cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite element methods inab initioelectronic structure calculations

We review the application of the finite element (FE) method to ab initio electronic structure calculations in solids. The FE method is a general approach for the solution of differential and integral equations which uses a strictly local, piecewise-polynomial basis. Because the basis is composed of polynomials, the method is completely general and its accuracy is systematically improvable. Because the basis is strictly local in real space, the method allows for variable resolution in real space; produces sparse, structured matrices, enabling the effective use of iterative solution methods; and is well suited for parallel implementation. The method thus combines significant advantages of both real-space-grid and basis-oriented approaches, and so is well suited for large, accurate ab initio calculations. We review the construction and properties of the required FE bases and their use in the self-consistent solution of the Kohn?Sham equations of density functional theory.
Oral rehabilitation of a completely edentulous epidermolysis bullosa patient with an implant-supported prosthesis: A clinical report

This clinical report describes the rehabilitation of a completely edentulous 29-year-old man diagnosed with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (EB). Four implants were placed in each arch, and metal-resin implant fixed complete dentures were fabricated for both arches. This treatment option appears to be favorable for EB patients, compared to other options involving removable prostheses, in that it causes less mechanical irritation to the oral mucosa.
Oxygen Doping Modifies Near-Infrared Band Gaps in Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Controlled chemical modifications of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that tune their useful properties have been sought for multiple applications. We found that beneficial optical changes in SWCNTs resulted from introducing low concentrations of oxygen atoms. Stable covalently oxygen-doped nanotubes were prepared by exposure to ozone and then light. Treated samples showed distinct, structure-specific near-infrared fluorescence at wavelengths 10 to 15% longer than displayed by pristine semiconducting SWCNTs. Dopant sites harvest light energy absorbed in undoped nanotube regions by trapping mobile excitons. The oxygen-doped SWCNTs are much easier to detect and image than pristine SWCNTs because they give stronger near-infrared emission and do not absorb at the shifted emission wavelength.
Intra- and interannual variability in seagrass carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from south Florida, a preliminary study

Abstract δ13C and δ15N values were determined for the seagrass Thalassia testudinum at four permanent seagrass monitoring stations in south Florida, USA, through a quarterly sampling program over 3-years (1996–1998). All sites are seagrass beds with water depths of less than 6 m. Two sites are located on the Florida Bay side of the Florida Keys, and the other two sites are on the Atlantic side. The data analyzed over the 3 year study period display unique patterns associated with seasonal changes in primary productivity and potentially changes in the N and C pools. The mean carbon and nitrogen isotope values of T. testudinum from all four stations vary from −7.2 to −10.4‰ and 1.1 to 2.2‰, respectively. However, certain stations displayed anomalously depleted nitrogen isotope values (as low as −1.2‰). These values may indicate that biogeochemical processes like N fixation, ammonification and denitrification cause temporal changes in the isotopic composition of the source DIN. Both δ13C and δ15N values displayed seasonal enrichment-depletion patterns, with maximum enrichment occurring during the summer to early fall. The intra-annual variations of δ13C values from the different stations ranged from about 1 to 3.5‰; whereas variations in δ15N ranged from about 1 to 4.9‰. Certain sites showed a positive relationship between isotope values and productivity. These data indicate δ13C values display a high degree of seasonal variability as related to changes in productivity. δ15N values show clear intra-annual variations, but the observed changes do not necessarily follow a distinct seasonal cycle, indicating that changes in DIN will need further investigation.
Isolation of a human cyclin cDNA: Evidence for cyclin mRNA and protein regulation in the cell cycle and for interaction with p34cdc2

This paper reports the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence of a human B-type cyclin. The predicted protein sequence shows strong homology to the other known cyclins in the central third of the protein. We show that the level of cyclin mRNA is regulated during the cell cycle, increasing during G2 phase to four time that present in G1. The protein accumulates steadily during G2 to at least 20 times its level in G1 and is abruptly destroyed at mitosis. In G2/M phase, cyclin is associated with p34cdc2, the human homolog of the fission yeast gene cdc2+, and this complex has histone H1 kinase activity.
Children's asthma, internalizing problems, and social functioning: an urban perspective.

PROBLEM: Asthma may serve as a risk factor for higher levels of psychosocial problems in urban school-aged children. METHOD: Interview data were collected from 48 children (27 with asthma and 21 without asthma) and their mothers. FINDINGS: Asthma did not function as a risk factor for psychosocial problems in this sample. Children with more symptoms of depression and anxiety experienced poorer social functioning, regardless of their health status. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the importance of examining co-occurring difficulties in psychosocial development among urban children in order to design interventions that minimize the impact of such challenges.
Clifford classes for isoclinic groups

