cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An HPLC-MS characterization of the changes in sweet orange leaf metabolite profile following infection by the bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus.

Huanglongbing (HLB) presumably caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) threatens the commercial U.S. citrus crop of an annual value of $3 billion. The earliest shift in metabolite profiles of leaves from greenhouse-grown sweet orange trees infected with Clas, and of healthy leaves, was characterized by HPLC-MS concurrently with PCR testing for the presence of Clas bacteria and observation of disease symptoms. Twenty, 8-month-old ‘Valencia’ and ‘Hamlin’ trees were grafted with budwood from PCR-positive HLB source trees. Five graft-inoculated trees of each variety and three control trees were sampled biweekly and analyzed by HPLC-MS and PCR. Thirteen weeks after inoculation, Clas was detected in newly growing flushes in 33% and 55% of the inoculated ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ trees, respectively. Inoculated trees remained asymptomatic in the first 20 weeks, but developed symptoms 30 weeks after grafting. No significant differences in the leaf metabolite profiles were detected in Clas-infected trees 23 weeks after inoculation. However, 27 weeks after inoculation, differences in metabolite profiles between control leaves and those of Clas-infected trees were evident. Affected compounds were identified with authentic standards or structurally classified by their UV and mass spectra. Included among these compounds are flavonoid glycosides, polymethoxylated flavones, and hydroxycinnamates. Four structurally related hydroxycinnamate compounds increased more than 10-fold in leaves from ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees in response to Clas infection. Possible roles of these hydroxycinnamates as plant defense compounds against the Clas infection are discussed.
Sustainability as Intergenerational Fairness: Efficiency, Uncertainty, and Numerical Methods

This paper presents an economic model of sustainability defined as intergenerational fairness. Assuming that intergenerational fairness is an obligation of each generation, a recursive optimization problem is obtained. The problem has the advantage that uncertainty can readily be incorporated in the model and it can be solved numerically for a wide range of specifications. The possibility of trade-offs between efficiency and sustainability are discussed. Under plausible conditions, it is shown that a sustainability obligation is met only if there is the expectation of economic growth.
Effects of prior 5-hydroxytryptamine exposure on rat islet insulin secretory and phospholipase C responses

Glucose-induced insulin secretion is inhibited by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). In the present studies the specificity of 5HT inhibition of release and the potential biochemical mechanisms involved were investigated. Dose-dependent inhibition of 15 mM glucose-induced secretion was induced by a prior 3 h incubation with 5HT. At the highest 5HT concentration (500 µM) employed, both first and second phase responses to 15 mM glucose were reduced 50–60%. In addition, this level (500 µM) of 5HT virtually abolished 10 mM glucose-induced secretion. In contrast, secretion in response to the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (500 nM) was immune to 500 µM 5HT pretreatment. Glucose usage rates were comparable in both control and 500 µM 5HT-pretreated islets. However, the generation of inositol phosphates and the efflux of 3H-inositol from 3H-inositol-prelabeled islets in response to stimulatory glucose were impaired in parallel with insulin secretion. Based on these observations the following conclusions were reached: (1) 5HT impairs glucose-induced insulin release by altering glucose-induced activation of phospholipase C. (2) Biochemical events distal to phospholipase C remain intact despite this proximal biochemical lesion. (3) Amperometric analysis of 5HT release from 5HT-pretreated islets must take into consideration its profound adverse impact on glucose-induced insulin secretion.
The temporomandibular joint: clinical and surgical aspects

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a diarthrodial joint, with the mandibular condyle articulating with the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone. These structures are separated by a fibrous disc, forming a superior and an inferior joint cavity lubricated by synovial fluid. The attachment of the articular capsule,ligaments,andmusclespermitscomplexfunctional activity with smooth multidirectional movements, which is crucial for mastication and speech. Anydisruptionofthisharmonycansignificantly affect patients’ quality of life. Disorders of the TMJ include congenital and developmental disorders, disc displacement, hypermobility, inflammatory disorders, ankylosis, fractures, and tumors. In each of these conditions, imaging studies are important because they provide additional information about the structure and function of the various joint components. The information obtained from these images, however, must be interpreted in the context of patients’ symptoms and clinical findings.
Psychophysiological response of breast- and bottle-feeding mothers to their infants' signals.

