietary protein intake should be an important consideration in those situations which are predisposed to postoperative acute renal failure.
A compositional analysis of evaluation-order and its application

We present a compositional definition of the order of evaluation of variables in a lazy first-order functional language. Unlike other published work, our analysis applies to all evaluation strategies which may use strictness information to change the normal (lazy) order of evaluation. At the same time it can be adapted to pure lazy evaluation yielding a sharper analysis in this case. It can also be adapted to take advantage of any information about the order in which primitive functions evaluate their arguments. The time complexity of the method is that of strictness analysis.We also present a compositional definition of the set of variables which denote locations where the result of an expression might be stored. This analysis yields a simple solution to the aliasing problem.Using these two analyses we develop a new algorithm for the destructive update problem.
Efficient Test Procedures for Characterizing MR Dampers

The response of a magneto-rheological (MR) damper is often characterized by a force-velocity response plot from a sinusoidal input. These plots are created in a shock dynamometer in which one end of the damper is attached to a load frame and the other end is moved in a sine wave with a given peak velocity and frequency. The peak damper force from a series of sine wave tests of varying peak velocity is measured and plotted as discrete data points versus the relative velocity across the damper. This is a standard procedure for characterizing passive shock absorbers in the automotive industry. The validity of this characterization relies on the assumption that the damper is dominantly a velocity-dependent device. However, it is well-known that the internal dynamics of the damper depend not only on the velocity of the input, but also the frequency of the excitation. Therefore both velocity and frequency should be considered as independent parameters to achieve a more complete characterization of a MR damper's response under sinusoidal excitation. This paper investigates the dependence of the force response to both peak velocity and frequency, for several different MR dampers from a wide variety of applications. By treating the velocity and frequency as two independent parameters, a complete characterization of the damper's response under sinusoidal excitation can be characterized. After investigating how damper force varies with both peak velocity and frequency, efficient test procedures are recommended for future MR damper characterizations.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Processivity of Chimeric Class V Myosins

Unconventional myosin V takes many 36-nm steps along an actin filament before it dissociates, thus ensuring its ability to move cargo intracellularly over long distances. In the present study we assessed the structural features that affect processive run length by analyzing the properties of chimeras of mouse myosin V and a non-processive class V myosin from yeast (Myo4p) (Reck-Peterson, S. L., Tyska, M. J., Novick, P. J., and Mooseker, M. S. (2001) J. Cell Biol. 153, 1121-1126). Surprisingly a chimera containing the yeast motor domain on the neck and rod of mouse myosin V (Y-MD) showed longer run lengths than mouse wild type at low salt. Run lengths of mouse myosin V showed little salt dependence, whereas those of Y-MD decreased steeply with ionic strength, similar to a chimera containing yeast loop 2 in the mouse myosin V backbone. Loop 2 binds to acidic patches on actin in the weak binding states of the cycle (Volkmann, N., Liu, H., Hazelwood, L., Krementsova, E. B., Lowey, S., Trybus, K. M., and Hanein, D. (2005) Mol. Cell 19, 595-605). Constructs containing yeast loop 2, which has no net charge compared with +6 for wild type, showed a higher Km for actin in steady-state ATPase assays. The results imply that a positively charged loop 2 and a high affinity for actin are important to maintain processivity near physiologic ionic strength.
High speed Esaki switching diodes

Esaki diode-transistor circuits have demonstrated potential switching speeds of less than one milli-microsecond. Such circuits require Esaki diodes with extremely low junction capacitances, and peak currents generally between one and six milliamperes. This paper describes the design and construction of very high speed, low peak current, germanium Esaki switching diodes. A design criteria is presented which demonstrates the various interactions and limitations between (capacitance/peak current), peak current, and series resistance. Limitations imposed by junction geometry are also presented. The design of a particular high speed Esaki diode with a peak current of five milliamperes, and a junction capacitance of three picofarads, is given together with experimental results. Methods for producing germanium Esaki diodes with peak current tolerances of ± 1% and peak-to-valley ratios as high as 25 : 1 are described.
Structure of ducted particle-laden turbulent jets

