cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syntax-to-Morphology Mapping in Factored Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation from English to Turkish

We present a novel scheme to apply factored phrase-based SMT to a language pair with very disparate morphological structures. Our approach relies on syntactic analysis on the source side (English) and then encodes a wide variety of local and non-local syntactic structures as complex structural tags which appear as additional factors in the training data. On the target side (Turkish), we only perform morphological analysis and disambiguation but treat the complete complex morphological tag as a factor, instead of separating morphemes. We incrementally explore capturing various syntactic substructures as complex tags on the English side, and evaluate how our translations improve in BLEU scores. Our maximal set of source and target side transformations, coupled with some additional techniques, provide an 39% relative improvement from a baseline 17.08 to 23.78 BLEU, all averaged over 10 training and test sets. Now that the syntactic analysis on the English side is available, we also experiment with more long distance constituent reordering to bring the English constituent order close to Turkish, but find that these transformations do not provide any additional consistent tangible gains when averaged over the 10 sets.
Generating default privacy policies for online social networks

Default privacy policies have a significant impact on the overall dynamics and success of online social networks, as users tend to keep their initial privacy policies. In this work-in-progress, we present a new method for suggesting privacy policies for new users by exploring knowledge of existing policies. The defaults generation process performs a collaborative analysis of the policies, finding personalized and representative suggestions. We show how the process can be extended to a wide range of domains, and present results based on 543 privacy policies obtained from a live location-based social network. Finally, we present a user interaction model that lets the user retain control over the default policies, allowing the user to make knowledgeable decisions regarding which default policy to take.
Opposing Roles of pka and epac in the cAMP-Dependent Regulation of Schwann Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

In Schwann cells (SCs), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) not only induces differentiation into a myelinating SC-related phenotype, but also synergistically enhances the mitogenic action of growth factors such as neuregulin. To better understand the molecular mechanism by which cAMP exerts these apparently contradictory functions, we investigated the role of the two main effectors of cAMP, protein kinase A (PKA) and the exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC), on the proliferation and differentiation of both isolated and axon-related SCs. For these studies, a variety of PKA and EPAC agonists and antagonists were used, including pathway-selective analogs of cAMP and pharmacological inhibitors. Our studies indicated that the activity of PKA rather than EPAC was required for the adjuvant effect of cAMP on S-phase entry, whereas the activity of EPAC rather than PKA was required for SC differentiation and myelin formation. Even though selective EPAC activation had an overall anti-proliferative effect in SCs, it failed to drive the expression of Krox-20, a master regulator of myelination, and that of myelin-specific proteins and lipids, suggesting that EPAC activation was insufficient to drive a full differentiating response. Interestingly, inhibition of EPAC activity resulted in a drastic impairment of SC differentiation and myelin formation but not Krox-20 expression, which indicates an independent mechanism of Krox-20 regulation in response to cAMP. In conclusion, our data supports the idea that the outcome of cAMP signaling in SCs depends on the particular set of effectors activated. Whereas the mitogenic action of cAMP relies exclusively on PKA activity, the differentiating action of cAMP requires a PKA-independent (non-canonical) cAMP-specific pathway that is partially transduced by EPAC.
Art crawls: Locating artists and audiences in the creative city:

This article reconsiders creative city planning strategies in light of a Bourdieuian field model of cultural production. Creative city discourse imagines street-level artistic scenes as tolerant milieus that attract creative human capital and promote growth, whereas a field perspective views art scenes as generating logics and practices of exclusion. Using ethnographic observation and interviews with artists and other stakeholders in art crawl events in Portland, Oregon, and Nashville, Tennessee, this article describes how artists interact with their audiences in new urban contexts. Art crawls are monthly, coordinated, gallery-opening events that bring together art scenes and new audiences in particular times and districts, and they have proliferated in cities of all sizes in recent years, notably in places without rich traditions in the arts. This article finds that artistic professionals work to attract crowds, but the logics of their field then require sorting and selecting between them.
Effects of hostile space weather on satellite operations

We present a review of recent evidence for space environmental impacts on satellite operations. We note the effects of cosmic and solar energetic particle radiation as well as the effects of high-energy magnetospheric particles. Statistical as well as case-specific examples of severe oper-ational anomalies are examined. In addition to the obvious impacts of the most extreme space weather episodes, we note that there are important space environmental effects that are more subtle. These have been manifested in the recent (2007-2010) period of remarkable solar quiescence. We conclude with a description of possible space weather in the approaching solar activity maximum period.
Preparing Culturally Diverse Special Education Faculty: Challenges And Solutions

This paper describes why more bilingual culturally responsive special education faculty are needed to meet the needs of the increasing number of culturally and linguistically diverse students with disabilities in the United States. In addition, the paper presents the successes and challenges in the journey to prepare university faculty leaders in bilingual multicultural special education. The NAU Faculty for Inclusive Rural-multicultural Special Educators (FIRST) program is a bilingual/multicultural special education program which prepares doctoral students from Latino and Indigenous backgrounds to become highly qualified university faculty in the areas of teaching, research, technology, and cultural/linguistic diversity.
Impact of reverse remodeling on cardiac function.

