cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport of Dissolved Organic Carbon-Derived Natural Colloids from Bed Sediments to Overlying Water: Laboratory Simulations

Natural colloids are part of the carbon cycle arising from sediment diagenesis. Natural colloids can be quantified as the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) present in the pore-water of sediment beds. In this paper we demonstrate that DOC is mobile in a system in which the dominant transport mechanism is Brownian diffusion. A simple model which assumes constant physico-chemical properties for the DOC adequately predicts the DOC release rate from a sediment bed in a microcosm. A single adjustable parameter, the water diffusivity, is used to fit the model to the experimental data. The experimental diffusivities obtained from the fitted data agree well with previously presented values.
In Vitro Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Bovine Rumen Fluid by Caprylic Acid

The antibacterial effect of caprylic acid (35 and 50 mM) on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and total anaerobic bacteria at 39 degrees C in rumen fluid (pH 5.6 and 6.8) from 12 beef cattle was investigated. The treatments containing caprylic acid at both pHs significantly reduced (P 0.05) inhibitory effect on total bacterial load. Results of this study revealed that caprylic acid was effective in inactivating E. coli O157:H7 in bovine rumen fluid, thereby justifying its potential as a preslaughter dietary supplement for reducing pathogen carriage in cattle.
Generalized Binary Tanglegrams: Algorithms and Applications

Several applications require the joint display of two phylogenetic trees whose leaves are matched by inter-tree edges. This issue arises, for example, when comparing gene trees and species trees or when studying the co-speciation of hosts and parasites. The tanglegram layout problem seeks to produce a layout of the two trees that minimizes the number of crossings between the inter-tree edges. This problem is well-studied for the case when the mappings between the leaves of the two trees is one-to-one. However, in typical biological applications, this mapping is seldom one-to-one. In this work we (i) define a generalization of the tanglegram layout problem, called the Generalized Tanglegram Layout (GTL) problem, which allows for arbitrary interconnections between the leaves of the two trees, (ii) provide efficient algorithms for the case when the layout of one tree is fixed, (iii) discuss the fixed parameter tractability and approximability of the GTL problem, (iv) formulate heuristic solutions for the GTL problem, and (v) evaluate our algorithms experimentally.
Reviewing the Research on Hypermedia-Based Learning

AbstractThis article synthesizes the research on hypermedia-based instruction while providing a meaningful framework for categorizing the research to date. Two very general groupings that are used posit hypermedia as a tool that learners consume information from and as a tool that learners use to produce and structure information. Research relating to individual differences, atttiudinal measures, systems analysis, and performance is examined. Concomitant changes in pedagogy are also addressed.
Glutamate synthase from Escherichia coli. An iron-sulfide flavoprotein.

Abstract Glutamate synthase catalyzes the TPNH-dependent conversion of α-ketoglutarate and l-glutamine to glutamate (Tempest, D. W., Meers, J. L., and Brown, C. M. (1970) Biochem. J. 117, 405). Levels of glutamate synthase are similar in Escherichia coli grown on 4 mm or 100 mm NH4Cl, but significantly lower levels of enzyme are produced when glutamate replaces NH4Cl as the source of nitrogen. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from crude extracts of E. coli. Homogeneity was established by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium studies. Stability of the purified enzyme is increased in the presence of α-ketoglutarate and 2-mercaptoethanol. The absorption spectrum of the enzyme exhibits maxima at 278, 380, and 440 nm. The purified enzyme contained 7.8 moles of flavin (both FAD and FMN), 38.4 moles of iron, and 30.4 moles of labile sulfide per 800,000 g of protein. Molybdenum was not detected. Enzyme reduced by dithionite was partially (64%) reoxidized by α-ketoglutarate + l-glutamine. The enzyme is highly specific for its substrates. Substrate saturation kinetics is hyperbolic; Km values for TPNH, α-ketoglutarate, and l-glutamine are 7.7, 7.3, and 250 µm, respectively. The pH optimum for catalytic activity is 7.6. Of more than 50 compounds studied only d- and l-aspartate, l-methionine, d-glutamate, and TPN produced 50% inhibition of catalytic activity at concentrations below 10 mm. l-cysteine, l-serine, glycine, l-homoserine, l-glutamate, l-asparagine, l-alanine, and l-histidine also were significant inhibitors. The purified enzyme sediments as a single symmetrical boundary in the analytical ultracentrifuge (s20,w = 20 S). A molecular weight of 800,000 (for v = 0.73) was determined by sedimentation equilibrium and confirmed by gel filtration. On sucrose gradient sedimentation the purified enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 20 S but the activity in an ammonium sulfate fraction of crude extract has a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 13 S. The purified protein migrates as a single band during electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels at pH 7.2 and pH 8.5 and on cellulose acetate at pH 8.4. Enzyme treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), urea, or guanidine migrates as two components (mol wt 53,000 and 135,000) on SDS or urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme contains 18 half-cystine residues per 200,000 g of protein; one of these is accessible to 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) in the native protein.
Evaluating the Effects of an Interdisciplinary Practice Model with Pharmacist Collaboration on HIV Patient Co-Morbidities

