cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of lead acetate on sensitivity to shock, intravascular carbon and endotoxin clearances, and hepatic endotoxin detoxification.

SummaryLead acetate iv at 5 mg/300 g to male rats of the Holtzman strain sensitized to the lethal shock induced by endotoxin, Noble-Collip tumbling trauma, hind limb ischemia, bowel ischemia, and horse serum anaphylaxis. Lead treatment depressed the intravascular phagocytic clearance of colloidal carbon as evaluated at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min. By use of an endotoxin bioassay based on lethality in lead-treated assay rats, the intravascular removal of a test dose of 0.5 mg of endotoxin was not altered by lead treatment as compared to normal and sodium acetate treated controls. The ability of liver homogenates to detoxify endotoxin was not altered by lead administration at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 8 hr prior to sacrifice. The in vitro addition of lead to homogenates incubated with endotoxin did not alter detoxification. It is suggested that the mechanism of lead sensitization to endotoxin probably does not reflect alteration in its rate of clearance or detoxification but rather may relate to lead's ability to al...
Characterization of Graphene Films and Transistors Grown on Sapphire by Metal-Free Chemical Vapor Deposition

We present a novel method for the direct metal-free growth of graphene on sapphire that yields high quality films comparable to that of graphene grown on SiC by sublimation. Graphene is synthesized on sapphire via the simple decomposition of methane at 1425–1600 °C. Film quality was found to be a strong function of growth temperature. The thickness, structure, interface characteristics, and electrical transport properties were characterized in order to understand the utility of this material for electronic devices. Graphene synthesized on sapphire is found to be strain relieved, with no evidence of an interfacial buffer layer. There is a strong correlation between the graphene structural quality and carrier mobility. Room temperature Hall effect mobility values were as high as 3000 cm2/(V s), while measurements at 2 K reached values of 10 500 cm2/(V s). These films also display evidence of the quantum Hall effect. Field effect transistors fabricated from this material had a typical current density of 200 ...
The Supreme Court and the Story of American Freedom

Freedom is one of the most cherished and commonly invoked principles in Western democracy. From the Revolutionary War to the writing of the American Constitution to the debate over slavery to the civil rights movements of the 1960s, freedom has been a defining fea ture of the American experience. The resonating significance of free dom remains at the center of public discourse as the world watches Russia and other Eastern bloc countries struggle to establish demo cratic governing systems. Freedom's enormous influence over the hearts and minds of millions beckons us to consider the substance of
Student loans or marriage? A look at the highly educated

Abstract I examine the relationship between student loans and marital status among individuals considering or pursuing graduate management education. Using data from a panel survey of registrants for the Graduate Management Admission Test, I show that the amount of accumulated student debt is negatively related to the probability of first marriage. The strength of the relationship diminishes with age, more so for women than for men. At the median age for the sample (24 years at test registration), the estimated decrease over a seven-year period is between 3 and 4 percentage points per $10,000 in student debt for men and a percentage point lower in absolute value for women. I use information on reported marriage expectations to show evidence that education expenditures and the amount of debt are correlated with anticipated marital status, but borrowers may not have perfect foresight about the long-term consequences of accumulating student debt.
Adiabatic continuity, wave-function overlap, and topological phase transitions

In this paper, we study the relation between wave-function overlap and adiabatic continuity in gapped quantum systems. We show that for two band insulators, a scalar function can be defined in the momentum space, which characterizes the wave-function overlap between Bloch states in the two insulators. If this overlap is nonzero for all momentum points in the Brillouin zone, these two insulators are adiabatically connected, i.e., we can deform one insulator into the other smoothly without closing the band gap. In addition, we further prove that this adiabatic path preserves all the symmetries of the insulators. The existence of such an adiabatic path implies that two insulators with nonzero wave-function overlap belong to the same topological phase. This relation, between adiabatic continuity and wave-function overlap, can be further generalized to correlated systems. The generalized relation cannot be applied to study generic many-body systems in the thermodynamic limit, because of the orthogonality catastrophe. However, for certain interacting systems (e.g., quantum Hall systems), the quantum wave-function overlap can be utilized to distinguish different quantum states. Experimental implications are also discussed.
[Investigation analysis on public awareness of tuberculosis knowledge in Zhejiang province, 2010].

