cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms on Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Migraine: Results From the American Registry for Migraine Research (ARMR)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The association between migraine, depression, and anxiety has been established, but the impact of these psychiatric comorbidities on functional impairment in people with migraine has been under-investigated. The purpose of this cross-sectional observational study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety and depression symptoms on migraine-related disability, pain interference, work interference, and career success in a cohort of patients with migraine. METHODS This analysis included 567 migraine patients who had been enrolled into the American Registry for Migraine Research (ARMR) between February 2016 and June 2019. Patients completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) to measure symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. Patients completed the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), Pain Interference (PROMIS pain short) questionnaire, and Work Productivity and Activity Interference (WPAI) questionnaire to measure levels of functional impairment at work and in daily activities. In addition, patients answered questions designed for ARMR regarding education and career interference. Models were created to describe the relationship between severity of psychiatric symptoms (anxiety and depression), and each outcome of interest (WPAI, MIDAS, pain interference, reporting that migraine had interfered with career success). Each model was controlled for age, sex, headache frequency, years with migraine, and average headache intensity. RESULTS Among the 567 patients with migraine, mean (SD) age was 47.1 (13.7), 87.3% were female, and average headache frequency was 19.1 (9.3) days/month. PHQ-2 scores were positively associated with scores on MIDAS (b = 0.06, SE = 0.01, P ≤ .001), pain interference (b = 1.4, SE = 0.2, P < .001), and WPAI including absenteeism (b = 0.16, SE = 0.04, P = .007), presenteeism (b = 2.7, SE = 1.1, P = .012), overall work productivity impairment (b = 3.7, SE = 1.2, P = .001), and activity impairment (b = 3.0, SE = 1.2, P = .009). PHQ-2 scores were also associated with reporting that migraine interfered with career success (b = 0.34, SE = 0.08, P ≤ .001). GAD-7 scores were not associated with MIDAS, pain interference, WPAI, or reduced career success. CONCLUSIONS Severity of depression symptoms in patients with migraine is associated with migraine-related disability, work interference, pain interference, and reduced career success. Patients with more severe symptoms of depression are more likely to have greater functional impairment. A management approach that addresses depression in those with migraine may lead to improvements in patient functioning.
An Expedited Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Protocol Following Spontaneous CSF Leak Repair.

OBJECTIVE Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks represent a unique subset of skull base pathology and require distinctive management. Perioperative evaluation and management of intracranial hypertension are essential in preventing further erosion of the skull base and development of recurrent leak. The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and utility of an expedited protocol for recording and managing intracranial hypertension following endoscopic repair of spontaneous CSF leaks. METHODS Prospectively collected data was reviewed in patients undergoing endoscopic repair of spontaneous CSF leaks between January 2017 and March 2020. A standard intracranial pressure monitoring protocol was compared to an expedited protocol (EP), and data regarding the two groups was compared for leak location, short-term success of skull base repair, complications, hospital length of stay, and cost-based analysis. RESULTS Fifty-five patients (standard protocol, n = 28 vs. EP, n = 27) were included in the study. Leak location was similar between cohorts, with the lateral recess being the most common locations in both groups (37.9% vs. 40.6%; P = .90). Postoperative complications (3.6% vs. 7.4%; P = .53) and ventriculoperitoneal shunt rate (32.1% vs. 22.2%; P = .41) were similar among cohorts. There was no difference in lumbar drain complications (0% vs. 7.4%; P = .14) or recurrent leak (7.1% vs. 0%; P = .16). Length of stay was shorter in the EP group [median(interquartile range): 3(1) vs. 2 (1); P < .01]. Total hospital charges were similar between groups (median (USD/$1,000): 83.57 ± 49.58 vs. 83.93 ± 46.11; P = .18). CONCLUSION An expedited monitoring protocol shortened hospital stay without increased risk of complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III Laryngoscope, 131:E408-E412, 2021.
The effect of prior treatment with 4-dimethylaminophenol (DMAP) on animals experimentally poisoned with hydrogen cyanide

Six dogs were given sufficient oral 4-dimethylaminophenol (DMAP) to produce a peak methaemoglobin level of 12–15%. Five out of the six dogs then survived an intravenous injection of approximately 2 LD50's of hydrogen cyanide given when the methaemoglobin had reached 8–10%. The sixth dog died after 44 min. When the same dose of hydrogen cyanide was given to dogs, not previously given DMAP, all three died within 11/2 min. It was concluded that prior treatment with oral DMAP provided a large measure of protection against cyanide poisoning. Comparison of cyanide levels in whole blood and plasma in the two groups of dogs lent support to the hypothesis that methaemoglobin complexed with cyanide in the erythrocytes causing the plasma cyanide to remain lower than it did in unprotected animals.
The Relationship between Teacher's Support of Literacy Development and Elementary Students' Modelling Proficiency in Project-Based Learning Science Classrooms.