Treatment of HIV now occurs largely within the primary care setting, and the principal focus of most visits has become the management of chronic disease states. The clinical pharmacist's potential role in improving chronic disease outcomes for HIV patients is unknown. A retrospective cohort study was performed for HIV-positive patients also diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. Characteristics and outcomes in 96 patients treated by an interdisciplinary team that included a clinical pharmacist (i.e., the intervention group) were compared to those in 50 patients treated by an individual healthcare provider (i.e., the control group). Primary outcomes were changes from baseline over 18 months of HbA1c, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and blood pressure, respectively. Secondary outcomes included number of drug-drug interactions, HIV viral load, CD4 count, percent change in smoking status, and percent of patients treated to cardiovascular guideline recommendations. The interdisciplinary team had a significant improvement in lipid management over the control group (LDL: -8.8 vs. +8.4 mg/dL; p=0.014), and the smoking cessation rate over the study period was doubled in the interdisciplinary group (20.4% vs. 11.8%). Among those with an indication for aspirin, a significantly higher percentage of patients were prescribed the medication in the interdisciplinary group compared to the control group (85.5% vs. 64.9%; p=0.014). An informal cost analysis estimated savings of more than $3000 per patient treated by the interdisciplinary team. Based on these results, pharmacist involvement in an HIV primary care clinic appears to lead to more appropriate management of chronic co-morbidities in a cost-effective manner.
Application of system reliability analysis to plant status monitoring

The author describes a practical software tool which utilizes system reliability analysis techniques to assist nuclear power plant operators and maintenance staff in making timely decisions and reducing routine work burdens. Specifically, this software, plant status monitoring (PSM), will determine system operability status, monitor technical specification and action statements compliance, assess dynamic operational reliability at various power levels (plant health), and monitor and produce equipment outage tags in consultation with technical specification requirements and plant health implications. The engineering intelligence derived from PSM can be used to support a broad range of functions which include the online activities for addressing plant O&M (operations and maintenance) assistance and offline activities for performing other maintenance functions. >
John Leland and James Madison: Religious Influence on the Ratification of the Constitution and on the Proposal of the Bill of Rights

Itinerant Baptist preacher John Leland (and Baptists generally) strongly influenced James Madison's elections to the Virginia ratifying convention and to the First Congress, with possibly substantial effects on American history. New insights include evidence making it seem nearly certain Madison had a key letter concerning Leland in hand at a critical time and evidence showing that George Eve's famous defense of Madison at a Baptist church meeting was in pivotal Culpeper County, rather than Orange County. The paper also notes Leland's relationship with Thomas Jefferson; Leland's consistent advocacy of religious liberty for all persons; his criticism of slavery; and the unusual accessibility of his straightforward and humorous prose. Leland deserves more attention, especially now that his works are very easily accessible on Google Books. As L.H. Butterfield (an editor of the papers of both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams) put it, Leland "was as courageous and resourceful a champion of the rights of conscience as America has produced." Leland (in Philip Hamburger's phrase, "Jefferson's friend and ally, the irrepressible John Leland") is worth getting to know.
Toward a Theory of the Dynamics of Conflict

The purpose of the research1 reported herein is to develop quantitative theories of escalation and de-escalation of conflict. This research, although emphasizing theory, is grounded in the basic needs of practicing foreign-policy makers. The potential value of an adequate theory to a practitioner is that it predicts the consequences of a contemplated policy. A more powerful theory tells him more precisely when and what actions to take in order to affect its outcome in a desired direction. For example, modern economic theory permits the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve Board to predict the effect of various monetary and tax policies and to determine when to take fiscal and monetary action, so as to at least partially control economic conditions. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a theory which will provide similar guidance to statesmen who can affect international conflict situations by diplomatic, trade and military action.
Meanness in this World

As part of a symposium on Bruce Springsteen and American law, this essay considers the themes explored by Springsteen in his song "Nebraska," which was inspired by the story of Charles Starkweather and Caril Anne Fugate, two young "lovers" who indulged in a remarkable course of violence in Nebraska during the 1950s. The essay asks to what extent the song, and the story, echo the themes of emigration and displacement that are key elements in the history and current reality of the American West. The essay compares the story of Starkweather and Fugate with the current case of Christian Longo, convicted and sentenced to death in Oregon for murdering his wife and three children and disposing of their bodies in a shallow watercourse on the Pacific Coast. The crime of "family annihilation" seems as unfathomable as do the random murders committed by Starkweather and Fugate; but the author considers an episode from his own emigration from East to West, and the searing and peculiar pain caused by an injury to his daughter, as a means of considering the basic narcissism of parenthood, exacerbated by the separation from extended family and community occasioned by the trek west, which is a fearsome one even in the era of airliners and automobiles. It concludes that only the imagination of the artist can lead us to confront the darkness that lies inside us -- what Ernest Hemingway in his story "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place," called "the nada." If a mild-mannered law professor can glimpse the nada inside himself from the small traumas and partial, inevitable dissolution of his family, then perhaps even a killer like Longto, and by extension, Starkweather, is not beyond the realm of human solidarity and even understanding.
Use of Cognitive Task Analysis to Guide the Development of Performance-Based Assessments for IntraOperative Decision Making

