cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Following and intercepting scribbles: interactions between eye and hand control

The smooth pursuit eye movement system appears to be importantly engaged during the planning and execution of interceptive hand movements. The present study sought to probe the interaction between eye and hand control systems by examining their responses during an interception task that included target speed perturbations. On 2/3 of trials, the target increased or decreased speed at various times, ranging from about 300 ms before to 150 ms after the onset of a finger movement directed to intercept the target and was triggered by a GO signal. Additionally, the same 2D sum-of-sines target trajectories were followed with the eyes without interception. The smooth pursuit system responded more quickly if the target speed perturbation occurred earlier during the reaction time (i.e., near the time of the GO signal). Similarly, the finger movement began more quickly if target speed was increased earlier during the reaction time. For early perturbation conditions, the initial direction of the finger movement matched the predicted target intercept using the new target speed. For perturbations occurring after finger movement, onset initial direction of finger movement did not match target interception such that the finger path began to curve toward the perturbed target after about 150-200 ms. The results support the idea of an active process of visual target path extrapolation simultaneously used to guide both the eye and hand.
Handling dynamic uncertainties for electric power system modeling and control

This paper demonstrates an approach to treat partial dynamic uncertainties for purposes of electric power system monitoring and control. Stochastic modeling from real time measurements, and system parameter estimation techniques are used to identify the unknown dynamics. Cases of dynamic uncertainties, often encountered in electric power system studies, and discussed in this paper involve: [i] Electric load demand forecast, and/or system frequency prediction for purposes of system planning and automatic generation control. [ii] Dynamic characterization of electric loads or generators for different stability studies. [iii] Equivalencing of unknown parts of partially specified networks for handling large scale system complexities, computational cost and storage limitations. For a given sequence of load demands, Case (i), or frequency, a stochastic one-step-ahead predictive model is postulated and a set of undetermined parameters is estimated. In Case (ii), dynamical model for transients as seen at a particular load bus is formulated from current and voltage data gathered. Two separate feed-forward and feedback-loops generating current and voltage processes are then identified, conveying the interdependence of the two processes and orthogonality of disturbances. In Case (iii), dynamic equivalencing of totally or partially unknown parts of a large power system is considered. The static performance of the unspecified part is represented through generalised Thevenin's theory, or computed from tie line measurements. The dynamic impact of the unknown areas on the parts of concern is analyzed as a stochastic stationary process excited by unknown disturbances and observable inputs. Some case studies are referred to.
Zoxazolamine as a uricosuric agent. II. Clinical evaluation in the treatment of gout

Zoxazolamine was a well-tolerated and effective uricosuric agent in 20 gouty patients treated for 3 to 31 months. Cardiovascular disease adversely affected the uricosuric response. Increases in creatinine clearance during treatment indicate that gout nephropathy may be reversible. Evidence suggesting that inadequate fluid intake may hasten the development of renal complications in gout is presented. Zoxazolamina se provava un ben-tolerate e efficace agente uricosuric in 20 patientes guttose tractate durante periodos de inter 3 e 31 menses. Morbo cardiovascular exerceva un effecto adverse in le responsa uricosuric. Augmentationes del clearance de creatinina durante le tractamento indica que le nephropnthia de gutta es possibilemente revertibile. Es presentate datos que suggere que un inadequate ingestion de liquido accelera possibilemente le disveloppamento de complicationes renal in le presentia de gutta.
Silver incorporation in Ge-Se glasses used in programmable metallization cell devices

Abstract We investigate the nature of thin films formed by the photodissolution of Ag into Se-rich Ge–Se glasses for use in programmable metallization cell devices. These devices rely on ion transport in the film so produced to create electrically programmable resistance states. The way in which Ag incorporates into the chalcogenide film during photodiffusion is examined using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The results suggest that an Ag-rich phase separates due to the reaction of Ag with free Se from the chalcogenide glass leaving a Ge-rich chalcogenide matrix.
Analyzing critical designs: categories, distinctions, and canons of exemplars

The use of design as a critical tool to explore design's potential roles in society and the future has emerged as a trend in HCI and design research, but several questions remain open. How can we explain and teach how criticality can be applied to design? How can we assess, compare and give context to critical designs? How should we understand the relationships among practices that bear affinities to critical design, such as speculative design or critical engineering? We argue that many of these issues would be clarified if the HCI and design research communities had a collection of examples that exemplified not just critical design in general, but also its major genres, styles, historical trends, rhetorics, and other distinctions. As a first step in this direction, we detail our efforts to develop a more systematic vocabulary to talk about critical design. After assembling a small operative corpus from a wider inventory of critical designs, we apply poststructuralist semiotic theory to propose a number of analytic distinctions and concepts that could be used-along with others like them-to more systematically and deliberately construct a canon of exemplars and a more mature conceptual vocabulary for critical design.
SCR Drives---AC Line Disturbance, Isolation, and Short-Circuit Protection

