cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Winter foraging guild structure and habitat associations in suburban bird communities

Abstract Winter bird communities were compared in three suburbs over 5 years: MT, a 70-year-old area of large houses and planted mature trees, primarily oaks (Quercus) and elms (Ulmus): YT, a 15-year-old area also built upon former open agricultural land with young planted trees, primarily maples (Acer): OP, a 15-year-old area in which houses were built within a second-growth oak-pine (Quercus-Pinus) woodland. Winter bird surveys were conducted each year for 5 years (1976–1980) during January. The total number of species across suburban types was 32: total abundance was higher (P All significant correlations (r) between ground foragers and measures of tree cover were negative: positive relationships existed between lawn area and distance to the nearest forest fragment. All significant correlations between numbers of insectivores and measures of tree cover were positive. Even though MT contained the largest trees and the greatest tree species and shrub richness, habitat conditions for insectivorous birds were poor in this mature, planted habitat compared with those in OP, built in remnant natural woodland.
Presentation of an epithelioid cell histiocytoma on the ventral tongue

The epithelioid cell histiocytoma (ECH) is a polypoidal benign tumor of superficial connective tissue that is often diagnosed as a pyogenic granuloma. ECHs are speculated to originate from dermal dendritic subunits and are composed of 2 primary cell populations, ie, CD34+ primitive fibroblastic dendrocytes and factor XIIIa+ histiocytes. Although dendritic subunits are distributed throughout most collagenous tissues inclusive of oral mucosa, to date, all reported cases of ECH have been cutaneous lesions. ECHs' putative pathogenesis entails activation of CD34+ “sentinel” reserve dendrocytes, followed by an influx of histiocytes and mast cells. Juxtacrine communication increases release of wound healing factors; suggesting a reactive etiologic component. In this current case, the location (ventral tongue) and history (recent increase in size) suggest the possibility that trauma could have initiated the dendritic subunit “wound healing” cascade. Consistent with its benign course, the ECH is managed by local excision, and has an excellent prognosis.
Genetic regulation of antibody heterogeneity: Its possible significance in human allergy

Finally, in a broader context, part of the fascination of this subject is its relevance to the questions of how responses in the different Ig classes and subclasses are orchestrated, and why such a diversity of Ig classes exists at all. These questions are of great theoretical interest in themselves, and are also highly relevant to those immunological diseases that are characterized by production of auto-or isoantibodies of very restricted subclass (e.g., Karpatkinet al. 1973, Morellet al. 1973) or clonality (e.g., Goldberg and Fudenberg 1971, Harboe 1971, Kunkelet al. 1973). They are also questions that the IgE system—since it is so sophisticated and well-Defined—highlights in a particularly telling way.
In situ andin vivo studies on the breakdown ofNymphaea alba L. (Nymphaeaceae)

The breakdown of floating leaves ofNymphaea alba was studied with litterbags in two aquatic systems,viz., an alkaline, eutrophic former riverbed (Oude Waal) and an acid, oligotrophic pool (Voorste Choorven). It was found that the floating leaves from the Oude Waal decomposed at a faster rate than those from the Voorste Choorven when they were incubated in their natural system. In order to get insight in the parameters which determine the observed differences in the field, laboratory experiments were performed. Leaf discs ofN.alba were incubated in staged concentration gradients of some important chemical parameters (bicarbonate, ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate, sulphate, pH, combinations of nitrate and phosphate; nitrate and bicarbonate, and bicarbonate and sulphate). It appeared that the differences in decomposition rate as observed in the field could be largely explained by the pH and alkalinity of the system-water, and the chemical composition and physiological state of the plant material.
On the superiority of the nested multi-dimensional block designs, relative to the classical incomplete block designs☆

Abstract Nested multidimensional equal block designs (NMEBD), introduced in Srivastava (1981), involved firstly, a nuisance factor, giving rise to a set of b blocks. Secondly, nested within each block, there are g nuisance factors, the jth factor having sj levels. Thus, each block has (s1 × s2 × · × sg) possible classes of units. In this paper for the above designs, the problem of recovery of the information existing between the levels of each factor nested inside a block is considered. The discussion is restricted to a special case where the information arising out of the set of all intrablock contrasts gives rise to exactly two sets of normal equations, each having a different error variance associated with it. The problem of combining the information arising from the two sets of normal equations is considered. Three cases arise. The first one is to ignore the nuisance factors, thus effectively reducing the situation to that of a classical incomplete or complete block design. The second one is to use a guess estimate of δ (the ratio of the two variances) and the third is to estimate δ from the data. The efficiency of the last two cases (with respect to the first one) is studied by obtaining the (unconditional) variance of treatment contrasts. Tables are obtained. The results suggest that in practice the last two approaches would usually be moderately to greatly superior to the first one.
Linkages between child abuse and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls: behavioral and social correlates.