ABSTRACTBackground: There is a paucity of performance-based assessments that focus on intraoperative decision making. The purpose of this article is to review the performance outcomes and usefulness of two performance-based assessments that were developed using cognitive task analysis (CTA) frameworks. Methods: Assessment-A used CTA to create a “think aloud” oral examination that was administered while junior residents (PGY 1-2's, N = 69) performed a porcine-based laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Assessment-B used CTA to create a simulation-based, formative assessment of senior residents' (PGY 4-5's, N = 29) decision making during a laparoscopic ventral hernia repair. In addition to survey-based assessments of usefulness, a multiconstruct evaluation was performed using eight variables. Results: When comparing performance outcomes, both approaches revealed major deficiencies in residents' intraoperative decision-making skills. Multiconstruct evaluation of the two CTA approaches revealed assessment method adva...
An examination of proton translocation and energy conservation during heterotrophic nitrification.

Whether selected heterotrophic nitrifiers, as do the autotrophs, conserve energy during the oxidation of their nitrogenous substrates was studied. The examinatio of proton translocation of four different bacterial nitrifiers capable of pyruvic oxime [(PO), CH3?C(NOH)?COOH] nitrification and by an NH4+ oxidizing Arthrobacter sp. was initiated. Three of the PO nitrifying bacteria, all pseudomonads, oxidize hydroxylamine (NH2OH) at a greater rate than PO and yielded only stoichiometric protons when NH2OH was the reductant. The fourth bacterium, Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC 8750, an adept PO oxidizer, does not appreciably oxidize NH2OH. The bacterium displayed a N+NH2OH ratios for less than if NH2OH was stoichiometrically converted to nitrite. When given NH4+, the Arthrobacter sp. yielded proton translocation patterns which were inconsistent with the metabolic data collected concerning NH4+ oxidation. Thus no data was collected which supported energy conservation via proton translocation by these heterotrophic nitrifiers.
Formal, systematic, and metasystematic operations with a balance-beam task series: A reply to Kallio's claim of no distinct systematic stage

This reply discusses the measurement of formal, systematic, and metasystematic stages. Recent multidomain studies have shown disparate results and we suggest that these results could be attributed not to actual variations in adult development or the existence or non-existence of stage, but instead may reflect differences in methodology regarding task, domain, and scoring. Our study indicates that when tested in only one domain—balance beams and extensions of those tasks—participants who performed at the higher stage were also able to perform at the lower stages. These results also coincide with similar studies conducted.
Effect of varenicline on individual nicotine withdrawal symptoms: a combined analysis of eight randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

INTRODUCTION Concerns exist that varenicline may cause neuropsychiatric side effects. Some of these symptoms (e.g., depression, irritability) have been measured in clinical trials using nicotine withdrawal scales. This study assessed the effect of varenicline on neuropsychiatric and other symptoms, as measured by the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS). METHODS We analyzed weekly individual MNWS symptom ratings in 8 randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled smoking cessation trials funded by Pfizer with similar methodology (n = 2,403 varenicline; n = 1,434 placebo). Ratings for the past 24hr were obtained prior to quitting and starting treatment and at Weeks 1-6 and 11 after the quit date. RESULTS In repeated measures analyses controlling for baseline values, ratings for 5 neuropsychiatric symptoms (depressed mood, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and restlessness) and urge to smoke were lower (p < .01) for varenicline than placebo at each timepoint. Worsening in scores from 0-2 (baseline) to 4 was less frequent on varenicline than placebo for all ratings except appetite- (significantly more frequent for varenicline, p < .0001) and sleep-related items. Repeated measures analysis for individuals with low levels of exhaled carbon monoxide revealed similar patterns except for a nonsignificant difference for increased appetite. CONCLUSIONS Use of varenicline while trying to quit smoking reduces and does not increase neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depressed mood and irritability measured on the MNWS in smokers without current psychiatric disorders. It is associated with increases in sleep disturbance and appetite although the latter appears due to enabling more subjects to abstain from smoking.
Virtual Mechanical Assembly Training Based on a 3D Game Engine

ABSTRACTDesigned for personal computers, 3D video games are powerful tools with respect to graphics rendering, real world physics simulation, human-computer interaction and multi-user communication. Because of these favorable features of 3D games, their adaption for serious applications has been widely researched recently. These applications generally focus on topics such as real world scenario reconstruction, which require no or only minor development efforts on the game engines themselves. Contrary to this, the development of virtual education and training environments requires the integration of complex engineering systems into games, which poses greater challenges and thus causes this topic to be covered less frequently. This article presents a framework for authoring virtual environments (VEs) for mechanical assembly training using a commercially available 3D game engine. The VE presented here allows multiple users to conduct simulations of assembly procedures in a collaborative manner and provides a...
Electrochemical characteristics of La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.82Ru0.18O3−δ–Gd0.1Ce0.9O2 solid oxide fuel cell anodes in H2–H2O–CO–CO2 fuel mixtures

