cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Low-Pressure Turbine Separation Using Vortex-Generator Jets

The application of vortex-generator jets to control separation on the suction surface of a low-pressure turbine blade is reported. Blade Reynolds numbers in the experimental, linear turbine cascade match those for high-altitude operation of many aircraft gas-turbine engines, as well as the last stages of industrial ground-based gas turbines. Results are presented for steady blowing at jet blowing ratios from zero to four and at several chordwise positions and two freestream turbulence levels. Findings show that above a minimum blowing ratio, which is dependant on the injection location, the pressure loss in the modified blade's wake is reduced by a factor of between two and three. Boundary-layer traverses show that separation is almost completely eliminated with the application of blowing. No significant deleterious effects of vortex-generator jets are observed at higher (nonseparating) Reynolds numbers. The addition of 4% freestream turbulence to the cascade freestream lowers the separation Reynolds number of the turbine blade studied, but does not eliminate the effectiveness of the control technique. The vortex-generator jet control strategy is demonstrated to be a viable technique for low-pressure turbine separation control.
Electrophysiological signs of the readout from memory. I. Raw data observations.

A series of studies of the electrophysiological activity recorded from chronic intracerebral electrodes in trained cats responding to familiar and novel stimuli in a familiar environment has led us to the conclusion that certain features of the electrophysiological response reflect the release or reconstruction of representations of previous relevant experience which have been stored in memory. While our conclusions have relied heavily upon a large variety of control experiments and analysis of data by high speed computer which are the subject of the companion to this paper, our methods are based upon the precise classification of single evoked potentials. In view of the unfamiliar nature of the phenomenology of readout processes and the novelty of some of the analytical techniques presented in the companion paper, it becomes important to acquire familiarity with the raw, unprocessed data in order to understand the context from which the computer results are obtained and to be able to relate those results back to original observations. In this paper a survey is presented of representative kinds of electrophysiological observations (raw data) obtained in situations where two different responses were performed to the same cue stimulus. These data reveal the striking regularity displayed in certain details of the electrophysiological response, including characteristic nonstationarities, nuances of late component structure, and the reproducibility of the delicate fine structure of the evoked potential. At the same time, these data illustrate the necessity of devising methods to deal with such data in a quantitative manner without hopelessly obscuring those details.
Theory of the determination of the greatest principal stress in a biaxial stress field using photoelastic hollow cylinder inclusions

Abstract This paper compares the theoretical distribution of stress in a photoelastic biaxial gage with the results of experiment on photoelastic inclusions. The sensitivity factor of such inclusions, when they are applied as a means of stress determination in biaxial stress fields, varies, within known limits, with the major/minor principal stress ratio. When the device is to be applied as a practical tool in field investigations it is an advantage to use ‘standard sensitivity factors’ which can apply to all biaxial stress fields within an acceptable limit of error. It is shown that, on theoretical grounds, on a 1-in. long meter a standard sensitivity factor of 500 psi/fringe is acceptable when comparative rather than absolute accuracy is desired, on materials of from 10,000 to 20,000 psi compressive strength. However, for host materials such as plastics and rocks with a uniaxial compressive strength less than 10,000 psi, a lower sensitivity factor of 450 psi/fringe would be more appropriate, and for high strength concretes and rocks with compressive strength of 20,000 psi or more, a sensitivity factor of 550 psi/fringe should be applied to a 1-in. long meter.
A Redivided Land? New Agrarian Conflicts and Questions in Zimbabwe

The recent land invasions in Zimbabwe represent a profound and contradictory revolution in that country's agrarian social order, with implications that have already spilled over the borders of this small southern African country. A settler colonial heritage that tenaciously mapped land and tenure forms into unequal zones according to race is giving way to a more complex and spatially diversi ?ed con?guration of agrarian property forms and production strategies. Control over access to the means of violence has been devolved to ruling party loyalists, war veterans, army personnel, provincial administrators and local councillors, thus shifting the forms and functions of power exercised in the name of the state and the nation. ‘Resettlement’, ‘squatting:rsquo; and ‘farm invasions’ constitute morally charged alternatives in the lexicon of movement across tenurial boundaries. Contested rights to land and to movement are mediated through discourses of national and sub-national belonging and exclusion, with commercial farm workers – deemed foreigners – the chief victims. The dramatic challenge that the invasions pose to private property, and to the rule of law more generally, suggest the possible collapse of large-scale capitalist farming and the withdrawal of aid and foreign investment. Yet, at the same time, new forms of capitalist investment in transnational safari hunting and eco-tourism continue to nibble away at the land base of the most peripheral of the old African reserves, facilitated by the romantic idealism of international conservation NGOs, and the aggressive disciplinary impulses of Rural District Councils. The same shifts in patterns of elite global consumption have led conservative white ranchers to take down fences in favour of wildlife conservancies organized around a coextensive commonage. These profound, if contradictory, transformations in Zimbabwe's agrarian social order are illuminated by a new generation of ethnographically grounded scholarship, the range of which is represented in the contributions to this special issue of the Journal of Agrarian Change.
Simulation-based shop floor control: formal model, model generation and control interface

