cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segmental and Circumferential Acetabular Labral Reconstruction have Comparable Outcomes in the Treatment of Irreparable or Unsalvageable Labral Pathology: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE To perform a systematic review comparing outcomes of segmental versus circumferential arthroscopic labral reconstruction as a treatment for symptomatic irreparable or unsalvageable acetabular labral pathology. METHODS A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study groups were divided into segmental and circumferential labral reconstructions. Studies with <2 years follow up, overlapping patient populations, or indications for labral reconstruction other than irreparable or unsalvageable pathology were excluded. RESULTS The literature search resulted in nine included publications. Five studies presented data on segmental labral reconstruction (166 hips in 164 patients), and seven studies presented data on circumferential labral reconstruction (261 hips in 253 patients). All circumferential reconstruction studies used allograft only, while segmental studies used a combination of autograft and allograft. The range of conversion to total hip arthroplasty was 9.1% to 26.8% in the segmental studies and 3.1% to 9.9% in the circumferential studies. The modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) was the only patient-reported outcome measure reported in three or more studies in both groups. The mean change from preoperative to postoperative mHHS ranged from 17.8 to 29 in the segmental group and from 20.4 to 31.7 in the circumferential group. Weighted estimates were not calculated due to significant heterogeneity for both the segmental and circumferential groups (I2 = 63.9% and 72.9%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Segmental and circumferential reconstructions are both reasonable options for arthroscopic treatment of irreparable or unsalvageable labral pathology. Articles in both groups demonstrated improvement in patient-reported outcomes (mHHS). Because of study heterogeneity, low level of evidence, and high risk of bias, the scores were unable to be directly compared. Although there are theoretical biomechanical and technical advantages of one technique over another, this systematic review did not demonstrate clinical superiority of either technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review of level III and IV studies.
The Unable or Unwilling Doctrine: A View From Private Law

May a threatened state use force against armed nonstate actors situated in another state? Proponents of the “Unable or Unwilling Doctrine” (UUD) answer in the affirmative, provided that the territorial state in which the nonstate actors are based is either unable or unwilling to tackle the threat by itself. Opponents reject the UUD, arguing that it has no place within existing international law. The intense, multi-layered debates over the UUD have thus far been grounded primarily in the international law of self-defense. Moreover, both proponents and opponents of the doctrine have tended to treat its two prongs as interchangeable, such that the legality of a use of force or the consequences that follow from it are unaffected by which of the two explains the territorial state’s failure to negate the threat to the targeted state. This article challenges both of these features of UUD analysis. Our first contention is that, while states enjoy limited leeway to use defensive force against nonstate actors in another state’s territory, the prerogative to enter the territorial state without other authorization is rooted in principles of necessity, not self-defense. In turn—and here we reach our second main contention—grounding the UUD in necessity suggests that, for cases in which the territorial state is unable, rather than unwilling, to deal with the threat, the threatened state is obligated to compensate the territorial state for its unpermitted entry, as well as for any resulting personal injury or property damage (other than harm to legitimate targets). Our third contribution is to explain why compensation might be owed, as a matter of equity, even in circumstances in which a state can claim, reasonably, that it bears no international legal responsibility. All of these claims, we contend, are bolstered by interpreting international law through the lens of private law, particularly the Anglo-American law of tort and restitution and its rules for the imposition of liability in cases of “private necessity.”
Effect of electrode membrane surface ratio and thickness on lead electrode potential

The lead ion selective electrode (ISE) consisting of PbS-Ag2S is normally used with a membrane surface of outer layer areaAo) and inner layer area (Ai) at unity (Ao=Ai). Partial covering of one surface area with an insulating material and keeping the other surface layer intact resulted in different ratios of membrane surface areas exposed to lead solutions. The potential linearly increased with increasing theAo/Ai ratio and decreased with decreasing theAo/Ai ratio. The lead ISE potential increased linearly with increasing the membrane thickness, but which required much longer time for a stable potential.
Bartonellosis: A One Health Perspective

Recently, Bartonella, a genus comprised of fastidious, Gram-negative, intracellular bacteria, has rapidly expanded from approximately 4–5 species in the 1990s to 30–40 named or proposed species that are currently described in the literature. While Bartonellae are highly adapted to a number of mammalian reservoir hosts, substantial genetic diversity allows for the transmission of Bartonella to humans (i.e. a zoonosis) and other non-reservoir hosts. Improvements in the diagnostic sensitivity of laboratory tests have allowed researchers to identify a spectrum of Bartonella species in novel host species, including domestic animals and wildlife. Because Bartonella can infect a spectrum of accidental hosts, it is imperative that researchers determine the consequences of Bartonella spp. infection on new host populations and the impact of this genus during environmental changes, particularly natural disasters. Rapid, accurate diagnostic tests now afford researchers and clinicians the ability to conduct more reliable epidemiologic and treatment related studies that will better characterize the outcomes of Bartonella spp. infection in animals and human patients. Prevalence studies have shown that Bartonella spp. DNA can be found in numerous arthropods, though additional research is required to identify epidemiologically important competent vectors of Bartonella spp. transmission. Future Bartonella spp. research initiatives should strive to not only identify the bacterium in arthropod and host populations, but also to combine those data with epidemiologically relevant case data and ecological risk assessment. Combined efforts from professionals in animal and human medicine, vector ecology, pathogen evolution, microbial ecology, and sociology are necessary in order to create the veterinary and medical infrastructure, training, prevention, and surveillance required to thoroughly understand Bartonella spp. ecology, dynamics and control. Bartonellosis may prove to be one of the most important One Health emerging zoonotic diseases of the next decade.
An Anomaly? Some Reflections on the Greek December 2008