New and existing measurements have been used to develop and evaluate models of particle-laden jets and sprays, yielding encouraging results for a stochastic separated flow (SSF) model which treats effects of interphase slip and turbulence on the basis of random walk computations of particle or drop motion. An evaluation of the SSF model using the measurements of Modarress et al. (1982, 1983) yielded results comparable to earlier work, suggesting that data from coflowing jets in ducts should be accompanied by static pressure measurements, since even small pressure gradients appreciably influence jet properties.
Molecular Basis for the Selectivity and Specificity of Ligand Recognition by the Family 16 Carbohydrate-binding Modules from Thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum ManA

Enzymes that hydrolyze complex polysaccharides into simple sugars are modular in architecture and consist of single or multiple catalytic domains fused to targeting modules called carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). CBMs bind to their ligands with high affinity and increase the efficiency of the catalytic components by targeting the enzymes to its substrate. Here we utilized a multidisciplinary approach to characterize each of the two family 16 carbohydrate-binding domain components of the highly active mannanase from the thermophile Thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum. These represent the first crystal structures of family 16 CBMs. Calorimetric analysis showed that although these CBMs demonstrate high specificity toward β-1,4-linked sugars, they can engage both cello- and mannopolysaccharides. To elucidate the molecular basis for this specificity and selectivity, we have determined high resolution crystal structures of each of the two CBMs, as well as of binary complexes of CBM16-1 bound to either mannopentaose or cellopentaose. These results provide detailed molecular insights into ligand recognition and yield a framework for rational engineering experiments designed to expand the natural repertoire of these targeting modules.
Effects of Phenylacetate on Cells from Patients with B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with untreated B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were exposed to sodium phenylacetate (NaPA) in culture to assess its ability to induce differentiation. We found no evidence of cellular differentiation or induction of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity, as seen when B-CLL cells were treated with phorbol ester. We observed a striking decrease in the viability of the B-CLL cells in a time and dose dependent fashion when exposed to NaPA. After six days of culture, control cells from the 11 patients studied had a median viability of 90%, whereas cells exposed to NaPA at 5 and 10 mM concentrations had median viabilities of 39 and 16%, respectively. The cells treated with NaPA developed prominent cytoplasmic vacuoles. NaPA binds and depletes glutamine which is an important amino acid for lymphocyte metabolism. Although the mechanism of the cytocidal effects demonstrated in this study are unknown, they may relate at least partially to glutamine deprivation.
Abstract 1612: Investigating NF-κB pathway as a novel therapeutic target in preclinical lung cancer mouse models

Lung cancer represents the most frequent cancer type and the leading cause of cancer death (1.3 million worldwide). Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of all lung cancer cases. NSCLC development is associated with frequent mutations in well-defined oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes such as Kras (30%) and p53 (50-70%). We recently demonstrated that hyper-activated NF-kB pathway in NSCLC is required for the initiation and maintenance of lung cancer, indicating this pathway as a promising therapeutic target. In this study, we tested therapeutic delivery of proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (Velcade) to inhibit NF-κB pathway in NSCLC mouse models. In mouse lung cancer cell lines harboring KrasG12D and p53 loss (KP cells), Bortezomib efficiently reduced nuclear p65, repressed NF-kB target genes such as Bcl2 and rapidly induced apoptosis. The cell lines with high NF-kB activity are especially sensitive to Bortezomib. Using autochothonous mouse models and microCT imaging, we showed that Bortezomib treatment at a well-tolerated dose leads to lung tumor regression in mice and prolonged survival. Our results demonstrated using preclinical mouse models to study cancer treatment response and supported NF-kB pathway as an effective therapeutic target in lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1612. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1612
XUV absorption by solid-density aluminum

Abstract An inverse bremsstrahlung model for plasmas and simple metals that approximates the cold, solid Al experimental data below the L-edge is applied to matter conditions relevant to XUV laser applications. The model involves an all-order calculation using a semi-analytical effective electron-ion interaction. The predicted increases in XUV absorption with rising temperature occur via two effects: increased availability of final states from reduced electron degeneracy and a stronger electron-ion interaction from reduced screening.
Variation in Perioral Reflex Amplitude Prior to Lip Muscle Contraction for Speech