In this paper, a structure and architecture for the rapid realization of a simulation-based real-time shop floor control system for a discrete part manufacturing system is presented. The research focuses on automatic simulation model and execution system generation from a production resource model. An Automatic Execution Model Generator (AEMG) has been designed and implemented for generating a Message-based Part State Graph (MPSG)-based shop level execution model. An Automatic Simulation Model Generator (ASMG) has been designed and implemented for generating an Arena simulation model based on a resource model (MS Access 97) and an MPSG-based shop level execution model. A commercial finite capacity scheduler, Tempo, has been used to provide schedule information for the Arena simulation model. This research has been implemented and tested for six manufacturing systems, including The Pennsylvania State University CIM laboratory.
Excitotoxic lesions of the gustatory thalamus eliminate consummatory but not instrumental successive negative contrast in rats.

Abstract Lesions of the gustatory thalamus (GT) prevent the occurrence of between-session contrast effects (i.e., anticipatory negative contrast and consummatory successive negative contrast [cSNC]) involving liquid rewards. These deficits are attributed to a disruption of the reward comparison mechanism that computes the value of the current reward relative to the expected reward. Instrumental successive negative contrast (iSNC), which occurs following a surprising reduction in the magnitude of a solid food reward, is also keyed off the detection of a disparity between the value of the expected and actual rewards. The present study examined whether neurotoxic lesions of the GT prevent the occurrence of iSNC just as they abolish cSNC. In Experiment 1, both GT-lesioned and neurologically intact rats trained with 10 food pellets and shifted to one food pellet showed a significant iSNC effect. In Experiment 2, the same GT-lesioned rats failed to show cSNC when shifted from 1.0 M sucrose to 0.15% sodium saccharin. The obtained pattern of results suggests that separate reward comparison mechanisms with different neural substrates underlie expression of cSNC and iSNC.
Impact of attachment styles on dream recall and dream content: a test of the attachment hypothesis of REM sleep

We tested the hypothesis (McNamara 1996; Zborowski and McNamara 1998) that dream recall and dream content would pattern with interpersonal attachment styles. In study I, college student volunteers were assessed on measures of attachment, dream recall, dream content and other psychologic measures. Results showed that participants who were classified as 'high' on an 'insecure attachment' scale were significantly more likely to (a) report a dream, (b) dream 'frequently', and (c) evidence more intense images that contextualize strong emotions in their dreams as compared with participants who scored low on the insecure attachment scale. In study II, 76 community dwelling elderly volunteers completed measures of attachment, and dream recall. Participants whose attachment style was classified as 'preoccupied' were significantly more likely to report a dream and to report dreams with higher mean number of words per dream as compared with participants classified as 'securely' attached or as 'avoidant' or as 'dismissing.' Dream recall was lowest for the avoidant subjects and highest for the preoccupied subjects. These data support the view that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and/or dreaming function, in part, to promote attachment.
Ultrastructura observations on ovarian perifollicular smooth muscle in the cat, guinea pig, and rabbit

The theca externa of large vesicular ovarian follicles of cats, rabbits and guinea pigs was studied with the electron microscope. Fibroblasts and smooth muscle were observed in all species. In the guinea pig, a third cell type, with characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle, was present. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerves were observed in the theca externa of cats and guinea pigs. Unmyelinated nerves often contained vesicles and mitochondria and were separated from cellular elements by a space of about 2000 A. It is suggested that coordinated muscular contractions in the theca externa offer the most reasonable explanation for the extrusion of the ovum. This muscle is probably, at least partially, under local neural control.
Model for the non-thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in a reduced oxygen environment

The effect and interactions of temperature (4–42°C), lactic acid concentration (0–2%) (pH 3·3–7·3), sodium chloride content (0·5–19·0%), and sodium nitrite concentration (0–200 g ml−1) on the survival of a three strain mixture of Listeria monocytogenes in an oxygen-limited environment was studied using sealed, nitrogen-flushed flasks containing brain heart infusion broth. A total of 206 inactivation curves were generated, representing 157 different combinations of the four variables. The inactivation curves were fitted to both a linear and a non-linear primary model which were used to calculate the time to achieve a 4-D (99·99%) inactivation (t4D). Natural logarithmic transformed t4D values were subsequently used to generate secondary models of the four independent variables using response surface analysis. Qualitatively, t4D was inversely related to lactic acid concentration, temperature, and sodium chloride concentration, with the effect of sodium nitrite being pH dependent. Quantitatively, the impact of the four variables was similar to that observed previously for aerobic conditions (Buchanan et al. 1994). While sodium nitrite clearly accelerated the inactivation of L. monocytogenes in an acidic environment, comparison of the anaerobic model with an earlier aerobic model indicated that restricting oxygen levels did not enhance the activity of the curing agent. Once validated, the models should provide a rapid means for estimating the survival of L. monocytogenes in acidified foods.
Three chiral vinyldioxazaborocanes.

