cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political practice and the rise of an ethnic enclave

The Cuban American community shares many of the structural features commonly associated with other types of immigrant enclaves. But its specific mode of political incorporation into the United States distinguishes it from other enclaves, making it a unique sociopolitical formation: “authoritarian enclave.” The Cuban American enclave arose out of Caribbean geopolitics as an unintentional byproduct of four state-sponsored movements. These movements interlocked in an uneven manner, sometime via the civil, other times via the military, and still other times based on a combination of both. The internally divided Batistianist movement interlocked via its military wing with Trujillo's relatively unified Dominican state. In contrast, the highly unified Conservative movement interlocked with the military wing of the internally divided U.S. state. The Liberal movement, like the previous movement, was internally unified but, unlike them, its contacts were with the civil, not military, wing of the U.S. state. Preliminary research on the Terrorist movement, a community-generated movement that responds to changing geopolitical situations, suggests that its civil and military wing are discreetly and flexibly linked to each other. These movements had the cumulative and unintentional effect of creating a new organizational space within the Caribbean geopolitical system from which the Cuban American community was later to emerge. The Cuban American enclave rooted in Miami is today an important actor in the Caribbean Basin.
Introducing Discourse Analysis: From Grammar to Society

Introducing Discourse Analysis: From Grammar to Society is a concise and accessible introduction by bestselling author, James Paul Gee, to the fundamental ideas behind different specific approaches to discourse analysis, or the analysis of language in use. The book stresses how grammar sets up choices for speakers and writers to make, choices which express, not unvarnished truth, but perspectives or viewpoints on reality. In turn, these perspectives are the material from which social interactions, social relations, identity, and politics make and remake society and culture. The book also offers an approach to how discourse analysis can contribute to lessening the ideological divides and echo chambers that so bedevil our world today. Organized in a user-friendly way with short numbered sections and recommended readings, Introducing Discourse Analysis is an essential primer for all students of discourse analysis within linguistics, education, communication studies, and related areas.
Active Surveillance of Renal Tumors

Asymptomatic solid small renal masses are an increasingly common clinical entity. While most small renal masses are malignant, many have limited metastatic potential as evidenced by a significant proportion of benign and indolent pathology, slow growth rates under surveillance, and very low rates of metastatic progression. Active surveillance has emerged as a management option for well-selected patients. Prospective cohorts with defined inclusion criteria for active surveillance and triggers for delayed intervention demonstrate that small renal masses can be safely managed on active surveillance with comparable survival outcomes, renal function, and quality of life compared to patients undergoing primary intervention. While outcomes continue to mature, the growing data is promising not only for elderly and comorbid patients but also potentially a more broadly selected population with small renal masses. Expanding inclusion criteria for active surveillance will depend on better initial risk stratification, based on tumor and patient characteristics, emerging diagnostic modalities, and shared decision-making with patients showing signs of progression. There is no consensus on optimal growth rate thresholds or other triggers for intervention, but renal mass biopsy and novel imaging modalities may be increasingly used in this setting. Active surveillance is currently underutilized on a population-level, and long-term follow-up will likely solidify its role in the management of renal tumors.
(Re)Writing the Second World War: United States, Russian and German National History Textbooks in the Immediate Aftermath of 1989

History textbooks are uniquely placed to influence the way a nation views itself and others, particularly in nations where the past has been difficult and does not lend itself to uplifting narratives. The 1990s saw a series of events which dissolved many of the political creations of the Second World War, including the reunification of Germany and the dissolution of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and the USSR. This chapter analyzes the treatment of the three major wartime conferences that did much to shape this world, held in Tehran, Yalta (Crimea), and Potsdam, in three textbooks: the German text Unsere Geschichte (Our History) (1991), the Russian text Noveishaie Istoriia (Newest or Modern History) (1994), and The American Pageant (1991).
Characterization of Antibioticproducing Bacterium Isolated From Anthill Sediment With Activity Against ESKAPE Pathogens

Healthcare institutions have seen an increase in infections caused by antibiotic-resistant ESKAPE pathogens. Current antibiotics have become less potent against pathogenic bacteria due to their overuse and misuse. In recent years, scientists have revisited local environments in search of novel antibioticproducing microbes to address the increasing threat of resistance. One species of bacteria was isolated from anthill sediment in coastal North Carolina. This environment was selected for its abiotic properties, including organic substrates, moisture saturation and aeration. Anthill isolate A2, inhibited various Grampositive and negative ESKAPE pathogens or their surrogates, including Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, in crossstreak tests. 16S rRNA sequencing identified isolate A2 as Pseudomonas koreensis. Mass spectrometry and small-molecule analysis performed on ethyl-acetate extracts of culture supernatant were used to evaluate bioactivity and identify the probable structure of one potential antimicrobial compound, monolauryl maleate. Discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds to replace overused antibiotics may help reduce the impact of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
A Review of “Filibustering in the U.S. Senate”

