cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a smart flap using C-block actuators and a hybrid optimization technique

Arizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona, 85287-6106ABSTRACTThe concept of a rotor blade with a smart flap has received considerable attention lately due to the potential forvibration suppression using individual blade control (IBC). In this paper, curved polymeric piezoelectric actuators,called C-block actuators which exhibit significant advantages over other types of actuators are proposed to drive asmart flap for IBC. The efficient implementation involves the design of both the actuators and the flap. Therefore,it is appropriate to use a formal optimization technique to address this problem. The optimization problem iscomplex since it includes both continuous (flap size) and discrete (number of actuators) design variables. Therefore,a newly developed hybrid optimization procedure, which can include both types of design variables, is used tomaximize flap performance using the C-block actuators. Optimization results indicate that the C-block actuatorsprovide comparable control authority without the drawbacks, such as brittlenss, of conventional bimorph actuators.1. KEY WORDSpiezoelectric C-block actuators, trailing edge flap, smart flap, hybrid optimization.Air densityDesign variable vectorFlap deflectionRotational speedRotor solidityNominal rotor inflowRotor inflow with trailing edge flapCollective blade pitchZero lift angle of attackWidth of given actuator layerNon dimensional actuator width
Supersonic Nonlinear Potential Flow with Implicit Isentropic Shock Fitting

A fully implicit nonconservative marching technique is utilized to solve the full potential flow equation in a spherical coordinate frame for supersonic inviscid flow. Transonic techniques form the basis for the numerical scheme in the cross flow plane which allows for capture of both bow and embedded shocks. A column relaxation scheme is presented which exhibits enhanced computational efficiency over ring relaxation schemes. An implicit bow shock fitting procedure satisfying the isentropic jump condition is also presented and compared to the shock capture method, shock fit Euler solutions, and experimental data for arbitrary conical surfaces.
Lessons from Privatization of Argentina's National Telephone Company

Privatization, defined as the transfer of state-owned enterprises to the private sector, plays a vital role in the economic growth of developing countries and in the transformation of nationalized countries to market economies. Despite its importance, current literature focuses little attention on the effective management of privatization. Most research discusses the benefits and problems of privatization. This article provides additional insight into effective management of the privatization process using a case study of the sale of the national telephone company of Argentina. The study identifies certain conditions necessary for transferring government assets to the private sector. The analysis also identifies strategies for effective privatization and tasks after the process is complete.
Invariant Fourier-wavelet descriptor for pattern recognition

Abstract We present a novel set of descriptors for recognizing complex patterns such as roadsigns, keys, aircrafts, characters, etc. Given a pattern, we first transform it to polar coordinate ( r, θ ) using the centre of mass of the pattern as origin. We then apply the Fourier transform along the axis of polar angle θ and the wavelet transform along the axis of radius r . The features thus obtained are invariant to translation, rotation, and scaling. As an example, we apply the method to a database of 85 printed Chinese characters. The result shows that the Fourier-wavelet descriptor is an efficient representation which can provide for reliable recognition.
Relative significance of cellular and chemical remodeling of bones and teeth as revealed by radioactive isotopes

Summary This presentation has dealt with the basic similarities and differences between skeletal and dental hard tissues. The structural basis for the biologic behavior peculiar to these various hard tissues has been discussed in the light of recent information gained from radioactive isotope studies. Teeth normally tend to be protected from the cellular type of remodeling to which bone is physiologically subjected in connection with functional adaptation and calcium withdrawal. However, teeth appear to share with bone a process of exchange or turnover of the chemical building blocks. Furthermore, the teeth are subject to a two-way traffic of various ions, both from within outward and from without inward. It is suggested that the relationship between the saliva and the enamel is similar in kind, even though not in magnitude, to that existing between connective tissue fluid and the other hard tissues-bone, cementum, and dentine. The possibility of withdrawal of ions after eruption has been suggested. In this connection, research on the teeth has been neglected as compared to research on bone, because the dental hard structures contribute, relatively little to the metabolic pool. However, the similarity in submicroscopic structure and microchemical composition between bones and teeth suggests that both are involved in metabolic interrelationship between tissue fluids and hard tissues. The significance of these interrelationships in the maintenance of dental health and in the susceptibility to dental pathology requires further study.
Hyperplastic polyps of the stomach: associations with histologic patterns of gastritis and gastric atrophy.