Let G be a finite group, N a normal subgroup of G, and χ an irreducible character of G. Clifford Theory studies a whole collection of related irreducible characters of all the subgroups of G that contain N. The relationships among these characters as well as their Schur indices are controlled by the Clifford class c ∈ Clif(G/N, F) of χ with respect to N over some field F. This is an equivalence class of central simple G/N-algebras. Assume now that G/N is cyclic. One can obtain a new isoclinic group \(\tilde G\) and character \(\tilde \chi ,\) by ‘multiplying’ each element of each coset of N in G by an appropriate power of a fixed root of unity e. We show that there is a simple formula to calculate the Clifford class \({\tilde c}\) of \({\tilde \chi }\) in terms of c and e. Hence, the Clifford class c controls not only the Schur index of the characters of all the subgroups of G that contain N, it also controls the Schur indices of the characters of the corresponding characters of the isoclinic groups \(\tilde G.\)
Modulation of Bacterial Quorum Sensing with Synthetic Ligands: Systematic Evaluation of N-Acylated Homoserine Lactones in Multiple Species and New Insights into Their Mechanisms of Action

Bacteria use a language of low molecular weight ligands to assess their population densities in a process called quorum sensing. This chemical signaling process plays a pivotal role both in the pathogenesis of infectious disease and in beneficial symbioses. There is intense interest in the development of synthetic ligands that can intercept quorum-sensing signals and attenuate these divergent outcomes. Both broad-spectrum and species-selective modulators of quorum sensing hold significant value as small-molecule tools for fundamental studies of this complex cell-cell signaling process and for future biomedical and environmental applications. Here, we report the design and synthesis of focused collections of non-native N-acylated homoserine lactones and the systematic evaluation of these approximately 90 ligands across three Gram-negative bacterial species: the pathogens Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; the model symbiont Vibrio fischeri. This study is the first to report and compare the activities of a set of ligands across multiple species and has revealed some of the most potent synthetic modulators of quorum sensing to date. Moreover, several of these ligands exhibit agonistic or antagonistic activity in all three species, while other ligands are only active in one or two species. Analysis of the screening data revealed that at least a subset of these ligands modulate quorum sensing via a partial agonism mechanism. We also demonstrate that selected ligands can either inhibit or promote the production of elastase B, a key virulence factor in wild-type P. aeruginosa, depending on their concentrations. Overall, this work provides broad insights into the molecular features required for small-molecule inhibition or activation of quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, this study has supplied an expansive set of chemical tools for the further investigation of quorum-sensing pathways and responses.
Adaptative dynamic relaxation for statics of granular materials

A numerical technique based on adaptative dynamic relaxation (ADR) is proposed to study the statics of granular materials. Calibrated with the locally and globally dominant modes of granular assemblages, ADR provides the optimum rate of convergence of conditionally stable explicit algorithms, automatically adjusts the algorithm parameters, and eliminates the introduction of artificial damping coefficients.
Microwave processing of syntactic foam from an expandable thermoset/thermoplastic mixture

In this work, a microwave expansion process to produce thermoset-matrix syntactic foam containing thermoplastic foam beads was designed and developed. Expandable polystyrene (EPS) microspheres and epoxy resin were chosen as a model material system. This process is featured with a capability to effectively expand EPS microspheres in syntactic foam with high EPS loading. The resin viscosity and specific microwave energy are found to be the two primary control parameters determining the process window. Mechanical characterization showed that the specific flexural strength and modulus of the syntactic foam are similar to those of the neat epoxy. By comparison, the flexural moduli over density squared or cubed of the foam are much higher, especially at high EPS loadings, than those of the neat resin. The foamed EPS microspheres can also effectively toughen the syntactic foam, preventing propagation of cracks. Furthermore, the microwave expansion process was found to be capable of molding syntactic foam parts of relatively sophisticated geometry with smooth surfaces. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1818–1828, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fish-based biomonitoring to determine toxic characteristics of complex chemical mixtures: documentation of bioremediation at a pesticide disposal site

Abstract Medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) embryo and larval short-term bioassays were used to rapidly demonstrate changes in toxicity of aqueous soil extracts at a pesticide disposal site before and after bioremediation. By chemical analysis, concentrations of most pesticides (particularly endosulfans) decreased after the 63-day bioremediation. In static larval assays of extracts before bioremediation, concentrations from 2.2 to 2.9% produced 50% larval mortality after 72 h exposure, whereas extract concentrations of 18 to 34% were required after remediation. Extract concentrations required to inhibit normal embryo development increased from 10% before bioremediation to 20% afterwards. Aqueous extracts from untreated soil were nonmutagenic (Ames bioassay) and, nine months after a 72-h exposure, were associated with no histopath-ologic alterations. Advantages inherent with medaka embryo and larval bioassay indicate that fish-based biomonitoring might significantly improve efforts to characterize hazardous waste sites.
Ethnic Differences in the Effect of Drug Use and Drug Dependence on Brief Motivational Interventions Targeting Alcohol Use

Background We examined the effects of baseline drug use and dependence on alcohol use outcomes following brief motivational intervention for at-risk drinking (BMI-ETOH).
Models of errors of omission in aphasic naming

