cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Tissue Damage due to Mechanical Stresses

While there are many benefits to minimally invasive surgery, force feedback, or touch sensation, is lacking in the currently available MIS tools, including surgical robots, creating the potential for excessive force application during surgery. The goal of this work was to develop a methodology with which to identify stress magnitudes and durations that can be safely applied with a grasper to different tissues, helping to improve MIS device design and reduce potential for clinically relevant consequences. Using the porcine model, stresses typically applied in MIS were applied to liver, ureter, and small bowel using a motorized endoscopic grasper. Acute indicators of tissue damage including cellular death, activation of the coagulation cascade, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were measured using histological and image analysis techniques. ANOVA and post-hoc analyses were used to detect stress magnitudes and durations that caused significantly increased tissue damage with the goal to ultimately identify safe stress 'thresholds' during grasping of the studied tissues. Preliminary data suggests a graded non-linear response between applied stress magnitude and apoptosis in liver and small bowel as well as granulocyte infiltration in small bowel
Learning Information Patterns in Biological Databases

This chapter aims at developing the computational theory for modeling patterns and their hierarchical coordination within biological sequences. With the exception of the promoters and enhancers, the functional significance of the non-coding DNA is not well understood. Scientists are now discovering that specific regions of non-coding DNA interact with the cellular machinery and help bring about the expression of genes. Our premise is that it is possible to study the arrangements of patterns in biological sequences through machine learning algorithms. As the biological database continue their exponential growth, it becomes feasible to apply in-silico Data Mining algorithms to discover interesting patterns of motif arrangements and the frequency of their re-iteration. A systematic procedure for achieving this goal is presented.
The Curing Law: On the Legal Evolution of Baby-Making Markets

The article offers a new paradigm to examine the legal regulation of reproductive technologies. The main argument is that a paradigm of cure has shaped historical and current legal baby-making markets. Reproductive technologies that have historically been understood as forms of cure (such as sperm donations and egg donations) have developed into market commodities, while others (such as full surrogacy) which have not been understood as cure, have not. The article examines and critiques the cure paradigm. Specifically, the article challenges one current manifestation of the cure paradigm: the legal distinction between "full surrogacy" (where a surrogate impregnated using her own ova) and "gestational surrogacy" (where an embryo is created in vitro and then transferred into the surrogate's uterus). Gestational surrogacy has been established by many state courts and legislatures as a legitimate form of curing female infertility, while full surrogacy has generally been either prohibited or deemed unenforceable. This distinction is problematized in this article not only because it is based on contestable values, but also because it is has produced serious market failures that have effectively excluded many potential participants from entering the baby-making markets. Thus, the article argues that it is time to reevaluate the cure paradigm, and that the first step in this reevaluation involves the legalization of full surrogacy by state courts and legislators.
Oncolytic Adenoviruses: Design, Generation, and Experimental Procedures

Oncolytic adenoviruses are designed to take advantage of the virus' native ability to replicate in cancer cells to induce oncolysis. Subsequently, the released viral progeny spread and kill the neighboring cancer cells. These characteristics, together with the ability of adenovirus to infect a broad spectrum of cells, its well understood replication machinery, and relative ease of manufacture have led to the intensive use of adenovirus as an anticancer agent. This unit describes cloning strategies, procedures to turn the intended design into virus, and quality analyses of resultant adenoviral vectors. Most of these procedures were optimized especially for oncolytic adenoviral vectors. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 78:12.14.1-12.14.21. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: adenovirus; oncolytic; production; design; cloning; strategy; amplification; purification
Solution-grown crystals of poly(dimethylphosphazene)

Poly(dimethylphosphazene) crystals have been grown by two techniques, namely: (a) dilute-solution crystallization and (b) from the supercooled melt. An orthorhombic crystal form with a = 1,390 nm, b = 0,598 nm and c = 0,473 nm was deduced from electron and X-ray diffraction. There are four monomers per unit cell of density 1,267 g/cm3. Streaks connecting the (hk0) reflections in electron diffraction are suggestive of lattice defects along the [b] axis. Whenever crystals are annealed just below Tm where sufficient mobility exists, the “streaks” are absent when the specimen is cooled to room temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (heating) exhibits two endothermic peaks at 142°C and 146°C, corresponding to T(1) and Tm transitions, respectively. A mesophase exists between these closely spaced peaks. A wider mesophase range is encountered in poly(oxyphosphazenes).
United States earth sciences, status and future: How bad, how good?