This study examined the relationship between infant feeding status and parity of mothers, and the psychophysiological and behavioral responses of mothers to their infants' emotional signals. Forty-eight mothers (half breast-feeders, half bottle-feeders) viewed previously prepared videotaped segments of their infants' emotional expressions as heart rate, skin conductance responses, and facial expressions were monitored. Afterwards, mothers rated their subjective emotional responses to the scenes (self reports of happiness, sadness, anxiety, irritability, and helplessness) and their readiness to pick up the baby. Mothers completed an empathy measure and provided information about their choice of feeding mode and level of satisfaction with the feeding experience. The most important finding of the study was the evidence of strikingly different response patterns characterizing breast- and bottle-feeding mothers across response measures. Skin conductance measures indicated that breast-feeders may have been more relaxed under laboratory conditions than bottle-feeders; breast-feeders also showed a differential pattern of cardiac response to infant stimuli. On subjective measures of emotional response, the breast-feeders were more inclined to want interaction with the infant and they also expressed greater satisfaction with the feeding experience. Response patterns were interpreted as suggesting differential physiology of the lactating mother as well as different prior personality factors operating on choice of feeding mode. A few sex of infant and maternal parity effects were observed. Empathy and facial expression measures did not differentiate feeding or parity groups.
The NCATE Process and Behaviorally-Based Special Education

The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) has long sought to identify effective programs for teacher preparation in this country. Recently, the Council has revised its standards to be more rigorous and demanding. This revision presents new and challenging standards for the accreditation of programs preparing educators. The most problematic but most important of these new standards is the requirement of a well-articulated knowledge base supporting a program's content and processes. Development of the knowledge base statement involves the articulation of the program's philosophy, theme, model, goals, objectives, primary research base, wisdom of practice, and evaluation procedures. A behavioral model serves well in meeting these requirements, particularly since behavioral applications in education are well researched and the approach is compatible with the emphasis on specific goals and objectives and evaluation of effectiveness. Effective educational methods are available and are mostly behavioral. The articulation of the NCATE knowledge base encourages education faculty, traditionally nonbehavioral, to examine the effectiveness of their programs and to demonstrate research and professional support for content and instructional methods. A behavioral knowledge base statement appropriate for NCATE is demonstrated through examples drawn from Gonzaga University's knowledge base for special education.
Qu’est-ce que le compérage ?

Resume Le comperage est une entente illicite qui porte atteinte a l’independance du professionnel de sante ainsi qu’au libre choix du patient. La jurisprudence rapportee permet de mieux cerner cette notion.
A combined decline-curve and price analysis of US crude oil production, 1968–1976

Abstract An approach combining decline-curve and price analysis is used to model US oil production over the period 1968–1976. The decline curve characteristics of US oil production are captured with time series analysis. Regression analysis is then used to adjust the time series estimates in order to account for price changes. Significant but small price effects are shown to exist in the short run and policy implications of the analytical findings are explored.
Perforation of gall bladder; early gangrene of common duct

Abstract 1. 1. A case is presented of gangrene and rupture of the gall bladder closely followed by gangrene of the common duct, the latter caused by the descent of a stone from the liver with resulting pressure. 2. 2. If the patient had come to operation before gangrene and rupture of the gall bladder had occurred, a more thorough search could have been made for the hepatic stone, the necessity for a second operation obviated, and the normal biliary ducts preserved. 3. 3. This case demonstrates the advisability of conservative surgery in complicated gall-bladder disease. By conserving as much of the gall bladder as was possible, the second operation was rendered comparatively simple. 4. 4. The patient made an uneventful recovery and has remained entirely free of digestive disturbances during the nine years since the two operations.
Sihler's whole mount nerve staining technique: a review

Sihler's stain is a whole mount nerve staining technique that renders other soft tissue translucent or transparent while staining the nerves. It permits mapping of entire nerve supply patterns of organs, skeletal muscles, mucosa, skin, and other structures after the specimens are fixed in neutralized formalin, macerated in potassium hydroxide, decalcified in acetic acid, stained in Ehrlich's hematoxylin, destained in acetic acid, and cleared in glycerin. The unique advantage of Sihler's stain over other anatomical methods is that all the nerves within the stained specimen can be visualized in their three-dimensional positions. To date, Sihler's stain is the best tool for demonstrating the precise intramuscular branching and distribution patterns of skeletal muscles, which are important not only for anatomists, but also for physiologists and clinicians. Advanced knowledge of the neural structures within mammalian skeletal muscles is critical for understanding muscle functions, performing electrophysiological experiments and developing novel neurosurgical techniques. In this review, Sihler's stain is described in detail and its use in nerve mapping is surveyed. Special emphasis is placed on staining procedures and troubleshooting, strengths and limitations, applications, major contributions to neuroscience, physiological and clinical significance, and areas for further technical improvement that deserve future research.
Separation of rat liver lysosomes and mitochondria in the A-XII zonal centrifuge☆