Abstract This paper describes the performance of composite La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Cr 0.82 Ru 0.18 O 3− δ –Gd 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 2 anodes operated in varied H 2 O–H 2 , CO–CO 2 , and H 2 O–H 2 –CO–CO 2 fuel mixtures. Impedance spectroscopy studies in both H 2 O–H 2 and CO–CO 2 showed two main impedance responses that were thermally activated and exhibited power law variation with gas partial pressures. The polarization resistances in CO–CO 2 mixtures were larger than in H 2 –H 2 O mixtures with the same partial pressure ratios. Polarization resistances for surrogate coal syngas H 2 O–H 2 –CO–CO 2 fuel mixtures were higher than for H 2 O–H 2 –Ar mixtures with the same H 2 and H 2 O partial pressures, indicating that CO or CO 2 interfered with the H 2 oxidation reaction.
Measurement of cathodic protection currents from sacrificial anodes

THE measurement of currents and voltages in low-energy circuits always presents certain difficulties. The presence of the measuring equipment causes changes in the circuit parameters, and even though an exceedingly accurate instrument is used, the instrument reading may be far from the true value obtained when the instrument is not present.
Boundaries in use: The deployment of personal resources by the upper middle class

Abstract Following Bourdieu (1984), DiMaggio (1982, 1987, 1991) and Lamont (1992), the symbolic boundaries used by members of the upper middle class are examined through a content analysis of personal advertisements appearing in the first four months of 1992 in the New York Review of Books. The analysis finds support for Lamont's conclusions regarding the importance of economic and cultural resources in creating social boundaries among members of this class but does not find moral resources to be used by advertisers either in describing themselves or the characteristics they desire in a respondent as often as would be predicted by that study. Also, positive personality and physical resources are found to be important dimensions in the creation of symbolic boundaries by members of these social strata.
Testing of Fishing Quality Indices

Abstract Indices of Catch Quality and Trip Quality are tested with a maximum likelihood estimator and an exponential function. We are at least 90% accurate in our predictions of which fish anglers would prefer to catch when there is a difference in estimated quality of 30% or more. We recommend a log transformation of Trip Quality (TQ) values to normalize the data. A new index (Q) represents the overall quality of fishing for all anglers combined by taking into account the level of fishery benefits (average log TQ of successful anglers) and their distribution (percentage of successful anglers). Angler expectations provide management guidelines based on the fishing quality indices.
Mentoring novices' teaching of historical reasoning: Opportunities for pedagogical content knowledge development through mentor-facilitated practice

Abstract While worldwide policy attention turns to mentoring to develop new teachers' practice, researchers have not investigated mentoring exchanges that support novices' teaching of historical reasoning and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) development. Drawing on case studies of U.S. mentor–novice pairs, authors ask: How, if at all, is the teaching of history represented in mentoring conversations? How, if at all, do mentoring exchanges support novices' teaching of historical reasoning? Authors illustrate how mentoring conversations can support PCK elements through guided conceptual and practical representations of disciplinary history instruction; and reveal a form of mentor PCK for diagnosing and supporting novices' PCK development.
Time dependent radial diffusion modeling of relativistic electrons with realistic loss rates

[1] Model simulations are compared to the typically observed evolution of MeV electron fluxes during geomagnetic storms to investigate whether radial diffusion alone can account for the observed variability and to estimate the effect of electron lifetimes. We demonstrate that knowledge of lifetimes is crucial for understanding the radial structure of the storm-time radiation belts and their temporal evolution. Our model results suggest that outer zone lifetimes at 1 MeV are on the order of few days during quite-times and less than a day during storm-time conditions. Losses outside plasmasphere should be included in the modeling of electron fluxes since effective lifetimes are much shorter than that of plasmaspheric losses. Simulations with variable outer boundary conditions show that the depletion of the main phase relativistic electron fluxes at L ≤ 4 can not be explained only by variations in fluxes near geosynchronous orbit and require local lifetimes as short as 0.5 day. Radial diffusion alone is unable to account for either the gradual build up of relativistic electron fluxes or the maxima in phase space density near L = 4 − 5 observed during the recovery phase of many storms, which suggests that an additional local acceleration source is also required.
Increasing the motivation to practice safer sex through imagery

