cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drawing on Questions

This article evolved from the author's observations and subsequent research on question-answer interaction between client and therapist, and teacher and student. To add to art therapy literature, which already establishes language as a necessary skill, the questionanswer dialogue is examined. Patton's six-question instrument which provides categories of question options is discussed in detail, with application for the art therapist. Effective formulation of questions provides the clinician, educator, and researcher with a structure that enhances art therapy goals. "Life is all about finding out what it's all about." —Rusty Berkus (1982)
LPS-induced muscularis macrophage nitric oxide suppresses rat jejunal circular muscle activity

Cellular mechanisms of sepsis-induced ileus remain an enigma. The study aim was to determine the role of nitric oxide (NO) in mediating the suppression of rat jejunal circular smooth muscle activit...
Determination of the enantiomeric composition of phenylalanine samples by chemometric analysis of the fluorescence spectra of cyclodextrin guest–host complexes

A novel strategy for determining the enantiomeric composition of phenylalanine samples that combines ordinary fluorescence spectroscopy, guest–host cyclodextrin chemistry, and multivariate regression modeling is investigated. Partial-least-squares regression (PLS-1) models were developed from fluorescence spectral data obtained with a series of samples containing cyclodextrin guest–host complexes of phenylalanine with different known enantiomeric compositions. The regression models were subsequently validated by determining the enantiomeric composition of a set of independently prepared phenylalanine samples. The ability of the models to correctly predict the enantiomeric compositions of future samples was evaluated in terms of the root-mean-square percent relative error (RMS%RE). The RMS%RE in the mol fraction of D-phenylalanine ranged from 1.3% to 3.0% when β-cyclodextrin was used as the host molecule for different guest–host concentrations. The RMS%RE in the mol fraction of D-phenylalanine obtained in a similar validation study conducted with γ-cyclodextrin ranged between 1.8% and 4.0% for different guest–host concentrations. Compared with previous studies done in absorption, fluorescence data were found to be more sensitive and the spectral differences observed as a function of enantiomeric composition were more uniformly spaced, making regression modeling more reliable. As a result, good regression models could be made at lower concentrations than were possible previously when absorption measurements were used.
A Review of the Experimental Properties of Insulating Solids

In this review, the author attempts to generate a brief compilation of some important experimental information relating to the insulating solids. These properties may be regarded as falling into four classes. These are: (a) general crystallo-graphic data, (b) electronic data, (c) optical properties, and (d) mechanical properties. This compilation is not exhaustive and in preparing it, the author has tried to lean heavily on previous available compilations. Especially in the case of the ionic alkali-halides, much of the data has been available for a substantial amount of time and it is difficult to trace a given measurement back to its origin. Therefore, except for such cases as where the author has resorted to the original literature only the compilation source will be listed. Interested readers will certainly find additional references in the compilations cited here. The data is presented here in a series of seven tables.
Influence of sublethal antibiotic concentrations on bacterial adherence to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite.

Abstract The influence of growth in the presence of sublethal concentrations of nine antibiotics on the ability of certain potentially odontopathic bacteria to attach to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite surfaces which mimic teeth was studied. Cells of Actinomyces viscosus LY7 and S2, Bacteroides gingivalis 381, Capnocytophaga ochraceus 6, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans N27 attached in lower numbers to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite when grown in the presence of 50% of the minimum inhibitory concentration of tetracycline. Electron microscopic observations of negatively stained preparations indicated that tetracycline-grown A. viscosus LY7 cells had fewer fimbriae than did untreated cells, which may account for the impaired ability of the treated cells to attach. However, cells of Actinomyces naeslundii L13 and S4 attached in higher numbers when grown in the presence of tetracycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, or neomycin. Streptococcus mutans strains H12 and JBP also exhibited increased adherence to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite when grown in the presence of 50 or 25% of the minimum inhibitory concentration of penicillin. Thus, growth in the presence of sublethal antibiotic concentrations could increase as well as decrease the adherence of bacteria to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite. Antibiotic-grown cells of the Actinomyces strains showed enhanced hemagglutination activity, but this did not correlate with their ability to attach to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite. Sublethal concentrations of antibiotics in the growth media also affected the coaggregation reactions of several organisms; the effects were specific for one member of the coaggregation pair.
Secondary Ureteropyelostomy in Renal Transplant Recipients

AbstractIschemic necrosis of the allograft ureter after renal transplantation most often results from failure to preserve adequately its vascularity during donor nephrectomy. An acute episode of rejection occurring within the first few weeks postoperatively may serve to compound the problem, producing even more extensive necrosis of the urinary collecting system. Secondary ureteropyelostomy using the recipient’s own ipsilateral ureter is the salvage operation of choice in this situation and can be highly successful provided there is strict adherence to a number of important surgical principles.
Primary care interventions to prevent tobacco use in children and adolescents.