Since the publication of Sarah A. Binder and Steven S. Smith's Politics or Principle? in 1997, academic attention to legislative obstruction has been on the rise. Lauren C. Bell's Filibustering in ...
Gastric Plication for Obesity

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is an established primary bariatric procedure. However, LAGB is associated with lower expected weight loss when compared to other primary bariatric procedures, and this is cited as the primary limitation of LAGB as a weight loss procedure. Greater curvature plication has been used in both bariatric and non-bariatric procedures with limited morbidity and comparable short-term weight loss to sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass. We describe the combination of LAGB and greater curvature plication as a single and novel bariatric procedure. In addition, this procedure can be performed through single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SLS).
Cinderella goes to the purity ball: An open letter on feminism and girl culture, written to my female undergraduate students

The author responds to the observed complacency and post-feminist rhetoric embraced by some of her female undergraduate students, exhorting them to reexamine girl culture, pop culture, feminism and the anti-intellectualism that pervades contemporary U.S. culture. An analysis of the princess trope in girl culture is followed by commentary on the place of education in a struggling economy. The letter concludes with a challenge to young women to become involved agitators instead of tiara-clad spectators in their own political lives.
Electro-kinetic induced wettability alteration in carbonates: Tailored water chemistry and alkali effects

Abstract The injection of optimized water in terms of desired salinity range and ionic composition into a reservoir to enhance oil recovery is widely known as SmartWater flooding. The synergistic effects of different SmartWater brines with alkali on wettability alteration of carbonates is investigated in this study by measuring the ζ-potentials at calcite/brine and oil/brine interfaces. The ζ-potential at calcite/brine/oil interfaces indicate that a higher concentration of sulfates is necessary to result in a favorable wettability alteration. Both alkalis (NaOH and Na2CO3) increase the negative ζ-potential at the two interfaces for low salinity Na2SO4 brine. A slight increase in negative charge is observed at the two interfaces using NaCl brine with Na2CO3 alkali while there is no much change in ζ-potentials with alkali in SmartWater (10-times reduced salinity seawater). Sodium carbonate effects on the ζ-potential of calcite is more pronounced when compared to NaOH due to the availability of carbonate ions as excess potential determining ions. The surface complexation modeling results quantitatively agree with the experimental data at the calcite/brine interface. For the oil/brine interface, a reasonable match is obtained and further calibration of carboxylic acid group and nitrogen based crude oil reactions is recommended to improve these predictions. These results indicate that Na2SO4 brine is highly suitable for alkaline-assisted water-flooding processes in carbonates. The negligible impact of adding alkali on measured dielectric constant as well as strong agreement obtained between the polarity of ζ-potentials at both calcite/brine and oil/brine interfaces with contact angle results confirm the robustness of the reported experimental ζ-potential values.
Low cost, easy-to-replicate myringotomy tube insertion simulation model.

Abstract Introduction Simulation is an established part of modern surgical education. Several training centers have proposed different simulation models for myringotomy tube (MT) placement and validated their effectiveness in medical student and resident training. None is widely used. Early models were simple tubes that lacked important microsurgical elements. Newer simulators are more comprehensive, but are difficult and expensive to build. We present a MT placement simulator that is low cost, easy to construct with basic power tools and allows for acquisition of the most necessary MT placement skills. Methods The model incudes a rotating spherical “head”, a 4 mm oval speculum, a drilled-out working shaft similar in size to the external auditory canal, and a realistic paper tympanic membrane target, set at an anatomically correct angle. To evaluate the model's efficacy, we assessed the performance of 10 surgically naive medical student volunteers before training and after 30 min of instruction with the model. Their speed was recorded and operative performance was assessed using a validated Global Rating Scale. Results After 30 min of practice on the model, there was significant improvement in MT placement skill scores and significant decrease in time for tube placement (p Conclusion This MT placement simulation model is inexpensive and easy to build. Unlike existing planar models, it simulates patient head orientation, and requires realistic hand positioning on a 4 mm speculum. Practice with the model for 30 min resulted in statistically significant improvement in MT placement skill scores for inexperienced student surgeons.
Federal Rules of Platform Procedure

