cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
W-WIMP Annihilation as a Source of the Fermi Bubbles

The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope discovered two $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emitting bubble-shaped structures that extend nearly symmetrically on either side of our Galaxy and appear morphologically connected to the Galactic center. The origin of the emission is still not entirely clear. It was recently shown that the spectral shape of the emission from the Fermi bubbles is well described by an approximately 50 GeV dark matter particle annihilating to $b\overline{b}$, with a normalization corresponding to a velocity average annihilation cross section $⟨{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{b}v⟩\ensuremath{\approx}8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$. We study the minimal hidden sector recently introduced by Weinberg and examine to what extent its weakly interacting massive particles are capable of accommodating both the desired effective annihilation rate into quarks and the observed dark matter density.
Peptide map analysis of normal plasma and platelet factor VIII antigen

Abstract Factor VIII antigen from platelet intracellular granules was immunoprecipitated using a monospecific rabbit antibody to normal plasma factor VIII antigen. The factor VIII antigen in the immunoprecipitate was isolated on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, radiolabeled with 125 I, trypsinized, and subjected to peptide mapping using two dimensional high voltage electrophoresis and thin layer chromatography. The platelet protein was compared to purified plasma factor VIII antigen. The two dimensional tryptic 125 I peptide map of platelet granule factor VIII antigen was similar but not identical to the plasma factor VIII antigen peptide map. The platelet and plasma proteins shared approximately 34 radioactive peptide spots. Seven plasma factor VIII antigen peptides were not detected in platelet factor VIII antigen. The reason for the structural differences of plasma and platelet granule factor VIII antigen are unknown. The possibility is raised that proteolysis has altered the platelet protein in vitro. It is also possible that factor VIII antigen synthesized by megakaryocytes differs from the plasma protein.
Assessing American children's attitudes towards computer technology

The intention of this research was to develop an instrument with which to assess the attitude(s) of elementary school children in the United States towards the use of computer technologies. This instrument, modeled after the draw‐a‐scientist test, the draw‐a‐teacher test, and the draw‐a‐dentist test, was used to identify the attitudes of 4,982 children in Reading, Pennsylvania and Albuquerque, New Mexico towards computer usage in American society. The results of this study indicate that American children perceive of computer users as being professionals who use computers in their everyday work, rather than as a separate occupation. American adults perceive of scientists and technologists, including computer users, as being white‐coated; bespectacled; elderly men, who work in equipment filled rooms, and who carry slide rulers in their hands and mechanical lead pencils in their pockets [1, 2]. American elementary‐aged school children do not hold the same stereotypes as their parents towards the use of compu...
P125 A novel IFN-G-stimulated ATF6/C/EBP-β signaling pathway critical for the induction of autophagy and elimination of bacteria

Introduction The IFNs operate a frontline defense against pathogens and neoplastic cells in vivo by controlling the expression of several genes. The Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 (DAPK1), an IFN-γ induced enzyme, controls cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, and tumor metastasis. Previously, we have shown that transcription factor C/EBP-β is required for the basal and IFN-γ-induced expression of DAPK1 . Here, we show that ATF6, an ER stress-induced transcription factor, interacts with C/EBP-β and is obligatory for Dapk1 expression. IFN-stimulated proteolytic processing of ATF6 and ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation of C/EBP-β are necessary for these interactions. More importantly, IFN- γ -failed to activate autophagy in cells lacking either ATF6 or C/EBP-β. Indeed, the Atf6 −/− mice were highly susceptible to lethal bacterial infections compared to the wildtype mice. The activation of this signaling axis is independent from the IFN-induced JAK-STAT pathways. These studies, for the first time, not only unravel a novel IFN signaling pathway that controls cell growth, autophagy and antibacterial defense but also expand the role of ATF6 beyond ER-stress. Methods Gene knockout mice, ChIP assays, transcription factor activity assays, FRET assays, autophagy assays, lethal infection by bacteria were used in these studies. Results IFN-γ induced the translocation of ATF6 from ER to the Golgi, where it underwent proteolytic activation. Transcriptionally active ATF6 migrated to the nucleus, and bound to the promoter of DAPK1. IFN-γ also caused the activation of the ERK-1/2. The latter phosphorylated C/EBP-β, which then formed a complex with ATF6 and drove gene expression in response to IFN-γ. More importantly, loss of ATF6 or C/EBP-β suppressed IFN-induced autophagy. Mice devoid of the ATF6 gene were highly susceptible to lethal infection by anthrax bacillus. Conclusion IFN-induces a novel signaling pathway that drives autophagy, where in proteolytic cleavage of ATF6 and MAPK-driven phosphorylation of C/EBP-β are critical. Loss of ATF6 increases susceptibility of animals to lethal bacterial infections.
7.1: Invited Paper: Plotting the Course of the Next VESA Flat Panel Display Measurements Standard

