cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regenerating soil, regenerating soul: an integral approach to understanding agricultural transformation

Understanding what motivates farmers to adopt “climate-smart” regenerative practices is critical for developing the right policies, incentives, outreach, and support mechanisms. This article explores factors that motivated farmers in NSW Australia to transition from conventional to regenerative agriculture (RA), focusing on the role that their perceptions of agrochemicals and the microbiome played. Drawing on integral theory, the article takes a holistic approach to analyzing how farmer interiorities in personal and collective realms interacted with external behavior and the larger social-ecological system in which food and fiber is produced. A key finding is that negative experiences with agrochemicals associated with increasing costs and declining results were an important driver of change. Conversely, positive experiences learning about the microbiome and practicing ecological approaches to fertilization and pest control engendered enthusiasm and commitment to a transition away from high-input agriculture and a transformation in mindset. Further, conviviality associated with communities of practice, e.g. microscope groups, played an important role in the transition process, as farmers solidified new identities and participated in ongoing social learning. Based on these results, I argue that farmers’ feelings of kinship with nature (animals, plants, microbes) resulting from learning about and working with soil are underappreciated drivers of behavioral change and powerful leverage points for larger-scale social-ecological transformation. The integral model facilitates recognition of the connections between soil condition, farmers’ perceptions of and feelings about its condition, ensuing behavior including participation in new networks, and the creation of new norms, all of which create space for the emergence of institutional and systemic change.
Abstract 3678: Decreased Incidence of Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture with the use of Aspirin in an Animal Model

Introduction: A growing amount of literature in both human and animal models supports the hypothesis that chronic inflammation is a key component in cerebral aneurysm (CA) development and rupture. Aspirin has a well-documented history of safety and pharmacologic studies reveal that aspirin’s anti-inflammatory properties impede several pathways that are implicated in aneurysm growth and rupture. Recently, our secondary analysis of the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms showed a significant association between aspirin use and decreased incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. We aimed to determine whether an animal model could be used to investigate the mechanisms of aspirin’s protective effects and to refine the molecular targets for prevention of CA rupture. As an initial step, we tested whether aspirin could reduce the incidence of aneurysmal rupture in our mouse CA model. Method: We generated CAs by a combination of induced hypertension and local elastic lamina disruption. In male C57/B6 mice, systemic hypertension was induced by desoxycorticosterone acetate-salt treatment. Elastase (35mU) was injected stereotaxically in the right basal cistern to produce disruption of elastic lamina. One week after aneurysm induction surgery, mice were given 30mg/kg daily aspirin by gavage. Control animals were given the same volume of water. Aneurysmal rupture were detected by daily clinical evaluation and confirmed by brain dissection. All animals were sacrificed three weeks after elastase injection to determine rate of CA formation. Results: For the control group (N=10), 80% developed CA by 3 weeks. 40% of the control animals had ruptured aneurysm that caused neurological deficits prior the end of the study. Similarly for the aspirin group (N=10), 80% developed CA by 3 weeks. However, only 20% of the animals who received daily aspirin developed cerebral aneurysm rupture. Conclusion: Similar to our previous human epidemiological study, we observed a strong trend of lower rate of CA rupture with daily aspirin use in our animal model. Further investigations to confirm this finding and studies on the mechanistic basis of aspirin’s protective effect are underway. Using this animal model with established rates of CA development and rupture allows us to test other anti-inflammatory agents and conduct studies on specific molecular targets for the prevention of aneurysm rupture.
- RSK: Ribosomal protein S6 kinase II (vertebrates) (Insulin-stiulated PK-1, ISPK1, MAP kinase-activated PK1)

The protein kinase encoded by RSK was first purified from extracts of unfertilized Xenopus eggs. In these extracts, it displays the major activity for the phosphorylation of protein S6 in the ribosomal 40S subunit. The enzyme is a monomer with two isoforms identified in the mouse. RSK has an unusual structure consisting of two apparent kinase domains. The N-terminal domain is related to the catalytic domains of PKA and S6K, while the C-terminal domain is related to the g subunit of PhK. RSK cDNAs have been sequenced from Xenopus laevis, mouse, and avian sources. Unpublished sequences are available from human and Drosophila melanogaster. All have the two-domain structure. An MAP kinase-activated PK purified from rabbit skeletal muscle, termed ISPKl or MAPKAP kinase-1, is likely to be the rabbit homologue. Although RSK was originally isolated as an S6 protein kinase, it has been argued that S6 is not a substrate in vivo. RSKmo-1 is, however, highly expressed in proliferating tissue, whereas RSkmo-2 is highly expressed in the brain and heart. The N-terminus of rat RSK is 57% identical to the N-terminus of rat p70S6k, which is regarded as an authentic S6 kinase in vivo. RSK shows a strong preference for serine residues C-terminal to arginine residues.
Fracture Strength Simulation of SiC Microtensile Specimens—Accounting for Stochastic Variables

