cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reasoning in time and space

This paper describes a new approach to representing and reasoning with temporal and spatial information. A wide variety of temporal and spatial specifications can be converted into linear inequalities relating the midpoints of events or boundary surfaces of objects respectively, Linear programming is then used to represent these constraints and perform deductions. The temporal information is modularized into semantically related clusters of events each with its own tableau and related to each other by a reference frame transformation. A similar grouping can be done for objects making the system computationally efficient. For temporal reasoning, the system is formally adequate except for linguistic fuzziness. For geometric reasoning, polyhedra can be represented by allowing paramvtiization. The uniformity of the time and space representation makes this approach particularly attractive.
Upregulation of Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Inhibits Lipid Peroxidation in Friedreich’s Ataxia Cells (P1.074)

Objective: To determine whether decreased expression of mitochondrial ALDH enzymes exacerbates the consequences of oxidative stress in FXN-deficient models and ascertain if ALDH enzymes are valid therapeutic targets for FRDA. Background: Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is the most prevalent inherited ataxia with a population frequency of 1–2:50,000. FRDA is caused by hyperexpansion of GAA repeats in intron 1 of the Frataxin (FXN) gene. Unaffected individuals carry less than 30 triplets, while disease-causing expanded alleles can span up to 2,000 GAA repeats and inhibit expression of the FXN gene. There are currently no effective treatments for FRDA. Frataxin is a mitochondrial protein involved in iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster synthesis. Defects in mitochondrial function caused by Frataxin insufficiency contribute to FRDA pathogenesis as indicated by oxidative stress accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and decreased bioenergetic capacity. Although, the mechanism linking FXN deficiency to these biological effects remains unclear. Using next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to generate gene expression profiles of a large cohort of FRDA and unaffected control fibroblasts (n= 18 and 17, respectively), three mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) involved in amino acid metabolism and neutralizing lipid peroxidation byproducts, such as the neurotoxic aldehydes malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were identified as significantly downregulated in FRDA samples. Decreased expression of these ALDHs has been linked to cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, but none have yet been considered in the molecular pathogenesis of FRDA. Design/Methods: Fluorescent microscopy along with quantitative colorimetric assays and ELISA tests were used to measure levels of lipid peroxidation byproducts (4-HNE and MDA) in FRDA neuronal cell line models before and after treatment with the ALDH2 activator Alda-1. Results: Treatment with Alda-1 ameliorated the increased lipid peroxidation byproducts observed in FRDA neuronal cells. Conclusions: Based on its effect in cell models, Alda-1 is a suitable candidate to test in FRDA animal models. Study Supported by: Research Training Fellowship in Ataxia (Co-sponsored by American Academy of Neurology, American Brain Foundation and National Ataxia Foundation) National Ataxia Foundation Young Investigator Award Disclosure: Dr. Napierala has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Napierala has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Vertex. Dr. Napierala has received research support from TranslateBio and Biomarin.
RNA-seq analyses of molecular abundance (RoMA) for detecting differential gene expression

Various methods have been proposed, each with its own limitations. Some naive normal-based tests have low testing power with invalid normal distribution assumptions for RNA-seq read counts, whereas count-based methods lack a biologically meaningful interpretation and have limited capability for integration with other analysis packages for mRNA abundance. In this study, we propose an improved method, RoMA, to accurately detect differential expression and unlock the integration with upstream and downstream analyses on mRNA abundance in RNA-seq studies. RoMA incorporates information from both mRNA abundance and raw counts. Studies on simulated data and two real datasets showed that RoMA provides an accurate quantification of mRNA abundance and a data adjustment-tolerant DE analysis with high AUC, low FDR, and an efficient control of type I error rate. This study provides a valid strategy for mRNA abundance modeling and data analysis integration for RNA-seq studies, which will greatly facilitate the identification and interpretation of DE genes.
Revisiting the Warburg Effect: Some Tumors Hold Their Breath

Studies have shown that tumors commonly exhibit normal or enhanced respiration in addition to glycolytic metabolism. In this issue, Courtney et al. (2018) report a reduction in mitochondrial function in kidney cancer patients and thus a classic "Warburg Effect" that further illustrates the heterogeneity of human cancer metabolism.
The Spaces of Nostalgia(s) and the Politics of Belonging in Contemporary Chernivtsi, Western Ukraine:

This article is part of the special cluster titled Bukovina and Bukovinians after the Second World War: (Re)shaping and (re)thinking a region after genocide and ‘ethnic unmixing’, guest edited by G...
Analysis of freight train collision risk in the United States

Rail transportation is pivotal for the national economy. Despite being rare, a train accident can potentially result in severe consequences, such as infrastructure damage costs, casualties, and env...
Treating T2DM by ensuring insulin access is a global challenge.

