cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analytical study of ultrafiltration in a hollow fiber artificial kidney

A theoretical investigation of ultrafiltration through hollow fibers used in artificial kidney applications is presented. The hollow fibers are considered to be cylindrical tubes with ideally selective semipermeable walls which retain cellular particles (red and white cells, platelets) and plasma proteins in the blood perfusing the fibers. In contrast, water and species of low and medium molecular weight can freely permeate the membranes. The assumption is made that secondary flows avoid the formation of concentration boundary layers at the wall. Proper nondimensionalization of the equations for axial and radial transport results in the identification of parameters which are important in the characterization of the ultrafiltration through semipermeable tubes. Perturbation analyses for small values of these parameters lead to sets of differential equations which were solved analytically. These closed form solutions demonstrate the influence of hydraulic conductivity of the fiber walls, geometry, and axial and transmembrane pressure drop on the efficiency of hollow fiber artificial kidneys.
Interaction of morphogens with geometry

Abstract Morphogen patterns are viewed as being affected by epithelial sheet geometry in early development. As the total area of the (closed) sheet changes, the changing geometry acts back in turn to change the morphogen pattern. A number of constraints are given on the functional form of the Gauss and Mean curvatures, considered as functions of the morphogen concentrations and their derivatives. It is shown that the constraints are sufficient to motivate a convincing dependence of the two curvatures on the morphogen concentrations.
Statistical decisions under ambiguity

This article provides unified axiomatic foundations for the most common optimality criteria in statistical decision theory. It considers a decision maker who faces a number of possible models of the world (possibly corresponding to true parameter values). Every model generates objective probabilities, and von Neumann–Morgenstern expected utility applies where these obtain, but no probabilities of models are given. This is the classic problem captured by Wald’s (Statistical decision functions, 1950) device of risk functions. In an Anscombe–Aumann environment, I characterize Bayesianism (as a backdrop), the statistical minimax principle, the Hurwicz criterion, minimax regret, and the “Pareto” preference ordering that rationalizes admissibility. Two interesting findings are that c-independence is not crucial in characterizing the minimax principle and that the axiom which picks minimax regret over maximin utility is von Neumann–Morgenstern independence.
Application of the complex model to liquid metal-salt systems

Abstract The complex model developed by Hoch and Arpshofen is used to describe the phase diagram of several alkali halide-alkali metal systems. In the first approximation, Δ m ex = ΔH m = n ( x − x n ) w where n is the size of the complex (number of atoms), W is the interaction parameter, and x is the atom fraction of the compoennt with the lower binding capcacity. In several systems the complete form of the above equation is applied, including deviation from ramdomness and vibrational entropy contributions. If the liquid is single-phase, the data are calculated from the liquidus line. If a miscibility gap exists in the liquid, it is used to calculate the parameters. The model requires only two constants (n and W), and thus can be used to calculate phase diagrams, where relatively little information is available. As an example, the calculation of the U-UO 2 , Th-ThO 2 phase diagram is outlined.
Intensifying screen for xeroradiography.

A high‐atomic‐number rare gas has been incorporated into xeroradiographic cassettes in order to increase the sensitivity of the process to x radiation. Preliminary results indicate that krypton gas at 1‐atm pressure increases the sensitivity by approximately a factor of 2 in the mammography energy region.
Listening experience with iterated rippled noise alters the perception of ‘pitch’ strength of complex sounds in the chinchilla

Behavioral responses obtained from chinchillas trained to discriminate a cosine-phase harmonic tone complex from wideband noise indicate that the perception of ‘pitch’ strength in chinchillas is largely influenced by periodicity information in the stimulus envelope. The perception of ‘pitch’ strength was examined in chinchillas in a stimulus generalization paradigm after animals had been retrained to discriminate infinitely iterated rippled noise from wideband noise. Retrained chinchillas gave larger behavioral responses to test stimuli having strong fine structure periodicity, but weak envelope periodicity. That is, chinchillas learn to use the information in the fine structure and consequently, their perception of ‘pitch’ strength is altered. Behavioral responses to rippled noises having similar periodicity strengths, but large spectral differences were also tested. Responses to these rippled noises were similar, suggesting a temporal analysis can be used to account for the behavior. Animals were then retested using the cosine-phase harmonic tone complex as the expected signal stimulus. Generalization gradients returned to those obtained originally in the naive condition, suggesting that chinchillas do not remain “fine structure listeners,” but rather revert back to being “envelope listeners” when the periodicity strength in the envelope of the expected stimulus is high.
Suggestions for automatic quantitation of endoscopic image analysis to improve detection of small intestinal pathology in celiac disease patients

