cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Analytic Hierarchy and Analytic Network Processes for the Measurement of Intangible Criteria and for Decision-Making

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its generalization to dependence and feedback , the Analytic Network Process (ANP), are theories of relative measurement of intangible criteria. With this approach to relative measurement, a scale of priorities is derived from pairwise comparison measurements only after the elements to be measured are known. The ability to do pairwise comparisons is our biological heritage and we need it to cope with a world where everything is relative and constantly changing. In traditional measurement one has a scale that one applies to measure any element that comes along that has the property the scale is for, and elements are measured one by one, not by comparing them with each other. In the AHP paired comparisons are made with judgments using numerical values taken from the AHP absolute fundamental scale of 1–9. A scale of relative values is derived from all these paired comparisons and it also belongs to an absolute scale that is invariant under the identity transformation like the system of real numbers. The AHP/ANP is useful for making multicriteria decisions involving benefits , opportunities , costs and risks . The ideas are developed in stages and illustrated with examples of real life decisions. The subject is transparent and despite some mathematics, it is easy to understand why it is done the way it is along the lines discussed here.
Predictors of Drug Use and Implications for the Workplace

Drug use and abuse have been parts of civilization since before recorded history (e.g., see Siegal, 1989; Westermeyer, 1988). It is certainly not a new problem, but one that receives recurring attention. In the recent centuries, we have faced the gin epidemic in England, the opium wars in the Orient, and the woefully forgotten cocaine patent-medicine tragedies at the turn of the 20th century. More recently, we have witnessed the heroic attempt and dramatic failure at Prohibition, “reefer madness” in the 1940s, the drug cultures of the 1960s, and the heroin epidemic of the 1970s. In the United States, cocaine is perceived as a major threat, in particular in its newest and more virulent forms of crack and rock cocaine. Unfortunately the current “war on drugs” conspicuously overlooks the abuse of alcohol and nicotine, which are currently among the largest killers of the U.S. population (Newcomb, 1992a). Tobacco is responsible for nearly 400,000 deaths in the United States per year, and alcohol accounts for nearly 100,000 more fatalities (Julien, 1992).
Diffusion-migration impedances for finite, one-dimensional transport in thin-layer and membrane cells: Part II. Mixed conduction cases: Os(III)/Os(II)ClO4 polymer membranes including steady-state I–V responses

Abstract Interfacial potential differences (pds), diffusion-migration pds, steady-state current-voltage curves, concentration-distance-time profiles, ac currents and impedances, and dc limiting currents are derived in uniform ways for free-standing and supported redox polymer films in bathing electrolytes. Configuration include mass-conservative systems: two reference electrodes, two embedded metal electrodes; and non-conservative systems: one reference, one metal electrode and 4-electrode potentiostat arrangements. For reversible ion- and electron-exchanging interfaces, the electrochemical potential concept is used; for transport the charged species, ions and electrons are treated as mixed conductors subject to transport by diffusion and migration through homogeneous media. The two cases are analogs of redox electrolyte thin-layer cells treated in Part. I.
Machine over Mind? Stock price clustering in the era of algorithmic trading

Abstract Given the rise of automated trading in the post-decimalization era, we examine time trends in price clustering for exchange traded funds (ETFs) and individual stocks during the post decimalization era. There is limited prior evidence on price clustering for portfolio securities such as ETFs. A striking feature of the evidence is the substantial reduction in clustering over the sample period for ETFs as well as for individual stocks. This decline occurs for trades of all sizes. We attribute the decline in clustering to the increasing prominence of algorithmic trading, which is immune to psychological biases.
Now or future? Analyzing the effects of message frame and format in motivating Chinese females to get HPV vaccines for their children.

Abstract Objective This study aims to examine the impacts of gain vs. loss-framed messages and narrative messages on Chinese women’s intentions to get HPV vaccines for their children. Methods A survey experiment was conducted among Chinese females (N = 453) assessing their responses to 3 types of messages (i.e. gain-framed, loss-framed and narrative) designed to promote HPV vaccination. Results No main effect was found for message types, but loss-framed message slightly increased vaccination intention. Time orientation moderated the relationship between message framing and vaccination intention. Conclusion Narrative message works better among present-minded individuals, whereas gain-framed message was more persuasive for future-minded individuals. Integration of message frames (gain vs. loss) and message type (narrative vs. non-narrative) is recommended for future research. Practice Implications Narrative persuasion could be an effective tool in promoting health behaviors especially among present-minded individuals, or when the consequences of health decisions are temporally distant.
Post-Transplant Right Ventricular Failure

The right ventricle is particularly vulnerable to acute failure during cardiac transplantation, and post-transplant right ventricular failure is associated with significant perioperative morbidity and mortality. But provided that early recognition and aggressive treatment is initiated, such right ventricular failure has a relatively high rate of recovery. Such treatment requires multimodal therapy including optimization of preload, ionotropic support, afterload reduction and if necessary, mechanical circulatory support.
Legitimate firms or hackers - who is winning the global cyber war?

