cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LIQUID METAL PAIR-CORRELATION FUNCTIONS FROM EMPIRICAL PAIR POTENTIALS.

The pair-correlation functions of liquid Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, and V are calculated from empirically determined potentials obtained from the solid state of these substances. The calculations use Percus-Yevick theory, and comparison is made between the results using the empirical potentials obtained by Esterling-Swaroop and those of Johnson and Wilson. Reasonable agreement with the experimentally determined pair-correlation functions is obtained for Fe, Cu, and Ag with both sets of potentials. However, the results for Au and V with the Esterling-Swaroop potentials are not satisfactory. It is noted independent evidence suggests that the pair potential approximation is inadequate for these two metals. In addition, the pair-correlation function serves as a discriminator between two pair potentials for iron derived from the same phonon data. Die Paarkorrelationsfunktionen von flussigem Fe, Cu, Ag, Au und V werden aus empirisch ermittelten Potentialen, erhalten aus dem festen Zustand dieser Substanzen, berechnet. Die Rechnungen benutzen die Percus-Yevick-Theorie, und ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse aus den empirisch von Esterling-Swaroop und den von Johnson und Wilson erhaltenen Potentialen wird durch-gefuhrt. Vernunftige Ubereinstimmung mit den experimentell bestimmten Paarkorrelationsfunktionen wird fur Fe, Cu und Ag mit beiden Potentialsatzen erhalten. Jedoch sind die Ergebnisse fur Au und V mit den Esterling-Swaroop-Potentialen nicht befriedigend. Es wird festgestellt, das unabhangige Hinweise zeigen, das die Paarpotentialnaherung fur diese beiden Metalle inadaquat ist. Zusatzlich dient die Paarkorrelationsfunktion als Diskriminator zwischen zwei Paarpotentialen fur Eisen, die aus denselben Phononenwerten abgeleitet wurden.
How can IR help mechanisms be more helpful to users

The Help system is often the only resource that users can consult when they are faced with problems associated with the use of IR systems of all types, including web search engines, digital libraries, online databases, and other systems. Despite the importance of Help systems in interactive IR, people use this resource infrequently, for a variety of reasons that are not fully understood. In this paper we report results of a study designed to investigate users' perceptions of the overall importance of IR Help systems; the frequency with which they use them; evaluations of the helpfulness of various Help functions; and reasons for not using Help systems at all. Fifty participants completed a self-administered questionnaire which contained structured and open-ended questions about IR Help systems, along with other background questions about the respondents. Results of this study reveal that respondents perceive IR Help systems to be important; yet, they use them rarely or infrequently. Many of the Help mechanisms are not very useful in enabling users to effectively interact with IR systems. Based upon an analysis of the open-ended answers to questions about why help systems are helpful or not, we identify major areas in which Help systems need improvement if they are to improve IR interaction.
Fabrication and properties of reactively hot pressed ZrB2–SiC ceramics

Abstract ZrB2–SiC ceramics with relative densities >99% were fabricated by ‘in situ’ reactive hot pressing from ZrH2, B4C and Si. The reaction was studied using two processes, (1) powder reactions at temperatures from 1150 to 1400 °C and (2) reactive hot pressing between 1600 and 1900 °C. The products from the reaction of a 2ZrH2:1B4C:1Si molar mixture were ZrB2, SiC, ZrO2 and ZrC. Modification of the composition to 2ZrH2:1.07B4C:1.16Si resulted in the elimination of the undesired ZrO2 and ZrC phases. The final composition was approximately ZrB2–27 vol% SiC with no undesired phases detected by X-ray diffraction, and only low concentrations of B4C detected by scanning electron microscopy. Elimination of the undesired phases was accomplished by removing surface oxides through chemical reactions at elevated temperatures. Reactively hot pressed samples consisting of ZrB2 with 27 vol% SiC had a Young's modulus of 508 GPa, a flexure strength of 720 MPa, a fracture toughness of 3.5 MPa m1/2 and a Vickers’ hardness of 22.8 GPa.
Effects of Enzyme Type on Milk Coagulation

Abstract Rate of increase of curd firming decreases as the extent of nonspecific proteolysis increases. Effect of enzymes on relative curd firming rates, from greatest to least, was chymosin, calf rennet, Mucor miehei proteinase, Mucor pusillus proteinase, adult bovine rennet, calf rennet-porcine pepsin (50:50), bovine pepsin. When porcine pepsin is used, the effect of proteolytic specificity on curd firming is confounded by loss of activity of porcine pepsin at the pH of milk. Differences in curd firmness among commercial milk coagulants 3h after enzyme addition were not significant. Pepsin content in mixtures of chymosin and bovine pepsin was inversely proportional to curd firming rate.
Coastal Southern Ocean: A strong anthropogenic CO2 sink

