cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Thin Layer Chromatography of Amino Acids Using Fluorescamine Reagent

Abstract Calibration curves are presented for several different types of amino acids to illustrate the quantitation of these compounds by in situ fluorescence densitometry on thin layer plates.
Orientation and decomposition kinetics of methyl iodide on Pt(111)

Abstract The thermal chemistry of methyl iodide adsorbed on Pt(111) at T s ≥21K was examined using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Both TPD and RAIRS indicate that saturation coverage for methyl iodide is 0.19 ML. The first 0.085 ML of adsorbate thermally dissociates at T s ≥190 K to form surface-bound methyl radicals and iodine. Coverages in excess of 0.085 ML follow competing molecular desorption and dissociation pathways with the probability of desorption increasing with coverage. The maximum coverage of adsorbed methyl radicals obtained by thermal dissociation of methyl iodide was 0.12 ML. Methyl radicals at T s ≥215 K both dehydrogenate and reactively scavenge adsorbed hydrogen to desorb as methane. Infrared surface dipole selection rules were employed to estimate the mean polar angle between the methyl iodide's symmetry axis and the surface normal. After annealing to 90 K, methyl iodide is tilted at 42° for all coverages less than 0.085 ML. Further increases in coverage serve to linearly decrease the polar angle to 18° at saturation. Arrhenius analyses of time-resolved RAIRS data indicate an activation barrier for H 3 CI bond cleavage of 48 ± 3 kJ mol −1 and a pre-exponential factor of 8 × 10 10±1.3 s −1 .
Weakly monotone functions

The definition of monotone function in the sense of Lebesgue is extended to the Sobolev spacesW 1,p ,p >n − 1. It is proven that such weakly monotone functions are continuous except in a singular set ofp-capacity zero that is empty in the casep =n. Applications to the regularity of mappings with finite dilatation appearing in nonlinear elasticity theory are given.
Uptake and Transformation of TNT by Hybrid Poplar Trees

This paper examines the potential for using hybrid poplar trees to remediate sites contaminated with the high explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Laboratory experiments assessed the uptake of [U-14C]TNT from both hydroponic and soil systems. TNT is strongly bound and transformed by root tissues, and it only translocates slightly to the leaves of poplar cuttings. TNT was more bioavailable in the hydroponic system, but this did not affect the distribution of radiolabel among root, stem, or leaf tissues. The translocation of TNT was found to be similar to that reported for other plant species with up to 75% of the explosive uptaken remaining in root tissues and up to 10% eventually being translocated to the leaves. The majority of TNT was not extractable from plant tissues, and less than 10 percent of the applied label was identifiable by HPLC/radiochromatograph. TNT was transformed by the tree to 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), and to a number of unidentified com...
Improved beam quality in double discharge excimer lasers

The cavity configurations of a Tachisto TacII CO/sub 2/ laser, modified for KrF and ArF operation, were varied in order to produce the best beam quality. (AIP)
Accuracy of ultrasonography and mammography in predicting pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Abstract Background Neoadjuvant chemotherapy reduces tumor size before surgery in women with breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of mammography and ultrasound to predict residual tumor size following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods In a retrospective review of consecutive breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, residual tumor size estimated by diagnostic imaging was compared with residual tumor size determined by surgical pathology. Results One hundred ninety-two patients with 196 primary breast cancers were studied. Of 104 tumors evaluated by both imaging modalities, ultrasound was able to size 91.3%, and mammography was able to size only 51.9% (χ 2 P P Conclusions Breast ultrasound was more accurate than mammography in predicting residual tumor size following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The likelihood of a complete pathologic response was 80% when both imaging modalities demonstrated no residual disease.
Climate Strategic Soil Management

The complex and strong link between soil degradation, climate change and food insecurity is a global challenge. Sustainable agricultural systems must be integral to any agenda to address climate change and variability, improve renewable fresh water supply and quality, restore degraded soils and ecosystems and advance food security. These challenges are being exacerbated by increasing population and decreasing per capita arable land area and renewable fresh water supply, the increasing frequency of extreme events, the decreasing resilience of agroecosystems, an increasing income and affluent lifestyle with growing preference towards meat-based diet and a decreasing soil quality and use efficiency of inputs. Reversing these downward spirals implies the implementation of proven technologies, such as conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, precision agriculture, agroforestry systems, etc. Restoration of degraded soil and desertified ecosystems and the creation of positive soil and ecosystem C budgets are important. Urban agriculture and green roofs can reduce the energy footprint of production chains for urban and non-urban areas and enhance the recycling of by-products. Researchable priorities include sustainable land use and soil/water management options, judicious soil governance and modus operandi towards payments to land managers for the provisioning of ecosystem services.
Magnetospheric model of subauroral polarization stream

