cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximate cost estimates for typical turned parts

Abstract A model is derived for the cost of typical rotational components machined from bar in a CNC turret lathe. It is found that for components having a finished volume greater than 20 cubic inches the work material costs contribute more than 80% to the total component cost. For smaller components, however, the machining costs—particularly the nonproductive costs associated with workpiece handling—become increasingly important. This phenomenon results in rapidly increasing costs per unit weight (or costs per unit volume) for smaller components. It is also found that by using a cost model, such as the one developed here, it is possible to provide information for the product designer who wishes to make trade-off decisions regarding the materials and manufacturing methods for proposed components.
Design of an emission ratiometric biosensor from MerR family proteins: a sensitive and selective sensor for Hg2+

A ratiometric fluorescent biosensor for Hg2+ is constructed from the MerR protein and a duplex DNA containing a pyrene excimer.
Tidal events and salt‐marsh structure influence black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) recruitment across an ecotone

Field experiments were conducted at a black mangrove–salt-marsh ecotone in southwest Florida (USA) to investigate retention of propagules of the black mangrove, Avicennia germinans, by salt-marsh plants as a mechanism of facilitation operating on recruitment success at landward boundaries. Buoyant A. germinans propagules are dispersed by tides, and stranding is required for establishment; therefore, processes that enable stranding should facilitate mangrove recruitment. We expected the physical structure of salt-marsh vegetation to define propagule retention capacity, and we predicted that salt-marsh plants with distinct growth forms would differentially retain propagules. Experimental monoculture plots (1 m2) of salt-marsh plants with different growth forms (Sporobolus virginicus [grass], Sesuvium portulacastrum [succulent forb], and Batis maritima [succulent scrub]) were created, and A. germinans propagules were emplaced into these plots and monitored over time. For comparison, propagules were also plac...
Postsurgical follow-up of children with tympanostomy tubes: results of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Pediatric Otolaryngology Committee National Survey.

Abstract Postsurgical follow-up of children with tympanostomy tubes is becoming a contentious issue in this era of managed care. Primary care providers believe themselves to be capable of evaluating these children. Otolaryngologists, on the other hand, have more specialized equipment available to them (suction apparatus, otomicroscopes, audiology devices, etc) for treating suppurative infections and monitoring the tympanic membrane for structural changes. In addition, the otolaryngologist is placed in an uncomfortable legal and ethical position if access to the patient with a tube-related complication is denied by the primary care provider. Attempts to develop an American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) policy statement have been hampered by a lack of data on the incidence and severity of tube-related complications and the role that otolaryngologists can play in reducing these sequelae. A survey designed by the AAO-HNS Pediatric Otolaryngology Committee was distributed to 1000 board-certified otolaryngologists and all members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngologists and the American Academy of Pediatrics–Otolaryngology Section regarding current practice patterns and practitioners’ experiences with tympanostomy tube complications. Specific information regarding complications that could have been avoided with earlier otolaryngology referral was also obtained. The results of the survey and its implications for AAO-HNS policy are presented. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:313-8.)
Chromosome chains and platypus sex: kinky connections.

Mammal sex determination depends on an XY chromosome system, a gene for testis development and a means of activating the X chromosome. The duckbill platypus challenges these dogmas.1,2 Gutzner et al.1 find no recognizable SRY sequence and question whether the mammalian X was even the original sex chromosome in the platypus. Instead they suggest that the original platypus sex chromosomes were derived from the ZW chromosome system of birds and reptiles. Unraveling the puzzles of sex determination and dosage compensation in the platypus has been complicated by the fact that it has a surplus of sex chromosomes. Rather than a single X and Y chromosome, the male platypus has five Xs and five Ys. BioEssays 27:681–684, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mass loss and nutrient release from decomposing evergreen and deciduous Nothofagus litters from the Chilean Andes

Abstract Leaf litter decomposition experiments were conducted on two deciduous (Nothofagus obliqua (roble)) and Nothofagus pumilio (lenga)) and one evergreen (Nothofagus dombeyi) Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae) species from a single Chilean forest in order to understand how congeneric trees with differing leaf lifespans impact the soil in which they grow. Single-species litter samples were decomposed in a mixed hardwood forest in Ohio and in a deciduous-evergreen Nothofagus forest in Chile. In the Ohio forest, the two deciduous species’ litters decomposed at k ≈ 1.00 per year and the evergreen at k ≈ 0.75 per year. In Chile k ranged from k ≈ 0.06 (N. obliqua) to k ≈ 0.23 (N. pumilio) per year. In both experiments, N and P were released faster from the deciduous litters than from evergreen litter. In Ohio, evergreen litter immobilized more N and P for a longer time period than did deciduous litter. As N. dombeyi stands tend to have lower available soil N and P in this particular mixed Nothofagus forest, the increased time of N and P immobilization by N. dombeyi litter suggests a feedback role of the tree itself in perpetuating low N and P soil conditions.
Analysis of the singular vectors of the full-physics Florida State University Global Spectral Model

