cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategy for Dualism

Dualists need to change their argumentative strategies if they wish to make a plausible case for dualism. In particular, dualists should not merely react and respond to physicalist views and arguments; they need to develop their own positive agenda. But neither should they focus their energies on constructing a priori arguments for dualism. Rather, dualists should acknowledge that what supports their view that consciousness exists and is a nonphysical phenomenon is observation, not argumentation. What is needed is a positive account of the nature of consciousness and the indispensable role that it plays in our lives, for it is only by showing the explanatory utility of the nonphysical that dualists can begin to discredit those who would deny its existence. In this paper, I try to give some idea of what such a positive theory of consciousness would look like. In particular, I argue for a theory of consciousness that contains a priori synthetic truths about the ontological nature and causal powers of consciousness.
Ethnographic Research in Medical Sociology Its Foci and Distinctive Contributions

Medical sociology ranges from studies of formal medical care to those of health, healing, and caring practices outside the health care system. This field has had a history of ethnographic and qualitative research since its beginnings. Because few studies in medical sociology derive from immersion in a setting, the authors examine those qualitative works in which researchers and subjects had sustained contact. They focus only on major areas in which ethnographic contributions have clustered: (1) disability, chronic illness, and terminal illness; (2) caring and curing; (3) medical sociology in aging research; (4) socialization into health care professions; and (5) the ethnography of ethics. Throughout this review, the added value of ethnographic research to each specific area is noted. Ethnographic research has enriched medical sociology with its emphasis on descriptive detail, meanings, ongoing processes, and concepts. The article ends with a discussion of methodological considerations for conducting resea...
Prehospital cardiac arrest in diabetic ketoacidemia: why brain swelling may lead to death before treatment

An adolescent is reported with type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidemia (DKA) who died from brain herniation prior to treatment with intravenous fluids and intravenous insulin. The pathophysiology of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) and water intoxication is discussed. As DKA evolves, water and electrolyte losses are replaced by very hypotonic fluids taken orally, leading to a physiologic excess of free water that would cause brain swelling prior to treatment. Central nervous system acidosis may interfere with normal compensatory mechanisms that help prevent small increases in ICP. The pathophysiology of pre-treatment brain swelling has important implications for rehydration with intravenous fluids and treatment with insulin. Prevention of DKA is paramount as well as complete postmortem evaluation of patients who die from this disease.
Study of Cluster Formation and its Effects on Rayleigh and Raman Scattering Measurements in a Mach 6 Wind Tunnel

Using a frequency-doubled Nd-YAG pulsed laser and a single-intensified CCD camera, Rayleigh scattering measurements have been performed to study the cluster formation in a Mach 6 wind tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center. These studies were conducted both in the free stream and in a model flow field for various flow conditions to gain an understanding of the dependence of the Rayleigh scattering (by clusters) on the local pressures and temperatures in the facility. Using the same laser system, we have also performed simultaneous measurements of the local temperature using the rotational Raman scattering of molecular nitrogen and determined the densities of molecular oxygen and nitrogen by using the vibrational Raman scattering from these species. Quantitative results will be presented in detail with emphasis on the applicability of the Rayleigh scattering for obtaining quantitative measurements of molecular densities both in the free stream and in the model flow field.
Folk medicine uses of melanotic Asiatic chickens as evidence of early diffusion to the New World.

Abstract Black-boned, black-skinned and black-meated chickens of many feather types and colors originated in Southeast Asia; the Southern Chinese, especially, used it in their folk medicine in ancient times. Many uses of this same Asiatic-type, melanotic chicken (BB-BMC) are currently shared by Mayan language groups in Latin America. The arbitrariness of the cures, most of which relate to illnesses considered to be induced by witchcraft, linked with a distinctive biological entity BB-BMC indicates that the assemblage of traits qualifies it as valid for testing the diffusion model. I have found that Amerinds in Mayan language groups possess many more of these folk medicine traits than Amerinds in other language and cultural groups. Away from the Mayan hearth in Guatemala, fewer Chinese like medicinal traits are found; but the fact that the intervening cultures effectively lack knowledge of cures with BB-BMC suggests presence of the cures prior to the dispersal and separation of Maya speakers. The BB-BMC's presence from the Mexican-U.S. border to Southern Chile indicates that the lack of folkloric medicine using BB-BMC is not associated with its absence but with the lack of a belief system related to it. Since belief systems of these types have to be carefully taught, a connection with the peoples of what is now Southern China or Southeast Asia was likely in pre-Columbian times. Certainly the early Iberians with their fear of the Inquisition and of becoming bewitched on board ships would not have allowed BB-BMCs and curers on their vessels. They had to have arrived earlier from Asia, since chickens were given as gifts to Spaniards by the 1520s–1540s on contact in several places in North and South America.
Occurrence of flunixin residues in bovine milk samples from the USA.