[1] We present a magnetospheric model of the subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) electric potential, parameterized by Kp index (valid for Kp = 4–7), on the basis of a previous study of the average characteristics of SAPS. The model treats the SAPS westward flow channel as a potential drop whose radial location and width decrease as a function of both increasing magnetic local time (MLT) and increasing Kp. The magnitude of the SAPS potential drop decreases eastward across the nightside and increases with increasing Kp. The model SAPS flow channel significantly alters the flow paths of plasma in the afternoon and evening MLT sectors and agrees with an earlier single-event study that used an ad hoc SAPS potential to obtain good agreement with plasmasphere observations. The model performance is tested via comparison with 13 intervals of plasmapause data obtained during the period 1 April through 31 May 2001 by the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imager on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) satellite. Although the model performs well, the current Kp-based parameterization is somewhat crude, capturing only the gross spatial and temporal SAPS characteristics.
The Search for Job Satisfaction: A Survey of Alabama Policing

This study examines police job satisfaction and its association with general occupational attraction. Police officers from sixteen municipal departments (n = 1,114) across one southern state (Alabama) were found to possess moderate-high overall job satisfaction, with regression analysis supporting the conclusions of prior studies that demographics are of little value to understanding job satisfaction. The findings convey that 25% of job satisfaction variance can be explained from six variables (in order of importance): social contribution, pay, adventure/excitement, autonomy, peer respect, and job security. The importance of benefits and community respect was unsupported, as were partner and special operation assignments. The author concludes that a great portion of police satisfaction hinges on the realization of work environment expectations, and that departments must proactively construct policies to enhance fulfillment of officer aspirations.
Prediction of functional status in older adults: The ecological validity of four Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System tests.

This study tested the ecological validity of four Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) tests by examining how well performance on D-KEFS measures predicted observed daily functioning in community-dwelling older adults. Older adults ages 65 to 92 years completed four D-KEFS tests requiring planning and cognitive fluency. The four combined D-KEFS measures accounted for approximately 26% of the variance in observed functional ability, when controlling for education and depression, thus supporting the ecological validity of the D-KEFS (Pearson r = .66). However, in a multiple regression analysis, the D-KEFS Trail Making Test-4 was the only measure of executive functioning that accounted for unique, independent variance in observed functional ability.
Should all patients with suspected coronary artery disease undergo coronary angiography with 16-row MDCT?

Should all patients with suspected coronary artery disease undergo coronary angiography with 16-row MDCT?
A complication of heart rate monitoring: Subcutaneous foreign body

Summary Two infants are presented with foreign bodies in their anterior chest walls, the result of the breaking off of needle electrodes used for heart rate monitoring. No symptoms or signs developed, and surgical removal was not attempted.
Cross-Cultural Issues in Parent-Professional Interactions: A Qualitative Study of Perceptions of Asian American Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities

This study investigated the perspectives of 23 first-generation Asian American mothers of children with developmental disabilities. The intent was to explore the working relationships between the m...
Scattering of Neutrons in Deuterium

USING the neutrons released in the beryllium-deuterium nuclear reaction, we have investigated the scattering of medium fast neutrons in deuterium gas. The bombarding deuteron beam of 4 micro-amperes was accelerated with a peak voltage of 600 kilovolts in a short ion path tube1, using the 1 Mv. cascade transformer at the California Institute of Technology. The neutrons emitted in a direction perpendicular to the bombarding deuteron beam traversed a brass pressure ionization chamber filled with deuterium gas at 7 atmospheres. The energy of the recoil deuteron was measured by a linear amplifier which fed a mechanical oscillograph, the pulses being recorded on a moving film. Calibration pulses were registered on the same film with a thyratron pulse generator and a standard condenser. More than 4,000 tracks were measured, the longest pulse track corresponding to an energy of 2 Mev. The curve giving the distribution in energy is shown in Fig. 1.
Grove Karl Gilbert, master of laccoliths and lakes

Profiles of Rocky Mountain Geologists – a continuing series Antecedent and consequent relations are therefore not merely linear, but constitute a plexus and this plexus pervades nature. —G. K. Gilbert, 1886 (p. 286) American geology flowered in the late 19th century, and G. K. Gilbert (1843–1918; Fig. 1) was its preeminent geologist (Gilluly, 1963). In Europe, one thinks of comparable but somewhat earlier eminences—William Smith (1769–1839), Charles Lyell (1797–1875), and Jean Louis Agassiz (1807–1873)—but Gilbert was their equal, if not more accomplished. He was one of the most important scientists the U.S. has ever produced: “Generations have found in him the quintessential geologist,” said Kitts (1980, p. 143). Figure 1. Photograph of Grove Karl Gilbert. Courtesy of Geological Society of America Bulletin. Volumes have been written about Gilbert. In the several years immediately following his passing, more than a dozen memoirs and memorials appeared. The longest and most extensive (1926) was that of the Harvard geomorphologist William Morris Davis (1850–1934). W. C. Mendenhall's memorial (1920) includes the most comprehensive bibliography. However, the definitive study of Gilbert is S. J. Pyne's (1980) biography, presented first as a Ph.D. thesis at the University of Texas, Austin. Gilbert's four great monographs: Report on the geology of the Henry Mountains (1877); Lake Bonneville (1890); The transportation of debris by running water (1914); Hydraulic mining debris in the Sierra Nevada (1917); and the account in 1875 of his work with the Wheeler Survey on parts of Nevada, Utah, California, and Arizona total almost 1,200 pages. They span nearly all of Gilbert's years of research, from age 32 to 74. Though a remarkable amount of his research is still with us, Gilbert, the youngest of three children, was born 164 years ago on May 6, 1843, in Rochester, New York. That year …
Nanoscale Ionic Materials