In order to enable reliable service products, the internet of things (IoT) technology infrastructure must withstand global hacking events. How is the IoT faring in the cyber security war? Is it winning or is it losing? If the IoT is losing, there is cause for concern. If the IoT is winning, then there is cause for optimism. Yet there is a third possibility - stasis. What would this look like? Why would it occur? We seek to add to the growing body of literature on the IoT. We add to the IoT literature by applying learning curves to major global cyber-attacks to investigate whether the predators (hackers) or prey (firms) have developed a decided advantage in this arena. We provide finding from a variety of industrial ecosystems. Our theoretical contributions include the integration of this literature with the literature of technology innovation sequencing, business cycles and the nature of service products.
Readability of Patient Education Materials in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R): A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND Patients are increasingly using the Internet to access health information. Patient awareness and education are crucial to advancing the field of PMR compare readability of PMR FKGL-10.35, 95% CI 9.99-10.7) and AAOS (SMOG-9.15, 95% CI 8.96-9.35; FKGL-9.51, 95% CI 9.29-9.74), whereas AAFP met readability guidelines for both measures (SMOG-7.00, 95% CI 6.74-7.27; FKGL-6.76, 95% CI 6.45-7.07). SMOG and FKGL scores suggested significantly higher reading difficulty for PMR FKGL P = .0001) and AAFP (SMOG P < .0001; FKGL P < .0001). Results indicated that 17% of PM&R resources complied with NIH guidelines, vs 8% for AAOS and 83% for AAFP. CONCLUSIONS The average readability of PM&R PEM exceeds the NIH-recommended and average U.S. adult eighth-grade reading level. The physiatry community can make its patient materials more comprehensible and accessible for patients by providing resources at a more appropriate reading level.
A Transdisciplinary Approach to Characterize Hydrological Controls on Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystem Health

Sustainable groundwater management provides an opportunity for environmental water needs to be considered and secured by establishing appropriate groundwater thresholds. Ecosystems that require access to groundwater for some or all their water requirements are referred to as groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs). However, large data gaps often exist around the cause-and-effect relationships between groundwater conditions and the impacts they have on GDEs. These data gaps are largely attributed to a lack of shallow monitoring wells near GDEs, and a lack of practical biological metrics to characterize ecosystem health. This transdisciplinary study explores the use of geophysics (electrical resistivity tomography) to fill in our understanding of shallow subsurface soil-hydrological conditions within GDEs. In addition, we develop an approach to characterize ecosystem health within GDEs, using groundwater-dependent vegetation (phreatophytes) as indicators. Ten vegetation variables were used to characterize six biological indicators – growth, diversity, recruitment, structure, native plant dominance, and survivorship – which were used to infer ecosystem health conditions. Health indicators for groundwater-dependent vegetation were found to directly correlate with subsurface conditions, where greater groundwater availability (higher soil moisture content and shallower groundwater levels) was associated with "healthier" vegetation. This study provides a new approach to integrate hydrological, geophysical, and biological data to strengthen monitoring programs and inform water resource management decisions.
“African Dance Is My Therapy”: Perspectives On the Unique Health Benefits of West African Dance

Culturally oriented dance has the potential for positive impact on both physical and mental health among professional dancers as well as among dance students in higher education and community dance...
Intravenous flurbiprofen axetil injection as a suppressant of agitation after functional endosoopic sinus surgery with sevoflurane general anesthesia

Objective To investigate the effects of the intravenously administra-tion of flurbiprofen axetil injection on agitation after functional endoscopic sinus surgery with sevoflurane general anesthesia. Methods A total of 40 patients aged from 18 years to 60 years in good health (ASA physical status Ⅰ～Ⅱ ) undergoing elective functional endoscopic sinus surgery were randomly and respectively divided into three groups. The patients were induced with fentanyl and propofol and rocuronium, and maintained with 2.5%～3.5% sevoflurane and oxygen. In group T, flurbiprofen axetil injection 50mg were administrated 15 minutes before the end of operation, and fentanyl 1μg/kg in group F, and in group C was given an equal volume of NS. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were assessed during the anesthesia. The extubation time, waking time, postoperative agitation, nausea and vomiting were observed and recorded. Results The agitation was remarkably suppressed in group T and group F than group C. And there was a significant difference in mean heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure in group C compared with group T and F. And the extubation time and waking time were almostly the same in group T and group C, and both shorter than that in group F. The rate of nausea and vomiting were not increased in the group T. Conelusion It is safe and feasible to give flurbiprofen axetil injection 50mg to reduce agitation after functional endoscopic sinus surgery with sevoflurane general anesthesia. Key words: Flurbiprofen Axetil Injection; Sevoflurane; Agitation; FESS
Video Modeling for High School Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Video modeling (VM) has demonstrated efficacy in teaching a variety of skills (e.g., social skills, communication, vocational tasks) to learners with autism spectrum disorder. Previous research ind...
Routine Multidisciplinary Review of Severe Maternal Morbidity Is Associated with a Reduction in Preventable Cases of Severe Maternal Morbidity