Analysis of singular vectors (SVs) is performed on the Florida State University Global Spectral Model, which includes linearized full physics of the atmosphere. It is demonstrated that the physical processes, especially precipitation, fundamentally affect the leading SVs. When the SVs are coupled with the precipitation geographically, their growth rates increase substantially and their structures change significantly. The physical processes however have little impact on growth rates or structures of the SVs that are geographically independent of precipitation. Furthermore, it is shown that spatial filtering along with the projection operator that projects the flow winds to the rotational wind (designed as a simple initialization process) improves the structural features of SVs and is found to mitigate spurious modes.
Structural, electronic, and vibrational characterization of Fe-HNO porphyrinates by density functional theory.

A recent report of the structural and vibrational properties of heme-bound HNO in myoglobin, MbHNO, revealed a long Fe-N H N O bond with the hydrogen atom bonded to the coordinated N atom. The Fe-N(H)-O moiety was reported to exhibit an unusually high Fe-N H N O stretching frequency relative to those of the corresponding {FeNO} 6 and {FeNO} 7 porphyrinates, despite the Fe-N H N O bond being longer than either of its Fe-N N O counterparts. Herein, we present results from density functional theory calculations of an active site model of MbHNO that support the previous assignment and clarify this seemingly contradictory result. The results are consistent with the experimental evidence for a ground-state Fe-N(H)-O structure having a long Fe-N H N O bond and a uniquely high ν F e - N ( H N O ) frequency. This high frequency is the result of the correspondingly low reduced mass of the normal mode, which is largely attributable to significant motion of the N-bound hydrogen atom. Additionally, the calculations show the Fe-N(H)O bonding in this complex to be remarkably insensitive to whether the HNO and ImH ligand planes are parallel or perpendicular. This is attributed to insensitivities of the Fe-L a x i a l characters of molecular orbitals to the relative HNO and ImH orientation in both the parallel and perpendicular conformers.
Effects of oxygenates and moisture on adsorptive desulfurization of liquid fuels with Cu(I)Y zeolite

Abstract Oxygenates (i.e., ethanol and MTBE as required additives in gasoline) and moisture were found to have strong inhibiting effects on desulfurization by adsorption with zeolite. The effects of each individual molecule were studied quantitatively by using a model fuel (500 ppmw thiophene in 80% n -octane + 20% benzene). Cu(I)Y was used as the π-complexation sorbent. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations showed that the adsorption bond energies with Cu(I)Y were: 21.4 kcal/mol for thiophene; 31.0 kcal/mol for MTBE and 41.6 kcal/mol for ethanol. Separation or selectivity factors can be estimated from heats of adsorption, and the inhibiting effects were predicted to follow the order of the relative heats of adsorption: water > ethanol > MTBE > thiophene. The inhibiting effects were measured by the decreases in the desulfurization capacities of Cu(I)Y in the presence of each additive in the model fuel. The results were in agreement with the theoretical prediction. In addition, the desulfurization capacity was strongly dependent on the liquid hourly space velocity because of the diffusion limitation of thiophene in the zeolite crystals.
Aerosol-induced brucellosis increases TLR-2 expression and increased complexity in the microanatomy of astroglia in rhesus macaques.

Brucella melitensis, a bacterial pathogen and agent of epizootic abortion causes multiple pathologies in humans as well as a number of agriculturally important animal species. Clinical human brucellosis manifests as a nonspecific, chronic debilitating disease characterized by undulant fever, arthropathies, cardiomyopathies and neurological sequelae. These symptoms can occur acutely for a few weeks or persist for months to years. Within the brain, endothelial and glial cells can be infected leading to downstream activation events including matrix metalloprotease (MMP) and cytokine secretion and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. These events are likely to lead to tissue remodeling, including morphologic changes in neuronal and glial cells, which are linked to neurological complications including depressive behavior, immune activation and memory loss. Our hypothesis was that B. melitensis infection and neurobrucellosis would lead to activation of astrocytes through upregulation of TLR2 and stimulate concurrent changes in the microanatomy. All six animals were infected via inhalation route. TLR2 expression was approximately doubled in white matter astrocytes of infected rhesus macaques. There was also a 50% increase in the number of astrocytes per unit area in subcortical white matter tracts suggesting increased innate immune activation. This coincided with dramatic increases in the length and complexity of the cell arbor of hypertrophic astrocytes in both cortical grey and white matter. Thus, aerosol-induced brucellosis results in dramatically increased innate immune activation of astrocytes in the absence of widespread neuroinflammation.
A model of the role of adaptation and disadaptation in olfactory receptor neurons : implications for the coding of temporal and intensity patterns in odor signals

