cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Metadata Management and Transparent Access to Networked Oceanographic Data Sets

Abstract : Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) of sound-producing animals (e.g. marine mammals) is producing multi-year data sets in many locations. Such long-term data sets allow the investigation of questions related to the effects of environmental processes and anthropogenic activities on these animals at varying temporal-spatial scales. Preservation of acoustic metadata in a standardized format can prevent the loss of detailed information that is not captured in scientific publications and permits the analysis of decadal-scale data sets and beyond. The need for standardization is juxtaposed with the need to include new information for specific research questions that evolve over time. This work proposes a schema for organizing acoustic metadata that addresses many of the problems associated with the retention of metadata from long-term passive acoustic data sets and enables the incorporation of research-question specific details without the need for changes to the schema or its implementation. The long-term goals of this effort are to produce community data standards and software capable of organizing and archiving acoustic metadata associated with passive acoustic monitoring of marine mammals. The software provides a reference implementation of the community standards in a scientific workbench setting. The workbench enables researchers to integrate queries for both biological and physical data by providing mediation services to support the retrieval of Internet-available data sets in a manner similar to those used for querying the acoustic data. The data are accessible from a variety of languages used by the scientific community for analysis and modeling. The Tethys server at Scripps now has data sets that cover over nine years, and published and submitted articles are demonstrating the benefits to the preservation of consistent metadata from long time-series data.
COHERENT SCATTERING OF A METALLIC BODY IN THE PRESENCE OF AN IONIZED SHELL

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses coherent scattering of a metallic body in the presence of an ionized shell. It presents the problem of scattering of electromagnetic waves by a satellite that acquires an ionized coating while traversing the ionosphere. An ion or electron shell may have considerable effect on the echo area of a satellite. This effect has been examined for several models. A spherical satellite becomes charged and acquires a concentric sheath of the opposite charge. The scattering cross section is obtained by considering the ionized sheath to have the macroscopic properties of a dielectric material. Alternative approximate solutions that are useful for determining the scattering cross sections of bodies of arbitrary shape have been developed. Significant echo areas are obtained by two mechanisms. The first occurs when the radar frequency falls below the plasma frequency of the shell and the second, when the evacuated trail acts as a dielectric rod antenna.
Therapeutic benefit of decitabine, a hypomethylating agent, in patients with high-risk primary myelofibrosis and myeloproliferative neoplasm in accelerated or blastic/acute myeloid leukemia phase

Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) transformed to acute myeloid leukemia (MPN-AML), MPN in accelerated phase (MPN-AP), and high-risk primary myelofibrosis (PMF) are associated with a poor response to therapy and very short survival. Several reports have suggested clinical activity of hypomethylating agents in these patients. We conducted a retrospective study of 21 patients with MPN-AML, 13 with MPN-AP and 11 with DIPSS-plus high-risk PMF treated with decitabine at our institution over the last 7 years and evaluated their clinical outcomes. Six patients (29%) with MPN-AML responded to decitabine (3 CR, 2 CRi, and 1 PR); median response duration was 7 months. The median overall survival (OS) was significantly higher in those who responded (10.5 vs 4 months). Among patients with MPN-AP, 8 patients (62%) benefited; the median response duration was 6.5 months. The median OS was 11.8 months in responders vs 4.7 months in non-responders. Among patients with DIPSS-plus high-risk PMF, 9 (82%) benefited; the median response duration was 9 months. The median OS was 32 months in responders vs 16.3 months in non-responders. Decitabine is a viable therapeutic option for patients with MPN-AML, MP-AP and high-risk PMF. Prospective clinical studies combining decitabine with other clinically active agents are needed to improve overall outcome.
X-ray imaging - Supernova remnants

The Einstein Observatory has provided astronomers with the first opportunity to obtain optical quality images of extended X-ray sources. Such pictures of supernova remnants, for example, yield a wealth of information on the dynamics and evolution of the expanding blast wave, the possible collapsed remnants of the exploded star, and the structure of the interstellar medium. We herein review imaging observations of over 50 supernova remnants obtained during the first year of the Observatory’s operation. Although analysis of these results is still in its infancy, it is already possible to draw important conclusions regarding models for stellar explosions, remnant evolution, neutron star formation, and the interstellar medium.
Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of mature E1 beta subunit of bovine mitochondrial branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. Mapping of the E1 beta-binding region on E2.