This paper summarizes work performed to predict the room-temperature strength of SiC micro-scale tensile specimens with introduced stress concentration using NASA Glenn Research Center's Ceramics Analysis and ReliabilityEvaluation of Structures Life prediction program (CARES/Life). A polycrystalline and a single crystal SiC material were tested. CARES/Life tended to over predict strength of the polycrystalline material but had relatively better success predicting the strength response for the single crystal material. Large columnar grains and rough side-walls for the polycrystalline material likely reduced the applicability of continuum analysis and therefore the accuracy of the CARES/Life analysis. The single crystal material did not have (or had less of) these complications. Significant specimen-to-specimen dimensional variation existed in the specimens. To simulate the additional effect of the dimensional variability on the probabilistic strength response for the single crystal specimens the ANSYS Probabilistic Design System (PDS) was used with CARES/Life. The ANSYS/PDS - CARES/Life simulation was not rigorous. Isotropic material and fracture behavior was assumed in the analysis. However the feasibility of using these programs to account for multiple stochastic variables on the strength response of a structure was demonstrated.
Multistage negotiation in distributed planning

Abstract In this paper we describe a multistage negotiation paradigm for planning in a distributed environment with decentralized control and limited interagent communication. The application domain of interest involves the monitoring and control of a complex communications system. In this domain planning for service restoral is performed in the context of incomplete and possibly invalid information which may be updated dynamically during the course of planning. In addition, the goal of the planning activity may not be achievable — the problem may be overconstrained. Through multistage negotiation, a planner is able to recognize when the problem is overconstrained and to find a solution to an acceptable related problem under these conditions. A key element in this process is the ability to detect sub-goal interactions in a distributed environment and reason about their impact. Multistage negotiation provides a means by which an agent can acquire enough knowledge to reason about the impact of local activity on nonlocal state and modify its behavior accordingly.
Research Nurses Collaborate with Clinical Nurses for Success in the National Children's Study

The National Children's Study is a longitudinal, prospective, observational study designed to enroll more than 100,000 children from more than 100 communities across the United States. In this article, research nurses share their experiences as members of one Vanguard Study Center in the planning, development, and implementation of tailored research protocols. Collaboration among research and clinical nurses and use of the RN birth team model were critical for success.
Dynamic structure and protein expression of the live embryonic heart captured by 2-photon light sheet microscopy and retrospective registration

We present an imaging and image reconstruction pipeline that captures the dynamic three-dimensional beating motion of the live embryonic zebrafish heart at subcellular resolution. Live, intact zebrafish embryos were imaged using 2-photon light sheet microscopy, which offers deep and fast imaging at 70 frames per second, and the individual optical sections were assembled into a full 4D reconstruction of the beating heart using an optimized retrospective image registration algorithm. This imaging and reconstruction platform permitted us to visualize protein expression patterns at endogenous concentrations in zebrafish gene trap lines.
Balancing Act for Library Materials Budgets

An experiment with materials budgeting using a formula for allocation of funds has been undertaken by Ward Edwards Library at Central Missouri State University. Such factors as average costs of books and periodicals, number of titles available, number of faculty, and number of credit hours generated and degrees awarded are used. Reaction from teaching faculty members across campus indicates that most of the factors used in the process are understood. While they may not like the inclusion of some data, they respect the library's attempt to apportion funds equitably and to build a balanced collection.
A data‐driven approach to modeling the tripartite structure of multidrug resistance efflux pumps

Many bacterial pathogens are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotic treatments, and a detailed understanding of the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance is critical for the development of next-generation approaches for combating bacterial infections. Studies focusing on pathogens have revealed the profile of resistance in these organisms to be due primarily to the presence of multidrug resistance efflux pumps: tripartite protein complexes which span the periplasm bridging the inner and outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. An atomic-level resolution tripartite structure remains imperative to advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pump function using both theoretical and experimental approaches. We develop a fast and consistent method for constructing tripartite structures which leverages existing data-driven models and provide molecular modeling approaches for constructing tripartite structures of multidrug resistance efflux pumps. Our modeling studies reveal that conformational changes in the inner membrane component responsible for drug translocation have limited impact on the conformations of the other pump components, and that two distinct models derived from conflicting experimental data are both consistent with all currently available measurements. Additionally, we investigate putative drug translocation pathways via geometric simulations based on the available crystal structures of the inner membrane pump component, AcrB, bound to two drugs which occupy distinct binding sites: doxorubicin and linezolid. These simulations suggest that smaller drugs may enter the pump through a channel from the cytoplasmic leaflet of the inner membrane, while both smaller and larger drug molecules may enter through a vestibule accessible from the periplasm.
Structural modifications in fused silica due to laser-damage-induced shock compression

