cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk of Reoperative Valve Replacement for Failed Mitral and Aortic Bioprostheses

Abstract Background . One factor influencing the choice of mechanical versus bioprosthetic valves is reoperation for bioprosthetic valve failure. To define its operative risk, we reviewed our results with valve reoperation for bioprosthetic valve failure. Methods. Records of 400 consecutive patients having reoperative mitral, aortic, or mitral and aortic bioprosthetic valve replacement from January 1985 to March 1997 were reviewed. Results . Reoperations were for failed bioprosthetic mitral valves in 219 patients, failed aortic valves in 153 patients, and failed aortic and mitral valves in 28 patients. Including 26 operations (6%) for acute endocarditis, 153 operations (38%) were nonelective. One hundred nine patients (27%) had other valves repaired or replaced, and 72 (18%) had coronary bypass grafting. The incidence of death in the mitral, aortic, and double-valve groups was respectively, 15 (6.8%), 12 (7.8%), and 4 (14.3%); and the incidence of prolonged postoperative hospital stay (>14 days) was, respectively, 57 (26.0%), 41 (26.8%), and 8 (28.6%). Only 7 of 147 patients (4.8%) having elective, isolated, first-time valve reoperation died. Multivariable predictors ( p Conclusions . Reoperative bioprosthetic valve replacement can be performed with acceptable mortality and hospital stay. The best results are achieved with elective valve replacement, without concurrent cardiac procedures.
The effect of exercise on the total water space and red blood cell volume of the gracilis muscle of the dog.

Abstract The effect of increasing intensities of exercise on the water space and the red blood cell volume of the dog gracilis muscle was determined with 125 I-labelled iodoantipyrine ( n = 8) and 99m Tc labelled red blood cells ( n = 4). A sodium iodide scintillation probe attached to a two channel multiscaler and printer recorded the 125 I activity of the muscle as a measure of the water space and the 99m Tc activity as a measure of the red cell space. An electro-magnetic flow probe recorded muscle blood flow: aortic pressure was measured with a catheter in the mid-abdominal aorta. At least 30 min after i.v. administration of iodoantipyrine and red blood cells, the obturator nerve was electrically stimulated to produce muscle contraction at 1 contraction per second for 5 min. Data were recorded prior to exercise, during the 5 min exercise period, and for 10 min after exercise. During the greatest exercise period there was an eightfold increase in muscle blood flow, but only a small increase in [ 125 I]iodoantipyrine activity (2.7 ± 0.8%, 95% confidence limits) and 99m Tc red blood cell activity (3.2 ± 2.1 %). Both values promptly returned to baseline during recovery. These data show that there is a minimal change in the water space and blood volume of the exercising dog gracilis muscle.
Clonal regulation in the response to phosphorylcholine. II. Heterogeneity among T15 idiotype‐positive antibodies in inbred and wild mice

Inbred stains of mice routinely respond to phosphorylcholine (PC)-containing antigens, S. pneumoniae and PC-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, with the production of three major families of antibodies. Two of these groups, the M 511 and M 603 idiotype (Id) families, are clearly heterogeneous, whereas the third, T15, normally exhibits much less heterogeneity and appears to be monoclonal in many strains. We report here on the occurrence of additional T15 Id+ antibodies which can be detected readily by isoelectric focusing. These antibodies have been observed in 9 of 12 strains examined at an average frequency of 10%. They occur in both the IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes. Collectively, the antibodies comprise a heterogeneous group although cofocusing antibodies were observed in individuals of a strain or between strains. Two H-2-congenic strains, BALB.B and BALB.G, regularly displayed multiple cofocusing T15 Id+ antibodies in each individual. Idiotypic analysis of these antibodies in all strains showed that each contained H, L and H-L-specific variable region determinants common to T15. A surprising finding was the consistent expression of a heterogeneous T15 Id response in two wild Mus musculus lines. Most of these antibodies cofocused with T15 Id+ antibodies in BALB.G or C3H as well as contained strain-specific idiotypic determinants found among inbred mice. These data demonstrate that BALB/c and other inbred strains possess the genetic potential to generate a family of closely related T15 Id+ antibodies. The results further suggest that the restricted response usually seen among inbred strains is not normal and exists because of a highly selective regulatory system.
Effects of resonant mode coupling on near- and far-field characteristics of InGaN-based lasers

The phenomenon of resonant mode coupling is modeled and numerically investigated in InGaN-based multiple-quantum- well laser structures. It is shown that under resonant conditions the internal mode coupling can lead to severe distortions of both near- and far-field characteristics. Taking into account the carrier-induced change of the modal effective index for the lasing mode, we show that the resonant internal mode coupling can result in a strongly nonlinear dependence of the modal gain on injection current, with possible region of negative differential modal gain.
A general multiplier rule

A general multiplier rule which is an extension of the multiplier rule given by Hestenes is proved. This multiplier rule is applied to obtain the necessary conditions given by Neustadt for a solution to a canonical optimization problem which includes many optimal control problems as special cases.
Towards a neoaristotelean theory of politics: A positive account of ‘fairness’

