cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Reservoir Characterization Case Study for Sedimentary Geology

We describe a multiple-week reservoir characterization lab for sedimentary geology that utilizes collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcrop and subsurface data on a fluvial unit that we use as an analog for hypothetical hydrocarbon reservoir. Students conduct analyses of (1) sedimentary facies and structures, (2) stratigraphic surfaces, (3) porosity and permeability, and (4) gamma-ray logs using data they collect in the field and lab in addition to data available on the course web site. British Petroleum (BP) collected the dataset in the course of a research project, and subsequently donated it to the University of Oklahoma; accordingly, it is an extremely rich and entirely realistic dataset, yet is highly accessible and modular in nature. Field data are collected during a trip to the outcrop conducted in the first lab session; a virtual field trip using materials available on CD (available from the authors) can be conducted by schools far afield of the outcrop site. In subsequent lab sessions, s...
Inoculation Technique for Fungus Cultures

Abstract A plastic straw and wood applicator stick serve as a simple, inexpensive, and disposable inoculation unit for fungal studies. The method gives a uniform and intact inoculum. The technique is especially useful because a large number of agar plates can be inoculated rapidly.
Rooming-In: Cold War Consumer Product?

In 1946, Edith B. Jackson would open the nation’s first “rooming-in unit,” a maternity ward facilitating the joint post-partum recovery of mothers and babies. Although rooming-in transformed maternal health by rejecting the isolated infant nurseries so common to Cold War medicine, “rooming-in” also served as a powerful Cold War weapon. Employed as a preventative mental health program, “rooming-in” became a way to strengthen the American home front. In doing so, however, “rooming-in” affirmed stereotypical gender roles, calling into question its historic "celebration" as a step-forward in women's rights.
Increased Phosphorylation of the Carboxyl-Terminal Domain of RNA Polymerase II and Loading of Polyadenylation and Cotranscriptional Factors Contribute to Regulation of the Ig Heavy Chain mRNA in Plasma Cells

B cells produce Ig H chain (IgH) mRNA and protein, primarily of the membrane-bound specific form. Plasma cells produce 20- to 50-fold higher amounts of IgH mRNA, most processed to the secretory specific form; this shift is mediated by substantial changes in RNA processing but only a small increase in IgH transcription rate. We investigated RNA polymerase II (RNAP-II) loading and phosphorylation of its C-terminal domain (CTD) on the IgG2a H chain gene, comparing two mouse cell lines representing B (A20) and plasma cells (AxJ) that express the identical H chain gene whose RNA is processed in different ways. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and real-time PCR, we detected increased RNAP-II and Ser-2 and Ser-5 phosphorylation of RNAP-II CTD close to the IgH promoter in plasma cells. We detected increased association of several 3' end-processing factors, ELL2 and PC4, at the 5' end of the IgH gene in AxJ as compared with A20 cells. Polymerase progress and factor associations were inhibited by 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside, a drug that interferes with the addition of the Ser-2 to the CTD of RNAP-II. Taken together, these data indicate a role for CTD phosphorylation and polyadenylation/ELL2/PC4 factor loading on the polymerase in the choice of the secretory poly(A) site for the IgH gene.
Bonus-Driven Repurchases

Using a large hand-collected database of chief executive officer (CEO) bonus structures, we find that when a CEO’s bonus is directly tied to earnings per share (EPS), his company is more likely to conduct a buyback. This effect is especially pronounced when a company’s EPS is right below the threshold for a bonus award. Share repurchasing increases the probability the CEO receives a bonus and the magnitude of that bonus, but only when bonus pay is EPS based. Bonus-driven repurchasing firms do not exhibit positive long-run abnormal returns.
Membranous localization and properties of ATPase of rat liver lysosomes

Lysosomes isolated from rat liver were found to have ATPase activity (EC No. 3.6.1.3). Subfractionation of the lysosomes revealed a membranous localization of ATPase activity. The enzyme has half maximal activity at 0.2mm ATP and is inhibited by high concentrations of ATP. The apparentK m for divalent metal is 0.2mm, and either ca2+ or Mg2+ give maximal activity. The ATPase activity has latency when lysosomes are isolated from rats treated with Triton WR-1339. This latency may be due to the presence of internalized sucrose because the activity ofL fraction lysosomes is much less latent and Triton WR-1339 itself is not inhibitory. The latency of glucosamindase, a marker enzyme for lysosomes, contrasts with the low latency of the ATPase and points to an ATPase with an exposed active site in intact lysosomes.
Control of time-periodic systems via symbolic computation with application to chaos control