Objective To investigate the status of awareness on tuberculosis (TB) in the public and its impact factors in Zhejiang province.Methods A multi-stage sampling was applied.Around 6600subjects were enrolled for questionnaire survey from December 2010 to January 2011 in Zhejiang province.Survey data were input by EpiData 3.0 software,the status of awareness on TB in the public and impact factors were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software package.Results A total of 6546 subjects were investigated,the response rate was 99.18％ (6546/6600),3306 were male and 3240 were female,the age of subjects was (44.90 ± 12.40) year-old.The total key information awareness rate of TB was 45.66％( 14 944/32 730),65.70％ ( 4301/6546 ) knowing the transmission route,33.30％ ( 2180/6546 ) knowing the symptoms of TB,39.21％ (2567/6546)knowing where to go when suspected suffering TB,38.28％(2506/6546) knowing national free anti-TB drug supply and examination of infectious TB patients,51.79％(3390/6546)knowing TB is curable in most case. As for the the key information awareness rate,among senior high school or above,primary high school,primary school or below were 57.19％ (3257/5695),52.07 ％ ( 6 066/11 650 ),36.54％ ( 5 621 / 15 385 ),respectivly ; among birthplace in city,rural areas were 54.70％ ( 1745/3190 ),44.68％ ( 13 199/29 540 ),respectivly; among male,famale were 47.11％(7 788/16 530),44.17％ (7 156/ 16 200),respectively; among different occupations,cadre or staff was highest(59.43％,1 563/2 630),whereas students was lowest (40.33％,492/1220 ) ; among different age groups,subjects aged beyond 50 years was lowest (39.75％,5 189/13 055).The total key information awareness rate among above different population groups showed statistically difference ( all P values ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion Awareness of knowledge for prevention and therapy of tubereulosis in Zhejiang public was insufficient and imballauced among subjeets with different social demographic characteristics. Key words: Tuberculosis; Health education; Key information; Awareness rate
Cell Culture: Primary Neural Cells

Neural tissue is composed of many different cell types, and within cell types there are important subsets. The major advantages of using dissociated-cell culture to study the nervous system are reduced cell complexity; the ability to carry out genetic, biochemical, and functional analysis of individual identified cell types, and the ability to completely control the cellular environment. This article focuses on considerations for culturing different neural cells, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and brain endothelial cells, and provides a brief protocol for each cell type. Protocols are now also provided for the isolation of neural precursor cells and differentiation of those cells into individual neural cell types. Differences between primary cell culture and the use of cell lines are also discussed.
Atherosclerosis and Peripheral Vascular Disease

Over the past 10 yr, the disease of obesity has been described as an “epidemic” and a “pathogen.” The increase in populations of the developed world exceeding a body mass index (BMI) of 25, rendering them overweight, is alarming. In 1999, in the United States 61% of adults fell into the first category and 27% were considered obese (1). The medical ramifications of obesity include, but are certainly not limited to, conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoarthritis, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and dyslipidemia, as well as peripheral vascular disease (PVD). There are approx 14 million individuals with type 2 diabetes in the United States, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is directly proportional to an increasing BMI (1, 2, 3). PVD in the diabetic population can be more advanced at the time of presentation than in the nondiabetic patient. The effects of sensory and motor neuropathy may mask subtle changes in perfusion and underlying infections secondary to advanced atherosclerosis. In fact, the diabetic patient population has a rate of lower-extremity amputation that is 15 times higher than that of the nondiabetic population (4). Currently, no data exist regarding the rates of PVD for patients harboring both comorbidities of obesity and diabetes concomitantly. Using the obese and diabetic patient as a paradigm, this chapter discusses the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of PVD.
Thin Layer Chromatography

In many experiments, it is important to be able to separate a mixture into its chemical components in order to isolate one compound or to assess the purity of the mixture. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is one of the easiest and most versatile methods of doing this because of its low cost, simplicity, quick development time, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility. TLC is used by many industries and fields of research, including pharmaceutical production, clinical analysis, industrial chemistry, environmental toxicology, food chemistry, water, inorganic, and pesticide analysis, dye purity, cosmetics, plant materials, and herbal analysis. In its simplest form, glass plates are coated with a uniform layer of silica gel (SiO2). The dissolved sample is placed on the plate, and the plate is inserted into a screw-top jar containing the developing solvent and a piece of filter paper. When the solvent has risen to near the top of the plate, the plate is removed, dried, and visualized using UV light. Variations on this protocol are used for different purposes, including pretreating the sample, changing the sorbent, plate material, the solvent system, the development techniques, and method of detection and visualization or by coupling TLC to other techniques.
Seizures as Presenting Symptom of Arterial Stroke

Researchers at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, determined the incidence of seizures as a presenting symptom of acute arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in children and identified risk factors for seizures.
Does the Presentation of Comparative Prices Matter? An Extended Abstract

