cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limitations in Clinical Trials Leading to Anticancer Drug Approvals by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Importance While there have been multiple assessments of clinical trials leading to anticancer drug approvals by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the cumulative percentage of approvals based on trials with a limitation remains uncertain. Objective To assess the percentage of clinical trials with limitations in 4 domains—lack of randomization, lack of significant overall survival advantage, inappropriate use of crossover, and use of suboptimal control arms—that led to FDA approvals from June 30, 2014, to July 31, 2019. Design, Setting, and Participants This observational analysis included all anticancer drug indications approved by the FDA from June 30, 2014, through July 31, 2019. All indications were investigated, and each clinical trial was evaluated for design, enrollment period, primary end points, and presence of a limitation in the domains of interest. The standard-of-care therapy was determined by evaluating the literature and published guidelines 1 year prior to the start of clinical trial enrollment. Crossover was examined and evaluated for optimal use. The percentage of approvals based on clinical trials with any or all limitations of interest was then calculated. Main Outcomes and Measures Estimated percentage of clinical trials with limitations of interest that led to an anticancer drug marketing authorization by the FDA. Results A total of 187 trials leading to 176 approvals for 75 distinct novel anticancer drugs by the FDA were evaluated. Sixty-four (34%) were single-arm clinical trials, and 123 (63%) were randomized clinical trials. A total of 125 (67%) had at least 1 limitation in the domains of interest; 60 of the 125 trials (48%) were randomized clinical trials. Of all 123 randomized clinical trials, 37 (30%) lacked overall survival benefit, 31 (25%) had a suboptimal control, and 17 (14%) used crossover inappropriately. Conclusions and Relevance Two-thirds of cancer drugs are approved based on clinical trials with limitations in at least 1 of 4 essential domains. Efforts to minimize these limitations at the time of clinical trial design are essential to ensure that new anticancer drugs truly improve patient outcomes over current standards.
Human Flourishing in Adolescents with Cancer: Experiences of Pediatric Oncology Health Care Professionals.

Abstract Purpose This study explores human flourishing (HF) in adolescents with cancer (AC) as witnessed by their health care providers, and it develops a list of critical attributes associated with HF to describe the positive outcomes witnessed. Design and Methods Our study used a qualitative descriptive design incorporating data from an open-ended electronic survey and semi-structured individual interviews with 17 pediatric oncology health care providers. Results We found 3 major themes (positive forward motion, connectedness, and self-character) representing 11 critical attributes of human flourishing in AC: (1) initiative and enterprise, (2) positivity and evocativeness, (3) tranquility and maturity, (4) perseverance and tenacity, (5) compassion and empathy, (6) social engagement and connection, (7) wisdom and translation into life, (8) supportive background, (9) self-awareness and self-agency, (10) transcendence and full potential, and (11) meaning-making. Conclusions Understanding the concept of HF as it applies to the needs of AC is a step toward establishing it as a comprehensive health care goal and toward developing care provider guidelines for its promotion. Practice Implications Given the attributes of HF in AC, nurses can consider HF as an ultimate nursing care outcome and should focus on goals of care beyond disease treatment and symptoms mitigation when providing care for this population. Holistic, individualized assessment, timely care during each phase of treatment, and developmentally tailored intervention should be provided.
Insolvency Close-Out Netting

This short paper, prepared for a colloquium on the Resolution of Financially Distressed Financial Institutions, explains insolvency close-out netting and its implications. The term refers to a special type of netting of offsetting derivatives obligations that entitles a derivatives counterparty, upon the occurrence of a bankruptcy or default relating to the other party, to terminate outstanding obligations and reduce the amounts mutually owing between the parties to a net amount. Although the purported goal of that netting is to reduce systemic risk, this paper critically analyzes the extent to which that occurs.
The Fission Yeast S-Phase Cyclin Cig2 Can Drive Mitosis

Commitment to mitosis is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the major B-type cyclin, Cdc13, is necessary and sufficient to drive mitotic entry. Furthermore, Cdc13 is also sufficient to drive S phase, demonstrating that a single cyclin can regulate alternating rounds of replication and mitosis, and providing the foundation of the quantitative model of CDK function. It has been assumed that Cig2, a B-type cyclin expressed only during S phase and incapable of driving mitosis in wild-type cells, was specialized for S-phase regulation. Here, we show that Cig2 is capable of driving mitosis. Cig2/CDK activity drives mitotic catastrophe-lethal mitosis in inviably small cells-in cells that lack CDK inhibition by tyrosine-phosphorylation. Moreover, Cig2/CDK can drive mitosis in the absence of Cdc13/CDK activity and constitutive expression of Cig2 can rescue loss of Cdc13 activity. These results demonstrate that in fission yeast, not only can the presumptive M-phase cyclin drive S phase, but the presumptive S-phase cyclin can drive M phase, further supporting the quantitative model of CDK function. Furthermore, these results provide an explanation, previously proposed on the basis of computational analyses, for the surprising observation that cells expressing a single-chain Cdc13-Cdc2 CDK do not require Y15 phosphorylation for viability. Their viability is due to the fact that in such cells, which lack Cig2/CDK complexes, Cdc13/CDK activity is unable to drive mitotic catastrophe.
Eliminating Yield Asymmetry and Enhancing Ductility in Mg Alloys by Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion

Solid phase processing techniques such as friction stir welding, Shear assisted processing and extrusion (ShAPE)/friction extrusion and cold spray have been successfully demonstrated as promising thermomechanical methods to produce metallic materials with enhanced performance. In this study, AZ series with and without silicon, ZK60 Mg alloys in as-received forms (as-cast or as-extruded) were processed using Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE). Microstructural characterization was performed using EBSD and TEM and revealed that as compared to the feedstock materials/billets, friction extruded Mg alloys had more uniform microstructure, equiaxed grains, finer and homogeneously distributed precipitates and chemical homogeneity. It was also observed that basal planes were not oriented parallel to extrusion axis. As a result, rod products exhibited significantly reduced (in some cases eliminated) yield asymmetry and achieved enhanced ductility, which were uncommon or difficult to attain using conventional processing techniques. In addition, modified texture likely suppressed deformation twinning under compressive deformation.
Erasure or empowerment?: how pre-service teachers address disability when using children’s literature

Research suggests that in classrooms across the United States, teachers are hesitant to engage students in a discussion about disability. However, if children are not given opportunities to talk ab...
Obama's Bank: Financing a Durable New Deal

The Obama administration aims to lay a sound foundation for growth by investing in high-speed rail, clean energy, information technology, drinking water, and other vital infrastructures. The idea is to partner with the private sector to produce these public goods. An Obama government bank will direct these investments, making project decisions based on the merits of each project, not on politics. This approach has been a cornerstone of US foreign policy for several decades. In fact, our government-led reinvestment in America is modeled explicitly on international public banks and partnerships. However, although this foreign commercial policy is well-established with many successes, it has also been deservedly controversial and divisive. This book describes the international experience, drawing lessons on how the Obama Bank can forge partnerships to promote a durable twenty-first-century New Deal.
A Framework for Resource-Based Workflow Management

This chapter presents a general framework of resource-driven workflows as an alternative to the more popular control flow driven workflows approach. We argue that this approach is more holistic than control flow driven approaches because it considers availability of resources such as data, people, equipment, space, etc. Control flow driven approaches usually either disregard resource considerations or account for them only implicitly. In our approach the control flow is a derivative of the resource needs of various tasks. Moreover we make a clean separation between hard constraints that arise from resource considerations and soft constraints that result from business policy. The new methodology for process design is described at length, along with an architecture and a detailed discussion of implementation issues. This approach is more holistic and is particularly suited for ad hoc workflows as opposed to production workflows.
The Medieval Canon Law of Contracts, Renaissance “Spirit of Capitalism,” and the Reformation “Conscience”: A Vote for Max Weber

Do we truly wish to understand the relations of religion, law, economic ethics, moral impulse in the affairs of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation?
Laser damage of crystalline silicon by multiple 1.06μm, picosecond pulses

Recent studies [1] have shown that the iso-intensity damage kinetics of crystalline silicon irradiated by picosecond 1.06μm pulses could be fit to the equations of classical nucleation and growth. These results suggested that laser damage be viewed as a non-equilibrium phase transition in which the threshold intensity produced excursions across a first order phase boundary into a metastable region of the material phase diagram. In the present work we discuss a simplified electronic phase diagram for silicon that we believe is relevant to the picosecond damage experiments. The physics of the metastable region are as yet uncertain, but its presence requires that the statistics of laser damage be determined by the activated nucleation of embryos (charge density fluctuations) to near liquid phase charge densities. The thermodynamic perspective suggests a new laser damage mechanism in which incident photons are resonantly absorbed by the collective electronic oscillations (surface plasmons) of critical embryos. Evidence supporting this mechanism has been obtained from high resolution SEM studies of the damage morphology showing that a coherent radiative interaction occurred between resonant surface plasmon embryos on adjacent sites just prior to liquid-like phase nucleation. Calculations show that the surface plasmon of a spherical embryo with a near liquid charge density of ∼2 x 10 2 2 /cm 3 is resonantly coupled to the laser photons.
On the architectural structure of photographic space

The ambiguous relationship between photography and architecture is one of constructed and re-constructed identity. As an exploration into this relationship, this article considers the construct of point-of-vew/field-of-view maps (or POV/FOV maps), diagrams which register photographers’ positions, fields of view, and directions of view corresponding to photographs of an existing work of architecture. A POV/FOV map can be expected to differ according to whether the photographs under consideration are (a) sampled from an image-sharing site; (b) published in a monograph; or (c) published in the popular press. This article tests the extent and significance of these differences through a study of Mies van der Rohe's Crown Hall and Rem Koolhaas's McCormick Tribune Campus Center, both at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, USA. In both cases, POV/FOV maps are used to compare sets of professional or academic photographs to sets of touristic and popular-press ones. Reflecting the tenuous nature of arch...
ω3-lipid peroxides injure CaCo-2 cells : relationship to the development of reduced glutathione antioxidant systems

