cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bonneville basin shoreline records of large lake intervals during Marine Isotope Stage 3 and the Last Glacial Maximum

Abstract Lacustrine shoreline depositional features in the Bonneville basin, western North America, were investigated to chronicle paleolake expansion and contraction in response to climate change. Based on stratigraphy, sedimentology, geomorphology, and radiocarbon dating, this study identifies multiple intermediate- to large-lake intervals during Marine Isotope Stage 3 and the Last Glacial Maximum. Timing and magnitude of the Bonneville basin lake size change are compared with those of hemispheric-scale climate-change events reported from the Greenland ice sheet, southwestern North America winter precipitation, and East Asian monsoon δ 18 O records. The amount of precipitation received by surface water systems in the Bonneville basin appears to have increased significantly during the Greenland stades throughout the last half of MIS 3 and early MIS 2. The lake also underwent rapid, large amplitude oscillations during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Hereditary carcinoma syndromes associated with benign head and neck tumors

Hereditary forms of carcinoma may be associated with benign head and neck tumors. Many of these hereditary carcinoma syndromes present first to the otolaryngologist. Two unusual cases of Gardner's and Muir--Torre's syndromes illustrate the hereditary carcinoma syndromes associated with head and neck lesions. We describe the use of new genetic markers and propose a diagnostic algorithm.
Evidence-based management of chronic wounds.

Objective Identify the consistency of current chronic wound care practices with evidence-based recommendations for wound management. Design A retrospective study based on 400 subject records (venous ulcers, 183; diabetic ulcers, 103; and pressure ulcers, 114). Study records were located at hospitals, wound care centers and clinics, home health agencies, and nursing homes in 4 diverse geographic locations. Methods Chronic wound assessment and evidence-based treatment practices were identified by extensive review of the literature, professional Web sites, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality National Guideline Clearinghouse. Actual delivery of wound care practices was obtained from retrospective chart reviews and a structured data abstraction protocol. Collected data were then compared with recommended practices for consistency, adherence variations, and wound healing across data collection sites. Results Significant variations occurred in adherence to evidence-based recommendations across sites of care delivery, with selection and application of appropriate dressings showing the greatest need for improvement. Conclusions Current chronic wound care practices are inconsistent with evidence-based recommendations for wound management. Further studies are needed to determine the best method for translating this information to multiple settings.
The effect of pyridoxine deficiency induced by desoxypyridoxine in human subjects upon the excretion of N1-methylnicotinamide after tryptophan administration

There is evidence in the literature that the conversion of tryptophan to N1-methylnicotinamide may require pyridoxine (1,2,3). Holt (4) has suggested that a reduction in the amount of N’-methylnicotinamide excreted after a test dose of tryptophan may be used as a test for pyridoxine deficiency. Other evidence has been reported (5,6), however, that pyridoxine is not a factor of primary importance in the conversion and that the apparent relationship between pyridoxine deficiency and poor conversion of tryptophan to N’-methylnicotinamide is due to severe caloric restriction (6) or protein imbalance (7,8). Heimberg, Rosen, Leder, and Perlzweig (9) have shown that the protein level of the diet is of primary importance to the amount of N’-methylnicotinamide excreted, after test doses of tryptophan; the higher the protein level the lower the amount of N1-methylnicotinamide. They found no evidence to support a primary need for pyridoxine in this conversion, though at a 10% casein level, pyridoxine deprivation induced a reduction in the amount of N’-methylnicotinamide excreted. Using desoxypyridoxine, a pyridoxine antagonist, we have produced what appears to be pyridoxine deficiency in human beings (10). Seborrhea-like dermatitis and mucous membrane lesions are induced which respond to pyridoxine but not to other members of the vitamin B com-
Involving preservice secondary mathematics teachers in data analysis

An adaptation of the constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Strauss, 1987) is illustrated using data from a study of three preservice secondary mathematics teachers. Data were collected using interviews, observations, and written artifacts. Data analysis stages included one in which research participants assisted in the coding process by categorizing statements they had made in previous interviews. This involvement simplified the data analysis process, motivated ongoing analysis during data collection, and helped in identifying accurate and meaningful information about the preservice teachers’ beliefs. Findings illustrate how these benefits were achieved as well as how theory emerged from data during analysis.
Use of preoperative uroflowmetry and simultaneous urethrocystometry for predicting risk of prolonged postoperative bladder drainage

To select patients at increased risk of needing prolonged postoperative bladder drainage after incontinence surgery, the data obtained from preoperative uroflowmetry and voiding urethrocystometry were analyzed in a group of 43 patients for presence and/or absence of reduced flow rates and detrusor contraction during voiding. All patients with adequate detrusor contraction and flow rates were able to resume spontaneous voiding by the seventh postoperative day. One third of patients voiding without detrusor contraction needed prolonged bladder drainage (p less than 0.05). Presence of normal flow rates reduced their risk to 20 per cent while reduced flow rates enhanced their risk to 100 per cent (p less than 0.05). Changes observed in urethral pressure, abdominal pressures, and flow rates individually were not significant predictors of the need for prolonged bladder drainage.
Linking Benefits to Marital Status: Race and Social Security in the US

