cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telomeric DNA oligonucleotides form novel intramolecular structures containing guanine-guanine base pairs

Structural properties of DNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the single-stranded molecular terminus of telomeres from several organisms were analyzed. Based on physical studies including nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, absorbance thermal denaturation analysis, and 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we conclude that these molecules can self-associate by forming non-Watson-Crick, guanine.guanine based-paired, intramolecular structures. These structures form below 40 degrees C at moderate ionic strength and neutral pH and behave like hairpin duplexes in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. Detailed analysis of the hairpin structure formed by the telomeric sequence from Tetrahymena, (T2G4)4, shows that it is a unique structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds and contains G residues in the syn conformation. We propose that this novel form of DNA is important for telomere function and sets a precedent for the biological relevance of non-Watson-Crick base-paired DNA structures.
Aspectos corporativos de la persona (personhood) y la encarnación (embodiment) entre los mayas del periodo Clásico

In influential studies over the last 10 years, cultural diversity within Mesoamerican has been categorized according to two opposed political-economic strategies. In the network strategy power is wielded by individuals, while in the corporate strategy power is shared among large corporate groups. The Classic Maya are believed to have followed the network strategy, whereas teotihuacan exhibited the corporate strategy. Maya emphasis on depictions named kings, elaborate burials, and palaces are considered evidence for the individualizing network strategy. However, the archaeological distinction between the two strategies relies on the presence of representations of persons. The anthropological literature on personhood demonstrates difficulteies in distinguishing the person and agency of individuals versus groups. Raising doubts about the utility of the corporate/network dichotomy. Classic Maya kings are shown to have embodied their royal houses. Examining how their bodies represented corporate groups reveals new into Maya political strategies.
Voltage security assessment using generalized operational planning knowledge

An expert system called SEEKS (security evaluation knowledge-based system) has been developed to apply operational planning knowledge to the static security assessment problem. SEEKS performs the contingency selection and remedial action tasks usually conducted offline by an operational planner. Rule-based techniques are used to select contingencies expected to cause steady state bus voltage violations. The selection identifies the most severe outage in each local area such that power flows need only be run for these worst-case outages. Both single and double branch outages are considered. Double outages are defined as scenarios where two branches share one bus, thereby providing coverage for events where a single branch outage evolves into a double branch outage due to protection, relay, or breaker failure. This system has been tested using the IEEE 30-bus system and a Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 182-bus system. >
Atomic Structure of Binary Alloy Surfaces

After discussions of multilayer relaxation for monatomic metallic surfaces and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) procedures, some available results concerning the atomic structure of alloy surfaces are reviewed briefly. Results are discussed only for surfaces of ordered binary alloys and crystalline, substitutionally random binary alloys. Surfaces for which detailed results are available are highlighted as examples which illustrate some general crystallographic effects that occur at alloy surfaces. Specific effects included in the examples are the rippling of atomic constituents in the surface layers of ordered alloys, the preferential termination of alloys by a specific type of layer where more than one type of layer exists in the bulk, a mixture of two possible terminations, and the alternating enrichment and depletion of an atomic constituent in the surface layers of alloys which are disordered in the bulk.
“I Understand English But Can't Write It”: The Power of Native Language Instruction for Adult English Learners

This study explores the potential of native language literacy instruction for adult immigrant English language learners who have limited formal schooling or have had interruptions in their formal education. By examining 3 programs that provide native language literacy in combination with English as a second language (ESL) instruction, this study uncovers factors that affect students' participation and progress. Little educational research has been conducted on the growing population of immigrant adults in the United States with limited formal education in their native language. Public funding guidelines have drastically reduced programs' abilities to incorporate native languages into ESL instruction for adults, underscoring the need for research on best practices. In this interdisciplinary study, practitioners and students in Spanish language adult basic education and ESL literacy settings explore the motivations for Spanish-speaking immigrant adult learners to attend an adult basic education program in S...
In Vitro Responses of Acinetobacter baumannii to Two- and Three-Drug Combinations following Exposure to Colistin and Doripenem

We compared in vitro killing of colistin, doripenem, and sulbactam by time-kill methods against Acinetobacter baumannii isolates collected from patients before and after colistin-doripenem treatment (initial and recurrent isolates, respectively). Colistin-doripenem bactericidal activity against recurrent isolates was attenuated (mean log10 kill, -5.74 versus -2.88; P = 0.01) but was restored by adding sulbactam. Doripenem MICs rather than colistin MICs correlated with the activity of colistin-doripenem. Among colistin-resistant isolates, colistin-doripenem-sulbactam combinations achieved greater killing than colistin-doripenem alone (-5.65 versus -2.43; P = 0.04).
Suppression of Death Receptor Signaling in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons Protects Neighboring Granule Neurons from Apoptosis via an Insulin-like Growth Factor I-dependent Mechanism