The polyglot, fragmented, United States earth science community is in a state of stress, owing in part to decline of the domestic metals mining industry, severe economic downturns in the U.S. oil and gas industries, dispersal of research effort and decreasing role of the U.S. Geological Survey in production of detailed geologic maps, and apparent virtual stagnation of American geoscience education. Nevertheless, 15 research initiatives listed in this paper and several expanding applied fields provide examples of unparalleled opportunities for research and development (R & D) in the earth sciences. Realization of these, and other, R & D goals will require coordinated efforts on the part of the earth science community to justify, promote, and sequence the various programs. Increased effectiveness in communication, education, research, and economic development can be achieved through a more unified approach, coordinated through the National Research Council Board on Earth Sciences and through the American Geological Institute. Individual basic and applied research initiatives which are considerably more promising than others cannot be identified; on the contrary, synergistic interactions among disparate subdisciplines are—and always have been—unpredictable, numerous, and fruitful in the geosciences. Acceleration of the rate of scientific advancement and economic development will require substantial increases in public and private support of the earth sciences. Enhanced R & D funding is advocated on the basis of clear scientific promise and acute relevance of the geosciences to long-term national needs, both societal and economic.
The compound merwinite and its stability‐relations in the system CaO—MgO—SiO2

Preliminary investigations on compositions between Ca2SiO4 and akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7), between merwinite [Ca3Mg(SiO4)2] and akermanite, and between merwinite and monticellite (CaMSiO4) show that a field of merwinite appears on the liquidus surface of the system CaO—MgO—SiO2, and that merwinite melts incongruently at 1575°C to Ca2SiO4, MgO, and liquid.
Conservation Biology Trailblazers: George Wright, Ben Thompson, and Joseph Dixon

: Modern conservation biologists may reap great insight from neglected documents prepared by field biologists of the past. Three U.S. National Park Service field biologists of the 1920s and 1930s, George Wright, Ben Thompson, and Joseph Dixon, collaborated on the first field faunal survey of U.S. national parks. The results, Fauna 1 and Fauna 2, were published in 1933 and 1935, respectively. In addition to information about the status of park vertebrates, these monographs produced the first comprehensive list of ecologically based policies for the U.S. National Park System. They also contained precursors of many of the ideas now considered basic to conservation biology. Today's conservation biologists seem unaware of the work of these three researchers. Contemporary biologists tend to think of the key concepts in conservation biology as having developed after the 1970s, but Wright, Thompson, and Dixon expressed in rough form many of these concepts half a century before. They combined their ideas with those of their predecessors and mentors to produce an unprecedented, easy-to-understand guide on managing the biotic resources of the national parks. Despite the efforts of these pioneers, their guidance did not contribute to a significant reshaping of park management practice for at least three decades. Resumen: Los biologos de la conservacion modernos pueden obtener gran provecho de ideas plasmadas en documentos preparados por biologos de campo del pasado. Tres biologos del Servicio de Parques Nacionales de E. U. A. de las decadas de 1920 y 1930, George Wright, Ben Thompson y Joseph Nixon, colaboraron en el primer inventario de fauna de los parques nacionales de E. U. A. Los resultados, Fauna 1 y Fauna 2, fueron publicados en 1933 y 1935, respectivamente. Ademas de informacion sobre el estatus de los vertebrados en los parques, estas monografias produjeron la primera lista extensa de politicas fundamentadas ecologicamente para el Sistema de Parques Nacionales de E. U. A. Tambien contenian antecedentes de los que ahora se consideran ideas basicas en la biologia de la conservacion. Los actuales biologos de la conservacion parecen desconocer la obra de estos tres investigadores. Los biologos contemporaneos tienden a pensar que los conceptos clave de la biologia de la conservacion se desarrollaron despues de los anos 70. Sin embargo, aunque burdamente, Wright, Thompson y Nixon expresaron muchos de estos conceptos medio siglo antes. Combinaron sus ideas con las de sus predecesores y mentores para producir una guia sin precedentes y facil de entender para el manejo de los recursos bioticos de los parques nacionales. A pesar de los esfuerzos de estos pioneros, su conduccion no contribuyo significativamente a la reestructuracion de las practicas de manejo de parques por lo menos por tres decadas.
The two‐on‐one stochastic duel

Abstract : The one-on-one stochastic duel is extended to the general two-on-one duel for the first time. The state equations, win probabilities, means value, and variance functions are derived. The case where one side has Erlang (2) firing times and the other is negative exponential is compared to the corresponding Stochastic Lanchester and Lanchester models to demonstrate their non-equivalence.
Timing analysis challenges for high speed CPUs at 90nm and below

Advances of the VLSI technology into the sub-90nm processes, enabling complex CPU designs that work at GHz frequencies pose numerous design and verification challenges.In this invited presentation, we focus on challenges in timing analysis of CPUs working at GHz speeds and sub-90nm processes.We start by brief overview of Timing Analysis tool used for intel CPUs and the "shell" timing models used for large blocks and how they integrate into full-chip model. Hierarchical timing is emphasized as key enabler for handling full-chip timing.Next, short-term challenges are presented:Xtalk impact on timingActive interconnectMixed abstraction, device to full-chipUse of domino as characterized cells.An intermediate accuracy model for Xtalk is introduced, called SMCF, which adaptively adjust equivalent MCF of attackers based on slope relationship and an empiric formula.We go into some detail with an example of timing checks that need to be applied for domino cells, which are different from checks applied on static cells.Finally some mid-term challenges are described:Multiple Input SwitchingProcess and environment variabilitySleep transistors.As variability is covered in more depth in other papers at this conference we mention it briefly but bring some examples of MIS and sleep transistor issues.
cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits serum response element-dependent transcription by inhibiting RHO activation and functions