Abstract Background/Aims: Dietary polyunsaturated fats are significant sources of luminal lipid hydroperoxides whose accumulation can be injurious to the intestinal epithelium. The current study examines the cytotoxicity of peroxidized fish oil to CaCo-2 cells. Methods: Chromate release from cells was used as an index of CaCo-2 injury, and day 1 and day 7 postconfluent monolayers were used to represent the immature and mature states, respectively. Results: Air oxidation of fish oil yielded equimolar quantities of hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids. Their cytotoxicity were time- and concentration-dependent and were related to the developmental stages. A 100-μmol/L dose of hydroperoxides caused a 40% and a 15% 51 Cr release from day 1 and day 7 cells, respectively. Cellular glutathione (GSH), GSH redox enzyme, and γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase activities were significantly lower in day 1 than in day 7 cells, indicating that hydroperoxide metabolism in immature cells is rate limited by reductant supply. GSH supplementation increased cell GSH in day 7 cells (twofold) but not in day 1 cells, suggesting a limited ability of immature cells to use exogenous GSH. Conclusions: These results show that nondifferentiated cells are more sensitive to oxidant-induced injury than mature cells. This enhanced susceptibility is associated with a lower GSH-dependent detoxication capacity of the immature cells.
Distributed coordination of workflows over web services and their handheld-based execution

The current state of the art of workflow composition over web services employ a centralized composite process to coordinate the constituent web services. Therefore, the coordinator process is complex, less scalable, and bulky. This paper introduces an architecture and associated techniques for distributed coordination of these workflows, and a prototype system, namely BondFlow system, with capability to control workflow execution using a handheld device. We distribute the centralized coordination logic of traditional workflows by (i) extending the stateless web services into self-coordinating entities using coordinator proxy objects, and (ii) creating the workflow over these entities by interconnecting them into a distributed network of objects using web bond primitives. Previously, we have developed web bond primitives to enforce interdependencies among autonomous entities. The prototypedr BondFlow systeh provides a platform to configure such distributed workflows, producing coordination components with a footprint small enough to be executed on a handheld (footprint no larger than 150 KB).
A New Twist for Magnets

Current-induced magnetic fields are at the core of widely used technologies such as electric motors and magnetic memories. But, as [Ralph][1] explains in his Perspective, there is a second, fundamentally distinct mechanism by which an electric current can reorient a magnet. For very small devices, this mechanism, called spin transfer, can be much more powerful than current-induced magnetic fields. He highlights the report by [ Weber et al. ][2], who have performed detailed measurements of spin transfer in ferromagnetic thin films. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5506/999 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/291/5506/1015
Position of the American Dietetic Association: food insecurity in the United States

Abstract It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that systematic and sustained action is needed to achieve food and nutrition security for all in the United States. To eliminate food insecurity, interventions are needed, including adequate funding for and increased utilization of food and nutrition assistance programs, inclusion of food and nutrition education in such programs, and innovative programs to promote and support individual and household economic self-sufficiency. More than 49 million individuals living in the United States experienced food insecurity in 2008. Negative nutrition and non–nutrition-related outcomes have been associated with food insecurity in children, adolescents, and adults, including substandard academic achievement, inadequate intake of key nutrients, poor health, increased risk for and development of chronic disease, poor disease management, and poor psychological and cognitive functioning. Registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, can play key roles in ending food insecurity and are uniquely positioned to make valuable contributions through provision of comprehensive food and nutrition education; competent and collaborative practice; innovative research related to accessing a safe, secure, and sustainable food supply; and advocacy efforts at the local, state, regional, and national levels.
The Feasibility of Shallow Time Domain Reflectometry Probes to Describe Solute Transport Through Undisturbed Soil Cores

Rapid and nondestructive methods for determining solute transport properties are useful in many soil science applications. Recently, a series of field methods and a time domain reflectometry (TDR) method that could estimate some of the mobile-immobile model (MIM) parameters, immobile water content (θ im ) and mass exchange coefficient (a), have been reported. The first objective of this study was to determine an additional parameter, dispersion coefficient (D m ), using the TDR method. The three MIM parameters were estimated from the TDR-measured data, and the estimated parameters were compared with the estimated parameters from the effluent data. The second objective was to determine whether the TDR-determined parameters from the surface 2-cm soil layer could be used to predict effluent breakthrough curves (BTC) at the 20-cm depth. The TDR-determined parameters were used to calculate effluent BTCs using the CXTFIT computer program. Parameters obtained by curve fitting of the three parameters simultaneously using TDR data were not similar to the parameters obtained from the effluent BTCs. The parameter estimations were improved by fixing one or two independently determined parameter(s) before curve fitting for the remaining unknown parameter(s). The calculated BTCs were similar to the observed BTCs with coefficient of determination (r 2 ) being 0.99 and root mean square error (RMSE) being 0.036. The TDR data obtained from shallow soil layers were successfully used to describe solute transport through undisturbed soil cores.
Direct Visualization of Secretion from Single Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells by Laser-Induced Native Fluorescence Imaging Microscopy:

Direct visualization of the secretion process of individual bovine adrenal chromaffin cells was achieved with laser-induced native fluorescence imaging microscopy. By monitoring the native fluorescence of catecholamines excited by the 275 nm laser line with an intensified charge-coupled-device (CCD) camera, we obtained good temporal and spatial resolution simultaneously without using additional fluorescent probes. Large variations were found among individual cells in terms of the amounts of catecholamines secreted and the rates of secretion. Different regions of a cell also behave differently during the secretion process. However, the degree of this local heterogeneity is smaller than in neurons and neuralgia. The influence of deep-ultraviolet (UV) laser excitation on cells is also discussed. This quantitative imaging technique provides a useful noninvasive approach for the study of dynamic cellular changes and the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of secretory processes.
Hydrothermal alteration, mass transfer and magnetite mineralization in dextral shear zones, western Hudson Highlands, New York, United States

Abstract Massive magnetite veins formed during hydrothermal mineralization within northeast striking dextral shear zones in Proterozoic-age crystalline bedrock of the western Hudson Highlands. The veins formed in an open fracture system in right step-over dilational jogs during the late stages of movement. Acidic metamorphic fluids derived from metavolcanic country rock and saturated with iron, flushed through fractures, reacted with wall rock, and exchanged chemical species. Buffered by the composition of the local country rock, fluids migrated and mixed along the fault during ‘seismic pumping’ events. The fluids deposited mineral assemblages in the fractures that reflect the changing flux, fluid buffering, and/or physical conditions. This process produced three zones, outward from the unaltered country rock which are: 1) a bleached zone of altered wall rock adjacent to the vein, 2) an outer banded zone in the vein, of ferromagnesian-rich bands, and 3) a core of massive magnetite ore and gangue minerals. Bleached zones are dominated by amphibole and/or pyroxene, with scapolite, biotite, and apatite, within metavolcanic and quartzofeldspathic gneiss, or phlogopite and calcite within calc-silicate country rock. Calc-silicate banded and massive assemblages contain clinopyroxene, calcite, amphibole, and/or biotite or phlogopite. Quartzofeldspathic and metavolcanic banded and massive assemblages are dominated by amphibole and/or orthopyroxene, with quartz and/or sulfides locally. Both assemblages contain magnetite central to the deposits. Geochemical modeling of the bleached zone shows overall gains in volume (2.5–20.3%) and mass (3.1–18.1 g relative to 100 g of wall rock). In all cases, iron (2.4–5.3 g), magnesium (1.0–2.8 g), and calcium (0.6–6.5 g) were gained, especially adjacent to calc-silicates. Deposits adjacent to quartzofeldspathic country rock had large gains in silica (4.4–7.4 g), whereas deposits in mafic metavolcanic rock lost silica (1.4–3.8 g). Based on the mobility of silica, fluid fluxes were calculated between 5.3 × 105 and 6.6 × 106 cm3/cm2 for bleached zone alteration. Elements in abundance in the country rock contributed to the composition of the deposits, dominantly silica, carbonate, and sulfides.
Preferential End-to-End Assembly of Gold Nanorods by Biotin−Streptavidin Connectors

A major challenge in nanoscience and nanotechnology is the rational assembly of nanoscale objects. Here we report that gold nanorods, aspect ratio 18, can be functionalized with a biotin disulfide, and subsequent addition of streptavidin links the rods together in an end-to-end manner much more often than expected.
Statistical theory of chain scission and concurrent damage not associated with chain scission in linear polymers

A statistical theory of the parallel accumulation of randomly placed breaks and damage not associated with breaks in linear polymers is presented. Expressions for the weight fraction of polymer in the form of chains that bear n or more sites of nonbreak damage (markers) are developed, and results of numerical computations with them presented. The effects of polydispersity in the undamaged sample are discussed. The relation of the computed quantities to experimental methods used in the study of damage to nucleic acids due to radiation and chemical exposure is discussed.
Use of Gentamicin in Children with Cystic Fibrosis

The use of gentamicin was studied in 80 patients with cystic fibrosis complicated by severe chronic pulmonary infection due to Pseudomonas. Gentamicin was administered intramuscularly or intravenously in a dose of 7 mg/kg per 24 hr not exceeding a total daily dose of 180 mg. In some cases, 16-20 mg four times a day was administered by aerosol. Clinical, bacteriologic, hematologic, renal, hepatic, and pulmonary evaluations were carried out. Gentamicin was well tolerated and appears to be a relatively nontoxic drug when used at this dose. It was clinically effective in controlling severe pseudomonas pulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Management of hypertension in women

