cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative behavior of piloted turbulent premixed jet flames of C1C8 hydrocarbons

Abstract An exploratory study was performed on highly turbulent piloted premixed jet flames of straight chain (paraffin and olefin), branched, cyclo, and aromatic C 1 C 8 hydrocarbons. The goal was to investigate fuel effects on global and local flame observables under flow conditions corresponding to the transition from the thin to the broken reaction zone regimes. The experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure, reactant temperature of 298 K, jet Reynolds numbers of 12,500 and 25,000, and various equivalence ratios and fuels in order to assess the attendant effects on the flame characteristics. The effects of heat losses from the flame were considered also in order to sensitize kinetic effects. Measurements were performed using particle image velocimetry and spontaneous luminosity imaging. The averaged and fluctuating velocity components as well the average flame height were determined to scale in general with the laminar flame speed. The exception to this scaling was the height of methane flames that exhibit notable differences compared to large molecular weight fuels. Subtle differences were identified even among the large hydrocarbon flames and became evident from measurements of the instantaneous luminosity field. Finally, high-speed luminosity imaging revealed that there are apparent fuel effects on the local structure of the flame as evident by the distribution and size of luminous pockets. These results suggest that the fuel effects should be also the focus of further investigations by the community.
Emerging Therapies for Childhood Polycystic Kidney Disease.

Cystic kidney diseases comprise a number of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders where renal cysts are a component of their pleiotropic phenotype. In pediatric patients, the term polycystic kidney disease (PKD) generally refers to two specific genetic diseases, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) and autosomal dominant polycystic disease (ADPKD). Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the complex molecular and cellular mechanisms of renal cyst formation in ARPKD and ADPKD. One of the most important discoveries is that both the genes and proteins products of ARPKD and ADPKD interact in a complex network of genetic and functional interactions. These interactions and the shared phenotypic abnormalities of ARPKD and ADPKD, the “cystic phenotypes” suggest that many of the therapies developed and tested for ADPKD may be effective in ARPKD as well. Successful therapeutic interventions for childhood PKD will therefore be guided by knowledge of these molecular interactions, as well as a number of clinical parameters such as the stage of the disease and the rate of disease progression.
Managing the Concealable Stigma of Criminal Justice System Involvement: A Longitudinal Examination of Anticipated Stigma, Social Withdrawal, and Post–Release Adjustment

People with concealable stigmatized identities, such as a criminal record, often anticipate stigma from others. Anticipated stigma is thought to cause withdrawal from situations in which there is the potential for discrimination, which then negatively impacts behavior and functioning. This may have implications for offenders reentering the community, possibly hindering community integration and encouraging maladaptive behavior postrelease. Drawing upon a sample of 197 male jail inmates, we examine a theoretical model in which anticipated stigma during incarceration predicts behavioral outcomes 1 year after release from jail (i.e., recidivism, substance use disorder symptoms, mental health symptoms, community adjustment) through social withdrawal. Anticipated stigma during incarceration predicted social withdrawal three months postrelease, which then predicted more mental health problems 1 year postrelease. Stigma resistance and optimism buffered the effect of anticipated stigma on social withdrawal. Race moderated multiple paths in the model, suggesting that the relations between anticipated stigma, social withdrawal, and adjustment are more pronounced for White offenders.
Contact Toxicity of Selective Insecticides for Non-Target Predaceous Hemipterans in Soybeans

New insecticides with selectivity for lepidopterous pests are currently being registered for use in soybeans throughout the mid-south. The effect of these products on important hemipteran beneficia...
Networked Fractional-order Systems

This chapter moves from integer-order dynamics to fractional-order dynamics motivated by real-world phenomena. We first study distributed coordination of networked fractional-order systems under a directed fixed interaction graph. We show sufficient conditions on the interaction graph and the fractional order such that coordination is achieved. The coordination equilibrium is also given explicitly. We then study distributed coordination of networked fractional-order systems under a directed switching interaction graph. The convergence conditions on both the interaction graph and the fractional order are presented. We finally propose fractional-order coordination algorithms with absolute/relative damping and study the conditions on the interaction graph and the control gains such that coordination is achieved under a directed fixed interaction graph. Simulation examples are presented as a proof of concept.
Aufbau und Veränderbarkeit von Lehrerprofessionalität

Betrachtet man verschiedene Uberlegungen und Studien zur Entwicklung von Professionalitat, so ist auffallend, dass haufig Stufenmodelle dazu verwendet werden.
Isolation of bastadin-6-O-sulfate and expedient purifications of bastadins-4, -5 and -6 from extracts of Ianthella basta.

