cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Non-nutritive Sweeteners on Sweet Taste Processing and Neuroendocrine Regulation of Eating Behavior.

Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are increasingly used as a replacement for nutritive sugars as means to quench the desire for “sweets” while contributing few or no dietary calories. However, there is concern that NNS may uncouple the evolved relationship between sweet taste and post-ingestive neuroendocrine signaling. In this review, we examine the effects of NNS exposure on neural and peripheral systems in humans. NNS exposure during early development may influence sweet taste preferences, and NNS consumption might increase motivation for sweet foods. Neuroimaging studies provide evidence that NNS elicit differential neuronal responsivity in areas related to reward and satiation, compared with caloric sweeteners. Findings are heterogenous regarding whether NNS affect physiological responses. Additional studies are warranted regarding the consequences of NNS on metabolic outcomes and neuroendocrine pathways. Given the widespread popularity of NNS, future studies are essential to establish their role in long-term health.
Antagonistic and mutualistic interactions alter seed dispersal of understory plants at forest edges

Seed dispersal by ants is an important interaction in North American eastern deciduous forests, where 30–40% of understory plants are myrmecochores, with seeds that possess lipid‐rich appendages (elaiosomes) that attract seed‐dispersing ants. Contemporary forests are fragmented and have regenerated from being previously cleared (secondary forests). In secondary forests, and especially along edges, myrmecochores are a depauperate component of forests. Here, we assess if seed dispersal of myrmecochores by ants, particularly the keystone disperser, Aphaenogaster sp., is intact in forest interiors compared to edges. In three North American northeastern deciduous forests, we compared myrmecochore cover and richness, seed dispersal by ants, and the abundance and richness of ants and other forest floor invertebrates between interiors and edges. We also conducted a seed removal experiment, excluding either ants, rodents (seed predators), or ants and rodents, to test their effects on seed dispersal between interiors and edges. We found differences in the composition of understory plants between interiors and edges, with edges lacking myrmecochores. We also found that seed dispersal by ants was lower in two of the three edges and corresponded to Aphaenogaster sp. abundance. Antagonistic interactions with an invasive slug that is an elaiosome robber, Arion subfuscus, was more apparent than damage by rodents in the experiment, negatively affected dispersal by ants more at edges than in interiors. Here we show that changes in mutualistic and antagonistic interactions affect seed dispersal at forest edges and that not all forest edges are the same, with some more intact than others. Understanding how seed dispersal is impacted in contemporary forests is important towards the goal of conserving and restoring depauperate forest understory communities.
Complete Genome Sequence of Rhodopseudomonas palustris RCB100, an Anoxygenic Phototroph That Degrades 3-Chlorobenzoate.

ABSTRACT The purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris RCB100 anaerobically degrades 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CBA), a halogenated pollutant. R. palustris RCB100 uses 3-CBA as a carbon source, while most R. palustris strains cannot. We report the complete genome sequence of strain RCB100 to help gain insight into how this bacterium degrades 3-CBA.
TU-F-CAMPUS-I-05: Investigation of An EMCCD Detector with Variable Gain in a Micro-CT System

Purpose: To investigate the performance of a newly built Electron Multiplying Charged Coupled Device (EMCCD) based Micro-CT system, with variable detector gain, using a phantom containing contrast agent of different concentrations. Methods: We built a micro- CT system with an EMCCD having 8 microns pixels and on-chip variable gain. We tested the system using a phantom containing five tubes filled with different iodine contrast solutions (30% to 70%). First, we scanned the phantom using various x-ray exposures values at 40 kVp and constant detector gain. Next, for the same tube currents, the detector gain was increased to maintain the air value of the projection image constant. A standard FDK algorithm was used to reconstruct the data. Performance was analyzed by comparing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements for increased gain with those for the low constant gain at each exposure. Results: The high detector gain reconstructed data SNR was always greater than the low gain data SNR for all x-ray settings and for all iodine features. The largest increases were observed for low contrast features, 30% iodine concentration, where the SNR improvement approached 2. Conclusion: One of the first implementations of an EMCCD based micro- CT system was presented and used to image a phantom with various iodine solution concentrations. The analysis of the reconstructed volumes showed a significant improvement of the SNR especially for low contrast features. The unique on-chip gain feature is a substantial benefit allowing the use of the system at very low x-ray exposures per frame.Partial support: NIH grant R01EB002873 and Toshiba Medical Systems Corp. Partial support: NIH grant R01EB002873 and Toshiba Medical Systems Corp.
Constitutional limitations on state-court jurisdiction: A historical-interpretative reexamination of the full faith and credit and due process clauses (Part One)

This article is about the constitutional limitations on state-court jurisdiction. The article discusses the relevant historical materials on the full faith and credit clause up to 1877, which is the year that the Pennoyer v. Neff decision occurred. The article ends with conclusions about the original meaning of the full faith and credit clause and suggestions of how the clause should be applied today.
Changes in Rous sarcoma virus RNA secondary structure near the primer binding site upon tRNATrp primer annealing.