As the global increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus has a steep upward slope, meeting the worldwide demand for insulin is an international challenge. Sanjay Basu and colleagues used microsimulation to create scenarios that can inform the design of health-care strategies and insulin requirements for governments and the national and international organizations responsible for formulating treatment guidelines.
Acquisition Theory and Experimental Design: A Critique of Tomasello and Herron

In their recent contribution on the Garden Path Technique, Tomasello and Herron (1989) suggested that the experimental results they obtained on this means of providing negative feedback lend support to a “cognitive comparison model” of second language (L2) acquisition, and they further hypothesize that it may be useful in eliminating other L2 overgeneralizations. The results Tomasello and Herron (henceforth TH) present are clearly interesting, for they appear to show that negative evidence—here, a special type of error correction—may be crucial in L2 learning. As promising as the TH results may be, however, there is reason to believe that they also should be viewed with caution. In the following, we provide some of the reasons why caution should be taken.
Special Issue on Low Temperature Plasma Jets

Low temperature plasma jets are unique plasma sources capable of delivering plasma outside of the confinement of electrodes and away from gas enclosures/chambers [...]
A Survey of EMI Research in Power Electronics Systems With Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Devices

Wide-bandgap (WBG) power semiconductor devices have become increasingly popular due to their superior characteristics compared to their Si counterparts. However, their fast switching speed and the ability to operate at high frequencies brought new challenges, among which the electromagnetic interference (EMI) is one of the major concerns. Many works investigated the structures of WBG power devices and their switching performance. In some cases, the conductive or radiated EMI was measured. However, the EMI-related topics, including their influence on noise sources, noise propagation paths, EMI reduction techniques, and EMC reliability issues, have not yet been systematically summarized for WBG devices. In this article, the literature on EMI research in power electronics systems with WBG devices is reviewed. Characteristics of WBG devices as EMI noise sources are reviewed. EMI propagation paths, near-field coupling, and radiated EMI are surveyed. EMI reduction techniques are categorized and reviewed. Specifically, the EMI-related reliability issues are discussed, and solutions and guidelines are presented.
Polyacrylonitrile Hard Carbon as Anode of High Rate Capability for Lithium Ion Batteries

In order to develop new type of carbon anode material with high performance, a novel organic carbon material polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hard carbon was prepared by calcination of polypropylene cyanide at 1050 °C. The obtained PAN hard carbon is used as the negative electrode material of lithium ion battery, showing an initial capacity of 343.5 mAh g-1 which is equal to that of graphite electrode (348.6 mAh g-1), and a higher initial coulomb efficiency of 87.9% than that of graphite electrode (84.4%). Moreover, the PAN hard carbon electrode shows superior cycle stability and rate performance at different current rates. The charge capacities are 320.1, 219.0, 212.9 and 123.5 mAh g-1 at current rates of 0.2 C, 1 C, 2 C and 3 C, with coulombic efficiencies of 98.1%, 100.6%, 88.1% and 110.0%, respectively, which are higher than those of graphite electrode (83.8%, 97.6%, 98.8% and 94.1%). In addition, the charging capacity of PAN hard carbon electrode can still remain at 284.3 mAh g-1 (0.2 C after 200 cycles), 226.4 mAh g-1 (1 C after 300 cycles), 149.5 mAh g-1 (2 C after 400 cycles) and 120.0 mAh g-1 (3 C after 100 cycles), with capacity retention rates of 78.2%, 111.9%, 79.7% and 88.6%, respectively. The capacity and capacity retention rate after cycling are significantly higher than those of graphite electrode, indicating that the PAN hard carbon electrode shows superior rate performance, which would provide a new idea for the development of novel negative electrode material with high performance.
Performance of polygenic risk scores for cancer prediction in an academic biobank.

1528Background: The discovery of rare genetic variants associated with cancer have a tremendous impact on reducing cancer morbidity and mortality when identified; however, rare variants are found i...
Inverting the BTK-BCL2 order

In this issue of Blood, Lin et al report the first long-term follow-up data showing that Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi's) are effective in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) after previous progression on venetoclax.
Redox chemistry and H-atom abstraction reactivity of a terminal zirconium(IV) oxo compound mediated by an appended cobalt(I) center

The reactivity of the terminal zirconium(IV) oxo complex, OZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu (2), is explored, revealing unique redox activity imparted by the pendent redox active cobalt(I) center. Oxo complex 2 can be chemically reduced using Na/Hg or Ph3C• to afford the ZrIV/Co0 complexes [(μ-Na)OZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu]2 (3) and Ph3COZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu (4), respectively. Based on the cyclic voltammogram of 2, Ph3˙ should not be sufficiently reducing to achieve the chemical reduction of 2, but sufficient driving force for the reaction is provided by the nucleophilicity of the terminal oxo fragment and its affinity to bind Ph3C+. Accordingly, 2 reacts readily with [Ph3C][BPh4] and Ph3CCl to afford [Ph3COZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu][BPh4] ([5][BPh4]) and Ph3COZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCl (6), respectively. The chemical oxidation of 2 is also investigated, revealing that oxidation of 2 is accompanied by immediate hydrogen atom abstraction to afford the hydroxide complex [HOZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu]+ ([9]+). Thus it is posited that the transient [OZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu]+ [2]+ cation generated upon oxidation combines the basicity of a nucleophilic early metal oxo fragment with the oxidizing power of the appended cobalt center to facilitate H-atom abstraction.
Influence of paternal age on assisted reproductive technology cycles and perinatal outcomes.