Scientific modelling plays a crucial role in students’ science learning. Modelling proficiency and literacy development reinforce each other. This study investigates the relationship between teache...
All-cause mortality predicted by peak oxygen uptake differs depending on spirometry pattern in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction

AIMS In patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), it remains unclear how exacerbated impairments in peak exercise oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) caused by coexistent obstructive or restrictive ventilatory defects affect mortality risk. We evaluated in patients with HFrEF, whether demonstrating either an obstructive or restrictive-patterned ventilatory defect on spirometry affects VO2peak to yield all-cause mortality risk predicted by VO2peak that is spirometry pattern specific. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrospectively analysed resting spirometry and treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing data of patients with HFrEF (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%). The study sample (N = 329) was grouped by spirometry pattern: normal [Group 1: N = 101; forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 )/forced vital capacity (FVC) ≥ 0.70; FVC ≥ 80% predicted], restrictive without airflow obstruction (Group 2: N = 104; FEV1 /FVC ≥ 0.70; FVC < 80% predicted), or obstructive (Group 3: N = 124; FEV1 /FVC < 0.70). Patients were followed up to 1 year for the endpoint of all-cause mortality. VO2peak was higher in Group 1 versus Groups 2 and 3 (13.4 ± 4.0 vs. 12.1 ± 3.7 and 12.2 ± 3.3 mL/kg/min, respectively; P = 0.014). Over the 1 year follow-up, n = 9, n = 16, and n = 12 deaths occurred in Groups 1-3, respectively, with corresponding crude survival rates of 88%, 81%, and 92%, respectively (log-rank; P = 0.352). VO2peak was associated with all-cause mortality (crude hazard ratio = 0.77; P < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, a significant VO2peak -by-spirometry group interaction yielded 1.99 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-3.46) and 2.43 (95% confidence interval, 1.44-4.11) higher mortality risk associated with VO2peak in Group 2 versus Groups 1 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Demonstrating a restrictive pattern on spirometry yields the severest mortality risk associated with VO2peak . Using spirometry to screen patients with HFrEF for ventilatory defects has a potential role in improving risk stratification based on VO2peak .
ISEE principles for evidence synthesis and evaluation in environmental health - Perspectives from HEI for an ISEE Policy Committee symposium

BACKGROUND AND AIM: There has been growing interest in and attention to the application of more systematic approaches for synthesizing epidemiologic evidence for environmental heal assessment and d...
The trace in the technique: Forensic science and the Connoisseur's gaze.

Abstract Both scientific art investigations and forensic investigations rely on observation, inferential reasoning, and analytical techniques to answer questions concerning identification, source, and activity. The forensic scientist and the art connoisseur evaluate the whole—a crime scene or work of art, respectively—and draw meaning from the often-overlooked details, or traces, contained therein. This manuscript considers the correlations between art connoisseurship and forensic science, first by outlining the history of connoisseurship, focusing on the detection and evaluation of traces through patient observation, reasoning, and comparison based on methods established by Giovanni Morelli in the nineteenth century. This article then explores connoisseurship and forensic science within the historical sciences framework, based on the process in which observable traces can be ordered to provide a reconstruction of unobservable past events. Finally, this article asserts that art can be used to shape and refine the scientist's practiced eye, thereby improving trace detection and interpretation in investigations.
Adsorption and transport of methane in landfill cover soil amended with waste-wood biochars

The natural presence of methane oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in landfill soils can stimulate the bio-chemical oxidation of CH4 to CO2 and H2O under suitable environmental conditions. This mechanism can be enhanced by amending the landfill cover soil with organic materials such as biochars that are recalcitrant to biological degradation and are capable of adsorbing CH4 while facilitating the growth and activity of MOB within their porous structure. Several series of batch and small-scale column tests were conducted to quantify the CH4 sorption and transport properties of landfill cover soil amended with four types of waste hardwood biochars under different levels of amendment percentages (2, 5 and 10% by weight), exposed CH4 concentrations (0e1 kPa), moisture content (dry, 25% and 75% water holding capacity), and temperature (25, 35 and 45 � C). The linear forms of the pseudo second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model were used to determine the kinetics and the maximum CH4 adsorption capacity of cover materials. The maximum CH4 sorption capacity of dry biochar-amended soils ranged from 1.03 � 10 � 2 to 7.97 � 10 � 2 mol kg � 1 and exhibited a ten-fold increase compared to that of soil with 1.9 � 10 � 3 mol kg � 1 . The isosteric heat of adsorption for soil was negative and ranged from � 30 to � 118 kJ/mol, while that of the biochar-amended soils was positive and ranged from 24 to 440 kJ/mol. The CH4 dispersion coefficients for biochar-amended soils obtained through predictive transport modeling indicated that amending the soil with biochar enhanced the methane transport rates by two orders of magnitude, thereby increasing their potential for enhanced exchange of gases within the cover system. Overall, the use of hardwood biochars as a cover soil amendment to reduce methane emissions from landfills appears to be a promising alternative to conventional soil covers.
Multimodality therapy in gynecologic oncology.