Abstract Bastadin-6-34-O-sulfate ester (8) was isolated from methanol extracts of Ianthella basta. The structure of 8 was characterized by analysis of MS and NMR data, and conversion through acid hydrolysis, to the parent compound, bastadin-6, which was identical by HPLC, MS and NMR with an authentic sample. An improved procedure for procurement of pure samples of bastadins-4 (4), -5 (5) and -6 (6) is described.
On a Correspondence Between Mechanical and Thermal Effects in Two-Phase Composites

This paper considers the thermomechanical loading problem of binary composites with any anisotropic elastic constituents and arbitrary phase geometry, subjected to homogeneous traction or displacement boundary conditions and uniform temperature change. It is shown that the solution of the thermomechanical problem is uniquely determined by the solution of the purely mechanical problem corresponding to zero temperature change. This result is used to obtain explicit relations between the effective thermal strain (or stress) coefficient tensor and the effective mechanical properties. The correspondence between thermomechanical and purely mechanical loads is also used to establish an important consistency property of the Mori-Tanaka model in the context of thermomechanical problems. Extensions of the results to composite systems with temperature-dependent properties is discussed.
Discontinuities, Continuities, and Hidden Work in Virtual Collaboration

Virtual collaboration involves the performance of joint work activities by individuals who are in different geographic locations. In this essay, I argue that that there is significant unseen and unaccounted for effort required to perform work in virtual collaboration. The notions of organizational discontinuity theory (ODT) and articulation work are employed to develop this argument and uncover the invisible work in virtual collaboration. I hypothesize that, while often perceived as unremarkable, this hidden work increases the complexity of collaboration activities. The chapter concludes with a discussion of potential consequences and future research directions.
In Pursuit of 2D Materials for Maximum Optical Response.

Despite being only a few atoms thick, single-layer two-dimensional (2D) materials display strong electron–photon interactions that could be utilized in efficient light modulators on extreme subwavelength scales. In various applications involving light modulation and manipulation, materials with strong optical response at different wavelengths are required. Using qualitative analytical modeling and first-principles calculations, we determine the theoretical limit of the maximum optical response such as absorbance (A) and reflectance (R) in 2D materials and also conduct a computational survey to seek out those with best A and R in various frequency ranges, from mid-infrared to deep-ultraviolet. We find that 2D boron has broadband reflectance R > 99% for >100 layers, surpassing conventional thin films of bulk metals such as silver. Moreover, we identify 2D monolayer semiconductors with maximum response, for which we obtain quantitative estimates by calculating quasiparticle energies and accounting for excito...
Evolving and expanding scope of lupus-inducing drugs.

Drug-induced lupus (DIL) is a side effect of long-term treatment with various medications, an idiosyncratic adverse drug reaction (ADR) that has been documented for some seven decades. While symptoms can be severe, DIL, unlike systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is fully reversible simply by discontinuation of the inducing medication, although full recovery can take several months. However, as with SLE, diagnosis of DIL is often missed or delayed in part because onset of symptoms can be gradual and variable and because the temporal link to the implicated drug is often not apparent. DIL typically develops after many months or years of largely symptom-free continuous drug use. While bonafide SLE or other idiopathic autoimmune disease would naturally be included in the differential diagnosis of someone who develops lupus-like symptoms, awareness that symptoms could be iatrogenic due to chronic medication can be the most important factor in making a correct and prompt diagnosis. Failure to do this often results in prolonged and worsening symptoms and unnecessary or ineffective anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive treatment. The literature is replete with well-documented case reports of DIL due to some 70 different drugs as well as numerous reviews on this subject that list reported lupus-inducing drugs and their relative risk of causing this adverse side effect. However, because many drugs have a low or very low risk of causing lupus-like symptoms, it can be challenging to recognise DIL as the underlying cause of symptom development. In addition, increased use of new medications and/or the absence of publications of full case reports raise the possibility that other drugs exist with a DIL propensity. Gratefully, with the creation of VigiBase by the WHO in 1967,1 a mechanism for reporting potential lupus-inducing drugs has been facilitated without the formality of fully documented case reports. This Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSR) database now …
Spatial Correlation Preserving EEG Dimensionality Reduction Using Machine Learning

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of the brains electrical activity measured at the scalp. It is composed of multifaceted signals that reflect the localized activity and intensity of neurological processes opening the possibilities for brain to machine interaction. This research explores the use of Machine Learning to analyze EEG data collected from a custom-designed NeuroRacer virtual interactive cognitive training software. The method utilizes Machine Learning classification based on channel level feature performance to significantly reduce complexity while maintaining tolerable loss in performance prediction. The EEG data were collected using a Model”Active-Two” sensor cap (from Cortech Solutions) in conjunction with a BioSemiActiveTwo 64-channel EEG acquisition system. Our findings indicate that classification of the signal feature, derived from the full array of 64 channels during a 6-month follow-up, yielded a prediction rate of 82.2% when assessing the intervention induced differentiation between a Multi-Task Training (MTT) and Non-contact Control groups. Furthermore, we reveal that using a smaller number of channels where the success rate of prediction is optimized would lead to practical benefit for the EEG device design. Our results show that we reach the optimal level with channel reduction down to a selective 12 out of 64 channels with a penalty of 10.04% error rate.
Abstract 428: An Unexpected Role for ACC in Lipid Droplet Formation in Macrophages in Response to Acellular Adipocyte Fat

In adipose tissues of obese mice, macrophages accumulate in crown-like structures (CLS) formed around dying adipocytes. The CLS macrophages are thought to clear the dead adipocytes by exophagy, whi...
International Cooperation in the Early Twentieth Century

The dominant historiography of the early twentieth century highlights the divisions among sovereign nation-states, in particular, rising military confrontations, and social and politico-economic co...
Communication-Channel Optimized Partition.