RhoA, in its active GTP-bound form, stimulates transcription through activation of the serum-response factor (SRF). We found that cGMP inhibited serum-induced Rho·GTP loading and transcriptional activation of SRF-dependent reporter genes in smooth muscle and glial cells in a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G-kinase)-dependent fashion. Serum stimulation of the SRF target gene vinculin was also blocked by cGMP/G-kinase. G-kinase activation inhibited SRF-dependent transcription induced by upstream RhoA activators including Gα13 and p115RhoGEF, with Gα13-induced Rho·GTP loading inhibited by G-kinase. G-kinase had no effect on the high activation levels of RhoA(63L) or the double mutant RhoA(63L,188A) but inhibited transcriptional activation by these two RhoA mutants to a similar extent, suggesting an effect downstream of RhoA and independent of RhoA Ser188phosphorylation. Constitutively active forms of the Rho effectors Rho kinase (ROK), PKN, and PRK-2 induced SRF-dependent transcription in a cell type-specific fashion with ROK being the most efficient; G-kinase inhibited transcription induced by all three effectors without affecting ROK catalytic activity. G-kinase had no effect on RhoA(63L)-induced morphological changes in glial cells, suggesting distinct transcriptional and cytoskeletal effectors of RhoA. We conclude that G-kinase inhibits SRF-dependent transcription by interfering with RhoA signaling; G-kinase acts both upstream of RhoA, inhibiting serum- or Gα13-induced Rho activation, and downstream of RhoA, inhibiting steps distal to the Rho targets ROK, PKN, and PRK-2.
Design of a multi-purpose experiment for use in a fluid mechanics lab

A set of new experiments that include the use of a Pasco force and pressure transducer were created to demonstrate the basic concepts of fluid properties, pressure versus depth, force on a gate and the conservation of mass. By designing a simple multipurpose apparatus all of these basic principles were shown to the students. Preliminary results show that despite the simple nature of the experiments, the student understanding was increased. This paper will describe the concepts behind the design of the new experiments and discuss the preliminary results related to learning improvements discovered as a result of moving to a number of small scale experiments.
Translocation of Choctawhatchee beach mice (Peromyscus polionotus allophrys): hard lessons learned

Abstract Translocation of species for conservation purposes is a key element of many recovery programs. While the benefits of translocations seem obvious, potential negative effects have been described. For endangered beach mice ( Peromyscus polionotus ssp.), repopulation of native, unoccupied habitat using translocated individuals has been extremely successful. Once populations are established, concerns over founder effects and isolation have led to proposals for continued secondary translocations. Unfortunately, little information is available to help formulate protocols for these actions. To test the effectiveness of translocation, the fates of 18 translocated Choctawhatchee beach mice ( Peromyscus polionotus allophrys ) were followed as they attempted to integrate into an established population. We found that translocated groups, repeated for two seasons, tended to use larger homeranges and significantly more burrows than did resident mice. The monthly (31 day) survival rate of resident mice was 3.4 times greater than for translocated individuals. We hypothesize that differential predation pressure was directly linked to the failure of mice to integrate successfully into the existing population. Given our results, we must advise caution and that additional knowledge be obtained before translocations are used to supplement existing populations.
Laser induced defect centers in Ce3+:CaF2

Abstract After laser irradiation at 308-nm of a 0.05% Ce 3+ :CaF 2 sample, coloration of the crystal was observed due to laser induced defects. These new centers are associated with the cerium ions, and their creation kinetics have been measured. The coloration is photo-reversible, and may be bleached by illumination in the defect center absorption bands.
Temperature dependence of the hyperfine structure splittings of XO3 molecule-ions in single-crystal calcite†