The purpose of this study was to examine variations in the amplitude of the perioral reflex that may occur during the reaction time interval before voluntary muscle contraction for speech. Four nor...
Colloidal aluminum hydroxide in the treatment of peptic ulcer

1. A brief abstract of the case histories selected from 24 patients affected with peptic ulcer, all of whom were treated with colloidal aluminum hydroxide, is presented.
Effects Of Defocus On Photolithographic Images Obtained With Projection-Printing Systems

The images etched in a positive photoresist layer by means of polychromatic exposures and all-reflective projection printing methods can be described by a model presented elsewhere. For that model, the lateral intensity distributions of the optical image need be computed only at a single effective exposure wavelength that is compatible with a properly focused resist image profile. Although the illumination in the optical system we used was partially coherent, we successfully used the effective enhanced numerical aperture for the system, and calculated the lateral intensity distribution in the optical image on the assumption of incoherent illumination. In this study, we deposited a layer of Al over a Si substrate wafer which we then coated with a layer of quartz and a layer of positive photoresist. We calculated the dynamic exposure response of the photoresist film by using the modulation transfer function of a defocused perfect lens in order to simulate the resist images from zero to a few Rayleigh units of defocus. Simulated and experimentally determined resist image profiles and linewidths were compared and shown to be in good agreement. The results of this comparison lead us to believe that defocusing at the time of our study was caused by a tilt of the wafer along the scan axis.
Hydrocolloid-Lipid Coating Affect on Weight Loss, Pectin Content, and Textural Quality of Green Bell Peppers

Three coatings containing a hydrocolloid-lipid blend combination were developed and applied to green bell peppers. Peppers were refrigerated and monitored over a 5-week period to determine pectin content and textural quality. Pectin content decrease was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in the uncoated peppers during the storage period. Weight loss also occurred in the uncoated peppers at a significantly greater rate, while respiration rates and puncture score differences were insignificant among all groups. The results indicate that the coatings were effective in maintaining quality during storage. A better procedure is recommended for puncture analysis.
Nonstructural proteins involved in genome packaging and replication of rotaviruses and other members of the Reoviridae

Abstract Rotaviruses, members of family Reoviridae, are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis of infants and young children. The rotavirus genome consists of 11 segments of double-stranded (ds)RNA and the virion is an icosahedron composed of multiple layers of protein. The virion core is formed by a layer of VP2 and contains multiple copies of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase VP1 and the mRNA-capping enzyme VP3. Double-layered particles (DLPs), representing cores surrounded by a layer of VP6, direct the synthesis of viral mRNAs. Rotavirus core- and DLP-like replication intermediates (RIs) catalyze the synthesis of dsRNA from viral template mRNAs coincidentally with the packaging of the mRNAs into the pre-capsid structures of RIs. In addition to structural proteins, the nonstructural proteins NSP2 and NSP5 are components of RIs with replicase activity. NSP2 self assembles into octameric structures that have affinity for ssRNA and NTPase and helix-destabilizing activites. Its interaction with nucleotides induces a conformational shift in the octamer to a more condensed form. Phosphate residues generated by the NTPase activity are believed to be transferred from NSP2 to NSP5, leading to the hyperphosphorylation of the latter protein. It is suspected that the transfer of the phosphate group to NSP5 allows NSP2 to return to its noncondensed state and, thus, to accept another NTP molecule. The NSP5-mediated cycling of NSP2 from condensed to noncondensed combined with its RNA binding and helix-destabilizing activities are consistent with NSP2 functioning as a molecular motor to facilitate the packaging of template mRNAs into the pre-capsid structures of RIs. Similarities with the bluetongue virus protein NS2 and the reovirus proteins σNS and μ2 suggest that they may be functional homologs of rotavirus NSP2 and NSP5.
NuSTAR observatory science operations: on-orbit acclimation

