cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large bowel-to-pelvic sidewall adhesions associated with chronic pelvic pain.

Abstract Study Objectives. To assess retrospectively the prevalence of colon-to-pelvic sidewall adhesions associated with pelvic pain or pelvic endometriosis, and to evaluate prospectively their prevalence compared with controls. Design. A retrospective review of all patients undergoing laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain between August 1992 and September 1993; and based on a power analysis, a prospective comparison of women undergoing laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain with those undergoing laparoscopy for tubal sterilization between October 1994 and December 1995. Setting. A university-associated teaching hospital. Patients. Fifty women in the retrospective portion, and 30 women (15 in each group) in the prospective portion. Measurements and Main Results. Of the 50 women undergoing laparoscopy for pelvic pain, 47 (94%) had either right-or left-sided colon-to-sidewall adhesions, and these adhesions were more common than any other type of intraabdominal adhesion, 94% versus 58%. Thirty-eight (76%) of these women had visual and 25 (50%) histologic evidence of endometriosis. The prospective study revealed that women with pelvic pain had a higher rate of colon-to-sidewall adhesions than controls (93.3% vs 13.3%) and a correspondingly higher rate of visualized endometriosis (73.3% vs 6.7%). Right-sided paracolic adhesions were both more common than left-sided adhesions (87.7% vs 46.7%) and were more often extensive than minimal (46.7% vs 6.7%). Conclusions. Colon-to-sidewall adhesions occur in the majority of patients with chronic pain, whereas they are an uncommon finding in the general population. The lateral gutters are dependent regions of the abdominal cavity that are susceptible to the spread of peritoneal endometriosis or other inflammatory processes, and should be evaluated at diagnostic laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain.
Robust Measurement Design by Placing Synchronized Phasor Measurements on Network Branches

This paper is concerned about optimal placement of synchronized phasor measurements that can monitor voltage and current phasors along network branches. Earlier investigations on placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) have assumed that a PMU could be placed at a bus and would provide bus voltage phasor as well as current phasors along all branches incident to the bus. This study considers those PMUs which are designed to monitor a single branch by measuring the voltage and current phasors at one end of the monitored branch. It then determines the optimal location of such PMUs in order to make the entire network observable. The paper also addresses the reliability of the resulting measurement design by considering loss or failure of PMUs as well as contingencies involving line or transformer outages. Developed placement strategies are illustrated using IEEE test systems.
Effect of Lubricants on Rear Axle Pinion Bearing Break-In

The effect of lubricants on rear axle pinion bearing break-in has been studied in a motored differential carrier assembly. The pinion torques and lubricant temperatures measured with a multipurpose lubricant were higher than those observed with a lead soap-active sulfur lubricant whereas the bearing wear was lower. Preheat treatment of the multipurpose lubricant was effective in producing more rapid pinion bearing break-in and lower lubricant temperatures. A zinc dialkyldithiophosphate was found to exert a predominant effect on break-in as compared to sulfurized terpenes and chlorinated paraffins when these additives were blended with a straight mineral oil. It has been concluded that a zinc organodithiophosphate may control pinion bearing break-in with the multipurpose lubricant. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication Conference held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 16–18, 1962.
Enhancing situational awareness of indoor orientation for the visually impaired

This research is to design a user interface dedicated for visually impaired users to assist them when orienting themselves to unfamiliar indoor environments. Current orientation and navigation systems research focuses on providing feasible solutions to assist users, however less focus is given to the user interface level and how it enhances user's understanding of the surrounding environment. Our proposal is to apply the Situation Awareness Oriented design approach to enhance the user interface of the current indoor navigation systems for the visually impaired.
The Hidden Asthma Epidemic in Immigrant Subpopulations

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition that affects more than 13% of the U.S. population, up from 11% a decade ago.1 The economic impact of asthma in inflation-adjusted 2013 dollars has grown from...
Galactic Observations of Terahertz C+ (GOT C+): [CII] Detection of Warm “Dark Gas” in the ISM

The Herschel HIFI Key Program, G alactic O bservations of T erahertz C + ( GOT C+ ) is a survey of [CII] 1.9 THz emission throughout the Galaxy. Comparison of the first results of this survey with HI and CO isotopomer emission reveals excess [CII] emission beyond that expected from HI and CO layers alone, and is best explained as coming from a hidden layer of H 2 gas, the so-called ISM “dark gas”.
Mathematical Programming Formulations and Algorithms for Discrete k-Median Clustering of Time-Series Data

Discrete k-median (DKM) clustering problems arise in many real-life applications that involve time-series data sets, in which nondiscrete clustering methods may not represent the problem domain adequately. In this study, we propose mathematical programming formulations and solution methods to efficiently solve the DKM clustering problem. We develop approximation algorithms from a bilinear formulation of the discrete k-median problem using an uncoupled bilinear program algorithm. This approximation algorithm, which we refer to as DKM-L, is composed of two alternating linear programs, where one can be solved in linear time and the other is a minimum cost assignment problem. We then modify this algorithm by replacing the assignment problem with an efficient sequential algorithm for a faster approximation, which we call DKM-S. We also propose a compact exact integer formulation, DKM-I, and a more efficient network design-based exact mixed-integer formulation, DKM-M. All of our methods use arbitrary pairwise d...
Cereal feeding and its impact on the nitrogen economy of the infant.