Abstract Objective The objectives of this study were to examine whether girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk of having histories of abuse and to assess whether the presence of an abuse history may constitute a distinct subgroup of youth with ADHD. Method We examined rates and correlates of child abuse in an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 140) and a matched comparison sample of girls without ADHD (n = 88), all aged 6–12 years. A thorough chart review reliably established documented rates of physical and sexual abuse in both samples. Results There were significantly higher rates of abuse for girls with ADHD (14.3%) than for the comparison sample (4.5%), with most of the abuse found in girls with the Combined as opposed to the Inattentive type. Higher rates of externalizing behaviors (including objective observations in a research summer camp) and peer rejection (indexed through peer sociometric nominations) characterized the subgroup of girls with ADHD with abuse histories compared to the subgroup without such histories, with moderate to large effect sizes. Subgroup differences regarding internalizing problems and cognitive deficits did not emerge. Findings regarding peer rejection were explained, in part, by higher rates of observed aggressive behavior in the abused subgroup. Conclusions The findings raise important questions about the possible etiologic and/or exacerbating role of abusive trauma in a subgroup of children with ADHD.
Three-Pass Depletion Sampling Accuracy of Two Electric Fields for Estimating Trout Abundance in a Low-Conductivity Stream with Limited Habitat Complexity

Abstract We evaluated three-pass depletion sampling for both AC and pulsed-DC electrofishing for estimating the population size of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in a representative low-conductivity (20-μS/cm) southern Appalachian stream with limited habitat complexity. Trout capture efficiencies in such streams could be expected to exceed those observed in streams in which habitat is more complex; thus, depletion estimates could be much more accurate in the former. We also compared the results for two trout length-groups to investigate size-related differences. Measured capture efficiency was 0.88 ± 0.04 (95% confidence interval) for trout greater than 100 mm (typically adults) and 0.65 ± 0.09 for trout less than 100 mm (age 0). Population size was underestimated in each depletion sample. The errors for trout over 100 mm were generally small (mean, 12%; range, 3–23%), and the upper 95% confidence limits were usually within 10% of the true population size (N). Underestimates of N were larger for trout ...
ACCELERATED RESTRUCTURING OF BEEF

Restructured steaks manufactured by two comminution methods from prerigor electrically stimulated (PES) beef, nonstimulated counterparts (NES) and postrigor non-electrically stimulated (C) samples were compared. After frozen storage for 0,14, and 42 days, samples were subjectively evaluated for appearance and palatability traits. Objective measurements included Hunter Color, TBA, Kramer, and Instron values. Electrical stimulation reduced peak force but did not consistently improve sensory panel scores. Comminution method did not consistently affect any traits. Results suggested that subjective appearance was affected more by storage time than other treatments and that prerigor beef may be effectively utilized in restructured beef without affecting palatability traits.
Metal-Induced embrittlement of metals—an evaluation of embrittler transport mechanisms

An analysis is made of the possible embrittler transport mechanisms in liquid metal-induced embrittlement (LMIE) and solid metal-induced embrittlement (SMIE). The analy-sis and comparison with experiments makes it appear likely that a) in LMIE bulk liquid flow is the transport mechanism; liquid metals which “wet” the base metalcan penetrate to the tips of even very sharp cracks, contrary to some statements in the literature; b) in SMIE surface self-diffusion of the embrittler is the transport mechanism; and c) vapor transport could play a role for a few high-vapor pressure embrittlers—such as Zn, Cd, and possibly Hg—but is not a viable transport mechanism for most embrittlers.
Selective-state charge transfer in a collision between a Li 3 + ion and a ground-state Li atom: A molecular-state approach

The semiclassical, impact-parameter method, based on a 15-state molecular-orbital expansion, is employed to calculate the cross sections for charge transfer in ${\mathrm{Li}}^{3+}$-Li collisions. Electron-translation effects have been taken into account. In addition to total capture, cross sections for capture into individual states have also been calculated. The present results show qualitative agreement with the other available theory; details, however, are different. It is found that this reaction, through state-selective capture into the n=4 manifold of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{2+}$, may provide a useful mechanism to achieve population inversion necessary for short-wavelength lasers.
Characterization of phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity in human melanoma

Phosphoinositide phospholipase C activity was investigated in human melanoma grown as solid tumor xenografts in nude mice. The enzyme was dependent on calcium for activity and was stimulated by the detergent deoxycholate. The pH optimum was 5.5 in the absence of detergent, and in the presence of deoxycholate two pH maxima were present, 5.5 and 7.2. Phospholipase C activity was inhibited by the sulfhydryl reagent dithionitrobenzoate with an IC50 in the micromolar range. Phospholipase C activity was distributed widely in mouse tissues. The enzyme showed a progressive increase in activity from heart, liver, lung, colon, spleen, to brain tissue. Mouse and human melanomas grown as solid tumors had higher phospholipase C activity than mouse brain. The relatively high activity of this enzyme in melanoma may suggest a biological role for phospholipase C in solid tumor growth.
A revision of the Fe-Ni phase diagram at low temperatures (<400 °C)