Objective To characterize paternal age among assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles performed in the United States and to evaluate the influence of paternal age on ART cycles and perinatal outcomes. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) All reported fresh, nondonor, noncancelled in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles performed in 2017. Intervention(s) Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s) The primary outcomes were intrauterine pregnancy, live birth (≥20 weeks), and miscarriage ( Result(s) Among 77,209 fresh nondonor, noncancelled IVF cycles, the average paternal age was 37.8 ± 6.3 years and the average maternal age was 35.5 ± 4.6 years. Compared with paternal age ≤45 years, paternal age ≥46 years was associated with a lower likelihood of pregnancy per cycle (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76–0.87) and per transfer (aRR 0.85; 95% CI 0.81–0.90), as well as a lower likelihood of live birth per cycle (aRR 0.76; 95% CI 0.72–0.84) and per transfer (aRR 0.82; 95% CI 0.77–0.88) after controlling for maternal age and other confounders. When restricted to women aged Conclusion(s) Compared with paternal age ≤45 years, paternal age ≥46 years is associated with a lower likelihood of pregnancy and live birth among couples undergoing IVF. The negative effect of paternal age is most notable among women aged ≥35 years, likely because maternal age is a stronger predictor of ART outcome.
Toward Live Streamed Improvisational Game Experiences

In this project, we explore the intersection of improvisational theater and Twitch live streaming. Improv offers social affordances to live streams, while streaming offers improv performers a way to both broaden their reach to non-copresent audiences and create new types of participatory improv games. Based on insights from both domains, we present StAGE, a live streaming system that both communicates performative information otherwise lost when streaming live theater and accommodates participatory roles for performers, hosts, and audiences. Using our system, we created and playtested four improv game prototypes exploring a range of interactions. We show that StAGE affords novel interactions both as a streaming experience and as improvisational theater. We propose that the social transfer of roles and information, particularly by hosts, is a critical aspect of the design. We conclude by discussing newly discovered challenges and potential for the future of the intersection of these domains.
High on the Hill and Down by the River: The Relationship between Wealth and Flood Risk in the United States, Past and Present

AbstractThis work analyzes the relationship between flood risk and wealth in the United States and investigates the mental maps that inform the debate over the National Flood Insurance Program (NFI...
An Automotive-Use 5MHz, 40V to 1.2V, Single-Stage AOT GaN DC-DC Converter with One-Cycle Transient Response and Load-Adaptive Dead Time Control

To achieve a fast load transient response time in a switching power converter, constant on-time (COT) hysteretic mode control has been reported recently. However, due to the limitations on fixed on-time and mandatory minimum off-time, sluggish response and large voltage over-/undershoot are severe during extreme load transient scenarios. This paper presents a load transient enhance scheme which achieves adaptive on-time (AOT) transient response promptly and within one switching cycle, through instantaneous load change (∆I O ) sensing technique. Based on the AOT control, a single-stage Gallium Nitride (GaN) based DC-DC converter is designed. Because a GaN switch inherently has no body diode and thus shows a high reverse conduction voltage, the efficiency is degraded with excessively long dead time (t dead ). Accordingly, a sample-and-hold (S/H) based closed-loop dead time control is proposed to regulate t dead adaptively according to instantaneous input voltage (V IN ) and IO. The converter is implemented using a 0.35-µm high voltage (HV) BCD process, accomplishing the DC-DC voltage conversion from 40 to 1.2V at 5MHz. In response to load steps between 0.5A and 10A, it achieves a 49mV/29mV V O undershoot/overshoot within one switching cycle. Thanks to the adaptive dead time control, the efficiency is improved by 4.8% at light load and 1.5% at heavy load, respectively, with a peak value of 89.5%.
CHAPTER 11 – RLC Circuit Analysis

This chapter reviews the series and parallel circuits with resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Many of the same techniques used in the solution of resistive‑capacitive and resistive‑inductive circuits are used in their analysis. Phasor diagrams provide descriptions of the circuits that lead to Pythagorean Theorem solutions of certain circuit values. In the parallel RLC circuit, as E A = E R = E L = E c and I R is in phase with E R, all the voltages E L , E c , and E A , I R become the reference vector for the current phasor diagram. Because of the 180 degree difference between the capacitive branch current and the inductive branch current, these two reactive current values are opposite in phase, and one partially cancels the effect of the other. Power calculations in parallel RLC circuits are the same as power calculations in series RLC circuits. The total apparent power is found by using the Pythagorean Theorem solution of resistive and net reactive power shown in the power phasor diagram. The chapter introduces the concept of net effect.
The Collaborative Building: Mediating between Climate and Interior Quality

Collaborative environments can be understood to be “enabling” environments, which enable individuals and organizations to be creative and productive. Buildings can be seen to operate as enabling environments at different yet inter-related levels: 1) as mediator between outdoor and indoor environments; 2) as provider of appropriate indoor physical settings; 3) as host to information technology for an organization. This paper focuses on the first level, and describes a range of architectural alternatives for improved indoor environments in commercial buildings. The paper uses illustrative examples of high-performance buildings in the U.S. and Europe, contrasting their respective approaches to the integration of enclosure, mechanical, and lighting systems.
The probabilistic epigenesis of knowledge.

