cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The seventh inner moon of Neptune

During its 1989 flyby, the Voyager 2 spacecraft imaged six small moons of Neptune, all with orbits well interior to that of the large, retrograde moon Triton1. Along with a set of nearby rings, these moons are probably younger than Neptune itself; they formed shortly after the capture of Triton and most of them have probably been fragmented multiple times by cometary impacts1-3. Here we report Hubble Space Telescope observations of a seventh inner moon, Hippocamp. It is smaller than the other six, with a mean radius of about 17 kilometres. We also observe Naiad, Neptune's innermost moon, which was last seen in 1989, and provide astrometry, orbit determinations and size estimates for all the inner moons, using an analysis technique that involves distorting consecutive images to compensate for each moon's orbital motion and that is potentially applicable to searches for other moons and exoplanets. Hippocamp orbits close to Proteus, the outermost and largest of these moons, and the orbital semimajor axes of the two moons differ by only ten per cent. Proteus has migrated outwards because of tidal interactions with Neptune. Our results suggest that Hippocamp is probably an ancient fragment of Proteus, providing further support for the hypothesis that the inner Neptune system has been shaped by numerous impacts.
A Semi-Quantitative, Regional Precipitation Data Set for Studying African Climates of the Nineteenth Century, Part I. Overview of the Data Set

This article describes a historical archive of proxy and actual precipitation data that extends the African climate record back to the early nineteenth century. The `proxy' archive includes verbal, documentary references which contain information related to rainfall conditions, such as references to famine, drought, agriculture or the nature of the rainy season. The precipitation archive includes all observations made in Africa during the nineteenth century. It consists of records for 60 stations in Algeria, 87 stations in South Africa and 304 stations scattered over the rest of Africa. Information is particularly plentiful for the 1880s and 1890s. The two parts have been be combined into a semi-quantitative regional data set indicating annual rainfall conditions in terms of anomaly classes (e.g., normal, dry, wet). This data set extends from the early nineteenth century to 1900 and distinguishes seven anomaly classes, using numbers ranging from –3 to +3 to represent very wet, wet, good rains, normal, dry, drought, and severe drought. The regionalization is based on 90 geographical regions shown via studies of the modern precipitation record to be climatically homogeneous with respect to the interannual variability of rainfall. The regional aggregation allows the voluminous fragmentary information available in historical sources to be used systematically to produce multi-year time series that can be directly integrated into the modern record for each region. The resultant time series can also be subjected to statistical analysis, in order to investigate nineteenth century climate over Africa. Spatial detail is added to the data set by utilizing a unique methodology based on climatic teleconnections established from studies of rainfall variability over Africa. The historical information and station records have been combined into a file containing a regional anomaly value for up to 90 geographic regions and the years 1801–1900. Gaps necessarily remain in the matrix, but as early as the 1820s over 40 regions are represented. By the 1880s generally around 70 regions or more are represented.
Mechanism of upstream promoter element stimulation of transcription at a ribosomal RNA promoter determined by single-molecule imaging

DNA elements upstream of transcription promoters play a role in regulating transcription initiation in all organisms. In bacteria, upstream A-T rich sequences called UP elements can stimulate transcription through contact with the subunit C-terminal domain (CTD) of core RNA polymerase (RNAP), but the kinetic mechanisms by which they do so remain unclear. We investigated the role of the UP element in stimulating initiation from the strong E. coli 16s rRNA promoter using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to visualize {sigma}70RNAP holoenzyme binding and the formation nascent RNA by oligonucleotide probe hybridization on individual DNA molecules containing the rrnB P1 promoter. By directly detecting initial binding of {sigma}70RNAP to promoter and monitoring the lifetimes of promoter-polymerase complexes, the experiments reveal the kinetic mechanism of polymerase recruitment to the promoter and the subsequent conformational change that stabilizes binding. The presence of UP stimulated the rate of initial binding of polymerase to promoter by at least six-fold, and this stimulation was fully sufficient to account for the increase in initiation rate by UP. Thus, UP likely functions at this strong promoter simply by acting as a binding target for the rapidly reorienting CTD domain tethered to the core polymerase. In contrast, there were only minor effects of UP on the measured rates of the conformational change or the dissociation rates of the initial {sigma}70RNAP promoter complexes. These studies define a paradigmatic kinetic mechanism for stimulation of transcription initiation by direct CTD-DNA interactions. This mechanism can serve as a building block of more complex regulatory architectures in which CTD promotes transcription through interactions with both DNA and protein activators.
The US Left of the 1960s and Its Legacy