As Solon saw that the city was often in a condition of civic strife, while some of the citizens through laziness were content to let things slide, he laid down a law to deal with them, enacting that whoever when civic strife prevailed did not join forces with either party was to be disfranchised and not to be a member of the city.
Racial/Ethnic Preferences, Sex Preferences, and Perceived Discrimination Related to End-of-Life Care

This study investigated racial/ethnic preferences, sex preferences, and perceived discrimination related to end-of-life care. Ten focus groups and a follow-up survey were conducted to obtain in-depth information on end-of-life preferences across five racial/ethnic groups in Michigan stratified by sex. There were 73 focus group participants, including Arab Muslims, Arab Christians, Hispanics, blacks, and whites. The mean age+/-standard deviation was 67+/-8.5 (range 50-83). A focus group screener was used to recruit participants. A moderator discussion guide was used to guide the focus groups. A take-home questionnaire asked about demographic information and end-of-life issues. Arab Americans were in favor of making peace on earth and were against assisted suicide, extending life artificially, nursing homes, and telling the patient "bad news." Hispanic and black women were against assisted suicide and in favor of extending life, whereas the men in these groups felt the opposite. Hispanic women spoke of not wanting a feeding tube and would consider alternative medicine. Blacks were least opposed to nursing homes. For whites, it was important to have choices. When asked about discrimination related to end-of-life care, Muslim women spoke of cultural barriers, blacks spoke of inequities in the past, and whites spoke of age discrimination and abandonment when dying. As the population becomes more diverse and continues to age, it will be important to provide culturally and sex-sensitive end-of-life interventions to increase patient/family satisfaction and allocate resources appropriately.
Extending Hate Crime Legislation to Include Gender: Explicating an Analogical Method of Advocacy

This paper examines expert testimony advocating the inclusion, in proposed hate-crime legislation, of crimes motivated by gender bias. The design and rhetoric of such testimony evidences formal properties. Precisely because these properties are formal properties, not limited to specific cases or issues, their explication will contribute not only to the understanding of hate crimes discourse, but to social problems research and theory more broadly. Arguments for the expansion of rights to previously unprotected categories (1) can be designed with an emphasis on generic or formal principles, which allow for the inclusion of previously unprotected groups whose victimization constitutes additional social problems not yet institutionally recognized. Such arguments (2) can emphasize parallelism between protected categories and unprotected categories, and between recognized social problems and as-yet-unrecognized social problems, making similar institutional treatment seem rational, and making disparate treatment seem unjustifiable or insensitive. And such arguments (3) can propose limits to the desired expansion of rights, as a means of pre-empting “floodgate” arguments against expanding the scope of existing protections. More generally, membership categorization analysis is employed to study social identity and inter-group relations as these are constituted in social problems discourse. Special reference is made in this case to “hate crimes” and how they might be addressed by membership categorization analysis in the context of constructionist social problems analysis and qualitative sociolegal studies.
Effects of traditional classroom and distance continuing education: a theory-driven evaluation of a vaccine-preventable diseases course.

Objectives. This study evaluated the effects of a major federal immunization continuing education course, delivered in both traditional classroom and satellite broadcast versions, on public health professionals' knowledge, agreement, self-efficacy, and adherence in practice to recommendations. Methods. The study used a comparative time series design to determine whether the course influenced participants' knowledge, agreement, self-efficacy, and adherence in practice to general and polio-specific recommendations as measured immediately and 3 months after the course. It also compared the effects of the classroom and satellite broadcast versions and used path analysis to show how the outcomes were related to one another. Results. Both versions significantly improved knowledge, agreement, self-efficacy, and adherence. Knowledge and agreement were significant predictors of self-efficacy, which directly predicted adherence. Vaccine availability and supportive clinic policies were also important adherence predictors. Conclusions. A well-designed training update can change provider knowledge, agreement, self-efficacy, and adherence. Traditional classroom and distance training can have comparable effects. The findings support incorporation of distance learning in national public health training, if the distance learning is used wisely in relation to training needs, goals, and practice contexts.
Technology choice and diffusion in the manufacturing sector: the case of the twin-wire in the Canadian pulp and paper industry