Abstract A general method for the control of linear time-periodic systems employing symbolic computation of Floquet transition matrix is considered in this work. It is shown that this method is applicable to chaos control. Nonlinear chaotic systems can be driven to a desired periodic motion by designing a combination of a feedforward controller and a feedback controller. The design of the feedback controller is achieved through the symbolic computation of fundamental solution matrix of linear time-periodic systems in terms of unknown control gains. Then, the Floquet transition matrix (state transition matrix evaluated at the end of the principal period) can determine the stability of the system owing to classical techniques such as pole placement, Routh–Hurwitz criteria, etc. Thus it is possible to place the Floquet multipliers in the desired locations to determine the control gains. This method can be applied to systems without small parameters. The Duffing’s oscillator, the Rossler system and the nonautonomous parametrically forced Lorenz equations are chosen as illustrative examples to demonstrate the application.
Spring Feeding Activity of Overwintered Bean Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Nonleguminous Hosts

Bean leaf beetles, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), emerging in April from an overwintering site in central Illinois were observed feeding or aggregating on four nonleguminous plants. Laboratory feeding tests indicated that three of these species, Urtica dioica. Laportea canadensis (Urticaceae), and Euonymous atropurpurea (Celastraceae), were accepted as food plants by overwintered adult beetles, but Eupatorium sp. (Compositae) was consistently rejected. These acceptable plants may serve as interim hosts for the beetles until soybean, the major host plant, is available. The implications of this finding on the dynamics of the bean leaf beetle-soybean association are discussed
Glacio-Eustatic Control of Late Ordovician–Early Silurian Platform Sedimentation and Faunal Changes

Late Ordovician–Early Silurian stratigraphic sequences across the world's platforms bear evidence for onlapping relations in the early part of the Silurian. In general, Late Ordovician marine benthic faunal communities and faunas found in platform rocks differ from those characteristic of the early part of the Silurian. Planktonic graptolites are also conspicuously different in Early Silurian strata from those in Late Ordovician strata. The impressive evidence for Late Ordovician–earliest Silurian continental glaciation in Africa and significant portions of South America and evidence for only restricted orogenic activity in the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian interval suggests that glaciation was the principal agent behind the changes seen among faunas as well as in the stratigraphic record. Shallowing of marine waters across the Late Ordovician platforms was probably related to “locking up” oceanic waters in the glaciers during glaciation, and onlapping relations took place as the glaciers melted and sea level rose. Restriction of platform marine environments and shallowing as well as cooling of the oceans were primary environmental factors behind the changes in marine faunas. Llandovery deglaciation coincides with a time interval during which animal communities were widely spread areally.
Tomorrow is Another Day: The Woman Writer in the South, 1859--1936

From the mid-nineteenth century through at least the first half of the twentieth, the southern code of appropriate feminine behavior required that women depend on sources outside themselves for sustenance, direction, and expression. The chivalric ideal that placed the southern lady on a pedestal often created within her gracious and gentle exterior a turmoil of frustration, confusion, and resentment. This concept of upper middle-class, white southern womanhood forms an important part of the imaginative expression of the southern women writers whose works and lives form the subject matter of this book. All seven, Augusta Jane Evans, Grace King, Kate Chopin, Mary Johnston, Ellen Glasgow, Frances Newman, and Margaret Mitchell, were themselves products of this genteel tradition. Anne Goodwyn Jones explains that her aim is not to link biography and art but to seek, in the lives and works of these seven southern women writers, common patterns that can lead to ways to discern the mind of the southern lady. Tomorrow Is Another Day shows that, by writing themselves and their characters into being, by expressing their voices, however variant in tone, ""these seven writers wrote themselves into another day.
Basics: Architectural Design; Designing Architecture; Language of Space and Form; Diagramming the Big Idea; and Architecture

Bert Bielefeld, EditorBirkhauser, 2013336 pages, 210 black and white illustrations$42 (paper)Andrew PressmanRoutledge, 2012208 pages$29.95 (paper)James EcklerWiley, 2012320 pages, 190 illustrations...
Creation and piloting of a new hospital capacity assessment tool in a major urban area

Summary Objectives Crowded hospital emergency departments (EDs) can undermine the ability of a region's safety net to provide safe, timely care. However, data to measure hospital capacity community-wide is generally unavailable. This study aimed to assess hospital crowding, capacity and patient flow in an urban community using the newly developed hospital capacity assessment tool (HCAT). Study design A survey of the eight acute care hospitals in the District of Columbia (DC) with active EDs. Methods Existing emergency care assessment tools were reviewed. Eighteen of the 57 questions on the HCAT were adapted from existing hospital surveys, while the remaining 39 questions were constructed de novo for use in this assessment. Hospitals were provided with paper and electronic versions of the HCAT. Results All eight DC hospitals completed the HCAT; however, three hospitals were unable to answer many of the questions due to a lack of regular data collection. The HCAT data shows throughput times in DC hospitals that are substantially longer than national averages. Conclusions The HCAT is a promising tool for evaluating community-wide emergency care. Findings from the HCAT allowed for the introduction of new ED performance data into the local decision-making process.
Physiological and biochemical effects of the mycotoxin patulin on Chang liver cell cultures.