Abstract Neuronal apoptosis contributes to the progression of neurodegenerative disease. Primary cerebellar granule neurons are an established in vitro model for investigating neuronal death. After removal of serum and depolarizing potassium, granule neurons undergo apoptosis via a mechanism that requires intrinsic (mitochondrial) death signals; however, the role of extrinsic (death receptor-mediated) signals is presently unclear. Here, we investigate involvement of death receptor signaling in granule neuron apoptosis by expressing adenoviral, AU1-tagged, dominant-negative Fas-associated death domain (Ad-AU1-ΔFADD). Ad-AU1-ΔFADD decreased apoptosis of granule neurons from 65 ± 5 to 27 ± 2% (n= 7, p 95% of calbindin-positive Purkinje neurons (∼2% of the cerebellar culture). Granule neurons in proximity to ΔFADD-expressing Purkinje cells demonstrated markedly increased survival. Both granule and Purkinje neurons expressed insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptors, and ΔFADD-mediated survival of granule neurons was inhibited by an IGF-I receptor blocking antibody. These results demonstrate that the selective suppression of death receptor signaling in Purkinje neurons is sufficient to rescue neighboring granule neurons that depend on Purkinje cell-derived IGF-I. Thus, the extrinsic death pathway has a profound but indirect effect on the survival of cerebellar granule neurons.
Shape of snack foods does not predict snack intake in a sample of preschoolers: a cross-over study.

In the past decade, the proportion snacking has increased. Snack foods consumed are predominantly not nutritious foods. One potential venue to increase children’s diet quality is to offer healthy snack foods and we explored if shaped snack foods would lead to increased consumption. We investigated the consumption of high-fiber snacks (banana bread, pancakes, and sandwiches) served either in normal (round, square) or shaped (heart, hands, animals) form to preschoolers 2–5 years old attending a local child care center (n = 21). The 9 weeks long, prospective, cross-over intervention study was designed to expose each child repeatedly to each snack in each shape (4 times per snack). Snacks were served as morning or afternoon snack and caretakers’ reports were used to account for the child’s consumption of a meal preceding the study snack (breakfast or lunch). There was no significant difference in snack consumption between the shaped and normal snacks. However, the mean energy intake from snacks was significantly greater for Caucasian children compared with Asian children. Further, Asian children consumed much less banana bread than the other two snacks. Overall, children who had not eaten breakfast or lunch prior to the morning or afternoon snack ate significantly more calories from the snacks (84.1 kcal, p-value < 0.0001). Findings of this study confirm previous research that the shape of the foods does not affect snack consumption in children. However, we also report two unexpected findings: a) the strong interaction between ethnicity and snack consumption and b) that Asian children consumed much less banana bread than Caucasian children. The role of children’s ethnic background profoundly affects snack preference and must be considered in the study of children’s eating behaviors and in interventions to promote healthy eating habits.
Democratizing Science Movements: A New Framework for Mobilization and Contestation

This paper develops a framework for understanding social movements that address issues related to science, technology and expert knowledge. 'Democratizing science movements' contest, reframe, and engage in the production of official scientific research in order to achieve their goals. They contest the seeming objectivity and neutrality of science and seek to legitimate lay perspectives. In order to empirically explore why such movements arise and how they work, I discuss two cases: the anti-dam movement in Brazil and the environmental breast cancer movement in the USA. While there are obvious internal and contextual differences between these two movements, they both exemplify similar characteristics of democratizing science movements. In this sense, these cases are representative of a broader, transnational phenomenon. Qualitative data in the form of interviews, ethnographic observations and document collection were used to study these cases.
Coronary Revascularization and Stroke

The SYNTAX (SYNergy Between PCI With TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery) trial ([1][1]) was designed to determine whether treatment of complex coronary artery disease with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a drug-eluting stent was noninferior to treatment with coronary bypass surgery (CABG). The
Scattering and Dynamical Symmetry

Dynamical symmetry as formulated by Arima and Iachello (IBM) focuses on the properties of bound states. Their results for the energies of these states can be expressed as a linear combination of the Casimir invariants of a group and appropriate subgroups when the IBM Hamiltonian satisfies corresponding symmetries. In this note we consider the extension of this formalism to scattering and reactions and to the doorway states which are collective states in the positive energy continuum.
No Such Thing as a Sure Thing: Neuroscience, The Insanity Defense & Sentencing Mitigation

Neuroscience is often hailed as the silver bullet that will radically change the way the courts and individuals perceive criminal culpability. While this has come true to an extent with several Supreme Court decisions regulating juvenile punishment, evidence is less clear with respect to adults. A growing number of empirical studies are being conducted to assess how neuroscientific evidence impacts jury decision making. This article provides insight and guidance for trial lawyers by highlighting the relevant legal, the mixed findings of these published mock jury studies, and that there is no such thing as a sure thing when it comes to offering evidence of neurological dysfunction or impairment.
Synthetic Through Trip Patterns

