cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The clinical psychology of depression

Sad mood is a virtually universal experience and typically lasts a few hours or days. In contrast, clinically significant depression is a serious psychiatric and psychological condition that is experienced by about 20 percent of the population and is characterized by marked impairments in functioning. Because clinical depression is a highly recurrent disorder, investigators have attempted to identify factors that may predispose particular individuals to experience repeated episodes of depression. Thus, clinical scientists have examined psychosocial deficits that are associated with depression. These efforts have had the dual purpose of identifying vulnerability factors that may play a role in precipitating and maintaining depressive episodes, and applying this knowledge to develop effective treatments for this disorder. In this article we describe the impairments in cognitive and interpersonal functioning that characterize clinically depressed individuals, and then discuss empirically supported psychosocial treatments for depression. Finally, we offer suggestions for further research in this area.
Complete human papillomavirus vaccination coverage over a 13-year period in a large population of privately insured U.S. patients.

1511Background: In the US, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage is low, particularly in adolescents aged 13-15 years with respect to the Healthy People 2020 goal of 80%. There has been v...
Atomic Layer Deposition and Atomic Layer Etching—An Overview of Selective Processes

The continued evolution in nanoelectronics and nanophotonics has been made possible by the recent developments in Atomic Layer Deposition and Atomic Layer Etching. While uniform deposition of conformal films with controllable thickness is a key feature of Atomic Layer Deposition, Atomic Layer Etching offers the advantages of controlled removal of chemically modified areas. Various case studies of the applications of these technologies in dielectrics, metals and diffusion barriers will be discussed.
Corynebacterium mustelae Endocarditis in a Dog.

Summary A 7-year-old male neutered Labrador Retriever dog presented with acute-onset fever, shifting limb lameness and anorexia, with development of acute respiratory distress. At necropsy, there was vegetative endocarditis, which effaced the aortic valve. Gram staining of impression smears from the aortic valve and kidney revealed numerous gram-positive rods with some coryneform bacteria. Similar coryneform bacteria were isolated on aerobic culture of the aortic valve. Identification was attempted by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 16S sequencing, the latter of which indicated Corynebacterium mustelae. This is the second reported case of endocarditis in a dog involving C. mustelae and the first with a description of post-mortem pathology. This case is an example of the utility of various modalities to identify facultative anaerobic bacterial pathogens that may be difficult to culture and may be more widespread than previously diagnosed.
Sensitivity Analysis of Compressive Sensing Solutions

The compressive sensing framework □nds a wide range of applications in signal processing, data analysis and fusion. Within this framework, various methods have been proposed to □nd a sparse solution x from a linear measurement model y = Ax. In practice, the linear model is often an approximation. One basic issue is the robustness of the solution in the presence of uncertainties. In this paper, we are interested in compressive sensing solutions under a general form of measurement y = (A + B)x + v in which B and v describe modeling and measurement inaccuracies, respectively. We analyze the sensitivity of solutions to in□nitesimal modeling error B or measurement inaccuracy v. Exact solutions are obtained. Speci□cally, the existence of sensitivity is established and the equation governing the sensitivity is obtained. Worst-case sensitivity bounds are derived. The bounds indicate that sensitivity is linear to measurement inaccuracy due to the linearity of the measurement model, and roughly proportional to the solution for modeling error. An approach to sensitivity reduction is subsequently proposed.
Regulation of mating-type information in yeast: Negative control requiring sequences both 5′ and 3′ to the regulated region☆

The genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains three complete copies of the genetic information governing cell mating type. Normally, only the information in one of the copies (the MAT locus) is expressed; the other two copies (HML and HMR) are repressed and serve as donors of mating-type sequences that can be transposed to MAT in cells capable of switching mating type. We have mutagenized the silent HMR locus and have found that the repression of this locus requires two sites, one lying on each side of the mating-type sequences at HMR. The regulatory sites are positioned outside of the sequences that are included in the pair of divergent transcripts coded for by HMR, and lie about 1000 base-pairs to either side of the central promoter region of the locus. Deletion of one of the regulatory sites results phenotypically in complete loss of repression, whereas deletion of the other site gives only partial loss of control. Both of the sites are associated with an autonomous replication activity, though the relationship between this activity and the process of repression is unclear.
The Janus Protein Tyrosine Kinase Family and Its Role in Cytokine Signaling

