cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tropical Pacific internal atmospheric dynamics and resolution in a coupled GCM

A noise reduction technique, namely the interactive ensemble (IE) approach is adopted to reduce noise at the air–sea interface due to internal atmospheric dynamics in a state-of-the-art coupled general circulation model (CGCM). The IE technique uses multiple realization of atmospheric general circulation models coupled to a single ocean general circulation model. The ensembles mean fluxes from the atmospheric simulations are communicated to the ocean component. Each atmospheric simulation receives the same SST coming from the ocean component. The only difference among the atmospheric simulations comes from perturbed initial conditions, thus the atmospheric states are, in principle synoptically independent. The IE technique can be used to better understand the importance of weather noise forcing of natural variability such as El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). To study the impact of weather noise and resolution in the context of a CGCM, two IE experiments are performed at different resolutions. Atmospheric resolution is an important issue since the noise statistics will depend on the spatial scales resolved. A simple formulation to extract atmospheric internal variability is presented. The results are compared to their respective control cases where internal atmospheric variability is left unchanged. The noise reduction has a major impact on the coupled simulation and the magnitude of this effect strongly depends on the horizontal resolution of the atmospheric component model. Specifically, applying the noise reduction technique reduces the overall climate variability more effectively at higher resolution. This suggests that “weather noise” is more important in sustaining climate variability as resolution increases. ENSO statistics, dynamics, and phase asymmetry are all modified by the noise reduction, in particular ENSO becomes more regular with less phase asymmetry when noise is reduced. All these effects are more marked for the higher resolution case. In contrast, ENSO frequency is unchanged by the reduction in the weather noise, but its phase-locking to the annual cycle is strongly dependent on noise and resolution. At low resolution the noise structure is similar to the signal, whereas the spatial structure of the noise deviates from the spatial structure of the signal as resolution increases. It is also suggested that event-to-event differences are largely driven by atmospheric noise as opposed to chaotic dynamics within the context of the large-scale coupled system, suggesting that there is a well-defined “canonical” event.
Pressure-flow relationships during phonation as afunction of adduction

Pressure-flow relationships were obtained for five excised canine larynges. Simultaneous recordings were made of average subglottal pressure, average air flow, and the electroglottograph at various levels of adduction and vocal fold lengths. The level of adduction was controlled by positioning the arytenoid cartilages via laterally imbedded three-prong attachments and by the use of intra-arytenoid shims. Adduction was quantified by measuring the vocal process gap. Results indicated a linear pressure-flow relationship within the experimental range of phonation for each level of adduction. Differential glottal resistance increased as the vocal process gap was reduced. A model is presented for the differential resistance as a hyperbolic function of vocal process gap. The pressure-flow relationship and the model can be used in computer simulations of speech production and for clinical insight into the aerodynamic function of the human larynx.
Influence of externally applied thermal radiation on the burning rates of homogeneous solid propellants

Abstract A model was developed that describes the thermal interaction of an externally applied radiant energy flux with the combustion zone of a burning homogeneous solid propellant. Under the assumption that there exists a critical zone in which chemical kinetics controls the burning rate, it is shown that the radiation must be absorbed either within this zone or on the cold side of it to augment the burning rate. Conditions necessary for treating the effect of radiation as an increase in initial propellant temperature are identified thereby enabling the temperature sensitivity of the burning rate to be employed for calculating the influence of radiant flux. Roles of stabilizers and of other ingredients are investigated. The burning rate is shown to increase linearly with flux at low radiant intensities and to possibly depart from linearity at high intensities. Comparisons with available experimental results, as well as with results of new experiments reported herein, support the predictions.
Distinct Pathways for the Early Recruitment of Myosin II and Actin to the Cytokinetic Furrow

Equatorial organization of myosin II and actin has been recognized as a universal event in cytokinesis of animal cells. Current models for the formation of equatorial cortex favor either directional cortical transport toward the equator or localized de novo assembly. However, this process has never been analyzed directly in dividing mammalian cells at a high resolution. Here we applied total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRF-M), coupled with spatial temporal image correlation spectroscopy (STICS) and a new analytical approach termed temporal differential microscopy (TDM), to image the dynamics of myosin II and actin during the assembly of equatorial cortex. Our results indicated distinct and at least partially independent mechanisms for the early equatorial recruitment of myosin and actin filaments. Cortical myosin showed no detectable directional flow during early cytokinesis. In addition to equatorial assembly, we showed that localized inhibition of disassembly contributed to the formation of the equatorial myosin band. In contrast to myosin, actin filaments underwent a striking flux toward the equator. Myosin motor activity was required for the actin flux, but not for actin concentration in the furrow, suggesting that there was a flux-independent, de novo mechanism for actin recruitment along the equator. Our results indicate that cytokinesis involves signals that regulate both assembly and disassembly activities and argue against mechanisms that are coupled to global cortical movements.
Dielectric confinement effect for exciton and biexciton states in PbI4-based two-dimensional semiconductor structures

