cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Content of Radio Programs, 1915–1935

D URING the past two decades there has been a developing emphasis in American social theory on the description of and processes of social change. From the mass of material already accumulated a picture of related changing elements is emerging, the details of which are in many respects quite different from popular conceptions. If nothing more had been accomplished than to show this discrepancy, the effort expended on these descriptive studies of change would have been justified. But from this interest there has also come a significant accretion to the methods of social studies. Preoccupation with trends and sequences has often proved no bad discipline for training in a sharper definition of the problem and of the units, where measurement was involved. Latterly, methods for recording some of the more subtle aspects of culture change have been tentatively put forward. Early studies of content of the newspaper, books, periodicals, motion pictures, and radio were not conceived in terms of trends of content but were concerned with problems of sampling, of classification, of units of measurement. Yet it is in showing changes by titne sequences that these studies may be most meaningful. For example, one may question whether column-inch records provide the most significant unit of measurement of newspaper content, maintaining that position in the paper, quality of writing, the appeal of special features, etc., may be more important than space, and yet be quite willing to grant that from a series of such column-inch measurements significant changes may be noted. Before turning to a study of a series, based on the time given to different types of radio programs from I9`5 tO I935, we may review briefly the development of various types of studies of content. Of the many organized but non-quantitative studies of the content of media of communication there are the various services summarizing news; resumes of particular sections of the newspaper; historical studies of the newspaper for a special content, such as Irene C. Willis' England's Holy War; the content of different classifications of books such as reviews of family folkways and mores as portrayed in contemporary novels; or surveys of content of textbooks as in the work of Bessie L. Pierce, Donald R. Taft or Prof. C. J. H. Hayes' volume on France;' the study of the language forms of sections of the newspaper or the radio; and many other types of analysis. But we may limit our interest here to the quantitative studies of content. (i) The most extensive list of such studies deals with the subject matter of the newspapers. The larger question is, of course, the influence of the newspaper content on the readers and the way in which known reader attitudes affect the presentation of news. However, until very recently there had been no, experimental attempt to measure such influences. Some of the problems of a program of research in this field have recently been indicated by J. L. Woodward.2 On the other hand, con-
Supplementary Immunization of Measles Vaccine in DaLian,2010

Objective To understand the supplementary immunization of measles vaccine and its influencing factors in Dalian.Methods Measles vaccine supplementary immunization campaign was conducted for the target children aged from 8 months to 4 years in Dalian City in 2010.Rapid assessment of vaccination rates was carried out after inoculation.ResultsTotally 207 089 target children were immunized,the reported coverage rate and the evaluated coverage rate were 97.84 % and 93.34% respectively.Conclusion The coverage of measles supplementary immunization was higher in DaLian City in 2010,which achieved the desired effect of blocking the spread of measles virus to some extent.
Appendicovesicostomy: A useful adjunct to continent reconstruction of the bladder

AbstractAppendicovesicostomy is a useful adjunct to continent reconstruction of the bladder. During the last 3 years we have used this procedure in 14 children with difficult incontinence due to spina bifida (7), exstrophy/epispadias (5), imperforate anus (1) and urethral agenesis (1). In 4 patients in whom previous operations had failed to achieve continence the bladder neck was closed. In the remaining 10 children, all of whom had difficulty or discomfort catheterizing the native urethra, the bladder neck/urethra was preserved or reconstructed to serve as a vent for elevated bladder pressures. Continence was achieved in all 14 children with no complications related to the appendix. All children in whom the bladder neck/urethra was salvaged preferentially empty via the appendix and remain dry, except when the bladder is overly full.
Deformation of Tungsten Carbide Tools when Cutting Inconel 718

The present research studies the reasons for the failure of tungsten carbide tools while cutting superalloys. Using recommended cutting conditions a plateau separates the crater from the cutting edge of the tool when cutting AISI 4340. This plateau is totally absent in all cutting of Inconel 718 even in short, two-minute tests. The crater intersects the cutting edge leaving only a thin wedge of carbide which either breaks off or deforms and wears very rapidly, due to increased local temperatures because the rake and flank sources of heat are so close together. If one uses Borazon (General Electric, cubic boron nitride) to cut Inconel 718, the bottom of the crater is at the flank face, and during wear of the tool a ‘self-sharpening’ cutting edge is maintained.
Novel ALK fusion in anaplastic large cell lymphoma involving EEF1G, a subunit of the eukaryotic elongation factor-1 complex.