Although many groups have attempted to develop an automated computerized method to detect pathology of the small intestinal mucosa caused by celiac disease, the efforts have thus far failed. This is due in part to the occult presence of the disease. When pathological evidence of celiac disease exists in the small bowel it is visually often patchy and subtle. Due to presence of extraneous substances such as air bubbles and opaque fluids, the use of computerized automation methods have only been partially successful in detecting the hallmarks of the disease in the small intestine-villous atrophy, fissuring, and a mottled appearance. By using a variety of computerized techniques and assigning a weight or vote to each technique, it is possible to improve the detection of abnormal regions which are indicative of celiac disease, and of treatment progress in diagnosed patients. Herein a paradigm is suggested for improving the efficacy of automated methods for measuring celiac disease manifestation in the small intestinal mucosa. The suggestions are applicable to both standard and videocapsule endoscopic imaging, since both methods could potentially benefit from computerized quantitation to improve celiac disease diagnosis. Endoscopic imaging is utilized to diagnose celiac disease and other small bowel disorders.Currently, detection of abnormality in the images is mostly done by visual inspection.If classification could be quantitated and automated, it would be useful for unbiased and rapid analysis.A review of the literature, and pathways to proceed in quantitation, are suggested in the article.Use of a variety of features, weighted in order of importance, may provide the best paradigm for quantitation.
Buildup of particles on fibers in a high field-high gradient separator

In previous publications the performance of a high field-high gradient magnetic filter was calculated using a particle trajectory model to obtain the capture cross section of the fibers. The configuration of the particle buildup was assumed to be constant without considering the forces on the particle after impinging on the fiber. We now calculate the equilibrium configuration of particle buildup on the edge of a flat ribbon considering only the magnetic and viscous forces and including the effect of the fluid boundary layer. The configurations obtained as a function of field and flow are consistent with the few approximate direct observations reported in the literature. The performance of the filter, calculated using the particle trajectory model, now modified by this equilibrium buildup configuration, is compared to previously reported experimental results on separation of CuO from Al 2 O 3 slurries. A somewhat better fit is now obtained over the entire range of fluid velocity and fields, but an adjustable parameter affecting the viscous drag on the collected particles is required.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF PASTEURELLA TESTUDINIS ISOLATED FROM DESERT TORTOISES (GOPHERUS AGASSIZII) WITH AND WITHOUT UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE

Isolates of Pasteurella testudinis recovered from clinically healthy desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) and tortoises with upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) were characterized in an attempt to identify strains associated with disease. Eighty-nine isolates, 52 from ill and 37 from healthy tortoises collected from Nevada (USA), June 1990 to September 1991, were genomically fingerprinted and grouped based on ribotype similarity. Twelve isolates (six from ill and six from healthy tortoises) were further characterized with regard to whole-cell protein (WCP) and outer membrane protein (OMP) composition and their ability to survive in normal tortoise plasma. The 89 isolates were initially distributed into 33 distinct ribotype groups using the restriction enzyme EcoRI; five ribotypes contained over 50% of the isolates. Only one EcoRl ribotype was comprised of multiple isolates (n = 4) exclusively recovered from tortoises with URTD. When the ten EcoRI ribotypes that contained more than one isolate per ribo...
Readmissions after carotid artery revascularization in the Medicare population.

Background In appropriately selected patients with severe carotid stenosis, carotid revascularization reduces ischemic stroke. Prior clinical research has focused on the efficacy and safety of carotid revascularization, but few investigators have considered readmission as a clinically important outcome.
Predicting Reading Performance Using the Slingerland Procedures.

The purpose in this study was to examine predictive relationships between the Slingerland Pre- Reading Screening Procedures and performance on measures of word recognition and reading comprehension. Longitudinal data were collected on 104 children administered the Slingerland Procedures in kindergarten and the Stanford Achievement Test at first, third, and fifth grades. Outcome measures included achievement subtests, Word Study Skills, Reading Comprehension, Reading and Listening Total. Significant relationships were found between Slingerland measures and reading outcomes. However, prediction varied across grades and according to the measure of reading used. Listening contributed to reading comprehension but not to word recognition, and visual skills influenced early but not later reading performance. Gender and socioeconomic status influenced the strength of associations.
The catalysis of the N-nitrosation of secondary amines by nitrosophenols

Abstract p -Nitrosophenols and the structurally related compounds, p -nitroso- N -alkylanilines and p -nitroso- N -dialkylanilines, have been found to catalyse the N-nitrosation of pyrrolidine and morpholine. The p -nitroso- o -cresol catalysed N-nitrosation of pyrrolidine at pH 5 was found to be first order with respect to each of nitrosocresol, pyrrolidine and nitrite. The third order rate constant for the reaction has a value of 2·08 mole −2 litre 2 min −1 . The corresponding reaction with morpholine follows similar kinetics and has a third order rate constant of 18·47 mole −2 litre 2 min −1 . p -Nitroso- o -cresol has no effect on the N-nitrosation of N-methylaniline. A mechanism is proposed in which the nitrosophenol reacts, via its quinonemonoxime tautomer, with nitrous acid (or species in equilibrium with nitrous acid) to produce an intermediate nitrosating agent which under goes attack by the amine to produce the N -nitrosamine and regenerate the catalyst.
Relationship of radionuclide indexes of cardiac function during interventions: volume loading, afterload stress, exercise, and pacing.