Given an original discrete source X with the distribution p_X that is corrupted by noise to produce the noisy data Y with the given joint distribution p(X, Y). A quantizer/classifier Q : Y -> Z is then used to classify/quantize the data Y to the discrete partitioned output Z with probability distribution p_Z. Next, Z is transmitted over a deterministic channel with a given channel matrix A that produces the final discrete output T. One wants to design the optimal quantizer/classifier Q^* such that the cost function F(X; T) between the input X and the final output T is minimized while the probability of the partitioned output Z satisfies a concave constraint G(p_Z) < C. Our results generalized some famous previous results. First, an iteration linear time complexity algorithm is proposed to find the local optimal quantizer. Second, we show that the optimal partition should produce a hard partition that is equivalent to the cuts by hyper-planes in the probability space of the posterior probability p(X|Y). This result finally provides a polynomial-time algorithm to find the globally optimal quantizer.
Case 2: Blindness and Loss of Gross Motor Skills in a Young Toddler

1. Whitney Rolling, DO* 2. Fernando Bula-Rudas, MD* 3. Carl S. Galloway, MD* 4. Vishnu Kanala, MD* 5. Geoffrey Tufty, MD* 6. Archana Chatterjee, MD, PhD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Sanford Children's Hospital, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD A 16-month-old previously healthy girl is admitted to the hospital with concerns of gross motor regression and poor eye tracking. She had been able to walk independently but has not been able to do so for the past month. Her mother reports a possible viral illness that their entire family had consisting of 1 day with vomiting and diarrhea 1 month before her daughter’s admission. The illness resolved spontaneously for the rest of the family, but her daughter still has residual fatigue and crawls now instead of walking. The patient lives on a family farm, and the only animals there are outdoor barn cats. She was recently seen by her primary care provider, who ordered a complete blood cell count, which was significant for a white blood cell (WBC) count of 15,300/μL (15.3×109/L) (reference range, 5,000–15,000/μL [5.0–15.0×109/L]), a hemoglobin level of 12.1 g/dL (121 g/L) (reference range, 10.5–14.0 g/dL [105–140 g/L]), and a platelet count of 356×103/μL (356×109/L) (reference range, 140–400×103/μL [140–400×109/L]) with 19% neutrophils, 53% lymphocytes, 7% monocytes, 20% eosinophils, and 1% basophils. Because of her profound eosinophilia, she is referred to the pediatric hematology clinic. During this clinic visit the providers notice that she is …
Primary Care Practice Transformation Introduces Different Staff Roles.

PURPOSE Practices in the 4-year Comprehensive Primary Care (CPC) initiative changed staffing patterns during 2012-2016 to improve care delivery. We sought to characterize these changes and to compare practice patterns with those in similar non-CPC practices in 2016. METHODS We conducted an online survey among selected US primary care practices. We statistically tested 2012-2016 changes in practice-reported staff composition among 461 CPC practices using 2-tailed t tests. Using logistic regression analysis, we compared differences in staff types between the CPC practices and 358 comparison practices that participated in the survey in 2016. RESULTS In 2012, most CPC practices reported having physicians (100%), administrative staff (99%), and medical assistants (90%). By 2016, 84% reported having care managers/care coordinators (up from 24% in 2012), and 29% reported having behavioral health professionals, clinical psychologists, or social workers (up from 19% in 2014). There were also smaller increases (of less than 10 percentage points) in the share of practices having pharmacists, nutritionists, registered nurses, quality improvement specialists, and health educators. Larger and system-affiliated practices were more likely to report having care managers/care coordinators and behavioral health professionals. In 2016, relative to comparison practices, CPC practices were more likely to report having various staff types—notably, care managers/care coordinators (84% of CPC vs 36% of comparison practices), behavioral health professionals (29% vs 12%), and pharmacists (18% vs 4%). CONCLUSIONS During the CPC initiative, CPC practices added different staff types to a fairly traditional staffing model of physicians with medical assistants. They most commonly added care managers/care coordinators and behavioral health staff to support the CPC model and, at the end of CPC, were more likely to have these staff members than comparison practices.
High-speed Frequency Domain Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Quantitative Pulse Oximetry

Following cardiac surgery, patients are monitored with a catheter inserted into the heart. High-speed frequency domain diffuse optical spectroscopy can noninvasively measure many of the same parameters as the invasive catheter without risk of complications.
Twins Support the Absence of Parity-Dependent Fertility Control in Pretransition Populations.