5-Hydroxy-flunixin concentrations in milk samples were quantified by two commercially available screening assays – CHARM® and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) – to determine whether any concentrations could be detected above the tolerance limit of 2 ng g−1 from different regions in the United States. Milk samples came from large tanker trucks hauling milk to processing plants, and had already been screened for antibiotics. Positive results for flunixin residues based on a screening assay were confirmed by ultra-HPLC with mass spectrometric detection. Of the 500 milk samples analysed in this study, one sample was found to have a 5-hydroxy-flunixin concentration greater than the tolerance limit. The results of this study indicate that flunixin residues in milk are possible. Regulatory agencies should be aware that such residues can occur, and should consider incorporating or expanding flunixin screening tests as part of routine drug monitoring in milk. Larger studies are needed to determine the t...
Mucus Properties In Children With Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: Comparison With Cystic Fibrosis

Objective It has been assumed that cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is due in part to abnormal airway mucus. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a form of bronchiectasis that is similar to CF in many ways but is caused by congenital defects in mucociliary clearance. Our objective was to compare the biophysical and transport properties of CF and PCD sputa in subjects matched for age and degree of lung function impairment. Design, setting, participants PCD patients (n = 19; mean age, 9.5 ± 3.0 years [± SD]; FEV 1 , 65.0 ± 7.8 L) were recruited from the clinic at the Royal Brompton Hospital. Patients with CF (n = 30, mean age, 10.8 ± 2.6 years; FEV 1 , 61.8 ± 22.8 L) were identified from the Wake Forest University School of Medicine CF Center. Pulmonary function testing and sputum collection were performed as part of routine, scheduled clinic visits. Measurements Pulmonary function was measured by spirometry, and sputum was collected during the pulmonary function test maneuver. Some patients were longitudinally assessed at visits during the course of 3 years. Sputum properties measured were dynamic viscoelasticity, wettability, cohesivity, interfacial (surface) tension, solids composition, DNA and interleukin (IL)-8 concentration, in vitro mucociliary transportability, and cough transportability. Results Inflammation as measured by IL-8 concentration was three times greater in the PCD sputa (p Conclusions It is unlikely that established CF lung disease is principally due to abnormal sputum properties, and it is more likely that the biophysical and transport properties reflect disease severity regardless of whether bronchiectasis is due to CF or PCD.
Asymptotic analysis of multi-hop networks with Markovian access control protocols

The theory developed by J.-T. Lim and S.M. Meerkov (1987) is applied to multi-hop networks. The effect of coupling between the hops on the degradation of the performance characteristics is investigated using two-hop networks with ALOHA-TDMA and TDMA-ALOHA architectures. The resulting throughput-delay characteristics and the probability of blocking are investigated, and the issue of hop decoupling is addressed. >
Lattice for a 1.1-GeV 500-μ A fast cycling proton synchrotron

A very high intensity proton synchrotron lattice has been designed for a spallation neutron source system. The synchrotron is to accelerate a beam of 6.25 × 1013 protons from 200 MeV to 1100 MeV in 15 msec. A detailed discussion on the synchrotron is described elsewhere. The proposed lattice is in modular form of storage ring type consisting of normal cells, dispersion suppressor cells and matching and straight section cells. Due to the fast repetition rate, the maximum required energy gains per turn is approximately 100 KeV, and this in turn needs approximately 20 meters or more of straight sections for the acceleration cavities. Such spaces for the cavities are to be provided by the insertion straight section. One of the important concerns for high intensity, high rep rate (50 pulses/sec) machine is stability of the beam. Considerations of the transverse space charge limits and the transverse stability criterion favor a high tune machine over a low tune machine of the same circumference. This high tune concept makes the average beta function throughout the lattice smaller and at the same time the momentum dispersion function smaller compared to a low tune machine. The smaller dispersion functions enables operation of the machine with a larger momentum bite, and a large momentum spread to alleviate the longitudinal instability. For these reasons, we made the tune as high as possible by making the cell length as short as possible.
Regulation of nuclear functions--nucleocytoplasmic transport in context.

A recent meeting of cell biologists in Cleveland, Ohio (April 22/23, 2004) highlighted the value of juxtaposing discussions of the functional organization of the nuclear periphery with themechanisms bywhich the nucleus receives signals, both from the cell surface and from defined sites in the cytoplasm. The event was jointly organized by theCell Biology Program of Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and the Cell Biology Department and Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. In introductory remarks, Alan Tartakoff (Case Western Reserve University) highlighted the breadth of importance of dynamic nucleocytoplasmic communication. He described contemporary molecular understanding of TMsignaling∫ to the nucleus as one of the recent TMconquests∫ of cell biology, which characteristically insists on mechanistic questions which involve topologic or topographic issues. He also called attention to the realization that many examples of nuclear import and export do not directly involve the TMclassic∫ transport pathways which are driven by theRanGTPase andmembers of the family of importins/exportins (also known as TMkaryopherins∫) (Gˆrlich and Kutay, 1999; Xu and Massague, 2004). He further emphasized that net relocalization of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (and vice versa) can ± in many cases ± result from adjustment of the rate constants of ongoing shuttling, rather that being due to TMde novo∫ unidirectional transport (Fig. 1) (Tartakoff et al., 2000). As a prelude for subsequent lectures, he then enumerated additional circumstances which can cause individual transport cargoes to distribute asymmetrically across the nuclear envelope: unmasking of transport signals and protein-protein interaction domains (due to covalent changes or displacement of inhibitory peptide domains), tethering of cargo proteins to immobile structures (either covalently or non-covalently), etc.
Impact of Medicare prospective reimbursement system on nutritional support service patients: the importance of pass throughs.