In just eleven years, 1962-1973, adjustable-speed drives based on the SCR have progressed from zero to perhaps 80 percent of the market. Their real advantages are incontestable, high performance, efficiency, and reliability versus low cost, weight, size, and maintenance. But compatibility of the SCR drives with the ac line has become a live subject, to be covered in three parts in this paper. 1) AC line disturbance discusses the effects of the SCR drives on the ac line. 2) Short-circuit protection describes the adverse effects large power systems can have on SCR drives unless proper precautions are taken. 3) Isolation by means of a transformer is sometimes desirable to minimize these effects.
Skin cancer evaluation in transplant patients: a physician opinion survey with recommendations.

Background Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common malignancy in transplant patients. However, routine skin cancer evaluation is currently not the standard of care. Objective To investigate the current barriers among transplant physicians to skin cancer screening in their patients. To provide recommendations for appropriate routine skin surveillance. Methods A web-based survey was conducted among Baylor, Dallas transplant physicians. Thirty-seven of 46 responses were received, and 13 physicians (28%) were classified as “high screeners.” Results The univariate analysis revealed three main barriers including the perception of difficulty in seeing a dermatologist (p = 0.017), skin cancer evaluation is not an important aspect of transplant care (p = 0.038), and thirdly, the belief that there is insufficient evidence to warrant universal skin cancer screening in transplant patients (p = 0.013). The fully adjusted multivariable analysis resulted in two significant conclusions; the most important predictor was the perceived lack of medical evidence for skin cancer screening. Limitations The small sample size and all responses being from the same institution in Texas. Conclusion The dermatologic evidence for regular skin cancer screening in transplant patients needs dissemination to our transplant colleagues. This is a significant practice gap which can be appropriately closed by integrating dermatologists into the transplant team.
A Gene Located at 56F1-2 inDrosophila melanogasterEncodes a Novel Metazoan β-like Subunit of Casein Kinase II

Abstract Drosophila melanogastercasein kinase II (DmCKII) is composed of catalytic α and regulatory β subunits associated as an α2β2heterotetramer. Using the two-hybrid system, we have screened aDrosophilaembryo cDNA library for proteins that interact with DmCKII α. One of the cDNAs encodes a novel β-like polypeptide, which we designate β′.In situhybridization localizes the corresponding gene to 56F1-2, a site distinct from that of both the β gene and theStellatefamily of β-like sequences. The predicted sequence of β′ is more closely related to the β subunit ofDrosophilaand other metazoans than to the Stellate family of proteins, suggesting that it is a second regulatory subunit.In vitroreconstitution studies show that a GST-β′ fusion protein associates with the α subunit to generate a tetrameric complex with regulatory properties similar to those of the native α2β2holoenzyme. The data are consistent with the proposed role of the β′ subunit as an integral component of the holoenzyme.
Four new species of Eryngium (Umbelliferae) from Mexico

Four new monocotyloid Eryngia,E. ferrisiae, E. venustum, E. mexiae, andE. tzeltal from Mexico, are described, illustrated, and contrasted with related taxa.
Effects of Inconsiderate versus Considerate Text on Elementary Students' Vocabulary Learning.

Abstract Conducted as a systematic replication of previous work with secondary students (Konopak, 1988a), the purpose of this study was to determine if content textbook selections could be rewritten to enhance elementary students’ comprehension of unfamiliar vocabulary. Elementary social studies textbook selections were presented to high achieving and average achieving fifth grade students in one of two versions. The original version contained a naturally‐occurring yet inconsiderate presentation of technical vocabulary words in context. The rewritten version contained content which was more considerate to the reader with attention made to completeness, explicitness, proximity, and clarity of context clues. Findings indicated that elementary students’ vocabulary learning was enhanced with the revised text version. However, this learning did not appear to be as substantial as that of the secondary students in the previous investigation.
Suboptimality and stability of linear distributed-parameter systems with finite-dimensional controllers

In order to implement feedback control for practical distributed-parameter systems (DPS), the resulting controllers must be finite-dimensional. The most natural approach to obtain such controllers is to make a finite-dimensional approximation, i.e., a reduced-order model, of the DPS and design the controller from this. In past work using perturbation theory, we have analyzed the stability of controllers synthesized this way, but used in the actual DPS; however, such techniques do not yield suboptimal performance results easily. In this paper, we present a modification of the above controller which allows us to more properly imbed the controller as part of the DPS. Using these modified controllers, we are able to show a bound on the suboptimality for an optimal quadratic DPS regulator implemented with a finite-dimensional control, as well as stability bounds. The suboptimality result may be regarded as the distributed-parameter version of the 1968 results of Bongiorno and Youla.
High‐resolution peatland photos show change with global warming