Tech platforms serve as private courthouses for disputes about speech, lodging, commerce, elections, and reputation. After receiving allegations of defamatory content in top search results, Google must decide between protecting one person’s public image and another’s profits or speech. Amazon adjudicates disputes between consumers and third-party merchants about defective or counterfeit items. For many small businesses, layoffs and bankruptcy hang in the balance. This Article uncovers the processes that these platforms use to resolve disputes, and proposes reforms. Other powerful businesses that intermediate, such as credit card companies ruling on a disputed charge between a merchant and consumer, must by federal law provide timely notice, a reasonable investigation, and other procedural minimums. In contrast, platforms have almost unfettered discretion. Under intense public pressure, Facebook recently began building an independent oversight board that can overrule content moderation decisions. But whether other platforms will follow is unclear, and Facebook’s oversight board has significant limits. If platforms are to continue as the primary arbiters of disputes in the information age, they warrant mandated procedures as did financial institutions before them. The procedures would aim to improve the administration of justice through public accountability and separation of at least one of platforms’ executive, legislative, and judicial powers.
Combining the advantages of discrete- and continuous-time scheduling models: Part 3. General algorithm

Abstract One of the main challenges in applying optimization-based scheduling techniques in process industries stems from the different process characteristics and constraints that need to be taken into account when generating a schedule. For instance, consideration of sequence-dependent changeovers may easily make the resulting optimization model computationally expensive. Accordingly, building upon the recently proposed Discrete-Continuous Algorithm (Lee and Maravelias, 2018), we propose generalized algorithm that enables accurate and fast solution of difficult instances while efficiently handling a wide range of process characteristics. The algorithm combines modeling versatility with computational tractability while guaranteeing the feasibility and accuracy of the final solution. Through a case study inspired by a real-world brewing process, we show that our algorithm provides accurate and high quality solutions to industrial-scale instances in reasonable time.
Rational design and testing of abiotic stress-inducible synthetic promoters from poplar cis-regulatory elements

Abiotic stress resistance traits may be especially crucial for sustainable production of bioenergy tree crops. Here, we show the performance of a set of rationally designed osmotic-related and salt stress-inducible synthetic promoters for use in hybrid poplar. De novo motif-detecting algorithms yielded 30 water-deficit (SD) and 34 salt stress (SS) candidate DNA motifs from relevant poplar transcriptomes. We selected three conserved water-deficit stress motifs (SD18, SD13 and SD9) found in 16 co-expressed gene promoters, and we discovered a well-conserved motif for salt response (SS16). We characterized several native poplar stress-inducible promoters to enable comparisons with our synthetic promoters. Fifteen synthetic promoters were designed using various SD and SS subdomains, in which heptameric repeats of five-to-eight subdomain bases were fused to a common core promoter downstream, which, in turn, drove a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene for reporter assays. These 15 synthetic promoters were screened by transient expression assays in poplar leaf mesophyll protoplasts and agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves under osmotic stress conditions. Twelve synthetic promoters were induced in transient expression assays with a GFP readout. Of these, five promoters (SD18-1, SD9-2, SS16-1, SS16-2 and SS16-3) endowed higher inducibility under osmotic stress conditions than native promoters. These five synthetic promoters were stably transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana to study inducibility in whole plants. Herein, SD18-1 and SD9-2 were induced by water-deficit stress, whereas SS16-1, SS16-2 and SS16-3 were induced by salt stress. The synthetic biology design pipeline resulted in five synthetic promoters that outperformed endogenous promoters in transgenic plants.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on same-sex couples’ conflict avoidance, relational quality, and mental health

The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously impacted the management and trajectory of same-sex relationships. This study considered the mediational role of same-sex partners’ conflict avoidance and the mod...
Total Knee Arthroplasty Associated Infections: Treatment Strategies

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) continues to challenge the orthopedic community. As the need for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) continues to increase and is more frequently being performed in younger patients, the absolute number of infected patients is expected to increase. Currently, infection after TKA is the leading reason for early readmission and the main cause of revision arthroplasty within the first two years after surgery. There is no perfect treatment option; rather, there are a variety of alternatives that carry their own set of benefits and flaws. Moreover, clinical results of these treatment options are always expected to be lower than the outcomes achieved after a primary TKA. The accuracy in selecting the appropriated treatment option for each patient is key for achieving positive results. Each case should be considered with all available evidence to successfully eradicate the infection and prevent reinfection. This chapter describes the different treatment options, their indications, steps, and the available up-to-date results for treating PJI after TKA.
Cosmic Ray Electron Science with GLAST

Cosmic ray electrons at high energy carry information about their sources, their diffusion in local magnetic fields and their interactions with the photon fields through which they travel. The spectrum of the particles is affected by inverse Compton losses and synchrotron losses, the rates of which are proportional to the square of the particle’s energy making the spectra very steep. However, GLAST will be able to make unique and very high statistics measurements of electrons from ∼20 to ∼700 GeV that will allow us to search for anisotropies in arrival direction and spectral features associated with some dark matter candidates. Complementary information on electrons of still higher energy will be required to see effects of possible individual cosmic ray sources.
Development of Human Posture Simulation Method for Assessing Posture Angles and Spinal Loads