The low-temperature Fe-Ni phase diagram was assessed experimentally by investigating Fe-Ni regions of meteorites using high resolution analytical electron microscopy techniques. The present phase diagram differs from the available experimental phase diagram based on observations of meteorite structure, but it is consistent with the available theoretical diagram in that α/Ni3Fe equilibrium was found at low temperatures. The a phase containing 3.6 wt.% Ni is in local equilibrium with the γ′ (Ni3Fe) phase containing 65.5 wt.% Ni, while the γ′' (FeNi) phase is present as a metastable phase. The new phase diagram incorporates a monotectoid reaction (γ1 → α + γ2, where (γ1 is a paramagnetic fcc austenite, a is a bcc ferrite, and γ2 is a ferromagnetic fcc austenite) at about 400 °C, a eutectoid reaction (γ2 → α + γ′) at about 345 °C, and a miscibility gap associated with a spinodal region at low temperatures. The miscibility gap is located between 9.0 and 51.5 wt. % Ni at ∼200 °C. The new low-temperature Fe-Ni phase diagram is consistent with all the phases observed in the metallic regions of meteorites.
Growth stage kinetics in the synthesis of Al2O3/Al composites by directed oxidation of Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Si alloys

Although synthesis of ceramic matrix composites by the directed oxidation process offers significant advantages over traditional composite processing routes, the scientific basis for the process is not fully understood. This paper is addressed to understanding the mechanism of composite growth from Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Si alloys theoretically and experimentally. Analysis of the oxidation kinetics of Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Si alloys for various oxygen pressures, temperatures and durations of oxidation, obtained in this study and reported in the literature, demonstrates that the growth kinetics can be tailored by the control of alloy composition. For the Al-Mg alloys, transport of oxygen through a thin alloy layer near the surface controls the growth rate. When Si is added to the alloy, the oxidation mechanism is completely changed. The rate of oxidation of Al-Mg-Si alloys depends on the transport of electronic species through a thin MgO layer at the top surface of the composite. Apart from contributing to a more complete understanding of the growth stage, the mechanism of composite growth will serve as a basis for improving growth rates.
The dependence of raman scattering on the conformation of ribosomal RNA

Summary The intensities of Raman scattering from certain vibrations of nucleotide residues in 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA are sensitive to changes of RNA conformation with temperature. The intensity effects differ from those exhibited by polynucleotides and may be due to a specific RNA tertiary structure or to a sequence dependence of the Raman hypochromic effect.
Regulation of antiviral CD8+ T cells by inhibitory natural killer cell receptors

Recent evidence indicates that CD8(+) T cells express natural killer cell receptors that constrain the range and magnitude of their activities. For virus-specific CD8(+) T cells, upregulation of these receptors serves to control infection, while concurrently minimizing bystander pathology. Dysregulated expression of these receptors, however, may foster the establishment of persistent virus infection.
Nanosecond time-resolved natural and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy of protein dynamics

A recently developed ellipsometric technique for the nanosecond time-resolved measurement of natural and magnetic circular dichroism (TRCD and TRMCD) spectra is discussed and applications to dynamical studies of biologically important molecules, principally hemeproteins, are presented. Nanosecond TRCD spectra of the Soret band of hemoglobin and myoglobin have been measured after photolysis of the carbonmonoxy complex. The TRCD of the photoreduction of metmyoglobin has also been studied. Nanosecond TRMCD spectroscopy of cytochrome c oxidase (cytochrome aa3) gives information about the spin state of the iron in the heme a3 transient intermediate formed after photolysis of the CO complex. Applications of TRMCD spectroscopy to cytochromes ba3 and c3 are also discussed, as are TRCD studies of phytochrome proteins. Recent progress in characterizing and eliminating spectral artifacts arising from photoselection in photolyzed proteins is summarized.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Global dynamics of a discontinuous Galerkin approximation to a class of reaction-diffusion equations

The long time behavior of arbitrary order fully discrete approximations using the discontinuous Galerkin method (see Johnson, 1987) for the time discretization of a reaction-diffusion equation is studied. The existence of absorbing sets and an attractor is shown for the numerical method. The crucial step in the analysis involves showing the fully discrete scheme has a Lyapunov functional.
Manassantins A/B and saucerneol: novel biologically active lignoids from saururus cernuus

Abstract From the extract of Saururus cernuus two toxic principles, manassantins A and B and a related substance, saucerneol, were isolated. They have novel dineolignan or sesquineolignan type structures. Although toxic, manassantin A showed potential neuroleptic activity.
A Mathematical Technique to estimate the High Frequency Current Inside the Silicon Die from the Noise Measurements

In this paper, we have shown a method to determine the current drawn by the device as a function of time. It is normally difficult to determine the switching current drawn by the device as a function of time. In this paper, the current drawn by the device is determined by measuring the voltage (Vx) at some desire location on the top of the device and then by simulating the impedance profile from the basic topology of the power delivery network. The L, C and R of the power deliver network were assumed as the fundamental parameters of our methodology. In our methodology, some of the AC parameters of power delivery network including the average current drawn by the device, the average voltage at the measuring node and the steady power supply voltage, were assumed to be known.
Cilia Proteins Control Cerebellar Morphogenesis by Promoting Expansion of the Granule Progenitor Pool

