cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peter Hartwig, 1804-1808: Sociological Perspectives in Marginality and Alienation1

All social groups make rules and attempt, at some times and under some circumstances, to enforce them. Social rules define situations and the kinds of behavior appropriate to them, specifying some actions as “right” and forbidding others as “wrong.” When a rule is enforced, the person who is supposed to have broken it may be seen as a special kind of person, one who cannot be trusted to live by the rules agreed on by the group. He is regarded as an outsider.But the person who is thus labeled an outsider may have a different view of the matter. He may not accept the rule by which he is being judged and may not regard those who judge him as either competent or legitimately entitled to do so. Hence, a second meaning of the term emerges: the rule-breaker may feel his judges are outsiders.Peter Hartwig was a German seminarian recruited by the Church Missionary Society in 1803 to serve as one of its first two missionaries in Africa. He was sent to Freetown, a settlement established for Africans and people of African descent who had returned to Africa from Britain and the Americas. Hartwig was to reside at Freetown temporarily and to be supervised while there by a locally-based Corresponding Committee composed of Sierra Leone Company officials. The Society directed that, after a year's residence in Sierra Leone, Hartwig and his fellow recruit Melchior Renner would establish a mission among Susu peoples north of Freetown, where they were to convert indigenous Africans to Christianity. Hartwig, however, failed to meet the Society's expectations, violated the norms of the Corresponding Committee that the Society had established at Freetown to guide mission progress, and left the Society's service within three years of reaching the coast. He seemingly had become unable to adjust to changing realities, a wrongdoer and a moral example to other missionaries of what to avoid becoming.3 How are we to interpret his failure from a sociological perspective?
Modified Vaccinia Ankara: Potential as an Alternative Smallpox Vaccine

Despite the declaration of smallpox eradication in 1980, the existence of variola stockpiles and the threat of bioterrorism demand that immunity to smallpox through vaccination be maintained. Although the currently available vaccine was used for the most successful medical intervention ever accomplished, it also is associated with side effects that are difficult to accept in a vaccine for a disease that has not been present for >25 years. Herein, we review alternative approaches to maintaining immunity to smallpox through vaccination with attenuated poxviruses, and we suggest modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) as a leading candidate for an alternative smallpox vaccine.
Carotid control for intracranial aneurysms. Technical note.

✓ A new clamp with a flexible cable control mechanism for temporary intraoperative occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery is described.
Leptin and the Control of Metabolism: Role for Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 (SCD-1)

The incidence of obesity has increased sharply in recent years, making it one of the most urgent public health concerns worldwide. The hormone leptin is the central mediator in a negative feedback loop regulating energy homeostasis. Leptin administration leads to reduced food intake, increased energy expenditure, and weight loss. Leptin also mediates unique metabolic effects, specifically depleting lipid from liver and other peripheral tissues. While elucidation of leptin's role has permitted a more detailed view of the biology underlying energy homeostasis, most obese individuals are leptin resistant. A more complete understanding of the molecular components of the leptin pathway is necessary to develop effective treatment for obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. We review here studies on the identification of one such component, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), as a gene specifically repressed by leptin and discuss the role of this process in mediating the metabolic effects of leptin. Data indicate that pharmacologic manipulation of SCD-1 may be of benefit in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and other components of the Metabolic Syndrome.
Detailed aeromagnetic surveying in Minnesota

The Minnesota Geological Survey has initiated a detailed aeromagnetic survey over a five-county block of northeastern Minnesota that includes the region east of 93°W and north of 46°N. The current survey is being conducted at a mean ground clearance of 150 m with a 400-m line spacing, and it will include approximately 60,000 line miles of data. This project, which is entirely funded by the state of Minnesota, represents the first step in a long-term geophysics program that will involve acquisition of detailed aeromagnetic data over extensive regions of the state. The Minnesota Geological Survey plans to use the aeromagnetic data primarily in geologic mapping of the Precambrian bedrock.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse cholangiocytes promoting cell growth

Both inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have been implicated in the biliary tract carcinogenesis. However, it is not known whether these inflammatory mediators...
Defending Multiculturalism From Hegemony to Symbolic Violence

Multiculturalism is currently under attack in both the academy and society. Whereas the concept of hegemony has often been used in conceptualizing defenses of multiculturalism, the argument is made that a shift to a concern with symbolic violence would be a more appropriate and empowering defense against this backlash. Drawing primarily on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, it is argued that a focus on symbolic violence shows the ways in which daily practices produce and foster domination, including those practices of the dominated themselves. This shift will contribute to the empowerment of previously subordinated groups.
Database Support for Research in Public Administration