This chapter begins by situating the 1960s Left in the context of (a) the post-World War II Red Scare, (b) worldwide movements of liberation, and (c) extreme levels of state and vigilante violence that were perpetrated in response to Left activism. The New Left, despite its failure to establish a party, nonetheless had significant impact both in building opposition to US imperialism and in addressing inequalities of race, gender, sexuality, age, and ability. The subsequent period was one in which New Deal era reforms came under attack while liberation movements lost the partial buffer against empire that had been provided by the Soviet Bloc. With the advance of neoliberal globalization, however, protest movements re-emerged, going beyond earlier single-issue campaigns to target global power structures.
The Roots of Revolt: A Political Economy of Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak

A conceptually rich, historically informed, and interdisciplinary study of the contentious politics emerging out of decades of authoritarian neoliberal economic reform, The Roots of Revolt examines the contested political economy of Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak, just prior to the Arab Uprisings of 2010–11. Based on extensive fieldwork conducted across rural and urban Egypt, Angela Joya employs an 'on the ground' approach to critical political economy that challenges the interpretations of Egyptian politics put forward by scholars of both democratization and authoritarianism. By critically reassessing the relationship between democracy and capitalist development, Joya demonstrates how renewed authoritarian politics were required to institutionalize neoliberal reforms demanded by the International Monetary Fund, presenting the real-world impact of economic policy on the lives of ordinary Egyptians before the Arab Uprisings.
The general motion of the heavy symmetric top. Introduction to elliptic integrals

We turn in this chapter to the definitive treatment of the heavy symmetric top with three degrees of freedom, and thus assume throughout that the center of gravity is different from the support point.
Abstract IA05: Distinct immune and molecular features of melanoma brain metastases

Brain metastases are a common and devastating complication of metastatic melanoma. Clinical trials have shown that targeted and immune therapies frequently achieve less favorable results in melanoma brain metastases than in other metastatic sites, and the central nervous system (CNS) is a common initial site of systemic treatment failure in this disease. Several previous focused studies demonstrated significant differences between melanoma brain metastases (MBMs) and extracranial metastases (ECMs) that may contribute to therapeutic resistance. However, very little data are currently available about the global features of MBMs, particularly in comparison to patient-matched ECMs. Thus, we performed RNA sequencing (RNAseq) on a large cohort of resected MBMs, and resected ECMs, from metastatic melanoma patients treated at our institution. Parallel studies were performed on preclinical models of MBMs to further and functionally characterize these tumors. These studies have identified unique immune and metabolic features of MBMs. These differences provide new insights into possible mechanisms of therapeutic resistance among MBMs and suggest rational approaches to improve the efficacy of treatments for them. Citation Format: Michael A. Davies. Distinct immune and molecular features of melanoma brain metastases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA05.
Negative interactions with extended family and church members and subjective well-being among older African American women

The purpose of this study was to determine whether negative interactions with family and church members are associated with indicators of subjective well-being (SWB) in a nationally representative ...
Intrusion Detection Systems-Enabled Power Electronics for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Compromised power electronics, due to firmware attacks and hardware Trojans, in a flight computer can jeopardize the safety and security of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). They can maliciously alter sensor measurements or control commands to make a UAV to take disastrous moves. Unfortunately, most of these attacks are difficult to detect before deploying components in the system. Therefore, detecting compromised behavior run-time is important, while it is challenging at the same time. In this work, we propose to build machine learning-based intrusion detection systems (IDSs) to be deployed at the power electronics/microcontorller level such that it can deal with malicious data/control commands initiated due to hardware attacks.
Role of sex on the relationship between sexual minority status and past 30-day marijuana use among high school students (YRBS, 2015-2019).

Abstract Background Sexual minority status (SMS) is a known risk factor for marijuana use among youth in the United States (US). Limited research has examined the differing relationship between SMS and marijuana use across males and females. This study examined the modifying effect of sex on the relationship between sexual minority status (SMS) and past 30-day marijuana use among youth. Methods Data were pooled from the 2015, 2017, and 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance survey. Participants were 9th through 12th grade students in the US (n = 37,870). An interaction model (SMS*sex) and models stratified by sex tested effect modification. Covariates included race/ethnicity, grade, tobacco use, illicit drug use, and survey year. Results The association between SMS and past 30-day marijuana use differed statistically by sex assigned at birth. Among females, SMS was associated with 1.33 greater odds of past 30-day marijuana use. Conversely, among males, SMS was associated with 0.70 lower odds of past 30-day marijuana. Interaction model was statistically significant. Conclusion SMS is associated with greater odds of being a past 30-day marijuana user among females but lower odds among males. Prevention and education programs aimed at youth should consider these factors during development and implementation. Longitudinal research is needed to further examine the nuances of the relationship observed in this analysis.
Outcomes of Pediatric Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review.