To quantify the effect of rice cereal on nitrogen balance and fecal nitrogen excretion, and the contribution of endogenous nitrogen sources to fecal nitrogen output, nine infants aged 3-5 mo received [ l5 N]glycine in all feedings. Samples of urine and feces were obtained daily and analyzed for nitrogen and l5 N. On days 1-7 the infants received only formula, and a complete urine and fecal collection was made on days 6-7. From days 8 to 12 the formula was supplemented with rice cereal (133.3 g/L, or 4 g/30 mL formula) and a second complete urine and fecal collection was made on days 11-12. Cereal did not alter fecal nitrogen output or the calculated contribution (45%) of endogenous nitrogen to fecal nitrogen. Cereal did increase nitrogen retention and lower the urinary excretion of the l5 N dose (24% of dose). The calculated true digestibility of the rice cereal protein was > 95%. Our results indicate that infants aged 4 mo, in contrast with younger infants, are able to digest and absorb cereal. The addition of cereal to the diet does not lead to increased fecal protein losses.
Making Sensor Networks Practical with Robots

While wireless sensor networks offer new capabilities, there are a number of issues that hinder their deployment in practice. We argue that robotics can solve or greatly reduce the impact of many of these issues. Our hypothesis has been tested in the context of an autonomous system to care for houseplants that we have deployed in our office environment. This paper describes what we believe is needed to make sensor networks practical, the role robots can play in accomplishing this, and the results we have obtained in developing our application.
Space debris: Assessing risk and responsibility

Abstract We model the orbital debris environment by a set of differential equations with parameter values that capture many of the complexities of existing three-dimensional simulation models. We compute the probability that a spacecraft gets destroyed in a collision during its operational lifetime, and then define the sustainable risk level as the maximum of this probability over all future time. Focusing on the 900- to 1000-km altitude region, which is the most congested portion of low Earth orbit, we find that – despite the initial rise in the level of fragments – the sustainable risk remains below 10 - 3 if there is high (>98%) compliance to the existing 25-year postmission deorbiting guideline. We quantify the damage (via the number of future destroyed operational spacecraft) generated by past and future space activities. We estimate that the 2007 FengYun 1C antisatellite weapon test represents ≈ 1 % of the legacy damage due to space objects having a characteristic size of ⩾ 10 cm, and causes the same damage as failing to deorbit 2.6 spacecraft after their operational life. Although the political and economic issues are daunting, these damage estimates can be used to help determine one-time legacy fees and fees on future activities (including deorbit noncompliance), which can deter future debris generation, compensate operational spacecraft that are destroyed in future collisions, and partially fund research and development into space debris mitigation technologies. Our results need to be confirmed with a high-fidelity three-dimensional model before they can provide the basis for any major decisions made by the space community.
Base rates, experience, and the big picture

The important question is how people process probabilistic information, not whether they process it in accordance with a normative model that we never should have expected them to be capable of following. Experience is not the cure, as widely thought, to problems with utilizing base rate information.
Vertical structure of productivity and its vertical integration as derived from remotely sensed observations

A method for predicting oceanic productivity from remotely sensed diffuse attenuation (488 nm) and surface chlorophyll concentration is presented. The method uses a climatological approach which consists of applying a set of regressions for each region and season to yield the depth of the chlorophyll maximum, the exponential slope of the chlorophyll profile, and the depths of various irradiance levels from the remotely sensed diffuse attenuation coefficient at 488 nm. These parameters, combined with the remotely sensed surface chlorophyll concentration and a model of quantum efficiency vs. irradiance, yield a vertical profile of productivity. This profile can be numerically integrated or directly integrated piecewise with a logarithmic approximation for the quantum efficiency model and a piecewise linear relationship of total irradiance and irradiance at 488 nm. The results favorably comparc with productivity profiles calculated from direct measurements of chlorophyll and irradiance for a meridional transect of the North Pacific Ocean.
Surface pretreatments of aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 and formation of chromate conversion coatings. II. Composition and electrochemical behavior of the chromate conversion coating

