cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photometry and polarimetry of Jupiter at large phase angles II. Polarimetry of the South Tropical Zone, South Equatorial Belt, and the polar regions from the Pioneer 10 and 11 missions

The imaging photopolarimeter (IPP) experiment on the Pioneer 10 and 11 missions to Jupiter measured the intensity and linear polarization of red and blue sunlight reflected from the planet over a range of phase angles inaccessible from the Earth. We give an overview of the polarization data obtained in the two Jupiter encounters at phase angles from 43° to 117° and briefly describe the photometry data from the Pioneer 11 encounter at phase angles between 34° and 80° which partially fill a gap in the phase coverage from Pioneer 10 (M. G. Tomasko, R. A. West, and N. D. Castillo, 1978, Icarus 33, 558–592). The polarimetry and photometry of the South Tropical Zone (STrZ), the north component of the South Equatorial Belt (SEBn), and a north-south cut extending to the south pole are given in detailed tables. Comparison of the data to multiple-scattering models yields several details of the distribution and single-scattering properties of the clouds and aerosols on Jupiter. The observed polarization in blue light at latitudes less than about 40° shows only small variations between belts and zones. Simple models indicate that the tops of the belt and zone clouds are reached at nearly the same pressure level of about 320 mb and that the polarization differences are a result of the lower cloud albedo in the belt. The optical thickness of the belt as well as the zone clouds at this level must be at least 1.5 to prevent the polarization produced by underlying gas from being seen in the data. The polarization rises abruptly toward the limb and terminator in red light, indicating a haze of positively polarizing particles with an optical thickness of a few tenths at a pressure level of about 120 mb. The polarization in both colors increases abruptly from latitudes north of 40°N and south of 48°S to values as high as 60% at high latitudes. This effect is not due to a longer slant path but must be due to a large increase in the optical thickness of the polarizing haze at high latitudes. There is some indication that the size of the haze aerosols grows with increasing latitude as well. The photometry data indicate little change in the brightness of planetary features in the year between the two Pioneer encounters. Photometric models that fit the Pioneer 10 data fit the Pioneer 11 data remarkably well with essentially the same phase functions. Using a two-cloud model, we find that our models best fit the limb darkening at 12° phase when the belt absorbers are evenly distributed in both the clouds. There is no evidence for rainbow-like bumps on the single-scattering phase functions in the range of scattering angles from 120° to 140° as might result from scattering by spherical particles.
Motor assembly techniques for low to medium volume high product mix applications

The first section of this paper is an overview of motor assembly in the low to medium volume high product mix category. The second section of the paper deals with the definitions associated with motor assembly in the low to medium volume high product mix category. The third section of the paper presents alternatives for motor assembly in the low to medium volume high product mix category. In the final section of the paper one alternative is suggested and general results of an actual application of the suggested techniques are presented.
Recent Advances on the Origin of Life – Making Biological Polymers

The creationism–evolution debate almost always comes around to discussions about the origin of life. The enormousness of the problem of how organic chemicals (those compounds that contain the element carbon) reacted to synthesize biological molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, membrane lipids, and others, and how these self-replicated and assembled to form the first protocells, represents an attractive target for critics. In addition, the respectable degree of uncertainty that surrounds present answers to origin-of-life questions, and the large diversity of the proposed solutions, represent ample fodder for those who would question the validity of the entire origin-of-life research program. Consequently, creationists have said a great deal about origin-of-life research, and none of it is positive.
Induction of Penicillinase with Inorganic Phosphate

Phosphate stimulates penicillinase formation in Bacillus cereus 569. The rate of penicillinase synthesis in the presence of 0.3 m phosphate, pH 7.0, is approximately 10-fold greater than that for uninduced cells, while the rate of synthesis in the presence of 0.3 m phosphate and 1 unit/ml of penicillin is approximately fourfold greater than in the presence of penicillin alone. When phosphate-induced cells are transferred to low phosphate medium, the rate of penicillinase synthesis rapidly reverts to that of uninduced cells. Furthermore, the phosphate-induced synthesis of the enzyme is inhibited by either chloramphenicol or actinomycin D. These antibiotics are known to inhibit protein synthesis and deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, respectively. Thus, phosphate appears to induce the synthesis of a species of RNA that is required for the synthesis of penicillinase in B. cereus 569. The penicillin-dependent induction lag for penicillinase was compared in high and low phosphate media. It was found that, at 37 C, the penicillin-dependent lag is approximately 3 min in the presence of 0.3 m phosphate and approximately 6 min in low phosphate medium.
Processing time as influenced by the number of elements in a visual display.