The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is the first focusing high energy (3-79 keV) X-ray observatory. The NuSTAR project is led by Caltech, which hosts the Science Operations Center (SOC), with mission operations managed by UCB Space Sciences Laboratory. We present an overview of NuSTAR science operations and describe the on-orbit performance of the observatory. The SOC is enhancing science operations to serve the community with a guest observing program beginning in 2015. We present some of the challenges and approaches taken by the SOC to operating a full service space observatory that maximizes the scientific return from the mission.
Vibration Analysis of Coupled Extensional/Flexural/Torsional Modes of Curved Beams With Arbitrary Thin-Walled Sections

Abstract A three-dimensional, two-field, variational formulation is employed to derive the differential equations governing the dynamics of stretching, shearing, bending and twisting, as well as warping modes of deformations in a spatially curved beam with arbitrary cross-section. Correspondingly, the finite element discretization was developed for free vibration analysis based on a Timoshenko-Vlasov thin-walled theory, including the effects of flexural-torsional coupling, shear deformations due to flexure as well as torsional warping, and rotary inertia. Attention was given to the significant curvature effects on the results in cases involving unsymmetric cross-sections of the thin-walled type. Several numerical examples are given to demonstrate the high accuracy and effectiveness of the element developed.
Primary adenocarcinoma of the jejunum and ileum. A clinicopathologic study

The clinical and pathologic features of 43 primary adenacarcinomas of the small intestine (32 jejunal and 11 ileal) are reported. Seventy-four percent of the patients presented with partial or complete small bowel obstruction, 56% complained of abdominal pain, 37% had symptoms of anemia (weakness, easy fatigability), and 35% had lost weight. Anemic hemoglobin levels occurred in 69%, and a palpable abdominal mass in 25%. Treatment consisted of a “curative” or “palliative” resection, or a bypass procedure. Seventy-nine percent of the tumors showed an annular, constricting pattern, while the remaining 21% had a predominantly fungating or polypoid appearance. Three individuals currently free of clinical recurrence have been followed less than 5 years. Of the remaining 40 patients, a 5-year cure was achieved in 11 (28%), including 6 (15%) who at present have no recurrence and 5 (13%) who subsequently died of other causes. Within 5 years, 28 of these 40 patients (70%) were known or presumed dead of tumor, and 1 had succumbed to other causes (2%). Various pathologic features were correlated with the clinical course. Documented lymph node metastasis proved to be the most valuable prognostic finding, 88% of these individuals dying of tumor, as contrasted to 45% of those with tumor-free nodes. A few cases of superficially invasive carcinoma found in an otherwise benign adenomatous lesion had a good prognosis when symptoms were produced mainly by the adenoma, the carcinoma being a relatively minor component.
Dynamical complexity arising in the adaptive control of a chaotic system

Abstract In this Letter unique properties of an indirect adaptive controller designed to drive a chaotic logistic system to a steady state are presented and compared to published results.
Meeting mobility and air quality goals: Strategies that work

Recent federal legislation sets tough air quality goals for the nation but offers scant guidance to urban areas responsible for meeting those goals. Traditionally, transportation-related air quality policy emphasized cleaner vehicle and fuels technologies and alternatives to single-occupant vehicle travel such as car-pooling and mass transit. Analysis suggests, however, that meeting air quality goals will require the addition of policies to manage the growing demand for transportation. The introduction of market forces into transportation supply and demand decisions would support traditional transportation and air quality strategies, and produce additional mobility, air quality, and economic benefits. Recent transportation legislation offers states and localities the flexibility to meet mobility and air quality goals in an innovative, nontraditional manner. Drawing on theoretical analysis and recent empirical evidence we offer a package of measures for the consideration of state, and federal policy-makers.
Bacterial endocarditis in horses: ten cases (1984-1995).