Abstract We have studied the role of dielectric confinement for enhancing excitonic effects in layered PbI 4 -based compounds. In particular, we demonstrate that unusually strong biexciton effects are readily observable (binding energy on the order of 50 meV) and that the large excitonic binding (∼ 300 meV) can be modified by chemically adjusting the dielectric constant of the alkylammonium barrier layers.
Get lucky: situationism and circumstantial moral luck

Situationism is, roughly, the thesis that normatively irrelevant environmental factors have a great impact on our behaviour without our being aware of this influence. Surprisingly, there has been little work done on the connection between situationism and moral luck. Given that it is often a matter of luck what situations we find ourselves in, and that we are greatly influenced by the circumstances we face, it seems also to be a matter of luck whether we are blameworthy or praiseworthy for our actions in those circumstances. We argue that such situationist moral luck, as a variety of circumstantial moral luck, exemplifies a distinct and interesting type of moral luck. Further, there is a case to be made that situationist moral luck is perhaps more worrying than some other well-discussed cases of (supposed) moral luck.
Rotation of Aromatic Solutes in Supercritical CO2: Are Rotation Times Anomalously Slow in the Near Critical Regime?

Picosecond fluorescence anisotropy decay measurements are used to examine the rotational dynamics of three solutes, 1,3,6,8-tetraphenylpyrene (“TPP”), 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (“PEA”), and N,N‘-bis(2,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide (“BTBP”) in supercritical CO2 (35 °C = Tc+ 4 °C) and in a variety common liquid solvents. In liquids the rotation times of all three probes show an approximate proportionality to solvent viscosity, in rough agreement with simple hydrodynamic theories. In supercritical CO2 two of the probes, TPP and BTBP, are found to exhibit rotation times consistent with the extrapolation of the hydrodynamic trends found in liquid solvents. In the case of BTBP, these results disagree with recently published reports of very long rotation times near the critical point [Heitz and Bright J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 6889]. However, the rotation times of PEA deviate significantly from hydrodynamic predictions based on the viscosity of the supercritical fluid for near cri...
Human Resource Management and Firm Performance: Testing a Contingency Model of Executive Controls

This study examined the relationship between human resource management (HRM) controls used by executives and changes in the financial performance of their firms (ROA and sales growth). Results from 102 single product firms indicate that, as hypothesized, when the approach to HRM was based on behavior control, firm performance was higher when executives had complete knowledge of cause-effect relations. HRM based on output control had neither a direct nor a moderating effect on firm performance. When the approach to HRM was based on input control, performance was higher when standards of desirability were ambiguous. From a practical standpoint, these findings suggest that executives should be cognizant of several contingencies that might guide their choice among various approaches to HRM, as well as the effects these choices have on the performance of their firms. From a research standpoint, there are several issues raised in this study that suggest avenues for future investigation on HRM, control, and perf...
TECHNICAL CHANGE AND PROFITS IN CANADIAN MANUFACTURING: A REGIONAL ANALYSIS

Manufacturing profitability and growth declined sharply in Canada between 1955 and 1984. The spatial extent of this decline has not previously been documented. This article examines manufacturing performance in six regions of Canada. The analysis reveals significant interregional performance differences that appear to be increasing. Two different types of inter-firm competition are identified in the article: competition in production and competition in the market. Empirical investigation reveals that changes in production conditions had a greater impact on regional profitability in five of the six regions studied. In the remaining region, poor market performance was the primary cause of the reduction in profits after 1955. Au Canada la rentabilite et la croissance industrielle ont profondement diminue entre les annees 1955 et 1984. L'ampleur spatiale de cette baisse n'a jamais ete docu-mentee. Cette etude examine le comportement et les performances de fabrication dans six regions canadien-nes. De considerables differences inter-regionales, qui semblent toujours s'accentuer sont mises en evidence. Dans cette recherche, deux genres de concurrence entre les societes son identifies: la concurrence dans la production, et la concurrence dans le marche. L'analyse empi-rique montre que certains changements dans les conditions de production ont eu un effet considerable sur la rentabilite regionale pour cinq des six regions en question. En ce qui concerne la derniere region, la baisse des profits a partir de 1955 est due essentiellement a la mauvaise performance du marche.
Fenoprofen calcium in rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled double-blind crossover evaluation.

