cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A constraint satisfaction framework for executing perceptions and actions in diagrammatic reasoning

Diagrammatic reasoning (DR) is pervasive in human problem solving as a powerful adjunct to symbolic reasoning based on language-like representations. The research reported in this paper is a contribution to building a general purpose DR system as an extension to a soar-like problem solving architecture. The work is in a framework in which DR is modeled as a process where subtasks are solved, as appropriate, either by inference from symbolic representations or by interaction with a diagram, i.e., perceiving specified information from a diagram or modifying/creating objects in a diagram in specified ways according to problem solving needs. The perceptions and actions in most DR systems built so far are hand-coded for the specific application, even when the rest of the system is built using the general architecture. The absence of a general framework for executing perceptions/ actions poses as a major hindrance to using them opportunistically - the essence of open-ended search in problem solving. Our goal is to develop a framework for executing a wide variety of specified perceptions and actions across tasks/domains without human intervention. We observe that the domain/task-specific visual perceptions/actions can be transformed into domain/taskindependent spatial problems. We specify a spatial problem as a quantified constraint satisfaction problem in the real domain using an open-ended vocabulary of properties, relations and actions involving three kinds of diagrammatic objects - points, curves, regions. Solving a spatial problem from this specification requires computing the equivalent simplified quantifier-free expression, the complexity of which is inherently doubly exponential. We represent objects as configuration of simple elements to facilitate decomposition of complex problems into simpler and similar subproblems. We show that, if the symbolic solution to a subproblem can be expressed concisely, quantifiers can be eliminated from spatial problems in low-order polynomial time using similar previously solved subproblems. This requires determining the similarity of two problems, the existence of a mapping between them computable in polynomial time, and designing a memory for storing previously solved problems so as to facilitate search. The efficacy of the idea is shown by time complexity analysis. We demonstrate the proposed approach by executing perceptions and actions involved in DR tasks in two army applications.
Outbound authentication for programmable secure coprocessors

A programmable secure coprocessor platform can help solve many security problems in distributed computing, particularly if coprocessor applications can participate as full-fledged parties in distributed cryptographic protocols. Thus, a generic platform must not only provide programmability, maintenance, and configuration in the hostile field, it must also provide outbound authentication for the entities that result. This paper offers our experiences in solving this problem for a high-end secure coprocessor product. This work required synthesis of a number of techniques, so that parties with different and dynamic views of trust can draw sound and complete conclusions about remote coprocessor applications.
The supermarket game

A supermarket game is considered with N FCFS queues with unit exponential service rate and global Poisson arrival rate Nλ. Upon arrival each customer chooses a number of queues to be sampled uniformly at random and joins the least loaded sampled queue. Customers are assumed to have cost for both waiting and sampling, and they want to minimize their own expected total cost. We study the supermarket game in a mean field model that corresponds to the limit as N converges to infinity in the sense that (i) for a fixed symmetric customer strategy, the joint equilibrium distribution of any fixed number of queues converges as N → ∞ to a product distribution determined by the mean field model and (ii) a Nash equilibrium for the mean field model is an e-Nash equilibrium for the finite N model with N sufficiently large. It is shown that there always exists a Nash equilibrium for λ < 1 and the Nash equilibrium is unique for λ2 ≤ 1/2. Furthermore, we find that the action of sampling more queues by some customers has a positive externality on the other customers.
Agricultural trade liberalization in a multi-sector world model

Abstract Impacts of agricultural and nonagricultural trade liberalization on agriculture are assessed in a multi-commodity, multi-country framework. By modeling simultaneously all goods sectors of the economy, we evaluate the importance of: (a) relative price changes between sectors, and (b) income and exchange-rate adjustments that follow trade liberalization in a world of floating rates. Specifically, we compare two cases using a static world policy simulation (SWOPSIM) model: agricultural multilateral liberalization and complete multilateral liberalization with floating exchange rates for all countries/regions. In both cases agricultural commodity prices tend to increase, an effect which is more pronounced when currency values adjust. The developing countries, in particular Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, have the most significant advances in agricultural and total production when exchange rates vary. Moreover, the gains from international trade are extended to all countries/regions explicitly specified in the model.
Esophageal food impaction: epidemiology and therapy. A retrospective, observational study.

