cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol use, other traits, and risk of unnatural death: a prospective study.

This study prospectively explores relations of usual alcohol intake in a Northern California population of 128,934 persons to risk of subsequent unnatural death. Of 385 such deaths during the 8-year study period, 88 were due to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), 106 to suicide, 52 to homicide, and 139 to miscellaneous other unnatural causes. Comparisons of ex-drinkers and 5 levels of current drinkers to lifelong abstainers were studied by Cox proportional hazards models with 9 covariates. In adjusted analyses, persons reporting intake of 6 or more drinks daily were at greatly increased risk of death from suicide (6 times) and homicide (7 times), and at moderately increased risk of death from MVAs (2 times). Lighter and ex-drinkers were not at significantly increased risk for all unnatural deaths or any of its subsets. Among persons reporting 6 or more drinks/day, women and persons below 50 years of age were at especially high risk, but Blacks and Whites were at similar risk. Persons who usually drank liquor or wine were at greater risk for MVAs than those who usually drank beer; beverage choice was unrelated to the other causes of death. Among other covariates, men and not married persons were at higher risk and college graduates at lower risk, for each cause of death. The only major racial difference was a lower risk of suicide for Blacks (versus Whites). These data provide considerable detail about usual alcohol use and risk of unnatural death. They point to special need for preventive efforts among younger persons and women, with particular attention to suicide and homicide. Language: en
“I know this brand, but did I like the ad?” An investigation of the familiarity‐based sleeper effect

An experiment was designed to investigate the existence of the familiarity-based sleeper effect proposed by Moore and Hutchinson (1983, 1985). The study also investigated the effects of advertisement repetition on the relationship between attitude toward the ad (Aad) and attitude toward the brand (Ab). Television commercials, embedded in a 30-min television program, were used as stimuli. A between-subjects factorial design was used, with 12 cells: three ad types (positive, neutral, and negative), two repetition levels (one versus three exposures to the test commercial) and two delay conditions (Ab was measured either immediately after exposure or 7 days later). The data do not support the existence of a sleeper effect, and provide limited support for the other hypotheses proposed in the study. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and Evaluation of Semicontinuous Slurry Microcosms to Simulate in Situ Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene in Contaminated Aquifers.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) was efficiently biodegraded in situ by aerobic cometabolism at the Moffett Federal Airfield test site, in the presence of phenol or toluene (Hopkins et al. Appl. Environ. Mi...
Optical Properties of Sapphire in the Far Infrared

Investigations have been undertaken of the optical properties of artificial sapphire in the far infrared, utilizing the channel spectrum. The instrument used is a large interferometer designed for application in the far infrared. The interferograms and spectra show that sapphire is birefringent in the far infrared, with nord=3.14±4% and next=3.61±4%, in the region 20 to 60 cm−1. Sapphire is found to be highly transparent from 10 to 40 cm−1, with the transmission dropping to zero near 90 cm−1.
Simulation of coarsening in three-phase solid oxide fuel cell anodes

Abstract Coarsening of the nickel phase is known to occur in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes consisting of Ni and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). However, the exact nature of the coarsening process is not known, nor how it affects three-phase boundaries (TPBs) and the resulting electrochemical performance. We apply a phase-field approach to simulate the microstructural evolution of Ni–YSZ anode functional layers. An experimentally obtained three-dimensional reconstruction of a functional layer from an anode-supported SOFC is used as the initial microstructure. The evolution of the microstructure is characterized quantitatively by examining the TPB density, interfacial area per unit volume, and tortuosity versus time. The assumed TPB contact angles are found to have a strong effect on the microstructural evolution; in particular, reducing the contact angle of nickel on YSZ yields less TPB reduction.
On nonlinear kinematic hardening

Traditionally, the kinematic hardening assumption is used in conjunction with an assumption that the stress-strain curve for simple tension can be approximated by a bilinear curve. This paper generalizes the concept of kinematic hardening for the case when the stress-strain law is nonlinear. It is shown that although a yield condition of the form with κ constant or variable cannot represent non-linear kinematic hardening, at least one yield condition of the form where , represents such hardening.
The Predators of Junnar: Local Peoples' Knowledge, Beliefs, and Attitudes Toward Leopards and Leopard Conservation

This research evaluated local peoples' attitudes toward leopards and leopard conservation in the Junnar Forest Division, a hotspot for human–leopard conflict in India. This article used structured ...
A Fast, Matrix-free Implicit Method for Computing Low Mach Number Flows on Unstructured Grids

A fast, matrix-free implicit method has been developed to solve low Mach number flow problems on unstructured grids. The preconditioned compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are integrated in time using a linearized implicit scheme. A newly developed fast, matrix-free implicit method, GMRES + LU−SGS, is then applied to solve the resultant system of linear equations. A variety of computations has been made for a wide range of flow conditions, for both in viscid and viscous flows, in both 2D and 3D to validate the developed method and to evaluate the effectiveness of the GMRES + LU−SGS method. The numerical results obtained indicate that the use of the GMRES + LU−SGS method leads to a significant increase in performance over the LU−SGS method, while maintaining memory requirements similar to its explicit counterpart. An overall speedup factor from one to more than two order of magnitude for all test cases in comparison with the explicit method is demonstrated.
On the limiting behavior of tail series