A cDNA encoding the mature E1 beta subunit of the bovine branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex was isolated from a lambda ZAP expression library. The bovine E1 beta cDNA is 1,393 base pairs in length. It encodes the entire mature E1 beta subunit consisting of 342 amino acid residues and a partial mitochondrial targeting presequence of 26 residues. The calculated molecular mass of the mature bovine E1 beta subunit is 37,776 daltons, and the calculated isoelectric point is pI 5.04. The mature bovine E1 beta subunit was expressed in Escherichia coli via the pKK233-2 vector in the presence of isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). When expression was induced by IPTG at 37 degrees C, the soluble recombinant E1 beta subunit existed as a single high molecular weight form (Mr congruent to 3.5 x 10(5)), which sedimented during sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation at 2 x 10(5) x g. However, lowering the induction temperature to 25 degrees C resulted in the occurrence of both high and low molecular weight forms of the recombinant E1 beta protein. The low molecular weight form (Mr congruent to 9.1 x 10(4)) remained soluble after sucrose gradient centrifugation and was utilized in binding studies with a series of truncated recombinant E2 proteins. The results showed that the E1 beta subunit bound to the region between Ala-115 and Lys-150 of the E2 chain, which lay within the putative E3-binding domain. In contrast, the recombinant E1 alpha subunit did not bind the E2 component. The data suggest an apparent binding order of E2-E1 beta-E1 alpha, which supports and extends the model of E2 inner core deduced previously from the data of scanning transmission electron microscopy (Hackert, M.L., Xu, W.-X., Oliver, R.M., Wall, J.S., Hainfeld, J.F., Mullinax, T.R., and Reed, L.J. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 6816-6821). The relatively inaccessible topology of E1 beta may explain the lack of antigenicity and resistance to limited proteolysis of this subunit as it exists in the complex.
Clostridium difficile infection is a frequent but well-controlled event after hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea and represents a frequent and important source of gastrointestinal morbidity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Patients undergoing HSCT have several risk factors for the development of CDI, including multiple prior hospitalizations, frequent use of wide spectrum antibiotics, diseaseand treatment-related immunosuppression and mucosal barrier disruption secondary to conditioning regimens, particularly when they are myeloablative or include total body irradiation. Consequently, patients undergoing HSCT have an incidence of CDI that is higher than the general hospitalized population; it is as high as 15–30% after allogeneic HSCT.1 The majority of reports of CDI in HSCT patients originate from transplant centers located in developed countries. The manuscript by Pilcante et al.2 is the first report of the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of CDI in patients undergoing HSCT in an academic medical center in Chile. The results presented are compatible with other reports, confirming the global importance of CDI in HSCT patients. When compared to previous reports, the incidence of CDI observed in this study appears to be in the lower portion of the reported spectrum, possibly as a result of multiple factors, including antibiotic use patterns, cultural dietary habits, and possibly the degree of C. difficile colonization affecting the general hospitalized patient population of Chile. Recent reports by Kinnebrew3 and Bruminhent4 show high rates of colonization by C. difficile at the time of admission
Bilateral occipital endoscopic choroid plexus cauterization for persistent hydrocephalus following frontal endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization-the "bowling ball" technique.

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC) as a primary treatment for hydrocephalus is gaining popularity in North America, particularly among the infant population. Unfortunately, despite considerable experience with ETV/CPC at several centers, treatment failures still exist. Early reports have suggested that greater than 90 % cauterization of the choroid plexus is associated with improved clinical outcomes. However, individual patient anatomy and smaller overall ventricular size can limit the amount of choroid plexus cauterization that is technically possible through a single frontal burr hole. Furthermore, the degree of cauterization achieved by surgeons using this technique is difficult to quantify objectively. In this report, we describe the case of an infant who failed initial ETV/CPC but then had successful resolution of hydrocephalus after additional choroid plexus cauterization performed through bilateral occipital burr holes. The child remains shunt-free over a year after treatment, suggesting that this three-pronged CPC approach (the "bowling ball" technique) may be successful in some young children with persistent hydrocephalus after ETV/CPC from a single frontal burr hole.
Ameliorating parent-adolescent conflict with problem- solving communication training

Abstract One parent-adolescent triad experiencing conflict concerning rules, responsibilities, and values received six sessions of treatment. Treatment consisted of problem-solving training for resolving specific disputes and communication training for modifying negative family interactions. Graduated homework assignments were used to promote generalization of newly-acquired skills to the home. Analysis of self-report and behavioral measures revealed considerable amelioration of specific disputes at home and improvement in parent- adolescent communication. Treatment gains were maintained at a 10-month follow-up.
Influence of kinetics of nicotine administration on tolerance development and receptor levels.