Abstract This study examines the extent to which databases support student and faculty research in the area of public administration. A list of journals in public administration, public policy, political science, public budgeting and finance, and other related areas was compared to the journal content list of six business databases. These databases included ABI/INFORM, Business Source Premier, General Business File, Academic Search Premier, Expanded Academic Index, and International Academic Research Library. The results show that Expanded Academic Index, Business Source Premier, and International Academic Research Library have the most comprehensive holdings of public administration journals.
The Faith that Does Prudence: Contemporary Catholic Social Ethics and the Appropriation of the Ethics of Aquinas

One of the most important contemporary issues within the Society of Jesus is the way in which contemporary evangelization impacts social evolution and social structures. Under the umbrella term of “social justice” the Society is committed to the analysis of and changing of the social and economic structures that impact human lives, so that the values of the Gospel can be actualized within the human family. Understanding what Aquinas has to say about the issues involved in social justice is important for two reasons. First, the theological and ethical language of the Society, and the Catholic Church in general, draws deeply from the Thomistic tradition. Second, there is a vigorous resurgence of attempts to reappropriate Aquinas’ ethical theory according to contemporary sensibilities. For all those interested in promoting social justice within a Catholic framework it is important to understand how the issues related to social justice relate to Aquinas’ theological project. Although Aquinas does provide a theoretical framework in which the issues of social justice can be addressed, he provides a different rubric. The contemporary convictions of radical equality and individual rights belong to the Thomistic domain of theoretical reasoning through wisdom. The critique and evaluation of social structures according to contemporary economic theories and sensibilities belongs to the Thomistic domain of practical reasoning through prudence. The commitment to the preferential option for the poor belongs to the Thomistic virtue of charity. In Aquinas’ language, the faith that does justice is, because it acts in a critical and constructive fashion, more accurately a faith that acts prudently.
Cell Death in the Pathogenesis of Heart Disease: Mechanisms and Significance

Cell death was once viewed as unregulated. It is now clear that at least a portion of cell death is a regulated cell suicide process. This type of death can exhibit multiple morphologies. One of these, apoptosis, has long been recognized to be actively mediated, and many of its underlying mechanisms have been elucidated. Moreover, necrosis, the traditional example of unregulated cell death, is also regulated in some instances. Autophagy is usually a survival mechanism but can occur in association with cell death. Little is known, however, about how autophagic cells die. Apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy occur in cardiac myocytes during myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion, and heart failure. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of apoptosis and necrosis lessens infarct size and improves cardiac function in these disorders. The roles of autophagy in ischemia/reperfusion and heart failure are unresolved. A better understanding of these processes and their interrelationships may allow for the development of novel therapies for the major heart syndromes.
Conduction Block in Unmyelinated Nerves Using High Frequency AC Stimulation

High frequency alternating current (HFAC) blocks conduction of action potentials through myelinated nerve fibers. This property may have clinical applications in the treatment of unwanted neural activity. The isolated response of unmyelinated nerves to HFAC stimulation has not been studied previously. In this study, sinusoidal HFAC stimulation was used to reversibly block conduction of action potentials through the unmyelinated nerve fibers of Aplysia californica. Complete reversible block was found at frequencies from 5 kHz to 50 kHz. The minimum HFAC amplitude for block was between 1 mA and 6 mA. An asynchronous firing phase preceded the block phase at all frequencies. Unlike myelinated nerves, the minimum HFAC amplitude for inducing block did not have a monotonically increasing relationship with frequency, as an exponential decrease in the blocking amplitude was observed for frequencies above 12 kHz
Ship–Ship Interactions in Calm Water and Waves. Part 2: URANS Validation in Replenishment and Overtaking Conditions

Part 2 of this two-part paper presents URANS ship–ship validation results against the experimental data studied in Part 1. The simulation matrix is designed based on the Part 1 results to focus on most significant effects, as well as to complement the data to further explain the physics involved. Calm water validation results show that the error values are comparable to the previous single-ship URANS studies. Single-ship (Hope only and Bobo only) calm water hull pressure distributions are compared to ship–ship solutions, providing insight into the physics of the induced effects based on the regions of decreased or increased hull pressure. Regular wave results achieve error values comparable to those for previous single-ship URANS validation studies. Also compared to the previous use of the same data for different simulation tools other than URANS, the current results achieve significantly lower error values. Ship–ship results in waves are compared to single-ship simulations, showing that the presence of the second ship induces resonant effects for most of the variables, and induces increased amplitudes for forces and moments at high frequencies. An overtaking validation simulation in regular head waves is carried out, which shows URANS capability with reasonably good agreement to the experiment.
Surpassing the TLB performance of superpages with less operating system support