The argument suggests that it is very hard to separate how, in fact, economists use theory and how the subjects of economics use theory. Further, we can explain why, after a dazzling wave of the hands, so much popular discussion of economic policies switches from real-valued considerations to infinitely-valued considerations. And, why it seems that only economists object. It has been the fate of economists across the centuries to insist that costs do matter, a proposition presupposing a world purged of infinities. For if there is an infinite distance between commodities (a noneconomist would have written down one word for the higher things and another for the lower), then cost truly does not matter. We have given a positive account of ‘fairness’ and generated some implications about the content of public opinion which will be relatively straightforward to test.
Comparison of Full Field and Single Inclusion Approaches to Homogenization of Composites with Non-Ellipsoidal Pores

This paper compares two approaches to predict the overall mechanical properties of solids with irregularly shaped pores. The first approach involves direct finite element simulations of representative volume elements containing arrangements of irregularly shaped pores subjected to periodic boundary conditions. The second approach utilizes numerical results for individual defect shapes in a micromechanical scheme. Several realizations of parallel and randomly oriented distributions of defects are considered. It is determined that the Mori-Tanaka micromechanical scheme provides good correlation with the full field finite element simulations.
Processing and mechanical properties of in-situ composites from the NiAlCr and the NiAl(Cr,Mo) eutectic systems

Abstract In-situ composites based on the NiAl Cr eutectic system have been successfully produced by containerless processing and evaluated. Molybdenum additions of 0.6 to 6 at.% were used to change the eutectic microstructure. The NiAl Cr alloys had a fibrous microstructure, while the NiAl (Cr,Mo) alloys containing 1 at.% or more of molybdenum exhibited a lamellar structure. The room temperature fracture toughness of the different eutectic alloys was evaluated. The toughness values of the directionally solidified eutectics were similar regardless of composition or eutectic morphology, but all the directionally solidified alloys exhibited superior toughness compared to binary NiAl or conventionally cast eutectics. However, the principal mechanism responsible for the improved toughness of the directionally solidified alloys was dependent on the second phase morphology. The effect of eutectic morphology on the 1300 K creep strength was also investigated by testing a typical fiber reinforced and a lamellar reinforced eutectic. A molybdenum-doped alloy with the lamellar eutectic morphology exhibited the best creep resistance. Due to the promising creep behavior of this NiAl-28Cr-6Mo alloy at 1300 K, additional creep testing was performed at 1200 and 1400 K. This NiAl (Cr,Mo) eutectic displays promising high temperature strength while still maintaining a reasonable room temperature fracture toughness when compared to other NiAl-based eutectics.
Neurotransmitter enzyme and receptor regulation: a look back.

1. This report is a tribute to Dr. Julius Axelrod, in whose laboratory the author worked as a research associate from 1971–1974. 2. Work on the regulation of dopamineβ-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase is reviewed, particularly studies showing how transsynaptic and hormonal factors regulate enzyme synthesis and degradation respectively. 3. Work taking place in the author's laboratory is reviewed with respect to the influence Dr. Axelrod had on the author and his subsequent work.
Correlation between metal-insulator transition characteristics and electronic structure changes in vanadium oxide thin films

We correlate electron transport data directly with energy band structure measurements in vanadium oxide thin films with varying V-O stoichiometry across the ${\text{VO}}_{2}$ metal-insulator transition. A set of vanadium oxide thin films were prepared by reactive dc sputtering from a V target at various oxygen partial pressures (${\text{O}}_{2}$ p.p.). Metal-insulator transition (MIT) characteristic to ${\text{VO}}_{2}$ can be seen from the temperature dependence of electrical resistance of the films sputtered at optimal ${\text{O}}_{2}$ p.p. Lower and higher ${\text{O}}_{2}$ p.p. result in disappearance of the MIT. The results of the near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of the $\text{O}\text{ }K$ edge in identical VO films are presented. Redistribution of the spectral weight from ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ bands is found in the vanadium oxide films exhibiting stronger ${\text{VO}}_{2}$ MIT. This is taken as evidence of the strengthening of the metal-metal ion interaction with respect to the metal-ligand and indirect V-O-V interaction in vanadium oxide films featuring sharp MIT. We also observe a clear correlation between MIT and the width and area of the lower ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ band, which is likely to be due to the emergence of the ${d}_{||}$ band overlapping with ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$. The strengthening of this ${d}_{||}$ band near the Fermi level only in the vanadium oxide compounds displaying the MIT points out the importance of the role of the ${d}_{||}$ band and electron correlations in the phase transition.
When Does a Professional Relationship with a Psychologist Begin? An Empirical Investigation

Research on multiple relationships by practicing psychologists has typically presumed the presence of a professional relationship and focused on the ethicality of subsequent, nonprofessional relationships. Instead, this study focused on the question of what, exactly, constitutes the professional relationship in the first place. Practicing psychologists and undergraduates responded to vignettes portraying various early stages of interaction between a therapist and a prospective client. Participants' responses indicated that determinations of professional relationship establishment, and the ethicality of subsequent nonprofessional relationships, depended upon the degree of engagement. Some differences emerged between perceptions by professionals and nonprofessionals. Ethical and professional implications are discussed.
Rigidity Result for Certain Three-Dimensional Singular Spaces and Their Fundamental Groups