The structures of three chiral vinyldioxaza­borocanes are reported, namely (2E)- and (2Z)-6-benzyl-2-buten-2-yl-1,3,6,2-dioxaza­borocane, C27H30BNO2, (II) and (III), respectively, and (2Z)-2-buten-2-yl-6-isobutyl-1,3,6,2-dioxaza­boro­cane, C24H32BNO2, (IV). These compounds may be useful in asymmetric reactions. In the structures reported here, the N—B donor–acceptor bond is longer than in any previously reported analogous compounds.
Applications of holographic gratings in x-ray mask metrology

X-ray lithography is a proximity printing process. After a resist-coated wafer is positioned 10-40 m behind the x-ray mask, the mask and wafer are aligned and secured for the 'x-ray exposure. Securing the mask may create distortions in the membrane. The lx nature of proximity printing demands that these distortions be tightly controlled. At O.25,tm critical dimension, the distortion budget allocated to the mask is 25 nm. This corresponds to 0.7 ppm over a field of 1" . It is thus necessary to develop a metrology tool capable of accurately and rapidly measuring distortions induced in the mask. Interferometry, because of its non-contact nature and high sensitivity, is ideally suited to the task. The construction of an x-ray mask begins with the deposition of a 1-2 m film onto a silicon wafer substrate.' After carrier deposition, the mask wafer is bonded to a glass or silicon mounting ring. The mounting ring gives the mask rigidity and provides a mechanism for mounting the mask during x-ray exposure. Mask distortions may occur in the bonding process due to non-fiat wafers or bonding ring irregularities. The central region of mask blank wafer is then back-etched with KOH to create an x-ray transparent membrane. The redistribution of stress in the carrier during the membrane construction is a second source of distortion in the mask-making process. The mask blank is subsequently patterned and metallized. Localized stresses occurring at the absorber-membrane boundaries can lead to additional mask distortions. Several interferometric techniques can be employed to characterize the sources of the above-mentioned x-ray mask distortions. Out-of-plane distortions (OPD) of x-ray masks have been measured with the Michelson interferometer. In-plane distortions (IPD) in the mask have been characterized using Moire interferometry. In Moire, diffraction gratings printed on the mask pre-exposure are examined post-exposure in a virtual grating. Both OPD and IPD have been observed in-situ using shear interferometry.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
BCL6 Controls the Expression of the B7-1/CD80 Costimulatory Receptor in Germinal Center B Cells

The BCL6 proto-oncogene encodes a transcriptional repressor required for the development of germinal centers (GCs) and implicated in the pathogenesis of GC-derived B cell lymphoma. Understanding the precise role of BCL6 in normal GC formation and in lymphomagenesis depends on the identification of genes that are direct targets of its transcriptional repression. Here we report that BCL6 directly controls the expression of B7–1/CD80, a costimulatory receptor involved in B–T cell interactions critical for the development of T cell–mediated antibody responses. Upon CD40 signaling, transcription of the CD80 gene is induced by the nuclear factor (NF)-κB transcription factor. Our results show that BCL6 prevents CD40-induced expression of CD80 by binding its promoter region in vivo and suppressing its transcriptional activation by NF-κB. Consistent with a physiologic role for BCL6 in suppressing CD80, the expression of these two genes is mutually exclusive in B cells, and BCL6-defective mice show increased expression of CD80 in B cells. The results suggest that BCL6 may directly control the ability of B cell to interact with T cells during normal GC development. In addition, these findings imply that T–B cell interactions may be disrupted in B cell lymphoma expressing deregulated BCL6 genes.
Social Status and Negative Tie Formation

Despite the importance of both positive and negative ties in the foundational social network theories, the role of negative ties in network dynamics remains under-examined in modern social network scholarship. Labianca and Brass's (2006) article was one of the landmark efforts to build theory about the dynamics of negative ties in social network processes. Labianca and Brass highlight social status as a factor likely to be important in the formation of negative ties. Specifically, they propose that social status affects the likelihood of receiving a negative tie - higher status individuals are less likely to receive negative ties, and lower status individuals are more likely. Other related network theories offer differing perspectives regarding the role of social status in negative tie formation. Building from these theories, we develop a set of competing hypotheses about the role of status in the formation of negative ties. Using an original dataset, we test these competing hypotheses. In support of Labi...
Calculating the Net Return for Broiler Production

Abstract A procedure for calculating the net return on a daily basis from 35 to 55 days of age has been developed for broiler production and marketing. Parameters included in the net return are fixed costs, market price, variable processing costs, costs for up to three feeds, effects of temperature on growth rate and feed conversion, grower payment, and variable processing yield. A computer program for rapidly performing the calculations is described.
Reactor antineutrino spectra and their application to antineutrino-induced reactions. II