[1] As global average temperatures rise, vast tracks of peatland currently encased in permafrost will be affected. As the ground thaws, peatlands will evolve in either of two directions. Along one path, land that was previously propped up by supportive permafrost subsides, forming a shallow basin that fills with water—a thermokarst lake. In the new lake, peat undergoes anaerobic bacterial decay, releasing methane to the environment. Alternatively, permafrost thawing can result in lake drainage. In the drained lake beds, fen vegetation and mosses can grow, drawing down atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The prevalence of these two processes, and their relationship to changing temperatures, remains an important question in understanding the consequences of permafrost thaw on the global carbon cycle.
In Vivo and In Vitro Uptake of Ferritin by Langerhans Cells of the Epidermis

The uptake of ferritin was studied in human and experimental animal skin to determine the possible role of the Langerhans cell as an epidermal phagocyte. It was demonstrated that Langerhans cells are capable of limited phagocytosis of ferritin particles, but that (1) phagocytosis occurs utilizing phagocytic vacuoles and without apparent relationship to the Langerhans cell granule and (2) epidermal keratinocytes are much more active in phagocytosis of ferritin in both in vivo and in vitro studies than either Langerhans cells or melanocytes. The present findings do not support the hypothesis that the intraepidermal Langerhans cell has a predominately phagocytic function.
Thermal Conductivity and Large Isotope Effect in GaN from First Principles

We present atomistic first principles results for the lattice thermal conductivity of GaN and compare them to those for GaP, GaAs, and GaSb. In GaN we find a large increase to the thermal conductivity with isotopic enrichment, ~65% at room temperature. We show that both the high thermal conductivity and its enhancement with isotopic enrichment in GaN arise from the weak coupling of heat-carrying acoustic phonons with optic phonons. This weak scattering results from stiff atomic bonds and the large Ga to N mass ratio, which give phonons high frequencies and also a pronounced energy gap between acoustic and optic phonons compared to other materials. Rigorous understanding of these features in GaN gives important insights into the interplay between intrinsic phonon-phonon scattering and isotopic scattering in a range of materials.
Granulomatous pigmented purpuric dermatosis

The granulomatous variant of the pigmented purpuric dermatoses (PPDs) is a rare and infrequently described condition, with a total of 16 cases published to date. We report a case of granulomatous PPD in a 59-year-old white woman who demonstrated involvement of the arms, legs, chest and back with concurrent hyperlipidaemia. Histopathological examination revealed a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate obscuring the dermoepidermal junction, and loose granuloma formation in the superficial dermis, with extravasated erythrocytes. Other conditions within the differential diagnosis such as atypical infection, papular sarcoidosis and generalized granuloma annulare were excluded on clinical and histological grounds. Our patient represents the ninth patient reported to have granulomatous PPD with coexisting hyperlipidaemia, and the fifth patient with granulomatous PPD and a lichenoid infiltrate.
Disparate risks of conviction under Michigan’s felony HIV disclosure law: An observational analysis of convictions and HIV diagnoses, 1992–2010

Recent public debates on race and crime have reignited an interest in the criminology literature on the effect of victim characteristics on criminal justice outcomes. This article examines whether defendant and complaining witness demographic characteristics are associated with disparate outcomes under Michigan’s felony HIV disclosure statute, which makes it a crime for HIV-positive individuals to have sex without first disclosing their HIV-status. Despite indications nationwide that the number of defendants charged under HIV-specific criminal statutes (HSCS) is increasing, few empirical studies have examined their application. This study of HSCS convictions (N = 51) retrospectively observes and compares the risks of conviction under Michigan’s HSCS for particular HIV-positive subpopulations between 1992 and 2010. Overall, a comparatively greater risk of conviction was observed for black men with female partners and white women overall. Contrary to expectations, a comparatively low risk of conviction was ...
Plasma Volumetric Effects on the Force Production of a Plasma Actuator

Dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators are examined experimentally and computationally. Experimental temporal force measurements show that the plasma actuator produces two positive (accelerating) forces per ac cycle. While the plasma is ignited, the actuator experiences an accelerating force, and, when the plasma is extinguished, a decelerating force appears. This occurs twice during each ac bias cycle. In addition, while the accelerating force is approximately equal in magnitude and direction during each half of the ac cycle, the decelerating force is not. Navier― Stokes simulations of the neutral air flow with a prescribed plasma force reveal that the variation in the decelerating actuator force is consistent with structural changes in the plasma itself. These plasma structural changes alter the volume over which the plasma force is imparted to the air and, in turn, change the amount of air drag incurred by the wall jet created by the plasma. During each actuator bias cycle, 70―90% of the momentum supplied by the plasma actuator is destroyed by drag with the wall immediately after the plasma extinguishes.
Microstructure and superconducting properties of attrition-milled Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox

The microstructure and superconducting properties of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi-2212) during high-energy attrition milling were investigated in detail by a combination of x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and magnetization techniques. The starting superconducting powder was milled in a standard laboratory attritor using yttria-stabilized ZrO2 balls and a stainless steel tank. After selected time increments, the milling was interrupted and a small quantity of milled powder was removed for further analysis. It was found that the deformation process rapidly refines Bi-2212 into nanometer-size crystallites, increases atomic-level strains, and changes the plate-like morphology of Bi-2212 to granular submicron clusters. At short milling times, the deformation seems localized at weakly linked Bi-O double layers, leading to twist/cleavage fractures along the {001} planes. The Bi-2212 phase decomposes into several bismuth-based oxides and an amorphous phase after excessive deformation. The superconducting transition is depressed by about 10 K in the early stages of milling and completely vanishes upon prolonged deformation. A deformation mechanism is proposed and correlated with the evolution of superconducting properties. The practical implications of these results are presented and discussed.
Seismic Performance Assessment of Simply Supported and Continuous Multispan Concrete Girder Highway Bridges

Seismic evaluations of typical concrete girder bridges are conducted for both a multispan simply supported and a multispan continuous girder bridge common to the Central and Southeastern United States. These evaluations are performed for an approximate hazard level of 2% in 50 years by performing nonlinear time history analyses on three-dimensional analytical models. The results show significant vulnerabilities in the reinforced concrete columns, the abutments, and also in unseating of the girders. In general, the longitudinal loading of the bridges results in larger demands than the transverse loading. However, the simply supported bridge sustains bearing deformations in the transverse direction which are on the same order as their longitudinal response. These results suggest that both longitudinal and transverse loading are significant and should be considered when performing seismic hazard analyses of these bridges.
A shared record for primary care

In this article the suggestion is made that we should develop a shared care record which would act as a communication system between different members of the health care team. Such a record would need to supplement rather than replace the personal records maintained by professional colleagues in their everyday work. The effective use of such a shared care record would be greatly assisted by the use of computer technology, once the organization and content of the record has been agreed. The principles of the problem oriented medical record make it well suited as a basis for the design of a shared care record. A possible structure is described. The idea that the patient should share in the maintenance of the record is advanced and questions of confidentiality in relation to the record are discussed.
Reliability-aware and energy-efficient synthesis of NoC based MPSoCs

In sub-65nm CMOS process technologies, networks-on-chip (NoC) are increasingly susceptible to transient faults (i.e., soft errors). To achieve fault tolerance, Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and Hamming Error Correction Codes (HECC) are often employed by designers to protect buffers used in NoC components. However, these mechanisms to achieve fault resilience introduce power dissipation overheads that can disrupt stringent chip power budgets and thermal constraints. In this paper, we propose a novel design-time framework (RESYN) to trade-off energy consumption and reliability in the NoC fabric at the system level for MPSoCs. RESYN employs a nested evolutionary algorithm approach to guide the mapping of cores on a die, and opportunistically determine locations to insert fault tolerance mechanisms in the NoC to minimize energy while satisfying reliability constraints. Our experimental results show that RESYN can reduce energy costs by 14.5% on average compared to a fully protected NoC, while still maintaining more than a 90% fault tolerance. If higher levels of reliability are desired, RESYN can generate a Pareto set of solutions allowing designers to select the most energy-efficient solution for any reliability goal. Given the increasing importance of reliability in the nanometer era for MPSoCs, this work provides important perspectives that can guide the reduction of overheads of reliable NoC design.
Automated Black Box Testing Tool for a Parallel Programming Library

As computers with multi-core CPUs become the norm, software development professionals must confront the challenge of developing software that takes advantage of this hardware trend. API providers, in turn, must provide useful parallel programming libraries. PLINQ, a parallel version of Microsoft's LINQ-to-Objects, is one such API aimed at providing a simple, functional style programming model for parallelism. At Microsoft, we have multiple testing strategies for the software components we develop. We present in this paper one approach to testing PLINQ using an automated test generation, execution, and evaluation strategy named SLUG (Systematic LINQ Unit-test Generator). This approach enables us to not only generate unit tests, but performance, stress, and security tests as well. We show that by using this approach to testing, we can achieve high code coverage; we analyze how SLUG allowed us to gain a higher confidence in the quality of our code.
Systemic harmaline blocks associative and motor learning by the actions of the inferior olive