High power laser pulses can produce damage in high quality fused silica optics that can lead to its eventual obscuration and failure. Current models suggest the initiation of a plasma detonation due to absorbing initiators and defects, leading to the formation of shock waves. Recent experiments have found a densified layer at the bottom of damage sites, as evidence of the laser-damage model. We have studied the propagation of shock waves through fused silica using molecular dynamics. These simulations show drastic modifications in the structure and topology of the network, in agreement with experimental observations.
Simple nutritional indicators as independent predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients.

Abstract A strong association exists between nutritional status and morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease who are treated with hemodialysis. Described here is the predictive value for mortality over 5 years of follow-up of a number of risk factors, recorded at baseline, in a national sample of 3,607 hemodialysis patients. Among the variables studied were case-mix covariates, caregiver classifications of nutritional status, serum albumin concentration, and body mass index (BMI). The Case Mix Adequacy special study of the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) provided these measurements as of December 31, 1990. The USRDS patient standard analysis file provided follow-up data on mortality for all patients through December 31, 1995, by which time 64.7% of the patients had died. BMI is a simple anthropometric measurement that has received little attention in dialysis practice. Caregiver classification refers to documentation in a patient's dialysis facility medical records that stated an individual to be "undernourished/cachectic," "obese/overweight," or "well- nourished." The mean serum albumin was 3.7 +/- 0.45 (SD) g/dL, and the mean BMI was 24.4 +/- 5.3 (SD) kg/m2. By caregiver classification, 20.1% of patients were undernourished, and 24.9% obese. In hazard regression models, including but not limited to the Cox proportional hazards model, low BMI, low serum albumin, and the caregiver classification "undernourished" were independently and significantly predictive of increased mortality. In analyses allowing for time- varying relative mortality risks (ie, nonproportional hazards), the greatest predictive value of all three variables occurred early during follow-up, but the independent predictive value of baseline serum albumin and BMI measurements on mortality risk persisted even 5 years later. No evidence of increasing mortality risk was found for higher values of BMI. Serum albumin was confirmed to be a useful predictor of mortality risk in hemodialysis patients; BMI was established as an independently important predictor of mortality; both serum albumin and BMI, measured at baseline, continue to possess predictive value 5 years later; the subjective caregiver classification of nutritional status "undernourished" has independent value in predicting mortality risk beyond the information gained from two other markers of nutritional status–BMI and serum albumin. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Jun;31(6):997-1006)
Datarover: a taxonomy based crawler for automated data extraction from data-intensive websites

The advent of e-commerce has created a trend that brought thousands of catalogs online. Most of these websites are "taxonomy-directed". A Web site is said to be "taxonomy-directed" if it contains at least one taxonomy for organizing its contents and it presents the instances belonging to a category in a regular fashion. This paper describes the DataRover system, which can automatically crawl and extract products from taxonomy-directed online catalogs. DataRover utilizes heuristic rules to discover the structural regularities among: taxonomy segments, list-of-product and single-product pages and it uses these regularities to turn the online catalogs into a database of categorized products without the need for user interaction or the wrapper maintenance burden. We provide experimental results to demonstrate the efficacy of the DataRover and point to its current limitations.
Gender differences in remission of esophageal intestinal metaplasia after radiofrequency ablation.

Gender Differences in Remission of Esophageal Intestinal Metaplasia after Radiofrequency Ablation
Large-scale vacuum structure and new calculational techniques in lattice SU( N) gauge theory

Abstract By exponentiating infinite series of vacuum diagrams in strong-coupling lattice gauge theory, an expression for the ground state is obtained containing new information about long-wavelength, large-scale vacuum fluctuations. It is found that lattice vacuum fluctuations are dominated by monopole configurations, on scales large compared to the lattice spacing. An efficient alternative to the standard Kogut-Susskind perturbative expansion is developed, which avoids the use of group integrations. A possible non-perturbative extension of this technique, applicable to intermediate couplings, is discussed.
Predicted and actual responses during long-term selection for chemical composition in maize