Abstract Background: Esophageal food impaction is common, but incidence data are lacking and management is controversial. This is a survey of its epidemiology, endoscopic findings, and treatment. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of 194 adults with 223 episodes of esophageal food impaction in a health maintenance organization. Of these, 192 (99%) patients were followed a median of 31 months (range 1-72) post-disimpaction. Results: The estimated annual incidence rate of episodes was 13.0 per 100,000, and the male:female ratio was 1.7:1. The rate increased with age, especially after the seventh decade. The bolus was meat in 189 (85%) episodes. Flexible esophagoscopy was performed initially in 222 (99.6%) episodes and permitted disimpaction in 218 (98%). The push technique was used alone or in combination with extraction in 186 (84%). Immediate dilation was performed in 172 (79%). There were no major complications. A final diagnosis was made in 171 (88%), including 151 (78%) with a Schatzki's ring or peptic stricture, and the diagnosis had changed during follow-up in 14 (7%). A diagnosis of Schatzki's ring was associated with gender (p = 0.03) and decreased with increasing age ( p = 0.003), especially among women. Conclusions: Esophageal food impaction is common and can nearly always be treated safely with flexible esophagoscopy, usually with the push technique. (Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:193-8.)
Quadrupole magnet for the APS storage ring

An asymmetric core geometry has been selected for the quadrupole magnets in the storage ring of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) in order to accommodate the vacuum chamber and photon beam pipes. The requirements of the positron beam make it necessary that the magnet be able to produce a field gradient of 20-T/m with high accuracy. The design for this magnet has been fully developed in preparation for the construction of a prototype. Some unique features included in the design are described. Design choices are being validated by extensive magnetic-field calculations in both two and three dimensions. The results of these calculations are presented. >
A Rh(I)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Homo- and Bis-homopropargylic Alcohols

The ability to form rhodium-vinylidene complexes in situ from terminal alkynes has led to the development of a catalytic process, the cycloisomerization of homopropargylic and bis-homopropargylic alcohols to dihydrofurans and dihydropyrans. Among the transition metals that perform similar reactions, rhodium catalysts demonstrate the best chemoselectivity and turnover numbers to date. Both secondary and tertiary alcohols participate equally well. The presence of proparylic oxygen and nitrogen functionality, which potentially can be induced to ionize via formation of allenylidene metal complexes, is compatible with this catalyst. The formation of a 5-amino-dihydropyran which is not compatible with some of the previous catalysts proceeds in good yield with the rhodium catalysts. A substrate bearing a benzylic hydroxyl group adjacent to an electron-rich aromatic ring also participates without complications of ionization. The method provides access to useful aminosugars. A mechanism to account for the different selectivity of this catalyst as compared to others is proposed.
Moore's Law and the Semiconductor Industry: A Vintage Model

In this paper we develop a vintage model to gain a better understanding of the semiconductor industry and its role in recent U.S. productivity gains. Unlike previous work, in our model the observed price declines of individual chips are driven by the introduction of better vintages rather than by learning economies. Dominated chips, nonetheless, continue to be produced, for a time, due to sunk investments in chip-specific production equipment. The model lends partial support to Jorgenson's hypothesis that an exogenous increase in Moore's Law could have generated the more rapid price declines, and faster productivity growth, seen after 1995.
Cosmology and particle physics

In the past five years or so progress in both elementary particle physics and in cosmology has become increasingly dependent upon the interplay between the two disciplines. On the particle physics side, the SU(3) c × SU(2) L × U(1)Y model seems to very accurately describe the interactions of quarks and leptons at energies below, say, 103 GeV. At the very least, the so-called standard model is a satisfactory, effective low energy theory. The frontiers of particle physics now involve energies of much greater than 103 GeV—energies which are not now available in terrestrial accelerators, nor are ever likely to be available in terrestrial accelerators. For this reason particle physicists have turned both to the early Universe with its essentially unlimited energy budget (up to 1019 GeV) and high particle fluxes (up to 10107cm-2s-1), and to various unique, contemporary astrophysical environments (centers of main sequence stars where temperatures reach 108 K, neutron stars where densities reach 1014 – 1015gcm-3, our galaxy whose magnetic field can impart 1011 GeV to a Dirac magnetic charge, etc.) as non-traditional laboratories for studying physics at very high energies and very short distances.
Education Decentralization and Accountability Relationships in Latin America

Di Gropello analyzes decentralization reforms in the education sector in Latin America (their status, impact, and ongoing challenges) by making use of the accountability framework developed by the World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. She starts by identifying three main groups of models according to the subnational actors involved, the pattern adopted in the distribution of functions across subnational actors, and the accountability system central to the model. She then reviews the impact of these models according to the available empirical evidence, and explores determinants of this impact, extracting lessons useful to the design of future reforms. The author concludes that the single most important factor in ensuring the success or failure of a reform is the way the accountability relationships are set to work within each of the models and provides some lessons on how to get these relationships to work effectively. She also provides three main general lessons for selecting "successful" models: (1) avoid complicated models; (2) increase school autonomy and the scope for "client power," maintaining a clear role for the other accountability relationships; and (3) place more emphasis on the "management" accountability relationship and the sustainability of the models. This paper - a product of the Human Development Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to assess the effectiveness of service delivery.
High-temperature coatings for protection against turbine deterioration

In this research, an investigation was conducted to study the fly ash particles associated with the erosion behavior of alloys and coatings that are widely used in gas and steam turbines. The erosion behavior of many alloys and protective coatings has been investigated experimentally at high temperatures using a specially designed wind erosion tunnel. The erosion results show the effect of velocity, temperature, and impact angle on the erosion rate.
Setting the right prices for the wrong reasons