Hyperplastic polyps are common gastric lesions characterized by hyperplastic foveolae with variable amounts of inflamed stroma. Their pathogenesis is unknown, but they have been reported to occur in association with various forms of chronic gastritis, particularly autoimmune gastritis and Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Comprehensive histologic evaluation of the background mucosal pathology in patients with hyperplastic polyps has not been previously performed. We studied 160 patients with gastric hyperplastic polyps and characterized endoscopic and histologic features of the polyps (i.e., location, multiplicity, and presence of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma) and the background gastric mucosa (i.e., intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma, and presence and classification of gastritis). Hyperplastic polyps were most common in the antrum (60%) and were multiple in 20% of patients. Focal intestinal metaplasia of the polyp was present in 16% and dysplasia in 4% of patients. Only one patient (0.6%) had adenocarcinoma within the polyp. Evaluation of the surrounding gastric mucosa showed at least focal intestinal metaplasia in 37% of patients, adenoma or low-grade flat epithelial dysplasia in 2%, and synchronous or metachronous adenocarcinoma in 6%. Eighty-five percent of patients had inflammatory mucosal pathology, most commonly active chronic H. pylori gastritis (25%), reactive or chemical gastropathy (21%), and metaplastic atrophic gastritis of the autoimmune (12%) or environmental (8%) type. These results indicate a strong association between various forms of gastritis and the development of hyperplastic polyps and further emphasize the importance of biopsy of the nonpolypoid gastric mucosa during endoscopic examination.
Optical response of a disordered solid with restricted size.

A specific moment representation is used to identify the characteristic frequencies of a disordered solid of restricted size. When the second moment of the appropriate response function of a small but macroscopic system replaces the squared resonant frequency associated with the one-mode response of a corresponding small single crystal, the connection between the electrodynamic and static dielectric properties of the disordered system is the same as that previously identified with single-mode behavior.
Dynamic response of large wind power plant affected by diverse conditions at individual turbines

Diverse operating conditions at individual wind turbine generators (WTG) within wind power plants (WPPs) can affect the WPP dynamic response to system faults. For example, individual WTGs can experience diverse terminal voltage and power output caused by different wind direction and speed, affecting the response of protection and control limiters. In this paper, we present a study to investigate the dynamic response of a detailed WPP model under diverse power outputs of its individual WTGs. Wake effect is considered as the reason for diverse power outputs. The diverse WTG power output is evaluated in a test system where a large 168-machine test WPP is connected to the IEEE-39-bus system. The power output from each WTG is derived from a wake effect model that uses realistic statistical data for incoming wind speed and direction. The results show that diverse WTG output due to wake effect can affect the WPP dynamic response activating specialized control in some turbines. In addition, transient stability is affected by exhibiting uncertainty in critical clearing time calculation.
The Treatment of Missing Data in Multivariate Analysis

Procedures for treating missing data in the statistical analysis of survey data are reviewed. The main topics covered are: (1) how to assess the nature of missing data especially with regard to randomness, (2) a comparison of listwise and pairwise deletion, and (3) methods for using maximum information to estimate (a) parameters or (b) missing values.
Restructuring for large databases: three levels of abstraction

The development of a powerful restructuring function involves two important components—the unambiguous specification of the restructuring operations and the realization of these operations in a software system. This paper is directed to the first component in the belief that a precise specification will provide a firm foundation for the development of restructuring algorithms and, subsequently, their implementation. The paper completely defines the semantics of the restructuring of tree structured databases.The delineation of the restructuring function is accomplished by formulating three different levels of abstraction, with each level of abstraction representing successively more detailed semantics of the function.At the first level of abstraction, the schema modification, three types are identified—naming, combining, and relating; these three types are further divided into eight schema operations. The second level of abstraction, the instance operations, constitutes the transformations on the data instances; they are divided into group operations such as replication, factoring, union, etc., and group relation operations such as collapsing, refinement, fusion, etc. The final level, the item value operations, includes the actual item operations, such as copy value, delete value, or create a null value.
Electron transfer into the n = 3 states of hydrogen by proton impact on gases

Absolute cross sections for electron transfer into the 3p and 3d states of hydrogen have been measured for 2.2- to 8.2-keV proton impact on He, Ar, Kr, O/sub 2/, H/sub 2/, and N/sub 2/. An apparent maximum occurs in the 3d cross section for both Ar and H/sub 2/. Balmer-alpha cross sections are synthesized from these results and previously reported 3s cross sections. (AIP)
Inhibitors of Alprazolam Metabolism in Vitro: Effect of Serotonin-Reuptake-Inhibitor Antidepressants, Ketoconazole and Quinidine