Video-based posture analysis employing a biomechanical model is gaining a growing popularity for ergonomic assessments. A human posture simulation method of estimating multiple body postural angles and spinal loads from a video record was developed to expedite ergonomic assessments. The method was evaluated by a repeated measures study design with three trunk flexion levels, two lift asymmetry levels, three viewing angles, and three trial repetitions as experimental factors. The study comprised two phases evaluating the accuracy of simulating self- and other people's lifting posture via a proxy of a computer-generated humanoid. The mean values of the accuracy of simulating self- and humanoid postures were 12i¾? and 15i¾?, respectively. The repeatability of the method for the same lifting condition was excellent ~2i¾?. The least simulation error was associated with side viewing angle. The estimated back compressive force and moment, calculated by a three-dimensional biomechanical model, exhibited a range of 5% underestimation. The posture simulation method enables researchers to quantify simultaneously body posture angles and spinal loading variables with accuracy and precision comparable to on-screen posture-matching methods.
Propagation in tissue cultures of cytopathogenic agents from patients with measles.

Conclusion and SummaryThe findings just summarized support the presumption that this group of agents is composed of representatives of the viral species responsible for measles.Eight agents exhibiting the properties of viruses have been isolated in cultures of human or simian renal cells from the blood or throat washings of five cases of typical measles. Multiplication of the agents in vitro is accompanied by characteristic changes in the cells. Primarily these changes consist in the formation of syncytial giant cells wherein the chromatin assumes a marginal position and is replaced centrally by an acidophilic substance of unknown nature. The cytopathogenic effect of at least one of the agents is inhibited by convalescent phase measles sera from other patients with measles. Antigen appears during cultivation in vitro of the measles agents that reacts specifically in complement fixation tests with convalescent phase measles sera.
On the use of J-DSP for on-line laboratories in linear systems courses

This paper describes the utility of the Java-DSP (J-DSP) technology and the associated on-line laboratories in linear systems courses. J-DSP originally was developed for use in a DSP undergraduate course. Recently the functionality of J-DSP has been extended to support communications, image processing and controls courses. In addition, several new functions have been developed to support advanced DSP applications, such as, speech coding, voice recognition, and spectral estimation. Some of these extensions have also been used to demonstrate the use of DSP in emerging research areas such as Genomics. The first part of the paper discusses these functionality extensions and planned functionality and the second part focuses on the on-line J-DSP laboratories and assessment of J-DSP labs.
Sources of F‐Region Height Changes During Geomagnetic Storms at Mid Latitudes

The increased high-latitude energy input in the thermosphere during geomagnetic storms, mainly resulting from Joule heating, causes the atmosphere to heat and expand. The heating at high latitudes drives a global wind surge that propagates from both polar regions to low latitudes and into the opposite hemisphere. Those winds are driven by pressure inequalities due to temperature differences between high latitudes and equatorial regions. To balance the divergence or convergence produced by large-scale horizontal wind systems, vertical motions of air must occur in the thermosphere. The vertical motion of the thermosphere due to the vertical wind velocity can be represented as the sum of the "divergence" and the "barometric" components. The divergence velocity (W D ) component of the vertical wind, so called because it arises from the divergence of the horizontal winds, represents the flow "across" pressure surfaces. Conversely, the convergent horizontal wind is associated with a downward divergence wind. The circulation is closed by a return flow in the lower thermosphere. The expansion of a fixed pressure level atmospheric parcel by the heating drives the second component of the vertical wind, the so-called barometric velocity ( W B ). The barometric component represents the rise and fall of constant pressure levels due to thermal expansion or contraction. Barometric winds are therefore related to the thermal expansion of the atmosphere, whereas vertical divergence winds are associated with the conservation of mass relative to fixed pressure levels. The F 2 layer height can change during geomagnetic storms both from the change in horizontal winds pushing plasma parallel to the inclined magnetic field, and due to vertical winds from the thermal expansion of the neutral atmosphere. In this paper, numerical experiments are conducted using a global, three-dimensional, time-dependent, nonlinear coupled model of the thermosphere, ionosphere, plasmasphere, and electrodynamics to quantify the impact of the horizontal thermospheric wind and the thermal expansion on changes in the F 2 layer peak height (h m F 2 ). The results demonstrate that height changes in the neutral atmosphere from thermal expansion are clearly reflected in the changes of h m F 2. Comparisons between model results and mid-latitude ionosonde observations are carried out for the magnetic storm events on 31 March 2001 and 17 April 2002. The analysis of the horizontal thermospheric wind and thermal expansion's relative role during the 31 March 2001 event reveals that both processes contribute significantly to the F-region height changes. The relative importance of those physical mechanisms depends on the local time at the storm commencement, the spatial distribution of the energy input over the poles, and the storm development and recovery duration.
A variable genetic island specific for Neisseria gonorrhoeae is involved in providing DNA for natural transformation and is found more often in disseminated infection isolates