During the past 2 years, research from quite divergent areas has converged to provide the first insights into the mechanisms by which cytokines that utilize receptors of the cytokine receptor superfamily function. On the one hand, the obscure Jak family of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases was independently implicated in IFN and hematopoietic growth factor signaling. Recent studies have expanded these initial observations to demonstrate that Jaks are critical to the functioning of all the receptors of the cytokine receptor superfamily. A variety of questions remain to be explored regarding the structure and function of Jaks and their interaction with receptors. It will also be important to pursue additional approaches to determine if the Jaks are necessary for various biological responses, particularly for mitogenic responses. The second major area of convergence has been the demonstration that members of the Stat family of transcription factors, initially identified in IFN-regulated gene expression, are generally involved in cytokine signaling. Clearly, a number of Stat-like activities remain to be cloned and it can be anticipated that the family contains additional members. Although a variety of genes are known to be regulated by the Stats association with IFN responses, much less is known concerning the genes regulated by the new Stats in cytokine signaling. Of particular importance is information relating to their potential contribution to mitogenic responses. From a biochemical standpoint, the Stats represent a remarkable family of proteins with regard to the ability of the modification of a single tyrosine residue to so dramatically affect cellular localization and DNA binding activity. Studies to identify the domains involved, and associated proteins that might contribute to either property, will be of considerable interest. More generally, it can hypothesized that Jaks and Stats, if important for proliferation and differentiation, may be the targets for malignant transformation. Although none of the genes map to chromosomal breakpoints that have been implicated in transformation, gain of function mutations is a likely mechanism that needs to be explored. Similarly, the Jak-Stat pathway would appear to be an excellent target for the development of drugs that affect a variety of cytokine functions.
Quantitation of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Plant Materials Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection (Validated Method).

Plant based products laced with synthetic cannabinoids have become popular substances of abuse over the last decade. Quantitative analysis for synthetic cannabinoid content in the laced materials is necessary for health hazard assessments addressing overall exposure and toxicity when the products are smoked. A validated, broadly applicable HPLC-UV method for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in plant materials is presented, using acetonitrile extraction and separation on a commercial phenylhexyl stationary phase. UV detection provides excellent sensitivity with limits of quantitation (LOQs) less than 10 μg/g for many cannabinoids. The method was validated for several structural classes (dibenzopyrans, cyclohexylphenols, naphthoylindoles, benzoylindoles, phenylacetylindoles, tetramethylcyclopropylindoles) based on spike recovery experiments in multiple plant materials over a wide cannabinoid contents range (0.1-81 mg/g). Average recovery across 32 cannabinoids was 94% for marshmallow leaf, 95% for damiana leaf, and 92% for mullein leaf. The method was applied to a series of case-related products with determined amounts ranging from 0.2 to >100 mg/g. Language: en
Reproductive toxicity assessment of sunitinib, a multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in male and female rats.

BACKGROUND Sunitinib (SUTENT, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY) is a multitargeted inhibitor of selected receptor tyrosine kinases, which produces an antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effect by blocking pathways fundamental to tumor growth and survival. We investigated the effects of sunitinib on male and female fertility and early embryonic development in the rat. METHODS In the female fertility and early embryonic development phase, untreated males were paired with treated females dosed at 0 (control), 0.5, 1.5, and 5 mg/kg/day from 14 days premating, through mating, to gestation day 7. In the male fertility phase, the same males were then treated 58 days at doses of 0 (control), 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg/day, mated with untreated females, with continued daily dosing for a total of 74 days. RESULTS There was no systemic toxicity- or treatment-related effects on fertility in female rats. Females exposed at 5 mg/kg/day had an increase in the number of early resorptions with associated decrease in viable embryos. In the males, body weight and food consumption were decreased at 10 mg/kg/day compared to the controls. Male reproductive capacity, as assessed by copulation, fertility, and conception indices, was not impacted at any dose level. Sperm morphology, concentration, and motility were also unaffected by treatment. CONCLUSIONS There were no effects on male reproduction. An increase in corpora lutea and an increase in early resorptions with associated reduction in viable embryos was noted in the females dosed 5 mg/kg/day. Sunitinib at doses up to 1.5 and 10 mg/kg/day had no effects on female and male reproduction, respectively.
Ratio of Teichoic Acid and Peptidoglycan in Cell Walls of Bacillus subtilis Following Spore Germination and During Vegetative Growth

Cell walls were isolated from cells of Bacillus subtilis strain Marburg during synchronous outgrowth of spores, during the two synchronous cell divisions which followed, and at various times during exponential and early stationary growth. The amounts of teichoic acid and peptidoglycan components were determined in each cell wall preparation. The peptidoglycan is composed of hexosamine, alanine, diaminopimelic acid, and glutamic acid. The ratio of these was relatively constant in the cell walls at each stage of growth. The teichoic acid is composed of glycerol, phosphate, glucose, and ester-linked alanine. With the exception of glucose and ester-linked alanine, the ratios of these components were relatively constant throughout the growth cycle. There was a slight increase in the glucose content of the teichoic acid as the cells aged. There was no correlation between the amount of ester-linked alanine and the stage of growth. The ratio of teichoic acid (based upon phosphate content) to peptidoglycan (based upon diaminopimelic acid content) remained at nearly a constant level throughout the growth cycle. The conclusion is presented that these two cell wall polymers are coordinately synthesized during spore outgrowth and throughout the vegetative growth cycle. Images
Oral Transmucosal Detomidine Gel for the Sedation of the Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

