cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The two dimensional Lp Minkowski problem and nonlinear equations with negative exponents

Abstract In this paper we present various existence results for nonlinear differential equations related to the L p Minkowski problem in the plane and the one dimensional conformal curvature problem. In particular, the supercritical case (that is p − 2 ) for the L p Minkowski problem with sign-changing data is addressed. A new geometric sharp inequality is also obtained.
Heat and fluid flow processes during the coating of a moving surface

In this paper, a theoretical study is presented for the problem of coating a flat moving surface with a small Prandtl number melt, exemplified by a liquid metal or a liquid crystal. From the heat and fluid flow standpoint, the process is modeled as one of forced convection in the melt (induced by both the motion of the surface and the velocity of the melt as it is deposited on the surface) coupled with conduction in the solidifying coating layer. The effect of the main parameters of the problem, such as the ratio of the melt deposition velocity to the surface velocity, the Stefan number, the Prandtl number, and the ratios of the main properties of the solid and liquid phases on the thickness of the resulting coating layer and the heat transfer to the moving surface, are determined. An important assumption adopted in this study is that the moving surface is isothermal. The parametric domain of validity of this assumption is defined.
Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks as potential multimodal contrast enhancing agents.

Nanoscale metal−organic frameworks (NMOFs) based on Gd3+ centers and benzenedicarboxylate and benzenetricarboxylate bridging ligands were synthesized using reverse microemulsions and characterized using SEM, PXRD, and TGA. These NMOFs exhibit extraordinarily large R1 and R2 relaxivities because of the presence of up to tens of millions of Gd3+ centers in each nanoparticle and are thus efficient T1 and T2 contrast agents for MRI. The NMOFs can also be made highly luminescent by doping with Eu3+ or Tb3+ centers. The results from this work suggest that NMOFs can be used as potential contrast agents for multimodal imaging.
Evolution of the prokaryotes

Abstract A scheme for the evolution of the prokaryotes is proposed. This is based on the assumptions that (1) the main course of early prokaryotic evolution after the development of an effective genetic apparatus was determined by the problem of generating metabolically usable energy under anerobic conditions and (2) that each of the major metabolic types of anerobic bacteria existing today is mainly composed of surviving representatives of the corresponding stages in prokaryote evolution. In this paper, known species of bacteria are arranged in a postulated phylogenetic sequence which begins with the simplest anerobes and progresses through a series of relatively small, discrete steps to the photosynthetic bacteria and the blue-green algae. The latter, by introducing substantial amounts of oxygen into the biosphere, radically altered the possibilities available for energy production, and led to a second major era of prokaryote evolution with the appearance of the aerobes. Some of the implications of this hypothesis for the phylogeny and taxonomy of the prokaryotes are discussed.
Measurement of total disc replacement radiographic range of motion: a comparison of two techniques.

Objective: To assess the general use of all non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and their relation to upper gastrointestinal bleeding in view of National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines published in July 2001 in the UK. Methods: Cross sectional study on all patients who were referred for endoscopy for suspected upper gastrointestinal bleeding in six hospitals in Yorkshire region of the UK. Results: One hundred and sixty three patients presented for endoscopy for suspected upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 43 patients were taking at least one ulcerogenic drug, and 120 were not. The mean age difference between these two groups was eight years (p<0.01). The absolute difference between the proportion of patients with peptic ulcer disease/erosion (PUD) in NSAID with/without aspirin group and no ulcerogenic drug group was 31% (p = 0.02). The difference between the proportion of PUD in cyclo-oxygenase 2 with/without aspirin group and no ulcerogenic drug group was 30% (p = 0.1). The overall 30 days mortality rate was 14.1%. Conclusions: Elderly patients are being inappropriately prescribed conventional NSAIDs. NSAIDs with or without aspirin use are still associated with a significant risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the era of cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective agents. Substitution with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective NSAIDs is not without risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Ab initio electronic structure calculation of disorder ternary alloys: A reciprocal-space formulation

Using first-principles density-functional calculations, we present a formalism for a reciprocal-space study of the electronic structure of random ternary alloys. The formalism is based on the augmented-space recursion introduced earlier by us in conjunction with the tight-binding linearized muffin-tin orbital method. Emphasis shall be given to the configurationally averaged Bloch spectral function, which will be a key quantity of our formalism and the reflection of its nature on the density of states will be discussed. We showcase the feasibility of our formalism by applying to two different alloy systems namely: face-centered-cubic based ${\text{Cu}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}{\text{Ni}}_{x}{\text{Zn}}_{y}$ alloy and the series of disordered ternary Invar alloys, ${\text{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}{\text{Ni}}_{x}{X}_{y}$ $[X=\text{Co},\text{Pd},\text{Pt}]$. The effects of short-range ordering and the magnetic properties of these alloys will be discussed in some detail and it will be shown that our predicted magnetic moment agrees well with earlier results.
Practical Methodology of Determining the In Situ Dynamic (Complex) Moduli for Engineering Analysis