Abstract Five computational models of lexical access during production are tested for their ability to account for the distribution of aphasic picture-naming errors. The naming profiles (N= 14) were chosen from the literature to represent patients who make a relatively large number of omission errors. The most successful models combined the damage assumptions of the semantic-phonological model of lexical access (Foygel & Dell, 2000) with a treatment of omission errors as largely independent from overt errors (Ruml, Caramazza, Shelton, &Chialant, 2000). An explanation for the occurrence of omission errors was provided by the addition of a lexical-threshold parameter (Laine, Tikkala, ocjuhola, 1998) to the model. Suggestions for further testing of these models are introduced, as is a new website that allows other researchers to make use of the models.
Forming massive black holes through stellar collapse: Observational diagnostics

Massive black holes are believed to reside in the centers of many galaxies. Their seeds, 1000–100 000 solar mass black holes are believed to have formed during the first epoch of star formation. Observations of X-ray binaries suggest that at least some intermediate mass black holes form at lower redshifts. If so, we may be able to observe these massive collapses. These collapses are very different than normal core-collapse supernovae, however, and observing the collapse of massive stars will require different observing strategies than those used for normal stellar collapse. Unlike supernovae, the collapse of massive stars may not produce any burst of photons and we must be more creative in observing the occurrence of such exotic “outbursts”. Here we briefly review the observational prospects of massive star collapse, focusing on the ever-present neutrino signal (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two Laser Differential Absorption for Wide Molecular Bands

To measure trace concentrations of the atmospheric radical NO3 we are investigating the use of two amplitude stabilized diode lasers, one tunes to the center of the absorption profile, and the second tuned to a wavelength outside the absorption. This approach is taken because the absorption feature is much broader than the visible diode laser's tuning range and removing the sample concentration from the beam path to measure the baseline is difficult. This paper describes the preliminary system design, interferences expected from water, and electronics design.
Geochemical evaluation of diagenetic processes in a deep-water carbonate

Abstract A 60-m section encompassing three separate lithofacies of the Rancheria Formation (Texas-New Mexico, U.S.A.), a Mississippian-age deep-water carbonate unit, was collected for petrographic, elemental and isotopic ( 87 Sr 86 Sr , δ18O and δ13C) analyses. Petrographic examination, including cathode luminescence studies, indicates that the samples have not been subjected to secondary diagenetic processes; this is further supported by the results of the isotopic analyses. Insoluble residues were separated from the bulk carbonate through a 0.1 N HCl leach. Estimates of element mobility in the insoluble residue were determined through leaching studies performed on U.S.G.S. standards RGM-1, MAG-1 and SCo-1. Elemental abundances were determined on bulk-rock samples using X-ray fluorescence and on bulk rock and insoluble residues using neutron activation analysis. Some oxides and elements (e.g., MgO and Co) showed no variation throughout the section and may reflect diagenetic environment while others (e.g., CaO and Sr) appear to reflect lithofacies. Several elements (e.g., Sm, Eu, Lu and Zn) in both the carbonate and insoluble residue exhibit three episodes of increasing concentration upsection irrespective of lithofacies boundaries. Each of these gradients is terminated by a thin shale layer. These gradients are viewed as developing through carbonate-insoluble residue-pore water interactions which lead to surface equilibrium and enrich the pore water in elements that are incompatible in the solid phases. The pore water then migrates to overlying sediment layers. Repetition of these interactions further enriches the pore water in incompatible elements and establishes the chemical gradients in the solid phases. D-values were calculated from these gradients using the Rayleigh equation and were used to model a second section of the Rancheria. The good agreement between the predicted and actual gradients seen in the second section of the Rancheria is further support for the diagenetic model presented here.
Accuracy of estimated fetal weight in shoulder dystocia and neonatal birth injury

Objective This study was undertaken to determine whether there is any difference in the rate of error of estimated fetal weight (EFW) in cases of shoulder dystocia compared with controls. Study design Women whose delivery was complicated by shoulder dystocia were studied and compared with a control group matched for parity, race, labor type (spontaneous or induced), and birth weight (BW). Accuracy (%) was defined as [(EFW-BW)/BW] × 100. The primary outcome of the study was rate of EFW underestimation error 20% or greater. Results During the 5-year study period, there were 206 cases of shoulder dystocia that met all study criteria. There was no difference in the number of patients that had EFW underestimation error 20% or greater (shoulder dystocia 9.8% vs control 12.8%; P = .38). There was also no difference in the number of patients that had EFW underestimation error 20% or greater between shoulder dystocia with and without injury (injury 8.3% vs no injury 7.1%; P = .79). Conclusion EFW underestimation error in cases of shoulder dystocia is an infrequent event and does not occur more often than in deliveries without shoulder dystocia.
Probable PTSD and impairment in witnesses of work-related fatalities

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, steel, oil, and mining are among the nation's most dangerous industries. This study assessed probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive symptoms, life functioning, and well-being in a unique sample of 89 members of the United Steelworkers who reported directly witnessing an occupational fatality. Of the sample, 25.8% reported symptoms consistent with probable PTSD, while 21.3% reported symptoms consistent with subthreshold PTSD. These two groups differed significantly from the non-PTSD group on measures of depressive symptoms, well-being, and life functioning. These findings highlight the further need for assessment and intervention for workers exposed to fatalities.
The thin filament of vertebrate skeletal muscle co-operatively activates as a unit