In a visual-detection experiment. a display of several letters was presented. and S was to report the presence or absence of a given target letter. Results clearly are incompatible with a self-terminating visual-scanning process as hypothesized by Sternberg (1967). Two models are considered. a serial exhaustive scanning process and a parallel exhaustive process, but findings from the present study do not provide a basis for differentiating between them.
Making garden variety creativity a strategic priority

Purpose – This paper aims to outline a process for establishing and implementing strategic priorities to enhance worker garden variety creativity – a type of creativity that improves direct worker outcomes such as enhancing operational efficiencies and flexibility.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents process suggestions that are based on existing research and practical understanding of best practices for improving worker creativity in typical workplace settings.Findings – The paper finds that organizations need to maximize worker creativity at all organizational levels in order to maintain the flexibility necessary for today's turbulent economic climate. Also, there are concrete steps organizations can take to develop this creativity.Research limitations/implications – This process is not designed to increase high‐level creativity (such as developing new microchips), and is not appropriate for moving organizations forward in such a direction.Practical implications – Most organizations are bett...
Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI), an endogenous negative regulator of angiogenesis.

Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI; TNFSF-15) is a new member of the tumor necrosis factor family. VEGI is predominantly an endothelial cell-specific gene, and recombinant VEGI is a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis and tumor growth. VEGI exerts two activities on endothelial cells: early G1 arrest of G0/G1-cells responding to growth stimuli, and programmed death of proliferating cells. These activities are highly specific to endothelial cells. There are three VEGI isoforms identified thus far. One of the isoforms, VEGI-251, is a secreted protein. The gene products apparently play a role in normal vasculature, as the transcripts are found in normal adult tissues and some fetal tissues. VEGI gene expression is subject to regulation by inflammatory cytokines. VEGI is also able to regulate the expression of several important genes involved in angiogenesis. These findings are consistent with the view that VEGI functions as an autocrine cytokine to inhibit angiogenesis an...
Does enrollment in a randomized clinical trial lead to a higher cost of routine care

Abstract Background Reimbursement for the routine care of patients enrolled in clinical trials is controversial. Our objective was to determine the added medical costs, if any, associated with enrollment in a randomized clinical trial. Methods We analyzed data from the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention (MITI) Trial (1988-1991) and the registry of all patients admitted to 19 Seattle area coronary care units (1988-1993). The major trial entry criteria were age 35 to 71 years, symptom duration 15 minutes to 6 hours, and acute myocardial infarction on electrocardiogram. The trial group consisted of 264 of 324 randomized patients who received thrombolytics and had available cost data. From 11,932 registry patients, we identified a control group who met trial entry criteria but who were not enrolled because of logistic barriers or presentation outside the trial enrollment period, 335 of whom received thrombolytics and had available cost data. The groups were compared for total cost for initial hospitalization, with and without multivariable adjustment for baseline characteristics. Results Total hospital cost was not different between trial patients (median $11,516) and control subjects (median $14,200) (trial/control mean cost ratio 0.91 [95% CI 0.82-1.02]). Participation in the trial had an insignificant effect on costs in the multivariable model (cost ratio 1.04, 95% CI 0.95-1.16). Significant predictors of cost included hospital of admission, length of stay, and coronary revascularization procedures. Conclusion Participation in the MITI randomized trial had no effect on the cost of routine care. (Am Heart J 2002; 143:140-4.)
Structures of the intermediate complex, {CpCo(dppe)[P(OMe)3]}2+, and final product, {CpCo(dppe)[P(O)(OMe)2]}+, from an Arbuzov transformation. A comment on the Lewis basicity of the phosphoryl oxygen atom

Abstract The intermediate phosphite complex, {CpCo(dppe)[P(OMe)3]}2+, and the final product of dealkylation by the Arbuzov reaction, {CpCo(dppe)[P(O)(OMe)2]}+, have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Crystal data for {CpCo(dppe)[P(OMe)3]}(PF6)2·Me2CO: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 13.007(2), b = 15.906(6), c = 21.937(4) A, β = 105.59°, V = 4371.4(18) A3, Z = 4, RF = 0.055. {CpCo(dppe)[P(O)(OMe)2]}HgI3: triclinic, P 1 , a = 10.820(3), b = 14.152(3), c = 14.537(4) A, α = 114.48(2), β = 104.65(2), γ = 71.91(2)°, V = 1905.7 (9), Z = 2, RF = 0.047. Unlike other complexes of this type, the phosphoryl group does not coordinate Lewis acids [HgX2 (X = Cl, Br, I), ZnX2 (X = Cl, Br), and AlCl3 were tested], probably because of steric hindrance by the phenyl rings of dppe. The PO group also could not be protonated, perhaps because of the unit positive charge on the reactant complex.
Molten Steel Level Measurement in Tundish with Heat Transfer Analysis

Temperature variation rate is different between "molten steel ― tundish cover flux(TCF) ― air" layers in tundish because heat transfer between these three materials with different thermal conductivities. Numerical calculation proves that temperature gradient extremums exist at the interfaces of "molten steel ― TCF ― air" layers in tundish. At the same time the change of initial temperature, thermal conductivity, convection coefficient have no effect on the interfaces locating. Thus temperature gradient extremums can be used for measuring molten steel level in tundish. In the process of measurement, a CCD camera is used to capture the thermal image of measuring sensor which is inserted into tundish to get the temperature distribution. By calculating temperature gradients of the measuring sensor in the thermal images, the interfaces of "molten steel ― TCF ― air" can be located, finally the molten steel level is obtained. The influence of measuring sensor adhering by TCF is also solved by gray image projection algorithm. Steel metallurgical field experiment shows that the method of molten steel level measurement is authentic and measuring error is less than 5 mm.
Survival of soil bacteria during prolonged desiccation.

