cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron activation analysis of multiple 10–100 μg glass samples from siderophile element partitioning experiments

Abstract Experimental studies of the metal/silicate partitioning of Ir have produced two sets of results differing by a factor of 10 6 ( Jones and Drake, 1986 ; O'Neill et al., 1995 ). In an attempt to understand this discrepancy, we have performed instrumental neutron activation analyses of multiple glass chips from these siderophile element partitioning experiments. From seven to ten individual chips (~ 10–100 μ g each) were analyzed from each experimental glass. The major target was Ir, which was detected at concentrations ranging from 690 ppb (ng/g) to less than 1 ppb. Detection limits are less than 10 −13 grams Ir. Almost all of the run products appear to be homogeneous with respect to lithophile elements, but most vary considerably in their Ir concentrations. It appears that most of the experiments analyzed so far contain small amounts of metal in the glass separates. One experiment from Jones and Drake (1983) appears to be homogeneous, but in fact may not be. More recent experiments are definitely not homogeneous, and require the existence of a metallic phase distinctly different from the bulk solid metal or liquid metal/sulfide phases also present in the charges. Iridium contents of the glass in the stirred crucible experiment studied ( O'Neill et al., 1996 ) decreased continuously over a period of several months, even as the oxygen fugacity was increasing, suggesting that the experiment never achieved equilibrium. Iridium contents in multiple samples of the glasses varied over factors of 2 to 3x. Further subdivision of one low-Ir glass did not result in a reduction in the variation of Ir between aliquots. Thus, the variation in Ir concentration appears to remain fairly constant, irrespective of the scale of the sampling.
Resistance to yielding and the expectation of cooperative future interaction in negotiation.

Abstract The expectation of cooperative future interaction (ECFI) encouraged especially high joint benefit (the total of the two bargainers' individual outcomes) when resistance to yielding was high, but especially low joint benefit when resistance to yielding was low. Process data suggest that this finding can be explained as follows: When resistance to yielding is high, ECFI encourages problem solving and reduced contentious behavior; when resistance to yielding is low, ECFI encourages a collapse of aspirations. The results support Filley's (1975) dualconcern model and cast doubt on Deutsch's (1973) blanket assertion that a cooperative process leads to constructive conflict resolution.
Multiharmonic generation in the high-frequency limit at a metal surface.

The nonlinear optical process of multiharmonic generation at the surface of a metal is studied for the case where the incident laser frequency is very high. Results are derived for multiharmonic yields using lowest-order perturbation theory. Application of the theory is made to aluminum.
Spinning magnetic trap for automated microfluidic assay systems

While sophisticated analyses have been performed using lab-on-chip devices, in most cases the sample preparation is still performed off chip. The global need for easy-to-use, disposable testing devices necessitates that sample processing is automated and that transport complexity between the processing and analytical components is minimal. We describe a complete sample manipulation unit for performing automated target capture, efficient mixing with reagents, and controlled target release in a microfluidic channel, using an array of spinning magnets. The “MagTrap” device consists of 6 pairs of magnets in a rotating wheel, situated immediately beneath the microchannel. Rotation of the wheel in the direction opposite to the continuous flow entraps and concentrates the bead-target complexes and separates them from the original sample matrix. As the wheel rotates and the active pair of magnets moves away from the microchannel, the beads are released and briefly flow downstream before being trapped and pulled upstream by the next pair of magnets. This dynamic and continuous movement of the beads ensures that the full surface area of each bead is exposed to reagents and prevents aggregation. The release of the target-bead complexes for further analysis is facilitated by reversing the rotational direction of the wheel to sweep the beads downstream. Sample processing with the MagTrap was demonstrated for the detection of E. coli in a range of concentrations (1 × 103, 1 × 104 and 1 × 106 cells ml−1). Results show that sample processing with the MagTrap outperformed the standard manual protocols, improving the detection capability while simultaneously reducing the processing time.
Life Characteristics of Medium Size Insulated Wire Subjected to Short Time, High Current Faults

This paper continues the study of damage done to insulated wire by high currents which occur during the brief time necessary for protective devices to clear a bolted short circuit. The damage was measured by the decrease in dielectric strength related to various values of the time integral of the square of the current. This is called I2t. One major advantage of this approach is the definiteness with which significant damage is identified. The data reported here when combined with the data of the previous paper shows a linear relationship between the logarithm of I2t and cross sections of the most used building wires.
Fine structural localization of cholinesterase activity in the rat brain stem.