A retrospective study of 10 horses with bacterial endocarditis was performed in order to describe the echocardiographic findings in horses with bacterial endocarditis, in conjunction with clinical signs and post mortem findings, and to evaluate the usefulness and the formulation of a prognosis. Echocardiographic and post mortem examinations were performed in 7 horses. Post mortem examination alone was performed in 2 horses and echocardiographic examination alone performed in one horse. No breed or sex predilection was obvious. Mean age +/- s.d. was 2.12 +/- 3.32 years. Predominant clinical signs and abnormal clinical pathology data were fever, cardiac murmur, tachycardia, tachypnoea, hyperfibrinogenaemia, anaemia and leucocytosis. Pasteurella/Actinobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were most commonly cultured. Vegetative lesions were found most frequently on the mitral valve and secondarily on the aortic valve. The location and number of lesions identified with echocardiography in the horses accurately described the lesions found on post mortem examination. Medical treatment was attempted in 50% of the horses. Serial echocardiography was used to assess the response to treatment in 2 horses. All horses with vegetative lesions of the mitral and/or aortic valve died or were subjected to euthanasia due to the severity of their cardiac disease. Both horses with tricuspid valve endocarditis were cured of the infection, one horse returned to racing after antimicrobial therapy and the other was subjected to euthanasia due to severe laminitis.
An examination of the measurement properties of the pediatric volitional questionnaire.

The Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire (PVQ) is a 15-item play-based assessment of a child's motivational strengths and weaknesses in various settings based on the Model of Human Occupation. A previous study examined the PVQ's ability to provide a valid measure of volition in ten non-disabled children. This study combined data from the previous study with data on eight children with disabilities to further test the instrument's psychometric properties. Data on 36 observations of the 18 participants were observed by a total of 20 raters. Each rater was randomly assigned to rate videotapes. Data were analyzed using the Rasch Measurement Model. Results indicate that the 15 items of the scale work well together to measure volition and were well matched to the volitional levels of the sample group. Nineteen of the twenty raters used the scale in a valid manner, though scores were affected by the extent of severity/leniency of the rater. All eighteen participants were validly rated and the scale items effective...
Direct voltage calibration of an electron spectrometer

Abstract Acalibration procedure for iron-free magnetic electron spectrometers is described. It involves the application of a known voltage to the electron source. This calibration technique yields the electron kinetic energy directly in eV.
A Preliminary Investigation of Canna Gum

Because of the expense and uncertainty of the supply of foreign-produced pharmaceutical gums, it would be advantageous to locate an acceptable American substitute.Canna gum, an exudate from the stalks of Canna generalis ( Cannaceae ) was studied, therefore, and found to be an efficient, nontoxic, emulsifying agent and a potential substitute for foreign-produced gums now in use.Since the amount of of the gum available naturally per plant is not large, methods of increasing its production were investigated.Artificial incisions of various types were made in the flowering stalks, the plants were fed special solutions, and extractions of the fresh stalks were undertaken.None of these methods produced the desired quantity of gum, and therefore further studies are being conducted.
Z13 Dependence of K-Shell Ionization Cross Sections at 7.1 MeV/amu

Relative $K$-shell ionization cross sections were measured for 7.1-MeV/amu projectiles of ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{5+}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{6+}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{7+}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{8+}$, ${\mathrm{F}}^{9+}$, and ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{10+}$ on targets of Ca, Fe, Y, and Cd. The scaled cross section ratios $R=\frac{[4\ensuremath{\sigma}({Z}_{1})]}{[Z_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}(2)]}$ exhibit linear ${Z}_{1}$ dependence characteristic of the effects of increased binding of target electrons and polarization. The absence of higher-order ${Z}_{1}$ dependence suggests that the contributions to the ionization $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ by charge exchange to the empty orbitals of the projectile are relatively small.
Evidence for the existence of structures in gas-phase homomolecular clusters of water