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines an approach that takes knowledge acquisition as an instance of a striking but general, developmental phenomenon, the emergence of new structure. This approach circumvents many of the logical problems of knowledge acquisition and provides a rational framework for integrating seemingly disparate developmental effects. This chapter discusses two conundrums that have made knowledge acquisition so hard to explain. These fundamental logical problems highlight the very broad and general nature of the issue as well as its difficulty. It also reviews the theory of probabilistic epigenesis, provides examples in support of its major principles, and shows that how probabilistic epigenesis extends to knowledge acquisition by using data from the laboratory and others The chapter discusses the implications of adopting an epigenetic approach to knowledge acquisition. Accepting epigenetic principles has profound implications for developmental theory, in general and for knowledge acquisition, in particular.
Weekly 1-hour infusion of paclitaxel. Clinical feasibility and efficacy in patients with hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Preclinically, paclitaxel given according to an intense bolus schedule has significant antitumor activity against human prostate carcinoma cell lines in SCID mice. The authors evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of weekly 1-hour infusion of paclitaxel in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma (HRPC). METHODS A total of 18 patients with progressive metastatic HRPC were enrolled. Patients had to have no prior chemotherapy. Paclitaxel was infused weekly at a dose of 150 mg/m2 over 1 hour for 6 weeks every 8 weeks. RESULTS Eighteen patients with a median age of 68.5 years and a median prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of 82 ng/mL (range, 2.17–3196 ng/mL) were enrolled. The median number of prior hormone treatments was 2, and 12 patients on antiandrogens completed antiandrogen withdrawal. Ten of eighteen patients had bone-only metastasis and eight had metastasis to bone with lymph node and/or visceral metastasis. Seventeen patients received a total of 31 cycles (157 courses) and 1 patient refused chemotherapy. All patients were included in response evaluation. Of the 18 patients with measurable disease, 4 achieved a major response, with 1 complete response (in the lung) and 3 partial responses (1 in the liver and 2 in the lymph nodes). Seven of eighteen patients (39%) had a PSA decline of ≥50%. The major high grade toxicity was peripheral neuropathy, with 6 patients (35%) developing Grade 3 toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Weekly 1-hour paclitaxel has activity in patients with HRPC. The major toxicity is peripheral neuropathy. The minimal myelosuppressive effects make a modified schedule (lower doses on the same schedule or a shorter schedule of the same dose) attractive for future combination chemotherapy trials. Cancer 2000;89:431–6. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Comorbidity: a critical issue in attention deficit disorder.

In this report, we examine the interrelationships between attention deficit disorder (ADD), learning disabilities (LD), and conduct and oppositional disorders (COD). We indicate that it is reasonab...
Optimization of contact interface resistance for CMOS circuits

In this paper, we demonstrate optimizations within the sintering process window to reduce contact resistance and improve reliability after thermal cycling. A two-phase experiment is outlined to investigate these effects for blanket and localized ion implantation. In addition, a comparison of different aluminum-silicon alloys is performed across the process window of sintering conditions. SEM images are used to verify adequate filling of contact holes and EDS compositional analysis results are presented. I-V characteristics are then used to evaluate electrical performance of the ohmic contact. Recommendations for further improvement of contact formation for back end processes are made. Educational benefits to undergraduates are emphasized.
Next Generation Photovoltaics Based on Multiple Exciton Generation in Quantum Dot Solar Cells

Next Generation solar cells based onMultiple Exciton Generation (MEG) in semiconductorquantum dots (QDs) are described. This application of QDs depends upon efficient MEG in QDs incorporated into PV cells, followed by efficient exciton splitting into free electrons and holes and their efficient separation and collection in the cell contacts to produce multiple free carriers per absorbed photon. Using time-resolved transient absorption, bleaching, photoluminescence and THz spectroscopy, MEG has been initially confirmed in several Group IV-VI, III-V, II-VI, and IV colloidal semiconductor QDs. Some controversy using these techniques have now been attributed to effects of the variable of the QD surface chemisty and under certain conditions to artifacts arising from long-lived trapping of photoinduced charge; in our opinion these controversies have been resolved and are discussed here. Furthermore, various photovoltaic cell architectures utilizing QDs have recently been constructed and the photocurrent and photovoltage characterisitics have been studied. These photocurrent measurements provide a more direct measurement of MEG since the photogenerated carriers are counted directly via the current, and they are very consistent with the QYs of MEG reported using the proper spectroscopic techniques; thus, these new photocurrent measurements confirm the existence of enhanced exciton and carrier multiplication in QDs. The past work and prognosis for QD-based Next Generation PV cells based on MEG are discussed.
Global-stabilization of the inverted-pendulum; an early solution and hardware implementation