Abstract Thiolacetic acid is hydrolyzed in the rat medulla oblongata by four separate enzyme systems, i.e., by specific cholinesterase, nonspecific cholinesterase, nonspecific esterase, and possibly cathepsin C. The activity of these enzymes can be distinguished by inhibition studies. Specific cholinesterase activity is largely confined to neurons, where it is chiefly associated with portions of the endoplasmic reticulum and with synapses. Only some synapses showed activity and this was confined to pre- and postsynaptic membranes and to some synaptic vesicles. Nonspecific cholinesterase activity is prominently found in neuroglia cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, and perithelial cells. Within these cells the reaction product was particularly evident on the nuclear membrane and in the Golgi complex. Perithelial cells contained much enzyme activity, which was primarily associated with the granules of the endoplasmic reticulum. Dense bodies found in neurons, neuroglia cells and perithelial cells contain an organophosphate-resistant esterase, or cathepsin C, which hydrolyzes thiolacetic acid. Some of these enzymatically active dense bodies appeared to arise from the Golgi complex. Glutaraldehyde is advocated as a general fixative for the central nervous system; however, caution is advised concerning its use to demonstrate this type of enzyme activity in the brain.
Factors affecting the choice of soil conservation practices adopted by potato farmers in Nuwara Eliya district, Sri Lanka.

Potato is an economically attractive crop, but it causes soil erosion in the hill country. Nuwara Eliya contributes about 27% of the national potato production and about 58% of the potato-cultivated land is prone to severe soil erosion. In spite of the seriousness of the soil erosion and the need for effective soil conservation practices, there is an absence of research on soil conservation practices and the level of adoption by potato cultivators. Therefore, the purpose of this research project was to find out the different soil conservation practices, level of adoption by potato farmers and influence of socio-economic factors on farmers' decisions in the Nuwara Eliya district. Data were collected from a multistage stratified random sample of 50 potato farmers in five Agrarian Service Centers (ASC) in the Nuwara Eliya district during 2007. Judgmental scaling method was used to assess the different levels of soil conservation methods adopted by the potato farmers. Multinomial Logit model was used to determine the choice of soil conservation practices. Likert - scaling method was used to assess the potato farmers' perception on adopting appropriate soil conservation methods. Results reveal that 30, 52 and 18% of the potato cultivators were practicing good, average and poor level of soil conservation practices respectively. Good level of soil conservation practices has increased the farmers' potato yield and income. The cost of cultivation inversely affected the soil conservation practices adopted by potato cultivators. The probability of adopting good level of soil conservation was affected positively and significantly by education and land size. About 60% of the potato farmers have a positive attitude towards the importance of improving soil conservation. Land ownership is a crucial factor for this. Appropriate training, extension and effective soil conservation subsidy are recommended to improve soil conservation for sustainable potato cultivation. Key words: Potato Cultivation; Soil Conservation; Choice Model; Nuwara Eliya DOI: 10.4038/tare.v11i0.1789 Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension Vol.11 2008 pp.49-54
Prevalence, incidence, and correlates of chlamydia and gonorrhea among young adult injection drug users.

The purpose was to measure prevalence incidence and correlates of chlamydia and gonorrhea among injection drug users (IDUs). Participants (n = 2129; 63% male 52% White ages 18-30 years) in 5 US cities were tested for chlamydia and gonorrhea by urine ligase chain reaction assay and completed a standardized questionnaire about demographics and recent sexual behavior. Logistic regression identified correlates of prevalent infection; incidence rates were calculated from 6-month follow-up data. Chlamydia prevalence was 5.2% and did not differ by gender. Gonorrhea prevalence was 0.2% among men and 2.0% among women p < 0.001. Among men younger age [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.89 (0.83-0.96)] age at sexual debut [0.91 (0.83- 0.99)] and African American race [2.92 (1.53-5.59)] were associated with chlamydia. Among women age at sexual debut [1.16 (1.02-1.31)] and commercial sex [1.96 (1.03-3.74)] were associated with chlamydia and with gonorrhea [1.27 (1.04-1.56)] and [5.17 (1.66-16.11)] respectively. At 6 months the cumulative incidence of chlamydia was 1.7% among men and 4.4% among women P = 0.03; no men and 1.3% of women tested positive for gonorrhea P = 0.01. Prevalence and correlates of chlamydia and gonorrhea were similar to other samples suggesting that screening criteria need not to be modified for IDU populations. The number of behavioral correlates identified was limited; perhaps unmeasured sexual- network-level factors play a role in determining sexually transmitted disease prevalence. (authors)
On-line keys : more than just paper on the web

The internet has opened new opportunities for the distribution of systematic information. Advantages such as immediate worldwide distribution, affordable presentation of color illustrations, ease of updating the informa tion, and low cost all suggest that the web is an ideal medium for the publication of taxonomic keys, descrip tions, illustrations, and catalogues. Using examples from on-line interactive keys published on the web and the interactive key projects developed at the USD A ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory (SBML), this paper presents important points to be considered in developing online interactive keys. These include the use of standard internet protocols, emphasis on images, and easy maintenance by scientists without interven tion of IT staff. An additional technical point is that morphological data should be external to the key program. As a result, when data are changed or replaced, the system will automatically be updated. In addition, these data can be used for applications outside of the key. While the potential usefulness of internet keys and other on-line systematic information may be obvious, there are hurdles that must be overcome before there is any significant proliferation of on-line keys. Systematists must embrace the internet as a desirable publishing option, peer review and institutional reward systems must recognize the significance of non-paper publication, and systematists need to incorporate structured procedures for data collection.
Preventive Care in the Emergency Department A Systematic Literature Review on Emergency Department‐based Interventions that Address Smoke Detectors in the Home