Within the general field of polymer grafted or “hairy” nanoparticles, nanoscale ionic materials (NIMs), consisting of a soft polymeric canopy bound to a well-defined nanoparticle core by an ionic bond, occupy a growing niche. They are the first example of neat, self-suspended fluids of nanoparticles (i.e., in the absence of a suspending medium). As such, the perennial dispersion challenges associated with polymer nanocomposites are minimized while the dynamic nature of the ionic bonds provides opportunities for self-healing behavior. Combining the properties of ionic liquids, charged colloid suspensions, and well-dispersed nanocomposites, this new materials platform offers remarkable versatility for current and future applications. This perspective covers techniques and current challenges in synthesis, discusses the state of understanding of the theory behind their structure and properties, and examines successes and future prospects in application in a number of areas, notably in energy-related technologies.
Multiaxial failure criteria for brittle foams

Abstract Brittle cellular materials are increasingly used in engineering applications as filters in metal castings and as the platinum carrier in automobile catalytic converters. In both applications, thermal cycling generates multiaxial stress states. In this paper we develop models for the failure of both isotropic and anisotropic brittle cellular solids under multiaxial stress conditions. The results of the models are compared with data from biaxial and axisymmetric tests on reticulated carbon foams; the overall agreement between the models and the test results is satisfactory.
An Algorithm for the Binomial Distribution with Dependent Trials

Abstract A computational algorithm is developed for generating the cumulative distribution of successes in a sequence of dependent trials, characterized by a Markov model, for which tables of the distribution may be compiled. Such tables may be used to assess the impact of such dependence on the calculation of confidence intervals and the testing of hypotheses. Examples are presented to show how such confidence intervals and hypothesis tests deteriorate with increasing dependence.
High-throughput fluorescent screening of transgenic animals: phenotyping and haplotyping.

Background: Methods for genotyping transgenic animals currently consist of extracting genomic DNA from blood or tissue followed by PCR or Southern blot analysis. These methods when used to screen large numbers of animals can be time consuming and expensive. Therefore, we developed a novel method that allows high-throughput screening of phenotypic changes on leukocytes, resulting from the transgenic genotype. This technique allows investigators to quickly screen a large number of animals without the need to extract DNA from each one. Moreover, since blood is collected for the initial screening, putative homozygotes can be confirmed by conventional methods using the same blood samples. Methods: We collected blood from wild-type αgal positive and αgal knockout mice and probed for the presence of Galα(13)Gal (αgal) epitopes. Also, alloantigen specific antibodies were used to determine the haplotype of our outbred mouse colony in order to develop an inbred line. Results: αgal epitopes were detected in wild-type but not αgal knock-out samples. To validate these results, PCR was used to demonstrate the native αgal gene in wild-type and the pGKneo construct in αgal knock-out mice. Furthermore, haplotypes were determined and mice divided for backcrosses. Conclusions: This screening method is useful for both preliminary screening of transgenic mice and the development of an inbred mouse colony by rapid determination of MHC I haplotype. Here, we demonstrate the use of this technique and show how it can be a valuable tool, saving time and resources in both investigator effort and animal husbandry. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Energy and outdoor recreation: A review and assessment of the literature

Abstract The linkage between energy and outdoor recreation is an important one in times of abundance as well as scarcity. Most studies on this topic are relatively recent, originating with the “energy crisis” of 1974. After a decade of widely scattered research, it seems appropriate to take stock of the progress made. The purposes of this paper are to review the literature relevant to energy and outdoor recreation, provide an organizing framework, evaluate the body of work, and recommend avenues of further inquiry.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the vulva: a multimodal treatment approach.

Abstract Background. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rare in the gynecological population and have a high risk for local and distant failures. Multimodal management of a patient with MPNST of the vulva and review of the literature are outlined. Case. A 34-year-old woman presented with a complaint of a rapidly increasing pelvic mass, pain, and difficulty ambulating. A disfiguring 20 × 20-cm vulvar mass was identified and a recurrent MPNST diagnosed. Therapy included external-beam radiation, anterior pelvic exenteration with pelvic reconstruction, and adjuvant chemotherapy without complication. Conclusion. It is recommended that for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors of the vulva, complete surgical resection be performed with adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy in selected cases.
Suppression of Rabbit Myocardial Xanthine Dehydrogenase Activity by an Endogenous Compound

Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is an important precursor to the oxygen radical producing enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO). We found that the apparent activity of rabbit myocardial XDH increased from 2 ± 1 to 50 ± 3 μU/g (P<0.05) following extraction of tissue homogenate with butanol. Further studies suggested that the basis for this observation was a high molecular weight compound which consumes the XDH cofactor, NAD+. Addition of myocardial homogenate to exogenous NAD+ resulted in depletion of NAD+ and concomitant formation of an additional compound (peak A). Both NAD+ consumption and peak A formation were abrogated by prior extraction of homogenate with butanol. Separation of myocardial homogenate by Sephadex chromatography revealed a high molecular weight compound which suppressed activity of purified milk XDH but not xanthine oxidase (XO). This activity co-eluted with the ability of myocardial homogenate to consume added NAD+ and form peak A. The NAD+-consuming activity was heat and acid-labile. In addition, nicotinamide was both a product and an inhibitor of the NADase activity, consistent with the existence of a previously described myocardial glycohydrolase. Extraction of tissue with butanol may be necessary to detect low levels of XDH activity in vitro.
Comparison of mean time to first failure and mean up time

Abstract Two unit standby redundant repairable system, parallel systems and series systems are studied. The time between failures and the repair time are assumed exponentially distributed. Expressions for mean time to first failure (MTTFF) and mean up time (MUT) have been obtained. Comparisons have been made between MTTFF and MUT and the difference illustrated by numerical examples for different systems.
Impaired Neurodevelopmental Status (NDO) at 3 Years in Children Exposed to Cocaine In-Utero with high Hair Benzoylecgonine (BZE) Levels at Birth † 1277

Objective: To determine degree of exposure to cocaine in-utero by analysis of BZE in hair at birth, and relationship to neurodevelopmental outcome at 3 years and above, under similar socioeconomic status.
Effect of viscous drag on multiple receptor-ligand bonds rupture force.

Abstract Monte Carlo simulation of the rupture of multiple receptor–ligand bonds between two PMN cells suspended in a Newtonian fluid is performed. We demonstrate via micro-mechanical model of two cells adhered by multiple receptor–ligand bonds that viscous drag caused by relative motion of cell suspended in a Newtonian fluid modulates transmission of an applied external load to bonds. Specifically, it is demonstrated that at any time the intermolecular bond force is not equivalent to the instantaneous applied force. The difference in the instantaneous applied force and the intermolecular bond force depends on the viscosity of fluid, the size of cell, the applied loading rate, and the number of bonds at any instant of time. Viscous drag acting on cell reduces average bond rupture forces.
New databases reveal 200 years of change on the Mississippi River system

Over the past two centuries, the Mississippi River system (MRS) has been dramatically altered to facilitate commercial navigation and provide flood control. Because of its long history of modification, rigorous measurements including maps, charts, surveys, and other data concerning the MRS are available from the past 200 years or longer. Comparison between historical reference conditions and modern conditions can document changes related to natural processes, human impacts, and river management practices and policies. To show these changes, we have assembled a hydrologic database of approximately 7 million measurements and a geospatial database consisting of 4878 map sheets dating back to 1765. The databases include nearly all available data sources for the navigable Mississippi River, the lower Missouri River, and the Illinois River (>4500 kilometers of waterways; see Figure 1, in the electronic supplement to this Eos issue; http://www.agu.org/eos_elec). We have digitized all 81 map sets and georeferenced 48 of those map sets, meaning that the maps have been referenced in physical space for use in a geographic information system. The purpose for constructing these databases is to centralize and standardize these data sources and to make them broadly available for research and management. In this article we describe the data, the databases, and their dissemination.
Reprogramming the Tumor Stroma: A New Paradigm

A recent article in Cell shows that vitamin D receptor activation reprograms reactive stroma in the tumor microenvironment to a less inflammatory, quiescent state and is associated with increased drug retention, tumor response, and survival in pancreatic cancer models. Stroma reprogramming, as opposed to ablation, may emerge as a new treatment paradigm.
IntenCD: mask critical dimension variation mapping

The aerial images of modern photomasks are highly susceptible to CD errors, owing to the high MEEF values characteristic of the low-k 1 regime. The requirement for tight wafer CD control thus places stringent constraints on mask errors. Nevertheless, multiple physical variations of the mask parameters can lead to the same aerial CD error. We introduce IntenCD TM , a novel, fast and precise CD variation mapping application running on Applied Materials' aerial image inspection tools. The IntenCD application generates a high-precision map of the CD variation, and allows tighter control of mask manufacturing process and qualification, without loss of precision compared to slow, discrete measurement tools such as CD SEM, but with a higher throughput, while offering complete mask coverage and higher measurement definition. We study and provide the theoretical basis to the IntenCD application. We analyze image formation of dense, repetitive mask patterns under aerial imaging conditions and show, analytically and numerically (through a series of simulations), that for a small perturbation of the nominal physical mask parameters, the relative variation of the average aerial intensity scales linearly with the relative aerial CD error. This linear relation, unique to aerial imaging mask inspection, is independent of the physical source of the variation and of the mask design pitch. Our results imply that a robust aerial intensity measurement can detect sub-nm aerial CD variations. We discuss some practical problems that have to be addressed to obtain this challenging resolution, and describe in some detail the technological solutions.
Patterns of Response: A Case Study of Elementary Students With Spatial Strengths