In this paper, we introduce a particularly nice family of locally CAT(−1) spaces, which we call hyperbolic P-manifolds. For X3 a simple, thick hyperbolic P-manifold of dimension 3, we show that certain subsets of the boundary at infinity of the universal cover of X3 are characterized topologically. Straightforward consequences include a version of Mostow rigidity, as well as quasi-isometry rigidity for these spaces.
Contamination of Hospital Compressed Air with Nitric Oxide: Unwitting Replacement Therapy

Background Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) at levels between 5 and 80 ppm has been used experimentally to treat a variety of conditions. NO also is a common environmental air pollutant in industrial regions. As compressed hospital air is drawn from the local environment, we speculated that it may contain NO contamination, which, if present, would provide unwitting inhaled NO therapy to all subjects respiring this compressed gas. Methods NO levels were measured twice daily from ambient hospital air and compressed gas sources driving positive pressure ventilation from two adjacent hospitals and compared with NO levels reported daily by local Environmental Protection Agency sources. An NO chemiluminescence analyzer (Sievers 270B; Boulder, Colo) sensitive to ≥2 parts per billion was used to measure NO levels in ambient air and compressed gas. Results NO levels in ambient air and hospital compressed air covaried from day to day, and absolute levels of NO differed between hospitals with the difference never exceeding 1.4 ppm (range, 0 to 1.4 ppm; median, 0.07 ppm). The hospital with the highest usage level of compressed air had the highest levels of NO, which approximated ambient levels of NO. NO levels were lowest on weekends in both hospitals. We also documented inadvertent NO contamination in one hospital occurring over 5 days, which corresponded to welding activity near the intake port for fresh gas. This contamination resulted in systemwide NO levels of 5 to 8 ppm. Conclusion Hospital compressed air contains highly variable levels of NO that tend to covary with ambient NO levels and to be highest when the rate of usage is high enough to preclude natural degradation of NO in 21% oxygen. Assuming that inhaled NO may alter gas exchange, pulmonary hemodynamics, and outcome from acute lung injury, the role of unwitting variable NO of hospital compressed air needs to be evaluated.
Occupational stress as a predictor in the turnover decision.

Abstract One hundred seventy-five members of a rural convalescent hospital participated in a study which investigated, through path analysis, the impact of occupational stress on an organizational member's decision to leave the organization. This article reports the findings of this analysis with respect to the nurse's aides and other lower level support personnel categories employed in the hospital (N=72). Strong support was found for the proposition that the level of perceived occupational stress reported by these employees would be highly instrumental in their decisions to leave.
General access to the vinca and tacaman alkaloids using a Rh(II)-catalyzed cyclization/cycloaddition cascade.

The total synthesis of several members of the vinca and tacaman classes of indole alkaloids has been accomplished. The central step in the synthesis consists of an intramolecular [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction of an α-diazo indoloamide which delivers the pentacyclic skeleton of the natural product in excellent yield. The acid lability of the oxabicyclic structure was exploited to establish the trans-D/E ring fusion of (±)-3H-epivincamine (3). Finally, a base induced keto-amide ring contraction was utilized to generate the E-ring of the natural product. A variation of the cascade sequence of reactions used to synthesize (±)-3H-epivincamine was also employed for the synthesis of the tacaman alkaloids (±)-tacamonine and (±)-apotacamine.
Immediate vaginal reconstruction following resection for malignancy using the gluteal thigh flap

Immediate flap closure of perineal defects following extirpative procedures for gynecologic malignancies is highly desirable. Advantages include more rapid healing, reduced infection rate, decreased nutritional demands, early rehabilitation, greater safety in radiated fields, and more functional results. The posterior thigh flap, deriving its blood supply from the inferior gluteal artery, was used in 7 patients (9 flaps) with excellent results. The flap has proven reliable and quite feasible at the time of resection. While most partial pelvic or vaginal defects can be reconstructed with a single flap, bilateral flaps are recommended for more extensive defects. The major postoperative problem has been discomfort while sitting and paresthesias along the distribution of the posterior cutaneous nerve. To avoid these problems, the flap should be rotated distal to the ischium and, in subtotal reconstruction, the nerve excluded.
Cytogenetic evidence supporting the merger of heterotheca and chrysopsis (Compositae)

The average pollen stainability of 21 % in the F1 hybrid, although markedly reduced from that of the parental plants, is reasonably high. The essentially regular meiosis in the F1 hybrids indicates the existence of sufficient chromosomal homology between the parental genomes for chiasmata formation with few evident gross structural differences. Lack of crossability in itself hardly constitutes valid evidence against genetic relationships since crossability may be blocked by the action of relatively few genes. On the other hand, the ability to produce viable hybrids with good chromosome pairing, which is presumably indicative of extensive chromosomal homologies between the parental genomes, seems to constitute convincing proof of close relationship.
Shallow SH-wave seismic investigation of the Mt. Angel Fault, Northwest Oregon, USA