[1] Large-scale estimates of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink do not adequately resolve the fluxes associated with Antarctic continental shelves. Using a mechanistic three-dimensional biogeochemical model of the Ross Sea, we show that Antarctic shelf waters are a strong sink for CO2 due to high biological productivity, intense winds, high ventilation rates, and extensive winter sea ice cover. Net primary production (NPP) in these waters is ∼0.055 Pg C yr−1. Some of this carbon sinks to depth, driving an influx of CO2 of 20–50 g C m−2 yr−1. Although currently unaccounted for, the total atmospheric CO2 sink on the Ross Sea continental shelf of 0.013 Pg C yr−1 is equivalent to 27% of the most recent estimate of the CO2 sink for the entire Southern Ocean. Given these results, these and other highly productive waters around the Antarctic continent need to be included in future budgets of anthropogenic CO2.
Experimental Investigation of the Atmospheric Chemistry of 2-Methyl-1-Nitronaphthalene and a Comparison of Predicted Nitroarene Concentrations with Ambient Air Data

Abstract The atmospheric chemistry of 2-methyl-1-nitronaphthalene and the photolysis of 3- nitrobiphenyl have been investigated. Under atmospheric conditions, photolysis was the dominant loss process for 2-methyl-1-nitronaphthalene, while no photolysis of 3- nitrobiphenyl was observed. These data have been used, together with our previous data concerning the atmospheric reactions of 1-and 2-nitronaphthalene and the formation of nitroarenes from the gas-phase atmospheric reactions of the 2- to 4-ring PAH, to predict ambient nitroarene concentrations. The predicted concentrations of the nitronaphthalenes, 3-nitrobiphenyl, 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene are compared with ambient air data from Torrance and Glendora, CA, USA.
Slow-fast decomposition of an inertialess flow of viscoelastic fluids

We study frequency responses of an inertialess two-dimensional channel flow of viscoelastic fluids. By rewriting the evolution equations in terms of low-pass filtered versions of the stream function, we show that strongly-elastic flows can be brought into a standard singularly perturbed form that exhibits a slow-fast decomposition. In high-Weissenberg number regime, which is notoriously difficult to study numerically, we demonstrate that the frequency responses are reliably captured by the dynamics of the fast subsystem. We use numerical computations to validate our theoretical findings and to illustrate that our formulation does not suffer from spurious numerical instabilities.
Swift: reducing the effects of latency in online video scrubbing

We first conduct a study using abstracted video content to measure the effects of latency on video scrubbing performance and find that even very small amounts of latency can significantly degrade navigation performance. Based on these results, we present Swift, a technique that supports real-time scrubbing of online videos by overlaying a small, low resolution copy of the video during video scrubbing, and snapping back to the high resolution video when the scrubbing is completed or paused. A second study compares the Swift technique to traditional online video players on a collection of realistic live motion videos and content-specific search tasks which finds the Swift technique reducing completion times by as much as 72% even with a relatively low latency of 500ms. Lastly, we demonstrate that the Swift technique can be easily implemented using modern HTML5 web standards.
Detection of Artificial Satellites Using Optimized Volume Hologram Filters

We design and optimize volume hologram filters with telephoto objectives to mitigate the daytime sky background noise in the detection of solar-illuminated artificial satellites. Overall signal-to-noise ratio enhancement of 7.5 has been achieved.
An Asian Perspective on Relationship and Marriage Education

The goal of this article is to provide couple therapists and relationship educators with information to enhance the cultural relevance of their work with Asian populations. Because of the rapid social, economic, cultural, and gender role changes, the various Asian interpretations of the institution of marriage are undergoing major transformation. This article describes the general trends in marriage in several Asian nations, with a focus on the swiftly rising divorce rates and changing cultural attitudes to marriage, and discusses current relationship education initiatives in these nations. Finally, based on my experiences working with Asian populations, I present a few humble insights regarding adaptation of marriage education to render it more culturally appropriate for Asians.
Certain expected values in the random assignment problem

The lower bound 1+1/e+O(n^-^1^+^@e)@k 1.368 is established for the expected minimal cost in the n x n random Assignment Problem where the cost matrix entries are drawn independently from the Uniform(0, 1) probability distribution. The expected number of independent zeroes created in the initial assignment of the Hungarian Algorithm is asymptotically equal to 2-e^-^1^/^e-e^-^e^^^-^^^1^^^/^^^e+o(1))[email protected]
X.25 and related recommendations in IBM products

This paper describes IBM's use of Recommendation X and related recommendations of the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee. After reviewing the development history of X and some of the motivations for using it, the paper gives an overview of packet-switched data networks. The reader is then given a brief technical description of Recommendation X and some other recommendations used in conjunction with X. The architectural relationships between X and IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA) are described for packet-switched X connections between SNA and non-SNA nodes. Specific elements of Recommendation X used in SNA nodes are defined. After several IBM products that support X and some of the related recommendations are described, IBM's equipment for testing the X interface is discussed.
Implementation of evidence-based protocols improves survival: a 15-year surgical ICU experience in 10,172 patients

There has been enormous interest in measuring ICU performance in terms of mortality and resource use, owing to increased public and health insurer scrutiny. We elected to describe the performance of our surgical ICU, using a standardized mortality ratio (SMR = observed / predicted mortality).
Immunoreactive calcitonin in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland.