Nicotine was administered intravenously to DBA mice through cannulae implanted in the jugular veins. Five groups of animals were treated: a control group which received saline and four nicotine treatment groups. All of the nicotine treatment groups received a dose of 4.0 mg/kg/hr. The first group received continuous infusion, the second group received 1 mg/kg pulses four times an hour, the third group received 2 mg/kg pulses twice an hour, and the fourth group received 4 mg/kg pulses once an hour. After a 10-day treatment period, the animals were tested for tolerance to an acute intraperitoneal administration of nicotine. Tolerance was measured using a test battery composed of the following tests: respiratory rate, acoustic startle response, Y-maze crosses and rears, heart rate, and body temperature. Mice from each of the four nicotine treatment groups were tolerant to the acute effect of nicotine, but the extent of tolerance varied among the groups as follows: c continuous infusion < 1 mg/kg pulses four times/hr < 2 mg/kg pulses twice/hr < 4 mg/kg pulse once/hr. Chronic nicotine infusion resulted in significant increases in the binding of L-[3H]nicotine in all six brain regions assayed and in significant increases in the binding of α-[125I]bungarotoxin binding in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. All increases in binding resulted from increases in Bmax for these ligands. In contrast to the effects observed for tolerance development, the increases in [3H]nicotine binding were not significantly affected by the kinetics of nicotine infusion. However, the binding of α-[125I]BTX tended to increase along with the peak plasma concentration of nicotine and paralleled the differences in tolerance. The binding of the muscarinic antagonist, quinuclidinyl benzilate, was unaffected by nicotine treatment. While the average blood level of nicotine did not differ significantly among the four groups, peak levels were higher after infusion of both the 2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg pulses. The relationship between the tolerance development and the changes in receptor levels was not dramatic which suggests that additional biochemical and physiological mechanisms must be influencing tolerance development.
Long-lasting CNS effects of a short-term chemical knockout of ornithine decarboxylase during development: nicotinic cholinergic receptor upregulation and subtle macromolecular changes in adulthood.

Abstract Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and the polyamines play an essential role in brain cell replication and differentiation and polyamines also regulate the function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We administered α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ODC, to neonatal rats on postnatal days 5–12, during the mitotic peak of the cerebellum, a treatment regimen that achieves a chemical knockout of ODC activity and polyamine depletion limited to the treatment period. Although growth inhibition and gross dysmorphology were limited to the cerebellum, both α7 and α4β2 nAChRs were upregulated in adulthood in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and thalamus, with the largest effect in the latter region, primarily in females. Receptor upregulation was accompanied by abnormalities in macromolecular indices of cell packing density and cell membrane surface area, but the generalized cellular alterations did not share the regional or sex selectivity shown by the effects on nAChRs. Elevated DNA concentration was most notable in the hippocampus and was associated with augmented levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, thus implying gliosis as the cause of the increased number of cells. DFMO’s effects on both nAChR expression and cellular biomarkers resembled those of developmental exposure to nicotine. Accordingly, some of the effects may represent a specific alteration in nAChR signaling evoked by polyamine depletion during a critical developmental window. Alterations in polyamine gating of cholinergic synaptic signaling may thus contribute to the adverse neurobehavioral effects of numerous neuroteratogens that directly or indirectly disrupt the ODC/polyamine pathway.
Faith and Humanitarianism: It’s Complicated

This article examines the relationship between faith and humanitarianism in a variety of religious traditions, with particular emphasis on Christian and Muslim organizations. Following a brief historical overview and a short (and incomplete) description of the scale of faith-based contributions to humanitarian work, the article then addresses three issues: the distinctiveness of faith-based organizations, their professionalism, and the potential for partnerships between secular and faith-based organizations. It finds that the variety of faith-based actors makes generalizations difficult and questions the utility of the term, suggesting that differences between faith-based actors are often greater than those between secular and faith-based organizations. The article concludes by noting the need for serious academic research on faith-based humanitarian organizations and suggesting areas where future research is particularly needed.
Effect of late-onset sepsis on energy expenditure in extremely premature infants.

The purpose of this study was to compare total energy expenditure (TEE) in extremely premature infants during and after an episode of sepsis. We hypothesized that TEE in the sepsis group (SEP) would be higher during the septic period and higher than an age-matched control group (CTL). We further hypothesized that the TEE of the SEP group during the recovery period would be similar to that of the CTL group. The doubly labeled water method was used to determine TEE in both groups. Infant characteristics were as follows: SEP group, n = 10, gestation = 26 ± 1 wk, birth weight = 854 ± 218 g; CTL group, n = 10, gestation = 26 ± 1 wk, birth weight = 880 ± 158 g. TEE of the SEP group during the septic period was significantly greater than during the recovery period (96 ± 25 kcal/kg/d versus 55 ± 17 kcal/kg/d) and significantly greater than the CTL group during the first study period (96 ± 25 kcal/kg/d versus 67 ± 12 kcal/kg/d). TEE in the SEP group during the recovery period was similar to the CTL group. These increases in TEE may contribute to impaired growth and need to be considered when providing nutritional support for extremely premature infants.
Lunar Extra -Vehicular Activities and Colonization Strategies