Novel ALK fusion in anaplastic large cell lymphoma involving EEF1G, a subunit of the eukaryotic elongation factor-1 complex
Day 15 Dendritic Cell Recovery Predicts Overall Survivial after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

The peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) on day 15 after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been shown to be an independent predictor for overall survival (OS) for many malignancies including acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), breast cancer, multiple myeloma (MM), primary systemic amyloidosis, and Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). A recent report (Dean et al. BMT2005; 36, 1049–1052) suggested that infused autograft dendritic cells (DC) affect survival post-ASCT in NHL. Thus, DC recovery at day 15 post-ASCT was assessed and correlated with OS. Preliminary data from an ongoing prospective study of 28 NHL patients post-ASCT are reported. Absolute DC at day 15 was analyzed by four color flow cytometry using antibodies to CD3, CD14, CD16, and CD19. In this approach lymphocytes and DCs were initially gated by their similar forward and side light scatter characteristics; DCs were then identified as cells in this gate that lacked staining for the lymphocyte antigens CD3, CD16, and CD19 and the monocyte antigen CD14. The percentage of antigen negative cells cells in the lymphocyte gate was then multiplied by the coincident peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte to determine the absolute DC count. Survival was then analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. With a median follow-up of 18 months, patients recovering a DC of 10 cells/μl or above experienced superior median OS versus those who did not (not reached vs 21 months, p
Embedded hybrid LDO topologies for digital load circuits

Digital low dropout voltage regulators provide digital process synthesiz ability, fast transient response and performance adaptation but lack steady state voltage regulation performance. To overcome this lack of steady state accuracy due to limit cycle oscillations, a hybrid low dropout voltage regulator topology designed in 130 nm CMOS process is presented. In the proposed topology, the operational discrete dynamics of a digital regulator are augmented with continuous dynamics of an analog regulator in a parallel controller configuration to achieve better steady state performance. It has been shown that a higher gain bandwidth product of the analog LDO achieves greater reduction of limit cycle oscillations but uneven controller strengths and power consumption limits its use for wide operational range of digital load circuits.
Algorithms for optimization of branching gravity-driven water networks

Abstract. The design of a water network involves the selection of pipe diameters that satisfy pressure and flow requirements while considering cost. A variety of design approaches can be used to optimize for hydraulic performance or reduce costs. To help designers select an appropriate approach in the context of gravity-driven water networks (GDWNs), this work assesses three cost-minimization algorithms on six moderate-scale GDWN test cases. Two algorithms, a backtracking algorithm and a genetic algorithm, use a set of discrete pipe diameters, while a new calculus-based algorithm produces a continuous-diameter solution which is mapped onto a discrete-diameter set. The backtracking algorithm finds the global optimum for all but the largest of cases tested, for which its long runtime makes it an infeasible option. The calculus-based algorithm's discrete-diameter solution produced slightly higher-cost results but was more scalable to larger network cases. Furthermore, the new calculus-based algorithm's continuous-diameter and mapped solutions provided lower and upper bounds, respectively, on the discrete-diameter global optimum cost, where the mapped solutions were typically within one diameter size of the global optimum. The genetic algorithm produced solutions even closer to the global optimum with consistently short run times, although slightly higher solution costs were seen for the larger network cases tested. The results of this study highlight the advantages and weaknesses of each GDWN design method including closeness to the global optimum, the ability to prune the solution space of infeasible and suboptimal candidates without missing the global optimum, and algorithm run time. We also extend an existing closed-form model of Jones (2011) to include minor losses and a more comprehensive two-part cost model, which realistically applies to pipe sizes that span a broad range typical of GDWNs of interest in this work, and for smooth and commercial steel roughness values.
Viscosity Measurements of R32 and R410A to 350 MPa

Abstract Viscosity measurements were performed with a falling cylinder viscometer on difluoromethane (R32) and the refrigerant blend R410A (R32 + R125 with 50% by mass) at the temperatures 313.15 K, 348.15 K, and 393.15 K with pressures of 350 MPa. The measurement results are compared with literature data and with data calculated using an extended corresponding states (ECS) model. The agreement with literature data is closer for R410A than for R32 while the deviations from the ECS model are higher for R410A than for R32. Correlations that represent the new results as functions of temperature and pressure within their uncertainty are also reported.
The Latent Pluralism of Calvin’s Political Theology

ABSTRACTWhile Calvin was neither a democrat nor a liberal, Calvin’s political theology remains useful to Christians who endorse certain forms of liberal democracy. His principled (if qualified) sup...
Thirty Years Since Estelle v. Gamble : Looking Forward, Not Wayward