Is there a role for the inferior olive in learning? Novel paradigms of conditioning involving tongue protrusion were developed using the rat to test whether: (a) the indole alkaloid harmaline blocks associative learning via actions within the inferior olive, and (b) the inferior olive is required for associative and motor learning. Harmaline blocked associative learning as measured by the absence of conditioned responses to a tone over six daily sessions of conditioning and the absence of retention without harmaline. Harmaline's effect on associative learning was completely blocked by prior removal of the inferior olive with 3-acetylpyridine. Rats whose inferior olives were chronically lesioned showed normal associative learning, normal associative memory, and could learn to modify tongue protrusion via a motor learning paradigm involving response shaping. Removal of the inferior olive degraded the performance of the licking motor system by increasing the latency of conditioned tongue protrusions and by increasing the temporal variability of rhythmic licking elicited by intraoral water. The experiments raise doubt as to whether the inferior olive encodes memory in the cerebellum but demonstrate that the inferior olive is essential for the temporal precision of movement. The results indicate that harmaline's antilearning action is produced by its ability to exaggerate the normal propensity of olivary neurons to fire rhythmically, a process that must be constrained under physiological conditions for normal learning to occur. It is concluded that there may be an important role for the rhythmic activity of inferior olivary neurons in the temporal processes that underlie both motor control and learning.
Annular dark-field imaging: Resolution and thickness effects

Abstract Simulations of annular dark-field zone-axis crystal images that explore the dependence of images with thickness are reported. Earlier work with digitally acquired experimental images and diffraction patterns provide excellent agreement with multi-slice-based, “frozen phonon” simulations and thus provide a foundation for this work. Additional experiments at 60 kV add support. Simulations of indium phosphide at 300 kV and 1.3 A resolution show evidence that the phosphorus image is weak. The results of the currently reported thickness simulations suggest that while the electron beam probe channels for long distances in low-Z-element materials such as silicon or phosphorus, the channeled probe travels only about 100 A in heavier elements such as germanium or indium. Such an effect has serious implications for quantitative analysis using annular dark-field imaging, electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray microanalysis.
Melatonin synthesis in rat pineal glands inhibited by x-irradiation.

SummaryMelatonin synthesis was measured in individual male, rat pineal glands in vitro. When compared with control animals 24 hr after treatment, rats irradiated with 450 R of X rays demonstrated a striking decrease in the activity of the melatonin-synthesizing enzyme hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase in the pineal glands.
A Linearized Model for Mov-Protected Series Capacitors

A method for modeling series capacitors protected by metal oxide varistors has been developed for calculations requiring linear impedances. Fault and stability programs can now be adapted to perform the previously infeasible calculations on circuits containing these non-linear protection devices. The model which is simple yet applicable to virtually any series capacitor installation has been incorporated into BPA's fault and stability programs. This paper describes the development and use of this unique method.
Alcohol taxes as a public health measure

Summary Prices of alcoholic beverages in the U.S. have declined sharply over the last two decades relative to the overall rate of price inflation, in part because federal alcohol excise taxes have not been increased since 1951. There is strong evidence that an increase in alcohol taxes would reduce the prevalence of chronic heavy drinking; this evidence, summarized here, is based on an analysis of the effect of changes in state liquor taxes rates on cirrhosis mortality. Thus alcohol taxation is an effective public health policy investment. Alcohol taxes are also fairly well targeted, in the sense that a large fraction of tax revenues are collected from those whose alcohol consumption level places them at risk for health problems and other alcohol-related problems.
New geophysical constraints on a failed subduction initiation: The structure and potential evolution of the Gagua Ridge and Huatung Basin

We modeled the velocity structure of the Huatung Basin and Gagua Ridge using offshore wide-angle seismic data along four ∼E-W transects. These transects are accompanied by several multichannel seismic reflection (MCS) profiles that highlight the shallow deformation in this area east of Taiwan. Although it is agreed that the Gagua Ridge was the product of a transient compressional episode in the past, relatively few data have been collected that reveal the deeper structure resulting from this enigmatic process. The velocity models show evidence for normal, to thin, oceanic crustal thicknesses in the Huatung Basin and West Philippine Basin. Moho reflections from the associated MCS profiles confirm the thickness observed in the velocity models. The velocity models indicate significant crustal thickening associated with the Gagua Ridge, to 12–18 km along its entire length. Most importantly, the two central velocity models also show a significant asymmetry in the crustal thickening, suggesting a westward underthrusting of >20 km of WPB oceanic crust beneath that of the Huatung Basin. This geometry is extremely unexpected given interpretations that indicate the Huatung Basin could be significantly older than the West Philippine Basin (Early Cretaceous versus Eocene). Our observations, along with recent geophysical data concerning the age of the Huatung Basin, indicate that the Gagua Ridge was the result of a failed subduction event during the Miocene that may have existed simultaneously and for a short time, competed with the Manila subduction zone to the west in accommodating convergence between the Eurasia and Philippine Sea plates. In this scenario, the present-day Gagua Ridge represents a snapshot of a failed subduction initiation preserved in the geologic record.
Programmable pulse shaping by using Liquid Crystal-Spatial Light Modulator (LC-SLM) for optical wireless communications