Recently Biswas et al. (2013) showed that comparative price promotions could be affected by the spatial location (left vs. right) of a sale price vis-a-vis its regular price. The location of a sale price in reference to its regular price assumes importance as it influences consumers’ ability to compute the depth of a discount when performing calculations (Alba et al. 1999; Biswas et al. 2013; Lichtenstein et al. 1991). Generally, in a comparative price offer (RP − SP), the regular price (RP) will be the minuend, while sale price (SP) the subtrahend. However, in addition to determining the arithmetic difference between prices, the perceived difference between prices will also depend on the ease or difficulty with which consumers could compute price information (Thomas and Morwitz 2009). When a comparative price conforms to a normative presentation that people expect to see when performing mathematical computations (RP − SP and not SP − RP; Biswas et al. 2013), it tends to make computations easier, and influences consumers’ assessment of the discounted offer (Thomas and Morwitz 2009). However, several retailers often offer comparative prices where a regular price is presented vertically above or below its sale price (e.g., macys.com; Amazon). So far research does not inform us if consumers will evaluate a comparative price promotion that is presented horizontally differently than if it was presented vertically. Hence, the research issue is whether a spatial difference in presentation of comparative prices (vertical vs. horizontal) affects consumers’ perception of discounts and if so when?
Observation and interpretation of energetic ion conics in Jupiter's polar magnetosphere

NASA's Juno spacecraft successfully completed its first science polar pass over Jupiter's northern and southern aurora, with all the instruments powered, on 27 August 2016. Observations of conical energetic proton distributions at low altitudes (<6 RJ) over the northern polar region are interpreted as resulting from transversely (to the local magnetic field lines) accelerated H+ at a position planetward of the point of observation. The proton conics were observed within a broad region of upward beaming electrons and were accompanied by broadband low-frequency wave emissions as well as low-altitude trapped magnetospheric protons and heavy ions. The characteristic energies associated with these accelerated ion conics are ~100 times more energetic than similar distributions observed in the Earth's auroral region and similar in energy to those found at Saturn. In addition, the ion conics also exhibited pitch angle dispersion with time that is interpreted as a consequence of the structure of the source location. Mapping these distributions along magnetic field lines connected from the spacecraft to the ionosphere suggests that the source region exists at altitudes between ~3 and 5 RJ. These new and exciting observations of accelerated ions over the polar region of Jupiter open up new areas for comparative planetary auroral physics.
Germany's Empire in the East: Germans and Romania in an Era of Globalization and Total War

This book puts German policy toward Romania and the German East into a global context. One of the signal events of the twentieth century was Germany's effort to construct an empire in Europe modeled on the European experience outside Europe. The turn to European empire resulted less from the dynamics of capitalist expansion than from a deep crisis in global political and economic order. Confronted with the global economic and political power of the western allies, the Germans turned to Eastern Europe to construct a dependent space, tied to Germany as Central America was to the US. The First World War transformed how Germans thought about international order, empire and the nature of Romanians. The domestic consequences of Germany's eviction from global markets authorized deep interventions in Romanian society to establish a pre-eminent position for the German state inside Romania. David Hamlin embeds occupation and war aims in economic concerns.
In-Memory Intelligence

Recent activity in near-data processing has built or proposed systems that can exploit technologies such as 3D stacks, in-situ computing, or dataflow devices. However, little effort has been applied to exploit the natural parallelism and throughput of DRAM. This article details research from Micron Technology in the area of processing in memory as a form of memory-centric computing. In-Memory Intelligence (IMI) attempts to place a massive array of bit-serial computing elements on pitch with the memory array, as close to the information as possible. This contrasts with near-memory devices that rely on some form of storage but must communicate with that storage via a fast, low-latency interface. Initial simulations and models show stair-step improvements in performance and power for various applications. Such technology allows DRAM to provide functionality in a heterogeneous system to alleviate the pressures of the von-Neumann barrier.
High-speed and high-accuracy 3D surface measurement using a mechanical projector

This paper presents a method to achieve high-speed and high-accuracy 3D surface measurement using a custom-designed mechanical projector and two high-speed cameras. We developed a computational framework that can achieve absolute shape measurement in sub-pixel accuracy through: 1) capturing precisely phase-shifted fringe patterns by synchronizing the cameras with the projector; 2) generating a rough disparity map between two cameras by employing a standard stereo-vision method using texture images with encoded statistical patterns; and 3) utilizing the wrapped phase as a constraint to refine the disparity map. The projector can project binary patterns at a speed of up to 10,000 Hz, and the camera can capture the required number of phase-shifted fringe patterns with 1/10,000 second, and thus 3D shape measurement can be realized as high as 10,000 Hz regardless the number of phase-shifted fringe patterns required for one 3D reconstruction. Experimental results demonstrated the success of our proposed method.
CB 2 receptor antibody signal specificity: correlations with the use of partial CB 2 -knockout mice and anti-rat CB 2 receptor antibodies.

