cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Puzzles, Progress, Prospects: pre-Summary for the Quark Matter 2009 Conference

Abstract The new millennium's qualitative advances in relativistic heavy ion physics are in part due to, and are in part causing, a new appreciation for quantitative rigor in both experimental and theoretical work in the field. In these proceedings for the conference-opening “pre-Summary” talk I present an annotated guide to the figures and points made in my talk [ http://qm09.phys.utk.edu/indico/getFile.py/access?contribId=491&sessionId=25&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=1 ].
Specific heat of Gd Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ in the normal and superconducting states

The specific heat $c$, resistance $R$, and magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ of the high-temperature superconductor $\mathrm{Gd}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ have been measured from 1.5 to 180 K and compared with those of $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.15}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. For the Gd compound, an antiferromagnetic transition is seen in the specific-heat data at 2.24 K, and a Curie-Weiss dependence of $\ensuremath{\chi}$ is also seen, with $7.98{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per Gd ion and $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\chi}}$ extrapolating to zero at -5.89 K. The entropy associated with this peak in the specific heat is consistent with an assignment of $J=\frac{7}{2}$ to the total angular-momentum quantum number of the Gd ion, indicating that crystal-field effects are small. The specific heat of the Gd compound is larger than that of the Y compound at these temperatures; this is attributed to the larger mass of the Gd ion. A peak in $\frac{c}{{T}^{3}}$ near 20 K in the Gd compound indicates a sharply defined peak in the phonon density of states near 10 meV. The superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ of $\mathrm{Gd}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ indicated by the specific-heat data is 93.8 K, and the jump in the specific heat at ${T}_{c}$ is 301 mJ/K g-atom, in agreement with previous observations for $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$. Evidence is seen for a temperature-dependent phonon density of states in $\mathrm{Gd}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$, and it is pointed out that such a temperature dependence is also seen in previously published data for ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.15}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.8}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.2}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$.
Policing in small town America: Dogs, drunks, disorder, and dysfunction

Abstract A handful of researchers examined the activities of law enforcement in rural areas. Much of the research on rural policing activities involved well-constructed ethnographic methodologies including observational studies, case studies, and in-depth interviews. These studies demonstrated that rural police officers faced a number of problems that their urban counterparts did not. Building on this past research, this article reports the results of a content analysis of law enforcement activity in one rural community over a two-year timeframe. In all, 948 police calls as described in one community's published media crime reports were analyzed. Results of the analysis suggested that rural policing requires officers who are trained as generalists and able to respond to an assortment of departmental and social/community needs. Implications are provided.
Cell fractionation studies on the digestive gland of Limulus polyphemus L.

Abstract 1. 1. Optimal conditions have been established for the quantitative assay of aryl sulfatase, acid phosphatase, acid ribonuclease and β-glucuronidase in the digestive gland of Limulus. 2. 2. Differential centrifugation of total homogenates shows that the hydrolases are particle-associated, with greatest relative specific activities occurring in the light mitochondrial fraction. 3. 3. Preincubation of the particles from the light mitochondrial fraction in a hypoosmotic medium releases latent enzyme activities equivalent to 26·2–65·9 per cent of the total activities. 4. 4. In terms of pH optima, distribution among subcellular fractions and structure-linked latency, the enzymes studied were found to have several properties in common with the hydrolases of mammalian lysosomes.
6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa metabolism in MPTP-treated monkeys: assessment of tracer methodologies for positron emission tomography.

Abstract 6-[ 18 F]Fluoro- l -DOPA (FDOPA) is an l -DOPA analog that is used to assess the functional integrity of central dopaminergic systems in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). FDOPA metabolites from putamen of normal and MPTP-treated monkeys were characterized to correlate FDOPA metabolism changes with those of the endogenous dopamine system. In MPTP-lesioned putamen, 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine and dopamine levels were less than 2% those of controls. Increases in endogenous dopamine metabolism were reflected by similar increases in 6-[ 18 F]fluorodopamine metabolites. These results suggest that changes in the central dopamine system biochemistry can be monitored in vivo with FDOPA and PET.
Society, research policy and systems science

It is argued that systems science (modeling, decision and control theory, operations research, etc.) has many potentially beneficial applications for societies at all stages of economic development, and especially to societies attempting to achieve a steady state relationship with their physical environment. However, at least two current dangers are perceived: (i) the threat to civil liberties and privacy that lies in centralizing information and control (although it is emphasized that centralization is not a necessary feature of an application of systems theory and technology), and (ii) the possibility of charlatanry in the selling of "systems" solutions to complex social and economic problems. Presently it seems that governments and institutions lack the expertise to critically evaluate the modelling, simulation and control technologies on the market. In the near future systems sciences may be discredited by an erroneous association with some of these products. The author makes some proposals for combatting (i) and (ii) and for attempting to increase the contributions to human welfare that can be made by systems science.
Using host plant resistance to manage biotic stresses in cool season food legumes

