cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS FOR SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISCRIMINATIONS: COMMON OR SEPARATE CAPACITIES?

Resource-sharing between spatial and temporal processing was investigated using dual task methodology to construct performance operating characteristics. Spatial tasks involved discrimination of line length and temporal tasks involved discrimination of duration. Preliminary results suggest that a tradeoff occurs within the easier task of the two difficulty levels, but that a simple tradeoff is not observed at the more difficult level. This pattern of results suggests that the relationship between spatial and temporal perception varies according to difficulty level. That is, the degree to which the processes share common capacities varies as a function of the metrical characteristics of stimuli to be processed.
Buried treasure: The translations of the joint publications research service

Abstract This article deals with the translations of the Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS). Since 1957 the JPRS has been the largest single source of English language translations in the world. JPRS translations are of particular interest to scientists and social scientists concerned with developments in Communist and third world countries. This article briefly describes the organizational history of the JPRS and the nature of JPRS translations. Ways of acquiring and organizing JPRS materials are discussed. The bulk of this article deals with problems of accessing JPRS serial reports. Subject access to JPRS serial publications is the most difficult problem confronting users of JPRS translations. The many bibliographies and indexes which provide partial subject access to JPRS reports are described.
Computational study on the comparative synthesis of energetic FOX‐7 derivatives

Ethene and two kinds of nitrating reagents (HNO3 and N2O5) were included in respective molecular systems, which progressed through a two-stage electrophilic and free radical nitrosubstitution, resulting in the corresponding nitroethene compounds. Subsequent halogenation (using Cl2 and Br2) and amination (using ammonia) were then performed, also by electrophilic and radical substitution, to produce the target 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) derivatives. All transition state species were identified using a two- or three-structure Synchronous Transit-Guided Quasi-Newton between the Cartesian coordinates of the related molecular systems at specific reaction stages. The modeling results suggest that N2O5 is the better agent for nitration and bromine is suitable for use in halogenation. The comparable activation energies throughout the reaction stages were considered to imply the most feasible pathways of FOX-7 synthesis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Analysis of the headspace composition of smokeless powders using GC–MS, GC-μECD and ion mobility spectrometry

Smokeless powder additives are usually detected from an extraction of post-blast residues or unburned powder particles followed by chromatographic analyses. This work presents the first comprehensive study of the detection of volatile and semi-volatile additives of smokeless powders using solid phase microextraction (SPME) as a sampling and pre-concentration technique. The goal of this study is to generate a list of compounds that can be used as target compounds for the vapor phase detection of smokeless powders. Sixty-five smokeless powders were studied using laboratory-based gas chromatography techniques and a field deployable ion mobility spectrometer (IMS). The detection of diphenylamine, ethyl and methyl centralite, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, diethyl and dibutyl phthalate by IMS is suggested as a method to indicate the presence of smokeless powders. A previously reported SPME-IMS analytical approach facilitates rapid sub-nanogram detection of the vapor phase components of smokeless powders. The analyte mass present in the vapor phase was sufficient for a SPME fiber to extract and concentrate most analytes at amounts above the detection limits of both the GC and the IMS methods. Analysis of 65 different smokeless powder samples revealed that diphenylamine was present in the headspace of 96% of the powders studied. Ethyl centralite was detected in 47% of the powders and 8% of the powders contained methyl centralite. Nitroglycerin was the dominant peak present in the headspace of the double-based powders. Another important headspace component, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, was detected in 44% of the powders comprising both double and single-based powders. Static headspace SPME of small amounts (∼100 mg) of smokeless powder samples for ∼5 min at room temperature resulted in the successful detection of the headspace components, demonstrating the applicability of the technique for field detection of smokeless powders using IMS as a detector.
Control of pain with topical plant medicines

Pain is normally treated with oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and opioids. These drugs are dangerous and are responsible for many hospitalizations and deaths. It is much safer to use topical preparations made from plants to treat pain, even severe pain. Topical preparations must contain compounds that penetrate the skin, inhibit pain receptors such as transient receptor potential cation channels and cyclooxygenase-2, to relieve pain. Inhibition of pain in the skin disrupts the pain cycle and avoids exposure of internal organs to large amounts of toxic compounds. Use of topical pain relievers has the potential to save many lives, decrease medical costs and improve therapy.
Laryngeal Cancer Cost Analysis: Association of Case‐Mix and Treatment Characteristics With Medical Charges