Objective Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) has increased by 45% in the United States and is estimated to affect up to 1.5% of all deliveries. Research has not yet been conducted that demonstrates a benefit to multidisciplinary review of SMM. The aim of our study was to determine if standardized, routine review of the cases of SMM by a multidisciplinary committee results in a reduction of potentially preventable cases of SMM. Study design A retrospective cohort study of all women admitted for delivery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center from March 1, 2012 to September 30, 2016. Our cohort was separated into two groups: a preintervention group composed of women admitted for delivery prior to the implementation of the obstetric Quality and Peer Review Committee (OBQPRC), and a postintervention group where the committee had been well established. Cases of confirmed SMM were presented to a multidisciplinary research committee, and the committee determined whether opportunities for improvement in care existed. The groups were compared with determine if there was a decreased incidence of preventable SMM following the implementation of the OBQPRC standardized review process. Results There were 30,319 deliveries during the study period; 13,120 deliveries in the preintervention group; and 13,350 deliveries in the postintervention group (2,649 deliveries during the transition period). There was no difference in the rate of SMM between the preintervention (125; 0.95%) and postintervention (129; 0.97%) groups, (p = 0.91). There was a significantly lower rate of opportunity for the improvement in care in the postintervention group (29.5%) compared with the preintervention group (46%; p = 0.005). Conclusion We demonstrated a significant reduction in the rate of potentially preventable SMM following the implementation of routine review of all SMM suggesting that this process plays an important role in improving maternal care and outcomes. Key points · Benefit to routine review of SMM has not been demonstrated.. · Routine review of SMM is associated with 36% reduction in potentially preventable SMM.. · This is the first study to demonstrate the benefit of routine review of SMM..
Acute corneal edema decades after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus in eyes wearing scleral contact lenses.

Abstract Purpose To report three cases of acute corneal edema occurring decades after penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for keratoconus in eyes wearing scleral contact lenses (ScCLs) with previously clear corneal grafts. Methods Retrospective chart review of three ScCL wearers presenting for sudden onset pain and blurred vision. Data extracted included clinical presentation, year and reason for PK, ocular medications and comorbidities, contact lens wearing history, results of any ancillary testing available including corneal topography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT), and specular microscopy surrounding the event, treatment and outcomes of intervention. The number of PK eyes fit with ScCLs in the author’s practice was determined to estimate the prevalence of this event. Results The three patients each had a longstanding PK for keratoconus performed between 33–35 years prior to presentation and recurrent ectasia. Each patient presented with an acute, painful eye and reduced vision either 3 days, 4 months or 9 years after refitting into ScCLs. Each eye had well demarcated focal microcystic epithelial and stromal edema within the graft and crossing the wound margin onto the host cornea. Although a definitive break or detachment of Descemet’s membrane was not visualized, the presentations suggest these were episodes of acute hydrops. Conclusions Longstanding PKs with recurrent ectasia and acute focal edema suggestive of corneal hydrops is demonstrated in this case series of ScCL wearers. Although similar events have occurred as part of the natural history of post-PK corneas for keratoconus, the proximity of ScCL refitting to two of the events suggests some association.
No Façade to Hide Behind: Long-Distance Hikers’ Journeys Through Self and Society

This ethnographic study uses a phenomenological approach to better understand how Appalachian Trail (AT) and Long Trail (LT) thru-hikers create meaning and make sense of their experiences while hiking. Drawing on participant observation and in-depth interviews with 13 hikers, I analyze hikers’ initial reasons for hiking, their reflections while on the trail, and the impacts thru-hiking had on their self-concepts and social lives. Key findings demonstrate how life on the trail contrasts with hikers’ everyday lives in society and thus suggest ways that their experiences on the AT/LT may give insight into nature, community life, personal change, and the process of personal reflection. In particular, this study suggests that long-distance hiking builds personal skills and confidence. Further, this research uses a phenomenological approach as well as the concepts of liminality and communitas to analyze the creation of an alternative trail subculture and new personal identities on the trail, including trail families.
Protein phase separation: physical models and phase-separation- mediated cancer signaling

Phase separation is a concept well described in physics where a system spontaneously exhibits two or more distinct yet coexisting phases at equilibrium. This review describes several popular physic...
Application of Mössbauer spectroscopy for the characterization of iron-containing catalysts