Patulin exhibits both cytotoxic and cytopathic effects on cultured Chang liver cells. The LD50 found was 1.85 μg per ml of patulin. Effects on growth were observed with as little as 0.1 μg per ml of patulin; a 50% reduction in growth was observed at 0.38 μg per ml of patulin. Using a challenge dose of 2.5 μg per ml of patulin, the cytotoxic effect was reversible after an exposure of 10 min, but was not reversible after 20 min. Protein synthesis was depressed after 60 min and RNA synthesis after 20 min of contact with patulin. Neither protein nor RNA synthesis was completely inhibited after 260 min.
Multispectral Eye Detection: A Preliminary Study

In this paper the problem of eye detection across three different bands, i.e., the visible, multispectral, and short wave infrared (SWIR), is studied in order to illustrate the advantages and limitations of multi-band eye localization. The contributions of this work are two-fold. First, a multi-band database of 30 subjects is assembled and used to illustrate the challenges associated with the problem. Second, a set of experiments is performed in order to demonstrate the possibility for multi-band eye detection. Experiments show that the eyes on face images captured under different bands can be detected with promising results. Finally, we illustrate that recognition performance in all studied bands is favorably affected by the geometric normalization of raw face images that is based on our proposed detection methodology. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that this problem is being investigated in the open literature in the context of human eye localization across different bands.
Electromagnetic fields in high energy heavy-ion collisions

I review properties of electromagnetic fields generated by colliding relativistic heavy ions and argue that they have a profound impact on the heavy-ion phenomenology. I discuss magnetic field effects on the quark gluon plasma flow, J/ψ dissociation, photon and dilepton production and quark energy loss.
THICKENING OF SOY PROTEIN SUSPENSIONS WITH CALCIUM

The objective of this study was to increase the apparent viscosity of 1-7% soy protein suspensions using calcium. The thickening effect, measured by apparent viscosity, depended upon the calcium concentration. Maximum apparent viscosity was obtained with a calcium to protein molar ratio of 20-50 moles of calcium required per mole of protein (M.W. 100 000) decreased with an increase in the protein concentration. Effective stirring was necessary during and after calcium addition to attain maximum thickening and stability. Heat treatment of the protein suspension prior to calcium addition enhanced the extent of apparent viscosity increase. Higher protein concentration, improved stability of the thickened mixture. The established optimum thickening conditions leading to a stable homogenous suspension involved addition of 12.5 mM CaCl2 to 5% protein suspension preheated at 80 dC for 30 min.
Embedded and surface flaws in unidirectional composites

Abstract Internal and surface flaws are sometimes formed in fiber reinforced composites during processing and in service. These flaws (cracks) may grow under applied thermo-mechanical loads and result in an ultimate failure of the composite. This paper deals with a particular class of unidirectional composites whose matrix and fiber have comparable stiffnesses; stiff matrix composites. The use of classical shear lag theory for the analysis of such composites is not justifiable because the load carrying capacity of the matrix cannot be neglected. A 3-D consistent shear lag model is developed for the stress analysis of a finite 3-D composite containing aligned fibers subjected to a uniform tensile load along the fiber direction. The governing equations consist of a set of ordinary coupled differential-difference equations in which the axial and transverse displacements are the unknowns. The results are presented for various embedded and surface flaw geometries. The displacement and stress fields are obtained to predict the mode of crack propagation based on a point stress failure criterion.
The photopic acuity-luminance function with special reference to parafoveal vision.

Abstract The linear relation between decimal acuity and log luminance, well established for the fovea, is also found for parafoveal areas of the retina. The parafoveal acuity-luminance function has a slower rate of change of acuity with log luminance and reaches maximal acuity at a lower luminance. Changes in retinal organization and their effects on the density of functional receptor units probably contribute to the observed regional differences.
Low maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and oral clefts in offspring: The slone birth defects study

BACKGROUND The association between maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and oral clefts in offspring remains unclear. We studied this relation in a case–control surveillance study of birth defects. METHODS From 1983 to 1997, we recruited 5956 study subjects from greater Boston, Philadelphia, Toronto, and parts of Iowa. The cases were liveborn infants with cleft palate alone (CP; n = 205), cleft lip and palate (CLP; n = 383), cleft lip alone (CL; n = 259), or Pierre-Robin sequence (n = 65). The controls (n = 4272) were infants who had no oral clefts but had one or more of the following defects: malformations of the digestive tract, reproductive organs, abdominal wall, and respiratory tract; chromosomal anomalies; inguinal hernia; tumors; and Mendelian inherited disorders. Based on maternal reports of alcohol consumption during the first 4 months of pregnancy, we derived average weekly consumption, average number of drinks per drinking day, and the maximum number of drinks consumed in a given day. The mothers also provided data on potential confounding or modifying variables, such as vitamin supplement use. RESULTS There was no relation between maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and CL or CP. The odds ratios (ORs) for cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P) were 1.0, 1.1, and 0.9 in women who consumed <1.0, 1.0–2.9, and 3.0 + drinks per week, respectively. These findings did not change when we considered possible modifying effects of vitamin supplement use. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support an association between oral clefts and a low level of alcohol consumption. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:509–514, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A generalization of Webb's theorem to Auslander-Reiten systems

