cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of an online health intervention for Latinas with chronic pain.

OBJECTIVE Chronic pain is a common health problem in the United States, and it is associated with numerous physical and mental health issues. Disparities in pain treatment are high for particular populations, including Latinos, who comprise a significant percent of the U.S. POPULATION The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an online health education intervention for Spanish-speaking Latinas with chronic pain. The intervention was developed based on a biopsychosocial approach to treatment and targeted multiple domains including exercise, psychological wellbeing, regaining function, emotional wellbeing, sleep hygiene, and stress management. METHOD Through a mixed-method, single-arm design, this pilot study examined patients' and providers' acceptability of and satisfaction with the intervention, as well as the impact of the intervention on patients' knowledge, chronic pain self-efficacy, pain severity, and pain interference (measured pre and post intervention). RESULTS Both chronic pain patients (n = 40) and provider participants (n = 10) reported high rates of participation, and high ratings for website features and website content. Patient participants also experienced a significant increase in knowledge regarding pain management and treatment options, and in chronic pain self-efficacy, as well as a significant decrease in pain interference. Although means for pain severity were lower at the posttest session, this change was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Overall, results indicate that an online educational intervention that targets Spanish-speaking Latinas with chronic pain is feasible, potentially impactful, and that there is a need for such interventions. Recommendations include additional content and interactive features that could improve satisfaction, engagement, and impact. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Japanese college students' study abroad decisions: From the perspectives of Japanese study abroad administrators

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that impact Japanese students’ decisions to study abroad from the perspectives of Japanese study abroad administrators. In-depth interviews of five study abroad administrators at Japanese universities were qualitatively analyzed. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems was used to identify various immediate and distant environmental factors related to students’ decisions to study abroad. The results suggested mixed findings for factors affecting contemporary Japanese students studying abroad, such as the inwardness of Japanese students and current Japanese government and corporate efforts to internationalize higher education. In addition, the study found that the Japanese cultural pattern of conformity and dependent parent-child relationships are affecting students’ choice to go overseas. These findings have implications for (1) study abroad administrators to use culturally calibrated strategies in facilitating study abroad participation through greater involvement of peers and parents, and (2) policymakers to provide more individual scholarships than targeted institutional support.
A SHORT GAMMA-RAY BURST “NO-HOST” PROBLEM? INVESTIGATING LARGE PROGENITOR OFFSETS FOR SHORT GRBs WITH OPTICAL AFTERGLOWS

We investigate the afterglow properties and large-scale environments of several short-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with subarcsecond optical afterglow positions but no bright coincident host galaxies. The purpose of this joint study is to robustly assess the possibility of significant offsets, a hallmark of the compact object binary merger model. Five such events exist in the current sample of 20 short bursts with optical afterglows, and we find that their optical, X-ray, and γ-ray emission are systematically fainter. These differences may be due to lower circumburst densities (by about an order of magnitude), to higher redshifts (by Δz ≈ 0.5-1), or to lower energies (by about a factor of 3), although in the standard GRB model the smaller γ-ray fluences cannot be explained by lower densities. To study the large-scale environments, we use deep optical observations to place limits on underlying hosts and to determine probabilities of chance coincidence for galaxies near each burst. In four of the five cases, the lowest probabilities of chance coincidence (P(< δR) ∼ 0.1) are associated with bright galaxies at separations of δR ∼ 10", while somewhat higher probabilities of chance coincidence are associated with faint galaxies at separations of ∼2". By measuring redshifts for the brighter galaxies in three cases (z = 0.111, 0.473, 0.403), we find physical offsets of ≈30―75 kpc, while for the faint hosts the assumption of z ≳ 1 leads to offsets of ∼15 kpc. Alternatively, the limits at the burst positions (≳26 mag) can be explained by typical short GRB host galaxies (L ≈ 0.1-1 L * ) at z ≳ 2-3. Thus, two possibilities exist: (1) ∼1/4 of short GRBs explode ∼50 kpc or ∼15 kpc from the centers of z ∼ 0.3 or z ≳ 1 galaxies, respectively, and have fainter afterglows due to the resulting lower densities; or (2) ∼1/4 of short GRBs occur at z ≳ 2 and have fainter afterglows due to their higher redshifts. The high-redshift scenario leads to a bimodal redshift distribution, with peaks at z ∼ 0.5 and z ∼ 3. The large offset scenario leads to an offset distribution that is well matched by theoretical predictions of NS―NS/NS―BH binary kicks, or by a hybrid population with globular cluster NS-NS binaries at large offsets and primordial binaries at offsets of ≲10 kpc (indicative of negligible kicks). Deeper constraints on any coincident galaxies to ≳28 mag (using the Hubble Space Telescope) will allow us to better exclude the high-redshift scenario.
Measuring the depth of reflection in reflective supervision/consultation sessions: Initial validation of the Reflective Interaction Observation Scale (RIOS).