Objectives To assess the effectiveness of an emergency department (ED)-based strategy to identify and counsel selected patients about the importance of an operational smoke detector in the home and to offer a graded recommendation regarding such a strategy. Methods A systematic review was facilitated through the use of a structured template, a companion explanatory piece, and a grading and methodological scoring system based on published criteria for critical appraisal. Two Medline combined searches were performed using the following terms: emergency medical services and counseling, protective devices and smoke detectors, accidents, home, burns, fires, and residential fires. A free-text search of indexed and nonindexed citations in Emergency Medical Abstracts from 1977 to 1999 and a search of the Cochrane Library were also performed. In addition, reviewers performed independent Medline searches and suggested four additional studies. Studies selected for inclusion in this systematic review were required to meet the following criteria: 1) report ED-based research and 2) address the topic of fire and burn prevention with some pertinent discussion of ED-based interventions. The initial inclusion criteria had restricted studies to those that reported the results of counseling strategies for smoke detectors. The authors later decided to consider, as indirectly relevant, studies that did not investigate counseling strategies. Data from the selected studies were extracted using the template form, and the validity and applicability of the results to emergency practice were assessed. Recommendations were derived following criteria developed by a systematic review of preventive interventions in the ED. Results Six articles were closely reviewed. Four of the six studies met the inclusion criteria. One other study that did not meet the inclusion criteria was also considered. No study focused specifically on the counseling of ED patients about smoke detectors. Conclusions Following the criteria of the graded recommendations used for the parent project. a recommendation cannot be made either for or against an ED-based strategy to counsel patients on the importance of smoke detectors. No studies located in our review directly assessed the effectiveness of such a strategy. Based on the retrospective case series study of the potential opportunity for a home fire safety intervention during an emergency medical services visit and the Safe Block Project study, it may be worthwhile to consider further research on the effectiveness of systems-level/structural interventions, with a targeted focus on strategies that attempt to overcome barriers associated with active interventions.
The Effect of Irradiation on the Transmission of Lithium Fluoride

The transmission of lithium fluoride in the visible and ultraviolet may be considerably reduced by exposure to very intense ultraviolet radiation, electron bombardment or contact with a low pressure electrical discharge. Strong absorption bands with maxima at 5200, 3100, and 2500A and a gradually increasing absorption below 1800A appear after a few minutes exposure to electron bombardment or contact with the low pressure discharge. Since 75 hours exposure to the light of a hydrogen discharge tube caused only about a maximum decrease in transmission, lithium fluoride may be considered as satisfactory as fluorite for of 5 percent use in ultraviolet optical instruments. Since all of the absorption bands build up at about rate, the visible discoloration, faint yellow to deep red, may be used as an indication of the same the change in the ultraviolet. Lithium fluoride colored by irradiation may be useful as a filter in ultraviolet studies.
Analysis of the Analytical Performance of Laboratories Participating in Two Major U.S. Bulk Asbestos Proficiency Testing Programs

Quality assurance and proficiency testing programs have been available for 27 years for U.S. laboratories using polarized light microscopy to analyze bulk building materials for asbestos. Total enrollment in the two principal bulk asbestos proficiency testing programs conducted by RTI International peaked at nearly 900 laboratories in the mid-1990s. Enrollment has stabilized in the last 5 years at approximately 475 laboratories, and rates of return of analysis results currently exceed 95%. More than 115,000 test samples have been sent worldwide by RTI to laboratories in these two programs. A review of more than 109,000 analysis results was undertaken to determine the frequencies of various qualitative error types, the types of bulk building materials most responsible for those errors, and the accuracy of precision of semiquantitative results. This assessment revealed that a small number of bulk building materials cause the majority of difficulties in each program, although error frequencies vary between t...
Enzyme 15-lipoxygenase 1 promotes hypoxia-inducible factor 1α turnover and reduces vascular endothelial growth factor expression: implications for angiogenesis

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is the regulatory subunit of the heterodimeric HIF-1 that plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation of genes in angiogenesis and hypoxic adaptation, while fatty acid metabolism mediated by lipoxygenases has been implicated in a variety of pathogeneses, including cancers. In this study, we report that 15-lipoxygenase 1 (15-LO1), a key member of the lipoxygenase family, promotes HIF-1α ubiquitination and degradation. Altering the level of 15-LO1 yields inverse changes in HIF-1α and HIF-1 transcriptional activity, under both normoxia and hypoxia, and even in CoCl2-treated cells where HIF-1α has been artificially elevated. The antagonistic effect of 15-LO1 is mediated by the Pro564/hydroxylation/26S proteasome system, while both the enzymatic activity and the intracellular membrane-binding function of 15-LO1 appear to contribute to HIF-1α suppression. Our findings provide a novel mechanism for HIF-1α regulation, in which oxygen-dependent HIF-1 activity is modulated by an oxygen-insensitive lipid metabolic enzyme.
Experiencia y desafíos de la investigación en el nivel de pregrado en la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Chile

