cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jornada experimental range : A unique arid land location for experiments to validate satellite systems

Abstract The Jornada Experimental Range (Jornada) in southern New Mexico provides a unique opportunity to use remote sensing techniques to study arid rangeland and the responses of vegetation to changing hydrologic fluxes and atmospheric driving forces. Research by the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service and Agricultural Research Service at Jornada has been continuous since 1912. The Jornada has been a National Science Foundation Long-Term Ecological Research site since 1981. These long-term investigations have provided ground data on vegetation characteristics, ecosystem dynamics, and vegetation response to changing physical and biological conditions. To complement the programs of ground measurements, a campaign called JORNEX (JORNada EXperiment) began in 1995 to collect remotely sensed data from aircraft and satellite platforms to provide spatial and temporal data on physical and biological states of the Jornada rangeland. A wide range of ground, aircraft, and satellite data have been collected on the physical, vegetative, thermal, and radiometric properties of three ecosystems (grass, grass/shrub transition, and shrub) typical of the Jornada rangeland and of southwestern U.S. deserts. Spatial surface energy balance estimates were made from a combination of parameters and state variables estimated from aircraft and ground data. Landscape surface roughness was evaluated with the laser altimetry data and used to estimate aerodynamic roughness. Data from different platforms allowed the evaluation of the landscape at different scales. These measurements are being used to quantify hydrologic budgets and plant responses to change in components in the water and energy balance at the Jornada.
A pilot study of the immunohistochemical pattern of neuropilin-2 (NRP2) labeling and correlation with tumor stage in colon cancer.

e14098 Background: Neuropilin 2 (NRP2) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, non-associated with kinase domains, implicated in neovascularization and metastasis of colon cancer. NRP2 has been proposed a...
Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate is Required for Tip Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana

Polyphosphoinositides (PPIs) are important signaling molecules for a variety of cellular processes including intracellular membrane trafficking. In plants, recent studies have led to an increased understanding of the role of PPIs in a number of cellular processes. Here, we discuss data concerning phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) function in tip growing cells. Plants lacking members of phosphatidylinositol 4-OH kinase (PI4K) or PtdIns4P phosphatase families display defects in growth and morphology of root hairs and pollen tubes. Imaging of PtdIns4P localization in root hairs and pollen tubes revealed that PtdIns4P is present on internal compartments and is enriched at the plasma membrane at the tips of growing cells. These data indicate that regulation of PtdIns4P formation and turnover is important for tip growth. Once viewed as an intermediate for synthesis of other PPIs and as a substrate for production of signaling molecules, PtdIns4P is emerging as an important PPI in its own right.
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts: Alternative Futures

Ren Levy took over Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts when it was a group of warring constituents and has successfully brought a diverse group of arts organizations together.Learning Objective: To analyze the successful leadership of a federated nonprofit organization.
Neuropsychological Outcomes of Children 1 Year After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest: Secondary Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials

Importance Little is known about neuropsychological outcomes of children who survived pediatric cardiac arrest (CA). Objective To describe the neuropsychological outcomes of CA survivors enrolled in the Therapeutic Hypothermia After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest In-Hospital (THAPCA-IH) and Out-of-Hospital (THAPCA-OH) trials and compare the results with the primary outcome measure for these trials. Design, setting, and participants Secondary analysis of 222 CA survivors aged 1 to 18 years who received chest compressions for 2 minutes or more, remained comatose and required mechanical ventilation after return of circulation, and were enrolled in targeted temperature-management trials from 41 pediatric intensive care units. Data were collected from September 3, 2009, to February 3, 2016, and analyzed from March 10, 2017, to April 20, 2018. Main outcomes and measures The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (VABS-II), a standardized measure of neurobehavioral functioning based on caregiver report (age-corrected mean [SD] scores = 100 [15]), was used to evaluate pre-CA functioning within 24 hours after enrollment; VABS-II Results Of 160 participants who completed neuropsychological testing, 96 (60.0%) were male; the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 2.5 years (1.3-6.1 years). Ninety-six (60.0%) were white, 41 (25.6%) were black, and 23 (14.4%) were of other/unknown race; 343 (21.2%) were Hispanic or Latino; 119 (74.4%) were non-Hispanic or Latino; and 7 (4.4%) were of unknown ethnicity. One hundred fourteen participants (71.2%) were classified as having favorable outcomes (VABS-II ≥70). Impairments (>2 SD below the mean for age) across neuropsychological measures ranged from 7% to 61%. Correlations between global cognitive and VABS-II scores were strong for younger children (Mullen, r = 0.69-0.87) but moderate for older children (r = 0.21-0.54 for the WASI). Of 111 children with favorable outcomes on VABS-II, 25.2% had global cognitive impairment and 30 of 35 older children (85.7%) had selective neuropsychological deficits. Conclusions and relevance In this prospectively evaluated cohort of pediatric CA survivors who were initially comatose, although 71.2% were classified as having favorable outcomes, significant neuropsychological deficits were identified in pediatric CA survivors who were classified as having favorable outcomes. The findings provide clinicians with a greater understanding of the spectrum of neuropsychological outcomes of pediatric CA survivors and the complex relationship between standardized caregiver-reported functional outcome measures incorporated in clinical trials and performance-based neuropsychological assessments.
Evaluation of chemotherapeutic and cancer-protective properties of sphingosine and C2-ceramide in a human breast stem cell derived carcinogenesis model