Research on reflective supervision and reflective consultation (RS/C) is limited, and has primarily relied on self-report measures and qualitative interviews. To our knowledge, no measures currently exist which provide a way to observationally measure what occurs during an RS/C session. Thus, the Reflective Interaction Observation Scale (RIOS) was created as a way to more objectively measure the quality of RS/C. This study sought to provide initial evidence around the reliability and validity of the RIOS through a sample of child welfare workers (N = 40) who participated in six online group reflective consultation sessions and completed self-report surveys after their first and last session. The RIOS was used to code the first and last session each participant attended. Results showed that in this sample the RIOS Essential Elements had good variability and strong reliability. The data suggested that the five Elements could be condensed into three subscales, two of which showed significant change over time. The Self Openness subscale showed concurrent validity with existing self-report measures of RS/C. Results suggest that the RIOS shows promise as a measure that could contribute to a more rigorous evidence base for the practice of RS/C.
Non-invasive light monitoring for heterogeneous photonic integrated circuits

We propose a device structure to monitor light on heterogeneous photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for diagnosis, control and calibration. The proposed device lends to dense integration of on-chip monitors enabling characterization of large-scale PICs.
Paradoxical Low Flow/Low Gradient Severe Aortic Stenosis: an Emerging Phenotype in Older Adults with Valve Disease

Aortic stenosis is a common disorder in older adults and is the second most common reason for open heart surgery. Paradoxical low flow/low gradient severe aortic stenosis, defined by a stroke volume index ≤35 mL/m2 with an left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) (LVEF) ≥50 %, is a recently recognized subset of aortic stenosis. It presents a unique challenge in diagnosis and management particularly in the elderly population. Physiologic changes of aging contribute to the development of this phenotype and its prevalence and true prognosis remains in dispute. Management options have expanded from surgical to minimally invasive transcatheter methods. Future investigations will improve our understanding of the physiologic basis of this condition and hold great promise to improve outcomes amongst older adults with paradoxically low flow aortic stenosis.
ENCEPHALITIS: ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF VIRUS FROM BODY FLUIDS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS

Routine studies, for isolation and identification of the infectious agent, were made on patients showing signs of clinical encephalitis. The following results cover a period of about 10 years: A strain of virus immunologically identical with the virus of St. Louis encephalitis was recovered from the peripheral blood. One of 81 attempts gave positive result, approximately 1%. Seven strains of virus, comprising five of lymphocytic choriomeningitis, one of vaccinia and one of herpes simplex, were isolated from spinal fluid in 7 of 304 attempts, approximately 2%. Increasing titer of type specific antibody to the virus of St. Louis encephalitis was demonstrated in 17 of 152 patients during the course of clinical encephalitis, approximately 1%.
Analyzing network-aware active wardens in IPv6

A crucial security practice is the elimination of network covert channels. Recent research in IPv6 discovered that there exist, at least, 22 different covert channels, suggesting the use of advanced active wardens as an appropriate countermeasure. The described covert channels are particularly harmful not only because of their potential to facilitate deployment of other attacks but also because of the increasing adoption of the protocol without a parallel deployment of corrective technology. We present a pioneer implementation of network-aware active wardens that eliminates the covert channels exploiting the Routing Header and the hop limit field as well as the well-known Short TTL Attack. Network-aware active wardens take advantage of network-topology information to detect and defeat covert protocol behavior. We show, by analyzing their performance over a controlled network environment, that the wardens eliminate a significant percentage of the covert channels and exploits with minimal impact over the end-to-end communications (approximately 3% increase in the packet roundtrip time).
Behavioral Treatment of Headaches

Scientific research and headache literature suggest that psychological factors play a significant role in the maintenance, if not genesis, of primary headache disorders, as well as strongly influencing levels of functional disability. In patients with headache, there appears to be a reciprocal relationship between psychological variables and functional status, with each strongly influencing the other. This chapter deals with psychological variables affecting headache and their treatment, including stress, activity pacing, depression, anxiety, coping, trauma and abuse, and flare ups. Guidelines for behavioral treatment for patient and family are outlined, along with when and how to refer.
Random Walks in Social Networks and their Applications: A Survey

A wide variety of interesting real world applications, e.g. friend suggestion in social networks, keyword search in databases, web-spam detection etc. can be framed as ranking entities in a graph. In order to obtain ranking we need a graph-theoretic measure of similarity. Ideally this should capture the information hidden in the graph structure. For example, two entities are similar, if there are lots of short paths between them. Random walks have proven to be a simple, yet powerful mathematical tool for extracting information from the ensemble of paths between entities in a graph. Since real world graphs are enormous and complex, ranking using random walks is still an active area of research. The research in this area spans from new applications to novel algorithms and mathematical analysis, bringing together ideas from different branches of statistics, mathematics and computer science. In this book chapter, we describe different random walk based proximity measures, their applications, and existing algorithms for computing them.
Extracellular RNAs: development as biomarkers of human disease