The hyperfine structure splittings of three paramagnetic molecule-ions formed in γ-ir-radiated single-crystal calcite have been measured from 4.2 to 320 K. These molecule-ions are CO, PO, and AsO Over this temperature range, they exhibit a decrease in hyperfine structure splitting with increasing temperature of between 1 to 2%. An analysis of the data suggests that the loss of unpaired electron spin-density at the central atom is approximately proportional to the fractional increase in spin-density at the oxygen-orbitals. Furthermore, the fractional change in p-character is about three times the fractional change in s-character for these species. In all cases, calculated equilibrium bond-angles are found to be insensitive to temperature. Estimates of the unpaired electron molecular orbitals are given using the hybridization ratios determined from the data. Es wurden die Hyperfeinstrukturaufspaltungen dreier paramagnetischer Molekulionen, die in γ-bestrahlten Kalzit-Einkristallen gebildet wurden, im Temperaturbereich von 4.2 bis 320 K gemessen. Diese Molekiilionen sind CO, PO und AsO. In diesem Temperaturbereich zeigen sie eine Abnahme der Hyperfeinstrukturaufspaltung von 1 bis 2% mit steigender Temperatur. Eine Analyse der Werte zeigt, das der Verlust der ungepaarten Elektronenspindichte am Zentralatom naherungsweise proportional zum Anstieg der Spindichte in den Sauerstofforbitalen ist. Daruber hinaus ist die fraktionelle Anderung im p-Charakter ungefahr dreimal so gros wie die fraktionelle Anderung im s-Charakter fur diese Spezies. In alien Fallen wird gefunden, das die berechneten Gleichgewichts-Bin-dungswinkel temperaturunempfindlich sind. Es werden Berechnungen der ungepaarten Elektronen-Molekulorbitale mit den Hybridisierungsverhaltnissen angegeben. die aus den Ergebnissen bestimmt wurden.
Personality correlates of success in total quality manufacturing.

This study examined the relation of the Big Five factors of normal personality to individual performance in total quality manufacturing. One hundred thirty-six automobile plastic-part injection molding machine operators completed the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI). Criteria included behaviorally-based performance ratings. Successful employees had significantly lower scores on Openness (HPI: Intellectance) and Extraversion (HPI: Sociability) than less successful employees, but higher Conscientiousness scores (HPI: Prudence). A new HPI scale was developed to predict performance in this environment.
Impact of job characteristics and coping processes on well-being of American lawyers

Abstract Using a sample of 1,649 American lawyers, this article examines the relationship between job characteristics and psychological well-being, and the extent to which coping processes, including social support, specific strategies, and personality traits, affect this relationship. Findings are consistent with previous studies in showing the significant impact of job complexity, job autonomy, and job-related support on well-being. These effects, however, are somewhat moderated by job satisfaction and hardy personality. This study implies the complexity of the process by which job conditions affect psychological well-being, and suggests the need for further conceptual and methodological refinements.
Pyometra after ovum retrieval for in vitro fertilization resulting in hysterectomy.

Objective To report infection and pyometra after ovum retrieval for IVF. Design Case report. Setting Community hospital. Patient(s) A 43-year-old woman with a recent history of ovum retrieval presented with high fever, chills, and no gynecologic symptoms. The patient was admitted to the medical intensive care unit due to septicemia. After an extensive workup for fever, the patient was diagnosed with pyometra, and biopsy of the endometrial cavity revealed vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Intervention(s) The patient was treated with antibiotics and then discharged home. Two weeks later she presented with unrelenting fever and abdominal pain and underwent hysterectomy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Unrelenting infection despite antibiotic treatment resulting in hysterectomy, which showed autolyzed endometrium, subserosal and intramural abscess. Result(s) Infection resolved after hysterectomy. Conclusion(s) Pyometra should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fever after ovum retrieval as it may result in serious consequences and can be life threatening.
Neonatal intensive care nursery staff perceive enhanced workplace quality with the single-family room design.

To compare perceived workplace quality in an open-bay neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and a single-family room (SFR) NICU. Prospective non-randomized, non-controlled cohort study. Staff workplace quality perceptions assessed included the following: the quality of being a Sanford Health System employee (NS—not significant), the quality of the NICU physical work environment, the quality of NICU patient care, the job quality in the NICU, the quality of health and safety in the NICU (NS), the quality of safety and security in the NICU, the quality of interaction with other members of the NICU health-care team (NS; in subanalysis nurse scores significantly declined), the quality of interaction with NICU technology and the off-job quality of life (NS). Scores for each category and the total scores were statistically greater in the SFR, except as noted (NS). Staff perceptions of workplace quality were significantly greater in the SFR than the open-bay NICU.
The relation between critical power and neuromuscular fatigue as estimated from electromyographic data

Abstract The purpose of this study was to define the relation between ‘critical power’ (CP) and the onset of fatigue (fatigue threshold or FT) as estimated from electromyographic data taken from representative leg muscles during cycling. The rate of rise in integrated EMG (IEMG) activity as a function of time (IEMG slope) was calculated at each of three or four constant power output ergometer bouts for 11 subjects. The IEMG slopes so obtained were plotted against workload resulting in linear plots (0-88 <R2 <0.99( which were extrapolated to zero slope to give an intercept on the power axis which was interpreted as the fatigue threshold (FT). The mean workload at CP was 169-5 +12-8 W compared with 1905 ± 14-0 W at FT (p<O 05) though the two measurements were highly correlated. Power output at anaerobic threshold (AT) was not significantly different from FT at 187-1 + 15-9W. The correlation between these two variables was 0-903. It is suggested that the IEMG estimation of FT may provide an attractive altern...
A Unified Approach to Rank Tests for Multivariate and Repeated Measures Designs