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have become the standard of care for treatment of patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (1-5). An LVAD results in decompression of the left ventricle, which promotes reverse remodeling, as manifested by decreased ventricular size, decreased mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation and improved ventricular function. This process may play an important role in inducing left ventricular recovery with eventual explantation of the device. Right ventricular function and right-sided hemodynamics are also improved with LVAD therapy. Along with unloading of the right ventricle, there is a substantial reduction in central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Consistent with the macroscopic changes seen on echocardiography as well as intracardiac pressures measured on right heart catheterizations, there are microscopic changes in the heart that are consistent with reverse remodeling after placement of an LVAD. These microscopic changes include changes in myocyte size, regression of fibrosis, cellular hypertrophy, collagen content, gene expression and various biomarkers of recovery, such as cardiac tumor necrosis factor-alpha (6-10).
Technology in CFL Education

This chapter reviews the emergence, development, and trends in applying technology to the teaching and learning of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL). By presenting the advantages that technology has brought into the area and examining the associated challenges from multiple angles, the chapter explores a number of practical yet critical issues in order to help readers better understand the increasingly entwined relationship between the two. It concludes with a reflection on the permeation of technology in everyday life, especially how the process of normalization may shape the outlook of CFL education in the years to come.
Tillie Olsen: Probing the Boundaries Between Text and Context

AbstractCultural criticism necessitates not only an examination of the context of the writer but also a broader understanding of the ways in which text and context are integrally interrelated. For pursuing these intersections, Tillie Olsen's short fiction in Tell Me a Riddle is particularly exemplary because of its textual richness and its distinctive ways of drawing on historical context. Interviews with Olsen heighten the significance of her particular context in the 1950s and emphasize the shaping effect that circumstances had on her choices in language and form as she wrote this fiction. Two concerns surface as particularly impor-tant: family life and political activism. An inquiry into these two concerns then suggests the complexity of how voice and circumstance, language and social forces, interact—in the writer, in the text, in the reader, and finally in the choices we might make for shaping alternative understandings of cultural change. (Cultural criticism; literary criticism)
Forward/Backward Contextual Frames Surrounding the Israeli-Palestinian Oslo I Accords

Using Zartman and Kremenyuk's (2005) framework of forward and backward oriented negotiation, this paper examines speeches and interviews made by Israeli and Palestinian leaders in the months preceding the Oslo I Accords. Three hypotheses and one research question were postulated. The first hypothesis, that the discourse will be significantly more forward - oriented was not confirmed. The second hypothesis, that Palestinians use significantly more backward - oriented rhetoric than Israelis was confirmed. The third hypothesis, expecting a positive relation between forward - looking messages and affiliation messages, as well as between backward - looking messages and power messages was strongly confirmed. The research question examined the frequency of the use of various types of forward and backward looking messages.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Their Association With Smoking Outcome Expectancies Among Homeless Smokers in Boston

INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking and traumatic life experiences are each common among homeless adults, but the prevalence and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among homeless smokers are not known. We assessed symptoms of PTSD and their association with smoking outcome expectancies in a sample of homeless smokers in Boston. METHODS We used time-location sampling to conduct an in-person survey of homeless adult smokers using Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program clinical services. We assessed symptoms of PTSD with the PTSD Checklist-Civilian version and considered scores at least 14 as positive. We used the Smoking Effects Questionnaire to assess positive and negative smoking outcome expectancies. We modeled the associations between PTSD screening status and smoking expectancies using design-adjusted linear regression. RESULTS Eighty-six percent of eligible individuals participated (N = 306). Sixty-eight percent of participants screened positive for PTSD. Screen-positive respondents were younger (P = .001), more likely to report fair/poor health (P = .01), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = .02), and past-month hallucinations (P = .004), and had greater drug (P < .001) and alcohol (P < .001) use severity and cigarette dependence (P = .002). In analyses controlling for these confounders, PTSD screen-positive participants more strongly endorsed smoking to reduce negative affect (P = .01), smoking for social benefits (P = .002), and smoking for weight control (P = .03). Exploratory analyses suggested that these associations were driven by avoidance/numbing and re-experiencing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Symptoms of posttraumatic stress are common among homeless smokers and strongly associated with positive smoking outcome expectancies. Tobacco cessation programs for this population should consider screening for PTSD and fostering a trauma-sensitive treatment environment. IMPLICATIONS In this study of homeless cigarette smokers in Boston, over two-thirds of participants screened positive for PTSD. PTSD screen-positive respondents more strongly endorsed multiple positive smoking outcome expectancies than screen-negative individuals. These findings suggest that the psychological sequelae of trauma may be a pervasive but under-recognized factor impacting the persistence of smoking among homeless people. Tobacco cessation programs for this population should consider screening for PTSD, fostering a trauma-sensitive treatment environment, and incorporating strategies that have shown promise in smokers with PTSD.
Geneva Steel: Initial Public Offering Case