1. The biotransformation of the triazolobenzodiazepine alprazolam (ALP) to its hydroxylated metabolites (4-OH-ALP and alpha-OH-ALP) was evaluated in human, monkey, rat, and mouse liver microsomes. 2. In all species 4-OH-ALP was the principal metabolite, accounting for 84% of clearance in human microsomes compared with 16% for alpha-OH-ALP. 3. Among the serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine (FLU) and sertraline (SERT), and their respective demethylated metabolites norfluoxetine (NOR) and desmethylsertraline (DES), NOR was the most potent inhibitor (mean Ki for 4-OH-ALP formation in humans: 11 microM), FLU the weakest (Ki = 83 microM), with SERT and DES falling in between (Ki = 24 and 20 microM). 4. The in vitro data predict 29% inhibition of ALP clearance at mean FLU and NOR plasma concentrations of 77 ng ml-1 and 72 ng ml-1, respectively, after correction for liver:water partition ratios in the range of 12-14. The observed mean degree of inhibition in a previous in vivo study was 21%. 5. Ketoconazole was a potent inhibitor of ALP metabolism in vitro (Ki = 0.046 microM), suggesting that ALP hydroxylation is mediated by the cytochrome P450-3A sub-family. Quinidine was a weak inhibitor (Ki = 626 microM).
Crystal structure of the 2:1 acetonitrile complex of 18-crown-6

Single crystal X-ray analysis of the 2:1 acetonitrile complex of 18-crown-6 is reported. Crystals of the complex are monoclinic,P21/n, witha=9.123(3),b=8.524(3),c=13.676(4) A, β=104.68(3)°, andD c =1.118 g cm−3 forZ=2. The complex lies on a center of symmetry, with the crown in theD3d conformation. Methyl groups of the acetonitrile molecules have weak interactions with the crown oxygen atoms, and are tilted 31.7° from the host's threefold axis. Methyl hydrogen atoms are rotationally disordered about the acetonitrile axis.
Shielding effectiveness density theory for carbon fiber/ nylon 6,6 composites

We present a simple density theory based on first principles that predicts the shielding effectiveness of composite matrix materials at filler loadings near or above the percolation threshold. Such a model has practical applications in electromagnetic interference and radio frequency interference, and is validated here for Fortafil 243 carbon fiber within nylon 6,6. In brief, the theory predicts that the most important parameter on the shielding effectiveness of a sample is the carbon fiber volume percent. At very high filler loadings, experimental results show a weak dependence on the frequency of the wave to be shielded, which may be attributed to enhanced reflection from multiple, coherent scatterers (carbon fiber network). These effects are not considered in our model. Nevertheless, advantages of this model are ease of use and improved predictive capabilities when compared to models previously reported in the literature. Our model performs very well over an electrical resistivity range from 10 15 ohm-cm (at low filler loading levels below the percolation threshold) down to 10 -1 ohm-cm (at high filler loading levels well above the percolation threshold), and can be used to determine filler loadings needed to provide a certain level of shielding of electromagnetic waves. POLYM. COMPOS., 26: 671– 678, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
An antidiuretic substance in the blood of normal and adrenalectomized rats.

Preliminary reports from this laboratory have described a procedure which demonstrates the presence of a labile antidiuretic, chloruretic substance (s) in the blood serum of normal and adrenalectomized rats (Birnie et al., 1949a; 1949b; Birnie and Boss, 1949). The purpose of this report is to describe the biological properties of the antidiuretic substance (ADS) found in rat serum and to compare its actions with those of the posterior pituitary antidiuretic hormone. While the pituitary origin of serum ADS is not considered to be conclusively established by the evidence presented below, the results are most easily interpreted on the basis of such an hypothesis. It is important to keep in mind that all of the tests reported here are on rat serum tested in rats. We have not as yet made extensive or systematic attempts to test serum from one species in another.
Cauchy integral method for two-dimensional solidification interface shapes

A method is developed to determine the shape of steady state solidification interfaces formed when liquid above its freezing point circulates over a cold surface. The solidification interface, which is at uniform temperature, will form in a shape such that the non-uniform energy convected to it is locally balanced by conduction into the solid. The interface shape is of interest relative to the crystal structure formed during solidification; regulating the crystal structure has application in casting naturally strengthened metallic composites. The results also pertain to phase-change energy storage devices, where the solidified configuration and overall heat transfer are needed. The analysis uses a conformal mapping technique to relate the desired interface coordinates to the components of the temperature gradient at the interface. These components are unknown because the interface shape is unknown. A Cauchy integral formulation provides a second relation involving the components, and a simultaneous solution yields the interface shape.
How to run a minimalist's global ocean conveyor

[1] The current paradigm of modern climatology and oceanography is that the thermohaline ocean circulation comprises a so-called global ocean “salinity conveyor belt” – a system of currents connecting the northern North Atlantic and northern North Pacific. A hypothesis is put forth here that a slight disparity in freshwater redistribution between the oceans in the Northern Hemisphere is sufficient to build up and maintain a global conveyor-type ocean thermohaline circulation.
The Association of Bone Mineral Density and Depression in an Older Population