We compared three radionuclide indexes of cardiac function: (1) the ejection fraction (EF), (2) the mean ejection rate (ER), and (3) the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (MVCF) during volume loading, phenylephrine hydrochloride stress, exercise, and atrial pacing. All behaved in a similar (linear) fashion, allowing appropriate hemodynamic conclusions to be drawn using either index. During atrial pacing, the ejection fraction declined, when velocity indexes increased—suggesting that the ejection fraction may not be a suitable index to characterize alterations in inotropic state during rapid alterations in heart rate, particular in the absence of angina pectoris. This may result from the reductions in cardiac volume for the duration of pacing, where the velocity index is preserved. In most circumstances excluding atrial pacing, ejection fraction during interventions is an adequate index of the change of myocardial contractile state.
The energy-yielding oxidation of NADH by fumarate in submitochondrial particles of rat tissues.

Abstract 1. Oxidation of NADH by fumarate coupled to synthesis of ATP was found to occur in cyanide-poisoned rat heart submitochondrial particles. The reaction was inhibited by amytal, thenoyltrifluoroacetone and malonate, indicating the involvement of a portion of the electron transfer chain. 2. Cytochrome b became oxidized (while the other cytochromes remained reduced) during the oxidation of NADH by fumarate, suggesting that cytochrome b is part of the reaction pathway. 3. Succinate was recovered as the reaction product and accounted for the NADH oxidized. 4. The P/2 e ratios indicate that one ATP was produced for each pair of electrons transferred to fumarate. 5. The reaction was also demonstrated to be present in liver and gastrocnemius muscle of rat. The reaction rate in heart was 2.0 times that of gastrocnemius and 3.3 times that of liver. These differences are not related to the activities of NADH or succinate dehydrogenase. 6. The ubiquitous nature of this reaction suggests that it could serve as an important physiological mechanism for generating extra glycolytic energy during periods of anoxia.
Altered G1 checkpoint control determines adaptive survival responses to ionizing radiation

Abstract Adaptive survival responses (ASRs) are observed when cells become more resistant to a high dose of a cytotoxic agent after repeated low dose exposures to that agent or another genotoxic agent. Confluent ( G 0 G 1 ) human normal (GM2936B, GM2937A, AG2603, IMR-90), cancer-prone (XPV2359), and neoplastic (U1-Mel, HEp-2, HTB-152) cells were primed with repeated low doses of X-rays (ranging from 0.05–10 cGy/day for 4 days), then challenged with a high dose (290–450 cGy) on day 5. U1-Mel and HEp-2 cells showed greater than 2-fold transient survival enhancement when primed with 1–10 cGy. ASRs in U1-Mel or HEp-2 cells were blocked by cycloheximide or actinomycin D. Increases in cyclins A and D1 mRNAs were noted in primed compared to unirradiated U1-Mel and HEp-2 cells; however, only cyclin A protein levels increased. Cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein levels were constitutively elevated in HEp-2 and U1-Mel cells, compared to the other human normal and neoplastic cells examined, and were not altered by low or high doses of radiation. Low dose primed U1-Mel cells entered S-phase 4–6 h faster than unprimed U1-Mel cells upon low-density replating. Similar responses in terms of survival recovery, transcript and protein induction, and altered cell cycle regulation were not observed in the other human normal, cancer-prone or neoplastic cells examined. We hypothesize that only certain human cells can adapt to ionizing radiation by progressing to a point later in G1 (the A point) where DNA repair processes and radioresistance can be induced. ASRs in human cells correlated well with constitutively elevated levels of PCNA and cyclin D1, as well as inducibility of cyclin A. We propose that a protein complex composed of cyclin D1, PCNA, and possibly cyclin A may play a role in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair, which determine ASRs in human cells.
Lens-assisted in vivo desensitization to heights.

Abstract Optical lenses that alter perceived depth may be usefully applied in the treatment of acrophobia. The present case report describes reverse viewing through binoculars to magnify apparent height during in vivo desensitization. The techniques enables effective treatment from low actual heights, allows close control over exposure durations, and affords the opportunity to extend desensitization to apparent heights considerably greater than those ordinarily available for practice.
Mystixin peptides reduce hyaluronan deposition and edema formation.