Abstract Immunoreactive-calcitonin was observed in all cells of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland. It may thus be a fragment of the ≥31, 000 daltons precursor molecule of adrenocorticotropin and β-lipotropin.
Ionic mechanism of 5‐hydroxytryptamine induced hyperpolarization and inhibitory junctional potential in body wall muscle cells of Hirudo medicinalis

Five-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) causes a hyperpolarization and increased conductance of the leech body wall muscle cell membrane. If 5-HT is applied in the absence of the Cl minus ion, the response appears as a depolarization, whereas if 5-HT is applied in the absence of the K+ ion, the response is a hyperpolarization. In both cases, the conductance of the muscle cell membrane is increased. Stimulation of the peripheral nerve to the body wall muscle produces a complex junctional potential in muscle cells. Exposing the muscle to d-tubocurarine (d-TC) eliminates the excitatory component (EJP) of the complex potential. The inhibitory potential (IJP) that remains has an equilibrium potential at approximately 65 mV. Furthermore, this IJP appears as a depolarization when the nerve is stimulated in the presence of d-TC and low CL minus, whereas this is not the case if the nerve is stimulated in the presence of d-TC and low K+. The drugs BOL-148 and cyproheptadine block the IJP's in the body wall muscle. These data are interpreted as indicating that 5-HT acts on leech body wall muscle cells by increasing the conductance to the Cl minus ion and that the IJP's caused by nerve stimulation are probably the result of 5-HT release at nerve terminals. As a final point, it has been shown that the inhibition by 5-HT of the spontaneous EJP's that occur on the leech body wall muscle results from an inhibition of central neurons and not from any direct effect on the muscle cell or on peripheral synapses.
Demonstration by genetic suppression of interaction of GroE products with many proteins.

THE way in which proteins attain and maintain their final form is of fundamental importance. Recent work has focused on the role of a set of ubiquitous proteins, termed chaperonins1, in the assembly of phage2 and multisubunit proteins3,4. The range of chaperonin action is unknown; they could interact with most cellular polypeptides or have a limited subset of protein partners. Included in the chaperonin family is the essential heat-shock regulated Escherichia coli groEL gene product1, 5 ,6. Over-expression of the groE operon in E. coli causes enhanced assembly of heterologously expressed ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase subunits3 and suppresses the heat-sensitive mutant phenotype of several dnaA alleles7, 8. It has been inferred that suppression of heat-sensitive mutations is confined to dnaA alleles and that this confinement could reflect an interaction between the groE operon products and a dnaA protein aggregate at the replication origin7, 9. We now report that multiple copies of the groE operon suppress mutations in genes encoding several diverse proteins. Our data indicate a general role for the groE operon products, the GroEL and GroES proteins10, in the folding–assembly pathways of many proteins.
R69-1 Transport Time-Delay Simulation for Transmission Line Representation

My first comment is that it is necessary for technology to continue in any area (even though that area is considered dead by the majority of people). A good example of this is analog and/or hybrid simulation.
Evidence for two independent lineages of shiitake of the americas (Lentinula boryana) based on rDNA and beta-tubulin gene sequences.

Portions of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were sequenced from members of the genus Lentinula and were used, along with partial beta-tubulin gene sequences, for phylogenetic reconstructions. The rDNA sequences of L. boryana were separated into two well-defined lineages. Lineage 1 was composed of isolates from Mexico and Costa Rica while lineage 2 encompassed isolates from the United States, Venezuela, and Brazil. The two South American isolates of L. boryana had nearly identical ITS sequences and very closely related beta-tubulin sequences. This high level of similarity may indicate that sexual reproduction occurs among the sampled populations, although this is difficult to reconcile with the large geographic distances (over 4000 km) that separate some of the collecting locations. An alternative explanation may be that the isolates sampled are the product of a rapid population expansion over a large geographic area. Analyses of partial beta-tubulin gene sequences that were rooted using Pleurotus spp. support the hypothesis that L. boryana is monophyletic.
Auxiliaries in spoken Sinhala

This paper discusses whether there are elements in spoken Sinhala that can be appropriately labeled auxiliary verbs, adopting the framework of grammaticalization theory (Hopper and Traugott 1993). While auxiliaries are thought of as a nearly universal cross-linguistic category (Steele 1978), the term is not mentioned in standard works on Sinhala (Gair and Paolillo 1997, Gair 1998). On the basis of elicited data, it is argued that a number of elements can be fruitfully analyzed as auxiliaries, while other elements resist such a classification, and thus pose a challenge to current definitions of the term auxiliary in grammaticalization theory.
A STUDY OF THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT : I. THE REACTION TO MONOCHROMATIC RADIATIONS.