Ten ongoing studies designed to test the possibility that extracellular RNAs may serve as biomarkers in human disease are described. These studies, funded by the NIH Common Fund Extracellular RNA Communication Program, examine diverse extracellular body fluids, including plasma, serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. The disorders studied include hepatic and gastric cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative disease, brain tumours, intracranial haemorrhage, multiple sclerosis and placental disorders. Progress to date and the plans for future studies are outlined.
The Shepherd's Crook Sign: A New Neuroimaging Pareidolia in Joubert Syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE By pareidolically recognizing specific patterns indicative of particular diseases, neuroimagers reinforce their mnemonic strategies and improve their neuroimaging diagnostic skills. Joubert Syndrome (JS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by mental retardation, episodes of abnormal deep and rapid breathing, abnormal eye movements, and ataxia. Many neuroimaging signs characteristic of JS have been reported. METHODS In retrospective case study, two consanguineous neonates diagnosed with JS were evaluated with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and neurosonography. RESULTS Both cranial ultrasound and MRI of the brain showed the characteristic molar tooth sign. There was a shepherd's crook in the sagittal views of the posterior fossa where the shaft of the crook is made by the brainstem and the pons. The arc of the crook is made by the abnormal superior cerebellar peduncle and cerebellar hemisphere. By ultrasound, the shepherd's crook sign was seen through the posterior fontanelle only. CT imaging also showed the shepherd's crook sign. CONCLUSIONS Neuroimaging diagnosis of JS, which already involves the pareidolical recognition of specific patterns indicative of the disease, can be improved by recognition of the shepherd's crook sign on MRI, CT, and cranial ultrasound.
A CHILD IN PAIN: WHAT HEALTH PROFESSIONALS CAN DO TO HELP

This book focuses on the subject of pediatric pain, an area often relegated to a chapter at most within a text on pain management. The author, Dr. Kuttner, has a broad background than most physicia...
Multidimensionality in State Policy and Programs: A Critique of Pluralist State Theory

In public policy analysis the state is often presented as primarily technocratic and virtually separate from society. It freely chooses its own goals, but falls short primarily because of shortcomings in policy planning techniques. This view, however, conflates policy and investment programs, while neglecting state–society relations, multipurpose policies, and the legitimation of spatial policy. State theory must be able to interpret these dimensions of the state and its limited autonomy, as this critique of Lim's theory of state policies suggests.
Magnetization measurements of magnetic two-dimensional electron gases.

We directly measure the magnetization of both the conduction electrons and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ ions in (Zn,Cd,Mn)Se two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) by integrating them into ultrasensitive micromechanical magnetometers. The interplay between spin and orbital energy in these magnetic 2DEGs causes Landau level degeneracies at the Fermi energy. These Landau level crossings result in novel features in the de Haas--van Alphen oscillations, which are quantitatively reproduced by a simple model.
Strain Differences in the Toxicity of Cadmium to Trigeminal Ganglia in Mice

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to sensory ganglia in many animal species. Cadmium uptake is low in the central nervous system, but it distributes preferentially to peripheral sensory and autonomic ganglia. Strain differences have been demonstrated in the sensitivity of mice to Cd-induced hepatotoxicity, testicular toxicity, and teratogenicity. To study the sensitivity of different mouse strains to Cd toxicity in sensory ganglia, eight strains of mice (four sensitive to testicular toxicity: 129/SVIM, AKR/J, DBA/1J, and C57BR/J; and four resistant: Balb/C, C3H/HeJ, A/J, and C57BL/6J) were given 15 μmol CdCl2/kg iv. Trigeminal ganglia (TG) were harvested 24 h later and examined by light microscopy for pathologic lesions. Cadmium induced degeneration of ganglion cells in five strains, namely 129/SVIM, AKR/J, DBA/1J, C57BR/J, and C3H/HeJ mice. These are the same strains that show sensitivity to testicular toxicity, except for C3H/HeJ, which is resistant to testicular toxicity. Cd also induced focal hemorrhages around the ganglion cells and nerve fibers in two of these strains (129/SVIM and AKR/J) and scattered foci of necrosis in C3H/HeJ and 129/SVIM strains. There was no morphologic abnormality in three strains, namely Balb/C, A/J, and C57BL/6J. To examine the mechanism of these strain differences in toxicity, all eight strains of mice were given a nontoxic dose of Cd (0.4 μmol CdCl2/kg, 20 μCi 109Cd/kg iv). Cadmium distribution to the brain and trigeminal ganglia was determined 30 min later by gamma scintillation spectrometry. Cadmium content in the brain was very low and did not differ among the eight strains. In contrast, Cd content was higher in trigeminal ganglia of four of the five strains showing trigeminal ganglia sensitivity than in the three strains showing resistance. In conclusion, the toxicity of Cd to trigeminal ganglia is different among various strains of mice. This strain difference in toxicity appears to be due, at least in part, to differences in the distribution of Cd to the ganglia, but it is clearly not the only factor.
Prenatal and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and child size at 24 months of age