Partiendo de una sistematizacion de los rasgos generales mas caracteristicos de la formacion de Arquitecto en la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Chile, se presenta, en primer lugar, una resena del proceso de introduccion de la actividad de investigacionen el pregrado de la carrera de Arquitectura, para senalar luego las exigencias actuales a los estudiantes en Seminarios de Investigacion y Tesis de Titulo investigativas, tomando el caso de la especialidad del Urbanismo. Finalmente, se enuncia algunas tareas pendientes, y desafios que habria que abordar para ir hacia a nuevas y mejores etapas de desarrollo.
Localization of biogenic amines in Schistosoma mansoni.

Abstract 1. 1. The distribution of biogenic amines in Schistosoma mansoni was studied by the use of the histochemical fluorescence technique of Falck & Owman (1965). 2. 2. Catecholamines were found in the central ganglia, the nerve trunks, and in a network of fibers emerging from the nerve trunks and distributed throughout the parenchyma of the worm. 3. 3. 5-Hydroxytryptamine has been localized in the head region near the commissure, in the vicinity of the nerve trunks, and in small granules throughout the parenchyma of the worm. 4. 4. Preincubation of the worms with 5-hydroxytryptophan and iproniazid resulted in a tenfold increase in the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and in the appearance of a larger number of 5-hydroxytryptamine containing structures. 5. 5. The fluorescence characteristics, determined by two different methods, and the Chromatographic behaviour of the tryptamine-like material extracted from schistosomes were identical with that of 5-hydroxytryptamine.
An analytical perspective on sporting events attendance: The 2007–2008 US NCAA college bowl games

Abstract Modern statistical and spatial statistical methodology—based upon generalized linear, mixed and semivariogram/autoregressive modeling theory—offers modeling techniques that are particularly suitable for analyzing sporting event attendances. Counts of attendees must be non-negative, and should follow a Poisson frequency distribution. The rapid expansion in recent years of US NCAA college football bowl games raises the practical research question of whether or not bowl game attendance (i.e., counts) can be predicted from readily available simple measures, which include: a team's win–loss record, distance separating a team's school from the city hosting its bowl game, and the payout of a bowl game. These three sets of variables are employed as covariates for predicting the geographic variation from city-to-city of college football bowl game attendance for the 2007–2008 season. A principal finding of this study is that bowl game attendance appears to be predictable with a contemporary spatial statistical model that is a special case of a Poisson probability model, whose mean is a linear combination of payoff levels and distance of the closer team to a stadium, two factors over which individual bowl organizing officials have some control. This analysis supplements and extends research findings pertaining to the mapping of intercollegiate sports and the geography of visitor attendance at college football games, and offers insight into factors over which cities hosting bowl games have some control.
GPR Monitoring of Volumetric Water Content in Soils Applied to Highway Construction and Maintenance

Detailed knowledge of the subsurface water content is important for highway design, maintenance, and repair. Transportation engineers can monitor the water content of subasphalt soils to estimate the soil stiffness as an index of the likely performance of a pavement and to evaluate the need for subsurface drainage retrofits. Conventional approaches for measuring water content include gravimetric sampling, time-domain reflectometry (TDR), and neutron probes, all of which are time-consuming and invasive. Additionally, each of these methods provides only point measurements; because soil moisture content can vary greatly over space and time, point measurements are of limited value when surveying over a large area and over a period of time. An alternative to these conventional methods is ground-penetrating radar (GPR), which can be used to quickly collect continuous, high-resolution water content estimates. GPR techniques can be used to estimate water content due to the sensitivity of electromagnetic velocity ...
Genomic Susceptibility Loci for Brain Atrophy, Ventricular Volume, and Leukoaraiosis in Hypertensive Sibships

