cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special issue on modeling and simulation of advanced manufacturing processes

This special issue’s objective was to explore and illustrate the development of cutting-edge modeling techniques and computational methods for advanced manufacturing processes. The special issue investigated nontraditional, scalable, manufacturing methods, exemplified by, for example, additive manufacturing processes. It is important to emphasize that we did not seek papers that simply apply well-established computational techniques and commercial codes to standard manufacturing processes. One of the primary objectives was to provide scientific and engineering foundations for many emerging new technologies that are being used or proposed to be used in industry. As we have witnessed over the last 20 years, many of the modern breakthroughs in science and technology are a result of the development of innovative research tools and new materials that can be processed and inexpensively manufactured rapidly, in large amounts, and in a “green” manner.
Error estimates for the numerical approximation of time-dependent flow of Bingham fluid in cylindrical pipes by the regularization method

The flow of a Bingham fluid in a cylindrical pipe can give rise to free boundary problems. The fluid behaves like a viscous fluid if the shear stress, expressed as a linear function of the shear rate, exceeds a yield value, and like a rigid body otherwise. The surfaces dividing fluid and rigid zones are the free boundaries. Therefore the solution for such highly nonlinear problems can in general only be obtained by numerical methods. Considerable progress has been made in the development of numerical algorithms for Bingham fluids [2,20,27,29,30,32]. However, very little research can be found in the literature regarding the rate of convergence of the numerical solution to the true continuous solution, that is the error estimate of these numerical methods. Error estimates are a critically important issue because they tells us how to control the error by appropriately choosing the grid sizes and other related parameters. This paper concerns the error estimates of a unsteady Bingham fluid modeled as a variational inequality due to Duvaut-Lions [16] and Glowinski [30]. The difficulty both in the analytical and numerical treatment of the mathematical model is due to the fact that it contains a nondifferentiable term. A common technique, called the regularization method, is to replace the non-differentiable term by a perturbed differentiable term which depends on a small regularization parameter ?. The regularization method effectively reduces the variational inequality to an equation (a regularized problem) which is much easier to cope with. This paper has achieved the following. (1) Error estimates are derived for a continuous time Galerkin method in suitable norms. (2) We give an estimate of the difference between the true solution and the regularized solution in terms of ?. (3) Some regularity properties for both regularized solution and the true solution are proved. (4) The error estimates for full discretization of the regularized problem using piecewise linear finite elements in space, and backward differencing in time are established for the first time by coupling the regularization parameter ? and the discretization parameters h and Δt. (5) We are able to improve our estimates in the one-dimensional case or under stronger regularity assumptions on the true solution. The estimates for the one-dimensional case are optimal and confirmed by numerical experiment. The estimates from (4) and (5) provide very important information on the measure of the error and give us a powerful mechanism to properly choose the parameters h, Δt and ? in order to control the error (see Corollary 4.4). The above estimates extend the error bounds derived in Glowinski, Lions and Tremolieres [32] (chapter 5, pp. 348---404) for the stationary Bingham fluid to the time-dependent one, which is the main contribution of this paper.
Oral clonidine blunts the hemodynamic responses to brief but not prolonged laryngoscopy

Abstract Study Objective: To determine whether a 300 μg dose of oral clonidine given 90 minutes prior to laryngoscopy and intubation provides hemodynamic protection from the stress of a brief (15-second) and/or a prolonged (45-second) laryngoscopy. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Setting: Inpatients and outpatients scheduled for general anesthesia with intubation at a university-affiliated medical center. Patients: Forty patients who gave informed, written consent to receive either an oral placebo or clonidine 5 μg/kg (up to a maximum dose of 300 μg) 90 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia and to undergo either brief or prolonged laryngoscopy prior to intubation. Interventions: The patients underwent a standardized induction sequence that included d-tubocurarine 3 mg, thiopental sodium 5 mg/kg, and succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg. The four treatment groups (each n=10) included (1) placebo with 15-second laryngoscopy, (2) placebo with 45-second laryngoscopy, (3) clonindine with 15-second laryngoscopy, and (4) clonidine with 45-second laryngoscopy. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were mechanically obtained and recorded at 1-minute intervals for 12 minutes. Measurements and Main Results: There were no differences between groups in the premeditation hemodynamic measurements. Within each group, maximal hemodynamic variables increased significantly over the corresponding baseline values for that group. In the 15-second, but not the 45-second, laryngoscopy, clonidine successfully blunted the maximum SBP and DBP obtained when compared with the corresponding control group. In both the 15- and 45-second clonidine groups, maximum HR was significantly lower than in the corresponding placebo groups. Conclusions: Oral clonidine, when used as a preoperative medication, affords hemodynamic protection to patients undergoing a 15-second laryngoscopy. However, the stress of a 45-second laryngoscopy may be too great or the 300 μg dose of clonidine too low to provide hemodynamic protection for patients in this group.
A Result Not Dependent on Rationality for Bloch Electrons in a Magnetic Field