Abstract The rate of convergence for an almost certainly convergent series S n = ∑ j = 1 n X j of random variables is studied in this paper. More specifically, when S n converges almost certainly to a random variable S, the tail series T n ≡ S - S n - 1 = ∑ j = n ∞ X j is a well-defined sequence of random variables with T n → 0 almost certainly. Let { b n , n ⩾ 1 } be a sequence of positive constants. The main result provides for independent { X n , n ⩾ 1 } conditions for each of the one-sided implications lim sup n → ∞ X n b n = ∞ almost certainly ⇒ lim sup n → ∞ T n b n = ∞ almost certainly and lim inf n → ∞ X n b n = - ∞ almost certainly ⇒ lim inf n → ∞ T n b n = - ∞ almost certainly to hold. Furthermore, a tail series strong law of large numbers (SLLN) T n / b n → 0 almost certainly is proved without assuming the { X n , n ⩾ 1 } are independent where b n → 0 very rapidly. Illustrative examples are provided concerning various aspects of the results, the last of which shows that they are sharp.
Measurement and significance of cancellation potentials on the human subject.

A versatile four-electrode single-channel system is described which is useful for precise research measurements of mirror patterns on the intact human subject, and the theoretic significance of results obtained on normal subjects for the QRS complex is presented in detail. It is concluded that the QRS complex at all points on the body of normal human subjects, including the precordium, can be considered to arise from a fixed-location equivalent heart dipole to an average accuracy of 5 per cent. Therefore, the "proximity" potential concept is untenable for the normal QRS complex.
Phonemic segmentation and blending skills of kindergarten children: Implications for beginning reading acquisition

Abstract This study explored the abilities of kindergarten children in segmenting and blending phonemic components of words and the relationship of these abilities to beginning reading acquisition measured by the word recognition subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) and to auditory discrimination defined by performance on the Wepman Test of Auditory Discrimination. Random assignment of 103 kindergarten children to six experimental groups was used to evaluate phonemic segmentation and blending skills and to one control group to assess the relationship of these skills to auditory discrimination. Each experimental group received training in one of three types of word division (either C-V-C, CV-C or C-VC) for phonemic segmentation and blending in one of two task sequences (either blending first or segmentation first). Results indicate that segmentation is significantly more difficult than blending and that C-V-C is the most difficult of the three types of word division for both segmentation and blending. There were no significant differential effects of the training and control procedures on a pretest and posttest of the Wepman. Follow-up with the WRAT 1 year later indicated that C-V-C segmentation is a highly useful predictor of beginning reading acquisition. Implications for teaching of reading and for the interpretation of Wepman results are included.
A Female Infant Who Has a Pink, Smooth Soft-Tissue Mass

A female newborn has a pink, fresh, smooth, soft tissue mass (2.0 cm x 1.5 cm x 1.0 cm) on the midline of the hard palate (Fig 1). Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. ### Prenatal History: ### Birth History: ### Vital Signs: ### Physical Examination:
STUDIES ON BLOOD CHANGES IN PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTIONS : AN EXPERMENTAL STUDY OF THE FORMATION AND FATE OF METHEMOGLOBIN IN THE BLOOD.

In the occasional cases of pneumonia which show a decrease in the oxygen capacity of the blood, the decrease is probably due to a formation of methemoglobin. The latter is removed from the circulation, however, as rapidly as it is formed, so that it can seldom be detected even qualitatively, and is probably never a cause of cyanosis.
HPLC quantification of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in human lung cancer tissues.

A simple and cost-effective HPLC method was established for quantification of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) in human lung cancer tissues. 5-HETE from 27 patients' lung cancer tissues were extracted by solid-phase extraction and analyzed on a Waters Symmetry C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol, 10 mm ammonium acetate, and 1 m acetic acid (70:30:0.1, v:v:v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The UV detection wavelength was set at 240 nm. The calibration curve was linear within the concentration range from 10 to 1000 ng/mL (r2 > 0.999, n = 7), the limit of detection was 1.0 ng/mL and the limit of quantitation was 10.0 ng/mL for a 100 µL injection. The relative error (%) for intra-day accuracy was from 93.14 to 112.50% and the RSD (%) for intra-day precision was from 0.21 to 2.60% over the concentration range 10–1000 ng/mL. By applying this method, amounts of 5-HETE were quantitated in human lung cancer tissues from 27 human subjects. The established HPLC method was validated to be a simple, reliable and cost-effective procedure that can be applied to conduct translational characterization of 5-HETE in human lung cancer tissues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondrial localization and pro-apoptotic effects of the interferon-inducible protein ISG12a