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (the gonococcus) is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea. Most gonococcal infections remain localized to the genital tract but, in a small proportion of untreated cases, the bacterium becomes systemic to produce the serious complication of disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). We have identified a large region of chromosomal DNA in N. gonorrhoeae that is not found in a subset of gonococcal isolates (a genetic island), in the closely related pathogen, Neisseria meningitidis or in commensal Neisseria that do not usually cause disease. Certain versions of the island carry a serum resistance locus and a gene for the production of a cytotoxin; these versions of the island are found preferentially in DGI isolates. All versions of the genetic island encode homologues of F factor conjugation proteins, suggesting that, like some other pathogenicity islands, this region encodes a conjugation-like secretion system. Consistent with this hypothesis, a wild-type strain released large amounts of DNA into the medium during exponential growth without cell lysis, whereas an isogenic strain mutated in a peptidoglycan hydrolase gene (atlA) was drastically reduced in its ability to donate DNA for transformation during growth. This genetic island constitutes the first major discriminating factor between the gonococcus and the other Neisseria and carries genes for providing DNA for genetic transformation.
A multiscale approach for recognizing complex annotations in engineering documents

A novel method for character recognition targeted at complex annotations found in engineering documents is presented. A feasibility study is described in which characters extracted from engineering drawings were recognized without error from a class of 36 distinct alphanumeric patterns by a neural network classifier trained with multiscale representations. An incremental strategy is presented for resolution which relies upon the continuity between hierarchical levels of a novel multiscale decomposition. The authors observed a 16-fold reduction in the amount of information needed to represent each character for recognition. These results suggest high reliability at a reduced cost of representation. >
ApoE4: Is it the absence of good or the presence of bad?

It is well established that ApoE genotype is highly associated with the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (see Ashford & Mortimer discussion in Debate 3, this volume). The establishment of this association has led to an intense search for the role that ApoE plays in brain function, particularly in functions such as neuroplasticity that are most involved with the Alzheimer neuropathological process. In the course of this search, results have tended to show either that the ApoE e-3 protein has some beneficial effect, or the e-4 protein has some harmful effect. The issue in this debate hinges around this point, which perspective is most sound? Whether the e-3 protein helps to protect the brain from Alzheimer pathology (e-3 good) or the e-4 protein directly instigates the pathological process (e-4 evil)? The debate on the goodness of ApoE e3 or the badness of ApoE e4, in Cincinnati in July, 2001, and in the written summaries both reflect the dichotomous positions of the roles attributed to the different ApoE alleles. The disparity of the two sides and the importance of this issue were most clearly framed at the beginning of the summary statement by Rebeck et al., in relating the issue to treatment decisions:
Developmental and Reproductive Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Increasing use of iron oxide nanoparticles in medicine and environmental remediation has led to concerns regarding exposure of these nanoparticles to the public. However, limited studies are available to evaluate their effects on the environment, in particular on plants and food crops. Here, we investigated the effects of positive (PC) and negative (NC) charged iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles (IONPs) on the physiology and reproductive capacity of Arabidopsis thaliana at concentrations of 3 and 25 mg/L. The 3 mg/L treated plants did not show evident effects on seeding and root length. However, the 25 mg/L treatment resulted in reduced seedling (positive-20% and negative-3.6%) and root (positive-48% and negative-negligible) length. Interestingly, treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI; IONP-PC coating) also resulted in reduced root length (39%) but no change was observed with polyacrylic acid (PAA; IONP-NC coating) treatment alone. However, treatment with IONPs at 3 mg/L did lead to an almost 5% increase in aborted pollen, a 2%–6% reduction in pollen viability and up to an 11% reduction in seed yield depending on the number of treatments. Interestingly, the treated plants did not show any observable phenotypic changes in overall size or general plant structure, indicating that environmental nanoparticle contamination could go dangerously unnoticed.
Spontaneous rupture of extensor tendons in the hand associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

Spontaneous rupture of the extensor tendons of the hand has been found in five patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis and subluxation of the distal end of the ulna at the inferior radio-ulnar joint. Findings at operation in three of these patients indicated that the rupture was caused by degenerative changes in the floor of the extensortendon groove in the region of the distal end of the ulna. Satisfactory results were obtained by tendon repair combined with resection of the distal end of the ulna.
Recent advances on Dirac-type problems for hypergraphs

A fundamental question in graph theory is to establish conditions that ensure a graph contains certain spanning subgraphs. Two well-known examples are Tutte’s theorem on perfect matchings and Dirac’s theorem on Hamilton cycles. Generalizations of Dirac’s theorem, and related matching and packing problems for hypergraphs, have received much attention in recent years. New tools such as the absorbing method and regularity method have helped produce many new results, and yet some fundamental problems in the area remain unsolved. We survey recent developments on Dirac-type problems along with the methods involved, and highlight some open problems.
Determination of Isoetharine in Plasma by Reversed-Phase Chromatography with Amperometric Detection