Work in our laboratory demonstrates the unique analytical power as well as the limits of Mossbauer Spectroscopy (MES) as a tool for characterizing the size and phase of supported iron containing catalyst particles, particularly carbon supported catalysts. The major challenge in employing MES to characterize catalytic particles is understanding the impact of the relaxation effects on the spectra. Proper methods yield particle size and phase information, whereas improper interpretation can lead to the misidentification of phases. This is illustrated by feeding ersatz “relaxed” spectra data, generated mathematically with a program which accounts for all aspects of relaxation, to a standard fitting routine. The fitting routine misinterprets the data and provides false phase identification. Methods for recognizing relaxation phenomena and strategies for extracting correct information from relaxed spectra are reviewed. Also reviewed are the major findings of studies on carbon supported catalysts. For example, MES studies, in conjunction with other techniques, demonstrate that bulk and surface structures which are easily accessible for carbon supported bimetallics are generally not found on refractory oxides.
Modeling of the Time-Harmonic Wave Equation

The finite element method is now introduced for solution of time harmonic fields where the method is most efficient. The various forms of the wave equation in the frequency domain are formulated in terms of the finite element method, using scalar shape functions. The various methods for formulations applicable to high frequency fields are outlined together with the relevant finite elements. Specific formulations in two and three dimensions are given.
Saving slash-and-burn to save biodiversity.

Several prominent articles have recently revived the debate on how to advance and reconcile two pressing global issues: conservation of biodiversity, and food production for an increasing human population. These discussions contrast a ‘land-sparing/intensive agriculture’ strategy with a ‘biodiversity-friendly’ agriculture approach. We propose that swidden or shifting cultivation should be an important component of the latter approach in the tropics because many swidden systems maintain very high levels of biodiversity while providing livelihood for populations in tropical forest areas worldwide. We suggest further that when many swidden systems are viewed without prejudice and in broader spatial and longer temporal perspectives, the conservationist aspects of the systems become evident.
Security vulnerabilities in software systems: a quantitative perspective

Security and reliability are important attributes of complex software systems. It is now common to use quantitative methods for evaluating and managing reliability. In this work we examine the feasibility of quantitatively characterizing some aspects of security.In particular, we investigate if it is possible to predict the number of vulnerabilities that can potentially be identified in a future release of a software system. We use several major operating systems as representatives of complex software systems. The data on vulnerabilities discovered in some of the popular operating systems is analyzed. We examine this data to determine if the density of vulnerabilities in a program is a useful measure. We try to identify what fraction of software defects are security related, i.e., are vulnerabilities. We examine the dynamics of vulnerability discovery hypothesizing that it may lead us to an estimate of the magnitude of the undiscovered vulnerabilities still present in the system. We consider the vulnerability-discovery rate to see if models can be developed to project future trends. Finally, we use the data for both commercial and open-source systems to determine whether the key observations are generally applicable. Our results indicate that the values of vulnerability densities fall within a range of values, just like the commonly used measure of defect density for general defects. Our examination also reveals that vulnerability discovery may be influenced by several factors including sharing of codes between successive versions of a software system.
Changing Accounting Systems to Support the Conversion and Management of a Continuous Improvement Business Culture

While the need for, and the value of, Continuous Improvement (CI) Management in practice is well established; their successful implementation has proven problematic. Employee resistance, due to business cultural incompatibility, is considered a major cause. Unfortunately, current budgeting systems are not compatible with either implementation or management of CI. This paper uses innovative action research to combine research from production, accounting, and learning, to develop an accounting solution to this problem. The paper develops a theoretical justification for re-designing the accounting system to accommodate a formal continuous improvement process designed to teach employees a new business culture. The second part of the paper illustrates a process based product costing system designed for strategic decision making and planning in an 'in-process' improvement environment. By shifting from a scientific management strategy to a continuous improvement strategy the definitions of cost standards, product and period costs and out-sourcing criteria are challenged.
Comparison of clinical prediction models for resistant bacteria in community-onset pneumonia.

Objectives Six recently published algorithms classify pneumonia patients presenting from the community into high- and low-risk groups for resistant bacteria. Our objective was to compare performance of these algorithms for identifying patients infected with bacteria resistant to traditional community-acquired pneumonia antibiotics.
Calculation of Thermally-Induced Displacements in Spherically Domed Ion Engine Grids

An analytical method for predicting the thermally-induced normal and tangential displacements of spherically domed ion optics grids under an axisymmetric thermal loading is presented. A fixed edge support that could be thermally expanded is used for this analysis. Equations for the displacements both normal and tangential to the surface of the spherical shell are derived. A simplified equation for the displacement at the center of the spherical dome is also derived. The effects of plate perforation on displacements and stresses are determined by modeling the perforated plate as an equivalent solid plate with modified, or effective, material properties. Analytical model results are compared to the results from a finite element model. For the solid shell, comparisons showed that the analytical model produces results that closely match the finite element model results. The simplified equation for the normal displacement of the spherical dome center is also found to accurately predict this displacement. For the perforated shells, the analytical solution and simplified equation produce accurate results for materials with low thermal expansion coefficients.
The Search for Greater Accountability of Nonprofit Organizations: Recent Legal Developments and Proposals for Change

