cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of oxide film growth on metal crystals - II. Homogenous field approximations

Abstract Homogeneous field approximations yield simple equations relating film thickness L(t) to time t of oxidation from coupled steady-state diffusion equations of I assuming equal ionic and electronic currents. High temperature parabolic equations are obtained with rate determined by transport of the low mobility species in the presence of the electric field created by the high mobility species; these parabolic equations have a modified rate constant k′ due to a constant electrical potential difference φ across the film. Both k′ and φ increase with (concentration) × (mobility) and ratio of boundary concentrations for the electronic species, and decrease for corresponding changes for the ionic species. For tunnelling or field emission of one species with rate determined by diffusion of the second species, the expression obtained is[1 +βtt = exp(αL(t))−αL(t)], with α and β determined from emission and diffusion parameters. This equation is based on the intermediate temperature approximation that the surface charge is essentially independent of L(t) for tunnelling from the metal crystal through the film, to traps, and between traps in the oxide for film thicknesses less than some critical thickness Lcrit: For limiting cases this equation reduces to Nth root [L(t) ∝ t 1 N ] and logarithmic [L(t) ∝ log (1 + t t 0 ] laws. The final stage of growth occurs for L(t) >Lcrit and usually predominates at low temperatures; rate is controlled by tunnelling or field emission in a thickness dependent field (E ∝ 1 L(t) ) so that a limiting thickness L∞ usually results, with L∞−Lcrit equal to several monolayers only. For this region of growth, a logarithmic law and an exponential law [L(t>) ∝ 1−exp(−vt)] result for Fowler-Nordheim behavior of the current with field, a modified exponential law [L(t) ∝ 1−exp {− ( |L(t) L ∞ ) − |t τ} ] results for a linear dependence of tunnel current through the film on field, and a cubic law [L(t) ∝t 1 3 ] results for a linear dependence of tunnel current between traps in the oxide on field. Application of this work is made to published experimental data for copper monocrystals at 1173°K and between 451 and 78°K.
Results of Yet Another Antibiotics vs Appendectomy Randomized Trial: Still Not Enough to Change My Practice

RESULTS There were 273 patients in the surgical group and 257 in the antibiotic group. Of 273 patients in the surgical group, all but 1 underwent successful appendectomy, resulting in a success rate of 99.6% (95% CI, 98.0% to 100.0%). In the antibiotic group, 70 patients (27.3%; 95% CI, 22.0% to33.2%) underwent appendectomy within 1 year of initial presentation for appendicitis. Of the 256 patients available for follow-up in the antibiotic group, 186 (72.7%; 95% CI, 66.8% to 78.0%) did not require surgery. The intention-to-treat analysis yielded a difference in treatment efficacy between groups of −27.0% (95% CI, −31.6% to) (P = .89). Given the prespecified noninferiority margin of 24%, we were unable to demonstrate noninferiority of antibiotic treatment relative to surgery. Of the 70 patients randomized to antibiotic treatment who subsequently underwent appendectomy, 58 (82.9%; 95% CI, 72.0% to 90.8%) had uncomplicated appendicitis, 7 (10.0%; 95% CI 4.1% to 19.5%) had complicated acute appendicitis, and 5 (7.1%; 95% CI 2.4% to 15.9%) did not have appendicitis but received appendectomy for suspected recurrence. There were no intra-abdominal abscesses or other major complications associated with delayed appendectomy in patients randomized to antibiotic treatment.
Defining & counting malaria deaths

The recent World Malaria Report1 suggests that deaths due to malaria in 2009 have decreased compared to 2000. This may be and we, as public health workers, should hope so. However, much of the data are derived from the extrapolation of a few strata of transmission risk into incidence or assume static fatality rates among estimated cases. The good news is that these estimates are supported by other data sources including facility and community based evaluations. But while conjectures on trends are both reasonable and the limit of the possible, we do not, and may never, know how many people are dying from malaria. Without accurate information on malaria mortality (and other deaths) we cannot detect outbreaks, define risk factors for intervention, rationally allocate resources, or determine whether a public health programme is working. Deaths are also a sentinel event and tend to represent the tip of an iceberg, with a large burden of morbidity floating below. Understanding the assumptions made in classifying and counting deaths could improve malaria control.
Formation of Tumorspheres with Increased Stemness without External Mitogens in a Lung Cancer Model

