cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting wet weather accidents

The development of a wet weather safety index, WWSIe, is presented. WWSIe is an empirical formulation based on prediction equations for wet accident rates. These equations were derived by multiple regression techniques from a survey of 68 highway segments in Texas. These segments covered a range of wet accident rates from zero to 40 accidents per year per mile. In general, much higher values of wet accident rates are observed in urban areas than in rural areas. Also, the sensitivity to pavement skid resistance is much higher in urban than in rural areas. The findings and developments reported warrant a restructuring of many state programs to reduce wet weather accidents. The Wet Weather Safety Index and associated equations represent a practical method of predicting wet accident rates as a function of traffic, road geometric, and pavements surface characteristics. These predictive equations may be cautiously used to determine accident reduction due to specific remedial measures. These new developments can be integrated into a comprehensive plan to reduce wet weather accidents, a plan which should greatly increase the effectiveness of those resources devoted to this objective.
Order Scheduling in an Environment with Dedicated Resources in Parallel

We consider m machines in parallel with each machine capable of producing one specific product type. There are n orders with each one requesting specific quantities of the various different product types. Order j may have a release date rj and a due date dj. The different product types for order j can be produced at the same time. We consider the class of objectives ? fj(Cj) that includes objectives such as the total weighted completion time ? wj Cj and the total weighted tardiness ? wj Tj of the n orders. We present structural properties of the various problems and a complexity result. In particular, we show that minimizing ? Cj when m ? 3 is strongly NP-hard. We introduce two new heuristics for the ? Cj objective. An empirical analysis shows that our heuristics outperform all heuristics that have been proposed for this problem in the literature.
ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION A Conflict Between Landed Interests and Democratic Ideals

>> This case study researches the degree to which the location and services offered by a multicampus university, geographically situated consistent with the commercial principles of a large mass-market enterprise, facilitate access for educationally underserved groups. First, the necessity of democratizing educational access to an underprivileged population is contrasted against real estate market forces that regularly influence the positioning of such large municipal infrastructure to the detriment of the target population. Based on the site selected for the main campus and the degree of educational services offered by the later establishment of a branch campus, the costs of access for both privileged and underprivileged groups are compared, illustrating the continuing institutional marginalization of the underprivileged in the face of repeated attempts to equitably serve this population.
On topological approaches to network theory

Abstract This paper covers network applications of topology, in particular linear graph theory. The first part is a review of developments, starting from Kirchhof and Maxwell, this leads to the second part in which are presented significant new results. The key items are: new techniques for treating active networks, generalization and extension of Wang algebra, and applications of linear graphs to multilevel maser analysis. A method for generation of explicit formulas for the number of trees in an undirected graph is illustrated. A new theorem is proved for such formulas when the graphs have uniform branch multiplicity. Examples of this concept are included.
Photo albums: Images of time and reflections of self

The advent of popular photography has allowed ordinary people to visually record their view of themselves and the passage of their lives. Photographs not only record events but also allow the maker to group them for presentation in a structured manner comparable to verbal narratives, most commonly in photo albums. We examined more than forty albums created by amateur photographers in order to investigate the psychological and social functions of photo albums and their value to scholars as documentations of social life. Albums are intensely personal; they create a relationship between the presenter and the viewer; the audience is small; the possessor plays an active role in the album's presentation; and there is an accompanying verbal narrative. This narrative is crucial to the understanding of the album. This paper explores the structure of these narratives and their role in creating the meaning of the album. In the absence of a possessor/presenter, a narrative can be constructed by determining the type of album being examined and establishing the personal relationships and themes within the album. We suggest devices and procedures for reconstruction of such a narrative in the absence of a presenter.
The interplay of the material and the discursive in Russian academic prose (1980–2010)

This study explores the generic evolution of the Russian academic article, taking as a case study the publications in Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria 9. Filologiia between 1980 and 2010. It finds that (1) visual rhetoric is a sparingly used tool among Russian philologists; (2) books remain a primary source of research information; (3) the recentness of publications is often a secondary concern; (4) the philological research base is rather narrow and locally bound; and (5) the discipline-specific features of knowledge production and presentation slowly dissolve a uniform academic style. The discussion relates these trends to the practices of philological research and to the material conditions under which scholarship is produced.
CT of the lungs in patients with pulmonary emphysema

Abstract Pulmonary emphysema is a pathological diagnosis. The clinical diagnosis of emphysema can be difficult because correlations between results of lung function tests and the extent of emphysema are poor. Features of chronic bronchitis or asthma may overlap with emphysema, making the clinical diagnosis more challenging. Nonetheless, the diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema can be made with relative confidence on the basis of clinical and radiological criteria. Despite not detecting mild emphysema and underestimating the severity of disease, CT—and high-resolution CT in particular—is the best noninvasive modality for detecting or corroborating pulmonary emphysema. This review focuses on several important aspects of pulmonary emphysema: (1) the definition and pathological characterization, (2) techniques of CT imaging, (3) CT findings and their correlation with pathophysiological data, and (4) quantification with CT.
Characterization of protein kinase activity associated with the transforming gene product of Fujinami sarcoma virus