Abstract The Mt. Angel Fault is likely one of the most active faults near the Portland metropolitan area, and was probably associated with the 1993 Scotts Mills earthquake. SH-wave seismic techniques used to image the Mt. Angel Fault suggest that the fault offsets late Pleistocene gravel (∼22 to 34 ka) at several locations. Within the study area, displacement of the late Pleistocene gravel along the strike of the Mt. Angel Fault increases from no obvious displacement on the northwest to approximately 18 m on the southeast. This trend of increasing offset along the strike of the fault is paralleled by topographic and geomorphic trends. A reconnaissance geologic investigation at an anomalous bend in the Pudding River near the projected trace of the Mt. Angel Fault revealed potential tectonic deformation in sediments younger than the late Pleistocene gravel imaged by SH-wave data. The results of this study have contributed to the paleoseismic record of the Mt. Angel Fault, laid the groundwork for future geologic investigations along the Pudding River, and determined potential sites for future paleoseismic trenching investigations.
Detection of Shiga-like toxin on the outer membranes of Shigella species and Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract Outer membranes of Shigella species and E. coli K-12 carrying large invasive plasmids and isogenic non-invasive strains without plasmids were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The immunoblotting analysis of the outer membrane proteins of these bacteria was performed with monoclonal antibody (mAb) made against A and B subunits of Shiga-like toxin (SLT). The SLT was detected in the outer membranes of S. dysenteriae 1 IDBM11, S. sonnei PNS20, S. flexneri M90T, S. dysenteriae 60R, and E. coli K-12 strain AB2463. The two other E. coli K-12 strains, C600 and 933J were included as controls for low and high toxin producers respectively. The outer membrane protein band of molecular weight 70 kDa was common to all bacterial strains studied. The most prominent band of 70 kDa protein was seen to be present in the high toxin producing plasmidless strain of S. dysenteriae 60R and the lysogenic strain of E. coli 933J. The invasive strains of S. dysenteriae 1 and S. flexneri M90T which carry the large invasive plasmids showed the least prominent band of 70 kDa protein. The immunoblotting analysis of Shiga-toxin partially purified from the S. dysenteriae 60R strain revealed the absence of 70 kDa band on SDS-PAGE, instead the two dissociated subunits were seen. Furthermore, periplasmic Shiga-toxin proteins also showed the complete dissociation into A and B subunits. However, under the same denaturing conditions, the 70 kDa protein band cross-reacting with mAb against A and B subunits was still present in the outer membranes of all different strains.
Combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes.

Fibric acid derivatives (fibrates) have been shown to reduce clinical events in both primary and secondary prevention trials [1, 2]. Thus, this class of medications joins the group of lipid-modifying medications (statins, niacin, bile acid sequestrants) as agents that have been shown as monotherapy to benefit cardiovascular outcomes. In these trials, individuals with dyslipidemia (high triglyceride levels and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) appear to represent the subgroup most likely to benefit from fibrate monotherapy [1, 2]. However, in deference to niacin and bile acid sequestrants, for which trials have demonstrated beneficial outcomes when combined with a statin, similar data with fibrates remain limited. Aims
Myoepithelioma presenting as a midline cystic tongue lesion : Cytology, histology, ancillary studies, and differential diagnosis

Salivary gland myoepithelioma (ME) is a neoplasm derived from myoepithelial cells that lacks the ductal and broad mesenchymal differentiation seen in the vast majority of mixed tumors. This report describes the cytologic findings of a cystic ME presenting in the midline of the dorsal tongue, a site where no salivary glands are generally present. The tumor was well circumscribed and composed of sheets of monotonous epithelioid cells without ductal cells. The cells were positive for S-100 protein and ultrastructurally had features of myoepithelial cells. The fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy findings, differential diagnosis, histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopic features of this interesting and uncommon neoplasm are presented. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no cytologic reports of ME of the tongue.
An efficient implementation of vector clocks

Abstract The system of vector clocks is an essential tool for designing distributed algorithms and reasoning about them. We present an efficient implementation of vector clocks that reduces the size of timestamp related information to be transferred in a message. The implementation assumes FIFO message delivery and is resilient to changes in the topology of the distributed system.
A new thought paradigm: delivering cost effective and ubiquitously accessible storage with enterprise backup system via a multi-tiered storage framework

Multimedia applications are characterized by their demand for high performance storage and computationally intensive functions. Ringling College of Art and Design is at the forefront of addressing challenges inherent to multimedia applications. In spite of using state of the art storage systems, we realize the need to raise our storage systems to a new level. This new level is based on the facts that the more data is managed centrally, the more economically and highly leveraged it becomes. Moreover, storage consolidation drives other consolidation such as servers and backup systems. To raise our storage to the next level, we have developed and deployed an innovative three tiered storage framework and an enterprise backup system. Our framework takes advantage of our observation that active user data clusters are considerably smaller than the total user data clusters. Our three tiered storage system consists of the highest performance storage; good performance storage; and the highest capacity, lowest cost per unit storage seamlessly integrated to function as one system. From the user's perspective, this system appears to use traditional file system structure and operations. In this report, we will present our framework, implementation details, issues and challenges, lessons learned, and the results we achieved.
Conversion, reconversion and comparison techniques in variable-length sorting