The cool season food legumes are seriously affected by diseases and pests that collectively cause yield reductions variously estimated at over 50% on a world wide basis. The use of host plant resistance to increase and stabilize yields depends on a well planned and coordinated program of germplasm evaluation, hybridization with otherwise adapted material, and screening and selection methods that efficiently identify segregants with combined resistance to multiple diseases and insect pests. Sequential and simultaneous screening has successfully combined resistance to Ascochyta blight and Fusarium wilt of chickpea; Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, and viruses of pea; and Fusarium wilt and rust of lentil.
Correspondence Principle in Viscoelastic Functionally Graded Materials

This paper presents an extension of the correspondence principle (as applied to homogeneous viscoelastic solids) to nonhomogeneous viscoelastic solids under the assumption that the relaxation (or creep) moduli be separable functions in space and time. A few models for graded viscoelastic materials are presented and discussed. The revisited correspondence principle extends to specific instances of thermoviscoelasticity and fracture of functionally graded materials.
Solution of linear systems with verified accuracy

In the past several years new methods have been derived for solving algebraic problems with high accuracy and with automatic verification of the correctness of the result. The introduction of the new methods consists of four parts: (1) TO obtain a result on a computer the correctness of which is verified to be correct, a precisely defined computer arithmetic is indispensable. Moreover, a computer arithmetic with maximum accurate results for an> single operation would be desirable. The definition of maximum accuracy for a computed result is easy, the theoretical and practical foundation is a new theory developed by Kulisch and Miranker [2] to be described in the following. A computer result is an approximation of the precisely defined real result by a floating-point number. Although the real (infinite precise) result is in general not computable, it may serve to define the term maximum accuracy. As long as no overflow or underflow occurs, there are essentially two cases. First, the precise result may be exactly a machine (floating-point) number. Second, there are two floating-point neighbours left and right to the precise real result. In the first case, the maximum accurate floating-point result is obviously the exact result which happens to be a machine number. In the second case, both floating-point neighbours of the precise result are of maximum accuracy and it depends on the rounding mode which result will be delivered. There are four essential rounding modes, namely rounding to nearest, rounding downwards, rounding upwards and rounding towards zero. For rounding to the nearest floating-point number there is the special case that the precise result is exactly the midpoint of the two floating-point neighbours. In this case the result is usually the floating-point number of larger magnitude. The definition of maximum accurate floating-point operations is clear, but the theoretical bases and implementation is not trivial. One reason for this is that the exact, infinite precise result is in general not known or difficult to compute. However, in numerical analysis not only bare numbers as approximations to real quantities occur but also complex numbers and, more general, vectors and matrices over real and complex numbers. It is desirable to provide the well-defined operations for vectors and matrices also with maximum accuracy. Obviously for that purpose a dot product with maximum accuracy is necessary. The implementation of a dot product with maximum accuracy is possible as has been shown by Bohlender [l]. It turns out that the maximum accurate dot product is essentially sufficient to provide all operations for real or complex scalars, vectors and matrices with maximum accuracy 121. (2) The ultimate goal is the implementation of algorithms delivering result with automatic verification of the correctness. A verification can be provided by delivering sets including the solution. The correctness, i.e. the fact that the delivered set actually contains the solution to the
Thermal Transients on Buried Cables

THERMAL TRANSIENTS on cables have an important bearing on the emergency rating of a cable, a matter which is receiving increasing attention because of its economic as well as its technical importance.
Fibrin Sealant Adhesive Systems: A Review of Their Chemistry, Material Properties and Clinical Applications:

Fibrin sealants (FS) are the most successful tissue adhesives to date. They have many advantages over adhesive technologies such as cyanoacrylates and marine adhesives in terms of biocompatibility, biodegradation and hemostasis. There are several commercial products in Europe but none in the United States due to the current regulatory stance against pooled plasma blood products. Blood banks and interested investigators have implemented single- and patient autologous-donor production methods with some success. This article will review the history of FS research and development and describe the chemistry of fibrin(ogen) and the production of commercial and research products. Fibrin sealant and purified fibrin characterization is compared and contrasted. The material and adhesive properties are described, and a survey of the clinical applications in which FS has been used is included as well.
Development of hydronephrosis in spina bifida patients: predictive factors and management.