Fujinami sarcoma virus (FSV), a newly characterized avian sarcoma virus, produces a protein of 140,000 daltons (p140) in infected cells. p140 is the product of a fused gene consisting of a part of the gag gene of avian retrovirus and FSV-unique sequences which are not related to the src sequences of Rous sarcoma virus. In vivo, p140 was found to be phosphorylated at both serine and tyrosine residues. Immunoprecipitates of p140 with antiserum against gag gene-coded proteins had a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase activity which phosphorylated p140 itself, rabbit IgG of the immune complex and alpha-casein, an externally added soluble protein substrate. The phosphorylation was specific to tyrosine of the substrate proteins. p140 was phosphorylated in vitro at the same two tyrosine residues that were phosphorylated in vivo. The phosphate transferred to tyrosine residues of p140 forms a stable bond: it does not turn over during the kinase reaction, and the 32P-phosphate of p140 labeled in vitro or in vivo is not transferred to alpha-casein. FSV-p140 differs from p60src, the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, in its marked preference of Mn2+ to Mg2+ ions, and in its inability to use GTP instead of ATP as the donor of gamma-phosphate.
Perspective on “The physical nature of the chemical bond”

“I believe that a good theory combines mathematical rigor with physical interpretation.” With these words, Klaus Ruedenberg began a summary of the highlights of his scientific career in 1996. Many seminal papers by this giant in the field of quantum chemistry serve to illustrate this philosophy; none accomplish the task with more beauty and insight than “The physical nature of the chemical bond” [1]. This paper and those that followed it [2-4] represent the first rigorous, first-principles analysis of the fundamental quantum mechanical origins of covalent bonding which, as Mulliken [5] noted in 1977, “are commonly misunderstood”. With the insight that has become his trademark, Ruedenberg combined four fundamental precepts — the virial theorem, wave—particle duality, the variational principle and the decomposition of the total energy into kinetic and potential components — to devise a model that is both simple and broadly applicable. This paper clearly establishes the important point that it is “possible to extract from a rigorous wavefunction (or a bonafide approximation to it), in a quantitative fashion, a partitioning of the energy which justifies conceptual interpretations.”
Zygote and vegetative cell wall proteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii share a common epitope, (SerPro)X

Abstract Polyclonal antibodies directed against a (SerPro) 10 oligopeptide and a s-galactosidase/zygote-wall-gene fusion protein were used in in vitro translation/immunoprecipitation experiments to show that (SerPro) x is a common motif in proteins which assemble into either the zygotic or the vegetative/gametic cell walls of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . There are at least five, and possibly as many as ten different zygote-specific proteins displaying (SerPro) x -like epitopes. Zygote-specific cDNAs corresponding to two of these proteins have been previously characterized and shown to encode several regions of (SerPro) ranging from 2 to 9 repeats. In addition, the (SerPro) 10 antibody recognizes five vegetative/gamete-specific proteins from cells induced for wall synthesis. One of these five corresponds to the vegetative/gamete-wall glycoprotein GP2, as confirmed by immunoprecipitation with a polyclonal antibody to purified GP2. The GP2 antibody detects epitopes other than (SerPro) x and also immunoprecipitates a novel zygote-specific protein.
MeshMon: a multi-tiered framework for wireless mesh networkmonitoring

Monitoring and troubleshooting a large wireless mesh network presents several challenges. Diagnosis of problems related to wireless access in these networks requires a comprehensive set of metrics and network monitoring data. Collection and offloading of a large amount of data is infeasible in a bandwidth constrained mesh network. Additionally, the processing required to analyze data from the entire network restricts the scalability of the system and impacts the ability to perform real-time fault diagnosis. To this end, we propose MeshMon, a network monitoring framework that includes a multi-tiered method of data collection. MeshMon dynamically controls the granularity of data collection based on observed events in the network, thereby achieving significant bandwidth savings and enabling real-time automated management. Our evaluation of MeshMon on a real testbed shows that we can diagnose a majority (87%) of network faults with a 66% savings in bandwidth required for network monitoring.
Simple groups and strong covers