Although human congenital cerebellar malformations are common, their molecular and developmental basis is still poorly understood. Recently, cilia-related gene deficiencies have been implicated in several congenital disorders that exhibit cerebellar abnormalities such as Joubert syndrome, Meckel-Gruber syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and Orofaciodigital syndrome. The association of cilia gene mutations with these syndromes suggests that cilia may be important for cerebellar development, but the nature of cilia involvement has not been elucidated. To assess the importance of cilia-related proteins during cerebellar development, we studied the effects of CNS-specific inactivation of two mouse genes whose protein products are critical for cilia formation and maintenance, IFT88, (also known as polaris or Tg737), which encodes intraflagellar transport 88 homolog, and Kif3a, which encodes kinesin family member 3a. We showed that loss of either of these genes caused severe cerebellar hypoplasia and foliation abnormalities, primarily attributable to a failure of expansion of the neonatal granule cell progenitor population. In addition, granule cell progenitor proliferation was sensitive to partial loss of IFT function in a hypomorphic mutant of IFT88 (IFT88(orpk)), an effect that was modified by genetic background. IFT88 and Kif3a were not required for the specification and differentiation of most other cerebellar cell types, including Purkinje cells. Together, our observations constitute the first demonstration that cilia proteins are essential for normal cerebellar development and suggest that granule cell proliferation defects may be central to the cerebellar pathology in human cilia-related disorders.
Feminism, Writing, and Ghosts

It all began with an abstract, a promise and good reasons for being cautious of the abstract. But now the story is told and that makes all the difference. This essay is a meditation on methodology in the postmodern social field. The story is told through a detour generated by a woman, Sabina Spielrein, who was not in a photograph she was supposed to be in. Spielrein was a patient of Carl Jung's and later became an analyst herself, writing a very important essay on the death drive. The story of her entanglements with Jung and Freud, now more visible with the publication of her diaries and letters, haunts the institution of psychoanalysis, just as her haunting provides an alibi for my argument that certain features of psychoanalysis enable sociologically-oriented feminists to broach questions of invisibility, ghostly haunts, and the transferential investments and complications arising in any analysis.
A New Breed of Power-Aware Hybrid Shifters

The paper proposes a smart hybrid of the barrel and logarithmic shifter, to address the hardware complexity issue of the former, and the speed issue of the latter. Transistor level layout of the 16, 32 & 64-bit versions of each shifter was laid out using the state-of-art 70nm processing technology. Simulation results indicate that the proposed shifter easily outsmarts its counterparts in terms of power, delay and area complexities
The Microwave Spectrum and Structure of CH2O–H2O

Abstract The microwave spectrum of the formaldehyde–water complex (CH2O–H2O) has been studied with a pulsed-beam Fourier transform Fabry–Perot cavity spectrometer. Botha-type andb-type transitions were observed for each of the isotopic species studied. To provide additional structural information, the spectra of H2O, HDO, and D2O substituents combined with H2CO and D2CO were assigned. Measurement of the dipole moment components yielded the values μa= 3.379(13) × 10−30C·m (μa= 1.043(4) D) and μb= 2.54(20) × 10−30C·m (μb= 0.76(6) D) and indicated that the dipole moment vectors are anti-aligned. The molecular structure derived from the moments of inertia has a center of mass separation of 3.00(3) A with theC2vsymmetry axes of the monomers oriented at 19.3° from parallel with the dipole moments opposed. The complex is quite strongly bound with a harmonic pseudodiatomic stretching force constant,ks= 8.93 N/m, and hydrogen bond lengths of approximately 2.68 A between the water oxygen atom and a CH2hydrogen atom, and 2.03 A between a water hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom of H2CO. Expanded uncertainties (coverage factork= 2, i.e., two standard deviations) are shown in parentheses for each experimental value reported above.
Paraventriculospinal tract as a model for axon injury: spinal cord.

The response of immunocytochemically identified hypothalamic axons innervating the rat spinal cord was examined at varying times after cord hemisection in a model of axonal injury using the paraventriculospinal projection. The purpose was to determine whether these long descending peptidergic axons would show signs of regrowth after injury. From 1 to 180 days after hemisection, horizontal sections of the spinal cord were stained with peroxidase immunocytochemistry. Antiserum against neurophysin was used to identify axons projecting from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to the spinal cord. The paraventricular nucleus innervates all rostrocaudal segments of the cord, yet the projection is not massive, allowing the trauma response of individual axons to be studies. Immediately caudal to a T4 hemisection, axons began decreasing in number by 2 days after surgery. Ten days postoperatively, only a few axons could be found caudal to the cut; these remaining axons arose from the contralateral cord. A substantial increase in the number of stained axons was found rostral to the hemisection 3–12 weeks after surgery. In that an increase in axon number could be due to both increasing staining efficacy and sprouting, the orientation of axons in control and hemisected rats was studied. Three millimeters rostral to the hemisection, axons had a greater variance in orientation and were more likely to project medially out of the dorsolateral white matter compared with the contralateral control side. Rostral to the hemisection, a statistically significant two- to fourfold increase in the number of branches per axon was found in comparison to the contralateral control side. Axons were found in the dorsal white matter 4 months after surgery; in controls, immunostained axons were not found here. At all intervals after surgery, structures suggestive of growth were found, including terminal growth cones and lateral filopodia and lamellipodia extending from axons whose distal ends had been severed by hemisection. Similar structures were not found in control spinal cord. Together, these data suggest that after cord hemisection, axons from the paraventricular nucleus sprout rostral to the injury. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neutrophil adhesion on phosphorylcholine-containing polyurethanes.