Abstract The restraint of ferrets for physical examination and venipuncture often employs chemical means with parenteral drug injection or inhalant anesthetics. These methods often result in agitation, pain at the injection site, increased stress, and increased cost. A transmucosal (TM) detomidine gel has recently been evaluated for sedation to facilitate physical examination and common procedures in dogs and horses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate TM detomidine in the domestic ferret for physical examination and venipuncture in a teaching laboratory setting. Detomidine was evaluated at 2 doses: 2 and 4mg/m 2 . A total of 16 ferrets (8 female and 8 male) were randomly assigned to each dose group. Following the administration of detomidine, physiologic variables were collected (heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature) and sedation scoring was performed every 10 minutes. Owing to the rapid effect of the drug, time of onset was not consistently captured in the data recording protocol; the 8 males were used again in a subsequent laboratory and dosed at 3mg/m 2 to refine the times of initial effect and dorsal recumbency. Venipuncture was attempted only after full physical examinations were completed and the ferrets could be placed in dorsal recumbency. Venipuncture was performed with detomidine sedation alone on 4 female and 5 male ferrets, with no significant difference based on dose group. Isoflurane was administered via face mask to the remaining ferrets due to insufficient sedation based on muscle movement and reaction to venipuncture. Heart rate significantly decreased following detomidine administration as compared with baseline values in both dose groups. There were no significant changes in respiratory rates. Sedation scores were significantly increased throughout the study period. Side effects of detomidine administration included piloerection of the tail in all ferrets and a second-degree atrioventricular block in one female ferret that resolved following reversal with atipamezole. Hyperglycemia was observed in 67% of the ferrets. TM detomidine effectively sedated domestic ferrets for physical examination and venipuncture.
Optimal control of state-constrained parabolic systems with nonregular boundary controllers

We study an optimal control problem of linear parabolic systems with pointwise state constraints and Dirichlet boundary controls. Our variational analysis is based on a well-posed penalization procedure. The obtained result establishes necessary optimality conditions for the original state-constrained problem by passing to the limit from approximating problems under a proper constraint qualification.
Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: A review of the literature

Abstract Objective Different histologic types of epithelial ovarian cancer may represent different diseases with unique clinical and molecular characteristics. Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the ovary has been reported as having a worse prognosis than high grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). This article critically reviews the literature pertinent to the pathology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and outcome of patients with ovarian CCC. Methods MEDLINE was searched for all research articles published in English between January 01, 1977 and January 30, 2012 which reported on patients diagnosed with ovarian CCC. Given the rarity of this tumor, studies were not limited by design or number of reported patients. Results Ovarian CCC tumors represent 5–25% of ovarian cancers. Its histologic diagnosis can be challenging, resulting often times in misclassification of these tumors. Ovarian CCC tends to present at earlier stages and has been associated with endometriosis, ARID1A and PIK3CA mutations. When compared to stage-matched controls, patients with early-stage ovarian CCCs may have a better prognosis than patients with high-grade serous tumors. For those with advanced stage disease, high-grade serous histology confers a better prognosis than ovarian CCC. Patients with Stage IC–IV have a relatively poor prognosis and efforts should center in discovery of more effective treatment strategies. Conclusions Ovarian CCC is a biologically distinct entity, different from high-grade serous EOC. Future studies should explore the role of targeted therapies in the management of ovarian CCC.
High temperature lubricants from biodeuterated materials produced by algae

Abstract The substitution of deuterium for hydrogen in a lubricating hydrocarbon base oil imparts improved oxidation stability and wear performance as a result of a kinetic isotope effect. In this investigation a biotechnological approach was applied to the production of deuterated compounds suitable for lubricant synthesis. From algae grown in heavy water (D 2 O) and supplied only with mineral salts, carbon dioxide, and light, it was possible to isolate fatty acids which were over 98% deuterated and constituted 50%–60% of the dry weight of the organisms. By appropriate choices of organism and growth conditions, fatty acids could be obtained with suitable deuterocarbon chain length and double bond density for the syntheses of a variety of lubricants. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and microsample friction and wear tests showed that a pentaerythritol perdeutero-tetrahexanoate ester base oil was significantly more resistant to high temperature oxidation and produced substantially less wear than the undeuterated hydrogen analog.
Motivations and commitments among participants in the great Texas birding classic

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of individuals who participated in the first annual Great Texas Birding Classic (Birding Classic) in 1997. The Great Texas Birding Classic is modeled after the World Series of Birding in New Jersey. Both events are major birding competitions in North America and are designed to raise money for habitat protection. We examined participants’ motivations for participating in the event, commitments to birding, and behavioral involvement. Results revealed that participants in the event comprised a highly skilled, committed, and elite group of birders. The majority of participants minimized competition as a motivation for participating in the event. Instead, they participated because they enjoyed searching for birds, being with friends, and contributing to wildlife conservation. The salience assigned to both enjoyment and conservation suggests that events like the Birding Classic can effectively blend avian habitat protection and enjoyment.
Testing climate models using GPS radio occultation: A sensitivity analysis