In this first paper of a series on the bactericidal action of ultra violet light the methods of isolating and measuring monochromatic radiations, of preparing and exposing the bacteria, and of estimating the effects of exposure, are given in detail. At all the different wave lengths studied the reactions of S. aureus followed similar curves, but occurred, at each wave length, at a different energy level. The general similarity of these curves to those for monomolecular reactions provokes a discussion of their signifiance, and emphasis is laid upon variations in susceptibility of individual organisms, due especially to age and metabolic activity, so that the typical curve seems to be best interpreted as one of probability.
On the Geologic Structure at the Epicenter of the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake

The study focuses on evidence of Cenozoic faulting in the epicentral area of the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake and its connection with Mesozoic structure. The seismic data consist of several reflection profiles collected near Summerville, South Carolina, in the period 1975–1983. Reprocessing of the data reveals an extensive early Mesozoic extensional basin, approximately 20 km in width, between Summerville and Charleston. The basin is delineated by the geometry of reflections that image early Mesozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks and by positive magnetic and gravity anomalies. Cenozoic compressional reactivation of Mesozoic extensional faults is imaged in the interior of the basin. The northwestern boundary of the basin is marked by a sharp gradient in the magnetic field. Folded Cretaceous and Tertiary Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments in association with diffractions and truncated reflections from the early Mesozoic section at four locations along this magnetic gradient indicate that the northwestern basin boundary is faulted. Instrumentally located earthquakes are clustered at the location of the faults imaged in the interior of the basin and in proximity to the northwestern basin margin. Modeling of magnetic and gravity data indicates that the upper crust beneath the seismically imaged structural basin is composed largely of mafic rocks to a depth of at least 4 km. We propose that the Charleston earthquake occurred due to compressional reactivation of a Mesozoic fault in a localized zone of intense early Mesozoic continental rifting.
Relationships among Cognitive Complexity Variables

While the validity of MacNeil's model was not tested here, the continuing indeterminate use of this construct suggests that investigating the validity of models, like MacNeil's, is important. Careful attention must be given to the apparent differences between the face validity of the instruments and the underlying construct validity.
Comparison Processes in Hindsight and Causal Attribution

It was hypothesized that hindsight effects and biased causal attributions both result from the causal explanations that perceivers construct when linking antecedents to outcomes at encoding. Specifically, the likelihood of a particular outcome and its perceived causal origins should depend on the number of causal antecedents available, the complexity of subjects' outcome explanations, and the number of outcome alternatives considered. After subjects were exposed to variations in event-specific information, they either learned the outcome or not and then explained one or more outcome alternatives. As predicted, estimates of outcome likelihood were inflated as the complexity of subjects' causal explanations increased. However, inducing subjects to explain alternative outcomes-particularly several alternative outcomes-reduced their tendency to exaggerate the likelihood of the known outcomes. Similarly, causal attributions varied as a function of the outcome alternatives explained and the number of causal ant...
Mental Health Among Suburban Drug Court Participants

The issue of co-occurring disorders is of concern to the Criminal Justice field, including drug courts. To assess the potential co-occurrence of substance use- and mental health-related diagnoses, the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire and similar instruments was administered to suburban drug court clients. Based on the screening, one quarter to one half of the 108 participants would be referred for follow-up for a mental health issue; women would be referred at a greater rate than men. There is a need to develop appropriate, brief mental health screening instruments for use in drug court settings so that clients can receive necessary services.
Oak Flat Restoration on Phosphate-Mine Spoils

Phosphate mining in Beaufort County, North Carolina, impacts a rare plant community type, oak flats (nonriverine wet hardwood forests [NRWHF]). Reclamation of land after mining utilizes three by-products of mining and manufacturing: clay tailings containing dolomite, low-pH phosphogypsum, and bucket-wheel spoil from the surface 10 m. The open mine is backfilled with a blend of phosphogypsum and clay tailings, which may be left as the surface or capped with bucket-wheel spoil. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using these by-products as substrates for restoring NRWHF. A field study measured survival of 11 tree and four shrub species planted in replicated plots of blend or bucket-wheel spoil. Survival at the end of the second growing season was 59% on the blend and 52% on the bucket-wheel spoil. A greenhouse experiment compared growth of four species of NRWHF oaks on bucket-wheel spoil, blend, local topsoil (sterilized and unsterilized), and a commercial potting mix. Germination rates of acorns of all four species planted in topsoil were almost double those in bucket-wheel spoil and 1.5 times greater than those in the blend. Height and stem volume of trees were significantly greater when grown in topsoil than in bucket-wheel spoil and blend. There was no difference in tree growth on bucket-wheel spoil and blend. In field and greenhouse soil tests, the blend had cadmium levels over 100 times that of local topsoil and the bucket-wheel spoil had levels 40 times greater. Leaf chemical analysis in the field and greenhouse found higher cadmium levels in plants grown on the blend than on the bucket-wheel spoil. These results indicate that the use of topsoil from the advancing mine front may lead to successful restoration of NRWHF.
Sexual Victimization History, Depression, and Task Physiology as Predictors of Sexual Revictimization Results From a 6-Month Prospective Pilot Study