Abstract A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the determination of isoetharine in blood plasma, utilizing amperometric detection, is described. Plasma samples were extracted utilizing an ion- pair reagent, di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid, to concentrate the catecholamine. Only minor differences were observed in the relative bioavailability of isoetharine hydrochloride and isoetharine mesylate after oral administration to rats. Observed plasma levels, at 1 hr after oral medication, were highly variable in dose-ranging studies at doses of 800–2500 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks.
Brownian motion and correlation in particle image velocimetry

In particle image velocimetry applications involving either low velocities or small seed particles, Brownian motion can be significant. This paper addresses the effects of Brownian motion. First, general equations describing cross-correlation particle image velocimetry are derived that include Brownian motion. When light-sheet illumination particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used Brownian motion diminishes the signal strength. A parameter describing this effect is introduced, and a weighting function describing the contribution to the measured velocity as a function of position is derived. The latter is unaffected by Brownian motion. Microscopic PIV Brownian motion also diminishes the signal strength. The weighting function for microscopic PIV is found to depend on Brownian motion, thus affecting an important experimental parameter, the depth of correlation. For both light-sheet illumination and microscopic PIV, a major consequence of Brownian motion is the spreading of the correlation signal peak. Because the magnitude of the spreading is dependent on temperature, PIV can, in principle, be used to simultaneously measure velocity and temperature. The location of the signal peak provides the velocity data, while the spreading of the peak yields temperature.
The effect of inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D on the population of basic polypeptides of the 30S unclear ribonucleoprotein particles

In rats injected intraperitoneally with actinomycin D (2 mg/kg body weight) 12 h earlier, the yield of the 30S ribonucleoprotein particles isolated from liver nuclei by extraction with 0.1 M NaCl at pH 8.0 decreased by 60 per cent. The protein-to-RNA ratio of these particles increased to 32:1 from the ratio 4.4:1 found in the same particles isolated from the nuclei of liver of control rats. The particles isolated from the liver nuclei of rats injected with actinomycin D were depleted of all charge isomers of the two most prominent polypeptides (33,000 and 39,000 daltons) present in the particles of liver of control animals. The most abundant protein in these particles was a 43,000 dalton polypeptide. This polypeptide is the least prominent of the 3 major polypeptides present in the control particles. The same charge isomers of the 43,000 dalton polypeptide were present in the nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles isolated from the liver of control animals and from the liver of animals treated with actinomycin D 12 h earlier. In control animals the nuclear ribonucleoprotein monoparticles isolated from kidney contained 3 major polypeptides of the same molecular weight with the same distribution of their charge isomers as were present in the particles isolated from liver nuclei. The injection of actinomycin D 12 h earlier was without any effect on the protein composition of the 30S nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles of rat kidney.
Two exact lattice propagators

Exact Schr\"odinger and heat propagators are given for a particle hopping on a one-dimensional rectangular lattice, assuming a uniform field ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{n}\mathit{n}}$=\ensuremath{\lambda}n and a \ensuremath{\delta}-function potential ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{n}\mathit{n}}$=\ensuremath{\lambda}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}_{\mathit{n}0}$. In its quantum form, the uniform-field propagator is the general solution of the Wannier-Stark problem for a discrete lattice, describing a particle moving in the superposition of a homogeneous field and a discrete periodic potential created by the lattice. A disentangled form for the uniform-field propagator is obtained by using the transformation properties of the Hamiltonian under the Lie algebra iso(1,1). Using this result, it is shown that the expected position and spatial extension of a lattice wave packet oscillate in phase with equal amplitudes. The discrete \ensuremath{\delta}-function heat propagator is related by a Lyapunov transformation to the solution of the lattice Smoluchowski equation for the cusp potential ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{n}\mathit{n}}$\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\Vert}n\ensuremath{\Vert}. It is shown that the implied discrete-time Smoluchowski evolution operator generates a Markov process in which a pair of nonsymmetric random walks on the right and left half-axes are coupled at cell 0 by a partly reflecting, partly transmitting, sticky barrier. The interaction term in the lattice \ensuremath{\delta}-function heat propagator is a Poisson weighted superposition of nonsymmetric random walks.
Response of myasthenia gravis to rituximab in a patient with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma

Myasthenia gravis is a B-cell-mediated autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and fatigability of skeletal muscles. The underlying defect is an autoantibody-mediated attack on the acetylcholine receptors (AchRs) at the neuromuscular junction. Rituximab is a genetically engineered chimeric murine/human monoclonal antibody indicated for treatment of patients with low-grade or follicular, CD20-positive, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Based on its potential for elimination of auto-reactive B-cell clones, rituximab may have a role in the management of some autoimmune disorders. We report a patient with B-cell, follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma and a long-standing history of myasthenia gravis and the favorable impact of rituximab on both disorders. Am. J. Hematol. 77:196–197, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cloning and Expression of the Toxin B Gene of Clostridium difficile