This study attempts to develop mathematical models that will adequately synthesize through trip travel patterns in small urban areas. For urban areas below a population of 50,000, utilizing the results of this study with current techniques of synthesizing internal travel patterns, the need for the costly and time-consuming origin-destination survey is obviated. Based on common statistical measures of accuracy, the procedure presented in this paper appears adequate for transportation planning purposes.
Covering All the Bases: How Texas Can Preserve its Military Bases in the Face of Department of Defense Budget Cuts

In “Covering All the Bases: How Texas Can Preserve Its Military Bases in the Face of Department of Defense Budget Cuts”, author Sierra Redding explores the Base Realignment and Closures Act (BRAC) and its effect on the military bases within the state of Texas and beyond. First, the author discusses the logistics of the BRAC process and how the Department of Defense decides which bases to close. Additionally, the author discusses the financial impact of base closures on communities in Texas. The author also provides possible improvements upon the system to alleviate the strain to military communities dealing with base closures. Redding suggests more effective use of an existing Texas administrative agency, the Texas Military Preparedness Commission. Additionally, the author provides legislative examples from other states that could be effective in assisting Texas with the BRAC process. Finally, the author recommends strategies to make military communities more valuable to the Department of Defense, lessening their chance of being affected by BRAC.
Angiosarkom der Milz

Mit ca. 140 publizierten Fallen stellt das Angiosarkom der Milz eine sehr seltene Erkrankung dar, die durch ihre hochmaligne Verlaufsform charakterisiert ist. Wir berichten uber den Fall eines 42jahrigen Patienten, dessen Befunde zunachst an eine disseminierte Echinokokkose denken liesen. Die richtige Diagnose konnte letztlich erst histologisch und immunhistochemisch nach Splenektomie gestellt werden. Der Patient verstarb 3 Monate nach Diagnosestellung bei ausgedehnter Lebermetastasierung. Anhand einer Literaturubersicht werden diagnostische und therapeutische Moglichkeiten diskutiert.
Significance of slip propensity determination in shape memory alloys

Abstract Performance degradation in a shape memory alloy (SMA) occurs due to dislocation activities at any stage of its thermo-mechanical deformation history. Knowing the physical energy barriers to activate slip could prove instrumental in devising strategies to engineer superior resistance thereto. Given the multi-elements, the SMA slip propensity is intrinsically decided by inherent bonding landscapes. In essence, the problem of theorizing SMA slipping tendency reduces to a quantum mechanical one. Consequently, atomistic calculations can provide invaluable experimentally verifiable material trend as well as potentially pave the way for advancing novel SMAs.
NONLINEAR OPTIMAL CONTROL DESIGN OF A MISSILE AUTOPILOT

The application of a new nonlinear optimal control strategy to the design of missile autopilots is presented. The control approach described and demonstrated here is based upon the numerical solution of the Hamilton- Jacobi-Bellman equation by Successive Galerkin Approximation. Using this approach, feedback controllers are computed by an iterative application of a numerical Galerkin-type PDE solver. Simulation results demonstrating the application of this approach to the design of a missile autopilot are presented.
Growth of Gallium Arsenide on Silicon in Masked, Etched Trenches

GaAs layers were grown in recessed silicon trenches for monolithic integration of GaAs and silicon devices. These layers were examined using cathodoluminescence (CL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The CL showed no dependence on distance from the sidewall edge within its limit of resolution. Cross-sectional TEM micrographs showed the GaAs grown on the sidewall to depend on the sidewall orientation. Material grown on the near-{111} sidewalls was comparable to that grown on the well bottom, while the GaAs grown on the near-{110} sidewalls showed poorer crystal quality. A photodetector was fabricated in the recessed GaAs/Si; this device could be easily adapted to a monolithically integrated structure.
Triclosan promotes epicutaneous sensitization to peanut in mice

Peanut allergy is increasing in prevalence due to unknown factors. A growing body of clinical evidence suggests sensitization to peanut occurs through the skin, supported by findings in mouse models. There is a need to identify environmental factors that promote epicutaneous sensitization to peanut. Triclosan is an antimicrobial found in household products that has been associated with food sensitization in humans. We tested the impact of triclosan on epicutaneous sensitization to peanut, as well as the milk allergen α-lactalbumin (ALA). We observed that topical triclosan promoted epicutaneous sensitization to both peanut and ALA, and promoted anaphylaxis to peanut. Our results demonstrate that the mouse model of epicutaneous sensitization to foods is effective for demonstrating the clinically significant impact of environmental factors such as triclosan on food allergy.
Co-Firing of Anode-Supported SOFCs with Thin La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 − δ Electrolytes

Anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with thin La 0.9 Sr 0.01 Ga 0.8 Mg 0.2 O 3-δ (LSGM) electrolytes and (Ce 0.6 La 0.4 )O 2-δ (LDC) barrier layers were studied. The cells were fabricated by first colloidally depositing an LDC/LSGM/LDC tri-layer on a NiO-LDC anode support and co-firing. Cathodes consisting of LSCF-LSGM (LSCF = La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Fe 0.8 Co 0.2 O 3-δ ) were then deposited and fired. Cell tests in air and humidified hydrogen showed maximum power densities of 0.91 W/cm 2 at 700°C and 0.60 W/cm 2 at 650°C. The relatively good performance indicated that the LDC layers were effective in minimizing interdiffusion and reaction. However, the open-circuit voltage of these cells was ∼0.1 V lower than the Nernst potential; observations of electrolyte microstructure and composition indicated that this was due to electronic conductivity in the LSGM layer, resulting from Ni impurities that entered during co-firing with the NiO-LDC anode. While the LDC layers were necessary, impedance measurements indicated that they substantially increased the cell ohmic resistance.
Gradually Understanding Sudden Cardiac Death.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is responsible for more premature loss of life than any individual disease [(1)][1]. Although the proportion of SCD occurring during exercise is low (∼5%) [(2–4)][2], it plays a prominent role in the perceived mortality risk for athletes and generates substantial
Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts Derived from Cell Suspensions of Green Shoots in Indica Rice

The calli induced from green shoots of indica rice Hu-18 on N6 medium with 2 mg/L 2, 4-D were subcultured for about 45 days in AA liquid medium. A finely divided, fast growing cell suspension was established. During the first 6 days after subculture, dry weight of suspension cells doubled every 2 days, while the osmostic pressure and pH value of the culture medium were rapidly reduced. 4 days after subculture suspension cells were used for protoplast isolation. Protoplast yield reached 7. 84×10~6 protoplasts/g cells. Protoplasts were cultured in KPR medium with 0. 6% agarose. The plating efficiency of protoplasts was 12. 0%. After 20 days, colonies (0. 1 mm) were transferred onto N6 medium with 0. 5 mg/L 2, 4-D, 1mg/L BA, 1 mg/L KT and 0. 3 mg/L ZT The growing calli 2～3 mm in diameter, were translcrred onto N6 medium with 1 mg/L BA, 1 mg/L KT, 0. 3 mg/L ZT and 0. 5 mg/L NAA for redifferentlaiion After 5 days, shoots and roots were observed. The green plantlet frequency was about 3. 5 per 10000 protoplasts
Experimental Investigation of Plastic Strain Recovery and Creep in Nanocrystalline Copper Thin Films

Nanocrystalline metals exhibit a phenomenon called plastic strain recovery whereby plastic strain introduced through a load cycle is gradually recovered under no external loading over a time period of hours and days. In this study, we experimentally explore the diffusive mechanisms and the strain rates for nanocrystalline thin films of copper with an average grain size of about 35 nm during plastic strain recovery and creep. The experiments are performed via the plane strain bulge test and the thin film samples are deposited using thermal evaporation and sputtering. The specimens recover their residual strain in a period of time with two characteristic strain rates, a transient strain recovery rate of the order of 10−7/s and a steady-state strain recovery rate of the order of 10−9/s and there is a characteristic time at which the transition occurs between the two rates. The results suggest that a diffusive mechanism in conjunction with voids within the nanocrystalline material can explain the two plastic strain recovery rates and the transition between the two.
Diffusivity of Mixtures in Warm Dense Matter Regime

Modeling of ionic diffusion in warm dense plasma mixtures has been of longstanding interest in astrophysics and in Inertial Confinement Fusion. Here we review traditional approaches to calculating plasma diffusion using kinetic theory. We also review earlier classical molecular dynamics (MD) results. We discuss some new results from MD for self and mutual diffusion in a mixture of deuterium and argon at warm dense matter regime. We make use of Yukawa interionic potentials as an effective potential that accounts for the screening effects of the electrons to the ions. We further provide a general description of the Green-Kubo technique to extract the diffusivity of a multicomponent mixture. The description is very general and it can be extended to plasmas.
Active microorganisms in forest soils differ from the total community yet are shaped by the same environmental factors: the influence of pH and soil moisture

Predicting the impact of environmental change on soil microbial functions requires an understanding of how environmental factors shape microbial composition. Here, we investigated the influence of environmental factors on bacterial and fungal communities across an expanse of northern hardwood forest in Michigan, USA, which spans a 500-km regional climate gradient. We quantified soil microbial community composition using high-throughput DNA sequencing on coextracted rDNA (i.e. total community) and rRNA (i.e. active community). Within both bacteria and fungi, total and active communities were compositionally distinct from one another across the regional gradient (bacteria P = 0.01; fungi P < 0.01). Taxonomically, the active community was a subset of the total community. Compositional differences between total and active communities reflected changes in the relative abundance of dominant taxa. The composition of both the total and active microbial communities varied by site across the gradient (P < 0.01) and was shaped by differences in soil moisture, pH, SOM carboxyl content, as well as C and N concentration. Our study highlights the importance of distinguishing between metabolically active microorganisms and the total community, and emphasizes that the same environmental factors shape the total and active communities of bacteria and fungi in this ecosystem.
Dynamic Pricing in a Labor Market: Surge Pricing and Flexible Work on the Uber Platform