The overall goal of the present study was to evaluate the chemotherapeutic and cancer-protective properties of D-erythro-sphingosine (sphingosine) and C2-ceramide using a human breast epithelial cell (HBEC) culture system, which represents multiple-stages of breast carcinogenesis. The HBEC model includes Type I HBECs (normal stem), Type II HBECs (normal differentiated) and transformed cells (immortal/non-tumorigenic cells and tumorigenic cells, which are transformed from the same parental normal stem cells). The results of the present study indicate that sphingosine preferentially inhibits proliferation and causes death of normal stem cells (Type I), tumorigenic cells, and MCF7 breast cancer cells, but not normal differentiated cells (Type II). In contrast to the selective anti-proliferative effects of sphingosine, C2-ceramide inhibits proliferation of normal differentiated cells as well as normal stem cells, tumorigenic cells, and MCF7 cancer cells with similar potency. Both sphingosine and C2-ceramide induce apoptosis in tumorigenic cells. Among the sphingosine stereoisomers (D-erythro, D-threo, L-erythro, and L-threo) and sphinganine that were tested, L-erythro-sphingosine most potently inhibits proliferation of tumorigenic cells. The inhibition of breast tumorigenic/cancer cell proliferation by sphingosine was accompanied by inhibition of telomerase activity. Sphingosine at non-cytotoxic concentrations, but not C2-ceramide, induces differentiation of normal stem cells (Type I), thereby reducing the number of stem cells that are more susceptible to neoplastic transformation. To the best of our knowledge, the present study demonstrates one of the first results that sphingosine can be a potential chemotherapeutic and cancer-protective agent, whereas C2-ceramide is not an ideal chemotherapeutic and cancer-protective agent due to its anti-proliferative effects on Type II HBECs and its inability to induce the differentiation of Type I to Type II HBECs.
Disrupting the vicious cycle created by NOX activation in sickle erythrocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation prevents adhesion and vasoocclusion.

Abstract In sickle cell disease (SCD), recurrent painful vasoocclusive crisis are likely caused by repeated episodes of hypoxia and reoxygenation. The sickle erythrocyte (SSRBC) adhesion plays an active role in vasoocclusion. However, the effect of prolonged reoxygenation after hypoxic stress on the molecular mechanisms in SSRBCs involved in onset of episodic vasoocclusion remain unclear. Exposure of human SSRBCs to hypoxia followed by 2 h reoxygenation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Using specific pharmacological inhibitors, we show that excess ROS production in both reticulocytes and mature SSRBCs is regulated by NADPH oxidases (NOXs), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2), and G-protein coupled-receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). Consequently, SSRBC ROS create an intracellular positive feedback loop with ERK1/2 and GRK2 to mediate SSRBC adhesion to endothelium in vitro, and vasoocclusion in a mouse model of vasoocclusion in vivo. Importantly, reducing ROS levels in SSRBCs with redox-active manganese (Mn) porphyrins, commonly known as mimics of superoxide dismutase (SOD), disrupted the cycle created by ROS by affecting NOX and GRK2 activities and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, thus abrogating RBC-endothelial interactions. Inhibition adhesion assays show that LW (ICAM-4, CD242) blood group glycoprotein and CD44 are the RBC adhesion molecules mediating endothelial binding. Conversely, hypoxia/reoxygenation of normal RBCs failed to activate this feedback loop, and adhesion. These findings provide novel insights into the pathophysiological significance of the deleterious cycle created by NOX-dependent ROS, GRK2 and ERK1/2 within SSRBCs activated by hypoxia/reoxygenation, and involved in SSRBC adhesion and vasoocclusion. Thus, this loop in SSRBCs, which can be disrupted by Mn porphyrins, likely drives the profound SCD vasculopathy, and may point to new therapeutic targets to prevent chronic vasoocclusive events.
Sea Spray and Its Feedback Effects: Assessing Bulk Algorithms of Air–Sea Heat Fluxes via Direct Numerical Simulations

AbstractSea spray exchanging momentum, heat, and moisture is one of the major uncertainties in modeling air–sea surface heat fluxes under high wind speeds. As a result of several untested assumptio...
Cytochrome P450 and Glutathione-S-Transferase Activity are Altered Following Environmentally Relevant Atrazine Exposures in Crayfish (Faxoniusvirilis).