Abstract This paper develops a framework for analysing technology diffusion in the manufacturing sector. The framework recognizes that the technology diffusion pattern that is observable at any place and at any time is the outcome of technology choices made by individual manufacturing firms. An explicit incorporation of technology choice in diffusion studies is therefore necessary if we are to enhance our current understanding of technology diffusion process. A behavioural decisionmaking model of technology choice and diffusion is proposed and used to analyse the diffusion of twin-wire paper-making machines in Canada from 1968 to 1988. The results show that ‘traditional’ factors like possession of R & D facilities, firm size, metropolitan location and barriers to information flow did not greatly influence the choice and diffusion of the twin-wire technology. Instead, the nature of the supply and demand conditions of the pulp and paper industry, the dominant role of suppliers in the development of the twin-wire machine, regional differences in natural resources, production specialisations and industrial histories; adoptions by competitors; innovative and investment histories of the firms, their decision-making procedures, and innovativeness of their executives as well as ability to accurately read and interpret trends in the industry proved to be more influential factors.
URETHRAL RECURRENCE IN PATIENTS FOLLOWING ORTHOTOPIC URINARY DIVERSION

ABSTRACTPurpose: We present our experience with urethral recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma following cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversion in a contemporary series.Materials and Methods: Between June 1995 and December 2001, 415 patients underwent radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma. Of those patients 196 (47.2%) received an orthotopic urinary diversion. Demographics, clinical characteristics, pathological stage and patient outcomes were reviewed.Results: Mean followup was 34.1 months (range 0.3 to 97.3). Of the 196 patients who underwent orthotopic diversion 59 (30.1%) had T3 or greater disease on final pathological evaluation. Thirteen patients (6.6%) were found to have prostatic urethral involvement while 83 (42.3%) had elements of carcinoma in situ. No patient with prostatic urethral involvement had subsequent urethral recurrence. Overall only 1 patient (0.5%) had urethral recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma following orthotopic urinary diversion. The urethral recurre...
Evidence for inner core anisotropy from free oscillations

Previous hypotheses concerning the cause of anomalous splitting in free oscillation spectra have led to models which are difficult to accept from the physical point of view - involving either substantial heterogeneity in the fluid outer core or large topographic variations in the core-mantle boundary and the inner core boundary and heterogeneity of several percent in inner core properties. Furthermore, other seismological evidence, some of it pre-existing and some of it very recently discovered, militates against these models. Within the framework of isotropic earth models there appears to be no acceptable explanation of the modal observations. Here we show that anisotropy in the inner core can produce an effect which is of the correct magnitude and which varies from mode to mode in approximately the observed manner. The data currently available are insufficient to objectively map the anisotropy, but the simple assumption of a constant elastic tensor which is invariant under rotations about the Earth's rotation axis (i.e. is transversely isotropic in the plane of the equator) matches well the gross features of the modal observations. This model does not entirely reconcile the modal data with traveltime observations; it is argued, however, that there exists an anisotropic model which will do so.
Taking Off the Cape: The Stories of Novice Urban Leadership

New administrators in urban schools face enormous challenges. The novice leaders in this study are graduates of a preparation program at UC Berkeley, and are participants in a leadership induction program. This research examines one aspect of their new position—disciplinarian—through the lens of leadership stories. Although the middle manager disciplinary role presents challenges for new administrators, it is a requirement of the position. New administrators are typically student advocates in this arena, but experience difficulty interacting with teachers and other adults responsible for discipline. Their use of the legal and punitive language, now common in schools, tends to reinforce the current systems. They often challenge the disciplinary systems on a case-by-case basis or alter parts of it, but do not interrupt the overall procedures for carrying out discipline. Finally, they are conflicted about their new identity as enforcer in this role, and experience frustration in navigating the discipline ter...
Transferable tight-binding parameters: An application to Ni and Ni-Al alloys

Two approaches for obtaining tight-binding parameters for metallic alloys are compared and contrasted with special regard for the application to large scale simulations such as may occur in tight-binding molecular dynamics studies.
Increased cerebrospinal-fluid pressure during treatment of diabetic ketosis.

Abstract The cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) pressure was continuously monitored in five patients during the first 10 hours of treatment for diabetic ketosis; in every case an abnormally high C.S.F. pressure developed after therapy had resulted in a rapid fall in plasma-glucose and a decrease in plasma osmolality. This increase in pressure was predicted by a hypothesis based upon previous studies of an experimental model for the development of acute cerebral œdema during treatment for diabetic ketosis. The development of increased C.S.F. pressure did not seem to be related to overhydration or to water intoxication, but may be related to the consequences of increased polyol pathway activity in brain. This tendency to develop abnormally high C.S.F. pressure during treatment for diabetic ketosis may provide an explanation for delayed recovery of consciousness, and for the development of fatal acute cerebral œdema.
Regulation of benzyladenine-induced in vitro shoot organogenesis and endogenous proline in melon (Cucumis melo L.) by exogenous proline, ornithine, and proline analogues