ISG12a is one of the most highly induced genes following treatment of cells with type I interferons (IFNs). The encoded protein belongs to a family of poorly characterized, low molecular weight IFN-inducible proteins that includes 6–16 (G1P3), 1–8U (IFITM3), and 1–8D (IFITM2). Our studies demonstrate that the ISG12a protein associates with or inserts into the mitochondrial membrane. Transient expression of ISG12a led to decreased viable cell numbers and enhanced sensitivity to DNA-damage induced apoptosis, effects that were blocked by Bcl-2 co-expression or treatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor. ISG12a enhanced etoposide induced cytochrome c release, Bax activation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. siRNA-mediated inhibition of ectopic ISG12a protein expression prevented the sensitization to etoposide-induced apoptosis and also decreased the ability of IFN-β pretreatment to sensitize cells to etoposide, thereby demonstrating a role for ISG12a in this process. These data suggest that ISG12a contributes to IFN-dependent perturbation of normal mitochondrial function, thus adding ISG12a to a growing list of IFN-induced proteins that impact cellular apoptosis.
Can health promotion programs save Medicare money

The impact of an aging population on escalating US healthcare costs is influenced largely by the prevalence of chronic disease in this population. Consequently, preventing or postponing disease onset among the elderly has become a crucial public health issue. Fortunately, much of the total burden of disease is attributable to conditions that are preventable. In this paper, we address whether well-designed health promotion programs can prevent illness, reduce disability, and improve the quality of life. Furthermore, we assess evidence that these programs have the potential to reduce healthcare utilization and related expenditures for the Medicare program. We hypothesize that seniors who reduce their modifiable health risks can forestall disability, reduce healthcare utilization, and save Medicare money. We end with a discussion of a new Senior Risk Reduction Demonstration, which will be initiated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in 2007, to test whether risk reduction programs developed in the private sector can achieve health improvements among seniors and a positive return on investment for the Medicare program.
The Effect of Penicillin upon the Fertility of Semen from Relatively Infertile Bulls

Summary Penicillin was added to the semen of five relatively infertile bulls at the rate of 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 units per ml. of diluter. Based on 3,576 inseminations, levels of penicillin of 500 and 1,000 units brought about highly significant increases in fertility of 13.4 and 15.3 per cent of the cows inseminated, respectively. The 250 and 750 unit concentrations each showed average increases of 8.7 percentage units over the controls and these differences approached significance. Greatest improvement in breeding efficiency was obtained with 1,000 units of penicillin per ml. of diluter. The variation in results among the bulls indicated that penicillin had a very beneficial effect upon the semen from certain bulls of lowered fertility, while failing to be of significant value when added to the semen of other bulls. Thus, three of the five bulls showed large increases in fertility of 14.5, 21.1 and 31.6 percentage units when 1,000 units of penicillin were added per ml. of diluter. Of the remaining bulls, one showed a small increase of 4.1 per cent while the other showed no beneficial response.
Expression of a taste aversion conditioned with an odor-taste compound: Overshadowing is relatively weak in weanlings and decreases over a retention interval in adults

Adult rats were injected with lithium chloride (LiCl) after consumption of a novel flavor (chocolate milk) that either was or was not presented together with a novel ambient odor (banana) as a compound conditioned stimulus (CS). In Experiment 1, the adults’ consumption of the flavor 24 h after conditioning was compared with that of weanling rats given the same conditioning treatment on Postnatal Day 21. The results confirmed previous indications that the reduction in aversion observed for adults conditioned with the compound CS (overshadowing) was weak or nonexistent in weanlings. After a longer retention interval (21 days), there was no evidence of overshadowing in adults despite maintained retention of the basic conditioned aversion. In Experiment 2 this decrease in overshadowing after a long retention interval was replicated with adult animals and extended to a different method of testing. The form of the effect was the same as in Experiment 1: The decrease in overshadowing occurred over the retention interval without loss in retention of the basic taste aversion; the decrease in overshadowing was a consequence of anincrease in the flavor aversion displayed by animals conditioned with the compound CS. The impaired flavor aversion (i.e., the overshadowing) observed shortly after conditioning apparently was due to factors associated with memory retrieval, rather than to reduced attentional or associative strength.
A Virtual Time System for Linux-container-based Emulation of Software-defined Networks