Like with most solid tumors, the presence of a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer stem-like cells (CS-LCs) has been associated with chemoresistance and tumor relapse in lung cancer cells. In the absence of serum, CSCs/CS-LCs have the ability to grow as lung tumorspheres (LTSs), and this system is routinely used for isolation and characterization of putative CSCs/CS-LCs. Methods to isolate LTSs are usually performed in serum-free media supplemented with specific additives such as epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. In this study, we report the generation of LTSs without the addition of any external mitogenic stimulation. LTSs generated in this manner demonstrated several traits usually associated with increased stemness such as elevated expression of the stemness-associated marker Sox2 and increased chemoresistance to conventional anticancer drugs. In addition, we report that the FDA-approved drug Digitoxin, at concentration close to its therapeutic level, decreased the viability of LTSs and downregulated Sox2 independent of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The potential use of LTSs generated without the addition of any external mitogenic stimulation to study the role of specific factor(s) associated with stemness properties is also discussed.
The Social Construction of Commitments to Farm and Nonfarm Work

The commitment to farm has been regarded as dependent primarily on the farm's financial viability, from which standpoint sub-marginal and part-time farms continue to survive only because of income derived from a nonfarm job. The significance of farm and nonfarm work also in providing opportunities for intrinsically meaningful activities that mold these work commitments, although recognized, has been largely unmeasured and unanalyzed. This study examines the hypotheses that satisfaction with, and commitments to, farm and to nonfarm work are socially constructed from the institutional and organizational conditions of work. Analysis of data from a male, part-time, farmer sample reveals that commitment to, and satisfaction with, farming is contingent on the intrinsically rewarding aspects of both farm and nonfarm work. As is typical of "hobby farms," farm performance measures--gross sales and net farm income--are less important to the farming commitments of part-time than of farmers in general. Part-time farmers' commitments to their nonfarm jobs are constrained by opportunities for intrinsic rewards derived from farming even as it is strengthened by the intrinsic and economic rewards of the nonfarm job. The spouse's involvement in farming, as well as the farmer's age and education moderate his commitment to farming thereby enhancing his commitment to the nonfarm job. For the part-time farmers, satisfaction with farming is affected in various ways by conditions of the nonfarm job, and conversely.
Pulsatile pressure can prevent rapid baroreflex resetting.

In a previous study [Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 24): H673-H678, 1988] we demonstrated that baroreflex responses decay (reset) to increased static sinus pressures, but with increased ...
New Tests for Characterizing the Durability of a Ceramic Catalytic Converter Package

New test methods were developed to characterize the high temperature durability of intumescent mats that are used to mount ceramic catalyst supports in stainless steel cans. The key attribute of these tests is the use of an electric resistance heating method to maintain a temperature gradient through the thickness of the mat when a cyclic or constant shear stress is applied to the mat interface. These tests are simple to perform and do not require expensive equipment or highly skilled operators. Using these new test methods, the durability of ceramic preconverters mounted with 4,070 gm/m{sup 2} intumescent mat was studied. The results of these tests indicate that a preconverter package with 4070 gm/m{sup 2} intumescent mat can perform satisfactorily in the close-coupled application where temperatures exceed 900 C. The mat performance can be quantified in terms of applied stress and test temperature by utilizing the experimental methods described in the present study.
Physics and Politics—an Old Analogy Revised 1

It is just fifty-five years since Walter Bagehot wrote his Physics and Politics , a very suggestive book in its day. He began the first chapter of this book with a reference to “the sudden acquisition of much physical knowledge” which had marked the second half of the nineteenth century, and declared it his purpose to show the bearing of these new ideks upon the political conceptions of mankind. That purpose he, fulfilled with much ingenuity, pointing out the various lines along which the advance in natural science seemed to suggest modifications in the old theories of the state and of government. This was only a half-century ago; yet the new physics of Bagehot's day has already growh old. Its basic concepts have been turned inside out and upside down. Its laws relating to the indestructibility of mass and the conservation of energy have been radically amended. Even a generation ago the atom was held to be the ultimate and indivisible unit in the composition of the universe. It was the basis upon which the scientists of the nineteenth century built up an inclusive set of laws and principles relating to the structure of all creation. No one had ever seen an atom, but its existence could be postulated and its properties were held to be knowable.
The Configuration of Six Points of the Plane

(1935). The Configuration of Six Points of the Plane. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 42, No. 9P1, pp. 549-554.
A serologic study of chorionic gonadotrophin.