There are some facts known about the wave functions of a Bloch electron in a magnetic field. A great deal more is known for a special model. All results are restricted to rational fields and depend heavily on the denominator of the representative fraction. A result is described below which is independent of rationality. It is the statistical weight of identifiable regions in an energy versus field plot. In fact if one goes further and plots instead of the energy the integrated density of state versus field a set of computable polygons results for these regions. Es existieren einige Kenntnisse uber die Wellenfunktionen von Blochelektronen im Magnetfeld. Etwas mehr ist fur ein spezielles Modell bekannt. Alle Resultate sind auf rationale Felder beschrankt und hangen sehr stark vom Nenner des eingehenden Bruchs ab. Es wird ein Ergebnis beschrieben, das nicht von der Rationalitat des Feldes abhangt: das statistische Gewicht der identifizierbaren Gebiete in einer Darstellung, die die erlaubte Energie als Funktion des Feldes darstellt. Wenn man noch weiter geht und anstatt der Energie die integrierte Zustandsdichte auftragt, so bekommt man berechenbare Polygone fur diese Gebiete.
Effects of Soil-Applied Glufosinate-Ammonium on Tomato Plant Growth and Ammonium Accumulation

Abstract Glufosinate-ammonium (GLA) is a postemergence herbicide applied as a foliar spray, but if applied to roots in hydroponics, GLA was herbicidal to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). In the present research, the efficacy of GLA directly applied into soils was compared with foliar application. The effect of degradation time in soil on efficacy also was studied. These studies were conducted in a greenhouse with tomato (Heinz 1439) in pot culture. In one experiment, GLA was applied into soil at concentrations ranging from 0 to 15 mg/kg. Symptoms of yellowing and cupping of leaves occurred within 5 days after treatment (DAT) with GLA addition above 1.5 mg/kg. At 5 DAT, biomass suppression was not evident with any GLA treatment, but GLA at 1.5 mg/kg soil was herbicidal, as measured by concentration in plant tissue. With the increase of GLA from 0 to 15 mg/kg, shoot concentration increased from near 0 to 2.95 mg N/g biomass. To compare the effects of foliar and soil applications of GLA, GLA was brush...
Identifying Service Requirements in Solution and Infrastructure Improvement Projects

Service requirements have been studied from a number of perspectives, for example, for service-providing software or software outsourcing. Our recent project experience in a solution project shows that the contract between the customer and the contractor of a solution and infrastructure improvement project can impose a large number of service-related requirements. Those requirements focus on the quality of the work to be done, for example, installation, construction, documentation and approval, craftsmanship quality, software engineering practice, inspection, post-project services and warranty. Those requirements are often embedded into the product quality and equipment functional requirements. However, they often need "testing" that is different from testing a product function. The challenge is how to identify those requirements early, trace them explicitly and plan proper methods to fulfill them.
Evaluation of first order Bayesian networks for context modeling and reasoning

There are numerous implementations of context aware application frameworks. Knowledge is being inferred in diverse ways across numerous platforms. A disappointing observation is the limited reuse of context reasoning and knowledge. From the perspective of a new context aware application developer, existing frameworks may not be sufficient for the following reasons: i) insufficient knowledge representation formalisms; ii) limited generalized APIs for reasoning; and iii) inefficient and inflexible reasoning choices that fail to meet application needs. Augmenting existing frameworks with a generalized hierarchical hybrid context reasoning engine (HyCoRE) could improve their reusability. However, a middleware that offers a sufficient variety of optimizable techniques for reasoning across heterogeneous contexts is not openly available. As a step towards HyCoRE, we evaluate MEBN, a first order Bayesian network knowledge formalism, for suitability in data modeling and reasoning for pervasive computing contexts.
Foreword—“Your” Intellectual Property: Who Owns It?