Abstract Rat liver lysosomes and mitochondria were isolated free of mutual cross-contamination on the basis of differences is sedimentation velocity during a single run in the type A-XII zonal centrifuge. Cytochrome oxidase was employed as the biochemical marker for the mitochondria, and acid phosphatase (nitrophenyl phosphate substrate, sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0, in the presence of the non-ionic detergent Turgitol NPX) was employed as the biochemical marker for the lysosomes. Structure-linked latency and activation was demonstrated for the “lysosomal” phosphatase following exposure to Turgitol NPX, osmotic lysis by treatment with distilled water, and fragmentation in a Waring blender. Electron microscopy of the isolated fractions showed that the microsomes were contaminated by glycogen but free of mitochondria and lysosomes, the lysosomes were contaminated by microsomes and glycogen but were free of mitochondria, and the mitochondria were cross-contaminated only by a few microsomal vesicles.
WARTIME RECRUITING PRACTICES, MARTIAL IDENTITY AND POST-WORLD WAR II DEMOBILIZATION IN COLONIAL KENYA

After World War II, African ex-servicemen in Kenya sought to maintain the socioeconomic gains they had accrued through service in the King's African Rifles (KAR). Looking for middle-class employment and social privileges, they challenged existing relationships within the colonial state. For the most part, veterans did not participate in national politics, believing that their goals could be achieved within the confines of colonial society. The postwar actions of KAR veterans are best explained by an examination of their initial perceptions of colonial military service. Indeed, the social and economic connotations of KAR service, combined with the massive wartime expansion of Kenyan defense forces, created a new class of Africans with distinctive characteristics and interests. These socioeconomic perceptions proved powerful after the war, often informing ex-askari action.
Notions of analytic vs numerical stability as applied to the numerical calculation of orbits

This paper deals with the implications of 'stability' as applied to the numerical calculation of orbits. The study was motivated by the recent appearance of several proposed transformations of the classical Newtonian equations of motion which 'analytically stabilize' Cowell's method. This report analyzes the basic properties of such stabilizing transformations and shows the removal of the period as a parameter is the key to these transformations and, that although such transformations do not yield global numerical error bounds, the error propagation properties are more favorable - linear vs quadratic growth.
Bicarbonate and magnesium ion-ATP dependent stimulation of acetylcholine uptake by Torpedo electric organ synaptic vesicles

Summary Cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo californica rapidly take up [3H]acetylcholine in a passive process. The Internal concentration achieved was equal to the external concentration as determined by the ratio of [3H]acetylcholine to preloaded [14C]mannitol. Addition of bicarbonate had little effect, whereas addition of MgATP suppressed uptake by two fold. Simultaneous addition of HCO3− and MgATP stimulated uptake over five fold compared to the suppressed condition and resulted in net concentrative uptake. All effects depended on no other inorganic ions, were not ionic strength dependent, and other tested anions would not substitute for HCO3−. Thus, concentrative uptake of [3H]acetylcholine linked to HCO3− and MgATP per se is exhibited by cholinergic synaptic vesicles.
Two-proton multiplets in 210Po☆

Abstract The 209Bi(α,t)210Po reaction at 45 MeV has been used to study 210Po. Many new levels have been observed and proton configurations are suggested for the lowest three multiplets.
Effective Professional Development for Teachers: A Checklist.

You are sitting among a large group of fellow educators in an elegant hotel meeting room, doing your best to listen to the speaker. She is highly regarded in her field, and your district paid a ste...
Influence of burner rim aerodynamics on polyhedral flames and flame stabilization

Abstract The influence of burner rim aerodynamics on the behavior of polyhedral flames of butane/air mixtures is investigated for burner rims of different geometries. By systematically varying the mixture concentration and velocity, regimes corresponding to stationary, rotating, and unstable polyhedral flames with various numbers of sides are identified. The rotational velocity and the temperature in the crest and trough regions of polyhedral flames as well as the periodic temperature fluctuation of the gases through which flames rotate are measured. The effects associated with the outer diffusion flame mantle are assessed and the influence of the conductive heat loss to the burner rim is determined. Stabilization of the Bunsen flames is also studied; for the various burner rims the critical flow velocity and concentration corresponding to flame flashback and blow-off are determined. The observations can be successfully interpreted on the bases of flame stretch, preferential diffusion, heat loss, and atmospheric entrainment.
Isoprene emission by plants is affected by transmissible wound signals