Rockwell Scientiﬁc Company, Surface and Electrochemical Processes Department, Thousand Oaks,California 91360, USAAluminum alloy AA2024-T3 samples, subjected to various pretreatments, were conversion coated using Alodine 1200S. The ratioof hexavalent chromium to total chromium in the chromate conversion coating ~CCC! was determined by X-ray absorptionnear-edge spectroscopy. The hexavalent chromium content of the CCC formed on AA2024-T3 varied with the method of pre-treatment. The coated surfaces were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the surface composition of thecoatings. Cr~VI! forms the major constituent ~46-74% of total chromium! on the surface. Protective passive ﬁlms of aluminumoxide and aluminum phosphate inhibit the formation of CCCs. Corrosion behavior of the CCCs were studied using open-circuitpotential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ~EIS!. Conversion coatedalloys exhibited up to 40-fold higher corrosion resistance when compared to bare pretreated alloys. EIS behavior was modeledusing a seven-element equivalent circuit. EIS results indicated industrially used bromate pretreatment to be best suited for CCCformation. Coupling the AA2024-T3 alloy with platinum during bromate pretreatment resulted in lowering the amount of copperintermetallics on the surface. This led to an increase in the corrosion resistance of the subsequently formed CCC by over an orderof magnitude as compared to CCCs formed following alternative pretreatments. Therefore, this simple modiﬁcation of couplingthis alloy with platinum is recommended.© 2004 The Electrochemical Society. @DOI: 10.1149/1.1806393# All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted December 1, 2003; revised manuscript received May 11, 2004. Available electronically October 27, 2004.
Identifying Sources of Opinions with Conditional Random Fields and Extraction Patterns

Recent systems have been developed for sentiment classification, opinion recognition, and opinion analysis (e.g., detecting polarity and strength). We pursue another aspect of opinion analysis: identifying the sources of opinions, emotions, and sentiments. We view this problem as an information extraction task and adopt a hybrid approach that combines Conditional Random Fields (Lafferty et al., 2001) and a variation of AutoSlog (Riloff, 1996a). While CRFs model source identification as a sequence tagging task, AutoSlog learns extraction patterns. Our results show that the combination of these two methods performs better than either one alone. The resulting system identifies opinion sources with 79.3% precision and 59.5% recall using a head noun matching measure, and 81.2% precision and 60.6% recall using an overlap measure.
Asymmetric Autoionized Lines in the Emission Spectrum of O iii

Asymmetric autoionized lines have been observed for the first time in an atomic emission spectrum. Several members of the 2s22p2 3P–2s2p2(4P)np3D° Rydberg series have been observed which interact with the 2s22p(2P0)nd3D° continuum beyond the first ionization limit, 2s22p P212°, in the triplet levels of O iii. Symmetric autoionized lines of the 2s22p2 3P–2s 2p2(4P)np3P° Rydberg series have also been observed in this same spectrum.
The Impact of High Fidelity Human Simulation on Self-Efficacy of Communication Skills

Communication is a critical component of nursing education as well as a necessity in maintaining patient safety. Psychiatric nursing is a specialty that emphasizes utilization of communication skil...
Steady-State Throughput and Scheduling Analysis of Multicluster Tools: A Decomposition Approach

Cluster tools are widely used as semiconductor manufacturing equipment. While throughput analysis and scheduling of single-cluster tools have been well-studied, research work on multicluster tools is still at an early stage. In this paper, we analyze steady-state throughput and scheduling of multicluster tools. We consider the case where all wafers follow the same visit flow within a multicluster tool. We propose a decomposition method that reduces a multicluster tool problem to multiple independent single-cluster tool problems. We then apply the existing and extended results of throughput and scheduling analysis for each single-cluster tool. Computation of lower-bound cycle time (fundamental period) is presented. Optimality conditions and robot schedules that realize such lower-bound values are then provided using ldquopullrdquo and ldquoswaprdquo strategies for single-blade and double-blade robots, respectively. For an -cluster tool, we present lower-bound cycle time computation and robot scheduling algorithms. The impact of buffer/process modules on throughput and robot schedules is also studied. A chemical vapor deposition tool is used as an example of multicluster tools to illustrate the decomposition method and algorithms. The numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed decomposition approach provides a powerful method to analyze the throughput and robot schedules of multicluster tools.
Severe Active Cutaneous Hypersensitivity in the Rat produced by Hemophilus pertussis Vaccine.

Hemophilus pertussis vaccine injected into normal rat skin produced local edema lasting several days. Four to 6 days later the injected site became severely inflamed. When uninjected skin was challenged 5 to 28 days after the initial injection, severe inflammation developed at the site of challenge within 12 to 24 hours. This secondary hypersensitive response was elicited by a dose of vaccine which produced little or no initial or delayed inflammation in a normal rat. Specific cutaneous hypersensitivity to a particulate antigen (i.e. typhoid vaccine) or a soluble antigen (human or rabbit gamma globulin) developed when rats were injected with a mixture of the antigen and pertussis vaccine. Pertussis vaccine mixed with typhoid vaccine did not enhance circulating agglutinin formation to typhoid vaccine. Cutaneous hypersensitivity to pertussis vaccine was passively transferred to normal rats by lymph node cells but not with serum from hypersensitive rats. Sensitization with pertussis vaccine did not enhance the edema-producing activity of histamine, serotonin, or 48/80 given subcutaneously. Mast cells in areas of hypersensitive inflammation were not damaged appreciably. The hypersensitive inflammation was not inhibited by treatment with anti-serotonin and antihistaminic drugs. Hypersensitive rats "depleted of mast cells" responded to challenge with pertussis vaccine with severe inflammation though their response to 48/80 was depressed. Hypersensitive rats treated with x-irradiation showed decreased hypersensitive inflammation though they responded normally to 48/80 and histamine. These studies failed to demonstrate a role for circulating antibody in the cutaneous hypersensitive inflammation produced in the rat by pertussis vaccine. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the cutaneous hypersensitive inflammation is not mediated by tissue serotonin and/or histamine.
Parity, adiposity, and body fat distribution among Hispanic women.