Background:Little has been reported in the literature regarding surgical treatment of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries in pediatric patients.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose was to evaluate...
Digital-Discrete Approaches for Smooth Functions

In this chapter, we present a systematic digital-discrete method for obtaining continuous functions with smoothness of a certain order (C n ) from randomly arranged data points. The new method is based on gradually varied functions and the classical finite difference method. This method is independent from existing popular methods such as the cubic spline method and the finite element method. The new digital-discrete method has considerable advantages for a large number of real data applications. This digital method also differs from other classical discrete methods that usually use triangulation.
COMPUTERIZED DATABASE DECISION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN PRODUCTION TRAVELER SHEET

A production traveler sheet is a document which is filled by people, records how a product is manufactured and how many steps need to be followed during the process period. Problems arise when manual work is negatively impacted because production traveler sheet are either deficient, incomplete and time consuming. In this paper a production traveler sheet shows how aircraft skin is assembled and traveled. A lean tool, value stream mapping and computerized database management system were used to analyze the production traveler sheet for automatic assembling of aircraft skin. Through the application of lean concept and computer database system, lead time saving and manufacturing efficiency are obtained by reducing or eliminating nonvalue activities and process time.
Abstract 2882: p53MVA therapy in patients with refractory gastrointestinal malignancies primes robust CD8+ T cell responses

PURPOSE: To conduct a Phase I safety trial of a Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine delivering wild type human p53 (p53MVA) in patients with refractory gastrointestinal malignancies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Three patients were vaccinated with 108 pfu p53MVA followed by nine patients at 5.6 x 108 pfu. Toxicity was classified using the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria and clinical responses were assessed by CT scan. Peripheral blood samples were collected pre vaccine and post vaccination for immunophenotyping and assessment of p53MVA induced immune response. RESULTS: p53MVA immunization was well tolerated at both doses, with no adverse events above grade 2. Induction of strong T cell and antibody responses to the MVA backbone were apparent. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showing enhanced recognition of a p53 overlapping peptide library were detectable after the first immunization, particularly in the CD8+ T cell compartment (p=0.03). However in most patients this did not expand further with the second and third immunization. Some patients exhibited a decline in myeloid-derived suppressor cells post vaccine, but this was not statistically significant. The frequency of PD-1+ T cells detectable in patients PBMC was significantly higher than healthy controls. Furthermore, the frequency of PD-1+ CD8+ T cells showed an inverse correlation with the peak CD8+ T cell response to p53 (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: p53MVA was well tolerated and induced robust CD8+ T cell responses. Combination of p53MVA with immune checkpoint inhibition could improve sustained immune responses and lead to clinical benefit. Citation Format: Nicola Hardwick, Mary Carroll, Teodora Kaltcheva, Dajun Qian, Jonathan Espenschied, Lucille Leong, Peiguo Chu, Joseph Kim, Joseph Chao, Marwan Fakih, Joshua Ellenhorn, Don Diamond, Vincent Chung. p53MVA therapy in patients with refractory gastrointestinal malignancies primes robust CD8+ T cell responses. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2882. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2882
Metalanguage among families in a marine science museum

Metalanguage, talking about talk or talk about text, is a heightened awareness of language, and how language functions in a socio-cultural setting. Using video and audio data from 20 Spanish-speaking families in a marine science center in north-central California, we describe our system for identifying metalanguage in dialogue as families visit the science museum. Our goal is to understand ways in which metalinguistic practice contributes to meaning making around biological concepts.
Mechanical properties of α-tricalcium phosphate-based bone cements incorporating regenerative biomaterials for filling bone defects exposed to low mechanical loads

Calcium phosphate-based cements with enhanced regenerative potential are promising biomaterials for the healing of bone defects in procedures such as percutaneous vertebroplasty. With a view to the use of such cements for low load bearing applications such as sinus augmentation or filling extraction sites. However, the inclusion of certain species into bone cement formulations has the potential to diminish the mechanical properties of the formulations and thereby reduce their prospects for clinical translation. Consequently, we have prepared α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP)-based bone cements including materials that we would expect to improve their regenerative potential, and describe the mechanical properties of the resulting formulations herein. Formulations incorporated α-TCP, hydroxyapatite, biopolymer-thickened wetting agents, sutures, and platelet poor plasma. The mechanical properties of the composites were composition dependent, and optimized formulations had clinically relevant mechanical properties. Such calcium phosphate-based cements have potential as replacements for cements such as those based on polymethylmethacrylate.
Proteins That Promote Long Life

Quantitative analysis of proteins in a long-lived worm reveals changes that both increase and shorten life span.
Coated ultrafine precipitated CaCO3 as impact modifier extender in low molecular weight PVC