A determination was made of the kinds and numbers of bacteria surviving when two soils were maintained in the laboratory under dry conditions for more than half a year. Certain non-spore-forming bacteria were found to survive in the dry condition for long periods. A higher percentage of drought-tolerant than drought-sensitive bacteria was able to grow at low water activities. When they were grown in media with high salt concentrations, bacteria generally became more tolerant of prolonged drought and they persisted longer. The percent of cells in a bacterial population that remained viable when exposed to drought stress varied with the stage of growth.
Information technology and relationship management: a case study of Taiwan’s small manufacturing firm

Abstract The contribution of small businesses to the main source of employment and income in many countries and areas is a well-known fact. Therefore, the effect of the implementation of electronic functions on small businesses becomes a critical issue not only on the practices but also on academic research. In Taiwan, 90% of business is small business and the number of employees is less than 150. This paper is a case study which investigates several issues. First, the case firm, Li-ja, a Taiwanese small Polyurethane-manufacturing firm, is intending to implement electronic business. What can they do? Second, a specific business model of relationship management has been explored in the case firm and considered as a basis of business solutions for implementing information technology. Third, a web-based system architecture and a relational database management system are designed and constructed in terms of implementing electronic business in the case firm. Fourth, relationship management is the main objective of electronic business and it shows that data functions and on-line prototype systems can support business solutions in the case firm. Finally, system functions are presented as an example of the case study in support of electronic business implementation on the small manufacturing firm. Managerial issues and future work of this paper are discussed.
Mental or psychic energy and its relation to learning and retention: An experimental contribution

Zusammenfassung Um die Leistungsfahigkeit des Begriffs der Quantiat psychischer Energie zu prufen, wurden drei Experimente durchgefuhrt. Diese waren Mehrfachleistungen. Aufgaben, die einmal in angenehmem Tempo und einmal ion Hochstgeschwindigkeit zu vollbringen waren, und eine Aufgabenreihe, welche direkt die Beziehung zwischen Anstrengung und Behalten prufen sollte. Es zeigte sich, dass der Begriff besser als andere die experimentellen Daten erfasst. Ausserdam wurde eine Anzahl von klinischen und Alltagsphanomenen mit Hilfe des Begriffes behandelt. Der Begriff erwies sich, teils durch den Einbezug von Lernen und Behalten, als geeignet, unsere Hypothesen uber die Motivation zu verfeinern und neue Fragen aufzuwerfen.
Effect of DC Current on the Formability of 6Al 4V Titanium

Recent research has demonstrated that the mechanical properties of metallic materials are altered when an electrical current is passed through the material. These studies suggest that titanium, due to its low formability and potential for dramatic improvement, should be subjected to additional study. The research presented herein further investigates the use of electricity to aid in the bulk deformation of 6Al-4V titanium under tensile and compressive loads. Extensive testing is presented that documents the changes that occur in the formability of titanium due to the presence of an electron wind at varying current densities. Using carefully designed experiments, this study also characterizes and isolates the effect of resistive heating from the change due to the electrical flow alone. The results demonstrate that the presence of an electrical current within the material during deformation can greatly decrease the force needed to deform titanium while also dramatically enhancing the degree to which it can be worked without fracturing. Isothermal testing further demonstrates that the changes are significantly beyond that which can be accounted for due to increases in the titanium’s temperature. The results are also supported by data from tests using pulsed and discontinuously applied current. Furthermore, current densities are identified that cause an apparent superplastic behavior to occur. Overall, this work fully demonstrates that an electrical current can be used to significantly improve the formability of 6Al-4V titanium and that these improvements far exceed that which can be explained by resistive heating.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Light induces a rapid and transient increase in inositol-trisphosphate in toad rod outer segments

The sub-second time course of changes in the content of [3H]inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate was determined in rod outer segments from very rapidly frozen Bufo retinas that had been incubated with [3H]inositol. Rod outer segments were cut off frozen specimens with a cryostat microtome and the water soluble extracts were analyzed. The content of [3H]inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate rose after approximately 250 msec of bright illumination, but returned to the unstimulated level after 1 sec, whether the stimulus remained on or not. That is, there was rapid but transient change in the content of [3H]inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate after the onset of stimulation.
Occupational lead exposure aboard a tall ship