Summary A retrospective review of 209 children with spina bifida was performed to determine predictive factors for the development of hydronephrotic changes and to assess the outcome of management. Renal sonography demonstrated hydronephrosis in 100 cases (48%). Two risk factors were identified: level of spinal defect and age of the patient. Higher spinal levels carried the greatest risk of hydronephrosis. The high risk age periods were the first 4 months of life, affecting children with high lesions, and the teenage years, affecting those on clean intermittent catheterisation (CIC). Seventy-nine hydronephrotic patients underwent treatment, whereas for 21 there was improvement in the sonographic appearance without intervention. CIC with or without anticholinergic pharmacotherapy was the most common treatment (58%), but often a combination of modalities was required to achieve improvement. The final result of all treatments was deemed satisfactory in 82% of cases. Renal sonography was a useful screening tool to detect upper tract changes in spina bifida patients.
Water budget and vertical conductance for Lowry (Sand Hill) Lake in north-central Florida, USA

Abstract Water-budget components and the vertical conductance were determined for Lowry (Sand Hill) Lake in north-central Florida, USA. In this type of lake, which interacts with both the surface-water and groundwater systems, the inflow components are precipitation, surface-water inflow, groundwater inflow, and direct runoff (i.e. overland flow), and the outflow components are evaporation, groundwater outflow, and surface-water outflow. In a lake and groundwater system that is typical of many karst lakes in Florida, a large part of the groundwater outflow occurs by means of vertical leakage through an underlying confining unit to a deeper, highly transmissive aquifer called the upper Floridan aquifer. The water-budget component that represents vertical leakage to the upper Floridan aquifer was calculated as a residual using the water-budget equation. For the 13 month period from August 1994 to August 1995, relative to the surface area of the lake, rainfall at Lowry Lake was 1.55 m yr−1, surficial aquifer inflow was 0.79 m yr−1, surface-water inflow was 1.92 m yr−1, and direct runoff was 0.01 m yr−1. Lake evaporation was 1.11 m yr−1, and surface-water outflow was 1.61 m yr−1. The lake stage increased 0.07 m yr−1, and the vertical leakage to the upper Floridan aquifer was 1.48 m yr−1. Surficial aquifer outflow from the lake was negligible. At Lowry Lake, vertical leakage is a major component of the water budget, comprising about 35% of the outflow during the study period. The vertical conductance (KV/b), a coefficient that represents the average of the vertical conductances of the hydrogeologic units between the bottom of a lake and the top of the upper Floridan aquifer, was determined to be 2.51 × 10−4 day−1 for Lowry Lake.
Role and regulation of ferritin H in rotenone-mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress

Tight regulation of intracellular iron levels in response to mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism that prevents oxidative stress, thereby limiting cellular damage. Here, we describe a cytoprotective response involving transcriptional activation of the ferritin H gene in response to the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor and neurotoxic compound rotenone. Rotenone exposure increased ferritin H mRNA and protein synthesis in NIH3T3 fibroblasts and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Transient transfection of a ferritin H promoter-luciferase reporter into NIH3T3 cells showed that ferritin H was transcriptionally activated by rotenone through an antioxidant-responsive element (ARE). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that rotenone treatment enhanced binding of Nrf2 and JunD transcription factors to the ARE. In addition, rotenone induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine abrogated ferritin H mRNA induction by rotenone, suggesting that this response is oxidative stress-mediated. Furthermore, reduced ferritin H expression by siRNA sensitized cells to rotenone-induced apoptosis with increased ROS production and annexin V-positive cells. Taken together, these results suggest that ferritin H transcription is activated by rotenone via an oxidative stress-mediated pathway leading to ARE activation and may be critically important to protect cells from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
Newnans Lake, Florida: Removal of Particulate Organic Matter and Nutrients Using a Short-term Partial Drawdown

ABSTRACT Spillways at lake outlets are commonly employed to reduce water level fluctuations and promote year-round lake access. However, stabilized water levels may cause accelerated accumulation of sediment on the lake bottom. This can change aquatic plant communities, cloud the water, and eliminate hard-bottom nesting areas for many sportfish. These effects may be particularly pronounced when spillway design does not allow for bottom water drainage and outflow is restricted to less turbid surface waters. Such a structure controls the single surface-outflow of shallow, algal-dominated Newnans Lake, Florida. A 90-day removal of this spillway flushed 60 metric tons (dry weight) of sediment (containing 15% total Kjeldahl nitrogen and 0.5% total phosphorus) from the lake. This quantity was small compared to the likely stores in the lake, but the removal was accomplished at no cost. Data suggest low lake stage at the start of dewatering, resulting in small hydraulic head and low flow through the lake system d...
Interleukin-1 receptor null mutant mice show decreased anxiety-like behavior and enhanced fear memory.

IL-1β is a proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to psychological stress responses and has been implicated in various psychiatric disorders most notably depression. Preclinical studies also demonstrate that IL-1β modulates anxiety- and fear-related behaviors, although these findings are difficult to assess because IL-1β infusions influence locomotor activity and nociception. Here we demonstrate that IL-1RI null mice exhibit a behavioral phenotype consistent with a decrease in anxiety-related behaviors. This includes significant effects in the elevated plus maze, light–dark, and novelty-induced hypophagia tests compared to wild-type mice, with no differences in locomotor activity. With regard to fear conditioning, IL-1RI null mice showed more freezing in auditory and contextual fear conditioning tests, and there was no effect on pain sensitivity. Taken together, the results indicate that the IL-1β/IL-1RI signaling pathway induces anxiety-related behaviors and impairs fear memory.
Relative cell sizes of lymphocyte subpopulations: the effect of immunosuppressive treatment.