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and measurements of depression in an older population. DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Study subjects were participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a longitudinal, long-term, follow-up study, at the University of California Davis (Sacramento, California) and the University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) clinical centers. PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of 1,566 Medicare enrollees age 65 and older enrolled in the CHS. MEASUREMENTS: Total hip BMD, measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), after adjustment for multiple covariates, was compared with depression evaluated with the Center for Epidemiological Studies 10-item Depression Scale (CES-Dm). Risk factors for osteoporosis were compared in depressed and nondepressed participants. Potential correlates were entered into a regression model. Depression scores were compared in normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic individuals. RESULTS: Sixteen percent of participants were clinically depressed; 9% had BMDs in the osteoporotic range. Mean BMD was 40 mg/cm2 lower in those with clinical depression. High CES-Dm scores were associated with lower BMD (P < .001) when adjusted for body mass index (BMI), age, kilocalories of activity, estrogen use, gender, race, smoking and drinking. When stratified by race, this remained true for all Caucasians (P < .01), all African Americans (P < .05), and when stratified by race and gender the association remained only for all Caucasian women (P < .001). In women and Caucasian men there was an increase in depression scores among individuals with osteoporotic-range BMDs. CONCLUSIONS: A significant association was found between BMD and depressive symptoms after adjustment for osteoporosis risk factors. In Caucasians, depressive symptoms were associated with both osteoporotic and osteopenic levels of BMD. Causality cannot be ascribed, with only one measurement of BMD. We postulate that there may be an unmeasured third factor, such as an endogenous steroid, that is responsible for both low BMD and depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:732–736, 2001.
THE CONDITIONS OF OCCURRENCE OF PHANTOM LIMBS

ALMOST ninety years ago Weir Mitchell (9) coined the term phantom, limb to describe the amputee's experience of the continued presence of a limb which has been lost. Immediately after amputation, as he awakes from the anesthesia, the patient may not believe that the arm or leg has been removed until he can convince himself by looking under the covers. But even once he knows beyond doubt that the extremity is gone, he typically continues to feel it as if it were still present. In the days-and years-to come, the foot of the amputated leg may itch and, as the patient reaches down to scratch it, he reaches for an empty space. He may feel the bedsheets on the arm or leg, he may feel a mild, perhaps pleasant tingling-a phenomenon which Henderson and Smyth (5) regard as basic-or, much more rarely, he may feel pain. He may feel that he can wiggle his finger or toes, flex or extend the wrist or ankle, and that he can perform these movements more or less at will. Despite his knowledge that the amputation has been performed the patient may "forget" and reach out with the missing hand to grasp something, or to steady himself, or he may step on the phantom foot and fall. At least initially a good many amputees report that they are more aware of the phantom extremity-even though painless-than of the contralateral intact limb, an observation already recorded by Weir Mitchell (9). When the phantom first appears the experience is usually-though not always-that of the limb as if it were still present, i.e. the phantom has "normal" size, shape, etc. In time, however, certain changes take place. The less articulated parts, such as the calf or the forearm, may fade and eventually drop out altogether, leaving only the foot, and eventually perhaps only the toes, or, correspondingly, leaving only the hand and finally only the fingers. Furthermore, the remaining parts may gradually "move" towards the stump-
Prion-Like Behavior of Amyloid-β

Can certain neurodegenerative diseases be transmitted between humans by an infectious agent? The discovery that protein particles called prions can enter healthy mammals, including humans, and trigger a cascade of endogenous protein misfolding associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (“mad cow disease”) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, certainly demonstrates this in prion diseases. Remarkably, neuronal proteins such as tau, α-synuclein, and polyglutamine aggregates, which are causally implicated in the neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, respectively, can be released from donor cells and taken up by neighboring acceptor cells. Moreover, treatment with exogenous misfolded neuronal proteins, such as tau, can trigger the misfolding and aggregation of their properly folded endogenous counterparts in host cells and animals ( 1 ). Besides prions, there is yet no evidence that other neurodegenerative diseases associated with protein misfolding are transmissible between humans by an infectious agent. But on page 980 in this issue, Eisele et al. ( 2 ) report that peripherally injected (outside the brain) mouse brain lysates containing aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ)—the peptide that induces the formation of debilitating brain plaques in Alzheimer's disease—causes plaque-associated pathological changes in the brains of recipient mice. This has implications for a pathogenic mechanism reminiscent of prion transmission.
A preliminary investigation of the relationship between induced rumination and state body image dissatisfaction and anxiety

The current study investigated the relationship between cognitive rumination and state body image distress using an experimental design. Specifically, the study examined whether participants induced to ruminate about an imagined negative body image event would report more body image dissatisfaction and anxiety compared to those induced to distract themselves. Ninety-nine undergraduate women completed two measures to assess depressive symptomology and baseline body image distress. All participants then silently read a body image scenario intended to evoke negative emotions. After reading the scenario, participants were randomized into one of two conditions, rumination or distraction, and were then re-administered the self-report measures. Statistical analyses revealed that the rumination group reported more state body image dissatisfaction and anxiety after the manipulation. The findings provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that a ruminative response style, specifically within a body image domain, predicts body image dissatisfaction and anxiety.
Mixed convection in buoyancy-assisting, vertical backward-facing step flows