In the US, marital status is more important than work history in determining economic security for many older women. Two-thirds of older women in the US receive spouse or widow Social Security benefits. These benefits generally require recipients to be currently married or to have had a ten-year marriage. Declining marriage rates, coupled with shorter marriages, dramatically change the distributional impact of these benefits on each cohort as they become eligible for Social Security. This paper uses June 1985, 1990, and 1995 CPS supplemental data to trace the decline in marital rates for women from five birth cohorts. We find that the proportion of persons who will be eligible as spouses or widows is decreasing modestly for whites and Hispanics, but dramatically for African Americans. This growing race gap in marital rates suggests that older black women will be particularly unlikely to qualify for these benefits.
Calmodulin binds to the Rab GTPase activating protein required for insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation.

Abstract Recently, we described a 160 kDa protein with a Rab GTPase activating protein domain that is phosphorylated on multiple sites by the protein kinase Akt (designated AS160). Phosphorylation of AS160 in adipocytes is required for insulin-stimulated translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. In the present study, we searched for proteins that interact with the GTPase activating protein (GAP) domain region of AS160 by the yeast two-hybrid screen. This search indicated that calmodulin bound to a small domain just amino terminal to the GAP domain of AS160, and this association has been confirmed by three other methods, including co-immunoprecipitation from lysates of adipocytes. The association was Ca ion dependent. The role of calmodulin binding to AS160 in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation was examined through the generation of a point mutant of AS160 that did not bind calmodulin. This mutation did not interfere with the capacity of AS160 lacking Akt phosphorylation sites to inhibit GLUT4 translocation. Consequently, calmodulin binding is probably not required for the participation of AS160 in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation.
Absence of an Isotope Effect in Superconducting Ruthenium

The superconducting isotope effect is examined in five Ru specimens by measurements of the bulk magnetization, which show the effect of isotopic composition on the superconducting critical field. All specimens showed excellent superconducting behavior, and a typical series of isothermal transitions is plotted. To avoid uncertainty associated with absolute temperature measurements, the isothermal critical field differences of four of the specimens was measured relative to one specimen used as a reference. The data confirm that the superconducting isotope effect does not occur in Ru and indicate that, if Ru has any isotope effect at all, it must be at least an order of magnitude smaller than that shown by the nontransition superconducting elements. (H.D.R.)
Early Treatment of Degenerative Arthritis of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint

Degenerative arthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is a common disorder that may affect anyone but most frequently affects the postmenopausal female population. Because of its high prevalence, the management of the condition has been a popular topic among hand surgeons and therapists worldwide. There are many decisions to consider when devising the appropriate treatment plan for each patient. In particular, early stages of thumb CMC joint arthritis may be treated nonoperatively or with less invasive surgical techniques to relieve symptoms, restore function and strength, stop the progression of the disease, and even potentially reverse the process. This article explores treatment options at the disposal of primary care physicians and hand surgeons for early thumb CMC arthritis.
Comparison of cytomorphology in specimens obtained by random periareolar fine needle aspiration and ductal lavage from women at high risk for development of breast cancer.

Ductal lavage (DL) and random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) are both being used to harvest epithelial cells for risk assessment as well as response evaluation in chemoprevention trials. The magnitude of increase in relative risk has been defined in a prospective study for RPFNA but not for DL atypia. We attempted both procedures in 26 women at high risk for development of breast cancer. Median age was 43 (range 32–57); 15 women were premenopausal, with 6 of the postmenopausal women on HRT. Collection of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) was attempted and, if successful, was followed by DL; RPFNA was then performed on all women. Both procedures were attempted the same day (follicular phase of menstrual cycle if premenopausal) in 24 subjects and within three months for two subjects. Twenty-three subjects produced NAF, 17 of the 23 (74%) had a successful duct cannulation as part of the DL procedure, with 16 yielding sufficient ((10) ductal cells for morphologic assessment. Twenty-five of 26 (96%) subjects had a successful RPFNA procedure with adequate cellularity for morphology. There was concordance between DL and RPFNA specimens for traditional cytologic category assessment in 10/16 (63%), Masood index score in 13/16 (82%), and Consensus Panel assessment in 12/16 (75%) of specimens. We conclude that same day DL and RPFNA is feasible, with 62% and 96% of high-risk women having a successful procedure with evaluable cytomorphology. RPFNA was more likely to yield an evaluable specimen, but if a cellular DL specimen was obtained, morphology was generally similar.
519 SUCCESSFUL SPLENO-RENAL SHUNT AND SPLENECTOMY IN TWO PATIENTS WITH ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY

The hepatitis associated with AlAT deficiency is no longer considered an invariably fatal disorder. For some patients portal hypertension may be the major determinant of survival. The few reports of porta-systemic venous anastomoses have shown poor results or uncertain outcome, and doubts exist as to whether such shunts should be performed. Two patients with AlAT deficiency (PiZZ) and associated portal hypertension, cirrhosis (proven by biopsy) and hypersplenism underwent spleno-renal shunt and splenectomy six years ago, and both are doing well, attending school, and have practically normal liver function. One of the patients has chronic severe headaches, diarrhea, exudative enteropathy (20% of Cr51-labelled albumin recovered in stools in 4 days), sinusitis and hematuria, all uncommon in A1AT deficiency but likely related to the primary disorder. She also has a higher trypsin inhibitory capacity (0.45 mg trypsin inhibited/ml serum) than is generally reported in ZZ individuals. Based on the experience with these two patients, we conclude that AlAT deficiency is not a valid contraindication to the performance of a porta-systemic shunt. Supported in part by the John W. Champion Center.
Self-formed gadolinia coatings on gadolinium chromite

Abstract Characteristics of the gadolinia coating formed on Sr- and Ca-doped gadolinium chromite during vacuum evaporation were studied in relation to their effects on chromium oxide loss. It is suggested that the very porous coating provides some protection from vaporization by increasing the recapture probability of escaping species, and that the coating might be improved with suitable impurity additions.
Model for quantum scattering of rotons. I. Hard-sphere interaction

A new model is proposed for the behavior of rotons. We postulate a linear Schrodinger equation with a hypothetical Hamiltonian fit to the dispersion relation and treat the three-dimensional scattering problem. All calculations are done in closed form. As an example, we study scattering by a hard sphere, which yields the same result as that obtained in the high-energy limit of the usual Schrodinger equation. The calculated mobility gives a reasonable fit to the radii of both positive and negative ions.
Ballistocardiographic patterns in intraluminal aortic obstructions

Abstract The ballistocardiograph has been used extensively in the past ten years to determine cardiac output in various vascular conditions. During these studies it has become evident that abnormalities of the ballistocardiographic pattern consistently appear in the presence of certain pathologic states. This paper is concerned primarily with the abnormal pattern occurring in the presence of intraluminal aortic obstruction. The phenomenon of body recoil following heart beat led a Scotsman, J. W. Gordon, 1 to build the first ballistocardiograph in 1877. In 1905, Henderson 2 described a ballistocardiograph which he had designed, and reported a study in which he had attempted to determine the movements of the circulation as reflected by the recoil curve. Other men made brief investigations in this field, but it was not until the early 1930's that continuous and effective study was begun. In 1939, Starr and co-workers 3 published a description of a high-frequency ballistocardiograph, and since that time Starr has taken well over a thousand records in health and disease. He has emphasized the need for correlation of abnormal ballistocardiograms with disease entities. 4 Nickerson and Curtis, 5 in 1944, described a low-frequency, critically damped ballistocardiograph, similar in principle to the machine designed by Henderson. In a subsequent study, Nickerson, Warren, and Brannon 6 demonstrated the reliability and clinical application of this instrument in determining cardiac output. The records made by both the high- and low-frequency machines are similar and no great difference in results has been observed. 7
Racial and Cultural Factors and Learning Transfer

Racial and cultural influences on learning transfer have rarely been addressed. This chapter explores theoretical, anecdotal, and the limited empirical evidence for the influence of these factors and their implications for learning transfer in adult education practice.
Synchronization in human-robot Musicianship

Shimon is a interactive robotic marimba player, developed as part of our ongoing research in Robotic Musicianship (RM). One of the potential benefits of RM is that it provides human players with embodied information that relates spatial movement to tone generation. This can aid in anticipation and coordination of synchronous playing.
Microtubule reorganization accompanying preprophase band formation in guard mother cells ofAvena sativa L.

In order to study developmental changes in microtubule organization attending the formation of a longitudinally oriented preprophase band, the guard mother cells ofAvena were examined using a new procedure for anti-tubulin immunocytochemistry on large epidermal segments. We found that the interphase band (IMB) of transverse cortical microtubules present in these cells following asymmetric division is replaced after subsidiary cell formation by mesh-like to radial microtubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm. Many of the Mts are also grouped in bundles. Gradually, this intermediate array is succeeded by longitudinal elements of the PPB. Thus, preprophase band formation is accompanied by a 90° shift in Mt orientation, with a radial arrangement serving as an intermediate stage. The micrographs are most consistent with the rearrangement of intact Mts, although changes in Mt assembly are possible as well. The role of the IMB in guard mother cells is also discussed.
Intracardiac repair of double outlet right ventricle