How far have we come in the 31 years since the Supreme Court issued its landmark decision in Estelle v. Gamble (Estelle, 1976)? And how much will correctional health care develop in the next three decades? For all of these years, correctional health care has been isolated from public health and isolated further from community health care, two systems that are already remote from each other. How do we make the argument that medical care interventions behind bars have so much to do with the health of the communities to which the inmates return? How do we make the argument that public health is a piece of public safety? How easy is it to identify the barriers that prevent the application of public health and community health approaches to correctional medicine? How easy is it to break down these barriers and build bridges to enable timely access to reasonable and humane health care? Where exactly is the low-hanging fruit? There are additional questions that need thought and analysis: how can we understand and empower correctional professionals? How can we link correctional health care with public health and community health providers? How can we increase the health literacy of public policy makers and correctional administrators? The purpose of this book is to tackle these questions. The intent is to help develop a persuasive rationale to direct public policy toward seizing the public health opportunities that present themselves in a captive population beset by an extraordinary burden of illness. Much of this burden derives from poverty and drug abuse. This book is:
Children in Cooperation and Competition: The role of Entitlement and Deservedness*

My research started as a propaedeutic attempt as a social psychologist in a developmentally and clinically oriented department to counteract graduate students’ focus on the individual psyche by wanting to demonstrate some social effects children may have on each other. The method evolved proved surprisingly reliable and versatile, and hence remained in its basic features almost unaltered. Most of the time, children are studied within the familiar setting of their elementary schools. In a spare classroom, different social fields are produced through instructions that create various degrees of competitive or cooperative conditions in which groups of children are placed. The basic controlled procedure consists of engaging several children—usually like-sexed triads—in a task which involves construction of a flat block design on a round table top (the “Pep-board”). The task varies from exact specification of a model to copy to a wholly unstructured request that the child make anything s/he wishes. Depending on the particular variable being studied, children are asked either to work together to make one product (role-related cooperation) or to work on their own product on the same table (coaction), or explicitly instructed to “see which one of you can make the best X” (competitive coaction). Polaroid photographs are taken of the products and later used for scoring.
How Group Frequencies Are Assigned

The limitations which must be placed on using group frequencies in structural analysis were discussed in another chapter.* It was shown that the concept of group frequencies is not always applicable in large unsymmetrical molecules. In this chapter we shall attempt to illustrate how group frequencies are assigned and will suggest several possible group frequencies not as yet listed in textbooks.
Interaction of heparin with synthetic antithrombin III peptide analogues.

Heparin-binding proteins may contain specific patterns of basic amino acids, called consensus sequences, that interact with heparin. Small peptides were synthesized that contained consensus sequences (i.e. FAKLNCRLYRKANKSSK) or disrupted consensus sequences (i.e. K136-->A) based on the known sequence of antithrombin III (amino acid residues 123-139). These peptides were then examined in both competitive and non-competitive binding experiments using bioassays, fluorescence spectroscopy, affinity chromatography and n.m.r. spectroscopy. Both the consensus and disrupted-consensus peptide bound to heparin. Peptides with consensus sequences bound specifically to the pentasaccharide antithrombin III-binding site within heparin. In contrast, peptides with disrupted consensus sequences showed no specificity, binding to any sequence within heparin. Proton nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy demonstrated the proximity of leucine and tyrosine (within the consensus sequence) to the N-acetyl moiety found primarily within the pentasaccharide antithrombin III-binding site of heparin. This experiment confirmed the findings of the other techniques and helped to localize the binding sites in both peptides and heparin. A model is proposed for both specific and non-specific heparin interaction with consensus and disrupted-consensus peptides.
Attending to Interdependencies

Democracy is government by the people. This is usually taken to mean that all decisions are to be based on the preferences of those involved. The preferences here are their actual preferences, the ones they currently have.
ARM Virtualization: Performance and Architectural Implications

ARM servers are becoming increasingly common, making server technologies such as virtualization for ARM of growing importance. We present the first study of ARM virtualization performance on server hardware, including multi-core measurements of two popular ARM and x86 hypervisors, KVM and Xen. We show how ARM hardware support for virtualization can enable much faster transitions between VMs and the hypervisor, a key hypervisor operation. However, current hypervisor designs, including both Type 1 hypervisors such as Xen and Type 2 hypervisors such as KVM, are not able to leverage this performance benefit for real application workloads on ARMv8.0. We discuss the reasons why and show that other factors related to hypervisor software design and implementation have a larger role in overall performance. Based on our measurements, we discuss software changes and new hardware features, the Virtualization Host Extensions (VHE), added in ARMv8.1 that bridge the gap and bring ARM's faster VM-to-hypervisor transition mechanism to modern Type 2 hypervisors running real applications.
Effect of Ti doping on the crystallography, phase, surface/interface structure and optical band gap of Ga2O3 thin films