The focus of this case is for the students to determine an offering price for the IPO of Geneva Steel. The company was created through a leveraged buyout of an operating facility of U.S. Steel. The case describes the history of the operating facilities and the buyout process. After over two years of successful operations, the owners want to issue shares to the public. The number of shares to be issued has been set, and only the offering price remains to be determined. The case includes information on the steel industry, operating and market data for other steel companies, and historic operating information for Geneva Steel. In addition to addressing the valuation, the case provides an opportunity to discuss the IPO underwriting process and terminology.
Temporal Variation of a Protein Folding Energy Landscape in the Cell

Chemical reaction rate coefficients and free energies are usually time-independent quantities. Protein folding in vitro is one such reaction with a fixed energy landscape. However, in the milieu of the cell, the energy landscape can be modulated in space and time by fluctuations in the intracellular environment such as cytoskeletal rearrangements, changes in biomolecule concentrations, and large scale cellular reorganization. We studied the time dependence of the folding landscape of a FRET-labeled enzyme, yeast phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-FRET). Living U2OS cells served as our test tube, and the mammalian cell cycle, a process strictly regulated in time, served as our clock. We found that both the rate of folding and the thermodynamic stability of PGK-FRET are cell cycle-dependent. We also assayed folding rates of PGK-FRET in spatial proximity to and far away from mitotic chromosomes. Our results show that expedited folding in DNA-rich regions cannot account for the faster rate of PGK-FRET folding in mitotic cells.
The modified superior based pharyngeal flap: Part I. Surgical technique

The superior based pharyngeal flap operation for the correction of velopharyngeal incompetence is perhaps the most commonly employed operation used today in a majority of cleft palate centers. However, inconsistent results with this operation are commonplace. This is believed by most to be due to poor control of the lateral portals. Herein is a report of our approach to improve lateral portal control.
Comparison of analog and digital pulse-shape-discrimination systems

Abstract Pulse shape discrimination (PSD) performance of two optimized PSD systems (one digital and one analog) is compared in this work. One system uses digital charge integration, while the other system uses analog zero crossing. Measurements were conducted with each PSD system using the CAEN V1720 (250 MHz) data acquisition system. An organic-liquid scintillator, coupled to a photo-multiplier tube, was used to detect neutrons and gamma rays from a Cf-252 spontaneous-fission source. The PSD performance of both systems was optimized and quantified using a traditional figure-of-merit (FOM) approach. FOM's were found for three, 300 keVee light-output bins, spanning from 100 to 1000 keVee, and one larger bin from 100 to 1800 keVee. Digital PSD outperformed analog PSD in the lowest light-output bin by approximately 50%, and by 11% for the highest light-output bin.
Low-protein, crystalline amino acid-supplemented, sorghum-soybean meal diets for the 10- to 20-kilogram pig.

Five randomized block design experiments were conducted to determine the limiting amino acids (or other nutrients) in low-CP (12%) sorghum-soybean meal (S-SBM) diets for the 10- to 20-kg pig. Average initial weights were 10.7, 10.5, 9.1, 10.2, and 10.9 kg in Exp. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The nine treatments in Exp. 1 were 1) Basal (B, 12% CP), 2) B + .26% methionine (Met), 3) B + .24% histidine (His), 4) B + .21% isoleucine (Ile), 5) B + .12% tryptophan (Trp), 6) B + .24% valine (Val), 7) B+Met+His, 8) B+Met+His+Ile+Trp+Val (AllAA), and 9) S-SBM positive control (PC, 21.81% CP). All diets provided 1.10% Lys and .83% Thr. Individual addition of His and Val to the B diet increased (P .10) from that of pigs fed the PC diet. Experiment 2 consisted of the nine treatments used in Exp. 1, except that Treatment 7 in Exp. 2 contained His+Val (H+V) rather than Met+His. Individual additions of Ile, Trp, and H+V increased (P .10) from that of pigs fed the PC diet. Addition of NaHCO3 (Exp. 3), Phe (Exp. 4), or nonessential N (Exp. 5) to the AllAA diet did not affect (P > .10) pig performance compared with pigs fed the AllAA diet. However, in Exp. 3, pigs fed the PC diet grew faster (P < .03) and had greater (P < .10) apparent N digestibilities than pigs fed the AllAA diet. In summary, low-CP, S-SBM diets may be equally third limiting in His, Ile, Trp, and Val for the 10- to 20-kg pig.
Multiple primaries and gynecologic malignancies

An analysis was done on all gynecologic malignancies over a 13 year period to review the frequency and types of multiple primaries. A surprising spectrum of malignancy is seen and certain radiologic studies are of particular value. The time from occurrence of the various extragenital and genital tract cancers to the original gynecologic malignancy is shown. The per cent and types of malignancies that subsequently develop after a genital tract cancer are discussed.
Repeated Concussions: Time to Spur Action Among Vulnerable Veterans.