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are highly expressed in the brain and functionally modulate presynaptic neurotransmitter release, while cannabinoid CB2 receptors (CB2Rs) were initially identified in the spleen and regarded as peripheral cannabinoid receptors. Recently, growing evidence indicates the presence of functional CB2Rs in the brain. However, this finding is disputed because of the specificity of CB2R antibody signals. We used two strains of currently available partial CB2-knockout (CB2-KO) mice as controls, four anti-rat or anti-mouse CB2R antibodies, and mRNA quantification to further address this issue. Western blot assays using the four antibodies detected a CB2R-like band at ~40 kD in both the brain and spleen. Notably, more bands were detected in the brain than in the spleen, and specific immune peptides blocked band detection. Immunohistochemical assays also detected CB2-like immunostaining in mouse midbrain dopamine neurons. CB2R deletion in CB2-KO mice may reduce or leave CB2R-like immunoreactivity unaltered depending on antibody epitope. Antibodies with epitopes at the receptor-deleted region detected a significant reduction in CB2R band density and immunostaining in N-terminal-deleted Deltagen and C-terminal-deleted Zimmer strain CB2-KO mice. Other antibodies with epitopes at the predicted receptor-undeleted regions detected similar band densities and immunostaining in wild-type and CB2-KO mice. Quantitative RT-PCR assays detected CB2 mRNA expression using probes that targeted upstream or downstream gene sequences but not the probe that targeted the gene-deleted sequence in Deltagen or Zimmer CB2-KO mice. These findings suggest that none of the tested four polyclonal antibodies are highly mouse CB2R-specific. Non-specific binding may be related to the expression of mutant or truncated CB2R-like proteins in partial CB2-KO mice and the use of anti-rat CB2 antibodies because the epitopes are different between rat and mouse CB2Rs.
Judicial Impartiality in Recent Civil Rights Victories: An Analysis of the Disqualification of Judge Shira Scheindlin In Floyd V. New York City

I. Introduction 198II. Background 200A. 28 U.S.C. § 455 and the Case Law Interpreting 200!1. Liteky v. United States and Limited Exceptions to the Extrajudicial Source Doctrine in Extreme Circumstances 2012. Extraordinary Circumstances and Statements to the Media: Nichols v. Alley and U.S. v. Cooley 2033. Hormel v. Helvering and Review of Issues Not Raised Below 205B. The Perry Litigation and Impartiality Ruling 206C. The Floyd Litigation and Impartiality Ruling 207III. Analysis 210!A. The Second Circuit Misapplied § 455(a) in Concluding that Judge Scheindlin's Impartiality Could Reasonably be Questioned Because the Court Lowered the Reasonable Person Standard Articulated in § 455(a) Case Law 2101. The Northern District of California Applied the Appropriate Standard Because it Acknowledged the Heavy Burden to Show that a Judge's Impartiality May Reasonably be Questioned 2112. The Northern District of California Correctly Applied the Knowledgeable Reasonable Person Standard Under § 455(a), While the Second Circuit Relied on a Lessinformed Reasonable Person that Lowered the Standard for Disqualification 215B. Judge Scheindlin's Interviews with The New Yorker and The New York Law Journal are Insufficient to Show the Appearance of Bias Because She Does Not Speak about the Merits of the Claims in the Floyd Case 217C. The Second Circuit Ruled Incorrectly in Finding that Judge Scheindlin's Comments to the Plaintiffs in Daniels Weighed on her Impartiality Because the Extrajudicial Source Doctrine Precludes Their Consideration in a § 455(a) Analysis 2201. Judge Scheindlin's Colloquy in Daniels Should Not Have Been Considered Because it Does Not Fit into an Exception to the Extrajudicial Source Doctrine 221!2. Judge Scheindlin's History of Jurisprudence, though Mentioned in an Extrajudicial Source, Should Not Weigh on her Impartiality Because it Concerns In Court Statements and Actions that are Protected by the Extrajudicial Source Doctrine 223IV. Policy Recommendations 225A. The § 455(a) Standard is Too Vague Because it has Resulted in Different Applications Across the Federal Circuits, as Seen in the Outcomes of Perry and Floyd 226B. Section 455(b) Provides a Separate Test and Provides More Factual Guidelines for Reviewing Courts That, If Similar Guidelines were Included in Subsection (a), May Cure its Ambiguity 227IV. Conclusion 228I. INTRODUCTIONOn October 31, 2013, a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that New York Southern District Judge Shira Scheindlin lacked the requisite impartiality to rule on the high profile civil rights case Floyd v. City of New York.1 The panel concluded that Judge Scheindlin's impartiality could reasonably be questioned under 28 U.S.C. § 455 and vacated her August 12 ruling against the City of New York. …
Novel Strategies Using MHC Peptides

Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of MHC molecules, the mechanisms of antigen processing and the molecular interactions occurring between the T cell receptor (TCR) complex and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complex have stimulated research into MHC-peptide based strategies of immunosuppression. We now know that MHC bound peptides play an important role in the T cell selection processes within the thymus, and in regulating the immune response to antigen in the periphery. Many of these bound peptides are derived from MHC molecules themselves. The appreciation of the role that the indirect allorecognition pathway plays in both acute and chronic rejection (see below) has further emphasised the pathological importance of these peptides. Investigation of the immunomodulatory effects of MHC peptides or their derivatives is therefore a logical strategy. This investigation has been greatly assisted by our ability to now efficiently synthesise peptides corresponding to sequences of specific regions of mammalian MHC molecules.
Kinds of Biological Control Targets, Agents, and Methods

Biological control was first used to control insects, mites, and weeds (DeBach 1964a; Huffaker and Messenger 1976; Clausen 1978; Waterhouse and Norris 1987; Cameron et al. 1989; Julien 1992). Application of the method broadened with time and other invertebrates, plant pathogens, and even some vertebrates are now considered as likely targets (Cook and Baker 1983; Ross and Tittensor 1986; Campbell 1989; Madeiros 1990; Madsen 1990; Singleton and McCallum 1990; Stirling 1991).
Ending the HIV Epidemic in the United States: Closing the Implementation Gaps

In 2014, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS challenged all countries to diagnose 90% of HIV infections within their borders, provide antiretroviral therapy to 90% of diagnosed persons, ...
Organization of Ovarian Steroidogenic Cells and Cholesterol Metabolism

Abstract The ovary produces the two main female reproductive hormones, estradiol and progesterone, as well as other bioactive sterols that function locally to regulate metabolism and possibly gamete function. Pituitary hormones, and ovarian paracrine and autocrine factors regulate expression of the sterol acquisition and steroidogenic machinery by promoting cellular differentiation, and the acute stimulation of hormone biosynthesis by activating the delivery of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane where the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system resides. This is the rate determining step in steroidogenesis, and it is catalyzed by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. The expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, lipoprotein uptake, intracellular cholesterol trafficking, and steroid synthesis is controlled by an overlapping set of transcription factors that function in a combinatorial fashion. This chapter reviews the essential components of sterol metabolism and the steroidogenic machinery in the ovary, focusing on the initial steps in steroid hormone biosynthesis, the acquisition of the steroid hormone precursor, cholesterol from circulating lipoproteins or de novo biosynthesis, and its metabolism into pregnenolone, the first committed step in synthesis of steroid hormones.
Towards Informed Practice in HCI for Development

Our paper provides an enriched understanding of the relationship between research and practice through the study of practitioners variously engaged in field research on technology interventions in the context of global development. By conducting a qualitative inquiry with 33 practitioners from 26 global development organizations, we highlight how these practitioners have different goals, work practices, incentive structures, and expectations than researchers, making it challenging to co-create and coordinate productive and effective partnerships. Despite these challenges, practitioners in global development do appear to value and engage with research as they strive for positive impact across their target communities. Our analysis suggests that the domain of human-computer interaction for development (HCI4D) might benefit from engaging in "informed practice" through alignment with design-based implementation research (DBIR), which unites researchers and practitioners in their shared commitment to both research and practice, even if research and practice respectively remain their primary commitments. Our work provides CSCW and HCI4D researchers with new ways to conceptualize and navigate the above research-practice divide. We also emphasize the contribution such an approach might make to CSCW researchers beyond the context of global development, and more broadly concerned with making a positive societal impact with their work.
Non-Tacky Fluorinated and Elastomeric STEM Networks.

Soft, elastomeric, non-tacky polymer networks are synthesized by reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP). First, the pristine, structurally tailored and engineered macromolecular (STEM) networks are synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and incorporated an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) inimer into the network. Subsequently, poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) and/or poly(octafluoropentyl acrylate) (POFPA) side chains are grafted from the network by photo-induced ATRP. These low glass transition temperature side chains produced soft materials (E = 104-178 kPa). However, only the POFPA-containing networks are also non-tacky. The fluorine content and material properties are investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis, elemental analysis, spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements.
Pre-service music teacher perceptions of peer feedback:

The purpose of this case study was to examine pre-service music teachers’ perceptions of peer feedback from two different vantage points (giving and receiving). Music education majors (N = 4) enrol...
Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Etravirine: An Updated Review.

Etravirine is a second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. It is a potent inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase and retains activity against wild-type and most NNRTI-resistant HIV. The pharmacokinetic profile of etravirine and clinical data support twice-daily dosing, although once-daily dosing has been investigated in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced persons. Despite similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results compared with twice-daily dosing, larger studies are needed to fully support once-daily etravirine dosing in treatment-naive individuals. Etravirine is reserved for use in third- or fourth-line antiretroviral treatment regimens, as recommended, for example, in treatment guidelines by the US Department of Health and Human Services—Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents Living with HIV. Etravirine exhibits the potential for bi-directional drug–drug interactions with other antiretrovirals and concomitant medications through its interactions with cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes: CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19. This review summarizes the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of etravirine, with particular attention to information on drug–drug interactions and use in special patient populations, including children/adolescents, women, persons with organ dysfunction, and during pregnancy.
Functional and Clinical Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Revision Hip Arthroscopy With Borderline Hip Dysplasia at 2-Year Follow-up.