The herbicide atrazine is heavily applied in the U.S. Midwest to control broadleaf weeds. It enters local streams and rivers through runoff and seepage, and exposure can affect non-target aquatic organisms, like crayfish. We examined sublethal effects of atrazine on the expression and activity of the detoxification enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in crayfish. Crayfish were exposed to 0, 10, 40, 80, 100 and 300 ppb atrazine for 1, 2, 4, 7 and 10 days. Their hepatopancreas was collected and CYP450 expression and GST activity was analyzed. Atrazine exposure caused differential expression and activity of CYP450 and GST. CYP450 expression varied over exposure concentrations and time. Further, GST activity significantly increased following a 2 day, 10 ppb exposure to atrazine and a 300 ppb atrazine exposure for all days tested. We found that atrazine detoxification is a dynamic process that changes with the length and intensity of atrazine exposure.
Total shoulder arthroplasty with nonspherical humeral head and inlay glenoid replacement: clinical results comparing concentric and nonconcentric glenoid stages in primary shoulder arthritis

Background Glenoid morphology can influence the outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty. This study examines the results of a new technique according to preoperative glenoid staging. We hypothesized that there would be no statistically significant difference in outcomes between Levine concentric (Walch A) and Levine nonconcentric (Walch B) glenoids treated for primary glenohumeral arthritis using nonspherical humeral head and inlay glenoid replacement. Methods This retrospective case series included 31 shoulders in 29 patients (25 male, 4 female), with an average age of 58.5 years. Outcomes included the Penn Shoulder Score (PSS), visual analog scale for pain (VAS-Pain), range of motion, radiographic analysis, and complications. Inclusion criteria were primary glenohumeral arthritis, intact rotator cuff, and no prior open shoulder surgeries. Results Mean follow-up was 42.6 months (range, 24-74 months). The study included 7 concentric and 24 nonconcentric glenoids. Outcomes comparison showed no statistically significant differences in PSS domains including Pain (P = .92), Function (P = .98), Satisfaction (P = .89), and Total (P = .98); forward flexion (P = .78); external rotation (P = .64); and VAS-Pain (P = 0.12). At the last follow-up, the mean PSS Pain was 25.3/30, Function 52.7/60, Satisfaction 8.4/10, and Total 87.0/100. The mean forward flexion was 167.3°, external rotation 56.6°, and VAS-Pain 0.9. There were no signs of periprosthetic fracture, component loosening, osteolysis, and hardware failure, and no revisions or 90-day rehospitalizations were required. One patient was prophylactically treated with oral antibiotics for a history of prior infection and 1 patient required a later open biceps tenodesis after a traumatic proximal biceps rupture postoperatively. Conclusion Nonspherical shoulder arthroplasty with inlay glenoid replacement demonstrated excellent clinical benefits for both concentric and nonconcentric glenoids. The technique appears to be a promising option for glenohumeral arthritis even in the presence of posterior glenoid erosion.
Extended Survival After Surgical Resection for Pituitary Metastases: Clinical Features, Management, and Outcomes of Metastatic Disease to the Sella.

BACKGROUND Patients with pituitary metastasis (PM) have a relatively poor prognosis. We describe the presentation, management, and outcomes of patients with PM. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS We performed a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with PM at a single institution from 1996 to 2015. Eighty-five patients diagnosed with metastasis to the pituitary or sella turcica by pathology or based on a combination of neuroimaging and clinical findings were included. Univariate and multivariable Cox regressions evaluated associations between clinical factors and overall survival. RESULTS The most frequent sites of primary malignancies resulting in PM were lung (26%) and breast (26%). Median age at diagnosis was 60 years (range, 18-95). The most common complaints at diagnosis included visual deficits (62%), headache (47%), and cranial nerve palsy (31%). Seventy percent of patients had pituitary insufficiency-adrenal insufficiency (59%), hypothyroidism (59%), or diabetes insipidus (28%). Management of PM included radiation therapy (76%), chemotherapy (68%), surgical resection (21%), or combination therapy (71%). Fifty percent and 52% of patients who received surgical treatment and irradiation, respectively, reported symptomatic improvement. Median overall survival (OS) was 16.5 months (95% confidence interval: 10.7-25.4). On multivariable analysis, a primary cancer site other than lung or breast (p = .020), age <60 years (p = .030), and surgical resection (p = .016) were associated with longer OS. CONCLUSION Patients <60 years of age, those with primary tumor sites other than lung or breast, and those who undergo surgical resection of the pituitary lesion may have prolonged survival. Surgical resection and radiation treatment resulted in symptomatic improvement in ~50% of patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This study is the largest original series of patients with metastatic disease to the sella. In patients with pituitary metastasis, younger age, primary site other than lung or breast, and metastatic resection may prolong survival. Resection and radiation led to symptomatic improvement in ∼50% of patients. Seventy percent of patients had hypopituitarism. These hormonal deficiencies can be life threatening and can result in substantial morbidity if left untreated. Patients should be treated using a multimodality approach-including a potential role for surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone replacement-with the goal of improving survival and quality of life.
Sex and Strain Variation in Initial Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol.