Let G be a finite group and k be a field whose characteristic p divides the order of G. In [3] we introduce the notion of Auslander-Reiten system of G on a symmetric interior G-algebra A (that is a symmetric k-algebra together with a homomorphism 4: G + A x ), as a generalization of the notion of almost split sequences of kG-modules. The language of interior G-algebras proves to be useful to study their restriction to certain subgroups such as the defect group (vertex) of their extremity. Furthermore we show in [3] that each non projective primitive idempotent i of AG (see Section 1) is the extremity of a unique Auslander-Reiten system, up to embedding of A into other symmetric interior G-algebras and to conjugacy (cf. [3, VI], recall embeddings are those one-to-one homomorphisms f: A + B which satisfy Im f = f (1) Af (1)). Thus in particular the middle term of “the” Auslander-Reiten system terminating in i is well defined (up to embedding and conjugacy), and we may look at its decomposition into primitive idempotents. Now if we set A [G] = A @ kG, we have a symmetric algebra again, which is similar to kG in many ways, and which enables us to view our systems of G over A ([3, I]) as short exact sequences of modules: to any idempotent i of AG, we associate the A-projective A[G]-module iA (with (b@ g) . iu = d(g) iub). This way any system Y = (i, i”, i’, d, d’) of G over A determines an exact sequence of A[G]-modules
Microscopic master equation approach to diffusional transformations in inhomogeneous systems—single-site approximation and direct exchange mechanism

Abstract A computer simulation technique based on microscopic master equations is developed for modeling the dynamics of morphological evolution during diffusional phase transformations in binary solid solutions including barrierless nucleation of ordered domains, subsequent domain growth and coalescence, coarsening of antiphase domains, compositional phase separation, Ostwald ripening, and kinetics of simultaneous ordering and phase separation. Assuming a direct exchange mechanism for atomic diffusion and using the single-site approximation, the kinetic equations produce equilibrium states closer to the Bethe approximation than the Bragg-Williams approximation. Computer simulation examples of microstructural evolution during ordering, spinodal decomposition, and simultaneous ordering and phase separation in a binary solid solution are presented using a second-neighbor interaction model.
Aflatoxicosis in the Laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)

Abstract Dietary aflatoxins fed to 72 day old laying Japanese quail for six weeks at low levels of 2, 4, or 6 μg./gm. of feed caused malperformances. There were changes in feed conversion, egg production, egg weight, hatchability, and exterior and interior quality of the eggs. Macroscopic pathological changes were mainly in the liver and the bile duct. The ultrastructure of the liver showed an extensive cytoplasmic hyperplasia of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum with extensive detachment of ribosomal particles from the membranes. Changes in mitochondria and their cristae were observed. Pathological alterations in the nuclear membrane, nucleous and in the chromatin material were prominent. Low levels of aflatoxins did cause a drastic decrease in the metabolic performances, especially during the second and third weeks. Pathological alterations in the liver parenchyma were observed.
Genomic organization and characterization of the promoter region of murine GSTM2 gene.

Abstract In this study, we have isolated the genomic clone of the murine GSTM2 gene and determined its sequence. Consistent with the class mu genefamily, the mGSTM2 gene consists of eight exons. The exon-intron boundaries and the distribution of coding sequences within the exons of the known GST class mu family members were found to follow a similar pattern suggesting that various members of this family have originated from a single primordial gene by duplication and the structure has been closely maintained through evolution. By primer extension, the start of transcription was determined to be 40 bp upstream of the initial AUG codon. To gain an understanding of the mGSTM2 regulation, we have also cloned and analyzed its promoter region. Maximal activity was observed in a 170 bp 5′-flanking region. The activity was decreased by 3-fold in a 402 bp 5′-flanking region suggesting the presence of repressor elements. While no TATA box was identified, the presence of an SP1 site at position −38 was noted. Deletion of this SP1 site completely abrogated promoter activity. The promoter contained eight putative Myb responsive elements and its transcriptional activity was upregulated by t-Myb but not by c-Myb.
Design of a Patient-Specific Radiotherapy Treatment Target

This paper describes the design of a patient-specific, radiotherapy quality assurance target that can be used to verify a treatment plan by measurement of actual dosage. Staring from a patient's (segmented) MR images, a physical model containing insertable cartridges for holding dosimeters is printed in 3D. Dosimeters can be located at specific locations of interest (e.g., tumor, nerve bundles, urethra). The model (dosimeter insert) can be placed into a pelvis 'shell' and subject to a specified treatment plan. A design for the dosimeter insert can be efficiently fabricated using rapid prototyping techniques.
The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Past Decisions, Present Danger: An Historical Perspective on Ecology and Earthquakes in Mexico City