The relationship between parity and body fat distribution was investigated in a sample of 1,590 Mexican American, 411 Cuban American, and 657 Puerto Rican women, aged 20-74 years. Participants were interviewed and examined as part of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of Hispanic populations residing in the United States. In each ethnic group, there was an increase with greater parity in overall body fat (body mass index [BMI], or triceps plus subscapular skinfolds), central vs. peripheral skinfold thicknesses (subscapular/triceps ratio), and upper vs. lower body skinfold thicknesses (subscapular/calf ratio). These positive associations remained after adjusting for age, income, marital status, smoking, menopausal status, and education. They were statistically significant only in the Mexican American group. After controlling for the BMI, the association between parity and the subscapular/ calf ratio remained significant in Mexican Americans, suggesting a relationship between parity and upper body fat distribution independent of body size. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pain in fibrous dysplasia of bone: age-related changes and the anatomical distribution of skeletal lesions

To determine the prevalence, distribution, age-related changes and treatment of pain in fibrous dysplasia, we studied 78 children and adults. Pain was common, more prevalent and intense in adults, sometimes requiring narcotic analgesia. It was often untreated, especially in children, and surprisingly severity did not correlate with skeletal disease burden. Pain is common in fibrous dysplasia (FD), but relatively unstudied. We studied a well-characterized population of patients with a spectrum of disease. Thirty-five children (16 male, 19 female, mean age 11.4 (range 5–18)) and 43 adults (15 male, 28 female, 23–62 yrs, mean age 40.3 (range 23–62)) were studied. Bone scans were used to identify the location and extent of disease. The Brief Pain Inventory was used to determine severity. Pain at sites of FD was common, reported by 67% of the population, but more prevalent and severe in the adult group than the children (81% and 49%, respectively p < 0.005, severity 4.1/10, and 2.8/10, respectively, p < 0.01). Surprisingly, there was no correlation between pain severity and skeletal disease burden. Children were more likely than adults to be untreated for pain (44% vs. 26%). Pain, which was sometimes severe, was common in subjects with FD. It was often un- or under-treated, especially in children. The prevalence and severity of pain was greater in the adult group, but unrelated to the burden of FD.
A Toe Deformity in the Progeny of Linoleic Acid Deficient Hens

Abstract DURING the course of our investigations on the linoleic acid (18:2) requirement of the hen for reproduction, a malformation of the toes of newly-hatched chicks was observed. This deformity ascribed to a deficiency of 18:2 was first reported by Menge (1968a). The purpose of this paper is to present detailed observations on the percentage of incidence and the different classes of the severity of the toe abnormality. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In the first experiment 18:2 deficient Leghorn hens were distributed into 7 groups of 28 hens each. The groups received a low-fat isolated soy protein diet described by Menge (1968b) supplemented with 18:21 as follows: zero 0.125. 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4% respectively. Hatching data from this experiment were collected from 20 consecutive weekly hatches (Table 1). The second experiment comprised 12 groups of 15 hens each. Groups 1 through 11, deficient in 18:2, received the isolated soy protein diet. . .
In vivo validation of Myocardial Elastography under graded ischemia conditions

In contrast to other ultrasound-based strain imaging techniques, Myocardial Elastography (ME), developed by our group, is an ultrasound radio-frequency (RF)-based speckle tracking technique that aims at estimating and mapping transmural displacements and angle-independent strains in full echocardiographic views at high precision and high spatial and temporal resolution. ME has previously been evaluated in a theoretical framework and a clinical setting. In this study, ME was validated in canine hearts (n=5) in vivo against direct measurements of sonomicrometry (SM), regarding its capability of depicting the onset, extent and progression of myocardial ischemia caused by graded reductions in blood flow of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, from 0% (baseline blood flow) to 100% (zero blood flow) at 20% increments. ME estimates and maps: 1) 2D transmural displacements using RF cross-correlation and recorrelation; and 2) 2D polar (radial and circumferential) transmural strains at high accuracy. A Sonix RP system was used to acquire RF frames in a full, standard short-axis view at the frame rate of 211 fps, higher than in standard ultrasound imaging, using an automated composite technique developed by our group. Not only were abnormal myocardial regions detected and localized on the ME strain images, but the ME strains were also in good agreement (0.22% strain bias, 95% limits of agreement) with SM using the Bland-Altman analysis. These findings demonstrate that Myocardial Elastography could map 2D angle-independent strain to non-invasively detect, localize and characterize early myocardial ischemia starting at its early onset, i.e., at 40% LAD flow reduction.
Current management of glaucoma and vascular occlusive disease.