Given a finite, nonabelian, simple group S and labelling π as the set of prime divisors of |S|, a set C of character degrees of S strongly covers π if some fixed prime divides every member of C and every prime in π divides at least one member of C. In this article, we classify the simple groups S for which there is such a set. When there is such a set, we associate a strong covering number scn(S) with S by letting this be the cardinality of a smallest set C of degrees which strongly covers π. Finding a set C which strongly covers π establishes an upper bound on scn(S), but in many cases our set C has minimal cardinality, and so scn(S)=|C|. In addition, if cd(S) has a subset C which strongly covers π, C can be chosen so |C|⩽3, showing scn(S)⩽3, and we furthermore classify which simple groups have a strong covering number of 3. For all the sporadic and alternating groups, and several families of groups of Lie type, we calculate the exact strong covering number. Several consequences of these facts are also presented.
Estimation of the size and directional output of functional groups of interneurons underlying abdominal positioning behaviors in crayfish

Quantitative studies were made of a large population of interneurons that controls postural flexion and extension of the crayfish abdomen. The number of interneurons needed to produce a motor program was estimated by stimulating a single abdominal positioning interneuron and recording interneuronal activity that was evoked from rostral and caudal connectives in an isolated abdominal nerve cord. We also examined the role that these functional groups have in producing a stronger motor output in either a rostral or caudal direction and thus specifying various abdominal geometrics. The average number of interneurons responding to stimulation of a single abdominal positioning interneuron was 32 (range: 3-50; n = 27). The average number of interneurons that decreased activity was 10 (range: 2-32). Of 653 activated interneurons from 20 preparations, approximately 43% fired between 2 and 5 Hz, 33% fired between 6 and 15 Hz, and 25% fired > 15 Hz. The size of a recruited group was usually but not always correlated with the strength of its motor response or with the direction of motor bias. Therefore, the contribution of a group may depend upon the number of active elements as well as synaptic efficacy.
One-dimensional rigorous hole theory of fluids: Internally constrained ensembles

A “hole” in a fluid is specified in a well-defined manner. The concentration of “holes” is a thermodynamic property of the fluid and we derive this concentration in three different ensembles for a one-dimensional fluid of hard rods. The thermodynamics of these rigorously defined holes is developed, and the properties of holes are explored. The ensemble in which the concentration of holes is maintained fixed exhibits dramatic properties. Finally, pair correlation functions for hard rods in the various ensembles are computed. Contrary to a frequently made assumption, the equilibrium number of holes is found to never be proportional to the probability of finding a single hole in the fluid. Constraining the concentration of holes as well as the density leads to dramatic structural effects prominently displayed by the pair correlation function. The ensemble in which the concentration of holes is fixed is an example of an “internally constrained” metastable system.
Effect of neomycin on phosphoinositide labelling and calcium binding in guinea-pig inner ear tissues in vivo and in vitro.

—Phospholipids of guinea-pig inner ear tissues were labelled in vivo by perilymphatic perfusion of the cochlea with [32P]orthophosphate or myo-[3H]inositol. After 20-40 min the most highly labelled 32P-lipids were phosphatidylinositol phosphate and diphosphate. Incorporation of [3H]inositol proceeded in the order phosphatidylinositol > phosphatidylinositol phosphate > phosphatidylinositol diphosphate. After treatment of animals with neomycin for 3 weeks, 32P-incorporation into phosphatidylinositol diphosphate, but not into other lipids, was significantly decreased in the preparations of the organ of Corti and stria vascularis. In homogenates of inner ear tissues, the labelling of the polyphosphoinositides by [γ-32P]ATP was increased and the hydrolysis of these lipids was blocked in the presence of 10−4m-neomycin. Neomycin also competitively inhibited the binding of 45Ca2+ to homogenates of these tissues.
Analysis of adaptive optical elements made from piezolectric bimorphs

The deformation properties of an adaptive optical element made from a piezoelectric bimorph plate are analyzed. The fundamental relationship between the deformation of the optical surface and the voltage distribution applied across the thickness of the plate is derived and the general solution for an infinite plate is presented. A particular solution for a finite rectangular plate is also presented.
Postoperative Pseudomonas urinary tract infections as a source of bacterial contamination of an autogenous vein graft

Abstract The infection of autogenous vascular grafts from blood-borne contaminants is distinctly unusual. Two cases are reported in which a urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurred after autogenous saphenous vein bypass grafting. Despite appropriate intravenous antibiotic therapy for 10 days with clearing of both blood and urine, the patients subsequently had significant complications from graft infections. The factors thought to have contributed to this are discussed and the literature reviewed. Recommendations are made concerning the modification of the standard therapy in this situation. (J VASC SURG 1987;5:492-4.)
Prolonged QT Syndrome Presenting as Fetal Bradycardia

A case report of congenital prolonged QT syndrome that presented with fetal bradycardia and subsequent fetal distress is presented. Perinatal bradycardia and congenital prolonged QT syndrome are reviewed.
THE OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY OF ALBERT PORTER PUEBLO DURING THE A.D. 1130–1180 DROUGHT