Participants imagined and wrote about initiating condom use to prevent a sexually transmitted disease. We manipulated the disease label (STDs or HIV) and the person taking initiative (self or partner). The results did not support our prediction that participants who imagined themselves initiating condom use to prevent STDs would have greater intentions to use condoms. Those who imagined the HIV scenario had higher intentions to use condoms and requested more free condoms. Participants' writing revealed that those in the HIV condition expressed concerns about HIV, STDs, and pregnancy, perhaps indicating that imagining the severity of HIV leads participants to consider other risks. Our study is limited by a predominantly female sample with most reporting that they are in a committed relationship. Given the prevalence of STDs, multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use among college students, the potential use of new and innovative techniques such as imagery for motivating safer sex merits continu...
Time-frequency clustering and discriminant analysis

Abstract We consider the use of time-varying spectra for classification and clustering of non-stationary time series. In particular, recent developments using local stationarity and Kullback–Leibler discrimination measures of distance are exploited for classifying earthquakes and mining explosions at regional distances.
Anthropology at the University of Michigan in the Late 1950s

By 1958, the Anthropology Department at the University of Michigan had emerged as a major center in the discipline. Its excellence derived from a strong faculty, commitment to an integrated view of the field, and broader support from a rising national tide of scholarship. While many new intellectual currents developed, among the strongest was biological-behavioral theory--somewhat ironically flourishing in a biological anthropology program that viewed itself as a nexus of population genetics. The biological anthropology faculty thought like anthropologists. From this environment, Frank Livingstone not only drew intellectual support, but also became a key player in demonstrating the importance of historical and cultural factors to shaping biological patterns. A biocultural perspective is evident in Michigan research to this day.
A conserved threonine within Escherichia coli leucyl-tRNA synthetase prevents hydrolytic editing of leucyl-tRNALeu.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases ensure the fidelity of protein synthesis by accurately selecting and activating cognate amino acids for aminoacylation of the correct tRNA. Some tRNA synthetases have evolved an editing active site that is separate from the amino acid activation site providing two steps or “sieves” for amino acid selection. These two sieves rely on different strategies for amino acid recognition to significantly enhance the accuracy of aminoacylation. We have performed alanine scanning mutagenesis in a conserved threonine-rich region of the Escherichia coli leucyl-tRNA synthetase's CP1 domain that is hypothesized to contain a putative editing active site. Characterization of purified mutant proteins led to the identification of a single conserved threonine that prevents the cognate leucine amino acid from being hydrolyzed after aminoacylation of the tRNA. Mutation of this threonine to an alanine eliminates discrimination of the cognate amino acid in the editing active site. This provides a molec...
Peak spine and femoral neck bone mass in young women

Abstract Achievement of higher peak bone mass early in life may play a critical role against postmenopausal bone loss. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine, femoral neck, greater trochanter, Ward’s triangle, and spine bone mineral content (BMC) and bone surface area (BSA) were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in 300 healthy females (age 6–32 years). Bone measurements were described by using nonlinear models with age, weight, height, or dietary calcium intake as the explanatory variables. At the spine, femoral neck, greater trochanter, and Ward’s triangle, the highest BMD level was observed at 23.0 ± 1.4, 18.5 ± 1.6, 14.2 ± 2.0, and 15.8 ± 2.1 years, respectively. The age of attaining peak spine BMC and BSA cannot be estimated, as significant increases in these two measures were observed through this age group. Age, weight, and height were all significant predictors of all these bone measurements. Weight was a stronger predictor than age for all sites. Dietary calcium intake was not a significant predictor for any of these bone measurements. We conclude that age of attaining peak bone mass at the hip is younger than at the spine, and BMC and BSA at the spine continue to increase through the early thirties in females.
An approximate and empirical study of the distribution of adder inputs and maximum carry length propagation

This paper investigates, using sampled data, the commonly used hypothesis that integer operands reaching the adder of a computer are uniformly distributed. Questions raised on the validity of that hypothesis are reinforced and their impact on the calculation of the average of the worst case length of carry propagation is considered. An approximate formula is developed for the worst case carry chain length when the arithmetic operands are restricted in magnitude.
Barriers to Counseling Patients with Obesity: A Study of Texas Community Pharmacists

Objective: To assess barriers to the counseling of obese patients and identify pharmacists’ characteristics associated with these barriers. Design: Cross-sectional mail survey. Setting: Texas. Participants: 139 community pharmacists. Intervention: Self-administered questionnaire. Main Outcome Measures: Respondents’ perceived barriers to pharmacists’ counseling of obese patients. Results: The top three barriers to counseling included lack of time (76.8%), lack of patient demand or expectations (55.8%), and lack of reimbursement/compensation (49.3%). Pharmacists indicated that they rarely to sometimes counseled obese patients and were somewhat comfortable with counseling about obesity management. They perceived obesity management strategies to be somewhat effective in weight loss, but were neutral regarding their confidence in achieving positive outcomes with counseling. Pharmacists who were more experienced were more likely to indicate that obesity is controllable without medications. Those who considered obesity controllable without medications were significantly more likely to view the various obesity management strategies as less effective, compared with those who did not share this belief. Pharmacists who viewed lack of privacy as a barrier were significantly less confident in achieving positive outcomes as a result of counseling. Creating awareness among patients about pharmacists’ ability to counsel was perceived as most important in overcoming barriers.
Stellarator expansion methods for MHD equilibrium and stability codes