Abstract Mixed convective heat transfer results for laminar, buoyancy-assisting, two-dimensional flow in a vertical duct with a backward-facing step are reported. The present numerical study examines a wide range of inlet flow and wall temperature conditions to cover the domain from pure forced convective flow, where the buoyancy force effects are not present, to the inlet starved convective flow where the buoyancy force effects are significant and where the average inlet velocity is smaller than the corresponding natural convective value. The results compare very favorably with existing, but limited, experimental and numerical data. This study focuses on a backward-facing step geometry with an expansion ratio of 2, but the general observed behaviors are applicable to similar geometries with different expansion ratios. The buoyancy-induced flow decreases the reattachment length and pushes the recirculating region away from the heated wall. Velocity and temperature distributions along with Nusselt numbers and wall friction coefficients are presented for wide ranges of flow and temperature parameters.
Collective field effects in electron - atom scattering in a low-frequency laser field

Several recent papers have examined the theory of electron - atom scattering in a low-frequency laser field. Only one of these papers obtained rough agreement with the size of the experimental cross section through the identification of a novel physical process: collective field effects. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that an error in the formulation led to an overestimate of the interaction potential by five orders of magnitude. The experimental results cannot be explained by collective field effects.
Variational localized‐site cluster expansions. VI. General theory revisited

A general and systematic localized-site cluster expansion is described. It provides simple physically appealing and computationally feasible wave function ansatze, as well as, via extension of the cluster expansion, a unique expression for general, possibly exact, wave functions. We show that a variety of matrix element evaluation techniques are available and that they are sometimes exact though relatively simple. These techniques often proceed in terms of computational time proportional to the number of different types of sites, rather than their total number. Thus it seems we have a new and viable many-body theory, which is expected to be most accurate and most readily implementable when a physical picture with slightly perturbed localized sites is relevant.
Criticisms of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply and Mankiw’s Presentation

This paper argues that the standard AD-AS framework as presented in intermediate macroeconomic textbooks is (1) internally logically inconsistent and (2) empirically unrealistic. The logical incons...
Clues cue the smooze: rhyme, pausing, and prediction help children learn new words from storybooks

Rhyme, which is ubiquitous in the language experiences of young children, may be especially facilitative to vocabulary learning because of how it can support active predictions about upcoming words. In two experiments, we tested whether rhyme, when used to help children anticipate new words would make those words easier to learn. Two- to 4-year-old children heard rhyming stanzas naming novel monsters under three conditions: A non-rhyme condition in which novel monster names appeared as unrhymed elements within a rhymed stanza, a non-predictive rhyme condition in which the novel names were the rhymed element in the first line of a stanza, and a predictive rhyme condition in which the monster name came as the rhymed element in the last line of the stanza after a description of the features that distinguished him. In tests of retention and identification children showed greatest novel name learning in the predictive rhyme condition in both between-subjects (Experiment 1) and within-subjects (Experiment 2) comparisons. Additionally, when parents acted as the storybook readers in Experiment 2, many of them distinctly paused before target words in the predictive rhyme condition and for their children a stronger predictive rhyme advantage surfaced. Thus rhyme is not only facilitative for learning, but when the novel vocabulary is specifically in a position where it is predictable from the rhymes, it is most accessible.
Visually evoked responses in migraine.

Abstract Visually evoked responses from the central and occipital areas were compared between 50 patients with migraine (during the headache-free period) and 46 control subjects. The findings suggest that migraine might be associated with altered cerebral responses to visual stimulation. Of three occipital surface negative components studied, the second (“intermediate” cluster) tended to appear slightly earlier in the migrainous individuals whereas the third (OIII) appeared later. Average amplitude of the second major surface positive wave (OIV) was lower. These differences were significant for the total experimental population and the female subgroup. Latency of the OII component (surface positive) was longer for females with migraine, a finding not present for the total population. No significant differences emerged between male experimental and control groups. Vertex responses were similar in migrainous and normal subjects. The routine EEG was abnormal in eleven of 50 (22%) patients. Average pupil size of the patients with migraine was significantly smaller than that of the controls.
The effect of crowd density on the expected number of casualties in a suicide attack

Utilizing elementary geometric and probability considerations, we estimate the effect of crowd blocking in suicide bombing events. It is shown that the effect is quite significant. Beyond a certain threshold, the expected number of casualties decreases with the number of people in the arena. The numerical results of our model are consistent with casualty data from suicide bombing events in Israel. Some operational insights are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
The Impact of Oral Sucrose on Apnea and Bradycardia in Preterm Infants: A Crossover Randomised Trial