A gender-specific approach to cardiovascular (CV) diseases has been practiced for decades, although not always to the advantage of women. Based on population data showing that women are at lower risk for CV events than men female gender has generally been regarded as a protective factor for CV disease. Unfortunately, CV risk assessment has therefore received less attention in women. Despite the lower absolute risk of CV events in women compared with age-matched men, the majority of women die from CV diseases. In absolute numbers, since 1984, more women than men died of CV disease each year. Most CV events occur in women with known traditional CV risk factors. Improving risk factor management in women of all ages therefore yields an enormous potential to reduce CV morbidity and mortality in the population. Aside from smoking cessation, hypertension (HTN) control is the single most important intervention to reduce the risk of future CV events in women. This review highlights peculiarities of HTN as they pertain to women, and points out where diagnosis and management of HTN may require a gender-specific focus.
Alcohol withdrawal reactions and reserpine effects in inbred strains of mice.

Abstract Mice of different inbred strains were treated with ethanol for 3 days, by inhalation of alcohol vapor and daily injections of pyrazole. Within strains, “alcohol-adapted” mice were compared with controls. The alcohol-adapted mice received 3.8% (w/v) alcohol in their drinking water for one week and 7.5% alcohol for the next 16 or 19 weeks. During the inhalation period, C57BL mice had lower blood alcohol levels than DBA mice, and alcohol-adapted mice had slightly lower blood levels than controls. On withdrawal the mice were examined repeatedly for convulsions elicited by handling, a measure of the intensity of withdrawal reactions. The withdrawal scores of C57BL mice were significantly lower than those of DBA, BALB or Swiss-Webster mice, more so than could be accounted for by the difference in blood alcohol levels. Mice of 3 strains were treated with reserpine and observed for behavioral effects, including convulsions on handling. Strain differences in reserpine effects closely paralleled the strain differences in alcohol withdrawal seizures.
Traumatic optic neuropathy.

able. The cases were organized into four grades based on visual acuity and the locations and type of fracture. Grade 1 included patients with visual acuity greater than 20/200 in the affected eye and without a posterior orbit fracture; grade 2, patients with visual acuity between 20/200 and light perception; grade 3, patients without light perception or with a nondisplaced posterior orbital fracture and remaining vision; and grade 4, patients with no light perception and a displaced posterior orbital fracture. A meta-analysis was performed, analyzing for each case the recovery of visual acuity for treatment, fracture pattern, and grade. Results: The recovery ofvision in treated patients was significantly better than the recovery in patients receiving no treatment. No significant difference in improvement was found among patients treated with corticosteroids alone, with surgical decompression alone, or with corticosteroids and surgical decompression. Recovery was related to the severity of initial injury, as reflected in the grading system. A trend was noted for better improvement of visual acuity in patients without orbital fractures than those with orbital fractures, and also in patients with anterior orbital fractures than in patients with posterior orbital fractures.
WILL THE RESONANCES ON THE LEADING TRAJECTORIES BECOME STABLE TO STRONG DECAY AT HIGH SPIN.

A heuristic discussion is given of the decay modes of high-spin particles lying on a linearly rising trajectory. Among other things, it is concluded that for particles with masses \ensuremath{\gtrsim}3500 MeV ($J\ensuremath{\gtrsim}12$), the total decay widths decrease with $J$ and go to zero approximately like ${(J\mathrm{In}J)}^{\ensuremath{-}0.28{J}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ as $J\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ ($0.28=2{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}{b}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, where $b\ensuremath{\simeq}1$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ is asymptotic slope of the rising trajectory).
Case Report: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting Initially with Acute Pancreatitis and a Review of the Literature

A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus is reported whose initial clinical presentation was that of acute pancreatitis, confirmed by pancreatic isoamylase elevation and pancreatic enlargement on computerized tomography. A lack of a correlation with steroid therapy and a need to document pancreatitis in a multisystem disease like lupus with radiographic evidence as well as pancreatic isoamylase elevations is emphasized.
The physiology of growth hormone regulation: Pre- and postimmunoassay eras

Abstract This paper is a review of the currently accepted knowledge that seems reasonably established about growth hormone secretion.
Free-electron laser beam quality

Free-electron laser beam quality is defined as the ratio of the current density to the relative axial energy spread. The approach to obtaining high-quality electron beams in some representative accelerators is examined and compared to the beam brightness. Beam quality is found to be a decreasing function of beam current, unless axial current compression (i.e., subharmonic bunching) or high current density cathodes are used. Effects due to magnetic perturbations are enhanced at high beam density.
ASTMOPF: Ein allgemeines stochastisches modell für die Optimierung von Fertigungsprozessen