Realistic and scalable testing systems are critical to evaluate network applications and protocols to ensure successful real system deployments. Container-based network emulation is attractive because of the combination of many desired features of network simulators and physical testbeds. The success of Mininet, a popular software-defined networking (SDN) emulation testbed, demonstrates the value of such approach that we can execute unmodified binary code on a large-scale emulated network with lightweight OS-level virtualization techniques. However, an ordinary network emulator uses the system clock across all the containers even if a container is not being scheduled to run. This leads to the issue of temporal fidelity, especially with high workloads. Virtual time sheds the light on the issue of preserving temporal fidelity for large-scale emulation. The key insight is to trade time with system resources via precisely scaling the time of interactions between containers and physical devices by a factor of n, hence, making an emulated network appear to be n times faster from the viewpoints of applications in the container. In this paper, we develop a lightweight Linux-container-based virtual time system and integrate the system to Mininet for fidelity and scalability enhancement. We also design an adaptive time dilation scheduling module for balancing speed and accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that (1) with virtual time, Mininet is able to accurately emulate a network n times larger in scale, where n is the scaling factor, with the system behaviors closely match data obtained from a physical testbed; and (2) with the adaptive time dilation scheduling, we reduce the running time by 46% with little accuracy loss. Finally, we present a case study using the virtual-time-enabled Mininet to evaluate the limitations of equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) routing in a data center network.
Pediatric musculoskeletal imaging: beyond the basics

Under the guidance of Drs. J. Herman Kan, R. Paul Guillerman and Michael J. Callahan, with the administrative assistance of Karen Schmitt, the SPR organized the second pediatric musculoskeletal meeting, “Pediatric Musculoskeletal Imaging: Beyond the Basics,” in Key Biscayne, FL, on Sept. 21–23. The 2012 meeting featured 13 course faculty members, including ten pediatric radiologists, one adult musculoskeletal radiologist and two orthopedic surgeons, who collectively presented 34 lectures in addition to a hands-on demonstration of common orthopedic measurements. There were more than 200 attendees at the meeting, which was held at the Ritz-Carlton Key Biscayne. The conference presentations were divided into sections, including imaging of the lower extremity, imaging of the upper extremity, unique entities and controversies, and general topics in pediatric musculoskeletal imaging. The meeting covered the full breadth of modalities employed in pediatric musculoskeletal imaging, including radiography, CT, MRI, US and interventional techniques, as well as a broad spectrum of pathologies including infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, developmental and posttraumatic entities. The meeting focused particular attention on the many challenges of performing and interpreting imaging studies on children, where specialized knowledge of the growing and maturing musculoskeletal system is required and issues such as sedation and ionizing radiation exposure are more germane than in adults. The meeting provided an overview of existing and potential pediatric musculoskeletal applications of US imaging to increase awareness of this valuable modality that does not require sedation or incur ionizing radiation exposure in children. By including several lectures by orthopedic surgeons, the meeting also emphasized the importance of perspective and communication of clinically relevant information among specialists. “Pediatric Musculoskeletal Imaging: Beyond the Basics” provided a convenient forum for attendees to learn in depth about current topics related to the practice of pediatric musculoskeletal imaging. This supplement to the Pediatric Radiology journal contains peer-reviewed manuscripts highlighting material presented at the conference, so that the knowledge imparted may more widely benefit the SPR membership and broader radiology community.
Traumatic stress disorder and violent behavior

Some previous research with Vietnam combat veterans has found a relationship to subsequent development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and involvement in violent behavior. The relationship of PTSD and its symptoms to violence have not been studied in nonveteran samples. This article reports the relationship of PTSD and its symptoms to violence in a sample of 1140 incarcerated male felons, most of whom did not develop PTSD or its symptoms from a combat-related traumatic stressor event. A relationship of PTSD and its symptoms to arrest and incarceration for expressive violence is found when demographic, antisocial personality, and problem drinking factors are controlled. For the large majority of those who experienced at least one PTSD symptom and had an arrest history for expressive violence, the PTSD symptom preceded or occurred in the same year as the violence arrest. This temporal ordering is consistent with viewing PTSD symptoms as etiologically relevant to the occurrence of violence.
Chemical Looping for Pre-combustion CO2 Capture — Performance and Cost Analysis☆

Abstract The objective of this paper is to compare the two technologies chemical looping combustion (CLC) for inherent CO 2 -capture, and Calcium looping-based (CaL) CO 2 -capture when applied to a coal-based IGCC power plant, in terms of system efficiency, overall plant efficiency, CO 2 -capture percentage and cost. It was found that a CLC-based CO 2 capture system is more efficient than a CaL-based CO 2 capture system. However, both the chemical looping processes lead to higher efficiencies than a conventional solvent-based pre-combustion CO 2 capture. The capital cost and cost of electricity of the CLC-based CO 2 - capture power plant were also found to be lower than a conventional pre-combustion CO 2 -capture for an IGCC power plant.
Crystal structure of a novel germination protease from spores of Bacillus megaterium: structural arrangement and zymogen activation.

