cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles and concepts of DNA replication in bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

The accurate copying of genetic information in the double helix of DNA is essential for inheritance of traits that define the phenotype of cells and the organism. The core machineries that copy DNA are conserved in all three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. This article outlines the general nature of the DNA replication machinery, but also points out important and key differences. The most complex organisms, eukaryotes, have to coordinate the initiation of DNA replication from many origins in each genome and impose regulation that maintains genomic integrity, not only for the sake of each cell, but for the organism as a whole. In addition, DNA replication in eukaryotes needs to be coordinated with inheritance of chromatin, developmental patterning of tissues, and cell division to ensure that the genome replicates once per cell division cycle.
The Effects of Aging on Controlled Attention and Conflict Processing in the Stroop Task

Recent computational modeling and behavioral work indicate that age-related declines in the ability to represent task context may contribute to disruptions of working memory and selective attention in older adults. However, it is unclear whether age-related declines in context processing arise from a disruption of the encoding or maintenance of task context and how age-related declines in context processing interact with mechanisms supporting conflict detection and resolution processes contributing to efficient selection of task-relevant information. This study examines the effects of aging on the neural correlates of context and conflict processing in the Stroop task using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Age-related differences in the time course of modulations of the ERPs associated with encoding (P3) and maintaining (slow wave) task context were observed. There were also age-related differences in the N450, conflict SP, and ERN associated with conflict processing that interacted with task context. These data indicate that aging is associated with declines in the efficiency of those neural mechanisms supporting both context and conflict processing, and that the effects of aging are not pervasive but rather interact with task context.
Implementing Full and Partial Work Sanctions: The Case of Texas

This study examines the implementation of work sanctions in Texas, a state that switched from partial to full benefit sanctions. A qualitative research design is used consisting of 255 individual case studies obtained from administrative fair hearing data under Texas's full and partial sanction regimes. Recipients' explanations for not complying with the work rules and how workers assessed these explanations and whether sanctions were appropriate are examined. This study found that recipients' reasons for not complying with work rules were similar for both full and partial sanctions. The primary reasons for their noncompliance were family obstacles and situational challenges or lack of notice. Workers responses under both regimes were also very similar, with workers using their discretion to apply sanctions punitively. Workers focused on the paper-processing tasks of sanctioning rather than the larger goal of encouraging self-sufficiency, with workers failing to distinguish between procedural and substantive violations of the work rules.
Predicting fault diagnosis performance: why are some bugs hard to find?

An experiment to examine how a troubleshooter's mental model of a logic network might prejudice his or her ability to diagnose previously unseen faults is discussed. Subjects first inferred the structure of a logic network by viewing it in different states. Most subjects ended up with mental models of the network that were almost, but not completely, correct. Then, in a fault diagnosis phase, subjects diagnosed faults placed in the network by the experimenter. Faults involved the addition of new links or the deletion of existing links. In generating faults for subjects, two factors were varied in a 2*2 design: whether a subject believed a link existed or not and whether that belief was true or false. The ability to detect the symptoms of a fault was not always a guarantee of correct fault diagnosis. Subjects had difficulty diagnosing faults to do with links they believed did not exist, and they found it impossible to diagnose faults that influenced parts of the network about which they had false beliefs. >
FORECASTING RUNOUT OF ROCK AND DEBRIS AVALANCHES

Physically based mathematical models and statistically based empirical equations each may provide useful means of forecasting runout of rock and debris avalanches. This paper compares the foundations, strengths, and limitations of a physically based model and a statistically based forecasting method, both of which were developed to predict runout across three-dimensional topography. The chief advantage of the physically based model results from its ties to physical conservation laws and well-tested axioms of soil and rock mechanics, such as the Coulomb friction rule and effective-stress principle. The output of this model provides detailed information about the dynamics of avalanche runout, at the expense of high demands for accurate input data, numerical computation, and experimental testing. In comparison, the statistical method requires relatively modest computation and no input data except identification of prospective avalanche source areas and a range of postulated avalanche volumes. Like the physically based model, the statistical method yields maps of predicted runout, but it provides no information on runout dynamics. Although the two methods differ significantly in their structure and objectives, insights gained from one method can aid refinement of the other.
D2.5 dissection for gastric carcinoma.

Worldwide, gastric cancer ranks second only to lung cancer in mortality and accounts for 500 000 deaths annually. Since 1930, the incidence of gastric carcinoma in the United States has been declining steadily and plateaued during the 1980-1990 decade. Mortality rates for white males in the United States were approximately 40 per l00 000 in l930, compared with 5.4 per 100 000 in l994. For nonwhite males the rates were 23.7 per 100 000 in 1955 and 12 per 100 000 in 1985. In the United States in 2002, an estimated 21 600 new cases and 12 400 deaths were attributable to gastric carcinoma.
Can visual assessment of flow waveform morphology detect anastomotic error in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting?