Selection for higher and lower levels of protein and oil content in maize has been conducted for 61 generations. Response to selection has been irregular, and prediction of response by extrapolation of regression trend lines proved seriously inaccurate in at least 9 of 12 predictions. Application of a “selection response’ formula also yielded generally unsatisfactory predictions. Analysis of the morphological components of oil content led to very accurate prediction of response in the “High Oil” strain and to a reasonably satisfactory prediction in “Low Oil”. It was apparent that in the last 55 generations of selection, selection response for oil content was concentrated in two separate morphological characters — germ size in the “high” selection and oil content of the germ in selection for lower oil content. A satisfactory analysis of the character “protein content” could not be made from data available.
SONGS OF THE MENOMINI MEDICINE CEREMONY

T IS hard to make clear to the layman the difficulty with which the sacred songs here presented, and the material embodied in the preceding paper on the origin, myths and rituals of the Menomini Medicine Ceremony,1 were collected. A great change has crept over the pagan portion of the Menomini tribe in the years since the data for the first paper were gathered, and Mita'wln, then very much alive and virile, is now rapidly nearing extinction. Nevertheless, the downfall of the society has not been due to the influence of the peyote religion, which has claimed but few of its members, but to the great mortality among the older people who formerly led in all its activities, especially during the influenza epidemic of 1919-'20. There is no willingness to give up the secrets of the lodge displayed on the part of the dwindling number of survivors. It is still a highly esoteric society, but, through the personal friendship of the greatest of all the mita'wik then living, the adopted uncle of the writer, these songs and the myths and rituals were secured. They represent only a portion of the wellnigh inexhaustible store of knowledge of Mita'win and other lore which the old man possessed. The songs here given are but selections from hundreds. Such as they are, they are, and probably will remain, the only Menomini Medicine Ceremony songs ever recorded, and stand as a monument to the intelligence and friendship of this fine old Indian, the late San Baptiste Perote, Judge of the U. S. Indian Court at Keshena, Wisconsin, who died happy in the knowledge that these things, once so important to his people, will not be lost. There still remains a wide field for an ethnobotanical study in connection with the lore of the Miti'win.
Risk Comunication and Public Response During Evacuations: The New Orleans Experience of Hurricane Katrina

The evacuation efforts preceding Hurricane Katrina represented the largest concentrated movement of traffic in the history of the state and one of the largest in the history of the United States. It also demonstrated many limitations of current evacuation plans and capabilities. Understanding of the relationship between emergency communication and response is important for disaster planning and response. This article presents the results of an effort to examine how the storm's development and movement, the announcement of warnings and evacuation orders by government officials, and the highly visible media reports impacted the temporal and spatial movement of evacuation traffic in southeast Louisiana during the 48 hours prior to Hurricane Katrina's landfall. It also highlights how public outreach and education efforts by academic groups were used to support emergency planning and response.
Conioscypha peruviana sp. nov., its phylogenetic placement based on 28S rRNA gene, and a report of Conioscypha gracilis comb. nov. from Peru

A new species, Conioscypha peruviana was isolated from submerged woody debris collected in streams, rivers and a swamp in Peru. The anamorph formed in culture and morphological and molecular data support the inclusion in the genus. A phylogeny generated with maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches placed the fungus in a well-supported clade with other Conioscypha and Conioscyphascus species. Nomenclature used herein reflects changes made in the Melbourne Code, with Conioscyphascus being considered a later synonym of Conioscypha. The fungus is described, illustrated and compared to morphologically similar taxa. In addition, Conioscypha gracilis comb. nov. is identified from both lentic and lotic habitats in Peru.
Effect of 3He on Third Sound Attenuation in Thick 4He Films

We have performed measurements of third sound attenuation in thick films of superfluid 4He in the presence of small amounts of 3He. The attenuation due to 3He appears to depend linearly on the number density of 3He atoms in the film. We discuss the results in context of a recently proposed mechanism where the attenuation is caused by the interaction of the excitations in helium with the trapped vortices.
Self-Attitudes by Age, Sex, and Professional Training

(1960). Self-Attitudes by Age, Sex, and Professional Training. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 39-55.
Time-Dependent Effects of Acute Ethanol Administration on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in the Rat

Abstract The present study investigated the role of the postinjection interval in determining the functional consequences of acute ethanol administration in the CNS. Regional cerebral blood flow (RCBF) was determined by the [ 14 C]iodoantipyrine method in 33 brain structures of ethanol-naive Sprague–Dawley rats. In the first experiment, changes in RCBF were assessed 5 and 15 min after a 0.8 g/kg (IP) dose of ethanol or water. Five minutes after treatment, rates of RCBF were increased in the motor cortex, agranular insular cortex, and the olfactory tubercle compared to water controls. No significant differences compared to control were found at the 15-min time point, despite the continued presence of ethanol in the blood. Experiment 2 tested whether blood ethanol level was the sole determinant of this response to ethanol by comparing animals with the same blood ethanol level at the 5- and 15-min time points. Greater rates of RCBF were found at 5 min postinjection compared to 15 min, in the motor cortex, agranular insular cortex, caudate/putamen, cerebellum, and the lateral septum. These data demonstrate that the rates of cerebral blood flow are increased in regionally discrete portions of the rat brain shortly after ethanol administration. Furthermore, blood ethanol level is not the exclusive factor governing this functional response.
Intergalactic shells at large redshift