To evaluate occupational exposures to lead in shipfitters cutting and riveting lead-painted iron plates aboard an iron-hulled sailing vessel, the authors conducted an environmental and medical survey. Lead exposures in seven personal (breathing zone) air samples ranged from 108 to 500 micrograms/mT (mean 257 micrograms/mT); all were above the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard of 50 micrograms/mT. In two short-term air samples obtained while exhaust ventilation was temporarily disconnected, mean lead exposure rose to 547 micrograms/mT. Blood lead levels in ten shipfitters ranged from 25 to 53 micrograms/dl. Blood lead levels in shipfitters were significantly higher than in other shipyard workers. Smoking shipfitters had significantly higher lead levels than nonsmokers. Lead levels in shipfitters who wore respirators were not lower than in those who wore no protective gear. Four shipfitters had erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) concentrations above the adult upper normal limit of 50 micrograms/dl. A close correlation was found between blood lead and EP levels. Prevalence of lead-related symptoms was no higher in shipfitters than in other workers. These data indicate that serious occupational exposure to lead can occur in a relatively small boatyard.
Requirement of the p130CAS-Crk Coupling for Metastasis Suppressor KAI1/CD82-mediated Inhibition of Cell Migration

KAI1/CD82 protein is a member of the tetraspanin superfamily and has been rediscovered as a cancer metastasis suppressor. The mechanism of KAI1/CD82-mediated suppression of cancer metastasis remains to be established. In this study, we found that migration of the metastatic prostate cancer cell line Du145 was substantially inhibited when KAI1/CD82 was expressed. The expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Lyn, a Src family tyrosine kinase and substrate of FAK, was up-regulated at both RNA and protein levels upon KAI1/CD82 expression. The activation of FAK and Lyn, however, remained unchanged in Du145-KAI1/CD82 cells. As a downstream target of FAK-Lyn signaling, the p130CAS (Crk-associated substrate) protein was decreased upon the expression of KAI1/CD82. Consequently, less p130CAS-CrkII complex, which functions as a "molecular switch" in cell motility, was formed in Du145-KAI1/CD82 cells. To confirm that the p130CAS-CrkII complex is indeed important for the motility inhibition by KAI1/CD82, overexpression of p130CAS in Du145-KAI1/CD82 cells increased the formation of p130CAS-CrkII complex and largely reversed the KAI1/CD82-mediated inhibition of cell motility. Taken together, our studies indicate the following: 1) signaling of FAK-Lyn-p130CAS-CrkII pathway is altered in KAI1/CD82-expressing cells, and 2) p130CAS-CrkII coupling is required for KAI1/CD82-mediated suppression of cell motility.
Quality of life in caregivers providing care for lung transplant candidates.

Context—Caregivers are essential members of the health care team who provide care, valued at more than $250 billion each year, to millions of persons who require assistance with health and daily care. Patients with respiratory diseases who are waiting for a lung transplant are required to have an identified caregiver. The care-givers are rarely studied.Objective—To explore the relationships among the health status of caregivers of lung transplant candidates, caregivers' reaction to caregiving, and caregivers' perceived quality of life.Design—This descriptive study examined the quality of life of lung transplant caregivers from a multidimensional perspective.Setting and Participants—Twenty-nine dyads of lung transplant candidates and their caregivers were recruited from a Midwestern medical center.Measures—Data were collected by self-report: caregivers completed the Quality of Life Index, SF-12 health survey, Profile of Mood States-Short Form, and the Caregiver Reaction Assessment.Results—Caregivers report...
From chains to rings, and back again: structural rearrangements during evaporation and condensation

The mechanistic details of the sequence of structural changes that occur in weakly bound molecular complexes upon change in phase have yet to be presented in detail. Consider the structural rearrangements that occur at the interface between the liquid and its vapor for species such as hydrofluoric acid or the low molecular weight aliphatic acids. There are both experimental and theoretical evidence that liquid HF consists of extended zig-zag chains [1], whereas the vapor consists predominantly of non-planar cyclic structures [2]. Similarly, the cyclic structures of gaseous aliphatic acid dimers was established decades ago but in the solid and liquid phases, the molecular configurations are zig-zag chains [3].
Enthalpies of vaporization of piperidine and 1,2-dimethylbenzene; gas-phase isobaric heat capacities of piperidine

Abstract Enthalpies of vaporization for piperidine were measured at 338.34, 357.42, and 379.36 K. Enthalpies of vaporization for 1,2-dimethylbenzene were measured at nine temperatures from 353.14 to 445.80 K. Gas-phase isobaric heat capacities for piperidine were measured at five temperatures from 368.2 through 500.2 K. All measurements were performed with a mass-flow calorimeter. The results were used to calculate values of the second virial coefficient as a function of temperature. The ideal-gas isobaric molar heat capacity of piperidine at the experimental temperatures was also calculated.
Distribution of serotonergic neurons in the eyestalk and brain of the crab, Cancer antennarius

Abstract 1. Serotonin-containing neurons were localized immunocytochemically in crab cerebral ganglia and their extensions in the eyestalk. 2. Approximately 155 serotonergic cells were found in identifiable regions of the brain, the largest number being localized in the anterior cell cluster (40 reactive cells) and the bilateral anterior olfactory cell clusters (40 cells each). 3. Serotonin immunoreactive cells were found in all three ganglionic divisions of the eyestalk. The medulla terminalis contains up to 15 reactive cells, of which only one occurs in the X-organ (origin of neurosecretory axons in the sinus gland nerve). The m. terminalis also contains three identifiable cells in the mediolateral border adjacent to the sinus gland nerve, of which one is a giant (up to 100 μm diameter), designated MT-1. The axon of MT-1 branches profusely after entering the m. terminalis neuropil. 4. No serotonin immunoreactivity was apparent within the sinus gland, the sinus gland nerve or the organ of Bellonci. 5. These findings are discussed in relation to the known serotonergic control of peptide hormone secretion by the eyestalk X-organ-sinus gland complex.
Origin of the epeirogenic uplift of Pliocene-Pleistocene beach ridges in Florida and development of the Florida karst