The Display Metrology Committee of the Video Electronics Standards Association is developing the next Flat Panel Display Measurements Standard. The document's philosophy and the standard's acceptance are reviewed. New directions will be reviewed, including more diagnostics, robust reflection measurements and their scaling, motion artifacts, and robustness of the measurement.
Comment on Fabbrini et al. Effect of Plasma Uric Acid on Antioxidant Capacity, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Subjects. Diabetes 2014;63:976−981

The article by Fabbrini et al. (1) addressed the potential impact of obesity-mediated enhancement of plasma uric acid (UA) levels on oxidative stress and resultant effects on impaired glucose tolerance/insulin resistance. By lowering UA levels in obese patients with elevated UA via administration of uricase (rasburicase), the authors demonstrate substantive diminution of circulating small molecule antioxidants as well as enhanced abundance of secondary indicators of oxidative stress (8-isoprostane and protein carbonylation). They conclude that …
Compulsive behaviors as presenting symptoms of frontotemporal dementia

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common neurodegenerative dementia syndrome. Compulsive behaviors frequently occur in FTD and may be presenting symptoms of this disorder. This study evaluated compulsive behaviors as presenting symptoms in 29 patients with FTD compared to 48 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) enrolled in the UCLA Alzheimer's Disease Center. The FTD patients met the Lund and Manchester criteria for FTD and had predominant frontal hypoperfusion on single-photon emission computer tomography neuroimaging. The AD patients met National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders criteria for clinically probable AD. Compulsive behaviors occurred in 11 FTD patients (38%) versus 5 AD patients (10%) (chi2 = 6.73, P < .01). This difference persisted after controlling for the younger age of the FTD group. There was a range of compulsive behaviors, with the most frequent being repetitive checking activities. Compulsive behaviors are common presenting symptoms among FTD patients and may result from an inability to inhibit urges to perform compulsive movements from damage to frontal-striatal circuits.
Fast nearest-neighbor search in disk-resident graphs

Link prediction, personalized graph search, fraud detection, and many such graph mining problems revolve around the computation of the most "similar" k nodes to a given query node. One widely used class of similarity measures is based on random walks on graphs, e.g., personalized pagerank, hitting and commute times, and simrank. There are two fundamental problems associated with these measures. First, existing online algorithms typically examine the local neighborhood of the query node which can become significantly slower whenever high-degree nodes are encountered (a common phenomenon in real-world graphs). We prove that turning high degree nodes into sinks results in only a small approximation error, while greatly improving running times. The second problem is that of computing similarities at query time when the graph is too large to be memory-resident. The obvious solution is to split the graph into clusters of nodes and store each cluster on a disk page; ideally random walks will rarely cross cluster boundaries and cause page-faults. Our contributions here are twofold: (a) we present an efficient deterministic algorithm to find the k closest neighbors (in terms of personalized pagerank) of any query node in such a clustered graph, and (b) we develop a clustering algorithm (RWDISK) that uses only sequential sweeps over data files. Empirical results on several large publicly available graphs like DBLP, Citeseer and Live-Journal (~ 90 M edges) demonstrate that turning high degree nodes into sinks not only improves running time of RWDISK by a factor of 3 but also boosts link prediction accuracy by a factor of 4 on average. We also show that RWDISK returns more desirable (high conductance and small size) clusters than the popular clustering algorithm METIS, while requiring much less memory. Finally our deterministic algorithm for computing nearest neighbors incurs far fewer page-faults (factor of 5) than actually simulating random walks.
Driveway crush injuries in young children: a highly lethal, devastating, and potentially preventable event.

Abstract Background/Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate driveway-related injuries in children, identify associated risk factors, and evaluate outcome compared with other mechanisms of blunt trauma. Methods: A 6-year review (1991 to 1996) of pediatric (age less than 18 years) pedestrian injuries treated at two urban trauma centers was conducted: one regional pediatric trauma center and one level I trauma center with pediatric commitment. Five hundred twenty-seven children injured in pedestrian accidents were identified from the trauma registry; 51 children (10%) sustained traumatic injuries as a result of being struck in their driveway. Data are reported as mean ± SEM. Results: Children less than 5 years of age (n = 41) had an injury severity score (ISS) of 12.3 ± 2.3, 15 (37%) sustained closed head injury, 13 (37%) had torso trauma, 19 (46%) skeletal trauma, and eight (20%) died. Children ≥ 5 years old (n = 10) had an ISS of 10.7 ± 2.4, three (30%) sustained closed head injury, four (40%) torso trauma, six (60%) skeletal trauma, and none died. In contrast, all other pediatric pedestrian accidents analyzed over the same time period had a mortality rate of only 2% (11 of 476). Conclusions: Pediatric driveway trauma carries a significant risk of head injury and a 10-fold increase in mortality in children under 5 years of age when compared with all other pediatric pedestrian accidents. More emphasis must be placed on injury prevention and public education to prevent this devastating mechanism of injury in these young, vulnerable children.
Readability and comprehensibility of the "exercise lite" brochure.