Es wird ein stochastisches Modell vorgestellt, mit dem eine (Ertrags-) Optimierung fur Fertigungsprozesse mit Hilfe der Monte-Carlo-Methode moglich ist. Hauptidee ist es, das stochastische Problem auf eine reelle nichtlineare Optimierungsaufgabe zuruckzufuhren. Nach dem mathematischen Modell wird ein Einblick in das zugehorige Programm ASTMOPF gegeben. Abschliesend wird noch ein konkretes Anwendungsbeispiel angegeben.
Ontology, Epistemology, and Multimethod Research in Political Science

Epistemologies and research methods are not free of metaphysics. This is to say that they are both, supported by (or presumed by), and support (or presume) fundamental ontologies. A discussion of the epistemological foundations of “multimethod” research in the social sciences—in as much as such research claims to unearth “causal” relations—therefore cannot avoid the ontological presuppositions or implications of such a discussion. But though there isn’t necessarily a perfect correspondence between ontology, epistemology, and methodology, they do constrain each other. As such it is possible to make methodological choices that are at odds with one’s (implicit) ontology or argue from an ontology that is inconsistent one’s choice of methods. Yet lack of recognition of this fact has hampered methodological discussions in political science, especially with respect to the discussion on the merits of multimethod research. The ontology implicitly accepted in such discussions is “reductionist” and “regularist,” tha...
RESPONSE OF HEART IN TWO NEW WORLD MONKEYS TO HYPOTHERMIA.

Abstract 1. 1. Male specimens of the genera Ateles ater and Cebus apella were used to study the effect of hypothermia on the heart. The heart was monitored using a direct-writing electrocardiograph. Needle electrodes were devised to fit the small limbs of the animals. Recordings were made in restrained and unrestrained animals at body temperatures which varied from 35°C down to 25°C. 2. 2. The results indicated that heart rate varies inversely with body temperature. There were some differences between the two species, but in general the responses were similar. 3. 3. The relationship of the QT interval to the total cycle length was calculated using the square root formula. When the logarithm of K was plotted against the logarithm of the heart rate a straight line was obtained showing that K decreases with higher heart rates. The slope for Cebus data is steeper than for Ateles. 4. 4. There was virtually a linear prolongation of the T wave as body temperature and heart rate decreased. The so-called Q10 law receives little support from the data.
Bench-scale testing of molten food-grade paraffin wax and high density polyethylene as injectable grouts

Molten, food-grade paraffin wax and molten high density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic were tested for use as injectable grouts. The food-grade wax was tested under both saturated and unsaturated conditions, and the HDPE was tested for unsaturated conditions. The grouted medium was fractured shale. The paraffin wax sealed well under both saturated and unsaturated conditions with no shrinkage upon cooling. The HDPE suffered significant shrinkage during cooling, which adversely affected its sealing potential. Our bench-scale tests suggest that molten wax grout may be useful to shut off mine water influx in fractured rock and/or seal mine tailings piles to prevent the development of acid mine drainage and/or leaching of metals and mineral processing chemicals.
Enantioselective esterification of 2-methylbutyric acid catalyzed via lipase immobilized in microemulsion-based organogels

Chromobacterium viscosum lipase (c.v. lipase) was immobilized in microemulsion-based organogels and successfully utilized for the enantioselective esterification of (+/−)-2-methylbutynic acid to preferentially form ethyl-(+)-2-methylbutyrate. The reaction time course and enantioselectivity obtained with the organogel—lipase system was compared and contrasted to that achieved in a reversed micellar solution system that contained lipase solubilized in its inner water core as well as that in which powdered lipases were directly dispersed in an organic solvent. The unique properties and potential benefits of the organogel system are discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of a Phase-Transfer Catalysis Reaction in Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide

The first example of a phase-transfer-catalyzed reaction carried out in a supercritical fluid (SCF) is reported. The kinetics of the nucleophilic displacement of benzyl chloride with a bromide ion ...
Statistical issues in assessing human population exposures

Abstract Relating an exposure level to a particular outcome in occupational and environmental epidemiology studies may be challenging. In these studies, researchers are interested in the health effects from exposure. Two factors that complicate this process are the measurement error that is usually present in exposure assessment and the complex nature of the exposure–dose relationship. Statistical aspects of the measurement error problem has been the focus of many researchers in the past few years. However, less attention has been given to the second issue of incorporating the relationship between exposure and dose and directly modeling the dose–response relationship, when this is of primary scientific interest. For complex exposure–dose relationships, a direct application of statistical methods to relate exposure to the health outcome may lead to bias and loss of efficiency in estimates of the dose–response relationship. In this paper, we present some of the statistical issues that arise using a study of the health effects of arc welding fumes as an illustration.
Establishment and evaluation of pharmacist-managed admission medication history and reconciliation process for pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: This was a single-center, prospective, pilot study aiming to evaluate the impact of pharmacist involvement in the admission medication history and reconciliation process and to quantify discrepancies found by pharmacists when compared to information collected by other health care providers at a pediatric institution. METHODS: A pharmacist completed a thorough medication history and reconciled discrepancies with the medical team. Discrepancies included incorrect medication, dose, route, frequency; omitted information; missing medications; or any other inconsistencies outside of these categories. Information was documented in the electronic medical record via a standardized template, and pertinent discrepancies were communicated with the medical team. RESULTS: Of the 100 medication histories included in the study, a total of 309 discrepancies were identified and corrected in the electronic medical record. The median length of time it took pharmacists to complete the medication history process was...
Men's and Women's Interpretation and Endorsement of Items Measuring Self-Reported Heterosexual Aggression