We consider a model of nominal price adjustment with firm-specific and aggregate shocks to economic fundamentals and incomplete, dispersed information. Firms update their expectations about fundamentals based on their own cash flows (revenues and wages). We show that in a model with realistic levels of product-level price dispersion, the firms’ inference about aggregate shocks is very gradual, yet in the aggregate prices adjust rapidly in response to aggregate nominal shocks. When an aggregate shock occurs, firms mistakenly attribute it to firm-specific shocks, but adjust prices nevertheless, since the exact nature of the shock matters little for its optimal pricing decision.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis of shells of revolution by matrix displacement method

A formulation and computer program is developed for the geometrically nonlinear dynamic analysis of shells of revolution under symmetric and asymmetric loads. The nonlinear strain energy expression is evaluated using linear functions for all displacements. Five different procedures are examined for solving the equations of equilibrium, with Houbolt's method proving to be the most suitable. Solutions are presented for the symmetrical and asymmetrical buckling of shallow caps under step pressure loadings and a wide variety of other problems including some highly nonlinear ones.
High resolution miniature AMLCDs for projection and head-mounted systems

The development of advanced active matrix liquid crystal displays is described. The displays are formed from single crystal silicon, and have integrated on-board scanner circuitry for row and column addressing. The display diagonal is 5 cm, and pixel pitch as low as 12 /spl mu/m is under development. Operational 640 by 480 displays are described, and initial results with 1.250 by 1.024 displays are reported. >
Degrees of engagement in interactive workspaces

This paper presents a new perspective of the impact of collaboration technology on the degrees of engagement and specific interaction zones in interactive workspaces. The study is at the intersection of the design of physical work spaces, i.e., bricks, rich electronic content such as video, audio, sketching, CAD, i.e., bits, and new ways people behave in communicative events, i.e., interaction. The study presents: (1) an innovative multi-modal collaboration technology, called RECALL (patented by Stanford University), that supports the seamless, real-time capture of concept generation during project brainstorming and project review sessions, (2) the deployment of RECALL in an interactive workspace that supports real project review sessions, called FISHBOWL, and (3) the observations of the impact of RECALL and the interactive workspace on degrees of engagement and interaction zones as it is deployed in the specific FISHBOWL sessions.
Low Reynolds Number Turbulent Flows around a Dynamically Shaped Airfoil

Abstract A computational investigation for flows surrounding a dynamically shaped airfoil, at a chord Reynolds number of 78,800, is conducted along with a parallel experimental effort. A piezo-actuated flap on the upper surface of a fixed airfoil is adopted for active control. The actuation frequency focused on is 500 Hz. The computational framework consists of a multi-block, moving grid technique, the en-based laminar–turbulent transition model, the two-equation turbulence closure, and a pressure-based flow solver. The moving grid technique, which handles the geometric variations in time, employs the transfinite interpolation scheme with a spring network approach. Comparing the experimental and computational results for pressure and velocity fields, implications of the detailed flap geometry, the flapping amplitude, turbulence modeling, and grid distributions on the flow structure are assessed. The effect of the flap movement on the separation location and vortex dynamics is also investigated.
Calibrating Benefit Function Transfer to Assess the Conservation Reserve Program

Benefit transfer offers an inexpensive alternative to conducting an original study to determine economic value. Unfortunately, benefit transfers can also result in biased welfare estimates. In this paper, we suggest a method of calibrating the benefit transfer to reduce this bias. An empirical example to determine the benefits of the Conservation Reserve Program on water-based recreation illustrates the potentially large biases that can result if the transfer is not calibrated.
Boundary closures for fourth-order energy stable weighted essentially non-oscillatory finite-difference schemes

A general strategy was presented in 2009 by Yamaleev and Carpenter for constructing energy stable weighted essentially non-oscillatory (ESWENO) finite-difference schemes on periodic domains. ESWENO schemes up to eighth order were developed that are stable in the energy norm for systems of linear hyperbolic equations. Herein, boundary closures are developed for the fourth-order ESWENO scheme that maintain, wherever possible, the WENO stencil biasing properties and satisfy the summation-by-parts (SBP) operator convention, thereby ensuring stability in an L"2 norm. Second-order and third-order boundary closures are developed that are stable in diagonal and block norms, respectively, and achieve third- and fourth-order global accuracy for hyperbolic systems. A novel set of nonuniform flux interpolation points is necessary near the boundaries to simultaneously achieve (1) accuracy, (2) the SBP convention, and (3) WENO stencil biasing mechanics.
So near and yet so far: the mental representation of goal progress.