Isoprene (2-methyl 1,3-butadiene) is emitted from many plants, but the signals regulating isoprene emission are unknown. Mounting leaves in a gas exchange chamber or taking small leaf punches for biochemical analysis was found to reduce the rate of isoprene emission (Loreto & Sharkey 1993). This phenomenon was investigated by putting terminal leaflets of velvet bean (Mucuna deeringeniana L.) and kudzu [Pueraria lobaia (Willd) Ohwi.] into a gas exchange chamber and monitoring isoprene emission and photosynthesis. Lateral leaflets or remote leaves were then wounded or mechanically stimulated. The rate of isoprene emission was reduced after 1 min by up to 75% by burning a lateral leaflet with a match. Even a 7 ms−1 (25km h−1) wind imposed on a lateral leaflet reduced isoprene emission from the terminal leaflet by 18%. Photosynthesis rates were either unaffected by these treatments or reduced more slowly than isoprene emission rates, indicating that the effect of isoprene emission rates was not a consequence of changes in photosynthetic activity. Isoprene emission from a terminal leaflet was reduced by burning leaves above and below the monitored leaflet when on the same stem. The effect was much reduced if the burned leaf (all three leaflets) was on a different stem from the monitored leaflet. Reduction of the rate of isoprene emission was observed even when the burned leaf was 52 cm distant from the measured leaflet. Increasing the distance between the stressed leaf and the monitored leaf caused the effect to be slower and smaller. It is speculated that a signal is generated by wounding which propagates through the plant at 1.3 mm s−1. This velocity was consistent throughout the measurements and is similar to the rate of propagation of electrical signals such as action potentials and variation potentials. The effect of the environmental stress, and particularly the wind effect, can be frequent in nature and should be considered when estimating local and regional emission of isoprene for modelling atmospheric chemistry. If leaf samples used for isoprene determination are exposed to the type of stress we investigated, isoprene emission inventories based on leaf level measurements will be underestimated.
Catalytic hydrotreatment of Illinois No. 6 Coalderived naphtha: Comparison of molybdenum nitride and molybdenum sulfide for heteroatom removal

Abstract The hydrotreatment of naphtha derived from Illinois No.6 coal was investigated using molybdenum sulfide and nitride catalysts. The two catalysts are compared on the basis of total catalyst weight. Molybdenum sulfide is more active than molybdenum nitride for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of a coal-derived naphtha. The rates of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of the naphtha over both catalysts are comparable. For hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), the sulfide is more active than the nitride only at higher temperatures (>325°C). Based upon conversion data, the naphtha can be lumped into a reactive and a less reactive fraction with each following first-order kinetics for heteroatom removal. The HDS and HDN rates and activation energies of the less reactive lump are smaller for the nitride than for the sulfide catalyst.
Utility of 5 major putative periodontal pathogens and selected clinical parameters to predict periodontal breakdown in patients on maintenance care

The predictive utility of 5 major putative periodontopathic microbial species, "superinfecting" organisms, and several clinical periodontal parameters were assessed relative to periodontitis recurrence over a 12-month period in 78 treated adult patients participating in a 3-month maintenance care program. At baseline, pooled subgingival microbial samples were collected from each patient, and whole-mouth evaluations of probing depth, relative periodontal attachment level, furcation involvement, and indices of plaque and gingival inflammation were carried out. 67 (85.9%) subjects were culture-positive at baseline for presence of either Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus or Peptostreptococcus micros, with 48 (61.5%) subjects yielding one or more of these species at or above designated threshold proportions of > or = 0.01% for A. actinomycetemcomitans, > or = 0.1% for P. gingivalis, > or = 2.5% for P. intermedia, > or = 2.0% for C. rectus, and > or = 3.0% for P. micros. Subgingival yeasts were recovered from 12 subjects, staphylococci from 7, and enteric rods/pseudomonads from 6; however, no subjects revealed > or = 1.0% baseline proportions of these "superinfecting" organisms in subgingival specimens. Periodontitis recurrence in subjects was defined as any periodontal site exhibiting either a probing depth increase of > or = 3 mm from baseline, or a probing depth increase of > or = 2 mm from baseline together with a loss in relative periodontal attachment of > or = 2 mm from baseline. 15 (19.2%) study subjects showed periodontitis recurrence within 6 months of baseline, and 25 (32.1%) within 12 months. The mere baseline presence of the 5 major test species and "superinfecting" organisms were not significant predictors of periodontitis recurrence over 12 months. However, a 2.5 relative risk for periodontitis recurrence over 12 months was found for subjects yielding one or more of the 5 major test species at or above the designated baseline threshold proportions (p = 0.022, Mantel-Haenszel chi 2 test). The positive predictive value for periodontitis recurrence of a microbiologic analysis encompassing the 5 major test species at or above the designated threshold proportions improved with increasing time from baseline, up to approximately 42% at 12 months. Baseline variables jointly providing in multiple regression analysis the best predictive capability for periodontitis recurrence in subjects over a 12-month period were recovery of one or more of the 5 major test species at or above designated threshold proportions, the proportion of sites per subject with > or = 5 mm probing depth, and the mean whole-mouth probing depth. These findings indicate that one or more of 5 major putative periodontal pathogens in elevated subgingival proportions together with increased probing depth predispose adults on maintenance care to recurrent periodontitis.
Improvements in Safety and Recovery Following Cystectomy: Reassessing the Role of Pre-Operative Bowel Preparation and Interventions to Speed Return of Post-Operative Bowel Function

