cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity and population structure of Cucumis sativus L. by using SSR markers.

The genetic variation, marker attributes and population structure was assessed in 104 genotypes of cucumber using 23 SSR primer pairs. The total number of alleles produced was 67 with an average of 2.91 per locus. Allele frequency was in the range of 0.215 to 0.561 with mean value of 0.403, polymorphic information content ranged from 0.158 to 0.495 with the mean of 0.333, marker index ranged from 0.316 to 1.54 with an average value of 0.954 and resolving power ranged from 0.346 to 2.692 with mean of 1.392. The maximum allele frequency was reported with primer SSR65, whereas the maximum value of polymorphic information content and resolving power was found with SSR61 and the maximum value of marker index was reported with SSR60. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.07 to 0.897 with maximum similarity between genotype G40 and G41 and minimum between G16 and G20, and G16 and G100. Clustering and PCA grouped the genotypes in two clusters, and majority of them were found in cluster B. The population structure analysis also showed two major populations, in which 47 genotypes were found in population 1, 39 genotypes in population 2, whereas remaining 18 genotypes were admixtures. The study provides researchers a valuable information for genotype identification, gene mapping, molecular breeding, and future exploration of cucumber germplasm in India and other major cucumber growing countries.
Patients' Conceptions of Terms Related to Sexual Interest, Desire, and Arousal.

Abstract Background Measurement of sexual function typically uses self-report, which, to work as intended, must use language that is understood consistently by diverse respondents. Commonly used measures employ multiple terms, primarily (sexual) interest, desire, and arousal, that might not be understood in the same way by laypeople and professionals. Aim To inform self-reported measurement efforts for research and clinical settings by examining how US men and women recruited from a health care setting understand and interpret different terms. Methods We conducted 10 focus groups in Durham, NC (N = 57). Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed, and the content of the discussions was systematically analyzed in 2 phases of coding by the research team, facilitated by Nvivo qualitative analysis software (QSR International, Doncaster, VIC, Australia). Outcomes Patient focus group discussions about the meanings and connotations of multiple terms related to sexual function, especially interest, desire, and arousal. Results 5 groups included male participants and 5 included female participants. Participants characterized (sexual) interest as a cognitive phenomenon and a situational response to a specific person. Similarly, they characterized (sexual) desire as a situational person-specific experience with some support for it as a cognitive phenomenon but more support for it as a physical phenomenon. In contrast, participants characterized sexual arousal as a physical phenomenon occurring in response to physical or visual stimulation and not related to a specific person. Clinical Implications These results can help us understand how laypeople are using and responding to these terms when they are used in clinical and research settings. Strengths and Limitations Patient participants in these groups were diverse in age, gender, sexual orientation, and health, with the potential to voice diverse perspectives on sexual functioning; however, the sample was limited to a single city in the southeastern United States. Conclusion The meanings of interest, desire, and arousal were defined, compared, and contrasted in the context of patient focus groups. Qualitative coding showed that interest was considered the most “cognitive,” arousal the most “physical,” and desire somewhere in between. DeLamater JD, Weinfurt KP, Flynn KE. Patients' Conceptions of Terms Related to Sexual Interest, Desire, and Arousal. J Sex Med 2017;14:1327–1335.
Soft Tissue Augmentation

There has been a tremendous paradigm shift taking place in plastic surgery toward nonsurgical modalities in facial rejuvenation. This evolution accelerated over the last 5 years owing to the increasing demand from patients desiring less downtime and faster recovery. We have only begun to scratch the surface of what the future holds in less invasive techniques for not only the face but also the rest of the body. History has taught us to be cautious in rapidly introducing agents to fill facial defects. The search for that perfect filler would adequately fill the correct volume, be safe and biocompatible, nonteratogenic, noncarcinogenic, cause no infection, require no skin testing, and fully reversible. From the first filler agent, paraffin, to chemical agents in the early 1800s, to fat transplants in the late 1800s, the search for that perfect filler material was beginning to take shape. In the mid-twentieth century the advent of silicone changed the industry, only to be later banned due to its complications. The 1970s saw bovine collagen as the savior for facial augmentation. It ran a wonderful course until the game changer in 2006 when the FDA approved Hyaluronic acid fillers, which revolutionized the world of nonsurgical facial rejuvenation. Since then many different types of fillers have emerged on the market, and many more are on the horizon. More recently, PRP, or Plasma Rich Protein has taken the market by storm not only as filler, but also as a facial skin enhancer by attracting growth factors and stem cells.
Controversies in dose-escalation for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer and the role of proton beam therapy

We appreciate the insightful commentary by Drs. Choi and Simone regarding the phase II study of concurrent chemotherapy and dose-escalated proton beam therapy (PBT) for locally advanced non-resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (1). We wish to add several discussion points that are in concord with the aforementioned piece.
The N-Nitroso-N-Methylurethane Induced Acute Lung Injury Animal Model for Ards: Minireview