In many markets, new technologies allow traditional jobs to be divided into discrete tasks that are widely distributed across workers and dynamically priced given prevailing supply and demand conditions. This "sharing" or "gig" economy represents a more flexible work system, and is most common in two-sided markets in which a firm acts as a platform to connect service providers and consumers. One prominent example of this is the ride-sharing company Uber, which connects riders and driver-partners, and dynamically prices trips using a system known as "surge" pricing. In this talk, I discuss the practical problems of designing such a dynamic pricing system, how that dynamic pricing coordinates workers who can now earn compensation on a flexible schedule, and more broadly how the "gig" economy is evolving and growing as a form of market organization.
Molecular Testing in Breast Cancer: A Guide to Current Practices

Context.—Molecular diagnostics play a role in the management of many cancers, including breast cancer. Objective.—To provide an update on molecular testing in current clinical practice, targeted at practicing pathologists who are not breast cancer specialists. Data Sources.—This study is a narrative literature review. Conclusions.—In addition to routine hormone (estrogen and progesterone) receptor testing, new and recurrent tumors are tested for HER2 amplification by in situ hybridization or overexpression by immunohistochemistry. Intrinsic subtyping of tumors represents a fundamental advance in our understanding of breast cancer biology, but currently it has an indirect role in patient management. Clinical next-generation sequencing (tumor profiling) is increasingly used to identify potentially actionable mutations in tumor tissue. Multianalyte assays with algorithmic analysis, including MammaPrint, Oncotype DX, and Prosigna, play a larger role in breast cancer than in many other malignancies. Given that...
Students Design Innovative Food Products to Learn Nutrition Labeling

(2002). Students Design Innovative Food Products to Learn Nutrition Labeling. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 58-61.
Risk Management and Rural Employment in Hill Farming - A Study of Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh

The study was carried out in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh during 2002-03 to examine the labour employment in hill agriculture under risk. Stratified two stage random sampling technique was adopted to select the sample. A total of 150 households were selected from different sub-ecological regions viz. Low Hills, Mid Hills and High Hills. The risk efficient farm plans were developed using the Minimisation of Total Absolute Deviation (MOTAD) Model. The plans were existing resources with existing technology,( Plan I) and existing technology with augmented resources (Plan IV). In addition, two plans in between these two were developed. The study revealed that the per farm as well as per hectare labour use was higher during kharif season as compared to rabi season, as more labour intensive crops (paddy and vegetables) were grown during kharif season. With the introduction of dairy, the human labour employment increased by 59 per cent in plan-I whereas in plan-IV, it increased by 60 per cent in low hill region. In mid hills, this increase was estimated as high as 162 and 148 per cent. The corresponding figures in high hills were to the extent of 74 and 58 per cent. This clearly indicates that crops + dairy farming provided higher farm labour employment than crops enterprise alone. It was important to examine that the dairy activity with crops enterprise also reduced the risk. Thus, to increase the employment and minimise the risk in hill agriculture, emphasis needs to be given to encourage mixed farming. The crossbred cows were found to be the best dairy animals in the study area in terms of profitability as well as employment generation. Vegetables were found to be important in the cropping pattern particularly in plan IV. Thus, there is a need to popularise cultivation of vegetable crops in which the role of the Department of Agriculture is crucial in promoting scientific cultivation and orderly marketing to reduce risk.
The Sea Is My Country: The maritime world of the Makahs

In The Sea is My Country, Joshua Reid presents the history of an indigenous maritime society at the heart of the Northwest Coast. Known to themselves as Qᵂidiccʔa·txˇ (kwi-dihch-chuh-aht, ‘the Peop...
Gourmet Samurai: Changing Food Gender Norms in Japanese TV

Japan9s obsession with food TV is rooted in its gourmet boom, beginning in the 1980s, when the strong economy encouraged mass consumption of expensive foods and foreign cuisines. Gourmet TV dramas are often based on a popular manga comic and typically reproduce hegemonic gendered food norms, with professional male chefs embodying food authority and expertise often acting as protagonists. In recent years, however, several popular new TV series have introduced a new gender archetype: masculine loners who care deeply about traditional or home-style foods, so-called B-kyū gurume (second-class gourmet) cuisine. This article analyzes four such recent programs and argues that the emerging “gourmet samurai” archetype resonates with audiences because of the recent elevation of B-kyū cuisine and, more fundamentally, the steep decline in the marriage rate, a topic of intense media speculation. The expanding ranks of Japanese singles suggest that many men now face increased responsibilities for choosing or preparing their own meals. The everyman heroes of these shows offer role models to the growing cadres of unmarried men, encouraging them to become manly connoisseurs or cooks of simple, traditional foods and conveying the message that food knowledge and pleasure is as acceptable and satisfying a pursuit as romance, career, or family.
Association of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with Exposure to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Adverse Cardiovascular Effects