Charity law is in a state of flux: The basic rules, many with roots in earliest common law, are being reconsidered and revised by legislators, scholars, and practitioners. Among these are rules prohibiting donors from bringing legal suits to enforce the terms of their gifts; laws limiting the ability of donors to agree with charitable donees to modify the terms of their gifts; the doctrines of cy pres and deviation under which charitable purposes and methods for administering them may be altered due to changed circumstances; the statutory provisions imposing on all directors of charitable corporations a duty to participate in the affairs of the corporation; and the rules setting forth the extent to which charitable fiduciaries can be held liable for breach of their duties of loyalty and care. In the realm of enforcement of these rules, Congress has been asked to consider measures to enhance the existing regulatory scheme which relies on the Internal Revenue Code to define the duties and obligations of charitable fiduciaries and looks to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) as the agency to enforce these obligations. At the same time, some scholars are suggesting that all regulation be removed from the IRS or that some of its powers be transferred to an agency more suited to regulate tax-exempt entities, as the IRS’s principal focus is tax collection. This essay contains a survey of the most recently adopted changes and pending proposals for change in both state and federal law applicable to nonprofit charitable organizations. It focuses on developments in substantive state laws expanding the rights of donors and the doctrines of cy pres and deviation. It also describes August 2006 amendments to the Internal Revenue Code and other proposals by the staff of the Senate
Lower-Division Class Size at U.S. Postsecondary Institutions.

The 1992—93 National Survey of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF) provides a unique opportunity to examine class size and the institutional and academic factors associated with class size differences. The institutional characteristics examined in this paper include public or private control, Carnegie classification, and institutional size. The course academic characteristics considered include academic discipline as described by Biglan (1973a), student level, and principal method of instruction. The results support the formation of comparative distributions for class size comparison and better understanding of institutional and course characteristics associated with class size differences.
An investigation into the correlation of cue phrases, unfilled pauses and the structuring of spoken discourse

Expectations about the correlation of cue phrases, the duration of unfilled pauses and the structuring of spoken discourse are framed in light of Grosz and Sidner's theory of discourse and are tested for a directions-giving dialogue. The results suggest that cue phrase and discourse structuring tasks may align, and show a correlation for pause length and some of the modifications that speakers can make to discourse structure.
On the exceptional status of reportative evidentials

One of the central questions in the study of evidentials cross-linguistically is to what extent (and in what ways) evidentials differ across languages and across evidence types. This paper examines one such instance of variation: the ability for a single speaker to deny the scope of a reportative evidential, an instance of what we dub ‘reportative exceptionality’ (RE). Empirically, we show that RE is widely attested across a diverse range of reportatives. Theoretically, we propose a pragmatic account treating RE as an instance of pragmatically-induced perspective shift. Having done so, we propose a semantics for illocutionary evidentials on which reportatives are given a treatment uniform to other evidence types.
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia Associated With Chioral Hydrate Administration in the Newborn

To test the hypothesis that chloral hydrate can cause direct hyperbilirubinemia (DHB) in the newborn, two retrospective analyses of the medical records of patients admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit during an 18-month period were conducted. In one analysis of 14 newborns who had nonhemolytic DHB, 10 did not have an identified cause of DHB, and all 10 had received chloral hydrate. In the second retrospective study, all newborns who received chloral hydrate were divided into groups according to whether or not DHB had developed. The newborns with DHB, compared with those without DHB, had received a higher total accumulative dose of chloral hydrate (1035 +/- 286 vs 183 +/- 33 mg/kg [+/- 1 SEM], respectively). In the patients with DHB, the direct serum bilirubin levels increased 6.8 +/- 0.8 days after the chloral hydrate administration began and resolved after the chloral hydrate was discontinued or markedly decreased. These data support the hypothesis that prolonged use of chloral hydrate in newborns can be associated with DHB.
Transplantation for congenital heart disease with special observations on pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect

Summary Experience with heart and/or lung transplantation in congenital heart disease has continued to expand during the past decade. While concerns regarding the long-term outlook for transplant recipients remain, it is clear that this therapy can improve survival and quality of life in selected patients with end-stage cardiopulmonary disease when conventional surgical therapy is either not applicable or is unsuccessful. In PA-VSD the option of transplantation is available if severe pulmonary vascular or cardiac anomalies preclude conventional repair and if pulmonary vascular occlusive disease or cardiac failure develops following palliative procedures or total repair. With a number of transplantation options now available, the selection of the optimal procedure for each patient will be dependent on the cardiopulmonary anatomy and physiology.
Combining d-cycloserine with motor training does not result in improved general motor learning in neurologically intact people or in people with stroke