Summary1. Seventeen rabbits were immunized with “APL,” which is a combined extract of human placental tissue and pregnancy urine. Seven rabbits (6 females) produced detectable antibodies. 2. Two hundred eighty-five urines submitted for pregnancy tests were tested for the presence of CG by biological and serological methods. 3. Sative rabbit CG antiserum tends to give many cross-reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to absorb the serum and test it for potency and specificity prior to use in testing urines for the presence of increased amounts of CG. 4. It is suggested that it may be possible to use this serologic method for the detection of pregnancy; the development of an antiserum of somewhat greater specificity would be advantageous.
Isolation of Coccidioides Immitis (Stiles) from the Soil

The epidemiological studies on coccidioidal granuloma, recently summarized by Beck,1 suggest the soil and the vegetation as the probable source of the fungus infection. The peculiar geographic distribution of the disease both in man and animals to the central and southern sections of the State of California with a predominance of the cases in Kern and Los Angeles Counties supports this contention. Although repeated attempts have been made to find the organism in nature the examinations, made with the aid of the customary bacteriologic technique, have thus far yielded negative results. The relatively slow growing atypical fungi are, as a rule, rapidly overgrown by the concomitant bacteria present in the soil and vegetations. Little progress could be made until a procedure had been developed which would concentrate, possibly enrich the stage of the mold (chlamydospore) supposed to exist in nature. In the course of detailed metabolism studies it was found that Coccidioides immitis satisfies its nitrogen and ...
Undoing Violence: Politics, Genre, and Duration in Kathryn Bigelow's Cinema

Kathryn Bigelow9s eight feature films all seek a balance between progressive representations of gender and race and the demands of commercial filmmaking. Close attention to the filmmaker9s experiments with duration and camera technology reveals her interest in reworking Hollywood conventions to critique conventionally masculinist genres.
Time delay compensation of switching power amplifier for magnetic bearing based on DOB

Time delay in magnetic bearing system declined the stability margin.In order to solve the problem,constant delay and variable delay of switching power amplifier were studied,and a time delay compensation method based on disturbance observer(DOB) theory was presented.In this method,time delay caused by switching power amplifier was transferred to the input of the system as disturbance source.and the corresponding disturbance observer model was constructed,which realized time delay compensation in switching power amplifier.Simulation and experimental results show that the overshoot and wavefor distortion are effectively reduced,and the tracking performance is improved,which verified the feasibility and effectivity for improving the dynamic response of system.
[Method for determining o-tolidine in workplace air by gas chromatography].

Objective To establish a method for determining o-tolidine in workplace air by gas chromatography.Methods o-tolidine in workplace air was collected with a glass fiber filter,desorbed with methanol,and determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector.Results The concentration of otolidine showed a linear relationship with peak area within 0.04～9.00 μg/ml; the detection limit was 0.04 μg/ml;the minimum detectable concentration was 0.0002 mg/m3 (calculated by 375 L air sample); the sampling efficiency was 93％～100％; the elution efficiency was 94％～96％; the relative standard deviation was 0.8-2.5％.Sample could be stored at 4 ℃ for at least 8 days and at room temperature for as long as 6 days.Conclusion This determination method meets the requirements of Guide for establishing occupational heath standards-Part 4Determination methods of air chemicals in workplace (GBZ/T 210.4-2008) and is suitable for determination of o-tolidine in workplace air. Key words: Gas chromatography; Air; Workplace; o-Tolidine
The influence of IQ on pure discovery and guided discovery learning of a complex real-world task

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the predictive ability of IQ on pure discovery and guided discovery learning of a complex real-world task. Hold'em poker is a game of skill with significant complexity. Its attributes resemble real-life activities such as stock market investing, shopping for a home, and the battles of war. To explore pure discovery learning, a group received no guidance while playing a total of 720 hands of poker. To investigate guided discovery learning, a group received poker strategies while playing the game. Results revealed that IQ explained a significant proportion of the variance in pure discovery but not guided discovery learning of hold'em poker. Results suggest that IQ predicts learning of tasks when both cognitive and emotional factors are present. It is possible that for pure discovery learning to be effective, both cognitive and emotional factors need to be present.
Cortisol during human fetal life: Characterization of a method for processing small quantities of newborn hair from 26 to 42 weeks gestation.

Objective Fetal cortisol may be reflected in hair collected shortly after birth. The objective of this study was to determine the range of human fetal hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in live-born neonates using an approach for processing small quantities of hair. Materials and methods Hair was cut on the day of birth from neonates and their mothers, born between 26 and 42 weeks gestational age (GA). HCC was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Maternal sociodemographics and birth data were collected. T-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test were used as appropriate. Results Ninety maternal and neonatal hair samples were cut from 79 term (T) and 11 preterm (PT) delivered pregnancies. All samples weighed ≥2.5 mg. Fetal HCC correlated with GA (r = .25, p = .02) and birth weight (r = .25, p = .03) and was lower in PT (4.3 ± .3 LN pg/mg) than T (5.3 ± .1, LN pg/mg, p Conclusion Fetal cortisol exposure was determined using this approach for processing small amounts of hair. Preterm neonates have significantly lower HCC than term neonates and fetal HCC is associated with GA at delivery and birth weight. Fetal HCC is significantly higher than maternal HCC cut on the same day. These data provide novel information on the intrauterine fetal cortisol environment.
Introduction: From Global Peripheries to the Earth's Core: The New Extraction in Latin America