Early research on sexual aggression (e.g., sexual coercion, sexual assault, and rape) mainly focused on men as perpetrators and women as victims; more recently, researchers have begun to investigate women as perpetrators of sexual aggression as well. However, most measures of sexual aggression perpetration were designed for use with men and have not been well validated with women. This study sought to examine two different measures of sexual aggression perpetration in terms of their convergent validity for both men and women and to examine gender differences and similarities in item interpretation using open-ended inquiries. Participants were 590 individuals (395 women, 195 men) with a mean age of 25 years (SD = 8.1) recruited from an undergraduate psychology subject pool and an online convenience sample. The majority of the sample was White (65.4%) and Black (20.3%). All measures were completed online anonymously. Results suggested that convergent validity for the two measures was less than optimal, part...
Public infrastructure and private production measuring relative contributions

Abstract A translog production function with different types of services from public infrastructure is estimated for four census regions and four industries. The data set covers the 48 contiguous states over the period 1970–1986. Services from water and sewer facilities are shown to be a productive factor of private production in all regions. However, there is strong evidence to support the hypothesis that different regions and industries react differently to various types of public infrastructure.
Incorporating motivation into multimedia learning

Abstract What is the role of motivation in multimedia learning? Cognitive theories of multimedia learning tend to focus on instructional methods aimed at reducing extraneous processing (such as highlighting the essential material) or managing essential processing (such as breaking a lesson into parts), whereas motivational theories tend to focus on instructional methods aimed at fostering generative processing (such as adding appealing graphics or challenging scenarios). Moreno's (2005) cognitive affective theory of learning from media is intended to better incorporate motivation and metacognition into theories of multimedia learning, helping to extend or clarify Mayer's (2009) cognitive theory of multimedia learning and Sweller's ( Sweller, Ayres, & Kaluga, 2011 ) cognitive load theory. The research presented in this special section examines motivating instructional features intended to promote generative processing—such as adding appealing graphics ( Magner, Schwonke, Aleven, Popescu, & Renkl, 2013 ; Plass, Heidig, Hayward, Homer, & Um, 2013 ) or challenging scenarios ( D'Mello, Lehman, Pekrun, & Graesser, 2013 ). Overall, motivational features can improve student learning by fostering generative processing as long as the learner is not continually overloaded with extraneous processing or overly distracted from essential processing.
The Influence of Energy Intake on the Nitrogen Retention of Growing Calves

Summary A study was conducted with young dairy calves on the effect of energy intake on the efficiency of protein utilization as measured by nitrogen balance. It was shown that on a low protein intake an increase in non-nitrogenous TDN consumption resulted in a marked increase in the retention of the nitrogen available for growth. The findings with the young growing calf are in accord with the results with the adult dog, rat, mouse and man and growing mice and rats.
Direct semiexclusive production of energetic mesons.

The formation of color-singlet hadrons in hard-scattering processes is governed by process-independent distribution amplitudes. Such amplitudes may be measured in a class of processes we call [ital semiexclusive], where one hadron is formed directly in hard scattering and the other QCD partons hadronize in jets. These processes can be identified experimentally by requiring a large angular or rapidity gap around a directly produced meson. We present cross sections for such processes, and show that experimental results, especially the ratio of charged to neutral [ital K] production, are highly sensitive to the hadronic distribution amplitude. We discuss methods and prospects for thus gaining information about hadronic wave functions at present and future colliders.
The teratogenic action of the nicotinamide analogs 3‐acetylpyridine and 6‐aminonicotinamide on developing chick embryos

The nicotinamide analogs 3-acetylpyridine (3AP) and 6-amino-nicotinamide (6AN) have been reported to produce muscle and bone malformations respectively. Previous reports showed that 3AP is effective if introduced into the developing egg between the fourth and eighth day of incubation. 6AN is effective if introduced on the fourth to sixth day of incubation. In all cases, co-treatment with nicotinamide completely relieves the teratogenic action of 6AN or 3AP. Observations are reported here which show that upon using appropriate doses, embryos are sensitive to 3AP until about day 14.5 and sensitive to 6AN until day 11.5 of embryonic development. These extended periods of teratogen sensitivity more closely correspond to the period of expression for the myogenic and chondrogenic phenotypes from mesodermal cells. Results are also presented which show that the 3AP analogs 2-acetylpyridine and 4-acetylpyridine do not produce significant teratogenic effects even though they marginally mimic 3AP in limb mesoderm cell cultures. These observations are discussed in light of nicotinamide's suggested role in controlling myogenic and chondrogenic phenotypic expression.
Bridging the gap between theory and model: a reflection on the balance scale task.