The sizes of cells of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were evaluated in normal subjects (NL) and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, the effect of azathioprine (AZ) or of cyclophosphamide (CPA) on the size of RA lymphocytes was determined. A fluorescent technique was used to identify lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin and/or receptors for aggregated human immunoglobulin G (Agg-SIg), and a rosette technique was used to identify lymphocytes with receptors for sheep red blood cells (SRBC). When lymphocytes were examined for the simultaneous occurrence of Agg-SIg and receptors for SRBC, only 2.2% of lymphocytes in NL and 3.6% in RA were found to have both markers while 12.2 and 10.9% of NL and RA lymphocytes, respectively, were found to have neither marker. The sizes of cells postive for Agg-SIg as well as cells negative for Agg-SIg were determined with an eyepiece micrometer. In normals, lymphocytes positive for Agg-SIg were found to be significantly larger in mean diameter than lymphocytes not positive for Agg-SIg. Untreated RA did not differ from normals. Only when the lymphocyte counts fell below 750/mm3 during CPA therapy was a significant change in cell size noted. In that circumstance the mean diameters of both Agg-SIg positive and Agg-SIg negative cells increased significantly. These same findings were noted even after contaminating monocytes were removed by passage through a column of polystyrene/divinylbenzene beads.
T-cell activation through the antigen receptor. Part 1: Signaling components, signaling pathways, and signal integration at the T-cell antigen receptor synapse

Part 1 of this review will highlight the basic components and signaling pathways by which the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) activates mature extrathymic T cells. TCR signaling commences with an early wave of protein tyrosine kinase activation, which is mediated by the Src kinases Lck and Fyn, the 70-kd zeta-associated protein kinase, and members of the Tec kinase family. This early wave of protein tyrosine phosphorylation leads to the activation of downstream signaling pathways, including an increase in intracellular free calcium, protein kinase C, nuclear factor kappaB and Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. These pathways activate transcription factors, such as activator protein 1, nuclear factor of activated T cells, and Rel proteins, which ultimately lead to the expression of genes that control cellular proliferation, differentiation, anergy, or apoptosis. This review also describes how costimulatory receptors assist in signal transduction and assembly of macromolecular complexes at the TCR contact site with the antigen-presenting cell, also known as the immune synapse. These basic concepts of TCR signal transduction will be used in part 2 to explain how T-cell function can be altered by therapeutic targeting of TCR signaling components, as well as to explain modification of TCR signaling during T(H)1/T(H)2 differentiation, tolerance, and immune senescence.
Alpha thalassemia in American-born Filipino infants.

RW, Friedman EA, Jacobs M J, Josephson A, Ribot S, Shapiro FL, Stenzel KH, Suki WN, and Vyas G: Hepatitis B infection: A point-prevalence study in 15 U.S. hemodialysis centers, JAMA 227:901 ! 1974. Villarejos VM, Visona KA, Gutierrez A, and Rodriguez A: Role of saliva, urine and feces in the transmission of type B hepatitis, N Engl J Med 291:1375, 1974. 8. Krugman S, Giles J, and Hammond J: Infectious hepatitis, JAMA 200:365, 1967. 9. Apostolov K, Bauer D J, Selway JWT, Fox R, Dudley F, and Sherlock S: Australia antigen in urine, Lancet 1:1274, 1971. 10. Tripatzis I: Australia antigen in urine and feces, Am J Dis Child 123:401, 1974.
The essential nature of iron usage and regulation.

The facile ability of iron to gain and lose electrons has made iron an important participant in a wide variety of biochemical reactions. Binding of ligands to iron modifies its redox potential, thereby permitting iron to transfer electrons with greater or lesser facility. The ability to transfer electrons, coupled with its abundance, as iron is the fourth most abundant mineral in the earth’s crust, have contributed to iron being an element required by almost all species in the six kingdoms of life. Iron became an essential element for both Eubacteria and Archeabacteria in the early oxygen-free stages of the earth’s evolution. With the advent of an oxygen-rich environment, the redox properties of iron made it extremely useful, as much of iron utilization in eukaryotes is focused on oxygen metabolism, either as an oxygen carrier or as an electron carrier that can facilitate oxygen-based chemistry.
A nuclear system for DNA replication from synchronized HeLa cells

Abstract A nuclear system of DNA synthesis is described which appears to continue the replication process in vivo . In addition to intact nuclei, the system requires all 4 deoxynucleoside triphosphates, Mg 2+ , ATP, an inorganic salt and a heat-labile, SH-sensitive factor from the cytoplasmic fraction. There is also evidence for a second SH-sensitive process confined to the nucleus. The activity of the system correlated closely with the DNA synthetic activity of intact cells in synchronized cultures. The product was sensitive to deoxyribonuclease and, characteristic of replicating DNA, most of the product moved to the interphase during phenol extraction. That fraction of the product which was phenol extractable behaved like cellular DNA in CsCl and sucrose density gradients. A comparison of the nuclear system and the DNA polymerase found in the cytoplasm revealed different requirements for substrate concentration, pH, salt and ATP. The cytoplasmic DNA polymerase activity was not correlated with the cell cycle. Both systems were inhibited by PHMB and high levels of MgCl 2 . An analysis of the substrates utilized by the system revealed that all of the phosphate entering DNA was derived from the 5′α-position of the deoxynucleoside triphosphates without prior cyclization to the 3′-position.
Therapy for head lice.