The financial data of all patients (535) admitted to the Nutritional Support Service (NSS) during 1985, including charges, true care costs, and actual reimbursement including pass-through payments (which are Medicare funds given directly to hospitals for education and capital equipment, and vary significantly from hospital to hospital), were analyzed. The NSS Medicare patients fell into 98 diagnostic related groups (DRGs). All 3,939 Medicare patients admitted in 1985 with the same DRGs as the NSS patients were also identified and their financial data analyzed. The NSS patients lost $999,643 because the 266 medicare reimbursed NSS patients sustained high losses which overwhelmed the modest profits of the 269 non-Medicare patients. When data from all Medicare patients (which includes both NSS and non-NSS patients) with the same DRGs are analyzed, large profits are realized. These profits are totally due to pass-through payments received. Without pass throughs the loss for all 3,939 Medicare patients in thes...
Small-Ball Probabilities for the Volume of Random Convex Sets

We prove small-deviation estimates for the volume of random convex sets. The focus is on convex hulls and Minkowski sums of line segments generated by independent random points. The random models considered include (Lebesgue) absolutely continuous probability measures with bounded densities and the class of log-concave measures.
Evolutionary evidence for a regulator gene controlling the lactate dehydrogenase B gene in rodent erythrocytes.

Erythrocyte and tissue lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) electrophoretic patterns of 26 rodent species from ten families were examined. The LDH B gene was observed to range in erythrocyte expression from species without detectable B subunits to those which predominantly expressed B subunits. However, the shift in erythrocyte B gene expression was not observed in the tissue LDH electrophoretic patterns between rodent species. Species which did not express erythrocyte B subunits, or only small quantities of B subunits, were restricted to the suborder Myomorpha. In erythrocytes of other rodent species, and most mammals, LDH B subunits are expressed equally or in excess of A subunits. The results suggest either structural differences in the LDH B gene between Myomorph and non-Myomorph rodents or a regulator gene which controls the expression of the B gene in Myomorph erythrocytes. Existing evidence favors the latter hypothesis.
Surface composition of liquid metals and alloys

Abstract In order to characterize the surfaces of liquids proposed for use as plasma-facing materials in fusion reactors, the techniques of low-energy ion scattering and direct recoil spectroscopy have been used to examine the surface compositions of liquid Li, Ga, Sn, and a Sn–Li alloy in vacuum as a function of temperature. Oxygen is found to segregate to the surface of several metallic liquids. In the case of a Sn–Li alloy, Li also segregates to the liquid surface. Molecular hydrogen and its isotopes readily adsorb on Li surfaces, but not on those of Ga or Sn. Hydrogenic atoms at thermal energies can adsorb on both Li and Ga, but no evidence has been found for hydrogen isotopes residing at the surface of liquid Sn from the melting temperature to 800 ∘C.
Identification of an endogenous ligand bound to a native orphan nuclear receptor.

Orphan nuclear receptors have been instrumental in identifying novel signaling pathways and therapeutic targets. However, identification of ligands for these receptors has often been based on random compound screens or other biased approaches. As a result, it remains unclear in many cases if the reported ligands are the true endogenous ligands, – i.e., the ligand that is bound to the receptor in an unperturbed in vivo setting. Technical limitations have limited our ability to identify ligands based on this rigorous definition. The orphan receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) is a key regulator of many metabolic pathways and linked to several diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, hemophilia and cancer. Here we utilize an affinity isolation/mass-spectrometry (AIMS) approach to demonstrate that HNF4α is selectively occupied by linoleic acid (LA, C18:2ω6) in mammalian cells and in the liver of fed mice. Receptor occupancy is dramatically reduced in the fasted state and in a receptor carrying a mutation derived from patients with Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young 1 (MODY1). Interestingly, however, ligand occupancy does not appear to have a significant effect on HNF4α transcriptional activity, as evidenced by genome-wide expression profiling in cells derived from human colon. We also use AIMS to show that LA binding is reversible in intact cells, indicating that HNF4α could be a viable drug target. This study establishes a general method to identify true endogenous ligands for nuclear receptors (and other lipid binding proteins), independent of transcriptional function, and to track in vivo receptor occupancy under physiologically relevant conditions.
Role of genetic factors in drug-related autoimmunity.