Abstract Two methods for performing stellarator expansion, or average method, MHD calculations are described. The first method includes the calculation of vacuum, equilibrium, and stability using the Greene and Johnson stellarator expansion in which the equilibrium is reduced to a two-dimensional problem by averaging over the geometric toroidal angle in real space coordinates. In the second method, the average is performed in a system of vacuum magnetic coordinates. Both methods are implemented to utilize realistic vacuum field information, making them applicable to configuration studies and machine design as well as to basic research. Illustrative examples are presented to detail the sensitivities of the calculations to physical parameters, to show numerical convergence, and to show the comparison of these methods with each other and with other methods.
Computational modelling vs. Computational explanation: Is everything a Turing Machine, and does it matter to the philosophy of mind?1

According to pancomputationalism, everything is a computing system. In this paper, I distinguish between different varieties of pancomputationalism. I find that although some varieties are more plausible than others, only the strongest variety is relevant to the philosophy of mind, but only the most trivial varieties are true. As a side effect of this exercise, I offer a clarified distinction between computational modelling and computational explanation.
Prognostic value of procedure-related myocardial infarction according to the universal definition of myocardial infarction in saphenous vein graft interventions.

Background In the recently published universal definition of myocardial infarction (MI), a troponin elevation above 3× above the 99th percentile of normal after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a procedure-related (type 4a) MI. Although troponin rise is common after saphenous vein graft (SVG) PCI, its prognostic value remains undetermined. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the universal definition of PCI-related MI in SVG interventions. Methods A cohort of 589 unselected consecutives patients with normal preprocedural troponin Ic undergoing isolated SVG PCI with drug-eluting stent implantation was included. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the peak troponin value post PCI: those with MI defined as a peak troponin value above 3× the 99th percentile of normal post-PCI (MI group, n=166) and those without (no MI group, n=423). The primary end point was the rate of major adverse cardiac events including death, MI, and target vessel revascularization at 1-year follow-up. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. In the MI group, patients had more complex angiographic features (type C lesions: 44.7 vs 34.8%; P = .006). The rate of direct stenting and distal protection use were similar in the 2 groups (MI vs no MI: 29.2 vs 28.7%; P = .9 and 32 vs 37.5%; P = .24, respectively). Patients in the MI group had a worse inhospital course but a similar 1-year rate of major adverse cardiac events (22.3 vs 19.1%; P = .39). Conclusion Procedure-related MI after PCI, as defined by the universal definition, is associated with an adverse inhospital course but may not predict long-term outcome in SVG PCI.
Bayesian tracking of intracranial pressure signal morphology

Background: The waveform morphology of intracranial pressure (ICP) pulses holds essential informations about intracranial and cerebrovascular pathophysiological variations. Most of current ICP pulse analysis frameworks process each pulse independently and therefore do not exploit the temporal dependency existing between successive pulses. We propose a probabilistic framework that exploits this temporal dependency to track ICP waveform morphology in terms of its three peaks. Material: ICP and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded from a total of 128 patients treated for various intracranial pressure related conditions. Methods: The tracking is posed as inference in a graphical model that associates a random variable to the position of each peak. A key contribution is to exploit a nonparametric Bayesian inference algorithm that offers robustness and real time performance. A simple, yet effective learning procedure estimates the statistical, nonlinear, dependencies between the peaks in a nonparametric way using evidence collected from manually annotated pulses. Results: Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the tracking framework on real ICP pulses and its robustness to occlusion and missing peaks. On artificialy distorted ICP sequences, the average error in latency in comparision with MOCAIP detector was reduced as follows: 11.88-8.09ms, 11.80-6.90ms, and 11.76-7.46ms for the first, second, and third peak, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed tracking algorithm sucessfuly increases the temporal resolution of detecting ICP pulse morphological changes from the minute-level to the beat-level.
Ultrastructure of the Stannius corpuscles of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, and its relation to calcium regulation ☆ ☆☆

The ultrastructure of the corpuscles of Stannius of the euryhaline killifish Fundulus heteroclitus adapted to freshwater, seawater, and artificial calcium-deficient seawater is presented. The Stannius corpuscles of fish kept in calcium-deficient seawater appear inactive and show an accumulation of secretory granules and a relatively inactive Golgi complex. In contrast, the corpuscles of fish kept in seawater show depletion of secretory granules, hyperactivity of the Golgi complex, and dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum, indicating a response to the demand for a calcium-lowering factor in the high calcium environment. These changes are related to the difference in calcium levels of the environment and probably not to the differences in total osmotic concentration. The presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum indicates that the product of the gland may be proteinaceous.
Fast pre-potential generation in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.