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an excellent system to study the role of proline in regulating benzyladenine-induced shoot organogenesis, which is also an important system in our laboratory for investigating flavor and antioxidant metabolite synthesis in differentiated tissues. We have hypothesized that proline stimulated in vitro shoot organogenesis through the activation of the proposed proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway, which may regulate endogenous cytokinin and auxin biosynthesis. To further investigate this hypothesis, it is essential to first confirm whether benzyladenine-induced shoot organogenesis can be stimulated by enhancing proline synthesis through the use of proline analogues and ornithine (proline precursor). In this study, benzyladenine-induced shoot organogenesis was substantially stimulated by exogenous proline and/or ornithine in combination with proline analogues such as azetidine-2-carboxylate (A2C) and hydroxyproline (HP). Among these treatments, proline in combination with A2C or HP showed the highest stimulation. The stimulation of organogenesis correlated closely with increased levels of endogenous proline content, thereby strengthening the hypothesis that proline-linked activation of purine and aromatic metabolism via the stimulation of pentose phosphate pathway may be important for in vitro organogenesis in melon.
Uterine Metastasis from a Heterologous Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma Simulating a Primary Uterine Malignancy

Abstract Objective. To describe the first distant metastasis of a heterologous metaplastic breast carcinoma in the uterus and discuss its differential diagnosis. Methods. Light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the tumor. Results. A 58-year-old woman underwent mastectomy for metaplastic breast carcinoma confined to the breast. She presented 4 years later with vaginal bleeding. The endometrial curettage showed a poorly differentiated carcinoma. She underwent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy as well as pelvic and periaortic lymphadenectomy. Clinical and intraoperative findings favored a primary uterine malignancy. The uterus was markedly distorted with multiple gray-white, solid subserosal, and intramural tumor nodules. The tumor diffusely infiltrated the endometrium sparing benign endometrial glands. The tumor nodules were distributed full thickness of the myometrium. These nodules were composed of high-grade malignant epithelial cells with areas of chondroid metaplasia. Extrauterine microscopic tumor was present in left ovary, pelvic, and periaortic lymph nodes. The histologic features and estrogen/progesterone receptors (ER/PR) as well as DNA ploidy analysis of the uterine tumor showed striking similarity with those of the primary metaplastic breast carcinoma. A diagnosis of metastatic metaplastic breast carcinoma in the uterus was rendered. Conclusion. A metastatic heterologous metaplastic breast carcinoma with cartilaginous metaplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of heterologous uterine malignant mixed mesodermal tumor (MMMT) and high-grade endometrioid carcinoma with rare foci of cartilage.
Patterning porous matrices and planar substrates with quantum dots

Silica hydrogels and planar substrates were patterned with CdS nanoparticles using a photolithographic method based on the photo dissociation of thiols and cadmium-thiolate complexes. Silica hydrogels were prepared via a standard base-catalyzed route. The solvent was exchanged with an aqueous solution of CdSO4 and 2-mercaptoethanol, and the samples were then exposed to a focused ultraviolet beam. Planar substrates were patterned by illuminating a precursor solution spin coated on the substrates. CdS nanoparticles formed in the illuminated spots, and had a diameter below about 2 nm. The diameter of the spots illuminated by the UV beam could be varied from a few hundred to a few μm, on both hydrogels and planar substrates. Samples were characterized with transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and optical absorption, photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopies. All these techniques confirmed the chemical identity of the CdS nanoparticles. To investigate the mechanism of nanoparticle formation, we took absorption spectra of the precursor solution as a function of irradiation time. In unirradiated solutions, we noticed a maximum at 250 nm, characteristic of Cd-thiolate complexes. The absorption at 250 nm decreased with increasing irradiation time. A new band appeared at 265 nm for exposures around 5 min, and that band shifted to 290 nm in samples exposed for 10 min. A yellow precipitate formed after about 30 min. XRD showed that the precipitate was cubic CdS, with a mean particle size of 1.4 nm. We attribute formation of CdS to the photodissociation of the thiols and of the Cd-thiolates. UV irradiation of these precursors yields a series of species that can react with Cd2+, such as RS·, S2− and H2S. Small CdS nanoparticles form in the initial stages of illumination, and present absorption bands in the 265–290 nm region. These CdS aggregates grow, coalesce and precipitate for longer irradiation times.
The molecular size of the herpes simplex virus type 1 genome.