Abstract A unified approach to asymptotic rank tests is presented for a wide class of univariate and multivariate models, including repeated measures designs without compound symmetry. The models are assumed to be balanced and complete with more than one replication per cell. The proposed rank tests are constructed by ranking all of the observations together regardless of row, column, or component membership. This method of ranking offers increased power over the method of n-rankings. The resulting test statistic is a quadratic form in linear rank statistics. Asymptotic distributions are determined under Pitman alternatives that allow for both scale and location alternatives. The resulting statistics include tests for factor effects (both scale and location differences) in one-, two-, and higher-way layouts with repeated measures on one or several factors without assuming equicorrelation. Also included are tests for the multivariate two- and k-sample problem, as well as multivariate versions of the tests ...
What Is Evidence-Based Practice?

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a new, comprehensive model of health care that provides guidance for other human services as well. The concept of EBP is subject to considerable misinterpretations, as those invested in the status quo attempt to distort this new and growing movement into existing practices. By drawing on the original source handbook, Evidence-BasedMedicine: How to Practice andTeach EBM, this article describeswhat EBP really is, what its major steps are, and what its implications are for the delivery of brief treatments and crisis interventions. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 4:167–176 (2004)]
The Discovey of Competence: Teaching and Learning with Diverse Student Writers

Berko-Gleason, J. (Ed.). (1989). The development of language (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill. Cook, V. (1993). Linguistics and second language acquisition. New York: St. Martin's Press. Ellis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Eubank, L. (Ed.). (1991). Point counterpoint: Universal grammar in second language acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Gass, S., & Schacter, J. (Eds.). (1989). Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Goodluck, H. (1991). Language acquisition: A linguistic introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
The role of AMPK in psychosine mediated effects on oligodendrocytes and astrocytes: Implication for Krabbe Disease

Krabbe disease (KD) is an inherited neurological disorder caused by the deficiency of galactocerebrosidase activity resulting in accumulation of psychosine, which leads to energy depletion, loss of oligodendrocytes, induction of gliosis, and inflammation by astrocytes in CNS. In this study, for the first time, we report the regulation of 'cellular energy switch,' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), by psychosine in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Psychosine treatment significantly down-regulated AMPK activity, resulting in increased biosynthesis of lipids including cholesterol and free fatty acid in oligodendrocytes cell line (MO3.13) and primary astrocytes. Pharmacological activator of AMPK, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR) attenuated the psychosine-mediated down-regulation of AMPK and restored altered biosynthesis of lipids. AICAR treatment also down-regulated psychosine induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase in primary astrocytes. However, AICAR treatment had no effect on psychosine induced-reactive oxygen species generation, arachidonic acid release, and death of oligodendrocytes; suggesting the specific role of AMPK in regulation of psychosine-mediated inflammatory response of astrocytes but not in cell death of oligodendrocytes. This study delineates an explicit role for AMPK in psychosine induced inflammation in astrocytes without directly affecting the cell death of oligodendrocytes. It also suggests that AMPK activating agents act as anti-inflammatory agents and can hold a therapeutic potential in Krabbe disease/twitcher disease, particularly when used in combination with drugs, which protect oligodendrocyte cell loss, such as sPLA2 inhibitor [Giri et al., J. Lipid Res. 47 (2006), 1478].
Administration of riboflavin improves behavioral outcome and reduces edema formation and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression after traumatic brain injury.

Previous studies have shown that administration of riboflavin, vitamin B2, significantly reduced edema formation following experimental stroke. The present study evaluated the ability of B2 to improve behavioral function, reduce edema formation, and limit glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression following frontal cortex contusion injury. Groups of rats were assigned to B2 (7.5 mg/kg) or saline (1.0 ml/kg) treatment conditions and received contusion injuries or sham procedures. Drug treatment was administered 15 min and 24 h following injury. Rats were examined on a variety of tests to measure sensorimotor performance (bilateral tactile removal test), and cognitive ability (acquisition of reference and working memory) in the Morris water maze. Administration of B2 following injury significantly reduced the behavioral impairments observed on the bilateral tactile removal test and improved the acquisition of both reference and working memory tests compared to saline-treated rats. The lesion analysis...
A Laboratory Scale Sequencing Batch Reactor with the Addition of Acetate to remove Nutrient and Organic Matter in Pig Slurry