Abstract Research suggests that exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may result in decreased child growth, though the critical window(s) are unclear. We investigated the association between PCBs and child size at age 24 months ( n = 44). PCBs were measured in first trimester serum, breast milk, and child serum at age 24 months, and dichotomized at the median. Age- and gender-specific z -scores were calculated for anthropometric measures. Using linear regression, we observed no significant changes in z -scores with prenatal or postnatal serum PCB concentrations. PCB-77 in breast milk was associated with a significant decrease in z -score for length. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine child size in relation to PCBs measured early in pregnancy, as well as quantifying a far greater number of congeners. Further research is needed to clarify critical windows, congener-specific effects, and effect modification by sex in relation to PCBs and child anthropometric measures.
EFFECTS OF IMPLEMENTING A TOKEN ECONOMY ON TEACHER ATTENDING BEHAVIOR

After systematic attempts to increase a teacher's positive responding to her first-grade students, a token-economy system was implemented as a "last resort". On-task student behavior and relative frequency of positive and negative teacher comments were systematically observed. Data indicated that institution of the token system was associated with a relatively higher percentage of positive than negative comments. Termination and re-implementation of the token system caused reversals of the teacher's behavior.
“Topologies”—distributed objects on multicomputers

Application programs written for large-scale multicomputers with interconnection structures known to the programmer (e.g., hypercubes or meshes) use complex communication structures for connecting the applications' parallel tasks. Such structures implement a wide variety of functions, including the exchange of data or control information relevant to the task computations and/or the communications required for task synchronization, message forwarding/filtering under program control, and so on. Topology is a programming and operating system construct that allows programmers to describe and efficiently implement such functionality as distributed objects with well-defined operational interfaces. As with abstract data types, topologies may be reused by any application desiring their functionality. However, in contrast to other research in parallel or distributed object-based operating systems, internally, a topology may be an entirely distributed implementation of the object's functionality, consisting of a communication graph and type-specific computations, which are triggered by messages traversing the graph. Sample computations may perform additions or minimizations of the values traversing a topology, thereby computing a global sum or minimum. Similarly, computations may concatenate or filter messages in order to implement program monitoring, I/O, file storage, or virtual terminal services.Topologies are implemented as an extension of the Intel iPSC hypercube's operating system kernel and have been used with several, large-scale parallel application programs.
Omphacite breakdown reactions and relation to eclogite exhumation rates

Clinopyroxene + plagioclase (±Hbl ± Qtz) symplectites after omphacite are widely cited as evidence for prior eclogite-facies or high-pressure (HP) metamorphism. Precursor omphacite compositions of retrograde eclogites, used for reconstructing retrograde P–T paths, are commonly estimated by reintegrating symplectite phases with the assumption that the symplectite-forming reactions were isochemical. Comparisons of broadbeam symplectite compositions to adjacent unreacted pyroxene from various symplectites after clinopyroxene from the Appalachian Blue Ridge (ABR) and Western Gneiss Region (WGR) suggest that the symplectite forming reactions are largely isochemical. Endmember calculations based on reintegrated symplectite compositions from the ABR and WGR suggest that a minor Ca-Eskola (CaEs) component (XCaEs = 0.04–0.15) was present in precursor HP clinopyroxene. WGR symplectites consist of fine-grained (∼1 μm-scale), vermicular intergrowths of Pl + Cpx II ± Hbl that occur at grain boundaries or internally. ABR symplectites contain coarser (∼10 μm-scale) planar lamellae and rods of Pl + Cpx II + Qtz + Hbl within clinopyroxene cores. The contrasting textures correlate with decompression and cooling rate, and degree of overstepping of the retrograde reaction (lamellar: slow, erosionally controlled exhumation with slow/low overstepping; fine-grained, grainboundary symplectite: rapid, tectonic exhumation with rapid/high overstepping). Variations in XCaEs, Xjd, and XCaTs of precursor HP omphacite are related to the symplectic mineral assemblages that result from decompression. Quartz-normative symplectities indicate quartz-producing retrograde reactions (e.g., breakdown of precursor CaEs); quartz-free symplectities (e.g., diopside + plagioclase after omphacite) indicate quartz-consuming reactions (jd, CaTs breakdown) outpaced quartz-producing reactions.
A convergence theorem for linear threshold elements

“Linear threshold element”, is the generic term for a device, natural or artificial, of the input-output type which (1) has a finite numberk of input lines and one output line; (2) forms a linear combinationa1x1+a2x2+...+akxk of the inputk-tuple (x1,x2,...,xk) and compares it with a threshold quantity θ; and (3) yields one of two outputs depending on whether the linear combination does or does not exceed the threshold θ. Such elements find wide use as means for realizing linear discriminant functions and as analogs for certain features characterizing neurons. Adaptive classification of inputs into one of two categories, as designated by the two outputs, can sometimes be achieved by the suitable adjustment, based on experience, of the parametersa1,a2,...,ak and θ. One such adjustment rule having the characteristics of a steepest descent algorithm is here investigated. Established is a theorem giving the necessary and sufficient conditions that the mean values of the adjusted parameters converge to a solution of the equations required for minimizing the mean square error relative to a quantity associated with classification performance when the element is exposed to a stationary sequence of independent inputs.
Mitigation of two pyrethroid insecticides in a Mississippi Delta constructed wetland.