In the present article, we explore whether people’s mental representation of progress level can function as a self-regulation mechanism that helps motivate continued effort in the pursuit. We propose that when individuals have just started pursuing a goal and have accumulated only limited progress, they exaggerate the achieved progress level in their mental representation to signal a higher chance of eventual goal attainment and thus elicit greater effort. In contrast, when people have made substantial progress and are approaching the goal attainment, they downplay the achieved progress in their mental representation to create greater perceived discrepancy, hence eliciting greater effort. Empirical evidence from 4 studies supported the hypothesis.
An Extension of the Hajnal–Szemerédi Theorem to Directed Graphs

Hajnal and Szemeredi proved that every graph G with |G| = ks and δ(G)⩾ k(s − 1) contains k disjoint s-cliques; moreover this degree bound is optimal. We extend their theorem to directed graphs by showing that every directed graph with | | = ks and δ( ) ⩾ 2k(s − 1) − 1 contains k disjoint transitive tournaments on s vertices, where δ( )= min v∈V ( )d −(v)+d +(v). Our result implies the Hajnal–Szemeredi theorem, and its degree bound is optimal. We also make some conjectures regarding even more general results for multigraphs and partitioning into other tournaments. One of these conjectures is supported by an asymptotic result.
Random Geometric Graph Diameter in the Unit Ball

The unit ball random geometric graph $G=G^d_p(\lambda,n)$ has as its vertices n points distributed independently and uniformly in the unit ball in ${\Bbb R}^d$, with two vertices adjacent if and only if their lp-distance is at most λ. Like its cousin the Erdos-Renyi random graph, G has a connectivity threshold: an asymptotic value for λ in terms of n, above which G is connected and below which G is disconnected. In the connected zone we determine upper and lower bounds for the graph diameter of G. Specifically, almost always, ${\rm diam}_p({\bf B})(1-o(1))/\lambda\leq {\rm diam}(G) \leq {\rm diam}_p({\bf B})(1+O((\ln \ln n/{\rm ln}\,n)^{1/d}))/\lambda$, where ${\rm diam}_p({\bf B})$ is the lp-diameter of the unit ball B. We employ a combination of methods from probabilistic combinatorics and stochastic geometry.
STATUS OF THE DOE/SANDIA BLADE MANUFACTURING PROGRAM

A DOE/Sandia project termed the Blade Manufacturing Program was established at Sandia to develop means of advancing manufacturing processes in ways that lower costs and improve the reliability of turbine blades. Through industry contracts, manufacturers are improving processes such as resin infusion, resin transfer molding, and thermoplastic casting. Testing and modeling research at universities and national labs are adding to the knowledge of how composite materials perform in substructures and sub-scale blades as a function of their fabrication process.
Influence of Pedaling Rate on Muscle Mechanical Energy in Low Power Recumbent Pedaling Using Forward Dynamic Simulations

An understanding of the muscle power contributions to the crank and limb segments in recumbent pedaling would be useful in the development of rehabilitative pedaling exercises. The objectives of this work were to 1) quantify the power contributions of the muscles to driving the crank and limb segments using a forward dynamic simulation of low-power pedaling in the recumbent position, and 2) determine whether there were differences in the muscle power contributions at three different pedaling rates. A forward dynamic model was used to determine the individual muscle excitation amplitude and timing to drive simulations that best replicated experimental kinematics and kinetics of recumbent pedaling. The segment kinematics, pedal reaction forces, and electromyograms (EMG) of 10 muscles of the right leg were recorded from 16 subjects as they pedaled a recumbent ergometer at 40, 50, and 60 rpm and a constant 50 W workrate. Intersegmental joint moments were computed using inverse dynamics and the muscle excitation onset and offset timing were determined from the EMG data. All quantities were averaged across ten cycles for each subject and averaged across subjects. The model-generated kinematic and kinetic quantities tracked almost always within 1 standard deviation (SD) of the experimental data for all three pedaling rates. The uniarticular hip and knee extensors generated 65% of the total mechanical work in recumbent pedaling. The triceps surae muscles transferred power from the limb segments to the crank and the bi-articular muscles that crossed the hip and knee delivered power to the crank during the leg transitions between flexion and extension. The functions of the individual muscles did not change with pedaling rate, but the mechanical energy generated by the knee extensors and hip flexors decreased as pedaling rate increased. By varying the pedaling rate, it is possible to manipulate the individual muscle power contributions to the crank and limb segments in recumbent pedaling and thereby design rehabilitative pedaling exercises to meet specific objectives.
Marangoni effects on the motion of an expanding or contracting bubble pinned at a submerged tube tip