Intracardiac repair of double outlet right ventricle (DORV) remains controversial. DORV is a particular mode of ventriculo-arterial connection and not a specific congenital heart disease. It can exhibit a wide spectrum of anatomic and physiologic variations. This heterogeneity has naturally led to controversies over the anatomical definition, classification schemes, and the techniques for surgical repair. From a surgical standpoint, the functional classification that was adopted together by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), The European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the Association of the European Pediatric Cardiologists (AEPC), provides useful information to understand the anatomical variations and the choice of the surgical technique. The lesions that remain a surgical challenge are those where "200% of the great vessels" arise from the right ventricle. Namely: DORV-nc-VSD and DORV-AVSD-heterotaxy. Both of these lesions have traditionally been indications for single-ventricle palliation. In our series, there was one death in 15 of these challenging patients (6.7% mortality) following bi-ventricular repair. Two patients required a one and a half repair. Long-term results of biventricular repair of complex DORV are not yet available. These data would be crucial to validate the intracardiac repair technique."
Long-term reproducibility of Edinger–Westphal stimulated accommodation in rhesus monkeys

If longitudinal studies of accommodation or accommodation restoration procedures are undertaken in rhesus monkeys, the methods used to induce and measure accommodation must remain reproducible over the study period. Stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus in anesthetized rhesus monkeys is a valuable method to understand various aspects of accommodation. A prior study showed reproducibility of EW-stimulated accommodation over 14 months after chronic electrode implantation. However, reproducibility over a period longer than this has not been investigated and therefore remains unknown. To address this, accommodation stimulation experiments in four eyes of two rhesus monkeys (13.7 and 13.8 years old) were evaluated over a period of 68 months. Carbachol iontophoresis stimulated accommodation was first measured with a Hartinger coincidence refractometer (HCR) two weeks before electrode implantation to determine maximum accommodative amplitudes. EW stimulus-response curves were initially measured with the HCR one month after electrode implantation and then repeated at least six times for each eye in the following 60 months. At 64 months, carbachol iontophoresis induced accommodation was measured again. At 68 months, EW stimulus-response curves were measured with an HCR and photorefraction every week over four consecutive weeks to evaluate the short-term reproducibility over one month. In the four eyes studied, long-term EW-stimulated accommodation decreased by 7.00 D, 3.33 D, 4.63 D, and 2.03 D, whereas carbachol stimulated accommodation increased by 0.18 D-0.49 D over the same time period. The short-term reproducibility of maximum EW-stimulated accommodation (standard deviations) over a period of four weeks at 68 months after electrode implantation was 0.48 D, 0.79 D, 0.55 D and 0.39 D in the four eyes. Since the long-term decrease in EW-stimulated accommodation is not matched by similar decreases in carbachol iontophoresis stimulated accommodation, the decline in accommodation cannot be due to the progression of presbyopia but is likely to result from variability in EW electrode position. Therefore, EW-stimulated accommodation in anesthetized monkeys is not appropriate for long-term longitudinal studies of age-related loss of accommodation or accommodation restoration procedures.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent combustion: fundamental insights towards predictive models

The advancement of our basic understanding of turbulent combustion processes and the development of physics-based predictive tools for design and optimization of the next generation of combustion devices are strategic areas of research for the development of a secure, environmentally sound energy infrastructure. In direct numerical simulation (DNS) approaches, all scales of the reacting flow problem are resolved. However, because of the magnitude of this task, DNS of practical high Reynolds number turbulent hydrocarbon flames is out of reach of even terascale computing. For the foreseeable future, the approach to this complex multi-scale problem is to employ distinct but synergistic approaches to tackle smaller sub-ranges of the complete problem, which then require models for the small scale interactions. With full access to the spatially and temporally resolved fields, DNS can play a major role in the development of these models and in the development of fundamental understanding of the micro-physics of turbulence-chemistry interactions. Two examples, from simulations performed at terascale Office of Science computing facilities, are presented to illustrate the role of DNS in delivering new insights to advance the predictive capability of models. Results are presented from new three-dimensional DNS with detailed chemistry of turbulent non-premixed jet flames, revealing the differences between mixing of passive and reacting scalars, and determining an optimal lower dimensional representation of the full thermochemical state space.
Antibody-independent complement activation by cardroom cotton dust

Abstract The in vitro activities of cardroom cotton dust (before treatment, BCD) and treated cotton dust (TCD) on the human complement cascade were examined. While both dusts consumed hemolytic complement and reduced C3, quantifiable differences were observed. Untreated BCD was much more active than was TCD. Complement was activated via the alternative pathway, and although endotoxin was 58 times greater in BCD than TCD, the endotoxin content of BCD could not account for the total complement consumed. Activation of the complement cascade in vivo may provide one mechanism to account for the symptoms experienced by byssinotic subjects after exposure to cotton dust.
Contingency tables with structural zeros