A conclusion of the European Fertility Project in 1986 was that pretransition populations mostly displayed natural fertility, where parity-dependent birth control was absent. This conclusion has recently been challenged for England by new empirical results and has also been widely rejected by theorists of long-run economic growth, where pre-industrial fertility control is integral to most models. In this study, we use the accident of twin births to show that for three Western European–derived pre-industrial populations—namely, England (1730–1879), France (1670–1788), and Quebec (1621–1835)—we find no evidence for parity-dependent control of marital fertility. If a twin was born in any of these populations, family size increased by 1 compared with families with a singleton birth at the same parity and mother age, with no reduction of subsequent fertility. Numbers of children surviving to age 14 also increased. Twin births also show no differential effect on fertility when they occurred at high parities; this finding is in contrast to populations where fertility is known to have been controlled by at least some families, such as in England, 1900–1949, where a twin birth increased average births per family by significantly less than 1.
Empowering Children: A Multicultural Humanistic Approach

This unique text bridges multiculturalism and humanistic psychology, demonstrating how these areas can be effectively integrated to provide a foundation for engaging youth in the global community. Adapting the tenets of humanistic psychology for a modern, multicultural audience, Empowering Children: A Multicultural Humanistic Approach uses an after-school program called Kidz n’ Coaches to exemplify the ways in which community out-reach and humanistic psychology can be used together to meet the needs of diverse populations. Chapters also discuss issues of border cultures, with a focus on communities along the Mexican-American border, and offer practical tools for those looking to found their own community out-reach programs. Through a detailed case study and phenomenological study results, this book offers an immersive framework for multicultural humanistic psychology that will be of value to researchers and professionals alike.
Drive-pressure optimization in ramp-wave compression experiments through differential evolution

Ramp-wave dynamic-compression experiments are used to examine quasi-isentropic loading paths in materials. The gradual and continuous increase in pressure created by ramp waves make these types of experiments ideal for studying nonequilibrium material behavior, such as solidification kinetics. In ramp-wave compression experiments, the input drive pressure to the experimental setup may be exerted through one of a number of different mechanisms (e.g., magnetic fields, gas-gun-driven impactors, or high-energy lasers) and is generally required for simulating such experiments. Yet, regardless of the specific mechanism, this drive pressure cannot be measured directly (measurements are generally taken at a location near the back of the experimental setup through a transparent window), leading to an inverse problem where one must determine the drive pressure at the front of the experimental setup (i.e., the input) that corresponds to the particle velocity (the output) measured near the back of the experimental setup. We solve this inverse problem using a heuristic optimization algorithm, known as differential evolution, coupled with a multiphysics, hydrodynamics code that simulates the compression of the experimental setup. By running many rounds of forward simulations of the experimental setup, our optimization process iteratively searches for a drive pressure that is optimized to closely reproduce the experimentally measured particle velocity near the back of the experimental setup. While our optimization methodology requires a significant number of hydrodynamics simulations to be conducted, many of these can be performed in parallel, which greatly reduces the time cost of our methodology. One novel aspect of our method for determining the drive pressure is that it does not require physical modeling of the drive mechanism and can thus be broadly applied to many types of ramp-compression experiments, regardless of the drive mechanism.
Effects of old age and contraction mode on knee extensor muscle ATP flux and metabolic economy in vivo.

KEY POINTS We used 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify in vivo skeletal muscle metabolic economy (ME; mass-normalized torque or power produced per ATP consumed) during three 24 s maximal-effort contraction protocols: (1) sustained isometric (MVIC), (2) intermittent isokinetic (MVDCIsoK ), and (3) intermittent isotonic (MVDCIsoT ) in the knee extensor muscles of young and older adults. ME was not different between groups during the MVIC but was lower in older than young adults during both dynamic contraction protocols. These results are consistent with an increased energy cost of locomotion, but not postural support, with age. The effects of old age on ME were not due to age-related changes in muscle oxidative capacity or ATP flux. Specific power was lower in older than young adults, despite similar total ATP synthesis between groups. Together, this suggests a dissociation between cross-bridge activity and ATP utilization with age. ABSTRACT Muscle metabolic economy (ME; mass-normalized torque or power produced per ATP consumed) is similar in young and older adults during some isometric contractions, but less is known about potential age-related differences in ME during dynamic contractions. We hypothesized that age-related differences in ME would exist only during dynamic contractions, due to the increased energetic demand of dynamic versus isometric contractions. Ten young (Y; 27.5 ± 3.9 years, 6 men) and 10 older (O; 71 ± 5 years, 5 men) healthy adults performed three 24 s bouts of maximal contractions: (1) sustained isometric (MVIC), (2) isokinetic (120°·s-1 , MVDCIsoK ; 0.5 Hz), and (3) isotonic (load = 20% MVIC, MVDCIsoT ; 0.5 Hz). Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis muscle was used to calculate ATP flux (mM ATP·s-1 ) through the creatine kinase reaction, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Quadriceps contractile volume (cm3 ) was measured by MRI. ME was calculated using the torque-time integral (MVIC) or power-time integral (MVDCIsoK and MVDCIsoT ), total ATP synthesis and contractile volume. As hypothesized, ME was not different between Y and O during the MVIC (0.12 ± 0.03 vs. 0.12 ± 0.02 Nm. s. cm-3. mM ATP-1 , mean ± SD, respectively; P = 0.847). However, during both MVDCIsoK and MVDCIsoT , ME was lower in O than Y adults (MVDCIsoK : 0.011 ± 0.003 vs. 0.007 ± 0.002 J. cm-3. mM ATP-1 ; P < 0.001; MVDCIsoT : 0.011 ± 0.002 vs. 0.008 ± 0.002; P = 0.037, respectively), despite similar muscle oxidative capacity, oxidative and total ATP flux in both groups. The lower specific power in older than young adults, despite similar total ATP synthesis between groups, suggests there is a dissociation between cross-bridge activity and ATP utilization with age.
The Panther Discourse (1965–1982)