Fenoprofen Calcium (Lilly, Compound 69323) is a new nonsteroidal analgesic and antiinflammatory drug proposed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and allied conditions. In a controlled double-blind crossover study comparing 6 weeks of Fenoprofen therapy with 6 weeks of treatment with high-dose acetylsalicylic acid, the aspirin proved minimally more effective and substantially more toxic. Nine of 27 patients found Fenoprofen equal to aspirin, and 6 preferred it. Twelve patients preferred aspirin. The safety of the drug suggested by animal studies appears to be confirmed by these short-term studies in relatively small numbers of patients. It appears likely that Fenoprofen will provide a useful, although not dramatic, additional agent with which to manage the patient with rheumatoid arthritis.
A molecular force probe.

Force probes1 allow reaction rates to be measured as a function of the restoring force in a molecule that has been stretched or compressed. Unlike strain energy2, approaches based on restoring force allow quantitative molecular understanding3 of phenomena as diverse as translation of microscopic objects by reacting molecules4,5,6, crack propagation7,8 and mechanosensing9. Conceptually, localized reactions offer the best opportunity to gain fundamental insights into how rates vary with restoring forces, but such reactions are particularly difficult to study systematically using microscopic force probes10,11,12,13,14. Here, we show how a molecular force probe, stiff stilbene, simplifies force spectroscopy of localized reactions. We illustrate the capabilities of our approach by validating the central postulate of chemomechanical kinetics15—force lowers the activation barrier proportionally to the difference in a single internuclear distance between the ground and transition states projected on the force vector—on a paradigmatic unimolecular reaction: concerted dissociation of the C–C bond. Force spectroscopy allows measurement of reaction rates as a function of the restoring force in molecules that have been stretched or compressed, but at present this approach lacks the temporal and spatial resolution to study systematically the reactivities of small functional groups. A molecular force probe — stiff stilbene — that extends force spectroscopy to the size scale of such reactions has now been reported.
The Characteristics of Ice Cloud Properties Derived fromCloudSatandCALIPSOMeasurements

AbstractThe characteristics of ice clouds with a wide range of optical depths are studied based on satellite retrievals and radiative transfer modeling. Results show that the global-mean ice cloud optical depth, ice water path, and effective radius are approximately 2, 109 g m−2, and 48 , respectively. Ice cloud occurrence frequency varies depending not only on regions and seasons, but also on the types of ice clouds as defined by optical depth values. Ice clouds with different values show differently preferential locations on the planet; optically thinner ones ( 3) occur frequently in tropical convective areas and along midlatitude storm tracks. It is also found that ice water content and effective radius show different temperature dependence among the tropics, midlatitudes, and high latitudes. Based on analyzed ice cloud frequencies and microphysical properties, cloud radiative forcing is...
Theory, experiment, and simulations of a symmetric arrangement of quasi-two-dimensional magnetic fluid drops

A theoretical and experimental investigation of a symmetrical arrangement of N quasi-two-dimensional magnetic fluid drops in an external field is carried out. We observe that when the distance between drops is smaller than about one drop diameter, the interactions between drops have a dramatic impact on the pattern formation process. In these circumstances, the final patterns that form are quite predictable. This predictability can be understood qualitatively by finding the rotational preference of the drops early in the evolution process using an energy minimization approach. To investigate the final state patterns, we perform a series of numerical experiments that demonstrate good agreement with the experiments.
Modulation masking in cochlear implant listeners: envelope versus tonotopic components.

It is hypothesized that channel-interaction in cochlear implant listeners as measured in a modulation-masking experiment would be influenced by both the tonotopic overlap between masker and signal as well as an interaction between their envelopes. Two experiments were conducted to measure the effects of maskers with noisy and steady-state envelopes on modulation detection by four adult Nucleus-22 cochlear implant listeners, as a function of tonotopic distance between the masker and the signal. In the first experiment, we measured detection thresholds for a 50-Hz modulation in the envelope of a 500-Hz carrier pulse train, in the presence of a masker stimulating regions basal and apical to, as well as overlapping with, the signal. The maskers had two kinds of envelopes: (i) amplitude-modulated by flat-spectrum noise (NAM) and (ii) steady-state (SSpeak) at a level corresponding to the maximum of the noise fluctuation range. In general, modulation thresholds obtained in the presence of the NAM maskers significantly exceeded thresholds obtained with the corresponding SSpeak maskers. The ratio ρ of the threshold modulation depth m obtained with the NAM masker to that obtained with the SSpeak masker was defined as a conservative index of “envelope masking.” In the second experiment, ρ was determined for two different tasks: the detection of modulation at 20 Hz and steady-state intensity increment detection. Compared to the 50-Hz modulation detection results, the ratio ρ was reduced for the 20-Hz modulation detection task and even more so for the steady-state increment detection task. It is concluded that channel-interaction can be significantly increased in cochlear implant listeners when dynamic stimuli are used in place of steady-state stimuli.
Engaging Students in a Latino Neighborhood Initiative: Transformative Learning at a Farmers' Market

How can experiential education facilitate higher levels of student learning? Can one assume that the experience itself of participating in a service learning project or study abroad or a field school will lead a student to a transformative experience? My research explores the idea of better designing courses that engage students in the process of transformative learning. The process illustrates the need for learning assessment tools integrated into the design of a project or course.
Enhancing adherence of antihypertensive regimens in hypertensive African-Americans: current and future prospects.