Objective: Flow probes are being used for intraoperative assessment of anastomotic quality during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We conducted a survey with the cooperation of 19 international surgeons to assess the ability of surgeons to detect anastomotic errors by evaluating mean flow and flow waveform morphology. Material and methods: Mongrel dogs underwent mammary to left anterior descending (LAD) grafting. Mean graft flow and flow wave morphology for varying degrees of anastomotic stenoses were recorded using transit-time flow probes. A questionnaire consisting of ten different recorded flow tracings and the corresponding mean flows were given to 20 surgeons from around the world. The surgeons were asked to determine the degree of stenosis and whether they would re-do the anastomosis based upon the mean flow and the flow tracings. Results: All of the 19 surgeons that responded were able to clearly identify a highly stenotic graft ( .90% stenosis). However, 24% would re-do a fully patent anastomosis, 58% accepted an anastomosis with moderate stenosis, and 72% accepted anastomoses with severe stenosis. Conclusions: Evaluation of flow tracing morphology and/or mean flows can be used to reliably detect nearly occluded anastomoses ( .90% stenosis). However, surgeons should be cautious in assessing anastomoses with lesser degrees of stenosis, as they may be more difficult to reliably interpret. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Abnormal Immune Responses in Persons with Previous Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in an In Vitro Model That Simulates In Vivo Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Persons with previous extrapulmonary tuberculosis have reduced peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokine production and CD4+ lymphocytes compared to persons with previous pulmonary tuberculosis or latent tuberculosis infection, but specific defects related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of macrophages have not been characterized. The objective of this study was to further characterize the in vitro immune responses to M. tuberculosis infection in HIV-seronegative persons with previous extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from HIV-seronegative persons with previous extrapulmonary tuberculosis (n = 11), previous pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 21), latent M. tuberculosis infection (n = 19), and uninfected tuberculosis contacts (n = 20). Experimental conditions included M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages cultured with and without monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Concentrations of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8), IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17, CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) were measured by multiplex cytokine array. When M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages were cocultured with monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells, IFN-γ (P = 0.01), TNF-α (P = 0.04), IL-10 (P < 0.001), and IL-6 (P = 0.03) exhibited similar continua of responses, with uninfected persons producing the lowest levels, followed by extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases, pulmonary tuberculosis controls, and persons with latent M. tuberculosis infection. A similar pattern was observed with CXCL8 (P = 0.04), IL-10 (P = 0.02), and CCL2 (P = 0.03) when monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the four groups were cultured alone. Persons with previous extrapulmonary tuberculosis had decreased production of several cytokines, both at rest and after stimulation with M. tuberculosis. Our results suggest that persons who develop extrapulmonary tuberculosis have a subtle global immune defect that affects their response to M. tuberculosis infection.
Robotic Self-replication in Structured Environments: Physical Demonstrations and Complexity Measures

In this paper we define a complexity ratio that measures the degree to which a robot is self-replicating based on the number and complexity of subsystems that it can assemble to form a functional replica. We also quantify how structured the environment must be in order for a robot to function. This calculation uses Sanderson's concept of parts entropy. Together, the complexity measure of the robot and environmental entropy provide quantitative benchmarks to assess the state of the art in the subfield of self-replicating robotic systems, and provide goals for the design of future systems. We demonstrate these principles with three prototype systems that show different degrees of robotic self-replication. The first robot is controlled by a microprocessor and consists of five subsystems. The second has no microprocessor and is implemented as a finite-state machine consisting of discrete logic chips that are distributed over five subsystems. The third design consists of six subsystems and is able to handle greater environmental entropy. These systems demonstrate the desired progression towards self-replicating robots consisting of greater numbers of subsystems, each of lower complexity, and which are able to function in environments with increasing levels of disorder.
Predictors of positive retroperitoneal lymph nodes in patients with high risk testicular cancer.

Purpose: Percent of embryonal carcinoma and lymphovascular invasion in the primary tumor are risk factors for occult retroperitoneal metastatic disease. High risk patients with clinical stage I and IIA nonseminomatous germ cell tumor who underwent primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection were identified to discern any other risk factors for metastatic disease.Materials and Methods: Patients who had undergone retroperitoneal lymph node dissection at our institution from 1993 to 2009 were identified and clinical charts were reviewed. A total of 90 patients with orchiectomy specimens containing more than 30% embryonal carcinoma who underwent primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection were identified and perioperative data were obtained.Results: Of 353 patients 90 (25%) had greater than 30% embryonal carcinoma and underwent primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Of these patients 45 (50%) had lymphovascular invasion. Median followup was 1.1 years. Positive lymph nodes identified at retroperito...
Topological variations of the inverse dual converter for high power DC-DC applications