The Secretary of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Honorable Robert McDonald recently pledged to donate his brain for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) research. Citing exposures to football, rugby, boxing, and paratrooper escapades as an army ranger, Secretary McDonald suggested that his brain could add to the body of knowledge on the effect of repeated concussions. In the meantime, work is under way to make the connections between the CTE postmortem diagnosis and the clinical findings while people are alive. Such knowledge is expected to positively impact medical management for people at risk and inform necessary policies, preventive actions, and health equity issues. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print June 16, 2016: e1-e2. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303293). Language: en
Sildenafil reduced antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction in men with remitted major depressive disorder.

Source Citation Nurnberg HG, Hensley PL, Gelenberg AJ, et al. Treatment of antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction with sildenafil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289:56-64. 12503977
The predictors of mortality and secular changes in management strategies in emphysematous gastritis.

Summary Background and aims Emphysematous gastritis (EG) is caused by invasion of the gastric wall by gas-producing organisms and carries mortality rate up to 60%. Our investigation aimed to determine the predictors of survival and the secular trends in survival rates of subjects with EG. Methods PubMed search was completed to identify previous cases of EG. In addition, we included a recent case from our center. Statistical analysis was completed with two-sided Chi2 tests for categorical data and t-tests for continuous variables using SPSS v. 22.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Results Study cohort included 59 adults. Mean age was 55.5 years; mean LOS was 28.6 days, and 44.1% of subjects were female. Subjects who had EG before 2000 had significantly higher rates of exploratory laparotomy compared to subjects who had EG after 2000 (62.5% vs. 22.2%, P = 0.002). In contrast, subjects with EG after 2000 had significantly higher rates of EGD (55.6% vs. 18.8%, P = 0.003) and lower rates of mortality (33.3% vs. 59.4%, P = 0.046) compared to subjects with EG on or before 2000. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the only independent predictor of mortality was length of stay (P = 0.047). Conclusion We showed that previously reported 60% mortality rate of EG has been reduced to 33.3% for cases reported after 2000. EGD has been utilized more often while surgical interventions are used only in carefully selected cases. Our data suggests that early endoscopic evaluation and optimal medical management can perhaps continue to improve survival in subjects with EG.
Iglesias Articulated Endoscopy Teaching Attachment

Abstract A new articulated teaching attachment with a single joint is described. The attachment allows a 360-degree rotation in 3 planes (sagittal, horizontal and frontal) by the 3 rotary unions at the single joint with only 2 tubes. Simultaneous observation by 2 persons and the operator is achieved by combining 2 of these optical units. The attachment may be sterilized by soaking. It can be dismantled for cleaning and for replacement of any damaged parts. Finally, it facilitates taking still photographs, movies and television endoscopy without interference to the operator.
The Study of Gene-Enzyme Systems

The decision to write a book on gene-enzyme systems in Drosophila grew out of a conviction that systems which are well-defined both genetically and biochemically have been and will continue to be useful in approaching a wide variety of problems, particularly relative to the organization, function and regulation of the eukaryotic genome. At the same time, our own experience indicated that the literature on such well-defined gene-enzyme systems is widely scattered and not easily accessible. We felt it would be useful to bring together and summarize a substantial proportion of this work. The present book is the result.
Frequency tuning allows flow direction control in microfluidic networks with passive features