We find that extraction of as little as one troponin C molecule per troponin-tropomyosin strand on a thin filament reduces the slope of the pCa/tension relation. We interpret this to mean that the regulatory units along a thin filament of rabbit psoas fibers are linked co-operatively so that a thin filament activates as a unit. The presence of extended co-operativity explains why the pCa/tension relation in skinned fibers has a slope much higher than predicted by binding of Ca2+ to one regulatory unit. Replacement of the extracted troponin C with purified troponin C fully reverses the effect of extraction and shows it to be the essential Ca2+ binding protein responsible for the steep slope of the pCa/tension relation.
Single-fiber electromyography in sporadic inclusion body myopathy.

Abstract Objective To report the SFEMG findings in sporadic inclusion body myopathy (S-IBM). Methods We have analyzed the SFEMG data in 25 patients (mean age: 63; 16 males) with S-IBM which was diagnosed by the presence of classical rimmed vacuoles in the muscle biopsy together with clinical, laboratory, and electrophysiological findings. Results All patients had fibrillations, positive sharp waves, and small-amplitude short-duration motor unit potentials (MUPs) in the needle EMG. High-amplitude MUPs were observed in eight (32%) patients, two of whom had long-duration MUPs. SFEMG was abnormal in 17 (68%) cases: mean "mean consecutive difference (MCD)" was increased beyond the age-adjusted normal limit in 16 cases, and more than 10% of potential pairs (PP) had MCD longer than the upper normal limit of an individual MCD in one case. Mean fiber density (FD) was 2.16, with maximum FD being 4.15. Increased FD was noted in 11 (44%) cases. In four cases, more than 10% of PP had blocking, but there was no neurogenic blocking in any PP. As expected, MCD increased linearly ( r =0.85) with the percentage of PP beyond the normal upper limit. Conclusions The SFEMG findings in S-IBM are typical of the classical pattern of myopathy. Significance Our findings support the consensus that S-IBM is a myopathy.
Regulation of Gene33 expression by insulin requires MEK–ERK activation

Abstract Gene33 and its human homologue, mitogen inducible gene-6/receptor-associated late transducer (mig-6, RALT), is a 53-kDa soluble protein that was identified as a hepatic gene regulated by glucocorticoids and insulin. Its mRNA is expressed in numerous tissues in addition to the liver. Mitogen inducibility of Gene33 mRNA has been described in several experimental systems. Recent reports have suggested a role for Gene33 in inhibition of proliferation induced by factors that bind to members of the ErbB family of receptors. In the present work, we examine the regulation of Gene33 protein by insulin in hepatoma cells of rat (H4IIE) and human (HepG2/Hep3B) origin. Inhibition of MEK1 significantly inhibited extracellularly regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activation and insulin-regulated Gene33 transcription and protein levels in H4IIE cells. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) activity alone did not significantly alter transcription of Gene33. In Hep3B and HepG2 cells, insulin did not significantly induce either ERK1/2 activation or Gene33 expression. This work suggests that the MEK–ERK, but not the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), pathway plays a direct role in insulin regulation of Gene33 transcription and protein expression.
Middle turbinate resection: issues and controversies

Diversity of opinion continues to exist among otolaryngologists regarding the potential benefits of preservation or resection of the middle turbinate during endoscopic ethmoidectomy. Rhinologists in favor of middle turbinate preservation cite the potential loss of olfactory function as well as diminished humidification and filtration of inspired air following its resection. In addition, the middle turbinate remnant could lateralize, causing frontal recess obstruction and frontal sinusitis. In general, it is accepted that a diseased or flail middle turbinate should be resected during ethmoidectomy to create a marsupialized surgical bed. However, in the case of a structurally sound middle turbinate, indications for resection vary significantly. We are reporting on 100 primary endoscopic ethmoidectomies for chronic rhinosinusitis followed for at least 2 years. Of these 100 sides, 50 included conservative partial middle turbinectomy and 50 were performed with middle turbinate preservation. The postoperative clinical and endoscopic findings revealed no difference in the incidence of frontal sinusitis or frontal recess stenosis between groups. We compared additional data and present our technique of conservative middle turbinate resection, which preserves a portion of this structure as an important anatomic landmark.
Molybdenum and tungsten complexes containing the 1,2-di-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl ligand