In this paper, the method of Hocking and Oxspring (1971) to estimate multinomial probabilities when full and partial data are available for some cells is extended to estimate the cell probabilities of a contingency table with structural zeros. The estimates are maximum likelihood, and the process is sequential. The gain in precision is due to the use of partial data and the bias of the estimates is also investigated.
Phosphorus budget-basin relationships for Lake Okeechobee tributary basins

Abstract Accelerated cultural eutrophication of Lake Okeechobee, FL by excessive phosphorus (P) loading has generated a need to determine P sources and sinks in the watershed. Average annual P budgets were estimated for each of the 19 tributary basins in the northern Lake Okeechobee watershed for the period 1985–1989. Net P imports were estimated based on P usage by land use type, and land use area with a geographic information system (GIS) model. Off-site P losses, from uplands to wetlands, were estimated from literature values of P runoff concentrations for selected land use types. The P loads from each basin were measured at the discharge to the lake. For the north Okeechobee watershed, total net P imports were estimated at 2380 t P yr −1 ; rainfall P = 300 t P yr −1 ; off-site P load = 760 t P yr −1 ; and lake P load = 300 t P yr −1 . An estimated 90% of imported P was retained in the basin. Of the P loaded to the streams and wetlands, 60% was retained. The intensity of phosphorus use, indicated by net P imports, explained 70% of the variability in basin P loads to the lake. Basin characteristics extracted from the GIS database, including: area of emergent wetlands; area of selected soil associations; area of developed land; and total length of canals were correlated significantly with tributary P loads. Other physical characteristics, such as basin shape, length, size, and distance to the lake, had no significant explanatory power.
Evaluation of receptor mechanisms mediating fentanyl analgesia and toxicity

Abstract In the present study the antagonism of fentanyl pharmacodynanucs was studied in the mouse and the receptor populations mediating the analgesic and lethal effects of fentanyl were examined. Both 1 and 8 days following implantation (s.c.) of a 15 mg naltrexone pellet there was a significant shift to the right of the fentanyl dose-response curves for analgesia and lethality. The analgesia dose-response curves were shifted significantly more (80- to 264-fold) than the lethality curves (13- to 16-fold) in the presence of naltrexone. In addition, acute naloxone (0.1 mg/kg s.c.), antagonized fentanyl analgesia more than lethality. Consequently, the relative safety ratio of fentanyl (LD50/ED50) was decreased in the presence of opioid antagonists. Pretreatment with naloxonazine (35 mg/kg s.c.) 24 h prior to testing effectively inhibited fentanyl-induced analgesia, but not fentanyl-induced lethality. However, pretreatment with β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) (20 mg/kg, s.c.) 24 h prior to testing inhibited both fentanyl-induced analgesia and lethality. Implantation (s.c.) of a 75 mg morphine pellet for 72 h resulted in cross-tolerance to both fentanyl analgesia and lethality. However, the degree of the cross-tolerance was 1.8-fold for analgesia and 4.5-fold for lethality. Displacement studies of [3H]naltrexone by fentanyl in mouse brain homogenate indicated two populations of binding sites. Taken together, the pharmacodynamic studies and the binding studies suggest that fentanyl exerts its analgesic and lethal effects through different receptor populations.
Stroke and Neurodegenerative Disorders: 4. Community Integration

Objective This self-directed learning module highlights common rehabilitation issues in stroke survivors with chronic impairments with emphasis on community integration. It is part of the study guide on stroke and neurodegenerative disorders in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Using a case vignette format, this article specifically focuses on management of shoulder pain, management of hypertonia, secondary stroke prevention, vocational reintegration including strategies for return to driving, and treatment of sexual dysfunction following stroke. The goal of this article is to improve the learner's ability to implement community integration strategies after a stroke.
Numerical Simulations of the Flow Field Around the Rings of Mechanical Seals

The flow inside a seal chamber as induced by the influx of the flush fluid and the rotation of the primary ring is analyzed. The 3-D flow characteristic around the mating ring and the rotating ring are predicted by solving the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates. For this purpose, the pressure correction method was used in conjunction with the SIMPLE algorithm. A series of numerical solutions is presented that show the flow mechanism within the gap between the rings and the gland. The implication of the flow characteristic on the cooling of the rings is discussed.
TIME SCALES FOR ACHIEVING ASTRONOMICAL CONSENSUS

The history of science can be recounted in many ways: by addressing the work of one person or school; by starting with the ancients and working chronologically up to the present; by focusing on a particular century; or by tracing a particular important idea as far back and forward as it can be found. The present discussion does none of these. Rather, it adopts the ordering of a standard introductory astronomy textbook, from the solar system via stars and galaxies, to the universe as a whole, and in each regime picks out a few issues that were controversial or wrongly decided for a long time. For each, I attempt to identify a duration of the period of uncertainty or error and some of the causes of the confusion. This is surely not an original idea, though I am not aware of having encountered it elsewhere, and it is not one that is likely to appeal to most 21st century historians of science, for whom the question "Who first got it right?" is not necessarily an important, or even appropriate, one. Some of the stories have been told as historical introductions to conferences and are here summarized and brought up to date. Others I had not previously addressed.
Comparison of treatments for mild secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients

Comparison of treatments for mild secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients. Background In the management of patients with mild secondary hyperparathyroidism, it is not known whether calcium supplementation alone is sufficient to correct abnormalities in bone and mineral metabolism or if calcitriol is needed in either physiologic oral or intravenous pharmacologic doses. Methods This was a 40-week prospective nonmasked trial of 52 patients [parathyroid hormone (PTH) 150 to 600 pg/mL] who were randomized to receive escalating doses of either calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) alone (calcium group, N = 11), daily oral calcitriol (oral group, N = 20), or intermittent intravenous calcitriol (IV group, N = 21). The groups were compared with regard to changes in serum intact PTH, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), incidence of hypercalcemia (>10.5 mg/dL), and hyperphosphatemia (>6.5 mg/dL). Results PTH levels decreased in all groups ( P t -test). In the calcium group, PTH (mean ± SEM) decreased from 325 ± 46.2 to 160 ± 44.5 pg/mL. In the oral group, it decreased from 265 ± 26.4 to 125 ± 23.7 pg/mL, and in the IV group, it decreased from 240 ± 27.7 to 65 ± 10.0 pg/mL. Upon analysis of covariance, controlling for the initial PTH level, we found no differences in the PTH response between the groups ( P > 0.10). In contrast, the BAP concentration increased from 20.7 ± 7.6 to 27.5 ± 7.0 μg/L in the calcium group ( P = 0.17), decreased from 20.6 ± 3.9 to 17.8 ± 4.5 μg/L in the oral group ( P = 0.26), and from 19.1 ± 2.6 to 10.6 ± 1.1 μg/L in the IV group ( P = 0.007). Serum calcium increased significantly in all groups from 8.4 ± 0.25 to 9.0 ± 0.28, 8.5 ± 0.16 to 9.2 ± 0.27, and 8.7 ± 0.16 to 9.4 ± 0.18 mg/dL in the calcium, oral, and IV groups, respectively ( P = NS difference between groups). Serum phosphorus was significantly lower in the calcium group throughout the study ( P = 0.02). Hypercalcemic episodes were 2.0 ± 0.8, 3.0 ± 0.6, and 3.4 ± 0.6 per patient-year ( P > 0.10), and hyperphosphatemic episodes were 0.9 ± 0.56, 4.2 ± 0.79 and 4.9 ± 0.84 in the calcium, oral, and IV groups, respectively ( P Conclusion In mild secondary hyperparathyroidism, all three strategies are effective. High-dose CaCO 3 alone may be sufficient to control PTH with a favorable side-effect profile, but calcitriol appears to have additional suppressive effects on bone that are greater following the intravenous route of administration and may increase the risk of adynamic bone disease.
Application of evolved locomotion controllers to a hexapod robot

In previous work, we demonstrated that genetic algorithms could be used to evolve dynamical neural networks for controlling the locomotion of a simulated hexapod agent. We also demonstrated that these evolved controllers were robust to loss of sensory feedback and other peripheral variations. In this paper, we show that these locomotion controllers, evolved in simulation, are capable of directing the walking of a real six-legged robot, and that many of the desirable properties observed in simulation carry over directly to the real world. In addition, we demonstrate that these controllers are amenable to hardware implementation and can thus be easily embodied within the robot.
Epilepsy and chromosomal rearrangements in Smith-Magenis syndrome [del(17)(p11.2p11.2)]

Smith-Magenis syndrome is a multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation syndrome associated with a heterozygous deletion of chromosome 17p11.2. Seizures have not been formally studied in this population. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of seizures and electroencephalographic (EEG) epileptiform abnormalities in patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome with defined chromosomal rearrangements and to describe the spectrum of abnormal EEG patterns. Prolonged video-EEGs were obtained in 60 patients. Eighteen percent of patients reported a seizure history; however, abnormal EEGs were identified in 31 of the 60 subjects and 27 of 31 were epileptiform. Generalized epileptiform patterns were the most common (73%). Most patients with either small or large deletions had an abnormal EEG (83%; 75%) in contrast to those with a common deletion (49%). Our results indicate that epileptiform EEG abnormalities are frequent in patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome. Considering that close to one third of individuals with Smith-Magenis syndrome with epileptiform abnormalities also had a history of clinical seizures, cortical hyperexcitability and epilepsy should be considered an important component of the Smith-Magenis syndrome clinical phenotype.
Childhood lymphosarcoma in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Report of 20 cases histologically similar to Burkitt's tumor