A 14-year-old male high school student presents for a preparticipation physical examination. He just started the 9th grade and is trying out for his school's football team. He is a nonsmoker and has never used illicit drugs. However, his parents are longtime smokers, and some of his older friends on the football team smoke.
(45) Root Growth of Three Horticultural Crops Grown in Pine Bark-amended Cotton Gin Compost

In the southeastern United States, inconsistent pine bark (PB) supplies and overabundance of cotton gin by products warrant investigation about the feasibility of replacing PB with cotton gin compost (CGC) for container horticultural plant production. Most research on the use of composted organic substrates for horticultural plant production has focused on shoot growth responses, so there is a need to document the effect of these substrates on root growth. In 2004 ‘Blitz’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), ‘Hot Country’ lantana (Lantana camara Mill. ‘Hot Country’), and weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.) were placed in Horhizotrons™ to evaluate root growth in 100% PB and three PB:CGC substrates containing by volume, 60:40 PB:CGC, 40:60 PB:CGC, and 0:100 PB:CGC. Horhizotrons™ were placed in a greenhouse, and root growth in all substrates was measured for each cultivar. Physical properties (total porosity, water holding capacity, air space, and bulk density) and chemical properties (electrical conductivity and pH) were determined for all substrates. Physical properties of 100% PB were within recommended guidelines and were either within or above recommended ranges for all PB:CGC substrate blends. Chemical properties of all substrates were within or above recommended guidelines. Root growth of all species in substrates containing CGC was similar to or more enhanced than root growth in 100% PB.
Hafted Unifaces from Southwestern Coahuila, Mexico

ABSTRACTTwo hafted unifaces from cave sites in southwestern Coahuila, Mexico, are described and illustrated. In both instances, a chipped stone uniface was inserted into a notch or cleft on one end of a long wooden shaft; the haft was made secure by the application of resin. The specimens are compared to other hafted objects from the area, and hypotheses regarding the function of these implements are given.
How Can Therapists Enhance Children's Engagement in Home-Based Rehabilitation Interventions?

Interactive Computer Play (ICP) systems in which children use body movements to interact with virtual objects in a computer-generated environment (Sandlund et al., 2009) are increasingly popular re...
An Interactive Knowledge Support System with Imperfect Information: Toward A Microcomputer Implementation of ARIADNE

The purpose of this paper is three-fold: to identify research needs for interactive intelligence-based knowledge support; to identify and discuss hardware-software issues potentially to be found in microcomputer implementations of Interactive Decision Support methods; and to present some analytical and behavioral issues concerning one particular interactive decision support system that allows for incorporation of imperfect information.
Targeted violence against law enforcement officers

As highly visible representatives and guardians of society, law enforcement officers (LEOs) are very public figures. Injury or death in the line of duty, whether due to accidents or intentional acts of violence, is an occupational hazard for LEOs. Targeted assaults on police officers, referred to as ambushes in previous literature, are a particularly perplexing problem with significant implications for society at large. In the summer of 2016, the latest in a series of high-profile acts of violence aimed at police occurred, leading to increased examination of the acts themselves and their causes. This article examines recent trends in assaults on LEOs, focusing on predatory rather than reactive attacks, and applies a threat assessment model to a case of targeted violence against police. We use State of Washington v. Christopher Monfort (2015), a prosecution for arson, assault with intent to murder, and murder, as a case example, to examine how the threat assessment model, and the concepts of affective versus predatory violence help in understanding targeted violence against LEOs, assessing its risk, and managing it. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Dynamic Behaviour of Implicit Inflation Targets for ‘Inflation Targeting Lite’ Economies

In this paper we estimate the evolution of the implicit inflation target underlying the monetary policy of 18 'inflation targeting lite' economies (i.e., emerging countries that target inflation implicitly) using a time-varying parameter specification of the Taylor rule. We find significant heterogeneity in the evolution of the estimated implicit inflation target across countries in our sample. We find that institutional factors characterising an economy, such as central bank independence, extent of financial development and fiscal soundness, are strongly associated with the level of the implicit inflation target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Event-related potential measurements of long-term orientation specific adaptation

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. October 2019. Major: Psychology. Advisor: Stephen Engel. 1 computer file (PDF); vii, 69 pages.
Needs and Opportunities for Applying Voluntary Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems in the High-Hazard U.S. Dairy Production Industry

The U.S. dairy industry has had consistently high rates of occupational injuries. Occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMSs) have potential to reduce injury rates, but lacking a regulatory mandate for such a system, it is uncertain if U.S. dairy farmers will adopt an OHSMS. Needs assessment interviews were developed and validated to assess the attitudes, experiences, and interests of dairy workers and managers about OHSMS approaches to worker safety. Non-parametric statistical methods were applied to determine whether there were differences between the mean responses of workers and managers and whether their expressed attitudes and interests were significantly strong in favor or against OHSMSs. Thirty-two dairy workers and four managers from four farms completed the interviews. There were no significant differences in attitudes or interests between dairy workers and management. Most of the attitudes and interests were strongly favorable of OHSMS approaches, suggesting that dairy farmers may be willing to adopt an OHSMS voluntarily.
Medically reversible limbal stem cell disease: clinical features and management strategies.