Many commercial microprocessor architectures have added translation lookaside buffer (TLB) support for superpages. Superpages differ from segments because their size must be a power of two multiple of the base page size and they must be aligned in both virtual and physical address spaces. Very large superpages (e.g., 1MB) are clearly useful for mapping special structures, such as kernel data or frame buffers. This paper considers the architectural and operating system support required to exploit medium-sized superpages (e.g., 64KB, i.e., sixteen times a 4KB base page size). First, we show that superpages improve TLB performance only after invasive operating system modifications that introduce considerable overhead.We then propose two subblock TLB designs as alternate ways to improve TLB performance. Analogous to a subblock cache, a complete-subblock TLB associates a tag with a superpage-sized region but has valid bits, physical page number, attributes, etc., for each possible base page mapping. A partial-subblock TLB entry is much smaller than a complete-subblock TLB entry, because it shares physical page number and attribute fields across base page mappings. A drawback of a partial-subblock TLB is that base page mappings can share a TLB entry only if they map to consecutive physical pages and have the same attributes. We propose a physical memory allocation algorithm, page reservation, that makes this sharing more likely. When page reservation is used, experimental results show partial-subblock TLBs perform better than superpage TLBs, while requiring simpler operating system changes. If operating system changes are inappropriate, however, complete-subblock TLBs perform best.
Genomic Distribution of Heterochromatic Sequences in Equids: Implications to Rapid Chromosomal Evolution

We describe a molecular model for rapid chromosomal evolution that proposes tandemly repeated DNA sequences as a driving force. A prediction of this model is that when extensive rearrangements of euchromatin have been facilitated by heterochromatin, genomes will be characterized by tandemly repeated sequences that have actively changed chromosomal fields by intragenomic movement. Alternatively, it is proposed that in conservative chromosomal lineage each class of tandemly repeated sequences will be restricted to a specific chromosomal field. To provide baseline data to test this model we examined four classes of tandemly repeated elements in six species of equids (Equus). Distribution of these sequences among species, as determined from slot blot analysis, and restriction site variation, shown by Southern blot hybridization, document that these sequences are in an evolutionarily dynamic state, and in situ hybridization documents extensive intragenomic movement among nonhomologous chromosomes and chromosomal fields. These data are interpreted as being compatible with the predictions of this model. Although this is clearly not the sole molecular factor driving chromosomal evolution, the model appears to be viable as an explanation of certain patterns of chromosomal evolution such as karyotypic megaevolution and some types of karyotypic orthoselection.
Membership Functions and Their Assessment

Membership functions and their assessment present a problem of paramount importance. Its neglect would further delay any real applications of the fuzzy set theory. Membership functions are not ‘given’ and they can not be arbitrarily assumed. A systematic assessment procedure, designed to externalize decision maker’s perception of fuzziness is introduced and some analogies with utility functions are discussed. Membership functions are treated as a class of distance functions ordering a set of objects with respect to an ideal object.
Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 2 (HTLV-2) Biology and Pathogenesis

Human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV) type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) are highly related complex retroviruses that have been studied intensely for nearly three decades because of their capacity to transform primary human T-lymphocytes, their association with neuropathology, and/or neoplasia. In addition, two highly related but genetically distinct viruses, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4, have been isolated. The study of HTLV represents an attractive model that has allowed investigators to dissect the mechanisms of various cellular processes including transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, cell cycle control, and apoptosis; several of these processes likely play a critical role in HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 pathogenesis. This chapter focuses more specifically on the biology and pathogenic properties of HTLV-2. However, some aspects of HTLV-1 are emphasized for comparative purposes to highlight distinct differences in these two viruses. Since HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 have been isolated recently and appear to have infected only a few individuals, discussion of these viruses is not included in this review.
Computer Analysis of Automatically Recorded Oxygen Dissociation Curves

The physiologic function of the erythrocyte is the transport of oxygen from lungs to tissue. The chemistry of this process is represented by a non-linear functional relationship between oxygen tension and oxygen saturation of the contained hemoglobin. This curve is usually characterized by two parameters, P50 (the oxygen tension at half-saturation) and the Hill constant, n (a measure of sigmoidicity).
Glycemic and serum lipid control in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy treated with pregabalin.

Abstract Aim To evaluate pregabalin effects on glycemic (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] and glucose) and lipid (low- and high-density lipoprotein [LDL and HDL, respectively], and total cholesterol, and triglycerides) control in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (pDPN). Methods Data from 11 randomized, double-blind trials were pooled to assess change-from-baseline treatment differences (pregabalin or placebo) in glycemic and lipid parameters using analysis of covariance. Results Patients received pregabalin doses (mg/d) of 150 (n = 176), 300 (n = 559), 600 (n = 705), 150–600 (flexible dose, n = 521), or placebo (n = 1050). Statistically significant mean [95% confidence interval] within-treatment (pregabalin) changes occurred in HDL (600 mg/d: –1.61 mg/dl [–3.17, –0.05]), total cholesterol (flexible dose: –6.03 mg/dl [–11.68, –0.39]), and triglycerides (flexible dose: + 15.39 mg/dl [1.56, 29.23]). Statistically significant differences from placebo were found in HbA1c (300 mg/d: + 0.11% [0.01, 0.21]) and HDL cholesterol (300 mg/d: –1.78 mg/dl [–3.36, –0.19], 600 mg/d: –2.53 mg/dl [–4.49, –0.57]). No within- or between-treatment changes were large enough to be clinically meaningful. Conclusion No apparent clinically meaningful effects of pregabalin on glycemic/lipid control were found in patients with pDPN.
Mechanism of Sulfite-Driven, MeReO3-Catalyzed Deoxydehydration of Glycols