Studies suggest that exercise literature tends to be very difficult to read and the writing not matched to the reading ability of the audience for which it was intended. Two studies aimed at describing the readability and comprehensibility of the recently developed U.S. Centers for Disease Control and American College of Sports Medicine "Exercise Lite" brochure were conducted. In Study 1, the brochure's readability was assessed using four different formulas. This study showed that the brochure was written at a level equivalent to that of a scientific journal article. In Study 2, 56 participants (two-thirds of whom were college graduates) were tested to assess whether they could comprehend the brochure's message. Results showed that, without supplemental instruction, the Exercise Lite brochure was incomprehensible for 69.6% (n = 39) of the subjects.
First Report of Apium virus Y on Cilantro, Celery, and Parsley in California.

Recently, Apium virus Y (ApVY) was detected in field-grown cilantro (Coriandrum sativum), celery (Apium graveolens), and parsley (Petroselinum crispum) in California. In 2003, cilantro plants growing in three different fields in California (Monterey, San Joaquin, and San Luis Obispo counties) expressed symptoms of mosaic, vein clearing, and stunting. When plant sap was examined by transmission electron microscopy, flexuous, rod-shaped virus particles were observed. Total RNA was extracted from the symptomatic cilantro plants and used as a template in reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using universal potyvirus primers according to Chen et al. (1). The RT-PCR product was cloned into pGEM-T (Promega, Madison, WI) and the insert of 1,713 bp was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EU515125). Nucleotide sequences from clones derived from three different infected cilantro plants were 89 to 97% identical to ApVY sequences encoding partial sequence of polyprotein in GenBank (Accession Nos. AY049716, EU127499, AF207594, ...
A Raman study of the phase transition in crystalline trans‐1,4‐polybutadiene

Raman spectroscopy has been used to analyze the characteristics of the crystal–crystal phase transition of trans-1,4-polybutadiene. The low- and high-temperature structures were found to coexist at the transition. The Raman spectra obtained at high temperature can be understood on the basis of the change in chain conformation associated with the phase transition.
Confidence Limits for Maximum Word-Recognition Scores

Clinical judgments are often made regarding whether maximum word-recognition scores (PBmax) are appropriate in relation to degree of sensorineural hearing loss. In order to determine if word recogn...
The effect of prostaglandin F2α on canine hepatic bile flow and biliary cyclic AMP secretion

Abstract This study evaluates the effects of prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) on canine hepatic bile flow and gastric hydrogen ion output and on biliary cyclic AMP excretion. During the experiments the enterohepatic circulation was maintained by intravenous bile salt infusion. PGF 2α was administered through either a separate intravenous or intra-arterial line in doses of 1, 2, 4, and 8 μ/kg/min. PGF 2α produced progressive increases in bile output and gastric hydrogen ion output. The choleresis was characterized by increased bile salt and chloride secretion suggesting that PGF 2α altered bile flow at the canalicular level. There was no greater response produced when the prostaglandins were administered intra-arterially compared to the response produced by intravenous PGF 2α . Bile cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Cyclic AMP concentrations were decreased by all doses of PGF 2α administered while cyclic AMP output was significantly decreased only by 8 μ/kg/min of PGF 2α . Cyclic GMP levels were consistently less than 0.8 pmol/ml and were not changed by PGF 2α . The results indicate that PFG 2α stimulates hepatic bile flow and gastric hydrogen ion output in a dose-related manner, the choleresis may be canalicular in nature, and metabolic degradation of PGF 2α by the lungs in these studies did not greatly influence the results obtained. Biliary cyclic AMP levels were decreased, suggesting that PGF 2α does not produce its response by stimulating the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system.
Soy protein foods in U.S. assistance programs

Soy protein food products occupy an important place in both U.S. overseas and domestic food assistance programs. In the overseas food donation program the products serve as the source of protein for the fortification of conventional processed commodities—wheat flour, corn meal, rolled oats, bulgur, and sorghum grits—and as a major source of protein in several cereal soy products designed for special use as child food supplements. Acceptance of these products has been good and more than 1 billion lb. of soy-fortified foods were distributed in the overseas program during July 1, 1972-June 30, 1973. In domestic food assistance programs, soy protein foods which meet U.S. Department of Agriculture requirements have been introduced into both school lunch and breakfast programs and also are distributed to needy families. Two products, textured soy protein and protein-fortified enriched macaroni, are permitted to meet part of the meat requirement in the Type A school lunch. In the school breakfast program, soy protein is a permitted ingredient in protein-fortified foods such as doughnuts, cake-like baked products, and cereal-fruit products. They were introduced primarily to meet the need for nutritious food items that require no kitchen facilities to prepare and are convenient to serve in schools that lack food service facilities. Specifications for the various food products are presented.
Educating the Educators Global Dimensions of Collaborative Fieldwork in an Urban Region of Southeast Asia