DC to DC power converter topologies that are suitable for high-density, high-power supplies are presented. Topological variations on the basic inverse dual converter (IDC) circuit, such as the coupled transformer and the multiphase and multipulse derivation of the single-phase IDC, are analyzed, and simulation results are discussed. The topologies have most of the IDC features, such as buck-boost operation, bidirectional power processing, capacitive commutation for switches, and unlimited high-power capability. The multiphase, the coupled transformer, and the power distribution IDC topologies offer additional properties, such as significant power-density improvement isolation. AC tapping, and input-current reduction. A quantitative comparison between the single- and the multiphase IDC is presented. >
Limitations on the detectability of spread-spectrum signals

The standard analysis of the radiometric detectability of a spread-spectrum signal assumes a background of stationary white Gaussian noise whose power spectral density can be measured very accurately. This assumption yields a fairly high probability of interception, even for signals of short duration. Using a generalization of the detection scenario, the authors demonstrate that realistic detection of these signals by a wideband radiometer can be considerably more difficult than is indicated by the standard result. The generalized result is then used to consider the realistic effectiveness of optimal detection of low-SNR direct-sequence pseudonoise waveforms. >
Pollution Permit Markets with Intertemporal Trading and Asymmetric Information

Abstract We consider the problem of determining the permit discount rate in pollution permit markets in which permits may be traded over time and polluting firms have better information about their abatement costs than does the regulator. We show that the preferred permit discount rate may be greater than or less than the money discount rate. We also consider whether or not the regulator should allow intertemporal trading to take place. Allowing intertemporal trading lowers social costs when the slope of the marginal damage function is less than the slope of the aggregate marginal abatement cost function.
Improving Geocode Accuracy with Candidate Selection Criteria

Geocoding systems typically use more than one geographic reference dataset to improve match rates and spatial accuracy, resulting in multiple candidate geocodes from which the single “best” result must be selected. Little scientific evidence exists for formalizing this selection process or comparing one strategy to another, leading to the approach used in existing systems which we term the hierarchy-based criterion: place the available reference data layers into qualitative, static, and in many cases, arbitrary hierarchies and attempt a match in each layer, in order. The first non-ambiguous match with suitable confidence is selected and returned as output. This approach assumes global relationships of relative accuracy between reference data layers, ignoring local variations that could be exploited to return more precise geocodes. We propose a formalization of the selection criteria and present three alternative strategies which we term the uncertainty-, gravitationally-, and topologically-based strategies. The performance of each method is evaluated against two ground truth datasets of nationwide GPS points to determine any resulting spatial improvements. We find that any of the three new methods improves on current practice in the majority of cases. The gravitationally- and topologically-based approaches offer improvement over a simple uncertainty-based approach in cases with specific characteristics.
Waste management of a microemulsion using elevated temperatures

Elevated temperatures reduced NAPL-saturated fraction of a treated SPME waste effluent. As temperature increased, aqueous fraction of the separated SPME increased to 0.96 at 90°C. Composite volume samples had optimal separation at 75°C, where >95% of NAPL mass partitioned into the organic phase; while in first pore volume samples, it decreased with increasing temperature after 70°C. Increasing temperature of composite volume samples increased surfactant partitioning into the organic phase; in first pore volume samples, it was evenly divided into both phases. Increased temperatures reduced COD of aqueous phases >75%. Overall, elevated temperatures reduced volume of NAPL-saturated solution by 96%.
Relationships between cyberchondria and obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions

Researchers have recently begun to investigate a vicious cycle of escalating physical health concerns and online medical information seeking coined "cyberchondria". Research has shown that cyberchondria is strongly associated with health anxiety (HA), but there is a dearth of work investigating the potential relationships between cyberchondria and other anxiety-related pathologies. One such condition is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which could theoretically be related to cyberchondria given the physical health relevant focus of certain types of OC symptoms. The current study sought to investigate the potential relationship between cyberchondria OCD across OC symptom dimensions. Community participants (N=468) were recruited via online crowdsourcing to complete a battery of self-report questionnaires including cyberchondria and OC measures. Structural equation modeling revealed significant unique associations between both contamination/washing and responsibility for harm/checking symptoms, and cyberchondria, such that greater cyberchondria was associated with greater OC symptoms after controlling for HA and trait negative affect. These results suggest that similar to proposed models of cyberchondria and HA, cyberchondria could potentially play a role in the development/maintenance of two dimensions of OC symptoms, or vice versa. Future work will need to determine the causal nature of these relationships or whether they are simply co-occurring phenomena.
Atmospheric Diffusion in the Range 20 to 2000 Kilometers