Patient adherence to antihypertensive medication is an important strategy for blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. However, rates of antihypertensive medication adherence among hypertensive African–Americans are unacceptably low. This article examines the current understanding of patient, clinical, provider and healthcare system factors associated with medication adherence in hypertensive African–Americans. Studies demonstrated that patient and clinical factors, such as self-efficacy and depression, are consistently associated with medication adherence in hypertensive African–Americans patients. Provider communication shows promise as a correlate of medication adherence, but more research on provider and healthcare system factors are still needed. The authors recommend that interventions targeted at increasing medication adherence among hypertensive African–Americans focus on self-efficacy. It is also imperative that clinicians screen hypertensive patients for depression and treat, if necessary.
The identification of different endothelial cell populations within the mouse proepicardium.

The proepicardium is a transient embryonic structure that is a source of precursors of the epicardium, coronary smooth muscle cells, and may be a source of coronary endothelial cells (EC). To better understand proepicardium development a systematic analysis of EC appearance was performed. Multiple marker analysis showed that EC are present in the mouse proepicardium at embryonic day (E) 9.0 through E9.75. Distinct populations of EC were found that were associated with the liver bud, and the sinus venosus, as well as a population that do not appear to be associated with either of these structures. There was a temporal increase in the number of EC and temporal changes in the distribution of EC within the different populations during PE development. These findings indicate that EC exist in the proepicardium before coronary vasculogenesis, and support a model in which there is a heterogeneous origin for EC in the proepicardium. Developmental Dynamics 240:2344–2353, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Low frequency radio astronomy through an artificially created ionospheric window

THE ionosphere presents a nearly impenetrable barrier for ground-based decametric (3–30 MHz) radioastronomical observations, though a few valiant efforts have been made under special conditions to reach frequencies near 1 MHz (ref. 1).
Catecholamines in the human diencephalon: a histochemical fluorescence study.

A histochemical fluorescence technique was used to visualize catecholaminecontaining nerve terminals and cell bodies in the human diencephalon.
PARALLEL COMPUTING USING SCHWARZ DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHOD FOR AEROACOUSTIC PROBLEMS

A Domain Decomposition (DD) method for solving time-harmonic aeroacoustic problems is presented. The computational domain is decomposed into subdomains, and the aerodynamic-aeroacoustic boundary-value problem is solved independently for each subdomain. On the artificially introduced subdomain boundaries impedance-type transmission conditions are imposed, which assure the uniqueness of the solution. The Finite Element method is used to discretize the subdomain problems. A direct solver (LU factorization) is used to solve the subdomain systems of equations and an iterative scheme updates the transmission conditions to recover the global solution. This DD method is applied to solve the classical problem of a thin airfoil in a transverse gust. The problem is formulated in terms of the unsteady pressure, and exact non-reflecting conditions are imposed on the outer computational boundary. The accuracy of the numerical scheme is validated by comparison with existing solutions for both the near-field unsteady pressure and the farfiled radiated sound. The convergence as well as the computational time and memory requirements of the present method are investigated. It is shown that by combining the subdomain direct solvers with global iterations, this DD method significantly reduces both the computational time and the memory requirements. The present algorithm is particularly suited for parallel computing.
Minimum Attack Rate for Measuring Measles Vaccine Efficacy