Abstract Hyaluronan and its associated water of hydration are the basis of the swelling and edema of acute inflammation. Mystixins are small, synthetic peptides that suppress the acute inflammatory response. Mystixin-7, a prototype of these peptides, has the structure p -anisoyl-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu- d -Thi-Ile- d -Leu-NH 2 . As shown previously by this laboratory, the mystixin-7 peptide inhibits edema formation in vivo following intravenous administration at doses of less than 1.0 mg/kg. Mechanisms by which this peptide might suppress edema were examined here in vitro using cultured cells. Normal human dermal fibroblasts normally secrete large quantities of hyaluronan in response to inflammatory stimuli. Mystixin-7 reduced hyaluronan deposition by up to 80% in such cultures. Stimulation of hyaluronidase activity was observed. Mystixins represent a novel class of anti-inflammatory peptides that suppress the edema associated with inflammation. We propose that stimulation of hyaluronidase activity, with a decrease in net hyaluronan deposition and its associated water of hydration, is among the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effect of mystixin peptides.
Sticky quartz crystal microbalance as a particle monitor

Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) have been used for over twenty years as contamination monitors in space satellites to measure film deposition on sensitive surfaces such optical mirrors, thermal radiators and solar arrays. However, it is only recently that miniature quartz crystal microbalances were used as particle monitors after the QCMs were coated with low outgassing grease to trap and measure the mass of particles impinging on the quartz surfaces. Results of these experiments utilizing 'sticky' QCMs are described for a series of wind- tunnel missile tests.
Deformation, fracture, and fragmentation in brittle geologic solids

A model is developed for mechanical behavior and failure of brittle solids of geologic origin. Mechanisms considered include elastic stretch and rotation, thermal expansion, and deformation associated with micro-cracks. Decohesion on preferred cleavage planes in the solid, and subsequent effects of crack opening and sliding, are modeled. Explicit volume averaging over an element of material containing displacement discontinuities, in conjunction with the generalized divergence theorem, leads to an additive decomposition of the deformation gradient into contributions from thermoelasticity in the intact material and displacement jumps across micro-cracks. This additive decomposition is converted into a multiplicative decomposition, and the inelastic velocity gradient is then derived in terms of rates of crack extension, opening, and sliding on discrete planes in the microstructure. Elastic nonlinearity at high pressures, elastic moduli degradation from micro-cracking, dilatancy, pressure- and strain rate-sensitive yield, and energy dissipation from crack growth and sliding are formally addressed. Densities of micro-cracks are treated as internal state variables affecting the free energy of the solid. The mean fragment size of particles of failed material arises from geometric arguments in terms of the evolving average crack radius and crack density, with smaller fragments favored at higher loading rates. The model is applied to study granite, a hard polycrystalline rock, under various loading regimes. Dynamic stress–strain behavior and mean fragment sizes of failed material are realistically modeled. Possible inelastic anisotropy can be described naturally via prescription of cleavage planes of varying strengths.
Habitat use by female desert bighorn sheep in the Fra Cristobal Mountains, New Mexico, USA

Mexican desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) populations have declined since the 1980s, and restoration efforts are necessary to establish viable populations. Mexican desert bighorn sheep were translocated to the Fra Cristobal Mountains of south-central New Mexico in 1995. We described seasonal habitats used by female desert bighorn sheep by comparing characteristics of radiolocations with random locations within their home range. We developed a geographic information system to derive aspect, distance to steep slopes, elevation, slope, substrate associations, terrain ruggedness, and visibility. We developed seasonal logistic regression models that incorporated distance to 60% slope patches, ruggedness, slope, substrate, and visibility. Habitat characteristics at bighorn sheep locations were similar among seasons. Bighorn sheep locations were on steeper and more rugged terrain, closer to topography with a 60% slope, and had lower visibility than random locations. Based on our description of habitat selection by sheep, managers in New Mexico may need to reassess the amount of escape habitat in restoration areas to prioritize translocations and plan to manage predators.
Testing and refining the direct and inferential mediation model of reading comprehension

A significant proportion of American high school students struggle with reading comprehension. Theoretical models of reading comprehension might help researchers understand these difficulties, because they can point to variables that make the largest contributions to comprehension. On the basis of an extensive review of the literature, we created a new model of reading comprehension, the direct and inferential mediation (DIME) model. The model hypothesizes relationships among background knowledge, inferences, reading comprehension strategies, vocabulary, and word reading and addresses the direct and mediated effects of these 5 predictors on comprehension. The authors tested the fit of the model and 3 variations of the model to data from 175 students in 9th grade. The DIME model explained 66% of the variance in comprehension. Vocabulary and background knowledge made the largest contributions to comprehension, followed by inference, word reading, and strategies. Analyses of participants scoring below the 30th percentile on comprehension showed these students to have low scores on all of the measures. The authors suggest that vocabulary and background knowledge interventions might be the best way to begin improving the academic reading comprehension of students like those in the sample.
Intraocular pressure and visual field progression in open-angle glaucoma