Predicted secondary-structure elements encompassing the primer binding site in the 5′ untranslated region of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) RNA play an integral role in multiple viral replications steps including reverse transcription, DNA integration, and RNA packaging (A. Aiyar, D. Cobrinik, Z. Ge, H. J. Kung, and J. Leis, J. Virol. 66:2464–2472, 1992; D. Cobrinik, A. Aiyar, Z. Ge, M. Katzman, H. Huang, and J. Leis, J. Virol. 65:3864–3872, 1991; J. T. Miller, Z. Ge, S. Morris, K. Das, and J. Leis, J. Virol. 71:7648–7656, 1997). These elements include the U5-Leader stem, U5-IR stem-loop, and U5-TΨC interaction region. Limited digestion of the 5′ untranslated region of wild-type and mutant RSV RNAs with structure- and/or sequence-specific RNases detects the presence of the U5-Leader stem and the U5-IR stem-loop. When a tRNA Trp primer is annealed to wild-type RNAs in vitro, limited nuclease mapping indicates that the U5-IR stem becomes partially unwound. This is not observed when mutant RNAs with altered U5-IR stem-loop structures are substituted for wild-type RNAs. The U5-Leader stem also becomes destabilized when the tRNA primer is annealed to either wild-type or mutant RNA fragments. Nuclease mapping studies of tRNA Trp , as well as the viral RNA, indicate that the U5-TΨC helix does form in vitro upon primer annealing. Collectively, these data suggest that the various structural elements near the RSV primer binding site undergo significant changes during the process of primer annealing.
Replication of bacteriophage M13: X. M13 replication in a mutant of Escherichia coli defective in the 5′ → 3′ exonuclease associated with DNA polymerase I

Abstract The 5′ → 3′ exonuclease associated with DNA polymerase I is required for the growth of bacteriophage M13. Both phage production and the synthesis of progeny single-stranded DNA are temperature-sensitive in Escherichia coli polA ex1, a mutant temperature-sensitive in the 5′ → 3′ exonuclease associated with DNA polymerase I. During replicative form to single-stranded DNA synthesis, this strain is defective in making M13 supercoiled DNA and accumulates two classes of abnormal replicative forms; circular replicative form molecules ranging in size from 0.2 to 0.5 times unit-length and structures that sediment at the rate of unit-length replicative form DNA in neutral sucrose gradients but which are partially single-stranded and contain viral strand fragments ranging in size from 0.1 to 0.7 times unit-length.
Reliable networks with unreliable sensors

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployed in hostile environments suffer from a high rate of node failure. We investigate the effect of such failure rate on network connectivity. We provide a formal analysis that establishes the relationship between node density, network size, failure probability, and network connectivity. We show that as network size and density increase, the probability of network partitioning becomes arbitrarily small. We show that large networks can maintain connectivity despite a significantly high probability of node failure. We derive mathematical functions that provide lower bounds on network connectivity in WSNs. We compute these functions for some realistic values of node reliability, area covered by the network, and node density, to show that, for instance, networks with over a million nodes can maintain connectivity with a probability exceeding 99% despite node failure probability exceeding 57%.
Purification and characterization of Streptococcus sobrinus dextranase produced in recombinant Escherichia coli and sequence analysis of the dextranase gene.

Abstract The plasmid (pYA902) with the dextranase (dex) gene of Streptococcus sobrinus UAB66 (serotype g) produces a C-terminal truncated dextranase enzyme (Dex) with a multicomplex mass form which ranges from 80 to 130 kDa. The Escherichia coli-produced enzyme was purified and characterized, and antibodies were raised in rabbits. Purified dextranase has a native-form molecular mass of 160 to 260 kDa and specific activity of 4,000 U/mg of protein. Potential immunological cross-reactivity between dextranase and the SpaA protein specified by various recombinant clones was studied by using various antisera and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. No cross-reactivity was observed. Optimal pH (5.3) and temperature (39 degrees C) and the isoelectric points (3.56, 3.6, and 3.7) were determined and found to be similar to those for dextranase purified from S. sobrinus. The dex DNA restriction map was determined, and several subclones were obtained. The nucleotide sequence of the dex gene was determined by using subclones pYA993 and pYA3009 and UAB66 chromosomal DNA. The open reading frame for dex was 4,011 bp, ending with a stop codon TAA. A ribosome-binding site and putative promoter preceding the start codon were identified. The deduced amino acid sequence of Dex revealed the presence of a signal peptide of 30 amino acids. The cleavage site for the signal sequence was determined by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis for Dex produced in E. coli chi 2831(pYA902). The C terminus consists of a serine- and threonine-rich region followed by the peptide LPKTGD, 3 charged amino acids, 19 amino acids with a strongly hydrophobic character, and a charged pentapeptide tail, which are proposed to correspond to the cell wall-spanning region, the LPXTGX consensus sequence, and the membrane-anchoring domains of surface-associated proteins of gram-positive cocci.
A study on two extensions of the Bogoyavlenskii–Schieff equation