The viscoelastic behavior of asphalt mixtures can be conveniently presented in the form of a stiffness master curve in various engineering applications. However, the methods to obtain the in-service mixture stiffness are limited to the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing and back-calculation procedure because the pavement layer thicknesses in many cases are too thin to allow laboratory testing. The test protocol to measure the axial dynamic modulus requires cylindrical specimens with a height-to-diameter ratio higher than 2, while the cores need to be at least 38 mm thick for measuring shear stiffness. This technical note describes and compares the methods for constructing asphalt mixture master curves utilizing stiffness predictive equations for asphalt binders and mixtures, in addition to using laboratory measurements, as an alternative to FWD backcalculation analysis. This technical note also recommends constraining the low and high mixture stiffness values measured from simple shear testing to obtain stiffness comparable to the uniaxial dynamic modulus testing.
Predictive models of scientific progress

Abstract Progress in science is essentially determined by the stimulating effects of information accumulation and transfer. Hence dynamic characteristics of information flow together with the structural properties of the flow network in the society should be indicative of the major thrusts of science progress as well as of its rate of development. In this paper, a Markov chain model of science development is proposed and described. It is based on the assumption that the most recent thrusts of scientific inquiry exert a decisive influence on the trends of the next immediate stage of development of science. The application of this model is demonstrated on a sample of citation data in social science. The analysis of this data in terms of the proposed model shows a clear tendency of shifting emphasis of scientific inquiry from science and technology to social science subjects.
Closed traumatic rupture of the extensor digitorum communis and extensor indicis proprius at the musculo-tendinous junction

This report describes a closed rupture of the entire extensor digitorum communis and extensor indicis proprius.
The Nation's Changing Blood Supply System

DURING the past several years, great interest has developed in the safety of the blood supply in the United States and the manner in which our nation's blood supply is obtained and distributed. Today, this country's blood bank system finds itself in a changed regulatory environment; under considerable public scrutiny; carrying out a much larger, more complex work load; in a more litigious environment; with an organizational infrastructure in need of strengthening at a time of increasing cost constraints; and viewed by some as having inadequately responded to the issues of the 1980s. The manner and effectiveness with which the present issues in blood banking are resolved will have a major impact on the system used to obtain the nation's blood supply and the safety, adequacy, and cost of that supply. This article examines the present issues of concern in the US blood banking system and describes how the outcome
DC and AC characteristics of 850 nm broad-area vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

In this work, we have made AlGaAs/GaAs gain-guided broad- area vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) in the 850-nm range. For higher power applications such as optical pumping and optical communications, board-area VCSELs and VCSEL arrays are needed. The distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) of the VCSELs consist of Al 0.12 Ga 0.88 As/AlAs quarter-wave stacks. The GRINSCH active region is consisted of an undoped three-quantum-well GaAs/Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As, two undoped Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As confinement layers, and two undoped linearly graded Al x Ga 1-x As layers. The current confinement of the VCSELs was made by proton implantation with an implantation energy of 280 KeV. The emitting window diameters are 30 to 50 (mu) m. A very high cw optical power of 23.4 mW and a pulsed optical power of over 36 mW were measured for a 50-(mu) m aperture device. These VCSELs are suitable for higher power applications. The VCSELs showed multiple transverse mode characteristics. The near-field characteristics and spectrum of the devices were measured and analyzed. The modulation characteristics of the VCSELs were also measured. A 3 dB bandwidth (f 3dB ) of 5.6 Ghz was measured for a 30-(mu) m aperture device at 20mA.
Strangeness -3 dibaryons.

We demonstrate, using two different quark models of hadrons, that there should be isodoublets of dibaryons with strangeness -3 and J=1,2, which are stable with respect to strong decay.
Human platelet reactivity with intact segments of rabbit aorta and selected regions of rabbit, rat and human aorta.

Abstract A technique measuring platelet reactivity with vessel wall subendothelium has been modified to examine platelet reactivity with vessel pieces in place of intact segments of aorta of a specific diameter. This modification of Baumgartner's original technique(1) allows measurement of blood platelet reactivity with vessel pieces, 5x10 mm in size, mounted on perfusion chambers with “twist bands.” Adhesion and aggregation of human platelets to deendothelialized surfaces of intact segments of rabbit aorta and pieces of rabbit, rat and human aorta, were equivalent. This modification will expand the use of Baumgartner's technique to investigations of platelet vessel wall interactions using blood platelets and vessels from numerous experimental animal models and humans. It will also facilitate examination of possible differences in thrombogenocity of selected areas of vessels such as those exhibiting stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation.
Tourism, handicrafts, and ethnic identity in Micronesia