Objectives: To examine the relationship of various pretreatment case-mix characteristics and treatment modalities with medical charges incurred during diagnosis, treatment, and 2-year follow-up for patients with laryngeal cancer. Design: Retrospective chart review and billing record analysis. Methods: The charts and billing records of patients diagnosed with laryngeal cancer at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC) between January 1, 1991 and December 31, 1994 were reviewed. The independent variables included various pretreatment patient-mix and tumor characteristics (age, AJCC TNM clinical stage, smoking history, ASA class, and comorbidity as defined by Kaplan-Feinstein grade) as well as type of treatment. The dependent variables included total physician, office, and university hospital-based charges incurred during the pretreatment evaluation and 0- to 3-, 3- to 12-, and 12- to 24-month billing periods after the initiation of cancer-directed therapy. Total 1-year and 2-year charges were also evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to investigate the relationships between dependent and independent variables and to develop models predictive of management charges during the individual and total billing periods. Results: Pretreatment charges showed no significant associations (P <.05) with any of the independent variables. Multiple regression analyses indicated that comorbidity, stage, and initial treatment modality were significant variables in one or more of the models predicting charges incurred during the 0- to 3-month, 3- to 12-month, total 1-year, and total 2-year billing periods. The models yielded R 2 values for the total 1- and 2-year billing periods of 0.5246 and 0.5055, respectively. Conclusions: This work supports continued study of measures that may result in earlier detection of laryngeal cancer as a potential means of reducing management charges. These results also indicate that a more accurate method of stratifying the disease severity of laryngeal cancer patients for reimbursement purposes would include measurements of the severity of the index disease as well as comorbid diseases.
Electrically Induced Microstructural Changes in Portland Cement Pastes

Abstract Portland cement pastes 1 day to 1 month old were each subjected to a single cycle of 1250 V/m electric field (15 s forward, 15 s off, 15 s reverse) and analyzed for microstructural/transport changes by impedance spectroscopy. All samples experienced an irreversible increase in resistance, as much as 20–25%, which decreased with increasing age of the paste. Subsequent applications of field produced no additional changes. The resistance increases were shown to be attributable to decreases in pore network connectivity rather than to changes in overall degree of hydration, capillary porosity, or pore fluid conductivity. It is proposed that electro-osmotic swelling of product near “bottleneck” pores results in the decreased connectivity. Ramifications for electrocuring, electromigration, electrochemical chloride treatment, and permeability studies of cement based products and structures are also discussed.
Relationship between acuity for gratings and for tumbling-E letters in peripheral vision.

Earlier studies have reported that grating resolution is sampling-limited in peripheral vision but that letter acuity is generally poorer than grating acuity. These results suggest that peripheral resolution of objects with rich Fourier spectra may be limited by some factor other than neural sampling. To examine this suggestion we formulated and tested the hypothesis that letter acuity in the periphery is sampling-limited, just as it is for extended and truncated gratings. We tested this hypothesis with improved methodology to avoid the confounding factors of target similarity, alphabet size, individual variation, peripheral refractive error, and stimulus size. Acuity was measured for an orientation-discrimination task (horizontal versus vertical) for a three-bar resolution target and for a block-E letter in which all strokes have the same length. We confirmed previous reports in the literature that acuity for these targets is worse than for extended sinusoidal gratings. To account for these results quantitatively, we used difference-spectrum analysis to identify those frequency components of the targets that might form a basis for performing the visual discrimination task. We find that discrimination performance for the three-bar targets and the block-E letters can be accounted for by a sampling-limited model, provided that the limited number of cycles that are present in the characteristic frequency of the stimulus is taken into account. Quantitative differences in acuity for discriminating other letter pairs (e.g., right versus left letters E or characters with short central strokes) could not be attributed to undersampling of either the characteristic frequency or the frequency of maximum energy in the difference spectrum. These results suggest additional tests of the sampling theory of visual resolution, which are the subject of a companion paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A.16, 2334–2342 (1999)].
The oxygen isotope effect in Ba 0.625 K 0.375 BiO 3

The nature of the superconducting pairing mechanism in the high-temperature superconducting oxides is still an open question. Shortly after the discovery of these materials, several groups began an intensive study of the oxygen isotope effect. For a monatomic conventional (BCS) superconductor, the transition temperature Tc is proportional to M–α, where M is the mass of the atom and α=0.5, assuming no anharmonicity for the phonon modes and no Coulomb interactions. For a multicomponent material, with an αi, defined for each ion with mass Mi. Thus, each element contributes to the overall α (which would still equal 0.5) with a weight dependent on the structure of the phonon modes that are important for superconductivity. Because the 16O/18O mass ratio is much smaller than the available mass ratios for the isotopes of the other atoms in these materials, the oxygen contribution to α (αox) should be the largest and thus in principle the easiest to measure. A zero or very small oxygen isotope effect would thus imply an unconventional pairing mechanism, although the suppression of in normal phonon-mediated superconductors is common. A large value of α (>0.3) indicates conventional (BCS) superconductivity. Ba1–xKxBiO3 was recently found to be superconducting1, with Tc ≈30 K. Unlike the planar cuprate supercon-dors, this material is cubic. Here we report on the 18O isotope effect for Ba0.625K0.375BiO3. We find that this material has a large isotope effect, indicating that the pairing mechanism is conventional (phonon-mediated).
The Association between Student Ratings of Specific Instructional Dimensions and Student Achievement: Refining and Extending the Synthesis of Data from Multisection Validity Studies.