Abstract In this work, two extensions of the Bogoyavlenskii–Schieff equation are examined. N -soliton solutions are formally determined for each extended equation. We show that the extension terms do not kill the integrability of the typical Bogoyavlenskii–Schieff equation. The simplified Hirota’s method established by Hereman and Nuseir is applied to achieve this goal.
Channel optimization for binary hypothesis testing

Abstract In this paper we consider the classical binary hypothesis testing problem where the iid samples are obtained through a channel. Our goal is to study the relationship between the channel capacity and the goodness of the estimation measured by the Chernoff information in order to get an upper bound on the estimation performances as well as some insight on the structure of the optimal channel.
Asymptotic behavior of the Sudakov form factor

The asymptotic behavior of the form factor in quantum electrodynamics is calculated in case the photon has a mass. The technique used takes into account all logarithms in ${q}^{2}$ but neglects inverse powers of ${q}^{2}$. The result is essentially that found by Sudakov. In order to obtain this result the large-$n$ behavior of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{n}$ is obtained.
New-wall modeling for complex flows using the large eddy simulation technique in curvilinear coordinates

Abstract This investigation presents modifications and improvements to the dynamic subgrid scale model and introduces a new-wall model. These modifications are implemented in the large eddy simulation technique in curvilinear coordinates. They are then validated and tested in three-dimensional complex geometries. The large eddy simulation method captures many scales of turbulence up to the grid size. A closure model is used to simulate subgrid turbulence. The Smagorinsky and dynamic subgrid models are presented and tested. The dynamic model overcomes many of the deficiencies of the Smagorinsky subgrid scale model. Spatial and temporal low-pass filters have been introduced in the dynamic subgrid scale model for numerical stability. Several near-wall models are considered for the large eddy simulation technique. A local averaging technique lends these models to be applicable in complex geometry situations. A new model is introduced which overcomes planar averaging near the wall and captures ejection and sweep effects. These models have been implemented in a large eddy simulation computer program. Results are validated and tested in a lid driven cavity flow at Reynolds number of 10 000. A single tube in a channel is simulated to show the applicability of the models to complex geometries with attachment and separation as well as end-wall effects. The shedding effect was captured and turbulence statistical characteristics were acceptable.
Electrically activated ion transport across ion-exchange membrane

The study concerned the electrically activated transport of cations across a fixed-charge membrane (FCM) and the drift mobilities of H + , K + , Cs + and Na + ions associated with the process. FCMs can selectively remove either anions or cations from solutions, and are used in the purification of solutions
Design under uncertainty of hydrocarbon biorefinery supply chains: Multiobjective stochastic programming models, decomposition algorithm, and a Comparison between CVaR and downside risk

A bicriterion, multiperiod, stochastic mixed-integer linear programming model to address the optimal design of hydrocarbon biorefinery supply chains under supply and demand uncertainties is presented. The model accounts for multiple conversion technologies, feedstock seasonality and fluctuation, geographical diversity, biomass degradation, demand variation, government incentives, and risk management. The objective is simultaneous minimization of the expected annualized cost and the financial risk. The latter criterion is measured by conditional value-at-risk and downside risk. The model simultaneously determines the optimal network design, technology selection, capital investment, production planning, and logistics management decisions. Multicut L-shaped method is implemented to circumvent the computational burden of solving large scale problems. The proposed modeling framework and algorithm are illustrated through four case studies of hydrocarbon biorefinery supply chain for the State of Illinois. Comparisons between the deterministic and stochastic solutions, the different risk metrics, and two decomposition methods are discussed. The computational results show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for optimal design of hydrocarbon biorefinery supply chain under the presence of uncertainties. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
The complete amino acid sequence of the murine transplantation antigen H-2Db as deduced by molecular cloning

A mouse cDNA library derived from the EL4 cell line (b-haplotype) was screened with a probe containing a small part of the H-2Kb coding region. One of the clones isolated, pH203, encodes a protein whose deduced amino acid sequence is identical with the known sequence of H-2Db in 141 of 141 positions available for comparison. The clone, therefore, is believed to code for the H-2Db transplantation antigen. The cDNA insert of pH203 contains the coding region for residues 82 through the carboxy-terminus of H-2Db, and includes 476 nucleotides of the 3′-untranslated sequence. Comparison between the H-2Db cDNA clone and a previously isolated H-2Kb cDNA clone shows homologies of 83% and 91% at the amino acid and nucleotide levels, respectively. Analysis of DNA sequences at the 3′-coding and untranslated regions suggests that the mRNAs of H-2Kb and H-2Db are spliced differently at their 3′-coding ends.
NAMING IN PSYCHOLOGY: ANALYSES OF CITATION COUNTS AND EPONYMS ',