In a review of nonleukemic lymphosarcomas in children and adolescents from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 20 cases presented the histologic features described in Burkitt's tumor and 11 cases had lymphomas of other histopathologic types. Anatomic sites other than peripheral lymph nodes were mainly affected and no significant difference in organ distribution and clinical manifestations was found between both groups of lymphomas. Differences of behavior in lymphomas of similar histologic appearance may result from variations in host and tissue susceptibility, possibly dependent on environmental factors, these differences further emphasize the fact that Burkitt's tumor cannot be defined on the basis of histopathologic findings alone.
Lymphocytes from mice chronically infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus produce demyelination of organotypic cultures after stimulation with the major encephalitogenic epitope of myelin proteolipid protein. Epitope spreading in TMEV infection has functional activity

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection produces a chronic inflammatory disease of the spinal cord white matter, with striking similarities to both experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and human multiple sclerosis (MS). The first phase of demyelination in this model appears to be dependent on a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to viral antigens, driven by CD4+, Th1 lymphocytes. Macrophages, recruited in the infected CNS, would be responsible for most of the myelin damage. Recently, new populations of CD4+ lymphocytes were demonstrated in infected mice, this time with specificity for myelin antigens, particularly PLP. This suggests that, in the chronic phase of the disease, an autoimmune mechanism of demyelination, similar to EAE, may participate in the process of myelin destruction. The present study represents a first step in exploring the functional activity of these anti-myelin lymphocytes that emerge during the chronic phase of the disease. Lymphocytes were removed from chronically infected animals, they were stimulated with the major PLP encephalitogenic epitope for SJL/J mice, and they were added to organotypic myelinated spinal cord cultures for different lengths of time. Results show that lymphocytes stimulated with the major PLP epitope have a powerful capacity for demyelinating these cultures, while MBP stimulated lymphocytes and lymphocytes from control animals do not. This study, suggests that the anti-myelin response that emerges during the chronic phase of the infection is functionally active. A similar phenomenon of epitope spreading from virus to organ specific antigens may take place in humans and be involved in a number of immune-mediated diseases, including MS.
Delay Time and the Hartman Effect in Quantum Tunneling

A general relation between the group delay and the dwell time is derived for quantum tunneling. It is shown that the group delay is equal to the dwell time plus a self-interference delay. The Hartman effect in quantum tunneling is explained on the basis of saturation of the integrated probability density (or number of particles) under the barrier.
Use of Polyflex Airway stent in the treatment of perforated esophageal stricture in an infant: a case report

Anastomotic stricture is a common sequela after primary repair of esophageal atresia with esophagoesophagostomy. Esophageal perforation secondary to dilatation of the stricture, and refractory stricture are not uncommon. We present a case using a Polyflex Airway stent (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) as an alternative treatment of esophageal stricture and perforation in an infant.
Inferring Traffic Signal Phases From Turning Movement Counters Using Hidden Markov Models

This work poses the problem of estimating traffic signal phases from a sequence of maneuvers. We model the problem as an inference problem on a discrete-time hidden Markov model (HMM) in which maneuvers are observations and signal phases are hidden states. The model is calibrated from maneuver observations using either the classical Baum–Welch algorithm or a Bayesian learning algorithm. The trained model is then used to infer the traffic signal phases on the data set via the Viterbi algorithm. When training with the Bayesian learning algorithm, we set the prior distribution as a Dirichlet distribution. We identify the best parameters of the prior distribution for both fixed-time and sensor-actuated signals using numerical simulations and employ them in the field experiments. It is shown that when the model is trained by the Bayesian learning method with appropriate prior parameters from the Dirichlet distribution, the inferred phases are more accurate in both numerical and field experiments. Because the best set of prior parameters for a fixed-time intersection is different from those for sensor-actuated signals, a classification strategy to distinguish between these two types of signals is proposed. The supporting source code and data are available for download at https://github.com/reisiga2/TrafficSignalPhaseEstimation .
Analysis of thermal-hydrologic-mechanical behavior near an emplacement drift at Yucca Mountain.

A coupled thermal, hydrologic and mechanical (THM) analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of coupled THM processes on the performance of a potential nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The analysis considers changes in rock mass porosity, permeability, and capillary pressure caused by rock deformations during drift excavation, as well as those caused by thermo-mechanically induced rock deformations after emplacement of the heat-generating waste. The analysis consists of a detailed calibration of coupled hydraulic-mechanical rock mass properties against field experiments, followed by a prediction of the coupled thermal, hydrologic, and mechanical behavior around a potential repository drift. For the particular problem studied and parameters used, the analysis indicates that the stress-induced permeability changes will be within one order of magnitude and that these permeability changes do not significantly impact the overall flow pattern around the repository drift.
Proof of multi-dimensional stability condition