Background and Objectives: For cannabis and other drugs of abuse, initial response and/or tolerance to drug effects can predict later dependence and problematic use. Our objective is to identify se...
Direct bromination and iodination of the trispyrazolyl borate ligand in TpRu(nbd)Cl and the effect of Tp4−X ligands on redox potentials and catalysis

Abstract Traditional syntheses of Tp (trispyrazolylborate, HB(pz)3) ligands often require extreme conditions that are incompatible with some pyrazole derivatives. In contrast, an alternative direct functionalization of the Tp ligand could offer more compatible conditions. To prove this principle, direct bromination or iodination of TpRu(nbd)Cl is reported herein, and Sonogashira cross-coupling of the iodinated ligand with an alkyne could be performed at ambient temperature. This direct halogenation strategy allows rapid access to several halogenated Tp4−XRu(nbd)Cl derivatives from TpRu(nbd)Cl in a single step and to diversified ruthenium complexes having functionalized Tp ligands in minimal additional steps. The influence of the halogen substituents on the physical and chemical properties of the complexes was also examined. Ligand exchange in the presence of modified ligands was facile. Halogenation caused the standard reduction or oxidation potential to shift 200 mV in the positive direction and reduced efficacy in ruthenium catalyzed epoxyalkyne rearrangement during examination of a literature hypothesis relating catalysis to reduction and oxidation potentials.
[Ne III]/[O II] AS AN IONIZATION PARAMETER DIAGNOSTIC IN STAR-FORMING GALAXIES

We present our parameterizations of the log([Ne III]λ3869/[O II]λ3727) (Ne3O2) and log([O III]λ5007/[O II]λ3727) (O3O2) ratios as diagnostics of ionization parameter in star-forming galaxies. Our calibrations are based on the Starburst99/Mappings III photoionization models, which extend up to the extremely high values of ionization parameter found in high-redshift galaxies. While similar calibrations have been presented previously for O3O2, this is the first such calibration of Ne3O2. We illustrate the tight correlation between these two ratios for star-forming galaxies and discuss the underlying physics that dictates their very similar evolution. Based on this work, we propose the Ne3O2 ratio as a new and useful diagnostic of ionization parameter for star-forming galaxies. Given the Ne3O2 ratio's relative insensitivity to reddening, this ratio is particularly valuable for use with galaxies that have uncertain amounts of extinction. The short wavelengths of the Ne3O2 ratio can also be applied out to very high redshifts, extending studies of galaxies' ionization parameters out to z ~ 1.6 with optical spectroscopy and z ~ 5.2 with ground-based near-infrared spectra.
PARP Theranostic Auger Emitters Are Cytotoxic in BRCA Mutant Ovarian Cancer and Viable Tumors from Ovarian Cancer Patients Enable Ex-Vivo Screening of Tumor Response.

Theranostics are emerging as a pillar of cancer therapy that enable the use of single molecule constructs for diagnostic and therapeutic application. As poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is overexpressed in various cancer types, and is localized to the nucleus, PARP-1 can be safely targeted with Auger emitters to induce DNA damage in tumors. Here, we investigated a radioiodinated PARP inhibitor, [125I]KX1, and show drug target specific DNA damage and subsequent killing of BRCA1 and non-BRCA mutant ovarian cancer cells at sub-pharmacological concentrations several orders of magnitude lower than traditional PARP inhibitors. Furthermore, we demonstrated that viable tumor tissue from ovarian cancer patients can be used to screen tumor radiosensitivity ex-vivo, enabling the direct assessment of therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we showed tumors can be imaged by single-photon computed tomography (SPECT) with PARP theranostic, [123I]KX1, in a human ovarian cancer xenograft mouse model. These data support the utility of PARP-1 targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy as a theranostic option for PARP-1 overexpressing ovarian cancers.
Compact plasmatron-boosted hydrogen generation technology for vehicular applications

Abstract Onboard hydrogen generation using compact plasmatron devices could provide important new possibilities for reducing pollution from motor vehicles, making use of alternative fuels, and increasing engine efficiency. These improvements would involve the use of the plasmatron as a very small, rugged, rapid response and highly flexible means of electrical heating of gases. Plasmatron heating could be used to facilitate conversion of a wide range of hydrocarbon fuels into hydrogen-rich gas onboard a vehicle. Use of combinations of fuels is possible through potential transformation of a variety of fuels into hydrogen-rich gas. Another advantage of use of onboard plasmatron generation of hydrogen is that it could be used only when required and could be readily turned on and off. Preliminary experimental studies of plasmatron conversion of difficult-to-use alternative fuels (biofuels), iso-octane (representative of gasoline), and diesel fuel are described. Concepts for application to trucks and other heavy duty vehicles, sport utility vehicles and automobiles are discussed.
Constructing appropriate and useful metaevaluative frameworks: Further reflections on the ECAETC audit experience

This paper examines critical aspects of the ECAETC audit against the backdrop of an evaluation audit methodology discussed by Schwandt and Halpern in Linking Auditing and Metaevaluation (Sage, 1988). The concluding section of the paper reflects on the appropriateness of an audit metaphor for the activity of judging evaluation quality.
Microheater controlled part-per-million-level absorption measurements using Photothermal Common Path Interferometry

Free carrier absorption is a major component of the laser-induced breakdown of optical materials. Free carriers mediate intense absorption of incident laser light, and the resulting heat transfers to the lattice, generating more carriers, creating a catastrophic runaway process. Unfortunately, measurements at very low levels of free carriers relevant to laser breakdown are very difficult, particularly when measurements must be taken at highly elevated temperatures. This paper describes a photothermal common path interferometer (PCI) system that is enhanced by use of micromachined heaters to control local substrate temperatures. The temperature dependence of the free carrier absorption of aluminum oxide and silicon are measured. The aluminum oxide is shown to have essentially no variation in absorption with temperature up to 700K, but silicon shows an exponential increase as would be expected by the relative sizes of their bandgaps.
Hemodynamic evaluation of patients with puerperal sepsis and shock