Natural odors occur as turbulent plumes resulting in spatially and temporally variable odor signals at the chemoreceptor cells. Concentrations can fluctuate widely within discrete packets of odor and individual packets are very intermittent and unpredictable. Chemoreceptor cells display the temporally dynamic properties of adaptation and disadaptation, which serve to alter their responses to these fluctuating odor patterns. A computational model, modified from one previously published, was used to investigate the effect of adaptation and recovery of adaptation (disadaptation) on the spike output of model olfactory receptor cells under natural stimulus conditions. The response characteristics of model cells were based upon empirically determined dose-response, adaptation, disadaptation and flicker fusion properties of peripheral olfactory cells. The physiological properties of the model cell (adaptation and disadaptation rate and the dose-response relationship) could be modified independently, allowing assessment of the role of each in shaping the responses of the model cell. Complete adaptation and disadaptation time courses ranged from 500 ms (rapid cells) to 10 s (slow cells). The stimuli for the model cells were quantified odor plume recordings obtained under a variety of biologically relevant flow conditions. As expected, the rapidly adapting model cells displayed different response characteristics than the slowly adapting model cells to identical temporal odor profiles. Responses of the model cells depended upon their adaptation and disadaptation rates, and the frequency characteristics of the odor presentation. These results indicate that adaptation and disadaptation determine the range of concentration fluctuations over which a particular cell will respond. Thus, these properties function as an olfactory equivalent of a band-pass filter in electronics. This type of filtering has implications for the extraction of information from odor signals, such as the coding of temporal and intensity features.
Serial magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: correlation with attacks, disability, and disease stage

Serial MRI and clinical testing was performed on 45 well-defined untreated multiple sclerosis patients in different categories of disease (relapsing-remitting, progressive, stable). Up to 24 MRIs were scheduled over a 1-year period for each patient. Clinical evaluation was performed monthly and at times of attacks using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Ambulation Index (AI). MRI scans were performed both with and without gadolinium enhancement. MRI lesion volume was determined by computerized analysis and gadolinium-enhancing lesions were counted by radiologists. We observed an increase in lesion volume over 1 year in all patient groups except those classified clinically as stable. In relapsing-remitting patients there were correlations between increases in the number of gadolinium enhancing lesions and increases in EDSS and the occurrence of attacks. In chronic progressive patients, increases in lesion volume were correlated with both increases in EDSS and AI. These results demonstrate a linkage between MRI and clinical disease that depends both on the stage of MS and the MRI measures used and support the use of MRI as a surrogate marker of clinical disability in the study of multiple sclerosis.
Thyroxine Metabolism in Cultured Cells Derived from Fetal Rat Lung

Summary: The role of thyroxine (T4) in fetal lung development has been demonstrated previously. Because triiodothyronine (T3), not T4, is thought to be the active hormone, and because T3 nuclear receptors appear to be present in fetal lung, the following studies were performed to examine peripheral metabolism of [125I]T4 by organotypic and mixed monolayer cultures of fetal lung cells. The cells were derived from fetal rat lungs obtained at 16 and 19 days of gestation. Short term (2 h) incubations of homogenized organotypic cultures and mixed monolayer cultures with [125I]T4 showed minimal amounts of [125]T3 generation expressed as % added T4 per mg protein (0.43 ± 0.32 and 0.56 ± 0.28, respectively). In addition, there appeared to be “excess iodide” (2.21) and substantial generation of rT3 (i.e., 2.67 ± 1.1 and 1.87 ± 1.0, respectively). In a subsequent group of experiments, deiodination of [125I]T4 was allowed to proceed by incubating intact organotypic cultures with [125IT4 for longer periods (36 h). Subsequent assessment and comparison of deiodination products in the subcellular fractions showed that the highest % of [125I]T3 (relative to total thyronines) was present in the fraction enriched with nuclei (7.7 ± 2.3). This was significantly different from the [125I]T3 in homogenized whole cells (4.54 ± 1.5), and markedly different from the medium which contained the lowest % of [125I]T3 (0.18 ± 0.2). Further confirmation was obtained to show that this high concentration of [125I]T3 in the nuclear fraction had in fact been generated de novo and did not merely result from redistribution of labeled hormones among the cellular compartments. Incubation of organotypic cultures with two different isotopically-labeled hormones ([131I]T3 and [125I]T4) permitted calculation of nuclear to medium ratios for [131I]T3 and [125I]T3; the ratio of these provided an index of intracellular conversion of [125I]T4 to [125I]T3. The mean of five such experiments demonstrated that of the total [125I]T3 attached to the nuclear fraction at the end of the incubation, 32% was newly generated and 68% was derived by influx from the medium. These results indicate that organotypic cultures derived from day 19 fetal rat lung are capable of deiodinating T4 and that both rT3 and T3 are generated. The generated T3 appears to be retained by the lung cells and is bound to the nuclear fraction. On the other hand, rT3 is distributed more evenly throughout the cell and in the medium and presumably is not bound.
Influence of the COMT val108/158met polymorphism on Continuous Performance Task Indices