In this introduction to the book, Mining in Latin America: Critical Approaches to the New Extraction, I sketch the contours of the broad academic conversations taking place around the new extraction and lay out the key characteristics of the “new extraction.” I further lay out the rationale and goals for this book and describe its format and organization. In the following section, I define and discuss the new extraction. In the third section I describe technological transformations in mining and milling and the industrial and political ecological effects of these. In sections three and four I articulate the major challenges to development and sustainability, respectively, for resource-dependent economies. Section five details the ways in which mining host communities and their transnational allies have responded to the developmental and environmental threats detailed in the previous sections. Section six focuses on the growing economic and financial intimacy between Latin America and China and what this means for extraction in Latin America. Section seven highlights central organizing themes in the recent scholarship of extraction and conflict in Latin America. The eighth section guides the reader through the organizing framework and chapter summaries of the book, highlighting this text’s unique contributions to the literature. Finally, the ninth section summarizes and discusses the key points of this introduction.
Pediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) of unknown cause. In adults, this is associated with female gender and obesity. Symptoms may include headaches, diplopia, pulsatile tinnitus, and vision loss due to papilledema. Children may develop IIH, although the demographics of prepubescent children with IIH appear to be distinct from older children, being independent of gender and obesity. Recent diagnostic criteria have been established specifically for children with IIH, including a different normal range of ICP in children. Treatments may include weight loss, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, or surgical procedures. The visual prognosis of children treated appropriately is generally good.
Relationship between Disabilities and Adoption Outcomes in African American Children

Although many children adopted from the public child welfare system have special needs, little is known about the experiences of African American adopted children with disabilities and their families. The purpose of this study is to explore different categories of disabilities, including chronic health issues; emotional, mental, or behavioral (EMB) disorders; and intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDDs) on adoption outcomes in a sample of African American children. Data were from the Post-Permanency Round II Survey collected in 2008. A random sample of 412 adoptive parents or legal guardians self-reported their children’s disability diagnoses and family caregiving experiences. Hierarchical regression modelling was used to investigate the relationship between child disability and child and parental outcomes. Results indicated that chronic health issues (β = .10, p < .05), EMB disorders (β = .16, p < .01), and IDDs (β = .12, p < .05) were positively associated with parental burden. In addition, asthma (β = .10, p < .05), from the larger physical health issue category, was also associated with parental burden. However, none of the disability categories was significantly related with caregiver commitment or adoption dissolution. Future research should disentangle the definitions of special needs or disabilities.
Interface engineering for high performance and stable MIS photosynthesis cells

Photoelectrolysis is of interest for direct solar-driven production of chemicals and fuels. A persistent challenge in this field is the difficulty of simultaneously achieving high photovoltaic efficiency and chemical stability of semiconductor photoelectrodes during water oxidation. In 2011, Chen et al.1 demonstrated that atomic layer deposition (ALD) of a thin TiO2 layer can avoid oxidation of the surface of a Si photoanode during long-duration oxygen evolution. Using an ALD-TiO 2 corrosion protection layer, it was possible to decouple efficient light absorption by the Si anode from the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurring on the surface of a catalyst layer overlying the TiO 2 . Metal oxide protection layers that block oxidative corrosion of highly efficient solar absorbers while permitting facile hole transport from the semiconductor to the OER catalyst layer have since become the standard approach for photoelectrochemical hydrogen synthesis. Reports of increasing photocurrent,2 photovoltage,3 and corrosion stability4 appear in the literature regularly.
Optimal Order Selection and Efficiency of Canonical Variate Analsys System Identification

Abstract The optimality of the canonical variate analysis (CVA) method is demonstrated for moderately large sample sizes (1,000 to 8,000) by a multivariable simulation example involving feedback, colored input excitation, and colored disturbances. The system has 2 inputs, 2 outputs, 6 states and involves the estimation of 43 parameters including a stochastic model of the noise disturbances. No prior information about the model state order is used in system identification. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the parameter estimation error is within the lower bound theory predicted by the large sample maximium likelihood theory, that the true state order is identified, and that the CVA state estimates are within the expected error of the Kalman filter state estimates of the true system.
Advantageous uses of new computerized custom milled abutments in restoring endosseous implants