Relatively little attention has been paid to the impacts of the A.D. 1130–1180 drought in the central Mesa Verde region, despite the fact that this period coincides with the collapse of the Chaco regional system. Were great house communities depopulated during the A.D. 1130–1180 drought? This paper calls into question the use of tree-ring distributions as the sole means of re-creating population history, and offers an alternative approach utilizing multiple lines of excavation evidence, as applied at Albert Porter Pueblo.
Remarkable Photophysics and Amplified Quenching of Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Oligomers

We report the photophysics and fluorescence quenching of a series of monodisperse, anionic π-conjugated oligomers that are molecularly dissolved in aqueous solution. These structurally well-defined oligomers feature oligo(phenylene ethynylene) backbones with two -CH2COO(-) units on each repeat unit, with overall lengths of 5, 7, and 9 repeats. The ionic oligomers display a structured fluorescence band with high quantum efficiency in water, in contrast to the low fluorescence quantum efficiency and pronounced aggregation displayed by structurally similar oligomeric and polymeric (phenylene ethynylene) conjugated polyelectrolytes studied previously. Stern-Volmer (SV) fluorescence quenching studies using cationic charge- and energy-transfer quenchers reveal that all of the oligomers give rise to SV quenching constants (KSV) in excess of 10(6) M(-1), with values increasing with oligomer length, consistent with the amplified quenching effect. The amplified quenching effect is proposed to occur due to the formation of comparatively small oligomer aggregates.
Vitamin A supplementation in Indian children

1 Awasthi S, Peto R, Read S, Clark S, Pande V, Bundy D, and the DEVTA (Deworming and Enhanced Vitamin A) team. Vitamin A supplementation every 6 months with retinol in 1 million pre-school children in north India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2013; published online March 14. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6736(12)62125-4. 2 International Institute for Population Sciences and Macro International. National family health survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005–06: Uttar Pradesh. Mumbai: IIPS, 2008. 3 University of Oxford Clinical Trials Service Unit. Workshop on the DEVTA study. Worcester College, Oxford, UK; Nov 3–4, 2008. 4 Sommer A, West KP Jr. Vitamin A defi ciency: health, survival and vision. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996: 19–61. Vitamin A supplementation in Indian children
Hydrodynamics of macromolecular complexes. III. Bacterial viruses.

We have calculated the translational and rotational frictional coefficients of structures related to T2 and T4 bacteriophage, using the theoretical framework developed in the preceding two papers. The structures considered were models for tail-fiberless phage, and for whole phage with fibers in the extended and retracted portions. We also computed and compared with the experiment the changes in translational frictional coefficient produced by successive addition of 1–6 fibers to the fiberless particle. Agreement with experimental results is markedly improved over previous theoretical efforts, especially with respect to the effect of tail-fiber extension. Some significant discrepancies remain, however, in the comparison of fiber-retracted and fiberless phage.
Submarine chutes on the slopes of fjord deltas

The first side-scan sonograph images of submarine landslide chutes from arctic fjords presented here indicate that submarine slopes of fjord head deltas are subject to instability. The chutes transport sediment from the upper delta slopes into deeper water parts of the fjords. Previously, sediment distribution and budgets in the bottom of deepwater fjords were ascribed to settling of suspended sediment supplied by streams and rivers during the short summer melt period. Previous descriptions of submarine mass movements from some subarctic fjords have been limited to isolated major catastrophic events. The sonographs from an arctic fjord suggest that delta-front instability occurs as multiple small-scale events that recur at frequent intervals and are intrinsic to the fjord sedimentation system.
Tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine Oxide: A Chiral Three-Dimensional Material with Nonlinear Optical Properties

The achiral C_(3v) organic phosphine tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine oxide (1) crystallizes in the unusual chiral hexagonal space group P6_3. The structure is highly ordered because each phosphine oxide moiety forms three hydrogen bonds with adjacent hydroxy groups from three different molecules. The properties of the crystals and the presence of hydrogen bonding interactions were investigated using single crystal Raman spectroscopy. The crystals show nonlinear optical properties and are capable of efficient second harmonic generation.
Flow diversion for intracranial aneurysms: optimally defining and evolving a new tool and approach.

R P t A a t A s the diversity and sophistication of tools to treat intracranial aneurysms has expanded, the potential to achieve excellent outcomes for a greater number of patients is ncreasingly feasible. As the options have expanded, however, ecision making has become more complex. Although results ave been improved by the use of surgical and endovascular echniques in a complementary fashion, certain aneurysms coninue to be frustrating to treat with either technique because of igh morbidity associated with treatment, significant recurrence ssues, or expected poor outcomes. Certain fusiform aneurysms, issecting aneurysms, giant petrous and cavernous aneurysms, nd other select complex giant aneurysms fall into this category. he observation that sidewall aneurysms in animal models hrombose when a stent is placed across their orifice (17, 18) led o a quest to develop flow-diverting stents (FDs) that could otentially be used as a standalone treatment for otherwise ifficult-to-treat aneurysms.
Weak waves in relaxing flows

Abstract : Theoretical and experimental investigations are described of the linearized wave equation of supersonic flow with a single relaxation process. Firing range experiments using a known model gas mixture with a single relaxation process are discussed. Qualitatively, it is shown that weak conical and spherical waves decay as predicted by theory. In addition, this decay can be determined quantitatively for conical disturbances; and, satisfactory agreement with theory is found. For application to unknown relaxation processes, it is suggested that observation of the damping of weak waves provides an additional tool for the study of fast rate processes.
Use of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis.