For radical cystectomy, historical practice trends have favored the use of preoperative bowel preparations to reduce complications, including surgical site infections, ileus, and anastomotic leaks. However, emerging data has questioned this practice. Postoperative cystectomy care also remains in flux, as new pharmacologic agents that may potentiate earlier return of bowel function are studied. We review the current literature with regards to preoperative and postoperative cystectomy bowel management.
Phototropism and electrified interfaces in green plants

Living organisms generate electrical fields. The conduction of electrochemical excitation is a fundamental property of living organisms. Cells, tissues, and organs transmit electrochemical signals over short and long distances. Excitation waves in higher plants are possible mechanisms for intercellular and intracellular communication in the presence of environmental changes. Ionic channels, as natural nanodevices, control the plasma membrane potential and the movement of ions across membranes; thereby, regulating various biological functions. Some voltage-gated ion channels work as plasma membrane nanopotentiostats. Tetraethylammonium chloride and ZnCl 2 block K + and Ca 2+ ionic channels. These blockers inhibit the propagation of action potentials induced by blue light, and inhibit phototropism in soybean plants. The irradiation of soybean plants at 450 ± 50 nm induces action potentials with duration times of about 0.3 ms and amplitudes around 60 mV. The role of the electrified nanointerface of the plasma membrane in signal transduction is discussed.
Inactivation of glutamic-aspartic transaminase by irradiation.

SummaryGlutamic-aspartic transaminase is inactivated by sunlight and by ultraviolet light. Destruction of enzymatic activity by these agents parallels the destruction of vitamin B6, a derivative of which is present as the prosthetic group of the enzyme.1234 The irradiated enzyme is not reactivated by addition of pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridox-amine or boiled tissue extracts. Irradiation with X-rays leaves the enzyme intact.
Constrained iterative decoding: performance and convergence analysis

We introduce a modification to the standard iterative decoding (message passing) algorithm that yields improved performance at the cost of higher complexity. This modification is to run multiple iterative decoders, each with a different constraint on a system variable (e.g., input value, state value etc.). This constrained iterative decoding (CID) implements optimal MAP decoding for systems represented by single-cycle graphs (e.g., tail-biting convolutional codes). For more complex graphical models, the CID is suboptimal, but outperforms the standard decoding algorithm because it negates the effects of some cycles in the model. We show that the CID outperforms the standard ID for a serially concatenated convolutional code (SCCC) system and low-density-parity-check (LDPC) code system, especially when the interleaver size is small. Density evolution analysis is used to show how CID improves the convergence relative to that of standard ID by showing that the threshold of the CID is lower than that of the standard ID.
Falling Enzyme Activity as Temperature Rises: Negative Activation Energy or Denaturation?

Recently in this Journal, Aledo and coworkers used the Michaelis–Menten and Arrhenius equations to show that, under the biologically common condition of low substrate concentration, reaction rates can actually decline with increasing temperature. They presented two data sets showing a decline in lactate dehydrogenase activity above 20–30 °C as an example of this behavior. Although denaturation provides a fairly good statistical fit to the lactate dehydrogenase data sets, it is exceedingly unlikely that the activity decline above 20–30 °C is caused by denaturation. Instead, it is possible that a dramatic conformational change of the enzyme occurs in this temperature range, causing the apparent activation energy to shift from positive to negative and the frequency factor to fall by over 4 orders of magnitude. This conformational change is intriguing and worthy of further study.
A parametric identification scheme for non‐deteriorating and deteriorating non‐linear hysteretic behaviour

The identification of deteriorating and non-deteriorating non-linear rate-independent hysteretic phenomena is considered using a recently developed model form. The model type, developed by authors Ashrafi and Smyth is a generalized Masing model and is based on the observed memory behaviour of distributed element models. The model's direct analytical link between the force–displacement response functions and the distribution of the distributed element yield displacements together with the ductility permits a parametric identification to be performed using non-linear optimization techniques for arbitrary response time histories. The Weibull and Rayleigh distributions are considered in this study. The identified parameters accurately determine the physical model and are robust when the simulation model assumed distribution was the same as that used for identification, and also in the over-parametrized case when the model was more complex than necessary. In the under-parametrized case, where the assumed model lacked the complexity of the underlying phenomenon, relatively accurate response agreement was obtained without accurate parameter convergence. Such a result was not robust in the validation phase with other arbitrary excitations. Overall however, assuming sufficient complexity in the identified model, the approach provides a means of identifying deterioration with a fixed-parameter model suitable for simulation with arbitrary excitations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutations of choline acetyltransferase and associated neural defects