Golden criteria of an implant abutment system would be that it is a machined milled, custom made, made of titanium, it accounts for poor angulation and limited interocclusal space. It also should provide ease of orientation during transfer in and out the patient's mouth, and it should have individualized resemblance of the prepared tooth form for the replaced tooth to provide optimal esthetics, healing, and emergence profile. Only one abutment system that has been introduced recently provides all of these criteria. This abutment system would be the computerized custom milled titanium abutment.
Brief Communication Detection of EBNA and Rescue of Transforming EBV in Megakaryocyte Cells Established in Culture

For the first time, cell lines of human megakaryocytes have been obtained from the circulating blood of normal donors and patients with various blood disorders (Morgan and Brodsky, 1984). The cultures consist predominantly of small “lymphoid” cells accompanied by giant multinucleated cells which spontaneously accumulate (Fig. 1, A and B). These giant cells have morphological properties common to well-defined megakaryocytes (Morgan and Brodsky, 1984). These “lymphoid” cells have no surface markers specific for lymphocytes, monocytes or granulocytes. Most significantly, greater than 80% of the cells do express antigens specific for and/or associated with megakaryocytes and platelets (Table 1).
Journalism, Misinformation and Fact Checking Chairs' Welcome & Organization

It is our pleasure to welcome you to the WWW 2018 Journalism, Misinformation and Fact Checking Alternate Track. Although the problem of misinformation and deceptive information is as old as Web itself, the topic has gained a lot of attention recently. Phenomena, such as misinformation propagation, fabricated news reports (also known as "fake news",) computational propaganda, astroturf, and ideological polarization have become more common on the Web and the social Web, calling for a cross-cutting approach to better understand the topic. One approach that has gained some traction is that of the establishment of fact-checking organizations. This track solicited contributions that explore the range of computational, social, cognitive, economic, and communication topics related to the above phenomena. We received submissions covering a broad range of topics, including computational approaches for detecting misinformation and propaganda on the Web and social media, as well as proposals to improve fact checking, critical thinking, information and media literacy, crowdsourcing, and societal decision-making processes.
Godina revisited: a systematic review of traumatic lower extremity wound reconstruction timing.

Backround: Marko Godina suggested in 1986 that soft tissue coverage of traumatic extremity wounds within 72 h of injury optimizes outcomes. Decades later, these recommendations remain controversial...
Effects of Depression on Social Support in a Community Sample of Women

Depression has long been noted by clinicians to have an important impact on their patients’ relationships with spouse, family, and friends. Thus a clinical literature dating back at least 40 years has vividly described how depressed persons “make their whole environment feel guilty” (Coyne, 1976, p. 186), provoking others to withdraw support at a time when the depressed individual most needs it (Jacobson, 1954; Kraines, 1957). Similarly, the impact of depression and other psychiatric disorders on social relationships was explicitly recognized in an official position statement of the American Psychological Association, in which Smith and Hobbs (1966) eloquently stated that “mental disorder is not the private misery of an individual; it often grows out of and usually contributes to the breakdown of normal sources of social support and understanding, especially the family” (p. 500, italics added).
Prototype Problem Solving Activities Increasing Creative Learning Opportunities Using Computer Modeling and 3D Printing

This chapter explores the use of Prototype Problem-Solving Activities and 3D printing (PPSA) as a curricular tool to develop mathematical understanding, creativity, and technological literacy. Prototype Problem Solving Activities (PPSA) are teaching and learning activities that have been designed for students to create artifacts that demonstrate their understanding and to find unique solutions to authentic problems. They represent an outgrowth of the maker movement and attempt to involve students in authentic problem-solving exploration. The thesis of this chapter is that by using PPSA as a teaching strategy teachers can (1) provide students with opportunities to develop mathematical and creative thinking, (2) encourage students who may not perceive themselves as talented in mathematics by providing new ways in which to demonstrate mathematical thinking, and (3) use authentic problems and interdisciplinary approaches to problem solving that simulates real-life behavior by practitioners in the STEM fields. PPSA emphasizes communication and problem solving which are two principles that are stressed in education and by business leaders as being critical for life-long success. A description is provided of the creative processes that are nurtured through the use of PPSA, as well as the instructional design principles, and specific connections to technological literacy that moves students beyond being mere consumers of information to generating ideas and reflecting on thinking. The use of authentic problems requiring a generation of prototype products allows learners to self-assess and reflect on their understanding. The process of using PPSA allows the students to develop higher order thinking skills of analysis and synthesis in their mathematical understanding.
New signs of a strengthening U.S. nurse labor market

ABSTRACT: Wage increases, relatively high national unemployment, and widespread private-sector initiatives aimed at increasing the number of people who become nurses has resulted in a second straig...
Multiparametric Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Can Detect Acute Cardiac Allograft Rejection After Heart Transplantation