Abstract The recently reported 1,2-di-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl ligand has been used to prepare new Group 6 metal complexes. Lithium 1,2-di-tert-butylcyclopentadienide (1) reacts cleanly with M(CO)6 (MMo, W) and following acidification and oxidation gives depending upon reaction conditions, [M(η5-1,2-C5H3tBu2)(CO)3]2 (MMo (2), W (3) or [Mo(η5-1,2-C5H3tBu2)O]2(μ2−O)2 (4). The hexacarbonyl dimer 2 is easily oxidized by Br2 to the tricarbonyl bromide complex, [Mo(η5-1,2-C5H3tBu2)(CO)3Br](5). Crystal data for 2 with Mo K α ( λ = 0.7107 A ) radiation at 296 K: Mo2C32H42O6, a = 7.470(3) A , b = 8.658(3) A c = 13.319(6) A , α = 84.16(3)°, β = 80.26(30|dg, γ = 75.043(3)° ; triclinic space group P 1 (No. 2), Z = 1, R = 3.44%, Rw = 3.61%. Crystal data for 4 with Mo K α ( λ = 0.717 A ) radiation at 296 K: Mo 2 C 26 H 42 O 4 , a = 12.886(3) A , b = 16.877(5) A , c = 12.316(3) A , orthorhombic space group Pccn (No. 56), Z = 4, R = 3.46%, Rw = 5.00%.
772-4 Intravascular Heating Facilitates Local Heparin Delivery and Attenuates Washout During Balloon Angioplasty with Hydrogel-Coated Balloons

Although previous studies have demonstrated that heparin can be delivered to the arterial wall during balloon angioplasty with hydrogel-coated balloons, drug washout over the first hour is rapid. The purpose of this study was to determine whether vascular heating during local heparin delivery with hydrogel-coated, radiofrequency-powered thermal angioplasty balloons would affect immediate drug deposition and the subsequent persistence of heparin within the arterial wall. To evaluate the effect ofheat on heparin deposition, fluorescein-labeled heparin was delivered in vitro to 13 bovine coronary arteries either at 50°C (n = 3), at 60°C (n = 3) or without heat (n = 7). Heparin deposition was graded on a 1–3 scale as extending into the inner 1/3, the middle 1/3 or outer 1/3 of the arterial wall. To assess the effect of heat on the intramural persistence of heparin, 3H-heparin was delivered in vivo to 13 porcine peripheral artery pairs. The balloon:artery ratio was 1.2: 1 as guided by intravascular ultrasound. One artery in each pair was heated during heparin delivery to either 50°C (n = 11) or 80°C (n = 2). The contralateral control vessel was not heated. Arteries were harvested at one hour for scintillation counting. In both the in vivo and in vitro studies, balloon inflations were at 6 atm for 2.5 minutes. In all heated vessels thermal energy was applied for 90 secs. Results Supplemental heating during local drug delivery significantly increased both the immediate deposition and the persistence of intramurally delivered heparin. In vitro, the heparin deposition score was 2.3 ± 0.5 for heated arteries and 1.3 ± 0.8 for controls (p = l 0.03). In vivo, more heparin was present at one hour in the heated arteries than in the control arteries in 11 of 13 vessel pairs (heated vessels, 58 ± 46 units; non-heated controls, 43 ± 42 units, p = 0.02). Conclusion Vascular heating at the time of local heparin delivery with hydrogei-coated balloons increases both the immediate delivery and the persistence of heparin in the arterial wall.
Social and emotional characteristics of adults seeking a cochlear implant and their spouses.

Objectives. Because past research has shown that benefits of cochlear implantation may include a significant decrease in psychological and emotional difficulties, this study examined whether persons seeking cochlear implants in recent years differed psychologically from those referred in the early 1980s. A second objective was to explore mechanisms by which profound deafness could contribute to psychological and emotional difficulties for implant candidates and their spouses. Methods. 178 cochlear implant candidates referred from 1981 to 1998 at the University of Iowa Hospitals completed a standard battery of psychological tests and questionnaires. The sample was divided into six 3-year cohorts and compared on standardized measures of psychological and emotional adjustment, and in participation in social and non-social activities. Spouses of implant candidates completed a similar assessment. Results. The sample was characterized by elevations in depression, social introversion, suspiciousness, and social anxiety and loneliness. There were no significant differences among cohorts across time except for an increase in expectations for implant success. Spouses also evidenced elevated levels of psychological distress. Hearing status was associated with significant differences in social activity participation. A paradoxical interaction was found between marital status and deafness. Conclusions. There was no evidence that the psychological status of implant candidates is changing across time, suggesting continued psychological benefit for persons receiving cochlear implants. Both candidates and their spouses participated in fewer social activities than normal controls. Findings underscore the complex relation between marital status, deafness, and engagement and participation in positive activities.
A representation for the frequency spectrum of wind-generated waves

Abstract This paper proposes the following generalized representation for a wind-wave frequency spectrum: where E = ∫S(f) d f is the variance of the surface displacement; f m is the frequency of the spectral peak; and C i ' s , i = 1,2,3 , are dimensionless parameters that can be determined from the internal spectral parameters of a given spectrum. When applied to 234 sets of wave spectra recorded in the Great Lakes, this representation has been realistic, accurate, and capable of representing widely varied wave processes. The C i ' s are clearly related to wave growth processes; they are large during early growth, decrease as waves grow, and reach approximate equilibrium when waves are fully developed.
A novel REU program to develop the skills of the Engineer of 2020