The acute lung injury resulting from subcutaneous injection of N-nitroso-N-methylurethane (NNMU) exhibits pathological characteristics of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) such as severe impairment of gas exchange, pulmonary edema, neutrophilic influx into the alveolar space, alterations in surfactant composition, and surfactant dysfunction. This chapter summarizes the published data concerning the use of the NNMU animal model in the investigation of ARDS.
New methods for haploid selection in maize

Samples of haploid and hybrid seed from three different maize donor genotypes after maternal haploid induction were used to test the capability of automated near-infrared transmission spectroscopy to individually differentiate haploid from hybrid seeds. Using a two-step chemometric analysis in which the seeds were first classified according to genotype and then the haploid or hybrid status was determined proved the most successful approach. This approach allowed 11 of 13 haploid and 25 of 25 hybrid kernels to be correctly identified from a mixture that included seeds of all the genotypes. Index Headings Near-infrared spectroscopy; NIR spectroscopy; Corn; Maize; Haploid selection;
Development of the Data-Based Child Indicator Movement

The emergence and development of data-based child advocacy is discussed along with the connections between the rise of data-based child advocacy and several other major trends. The emergence of an organizational infrastructure for data-based child advocacy is described. The dearth of studies labeled data-based child advocacy is documented and some reasons for the under-recognition of data-based child advocacy are discussed.
Aligning Data Analytics and Strategy in the Chemical Industry

Data and analytics are playing a revolutionary role in the chemical industry. This paper provides an overview of the challenges confronting the chemical industry and the opportunities to transform the industry by aligning data analytics and strategy. We look at various facets of the chemical industry and outline the role of data analytics in production and research strategies, as well as in marketing and customer service strategies. Using the case study of DuPont, we provide an example of how applying data and analytics to its precision agricultural technology increased yields and improved productivity. The chemical industry is also successfully implementing analytical techniques used by a variety of other industries such as retailing and finance to create value through differentiation and rethinking customer offerings. We also describe the opportunities that big data and analytics offer the industrial Internet of Things (IoT) strategy to drive performance and growth. Finally, we outline the limitations of data analytics and opportunities for future research in this area and discuss the importance of industry and academia working together to leverage the power of data and analytics in the chemical industry.
To delay or not to delay, that is the question for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who do not receive prophylactic cranial irradiation

To determine the impact of delaying diagnostic lumbar puncture and initial intrathecal therapy on treatment outcome of children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated without prophylactic cranial irradiation, Yeh and colleagues updated their TPOG-ALL-2002 clinical trial. They found that this treatment strategy reduced the rate of traumatic lumbar puncture with blasts to zero, and tended to improve outcome of patients with a CNS-2 or CNS-3 status based on the event-free survival, the overall survival, and the cumulative risk of CNS relapse, as compared to historical controls.
Emergent endotracheal intubation associated cardiac arrest, risks, and emergency implications

Emergent endotracheal intubation (ETI)-related cardiac arrest (CA) is a life-threatening complication that is poorly documented. Definitions and risk factors for CA during or directly after emergent ETI have not been clearly established and may represent modifiable means of improving patient outcomes. We conducted a review of the literature to assess the incidence and risk factors associated with ETI-related CA in the Emergency Department (ED) as well as in the inpatient setting outside of the operating room. Retrospective studies demonstrated that ETI-related CA incidence was between 1.7% and 23% in both the ED and the inpatient setting. Pre-intubation hypoxemia, hypotension, Shock Index (SI), Body Mass Index, and age were most associated with CA. Medications used for induction and number of attempts were identified as risk factors. Definitions of ETI-related CA also varied considerably ranging from within 5 min to within 60 min of intubation; however, the majority of ETI-related CA cases occurred within 10 min. Hemodynamic factors such as SI, hypotension, and hypoxemia were associated with increased rates of CA. ETI-related CA may represent a potentially modifiable complication that can improve patient outcomes in critically ill patients presenting in the ED.
The Music of Nature