Abstract This study examines the contemporary interactions in Micronesia between tourism, the production of handicrafts, and native perceptions of their culture and society in relation to foreigners. Special attention is given to the traditional distinctions made between mundane everyday handicrafts and highly valued products made by master artisans. Changes in the status of the latter products and their producers have occured as a result of varied colonial governments' policies affecting local economies. These political changes in the Twentieth Century with their attendant social and economic consequences as Micronesia approached political independence and a growing emphasis on tourism are examined with regard to the changing nature of native-foreign interactions and ethnic identity. The study suggests that the careful examination of the manner in which the local handicraft production system has changed can provide an important perspective on concurrent changes in ethnic identity.
Polysoaps. III. Influence of solubilized benzene on reduced viscosity of an n-dodecyl bromide addition compound of poly-2-vinylpyridine†

The effect of solubilized benzene on the viscosity of aqueous solutions of a polysoap, derived from poly-2-vinylpyridine and n-dodecyl bromide was found to be different, both in kind and in order of magnitude, from the simple viscosity depression characteristic of solubilized aliphatic hydrocarbons. As the benzene content of a given solution is increased, the viscosity at first rises, reaches a maximum, and decreases again, below its initial value, until the solution is saturated. The maximum rise in the reduced viscosity increases very strongly with increasing concentration of the polysoap, indicating that the viscosity increase is caused by interactions between polysoap molecules. On the other hand, the reduced viscosity depression at benzene saturation is not sensitive to the polysoap concentration and may therefore be ascribed to a contraction of the individual polysoap molecules. Both at the viscosity maximum and at benzene saturation, the respective amounts of benzene solubilized by unit amount of polysoap were found to be independent of the polysoap concentration. These results are interpreted to mean that the polysoap molecules act as independent solubilizing units, but that their structure is changed by the solubilized benzene is such a way as to strongly affect their mutual interaction. Based on the assumption that the benzene is solubilized both in the hydrocarbon and in the ionic regions of the polysoap molecules, a mechanism for the structure changes which would explain the viscosity maxima is suggested.
How many endoscopies are performed for colorectal cancer screening? Results from CDC's survey of endoscopic capacity.

Background & Aims: Estimates of the current number of endoscopic colorectal cancer screening and follow-up examinations being performed are limited. A national study was therefore conducted among US physician practices. Methods: Approximately 1800 medical practices were surveyed from a list of all practices known to have purchased or leased lower endoscopic equipment between 1996 and 2000. Questions were asked regarding the current number of lower endoscopic procedures performed and the potential maximum number that could be performed. Results: In 2002, a total of 8207 practices reported performing flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy in the United States. Gastroenterologists performed 43.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.2–50.2) of all sigmoidoscopies and 82.5% (95% CI, 80.3–84.7) of all colonoscopies. Primary care physicians performed 24.9% (95% CI, 20.3–29.5) of all sigmoidoscopies and 2.0% (95% CI, 1.4–2.6) of all colonoscopies. All physicians combined performed approximately 2.8 million (95% CI, 2.4–3.1) flexible sigmoidoscopies and 14.2 million (95% CI, 12.1–16.4) colonoscopies but reported that they could increase to approximately 9.5 million flexible sigmoidoscopies (95% CI, 8.4–10.5) and 22.4 million colonoscopies (95% CI, 20.1–24.8) in 1 year. Conclusions: Approximately 2.8 million flexible sigmoidoscopies and 14.2 million colonoscopies were estimated to have been performed in 2002. Physicians reported that they could perform an additional 6.7 million flexible sigmoidoscopies and 8.2 million colonoscopies in 1 year. These additional procedures could be used for the unscreened population and should be considered in the estimate of the national capacity to provide colorectal cancer screening to all eligible persons in the United States.
Optimization of Cementitious Material Content for Sustainable Concrete Mixtures

AbstractUtilization of fly ash in concrete reduces the use of virgin materials and offers benefits of reduced landfill materials and CO2 emissions avoidance—fly ash therefore contributes to industrial sustainability. This paper presents a method to optimize the cement and fly ash contents in concrete on the basis of the hardened concrete properties testing and environmental effects. Such fly ash concrete would develop an adequate 1-day and 28-day compressive strength and would be as durable as the ordinary portland cement concrete. Nine concrete mixtures with fly ash contents ranging from 15–60% and cementitious material contents from 338–391 kg/m3 (570-705 lbs/cu yd) were investigated. Environmental life cycle assessments (LCA) were completed by using a model developed for Denver, Colorado. The optimized fly ash concrete was selected to yield a similar 28-day compressive strength and durability to that of Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) Class D structural concrete. The durability aspects i...
Integration of robotics into two established programs of minimally invasive surgery for endometrial cancer appears to decrease surgical complications.