[1] We survey the IPCC AR4 models' responses to SRES A1B forcing in order to evaluate a prediction of climate change common to all models and testable using GPS radio occultation data over the coming decades. Of the IPCC AR4 models that submitted runs of the SRES A1B forcing scenario, we select twelve because of the timeliness of their submission. Trends in the global average surface air temperature show better overall agreement over the first 50 years than in the IPCC Third Assessment Report, but the patterns of global surface air temperature trends show little improvement in intermodel agreement. These same twelve models show qualitatively better agreement in their patterns of upper air temperature trends. All show maintenance of a moist adiabatic temperature profile in the tropics, making tropospheric temperature trends the greatest at 200 hPa in the tropics. We test the climate models' predictions using optimal fingerprinting. In order to do so, we use long preindustrial control runs of four of the IPCC AR4 models. Simulating trends in the log of the vertically integrated microwave refractivity, or “dry” pressure, of the atmosphere is nearly the same as measuring trends in geopotential heights of constant pressure surfaces. The first four EOFs of interannual variability of log-dry pressure, as determined by two independent climate models, are ENSO, modes closely associated with the southern and northern annular modes, and a previously unidentified symmetric jet migration EOF. The latter is characterized by poleward migration of the eddy-driven midlatitude jet correlated between hemispheres. The ENSO mode and especially the symmetric jet migration EOF contribute most to optimal detection and are similarly predicted by the IPCC AR4 models. The common prediction of all climate models will be tested with 95% confidence with GPS radio occultation data in 7 to 13 years. The fingerprint is dominated by symmetric poleward migration of the eddy-driven midlatitude jets.
The Genome in Three Dimensions: A New Frontier in Human Brain Research

Less than 1.5% of the human genome encodes protein. However, vast portions of the human genome are subject to transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, and many noncoding regulatory DNA elements are thought to regulate the spatial organization of interphase chromosomes. For example, chromosomal “loopings” are pivotal for the orderly process of gene expression, by enabling distal regulatory enhancer or silencer elements to directly interact with proximal promoter and transcription start sites, potentially bypassing hundreds of kilobases of interspersed sequence on the linear genome. To date, however, epigenetic studies in the human brain are mostly limited to the exploration of DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications of the nucleosome core histones. In contrast, very little is known about the regulation of supranucleosomal structures. Here, we show that chromosome conformation capture, a widely used approach to study higher-order chromatin, is applicable to tissue collected postmortem, thereby informing about genome organization in the human brain. We introduce chromosome conformation capture protocols for brain and compare higher-order chromatin structures at the chromosome 6p22.2-22.1 schizophrenia and bipolar disorder susceptibility locus, and additional neurodevelopmental risk genes, (DPP10, MCPH1) in adult prefrontal cortex and various cell culture systems, including neurons derived from reprogrammed skin cells. We predict that the exploration of three-dimensional genome architectures and function will open up new frontiers in human brain research and psychiatric genetics and provide novel insights into the epigenetic risk architectures of regulatory noncoding DNA.
Effect of Redox Potential on Manganese Transformation in Waterlogged Soil

MANGANESE reduction from insoluble oxidized forms to slightly soluble reduced forms occurs readily when an aerated soil is waterlogged. Together with the disappearance of oxygen and nitrate, an increase in the manganous ion (Mn++) in the soil solution and on the cation exchange complex is one of the first measurable effects of reducing conditions caused by waterlogging. Although reduction and solution of manganese compounds in waterlogged soils are well known, little information is available about the distribution of various forms of manganese in the soil as reduction processes take place. Experimental data are especially lacking on the intensity of reduction required for conversion of oxidized manganese compounds to reduced forms in waterlogged soils. This report deals with the distribution of the various forms of manganese in waterlogged soils and the effects of the oxidation-reduction or redox potential on these transformations.
Grassroots open, online, calculus help forums

The emergence of free, open, online, help forums has transformed tutoring from a private and individual activity into a public and collective endeavor. These forums support asynchronous exchanges between individuals from around the world. Students visit these forums seeking help on specific queries from coursework and receive help from anonymous others. In contrast to help forums designed and supervised by educational researchers, these forums have a grassroots origin. This paper investigates one such calculus help forum for evidence that forum tutors are scaffolding students to contribute to the successful solution of the exercise they posted. An analysis of 200 exchanges on limit and related rates revealed the presence of effective guided problem solving (marked by leading questions and hints), albeit to a limited extent. This work points to the need for discovering ways to augment constructive interactions in popular help forums that have become part of the student learning experience.
Baryon electromagnetic mass differences in the charmed-quark model