Purpose of review This paper is intended to review recent literature that impacts the use of epinephrine in the therapy of anaphylaxis. Recent findings The most important recent finding regarding the administration of epinephrine is that the intramuscular route of administration is the route of choice for the treatment of anaphylaxis, and the lateral aspect of the thigh is the site of choice. In addition, recent research emphasizes the fact that epinephrine is grossly underused in the management of anaphylaxis, which accentuates the need for further education of both physician and patient in this regard. Summary Several major themes have emerged from this review of the recent literature. The finding that the intramuscular route of administration for epinephrine is superior has now been recognized by the guidelines, and because the site of choice has been found to be the lateral aspect of the thigh, the needle used for injection must be long enough to penetrate the vastus lateralis muscle. The reasons for the underutilization of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis are also discussed. Other important findings include the fact that outdated EpiPens can usually be administered safely, and alternative routes of administration, which may be more acceptable to patients, may be on the horizon as a result of preliminary studies assessing the administration of sublingual epinephrine by wafer. Finally, it is now understood that epinephrine prescription data may be one of our best tools to study the epidemiology and incidence of anaphylactic episodes.
Customization strategies for the solution of linear programming problems arising from large scale model predictive control of a paper machine

Abstract This paper presents an application of a customized linear programming (LP) based model predictive control strategy to the paper machine cross direction (CD) control problem. The objective of CD control is to maintain flat profiles of variables of interest by minimizing worst case deviations from setpoints (defects). These control problems can have as many as 200 actuators (inputs) and 400 sensor measurements (outputs). This large size coupled with the stringent real-time requirement of computing a control move in a few seconds poses a very challenging control problem. Computational results that demonstrate the effectiveness of this strategy will be presented. For typical disturbances this algorithm can compute provably optimal control moves for a 400 input ×400 output control problem in approximately 5 s versus approximately 90 s for a generic LP algorithm on a HP 9000/770 workstation.
Withdrawal after Narcotic Therapy: A Survey of Neonatal and Pediatric Clinicians

Pharmacists at the 1995 American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pediatric Practice and Research Network meeting volunteered to act as coordinators at their sites and survey pediatric and neonatal nurses, pharmacists, and physicians regarding dependency in neonatal and pediatric patients after therapeutic administration of narcotics. Thirteen (60%) of 21 coordinators returned 244 surveys. Primary symptoms of withdrawal reported by clinicians were agitation (100%), irritability (100%), inconsolability (100%), crying (99%), tremors (98%), high heart rate (98%), fidgets (98%), high blood pressure (97%), less sleep (96%), and sweating (94%). Most clinicians considered narcotic withdrawal to be a problem (74%) that should be treated (87%). A dependency scale is being developed and will include symptoms reported by more than 75% of respondents.
Cellular responses to extracellular guidance cues

Extracellular guidance cues have a key role in orchestrating cell behaviour. They can take many forms, including soluble and cell-bound ligands (proteins, lipids, peptides or small molecules) and insoluble matrix substrates, but to act as guidance cues, they must be presented to the cell in a spatially restricted manner. Cells that recognize such cues respond by activating intracellular signal transduction pathways in a spatially restricted manner and convert the extracellular information into intracellular polarity. Although extracellular cues influence a broad range of cell polarity decisions, such as mitotic spindle orientation during asymmetric cell division, or the establishment of apical–basal polarity in epithelia, this review will focus specifically on guidance cues that promote cell migration (chemotaxis), or localized cell shape changes (chemotropism).
The Angiotensin II Type I Receptor-associated Protein, ATRAP, Is a Transmembrane Protein and a Modulator of Angiotensin II Signaling