Purpose To compare outcomes of borderline hip dysplasia (BHD) patients undergoing revision hip arthroscopy with 1) patients with BHD undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) and 2) patients without BHD undergoing revision hip arthroscopy for FAIS. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed to identify patients who underwent arthroscopy from January 2012 to January 2016 by a single fellowship-trained surgeon, including a 2-year follow-up. Patient demographics, comorbid medical conditions, and preoperative outcome scores were compared between patients with BHD (lateral center-edge angle 18° to 25°) who had revision hip arthroscopy to patients with BHD undergoing primary arthroscopy and patients without BHD (lateral center-edge angle >25°) undergoing revision arthroscopy. Cohorts were matched 2:1 by age and body mass index. Multivariate regressions were used to compare Hip Outcome Score, Activities of Daily Living subscale (HOS-ADL) and Sports subscale (HOS-SS) scores and modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) between the cohorts at 2-year follow-up. Binomial regression analysis was used to determine predictors of achieving minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and patient-acceptable symptom state (PASS). Results There was no statistical difference in age and BMI between the BHD revision (29.1 ± 8.8 years; 25.5 ± 3.58 kg/m2), BHD nonrevision (28.9 ± 8.5 years; 24.6 ± 3.1 kg/m2), and non-BHD revision (29.15 ± 8.6 years; 25.01 ± 3.2 kg/m2) cohorts. There were no statistically significant differences in 2-year clinical outcomes between BHD revision patients and either BHD primary or non-BHD revision patient groups, but BHD revision patients were significantly less likely to achieve PASS for HOS-SS compared with BHD primary and non-BHD revision groups (P = .047 and P = .031, respectively). Conclusion Surgeons should exercise caution when indicating patients for revision hip arthroscopy with BHD. Although the current study lacks statistical power, the available data suggest that patients undergoing revision surgery with BHD may still experience clinical improvement but be less likely to achieve PASS metrics for several patient-reported outcomes at 2-year follow up. Level of Evidence III, case-control study.
Theoretical properties of nearest-neighbor distance distributions and novel metrics for high dimensional bioinformatics data

Abstract The performance of nearest-neighbor feature selection and prediction methods depends on the metric for computing neighborhoods and the distribution properties of the underlying data. The effects of the distribution and metric, as well as the presence of correlation and interactions, are reflected in the expected moments of the distribution of pairwise distances. We derive general analytical expressions for the mean and variance of pairwise distances for Lq metrics for normal and uniform random data with p attributes and m instances. We use extreme value theory to derive results for metrics that are normalized by the range of each attribute (max – min). In addition to these expressions for continuous data, we derive similar analytical formulas for a new metric for genetic variants (categorical data) in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The genetic distance distributions account for minor allele frequency and transition/transversion ratio. We introduce a new metric for resting-state functional MRI data (rs-fMRI) and derive its distance properties. This metric is applicable to correlation-based predictors derived from time series data. Derivations assume independent data, but empirically we also consider the effect of correlation. These analytical results and new metrics can be used to inform the optimization of nearest neighbor methods for a broad range of studies including gene expression, GWAS, and fMRI data. The summary of distribution moments and detailed derivations provide a resource for understanding the distance properties for various metrics and data types.
Family-Based Treatment for a Preadolescent With Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder With Sensory Sensitivity: A Case Report.

Background Individuals with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) experience eating problems that cause persistent failure to meet appropriate nutritional and/or energy needs. These eating problems are not driven by body image concerns but rather by persistent low appetite, sensory sensitivity, or fear of aversive consequences of eating (e.g., choking or vomiting). Although increasing numbers of youth are being referred for treatment of ARFID, no evidence-based treatments yet exist for the disorder. Given family-based treatment (FBT) has demonstrated effectiveness with other pediatric eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa), a manualized version of FBT adapted for use with ARFID patients has been developed and is currently under study. Case presentation The following case report demonstrates how FBT was used to treat a 9-year-old patient with ARFID characterized by sensory sensitivity. Similarities and differences with FBT for anorexia nervosa are illustrated. After 17 sessions across 6 months, the patient no longer met DSM criteria for ARFID, she demonstrated major declines in measures of clinical symptoms, and she gained 2.1 kg. Conclusions FBT for ARFID relies upon the same key interventions as FBT for AN. However, we discuss critical differences in the application of these interventions given the unique challenges of ARFID, particularly when characterized by sensory sensitivity.
Introduction: Menstruation as Fundamental