Work reported earlier had shown that the addition of 0.07 micron stearate coated ultrafine precipitated CaCO3 (CUPCC) in medium to high molecular weight PVC resulted in a significant improvement in notched Izod impact strength. The improvement was much more dramatic when the filler loading exceeded 10 phr. The addition of CUPCC to low molecular weight PVC had practically no effect on the notched Izod impact strength at equivalent loadings. More recent studies have demonstrated that when CUPCC is added to an impact modified low molecular weight PVC, it dramatically enhances the efficiency of impact modifier. This was found to be consistent with threee general classes of commercially available impact modifiers used in this study. The ability to extend the impact modifier with CUPCC in low molecular weight PVC, which has gained a wide acceptance in injection molding operations, will result in significant cost savings. The effect of CUPCC addition on other key properties and cost benefits will also be presented.
Synthesis of (2E,6E)‐[10‐3H]farnesol and (2E6E)‐[10‐3H]farnesal for insect dehydrogenase studies

[10- 3 H]Farnesol ((2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol) and [10- 3 H]farnesal ((2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-al) were synthesized by sequential reduction and oxidation of the corresponding tert-butyldiphenylsilyl protected 11,12,13-trisnoraldehyde, followed by Wittig homologation using isopropyltriphenylphosphorane. Direct reduction of the C-12 allylic bromide or allylic chloride proved to be an nonviable method, resulting in either multiple decomposition products or significant double bond transposition. Oxidation of the [10 -3 H]labelled trisnoralcohol with pyridinium chlorochromate resulted in essentially complete retention of the radiolabel as was established for the corresponding deuterated material. [ 3 H]labelled farnesol and farnesal were obtained in 78% and 74% yields, respectively, from the trisnoraldehyde. These materials were used as radiotracers for examining the enzymatic activity of insect farnesol and farnesal dehydrogenase, key enzymes in the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone.
ECHOLOCATION IN DOLPHINS WITH A DOLPHIN-BAT COMPARISON

ABSTRACT Dolphins possess a highly sophisticated auditory system and a keen capability for echolocation. Signals are emitted in the form of high intensity, short duration, broadband exponentially decaying pulses. The frequency spectra of echolocation signals used by many dolphins are dependent on the output intensity of the signals and not on any fine tuning by the animals. When the output intensity is low, the center frequency of the click tends to be low. As the output intensity increases, the center frequency also tends to increase. The pulses propagate from the dolphin's melon in a relatively narrow beam, and echoes are received via the lower jaw, with a slightly wider beam. Echo- locating dolphins can detect targets at ranges of approximately 100 plus meters, depending on the size of the targets. Target discrimination experiments have shown that dolphins can discriminate the shape, size, material composition and internal structure of targets from the echoes. The broadband short duration properties of...
A role for actin arcs in the leading-edge advance of migrating cells

Actin condenses at the lamellipodium of migrating cells to form arc-like bundles parallel to the leading edge. During the retraction phase of the edge movement, these arcs are shown to be displaced towards the rear of the lamella, and their movement slows down when they join focal adhesions. Actin arcs thus provide a spatiotemporal connection between the lamellipodium and the lamella.
LIR9, an immunoglobulin-superfamily-activating receptor, is expressed as a transmembrane and as a secreted molecule.

LIRs are immunoglobulinlike receptors that have activating and inhibitory functions in leukocytes. Here we report the identification of the first LIR family member, LIR9, expressed as a membrane-bound receptor and as a secreted molecule. We identified 4 different forms of LIR9, 2 of which encode transmembrane molecules and 2 encode secreted molecules. The transmembrane forms of LIR9 contain a short cytoplasmic domain and a charged arginine residue within the transmembrane region that is likely to mediate its association with another coreceptor. LIR9 is mostly expressed in myeloid cells, including monocytes and neutrophils. Cross-linking of LIR9 on the surfaces of monocytes induces calcium flux and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6, indicating that LIR9 could play a role in triggering innate immune responses.
Motion Stereo And Ego-Motion Complex Logarithmic Mapping (ECLM)

Stereo information can be obtained using a single translating camera. The analysis of a sequence of images obtained using such a camera configuration may be facilitated by using a mapping similar to the retino-striate mapping in mammals, which is the Complex Logarithmic Mapping (CLM). The mathmatical properties of this mapping make it ideal for object recognition, depth determination, and dynamic scene segmentation. There is widespread interest in the military, space, and industrial communities in algorithms for analysing images from a moving camera. Applications include autonomous vehicle navigation, space station construction and maintenence, and robot arm control for manufacture and inspection. In all of these cases, at least rough ego-motion information is available. Using this information to chose the origin of the mapping allows us to use important characteristics of optical flow without the need to calculate it. This technique, called Ego-Motion Complex Logarithmic Mapping (ECLM), can be used to calculate depths. Since the mapping is performed on a digitized image, a direct implementation of the CLM results in an image that contains less information than the original image. Computer vision methods for static scene analysis rely mainly on point, line, and region techniques. We explore how some of these algorithms perform in ECLM space and how they can be used for depth determination.
Relationship of dietary selenium to selenium in plasma and milk from dairy cows.