This chapter centers on the transformation of Oakland, California from a World War II port city with a rising migrant Black population into a epicenter of Black militant and socialist counterculture in the late 1960s. By the mid-1970s, West and North Oakland had become an example of a “countercultural powder keg”—a potent mix of a politically educated, radical-leaning, willingly militant “underclass” of Black youth with rising and unmet expectations. The rise and politics of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense established Oakland as the headquarters of a youth-led self-determination and community control campaign. In the next era, the local East Bay gangster rap discourse carried elements of Panther legacy forward with a new version of confrontational politics, anti-state imagery, branding and logos, and use of violence and war themes in rhetoric.
Scaling Beyond 7nm Node: An Overview of Gate-All-Around FETs

Gate-all-around (GAA) is a promising MOSFET structure to continue scaling down the size of CMOS devices beyond 7 nm technology node. This paper gives an overview of different types of GAAFETs including lateral and vertical channel orientations, and nanowire (NW) and nanosheet (NSH) channel structures. The advantages and disadvantages of these structures are discussed. Besides, key parameters such as gate length, transfer characteristics, drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), subthreshold slop (SS), and threshold voltage are used to compare the electrical performance of different structures. The review summarizes the advantages of four structures: first, the lateral nanowire tends to have the lowest simulated DIBL (45mV/V) and SS (68mV/dec) due to the circular shape of the channel structure. Second, the lateral nanosheet has a higher driving current or on-state current (Ion = 85μA) than nanowire due to large effective width, Weff. Third, the vertical cylindrical is relaxed on the gate length and contacted gate pitch and has the potential to reduce short channel effects (SCEs) by reducing the diameter of the nanowire. Last, the cylindrical junctionless structure has the lowest I off and threshold voltage roll-off which is suitable for low power electronics, and it is easier for fabrication.
Altered mental status predicts length of stay but not death in a community-based cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Abstract Introduction Altered Mental Status (AMS) is a common neurological complication in patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of COVID-19 (Umapathi et al., 2020; Liotta et al., 2020). Studies show that AMS is associated with death and prolonged hospital stay. In addition to respiratory insufficiency, COVID-19 causes multi-organ failure and multiple metabolic derangements, which can cause AMS, and the multi-system involvement could account for the prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality. In this study, we built on our previous publication (Chachkhiani et al., 2020) using a new, larger cohort to investigate whether we could reproduce our previous findings while addressing some of the prior study’s limitations. Most notably, we sought to determine whether AMS still predicted prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality after controlling for systemic complications such as sepsis, liver failure, kidney failure, and electrolyte abnormalities. Objectives The primary purpose was to document the frequency of AMS in patients with COVID-19 at the time of presentation to the emergency room. Secondary aims were to determine: 1) if AMS at presentation was associated with worse outcomes as measured by prolonged hospitalization and death; and 2) if AMS remained a predictor of worse outcome after adjusting for concomitant organ failure and metabolic derangements. Results Out of 367 patients, 95 (26%) had AMS as a main or one of the presenting symptoms. Our sample has a higher representation of African Americans (53%) than the US average and a high frequency of comorbidities, such as obesity (average BMI 29.1), hypertension (53%), and diabetes (30%). Similar to our previous report, AMS was the most frequent neurological chief complaint. At their admission, out of 95 patients with AMS, 83 (88%) had organ failure or one of the systemic problems that could have caused AMS. However, a similar proportion (86%) of patients without AMS had one or more of these same problems. Age, race, and ethnicity were the main demographic predictors. African Americans had shorter hospital stay [HR1.3(1.0,1.7),p = 0.02] than Caucasians. Hispanics also had shorter hospital stay than non-Hispanics [HR1.6(1.2,2.1), p = 0.001]. Hypoxia, liver failure, hypernatremia, and kidney failure were also predictors of prolonged hospital stay. In the multivariate model, hypoxia, liver failure, and acute kidney injury were the remaining predictors of longer hospital stay, as well as people with AMS at baseline [HR0.7(0.6,0.9), p Conclusion Altered mental status is an independent predictor of prolonged hospital stay, but not death. Further studies are needed to evaluate the causes of AMS in patients with COVID-19.
RNA Structure, Free and on the Ribosome, as Revealed by Chemical and Enzymatic Studies