Three analyses are reported of the empirical assessment of naming in psychology: (1) authors' naming ratios (total surname counts divided by total number of textbook pages) in introductory psychology textbooks, (2) analysis of individual psychologists frequencies of citation, and (3) identification, cataloguing, and categorizing eponyms. Analyses indicate that current (1990–1994) authors show significantly different frequencies of naming among themselves and that during the past 75 years there has been a significant increase in naming over-all in textbooks as well as naming particular psychologists. Eponyms on a list of over 1,000 collected eponyms are assigned to low-, medium-, or high-frequency categories based on referencing in selected source books. Questions are raised concerning the use of naming, citation counts, and eponyms in the historical analysis of psychology as a science.
A note on Sommerfeld's formula for Fermi-Dirac integrals

Sommerfeld's formula for approximate evaluation of integrals involving the Fermi-Dirac function is derived by the Laplace transform method, and its limitations are discussed.
Models That Matter: White Matter Stroke Models

Stroke is a devastating neurological disease with limited functional recovery. Stroke affects all cellular elements of the brain and impacts areas traditionally classified as both gray matter and white matter. In fact, stroke in subcortical white matter regions of the brain accounts for approximately 30% of all stroke subtypes, and white matter injury is a component of most classes of stroke damage. However, most basic scientific information in stroke cell death and neural repair relates principally to neuronal cell death and repair. Despite an emerging biological understanding of white matter development, adult function, and reorganization in inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, little is known of the specific molecular and cellular events in white matter ischemia. This limitation stems in part from the difficulty in generating animal models of white matter stroke. This review will discuss recent progress in studies of animal models of white matter stroke, and the emerging principles of cell death and repair in oligodendrocytes, axons, and astrocytes in white matter ischemic injury.
Secure Communications over a Public Network Using Ultrafast Optical Technology

We develop a spread-spectrum based approach using ultrafast technology for secure communications over existing fiber-optical networks. Secure channel is encrypted and submerged below the noise floor of the network, allowing cryptographic and steganographic security capabilities.
The ‘Gray’s Elegy’ Argument, and The Prospects for the Theory of Denoting Concepts

Russell’s new theory of denoting phrases introduced in “On Denoting” in Mind 1905 is now a paradigm of analytic philosophy. The main argument for Russell’s new theory is the so-called ‘Gray’s Elegy’ argument, which purports to show that the theory of denoting concepts (analogous to Frege’s theory of senses) promoted by Russell in the 1903 Principles of Mathematics is incoherent. The ‘Gray’s Elegy’ argument rests on the premise that if a denoting concept occurs in a proposition, then the proposition is not about the concept. I argue that the premise is false. The ‘Gray’s Elegy’ argument does not exhaust Russell’s ammunition against the theory of denoting concepts. Another reason Russell rejects the theory is, as he says, that it cannot provide an adequate account of non-uniquely denoting concepts. In the last section of the paper, I argue that even though Russell was right in thinking that the theory of denoting concepts cannot provide an adequate account of non-uniquely denoting concepts, Russell’s new theory does not succeed in eliminating the occurrence of all denoting concepts, as it requires a commitment to the existence of variables that indirectly denote their values. However, the view that variables are denoting concepts is unproblematic once the ‘Gray’s Elegy’ argument is blocked.
Purine nucleosides XVII. The synthesis and conformation of 6-amino-9-β-D-ribopyranosylpurine and related derivatives prepared via the fusion procedure

The preparation of 2, 6-dichloro-9-(2′,3′,4′-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-ribopyranosyl)purine (I) has been accomplished utilizing the acid catalyzed fusion procedure. The displacement of the 6-chloro group, or the 2- and 6-chloro group has been studied. Several new 6-substituted-9-(β-D-ribopyranosyl)purines have been prepared by catalytic dehalogenation of the corresponding 2-chloropurine nucleosides. The conformation and configuration of these D-ribopyranosylpurines has been assigned with the assistance of proton magnetic resonance studies.
A low cost adiabatic process controller for measurement of heat evolved during fermentation

A control system for maintaining a fermentation process in an adiabatic condition using equipment commonly available in a research laboratory is described. It consists of a water bath controlled at the same temperature as that of the fermentation chamber by means of a temperature differential sensing circuit.
A two-phased screening paradigm for evaluating candidate medications for cocaine cessation or relapse prevention: Modafinil, levodopa–carbidopa, naltrexone

Background Cocaine pharmacotherapy trials are often confounded by considerable variability in baseline cocaine-use levels, obscuring possible medication efficacy. Testing the feasibility of using a prerandomization, abstinence-induction protocol, we screened three candidate medications to explore treatment response in patients who did, or did not, achieve abstinence during an extended baseline phase.
Findings---Biased but Efficient: An Investigation of Coordination Facilitated by Asymmetric Dominance