F OR OVER 100 YEARS, OPHTHALMOLOGISTS HAVE treated glaucoma by prescribing medications and performing surgery to lower intraocular pressure. This approach to glaucoma management is time honored and widely accepted; however, it is important to recognize that there is little hard evidence that lowering intraocular pressure prevents progressive visual loss in glaucoma. In fact, some researchers have questioned whether intraocular pressure plays any role in the prognosis of open-angle glaucoma.1–3 In this issue of THE JOURNAL, the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) Investigators4 present information from their ongoing study. The AGIS trial was designed to determine whether patients with open-angle
Feynman diagrams and Wick products associated with q-Fock space

It is shown that if one keeps track of crossings, Feynman diagrams can be used to compute the q-Wick products and usual operator products in terms of each other.
Multifocal recurrent adult rhabdomyoma

The clinical and morphologic features of a recurrent, multifocal, adult, extracardiac rhabdomyoma are reported. This benign skeletal muscle neoplasm is composed of large round to polyhedral cells containing cross striations. The ultrastructural features consist of hypertrophic Z bands, intranuclear inclusions, and numerous mitochondria with linear, intracristal inclusions. The low thymidine labeling index and long potential doubling time correspond wi th the length of time for clinical recurrence.
Extension of liquid-metal theory to dense partially ionized plasmas

The variational formulation of liquid-metal perturbation theory is generalized to include electronic excitation of the conduction and core electrons. The theory allows calculation of thermodynamic properties for all states from the normal liquid metal to the ionized dense plasma. Theoretical results are compared to experimental shock-compression data and to calculations made by using strongly coupled plasma theory.
Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation for Discrete Distributions with Support Depending on the Parameter

Abstract This article considers uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimation of estimable parameters when observations come from a certain class of discrete distributions with support depending on the parameter. An example of Stigler (1972) comes as a special case, where all parametric functions are estimable and have uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimators.
Using reflectance crossplots and rotational polarization for determining first-cycle vitrinite for maturation studies

Abstract Vitrinite reflectance on dispersed sedimentary organic matter is traditionally determined from histograms of vitrinite and inertinite reflectance measured on either whole rock samples or kerogen concentrates, or from particles usually in whole rock preparations chosen by morphology and relative reflectance to be first-cycle vitrinite. This paper discusses an alternative method: discrimination of first-cycle vitrinite using apparent maximum and minimum reflectance data plotted on reflectance crossplots. The use of crossplots increases the confidence that the macerals identified as first-cycle vitrinite are optically similar. The maximum–minimum data, in this study, were collected on a quantitative reflectance microscope outfitted with rotational polarization, a technique that eliminates the usual difficulty in collecting such data on very small macerals by stage rotation.
Interneuronal and glial-neuronal gap junctions in the lamina ganglionaris of the compound eye of the housefly, Musca domestics

The cell-body layer of the lamina ganglionaris of the housefly, Musca domestica, contains the perikarya of five types of monopolar interneuron (L1–L5) along with their enveloping neuroglia (Strausfeld 1971). We confirm previous reports (Trujillo-Cenoz 1965; Boschek 1971) that monopolar cell bodies in the lamina form three structural classes: Class I, Class II, and midget monopolar cells. Class-I cells (L1 and L2) have large (8–15 μm) often crescentshaped cell bodies, much perinuclear cytoplasm and deep glial invaginations. Class-II cells (L3 and L4) have smaller perikarya (4–8 μm) with little perinuclear cytoplasm and no glial invaginations. The ‘midget’ monopolar cell (L5) resides at the base of the cell-body layer and has a cubshaped cell body. Though embedded within a reticulum of satellite glia, the L1–L4 monopolar perikarya and their immediately proximal neurites frequently appose each other directly. Typical arthropod (β-type) gap junctions are routinely observed at these interfaces. These junctions can span up to 0.8 μm with an intercellular space of 2–4 nm. The surrounding nonspecialized interspace is 12–20 nm. Freezefracture replicas of monopolar appositions confirm the presence of β-type gap junctions, i.e., circular plaques (0.15–0.7 μm diam.) of large (10–15 nm) E-face particles. Gap junctions are present between Class I somata and their proximal neurites, between Class I and Class II somata and proximal neurites, and between Class II somata. Intercartridge coupling may exist between such monopolar somata. The cell body and proximal neurite of L5 were not examined. We also find that Class I and Class II somata are extensively linked to their satellite glia via gap junctions. The gap width and nonjunctional interspace between neuron and glia are the same as those found between neurons. The particular arrangement and morphology of lamina monopolar neurons suggest that coupling or low resistance pathways between functionally distinct neurons and between neuron and glia are probably related to the metabolic requirements of the “nuclear” layer and may play a role in wide field signal averaging and light adaptation.
A new technique for capture and fission cross-section measurements