The article below is about ‘‘your’’ intellectual property. The article concentrates on new developments in the copyright and patent areas, particularly the broadening potential to patent business and accounting research results that were previously thought to qualify for copyright protection only. Because of the added protections offered by a patent, this issue is important for all academics actively involved in developing new ideas. I leave it to you to read the article and consider your individual research and teaching ideas in light of these new developments. Academe has a long tradition of open dissemination of ideas. However, exceptions to the ready dissemination of new ideas have long existed. Contracted research, including industry and government supported research, has often been limited as to dissemination and explicit considerations of the ownership of the resulting ideas. Individual researchers have often kept their new discoveries ‘‘secret’’ until they could develop them sufficiently to exploit them for academic and, sometimes, commercial purposes. At times efforts to control the dissemination of ideas within the academic community have created individual and institutional problems when confronting the general proposition that academic work is intended to serve the public through open dissemination. I will not pursue this topic further except to note that, in the past, universities have exercised more control over patentable ideas than copyrightable ideas, and that if the range of patent potential expands, those same restrictions may reach out to touch more accounting researchers and teachers. The article provides some examples where this appears to have already occurred. However, ignoring the patent-versus-copyright issues, I believe that ‘‘your’’ intellectual property will come under greater scrutiny by ‘‘your’’ university employer as it becomes more evident that ‘‘your’’ intellectual property has economic value. Most accounting faculty have historically cashed in on the economic value of their work primarily through promotions, salary increases, access to research grant support, and potential consulting opportunities. Except in the patent arena, universities have not generally sought to take payments on books, articles, and other copyrightable materials developed by faculty. In the case of academic articles, authors generally have received no revenue flow and thus the university has seen nothing of obvious concern. It is less obvious why books for commercial sale have generally avoided attention as well. The journals that publish faculty work have served us well in disseminating ideas and discoveries and contributing to institutions’ bases for assessing authors’ work quality and
An Attempt to Formulate Nonflammable Lithium Ion Electrolytes with Alkyl Phosphates and Phosphazenes

Using alkyl phosphates and a cyclophosphazene as cosolvents, the possibility of formulating a nonflammable electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries was explored. The emphasis was placed on determining the impact of these flame-retarding additives on the performance of the electrolyte. It was found that although the cosolvents at high contents effectively suppress the flammability of the electrolyte, their flame-retarding effectiveness is still insufficient to render the electrolytes completely nonflammable. Furthermore, such reduction in electrolyte flammability is always realized at the expense of performance; electrochemical instability of phosphates results in severe capacity fading, while high viscosity of these cosolvents reduces both capacity utilization and power. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Effects of Perceptual Isolation on Recall by Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Subjects

Summa~y.-The effects of perceptual isolation on recall were predicted to differ for field-independent and field-dependent subjects. 78 undergraduate students were administered the Hidden Figures Test to determine field dependency. An experimental and control list of 13 nonsense syllables, with a single isolated item and corresponding critical item, were presented spatially by means of an overhead projector. Significant facilitation of recall for the isolated item was found for both field-independent and dependent subjects. No support was found for the prediction that field-independent subjects would be facilitated in recall of the non-isolated items with the isolated item present; however, as predicted, field-dependent subjects were inhibited in recall of the non-isolated items. The results are in accordance with predictions from Gestalt theory. Gibson's stimulus-generalization theory did not adequately account for isolation effects. Since the dassic srudy by von Restorff (1933), it has been consistently reported that perceptual isolation facilitates the learning of an isolated item (Wallace, 1965). Gestalt theory accounts for this phenomenon by emphasizing the experiential effect of introducing such an item in a homogeneous list. The isolated item becomes the figure in a figure-ground configuration, is perceptually more distinct, and thus more readily recalled than the non-isolated items. According to Gibson (1940), the effects of perceptual isolation can be accounted for by the increased differentiation of the items resulting from the low generalization of the isolated item to the rest of the list. In contrast to Gestalt theory, Gibson predicts that with reduced numbers of interfering associations in the series the recall of the non-isolated items wodd be facilitated in a list including an isolated item. Studies on the effect of isolation on recd of the non-isolated items have been inconsistent in their results. Perceptually isolating an item has facilitated (Jones & Jones, 1942; Smith & Stearns, 1949), inhibited (Jenkins & Posunan, 1948; Smith, 1949), or had no effect on recall of the non-isolated items (Newman & Saltz, 1958; McLaughlin, 1966; Gurnenik 8: Levitt, 1968). These inconsistent findings may have stemmed from not taking into account such individual differences in modes of perception as Witkin, et al.'s (1962) construct of field-dependency. A field-independent subject would tend to experience his This srudy was based on a research project submitted to the Graduate Schml of Education of the City College of New York in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the M.S. degree. The author wishes to express his thanks to Norman Shapiro for his direction and encouragement during the entire research effort. Requests for reprints should be sent to Max Alovisetti, University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881.
Using EO-1 Hyperion Data as HyspIRI Preparatory Data Sets for Volcanology Applied to Mt Etna, Italy

One of the main goals of the Hyperspectral and Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) mission is to provide global observations of surface attributes at local and landscape spatial scales (tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers) to map volcanic gases and surface temperatures, which are identified as indicators of impending volcanic hazards, as well as plume ejecta which pose risks to aircraft and people and property downwind. Our project has created precursor HyspIRI data sets for volcanological analyses, using existing data over Mt. Etna, Italy. We have identified 28 EO-1 Hyperion data acquisitions, and 12 near-coincident ASTER data acquisitions, covering six eruptive periods between 2001 and 2010. These data sets provide us with 30 m hyperspectral VSWIR data and 90 m multispectral TIR data (satellite). They allowed us to examine temporal sequences of several Etnaean eruptions. We addressed the following critical questions, directly related to understanding eruption hazards: 1) What do changes in SO2 emissions tell us about a volcano's activity? How well do these measurements compare with ground-based COSPEC measurements? 2) How do we use measurements of lava flow temperature and volume to predict advances of the flow front? 3) What do changes in lava lake temperatures and energy emissions tell us about possible eruptive behavior?
Frustrations, Comparisons, and Other Sources of Emotion Arousal as Contributors to Social Unrest