Abstract The Continuous Performance Task (CPT) is a widely-used measure of sustained attention and impulsivity. Deficits in CPT performance have been found in several psychiatric disorders, such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia. Molecular genetic studies of CPT performance are currently limited and have generally revealed inconsistent findings. The current study tested the associations of the COMT val 108/158 met polymorphism with AX-CPT indices (i.e., omission and commission errors, d׳ , and lnβ), as well as the variability of these indices across blocks, in a sample of clinic-referred and non-referred children ( N =380). We found significant associations between COMT and variability in the Signal Detection Theory (SDT) indices d׳ and lnβ across blocks, as well as a statistical trend for association between COMT and commission errors. Higher externalizing psychopathology was associated with general impairment on AX-CPT performance, and for some indices (i.e., d׳ variability and lnβ variability) the effect of COMT was stronger at higher levels of psychopathology. Our findings support the role of COMT in components of CPT performance and highlight the potential utility of using SDT indices, particularly in relation to variability in performance. Moreover, our results suggest that for some indices the effect of COMT is stronger at higher levels of externalizing psychopathology. Our study yields some preliminary insights regarding the neurobiology of CPT performance, which may elucidate the mechanisms by which specific genes confer risk for various cognitive deficits, as well as relevant disorders characterized by these deficits.
Applying Adaptive Structuration Theory to Health Information Systems Adoption: A Case Study

Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST) is rapidly becoming an important theoretical paradigm for comprehending the impact of advanced information technologies. In this paper, a modified AST model was designed to illustrate the changing inter-relationships among the variables affecting the adoption and application of a new technology into a medical organization setting. Using findings from a case study conducted over a 10-month period, the authors apply the case to the model to illustrate the complex interactions between medical billing technology and organizational processes. As the organization attempted to install and implement the new system, they found that in order to maintain daily operations, they would have to modify and adapt several aspects of the organization, technology, and operations. As the system was slowly integrated into operations and the organizationâ€™s needs evolved through the adaptation process, the study, in turn, found that different iterations of the model could emphasize different structures. The case illustrated that the capacity to manage health information systems (HIS) often requires the organization to prioritize its needs and focus its energies on a critical structure while temporarily disregarding others until the primary healthcare processes are under control.
Expectations of useful complex Wishart forms

Complex Wishart matrices are a key part of many multidimensional signal processing algorithms, and expectations of expressions containing them are needed to quantify their performance. In this paper we derive concise formulas forE{WAW},E{W−1AW−1}, and other useful expressions, whereW follows the complex Wishart distribution andA is a deterministic matrix.A need not be symmetric. We show how the results can be used to quantify the performance of adaptive array processing algorithms.
Combined Loading of a Wave and Surface Current on a Fixed Vertical Slender Cylinder

A study on the loading of an oblique surface wave and a surface current field on a fixed vertical slender cylinder in a 3D flow frame is illustrated in the present paper. The three dimensional expressions describing the characteristics of the combined wave-current field in terms of mass, momentum and energy flux conservation equations are formulated. The parameters before the interaction of the oblique wave-free uniform current and current-free wave are used to formulate the kinematics of the flow field. These expressions are also employed to formulate and calculate the loads imparted by the wave-current fluid flow on a bottom mounted slender vertical cylinder. The surface current considered in this report, is assumed uniform and acting over a layer of fluid that extends from the free surface to a specified finite depth. Prior work assumes that uniform currents existed over the total depth of the fluid domain. In this paper we extend the approach considered in Zaman and Baddour (2004) for the wave-current analysis. Morison et al equation is deployed for the load computations in all cases. The above model is utilized to compute the loads on a slender cylinder for a wave with varying range of incidence current field. Computations of the moments are also done for the case when current is existed over the whole water depth of the domain.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Political Viability of Youth Services: A Bit of Legislative History

Cooke, for several decades one of the Capitol's most influential lobbyists on behalf of ALA and library services, tells about the political appeal of libraries at the national level. Cooke runs down the history of library‐related legislation, covering a span from the late '50s up until the present day. Following this historical rundown, Cooke puts into perspective the current Goals for American Education, how they relate to history, and how they will affect the future.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Sustained-Release Bupropion, Nicotine Patch, or Both for Smoking Cessation