In several marketing contexts, strategic complementarity between the actions of individual players demands that players coordinate their decisions to reach efficient outcomes. Yet coordination failure is a common occurrence. We show that the well-established psychological phenomenon of asymmetric dominance can facilitate coordination in two experiments. Thus, we demonstrate a counterintuitive result: A common bias in individual decision making can help players to coordinate their decisions to obtain efficient outcomes. Further, limited steps of thinking alone cannot account for the observed asymmetric dominance effect. The effect appears to be due to increased psychological attractiveness of the dominating strategy, with our estimates of the incremental attractiveness ranging from 3%--6%. A learning analysis further clarifies that asymmetric dominance and adaptive learning can guide players to an efficient outcome.
Biology of the Aster Leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in Eastern Washington, and Some Overwintering Sources of Aster Yellows

A 4-year study was made of the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal), and the overwintering host plants of aster yellows to determine reasons for sporadic outbreaks of the disease on susceptible crops grown with the aid of irrigation. This leafhopper overwinters in the egg stage in small grains; no evidence was found of a spring migration from southern overwintering areas. Although populations of the leafhopper remained fairly constant from year to year, abundance of overwintering host plants of the disease was largely dependent upon the timing and abundance of rain in late summer, autumn, and spring.
MMPI Scales vs Interviewer Ratings of Paranoia

Three sub-scales of the MMPI (Sc, Pa, and Stein's recently devised Suspicion scale) had low positive correlations with two interview-derived indices of paranoia in a sample of 44 patients who had been classified by the staffs of their wards as either clearly paranoid or clearly non-paranoid.
Evoked Cortical Potentials: Relation to Visual Field and Handedness

The amplitiude of evoked responses of occipital cortex in man depends on the visual field in which the stimulus appears. Greater responses occurred repeatedly for two of three subjects, both left-handed. when the stimululs appeared in the left field than in the right. Subsequent tests of 13 right- and 13 left-handed males indicted that the magnitude of the response of the right lobe, relative to that of the left, was greater for left-handed individuals. We conclude that the difference in amplitude between the two lobes is related to handedness.
Infrared radiation emerging from smoke produced by brush fires.

The IR radiative transport properties of brush fire smoke clouds, computed for a model with finite horizontal dimensions as well as the more common plane-parallel model, are presented. The finite model is a three-dimensional version of the two-stream approximation applied to cubic clouds of steam, carbon, and silicates. Assumptions are made with regard to the shape and size distributions of the smoke particles. It is shown that 11.5-micron radiometry can detect fires beneath smoke clouds if the path integrated mass density of the smoke is less than or equal to 3 g/sq m.
Vehicle influence on ocular disposition of sodium cromoglycate in the albino rabbit

Abstract The influence of vehicle composition on the ocular disposition of sodium cromoglycate, a drug used for the prophylaxis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis, has been studied. The vehicles investigated consisted of a water-soluble base (15% polyvinyl alcohol, PVA, in water); an absorption base (10% acetylated lanolin in a paraffin base); and an oleaginous base (a polyethylene/mineral oil blend). The albino rabbit was chosen as the animal model. The disposition of sodium cromoglycate in tears, conjunctiva, cornea, iris-ciliary body and aqueous humor of the rabbit was monitored at 30, 60 and 240 min post-instillation using radiotracer techniques. At the early time periods, all 3 bases were judged to perform adequately in that they provided approximately the same sodium cromoglycate concentrations in the tear pool, conjunctiva and cornea as the aqueous vehicle. However, after 240 min, the oleaginous polyethylene/mineral oil formulation provided the highest concentrations of drug in the conjunctiva, the target tissue. The water-soluble PVA formulation gave significantly lower levels in the tears, the conjunctiva and the cornea. At this same point, the absorption base containing acetylated lanolin produced the highest drug concentration in the tear pool. Collectively, these data suggest that of the 3 bases studied, the oleaginous base and the absorption base show most promise as vehicles to extend the residence time of sodium cromoglycate in the eye. Obviously, the final choice of vehicle will also be influenced by factors such as the physical and chemical stability of the drug in the formulation chosen and patient acceptance.
Multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics analysis of vinyl ether diglycerides

Diglycerides play a central role in lipid metabolism and signaling in mammalian cells. Although diacylglycerol molecular species comprise the majority of cellular diglycerides that are commonly measured using a variety of approaches, identification of extremely low abundance vinyl ether diglycerides has remained challenging. In this work, representative molecular species from the three diglyceride subclasses (diacyl, vinyl ether, and alkyl ether diglycerides; hereafter referred to as diradylglycerols) were interrogated by mass spectrometric analysis. Product ion mass spectra of the synthesized diradylglycerols with varied chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation demonstrated diagnostic fragmentation patterns indicative of each subclass. Multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics (MDMS-SL) analysis of mouse brain and heart lipid extracts were performed using the identified informative signature product ions. Through an array of tandem mass spectrometric analyses utilizing the orthogonal characteristics of neutral loss scanning and precursor ion scanning, the differential fragmentation of each subclass was exploited for high-yield structural analyses. Although molecular ion mass spectra readily identified diacylglycerol molecular species directly from the hexane fractions of tissue extracts enriched in nonpolar lipids, molecular ion peaks corresponding to ether-linked diglycerides were not observable. The power of MDMS-SL utilizing the tandem mass spectrometric array analysis was demonstrated by identification and profiling of individual molecular species of vinyl ether diglycerides in mouse brain and heart from their undetectable molecular ion peaks during MS(1) analysis. Collectively, this technology enabled the identification and profiling of previously inaccessible vinyl ether diglyceride molecular species in mammalian tissues directly from extracts of biologic tissues.
Child Abuse Reporting and Failure to Report among Mandated Reporters Prevalence, Incidence, and Reasons