Attempting to reestablish mankind’s exploration of the solar system will b e a daunting task. Engineering and management initiatives must be placed in an order, such to achieve the greatest results due to the constraints placed on the situations. Progressive planning and organization within every sector of the National Aeronauti cs and Space Administration (NASA) will be of the utmost importance. Redundant tasks and missions will impede progress while simultaneously losing a portion of public interest. An optimistic outlook from the public can however be achieved by adhering to e stablished mission objectives, thus stimulating the public’s quest for more knowledge. Early in the return to the Moon campaign, surface activities should gradually lead to the colonization of our neighboring celestial satellite. The development of relia ble transport and ferry systems will enable the durations of stays to be increasingly greater until a final lunar presence can be achieved. Besides attempting a joint effort, there will be financial incentives in the form of NASA Manned Exploration Chall enge Initiative prizes for commercializing some aspects of the program. The sheer quantity of goals that have been set in the present will be overwhelming to even the most well planned and financed program. There is only one successful planning path if th e Moon is to be used as a stepping stone to other worlds. This includes the methods used to colonize and the activities that take place during the initial return to the Moon exploration missions.
Propositions and the Substitution Anomaly

The Substitution Anomaly is the failure of intuitively coreferential expressions of the corresponding forms “that S” and “the proposition that S” to be intersubstitutable salva veritate under certain ‘selective’ attitudinal verbs that grammatically accept both sorts of terms as complements. The Substitution Anomaly poses a direct threat to the basic assumptions of Millianism, which predict the interchangeability of “that S” and “the proposition that S”. Jeffrey King has argued persuasively that the most plausible Millian solution is to treat the selective attitudinal verbs as lexically ambiguous, having distinct meanings associated with the different sorts of complement terms. In opposition this approach, I argue that there are independent reasons for maintaining the univocality of these verbs and that this can be done while accommodating the Substitution Anomaly and without sacrificing the transparency of the relevant attitude ascriptions. In particular, I show how, by employing an extended version of Edward Zalta’s system of intensional logic for abstract objects, one can construct for a regimented fragment ℜ of English containing the relevant vocabulary a semantical theory ℑ which (a) treats ℜ’s selective attitudinal verbs as univocal, (b) regards genuine terms as occurring transparently under such verbs in sentences of ℜ, and yet (c) predicts the occurrence of the Substitution Anomaly in ℜ.
NSTX OH Coil Design Improvements

The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) has been operating successfully since February of 1999. A unique element of NSTX is the center solenoid or OH coil that from the start has been a design challenged by the low aspect ratio/geometry of the device. To achieve this low aspect ratio the OH coil's outer diameter is constrained to a narrow profile creating the need for creative design solutions concerning cooling connections, lead orientation, and insulation schemes. The original design has succeeded overall, but NSTX run time has been lost due to coil reliability issues. It was decided in the last year that it would be prudent to fabricate a new OH coil and have it available as an upgrade to the experiment. The experience of operating and maintaining the OH coil has provided the basis for an improved OH coil design. A collaboration was arranged with ASIPP in China to fabricate a spare coil for NSTX. The new OH coil will incorporate both design improvements intended to increase reliability as well as upgrades that will provide flexibility during future operation by allowing for an expanded operational profile. This paper summarizes and reviews these design and reliability improvements.
Midwest vision for sustainable fuel production

This article charts the progress of CenUSA Bioenergy, a USDA-NIFA-AFRI coordinated agricultural project focused on the North Central region of the US. CenUSA’s vision is to develop a regional system for producing fuels and other products from perennial grass crops grown on marginally productive land or land that is otherwise unsuitable for annual cropping. This article focuses on contributions CenUSA has made to nine primary systems needed to make this vision a reality: feedstock improvement; feedstock production on marginal land; feedstock logistics; modeling system performance; feedstock conversion into biofuels and other products; marketing; health and safety; education, and outreach. The final section, Future Perspectives, sets forth a roadmap of additional research, technology development and education required to realize commercialization.
Real-time threads

Portability is an important attribute of real-time operating systems because their target hardware environments routinely vary from special purpose processors to parallel machines to distributed execution environments. In this paper, we address the issue of operating systems portability by development of a real-time threads package based on the Mach cthreads interface. Real-time threads have been implemented on standard Unix platforms and on a 32-node BBN Butterfly multiprocessor. In contrast to cthreads, the schedulability of real-time threads may be determined dynamically at the time of threads creation. In addition, any scheduling guarantees made at thread creation time are maintained when threads communicate or cooperate using the package's other primitives.
Cold labile phosphofructokinase.