Most articles on menstruation start by pointing out that menstruation is a normal biological process. This, of course, is true. But at the same time, menstruation is so much more for many people; in fact, it is fundamental. Menstruation unites the personal and the political, the intimate and the public, and the physiological and the socio-cultural. The chapters in this section demonstrate the importance—and indeed urgency—of considering the lived experiences of all menstruators. These vary widely and are shaped by a range of different factors including religion, culture, political systems, socialization, caste, disability, place of residence, among many others. In many cases, an intersection of factors such as gender and disability, or gender, religion, and caste determine menstrual experiences and the underlying power relations.
Después de la tormenta: Collective trauma following Hurricane Maria in a northeastern Puerto Rican community in the United States.

Hurricane Maria was the largest disaster in Puerto Rico's history, affecting Puerto Rican communities throughout the United States. We conducted focus groups using a grounded theory approach with adults displaced from Puerto Rico to a northeastern community 12 (n = 5) and 17 months (n = 7) postdisaster. Key informant interviews were also conducted with nine community advocates working with displaced hurricane survivors. Emerging themes reflect narrative and social identity processes following collective trauma. Findings emphasize the need for timely and long-term disaster responses that build on community strengths without leaving communities to cope on their own. We discuss how incorporating group storytelling in postdisaster research is a culturally sensitive practice that can promote resiliency among survivors.
The SIR dynamic model of infectious disease transmission and its analogy with chemical kinetics

Mathematical models of the dynamics of infectious disease transmission are used to forecast epidemics and assess mitigation strategies. We reveal that the classic Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) epidemic model resembles a dynamic model of a batch reactor carrying out an autocatalytic reaction with catalyst deactivation. This analogy between disease transmission and chemical reactions allows chemists and chemical engineers to peer into dynamic models of infectious disease transmission and gives insights into the kinetics of autocatalytic reactions.
Rudiments of the Seismic Method

In simplest terms, as shown in figure 5.1, seismic waves are generated by a seismic source at or near the surface and travel through the earth, where the waves are reflected by changes in the underlying rocks. The reflected waves are detected at or near the surface by sensitive detectors and recorded in digital form by the seismic instruments. The received data are processed in a digital computer and presented on seismic cross-sections.
Origin and Evolution of the Human Bcl2-Associated Athanogene-1 (BAG-1)

Molecular chaperones, particularly the 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s), are key orchestrators of the cellular stress response. To perform their critical functions, Hsp70s require the presence of specific co-chaperones, which include nucleotide exchange factors containing the BCL2-associated athanogene (BAG) domain. BAG-1 is one of these proteins that function in a wide range of cellular processes, including apoptosis, protein refolding, and degradation, as well as tumorigenesis. However, the origin of BAG-1 proteins and their evolution between and within species are mostly uncharacterized. This report investigated the macro- and micro-evolution of BAG-1 using orthologous sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to elucidate the evolution and understand how natural variation affects the cellular stress response. We first collected and analyzed several BAG-1 sequences across animals, plants, and fungi; mapped intron positions and phases; reconstructed phylogeny; and analyzed protein characteristics. These data indicated that BAG-1 originated before the animals, plants, and fungi split, yet most extant fungal species have lost BAG-1. Furthermore, although BAG-1's structure has remained relatively conserved, kingdom-specific conserved differences exist at sites of known function, suggesting functional specialization within each kingdom. We then analyzed SNPs from the 1000 genomes database to determine the evolutionary patterns within humans. These analyses revealed that the SNP density is unequally distributed within the BAG1 gene, and the ratio of non-synonymous/synonymous SNPs is significantly higher than 1 in the BAG domain region, which is an indication of positive selection. To further explore this notion, we performed several biochemical assays and found that only one out of five mutations tested altered the major co-chaperone properties of BAG-1. These data collectively suggest that although the co-chaperone functions of BAG-1 are highly conserved and can probably tolerate several radical mutations, BAG-1 might have acquired specialized and potentially unexplored functions during the evolutionary process.
Pten regulates collagen fibrillogenesis by fibroblasts through SPARC

Collagen deposition contributes to both high mammographic density and breast cancer progression. Low stromal PTEN expression has been observed in as many as half of breast tumors and is associated with increases in collagen deposition, however the mechanism connecting PTEN loss to increased collagen deposition remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Pten knockout in fibroblasts using an Fsp-Cre;PtenloxP/loxP mouse model increases collagen fiber number and fiber size within the mammary gland. Pten knockout additionally upregulated Sparc transcription in fibroblasts and promoted collagen shuttling out of the cell. Interestingly, SPARC mRNA expression was observed to be significantly elevated in the tumor stroma as compared to the normal breast in several patient cohorts. While SPARC knockdown via shRNA did not affect collagen shuttling, it notably decreased assembly of exogenous collagen. In addition, SPARC knockdown decreased fibronectin assembly and alignment of the extracellular matrix in an in vitro fibroblast-derived matrix model. Overall, these data indicate upregulation of SPARC is a mechanism by which PTEN regulates collagen deposition in the mammary gland stroma.
Developing a CFD heat transfer model for applying high expansion foam in an LNG spill