The Impact of Oral Sucrose on Apnea and Bradycardia in Preterm Infants: A Crossover Randomised Trial
G328E and G409E sialin missense mutations similarly impair transport activity, but differentially affect trafficking

Two disease-associated missense mutations in the sialin gene (G328E and G409E) have recently been identified in patients with lysosomal free sialic acid storage disease. We have assessed the effect of these mutations and find complete loss of measurable transport activity with both and impaired trafficking of the G409E protein. These results suggest that the two residues are important for proper function of sialin and confirm the association of loss of transport with disease causative mutations.
The circadian clock gates the intestinal stem cell regenerative state

The intestine has evolved under constant environmental stresses, because an animal may ingest harmful pathogens or chemicals at any time during its lifespan. Following damage, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) regenerate the intestine by proliferating to replace dying cells. ISCs from diverse animals are remarkably similar, and the Wnt, Notch, and Hippo signaling pathways, important regulators of mammalian ISCs, are conserved from flies to humans. Unexpectedly, we identified the transcription factor period, a component of the circadian clock, to be critical for regeneration, which itself follows a circadian rhythm. We discovered hundreds of transcripts that are regulated by the clock during intestinal regeneration, including components of stress response and regeneration pathways. Disruption of clock components leads to arrhythmic ISC divisions, revealing their underappreciated role in the healing process.
Bone grafting for osteonecrosis of the femoral head

There has been a recent explosion of information relating to the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of avascular necrosis, or osteonecrosis, of the femoral head; however, few definitive conclusions have been made regarding either its development or treatment. Because of its tendency to progress to femoral head collapse and subsequent hip degeneration, and its propensity to afflict younger patients, osteonecrosis continues to serve as the subject of considerable debate and research. Conceptually, the ideal operation for this problem would be one which removes the necrotic bone from the femoral head, replacing it with viable and structurally sound bone, thus restoring vitality to the femoral head, and preventing collapse of the articular surface. To date, there is no consensual agreement among surgeons as to a single reliable surgical procedure which can consistently achieve these aforementioned objectives. Several treatment options for osteonecrosis of the femoral head have been described, including weight restriction and observation, core decompression, osteotomies, bone grafting (structural or nonstructural and vascularized or non-vascularized), and arthroplasty (hemiarthroplasty, resurfacing techniques, and total hip replacements). Bone grafting is an attractive treatment option in that it combines the benefit of decompressing the femoral head with the added benefit of introducing an osteoconductive and/or osteoinductive material into the devitalized head. Furthermore, such grafting preserves the natural hip geometry and articular cartilage, unlike the osteotomy and arthroplasty techniques described. We present a comprehensive list of the various and current bone grafting techniques for osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
Caloric compensation in hypothalamic obese rats

Abstract The present study explored the influence of pelleted diets on adjustment to caloric dilution in hypothalamic obese rats. Medial hypothalamic lesioned and normal rats were maintained on a high fat diet until the static stage of hyperphagia was reached. They were given three pelleted diets which consisted of undiluted Noyes pellets and Noyes pellets diluted 25 or 50 percent with kaolin. In contrast to previous reports that hypothalamic obese rats do not compensate for caloric dilution of their diet, the obese animals showed as large an increase in food intake on the dilute pelleted diets as did the control animals. These results were interpreted by viewing texture as a dimension of palatability which influences food intake in hypothalamic obese rats.
Topical dual-stain difference imaging for rapid intra-operative tumor identification in fresh specimens

Assessing tumor margin status during surgery is critical to ensure complete resection of cancer tissue; however, current approaches are ineffective and often result in repeat surgery. We present an optical imaging approach for margin assessment using topical application of two fluorescent stains, one targeted to a tumor biomarker and the other a nontargeted reference, to freshly excised specimens. Computing a normalized difference image from fluorescence images of the targeted and untargeted stains suppresses the confounding effects of nonspecific uptake. Applying this approach in excised breast tumor models produced promising tumor-to-normal tissue contrasts that were significantly higher than single-targeted-stain imaging.
Radiative heat-transfer analysis using an effective absorptivity for absorption, emission and scattering

Abstract In this study, a non-conventional approach is used for the solution of radiative heat-transfer equations through absorbing, emitting and scattering media. An expression has been developed herein, for the effective absorptivity of a layer of the medium which includes the effect of absorption, emission and scattering. This new “effective absorptivity in the presence of scattering” can be used to evaluate the radiative heat transfer between two surfaces with an intervening flowing or stationary medium. In this study, this expression is used in the evaluation of radiative heat transfer in turbulent boundary layer flows over a flat plate. The radiative heat-transfer results calculated by the method developed in this study are compared with the results calculated by conventional methods. It is seen that the method, developed herein, is accurate as well as faster than present techniques and thus saves considerable computer time.
The time courses of late receptor potentials from monkey cones and rods.