We consider a model in which baryon electromagnetic mass differences arise from intrinsic quark-mass differences plus Coulomb and magnetic-moment interactions between quarks. We obtain several inequalities relating the mass splittings of charmed and uncharmed baryons. By making additional assumptions about the properties of the baryon wave functions, we are able to obtain predictions of the electromagnetic mass differences of all charmed baryons belonging to the 120 multiplet of SU(8).
In situ identification of surface species on molybdenum in different media

Vibrational spectra of the corrosion films on molybdenum have been collected in aerated 0.15 M NaCl and 0.10 M NaOH solutions and in air by surface-enhanced Raman (SER) spectroscopic method. The major surface species identified in both solutions have included molybdenum(IV) oxide, molybdate, and heptamolybdate with the exception of heptamolybdate, which could not be identified in NaOH solution at 0.1 V vs Ag/AgCl due to the basic condition. The same major species have also been identified on the metal surface in air. From the collected SER spectra, it appears that the surface species formed in air persist. The dissolution rates of Mo from the pure metal in solutions at different potentials have been determined by using a cathodic stripping voltammetric method. At the same potential, the dissolution rate in NaOH solution is generally higher than in NaCl solution. The measured dissolution rates at different potentials are essentially in accord with the electrochemical and spectroscopic results.
Imaging of a pediatric abdominal mass

The approach to the child with an abdominal mass will be aided by careful consideration of the radiographic imaging modalities available at an institution. The relative advantages, disadvantages, costs, and radiation of each modality are presented. The recommended workup of a pediatric abdominal mass, as well as the most common masses and their differential diagnosis, are outlined.
Influence of Cohort Age and Host Age on Oviposition Activity and Offspring Sex Ratio of Biosteres tryoni (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Larval Parasitoid of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Factors important in oviposition activity of the parasitoid Biosteres tryoni (Cameron) were examined using the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), as a host. B. tryoni females preferentially oviposited into larvae of middle and late third instars compared with early third instars. The ratio of female parasitoid progeny ranged from 60% of late third instars particularly at early parasitoid ages of 1-8 d. However, the proportion of uneclosed parasitized host pupae increased to a maximum of 34.4% for late third instars. The proportion of ovipositing parasitoid females in a cohort increased progressively (to 35.6% maximum) with parasitoid female age. Maximum average yield of parasitoids per oviposition unit (modified Petri dish with a tight-fitted lid) was 230.8, 210.2 and 199.6 for late third, mid-third, and early third instar hosts, respectively. Yields of parasitoid age groups from 5-16 d were optimum.
Integrating emergency general surgery with a trauma service: impact on the care of injured patients.

Background: There has been considerable discussion on the national level on the future of trauma surgery as a specialty. One of the leading directions for the field is the integration of emergency general surgery as a wider and more attractive scope of practice. However, there is currently no information on how the addition of an emergency general surgery practice will affect the care of injured patients. We hypothesized that the care of trauma patients would be negatively affected by adding emergency general surgery responsibilities to a trauma service. Methods: Our institution underwent a system change in August 2001, where an emergency general surgery (ES) practice was added to an established trauma service. The ES practice included emergency department and in-house consultations for all urgent surgical problems except thoracic and vascular diseases. There were no trauma staff changes during the study period. Trauma registry data (demographics, injuries, injury severity, and procedures) and performance improvement data (peer-review judgments for all identified errors, denied days, audit filters, and deaths) were ed for two 15-month periods surrounding this system change. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and t tests provided between-group comparisons. Results: The trauma staff evaluated a total of 5,874 patients during the 30-month study. There were 1,400 (51%) trauma admissions in the pre-ES group and 1,504 (48%) in the post-ES group, of which 1,278 and 1,434, respectively, met severity criteria for report to our state-wide database (Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study [PTOS]). There were 163 (12.7% of PTOS) deaths in the pre-ES group compared with 171 (11.9% PTOS) deaths in the post-ES group (p = not significant [NS]). There was one death determined to be preventable by the peer review process for the pre-ES group, and none in the post-ES group. Both groups had 10 potentially preventable deaths, with the remaining mortalities being categorized as nonpreventable (p = NS). Unexpected deaths by TRISS methodology were 36 (2.8%) and 41 (2.9%) for the two groups, respectively (p = NS). There was no difference in the number of provider-specific complications between the groups (23, [1.8%] vs. 19 [1.3%], p = NS). The addition of emergency surgery has resulted in an additional average daily workload of 1.3 cases and 1.2 admissions. Conclusion: Despite an increase in trauma volume over the study period, the addition of emergency surgery to a trauma service did not affect the care of injured patients. The concept of adding emergency surgery responsibilities to trauma surgeons appears to be a valid way to increase operative experience without compromising care of the injured patient.
Determinism and ontology