This work studies the motion of an expanding or contracting bubble pinned at a submerged tube tip and covered with an insoluble Volmer surfactant. The motion is driven by constant flow rate Q into or out of the tube tip. The purpose is to examine two central assumptions commonly made in the bubble and drop methods for measuring dynamic surface tension, those of uniform surfactant concentration and of purely radial flow. Asymptotic solutions are obtained in the limit of the capillary number Ca →0 with the Reynolds number Re = o ( Ca −1 , non-zero Gibbs elasticity ( G ), and arbitrary Bond number ( Bo ). ( Ca =μ Q / a 2 σ c , where μ is the liquid viscosity, a is the tube radius, and σ c is the clean surface tension.) This limit is relevant to dynamic-tension experiments, and gives M →∞, where M = G / Ca is the Marangoni number. We find that in this limit the deforming bubble at each instant in time takes the static shape. The surfactant distribution is uniform, but its value varies with time as the bubble area changes. To maintain a uniform distribution at all times, a tangential flow is induced, the magnitude of which is more than twice that in the clean case. This is in contrast to the surface-immobilizing effect of surfactant on an isolated translating bubble. These conclusions are confirmed by a boundary integral solution of Stokes flow valid for arbitrary Ca , G and Bo . The uniformity in surfactant distribution validates the first assumption in the bubble and drop methods, but the enhanced tangential flow contradicts the second.
Deleterious Variants of FIG4, a Phosphoinositide Phosphatase, in Patients with ALS

Mutations of the lipid phosphatase FIG4 that regulates PI(3,5)P2 are responsible for the recessive peripheral-nerve disorder CMT4J. We now describe nonsynonymous variants of FIG4 in 2% (9/473) of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). Heterozygosity for a deleterious allele of FIG4 appears to be a risk factor for ALS and PLS, extending the list of known ALS genes and increasing the clinical spectrum of FIG4-related diseases.
Fructose-derived ionic liquids: recyclable homogeneous supports

Abstract A new homogeneous support has been developed that is based on a fructose-derived ionic liquid. It has been applied to the preparation of a series of supported Diels–Alder adducts. The cleavage of these adducts from the ionic liquid has resulted in some interesting observations regarding the base stability of imidazolium cations. Using a transesterification cleavage, the ionic support can be recovered and recycled.
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF SHEARED FLOW EFFECTS ON THE RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ACOUSTIC SOURCES IN A CIRCULAR DUCT

The recent interest in propeller noise generation, stimulated by development of new propeller types for commerical propjets, has generated a need for the ability of measure the noise characteristics of propellers. However, wind tunnel noise measurements are affected by reflections from the wind tunnel walls. Computer codes predicting the free-field noise of a propeller and its noise field in a circular wind tunnel allow validating the use of wind tunnel measurements to predict free-field noise characteristics. A wind tunnel contains flow which is uniform in the duct axial direction, but can vary in the radial direction. It can be shown that a third-order differential equation governs the acoustic pressure field for such a duct containing radially sheared subsonic flow. This third-order problem is then posed as a coupled pair of equations which are second-order in terms of acoustic density and first-order in terms of an artificial variable which represents the effects of the flow being sheared. It is shown that this form of the problem allows a natural extension of the existing numerical solution techniques for non-sheared flow. The sheared flow problem is presented, and a finite element method is developed to yield a solution for propeller-type acoustic forces. The finite element code and method are refined with numerical experiments, and results are presented for a specific propeller and duct geometry. Good agreement is shown between this method and an alternate approach to the sheared flow problem using a piecewise constant representation of the velocity in the boundary layer. This validates both the numerical methods.
On the structure of pressure fluctuations in simulated turbulent channel flow

Pressure fluctuations in a turbulent channel flow are investigated by analyzing a database obtained from a direct numerical simulation. Detailed statistics associated with the pressure fluctuations are presented. Characteristics associated with the rapid (linear) and slow (nonlinear) pressure are discussed. It is found that the slow pressure fluctuations are larger than the rapid pressure fluctuations throughout the channel except very near the wall, where they are about the same magnitude. This is contrary to the common belief that the nonlinear source terms are negligible compared to the linear source terms. Probability density distributions, power spectra, and two-point correlations are examined to reveal the characteristics of the pressure fluctuations. The global dependence of the pressure fluctuations and pressure-strain correlations are also examined by evaluating the integral associated with Green's function representations of them. In the wall region where the pressure-strain terms are large, most contributions to the pressure-strain terms are from the wall region (i.e., local), whereas away from the wall where the pressure-strain terms are small, contributions are global. Structures of instantaneous pressure and pressure gradients at the wall and the corresponding vorticity field are examined.
The Lifting Model for Reconfiguration

Given a pair of start and target configurations, each consisting of n pairwise disjoint disks in the plane, what is the minimum number of moves that suffice for transforming the start configuration into the target configuration? In one move a disk is lifted from the plane and placed back in the plane at another location, without intersecting any other disk. We discuss efficient algorithms for this task and estimate their number of moves under different assumptions on disk radii. We then extend our results for arbitrary disks to systems of pseudodisks, in particular to sets of homothetic copies of a convex object.
Disability and social safety nets in developing countries

This paper deals with how social safety nets may reach the poor with disabilities in developing countries. It presents a framework for analyzing the inclusion of disability in social safety nets. The paper first reviews evidence on the relation between disability and poverty, and, discusses the roles that safety nets may play with regard to disability. Safety nets can reach persons with disabilities through inclusive mainstream programs, as well as disability targeted programs. The advantages and challenges of disability targeting are then discussed. The paper proceeds to analyze different ways that can be used to include disability considerations in the implementation of mainstream safety nets, through the reduction of physical, communication, and social barriers surrounding such programs, and through the careful design and evaluation of safety nets. The use of disability targeting versus, or in combination with disability mainstreaming is then discussed.
Spin Precession in Oblique Magnetic Fields