Abstract Isolated late RPs (receptor potentials) of rods have been compared with the late RPs of “red” and “green” cones in the macaque monkey. Rod and cone responses were identified especially by spectral response curves, the Stiles-Crawford effect, the different intensity ranges over which they change amplitude, and by isolating the pure cone late RP of the central fovea. Both rise and fall of the rod late RP occur slowly and smoothly. By comparison, the cone late RP has short on- and off-latencies and much faster rise and decay, and under certain conditions exhibits an initial peak and/or rapid off-transients. The time course of the rod late RP cannot be altered to simulate the cone late RP by varying stimulus intensity within the scotopic range. Thus rods and cones differ consistently in the time courses of their late RPs. This aspect of the duplicity theory appears to underlie a number of functional differences between rods and cones in the time domain. It can also identify the rod or cone origin of a given response, having been validated against the major classical criteria. For this purpose it is economical of time and labor, and can identify the receptor origin of a response while it is being recorded. Among criteria based upon time course, the different decay rates of rod and cone late RPs are especially informative under a variety of conditions. In addition to identifying pure cone and pure rod responses, this criterion can readily identify the cone and rod contributions to a duplex response. At stimulus intensities above the low photopic level, the decay rate criterion suggests that the rod late RP does not simply saturate in amplitude, butnormally disappears. This appears to be an important phenomenon that is difficult or impossible to reveal by classical methods.
Net uptake of aspartate by a high-affinity rat cortical synaptosomal transport system

Abstract Reuptake of neuroactive amino acids by high affinity transport systems (Km ≈ 10 μM) is thought to terminate the action of these substances. Since homoexchange can complicate the interpretation of uptake experiments, it is necessary to demonstrate net inward transport of neuroactive amino acids before uptake can be considered as a likely mechanism for transmitter inactivation. When rat cortical synaptosomes are incubated with 10 μM [14C] l -aspartate, net (chemical) and apparent (radioactive) uptake into the synaptosomal fractions are equivalent. Although there is net aspartate uptake into the synaptosome fraction, aspartate exchange can be demonstrated in a variety of conditions. Net uptake exhibits the characteristics of high-affinity transport systems including Na+- and temperature-dependence. Furthermore, KCl (orRbCl) — 1mM — are required for net uptake but not radioactive or apparent uptake. LiCl, NH4Cl, CsCl, and choline chloride fail to support net uptake. Ouabain (0.1mM) inhibits net uptake to a greater extent than apparent uptake. Although glutamate inhibits aspartate uptake (and vice versa), the net uptake of the combination is greater than that of each alone. The demonstration of net uptake of aspartate by a high-affinity system is consonant with the idea that this system may play a role in its inactivation in the synaptic region.
A linear drug release from erosion‐controlled drug/resin complex systems

The linear release of water-soluble drugs (diphenhydramine and propanolol) from erodible, drug/resin complex, gel matrices using poly(methyl methacrylate-co-sodium acrylate) was investigated
Tandem ring expansion/aldol cyclization of bicyclo[5.4.01,7]undecanediones

Diazomethane ring expansion of 3 followed by deketalization, led to the formation of bicyclodione intermediates 6 and 8. These intermediates underwent internal aldol cyclization to give the tricyclic adducts 7 and 9 in a 1:1 ratio, respectively.
Boolean circuit design using emerging tunneling devices

Novel device technologies are exceedingly under investigation for the sub-10-nm era. Some tunneling devices employing 2-D materials have shown the potential for low-voltage operation, promising energy efficient digital circuits and systems. Interestingly, certain emerging tunneling devices such as SymFETs and BiSFETs exhibit an I–V characteristic different from that of MOSFETs. In this paper, the design of Boolean gates with SymFETs is studied. We show that the negative differential resistance (NDR) behavior of the transistors leads to hysteresis in inverters and buffers, and can be used to build simple Schmitttriggers. It can also by used in designing new pseudo-SymFET loads for circuits similar to all-n-type or dynamic logic. We demonstrate the feasibility of building NAND, NOR, IMPLY, and MAJORITY gates with fewer transistors when compared with static CMOS designs. Benchmarking efforts show that SymFETs are an attractive choice for applications that demand low power and have moderate speed requirements, and demonstrate better dynamic energy efficiency than CMOS circuits; but one challenge for SymFET circuits is relatively larger leakage currents.
WE‐C‐214‐03: ECCK — A Computer System of Automate Patient Chart Checking