Abstract A technique is described for obtaining, simultaneously, capture and fission cross sections with the same detector-a deuterated-benzene-based liquid scintillator. Neutron and γ-ray events are separated by pulse-shape discrimination, and on-line pulse-height weighting is used to insure spectral independence for capture events. With the present technique, the latter requirement is satisfied for detector arrays of large solid angle.
Attitude Accessibility as a Function of Repeated Attitudinal Expression

The accessibility of attitudes from memory was examined as a function of the strength of the association between the attitude object and the evaluation. The strength of the object-evaluation association was manipulated by varying the number of times (zero, one, three, or six) that subjects expressed their attitudes toward a given issue on an attitude survey. Accessibility was operationalized as the latency of response to an attitudinal inquiry. A quadratic relation between number of expressions and latency was observed, such that initial expressions decreased response latency more than did subsequent expressions. The nature of the experiment also permitted a correlational examination of the relation between attitude extremity and attitude accessibility. A significant but not very substantial correlation was found. The results are discussed in terms of their implications both for the process by which attitudes guide behavior and/or attitude measurement practices.
Fostering Creativity in the Classroom: Effects of Teachers' Epistemological Beliefs, Motivation, and Goal Orientation.

The relationships of teachers' epistemological beliefs, motivation, and goal orientation to their instructional practices that foster student creativity were examined. Teachers' perceived instructional practices that facilitate the development of multiple perspectives in problem solving, transfer, task commitment, creative skill use, and collaboration were measured as indicators of their effort to foster creative thinking in students. Participants were 178 elementary-school teachers of third-, fourth-, and fifth-graders. Teachers' learning goal orientation was the most significant teacher attribute that demonstrated significant impacts on all five creativity-fostering instructional practices. Teachers with sophisticated beliefs about knowledge and with high intrinsic motivation for creative work also reported supporting student creativity through some of their instructional practices. However, teachers' motivation for challenging work, beliefs about learning, or performance goals did not significantly predict most of the creativity-fostering instructional practices. Educational implications of the current findings are offered.
Dissimilatory Metal Reduction by the Facultative Anaerobe Pantoea agglomerans SP1

Anaerobic enrichments with acetate as the electron donor and Fe(III) as the terminal electron acceptor were obtained from sediments of Salt Pond, a coastal marine basin near Woods Hole, Mass. A pure culture of a facultatively anaerobic Fe(III) reducer was isolated, and 16S rRNA analysis demonstrated that this organism was most closely related to Pantoea (formerly Enterobacter) agglomerans, a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae within the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria. This organism, designated strain SP1, can grow by coupling the oxidation of acetate or H(2) to the reduction of a variety of electron acceptors, including Fe(III), Mn(IV), Cr(VI), and the humic substance analog 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate, but not sulfate. To our knowledge, this is the first mesophilic facultative anaerobe reported to couple acetate oxidation to dissimilatory metal reduction.
Communication and Control: Parent, Child, and Health Care Professional Interactions During Painful Procedures

Through use of a qualitative ethological approach, observations of 17 children who were undergoing 44 painful procedures during cancer diagnosis or treatment were videotaped and analyzed. The children, aged 4 to 18 years, were part of a larger study testing the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic pain management techniques. Analysis of the videotaped observations revealed that several distinct patterns of conversation between caregivers, parents, and children varied greatly among situations. Both child-centered and nonchild-centered communications were demonstrated. During periods of quiet, nonchild-centered behaviors increased. As a child's distress increased, parents actively changed behaviors to redirect verbal support back to the child and to the pain control interventions. Nurses' encouraging parents to be actively involved and physically close during painful treatments may results in less distress and discomfort for the child. In addition, health care professionals need to be aware of the various patterns of child-parent-caregiver interactions and the need to stay focused on the child during painful procedures to enhance the child's ability to cope.
Transcendence: enabling a personal view of the deep web

A wealth of structured, publicly-available information exists in the deep web but is only accessible by querying web forms. As a result, users are restricted by the interfaces provided and lack a convenient mechanism to express novel and independent extractions and queries on the underlying data. Transcendence enables personalized access to the deep web by enabling users to partially reconstruct web databases in order to perform new types of queries. From just a few examples, Transcendence helps users produce a large number of values for form input fields by using unsupervised information extraction and collaborative filtering of user suggestions. Structural and semantic analysis of returned pages finds individual results and identifies relevant fields. Users may revise automated decisions, balancing the power of automation with the errors it can introduce. In a user evaluation, both programmers and non-programmers found Transcendence to be a powerful way to explore deep web resources and wanted to use it in the future.
Nuclear receptor coactivators modulate hormone-dependent gene expression in brain and female reproductive behavior in rats.