Frequency tuning has emerged as an attractive alternative to conventional pumping techniques in microfluidics. Oscillating (AC) flow driven through a passive valve can be rectified to create steady (DC) flow, and tuning the excitation frequency to the characteristic (resonance) frequency of the underlying microfluidic network allows control of flow magnitude using simple hardware, such as an on-chip piezo buzzer. In this paper, we report that frequency tuning can also be used to control the direction (forward or backward) of the rectified DC flow in a single device. Initially, we observed that certain devices provided DC flow in the "forward" direction expected from previous work with a similar valve geometry, and the maximum DC flow occurred at the same frequency as a prominent peak in the AC flow magnitude, as expected. However, devices of a slightly different geometry provided the DC flow in the opposite direction and at a frequency well below the peak AC flow. Using an equivalent electrical circuit model, we found that the "forward" DC flow occurred at the series resonance frequency (with large AC flow peak), while the "backward" DC flow occurred at a less obvious parallel resonance (a valley in AC flow magnitude). We also observed that the DC flow occurred only when there was a measurable differential in the AC flow magnitude across the valve, and the DC flow direction was from the channel with large AC flow magnitude to that with small AC flow magnitude. Using these observations and the AC flow predictions from the equivalent circuit model, we designed a device with an AC flowrate frequency profile that was expected to allow the DC flow in opposite directions at two distinct frequencies. The fabricated device showed the expected flow reversal at the expected frequencies. This approach expands the flow control toolkit to include both magnitude and direction control in frequency-tuned microfluidic pumps. The work also raises interesting questions about the origin of flow reversal behavior that may be addressed by the further study of the circuit model behavior or dynamic modeling of the fluid-solid mechanics of the valve under the AC flow.
Spectrum of Benign Bone Conditions on NaF-PET

Fluoride imaging with 18F (NaF-PET), although not a new technique, is becoming increasingly utilized for evaluation of skeletal metastatic disease using PET/CT. As its use becomes more widespread, a variety of nonmalignant bone disorders will be encountered by the interpreting physician. It is important, therefore, to recognize these nonmalignant conditions to avoid errors in interpretation. Beyond this, there is increasing evidence in the literature that NaF-PET/CT imaging may provide valuable information for the primary diagnosis of these nonmalignant conditions, and furthermore may provide insight into the underlying biology leading to management decisions. In this article, we review a spectrum of benign bone conditions that can be visualized on NaF-PET.
Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies. IV. The pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer. Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group.

Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the reduced risk of epithelial ovarian cancer associated with pregnancy and oral contraceptive use. The first states that some sequelae of ovulation increase the likelihood of malignancy and that pregnancies and oral contraceptives protect by suppressing ovulation. The second hypothesis states that circulating levels of pituitary gonadotropins increase the risk of malignancy and that pregnancies and oral contraceptives protect by suppressing secretion of these hormones. The authors evaluate the two hypotheses in light of combined data from 12 United States case-control studies of epithelial ovarian cancer in white women conducted from 1956 to 1986. While a number of observations support both hypotheses, there are exceptions. Differential risk reduction associated with pregnancy and oral contraceptive use (pregnancy being the more effective in young women and the less effective in older women) conflicts with the first "ovulation" hypothesis, while reduced risk associated with breast feeding and absence of altered risk associated with estrogen replacement therapy conflicts with the second "gonadotropin" hypothesis. Several findings would not have been predicted by either hypothesis, e.g., only weak trends relate cancer risk to age at menarche, and, among older women, no clear trends relate risk to age at menopause. Odds ratio attenuation due to errors in reporting personal characteristics may be responsible for some of these inconsistencies. Multidisciplinary research is needed to clarify the etiologic roles of ovulation and gonadotropin stimulation, both of which may enhance carcinogenesis in the ovarian epithelium.
Modeling of the Control System in Glucose Homeostasis

We turn next to an area of mathematical modeling in which, unlike that discussed in Chapter there is available a substantial amount of data. Unfortunately most of this data was not collected with mathematical modeling in mind and while it does provide some information with regard to qualitative behavior of the system, much of it is less than useful in model verification. The underlying physiological system itself is quite complex and is still not completely understood. Thus one goal of many who have attempted to model glucose homeostasis has been to provide additional understanding of and insight into the mechanisms involved.
The Future Prospect of Targeted Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Only 30–40% of patients are candidates for curative intervention at the time of diagnosis, and up to 70% of those who undergo curative resection will recur. Cytotoxic chemotherapy in advanced disease is not effective and is often limited by concomitant hepatic dysfunction. Sorafenib, a multiple kinase inhibitor, is the only therapy to have shown an overall survival benefit that is only modest at best. Thus, there is a large unmet need to develop additional therapies. In recent years, a diverse array of phenotypic and genetic alterations have been identified in HCC patients. Following these advances, several phase III studies with therapies targeted toward these alterations have been conducted; however, none has shown a survival benefit. It remains to be seen if this new understanding in these alterations can be translated therapeutically. In this chapter, we will discuss these alterations, as well as the developing therapies targeting them.
Thank you to the Journal of the Medical Library Association reviewers in 2017

The Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA) sincerely thanks our peer reviewers in 2017.
Should we excise? Are there any clinical or histologic features that predict upgrade in papillomas, incidental or non-incidental?