Mutants have been isolated in the synthetic enzyme for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine inDrosophila melanogaster. Four lethal mutations were induced in theCat gene that codes for choline acetyltransferase, following cytogenetic determination of the gene's location. Two of the alleles are temperature-sensitive, producing sufficient enzyme activity for survival at 18 °C but losing all detectable activity for choline acetyltransferase if shifted to 30 °C. Concomitant with the loss of enzyme activity, abnormalities appear in a synaptic component of the electroretinogram ofCat mutants. Defects in behavior are also the apparent consequences ofCat mutations. Early effects of shifting the mutants to high temperature are seen on the complex behavior of male courtship, followed by paralysis and death with longer exposures.
The Glass Scratch Effect and Molecular Structure

A CLOSE relation exists between the effect of scratching the wall of a glass container with the tip of a glass rod and the nature of the liquid present. Ordinary round-bottomed 5-ml. test tubes are half filled and the inside wall briskly scratched some fifty times. The result is examined under proper light, the contents stirred, allowed to settle overnight, and the sediment examined. Three types of effect are observed. (1) The rod slips. This is caused by aromatic compounds (except benzene and some simpler derivatives); some other cyclic compounds; open-chain compounds of more than ten carbons approximately. (2) The rod bites and produces glass dust, varying in amount and texture, which immediately disperses. This is caused by non-polar compounds of low weight, most ketones, and sulphuric acid. (3) The rod bites and produces abundant dust which sticks most characteristically to the wall, on which it can be smeared. This is given, in decreasing order, by : (a) water and monohydroxyalcohols; (b) dihydroxyalcohols, primary amines; (c) aliphatic acids, some esters, aldehydes, ketones, secondary amines. This last group is intermediate between (2) and (3).
Multilayered protection of embedded video bitstreams over binary symmetric and packet erasure channels

This paper presents a multilayered protection of embedded video bitstreams over bit errors and packet erasure channels using Error Resilient and Error Concealment 3-D SPIHT (ERC-SPIHT) algorithm, which is based on the 3-D SPIHT concepts. A robust source coder is created to give error resilience in source level of the codestream. This robustness is achieved by partitioning the wavelet coefficients into many independent sub-bitstreams while maintaining spatio-temporal tree structures. For higher protection against channel noise, we use a product code. In each packet, the concatenation of a rate compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) code and an error detecting parity check (CRC) code is used. Across the packets, Reed-Solomon codes are used. These steps provide the robust source coder with additional layers of protection against channel noise. Finally, in the decoder side, an error concealment function is performed for the lost blocks. Simulations show that the multilayered protection of 3-D SPIHT outperforms the methods that use single layer protection in terms of average PSNRs and the PSNR ranges, and provides higher average PSNR's and lower PSNR variances.
Current update of cerebral embolic protection devices

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has evolved into a viable alternative to carotid endarterectomy. Although CAS outcomes have improved during the last decade, the associated stroke rate remains higher when compared with carotid endarterectomy. Therefore, the pivotal role of embolic protection devices (EPDs) in minimizing stroke risk cannot be underestimated as a vital component of CAS. As technology advances, EPDs continue to be refined, and each device currently on the market has its own advantages and disadvantages. This review provides an overview of the current status of EPDs and highlights the unique features of each device, followed by suggestions for application in specific clinical scenarios.
Exact Monte Carlo for few-fermion systems

We have reconsidered the fundamental difficulties of fermion Monte Carlo as applied to few-body systems. We conclude that necessary ingredients of successful algorithms include the following: There must be equal populations of random walkers that carry positive and negative weights. The positions of positive walkers should be selected from a distribution that uses Green's functions to couple all walkers. The positions of negative walkers should be generated from those of positive walkers by means of odd permutations. The correct importance functions that take into account the global interactions of the populations are different for positive and negative walkers. Use of such importance functions breaks the symmetry that otherwise would exist between configurations (of the entire population) and configurations derived by interchanging positive and negative walkers. Based upon these observations, we have constructed a stable and accurate algorithm that solves a fully-polarized, three-dimensional, three-body model problem.
Child welfare policy and practice: Rethinking the history of our certainties

This paper presents a critical retrospective examination of the policies and practices in child welfare as these relate to the declining well-being of children today. There are four key structures around which child welfare is organized: family, state, market and charity. The development of child welfare practices over time follows a cyclical process modulated by the power relations among these key structures that has favored systemic maintenance over transformational change. It is suggested that child welfare policy and practice is informed by three “certainties” or accepted truths that are embedded in broader cultural understandings and that come to be seen as constants rather than as variables. The certainties we address here are: the dichotomy of public and private; the primacy of autonomous individualism and the capacity of corrective intervention. Acting on these certainties not only limits the scope of problem solving in child welfare, but more fundamentally, it constrains the formulation of critical questions about the nature of child welfare policy and practice. The future of practice must explore a new set of critical questions that challenge these certainties if truly empowering models of child welfare practice are to be developed.
Neutrophil Modulation Results in Improved Pulmonary Function After 12 and 24 Hours of Preservation