It was recently argued on theoretical grounds, by Gifford (1984), that the earth’s rotation should define the outer, or integral time-scale of atmospheric turbulent diffusion, a finding well supported by atmospheric diffusion observations over a wide range of scales (Gifford, 1977, 1983a; Barr, 1983). The consequences of this result, which have so far not been considered in dealing with diffusion at shorter ranges, become important for longer range diffusion problems, beyond about 20 km distance or an hour of diffusion time. In this paper some recent atmospheric diffusion data obtained at long ranges will be compared with earlier data. The form of diffusion in the range 20 to 2000 km, as well as the general nature of diffusion at still larger scales will be briefly discussed in relation to the time-scale of diffusion.
Adult Attachment Orientations, Stress, and Romantic Relationships

Abstract In this chapter, we discuss attachment theory and our programs of research on how individuals with different adult attachment orientations think, feel, and especially behave when they and their romantic partners encounter different types of stressful situations. In Section 2 , we review some basic principles of attachment theory, discuss what adult attachment orientations are, and summarize what they correlate with in the context of relationships. We also review how the different adult attachment orientations are associated with how individuals regulate negative emotions in threatening situations. In Section 3 , we discuss diathesis–stress thinking in attachment theory, and we introduce the general diathesis–stress process model that has guided most of our research on adult attachment, stress, and relationships during the past 20 years. In Section 4 , we review the various programs of attachment research we have conducted, which have tested how adults who have different attachment orientations cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally react to different types of threat/stress vis-a-vis their romantic partners and relationships. We conclude the chapter by summarizing our diathesis–stress findings and by discussing promising directions for future research.
Neutron diffraction study of UO/sub 2/: Antiferromagnetic state

The elastic neutron magnetic scattering cross section from the ${\mathrm{U}}^{4+}$ ions in antiferromagnetic U${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ has been measured at 4.2 K. The measurements included all reciprocal-lattice points for which $\frac{(sin\ensuremath{\theta})}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}=\frac{\ensuremath{\kappa}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\le}0.83$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The values of $\ensuremath{\mu}f(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\kappa}})$, obtained from the measurements, fall on a smooth curve at small $\ensuremath{\kappa}$, but show considerable anisotropy for $\frac{(sin\ensuremath{\theta})}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}g0.5$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The ordered magnetic moment is $(1.74\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per uranium atom at 4.2 K. Theoretical calculations of the magnetic cross section from a number of possible states (including the effects of intermediate coupling and $J$ mixing) are unable to reproduce the experimental data at large $\ensuremath{\kappa}$. Subtracting the calculated magnetic cross section from the observed scattering cross section, we have determined that additional scattering is present only for reflections with $h$, $k$ even and $l$ odd. The additional intensity is a result of a small (0.014 \AA{}) shift of the oxygen atoms from their equilibrium position. These shifts are examined within the framework of Allen's microscopic theory for U${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. An analysis in terms of the homogeneous deformations proposed by Allen cannot explain the neutron results. However, when Allen's concepts are extended to include inhomogeneous deformations, corresponding to a zone-boundary $q=(\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{a}) (1,0,0)$ phonon, excellent agreement is obtained between theory and experiment. The oxygen displacement is 0.014 \AA{} from the fluorite lattice positions and, in addition, the inhomogeneous deformation ${T}_{2g}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{1g}$ does not require a corresponding change in the unit-cell dimensions. The dominance of this deformation mode in the spin-lattice interactions suggests the presence of a noncollinear magnetic structure in U${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$.
Utility of Short-Term Video-EEG Monitoring

Researchers at Monash University Medical Center, Melbourne, Australia evaluated the yield and clinical utility of outpatient, short-term video-EEG monitoring (OVEM) as a diagnostic tool in routine clinical practice.
Binary instant feedback on programming exercises can reduce student engagement and promote cheating

Some educational researchers have argued that instant feedback on exercises improves student engagement and learning. In the context of computer programming exercises, instant feedback in many classrooms and online courses takes the form of "correct" or "incorrect" responses. In order to assess the utility of such binary instant feedback, we examined the exercise solutions submitted by students enrolled in an undergraduate computer science course offered over several years. Students completed weekly programming exercise sets. While the exercises were identical across the course offerings, some instantiations of the class provided students with binary instant feedback. An automated assessment system evaluated student solutions and promptly indicated if they were "correct" or "incorrect". We examined the effects that such feedback had on students' propensity to cheat on exercises and on their tendency to attempt or avoid subsequent exercises. We found that the students who received binary instant feedback were twice as likely to cheat on a programming exercise as students who were not receiving such feedback. We also found that students attempted fewer exercises when binary instant feedback was provided. These findings suggest that, with regard to computer programming exercises, automated assessment systems that are limited to providing binary feedback can prompt undesirable behaviors, even when the feedback is delivered instantly.
Analysis of Domain-Size Distributions in Epitaxial Growth Using Leed Angular Profiles