The authors have measured spin precession from devices with 350 micron-thick undoped silicon transport layers in an oblique magnetic field synthesized by a static magnetic field Bpar and a varied magnetic field Bperp. Experimental results of spin precession, measured by changing the fixed in-plane magnetic field magnitude at zero device misalignment are also presented. Repeating this study at a fixed device misalignment angle of 30 degrees is also shown as is holding the fixed field constant at different misalignment angles is shown . The authors modeled the device spin detector current using a drift-diffusion model which in linear response is proportional to the projection of final spin direction (after transport) on the measurement axis determined by detector magnetization. Under the influence of an oblique magnetic field, spin is induced to precess around the magnetic field, which produces asymmetric Hanle curves (due to broken symmetry of spin direction or spin precession chirality, or both) that are different from those measured in single-axis magnetic fields. The simulated spin precession measurements are presented and compared favorably to the experimental data . In conclusion, the Hanle spin precession signal is suppressed when a fixed in-plane magnetic field is used in conjunction with a varied magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the spin-transport device, and the signal becomes asymmetric when the device is misaligned with respect to magnetic fields.
CATALOG OF 93 NOVA LIGHT CURVES: CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES

We present a catalog of 93 very-well-observed nova light curves. The light curves were constructed from 229,796 individual measured magnitudes, with the median coverage extending to 8.0 mag below peak and 26% of the light curves following the eruption all the way to quiescence. Our time-binned lightcurves are presented in figures and as complete tabulations. We also calculate and tabulate many properties about the light curves, including peak magnitudes and dates, times to decline by 2, 3, 6, and 9 magnitudes from maximum, the time until the brightness returns to quiescence, the quiescent magnitude, power law indices of the decline rates throughout the eruption, the break times in this decline, plus many more properties specific to each nova class. We present a classification system for nova light curves based on the shape and the time to decline by 3 magnitudes from peak (t3). The designations are S for smooth light curves (38% of the novae), P for plateaus (21%), D for dust dips (18%), C for cusp-shaped secondary maxima (1%), O for quasi-sinusoidal oscillations superposed on an otherwise smooth decline (4%), F for flat-topped light curves (2%), and J for jitters or flares superposed on the decline (16%). Our classification consists of this single letter followed by the t3 value in parentheses; so for example V1500 Cyg is S(4), GK Per is O(13), DQ Her is D(100), and U Sco is P(3).
DS/LPI autocorrelation detection in noise plus random-tone interference

An analysis is presented of a frequency-noncoherent, two-lag autocorrelation statistic for the wideband detection of random binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signals in noise plus random multitone interference. It is shown that this detector is quite robust to the presence or absence of interference and its specific parameter values contrary to an energy detector. The rule assumes knowledge of the data rate and the active scenario under H/sub 0/. The purpose of the paper is to promote the real-time autocorrelation domain and its samples (lags) as a viable approach for detecting random signals in dense environments. >
A New Energy-Efficient On-Demand Routing Protocol for Green Wireless Mesh Networks

In order to solve the green energy saving problem with the wireless routing technology, a new energy-efficient survivable routing protocol, called Energy-efficient Survivable AODV (ES-AODV) for unicast demand in green Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs), is proposed in this paper. The routing protocol uses the hop penalty strategy and flooding delaying strategy to improve the performances of traditional AODV routing protocol. This paper uses QualNet to simulate and verify the performances of proposed ES-AODV. The simulation results show that, compared with the traditional AODV, the energy utilization of ES-AODV is more efficient than AODV by 13%. At the same time, ES-AODV is more load-balancing to reduce the number of energy depletion nodes and postpone the appearance of the first energy depletion node, and thus it effectively improves the network survivability.
VALUATION AND CONDEMNATION PROBLEMS INVOLVING TRADE FIXTURES