Neurological rehabilitation involving motor training has resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in function but is unable to eliminate many of the impairments associated with neurological i...
Sexual abuse history and treatment outcomes among women undergoing methadone treatment

Women entering drug abuse treatment programs who report a history of sexual abuse are also likely to report poorer psychosocial functioning, more drug-related problems, and more family-of-origin problems. This study investigates outcome differences at follow-up between women with and those without sexual abuse histories who were treated at an outpatient methadone treatment program. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 98 women, 40% of whom reported prior sexual abuse. Those with a history of sexual abuse who reported problems at intake with psychosocial functioning and family support continued to report such problems at follow-up as compared with the women without a history of sexual abuse. However, no difference was found at follow-up between women with and those without sexual abuse histories in terms of drug use, employment, criminality, or HIV-risky behaviors. The findings suggest that sexual abuse history alone cannot predict treatment outcomes for women in methadone treatment. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of treatment process and services.
Longitudinal Gender Differences in Objectified Body Consciousness and Weight-Related Attitudes and Behaviors: Cultural and Developmental Contexts in the Transition from College

Longitudinal analysis of objectified body consciousness, body esteem, self-acceptance, and weight-related attitudes and behaviors in young adults (115 women and 49 men), who were undergraduates in 1993, tested hypotheses developed from theory on the social construction of gendered bodies and the developmental contexts of the post-college transition. Gender differences in body surveillance, body shame, and body esteem and the relationships between these persisted, whereas the relationship between body esteem and self-acceptance decreased for women and was similar to men at Wave 2. For both women and men, body surveillance and body shame decreased and body esteem increased over time, even though BMI also increased. Men wanted to lose weight at levels similar to women at Wave 2 and were equally likely to exercise to control weight, but they were less likely than women to diet. These results fit both cohort and age-related changes models of body experience for women and men.
Real-Time Soft-Error Testing Results of 45-nm, High-K Metal Gate, Bulk CMOS SRAMs

We report on soft error rates of 45-nm bulk CMOS SRAMs measured in real-time testing experiments. Results are consistent with accelerated testing and demonstrate that alpha-particle induced soft error rates are negligible.
Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 is expressed in murine and tumor vasculature and functions in endothelial proliferation and morphogenesis

The Capillary Morphogenesis Gene 2 (CMG2) gene encodes an Anthrax toxin receptor (ANTXR2), but the normal physiological function is not known. ANTXR2/CMG2 was originally identified as a result of up-regulation during capillary morphogenesis of endothelial cells (ECs) cultured in vitro. We explored the hypothesis that key steps of the angiogenic process are either dependent or are influenced by ANTXR2/CMG2 activity. We describe the expression pattern of ANTXR2/CMG2 in several murine tissues and in normal breast and breast tumors. Endothelial expression was found in all of the tissues analyzed, in cultured ECs and in breast tumor vessels; however, ANTXR2/CMG2 expression was not restricted to this cell type. To assess potential angiogenic function, we used RNA interference to achieve significant reduction of ANTXR2/CMG2 expression in cultured human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs). Reduced ANTXR2/CMG2 expression resulted in significant inhibition of proliferation and reduced capacity of ECs to form capillary-like networks in vitro, whereas overexpression of ANTXR2/CMG2 in HUVEC increased proliferation and capillary-like network formation. Little change in migration of ECs was observed on knockdown or overexpression. We conclude that ANTXR2/CMG2 functions to promote endothelial proliferation and morphogenesis during sprouting angiogenesis, consistent with the endothelial expression of ANTXR2/CMG2 in several vascular beds.
Ni L SELF-ABSORPTION SPECTRUM.

The shape and position of the Ni $L\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x-ray emission line ($\ensuremath{\lambda}=14.53$ \AA{}) has been studied as a function of bombarding electron energy ranging from 2 to 30 keV. The bombarding electrons struck the anode at normal incidence, and x rays were viewed by the spectrometer at a 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} takeoff angle. The Ni $L\ensuremath{\alpha}$ lines recorded under these conditions exhibit an increasing attenuation of intensity on the high-energy side and a shifting of the peak position towards lower energy with increasing bombarding electron energy. These changes are interpreted as due to differential self-absorption of the emission line in the anode. The emission measurements have been used to obtain the "$L$ self-absorption spectrum" of Ni, which agrees favorably with the absorption spectrum reported in the literature.
Pneumococcal infection and immunologic response to pneumococcal vaccine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study

We assessed the importance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and immunologic response to 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine in a randomized (saline placebo or vaccine) double-blind pilot study involving 103 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Antibody titers, the flora of the sputum, respiratory infections or pneumonias, and deaths were monitored. The patients' antibody titers before immunization were higher than healthy control subjects. Titers rose normally in those vaccinated but declined more rapidly. Differences between the group receiving placebo and vaccine were not significant at 12 and 24 months. The incidence of pneumonia was high before and after vaccine (47/1,000 vs 41/1,000 patient-years). Nonpneumococcal causes predominated (73 percent of pneumonias; 83.4 percent of lethal pneumonias). Isolates from sputum were predominantly nonvaccine types (50 to 62.5 percent). Twenty-seven patients died; pneumonia occurred in six (one pneumococcal in a vaccinated patient) as a terminal complication of other diseases. Thus, although pneumonia occurred frequently in these patients with COPD and contributed to mortality in 22 percent (six) of the 27 deaths, the predominance of nonpneumococcal causes and the data on antibodies and sputum suggest that pneumococcal vaccine may not be as beneficial for patients with COPD as was hoped. More observations are needed.
The effect of androgens on the ovaries and uterus of the estrogen treated hypophysectomized immature rat.