Gonadal steroid hormones act in the brain to elicit changes in gene expression that result in profound effects on behavior and physiology. A variety of in vitro studies indicate that nuclear receptor coactivators are required for efficient transcriptional activity of steroid receptors. Two nuclear receptor coactivators, steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein (CBP), have been shown to act in concert to enhance ER activity in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the function of these important nuclear receptor coactivators in estrogen action in rodent brain. Reduction of SRC-1 and CBP protein in brain disrupted ER-mediated activation of the behaviorally relevant progestin receptor gene. Furthermore, we found that SRC-1 and CBP function in brain to modulate the expression of hormone-dependent female sexual behavior. These findings indicate that these nuclear receptor coactivators function in brain to modulate ER transcriptional activity and the expression of hormone-dependent behavior. (Endocrinology 143: 436 – 444, 2002)
The Cost—Benefit Framework and Perceptions of Decision Strategies: A Comparison of China and the United States

Cost—benefit theories of decision strategy choice provide a conceptual foundation for studying human decision behavior. Central to cost—benefit theories are decision makers' perceptions of the efficacy and effort of various decision strategies. The authors apply the cost—benefit framework to study perceptions of decision strategies for samples of university students from the People's Republic of China and the United States. The results show cross-cultural differences in the perceptions. Noncompensatory strategies, especially the lexicographic strategy, are perceived more favorably by the Chinese than by the Americans. Strategies using attribute weights are perceived important by the Chinese, more so than by the Americans. Furthermore, the perceived efficient frontiers of the two cultures differ markedly.
Electrical Impedance of Cardiac Muscle

Impedances of cat cardiac muscle and frog sartorius muscle were compared at several frequencies before and after interspace ion depletion. Strips of parallel fibers were obtained from papillary muscles and ventricular trabeculae. The impedances were measured in the direction of fiber orientation. Interspace ion concentrations were reduced by soaking the tissues in isotonic sucrose solution. The D.C. specific resistance of cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle was previously reported to be two times as large in Binger's and over five times as large in 0.1 Ringer "s-suerose solution. In the present study, the relative impedances of cardiac muscle at 10.000 c.p.s. compared to that at 10 c.p.s. were 75 and 48 per cent in Ringer's and sucrose solutions, respectively. The impedance of skeletal muscle was independent of frequency in Ringer's and in sucrose solutions. These results suggest the presence of transverse membranes (perhaps the intercalated discs) of high resistance and high capacitance.
A Method of Co‐Therapy for Schizophrenic Families

This paper describes a model of treatment for families in which one child has been given the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Male and female therapists adopt structured roles that are used as a paradigm for exploring family patterns. The paradigm employs a three-generational hypothesis that defines schizophrenia as a lifelong, restricting mode of relating, involving the primary family triad, that makes the child vulnerable to repeated psychotic episodes. Therapy is directed at the difficulties of autonomous development within the family by focusing on differentiating the relationship between nuclear and extended family members, especially defining and strengthening generational and sexual boundaries. The second focus of therapy is on the resolution of issues of separation and loss, with attention to unresolved mourning in the family of origin and the concomitant stress in giving up the infantile relationship with the index child in the nuclear family. Stages of therapy will be described including: (a) initiation of therapy, (b) breaking of fusion, (c) repair of alienation, and (d) solidifying the marital alliance and generational boundaries. Case illustrations will be included.
Aspects of Control for a Parafoil and Payload System

A parafoil controlled by parafoil brake dee ection offers a lightweight and space-efe cient control mechanism for autonomous placement of air-dropped payloads to specie ed ground coordinates. The work reported here investigates control issues for a parafoil and payload system with left and right parafoil brakes used as the control mechanism.Itisshownthatparafoilandpayloadsystemscanexhibittwobasicmodesoflateralcontrol,namely,roll and skidsteering.Thesetwo modesoflateralsteeringgeneratelateralresponseinoppositedirections.Forexample, a roll steer cone guration turns left when the right parafoil brake is activated, whereas a skid steer cone guration turnsright under the samecontrol input. In transition between roll and skid lateral steering, the lateral responseis zero, and the system becomes uncontrollable. Angle of incidence, canopy curvature of the parafoil, and magnitude of brake dee ections are important design parameters for a controllable parafoil and payload system and greatly effect control response, including whether the basic lateral control mode is roll or skid steering. It is shown how the steering mode switches when fundamental design parameters are altered and as the magnitude of the brake dee ection increases. The mode of directional control transitions toward roll steering as the canopy curvature decreases or the angle of incidence becomes more negative. The mode of directional control transitions away from the roll steering mode as the magnitude of the brake dee ection increases, and for “ large” brake dee ections most parafoils will always skid steer.
Provide Ongoing Skill Development and Support