Purpose of review This article summarizes recent findings pertaining to advancements in the treatment of glaucomas secondary to vascular occlusive disease to maximize visual outcomes. Recent findings Retinal ischemia leads to a local increase in transcription of proteins responsible for aberrant angiogenesis and subsequent neovascular glaucoma. Antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is helpful in the management of this condition. Although bevacizumab and ranibizumab offer relatively short-term effects, preliminary studies suggest that aflibercept may allow for longer term treatment. Preoperative anti-VEGF injection therapy improves outcomes after trabeculectomy and glaucoma drainage implant surgeries. The treatments for vascular occlusive disease may lead to intraocular pressure elevation and subsequent glaucoma. Aflibercept appears to be a safer agent in this regard. Summary Prompt diagnosis and management of glaucomas associated with vascular occlusive disease are required to allow for the best possible outcome. Novel anti-VEGF agents, particularly aflibercept, should be strongly considered in the management of these conditions.
Examining The Behavior Of Treasury Yields Using A Dynamic Taylor-Type Rule

A dynamic version of Taylor’s rule is applied to the analysis of the behavior of short-term and long-term treasury securities. S upport for the Fisher effect is found for both maturities while there is evidence that long-term rates are less responsive to the output gap than short-term rates. In addition, l ong-term rates display a higher speed of adjustment but less persistence than short-term rates.
Sustainably Managing Resources in the Built Environment

The focus of this chapter is on the planning for and use of materials and construction techniques that both meet the needs of users and conform to the ideals of sustainable behavior. The National Institute of Building Sciences has proposed six fundamental principles for sustainable building design. This chapter reviews these principles and details how they are implemented in creating a sustainable built environment. These details include costs, labor availability, regulations, and aesthetics. The chapter emphasizes integrating the use of proper materials, building technologies, and social use of the built environment into a sustainable living system.
Molecular Approaches to Studying Natural Communities of Autotrophs

Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) forms the major link between the inorganic and organic carbon pools in the biosphere (Hartman and Harpel, 1994). Most ecosystems employ this enzyme in the process of photosynthetic carbon fixation (PCF), although certain ecosystems devoid of light (ie. hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor) use Rubisco in chemosynthetic carbon fixation (Jannasch et al., 1985). Rubisco enjoined with the enzymes of the Calvin cycle provide the net synthesis of 3 phosphoglyceric acid from 3 CO2’s (Tabita, 1994).
Late gadolinium enhancement confined to the right ventricular insertion points in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an intermediate stage phenotype?

Aims To investigate whether hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) confined to the right ventricular insertion points (RVIP) differ phenotypically from patients without LGE or intramural LGE in the left ventricle (LV). Methods and results Sixty-two HCM patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance for quantification of LGE (% LV mass) and were classified as group (i) no-LGE ( n = 18), group (ii) LGE-RVIP ( n = 19), and group (iii) intramural LGE ( n = 25). All patients also underwent vasodilator N-13 ammonia PET to quantify myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR), and echocardiography to measure longitudinal LV strain. LGE extent (17 ± 11% vs. 4 ± 4% vs. 0%; P < 0.001) and LV thickness (21.7 ± 3.4 vs. 18.8 ± 3.9 vs. 16.3 ± 2.8 mm; P < 0.001) were significantly greater in group 3, intermediate in group 2, and lower in group 1. In contrast, stress MBF (1.62 ± 0.44 vs. 1.90 ± 0.37 vs. 2.22 ± 0.48 mL/min/g; P < 0.001); MFR (1.92 ± 0.47 vs. 2.15 ± 0.52 vs. 2.71 ± 0.52; P < 0.001), and longitudinal LV strain (−11.4 ± 3.8 vs. −12.6 ± 3.2 vs. −14.4 ± 4.1%; P = 0.04) were lower in group 3, intermediate in group 2, and higher in group 1. Conclusions From an imaging viewpoint, patients with LGE confined to only the RVIP appear to represent an intermediate-stage phenotype between patients with no LGE and intramural LGE in the LV.
Relative importance of grazing and nutrient controls of macroalgal biomass in three temperate shallow estuaries