The current study examined depression and physiological reactivity to a sexual threat task as longitudinal predictors of sexual revictimization in women with sexual victimization histories. The sample included 14 young adult women (M(age) = 19.15) who reported child sexual abuse. Heart rate and root mean square of the successive differences were measured at baseline and during the presentation of sexual victimization-related words during an Emotional Stroop task. Results indicated that women who reported a greater history of childhood sexual abuse and adult sexual victimization were at increased risk for sexual revictimization 6 months after initial data collection. Furthermore, even after accounting for their childhood and adult sexual victimization histories and depression symptoms, women who exhibited reduced, or blunted, physiological activity during the sexual victimization stimuli of the Stroop task were more likely to report sexual revictimization during the 6-month follow-up. The findings suggest that sexual victimization survivors may benefit from interventions that address physiological blunting and the recognition of sexual threat cues in their environment.
Heparin Binding by Fibronectin Module III-13 Involves Six Discontinuous Basic Residues Brought Together to Form a Cationic Cradle

Abstract The thirteenth type III domain of fibronectin binds heparin almost as well as fibronectin itself and contains a so-called heparin-binding consensus sequence, Arg6-Arg7-Ala8-Arg9 (residues 1697-1700 in plasma fibronectin). Barkalow and Schwarzbauer (Barkalow, F. J., and Schwarzbauer, J. E. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7812-7818) showed that mutation of Arg6-Arg7 in domain III-13 of recombinant truncated fibronectins abolished their ability to bind heparin-Sepharose. However, synthetic peptides containing this sequence have negligible affinity for heparin (Ingham, K. C., Brew, S. A., Migliorini, M. M., and Busby, T. F.(1993) Biochemistry 32, 12548-12553). We generated a three-dimensional model of fibronectin type III-13 based on the structure of a homologous domain from tenascin. The model places Arg, Lys, and Arg parallel to and in close proximity to the Arg6-Arg7-Ala8-Arg9 motif, suggesting that these residues may also contribute to the heparin-binding site. Domain III-13 and six single-site mutants containing Ser in place of each of the above-mentioned basic residues were expressed in Escherichia coli. All of the purified mutant domains melted reversibly with a T m near that of the wild type indicating that they were correctly folded. When fluorescein-labeled heparin was titrated at physiological ionic strength, the wild type domain increased the anisotropy in a hyperbolic fashion with a K of 5-7 μM, close to that of the natural domain obtained by proteolysis of fibronectin. The R54S mutant bound 3-fold weaker and the remaining mutants bound at least 10-fold weaker than wild type. The results point out that the Arg6-Arg7-Ala8-Arg9 consensus sequence by itself has little affinity for heparin under physiological conditions, even when presented in the context of a folded domain. Thus, the heparin-binding site in fibronectin is more complex than previously realized. It is formed by a cluster of 6 positively charged residues that are remote in the sequence but brought together on one side of domain III-13 to form a “cationic cradle” into which the anionic heparin molecule could fit.
A Pressure-Volume Apparatus to Measure the Effective Thickness of Cellular Plastic Test Specimens

Thin specimens of cellular plastic insulations are used in thermal re sistance and gas diffusion property measurements. It is known that several cells on the surfaces of the test specimens are destroyed during specimen preparation. Hence the effective thickness of the test specimen differs from the geometrical thickness and proper corrections are to be made for the thickness of the destroyed surface layers before other properties are calculated.
Identification of Hemopexin as an Anti-Inflammatory Factor That Inhibits Synergy of Hemoglobin with HMGB1 in Sterile and Infectious Inflammation

Hemoglobin is released from lysed RBCs in numerous clinical settings. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear and cytosolic DNA-binding protein released from injured cells that has been shown to play an important role in inducing inflammation. Because both of these endogenous molecules are frequently present in sites of necrosis and inflammation, we studied their interaction on the activation of macrophages. We report in this article that hemoglobin and HMGB1 synergize to activate mouse macrophages to release significantly increased proinflammatory cytokines. Addition of microbial ligands that activate through TLR2 or TLR4 resulted in further significant increases, in a "three-way" synergy between endogenous and microbial ligands. The synergy was strongly suppressed by hemopexin (Hx), an endogenous heme-binding plasma protein. The findings suggest that hemoglobin may play an important role in sterile and infectious inflammation, and that endogenous Hx can modulate this response. Administration of Hx may be beneficial in clinical settings characterized by elevated extracellular hemoglobin and HMGB1.
A Mu-Test for Robustness Analysis of a Real-Parameter Variation Problem