Abstract In a 13-wk trial Holstein cows in mid-lactation were fed four diets containing natural selenium alone or supplemented with .1, .2, or .5mg of inorganic selenium per kilogram of diet. Dietary selenium concentration averaged .334, .385, .456, and .772 mg/kg. Selenium plasma in wk 7 averaged .112µg/ml with no differences among treatments; milk selenium ranged from .040 to .046µg/ml and was higher in the two higher selenium diets. In wk 13 selenium in plasma and milk averaged .119 and .054 with no treatment differences. The 7 and 13 wk concentrations were higher than pretrial .084 and .033µg/ml for plasma and milk during which time dietary selenium concentration was .254 mg/kg. Selenium concentration increased linearly from about .08 to .120µg/ml of plasma and about .030 to .055µg/ml of milk as intake of selenium increased from about 2 to 6 mg/day. Increase in selenium intake from 6 to 12 mg/day resulted in little change in plasma and milk selenium. Moderate concentrations of dietary selenium (.3 to .7 mg/kg) do not result in toxic amounts of selenium in milk.
Air-displacement plethysmography pediatric option in 2-6 years old using the four-compartment model as a criterion method.

The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy, precision, bias, and reliability of percent fat (%fat) determined by air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) with the pediatric option against the four-compartment model in 31 children (4.1 ± 1.2 years, 103.3 ± 10.2 cm, 17.5 ± 3.4 kg). %Fat was determined by (BOD POD Body Composition System; COSMED USA, Concord, CA) with the pediatric option. Total body water (TBW) was determined by isotope dilution (2H2O; 0.2 g/kg) while bone mineral was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Lunar iDXA v13.31; GE, Fairfield, CT and analyzed using enCore 2010 software). The four-compartment model by Lohman was used as the criterion measure of %fat. The regression for %fat by ADP vs. %fat by the four-compartment model did not deviate from the line of identity where: y = 0.849(x) + 4.291. ADP explained 75.2% of the variance in %fat by the four-compartment model while the standard error of the estimate (SEE) was 2.09 %fat. The Bland—Altman analysis showed %fat by ADP did not exhibit any bias across the range of fatness (r = 0.04; P = 0.81). The reliability of ADP was assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV), within-subject SD, and Cronbach's α. The CV was 3.5%, within-subject SD was 0.9%, and Cronbach's α was 0.95. In conclusion, ADP with the pediatric option is accurate, precise, reliable, and without bias in estimating %fat in children 2–6 years old.
Advantages Of Hexagonal Detectors And Variable Focus For Point-Source Location

Analytical results are presented showing improved detection and location performance in a staring sensor using a hexagonal detector array or having the capability to adjust the size of its blur spot (variable focus). Square and hexagonal detector arrays are compared for detection probability versus focus, for location accuracy versus focus and signal-to-noise ratio, and for location accuracy versus blur size and detector array fill factor.
Rock Magnetism: Fundamentals and Frontiers

Since the first lodestone was used as a compass, the subject of rock magnetism has fascinated a broad range of scientists. In the late 1840s and early 1850s, A. Delesse and M. Melloni showed that Earth materials were capable of faithfully recording the ambient geomagnetic field, and in the early 1900s, P. David and B. Brunhes first recognized magnetizations anti-parallel to the local field.
Easily computed approximations for (s,S) inventory system operating characteristics

The operating characteristics of (s,S) inventory systems are often difficult to compute, making systems design and sensitivity analysis tedious and expensive undertakings. This article presents a methodology for simplified sensitivity analysis, and derives approximate expressions for operating characteristics of a simple (s,S) inventory system. The operating characteristics under consideration are the expected values of total cost per period, holding cost per period, replenishment cost per period, backlog cost per period, and backlog frequency. The approximations are obtained by using least-squares regression to fit simple functions to the operating characteristics of a large number of inventory items with diverse parameter settings. Accuracy to within a few percent of actual values is typical for most approximations. Potential uses of the approximations are illustrated for several idealized design problems, including consolidating demand from several locations, and tradeoffs for increasing service or reducing replenishment delivery lead time.
The Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) Mission