The logic is described for converting highly variable input records into a format that can be easily and efficiently processed by a sorting program.1 The internal record formats are discussed in relation to (1) their conversion from input formats, (2) their reconversion to output formats, and (3) comparison techniques between internal formats.
Vertically transmitted faecal IgA levels determine extra-chromosomal phenotypic variation

Microbially driven dichotomous faecal immunoglobulin-A levels in wild-type mice within the same facility mimic the effects of chromosomal mutations, indicating that phenotypic comparisons between mice must take into account the non-chromosomal hereditary variation between different breeders. Phenotypic variation between genetically identical mouse models has been seen between investigators and institutions, causing difficulties in terms of experimental replication. Previously it has been suggested that the microbiota is the main reason behind such variation. In experiments on wild-type mice, Thaddeus Stappenbeck and colleagues demonstrate that vertically transmissible bacteria in mice with low faecal immunoglobulin-A (IgA) levels dominantly lower faecal IgA levels in IgA-high mice after co-housing or faecal transplantation. This effect, which mimics the effects of chromosomal mutations, suggests that even the use of genetically matched controls housed in the same facility is no guarantee of experimental replication. The authors propose that faecal IgA could serve as a readily measurable marker that can be compared within and between facilities or institutions to compare phenotypic differences. The proliferation of genetically modified mouse models has exposed phenotypic variation between investigators and institutions that has been challenging to control1,2,3,4,5. In many cases, the microbiota is the presumed cause of the variation. Current solutions to account for phenotypic variability include littermate and maternal controls or defined microbial consortia in gnotobiotic mice6,7. In conventionally raised mice, the microbiome is transmitted from the dam2,8,9. Here we show that microbially driven dichotomous faecal immunoglobulin-A (IgA) levels in wild-type mice within the same facility mimic the effects of chromosomal mutations. We observe in multiple facilities that vertically transmissible bacteria in IgA-low mice dominantly lower faecal IgA levels in IgA-high mice after co-housing or faecal transplantation. In response to injury, IgA-low mice show increased damage that is transferable by faecal transplantation and driven by faecal IgA differences. We find that bacteria from IgA-low mice degrade the secretory component of secretory IgA as well as IgA itself. These data indicate that phenotypic comparisons between mice must take into account the non-chromosomal hereditary variation between different breeders. We propose faecal IgA as one marker of microbial variability and conclude that co-housing and/or faecal transplantation enables analysis of progeny from different dams.
Activity states and motor activity in an infant capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) from birth through eleven weeks

Behavioral states and motor activity of an infant capuchin monkey reared by its mother in a social group were studied for 11 weeks after birth. Manipulative activity was infrequent through the first four weeks after birth; what little occurred was mediated by other animals interacting with the infant. The rate of manipulation increased the most between weeks 8 and 9. At the same time, the most frequent targets of manipulation shifted from the infant's own body and the bodies of others to surfaces and inanimate objects in the cage. Large increases in the proportion of time in an Alert/active state and improvement in postural control also occurred at the end of the second month. The data suggest that major organizational changes in motor coordination and the regulation of behavioral state occurred jointly over a short period of time at about 8 weeks of age. In comparison to other species of monkeys, the capuchin infant displayed later development of manipulation, postural control, and independent locomotion, and greater dependence on social contacts for early interaction with its environment. These characteristics are in accord with the greater neurological immaturity of the capuchin infant at birth compared to other monkeys.
Using automated surveillance to trace evidence-based practices: Reducing infection outcomes when Escherichia coli is your most common uropathogen