The mechanism of the MeReO3-catalyzed deoxydehydration of glycols to olefins by sulfite salts has been investigated with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Potential intermediates and transition states were evaluated for the three stages of the reaction: (a) dehydration of the glycol by an oxo–rhenium complex to form a Re–(O,O-glycolate), (b) sulfite-induced O transfer (to sulfate and a reduced oxo–Re), and (c) fragmentation of the ReV–glycolate to give the olefin and to regenerate MeReO3. Various sulfite, sulfate, and Na–sulfite/sulfate species have been evaluated as reactants/products and as ligands. Alternative pathways have been analyzed differing in the order of steps a and b and whether and which sulfite/sulfate species are coordinated; the mechanism of sulfite association/sulfate loss has also been evaluated. Transition states and activation energies have been calculated for several of the key transformations, including H-transfer glycol dehydration, the LMeReVO(glycolate) fragmentations...
A Rapid Separation of Larvae of the Indian Meal Moth1 from Rearing Medium

Laudani (1948) described a variation of the Berlese technique for separation of the larvae of the carpet beetle, Anthrenus scrophulariae (L.), from diet medium based on the negative phototaxis of the larvae. Because our biochemical and physiological investigations of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), often require many larvae, we attempted to modify Laudani's technique by utilizing the negative thermotaxic and phototaxic responses of Indian meal moth larvae. Larval development, adult emergence, egg production, and egg viability of insects removed by this method were not adversely affected.
The tetracaine flare: differences in actions of procaine and tetracaine on peripheral nerve.

Summary1. Tetracaine hydrochloride, injected intradermally, produces a histaminelike flare which can be blocked hy procaine hydrochloride, 2. On the isolated nerve, tetracaine has much less effect on conduction in C fibers with respect to its effect on A fibers than is the case with procaine. (Preliminary experiments.) 3. In the human skin, tetracaine has much less effect on the threshold for “slow” pain with respect to its effect on “fast” pain than is the case with procaine. 4. These observations suggest that the dare is mediated over C fibers. Tetracaine produces a flare 1) by causing irritation. 2) by failing to block completely the C fibers. 5. The differences in action on conduction of tetracaine and procaine are noted, but no explanation for these differences is available.
Centering power, positionality, and emotional labor in a Master of Social Work research course: Perspectives from a student and instructor:

This paper presents a case study of a student and instructor’s experience in a foundational research course in a Master of Social Work (MSW) program at a major university. As part of this course, s...
Design and Implementation of a Network Monitoring System Based Netflow

A Network Monitoring System Based Netflow was designed in order to make the network administrator convenient,quick and direct-viewing to monitor the network running situation.The principles of this system design,the system structure and the concrete realization method were provided.The system has the characteristic that the network administrator can look over network running situation conveniently,count the rule of using the internet of users and find the trouble of network in time.The completion of its design will evidently reduces the time that the network administrator to search and to get rid of the network breakdown.
Design of Control Device Test System Based on LabVIEW Stability Control Device

The development of power system has a growing demand on stability devices. Stability control device producers face the problems of designing stability control device test system effectively, improving testing efficient, and guaranteeing devices' reliability. The demands of stability control device in term of functions and the problems urgent to be solved are analyzed in this paper. Based on these analyses, a LabVIEW based design of stability control devices test system is proposed. The proposed design is effective to promote the efficient of designing the test system.
Methods to Characterize Folding and Function of BamA Cross-Link Mutants

The utility of protein engineering, both the mutation and deletion of specific amino acids, to investigate protein structure and function has been demonstrated time and time again, and intermolecular and intramolecular interactions within the BAM complex and its individual components are no exception. Extensive efforts have probed conserved and unique amino acid sequences of the Bam proteins to define their functional roles. This chapter summarizes efforts as applied to the disulfide cross-link mutants of BamA and describes experimental methods used in our studies to determine that lateral opening of the barrel domain is required for function.
Solubilization and functional reconstitution of the mitochondrial branched chain α-keto acid transporter