Angular profiles of diffracted beams in surface-sensitive diffraction techniques can be used to establish the degree of order at the surface of crystals. Results are presented showing the sensitivity of such profiles to the growth mode of overlayer islands. A method is presented to incorporate the two-dimensional nature of the problem into the analysis and to extract finite-size effects from fundamental and superlattice beams.
Spatial response of coyotes to removal of water availability at anthropogenic water sites

Features containing year-round availability of free water (hereafter water sites) and areas affiliated with water sites (i.e., riparian zones) occurring within arid landscapes represent a potential limiting resource for some desert dwelling vertebrates. Little is known about the relationship between water sites and mammalian carnivores. An increase of water sites in portions of the Great Basin Desert in Utah reportedly contributed to an increase in coyote (Canis latrans) abundance. We examined frequency of visitation and spatial affinity of resident coyotes for water sites at the home range scale extent. Visitation to sites with available water averaged 13.0 visitations/season (SD = 13.5) and ranged from zero to 47. We documented no visits to water sites in 16% (10 of 64) of seasonal home-ranges, <5 visits within 39% (25 of 64) of home ranges, and 25% (28 of 113) of coyote home-ranges did not contain a water site. Water sites associated with riparian vegetation experienced higher visitation than guzzlers (no riparian vegetation present). We found no evidence that removal of water influenced home range size or spatial shifting of home range areas. Water sites, especially guzzlers, do not represent a pivotal resource for the coyote population in our study area.
Intelligence: Real or artificial?

Throughout the history of the artificial intelligence movement, researchers have strived to create computers that could simulate general human intelligence. This paper argues that workers in artificial intelligence have failed to achieve this goal because they adopted the wrong model of human behavior and intelligence, namely a cognitive essentialist model with origins in the traditional philosophies of natural intelligence. An analysis of the word “intelligence” suggests that it originally referred to behavior-environment relations and not to inferred internal structures and processes. It is concluded that if workers in artificial intelligence are to succeed in their general goal, then they must design machines that are adaptive, that is, that can learn. Thus, artificial intelligence researchers must discard their essentialist model of natural intelligence and adopt a selectionist model instead. Such a strategic change should lead them to the science of behavior analysis.
Viscosity and Vorticity in Reduced Magneto-Hydrodynamics

Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) critically relies on viscous forces in order for an accurate determination of the electric eld. For each charged particle species, the Braginskii viscous tensor for a magnetized plasma has the decomposition into matrices with special symmetries.
Survival Advantage for Patients (pts) with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) in Accelerated Phase (AP) Treated with Imatinib.

When treated with imatinib, pts with CML in AP have a hematologic response rate of over 80%, and 25% achieve a major cytogenetic (CG) response. These results are superior to any other therapy available and have established imatinib as the standard of care for AP CML. However, a survival benefit was not defined in these single-arm studies. With longer follow-up of pts in AP treated with imatinib, we investigated whether imatinib therapy led to a survival advantage over other therapies that have been used for this disease. For this analysis, AP was defined as the presence of any of the following: blasts ≥15%, blasts + promyelocytes ≥30%, basophils ≥20%, platelets (plts) 9 /L unrelated to therapy, or clonal evolution. Since 1982, 395 pts with AP have been treated at MDACC: 177 (45%) with imatinib and 218 (55%) with other therapies including IFN-α-based therapy (n=102), homoharringtonine (n=36), decitabine (n=47), daunorubicin + ara −C (n=24), or others (n=9). The rate of complete hematologic response was 82% with imatinib and 38% with others (p 36 mo, splenomegaly, Hgb 9 /L, peripheral or marrow blasts ≥5%, marrow basophils >5%, blasts + promyelocytes >5%, clonal evolution, and treatment with imatinib. Pts treated with imatinib were older, but had fewer pts with splenomegaly, high blasts or clonal evolution than the control group. By multivariate analysis, the independent pre-treatment characteristics associated with survival (p 1 yr. After adjusting for these differences in a multivariate analysis, treatment with imatinib was the most significant prognostic factor associated with improved survival (p
Tridentate Directing Groups Stabilize 6-Membered Palladacycles in Catalytic Alkene Hydrofunctionalization

Removable tridentate directing groups inspired by pincer ligands have been designed to stabilize otherwise kinetically and thermodynamically disfavored 6-membered alkyl palladacycle intermediates. This family of directing groups enables regioselective remote hydrocarbofunctionalization of several synthetically useful alkene-containing substrate classes, including 4-pentenoic acids, allylic alcohols, homoallyl amines, and bis-homoallylamines, under Pd(II) catalysis. In conjunction with previous findings, we demonstrate regiodivergent hydrofunctionalization of 3-butenoic acid derivatives to afford either Markovnikov or anti-Markovnikov addition products depending on directing group choice. Preliminary mechanistic and computational data are presented to support the proposed catalytic cycle.
Overfeeding-associated hyperglycemia and injury-response homeostasis in critically ill neonates.