A field project was conducted in Thailand in the summer of 1998 to train an interdisciplinary and multinational faculty team about globalization using sustainable development as the project framework. The experiment sought to test the assumptions that international faculty collaborations in overseas projects would expand the members’ global awareness and that the project locale would also benefit from the introduction of a global approach to sustainable development. These assumptions were found to be valid, with qualifications. The fieldwork proved to be a decisive globally focused educational experience for all the faculty disciplines involved, although in sometimes unexpected ways; the sustainable development approach and its global linkages provided a welcome alternative planning framework for the local host institutions.
Noise benefits in backpropagation and deep bidirectional pre-training

We prove that noise can speed convergence in the backpropagation algorithm. The proof consists of two separate results. The first result proves that the backpropagation algorithm is a special case of the generalized Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for iterative maximum likelihood estimation. The second result uses the recent EM noise benefit to derive a sufficient condition for backpropagation training. The noise adds directly to the training data. A noise benefit also applies to the deep bidirectional pre-training of the neural network as well as to the backpropagation training of the network. The geometry of the noise benefit depends on the probability structure of the neurons at each layer. Logistic sigmoidal neurons produce a forbidden noise region that lies below a hyperplane. Then all noise on or above the hyperplane can only speed convergence of the neural network. The forbidden noise region is a sphere if the neurons have a Gaussian signal or activation function. These noise benefits all follow from the general noise benefit of the EM algorithm. Monte Carlo sample means estimate the population expectations in the EM algorithm. We demonstrate the noise benefits using MNIST digit classification.
Embryonic expression of zebrafish MiT family genes tfe3b, tfeb, and tfec

The MiT family comprises four genes in mammals: Mitf, Tfe3, Tfeb, and Tfec, which encode transcription factors of the basic-helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper class. Mitf is well-known for its essential role in the development of melanocytes, however the functions of the other members of this family, and of interactions between them, are less well understood. We have now characterized the complete set of MiT genes from zebrafish, which totals six instead of four. The zebrafish genome contain two mitf (mitfa and mitfb), two tfe3 (tfe3a and tfe3b), and single tfeb and tfec genes; this distribution is shared with other teleosts. We present here the sequence and embryonic expression patterns for the zebrafish tfe3b, tfeb, and tfec genes, and identify a new isoform of tfe3a. These findings will assist in elucidating the roles of the MiT gene family over the course of vertebrate evolution. Developmental Dynamics 240:2529–2538, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Motion-modulated vestibular neurons: central versus peripheral effects of cholinergic blocking agents.

Die Aktivitat der Vestibular-Neurone in der decerebralisierten Katze wird durch Scopolamin, nicht aber durch Scopolamin-Methylbromid oder andere quaternare Ammoniumanaloga des Scopolamins mit muscarinartigem Effekt, gehemmt. Es scheint, dass nur zentralangreifende antimuscarine Substanzen bei der Behandlung der «Bewegungskrankheit» (motion sickness) wirksam sind.
Role of Process Variation in the Radiation Response of FGMOS Devices

UV erasure times are measured and used to determine the degree of process variation across the die of FGMOS memories. Analysis of data obtained following exposure to ionizing radiation separates SEU-like mechanisms that generate anomalous decreases in erasure time from the uniform effects of TID.
Neurophysiopathogenesis of Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Unified Hypothesis

The characteristic presenting complaint of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is chronic widespread allodynia. Research findings support the view that FMS is an understandable and treatable neuropathophysiologic disorder. The pain of FMS is often accompanied by one or more other manifestations, such as affective moods, cognitive insecurity, autonomic dysfunction, or irritable bowel or bladder. Growing evidence suggests that this is a familial disorder with many underlying genetic associations. New findings from brain imaging and polysomnography imply that FMS may be a disorder of premature neurologic aging. A conceptual model at the molecular level is proposed to explain many of the observed features of FMS. The model can also explain anticipated responses to FDA approved pharmacologic therapies.
Marking and Hierarchy Types and the Grammaticalization of Case-Markers

Silverstein (1976) showed that the grammatical cases take varying kinds of case-marking according to the hierarchical value of the nominal being marked. This paper demonstrates that such hierarchical marking occurs in non-grammatical cases as well. Moreover, these cases typically take nominals of a specific hierarchical value as arguments. Analysis of the data according to classic marking theory reveals that departures from the typical pattern often take extra morphological marking. Since the new forms appear in atypical contexts, they are prone to being pragmatically reinterpreted. And the combination of marking and reinterpretation will produce new cases in the language.
Relative Resistance of Primary HIV-1 Isolates to Neutralization by Soluble CD4

Replication of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) underlies the pathogenesis and progression of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A soluble form of the virus receptor, CD4, has been developed as a potential therapeutic agent with good activity against laboratory strains of HIV-1 in vitro. However, quantitative virologic studies performed to date on the blood of patients receiving recombinant soluble CD4 (sCD4) demonstrated no efficacy in vivo despite good drug levels in serum. These results led us to examine the neutralizing activity of sCD4 against multiple primary HIV-1 isolates from infected patients. The findings demonstrate that primary isolates were significantly more resistant to sCD4 than were laboratory strains, which suggests a need to reevaluate CD4-based therapies and to conduct better designed preclinical studies that include experiments performed on patient viral isolates.
A biobehavioral developmental profile (BDP) for the pigtailed monkey.