Abstract Phosphofructokinase from chicken liver undergoes reversible inactivation at low temperature. The rate of the inactivation increases with decrease in temperature. The cold inactivation is stimulated by monovalent anions or ATP, but prevented by polyvalent anions or fructose 1,6-di-P. Results of sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicate that the cold inactivation is associated with dissociation of the phosphofructokinase (13.9S) to a protein with a S value of 5.4.
Bipolar depression: the real challenge

This paper seeks to raise awareness of the impact and burden of bipolar depression and the need to improve its recognition and management in clinical practice. Bipolar depression is commonly misdiagnosed as unipolar depression and consequently, patients may receive inappropriate treatment that could potentially worsen symptoms. The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a useful screening tool for identifying the range of bipolar spectrum disorders in general and psychiatric populations. Bipolar depression has a significant impact on patients, affecting work, social activities, family and friends. Current treatments for bipolar disorder have focused on mania, yet symptoms of bipolar depression occur more frequently, last longer, are more disruptive and are associated with greater risk of suicide than mania. In comparison with unipolar depression, bipolar depression is more severe, is associated with more frequent hospital visits and causes greater psychosocial impairment. These facts emphasise the importance of improving the diagnosis and treatment of bipolar depression.
An academic, apolitical approach to health care reform.

The United States is on the verge of addressing one of the most important issues facing the country, its health care system. An underlying premise of the need for reform is a belief that all citizens of this great country should have access to excellent health care. To accomplish this, universal health insurance must be a component of any plan. Many controversial issues have arisen in the debate, most relating to how to pay for those presently uninsured. Opponents are concerned that this will require increased taxation and/or decreased support for those presently insured. The only acceptable solution will be one in which the cost of covering the uninsured derives from improved efficiencies in the delivery of health care.
Shaping Up Planet Earth: The International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) and Communicating Science Through Print and Film Media

The U.S. National Academy of Sciences played a major role in preparing for the International Geophysical Year (IGY). The IGY organizers realized the importance of selling U.S. participation in international science and thus began a public relations effort by the mid-1950s that included the production of classroom materials and a film series, called Planet Earth, designed for television. This is the story of their efforts to bring the earth, atmospheric, and oceanic sciences into the classrooms and living rooms of the lay public and attract more students into scientific careers. The lessons they learned still apply today as researchers attempt to sell their science using new media and technologies.
Multiple identities and identity transition: implications for hong kong

Abstract This article examines the concept of dual identity from the perspective of Brewers (1991) optimal distinctiveness theory of group identification. It is argued that two different forms of dual identification with region (Hong Kong) and ethnicity (Chinese) were forged among Hong Kong Chinese residents during the period prior to the transition to SARPRC status. The implications of this model for identity changes during the period of transition and for political stability in the region after 1997 are discussed.
Acute Myocardial Infarction: Reperfusion Strategies

Acute myocardial infarction is the result of an acute interruption of myocardial blood flow resulting in ischemic myocardial necrosis. The pathogenesis of this phenomenon nearly always involves acute thrombosis superimposed on a disrupted atherosclerotic plaque. Thrombolytic agents have been conclusively shown to reduce mortality in many patient subgroups with myocardial infarction, including the elderly, patients with inferior myocardial infarction, and patients with systolic hypertension. Nearly all patients with acute myocardial infarction of less than 6 h in duration with S-T segment elevation should receive thrombolysis unless significant contraindications exist and outweigh the potential benefits. Aspirin should be given to almost all patients regardless of whether they receive thrombolysis. Angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery are useful as primary or secondary modes of reperfusion in selected patients with infarction.
Five Years of Thoughts on Hurricane Katrina From a Resident on Duty

Geographic circumstances: I was on duty at Children's Hospital of New Orleans during the hurricane and flood and now practice 80 miles north of New Orleans. About the author: Since Hurricane Katrina, I completed my residency in internal medicine/pediatrics at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center/Children's Hospital of New Orleans and subsequently served an allergy/immunology fellowship also at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center/Children's Hospital of New Orleans. Louisiana will always be my home, and its children will be my patients. I currently work at Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in a combined academic and private allergy/immunology practice. Five years later, I hesitate to go to that place where I have hidden “HK5” (Hurricane Katrina, category 5) in my mind, but it is important to revisit the lessons I have learned. In the aftermath of the storm, there was rebuilding of the city of New Orleans, rebuilding of the hospital infrastructure, rebuilding of my own home, rebuilding of relationships through personal stress, and reclaiming that lost part of my heart. In the end, I have to live by a popular New Orleans motto that says that “soul is waterproof,” but it does not mean that mine was not weathered. The issue often forgotten is … Address correspondence to Sandhya Mani, MD, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, 7777 Hennessy Blvd, Suite 408, Baton Rouge, LA 70808. E-mail: sandhyamanimd{at}gmail.com
“My Turn,” Women's Goals and Motivations in a Diploma Program: A Constructive-Developmental Approach