The FAST satellite mission investigates plasma processes occurring in the low altitude auroral acceleration region, where magnetic field-aligned currents couple global magnetospheric current systems to the high latitude ionosphere. In the transition region between the hot tenuous magnetospheric plasma and the cold, dense ionosphere, these currents give rise to parallel electric fields, particle beams, plasma heating, and a host of wave-particle interactions. FAST instruments provide observations of plasma particles and fields in this region, with excellent temporal and spatial resolution combined with high quantitative accuracy. The spacecraft data system performs on-board evaluation of the measurements to select data “snapshots” that are stored for later transmission to the ground. New measurements from FAST show that upward and downward current regions in the auroral zone have complementary field and particle features defined by upward and downward directed parallel electric field structures and corresponding electron and ion beams. Direct measurements of wave particle interactions have led to several discoveries, including Debye-scale electric solitary waves associated with the acceleration of upgoing electron beams and ion heating, and the identification of electrons modulated by ion cyclotron waves as the source of flickering aurora. Detailed quantitative measurements of plasma density, plasma waves, and electron distributions associated with auroral kilometric radiation source regions yield a consistent explanation for AKR wave generation.
RESOURCES AND THE REPRESENTATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE STATE LEGISLATURE

The purpose of this research note is to examine the relationship between African American resources and African American representation. Typically scholars have focused on structural and institutional arrangements in understanding the representation of African Americans. However, due to pressure from minority groups and federal legislation these arrangements are no longer consistent explanations. This finding warrants that scholars consider factors outside these arrangements in order to understand representation. In this research note, the economic, organizational, and educational factors are examined within the context of African American resources as a possible explanation of African American representation. These collective resources have long been important in mobilizing African Americans as voters, but their role in facilitating the election of African American candidates has been less clear. The findings suggest that resources are an important part of understanding African American representation.
HOXA5-Twist Interaction Alters p53 Homeostasis in Breast Cancer Cells

The homeotic gene HOXA5 has been shown to play an important role in breast tumorigenesis. We have shown that loss of p53 correlated with loss of a developmentally regulated transcription factor, HOXA5, in primary breast cancer. Searching for potential protein interacting partners we found that HOXA5 binds to an anti-apoptotic protein, Twist. Furthermore, Twist-overexpressing MCF-7 cells displayed a deregulated p53 response to γ-radiation and decreased regulation of downstream target genes. Using a p53-promoter-reporter system, we demonstrated that HOXA5 could partially restore the inhibitory effects of Twist on p53 target genes. These effects are likely mediated through both the transcriptional up-regulation of p53 and the protein-protein interaction between HOXA5 and Twist. Thus, the loss of HOXA5 expression could lead to the functional activation of Twist resulting in aberrant cell cycle regulation and promoting breast carcinogenesis.
The next step: User-defined microcomputing facilities

Many colleges and universities have already passed through the stage of presenting the campus community with a “general purpose” microcomputing facility. In most cases, this facility is designed by computing professionals and supported by User Services with much the same services as those provided to assist users of mainframe resources. It is time to realize that a “general purpose” facility cannot be expected to meet the unique needs of every user requiring microcomputing resources. In the mainframe environment, it is often necessary to bend user needs to fit the available resource, but in the microcomputing environment, this same approach is neither necessary or advisable.It is logical that the next stage of campus microcomputing involves facilities specifically designed for a particular group of users. User Services is usually faced with the task of designing, implementing, and supporting these facilities. Considering the complexities of implementing a single microcomputing facility, how can User Services hope to deal effectively with the increasing demands for assistance with the development of these facilities while maintaining reasonable service levels for existing resources?One answer would be to increase the size of the User Services department, but this is not always a realistic option. At UALR, the problem was approached from a different perspective. The solution adopted is based on two premises: First, User Services personnel are experienced in training users, and, second, user knowledge of microcomputers is becoming more sophisticated.This paper reports on the development, presentation, and evaluation of a workshop designed to assist users with the design and implementation of their own microcomputing facility. The workshop was attended by representatives of sixteen departments, and each participant developed a project management plan to be administered by the department with only occasional assistance from User Services during the project's active life span. To date, the results of this approach are promising for both the users and User Services.
Police effectiveness and democracy: shape and direction of the relationship

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to show that four plausible hypotheses can be formulated (positive linear, negative linear, convex curvilinear, and concave curvilinear) to explain the impact of democratization on the ability of police to produce security.Design/methodology/approach – Multiple regression analyzing measures of police effectiveness from the Executive Opinion Survey (World Economic Forum) and indicators of democratization (Freedom House) for 59 countries was performed to evaluate the four hypotheses.Findings – Results strongly supported the convex curvilinear hypothesis that democracy and police effectiveness maintained a U‐shape association. Undemocratic countries and the advanced democracies experienced the highest levels of police effectiveness, whereas middle‐range countries showed lower ratings of police performance.Research limitations/implications – Despite initial discontents with the police, emerging democracies could expect improved police effectiveness should they persist in ...
Stakeholder valuing: A process for identifying the interrelationships between firm and stakeholder attributes