Purpose To describe the clinical features and management strategies in patients whose limbal stem cell (LSC) disease reversed with medical therapy. Design Retrospective case series. Participants Twenty-two eyes of 15 patients seen at 3 tertiary referral centers between 2007 and 2011 with 3 months or more of follow-up. Methods Medical records of patients with medically reversible LSC disease were reviewed. Demographic data, causes, location and duration of disease, and medical inventions were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcomes assessed included resolution of signs of LSC disease and improvement in visual acuity. Results Causes of the LSC disease included contact lens wear only (13 eyes), contact lens wear in the setting of ocular rosacea (3 eyes), benzalkonium chloride toxicity (2 eyes), and idiopathic (4 eyes). Ophthalmologic findings included loss of limbal architecture, a whorl-like epitheliopathy, or an opaque epithelium arising from the limbus with late fluorescein staining. The superior limbus was the most common site of involvement (95%). The corneal epithelial phenotype returned to normal with only conservative measures, including lubrication and discontinuing contact lens wear in 4 patients (4 eyes), whereas in 11 patients (18 eyes), additional interventions were required after at least 3 months of conservative therapy. Medical interventions included topical corticosteroids, topical cyclosporine, topical vitamin A, oral doxycycline, punctal occlusion, or a combination thereof. All eyes achieved a stable ocular surface over a mean follow-up of 15 months (range, 4–60 months). Visual acuity improved from a mean of 20/42 to 20/26 ( P Conclusions Disturbances to the LSC function, niche, or both may be reversible with medical therapy. These cases, which represent a subset of patients with LSC deficiency, may be considered to have LSC niche dysfunction.
Central Bank Transparency and Monetary Policy Effectiveness

The paper concentrates on the conditions, contingencies and determinants of central bank transparency and communication. From the state of the economy and the quality of national institutions, to the structure of monetary policy committees, the personality of the governor and the nature of the monetary policy framework - with a particular focus on the case of inflation targeting, there is a plethora of factors influencing the design and the conduct of a communication strategy. The debate remains open on whether we can speak about best practice or an optimal communication policy, but conflicting policy choices and outcomes seem to point to the fact that communication remains one of the greatest challenges for every central banker. The conclusion of the study is that there is no one-size-fits-all dogma for transparency. Cultural and national differences are paramount for choosing the best practice.
Reactive oxygen species overproduction and MAP kinase phosphatase-1 degradation are associated with gastroparesis in a streptozotocin-induced male diabetic rat model.

BACKGROUND Diabetic gastroparesis in human and animal models suggest different developmental causes in females vs males. Previously, we demonstrated that although male and female diabetic gastroparetic rats exhibited similarity in disease pathology, molecular mechanisms were different: slow gastric emptying in male diabetic gastroparetic rats was not associated with the level of expression and dimerization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase α in gastric tissues, as was demonstrated in females. Male gastroparesis may involve other mechanisms, such as oxidative stress. We hypothesize that sustained increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and degradation of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 with subsequent unregulated activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38MAP kinase pathways are associated with gastroparesis in a male diabetic rat model. METHODS Using a male rat model of diabetic gastroparesis, we analyzed serum and pyloric tissue for ROS and antioxidant enzyme levels using ELISA; MAP kinase phosphatase-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, and p38MAP kinase levels utilized western blotting techniques and phospho-specific antibodies. KEY RESULTS Both diabetic and diabetic gastroparetic rats demonstrated overproduction of ROS. However, loss of MAP kinase phosphatase-1, a MAP kinase pathway negative regulator, with subsequent activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 and p38MAP kinase pathways, were observed only in diabetic gastroparetic rats. Diabetic rats without gastroparesis had no significant pathway activation. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results suggest that sustained, increased ROS and degradation of MAP kinase phosphatase-1, with subsequent unregulated activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38MAP kinase pathways, are likely to be factors in diabetic gastroparesis phenotype in a male diabetic rat model.
Let-7 Suppresses B Cell Activation through Restricting the Availability of Necessary Nutrients

The control of uptake and utilization of necessary extracellular nutrients—glucose and glutamine—is an important aspect of B cell activation. Let-7 is a family of microRNAs known to be involved in metabolic control. Here, we employed several engineered mouse models, including B cell-specific overexpression of Lin28a or the let-7a-1/let-7d/let-7f-1 cluster (let-7adf) and knockout of individual let-7 clusters to show that let-7adf specifically inhibits T cell-independent (TI) antigen-induced immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibody production. Both overexpression and deletion of let-7 in this cluster leads to altered TI-IgM production. Mechanistically, let-7adf suppresses the acquisition and utilization of key nutrients, including glucose and glutamine, through directly targeting hexokinase 2 (Hk2) and by repressing a glutamine transporter Slc1a5 and a key degradation enzyme, glutaminase (Gls), a mechanism mediated by regulation of c-Myc. Our results suggest a novel role of let-7adf as a “metabolic brake” on B cell antibody production.
Summoning Hunger: Polanyi, Piers Plowman, and the Labor Market