The intergalactic shells produced by galactic explosions at large redshift, whose interiors cool by inverse Compton scattering off the cosmic background radiation, have a characteristic angular size of about 1 arcmin at peak brightness. At z values lower than 2, the shells typically have a radius of 0.5 Mpc, a velocity of about 50 km/sec, a metal abundance of about 0.0001 of cosmic values, and strong radiation in H I(Lyman-alpha), He II 304 A, and the IR fine-structure lines of C II and Si II. The predicted extragalactic background emission from many shells, strongly peaked toward the UV, sets an upper limit to the number of exploding sources at z values of about 10. Shell absorption lines of H I, C II, Si II, and Fe II, which may be seen at more recent epochs in quasar spectra, may probe otherwise invisible explosions in the early universe.
Ideology and Ritual: How Stalinist Rituals Shaped The Thaw in the USSR, 1953–4

Abstract This article examines the relationship between a few Soviet writers, the leadership of the Writers’ Union and administrators at the Central Committee as they navigated a new landscape using old forms of Soviet political ritual. Throughout 1953–4, writers demanded a Writers’ Union based on discussion (diskussiia), a ritual taken from Stalinist times. They argued that decision‐making should come not from Central Committee bureaucrats, but from the writers themselves. Understanding writers’ meetings as Stalinist rituals allows us to see the limits of criticism and the confusion among the Party leadership. Without the Party defining the content of the ritual or determining a winner at the end, old practices quickly became vehicles for challenging the Party’s bureaucratic control mechanisms.
Peripheral processors for high-speed simulation

This paper describes some of the results of a study directed to the specification and procurement of a new cockpit simulator for an advanced class of helicopters. A part of the study was the definition of a challenging benchmark problem, and detailed analyses of it were made to assess the suitability of a variety of simulation techniques. The analyses showed that a particularly cost-effective approach to the attainment of adequate speed for this extremely demanding application is to employ a large minicomputer acting as host and controller for a special-purpose digital peripheral processor. Various realizations of such peripheral processors, all employing state-of-the-art electronic circuitry and a high degree of parallelism and pipelining, are available or under development. The types of peripheral processors array processors, simulation-oriented processors, and arrays of processing elements - are analyzed and compared. They are particularly promising approaches which should be suitable for high-speed simulations of all kinds, the cockpit simulator being a case in point.
The Convergence of Two Algorithms for Compressed Sensing Based Tomography

The constrained total variation minimization has been developed successfully for image reconstruction in computed tomography. In this paper, the block component averaging and diagonally-relaxed orthogonal projection methods are proposed to incorporate with the total variation minimization in the compressed sensing framework. The convergence of the algorithms under a certain condition is derived. Examples are given to illustrate their convergence behavior and noise performance.
Roles of Estrogen Receptors Alpha and Beta in sexually dimorphic neuroprotection against glutamate toxicity

Although most agree that 17β-estradiol is neuroprotective via a variety of mechanisms, less is known about the role that biological sex plays in receptor-mediated estradiol neuroprotection. To address this issue we isolated primary cortical neurons from rat pups sorted by sex and assessed the ability of estradiol to protect the neurons from death induced by glutamate. Five-minute pretreatment with 10-50 nM 17β-estradiol protected female but not male neurons from glutamate toxicity 24 h later. Both estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) are expressed in these cultures. Experiments using an ERα selective agonist or antagonist indicate that this receptor is important for neuroprotection in female cortical neurons. The ERβ selective agonist conveys a small degree of neuroprotection to both male and female cortical neurons. Interestingly, we found that 17α estradiol and the novel membrane estrogen receptor (mER) agonist STX, but not bovine serum albumin conjugated estradiol or the GPR30 agonist G1 were neuroprotective in both male and female neurons. Taken together these data highlight a role for ERα in sexually dimorphic neuroprotection.
Direct Intraoperative Measurement of Human Brain Temperature