Nourjah P (WESTAT, 1650 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD 20850, USA) and Frerichs R R. Minimum attack rate for measuring measles vaccine efficacy. International Joumal of Epidemiology 1995 ; 24 : 834-841. Background. For evaluating measles vaccine efficacy (VE) in the field, some investigators have suggested that an overall attack rate level of 5% or more in a randomly mixing population is sufficient to provide equal exposure to the viral agent in both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. It is not clear, however, if this assumption is valid given the effect of herd immunity. Methods. We created a computer simulation model based on the stochastic extension of the Reed-Frost model and tested for variation in bias in VE estimation due to herd immunity, based on runs of 200 trials. Results. At higher levels of attack rate, the degree of herd immunity decreases, as does the percentage of trials with bias in VE estimation. The two main factors that affect the level of attack rate are the probability of adequate contact and the number of susceptibles. At a given level of attack rate, the number of susceptibles is positively associated with the percentage of biased trials in VE estimation. Since vaccination reduces the number of susceptibles, we also observe that when controlling for attack rate, higher vaccination coverage results in lower bias in VE estimation. Conclusion. The results show that the assumption of no bias when the attack rate is 5% or more becomes increasingly true when a large percentage of a randomly mixing population is immune.
Interactions among COX1, COX2, and COX3 mRNA-specific translational activator proteins on the inner surface of the mitochondrial inner membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The core of the cytochrome c oxidase complex is composed of its three largest subunits, Cox1p, Cox2p, and Cox3p, which are encoded in mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and inserted into the inner membrane from the inside. Mitochondrial translation of the COX1, COX2, and COX3 mRNAs is activated mRNA specifically by the nuclearly coded proteins Pet309p, Pet111p, and the concerted action of Pet54p, Pet122p, and Pet494p, respectively. Because the translational activators recognize sites in the 5-untranslated leaders of these mRNAs and because untranslated mRNA sequences contain information for targeting their protein products, the activators are likely to play a role in localizing translation. Herein, we report physical associations among the mRNA-specific translational activator proteins, located on the matrix side of the inner membrane. These interactions, detected by coimmune precipitation and by two-hybrid experiments, suggest that the translational activator proteins could be organized on the surface of the inner membrane such that synthesis of Cox1p, Cox2p, and Cox3p would be colocalized in a way that facilitates assembly of the core of the cytochrome c oxidase complex. In addition, we found interactions between Nam1p/Mtf2p and the translational activators, suggesting an organized delivery of mitochondrial mRNAs to the translation system.
Meta-analysis of candidate gene effects using bayesian parametric and non-parametric approaches.

Candidate gene (CG) approaches provide a strategy for identification and characterization of major genes underlying complex phenotypes such as production traits and susceptibility to diseases, but the conclusions tend to be inconsistent across individual studies. Meta-analysis approaches can deal with these situations, e.g., by pooling effect-size estimates or combining P values from multiple studies. In this paper, we evaluated the performance of two types of statistical models, parametric and non-parametric, for meta-analysis of CG effects using simulated data. Both models estimated a “central” effect size while taking into account heterogeneity over individual studies. The empirical distribution of study-specific CG effects was multi-modal. The parametric model assumed a normal distribution for the study-specific CG effects whereas the non-parametric model relaxed this assumption by posing a more general distribution with a Dirichlet process prior (DPP). Results indicated that the meta-analysis approaches could reduce false positive or false negative rates by pooling strengths from multiple studies, as compared to individual studies. In addition, the non-parametric, DPP model captured the variation of the “data” better than its parametric counterpart.
Approximate boundary conditions

Approximate boundary conditions are a means for simulating material and surface effects in scattering and propagation. A number of conditions are discussed, and criteria are given for their validity.
Role of endoscopic ultrasound in diagnosis and therapy of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Since its advent more than 20 years ago, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has undergone evolution from an experimental to a diagnostic instrument and is now established as a therapeutic tool for endoscopists. Endoscopic ultrasound cannot accurately distinguish benign from malignant changes in the primary lesion or lymph node on imaging alone. With the introduction of the curved linear array echoendoscope in the 1990s, the indications for EUS have expanded. The curved linear array echoendoscope enables the visualization of a needle as it exits from the biopsy channel in the same plane of ultrasound imaging in real time. This allows the endoscopist to perform a whole range of interventional applications ranging from fine needle aspiration (FNA) of lesions surrounding the gastrointestinal tract to celiac plexus block and drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst. This article reviews the current role of EUS and EUS-FNA in diagnosis, staging and interventional application of solid pancreatic cancer.
The 4-pyridylmethyl ester as a protecting group for glutamic and aspartic acids: ‘flipping’ peptide charge states for characterization by positive ion mode ESI-MS

Use of the 4-pyridylmethyl ester group for side-chain protection of glutamic acid residues in solid-phase peptide synthesis enables switching of the charge state of a peptide from negative to positive, thus making detection by positive ion mode ESI-MS possible. The pyridylmethyl ester moiety is readily removed from peptides in high yield by hydrogenation. Combining the 4-pyridylmethyl ester protecting group with benzyl ester protection reduces the number of the former needed to produce a net positive charge and allows for purification by RP HPLC. This protecting group is useful in the synthesis of highly acidic peptide sequences, which are often beset by problems with purification by standard RP HPLC and characterization by ESI-MS. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Birth Order, Personality Development, and the Choice of Law as a Profession

(1970). Birth Order, Personality Development, and the Choice of Law as a Profession. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 116, No. 2, pp. 219-221.
Renewable energy potential and adoption of renewable portfolio standards