Objective To localize susceptibility genes for alterations in brain structure associated with risk of stroke and dementia. We conducted genomewide linkage analyses for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of brain atrophy, ventricular, and subcortical white matter hyperintensity (leukoaraiosis) in 689 non-Hispanic white (673 sibling pairs; median age, 61 years) and 544 non-Hispanic black participants (503 sibling pairs; median age, 64 years) from sibships with at least 2 members with essential hypertension. Design, Setting, and Patients We determined brain, ventricular, and leukoaraiosis volumes from axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI; we calculated brain atrophy as the difference between total intracranial and brain volumes. Microsatellite markers (n = 451) distributed across the 22 autosomes were genotyped, and we used variance components methods to estimate heritability and assess evidence of genetic linkage for each MRI measure. Main Outcome Measures Brain atrophy ventricular volume, and leukoaraiosis determined from fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI. Results In both races, the heritability of each MRI measure was statistically greater than 0 ( P P P P P P P = .001) in blacks. Conclusions The MRI measures of structural brain injury are heritable in non-Hispanic black and white sibships ascertained through hypertensive sibling pairs. The susceptibility loci for brain atrophy, ventricular volume, and leukoaraiosis identified by linkage analyses differ among MRI measures and between races.
Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus, type 1 and 2, are well established as increasing the risk for severe periodontal disease. Periodontal disease has an earlier onset and is more severe in diabetic patients, especially those who are poorly controlled metabolically. The mechanisms are unclear; however, possibilities include a generalized hyperinflammatory response associated with advanced glycation endproducts, triggering inflammatory cells. Other mechanisms include altered vascular physiology, reduced immune response (particularly protective immune responses by neutrophils), and reduced ability for tissues to heal. The clinical consequences of the increased susceptibility of diabetic patients are that periodontal disease will be better managed in diabetic patients who are well-controlled diabetically. Intense monitoring, prevention, and early treatment are often necessary for those suffering from diabetes, to prevent the ravaging effects of periodontal disease. Periodontal infections also worsen glycemic control in diabetic patients. It appears that aggressive periodontal therapy, especially using adjunctive systemic antibiotics, is effective in treating periodontal disease in diabetic patients, and results in reduced glycated hemoglobin. Further studies are needed to determine the extent to which this reduction in glycated hemoglobin can be maintained and the subsequent effects, if any, on other diabetic complications. Keywords: diabetic complications; periodontitis; oral infection; dental plaque; dental abscesses; xerostomia; dental treatment
Analysis of the proteome of human airway epithelial secretions

Background: Airway surface liquid, often referred to as mucus, is a thin layer of fluid covering the luminal surface that plays an important defensive role against foreign particles and chemicals entering the lungs. Airway mucus contains various macromolecules, the most abundant being mucin glycoproteins, which contribute to its defensive function. Airway epithelial cells cultured in vitro secrete mucins and nonmucin proteins from their apical surface that mimics mucus production in vivo. The current study was undertaken to identify the polypeptide constituents of human airway epithelial cell secretions to gain a better understanding of the protein composition of respiratory mucus. Results: Fifty-five proteins were identified in the high molecular weight fraction of apical secretions collected from in vitro cultures of well-differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells and isolated under physiological conditions. Among these were MUC1, MUC4, MUC5B, and MUC16 mucins. By proteomic analysis, the nonmucin proteins could be classified as inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and/or anti-microbial. Conclusions: Because the majority of the nonmucin proteins possess molecular weights less than that selected for analysis, it is theoretically possible that they may associate with the high molecular weight and negatively charged mucins to form a highly ordered structural organization that is likely to be important for maintaining the proper defensive function of airway mucus.
Data assimilation and bathymetric inversion in a two‐dimensional horizontal surf zone model

[1] A methodology is described for assimilating observations in a steady state two-dimensional horizontal (2-DH) model of nearshore hydrodynamics (waves and currents), using an ensemble-based statistical estimator. In this application, we treat bathymetry as a model parameter, which is subject to a specified prior uncertainty. The statistical estimator uses state augmentation to produce posterior (inverse, updated) estimates of bathymetry, wave height, and currents, as well as their posterior uncertainties. A case study is presented, using data from a 2-D array of in situ sensors on a natural beach (Duck, NC). The prior bathymetry is obtained by interpolation from recent bathymetric surveys; however, the resulting prior circulation is not in agreement with measurements. After assimilating data (significant wave height and alongshore current), the accuracy of modeled fields is improved, and this is quantified by comparing with observations (both assimilated and unassimilated). Hence, for the present data, 2-DH bathymetric uncertainty is an important source of error in the model and can be quantified and corrected using data assimilation. Here the bathymetric uncertainty is ascribed to inadequate temporal sampling; bathymetric surveys were conducted on a daily basis, but bathymetric change occurred on hourly timescales during storms, such that hydrodynamic model skill was significantly degraded. Further tests are performed to analyze the model sensitivities used in the assimilation and to determine the influence of different observation types and sampling schemes.
Dietary long-chain PUFA enhance acute repair of ischemia-injured intestine of suckling pigs.