Macroalgal biomass and competitive interactions among primary producers in coastal ecosystems may be controlled by bottom-up processes such as nutrient supply and top-down processes such as grazing, as well as other environmental factors. To determine the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down processes under different nutrient loading conditions, we estimated potential amphipod and isopod grazer impact on a dominant macroalgal species in three estuaries in Waquoit Bay, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, that are subject to different nitrogen loading rates. We calculated growth increases and grazing losses in each estuary based on monthly benthic survey data of macrophyte biomass and herbivore abundance, field grazing rates of amphipods (Microdeutopus gryllotalpa andCymadusa compta) and an isopod (Idotea baltica) on the preferred and most abundant macroalga (Cladophora vagabunda) and laboratory grazing rates for the remaining species, and in situ macroalgal growth rates. As nitrogen loading rates increased, macroalgal biomass increased (3×), eelgrass (Zostera marina) was lost, and herbivore abundance decreased (1/4×). Grazing rates increased with relative size of grazer (I. baltica > C. compta > M. gryllotalpa) and, for two of the three species investigated, were faster on algae from the high-nitrogen estuary in comparison to the low-nitrogen estuary, paralleting the increased macroalgal tissue percent nitrogen with nitrogen load. Macroalgal growth rates increased (2×) with increasing nitrogen loading rate. The comparison between estimated growth increases versus losses ofC. vagabunda biomass to grazing suggested first, that grazers could lower macroalgal biomass in midsummer, but only in estuaries subject to lower nitrogen loads. Second, the impact of grazing decreased as nitrogen loading rate increased as a result of the increased macroalgal growth rates and biomass, plus the diminished abundance of grazers. This study suggests the relative impact of top-down and bottom-up controls on primary producers varies depending on rate of nitrogen loading, and specifically, that the impact of herbivory on macroalgal biomass decreases with increasing nitrogen load to estuaries.
Approaches to Tinnitus Management and Treatment

Tinnitus continues to challenge patients from all walks of life and clinicians from a variety of disciplines. The lack of an evidence base to support a specific treatment confounds efforts to provide consistent benefit to patients and in many instances creates in the patient the impression that nothing can be done to improve their situation. Part of the problem is that although patients rarely experience complete elimination of a tinnitus signal, they often experience relief when receiving effective counseling, specific coping strategies, and sound therapy. Although in most clinical activities the tinnitus remains (i.e., it is not cured), its influence may wane as the patient learns to manage their environment, activities, and ultimately their response to tinnitus. At the same time, several medical interventions target reduction of the tinnitus sound, an approach more consistent with what patients expect as a cure. Therefore, the majority of clinical activity directed at care for patients with tinnitus typically targets either elimination of the tinnitus sound (tinnitus treatment) or modification of the patient's response to the sound (tinnitus management). This review distinguishes and offers examples of both treatment and management programs employed clinically for patients with tinnitus.
Defining deadlock

Deadlock has been widely studied in many fields of computer science, notably in communications, database, and operating systems. Perhaps because (at least one state called) deadlock is tractable, there exists extensive literature on the subject. Deadlock was apparently decisively defined over thirty years ago, with its characteristics and handlers. Yet, much of the literature remains inconsistent in its treatment of this anomaly.A more precise definition is clearly needed to distinguish between the different states that are termed deadlock. A classification of dead states is required to distinguish the causes and appropriate handlers for each. We introduce a model to structure our research.
Porting LCD Drive Based on Android OS

How to port LCD module′s drive to Android OS based on Cortax-A8(S5PV210) MCU is introduced.The hardware is designed according to the LCD and MCU′s datasheet.The driving source code is modified with LCD function parameters including the line frequency,field frequency,clock frequency and the backlight.After porting LCD drive,LCD can display the Android′s desktop view in the board.
Atrial fibrillation driver mechanisms: Insight from the isolated human heart

Although there have been great technological advances in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF), current therapies remain limited due to a narrow understanding of AF mechanisms in the human heart. This review will highlight our recent studies on explanted human hearts where we developed and employed a novel functional-structural mapping approach by integrating high-resolution simultaneous endo-epicardial and panoramic optical mapping with 3D gadolinium-enhanced MRI to define the spatiotemporal characteristics of AF drivers and their structural substrates. The results allow us to postulate that the primary mechanism of AF maintenance in human hearts is a limited number of localized intramural microanatomic reentrant AF drivers anchored to heart-specific 3D fibrotically insulated myobundle tracks, which may remain hidden to clinical single-surface electrode mapping. We suggest that ex vivo human heart studies, by using an integrated 3D functional and structural mapping approach, will help to reveal defining features of AF drivers as well as validate and improve clinical approaches to detect and target these AF drivers in patients with cardiac diseases.
Babesia divergens: combination of dead and live parasites in an irradiated vaccine

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the hypothesis that the protective effect of an irradiated Babesia divergens vaccine was due to the combined inoculation of large numbers of dead parasites and small number of live ones. In the first experiment it was demonstrated that animals receiving 10(8) parasites irradiated at 25 kilorads had more severe B divergens reactions than animals in a previous experiment which had received 10(10) parasites irradiated at 24, 28 or 32 kilorads. In the second experiment it was shown that the simultaneous inoculation of 10(10) parasites killed by irradiation at 50 kilorads and 10(8) parasites irradiated at 25 kilorads resulted in the suppression of the relatively severe reactions induced by inoculation of the 25 kilorad-irradiated parasites alone. It was also shown that the simultaneous inoculation of 10(10) parasites irradiated at 50 kilorads and 10(4) live parasites similarly suppressed the anticipated reactions of the calves. These results indicated that the hypothesis was correct under the conditions of the experiment.
Incorporation of Latino Immigrants into the American Party System