Abstract Small all-or-none pre-potentials have been shown under some conditions to underlie antidromic and orthodromic spike discharge in somatic recordings of hippocampal pyramidal neurons [Andersen P. and Lomo T. (1966) Expl Brain Res . 2 , 247–260; Kandel E.R. et al . (1961) J. Neurophysiol . 24 , 225–242; Schwartzkroin P.A. (1977) Brain Res. 128 , 53–68; Spencer W.A. and Kandel E.R. (1961) J. Neurophysiol. 24 , 272–285]. These potentials are taken to reflect spike discharge in distant regions of the cell (axonal or dendritic) [Andersen P. and Lomo T. (1966) Expl Brain Res . 2 , 247–260; Kandel E.R. and Spencer W.A. (1961) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 94 , 570–603; Schwartzkroin P.A. (1977) Brain Res . 128 , 53–68] or electronic spike conduction across a gap junction between neighboring pyramidal cells [Dudek F.E. et al . (1983) In Basic Mechanisms of Neural Hyperexcitability , pp. 31–73]. The present study compared pre-potentials recorded at the somatic and dendritic levels and used restricted applications of tetrodotoxin to examine the relationship between pre-potentials and Na + spike discharge. Intrasomatic and intradendritic recordings were obtained from CA1 pyramidal neurons of rat hippocampal slices maintained in vitro . Orthodromic and antidromic spike discharge was evoked by stimulation of afferent fibers in stratum radiatum and pyramidal cell axons in the alveus, respectively. Focal pressure application of tetrodotoxin in the immediate vicinity of somatic or dendritic recordings uncovered pre-potentials following blockade of antidromic spike discharge. Blockade of these pre-potentials required the diffusion of tetrodotoxin to a location remote from the recording site. Focal application of tetrodotoxin in the cell body layer reliably uncovered orthodromic pre-potentials at the soma only when stimulus intensity was raised beyond threshold for somatic spike discharge; e.g. to intensities shown to initiate spike discharge in apical dendritic locations [Turner R.W. et al . (1991) J. Neurosci . 11 , 2270–2280]. These data provide evidence that propagation of a Na + spike over the pyramidal cell axis is preceded by a depolarization in the form of a pre-potential. The uncovering of orthodromic somatic pre-potentials by tetrodotoxin during suprathreshold activation further supports the proposal [Spencer W.A. and Kandel E.R. (1961) J. Neurophysiol. 24 , 272–285] that dendritic spike discharge [Turner R.W. et al . (1991) J. Neurosci . 11 , 2270–2280] can underlie fast pre-potential generation in pyramidal cell somata.
The asymptotic behavior for gaseous ignition models

Abstract The blowup asymptotics for classical solutions of ut = Δu + eu + g(t) are analyzed, including the nonlocal case where g has a functional dependence of the form ∫ωutdx. The method of analyzing the evolution of the blowup singularity is a dynamical systems approach using center manifold techniques and analyzing an ω-limit set for a corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi equation.
Increased ratings of overhead transmission circuits using HTLS and compact designs

High temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors offer the option of higher transmission capacity for a given right of way (ROW). The basis of an HTLS conductor is its ability to operate at long term high temperature, thereby allowing higher long term current ratings. The lower sag characteristics are obtained by managing conductor design and thermal properties of the conductor. Concomitantly, power ratings are increased in HTLS designs. HTLS lines can also improve the security limits through decreased phase spacing and resulting decrease in positive sequence line reactance. Utilization of HTLS as a transmission option, and compact designs as a configuration option can be used separately or together to achieve desired transmission objectives. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of HTLS compact line designs. The focus is on increased ratings, re-conductoring circuits, and the identification of application sites. The paper introduces a method to approximate the positive and negative sequence reactances using the mutual and self reactances.
C.W. anomalous-mode operation in silicon planar IMPATT diodes

Silicon planar IMPATT diodes which operate in the Read mode in the frequency range 4.5–11.5 GHz have been observed to produce c.w. oscillations in the frequency range 0.5–2.0 GHz. These u.h.f. oscillations commence at a current density of 250 A/cm2 and are accompanied by a 15–20% decrease in the diode direct voltage. The d.c./r.f. power-conversion efficiency in the anomalous mode is approximately twice that in the Read mode.
Catechol pendant polystyrene for solid-phase synthesis

A catechol pendant polystyrene polymer was prepared from the Merrifield resin via a convenient procedure with high-density loading. Due to the high affinity binding between catechol and boronic acid, the polymer resin readily captures boronic acid compounds. The feasibility of using immobilized catechol to capture boronic acid products for purification and solid-phase transformation was demonstrated. Moreover, the immobilized catechol was also used for the preparation of resin-bound catecholborane, which can be used as a solid-phase amidation reagent.
Agglutination reactions in human red cells fragmented by heat.