For some, almost mystical reason, I am drawn to water. During my graduate school days in Woods Hole on Cape Cod, I used to walk down to the beach at night for some serenity and peace after hectic days in the lab. With a cold Rolling Rock beer in hand, I would walk out to the end of a rocky pier and just sit. Staring out into the vast ocean, I was alone with my thoughts and the sounds of the waves gently crashing against the pier. The silence of the calm nights was rhythmically interrupted by the waves, and a feeling of peace would settle upon on me. Now, in the latter half of my career, I work primarily in the freshwater systems of lakes and rivers. Despite the change from salt to freshwater, I am still clearly drawn to the water. My oceanic rocky piers have been replaced with hammocks hanging near the shore, but the sound of waves breaking upon the beach provides me with that same peaceful feeling. One of the benefits of moving from a marine to a freshwater habitat for my research is the ability to sit aside the small rapids or waterfalls on the different rivers I have explored. A different sound than waves on a beach or pier, the gurgling of streams, or the unique sounds of water rushing over rocks and falling down rapids provide me with the same level of satisfaction. Maybe it isn’t the water that draws me in but the natural music produced by the moving water that creates the magical environment full of musical spells which envelopes me. Nature, imagined as a sentient artist, knows the right sets of tones and rhythms to produce hypnotic sounds. The rustle of leaves due to a gentle breeze, the drumming pattern of rain drops on a roof, and even the mystical quiet of an evening’s snow fall display the full range of musical abilities of nature.
The impact of backstory structure type on case study effectiveness

Case studies are a commonly used tool in engineering practice and education to communicate lessons learned. Attributes of case studies have an impact on performance. One attribute of interest, that influences the time required to read a case study, is the storytelling element of backstory structure. In this article, a case study is rewritten with three different backstory structure types. A human experiment is conducted to understand which backstory structure type is the most effective in memory retention. Results from the experiment indicate that reading time can be reduced by employing a minimalistic backstory structure type without hindering memory retention. The findings can be applied by engineering practitioners and educators for selecting and developing case studies that may be used in training.
Efficient thin-film stack characterization using parametric sensitivity analysis for spectroscopic ellipsometry in semiconductor device fabrication

Abstract During semiconductor device fabrication, control of the layer thicknesses is an important task for in-line metrology since the correct thickness values are essential for proper device performance. At the present time, ellipsometry is widely used for routine process monitoring and process improvement as well as characterization of various materials in the modern nanoelectronic manufacturing. The wide recognition of this technique is based on its non-invasive, non-intrusive and non-destructive nature, high measurement precision, accuracy and speed, and versatility to characterize practically all types of materials used in modern semiconductor industry (dielectrics, semiconductors, metals, polymers, etc.). However, it requires the use of one of the multi-parameter non-linear optimization methods due to its indirect nature. This fact creates a big challenge for analysis of multilayered structures since the number of simultaneously determined model parameters, for instance, thin film thicknesses and model variables related to film optical properties, should be restricted due to parameter cross-correlations. In this paper, we use parametric sensitivity analysis to evaluate the importance of various model parameters and to suggest their optimal search ranges. In this work, the method is applied practically for analysis of a few structures with up to five-layered film stack. It demonstrates an evidence-based improvement in accuracy of multilayered thin-film thickness measurements which suggests that the proposed approach can be useful for industrial applications.
Understanding Q -balls beyond the thin-wall limit

Complex scalar fields charged under a global $U(1)$ symmetry can admit nontopological soliton configurations called $Q$-balls, which are stable against decay into individual particles or smaller $Q$-balls. These $Q$-balls are interesting objects within quantum field theory, but are also of phenomenological interest in several cosmological and astrophysical contexts. The $Q$-ball profiles are determined by a nonlinear differential equation, and so they generally require solution by numerical methods. In this work, we derive analytical approximations for the $Q$-ball profile in a polynomial potential and obtain simple expressions for the important $Q$-ball properties of charge, energy, and radius. These results improve significantly on the often-used thin-wall approximation and make it possible to describe $Q$-balls to excellent precision without having to solve the underlying differential equation.
Perspectives on Policing: Phillip Atiba Goff

The Editorial Committee of the Annual Review of Criminology has launched a new section within the journal in which we invite one or more authors to write a more personal and yet scholarly article t...
Subharmonic Mixers for 183–225 GHz

Subharmonically pumped, balanced mixers have been developed for field measurement systems at 183-225 GHz. These mixers are second and fourth harmonic (X2 and X4) mixers and are designed for use with solid state local oscillators. Preliminary measurements indicate mixer noise figures (DSB) as low as 4.5 dB have been achieved with these devices.
Room temperature plasma-etching and surface passivation of far-ultraviolet Al mirrors using electron beam generated plasmas

The development of optical systems operating in the far ultraviolet range (FUV, λ=100-200 nm) is limited by the efficiency of passivated aluminum (Al) mirrors. Although it is presently possible to obtain high-reflectivity FUV mirrors through physical vapor deposition, the process involves deposition with substrates at high temperatures, which is technically challenging for large optical elements. A novel passivation procedure for bare Al mirrors is reported. The treatment consisted of using a low-temperature electron-beam generated plasma produced in a gas mixture of Ar and SF6 to etch away the native oxide layer from the Al film, while simultaneously promoting the generation of a thin aluminum tri-fluoride (AlF3) layer on the Al surface. In the first section we analyze the effect of varying both ion energy and SF6 concentration on the FUV reflectance, thickness, composition, and surface morphology of the resulting AlF3 protective layers. In the second section, the reflectivity of samples is optimized at selected important FUV wavelengths for astronomical observations. Notably, samples attained state-of-the-art reflectances of 75% at 108.5 nm (He Lyman γ), 91% at 121.6 nm (H Lyman α), 90% at 130.4 nm (OI), and of 95% at 155.0 nm (C IV). The stability over time of these passivated mirrors is also investigated.
Freshwater Sources and Sinks for Arctic Sea Ice in Summer