A new interconnection structure is constructed for applying ?-tests to the robust stability problem associated with real parameter variations. Some remarks are made concerning the computability of upper bounds for real-?, and an application of the theory to analysis of the lateral axis flight control system of the space shuttle is given.
SCVIR Annual Meeting Film Panel Session: Diagnosis and Discussion of Case 4

A 65-year-old woman with a history of right middle lobe bronchial carcinoma resected in 1985 and a lower respiratory tract infection treated with oral antibiotic approximately 2 months earlier presented reporting acute onset of back pain and weight loss. Physical examination revealed diminished breath sounds at both bases but was otherwise unremarkable. The patient was afebrile with white blood cell count of 8,000 per mm. Contrast-enhanced CT (Fig 4.1) revealed periaortic process at the distal thoracic/suprarenal aorta and the patient was thought to have possible recurrent carcinoid tumor. The patient was then referred to a general surgeon for tissue biopsy. At exploratory laparoscopy, adhesions were encountered and the procedure was aborted. Follow-up CT was performed (Figs 4.2,4.3).
Nitrate Controls on Iron and Arsenic in an Urban Lake

Aquatic ecosystems are often contaminated by multiple substances. Nitrate, a common aquatic pollutant, strongly influenced the cycling of arsenic (As) under anoxic conditions in urban Upper Mystic Lake (Massachusetts, USA) by oxidizing ferrous iron [Fe(II)] to produce As-sorbing particulate hydrous ferric oxides and causing the more oxidized As(V), which is more particle-reactive than As(III) under these conditions, to dominate. This process is likely to be important in many natural waters.
Epidemiological and Microbiological Characterization of Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus with Reduced Susceptibility to Vancomycin, United States, 1997–2001

Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility (SA-RVS; minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC], >or=4 microg/mL), including vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA; MIC, 8 microg/mL), are a new clinical and public health dilemma. Prospective surveillance and a nested case-control study of patients in the United States infected with SA-RVS was conduced from March 1999 through December 2000. Control patients were persons infected with oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (MIC of vancomycin, <or=2 microg/mL). Among 19 case patients, 4 infections were due to VISA and 15 were due to non-VISA SA-RVS. Case patients with and those without VISA infection had similar clinical presentations and outcomes; the overall attributable mortality rate was 63%. Isolates recovered from case patients had heterogeneous pulsed-field gel electrophoresis banding patterns, regardless of the MIC of vancomycin. Neither dialysis nor chronic renal failure were predictive of case status compared with control status. Independent risk factors for being a case patient included antecedent vancomycin use and prior oxacillin-resistant S. aureus infection 2 or 3 months before the current infection.
Real-Time Quasi-Three-Dimensional Display Of Infrared Radar Images

A range/intensity mapping algorithm suitable for displaying active infrared radar images in real-time using pseudocolor is discussed. The availability of range as well as intensity in an active system requires the development of a multidimensional signal processing technique. The high resolution of an optical imaging system combined with conventional radar techniques provide a unique real-time image unattainable using microwave radar. By mapping range information into hues and intensity information. into different apparent brightness levels of each hue, a three-dimensional quality can be imparted to infrared imagery. Examples of its implementation, using data generated by an infrared radar testbed system, are given. Finally, a potential hardware implementation of this technique is described.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PARTITIONING COMPONENTS OF RISK REDUCTION IN A DRAGONFLY-FISH INTRAGUILD PREDATION SYSTEM

Risk to prey imposed by intraguild predation (IGP) can be influenced by a number of factors, yet to date, few studies have measured the contributions of these factors to overall risk. A three-species IGP system with larvae of the dragonfly Anax junius as IG (top) predators, larvae of the dragonfly Plathemis lydia as IG prey (intermediate predators), and fathead minnow hatchlings (Pimephales promelas) as shared prey was used to estimate the contribution of the following three factors to shared-prey mortality rate in combined predator treatments: (1) the trophic effect of the IG predator on IG prey density; (2) the effect of reduced shared prey consumption by the IG prey in the presence of the IG predator; and (3) the effect of alternative prey for the IG predator. These factors were integrated into a model of multiple predator effects. To quantify minnow mortality, P. promelas were exposed to A. junius only, P. lydia only, A. junius and P. lydia, or neither in a two-by-two factorial design. Additional trea...
A Hard-line Reply to Pereboom’s Four-Case Manipulation Argument

Recently there has been a heightened interest in the free will debate about the soundness of the incompatibilist's Manipulation Argument. The argument has a respectable history. Impressive contemporary versions of it can be found in Robert Kane's work (1996), as well as Richard Taylor's (1974). The most recent is Derk Pereboom's provocative version (2001, pp.1 10-17). In what follows, I will argue that Pereboom's argument is not adequate to unseat the compatibilist. My reply will differ from other recent attempts in that I will adopt (as explained below) a hard-line reply. Others adopt a soft-line reply (e.g., Fischer, 2004). I believe a soft-line reply to Pereboom is ultimately ineffective.
Functional Evaluation of Motor Insulation Systems [includes discussion]