Abstract Septic shock encountered in puerperal patients has been studied in an effort to identify hemodynamic abnormalities. Serial measurements of cardiac index, peripheral vascular tone and oxygen consumption have been employed to determine therapy. A computer data bank has been programmed to yield patient data and influence critical decisions. The threat of high or low cardiac output shock syndrome requires prompt evaluation of myocardial function, as well as peripheral resistance. Reduced oxygen consumption reflects the severity of the sepsis. Digitalis-like agents or the use of pharmacologic agents having inotropic, as well as vasodilator properties, can be advantageous.
Windows to dynamic fine structures, then and now

How can we learn about dynamic fine structures that are far too small to be resolved with the light microscope without destroying the active living cell? Examples spanning the last half century show how polarized light microscopy can–and should–continue to provide an attractive window for such studies. Long before microtubules were found with electron microscopy, or their assembly properties were biochemically characterized in isolated cell-free systems, the dynamic fine structure of the mitotic spindle and assembly properties of its microtubules were revealed in living cells by polarized light microscopy. More recently, the polarizing microscope was improved, by invention of the new Pol-Scope, so that quantitative measurements of birefringence retardation and axes could be made rapidly for all image pixels independent of their birefringence axis orientation. In addition, the centrifuge polarizing microscope, just developed, allows us to follow the dynamic ordering of fine structures in living cells as th...
The role of cotranslation in protein folding: a lattice model study

Abstract Computational studies of protein folding have implicitly assumed that folding occurs from a denatured state comprised of the entire protein. Cotranslational folding accounts for the linear production and release of a protein from the ribosome, allowing part of the protein to explore its conformation space before other parts have been synthesized. This gradual ‘extrusion’ from the ribosome can yield different folding kinetics than direct folding from the denatured state, for a lattice folding model. First, in model proteins containing chiefly short-ranged (local in sequence) contacts, cotranslational folding is shown to be significantly faster than direct folding from the denatured state. Secondly, for model proteins with two competing native states, cotranslational folding tilts the apparent equilibrium toward the state with a more local-contact dominant topology.
Human-computer interaction using eye-gaze input

A description is given of Erica, a computer workstation with a unique user interface. The workstation is equipped with imaging hardware and software, which automatically record a digital portrait of the user's eye. From the features of the current portrait, the interface calculates the approximate location of the user's eye-gaze on the computer screen. The computer then executes commands associated with the menu option currently displayed at this screen location. In this way, the user can interact with the computer, run applications software, and manage peripheral devices-all simply by looking at an appropriate sequence of menu options displayed on the screen. The eye-gaze interface technology, its implementation in Erica, and its application as a prosthetic device are described. >
Plans for expanded 14C analyses at the NOSAMS facility – a status and progress report

Abstract After completion of the original main program – radiocarbon analysis of over 13 000 seawater samples from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) – the NOSAMS Facility has entered a new phase of its operation. Major areas of concentration will be: (a) Continuation of analyses of “normal size” marine samples (including additional seawater samples from WOCE follow-up studies), (b) analysis of small samples (≪100 μg C), (c) analysis of individual compounds or compound classes, and (d) continuous-flow AMS (see contribution elsewhere in these proceedings). While (a) could be considered routine work, we intend to intensify our efforts to drive down the systematic uncertainties of our analyses. The other three areas all yield small samples, requiring new techniques in sample handling and AMS analysis. The facility plans to devote one of its two existing ion sources (134-sample NEC MC-SNICS) to the “routine” work, the other (59-sample “846”) will be upgraded to better accommodate small samples, and a new, separate small AMS system will be developed for continuous-flow AMS. The latter is expected to become the instrument of choice for individual-compound work. Until that device comes online, tests of the continuous-flow injector are planned on the main AMS system, temporarily adding a third injector leg. A planned enlargement of the facility will house the new AMS system, additional staff and laboratory space.
[Fe2S2(CO)6]2− as a cluster precursor: synthesis and structure of [MoFe3S6(CO)6]2− and oxidative decarbonylation to a persulfide-bridged MoFe3S4 double cubane