Abstract. On Arctic sea ice, the melt of snow and sea ice generate a summertime flux of fresh water to the upper ocean. The partitioning of this freshwater to storage in melt ponds and deposition in the ocean has consequences for the surface heat budget, the sea ice mass balance, and primary productivity. Synthesizing results from the SHEBA field experiment, we calculate the sources and sinks of freshwater produced during summer melt. The total freshwater input to the system from snow melt, ice melt, and precipitation from 1 June to 9 August was equivalent to a layer of water 80 cm thick over the ice-covered and open ocean. 85 % of this freshwater was deposited in the ocean and only 15 % of this freshwater was stored in ponds. The cumulative contributions of freshwater input to the ocean from drainage from the ice surface and bottom melting were roughly equal.
Hyperglycemia-induced alteration of ER redox homeostasis delays ER export of proinsulin

Defects in the {beta}-cells secretion system are well-described in Type 2 diabetes (T2D), including reduced insulin storage and impaired proinsulin processing; however, the cellular mechanisms underlying these secretory defects and the contribution of chronic hyperglycemia to this process remain poorly understood. In this study, we provide evidence that oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is perturbed in models of {beta}-cell dysfunction, leading to delays in proinsulin trafficking and insulin granule formation. Using an in situ fluorescent pulse-chase labeling strategy and APEX2-based proximity labeling, we demonstrate that enriched interactions of proinsulin with ER oxidoreductases coincides with a delay in proinsulin ER export. Furthermore, our data show that proinsulin ER export can be regulated by metabolically derived NADPH and reducing equivalent (glutathione) availability. Together, these data highlight an emerging role for nutrient metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in the maladaptive remodeling of the {beta}-cells secretory pathway during the decline of {beta}-cell function in T2D.
Oral Positive Expiratory Pressure Device for Excessive Dynamic Airway Collapse Caused by Emphysema.

Excessive dynamic airway collapse (EDAC) contributes to breathlessness and reduced quality of life in individuals with emphysema. We tested a novel, portable, oral positive expiratory pressure (o-PEP) device in a patient with emphysema and EDAC. MRI revealed expiratory tracheal narrowing to 80 mm2 that increased to 170 mm2 with the o-PEP device. After 2-weeks use of the o-PEP device for 33% to 66% of activities, breathlessness, quality of life, and exertional dyspnea improved compared with minimal clinically important differences (MCID): University of California-San Diego Shortness of Breath questionnaire score declined 69 to 42 (MCID, ≥5), St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire score decreased 71 to 27 (MCID, ≥4), and before and after the 6-minute walk test Borg score difference improved from Δ3 to Δ2 (MCID, ≥1). During the 6-minute walk test on room air without the use of the o-PEP device, oxyhemoglobin saturation declined 91% to 83%; whereas, with the o-PEP device, the nadir was 90%. Use of the o-PEP device reduced expiratory central airway collapse and improved dyspnea, quality of life, and exertional desaturation in a patient with EDAC and emphysema.
Romance Languages: The evolution of stressed vowels

The languages of the Romance family are descended from Latin, but what kind of Latin? Just as Modern English exists in many varieties and registers, so also Latin came to be a socially complex language, extending over a vast territory and serving the needs of diverse speech communities. Among the educated, a codified literary Latin existed, enshrined in the classics and in treatises on grammar. But Latin also lived on as an evolving spoken language among the far-flung populations of the Roman Empire. The basic vocabulary of the Romance languages bears the imprint of a casual, spoken style of Latin, always open to change. In conservative social contexts, in the domain of religion and high culture, the frozen classical language remained an influential presence in the minds of the literate few, and became in later centuries a source of new layers of vocabulary. Syllables and word stress in Latin In this overview of the sound changes leading from Latin to the major Romance languages, we begin with the stressed vowels. Since the first requisite is knowing how to identify the stressed vowel, this lesson explains vowel quantity, syllable weight, and the rule that assigns stress in Latin. Why word stress matters Stress position in a Latin word ( etymon ) has a crucial effect on its Romance outcomes ( reflexes ).
Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Haemophilus influenzae Disease