The emphasis of this book is on the clinical management of gynaecologic malignancies, including breast cancer, combining various treatment modalities, such as radiation and chemotherapy. The focus is placed on non-surgical treatment modalities. Diagnostics and surgical methods are discussed only in as far as they pertain to the definition of the multimodal treatment regimen. Accepted therapies are differentiated from those still in the experimental phase or which lack sufficient scientific support. Combinations of multiple treatment modalities are discussed in individual segments of each chapter.
A Gender Comparison of Economists' Publication Records

This research examines the journal publication record of male and female economists who were awarded the Ph. D. in economics by U.S. and Canadian universities in 1985. Tables track the publication history of males and females as well as the entire sample year-by-year for fifteen years. Chi-squared tests indicate that there is no statistical difference in the publication histories of the males and females even though males comprised approximately 84 percent of the population. T-tests however do show statistical differences during the fifteen-year period between those economists who published only one article and those who published additional articles and between those who published two articles and those who published three or more.
A new American dilemma? The effect of ethnic identification and public service on the national inclusion of ethnic minorities

Three experiments integrate research from political science and social psychology to examine the consequences of two competing visions of American national identity. American identity has been defined not only in terms of shared ethnocultural heritage originating in Europe (the ethnocultural prototype) but also in terms of shared commitment to civic service (the civic responsibility prototype). Three experiments tested the consequence of highlighting each of these national prototypes on perceivers' inclusion of ethnic minorities as legitimately American. Experiments 1–3 showed that highlighting ethnic minorities' allegiance to their ethnic subgroup (versus downplaying it) challenges the ethnocultural prototype and makes ethnic minorities appear less American. Process data showed that this effect was mediated by increased threats to American distinctiveness. By contrast, emphasizing ethnic minorities' national service (versus local community service) highlights ethnic minorities' fit with the civic responsibility prototype and makes ethnic minorities appear more American (Experiments 2–3). Process data showed that this effect was mediated by enhanced American distinctiveness. Collectively, these experiments highlight how inclusion of ethnic minorities in the nation can wax and wane depending on which definition of national character is salient in the social context. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lossy Compression, Classification, and Regression

The traditional goal of data compression is to speed transmission or to minimize storage requirements of a signal while preserving the best possible quality of reproduction. This is usually formalized by trying to minimize the average distortion between the input and output in the sense of mean squared error (MSE) or a similar measure, subject to a constraint on the average bit rate. Measures of distortion are intended to ensure that low average distortion means the reconstructed signal will “look like” or “sound like” the original uncompressed signal. We will refer to the MSE throughout, but we mean it in the general sense of any applicable measure of distortion. The constrained optimization problem leads to theoretical analysis, providing optimality properties and performance bounds, and design algorithms for a variety of code structures. Numerous methods can be used to design a MSE minimizing vector quantization (VQ), including clustering algorithms such as the Lloyd or k-means algorithm and their tree-structured extensions [1]; algorithms based on neural net ideas such as competitive learning, backpropagation, and self organizing feature maps; and algorithms for deterministic annealing.
The Failures of American Poverty Measures

How we think about need or deprivation-how we judge its severity, its causes and effects, and the progress we have made (or not made) over time in reducing it-has much to do with how we define and then measure it. And, we measure it poorly. The insufficiencies of official data on American poverty are reasonably well known, yet they continue, nonetheless, to be the principal means by which we gauge need in the United States. After a review of such official measures, this article discusses alternative means of evaluating need in the United States, highlighting the benefits of examining poverty across the life-course, and attending to inequality and other indicators of a relative poverty; it then discusses the advantages of turning toward human rights- and human development-based frameworks for better defining and quantifying deprivation. It concludes with a brief review of the political obstacles to such policy reform.
Prospective effects of traumatic event re-exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in syringe exchange participants.