To the Editor .— I am writing because of concern about the article “Therapy for Head Lice Based on Life Cycle, Resistance, and Safety Considerations.”1 My first concern is the recommendation to use malathion, an organophosphate pesticide, as the first-line …
Effects of drugs which modify catecholamine activity on amplification of LH release induced by locus coeruleus electrical stimulation.

Abstract Norepinephrine may be the neurotransmitter responsible for triggering the surge release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in proestrous and steroid-treated ovariectomized rats. In a previous study, we electrically stimulated (ES) the locus coeruleus (LC), a norepinephrine cell body region from which some axons project to the hypothalamus. These studies were performed in estradiol-treated rats in which the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) initially had been electrochemically stimulated (ECS) to partially depolarize luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) neurons. We observed that LC-ES markedly amplified the amount of LH released after preoptic-ECS. The purpose of the present study was to determine if these amplifying effects of LC-ES were due to the release of a catecholamine and if so which neurotransmitter was involved in this response. All rats in this study were ovariectomized and 7 days later (day 0) they were treated with estradiol for 2 days (day 2). On day 2, all animals were anesthetized with chloral hydrate. In control rats, the MPN was electrochemically stimulated (100 μA/60 s DC) and 30 min later the LC was electrically stimulated for 15 min. MPN-ECS significantly increased plasma concentrations of LH and LC-ES markedly amplified these plasma LH levels. Thereafter, 3 studies were performed and the following drugs were given: (1) α-methyl-p-tyrosine (MPT, 300 mg/kg i.p.); (2) phenoxybenzamine (PX, 15 mg/kg i.p.) and (3) propranolol (PROP, 15 mg/kg i.p.). MPT and PROP were administered 15 min prior to MPN-ECS and PX was given 90 min before MPN-ECS. None of these drugs affected the amount of LH released after preoptic stimulation. In contrast, both MPT and PX completely suppressed the augmenting action of LC-ES on LH secretion. The effects of PROP were equivocal and the interpretation of this data depends upon which statistical test was applied. These data suggest that LC-ES induces the release of NE and it is this neurotransmitter, acting via alpha adrenoreceptors, which ultimately amplifies LH secretion.
Evaluating instructional software: A review and critique of current methods

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the key features of various methods that software evaluation organizations employ to evaluate instructional software. Who conducts the evaluations, the processes they use for doing so, and the software features they evaluate are among the topics that are discussed. Some of the problems associated with many of the evaluation methods are also described, as is an alternate method designed to overcome some of the identified problems. Special emphasis is placed on the role of students as participants in the evaluation process, and the benefits that may be derived from placing students in that role.
Vertical Structure of Convective Systems during NAME 2004

Abstract This study describes the vertical structure of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that characterized the 2004 North American monsoon utilizing observations from a 2875-MHz (S band) profiler and a dual-polarimetric scanning Doppler radar. Both instrument platforms operated nearly continuously during the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME). A technique was developed to identify dominant hydrometeor type using S-band (profiler) reflectivity along with temperature. The simplified hydrometeor identification (HID) algorithm matched polarimetric scanning radar fuzzy logic–based HID results quite well. However, the simplified algorithm lacked the ability to identify ice hydrometeors below the melting layer and on occasion, underestimated the vertical extent of graupel because of a profiler reflectivity bias. Three of the strongest NAME convective rainfall events recorded by the profiler are assessed in this study. Stratiform rain exhibited a reflectivity bright band and strong Doppler velocity grad...
A local-scale, high-resolution evapotranspiration mapping algorithm (ETMA) with hydroecological applications at riparian meadow restoration sites