Abstract Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is widely used to cost-effectively store and transport natural gas. However, a spill of LNG can create a vapor cloud, which can potentially cause fire and explosion. High expansion (HEX) foam is recommended by the NFPA 11 to mitigate the vapor hazard and control LNG pool fire. In this study, the parameters that affect HEX foam performance were examined using lab-scale testing of foam temperature profile and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of heat transfer in vapor channels. A heat transfer model using ANSYS Fluent® was developed to estimate the minimum HEX foam height that allows the vapors from LNG spillage to disperse rapidly. We also performed a sensitivity analysis on the effect of the vaporization rate, the diameter of the vapor channel, and the heat transfer coefficient on the required minimum height of the HEX foam. It can be observed that at least 1.2 m of HEX foam in height are needed to achieve risk mitigation in a typical situation. The simulation results can be used not only for understanding the heat transfer mechanisms when applying HEX foam but also for suggesting to the LNG facility operator how much HEX foam they need for effective risk mitigation under different conditions.
Nomenclatural Adjustments in Eutrema, Ceratocnemum, Rhamphospermum, and Sinapis (Brassicaceae, Cruciferae)

The following new combinations Ceratocnemum aphanoneurum, C. ballii, Eutrema angustifolium, E. sulphureum, E. watsonii, Rhamphospermum labasii, R. nigrum, and R. pubescens are proposed. As a result Rhamphospermum is resurrected, Trachystoma is reduced to synonymy of Ceratocnemum, and Sinapis becomes dispecific.
Divine Diets: Food and Fasting of Medieval Mystics in the Vitae of Thomas of Cantimpré

Food and fasting were central themes in the vitae of women mystics in the middle ages. However, second parties, primarily male hagiographers, recorded most of the written works about these women’s lives and spiritual experiences. Thus the question of authorship and influence arises in discerning what arose from the women themselves as opposed to their writers. In this paper I analyze the women’s vitae of one writer, Thomas of Cantimpre, from the 13 century to find what a comparison of the texts reveal about the subjects and the author’s motivations in telling their lives. Though food and fasting features extremely differently in the lives of each Saint revealing individual forms of experience within the common theme, the author’s concerns over heretical suspicion and guiding his flock on the orthodox path of religion are clearly drawn out in each. DIVINE DIETS: FOOD AND FASTING OF FEMALE MYSTICS IN THE VITAE OF THOMAS OF CANTIMPRE
Existence and uniqueness of rectilinear slit maps

We consider a generalization of the parallel slit uniformization in which the angle of inclination of each image slit is assigned independently. Koebe proved that for domains of finite connectivity there is, up to a normalization, a unique rectilinear slit map achieving any given angle assignmnent. Koebe's theorem is partially extended to domains of infinite connectivity. A uniqueness result is shown for domains of countable connectivity and arbitrary angle assignments, and ani existence result is proved for arbitrary domains under the assumption that the angle assigrnment is continuous and has finite range. In order to prove the existence result a new extremal length tool, called the crossing-module, is introduced. The crossing-module allows greater freedom in the family of admissible arcs than the classical module. Several results known for the module are extended to the crossing-module. A generalization of Jenkins' 0 module condition for the parallel slit problem is given for the rectilinear slit problem in terms of the crossing-module and it is shown that rectilinear slit maps satisfying this crossing-module condition exist.
Synthesis of nano-size hydroxyapatite (HAp) powders by mechanical alloying

Nano hydroxyapatite (Ca 1 0 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , HAp) powders were synthesized by solid-state reaction of Ca(OH) 2 and P 2 O 5 mixtures in a high-energy SPEX 8000 shaker mill, using hardened steel vial and balls. The phase analysis was carried out using X-ray powder dif&action technique. Transformation of Ca(OH)2 and P 2 O 5 mixture to HAp phase was first observed after 1 h of milling. The powder milled for 3 h showed prominently the presence of HAp phase. TEM analysis revealed that as-synthesized HAp powder was in the range of 20-60 nm. Measured quantities of synthesized nano-powders were pressed uniaxially in a steel mold to prepare dense ceramic structures for densification studies. These green structures were subjected to sintering studies at 1300 °C for 6 h when the highest sintered density of 3.17 g/cc was achieved.