Abstract The Facial (type 1) strain of Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) can be isolated free of contaminating host cell DNA from HeLa cells. The molecular weight (MW) of HSV-DNA isolated from purified virions has been measured using sedimentation analysis, equilibrium band-width measurements, electron microscopic contour length measurements relative to φX-174 RF DNA, and comparative reassociation kinetics using T4-DNA and pea chloroplast DNA as standards. There is excellent agreement between values determined by all these methods. The best average value from all methods for the MW of HSV-DNA is 82 ± 5 × 10 6 . There is no evidence that the high G + C content of HSV-DNA yields any systematic error in molecular weight determinations using any of the methods described in this work.
The Effects of Substitutional Additions on Tensile Behavior of Nb-Silicide Based Composites

Nb-silicide based in-situ composites consist of a ductile Nb-based solid solution with high-strength silicides, and they show excellent promise for aircraft engine applications. The Nb- silicide controls the high-temperature tensile behavior of the composite, and the Nb solid solution controls the low and intermediate temperature capability. The aim of the present study was to understand the effects of substitutional elements on the room temperature tensile behavior and identify the principal microstructural features contributing to strengthening mechanisms.
A new blue-green XeF (C→A) excimer laser amplifier concept

The feasibility of using the electrically excited XeF(C»A) excimer medium as an efficient wideband amplifier in the blue-green region of the spectrum has been investigated. Calculations show that for an intense blue-green optical flux input the amplification characteristics of XeF(C»A) improve, as a result of both bleaching of the pump induced absorbers and by additional production of XeF(C) level population. The removal of one of the major absorbing species, Xe** in the XeF (C»A) laser mixture by means of a pulsed ruby laser probe beam has been demonstrated.
Depolarized stimulated gain spectra of liquid CS2 and benzene at room temperature

Abstract Depolarized Rayleigh-wing spectra of CS 2 and benzene have been recorded using stimulated gain spectroscopy (SGS). Each spectrum is fitted to three different phenomenological models. In the case of CS 2 , the determined dynamical characteristic parameters are compared to those measured previously by different experimental techniques with good agreement. To adequately describe the SGS spectra of both liquids, an intermediate time scale contribution is needed in addition to a slow reorientational relaxation and a fast broad underdamped oscillator. Compared to CS 2 the slow and intermediate relaxation rates of benzene are lower, while the frequency and relaxation rate of the underdamped oscillator are higher.
The Melding of Drug Markets in Houston After Katrina: Dealer and User Perspectives

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the majority of routine activities in New Orleans were disrupted, including the illegal drug market. The large-scale relocation of New Orleans evacuees (NOEs)...
Boundary information based diagnostics on the thermal states of biological bodies

Quantitative diagnostics on the thermal states of biological bodies and optimal dosimetry in tumor hyperthermia require general solutions for the bioheat equation. An algorithm based on the dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) is developed to solve the integral inverse or direct bioheat transfer problems. Using this algorithm, thermal states of the biological bodies, reflecting physiological conditions, can be correlated to the temperature or heat flux detected at the skin surface. The extension of the algorithm to the non-linear bioheat model and boundary conditions is also discussed. Various cases are studied to illustrate its applications. This algorithm can be used as an effective tool for thermal diagnostics in medical practices.
Parsing protection and risk for problem behavior versus pro-social behavior among US and Chinese adolescents.

This study investigates the different roles played by protective factors and risk factors—and by particular protective and risk factors—when the concern is with accounting for adolescent problem behavior than when the concern is with accounting for adolescent pro-social behavior. The protective and risk factor literature on adolescent problem behavior reveals considerable conceptual and operational ambiguity; an aim of the present study was to advance understanding in this domain of inquiry by providing a systematic conceptualization of protection and risk and of their measurement. Within the systematic framework of Problem Behavior Theory, four protective and four risk factors are assessed in a cross-national study of both problem behavior and pro-social behavior involving large adolescent samples in China (N = 1,368) and the US (N = 1,087), in grades 9, 10, and 11; females 56 %, US; 50 %, China. The findings reveal quite different roles for protection and risk, and for particular protective and risk factors, when the outcome criterion is problem behavior than when it is pro-social behavior. The protective factor, Controls Protection, which engages rule and regulations and sanctions in the adolescent’s ecology, emerges as most important in influencing problem behavior, but it plays a relatively minor role in relationship to pro-social behavior. By contrast, Models Protection, the presence of pro-social models in the adolescent’s ecology, and Support Protection, the presence of interest and care in that same ecology, have no significant relationship to problem behavior variation, but they are both the major predictors of variation in pro-social behavior. The findings are robust across the samples from the two very diverse societies. These results suggest that greater attention be given to protection in problem behavior research and that a more nuanced perspective is needed about the roles that particular protective and risk factors play in reducing problem behavior and in promoting pro-social behavior.
AN ASYMPTOTIC LOWER BOUND FOR THE ENTROPY OF DISCRETE POPULATIONS WITH APPLICATION TO THE ESTIMATION OF ENTROPY FOR UNIFORM POPULATIONS

Abstract : An asymptotic lower bound for the entropy of a multinomial population with an unknown and perhaps countably infinite number of classes is obtained. This bound is a function of the first k + 1 occupancy numbers of a random sample, and is a useful estimator when most of the sample information is contained in the low order occupancy numbers.
Expression of mRNAs encoding mammalian chromosomal proteins HMG-I and HMG-Y during cellular proliferation.