Since 2009, the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSM&T) has hosted a new Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Site entitled Back to the Future. The focus of the REU site is metallurgical engineering research with an emphasis in art and history. This latter aspect is embedded within the site as there is significant evidence that a richer learning environment can be created in engineering by establishing a context within the liberal arts, as described in the recent National Academy of Engineering's Educating the Engineer of 2020 report. In addition to being involved in research projects to develop specific technical skills in engineering, students in this program are engaged in unique supplemental activities that support learning the societal context and potential impact of their research. Specific program activities for a “holistic” approach to an engineering REU experience are described in the paper. A combination of professional development activities, societal context and diversity activities, and library activities are performed to investigate the broader impacts of student research. These activities lead to substantial opportunities for student self-reflection. Finally, assessment activities and results are also described in the paper with a focus on the development of students with different learning-styles and implications for recruiting from underrepresented groups in the STEM disciplines.
Newborn abandonment. Finding legislative solutions.

Each year many newborn babies are abandoned by their mothers. No one knows the actual numbers because the states are not required to keep these statistics and many of these newborns are never found. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimates that as many as 100 newborns are abandoned in public places each year with nearly a third of those infants found dead. Most people women particularly find it shocking to hear these types of stories on the evening news—a baby abandoned to a trash dumpster or left out in an alley for dead. They find it outrageous that a mother could do such an act. It’s important however to recognize that the women who abandon their babies are most often young confused and scared—and they typically think they have no other alternative. Many are in denial that they are—or ever were—pregnant. (excerpt)
3β-Acetoxyandrost-1,5-diene-17-ethylene ketal functions as a potent antiandrogen with marginal agonist activity

The majority of available antiandrogens have been reported to possess agonist activity to induce prostate-specific antigen, which might result in antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome. Here we report the identification of 3β-acetoxyandrost-1,5-diene-17-ethylene ketal (ADEK) from dehydroepiandrosterone metabolites and derivatives as a potent antiandrogen. We found ADEK could interrupt androgen binding to the androgen receptor (AR) and suppress androgen-induced transactivations of WT AR and a mutant AR in prostate cancer cells. ADEK inhibited prostate-specific antigen expression as well as growth in LNCaP prostate cancer cells stimulated by androgen. Importantly, ADEK had only marginal agonist effects, as compared with commonly used antiandrogens such as hydroxyflutamide and bicalutamide, leading to a lower possibility of inducing withdrawal response. Moreover, ADEK could block an adrenal androgen androstenediol-induced AR transactivation that hydroxyflutamide and bicalutamide failed to block. These unique antiandrogenic activities make ADEK a potential therapeutic compound that might be able to inhibit AR-mediated prostate cancer progression. Further in vivo studies might facilitate the development of a better antiandrogen for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): oil sprays as a regulatory treatment, effect on egg attachment.

When Florida citrus spray oil (FC 435-66) or Volck spray oil was applied to Dracaena marginata foliage, the bond between Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) eggs and the leaf surface was affected. The total D. abbreviatus eggs remaining on plants 1 week posttreatment were 160 for FC 435-66 at 10 ml of oil per liter of water and 17, 120 on check plants. There were 359 and 0 eggs on plants treated With Volck oil at 3.9 and 7.8 ml of oil per liter of water, respectively, compared to 3,391 eggs on check plants. Oil sprays had no significant effect on oviposition or weevil egg hatch. FC 435-66 or Volck spray oil at 10 and 7.8 ml/liter of water had no effect on the commercial quality of D. marginata plants. produced in Florida with cuttings from plants treated in Puerto Rico. The use of an oil spray in combmation With wind, sun, and rain mechanically reduced the number of D. abbreviatus eggs on D. marginata plants.
Ectopic thymic tissue of the neck

Abstract Ectopic cervical thymus is a rare lesion. Two cases are reported to bring the total in the English literature to 46.
Using an Economic Model of Recreational Fishing to Evaluate the Benefits of Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Control on the St. Marys River

Abstract This paper describes efforts to estimate economic benefits of improved sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) suppression on the St. Marys River. By linking an economic model of recreational fishing in Michigan to fish populations in the Great Lakes, a method is illustrated for estimating economic benefits that accrue to recreational anglers when fish populations increase. Previous economic efforts to evaluate sea lamprey control have taken a basin-wide view to determine optimal steady-state control levels based on economic injury levels, or have focused on whether or not the entire sea lamprey treatment program is justified. While capable of being adapted to either of these types of evaluations, the method presented here was used to estimate benefits to Michigan anglers of several sea lamprey treatments options for the St. Marys River. When estimated benefits are compared to treatment costs, all treatment options examined are shown to have different, but positive, net present value. Thus, the results suggest that sea lamprey suppression efforts on the St. Marys River yield economic benefits that exceed costs, and this holds even though only part of the economic benefits have been measured.
Is there an association between type II endometrial carcinomas and breast cancers? A critical appraisal