Abstract Reactions of [Fe 2 S 2 (CO) 6 ] 2− ( 3 ) with [Cl 2 FeS 2 MS 2 ] 2− [M = Mo ( 4 ) or W ( 6 )] and [Cl 2 FeS 2 VS 2 FeCl 2 ] 3− ( 8 ) in acetonitrile-THF solutions afford the new clusters [MFe 3 S 6 (CO) 6 ] 2− (M = Mo ( 5 ) or W ( 7 )] and [VFe 6 S 8 (CO) 12 ] 3− ( 9 ). (Et 4 N) 2 ( 5 ) crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Pbcn with a = 15.314(7) A, b = 16.627(6) A, c = 29.971(13) A, and Z = 8. Cluster 5 is formed by displacement of chloride from 4 by 3 to yield a species with the [Fe 2 (μ 3 -S) 2 Fe(μ 2 -S) 2 MoS 2 ] 2− core arrangement containing one Fe(II) and Mo(VI) in distorted tetrahedral sites. Similar structures are proposed for 7 and 9 , with the latter containing two 3 ligands bound to the [VFe 2 S 4 ] 1+ core of 8 . Treatment of 5 with RSSR results in oxidative decarbonylation and formation of [Mo 2 Fe 6 S 8 (S 2 ) 2 (SR) 6 ] 4− ( 10 ) (R = p -C 6 H 4 Cl or p -C 6 H 4 Br), which consists of two [MoFe 3 (μ 3 -S) 4 ] 3+ cubane-type subclusters bridged by two μ 2 -η 3 -S 2 2− groups. Cluster 10 was also obtained in a direct-assembly system consisting of [MoS 4 ] 2− + 3FeCl 3 + S 2 2− + 7RS − in methanol. Evidence is presented that the solid-state structure of 10 is maintained in solution. The redox change [MoFe 3 (μ 2 -S) 2 (μ 3 -S) 2 S 2 ] 2− ( 5 ) → [MoFe 3 (μ 3 -S) 4 (S 2 )] 1+ ( 10 ) is described as an oxidatively induced core internal conversion in which there is net Fe and S oxidation and Mo reduction. It is argued that the reduction of tetrahedral Mo(VI) to or near Mo(III), stabilized in a six-coordinate site, is a significant factor in the formation of the cubane structure. The formation of the cubane cluster [VFe 3 S 4 Cl 3 (DMF) 3 ] 1− from 8 and FeCl 2 is similarly promoted by the reduction of tetrahedral V(V) to or near V(III). The syntheses of 5 , 7 , 9 and 10 illustrate the utility of 3 as a cluster precursor.
The party‐effects of electoral systems

(1999). The party‐effects of electoral systems. Israel Affairs: Vol. 6, Parties, Elections and Cleavages: Israel in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective, pp. 13-28.
Postoperative hypoxemia due to fat embolism

Although the reported incidence of fat embolism syndrome (FES) is low (approximately 1%), it is likely that microscopic fat emboli are showered during manipulation of long bone fractures. Even though there continues to be debate regarding the etiology and proposed mechanism responsible for FES, significant systemic manifestations may occur. Treatment is generally symptomatic based on the clinical presentations. We report a 10-year-old girl who developed hypoxemia following treatment of a displaced Salter-Harris type II fracture of the distal tibia. The subsequent evaluation and hospital course pointed to fat embolism as the most likely etiology for the hypoxemia. We discuss the etiology for FES, review the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for its clinical manifestations, present currently accepted diagnostic criteria, and discuss its treatment.
415 SERUM SOMATOMEDIN-C CONCENTRATIONS (SMC) IN PRETERM INFANTS

An animal model suggests that vitamin D deficiency causes linear growth retardation by decreasing SMC. To define normal SMC in preterm infants where low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (25-OHD) are associated with later growth retardation, SMC were measured by RIA in serial samples from 37 infants of gestation 30.0±1.9wks and birthweight 1183±182gms. 13 were on standard formula plus 400I.U. vitamin D (control); 12, a high calcium, high phosphorus formula (Ca-P); and 12, standard formula plus 1μg/kg 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25-HCC). SMC remained low over the first 9wks of life but had increased (p<.005 by paired t-test) at 12wks. Although there were no significant differences among the 3 groups, the 25-HCC treated group had the lowest SMC and highest 25-OHD. SMC did not correlate with serum 25-OHD, gestational age, length, weight, or weight gain at any age. The delayed increase in SMC may be developmental since several other liver-made proteins (DBP, ceruloplasmin, albumin) follow a similar time course. In human prematures, SMC is not decreased by low but not rachetic 25-OHD. Indeed, supplemental 25-HCC may decrease SMC.
Lipoid Proteinosis of the Oral Mucosa: Case Report and Review of the Literature

We describe a 37-year-old woman who presented with progressive mouth dryness. Physical examination revealed long-standing plaques on the face and upper limbs, papular lesions of the oral cavity and tongue firmness. A lower lip biopsy was performed. Light microscopy demonstrated accumulation of PAS-positive material around blood vessels, capillaries and salivary gland canaliculi as well as focally massive hyaline deposits in the submucosa. Immunohistochemistry revealed widespread presence of type IV collagen in the hyaline material and around thickened blood vessels. Laminin immunoreactivity was particularly strong at thickened basement membranes. The above findings were compatible with lipoid proteinosis, which is likely to involve primary perturbation of collagen metabolism and production of glycoproteins.
Home-based care for people living with AIDS in Zimbabwe: voluntary caregivers' motivations and concerns.