The mitochondrial branched chain α-keto acid transporter has been solubilized from rat liver and heart mitochondria and its function reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. The transporter was extracted from mitoplasts with Triton X-114 in the presence of exogenous cardiolipin and α-ketoisocaproate. Upon incorporation of this extract into asolectin vesicles, a p-chloromercuribenzoate-sensitive, protein-dependent transport of α-ketoisocaproate into the proteoliposomes has been demonstrated. Studies with covalent modification reagents indicate that the reconstituted carrier is substantially inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents as well as by the histidinespecific reagent diethyl pyrocarbonate. Thus the transporter appears to contain cysteine(s) and histidine(s) residues that are essential to the transport reaction mechanism. In conclusion, the extraction and functional reconstitution of the branched chain α-keto acid transporter represents an important first step towards purification and molecular characterization of this anion carrier.
Leakage pathway estimation in geologic CO 2 storage: application of inverse analysis to synthetic heterogeneous domains

The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of inverse analysis to estimate a leakage pathway in a heterogeneous permeability field by using pressure anomalies from the intrusion of brine that is accompanied by gaseous CO2. To achieve this goal, the iTOUGH2 model is employed and applied to multiple brine reservoirs that are designed to realize pressure perturbations that are induced by leakage. Prior to inverse analysis, forward modeling with the TOUGH2 model illustrates brine and/or CO2 discharge through a leakage pathway that penetrates a caprock and the pressure anomalies in a permeable reservoir that overlies the caprock when CO2 is injected into a storage reservoir. The inverse modeling is applied to two types of heterogeneous permeability domains: (1) a renormalized model domain from the known heterogeneity and (2) a simplified model domain that consists of a few homogeneous sections with unknown heterogeneity. The inversion results from the simplified model domain are compared to those from the renormalized model domain to identify the applicability of the simplified model domain to detect a leakage pathway in complex heterogeneous permeability domains. This inverse modeling on the renormalized and simplified model domains examines the effect of the number of monitoring wells, monitoring periods and noises in measurements through 15 and 17 modeling scenarios, respectively. The accuracies of the inversions on the simplified model domain, which depend on the monitoring scenarios, are identical to those of the inverse modeling on the renormalized domain. Residual analysis illustrates that higher magnitude residuals in the storage formation should be weighted to match the residuals in the overlying formation to successfully estimate leakage pathways.
Development of a high-performance steel plate shear wall system

To date, the design of unstiffened steel shear walls has three issues that make them expensive to employ: 1) large columns resulting from the shear wall applying lateral loads to the columns; 2) expensive field-welded moment connections; 3) buckling of the steel plate under service earthquakes and winds. A new, innovative system, called the high-performance steel shear wall system, is developed and proposed by the authors to solve these problems. In this system: 1) the steel plate shear wall is not connected to the columns, therefore, the columns do not experience large lateral forces; 2) the beam-to-column connections consist of an innovative and cost-effective connection developed by the authors, referred to as a gusset plate moment connection; 3) the thickness of the plate is independent of the column size, enabling the use of thicker plates to prevent buckling of the steel plate under service loads.
N2-to-NH3 Conversion by a triphos–Iron Catalyst and Enhanced Turnover under Photolysis

Bridging iron hydrides are proposed to form at the active site of MoFe-nitrogenase during catalytic dinitrogen reduction to ammonia and may be key in the binding and activation of N_2 via reductive elimination of H_2. This possibility inspires the investigation of well-defined molecular iron hydrides as precursors for catalytic N_2-to-NH_3 conversion. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of new P_2^(P′Ph)Fe(N_2)(H)_x systems that are active for catalytic N_2-to-NH_3 conversion. Most interestingly, we show that the yields of ammonia can be significantly increased if the catalysis is performed in the presence of mercury lamp irradiation. Evidence is provided to suggest that photo-elimination of H_2 is one means by which the enhanced activity may arise.
An Update on CSF Biomarkers of Parkinson’s Disease

Disease-specific markers have the potential to advance understanding of Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis as well as its treatments. Although its clinical features can be unmistakable, PD has not been easy to measure by laboratory methods. Over five decades of research, there have been many attempts to tease out neurochemical indicators of its diagnosis and progression. The most logical starting point of this search has been cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a biospecimen contiguous with the sites of major pathological changes in this disorder. Guiding the search for biomarkers is the understanding that neurons undergoing degeneration do so in concert with abnormal protein aggregation and a decline in neurotransmitter output. Therefore, investigations for PD biomarkers have sought clues in CSF proteins and small molecular-weight biochemicals that might mirror disease-specific changes in the brain. For this purpose, dozens of CSF constituents have been screened in the search PD biomarkers that might directly and indirectly reflecting the impact of the disease. This chapter will review the highlights of recent developments as well as the limitations of these findings. The ultimate hope of the authors is that biomarkers discovered in CSF might also appear in specimens more easily accessible (such as from a blood test). If so, screening of populations at risk for PD or monitoring a future neuroprotective treatment might be practical applications. A PD biomarker might also provide new insights into the disease process.
Macrophage depletion decreases tumorigenesis and alters gut microbiota in the AOM/DSS mouse model of colon cancer