Although there is evidence to suggest that genetic factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of many of the rheumatic diseases, far less is known of their role in the induction and expression o...
Clarification of the intent of ventricular assist devices before patient consent

Moazami and Feldman recently proposed a single indication for mechanical circulatory support (MCS). This indication, ‘‘end-stage heart failure refractory to medical therapy,’’ similar to the tripartite nomenclature (‘‘destination therapy,’’ ‘‘bridge to transplant,’’ and ‘‘bridge to recovery’’) by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), is clinically and ethically incomplete. In this article, we describe how the CMS tripartite nomenclature unintentionally increases the risk of ethical problems characterized by misalignments in expectations and goals among heart failure teams, patients, and surrogates, and thus increases the risk of an inadequate informed consent process forMCS. Similar toMoazami and Feldman, we assert that the current tripartite nomenclature is problematic because of its emphasis on intended use. However, in providing only the single indication of MCS, the proposal by Moazami and Feldman does not address the nature of MCS, its shortand long-term goals, or outcomes. As a result, their proposal does not fully address the ethical problems with the CMS nomenclature. We address this ethical challenge with an ethically justified, clinically practical framework for describing ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation. Although this framework is particularly relevant for VADs, it is likely equally applicable for most other types of MCS devices. As clinical ethicists at 3 high-volume VAD programs, we often participate in informed consent processes with VAD candidates to elucidate patients’ and surrogates’ understanding and expectations of the device, trajectories, and outcomes, and to document advance care planning preferences before device implantation. We also conduct ethics consultations for VAD patients who already have the device implanted, typically for the purpose of mediating conflicts between surrogates or between surrogates and health care professionals about device deactivation and withdrawal of
Grading of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma by computed DNA content and p53 expression

Abstract Objectives Transitional cell carcinomas of upper urinary tract (uttTCC) constitute 5% to 6% of all urothelial tumors. Ureteropyeloscopy has become the standard for clinical evaluation of uutTCC. Moreover, endoscopic treatments have been advocated as a conservative approach for low grade tumors or patients with intermediate grade tumors whose renal function is compromised. Therefore, grading has become the most predictive variable in defining therapeutic approach. In addition to morphologic evaluation, a series of biologic markers may be used to increase the accuracy of grading such as DNA analysis and p53 protein expression. In this study, we have evaluated these markers by means of cell image analysis with the SAMBA 400 system. Methods Thirteen cases of uttTCC were studied with cytologic smear, cell block, and histologic confirmation. DNA analysis was performed on cytologic smear. Immunostaining was performed on cell blocks. A grade was assigned on the basis of DNA evaluation and p53 expression quantitation. These grades were combined for each case and compared with the initial cytologic grading and the final histologic grading. Results Cytology alone diagnosed TCC in all but 1 case that was diagnosed atypical. Discrepancies were found in primary grading: cytologic grading concurred with histologic grading in 6 of the 13 cases. Conclusions These results, although in a limited but selected number of cases, show the potential of computerized evaluation of biologic markers as parameters for a more objective grading of tumors.
Photo-stabilisation and photo-degradation in organic coatings containing a hindered amine light stabiliser: Part II—Consumption of hindered amine

Abstract Gas chromatography has been used to follow the consumption of the hindered amine light stabiliser, bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (HALS I) in an acrylic/melamine and an acrylic/urethane coating during exposure to ultraviolet (uv) light and humidity. The consumption rate is found to be a function of coating composition, exposure light intensity and humidity. In all cases, the rate of consumption is less than the photo-initiation rate of free radicals but greater than the net formation rate of nitroxide during the early stages of exposure. HALS I consumption in the urethane coating is found to be independent of humidity. HALS I consumption in the acrylic/melamine coating decreases with increasing humidity during exposure. In contrast, it was found in the previous paper that the net nitroxide formation rate increased with increasing humidity. This behavior can be accounted for by regeneration of hindered amine from nitroxide in the acrylic/melamine coating exposed under humid conditions. Another unexpected reaction observed in the acrylic/melamine coating is the conversion of HALS I groups to groups. These reactions are thought to involve formaldehyde which is released in the acrylic/melamine coating during cure and during exposure as a result of acrylic/melamine crosslink hydrolysis.
Patents in general

One way inventors are credited for their inventions is through patents. Patents are one form of intellectual property; other common forms are trade secrets, trademarks and copyrights. These four basic mechanisms are used for protecting rights in hardware and software development. A patent has both legal and technical meanings. Legally, a patent may be regarded as a contract between the inventor and the government. The US government through the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) promises the inventor certain exclusive rights for a limited period (usually 20 years). This is in exchange for the inventor's disclosure of an invention previously unknown to the public. Therefore, a patent enables its owner to "exclude others" from practicing the invention. Technically, a patent consists of a specification or description of the invention, usually with drawings, an abstract and claims. Electrical and mechanical inventions usually involve drawings. The purpose of the drawings is to teach the invention to the public when the patent is issued.
Measurement of electron beam polarization from unstrained GaAs via two-photon photoemission