Gifted students with spatial strengths have areas of remarkable talent but are often overlooked, underidentified, and underserved in American schools. Their preference for learning through imagistic reasoning conflicts with traditional verbal instructional techniques typically used in schools. To better serve these students who have the potential to be leaders in the fields of engineering, physics, and mathematics, it is important to develop an awareness of their learning patterns and problem-solving processes. The purpose of this case study was to examine, understand, and compare patterns of response in six students, three with spatial strengths and three with verbal strengths, as they solved spatial problems, responded to questions about their preferred learning style, and indicated their instructional preferences. A qualitative research design used structured interviews and observations to investigate the learning preferences of fourth-grade students with spatial strengths and to contrast their pattern...
Clinical evaluation for gallstone disease: usefulness of symptoms and signs in diagnosis.

PURPOSE: Patients with gallstones who have recently experienced biliary tract pain are likely to develop recurrent symptoms in the near future. As a consequence, most symptomatic patients are offered specific treatment. However, disagreement persists regarding which symptoms and signs truly represent symptomatic cholelithiasis. We re-examined the relation of gastrointe&inal complaints and physical fmdings to the presence of gallstones in a clinical population. PATIENTS AND METRODS: over a 2-year period, we identified outpatients of a public teaching hospital for whom diagnostic studies of the gallbladder had been ordered. Patients were interviewed and examined by research personnel prior to completion of the studies. Gastrointestinal symptoms and physical examination fmdings in 122 patients found to have gallstones were contrasted with those of 178 gallstone-free patients. RESULTS: In comparison to control subjects, patients with gallstones more often reported epigastric pain lasting at least 30 minutes (64.2% versus 45.1%, p <0.004). The latter patients infrequently complained of lower abdominal pain (12.3 % versus 29.9’S, p <0.002), but more often described pain radiating to the upper back. Gallstone-associated pain usually occurred more than 1 hour after meals, persisted from 1 to 24 hours, and was steady in quality. Although these differences were statistically significant, likelihood ratio analysis indicated that clinical symptoms and signs were relatively weak discriminators of gallbladder disease.
Theoretical Investigation of Azaphosphatrane Bases

A series of azaphosphatrane molecules of the form ZP[NR(CH2)2hN, where Z = H+, p+, CI+, CH2, CH3+. NH, NH2+, 0, or OH+ and R = CH3 or H. are compared with the parent base molecules with Z unoccupied. The proton affinities of the base molecules are determined and predictions of their relative base strengths are made. The dramatic change in the P-N transannular distance upon addition of Z and the nature of the P-N bond are investigated for these molecules. In contrast to the apparently weak Van der Waals transannular P-N interactions in the parent bases, the cationic species are shown to have some dative bonding. The effect of solvent (DMSO) on the acid-base relationships is estimated with the aid of a simple self-consistent reaction field model.
Isotopenbestimmung mit der Goldabsorptionsmethode

Es wird eine schnelle und einfache Methode beschrieben die die Identifizierung von Beta-strahlenden radioaktiven Isotopen ermoglicht. Die geringste Aktivitat die man noch mit dieser Methode identifizieren kann betragt 50 mikro-mikro-Curie. Die Methode beruht auf den empirischen Befunden, das die Absorption von Beta-Spektren in Materialien von hoher Atomnummer exponential verlauft und das die Goldabsorptionskoeffizienten umgekehrt proportional der 3/2 -ten Potenz der maximalen Energie der Beta-Spektra sind. Der Goldabsorptionskoeffizient kann somit, neben Halbwertszeit und maximaler Energie, als ein weiteres Kennzeichen von Beta-Strahlern betrachtet werden.
Recommendations for using the relative operating characteristic (ROC)

The relative operating characteristic (ROC) is a widely-used method to measure diagnostic signals including predictions of land changes, species distributions, and ecological niches. The ROC measures the degree to which presence for a Boolean variable is associated with high ranks of an index. The ROC curve plots the rate of true positives versus the rate of false positives obtained from the comparison between the Boolean variable and multiple diagnoses derived from thresholds applied to the index. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is a summary metric, which is commonly reported and frequently criticized. Our manuscript recommends four improvements in the use and interpretation of the ROC curve and its AUC by: (1) highlighting important threshold points on the ROC curve, (2) interpreting the shape of the ROC curve, (3) defining lower and upper bounds for the AUC, and (4) mapping the density of the presence within each bin of the ROC curve. These recommendations encourage scientists to interpret the rich information that the ROC curve can reveal, in a manner that goes far beyond the potentially misleading AUC. We illustrate the benefit of our recommendations by assessing the prediction of land change in a suburban landscape.
Electrocardiogram Reference Ranges Derived from a Standardized Clinical Trial Population