This synthesis extends part of Peter Cohen's well-known examination of the association between student ratings of instruction and student achievement. The results of increasing the number of specific instructional dimensions considered and of preserving more of the information in the evaluations by multiple coding into these dimensions are compared with Cohen's findings. Extending the analysis further by changing the unit of analysis and the method of averaging correlations generally decreases the size of the associations. The instructor's preparation and organization, clarity and understandableness, stimulation of interest, motivation of students to reach high standards, encouragement of discussion and openness to others' opinions, and elocutionary skills consistently explain 10% or more of the variance in student achievement regardless of the method of averaging or the unit of analysis used. The size of the association between an instructional characteristic and student achievement, as one indicator of the characteristic's importance, is compared with three other indicators (extent to which students say the characteristic is important, extent to which faculty say it is important, and size of its correlation with the overall evaluation of the instructor).
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Complications in Neonates With Upper Versus Lower Extremity Insertion Sites

Purpose To compare peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) complication rates in upper versus lower extremity insertion sites in neonates. Subjects Neonates who had PICCs inserted while hospitalized in an urban, 84-bed, level III neonatal intensive care unit in the southwestern United States between 2004 and 2009 were included in the study. A total of 559 neonates with 626 PICCs were reviewed. Neonates who were transferred out of the hospital with an indwelling PICC or had incomplete PICC data were excluded (n = 29). Design Comparative descriptive. Method Retrospective review of PICC records. Demographic data, neonate survival to PICC removal, PICCs inserted by non-PICC team members, and complications were compiled. Complications included presumed sepsis, occlusion, leaking, infiltration/edema, inadvertent removal, phlebitis, pleural effusion, tip malposition, and catheter breakage. The complications were analyzed between extremities using chi-square or independent-samples t test where appropriate. Main outcome measures Type and rate of complication requiring PICC removal and the extremity used for insertion. Principal results A total of 374 PICCs (59.7%) were inserted in upper extremities and 252 (40.3%) in lower extremities. The upper and lower extremity groups were comparable in all variables except neonate survival to PICC removal, which was greater in neonates with lower extremity PICCs (95.2% in upper extremities vs 98.8% in lower extremities; P = .01). No significant difference (P = .08) was found in the overall complication rate (27% in upper extremity PICCs vs 21% in lower extremity PICCs). Presumed sepsis was the most common complication requiring PICC removal in both extremity groups. At the time of removal, upper extremity PICCs were more likely to have a noncentral tip than lower extremity PICCs (15% vs 4%, respectively). In PICCs removed because of complications, noncentral tips were found to be statistically significant in upper extremity PICCs (P Conclusions No significant difference was found in complications that necessitated PICC removal between upper versus lower extremity PICC insertion sites. Catheter tip location may have a significant impact on complications and deserves further investigation. The choice of a PICC insertion site in neonates should be based on the quality of appropriate, available veins and the preference and skill of the inserter. Every effort should be made to achieve and maintain a centrally located PICC tip.
A tapered-permittivity rod antenna for ground penetrating radar applications

A new dielectric rod antenna design modified from its previous version developed by Chen [IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. (accepted for publication)] is presented. Such an antenna is useful in detecting small and shallow subsurface objects with excellent depth and spatial resolutions. These features make it useful in detecting small anti-personnel (AP) mines, pavement cracks and the surface layer. Broad bandwidth electromagnetic energy is fed into the rod from one end, guided along the rod and then radiated from the other end where the rod diameter is linearly tapered to a point. The tapered-permittivity design uses an additional permittivity taper to overcome the problem of a frequency-dependent pattern when high dielectric material is used for size reduction. This new design reduces the internal reflections at the tapered section and results in better efficiency and less antenna clutter.
Emergency core cooling system design considerations derived from small loss of coolant accidents

Abstract In this paper the knowledge that emerged from the small LOCA programs with respect to ECCS design is summarized in order to help the designer of future plants.
Community Stakeholders and Marketplace Advocacy: A Model of Advocacy, Agenda Building, and Industry Approval

Often considered a controversial form of communication, issue advocacy moves beyond the traditional realm of promoting an organization's image, product, or service, into efforts to influence a legi...
The status of San Jose scale parasitization (including biological notes).