Behavioral development during the 1st 5 months of life was observed in 21 group-living mother-reared pigtailed (M. nernestrina) monkey infants. Periodic behavioral observation sessions provided monthly mean scores for 28 different behavioral items. Infants appeared to be separable on several behavioral continua, including their general level of activity and the nature of the mother-infant relationship. Individual differences were prominent, appeared early and persisted. Patterns of behavior were examined and found to be stable across time. Physiological data (heart rate, body temperature, sleep patterns EEG activity) were collected from 15 of the infants at a mean age of 23 weeks using totally implantable multichannel biotelemetry systems. Group mean values and measures of individual variability were obtained for 23 physiological variables. Physiological variables were correlated with each other and measures of concurrent behavior; the following relationships emerged: Animals with higher body temperatures, both day and night, also tended to have higher heart rates. EEG alpha frequency and alpha ratio (a measure of alpha organization) were positively correlated, meaning animals with higher-frequency alpha activity tended to have better organized alpha, with less background slowing. Animals with higher alpha frequencies and alpha ratios had more cardiac arrhythmias. Animals with lower body temperatures had longer REM periods and had more Drowsy and less Stage 2 sleep periods, with more frequent awakenings. More active animals had higher body temperatures and heart rates both day and night; animals who rested more had lower body temperatures. Infants that spent more time away from the mother (not in physical contact) appeared to have more cardiac arrhythmias. Infants that were carried more or cradled more by the mother tended to have lower alpha ratios (more slow activity intermixed). More active infants tended to have more Stage 3 4 sleep, less REM sleep, and shorter REM periods than did less active infants. The behavioral data collected during the 1st 4 months of life in the subset of 15 infants were correlated with the subsequent physiological data, and several different types of correlational patterns emerged. Certain physiological variables were highly correlated with behavior during all months, others were highly correlated only with early behavior (e.g., Months 2 and 3) or with lnter behavior (e.g., Months 3 and 4).
Phase advance and β function measurements using model-independent analysis

Phase advance and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ function are basic lattice functions characterizing the linear properties of an accelerator lattice. Accurate and efficient measurements of these quantities are important for commissioning and operating a machine. For rings with little coupling, we report a new method to measure these lattice functions based on the model-independent analysis technique, which uses beam histories of excited betatron oscillations measured simultaneously at a large number of beam position monitors. It is simple, fast, accurate, and robust. Measurements done at the storage ring of the Advanced Photon Source are reported. Comparisons among various methods are made.
Spatial patterns of ionization in charged-particle tracks

Abstract The physical structure of charged-particle tracks plays an important role in determining the response of a stopping material to the absorption of energy following irradiation by charged particles and neutrons. For biological systems, and for muelectronic circuits, the response is sensitive to the energy deposited in submun-size volume elements. Because of the stochastic nature of energy deposition in and near charged particle tracks, there may be wide variations in the actual quantities of energy deposited in critical volume elements. Since direct measurements of energy deposition in condensed material (solids or liquids) are not technologically feasible, the effects of charged-particle track structure are usually estimated from one of several model calculations; the most commonly used are homogeneous track structure models. Recent interest in the radiation biology of high Linear-Energy-Transfer (LET) radiation has spurred interest in testing these model descriptions of the structure of high-energy heavy-ion tracks. As one means of providing such tests, experiments were recently conducted at the GSI-Darmstadt, UNILAC accelerator, to measure energy deposition in small volumes as a function of the radial distance from the path of fast, heavy ions. These measurements, conducted in collaboration with research groups of Dr. G. Kraft at GSI and Prof. Schmidt-Bocking of the University of Frankfurt, were made for simulated tissue volumes 0.5 and 1.0 μm in diameter, located from 0 to 10 μm from the path of Ge ions having energies from 13.0- to 17.2-MeV/amu. Excellent agreement was observed between model calculations and measured dose distributions for radial distances up to a few mumeters in simulated tissue. At greater distances the actual measured dose in irradiated volumes was much more than the calculated average value. These differences reflect the stochastic nature of energy deposition in which a large fraction of the volume elements receive no dose from a given particle traversal, but elements which do receive energy receive relatively large amounts. This may have important consequences for effects which occur with a nonlinear or threshold energy response.
Capturing the design of mechanical components in VLSIs