Similar to the healthcare systems of other resource-constrained countries with a high prevalence of HIV and AIDS, Zimbabwe's healthcare system encourages communities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to support the public healthcare sector by initiating home-based care activities and training volunteers to assist households in caring for individuals living with HIV. As part of the response, groups of volunteers were formed to provide basic material, social, nursing, and other kinds of support to members of AIDS-affected households. My research in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, shows that motives for volunteering included: 1) religious values; 2) desire for prestige; 3) empathy derived from witnessing the suffering caused by AIDS illness; 4) hope of securing caregiving support in the future; 5) hope of enlarging one's network of those with access to political and economic power; and 6) hope of receiving material benefits in the future. This study further documents that volunteers' commitment to caregiving dim...
Tribimaximal neutrino mixing from a supersymmetric model with A 4 family symmetry

In the supersymmetric seesaw model of neutrino masses, augmented by the non-Abelian discrete tetrahedral symmetry ${A}_{4}$, a specific pattern of neutrino mixing is automatically generated if one of the three heavy singlet neutrino superfields acquires a nonzero vacuum expectation value. This pattern turns out to be exactly that of tribimaximal mixing, i.e. ${sin﻿}^{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{23}=1/2$, ${sin﻿}^{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{12}=1/3$, and ${sin﻿}^{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}=0$, in good agreement with data.
Serosal cytologic study to determine free mesothelial penetration of intraperitoneal colon cancer

Background. The presence of complete transmural penetration with tumor cells at the free mesothelial surface in patients with intraperitoneal colon cancer is an important prognostic feature and may alter the decision regarding adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods. In this prospective study of 65 patients, specimens obtained by scraping the serosa overlying the primary tumor mass were analyzed by routine Papani-colaou cytologic study. Results. Malignant cells were present in 23.1% of patients. In 46 patients with histologic pT3 tumors through the muscularis propria but not through serosal, serosal cytologic study results were positive in 26.1% of patients. Serosal cytologic results were positive from an area of normal colon at least 10 cm proximal or distal to the primary tumor in one patient. Conclusions. Serosal cytologic study appeared to be a simple and reliable method to detect serosal penetration and the presence of tumor cells at the mesothelial surface. Cancer 1992; 70:737–740.
Beliefs About Tobacco Among Appalachian Current and Former Users

Higher risks of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in Appalachians provided the impetus for this qualitative study. The purpose was to describe beliefs about tobacco use and cessation among current and former tobacco users in rural Appalachia using focus groups. Findings included themes of nicotine addiction and pros and cons of tobacco use. The importance of family and personal independence in relation to tobacco were evident. Participants identified helpful tobacco treatment strategies. Similarities to treatment needs of tobacco users in general underscore the point that rural Appalachians require best practice tobacco treatment integrating unique cultural aspects of family and personal independence.
Facile Separation of Enantiomers, Geometrical Isomers, and Routine Compounds on Stable Cyclodextrin LC Bonded Phases

The effectiveness of employing stationary phases composed of chemically bonded cyclodextrin molecules in the high performance liquid chromatographic separation of a variety of different types of compounds is summarized. Over one hundred compounds, including optical, geometrical, and structural isomers, diastereomers, and epimers were successfully separated from each other via use of beta- or gamma-cyclodextrin bonded phases and aqueous methanolic mobile phases. The mechanism of separation is based upon inclusion complex formation between the compounds being separated and the cyclodextrin molecules bonded to the stationary phase. The effects of temperature, mobile phase composition and flow rate upon the chromatographic selectivity and resolution are described. The results indicate that the cyclodextrin columns may be more versatile, flexible, and effective compared to the conventional normal or reversed phase columns.
Postexposure prophylaxis after sexual exposure to HIV.

Increasing numbers of international, national and state/provincial health organizations in the developed and developing world recommend postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) following potential sexual exposure to HIV. The evidence for these policies is extrapolated from occupational healthcare worker, perinatal prophylaxis and animal studies. There is no direct evidence of PEP efficacy after sexual exposures. Studies addressing potential increases in risk behavior, toxicities and cost–effectiveness are encouraging. Considerations for offering PEP include the timing and characteristics of the exposure and the HIV status of the source and exposed individuals. PEP includes 28 days of a combination antiretroviral drug regimen containing two or more drugs and associated laboratory testing, counseling and referrals. PEP service delivery challenges include ensuring adequate access to services, optimizing PEP adherence and facilitating follow-up HIV testing and counseling. Men who have sex with men, sexual assault survi...
Relationships among Gender, Fashion Leadership, Need for Affect, and Consumers' Apparel Shopping Preference

The purpose was to examine the relationships among gender, fashion leadership, need for affect, and consumers' apparel shopping preference. A survey was conducted using a convenience sample of 351 college students from a university in the Midwest. The hypotheses were tested first with multivariate analysis of variance followed by analysis of variance. Women had a greater fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership than men. Compared to men and fashion followers, women and fashion leaders had a greater tendency to enjoy processing feelings during apparel shopping. Women, fashion leaders, and participants with a higher need for affect showed a greater shopping preference than men, fashion followers, and participants with lower need for affect. This study contributed to current research by (i) adding fashion leadership and need for affect as personal determinants of apparel shopping preferences, (ii) highlighting the importance of consumers' personal traits and epistemic values in shopping preference theory, and (iii) extending current understanding of consumers' exploratory behavior during shopping. Results of the study could help apparel marketers and retailers build stronger customer loyalty to their stores.
Estimating aggregates in time-constrained approximate queries in Oracle