Our group identified angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor-associated protein (ATRAP) in a yeast two-hybrid screen for proteins that bind to the carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the AT1. In this work, we characterize ATRAP as a transmembrane protein localized in intracellular trafficking vesicles and plasma membrane that functions as a modulator of angiotensin II-induced signal transduction. ATRAP contains three hydrophobic domains at the amino-terminal end of the protein, encompassing the amino acid residues 14-36, 55-77, and 88-108 and a hydrophilic cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal tail from residues 109-161. Endogenous and transfected ATRAP cDNA shows a particulate distribution; electron microscopy reveals the presence of ATRAP in prominent perinuclear vesicular membranes; and colocalization analysis by immunofluorescence shows that ATRAP colocalizes in an intracellular vesicular compartment corresponding to endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and endocytic vesicles. Real-time tracking of ATRAP vesicles shows constitutive translocation toward the plasma membrane. Using epitope-tagged forms of ATRAP at either the amino or carboxyl end of the molecule, we determined the orientation of the amino end as being outside the cell. Mutant forms of ATRAP lacking the carboxyl end are unable to bind to the AT1 receptor, leading to the formation of prominent perinuclear vesicle clusters. Functional analysis of the effects of ATRAP on angiotensin II-induced AT1 receptor signaling reveals a moderate decrease in the generation of inositol lipids, a marked decrease in the angiotensin II-stimulated transcriptional activity of the c-fos promoter luciferase reporter gene, and a decrease in cell proliferation.
Differential responses of the incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1 to increasing doses of dietary carbohydrate but not dietary protein in lean rats

Previous studies have shown that oral ingestion of nutrients stimulates secretion of the incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1); however, it is unclear whether there is a dose-dependent response between the amount of nutrient ingested and the secretion of the hormones in vivo. Using our lymph fistula rat model, we previously demonstrated that both GIP and GLP-1 responded dose dependently to increasing amounts of infused dietary lipid and that the GLP-1-secreting cells were more sensitive to changes in intestinal lipid content. In the present study, we investigated the dose-dependent relationships between incretin secretion and the two remaining macronutrients, carbohydrate and protein. To accomplish this objective, the major mesenteric lymphatic duct of male Sprague-Dawley rats was cannulated. Each animal received a single bolus (3 ml) of saline, dextrin, whey protein, or casein hydrolysate (0.275, 0.55, 1.1, 2.2, 4.4 kcal) via a surgically inserted duodenal or ileal feeding tube. Lymph was continuously collected for 3 h and analyzed for GIP and GLP-1 content. Both GIP and GLP-1 outputs responded dose dependently to increasing amounts of dietary carbohydrate but not protein. Additionally, we found that the GIP-secreting cells were more sensitive than the GLP-1-secreting cells to changes in intestinal carbohydrate content.
Programming Examples Needing Polymorphic Recursion

Inferring types for polymorphic recursive function definitions (abbreviated to polymorphic recursion) is a recurring topic on the mailing lists of popular typed programming languages. This is despite the fact that type inference for polymorphic recursion using @?-types has been proved undecidable. This report presents several programming examples involving polymorphic recursion and determines their typability under various type systems, including the Hindley-Milner system, an intersection-type system, and extensions of these two. The goal of this report is to show that many of these examples are typable using a system of intersection types as an alternative form of polymorphism. By accomplishing this, we hope to lay the foundation for future research into a decidable intersection-type inference algorithm. We do not provide a comprehensive survey of type systems appropriate for polymorphic recursion, with or without type annotations inserted in the source language. Rather, we focus on examples for which types may be inferred without type annotations, with an emphasis on systems of intersection- types.
High-Temperature Thermophysical Properties of Zirconium Carbide

An apparatus based on the method of Jain and Krishnan was developed for property measurements in the temperature range from measurable radiant emission to the thermal stability limit of metallic materials. Apparatus and experimental techniques for cylindrical specimens with length-to-diameter ratios >4 are described. The theory of the method is reviewed, practical formulations are developed, and error sources are analyzed. The following properties were determined for zirconium carbide in the range 1000° to 2500°K: thermal conductivity, spectral thermal emittance at 0.65μ spectral thermal emittance at 0.65μ as a function of time in vacuum, electrical resistivity, and total thermal emittance. A compilation of experimental values for other physical properties of ZrC is given.
Magnetic resonance imaging in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh's disease)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a sensitive alternative to computed tomography (CT) for lesion localization. Patients with subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE) may be diagnosed by finding focal lesions on CT that correspond to sites of anatomical involvement. We report serial CT and MRI scanning findings in a patient with clinical, radiographic, and laboratory evidence of SNE. MRI was more sensitive in detecting lesions involving the basal ganglia, brainstem, and cortex. We believe MRI is a valuable and sensitive means to establish an antemortem diagnosis of SNE.
Distributed Self-Deployment in Visual Sensor Networks

This paper describes the design and implementation of a distributed self-deployment algorithm in wireless visual sensor networks. The algorithm is tested on an actual Mobile Sensor Platform (MSP) testbed, and a centralized version is also discussed for performance evaluation and comparison. Both algorithms are evaluated for speed and accuracy. Structured marker detection provided by the ARToolKit is employed for localization of the nodes. Experimental results show that localization using these types of markers has an accuracy of about 96% in ideal lighting conditions, and the proposed self-deployment algorithms perform as desired.
The impact of opiate agonist maintenance therapy on drug use within social networks of injecting drug users.