Abstract Polyurethanes have been synthesized using glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) as a chain extender. By altering the ratio of GPC to butanediol (BD), a series of polymers was obtained composed of different contents of phosphorylcholine. Bulk and surface characterization of the polymers was carried out. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the polymer with the highest phosphorylcholine content (PU-GPC-20) had the lowest soft segment T g and the highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus among the polymers studied. This is due to the high degree of microphase separation in PU-GPC-20 as a result of by ionic aggregation and hydrogen bonding from the zwitterionic phosphorylcholine moiety. PU-GPC-20 contained approximately 20 wt% of glycerophosphorylcholine. Dynamic contact angle analysis showed that these polymers, especially the ones with high phosphorylcholine content, rearranged themselves to minimize their interfacial tension upon contacting an aqueous environment. Under shear rates of from 20 to 120 s -1 , neutrophils did not adhere to PU-GPC-20. Under similar conditions neutrophil adhesion was observed only at 20 s -1 on PU-GPC-10, PU-GPC-5 and on the control polyurethane (PU-base). Cell spreading was observed on the control polyurethane but not on any of the other surfaces. The incorporation of phosphorylcholine into the polyurethane backbone effectively reduced neutrophil adhesion and thus potentially could result in lower inflammatory and foreign body responses.
Redefinition of the aphid genus Sitobion Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) based on cladistic analyses, with emphasis on North American species

A hypothesis of monophyly for the aphid genus Sitobion is tested using cladistics. A diverse sample of thirty Sitobion species from Africa, Asia, Europe and North America were included, along with six species of Macrosiphum, eight new species similar to some Sitobion, one species of Illinoia, and Dysaphis tulipae (Boyer de Fonscolombe) as outgroup. A matrix of forty-seven taxa and forty-eight characters was analysed in paup, resulting in a set of thirty-nine equally parsimonious cladograms. Despite a high degree of homoplasy in the data, the results show that Sitobion is not a monophyletic group. The endemic North American species, along with two pteridophyte-feeding species from Europe, clearly belong to a separate lineage from the other Eurasian and African species. The endemic North American species are more closely related to the type species of Macrosiphum and Illinoia than to Sitobion avenae (Fabr.), the type species of Sitobion. Two species are placed as junior synonyms of Sitobion alopecuri (Takahashi): Macrosiphum (Sitobion) salicicornii Richards, syn.n. and Sitobion sylvestri Hille Ris Lambers; syn.n. Twelve species previously listed in Sitobion are placed in Macrosiphum with six new combinations: Macrosiphum adianti (Oestlund);Macrosiphum clydesmithi Robinson, comb.n.;Macrosiphum cystopteris Robinson;Macrosiphum dryopteridis (Holman), comb.n.;Macrosiphum equiseti (Holman), comb.n.;Macrosiphum insularis (Pergande);Macrosiphum lambi Robinson, comb.n.;Macrosiphum ptericolens Patch;Macrosiphum pteridis Wilson, Macrosiphum rhamni (Clarke);Macrosiphum walkeri Robinson, comb.n.;Macrosiphum woodsiae Robinson, comb.n. Two synonyms are reinstated as valid species: Macrosiphum occidentalis (Essig) and Macrosiphum pteridis Wilson.
Recurrence of allergic rhinitis, previously alleviated with allergen immunotherapy, after autologous bone marrow transplant

Background Several associations between immunoglobulin E and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) have been reported. Objective A patient whose allergic rhinitis (AR) resolved after allergen immunotherapy (AIT) but recurred after the patient received an autologous BMT is reported. Methods Allergy skin tests were performed before AIT began and after 4 years of therapy. Skin tests were repeated after a recurrence of symptoms 6 years later after an autologous BMT for breast cancer. Results Six years of AIT led to a near complete resolution of AR symptoms. Skin tests showed a marked reduction in reactivity to allergens in the AIT. After an additional 6-year symptom-free interval off AIT, symptoms returned after the BMT. Repeat skin tests showed a marked increase in reactivity. Conclusions Patients reconstituting their immune systems after autologous BMT may have a recurrence of AR previously suppressed with AIT.
Mechanics of the Normal Heart