Marine fossils of Pleistocene age are known to occur in beach ridges near the border of northern Florida and southern Georgia at elevations of between 42 and 49 m above mean sea level. No evidence exists for a massive melt-off of glacial ice, which would be required to raise sea level to these elevations. Florida, therefore, must have been uplifted epeirogenically during the Pleistocene. Measurement of dissolved solids in Florida9s springs demonstrates that the karst area is losing a minimum of 1.2 × 10 6 m 3 /yr of limestone through spring flow, the equivalent of 1 m of surficial limestone every 38,000 yr. This loss has led to an isostatic uplift of the north-central part of the Florida peninsula of at least 36 m during Pleistocene and Holocene time, which agrees with observed elevations of marine terraces.
Differential effects of homologous S4 mutations in human skeletal muscle sodium channels on deactivation gating from open and inactivated states

1. The outermost charged amino acid of S4 segments in the alpha subunit of human skeletal muscle sodium channels was mutated to cysteine in domains I (R219C), II (R669C), III (K1126C), and IV (R1448C). Double mutations in DIS4 and DIVS4 (R219C/R1448C), DIIS4 and DIVS4 (R669C/R1448C), and DIIIS4 and DIVS4 (K1126C/R1448C) were introduced in other constructs. Macropatch recordings of mutant and wild-type (hSkM1-wt) skeletal muscle sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes were used to measure deactivation kinetics from open or fast inactivated states. 2. Conductance (voltage) curves (G (V)) derived from current (voltage) (I (V)) relations indicated a right-shifted G (V) relationship for R669C and for R669C/R1448C, but not for other mutations. The apparent valency was decreased for all mutations. Time-to-peak activation at -20 mV was increased for R1448C and for double mutations. 3. Deactivation kinetics from the open state were determined from the monoexponential decay of tail currents. Outermost charge-to-cysteine mutations in the S4 segments of domains III and IV slowed deactivation, with the greatest effect produced by R1448C. The deactivation rate constant was slowed to a greater extent for the DIII/DIV double mutation than that calculated from additive effects of single mutations in each of these two domains. Mutation in DIIS4 accelerated deactivation from the open state, whereas mutation in DIS4 had little effect. 4. Delays in the onset to recovery from fast inactivation were determined to assess deactivation kinetics from the inactivated state. Delay times for R219C and R669C were not significantly different from those for hSkM1-wt. Recovery delay was increased for K1126C, and was accelerated for R1448C. 5. Homologous charge mutations of S4 segments produced domain-specific effects on deactivation gating from the open and from the fast inactivated state. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that translocations of S4 segments in each domain during deactivation are not identical and independent processes. Non-identical effects of these mutations raise several possibilities regarding deactivation gating; translocation of DIVS4 may constitute the rate-limiting step in deactivation from the open state, DIVS4 may be part of the immobilizable charge, and S4 translocations underlying deactivation in human skeletal muscle sodium channel may exhibit co-operativity.
The Effects of Feeding Fish Oil on Uterine Secretion of PGF2α, Milk Composition, and Metabolic Status of Periparturient Holstein Cows

The objectives were to determine the effect of dietary fish oil (FO) on uterine secretion of PGF2alpha, milk production, milk composition, and metabolic status during the periparturient period. Holstein cows were assigned randomly to diets containing FO (n = 13) or olive oil (OO, n = 13). Cows were fed prepartum and postpartum diets that provided approximately 200 g/d from 21 d before the expected parturition until 21 d after parturition. The FO used contained 36% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5, n-3) and 28% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, n-3). Blood samples were obtained from 14 d before the due date until d 21 postpartum. A total of 6 FO and 8 OO cows without periparturient disorders were used in the statistical analyses of PGF2alpha-metabolite (PGFM) and metabolite concentrations. Length of prepartum feeding with OO or FO did not differ. Proportions of individual and total n-3 fatty acids were increased in caruncular tissue and milk of cows fed FO. The combined concentrations of EPA and DHA in caruncular tissue were correlated positively with the number of days supplemented with FO. Cows fed FO had reduced concentrations of plasma PGFM during the 60 h immediately after parturition compared with cows fed OO. Concentrations of prostaglandin H synthase-2 mRNA and protein in caruncular tissue were unaffected by diet. Production of milk and FCM were similar between cows fed the two oil diets. However, cows fed FO produced less milk fat. Feeding FO reduced plasma concentrations of glucose. Dietary fatty acids given during the periparturient period can reduce the uterine secretion of PGF2alpha in lactating dairy cows and alter the fatty acid profile of milk fat.
Characterization of the terminal sequences flanking the transposon that carries the Escherichia coli enterotoxin STII gene