The marked reduetion in abundance of Quadraspidiotus Perniciosus Comstock in North America during the years subsequent to its accidental introduction from China was correlated with its acquirement of a parasitic fauna. The most important members of this fauna are the ectoparasites, A phytis diaspidis How. and A. mytilaspidis How., and the endoparasites, Coccophagoides kuuanae (Silv.) and Prospaltella pernieiosi Tower. P. pernieiosi, and its host, Q. Pernieiosus, presumably are native to China. Both were accidentally introduced into Australia, North America, and Brazil. P. perniciosi has been purposefully introduced into Chile, Europe, and South Africa. San Jose scale parasitization evidently caused a reduction in the incidence of infestations and enhanced the efficiency of control measures.
Synthesis and implementation of 3-D wavefields for ranging applications

Superpositions of Laguerre-Gaussian modes are used to measure range. Beam patterns are experimentally realized using a spatial light modulator. Fundamental and practical limits of the 3-D beam synthesis problem are investigated.
Neurological factors in chronic pelvic pain: Trigger points and the abdominal pelvic pain syndrome

A collection of neurological signs and symptoms, entitled abdominal pelvic pain syndrome, is identified as the most common cause of chronic pelvic pain. Techniques to identify abdominal wall, vaginal, and sacral components are described, with painful tissues commonly limited to a single dermatomic area. Superficial local areas of hyperpathia (trigger points) appeared not only to cause the pelvic pain but also to be responsive to local anesthetics for a duration in excess of the presence of the medication. Successful responses were noted in 89.3% of 131 patients, with 92.6% requiring five or fewer treatments and 68.2% followed up for longer than 6 months. The diagnosis of the abdominal pelvic pain syndrome is an important component in avoiding unnecessary operation in patients with pelvic pain.
Finding What Your Learners Need, the First Step in Teaching

It does not make sense to spend the time and effort to teach something that no one wants or needs, but when we are in too much of a hurry, we may ignore the first step in planning an educational activity: the assessment of needs. Before you start to plan a teaching/learning experience, it is important to diagnose the needs of the learners. A needs assessment is an exploration to contrast the way things are with the way they should be. Needs represent this gap in the knowledge or performance of individuals or groups. By establishing the nature and degree of need, we can plan the learning to be accomplished, the change that we can expect as a result of the learning, and the type of teaching or training that will close the gap. The three steps in a needs assessment are 1) assessment of the problem or gap, 2) planning the appropriate education to address the problem/gap, and 3) assessing the change that has occurred as a result of the education. Several factors influence the needs of learners, some are intrinsic and some extrinsic. Internal needs occur when we or someone with whom we work notes a knowledge or performance deficiency. We can then take the most direct measures to correct the deficit. One problem is that it is difficult to recognize what we do not know or a gradual deterioration in performance. When it is indicated from external observations, we may not take kindly to the information. When a need is suddenly encountered, it may not be simple to address the problem immediately. External needs are present constantly: new techniques,
Molecular Simulation of Reentrant Corner Flow

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to compute the flow of both a simple atomistic liquid and a model polymer melt through a channel with a reentrant corner. In the Newtonian case, the shear stress near the corner is found to agree with the Stokes flow prediction of Moffatt [J. Fluid Mech. 18, 1 (1964)]. In the non-Newtonian case, the shear stress has a stronger apparent power-law divergence but the exponent appears to saturate at an integrable value of approximately 0.8 for all chain lengths. The molecular origin of the stress enhancement is that the extensional flow near the reentrant corner flow tends to elongate the molecules.
An Early Cretaceous ornithopod dinosaur from California

ABSTRACT Fossils recovered from the late Aptian portion of the Budden Canyon Formation of northern California represent the oldest dinosaur remains known from the Pacific Slope of North America. Eight well-preserved elements, including most of the lower left limb and pes, belong to a small ornithopod dinosaur that is similar to the hypsilophodontids Parksosaurus and Hypsilophodon, although they may represent a new taxon. The late Aptian age, documented by ammonites found in association with the vertebrate remains, suggests that this specimen is probably 20–30 million years older than any dinosaur previously known from the western margin of North America.
Global Localization? Japanese Research and Development Laboratories in the USA:

In this paper the manufacturing strategies underlying the growing number of Japanese research and development (R&D) laboratories in the United States are examined. In particular, we assess the extent to which Japanese R&D in the United States is consistent with a model of global localization. The analysis is based upon data collected by a mailed questionnaire survey and through interviews with the directors of Japanese R&D laboratories. In its basic form, global localization is a manufacturing strategy that seeks to promote the emergence of an integrated manufacturing complex and attendant technology-development capability within North America and other major markets. In the case of Japanese automobile firms, close ties are observed between R&D and production facilities in the United States. In computers, electronics, and other industries, however, the principal linkage of R&D laboratories in the United States is to R&D laboratories in Japan. Divisional R&D laboratories in Japan remain the anchor for emer...
Economic Antecedents of Medicaid-Financed Mental Health Services Among Youths in California