Are Latinos, especially immigrants, less partisan than other American ethnic groups? In the 2012 Latino Immigrant National Election Study and American National Election Studies datasets, a greater proportion of Latinos self-categorize as partisans on the standard measure of party identification than previously theorized. Only non-naturalized Latino immigrants showed unusual nonincorporation into the party system. Both continuing subjective engagement in the politics of their country of origin and nonpolitical assimilation in the United States were associated with greater partisan self-categorization, even controlling for relevant demographics. However, self-categorization may underestimate incorporation into the party system by overlooking latent partisan preferences. Indeed, Latino immigrants show quite crystallized attitudes toward the parties and their candidates, even those who did not self-categorize as Democrats or Republicans. Only non-naturalized immigrants show notably low levels of partisan crystallization. Most seemingly unincorporated Latino immigrants may simply be in the early stages of developing partisan identities rather than deliberately standing outside the party system.
The Question of Agency

As noted in the preceding chapter, the notion of human rights is a product of and is embedded in liberal ideology, which itself is inured to the idea of the primary importance of personal choice, including in the enjoyment of human rights. A frequent response to the dilemma of religious constrictions on women’s rights is, “The only thing that should count is what women want for themselves.” Disputes about which human rights should be applied to which people can be overcome, the thinking goes, by allowing the subject herself to decide how she wants to live her life. On the surface, this would seem to be an ideal solution, one that avoids cultural or religious imperialism and intervention, that circumvents abuses by the powerful within and among communities, and that honors the agency and integrity of the subject in question. However, when religion is a factor in women’s choice-making about their enjoyment of human rights, the issue becomes very complicated. Religious perspectives intentionally instruct people about what they should want for themselves. This need not be a negative fact; religious teachings may encourage women and men to strive for social justice for themselves and others, for instance. Yet the fact remains that some religious women are instructed to choose against what would seem to be in their best self-interest — to choose against particular human rights norms.
Parents’ Childhood Exposures to Traumatic Events and Current Functioning in Military Families

Our aim in the current study was to examine the role of early life experiences of civilian parents in military families in relation to their exposures to service members’ deployments and their parenting. Parental deployments are associated with elevated levels of a variety of problems in children. One set of pathways through which deployments may affect children travels through parents, such as when deployment disrupts the psychological health and/or parenting behaviors of one or both parents. In addition to the considerable evidence regarding the importance of service members’ exposure to traumatic experiences during deployment, evidence is mounting that both military and civilian parents’ experiences and characteristics prior to deployment can be consequential. We hypothesized that greater early exposure to traumatic life events and dysfunction in the family of origin would be positively related to parenting stress and negatively related to parents’ sense of competence, sensitivity, and to general family functioning. We also hypothesized that civilian parents’ exposures to service members’ deployments would be related to parenting in the same patterns. We tested the possibility that early adversity moderated the relationship between deployment exposure and parenting. Our results showed that, while spouses’ exposures in these military families were similar to those of spouses in the general population in many regards, they appeared to be more likely to have experienced emotional mistreatment and to have witnessed violence between their parents. Of the two indices of early adversity we studied—traumatic life events and dysfunction in the family of origin—only the latter was significantly related to each of the measures of parenting.
Neurotransmitters in the vestibular system

Neuronal networks that are linked to the peripheral vestibular system contribute to gravitoinertial sensation, balance control, eye movement control, and autonomic function. Ascending connections to the limbic system and cerebral cortex are also important for motion perception and threat recognition, and play a role in comorbid balance and anxiety disorders. The vestibular system also shows remarkable plasticity, termed vestibular compensation. Activity in these networks is regulated by an interaction between: (1) intrinsic neurotransmitters of the inner ear, vestibular nerve, and vestibular nuclei; (2) neurotransmitters associated with thalamocortical and limbic pathways that receive projections originating in the vestibular nuclei; and (3) locus coeruleus and raphe (serotonergic and nonserotonergic) projections that influence the latter components. Because the ascending vestibular interoceptive and thalamocortical pathways include networks that influence a broad range of stress responses (endocrine and autonomic), memory consolidation, and cognitive functions, common transmitter substrates provide a basis for understanding features of acute and chronic vestibular disorders.
Phosphorus dynamics in biogeochemically distinct regions of the southeast subtropical Pacific Ocean