OBJECTIVE Because hypothermia enhances human tolerance for cerebral ischemia, profound hypothermia is induced in many centers so that the circulation can be arrested while clips are applied to high-risk giant cerebral aneurysms. Brain temperature is measured directly with an intracerebral probe that avoids the uncertainty of surrogate monitoring. However, when there is a large thermal gradient between brain temperature and that of the operating room, even direct measurements can sometimes be misleading. This study was undertaken to determine how deeply a thermal sensor must be embedded in the cerebral parenchyma to ensure that the ambient environment does not distort the measurement of brain temperature. METHODS Each of 39 normothermic patients had a thermocouple sensor inserted into a temporal lobe seizure focus just before its resection. Brain temperature was measured as the sensor was withdrawn in stages. RESULTS At both 3 and 2 cm beneath the cortical surface, the temperature of the brain was essentially the same. However, when the sensor was withdrawn to 1 cm, recorded temperature decreased from 35.7 +/- 0.9 to 34.3 +/- 1.4 degrees C (P < 0.001) and irrigation in the vicinity caused major thermal change. At shallower depths, even lower brain temperatures were recorded. No morbidity was attributable to the temperature measurements. CONCLUSION Direct intraoperative measurement of human brain temperature is feasible and safe, but accuracy requires that the temperature sensor be inserted at least 2 cm into the cerebral cortex.
Velocities and propagation characteristics of Pn and Sn beneath the Himalayan arc and Tibetan plateau: Possible evidence for underthrusting of Indian continental lithosphere beneath Tibet

New seismological observations on velocities and propagation characteristics of Pn and Sn waves beneath Tibet can be interpreted, although not uniquely, to indicate the shallow-angle underthrusting of the Greater Indian continental lithosphere beneath the Tibetan plateau. This is inferred from available geological and geophysical data and is now supported by new seismological observations. The most significant observation is that high-frequency Sn waves (shear waves that travel in the mantle lithosphere) propagate efficiently in the uppermost mantle beneath the Tibetan plateau, except beneath the north-central part of Tibet (the Chang Thang terrane). Furthermore, Sn propagates efficiently across the stable block of the Tarim basin, along the Tien Shan and Himalayan Mountains, and across the Indian shield. Apparent velocities of Pn and Sn waves that traverse the uppermost mantle beneath the Tibetan plateau are 8.42 and 4.73 km/s, respectively. These velocities are very similar to those beneath the Himalayan Mountains and the Indian shield. The efficient propagation and the velocities of Pn and Sn waves beneath Tibet are also similar to those commonly observed beneath shield and stable continental regions. These results are consistent with the underthrusting model and do not favor the class of alternative models in which the Tibetan plateau is formed by shortening and thickening of hot crustal and uppermost mantle material in response to the convergence of India and Asia.
Temperament and stress response in children with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome.

Objective To examine temperament, stress response, child psychological adjustment, family environment, pain sensitivity, and stress response differences between children and adolescents with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome (JPFMS), children with arthritis, and healthy controls. Parental psychological adjustment was also measured. Methods Subjects included 16 children with JPFMS, 16 children with arthritis, and 16 healthy controls. Participants completed the Dimensions of Temperament Survey-Revised (DOTS-R), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Children's Depression Inventory, Family Environment Scale (FES), Sensitivity Temperament Inventory for Pain (STIP), and Youth Self-Report. Responsiveness to an acute stressor was assessed by measuring salivary cortisol levels before and after venipuncture. Parents were asked to complete the parent versions of the DOTS-R, FES, STIP, Child Behavior Checklist, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Results Children and adolescents with JPFMS demonstrated more temperamental instability, increased levels of depression and anxiety, less family cohesion, and higher pain sensitivity compared with the other 2 groups. Parents of children with JPFMS, in rating themselves, also reported higher levels of anxiety and depression, and lower overall psychological adjustment compared with parents of children in the other groups. Conclusion These results suggest that a psychobiologic perspective may contribute to an increased understanding of JPFMS in children and adolescents, facilitating an approach to investigating the interaction of factors that appear to place a child at risk for development of a pain syndrome. Because temperamental instability, sensitivity to pain, vulnerability to stress, psychological adjustment, family context, and parental psychopathology are individual risk factors, the interaction of these factors may explain the breadth of symptoms associated with this pain syndrome, as well as its severity.
Elemental concentrations of northern hemispheric air at Quillayute, Washington