The antineutrino and electron spectra associated with various nuclear fuels are calculated. While there are substantial differences between the spectra of different uranium and plutonium isotopes, the dependence on the energy and flux of the fission-inducing neutrons is very weak. The resulting spectra can be used for the calculation of the antineutrino and electron spectra of an arbitrary nuclear reactor at various stages of its refueling cycle. The sources of uncertainties in the spectrum are identified and analyzed in detail. The exposure time dependence of the spectrum is also discussed. The averaged cross sections of the inverse neutron β decay, weak charged and neutral-current-induced deuteron disintegration, and the antineutrino-electron scattering are then evaluated using the resulting ν_e spectra. [RADIOACTIVITY, FISSION 235U, 238U, (^239)Pu, (^240)Pu, (^241)Pu, antineutrino and electron spectra calculated. σ for ν induced reactions analyzed.]
Rhodobacter sphaeroides Phosphoribulokinase: Binary and Ternary Complexes with Nucleotide Substrate Analogs and Effectors†

Rhodobacter sphaeroides phosphoribulokinase (PRK) binds ATP substrate, as well as spectroscopically active ATP analogs (trinitrophenyl-ATP and ATPγS-acetamidoproxyl), to form stable binary complexes. Stoichiometric binding of these nucleotide triphosphates in PRK's substrate site is observed not only with wild-type enzyme but also with D42A and D169A mutants. The demonstration that these mutants contain a full complement of functional substrate binding sites indicates their substantial structural integrity and underscores the significance of their markedly diminished catalytic activity [Charlier et al. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 9343−9350]. Similarly, PRK forms a stable binary complex with the allosteric activator NADH. The negative allosteric effector AMP displaces activator NADH but not substrate from their respective binary complexes with enzyme. When trinitrophenyl-ATP, a fluorescent nucleotide triphosphate that functions as an alternative PRK substrate, forms a binary complex with enzyme, its fluorescen...
Thienamycin: new beta-lactam antibiotic with potent broad-spectrum activity.

Thienamycin, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, exhibited potent, broad-spectrum activity in vitro against gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci, including many isolates resistant to currently available antibiotics. All isolates were inhibited at concentrations less than or equal to 25 μg/ml, with the exception of 12% of isolates of Enterobacter spp. and 3% of isolates of Serratia marcescens . Its activity decreased with an increase in inoculum concentration of from 10 5 to 10 7 cells per ml.
Discipline and due process in labor unions

This article examines the implications of bureaucratization for discipline and due process within labor organizations. Two perspectives on these relations were developed from the literature on union governance and tested with data from union constitutions and other secondary sources. The extent of due process protections was positively related to both bureaucratization and the number of grounds for discipline. The results support the solidarity perspective, which posits a convergence of union leaders’ and members’ interests.
Initial shape-finding and modal analyses of cyclic frustum tensegrity modules

Abstract Initial equilibrium and modal analyses of Kenneth Snelson's cyclic frustum tensegrity modules with an arbitrary number of stages are presented. There are m (⩾3) bars at each stage. The Maxwell number of the modules is 6−2m and is independent of the number of stages in the axial direction. Calladine's relations reveals that there are 2−5m infinitesimal mechanism modes. For multi-stage modules the necessary conditions for axial assembly of one-stage modules with the same internal element-forces are investigated. One-stage modules with geometrically similar frustum modules satisfy the necessary conditions. For pre-stressed configurations, modal analyses were conducted to investigate the mode shapes of infinitesimal mechanism modes.
Perspective taking can increase stereotyping: The role of apparent stereotype confirmation

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that taking the perspective of an outgroup member reduces the likelihood of stereotyping that person and their group (e.g., Galinsky & Moskowitz, 2000; Vescio, Sechrist, & Paolucci, 2003). In the present research, we hypothesized and found that the effect of perspective taking on stereotyping depends on the apparent stereotypicality of the target. In Experiment 1, participants who took the perspective of an elderly person who was ambiguously stereotypic were less likely to engage in stereotyping than non-perspective takers. But, participants who took the perspective of a clearly stereotype-consistent outgroup member were more apt to engage in stereotyping than non-perspective takers. Experiment 2 suggests that increased stereotyping occurs because people use stereotypes as a basis for perspective taking when they are highly salient. Negatively-valenced but stereotype-irrelevant information does not have a similar effect on subsequent judgments (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 extended the findings to a different stigmatized group, overweight individuals.
The cranial morphology of an early Eocene didymoconid (Mammalia, Insectivora)

An early Eocene didymoconid skull with perfect basicranial region from Hubei Province of China is described. Important cranial features include a small orbit, a broad temporal region, a maxilla–fro...
CT scan modification in the treatment of mediastinal Hodgkin's disease