This research was part of a larger, mixed-methods study, funded by the National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy, which examined the learning and change experiences of 41 learners in three ABE/ESOL programs. This paper examines a Polaroid diploma program with a focus on women workers, employing gender (relational) and constructive-developmental theory to frame their learning experiences. Data for this paper focuses on analysis of 224 qualitative interviews, focus groups, and developmental assessments. Three emergent themes regarding women's motivation emerged: practical benefits, the importance of timing, and leadership aspirations. This paper presents how these women describe and understand their learning motivations from both a qualitative and developmental perspective. This investigation informs understanding of women's motivations for learning, and suggests how individual ways of knowing inform such motivation.
A note on longitudinal data presentation.

An example of presenting longitudinal data is provided using a subsample drawn from the Retirement History Study. A progression of age groups through the years of follow-up is examined in tabular form with respect to the number of parents and parents-in-law reported living. Comparisons are made between information that may be inferred from longitudinal and cross-sectional data.
Remotely detected high-field MRI of porous samples.

Abstract Remote detection of NMR is a novel technique in which an NMR-active sensor surveys an environment of interest and retains memory of that environment to be recovered at a later time in a different location. The NMR or MRI information about the sensor nucleus is encoded and stored as spin polarization at the first location and subsequently moved to a different physical location for optimized detection. A dedicated probe incorporating two separate radio frequency (RF)—circuits was built for this purpose. The encoding solenoid coil was large enough to fit around the bulky sample matrix, while the smaller detection solenoid coil had not only a higher quality factor, but also an enhanced filling factor since the coil volume comprised purely the sensor nuclei. We obtained two-dimensional (2D) void space images of two model porous samples with resolution less than 1.4 mm 2 . The remotely reconstructed images demonstrate the ability to determine fine structure with image quality superior to their directly detected counterparts and show the great potential of NMR remote detection for imaging applications that suffer from low sensitivity due to low concentrations and filling factor.
Calcium Chloride and Sodium Phosphate in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Containing TrophAmine: Precipitation Studies and Aluminum Content

Objectives: The objectives were to determine concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl) and sodium phosphate (NaPhos) that can be safely added to TrophAmine-based parenteral nutrition (PN) and to measure aluminum (Al) concentrations in PN solutions containing CaCl and NaPhos vs those containing calcium gluconate (CaGlu) and potassium phosphate (KPhos). Methods: In study A, PN solutions containing varying amounts of TrophAmine, CaCl, and NaPhos were compounded and then evaluated visually for precipitation. In study B, Al concentrations were measured in PN solutions containing CaCl and NaPhos (S1), CaGlu and NaPhos (S2), or CaGlu and KPhos (S3). Results: Study A showed that a maximum phosphorus concentration of 15 mmol/L could be added to a solution containing 12.5 mmol/L of calcium without evidence of precipitation when the amino acid (AA) concentration reached ≥3 g/dL (3%). In study B, the mean (range) Al concentrations were S1 = 2.2 (1.9–2.4), S2 = 8.5 (7.8–9.3), and S3 = 11.7 (10.8–12.2) µmol/L (means of...
A test of the cognitive self-medication hypothesis of tobacco smoking in schizophrenia.

Background Heavier tobacco smoking among people with schizophrenia (SCZ) has been suggested to reflect self-medication of cognitive deficits. The idea that cognitive-enhancing effects of nicotine are a primary motivator of tobacco consumption in SCZ and that abstinence would deprive SCZ of such beneficial effects might explain hesitation among providers to pursue smoking cessation in SCZ. This study tested predictions of the cognitive self-medication hypothesis. Methods In three counterbalanced sessions, 17 SCZ and 17 healthy control subjects (HCS), all smokers, were tested under ad libitum smoking or 3.5 hours after abstaining and receiving a nicotine (14 mg/24 hours) or placebo patch. Results Attention task performance was improved by transdermal nicotine relative to placebo, with intermediate performance by ad libitum smoking. These effects were of similar size in SCZ and HCS and did not reflect remediation of functions disproportionately impaired in SCZ. Although more SCZ reported that the need to concentrate influenced their smoking, this was not reflected by the actual behavior of these patients. Self-reported ability to concentrate changed with nicotine status in HCS but not SCZ, suggesting insensitivity of SCZ to nicotine-derived performance benefits. Nicotine plasma concentrations after ad libitum smoking were not associated with performance benefits but instead with the propensity to experience nicotine withdrawal upon abstinence. This association was seen selectively in SCZ, suggesting a possible reason for heavier smoking. Conclusions These findings suggest that subjective or objective attentional benefits are unlikely the primary driving force of tobacco consumption in SCZ and should not discourage providers from supporting quit attempts.
Is MD Geometry Sampling Sufficient for Nucleobase Electronic Structure Analysis of ET Reactions? Comparing Classical MD and QM/MM Methods†