Abstract The clinical decision to excise intraductal papilloma (IDP) without atypia diagnosed on biopsy remains controversial. We sought to establish clinical and histologic predictors (if any) which may predict upgrade in IDP. 296 biopsies (in 278 women) with histologic diagnosis of IDP without atypia were retrospectively identified and placed into Incidental (no corresponding imaging correlate), or Non-incidental (positive imaging correlate) groups. 253/296 (85.5%) cases were non-incidental, and 43/296 (14.5%) were incidental. 73.1% (185/253) non-incidental and 48.8% (21/43) incidental cases underwent excision. 12.4% (23/185) non-incidental cases underwent an upgrade to cancer or high-risk lesion; namely 8-Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 8-atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), 6-lobular neoplasia, and 1-flat epithelial atypia. There was no histopathologic feature on the biopsy in the non-incidental group which predicted upgrade; however a past history of atypia was significantly associated with upgrade. 2 of the 21 incidental cases upgraded (1 to ADH and 1 to lobular neoplasia); the former had a past history of ADH. Both incidental upgrades were >1 mm in size, and were not completely excised on the biopsy. None of the incidental cases which appeared completely excised on biopsy upgraded, irrespective of the size on biopsy. These findings suggest that all non-incidental IDPs should be considered candidates for surgical excision, given the 12.4% upgrade rate and no definitive histologic predictors of upgrade. Patients with incidental IDPs (if
Aging and Cardiac Ischemia—Mitochondria and Free Radical Considerations

Acute myocardial infarction (MI, heart attack) kills 200,000 people annually in the United States, and the number 1 risk factor for fatal MI is age. The biological phenomenon underlying MI is ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, i.e., damage to tissue that occurs during and immediately after an MI. In this chapter, following a brief primer on mitochondrial ROS generation, and the underlying pathologic mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in IR injury, we then break down the effects of aging on MI risk into three parts. First, changes in risk factors for MI with aging, most of which are external to the heart (e.g., atherosclerosis). Second, changes in cardiac mitochondrial function with age. Third, changes in the response of cardiac mitochondria to MI. Last, the role of mitochondria in protecting the heart from ischemia is introduced, and the possibility that increased MI risk with aging originates from a degeneration of protective signaling pathways is raised. We conclude with an outlook on the therapeutic opportunities, both current and developing, for the treatment of increased MI risk, in aged human populations.
Perturbation Method: Regular Perturbation

This chapter elaborates the application and procedure of regular perturbation. It is applicable to differential equations with a small parameter. It yields a series of terms of decreasing magnitude that approximate the solution of the original differential equation. It is found that when an equation is changed by only a small amount, the solution will often only change by a small amount. It is suggested to expand the dependent variables in a power series depending on the small parameter in the problem. This series is substituted into the original equation, the boundary conditions, and the initial conditions. It is suggested to expand all of the equations, equate the terms corresponding to different powers of the small parameter, and solve the equations sequentially.
Entomology and Agricultural Production

Integrated pest management (IPM) and total population management (TPM) resulted from the convergence of a complex array of factors. Developments in each school of thought were prompted by a series of crises associated with insecticides (Chapter 2), were guided by the changing capital structure of agriculture (Chapter 8), and were aimed at maintaining for entomologists a degree of monopoly power over the expertise concerning insects and their control (Chapter 9). Yet the end products of these intellectual endeavors were markedly different. Why?
Predictors of readmission for hospitalized cancer patients: A cohort study.

e18185Background: Reducing unplanned hospital readmissions is a national policy priority aimed at improving health care quality. It is unclear if readmissions are preventable in cancer patients wit...
Risk-reducing salpingectomy at the time of benign gynecologic surgery: A survey of ACOG members in New York State.

1573 Background: To determine if Obstetricians and Gynecologists in New York state would offer risk-reducing salpingectomy (RRS) at the time of benign hysterectomy with ovarian preservation or perm...
Looking for Group: Live Streaming Programming for Small Audiences.

Live streams are used by some people to broadcast themselves doing creative work such as programming. To understand why individuals choose to stream themselves writing code, we interviewed eight streamers with small audiences of ten or fewer viewers. Several of these individuals were in a transitionary stage that supported a streaming lifestyle, and were seeking feedback and live companionship. These findings guide a discussion of the implications of creative live streams for people undergoing life transitions, and how learners might use streams to support their learning objectives.
National and Historical Concerns in the Childhood Poetry of Dalia Ravikovitch

Dalia Ravikovich: Unpublished Poems, expertly edited by Giddon Ticotsky (Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2016) presents national oriented rhymed poems written when Dalia Ravikovitch was thirteen years old. The young Ravikovitch glances with anxiety at the history of her nation desiring a homeland, a secure and accepted living- space, and a fearless existence. It’s remarkable that the young Ravikovitch is already aware of her people’s fears, tribulations, wanderings and displacements. Beyond Ravikovitch’s early personal setbacks, her own sensitivities enabled her to identify so closely and at such a young age with the difficult history of her people in the diaspora and in modern Israel. Ravikovitch, even as a child, crafts her poems with a keen sincerity, vivid images, colors, and words reaching the reader with much impact.
A Non-Traditional Validation Tool: Using Cultural Domain Analysis for Interpretive Phenomenology.