The DNA in the core of spores of Bacillus species is saturated with a group of small, acid-soluble proteins (SASP) that protect DNA from a variety of harsh treatments and play a major role in spore resistance and long-term spore survival. During spore germination, SASPs are rapidly degraded to amino acids and this degradation is initiated by a sequence-specific protease called germination protease (GPR), which exhibits no obvious mechanistic or amino acid sequence similarity to any known class of proteases. GPR is synthesized during sporulation as an inactive tetrameric zymogen termed P(46), which later autoprocesses to a smaller form termed P(41), which is active only during spore germination. Here, we report the crystal structure of P(46) from Bacillus megaterium at 3.0 A resolution and the fact that P(46) monomer adopts a novel fold. The asymmetric unit contains two P(46) monomers and the functional tetramer is a dimer of dimers, with an approximately 9 A channel in the center of the tetramer. Analysis of the P(46) structure and site-directed mutagenesis studies have provided some insight into the mechanism of zymogen activation as well as the zymogen's lack of activity and the inactivity of P(41) in the mature spore.
Positive relationship between the number of prior ethanol withdrawal episodes and the severity of subsequent withdrawal seizures.

One factor that has been shown to influence the severity of an ethanol withdrawal syndrome is a history of prior experience with episodes of ethanol withdrawal. It has been hypothesized that the progressive intensification of withdrawal symptoms following repeated bouts of ethanol intoxication and withdrawal may represent the manifestations of a “kindling-like” process. In mice, repeated episodes of ethanol withdrawal potentiate the severity of subsequent withdrawal seizures, even when the total amount of ethanol intoxication is equated across groups. In the current experiments, mice received 16-h bouts of continuous exposure to ethanol vapor in inhalation chambers separated by 8-h periods of abstinence. The withdrawal response was assessed by scoring handling—induced convulsions. The results demonstrated that a positive relationship exists between the number of prior episodes of ethanol withdrawal and the severity of subsequent withdrawal seizures. This conclusion was supported by both between-subject and within-subject comparisons. The difference in withdrawal severity does not appear to be related to differences in the level of intoxication, since blood ethanol levels immediately preceding withdrawal testing were similar for all groups. Further, the differential withdrawal response exhibited by multiple and single withdrawal groups cannot be explained by a difference in the rate of ethanol elimination. Although the mechanism(s) remain to be determined, taken together, these results provide support for the “kindling” hypothesis of ethanol withdrawal.
Experimental Characterization of Electroplated CBN Grinding Wheel Wear: Topology Evolution and Interfacial Toughness

The wear rate of a grinding wheel directly affects the workpiece surface integrity and tolerances. This paper summarizes a combined experimental-modeling framework for life cycle prediction of an electroplated Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) grinding wheel, typically utilized in nickel-based superalloy grinding. The paper presents an experimental framework to facilitate the formulation of a micro-mechanics based modeling framework. The presented work investigates the topological evolution of the grinding wheel surface and mechanisms of grit failure via depth profiling, digital microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results are used to elucidate the statistical evolution of the grinding wheel surface. Different modes of grit failure, including grit attritious wear, fracture and pull out haven been identified. The analysis of the surface topological features indicates a unique grit activation process, leading to a non-uniform spatial distribution of the grit wear. Additionally, single grit pull out experiment has been conducted to assess the residual strength of the grit-wheel interface and the associated state of damage percolation. The experimental results can be utilized in developing a life expectancy model for the CBN grinding wheel to assess the grit mean time to failure as well as grit surface topological evolution as a function of the process parameters.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The Microscopic Foundations of Vlasov Theory for Jellium-Like ewtonian $$$$-Body Systems

The kinetic equations of Vlasov theory, in the weak formulation, are rigorously shown to govern the $$N\rightarrow \infty $$ limit of the Newtonian dynamics of $$D\ge 2$$ -dimensional $$N$$ -body systems with attractive harmonic pair interactions and locally integrable repulsive inverse power law pair interactions, provided a mild higher moment hypothesis on the forces (which is shown to propagate globally in time for each $$N$$ ) will hold uniformly in $$N$$ at later times if it holds uniformly in $$N$$ initially (the uniformity in $$N$$ of this moment condition is demonstrated to hold for an open set of initial data). Logarithmic interactions are included as a limiting case. The proof is based on the Liouville equation, more precisely the first member of the pertinent BBGKY hierarchy, and does not invoke the Hewitt–Savage theorem, nor any regularization of the interactions. In addition, a rigorous proof of the virial theorem and of some of its interesting ramifications is given.
Effect of water on the strength of filled polychloroprene vulcanizates

Three commercial rubber compounds used in marine applications were immersed in water or in 3.5% NaCl solution for up to 250 days. Tear strengths, measured with the “trousers” test piece, decreased in the order dry > salt water exposed > fresh water exposed, and changes of up to 50% were seen. Tensile strengths also decreased, but not always in the same proportion, suggesting a possible change in structure of the voids which initiate fracture. Results are discussed in terms of osmotic swelling and extraction of rubber components.
“The press did you in”: the Poor People's Campaign and the mass media