Students with serious emotional disturbance (SED) pose stern challenges to educators. The “frontline” in addressing these issues are educators who work with these students on a day-to-day basis. If these students are to achieve a greater degree of educational and social success, educators must be prepared and supported in the most effective manner possible. The reality of providing preservice and inservice education to educators of students with SED is discussed. Examples of training efforts that focused on improving the capacities and skills of and supports for educators are described. Recommendations are made for improving the preservice and inservice training of educators that specifically (a) expand models of educator supervision to include the pre-, transition, and postgraduation periods; (b) expand university-based learning to focus on the work, classroom, and school environment, rather than the university laboratory or lecture; (c) reconceptualize preservice and inservice training as an integral an...
Frequency-time spectra of magnetospherically reflecting whistlers in the plasmasphere

[1] We present a numerical method of simulating at any location in the magnetosphere, the observed frequency versus time ( f-t) spectrogram resulting from a lightning strike at any given latitude on Earth. Using a two-dimensional ray tracing code, we calculate the trajectories of 5330 whistler rays that effectively sample the lightning strike’s frequency spectrum and latitudinal spread about the source and then use these so-called ‘‘sample rays’’ to create � 120 million interpolated rays, each weighted with a measure of energy according to its frequency and injection latitude. This energy is progressively attenuated along the ray’s trajectory using a Landau damping calculation with realistic suprathermal electron fluxes. A detection area is defined in the plasmasphere, and rays that cross this area are used to construct the f-t spectrogram representative of what would be observed on a satellite located in that region. We investigate the role that the lightning source latitude, observation location, and plasmaspheric electron density structures have on the appearance of the simulated f-t spectrograms and show that all three parameters exhibit distinct and well-defined effects. In particular, we focus on plasmaspheric electron density structures and explain the connection between these structures and the appearance of specific observed features in the spectrograms. Using this analysis, it may be possible to crudely infer certain features of the source and plasmasphere from observed magnetospherically reflecting whistler spectrograms. INDEX TERMS: 6964 Radio Science: Radio wave propagation; 6939 Radio Science: Magnetospheric physics; 7843 Space Plasma Physics: Numerical simulation studies; 7871 Space Plasma Physics: Waves and instabilities; KEYWORDS: magnetospherically reflecting, nonducted, whistlers, plasmasphere, VLF, spectrograms
'Business Partnerships for American Education': employer involvement in the National Academy Foundation's High School Career Academies

This article presents a case study of a particular instance of business involvement in education, the industry-sponsored non-profit National Academy Foundation (NAF). While in the USA participation by employers in schools and educational programmes has increased in the last decade, the federal funding for such partnerships through the School-to- Work (STW) Opportunities Act is ending. NAF's efforts pre-date the federal STW legislation and have been especially effective in recruiting and retaining employer support for high-school-based career academies. Combining data from fieldwork and a telephone survey of 192 employers involved in the NAF programme, the authors explore the characteristics of participating employers, their contribution to local education experiences, and the incentives and disincentives to their involvement. The findings demonstrate that sustained, quality employer involvement in education is possible; possible indications of what accounts for NAF's success are also given. This study should help inform policymakers and practitioners as to potential challenges and benefits of institutionalising a large-scale employer- education partnership.
Should a naturalist be a supervenient physicalist

I clarify a widely accepted form of contemporary naturalism and argue that supervenient physicalism should not be considered an option for those who embrace this version of naturalism. Among other things, my thesis implies that if there are insuperable difficulties for strict physicalism, then the move toward supervenience views of the mind/body problem amounts to an abandonment of this version of naturalism and not a minor adjustment of it. More precisely, my argument is this: strict physicalism excludes both substance and property or event dualism. But the supervenience thesis entails some form of property or event dualism. So strict physicalism excludes the supervenience thesis. Moreover, given the nature of a widely accepted contemporary understanding of naturalism, it is best construed along strict physicalist lines and naturalists of this persuasion should not be supervenient physicalists. To make my case, I offer a characterization of a ubiquitous version of contemporary naturalism followed by an analysis of the most plausible version of supervenient physicalism consistent with this form of naturalism. I then try to show why this version of supervenient physicalism should not be an option for a naturalist of a certain persuasion.
Work in progress - can the Tablet PC provide “new opportunities to learn?”

With the advent of the information age, engineering educators have struggled to change pedagogical practice to prepare students for the pace and complexity of the world ahead. Constructivist instructional methods are particularly promising because they explicitly promote active evaluation of information and higher-order thinking, and encourage faculty to act as a facilitator of student learning. The Tablet PC is a potentially valuable tool in this instructional environment because of its wide-ranging functionality. In the present study, we examine the unfolding effects of a large-scale tablet-based deployment at a R1 college of Engineering. We employ pre and post measures to evaluate studentspsila: (1) attitudes toward technology, (2) technology use, and (3) metacognitive strategies and motivation. Initial results also show some significant cognitive effects in courses using the Tablet. With course implementations underway that make fuller use of Tablet capacities we anticipate more positive learning outcomes.