ESTROGENS quantitatively stimulate the immature ovarian follicles of hypophysectomized immature rats resulting in the production of medium-sized solid follicles (1); while testosterone propionate given with estradiol benzoate to similar animals causes degenerative changes in the ovarian follicle and its egg (2). Development of a fluid-distended thin-walled uterus by estrogens and of a heavy muscular uterus following androgen administration is well known. Recent studies describing the effect of various combinations of steroids on uterine weight in hypophysectomized immature rats have revealed interesting anomalies in the actions of certain of these compounds (3).
Dynamic shim updating (DSU) for multislice signal acquisition.

Dynamic shim updating (DSU) is a technique for achieving optimal magnetic field homogeneity over extended volumes by dynamically updating an optimal shim setting for each individual slice in a multislice acquisition protocol. Here the practical implementation of DSU using all first- and second-order shims is described. In particular, the hardware modifications and software requirements are demonstrated. Furthermore, the temporal effects of dynamically switching shim currents are investigated and a Z2-to-Z0 compensation unit is described and implemented to counteract the temporal Z0 variations following a change in the Z2 shim current. The optimal shim settings for all slices are determined with a quantitative and user-independent, multislice phase-mapping sequence. The performance of DSU is evaluated from multislice phase maps and spectroscopic images acquired on rat brain in vivo. DSU improved the magnetic field homogeneity over all spatial slices, with a more pronounced effect on the slices positioned away from the magnet isocenter, thereby making the magnetic field homogeneity highly uniform over an extended volume. Magn Reson Med 49:409–416, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The experimental homologous and heterologous separation distance histograms for the centromeres of chromosomes 7, 11, and 17 in interphase human T-lymphocytes

The simultaneous 3D arrangement of the interphase centromeres of chromosomes 7, 11, and 17 in unstimulated human T-lymphocytes is analyzed. Using triple in situ hybridization in combination with optical sectioning and image processing, the identification of three pairs of centromeres in each nucleus and the assignment of 3D coordinates to each centromere are made. The homologous and heterologous centromere separation distance histograms are determined and compared to the hypothesized histograms for randomly distributed centromeres. The experimental nuclei are truncated spheres in shape with a principal radius of 3.7 +/- 0.3 micron and a truncated hemispherical height of 2.6 micron. None of the separation distance distributions appears to be statistically significantly different from a random model distribution.
Directed self-assembly of diblock copolymers in laterally confining channels: line-edge-roughness and defectivity

The directed self-assembly (DSA) of diblock copolymers in laterally confining channels is a promising avenue to produce line-and-space patterns with a sub-25 nm pitch. In this study, we use self-consistent field theory (SCFT) to investigate the DSA of both cylinder- and lamella-forming diblock copolymers in narrow trenches with corrugated sidewalls. Specifically, we focus on systems that form lying-down cylinder monolayers or standing-up lamellae parallel to the sidewalls of the channel. While previous experimental and computational studies highlighted well-ordered cylinders and lamellae in smooth channels, undesirable defective structures are also observed. In the present study, the wetting sidewalls of the channels are no longer planar surfaces. Rather, we consider undulating sidewalls and investigate the effect of the rough surfaces on defectivity and line edge roughness (LER) in the self-assembled morphologies. We use SCFT to investigate the formation free energy of isolated, meta-stable defects of both cylindrical and lamellar block copolymers inside channels with sinusoidal corrugations along the sidewalls. Parametric studies include the effects of the amplitude and the frequency of the sinusoidal wall shape function, the placement of the defect core, as well as the number of cylinders and lamellae in channels of varying widths. Our simulations indicate that the relative decreases in defect formation energy in rough channels compared to smooth channels are strikingly similar in both cylinder- and lamella-forming melts. Furthermore, using a suitable order parameter and the center-to-center displacement of the self-assembled lines, our complex Langevin (CL) simulations (beyond SCFT) show that the propagation of the LER is sensitive to the amplitude and the wavelength of the sidewall shape function, with an even stronger dependence in the lamellar case compared to the cylindrical case. More broadly, our study reveals the dependence of line edge roughness propagation on a wide range of parameters that must be carefully controlled in order to successfully implement a directed self-assembly process with block copolymers.
Preparation of d-, dl-, and l-homoserine lactone from methionine