Abstract This paper proposes an approach for implementing mechanical computer-aided design (CAD) systems with the aid of generic, multi-purpose VLSIs, as a partial substitute for software. Although software is not eliminated, a more equitable share of tasks is reached between software and hardware, providing for faster computer execution. Two approaches are presented; the first is based on “wired-in” design rules for every permissible solution, feasible but not practical; the second an approach which is based on a “solution-base” stored in ROMs and an imbedded search algorithm to retrieve the best solution. An appropriate search algorithm, called the virtual graphic method (VGM) has been developed. The VGM solves non-linear equations without performing arithmetic operations, and is therefore fast and easily implemented in hardware such as a VLSI. A flowchart and a conceptual diagram for VLSI implementation are presented.
A structural equation model of conceptual change in physics

A model of conceptual change in physics was tested on introductory-level, college physics students. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypothesized relationships among variables linked to conceptual change in physics including an approach goal orientation, need for cognition, motivation, and course grade. Conceptual change in physics was determined using gains from pre- to post-administration of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI). Results indicated that need for cognition and approach goals had a significant influence on motivation. Motivation influenced change scores on the FCI both directly, and indirectly, through course grade. Finally, course grade directly influenced conceptual change. The implications of these findings for future research and developing students' conceptual change in physics are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 901–918, 2011
Management of pediatric patients with pseudotumor cerebri.

The care of patients with pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) involves ophthalmologists, neurologists and neurosurgeons. Its clinical characteristics in the pediatric population are distinct from those in adult patients. Fifty-nine patients diagnosed with pseudotumor cerebri were identified from the neurosurgery and neurology databases at Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, AL, USA. Clinical data were collected from the ophthalmology, neurology and neurosurgery departments. The average age of patients at diagnosis was 11.4 years (range 3–17). The average opening pressure of lumbar puncture (LP) was 37 cm of water. Most of the patients responded well to therapeutic LPs and medical management. Neurosurgical interventions included intracranial pressure monitoring and shunt insertion in nine patients. In three patients who presented with acute visual decline, two recovered and one remains legally blind. The care of patients with pseudotumor cerebri requires a multiple-disciplinary approach. Neurosurgical interventions are sometimes needed for diagnostic and treatment purpose. Prompt and accurate communication among specialists is necessary to ensure timely treatment and optimal outcomes.
What should school social workers know about children exposed to adult intimate partner violence

Schools are a prime venue of support for children exposed to adult intimate partner violence (IPV). Estimates indicate that each year as many as 15 million U.S. children (from birth to age 17) are exposed to IPV directed toward one of their parents (McDonald, Jouriles, Ramisetty-Mikler, Caetano, & Green, 2006). Of these, 7 million are thought to be in homes with severe IPV, comprising 13.3 percent of American children living in households with married or cohabiting caregivers. We know that children exposed to IPV are in our schools, making it imperative that school social workers and other related services personnel understand these children's experiences and intervention methods. IPV victims face many barriers to attaining help for themselves and their children (Kennedy et al., 2012), and schools are one of the few outside organizations in regular contact with this vulnerable, often socially isolated population. In this editorial, I discuss how children are exposed to adult IPV, the risks they face (both general and school specific), their potential for resilience, helping approaches, and available resources. Language: en
Technology and Pedagogical Renewal: Conceptualizing Technology Integration into Teacher Preparation

Abstract Research indicates that, if future teachers are to effectively use technology, their pre-service preparation should employ multiple components. These components include core course work in educational technology, faculty modeling, and clinical experiences. This paper describes and analyzes one model for drawing these three components coherently together in a teacher preparation program. The paper further reports on a research project that applies this model at a major Midwest research university. In the conclusion section the paper identifies and discusses ways in which the model presented responds effectively to the need for a comprehensive program for preparing a technology-proficient teaching force.
A correlation of critical points

Abstract Critical points were correlated for fluids which obey the three-parameter equation of state according to which the compressibility factor, Z= P dRT , is given by Z=1 + k B δκ (θ, δ), in which κ (θ, δ) is a universal function of reduced temperature, θ = T T B , and reduced density, δ = d d O . The three parameters which distinguish one fluid from another are k B , T B , and d O . It is shown that experimental inflection points of the pressure versus density isotherms of gases obeying this equation of state all fall on the same reduced curve of θ versus δ. Critical points also must lie on this curve, at a location dependent on k B . Critical densities are too uncertain experimentally to permit a definite correlation, but the critical temperatures of sixteen fluids are shown to fall on a common θ c versus k B curve with an average deviation of 0.4 degrees. The critical pressures of these same fluids lie within a few tenths of an atmosphere on a common π c ( π = P d O RT B ) versus k B line. This correlation of critical points is accomplished using values of the three parameters that had previously been determined by fitting supercritical PVT data to the equation of state.
Reauthorization of CERCLA and the redevelopment of brownfields: who will pay the orphan’s share?