ISSUE: This hospital is a large 519-bed acute care facility with two full-time infection control specialists (ICSs). In October 2002, we enhanced our IC program by adding an automated data-mining surveillance system (DMSS). The January 2004 DMSS report included a mini-cluster of four Escherichia coli (EC) urinary isolates related to patients originating from the orthopedic (ortho) unit. The isolates were collected on or after 3 days length of stay (nosocomial timeframe), all had urinary catheters (UCs), three isolates were pan-sensitive, and three isolates were collected on the rehabilitation (rehab) unit. This finding was 6.5 times higher than for the previous 6 months. We wondered, how significant is this pattern of isolate information, when EC is your most common uropathogen? PROJECT: The ICS made a decision to distribute the EC DMSS pattern to both ortho and rehab nurse managers (NMs). They received analysis reports to review with staff including a chart, a detailed isolate line listing, admission diagnosis, and an educational checklist of recommended evidenced-based practices to reduce urinary tract infections. The ortho unit's education emphasis was aseptic technique during UC placement and care. The rehab unit's emphasis was UC care and aseptic culture collection. A sign-in sheet documented communication and education. RESULTS: The educational focus changed after ICS received feedback from the ortho NM. Two issues were noted: 1) UCs were not discontinued prior to transfer to the rehab unit, and 2) since three admissions were hip fractures, the UCs were likely placed in the emergency room (ER). Policy allows ER staff to decide between a protective silver-coated UC for patients being admitted or non silver-coated UC for non-admits. The ER now became crucial on education of aseptic technique and catheter selection. In August, the DMSS resulted in an improvement chart for the rehab unit with 3 consecutive months of zero EC urinary isolates. LESSONS LEARNED: Any infection in a post-operative patient with an orthopedic implant is a serious concern. By tracing the patient's stay using the DMSS line listing, educational emphasis took a directional change focusing not only on aseptic techniques, but also included process improvements for urinary catheter selection. Using the DMSS data engaged staff to assess evidence-based practices and implement changes to improve patient outcomes. The lesson learned is that even when your most common uropathogen is E. coli prevention matters.
A job shop scheduling heuristic for varying reward structures

In this paper, a job shop scheduling problem of assigning preemptive tasks with precedence constraints to flexible resources is defined. A significant characteristic of this problem is that each task has a reward structure that defines the amount of reward based on its completion time. The objective is to maximize the total reward in the job shop. An optimal solution to this problem cannot be realistically obtained, as even significantly simpler problems are strongly NP-hard; therefore, a heuristic is proposed to obtain applicable solutions. The method is based on calculating (heuristic) penalty indices for each task as a function of time in order to allocate tasks to resources. A mathematical programming technique is then used to optimally minimize the penalty. This approach combines sound management science principles in order to emphasize analytical solutions to complicated real-life problems.
Nanowire Lasers and Nanophotonic Sources

Application of semiconductor nanowire heterostructures as wavelength-tunable nanoscale lasers and light emitting diodes are discussed. Cathodoluminescence in TEM directly correlates structural and optical properties of nanowire heterostructures with high spatial resolution for future device optimization.
Christian Beliefs, Nonreligious Factors, and Anti-Semitism

We tested the Glock-Stark model of the influence of particular Christian beliefs in producing antiSemitism, using a survey of Protestants in the Atlanta SMSA and Philadelphia SMSA. Our items and indices were almost identical to those of Glock and Stark in their 1963 California study. In table analysis we tested for spuriousness of the relationship between Christian beliefs and anti-Semitism, and we found evidence of it. A path model built from the Glock-Stark variables turned out similar to that constructed by Middleton from nationwide *data. A more elaborate model including other religious, social-psychological, and background variables accounted for 28 percent of the variance in anti-Semitism; the most important factors were social-psychological factors-anomie, dogmatism, and status concern. The religious factors alone accounted for about 5 percent of the variance. We agree with Middleton that Glock and Stark overestimated the role of Christian beliefs in producing anti-Semitism and that they overlooked important social-psychological factors. Although Christian ethics stresses the brotherhood of all men, research reveals strong prejudice among Christians, even more among church members than nonmembers. This paper discusses one aspect of the linkage between religiosity and prejudice, the part played by Christian beliefs in producing anti-Semitism today.
PEGASUS: mining peta-scale graphs

In this paper, we describe PeGaSus, an open source Peta Graph Mining library which performs typical graph mining tasks such as computing the diameter of the graph, computing the radius of each node, finding the connected components, and computing the importance score of nodes. As the size of graphs reaches several Giga-, Tera- or Peta-bytes, the necessity for such a library grows too. To the best of our knowledge, PeGaSus is the first such library, implemented on the top of the Hadoop platform, the open source version of MapReduce. Many graph mining operations (PageRank, spectral clustering, diameter estimation, connected components, etc.) are essentially a repeated matrix-vector multiplication. In this paper, we describe a very important primitive for PeGaSus, called GIM-V (generalized iterated matrix-vector multiplication). GIM-V is highly optimized, achieving (a) good scale-up on the number of available machines, (b) linear running time on the number of edges, and (c) more than 5 times faster performance over the non-optimized version of GIM-V. Our experiments ran on M45, one of the top 50 supercomputers in the world. We report our findings on several real graphs, including one of the largest publicly available Web graphs, thanks to Yahoo!, with ≈ 6.7 billion edges.
Expanding the physician's role in addressing the oral health of adults.