The concept of time-constrained SQL queries was introduced to address the problem of long-running SQL queries. A key approach adopted for supporting time-constrained SQL queries is to use sampling to reduce the amount of data that needs to be processed, thereby allowing completion of the query in the specified time constraint. However, sampling does make the query results approximate and hence requires the system to estimate the values of the expressions (especially aggregates) occurring in the select list. Thus, coming up with estimates for aggregates is crucial for time-constrained approximate SQL queries to be useful, which is the focus of this paper. Specifically, we address the problem of estimating commonly occurring aggregates (namely, SUM, COUNT, AVG, MEDIAN, MIN, and MAX) in time-constrained approximate queries. We give both point and interval estimates for SUM, COUNT, AVG, and MEDIAN using Bernoulli sampling for various type of queries, including join processing with cross product sampling. For MIN (MAX), we give the confidence level that the proportion 100γ% of the population will exceed the MIN (or be less than the MAX) obtained from the sampled data.
Numerical simulation of aortic bifurcation flows: The effect of flow divider curvature

Two dimensional steady flow calculations in computational regions obtained from radiographs of human aortic bifurcations correlate well with unsteady measurements of wall shear in flow-through casts of the same vessels. The results suggest that wall slope may be an important factor affecting the variability of shear along the medial walls of this arterial segment. If extremes of shear stress promote atherogenesis, then variations in the curvature of the proximal iliac arteries may affect the susceptibility of these vessels to vascular disease on their medial aspect.
Sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite, the zebra goby Lythrypnus zebra: insights gained through a comparison with its sympatric congener, Lythrypnus dalli

The sexual pattern of the zebra goby Lythrypnus zebra, is an apparent exception to sex allocation theory. Most L. zebra are simultaneous hermaphrodites (i.e., have active female and male gonadal tissue), yet it appears they do not reproduce as males and females simultaneously. Understanding the maintenance of simultaneous hermaphroditism in L. zebra could expand sex allocation theory. In this study, I used a comparison with the blue-banded goby, Lythrypnus dalli, a sympatric congener with a qualitatively similar sexual pattern, to investigate the role of male spawning rate, body size and sexual flexibility in determining the sexual pattern of L. zebra and to isolate differences between the species that might explain their differing sexual patterns. Using field measurements of male nesting success, I found no differences between the species in the body size of nesting males suggesting that large size is associated with successful male reproduction in both species. In addition, nesting males spawned at approximately three times the rate of females in both species; thus, reproduction via male function can be equally advantageous relative to adopting the female role. However, the nest longevity of L. zebra males was shorter than that of L. dalli males, suggesting reproduction via male function may be less reliable in L. zebra. Finally, under laboratory conditions, L. zebra females tended to prefer large mates, and L. zebra were able to re-allocate in both directions, exhibiting a greater capacity to switch than L. dalli. Given these results, I suggest that switching between the sexes plays a greater role in maintaining simultaneous hermaphroditism in L. zebra than L. dalli, perhaps because male reproduction is not as consistent in L. zebra. Sexual flexibility may be an important factor affecting patterns of sex allocation, generally.
Regional differences in the coupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism changes in response to activation: implications for BOLD-fMRI.

Abstract Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based on blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal changes is a sensitive tool for mapping brain activation, but quantitative interpretation of the BOLD response is problematic. The BOLD response is primarily driven by cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes, but is moderated by M, a scaling parameter reflecting baseline deoxyhemoglobin, and n, the ratio of fractional changes in CBF to cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2). We compared M and n between cortical (visual cortex, VC) and subcortical (lentiform nuclei, LN) regions using a quantitative approach based on calibrating the BOLD response with a hypercapnia experiment. Although M was similar in both regions (∼ 5.8%), differences in n (2.21 ± 0.03 in VC and 1.58 ± 0.03 in LN; Cohen d = 1.71) produced substantially weaker (∼ 3.7x) subcortical than cortical BOLD responses relative to CMRO2 changes. Because of this strong sensitivity to n, BOLD response amplitudes cannot be interpreted as a quantitative reflection of underlying metabolic changes, particularly when comparing cortical and subcortical regions.
Situation effects and levels of analysis in the study of leader participation

Abstract Cumulative research pertaining to the Vroom-Yetton and Vroom-Jago models suggests that multiple levels of analysis are needed to understand a leader's choice of autocratic versus participative behaviors. Leadership scales that simply aggregate behavior across situations are incapable of detecting situational and persons by situation effects that do, in fact, exist. Research designs that capture these effects and that test specific prescriptive models are described.
Plastic Electrochromic Devices: Electrochemical Characterization and Device Properties of a Phenothiazine-Phenylquinoline Donor−Acceptor Polymer

We describe the morphological, electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical characterization, and electrochromic device properties of films of poly(2,2‘-[10-methyl-3,7-phenothiazylene]-6,6‘-bis[4-phenylquinoline]) (PPTZPQ). Cyclic voltammograms of PPTZPQ polymer films showed reversible electrochemical oxidation accompanied with a color change that was switchable as a function of the potential. However, the reduction behavior of PPTZPQ was unstable and caused a loss of the electrochromic effect. The spectroelectrochemical behavior of PPTZPQ was interpreted as the combination of the properties of the constituent donor and acceptor moieties. Two PPTZPQ solid-state electrochromic devices were constructed using indium tin oxide (ITO) deposited on polyester and poly(ethylene oxide) as a polymeric electrolyte. The electrochromic active materials were PPTZPQ as the primary electrode and ladder poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) or vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) as the secondary electrode. The PPTZPQ−BBL and PPT...