Infant formula companies have been fortifying formulas with long-chain PUFA for 10 y. Long-chain PUFA are precursors of prostanoids, which stimulate recovery of intestinal barrier function. Supplementation of milk with PUFA increases the content of arachidonic acid (ARA) in enterocyte membranes; however, the effect of this enrichment on intestinal repair is not known. The objective of these experiments was to investigate the effect of supplemental ARA on intestinal barrier repair in ischemic-injured porcine ileum. One-day-old pigs (n = 24) were fed a milk-based formula for 10 d. Diets contained no PUFA (0% ARA), 0.5% ARA, 5% ARA, or 5% EPA of total fatty acids. Following dietary enrichment, ilea were subjected to in vivo ischemic injury by clamping the local mesenteric blood supply for 45 min. Following the ischemic period, control (nonischemic) and ischemic loops were mounted on Ussing chambers. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured over a 240-min recovery period. Ischemic-injured ileum from piglets fed 5% ARA (61.0 6 14%) exhibited enhanced recovery compared with 0% ARA (16 6 14) and 0.5% ARA (22.1 6 14)-fed pigs. Additionally, ischemic-injured ileum from 5% EPA (51.3 6 14)-fed pigs had enhanced recovery compared with 0% ARA-fed pigs (P , 0.05). The enhanced TER recovery response observed with ischemic-injured 5% ARA supplementation was supported by a significant reduction in mucosal-to-serosal flux of 3 H-mannitol and 14 C-inulin compared with all other ischemic-injured dietary groups (P , 0.05). A histological evaluation of ischemic ilea from piglets fed the 5% ARA showed reduced histological lesions after ischemia compared with the other dietary groups (P , 0.05). These data demonstrate that feeding elevated levels of long-chain PUFA enhances acute recovery of ischemic-injured porcine ileum. J. Nutr. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.150995.
Effects of Chitin Purity and Proppant Loading on the Bioremediation of Chloroethenes

AbstractHydraulic fracturing (or fracking) of substrates and proppants into contaminated soils is a developing, but understudied, practice of stimulating in situ bioremediation. In this work, three different purities of the substrate crab shell chitin (SC-20, SC-40, and SC-80), two proppant loadings (sand:chitin mass ratios of 5∶1 and 15∶1), and three chloroethene concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L trichloroethene, and 1.5 mg/L cis-1,2-dichloroethene) were experimentally and statistically examined to determine their effects on halorespiration. The least refined crab shell, SC-20, produced the greatest variety of electron donors, converted the highest percentage of contaminant mass to ethene, and supported a significantly greater Dehalococcoides population than the other substrates. Although influent chloroethene concentration and proppant loading did not significantly affect halorespiration (p-values >0.079), decreasing the proppant loading from 15∶1 to 5∶1 increased the longevity of electron-donor productio...
'Ghost' experiments and the dissection of social learning in humans and animals.

The focus of this review is the experimental techniques used to identify forms of social learning shown by humans and nonhuman animals. Specifically, the ‘ghost display’ and ‘end-state’ conditions, which have been used to tease apart imitative and emulative learning are evaluated. In a ghost display, the movements of an apparatus are demonstrated, often through the discrete use of fishing-line or hidden mechanisms, without a live model acting directly upon the apparatus so that the apparatus appears to be operated as if by a ‘ghostly’ agent. In an end-state condition, an observing individual is shown the initial state of the test apparatus, the apparatus is then manipulated out-of-sight and then represented to the individual in its final state. The aim of the ghost display condition is to determine whether individuals are able to emulate by replicating the movements of an apparatus, or perform a task, without requiring information about the bodily movements required to do so (imitation). The end-state condition is used to identify goal-emulation by assessing whether the observer can replicate the steps required to solve the task without having been shown the required body actions or task movements. The responses of individuals tested with either the ghost display and/or end-state conditions are compared to those of further individuals who have observed a full demonstration by either a human experimenter or a conspecific. The responses of a control group, to whom no information has been provided about the test apparatus or required actions, are also compared and evaluated. The efficacy of these experimental techniques employed with humans, nonhuman primates, dogs, rats and birds are discussed and evaluated. The experiments reviewed herein emphasise the need to provide ghost displays and end-state conditions in combination, along with full live demonstrations and a no-information control. Future research directions are proposed.
Mapping Chicago, Imagining Metropolises: Reconsidering the Zonal Model of Urban Growth

Chicago’s early boosters, realtors, and urban planners mapped their city as a series of concentric circles. In 1924, sociologist Ernest Burgess extrapolated from these maps to project a model for America’s urban and suburban growth. Despite the persuasive power of Burgess’s zonal model, his own students’ grounded, unpublished work offers a countermodel of more diverse and contested suburbanization, including suburban vice, industry, retail, and class variations. Their alternative maps reinsert human power dynamics into what Chicago’s urban ecologists had promoted as inevitable and homogeneous suburbanization.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in the older age group: computer analysis.

: A computer analysis was made of the data from a prospective study of the clinical course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 234 patients followed for an average of 46 months. All fulfilled four ARA criteria for the diagnosis of SLE. Sixteen of the 234 patients were aged 51 or older. They were compared with the 218 younger SLE patients to determine the influence of age on the signs and symptoms of the disease, the organ systems involved, the laboratory data, amount and duration of corticosteroid or azathioprine therapy, and the prognosis. The older group showed more discoid lupus, photosensitivity and pulmonary fibrosis than did the younger group, but a similar incidence of malar rash, alopecia, arthritis, arthralgia, myalgia and serositis, and a lower incidence of oral ulcers, Raynaud's phenomenon, cutaneous vasculitis, neuropsychiatric manifestations, leukopenia, hypocomplementemia and profuse proteinuria. The older patients needed a lower dosage of corticosteroids, and a shorter course of azathioprine therapy. These findings suggest a milder form of SLE with better response to therapy in the older age group.
Bayesian inference for irreducible diffusion processes using the pseudo-marginal approach