Aim Determine the effect of traumatic event re-exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity on proximal drug use and drug abuse treatment-seeking in syringe exchange participants. Design Prospective longitudinal 16-month cohort study of new syringe exchange registrants enrolled in a parent study of methods to improve treatment engagement. Setting Data were collected in a research van next to mobile syringe exchange distribution sites in Baltimore, Maryland. Participants Male and female (n = 162) injecting drug users (IDUs) registered for syringe exchange. Measurements Traumatic event re-exposure was identified each month with the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire. PTSD symptoms were measured with the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale–Revised, given every 4 months. Outcome measures collected monthly were days of drug use (heroin, cocaine) and drug abuse treatment-seeking behavior (interest, calls to obtain treatment, treatment participation). Findings Each traumatic event re-exposure was associated with about 1 more day of cocaine use after accounting for the previous month's cocaine use [same month adjusted B, standard error = 1.16 (0.34); 1 month later: 0.99 (0.34)], while PTSD symptoms had no effect. Traumatic event re-exposure increased interest in drug abuse treatment [same month adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals = 1.34 (1.11–1.63)] and calling to obtain treatment [same month 1.58 (1.24–2.01); 1 month later 1.34 (1.03–1.75)]. Each 10% increase in PTSD symptom severity was associated with persistent increased interest in treatment [same month 1.25 (1.10–1.42); 1 month later 1.16 (1.02–1.32); 2 months later 1.16 (1.02–1.32)] and calling to obtain treatment [same month 1.16 (1.02–1.32)]. Neither traumatic events nor PTSD symptoms were associated with participants receiving treatment. Conclusions Becoming exposed again to traumatic events among injecting drug users is associated with an increase in cocaine use up to 1 month later, but drug use is not related to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Both traumatic event re-exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms predict drug abuse treatment-seeking behavior for up to 2 months.
The school shooting/violent video game link: causal relationship or moral panic?

In the last 10 years, following the incidence of serious acts of school violence—particularly multiple homicides on school campuses—much attention has focused on the potential causal role of violent video game exposure. Some scholars have attempted to draw links between laboratory and correlational research on video game playing and school shooting incidents. This paper argues that such claims are faulty and fail to acknowledge the significant methodological and constructional divides between existing video game research and acts of serious aggression and violence. It is concluded that no significant relationship between violent video game exposure and school shooting incidents has been demonstrated in the existing scientific literature, and that data from real world violence call such a link into question. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass-radius relationships in icy satellites after voyager

Using improved data for the masses and radii of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn, models accounting for self-compression effects are presented for the interiors of Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Rhea, and Titan. For the differentiated models, two different possible scenarios for heat transport are treated, as well as two different compositions for the silicate component. Undifferentiated models are also treated. In each case, the models of Ganymede, Callisto, and Titan show noticeable similarities. It is found that estimates of the ice-rock ratio are dependent upon the assumptions made about the heat transport mechanisms, the rock composition, and on the distribution of rock and ice in the satellite's interior.
Effects of intracerebroventricular corticotropin releasing factor on sensory-evoked responses in the rat visual thalamus

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) coordinates the brain׳s responses to stress. Recent evidence suggests that CRF-mediated activation of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system contributes to alterations in sensory signal processing during stress. However, it remains unclear whether these actions are dependent upon the degree of CRF release. Using intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusions, we examine the dose-dependent actions of CRF on sensory-evoked discharges of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (dLGN). The LGN is the primary relay for visual signals from retina to cortex, receiving noradrenergic modulation from the LC. In vivo extracellular recording in anesthetized rats was used to monitor single dLGN neuron responses to light flashes at three different stimulus intensities before and after administration of CRF (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 or 10.0 μg). CRF produced three main effects on dLGN stimulus evoked activity: (1) increased magnitude of sensory evoked discharges at moderate doses, (2) decreased response latency, and (3) dose-dependent increases in the number of cells responding to a previously sub-threshold (low intensity) stimulus. These modulatory actions were blocked or attenuated by intra-LC infusion of a CRF antagonist prior to ICV CRF administration. Moreover, intra-LC administration of CRF (10 ng) mimicked the facilitating effects of moderate doses of ICV CRF on dLGN neuron responsiveness to light stimuli. These findings suggest that stressor-induced changes in sensory signal processing cannot be defined in terms of a singular modulatory effect, but rather are multi-dimensional and dictated by variable degrees of activation of the CRF-LC-NE system.
The measurement of protein synthesis in biological systems

Attempts to quantitate metabolism in the lung and other tissues using radioactive precursors may be subject to significant errors arising from inappropriate assumptions regarding precursor metabolism, compartmentation and specific radioactivity. This article reviews the type and magnitude of error which may complicate such measurements by presenting specific data from experiments using radioactive amino acids to estimate the rate of protein synthesis. The applicability of these observations to other metabolic systems is discussed briefly in order to develop a more general awareness of the errors which may result from incomplete validation of experimental measurements using radioisotopes.
Studies on mouse hybridomas secreting IgM or IgA antibodies to α(1→6)-linked dextran☆