Abstract Background Injury severity induces a proportionate acute metabolic stress response, associated with increased risk of hyperglycemia. We hypothesized that excess caloric delivery (overfeeding) during high stress states would increase hyperglycemia and disrupt response homeostasis. Methods Gestational age, daily weight, total daily caloric intake, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), prealbumin, and blood glucose concentrations in all acutely-injured premature NICU infants requiring TPN over the past 3years were reviewed. Injury severity was based on CRP and patients were divided into high (CRP ≥50mg/L) versus low (CRP Results Overall sample included N=563 patient days (37 patients; 42 episodes). High stress group pre-albumin levels negatively correlated with CRP levels (R=−0.62, p 1, Pr(F>f)=0.0353). When high stress patients were separated into high caloric intake (≥70kg/kcal/day) versus low caloric intake ( Conclusion Higher injury severity induces increased disruption of response homeostasis in critically ill neonates. TPN-associated overfeeding worsens injury-related hyperglycemia in more severely injured infants. Type of study Retrospective study. Level of evidence Level II.
Association of low PTEN expression by fluorescence immunohistochemistry (F-IHC) and lethal disease in men with surgically-treated prostate cancer (PrCa).

15Background: Loss of PTEN expression correlates with poorer clinical outcomes after definitive therapy for non-metastatic (M0) PrCa. While most studies have used biochemical-based end points, there is limited data regarding PTEN loss by IHC and risk of lethal disease after surgery. Methods: A retrospective cohort of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) was identified from the Dana-Farber Prostate Clinical Research Information Systems (CRIS) database. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded RP specimens were used to construct tissue microarrays and F-IHC for PTEN was performed. Using multispectral imaging analysis, tumor-only PTEN expression was quantified. PTEN expression was analyzed continuously and dichotomously (low [ < lower quartile] vs other [≥lower quartile]). Kaplan-Meier method estimated the distribution of time from RP to metastatic disease and overall survival (OS). Cox model assessed association of PTEN status and the disease outcomes, with adjustment of age, Gleason score and patholo...
Morpholino-mediated in vivo silencing of Cryptosporidium parvum lactate dehydrogenase decreases oocyst shedding and infectivity.

Abstract Cryptosporidium is a highly prevalent protozoan parasite that is the second leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries, and causes a serious diarrheal syndrome in calves, lambs and goat kids worldwide. Development of fully effective drugs against Cryptosporidium has mainly been hindered by the lack of genetic tools for functional characterization and validation of potential molecular drug targets in the parasite. Herein, we report the development of a morpholino-based in vivo approach for Cryptosporidium parvum gene knockdown to facilitate determination of the physiological roles of the parasite’s genes in a murine model. We show that, when administered intraperitoneally at non-toxic doses, morpholinos targeting C. parvum lactate dehydrogenase ( Cp LDH) and sporozoite 60K protein ( Cp 15/60) were able to specifically and sustainably down-regulate the expression of Cp LDH and Cp 15/60 proteins, respectively, in C. parvum -infected interferon-γ knockout mice. Over a period of 6 days of daily administration of target morpholinos, Cp LDH and Cp 15/60 proteins were down-regulated by 20- to 50-fold, and 10- to 20-fold, respectively. Knockdown of Cp LDH resulted in approximately 80% reduction in oocyst load in the feces of mice, and approximately 70% decrease in infectivity of the sporozoites excysted from the shed oocysts. Cp 15/60 knockdown did not affect oocyst shedding nor infectivity but, nevertheless, provided a proof-of-principle for the resilience of the morpholino-mediated C. parvum gene knockdown system in vivo. Together, our findings provide a genetic tool for deciphering the physiological roles of C. parvum genes in vivo, and validate Cp LDH as an essential gene for the growth and viability of C. parvum in vivo.
Speech Production Skills in Children With Cleft Palate Who Were Internationally Adopted.