Abstract Studies of air pollution in the northwestern United States require a knowledge of the upwind background concentration of airborne materials. Such baseline information is difficult to obtain from land-based sampling sites due to mixing of continental air masses. However, a permanent air monitoring and sampling station located near the Pacific Coast in northwestern Washington State has developed a methodology for successfully sampling incoming Pacific air masses with exclusive marine histories. The Quillayute, WA, location (elevated 62 m, latitude 47°56″N, longitude 124°34″W) is in a remote, sparsely populated area. Collection and analysis of aerosol samples has been done on a daily and weekly basis for the past 2 years. Significant correlations have been observed between some of the gaseous and paniculate materials under study at this air reference station (Fox, 1976; Ludwick, 1975; Ludwick, 1976). As a complement to this study, a meteorological watch is utilized to provide a historical background for the incoming air flow and, therefore, suggest source regions for the airborne materials in transit. Pertinent information from the aerosol sampling phase of this program is presented here. Concentrations of certain marine, crustal and anthropogenic source elements are measured and intercompared for days in which air flow representative of the trans-Pacific trajectory has persisted.
A Comprehensive Study of Methanol Kinetics in Freely-Propagating and Burner-Stabilized Flames, Flow and Static Reactors, and Shock Tubes

Abstract An experimental and numerical study of methanol kinetics has been conducted. A detailed kinetic scheme was compiled which closely predicts properties of mixtures of methanol, oxygen, and inert for a variety of experimental configurations and conditions. The scheme incorporates the most recent kinetic information and was tested against experimental data for the propagation speeds and structure of laminar flames as well as the species concentration evolutions in flow reactors, static reactors, and shock tubes. The laminar flame speeds of atmospheric methanol/air mixtures were determined using the counter-flow flame technique over extensive lean-to-rich fuel concentration ranges and for initial mixture temperatures ranging from 318 to 368 K., while the experimental data on the laminar flame structure and from reactors and shock tubes were obtained from the literature. The scheme compiled herein includes the detailed C1, C2, and methanol submechanisms and yields close agreement with all of the experi...
Bacterial Extracellular Ice Nucleator Effects on Freezing of Foods

Extracellular ice nucleators (ECINs) were incorporated into foods and subjected to subzero freezing. Time-temperature profiles, ice-formation patterns and textures were examined by thermocouple, microscopy and texture analyzer. Onset temperatures (initial freezing), enthalpies and freezing rates were measured by DSC. Addition of ECINs to liquid foods elevated ice nucleation temperatures and promoted freezing. Solid or semisolid products frozen with ECINs resulted in a fiber-like texture. These effects were more apparent at -10 degrees C or higher. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed onset temperatures were increased 11 degrees C by addition of ECINs, but length of time to complete the phase transition was extended at constant cooling rates. Results indicated that ECINs can be used instead of whole bacterial cells for efficient freezing and textural modification.
Self cleavage of a precursor RNA from bacteriophage T4.

We found that a precursor of an RNA molecule from T4-infected Escherichia coli cells (p2Spl; precursor of species 1) has the capacity to cleave itself in a specific position. This cleavage is similar to a cleavage carried out by the aid of a protein, RNase F, that has been previously identified. This cleavage could lead to the maturation of an RNA (species 1) found in T4-infected E. coli cells. The reaction is time and temperature-dependent and is relatively slow as compared to the protein-dependent reaction. It requires at least a monovalent cation and is aided by non-ionic detergents. In the absence of detergent the cleavage can occur but at a reduced rate. The substrate does not contain hidden nicks and a variety of experiments suggest that it does not contain a protein. Moreover, we found no indication that the cleavage is due to contaiminating nucleases in the substrate or in the reagents. The intact secondary and tertiary structures of the molecule are necessary for the cleavage to occur. The finding of a self cleaving RNA molecule has interesting evolutionary implications.
A clarification of frequency effects in children's discrimination learning.

Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects of certain stimulus variables on children’s discrimination learning. In general, it was found that word frequency was negatively related to discrimination learning as long as the words were meaningful to Ss. Moreover, the relationship between word frequency and performance reversed in free-recall learning, as was expected. Equivalent relationships between frequency and learning were obtained with both verbal and pictorial materials. The implications of these results were discussed in the context of popular accounts of memorial representation.
Theory of FM detection for Brownian motion in a uniform flow

Analytic results are derived for the phase-rate autocorrelation associated with the photocurrent comprising the output of a reference-beam laser Doppler velocimeter when the motion of the scattering particles is a superposition of Brownian motion and uniform flow. It is shown that the result is critically dependent on a modification of the standard result for mean-square Brownian motion drift. The limit of pure Brownian motion is also examined, and it is shown that there is agreement with published experimental results [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A4, 1220 ( 1987)]. A generalization of a classical result in FM detection theory is worked out and shown to be required when both types of motion are present.
Parental Alcohol Involvement and Adolescent Alcohol Expectancies Predict Alcohol Involvement in Male Adolescents