Abstract The southeast subtropical Pacific Ocean was sampled along a zonal transect between the coasts of Chile and Easter Island. This remote area of the world’s ocean presents strong gradients in physical (e.g., temperature, density and light), chemical (e.g., salinity and nutrient concentrations) and microbiological (e.g., cell abundances, biomass and specific growth rates) properties. The goal of this study was to describe the phosphorus (P) dynamics in three main ecosystems along this transect: the upwelling regime off the northern Chilean coast, the oligotrophic area associated with the southeast subtropical Pacific gyre and the transitional area in between these two biomes. We found that inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations were high and turnover times were long (>210 nmol l −1 and >31 d, respectively) in the upper water column, along the entire transect. Pi uptake rates in the gyre were low (euphotic layer integrated rates were 0.26 mmol m −2 d −1 in the gyre and 1.28 mmol m −2 d −1 in the upwelling region), yet not only driven by decreases in particle mass or cell abundance (particulate P- and cell- normalized Pi uptake rates in the euphotic layer were ∼1–4 times and ∼3–15 times lower in the gyre than in the upwelling, respectively). However these Pi uptake rates were at or near the maximum Pi uptake velocity (i.e., uptake rates in Pi amended samples were not significantly different from those at ambient concentration: 1.5 and 23.7 nmol l −1 d −1 at 50% PAR in the gyre and upwelling, respectively). Despite the apparent Pi replete conditions, selected dissolved organic P (DOP) compounds were readily hydrolyzed. Nucleotides were the most bioavailable of the DOP substrates tested. Microbes actively assimilated adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) leading to Pi and adenosine incorporation as well as Pi release to the environment. The southeast subtropical Pacific Ocean is a Pi-sufficient environment, yet DOP hydrolytic processes are maintained and contribute to P-cycling across the wide range of environmental conditions present in this ecosystem.
CRASINS: an improved method for urgency scaling within and across modalities

Technological advances allow presentation of more information (e.g. alerts, warnings) than operators can process. Effective management of this information requires designing displays and warnings that scale the perceived urgency of the signal to the hazard level it represents. We reviewed existing methods of scaling and propose that determining a user-defined range of acceptable intensities prior to implementing the scaling (the CRASINS method) is most effective. Here, we used the CRASINS method to develop urgency and annoyance scales for visual, auditory, and tactile signals. Parameters examined included interpulse interval (IPI) and pulse duration in the auditory and tactile modalities as well as frequency for auditory and colour for visual stimuli. The greatest range of urgency was obtained with the auditory modality, while visual stimuli result in the lowest levels of annoyance. Manipulations of IPI yielded good utility in all modalities with the highest utility being observed for changes in colour.
Coherent Light Emitters From Solution Chemistry: Inorganic II–VI Nanocrystals and Organometallic Perovskites

Semiconductor lasers are the prime example of compact coherent light-emitters having developed into mature technologies with ubiquitous presence in applications across much of the optical spectrum. Yet there are reasons to explore new materials, both to access those parts of the spectrum not fully accessible by these inorganic single crystal devices, while exploring alternative high throughput methods of material synthesis. In this paper, we focus on solution-processed thin film nanocrystal materials as possible candidates to expand the material repertoire of semiconductor lasers. We review work on inorganic II–VI compound colloidal quantum dots and nanoplatelets and then present recent work in our laboratory on organometallic perovskites, which have gained significant attention quite recently by their promise as high performance photovoltaic solar cells. We concentrate on fundamentals of the optical gain and means of integrating the solution grown nano/microcrystalline thin films into high-Q cavities to identify prime challenges ahead to turn these intriguing materials into viable laser devices.
Molecular systematics and biodiversity of the Cryptotis mexicanus group (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae): two new species from Honduras supported

Small-eared shrews of the genus Cryptotis (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) are widespread in the northern Neotropics. Systematic studies of these shrews over the past two decades have revealed previously undocumented morphological and species diversity, resulting in a quadrupling of the number of recognized species. Unfortunately, a small proportion of the species in the genus have been included in molecular phylogenetic studies, and evolutionary relationships within the genus are incompletely known. Traditionally, species have been assigned to four or five morphologically defined ‘species groups’, but tests of the monophyly of some of these groups show weak support and relationships amongst species groups remain somewhat speculative. The largest species group is the C. mexicanus group inhabiting Mexico and northern Central America. We studied sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome-b and 16S genes, as well as nuclear ApoB and BRCA1 genes from 22 species of Cryptotis, including 15 species in the C. mex...
Wear your heart on your sleeve: Visible psychophysiology for contextualized relaxation

Chronic stress is a global epidemic, but in the United States, 42% of adults say they are not doing enough to manage stress. Additionally, 1 in 5 adults report doing nothing to manage their stress. A variety of relaxation methods attempt to mitigate the effects of long-term stress, but they can be non-intuitive, difficult to use, or unsuited for daily life. This paper proposes to study the usability and design of deep breathing biofeedback guides for in-situ relaxation. The author will achieve this by designing a biofeedback guide, developing robust measures of arousal from wearable sensors, and conducting a long-term study with the intervention in a workplace environment. When completed, these studies will compose the foundation for the authors dissertation.