Abstract In the philosophical literature, there are two common criteria for a physical theory to be deterministic. The older one is due to the logical empiricists, and is a purely formal criterion. The newer one can be found in the work of John Earman and David Lewis and depends on the intended interpretation of the theory. In this paper I argue that the former must be rejected, and something like the latter adopted. I then discuss the relevance of these points to the current debate over the hole argument.
UVEITOGENIC T LYMPHOCYTES IN THE RAT : PATHOGENICITY VS. LYMPHOKINE PRODUCTION, ADHESION MOLECULES AND SURFACE ANTIGEN EXPRESSION

A possible correlation between the pathogenicity of autoimmune T cells and their lymphokine production, expression of functional adhesion molecules and expression of some surface antigens was examined. We used four retinal antigen-specific Lewis rat T cell lines and sublines: one specific to the major pathogenic epitope of the human retinal soluble antigen (S-Ag; residues 337-356), and three specific to the major pathogenic epitope of the bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP; residues 1177-1191). The lines have different degrees of uveitogenicity, from highly pathogenic to nonpathogenic. All four T cell lines produced roughly equivalent amounts of interferon-gamma, lymphotoxin/tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha/beta), interleukin-3, interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor-beta. Interleukin-4 activity could not be detected. The lines also expressed similar levels of functional adhesion molecules, as measured by binding to cultured rat aorta endothelial cells. The nonpathogenic subline, however, was the lowest responder to antigenic stimulation with respect to proliferation and interleukin-2 production. Examination of cell surface antigens showed that in contrast to the other lines, the majority of cells in the nonpathogenic subline lacked detectable expression of CD4. No difference was found in the level of expression of the IL-2 receptor and T cell antigen receptor among the four lines. Because CD4 is the restricting element in these lines, reduced CD4 expression in the nonpathogenic subline may at least partially explain its poor response in vitro to antigenic stimulation. All three attributes could be connected to lack of pathogenicity of this line in vivo. These results support the contention that class II-restricted recognition of autoantigen within the neuroretina by uveitogenic T lymphocytes must occur as an initial step in the pathogenesis of EAU. A defect in this step will preclude pathogenesis regardless of some other functional attributes possessed by effector T cells, such as production of inflammatory lymphokines and expression of adhesion molecules.
From Kant to Post‐Kantian Idealism: German Idealism: Paul Franks

German idealists regard Spinozism as both the realism that outflanks Kant’s idealism and the source of the conception of systematicity with which to fortify idealism. But they offer little argument for this view. To fill the gap, I reconstruct arguments that could underlie Jacobi’s and Pistorius’s tentative but influential suggestions that Kant is or should be a Spinozist. Kant is indeed a monist about phenomena, but, unlike Spinoza, a pluralist about noumena. Nevertheless, it is arguable that the Third Antinomy can be solved by a more thoroughgoing Spinozistic monism. The resulting Spinozism outflanks Kant by acknowledging Jacobi’s charge that philosophy annihilates immediacy and individuality, whereas Kant’s commitment to things in themselves can seem a half-hearted attempt to avoid the charge. However, the German idealist contention is that only a synthesis of such a Spinozism with Kantian idealism can retrieve immediacy and individuality, thus overcoming nihilism.
Persistent Mitochondrial Hyperfusion Promotes G2/M Accumulation and Caspase-Dependent Cell Death

Cancer cells have several hallmarks that define their neoplastic behavior. One is their unabated replicative potential that allows cells to continually proliferate, and thereby contribute to increasing tumor burden. The progression of a cell through the cell cycle is regulated by a series of checkpoints that ensures successful transmission of genetic information, as well as various cellular components, including organelles and protein complexes to the two resulting daughter cells. The mitochondrial reticulum undergoes coordinated changes in shape to correspond with specific stages of the cell cycle, the most dramatic being complete mitochondrial fragmentation prior to cytokinesis. To determine whether mitochondrial fission is a required step to ensure proper mitochondrial segregation into two daughter cells, we investigated the importance of mitochondrial dynamics to cell cycle progression. We found that mitochondrial hyperfusion promotes a defect in cell cycle progression characterized by an inability for cells to exit G2/M. Additionally, extended periods of persistent mitochondrial fusion led to robust caspase-dependent cell death. The cell death signals were coordinated through activation and cleavage of caspase-8, promoting a potent death response. These results demonstrate the importance of mitochondrial dynamics in cell cycle progression, and that inhibiting mitochondrial fission regulators may provide a therapeutic strategy to target the replicative potential of cancer cells.
NEST SITE SELECTION AND EMBRYONIC SURVIVAL IN FOUR-TOED SALAMANDERS, HEMIDACTYLIUM SCUTATUM (CAUDATA: PLETHODONTIDAE)