Abstract The Escherichia coli enterotoxin STII gene is flanked by two repeat sequences, approx. 600 bp each and 8 kb apart. This 9-kb DNA fragment has been shown to transpose as a unit and is thus considered a transposon. It is presently designated as Tn4521. In this study, the two terminal sequences of Tn4521 cloned in pPS1 were localized, isolated, and characterized. The two terminal sequences were found to be composed of IS2 sequences and were in an inverted repeat orientation. However, neither repeat contained a complete IS2. The LTR contained bp 1–722, whereas the RTR contained bp 17–536 and 969–1327, all three of the IS2 sequence.
Fractal analyses of martensitic transformations

Abstract The results of a study of the fractal features of martensitic transformations according to actual martensitic transformation models are reported. Research shows that the martensitic transformation is a non-uniform and limited fractal. Its fractal dimension, D, is log n 2 log(n+1) (n⩾2); the minimum fractal dimension is 1.262 and the maximum 2. A fractal dimension of 1.262⩽D⩽2 can characterize the martensitic transformation. The larger the fractal dimension of the martensitic transformation, the more difficult the martensitic transformation and the more complicated the model of the martensitic transformation.
Pyrite/marcasite size, form, and microlithotype association in western Kentucky prepared coals

Abstract Pyrite/marcasite size category, form, and microlithotype association were examined in the feed, clean, and refuse coals from 14 western Kentucky preparation plants. The feed coals are high in sulfur and a relatively large amount of pyritic sulfur remains in the clean products. Pyrite in the clean coals was generally less than 10 micrometers in diameter. Pyrite forms concentrated in the clean coals were frequently framboidal and euhedral types associated with vitrite and clarite. The refuse concentrated the coarser massive and cleat forms associated with carbominerite.
Spatial memory and hippocampal plasticity are differentially sensitive to the availability of choline in adulthood as a function of choline supply in utero

Altered dietary choline availability early in life leads to persistent changes in spatial memory and hippocampal plasticity in adulthood. Developmental programming by early choline nutrition may determine the range of adult choline intake that is optimal for the types of neural plasticity involved in cognitive function. To test this, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a choline chloride deficient (DEF), sufficient (CON), or supplemented (SUP) diet during embryonic days 12-17 and then returned to a control diet (1.1 g choline chloride/kg). At 70 days of age, we found that DEF and SUP rats required fewer choices to locate 8 baited arms of a 12-arm radial maze than CON rats. When switched to a choline-deficient diet (0 g/kg), SUP rats showed impaired performance while CON and DEF rats were unaffected. In contrast, when switched to a choline-supplemented diet (5.0 g/kg), DEF rats' performance was significantly impaired while CON and SUP rats were less affected. These changes in performance were reversible when the rats were switched back to a control diet. In a second experiment, DEF, CON, and SUP rats were either maintained on a control diet, or the choline-supplemented diet. After 12 weeks, DEF rats were significantly impaired by choline supplementation on a matching-to-place water-maze task, which was also accompanied by a decrease in dentate cell proliferation in DEF rats only. IGF-1 levels were elevated by both prenatal and adult choline supplementation. Taken together, these findings suggest that the in utero availability of an essential nutrient, choline, causes differential behavioral and neuroplastic sensitivity to the adult choline supply.
Inhibition of Mouse Thymidylate Synthase Promoter Activity by the Wild-Type p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein

Abstract The p53 tumor suppressor protein is an important negative regulator of the G1to S transition in mammalian cells. We have investigated the effect of p53 on the expression of the mouse thymidylate synthase (TS) gene, which normally increases as cells enter S phase. A luciferase indicator gene that was driven by the wild-type or various modified forms of the TATA-less mouse TS promoter was transiently cotransfected with a p53 expression plasmid into TS-deficient hamster V79 cells and the level of luciferase activity was determined. We found that wild-type p53 inhibited TS promoter activity by greater than 95% but had a strong stimulatory effect on an artificial promoter that contained multiple p53-binding sites. In contrast, an expression plasmid that encodes a mutant form of p53 or a wild-type retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein had little effect on TS promoter activity. Deletion of sequences upstream or downstream of the TS essential promoter region, or inactivation of each of the known elements within the essential promoter region, had no effect on the ability of wild-type p53 to inhibit TS promoter activity. Our observations indicate that the inhibition of TS promoter activity by p53 is not due to the presence of a specific p53 negative response element in the TS promoter. Rather, it appears that p53 inhibits the TS promoter by sequestering (“squelching”) one or more general transcription factors.
Sensitivity Analysis of Informatively Coarsened Data Using Pattern Mixture Models