Validation is a critical element of analysis which increases the credibility, rigor, and trustworthiness of research. Interpretive phenomenology traditionally has employed member checking as the va...
How do pharmacists use and recommend vitamins, minerals, herbals and other dietary supplements?

Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), including vitamins, minerals, herbals, and other dietary supplements, is widespread in the United States (ranging from 24% in Hispanics to 50% in American Indians). Pharmacists are an accessible source for healthcare information, but little is known about their use of CAM products and to whom they would recommend these products. A cross-sectional survey was sent via email to pharmacists licensed in one state in the United States in 2015. The survey included items about their use of 10 vitamins and minerals, and 21 herbal or other dietary supplements, as well as reasons for use, conditions used to treat, if they would recommend the product to patients, family, or friends, their perception of CAM safety and effectiveness, and four demographic questions. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and a chi-square test was used to determine differences between pharmacists’ use of vitamins/minerals and herbals/other dietary supplements. The a priori alpha level was 0.05. A total of 639 pharmacists completed the survey. Female pharmacists used vitamins/minerals (p = 0.031) and herbals/others (p = 0.039) more than male pharmacists. Older pharmacists used herbals/others more than younger pharmacists (p < 0.001). Fifty-nine percent thought the dietary supplements in the survey were safe while 32% reported they were effective. Seventy-eight percent of respondents reported use of any vitamin or mineral product versus 42% who reported use of any herbal or other dietary supplement. Commonly used products included: multivitamins (91%), vitamin C (71%), fish oil (65%), probiotics (53%), and fiber (53%). The most commonly reported reason for use was general health and wellness (17–90%). Pharmacists most commonly recommend fiber/psyllium (94%) and calcium (90%) to patients, family, and friends. Pharmacists in this survey selectively used vitamins, minerals, herbals and other dietary supplements, and recommended some of the more commonly used products to patients, family and friends. This is valuable information given that pharmacists are frontline healthcare professionals who may be asked to provide advice about these products.
Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of human CSF microglia and myeloid cells in neuroinflammation.

Objective To identify and characterize myeloid cell populations within the CSF of patients with MS and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) disorder by high-resolution single-cell gene expression analysis. Methods Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to profile individual cells of CSF and blood from 2 subjects with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and one with anti-MOG disorder. Publicly available scRNA-seq data from the blood and CSF of 2 subjects with HIV were also analyzed. An informatics pipeline was used to cluster cell populations by transcriptomic profiling. Based on gene expression by CSF myeloid cells, a flow cytometry panel was devised to examine myeloid cell populations from the CSF of 11 additional subjects, including individuals with RRMS, anti-MOG disorder, and control subjects without inflammatory demyelination. Results Common myeloid populations were identified within the CSF of subjects with RRMS, anti-MOG disorder, and HIV. These included monocytes, conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and cells with a transcriptomic signature matching microglia. Microglia could be discriminated from other myeloid cell populations in the CSF by flow cytometry. Conclusions High-resolution single-cell gene expression analysis clearly distinguishes distinct myeloid cell types present within the CSF of subjects with neuroinflammation. A population of microglia exists within the human CSF, which is detectable by surface protein expression. The function of these cells during immunity and disease requires further investigation.
Revisiting the dimensionality of subjective task value: Towards clarification of competing perspectives

Abstract Expectancy-value researchers have described the components of subjective task value in multiple ways, leading to multiple competing structural representations of subjective task value data. The purpose of this study was to examine these competing multidimensional factor structures by comparing correlated factor, hierarchical, and bifactor representations of both confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) models across three theoretical conceptualizations of subjective task value. Results indicate that, in an undergraduate life science learning context (n = 334), the best representation for subjective task value data was a bifactor ESEM model that allowed for the disentangling of general and specific variance of general subjective task value, specific value beliefs, and specific costs. Full measurement invariance of the retained structure across continuing generation and first-generation students was found, and no differential item functioning was found across gender. General subjective task value and specific opportunity cost significantly and positively predicted achievement and specific utility value significantly and negatively predicted achievement, providing support for the criterion-related validity of the general and specific factors for predicting achievement outcomes.
Crop Yield Analysis Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Agriculture is not only a huge aspect of the growing economy, but it’s essential for us to survive. Predicting crop yield is not an easy task, as it depends on many parameters such as water, ultra-violet (UV), pesticides, fertilizer, and the area of the land covered for that region. In this paper, two different Machine Learning (ML) algorithms are proposed to analyze the crops’ yield. These two algorithms, Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Linear Regression (LR), are quite suitable for validating the variable parameters in the predicting the continuous variable estimation with 140 data points that were acquired. The parameters mentioned above are key factors affecting the yield of crops. The error rate was measured with the help of Mean Square Error (MSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R2), where MSE gave out approximately 0.005 and R2 gave around 0.85. The same dataset has been used for quick comparison between the algorithms’ performances.
Complete Genome Sequence of Streptomyces Phage Salutena