Historically, Haemophilus influenzae type b has been a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and other systemic diseases in infants and young children. Disease caused by H. influenzae is believed to begin with colonization of the upper respiratory mucosa. This chapter reviews the current understanding of H. influenzae hemagglutinating pili and the nontypeable Haemophilus high-molecular-weight adhesive proteins. It examines a set of diverse H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius strains, including the Brazilian purpuric fever case clone. Initial analysis including electron microscopy and assessment of hemagglutinating ability demonstrated that 50% of these strains were piliated. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the pilin genes reveals that they are highly homologous to one another. In general, the assembly and surface localization of pili requires multiple genes which are clustered together on the bacterial chromosome. More recently, van Ham et al. reported that the promoter regions of the divergently transcribed structural pilin and hifB genes overlap; the area of overlap contains a variable number of TA repeats. On the basis of their derived amino acid sequences, both high-molecular-weight (HMW)-1 and HMW- 2 show sequence similarity to filamentous hemagglutinin, a critical adherence factor of Bordetella pertussis. Immunoblot studies demonstrate that the HMW-1 and HMW-2 proteins are also antigenically related to filamentous hemagglutinin. To evaluate HMW-1 and HMW-2 cellular specificity, adherence by DH5α expressing either HMW-1 or HMW-2 was examined by using a variety of cultured epithelial cell lines.
Molecular Studies on Entry Exclusion in Escherichia coli Minicells

Minicells produced by abnormal cell division in a strain of Escherichia coli (K-12) have been employed here to investigate the phenomenon of “entry exclusion.” When purified minicells from strains containing F′ or R factors, or both, are mated with radioactive thymidine-labeled Hfr or R+ donors, the recipient minicells can be conveniently separated from normal-sized donors following mating, and the products of conjugation can be analyzed in the absence of donors and of further growth of the recipients. Transmissible plasmids or episomes are transferred less efficiently to purified minicells derived from strains carrying similar or related elements than to strains without them. Measurement of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) degradation and determination of weight-average molecular weights following transfer indicate that degradation of transferred DNA or transfer of smaller pieces cannot account for the comparative reduction in transfer to entry-excluding recipients. Therefore, we conclude that entry exclusion operates to prevent the physical entry of DNA into recipients expressing the exclusion phenotype. The R-produced repressor (product of the drd+ gene), which represses fertility (i.e., ability to act as donor), reduces exclusion mediated by R or F factor, or both, in matings between strains carrying homologous elements. Furthermore, the data suggest that the presence of the F pilus or F-like R pilus on recipient cells ensures maximum expression of the exclusion phenotype but is not essential for its expression. In contrast to previous suggestions, we found no evidence for a reduction of entry exclusion attributable to the DNA temperature-sensitive chromosomal mutation dnaB(TS).
Resistance to Plant Invasion? A Native Specialist Herbivore Shows Preference for and Higher Fitness on an Introduced Host

The response of native herbivores to the introduction of a new plant to the community has important implications for plant invasion. Under the Enemy Release Hypothesis introduced species become invasive because of reduced enemy control in the new range, while under the New Association Hypothesis introduced species lack effective defenses against native enemies because they do not share an evolutionary history. I tested the response of a native South-American specialist herbivore Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) to a native (Crotalaria incana) and an introduced host (Crotalaria pallida) (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae). I compared seed predation rates between the two hosts in the field, and I tested preference and performance traits with common garden experiments. Utetheisa ornatrix caused much higher seed predation rates on the introduced host than on the native host. Females also preferred to oviposit on the introduced over the native host. Additionally, larvae feeding on the introduced host had higher fitness (higher pupal weight) than larvae feeding on the native host. I discuss how the response of this specialist herbivore to this introduced host plant contradicts the predictions of the Enemy Release Hypothesis and support the New Association Hypothesis. This study shows that the New Association Hypothesis can also be true for specialist herbivores.
Howard Becker in Hyperspace: Social Learning in an On-Line Drug Community

Analyzing on-line drug communities provides important insights into the connection between computer-mediated communication and drug use in contemporary society. Drawing on social learning theory, we analyze conversations within the on-line community DMT-Nexus. We find that the on-line context affects the social learning process concerning drug use in distinct ways and identify how users gain relevant knowledge and interpretive strategies and acquire credibility. Based on these findings, we propose an expansion of Becker’s social learning model of drug use reflecting the unique constraints and opportunities of on-line contexts including the importance of vivid textual descriptions and modes of communication.
Precedents of fetal death

Abstract The effects of preceding social, medical, and personal factors on pregnancy outcome have been studied through the records of 782 fetal deaths and a control sample of live births. Advantage in pregnancy survival lay with economically successful groups; disadvantage increased with advancing maternal age and multiparity. Deficiencies in prenatal care had little influence on fetal survival. The only significant portent of death was prenatal uterine bleeding. Pregnancy was more likely to be successful in Negro women; higher Negro survival in the later stages of intrauterine development resulted in the apparent excess of high risk “premature” Negro infants.
You don't Need an Ocean to Teach Sailing