We use the framework of coarsened data to motivate performing sensitivity analysis in the presence of incomplete data. To perform the sensitivity analysis, we specify pattern-mixture models to allow departures from the assumption of coarsening at random, a generalization of missing at random and independent censoring. We apply the concept of coarsening to address potential bias from missing data and interval-censored data in a randomized controlled trial of an herbal treatment for acute hepatitis. Computer code using SAS PROC NLMIXED for fitting the models is provided.
Several New Phases in RE–Mg–Ge Systems (RE = Rare Earth Metal) – Syntheses, Structures, and Chemical Bonding

Reported are the synthesis and structural characterization of Ce5Mg8Ge8 (its own structure type), CeMg2–xGe2+x (BaAl4-type structure), RE4Mg7Ge6 (RE = Ce–Nd, Sm; La4Mg7Ge6-type structure), and RE4Mg5Ge6 (RE = Ce, Pr; Tm4Zn5Ge6-type structure). The structures of these compounds have been established by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. These compounds are closely related to each other not only in their chemical compositions but also in their structures. A common structural feature of all are MgGe4 tetrahedra, which are connected by corner- and/or edge-sharing into complex polyanionic frameworks with the rare-earth metal atoms filling the “empty” space. The structures are compared to known types of structures, and we have investigated the chemical bonding in Ce5Mg8Ge8 with electronic structure calculations, which were carried out by the tight-bonding linear muffin-tin orbital (TB–LMTO) method.
NSF faces critics

The National Science Foundation (NSF) has provided the bulk of federal support for ‘basic science’ since the end of the 1960's when most other federal funds moved toward the support of applied, industrial, social, and other-than-basic research. Right now, even this small portion of the nation's research budget appears to be threatened. In September, hearings began on H.R. 6910, a bill that contains a proposal for a National Technology Foundation (NTF) to replace the NSF. Congress has always been concerned about how programs of the NSF contribute to critical national needs; now concerted strong criticism is being voiced by major engineering societies that are pushing for more support of engineering research and training. According to a report in Science (September 26, 1980) there is ‘concern that U.S. excellence in science is not being translated into technological innovation,’ and this concern is ‘forcing a reassessment of the way NSF is organized and operates.’ Apparently, some legislators feel that the way to remedy this condition is to cut the support of science to reduce this disparity.
The separation of isotopes

Eight methods are available for separating isotopes or enriching the desired isotope content of a mixture. Each is based upon either a physical or chemical phenomenon dependent upon the mass weight rather than the charge on the nucleus. This is the sixth of a series of articles developed by the AIEE nucleonics committee; the entire series will be published in pamphlet form upon its completion.
BRST cohomology of the super-Virasoro algebras

We study the superextension of the semi-infinite cohomology theory of the Virasoro Algebra. In particular, we examine the BRST complex with coefficients in the Fock Space of the RNS superstring. We prove a theorem of vanishing cohomology, and establish the unitary equivalence between a positive definite transversal space, a physical subspace and the zeroth cohomology group. The cohomology of a subcomplex is identified as the covariant equivalent of the well-known GSO subspace. An exceptional case to the vanishing theorem is discussed.
Trovafloxacin Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α by Macrophages: Role of the DNA Damage Response

Trovafloxacin (TVX) is a drug that has caused idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) in humans. In a murine model of IDILI, otherwise nontoxic doses of TVX and the inflammagen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interacted to produce pronounced hepatocellular injury. The liver injury depended on a TVX-induced, small but significant prolongation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) appearance in the plasma. The enhancement of TNF expression by TVX was reproduced in vitro in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages (RAW cells) stimulated with LPS. The current study was designed to identify the molecular target of TVX responsible for this response in RAW cells. An in silico analysis suggested a favorable binding profile of TVX to eukaryotic topoisomerase II-α (TopIIα), and a cell-free assay revealed that TVX inhibited eukaryotic TopIIα activity. Topoisomerase inhibition is known to lead to DNA damage, and TVX increased the DNA damage marker phosphorylated histone 2A.X in RAW cells. Moreover, TVX induced activation of the DNA damage sensor kinases, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Rad3-related (ATR). The ATR inhibitor NU6027 [6-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-5-nitrosopyrimidine-2,4-diamine] prevented the TVX-mediated increases in LPS-induced TNF mRNA and protein release, whereas a selective ATM inhibitor [2-(4-morpholinyl)-6-(1-thianthrenyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (KU55933)] was without effect. TVX prolonged TNF mRNA stability, and this effect was largely attenuated by NU6027. These results suggest that TVX can inhibit eukaryotic topoisomerase, leading to activation of ATR and potentiation of TNF release by macrophages, at least in part through increased mRNA stability. This off-target effect might contribute to the ability of TVX to precipitate IDILI in humans.
Extending the Trait–State–Occasion Model: How Important Is Within-Wave Measurement Equivalence?