The effect of titanium (Ti) doping on the crystal structure, phase, surface/interface chemistry, microstructure and optical band gap of gallium oxide (Ga2O3) (GTO) films is reported. The Ti content was varied from 0 to ~ 5 at% in co-sputtering, using Ga2O3 ceramic and Ti metal targets, deposited GTO films produced. The sputtering power to the Ti target was varied in the range of 0–100 W, while keeping the sputtering power to Ga2O3 constant at 100 W, to produce GTO films with 0–5 at% Ti. The Ti-incorporation-induced effects were significant for the crystal structure, phase, surface/interface chemistry and morphology, which in turn induce changes in the band gap. The high-resolution core-level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirm that the Ga ions exist as Ga3+ in both intrinsic Ga oxide and GTO films. However, XPS data reveal the formation of Ga2O3–TiO2 films with the presence of Ti4+ ions with increasing Ti sputtering power, i.e., higher Ti contents in GTO. Evidence for the formation of nanocrystalline Ga2O3–TiO2 films was also found in the structural analyses performed using electron microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Significant band gap reduction (Eg ~ 0.9 eV) occurs in GTO films with increasing Ti dopant concentration from 0 to 5 at%. A correlation between the Ti dopant concentration, surface/interface chemistry, microstructure and band gap of GTO films is established.
Feedlot cattle with calm temperaments have higher average daily gains than cattle with excitable temperaments

This study was conducted to assess the effect of temperament on the average daily gains of feedlot cattle. Cattle (292 steers and 144 heifers) were transported to Colorado feedlot facilities. Breeds studied included Braford (n = 177), Simmental x Red Angus (n = 92), Red Brangus (n = 70), Simbrah (n = 65), Angus (n = 18), and Tarentaise x Angus (n = 14). Cattle were temperament rated on a numerical scale (chute score) during routine weighing and processing. Data were separated into two groups based on breed, Brahman cross (> or = 25% Brahman) and nonBrahman breeding. Animals that had Brahman breeding had a higher mean temperament rating (3.45 +/- .09) or were more excitable than animals that had no Brahman influence (1.80 +/- .10); (P < .001). These data also show that heifers have a higher mean temperament rating than steers (P < .05). Temperament scores evaluated for each breed group also showed that increased temperament score resulted in decreased average daily gains (P < .05). These data show that cattle that were quieter and calmer during handling had greater average daily gains than cattle that became agitated during routine handling.
Quantitating MHC class II trafficking in primary dendritic cells using imaging flow cytometry.

Abstract Presentation of antigenic peptides in MHC class II (MHCII) on dendritic cells (DCs) is the first step in the activation of antigen-specific CD4 + T cells. The expression of surface MHCII–peptide complexes is tightly regulated as the frequency of MHCII–peptide complexes can affect the magnitude, as well as the phenotype of the ensuing CD4 + T cell response. The surface MHCII–peptide levels are determined by the balance between expression of newly generated complexes, complex internalization, and their subsequent re-emergence or degradation. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin these processes are still poorly understood. Here we describe a multispectral imaging flow cytometry assay to visualize MHCII trafficking that can be used as a tool to dissect the molecular mechanisms that regulate MHCII homeostasis in primary mouse and human DCs.
Is non-operative management warranted in ventral hernia patients with comorbidities? A case-matched, prospective 3 year follow-up, patient-centered study.

Abstract Background We hypothesized that long-term quality of life (QoL) is improved among patients with ventral hernias (VHs) and comorbid conditions managed operatively than with non-operative management. Methods This was the 3-year follow-up to a prospective observational study of patients with comorbid conditions and VHs. Primary outcome was change in QoL measured utilizing the modified Activities Assessment Scale (AAS), a validated, hernia-specific survey. Outcomes were compared using: (1)paired t-test on matched subset and (2)multivariable linear regression on the overall cohort. Results In the matched cohort (n = 80; 40/group), the operative group experienced a significantly greater improvement in QoL compared to the non-operative group (28.4 ± 27.1 vs. 11.8 ± 23.8,p = 0.005). The operative group, had 10 (25.0%) reported recurrences while the non-operative group, reported 4/15 (26.7%) recurrences among the 15 (37.5%) patients that underwent repair. On multivariable analysis of the whole cohort (n = 137), operative management was associated with a 19.5 (95% CI7.0–31.9) point greater improvement in QoL compared to non-operative management. Conclusions This is the first long term prospective study showing the benefits of operative as opposed to non-operative management of patients with comorbid conditions and VHs.
Use of Potentially Harmful Drugs among Medicare Beneficiaries with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: Impact on Readmissions and Mortality