Nest site selection occurs when females place eggs at sites that differ from random sites within a delimited area. Selection of components of the microhabitat that increase embryonic survival is expected. Female four-toed salamanders, Hemidactylium scutatum, at two montane study ponds in Virginia selected nesting locations that had more moss, grass, and other living vegetation than found in other locations around the pond. In addition, selected nest sites had steeper bank angles and average lower pH's than other sites and were more often found facing north than expected by chance. Of the variables selected by H. scutatum when choosing a nest site, bank angle, nest aspect, and pH were correlated with embryonic survival. We found that north-facing nests were cooler than south-facing nests. Embryonic survival was highest in nests on steep slopes that faced north with lower average temperatures and that had lower pH's. A third pond that historically had fewer nesting females and was characterized by low embryonic survival did not have nesting habitats that combined steep bank angles with a northerly aspect. When constructing ponds for wildlife in areas where H. scutatum is of special concern, we suggest that steep bank angles be situated so that they face north.
Synthesis and characterization of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of uranium(III).

Reaction of [((AdArO)3tacn)UIII] (1) or [((Me3Si)2N)3UIII] (3) with tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene (Me4IMC:) yields novel N-heterocyclic carbene complexes [((AdArO)3tacn)UIII(Me4IMC:)] (2) and [((Me3Si)2N)3UIII(Me4IMC:)] (4). Uranium complexes 2 and 4 represent the first examples of compds. with an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand coordinated to a low-valent uranium center. The paramagnetic complexes 1, 2, and 4 were characterized by 1H NMR, UV-vis-NIR, and EPR spectroscopy as well as SQUID magnetization measurements and x-ray diffraction analyses. DFT studies indicate a significant degree of pi-bonding in the U(III)-carbene entity. [on SciFinder (R)]
ON EXPONENTIAL DENSITIES AND URBAN FORM

Distinctive features of exponential density are discussed with special reference to its application for cities with streets laid out on Manhattan or rectangular grid patterns. The case is considered for a city modeled on the x-y plane, R square, with the city center at the origin. The economic meaning of various mathematical assuptions are explained. Good visual fits for data have been obtained using this Manhattan model.
In Transit: The Transport Workers Union in New York City, 1933-1966

This history of New York transit workers from the Great Depression to the monumental 1966 transit strike shows how, through collective action, the men and women who operated the world's largest transit system brought about a virtual revolution in their daily lives. Detailed descriptions of boh transit work and transit workers and a full account of the formation and development of the Transport Workers Union (TWU) provide new insight into the nature of modern industrial unionism. The TWU's pioneering role in public sector unionism is linked to worker militancy and the union's deep involvement in New York politics. In Transit makes a major contribution to the history of American labour, radicalism, and urban politics.
Validation of a survey tool assessing effectiveness of an educational intervention on the caring behaviors and referral activities of community pharmacists for migraineurs

Abstract Background Community pharmacists are in an ideal position to ameliorate migraineur under-consulting, under-diagnosis, and under-treatment. Contemporary education/training on developing therapeutic alliances with patients and in advanced pharmacotherapy may further motivate pharmacists to impact the care of migraineurs. Objectives The objectives of this study were to assess pharmacists' perceptions of a migraine training program and their self-assessment of subsequent impact on patient care and to develop and assess a tool evaluating the impact of the training program from the patients' perspectives: (1) for patients diagnosed with migraines – identify perceptions of care by pharmacists who have undergone specialty training in migraine vs. pharmacists who have not; and (2) for patients with recurrent headaches and not diagnosed with migraines – identify perceptions of pharmacist effectiveness and thoroughness, after specialty training, to identify a potential migraine diagnosis and referral for advanced care vs. pharmacists that have not undergone specialty training. Methods This study employed a mixed method survey design using community pharmacies from the Tulsa, Oklahoma and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania greater metropolitan areas. Pharmacists from intervention pharmacies received specialty training on migraine and were surveyed on their current practices and about the education program. Approximately 1 month after the training, control and intervention pharmacists were surveyed on current practices. Additionally, patients from both pharmacies were surveyed to assess Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) and pharmacists' delivery of care derived from the Pharmacists' Care of Migraineurs Scale (PCMS). Surveys were handed out for a period of 3-months. Results There were 16 pharmacists and 61 patients recruited. There was no difference in patient perceptions of pharmacists' care or in patient self-perceptions between migraineurs and recurrent headache sufferers. Ninety-two percent of pharmacists agreed that the program could be transferred to an internet-based educational program. The 14-item patient survey, however, demonstrated good internal consistency reliability, with each question having a Cronbach's alpha 0.80 or higher. Conclusions There are few studies evaluating the role and potential impact community pharmacists can have on patients suffering from migraines or recurrent headaches. While no difference was found between the groups, the internal reliability of the survey questions and the need to address needs of migraineurs warrants tool dissemination and a larger-scale study.
Building a Web Site for Mental Health Librarians

Abstract This article details the planning, implementation and maintenance involved in the creation of the Medical Library Association (MLA) Mental Health Special Interest Group (SIG) Web site (http://www.miami.edu/mhsig). The purpose of this Web site is to provide an informational tool for librarians, information professionals, and consumers interested in mental and behavioral health, psychology, psychiatry, and substance abuse. Covering both common sense and technical aspects, this discussion can serve as a potential model for individuals or organizations interested in creating an informative, content-driven Web site intended for knowledge professionals. Stages of Web site development included are: planning, physical design issues, site contents, content evaluation and credibility, promotion, evaluation of the final product, maintenance issues, and lessons learned.
Hematopoiesis on cellulose ester membranes (CEM). IV. Effect of variation in membrane composition and pore size.