As firms are creating and recreating themselves as stakeholder corporations, tensions mount between a firm’s fiduciary duties to its shareholders and the broader responsibilities inherent in a stakeholder focus. Firms have employed several techniques to help resolve this tension with limited success. We suggest that the next step in reducing this tension is formally accounting for stakeholder value through changes in financial reporting. We contend that stakeholders have a financial value to the firm that can and should be accounted for through the firm’s financial reporting system. We propose a three-step process we call stakeholder valuing (SV) to begin a conversation regarding how such a method can be created. SV begins with codifying the firm’s identity as a stakeholder entity, moves to assessing stakeholder value that’s consistent with that identity, and concludes with accounting for and reporting that value. What we are suggesting will be seen by some as a radical change in accounting practices but we believe it is necessary as we move toward a consistent, reliable, verifiable, transparent, and comparable means of accounting for the true value of a stakeholder corporation.
Appraisal of a Low Noise Electrocardiogram.

Two low noise electrocardiographic systems were designed to record low amplitude His-Purkinje potentials in the PR segment and delayed depolarization potentials in the ST-T segment from the body surface on a beat to beat basis. In one system, a bipolar electrode was utilized and the noise level was optimally reduced to 2 to 2.5 μV by a combination of noise reduction techniques. In the second system, better noise reduction (1 to 1.5 μV) was achieved by utilizing spatial averaging from 16 pairs of electrodes and a specially designed volume conductor electrode. The low noise electrocardiogram using the volume conductor electrode identified the His-Purkinje potential (up to 6 μV in amplitude) in 43% of patients compared with 71% recorded in the signal-averaged electrograms from the same patients. However, in contrast to the signal-averaged electrogram, only the low noise electrocardiogram could identify the His-Purkinje potential when moment to moment dynamic changes of the temporal relation of the P wave and QRS complex occurred. On the other hand, the low noise electrocardiogram recorded low amplitude, late diastolic potentials in the ST-T segment of postinfarction patients who showed a propensity to develop ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The diastolic potentials either: 1) remained constant in successive sinus beats, 2) varied in configuration, amplitude and timing in successive sinus beats, or 3) were only recorded in the diastolic interval preceding possible “reentrant” ventricular beats. The present study proves the feasibility of recording low amplitude His-Purkinje potentials and late diastolic potentials on the body surface on a beat to beat basis utilizing low noise electrocardiographic systems. Recording of late diastolic potentials on a beat to beat basis has the exciting potential of directly identifying malignant “reentrant” versus benign “focal” ventricular rhythms. However, the clinical relevance of these potentials remains to be established.
Formation of plastic enclaves at running brittle cracks

Onset of enclave formation and their growth at the tip of a steady state crack which propagates under plane strain conditions in a mild steel plate is investigated. It is recognized that the crack tip boundary conditions are determined by the stresses transmitted in the weakened ductile links within a discrete crack zone which forms as a result of selective microcrack propagation in the elastic material ahead of the main crack. A general condition for the beginning of nonuniform viscoplastic yielding is proposed for an arbitrary path in the stress-time space and used for investigation of initial yielding and for an approximate description of enclave growth, while the loading path is derived from a dynamic elasticity solution of the crack problem. The plastic enclaves form initially at some distance from the crack line and may adjoin the crack zone only in later stages of their development. It is suggested that enclave formation and their eventual interference with the local separation process are respectively responsible for energy transition and crack arrest in brittle fracture.
The property of minimum phase in 2-D

In 2D or higher dimensional problems, the condition of minimum phase is less straightforward to state because of the more complicated properties of such function's complex zero distributions. If one could enforce the minimum phase condition then phase retrieval, phase unwrapping and many inverse scattering problems would be soluble. New results on the role of reference points to accomplish this are presented.
Day Laborers and Dock Workers: Casual Labor Markets and Immigration Policy

The situations of nineteenth century dock workers and today’s immigrant day laborers bear striking similarities and challenges, especially for those seeking to organize them into labor unions. The obstacles confronting such organizing efforts also underscore the legitimate concerns many Americans have about the threats to social order posed by immigrants today.
Progesterone receptor activates its promoter activity in human endometrial stromal cells