Abstract Constructed wetlands are a suggested best management practice to help mitigate agricultural runoff before entering receiving aquatic ecosystems. A constructed wetland system (180 m × 30 m), comprising a sediment retention basin and two treatment cells, was used to determine the fate and transport of simulated runoff containing the pyrethroid insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin, as well as suspended sediment. Wetland water, sediment, and plant samples were collected spatially and temporally over 55 d. Results showed 49 and 76% of the study's measured lambda-cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin masses were associated with vegetation, respectively. Based on conservative effects concentrations for invertebrates and regression analyses of maximum observed wetland aqueous concentrations, a wetland length of 215 m × 30 m width would be required to adequately mitigate 1% pesticide runoff from a 14 ha contributing area. Results of this experiment can be used to model future design specifications for constructed wetland mitigation of pyrethroid insecticides.
Marketing Without Advertising: Brand Preference and Consumer Choice in Cuba

Emilio Morales and Joseph L. Scarpaci. New York, NY: Routledge, 2012. xx and 229 pp., photos, diagrams, tables, illustrations, notes, glossary, bibliography, index. $135.00 cloth (ISBN 978-0-415-89...
The OH stretching fundamental of hydroxylamine

Abstract The OH stretching fundamental of hydroxylamine, ν 1 , has been studied using a computer-controlled color center laser spectrometer. Absorption and Stark-modulated spectra of this AC hybrid band were obtained in the spectral region from 3630 to 3710 cm −1 . The spectrum is dominated by many strong perpendicular c -type Q branches, but both parallel and perpendicular type transitions are observed. The rotational structure has been fitted by least squares, and rotational and centrifugal distortion constants have been obtained for both states. The excited state exhibits many small perturbations. All lines observed are believed to originate from the trans form of hydroxylamine and no evidence for the cis isomer was found. Transitions belonging to a hot band, in which the low-energy torsional motion is excited in both the ground and upper states, have been located and assigned.
Detection of DNA adducts in HL-60 cells treated with hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone by 32P-postlabeling

We have examined DNA adduct formation and cytotoxicity in HL-60 cells treated with either hydroquinone (HQ) or p-benzoquinone (p-BQ). Treatment of HL-60 cells with either HQ or p-BQ produced the same DNA adduct. The DNA adduct level varied from 0.05 to 10 adducts per 10(7) nucleotides as a function of treatment time and concentration for both compounds. To achieve the same DNA adduct level required higher concentrations and longer treatment times with HQ compared to p-BQ. p-BQ was also more cytotoxic to HL-60 cells than HQ. Reaction of calf thymus DNA with a p-BQ/HQ mixture produced five adducts as detected by 32P-postlabeling. Two isomers of (hydroxy)-1,N2-benzetheno-2'- deoxyguanosine-3'-phosphate were isolated from the reaction of 2'-deoxyguanosine-3'-phosphate with a p-BQ/HQ mixture and one of the isomers was identified as adduct no. 1 of the DNA reaction. The DNA adduct formed in HL-60 cells treated with HQ or p-BQ did not correspond to any of the principal adducts formed in DNA reacted with p-BQ/HQ. This result suggests that cellular mechanisms modify DNA adduct formation by HQ and p-BQ.
A mini-computer configuration for CAI: a systems engineering view

Computer assisted instruction (CAI) has not impacted the educational world with the degree of success which early proponents predicted. Although CAI has proven to be a more efficient learning tool than common traditional methods in specific instances, the overall success of such systems has been sporadic. There is no question that a well-designed and correctly implemented CAI system can be highly effective; however, several important factors must be overcome to guarantee a reasonable amount of success. These are:• Overcoming the present high cost of hardware while still providing a reliable system having acceptable display capability.• Developing a software real-time operating system which guarantees fast response times.• Authoring high quality courseware.
Performance outcome feedback and attributional feedback: interactive effects on recipient responses

Modele de «feedback» au niveau individuel, en ce qui concerne la notation et l'evaluation des performances dans l'execution d'une tâche
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (cylindroma) of the trachea: case report with 9-year follow-up.

A case of adenoid systic carcinoma (cylindroma) of the trachea is reported. The patient was treated by radiation and survived 9 years after diagnosis, dying eventually due to mediastinal involvement. The literature of the clinical and the pathologic features of this tracheal neoplasm is discussed, and the observed histologic polymorphism and the nonbenign nature of the lesion are stressed. For a better long-term prognosis, wide tracheal resection and reconstruction is suggested as the method of treatment.
Nanoscale structure and structural relaxation in Zr50Cu45Al5 bulk metallic glass.

