cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using entropy to distinguish shape versus text in hand-drawn diagrams

Most sketch recognition systems are accurate in recognizing either text or shape (graphic) ink strokes, but not both. Distinguishing between shape and text strokes is, therefore, a critical task in recognizing hand-drawn digital ink diagrams that contain text labels and annotations. We have found the 'entropy rate' to be an accurate criterion of classification. We found that the entropy rate is significantly higher for text strokes compared to shape strokes and can serve as a distinguishing factor between the two. Using a single feature -- zero-order entropy rate -- our system produced a correct classification rate of 92.06% on test data belonging to diagrammatic domain for which the threshold was trained on. It also performed favorably on an unseen domain for which no training examples were supplied.
Melting Kinetics of Thermally Responsive Microgel Crystals

The melting kinetics of three-dimensional colloidal crystals consisting of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels was investigated by using UV−visible transmission spectroscopy. It was found that the melting was initiated with a decrease of the interplanar spacing of the crystals and that crystallites broke into smaller pieces at large overheating temperatures. The crystallites reach a minimum burst size before completely broken apart. The complete melting occurs as the average thermal fluctuation of the particles reach around 19%. The experimental results corroborate with recent computer simulations that conciliate the Lindemann criterion of melting with Born's mechanical instability.
Expression of nucleotide excision repair genes and the risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

BACKGROUND Phenotypic differences in the ability to repair genetic damage induced by tobacco carcinogens may reflect genetic differences in susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). The objective of this study was to assess the variation in baseline expression of five nucleotide excision repair genes between individuals with SCCHN and cancer free controls. METHODS The authors conducted a hospital-based case–control study of 57 SCCHN patients and 105 cancer free controls. Using peripheral blood lymphocytes, a multiplex reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction assay was used to quantitate in vitro the mRNA levels of five genes (ERCC1, XPB/ERCC3, XPG/ERCC5, CSB/ERCC6, and XPC) involved in the nucleotide excision repair pathway. RESULTS The levels of ERCC1, XPB/ERCC3, XPG/ERCC5, and CSB/ERCC6 transcripts were lower in cases than in controls (P =0.0001, 0.096, 0.001, and 0.0001, respectively). In multivariate logistic regression analysis (adjusting for age, gender, race, smoking status, and alcohol use), low expression of ERCC1, XPB/ERCC3, XPG/ERCC5, and CSB/ERCC6 was associated with a statistically significant increased risk for SCCHN (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] 6.42 [2.63–15.69], 2.86 [1.39–5.90], 3.69 [1.73–7.90], and 2.46 [1.19–5.09], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Reduced expression of ERCC1, XPB/ERCC3, XPG/ERCC5, and CSB/ERCC6 is associated with a more than two-fold increased risk of SCCHN. Cancer 2002;94:393–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Limit of the spectra of the interior Neumann problems when a solid domain shrinks to a plane one

Let (Δ + λ) u = 0 in DcRd, ∂u∂N=0 on ∂D. How do the eigenvalues λj behave when D shrinks to a domain Δ ⊂ Rd − 1 ? The answer depends not only on Δ but on the way D shrinks to Δ. The limit of λj is found. Examples are given.
Implementation of fuzzy inference with neural network: the NNFI structure

and fuzzy inference. It is trainable and gets a more desired output value than backpropogationneural network does. The idea of the NNFI architecture is driven from the traditional fuzzyinference method. It can avoid not only the difficulty that for a designer to define the casualrelations between the input variables and output variables, but also determine the membership
Subsidiary Absorption Effects in Ferrimagnetics

Subsidiary absorption measurements on polycrystalline yttrium aluminum iron garnet and nickel aluminum ferrite yield values of ΔH k which are the order of several oersteds. These spin wave linewidths appear to be independent of aluminum content. At power levels several db in excess of the power level for the onset of subsidiary absorption, a power dependent zero field loss has been found.
Planetary Acoustic Mode Seismology: Saturn's Rings

We examine the hypothesis that the rings of Saturn may act as a seismograph, recording gravitational perturbations associated with acoustic oscillation modes of the planet. The resonant interaction between planetary oscillation modes and ring particle orbits is similar to that between external satellites and the rings. However, the only strong interactions between planetary normal modes and the rings fall at the outer vertical and outer Lindblad resonances of low degree fundamental (f-mode) saturnian oscillations in the D-ring and inner C-ring. The predicted resonance locations fall near several ring features currently identified in the Voyager RSS occultation profile and a high-phase-angle D-ring image which are unassociated with any known satellite resonances. Constraints on the azimuthal wavenumber of these features are generally consistent with the proposed planetary forcing mechanism. Surface displacement amplitudes of ∼1 m for low degree l<5 f-modes should be sufficient to produce detectable features in the rings. However, resonant locations and ring feature attributes currently cannot be determined accurately enough to test rigorously the ring seismology hypothesis. Improved constraints on interior models and more accurate determination of ring feature characteristics may ultimately allow us to read the seismological record contained in Saturn's rings.
OVERABUNDANCE OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN CALORIMETRY TESTS