This paper examines significant and unjustifiable differences arising under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA, Pub. L. No. 96-510, 94 Stat. at Large 2767, codified as amended at 42 USC §§ 9601-9675) in the way in which the Superfund may be used to remediate “orphaned” National Priorities List (NPL) sites and “orphaned” brownfield sites. Under both the existing law and numerous proposals for the reauthorization of CERCLA, while the Superfund may be used for the remediation of orphaned NPL sites, it may not be used for the remediation of orphaned brownfield sites. In each situation, however, an absent, insolvent, defunct, bankrupt or judgment-proof party has created a situation in which remediation costs must be borne by the public. The study concludes that there is no fundamental policy reason for treating these orphans differently and presents recommendations to facilitate the remediation and redevelopment of both NPL sites and brownfield sites.
Therapeutic vaccines for melanoma: progress and problems.

Melanoma vaccines, which have been under development for many years, are being refined as a result of the knowledge gained from practical testing. We now have a more complete understanding of their mode of action and the problems that remain to be solved. There are points to recommend both crude and pure vaccines — each have specific advantages, but both require further development. Isolation of relevant peptide epitopes, addition of co-stimulatory molecules, the development of novel vehicles for vaccine delivery and improved vaccine adjuvants, and the problem of tumor-induced immunosuppression are among the issues for future study.
Acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries: role of coronary artery spasm and arrhythmic complications.

Myocardial infarction (MI) with normal coronary arteries is likely a multifactorial syndrome the exact cause of which remains often undetermined in individual patients. Possible mechanisms include hypercoagulable states, coronary embolism, intense sympathetic stimulation, transient coronary thrombosis and coronary artery spasm (CAS). Specifically, epicardial CAS is the unique mechanism of variant angina (VA), but it has been shown to play also an important role in the pathogenesis of other acute forms of ischemic heart disease, including unstable angina, MI and sudden death [1–3]. Although several pathogenetic hypotheses have been formulated, the predisposing factors and the mechanisms responsible for CAS remain still largely unknown. The final common pathway in these patients is thought to be a coronary hyperreactivity of coronary smooth muscle cells to various vasoconstrictor agents [4]. The importance of CAS as a cause of MI with normal coronary arteries is supported by the not negligible occurrence of MI, in patients with variant angina without any obstructive coronary artery stenosis at angiography [5,6]. Prolonged CAS and thrombotic complications at its site may variably contribute to cause acute MI in these patients. Accordingly, several studies have also shown an increased prevalence of CAS induction by provocative vasoconstrictor stimuli among patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome different from variant angina. In large studies on unselected populations of patients undergo-
Build shape-shifting tries for fast IP lookup in O(n) time

Most data structures for packet forwarding are optimized for IPv4, and less capable of handling IPv6 routing tables. Shape-Shifting Trie (SST) is specifically designed to be scalable to IPv6. To reduce the worst-case lookup time that is proportional to the height of SST, it is desirable to construct a minimum-height SST. Breadth-First Pruning (BFP) algorithm takes O(n^2) time to construct a minimum-height SST, where n is the number of nodes in the binary trie corresponding to the routing table. In this paper, we propose a Post-Order Minimum-Height Pruning (POMHP) algorithm that takes only O(n) time to construct a minimum-height SST. We further propose nodes merging algorithm to cut down SST size without affecting SST height.
A Methodology for Ontology Evaluation Using Topic Models

The purpose of this paper is to describe a methodology for objectively evaluating ontologies. Our approach involves randomly partitioning the elements of an ontology into disjoints training and test set respectively, generating topic models on the training set, and evaluating how well the model fits the test set. We have tested our methodology on the Translational Medicine Ontology and collected extensive experimental results. The results include the average perplexity score for the entire ontology as well as those for individual elements. Since our methodology provides a numeric score for an ontology it can be used to compare ontologies. Furthermore, elements with high perplexity scores might indicate that either these do not fit well with the rest of the ontology, or that the descriptions for these elements are inadequate. Different perplexity scores among sibling elements indicate the need to revise the structure of the ontology.
Optimal rational starting approximations