Macrophages are recognized as major players in the connection between inflammation and cancer; they represent up to 50% of the tumor mass and produce a wide array of inflammatory mediators with pro-tumoral functions. Emerging evidence links gut microbiota to the development of colorectal cancer and host-derived immune and inflammatory responses are important driving forces that can shape microbial community composition. We used a macrophage depletion technique to examine the role of macrophages on colon tumorigenesis and gut microbiota. To induce colorectal cancer, male C57BL/6 mice (n=32) received a single injection of AOM followed by three cycles of DSS supplemented water at concentrations of 2%, 1%, 1% at weeks 1, 4, and 7, respectively. Prior to the final DSS cycle (week 7) and twice weekly until sacrifice, mice (n=16/group) received 200ul i.p. of clodronate (CL2MDP) or PBS encapsulated liposomes to deplete macrophages. Mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks following the initial AOM injection and colon tissue was analyzed for tumor burden, macrophage markers, and inflammatory mediators. Stool samples were collected and DNA was isolated and subsequently sequenced for 16S rRNA. Macrophage depletion decreased tumor number by ~35% and specifically large (≥1mm) tumors by ~35% (p
p53 and K-ras mutations in lung tissues and sputum samples of individuals exposed to smoky coal emissions in Xuan Wei County, China

Lung cancer mortality in Xuan Wei County (XWC) is among the highest in China. Lung cancer in XWC is associated with exposure, in poorly vented homes, to coal smoke containing high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We have previously investigated mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and the K-ras oncogene in lung carcinomas and in sputum samples from individuals exposed to smoky coal emissions in XWC. This paper summarizes the results concerning p53 and K-ras mutations from these studies, in relation to mutations found in lung cancer patients not exposed to smoky coal emissions.
Medically Unexplained Symptoms and the Diagnosis of Medical Child Abuse

The target article by O'Leary (2018) makes an important contribution in calling attention to how the treatment of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) raises bioethical issues. In this commentary, ...
Chapter VI – China

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the criminal justice system of China. It surveys the major components of the system—the police, judiciary, law, corrections, and juvenile justice—along with an overview of the political system. It outlines the brief history of some of the components of the system, describes the organization and administration and explains the various roles of the practitioners and the legal process. Reference is also made to some of the areas of concern within the system. China experienced periods of order and profound periods of disorder. The periods of order is marked by the government's attempt to stress the significant role of law in the maintenance of political, social, and economic order. Periods of disorder have been noted for their absence of law and the ascendance of ideology serving a dominant role in state governance. China has two kinds of justice systems that are designed to complement one another. One is the formal system that is established by the government. The other system is informal that is essentially part of the cultural tradition of the country and its roots can be traced back to ancient times. The government did not create the informal system, however, it clearly influences and controls the manner in which it operates today. The informal system is reflected both in communities taking an active role in assuring that social order is maintained locally and in citizens resolving disputes through mediation rather than relying on courts. This authority is particularly noteworthy in the informal system, where public security agents can impose fines and detain people without benefit of a trial. The Chinese tend to prioritize the public interest over that of an individual's interest.
Holmium Ablation of Prostate

The use of laser technology in surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is still relatively young with only 15 years of accumulated experience thus far. There are different laser types (Nd:YAG, Ho:YAG, Tm:YAG, KTP, diode), methods of delivery (end-firing, side-firing, and interstitial), delivery systems and techniques, and different usages (ablation, visual ablation, contact ablation, interstitial coagulation, resection, enucleation, vaporization, vaporesection, vapoenucleation, enucleation, and photoselective vaporization). Holmium laser energy exhibits a number of favorable characteristics that make it an ideal energy source for BPH treatment. The superficial absorption in a fluid environment makes it arguably one of the safest energies available. While slightly slower than some of the other energy sources available for ablation, the time difference is actually rather minimal, and efficiency does increase as the surgeon gains more experience. Prostate enucleation requires a greater skill set and takes longer to learn than ablation, making HoLAP an attractive technique to many surgeons. Holmium energy has stood the test of time for over a decade and continues to be a valuable tool for use in patients requiring transurethral surgery of the prostate.
West Nile Virus Infection of the Central Nervous System

West Nile virus (WNV) infects thousands of humans annually and causes a spectrum of disease ranging from an acute febrile illness to paralysis and lethal encephalitis. This chapter will review our current understanding of the interactions between WNV pathognesis and the host response in the central nervous system that modulate disease outcome.
Volunteer, Citizen, Human: Volunteer Work Between Cosmopolitan Ideal and Institutional Routine