ISSN 1745-5057 10.2217/WHE.13.27 © 2013 Future Medicine Ltd Women's Health (2013) 9 (4), 315–317 Over 47,000 endometrial carcinomas are diagnosed annually in the USA, making them the most prevalent gynecologic tract malignancy [1]. For several decades, endometrial carcinomas have been classified into two broad groups based on epidemiologic, pathologic and clinical factors [2]. In this dualistic model, type I endometrial carcinomas, the prototype that is the endometrioid histotype, constitute the vast majority of endometrial cancers, are associated with hyperestrogenic states, are predominantly uterus-confined at presentation, and are generally associated with favorable patient outcomes [2]. Type II endometrial carcinomas are more heterogeneous and typically display the opposite of the aforementioned features for type I cancers [2]. The appropriate ‘typing’ and classification of some histotypes, including clear cell carcinomas and high-grade endometrioid carcinomas, remains a matter of debate in this model. However, at present, endometrial serous carcinomas (ESC), clear cell carcinomas and carcinosarcomas are all classified as type II cancers. The risk factors associated with type II relative to type I cancers are not entirely clear, and include nonwhite race, later age at menarche, multiparity, older age and nonobesity [3]. Several studies have now raised the possibility of an association between breast cancer, the most prevalent noncutaneous malignancy in American women [1], and type II endometrial carcinomas. The evidentiary basis for this association is appraised herein. The first series of studies posed the two related questions of whether a personal history of breast cancer increases the risk of type II cancers (relative to the general population and/or type I cancers), and whether there is an increased risk of breast cancer in patients with a personal history of type II cancers. In their study of 1166 consecutive cases of endometrial carcinoma, Gehrig et al. found that 54 patients had a previous EDITORIAL
Tissue-specific enhancement of xenobiotic detoxification enzymes in mice by dietary rosemary extract

Plant foods contain nutritive and minor, nonnutritive components capable of inhibiting experimental carcinogenesis. Many of these cancer-protective extracts act by enhancing the activities of enzymes that can detoxify reactive substances. In the present study an extract of the spice plant rosemary was fed at concentrations of 0.3% and 0.6% (by weight) for 4 weeks to female A/J mice prior to determination of the activities of the detoxification enzymes glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H: quinone reductase (QR) in lung, liver and stomach. Liver activities of GST and QR, and stomach GST activity were significantly increased in animals fed diets containing rosemary extract. However, diets supplemented with rosemary extract did not affect lung GST and QR activities. These results indicate that components of rosemary extract have the potential to protect mouse liver and stomach from carcinogenic or toxic agents.
The Hirota’s direct method for multiple-soliton solutions for three model equations of shallow water waves

Abstract Multiple-soliton solutions for three model equations for shallow water waves are determined. The three models are completely integrable. The Hirota bilinear method is used to determine multiple-soliton solutions of sech-squared type for these equations. The tanh–coth method is used to obtain single soliton solutions and other solutions for these three models. The three models have different linear dispersion relations, but possess the same coefficients for the polynomials of exponentials.
Meta-Analysis Examining the Effectiveness of Electrical Stimulation in Improving Functional Use of the Upper Limb in Stroke Patients

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) are the leading cause of long-term disability. About 600,000 Americans will have a stroke this year (American Heart Association, 2002). It is estimated that between 29% and 75% of those who suffer from strokes will be affected by upper extremity impairments, including shoulder subluxation, pain, flaccidity, and decreased upper extremity limb function (Wang, Chan, & Tsai, 2000).This meta-analysis examines the effectiveness of electrical stimulation on treating the upper extremities of patients who suffer cerebro-vascular accidents (strokes). Illustrating the efficacy of electrical stimulation on stroke patients may help to influence occupational therapists use of this adjunctive treatment method.
AML1-ETO contra PU.1: another way to block myeloid differentiation

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the outgrowth of immature myeloid cells often caused by specific chromosome translocations, such as t(8;21), which generates the AML1-ETO fusion protein. Previously, this protein has been shown to inhibit myeloid cell differentiation by 2 different
Wild ramification bounds and simple group Galois extensions ramified only at 2

We consider finite Galois extensions of Q p and deduce bounds on the discriminant of such an extension based on the structure of its Galois group. We then apply these bounds to show that there are no Galois extensions of Q, unramified outside of {2, oo}, whose Galois group is one of various finite simple groups. The set of excluded finite simple groups includes several infinite families.
Isolation and identification of mosquito repellents in Artemisia vulgaris

The mugwortArtemisia vulgaris L. (Compositae: Anthemideae) contains insect repellents which can be released from the plant tissues by combustion. Work was carried out to isolate and identify the repellent compounds. The dried, pulverized whole plants were steam-distilled to give a repellent essential oil which was fractionated by column chromatography. Active fractions were analyzed by capillary GC and by combined GC-MS. A number of compounds, mainly monoterpenoids, were identified. When tested as repellents against the yellow fever mosquitoAedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae), (±)-linalool, (±)-camphor, (+)-camphor, (−)-camphor, isoborneol, (−)-borneol, terpinen-4-ol, and isobornyl acetate were active at 0.14 mg/cm2 or higher. Nonanone-3, (α+β)-thujone, and bornyl acetate were active at 0.28 mg/cm2 or higher. β-Pinene, myrcene, α-terpinene, (+)− limonene, and cineole were active at 1.4 mg/cm2. Of the repellent compounds identified, terpinen-4-ol was the most active and was as effective as dimethyl phthalate.
Amplification of cDNAs for Human Cartilage-Specific Types II, IX and XI Collagens from Chondrocytes and Epstein-Barr Virus-Transformed Lymphocytes