Even though studies on isolated papillary muscles and cardiomyocytes can be applied to the mechanics of a beating heart, it is not always easy for physicians to relate these findings to clinical medicine. Thus, it is important to extend the studies to intact heart either in simulations or in animal models and even better to validate the results with human subjects. Advances in engineering and computer technology have allowed us to bridge the gap between physiology and mechanics. Cardiomyocyte stress/strain relates to muscle energy expenditure, which dictates oxygen and substrate utilization. Appreciation of this sequential relationship by clinicians will facilitate the logical development and assessment of therapies. Theory of finite element analysis (FEA) can predict cardiac mechanics under normal and pathologic conditions. Imaging studies provide an avenue to relate these predictions indirectly to experimental studies. In this fashion, we can understand the mechanical basis for the micro- and macroanatomical twisting motion of the beating heart. The purposes of this manuscript are: (1) to examine the terms that are traditionally used to describe mechanical stresses and strain within the ventricle, (2) to explore the three-dimensional organization of cardiomyocytes that influences global ventricular function, (3) to apply mechanical measures to both single cardiomyofibrils and the intact ventricle (4) to evaluate mathematical and computer models used to characterize cardiac mechanics, and (5) to outline the clinical methods available to measure ventricular function and relate findings from FEA to pathologic conditions.
Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Review

Circadian Rhythm Disturbances (CRDs) affect as many as a quarter of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients during some stage of their illness. Alterations in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and melatonin secretion are the major factors linked with the cause of CRDs. As a result, the normal physiology of sleep, the biological clock, and core body temperature are affected. This paper systematically discusses some of the causative factors, typical symptoms, and treatment options for CRDs in patients with AD. This paper also emphasizes the implementation of behavioral and environmental therapies before embarking on medications to treat CRDs. Pharmacotherapeutic options are summarized to provide symptomatic benefits for the patient and relieve stress on their families and professional care providers. As of today, there are few studies relative to CRDs in AD. Large randomized trials are warranted to evaluate the effects of treatments such as bright light therapy and engaging activities in the reduction of CRDs in AD patients.
Effect of a localized minimum in equatorial field strength on resistive tearing instability in the geomagnetotail

A two-dimensional, resistive-MHD computer code is used to investigate the spontaneous reconnection of magnetotaillike configurations. The initial conditions adopted in the simulations are of two types: (1) in which the equatorial normal magnetic field component B(ze) declines monotonically down the tail, and (2) in which B(ze) exhibits a deep minimum in the near-earth plasma sheet. To represent the case where the earthward convection stops before the X line forms, zero-flow boundary conditions are imposed at the edges of the computational box. The initial configurations are in equilibrium and table within ideal MHD. The dynamic evolution of the system starts after the resistivity is turned on. The main results of these simulations basically support the neutral-line model of substorms and confirm Birn's (1980) computer studies. Spontaneous formation of an X-type neutral point and a single O-type plasmoid with strong tailward flow on the tailward side of the X point is found. The time interval from the turning on of the resistivity to the formation of a plasmoid is much shorter in the case where there is an initial deep minimum. A simple analytic calculation is also carried out to demonstrate why the configuration with a deep minimum is more susceptible to the development of the neutral point.
The Elimination form of the Inverse and its Application to Linear Programming

It is common for matrices in industrial applications of linear programming to have a large proportion of zero coefficients. While every item raw material, intermediate material, end item, equipment item in, say, a petroleum refinery may be indirectly related to every other, any particular process uses few of these. Thus the matrix describing petroleum technology has a small percentage of non-zeros. If spacial or temporal distinctions are introduced into the model the percentage of non-zeros generally falls further. The present paper discusses a form of inverse which is especially convenient to obtain and use for matrices with a high percentage of zeros. The application of this form of inverse in linear programming is also discussed.
Long-Term Complications of the Irradiated Bladder: a Review

Radiation therapy is widely used to treat pelvic malignancies. Significant effects on bladder function are well known and, unfortunately, can be difficult to treat. The long-term effects of radiation therapy often manifest themselves well after radiation treatment has been completed. The most troubling of these is hemorrhagic cystitis. The paucity of data in regard to the management of radiation-induced bladder dysfunction is likely due to the often long duration between time of treatment and manifestation of symptoms. This review of the literature focuses on work published in the last 3 years, but older studies are included when no new data is available. The newest treatment options for radiation-induced bladder disease as well as the most recent data available regarding older treatments are discussed.
Helping Homeless Families Overcome Barriers to Successful Functioning

The author articulates key stressors in the lives of families who are homeless. These stresses often combine with barriers such as lack of job opportunities and/or insensitive professionals. Strategies for helping homeless families overcome these barriers and related issues are presented.
The Importance of Acidification in Atopic Eczema: An Underexplored Avenue for Treatment