Hybrid reverse Monte Carlo simulations of the structure of ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{50}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{45}{\mathrm{Al}}_{5}$ bulk metallic glass incorporating medium-range structure from fluctuation electron microscopy data and short-range structure from an embedded atom potential produce structures with significant fractions of icosahedral- and crystal-like atomic clusters. Similar clusters group together into nanometer-scale regions, and relaxation transforms crystal-like clusters into icosahedral clusters. A model refined against only the potential does not agree with the fluctuation microscopy data and contains few crystal-like clusters.
A New Test of Computational Protein Design: Predicting Posttranslational Modification Specificity for the Enzyme SMYD2

In this issue of Structure, Lanouette and colleagues use a combination of computation and experiment to define a specificity motif for the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2. Using this motif, they predict and experimentally verify four new SMYD2 substrates.
Finite element nonlinear flutter and fatigue life of 2-D panels with temperature effects

A frequency domain method for two-dimensional nonlinear panel flutter with thermal effects obtained from a consistent finite element formulation is presented. The von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relation is used to account for large deflections, and the quasi-steady first-order piston theory is employed for aerodynamic loading. The finite element frequency domain results are compared with analytical time domain solutions. In a limit-cycle motion, the panel frequency and stress can be determined, thus fatigue life can be predicted. The influence of temperature and dynamic pressure on panel fatigue life is presented. An endurance dynamic pressure can be established at a given temperature from the present method.
Secondary tumors of the pancreas: an analysis of a surgical and autopsy database and review of the literature

The vast majority of pancreatic carcinomas are primary, and, among these, more than 90% are of ductal origin. However, a variety of extrapancreatic tumors may involve the pancreas secondarily and may manifest different clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes. In this study, pathology material from 973 surgical specimens and 4955 adult autopsy cases was reviewed to identify the tumors metastatic to or secondarily involving the pancreas. Biliary and periampullary neoplasms and tumors confined to peripancreatic soft tissue were excluded. In the autopsy series, the pancreas was involved by tumor in 190 cases, and 81 of these were secondary tumors. These were predominantly of epithelial origin, most commonly from lung (34), followed by GI tract (20), kidney (4), breast (3), liver (2), ovary (1), and urinary bladder (1). In addition, there were six tumors of hematopoietic origin, two melanomas, two sarcomas, and two mesotheliomas. Among the 973 surgical specimens, 38 cases contained metastatic tumors to the pancreas. Of these, 11 were lymphomas, and the others were carcinomas of stomach (7), kidney (6), lung (2), liver, prostate, ovary, uterus (1 case of each), and a Merkel cell carcinoma. In addition, there were three malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors and one retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma. In conclusion, lung cancer is the most common source of metastasis to pancreas, followed by gastrointestinal carcinomas and lymphomas. These tumors are usually seen in patients with disseminated disease and are detected mainly in autopsies. Secondary tumors constitute about 4% of pancreatic specimens in the authors' surgical database. Approximately one-third of them are clinically mistaken as primary tumors of the pancreas. These are predominantly hematopoietic malignancies or carcinomas of renal or gastric origin. Secondary tumors should be entertained in both the clinical and pathological differential diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasia.
Effects of testosterone on the development of autoimmune thyroiditis in two strains of chicken

The effect of testosterone on organ-specific spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) was examined in two strains of chicken: the Obese (OS) strain, which develops SAT at several weeks of age and the control Special C (Sp. C) strain. Both were originally selected from the C strain and are homozygous for the B13 major histocompatibility haplotype. Testes development and testosterone levels in the OS strain were considerably less than those found in comparably aged birds of the Sp. C strain. Testosterone supplementation of the OS strain significantly decreased thyroid infiltration by lymphocytes while castration of the Sp. C strain significantly enhanced infiltration. These results suggest that testosterone reduces SAT and that the hormonal constitution in both strains of chicken affect the frequency of occurrence and severity of this disorder.
EFFECTS OF QUINOLINE AS LIGAND IN BINDING OF MONONUCLEAR AND DINUCLEAR PLATINUM COMPLEXES TO DNA

Abstract The DNA binding and interstrand cross-linking properties of trans - and cis- [PtCl 2 (NH 3 )(quinoline)] ( I and II , respectively) and a quinoline-substituted dinuclear platinum compound [{ trans -PtCl(NH 3 )(quin)} 2 H 2 N(CH 2 ) 6 NH 2 ](NO 3 ) 2 ( III ) are reported. The dinuclear compound was examined also for its ability to cause conformational changes in poly[(dG–dC)]·poly[(dG–dC)]. For DNA binding studies a UV spectrophotometric method of r b determination has been used, allowing measurement of the concentration of a platinum complex bound to DNA using UV absorbance of a ligand, in this case, quinoline. Comparison was made with atomic absorption (AAS) measurements of Pt determination which showed valid agreement between the two methods. In the case of mononuclear complexes, geometry plays an important role in binding as proved by increased binding of the trans- over the cis -isomer. For the dinuclear complex, binding saturates at concentrations of approximately 150–200 μM reaching the level of relative binding of r b ∼0.25. Interstrand cross-linking of the dinuclear compound was compared with [{ trans -PtCl(NH 3 ) 2 } 2 H 2 N(CH 2 ) 6 NH 2 ](NO 3 ) 2 ( IV ). Both dinuclear compounds showed similar and very strong interstrand cross-linking efficiency. Binding of III to poly[(dG–dC)]·poly[(dG–dC)] changes intensities and shapes of both positive and negative bands of the polymer CD spectrum, although the overall behavior of these changes indicates that the polynucleotide remains in the B conformation.
Inactivation and lysis of oncornaviruses by human serum