Background Multiple cardiac and non-cardiac drugs have the potential to exacerbate heart failure (HF). Information regarding prevalence of their use among elderly patients with HF is scarce. Objectives This study sought to analyze the prevalence and clinical impact of potentially harmful drugs prescriptions as defined in current HF guidelines among elderly patients discharged after a hospitalization for heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods We utilized Centers for Medicare & Medicaid data files from a nationally representative 5% sample for the years 2014-2016 to identify patients admitted with primary diagnosis of HFrEF. To be included in our analysis, patients had to fill a prescription for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker or angiotensin receptor-Neprylisin inhibitor and a beta-blocker after discharge. Patients were subsequently divided according to the presence or absence of a prescription for a potentially harmful drug. Results A total of 9,941 patients were included in the study. Potentially harmful drugs were prescribed in 1208 (12.1%) patients within 90 days of HF hospitalization. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents were the most frequently prescribed potentially harmful drugs (6.76%) followed by calcium channel blockers (4.9%), thiazolidinedione (0.66%) and antiarrhythmics (0.35%). Factors associated with potentially harmful drug prescription included female gender, Hispanic ethnicity, severe obesity, hypertension, atrial fibrillation and chronic lung disease. In multivariable analysis the prescription of a potentially harmful drug was significantly associated with increased hospital readmissions (odds ratio 1.14; 95% Confidence Intervals 1.06, 1.22).There was no evidence of increased risk of mortality. Conclusion Approximately 1 in 10 patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction is prescribed a potentially harmful drug within 90 days of discharge and this is associated with increased risk of hospital readmission.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks of the Posterior Fossa: Patient Characteristics and Imaging Features

Objective The main purpose of this article is to investigate the prevalence and features of posterior fossa defects (PFD) in spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks (sCSFL). Design This is a retrospective case series. Setting Tertiary skull base center. Participants Consecutive adults undergoing lateral skull base repair of sCSFL between 2003 and 2018. Main Outcome Measures The following data were collected: demographics, comorbidities, radiology and intraoperative findings, and surgical outcomes including complications and need for revision surgery or shunt placement. Patients with incomplete data or leaks following skull base surgery, trauma, or chronic ear disease were excluded. Results Seventy-one patients (74% female, mean age 56.39 ± 11.50 years) underwent repair of spontaneous lateral skull base leaks. Eight ears (7 patients, 11.1%) had leaks involving the posterior fossa plate in addition to defects of the tegmen mastoideum (50%), tegmen tympani (25%), or both (25%). Patients with PFDs more often had bilateral tegmen thinning on imaging (75%, odds ratio [OR]: 10.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.20–54.35, p = 0.005) and symptomatic bilateral leaks (OR: 9.67, 95% CI: 2.22–40.17, p = 0.01. All PFD patients had arachnoid granulations adjacent to ipsilateral mastoid cell opacification. However, this finding was often subtle and rarely included on the radiology report. There was no significant difference in body mass index, age, presenting complaints, or operative success between the PFD and isolated tegmen defect sCSFL cohorts. Conclusion The posterior fossa is an uncommon location for sCSFL. Careful review of preoperative imaging is often suggestive and can inform surgical approach. PFD patients are similar to those with isolated tegmen-based defects in presentation, comorbidities, and outcomes.
Changes in Pain and Psychosocial Functioning and Transition to Chronic Pain in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease: A Cohort Follow-up Study.

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to: (1) examine changes in pain, psychosocial functioning, and health care utilization among children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) over a 2-year period and (2) identify baseline biopsychosocial variables associated with the development and maintenance of chronic SCD pain at follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two youth (8 to 18 y old) with SCD completed a battery of self-report measures at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translational Innovations Opportunities and Networks and American Pain Society Pain Taxonomy (AAPT) diagnostic criteria were used to categorize patients into pain frequency groups at both timepoints: chronic (pain on most [≥15] d/mo for the past 6 mo, per AAPT diagnostic criteria), episodic (pain on 1 to 14 d/mo), or asymptomatic (0 d/mo). RESULTS At baseline, 31% (n=13) had chronic pain, 50% (n=21) episodic pain, and 19% (n=8) were asymptomatic. At follow-up, 40.5% (n=17) had chronic pain, 52.4% (n=22) episodic pain, and 7.1% (n=3) were asymptomatic. Between baseline and 2-year follow-up, 12% (n=5) developed chronic SCD pain. Depressive symptoms and admissions for pain significantly increased over time for youth with chronic pain (Ps<0.05). An interaction effect revealed that baseline pain groups differed in their change in pain intensity over time (P<0.01). Baseline psychosocial factors (ie, higher functional disability, greater depressive symptoms, higher pain catastrophizing, and lower quality of life) were significantly associated with chronic pain at follow-up. DISCUSSION Biopsychosocial factors may be associated with the development and maintenance of chronic SCD pain and their relative contributions warrant further study.
Image-based multiscale modeling with spatially varying microstructures from experiments: Demonstration with additively manufactured metal in fatigue and fracture