Seventy-one patients with Hodgkin's disease who were initially treated at Johns Hopkins with radiation or radiation-chemotherapy from 1975--1980 had a five-year cumulative disease-free survival of I-A--100% (12 patients); II-A--85% (33 patients); II-B--83% (seven patients); III-A--75% (ten patients); and III-B--66% (nine patients). Fifty patients with mediastinal masses at the time of treatment demonstrated no marginal misses, two mediastinal recurrences (96% local control), and three lung disseminations. CT scan data yielded stage and treatment modification in 60% (9/15) of recent patients with mediastinal Hodgkin's disease. This demonstrates the need for routine thoracic scans and individual treatment planning in all mediastinal cases. Recommendations for combination treatment in early stage disease are made only for pericardial or extrathoracic chest wall extension based on CT scan findings, our low failure rates, radiation organ tolerances, and available relapse data in the literature, not arbitrary size designations from upright chest radiographs. It can be concluded that patients with mediastinal Hodgkin's disease require CT scan analysis to identify unusual patterns of presentations, sites at risk, and to allow for proper application of radiation portals and/or chemotherapeutic management.
Coexisting prehypertension and prediabetes in healthy adults: a pathway for accelerated cardiovascular events.

High blood pressure and elevated serum glucose levels often precede adverse cardiovascular events. The cardiovascular risk in otherwise healthy US adults with prehypertension (PreHTN) and/or prediabetes (PreDM), although perceived to be high, is largely undocumented. Coexisting PreHTN and PreDM in healthy US adults, correlates with untoward alterations in the commonly recognized cardiometabolic risk factors. The study investigated disease-free US adults (n=4,561) from the NHANES database (1999–2006). PreHTN and PreDM were diagnosed using JNC 7 and American Diabetes Association criteria, respectively; PreHTN was defined as systolic blood pressure 120–139 and/or diastolic blood pressure 80–89 mm Hg, and PreDM was defined as fasting blood sugar 100–125 mg dl−1. The prevalence of coexisting PreHTN and PreDM (Co-PreHTN+PreDM) during the study period (1999–2006) was 11.2±0.6%. Prevalence increased with age, was higher in men, and was lowest in non-Hispanic Blacks. The mean systolic blood pressure was 126.0±0.5 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure was 75.0±0.5 mm Hg and fasting blood sugar was106.3±0.3 mg dl−1. Compared to adults with normotension, normoglycemia, subjects with Co-PreHTN+PreDM displayed adversely altered cardiometabolic risk factors. Healthy men and women with Co-PreHTN+PreDM were, on average, overweight with a large waist circumference, displayed an exacerbated systemic inflammation and higher insulin resistance. They had elevated triglycerides, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, leading to above average cardiac risk ratios and were significantly more likely to have two or three concomitant metabolic risk factors. High prevalence of Co-PreHTN+PreDM in healthy US adults, a strong correlate for dysregulated cardiometabolic risk factors, highlights a plausible accelerated pathway for early cardiovascular events.
Polynomial psychophysics of risk

Abstract Three mathematical transformations on two-outcome games are defined. It is assumed that these transformations induce corresponding transformations on perceived risk. The rule governing the joint effect of these transformations is assumed to be the distributive model. An experiment is reported in which a class of simple polynomials are compared using the measurement-free methods of polynomial conjoint measurement. Substantial support for the distributive model is obtained.
Clinical Catecholamine Neurochemistry: A Legacy of Julius Axelrod

1. Discoveries, insights, and concepts that Julius Axelrod introduced about the disposition and metabolism of catecholamines provided the scientific basis and spurred the development of clinical catecholamine neurochemistry. 2. Here, we provide examples of this aspect of Axelrod's scientific legacy.
Effects of low-level SO2 fumigation on decomposition of western wheatgrass litter in a mixed-grass prairie

Litter bags were used to determine the effects of SO2 and substrate-S content on decomposition rates of western wheatgrass tillers in the field. Atmospheric SO2 decreased monthly decomposition rates 32 to 44% in spring and early summer and 12% in dry late summer. Increased S content of the substrate (980 μg g−1 vs 590 μg g−1 in control) had no measurable effect on decomposition. The observed inhibition was probably caused by reduced pH and/or accumulation of toxic derivatives of SO2 in the microenvironment of organisms on the decaying leaf surfaces.
An Examination of Moderators of the Effects of Customers' Evaluation of Employee Courtesy on Attitude Toward the Service Firm1

Employee courtesy is recognized as an important dimension of customer service. This paper presents and tests a model suggesting that employee courtesy affects attitudes toward a service firm. Employee courtesy, the physical environment, and locus of causality are three important elements of a service experience that might affect attitude toward a service firm. The paper reports results of two experiments that found there was an interaction effect between employee courtesy and the physical environment on attitude toward the service firm. That is, the effect of employee courtesy on attitudes is more positive when the environment is evaluated favorably than when it is evaluated unfavorably. However, there were no interaction effects of locus of causality and courtesy on attitude toward the service firm. In the second study, there was a main effect from locus of causality on attitude toward the firm in that experiment. That is, participants with an internal locus of causality had a more favorable attitude toward the service firm than did participants with an external locus of causality.
Visualizing knowledge domains