Abstract The high mobility group chromosomal proteins HMG-I and HMG-Y are closely related isoforms that are expressed at high levels in rapidly dividing, undifferentiated mammalian cells. We analyzed HMG-I/Y mRNA levels at various cell cycle stages in murine NIH/ 3T3 fibroblasts partially synchronized by seeding from quiescent, contact-inhibited cultures. Flow microfluorometic analysis of DNA content demonstrated a comparable degree of synchronization in such seeded NIH/ 3T3 cell populations as is obtained by serum deprivation or other means and has the added advantage of avoiding the use of possibly detrimental inhibitors or metabolic starvation to induce such synchrony. We show that HMG-I/Y mRNA levels gradually increase in NIH/3T3 cells during the first 16 h after seeding ( G 0 G 1 to late S phase), but thereafter remain constant, in contrast to the cell cycle-regulated expression of the histone H3 gene. Although there is a 6-fold increase in HMG-I/Y expression during the transition from quiescent to proliferating NIH/3T3 cells, there is a much greater difference in expression (15- to 50-fold) among different cell types, possibly related to their state of differentiation. The HMG-I/Y mRNAs appear to be very stable; there was no decrease in their levels 6 h after actinomycin D transcription termination. The proportion of HMG-I to HMG-Y mRNAs was greater in the human than in the murine cells examined, appeared to be greater in proliferating than in quiescent cells, and did not always correspond with the HMG-I to HMG-Y protein ratio.
The Mre11 Complex Influences DNA Repair, Synapsis, and Crossing Over in Murine Meiosis

Summary The Mre11 complex (consisting of MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1/Xrs2) is required for double-strand break (DSB) formation, processing, and checkpoint signaling during meiotic cell division in S. cerevisiae [1–8]. Whereas studies of Mre11 complex mutants in S. pombe and A. thaliana indicate that the complex has other essential meiotic roles [9–11], relatively little is known regarding the functions of the complex downstream of meiotic break formation and processing or its role in meiosis in higher eukaryotes. We analyzed meiotic events in mice harboring hypomorphic Mre11 and Nbs1 mutations which, unlike null mutants, support viability [12–16]. Our studies revealed defects in the temporal progression of meiotic prophase, incomplete and aberrant synapsis of homologous chromosomes, persistence of strand exchange proteins, and alterations in both the frequency and placement of MLH1 foci, a marker of crossovers. A unique sex-dependent effect on MLH1 foci and chiasmata numbers was observed: males exhibited an increase and females a decrease in recombination levels. Thus, our findings implicate the Mre11 complex in meiotic DNA repair and synapsis in mammals and indicate that the complex may contribute to the establishment of normal sex-specific differences in meiosis.
O(1D) production in ozone photolysis near 3100 Å

Relative quantum yields of O(1 D) production in ozone photolysis from 2750 to 3340 A have been determined in the gas phase at -40 C. The O(1 D) was monitored by means of its reaction with isobutane to form isobutyl alcohol. The light source was a high pressure mercury lamp combined with a monochromator, with a bandwidth of 16 A. The results show a constant O(1 D) production below 3000 A, which is taken as unity on the basis of previous work. There is a very sharp fall-off in O(1 D) production which is centered at 3080 A. At 3130 A, O(1 D) production is not greater than 0.1.
Linear systems in Jordan algebras and primal-dual interior-point algorithms

We discuss a possibility of the extension of a primal-dual interior-point algorithm suggested recently by Alizadeh et al. (1994). We consider optimization problems defined on the intersection of a symmetric cone and an affine subspace. The question of solvability of a linear system arising in the implementation of the primal-dual algorithm is analyzed. A nondegeneracy theory for the considered class of problems is developed. The Jordan algebra technique suggested by Faybusovich (1995) plays major role in the present paper.
The effects of drying on the properties of extruded whey protein concentrates and isolates

Extruded whey protein concentrate (WPC) and extruded whey protein isolate (WPI) are new food materials that may be used to fortify foods, and as such, the effects of drying on their physical properties need to be investigated for efficiency in milling and blending. Extruded WPC and extruded WPI at an initial moisture content of about 30% w.b. and 37% w.b., respectively, were dried to a final moisture of about 21% w.b. at 40 °C and to a final moisture of about 14% w.b. at 70 °C. Color, density, and texture measurements were made as a function of drying time. No significant change in color was observed at 40 °C or 70 °C for either material as it dried. Density increased slightly with drying time for extruded WPC at 40 °C and 70 °C, and extruded WPI at 70 °C. Texture, measured as linear distance, increased in magnitude with drying time. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in texture at a drying time of 90 min, corresponding with a moisture of about 20% w.b. to 25% w.b. for extruded WPC and extruded WPI, were observed. Such a transition in texture may indicate that drying to a moisture of 20% w.b. to 25% w.b. is adequate for extruded whey proteins.
Chemotherapy-Induced Weakness and Fatigue in Skeletal Muscle: The Role of Oxidative Stress