We present a new algorithm for mapping evapotranspiration (ET) that requires only local weather-station data including the ground heat flux and high resolution airborne thermal imagery. This ET mapping algorithm (ETMA) is based on the surface energy budget and partitions the available energy between the latent and sensible heat fluxes. Two parameters Tlatent and Tsensible are defined as the surface temperatures at which all of the turbulent heat flux is accounted for by the latent and sensible heat fluxes, respectively. These points are used to develop linear relationships between surface temperature and ET at specified times. Maps of ET at two times during the day are then used to model and integrate the diurnal pattern of ET using the Penman–Montieth and Jarvis–Stewart models of ET and surface resistance. The resulting maps of daily integrated ET have 1-m spatial resolution that is rarely available, yet important to the fields of hydrology, ecology, forestry, and agriculture. Our results comparing ET values to porometry-based local measurements within the meadows suggest that the mapped ETday values are accurate to within 10% of the potential ET rate or within 0.7 mm absolute error; however, under different conditions the error may be larger. The purpose of developing this algorithm was to investigate the hydroecology of restored and degraded meadows in the Sierra Nevada of northern California, USA. The pond-and-plug method of riparian restoration aims to raise the water table and re-establish native mesic vegetation that has been replaced by sagebrush and dryland species due to land-use practices over the past 150 years. By comparing the ET regime of two restored and two degraded meadows, we show that daily ET in the restored meadows (5–6.5 mm/day) was approximately twice that of the degraded ones (1.5–4 mm/day). The detailed images of ET show local impacts of land-use change and re-vegetation efforts.
Financing graduate medical education

In this Training Matters article, Samuel Frank highlights deficiencies in the current funding system for graduate medical education in the US, and discusses ideas for reform.
Envenomation by the Mexican lance-headed rattlesnake Crotalus polystictus: a case report.

Abstract —A case of envenomation by the Mexican lance-headed rattlesnake, Crotalus polystictus, resulted in local swelling and muscle fasciculation, which abated after i.v. antivenin and an area of necrosis healed. A mild thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia with elevation of fibrin split products was noted.
Transition flow boiling heat transfer to water in a vertical annulus

Abstract Transition boiling heat transfer coefficients for water at 25–30 psia flowing upward at low velocities have been obtained Hot mercury, flowing on the inside of a tube with a 0.54 in. o.d. served as the heat source. Water flowed in the annular space between the heat source and an outer glass tube having a 1 in. dia. Thermocouples placed at several elevations within the mercury stream allowed the rate of heat transfer to be determined. The heat transfer coefficients appear consistent with other transition boiling data providing an appropriate allowance is made for the reduction in critical heat flux at high void fractions.
Low pregravid body mass index as a risk factor for preterm birth: Variation by ethnic group*

Objective To examine the association between pregravid body mass index (BMI) and preterm delivery among black, white, and Hispanic women. Methods Preterm deliveries among 12,459 women (43.2% black, 39.3% white, and 17.5% Hispanic) enrolled in a large multicenter trial of preterm birth prevention were examined by pregravid BMI category (very low, less than 16.5; low, 16.5–19.7; normal, 19.8–26.0; high, greater than 26) and by pathway (all, early, late, spontaneous preterm labor, and premature rupture of membranes [PROM]). Results More than one-fifth of both black (20.1%) and white (28.6%) women had low pregravid BMIs (less than 19.8), whereas only 11.7% of Hispanic women were underweight. The overall prevalence of preterm delivery (gestational age less than 37 completed weeks) was 8.1% (10.3% in black, 7.3% in white, and 4.8% in Hispanic women). Among black and white women, bivariate analysis revealed an inverse linear association between pregravid BMI and the prevalence of all preterm deliveries ( P ≤ .001) and between pregravid BMI and the prevalence of late (33–36 weeks' gestation) preterm deliveries ( P P ≤ .01) and white ( P Conclusions These observations suggest that low pregravid BMI is associated with an increase in the prevalence of late preterm delivery and of spontaneous preterm labor among black and white, but not Hispanic, women.
Laser-induced fluorescence detection of OH produced by reaction of hot H atoms with CO2

Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection of OH radicals is used to examine the reaction of CO 2 molecules with translationally hot H atoms generated by ArF laser photolysis of HBr. Prompt formation of rotationally excited OH X 2 Πi(υ″ = 0,1,2), has been observed.
Screening for gibberellin deficiency mutants in Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena

A GA deficiency mutant was previously described in a single population ofSolanum tuberosum ssp.andigena (adg). A representative sample of 120 adg populations in the US Potato Genebank was screened for the dwarfing mutant. Up to 500 seedlings of each adg population were evaluated. Dwarfs were detected in 14 populations from a minimum of 0.2% to a maximum of 27.7%, indicating that the allele is not particularly rare or at risk of loss from the Genebank.
Dealing with the childhood obesity epidemic: a public health approach

Childhood obesity is one of the most pressing public health and medical problems in the United States. In the US, prevalence rates of childhood overweight and obesity have tripled in the past 30 years and the health implications and related medical costs of the disease are already evident. For the first time ever, weight-related Type 2 diabetes is being diagnosed in youth. Experts suggest that even if obesity prevalence remains static in the US, the lifetime risk of Type 2 diabetes for children born in 2000 is estimated at 30% for boys and 40% for girls (Narayan et al. J Am Med Assoc 290(14): 1884–1890, 2003). Annual hospital-related costs associated with treating obese children increased from 35 million dollars in 1979 to more than 127 million dollars in 1997–1999, based on 2001 dollars (Wang and Dietz Pediatrics 109(5): E81–E86, 2002). In addition to financial costs related to treating obesity, there are myriad social and personal costs of being an obese child and adult. This alarming rise in obesity rates among youth has been followed by initiatives by both the medical and public health communities to find appropriate and effective treatments as well as ways to prevent obesity. The following offers an overview of current trends and initiatives from both sectors and concludes with some thoughts on what the future may hold.
Naturally confused: consumers’ perceptions of all-natural and organic pork products