Abstract Twelve mouse hybridomas secreting antibodies to dextran B512, identified by replica immunoadsorption screening of 100,000 immobilized hybridoma clones, were obtained. Among 11 hybridomas of BALB/c origin seven produce IgM and four produce IgA. One hybridoma of C57BL/6 origin synthesizes IgA. A κ light chain is synthesized by each of the 12 hybridomas in addition to the nonspecific κ light chain of the parent myeloma. The heavy chain is shown to associate preferentially with the specific (spleen cell derived) light chain. All hybridoma antibodies were purified from ascites by precipitation with dextran B512, followed by subsequent digestion of the dextran with dextranase. Although all the specific light chains migrate identically in SDS gels under reducing conditions, variations in migration are noticed among the heavy chains. Differences in migration among the IgA monomers and among the IgA polymers are seen on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. Densitometer scans of such gels show that more than 50% of the IgA hybridoma antibodies are in polymeric form. Implications of the preferential association of heavy chain with specific light chain, and of the size differences among the heavy chains for the generation of antibody specificity and diversity are discussed.
Neural thresholds and state-dependent learning.

Abstract In this experiment we tested the hypothesis that state-dependent learning is mediated by changes in brain excitability levels as determined by changes in the intensity of a conditioned stimulus (CS) delivered to the central nervous system, sufficient to maintain a conditioned response (CR). Four cats were trained in the normal state; CR thresholds determined for dosages of sodium pentobarbital ranging from 0 to 15 mg/kg; and then retrained to give CRs while in a drug state for 15 mg/kg pentobarbital. Another group of four cats was trained in the reverse order. They were trained to give CR in the drug state; thresholds taken as pentobarbital decreased from 15 mg/kg; and retrained in the normal state. Results showed that shifts in brain excitability levels cannot explain the state-dependent phenomenon; that the effect of pentobarbital upon the conditioning thresholds was a function of the animal's prior experience with the drug and not directly a function of its pharmacological action; and that the drug and nondrug states were distinct before training, but not after training in both states.
Guayule—An American source of rubber

Over three million acres of marginal farm land in the United States are capable of producing guayule rubber. Use of existing strains on these lands would produce 200,000 long tons of natural rubber per year. Plant breeding and process research could raise this to at least 300,000 long tons, or about half of our annual consumption of natural rubber.
Symplectic Forms and Cohomology Decomposition of almost Complex Four-Manifolds

For any compact almost complex manifold (M, J), the last two authors [8] defined two subgroups H + J (M), H − J (M) of the degree 2 real de Rham cohomology group . These are the sets of cohomology classes which can be represented by J-invariant, respectively, J-antiinvariant real 2-forms. In this paper, it is shown that in dimension 4 these subgroups induce a cohomology decomposition of . This is a specifically four-dimensional result, as it follows from a recent work of Fino and Tomassini [6]. Some estimates for the dimensions of these groups are also established when the almost complex structure is tamed by a symplectic form and an equivalent formulation for a question of Donaldson is given.
The retention of directors on the audit committee following an accounting restatement

Abstract Prior research suggests that corporate directors suffer the loss of outside board positions following a financial reporting failure. This loss of board positions, however, does not occur at the same rate for all outside directors. To examine this apparent discrepancy between director actions and consequences, I examine whether the retention of individual directors on the audit committee is related to director characteristics and/or CEO influence over the board of directors. Results indicate that the retention of directors on the audit committee is positively related to the influence of the CEO and weakly related to the qualitative characteristics of the audit committee member. I then classify my sample of restatements based on their underlying cause and re-examine the retention of audit committee members at restating firms. Results suggest that the involvement of the CEO in the nominating process can affect the composition of the audit committee at firms where restatements are the result of intentional misapplications of GAAP.
Activity optimization games with complementarity

Abstract This paper presents a general class of cooperative games, activity optimization games with complementarity, and explores their attributes and diverse applications. These games involve interactions by a number of players controlling complex systems of complementary activities. Examples include a general welfare game; a game with procurement of inputs for production; a game with investment and production; and an activity selection game. Every game in this class is a convex game and hence has a nonempty core. Optimal activity levels and certain game solutions have well-behaved qualitative properties. Attractive computational features are noted.
The use of missingness screens in clinical epidemiologic research has implications for regression modeling

Abstract Objective Properly handling missing data is a challenge, especially when working with older populations that have high levels of morbidity and mortality. We illustrate methods for understanding whether missing values are ignorable and describe implications of their use in regression modeling. Study Design and Setting The use of missingness screens such as Little's missing completely at random “MCAR test” (1988) and the “Index of Sensitivity to Nonignorability (ISNI)” by Troxel and colleagues (2004)introduces complications for regression modeling, and, particularly, for risk factor selection. In a case study of older patients with simulated missing values for a delirium outcome set in a 14-bed medical intensive care unit, we outline a model fitting process that incorporates the use of missingness screens, controls for collinearity, and selects variables based on model fit. Results The proposed model fitting process identifies more actual risk factors for ICU delirium than does a complete case analysis. Conclusion Use of imputation and other methods for handling missing data assist in the identification of risk factors. They do so accurately only when correct assumptions are made about the nature of missing data. Missingness screens enable researchers to investigate these assumptions.
The Italian resistance: Fascists, guerrillas and the Allies, by Tom Behan