Using the Poor People's Campaign of 1968 as a case study, this essay explores the considerable influence media framing had on the social justice movements of the time. While campaign organizers including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. sought the nation's rededication to the War on Poverty, national press coverage flattened out the campaign's complexities. A systematic examination of such reporting reveals that common media practices helped obscure many of the campaign's class‐based goals and the practical impact the experience had on those who participated.
The DNA-binding and Transcription-Activation Abilities of p53 Are Necessary but not Sufficient for Its Antiproliferation Function'

Normal p53 protein suppresses cell proliferation and ras oncogene-induced cell transformation. Missense mutations in the middle conserved conformational domain of p53 decrease its antiproliferation function. In this work, we studied the requirement of the NH2- and COOH-terminal regions of p53 in its antiproliferation function using two independent assays, growth of chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells on methylcellulose semisolid medium and ras oncogene-induced focus formation of rat fibroblast cells (Rat-1). We found that deletion of 80 or 159 amino acids from the NH2-terminus and deletion of 67 amino acids from the COOH-terminus of p53 drastically reduced the antiproliferation function of p53. However, the COOH-terminal deletion mutant is capable of binding to a p53 DNA-binding element, p53CON (GGACATGCCCGGGCATGTCC), and of activating p53CON-mediated transcription. These results suggest that p53' abilities to bind p53CON and activate transcription are not sufficient for its antiproliferation function and that p53CON-regulated genes may not be growth suppressive.
A non-aqueous SERS study of the 2,2′-bipyridine free ligand and the tris(bpy) Ru(II) complex reduction products

Abstract The surface-enhanced Raman spectrum (SERS) of 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) in DMF solvent as a function of exciting line indicates that the enhancement peaks with excitation near 19 ×10 3 cm −1 . Also, a shift in vibrational frequencies occurs as the potential is varied from −0.8 to − 1.8 V versus Ag/AgCl, with the ligand appearing to desorb from the electrode near (but prior to) the reduction potential of b bipyridine. With this free ligand background information, the SERS of [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2-n is re-investigated. At exciting lines in resonance with bipyridine artion π to π* transitions, evidence for both reduced and unreduced ligand vibrations (the frequencies of which are only slightly potential dependent) are observed.
SEMANTIC COMPUTING AND PRIVACY: A CASE STUDY USING INFERRED GEO-LOCATION

This paper presents an experiment that allows the inference over data published in social networks, resulting in a potentially severe privacy leak, more specifically the inference of geo-location resulting in the potential of cybercasing attacks. We present an algorithm that allows the inference of the geo-location of YouTube and Flickr videos based on the tag descriptions. Using the locations, we find people where we can infer both the home address as well as the fact that they are currently on vacation, which makes them potential targets for burglary. By doing so we repeat an experiment from the literature that was originally meant to show the potential dangers of geo-tagging but replacing the geo-tags with Semantic Computing methods. We conclude that the only way to tackle potential threats like this is for researchers to develop an enhanced notion of privacy for Semantic Computing.
Electrical impedance-based biopsy for prostate cancer detection

Currently biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of prostate cancer in humans, although it samples only 19mm3 volume of prostate, corresponding to 0.95% of a 50cm3 prostate gland for a regular 12-core biopsy procedure. The aim of this study was to increase the sampling volume by incorporating electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) into the standard biopsy needle. Electrical impedance can act as a reliable biomarker for distinguishing malignant from benign tissues in human prostate. The EIS biopsy needle allows tip of the needle to act as sensor to measure the electrical impedance of the tissue core extracted. The sensitivity of the prototype device was evaluated in a series of saline bath experiments. We demonstrated that EIS biopsy needle senses 286.92 mm3 of volume of the tissue on either side of the needle trajectory for each core, adding up to 2 × 12 × 286.92 = 6886.08 mm3 or 13.8% of tissue's volume. Thus, measuring electrical properties in addition to core extraction is expected to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the device. A few experiments have been conducted on ex vivo porcine samples to envisage EIS biopsy needle's ability in distinguishing two different kinds of tissues.
Unsupervised Bilingual Morpheme Segmentation and Alignment with Context-rich Hidden Semi-Markov Models

This paper describes an unsupervised dynamic graphical model for morphological segmentation and bilingual morpheme alignment for statistical machine translation. The model extends Hidden Semi-Markov chain models by using factored output nodes and special structures for its conditional probability distributions. It relies on morpho-syntactic and lexical source-side information (part-of-speech, morphological segmentation) while learning a morpheme segmentation over the target language. Our model outperforms a competitive word alignment system in alignment quality. Used in a monolingual morphological segmentation setting it substantially improves accuracy over previous state-of-the-art models on three Arabic and Hebrew datasets.
Characterizing printed protein biolayers using adaptive spinning-disk interferometry

The optical thickness and refractive index of a monolayer of protein, printed using soft lithography on glass, is measured by spinning-disk adaptive homodyne detection, a sensitive new materials characterization tool, and validated by AFM.
A comparison of ambulatory Medicaid claims to medical records: a reliability assessment.