Abstract Two-photon absorption of 1560 nm light was used to generate polarized electron beams from unstrained GaAs photocathodes of varying thickness: 625 μm, 0.32 μm, and 0.18 μm. For each photocathode, the degree of spin polarization of the photoemitted beam was less than 50%, contradicting earlier predictions based on simple quantum mechanical selection rules for spherically-symmetric systems but consistent with the more sophisticated model of Bhat et al. (Phys. Rev. B 71 (2005) 035209). Polarization via two-photon absorption was the highest from the thinnest photocathode sample and comparable to that obtained via one-photon absorption (using 778 nm light), with values 40.3±1.0% and 42.6±1.0%, respectively.
The Nature and Consequences of Thermal Interactions Twixt Core and Mantle

It is now well accepted that only a part of the heat flux from the Earth's interior is due to radioactive decay; a significant portion of the flux is due to secular cooling of the Earth (STACEY, 1980; JACKSON and POLLACK, 1984; CHRISTENSEN, 1985; STACEY and LOPER, 1988), and it follows directly that the core and mantle are cooling, albeit at differing rates (STACEY and LOPER, 1984). The cooling of the core, and the concomitant freezing of the inner core, is believed to be responsible for the operation of a gravitationally powered geomagnetic dynamo. The flux of heat from the core is convected upward through the mantle via plumes, whose surface expression is hotspots such as that at Hawaii. In this brief review, current ideas on the structure and dynamics of the core and mantle will be discussed and related to surface features and processes that result from the thermal interaction between core and mantle.
Parameter estimation algorithms based on a physics-based HRR moving target model

In contrast to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), High Range Resolution (HRR) radar may economically provide satisfactory target resolution when applied to moving targets scenarios. We have devised a series of new physics-based HRR moving target models with different degrees of simplification. These models represent the scatterers from both targets and clutter equally. By employing these models, we can unify the studies of both clutter suppression and target feature extraction into a single topic of model parameter estimation. Therefore, finding reliable parameter estimation algorithms based on these models becomes an important topic for target identification using HRR signatures. This paper derives and presents two feasible parameter estimation algorithms. The first algorithm (1DPE) reduces the 2D-estimation problem to two 1D-estimation problems, and solves the problems by employing some mature 1D-estimation algorithms. The second algorithm (2DFT) utilizes the 2D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to estimate the model parameters by simply applying the 2D DFT to the HRR data, and obtaining the estimation of model parameters from the peaks of the 2D DFT. In order to verify the performance of these algorithms, we performed a series of simulation experiments and the experimental results are presented in this paper. Finally, a brief comparison of these two algorithms is also presented.
Developments in high-density Cobra fiber positioners for the Subaru Telescope’s Prime Focus Spectrometer

The Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) is a fiber fed multi-object spectrometer for the Subaru Telescope that will conduct a variety of targeted surveys for studies of dark energy, galaxy evolution, and galactic archaeology. The key to the instrument is a high density array of fiber positioners placed at the prime focus of the Subaru Telescope. The system, nicknamed "Cobra", will be capable of rapidly reconfiguring the array of 2394 optical fibers to the image positions of astronomical targets in the focal plane with high accuracy. The system uses 2394 individual "SCARA robot" mechanisms that are 7.7mm in diameter and use 2 piezo-electric rotary motors to individually position each of the optical fibers within its patrol region. Testing demonstrates that the Cobra positioner can be moved to within 5 micrometers of an astronomical target in 6 move iterations with a success rate of 95%. The Cobra system is a key aspect of PFS that will enable its unprecedented combination of high-multiplex factor and observing efficiency on the Subaru telescope. The requirements, design, and prototyping efforts for the fiber positioner system for the PFS are described here as are the plans for modular construction, assembly, integration, functional testing, and performance validation.
Electro-optic properties of InGaAs/GaAs multiquantum wells for modulator applications

A study of the application of InGaAs/GaAs multiquantum wells for modulators using the electroabsorption ( Delta alpha ) and the electrofraction ( Delta n) effects is presented. The important parameters for these devices were measured directly in both waveguide and surface-normal configurations. The Delta n and Delta alpha spectra were shown to satisfy the Kramers-Kronig relations. >
Internal cardiac crux: two-dimensional echocardiography of normal and congenitally abnormal hearts

The internal cardiac crux is an important anatomic landmark for the appreciation of both normal and congenitally altered anatomy. The four-chamber two-dimensional echocardiographic plane of section at the internal crux is the most feasible tomographic plane. The unique noninvasive access to the internal crux anatomy is frequently more sensitive and diagnostic than other imaging modalities, including angiography. This report describes the echocardiographic and anatomic landmarks of the normal crux and the more frequent congenital anomalies that alter these relationships.
Metal silicides: active elements of ULSI contacts