This study examined whether participation in opiate drug treatment is associated with changes in drug use and injecting drug use within the social networks of injecting drug users. Participants were 245 injecting drug users who attended the Baltimore Needle Exchange Program during 2002–2004 and requested treatment and received a referral for opiate agonist treatment as part of an intervention to improve treatment outcomes. Data included interviews at baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months and drug treatment program agency records. The mean age of participants was 42.2 years; 77% were African American, 69% were male, and 48% entered treatment. Final generalized estimating equations (GEE) models indicated that participants that entered opiate drug treatment exhibited approximately a 20% decrease in the proportional odds of having friends that used drugs (p = 0.04). Additionally, participants that entered opiate drug treatment exhibited a 26% decrease in the proportional odds of having friends that injected drugs...
A systems approach to teaching trustworthy computing

In this paper we present our experience of teaching the "trustworthy computing" graduate/undergraduate level pilot course in Fall 2006 as part of the computer engineering curriculum. The main objectives of the course are: 1) To make students realize the practical risks and concerns in system security, 2) To introduce the tools and methodologies used to secure a system; 3) To enable students to design a secure application and test its security features, and 4) To expose students to research issues in trustworthy computing. To achieve these objectives, the course introduces a number of new approaches to teaching trustworthy computing: 1) The course provides the students with a synthesis opportunity through a final project. The students are tasked to design a secure application using a system level approach that incorporates the security concepts presented in class. Using the Threat Modeling tool developed by Microsoft the students can validate and optimize their design; 2) The course exposes the students to state-of-the-art research issues in trustworthy computing and practical tools for system security implemented in real organizations. We achieve this exposure by inviting guest speakers from academia and industry; 3) The course provides the students with the opportunity to pursue research in applications not covered in class but using the concepts introduced in the course. The students present their findings to the class.
Hierarchical probabilistic diagnosis of MCMs on large-area substrates

This paper addresses the issue of testing MCMs fabricated on large-area substrates. The cost of testing MCMs may be as high as 40% of the manufacturing cost. In order to reduce test costs, at is essential that the testing be parallelized taking advantage of the fact that all the MCMs on the large-area substrate are similar. In this paper we propose a hierarchical probabilistic test algorithm for MCMs on large-area substrates. In this method, the MCMs on the substrate are divided into clusters. The responses of the MCMs are analyzed within their clusters, and the most common responses are sent to a global tester for determining the likely correct response. Based on this, the MCMs are diagnosed as faulty or fault free. The decisions are made after each test is applied. Our algorithm performs better than the existing probabilistic test algorithms and provides up to an order of magnitude reduction in test application time as opposed to serial MCM probe test.
Practical Rationality in Social Science Explanation A Reply to Terrence Kelly

Terrence Kelly argues for a theory of practical rationality to explain and handle the issue of residential segregation in the United States. Kelly claims that theories of "racism as irrational" and rational choice are not explanatorily adequate in this regard. I argue that the theory of practical rationality is also not adequate because by allowing agents to offer accounts of their calculated behaviour, it allows little appraisal of the behaviour itself. I argue instead that better explanations could be offered by appeal to ethical theory.
Petrogenesis of the Pd-rich intrusion at Salt Chuck, Prince of Wales Island; an early Paleozoic alaskan-type ultramafic body

The early Paleozoic Salt Chuck intrusion has petrographic and chemical characteristics thal are similar to those of Cretaceous Alaskan-type ultramafic-mafic bodies. The Salt Chuck intnrsion is markedly discordant to the structure of the early Paleozoic Descon Formation, in which ithas produced a rather indistinct contact aureole a few meters wide. Field relationships and sequences ofcumulus minerals indicate thatthe two rock types, magnetite clinopyroxenite and gabbro, are related by fractional crystallization. All analyzed samples are feldspathoid-normative, a result ofthe high proportion ofthe esseneite component of clinopyroxene and not an indication of crystallization from a silica-undersaturated magma. The Mg# of the modal clinopyroxene ranges from 0.937 to 0.83 1, consistent with a normal trend offractional crystallization. Mineral assemblages, sequence of crystallization, and mineral chemistry suggest that the intrusion crystallized under low pressures (- 2 kbar) with oxidation conditions near those of the NNO buffer, from a hydrous, silica-saturated, rmative parental magma. The dominance of Pd over ft [average Pt/(ft+Pd) = 0.061 in the Salt Chuck intrusion contrasts sharply with the general dominance of Pt over Pd [average Pt/(ft+Pd) = 0.591 in other Alaskan-type bodies. There are also generally higher levels of PGE and sulfide concentrations in the Salt Chuck deposit. Sulfides in the Salt Chuck intrusion are substantially more Cu- and Pd-rich than magmatic sulfides in other ultramafic rocks. The Salt Chuck deposit was probably formed by a two-stage process: ( I ) a stage of magmatic crystallization in which the sulfides and PGE accumulated in a disseminated manner in cumulus deposits, possibly largely in the gabbro, and (2) a later magmatic-hydrothermal stage during which the sulfides and PGE were remobitized and concentrated in veins and fracture-fillings, largely in thi magnetite clinopyroxenite but controlled by the complex magnetite clinopyroxenite - gabbro contact. In this model, the source of the sulfides and PGE was the magma that produced the Salt Chuck intrusion.
NK Cells Help To Induce CD8^+-T-Cell Immunity against Toxoplasma gondii in the Absence of CD4^+ T Cells