The “plowing of the half-acre” episode in Langland’s Piers Plowman includes a chilling passage in which Piers summons Hunger to force able but unwilling laborers to work the land. This chapter approaches the episode by way of the economic history of Karl Polanyi, whose critiques of free-market ideology are receiving renewed attention in the context of globalization and the international economic crisis. One of Polanyi’s key points is that the threat of starvation is a prerequisite to the institution of a true labor market—meaning that first the networks of collective support that peasants rely on for survival need to be undermined. The summoning of Hunger shows that Langland is actually more free market in his ideology than are the landowning supporters of the labor statutes.
Taxonomist: Application Detection Through Rich Monitoring Data

Modern supercomputers are shared among thousands of users running a variety of applications. Knowing which applications are running in the system can bring substantial benefits: knowledge of applications that intensively use shared resources can aid scheduling; unwanted applications such as cryptocurrency mining or password cracking can be blocked; system architects can make design decisions based on system usage. However, identifying applications on supercomputers is challenging because applications are executed using esoteric scripts along with binaries that are compiled and named by users.
Dynamics, Hover Configurations, and Rotor Failure Restabilization of a Morphing Quadrotor

We present the design of a morphing quadrotor which is capable of arm rotation and extension. Using Lagrangian mechanics, we derive the multibody dynamics. We also derive the set of equations which describe all possible hover configurations of the vehicle. Using these equations, we develop a technique to find a hover configuration in the event a rotor has limited or zero thrust. We then develop a control technique to stabilize the vehicle at these configurations after a rotor has failed. Finally, we present a simulation which demonstrates the viability of recovering from complete and sudden rotor failure.
Colitis interruptus: LAGing gut inflammation.

Regulatory T cells indirectly suppress ILC3-driven colitis by suppressing gut-resident macrophages in a LAG-3–dependent manner.
High Quality Factor Mode Ordered Dual Foucault Pendulum Gyroscope

This paper presents the implementation of a coupling mechanism on dynamically-balanced Dual Foucault Pendulum (DFP) gyroscopes, ordering the anti-phase and in-phase modes of vibration. A wide frequency separation is achieved between the desired anti-phase and the spurious in-phase resonance. Mode ordering of dual mass tuning fork gyroscopes provides isolation of the anti-phase resonance, resulting in the reduction of energy losses through mode conversion and improves common-mode rejection. A mode ordered Dual Foucault Pendulum (DFP) gyroscope at an operational frequency of 15 kHz was fabricated using the wafer-level epitaxial silicon encapsulation process. The quality factor higher than 700,000 was achieved after vacuum sealing with an activated getter. The coupling mechanism was explained and initial rate characterization of the device was reported.
Beyond strictness: Mainline protestant religious participation:

In an effort to move beyond strictness as an explanation, this article employs a most-similar case study of two congregations in order to explore the organizational features of mainline, liberal co...
Augustus De Morgan Behind the Scenes

SummaryAugustus DeMorgan's support was crucial to the achievements of mathematicians whose work is considered greater than his own. This article explores the contributions he made to mathematics from behind the scenes by supporting the work of Hamilton, Boole, Gompertz, and Ramchundra.
Understanding and Instructing Older Students Who Cannot Draw Realistically.

Henry1 uploaded his drawing to the online conferencing platform. He had chosen to draw a self-portrait as an exploration of human proportions. His online peers, who typically were “chatty” in prais...
A three-invariant cap-viscoplastic rate-dependent-damage model for cementitious materials with return mapping integration in Haigh-Westergaard coordinate space