(1977). You don't Need an Ocean to Teach Sailing. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 20-21.
Fabrication of Second-Level TriDelta Interconnects Using Negative Dry-Film Photoresist

Compliant off-chip interconnects can accommodate the differential displacement between dissimilar materials such as a silicon substrate and an organic board, and can decrease stresses in a microelectronic system. In this paper, we present the fabrication of an area-array of TriDelta compliant interconnects on a 6-inch silicon wafer using sequential processes. The design consists of about 2000 compliant interconnects at a 400-μm pitch on each 18mm × 18mm silicon substrate, and there are 32 substrates on a 6-inch wafer. The three arcuate beams of the compliant interconnects are the main parts that provide both the in-plane and out-of-plane compliance, and thus the arcuate beam width and thickness are the most important factor to be considered. DupontTM Riston® FX920 (thickness = 20/μm) negative dry film photoresist is used in our study and the arcuate beam thickness is uniform throughout the pattern. However, by designing the arcuate beam width to be 10μm, 15μm, and 20μm, different compliance values can be achieved in the same or different substrates. The use of the dry film photoresist makes the fabrication process cost effective compared to the use of liquid film photoresist. The mechanical compliance of such fabricated compliant interconnects, intended as second-level interconnects, is presented in this work.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A Novel Insecticidal Toxin from Photorhabdus luminescens, Toxin Complex a (Tca), and Its Histopathological Effects on the Midgut of Manduca sexta

Photorhabdus luminescens is a bacterium which is mutualistic with entomophagous nematodes and which secretes high-molecular-weight toxin complexes following its release into the insect hemocoel upon nematode invasion. Thus, unlike other protein toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (δ-endotoxins and Vip’s), P. luminescens toxin (Pht) normally acts from within the insect hemocoel. Unexpectedly, therefore, the toxin complex has both oral and injectable activities against a wide range of insects. We have recently fractionated the protein toxin and shown it to consist of several native complexes, the most abundant of which we have termed Toxin complex a (Tca). This complex is highly active against the lepidopteran Manduca sexta. In view of the difference in the normal mode of delivery of P. luminescens toxin and the apparent communality in the histopathological effects of other gut-active toxins from B. thuringiensis, as well as cholesterol oxidase, we were interested in investigating the effects of purified Tca protein on larvae of M. sexta. Here we report that the histopathology of the M. sexta midgut is similar to that for other novel midgut-active toxins. Following oral ingestion of Tca by M. sexta, we observed an acceleration in the blebbing of the midgut epithelium into the gut lumen and eventual lysis of the epithelium. The midgut shows a similar histopathology following injection of Tca into the insect hemocoel. These results not only show that Tca is a highly active oral insecticide but also confirm the similar histopathologies of a range of very different gut-active toxins, despite presumed differences in modes of action and/or delivery. The implications for the mode of action of Tca are discussed.
Context Hypothesization Using Probabilistic Knowledge

In this paper we present a formal view of an ‘imagination’ type of hypothesis generation process performed with the probabilistic knowledge of a domain. We outline a formalism for focused construction of interesting hypothetical situation-descriptions. Our formalism for the ‘imagining agent’ seeks to construct consistent, minimal, and desirable situation-descriptions by selecting suitable domain attributes and probabilistic dependency relationships from the available domain knowledge. An interestingness criterion made available to the imagining agent helps it in focusing its efforts towards ‘imagining’ only the interesting situation-descriptions.
The Multidimensional View of Commitment and the Theory of Reasoned Action: A Comparative Evaluation:

This study examined the relative ability of the multidimensional view of commitment and the theory of reasoned action to explain employee intentions and predict work behavior. Variables within the theory of reasoned action were superior to commitment in explaining employee intentions to be punctual and to engage in altruistic acts. However, the theory of reasoned action did not explain unique variance in either volitional behavior (altruism) or in less volitional behavior (tardiness). Finally, foci and bases of employee commitment accounted for significant variance in both altruism and tardiness, and explained variance in both behaviors over and above variables contained within the theory of reasoned action. Implications of these findings for the usefulness of the approaches are discussed.
In situ urethroplasty after artificial urinary sphincter cuff erosion

Artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) cuff erosion is a challenging complication traditionally managed with device removal and Foley catheter drainage. Urethral stricture can result secondary to the healing process, delaying AUS reimplantation. In situ urethroplasty (ISU) technique is a definitive repair at the time of device removal. Early results demonstrate a decreased rate of stricture formation compared to traditional management with little additional operative time and no additional complications. Patients undergoing ISU have less delay prior to AUS reimplantation, leading to possible benefit in health-related quality of life (HRQL) outcomes.
Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Enzymes in Glyoxysomes in Euglena