Purpose: The literature reports that downturns in the economy may increase utilization of adult mental health services. However, whether economic decline affects the use of mental health services among youth remains unclear. We test whether demand for California's publicly financed mental health services for children varies with labor market contraction. Methods: We apply time-series methods to monthly counts of unduplicated clients served, from July 2002 to April 2008, for California Children's Medicaid Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment (EPSDT) program. We use as the independent variable monthly unemployment insurance claims in California that result from mass layoffs. Results: Increases in the number of unemployment insurance claims due to mass layoffs in California coincide with higher than expected monthly values of EPSDT services. Exploratory analyses find that expansions in public health insurance enrollment do not account for the discovered increase in EPSDT services. Conclusions: ...
Contrasting Approaches to Social Knowing An Ecological Perspective

In the course of evaluating the present contributions the basic properties of an ecological approach to social knowing are described. The exposition focuses on three major issues: (1) the importance for understanding the achievement of social meaning in considering the nature of the stimulus information as opposed to emphasizing the role of internal information processing entities, stages and/or operations; (2) the relevance for social knowing of the reciprocal relationship between perception and action; f3) the arguments advanced from an ecological perspective regarding the essentially' veridical and open, character of perceptual know ledge as against the dominant view of perception as error prone and bounded by capacity, limitations.
Investigating buried polymer interfaces using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

This paper reviews recent progress in the studies of buried polymer interfaces using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. Both buried solid/liquid and solid/solid interfaces involving polymeric materials are discussed. SFG studies of polymer/water interfaces show that different polymers exhibit varied surface restructuring behavior in water, indicating the importance of probing polymer/water interfaces in situ. SFG has also been applied to the investigation of interfaces between polymers and other liquids. It has been found that molecular interactions at such polymer/liquid interfaces dictate interfacial polymer structures. The molecular structures of silane molecules, which are widely used as adhesion promoters, have been investigated using SFG at buried polymer/silane and polymer/polymer interfaces, providing molecular-level understanding of polymer adhesion promotion. The molecular structures of polymer/solid interfaces have been examined using SFG with several different experimental geometries. These results have provided molecular-level information about polymer friction, adhesion, interfacial chemical reactions, interfacial electronic properties, and the structure of layer-by-layer deposited polymers. Such research has demonstrated that SFG is a powerful tool to probe buried interfaces involving polymeric materials, which are difficult to study by conventional surface sensitive analytical techniques.
Integrated tuning elements for SIS mixers

The use of inductive elements to tune out the junction capacitance in SIS mixers is examined. Two new integrated tuning structures are introduced which overcome the limitations of earlier designs.
North Kona slump: Submarine flank failure during the early(?) tholeiitic shield stage of Hualalai Volcano

Abstract The North Kona slump is an elliptical region, about 20 by 60 km (1000-km 2 area), of multiple, geometrically intricate benches and scarps, mostly at water depths of 2000–4500 m, on the west flank of Hualalai Volcano. Two dives up steep scarps in the slump area were made in September 2001, using the ROV Kaiko of the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC), as part of a collaborative Japan–USA project to improve understanding of the submarine flanks of Hawaiian volcanoes. Both dives, at water depths of 2700–4000 m, encountered pillow lavas draping the scarp-and-bench slopes. Intact to only slightly broken pillow lobes and cylinders that are downward elongate dominate on the steepest mid-sections of scarps, while more equant and spherical pillow shapes are common near the tops and bases of scarps and locally protrude through cover of muddy sediment on bench flats. Notably absent are subaerially erupted Hualalai lava flows, interbedded hyaloclastite pillow breccia, and/or coastal sandy sediment that might have accumulated downslope from an active coastline. The general structure of the North Kona flank is interpreted as an intricate assemblage of downdropped lenticular blocks, bounded by steeply dipping normal faults. The undisturbed pillow-lava drape indicates that slumping occurred during shield-stage tholeiitic volcanism. All analyzed samples of the pillow-lava drape are tholeiite, similar to published analyses from the submarine northwest rift zone of Hualālai. Relatively low sulfur (330–600 ppm) and water (0.18–0.47 wt.%) contents of glass rinds suggest that the eruptive sources were in shallow water, perhaps 500–1000-m depth. In contrast, saturation pressures calculated from carbon dioxide concentrations (100–190 ppm) indicate deeper equilibration, at or near sample sites at water depths of − 3900 to − 2800 m. Either vents close to the sample sites erupted mixtures of undegassed and degassed magmas, or volatiles were resorbed from vesicles during flowage downslope after eruption in shallow water. The glass volatile compositions suggest that the tholeiitic lavas that drape the slump blocks were erupted either (1) early during shield-stage tholeiitic volcanism prior to emergence of a large subaerial edifice, or alternatively (2) from submarine radial vents during subaerial shield-building. Because no radial vents have been documented on land or underwater for the unbuttressed flanks of any Hawaii volcano, alternative (1) is favored. In comparison to other well-documented Hawaiian slumps and landslides, North Kona structures suggest a more incipient slump event, with smaller down-slope motions and lateral displacements.
Water Flow and the Formation of Early Pleistocene Artifact Sites in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Abstract Archeologists have typically judged the effects of water flow on sites in terms of the simple dichotomy between primary and secondary (or derived) context. An assumption behind this dichotomy is that artifact assemblages (and associated bones and other remains) located in low energy settings (e.g., fine sediments, lakeshore margins) can be directly related to early human activities, while assemblages in high energy settings (e.g., coarse sediments, river banks) offer little information about behavior. In this paper criteria are examined that may prove effective in distinguishing the diverse influences potentially exerted by flowing water on artifact assemblages. These criteria are used to analyze lithic assemblages from five excavated sites in Olduvai Gorge (1.8—1.2 my). The Olduvai sites are placed on a relative scale of influence by water flow. By assessing the variable effects of moving water on archeological sites, a more informed perspective is expected about the potential behavioral content of early human sites.
Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in vivo on cytokine production and proliferation by spleen cells.