Abstract We present a new strain-rate dependent elasto-viscoplastic damage constitutive model for cementitious materials by incorporating Duvaut-Lions viscoplasticity generalized to multi-surface plasticity (c.f. Simo et al., 1988b; Simo and Hughes, 1998) followed by strain-rate-dependent damage initiation and evolution under multiaxial loading, to our previous inviscid elastoplastic-damage model (Paliwal et al., 2017). We also present a unique numerical scheme in which the integration algorithm for modeling elastoplastic response utilizes fully implicit, backward Euler method in which the governing system of non-linear equations are solved in the space of invariants based on Haigh-Westergaard coordinate system, hardening parameter and discretized plastic multiplier. It uses the framework by (Matzenmiller and Taylor, 1994), which is modified in this work. This is particularly useful as the yield criteria, flow rule, and the non-linear hardening utilize functions that are dependent on the pressure, effective shear stress, and Lode angle components of the stress tensor. To the best of authors’ knowledge, such integration algorithm in Haigh-Westergaard coordinate space has never been developed for Lode angle dependent yield criteria and the flow rule, and non-linear hardening plasticity. Furthermore, we also develop an accurate form for the algorithmic elastoplastic-damage tangent modulus consistent with the proposed return mapping technique. Numerical simulations of uniaxial tension and compression cases demonstrate that both the local integration point algorithm as well as the global algorithm using the algorithmic elastoplastic-damage tangent modulus exhibit quadratic convergence. Finally, the predictive capability of the proposed model is demonstrated by virtue of several numerical examples under various loading conditions covering different stress paths and different dynamic strain-rates. These predictions are also compared against experimental results and experimentally observed features from tests on various concrete specimens, and demonstrate excellent agreement.
Avoiding the Hazards of Ultraviolet Light in the Adolescent Population

Exposure to UV light remains the major modifiable risk factor for skin cancer. Studies have shown that adolescents do not adequately use sun protection and frequently engage in tanning behaviors. This article will reinforce the known approaches to avoiding the hazards of UV light and provide tips and tricks that health care providers should emphasize to their adolescent patients.
Investigating female athlete’s compression garment needs and satisfaction levels

Females athletes desire compression apparel with a feminine look but function for athletic performance. This study aimed to determine perceived feminine athletic identity and garment functionality ...
Research to Resource: Developing a Sense of Community in Online Learning Environments:

Many music educators are concerned about building healthy classroom communities as they prepare to transition to online or blended learning environments. Research involving distance education has i...
Targeting Toll-Like Receptors in Sepsis: From Bench to Clinical Trials.

Significance: Sepsis is a critical clinical syndrome with life-threatening organ dysfunction induced by a dysregulated host response to infection. Despite decades of intensive research, sepsis rema...
Ultrasonic bubble detection and tracking using spatial coherence and motion modeling

Limited options exist to improve oxygenation in patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure. We are developing an intravascular oxygenator catheter capable of delivering a clinically significant amount of O2 directly into the bloodstream. A critical design consideration is minimizing the risk of embolism. We demonstrate the use of ultrafast ultrasound imaging, coherence beamforming, and image processing to quantify bubble formation in a benchtop flow circuit. We found no significant increase in bubble counts throughout 30 minutes of oxygenation using the device.
Spatiospectral Characterization of Pulse-beams via Broadband Ptychography

We demonstrate spatiospectral characterization of complicated pulse-beams via Broadband Ptychography. Reconstructions of the complex field of multiple spectral components from complicated probe illumination produced by a modelocked Ti:sapphire laser are presented.
Synthesis and characterization of type II silicon clathrate films with low Na concentration

A two-step process for the synthesis of the silicon clathrate film on a diamond silicon wafer is explored in detail. Key factors impacting the film quality are uncovered. We find that the optical properties of the films are strongly influenced by inhomogeneities and defect phases that dominate the top surface and grain boundaries of the material. For the first time, we systematically develop two approaches for minimizing the effects of defective structures and allow intrinsic properties of the clathrate material to be probed. One is separating the film surface from the Si substrate to expose the buried high-quality interface, and the other one is wet or dry etching of the clathrate film to remove the disordered material which is more heavily concentrated at the top surface. With high-quality clathrate surfaces and films produced, more reliable optical measurements are taken and interpreted. Techniques in this work provide a pathway for Si clathrate thin film toward an optically efficient alternative crystalline form of Si that can transform Si-based applications in optoelectronics.
Scattering by Complex Systems

In combination with the long range and complex interaction with matter, the ability to cross empty space makes electromagnetic radiation literally a low cost “space probe”. While, much of the message carried by scattered light can be routinely understood, the part that is due to scattering by “complex” structures is hard to decipher. This is to a large extent due to the infinite possible combinations of the relevant particle parameters that include internal structure as well as the commonly considered parameters of refractive index, size, shape, and orientation. The lack of a comprehensive theoretical solution is another reason. This text is in part motivated by the realization that material morphology, on scales comparable to the wavelength of visible light, may bear witness of the conditions during grain growth in a broad variety of cosmic environments.
TACE (chlorotrianisene), a new estrogen for inhibition of lactation.