Abstract Presently, there is considerable theoretical and practical interest in small aqueous clusters which dictates the need for detailed information concerning their formation and properties. Extensive investigations of the formation of (H2O)N (N ≤ 40) have been conducted employing a neutral free jet expansion with modulated molecular beam—electron impact ionization mass spectrometry. Cluster distributions are found to be generally dependent on a variety of factors including expansion characteristics of the source, attendant association and decomposition kinetics, and cluster ionization and dissociation processes in the detector. Detailed study of the influence of the various parameters has revealed the existence of certain reproducible features in the intensity distributions which can be divided into two general classes, one which is independent of ionization parameters but influenced by beam expansion conditions while the other is independent of the degree of beam expansion. Observed structures in the latter class are shown to arise subsequent to the ionization of certain neutral clusters leading to special structures corresponding to H+(H2O)N (N = 21, 26, 28, 30); these are shown to be consistent with clathrate formation via an ion-induced mechanism. The existence of features at small cluster sizes involving well-defined structures similar to those occurring in bulk-ice crystals are explained on the basis of simple RRK arguments and internal energy considerations.
Abstract 1045: Src-mediated Tyr20phosphorylation of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) promotes its anti-apoptotic effect: A novel function of TfR1 in cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is highly expressed in cancer cells and its overexpression is widely thought to be a result of the increased requirement of iron uptake for cell growth. In the present study, we have found that two ligands of TfR1, gambogic acid (GA) but not holo-transferrin (Tf) induced apoptosis in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and activated the JNK and p38 signal pathways. Furthermore, PP2, an inhibitor of steroid receptor coactivator (Src), a tyrosine kinase, greatly promoted GA-mediated apoptosis. These results indicate that Src is involved in GA-mediated TfR1-dependent apoptotic pathway. Following immunoprecipitation of TfR1 and immunoblotting of Src or verse versa, TfR1 was found to be associated with Src. This association was further illustrated by their co-localization with confocal fluorescence microscope and shown resulting in constitutive tyrosine phosphorylations of the TfR1. A type II membrane receptor, TfR1 contains a short intracellular N-terminal domain with 61 amino acids. 20YTRF23, the only Tyr(Y) site within the cytoplasmic domain, has been shown as the motif essential for TfR1-Tf complex internalization. To elucidate which Tyr is phosphorylated, we used a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-TRVb cell line that does not express TfR1. Point mutation Y20L showed that Tyr20 of TfR1 was the phosphorylation site by Src. Further treatments of wild type and point mutant revealed that it is the Tyr20 phosphorylation that enhanced the anti-apoptotic effects of TfR1 against GA. Our results indicate that in addition to the known function of iron transport, TfR1 has a novel function of regulating cell survival and antiapoptosis through its Tyr20 phosphorylation by Src. This new function is particularly significant and relevant to cancer cells since high expression of TfR1 not only fulfills the requirement of more iron as a co-factor in DNA synthesis but also enhances their survival. This work is supported by R21 CA132684. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1045. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1045
The metabolism of dietary carnitine in Drosophila melanogaster.

Drosophila melanogaster larvae require choline for growth but when fed dl-carnitine in place of choline, carnitine is decarboxylated to β-methylcholine and phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine is synthesized to replace phosphatidylcholine. Feeding (−)-carnitine in place of choline results in a moderate deficiency of lecithin-type phospholipid and a corresponding reduction in growth. The capacity of larvae to employ (+)-carnitine for phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine synthesis and subsequently for growth is very limited. Only 41% as much phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine is synthesized by larvae fed 5.7 X 10−4 M (+)-carnitine as is formed when the same concentration of (−)-carnitine is fed. This suggests that (−)-carnitine is the preferred substrate for carnitine decarboxylase, the enzyme that degrades carnitine to form β-methylcholine. Utilization of carnitine for phospholipid synthesis is clearly dependent upon a choline-deficient state. The presence of small quantities of choline, either in body tissues or in the diet, inhibits the incorporation of carnitine derivatives into phospholipid. Intact carnitine is needed for maximum larval growth and adult activity, indicating that D. melanogaster larvae synthesize a suboptimal quantity of carnitine. Thus, dietary carnitine supplements in vivo carnitine synthesis for physiological purposes.
Some Clinical Aspects of Acute Stroke: Excellence in Clinical Stroke Award Lecture