This study compares the documentation of ambulatory care visits and diagnoses in Medicaid paid claims and in medical records. Data were obtained from Maryland Medicaid's 1988 paid claims files for 2407 individuals who were continuously enrolled for the fiscal year, had at least one billed visit for one of six indicator conditions, and had received the majority of their care from one provider. The patients sampled were also stratified on the basis of the case-mix adjusted cost of their usual source of care. The medical records for these individuals as maintained by their usual source of care were abstracted by trained nurse reviewers to compare claims and record information. Linked claim and medical record data for sampled patients were used to calculate: (i) the percent of billed visits doc umented in the record, (ii) the percent of medical record visits where both the date and the diagnosis agreed with the claims data, and (iii) the ratio of medical record vis its to visits from billed claims. Included i...
Cytoplasmic protein methylation is essential for neural crest migration

As they initiate migration in vertebrate embryos, neural crest cells are enriched for methylation cycle enzymes, including S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), the only known enzyme to hydrolyze the feedback inhibitor of trans-methylation reactions. The importance of methylation in neural crest migration is unknown. Here, we show that SAHH is required for emigration of polarized neural crest cells, indicating that methylation is essential for neural crest migration. Although nuclear histone methylation regulates neural crest gene expression, SAHH and lysine-methylated proteins are abundant in the cytoplasm of migratory neural crest cells. Proteomic profiling of cytoplasmic, lysine-methylated proteins from migratory neural crest cells identified 182 proteins, several of which are cytoskeleton related. A methylation-resistant form of one of these proteins, the actin-binding protein elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (EF1α1), blocks neural crest migration. Altogether, these data reveal a novel and essential role for post-translational nonhistone protein methylation during neural crest migration and define a previously unknown requirement for EF1α1 methylation in migration.
Role of alkaline ceramidases in the generation of sphingosine and its phosphate in erythrocytes

Plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has been suggested to mainly originate from erythrocytes; however, within the erythrocyte, how sphingosine (SPH) generation--the precursor to S1P--is controlled is unknown. SPH is only generated from the hydrolysis of ceramides via ceramidases. Five human ceramidases have been identified: 1 acid, 1 neutral, and 3 alkaline ceramidases (ACER1, ACER2, and ACER3). Here, we demonstrate that only alkaline ceramidase activity is expressed in erythrocytes and that it is instrumental for SPH generation. Erythrocytes have alkaline but not acid or neutral ceramidase activity on D-e-C(18:1)-ceramide, a common substrate of ceramidases. Not only alkaline ceramidase activity but also the generation of SPH and S1P are increased during erythroid differentiation in K562 erythroleukemic cells. Such SPH and S1P increases were inhibited by the alkaline ceramidase inhibitor D-e-MAPP, suggesting that alkaline ceramidases have a role in the generation of SPH and S1P in erythroid cells. Alkaline ceramidase activity is highly expressed in mouse erythrocytes, and intravenous administration of D-e-MAPP decreased both SPH and S1P in erythrocytes and plasma. Collectively, these results suggest that alkaline ceramidase activity is important for the generation of SPH, the S1P precursor in erythrocytes.
Transition aware global signaling (TAGS)

We propose a new receiver to reduce the number of repeaters used in global wiring. The receiver stores the next state of the line while quiet. Upon detection of a transition at the end of the line the output is temporarily driven by the stored next state. Transitions at the output of the receiver are much faster than at the end of the line since they are generated locally. Using the TAGS receiver we can run a 15 mm line (180 nm node) at 800 MHz with no repeaters. The same line requires three repeaters with a traditional receiver and consumed more power and area. The TAGS receiver also outperforms a standard inverter at the 70 nm technology node. A noise analysis at the two technology nodes shows that the receiver maintains good functional noise immunity.
Drug analog inhibition of indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase (IDO) activity modifies pattern recognition receptor expression and proinflammatory cytokine responses early during influenza virus infection

Influenza virus is recognized by PRRs, which are critical in the early response to virus infection and induction of proinflammatory cytokines. IDO is increased in the lung of mice immediately following influenza infection, and the presence of IDO has been shown to mediate immune suppression through depletion of trp and reduction in IL-6 production. To determine the role of IDO activity in the early immune response to influenza infection, IDO activity was inhibited using the synthetic analog, 1MT. The results show that IDO inhibition enhanced proinflammatory cytokine gene and protein expression at 24 and 48 h postinfection, respectively, compared with control-treated mice and affected PRR expression. The enhanced proinflammatory response in the presence of 1MT was attributed to macrophages in the airways, as Raw264.7 and primary AMs showed enhanced production of IFN-β, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the presence of 1MT. These findings provide important knowledge for the role of IDO during initial host response to influenza infection.
Natural history of experimental coronary atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling in relation to endothelial shear stress: a serial, in vivo intravascular ultrasound study.