Objective To compare peri- and postoperative outcomes and complications of laparoscopic vs. robotic-assisted surgical staging for women with endometrial cancer at two established academic institutions.
Isolation of mutants of Clostridium pasteurianum

Twenty-nine independent mutants of Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013, including several auxotrophs and UV resistants, have been isolated and characterized. The protoplast formation and regeneration procedure of Minton and Morris (1983) has also been successfully tried with some of these newly obtained mutants. The availability of these mutants together with the possibility of protoplast formation and regeneration will be useful for the development of a genetic exchange system in this species.
An Approximate Theory of Order in Alloys

Short-range order parameters ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{i}$ are defined to express the interaction of a given atom in an alloy with the atoms of the ith shell of atoms surrounding it. From simple thermodynamic reasoning, involving a certain degree of approximation, equations relating the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{i}$ with energy terms and the temperature are derived. Equations for the long-range order parameter, $S$, are obtained by considering the limiting case of $i$ very large. The values of the long- and short-range order parameters obtained by solving these equations are in good agreement with experimental values recently found by x-ray diffraction methods. The theory is extended to the calculation of configurational energy and specific heat, and to the determination of order parameters for alloys of arbitrary composition in such binary systems as that of the copper-gold alloys. In these cases qualitative agreement with experimental observations is obtained.
Isoenzyme changes accompanying germination of wheat seeds

Electrophoretic patterns of soluble proteins and enzymes during development from dry seed to first leaf were studied in wheat by means of disc electrophoresis. The patterns considered were those of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), peroxidase, and nonspecific esterases. Multiple forms (isoenzymes) were found for all these enzymes in dry seeds. The ADH pattern did not change during development. Esterases and peroxidase patterns changed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Increase in the number of peroxidase bands was marked.
Biochemical studies on the proteins of Hymenolepis diminuta.

Four different protein complexes were isolated from frozen worms (Hymenolepis diminuta) freed of lipids. The two water soluble fractions are P1 alpha and P1 beta. The first one contains: 86% protein and 12% glycogen. The second one contains: 57% protein, 28.5% glycogen and 10% cerebrosides. Both P1 alpha and P1 beta are homogeneous on electrophoresis at pH 8.6. A third complex P2 alpha was isolated after extraction with a 0.9% NaCl solution. This fraction consisted of 61.2% protein, 0.35% phosphorus and 30.9% glycogen. This complex behaved homogeneously on electrophoresis at pH 8.6. The fourth nuc leoprotein complex P3 alpha was isolated after extraction with a 10% solution of NaCl. A very small P4 fraction soluble in 10% NaCl at pH 9 was separated but not studied in detail. The amino acid composition of the first four complexes was established by paper chromatography and electrochromatography. These particular substances might be species specific.
Women and seed management: A study of two villages in Bangladesh

Seed management has until recently been neglected in agrobiodiversity research. Gender dimensions in seed selection, processing, storage and exchange embody critical task areas in the human management of diverse crop species and varieties. This paper focuses on women’s roles in seed management in field and homegarden crops in Bangladesh and reports on the findings of a study in two villages in Tangail District. Seventy-five women were surveyed with a questionnaire and subsets interviewed in-depth; focus groups conducted for women and men provided a means of cross-checking responses. Three distinct areas of agrobiodiversity were addressed: the gendered divisions of labour among agricultural tasks; the pervasiveness of seed saving among respondents; and seed management practices and techniques. The results indicate that while men have greater authority over field activities, homegarden production is the exclusive domain of women. Seed management is seen as an extension of women’s domestic duties: women are responsible for all seed processing, storage and exchange for field as well as homegarden crops. The vast majority of seeds sown are saved on-farm by women, revealing important cultural, economic and environmental implications for agrobiodiversity conservation and local differences.
Variability in the amount of β-globin mRNA in β0 thalassemia

Abstract Globin mRNA isolated from a number of β 0 thalassemia patients of different ethnic origins was analyzed by RNA-cDNA hybridization and, in two cases, by fingerprint analysis of 125 I-labeled mRNA. Quantitation of the relative amounts of α- and β-mRNA by hybridization to purified α- and β-cDNA revealed that in approximately half the cases, there was β 0 thalassemia mRNA-β-cDNA hybrid was measured and found to be slightly lower than that of the authentic β-mRNA-β-cDNA hybrid. In none of the cases tested was there synthesis of β-globin chains directed by β 0 thalassemia mRNA in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system, even when β-like mRNA was detected in the sample by hybridization assays. mRNA from two patients was labeled in vitro with 125 I, digested with T1 RNAase and fractionated in two dimensions. Analysis of the resulting fingerprints revealed the presence of prominent α chain-specific oligonucleotides without detectable β chain-specific oligonucleotides, and thereby confirmed the results of hybridization assays showing absent or very low levels of β-mRNA in the same RNA samples. Our results support the concept that β 0 thalassemia is heterogeneous in its molecular basis even within the same racial group: in some patients, it is associated with absent β globin mRNA, whereas in other patients, it is associated with low but significant levels of nonfunctional β or β-like globin mRNA. The variable amounts of β-like mRNA detected in different samples from the same patient, and in patients with the same genotype, indicate that as yet undefined factors can influence the yield of β-like mRNA observed in β 0 thalassemia.
Internal retinal biopsy: surgical technique and results.