The Italian Resistance: Fascists, guerrillas and the Allies, by Tom Behan, London–New York, Pluto Press, 2009, 255 pp. + notes, US$30.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-7453-2694-8 Claudio Pavone's monumen...
Just-in-time recovery of missing web pages

We present Opal, a light-weight framework for interactively locating missing web pages (http status code 404). Opal is an example of "in vivo" preservation: harnessing the collective behavior of web archives, commercial search engines, and research projects for the purpose of preservation. Opal servers learn from their experiences and are able to share their knowledge with other Opal servers by mutual harvesting using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). Using cached copies that can be found on the web, Opal creates lexical signatures which are then used to search for similar versions of the web page. We present the architecture of the Opal framework, discuss a reference implementation of the framework, and present a quantitative analysis of the framework that indicates that Opal could be effectively deployed.
Antibodies to endogenous tear protein in normal human tears.

Purpose: To identify endogenous tear proteins immunoselected by antibodies from normal human ocular tears.Materials and Methods: Proteins were immunoselected from normal human tear samples without the addition of primary antibodies. Captured proteins were electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gels and silver stained. Human tears were also used as primary antibodies on immunoblots of tear proteins.Results: Lysozyme, lipocalin-1, and lactoferrin were immunoselected from normal human tear samples without the addition of primary antibodies. Antibodies from normal tears recognized lysozyme on immunoblots of tear proteins.Conclusion: Normal human ocular tears contain antibodies to endogenous tear protein.
Reply to Wilkinson: Minor role of programmed methylation and demethylation in mammalian development.

Wilkinson (1) does not dispute any of our (2) main claims: that CpG-dense promoters are unmethylated in all tissues and CpG-poor promoters are variably methylated and undergo transcription factor-induced demethylation after activation; that global genome demethylation in cells and tissues does not cause ectopic expression of tissue-specific genes; and that there is little convincing evidence of a biochemical system that performs programmed methylation and demethylation to regulate gene expression during development.
Simplicity as a principle in tactual form perception

Simplicity was operationally defined using measurable characteristics of stimuli. High correlations between these objective models and S’s rank ordering of stimuli along a simplicity-complexity continuum permitted the application of the “simplicity” principle to active touch form perception. The comparison of two methods of stimulus presentation for active touch showed that a “whole” method using simultaneous presentation of stimuli was superior to a “part” method using paired comparisons. The information processing capacity of S for tasks employing active touch was also discussed.
Morphometric evaluation of brain infarcts in rats and gerbils

Abstract The Levine rat prepartion, the gerbil stroke model, and appropriate control animals were used to determine if the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) would selectively identify noninfarcted versus infarcted cerebral tissue. The TTC is frequently used to quantify infarcted myocardial tissue and has been shown to have great specificity, reproducibility, and efficacy. The TTC produces a red product upon reaction with the respiratory enzymes (dehydrogenases) present in non-infarcted tissues. Irreversibly damaged tissues, lacking dehydrogenases, do not form red reaction products. Six gerbil brains and seven rat brains were incubated with the TTC, and the unreacted areas were macroscopically identified. The brains were fixed and sectioned for routine hematoxylin and eosin staining to determine the specificity of the TTC. The TTC was found to react selectively only with non-infarcted cerebral tissue. The gross brain sections were evaluated by macroscopic morphometric analysis, and the unreacted area was always ipsilateral to ligation and correlated with histologic identification of infarct. The brains from neurologically intact animals demonstrated neither macroscopic nor histological evidence of infarction. This technique allows macroscopic quantification of infarct size by planimetry. The average area of infarct for the neurologically impaired rats was 34.7% and it was 31.4% for the impaired gerbils. The percentage of surface area of each infarcted slice was found to correlate with the severity of the neurologic deficit. We conclude that the TTC staining is effective for macroscopically delineating cerebral infarcts in rats and gerbils, thus permitting quantification of infarct size.
230MHz Wireless Communication Network Architecture and Design of Power Consumption Information Collection System Based on WiMAX

To improve the performance of power consumption information collection system and to solve the problem of system capacity small and the problem of low data rate, combined with the characteristics of WiMAX technology, the 230MHz wireless communication network of Power consumption information collection system was proposed based on WiMAX; The function and working methods of the communications network was designed. Implementations applicable to power consumption information collection system's key technologies was proposed such as Time division duplex, carrier aggregation, Software-Defined Radio through experimental verification. The results show that the use of this kind of communication networks can improve the data transfer rate, meet the bandwidth requirement, improve the reliability of data transmission and system Capacity and meet the business requirements of power consumption information collection system.
Political Correctness: The Great Debate