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of multiparametric cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) for the detection of acute cardiac allograft rejection (ACAR). Background ACAR is currently diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy, but CMR may be a noninvasive alternative because of its capacity for regional myocardial structure and function characterization. Methods Fifty-eight transplant recipients (mean age 47.0 ± 14.7 years) and 14 control subjects (mean age 47.7 ± 16.7 years) were prospectively recruited from August 2014 to May 2017 and underwent 97 CMR studies (83 transplant recipients, 14 control subjects) for assessment of global left ventricular function and myocardial T2, T1, and extracellular volume fraction (ECV). CMR studies were divided into 4 groups on the basis of biopsy grade: control subjects (n = 14), patients with no ACAR (no history of ACAR; n = 36), patients with past ACAR (history of ACAR; n = 24), and ACAR+ patients (active grade ≥1R ACAR; n = 23). Results Myocardial T2 was significantly higher in patients with past ACAR compared with those with no ACAR (51.0 ± 3.8 ms vs. 49.2 ± 4.0 ms; p = 0.02) and in patients with no ACAR compared with control subjects (49.2 ± 4.0 ms vs. 45.2 ± 2.3 ms; p Conclusions The combination of CMR-derived myocardial T2 and ECV has potential as a noninvasive tissue biomarker for ACAR. Larger studies during acute ACAR are needed for continued development of multiparametric CMR for transplant recipient surveillance.
The Use of the Temperature Dependence of Ultrasonic Velocity to Measure Residual Stress

The behavior of the temperature dependence of longitudinal ultrasonic velocity in type A533B steel in the presence of external as well as residual stresses has been investigated. In all measurements, the ultrasonic velocity in the vicinity of room temperature is found to vary linearly with temperature, and the slope of the linear relationship increases or decreases according to whether the stress is applied in tension or in compression respectively. The results also indicate that the temperature dependence of the velocity is a linear function of applied stress, and the slope of this linear relationship is the same for all specimens tested, and for both tensile and compressive stresses. These results are then used to obtain a relationship between the temperature dependence and residual stress in type A533B steel.
Toward a Cross-Cultural Approach to Art Criticism

This paper presents an educational model for cross-cultural examination of works of art based on a foundational examination of art criticism as a discipline and anthropology as the primary strategy funding the approach.
Structural health monitoring of timber buildings: a literature survey

In recent years, multiple historic and contemporary timber buildings have been instrumented with sensors to monitor the performance of wood products and novel engineering systems. This paper presen...
Obesity risk in Hispanic children: Bidirectional associations between child eating behavior and child weight status over time

Individual differences in eating behaviors have been associated with obesity among young children. Food responsiveness tends to be positively associated with childhood obesity, satiety responsiveness tends to show a negative association, and the results for emotional overeating are mixed. Previous studies in this area, however, have generally employed cross-sectional designs. The purpose of the present study was to examine, in a sample of Hispanic children from families with low-income levels, the degree to which individual differences in child eating behaviors in the preschool years predicted changes in child weight into the early elementary school years. Parent/child dyads (n = 113) were seen on three separate occasions starting when the children were 4-years-old and ending when they were 8-years-old. Separate cross-lag panel analyses were conducted for food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness, and emotional overeating in examining the relationships between child eating behavior and child weight status over time. Consistent with previous cross-sectional studies, at all three time points, food responsiveness was positively associated with concurrent child weight status and satiety responsiveness showed a negative relationship. No concurrent relationship with child weight status was found for emotional overeating until the third time point when children were eight-years-old. Only two cross-lag associations between child eating behavior and child weight status were significant: emotional overeating and child weight status showed a bidirectional relationship between the second and third time points. Future longitudinal studies should examine these relationships in other populations.
A Pragmatic Guide to Enrichment Strategies for Mass Spectrometry-based Glycoproteomics.

Abstract Glycosylation is a prevalent, yet heterogeneous modification with a broad range of implications in molecular biology. This heterogeneity precludes enrichment strategies that can be universally beneficial for all glycan classes. Thus, choice of enrichment strategy has profound implications on experimental outcomes. Here we review common enrichment strategies used in modern mass spectrometry–based glycoproteomic experiments, including lectins and other affinity chromatographies, hydrophilic interaction chromatography and its derivatives, porous graphitic carbon, reversible and irreversible chemical coupling strategies, and chemical biology tools that often leverage bioorthogonal handles. Interest in glycoproteomics continues to surge as mass spectrometry instrumentation and software improve, so this review aims to help equip researchers with the necessary information to choose appropriate enrichment strategies that best complement these efforts.
Sevoflurane-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Post-Robotic-Assisted Paraesophageal Hernia Repair