In this article we examine two relatively new MCMC methods which allow for Bayesian inference in diffusion models. First, the Monte Carlo within Metropolis (MCWM) algorithm (O’Neil, Balding, Becker, Serola and Mollison, 2000) uses an importance sampling approximation for the likelihood and yields a limiting stationary distribution that can be made arbitrarily “close” to the posterior distribution (MCWM is not a standard Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, however). The second method, described in Beaumont (2003) and generalized in Andrieu and Roberts (2009), introduces auxiliary variables and utilizes a standard Metropolis-Hastings algorithm on the enlarged space; this method preserves the original posterior distribution. When applied to diffusion models, this approach can be viewed as a generalization of the popular data augmentation schemes that sample jointly from the missing paths and the parameters of the diffusion volatility. We show that increasing the number of auxiliary variables dramatically increases the acceptance rates in the MCMC algorithm (compared to basic data augmentation schemes), allowing for rapid convergence and mixing. The efficacy of ourapproach is demonstrated in a simulation study of the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) and Heston models, and is applied to two well known datasets.
Purification of β-lactoglobulin with a high-capacity anion exchanger: high-throughput process development and scale-up considerations.

BACKGROUND β-Lactoglobulin is the most abundant protein in bovine whey. It is a valuable nutriceutical with multiple physiological functions. There are many ongoing efforts to improve approaches by which this whey protein can be conveniently and economically purified in significant quantities. High-capacity resins for protein fractionation are currently available in the biotech industry. One such resin is evaluated in the present investigation. RESULTS This work describes a high-capacity ion exchange chromatography method for one-column fractionation of β-lactoglobulin from whey. It was obtained with a >90% purity. The dynamic binding capacity was measured in packed columns. Comparable value predicted on the basis of Langmuir isotherm analysis from batch adsorption data in a high-throughput 96-well format is shown. Scale-up considerations are discussed with respect to feed concentration and binding capacity. CONCLUSIONS The feasibility of preparing purified β-lactoglobulin with a single high-capacity anion exchanger step was demonstrated. A capacity of >200 mg mL−1 was obtained. A significant improvement in productivity can be realized by a simultaneous increase of binding capacity and feed concentration. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Variants of the Dark Left-Right Gauge Model: Neutrinos and Scotinos

In the recently proposed dark left-right gauge model (DLRM) of particle interactions, the usual left-handed lepton doublet ({nu},e){sub L} transforming under SU(2){sub L} is accompanied by the unusual right-handed fermion doublet (n,e){sub R} transforming under SU(2){sub R}, where n{sub R} is not the Dirac mass partner of {nu}{sub L}. In this scenario, whereas {nu}{sub L} is certainly a neutrino, n{sub R} should be considered a scotino, i.e. a dark-matter fermion. Variants of this basic idea are discussed, including its minimal scotogenic realization.
Automated velocity model building with wavepath tomography

Wavefield-continuation migration generally is recognized as superior to Kirchhoff methods in complex velocity models, such as below rugose salt bodies. It accounts for multipathing, sharp velocity contrasts, and the limited bandwidth of seismic wave propagation. Wavepath tomography builds the velocity model in a way that is consistent with the wavefield-migration operator. Traveltime residuals are back-projected along a wavepath instead of rays. The actual wavefield-continuation operator is used to represent the wave propagation between surface source/receiver pairs and subsurface reflection points. A wavepath is obtained by multiplying impulse responses from a surface location and a reflection point. The inversion matrix is kept to a manageable size by restricting the wavepath to the first Fresnel zone. The considerable expense of computing a single wavepath kernel in comparison to ray tomography is partially offset by the smaller number of back projections necessary to sample the velocity model adequately. We have used wavepath tomography to build subsalt velocity models using 2D synthetic data. Wavepath tomography was implemented in 3D.
Center of Twisted Graded Hecke Algebras for Homocyclic Groups

We determine explicitly the center of the twisted graded Hecke algebras asso- ciated to homocyclic groups. Our results are a generalization of formulas by M. Douglas and B. Fiol in (J. High Energy Phys. 2005 (2005), no. 9, 053, 22 pages).
ILP models for energy and transient power minimization during behavioral synthesis

The reduction of peak power, peak power differential, average power and energy are equally important in the design of low-power battery driven portable applications. In this paper, we introduce a parameter called "cycle power function" (CPF-DFC) that captures the above power characteristics in the context of multiple supply voltage (MV) and dynamic frequency clocking (DFC) based designs. Further, we present ILP formulations for the minimization of CPF-DFC during datapath scheduling. We conducted experiments on selected high-level synthesis benchmarks for various resource constraints. Experimental results show that significant reduction in power, energy, and energy delay product, can be obtained using the proposed method.
Novel in situ synthesis in the preparation of ultraviolet‐curable nanocomposite barrier coatings