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a cause of acquired heart disease, particularly of accelerated atherosclerosis, symptomatic heart failure, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cardiac complications in persons living with HIV are becoming more relevant as longevity improves. Before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the 2- to 5-year incidence of symptomatic heart failure ranged from 4 to 28% in HIV patients. Patients both before and after HAART availability also often have asymptomatic abnormalities in cardiovascular structure. Echocardiographic changes indicate left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, LV hypertrophy, and left atrial dilation in patients followed on HAART therapy. In non-HIV infected infants born to HIV-infected mothers, fetal exposure to antiretroviral therapy is associated with reduced LV dimension, LV mass, and septal wall thickness, and with higher LV fractional shortening and contractility during the first two years of life. Routine, systematic, and comprehensive cardiac evaluation, including a thorough history and directed laboratory assays, are essential for the care of HIV-infected adults and children because cardiovascular illness has become a part of long-term survival in patients with HIV infection. Asymptomatic cardiac disease related to HIV can be fatal, and secondary effects of HIV infection often disguise cardiac symptoms, so systematic echocardiographic monitoring is warranted.
Surgical Management of Breast Cancer in BRCA Mutation Carriers

Breast cancer is a group of genetically distinct diseases with differing responses to treatment and varying patterns of both local and systemic failures. This recognition has led to many questions regarding the optimal surgical management for those considered to be high risk. There is no consensus on what constitutes the best surgical management of primary breast cancer in BRCA mutation carriers. Several aspects need be considered during the surgical decision-making process: the risk of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR), the risk of ipsilateral new primary breast cancer, the risk of contralateral breast cancer (CBC), the potential survival benefit of prophylactic mastectomy (CPM), and other treatment or patient factors that could modify the risk for IBTR or CBC. Mutation carriers with unilateral breast cancer should be counseled on a case-by-case basis. Breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiation, therapeutic mastectomy, or therapeutic mastectomy with concomitant CPM could be utilized for surgical management. Patient age, stage of the index lesion, and individual patient preferences should all be considered in the decision-making process. Use of adjuvant chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy and oophorectomy can modify risks of IBTR and CBC. However, the available evidence can guide risk/benefit discussions of surgical options and may help identify subgroups of patients who may be at higher risk for IBTR or CBC that may benefit from a more aggressive surgical approach.
Umbrella reflector characterization for CubeSats: Analytical formulation for boresight gain loss

As the needs for high gain antennas for CubeSats begin to evolve, deployable reflector antennas have re-gained significant interest. A particular class of deployable reflectors known as umbrella reflectors have been considered for several CubeSat missions. The umbrella reflector surface consists of a discrete number of parabolic ribs that are connected through surfaces called gores. The gores cause the surface to deviate from that of an ideal paraboloid causing phase deviations in the aperture, ultimately leading to reduced gain. The choice of the number of ribs is a critical design consideration for CubeSat antenna designs as it provides the balance between mechanical complexity and RF loss. This work extends the previous works to develop closed form expressions that relate the gain loss to the number of gores for a given diameter, rib focal length and frequency. The results from closed form expressions are compared with PO simulations to verify our formulations.
The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution

The social scientific study of revolution has been deviled by a lack of progress in recent years, divided between competing views on the universality of patterns in revolution. This study examines the origins of these epistemologies. Drawing on an insight that different modes of comparison yield different types of knowledge, I argue that the network structure of how cases are compared constrains or enables the development of a field’s theoretical sensibilities. Analysis of comparative studies of revolution published from 1970 to 2009 reveals that the field overall is most amenable to knowledge about particular cases rather than the phenomenon of revolution broadly. Analysis of the changing structure of comparison over time reveals that comparison precedes the development of an epistemology. The results suggest that conclusions about the possibility, or lack thereof, of generalization may be an artifact of the comparative method.
Abstract 2640: Detection of androgen receptor (AR) and AR-V7 in small cell prostate carcinoma by immunohistochemistry