As device dimensions scale to the 0.1 urn regime, the self-aligned suicide (SALICIDE) contact technology increasingly becomes an integral part of both the ultra-shallow junction and the metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor device itself. This paper will discuss the effect of suicide materials and formation processes on suicide stability, junction consumption, the ability to accurately profile shallow junctions, and contact resistance in series with the channel. The use of suicides as diffusion sources (SADS) provides an important pathway toward optimization of suicide technology. Diffusion of boron and arsenic from nearly epitaxial layers of CoSi2, formed from bilayers of Ti and Co, offer good suicide stability, ultra-shallow, low-leakage junctions, and low contact resistance.
The perceptual similarity of mirror-image acoustic patterns in speech

Prevocalic and postvocalic (unreleased) occurrences of a stop consonant differ in acoustic shape, but are not unrelated. In particular, the formant transitions taking place at release of a stop consonant approximately mirror in time the formant transitions occurring during closure, assuming that the vowel is the ~same. Several experiments have been performed using brief two-component tone burst approximations to the second and third formant transitions’ that occur in prevocalic and postvocalic allophones of/b, d, g/in order to determine whether such mirror-image acoustic patterns are perceptually related. Listener judgments of similarity within triads of these stimuli indicate that mirror-image patterrts representing the same place of articulation are less similar to each other than to patterns representing different places of articulation. Implications for the child who is acquiring language of the fact that mirror-image patterns in speech do not have inherent perceptual similarity are discussed.
A data-centric system identification approach to input signal design for Hammerstein systems

This paper examines the design of input signals for identification of Hammerstein systems in a data-centric framework by addressing the optimal distribution of regressors. Data-centric estimation methods such as Model-on-Demand (MoD) generate local function approximations from a database of regressors at the current operating point. The data-centric input signal design formulation aims to develop sufficient support in the regressor space for the MoD estimator, while addressing time-domain constraints on the input and output signals. A numerical example is shown to highlight the benefit of proposed design over classical Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS), Multi Level Pseudo Random Sequence (MLPRS) and uniform random input designs.
Microbial reverse-electrodialysis chemical-production cell for acid and alkali production

Abstract A new type of bioelectrochemical system, called a microbial reverse-electrodialysis chemical-production cell (MRCC), was developed to produce acid and alkali using energy derived from organic matter (acetate) and salinity gradients (NaCl solutions representative of seawater and river water). A bipolar membrane (BPM) was placed next to the anode to prevent Cl − contamination and acidification of the anolyte, and to produce protons for HCl recovery. A 5-cell paired reverse-electrodialysis (RED) stack provided the electrical energy required to overcome the BPM over-potential (0.3–0.6 V), making the overall process spontaneous. The MRCC reactor produced electricity (908 mW/m 2 ) as well as concentrated acidic and alkaline solutions, and therefore did not require an external power supply. After a fed-batch cycle, the pHs of the chemical product solutions were 1.65 ± 0.04 and 11.98 ± 0.10, due to the production of 1.35 ± 0.13 mmol of acid, and 0.59 ± 0.14 mmol of alkali. The acid- and alkali-production efficiencies based on generated current were 58 ± 3% and 25 ± 3%. These results demonstrated proof-of-concept acid and alkali production using only renewable energy sources.
Reaction-Path Dynamics in Redundant Internal Coordinates

This paper presents a general method for reaction-path calculations with redundant curvilinear internal coordinates. Following Pulay and Fogarasi, the generalized inverse of the Wilson &#x1d4a2; matrix is used to remove the redundancy of the curvilinear internal coordinates. An illustrative application to HBr + HCCH → H2CCHBr is presented, and the results with the new algorithm are compared to calculations with rectilinear coordinates.
Biodistribution of HuCC49ΔCH2-β-galactosidase in colorectal cancer xenograft model

Abstract Antibody–enzyme conjugate (AbE) has been widely studied for site-specific prodrug activation in tumors. The purpose of this study is to characterize the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of HuCC49ΔCH2-β-galactosidase conjugate. HuCC49ΔCH2 and β-galactosidase were chemically conjugated and injected into a LS 174T colon cancer xenograft model. A colorimetric assay was developed to quantify the HuCC49ΔCH2-β-galactosidase levels in plasma and tissues. The HuCC49ΔCH2-β-galactosidase conjugate distributed into tumor tissue as early as 6 h with the tumor/blood ratio of 5. This favored distribution of conjugate activity in the tumor tissue which was maintained up to 4 days post conjugate injection, while the conjugate was cleared rapidly from blood and other normal tissues (heart, spleen, lung, liver, kidney and stomach). At a high dose of 3000 U/kg, HuCC49ΔCH2-β-galactosidase conjugate saturated the antigen binding sites and yielded decreased tumor/normal tissue ratios compared to 1500 U/kg. These data suggest that HuCC49ΔCH2-β-galactosidase specifically target to the tumors to increase tumor selectivity.
Pulsed methylprednisolone therapy compared to high dose prednisone in systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis.