Current models of adolescent drinking behavior hypothesize that alcohol expectancies mediate theeffects of other proximal and distal risk factors. This longitudinal study tested the hypothesis thatthe effects of parental alcohol involvement on their childrens drinking behavior in mid-adolescenceare mediated by the childrens alcohol expectancies in early adolescence. A sample of 148 initially911 year old boys and their parents from a high-risk population and a contrast group of communityfamilies completed measures of drinking behavior and alcohol expectancies over a 6-year interval.We analyzed data from middle childhood ( M age 10.4 years), early adolescence ( M age 13.5years), and mid-adolescence ( M age 16.5 years). The sample was restricted only to adolescentswho had begun to drink by mid-adolescence. Results from zero-inflated Poisson regression analysesshowed that 1) maternal drinking during their childrens middle childhood predicted number ofdrinking days in middle adolescence; 2) negative and positive alcohol expectancies in earlyadolescence predicted odds of any intoxication in middle adolescence; and 3) paternal alcoholismduring their childrens middle childhood and adolescents alcohol expectancies in early adolescencepredicted frequency of intoxication in middle adolescence. Contrary to predictions, child alcoholexpectancies did not mediate the effects of parental alcohol involvement in this high-risk sample.Different aspects of parental alcohol involvement, along with early adolescent alcohol expectancies,independently predicted adolescent drinking behavior in middle adolescence. Alternative pathwaysfor the influence of maternal and paternal alcohol involvement and implications for expectancymodels of adolescent drinking behavior were discussed.Keywords: adolescent alcohol expectancies, adolescent drinking behavior, parental drinking, parentalinfluence.
Coordinately expressed members of two chorion multi-gene families are clustered, alternating and divergently orientated.

The chorion (eggshell) of silkmoths consists of more than 100 distinct proteins. Individual components are synthesised in characteristic and overlapping sequence, at early, middle, late or very late developmental periods of choriogenesis (which lasts 2 days in total)1,2. Protein sequencing3,4 indicates that components which belong to two size classes, A and B, are encoded by two respective families of evolutionarily homologous genes (multi-gene families). Genetic analysis in Bombyx mori5,6 has shown that chorion genes are tightly linked in three clusters on a single chromosome (n = 28). Total chorion mRNA of the wild silkworm, Antheraea polyphemus, has been copied into double-stranded cDNA and cloned by recombinant DNA procedures7. Many distinct cDNA clones have been selected and identified as members of the A and B multi-gene families by detailed cross-hybridisation7 and sequencing8 analysis. Stringent conditions which minimise cross-hybridisation permit use of these clones as specific probes. In many cases, we know the protein encoded and the developmental period when the clone sequence can be found in cytoplasmic RNA7,8. Thus, we may now use these cDNA clones as probes to determine how genes of known developmental properties and evolutionary history are arranged within the chorion chromosomal region. We report here that two cloned, 14-kilobase chromosomal DNA segments contain multiple chorion genes. In each segment, the genes represent both A and B families, but only one developmental class: one segment contains only middle-period A and B genes and the other only late-period A and B genes. In both segments, members of the two families are arranged in alternating sequence and divergent orientation.
Dynamical clusterization in the presence of instabilities.

Using a recently developed Boltzmann-Langevin treatment, we study cluster formation in unstable nuclear matter. The self-consistent propagation of the spontaneous fluctuations restores the predictive power of the one-body approach, even when such catastrophic phenomena are addressed.
A novel azulenyl nitrone antioxidant protects against MPTP and 3-nitropropionic acid neurotoxicities

Abstract Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuronal death in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Animal models of PD or HD, produced by administration of the mitochondrial toxins 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP), respectively, show increased free radical generation. Free radicals generated in biological systems can react with spin-trapping compounds, such as nitrones, to form stable adducts. In recent years, the utility of nitrones has moved beyond analytical applications and into the realm of neuroprotection as antioxidants in both brain ischemia and models of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we administered a new nitrone antioxidant, stilbazulenyl nitrone (STAZN), with either MPTP or 3NP. STAZN attenuated MPTP-induced striatal dopamine depletion by 40% and showed a tendency to dose-dependent neuroprotection. STAZN dose-dependently protected against loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. STAZN reduced the striatal lesion volume caused by systemic 3NP administration from 44 ± 9 to 20 ± 6 mm3. The lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde(MDA), was significantly increased in the striatum, cortex, and cerebellum of rats after administration of 3NP. These increases were blocked by co-injection of STAZN. Our data provide further evidence that STAZN is a neuroprotective free radical spin trap, and suggest that the development of new antioxidants will broaden our therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
The number of convolutional codes of span one

Abstract A convolutional code is a space over the field of Laurent series over a finite field which is generated by a polynomial matrix. In this paper, we count the number of convolutional codes which are generated by polynomial matrices of degree one.