Previous studies have shown that progestin increases the content of progesterone receptor (hPRA and hPRB) and the hPR mRNA during decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells suggesting that endogenous hPR enhances the transcription of the hPR gene. In the present study, we provide evidence that hPR regulates the promoter activity mediated through an active Sp1 site. In stromal cells treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate, the promoter activity was significantly increased when cells were co-transfected with hPR expression vector. Progressive deletion analysis showed that the highest activity was derived from the promoter region between -55 and +31 bp. Transactivation by hPR was dose dependent. The capacity of hPRA was stronger than that of hPRB. The ligand binding domain, but not DNA binding domain of the hPR was required for the transactivation. The proximal promoter region lacks a canonical progesterone response element. Instead, an active Sp1 site (-49 to -43 bp) has been confirmed. Mutation of the Sp1 site eliminated the effect of hPR activation. The promoter activity was increased by over expression of Sp1, whereas Sp3 had no effect. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the promoter region between -55 and +31 bp bound to Sp1 family proteins, Sp1 (C2 complex) and Sp3 (C1 and C3 complexes) identified by antibodies to Sp1 and Sp3. Sp1 complex formed by extracts of stromal cells was less intense than that formed by progestin-decidualized stromal cells. Sp1/DNA binding was enhanced when stromal cell extracts were incubated with calf intestine alkaline phosphatase (CIP) suggesting that dephosphorylation of Sp1 enhances the DNA binding. Addition of protein kinase inhibitor, H-89 or H-7, enhanced the hPR stimulated promoter activity. Western blot analysis showed that endometrial stromal/decidual cell extracts contained a wide band of Sp1 spanning from approximately 105 to 96 kDa and was resolved into one band at 96 kDa by CIP. Decidual cell extracts are abundant with the 96 kDa Sp1. In addition, the 96 kDa Sp1 was co-precipitated with ligand-activated hPRA or hPRB in the decidual cell nuclear extracts. These data suggest that dephosphorylated Sp1, abundant in decidual cells, enhances the binding to both DNA and hPR resulting in a robust increase of the hPR promoter activity.
Quantum relaxation of the cosmological constant

Abstract We describe a mechanism that drives the cosmological constant to zero value. This mechanism is based on the quantum triviality of λ ϕ 4 field theory and works in AdS space. Some subtleties of the model are discussed.
Different query verification approaches used to test entity SQL

Testing a query language is a complex and challenging task. A tester must determine the representative subset of queries which must be tested from an infinite set of valid queries. Once the representative set of queries is determined, they then face the task of verifying the results returned when the queries are executed.In this paper, we describe the following four verification approaches we have used to test Entity SQL (eSQL) queries: QueryBuilder, Query Mutations, Reverse Query Processing, and a Baseline Framework. We provide a general overview of each of the verification techniques, and where relevant we provide a description of the specific implementation details used to test eSQL. We also provide our observations about each of the verification techniques.
A simplified, rapid method for skin transplantation in mice.

SummaryA simple and rapid method for skin transplantation in mice which allows consistent technical success is described.
SU-GG-T-29: Dosimetric Advantages of Online Adaptive Replanning for Radiotherapy of the Prostate and Seminal Vesicles

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric benefits of online adaptive replanning for prostate and seminal vesicleradiotherapy. Plans generated with standard image guided radiotherapy(IGRT) online repositioning were compared with online replanning. Method and Materials: A previously developed online adaptive replanning process was implemented in a commercial treatment planning system (RealART™, Prowess) and used for this investigation. Contours of the target and critical structures were generated on daily CTimages acquired for six prostate cancer patients who received radiotherapy to the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles. Daily IGRTimages had been obtained for each of these patients using a CT‐on‐Rails (CTVision, Siemens). Two IMRT plans were generated using the initial planning CT: the first used a planning target volume (PTV) generated with a 5mm margin around the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles to represent the current clinical treatments. The second plan used only a 3mm margin to generate the PTV. These two plans were then applied to each of the daily images, both as a “repositioning” (IGRT aligned) treatment and as an “adaptive” treatment. Comparison between these methods was made using Dose Volume Histogram parameters D100%, D95%, D50%, V110%, V100%, V95%, V90%, V50%, and V70Gy. Thirty‐nine daily fractions for a single patient and five daily fractions for an additional five patients were analyzed. Results: The benefit of online adaptive replanning for treating the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles is demonstrated most clearly by the ability to use smaller (3mm) PTV margins for the adaptive plans and by the corresponding decrease in parameters such as V70Gy for the critical structures. Conclusion: Online adaptive replanning can improve target coverage as well as bladder and rectum sparing compared to IGRT repositioning for prostate and seminal vesicleradiotherapy. Conflict of Interest: This investigation was funded in part by a grant from Siemens OCS.
What All Reading Teachers Should Know and Be Able to Do.

Abstract When students experience reading difficulties—or even before they do—teachers can use specialized knowledge to help them achieve success. This overview of the International Dyslexia Association's Knowledge and Practice Standards for Teachers of Reading describes those reading and literacy standards and provides resources for teacher education and professional development.
Flexible poly (vinyl chloride) for long outdoor life

A review of the compounding requirements for producing flexible PVC with quite satisfactory outdoor life is presented. Testing criteria and the importance of incorporated additives of specific types are reviewed. Data on multi-location outdoor weathering are shown. The prime importance of thickness and additive migration is proposed.