Many disadvantaged adults visit physicians or hospital emergency departments to receive relief from dental pain. Physicians also see patients with general questions or concerns about their oral health. Unfortunately, because physicians generally have received little oral health training, patients often do not receive comprehensive emergency services or appropriate counseling.This situation has begun to change, as there has been a growing sentiment among the dental and medical communities that better integration and coordination between medicine and dentistry would be beneficial. Reports from the Institute of Medicine and professional associations and foundations reflect the need for better integration.I have outlined the rationale for and progress toward expanding the physician’s role in addressing the oral health of adults.
Protracted oxygenation of the Proterozoic biosphere

Our current understanding of Proterozoic (2.5–0.54 Ga) biospheric evolution highlights the critical role played by the progressive oxygenation of Earth's surface environments and its effect on oceanic redox potential, nutrient availability, carbon isotopic change, and the evolution of life. The most obvious changes occurred in the first 200 million years of the Proterozoic aeon, with the irreversible oxidation of surface environments, and in the last 200 million years of the Proterozoic, when oxygen reached levels sufficient for the diversification of Metazoa. Although the impact of these events cannot be denied, it remains uncertain to what extent these events represent abrupt, large-scale changes in Earth oxygenation versus points of critical threshold along a continuum of biospheric evolution. In this article, we review the current understanding of ocean-atmosphere oxygenation and explore how a view of Earth's oxygenation as a protracted event, spanning nearly 2 billion years, suggests that Phanerozoic...
Rb: Experimental results

The measurements leading to the current preliminary world average value for R b ≡ Γ ( Z 0 → b b ¯ ) / Γ ( Z 0 → hadrons ) = 0.2202 ± 0.0009 ± 0.0013 ( for R c = 0.172 ) are presented. The main systematic uncertainties and the averaging technique for the measurements are shortly discussed. An outlook on possible future improvements is given.
Antimicrobial effects of liquid anesthetic isoflurane on Candida albicans

Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus that can grow in yeast morphology or hyphal form depending on the surrounding environment. This ubiquitous fungus is present in skin and mucus membranes as a potential pathogen that under opportunistic conditions causes a series of systemic and superficial infections known as candidiasis, moniliasis or simply candidiasis. There has been a steady increase in the prevalence of candidiasis that is expressed in more virulent forms of infection. Although candidiasis is commonly manifested as mucocutaneous disease, life-threatening systemic invasion by this fungus can occur in every part of the body. The severity of candidal infections is associated with its morphological shift such that the hyphal morphology of the fungus is most invasive. Of importance, aberrant multiplication of Candida yeast is also associated with the pathogenesis of certain mucosal diseases. In this study, we assessed the anti-candidal activity of the volatile anesthetic isoflurane in liquid form in comparison with the anti-fungal agent amphotericin B in an in vitro culture system. Exposure of C. albicans to isoflurane (0.3% volume/volume and above) inhibited multiplication of yeast as well as formation of hyphae. These data suggest development of potential topical application of isoflurane for controlling a series of cutaneous and genital infections associated with this fungus. Elucidiation of the mechanism by which isoflurane effects fungal growth could offer therapeutic potential for certain systemic fungal infections.
Effects of prey abundance, distribution, visual contrast and morphology on selection by a pelagic piscivore

SUMMARY 1. Most predators eat only a subset of possible prey. However, studies evaluating diet selectionrarely measure prey availability in a manner that accounts for temporal–spatial overlap with preda-tors, the sensory mechanisms employed to detect prey, and constraints on prey capture.2. We evaluated the diet selection of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) feeding on a diverse plank-tivore assemblage in Lake Washington to test the hypothesis that the diet selection of piscivoreswould reﬂect random (opportunistic) as opposed to non-random (targeted) feeding, after accountingfor predator–prey overlap, visual detection and capture constraints.3. Diets of cutthroat trout were sampled in autumn 2005, when the abundance of transparent, age-0longﬁn smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) was low, and 2006, when the abundance of smelt was nearlyseven times higher. Diet selection was evaluated separately using depth-integrated and depth-speciﬁc(accounted for predator–prey overlap) prey abundance. The abundance of different prey was thenadjusted for differences in detectability and vulnerability to predation to see whether these factorscould explain diet selection.4. In 2005, cutthroat trout fed non-randomly by selecting against the smaller, transparent age-0 long-ﬁn smelt, but for the larger age-1 longﬁn smelt. After adjusting prey abundance for visual detectionand capture, cutthroat trout fed randomly. In 2006, depth-integrated and depth-speciﬁc abundanceexplained the diets of cutthroat trout well, indicating random feeding. Feeding became non-randomafter adjusting for visual detection and capture. Cutthroat trout selected strongly for age-0 longﬁnsmelt, but against similar sized threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and larger age-1 longﬁnsmelt in 2006. Overlap with juvenile sockeye salmon (O. nerka) was minimal in both years, and sock-eye salmon were rare in the diets of cutthroat trout.5. The direction of the shift between random and non-random selection depended on the presence ofa weak versus a strong year class of age-0 longﬁn smelt. These ﬁsh were easy to catch, but hard tosee. When their density was low, poor detection could explain their rarity in the diet. When theirdensity was high, poor detection was compensated by higher encounter rates with cutthroat trout,sufﬁcient to elicit a targeted feeding response. The nature of the feeding selectivity of a predator canbe highly dependent on ﬂuctuations in the abundance and suitability of key prey.Keywords: pelagic, piscivore, predator–prey interactions, prey selection, visual detection
SST–Wind Interaction in Coastal Upwelling: Oceanic Simulation with Empirical Coupling