Objective:The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of international adoption (IA), age at palatoplasty (PR age), and velopharyngeal sufficiency (VPS) on articulation outcomes.Desig...
Health Maintenance Documentation Improves for Veterans with IBD Using a Template in the Computerized Patient Record System.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and the therapies used to treat these conditions can lead to preventable complications. In 2011, AGA developed the Adult IBD Physician Performance Measures Set to improve accountability and performance management in IBD care; however, compliance remains poor. The aim of this study is to assess for an improvement in provider compliance with the recommended outpatient preventive care measures in our VA IBD patients after July 2014 following the implementation of a health maintenance template in the Computerized Patient Record system (CPRS). We conducted a single-center, retrospective chart review of 139 IBD patients with at least one visit before and after the implementation of the health maintenance template through November 2016. We collected demographic data, immunosuppressive medication use, and recommendations for preventive care. For each variable analyzed, we included those patients where the preventive care measure was indicated based on age, gender, and/or medication use. The McNemar’s test for paired nominal data was used to assess the significant difference in recommendation rate, pre- versus post-template implementation. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. We included 139 patients (46% with Crohn’s disease, 53% with ulcerative colitis, 1% with indeterminate colitis) in the analysis. Seventy-eight (56%) patients were on immunosuppressants. All preventive care measures significantly improved after implementation of the CPRS template except for HPV vaccination. Implementing a health maintenance template in outpatient GI clinic notes significantly improved provider documentation of the recommended outpatient preventive care in our VA IBD population.
IL-6 Family Cytokines: Key inflammatory mediators as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets

IL-6 is a critical cytokine in acute phase response and involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases including cancer. Studies have highlighted that levels of IL-6 and its family members can be useful for diagnosis, prognosis of relapse-free survival and recurrence. IL-6 family cytokines have been identified as cancer biomarkers through screening of inflammatory mediators in different fluids including saliva, serum, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). IL-6 can be modulated by chemopreventive drugs, small molecules, monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Unveiling the different sources of IL-6, the interaction between IL-6 and its cellular targets, the IL-6-dependent tumor resistance mechanisms, and the identification of novel regulators of IL-6 are some of the highly complex topics included in this review and their understanding could aid cancer biomarkers and therapy development.
A Match Made in Heaven or a Square Peg in a Round Hole? How Public Service Educators Can Help Students Assess Person-Environment Fit

One way in which educators can prepare students for employment is by helping them to assess person-environment fit, or the congruence between the requirements and rewards of a job and the student’s...
Versuchsplanung: Operationale Definitionen und Validität

Im vorangehenden Kapitel wurden funf grundlegende Schritte der psychologischen Forschung aufgefuhrt, von denen die ersten beiden bereits diskutiert wurden: die Entwicklung einer Hypothese und die Ausarbeitung eines Versuchsplans. Wir werden uns nun der Diskussion der ubrigen drei Schritte der psychologischen Forschung zuwenden: der Erhebung empirischer Daten, der Datenanalyse sowie der Darstellung der Ergebnisse und der darauf aufbauenden Schlusfolgerungen.
Peers Observing Peers: Exploring Cross-Institutional Observations and Dialogues Facilitated by Videoconferencing Software:

While observing exemplary in-service teachers is important, researchers suggest there may be benefits to observing peers as well. Much of the peer observation literature is focused on the process o...
Theoretical and experimental investigation of haze in transparent aerogels

Haze in optically transparent aerogels severely degrades the visual experience, which has prevented their adoption in windows despite their outstanding thermal insulation property. Previous studies have primarily relied on experiments to characterize haze in aerogels, however, a theoretical framework to systematically investigate haze in porous media is lacking. In this work, we present a radiative transfer model that can predict haze in aerogels based on their physical properties. The model is validated using optical characterization of custom-fabricated, highly-transparent monolithic silica aerogels. The fundamental relationships between the aerogel structure and haze highlighted in this study could lead to a better understanding of light-matter interaction in a wide range of transparent porous materials and assist in the development of low-haze silica aerogels for high-performance glazing units to reduce building energy consumption.
Design of a Modern Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Module for Engineering Education

Hydrogen fuel cells are a sustainable energy technology with great potential to contribute to the hydrogen economy and mitigate dependence on fossil fuels. Unfortunately, recent advances in fuel cell technology are not reflected in modern STEM and sustainability education efforts. Within the last decade, a new generation of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) has been commercialized in response to proton exchange membrane (PEMFC) automotive performance targets. However, the majority of fuel cell educational material continues to reference the traditional PEM material, Nafion®. Here, a post-secondary engineering educational module is designed to highlight recent innovations in PEM materials and familiarize students with sustainable energy sources. Pilot experiments evaluated the fuel cell performance of Nafion® and a newer generation short-side chain (SSC) PEM. The SSC PEM achieved higher current and power density compared to Nafion® attributed to enhanced proton conductivity in the SSC PEM. The module consists of a short lecture on the hydrogen economy, PEMFC theory and operation, a hands-on activity to reinforce the lesson, and an assessment of student learning. The hands-on activity demonstrates improvements of newer generation SSC PEMs over Nafion® by racing PEMFC model car kits with either generation of PEM. The module seeks to inspire the next generation of fuel cell scientists and engineers by introducing students to novel sustainable energy technologies and solutions.
What Should We Do