Abstract Why is one of the most populous cities in the world built on land which has a history of subsidence, seismicity, and flooding? Mexico City illustrates how early decisions in a city's history can create difficult conditions for building well and living safely. The Aztecs had little choice but to live on the muddy islands in Lake Texcoco which now lie beneath downtown Mexico City. But the Spanish did have a choice. By selecting the island capital of Tenochtitlan for their colonial capital they bequeathed to succeeding generations problems which were apparent to them almost immediately after they began construction. Their solution to the hydraulic problems of the site only exacerbated ecological and seismic problems which the inhabitants of Mexico City face today, and destroyed the reason the first settlers inhabited the Valley of Mexico.
Lysinol: a renewably resourced alternative to petrochemical polyamines and aminoalcohols

This paper reports the preparation of lysinol (2,6-diamino-1-hexanol) by the hydrogenation of lysine and an example of its use as a replacement for petrochemical-derived amines. Lysine is presently manufactured by fermentation of sugars and other carbon sources at scale exceeding 109 kg per year. Therefore, lysinol is potentially a renewable, platform aminoalcohol of previously unrecognized potential. Lysine hydrogenation proceeds under relatively modest conditions with Ru/C catalyst in water (100–150 °C, 48–70 bar, pH 1.5–2) to give lysinol in good yield (100% conversion, >90% selectivity; 50–70% isolated yield after purification by distillation). The impact of the various reaction parameters on conversion and selectivity are presented and discussed. Lysine hydrogenation at higher temperatures provides a pathway to piperidines and other products via further reduction and elimination of lysinol. The feasibility of lysinol synthesis from commodity, animal feed-grade lysine sources is presented as well. An example of the potential utility of lysinol is demonstrated by its use as a diamine curing agent with a standard epoxy resin. The properties of the resulting thermoset are contrasted with that obtained with a typical petrochemical amine used in this application (diethylenetriamine, DETA).
Analysis of early changes in the articular cartilage transcriptisome in the rat meniscal tear model of osteoarthritis: pathway comparisons with the rat anterior cruciate transection model and with human osteoarthritic cartilage

Objective The purpose of this study was to use microarray technology to: (1) understand the early molecular events underlying the damage of articular cartilage initiated by this surgical procedure, and (2) determine whether these changes mimic those that are occurring in human osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. Design Cartilage was harvested from both medial and lateral sides of the tibial plateaus and femoral condyles of both meniscal tear (MT) and sham surgery groups on days 3, 7 and 21 post-surgery. mRNA prepared from these rat cartilage samples was used for microarray analysis. Results Statistical analysis identified 475 genes that were differentially expressed between the sham and MT groups, at one or more of the time points that were analyzed. By integrating these genes with OA-related genes reported previously in a rat OA model and in human OA array studies, we identified 20 commonly changed genes. Six out of these 20 genes (Col5A1, Col6A2, INHBA, LTBP2, NBL1 and SERPINA1) were differentially expressed in two animal models and in human OA. Pathway analysis identified some key features of OA pathology, namely cartilage extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, and chondrocyte cell death that were recapitulated in the animal models. The rat models suggested increased inflammation and cholesterol metabolic pathways may play important role in early cartilage degeneration. Conclusion We identified a large number of differentially expressed genes in the articular cartilage of the MT model. While there was lack of overall identity in cartilage gene expression between the rat models and human OA, several key biological processes were recapitulated in the rat MT OA model.
Pre-Clinical Assessment of Immune Responses to Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vectors

Transitioning to human trials from preclinical models resulted in the emergence of inhibitory AAV vector immune responses which has become a hurdle for sustained correction. Early animal studies did not predict the full range of host immunity to the AAV vector in human studies. While pre-existing antibody titers against AAV vectors has been a lingering concern, cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses against the input capsid can prevent long-term therapy in humans. These discoveries spawned more thorough profiling of immune response to rAAV in pre-clinical models, which have assessed both innate and adaptive immunity, and explored methods for bypassing these responses. Many efforts towards measuring innate immunity have utilized Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) deficient models and have focused on differential responses to viral capsid and genome. From adaptive studies, it is clear that humoral responses are relevant for initial vector transduction efficiency while cellular responses impact long-term outcomes of gene transfer. Measuring humoral responses to AAV vectors has utilized in vitro neutralizing antibody (NAb) assays and transfer of seropositive serum to immunodeficient mice. Overcoming antibodies using CD20 inhibitors, plasmapheresis, altering route of delivery and using different capsids have been explored. CTL responses were measured using in vitro and in vivo models. In in vitro assays expansion of antigen-specific T cells as well as cytotoxicity towards AAV transduced cells can be shown. Many groups have successfully mimicked antigen-specific T cell proliferation, but actual transgene level reduction and parameters of cytotoxicity towards transduced target cells has only been shown in one model. The model utilized adoptive transfer of capsid specific in vitro expanded T-cells isolated from immunized mice with LPS as an adjuvant. Finally, the development of immune tolerance to AAV vectors by enriching regulatory T-cells has also been explored as well as modulating t
Assessment of Debonding in Concrete Slabs Using Seismic Methods