I have performed an internal retinal biopsy on fourteen patients. The technique involves the use of vitrectomy instrumentation endodiathermy, endolaser and vitreous scissors to remove a 1–2 mm2 area of the diseased retina. Endolaser photocoagulation and air-fluid exchange with and without the use of silicone oil conclude the surgery. No significant postoperative complication has been noted in patients undergoing this procedure.
Do we self-regulate actions or perceptions? A test of two computational models

Self-regulation theories in applied psychology disagree about whether action or perceptions are the focus of regulation. Computational models based on the two conceptualizations were constructed and simulated. In one scenario, they performed identically and in conjunction with participants in a study of the goal-level effect (Vancouver et al., Organ Res Methods 8:100---127, 2005). In another scenario they created differentiating predictions and only the computational model based on the self-regulation of perceptions matched the data of participants. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The Body Appreciation Scale: Development and psychometric evaluation

Body image has been conceptualized and assessed almost exclusively in terms of its negative dimensions. Therefore, a measure reflecting body appreciation, an aspect of positive body image, was developed and evaluated via four independent samples of college women. Study 1 (N = 181) supported the Body Appreciation Scale's (BAS) unidimensionality and construct validity, as it was related as expected to body esteem, body surveillance, body shame, and psychological well-being. Study 2 (N = 327) cross-validated its unidimensionality. Study 3 (N = 424) further upheld the construct validity of the BAS, as it was: (a) related as expected to appearance evaluation, body preoccupation, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder symptomatology and (b) unrelated to impression management. Studies 1 and 3 also indicated that the BAS predicted unique variance in psychological well-being above and beyond extant measures of body image. Study 4 (N = 177) demonstrated that its scores were stable over a 3-week period. All studies supported the internal consistency reliability of its scores. The BAS should prove useful for researchers and clinicians interested in positive body image assessment.
The Politics of Discipline: Balancing School Safety and Rights of Students with Disabilities

The present study examined how public school administrators negotiate discipline policies that are intended to protect the common good and the educational rights of students with disabilities. We investigated the political nature of these decisions and the strategies used in reaching them through interviews with administrators in 9 public high schools in New York State. Administrators were aware of a tension between individual rights and the common good when resolving discipline issues. The degree of tension was affected by a variety of factors including the way in which discipline hearings were conducted and the availability of resources. Finally, we found that administrators rely heavily on negotiating skills and processes as they implement policies that sometimes reflect competing democratic values.
Manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI): a powerful new imaging method to study tinnitus.

Manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) is a method used primarily in basic science experiments to advance the understanding of information processing in central nervous system pathways. With this mechanistic approach, manganese (Mn(2+)) acts as a calcium surrogate, whereby voltage-gated calcium channels allow for activity driven entry of Mn(2+) into neurons. The detection and quantification of neuronal activity via Mn(2+) accumulation is facilitated by "hemodynamic-independent contrast" using high resolution MRI scans. This review emphasizes initial efforts to-date in the development and application of MEMRI for evaluating tinnitus (the perception of sound in the absence of overt acoustic stimulation). Perspectives from leaders in the field highlight MEMRI related studies by comparing and contrasting this technique when tinnitus is induced by high-level noise exposure and salicylate administration. Together, these studies underscore the considerable potential of MEMRI for advancing the field of auditory neuroscience in general and tinnitus research in particular. Because of the technical and functional gaps that are filled by this method and the prospect that human studies are on the near horizon, MEMRI should be of considerable interest to the auditory research community. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled .
The clinical spectrum of patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta.

Abstract Aneurysms of the ascending aorta are often unsuspected, yet they can quickly lead to death from aortic rupture or dissection. To examine the clinical spectrum of patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta, we searched the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Echocardiography Data Base for all patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta (≥5.0 cm in diameter) seen over a 7-year period. The echocardiograms and clinical courses of these patients were then reviewed. We identified 15 patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta: five had aneurysms >7.0 cm in diameter, three had aneurysms 6.0 to 6.9 cm, and seven had aneurysms 5.0 to 5.9 cm in diameter. Among the five patients
Modified entry and syncytium formation by herpes simplex virus type 1 mutants selected for resistance to heparin inhibition