L'A. passe en revue les techniques de visualisation utilisees pour representer de facon cartographique la structure de domaine des disciplines scientifiques, et pour soutenir la recherche d'information et la classification. Un bref historique montre que la visualisation des domaines de connaissances s'enracine dans des disciplines telles que la scientometrie, la bibliometrie et l'analyse de citations, ainsi que la visualisation scientifique. L'A. analyse les principales etapes du processus de visualisation des domaines de connaissances : unites d'analyse, mesures, similarites entre unites. Differentes techniques couramment utilisees pour l'analyse et la visualisation des connaissances sont passees en revue : techniques de reduction de la dimensionnalite, analyse par clusters, configuration spatiale, visualisation et conception d'interaction. Differentes approches sont appliquees pour engendrer et comparer diverses representations cartographiques de la recherche sur la visualisation des domaines de connaissances. Ces cartes mettent en valeur les relations entre l'analyse de citations, la bibliometrie, la semantique et la visualisation de l'information. Augmenter l'accessibilite de la visualisation des domaines aupres des non-experts, appliquer la visualisation des domaines de connaissances pour mieux repondre a des questions pragmatiques, favoriser la collaboration et la diffusion des resultats entre chercheurs, developper des algorithmes plus robustes, comptent parmi les directions de recherche les plus prometteuses.
New morphological information about Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs from the Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia

New observations on various sauropod postcranial elements from Queensland provide insights into the taxonomic composition of northern Australia's sauropod fauna and the structure of sauropod vertebrae. An incomplete sauropod humerus from a site near Blackall, Queensland, represents the southernmost occurrence of sauropod fossils in the Eromanga Basin, and indicates a possibly new taxon. The internal architecture of at least one of the vertebral centra of Austrosaurus mckillopi comprises bony disks parallel to the posterior articular face and bony lamellae perpendicular to the anterior articular face reinforcing the structure against axial forces. The lack of pneumaticity proximally in dorsal ribs indicates that A. mckillopi may not be a titanosauriform. Material (QM F6737) from the Winton Formation includes probable osteoderms, the first known from Australian sauropods, and some of the oldest known. Comparison of this specimen with named Winton Formation sauropods suggests that it represents a distinct taxon.
Interaction of many discrete states with many continua

The problem of many discrete states of a Hamiltonian which are embedded in and interact with many continua is considered. Exact continuum eigenstates are found by a direct extension of Fano's formalism, without use of scattering theory. Our procedure reduces the computation time when many continua are involved. The conditions for the existence of exact discrete states are discussed. The line shapes in ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}(E)$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(E)$, $\mathrm{Im}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}(E)}]$, and the absorption coefficient are compared.
Mixture distribution and receiver operating characteristic analysis of bedside chest imaging with screen-film and computed radiography

Rationale and Objectives. The authors demonstrated the use of mixture distribution analysis as an alternative to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis in a clinical study, where independent verification of the imaging diagnosis is not always feasible. Methods. ROC and mixture distribution analyses were applied to the blind readings of four radiologists on a stratified, random sample of 95 screen-film radiographs and 95 computed radiographs of the chest obtained from a medical intensive care unit. The imaging diagnosis established by an expert panel was used as the truth for the ROC analysis, and agreement of ratings was used for the mixture distribution analysis. Results. Both methods yielded similar values for the proportion of correct diagnoses. Conclusion. Mixture distribution analysis may be useful for comparing imaging techniques in situations where the true imaging diagnosis cannot be established with a method independent of that being evaluated.
Decomposition of ozone using carbon-supported metal oxide catalysts

Abstract Ozone decomposition was investigated over a series of activated carbon-supported oxide catalysts deposited on cordierite foam substrates. Emphasis was placed on the study of binary oxide combinations formed from MnO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , Fe 2 O 3 and NiO, the most active transition-metal single oxides for the reaction. The MnO 2 –Fe 2 O 3 system showed the highest ozone decomposition activity. Laser Raman results under ambient and dehydrated conditions suggested an interaction between MnO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 . The introduction of organic and inorganic binders increased both the physical stability and activity of the catalysts.
Keeping it in the family: diverse histone recognition by conserved structural folds

Epigenetic regulation of gene transcription relies on an array of recurring structural domains that have evolved to recognize post-translational modifications on histones. The roles of bromodomains, PHD fingers, and the Royal family domains in the recognition of histone modifications to direct transcription have been well characterized. However, only through recent structural studies has it been realized that these basic folds are capable of interacting with increasingly more complex histone modification landscapes, illuminating how nature has concocted a way to accomplish more with less. Here we review the recent biochemical and structural studies of several conserved folds that recognize modified as well as unmodified histone sequences, and discuss their implications on gene expression.
Analyzing the effects of temperature on soot formation with a joint volume-surface-hydrogen model