This study was done to determine whether intravenous methylprednisolone therapy given concomitantly with low-dose daily, oral prednisone would be as effective as highdose daily prednisone in the treatment of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) nephritis. Thirteen patients with active SLE nephritis were started on 2 mg/kg prednisone per day, considered the high prednisone phase. Therapy was continued until remission was achieved. Prednisone administration was then tapered to less than 0.5 but more than 0.2 mg/kg per day. On later relapse, these patients received three doses of methylprednisolone (20 mg/kg per dose) on alternate days and continued on the same daily dose of prednisone ( 0.2 mg/kg per day) prior to pulse therapy; this was the methylprednisolone phase. The 13 patients were studied in both phases, serving as their own controls. After 1 month of therapy, no significant differences were observed between treatment phases as to improvement in clinical and laboratory findings. A significant increase in the serum concentration of C3 and C4 was seen both in the highdose prednisone and methylprednisolone phases, while the serum concentration of anti-ds DNA antibody significantly decreased. Methylprednisolone therapy seems as effective as highdose prednisone in patients with relapse of SLE nephritis. Because side effects are minimal, methylprednisolone administration may be tried as the therapy of choice for these patients.
Forward-Looking Behavior and Time Limits: How Do Rural TANF Clients Manage Their Welfare Eligibility?

ABSTRACT Placing time limits on benefits was seen by the proponents of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act as a means to encourage welfare recipients to engage in forward-looking behavior so that they can plan for a life without welfare. Current studies provide mixed findings regarding the effects of time limits on welfare participation and focus primarily on the urban poor. In this study, we examine how Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) participants interpret and respond to time limits under different personal and local conditions. Data come from interviews conducted with 60 low-income women from two rural Mississippi counties. The results suggest that not all welfare clients are aware of time limits and that time limits rarely impact their behavior. Their views of time limits were influenced by three major factors: (1) a belief that their welfare status is temporary, (2) a misunderstanding of welfare policy, and (3) an inability to acknowledge personal a...
Empathy and the relationship between attitudinal similarity and attraction

Abstract Subjects varying in their levels of trait empathy encountered an attitudinally similar or dissimilar other. Replicating past research, subjects expressed much greater attraction for a similar rather than dissimilar other. Extending past research, the relationship between attitudinal similarity and attraction was much stronger among those having a strong rather than weak empathic tendency. Explanations, theoretical implications, and limitations are discussed.
Interface fluctuations in the two-dimensional weakly asymmetric simple exclusion process

Abstract We consider the two-dimensional weakly asymmetric simple exclusion process, where the asymmetry is along the X -axis. The generator for such a process can be written as e —2 L 0 +e —1 L α , e>0, where L 0 and L α are the generators for the nearest neighbor symmetric simple exclusion and totally asymmetric simple exclusion, respectively. We prove propagation of chaos and convergence to Burgers equation with viscosity in the limit as e goes to zero. The density fluctuation field converges to a generalized Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. The covariance kernel for a class of travelling wave solutions is consistent with a phase boundary which fluctuates according to a linear stochastic partial differential equation.
Advanced metal mirror processing for tactical ISR systems

Using its patented VQ™ finishing process, Raytheon EO Innovations has been producing low-scatter, low-figure and affordable aluminum 6061-based mirrors for long stand-off intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) systems in production since 2005. These common aperture multispectral systems require λ/30 root mean square (RMS) surface figure and sub-20A RMS finishes for optimal visible imaging performance. This paper discusses the process results, scatter performance, and fabrication capabilities of Multispectral Reflective Lightweight Optics Technology (MeRLOT™), a new lightweight substrate material. This new technology enables lightweight, common-aperture, broadband performance that can be put in the hands of the warfighter for precision targeting and surveillance operations.
Levodopa/Dopamine Analogs as Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis in Human Melanoma Cells

Compounds possessing the ortho-dihydroxybenzene moiety and structurally related to levodopa and dopamine appear to belong to a new class of biologically active agents that are capable of inhibiting DNA synthesis in a variety of normal and malignant eukaryotic cells. They appear to work in part through their properties as potent reducing agents, and thereby interfere with several redox reactions that are crucial to the synthesis of cellular DNA. Interestingly, the compounds can then be converted to their oxidized or quinone forms, which are powerful electrophiles, and further disrupt cellular metabolism. This latter mechanism appears to account for the relatively increased cytotoxicity observed in melanin-producing cells. In addition to providing potential new agents for the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma, these compounds might prove to be valuable tools in determining the factors that influence rates of DNA synthesis in normal and malignant cells.
Volume analysis of treatment response of head and neck lesions using 3D level set segmentation