Abstract Trait–State–Occasion (TSO) covariance models represent an important advance in methods for studying the longitudinal stability of latent constructs. Such models have only been examined under fairly restricted conditions (e.g., having only 2 tau-equivalent indicators per wave). In this study, Monte Carlo simulations revealed the effects of having 2 versus 3 indicators per wave and relaxing the within-wave tau equivalence. These modifications were examined under conditions that varied with regard to the within-wave trait variance and the cross-wave stability of occasion influences. In general, the TSO model performed well (i.e., few convergence problems or out-of-range parameter estimates) under most of these conditions; however, the likelihood of improper solutions increased when only 2 indicators were used per wave, when factor loadings were small, when the proportion of trait variance was either very high or very low, and when the occasion factor was highly stable. Based on these findings, recom...
Spontaneous discharge rates of cat cerebellar Purkinje cells in sleep and waking.

Abstract 1. 1. Purkinje cells in the posterior vermian cerebellum, which identified themselves in extracellular micro-electrode recording, showed significant decreases in rate of both simple and comples spike discharge when cats went from waking to synchronized sleep. This result was interpreted as consistent with the rest hypothesis of sleep. Because such decreases in rate appeared to be independent of movement, muscle tone and posture, it seemed unlikely that they were the result of feedback from the peripheral motor components of the behavioral change. The fact that presumed granule cells also decreased in rate during synchronized sleep suggested that a decrease in excitatory drive via the mossy fiber pathway might contribute to the decrease in simple spike rate. The decrease in complex spike rate must also be extra-cerebellar in origin since the climbing fibers originate from cells in the olivary brain stem. In the case of both simple and complex spikes, a decrease in activity of brain-stem reticular neurons could account for the results. 2. 2. During the desynchronized phase of sleep, mean rates of both simple and complex spikes were at higher levels than those in waking or in synchronized sleep. This result was interpreted as inconsistent with the rest hypothesis of sleep. Both kinds of discharge were more frequent at the time of the rapid eye movements and associated phasic activity, but simple spikes also showed a tonic increase in rate that was independent of small movements. The increase in complex spike rate could be entirely accounted for by firing associated with eye movement. Since muscle tone was invariably lower during desynchronized sleep, it would be assumed that the tonic increase in rate of simple spikes was not the result of excitation from spino-cerebellar inputs of muscular origin. An increase in excitatory input from reticular neurons is a likely cause of the observed change in levels of simple and complex spike activity in desynchronized sleep.
A reconstruction decoder for computing with words

The Word decoder is a very important approach for decoding in the Perceptual Computer. It maps the computing with words (CWWs) engine output, which is a fuzzy set, into a word in a codebook so that it can be understood. However, the Word decoder suffers from significant information loss, i.e., the fuzzy set model of the mapped word may be quite different from the fuzzy set output by the CWW engine, especially when the codebook is small. In this paper we propose a Reconstruction decoder, which represents the CWW engine output as a combination of two successive codebook words with minimum information loss by solving a constrained optimization problem. The Reconstruction decoder preserves the shape information of the CWW engine output in a simple form without sacrificing much accuracy. It can be viewed as a generalized Word decoder and is also implicitly a Rank decoder. Moreover, it is equivalent to the 2-tuple representation under certain conditions. The effectiveness of the Reconstruction decoder is verified by three experiments.
Functional expression and biophysical properties of polymorphic variants of the human gap junction protein connexin37.

Abstract Connexin37 (Cx37) forms gap junction channels between endothelial cells, and two polymorphic Cx37 variants (Cx37-S319 and Cx37-P319) have been identified with a possible link to atherosclerosis. We studied the gap junction channel properties of these hCx37 polymorphs by expression in stably transfected communication-deficient cells (N2A and RIN). We also expressed a third, truncated variant (Cx37-fs254Δ293) and Cx37 constructs containing epitope tags added to their amino or carboxyl termini. All Cx37 constructs were produced by the transfected cells as demonstrated by RT-PCR and immunoblotting and trafficked to appositional surfaces between cells as demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Dual whole cell patch-clamping studies demonstrated that Cx37-P319, Cx37-S319, and Cx37-fs254Δ293 had large unitary conductances (∼300 pS). However, addition of an amino terminal T7 tag (T7-Cx37-fs254Δ293) produced a single channel conductance of 120–145 pS with a 24–30 pS residual state. Moreover, the kinetics of the voltage-dependent decline in junctional current for T7-Cx37-fs254Δ293 were significantly slower than for the wild type, implying a destabilization of the transition state. These data suggest that the amino terminus of Cx37 plays a significant role in gating as well as conductance. The carboxyl terminal tail has lesser influence on unitary conductance and inactivation kinetics.
Abortion training at multiple sites: an unexpected curriculum for teaching systems-based practice.

Background: In 1999, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education endorsed systems-based practice as one of six general competencies. Purpose: The objective is to explore the paradigm of teaching residents systems-based practice during a women's health rotation that included abortion training in multiple settings. Methods: During a routine women's health rotation, residents from two urban family medicine residency programs received early abortion training at a high-volume abortion clinic and their continuity clinic. Thirty-min semistructured interviews were conducted with all 26 residents who rotated between July 2005 and August 2006. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic codes. Results: Through exposure to different healthcare delivery systems, residents learned about systems-based practice, including understanding the failure of the larger system to meet patients' reproductive healthcare needs, differences between two systems, and potential systems barriers they might face as providers. C...