Abstract TACE is a new estrogen which is highly effective in the suppression of postpartum lactation when given orally in dosage of 48 mg. (4 capsules) per day for seven days. Recurrence of symptoms and appearance of withdrawal bleeding are virtually eliminated, probably because of the storage of TACE in the body fat and its gradual release after cessation of therapy.
Designing oligonucleotide conformational states for quantitative transcription factor detection (768.2)

Nucleic acids undergo dynamic conformational rearrangements that have enabled a variety of bio-sensors, biologically-inspired probes with applications from real-time PCR to the detection of small m...
Patronizing Women: Democracy Promotion, Feminist Empowerment, and Mixed Messages in the Middle East

Sheila Carapico University of Richmond Paper presented to the 2011 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association Seattle, Washington September 1-4, 2011 (Draft: not for citation or circulation without author’s permission; comments welcome at scarapic@richmond.edu ) One subset of the democracy promotion projects of international agencies in the Middle East over the past two decades has been specifically dedicated to the empowerment of women. This paper examines the transmission and reception of discursive and institutional practices of political aid for women‟s empowerment in specific political contexts in Arab countries. It shows that programming on themes of emancipation can be exasperating to feminist partners for two reasons: first, because culturally-laden, simplified messages and solutions tend to ignore sources of political, economic and military duress; and secondly because the politics of institutionalized representation are about power more than empowerment. The first part explains the sometimes enthusiastic but also varied and often ambivalent, sardonic, even sarcastic responses of Arab women to a sincere but naive model of neo-liberal emancipation via institutionalized representation and “culture change.” It builds on the literature critically deconstructing Orientalist empowerment discourses by analyzing conversations between foreign experts and their audiences. Institutional practices of state feminism, the politics of representing women at the national and international levels, and competition for the resources earmarked for women‟s machineries and women‟s groups are the focus of the latter sections of the paper. Women (and
An operant treatment procedure for alcoholics.

Abstract For many years total abstinence was regarded as the appropriate criterion for the successful treatment of alcoholism. It is suggested that given societal norms for social consumption of alcohol, plus the social reinforcers which maintain beverage alcohol ingestion, social drinking may serve as a realistic treatment goal. The efficacy of a social drinking criterion was clearly demonstrated by Bigelow et al. (1972). Chronic alcoholic in-patients were placed in a choice situation in which they earned the opportunity to participate in an ‘enriched’ environment contingent upon either moderate drinking or abstinence. Subjects overwhelmingly chose the moderate drinking alternative. Results also suggested that moderate drinking is more reinforcing than abstinence for alcoholics. Further support for the moderate drinking concept was rendered by Mills, Sobel and Schaeffer (1971) in a study which made electric shock contingent on gulping drinks, ordering straight alcoholic drinks and ordering and consuming more than three drinks. Time-out (Cohen et al., 1971), positive reinforcement (Cohen et al., 1971) and social contracting procedures (Miller, 1972) have been effectively employed to reduce drinking behavior from maladaptive to adaptive frequencies. The present study attempts to extend treatment with a controlled drinking outcome to out-patient alcoholics
ABC Triblock Copolymer Vesicles with Mesh-like Morphology

Polymer vesicles made from poly(isoprene-b-styrene-b-2-vinyl pyridine) (PI-b-PS-b-P2VP) triblock copolymer confined within the nanopores of an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane are studied. It was found that these vesicles have well-defined, nanoscopic size, and complex microphase-separated hydrophobic membranes, comprised of the PS and PI blocks, while the coronas are formed by the P2VP block. Vesicle formation was tracked using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. A mesh-like morphology formed in the membrane at a well-defined composition of the three blocks that can be tuned by changing the copolymer composition. The nanoscale confinement, copolymer composition, and subtle molecular interactions contribute to the generation of these vesicles with such unusual morphologies.
Telerobot-enabled HUB-CI model for collaborative lifecycle management of design and prototyping

Abstract The HUB-CI model is investigated in a telerobotic system in a client/server network to manage the lifecycle of engineering design and prototyping. The purpose of this platform is to support collaborative engineering design and proof of concept to enhance distributed team collaboration and resource utilization. The suggested platform is exemplified in two collaboration support tools and a physical prototyping platform. Structured Co-Insight Management is developed to support innovative idea exchanges and the consensus decision-making during the design process. Conflict/error detection management helps preventing conflicts and errors during the lifecycle of design and development. Physical collaboration over the network occurs when a team controls the telerobot operation during prototyping and testing in design cycles. A pilot system is implemented with a group project for the design of an electronic circuit (including both hardware and software designs). The functional assessment method is used to compare this platform to other collaborative design tools. The system presented offers unique qualitative advantages as an integrated collaboration support system.
Asymmetric Photoconductivity within Nanoscale Break Junctions

Electrically written silver oxide nanoscale break junctions clearly show asymmetric, wavelength-dependent photoconductivity, but only when either the anode oxide or the silver nanoclusters spanning the junction are illuminated. The higher oxygen content in the cathode increases the cathode oxide band gap and inhibits production of photoinjecting Ag nanoclusters. The optical and electronic properties of silver and its oxides suggest that useful nanoscale optoelectronic components can be created through a very simple one-step electromigration process.
Comorbidity in ADHD: Implications for Research, Practice, and DSM-V