The problem of globally stabilizing an inverted-pendulum with arbitrary initial conditions and with the pivot mounted on a movable platform constrained to move in horizontal motion and controlled by a servomotor is considered. A novel solution involving a dual-mode optimal control-law consisting of a bang-bang, time-optimal mode and a smooth linear mode is developed. The results are verified in a full, non-linear simulation as well as implemented in an actual hardware model. These results appear in a Master's Thesis written in 1971 and apparently predate similar results reported in the literature.
Nonparametric Bayesian Methods for Benchmark Dose Estimation

The article proposes and investigates the performance of two Bayesian nonparametric estimation procedures in the context of benchmark dose estimation in toxicological animal experiments. The methodology is illustrated using several existing animal dose-response data sets and is compared with traditional parametric methods available in standard benchmark dose estimation software (BMDS), as well as with a published model-averaging approach and a frequentist nonparametric approach. These comparisons together with simulation studies suggest that the nonparametric methods provide a lot of flexibility in terms of model fit and can be a very useful tool in benchmark dose estimation studies, especially when standard parametric models fail to fit to the data adequately.
Simulation studies of OpenFlow-based in-network caching strategies

We propose an in-network caching architecture using Open-Flow to coordinate caching decisions in the network. Our scheme, called CacheFlow, extends the cache-and-forward concept by moving contents closer to the clients hop-by-hop using TCP for sending requests and retrieving contents. As such, CacheFlow can be incrementally implemented and deployed in the real network. In this paper, we present a simulation study of several caching policies, including a random cache policy, a statically optimal cache placement policy and a new disk placement strategy that places popular contents at the "center" of the network. Experimental results show that simple in-network caching policies can be realized using today's technology to improve network performance.
Hormonal Regulation of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in Corpora Lutea

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a potent chemokine that attracts monocytes and macrophages. It is known that macrophages accumulate in the corpus luteum (CL) during luteal regression in many species. In this study, we investigated the regulation of MCP-1 mRNA in ovine and bovine CL during prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha-induced luteolysis, after LH treatment, or after pharmacologic activation of the protein kinase (PK) A or PKC intracellular effector systems. In experiment 1, ewes on day 11 or 12 of the estrous cycle were infused with saline or PGF2alpha. PGF2alpha increased MCP-1 mRNA at 1 and 4 h after treatment. MCP-1 mRNA returned to basal level at 12 h and increased again at 24 h post treatment. In experiment 2, ewes received saline, PGF2alpha, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), luteinizing hormone (LH), or forskolin infusion and CL were collected at 0 (untreated), 4, 12, or 24 h after infusion. Similar to experiment 1, PGF2alpha induced MCP-1 mRNA at 4 and 24 h post treatment. PMA increased mRNA for MCP-1 at 4, 12, and 24 h. Treatment with LH or forskolin transiently decreased MCP-1 mRNA expression. In experiment 3, cows were treated with a luteolytic dose (25 mg) of PGF2alpha on day 4 or day 11 of estrous cycle and expression of MCP-1 mRNA was quantified. Steady-state concentrations of mRNA for MCP-1 were induced by PGF2alpha treatment only in mid-cycle CL but not in early CL. In summary, administration of PGF2alpha or activation of PKC induced MCP-1 mRNA expression. Expression of MCP-1 may be important for stimulating immune processes during luteal regression.
Endothelial activation markers are linked to HIV status and are independent of antiretroviral therapy and lipoatrophy.

Objectives: To assess the association of inflammatory and endothelial activation biomarkers with the presence of lipoatrophy in HIV-infected subjects and to examine the role of HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and metabolic parameters in endothelial activation and inflammation. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional study including 4 groups: HIV+ on ART with HIV-1 RNA <1000 copies/mL with and without clinical lipoatrophy, HIV+ ART naive, and healthy controls. Methods: We measured plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-a, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and myeloperoxidase) and endothelial activation markers (soluble intercellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules and von Willebrand factor). Results: We enrolled 182 subjects. Limb fat and lipoatrophy status were not correlated with endothelial markers. Endothelial markers were higher in HIV+ ART naive when compared with healthy controls and with HIV+ on ART but were similar between HIV+ on ART and healthy controls. Neither endothelial nor inflammatory markers were correlated with HIV duration, CD4 count, lipids, glucose, or specific ART. Strong correlations were found between some inflammatory cytokines and endothelial markers. Conclusions: There is enhanced endothelial activation in ART naive, whereas HIV+ on ART has similar values to healthy controls. Lipoatrophy did not seem to affect endothelial activation. Results highlight a potential association between heightened inflammation and endothelial activation.
Functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF.