Results from our cloning studies on toxin A indicated that the gene for toxin B resided approximately 1 kb upstream of the toxin A gene. Clone pCD19, which contains the 5′-end of the toxin A gene and a small open reading frame, was found to contain 1.2 kb of DNA which, when subcloned, expressed a nontoxic peptide that reacted with toxin B antibodies. The rest of the toxin B gene was located on the 6.8 kb cloned fragment of plasmid pCD19L. The two fragments overlapped 0.8 kb. Lysates containing protein expressed by the 6.8 fragment were cytotoxic and lethal, and were neutralized by toxin B antibody. The two fragments were ligated to give the complete toxin B gene. The protein expressed by the complete gene was cytotoxic and lethal, and showed complete immunological identity with toxin B. Further analysis of the expressed protein and the toxin B gene confirmed our earlier findings showing that toxin B has a molecular weight of 240,000 or greater.
Spherical harmonic analysis of a model-generated climatology

Monthly mean fields of 850 mb temperature (T850), 500 mb geopotential height (G500) and sea level pressure (SLP) were generated in the course of a five-year climate simulation run with a global general circulation model. Both the model-generated climatology and an observed climatology were subjected to spherical harmonic analysis, with separate analyses of the globe and the Northern Hemisphere. Comparison of the dominant harmonics of the two climatologies indicates that more than 95% of the area-weighted spatial variance of G500 and more than 90% of that of T850 are explained by fewer than three components, and that the model adequately simulates these large-scale characteristics. On the other hand, as many as 25 harmonics are needed to explain 95% of the observed variance of SLP, and the model simulation of this field is much less satisfactory. The model climatology is also evaluated in terms of the annual cycles of the dominant harmonics.
Stability of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its regulated genes in the low activity variant of Hepa-1 cell line

We examined the expression kinetics of some of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-regulated genes in LA1 variant cells compared to wild type (WT) Hepa-1 mouse hepatoma cell lines, and we investigated the stability of AhR protein as a key step in the function of this receptor. Treatment of both cell types with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) resulted in increased CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA with a subsequent down regulation of AhR. We show here that co-treatment with transcription inhibitor actinomycin D (ActD) has reversed the TCDD-induced depletion of AhR protein in WT. However, the proteolytic degradation of AhR in absence of TCDD was significantly higher in LA1 cells than in WT, and ActD treatment reduced this loss. Induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA by TCDD in WT cells each exhibited bursts of activity in the initial hour which were about 3-fold greater than in LAI cells. The induced mRNA levels in LA1 exhibited a slow and sustained increase approximating the WT levels by 20h. The induction of two other AhR-regulated genes also showed comparable turnover differences between the two types of cell. Thus, altered regulation of the AhR responsive genes in LA1 may result from a difference in AhR stability.
Psychological Warfare During the Korean War: Its Persistent Effects on Mediated Political Discourse Between the U. S. and the Far East

This study examines how the effects of Cold War rhetoric, especially Korean War-era psychological warfare, manifest dramatically in media coverage of crises or conflicts involving the former adversaries of the Cold War in the Far East. After identifying major clusters of the Korean War-era rhetorical polemics from various psywar leaflets, this study demonstrates how the effects of political self-indoctrination have surfaced in the U.S. and Chinese media coverage of the 1991–94 North Korean nuclear weapons development crisis, the North Korean famine crisis of the mid-1990s, the South Korean financial crisis of 1997–98 and the U.S. bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade in 1999. The study contends that various “enemy images,” cultivated and reinforced through the process of self-indoctrination over an extended period, have provided a journalistic framing device which ultimately contributes to a non-dialogic media-based political discourse among the former adversaries of the Korean War.
Leiomyoma of the Hand

Leiomyoma is most commonly found in the uterus and lower extremities of middle-aged women. Leiomyoma is uncommonly reported in the hand and is extremely uncommon in children. We present three cases of leiomyoma of the hand, including one case in the hand of a 10-year-old boy.
Osmoregulation in the trematode Haematoloechus medioplexus (Looss).