Consumers are bombarded with labels and claims that are intended to address their concerns about how food products are produced, processed, and regulated. Among those are the natural or all-natural claims and the certified organic label. In this study, two focus groups were conducted to explore consumers’ attitudes toward all-natural and organic pork and to gather their reactions to the USDA organic standards for meat, and the policy for natural claims. Results indicated that participants had positive associations with the terms “organic” and “all-natural” with exceptions regarding the trustworthiness of all-natural claims. Participants perceived the “no” labeling theme (no antibiotics, no hormones, no chemicals, etc.) often coupled with the all-natural label on pork products as identifying potential health and animal welfare risks. In response to the USDA standards and policies for labeling pork products as organic or all-natural, participants expressed confusion and had many unanswered questions.
Association and asylum

In Immigration and Freedom of Association, Christopher Heath Wellman argues that every legitimate state has the right to close its doors to all potential immigrants, even refugees desperately seeking asylum. He calls this is a stark conclusion, and I shall refer to it as such. While Wellman seeks to soften the blow by also advocating an expanded role for humanitarian intervention in refugee situations, this is often not an available solution. The stark conclusion implies that many who seek asylum, but who are thus beyond the reach of intervention, may as a matter of right be denied protection by states capable of providing it. Wellmans argument, however, supports at most a prima facie right of states to exclude aliens. The desperate need of refugees who are beyond the reach of intervention, I will argue, outweighs that prima facie right
Comparison of anesthetic techniques in patients undergoing heart valve replacement

Abstract A prospective study of 324 adult patients undergoing operations requiring cardiopulmonary bypass for heart valve replacement was undertaken to determine the effect of anesthetic technique on outcome. Patients received one of three primary techniques: fentanyl (40–100 μg/kg), sufentanil (4–8 μg/kg), or diazepam (0.4–1 mg/kg) with ketamine (3–6 mg/kg). Supplemental inhalation anesthesia with enflurane, halothane, or isoflurane was used in 43.8% of cases. Patients in these anesthetic groupings had similar perioperative demographic and risk classifications. Although there were differences in the requirements for vasopressors postoperatively among the intravenous anesthetic agents, neither mortality rates, length of ICU stay, nor incidence of postoperative heart failure showed the advantage of any intravenous or inhalational agent. There were also no significant differences in the incidences of serious pulmonary, renal, or neurologic morbidity among primary anesthetic techniques nor among supplemental inhalation agents. Multivariate discriminant analysis of these data suggests that many factors are significantly more important than anesthetic technique as determinants of outcome after heart valve replacement.
ASHG Code of Ethics

In an effort to make clear to all that the members of the ASHG subscribe to the highest scientific and professional standards, the Board of Directors asked a committee (Professional Ethics) to create a brief document that captured the spirit of scientific integrity and professionalism. The Board of Directors approved the final document at the meeting in Washington, DC, in March 2006. It is a major responsibility of professional organizations to nurture the public trust, just as it is the responsibility of the scientific community to earn and maintain that trust.
Increase in isotopic selectivity with pressure in the multiphoton infrared decomposition of CF3Br

Abstract The C-13 isotopic selectivity in the multiphoton decomposition of CF 3 Br has been shown to increase with increasing pressure of substrate for photolysis far to the red of the resonant, low intensity absorption band using relatively low fluence radiation. However, the quantum efficiency would appear to decrease as pressure is increased.
Endogenous lesions, S-phase-independent spontaneous mutations, and evolutionary strategies for base excision repair

Abstract We calculate from published levels of endogenous base lesions that our cells constantly generate and excise during base excision repair (BER) about one million lesions per day. Repair glycosylases may also non-specifically excise an additional number of undamaged bases. The resulting abasic sites are repaired daily by BER. The fidelity of polymerase-beta is 2.4 × 10 −5 and one must postulate additional fidelity mechanisms in the BER complex to explain the low mutation rate of resting cells. Any strategy which constitutively increases glycosylase activity to prevent endogenous lesions from entering S-phase and becoming mutations will also serve to increase the number of mutations per day caused by non-specific excision of normal undamaged bases. The best break-even strategy for reducing endogenous lesion-induced mutations is clearly not one of avid repair. Lower organisms from bacteriophage to fungi have adopted strategies to generate 0.0033 consequential mutations per cell division, no more and no less. Strategies such as down regulating glycosylase activity outside of S-phase to reduce time-dependent mutation frequency while leaving lesion replication-induced mutation frequency unchanged are discussed.
Psychological studies of marijuana and alcohol in man