Laws in every state require specified groups of professionals who work with children (e.g., physicians, psychologists, school staff) to report suspected child abuse to child protective agencies. These child abuse reporting laws were designed to provide child protective services (CPS) agencies with high quality information about possible abuse for their investigation. But these laws are frequently violated. This article presents data from a national survey of mandated reporters about their reporting behavior. Reasons for failure to report were factor analyzed and formed three clusters. Most commonly, respondents chose reasons from the “not reportable” cluster, (e.g., lacked sufficient evidence). A substantial number failed to report because of perceived problems with CPS. These latter reasons have potentially important implications for child protection.
FREE FECAL TOXIN AND SEROCONVERSION IN HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS OF CHILDREN WITH THE HEMOLITIC UREMIC SYNDROME (HUS)

A prospective study in 87 household contacts of 51 children with HUS was performed, with the aim of determining evidence of infection with Shiga-like toxin producing bacteria. Gastrointestinal tract symptoms were present in only 1/87 contacts. DNA hybridization studies of fecal E.coli isolates from 80 of these 87 contacts were positive in 6. Free fecal cytotoxin was detected in 25/64 (39%) of the household members. In 58 out of the 77 (75%) serum samples available in the household contacts, serum neutralizing titers of 1:4 to one or both toxins, was detected. Seroconversion was found in 10/24 (42%). These data show that household contacts of children with hemolytic uremic syndrome are commonly positive to Shiga-like toxin produced by E.coli. Seroconversion to these toxins occurs frequently in family members of children with hemolytic uremic syndrome.
When is the best time to deliver behavioral intervention to bariatric surgery patients: before or after surgery?

Abstract Background Many comprehensive bariatric surgery programs have implemented preoperative behavioral interventions for patients presenting with problematic eating behaviors in an effort to enhance postoperative weight loss and improve psychosocial adjustment. However, it is unknown whether these interventions are best delivered pre- or postoperatively. The purpose of this study was to determine when bariatric surgery patients are most receptive to a behavioral intervention, before or after surgery. Methods A total of 32 pre- and postoperative patients were referred to a 10-week intervention designed to reduce eating behaviors associated with postoperative weight gain (e.g., loss of control while eating, grazing). The sample was 78.1% female and 84.4% white, with an average age of 49.43 ± 9.13 years and a body mass index of 44.22 ± 6.48 kg/m 2 . Of the 32 patients, 21 were referred preoperatively and 11 were referred postoperatively (5.63 ± 2.91 months after surgery). These patients were tracked prospectively to determine whether pre- or postoperative patients were more likely to attend and complete the behavioral intervention. Results Compared with the preoperative patients, the postoperative patients were more likely to follow-up with their referral and initiate treatment [χ 2 (1) = 10.06, P = .002]. Of the postoperative patients, 100% attended the first intervention session compared with only 43% of preoperative patients. The postoperative patients also attended more intervention sessions [ t (18) = 2.51, P = .02] and were more likely to complete the intervention [χ 2 (1) = 7.21, P = .007]. Only 14% of the preoperative referral patients completed the program compared with 91% of the postoperative patients. Conclusion Comprehensive bariatric surgery programs ought to consider balancing the needs of the preoperative patients presenting with maladaptive eating behavior with the likelihood of them participating in a behavioral intervention before surgery.
Osteocalcin promotes differentiation of osteoclast progenitors from murine long-term bone marrow cultures.