Ultraviolet-curable nanocomposites containing organically modified nanoclays were prepared to serve as barrier coatings against oxygen and water permeation. A novel in situ synthesis technique was used to produce well-dispersed clays in an unsaturated polyester polymer before crosslinking. The in situ dispersion route was compared with nanocomposites prepared by mixing and sonication for several levels of nanoclay loading (1, 2, 5, and 10 wt %). The comparison of nanocomposite properties prepared from each processing method demonstrated that the in situ preparation technique led to better clay dispersion as verified by transmission electron microscopy. The in situ route for nanoclay dispersion produced nanocomposites with lower water vapor transmission and permeability compared with the sonicated dispersion method. The impact on cure characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and optical clarity of the nanocomposites were also compared. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
ZrO2/ZrO2 Layered Composites for Crack Bifurcation

Laminates containing a thin layer (5 to 200 µm thick) sandwiched between two thick layers (2 mm thick) were fabricated by sequential slip casting in order to study crack bifurcation. The thin layer was formed with a mixture of a pure ZrO2 powder (MZ) and a Zr(Y)O2 powder containing 3 mol% Y2O3 (TZ). The thick layers were formed with TZ powder containing 0.05 volume fraction of Al2O3 powder to distinguish the interfaces between the different layers in the scanning electron microscope. Dilatometry data for monolithic specimens formed with the mixed MZ and TZ powders (0.30 to 1.00 volume fraction MZ) showed that the monoclinic-to-tetragonal transformation temperature and strain varied with the MZ content, suggesting the yttria in the TZ powder diffused into the MZ powder during processing at 1500°C/2 h. These data also showed that large compressive stresses developed in the thin layer due to the transformation. Conditions (thin layer composition and thickness) for observing edge cracks produced along the center line of the thin layer and for observing crack bifurcation during flexural failure were determined. Delamination occurred during cooling for layers fabricated with greaterthan equal to0.40 volume fraction of the MZ powder when the thin layers were 200 µm thick. Edge cracking, which occurred during cooling, and crack bifurcation, which occurred during flexural loading, occurred for thin layer compositions containing greaterthan equal to0.40 volume fraction MZ powder, when the thickness of the thin layer was between similar/congruent50 and 150 µm. Crack bifurcation was not observed in thinner layers. With decreasing layer thickness, thin layers fabricated with >0.60 volume fraction of the MZ powder contained multiple microcracks, parallel to the center line, on the surface, instead of a single edge crack. The flexural strength of all specimens depended on the strength of the thicker Zr(Y)O2 layers, regardless of whether bifurcation occurred.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Incontinence Is There an Association

Background. This study investigated the relationship between B 1 2 (cobalamin) levels and incontinence in older outpatients using secondary data analysis. Methods. Between 1991 and 1999, there were 929 patients (258 men and 671 women) for whom urinary incontinence (UI), fecal incontinence (FI), and B 1 2 were prospectively recorded. Covariates included race, gender, age, medications, Mini-Mental State Examination, modified illness rating, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Results. Some form of incontinence (UI or FI or both) was found in 41% of subjects, isolated UI in 34%, double incontinence (DI) in 12%, and isolated FI in 4%. Having UI increased the risk of also having FI (p<.0001). Serum B 1 2 levels of 300 pg/ml or less were not predictive of isolated UI or isolated Fl. However, in logistic regression, DI was predicted by B 1 2 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.113, p =.0094), IADLs (OR = 0.810, p <.0001), cathartics/laxative use (OR = 1.902, p =.126), and diuretic use (OR = 2.226, p =.006). Considering isolated UI in women, higher IADLs reduced risk of UI (OR = 0.956, p =.002), while diuretics (OR = 1.481, p =.041) and antihistamines (OR = 1.909, p =.046) both increased risk of UI. In men, only use of anticonvulsant medications (OR = 4.529, p =.023) increased risk of isolated UI. Greater physical illness in both genders increased risk of isolated FI (OR = 1.204. p =.006). Conclusions. These findings suggest that serum B 1 2 at levels of 300 pg/ml or less are not associated with isolated UI or isolated FI but may play a role in DI. A possible association of low B 1 2 levels with DI is intriguing because of the implications for treatment and prevention. More immediately, medication side effects should be considered when evaluating this problem.
Safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation of primary and secondary liver lesions

Purpose: Interventionalists are often cautious when approaching caudate lobe lesions due to issues of access given their deep, posterior location and heat sink effects owing to proximity to nearby vasculature. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of caudate lobe neoplasms, both primary and secondary. Materials and Methods: From a database of over 1,000 patients, a case control study comparing 14 patients with caudate lobe lesions (HCC or metastasis including neuroendocrine, colorectal, and endometrial) and 25 patients with size matched lesions (HCC or metastasis) in segment 4 was performed. Differences in morbidity/mortality, recurrence