Regular users of marijuana (cannabis sativa) were given smoked and orally administered marijuana, a placebo, or alcohol. They were unable to distinguish between smoked marijuana and the tetrahydrocannabinol-free placebo. The oral administration of tincture of cannabis produced primarily dysphoric symptoms and was similar to alcohol in this respect. The smoked marijuana altered pulse rate, time estimation, and EEG, but had no effect on a measure of field dependence or on a digit symbol substitution task. Both drugs appeared to be mild intoxicants in a laboratory setting. Consideration of the dose, prior experience with drugs, setting, and possible cross tolerance of marijuana and alcohol are important in evaluating the significance of the clinical effects.
The impact of the American War on Terror on Malaysian Islam

Abstract This essay provides an introductory discussion of the impact of the American war on terrorism on Malaysia, a Muslim country with a long record of parliamentary democracy and one of the most developed in the Muslim world. With a discussion of a possible decades-long US military and political engagement with the Muslim world as a background, the essay presents a detailed account of the impact of the US wars in Afghanistan, the Philippines and Iraq on Malaysian national politics, particularly on its political Islam. It is argued that the war on terrorism has benefited Mahathir Mohamad, helping to reverse his declining political fortunes following his sacking of Anwar Ibrahim as his deputy, which influenced his retirement from politics. The essay explains the reasons, external and domestic, for Malaysia's participation in the global war on terrorism and the extent of its involvement, including its leadership role in anti-terrorism in the Muslim world. It also discusses the views of Mahathir and Anwar...
Self-reported hypertension in a large multiethnic cohort

Study objectives: Research and clinical practice rely on self-reported data in the setting of large prospective databases. Inaccuracy of reporting is one significant limitation to self-reporting of chronic diseases such as hypertension. The literature describes that only half of those with hypertension actually report having the disease. We wished to estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of self-reported hypertension in 2 minority populations involved in a large multiethnic cohort. Methods: The multiethnic cohort consists of 35,102 blacks and 47,078 Latinos in Los Angeles, CA. Subjects in the cohort were mailed a first questionnaire asking whether they had a history of hypertension and had taken or were taking antihypertension medications. A second questionnaire was mailed in which patients were queried about their hypertension status. Finally, during biologic specimen collection, each subject was requested to produce actual current medications of all types that were recorded by name (generic or brand), dose, and frequency. We reviewed a random sample of 200 blacks and 200 Latinos and compared their responses to the criterion standard of hypertension as defined by the documented presence of an antihypertension medication on home visit. Results: A single “Y” or “N” on the first questionnaire was associated with a PPV of self-reported hypertension of 91% and a NPV of 44% for blacks and a PPV of 79% and NPV of 56% for Latinos (390 subjects). After the addition of the second questionnaire, 3 “Y” or 3 “N” led to a PPV of 94% and a NPV of 59% in blacks and a PPV of 98% and NPV of 69% in Latinos (N=278; 145 blacks and 133 Latinos). The NPV was lower mostly because individuals did not classify themselves as hypertensive when taking diuretics, α-adrenergic blockers, or digoxin. Conclusion: Increasing the number of items needed for a self-report of chronic hypertension allowed better PPV and NPV in this cohort, especially in the Latino population. These results may underrepresent those with undiagnosed hypertension but do allow identification of those with confirmed disease.
The bride of sevenless and sevenless interaction: Internalization of a transmembrane ligand

During Drosophila retinal development, the R8 photo-receptor neuron induces a neighboring cell to assume an R7 cell fate through cell contact. This is mediated by the transmembrane protein bride of sevenless (boss) on the surface of the R8 cell, which binds the sevenless tyrosine kinase receptor (sev) on the surface of the R7 precursor cell. The boss protein, which contains a large extracellular domain, seven transmembrane segments, and a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, has an exceptional structure for a ligand of a receptor tyrosine kinase. Using a panel of antibodies directed to various cytoplasmic and extracellular epitopes, we demonstrate that the entire boss protein from its extreme N-terminus to its extreme C-terminus is internalized by sev-expressing tissue culture cells and by the R7 precursor cell in the developing eye imaginal disc. The receptor-mediated transfer of a transmembrane ligand represents a novel mechanism for protein transfer between developing cells.
Fabrication of Three-Dimensional SU-8 Microstructures for MEMS Applications

In this paper, a novel method to realize three-dimensional microstructures is presented. The presented technology is based on a direct write technique using a scanning laser system to pattern thick-film SU-8. This technique combines the best features of photolithography techniques in multi-layer processing with the versatility of existing 3D prototyping technologies. It enables laser pulsing spot-by-spot for both in-plane and in-depth processing. The results presented here represent the first step towards the realization of categories of MEMS devices with mechanical, optical, and/or biological functionalities.Copyright © 2004 by ASME