A combination of impact echo (IE) and ultrasonic surface waves techniques was used to locate the debonding in concrete slabs at several locations on TX-225 near Houston, Texas. A portable seismic pavement analyzer (PSPA), a hand-held automated system, was used for seismic data collection in the field. Field measurements are presented in the time and frequency domains in the form of time records and amplitude spectra. The characteristics differentiating the response (time records) of fully bonded and debonded slabs are discussed. The frequency domain (spectral) analysis was shown to be superior to time domain analysis in describing the response of slabs in marginal condition (i.e., slabs showing partial debonding or horizontal cracks). On the basis of the spectral characteristics of their surface response, the slabs were categorized into four different categories: good, fair, poor, and bad conditions (in terms of debonding). Time-frequency analysis was proposed as a complementary tool for the analysis of I...
Strict glycemic targets need not be so strict: a more permissive glycemic range for critically ill children

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to determine whether a more permissive glycemic target would be associated with a decreased incidence of hypoglycemia but not increased mortality rates in critically ill pediatric patients. METHODS. This retrospective study evaluated clinical and laboratory data for 177 patients who underwent 211 consecutive surgical procedures for repair or palliation of congenital heart defects at Driscoll Children9s Hospital. To establish the relationship between postoperative glycemia and subsequent morbidity and mortality rates, patients were stratified into 4 groups according to their median glucose levels, that is, euglycemia (60–125 mg/dL, 3.3–6.9 mmol/L), mild hyperglycemia (126–139 mg/dL, 6.9–7.7 mmol/L), moderate hyperglycemia (140–179 mg/dL, 7.7–9.9 mmol/L), or severe hyperglycemia (≥180 mg/dL, ≥9.9 mmol/L). Postoperative outcomes for those groups also were compared with outcomes for a more permissive glycemic target group (90–140 mg/dL, 5–7.7 mmol/L). RESULTS. The peak and mean blood glucose measurements and duration of hyperglycemia were not different for survivors and nonsurvivors in the first 24 hours after surgery. Nonsurvivors had higher peak glucose levels (389.3 ± 162 mg/dL vs 274.4 ± 106.3 mg/dL, 21.4 ± 8.9 mmol/L vs 15.1 ± 5.9 mmol/L) and longer duration of hyperglycemia (3.06 ± 1.67 days vs 2.11 ± 0.92 days) during the first 5 postoperative days, compared with survivors. Mortality rates were significantly higher for the moderate (38.8%) and severe (58.3%) hyperglycemia groups, compared with the euglycemia (6.02%) and permissive target (4.69%) groups. The incidence of hypoglycemia was significantly higher in the euglycemia group (31.8%), compared with the permissive target group (17.18%). CONCLUSIONS. Postoperative hyperglycemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in children after surgical repair of congenital heart defects. A more permissive glycemic target is associated with a lower incidence of hypoglycemia but not increased mortality rates in these patients.
Attitude towards Stretch Pain of the Elbow after Radial Head Fracture

BackgroundThis prospective cohort study tested the hypothesis that agreement with the idea that ‘stretching of the elbow beyond the point where it becomes painful is important in recovery’ leads to greater elbow range of motion, 1 month after injury.MethodsSeventy-one patients with an isolated partial articular radial head fracture seen within 14 days after injury completed measures of depression and catastrophic thinking and rated their agreement with a statement regarding pain and recovery from their injury on a five-point Likert scale. One month later, patients completed the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire and elbow and forearm motion were measured.ResultsNine patients (12.6%) disagreed with the role of pain in recovery, six (8%) were neutral and 56 (78.9%) agreed. Patients that disagreed with the role of stretch pain in recovery were older (p = 0.031), had more depressive symptoms (Center for the Epidemiological Study of Depression Instrument; p = 0.047), and achieved less el...
the heterogeneity of bovine IgG2—IV. Structural differences between IgG2a molecules of the A1 and A2 allotypes☆

The major product of digestion of bovine IgG2a(A1) with immobilized pepsin is F(ab')2 while similar treatment of IgG2a(A2) yields Fab, Fc and other products. It is postulated that structural differences in the hinge region, including the absence of the most N-terminal disulfide bridge in IgG2a(A2) and a displacement of the primary pepsin cleavage site toward the Fd, can explain this effect. The immunodominant A1 allotope(s) appears to be located in the CH3 domain of IgG2a(A1) while the A2 allotopes are located elsewhere and are apparently affected by digestion. The allotypic bias of rabbit anti-IgG2a is also present in anti-IgG2a raised in goats. However, the A2 allotypic determinants of bovine IgG2a are recognized by goat precipitins although precipitins of this specificity are not detectable in rabbits immunized with IgG2a(A2). Rabbit anti-A2 antibodies are detectable using the ELISA in rabbits immunized with IgG2a(A2).
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an etiologically heterogeneous condition that is characterized by cognitive changes without impairment of activities of daily living a
Exploring the edges of Pavlovian contingency space : an assessment of contingency theory and its various metrics