GM-CSF is a potent stimulator of haematopoietic cells as well as some functions of granulocytes and macrophages. GM-CSF has many clinical uses; however, little is known about the effects of GM-CSF treatment in vivo on the responses of tissue lymphocytes in terms of secretion of Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines. We investigated this issue by measuring the responses of spleen cells from mice 24 h after treatment i.p. with saline or rmGM-CSF. GM-CSF at 16.7-50.0 microg/kg significantly increased (P < 0.01) spleen cellularity 2-2.5-fold and enhanced proliferative responses of non-stimulated (no mitogen) as well as concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated spleen cells. Secretion of IFN-gamma by Con A (2.5 microg/ml)-stimulated spleen cells was significantly (P < 0.01) increased from 1.8 microg/ml by control spleen cells to 5.2 microg/ml by GM-CSF spleen cells. IL-10 production was greater (0.25 microg/ml, P < 0.05) by Con A-stimulated spleen cells from GM-CSF-treated mice compared to control spleen cells (0.06 microg/ml). By contrast, there were no significant differences in IL-4 production by Con A-stimulated spleen cells from the different groups. These results show that GM-CSF treatment increases spleen cellularity and primes lymphocytes for enhanced responses. The enhanced production of Th-1 cytokines by primed lymphocytes may partially explain the beneficial role of in vivo administration of GM-CSF in several clinical situations.
Nanometer-Scale Dielectric Self-assembly Process for Anode Modification in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Consequences for Charge Injection and Enhanced Luminous Efficiency

Layer-by-layer, self-limiting chemisorptive siloxane self-assembly using Si3O2Cl8 as the precursor affords thin, conformal, relatively dense, largely pinhole-free dielectric films that can be deposited on oxide surfaces with sub-nanometer control of film thickness (8.3(1) A/layer). Deposition chemistry, microstructure, and hole injection/work function modification properties of these (SiO2)x-like films on single-crystal Si(111) and polycrystalline indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates have been characterized by synchrotron specular X-ray reflectivity, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Chemisorption of these (SiO2)x films onto the ITO anodes of three-layer, vapor-deposited organic electroluminescent devices (ITO/(SiO2)x/TPD/Alq/Al) nearly triples the external quantum and luminous efficiencies. The efficiency enhancement is attributed to hole and electron injection fluence balance caused by modification of the effective voltage profile brought about by the...
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFLAMMATION AND PROSTATE CANCER

ABSTRACTPurpose: We provide an overview of some of the basic, clinical and epidemiological research that has been conducted to investigate the potential role of chronic inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis and to provide direction for future research on this hypothesis.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the literature on this topic.Results: Chronic inflammation has long been linked to cancers with an infectious etiology, such as stomach, liver and colon cancer, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Whether intraprostatic inflammation contributes to prostate carcinogenesis is unknown. Inflammation is frequently present in prostate biopsies, radical prostatectomy specimens and tissue resected for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Also, inflammatory infiltrates are often found in and around foci of atrophy that are characterized by an increased proliferative index. These foci, called proliferative inflammatory atrophy, may be precursors of early prostate cancer or may indicate an intrapros...
Signal transduction pathways in the mitogenic response to G protein-coupled neuropeptide receptor agonists.