Abstract The phenomenon of oncornavirus inactivation by human serum was examined. As judged by 50% inhibition of plaque or focus formation, every fresh human serum tested inactivated eight different oncornaviruses at serum dilution endpoints of 1:16. Fresh human serum released RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity from each of 10 tested oncornaviruses. Thus, at least one mechanism of the human serum-induced virus inactivation was by viral lysis. The RDDP assay provided us with a simple method to screen the virolytic properties of many sera against a number of viruses. Oncornaviruses were lysed by sera from monkeys and cats, but not by sera from guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens, rats, goats, and mice ( BALB c , CBA, NIH Swiss). Heated normal human sera did not inactivate or lyse oncornaviruses, nor did they sensitize virions to guinea pig serum-mediated lysis. However, serum from a human vaccinated against Rauscher leukemia virus did sensitize the virus to guinea pig serum-mediated lysis. This ability of human sera to lyse oncornaviruses may be a cause of the difficulties in finding oncornaviruses in humans.
The Dimensionality of an Abbreviated Relationship Inventory for Couples

Summary An abbreviated version of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory was administered to a random sample of 83 rural married couples to evaluate the dimensionality of the measure in terms of regard, empathy, and congruence. The results of a principal components analysis of husband and wife responses provide moderate, though tentative, support for the expected dimensionality of the abbreviated inventory.
Effect of grain size on the nonlinear dielectric properties of PLZT ceramics

Abstract Dielectric nonlinear behavior was investigated for 1/53/47 PLZT ceramics with different grain sizes. Different grain sizes were achieved by employing various sintering conditions. By measuring the dielectric constant as a function of ac electric field at various temperatures and frequencies, it was found that the dielectric nonlinearity was affected by grain size, i.e., the samples having larger grains showed a higher degree of dielectric nonlinearity. In addition, the dielectric nonlinearity was found to be influenced substantially by the frequency of applied field and sample temperature. Based on analysis of X-ray diffraction peak intensity ratio of (002) to (200) planes, the experimental results were discussed in terms of the contribution of 90° domain wall motion.
Ponapean matriliny: production, exchange, and the ties that bind

Matriliny is commonly associated in ethnological theory with matrilocality and female subsistence tasks and is assumed to break down when changes occur in residence, land tenure, and the division of labor. Examination of Ponapean matriliny, which has apparently depended upon neither matrilocality nor female subsistence production, suggests that, alternatively, matrilineal organization plays an especially effective role in forging social and exchange ties and does not necessarily disintegrate under pressure from such changes, [matriliny, exchange, division of labor, Micronesia]
Effect of Anthrax Toxin's Lethal Factor on Ion Channels Formed by the Protective Antigen

Protective antigen (PA), a component of anthrax toxin, mediates translocation of the toxin's lethal and edema factors (LF and EF, respectively) to the cytoplasm, via a pathway involving their release from an acidic intracellular compartment. PA63, a 63-kDa proteolytic fragment of PA, can be induced to form ion-conductive channels in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells by acidification of the medium. These channels are believed to be comprised of dodecyl sulfate-resistant oligomers (heptameric rings) of PA63 seen by electron microscopy of the purified protein. Here we report that the PA63-mediated efflux of 86Rb+ from preloaded CHO-K1 cells under acidic conditions is strongly inhibited (≥70%) by LF or LFN, a PA-binding fragment of LF. Control proteins caused no inhibition. Evidence is presented that the inhibition involves partial blockage of ion conductance by the PA63 channel. Also, oligomer formation is slowed somewhat by LF at pH values near the pH threshold of channel formation (pH ∼5.3), suggesting that channel formation may also be retarded under these conditions. The relevance of these results to the location of the LF-binding site on PA63 and the mechanism of LF and EF translocation is discussed.
Ionization of methane in strong and ultrastrong relativistic fields.

The photoionization of methane is reported for intensities up to ${10}^{19}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ with linear and circular polarized light. While fragmental ions (e.g., $\mathrm{CH}_{3}{}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{CH}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{2+}$) created from ${10}^{14}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ to ${10}^{15}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ are formed by Coulomb explosion, ionization to form ${\mathrm{C}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}^{4+}$ involves Coulomb explosion and tunneling ionization. In ultrastrong fields, removal of a carbon $K$-shell electron from methane proceeds via tunneling and rescattering ionization, without the influence of molecular channels. Photoelectrons from methane at ${10}^{19}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ extend up to kinetic energies of 0.6 MeV.
General Methodology Combining Engineering Optimization of Primary HVAC&R Plants with Decision Analysis Methods—Part II: Uncertainty and Decision Analysis