The present paper proposes a method for the functional evaluation of insulation systems associated with random wound induction motors in the approximate range of 1 to 40 horsepower or with equipment using a similar insulation system. With this method, a measure of the performance of any motor insulation system can be ascertained for comparison with that of an acceptable standard and any new system may thereby be classified. A specific form of sample, or model motor, is described and a test cycle of repeated periods of exposure to heat, vibration, moisture, and voltage is proposed. By comparing the life of insulation systems, when exposed to repeated test cycles of this kind, with the life of complete motors under various accelerated and service conditions, it is believed that it will be possible to evaluate new insulating materials more quickly and accurately than heretofore possible.
The novel deacetylase inhibitor AR-42 demonstrates pre-clinical activity in B-cell malignancies in vitro and in vivo.

Background: While deacetylase (DAC) inhibitors show promise for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, those introduced to date are weak inhibitors of class I and II DACs or potent inhibitors of class I DAC only, and have shown suboptimal activity or unacceptable toxicities. We therefore investigated the novel DAC inhibitor AR-42 to determine its efficacy in B-cell malignancies. Principal Findings: In mantle cell lymphoma (JeKo-1), Burkitt’s lymphoma (Raji), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (697) cell lines, the 48-hr IC50 (50% growth inhibitory concentration) of AR-42 is 0.61 mM or less. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient cells, the 48-hr LC50 (concentration lethal to 50%) of AR-42 is 0.76 mM. AR-42 produces dose- and time-dependent acetylation both of histones and tubulin, and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis that is not reduced in the presence of stromal cells. AR-42 also sensitizes CLL cells to TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL), potentially through reduction of c-FLIP. AR-42 significantly reduced leukocyte counts and/or prolonged survival in three separate mouse models of B-cell malignancy without evidence of toxicity. Conclusions/Significance: Together, these data demonstrate that AR-42 has in vitro and in vivo efficacy at tolerable doses. These results strongly support upcoming phase I testing of AR-42 in B-cell malignancies.
Toxins in the human food system.

For many thousand years, agriculture and the husbandry of domestic animals have been the basic suppliers of food for most human beings, supplemented by fisheries and, to a small extent, by hunting of wild animals and gathering of wild plants and fungi. But after food is produced by farmers or captured by fishermen, it must be harvested; transported; stored; transformed by milling, fermentation and other processes, including use of chemical additives to prevent spoilage; distributed to customers; and cooked to make it more digestible or palatable. The entire sequence of events from the farmer’s soil preparation and planting of seeds to the housewife’s cooking constitute the human food system.
Sizing up the African state

This paper reviews empirical evidence concerning government errors of commission and omission in Africa. Seen in the context of international comparisons, how do African states measure up in the defensive functions of avoiding government excess? And how do they rate in the constructive functions of supplying public goods in response to demands from society? Regarding errors of commission, African states do not stand out as singularly prone to spend large shares of GNP, to employ high ratios of the population in bureaucratic jobs, or to own extensive state-owned enterprises. The data on errors of omission are more equivocal. African states do too little to prevent corruption, to protect civil and political rights, and to secure the legal environment for business. Yet, other developing regions display many of the same deficiencies. Overall, there is little empirical evidence of a sui generis African state.
Assessing Creativity Specific to Engineering with the Revised Creative Engineering Design Assessment

Background In engineering, creativity is vital for innovation. The revised Creative Engineering Design Assessment (CEDA) also assesses Usefulness, unlike existing tools. Purpose (Hypothesis) The primary purpose was to test for convergent validity of the CEDA with other engineering creativity and engineering specific measures. The CEDA was administered with the Purdue Creativity Test (PCT), the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test-Rotations (PSVT-R), and a Systems Test that assessed rollercoaster design functionality. We hypothesized that the CEDA would be moderately related to the PCT and anticipated a slight relationship with the PSVT-R and Systems Test. We also investigated gender differences to follow up on previous research. Design/Mscethod Participants were 259 engineering students (221 males and 38 females) in an introductory engineering design two-course sequence who completed the CEDA and PCT (in a cross sectional design). We analyzed PVST-R scores for Fundamentals of Engineering I and Systems Test scores for Fundamentals of Engineering II. Results The CEDA showed high inter-rater reliability. The CEDA and the PCT were significantly related to each other and the CEDA was modestly related to the PSVT-R, both demonstrating convergent validity. Male and female engineering students did not significantly differ on the CEDA, PCT, PSVT-R or Systems Test. Conclusions The CEDA showed high inter-rater reliability. The CEDA and the PCT were significantly related to each other and the CEDA was modestly related to the PSVT-R, both demonstrating convergent validity. Male and female engineering students did not significantly differ on the CEDA, PCT, PSVT-R or Systems Test.
Growth-and-collapse dynamics of small bubble clusters near a wall