Accurate assessment of electrocardiographic intervals is crucial for routine patient care and clinical research. This assessment requires well-characterized reference ranges. This article provides a complete set of reference ranges for numerical electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters (PR, QRS, QTc intervals, and heart rate). The reference ranges are derived from a large clinical trial patient population using a standardized ECG acquisition and analysis system (N = 15,039). The reference ranges are stratified by important prognostic factors: age, sex, and overall ECG evaluation at baseline (normal or abnormal). The proposed reference ranges may be useful for patient management and data analyses in clinical drug development. In addition, the article provides a QT correction formula to correct the QT interval for heart rate. This QT correction formula was shown to be superior to the Bazett and Fridericia corrections in a clinical trial population in the ability to minimize the correlation between QT and RR.
Retained structures and bird communities in clearcut forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA

Abstract The retention of mature forest habitat elements (e.g., snags, downed wood, green trees) in clearcut forest stands is used to mitigate the negative impacts of timber harvesting on wildlife. We measured retained habitat elements and surveyed forest birds in recently ( 50 cm in diameter). We observed 71 songbird and woodpecker species using clearcuts during 2008–2009. Stand-level richness varied within and across study regions (mean range: 30–38 species). We found species with considerably higher and lower probabilities of occurrence than predicted by regional occurrence, suggesting that clearcuts with retention were valued differently by members of the forest bird community in each region. Upper canopy/bark foraging species generally occurred within clearcuts less often than expected, while cavity-nesting species exhibited a range of positive and negative relationships that sometimes differed by region. Our results provide context for understanding the contribution of retained habitat elements to forest birds and can potentially guide future monitoring activities pertaining to conservation of forest species in managed landscapes of the Pacific Northwest.
COSMOPOLITANISM, REMEDIATION, AND THE GHOST WORLD OF BOLLYWOOD

This essay considers the process of remediation in two North American reproductions of the song-and-dance sequence Jaan Pehechaan Ho from the 1965 “Bollywood” film Gumnaam. The song was used in the opening sequence of the 2001 U.S. independent film Ghost World as a familiar-but-strange object of ironic bewilderment and fantasy for its alienated teenage protagonist Enid. But a decade before Ghost World's release, Jaan Pehechaan Ho had already become the lynchpin of a complex debate about cultural appropriation and multicultural identity for an “alternative” audience in the United States. I illustrate this through an ethnographic analysis of a 1994 videotape of the Heavenly Ten Stems, an experimental rock band in San Francisco, whose performance of the song was disrupted by a group of activists who perceived their reproduction as a mockery. How is Bollywood film song, often itself a kitschy send-up of American popular culture, remediated differently for different projects of reception? How do these cycles of appropriation create overlapping conditions for new identities—whether national, diasporic, or “alternative”—within the context of transcultural media consumption? In drawing out the “ghost world” of Bollywood's juxtapositions, I argue that the process of remediation produces more than just new forms and meanings of media, but is constitutive of the cosmopolitan subjects formed in its global circulations.
An expert system to estimate highway pavement routine maintenance work load

Abstract An expert system was developed that can be used to estimate highway pavement routine maintenance needs at a subdistrict level. The knowledge base was prepared by extracting the experience and judgement of unit foremen. The expert system is written in LISP and is interactive in nature. It requires the user to input information about the general features of the highway section and the observed distress data. The package gives explicit recommendations as to the type and amount of activities to be performed along with the information on expected costs.
Dynamic variations in affective priming

The present study investigates the dynamics of emotional processing and awareness using an affective facial priming paradigm in conjunction with a multimodal assessment of awareness. Key facial primes are visually masked, and are presented for brief (unconscious) and extended (conscious) durations. Using a preference measure, we examine whether the effects of the primes differ qualitatively (Murphy & Zajonc, 1993). We show that: (a) unconscious affective priming with faces emerges strongly in initial presentations and diminishes rapidly with repetition; (b) conscious affective priming also emerges strongly in initial presentations, however it persists in strength with repetition; and (c) in contrast to other reports on the salience of negative stimuli, happy faces appear more salient than sad faces when presented outside awareness. We discuss the limits and extensions of unconscious affective priming with faces, and consider several methodological and conceptual questions concerning emotional processing out of awareness.
Globalization, Entrepreneurship, and Public Policy: A Systems View

(2003). Globalization, Entrepreneurship, and Public Policy: A Systems View. Industry and Innovation: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 103-116.
Philosophy of Education: Aim, Theory, Common Sense, and Research – Richard Pring

Books reviewed: Philosophy of Education: Aim, Theory, Common Sense, and Research. By Richard Pring. London: Continuum, 2004. viii + 280 pages. ISBN 08264-7239-7.
State-of-the-Art: Consolidation-Induced Contaminant Transport for High Water Content Geo-Materials