The amount of carbon monoxide recovered from calorimetry tests of high explosives is far larger than the amount predicted by equilibrium calculations. The present kinetics study of PETN ([(nitro(oxy)methyl]propanediol dinitrate) has revealed that the cooling of the calorimetry bomb after detonation of a PETN sample sufficiently slows those reactions that would otherwise lead to equilibrium so that these reactions are effectively frozen in the time scale of recovery of detonation products. Among these reactions, those that can create CH4 are the most important ones. Their rates are generally slow at all temperatures relevant to calorimetry tests. This and the slowing down of a reaction, CO + H2O → H2 + CO2, at temperatures below 1500 K are the main cause of the freeze-out of CO. A possible slow rate of the soot formation (i.e., condensed carbon) is not responsible for it. The sensitivity of the present result to the cooling rate of the detonation products and to free radicals is also examined.
Optimum unambiguous discrimination between subsets of nonorthogonal quantum states

It is known that unambiguous discrimination among nonorthogonal but linearly independent quantum states is possible with a certain probability of success. Here, we consider a variant of that problem. Instead of discriminating among all of the different states, we shall only discriminate between two subsets of them. In particular, for the case of three nonorthogonal states, ${|{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{1}〉,|{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{2}〉,|{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{3}〉},$ we show that the optimal strategy to distinguish $|{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{1}〉$ from the set ${|{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{2}〉,|{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{3}〉}$ has a higher success rate than if we wish to discriminate among all three states. Somewhat surprisingly, for unambiguous discrimination the subsets need not be linearly independent. A fully analytical solution is presented, and we also show how to construct generalized interferometers (multiport) which provide an optical implementation of the optimal strategy.
COMMENT ON MEIER'S "PRENATAL ANOXIA AND IRRADIATION: MATERNAL-FETAL RELATIONS"

Biologists such as Wilson (Wilson, Jordan, & Brent, 1953; Wilson 8: Kart, 1951), Lengerova (1957) in Prague, and Neifakh (1957) in the USSR have certainly demonstrated that direct irradiation of the fetus outside the maternal cavity causes deficits in weight, increase in mortality, and measurable morphologic changes. In addition, Neifakh estimates the maternal contribution to be 596, as judged by biological measures, which at best are crude in comparison with behavioral measures. Sharp's study (1961) is most relevant and should be compared with Meier's 1961 report ( 1961a), a reference which Furchtgott ( 1962) appears to have overlooked in commenting on Meier's review ( 1961b). Sharp irradiated nine litters which were divided into three groups: (Group 1) no~adiated controls, (Group 2) radiation of mother only, and (Group 3) mother plus fetal radiation. Meier (1961) worked with 19 litters divided into groups treated as Groups 2 and 3 above, plus a fourth group in which radiation was of the fetus only. He suggests that maternal influence may be estimated from a comparison of Groups 3 and 4 with values of Group 2 falling midway between these. On the oeher hand, if the radiation damage is determined directly by the amount received by the fetus rather than by the mother, the groups will be ordered 3, 4, and 2 from the greatest to least damaging to the fetus. Sharp's rats were placed in a 14-unit maze at 115 days of age; the testing lasted 22 days. Meier's rats were somewhat younger, being 70 to 80 days of age. They were exposed to the Lashley and Dashiell mazes for approximately 10 days of testing. An important difference in the daca analysis was Meier's separation of male and female data, the sex difference having been shown by T. Graham (personal communication, 1960) to be significant in radiation learning. No significant differences in time scores were found for the females but the scores tended in the direction of maternal influence. The maze scores were significantly different for the males and were clearly in the direction predicted for maternal influence. It is indeed unfortunate that a normal control group was not included. Sharp's rats received irradiation at the rate of 35 r per day from the 10th through 17th day of gestation, to a total of 280 r. Meier's rats received a single dose of 200 r, litters being irradiated 2 to 14 days before parcurition. Sharp's daca on locomotion behavior reveal no significant performance dif
Relationship between deposited nuclide inventory and HLW repository performance

Abstract The assertion of this paper is that the insensitivity of predicted repository performance to P-T efforts arises primarily due to the concentration-based measure for repository performance, and due to over-simplification in repository performance models. A mass-based performance assessment model and measures are proposed. Sensitivity of the mass-based measure is demonstrated by numerical results for Np-237.
Material parameter retrieval procedure for general bi-isotropic metamaterials and its application to optical chiral negative-index metamaterial design.