Neuropeptides, including mammalian bombesin-like peptides, act as potent cellular growth factors and have been implicated in a variety of normal and abnormal processes, including development, inflammation, and malignant transformation. These signaling peptides exert their characteristic effects on cellular processes by binding to specific G protein–coupled receptors (GPCR) on the surface of their target cells. Typically, the binding of a neuropeptide to its cognate GPCR triggers the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways that act in a synergistic and combinatorial fashion to relay the mitogenic signal to the nucleus and promote cell proliferation. A rapid increase in the synthesis of lipid-derived second messengers with subsequent activation of protein phosphorylation cascades is an important early response to neuropeptides. An emerging theme in signal transduction is that these agonists also induce rapid and coordinate tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins including the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase p125fak and the adaptor proteins p130cas and paxillin. This tyrosine phosphorylation pathway depends on the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and requires functional Rho. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in unraveling the pathways that play a role in transducing mitogenic and migratory responses induced by G protein–coupled neuropeptide receptor agonists. J Cell Physiol 177:507–517, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Localized projection of olfactory nerves to rabbit olfactory bulb

Abstract The organization of the olfactory nerve projection was studied in the rabbit by making small lesions in the olfactory nerves. The distributions of degenerating olfactory nerve fibers and axon terminals in the olfactory bulb were identified using the Fink-Heimer and Eager selective silver methods, and the lesion sites were identified in transverse sections of the olfactory organ. The degeneration was localized in the olfactory nerve and glomerular layers of the ipsilateral bulb, and the projections from different regions in the olfactory epithelium had specific regional localizations in the glomerular layer. There were variations in the sharpness of the projections from different regions. Groupings of glomeruli showing levels of degeneration were observed. However, neighboring glomeruli often showed marked variations in intensity of degeneration, and normal glomeruli were present within regions containing degeneration. In many instances the degeneration was restricted to small fingers or patches within a single glomerulus. It is likely that the differing glomerular patterns indicate different levels of functional organization in the olfactory pathway.
Emerging issues in forensic mental health.

Forensic mental health traditionally was considered the backwater of forensic practice. However, because of advances in knowledge regarding the core issues of capacity and risk, and because of changes in the location of forensic assessment and treatment, “forensic” issues now permeate mental health practice and policy. While these advances have been important, there are a number of new issues that will occupy the attention of practitioners, researchers, and policymakers in the future. This article explores these issues and their implications, including the need to better integrate treatment and risk; the need to address the emergence of special jurisdiction courts and their impact on systems design issues; the need to address the impact of conservative social policies, particularly in the areas of juvenile justice and sexual predator legislation; and the need to better understand the use of coercion in the context of community treatment.
Cyloadditions of benzopyrones: Rapid access to bicyclic AB-ring analogues of anthracyclines

Abstract Cycloaddition of the benzopyrone 10b with 1,1-disubstituted alkenes 12 , 14 , and 16 produces fair yields of the lactones 13 , 15 , and 17 , AB-ring analogues of the anthracyclines.
The natural/man-made distinction is made before basic-level distinctions in scene gist processing

What level of categorization occurs first in scene gist processing, basic level or the superordinate “natural” versus “man-made” distinction? The Spatial Envelope model of scene classification and human gist recognition (Oliva & Torralba, 2001) assumes that the superordinate distinction is made prior to basic-level distinctions. This assumption contradicts the claim that categorization occurs at the basic level before the superordinate level (Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, & Boyes-Braem, 1976). The present study tests this assumption of the Spatial Envelope model by having viewers categorize briefly flashed and masked scenes after varying amounts of processing time. The results show that early levels of processing (SOA < 72 ms) (1) produced greater sensitivity to the superordinate distinction than basic-level distinctions, and (2) basic-level distinctions crossing the superordinate natural/man-made boundary are treated as a superordinate distinction. Both results support the assumption of the Spatial Envel...
Distyly and incompatibility in Villarsia congestiflora (Menyanthaceae), with comparative remarks on V. capitata

The Western Australian annual of restricted distribution,Villarsia congestiflora, has distylous flowers and pollen-size heteromorphism. Results of a crossing program indicate that this species is strongly self-incompatible, that crosses among individuals of the same morph produce little or no seed, and that intermorph crosses produce copious seed. The species shares a number of morphological and ecological traits withV. capitata, another distylous, self-incompatible annual species of Western Australia with a greater area of distribution. Artificial hybrids between the two, however, showed reduced pollen stainability. Both species combine a number of specialized morphological features with a breeding system that is primitive for the familyMenyanthaceae.
Prediction of microstructure in monoclinic LaNbO4 by energy minimization

Abstract The continuum theory developed by Ball and James has been applied to predict the microstructure in LaNbO 4 , such as morphology of domains, domain boundary, and crystallographic relationship between domains. The results from the theory are in good agreement with that from direct examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and optical microscopy.
Hip and ankle walking strategies: Effect on peak plantar pressures and implications for neuropathic ulceration