None of us in current neurology regret the passage of the “diagnose and adios” era humorously criticized years ago by Dr Labe Scheinberg in a grand rounds talk. Rapid innovations in imaging, the rush to ever more clinical trials, and the shortening time frame for action are turning many of us into happy interventionists, rivaling colleagues in cardiology and emergency medicine. The very pace of events is quickly rendering obsolete the more leisurely approach to the analysis of the meaning of symptoms and signs. The practical needs dictated by hyperacute therapy threaten to change our field so thoroughly as to eclipse the once intensely debated clinical issues of how the brain responds to injury, for which stroke has always been the leading model. Proposals for four areas referable to clinical stroke research are offered, including those for clinical trials. The first proposal is that we adopt a “1-hour rule” for diagnosing stroke. Approaching the end of the 20th century, clinical trialists are still hobbled by the now-outmoded 24-hour rule. This, a working definition, not one handed down by the Great Neurologist, was created in the trials in the 1950s by default: beyond 24 hours, there was general agreement that the syndrome was a stroke; less than that, it was uncertain.1 Proposals for a 1-hour definition were made soon after but with little success, lacking modern imaging.2 Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in a setting of high-grade carotid stenosis typically last minutes,3 which argues for a dichotomy between TIA and stroke for time frames far less than 24 hours. Changes in brain structure by CT and MR can be present within a few hours,4 5 and some can be seen within minutes with diffusion-weighted MR (DWI).6 Few studies have actually attempted prospectively to relate the initial clinical …
Outcomes of lung transplantation in patients with scleroderma.

Patients with pulmonary insufficiency due to scleroderma have long been considered suboptimal candidates for lung transplantation. This has been supported by small single-center experiences that did not reflect the entire U.S. experience. We sought to evaluate the outcome of patients with scleroderma who underwent lung transplantation. We conducted a retrospective review of 47 patients with scleroderma who underwent lung transplantation at 23 U.S. centers between 1987 and 2004 and were reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing. Women constituted 57% of the patients. The mean age was 46 years. Twenty-seven patients received single lung transplants (57%), and the remaining received double lung transplants. The mean cold ischemia time was 4.1 hours. There were 7 early deaths ( 30 days). The causes of early death were primary graft failure and a cardiac event in two patients each and bacterial infection and stroke in one patient each. Late mortality was due to infection in seven patients, respiratory failure in three, malignancy in two, and multisystem organ failure, rejection, pulmonary hypertension, and a cardiac event in one patient each. The causes of early and late death were not recorded for two patients. One patient received a second transplant owing to graft failure of the first. Twenty-three patients (49%) were alive at a mean follow-up of 24 months. The Kaplan-Meier 1- and 3-year survival rates were 67.6% and 45.9% respectively, which are not significantly different from those of 10,070 patients given transplants for other lung conditions during the same period (75.5% and 58.8% respectively, P = 0.25). Donor gender, recipient's age, and type of transplant did not affect survival. In carefully selected patients with scleroderma who have end-stage lung disease, lung transplantation is a valid life-saving therapeutic option. Available data suggest acceptable short-term morbidity and mortality and a long-term survival similar to that of patients given transplants for other lung conditions.
Insensible weight loss as an indicator of metabolic rate

Insensible weight loss has been used in large animals as an index of metabolic rate. By using the microprocessor controlled electronic balance to minimize the effects of movement, the feasibility of utilizing insensible weight loss as an estimate of metabolic rate in the rat is considered in terms of convenience and accuracy. Using various metabolic stimulants, a high correlation between insensible weight loss and metabolic rate was obtained. Moreover, a calculation is described that corrects for respiratory water loss and results in even higher correlations. These findings support the use of insensible weight loss as an indicator of metabolic rate in controlled situations for small animals.
Learning from near-misses to avoid future catastrophes

Organizations that fail to use known near-miss data when making operational decisions may be inadvertently rewarding risky behavior. Over time such risk taking compounds as similar near-misses are repeatedly observed and the ability to recognize anomalies and document the events decreases (i.e., normalization of deviance [1,2,3]). History from the space shuttle program shows that only the occasional large failure increases attention to anomalies again. This paper discusses prescriptions for project managers based on several on-going activities at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to improve the lesson learning process for space missions. We discuss how these efforts can contribute to reducing near-miss bias and the normalization of deviance. This research should help organizations design learning processes that draw lessons from near-misses.
The Changing and Unchanging Status of Rural Women in the Workplace

Rural women entered the workforce in record numbers during the 1970s. However, they remained concentrated in the low-wage sectors of the rural economy. This article examines the prevalence of low-wage employment among rural women and its effects on the feminization of rural poverty.
Cerebral Metabolic Alterations in Rats following Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Deoxyglucose Study