Abstract This manuscript presents a novel modeling framework to predict mechanical performance in material with spatially varying microstructure. The framework combines an efficient process model for AM, a database of experimental 3D images of defects in AM metal, and a microstructure-based multiscale modeling method that leverages recent advances in reduced order modeling. Thus the examples presented will explore heterogeneous and processing dependent dispersion of voids in additively manufactured (AM) metals. The method presented here allows for parametric studies with repeated instantiations of different possible configurations of microstructures (images of defects) throughout the simulated part. Two demonstrations of the method are provided using a database of synchrotron x-ray computed tomography images of porosity collected at the Advanced Photon Source for Inconel 718 built with Laser Engineered Net Shaping®: one case is high cycle fatigue crack incubation and the other is fracture initiation. In both, we show that the model can capture the effects on performance of variability within and between builds. Although not all variability is captured or quantified, the method shows promise for application in AM metals because of its unique ability to mechanistically connect part-scale performance with individual microstructures and the distribution of these microstructures throughout the part.
Chromatin interaction aware gene regulatory modeling with graph attention networks

Linking distal enhancers to genes and modeling their impact on target gene expression are longstanding unresolved problems in regulatory genomics and critical for interpreting non-coding genetic variation. Here we present a new deep learning approach called GraphReg that exploits 3D interactions from chromosome conformation capture assays in order to predict gene expression from 1D epigenomic data or genomic DNA sequence. By using graph attention networks to exploit the connectivity of distal elements and promoters, GraphReg more faithfully models gene regulation and more accurately predicts gene expression levels than dilated convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the current state-of-the-art deep learning approach for this task. Feature attribution used with GraphReg accurately identifies functional enhancers of genes, as validated by CRISPRi-FlowFISH and TAP-seq assays, outperforming both CNNs and the recently proposed Activity-by-Contact model. GraphReg therefore represents an important advance in modeling the regulatory impact of epigenomic and sequence elements.
Assessing the Mortality Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Florida State Prisons

Background The increased risk of COVID-19 infection among incarcerated individuals due to environmental hazards is well known and recent studies have highlighted the higher rates of infection and mortality prisoners in the United States face due to COVID-19. However, the impact of COVID-19 on all-cause mortality rates in incarcerated populations has not been studied. Methods Using data reported by the Florida Department of Corrections on prison populations and mortality events we conducted a retrospective cohort study of all individuals incarcerated in Florida state prisons between 2015 and 2020. We calculated excess deaths by estimating age-specific expected deaths from mortality trends in 2015 through 2019 and taking the difference between observed and expected deaths during the pandemic period. We calculated life table measures using standard demographic techniques and assessed significant yearly changes using bootstrapping. Findings The Florida Department of Corrections reported 510 total deaths from March 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 among the state prison population. This was 42% higher (rate ratio 1.42, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.89) than the expected number of deaths in light of mortality rates for previous years. Reported COVID-19 deaths in a month were positively correlated with estimated excess deaths (80.4%, p <.01). Using age-specific mortality estimates, we found that life expectancy at age 20 declined by 4 years (95% CI 2.06-6.57) between 2019 and 2020 for the Florida prison population. Interpretation The Florida prison population saw a significant increase in all-cause mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic period, leading to a decrease in life expectancy of more than four years. Life years lost by the Florida prison population were likely far greater than those lost by the general United States population, as reported by other studies. This difference in years lost highlights the need for increased interventions to protect vulnerable incarcerated populations during pandemics. Funding Vital Projects Fund, Arnold Ventures, US Centers for Disease Control
Adductor magnus muscle transfer to restore knee extension: Anatomical studies and clinical applications

Summary Background Loss of knee extension causes significant impairment. Though nerve-based reconstruction is preferable in cases of femoral nerve palsy or injury, these surgeries are not always appropriate if the pathology involves the quadriceps muscles or presentation too late for muscle reinnervation. Muscle transfers are another option that has been underutilized in the lower extremity. We describe the successful restoration of knee extension by adductor magnus muscle transfer without functional donor morbidity, along with anatomical considerations. Methods Ten fresh frozen cadaveric lower limbs were dissected at the groin and thigh. In addition, three patients presented with femoral nerve palsy for which nerve-based reconstruction was not appropriate because of late presentation. In these patients, adductor magnus muscle transfers were performed, along with sartorius, gracilis, and tensor fasciae latae transfers if available and healthy. Results In cadavers, the pedicle for the adductor magnus is at the level of the gracilis and adequate for muscle transfer, with sufficient weavable tendon length. The only major structure at risk is the femoral neurovascular bundle, which is in a reliable anatomic position. Two patients recovered 4/5 active knee extension and ambulation without assistive devices. A third required reoperation for a loosened tendon weave, after which the noted improved stability and strength with ambulation but did not regain strong active knee extension and continued to require a cane. Conclusions We present a novel reconstructive approach for loss of quadriceps function in patients, which yields good clinical outcomes, with anatomic and technical details to demonstrate the utility of this technique. Ongoing evaluation of optimal technique and rehabilitation to maximize functional outcomes is still needed.
Nephrectomy Delay of More than 10 Weeks from Diagnosis Is Associated with Decreased Overall Survival in pT3 RCC.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of surgical wait time (SWT) on outcomes of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and to investigate risk factors associated with prolonged SWT. Using the National Cancer Database, we retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with pT3 RCC treated with radical or partial nephrectomy between 2004 and 2014. The cohort was divided based on SWT. The primary outcome was 5-year overall survival (OS). Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors associated with delayed surgery. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to assess relations between SWT and 5-year OS after adjusting for confounding factors. A total of 22,653 patients were included in the analysis. Patients with SWT > 10 weeks had higher occurrence of upstaging. Using logistic regression, we found that female patients, African-American or Spanish origin patients, treatment in academic or integrated network cancer center, lack of insurance, median household income of 10 weeks was associated with decreased 5-year OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-1.33). This risk was not markedly attenuated after adjusting for confounding variables, including age, gender, race, insurance status, Charlson-Deyo score, tumor size, and surgical margin status (adjusted HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.24). In conclusion, the vast majority of patients underwent surgery within 10 weeks. There is a statistically significant trend of increasing SWT over the study period. SWT > 10 weeks is associated with decreased 5-year OS.
Exotic Diagnostic Procedures