Purpose: ECCK (Electronic Chart ChecKing) is a clinical computer system(software and database) designed to improve quality, efficiency, and frequency of patient chart checking. The goal is to use computer programs to automatically review patient treatment data and to highlight discrepancies and potential concerns through color‐coded reports and email messages. Methods: ECCK contains a dedicated PC workstation, a separate database server and a data storage server. It integrates many different technologies, including SQL database, data structure design, DICOM, PACS, dynamic HTML, javascript, MATLAB, C++ and image processing. ECCK contains 200+ MATLAB programs, many C++ programs, DHTML design templates, style sheets, javascript programs and design documents. Most ECCK programs run on the ECCK workstation. Patient data are obtained from the treatment planning system and oncology information system (OIS) server in both native format and DICOM format, and analyzed according to predefined rules with logical conditions. Reports, generated in DHTML format, are stored on the storage server and indexed in database. A standalone report‐browser program is run by users on any computer in the department. Other features include OIS database querying and offline document browsing. Results: ECCK functionality is purpose dependent and varies for therapists, physicians, and physicists. For physics, ECCK checks patient prescriptions, beam parameters, setup parameters, fractionation schedules, treatment calendar, treatment records, beam delivery history, existing of mandatory documents and images, etc. Conclusions: ECCK is useful to reduce the repetitive routine work of users, and to improve the speed and accuracy of chart checking. ECCK enables increased frequency of patient chart audits, and allows verification tasks which are not easily performed by humans. While human is the ultimate expert, ECCK ensures a consistent amount of quality in the chart checking process which is otherwise impossible to maintain.
Protonic transistors from thin reflectin films

Ionic transistors from organic and biological materials hold great promise for bioelectronics applications. Thus, much research effort has focused on optimizing the performance of these devices. Herein, we experimentally validate a straightforward strategy for enhancing the high to low current ratios of protein-based protonic transistors. Upon reducing the thickness of the transistors’ active layers, we increase their high to low current ratios 2-fold while leaving the other figures of merit unchanged. The measured ratio of 3.3 is comparable to the best values found for analogous devices. These findings underscore the importance of the active layer geometry for optimum protonic transistor functionality.
GPU-based real-time small displacement estimation with ultrasound

General purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPUs) has been previously shown to speed up computationally intensive data processing and image reconstruction algorithms for computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and ultrasound images. Although some algorithms in ultrasound have been converted to GPU processing, many investigative ultrasound research systems still use serial processing on a single CPU. One such ultrasound modality is acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging, which investigates the mechanical properties of soft tissue. Traditionally, the raw data are processed offline to estimate the displacement of the tissue after the application of radiation force. It is highly advantageous to process the data in real-time to assess their quality and make modifications during a study. In this paper, we present algorithms for efficient GPU parallel processing of two widely used tools in ultrasound: cubic spline interpolation and Loupas' two-dimensional autocorrelator for displacement estimation. It is shown that a commercially available graphics card can be used for these computations, achieving speed increases up to 40× compared with single CPU processing. Thus, we conclude that the GPU-based data processing approach facilitates real-time (i.e., <;1 second) display of ARFI data and is a promising approach for ultrasonic research systems.
Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage simulating acute myocardial infarction

The decision to administer thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction depends on clinical presentation and characteristic ECG findings of acute injury. Inappropriate initiation of thrombolysis may occur when other clinical entities mimic myocardial infarction both clinically and electrocardiographically. We present the case of a 49-year-old woman who presented with cardiovascular collapse and ECG findings strongly suggestive of myocardial infarction. Computed brain tomography eventually revealed right temporal lobe hemorrhage, the apparent cause of the observed ECG abnormalities. ST-segment elevation resolved rapidly, and serial creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme determinations were negative. Because closed-chest cardiac massage had been performed, a thrombolytic agent was not administered. Our experience emphasizes the importance of considering ECG findings in light of clinical presentation and of taking care to consider conditions other than myocardial infarction that may cause ST-segment elevation.
‘An area that governs itself ’: Informality, uncertainty and the management of street vending in New York City:

Laws governing street vending in New York City are confusing, convoluted, at times contradictory and difficult to enforce with any sort of consistency. In this context of uncertainty and illegibili...
Lattice Expansion and Saturation Magnetization of Nickel–Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles Prepared by Aqueous Precipitation

Nanoparticles of nickel–zinc ferrite prepared across the solid solution compositional range by aqueous precipitation at 1001C are all found to have both a larger lattice parameter and a lower saturation magnetization than bulk forms of the same compositions. The lower saturation magnetization is attributed to a combination of the larger lattice parameter, decreasing the super-exchange interactions between the Ni 21 and Fe 31 ions, and incomplete ordering of the cations between the octahedral and tetrahedral sites in the spinel structure. Annealing experiments suggest that the lattice expansion is probably due to the incorporation of OHgroups during synthesis. Characterization of the nanoparticles indicates that the saturation magnetization can be restored while preserving their super-paramagnetic behavior by heating to temperatures below which they coarsen, typically 9001C.