Murine long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMCs) were used to generate hematopoietic cells free from marrow stromal cells. These progenitor cells were treated with GM-CSF (5 U/ml) with or without rat bone osteocalcin or rat serum albumin in either α-MEM with 2% heat-inactivated horse serum alone (α) or supplemented with 10% L-cell-conditioned medium (as a source of M-CSF) (L10). Few substrate-attached cells survived in basal α medium, but when treated with L10 medium or GM-CSF, they survived and proliferated. Osteocalcin did not significantly affect survival or proliferation. Subcultures of cells treated with GM-CSF had large numbers of multinucleated cells, more than half of which were tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase–positive (TRAP). Osteocalcin further promoted the development of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells; a dose of 0.7 μg/ml osteocalcin promoted osteoclastic differentiation by 60%. Using a novel microphotometric assay, we detected significantly more tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in the osteocalcin plus GM-CSF group (75.6 ± 14.2) than in GM-CSF alone (53.3 ± 7.3). In the absence of M-CSF, GM-CSF stimulated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity, but osteocalcin did not have an additional effect. These studies indicate that osteocalcin promotes osteoclastic differentiation of a stromal-free subpopulation of hematopoietic progenitors in the presence of GM-CSF and L-cell-conditioned medium. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that this bone-matrix constituent plays a role in bone resorption. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A variational principle for the formulation of partitioned structural systems

A continuum-based variational principle is presented for the formulation of the discrete governing equations of partitioned structural systems. This application includes coupled substructures as well as subdomains obtained by mesh decomposition. The present variational principle is derived by a series of modifications of a hybrid functional originally proposed by Atluri for finite element development. The interface is treated by a displacement frame and a localized version of the method of Lagrange multipliers. Interior displacements are decomposed into rigid-body and deformational components to handle floating subdomains. Both static and dynamic versions are considered. An important application of the present principle is the treatment of nonmatching meshes that arise from various sources such as separate discretization of substructures, independent mesh refinement, and global–local analysis. The present principle is compared with that of a globalized version of the multiplier method. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elimination of zero-crossing distortion in a power factor correction circuit

The focus of this paper is on zero-crossing current distortion that commonly occurs in active power factor correction (PFC) circuits. Initially, it derives several equations which quantify the zero-crossing error. Then it proposes a new switching scheme which drastically mitigates the problem. Finally, it shows the effectiveness of the proposed method using simulation results. An H-bridge PFC topology is used.
The Road Test and the unconscious flight orientation (UFO).

Summary The reliability and validity of the Road Test was evaluated, using 330 Ss varying in the number of poorly planned geographic movements (flights). Scoring criteria were developed on an independent sample. Interjudge reliabilities were .81 or above (mean = .92). Groups were differentiated on emotional expression and time span. Males and females differed in emotional expression, philosophical attitude toward life, and personal reference. It was concluded that the Road Test could be of value as a measure of life orientation and emotional expression when used in conjunction with other psychological assessment methods.
Parametric dependence of ocean wave-radar modulation transfer functions

Microwave techniques at X and L band were used to determine the dependence of ocean-wave radar modulation transfer functions (MTFs) on various environmental and radar parameters during the Marine Remote Sensing experiment of 1979 (MARSEN 79). These MIF are presented, as are coherence functions between the AM and FM parts of the backscattered microwave signal. It is shown that they both depend on several of these parameters. Besides confirming many of the properties of transfer functions reported by previous authors, indications are found that MTFs decrease with increasing angle between wave propagation and antenna-look directions but are essentially independent of small changes in air-sea temperature difference. However, coherence functions are much smaller when the antennas are pointed perpendicular to long waves. It is found that X band transfer functions measured with horizontally polarized microwave radiation have larger magnitudes than those obtained by using vertical polarization.
Young adult non-daily smokers: patterns of alcohol and cigarette use.

Binge drinking and non-daily cigarette smoking are behaviors that are both problematic and prevalent in young adults. Although the relationship between drinking and daily smoking has been well categorized, the intersection between drinking and smoking in non-daily smokers has not been heavily researched. Past 30-day and within-episode patterns of alcohol and cigarette use were collected in young adult non-daily smokers (N = 40). Results demonstrated that 79% of smoking occurred on drinking days. Alcohol use was significantly greater on smoking days with the result that drinking to risky binge levels was more likely to occur on a smoking day. Smoking typically occurred after a certain level of alcohol pre-load (2.87 drinks). Together these results confirm that young adult non-daily smokers often concurrently use alcohol and cigarettes. Research is needed to identify possible mechanisms underlying the association between binge drinking and cigarette use in this vulnerable population.
Suboptimal Use of Neural Information in a Mammalian Auditory System

Establishing neural determinants of psychophysical performance requires both behavioral and neurophysiological metrics amenable to correlative analyses. It is often assumed that organisms use neural information optimally, such that any information available in a neural code that could improve behavioral performance is used. Studies have shown that detection of amplitude-modulated (AM) auditory tones by humans is correlated to neural synchrony thresholds, as recorded in rabbit at the level of the inferior colliculus, the first level of the ascending auditory pathway where neurons are tuned to AM stimuli. Behavioral thresholds in rabbit, however, are ∼10 dB higher (i.e., 3 times less sensitive) than in humans, and are better correlated to rate-based than temporal coding schemes in the auditory midbrain. The behavioral and physiological results shown here illustrate an unexpected, suboptimal utilization of available neural information that could provide new insights into the mechanisms that link neuronal function to behavior.
Glycal formation in crystals of uridine phosphorylase.