Many different factors enter into riots and other forms of social violence. On many occasions, particularly in the early stages, the aggression is impulsive rather than instrumental. Generally speaking, these “expressive” acts are responses to aversive conditions, but they are also affected by prior learning, strength of inhibitions against aggression in the specific situation, the presence of appropriate situational cues, and also the feeling of being able to cope with the aversive conditions. Social comparisons contribute to the unpleasant situations, creating a predisposition to aggression. In analyzing the role of these comparisons, it is important to specify just what groups serve as reference groups. It is suggested that unfavorable comparisons with one's own kind are particularly important.
X-ray diffraction evidence for the presence of β(AgHg) in dental amalgam

Samples of (Ag + Hg) amalgam and of dental amalgam have been prepared and stored at temperatures of 23, 37.5, and 60°C for various lengths of time up to 10 years. X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy have been employed to determine the approximate increase in the β(AgHg) phase as a result of the γ β transition in the AgHg system. Data are presented to show that the transition occurs in both systems but much less rapidly in dental amalgam. Increases in storage temperature increase the rate of the transition in both systems.
Thermal stress relief by plastic deformation in aligned two-phase composites

Abstract A nonlinear theory is developed to calculate the amount of thermal stress relieved by plastic deformation in the ductile matrix of a two-phase, transversely isotropic composite. The theory is intended for the class of composites containing aligned spheroidal inclusions at moderate concentration. Based on an energy criterion, the effective stress of the heterogeneously deformed matrix is first established as a function of thermal strain, and by this, the critical inclusion concentration required to induce plastic flow in the ductile matrix is determined. Such a critical concentration is found to be low, typically below 10% for boron/aluminum regardless of the inclusion shape and for graphite/aluminum when the aspect ratio of inclusions is greater than one, but can go up to 80% when graphite inclusions take the form of thin discs. Beyond the critical concentration the deformation in the matrix is no longer elastic, and the ensuing plastic flow will result in a stress reduction. The amount of thermal stress relieved in the matrix is demonstrated by comparing its average stress with that derived by assuming it to be ideally elastic, and it is found that the stress reductions for all inclusion shapes are quite significant, in most cases exceeding 50% of the total elastic stress. The quantitative accuracy of the theory is partially assessed by a comparison with some exact solutions when the inclusions take the forms of spherical particles and circular fibers. A side product of this study is the overall elastoplastic coefficient of thermal expansion as a function of the aspect ratio and volume fraction of inclusions.
ADHD is associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents.

ABSTRACT Objective The association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cigarette smoking in children and adolescents was evaluated. Method Subjects were 6− to 17-year-old boys with DSM-III-R ADHD ( n = 128) and non-ADHD comparison boys ( n = 109) followed prospectively for 4 years into mid-adolescence. Information on cigarette smoking was obtained in a standardized manner blind to the proband's clinical status. Cox proportional hazard models were used to predict cigarette smoking at follow-up using baseline characteristics as predictors. Results ADHD was a significant predictor of cigarette smoking at follow-up into mid-adolescence. Our findings also revealed that ADHD was associated with an early initiation of cigarette smoking. This was the case even after controlling for socioeconomic status, IQ, and psychiatric comorbidity. In addition, among children with ADHD, there was a significant positive association between cigarette smoking and conduct, major depressive, and anxiety disorders. Conclusions ADHD, particularly the comorbid subtype, is a significant risk factor for early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents. Considering the prevalence and early childhood onset of ADHD, these findings highlight the importance of smoking prevention and cessation programs for children and adolescents with ADHD.
Robust feature evaluation for multisensory computer vision

Presents a statistically robust approach for multisensory computer vision. Specifically energy exchange model parameters used to inter-relate thermal and visual imagery are reliably computed. The approach extracts physically meaningful estimates of internal object properties which are useful for automated object recognition. The robust technique minimizes sensitivity to outliers caused by segmentation errors and misregistration which are endemic to multisensor fusion. >
Employee Engagement in Jamaican Hotels: Do Demographic and Organizational Characteristics Matter?