The influence of carbon addition on performance of a laboratory-scale, anaerobic–anoxic–anaerobic–anoxic sequencing batch reactor [(An/Ax)2 SBR] in biologically removing nitrogen and organic matter from swine slurry was investigated in this study. The SBR was operated on three cycles per day (8 h per cycle) at constant 20 °C using raw slurry feeding until it reached a steady functional condition. After that, the SBR was subjected to a feeding treatment with addition of acetate. The sludge retention time and hydraulic retention time were maintained at 21 and 3·3 days for the experiment. The results indicate that with acetate addition, the removals of ammonium nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and total phosphorus are 100·0%, 98·7%, 97·4%, 100·0%, and 98·7%, respectively. While without acetate addition, the corresponding reductions are 100·0%, 100·0%, 97·7%, 100·0%, and 97·8%. None of the feeding treatments (slurry alone or with acetate) appear to be effective in removing nitrate and nitrite due possibly to insufficient time allocated for denitrification, even when carbon is readily available. The removal of dissolved phosphorus by phosphorus-accumulating organisms reaches 87·2% with acetate addition but only 67·9% without. A good reduction in total solids (77·5% and 78·8%), total volatile solids (97·0% and 95·6%), total suspended solids (99·9% and 99·3%), and total volatile suspended solids (99·1% and 98·4%) for both treatments is also observed.
Structural durability design optimisation and its reliability assessment

Mechanical fatigue subject to external and inertia transient loads in the service life of mechanical systems often leads to structural failure due to accumulated damage. A structural durability analysis that predicts the fatigue life of mechanical components subject to dynamic stresses and strains is a computer-intensive, multidisciplinary simulation process, since it requires the integration of several computer-aided engineering tools and large amounts of data communication and computation. Uncertainties in geometric dimensions result in the indeterministic fatigue life of a mechanical component. Uncertainty propagation to structural fatigue under transient dynamic loading is not only numerically complicated but also extremely expensive. It is, therefore, a challenge to develop a durability-based design-optimisation process and reliability analysis to ascertain whether the optimal design is reliable. The objective of this paper is to develop an integrated CAD-based computer-aided engineering process to effectively carry out design optimisation for structural durability, yielding a manufacturable, durable, and cost-effective product. In addition, a reliability analysis is executed to assess the reliability of the deterministic optimal design.
Advanced Placement Statistics—Past, Present, and Future

Abstract The Advanced Placement Statistics course, first offered in 1997 after more than 12 years of planning, allows high school students who pass an examination to receive college credit for a statistics course taken at their high school. In its third year 25,240 students took this examination, and 57% “passed.” The three-hour exam consists of both multiple choice and free response questions, which cover the four sections of the AP Statistics syllabus: Data exploration, study design, probability distributions through simulation, and inference. Although some problems remain, both students and teachers find the course to be challenging and valuable.
Compensation for Substrate Permittivity in Probe-Tip Calibration

We demonstrate a method of compensation for the effect of substrate permittivity on coplanar waveguide probe-tip scattering parameter calibrations, modeling the effect as a capacitance at the probe tip. Comparison to on-wafer multiline TRL calibration verifies its accuracy. The method allows calibration to the probe tip using generic off-wafer standards with accuracy comparable to that of on-wafer calibration.
Decays of the b quark

Abstract Recent experimental results on the decay of b-flavored hadrons are reviewed. Substantial progress has been made in the study of exclusive and inclusive B-meson decays, as well as in the theoretical understanding of these processes. The two most prominent developments are the continuing failure to observe evidence of decays of the b quark to a u quark rather than a c quark, and the surprisingly high level of B0− B 0 mi xing which has recently been reported by the ARGUS collaboration. Notwithstanding these results, we conclude that the health of the Standard Model is excellent.
Spousal Responses to Prostate Cancer: An Integrative Review

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States. Survival rates of localized cancer are excellent, with more than 96 percent of men surviving 5 years after diagnosis. However, treatment such as radical prostatectomy may leave the patients and their spouses to deal with long-term side effects, including impotence and urinary incontinence. While previous studies have shown how men react to these treatment effects, studies are now emerging that focus on the responses of their spouses to diagnosis and treatment side effects. This integrative literature review examines the psychosocial responses of spouses whose husbands have undergone prostatectomy. Studies that report on spouses' responses to diagnosis, treatment, and side effects were reviewed. The literature shows that spouses are significantly more distressed overall than are patients. Sources of distress include lack of information, fear of the unknown, fear of what the future will hold, and treatment-related concerns. Only one controlled intervention study was found that attempted to address these concerns. Further controlled studies are needed to address spousal distress.
Some relations between the chemical and physical characteristics of bovine muscles.