At present, various chemical and enzymatic probes are the experimental techniques capable of providing large amounts of data on the structure and arrangement of large RNA molecules. Direct reactivity measurements yield information on accessibility, while cross-linking provides information on proximity. Taken together with secondary structure estimates derived from analysis of base pairing potential and phylogenetic variations, the results of chemical and enzymatic studies can help evaluate specific models for RNA structures and interactions. It is unlikely that a precise three-dimensional structure could result from this approach. However, it should be possible, through accumulation of a large enough data set, to provide reasonably accurate secondary structures and approximate models of how the secondary structure is arranged in space, alone, or in concert with proteins. A unique advantage of this approach is that it is suited to the detection of conformational changes in RNA molecules. Thus, it will be very useful in establishing functional aspects of altered RNA structures where they exist.
Abdomen and Pelvis

Portion of thoracoabdominal cavity inferior to respiratory diaphragm, traditionally divided into larger abdominal cavity and smaller pelvic cavity. Plane of division is pelvic brim, i.e., superior inlet of pelvis.
Distributed work and client/server computing: issues from the field

One of information technology’s most alluring promises lies in its potential for enabling knowledge work. The evolution of distributed computing has created an opportunity for knowledge workers to customize their rapidly evolving computing environment. In this new environment, highly sophisticated information tools are being brought directly into the hands of the office worker. It is widely believed that client/server (C/S) is the technology which will enable the successful implementation of distributed computing infrastructures. However, C/S is not yet mature: tools and application are developing and adapting to client requirements as the process of building the C/S infrastructure occurs. Moreover, it represents a paradigmatic movement away from the traditional, centralized models of computing (i.e., the mainframe). These factors suggest that the implementation of C/S may bear a unique set of technical and organizational implications. In this paper we set forth some of the issues drawn from data collected in an ongoing, longitudinal study of information technology (IT) implementation at a mid-sized academic institution. This organization is in the midst of a multi-year project to migrate from a mainframe to a client/server computing environment. Issues derived thus far include the following: (1) C/S Implementation managers are currently ‘straddling’ the mainframe and C/S environments; (2) the C/S initiative appears to be primarily driven by technology; (3) the ‘mindset’ (mental models, cognitive processes) based on the mainframe model is still the basis for most clients (users), many developers, and some administrators; (4) there are unresolved issues of ’power’ between IS managers, data custodians, and users; (5) there is a general trend toward distributed means of communication between members of the organization; and, (6) there is a growing awareness that end-user involvement is more time-consuming than expected.
Global finance and the land grab: mapping twenty-first century strategies

Understanding global land transformations today requires greater attention to finance, and how financial institutions are making land and property into financial assets. Drawing on geographical political economy and scholarship on financialisation, I question the nature and temporality of finance's new interest in land – notably, whether it is speculative and short term or an emerging longer-term strategy. I consider how different kinds of financial institutions invest in land differently, how they are mobilising value arguments and tools and how a growing scarcity of “safe“ assets may push even conservative financial players into new experiments with land and other accumulation frontiers.
Detailed Mechanism of Interaction of Bovine β-Trypsin with Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor (Kunitz) I. STOPPED FLOW MEASUREMENTS

Abstract The rate of formation of the stable trypsin-inhibitor complex from bovine β-trypsin and either virgin or modified soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) was monitored by following the change in absorbance at 260 nm after mixing of equimolar reactants in a stopped flow apparatus. At low reactant concentrations both reactions are second order both with respect to concentration and to time. As the concentration of reactants is raised both the time and concentration dependence gradually switch to first order. These results coupled with other data suggest that the simplest possible mechanism of interaction is [see PDF for equation] On the assumption that the equilibration to form the loose noncovalent complexes is rapid, values of Kl* = κ-1/κ1 and Kl* = κ4/κ-4 and of the rate constants κ2 and κ-3 were computed from the data. Within the limits of rather large experimental error pKl = pKl* = 4.65 independent of pH in the 4.5 to 8 range. The rate constants κ2 and κ-3 increase with increasing pH in this range and reach plateau values of 140 and 10 per s, respectively, near pH 8. Both rate constants show similar pH dependence with another plateau in the pH 5 to 6 range. The magnitude and pH dependence of these parameters is roughly consistent with Ks values and catalytic rate constants for hydrolysis of excellent amide and peptide substrates. Measurements of the dissociation of the stable complex between pH 1.7 and 3.5 were also made. The dissociation rate constant is very fast near pH 2 (approximately 100 per s) and declines sharply as the pH is raised. Preliminary measurements indicate significant differences in the rate of association of soybean trypsin inhibitor with α- and with β-trypsin as well as in the rate of dissociation of α-trypsin and of β-trypsin complexes.
Variable QoS from Shared Web Caches: User-Centered Design and Value-Sensitive Replacement