The intent of the present study was to determine the importance of demographic and organizational factors on hotel line employees’ level of engagement. Line employees (n = 290) from hotels in Jamaica participated in the study. Findings indicate significant differences between line employees’ demographic and organizational characteristics, in particular their age and department, and their level of engagement. Employees between 18 and 25 years and those 42 years and older were more engaged than those between 26 and 41 years. Employees in the accounting department were some of the least engaged when compared to employees from other departments. The findings have implications for engagement programs in Caribbean hotels, in particular when it comes to the focus and funding of these programs.
The Demise of the Bumbler and the Crock: From Experience to Accountability in Medical Education and Ethnography

In this article, I consider Howard Becker's 1955 research among medical students in relation to my own late-2000s research on standardized patients, or SPs (i.e., people hired to portray patients in staged clinical encounters with medical students). Becker's mid-20th-century subjects used the term crock for patients who presented obstacles to their acquisition of valued kinds of clinical “experience.” SP simulations, as one among many forms of simulation used to teach clinical skills today, exclude the possibility of crocks. While medical education has changed, so too has ethnographic practice. Becker's account of his fieldwork, like many at midcentury, portrayed the ethnographer as a clueless “bumbler” who, through experience, gains understanding and expertise and is transformed into a professional anthropologist. Today, by contrast, the necessity to account in advance for the risks, rewards, and outcomes of ethnographic research has rendered bumbling inadmissible. I argue that the disappearance of the “bumbler” and the “crock” as regular figures in the discourses of anthropology and medicine points toward a revaluation of “experience” in both fields and a shift toward new regimes of accountability, grounded in the changing political economy of knowledge production. At risk of being lost in the process are faith, surprise, and humor.
Post-irradiation cutaneous angiosarcoma

Angiosarcoma is a rare and highly malignant tumor with potential to recur despite treatment, and carries a poor prognosis. Previous radiation therapy and lymphedema are some of the known risk factors. We present a case of cutaneous angiosarcoma which occurred at lumpectomy site in a patient with a history of breast cancer and radiation to the breast. The tumor kept on recurring repetitively despite continual treatments, and the patient finally succumbed to the disease roughly four years after initial diagnosis.
Amorphous Diamond Films Deposited by Pulsed-Laser Ablation: The Optimum Carbon-Ion Kinetic Energy and Effects of Laser Wavelength

A systematic study has been made of changes in the bonding and optical properties of hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films, as a function of the kinetic energy of the incident carbon ions measured under film-deposition conditions. Ion probe measurements of the carbon ion kinetic energies produced by ArF and KrF laser ablation of graphite are compared under identical beam-focusing conditions. Much higher C+ kinetic energies are produced by ArF-laser ablation than by KrF for any given fluence and spot size. Electron energy loss spectroscopy and scanning ellipsometry measurements of the sp3 bonding fraction, plasmon energy, and optical properties reveal a well-defined optimum kinetic energy of 90 eV to deposit ta-C films having the largest sp3 fraction and the widest optical (Tauc) energy gap (equivalent to minimum near-gap optical absorption). Tapping-mode atomic force microscope measurements show that films deposited at near-optimum kinetic energy are extremely smooth, with rms roughness of only ~ 1 A over distances of several hundred nm, and are relatively free of particulates.
Authoritarianism, introspection, and alpha wave biofeedback training.

Fifty volunteers were given personality tests measuring the traits of introspection and authoritarianism. Seven subjects from each extreme of the resulting scale were then chosen to participate in 6 alpha wave biofeedback training sessions, conducted in a darkened room with eyes closed. Trust, empathy, and introversion scales were also completed and subjective state evaluations were collected. The results showed that those scoring high in introspection and low in authoritarianism (High Group) could produce a larger difference between their alpha-on and alpha-off periods (thus indicating control), than those scoring low in introspection and high in authoritarianism (Low Group). In addition, the two groups differed in the trait of trust with the High Group scoring significantly higher on that trait. There were no differences in the traits of introversion or empathy.
Broadband laser cooling of trapped atoms with ultrafast pulses

We demonstrate broadband laser cooling of atomic ions in an rf trap using ultrafast pulses from a mode-locked laser. The temperature of a single ion is measured by observing the size of a time-averaged image of the ion in the known harmonic trap potential. Although the lowest observed temperature was only about 1K, this method efficiently cools very hot atoms and can sufficiently localize trapped atoms to produce near diffraction-limited atomic images.
Dynamic intention structures I: a theory of intention representation

This article introduces a new theory of intention representation which is based on a structure called a Dynamic Intention Structure (DIS). The theory of DISs was motivated by the problem of how to properly represent incompletely specified intentions and their evolution. Since the plans and intentions of collaborating agents are most often elaborated incrementally and jointly, elaboration processes naturally involve agreements among agents on the identity of appropriate agents, objects and properties that figure into their joint plans. The paper builds on ideas from dynamic logic to present a solution to the representation and evolution of agent intentions involving reference to incompletely specified and, possibly, mutually dependent intentions, as well as the objects referenced within those intentions. It provides a first order semantics for the resulting logic. A companion paper extends further the logical form of DISs and explores the problem of logical consequence and intention revision.
Amphiphiles at oil-water interfaces: simulation study of their tension-reducing properties