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutants were selected by passage of HSV-1 (KOS) in HEp-2 cells such that binding and penetration occurred in the presence of heparin. Analysis of selected uncloned virus pools revealed that approximately 95% of virus formed syncytia and greater than 58% were gC-negative. Plaque-purified gC-negative syncytial mutants were more resistant than HSV-1 (KOS) to heparin inhibition, as was an engineered nonsyncytial recombinant deleted for gC, delta gC6. Thus, absence of gC was sufficient to explain the enrichment for gC-negative mutants. The syncytial phenotype of most mutants mapped to a mutation in gK. Transfer of this mutation to HSV-1 (KOS) resulted in a recombinant that induced fusion of Vero cells but not HEp-2 cells and was more sensitive to heparin inhibition of entry, revealing a previously undescribed phenotype of mutations in gK. Engineered gC-negative virus containing the gK syncytial mutation induced fusion of both cell lines and was as resistant to heparin inhibition as was delta gC6. Because deletion of gC reduces infectivity of HSV-1 in the absence of heparin, mutations in gC combined with the syncytial mutation could have provided a selective advantage. Thus, absence of gC reduced heparin inhibition of binding and penetration while the combination of the gC and gK mutations enhanced spread through the HEp-2 cell monolayer by cell fusion. Because extreme selective pressure was required to favor these mutations and such mutations are rare in clinical isolates, the wild-type forms of gC and gK must provide for optimal viral replication and propagation in cell culture as well as in vivo, despite the view that gC is dispensable in cultured cells.
The tyranny of health.

There has recently been much in both lay and medical literature on the promotion of healthy lifestyles. Once upon a time people did not have lifestyles; they had lives. Those lives were filled with...
Temporal focusing generated via a height-staggered microlens array can be used for wide-field optical-sectioning microscopy

We theoretically investigate the temporal-focusing effect generated by a microlens array with patterned height differences among the microlenses, and show how such an effect can be utilized for wide-field optical-sectioning microscopy.
Biproportional scaling of matrices and the iterative proportional fitting procedure

A short proof is given of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence of the Iterative Proportional Fitting procedure. The input consists of a nonnegative matrix and of positive target marginals for row sums and for column sums. The output is a sequence of scaled matrices to approximate the biproportional fit, that is, the scaling of the input matrix by means of row and column divisors in order to fit row and column sums to target marginals. Generally it is shown that certain structural properties of a biproportional scaling do not depend on the particular sequence used to approximate it. Specifically, the sequence that emerges from the Iterative Proportional Fitting procedure is analyzed by means of the L 1-error that measures how current row and column sums compare to their target marginals. As a new result a formula for the limiting L 1-error is obtained. The formula is in terms of partial sums of the target marginals, and easily yields the other well-known convergence characterizations.
Observation of bistability in a Vertical-Cavity Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (VCSOA).

We report, the first time to our knowledge, an observation of optical bistability in a Vertical-Cavity Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (VCSOA) operated in reflection mode. Counterclockwise hysteresis loops are obtained over a range of initial phase detuning and bias currents. One hysteresis loop is observed experimentally with an input power as low as 2 iW when the device is biased at 98% of its lasing threshold. We also numerically simulate the optical bistability and obtain good agreement with our experimental observations. Bistable VCSOAs significantly advances the prospect of dense 2-D array of low switching-intensity all-optical logic and memory elements.
Russia’s Tax Crisis: Explaining Falling Revenues in a Transitional Economy

Market reforms in Russia have been threatened in recent years by a continuing, dramatic decline in tax revenues. This article analyzes the fiscal data in search of an explanation. While part of the drop in collections can be attributed to rate changes and transitional macroeconomic dislocation, a sizable residual reflects a progressively worsening tax administration. This, in turn, is traced to perverse incentives in the system by which tax revenues are shared between central, regional, and local governments in Russia’s evolving federal system. As in other contexts, divided property rights reduce owners’ motivation to invest in a jointly-owned asset.
A New Species of Proteocephalus (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), Description of the Male of Desmogathiema papuensis (Nematoda: Quimperiidae), and Other Endoparasites in Sylvirana supragrisea (Anura: Ranidae) from Papua New Guinea

Abstract Sixty-two of 66 (94%) Sylvirana supragrisea collected from 4 localities in Papua New Guinea harbored 1,137 endoparasies representing 15 known species and 1 new species. Proteocephalus papuensis n. sp. and the male of Desmognathiema papuensis Moravec and Sey, 1990, from the small intestine of the ranid frog Sylvirana supragrisea are described and illustrated. Proteocephalus papuensis is the second proteocephalid cestode to be described from New Guinea; it differs from P. niuginii in that it possesses a post-equatorial cirrus sac and 72–84 uterine pouches compared to an equatorial cirrus sac and 28–36 uterine pouches in P. niuginii. Desmognathiema papuensis is the third species assigned to the genus. It parasitizes ranid frogs of New Guinea, D. toyamai is known from an endemic Japanese frog, and D. nantahalaensis is a parasite of North American salamanders. In addition to these 2 species, gravid individuals of the nematodes Aplectana macintoshii, Cosmocerca novaaeguineae, Icosiella papuensis, Oswal...
A meta-analysis of the incidence of non-AIDS cancers in HIV-infected individuals.