Abstract A practical procedure is described for the replacement of the methylmercapto group of the readily available d - and l -methionine with an hydroxyl group, thus forming the d and l forms of homoserine, in a high degree of purity. Yields were in excess of 75%. Methionine was allowed to react with a stoichiometric amount of bromoacetic acid in a 20% acetic acid solution of water and isopropanol, 1:1, at reflux temperature. The resultant homoserine hydrobromide was cyclized by treatment with 4 M HCl in dioxane. The p-toluenesulfonyl derivatives were made of natural l -homoserine lactone and that prepared from l -methionine. There were no significant differences in physical properties or composition. The homoserine lactones and their tosyl derivatives were reacted with hydroxyl amine to form the hydroxamic acids. These compounds are stable at neutral or alkaline pH, as in the extracellular fluids of animals, but slowly release hydroxyl amine at acid pH, as in the nucleus or mitochondria. This is of interest since hydroxyl amine reacts with purines and pyrimidines and is a mutagenic substance.
Fibre coating as a means to compensate for poor adhesion in fibre-reinforced materials

Using a computer lattice model developed previously, we show that a fibre coating decreases the stress concentration and improves the load carrying capabilities of a broken fibre embedded in a poorly bonded matrix. The optimum fibre coating must have a modulus 1 to 2 times the matrix modulus and a thickness of about 100 nm. Examples are shown in which these fibre coating characteristics can lead to a 400% increase in the load carrying capabilities of a fibre.
Mechanisms of CTL-mediated cytoxicity

Abstract CTL can utilize three separate mechanisms for killing foreign or virally infected cells. The perforin and Fas lytic mechanisms cause rapid (4–6h) lysis of target cells; surface-bound TNF-α causes slow (18–24h) destruction of target cells. In order to assess the relative contributions of the various lytic pathways in immune reactions thought to be based on CMC, several laboratories have generated perforin-less (P0) mice. Although such mice have intact vigorous Fas and TNF-α lytic pathways, they are unable to clear infection by LCMV. On the other hand, they are able to reject allografts. The implications of this for CTL function in vivo are discussed.
Integrated micromachined scanning display systems

We describe a raster-scanning display system comprised of two tilt-up micromachined polysilicon mirrors that rotate about orthogonal axes. We have demonstrated a resolution of 102 X 119 pixels. The optical efficiency of our two- mirror micro-optical raster-scanning system is comparable to that of micromachined display systems developed by Texas Instruments and Silicon Light Machines. Ease of integration with on-chip light sources and lenses has the potential to reduce packaging size, complexity and cost of the display system and makes it well suited for head-mounted display applications.
Hydrodynamic modeling of tissue ablation with a free-electron laser

The Vanderbilt University free-electron laser (FEL) provides a continuously tunable ((lambda) equals 2 - 10 micrometer) source of pulsed IR radiation with a pulse structure unlike those of conventional lasers (a macropulse of 5 microseconds consisting of a train of 1 ps micropulses at a frequency of 3 GHz). A numerical hydrodynamic code at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, known as LASTIS3D, was used to model the ablation of tissue using the FEL. This study investigates the role of the FEL pulse structure by comparing the results from simulations using a time-averaged energy deposition and a pulsetrain energy deposition.
Lack of association of polymorphisms in elastin with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma

PurposeTo evaluate the elastin gene (ELN) as a secondary risk factor for pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXFS) and the associated glaucoma pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXFG).MethodsOne hundred seventy-eight unrelated patients with PXFS, including 132 patients with PXFG, and 113 unrelated controls were re
The Deuterium to Hydrogen Abundance Ratio toward a Fourth QSO: HS 0105+1619

We report the measurement of the primordial D/H abundance ratio toward QSO HS 0105+1619. The column density of the neutral hydrogen in the z 2.536 Lyman limit system is high, log N = 19.422 ± 0.009 cm-2, allowing for the deuterium to be seen in five Lyman series transitions. The measured value of the D/H ratio toward QSO HS 0105+1619 is found to be D/H = 2.54 ± 0.23 × 10-5. The metallicity of the system showing D/H is found to be 0.01 solar, indicating that the measured D/H is the primordial D/H within the measurement errors. The gas that shows D/H is neutral, unlike previous D/H systems that were more highly ionized. Thus, the determination of the D/H ratio becomes more secure since we are measuring it in different astrophysical environments, but the error is larger because we now see more dispersion between measurements. Combined with prior measurements of D/H, the best D/H ratio is now D/H = 3.0 ± 0.4 × 10-5, which is 10% lower than the previous value. The new values for the baryon-to-photon ratio and baryonic matter density derived from D/H are η = 5.6 ± 0.5 × 10-10 and Ωbh2 = 0.0205 ± 0.0018, respectively.