PARKINSON 's disease results from the progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons that innervate the striatum1,2. In rodents, glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) stimulates an increase in midbrain dopamine levels, protects dopamine neurons from some neurotoxins, and maintains injured dopamine neurons3–9. Here we extend the rodent studies to an animal closer to the human in brain organization and function, by evaluating the effects of GDNF injected intracerebrally into rhesus monkeys that have had the symptomatology and pathophysiological features of Parkinson's disease induced by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)10–14. The recipients of GDNF displayed significant improvements in three of the cardinal symptoms of parkinsonism: bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. GDNF administered every four weeks maintained functional recovery. On the lesioned side of GDNF-treated animals, dopamine levels in the midbrain and globus pallidus were twice s high, and nigral dopamine neurons were, on average, 20% larger, with an increased fibre density. The results indicate that GDNF may be of benefit in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
On the design of pole-zero approximations using a logarithmic error measure

For obtaining a pole-zero approximation of a linear, discrete-time system, a new method is presented which minimizes the squared difference between the log-magnitude spectrum of the system and that of the approximation. Using an iterative procedure, a locally optimal solution is found for the poles and zeros of the system approximation. >
Low temperature fast-neutron and gamma irradiation of Kapton® polyimide films

Abstract Structure, chemistry and mechanical properties of Kapton® HA and H polyimide films have been studied after their exposure to fast-neutron and gamma irradiation at a target temperature of 4 K. The fast (E>0.1 MeV) neutron fluence was 3.1 × 1022 n/m2. X-ray diffraction showed that irradiation disordered partially crystalline structure of Kapton® H while the structure of Kapton® HA remained amorphous under irradiation. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of Kapton® HA and H increased with irradiation, consistent with the crosslink formation. The increase in Tg was significantly larger in Kapton® H. The FT-IR spectrometry showed no new absorptions in the irradiated Kapton® HA and H. Shifts in some peak positions have been observed, however. Tensile testing showed that irradiation increased modulus and yield strength of Kapton® HA and H, in agreement with the proposed crosslink formation as the predominant mechanism of radiation hardening. The extent of radiation hardening, as evaluated from the total strain at fracture, was significantly larger in Kapton® H.
The determination of elastic constants using arbitrary directions in cubic and hexagonal crystals

Abstract A method is developed to obtain a complete set of elastic constants in cubic and hexagonal crystals using one and two arbitrary directions for sound propagation respectively. The results are compared with the set obtained conventionally.
TCT-316 Impact of Coronary Artery Size on Physiologic Microcirculatory Indices: A Volumetric Intravascular Ultrasound Study with Coronary Flow Assessment

Microvascular dysfunction has been associated with increased mortality. However, little is known whether physiologic microcirculatory indices can fundamentally be affected by coronary dimensions. Volumetric IVUS (50 mm length) and physiologic assessment (Fractional Flow Reserve [FFR], Coronary Flow
The distribution of (Na+ + K+)ATPase is continuous along the axolemma of unensheathed axons from spinal roots of 'dystrophic' mice.

(Na++K+)ATPase-like immunoreactivity along the axolemma of sensory and motor neurons and the plasmalemma of Schwann cells from spinal roots of dystrophic mice (129 ReJ Dy/Dy) was determined using polyclonal antibodies specific for guinea pig renal (Na++K+)ATPase (GP-17), along with polyclonal (439-2) and monoclonal (9A5) antibodies specific for rat renal (Na++K+)ATPase. In normal and dystrophic mice, (Na++K+)ATPase-like immunoreactivity was observed along the axolemma at nodes of Ranvier using GP-17 and 439-2, each of which binds to isozymes of (Na++K+)ATPase composed of the α and α+ forms of the catalytic subunit. Staining was not seen along the nodal axolemma with 9A5, a preparation that binds to the α form of the catalytic subunit. The terminal processes and microvilli of Schwann cells were stained using all three antibody probes. The axolemma of unensheathed axons in dystrophic mice was continuously and uniformly labelled with GP-17 and 439-2, but not 9A5. Concentrations of (Na++K+)ATPase-like immunoreactivity along Schwann cell processes were observed most often in areas adjacent to unensheathed axolemma. At heminodes, staining abruptly decreased along Schwann cell processes in areas that were separated from the unensheathed axolemma by other intervening Schwann cell processes. It was concluded from these data that in dystrophic mice (Na++K+)ATPase is uniformly distributed along unensheathed portions of axons without evidence of detectable focal concentations of the enzyme, and that the catalytic subunit of (Na++K+)ATPase along unensheathed axons is distinct from the α form found in Schwann cells and other organs. In addition, (Na++K+)ATPase is concentrated along the plasmalemma of Schwann cells in regions of close apposition to axolemmal areas associated with large ionic fluxes.
An integro-differential equation for surface ocean waves with finite depth

Abstract An explicit integro-differential equation formulation is derived for surface ocean waves with finite depth. The equation involves only 2D surface variables. For this equation, we establish the stability and existence of solutions, and explain the effect of depth on surface wave properties.
Resistance to extinction in humans as a function of sequential variables and amount of acquisition training

The experimenters used human subjects and three schedules of reinforcement: (1) continuous reinforcement; (2) a schedule with few N-R transitions and long N-lengths; and (3) a schedule with many N-R transitions and short N-lengths. In the first experiment, with extended acquisition training, the second schedule produced a partial reinforcement effect, but the third did not. In the second experiment, acquisition training was shortened, but the results were essentially the same as those of the first experiment.
Rate Parameters in Heterogeneous Catalysis by Pulse Techniques