SUMMARY Variations in the distribution of water in bovine muscles were investigated with histological and chemical analyses. A histological method has been developed to measure the extracellular space. This property, along with water and protein content and pH values, was determined in four muscles from each of four animals. The results indicate that extracellular space varied among the muscles of the animals according to a definite pattern. Among the relations found, extracellular space was positively correlated with the water-protein ratio, whereas intracellular water content was negatively correlated. The evidence indicates that, in the muscles that characteristically contain a relatively high proportion of water to protein, the additional water is located in extracellular spaces.
Polyimides containing oxyethylene units

Four aromatic dinitro compounds containing oxyethylene units 1,2-bis(4-nitrophenoxy)ethane, bis(2)-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethyl ether, 1,2-bis(2)-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethoxy)ethane, and bis(2-(2-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethoxy)ethyl) ether were prepared by an aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction that involved 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene and the appropriate oxyethylene glycol. Each of the dinitro compounds could be reduced chemically or catalytically to produce the diamines 1,2-bis(4-aminophenoxy)ethane, bis(2-(4-amino-phenoxy)ethyl ether, 1,2-bis(2-(4-aminophenoxy)ethoxy)ethane, and bis(2-(2-(4-aminophenoxy)ethoxy)ethyl) ether. Polymerization of the diamines was carried out in m-cresol with toluene as an azeotroping agent. Polymides derived from 5,5′-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethylidene]bis-1,3-isobenzofuradione exhibited good solubility in chlorinated solvents, glass transition temperatures as low as 140°C, as evidenced by viscous flow, and good thermal stability; a 5% weight loss generally occured at greater than 450°C. Isothermal aging studies conducted at 600°F(315°C) for 200 h indicated that weight loss is directly related to oxyalkylene chain length–10% for the shortest and 50% for the longest chain.
Routing and Name Resolution in Information-Centric Networks

Information-centric networking (ICN) has recently attracted research attention and several architecture designs have been proposed. However there is lack of theoretical foundations and quantitative models to evaluate different design choices and compare their respective advantages. In this paper, we take an initial step to build a quantitative framework to enable characterization and comparison of two popular classes of ICN name-oriented routing and resolution techniques, flooding and distributed hash table (DHT). Our results indicate that the interaction of several factors such as network size, content location dynamics and content popularity contributes to the performance of the routing and resolution mechanisms. Especially we obtain a quantitative expression to determine under what conditions one approach yields superior performance over the other. It also suggests that a hybrid DHT-flooding mechanism may perform better although the actual design of such a hybrid protocol is out of the scope of this paper. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of variable-length names and obtain an expression for the optimal name length assigned to a content object. Finally, we present another application of our model, determining when the name aggregation in content location publishing can reduce control overhead and improve scalability. Our modeling and analysis results reveal valuable insights regarding design tradeoffs and provide design guidelines.
Strategies for catalog management of electronic monographs in series

Electronic monographic series display a complex mix of the characteristics of electronic serials, electronic books, and print monograph series. Because many cannot be managed via the typical tools and services used to manage electronic resources, providing title-level, or analytic cataloging presents challenges above and beyond the usual challenges for e-resources. This article enumerates those challenges, proposes a set of criteria for making analysis decisions for e-monograph series, and suggests other directions libraries might pursue to provide catalog access to this important category of resources.
A comparison of static near stereo acuity in youth baseball/softball players and non-ball players.

Abstract Background Although many aspects of vision have been investigated in professional baseball players, few studies have been performed in developing athletes. The issue of whether youth baseball players have superior stereopsis to nonplayers has not been addressed specifically. The purpose of this study was to determine if youth baseball/softball players have better stereo acuity than non–ball players. Methods Informed consent was obtained from 51 baseball/softball players and 52 non–ball players (ages 10 to 18 years). Subjects completed a questionnaire, and their static near stereo acuity was measured using the Randot™ Stereotest (Stereo Optical Company, Chicago, Illinois). Stereo acuity was measured as the seconds of arc between the last pair of images correctly distinguished by the subject. Results The mean stereo acuity score was 25.5 ± 1.7 seconds of arc in the baseball/softball players and 56.2 ± 8.4 seconds of arc in the non–ball players. This difference was statistically significant (P Conclusions Youth baseball/softball players had significantly better static stereo acuity than non–ball players, comparable to professional ball players.
Global Investment Regulation and Sovereign Funds

Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) have attracted significant attention over the past few years, as a result of their increasing role in the global economy and their controversial minority investments in distressed financial and infrastructure companies in Western economies. Although SWFs provide important benefits to home, host and global markets, they have been perceived by the Western mind as a growing threat to economic supremacy and national security. While the current legal scholarship provides an incomplete policy response, by either selectively referring to specific legal instruments within the international law framework or proposing an entirely new legal regime, this Article attempts to address this crucial lacuna by providing an original and comprehensive legal analysis of the SWF phenomenon and its interaction with the preexisting framework of international law. The various abovementioned concerns have prompted various Western attempts to block SWF cross-border investments through legislative reforms or ad hoc protectionism of the executive branch. These governmental policies frequently violate international commitments in the international economic law arena and call for a closer look at the nature of such commitments and their respective implementation in the SWF environment. The Article looks at recent practices in Western countries aimed at blocking SWF investments, especially in the context of iconic brands and national champions. It then reviews various relevant provisions in international legal instruments, which are applicable to these potential investments, and examines the question of their violation by capital-importing countries. A proposed innovative adaptation to this new reality is provided. I argue that the existing framework of international investment law can provide adequate solutions to investment protectionism against SWFs. Regarding regulation of SWFs’ investments, since recent experience has underlined that SWFs function largely like any other commercial entities, there is a need to shift the discussion and terminology towards regulation of sovereign activity rather than sovereign funds. Finally, the Article explores the broad consequences of investment law and corporate governance reforms following the debate around SWF investments on maintaining healthy and productive cross-border economic relations in a globalized world.
Identification of Doxorubicin and an Imine Derivative from Liquid and Solid Samples Utilizing Liquid Chromatography

Abstract Doxorubicin is an anthracycline glycoside used to treat a variety of cancer conditions from breast cancer to Wilms' tumor. The appearance of doxorubicin resistance has initiated studies of doxorubicin derivatives. The formation of the doxorubicin imine derivative is shown with means of identification by HPLC. Both the parent doxorubicin and imine derivative can be extracted from aqueous samples into 2‐pentanol or 2‐methyl‐2‐butanol by utilizing aggressive salting‐out techniques. Both forms of doxorubicin are bright red in color. A mixture of methanol/water or straight ethanol can be used to solubilize from solid samples. Determination of molecular properties indicated the imine group substantially increases lipophilicity and decreases aqueous solubitlity. Doxorubicin and its imine derivative are separated using Alltech Altima 18C 5µ column, UV/Vis detection (200 nm), and a mobile phase of methanol:water (80%/20%) at 1.0 mL/minute. Utilizing non‐destructive detection allows the collection of the e...
Effect of dose of bovine growth hormone on lactation of dairy cows.

We administered bovine growth hormone to six Holstein cows in a Latin square design to study the relationship between dose of growth hormone and response of milk yield. Treatments were 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 IU/day of pituitary-derived bovine growth hormone administered in once-daily subcutaneous injections. Feed intake and yield of milk and milk components were measured for the last 5 days of each 10-day injection period. Yields of milk, protein, and fat increased in a dose-responsive fashion up to 32, 27, and 46% (for the 100 IU treatment) above control (26.7, .90, and .98 kg/day). Concentration of lactose in milk was not influenced by treatment, but at larger doses of growth hormone, milk fat percent was elevated and protein percent declined. As a result, milk energy secretion in response to 100 IU/day was increased 37% from control (19.2 Mcal/day). Both energy and nitrogen balance decreased with increasing growth hormone. Limited blood samples (timed to coincide with peak concentration of growth hormone postinjection) indicated treatment did not affect concentrations of glucose or insulin in blood plasma but increased concentration of growth hormone. Concentration of nonesterified fatty acids in blood plasma was increased slightly only at the 100 IU/day dose for which energy balance was negative.
Reconfigurable, wearable sensors to enable long-duration circadian biomedical studies

The last 10 years have seen the emergence of wearable personal health tracking devices as a mainstream industry; however, they remain limited by battery lifetime, specific sensor selection, and a market motivated by a focus on short-term fitness metrics (e.g., steps/day). This hampers the development of a potentially much broader application area based on optimization around biomedical theory for long-term diagnostic discovery. As new biometric sensors come online, the ideal platform enabling the gathering of long-term diagnostic data would have the built-in extensibility to allow testing of different sensor combinations in different research settings to discover what kinds of data can be most useful for specific biomedical applications. Here we present the first generation of a reconfigurable wrist-mounted sensor device measuring 7x4x2cm and weighing 51g with battery (29g without). In its current configuration, it has recorded skin temperature, acceleration, and light exposure; these three variables allow prediction of internal circadian rhythms, as an example of the application of biological theory to enhance pattern detection. This generation is capable of operating long-term with minimal day-to-day disruption via easily exchangeable batteries, and has enough space for several months of data sampling to gather long-term diagnostic metrics. Future developments will include the addition of energy scavenging and a wireless mesh network for ambient data collection, the combination of which will allow uninterrupted data to be gathered without depending on the user.
Partial purification of chromosomal DNA polymerase from rat Walker tumor.

SummaryA replicative type DNA polymerase has been partially purified from the nonhistone chromosomal proteins of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. The enzymic polymerization of deoxyribotides into DNA-like product depends on the presence of a complete supplement of all four deoxyriboside-5′-triphosphates and native DNA as template. The enzyme requires Mg2+ for its optimal reaction and is inhibited by Na+ and K+. The DNA in isolated chromatin exhibits 40% of its templating activity. The tumor chromosomal DNA polymerase shows only marginal activity with reconstituted DNA-histone as template.