THE COMMON LAW TEST FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FIXTURES; INTENT, ADAPTABILITY, AND ANNEXATION; ATTEMPTED TO RESOLVE CONFLICTING STATUS CLAIMS IN DISPUTED ITEMS OF PROPERTY. THE SAME TESTS WERE APPLIED IN CONDEMNATION PROCEEDINGS, WHERE THE ISSUE IS NOT WHICH PARTY SHOULD PREVAIL, BUT WHICH PARTY SHOULD BEAR THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES ARISING BECAUSE OF THE CONDEMNATION. A TEST IS PRESENTED FOR COMPENSABILITY OF TRADE FIXTURES THAT IS DEPENDENT NOT SOLELY ON WHETHER SUCH FIXTURES WERE INTENDED TO BECOME PART OF THE REALTY AND WERE AFFIXED AND ADAPTED THERETO, BUT WHETHER SUCH FIXTURES WERE CONDEMNED BECAUSE MODERN APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES WOULD INDICATE IT TO BE A DENIAL OF JUST COMPENSATION TO HOLD OTHERWISE. THIS TEST OF COMPENSABILITY CAN BE APPLIED TO OWNER'S FIXTURES AS WELL AS TENANT'S FIXTURES. ALL APPELLATE TRADE FIXTURE CASES AS WELL AS PERTINENT LEGAL AND APPRAISAL ARTICLES IN MANUSCRIPTS WERE REVIEWED. THE MODERN FIXTURE APPRAISAL DETERMINES THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES ARISING BECAUSE OF A CONDEMNATION TO MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND FIXTURES. THE APPRAISER CAN DETERMINE WHETHER THE FIXTURES CAN PHYSICALLY BE REMOVED FROM THE CONDEMNED PREMISES, AND, IF SO, WHETHER SUCH REMOVAL WOULD CAUSE THEM TO LOSE SUBSTANTIALLY ALL THEIR VALUE. THE TEST WHETHER AN OWNER'S FIXTURES HAVE BENN CONDEMNED AS PART OF THE REAL ESTATE SHOULD BE WHETHER THE FIXTURES WILL LOSE SUBSTANTIALLY ALL OF THEIR VALUE ON REMOVAL FROM THE CONDEMNED PREMISES. IF THEY WILL, THE OWNER IS ENTITLED TO BE PAYED THEIR IN-PLACE VALUE OR THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE IN-PLACE VALUE OF THE FIXTURES HAS ENHANCED THE VALUE OF THE CONDEMNED REAL ESTATE. THE TEST WHETHER A TENANT'S FIXTURES HAVE BEEN CONDEMNED SHOULD ALSO BE WHETHER THE FIXTURES WILL LOSE SUBSTANTIALLY ALL OF THE IN-PLACE VALUE OF REMOVAL FROM THE CONDEMNED PREMISES. IF THEY WILL, THE TENANT IS ENTITLED TO BE PAYED THEIR IN-PLACE VALUE.
Does Foreign Direct Investment Improve the Productivity of Domestic Firms? Technology Spillovers, Industry Linkages, and Firm Capabilities

Abstract This paper explores how industrial linkages, firm capabilities, and the geographic location of domestic firms affect the diffusion of technology brought by foreign direct investment. I hypothesize that local firms are more likely to improve efficiency when they receive better product inputs from foreign suppliers and technology support by foreign customers, and such transfer of knowledge is more effective when the recipient has high absorptive capacity and is located near the source of knowledge. Empirical test using China’s manufacturing firms finds positive productivity spillovers between foreign suppliers and their domestic customers. However, there is no positive spillovers from foreign-owned customers or competitors. Domestic firms’ in-house R&D capital facilitates learning from foreign firms. Local firms learn from both joint ventures and wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries and the effects are larger from wholly-owned subsidiaries.
Self-sustained gigahertz electronic oscillations in ultrahigh-Q photonic microresonators

We report on theoretical and experimental observations of self-sustained fast [gigahertz (GHz)] electronic oscillations resulting from coupled electron-photon dynamics in ultrahigh-$Q$ Si microdisk resonators with cw pumping. Our theoretical analysis identifies conditions for generating steady-state GHz oscillations while suppressing thermal oscillations [megahertz (MHz)] with submilliwatt input laser power. Such fast oscillations are tunable via changing the free-carrier (FC) lifetime of the resonator. Integrating a $p$-$i$-$n$ diode with these high-$Q$ resonators for controlling the FC lifetime promises the realization of an integrated voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) in a silicon photonics chip.
Deformable spanners and applications

For a set S of points in Rd, an s-spanner is a subgraph of the complete graph with node set S such that any pair of points is connected via some path in the spanner whose total length is at most s times the Euclidean distance between the points. In this paper we propose a new sparse (1 + e)-spanner with O(n/ed) edges, where e is a specified parameter. The key property of this spanner is that it can be efficiently maintained under dynamic insertion or deletion of points, as well as under continuous motion of the points in both the kinetic data structures setting and in the more realistic blackbox displacement model we introduce. Our deformable spanner succinctly encodes all proximity information in a deforming point cloud, giving us efficient kinetic algorithms for problems such as the closest pair, the near neighbors of all points, approximate nearest neighbor search (aka approximate Voronoi diagram), well-separated pair decompositions, and approximate k-centers.
An Ontology-based Approach to Machine Learning and Distributed Knowledge Management

This paper proposes a novel approach to knowledge discovery and network adaptation through a high-level ontological and context-based architecture that facilitates information customization and knowledge organization through a longitudinal study of user/network behaviors. The proposed model aims at managing distributed knowledge items through stand-alone computational layers that use ontology to describe and represent knowledge as well as context to adapt knowledge to its hosting environment.
When Is a Network Epidemic Hard to Eliminate