A chiral optical negative-index metamaterial design of doubly periodic construction for the near-infrared spectrum is presented. The chirality is realized by incorporating sub-wavelength planar silver-alumina-silver resonators and arranging them in a left-handed helical (i.e., stair-step) configuration as a wave propagates through the metamaterial. An effective material parameter retrieval procedure is developed for general bi-isotropic metamaterials. A numerical design example is presented and the retrieved effective material parameters exhibiting a negative index of refraction are provided.
The deployment of attribution agnostic cyberdefense constructs and internally based cyberthreat countermeasures

Conducting active cyberdefense requires the acceptance of a proactive framework that acknowledges the lack of predictable symmetries between malicious actors and their capabilities and intent. Unlike physical weapons such as firearms, naval vessels, and piloted aircraft-all of which risk physical exposure when engaged in direct combat-cyberweapons can be deployed (often without their victims' awareness) under the protection of the anonymity inherent in cyberspace. Furthermore, it is difficult in the cyber domain to determine with accuracy what a malicious actor may target and what type of cyberweapon the actor may wield. These aspects imply an advantage for malicious actors in cyberspace that is greater than for those in any other domain, as the malicious cyberactor, under current international constructs and norms, has the ability to choose the time, place, and weapon of engagement. This being said, if defenders are to successfully repel attempted intrusions, then they must conduct an active cyberdefense within a framework that proactively engages threatening actions independent of a requirement to achieve attribution. This paper proposes that private business, government personnel, and cyberdefenders must develop a threat identification framework that does not depend upon attribution of the malicious actor, i.e., an attribution agnostic cyberdefense construct. Furthermore, upon developing this framework, network defenders must deploy internally based cyberthreat countermeasures that take advantage of defensive network environmental variables and alter the calculus of nefarious individuals in cyberspace. Only by accomplishing these two objectives can the defenders of cyberspace actively combat malicious agents within the virtual realm.
2.5.3 Overcoming the Obstacles to Systematic Design Reuse

Although some level of design reuse is present in any engineering project, systematic design-for-reuse is less commonplace. Despite the known benefits of reuse, the implementation of systematic reuse faces strong resistance from management and designers. This paper considers inhibitors to implementing design reuse methodologies and the steps required to successfully transition from a no-reuse culture to one of systematic reuse. Also considered are some of the pitfalls that can doom a poorly planned reuse initiative.
Patterns of RNA synthesis in regenerating limbs of the adult newt,Triturus viridescens

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to investigate patterns of RNA synthesis in regenerating limbs of the adult newt. The general pattern of synthesis is one in which uridine-3H incorporation into 28 S, 18 S, 5 S, 4 S, and high molecular weight RNA increases over the periods of dedifferentiation, accumulation, and proliferation of blastema cells to a maximum during formation of the anlagen of the new limb parts. Once the anlagen have been laid down, synthesis of these RNA fractions, with the exception of high molecular weight RNA, decreases substantially. On the other hand, heterogeneous RNA appears to be synthesized at unchanging levels between the day 10 of regeneration and anlagen formation. The application of this system to future investigations is discussed.
Cardiorenal hemodynamic effects of ethacrynic acid

Abstract Ethacrynic acid, studied in normal subjects as well as in patients with hypertension or edema, reduces glomerular filtration rate slightly and has little or no effect on estimated renal plasma flow while decreasing filtration fraction. It causes a prompt increase in the volume of urine, with the excretion of 8 to 19 per cent of sodium filtered 30 minutes after intravenous administration. It also produces a reduction in urine pH, as well as a profuse diuresis of chloride and a lesser diuresis of potassium. With large doses there is a slight increase in the excretion of uric acid, whereas with lower doses there is retention of uric acid. In well-hydrated patients, the clearance of free water is reduced when osmotic clearance is maximal. The systemic hemodynamic effects of the drug are not striking. In our study, cardiac index and right atrial pressure fell after acute administration, whereas heart rate and total systemic resistance increased slightly. Although there was a tendency for blood pressure to fall in patients treated with ethacrynic acid in both the acute and subacute studies, the post-drug values were not significantly different from control values. The renal and systemic hemodynamic effects of the drug are best explained by a reduction in the plasma or circulating blood volume caused by the profuse diuresis of electrolytes and, to a lesser extent, water. The renal effects which we observed could be explained on the basis of a reduction in the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending loop of Henle or by an effect of ethacrynic acid on the proximal and distal tubular sodium reabsorption sites. Ethacrynic acid increased the osmolality of the urine in one patient with diabetes insipidus slightly more than did chlorothiazide in similar studies. Ethacrynic acid is a potent diuretic capable of causing massive loss of electrolytes and water. No adverse effects on hemopoietic, hepatic, or central-nervous-system function were noted in this short-term study.
Mastigocladus laminosus (Stigonematales, Cyanobacteria): phylogenetic relationship of strains from thermal springs to soil-inhabiting genera of the order and taxonomic implications for the genus

Abstract The morphology, ecology, life cycles, ultrastructure and sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of four cyanobacteria strains from different localities putatively identified as Mastigocladus laminosus were studied. Our strains fall into three separate clades, and conclusions based on “classical” taxonomical methods correspond with conclusions based on sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. According to all methods used, M. laminosus sensu stricto includes true branching strains from thermal springs only, and the genus Mastigocladus is separated from all soil species in the genus Fischerella. The genera Mastigocladus and Fischerella have a confused taxonomic history because the generitype of both taxa was collected from Karlovy Vary Hot Spring within 15 years of the description of each. Strains with other ecological (nonthermal locality) or morphological characteristics (thermal habitat but unbranched forms) belong to different genera. We begin the revision process by moving Mastigocladus laminosus var. indica t...
Microsatellite instability in sarcomas

Background: Microsatellite instability (MIN) has been studied in a variety of carcinomas and gynecologic sarcomas, but never in musculoskeletal sarcomas.
A DFT Study of the Camphene Hydrochloride Rearrangement.