Objective: To estimate summary standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of non-AIDS cancers among HIV-infected individuals compared with general population rates overall and stratified by gender, AIDS, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Design: A meta-analysis using SIRs from 18 studies of non-AIDS cancer in HIV-infected individuals. Methods: SIRs for non-AIDS cancers in HIV-infected individuals and 95% confidence limits (CLs) were abstracted from each study. Random effects meta-analyses were used to estimate summary SIRs. Modifications by gender, AIDS, and HAART era were estimated with meta-regression. Results: Four thousand seven hundred ninety-seven non-AIDS cancers occurred among 625,716 HIV-infected individuals. SIRs for several cancers were elevated. In particular, cancers associated with infections, such as anal (SIR = 28; 95% CL 21 to 35), liver (SIR = 5.6; 95% CL 4.0 to 7.7), and Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 11; 95% CL 8.8 to 15) and smoking, such as lung (SIR = 2.6; 95% CL 2.1 to 3.1), kidney (SIR = 1.7; 95% CL 1.3 to 2.2), and laryngeal (SIR = 1.5; 95% CL 1.1 to 2.0). AIDS was associated with greater SIRs for Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, lung, brain, and all non-AIDS cancers combined. Conclusions: HIV-infected individuals may be at an increased risk of developing non-AIDS cancers, particularly those associated with infections and smoking. An association with advanced immune suppression was suggested for certain cancers.
Decision Science and Applied Neuroscience: Emerging Possibilities

Recent neuroscientific research describes how the brain and extended nervous system make decisions. This article depicts current theory as it relates to decision-making strengths, shortcuts, simplifications, biases, and serious data restricting habits of the brain. This information demonstrates that the brain, both individually and collectively, can be a deceptive guide for decision making in emergent situations when information is based on preexisting, subconscious frames of reference. Training is proposed to strengthen conscious information-processing capacity.
Fluorinated colloidal emulsion of photochangeable rheological behavior as a sacrificial agent to fabricate organic, three-dimensional microstructures.

Three-dimensional organic microfabrication, an emerging technology, faces the challenge of lacking a sacrificial agent (SA) to temporarily support the formation of microscale geometries, which can be removed after a microstructure is constructed. In this study, an ultradense oil-in-organofluorine colloidal emulsion with photopolymerizable submicrometer droplets (diameter ∼500 nm) was prepared and used as the required SA. Upon exposure to light, the colloidal emulsion undergoes a significant rheological change, which hardens the emulsion and presents the molding/protecting function that an SA must have. Importantly, the emulsion includes a synthesized fluorophilic/fluorophobic block copolymer surfactant to stabilize the droplet compartments, facilitating the dissolution of the postexposure SA. Two successfully built, complex, organic 3D microstructures show the effectiveness of using this novel SA material.
WAIS verbal-performance differences among elderly when controlling for fatigue.

Summary.-Older subjects show consistent declines on Performance Scale scores of the WAIS. Data were collected from 22 men and 22 women over 65 yr. to determine whether the lower scores were due to decreased abilities or to task-related fatigue. Fatigue was controlled by counterbalancing the order of presentation of the WAIS scales. The Performance Scale was administered first on one-half of the protocols. Although the Verbal IQs were significantly higher than the Performance IQs, no significant difference was noted for order of presentation. Previous studies have consistently reported that Performance Scale scores of the WAIS tend to decline after age 60 (I), although interpretations of these decrements remain controversial (5). Fatigue has previously been shown to be an intervening variable which disrupts test scores of older individuals (3), except when a break is introduced between the fatiguing condition and the test battery (2). Since the Performance Scale follows the Verbal Scale on the WAIS, it is unclear whether low Performance scores are related to decreased abilities or to task-dependent fatigue. No research using the WAIS has controlled for order of presentation. An earlier investigation using the Primary Mental Abilities Test demonstrated that order did not significantly influence results (4). However, since half the elderly sample had been diagnosed as senile, it remains uncertain whether the results could be generalized. The present study controlled for fatigue by counterbalancing order of presentation of the WAIS. The Performance Scale was administered firsr on one-half of the protocols. Forty-four subjects over 65 yr. were recruited from an apartment and community center in Nashville, Tennessee. There were 22 males with a mean age equal to 76.59 (SD = 7.36) and 22 females with a mean age equal to 74.64 (SD = 6.71). Subjects were randomly assigned to standard or Performance-first administration with the exception that equal numbers of males and females (11 of each) were placed in the two groups. A 2(standard vs Performance-first administration) by 2(male vs female) by 2(Verbal IQ vs Performance IQ) unweighted means analysis of variance, with repeated measures on the last factor, indicated that Verbal 1Qs (M = 105.34, SD = 16.52) were higher than Performance IQs (M = 102.27, SD = 16.15; K.u = 5.8, p < .05). However, no significant differences were noted for order of administration or sex, or their interactions. An additional 2(standard vs Performance-first administration) by 11 (WAIS subtest scaled scores) analysis of variance for unweighted means with repeated measures for the 11 WAIS subtests gave a significant effect of subtests (Ko.~~ 'The research has been supported by the Graduate Subcommittee on Research of Middle Tennessee State University. Address reprint requests to J. 0. Rust, Box 533, MTSU Station, Murfreesboro, TN 37132.
Information consumerism on the World Wide Web: implications for dermatologists and patients.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is continuing to grow exponentially both In terms of numbers of users and numbers of web pages. There Is a trend toward the increasing use of the WWW for medical educational purposes, both among physicians and patients alike. The multimedia capabilities of this evolving medium are particularly relevant to visual medical specialties such as dermatology. The origins of information consumerism on the WWW are examined, and the public health Issues surrounding dermatologic information and misinformation, and how consumers navigate through the WWW are reviewed. The economic realities of medical information as a "capital good," and the impact this has on dermatologic information sources on the WWW are also discussed. Finally, strategies for guiding consumers and ourselves toward credible medical information sources on the WWW are outlined.
Effects of different organic mulches on the soil surface arthropod community and weeds in snapdragon