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations of amphiphiles at a mock oilwater interface have been carried out using a simple well-known model which represents amphiphiles as conglomerates of water and oil particles connected together with harmonic potentials. We studied the tension reduction properties of amphiphiles composed of one water and one or more oil particles connected in a series; we varied the length of the series and placement of the water particle within it. In comparing amphiphiles of fixed length, we find that those with a terminal water particle are most effective at reducing the tension; these molecules mimic single-chained (the others, double-chained) amphiphiles. We find that at low concentrations, all amphiphiles examined behaved as insoluble monolayers. In this regime, we attempted to apply two-dimensional equations of state to predict their tension-reduction properties. At higher concentrations. the amphiphiles exhibit an increased solubility in the bulk oil phase, but are believed not to be in their most stable state.
The Required Textbook Friend Or Foe? Dealing With The Dilemma

The use of a required text is an accepted practice in most college courses, but two-thirds of the students are coming to class without reading the textbook, some of them never buying the textbook at all. A review of the literature about textbook usage and student reading habits provides a comparison between how faculty and students view the pros and cons of the required textbook. The analysis suggests faculty and students share the general benefits of textbook usage (e.g., knowledge, consistent material, accessible) but that those benefits are countered by several personal costs from the student perspective. The pros and cons are explained and recommendations offered to help deal with students concerns. A brief consideration of alternative strategies is presented.
Simultaneous planning localization and mapping: A hybrid Bayesian/ frequentist approach

In this paper, the problem of mapping and planning in an uncertain environment is studied. A hybrid Bayesian/ frequentist formulation of the simultaneous planning, localization and mapping (SPLAM) problem is presented wherein the environment is modeled as a stationary, spatially uncorrelated random process whose stationary probabilities are fixed but unknown, and have to be estimated as the autonomous system moves through the environment and makes observations using its sensors. The environmental random process is estimated using stochastic approximation algorithms. Under a certain "reliable sensor assumption", it is shown that the mapping algorithms converge with probability one, and that the convergence of the mapping algorithms is independent of the planning policy, as long as it is non-anticipative, akin to the celebrated "Separation Principle" in Classical Linear Control theory. Further, the computational burden of the mapping algorithms is significantly reduced when compared to Bayesian SPLAM techniques.
Sensing and closing mechanism for Venus Flytrap: Theoretical and experimental studies

This paper investigates the nano-scale sensing and closing mechanism of the Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). A novel mathematical model has been proposed to explain the phenomenon of trap closure. The model takes into account the need for two mechanical stimulations of the trigger hair within 20-30s to generate trap closure. The ultrastructure of the lower trap surface was also examined using atomic force microscopy to elucidate the nano-scale structures. In vivo experiments were conducted to confirm that both strong jets of air and water were able to mechanically bend the trigger hair, thus leading to the generation of an action potential and trap closure. Experiments using jets of air from a compressed air canister and jets of water from a syringe were able to flex the trigger hair as observed with a stereoscope connected to a HD video camera. The flexure of the trigger hair initiated closure in all experiments.
Invasion of the Central Nervous System by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 after Subcutaneous Inoculation of Immunosuppressed Mice

Young adult mice given subcutaneous inoculations in the rear footpad with herpes simplex virus type 1 were found to be resistant to infection unless they were immunosuppressed with sublethal doses of irradiation or cyclophosphamide. In these mice, virus multiplied in the sciatic nerve three to four days after inoculation. This development was followed by multiplication of virus in the spinal cord and brain, which caused death of the mice in about eight days. No virus was detected in the blood or liver. Resection of the sciatic nerve significantly increased the number of immunosuppressed mice surviving footpad inoculation. Passive transfer of antibody had no effect on the course of infection. Sublethal doses of irradiation or cyclophosphamide can apparently increase the susceptibility of the central nervous system to invasion of Herpesvirus from extraneural sites of infection by spread along peripheral nerves.
Up‐regulation of type I procollagen C‐proteinase enhancer protein messenger RNA in rats with CCl4‐induced liver fibrosis