Abstract Thirty states have adopted renewable portfolio standards (RPSs) that set targets for renewable energy generation by mandating electric power utilities obtain a minimum percentage of their retail load from renewable sources. To date, a number of studies have consistently found that political and economic factors impact RPS adoption. Studies have also examined the impact of renewable energy potential in a state on the probability of RPS adoption, but results have largely been statistically weak and inconclusive. After controlling for political and economic factors, we estimate that a one standard deviation increase in wind potential is associated with an approximately 4.2 percentage point increase in the probability of having an RPS, and a one standard deviation increase in solar potential is associated with a 6.1 percentage point increase in the probability of having an RPS.
FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA (FOP): THE VALUE OF STUDYING A RARE DISORDER

Rare diseases often provide important insights into common disorders. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is one of the rarest genetic conditions known. People who have this disorder essentially form two skeletons, a normal one during embryogenesis and a heterotopic one following birth. Heterotopic bone in FOP is biochemically, histologically, and biomechanically indistinguishable from normal bone. The authors’ research on the genetic and molecular pathways that are ectopically activated in patients who have FOP elucidate perspectives on normal bone formation and growth, and will lead to more effective treatment of congenital and degenerative disorders of the skeleton. The working group at The University of Pennsylvania follows nearly all of the patients in the world who have FOP. Medical students in the program learn how a rare disabling skeletal disease provides a unique perspective for considering an integrated molecular and social approach to more common skeletal disorders.
The Church-Rosser property in symmetric combinatory logic

Symmetic combinatory logic with the symmetric analogue of a combinatorially complete base (in the form of symmetric λ-calculus) is known to lack the Church-Rosser property. We prove a much stronger theorem that no symmetric combinatory logic that contains at least two proper symmetric combinatory has the Church-Rosser property. Although the statement of the result looks similar to an earlier one concerning dual combinatory logic, the proof is different because symmetric combinators may form redexes in both left and right associated terms. Perhaps surprisingly, we are also able to show that certain symmetric combinatory logics that include just one particular constant are not confluent. This result (beyond other differences) clearly sets apart symmetric combinatory logic from dual combinatory logic, since all dual combinatory systems with a single combinator or a single dual combinator are Church-Rosser. Lastly, we prove that a symmetric combinatory logic that contains the fixed point and the one-place identity combinator has the Church-Rosser property.
Comparing relationships in conceptual modeling: mapping to semantic classifications

Much of the research that deals with understanding the real world and representing it in a conceptual model uses some form of the entity-relationship model as a means of representation. This research proposes an ontology for classifying relationship verb phrases based upon the domain and context of the application within which the relationship appears. The classification categories to which the verb phrases are mapped were developed based upon prior research in databases, ontologies, and linguistics. The usefulness of the ontology for comparing relationships when used in conjunction with an entity ontology is discussed. Together, these ontologies can be effective in comparing two conceptual database designs for integration and validation. Empirical testing of the ontology on a number of relationships from different application domains and contexts illustrates the usefulness of the research.
Coronary CTA appearance of anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery with Intramural Aortic Route

Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare anomaly in which the left main coronary artery (LM) typically arises from the left infero-lateral aspect of the main pulmonary artery just above the pulmonary valve. This case report presents a case of variant ALCAPA where the LM arises from the supero-medial aspect of the distal pulmonary artery, taking an unusual course within the wall of the aorta: ALCAPA with Intramural Aortic Route (ALCAPA-IAR). Both Coronary artery Computed Tomographic Angiography (CCTA) and digital subtraction angiography were used to image the patient prior to surgical intervention. ALCAPA-IAR was confirmed and repaired in the operating room. While this variant has been described in the literature, the appearance on CCTA has not yet been described. Recognizing this variant on preoperative imaging is vitally important as it can affect the surgical approach.
The Determinants of Nuclear Force Structure

A substantial literature examines the causes of nuclear proliferation, but few studies have addressed why states decide on a particular portfolio of weapon systems once they have acquired a basic nuclear capability. We advance a portfolio theory of nuclear force structure, positing that states seek a diverse set of capabilities for nuclear deterrence, but that they also face major resource and organizational constraints. A number of factors may help to explain the portfolio of nuclear forces that states ultimately field, including resource availability, experience as a nuclear power, bureaucratic politics, the conventional threat environment, the presence of nuclear rivals, and the maintenance of nuclear alliances. We test the influence of these factors on force structure using a new data set of nuclear weapon platforms fielded by nine nuclear nations between 1950 and 2000. Our findings represent an important step in understanding the drivers of nuclear behavior after states have joined the nuclear weapon...
Greening ITIL: Expanding the ITIL lifecycle for Green IT

An important strategic decision for CIOs is to contribute to the overall long term sustainability of the organization and building the capacity and capability to preempt the information technology (IT) roadmap of the industry and come up with an IT roadmap for the organization to keep it in front of the competition. With the current industry trends, IT organizations need to make environmental sustainability (or “Green”) a part of their strategy. This would mean that an extension of the industry frameworks to suggest the best green practices is also imperative. Our work in this paper is just one set of suggestions among many to come in the future. It addresses proposed extensions to the ITIL framework to address green IT in the full ITIL lifecycle.
Molecular imaging through the blood-brain barrier: Safety assessment and parameter dependence