ABSTRACT Objective Since the introduction of DSM-III/III-R , clinicians and investigators have shown increasing interest in the study of conditions comorbid with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Better understanding ADHD comorbidity patterns is needed to guide treatment, research, and future classification approaches. Method The ADHD literature from the past 15 years was reviewed to (1) explore the most prevalent patterns of ADHD comorbidity; (2) examine the correlates and longitudinal predictors of comorbidity; and (3) determine the extent to which comorbid patterns convey unique information concerning ADHD etiology, treatment, and outcomes. To identify potential new syndromes, the authors examined comorbid patterns based on eight validational criteria. Results The largest available body of literature concerned the comorbidity with ADHD and conduct disorder/aggression, with a substantially smaller amount of data concerning other comorbid conditions. In many areas the literature was sparse, and pertinent questions concerning comorbidity patterns remain unexplored. Nonetheless, available data warrant the delineation of two new subclassifications of ADHD: (1) ADHD, aggressive subtype, and (2) ADHD, anxious subtype. Conclusions Additional studies of the frequency of comorbidity and associated factors are greatly needed, to include studies of differential effects of treatment of children with various comorbid ADHD disorders, as well as of ADHD children who differ on etiological factors. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1997, 36(8):1065–1079.
Evidence for an association between pet behavior and owner attachment levels

The possible relationship between companion animal behavior and owner attachment levels has received surprisingly little attention in the literature on human-companion animal interactions, despite its relevance to our understanding of the potential benefits of pet ownership, and the problems associated with pet loss, or the premature abandonment and disposal of companion animals. The present study describes a preliminary investigation of this topic involving a questionnaire survey of 37 dog owners and 47 cat owners exactly 1 year after they acquired pets from animal shelters. The results demonstrate a number of highly significant differences in owners' assessments of the behavior of dogs and cats, particularly with respect to playfulness (Mann-Whitney U Test, P = 0.125), confidence (P < 0.001), affection (P = 0.002), excitability (P = 0.018), activity (P = 0.002), friendliness to strangers (P < 0.001), intelligence (P = 0.02), and owner-directed aggression (P = 0.002). However, few differences were noted between dog and cat owners in terms of their perceptions of what constitutes ‘ideal’ pet behavior. The findings also suggest that dog owners who report weaker attachments for their pets are consistently less satisfied with most aspects of their dogs' behavior compared with those who report stronger attachments. Weakly attached cat owners are significantly more dissatisfied with the levels of affection shown by their pets (P = 0.0186), but in other respects they are far less consistent than dog owners.
Community‐Based Residential Care for the Minimally Impaired Elderly: A Survey Analysis*

: Foster home care for the elderly, as an alternative to living independently, living with relatives or living in an institution, has been a neglected area of investigation, although such care is a nationwide phenomenon. This survey of all licensed Family Care Home operators in the Louisville, Kentucky area provides baseline data regarding the characteristics of providers of adult foster care and the recipients. Data were obtained from 183 persons caring for minimally impaired adults in their own homes and on 422 residents in these foster home settings. Of the residents, 69.5 percent were aged 65 or over. Care providers are described on the basis of age, race, sex, educational level, family size and composition, previous employment, reasons for entering the business, and problems encountered. Residents are described on the basis of age, race, sex, physical condition, care required, and outside contacts. Foster home care for the aged can furnish many advantages if the resident is properly placed and support services are provided. This form of care deserves much greater emphasis in future research on the provision of services for the elderly.
An improved fluorimetric determination of histamine by stabilizing the o-phthalaldehyde reagent

Abstract An improved fluorimetric determination of histamine, based on the formation of a fluorophore between histamine and o-phthalaldehyde (OPT), is obtained if conditions are maintained anhydrous during recrystallization of the OPT and for the preparation and storage of the OPT solution in p-xylene. The increased precision of the method is reflected by a relative standard deviation of 0.007, for 37 aliquots of a p-xylene solution of OPT removed over a 2-week period. The calibration curve is linear above 10 ng of histamine, at which lower limit the fluorescence intensity of the fluorophore is almost twice that of the blank.
Human trigeminal ganglionic explants as a model to study alphaherpesvirus reactivation

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) latency is characterized by limited virus gene expression and the absence of virus DNA replication. Investigations of VZV latency and reactivation have been hindered by the lack of an in vitro model of virus latency. Since VZV is an exclusively human pathogen, we used naturally infected human trigeminal ganglia (TG) obtained at autopsy to study virus latency. Herein, we report optimization of medium to maintain TG integrity as determined by histology and immunohistochemistry. Using the optimized culture medium, we also found that both herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and VZV DNA replicated in TG explants after 5 days in culture. The increase in HSV-1 DNA was fourfold greater than the increase in VZV DNA. Overall, we present a model for alphaherpesvirus latency in human neurons in which the key molecular events leading to virus reactivation can be studied.
Cytokines as adjuvants for HIV DNA vaccines