Abstract Water-deprived rats served in a conditioned lick suppression paradigm to assess the effects of varying p (US|CS) with p (US|no-CS) = 0, and varying p (US|no-CS) with p (US|CS) = 1, which correspond to the left edge and top edge, respectively, of Rescorla's contingency space. In Experiment 1, the frequency of occurrence of an auditory CS was held constant and 100, 75, 50, 25, or 0% of these CSs were reinforced with footshock. Consistent with prior studies,statistically equivalent asymptotic responding to the CS was seen at partial reinforcement levels of 25% or greater. This equivalent responding was not due to a ceiling effect. In Experiments 2 and 3, varying frequencies of unsignaled shocks were intermingled with a continuously reinforced CS (i.e., partial signaling of the US). Lean schedules of reinforcement of intervals lacking the CS (as low as 3.1% when the non-CS time was divided into intervals equal to CS duration) attenuated asymptotic conditioned responding, and higher schedules of unsignaled shock from 25 to 100% yielded higher and approximately equal attenuations of responding. Simulations of Δ p , the Rescorla-Wagner model, Gibbon and Balsam's scalar expectancy theory, the φ correlation coefficient and other measures of contingency were performed. φ provided the best least-mean-square fit to the data. Possible psychological bases for the apparent superiority of φ are discussed and related to frequency theory. Additionally, the merits and inherent problems of contingency theories in general are reviewed.
The Incremental Contribution of an Interview to College Admissions

A study was conducted to investigate possible redundancies between interviewer judgments and applicant paper credentials, and the incremental contribution of interviewer judgments to the prediction of selection decisions and future performance. The motivation and oral communication of college applicants were assessed in a face-to-face interview and on the basis of paper credentials. Interviewer judgments provided unique information about applicants and were significantly related to grade point average (GPA). No evidence was found, however, that interviewer judgments contribute incremental variance to the prediction of admissions decisions or to GPA.
Phase behaviors and film properties of dispersions and coatings containing associative and conventional thickeners

Phase-separation behaviors of latex dispersions, using commercial latices of three different median sizes, and pigmented coatings are examined. Both the dispersions and pigmented coatings at a 0.32 volume fraction of total dispersed phase were thickened with water-soluble polymers, with and without surfactant hydrophobes. Latex dispersions thickened with water-soluble polymers without hydrophobe modification follow the phase-separation behavior described by the volume restriction flocculation (VRF) concept (i.e., molecular weight of the thickener or particle size of the latex). This is surprising since commercial latices contain a variety of surface-stabilizing moieties, in addition to surfactant. Latex dispersions thickened with commercial and model hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethane (HEUR) polymers do not follow the phase-separation behavior predicted by the VRF concept. The lack of correlation of phase behavior with latex median size in HEUR-thickened formulations led to an examination of four secondary thickeners, noted for providing high viscosities at low shear rates. With an all-acrylic, large median-size latex, the combinations of commercial HEURs with secondary thickeners are effective in eliminating phase separation; only partial reduction in phase separation is observed with a vinyl acetateacrylic large-particle latex. The influence of HEUR/secondary thickener blends on the film properties also is discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Conceptualising secondary aurality and its impact on possibility for engagement of children and adolescents within school music settings

This paper explores the convergence of technology and the arts within the context of aurality in the twenty-first century. Jenkins argued this is taking place within a cultural convergence, whereby a vernacular culture focused upon participation, creation, performance, and migratory behaviour of media audiences has emerged. The developing changes to the creation and use of media technologies impact and intensify adolescents' experience of auditory expression and multi-modal performative experience. These changes have tremendous import and expand possibility within school music education. This paper conceptualises a twenty-first century understanding of aurality and: (1) develops contextual understanding of the terms orality, aurality, oral/aural culture, and secondary orality; (2) conceptualises secondary aurality as a phenomenon; (3) explores the impact of secondary aurality on creation processes for adolescents and discusses this within the design of current multi-media technologies; and (4) posits prac...
Stochastic programming approach to optimization under uncertainty

In this paper we discuss computational complexity and risk averse approaches to two and multistage stochastic programming problems. We argue that two stage (say linear) stochastic programming problems can be solved with a reasonable accuracy by Monte Carlo sampling techniques while there are indications that complexity of multistage programs grows fast with increase of the number of stages. We discuss an extension of coherent risk measures to a multistage setting and, in particular, dynamic programming equations for such problems.
Our Place in History : Inspiring Place-Based Social History in Schools and Communities

Abstract This article describes a teacher development program that engages history and social studies teachers in making connections between learning and the well-being of places in which people actually live. Our Place in History is a three-year, federally-funded professional development institute for twenty teachers from diverse communities in southwestern Washington. 1 The project staff has developed a dense network of regional collaborators. Local museums figure prominently in these partnerships, helping to deepen teachers' knowledge of history, appreciation for the lived experience in their local places, and ability to inspire students to be historians and informed citizens capable of contributing to the quality of their communities. Our article is divided into three parts. First, we describe the conceptual underpinnings of Our Place in History with a brief review of two of its chief theoretical influences: place-based education and social history. Second, we describe...
Small Business Success Among Men- and Women-Owned Firms in Rural Areas1