Current treatments of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases are limited due to the lack of a truly noninvasive, transient, and regionally selective brain drug delivery method. The brain is particularly difficult to deliver drugs to because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Over the past few years, we have been developing methods that combine Focused Ultrasound (FUS) and microbubbles in order to noninvasively, locally and transiently open the BBB so as to treat neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, the role of the microbubble properties in the BBB opening and its permeability is investigated. The left hippocampus of mice was sonicated (frequency: 1.525MHz, pressure: 0.33 MPa, duty cycle: 20%, duration: 1-min) in vivo through the intact skin and skull following intravenous injection of microbubbles. Two different size ranges of lipid-shelled microbubbles (1–2 and 4–5 µm in diameter) were prepared and filtered according to their size based on their buoyancy. The permeability (Ki) of the BBB was quantified using a sequence of MR T1-weighted images (9.4 T, Bruker Medical; Boston, MA) and a previously reported model in order to measure the permeability changes of the BBB as a result of the FUS-induced opening. Larger microbubbles (4–5 µm) resulted in a larger region of BBB opening in the targeted hippocampus. The increased extent of the BBB-opened region could be interpreted based on previously reported models on the relationship between microbubble resonance and vascular effects, which have shown that in compliant vessels the natural frequency of 4-µm microbubbles becomes 1.3 MHz, potentially justifying the enhanced effect in the 4–5 µm case at the frequency used in this study. Ki maps were obtained across the entire brain and were found highest at the BBB opening site equal to 7 µl/g-min. These values are in agreement with Ki values in BBB disruption reported in tumor models to range between 6.8(±3.5) and 15.1(±8.0) µl/g-min. This study showed molecular imaging of larger brain region is enabled using larger microbubbles This reinforces our hypothesis that the microbubble properties are as important of a component as the ultrasound parameters in accurately predicting the resulting BBB opening.
Global description of β − decay in even-even nuclei with the axially-deformed Skyrme finite-amplitude method

$\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay rates are an important ingredient in simulations of the astrophysical $r$ process, but parts of the $r$-process path are still not accessible to experiment. The authors develop a computationally efficient method that provides Skyrme-QRPA $\ensuremath{\beta}$-transition strengths for essentially all even-even nuclei, both spherical and deformed, between the valley of stability and the neutron drip line. The results will be important for global nucleosynthesis calculations.
Women’s Place in Educational Administration: Past, Present, and Future

Women’s place in educational administration today grows out of a history of beliefs, events, and expectations about women’s right and ability to lead in schools and society. Although today women represent about 30 percent of public school administrators in the United States, and contentious debate about whether women should be administrators has subsided, new questions are being raised. Do women administrators in the educational hierarchy make a difference in the practice of leadership in schools? Do women bring different leadership to school management than men, individually or collectively?
On some radii of univalence and related univalence criteria

Let D be the unit disk in . It is shown that if is any simply connected domain containing a sufficiently large disk, then the radius of univalence of the family {f: log f'(D) ⊂ R} is the same as that of {f: log f' maps D 1 – 1 onto R }. it is also shown that for M sufficiently large the radius of univalence of {f: |f“(z)/f'(z)|≤ M in D} is π/M. In addition, locally extremal functions corresponding to the problem of determining sup{M :|f”(z)/f'(z)|≤ M in D implies that f is univalent in D} and for the John constant problem for the upper half-plane are identified.
Capital Markets Data

This case presents annual flow and year-end balances for major economic sectors of the United States, permitting students to develop analyses of the changes over the 1970-92 period and their effects on financial institutions.
Aestivation (Summer Diapause) in Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). I. Effect of Aestivation, Photoperiods, and Diet on Total Fatty Acids

Total fatty acids of the adult alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), collected in South Carolina were examined by gas chromatography. Seven acids accounted for approximately 98% of the total: myristic (14:0), palmitic (18:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3). Based on analyses of pre- and postaestivating populations, the 3 principal characteristics noted during this period of reduced metabolism were a decrease in oleic acid, a decrease in monounsaturates, and an increase in polyunsaturates. Little evidence of any larval photoperiodic influence (8 or 16 hours) upon the new adult's fatty-acid composition was observed. However, weevils clearly mirrored the fatty-acid composition of the food source—artificial diet with high linoleic and fresh alfalfa with high linolenic acid.
The correlation between calcium intensity and histopathological changes in brachial plexus nerve injuries.