Abstract The best hope for the prevention of HIV/AIDS, especially in resource-poor countries, is an effective preventive vaccine. Considerable effort is being made to develop a safe and efficacious vaccine that will elicit broad, protective immunity to HIV. Most of the current vaccine development strategies focus on viral subunit immunogens, which tend to be less than optimally immunogenic and thus require methods to enhance their ability to elicit good neutralizing antibody and vigorous cell-mediated responses. Although generalized adjuvants have long been used to enhance the immune response to vaccines, the use of cytokine adjuvants with specific immune modulatory functions allows the manipulation of the host response to both enhance overall immunogenicity and direct the nature of the response toward a Th1 or Th2 pathway. This review describes the various HIV immunogens and cytokine formulations that are being considered and the state of knowledge about in vitro studies, preclinial and clinical trials of these cytokine-adjuvanted HIV vaccines.
Explicit control a batch-aware distributed file system

We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of the Batch-Aware Distributed File System (BAD-FS), a system designed to orchestrate large, I/O-intensive batch workloads on remote computing clusters distributed across the wide area. BAD-FS consists of two novel components: a storage layer that exposes control of traditionally fixed policies such as caching, consistency, and replication; and a scheduler that exploits this control as necessary for different workloads. By extracting control from the storage layer and placing it within an external scheduler, BAD-FS manages both storage and computation in a coordinated way while gracefully dealing with cache consistency, fault-tolerance, and space management issues in a workload-specific manner. Using both microbenchmarks and real workloads, we demonstrate the performance benefits of explicit control, delivering excellent end-to-end performance across the wide-area.
Phase Separation of Mixed Solvents within Polymer Brushes

Using numerical self-consistent-field (SCF) calculations and analytical theory, we investigate the behavior of polymer brushes immersed in a mixture of two immiscible solvents. When only a small am...
Two Proposed Experiments for the Detection of the Dirac Monopole

A magnetic monopole may be detected by its deflection in an electric field or by the character of the ionization it produces. The electric deflection experiment may be performed in a helium bubble chamber where helical (or spiral) tracks whose axes are parallel to the 0-lines would be certain evidence for the discovery of the monopole. Previous studies of the ionization have emphasized thnt the Bragg tail would be missing from a monopole track, as compared to a charged particle. This conclusion must be modified because of the thin-down of tracks of heavy nuclei. The tracks of heavy nuclei thicken and then thin down as they approach the end of their range. The tracks of monopoles are wedge-shaped, thinning down continuously as they approach the end of their range. Since the track width is due to knock-on electrons, or delta rays, any search for the monopole using this criterion must be conducted with electron-sensitive emulsions. (auth)
The Relationship between Birthweight and Longitudinal Changes of Blood Pressure Is Modulated by Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Genes: The Bogalusa Heart Study

This study examines the genetic influence of beta-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms (beta(2)-AR Arg16Gly and beta(3)-AR Trp64Arg) on the relationship of birthweight to longitudinal changes of blood pressure (BP) from childhood to adulthood in 224 black and 515 white adults, aged 21-47 years, enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study. Blacks showed significantly lower birthweight and frequencies of beta(2)-AR Gly16 and beta(3)-AR Trp64 alleles and higher BP levels and age-related trends than whites. In multivariable regression analyses using race-adjusted BP and birthweight, low birthweight was associated with greater increase in age-related trend of systolic BP (standardized regression coefficient beta = -0.09, P = .002) and diastolic BP (beta = -0.07, P = .037) in the combined sample of blacks and whites, adjusting for the first BP measurement in childhood, sex, age, and gestational age. Adjustment for the current body mass index strengthened the birthweight-BP association. Importantly, the strength of the association, measured as regression coefficients, was modulated by the combination of beta(2)-AR and beta(3)-AR genotypes for systolic (P = .042 for interaction) and diastolic BP age-related trend (P = .039 for interaction), with blacks and whites showing a similar trend in the interaction. These findings indicate that the intrauterine programming of BP regulation later in life depends on beta-AR genotypes.
Longitudinal study of CD4+ cell counts in HIV-negative pregnant patients

Objective. To evaluate the absolute CD4+, CD8+, and lymphocyte cell counts and percentages from the first trimester through 6–12 weeks post-delivery in normal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative pregnant patients.Methods. A longitudinal laboratory analysis was performed during pregnancy that involved 51 HIV-negative subjects with blood analysis obtained in all trimesters, at delivery, and 6–12 weeks post-delivery. Twenty-five HIV-negative non-pregnant controls were also evaluated. Blood was analysed for absolute CD4+, CD8+, and lymphocyte cell counts and percentages. Means, standard deviations, trends, and differences were examined.Results. The mean white blood cell (WBC) count is elevated above the non-pregnant state and this parameter increases through the pregnancy up to and including parturition. The mean absolute lymphocyte cell count, lymphocyte percentage, and absolute CD4+ cell count are significantly lower during pregnancy and the progression through pregnancy appears U-shaped. The mean a...