Abstract Background. The nicotine transdermal patch (NTP) has been shown previously to be a cost-effective smoking cessation intervention. This is the first economic analysis comparing the NTP with the only non-nicotine-containing pharmacological intervention, bupropion HCl. Methods. Decision-tree analysis, based on a previously published cost-benefit smoking-cessation model, was used to determine the optimal treatment from the standpoint of costs versus benefits, from the employer's perspective. Base-case probabilities of successful quitting in our model came from clinical trial point-prevalence data at the end of a 1-year follow-up study (N = 893) comparing placebo, bupropion, NTP, and bupropion/NTP in combination, administered along with minimal counseling. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the effects of variations in base-case assumptions regarding the monetary benefits that would accrue if an intervention were successful, probabilities of quitting, drug costs, cost of lost work time for a health care provider visit, and cost of the visit itself. Results. The analysis showed that bupropion is more cost-beneficial than either NTP or bupropion/NTP, with a net benefit in the first post-quit year of up to $338 per employee who attempts to quit compared with $26 for NTP, $178 for the two in combination, and $258 for placebo. These results were robust to most plausible variations in the assumptions used in the model. One exception was the monetary benefit of successful intervention (assumed in the base-case to be $1,654). If this benefit were actually less than $1,112, placebo (i.e., minimal counseling with no pharmacological intervention) would be more cost-beneficial than any of the active treatments. Conclusion. From an employer's perspective, bupropion 300 mg/day for 9 weeks is a more cost-beneficial smoking cessation intervention than the nicotine patch, and under most scenarios, bupropion is also more cost-beneficial than placebo.
A readout scheme providing high spatial resolution for distributed fluorescent sensors on optical fibers.

Optical fiber sensors using fluorescent probes distributed along the fiber cladding are of great interest for monitoring physical and chemical properties in their environment. The location of an emitting fluorophore along a fiber can be determined by measuring the time delay between a short, exciting laser pulse propagating in the fiber core and the returning fluorescence pulse. However, fluorescence lifetimes limit the spatial resolution, since a minimum separation of the fluorophores is required to resolve returning light pulses. For many applications, a closer spacing of sensor regions is desirable. We present a new method for the readout of closely packed fluorescent chemosensors located in the cladding of an optical fiber. By using a second fiber as an optical delay line, the minimum spacing between adjacent sensor regions can be well below the fluorescence lifetime limit. Since the coupling between the two fibers is evanescent, the attenuation of the excitation pulse is low, making long arrays of se...
Mating Resets Male Cricket Aggression

An animal’s motivational state can significantly impact its behavior. We examined the effects of mating on the aggression of male Acheta domesticus crickets. Pairs of males were allowed to establish dominance and subordinance and were then physically separated. Subordinate males were then allowed to either copulate with a female or to have chemo-tactile contact with, but to not copulate with, a female. Less than 15 min after separation, all male pairs engaged in a second agonistic encounter. Subordinate males that copulated with females were significantly more aggressive toward their dominant partners than un-mated subordinate males. Many mated subordinates became dominant. Allowing a subordinate male to contact, but not copulate with, a female had a similar effect, suggesting that chemo-tactile cues from the female are sufficient to elicit this change in aggression.
Differences in Hippocampal Neuronal Population Responses to Modifications of an Environmental Context: Evidence for Distinct, Yet Complementary, Functions of CA3 and CA1 Ensembles

Understanding how the hippocampus processes information critical for establishing spatial and declarative memories will benefit greatly from determining not only what kind of information the hippocampus registers, but also how this information is processed across the different hippocampal subfields. We addressed this question using a novel immediate-early gene-based brain-imaging method (Arc/H1a catFISH) that allows comparisons of neuronal ensembles activated by two experiences separated by ∼30 min. Rats exposed to the same environment twice activated CA3 and CA1 ensembles with a similarly high degree of overlap. Changing the identity or configuration of local cues, or changing distal cues, activated CA3 and CA1 ensembles with reduced overlap. Yet, the overlap was greater in CA3 than in CA1. In contrast, rats exposed to two completely different environments activated CA3 and CA1 ensembles with low overlap, and this overlap was even lower in CA3 compared with CA1. Thus, CA3 has a discontinuous, whereas CA1 has a graded, population response to alterations of an environment. Additionally, as indicated by the percentage of active neurons, the context representation was more sparse in CA3 (∼18%) than in CA1 (∼35%). Finally, CA3 and CA1 activity levels were not correlated within a session, arguing against a simple coactivation of these regions. Instead, the within-rat ratio of CA3/CA1 cell activity was correlated across sessions, suggesting that the balance of CA3/CA1 activity is individual specific. Taken together, these findings suggest that CA3 and CA1 neuronal ensembles perform distinct, yet complementary, functions in the processing of spatial and contextual information.
Router connected physical media in networking the intelligent home

The performance of the CEBus, a proposed computer network standard for the intelligent home, implemented with power line (PL) and twisted pair (TP) media, interconnected through a router, has been investigated. The delay and throughput characteristics of each of the three priority class of messages, i.e. deferred, standard, and high, have been measured. Overall, the PL-Router-TP network system has behaved well and as expected, however, care must be taken to restrict traffic from the high (TP) to the low (PL) capacity medium to reasonable levels from the point of view of the low capacity medium. >
EXPERIMENTS ON THE GENERATION OF SMALL WATER WAVES BY WIND