Treatment of neuropathic plantar ulcers often is directed at reducing excessive, repeated peak plantar pressures (PPP). The purposes of this study were to determine whether instructing a subject to walk using a hip strategy would reduce forefoot PPP and change the kinematics of walking during a single session of testing. Thirteen subjects, 7 with peripheral neuropathy and a history of a recent plantar ulcer, and 6 controls participated. PPPs were measured with an in-shoe pressure monitoring system. Kinematics were measured with a computer-assisted motion analysis system. After data were collected as subjects walked using their normal walking pattern, subjects were instructed to walk using the hip strategy by decreasing their push-off, pulling their leg forward from their hips, decreasing step length, and maintaining their normal walking velocity. Compared with using the normal (ankle) strategy, using the hip strategy showed a significant 27% decrease in forefoot PPP and a 24% increase in heel PPP. Kinematic changes were decreased plantar flexion angular velocity, hip extension range-of motion (ROM), and step length, increased dorsiflexion ROM, and hip flexion ROM, but no change in walking velocity. These findings indicate that a change in walking pattern can result in lower forefoot PPP during a single session. Assuming patients can maintain the alterations in their walking pattern, these adaptations may help to heal plantar ulcers in some patients with peripheral neuropathy.
High-resolution passive polarimetric microwave mapping of ocean surface wind vector fields

The retrieval of ocean surface wind fields in both one and two dimensions is demonstrated using passive polarimetric microwave imagery obtained from a conical-scanning airborne polarimeter. The retrieval method is based on an empirical geophysical model function (GMF) for ocean surface thermal emission and an adaptive maximum likelihood (ML) wind vector estimator. Data for the GMF were obtained using the polarimetric scanning radiometer/digital (PSR/D) on the NASA P-3 aircraft during the Labrador Sea Deep Convection Experiment in 1997. To develop the GMF, a number of buoy overflights and GPS dropsondes were used, out of which a GMF of 10.7, 18.7, and 37.0 GHz azimuthal harmonics for the first three Stokes parameters was constructed for the SSM/I incident angle of 53.1/spl deg/. The data show repeatable azimuthal harmonic coefficient amplitudes of /spl sim/2-3 K peak-to-peak, with a 100% increase in harmonic amplitudes as the frequency is increased from 10.7 to 37 GHz. The GMF is consistent with and extends the results of two independent studies of SSM/I data and also provides a model for the third Stokes parameter over wind speeds up to 20 m/s. The aircraft data show that the polarimetric channels are much less susceptible to geophysical noise associated with maritime convection than the first two Stokes parameters. The polarimetric measurement technique used in the PSR/D also demonstrates the viability of digital correlation radiometry for aircraft or satellite measurements of the full Stokes vector. The ML retrieval algorithm incorporates the additional information on wind direction available from multiple looks and polarimetric channels in a straightforward manner and accommodates the reduced SNRs of the first two Stokes parameters in the presence of convection by weighting these channels by their inverse SNR.
Do in-vivo behaviors predict early response in family-based treatment for anorexia nervosa?

The aim of the study is to explore whether identified parental and patient behaviors observed in the first few sessions of family-based treatment (FBT) predict early response (weight gain of 1.8 kg by session four) to treatment. Therapy film recordings from 21 adolescent participants recruited into the FBT arm of a multi-site randomized clinical trial were coded for the presence of behaviors (length of observed behavior divided by length of session recording) in the first, second and fourth sessions. Behaviors that differed between early responders and non-early responders on univariate analysis were entered into discriminant class analyses. Participants with fewer negative verbal behaviors in the first session and were away from table during the meal session less had the greatest rates of early response. Parents who made fewer critical statements and who did not repeatedly present food during the meal session had children who had the greatest rates of early response. In-vivo behaviors in early sessions of FBT may predict early response to FBT. Adaptations to address participant resistance and to decrease the numbers of critical comments made by parents while encouraging their children to eat might improve early response to FBT.
Human Sexual Selection, Good Genes, and Special Design

Evolutionary psychology seeks to understand the functional design underlying psychological processes and behavior. Theories of selection pressures developed within evolutionary biology are key components of this understanding. Because past selection pressures responsible for current design cannot be directly observed, theoretical understandings of the psychological processes and behavior must be inferred. The most important epistemological concept within evolutionary psychology is that of special design-evidence that a feature exhibits specificity, efficiency, and economy for producing a particular beneficial effect. A variety of sexual-selection processes have been proposed to account for aspects of human mating. These processes are not mutually exclusive. More than one may account for aspects of human mating. A core task of evolutionary psychology within this domain is to identify which processes account for which phenomena. I have attempted to illustrate how the search for special design is central to this endeavor.