Due to differences in server capacity, external bandwidth, and client demand, some Web servers value cache hits more than others. Assuming that a shared cache knows the extent to which different servers value hits, it may employ a value-sensitive replacement policy in order to generate higher aggregate value for servers. We consider both the predictionand value aspects of this problem and introduce a novel value-sensitive LFU/LRU hybrid that biases the allocation of cache space toward documents whose origin servers value caching most highly. We compare our algorithm with others from the Web caching literature and discuss from an economic standpoint the problems associated with obtaining servers’ private valuation information.
Multiple Aggregation States of Phosphoribosyladenosine Triphosphate Synthetase

Abstract The association states of phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium were studied using ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The enzyme exists predominantly as a hexamer at 25 and 37° under mild solvent conditions. At 4–7.5° it aggregates to species smaller and larger than a hexamer depending on protein concentration. High ionic strength cesium chloride at 25° leads to a species larger than the hexamer. Low ionic strength, pH 10, or aging dissociate the enzyme to a dimer. The combination of low ionic strength and pH 10 can dissociate the enzyme further to a monomer. Either of the substrates or histidine stabilizes the hexamer form of the enzyme, but sodium ion is necessary for effective stabilization by histidine. Active enzyme was shown to be a hexamer under assay conditions, even when incubated under conditions leading to indefinite aggregation prior to ultracentrifugation in assay media.
The Alcoholic Family Recovery Typology

Abstract This article introduces the Family Recovery Typology Model which classifies alcoholic families in recovery according to length of time in recovery, and system and individual dynamics. Three types of families are identified: Type I (both spouses in recovery), Type II (one spouse in recovery), and Type III (abstinent alcoholic with no recovery program). Concepts of first and second order change, which have significant impact on family types, are discussed. The procedure for classification of each type is presented and treatment implications for the three family types are discussed.
Barbecue of the Vanities

A rollicking, satirical inside account of a highly dysfunctional law school faculty dominated by pompous, self-important bloviating Alpha males, Queen Bee divas, clueless administrators, and back-stabbing colleagues, all struggling to assert dominance over status, financial gain, and trivial issues of faculty governance. Set in a not-so-fictional Hobbesian law school long on longhorns and short on self-awareness. Featuring riveting subplots of greed, racism, sexism, one-upmanship, and career sabotage, all culminating in an epic narrative of self-dealing intrigue to rival the secretive deliberations to elect a Pope: the annual law school peer salary review. A must-read for anyone contemplating the idyllic life of a law professor, in the tradition of Tom Wolfe, David Lodge, Kinsley Amis, Richard Russo, Alison Laurie and Maureen Dowd (among others).
The Port Hueneme earthquake of March 18, 1957

The Port Hueneme earthquake of March 18, 1957, was the first recorded strong-motion earthquake for which the ground motion consisted essentially of a single pulse. Since all the energy of the earthquake was concentrated in one pulse, the ground accelerations and the response spectrum values were considerably larger than for more typical Pacific Coast earthquakes of equivalent magnitude. These abnormally high values are reflected in damage reports, which indicated an unusual amount of damage for a shock of magnitude 4.7.
Implied Volatility from Options on Gold Futures: Do Econometric Forecasts Add Value or Simply Paint the Lilly?

Consistent with findings in other markets, implied volatility is a biased predictor of the realized volatility of gold futures. No existing explanation - including a price of volatility risk - can completely explain the bias, but much of this apparent bias can be explained by persistence and estimation error in implied volatility. Statistical criteria reject the hypothesis that implied volatility is informationally efficient with respect to econometric forecasts. But delta hedging exercises indicate that such econometric forecasts have no incremental economic value. Thus, statistical measures of bias and information efficiency are misleading measures of the information content of option prices.
Turbidity Sources in Lake Superior

Abstract Landsat data and measurements of turbidity profiles with depth, suspended solids and particle sizes are used in analysis of red clay turbidity plumes in western Lake Superior for a variety of wind conditions. The measurements allow for an estimate of the relative contribution to lake turbidity arising from shore erosion, runoff, and bottom sediment resuspension. The major source of turbidity is due to erosion, yielding an estimated 2.3 × 10° metric tons of material removed per year from the shores of Douglas County, Wisconsin. This is equivalent to a shore recession rate of nearly 1.2 m/year. During the months of May through November when all three turbidity sources contribute, 70% of the total suspended load observed in the lake is due to shore erosion, 10% is due to precipitation runoff from the rivers (with major input in this category coming from the Nemadji River), and 20% of the load is due to resuspension.
Pyridoxal phosphate determination in isolated leucocytes and tissue by E. coli apotryptophanase.