Abstract Significance: Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of cancer and its treatment, manifested in the clinic through weakness and exercise intolerance. These side effects not only compromise patient's quality of life (QOL), but also diminish physical activity, resulting in limited treatment and increased morbidity. Recent Advances: Oxidative stress, mediated by cancer or chemotherapeutic agents, is an underlying mechanism of the drug-induced toxicity. Nontargeted tissues, such as striated muscle, are severely affected by oxidative stress during chemotherapy, leading to toxicity and dysfunction. Critical Issues: These findings highlight the importance of investigating clinically applicable interventions to alleviate the debilitating side effects. This article discusses the clinically available chemotherapy drugs that cause fatigue and oxidative stress in cancer patients, with an in-depth focus on the anthracycline doxorubicin. Doxorubicin, an effective anticancer drug, is a primary example of ho...
Evaluation of Psychotherapy: Subjective Viewpoints of Outcome

Factors involved in the outcome of psychotherapy were studied by asking 5 individual therapists to judge their own effectiveness under various therapeutic conditions. Of 9 variables, only 2 were statistically related to positive outcome based on therapists' subjective opinion: the number of interviews, and approaches in which individual psychotherapy was combined with other approaches such as chemotherapy and family therapy. Although subjective, the data suggest that therapists see more improvement in clients seen in six or more interviews than those seen in five or less.
Monopole excitations and elastic scattering

Abstract A simple relationship between elastic scattering amplitudes and monopole excitation amplitudes is pointed out and illustrated. It applies to potential scattering, and can be used for the nucleon-nucleus problem as well as electron-nucleus scattering. The example of scattering of electrons by carbon and calcium is used to illustrate the method.
Derivatized polyoxomolybdates. Synthesis and characterization of oxomolybdate clusters containing coordinatively bound diazenido units. Crystal and molecular structure of the octanuclear oxomolybdate (NHEt3)2(n-Bu4N)2[Mo8O20(NNPh)6] and comparison to the structures of the parent oxomolybdate .alpha.-(n-Bu4N)4[Mo8O26] and the tetranuclear (diazenido)oxomolybdates (n-Bu4N)2[Mo4O10(OMe)2(NNPh)2] and (n-Bu4N)2[Mo4O8(OMe)2(NNC6H4NO2)4]

(HNEt 3 ) 2 (n-Bu 4 N) 2 [Mo 8 O 20 (NNPh) 6 ] cristallise dans le systeme monoclinique, groupe d'espace P2 1 /c et sa structure est affinee jusqu'a R=0,051 (n-Bu 4 N) 4 [Mo 8 O 26 ] et (n-Bu 4 N) 2 [Mo 4 O 8 (OMe) 2 (NNC 6 H 4 NO 2 ) 4 ] cristallisent dans P2 1 /n avec R=0,039 et l=0,063 respectivement (n-Bu 4 N)[Mo 4 O 10 (OMe) 2 (NNPh) 2 ] cristallise dans C2/c avec R=0,066
Plasmonic modes revealed

When nanostructures made of metals such as gold and silver are illuminated with visible light, plasmonic modes can be excited that cause conduction electrons to oscillate. This motion creates a pattern of electric fields, extending both within and outside the structure, that can be tuned by changing the particle size and shape to efficiently couple light to electronic processes. Practical applications of this coupling include improved harvesting of light for photovoltaics ( 1 ) and enhanced sensitivity for sensors based on light-emitting messenger molecules ( 2 ). Although there is well-developed theoretical understanding of how photons interact with nanostructures that are much smaller than their wavelength, we have few methods for measuring electric fields nearby and within nanoscale structures during photonic excitation. On page 59 of this issue, Yurtsever et al. ( 3 ) report using time-resolved electron energy gain/loss spectroscopy in an electron microscope to obtain spatially resolved maps of electric fields that result when nanoscale metal objects are illuminated by incident photons.
Higher-order contributions to the divergent part of Z3 in a model quantum electrodynamics

Abstract The divergent part of Z3−1 is found to be (Z 3 −1 )div= α0 2π 2 3 + α0 2π − 1 4 α0 2π 2 log M 2 m 2 to sixth order in the bare charge e0, in a model in which corrections to internal photon lines in the vacuum polarization tensor are neglected. The simplicity and sign of the sixth-order term are of interest in the program to make quantum electrodynamics a consistent finite theory.
Interest in entering helping activities and self-disclosure to three targets on the Jourard self-disclosure scale.