Murray and Clark1 have shown that, if red cells are heated to 50° C., substances can be obtained from the surrounding fluid which, even if derived from Rh-negative red cells, can give rise to anti-D agglutinins when injected into guinea pigs. Temperatures in the neighbourhood of 50°–56° produce extensive modifications of the human red-cell surface, namely, fragmentation, development of myelin forms, and, at the higher temperatures, haemolysis2. It is therefore likely that the substances found by Murray and Clark in the fluid surrounding the heated cells are the products of the fragmentation phenomena and the changes in the red-cell surface which accompany them.
Solvation of polymeric organolithium compounds. Stoichiometry and heats of interaction of N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) with poly(styryl)lithium and poly(isoprenyl)lithium

The enthalpies of interaction of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) with poly-(isoprenyl)lithium and poly(styryl)lithium were measured as a function of R ([base]/[Li]) by using high-dilution solution calorimetry at 25°C. Both polymeric organolithiums exhibit initial exothermic enthalpies of interaction with TMEDA (R ≃ 0.1) of ca. −13 kcal/mole. The concentration dependencies show a break (decrease) in the plot of ΔH vs. R at ca. R = 0.5 for poly(isoprenyl)lithium and at ca. R = 1.0 for poly(styryl)lithium.
Conformational Properties of Boron-Bridged Dimethylethylenediamino Bis(boratabenzene) Zirconium(IV) and Iron(II) Complexes

The reaction of 1-chloro-1-boracyclohexadiene (12) with N,N‘-dimethyl-N,N‘-bis(trimethylsilyl)ethylene-1,2-diamine followed by LDA afforded the dilithium salt of N,N‘-bis(1-boratabenzene)-N,N‘-dimethylethylene-1,2-diamine (14). The reaction of 14 with ZrCl4 afforded the boron-bridged dimethylethylenediamino bis(boratabenzene) zirconium dichloride complex 8, while reaction of 14 with FeCl2 afforded the corresponding dimethylethylenediamino-bridged iron(II) complex 9. The structures of 8 and 9 were determined by X-ray diffraction. In each case the boratabenzene units are bridged by an approximately C2-symmetric dimethylethylenediamino bridge which makes 8 and 9 chiral. A barrier to interconversion of the enantiomeric conformers of 8 was determined by 2D 1H NOESY as 21.2 ± 0.2 kcal/mol, while the corresponding barrier of 9 was determined from variable-temperature 13C NMR spectroscopy to be 16.9 ± 0.5 kcal/mol. Both barriers involve rotation about the exocyclic B−N π-bonds. Comparison has been made with the c...
The reduction of dissolved iron species by humic acid and subsequent production of reactive oxygen species

Abstract Humic acid (HA) is distributed throughout the environment. Many of its properties are known, but its exact structure and function are still in question. To understand the chemistry and biochemical implications of HA on living systems we have focused on understanding radical chemistries of HA in the presence of molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The work presented here uses EPR spectroscopy to demonstrate that Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II) by peat derived HA (PHA), and that Fe(III) is reduced by PHA more efficiently when bound to chelators. However, desferroxamine (DFOM) sequesters Fe(III) from being reduced by PHA and inhibits the Fenton reaction. The reduction of molecular oxygen by Fe(II) gives H 2 O 2 as a significant product. The hydroxyl radical is also produced in this reduction process and is trapped by 5-Diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO). In addition to the formation of H 2 O 2 and OH, another oxidant also appears to be present. Although not isolated, this species displays the characteristics of the ferryl ion.
Altered Selection Probabilities Caused by Avoiding the Edge in Field Surveys

When field plots are prevented from overlapping the boundary of the tract being sampled, the selection probabilities of population elements near the edge differ from what they are when plots are permitted to overlap the boundary. In both situations, selection probabilities of edge elements differ from those of elements located far to the interior of the tract. An analytical expression and graphical depiction of the altered selection probabilities are presented, accompanied by an empirical study of the consequences on estimation for the situation where plots are pulled back from the edge until just tangent with the boundary.
Electrical energy sources for organic synthesis on the early Earth.

In 1959, Miller and Urey (Science130, 245) published their classic compilation of energy sources for indigenous prebiotic organic synthesis on the early Earth. Much contemporary origins of life research continues to employ their original estimates for terrestrial energy dissipation by lightning and coronal discharges, 2 × 1019 J yr−1 and 6 × 1019 J yr−1, respectively. However, more recent work in terrestrial lightning and point discharge research suggests that these values are overestimates by factors of about 20 and 120, respectively. Calculated concentrations of amino acids (or other prebiotic organic products) in the early terrestrial oceans due to electrical discharge sources may therefore have been equally overestimated. A review of efficiencies for those experiments that provide good analogues to naturally-occurring lightning and coronal discharges suggests that lightning energy yields for organic synthesis (nmole J−1) are about one order of magnitude higher than those for coronal discharge. Therefore organic production by lightning may be expected to have dominated that due to coronae on early Earth. Limited data available for production of nitric oxide in clouds suggests that coronal emission within clouds, a source of energy heretofore too uncertain to be included in the total coronal energy inventory, is insufficient to change this conclusion. Our recommended valves for lightning and coronal discharge dissipation rates on the early Earth are, respectively, 1 × 1018 J yr−1 and 5 × 1017 J yr−1.