In the subject that I have been given this morning the definition of "exotic" really depends on your repertoire of laboratory testing or diagnostic tools that you use in your particular practice. I will discuss two particular areas. The first will be that of tests which are not commonly used but may be of importance to you as you expand your repertoire of diagnostic tools. The second area will be that of things that are on the horizon that are not yet commercially available or available in most of the diagnostic laboratories, and yet, tests which are under development and may have a significant impact on your diagnostic repertoire.
Diabetes Has Gotten Pretty Darn Complicated

In the United States, 8% of our population has been diagnosed with diabetes, and 4% has diabetes that remains undiagnosed. Current projections suggest that the prevalence of diabetes will increase to 20–30% of the population by 2050 (1). Diabetes is, and will remain, a primary care medical issue, with >80% of patients with type 2 diabetes being managed by primary care providers (PCPs). Although diabetes is common, PCPs have found it to be one of the most challenging problems for which they provide care (2). In the past decade, there have been 18 new medications approved for glycemic control in the United States and six new classes of antihyperglycemic medicines (3). Two of these classes of medicines, incretin mimetics and the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, work through mechanisms that not only were unknown to any clinician who graduated >10 years ago, but were actually not well appreciated even when our current third-year residents in training were in medical school. That is how fast knowledge of diabetes and glycemic control has evolved. Add to that another 100 medicines for diabetes in the pipeline (4), and you can see how PCPs might feel a bit overwhelmed. Primary care residents have also found that keeping up …
Materials with Useful Mechanical Properties

Inorganic solids are not very elastic. Cohesive strengths are typically 1% of the elastic modulus, which means that the solid elongates only a few percent before breaking. Elastic properties of oxides are nevertheless important in ceramic science and in the geosciences. Most minerals in the earth’s crust are oxides and their stiffness moduli bear special relevance to our understanding of rock mechanics and Scismic wave velocities. Recent developments in acousto-optics and surface waves have also generated interest in the elastic properties of oxides. New materials with unusual elastic behavior are needed for delay-lines and other electronic devices in which an electric signal is converted to an acoustic wave and subsequently re-converted to an electric signal. Elastic coefficients govern the velocity of the acoustic wave, and hence the transit time.
Sovereign Litigants: Native American Nations in Court

THE topic of this symposium—“Sovereignty’s Seductions: Reconciling Conflicting Claims to Govern”—invited participants to discuss a wide array of attributes of sovereignty. I chose as my topic the sovereignty of Native American nations. As is well known, Native American tribes preexisted both the state and federal governments. The federal government, however, has asserted authority over the tribes and has acted to limit tribal authority in a number of ways. Tribes retain governmental authority over their members, but their criminal and civil authority over nonmembers has been significantly curtailed over the past three decades. Tribes do, however, retain relatively intact another traditional attribute of sovereignty—sovereign immunity. I have argued elsewhere that tribes can use their immunity as a forum choice mechanism—choosing to provide redress for valid claims but requiring those claims to be litigated in tribal court.1 In this Article, I will consider another attribute of sovereignty: the ability of tribes—and other governments—to sue in their own courts. As I note in Part II, it is ordinarily uncontroversial that a government may sue in its own courts, and such suits are recognized as serving important governmental interests. But, as I explain in Part III, that ordinary assumption fails to capture the realities of litigation for tribal plaintiffs. Native American nations are sovereigns, but federal law views them as subject to the power of the federal government.2 This has long meant that
All You Need is Love?: Communication Insights From Pop Music's Number-One Hits