The generation and growth of small water waves by a turbulent wind has been investigated in a laboratory channel. The evolution of these oscillations with fetch was traced from their inception with amplitudes in the micron range under conditions of steady air flow. The experiments revealed that the waves are generated at all air velocities in small bursts consisting of groups of waves of nearly constant frequency. After travelling for some distance downstream, these wavelets attain sufficient amplitude to become visible. For this condition, a wind speed critical to raise waves is well defined. After the first wavelets appear, two new stages of growth are identified at longer fetches if the air speed remains unchanged. In the first of these, the wave component associated with the spectral peak grows faster with fetch than any other part of the wave spectrum of the initial waves until its amplitude attains an upper limit consistent with Phillips's equilibrium range, which appears to be universal for wind waves on any body of water. If the air flow is not changed, then the frequency of this dominant wave remains constant with fetch up to equilibrium. This frequency tends to decrease, however, with increasing wind shear on the water. In the second stage of growth, only the energy of wave components with spectral densities lower than the equilibrium limit tend to increase with fetch so that the wave spectrum is maintained near equilibrium in the high-frequency range of the spectrum.The origin of the first waves and the rate of their subsequent growth was examined in the light of possible generating mechanisms. There was no indication that they were produced by direct interaction of the water surface with the air turbulence. Neither could any significant feedback of the waves into the turbulence structure be detected. The growth of the waves was found to be in better agreement with theoretical predictions. Under the shearing action of the wind, the first waves were found to grow exponentially. The growth rates agreed with the estimates from the viscous shearing mechanism of Miles (1962a) to a fractional error of 61% or less. A slight improvement was obtained with the viscous theory of Drake (1967) in which Miles’ model is extended to include the effect of the drift current induced by the wind in the water. Since the magnitude of the water currents observed in the tunnel is very small, this improvement is not significant.
Wavefront distortion in ultrasonic imaging

The influence of wavefront distortion in clinical ultrasonic imaging is examined using a model that represents the received signal as a convolution of the scattering source and the system beam pattern. Assuming the beam pattern can be factored into the product of axial and lateral functions, time jitter with a sinusoidal and a Gaussian distribution is used to show the effect of wavefront distortion on the correlation of the signal across the system aperture. The results illustrate how time jitter couples into beam width to degrade resolution. >
Use of CO2 laser for gingivectomy in a patient with Sturge-Weber disease complicated by dilantin hyperplasia

Un cas dans lequel le laser a CO 2 a ete utilise pour realiser une gingivectomie chez un malade atteint de maladie de Sturge-Weber. Action du laser a CO 2 sur la dent
Fast Monte Carlo Simulation Based Joint Iterative Reconstruction for Simultaneous 99mTc/123I Brain SPECT Imaging

Simultaneous 99mTc/123I SPECT allows assessment of two functions under identical physiological conditions. Separation of these isotopes is difficult, however, because their energies are close. Most correction methods do not fully model either physical effects or patient-specific activity and attenuation distributions, and often reject scattered photons, rather than using the information they carry. We have developed a fast Monte Carlo (MC) simulation-based multiple-isotope and multiple-energy joint ordered-subset expectation maximization (JOSEM) iterative reconstruction algorithm, MC-JOSEM, that simultaneously corrects for scatter and crosstalk. We evaluated MC-JOSEM for simultaneous brain perfusion (99mTc-HMPAO) and neurotransmission (123I-altropane) SPECT. MC simulations of 99mTc and 123I studies were generated separately and then combined to mimic simultaneous 99mTc/123I SPECT. All details of photon transport through the brain, the collimator, and detector, including Compton and coherent scatter, septal penetration and backscatter from components behind the crystal, were modeled. We reconstructed images from simultaneous dual-isotope projections in two ways. First, we reconstructed the photopeak-energy-window projections (with an asymmetric energy window for 123I) using the standard ordered subsets expectation maximization algorithm (AW-OSEM). Second, we reconstructed the 3-energy-window projections using a MC based iterative reconstruction that we have developed (MC-JOSEM). After fifteen iterations of reconstruction of 99mTc images, root mean square errors (RMSE) of activity estimates in several brain structures from MC-JOSEM were reduced by 79-94% compared to AW-OSEM in the thalamus, striata, white matter, and gray matter. Similarly, RMSE of activity estimates from 123I images reconstructed by fifteen iterations of MC-JOSEM were reduced by 30-58% compared to AW-OSEM in the striata and background.
Impasse-driven learning in the context of video games

This study was designed to elucidate the problem-solving skills used by frequent and infrequent video game players to negotiate impasses encountered while playing a novel video game. All participants were instructed to think aloud while playing a video game for 20 consecutive minutes. Comments made were then used to make inferences about the problem-solving skills that participants used to resolve impasses encountered during the game. Findings showed that frequent players made significantly greater reference to insight and game strategies than infrequent players. After reaching an impasse, all players also were most likely to comment on their game progress and potential game strategies to use. Over the course of game play, all participants showed increasing emphasis on their problem-solving skills as evidenced through their greater mention of insight, game strategies, and goal comments.
Diagenetic Model For Carbonate Rocks In Midcontinent Pennsylvanian Eustatic Cyclothems