The rearrangement of camphene hydrochloride to isobornyl chloride is one of the best studied among the many early examples of Wagner−Meerwein rearrangement processes. However, many aspects of the reaction remain to be elucidated. A summary of early mechanistic studies is given. A proposal of new mechanistic possibilities is set forth and then tested by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The uncertainties in configurations of camphene hydrochloride and isobornyl chloride are laid to rest by a comparison of computed and experimental carbon-13 and methyl proton chemical shifts.
Self-Control and the Depression–Delinquency Link

Research has repeatedly documented the link between depression and delinquency; however, why they are associated remains less clear. Blending diverse research traditions in criminology and psychology, this study suggests that self-control may explain the depression–delinquency association. By conceptualizing self-control as a depletable resource influenced by internal factors, experiencing depressive symptoms may reduce self-control, which in turn increases delinquency. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) lend support for this proposition and suggest that self-control is an important explanatory factor in the depression–delinquency relationship. Specifically, the data show that depression is no longer associated with delinquency when self-control is taken into account and self-control explains more of the association than previous explanations combined.
Congenital intraocular teratoma associated with eyelid coloboma.

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the first case of intraocular teratoma associated with eyelid coloboma and the second reported case of intraocular teratoma. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: A left intraocular tumor was surgically resected from a 2-day-old female with an associated lower eyelid coloboma. RESULTS: Pathologic evaluation revealed a completely intraocular tumor comprising derivatives of all three germ cell layers giving a diagnosis of intraocular teratoma. The eyelid coloboma was repaired, and a scleral-wrapped hydoxyapatite-integrated orbital implant was placed. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the second reported instance of teratoma originating within the globe and the only reported case of teratoma associated with eyelid coloboma. Although exceedingly rare, intraocular teratoma should be added to the differential diagnosis of congenital intraocular tumors.
A Rat Model for Sickle Cell-Mediated Vaso-occlusion in Retina

Occlusions of the retinal vasculature are the initiating event in sickle cell retinopathy. In order to understand the mechanism(s) of sickle cell-mediated occlusion, a rat model was developed. Red blood cells (RBCs) from patients homozygous for hemoglobin (Hb) S (SS) or double heterozygous for Hb S and Hb C (SC) were separated on Percoll-Larex continuous density gradients, labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and delivered via the left ventricle to anesthetized, ventilated rats. Blood gas levels were altered by changing inspired gas and monitored via a femoral arterial catheter. After the RBCs circulated for 5 min, animals were perfused with heparinized saline, the eyes enucleated, and the retinas removed and processed by our ADPase flatmount technique. The retinal vasculature was visualized under dark-field illumination and the FITC-RBCs visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Greater numbers of high-density SS cells (SS4, which consist of dense, dehydrated discocytes and irreversible sickled cells) were retained in the normal rat retinal vasculature than normal-density SS cells (SS2, which have the same density as normal AA cells, but consist of reticulocytes and young cells). Retention of SS4 cells was inversely dependent on the arterial oxygen tension. Most SS4s were retained in capillaries, but a few were observed within precapillary arterioles. The retained RBCs occupied the full lumenal diameter of vessels in most cases. In contrast, very few RBCs from SC donors (normal or high density) were retained in the normal retinal vasculature and retention did not increase significantly with hypoxia. This model demonstrates that high-density SS cells, which include irreversibly sickled cells, are retained in normal rat retinal vessels and that the number retained is oxygen dependent. Furthermore, it appears that trapping, not adhesion, is responsible for retention of RBCs in the normal retinal vasculature because there was preferential retention of SS4 cells, which are known to have lower adherence propensity, and the retained RBCs blocked the full diameter of the vessel. These results also demonstrate that the mechanism of vascular obstruction by SS and SC RBCs is different because low retention of SC cells was observed. The well-known propensity of SC patients to have retinal abnormalities must involve extraerythrocytic factors like increased hematocrit, induction of adhesive molecules and integrins, etc.
The Trans-Border Traffic of Afghan Modernism: Afghanistan and the Indian “Urdusphere”