Abstract The well-known fact about one-dimensional linear time-invariant systems, that absolute summability of impulse response is equivalent to bounded-input-bounded-output (BIBO) stability, has been widely accepted for multi-dimensional systems as well. However, the easiest proof thereof has depended on the construction of a counterexample which is impossible under causal restrictions required in practical systems. This paper gives a simple proof which is valid for the causal case as well.
Limitation of bacterial growth by dissolved organic matter and iron in the Southern ocean

The importance of resource limitation in controlling bacterial growth in the high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) region of the Southern Ocean was experimentally determined during February and March 1998. Organic- and inorganic-nutrient enrichment experiments were performed between 42°S and 55°S along 141°E. Bacterial abundance, mean cell volume, and [ 3 H]thymidine and [ 3 H]leucine incorporation were measured during 4- to 5-day incubations. Bacterial biomass, production, and rates of growth all responded to organic enrichments in three of the four experiments. These results indicate that bacterial growth was constrained primarily by the availability of dissolved organic matter. Bacterial growth in the subtropical front, subantarctic zone, and subantarctic front responded most favorably to additions of dissolved free amino acids or glucose plus ammonium. Bacterial growth in these regions may be limited by input of both organic matter and reduced nitrogen. Unlike similar experimental results in other HNLC regions (subarctic and equatorial Pacific), growth stimulation of bacteria in the Southern Ocean resulted in significant biomass accumulation, apparently by stimulating bacterial growth in excess of removal processes. Bacterial growth was relatively unchanged by additions of iron alone; however, additions of glucose plus iron resulted in substantial increases in rates of bacterial growth and biomass accumulation. These results imply that bacterial growth efficiency and nitrogen utilization may be partly constrained by iron availability in the HNLC Southern Ocean.
Mathematics Learning Disabilities A View From Developmental Psychology

U.S. education suffers from shortcomings that put even children possessing adequate intellectual abilities at risk for low mathematics achievements. Consequently, identifying and understanding children whose academic failure is influenced by a genuine learning disability requires a complex "developmental" research agenda. This perspective suggests the use of sensitive research methods--clinical interviews, ethnographies--to examine the development of children's construction of knowledge in the context of schooling. Researchers should consider such factors as the adequacy of classroom instruction, the availability in children of informal knowledge, the role of motivation, the effects of specific interventions, the role and operation of different cognitive processes in constructing mathematical understanding, children's difficulties across different areas of mathematics, and the development of children's thinking throughout the school years.
The Developmental Etiology of High IQ

The genetic and environmental trends in IQ development were assessed in 483 same-sex twin pairs in the Colorado longitudinal twin study using maximum-likelihood model-fitting analysis. The twins were assessed periodically from ages 1 to 16. Results show a decreasing influence of shared environment and an increasing influence of heritability across development, with large and increasing age to age stability of genetic influences. Non-shared environment contributes almost exclusively to age to age change. Similar analyses were conducted designating the top 15% of the sample as having high IQ at each age. The developmental etiology of high IQ did not significantly differ from that found for the continuous measure in this relatively novel analysis. These results demonstrate early stability in etiological influences on IQ and have potential implications for gene-finding efforts, suggesting that samples selected for high IQ can be used to find genetic variation that will be applicable to the full range of the IQ distribution, although conclusive demonstration that the same genes are indeed involved was beyond the scope of this study.
Defining Appropriate Health Status and Management Programs for Specific-Pathogen-Free Swine for Xenotransplantation

: Swine are expected to be utilized as xenograft donors for both whole-organ and cellular transplantation. In order to meet the criteria for regulatory guidelines, donor animals are going to have to be free of potential zoonoses and other complicating diseases. Screening of animals will have to include tests for viruses, bacteria, parasites, congenital defects, and other inapparent diseases such as neoplasia or metabolic dysfunctions. The term Specific-Pathogen-Free (SPF) swine is a proprietary designation in the U.S. that does not include screening for all appropriate organisms for xenotransplantation. A program for breeding animals as xenograft donors will have to be conducted in a biomedical research facility rather than a conventional farm setting. The research programs at such a facility should include serology, microbiology, necropsy, histology and parasitology. The use of sentinel animal monitoring in a research facility is one method to ensure compliance. It will be impossible to provide complete individual animal screening in a timely fashion prior to performing a xenograft transplant. Quality control measures need to ensure that there is a reasonable confidence that the donor tissue is appropriate for the procedure to be performed. It is suggested that a term such as xenograft-defined flora be used to designate the appropriate health status of donor animals rather than SPF in order to avoid confusion with existing standards.
Cancrum oris-like lesion associated with acute myelogenous leukemia

Abstract Noma primarily affects young children in impoverished countries of the world. The oral surgeon is rarely called upon to treat a lesion of this nature in the United States. However, he should have some knowledge of this condition so that he may be able to make an accurate diagnosis and offer an effective treatment plan.