It has been shown in many experimental studies that one of the major charge-transfer mechanisms in nucleic acids is that by positive charge carriers (holes), residing predominantly on G bases. Theoretical charge-transfer calculations often use Koopmans’ theorem to approximate the relaxed doublet cation hole energies from simulations of the neutral ground state (GS). An assumption in these calculations is that the geometry and interactions of the doublet cation (DC) hole with the solvent is the same as that for the neutral GS. Here, we simulate the DC hole on solvated G and A nucleobases using combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods and compare the geometries and electronic structure of the charged bases to those of the neutral bases. We also study the effects of the solvent environment on the nucleobase electronic structure and estimate the size of the smallest solvent shell that needs to be included in order to achieve convergence of the nucleobase energy levels. We find that Koopm...
Predicting plant sulfur deficiency in soils: results from Ohio

We developed a model for plant available sulfur (S) in Ohio soils to predict potential crop plant S deficiency. The model includes inputs of plant available S due to atmospheric deposition and mineralization of soil organic S and output due to leaching. A leaching index was computed using data on annual precipitation; soil pH and clay content that influence sulfate adsorption; and pore water velocity based upon percent sand, silt, and clay. There are five categories of S status ranging from highly deficient to highly sufficient, and the categories are defined based on whether the crop S requirement was 15 or 30kg S ha−1 year−1. The final database derived from the model includes 1,473 soil samples representing 443 of the 475 soil series in Ohio. For a crop requiring 15kg S ha−1 year−1, most soils (68.6%) were classified as variably deficient, which implies that the response to S fertilization will be variable but often positive depending on specific crop conditions. For a crop requiring 30kg S ha−1 year−1, 43.2% of soils were classified as variably deficient, but 49.7% were classified as moderately or highly deficient, implying that a response to S fertilization will usually or always occur. The model predicts crop S status for a single state in the USA, but with proper inputs, it should be applicable to other areas.
Victimization as a cause of delinquency: The role of depression and gender

Victimization as a correlate of delinquency has been largely neglected in the criminological literature, despite research on Agnew's general strain theory (GST) suggesting that victimization is a type of strain likely to cause delinquency (Agnew, 2002). This study examined the role of depression and gender as potentially indispensable mechanisms in the victimization-delinquency relationship. Findings indicated that victimization has a positive effect on both delinquency and depression, and consistent with a GST explanation, the connection between victimization and delinquency is most pronounced for males with trait depression. This study added to the GST literature by distinguishing between trait and state emotion and by delineating GST predictions regarding each emotional form.
Maximum errors from quantization in multirate digital control systems

Upper bound determination for errors due to signal quantization in multirate digital control system through state variable or z transform formulations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication: Modulation by Cellular Levels of cAMP

HIV infection is associated with qualitative and functional immune deficiencies. It has been shown that the in vitro infection of CD4+ cells with HIV was associated with sustained elevation of cAMP and cGMP. In the present report the role of cAMP on HIV replication in MT-4 cells was investigated. The MT-4 cells were infected with HIV (strain 3b), in the presence or absence of agents that increase intracellular levels of cAMP, through different mechanisms. At selected times postinfection, HIV replication was measured by reverse transcriptase activity or HIV P24Ag in culture supernatants. Forskolin (FK, an activator of adenylate cyclase 1-100 microM), Isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, which indirectly increases intracellular levels of cAMP, 30-100 microM) and dibutyryl (db) cAMP (0.1-10 microM) enhanced HIV replication, in a dose-dependent manner. FK, IBMX, and db cAMP enhanced HIV replication by 2- to 10-fold, 4- to 7-fold, and 2- to 6-fold, respectively. Intracellular levels of cAMP were measured by radioimmunoassay and were also enhanced. Since cAMP exerts its catalytic effects through activation of protein kinase (PK) A the effect of H-8 (a specific inhibitor of the cAMP dependent PK A) on HIV replication was simultaneously examined. The H8 at doses of 0.1 to 10 microns inhibited HIV replication by 25 to 99.9%. Moreover H9 inhibited HIV replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by more than 90%. The replication of HIV appears to be a cAMP-dependent event, and PK A could possibly be a target for the development of anti-HIV therapies.
Dispositional mindfulness predicts attenuated waking salivary cortisol levels in cancer survivors: a latent growth curve analysis