BACKGROUND After nerve injury, an influx of calcium exceeds the homeostatic capacity, which damages peripheral nerves. Previous studies identified that following nerve crush, function improves as calcium levels normalize. METHODS Electrophysiological analysis was performed to measure the compound muscle action potential of 15 patients' damaged nerves. These samples were evaluated for calcium level and also stained with a Luxol fast blue and neurofilament antibodies to evaluate the myelin sheath and neurofilaments of the nerves. Based on the Sunderland scale, we identified three exclusive types of peripheral nerve injury groups. RESULTS There was a correlation between histopathological damage and calcium levels of 0.81 (p < 0.005). The average relative fluorescence units (RFUs) was 235.28 ± 19, which corresponds to 5.3 × 10⁻⁷ M of calcium, five times the normal value. CONCLUSION Our study shows promising clinical implications via faster pathology results by the RFU technique. This approach of calcium staining, though still in clinical trials, offers significant clinical application, allowing physicians to get the clinically diagnostic nerve injury degree faster and will also facilitate better strategies for further treatment or future surgeries.
Hermit Crabs―are They Really Polyphyletic?

ABSTRACT The independent lineages of the two superfamilies of hermit crabs, the Coenobitoidea and Paguroidea, were originally hypothesized from evidence gained in the study of larval development of a very few species. Subsequent studies have shown that the proposed relationships among thalassinoids-coenobitoids and paguroids-galatheoids are not as probable as once believed. The question of hermit crab phylogeny (including the lithodids) is re-examined using cladistic methodology. As a result of this analysis, the families Pomatochelidae, Diogenidae, Coenobitidae, Paguridae, Parapaguridae, and Lithodidae are reunited under the superfamily Paguroidea, infraorder Anomala.
Posterior Tibial Slope Angle Correlates With Peak Sagittal and Frontal Plane Knee Joint Loading During Robotic Simulations of Athletic Tasks

Background:Tibial slope angle is a nonmodifiable risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, the mechanical role of varying tibial slopes during athletic tasks has yet to be clinically quantified.Purpose:To examine the influence of posterior tibial slope on knee joint loading during controlled, in vitro simulation of the knee joint articulations during athletic tasks.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:A 6 degree of freedom robotic manipulator positionally maneuvered cadaveric knee joints from 12 unique specimens with varying tibial slopes (range, −7.7° to 7.7°) through drop vertical jump and sidestep cutting tasks that were derived from 3-dimensional in vivo motion recordings. Internal knee joint torques and forces were recorded throughout simulation and were linearly correlated with tibial slope.Results:The mean (±SD) posterior tibial slope angle was 2.2° ± 4.3° in the lateral compartment and 2.3° ± 3.3° in the medial compartment. For simulated drop vertical jumps, la...
The Design of Relocatable SVC and Its Application in Jiangxi Power Grid

According to the project experience of the first relocatable static VAR compensator (RSVC) in China applied in Jiangxi power grid, some methods of project design are put forward. A new 220 kV voltage control strategy with 10 kV voltage limit is presented here to meet the requirement of transformer substation voltage control. For realizing the relocatable system, the distributed monitoring system and compact valve body design are applied. By the analysis of experimental and operational data, some beneficial principles and attentions are drawn when RSVC is applied. The conclusions will be good for the implementation of SVC in China power grid.
Stakeholder Conflict in Organizational Decline and Turnaround

Most organizations will suffer from decline at some point. A significant amount of research has investigated the actions firms suffering from decline can initiate to turnaround their performance, b...
Drinking Water Arsenic: The Millard County, Utah Mortality Studya

Publisher Summary The environmental protection agency (EPA) risk assessment for drinking water arsenic is based on skin cancer and wide-ranging exposures of between 10 and 1,820 μg/L drinking water As from studies conducted in Taiwan in the 1960s. This investigation in a cohort of 4,058 residents from Millard County, Utah, represents one of the largest studies in a U.S. population. The Utah Health Laboratory using EPA approved test methods based exposure on drinking water As concentrations performed. Median As concentrations in drinking water ranged from 14 μg/L to 166 μg/L. The cohort was established based on historic membership records of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS). Current vital status was determined by the LDS. Death certificates of the deceased were collected and reviewed for cause of death. Cause of death was coded using the International Cause of Death (ICD) version 9 coding rubric. Results from the standard mortality ratio (SMR) analysis include statistically significant associations for hypertensive heart disease (SMR=2.20), nephritis and nephrosis (SMR=1.72), and prostate cancer (SMR=1.45) among males, and hypertensive heart disease (SMR=1.73), and all other heart disease including pulmonary heart disease and diseases of the pericardium (SMR=1.43) among females. These results indicate that cancer and other health effects may be important at low exposure levels of less than 200 μg/L. A Cox proportional hazards analysis using an exposure matrix to include the number of years in residence and the median As level for the town of residence is underway.