The intent of the current work is to present and further validate a new tri-variate model for the formation of soot particles, to apply this model in analyzing the effects of temperature on the formation and growth of soot, and to compare the findings with the present understanding derived from numerous experimental studies. In this novel model, a particle is represented as a fractal shaped aggregate and is described by three independent quantities: the volume, the surface area, and the number of hydrogenated sites (or active sites) on the surface. The introduction of this third variable allows for a better description of the surface reactivity at high temperatures. This approach is extended by a model for the total carbon-to-hydrogen (C/H) ratio of the particle. The model is validated first in high temperature premixed ethylene flames, premixed benzene flames, an acetylene counterflow diffusion flame, and toluene pyrolysis in shock-tubes. Then, the soot volume fraction is computed for a series of atmospheric laminar ethylene premixed flames with varying flame temperatures. The soot model is shown to reproduce the well known bell-shaped temperature dependence of soot volume fraction, which was found in many experiments. It is observed that nucleation is the largest contributor to soot volume fraction at low temperatures while growth by surface reactions is more important at higher temperatures. The surface reactivity and the volumetric carbon-to-hydrogen ratio (C/H) are also computed as a function of temperature. The surface reactivity is found to depend not only on the temperature but also on the particle size and the residence time in the flame. Finally, as observed experimentally, the C/H ratio is found to be essentially constant and close to unity for low temperature flames and increases with residence time in high temperature flames.
AEROBIC MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH FREE-RANGING BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS IN COASTAL GULF OF MEXICO AND ATLANTIC OCEAN WATERS

Our abilities to assess health risks to free-ranging dolphin populations, to treat live-stranded or captive dolphins, and to evaluate the risks of disease transmission between humans and dolphins have suffered from a lack of basic information on microorganisms associated with normal, presumably healthy free-ranging individuals. In order to provide these data, we sampled free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) off Florida, Texas, and North Carolina during 1990–2002. Blowhole and anal/fecal samples yielded 1,871 bacteria and yeast isolates and included 85 different species or groups of organisms. Vibrios, unidentified pseudomonads, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and a large group of nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria represented >50% of isolates. Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio damsela were the most commonly recovered bacteria from both anal/fecal and blowhole samples. Many organisms occurred sporadically in dolphins that were sampled repeatedly, but some were consistently isolated f...
Physics Education in Connecticut High Schools

The survey indicated many problems with both how physics is taught and how it is understood. Specifically: (1) Students seem to be less diligent in their senior year in high school (when physics is most commonly offered). For many, this is the only physics course in their school careers. (2) Students think of physics as a difficult subject that makes extraordinary mathematical and conceptual demands. There are serious deficiencies in both areas. (3) Many school teachers of physics have only one or two years of college physics background.
Photosynthetic oxygen evolution does not require the participation of polypeptides of 16 and 24 kilodaltons

Abstract Oxygen evolution from Triton X-100 prepared photosystem II particles from spinach was inhibited 70–80% after treatment of the particles with high concentrations of salt (0.5 or 1 M NaCl). The salt-washed preparations were depleted of 16 and 24 kilodalton polypeptides. Nearly complete restoration of herbicide-sensitive electron transport activity was observed upon addition of Cl − . Maintenance of the maximal rates required the presence of Ca 2+ . Restoration of the activity did not require the readdition (reconstitution) of the extracted polypeptides indicating that the 16 and 24 kilodalton polypeptides do not participate directly in the water-oxidation process. They may, however, play a regulatory role, e.g., in the sequestering of Cl − and/or Ca 2+ .
A Family of Epidermoid Lung Cancer Models

Abstract A method of sustained release implantation has been developed whereby Silastic cylinders, impregnated with benzo[ a ]pyrene (BP) or methylcholanthrene (MCA) each at 2% (low dose) and 10% (high dose) concentrations, were inserted into the bronchus intermedius of hamsters. High-dose BP and MCA, and low-dose MCA had first-order exponential release rates: the half-time of release was 40 days for high-dose BP, 30 days for high-dose MCA, and 165 days for low-dose MCA. Release rate of low-dose BP was a second-order function: half-time of release was 40 days. Atypical squamous metaplasia was noted by 4 weeks in more than 65% of hamsters after insertion of each high-dose carcinogen but in less than 30% with the low-dose carcinogens. Carcinoma in situ was noted approximately 8 weeks after high-dose BP and 19 weeks after low-dose BP. At about 15 to 17 weeks after a high-dose carcinogen, 64% of animals had invasive epidermoid cancer, whereas after a low-dose carcinogen, only 21% did. After 25 weeks of exposure to a high-dose carcinogen, more than 85% of hamsters had invasive epidermoid cancer; up to 52 weeks were required for invasive epidermoid cancer to develop in 30% after a low-dose carcinogen. Measured by image analysis, nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid content of cells with severe atypical squamous metaplasia was greater than tetraploid (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 3.77 ± 1.4), whereas cells with invasive epidermoid cancer were suprahexaploid (mean ± SD, 6.48 ± 3.6). These differences are significant ( p
Nanoengineered Surfaces for Efficient Energy Systems