Uridine phosphorylase is a key enzyme in the pyrimidine salvage pathway. This enzyme catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of uridine to uracil and ribose 1-phosphate (or 2{prime}-deoxyuridine to 2{prime}-deoxyribose 1-phosphate). Here we report the structure of hexameric Escherichia coli uridine phosphorylase treated with 5-fluorouridine and sulfate and dimeric bovine uridine phosphorylase treated with 5-fluoro-2{prime}-deoxyuridine or uridine, plus sulfate. In each case the electron density shows three separate species corresponding to the pyrimidine base, sulfate, and a ribosyl species, which can be modeled as a glycal. In the structures of the glycal complexes, the fluorouracil O2 atom is appropriately positioned to act as the base required for glycal formation via deprotonation at C2{prime}. Crystals of bovine uridine phosphorylase treated with 2{prime}-deoxyuridine and sulfate show intact nucleoside. NMR time course studies demonstrate that uridine phosphorylase can catalyze the hydrolysis of the fluorinated nucleosides in the absence of phosphate or sulfate, without the release of intermediates or enzyme inactivation. These results add a previously unencountered mechanistic motif to the body of information on glycal formation by enzymes catalyzing the cleavage of glycosyl bonds.
Occupational Therapy Interventions with Survivors of Sexual Abuse

Many clients treated by occupational therapists in psychiatric settings are survivors of sexual abuse. The diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple personality disorder (MPD) most accurately reflect the experience of these clients, yet misdiagnosis is common. An overview of these diagnoses is presented. Psychotherapeutic principles are reviewed and a dual approach to occupational therapy is suggested. Within this dual approach, the model of human occupation (Kielhofner & Burke, 1980) is useful in addressing a client's present daily living concerns. Object relations theory guides an occupational therapy focus on recall and emotional recovery from past abuse experiences. A case study illustrating a dual approach to occupational therapy is presented.
RCS models and analysis of metallic mines

Land contamination by unexploded mines is a serous problem in many countries. Although a large portion of these mines is plastic, the problem caused by unexploded metallic mines is serious enough to warrant a cleanup effort. These metallic mines may be detected using either a proximity or a standoff sensor. This article discusses the detection of metallic miens using a standoff ultra-wideband SAR sensor. In particular, it analyzes the expected RCS of metallic mines, and the T/C as functions of frequency, depression angle, and soil. The bases of the analysis are theoretical RCS models, an empirical clutter model of bare soil, and limited soil and ground penetrating SAR measurements. The analysis indicates that the SAR should operate in the UHF band, and that the preferred environments are dry soil and possibly frozen soil and snow. Under these conditions, the results indicate that the detection of surface metallic antitank mines should be robust, that the detection of buried metallic antitank mines is viable, and that the detection of metallic anti-personnel mines may be viable with ultrahigh resolution SAR. The false alarm issue is not addressed in this article.
THE ROLE OF READSORPTION IN DETERMINING THE PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION DURING CO HYDROGENATION OVER Fe SINGLE CRYSTALS

The H/sub 2//CO reaction has been investigated over well-characterized iron(111) single crystal surfaces. Under the reaction conditions (6 atm, 3:1 H/sub 2/CO, 300/sup 0/C) the dominant product was methane (85 mole %) with small amounts of ethylene (11 mole %) and propylene (3 mole %). Due to the low surface area of our catalyst (1 cm/sup 2/) the total conversion was less than 1%. The addition of ethylene or propylene in small concentrations (0.04 to 2.7 mole %) to the reactant stream resulted in a product distribution more typical of high conversion reactors (dominant product C/sub 5//sup +/). These results suggest that readsorption and secondary reaction of the initially produced ..cap alpha..-olefins is an important pathway leading to the formation of large molecular weight hydrocarbons during Fischer--Tropsch synthesis. 10 figures.
Bandwidth availability of multiple-bus multiprocessors

The effect of failures on the performance of multiple-bus multiprocessors is considered. Bandwidth expressions for this architecture are derived for uniform and nonuniform memory references. Mathematical models are developed to compute the reliability and the performance-related bandwidth availability (BA). The results obtained for the multiple-bus interconnection are compared with those of a crossbar. The models are also extended to analyze the partial bus structure, where the memories are divided into groups and each group is connected to a subset of buses. The reliability and the BA of the multiple-bus and partial bus architectures are compared.
Violence against women by male partners: Prevalence, outcomes, and policy implications.

Violence against women has only recently been addressed in national policy and legislation. Responses by most societal institutions to women assaulted by male partners are still based primarily on a lack of knowledge about the prevalence, severity, and outcomes of violence perpetrated by men against female intimates. Although well suited to make a vital contribution, psychologists still rarely involve themselves in proactive interventions with women victims. This article reviews empirical literature on the physical and sexual assault of women by their male intimates and discusses potential physical and psychological outcomes, with a focus on linking what is known about abused women's reactions with the rich literature on survivors' responses to trauma. Implications for research, treatment interventions, and policy are discussed.