ABSTRACT Diagenetic patterns in cyclic Midcontinent Pennsylvanian carbonates are readily explained in terms of a predictive diagenetic model derived logically from the eustatic depositional model for widespread Pennsylvanian cyclothems developed by Heckel (1977, 1980). Transgressive shoal-water calcarenites are characterized by pervasive overpacking of grains, neomorphism of originally aragonite grains (ooids, green algae, molluscs), and ferroan calcite and dolomite cement, which indicate movement from the marinephreatic environment of deposition and diagenesis into the low-oxygen deeper-burial connate zone, with substantial compaction before any cementation. Offshore invertebrate calcarenites associated with offshore ("core") shales also are characterized by pervasive overpacking of grains an ferroan carbonate cements, which indicate a similar diagenetic history; their lack of discernible neomorphism relates to original absence of shallow-water aragonite grains (ooids, green algae), and probable removal of thin-shelled molluscs by dissolution during long periods of sediment starvation in cool water, which also corroded the edges of many calcite grains. Regressive shoal-water calcarenites show a much greater variety of diagenetic features, including early marine cement rims and large-scale leaching of originally aragonite grains, often with subsequent collapse of micrite envelopes, grain fragments and overlying material in samples insufficiently stabilized by early cement rims. This was followed by pervasive cementation by blocky calcite before much further compaction, then by ferroan calcite and finally ferroan dolomite in remaining voids. This pattern indicates replacement of depositional marine-phreatic water by meteoric water, which dissolved unstable carbonate grains and then deposited stable carbonate cements in environments that eventually became increasingly oxygen depleted and otherwise chemically changed, probably as mixing zone and deeper connate water moved back into the rock and replaced the meteoric water during and after the succeeding transgression. Trends in calcilutites are essentially similar to those in calcarenites of equivalent phase of deposition, with evidence of subaerial exposure and meteoric-vadose soil formation in strata at the top of many regressive limestones. It is apparent that with the regression of the sea and emergence that terminated deposition of a cyclothem, meteoric water penetrated the permeable pans of the regressive carbonate and left its distinctive diagenetic patterns of early leaching and cementation before much compaction took place, but rarely did meteoric water penetrate the impermeable offshore shale. which acted as a "seal." This allowed associated offshore and underlying transgressive carbonates to become more deeply buried and substantially compacted before cementation took place, with unstable grains undergoing slow neomorphism in the absence of meteoric leaching.
Effects of boundaries in an array of superconducting weak links

We report the results of a computer simulation of the behavior of a finite array of superconducting weak links on a two dimensional square lattice. We find that the shape as well as the size of the array have an important influence on the behavior of quantized vortices in the array and the induction of those vortices into the array when a magnetic field is applied. In particular, we find it impossible to induce only one vortex in a regularly shaped array.
Functional analysis of FSP27 protein regions for lipid droplet localization, caspase-dependent apoptosis, and dimerization with CIDEA

The adipocyte-specific protein FSP27, also known as CIDEC, is one of three cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector (CIDE) proteins. The first known function for CIDEs was promotion of apoptosis upo...
A planar plastic flow theory of orthotropic sheet metals and the experimental procedure for its evaluations

Abstract An anisotropic plasticity theory is formulated for describing planar flow behaviours of orthotropic polycrystalline sheet metals. Flow rules are derived for both the macroscopic plastic rate of deformation tensor and the macroscopic plastic spin tensor by considering a small set of activated macroscopic slips or shearing modes in a sheet metal. An internal state variable other than the effective plastic strain or equivalent plastic work is introduced to define the isotropic hardening state of the sheet metal so that effects of anisotropy of a sheet metal on its isotropic hardening behaviour can be better taken into account. The theory requires a total of five anisotropic material functions of a loading orientation angle, an effective rate-dependent stress–strain curve and a stress exponent to describe the planar anisotropic plastic flow behaviour of the sheet metal. The five anisotropic material functions are specified based on the orthotropic symmetry of the sheet metal and each of them may be expressed as a Fourier sine or cosine series. The experimental strategy and procedure for direct determination of the material constants in the theory by simple mechanical tests are discussed in great details. In particular, a special case of the proposed flow rules of macroscopic plastic rate of deformation tensor and macroscopic plastic spin is considered and it is found that it can describe satisfactorily the experimental data on both the directional dependence of plastic strain ratio and yield stress as well as the rotation of the material symmetry axes of an orthotropic steel sheet subjected to off-axis uniaxial tension.
Comparison of the dielectric constant and dissipation factors of non‐woven aramid/FR4 and glass/FR4 laminates