Atopic dermatitis is a form of dermatitis commonly seen in children and adults. Its pathophysiology is complex and is centered on the barrier function of the epidermis. An important aspect of the skin's barrier is pH, which in turn affects a number of parameters such as the skin flora, protease function, and mediators of inflammation and pruritus. Normal pH for non-neonatal skin is acidic and ranges from 4 to 6. Skin pH in atopic dermatitis patients is often increased into the neutral to basic range, and the resulting cascade of changes contributes to the phenotype of atopic dermatitis. Therefore, the maintenance of normal skin pH remains an important topic in understanding and treating atopic dermatitis. This article will review skin pH and its impact on normal barrier function, pathological pH changes in atopic dermatitis, and the therapeutic considerations related to restoring and maintaining pH balance.
Bulk space charge behavior in polymethylethacrylate under an imposed virtual cathode condition

Electrically stimulated acoustic wave measurements have been used to profile the space charge distribution in polymethylmethacrylate samples. Electron beam implanted samples were allowed to decay under short-circuit conditions and under a continually changing voltage which compensated the internal charge across the unirradiated bulk. The latter condition imposed a virtual cathode on the trapped charge concentration and allowed the analysis of the bulk decay process without influence from the region with radiation-enhanced conductivity. The results of this study indicate that bulk polarization is the dominant initial conduction mechanism at temperatures between 20 and 60 degrees C. An equilibrium charge concentration only becomes established when the internal charge distribution balances the injection of electrons from the cathode. >
Morphology, Velocity, and Intermittent Flight in Birds1

Body size, pectoralis composition, aspect ratio of the wing, and forward speed affect the use of intermittent flight in birds. During intermittent non-flapping phases, birds extend their wings and glide or flex their wings and bound. The pectoralis muscle is active during glides but not during bounds; activity in other primary flight muscles is variable. Mechanical power, altitude, and velocity vary among wingbeats in flapping phases; associated with this variation are changes in neuromuscular recruitment, wingbeat frequency, amplitude, and gait. Species of intermediate body mass (35–158 g) tend to flap-glide at slower speeds and flap-bound at faster speeds, regardless of the aspect ratio of their wings. Such behavior may reduce mechanical power output relative to continuous flapping. Smaller species (<20 g) with wings of low aspect ratio may flap-bound at all speeds, yet existing models do not predict an aerodynamic advantage for the flight style at slow speeds. The behavior of these species appears to be due to wing shape rather than pectoralis physiology. As body size increases among species, percent time spent flapping increases, and birds much larger than 300 g do not flap-bound. This pattern may be explained by adverse scaling of mass-specific power or lift per unit power output available from flight muscles. The size limit for the ability to bound intermittently may be offset somewhat by the scaling of pectoralis composition. The percentage of time spent flapping during intermittent flight also varies according to flight speed.
On the transient control of Linear Time Invariant systems

Practical problems require the synthesis of a set of stabilizing controllers that guarantee transient performance specifications such as a bound on the overshoot of its closed loop step response. A majority of these specifications for Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems can be converted to the requirement of synthesizing a set of stabilizing controllers guaranteeing the non-negative impulse response of an appropriate transfer function whose coefficients are functions of the controller parameters. The main topic of investigation of this paper is to find a bound for the set of control parameters, K, so that a rational, proper transfer function, N (z, K)/D (z, K) has a decaying, non-negative impulse response. For Single Input Single Output (SISO) LTI systems, one may assume that the coefficients of the polynomials N (z, K) and D (z, K) are affine in K. An earlier result by the authors provides an approximation of the set of stabilizing controller parameters in terms of unions of polyhedral sets. In this paper, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a rational proper stable transfer function to have a non-negative impulse response. For the synthesis problem, we show that these conditions translate into a sequence of polynomial matrix inequalities in K using Markov-Lucaks' theorem. We propose an outer approximation of the feasible set of matrix inequalities using Lasserre's moment method.
Population Pharmacokinetic and Concentration—QTc Models for Moxifloxacin: Pooled Analysis of 20 Thorough QT Studies

To increase our understanding of important subject characteristics and design variables affecting the performance of oral moxifloxacin in thorough QT studies, population pharmacokinetic and concentration-QTc models were developed by pooling data from 20 studies. A 1-compartment model with first-order elimination described the pharmacokinetics. Absorption delay was modeled using 8 transit compartments. Mean (95% confidence interval) values for oral clearance, apparent volume of distribution, the first-order absorption rate constant, and mean transit time were 11.7 (11.5-11.9) L/h, 147 (144-150) L, 1.9 (1.7-2.1) 1/h, and 0.3 (0.28-0.34) hours, respectively. Overencapsulating the moxifloxacin tablet increased mean transit time by 138% and delayed time to maximum concentration by 0.5 hours but had a minimal effect on overall exposure. Administration with food decreased absorption rate constant by 27%. Women had higher moxifloxacin exposure compared with men, which was explained by lower body weights. A linear model described the concentration-QTc relationship with a mean slope of 3.1 (2.8-3.3) milliseconds per µg/mL moxifloxacin. Mean slopes for individual studies ranged from 1.6 to 4.8 milliseconds per µg/mL. Hysteresis between moxifloxacin plasma concentrations and QTc was modest, and incorporating this delay did not result in a different slope (3.3 milliseconds per µg/mL). There were no differences in slope estimates between men and women or among race categories.
Effects of Glycerol and Fructose on Livability, Motility, and Anaerobic Gas Production of Bovine Spermatozoa