In [7] D. G. Moursund examined the problem of approximating xliz over an interval [a, b] (a > 0) by applying the Newton-Raphson iteration scheme to classes of polynomial and rational approximants. G. Meinardus and G. D. Taylor [6] have observed that the above problem may be posed in a more general setting and the results obtained by Moursund extended to the approximation of additional functions. Specifically, given a compact subset X of [a, b], let C(X) denote the space of all continuous real-valued functions defined on X normed by llfll = max(I w(x)f(x)i: x E X}, where w E C(X) and w > 0 on X. Let K be a convex subset of C(X) and @ a continuous mapping of K into C(X). The problem of interest was then to approximate g E @b(K) by elements of Q(M) where M is a subset of K consisting of members of a Haar subspace of C[a, b]. By imposing certain restrictions on CD, K and Al, Meinardus and Taylor were able to develop a theory for the above nonlinear approximation problem which is analogous to the classical Chebyshev theory. Moreover they were able to obtain results similar to those of P. H. Sterbenz and C. T. Fike [13] and R. F. King and D. L. Phillips [2] in the more general setting. Since the theory obtained has application to many iterative processes that can be used to approximate functions such as eX, In x and xlkil, IZ = 2, 3 ,... the following definition is made:
Axonal origin and purity of growth cones isolated from fetal rat brain

The investigation of the molecular properties of nerve growth cones depends to a significant degree on their isolation from fetal brain in the form of 'growth cone particles' (GCPs). The availability of markers for developing axons and dendrites, as well as glial cells, has made it possible to characterize the GCP fraction in much greater detail than before and to optimize its yield. Marker analyses show that a member of the N-CAM family (5B4-CAM), synaptophysin, and especially GAP-43 and non-phosphorylated tau, are enriched in the GCP fraction. In contrast, MAP2 and, particularly, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin are fractionated away from GCPs. Furthermore, GCP yield can be doubled relative to the original procedure, without compromising purity, by raising the sucrose concentration of the fractionation gradient's uppermost layer. The results indicate that GCPs are highly purified growth cone fragments with very little glial contamination, and that they are primarily of axonal origin.
Toward sustainable management: the University of Michigan Housing Division's approach

Abstract The University of Michigan Housing Division's (Housing) study on creating an environmental management system based on sustainability, completed in July 1999, develops a rationale for organizational alignment with sustainability and assesses leading edge practices. The study recommends altering Housing's current mission statements as well as creating a freestanding sustainability mission statement. The study includes sustainability assessments of 11 operational and decision-making areas. The assessments extend beyond traditional environmental audits by developing sustainability visions, prioritized recommendations and indicators for each area. The study, which forms the basis of Housing's current environmental initiatives, concludes that sustainability management must be holistic, systemic and integrated.
The Influence of Victim Impact Statements on Sentencing in Capital Cases

ABSTRACT Victim Impact Statements are introduced during the sentencing phase of capital trials to allow family members of the victim to describe the financial, emotional, psychological, and physical affects the crime has had on their lives. Critics argue that this type of evidence is emotional and prejudicial information that leads to harsher sentences. The present study explored the influence of victim impact statements on juror decision-making in the presence of mitigation factors. The results showed that the presence of a victim impact statement in capital proceedings did not necessarily have a substantial affect on the acceptance of aggravation or mitigation issues. Participants were more likely to be lenient in sentencing in the presence of victim impact statements when there were mitigating circumstances such as mental retardation, hospitalization for a mental illness, schizophrenia, or sexual abuse as a child.
RAP80 Protein Is Important for Genomic Stability and Is Required for Stabilizing BRCA1-A Complex at DNA Damage Sites in Vivo

RAP80 (receptor-associated protein 80) is a ubiquitin-binding protein that can specifically recognize and bind to Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin chains, thus targeting the BRCA1-A complex to DNA damage sites. To study the role of RAP80 in vivo, we generated RAP80-deficient mice. The deficient mice are prone to B-cell lymphomagenesis. B-cell lymphomas in RAP80-deficient mice are nearly diploid but harbor clonal chromosome translocations. Moreover, the deficient mice are hypersensitive to ionizing radiation. Repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks is impaired in RAP80-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Mechanistically, loss of RAP80 suppresses recruitment of the BRCA1-A complex to DNA damage sites and abrogates the DNA damage repair process at DNA damage sites. Taken together, these results reveal that RAP80 plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response and in maintaining genomic integrity.
Sacrifice and Sustainability

Sacrifice in the Jewish, Hellenistic, and Christian traditions involves a giving up, a surrendering of something for the sake of a greater good. Sacrifice in times past took the form of a bloody offering. In Christianity this has been replaced with the Eucharist, which promotes human conscience and adherence to a moral code. Sacrifice in the ancient Vedic traditions of India entailed the offering of an animal or the symbolic offering of a human being that correlated bodily parts to functions of society and the cosmos. Sacrifice in India in rare instances still includes the killing of animals. Ritual throughout India, known as Puja, celebrates the body, the senses, and their connection with the physical world through offerings of fruits, flowers, incense, and other ritual objects. The contemporary challenge presented by the need to develop sustainable lifestyles can draw from both traditions of sacrifice. The Mediterranean model urges people to do with less for the sake of a greater good. The Indic model encourages people to recognize the web of relations among humans, nature, and animals and develop sensitivity to the need for the protection of the earth. Both models of sacrifice can serve as inspiration for the development of reasonable patterns for resource management.