We demonstrated programmable optical pulse shaping of femto-second laser pulse by using liquid crystal-spatial light modulator (LC-SLM). With a combination of amplitude and phase mask in LC-SLM, arbitrarily shaped ultra-short pulse waveforms could be synthesized by manipulating the frequency components which are spatially dispersed in the high-resolution zero-dispersion pulse shaping system. The specified shaped pulses, square root raised cosine (SRRC) and Meyer wavelet, are generated through the programmable pulse shaping system, which can potentially improve the performance of optical wireless communication system, for transmission through clouds.
Hyperswitch network for the hypercube computer

The performance of a parallel algorithm depends in a large part on the interconnection topology of the multicomputer system. The method presented in this paper realizes a kind of interconnection network, called a hyperswitch network, that is achieved using a mixture of static and dynamic topologies. Here, available or fault free paths need not be specified by a source because the routing header can be modified in response to congestion or faults encountered as a path is established. This method can be accomplished in a static topology such as the hypercube network if the nodes have switching elements which are capable of performing the necessary routing header revisions dynamically. Detailed simulation results show that the hyperswitch network is consistently more efficient than fixed path routing for large message traffic conditions. The simulation results also show that the hyperswitch network has equivalent latency overhead for messages with localized and antilocal destinations (i.e., less then a 25% difference between diameter 1 and 5).
WikiTable: a new tool for collaborative authoring and data management

Tables are an efficient tool for organizing complex data. Even though they are pervasively used in all kinds of documentation, current implementations of tables often limit the power of data management because generally they do not support concurrent collaborative authoring; they only allow keyword search, which typically yields poor search performance; and transporting tables among different applications is cumbersome. We present a new table tool, WikiTable, which permits multiple users to work on the same table simultaneously. The content of each table is stored in a database, which enables accurate data inquiry. More importantly, WikiTable is highly portable, permitting easy integration with other applications, such as Wikis or Blogs. An effort to apply the WikiTable in a global collaboration project of software development is also discussed.
Maximum crosstalk in a transmission line system with linear time-invariant terminal networks

The authors analyze the crosstalk in the case of a coupled transmission line system with linear time-invariant terminal networks. They present techniques for computing the maximum possible value for crosstalk that can take place at a certain line and find the pattern of the input excitations and the relative delays for which the maximum occurs. For the case of lossless transmission lines, a procedure is outlined for finding the length of the lines above which the maximum crosstalk at the load end is constant. >
The structure and development of the digital lamellae of lizards.

The epidermal setae and the spinules of the digital lamellae of anoline and gekkonid lizards are shed periodically along with the rest of the outer layer of the skin. These structures are developed within the lamellae prior to ecdysis. The setae are larger and more complicated than the spinules and begin their development first. The setae of Anolis start as aggregations of tonofibrils beneath the plasma membrane of the presumptive Oberhautchen cells. These cells are arranged in rows parallel to the surface, several cell layers beneath the alpha layer of the skin. The developing setae protrude into the clear layer cells as finger-like projections, with the tonofibrils longitudinally oriented in the direction of growth. About 100 setae are formed by each Oberhautchen cells in Anolis. In late development, the clear layer cells lose their cellular contents and when shed along with all distal cells, retain a template of the new setae or spinules. The spinules and setae are formed before the fibrous and alpha layers of the new skin. The fibrous layer, which occurs only on the ventral (outer) layer of the lamellae, and the Oberhautchen with its setae and spinules, is considered the beta layer. The alpha layer, which occurs adjacent to the fibrous layer on the ventral surface and adjacent to the Oberhautchen on the dorsal (inner) surface, is morphologically identical to that of mammalian α keratin. The shed lizard skin consists of the alpha and beta layers as well as the degenerating cells of the outer epidermal generation, and the clear layer. The clear layer that is shed shows the template of the new setae and spinules developed in the new skin layer. The separation of the new from the old skin occurs along the intercellular space between the clear layer cells and the new Oberhautchen. The alpha layer of the skin is not fully keratinized at shedding. The setae of the digital lamellae of lizards represent unique epidermal structures — intracellular keratinized microstructures.
Challenges in experimenting with botnet detection systems

In this paper, we examine the challenges faced when evaluating botnet detection systems. Many of these challenges stem from difficulties in obtaining and sharing diverse sets of real network traces, as well as determining a botnet ground truth in such traces. On the one hand, there are good reasons why network traces should not be shared freely, such as privacy concerns, but on the other hand, the resulting data scarcity complicates quantitative comparisons to other work and conducting independently repeatable experiments. These challenges are similar to those faced by researchers studying large-scale distributed systems only a few years ago, and researchers were able to overcome many of the challenges by collaborating to create a global testbed, namely PlanetLab. We speculate that a similar system for botnet detection research could help overcome the challenges in this domain, and we briefly discuss the associated research directions.
Similarities between mouse and rat-liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 induced by 3-methylcholanthrene. Evidence from catalytic, immunologic, and recombinant DNA studies