Political correctness, also known as “PC,” has generated much discussion on both the Right and the Left. The greatest debate comes from college campuses. Political correctness derives from the principle that ethnic diversity, i.e., multiculturalism, can and should be preserved and protected. Ironically, the term originated in the Marxist era, when it was used to enforce conformity in the advancement of a particular Marxist view. The term became obsolete until it was revived in the 1980s (D'Souza, 1991).
Cardiac-Specific Expression of the Tetracycline Transactivator Confers Increased Heart Function and Survival Following Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Mice expressing the tetracycline transactivator (tTA) transcription factor driven by the rat α-myosin heavy chain promoter (α-MHC-tTA) are widely used to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved in cardiac development and disease. However, these α-MHC-tTA mice exhibit a gain-of-function phenotype consisting of robust protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in both in vitro and in vivo models in the absence of associated cardiac hypertrophy or remodeling. Cardiac function, as assessed by echocardiography, did not differ between α-MHC-tTA and control animals, and there were no noticeable differences observed between the two groups in HW/TL ratio or LV end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions. Protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury was assessed using isolated perfused hearts where α-MHC-tTA mice had robust protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury which was not blocked by pharmacological inhibition of PI3Ks with LY294002. Furthermore, α-MHC-tTA mice subjected to coronary artery ligation exhibited significantly reduced infarct size compared to control animals. Our findings reveal that α-MHC-tTA transgenic mice exhibit a gain-of-function phenotype consisting of robust protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury similar to cardiac pre- and post-conditioning effects. However, in contrast to classical pre- and post-conditioning, the α-MHC-tTA phenotype is not inhibited by the classic preconditioning inhibitor LY294002 suggesting involvement of a non-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in this phenotype. Thus, further study of the α-MHC-tTA model may reveal novel molecular targets for therapeutic intervention during ischemic injury.
Solutions to nonsimilar energy and species equations in Falkner-Skanflows

Solutions involving the energy and species equations for flows with velocities described by the Falkner-Skan equation are presented. The sets of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for various ft arising from the problem of arbitrary initial distributions of stagnation enthalpy are calculated. Exact solutions in the cases of step function, as well as arbitrary distributions of wall enthalpy are obtained for constant pjj, and Prandtl number of unity. Application is also made to the problem of reactant concentrations in the diffusion-con trolled flow over a catalytic surface by constructing an integral equation that can be solved numerically.
Effect of Thyroprotein and a Low-energy Ration on Removal of DDT from Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Rates at which 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) levels in milk fat of Holstein cows declined under four different feeding conditions were determined. Each experimental cow was contaminated with 600 mg per day of crystalline DDT for 30 days. Prepartum DDT-contaminated cows, upon parturition, produced milk containing 7 to 12 ppm of the insecticide residue on a milk fat basis. This level declined at a fairly rapid rate for 35 days, until approximately 4 ppm was reached. Thereafter, rate of decline was slower. These cows required an average of 189 days from parturition to reach 1.25 ppm. There was no appreciable difference between cows that received normal rations and those receiving thyroprotein. However, cows on a low-energy ration showed an appreciable increase in rate of decline. Their milk reached 1.25 ppm DDT in an average of 114 days from parturition. Postpartum DDT-contaminated cows reached a maximum insecticide level in milk fat of 5 to 7 ppm. Upon cessation of DDT intake, rate of decline in insecticide levels was more rapid than in prepartum contaminated cows. The DDT level of 1.25 ppm was reached in an average of 35 days.
Female Spirit Mediums and Religious Authority in Contemporary Southeastern China

Although studies of Chinese spirit mediums in Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan abound, there has been little work done on spirit mediums in mainland China today. Yet spirit mediums play an important...
Pacemaker failure due to pocket emphysema

Pocket emphysema is an unusual cause of failure of a permanent pacemaker. Reported herein is temporary failure of a unipolar DDD pacemaker caused by pocket emphysema in a pediatric patient.
Genetic links between diet and lifespan: shared mechanisms from yeast to humans

Caloric restriction is the only known non-genetic intervention that robustly extends lifespan in mammals. This regimen also attenuates the incidence and progression of many age-dependent pathologies. Understanding the genetic mechanisms that underlie dietary-restriction-induced longevity would therefore have profound implications for future medical treatments aimed at tackling conditions that are associated with the ageing process. Until recently, however, almost nothing was known about these mechanisms in metazoans. Recent advances in our understanding of the genetic bases of energy sensing and lifespan control in yeast, invertebrates and mammals have begun to solve this puzzle. Evidence is mounting that the brain has a crucial role in sensing dietary restriction and promoting longevity in metazoans.
Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for myopia: two-year follow-up