In October 1933, two motorcars drove out of Peshawar towards the Khyber Pass carrying a small delegation of Indian Muslims summoned to meet the Afghan ruler Nadir Shah in Kabul. While Nadir Shah had officially invited the travelers to discuss the expansion of the fledgling university founded a year earlier in Kabul, the Indians brought with them a wealth of experience of the wider world and a vision of the leading role within it of Muslim modernists freed of Western dominance. Small as it was, the delegation could hardly have been more distinguished: it comprised Sir Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), the celebrated philosopher and poet; Sir Ross Mas‘ud (1889–1937), the former director of public instruction in Hyderabad and vice-chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University; and Sayyid Sulayman Nadwi (1884–1953), the distinguished biographer and director of the Dar al-Musannifin academy at Azamgarh. The three were traveling to Kabul at the peak of their fame; they were not only famous in individual terms but also represented India's major Muslim movements and institutions of the previous and present generations. Ross Mas‘ud, grandson of the great Muslim modernist Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), had fifteen years earlier been the impresario behind the foundation of Osmania University in the princely state of Hyderabad. A decade earlier, Sulayman Nadwi, the heir of the reformist principal of the North Indian Nadwat al-‘Ulama madrasa Shibli Nu‘mani (1857–1914), had been among the leading figures of the pan-Islamist, Khilafat struggle to save the Ottoman caliphate. And eighteen months earlier, Muhammad Iqbal had represented India's Muslims at the Round Table Conference in London that would shape India's route to independence.
A modified ELISA that selectively detects monoclonal antibodies recognizing native antigen.

Abstract A modified ELISA procedure is described which permits selective detection of monoclonal antibodies reactive with the native antigen. The essence of the method is the use of immobilization methods that do not result in denaturation of the antigen during adsorption to the microtiter plates. This was accomplished by using polyclonal antibodies, absorbed to the wells of the microtiter plate, as the immobilizing agent.
Public Health Impacts of Combustion Emissions in the United Kingdom

Combustion emissions are a major contributor to degradation of air quality and pose a risk to human health. We evaluate and apply a multiscale air quality modeling system to assess the impact of combustion emissions on UK air quality. Epidemiological evidence is used to quantitatively relate PM2.5 exposure to risk of early death. We find that UK combustion emissions cause ∼13,000 premature deaths in the UK per year, while an additional ∼6000 deaths in the UK are caused by non-UK European Union (EU) combustion emissions. The leading domestic contributor is transport, which causes ∼7500 early deaths per year, while power generation and industrial emissions result in ∼2500 and ∼830 early deaths per year, respectively. We estimate the uncertainty in premature mortality calculations at −80% to +50%, where results have been corrected by a low modeling bias of 28%. The total monetized life loss in the UK is estimated at £6–62bn/year or 0.4–3.5% of gross domestic product. In Greater London, where PM concentration...
Structural studies of the mineral phase of calcifying cartilage.

The calcified cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plate of young calves has been studied by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, magic angle 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and chemical composition. The powdered tissue was separated by density centrifugation as a function of mineral content and thus qualitatively of the age of the calcium-phosphorus mineral phase. The individual density centrifugation fractions were examined separately. X-ray diffraction of the samples, especially of the lowest density fractions, revealed very poorly crystalline apatite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the presence of significant amounts of nonapatitic phosphate ions. The concentration of such nonapatitic phosphates increases during the early stages of mineralization but then decreases as the mineral content steadily rises until full mineralization is achieved. The total concentration of carbonate ions was found to be much lower in calcified cartilage than in bone from the same organ (scapula). The carbonate ions are located in both A sites (OH−) and B sites (PO43-), with a distribution similar to that found in bone mineral. However, discrepancies between infrared resolution factors of phosphate and carbonate bands are consistent with a heterogeneous distribution of carbonate ions in poorly organized domains of the solid phase of calcium phosphate. These initial studies permit one to characterize the calcium phosphate mineral phase as a very poorly crystalline, immature calcium phosphate apatite, rich in labile nonapatitic phosphate ions, with a low concentration of carbonate ions compared with bone mineral of the same animal, indeed from the bone of the same organ (scapula).
Combined stress experiments on a nickel-chrome-molybdenum steel

Abstract Combined static stress experiments are discribed in which thin walled tubes of a nickel-chrome-molybdenum steel are subjected to combined axial tension and internal pressure, and to combined axial compression and internal pressure. The axial loading was applied by means of a 30 ton hydraulic testing machine and the internal pressure by a pendulum dynamometer and pump. Tangential strains were measured by two newly developed hydraulic lateral extensometers, one of which was used in the axial tension experiments and the other in the axial compression tests. These extensometers possess the advantage over previous types for this work in that they measure accurately the average of the tangential strains over a considerable length of the tubes instead of at a single cross-section. Axial strains were measured with a Martens extensometer. Additional torsion tests are described. The experimental results checked well with the recently suggested constant energy of distortion theory of strength.
The Persian Gulf War's impact on Americans' political information

Does war increase Americans' normally low levels of political information? Data from the Center for Political Studies' Political Consequences of War Study, which plumbed Americans' information about the Persian Gulf War, suggest it does, albeit slightly. Criticisms of mass public competence to influence foreign policy lose some of their sting, but there remain grounds for concern about the quality of public opinion. Old knowledge aids in the acquisition of new, and most people were too uninformed to benefit much from intensive media coverage of the Gulf crisis.
Native and imported transfer RNA in mitochondria.