Background Transient transaminitis is an expected outcome from liver retraction after foregut surgeries. However, severe thrombocytopenia is usually not a sequela of that. We present a case in which sevoflurane is suspected of inducing thrombocytopenia as it was the only newly introduced medication to the patient during the hospital course. Thrombocytopenia may present in a variety of settings in hospitalized patients. However, managing this occurrence requires deep exploration of pathophysiology that can cause decreased platelets, which may be a challenging task in certain circumstances. The liver plays an important role in thrombopoiesis by releasing megakaryocyte growth factors. Therefore, liver dysfunction can present as thrombocytopenia or other platelet dysfunctions. Objective To describe a presentation of thrombocytopenia possibly associated with anesthesia-induced transaminitis after a robotic paraesophageal hernia repair with mesh and fundoplasty with intraoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Methods A 55-year-old presented to the ED with abdominal pain and was found to have a large type IV paraesophageal hernia that was surgically treated with a robotic paraesophageal hernia repair with mesh. However, on the first postoperative day (POD) (#1), the patient developed new onset thrombocytopenia with transaminitis. Workup for thrombocytopenia failed to determine an etiology. With platelet transfusion, platelet count showed an upward trend. The patient was then evaluated and cleared for discharge by POD#5. Results The patient's POD#1 daily labs showed elevated values for liver function tests and a low platelet count of 10,000 platelets per microliter with an international normalized value (INR) of 1.3. She had received two doses of intravenous acetaminophen just prior to surgery. Her platelet count responded to two units of platelets but decreased again immediately after. She continued to have transaminitis with down-trending liver enzymes. Peripheral smear on review showed no evidence of schistocytes. A heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) screening was negative. The patient was regularly evaluated, and the platelets stabilized and slowly started to trend up. The patient recovered by the morning of her POD#5 and was cleared for discharge. Conclusion We are reporting on a case of acute postoperative thrombocytopenia that was associated with transaminitis and elevated liver enzymes. We are linking the role of the liver dysfunction in noncirrhotic patients with surgical abdominal procedures. Although liver retraction transaminitis possibly played a role in the laboratory findings in the patient, the acute drop in her platelet count could be closely related to the use of sevoflurane anesthetic considering its potential hepatotoxic side effects. We also cannot rule out the sevoflurane directly affecting the platelet count.
Downstream Effects: Impact of Antibiotic Pollution on Aquatic Host-Parasite Interactions

The global increase in antibiotic use has led to contamination of freshwater environments occupied by parasites and their hosts. Despite the identified impacts of antibiotics on humans and wildlife, the effect of antibiotics on host-parasite life cycles is relatively unexplored. We utilize the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni, and its snail intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata to explore the influence of an ecologically relevant antibiotic concentrations on the life history characteristics of both parasite and host. Our results demonstrate that antibiotics not only accelerate parasite development and have a positive effect on parasite reproduction, but also increase the likelihood of host egg laying, and delay parasite-induced host castration. Using a mathematical model, we suggest that these life history alterations associated with antibiotics are likely to increase parasite transmission and disease burden.
Challenges and Promise of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Remission

Antiretroviral therapy effectively controls human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication but it is unable to fully eradicate the HIV reservoir and treatment must be life-long. Progress toward a strategy for HIV remission will require overcoming key hurdles to fill gaps in our understanding of HIV persistence, but the identification of individuals who have attained sterilizing or functional HIV cure show that such a goal is achievable. In this review, we first outline challenges in targeting the HIV reservoir, including difficulties identifying HIV-infected cells, ongoing work elucidating the complex intracellular environment that contribute to HIV latency, and barriers to reactivating and clearing the HIV reservoir. We then review reported cases of HIV sterilizing cure and explore natural models of HIV remission and the promise that such HIV spontaneous and posttreatment controllers may hold in our search for a broadly-applicable strategy for the millions of patients living with HIV.
Providing safe care for patients in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era: A case series evaluating risk for hospital-associated COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the risk of patients contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during their hospital stay to inform the safety of hospitalization for a non-COVID-19 indication during this pandemic. METHODS: A case series of adult patients hospitalized for 2 or more nights from May 15 to June 15, 2020 at large tertiary-care hospital in the midwestern United States was reviewed. All patients were screened at admission with the severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Selected adult patients were also tested by IgG serology. After dismissal, patients with negative serology and PCR at admission were asked to undergo repeat serologic testing at 14-21 days after discharge. The primary outcome was healthcare-associated COVID-19 defined as a new positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test on or after day 4 of hospital stay or within 7 days of hospital dismissal, or seroconversion in patients previously established as seronegative. RESULTS: Of the 2,068 eligible adult patients, 1,778 (86.0%) completed admission PCR testing, while 1,339 (64.7%) also completed admission serology testing. Of the 1,310 (97.8%) who were both PCR and seronegative, 445 (34.0%) repeated postdischarge serology testing. No healthcare-associated COVID-19 cases were detected during the study period. Of 1,310 eligible PCR and seronegative adults, no patients tested PCR positive during hospital admission (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0%-0.3%). Of the 445 (34.0%) who completed postdischarge serology testing, no patients seroconverted (0.0%; 95% CI, 0.0%-0.9%). CONCLUSION: We found low likelihood of hospital-associated COVID-19 with strict adherence to universal masking, physical distancing, and hand hygiene along with limited visitors and screening of admissions with PCR.
Mortality and Healthcare Use of Patients with Compensated Hypercapnia.