Jourard's 40-item Self-disclosure Questionnaire was administered to 50 students in a training and selection program for a quasi-counseling position and 52 randomly selected students. Subjects indic...
Prognostic Significance of Systolic Blood Pressure Increases in Men During Exercise Stress Testing

Our aim was to investigate whether exercise-induced increase in systolic blood pressure (BP) measured during exercise stress testing (EST) adds prognostic information to cardiovascular (CV) mortality. EST is ideally suited to evaluate the prognostic power of systolic BP; it not only measures systolic BP response to exercise but also provides information about exercise capacity and other EST variables, which may affect the peak systolic BP. The study population consisted of 6,145 consecutive patients who underwent symptom-limited EST. Using the median value of change in systolic BP from baseline, patients were grouped according to exercise-induced increases in systolic BP ≤43 mm Hg (group A, n = 3,062) and ≥ 44 mm Hg (group B, n = 3,083). Multivariate analysis was used to adjust for baseline differences between the 2 groups with CV mortality as the end point for follow-up. Six thousand one hundred forty-five men underwent EST with a mean follow-up of 6.6 years. During follow-up, 676 patients died of CV causes with an average annual CV mortality of 1.6%. CV mortality was significantly higher in group A than in group B (13.7% vs 8.2%, p 6 years.
Support of the metabolic response to burn injury

Summary Severe burn causes metabolic disturbances that can last for a year after injury; persistent and profound catabolism hampers rehabilitative efforts and delays the meaningful return of individuals to society. The simplest, effective anabolic strategies for severe burn injuries are: early excision and grafting of the wound; prompt treatment of sepsis; maintenance of environmental temperature at 30–32°C; continuous feeding of a high carbohydrate, high protein diet, preferably by the enteral route; and early institution of vigorous and aerobic resistive exercise programmes. To further keep erosion of lean body mass to a minimum, administration of anabolic agents, recombinant human growth hormone, insulin, oxandrolone, or anticatabolic drugs such as propranolol are alternative approaches. Exogenous continuous low-dose insulin infusion, β blockade with propranolol, and use of the synthetic testosterone analogue oxandrolone are the most cost effective and least toxic pharmacological treatments to date.
The intersubjective space–time of a Zulu choir/HIV support group in global perspective

This article draws from anthropology, conversation analysis, ethnomusicology, semiotics, and phenomenology, using the concept of intersubjectivity to model how the micro-organization of musical communication can be integral in social processes of support, identity maintenance, and activism amid structural inequality. This is based on ethnographic fieldwork in Durban, South Africa, with a Zulu gospel choir that functioned as a support group, activist organization, and performance troupe. Three distinct aspects (or levels) of intersubjectivity are discussed. The organization of these levels in music making is outlined through fine-grained discussion of how people with HIV coordinate bodies and voices in space as they make music together for each other and for international audiences. This article contributes to the further development of a musical semiotics, discussing how overlapping conceptualizations of intersubjectivity in multiple disciplines may be synthesized to analyze the performance of coordinated...
Effect of lime neutralized iron hydroxide suspensions on juvenile brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis, mitchill)

Abstract The experimental dosing apparatus was a modified proportional diluter equipped with a neutralization device and with a series of detention and oxygenation tanks. Ferric hydroxide was obtained by neutralization of ferrous sulfate using calcium hydroxide. After neutralization, oxygenation, and detention, suspended iron was released automatically at regular intervals into the test aquaria. Four concentrations of iron were maintained, each containing 10 young brook trout (3 months old). The data on length of brook trout revealed a definite trend toward smaller size with increasing concentration of suspended ferric hydroxide, with the largest trout in 6 mg Fe I-1 and in the control. The average weight of brook trout was much lower in high iron concentrations than in the control and 6 mg Fe 1-1. The final mean weight of fish in 50 mg Fe 1-1 represented only 16 per cent of the control, with gradually increasing percentage proportions occurring in lower iron concentrations. The final mean weights of the fish in 6 mg Fe 1-1 and in the control were almost identical. The average growth rate computed for five different size groups of fish revealed a sudden decline in growth of brook trout exposed to 12, 25, and 50 mg Fe 1-1. The growth rate of brook trout in 6 mg Fe 1−1 and in the control shows only a leveling trend as of the thirty-fifth week. It is assumed that impaired visibility due to high turbidity prevented the fish from feeding which in turn resulted in slow growth in high iron concentrations—12, 25 and 50 mg Fe 1−1.
A NOVEL APPROACH TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY EQUATIONS OF COMBINED DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

Abstract A novel approach is presented which can be used to reduce the generalized eigenvalue problem associated with the free vibration of a linear elastic structure carrying lumped elements atsdistinct locations. UsingNcomponent modes in the assumed-modes method, the free vibration of such a combined dynamical system is governed by the solution of a generalized eigenvalue problem of orderN×N, whose stiffness and mass matrices consist of diagonal matrices modified by a total ofsrank one matrices, wherescorresponds to the number of attachment points. This generalized eigenvalue problem can be manipulated such that the natural frequencies governing free vibration can be calculated instead by solving a much smaller characteristic determinant of orders×s. Interestingly enough, this smaller and simpler characteristic determinant can also be obtained by using the Lagrange multipliers formalism in conjunction with Lagrange's equations.