Artificial membranes composed of mixed cellulose nitrate and acetate esters (MCEM), polytetrafluoroethylene (Mitex), cellulose acetate (Celotate), polyvinylchloride (Polyvic), polycarbonate (Nuclepore), or linear polyethylene with pore sizes ranging from 0.45 mu to 70 mu were coated on their inner surfaces with a paste of bone marrow, diaphyseal bone, or cells proliferating in vitro on the inner surfaces of curetted femurs obtained from syngeneic mice. Squares of these membranes were folded into thirds, stapled to form an open-ended, tube-like structure, and implanted i.p. into mice. At intervals of 6-12 months, the membranes were removed and studied histologically. Control membranes not coated with any substance were also studied. Trilineal hematopoiesis, bone formation, sinusoidal structures, fat cells, and hemosiderin-laden macrophages were found with all three coatings in the tubes formed from the MCEM or Mitex membranes. The Celotate and Polyvic membranes coated with bone cells and the Polyvic membranes coated with marrow also developed trilineal hematopoiesis and new bone tissue. The remaining membranes essentially had only fibrous tissue, except for rare foci of hematopoiesis which developed on an occasional 30 mu (but not 70 mu) pore size linear polyethylene membrane. The results of these studies suggest that hematopoiesis and bone cell formation on these artificial membranes is closely linked, and that there may be some interaction between membrane constituents and the cells destined to form the hematopoietic support layer in the fostering of hematopoiesis. Whether this interaction is stimulatory or inhibitory was not defined by these studies.
A collocation method for convection dominated flows

On presente une methode de collocation basee sur des regions multiples a frontieres mobiles dans un champ d'ecoulement dans lequel les effets de convection dominent
Changes in glutamate receptor and proenkephalin gene expression after kindled seizures

Changes in gene expression after kindled seizures were examined using microdissection of discrete brain areas and Northern and slot blot analyses. Experimental animals were kindled with either of two protocols: (1) a paradigm in which 50 Hz/10 s stimulus trains were delivered every 30 min through hippocampal electrodes (12 stimulations every other day for 4 days) and (2) a traditional approach in which 50 Hz/10 s stimulus trains were given to the hippocampus three times daily for 16 days. Rats were sacrificed 24 h or 30 days after the last kindled seizure. We first examined the possibility that kindling may affect transcription of mRNA for neurotransmitter receptors. We found significant decreases (22–58%) in AMPA/kainate activated glutamate receptor mRNAs (GluR1, -2, -3 mRNAs) in hippocampus, amygdala/entorhinal cortex and in frontoparietal cortex 24 h but not 30 days after rapidly kindled seizures. However, changes in GABA receptor α1, α2, α4 or β1 mRNAs were not observed in any brain region 30 days after traditional kindling or 24 h after rapidly kindled seizures. In addition, we tested whether changes in the expression of proenkephalin could be detected after kindling. We found significant increases (1.7–10 fold) in proenkephalin mRNA in the frontoparietal cortex, hippocampus and in the amygdala/entorhinal cortex 24 h but not 30 days after rapidly kindled seizures. Our findings suggest that changes in glutamate receptor and proenkephalin gene expression are robust, acute sequelae to kindled seizures and may be involved in kindling.
Change of Resistance in a Magnetic Field

The general theory of the Hall effect and the change of resistance in a magnetic field expresses these quantities in terms of a number of integrals over the surface of the Fermi distribution. The values of these integrals depend upon the form of the electron energy and the relaxation time as functions of the wave vector. If the free electron situation is assumed, the Hall effect has the right order of magnitude, but there is no change of resistance. This can be seen from a qualitative consideration of the effect of the fields on the distribution function. A general form for the functions in other cases can be obtained as an expansion in spherical harmonics with the symmetry of the crystal lattice. The results can then be expressed in terms of the coefficients in this expansion. When only the first two harmonics are retained, the computed change of resistance and Hall effect are close to the observed values. However, contrary to the available observations, the ratio of the transverse to the longitudinal change of resistance shows a minimum value of about four. It seems improbable that this result could be changed in any material way by the inclusion of higher series members, so that if the experimental results are to be taken as reliable, doubt is thrown on the general method of treatment.