A companion paper (Jiang and Reddy 2007) presents a general and computationally efficient methodology for dynamic scheduling and optimal control of complex primary HVAC&R plants using a deterministic engineering optimization approach. The objective of this paper is to complement the previous work by proposing a methodology by which the robustness of the optimal deterministic strategy to various sources of uncertainties can be evaluated against non-optimal but risk averse alternatives within a formal decision analysis framework. This specifically involves performing a sensitivity analysis on the effect of various stochastic factors that impact primary HVAC&R plant optimization, such as the uncertainty in load prediction and the uncertainties associated with various component models of the equipment. This is achieved through Monte Carlo simulations on the deterministic outcome, which allow additional attributes, such as its variability and the probability of insufficient cooling, to be determined along with...
An Empirically-Derived Taxonomy of Interaction Primitives for Interactive Cartography and Geovisualization

Proposals to establish a 'science of interaction' have been forwarded from Information Visualization and Visual Analytics, as well as Cartography, Geovisualization, and GIScience. This paper reports on two studies to contribute to this call for an interaction science, with the goal of developing a functional taxonomy of interaction primitives for map-based visualization. A semi-structured interview study first was conducted with 21 expert interactive map users to understand the way in which map-based visualizations currently are employed. The interviews were transcribed and coded to identify statements representative of either the task the user wished to accomplish (i.e., objective primitives) or the interactive functionality included in the visualization to achieve this task (i.e., operator primitives). A card sorting study then was conducted with 15 expert interactive map designers to organize these example statements into logical structures based on their experience translating client requests into interaction designs. Example statements were supplemented with primitive definitions in the literature and were separated into two sorting exercises: objectives and operators. The objective sort suggested five objectives that increase in cognitive sophistication (identify, compare, rank, associate, & delineate), but exhibited a large amount of variation across participants due to consideration of broader user goals (procure, predict, & prescribe) and interaction operands (space-alone, attributes-in-space, & space-in-time; elementary & general). The operator sort suggested five enabling operators (import, export, save, edit, & annotate) and twelve work operators (reexpress, arrange, sequence, resymbolize, overlay, pan, zoom, reproject, search, filter, retrieve, & calculate). This taxonomy offers an empirically-derived and ecologically-valid structure to inform future research and design on interaction.
Can Energy Drinks Increase the Desire for More Alcohol

Energy drinks, the fastest growing segment in the beverage market, have become popular mixers with alcohol. The emerging research examining the use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) indicates that the combination of caffeine-containing energy drinks with alcohol may be riskier than the use of alcohol alone. The public health concerns arising from AmED use are documented in different research domains. Epidemiologic studies reveal that the consumption of AmEDs is frequent among young and underage drinkers, demographic groups that are more likely to experience the harms and hazards associated with alcohol use. In addition, for all consumers, elevated rates of binge drinking and risk of alcohol dependence have been associated with AmED use when compared to alcohol alone. Results from laboratory studies help explain why AmED use is associated with excessive intake of alcohol. When an energy drink (or caffeine) is combined with alcohol, the desire (or urge) to drink more alcohol is more pronounced in both humans and animals than with the same dose of alcohol alone. The experience of drinking alcohol appears to be more rewarding when combined with energy drinks. Given that caffeine in other foods and beverages increases preference for those products, further research on AmEDs may elucidate the underlying mechanisms that contribute to alcohol dependence.
Development of an optical waveguide cantilever scanner

ABSTRACT The work is devoted to design, fabrication, and testing of a micromachined cantilever beam that is optically transmissive and operates in the resonant mode is presented with application as a micro-optical scanner. The building block of the suspended waveguide comprses a 2.2 m thick SiO 2 layer on a 30 m thick single crystal silicon beam. Using a novel capacitively-coupled reactive ion etching technique, a cavity is back-etched in the silicon to release the 30-40 m thick and 0.5-1.5 mm long cantilevers from the wafer. An etch rate of 2.0-2.2 m/min in Si, an anisotropy of 0.5 and selectivity to thermal oxide (Si: SiO 2 = 10:1) and to photoresist (Si: +PR = 8.6:1) are reported. Evaporated aluminum film is used as a passiva-tion material. Optical and mechanical tests are performed on these microfabricated structures. The first mode resonances are found between 16-52 kHz with response amplitudes ranging from 62.5 to 420 m. Optical throughput was estimated at 10 nW, but this was greatly diminshed due to scattering losses, primarily at the edges of the waveguide. A 100 m wide one dimension scanning pattern has been realized. Since cantilever waveguides with resonant frequencies above 20 kHz are potentially suitable for video rate scanning, these devices may be used for image acquisition and display. Keywords: Cantilever, optical scanner, silicon/silicon oxide composite beam, imaging, optical diagnosis
Project management and management of design: Teaching and tools

While there are many project management tools and software packages available, these are not widely used in the design curriculum at colleges and universities. This may reflect some of the differences between conventional projects and design activities. In particular, the open-ended nature of design activities and the need to clarify the client's intention may lead to the conclusion that conventional project management tools are only useful for the most routine activities in the design process. It is suggested that there is a market for a new set of tools for teaching the management of design. These tools should incorporate the most useful of the current management tools and integrate them with some of the requirements of effective design, including support for clarification of objectives, functional analysis, and generation and evaluation of alternatives.