A reproducible enzymic method for determination of PLP in isolated leucocytes and tissue using E. coli apotryptophanase is described. PLP extraction was achieved by heating at pH 4. Heating at lower pH values gives lower results, most probably due to dephosphorylation of PLP. PLP levels in human isolated leucocytes and liver obtained by needle biopsy, and the effect of vitamin B6 depletion and repletion on liver PLP levels, are reported.
Observation and measurement of anomalous responses in a differential mobility analyzer caused by ultrafine fibrous carbon aerosols

We observed anomalous instrument responses above certain voltages when characterizing aggregates of airborne carbon nanotubes or nanofibers using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). These were associated with sudden increases in measured number concentrations at high voltages, fluctuations in DMA voltage and audible high-frequency sounds from the DMA column. Onset of the anomalies depended on the material forming the aerosol and DMA sampling flow rate. The low density of the nanotubes relative to the nanofibers is thought to be the main reason the anomalous responses occur more easily and strongly with the nanotubes. Two possible mechanisms are suggested to explain the observations. The results indicate that measurement of nanometer-diameter conducting fibrous material by electrical mobility analysis may present a unique challenge.
Experimental Decomposition of Algae in Seawater and Early Diagenesis

ALTHOUGH there have been many studies of organic decomposition processes in the marine environment and their effect on water chemistry1–11, few geochemical investigations of these processes have been attempted in controlled conditions12,13. Our observations of organic decomposition in interstitial waters of carbonate sediments in Harrington Sound, Bermuda, prompted us to investigate these processes in the laboratory.
Pediatric presentation of pulmonic effusion secondary to influenza.

A previously healthy 13-year-old male presented with a 10-day history of intermittent fevers. He had a several-day history of productive cough with nausea and vomiting and had been treated for dehydration 4 days previously. No chest X-ray was obtained. On the second visit to the ED, the patient was markedly hypotensive (80/40), tachycardic, and febrile at 104.9oF. On exam, his mentation was slow. The patient’s extremities appeared mottled and cyanotic. He had decreased breath sounds in the left lung fields. Chest X-ray showed left lower lobe pneumonia with a large left pleural effusion (Fig. 1). Laboratory tests showed marked leukocytosis with a left shift. Blood cultures were negative, but nasopharyngeal swabs were positive for influenza A H1 and H3. Fig. 1 Left lower lobe pneumonia with large pleural effusion The etiology of pneumonia with extensive pleural effusion includes bacteria, with S. pneumoniae, S. aureus and H. influenzae being the most frequent pathogens, followed by viral agents, atypical bacteria, and, rarely, malignancy. Influenza A and RSV are the most common causes of viral pneumonia, followed by adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza B [1]. Pneumonia occurs in a minority of patients with influenza (3–16%) [2]. Pleural effusion, while likely to develop in at least 40% of patients with bacterial pneumonias [3], is a rare complication of influenza pneumonia [2]. Bacterial coinfection is the most common complication of influenza pneumonia and occurs in up to 20% of cases [2]. This child had a high probability of having a bacterial coinfection. His late presentation precluded treatment with adamantanes or neuraminidase inhibitors.
Image processing for measurement of three-demensional gas metal arc weld pool surface: Algorithms are explored for processing the image of a grid laser pattern reflected from the dynamic GMA weld pool surface

Observing and measuring the weld pool geometry in the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process is the key to understanding and control of the complex welding process, and to improving and validating numerical welding models. In this paper, a novel machine vision system to measure the highly dynamic three dimensional front surface geometry of GMAW weld pool is proposed. A grid pattern is projected onto the weld pool surface. The projected laser is reflected from the specular weld pool surface and the reflection is intercepted by an imaging plane. A high-speed camera fitted with a narrow band optical filter is adopted to capture the corresponding reflected pattern, which is deformed during the reflection. To utilize the reflected pattern to reconstruct the weld pool surface, the correspondence of the reflection points with the projected pattern must be established. This paper addresses the algorithm to first evaluate the captured images, segment and identify reflection pattern from series of captured images, identify projected lines and establish line-to-line correspondence. The establishment of the correspondence provides the data needed to reconstruct the weld pool surface based on the law of reflection.
A study of the separation of phosphate ion from arsenate ion by solvent extraction

Abstract The results presented confirm the postulate of Keggin that oxygen-containing materials are good solvents for heteropoly acids. The results also show that none of the solvents examined will completely separate phosphate ion from arsenate ion with a single extraction. The butanol-chloroform system is studied extensively. The results show that as the percentage of butanol is increased in the mixed solvent, the percentage of phosphate and arsenate extracted also increases. Of the various concentrations of butanol studied, the 10% concentration shows the most promise as a selective extractant for phosphate consistant with a high yield. The results also show that the amount of arsenate ion extracted with any given concentration of butanol is relatively independent of the concentration of phosphate ion in the system.