Anti-(P1-450) and anti-(P-448) are two antibodies developed against distinctly different forms of 3-methyl- cholanthrene-induced cytochrome P-450 in C57BL/6N mouse liver microsomes [Negishi and Nebert, J. Biol. Chem. 254, 11015-11023 (1979)]. The effects of these antibodies on Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes and rat ‘minimal deviation’ hepatoma 7777 microsomes were studied. Rat microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, induced by polycyclic aromatic compounds, is prefer- entially inhibited by anti-(P1-450) more so than anti-(P-448). Polycyclic-aromatic-induced rat liver microsomal acetanilide 4-hydroxylase activity is preferentially inhibited by anti-(P-448) more so than anti-(P1-450). Anti (P1-450) precipitates a 56-kDa moiety in polycyclic-aromatic-induced rat liver microsomes. Anti-(P-448) precipitates a 55-kDa moiety in control, phenobarbital-treated, or polycyclic-aromatic-induced rat liver microsomes. A heterogeneity was found amongst individual Morris ‘minimal deviation’ hepatomas 7777, indicating the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and acetanilide 4-hydroxylase'activities must represent different forms of rat P-450. Clone 46 DNA, a portion of the mouse cloned P1-450 structural gene, hybridizes to one gene (or a small number of genes) in rat liver and to 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat 23-S P1-450 mRNA. As has already been shown in the mouse [Tukey, Nebert and Negishi, J. Biol. Chem. 256, 6969-6974 (1981)], rat liver P1-450 induction is under transcriptional control, and there is no evidence for gene amplification or some gross form of DNA rearrangement. These data demonstrate striking similarities between rat and mouse for the P1-450 structural gene, the P1-450 mRNA, the P1-450 protein and the P-448 protein. Polycyclic-aromatic-induced P1-450, and its association with polycyclic-aromatic-induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, therefore does not appear to be closely correlated with polycyclic-aromatic-induced P-448 in either rat or mouse.
Abortive and productive infections of human mononuclear phagocytes by type I herpes simplex virus.

Abstract The ability of Type I herpes simplex (HSV) to replicate in normal human monouclear phagocytes was investigated. Mononuclear leukocytes were obtained from the peripheral blood of patients by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugation, and the monocytes were isolated by allowing the cells to adhere to tissue culture dishes. The monocytes (10(5.0) cells) were infected (10(7.0) PFU HSV) either immediately after isolation or were cultured in vitro for varying numbers of days and were then infected. Inoculation of freshly isolated monocytes resulted primarily in an abortive infection. HSV antigens were produced by the cells, as determined by a indirect fluorescent antibody technique, and empty herpes capsid structures were detected by electron microscopy of the inoculated monocytes; however, no increase in virus titer was noted in the cultures. Inoculation of viable cells that had been maintained for 7 days in culture resulted in a productive infection. An increase in titer was noted 24 hours after inoculation, and normal virus maturation was documented by ultrastructural study of the infected cells. The experiments show that the interaction of HSV with human mononuclear phagocytes is complex, and the data suggest that whether or not the cell replicates infectious virus may depend on the functional activity of the cell.
Chapter 4 – Filter Bank Families: Design and Performance

This chapter discusses the description, listing of coefficients, and comparative performance evaluation of various filter bank families. It then connects and compares these evaluations with those of the transform block. The chapter describes a method for the optimal design of filters using extended performance measures that include not only the standard unitary perfect reconstruction (PR) but also constraints embodying a mix of criteria, such as linear-phase, compaction and source signal statistics, aliasing energy and cross-correlation of subband signals, and certain time and frequency constraints. The chapter discusses analysis of the distribution of aliasing energy among the subbands, in terms of an energy matrix; and it defines a single parameter that measures this distribution. The chapter provides tables that compare this matrix and parameter for a sample block transform, PR-quadrature mirror filter (PR-QMF), and the most regular wavelet filter. The chapter concludes with rigorous modeling of quantization effects and optimum design of quantized M-band filter banks.
Legal aspects of genetic information.