Tetrahymena mitochondrial and cytoplasmic tRNAs for valine, lysine, arginine and phenylalanine produced identical or different isoacceptor patterns on reversed-phase chromatography. Positive bindings of individual isoacceptors to Escherichia coli ribosomes were demonstrated in response to trinucleoside diphosphates and polynucleotides. It was shown that different isoacceptors exhibited different but degenerate coding recognition patterns. One of two phenylalanyl-tRNA species in mitochondria, however, showed no recognition toward either phenylalanine codon triplets or poly(U). Under suitable annealing conditions, two phenylalanyl-tRNA species could hybridize with mitochondrial DNA. The other mitochondrial tRNAs for valine, lysine and arginine showed no hybridization with mitochondrial DNA but produced significant binding to nuclear DNA-immobilized filters. From these and other coding data presented here, it is postulated that there are two classes of tRNA in Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondria; the one, “native” tRNA, is mitochondrial DNA-transcript whose coding specificity is unique to mitochondrial tRNA. The other, termed “imported” tRNA, is transcribed from the nuclear DNA and probably transported into mitochondria. This class of tRNA exhibits the same or similar coding specificity as the corresponding cytoplasmic tRNA.
On the validity of chiral perturbation theory for the ΔI= 1 2 rule

Abstract The chiral perturbation theory relations of 〈ππ|O|K〉 to 〈π|O|K〉 and 〈o|O|K〉 needed for establishing the ΔI= 1 2 rule in hadronic weak decays via lattice calculations are examined beyond leading order and the domain of validity for this relation is established.
Titanium tetraperchlorate and chromyl perchlorate

Abstract Syntheses of titanium tetraperchlorate and chromyl perchlorate are reported using chlorine perchlorate and the respective metal chlorides. These anhydrous metal perchlorates were found to contain bidentate perchlorato ligands.
Changes in tissue concentration of prostaglandins during endochondral bone differentiation.

Abstract Prostaglandins are known to be involved in bone metabolism as evidenced by the ability of PGE 2 to induce bone resorption. It was, therefore, of interest to determine if there was an association of specific prostaglandin metabolites with the various stages of developing bone by utilizing the matrix-induced endochondral bone formation system. During mesenchymal cell proliferation a peak of endogenous thromboxane B 2 was detected. In the subsequent stages of chondrogenesis and chondrolysis PGF 2 α was in high concentration, whereas during bone formation PGE 2 , 6-Keto-PGF 1 α and thromboxane B 2 were elevated. These changes in the peak levels of the various prostaglandin metabolites may reflect differences in the cell populations and function associated with various stages of endochondral bone formation.
A novel pulse TOA analysis technique for radar identification

A new processing technique is presented for identifying individual pulse trains in a buffer load of pulse time-of-arrival (TOA) data from radar warning receiver sets currently in use for electronic warfare (EW). The method is based on the numerical characteristics of the matrix of the differences of the TOA data points. In particular, for a uniform pulse repetition interval (PRI) emitter, this matrix is a symmetrical harmonic Toeplitz matrix the inverse of which has banded tridiagonal form. This form leads to an estimator for the PRI in terms of the trace of the inverted matrix.
Mechanism of the mitogenic influence of hyperinsulinemia

Either endogenous or exogenous hyperinsulinemia in the setting of insulin resistance promotes phosphorylation and activation of farnesyltransferase, a ubiquitous enzyme that farnesylates Ras protein. Increased availability of farnesylated Ras at the plasma membrane enhances mitogenic responsiveness of cells to various growth factors, thus contributing to progression of cancer and atherosclerosis. This effect is specific to insulin, but is not related to the type of insulin used. Stimulatory effect of hyperinsulinemia on farnesyltransferase in the presence of insulin resistance represents one potential mechanism responsible for mitogenicity and atherogenicity of insulin.
The 1962 He3 Scale of Temperatures. I. New Vapor Pressure Comparisons.

A comparison of He3 and He4 vapor pressures, (P3, P4), has been made in an apparatus designed to reduce the number and magnitude of corrections associated with the refluxing film in the He4 pressure sensing tube and the attached bulb. The critical pressure of He3 has been redetermined to be at 873.0 ±1.5 mm Hg at 0° C and standard gravity; the corresponding temperature as measured by a He4 thermometer is 3.3240±0.0018° K on the 1958 He4 scale. These (P3, P4) comparisons and the 1958 He4 scale are the basis of the 1962 He3 scale of temperatures derived and evaluated in the papers following this one. Empirical interpolation equations containing only P3 and P4 are described by means of which existing P4 measurements may be converted to an equivalent P3. A comparison has been made between this interpolation and a conversion in which the 1958 He4 and 1962 He3 scales are used as parameters. Deviations between the two procedures are within the estimated errors of the (P3, P4) measurements. In subsidiary experiments on techniques for He4 thermometry a typical vapor pressure bulb arrangement was tested. It is shown that the refluxing film introduces a heat flux, Q, and a resulting Kapitza temperature drop, ΔTk , between the He ii and its container, which may amount to many millidegrees. The feasibility of calculating ΔT K for a particular He4 vapor pressure bulb was studied. The necessity of measuring ΔTk/Qf at least once in situ is pointed out. In addition, it is necessary to redetermine the film flow rate periodically at the same time that He4 vapor pressure measurements are being made.
Performance of Nitinol-reinforced drive shafts