The identification of mutations in cartilage-specific collagen genes in inherited forms of osteoarthritis (OA) and other heritable cartilage diseases has been hampered by the difficulty in obtaining sufficient tissue to isolate RNA and by the loss of the cartilage phenotype during in vitro chondrocyte culture. To overcome these limitations we employed RNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to amplify cDNAs for the cartilage-specific collagens types II, IX and XI from mRNA obtained from small numbers of chondrocytes. We also amplified cDNAs for these collagens from "illegitimate transcripts" from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphocytes. Total RNA was obtained from freshly isolated human fetal and adult chondrocytes and from long-term (90 days) chondrocyte cultures. The RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA and the cDNA amplified in the same tube with oligonucleotide primers specific for types II, IX and XI collagens. The amplified double-stranded products were cloned and sequenced. Successful amplification of the entire 4.4 kb of the type II procollagen cDNA was obtained from as little as 6 ng of RNA from freshly isolated fetal human chondrocytes. Seven hundred and eighty base pairs of the alpha 1 (IX) collagen cDNA and the entire published sequence of alpha 2 (XI) collagen cDNA, were also amplified from these cells. We were also able to amplify cDNAs for the three cartilage-specific collagens from "illegitimate transcripts" from EBV-transformed lymphocytes. Thus, these methods will allow the identification of mutations in cartilage-specific collagen genes in patients with inherited OA and other heritable cartilage diseases from small amounts of cartilage or chondrocyte RNA or from non-cartilaginous sources.
An Inside View of the ICC Court

The International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (hereinafter, the ‘ICC Court’ or the ‘Court’) is the most widely-used, most criticized, and, particularly in the United States, least understood arbitral institution in the world.1 Its well-known purpose is to administer and supervise the hundreds of international commercial arbitrations which annually are conducted in accordance with the ICC's Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration (hereinafter, the ‘ICC Rules’).2 The ICC Court's actual proceedings, however, remain strictly confidential – not even the participants in the ICC arbitrations being supervised may observe or take part in the ICC Court's proceedings, and the reasons for the Court's most important decisions are not communicated to the arbitrators or parties – accounting, in large part, for the mystery surrounding the ICC Court and providing fodder for its critics.3 During the summer of 1992, I had the opportunity to observe and participate in the confidential work of the ICC Court and its administrative arm, the Secretariat, when I took a two-month leave of absence from the practice of law in the United States to serve as an intern with the Secretariat in Paris.4 As an intern, I attended meetings of both the ICC Court and its Secretariat, assisted one of the Secretariat's Counsel in the administration of his arbitration caseload, and undertook an extensive research project involving ICC arbitration.5 During the course of my internship, therefore, I had the opportunity to discuss ICC arbitration with many of the leading figures in international arbitration who serve on the ICC Court, to observe the ICC Court and Secretariat in action, to participate in the Secretariat's administration of pending ICC arbitrations, and to study countless ICC arbitration case files and awards. In this article, I describe some of my observations as an intern …
Statistically-based DLVO approach to the dynamic interaction of colloidal microparticles with topographically and chemically heterogeneous collectors.

Abstract Electrostatic surface heterogeneity on the order of a few nanometers is common in colloidal and bacterial systems, dominating adhesion and aggregation and inducing deviations from classical DLVO theory based on a uniform distribution of surface charge. Topographical heterogeneity and roughness also strongly influence adhesion. In this work, a model is introduced to quantify the spatial fluctuations in the interaction of microparticles in a flowing suspension with a wall aligned parallel to the flow. The wall contains nanoscale chemical and topographical heterogeneities (“patches”) that are randomly distributed and produce localized attraction and repulsion. These attractive and repulsive regions induce fluctuations in the trajectories of the flowing particles that are critical to particle capture by the wall. The statistical distribution of patches is combined with mean-field DLVO calculations between a particle and two homogeneous surfaces: one with the surface potential of the patches and one with the potential of the underlying wall. These surface potentials could be obtained in experiments from zeta potential measurements for the bare wall and for one saturated with patches. This simple model reproduces the mean DLVO interaction force or energy vs. particle–wall separation distance, its variance, and particle adhesion thresholds from direct simulations of particle trajectories over patchy surfaces. The predictions of the model are consistent with experimental findings of significant microparticle deposition onto patchy, net-repulsive surfaces whose apparent zeta potential has the same sign as that of the particles. Deposition is significantly enhanced if the patches protrude even slightly from the surface. The model predictions are also in agreement with the observed variation of the adhesion threshold with the shear rate in published studies of dynamic microparticle adhesion on patchy surfaces.