Abstract The federally funded Human Genome Initiative will lead to the development of new capabilities to learn about an individual's genetic status. Legal issues are raised concerning patients' and other parties' access to that information. This article discusses the effect of existing statutes and case law on three pivotal questions: To what sort of information are people entitled? What control should people have over their genetic information? Do people have a right to refuse genetic information? The article emphasizes that the law protects a patient's right to obtain or refuse genetic information about oneself, as well as the right to control the dissemination of that information to others.
Adaption to life at high salt concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

The diversity of hypersaline environments and the physiology of representative organisms are only beginning to be understood. Recent progress in this area is documented in "Adaptation to life at high salt concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya" – eds. Nina Gunde-Cimerman, Aharon Oren and Ana Plemenitas. The 34 chapters successfully paint a fascinating emerging picture of these environments and the microorganisms inhabiting them.
An Investigation on Localization of Auditory Signals

Information transmission from machine to man is a very critical factor in emergency situations. In such cases, it is often recommended that auditory signals be employed. However, if more than one type of emergency condition is likely to occur, it becomes necessary to properly code them for ease of perception and action. This paper will describe a study conducted to investigate the human ability to identify auditory stimulus. Three frequency levels (500 Hz, 1000 Hz, and 2000 Hz) and three intensity levels (50 db, 60db, and 70 db) were used. The results indicate that the subjects were more accurate when the source was in front rather than in the rear. Also left side location was found better than right side location. The data was further analyzed for the amount of information transmitted for the tested pure tones.
Biomimetic Sensors and Actuators

Several types of biornimetic structures suitable for underseas systems are described. Composite sensors and actuators are modeled after coral, fish, sharks and bats.
Reduction of androstane-3, 17-dione by liver homogenates.

SummaryGuinea pig liver homogenates reduce androstane-3, 17-dione to androsterone, epiandrosterone, androstan-17β-ol-3-one and androstane-3a, 17β-diol. The latter two compounds were observed only in trace amounts when addition of co-factors to the incubation mixture produced a marked increase in the amount of metabolites formed. Anaerobic conditions had no effect on the conversion produced by DPN. FDP and Na. The system which produced epiandrosterone exhibited an optimum pH of about 6.7. The formation of the other metabolites, however, was not affected by changes in pH. Approximately three-fourths of the ability to reduce androstane-3, 17-dione was in the supernatant fraction of homogenates centrifuged at 1500 x g.
Hernán Cortés, Sultan of Babylon

A group of Tlaxcaltecas may have travelled to Mexico City to see The Conquest of Rhodes.Hoping perhaps to surpass their former enemies in the Aztec capital, they decided to stage The Conquest of Jerusalem in their own city and, ‘to make the play more solemn,… to postpone it to the Feast of Corpus Christi’.
Cervical Fracture/Subluxation in a Patient with a Prior C2-Sacrum Fusion: Case Report and Review of Literature

Traumatic injury to an adjacent segment of a previously fused spine is a rare complication of scoliosis surgery. The adjacent spinal segments may be more vulnerable to traumatic fracture or dislocation due to increased strain. We present a patient with prior C2 to sacrum fusion who suffered a C2 fracture/dislocation after falling. A 52-year-old female with a previous C2 to the sacrum fusion for idiopathic scoliosis presented with severe and progressively worsening neck pain after multiple falls. Imaging showed anterior displacement of the C2 vertebral body, fracture of C2, and anterior subluxation of the C1-2 complex on C3. The patient underwent posterior occiput to cervical fusion and reduction of the C1-C2 complex. Our case describes a potential complication of long-segment fusion. Adjacent segments may be more prone to fracture-dislocation because of increased intradiscal pressure and strain. Clinicians should have a high suspicion of fractures in patients with prior spinal fusions in the setting of trauma.
Current practices are variable in the evaluation and management of patients with anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery: Results of a survey.

Background Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA) is the second leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes in the USA. Long-term outcome data for these patients are lacking to date. There is insufficient knowledge on the best approach to these patients and they are managed in a nonuniform manner. Methods An online survey of 15 questions regarding management of AAOCA was sent out to 198 cardiac healthcare providers. The goal was to define gaps in knowledge to justify a dedicated scientific forum for discussion of AAOCA. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results A total of 91 providers (46%) completed the survey including pediatric cardiology subspecialists (40%), general pediatric cardiologists (24%), cardiovascular (CV) surgeons (22%), adult cardiologists (10%), nurse practitioners (8%), cardiology fellows (3%) and CV anesthesiologist (1%). Forty-eight percent had been practicing for over 15 years and 28% were in their first 5 years of practice. Fifty-two percent of the providers cared for adults and 93% cared for children/adolescents. Eighty-eight percent were affiliated with an academic institution. All but one provider practiced in the USA, 62% practiced in Texas. Half of participants (50%) were very comfortable managing AAOCA patients and 36% were somewhat comfortable. Providers utilized various imaging tests to confirm the anatomy including computed tomography angiography 88%, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 70%, cardiac catheterization 60%, echocardiogram 12%, IVUS 2% and myocardial perfusion scan 1%. The majority felt comfortable in counseling the families and felt that depending on the type of lesion these patients should get surgical referral (85%) vs clinical follow up (67%) with exercise restriction (65%). Conclusion There is heterogeneity in the way AAOCA patients are currently evaluated and managed. A knowledge gap exists even with participants from academic institutions. Long-term data with a defined approach to management of these patients may help to improve outcomes and prevent unnecessary exercise restriction or surgery.