Driven by empathy with refugees’ condition and the desire to contribute to implementation of human rights in the everyday, volunteer local initiatives promise to make a real difference. While the proliferation of such initiatives is well documented, the processes of their institutional development are not. In this chapter, we trace the transformation from a loose group of people in a Berlin neighbourhood to a registered association with a solid managerial structure. We focus on the tensions, emotions and contradictions that are inevitable to such a process of bureaucratization. Studying this case, we address the possibilities and limitations of the institutionalization of cosmopolitan ideals and the transformation of values and norms towards an open and just society in the context of volunteering with the aim of improving the situation of the refugees.
Starting the Journey: Introducing the Study, Youth, and Their Stories

This chapter provides an introduction to Longitudinal Interactional Histories: Bilingual and Biliterate Journeys of Mexican Immigrant-Origin Youth, a book that aims to provide insight into patterns of language and literacy development as they occur in and across multiple and diverse settings during linguistically minoritized youth’s adolescence and young adulthood. A rationale for the study is presented, alongside details of the particular sociohistorical, cultural, and linguistic contexts in which the study took place. Researcher positioning is also discussed, before turning to introductions of the five youth whose stories are presented in the book: Jaime, Ana, Diego, Fabiola, and Maria. The chapter closes with an overview of the organization of the book.
Relationship of serum Vitamin D concentrations with Adipokines and Cardiometabolic risk among non-Hispanic black type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects: a cross-sectional study.

To report the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and its association with adipokines and cardiometabolic risk factors in Haitian Americans (HA) and African Americans (AA) by ethnicity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) status. A cross-sectional study in 197 HA (92 with T2D and 102 without T2D) and 200 AA (97 with T2D and 103 without T2D) recruited in South Florida. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations and adipokines were analyzed by ELISA and cardiometabolic risk factors were indexed by obesity, glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and blood pressure. Controlling for age, BMI, energy intake, smoking status and HOMA2-IR in multivariate linear regression analyses, serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly associated with WC (R2 = 0.760, B = − 0.092, P = 0.027), HbA1C (R2 = 0.142, B = − 0.012, P = 0.010), and TG (R2 = 0.159, B = − 1.192, P = 0.003) in only HA without T2D. While serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly associated with TC (R2 = 0.168, B = − 0.329, P = 0.040), log leptin (R2 = 0.544, B = − 0.007, P = 0.021), and adiponectin (R2 = 0.144, B = 0.111, P = 0.033), but slightly associated with LDL-c (R2 = 0.133, B = − 0.278, P = 0.064) in only AA without T2D. Among individuals with T2D, serum 25(OH)D concentrations were marginally associated with IL-6 (R2 = 0.109, B = 0.076, P = 0.085) in HA with T2D, and there was a trend toward significance with log leptin (R2 = 0.393, B = − 0.006, P = 0.075) in AA with T2D in regression analysis. The findings that the associations of serum 25(OH)D concentrations with adipokines and cardiometabolic factors differ between HA and AA has clinical and public implications to guide design of T2D preventive strategies that are culturally specific even within the same ethnicity.
Representing the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer in GCMs

This chapter reviews current understanding of the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer (STBL), based on previous observational and numerical studies of the subtropical marine STBL. These understandings are mostly qualitative and difficult to put into a parameterization format for general circulation models' (GCM) use. The chapter also focuses on the cloud and turbulence schemes currently used in GCMs along with their problems; and discusses some possible simple improvements. The chapter also discusses some simple modifications to the NCAR community climate model 3 (CCM) planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, which improve the model results somewhat, but these modifications do not incorporate the whole coupling. The goal is to develop a scheme that fully couples the radiation, turbulence, and cloud processes in the STBL regime. The chapter describes a current large-eddy simulation (LES) study that aims at further understanding of the STBL and developing a parameterization scheme that directly links the turbulent fluxes to the cloud-top radiative forcing. This method is applied to real cloud cases and large-scale conditions to obtain quantitative relationships among all the physical processes involved in the STBL.
Identification of Soil-Structure Systems

Structures interact with soil under seismic excitations through both inertial and kinematic effects. These soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects are often significant and system identification methods can be used to characterize and quantify them. However, system identification of soil-structure systems is fraught with difficulties. SSI renders it virtually impossible to directly measure the earthquake input motions for a soil-structure system due to kinematic interaction effects, which is the term used for denoting the differences between the soil motions at the free field and the foundation, in the absence of superstructure mass. Moreover, because of disproportional distribution of damping in a soil-structure system, normal modes are no longer able to decompose the overall system’s equations of motion. Additionally, while some structures may remain linearly elastic even under high levels of vibration, soil behaves nonlinearly even under weak ground motions. Through work spanning the past decade various new methods of system identification have been devised appropriate for soil-structure systems—some of which, incidentally, are by the authors of the present article. This chapter provides an overview of the said techniques along with several application examples.
Subjective sleep quality and electronic cigarette dependence, perceived risks of use, and perceptions about quitting electronic cigarettes.