Numerous reports dealing with the gross morphological, microanatomical, and behavioral changes occurring with prenatal alcohol exposure in rats have appeared. In order to define the cerebral metabolic correlates of prenatal alcohol exposure, in vivo glucose utilization rates in brain were assayed using an autoradiographic [14C]deoxyglucose technique. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were fed liquid diets containing either 35% or 0% ethanol-derived calories during day 6 through day 20 of gestation. These liquid diets were isocaloric and a pair-feeding procedure was employed. The offspring were tested on shuttle avoidance techniques at 90 days of age; at 105 days of age all animals were subjected to the deoxyglucose procedures. Prenatal alcohol exposure resulted in a deficit in shuttle avoidance and yielded chronic effects on brain metabolism. Significant decreases in glucose utilization were seen in many structures within sensory, motor, and limbic systems. Significant increases in glucose consumption were found in the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial axis. In summary long-term behavioral and brain metabolic alterations were seen in rats exposed prenatally to alcohol.
Use of Social Science Research to Improve Epidemiologic Studies of and Interventions for Diarrhea and Dysentery

The significance of dysentery has not been recognized in community-based programs for the management of diarrhea. Culturally sensitive methods of classification and algorithms for treatment of these diseases must be developed. Considered in this article is the manner in which ethnographic studies of diarrhea can contribute to descriptive epidemiologic data on diarrhea and dysentery and to procedures of health education and evaluation of interventions for the diseases
The effect of reserpine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on paradoxical sleep in the monkey

Three Macaca, mulatta monkeys were administered parenteral reserpine (0.25 mg/kg), iproniazid (50 mg/kg), and tranylcypromine (2 mg/kg) in a counterbalanced design for seven days. All-night EEG sleep recordings were obtained prior to and during drug administration.
Transient Elastic Thermal Stress Development During Laser Scribing of Ceramics

Lasers are emerging as a valuable tool for shaping and cutting hard and brittle ceramics. Unfortunately, the large, concentrated heat flux rates that allow the laser to efficiently cut and shape the ceramic also result in large localized thermal stresses in a small heat-affected zone. These notable thermal stresses can lead to micro-cracks, a decrease in strength and fatigue life, and possibly catastrophic failure. In order to assess where, when, and what stresses occur during laser scribing, an elastic stress model has been incorporated into a three-dimensional scribing and cutting code. First, the code predicts the temporal temperature fields and the receding surface of the ceramic. Then, using the scribed geometry and temperature field, the elastic stress fields are calculated as they develop and decay during the laser scribing process. The analysis allows the prediction of stresses during continuous wave and pulsed laser operation, a variety of cutting speeds and directions, and various shapes and types of ceramic material. The results of the analysis show substantial tensile stresses develop over a thick layer below and parallel to the surface, which may be the cause of experimentally observed subsurface cracks.
Numerical examination of two-dimensional smolder structure in polyurethane foam

Abstract Although smolder combustion has been extensively studied both computationally and experimentally, relatively few theoretical studies have examined the two-dimensional structure of the smolder wave. In this paper, two-dimensional smolder in polyurethane foam is modeled with a two-dimensional numerical formulation that includes a seven-step kinetic model of the polyurethane smolder reaction mechanism. The two-dimensional model formulation includes the effects of heat, mass, species, and momentum transfer of the porous solid and gas phase. The seven-step decomposition reaction mechanism, which includes a secondary char oxidation and an additional char pyrolysis step, was developed using genetic algorithm optimization. The mechanism is capable of modeling both forward and opposed smolder. The model was used to study the two-dimensionality of a forward propagating smolder wave. The model results show a two-dimensional structure in the temperature, species, and reaction profiles that agrees qualitatively with experimental observations. Oxygen is consumed at the reaction front, as expected, which leads to different reaction pathways governing the final products (i.e. thermal char and oxidative char). It was found that the model response is sensitive to boundary conditions, thermal properties, and heats of reaction for the char oxidation reaction. The incorporation of the secondary oxidation reaction step in the model paves the way to further analysis of the transition to flaming process.
Casting a cold eye over myoglobin

Structural studies of carbonmonoxy myoglobin photolyzed at ultra-low temperatures have allowed the visualization of an otherwise elusive binding intermediate.