Summary In vitro manometric determinations of gas production by bovine spermatozoa under anaerobic conditions indicated a slight but statistically nonsignificant inhibitory effect of glycerol. The inclusion of 1% fructose with 1.0, 3.3, or 10.0% glycerol caused an immediate and marked stimulation of gas production by the spermatozoa. Glycerol plus fructose maintained a greater degree of motility and livability of bovine spermatozoa at the end of 105min. of incubation at 38° C. than did either fructose or glycerol alone. Under the conditions of this study, 1% glycerol plus 1% fructose was the apparent optimum for maintenance of spermatozoan motility and livability.
Broadbanding Trends in the States

The authors report on the adoption of broadbanding in state civil service systems. Twelve states use a full-scale broadband system, and four use it on a limited scale. Eighteen states have consider...
Si spontaneous emission during RTP and its impact on low-temperature pyrometry

Si fluorescence or spontaneous emission was discovered during the development of lower-temperature pyrometer. To reveal unambiguously the Si spontaneous emission, a high-power 980nm laser is used together with a high sensitivity IR spectrometer. Clear Si fluorescence spectra with peaks at ∼1140nm were obtained at different Si temperatures. The Si fluorescence peaks shift to longer wavelength, in agreement with Si bandgap narrowing with increasing temperatures. Wafers of different doping levels and types were studied for Si spontaneous emission. It is found that lightly doped (resisitivity ≪20 ohms-cm) Si has the highest level of Si spontaneous emission. On the other hand, heavily doped Si does not generate any Si spontaneous emission, mainly due to the higher recombination. Since the Si spontaneous emission has a broad spectrum, it spills into the RTP pyrometer spectral bandwidth and acts as s spurious pyrometer signal. Even though Si has very low efficiency for light emission due to its indirect bandgap, the fluorescence emitted light is still on the level of pyrometer signal equivalent to ∼200 to 250C.
Enzymatic Processing of Radiation-Induced Free Radical Damage in DNA'

A significant fraction of DNA damage produced by ionizing radiation comes from free radicals generated during the radiolysis of water, that is, by indirect effects. The hydroxyl radical, the principal damaging species, produces single-strand breaks and a plethora of base and sugar lesions that can be cytotoxic or mutagenic. Free radical-induced DNA damage is repaired by an efficient and ubiquitous process called "base excision repair" which is composed of either three or four enzymatic steps, depending on the initial lesion. The result is an intact DNA molecule with a short repair patch size. If, however, multiply damaged sites similar to those produced by ionizing radiation are processed by base excision repair, a double-strand break can result if the opposing lesions are more than three nucleotides apart. Because base excision repair evolved to protect the genome from endogenous damages, the proteins involved are highly conserved from bacteria to humans, not only at the functional level, but at the level of amino acid sequence.
Cytoplasmic prion protein induces forebrain neurotoxicity.

The prion protein (PrP) is essential for the pathogenesis of prion disease. PrP has been detected in the cytosol of neurons and transgenic mice expressing PrP in the cytosol (cyPrP) under a pan-neuronal promoter developed rapid cerebellar granule neuron degeneration. Yet, it remains unclear whether cyPrP is capable to cause toxicity in other neuronal populations. Here, we report that transgenic mice expressing cyPrP in the forebrain neurons developed behavioral abnormalities including clasping and hyperactivity. These mice had a reduced thickness in cortex and developed astrogliosis in hippocampal and cortical regions. Moreover, cyPrP in these mice was recognized by the A11 anti-oligomer antibody and was associated with the hydrophobic lipid core of membranes, indicating that cyPrP oligomer caused membrane perturbation contributes to cyPrP neurotoxicity. Together, our results clearly revealed that cyPrP is able to cause toxicity in different neuronal populations, supporting a role of cyPrP in PrP-mediated neurodegenerative disorders.
Introduction to simulation

This is an introductory tutorial on the statistical aspects of computer simulation, and is intended to serve as a springboard to many of the other introductory tutorials that appear elsewhere in the Proceedings. We present a number of motivational examples, followed by material on random number and random variate generation, input analysis of the random variables that drive a simulation, and output analysis of the random observations that a simulation produces.
Quantitative gait assessment as a predictor of prospective and retrospective falls in community-dwelling older women.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to identify gait-related risk factors associated with both retrospective and prospective falls in 17 community-dwelling older women (mean age 73.4 years). The subjects were videotaped walking at their freely-chosen speed and 21 quantitative kinematic biomechanical variables describing the gait of each individual were computed. Faller status in the preceding year was determined by retrospective self reports and was monitored by an investigator for 10 months after the subjects were videotaped. None of the variables distinguished the retrospective fallers from nonfallers or were a significant predictor of prospective falls. The findings suggest that quantitative kinematic gait variables alone may not identify risk factors associated with falling in community-dwelling older women.