Setting a minimum standard for parenthood and certifying that it has been met would indicate that our society places a high value on protecting its Posterity and economic prosperity by ensuring that all children have parents who can raise them to become productive citizens. It would signal that we recognize parenthood as a valued career for which we have established a minimum standard. It would help to ensure that every newborn has an opportunity to become a productive citizen. It would reduce early childhood adversity and curtail the Cradle to Prison Pipeline.
Improved yield and accuracy for DNA extraction in microbiome studies with variation in microbial biomass

A major challenge for microbiome studies is maintaining an even and accurate DNA extraction in the presence of samples with a wide range of bacterial content. Here we compare five DNA extraction me...
GENEALOGIES OF ENVIRONMENTALISM: The Lost Works of Clarence Glacken. By Clarence Glacken. Edited by S. Ravi Rajan with Adam Romero and Michael Watts. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2017. xxx and 210 pp.; bibliog., index. $75.00 (cloth), ISBN 9780813939070; $35.00 (paper), ISBN 9780813939087

One might approach a review of this slim but exceedingly thoughtful and informative book a couple of different ways. One might scaffold the singular, if not previously coherently and fully collecte...
Rational Prophylactic Antibiotic Selection for Sinus Elevation Surgery

Focused clinical question For a generally healthy patient with no risk indicators for postoperative infection, what is the most appropriate perioperative antibiotic regimen for sinus elevation surgery in terms of reducing postoperative infection risk and minimizing untoward effects? Clinical scenario A 38-year-old female patient in good general and periodontal health presents missing tooth #14 (Fig. ). She reports no systemic conditions, no history of sinusitis, and no allergies. Medications include acetaminophen and ibuprofen as needed for pain. The patient's dentition is minimally restored, with no active caries. Cone-beam computed tomography reveals a clear, pneumatized left maxillary sinus and inadequate bone volume to support dental implant placement (Fig. ). No septa or pathologic lesions are present, the ostium appears patent, and no thickening of the Schneiderian membrane is appreciable. The patient states that she wants to replace her missing molar without restoring adjacent teeth (Figs. and ). [Figure: see text] [Figure: see text] [Figure: see text] [Figure: see text].
Active Learning in Astronomy: Learning Goals, Assessment, and Class Time

Largely unsatisfied with conventional professor-centered, information-download lectures, punctuated by infrequent fact-based exams, a growing number of introductory astronomy faculty are moving toward active learning approaches that consistently demonstrate higher student achievement across diverse groups of students, enhanced student attitudes, and better end-of- course evaluations. Capitalizing on the notion that “it is not what the professors do, it is what the students do,” faculty implementing active learning are moving from “what can I tell students about astronomy” to “what can I do to help students engage more deeply with the ideas of astronomy.” Consistent with the results of discipline-based education research and the principles of active learning, there are three specific and actionable domains in which instructors can make major changes to improve their courses, including (i) recasting course learning goals from a list of nouns to those that center on what students are doing, thinking, and applying, (ii) refocusing assessments away from vocabulary and toward the application of concepts, and (iii) reallocating class time from information download to supporting student thinking and providing meaningful and timely feedback.
Psicofotografía: Grete Stern and the Administration of the Unconscious

Between 1948 and 1951, photographer Grete Stern constructed a heavily manipulated taxonomy of dreams, realized in the form of 149 photomontages for the popular Argentinian fotonovela magazine Idili...
A cloud-optimized link layer for low-power wide-area networks

Conventional wireless communication systems are typically designed assuming a single transmitter-receiver pair for each link. In Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LP-WANs), this one-to-one design paradigm is often overly pessimistic in terms of link budget because client packets are frequently detected by multiple gateways (i.e. one-to-many). Prior work has shown massive improvement in performance when specialized hardware is used to coherently combine signals at the physical layer. In this paper, we explore the potential of using multiple receivers at the MAC and link layer where these performance gains are often neglected. We present an approach called Opportunistic Packet Recovery (OPR) that targets the most likely corrupt bits across a set of packets that suffered failed CRCs at multiple LoRa LP-WAN base-stations. We see that bit errors are often disjoint across receivers, which aids in collaborative error detection. OPR leverages this to provide increasing gain in error recovery as a function of the number of receiving gateways. Since LP-WAN networks can easily offload packet processing to the cloud, there is ample compute time per packet (order of seconds) to search for bit permutations that would restore packet integrity. Link layer corrections have the advantage of being immediately applicable to the millions of already deployed LP-WAN systems without additional hardware or expensive RF front-ends. We experimentally demonstrate that OPR can correct up to 72% of packets that would normally have failed, when they are captured by multiple gateways.