Neutrophils are important mediators of reperfusion injury, and suppression of neutrophil function or numbers can reduce reperfusion injury and improve long-term organ preservation in transplantation. NPC 15669, a leumedin, is a novel compound that prevents recruitment of neutrophils at inflammatory foci by inhibiting CD11b/ CD18 adhesion molecule expression. NPC 15669 was used to inhibit neutrophil adhesion during reperfusion of isolated rabbit lungs after 12 and 24 hours of cold storage. Lungs (New Zealand White male rabbits, 2 to 3 kg) were flushed with 4°C Euro-Collins (EC) solution, harvested en bloc, stored under various study conditions, and reperfused for 3 hours with fresh whole blood at 37°C in an isolated perfusion system at constant flow and an inspired oxygen fraction of 1. Four groups (n = 6 each) were studied. Group I underwent immediate whole blood reperfusion. Group II were stored for 12 hours in 4°C EC solution before reperfusion. Group III were stored for 12 hours in 4°C EC solution and reperfused with whole blood containing NPC 15669 (10 mg/kg whole body weight). Group IV were stored for 24 hours in 4°C EC solution and reperfused with whole blood containing NPC 15669 (10 mg/kg). Pulmonary artery and peak airway pressures were significantly lower and compliance higher in groups III and IV lungs after 3 hours of reperfusion ( p p
HOLES IN DIAMOND OR CARBON NITRIDE LATTICES

A discussion is presented for possible diamond-lattice-based structures containing holes that can be filled with metal atoms or ions. To allow the formation of coordinative bonds to the metal, some carbon atoms should be replaced by heteroatoms (with nitrogen preferred, but in some cases oxygen or other heteroatoms may be considered). Two types of holes that may lead to the formation of coordinative bonds are discussed in detail: tetrahedral holes for four such bonds and quasi-octahedral holes for six such bonds. In turn, when suitably arranged in a translationally symmetric manner, these holes may resemble open or closed pores in foams; when they are open, the “channels” may lead to interesting properties with regard to metallic conductivity or superconductivity. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How to Develop and Administer a College Recreational Sports Graduate Administrative Assistant Research Program

Strategies to teach young college recreational sports (CRS) professionals how to conduct research and to increase conducted and reported research within the CRS field need to be developed and share...
Mechanisms underlying intensity-dependent changes in cortical selectivity for frequency-modulated sweeps

Frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps are common components of species-specific vocalizations. The intensity of FM sweeps can cover a wide range in the natural environment, but whether intensity affects neural selectivity for FM sweeps is unclear. Bats, such as the pallid bat, which use FM sweeps for echolocation, are suited to address this issue, because the intensity of echoes will vary with target distance. In this study, FM sweep rate selectivity of pallid bat auditory cortex neurons was measured using downward sweeps at different intensities. Neurons became more selective for FM sweep rates present in the bat's echolocation calls as intensity increased. Increased selectivity resulted from stronger inhibition of responses to slower sweep rates. The timing and bandwidth of inhibition generated by frequencies on the high side of the excitatory tuning curve [sideband high-frequency inhibition (HFI)] shape rate selectivity in cortical neurons in the pallid bat. To determine whether intensity-dependent changes i...
The Newport Yachting Center -- An Alternative Waterfront Development

The Newport Yachting Center (NYC) was established in 1979 on one of the few remaining open waterfronts on Newport Harbor. Rather than follow the well-established pattern of boutiques, restaurants, condominiums, and other non-dependent uses of the harbor, the owners of the property elected to try something new: an "In the Water Exposition Center for the Marine Trades." During the first 3 years of its operation the NYC has generated considerable income for other local merchants from the estimated additional 25,000 annual visitors to Newport. The Center has preserved and modernized the waterfront and enhanced the city's reputation as a yachting capital. However, the NYC is showing a positive cash flow only this year, for the first time. Thus, the NYC has survived only because its owners were willing to sacrifice potentially large short term profits in order to obtain long term benefits for the community as well as themselves. From a short term economic perspective the NYC does not appear to provide a viable alternative for waterfront developments elsewhere. From a longer term socio-economic perspective the NYC formula is unproven but with great potential.
Optical lattices for electrons in semiconductors

We theoretically investigate the trapping of electrons in a semiconductor using counter-propagating laser beams. The presence of trion resonances leads to efficient electron trapping. Comparison to atoms and feasibility of the scheme are discussed.
Correcting for gene-specific dye bias in DNA microarrays using the method of maximum likelihood