Background: Small cell prostate carcinoma (SCPC) is a rare and highly malignant subtype of prostate cancer. SCPC only accounts for 0.5%-2% of untreated primary prostate cancer, but can present in up to 25% lethal metastatic prostate cancer autopsies. Small cell prostate carcinoma frequently lacks androgen receptor (AR) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression, and often responds poorly to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, the expression pattern of different AR isoforms in SCPC after ADT remains poorly characterized. In this study, we have validated and developed a new immunohistochemical assay for full length AR (AR-FL) and AR splice variant-7 (AR-V7) protein expression in prostate cancer specimens. The expression of AR-FL and AR-V7 protein were determined in post-ADT radical prostatectomy samples from twelve SCPC patients. In this study, we developed and validated a new immunohistochemical assay for the full-length AR (AR-FL) and AR splice variant-7 (AR-V7) proteins. We conducted an IHC study in post-ADT surgical specimens from twelve SCPC patients treated with neoadjuvant ADT. Methods: AR-FL, AR-V7, and total AR proteins were specifically detected using AR C-terminal domain antibody (Sigma-Aldrich), AR-V7 antibody (RevMab), and AR N-terminal domain antibody (AR441, Santa Cruz), respectively. These antibodies were validated using prostate cancer cell lines with known AR profiles, including LNCaP95 cells which express both AR-FL and AR-V7 and the AR-negative PC3 cells. The IHC protocols were optimized for each individual antibody, and applied to the 12 SC/NE tissue specimens. Results: Twelve surgical (RP or TURP) prostate small cell carcinoma specimens were collected from patients after neoadjuvant hormonal therapy at Indiana University School of Medicine. Seventy five percent (9/12) of the specimens showed positive staining for the full-length AR with various intensities. Thirty three percent (4/12) of the specimens showed positive staining for AR-V7. Among the specimens with positive AR-V7 staining, two samples displayed very weak staining, one sample showed weak to moderate staining, and one sample showed strong staining. All positive specimens displayed a heterogeneous pattern of AR/AR-V7 staining. All specimens positive for AR-V7 were also positive for the full length AR. Conclusion and future direction: Our preliminary results indicate that small cell prostate carcinoma may continue to express AR and AR-V7. The functional and clinical relevance of AR/AR-V7 detection in this setting remains unknown. Future investigation will focus on clinical correlation in an expanded patient cohort. Citation Format: Pei Zhao, Yezi Zhu, Liang Cheng, Jun Luo. Detection of androgen receptor (AR) and AR-V7 in small cell prostate carcinoma by immunohistochemistry [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2640.
Dienstleistungssektor und Investitionszyklus

Der Dienstleistungssektor ist riesig. Er ist auserdem sehr verschiedenartig und unausgereift, eine diffuse Ansammlung verschiedener Tatigkeiten. Dienstleistungsbeschaftigte reichen von Tankwarten zu Ingenieuren, von Verkaufern zu Dachdeckern, von Mullfahrern zu EDV-Spezialisten. Uber achtzig Prozent der Beschaftigung in der amerikanischen Wirtschaft, funfundneunzig Millionen Beschaftigte laut einer kurzlich durchgefuhrten Zahlung, ist offiziell als Dienstleistungsanbieter klassifiziert.
IMAGE-BASED METHODOLOGIES AND THEIR INTEGRATION IN A CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE AND ROBOTIC CARDIAC SURGERIES

A Cyber-physical-system (CPS) is a computational system that integrates computing modules with physically distributed dedicated elements such as robotic devices and actuators. The concept is closely related to robotics and real-time (RT) embedded systems. Principally, within a CPS, embedded software modules manage the physical processes by means of feedback loops and continuous computations. It is expected that new technological advancements will increase the prominence and usability of CPS by amending the link between the physical and computational elements [1]. One of the most promising applications of CPS is the use of robotics in minimally invasive surgeries (MIS). Nevertheless, such a system entails much higher reliability and robustness than the general purpose computing, as it is directly related to human health. For instance, the results of a crash in the control software of a robotic device during a surgery can be detrimental or even fatal. Therefore, a surgical CPS should be extremely rigorous and ready for unexpected situations as well as adaptable to any possible system failures, due to unpredictability of the area of operation (AoO).
Mutants and Variants of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase-1 Gene in Maize

Of the hundreds of specific genes now being investigated in higher organisms, only a few may be approached readily using sophisticated genetics as well as molecular biology. Alcohol dehydrogenase-1 (Adhl; ADH enzyme, E.C. 1.1.1.1.) of maize is one such gene. There are at least four reasons why maize Adhl relates to the general subject of how to go about “engineering” novel higher organisms. These reasons are summarized below and discussed with citations later in this review.
Hearing Loss among Persons with Down Syndrome

Abstract Communicative interactions provide the foundation for cognitive and social development early in life and continue to impact our behaviors, social patterns, and thoughts throughout our lives. Expressive and receptive exchanges are essential to communication, and hearing is an essential part of all spoken communicative attempts. For individuals who use spoken communication, maximizing auditory ability is imperative. This is especially true for those with Down syndrome as they are susceptible to expressive and receptive communicative difficulties and vulnerable to auditory disorders. Hearing loss can interfere with a child’s ability to develop spoken language and influence subsequent academic and psychosocial development. Even children with mild hearing loss can experience greater academic difficulty than their peers with normal hearing. The early effects of hearing loss on academic and social development can remain throughout adulthood. Though individuals with Down syndrome are prone to hearing loss, the effects can be lessened with accurate and early identification when accompanied by appropriate ongoing medical and audiologic management. It is important for all those involved in the lives of children and adults with Down syndrome to recognize the auditory barriers that are likely to exist and to remain diligent in their efforts to seek ongoing otologic and audiologic care. This review discusses typical development of the human auditory system and what is known about the structure and function of the auditory systems of individuals with Down syndrome. In addition, we describe behavioral and physiologic assessments of auditory sensitivity and conclude with a discussion of hearing technology options for individuals with Down syndrome and hearing loss.
Clinical significance of TILs subtypes in non-small cell lung cancer.