CD8(+) T-cell immunity plays an important role in protection against intracellular infections. Earlier studies have shown that CD4(+) T-cell help was needed for launching in vivo CD8(+) T-cell activity against these pathogens and tumors. However, recently CD4(+) T-cell-independent CD8 responses during several microbial infections including those with Toxoplasma gondii have been described, although the mechanism is not understood. We now demonstrate that, in the absence of CD4(+) T cells, T. gondii-infected mice exhibit an extended NK cell response, which is mediated by continued interleukin-12 (IL-12) secretion. This prolonged NK cell response is critical for priming parasite-specific CD8(+) T-cell immunity. Depletion of NK cells inhibited the generation of CD8(+) T-cell immunity in CD4(-/-) mice. Similarly neutralization of IL-12 reduces NK cell numbers in infected animals and leads to the down-regulation of CD8(+) T-cell immunity against T. gondii. Adoptive transfer of NK cells into the IL-12-depleted animals restored their CD8(+) T-cell immune response, and animals exhibited reduced mortality. NK cell gamma interferon was essential for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte priming. Our studies for the first time demonstrate that, in the absence of CD4(+) T cells, NK cells can play an important role in induction of primary CD8(+) T-cell immunity against an intracellular infection. These observations have therapeutic implications for immunocompromised individuals, including those with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
The Use of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility for Hybrid Seed Production

Cytoplasmically inherited male sterility (CMS) results from an interaction between the organellar and nuclear genomes that conditions the failure to produce functional pollen . CMS provides an expedient mechanism to produce large populations of male-sterile plants for commercial F1 hybrid seed production. In cases where the F1 hybrid crop must produce pollen and set seed, male sterility can be reversed by nuclear-encoded restorer-of-fertility alleles. Although the unfortunate epidemic of Southern Corn Leaf Blight on T-cytoplasmic maize revealed the dangers of hybrid-seed production using a single source of CMS, no other genetic vulnerability to disease or stress has been attributed directly to a CMS gene, in spite of the worldwide use of CMS. In some cases, mitochondrial-encoded CMS genes have been linked to undesirable, plastid-encoded traits, and nuclear restorer-of-fertility alleles have been linked to undesirable nuclear-encoded traits, but these linkages were successfully broken by somatic cell genetics and conventional plant breeding, respectively. The use of CMS to produce hybrid seed is very cost effective and has been widely exploited in a plethora of agronomic and horticultural crops. The purpose of this chapter is to list and review the major sources of CMS used commercially to produce hybrid seed.
Poetics of Conspiracy and Hermeneutics of Suspicion in Tacitus's Dialogus de Oratoribus

This article argues that the end of Tacitus's Dialogus de Oratoribus is inconclusive in ways that draw attention to the difficulty of interpretation not only of the dialogue, as by modern scholars, but also in the dialogue, as by its leading characters. The inconclusiveness is especially marked by a commonly noted, but little discussed, feature of the end: when the rest of the characters laugh at the point of departure, Tacitus himself does not. Arguing that this difference of affective response on the part of the characters prefigures differences in interpretive response on the part of readers, the article identifies different strains in recent scholarship: pessimistic and optimistic. Both forms of response entail an attribution of a “poetics of conspiracy” (Hinds) to the ultimate speaker of the dialogue, the author Tacitus, and a “hermeneutics of suspicion” (Ricoeur) to its reader. At the same time, the author's double-position, as character and author, between narrated event and narration of the event to the reader, suggests that the other characters in the dialogue may, like the author and reader, also exercise such poetics and hermeneutics on one another and themselves. The article ends with the comparandum of the first satire of Tacitus's near contemporary, Juvenal, suggesting that, in the case of these works that can look with hindsight on the social and political past of the Early Empire, their modes of transmission and reception may be politically determined (e.g., as conspiratorial, suspicious) but may also demonstrate, within the restrictions of social and political determinations, a high degree of contingency, reflexivity, and autonomy. Such possibilities suggest that the text itself is part of a pragmatic and performative tradition of the kind enacted by its characters, in addition to a tradition of the production of (comparatively static and unfree) “literary” works.