Motivation: In two-color microarray experiments, well-known differences exist in the labeling and hybridization efficiency of Cy3 and Cy5 dyes. Previous reports have revealed that these differences can vary on a gene-by-gene basis, an effect termed gene-specific dye bias. If uncorrected, this bias can influence the determination of differentially expressed genes. Results: We show that the magnitude of the bias scales multiplicatively with signal intensity and is dependent on which nucleotide has been conjugated to the fluorescent dye. A method is proposed to account for gene-specific dye bias within a maximum-likelihood error modeling framework. Using two different labeling schemes, we show that correcting for gene-specific dye bias results in the superior identification of differentially expressed genes within this framework. Improvement is also possible in related ANOVA approaches. Availability: A software implementation of this procedure is freely available at http://cellcircuits.org/VERA Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Model of Executive Women's Learning and Development

Case study analysis was used to investigate executive women's learning and development in corporate culture. Eleven executives were interviewed. A model of their development is proposed, detailing ...
Marginal bone response of implants with platform switching and non‐platform switching abutments in posterior healed sites: a 1‐year prospective study

This 1-year prospective study evaluated the implant success rate and marginal bone response of non-submerged implants with platform and non-platform switching abutments in posterior healed sites.Nineteen patients (9 male, 10 female) with posterior partially edentulous spaces, between the ages of 23 and 76 (mean = 55.4 years), were included in this study. A total of 30 implants (15 implants restored with platform switching [PS] abutments [control] and 15 implants restored with non-platform switching [NPS] abutments [test]) were assigned between two groups using a randomization procedure. The definitive abutments with conical connections were placed at the time of surgery, and the definitive restorations were placed at 3 months. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically using standardized radiographs at time of implant placement (0), 3, 6 and 12 months after implant placement. Data were analyzed using Friedman test with post hoc pairwise comparisons, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Pearson's chi-square test at the significance level of α = 0.05.At 12 months, all 30 implants remained osseointegrated corresponding to a 100% success rate. The overall mean marginal bone level change at 12 months was -0.04 ± 0.08 mm for PS group and -0.19 ± 0.16 mm for NPS group. Statistically significant difference in the marginal bone level change was observed between groups at 0 to 12 months and 3 to 12 months (P < 0.05).This 1-year randomized control study suggests that when a conical implant-abutment connection is present, similar peri-implant tissue responses can be achieved with platform switching and non-platform switching abutments.
Visual inspection of machined parts

A CAD-model-based machine vision system for dimensional inspection of machine parts is described, with emphasis on the theory behind the system. The original contributions of this work are: (1) the use of precise definitions of geometric tolerances suitable for use in image processing, (2) the development of measurement algorithms corresponding directly to these definitions, (3) the derivation of the uncertainties in the measurement tasks, and (4) the use of this uncertainty information in the decision-making process. Initial experimental results have verified the uncertainty derivations statistically and proved that the error probabilities obtained by propagating uncertainties are lower than those obtainable without uncertainty propagation. >
Physiological and Morphological Characterization of Basalt Milkvetch (Astragalus filipes): Basis for Plant Improvement

Astragalus filipes Torr. ex A. Gray (basalt milkvetch or threadstalk milkvetch) is a legume that is widely distributed in western North America and holds promise for revegetation and restoration programs in the western United States. Seed of 67 accessions was collected in 2003 from Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Oregon, California, and Washington. Field-collected forage samples from these accessions had nondetectable or low levels of selenium, swainsonine, and nitrotoxins. Accessions were evaluated at Providence and Millville in northern Utah in 2005 and 2006. At Providence accessions from north-central Oregon exhibited comparatively high biomass yield in summer and fall during both years. Basalt milkvetch accessions with low biomass generally had high crude protein concentration. Acid-detergent fiber and neutral-detergent fiber were positively correlated with biomass yield (r 5 0.42, P , 0.0001; r 5 0.57, P , 0.0001, respectively). At Millville accessions from northcentral Oregon exhibited comparatively high biomass and seed yield. Seed weight per 100 seeds varied among basalt milkvetch accessions in both years at Millville. Plants at Millville treated with imadicloprid insecticide had greater seed yields than nontreated plants in 2006, but not in 2005. When averaged across sites and years, a high correlation between number of stems and biomass (r 5 0.82, P , 0.0001) indicated that number of stems is a reliable predictor of high biomass and seed yield. Principal component analysis of seven consolidated plant traits identified two principal components that accounted for 60% and 15% of the variation among accessions. The first principal component was negatively correlated with elevation (r 52 0.71, P , 0.01) and positively correlated with latitude (r 5 0.46, P , 0.01). The second principal component was positively correlated with elevation (r 5 0.36, P , 0.01) and negatively correlated with latitude (r 52 0.47, P , 0.01). These results are beneficial in identifying basalt milkvetch accessions that hold promise for plant improvement efforts.