Permittivity and dissipation factor (Dk and Df) are effects of polarization of different components of the dielectric substrate material when subjected to an electrical field. A database of these important design parameters for PWBs has been developed for Thermount RT. Effects of variations in the level of moisture (bone‐dry to completely saturated at various relative humidity levels), testing temperature (room temperature to 120uC) and testing frequencies (1MHz to 1.5GHz) on Dk and Df are reported. As the frequency of test is increased from 1MHz to 1.5GHz, the effect of moisture on the properties is reduced. Comparison with conventional glass/FR4 laminate properties shows the distinct advantage of Thermount. It is increasingly used in high frequency cellular telephone, satellite, and wireless applications which require HDI PWBs to achieve the highest packaging density at the lowest cost and weight.
Cocaine-Induced Vasculitis: Clinical and Immunological Spectrum

Levamisole-contaminated cocaine has recently been recognized in North America and Europe, and its use is associated with a variety of clinical and autoimmune abnormalities. The clinical characteristic seems to be the presence of a painful purpuric skin rash that predominantly affects the ear lobes and cheeks, often accompanied by systemic manifestations including fever, malaise, arthralgias, myalgias, and laboratory abnormalities, for example leukopenia, neutropenia, positive ANA, ANCA, and phospholipid antibodies. Most of these manifestations can be seen with the use of either drug, especially levamisole. There is no specific therapy, and discontinuation of its use is followed by improvement. Prednisone and immunosuppressive therapy may be needed at times. Further use of the drug is characterized by recurrence of most of the complaints.
Transferring isolated mitochondria into tissue culture cells

We have developed a new method for introducing large numbers of isolated mitochondria into tissue culture cells. Direct microinjection of mitochondria into typical mammalian cells has been found to be impractical due to the large size of mitochondria relative to microinjection needles. To circumvent this problem, we inject isolated mitochondria through appropriately sized microinjection needles into rodent oocytes or single-cell embryos, which are much larger than tissue culture cells, and then withdraw a ‘mitocytoplast’ cell fragment containing the injected mitochondria using a modified holding needle. These mitocytoplasts are then fused to recipient cells through viral-mediated membrane fusion and the injected mitochondria are transferred into the cytoplasm of the tissue culture cell. Since mouse oocytes contain large numbers of mouse mitochondria that repopulate recipient mouse cells along with the injected mitochondria, we used either gerbil single-cell embryos or rat oocytes to package injected mouse mitochondria. We found that the gerbil mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is not maintained in recipient rho0 mouse cells and that rat mtDNA initially replicated but was soon completely replaced by the injected mouse mtDNA, and so with both procedures mouse cells homoplasmic for the mouse mtDNA in the injected mitochondria were obtained.
Practical use of Hamilton's principle

Hamilton's principle of mechanics has special advantages as the beginning point for approximations. First, it is extremely succinct. Secondly, it easily accommodates moving disconnecting fluid boundaries. Thirdly, approximations – however strong – that maintain the symmetries of the Hamiltonian will automatically preserve the corresponding conservation laws. For example, Hamilton's principle allows useful analytical and numerical approximations to the equations governing the motion of a homogeneous rotating fluid with free boundaries.
Reconsidering Federalism and the Farm: Toward Including State and Local Voices in the American Food System

The American food system has pressing problems that affect us all. Our food system's structure contributes to public health problems including obesity, food safety, and environmental degradation. This relationship between the food system and pubic health necessitates understanding the federal government's role in the food system. Federalism contributes to alienating people from food production and consumption. This essay argues that to address public health problems successfully, we must question the federal government's pervasive role in the food system and institute greater state and local roles. The essay reviews the rise of federalism in agriculture. It then examines three recent developments that show that a better food system depends on better power sharing among federal, state, and local governments.
Sphere Drag Determined by Coasting Through Still Air

/ I HE sphere tests described in this article •*• constitute part of a sphere research program of Dr. R. H. Smith. It is hoped tha t this work will shed some light on the disagreement of existing sphere results. The coasting apparatus, described previously, was used in making the measurements because a close approach to nonturbulent air conditions was possible. The problem of obtaining a 2-foot sphere, true within close limits, having a smooth surface, and light was solved by the use of a number of a cup-shaped balsa wood collar of 10 inches diameter was bolted to the spindle and held firmly against the rear of the sphere. The assembly was mounted on a f-inch dural tube which, in turn, was secured rigidly to the drag truss by a suitable structure. Masts fixed to the main part of the carriage served to guide the spindle allowing only a fore and aft motion. (Figs. 1 and 2.) The method of recording the forces is the same as has been previously described. In order that the reader may see the type of record obtained, two of the actual charts have been photographed. The chart rotates and the pointer is fixed. By comparing the two records it will be noticed that in Fig. 3 (run made in critical