Using a polyclonal antibody raised against a liver stellate cell (LSC) line derived from a rat CCl4-cirrhotic liver, we isolated 14 clones from a complementary DNA library prepared with total RNA extracted from the same cell line, with nucleotide sequences homologous to that of the type I procollagen C-proteinase enhancer protein (PCPE) gene. The longest PCPE insert of 1,530 base pairs contained an open reading frame coding for 468 amino acids. PCPE cDNA recognized by Northern blot a 1.7-kilobase messenger RNA (mRNA) in total RNA extracted from freshly isolated and early passaged LSC, LSC lines derived from normal (NFSC) and cirrhotic (CFSC) rat livers, and various LSC clones derived from CFSC. The expression of PCPE mRNA was increased threefold in CFSC compared with NFSC. PCPE mRNA was not detected in total rat liver, freshly isolated hepatocytes, or endothelial or Kupffer cells. However, the expression of PCPE mRNA was induced in fibrotic livers of rats treated with CCl4. PCPE mRNA expression in LSC was up-regulated by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and down-regulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), similar to the changes in alpha1 (1) procollagen mRNA induced by these cytokines. PCPE was not detectable in liver biomatrix proteins obtained from normal liver. However, PCPE was increased in liver biomatrix proteins from cirrhotic livers and was proportional to the amount of collagen. These data suggest that PCPE may play an important role in the processing of type I collagen during liver fibrogenesis, and that TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha regulate its expression. (Hepatology 1997 Sep;26(3):611-7)
In vitro susceptibility testing and quality control parameters for sarafloxacin (A-56620): a fluoroquinolone used for treatment and control of colibacillosis in poultry

Sarafloxacin (formerly A-56620) is a fluoroquinolone recently introduced into veterinary practice for the therapy of colibacillosis and other indicated infections. Sarafloxacin was noted to be very active and comparable to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin for inhibiting 823 strains from a wide variety of species at or = 25 mm) and resistant at > or = 0.25 microgram/mL (< or = 21 mm). Sarafloxacin agar dilution MIC results were approximately one log2 dilution higher than broth microdilution endpoints. The interpretive criteria demonstrated a low error rate of 5.9%, with a very major rate of only 0.5% (correlation coefficient between methods = 0.94). Quality control trials in six laboratories established MIC and zone diameter (5-microgram disk) limits for the NCCLS recommended strains: for the broth microdilution test, E. coli ATCC 25922 = 0.008 to 0.03 microgram/mL, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 = 0.12 to 1 microgram/mL, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 = 0.5 to 2 micrograms/mL, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 = 0.06 to 0.25 microgram/mL; and for the disk diffusion test, E. coli ATCC 25922 = 30 to 36 mm, S. aureus ATCC 25923 = 25 to 30 mm, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 = 23 to 29 mm. These criteria for in vitro tests with sarafloxacin should enable the longitudinal monitoring of its activity against the indicated pathogens and allow detection of emerging resistant populations that may necessitate altered dosing regimens.
On the origin of the syenites of Coldwell, Ontario

The syenites of the Coldwell District are located on the northeastern shore of Lake Superior near the Village of Coldwell (formerly called Port Coldwell), a station on the Canadian Pacific Railway. This interesting complex of alkaline rocks was first described by A. P. Coleman (Ont. Bur. Mines, v. 11, pp. 208–213, 1902) in 1901 although their presence had been suspected previous to that date due to the discovery of feldspathoid-bearing rocks in the District. Coleman was the first to call attention to the similarity of these syenites to the alkaline rocks described by C. W. Brogger (Zs.Krystallogr., v. 16, 1890) in the Oslo (Christiania) District of Norway. The most complete study of the Coldwell Area was made by H. L. Kerr (Ont. Bur. Mines, v. 19, pt. 1, pp. 194–232, 1910) during 1906 and 1907. He was unable to come to any definite conclusions regarding the petrogenesis of these rocks, but demonstrated that practically every type of the Oslo District could be duplicated in the Coldwell Area. In his report, Kerr tentatively concluded (op. cit., p. 230) that “there is reason to believe that the whole syenite-mass merely represents a peripheral differentiation phase of the fundamental gneiss (granite) found to the north.”
Targeted Removal of Ant Colonies in Ecological Experiments, Using Hot Water

Ecological experiments on fire ants cannot, or should not, use poison baits to eliminate the fire ants because such baits are not specific to fire ants, or even to ants. Hot water is an extremely effective and specific killing agent for fire ant colonies, but producing large amounts of hot water in the field, and making the production apparatus mobile have been problematical. The construction and use of a charcoal-fired kiln made from a 55-gal. oil drum lined with a sand-fireclay mixture is described. An automobile heater fan powered from a 12-v battery provided a draft. Dual bilge pumps pumped water from a large tank through a long coil of copper tubing within the kiln to produce 4 to 5 l. of hot water per min. The hot water was collected in 20 l. buckets and poured into fire ant nests previously opened by piercing with a stick. The entire assembly was transported in and operated from the back of a pickup truck. Five experimental plots containing 32 to 38 colonies of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), were treated with hot water over a period of two years. All colonies on the treatment plots were treated twice with hot water early in 2004, reducing their numbers to zero. However new colonies were formed, and mature colonies expanded into the plots. A third treatment was made in the spring of 2005, after which fire ant populations were suppressed for over a year. Whereas the 5 control plots contained a total of 166 mostly large colonies, the 5 treatment plots contained no live colonies at all. Averaged over a two-year period, a 70% reduction in total number of colonies was achieved (P < 0.001) on the treatment plots, and a 93% reduction of large, mature colonies. Over this same time span, the number of colonies in control plots remained stable. The reduction in colony numbers on the treatment plots was reflected in the pitfall trap samples that recorded a 60% reduction in fire ants.
Growth of bacteria on 3-nitropropionic acid as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy.