Aux Etats-Unis, les femmes de milieu rural peinent a trouver de bons emplois. La propriete d'une petite affaire offre une alternative, mais les ventes et les gains des entreprises des femmes sont significativement inferieurs a ceux des entreprises des hommes. Comparativement aux hommes, les femmes se lancent davantage dans les activites les plus petites et les plus nouvelles. Il est montre que, plus que le facteur genre du proprietaire, ce sont des caracteristiques organisationnelles qui influencent le plus le succes de ces entreprises : taille et statut de l'entreprise, secteur d'activite. Que le proprietaire en soit une femme ou bien un homme, les facteurs influencant le succes des petites entreprises sont, dans l'ensemble, les memes. Davantage de recherche sur les reseaux d'affaires ainsi que sur la phase de demarrage des petites activites est necessaire pour une meilleure comprehension des differences de succes en fonction du genre
Indirect photometric detection of polyamines in biological samples separated by high-performance capillary electrophoresis

Abstract A rapid separation of polyamines and some related amino acids in cultured tumor cells by high-performance capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect photometric detection is demonstrated. 60 cm x 75 μm I.D. fused-silica capillary was used for the separation and quinine sulfate was used as a background electrolyte (BGE). Several polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), amino acids (lysine, arginine, histidine) and simple cations (K+, Na+) were easily separated in less than 10 min. Using the indirect photometric detection method, femtomole amounts of polyamines extracted from the tumor cells were detected from nanoliter injection volumes, and the signal response was linear over two orders of magnitude.
Neonatal group B streptococcal cellulitis-adenitis

A 38-day-old prematurely born infant developed rapidly progressive facial cellulitis in association with ipsilateral submandibular lymphadenopathy and pulmonary consolidation. Group B streptococci (GBS) were isolated from blood, endotracheal, and lesion cultures. Prompt recognition of GBS cellulitis-adenitis and institution of parenteral, synergistic antibiotic therapy are important.
Semantic and Structural Problems in Evolutionary Ethics

In ''A Defense of Evolutionary Ethics'' (1986), Robert J. Richardsendeavors to explain how moral 'oughts' can be derived from thescience of evolutionary biology without committing the dreadednaturalistic fallacy. First, Richards assumes that 'ought' as usedin ethical discourse bears the same meaning as 'ought' used anywherein science, indicating merely that certain results or behaviors arepredicted based on prior structured contexts. To this extent, themoral behavior of animals, what they 'ought' to do, could arguablybe predicted by evolutionary biology as effectively as, say,molecular behavior may be predicted by chemistry. But afteracknowledging that biological inferences to this limited senseof 'ought' were never contested by Moore's naturalistic fallacy,Richard proposes to add to evolutionary ethics a decision procedureto determine which members of a set of predicted behaviors arethose which truly ought to occur – in the genuinelyprescriptive sense intended by ethical discourse. But theprocedure which Richards fabricates for this purpose appealsto such alleged 'facts' as cultural conventions and moral opinionpolling, hardly a secure foundation for the sort of scientific ethics promised by Richards at the outset.
Computational Approaches to the Study of Language Change

The article reviews computational studies of language change. Computer models of change are helpful because of the complexity of the behavior involved: an entire population of complex, interacting agents must be accounted for. Computational studies frequently bring to light hidden implications of theories, which make them relevant to the theoretical development of both acquisition and change. Studies of language change have focused on discovering mathematical properties of dynamical systems, or on simulating populations of speakers that interact with one another and change their internal states as a result. Models of lexical (including phonological) and syntactic change are considered. Computational models of change have proved useful tools for testing theories of language change, and will prove more useful as the field matures to include more systematic studies of the effects of varying model parameters in complex simulations.
Hydrothermal crystallization kinetics of m-ZrO2 and t-ZrO2

The isothermal nucleation and crystallization kinetics of hydrothermally prepared monoclinic and tetragonal ZrO2 have been determined at various pH conditions. It is shown that monoclinic ZrO2 precipitates at low pH whereas at high pH tetragonal ZrO2 crystallizes from an amorphous zirconium (hydrous) oxide, Zr(OH)xOy, precursor. At intermediate pH conditions mixtures of the polymorphs are formed suggestive of kinetically competing particle formation mechanisms. The data are explained by the proposed existence of three controlling regimes for the formation of crystalline ZrO2: dissolution/precipitation at low pH, a solubility controlled regime at intermediate pH values, and a gel structure controlled regime at high pH. Apparent activation energies for the nucleation and crystallization of monoclinic and tetragonal ZrO2 formed under hydrothermal conditions are presented.