Observations,primarilyfromsatellites,haveshownastatisticalrelationshipbetweenthesurfacewindstress and underlying sea surface temperature (SST) on intermediate space and time scales, in many regions inclusive of eastern boundary upwelling current systems. In this paper, this empirical SST‐wind stress relationship is utilized to provide a simple representation of mesoscale air‐sea coupling for an oceanic model forced by surface winds, namely, the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). This model formulation is applied to an idealized upwelling problem with prevailing equatorward winds to determine the coupling consequencesonflow,SST,stratification,andwindevolutions.Theinitiallyuniformwindfieldadjuststhrough coupling to a cross-shore profile with weaker nearshore winds, similar to realistic ones. The modified wind stress weakens the nearshore upwelling circulation and increases SST in the coastal zone. The SST-induced wind stress curl strengthens offshore upwelling through Ekman suction. The total curl-driven upwelling exceeds the coastal upwelling. The SST-induced changes in the nearshore wind stress field also strengthen and broaden the poleward undercurrent. The coupling also shows significant impact on the developing mesoscale eddies by damaging cyclonic eddies more than anticyclonic eddies, which leads to dominance by the latter. Dynamically, this is a consequence of cyclones with stronger SST gradients that induce stronger wind perturbations inthis particularupwellingproblemandthatarethereforegenerally moresusceptibletodisruption than anticyclones at finite Rossby number. The net effect is a weakening of eddy kinetic energy.
Does Collaboration Promote Grass-Roots Behavior Change? Farmer Adoption of Best Management Practices in Two Watersheds

Collaborative watershed management has been prescribed as a means to foster environmental behavior change among resource users. Yet little empirical research has examined this claim. This study compares the adoption of agricultural best management practices between collaborative and noncollaborative settings. Using survey and interview data, we compare farmers in two watersheds: one with a grass-roots collaborative partnership and one without. In addition, we compare participating and nonparticipating farmers within the watershed that has the collaborative partnership. Results indicate farmers in the watershed with the partnership do not have higher rates of best management practices (BMPs) adoption than farmers in the watershed with a traditional, agency-based approach encouraging BMP adoption. However, this does not mean collaboration has no effect on BMP adoption, as partnership participants exhibited higher levels of BMP adoption than did nonparticipants in the same watershed. Thus collaboration is no...
Neural network-based helicopter gearbox health monitoring system

The results of two neural hardware implementations of a helicopter gearbox health monitoring system (HMS) are summarized. The first hybrid approach and implementation to fault diagnosis is outlined, and results are summarized using three levels of fault characterization: fault detection (fault or no fault), classification (hear or bearing fault), and identification (fault sub-classes). Initial hardware results compare well with previously published software simulations. The second all-analog implementation exploits the ability of analog neural hardware to compute the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) as a preprocessor to a neural classifier. >
Glucose Limitation Induces GCN4 Translation by Activation of Gcn2 Protein Kinase

Phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2α) is a well-characterized mechanism regulating protein synthesis in response to environmental stresses. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, starvation for amino acids induces phosphorylation of eIF-2α by Gcn2 protein kinase, leading to elevated translation of GCN4, a transcriptional activator of more than 50 genes. Uncharged tRNA that accumulates during amino acid limitation is proposed to activate Gcn2p by associating with Gcn2p sequences homologous to histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS) enzymes. Given that eIF-2α phosphorylation in mammals is induced in response to both carbohydrate and amino acid limitations, we addressed whether activation of Gcn2p in yeast is also controlled by different nutrient deprivations. We found that starvation for glucose induces Gcn2p phosphorylation of eIF-2α and stimulates GCN4 translation. Induction of eIF-2α phosphorylation by Gcn2p during glucose limitation requires the function of the HisRS-related domain but is largely independent of the ribosome binding sequences of Gcn2p. Furthermore, Gcn20p, a factor required for Gcn2 protein kinase stimulation of GCN4 expression in response to amino acid starvation, is not essential for GCN4 translational control in response to limitation for carbohydrates. These results indicate there are differences between the mechanisms regulating Gcn2p activity in response to amino acid and carbohydrate deficiency. Gcn2p induction of GCN4 translation during carbohydrate limitation enhances storage of amino acids in the vacuoles and facilitates entry into exponential growth during a shift from low-glucose to high-glucose medium. Gcn2p function also contributes to maintenance of glycogen levels during prolonged glucose starvation, suggesting a linkage between amino acid control and glycogen metabolism.
Policing Parkin with a UblD

Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin are linked to Autosomal Recessive Juvenile Parkinsonism, including a cluster of pathogenic mutations in exon 2 that gives rise to Parkin9s N‐terminal ubiquitin‐like domain (UblD). A study in this issue of The EMBO Journal reveals a new role for this domain, showing that the UblD engages in an intramolecular interaction with Parkin9s C‐terminal region to restrict autoubiquitination. Loss of this autoinhibitory mechanism in pathogenic variants renders Parkin constitutively active. Moreover, other proteins that bind to Parkin9s UblD can also relieve autoinhibition, suggesting control by substrate‐mediated activation.