The bending stiffness of composite drive shafts is actively controlled by activating optimal sets of shape memory alloy (NITINOL) wires which are embedded near the outer surfaces of these shafts and parallel to their longitudinal axes. With such active control capabilities, the drive shafts can be manufactured from light weight sections without compromising their transverse load carrying capabilities. These features will be invaluable in producing drive shafts for critical applications, such as in helicopters, where high resistance to whirling is of utmost importance. Finite element models are developed to describe the individual contributions of the composite matrix, the NITINOL wires and the shape memory effect to the overall performance of the drive shafts. The theoretical predictions of the models are validated experimentally on a prototype of the NITINOL-reinforced drive shaft.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Biomass Model of Reservoir Fish and Fish-food Interactions, with Implications for Management

Abstract A mathematical model was developed to help evaluate trophic relations of fishes in reservoirs and to assess the effects of perturbations (e.g., reservoir operations, species introductions, stocking, and harvest) on reservoir ecosystems. The model estimates the production and food requirements of five functional groups of fish biomass, established according to the food supporting each group-(1) plants and detritus, (2) benthos, (3) zooplankton, (4) fish, and (5) terrestrial invertebrates. When applied to data collected from 1977 to 1980 in DeGray Lake, Arkansas, the model revealed that the biomass of fish supported by diets of plants and detritus (BSPD) was positively correlated with precipitation within and among years. The BSPD, expressed as a percent of the total standing crop, declined significantly from 1974 to 1977 and then stabilized at a low level from 1977 to 1980. In 1979, primary production was insufficient to sustain zooplankton production and BSPD from June to mid-August, and from lat...
Novel clustering of sodium channel Nav1.1 with ankyrin-G and neurofascin at discrete sites in the inner plexiform layer of the retina

Voltage-gated sodium channels cluster at sites of action potential generation and propagation by interacting with partner proteins such as neurofascin, an adhesion molecule in the L1 family, and ankyrin-G, a spectrin-binding protein required for sodium channel accumulation at axon initial segments. Here, we describe in the inner plexiform layer of the retina a novel site of high-density sodium channel clustering, marked by ankyrin-G and neurofascin. The sodium channel isoform at this site is Nav1.1, instead of the Nav1.6 channels more commonly found in association with the clustering machinery. During development, Nav1.2 channels first associate with ankyrin-G in the inner plexiform layer but are later replaced by Nav1.1, similar to the switch from Nav1.2 to Nav1.6 at nodes of Ranvier and initial segments. This represents the first instance of high-density clustering of Nav1.1 channels, which may contribute to synaptic interactions among retinal neurons in the inner plexiform layer.
The Intervention Principle

This paper investigates efficient policy interventions in market economies, establishing a general policy intervention result and explaining why more general results are not possible. The paper shows the applicability of the methodology to a number of new results in the theory of international trade, including policy intervention in the presence of increasing returns to scale. The analytical tools are not based on calculus, but set theory, agent optimization, and market clearing. They apply to discrete comparisons as well as for small changes.
Regional variations in bulk chemistry, mineralogy, and the compositions of mafic and accessory minerals in the batholiths of California

We define regional variations in mafic and accessory mineral assemblages and compositions and expand the current understanding of spatial variations in whole-rock geochemistry in the batholiths of California. In so doing, we gain new insights into the nature of magmatic source rocks and mechanisms of magma generation in volcano-plutonic arcs of active continental margins. Little-studied metaluminous to strongly peraluminous granites containing Fe-rich biotite with log(X Mg /X Fe ) F/OH and Mn in biotite and amphibole increase on a regional scale from western I-WC types to eastern I-MC and I-SC types, parallel to eastward increases in incompatible elements and decreases in compatible elements in the plutons. In contrast, the belts of western I-SCR granites and eastern I-WC quartz diorites and granodiorites disrupt the regional west-to-east systematics in both mineral and whole-rock geochemistry. Spatial variations in the Al content of amphibole are regional in scale and reflect pressures of pluton crystallization. We conclude that significant, previously unrecognized complexity exists in regional geochemical systematics in the California batholiths.
Estimating the top quark mass with a few events

Abstract If one can identify the b-jet associated with the lepton in the decay t → b l v then one can measure the top quark mass using the the observable x = (2b μ l μ + m w 2 ) 1 2 . It is shown that even with a few events one can estimate the top mass accurately by equating an unbiased measurement of x to the mean of its probability density function.
Androgen receptor mutations and androgen insensitivity