SYNOPSIS. We demonstrated previously microbodies in Euglena gracilis grown in the dark on 2-carbon substrates. We have now established in Euglena the particulate nature of enzymes known in other organisms to be localized in microbodies (glyoxysomes and leaf peroxisomes). On a linear sucrose gradient the glyoxylate cycle enzymes band together at a nigner equilibrium density (1.20 g/cm3) than mitochondrial marker enzymes (1.17 g/cm3), establishing the existence in Euglena of glyoxysomes similar to those of higher plants. Glyoxylate (hydroxypyruvate) reductase and, under certain conditions, also glycolate dehydrogenase co-band with the glyoxylate cycle enzymes, suggesting that Euglena glyoxysomes, like those of higher plants, may contain peroxisomal-type enzymes. Catalase, an enzyme characteristic of microbodies from a variety of sources, was not detected in Euglena.
Enhanced oil recovery in shale reservoirs by gas injection

The current available technique to produce shale oil and gas condensate is through primary depletion using horizontal wells with multiple transverse fractures. The oil recovery factor is only a few percent. There is a big prize to be claimed in terms of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Because gas price is low and oil price is high, maximizing liquid oil production from gas condensate reservoirs becomes shale producers' top interest. This paper provides the status of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in shale oil and gas condensate reservoirs by gas injection. It starts with the discussion of possible EOR options in shale reservoirs. For the gas injection option, the huff and puff mode is compared with the gas flooding mode. Different modes of water injection in shale oil reservoirs are also compared. The discussion and comparison show that gas injection is more feasible in shale reservoirs than waterflooding and any other EOR methods. The rest of the paper focuses on review of gas injection in shale reservoirs, which covers the following. • Mechanisms of gas injection. • Experimental results on huff and puff gas injection. • Simulation results on huff and puff gas injection. • Gas injection in gas condensate reservoirs. This paper summarizes the EOR efforts which has been made in the industry and provides the direction for the industry future efforts to maximize liquid oil production.
Transformational derivation of programs using the focus system

A program derivation support system called Focus is being constructed. It will formally derive programs using the paradigm of program transformation. The following issues are discussed: (1) the integration of validation and program derivation activities in the Focus system; (2) its tree-based user interface; (3) the control of search spaces in program derivation; and (4) the structure and organization of program derivation records. The inference procedures of the system are based on the integration of functional and logic programming principles. This brings about a synthesis of paradigms that were heretofore considered far apart, such as logical and executable specifications and constructive and transformational approaches to program derivation. A great emphasis has been placed, in the design of Focus, on achieving small search spaces during program derivation. The program manipulation operations such as expansion, simplification and rewriting were designed with this objective. The role of operations that are expensive in search spaces, such as folding, has been reduced. Program derivations are documented in Focus in a way that the high level descriptions of derivations are expressed only using program level information. All the meta-level information, together with dependencies between derivations of program components, is automatically recorded by the system at a lower level of description for its own use in replay.
One Dimensional Behavior of Singular N Dimensional Solutions of Semilinear Heat Equations

We consider u(x,t) a solution of u t =Δu+|u| p − 1 u that blows up at time T, where u:ℝ N ×[0, T)→ℝ, p>1, (N−2)p 0. In particular, if in addition p>3, then the solution is very close to a superposition of one dimensional solutions as functions of the distance to the blow-up set. Finally, we prove that the mere hypothesis that the blow-up set is continuous implies that it is C 1, 1/2−η for any η>0.
Anxious mood narrows attention in feature space

Spatial attention can operate like a spotlight whose scope can vary depending on task demands. Emotional states contribute to the spatial extent of attentional selection, with the spotlight focused more narrowly during anxious moods and more broadly during happy moods. In addition to visual space, attention can also operate over features, and we show here that mood states may also influence attentional scope in feature space. After anxious or happy mood inductions, participants focused their attention to identify a central target while ignoring flanking items. Flankers were sometimes coloured differently than targets, so focusing attention on target colour should lead to relatively less interference. Compared to happy and neutral moods, when anxious, participants showed reduced interference when colour isolated targets from flankers, but showed more interference when flankers and targets were the same colour. This pattern reveals that the anxious mood caused these individuals to attend to the irrelevant feature in both cases, regardless of its benefit or detriment. In contrast, participants showed no effect of colour on interference when happy, suggesting that positive mood did not influence attention in feature space. These mood effects on feature-based attention provide a theoretical bridge between previous findings concerning spatial and conceptual attention.
Luminescent Polycrystalline Cadmium Selenide Nanowires Synthesized by Cyclic Electrodeposition/Stripping Coupled with Step Edge Decoration

Cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanowires, 30−300 nm in diameter, were synthesized using electrochemical step edge decoration on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces. These CdSe nanowires were more than 100 μm in length and were organized into parallel arrays of hundreds following the length and organization of the HOPG step edges used to nucleate these nanowires. The synthesis of CdSe nanowires involved a method derived from the cyclic electrodeposition/stripping scheme described by Sailor and co-workers (Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 1015). Stoichiometric CdSe was obtained by electrodepositing CdSe together with excess elemental cadmium and selenium, followed by the selective oxidative stripping of both excess cadmium and selenium from these nanowires. This synthesis method also afforded precise control of the nanowire diameter over the above-mentioned range. CdSe nanowires were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction, photo...
Animal Models of Typical Heterotopic Ossification

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of marrow-containing bone outside of the normal skeleton. Acquired HO following traumatic events is a common and costly clinical complication. In contrast, hereditary HO is rarer, progressive, and life-threatening. Substantial effort has been directed towards understanding the mechanisms underlying HO and finding efficient treatments. However, one crucial limiting factor has been the lack of relevant animal models. This article reviews the major currently available animal models, summarizes some of the insights gained from these studies, and discusses the potential future challenges and directions in HO research.
58.3: A 3.6-In. 202-ppi Full-Color AMPLED Display Fabricated by Ink-Jet Method

We developed a 3.6-in. 202-ppi Full-Color AMPLED display by using ink-jet technology. It is the highest resolution PLED display ever reported in the world. Three organic layers, hole transport layer, interlayer and emission layer, were fabricated by ink-jet technology with 7pl ink-jet heads on a CG-Silicon active-matrix backplane. The developed display proved that ink-jet technology can realize high resolution PLEDs.
Live attenuated influenza virus vaccines by computer-aided rational design

Live attenuated viruses make more effective vaccines than newer protein subunit or recombinant DNA vaccines, but the traditional passaging methods used to generate them often fail to produce a suitable mutant. Mueller et al. improve the production of live attenuated influenza virus by extensive manipulation of codon-pair bias across the genome, which minimizes the risk of reversion to a virulent form.
Microelectromechanical systems bimaterial terahertz sensor with integrated metamaterial absorber

This Letter describes the fabrication of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) bimaterial terahertz (THz) sensor operating at 3.8 THz. The incident THz radiation is absorbed by a metamaterial structure integrated with the bimaterial. The absorber was designed with a resonant frequency matching the quantum cascade laser illumination source while simultaneously providing structural support, desired thermomechanical properties and optical readout access. Measurement showed that the fabricated absorber has nearly 90% absorption at 3.8 THz. A responsivity of 0.1°/μW and a time constant of 14 ms were observed. The use of metamaterial absorbers allows for tuning the sensor response to the desired frequency to achieve high sensitivity for potential THz imaging applications.
An efficient massively parallel Euler solver for unstructured grids

A data parallel mesh-vertex upwind finite-volume scheme for solving the Euler equations on triangular unstructured meshes is described. A novel vertex-based partitioning of the problem is introduced which minimizes the computation and communication costs associated with distributing the computation to the processors of a massively parallel computer. Finally, the performance of this unstructured computation on 8K processors of the Connection Machine CM-2 is compared with one processor of a Cray-YMP. The experiments show that 8K processors of the CM-2 achieve approximately 70 percent of the performance of one processor of the Cray-YMP on the unstructured mesh computations described here.
Alexithymia and the interpretation of emotion-relevant information

Abstract This study examined the relationship between alexithymia and (a) hemis-patial bias; (b) the accuracy of interpreting emotion-relevant information; and (c) the style of interpreting emotion-relevant information. Subjects were 137 college students. Alexithymia was measured using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Hemispatial bias was measured using a free-vision chimeric face task. Interpretations of emotion-relevant information were assessed using the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS) and a second instrument designed for this study called the Emotional Story Test (EST). Although high levels of alexithymia were associated with hemispatial bias, alexithymia was not associated with the accuracy of subjects' interpretations. In contrast, alexithymia was associated with low ratings of emotional intensity and with subjects' inclinations to choose angry and dominant interpretations.
Differential effects of mental concentration and acute psychosocial stress on cervical muscle activity and posture

Physical and psychosocial stressors in the workplace have been independently associated with the development of neck pain, yet interactions among these risk factors remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of mentally challenging computer work performed with and without exposure to a psychosocial stressor on cervical muscle activity and posture. Changes in cervical posture and electromyography of upper trapezius, cervical extensor, and sternocleidomastoid muscles were compared between a resting seated posture at baseline, a low stress condition with mental concentration, and a high stress condition with mental concentration and psychosocial stress in sixty healthy office workers. Forward head posture significantly increased with mental concentration compared to baseline, but did not change with further introduction of the stressor. Muscle activity significantly increased from the low stress to high stress condition for both the dominant and non-dominant upper trapezius, with no corresponding change in activity of the cervical extensors or flexors between stress conditions. These findings suggest that upper trapezius muscles are selectively activated by psychosocial stress independent of changes in concentration or posture, which may have implications for the prevention of stress-related trapezius myalgia in the workplace.