Streptomyces are Gram-negative soil bacteria that can degrade lignin and synthesize antibiotics. Some species cause mycetoma, pneumonitis, and bloodstream infections. Here, we present the genome sequence of the Streptomyces sp. strain Mg1 phage Salutena, a siphovirus in the subfamily Arquatrovirinae The genome is 51,993 bp, with 90 predicted protein-coding genes.
Creating Hold-Up Through Vertical Integration: Fisher Body Revisited

General Motors' 1926 acquisition of Fisher Body has long served as a cornerstone of hold-up arguments for vertical integration. This paper utilizes primary historical evidence to make three related claims. First, it shows that GM's initial investment in Fisher occurred primarily to gain access to the Fisher brothers' specialized human assets. Second, it shows that hold-up was not the cause of GM's purchase of Fisher. Instead, the primary factors leading to vertical integration were GM management's fears over the Fisher brothers' impending departure, coupled with problems of financing new body plants. Finally, I show that while hold-up was not an issue prior to integration, the Fisher brothers successfully held up GM after they became employees. Far from reducing opportunistic behavior, vertical integration increased GM's vulnerability to rent-seeking behavior based in human asset specificity.
Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and off-target effects in the rat of 8-[(1H- benzotriazol-1-yl)amino]octanoic acid, a selective inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 4Z1: β-oxidation as a potential augmenting pathway for inhibition.

8‐[(1H‐1,2,3‐benzotriazol‐1‐yl)amino]octanoic acid (8-BOA) was recently identified as a selective and potent mechanism-based inactivator (MBI) of breast cancer-associated CYP4Z1 and exhibited favou...
Trends in glassy cell cervical cancer in the United States from 1973-2015: Analysis based on SEER database.

e17502Background: Glassy cell carcinoma of cervix (GCCC) is a rare histological subtype of cervical cancer which has historically been associated with rapidly progressive disease, early development...
Supporting Teacher Change in an English as a Foreign Language Environment: A Peer-Coaching Study in Turkey

Even though Ministry of National Education (MoNE) in Turkey has been switching from the traditional approach to the constructivist one since 2005, the classroom practices, teaching methods, evaluation system, school structures and materials, and the aspects of the administrators and teachers are still contrary to the principles of constructivism. This study offered constructivism as a new notion in teaching English as a foreign language for six willing teachers. Following a 10-day professional development seminar, the impacts on teachers’ change were observed. Data sources included: participant periodic interviews, observational fieldnotes and artifacts; and researcher logs. The findings showed that the treatment plan was effective to enable teachers learn constructivism, change their approach, and applications. This study provided noteworthy findings regarding professional development seminars. A well-planned and well-organized teacher development seminar with an on-going support and peer coaching is necessary. Professional development communities and critical conversation groups have notable roles in teacher development. This study also showed that teachers are the most important actors in implementing educational change as they can reach their idealistic (constructivist) goals regardless of obstacles such as time constraint, overcrowded classes, and insufficient materials.
Simulating the Dynamics of Electron Transfer Reactions in Cytochrome c

A detailed understanding of the relation between the structure of proteins and their biological function requires realistic microscopic models. In the past years we have invested a significant effort in developing such models [1]. Here we would like to present some of the results from our microscopic modeling of biological Electron Transfer (ET) reactions. We will consider the two main directions of our study: static estimates of activation free energies and dynamical simulation of the actual reactions.
Adaptive Memory in Humans from a Comparative Perspective

Testing hypotheses about evolved psychological adaptations is the purview of human evolutionary psychology (HEP). A basic tenet of HEP is that the brain is comprised of specialized modules that evolved in response to selection pressures present in ancestral environments, and these modules support domain specific behavioral and cognitive processes that promoted survival and reproductive fitness during human evolutionary history. One set of cognitive domains involves learning and memory, and HEP has attempted to account for how evolutionary processes have shaped the design features supporting how humans acquire, store and retrieve information. Similarly, comparative psychology recognizes that cognitive traits of humans and animals are specialized to meet specific environmental challenges. However, these specializations are not regarded as species-specific, but rather reflect either adaptive modifications of general memory processes (e.g., episodic), or are processes that support a specific type of learning (e.g., taste aversions, imprinting, song learning). These alternatives to HEP emphasize the presence of quantitative rather than qualitative differences in learning and memory abilities. The goal of this paper is to examine these contrasting approaches of HEP and comparative psychology, and, using the survival processing effect (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007, 2008) as an example, evaluate the plausibility of domain-specific adaptive hypotheses of human memory.