We consider the propagation of a contagion process (“epidemic”) on a network and study the problem of dynamically allocating a fixed curing budget to the nodes of the graph, at each time instant. For bounded degree graphs, we provide a lower bound on the expected time to extinction under any such dynamic allocation policy, in terms of a combinatorial quantity that we call the resistance of the set of initially infected nodes, the available budget, and the number of nodes n. Specifically, we consider the case of bounded degree graphs, with the resistance growing linearly in n. We show that if the curing budget is less than a certain multiple of the resistance, then the expected time to extinction grows exponentially with n. As a corollary, if all nodes are initially infected and the CutWidth of the graph grows linearly, while the curing budget is less than a certain multiple of the CutWidth, then the expected time to extinction grows exponentially in n. The combination of the latter with our prior work est...
Design and Real-Time Implementation of Optimal Power System Wide-Area System-Centric Controller Based on Temporal Difference Learning

In this paper, a novel framework for designing and implementing a coordinated wide-area controller architecture for improved power system dynamic stability is presented and tested. The algorithm is an optimal wide-area system-centric controller and observer based on a hybrid reinforcement learning and temporal difference framework. It allows the system to deal with major concerns of wide-area monitoring problem: delays in signal transmission, the uncertainty of the communication network, and data traffic. The main advantage of this design is its ability to learn from the past using eligibility traces and predict the optimal trajectory of cost function through temporal difference method. The control algorithm is evolved from adaptive critic design (ACD) and performed online at a finite horizon through backward and forward view. The ACD controller's training and testing are implemented on the Innovative Integration Picolo card integrated to TMS320C28335 processor. Results on a real experimental test bed using a real power system feeder shows that this architecture provides better stability compared with conventional schemes.
Recent progress towards a physics-based understanding of the H-mode transition

Results from recent experiment and numerical simulation point towards a picture of the L-H transition in which edge shear flows interacting with edge turbulence create the conditions needed to produce a non-zero turbulent Reynolds stress at and just inside the LCFS during L-mode discharges. This stress acts to reinforce the shear flow at this location and the flow drive gets stronger as heating is increased. The L-H transition ensues when the rate of work done by this stress is strong enough to drive the shear flow to large values, which then grows at the expense of the turbulence intensity. The drop in turbulence intensity momentarily reduces the heat flux across the magnetic flux surface, which then allows the edge plasma pressure gradient to build. A sufficiently strong ion pressure gradient then locks in the H-mode state. These results are in general agreement with previously published reduced 0D and 1D predator prey models. An extended predator–prey model including separate ion and electron heat channels yields a non-monotonic power threshold dependence on plasma density provided that the fraction of heat deposited on the ions increases with plasma density. Possible mechanisms to explain other macroscopic transition threshold criteria are identified. A number of open questions and unexplained observations are identified, and must be addressed and resolved in order to build a physics-based model that can yield predictions of the macroscopic conditions needed for accessing H-mode.
A discontinuous Galerkin method on kinetic flocking models

We study kinetic representations of flocking models. They arise from agent-based models for self-organized dynamics, such as Cucker–Smale [Emergent behaviors in flocks, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control. 52 (2007) 852–862] and Motsch–Tadmor [A new model for self-organized dynamics and its flocking behavior, J. Statist. Phys. 144 (2011) 923–947] models. We first establish a well-posedness theory and large-time flocking behavior for the kinetic systems, which indicates a concentration in velocity variable in infinite time. We then apply a discontinuous Galerkin method to treat the asymptotic δ-singu-larity, and construct high-order positive-preserving schemes to solve kinetic flocking systems.
Late effects of treatment of cancer in children.

Major advances in the treatment of childhood malignancies have led to dramatic improvement in survival. As these children are surviving longer, the incidence of long-term sequelae of antineoplastic therapy has increased. Often, it is not possible to determine what specific chemotherapeutic agent or treatment modality was responsible for the complication. This article discusses the side effects of cancer therapy by organ systems and in relationship to teratogenesis.
Good Policy or Good Firms? International Competition and Aggregate Growth in a Granular World

This paper theoretically and quantitatively evaluates the hypothesis that, due to the existence of large firms (granularity), idiosyncratic shocks to individual firms can lead to significant variation in the growth of countries. I embed granularity, through finiteness in the set of firms, in a general equilibrium environment featuring monopolistic competition, growth, and international trade. Firm productivities grow according to idiosyncratic productivity shocks, which obey a Gibrat's law proportional growth process, and are the only source of growth in the model. I derive an approximate analytic mapping for the standard deviation of GDP growth in this framework, which is non-zero due to granularity. This mapping depends on only a few key parameters, which I estimate for a wide-range of countries using firm-level micro data. My results indicate that idiosyncratic shocks to firms can play a significant role in generating both short-run macroeconomic fluctuations and variation in longer-run growth trends, particularly for countries that engage heavily in international trade. Empirically, I show that the model does well in matching relative differences in GDP volatility across OECD countries.