This paper presents an overview of experimental and computational research that has been conducted with regard to consolidation-induced transport of contaminants for high water content geo-materials. Recent research has indicated that this transport mechanism has the potential to significantly alter the behavior of a given system. Practical applications in geoenvironmental engineering include impoundment of wastes in confined disposal facilities, mechanical dewatering, in situ remediation of contaminated source zones and in situ capping of contaminated sediments. However, current understanding of the significance of this process is limited with respect to typical materials and chemical concentrations, colloidfacilitated transport, constant rate-of-strain and centrifuge loading conditions and the expected impacts for realistic design scenarios in geoenvironmental engineering.
The Negotiation and Outcome of Language and Culture Contact

RESUMENLa Negotiation y resultado del contacto cultural y linguisticaEn la experiencia vivida en la primera idioma y cultura, se supone que la persona llega a dominar los dos. Con contacto con otro idioma y cultura, hay posibilidades de escoger, dentro de varias limitaciones. Objetivos personates, relaciones economicas y politicas, y las circonstancias socioculturales influen el resultado de contacto y las estrategias disponibles. En la negociacion de contacto, el resultado puede ser solamente el conocimiento de la gramatica, varios grados del poder comunicar, asimilacion al nuevo grupo, o la abilidad de utilizar el idioma para hacer publico el posicion social de uno, sea para declarar que uno esta de acuerdo de desacuerdo con la sociedad dominante. Aqui surgirimos que, una vez se entienda el contexto de contacto, se podra predecir el resultado.RESUMOLa negocado kaj rezulto de lingva kaj kultura kontaktoEn la vive familiara praktiko de la propra unua lingvo kaj kulturo, oni povas antaŭvidi mastradon ene de la propra socia niĉo kaj, krom se ekzistas malebligoj, tio rezultos. Kontakto kun dua lingvo kaj kulturo kondukas al la ebleco de individua elekto ene de socia kunteksto kun pli aŭ malpli grandaj limigoj. Personaj celoj, politikaj kaj ekonomiaj rilatoj, kaj socikulturaj cirkonstancoj plejparte fiksos la rezulton de kontakto kaj la disponeblajn lingvajn strategiojn. Kiam oni negocas kontakton, la rezulto povas esti nura mastrado de la gramatika strukturo, variaj niveloj de komunika kapablo, integriĝo en la novan grupon, aŭ la kapablo uzi la lingvon kiel ilon por fari socian sinesprimon, ĉu kiel signon de aniĝo al alia grupo, ĉu kiel klopodon kapti prestiĝon aŭ distancigi sin rilate al la reganta socia ordo de la propra medio. En la nuna studo oni sugestas ke la rezulto de lingva kaj kultura kontakto estas antaŭkalkulebla nur kiam oni atingis komprenon de la kunteksto.
Preheating, Supersymmetry Breaking, and Baryogenesis.

Fluctuations of scalar fields produced at the stage of preheating after inflation are so large that they can break supersymmetry much stronger than inflation itself. These fluctuations may lead to symmetry restoration along flat directions of the effective potential even in the theories where the usual high temperature corrections are exponentially suppressed. Our results show that nonthermal phase transitions after preheating may play a crucial role in the generation of the primordial baryon asymmetry by the Affleck-Dine mechanism. In particular, the baryon asymmetry may be generated at the very early state of the evolution of the Universe, at the preheating era, and not when the Hubble parameter becomes of order the gravitino mass. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Modifiable Risk Factors Predict Functional Decline Among Older Women: A Prospectively Validated Clinical Prediction Tool

OBJECTIVE: To identify modifiable predictors of functional decline among community-residing older women and to derive and validate a clinical prediction tool for functional decline based only on modifiable predictors. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: Four geographic areas of the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Community-residing women older than age 65 recruited from population-based listings between 1986 and 1988 (n = 6632). MEASUREMENTS: Modifiable predictors were considered to be those that a clinician seeing an older patient for the first time could reasonably expect to change over a 4-year period: benzodiazepine use, depression, low exercise level, low social functioning, body-mass index, poor visual acuity, low bone mineral density, slow gait, and weak grip. Known predictors of functional decline unlikely to be amenable to intervention included age, education, medical comorbidity, cognitive function, smoking history, and presence of previous spine fracture. All variables were measured at baseline; only modifiable predictors were candidates for the prediction tool. Functional decline was defined as loss of ability over the 4-year interval to perform one or more of five vigorous or eight basic daily activities. RESULTS: Slow gait, short-acting benzodiazepine use, depression, low exercise level, and obesity were significant modifiable predictors of functional decline in both vigorous and basic activities. Weak grip predicted functional decline in vigorous activities, whereas long-acting benzodiazepine use and poor visual acuity predicted functional decline in basic activities. A prediction rule based on these eight modifiable predictors classified women in the derivation set into three risk groups for decline in vigorous activities (12%, 25%, and 39% risk) and two risk groups for decline in basic activities (2% and 10% risk). In the validation set, the probabilities of functional decline were nearly identical. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial portion of the variation of functional decline can be attributed to risk factors amenable to intervention over the short term. Using eight modifiable predictors that can be identified in a single office visit, clinicians can identify older women at risk for functional decline.
Serum ceramides increase the risk of Alzheimer disease: The Women's Health and Aging Study II