Nanoengineered surfaces offer new possibilities to manipulate fluid transport and enhance heat dissipation characteristics for the development of efficient energy systems. In particular, nanostructures on these surfaces can be harnessed to achieve superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity, and to control liquid behavior and phase-change processes. In this work, we will describe recent developments focused on using superhydrophilic nanostructure design to manipulate liquid spreading behavior and directionalities. In the presence of asymmetric nanopillars, uni-directional spreading of water droplets can be achieved where the liquid spreads only in the direction of the pillar deflection and becomes pinned on the opposite interface. In the presence of fine features on the pillars, we observed a multi-layer spreading effect due to their associated energy barriers. For both cases, we have developed energy-based models to accurately predict the liquid behavior as functions of pertinent parameters. Furthermore, we developed a semi-analytical model to predict liquid propagation rates in pillar arrays driven by capillarity. The results offer design guidelines to optimize propagation rates for fluidic wicks. These investigations offer insights and significant potential for the development and integration of advanced nanostructures to achieve efficient energy conversion systems.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Factors associated with hand hygiene compliance at a tertiary care teaching hospital.

Objective. To identify factors associated with hand hygiene compliance during a multiyear period of intervention.Design. Observational study.Setting. A 719-bed tertiary care teaching hospital.Participants. Nursing, physician, technical, and support staff.Methods. Light-duty staff performed hand hygiene observations during the period July 2008–December 2012. Infection control implemented hospital-wide hand hygiene initiatives, including education modules; posters and table tents; feedback to units, medical directors and the executive board; and an increased number of automated alcohol hand hygiene product dispensers.Results. There were 161,526 unique observations; overall compliance was 83%. Significant differences in compliance were observed between physician staff (78%) and support staff (69%) compared with nursing staff (84%). Pediatric units (84%) and intensive care units (84%) had higher compliance than did medical (82%) and surgical units (81%). These findings persisted in the controlled multivariate...
Strong Walk and Cheap Talk: The Effect of the International Covenant of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights on Policies and Practices

Economic and social rights are understudied, and the core international treaty covering these rights—the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)—has rarely been analyzed. This paper examines the effect of the ICESCR on (1) labor rights in law and practice and (2) the constitutionalization of socioeconomic rights. Membership in the ICESCR paradoxically improves de facto labor practices but not de jure labor rights laws. This effect represents an instance of “substance without ceremony,” and is consistent with recent empirical findings on the effects of global institutionalization. Treaty membership also prompts countries to enact constitutional provisions regarding socioeconomic rights, albeit in purely aspirational language. Countries that ratify the ICESCR remain hesitant to formulate such rights in enforceable terms.
Pulmonary resection in octogenarians with stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer: a 22-year experience

Abstract Background Recent reports indicate that age is not a contraindication to pulmonary resection for octogenarians with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but other data are lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine outcomes in these patients, particularly short- and long-term survival with stage I disease. Methods A retrospective cohort of 68 octogenarians with NSCLC who underwent curative resection from 1980 to 2002 was followed-up for outcomes. Results Median age was 82 years old (range, 80–87 years old) consisting of 44 males (65%), with a mean follow-up of 32 months (range, 1–178 months). Operations included: 47 lobectomies (69%), 11 wedge resections (16%), 5 segmentectomies (8%), 4 bilobectomies (6%), and 1 pneumonectomy (1%). There were 31 adenocarcinomas (46%), 18 squamous carcinomas (26%), 12 bronchioalveolar carcinomas (18%), 4 large cell carcinomas (6%), and 3 miscellaneous malignant neoplasms (4%). Median hospital stay was 7 days (range, 3–53 days). Thirty-day mortality was 8.8% (n = 6) with 83% developing cardiopulmonary complications. Overall actuarial survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 73%, 51%, and 34%, respectively. Of 41 patients (60%) with stage I disease, 23 were T1 lesions. Five-year survival was significantly different between stages Ia and Ib patients (61% and 10%, respectively, p = 0.001). Patients in more advanced stages had a 5-year survival of 3/27 (11%). Multivariate analysis identified advanced tumor stage, lower ASA physical status, and low FEV 1 as factors associated with poorer long-term survival. Conclusions The 5-year survival, particularly in patients with stage Ia tumors with favorable ASA and FEV 1 , supports the notion that health status and tumor stage outweigh chronologic age in determining surgical candidates.