Abstract Response to perturbations of concentration and temperature have been used since the early part of the century [l, 21 to describe mathematically the transient behavior of process equipment. Beginning two decades ago [3, 41, evaluation of rate parameters, such as mass transfer coefficients, diffusivities, and chemical kinetic constants from response measurements, has developed into a useful tool in applied science. Kubin [5, 61 and Kucera [7] made a major contribution in pointing out that experimentally measurable moments of the response curves (peaks) to pulse inputs could be expressed explicitly in terms of the rate and equilibrium parameters used to describe the chemical and physical processes occurring in the equipment, For example, in a fixed-bed, continuously operating adsorber the moments of the response peak, in the effluent stream, to a pulse of concentration introduced in the feed could be expressed in terms of an axial dispersion rate coefficient, fluid-to-particle mass transfer coeffici...
35 Predictors of Right Ventricular Assist Device Following Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation: An Assessment of Scoring Systems

alloand auto-antibody production is emerging. We identified a characteristic increase in circulating CD21 B cells within six months of cardiac transplantation. CD21 B cells are implicated in autoimmunity, and produce high levels of IgM antibody upon stimulation. The expansion of this B cell phenotype post transplantation may suggest an autoimmune signature consistent with the generation of non-HLA IgM antibodies which are associated with chronic rejection.
Genetic Background of Prop1 df Mutants Provides Remarkable Protection Against Hypothyroidism-Induced Hearing Impairment

Hypothyroidism is a cause of genetic and environmentally induced deafness. The sensitivity of cochlear development and function to thyroid hormone (TH) mandates understanding TH action in this sensory organ. Prop1df and Pou1f1dw mutant mice carry mutations in different pituitary transcription factors, each resulting in pituitary thyrotropin deficiency. Despite the same lack of detectable serum TH, these mutants have very different hearing abilities: Prop1df mutants are mildly affected, while Pou1f1dw mutants are completely deaf. Genetic studies show that this difference is attributable to the genetic backgrounds. Using embryo transfer, we discovered that factors intrinsic to the fetus are the major contributor to this difference, not maternal effects. We analyzed Prop1df mutants to identify processes in cochlear development that are disrupted in other hypothyroid animal models but protected in Prop1df mutants by the genetic background. The development of outer hair cell (OHC) function is delayed, but Prestin and KCNQ4 immunostaining appear normal in mature Prop1df mutants. The endocochlear potential and KCNJ10 immunostaining in the stria vascularis are indistinguishable from wild type, and no differences in neurofilament or synaptophysin staining are evident in Prop1df mutants. The synaptic vesicle protein otoferlin normally shifts expression from OHC to IHC as temporary afferent fibers beneath the OHC regress postnatally. Prop1df mutants exhibit persistent, abnormal expression of otoferlin in apical OHC, suggesting delayed maturation of synaptic function. Thus, the genetic background of Prop1df mutants is remarkably protective for most functions affected in other hypothyroid mice. The Prop1df mutant is an attractive model for identifying the genes that protect against deafness.
A small animal model of regional alveolar ventilation using HP 3He MRI1.

Rationale and objectives The aim of this study was to establish a standardized procedure for the measurement of regional fractional ventilation in a healthy rat model as a baseline for further studies of pulmonary disorder models. Materials and methods The lungs of five healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were imaged using hyperpolarized helium-3 magnetic resonance imaging. From these images, regional fractional ventilation was calculated and maps generated detailing the distribution of fractional ventilation in the lung. The 1.56 mm × 1.56 mm × 4 mm regions of interest were assigned on 5 cm × 5 cm field of view lung maps. Histograms were also generated showing the frequency distribution of fractional ventilation values. To compare fractional ventilation values between animals, the ventilation procedure was standardized to results from individual pulmonary function tests. Each animal’s spontaneous tidal volume, respiratory rate, and inspiration percentage (percent of total respiratory cycle in inspiration) were used in their mechanical ventilation settings. Results Results were similar among all five healthy rats based on examination of ventilation distribution maps and frequency distribution histograms. Mean (0.13) and standard deviation (0.07) were calculated for fractional ventilation in each animal. However, these values were determined to be influenced by slice selection, and therefore the maps and histograms were favored in analysis of results. Conclusion This study shows consistent results in healthy rat lungs and will serve as a baseline study for future measurements in emphysematous rat lungs.
The Dark Side of “Postmodern Moonshine”

In our summer 2006 issue, we ran a comprehensive overview of how postmodernism has degraded composition on our campuses. Steve Kogan enlarges that indictment and charges that the movement has deliberately corrupted every area of English instruction—from the acquisition of skills and knowledge to the more fundamental mission of developing in students the habits of disciplined learning.
Mechanism of Tumor Necrosis Factor(TNF)-Induced Cytotoxicity: Apoptosis, Oncogene,and Interferon signaling • 934

Mechanism of Tumor Necrosis Factor(TNF)-Induced Cytotoxicity: Apoptosis, Oncogene,and Interferon signaling • 934
The transition fgrm network operating systems to distributed global operating systems: do we stretch too much the real-time requirements?