Objectives: Previous studies have shown that high serum ceramides are associated with memory impairment and hippocampal volume loss, but have not examined dementia as an outcome. The aim of this study was to examine whether serum ceramides and sphingomyelins (SM) were associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods: Participants included 99 women without dementia aged 70–79, with baseline serum SM and ceramides, enrolled in a longitudinal population-based study and followed for up to 6 visits over 9 years. Baseline lipids, in tertiles, were examined in relation to all-cause dementia and AD using discrete time Cox proportional survival analysis. Lipids were analyzed using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Twenty-seven (27.3%) of the 99 women developed incident dementia. Of these, 18 (66.7%) were diagnosed with probable AD. Higher baseline serum ceramides, but not SM, were associated with an increased risk of AD; these relationships were stronger than with all-cause dementia. Compared to the lowest tertile, the middle and highest tertiles of ceramide d18:1–C16:0 were associated with a 10-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–85.1) and 7.6-fold increased risk of AD (95% CI 0.9–62.1), respectively. The highest tertiles of ceramide d18:1–C24:0 (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.1, 95% CI 1.1–23.6) and lactosylceramide (HR = 9.8, 95% CI 1.2–80.1) were also associated with risk of AD. Total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were not associated with dementia or AD. Conclusions: Results from this preliminary study suggest that particular species of serum ceramides are associated with incident AD and warrant continued examination in larger studies.
Acetylcholinesterase activity in optic structures after complete light deprivation from birth

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cholinesterase (ChE) activities were determined colorimetrically in selected visual and extravisual CNS areas of mother rats and their progeny, after 21 days of complete light deprivation from the birth of the offspring. Both age- and structure-specificity to light deprivation were demonstrated in AChE activity: a decrease was observed in the superior colliculi and lateral geniculate bodies of the progeny, whereas enzyme activities in other brain regions, including visual cortex, remained unchanged in either age group. The observed decrease in AChE activity can be directly related to visual function, and might be correlated with decreased synaptic transmission. Decreased sensory input at critical developmental periods, in its alteration of biochemical parameters, may also result in subsequent neural dysfunction.
Glutamate-induced polymerization of tubulin: characteristics of the reaction and application to the large-scale purification of tubulin.

Abstract A three-stage method is presented for the large-scale purification of calf brain tubulin, exploiting the ability of high concentrations of glutamate to stabilize tubulin and, in the presence of GTP, to induce its polymerization. The purified tubulin contained 1.9 mol of guanine nucleotide per mole of protein and was essentially free of nucleoside diphosphate kinase and ATPase activities. The glutamate-induced polymerization reaction required GTP, while ATP, CTP, and UTP were completely ineffective. Polymerization was temperature dependent and cold reversible and was inhibited by colchicine, GDP, and Ca 2+ , but no absolute requirement for Mg 2+ could be demonstrated. The purified tubulin had only a minimal GTPase activity unless glutamate was present, and the hydrolytic reaction varied with the glutamate concentration. At higher glutamate levels the onset of hydrolysis was closely linked to the onset of polymerization with a rapid burst of GTP hydrolysis ending as polymerization approached its plateau, followed by a slower, linear rate of hydrolysis. Initially the molar ratio of GTP hydrolyzed to tubulin polymerized was about 1:1. At lower glutamate concentrations GTP hydrolysis did not appear to be linked to tubulin polymerization.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Action of Drugs on Microorganisms XV: Effect of Erythromycin on the Action of Lincomycin (Phase II) and the 7(S)-Chloro Analogs of Lincomycin against Escherichia coli

Lincomycin-affected Escherichia coli cultures show two phases of steady-state generation. The initial (Phase I) steady-state generation, expressed as In N = kapp.It + constant, is followed after several generations by an ultimate (Phase II) steady-state generation, In N = kapp.IIt + constant, at the same dose level, where kapp.I > kapp.II. Cultures affected with erythromycin or the 7(S)-chloro analogs of lincomycin show only one steady-state generation. A fixed potency ratio of erythromycin lactobionate-lincomycin hydro-chloride (Phase I) as 1:5 (on weight basis) is operative over a wide drug concentration range. Combinations of erythromycin and lincomycin are quantifiable on the basis of this potency factor as kineti-cally equivalent in action to the equipotent lincomycin (in Phase I action) or erythromycin alone. However, the potency factor for erythromycin and lincomycin (Phase II) varies with the concentration level. Therefore, combinations of erythromycin and lincomycin, which a priori have the same potency as equivalent lincomycin alone (in Phase I action), are less potent in the Phase II action. This is attributed to an artifact of diluted lincomycin effect in Phase II action of the mixture and not to antagonism of effects. Combinations of erythromycin and the 7(S)-chloro analogs of lincomycin demonstrate a priori antagonism of effects because of possible allosteric interactions which decrease the effects of one drug in the presence of the other at their site of action. It is emphasized that the dose-response relationship over a wide concentration range, as well as the kinetics and mechanisms of the separate drug action, must be considered in the quantification and prediction of combined action of antibiotics.