The androgen receptor (AR) is a high affinity receptor protein encoded on the human X-chromosome that mediates the actions of androgens during development and in the adult. Defects in this receptor protein result in a wide range of abnormalities of male sexual development. Studies in a number of different laboratories have identified mutations of the AR gene in subjects with androgen resistance syndromes. Defects that interrupt the AR open-reading frame have been traced to a number of distinct types of genetic alterations, have been identified in widely separated segments of the AR gene, and are invariably associated with the phenotype of complete androgen insensitivity. By contrast, mutations that cause single amino acid substitutions within the AR are localized to the DNA- or ligand-binding domains of the receptor protein and have been associated with the full range of androgen resistant phenotypes. The diversity of mutations that have been identified has prompted a consideration of the relationship between AR mutation and phenotype. Analyses of AR abundance and function suggest that the phenotypic abnormalities that result from mutation of the AR reflect the extent to which AR activity is impaired in target tissues. Such decreases in AR function may be the result of the diminished receptor function, decreases in receptor concentration, or a combination of these two effects.
Fabrication and characterization of emerging nanoscale memory

Conventional solid state memory technologies such as flash memory, DRAM, and SRAM are facing scaling challenges due to fundamental limitations. Therefore, various new memory technologies are being widely researched and evaluated to continue the cost/performance improvement trend of solid state memory devices. To assess the potential scalability of emerging nanoscale memory beyond conventional limits, it is essential to characterize and understand how differently they perform at the nanoscale compared to known properties in the microscale. New nanoscale fabrication methods and new memory technologies offer a great opportunity for future memory device research. In this regard, we evaluated characteristics of nanoscale phase change memory and Ni oxide memory using nanofabrication technologies such as nanowire growth, nanocrystal synthesis, diblock copolymer patterning, and ebeam lithography. Evaluated characteristics include not only their device performance but also key material properties that might affect the ultimate device performance. The nanofabrication method for each memory material is also discussed due to its potential to overcome the difficulties of conventional semiconductor fabrication process.
s-PROCESS Sr ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS IN PRESOLAR SiC FROM THE MURCHISON METEORITE

We have measured, by thermal ionization mass spectrometry, the isotopic composition of Ba in interstellar SiC-enriched samples (the KJ series) prepared from the Murchison meteorite. Ba in these samples is strongly enriched in components plausibly understood as s-process nucleosynthetic products. Inferred s-process compositions are different from the average s-process contribution to solar system materials in the sense of indicating lower effective neutron exposure. There are variations in s-process compositions which correlate with grain size, indicating lower neutron exposure for the larger grains. The inferred s-process compositions differ significantly from previous theoretical predictions, indicating the need for revision of relevant neutron capture cross sections and providing a target for more detailed modeling of s-process nucleosynthesis in specific stellar environments.
Criteria for Progressive Interfacial Debonding with Friction in Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Composites

Criteria for progressive debonding at the fiber/matrix interface with friction along the debonded interface are considered for fiber-reinforced ceramic composites. The energy-based criterion is adopted to analyze the debond length, the crack-opening displacement, and the displacement of the composite due to interfacial debonding. The analytical solutions are identical to those obtained from the mismatch-strain criterion, in which interfacial debonding is assumed to occur when the mismatch in the axial strain between the fiber and the matrix reaches a critical value. Furthermore, the mismatch-strain criterion is found to bear the same physical meaning as the strength-based criterion.
Multi-channel spectrum-agile MAC protocol with adaptive load control

Spectrum-agile radios, also known as cognitive radios, have a great potential to improve spectrum utilization by enabling dynamic access to the spectrum. A key challenge in operating these radios is how to implement an efficient medium access control (MAC) mechanism that adaptively and efficiently allocates transmission powers and spectrum according to the surrounding environment. In this work, we propose a distributed MAC protocol for operating spectrum-agile radios in a multihop ad hoc network. Our protocol differs from previous designs in that it exploits the “dual-receive” capability of radios, thus overcoming various channel access problems that are common to multi-channel designs. We conduct theoretical analysis of the protocol, and study its performance via simulations. We show significant improvement in the system throughput under the proposed MAC design. To maximize this throughput, we propose a cross-layer framework for joint adaptive load and medium access controls. In this framework, the loads of individual nodes are adapted based on the values of local MAC parameters. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves more than 90% of the maximum (global) system throughput that is achieved at saturation, while guaranteeing low collision rates.
Effects of an intense picosecond laser on liquid carbon disulfide: a molecular dynamics study

By use of the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics method and an electric polarization model proposed in a recent paper [ Phys. Rev.38, 5810 ( 1988)], we investigate the transient properties of liquid carbon disulfide exposed to intense picosecond laser pulses. We then compare these results with those obtained for the unperturbed-equilibrium liquid and the liquid perturbed by an intense cw laser.