Cancer survivors experience significant stress and diminished well-being long after treatment. Dispositional mindfulness is linked with salutary coping with stress and enhanced well-being, with potentially beneficial effects on stress-related hormones. In the present study, we evaluated dispositional mindfulness as a predictor of changes in waking salivary cortisol levels among a sample of cancer survivors. Mindfulness, well-being, and saliva samples were collected at baseline and at 4- and 12-week follow-ups. Latent growth curve analysis was conducted to examine baseline dispositional mindfulness as a predictor of changes in waking salivary cortisol over time, and regression analyses examined associations between well-being and cortisol. Findings indicated that cancer survivors who reported lower baseline levels of dispositional mindfulness exhibited increases in waking cortisol over time, whereas those who reported higher baseline dispositional mindfulness showed comparatively stable waking cortisol over the study period. Furthermore, increases in waking cortisol were associated with decreased well-being over the study period. This study provides preliminary evidence that cancer survivors with higher levels of dispositional mindfulness may be buffered from deleterious changes in cortisol secretion. Enhanced dispositional mindfulness may promote salutary neuroendocrine function among cancer survivors and thereby improve well-being during the survivorship process.
Pulmonary emboli risk reduction

Pulmonary embolism is a major cause of death in hospitalized patients in the United States. Significant morbidity is a characteristic of this phenomenon and its common antecedent, deep venous thrombosis. Research has shown that pulmonary embolism is rarely a consequence of superficial venous thrombosis. Because the signs and symptoms of these disorders are often nonspecific and not readily apparent, prevention is the goal of patient care. Nurses play a critical role in the prevention process. The recognition of persons at risk, the assessment of these patients for early signs and symptoms, and the institution of prophylactic measures to minimize the effect of any existing factors or to deter their development are essential components of nursing care. The administration of anticoagulation therapy, with the concomitant monitoring of its effectiveness, and the education of persons regarding precautions associated with the indicated medications and relevant lifestyle modifications are also fundamental aspects of care. This article provides a review of risk factors associated with pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis, particularly prolonged immobility and surgery involving the abdomen or lower extremities, as well as a review of the respective etiologies, most notably those encompassing Vichow's triad. In addition, current modalities to diagnose, treat, and prevent these allied disorders are discussed, as well as the associated nursing management.
Software technology for implementing reusable, distributed control systems

A tutorial overview of software innovations for implementing, and facilitating the reuse of, complex control systems. The article focuses on distributed control with multiple processors.
The Organization of Research in the Radio Industry after the War

One of the serious weaknesses in the organization of research in the radio industry between the two world wars was the absence of adequate research or incentives to research, on the part of RCA licensees. Another weakness was the tendency to bureaucracy in the large industrial laboratories. Our major postwar scientific need is for more men who combine a thorough training in their subjects with creative originality. Such men can be produced, but industry must give further thought to the conditions which lead to the most effective flowering of group and individual scientific productivity. There has been a tendency in the radio and other industries to burn up our young research men and exploit their youthful energy. There were very few companies in the radio industry prior to the war that had acquired the research spirit. Most of them were essentially imitative. The major rewards in these companies went to manufacturing positions, and the research men were given very little freedom and were placed under considerable pressure for short-range results. Where significant research contributions were made, adequate recognition was not given. This pattern should be changed, but it cannot be done merely by giving lip service to research. Another vital task is the protection of research personnel during business depressions. If we go through a period of difficult postwar readjustment, there is a serious danger that the research interest which is now developing in the medium-sized and small companies will not survive.
The kinetics of ribonucleic acid depolymerization by ribonuclease

Abstract pH variation of the Michaelis constant and maximum velocity for the RNAase (polyribonucleotide 2-oligonucleotidotransferase (cycling), EC 2.7.7.16) depolymerization of RNA was studied at 35° in 0.1 M sodium chloride. A change in slope of both pH−p K m and pH−p V plots was found at pH 6.2 indicating that an ionization occurs at this pH in the active center of the enzyme. This seems to indicate again that a histidine residue is present at the catalytic site involved in RNA depolymerization. The thermodynamics of activation of the enzyme were examined at pH 7.8 and found to be rather low and of the order of magnitude that might be expected for the ionization of a histidine residue.
Increased Intracranial Pressure

Increased intracranial pressure is associated with high morbidity and mortality, but prompt treatment can improve outcomes. Traumatic brain injury is the most common cause of increased intracranial pressure, and it results in many hospitalizations and emergency department visits every year. The optimal treatment of intracranial hypertension is not known, and further clinical studies are needed, particularly in children. However, there are many treatments available for increased intracranial pressure. This article reviews the pathophysiology of increased intracranial pressure, common clinical features of intracranial hypertension and cerebral herniation, and evidence for the treatment of increased intracranial pressure in children.