The violent collapse of bubble clusters is thought to damage adjacent material in both engineering and biomedical applications. Yet the complexities of the root mechanisms have restricted theoretical descriptions to significantly simplified configurations. Reduced-physics models based upon either homogenization or arrays of idealized spherical bubbles do reproduce important gross cluster-scale features. However, these models neglect detailed local bubble–bubble interactions, which are expected to mediate damage mechanisms. To describe these bubble-scale interactions, we simulate the expansion and subsequent collapse of a hemispherical cluster of 50 bubbles adjacent to a plane rigid wall, explicitly representing both the asymmetric dynamics of each bubble within the cluster and the compressible-fluid mechanics of bubble–bubble interactions. Results show that the collapse propagates inward, as visualized in experiments, and that geometric focusing generates high impulsive pressures. This gross behaviour is nearly independent of the specific arrangement of bubbles within the cluster and matches predictions from the corresponding particle and homogenized models we consider. The peak pressure in the detailed simulations is associated with the centremost bubble, which causes a corresponding peak pressure on the nearby wall. However, the peak pressures in all cases are a small fraction – over a factor of ten times smaller in many cases – of those predicted in the corresponding reduced models. This is due to the enhanced focusing in the homogeneous model and the spherical constraint on each bubble in the particle models assessed. These would be important factors to consider in any subsequent predictions of wall damage based upon reduced models.
X-Ray Substorm

Energetic electrons which impinge into the polar upper atmosphere generate brems-strahlung X-rays when they collide with upper atmospheric particles. Balloon-borne detectors have been used to observe X-rays at about the 30 km level. However, because of the layer of atmosphere between the height at which the X-rays are generated and the height of the balloon, the X-rays suffer both photoelectric absorption and Compton scattering; further, these effects are energy-dependent. For these reasons, the procedure of obtaining the original energy spectrum of incoming electrons from the observed X-ray spectrum is not necessarily straightforward. Since our interest in this monograph is a synoptic aspect of the X-ray bursts, we shall not be concerned with details of the data reduction procedure (for details, see cf. Brown, 1966; Barcus and Rosenberg, 1966). Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to have some idea as to the effects of the atmosphere. For this purpose, we show in Figure 72 a model calculation by Barcus and Rosenberg (1966); they assumed the differential intensity of an incident exponential electron spectrum dI e/dE = (κ/E 0) exp (- E/E 0) with E 0 = 30 keV and computed the thick-target bremsstrahlung spectrum dI x/dE at the production height. Then, by taking into account photoelectric absorption and Compton scattering, they computed the X-ray spectrum dI x/dE at a typical balloon depth 10 g cm-2; a uniform isotropic precipitation over an area 104 km2 above the balloon is assumed. It can be seen that there occurs a sharp cut-off of the X-rays for energies below 40 keV and thus that balloon data must be carefully analyzed for energies less than 50 keV.
The Evolution of ABA Standards for Clinical Faculty

The value of clinical legal education courses and the faculty teaching those courses has long been contested. A focal point for this opposition has been resistance to the American Bar Association (ABA) accreditation standard that requires law schools to establish long-term employment relationships with clinical faculty and provide them with a meaningful voice in law school governance. By integrating clinical faculty into law schools, the ABA aims to advance the value of clinical legal education and the professional skills and values it promotes. In the decades since the ABA created the first clinical faculty standard, clinical legal education in the United States has developed as pedagogy and the number of clinical faculty has greatly increased. Despite these trends, a recent decision by the ABA Accreditation Committee approving short-term contracts and the denial of meaningful participation in faculty governance for clinical faculty demonstrates that the debate over the appropriate status continues. In this debate, there is often little or no mention of the history of the accreditation standard in question, perhaps because no historical account of its evolution exists. In this article, the authors fill that gap in the literature by tracing the evolution of the ABA standard concerning clinical faculty status. The article begins with a discussion of the role of the ABA in legal education and a brief history of the development of clinical legal education. It then discusses the events leading up to the initial adoption in 1984 of a standard addressing clinical faculty and to the strengthening of the standard in 1996. The authors conclude by addressing changes to the standard in 2005 and how those changes have revived the debate over the status of clinical faculty. By surfacing the historical debates and the evolution of the standard for clinical faculty, the article provides the basis for reasoned, informed decisions by the ABA and the legal academy concerning the value of clinical legal education and the role of clinical faculty in law schools.
Allogenic Nerve Interposition During Non-Nerve-Sparing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy

The primary aim of radical prostatectomy is an optimal local cancer control as well as preservation of the postoperative urinary continence and erectile function if possible. Various authors use the term “trifecta” for this [1, 2].