We evaluated the results of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with an excimer laser on 45 consecutive myopic eyes (23 patients) that were followed two years or more. The myopic range was from -2.00 diopters (D) to -6.00 D with astigmatism less than 1.50 D. Uncorrected visual acuity better than 20/25 was achieved in 88.9% of all cases two years postoperatively. Best corrected visual acuity was equal to or better than preoperatively in 95.6% of eyes. The difference between the attempted and achieved correction was within +/- 1.00 D in 91.1% two years postoperatively. Keratometric readings and central corneal thickness showed a gradual restoration until six months postoperatively and then stabilized. The cornea was clear in 66.7% of the eyes. The most common subjective complaint was decreased night vision two years after PRK. From our experience, excimer laser PRK is a predictable and effective surgical method to correct myopia up to -6.00 D in a single-step procedure.
Attachment security in preschoolers with and without externalizing behavior problems: A replication.

This study attempted to replicate previous findings that indicated that preschool-aged children with significant externalizing problems are more likely to have insecure attachment relations than nonproblem peers (Speltz, Greenberg, & DeKlyen, 1990). Fifty children (ages 3–6) and their mothers participated; 25 referred to a child psychiatry clinic for one of the DSM-IIIR Disruptive Behavior Disorders, and 25 matched comparisons without externalizing behavior problems. Attachment was measured at the time of referral using two separation and reunion sequences in a clinic context. We found that 80% of the clinic-referred children were classified as insecure, whereas only 28% of the comparisons were so classified (p <.001). Further, a high percentage of clinic insecure children showed a controlling pattern of attachment. Thus, the present study, with improved methodological rigor, provided an almost exact replication to previous results. The discussion focuses on what contribution attachment research can provide to a developmental psychopathology perspective on early externalizing disorders.
THE MECHANISM OF 5-AMINOURACIL-INDUCED SYNCHRONY OF CELL DIVISION IN VI CIA FABA ROOT MERISTEMS.

Cessation of mitosis was brought about in Vicia faba roots incubated for 24 hours in the thymine analogue, 5-aminouracil. Recovery of mitotic activity began 8 hours after removal from 5-aminouracil and reached a peak at 15 hours. If colchicine was added 4 hours before the peak of mitoses, up to 80 per cent of all cells accumulated in mitotic division stages. By use of single and double labeling techniques, it was shown that synchrony of cell divisions resulted from depression in the rate of DNA synthesis by 5-aminouracil, which brought about an accumulation of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. Treatment with 5-aminouracil may have also caused a delay in the rate of exit of cells from the G2 period. It appeared to have no effect on the duration of the G1 period. When roots were removed from 5-aminouracil, DNA synthesis resumed in all cells in the S phase. Although thymidine antagonized the effects of 5-aminouracil, an exogenous supply of it was not necessary for the resumption of DNA synthesis, as shown by incorporation studies with tritiated deoxycytidine.
Duplicated Laboratory Tests: A Hospital Audit

To the Editor: Rising healthcare costs are unlikely to be sustainable in the current healthcare environment. Reducing costs is a major effort of governments and policymakers (1). One component of these costs is the wide range and overwhelming number of diagnostic tests (2). Laboratory testing of hospitalized patients can be redundant when multiple providers order the same or similar tests for the same patient, contributing needlessly to the total healthcare costs (3–5). We evaluated the frequency of duplicate ordering of 6 in-house laboratory tests (Table 1) in hospitalized patients over a 12-month period and analyzed the costs associated with this practice. Research questions for this study included the following: ( a ) In this sample of hospitalized patients, what was the prevalence of duplication of the selected laboratory tests over twelve months, and ( b ) what were the costs associated with duplication of these laboratory tests? View this table: Table 1. Costs and ordering patterns for 6 selected tests. A retrospective descriptive design was used to evaluate the prevalence that selected tests were duplicated. We chose these 6 tests because a medical need to have 2 results for these tests during …
The Combination of Tests Based on Discrete Distributions

Abstract A method of drawing a single conclusion from the results of a number of independent tests of a statistical hypothesis was pointed out some years ago by Fisher. Modifications of Fisher's method to better adapt it to the case where the underlying probability distributions are discrete have been proposed by Wallis, Lancaster, and Pearson. The relationship between these can be clarified by comparing each of them with a modified form of Pearson's method. The computations needed to apply Lancaster's method can be simplified with the aid of a table appended to the present paper.
Irreversible evolution to equilibrium for a many-body system

Based on fundamental principles of quantum physics, an explanation is advanced for the irreversible behavior of a many-body system in a closed environment. Provided that the system proper may be divided into macroscopic cells, each of which may be considered to be in local equilibrium, it is demonstrated that the system will evolve irreversibly towards equilibrium.