A computerized system for segmenting lesions in head and neck CT scans was developed to assist radiologists in estimation of the response to treatment of malignant lesions. The system performs 3D segmentations based on a level set model and uses as input an approximate bounding box for the lesion of interest. In this preliminary study, CT scans from a pre-treatment exam and a post one-cycle chemotherapy exam of 13 patients containing head and neck neoplasms were used. A radiologist marked 35 temporal pairs of lesions. 13 pairs were primary site cancers and 22 pairs were metastatic lymph nodes. For all lesions, a radiologist outlined a contour on the best slice on both the pre- and post treatment scans. For the 13 primary lesion pairs, full 3D contours were also extracted by a radiologist. The average pre- and post-treatment areas on the best slices for all lesions were 4.5 and 2.1 cm 2 , respectively. For the 13 primary site pairs the average pre- and post-treatment primary lesions volumes were 15.4 and 6.7 cm 3 respectively. The correlation between the automatic and manual estimates for the pre-to-post-treatment change in area for all 35 pairs was r=0.97, while the correlation for the percent change in area was r=0.80. The correlation for the change in volume for the 13 primary site pairs was r=0.89, while the correlation for the percent change in volume was r=0.79. The average signed percent error between the automatic and manual areas for all 70 lesions was 11.0±20.6%. The average signed percent error between the automatic and manual volumes for all 26 primary lesions was 37.8±42.1%. The preliminary results indicate that the automated segmentation system can reliably estimate tumor size change in response to treatment relative to radiologist's hand segmentation.
Meningitis due to the morgan bacillus

Summary 1. A case of Morgan bacillus meningitis is presented, and it is believed to be the only case reported in the American literature. 2. There is a brief review of the extent of the infectiousness of theorganism. 3. The cultural and biochemical characteristics of the Morgan bacillus of the case are presented.
The effect of organophosphate insecticides on adrenal corticosterone formation

Abstract In vitro and in vivo experiments with Sprague-Dawley rats showed that the three organophosphate insecticides tested (see below) depressed endogenous corticosterone synthesis and blocked corticosteroidogenesis in response to ACTH and cAMP stimulation of a suspension of adrenal cells. Pregnenolone stimulation of adrenal cells was not inhibited at the insecticide concentrations which blocked the ACTH and cAMP stimulation of corticosteroidogenesis. It was concluded that the insecticides act beyond the site of action of ACTH and at or beyond the level of cAMP metabolism and prior to the metabolism of pregnenolone. Insecticides tested were: dichlorvos ( O,O -dimethyl- O ,2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate), Dursban (phosphorothioic acid: O,O -diethyl O -3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl ester), and Diazinon (phosphorothioic acid: O,O -diethyl O -(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl ester).
Intimate Behavior and the Assessment of Benefits in Clinical Groups

In a series of studies, three measures of clinical group benefits are developed These scales assess intimate behavior—a construct hypothesized to be central to the explication of group benefits. Intimate behavior increases awareness and knowledge of the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning of self (intrapersonal intimacy) and of others, and the relationship of self to others (interpersonal intimacy). The three measures developed in this study assess performance of the behaviors in a group (or any other given setting), attitudes toward the behaviors, and performance of the behaviors in every day life. Elicitation of behavior in groups is readily accomplished, but it is constrained by person and situation variables. Attitudes toward the behaviors are volatile, changes in behavior outside the group are more difficult to effect
Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with comorbid cannabis use disorders (CUDs) in hospitalized patients with bipolar I disorder

Abstract Background Published data suggest that cannabis use is associated with several negative consequences for individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), including new manic episode onset, psychosis, and functional disability. Yet much less is known about cannabis use disorders (CUDs) in this population, especially in more acutely symptomatic groups. Methods To evaluate correlates of CUD comorbidity in BD, a retrospective chart review was conducted for 230 adult patients with bipolar I disorder (BDI) who were admitted to a university-affiliated private psychiatric hospital. Using a computer algorithm, a hospital administrator extracted relevant demographic and clinical data from the electronic medical record for analysis. Results Thirty-six (16%) had a comorbid CUD. CUD comorbidity was significantly associated with younger age, manic/mixed episode polarity, presence of psychotic features, and comorbid nicotine dependence, alcohol use disorder (AUD), and other substance use disorders, but was associated with decreased likelihood of anxiety disorder comorbidity. With the exception of manic/mixed polarity and AUD comorbidity, results from multivariate analyses controlling for the presence of other SUDs were consistent with univariate findings. Conclusion Patients with BD and comorbid CUDs appear to be a complex population with need for enhanced clinical monitoring. Given increasing public acceptance of cannabis use, and the limited availability of evidenced-based interventions targeted toward CUDs in BD, psychoeducation and other treatment development efforts appear to be warranted.
High-Speed Flow Nature Identification

This paper concerns the fundamental problem of identifying the content nature of a flow, namely text, binary, or encrypted, for the first time. We propose Iustitia, a tool for identifying flow nature on the fly. The key observation behind Iustitia is that text flows have the lowest entropy and encrypted flows have the highest entropy, while the entropy of binary flows stands in between. The basic idea of Iustitia is to classify flows using machine learning techniques where a feature is the entropy of every certain number of consecutive bytes. The key features of Iustitia are high speed (10% of average packet inter-arrival time) and high accuracy (86%).