At first glance, the two lead articles in this issue share little except the balance scale task, yet we view them as complementary rather than unrelated or contradictory. Our Reflection focuses on the individual strengths of the two lead articles and, to a greater extent, the potential power of their combined perspectives. Our general approach is to allow psychological theory to suggest a model of performance that can both evaluate specific theoretical claims and reveal important features of the data that had been previously obscured using conventional statistical analyses. Our guiding principle is that model, theory, and data all should be connected.
Near bottom magnetic profile across the Red Sea

Results are presented from a high precision geophysical profile made at an altitude of about 100 m above the sea floor with the Deep Two instrument package, crossing the Red Sea at 17°30′N. The emphasis is on the analysis and interpretation of the magnetic field, including an inversion which removes the distortions due to bathymetry and the orientation with respect to the earth's main field vector. The spreading rates are determined precisely and found to be highly asymmetric: only 5 mm yr-1 to the east and up to 10 mm yr-1 to the west. We conclude that the axis of spreading is located on a volcanic ridge, rather than on the axial graben, based on the presence of a zone of high magnetization. The magnetization high (40 Am-1) is about twice as great as found on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge with the same instrument and analysis. The quality of the recording of the magnetic anomalies in the oceanic crust is much greater than expected for such a low spreading rate.
Processing of Proenkephalin in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells

The processing of proenkephalin was studied using [35S]methionine pulse-chase techniques in primary cultures of bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. Following radiolabeling, proenkephalin-derived peptides were extracted from the cells and separated by reverse-phase HPLC. Fractions containing proenkephalin fragments were digested with trypsin and carboxypeptidase B to liberate Met-enkephalin sequences and subjected to a second HPLC step to demonstrate association of radiolabel with Met-enkephalin. Processing of proenkephalin is complete within 2 h of synthesis, suggesting completion at or soon after incorporation into storage vesicles. Pretreatment of the cells with nicotine, histamine, or vasoactive intestinal peptide to enhance the rate of proenkephalin synthesis failed to alter the time course of processing and had minimal effects on the distribution of products formed. Addition of tetrabenazine, an inhibitor of catecholamine uptake into chromaffin vesicles, during radio-labeling and a 6-h chase period caused enhanced proenkephalin processing. These results suggest that the full range of proenkephalin fragments normally found in the adrenal medulla (up to 23.3 kDa) represents final processing products of the tissue and that termination of processing may depend on the co-storage of catecholamines.
Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral anomalies in subjects with resistance to thyroid hormone.

Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in the human thyroid receptor beta gene on chromosome 3. Individuals with RTH have an increased incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to search for developmental brain malformations associated with RTH. Forty-three subjects (20 affected males [AM], 23 affected females [AF]) with resistance to thyroid hormone and 32 unaffected first degree relatives (18 unaffected males [UM], 14 unaffected females [UF]) underwent MRI brain scans with a volumetric acquisition that provided 90 contiguous 2 mm thick sagittal images. Films of six contiguous images beginning at a standard sagittal position lateral to the insula were analyzed by an investigator who was blind with respect to subject characteristics. The presence of extra or missing gyri in the parietal bank of the Sylvian fissure (multimodal association cortex) and multiple Heschl`s transverse gyri (primary auditory cortex) were noted. There was a significantly increased frequency of anomalous Sylvian fissures in the left hemisphere in males with RTH (AM: 70%; AF: 30%; UM: 28% UF: 28%). Also, there was an increased frequency of anomalous Sylvian fissures on the left combined with multiple Heschl`s gyri in either hemispheremore » in males with RTH (AM: 50%; AF: 9%; UM: 6%; UF: 0%). However, RTH subjects with anomalies did not have an increased frequency of ADHD as compared with RTH subjects with no anomalies. Abnormal thyroid hormone action in the male fetus early during brain development may be associated with grossly observable cerebral anomalies of the left hemisphere. The effects of mutations in the thyroid receptor beta gene provide a model system for studying the complex interaction of genetic and non-genetic factors on brain and behavioral development. 19 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Implementation of Grover's quantum search algorithm in a scalable system

We report the implementation of Grover's quantum search algorithm in the scalable system of trapped atomic ion quantum bits. Any one of four possible states of a two-qubit memory is marked, and following a single query of the search space, the marked element is successfully recovered with an average probability of 60(2)%. This exceeds the performance of any possible classical search algorithm, which can only succeed with a maximum average probability of 50%.