8082 Background: Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are associated with better outcome in diverse neoplasms including non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). TILs are usually determined using subjec...
Particle shape and size analysis for metal powders used for additive manufacturing: Technique description and application to two gas-atomized and plasma-atomized Ti64 powders

Abstract The particle size and shape distributions of metal powders used in additive manufacturing powder bed fusion processes are of technological importance for the final built product. Current three-dimensional (3D) measurements of these distributions assume a spherical shape, while techniques that measure both size and shape are always two-dimensional (2D) measurements of particle projections. This paper describes a set of techniques using X-ray computed tomography, combined with various mathematical algorithms, to measure the 3D size, shape, and internal porosity of individual particles. Calibrated by a limited amount of visual examination of 3D images of individual particles, these techniques can classify powder particles as single near-spherical (SnS) particles, and non-spherical (NS) particles, which consist of either single highly non-spherical particles or multi-particles, where two or more smaller particles have been joined together. From this 3D data, other algorithms can generate 2D particle size and shape information to compare with the results of 2D measurement techniques. These techniques are applied to two metal powders composed of a specific alloy of titanium with aluminum and vanadium, denoted as Ti64, which is in common use as a powder for selective laser or electron beam melting powder bed additive manufacturing. One powder was made with a gas-atomization process, the other with a plasma-atomization process, both have been recycled, and both pass the specifications for additive manufacturing use. The powders differ in the fraction of NS particles and porous particles, in their size and shape distributions, and in average shape and size statistics. The SnS/NS classification enables one to show how these classes contribute to the overall particle size distributions, even for a single powder type, and is useful for comparing different sources of powder as well as studying how the size/shape distributions of a powder might change over multiple recycling events.
A-ComVar: A Flexible Extension of Common Variance Designs

We consider nonregular fractions of factorial experiments for a class of linear models. These models have a common general mean and main effects; however, they may have different 2-factor interactions. Here we assume for simplicity that 3-factor and higher-order interactions are negligible. In the absence of a priori knowledge about which interactions are important, it is reasonable to prefer a design that results in equal variance for the estimates of all interaction effects to aid in model discrimination. Such designs are called common variance designs and can be quite challenging to identify without performing an exhaustive search of possible designs. In this work, we introduce an extension of common variance designs called approximate common variance or A-ComVar designs. We develop a numerical approach to finding A-ComVar designs that is much more efficient than an exhaustive search. We present the types of A-ComVar designs that can be found for different number of factors, runs, and interactions. We further demonstrate the competitive performance of both common variance and A-ComVar designs using several comparisons to other popular designs in the literature.
Towards Privacy-Preserving Ego-Motion Estimation Using an Extremely Low-Resolution Camera

Ego-motion estimation is a core task in robotic systems as well as in augmented and virtual reality applications. It is often solved using visual-inertial odometry, which involves using one or more always-on cameras on mobile robots and wearable devices. As consumers increasingly use such devices in their homes and workplaces, which are filled with sensitive details, the role of privacy in such camera-based approaches is of ever increasing importance. In this letter, we introduce the first solution to perform privacy-preserving ego-motion estimation. We recover camera ego-motion from an extremely low-resolution monocular camera by estimating dense optical flow at a higher spatial resolution (i.e., 4x super resolution). We propose SRFNet for directly estimating Super-Resolved Flow, a novel convolutional neural network model that is trained in a supervised setting using ground-truth optical flow. We also present a weakly supervised approach for training a variant of SRFNet on real videos where ground truth flow is unavailable. On image pairs with known relative camera orientations, we use SRFNet to predict the auto-epipolar flow that arises from pure camera translation, from which we robustly estimate the camera translation direction. We evaluate our super-resolved optical flow estimates and camera translation direction estimates on the Sintel and KITTI odometry datasets, where our methods outperform several baselines. Our results indicate that robust ego-motion recovery from extremely low-resolution images can be viable when camera orientations and metric scale is recovered from inertial sensors and fused with the estimated translations.
Termination of Parental Rights: Psychological Impact on Children of Immigrants

This chapter will address the multiple traumas associated with different losses immigrant children are confronted with by virtue of their unique experiences, particularly when termination of parental rights is also involved. The inherent consequences of the impact of complex trauma are highlighted in this regard in terms of risk factors likely to complicate these children’s subsequent development and general functioning. An examination of these factors in those children involved with the justice system is also explored.
Second Metatarsophalangeal Joint Interpositional Arthroplasty Using Decellularized Human Dermal Allograft: Operative Technique:

Arthrodesis of an osteoarthritic second metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is suboptimal because of altered gait mechanics; hence, joint-preserving procedures are of value. Autograft interpositional a...