ABSTRACT In response to calls for further investigation on the role of music and advertising, the authors of the current study analyzed popular music9s most successful songs over a 50-year period (1960–2009). The current paper uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to uncover communication themes from nearly 1,000 songs that best resonated with mass audiences. The study identifies 12 communication themes and finds that they are used repeatedly over time; are largely emotional in nature; appear congruent with contemporary societal and environmental influences; and help predict a song9s chances of commercial success. The results provide advertising professionals with a repertoire of themes for consideration in advertising and other marketing communications for mass audiences.
Vascular Transport of Alzheimer’s Amyloid β Peptides and Apolipoproteins

Deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) in the central nervous system (CNS) occurs during normal aging and is accelerated by Alzheimer’s disease. Aβ accumulation in the CNS is considered a central part in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Recent studies from our laboratory and other laboratories suggest a major role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in determining the concentrations of Aβ in the CNS. The BBB has a dual role: i) to control the entry of plasma-derived Aβ and it’s binding transport proteins into the CNS, and ii) to regulate the levels of brain-derived Aβ via clearance mechanisms. Using in vivo rodent and non-human primate models, and an in vitro model of the human BBB, we have demonstrated transcytosis of plasma-derived Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 across the BBB suggesting that putative AD receptors in brain endothelial cells, e.g., the ‘receptor for advanced glycation end products’ (RAGE), scavenger receptor (SR), and lipoprotein receptors, e.g., gp330/megalin and possibly other members of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family, may regulate the BBB transport of Aβ free and/or complexed to apolipoproteins J and E (ApoJ, ApoE). Since ApoJ and ApoE receptors, and AD putative receptors/transporters are potential drug targets, understanding their function in vivo and in vitro in different animal and human models may help developing strategies to prevent and/or decelerate brain accumulation of AD, amyloid formation and associated cytotoxic effects. In this chapter we will discuss the role of vascular CNS transport of Aβ and its binding apolipoproteins in relation to its importance in the development of brain amyloidosis and AD pathology.
4*4-Pattern and Bayesian Learning in Monte-Carlo Go

The paper proposes a new model of pattern, namely the 4*4-Pattern, to improve MCTS (Monte-Carlo Tree Search) in computer Go. A 4*4-Pattern provides a larger coverage space and more essential information than the original 3*3-Pattern. Nevertheless the latter is currently widely used. Due to the lack of a central symmetry, it takes greater challenges to apply a 4*4-Pattern compared to a 3*3-Pattern. Many details of a 4*4-Pattern implementation are presented, including classification, multiple matching, coding sequences, and fast lookup. Additionally, Bayesian 4*4-Pattern learning is introduced, and 4*4-Pattern libraries are automatically generated from a vast amount of professional game records. The results of our experiments show that the use of 4*4-Patterns can improve MCTS in 19*19 Go to some extent, in particular when supported by 4*4-Pattern libraries generated by Bayesian learning.
Technology management partnerships: knowledge utilization as a predictor of success

Summary form only given. In this paper, the author defines the concept of "strategic partnership" for the management of technological change, and presents two case studies that illustrate the performance benefits that can be derived from this practice. She argues that we, in the field of technology management, can play a leadership role in teaching the tenets of strategic partnership to our students, clients and fellow practitioners. Once this framework becomes the mental model by which change occurs, the performance possibilities will be limitless.
Study of Nonlinear Oscillations Due to Exciter Control

The effect of excitation system parameters on power system stability is studied here. The classical swing equation for a power generator augmented with an exciter is shown to undergo a Hopf bifurcation to periodic solutions. Only unstable oscillations occur for realistic parameter values and characterize the attractor of the stable equilibrium point. Attention is focussed on the global behavior of the oscillations as the critical parameter is varied. The analysis is carried out for a single machine connected to an infinite bus case.
Tau Phosphorylated at Tyrosine 394 is Found in Alzheimer’s Disease Tangles and can be a Product of the Abl-Related Kinase, Arg

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein and a main component of neurofibrillary tangles, one of the pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. The paired helical filaments (PHF) that comprise neurofibrillary tangles contain an abnormally hyperphosphorylated form of tau. Historically, most of the tau phosphorylation sites that have been characterized are serine and threonine residues. Recent reports state that tau can be phosphorylated at tyrosine residues by kinases including Fyn, Syk, and c-abl (Abl). Proteomic analyses show that tau phosphorylated at tyrosine 394 (Y394) exists within PHF samples taken from Alzheimer's disease brains. This study also confirms phosphorylation of Y394 as an Alzheimer's disease-specific event by immunohistochemistry. To date, only Abl is known to phosphorylate this particular site on tau. We report, for the first time, that Arg, the other member of the Abl family of tyrosine kinases, also phosphorylates tau at Y394 in a manner independent of Abl activity. Given the reported role of Arg in oxidative stress response and neural development, the ability to phosphorylate tau at Y394 implicates Arg as a potential player in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.