Background— The natural history of heterogeneous atherosclerotic plaques and the role of local hemodynamic factors throughout their development are unknown. We performed a serial study to assess the role of endothelial shear stress (ESS) and vascular remodeling in the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis. Methods and Results— Intravascular ultrasound-based 3-dimensional reconstruction of all major coronary arteries (n=15) was performed serially in vivo in 5 swine 4, 11, 16, 23, and 36 weeks after induction of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. The reconstructed arteries were divided into 3-mm-long segments (n=304). ESS was calculated in all segments at all time points through the use of computational fluid dynamics. Vascular remodeling was assessed at each time point in all segments containing significant plaque, defined as maximal intima-media thickness ≥0.5 mm, at week 36 (n=220). Plaque started to develop at week 11 and progressively advanced toward heterogeneous, multifocal lesions at all su...
Model-based personalization scheme of an artificial pancreas for Type 1 diabetes applications

Automated controllers designed to regulate blood glucose concentrations in people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) must avoid hypoglycemia (blood glucose 180 mg/dl), a challenging task. In this paper, a model-based control design approach with a personalized scheme based on readily available clinical factors is applied to a linearized control-relevant model of subject insulin-glucose response profiles. An insulin feedback strategy is included with specific personalization settings and variations in a tuning parameter, τc. The control strategy is challenged by an unannounced meal disturbance with 50 g carbohydrate content. A set of metrics are introduced as a method of evaluating the performance of different controllers. In-silico simulations of ten subjects in the Food and Drug Administration accepted Universities of Virginia and Padova metabolic simulator indicate that the personalization strategy with a τc setting of 270 minutes gives very good controller performance. Post-prandial glucose concentration peaks of 183 mg/dl were achieved with 97% of the total simulation time spent within a safe glycemic zone (70-180 mg/dl), without hypoglycemic incidents and without requiring a time-consuming model identification process.
Follicle Selection in Monovular Species

Follicle deviation is proposed to be the eminent event in follicle selection in monovular species. At deviation, the largest follicle establishes dominance apparently before the second-largest follicle can reach a similar diameter. In cattle, based on diameters of the two follicles at the beginning of deviation, the mechanism becomes established in <8 h. An FSH:follicle-coupling hypothesis has been supported as the essence of follicle selection. According to the hypothesis, the growing follicles cause the FSH decline from the peak of the wave-stimulating FSH surge until deviation, even though the follicles continue to require FSH (two-way functional coupling involving multiple follicles). During multiple-follicle coupling, inhibin is the primary FSH suppressant. Near the beginning of deviation, the largest follicle secretes increased estradiol, and apparently both estradiol and inhibin contribute to the continuing FSH decline; only the more-developed largest follicle is able to utilize the low FSH concentrations (single-follicle coupling). Deviation is encompassed by a transient elevation in LH in heifers and by a component, often distinct, of the long ovulatory LH surge in mares. In heifers, receptors for LH appear in the granulosa cells of the future dominant follicle about 8 h before the beginning of deviation. The LH stimulates the production of estradiol and insulin-like growth factor-1. These intrafollicular factors and perhaps others account for the responsiveness of the largest follicle to the low concentrations of FSH. The smaller follicles have not reached a similar developmental stage and because of their continued and close dependency on FSH become susceptible to the low concentrations. Thereby, follicle selection is established.
The Influence of Technology on the Classroom Climate of Social Studies Classrooms: A Multidimensional Approach

This study examined the classroom climate in social studies classrooms using technology as measured by the Classroom Climate Questionnaire (CCQ), classroom observations, and teacher interviews. The questionnaire was administered to 306 students in 14 classrooms across three public urban middle schools. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed six factors: Teacher Support and Structure, Rule Clarity and Teacher Control, Involvement in Teacher Structured Activities, Involvement with Computers, Competition with Computers, and Innovation. Significant differences among schools emerged for Involvement in Teacher Structured Activities, Innovation, and Involvement with Computers. Gender effects were found for Involvement with Computers and Competition with Computers, with males reporting higher scores than females on both aspects of classroom climate. Observational data and interviews provide interpretive information. Implications and future research are discussed.
Lysosomal proteolysis in distally or proximally denervated rat soleus muscle

We examined the mechanism of accelerated proteolysis in denervated rat soleus muscles. The soleus was denervated by severing either the tibial nerve (proximal, short stump) or sciatic nerve (distal, long stump) at 24, 48, 72, or 96 h before excision. Twenty-four hours after denervation, the extent of atrophy was similar for proximal and distal denervation, although lysosomal latency declined in both groups. After 48 and 72 h, denervation resulted in a decline in protein content, an increase in in vitro protein degradation, and a decline in lysosomal latency, all of which were greater in proximally denervated than in contralateral distally denervated muscles. These differences between acute responses of proximally and distally denervated muscles suggest the retention of some factor in the longer nerve stump that attenuates atrophy. After 96 h, total protein loss, protein degradation, and lysosomal latency were similar for proximal and distal denervation, suggesting the loss of axoplasmic flow from the long nerve stump.