Rationale: Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure has been shown to be associated with worse outcomes for various disease states, but less is known about patients with compensated hypercapnic respir...
Difficult patient, or something else? A review of personality disorders

Specific behaviors or expressed thoughts may signal a need for screening. Take into account an individual's strengths and limitations when designing a Tx approach.
Variational Learning for Unsupervised Knowledge Grounded Dialogs.

Recent methods for knowledge grounded dialogs generate responses by incorporating information from an external textual document. These methods do not require the exact document to be known during training and rely on the use of a retrieval system to fetch relevant documents from a large index. The documents used to generate the responses are modeled as latent variables whose prior probabilities need to be estimated. Models such as RAG , marginalize the document probabilities over the documents retrieved from the index to define the log likelihood loss function which is optimized end-to-end. In this paper, we develop a variational approach to the above technique wherein, we instead maximize the Evidence Lower bound (ELBO). Using a collection of three publicly available open-conversation datasets, we demonstrate how the posterior distribution, that has information from the ground-truth response, allows for a better approximation of the objective function during training. To overcome the challenges associated with sampling over a large knowledge collection, we develop an efficient approach to approximate the ELBO. To the best of our knowledge we are the first to apply variational training for open-scale unsupervised knowledge grounded dialog systems.
Developing Strategic and Mathematical Thinking via Game Play: Programming to Investigate a Risky Strategy for Quarto

The Maths Arcade is an extracurricular club for undergraduate students to play and analyse strategy board games, aimed at building a mathematical community of staff and students as well as improving strategic and mathematical thinking. This educational initiative, used at several universities in the U.K., will be described. Quarto is an impartial game played at the Maths Arcade, in that there is one set of common pieces used by both players, and one where stalemates are a common outcome. While some students play without apparent direction until a winning opportunity appears, others adopt a more risky strategy of building the board towards a winning position, which could allow either player to win. Whether building towards a win is a sensible strategy, when the other player could equally well benefit, is a topic of debate at the Maths Arcade. Intending to suggest a possible student project, this article will describe a method to represent Quarto as an array of binary numbers, making the game suitable for programming in Python. Then, one strategy is programmed to play at random unless a winning move becomes available, while another is programmed to work towards a winning position. These are calibrated by playing against a completely random strategy and against themselves, then they are played against each other. The more risky strategy is found to win over the more naive player in around two thirds of one million games. Some limitations and possible areas of development are discussed.
Static oculomotor reactions, counter-rolling.

Publisher Summary Ocular counter-rolling (CR) is induced when the head is tilted from side to side in the coronal plane. The eyes tort or roll to oppose the head movement in an attempt to maintain the original angle of the retina in space. CR against 5o of head and body tilt is barely recognizable, and maximum of about 5-7o of CR is induced by head and body tilts of from 45o to 90o. Thus, CR against head and body tilt is small and does not adequately compensate for the retinal displacement caused by lateral head positions. In both humans and monkeys, CR is the same whether the head is tilted on the neck or the head and body are tilted together. It is also essentially the same whether subjects are in light or in darkness. This indicates that activity, which induces CR, must come mainly from the labyrinths, and cervical, visual, or somato-sensory afferents contribute little to its production.
Microwave joining of two long hollow tubes: an asymptotic theory and numerical simulations

A nonlinear heat equation which models the microwave assisted joining of two large SiC tubes is analyzed. By exploiting the small fineness ratio of the structure and disparate time scales an asymptotic theory for this problem is systematically deduced. Specifically, a one-dimensional nonlinear heat equation is described which governs the temperature in the outer region. This is a numerically well posed problem and it is efficiently solved using standard methods. This solution is not valid in the inner region which includes the microwave source. An inner asymptotic approximation is derived to describe the temperature in this region. This approximation yields two unknown functions which are determined from matching to the outer solution. The results of the asymptotic theory are compared to calculations done on the full problem. Since the full problem is numerically ill conditioned, the asymptotic theory yields enormous savings in computational time and effort.