Abstract 1. 1. Results of placing the trematode Haematoloechus medioplexus (Looss) in saline solutions of various concentrations showed the worm to be a very poor osmoregulator. 2. 2. A comparison of weight loss and oxygen consumption showed the two parameters to vary concordantly and provided every indication that oxygen consumption is a valid measure of osmotic activity.
Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance with magic-angle spinning and dynamic nuclear polarization below 25 K

Abstract We describe an apparatus for solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and magic-angle spinning (MAS) at 20–25 K and 9.4 Tesla. The MAS NMR probe uses helium to cool the sample space and nitrogen gas for MAS drive and bearings, as described earlier [1] , but also includes a corrugated waveguide for transmission of microwaves from below the probe to the sample. With a 30 mW circularly polarized microwave source at 264 GHz, MAS at 6.8 kHz, and 21 K sample temperature, greater than 25-fold enhancements of cross-polarized 13 C NMR signals are observed in spectra of frozen glycerol/water solutions containing the triradical dopant DOTOPA-TEMPO when microwaves are applied. As demonstrations, we present DNP-enhanced one-dimensional and two-dimensional 13 C MAS NMR spectra of frozen solutions of uniformly 13 C-labeled l -alanine and melittin, a 26-residue helical peptide that we have synthesized with four uniformly 13 C-labeled amino acids.
Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification

Anthropogenic elevation of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( p CO2) is making the oceans more acidic, thereby reducing their degree of saturation with respect to calcium carbonate (CaCO3). There is mounting concern over the impact that future CO2-induced reductions in the CaCO3 saturation state of seawater will have on marine organisms that construct their shells and skeletons from this mineral. Here, we present the results of 60 d laboratory experiments in which we investigated the effects of CO2-induced ocean acidification on calcification in 18 benthic marine organisms. Species were selected to span a broad taxonomic range (crustacea, cnidaria, echinoidea, rhodophyta, chlorophyta, gastropoda, bivalvia, annelida) and included organisms producing aragonite, low-Mg calcite, and high-Mg calcite forms of CaCO3. We show that 10 of the 18 species studied exhibited reduced rates of net calcification and, in some cases, net dissolution under elevated p CO2. However, in seven species, net calcification increased under the intermediate and/or highest levels of p CO2, and one species showed no response at all. These varied responses may reflect differences amongst organisms in their ability to regulate pH at the site of calcification, in the extent to which their outer shell layer is protected by an organic covering, in the solubility of their shell or skeletal mineral, and in the extent to which they utilize photosynthesis. Whatever the specific mechanism(s) involved, our results suggest that the impact of elevated atmospheric p CO2 on marine calcification is more varied than previously thought.
Low velocity surface fracture patterns and energies in poly(methyl methacrylate)

Steady-state fracture techniques were used to investigate the surface fracture patterns and surface fracture energies of poly(methyl methacrylate) at low velocities (10 cm/sec to 10−5 cm/sec). Several anomalies were discovered: (1) Small surface cracks, running parallel to the crack front, which were initiated by imperfections; (2) a “zero velocity” transition from the normal surface fracture patterns to a “laminar” pattern; and (3) a subsequent transition from the laminar pattern to a “turbulent” pattern. The velocities at which these anomalous fracture patterns occurred were of the order of 10−4 to 10−6 cm/sec. The corresponding surface fracture energies were as low as 105 erg/cm2.
A Model 10-Inch Rainstorm

Abstract On 16–17 August 1959, a severe rainstorm in which amounts exceeded 10 inches in 16 hours occurred in southern Illinois and bordering states. A dense raingage network was located on the major axis of this storm, and one of the heaviest rainfall centers along the axis was enclosed by the network. This network provided data on storm characteristics rarely available in such storms. Rainfall amounts in the network storm center exceeded the 100-year frequencies in this area. A study of this storm has been made utilizing the dense raingage network data, synoptic weather data, radar observations, U.S. Weather Bureau rainfall data, and 200 field survey measurements of rainfall. A statistical model of severe rainstorms is derived and information on the life cycle is presented.
Joint Tests for Non-linearity and Long Memory: The Case of Purchasing Power Parity

A pervasive finding of unit roots in macroeconomic data often runs counter to intuition regarding the stochastic nature of the process under consideration. Two econometric techniques have been utilized in an attempt to resolve the finding of unit roots, namely long memory and models that depart from linearity. While the use of long memory and stochastic regime switching models have developed almost independently of each other, it is now clear that the two modeling techniques can be intimately linked. In particular, both modeling techniques have been used in isolation to study the dynamics of the real exchange rate. To determine the importance of each technique in this context, I employ a testing and estimation procedure that allows one to jointly test for long memory and non-linearity (regime switching behavior) of the STAR variety. I find that there is substantial evidence of non-linear behavior for the real exchange rate for many developing and European countries, with little evidence for ESTAR non-linearity for countries outside the European continent including Japan and Canada. In cases where non-linearity is found, I also find significant evidence of long memory for the majority of the countries in my sample. Thus, long memory and non-linearity can also be viewed as compliments rather than substitutes. The linear model in isolation appears to be inadequate for breaking down the paradox known as the PPP puzzle. On the other hand, a combination of long memory and non-linearity may be a promising research avenue for pursuing an answer to the paradox.