Cultural control practices, including the use of cover crops and mulches, are convenient non-chemical methods for managing some insect pests and weeds. Several different types of organic mulches were evaluated for their effects on soil surface arthropods, weeds, and mortality of snapdragon plants in the autumn of both 2007 and 2008 near Citra, Florida, USA. In both seasons, five treatments were compared: cowpea mulch, sunn hemp mulch, sorghum-sudangrass mulch, pine bark nuggets, and an unmulched control. Mulches were applied around snapdragon plants in small plots, and treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Arthropod groups sampled using pitfall and board traps varied in their responses to treatments. The numbers of Formicidae, Cicadellidae, Orthoptera, and small-bodied plant-feeders (aphids, whiteflies, and thrips) were higher in control or cowpea plots than several of the other mulch treatment plots, possibly because weed levels were higher in control and cowpe...
Growth of Wild Subyearling Fall Chinook Salmon in the Snake River

Abstract Growth is an important determinant of life history development for juvenile anadromous salmonids. We collected juvenile fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in two reaches of the Snake River to describe growth in fork length (mm/d) and to test for a relation between growth and water temperature. Growth rate during shoreline rearing was significantly higher (P = 0.003) for parr in the warmer of these two reaches (grand means = 1.2 ± 0.04 and 1.0 ± 0.04 mm/d). Because smolts from the two reaches share a common, relatively warm downstream migration route, growth rates were similar between smolts from the two reaches (P = 0.18; grand means = 1.3 ± 0.04 and 1.4 ± 0.04 mm/d). By pooling data across reaches and life stages, we found that growth rate generally increased as water temperature increased (N = 17, r 2 = 0.62, P = 0.0002). The growth rates we observed were probably lower than for fall chinook salmon in a historical rearing area now inaccessible because of dams, but they were still rapi...
Approaches to and Instruments for Measuring Emotional Intelligence: A Review of Selected Literature

Much has been said about the importance of EI at the workplace. However, the need for review of selected literature on EI as it pertains to its approaches and measurement still remains important. This review examines common approaches to and instruments for measuring EI, and specifically focuses on selected studies that looked at EI and workplace performance. The discussion closes with ensuing implications for HRD theory building, research, and practice.
Sexual and Religious Politics in Book I of Spenser's Faerie Queene

AbstractRecent criticism that professes to be gender‐sensitive and post‐new‐historicist still refuses to entertain the possibility that The Faerie Queene might distance itself from the misogyny embedded in the spectrum of Reformation discourses from the Puritan to the Papist pole. But Spenser could have found and reacted to misogyny not only in the religious polemics of his century but also in the intertextual archive of precursors to which The Faerie Queene so richly alludes. The problematic treatment of woman in Book 1 is not ingenuous, peripheral, nor accidental. Far from merely participating in the misogynist metaphorics of religious polemics, Book 1 performs a critique of it. Spenser shows how the male protagonist's fear and loathing of himself gets displaced to female scapegoats—Error, Duessa, Lucifera, Night—and how Una reinforces this evasive process of self‐correction. In the episodes of Una's adventure with the lion (canto 3) and the house of Pride (canto 4), Book 1 interrogates both romance con...
XPS and UPS study of the valence band structure and chemisorption of Ti(0001)

Abstract Photoemission studies of the clean (0001) face of a titanium single crystal using UV and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS and XPS) have revealed two maxima in the valence band density of states at ~0.5 and ~1.4 eV below the Fermi level. The 1.4 eV peak exhibits the following unusual characteristics: (i) Its photoionization cross section decreases rapidly as incident photon energy increases, (ii) Its UPS intensity is rapidly quenched by exposure to small doses of CO and N 2 but large doses of O 2 are required for the same effect, (iii) Its UPS intensity decreases rapidly upon heating from ~120 to ~240°C. The 0.5 eV peak does not exhibit this behavior. The temperature dependence of the 1.4 eV peak gives a near linear Arrhenius plot with an activation energy of 9.1 kcal/mole. This observed temperature dependence is that expected for diffusion of hydrogen during the γ → α phase transformation of titanium hydride. The characteristics of this peak are consistent with its identification as photoemission from an electronic structure localized at the surface. This structure may be a titanium hydride layer near the surface.