Abstract Introduction Although subjective sleep quality has been associated with combustible cigarette use, little is known about its role in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use or beliefs about use. To address this gap, the current study examined subjective sleep quality among adult e-cigarette users in relation to e-cigarette dependence, perceived risks of e-cigarette use, and perceived barriers for quitting e-cigarettes. Methods A cross-section design was employed. Participants included 304 e-cigarette users (53.6% female, Mage = 36.7 years, SD = 10.3, 75% were combustible cigarette users) using a Qualtrics platform. Results Results indicated that poorer subjective sleep quality was significantly related to greater e-cigarette dependence and perceived barriers for quitting e-cigarettes (ΔR2 = 0.06, p Conclusions This work provides novel evidence for the potential role of subjective sleep quality in e-cigarette dependence and beliefs about quitting. To the extent sleep quality is related to e-cigarette addiction and cognition, it represents an important construct to assess and target for change in efforts to facilitate change in e-cigarette dependence and perceived barriers for quitting. Implications This study is among the first data to link subjective sleep quality to e-cigarette dependence and beliefs about risk of use and perceptions about barriers for quitting among adults. Similar to results found for combustible cigarettes, these findings suggest that subjective sleep quality may be important to consider in efforts to facilitate change in e-cigarette dependence and perceived barriers for quitting.
Incidence and outcomes of prosthetic valve endocarditis in adults with tetralogy of Fallot.

Background The risk of endocarditis varies with CHD complexity and the presence of prosthetic valves. The purpose of the study was therefore to describe incidence and outcomes of prosthetic valve endocarditis in adults with repair tetralogy of Fallot. Methods Retrospective review of adult tetralogy of Fallot patients who underwent prosthetic valve implantation, 1990-2017. We defined prosthetic valve endocarditis-related complications as prosthetic valve dysfunction, perivalvular extension of infection such abscess/aneurysm/fistula, heart block, pulmonary/systemic embolic events, recurrent endocarditis, and death due to sepsis. Results A total of 338 patients (age: 37 ± 15 years) received 352 prosthetic valves (pulmonary [n = 308, 88%], tricuspid [n = 13, 4%], mitral [n = 9, 3%], and aortic position [n = 22, 6%]). The annual incidence of prosthetic valve endocarditis was 0.4%. There were 12 prosthetic valve endocarditis-related complications in six patients, and these complications were prosthetic valve dysfunction (n = 4), systemic/pulmonary embolic events (n = 2), heart block (n = 1), aortic root abscess (n = 1), recurrent endocarditis (n = 2), and death due to sepsis (n = 1). Three (50%) patients required surgery at 2 days, 6 weeks, and 23 weeks from the time of prosthetic valve endocarditis diagnosis. Altogether three of the six (50%) patients died, and one of these deaths was due to sepsis. Conclusions The incidence, complication rate, and outcomes of prosthetic valve endocarditis in tetralogy of Fallot patients underscore some of the risks of having a prosthetic valve. It is important to educate the patients on the need for early presentation if they develop systemic symptoms, have a high index of suspicion for prosthetic valve endocarditis, and adopt a multi-disciplinary care approach in this high-risk population.
Mechanical Stability of Cryopreserved Split-Thickness Tectonic Corneal Grafts.

Purpose To evaluate the influence of cryopreservation on the pressure-strain relationship of microkeratome dissected anterior stromal grafts (ASGs). Methods Partial thickness ASGs were created from 7 pairs of human corneas and randomized to immediate grafting or grafting after 3 months of cryopreservation at -80°C into a whole globe ex vivo corneal perforation model. High frequency ultrasound speckle tracking was used to calculate the cross-sectional axial and lateral strains in each graft at increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) from 5 to 30 mm Hg. The mean axial and lateral strains were compared between the paired groups. Results The mean axial and lateral strains were not significantly different between the cryopreserved and noncryopreserved ASGs. The mean lateral strains at 30 mm Hg in the noncryopreserved and cryopreserved grafts were 2.4% ± 2.1% and 1.4% ± 0.7% (P = 0.294), respectively. The mean axial strains at 30 mm Hg in the noncryopreserved and cryopreserved grafts were -7.8% ± 3.3% and -5.5% ± 3.0% (P = 0.198), respectively. A linear pressure-strain relationship was found for all grafts at physiologic IOP. Conclusions ASGs cryopreserved at -80°C maintain their IOP-strain relationship compared with noncryopreserved ASGs at physiologic pressures, supporting the potential use of cryopreserved human corneal stroma for patch grafting procedures.
Making Sense of Moral Ambiguity in Organizations

From interpersonal interactions to policy decisions, organizational life is full of morally relevant situations. Despite the centrality of moral decision-making to organizational functioning, exist...
Autonomous camber morphing of a helicopter rotor blade with temperature change using integrated shape memory alloys

The present study proposes and explores a new autonomous morphing concept, where a 12–13° increase in camber is realized over a spanwise section of a helicopter rotor blade with increase in ambient...