3-Nitropropionic acid (3NPA) is a widespread nitroaliphatic toxin found in a variety of legumes and fungi. Several enzymes have been reported that can transform the compound, but none led to the mineralization of 3NPA. We report here the isolation of bacteria that grow on 3NPA and its anion, propionate-3-nitronate (P3N), as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Experiments with resting cells, cell extracts, and purified enzymes indicate that the pathway involves conversion of 3NPA to P3N, which upon denitration yields malonic semialdehyde, nitrate, nitrite, and traces of H2O2. Malonic semialdehyde is decarboxylated to acetyl coenzyme A. The gene that encodes the enzyme responsible for the denitration of P3N was cloned and expressed, and the enzyme was purified. Stoichiometry of the reaction indicates that the enzyme is a monooxygenase. The gene sequence is related to a large group of genes annotated as 2-nitropropane dioxygenases, but the P3N monooxygenase and closely related enzymes form a cluster within COG2070 that differs from previously characterized 2-nitropropane dioxygenases by their substrate specificities and reaction products. The results suggest that the P3N monooxygenases enable bacteria to exploit 3NPA in natural habitats as a growth substrate.
Parsing and Interpretation in the Minimalist Paradigm

In this paper, we discuss how recent theoretical linguistic research focusing on the Minimalist Program (MP)(Cho95, Mar95, Zwa94)can be used to guide the parsing of a useful range of natural language sentences and the building of a logical representation in a principles-based manner. We discuss the components of the MP and give an example derivation. We then propose parsing algorithms that recreate the derivation structure starting with a lexicon and the surface form of a sentence. Given the approximated derivation structure, MP principles are applied to generate a logical form, which leads to linguistically based algorithms for determining possible meanings for sentences that are ambiguous due to quantifier scope. In this paper, we introduce a framework for describing the grammar of natural languages due to Noam Chomsky called the Minimalist Program (MP). We investigate how to build a parser that produces syntax trees conforming to the MP and how aspects of language that have bearing on meaning, but cannot be conveniently captured during parsing, can be processed. The linguistic framework is discussed first, followed by the computational implementation. We first give a brief overview of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995; Marantz 1995; Zwart 1994). The MP is the latest incarnation of Principles and Parameters grammars that define language structure in terms of well-motivated principles and parameters that adapt the principles to various natural languages. However, in this paper, we do not describe a parser that implements the MP in all its cognitive implications, which are still not completely understood and are being investigated. We feel that it is a worthwhile exercise to use the basic principles of the MP to obtain rules and structures that enable the traditional implementation of a parser. Parsing, however, is only a part of the processing. There are many linguistic phenomena than can be handled only after a syntax tree has been obtained. We discuss, among other issues, further processing of the parse to handle issues in quantifier scoping. We think this part of the paper is interesting since it shows how vexing linguistic phenomena can be handled using simple computational techniques. In writing the parser, we use a set of sentence types that have been considered by those who have written parsers motivated by earlier versions of Principles and Parameters grammars. Merlo, in his paper on a parser based on an earlier version of Principles and Parameters grammar, called the Government and Binding Theory (GB), wrote that the set of sentences he chose constitutes a
Incidence and time course of early recovery of pulmonary vein conduction after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation

Background: Although it is well recognized that recovery of pulmonary vein (PV) conduction is common among patients who fail atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, little is known about the precise time course of recurrence. Objective: To determine the incidence and time course of early recurrence of conduction after PV isolation during AF ablation. Methods: The patient population was composed of 14 consecutive patients (9 men [64%]; age 56 ± 7 years) with AF who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation via circumferential ablation with PV isolation, determined by a circular mapping catheter. After successful isolation of the PVs, repeat circular electrode recordings from each PV were obtained at 30 and 60 minutes. Results: After complete isolation of all PVs, early PV recurrence was observed in 13 (93%) patients and 26 veins (50%). Seventeen veins (33%) showed a first recurrence at 30 minutes, while nine veins (17%) showed a first recurrence at 60 minutes. Conclusion: The results reveal an extremely high rate of early recurrence of PV conduction following AF ablation. It is particularly notable that about one-fifth of the veins remained isolated at 30 minutes, but subsequently developed recurrence between 30 and 60 minutes. Of the veins that showed early recurrence, one-third developed a first recurrence at 60 minutes. These findings suggest that AF ablation procedures should incorporate a 60-minute waiting period after initial isolation in order to detect early recurrence of conduction.