Abstract The main drawback of distributed architecture is the lack of common knowledge by all processing elements, due to incompleteness of signal observability. This creates an uncertainty gap between the system-wide knowledge of every processing element at any given time, and the control functions that are required from the system at that particular time. A new approach, in hardware but mainly in software, is proposed to reduce this uncertainty gap. A reduced complexity method in the multi-processor distributed environment is presented. The mechanistic functions of the operating system are delegated from the processing sub-system (still in charge on the strategic control decisions) to the communication coordinator sub-system. A new software strategy that emphasizes efficient operation and fast decisions is presented. It's key point is task allocation strategy that overcomes possible incorrect decisions. These decisions can be reached based on partial knowledge at the time the decisions were made.
Proposed Liquidus Surface of the CaSiO3‐BaSiO3‐SrSiO3 System Constructed from Literature Data

In the absence of a published diagram, two versions of the liquidus surface of the ternary system CaSiO3-BaSiO3-SrSiO3 were constructed from binary data. This information was adequate for a prediction of the temperature and composition of a ternary minimum or eutectic. This speculative interpolation, a more feasible approach than calculation under the circumstances, resulted in a useful working diagram which ultimately needs the test of experimental work.
Regeneration and frequency of tetraploid variants of Cucumis metuliferus are affected by explant induction on semi-solid medium versus the liquid/ membrane system.

Ninety-eight percent of Cucumis metuliferus (PI 482439) cotyledons regenerated shoot buds after 5 weeks on basal Murashige and Skoog medium amended with 10 µm benzyladenine. Regeneration rates of explants maintained only on agar-gelled medium versus explants induced first on a liquid/membrane system were compared after weekly transfers of tissue from liquid/membrane to agar during the first 5 weeks of regeneration. The number of regenerant buds increased from six per cotyledon (on agar-gelled medium) to nine per cotyledon when explants induced on the liquid/membrane system for 3 or 4 weeks were transferred to agar-gelled medium. Shoot development, rooting and survival in the greenhouse were adequate, regardless of whether regeneration was initiated on the agar or liquid/membrane system. Tetraploid regenerants accounted for 9% of the 391 regenerants screened. Pollen morphology was a reliable screening technique to identify tetraploid plants. The frequency of tetraploid plants varied from 13.5% to 6.9% after 5 weeks of induction on the agar or liquid/membrane system, respectively. This frequency decreased to 1.5% if the explants were transferred from the liquid/membrane system to agar after the first week of induction. Transfers during this period play a critical role in eliminating tetraploid variants.
Pericardial closure decreases right ventricular load tolerance in the dog

Previous studies using graded pulmonary artery (PA) occlusions were unable to determine whether the Frank-Starling relationship contributed significantly to right ventricle (RV) afterload tolerance. Hence, we wished to determine whether limitation of RV filling could decrease RV load tolerance. Anesthetized mongrel dogs were instrumented for the measurement of mean aortic pressure, pulmonary arterial flow, RV systolic (Ps) and diastolic (Pd) pressures, and myocardial segment length of the RV inflow (INF) and outflow (OUT) tracts. Filling of RV was limited by pericardial closure (PC). Before and after PC we performed graded occlusions of the PA to the point of cardiocirculatory failure (F). The magnitude of RV after load that could be tolerated without F was called the highest load tolerable (HLT). At HLT, with the pericardium open (PO), PA circumference had decreased by 33.9% ± 9.5%, and there were increases in Ps (from 28.3 ± 6.6 to 57.2 ± 17.7 torr, P < .001), Pd (from 4.4 ± 1.9 to 6.1 ± 1.5 torr, P < .01), and diastolic regional myocardial segment lengths (10.4 ± 4.2 to 11.6 ± 4.5 mm for INF, 10.4 ± 0.9 to 11.5 ± 0.5 mm for OUT; P < .05). Compared to PO, with PC, RV load tolerance decreased in that PA circumference could be decreased by only 26.2% ± 15.7% (P < .05), and Ps increased to only 48.4 ± 22.5 torr (P < .05). With PC, there was a significant decrease in end-diastolic fiber length for OUT, but not for INF. Further, with PC, at HLT, INF enddiastolic segment length increased (to 11.2 ± 3.3 mm) but, unlike with PO, there was no significant increase in OUT. However, for INF as well as for OUT, maximum diastolic length was significantly less with PC than with PO. By empirically fitting pressure-segment length curves to an exponential equation, we obtained an index of regional stiffness. Following PC, this was unchanged for the INF, but had increased significantly for the OUT. We conclude (1) the Frank-Starling relationship contributes to the capacity of the RV to tolerate increased afterload; and (2) the effects of pericardial closure on regional stiffness are nonhomogeneous, the outflow tract being more constrained than the inflow tract.