cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multinational and Multicultural Distributed Teams: A Review and Future Agenda

Teams that span multiple geographic, temporal, and cultural boundaries have become prevalent in many industries and sectors. Researchers from multiple disciplines have begun to examine these multinational, multicultural (MNMC) distributed teams. The purpose of this article is to provide a review and critique of existing research in this area. To this end, the authors examine the ways scholars have conceptualized culture in this research, discuss the role that distribution is found to play in these teams, and provide a research agenda. The authors argue that scholars should continue to complicate their views of culture and embrace nuanced views of distribution to reflect the complexities of MNMC distributed team characteristics and processes.
The relative humidity of Mars' atmosphere

As a general rule, Mars' atmosphere contains as much water vapor as it can hold on a daily basis; it reaches saturation at night, and the vapor appears to be distributed throughout the lowest several kilometers. Interesting exceptions to this occur when there are temperature inversions in the arctic springtime and during dust-storm activity. As contrasted to the northern hemisphere there appears to be no local source of water in the southern temperate and arctic areas.
On the laws of some varieties of groups

D. E. Cohen has shown in [1] that a variety consisting of metabelian groups has a finite basis for its laws. In this paper I make use of Cohen's result to prove the following theorem.
Watching the RNA Polymerase Transcription by Time-Dependent Soak-Trigger-Freeze X-Ray Crystallography

The challenge for structural biology is to understand atomic-level macromolecular motions during enzymatic reaction. X-ray crystallography can reveal high resolution structures; however, one perceived limitation is that it reveals only static views. Here we use time-dependent soak-trigger-freeze X-ray crystallography, namely, soaking nucleotide and divalent metal into the bacteriophage RNA polymerase (RNAP)-promoter DNA complex crystals to trigger the nucleotidyl transfer reaction and freezing crystals at different time points, to capture real-time intermediates in the pathway of transcription. In each crystal structure, different intensities and shapes of electron density maps corresponding to the nucleotide and metal were revealed at the RNAP active site which allow watching the nucleotide and metal bindings and the phosphodiester bond formation in a time perspective. Our study provides the temporal order of substrate assembly and metal co-factor binding at the active site of enzyme which completes our understanding of the two-metal-ion mechanism and fidelity mechanism in single-subunit RNAPs. The nucleotide-binding metal (MeB) is coordinated at the active site prior to the catalytic metal (MeA). MeA coordination is only temporal, established just before and dissociated immediately after phosphodiester bond formation. We captured these elusive intermediates exploiting the slow enzymatic reaction in crystallo. These results demonstrate that the simple time-dependent soak-trigger-freeze X-ray crystallography offers a direct means for monitoring enzymatic reactions. [Ref: Basu, R.S., and K.S. Murakami (2013). J Biol Chem., 288, 3305-3311]
Complete sustainability in electrodialysis reversal desalination: reusing tertiary-treated municipal wastewater as feed in the concentrate stream and electrodes rinsing water

abstract Electrodialysis reversal (EDR) has been innovative based on unplanned indirect potable water reuse to replace the same amount of raw water withdrawn from brackish (sea) water source and conserving 15–20% of freshwater by reusing tertiary-treated municipal wastewater (TTMWW) as feed in the concentrate and electrode stream while brackish groundwater (sea water) remains feed into dilute stream. By substituting TTMWW, our analysis shows the resulting total dissolved solid (TDS) concentration in the waste stream lower than that in the original source of brackish groundwater (sea water) which fed into dilute stream. The waste from EDR system with TTMWW as feed in concentrate and electrode streams can be recharged back into groundwater (sea water) source which do not add the TDS concentration. In fact, it reduces the TDS concentration by dilution. New significant findings are: (1) 17,500 m3/d of freshwater could be saved with the data from 1990; the saving would be increased in 2011 and much more in fut...
Adjuvant therapy with high-dose interferon alpha 2b in patients with high-risk stage IIB/III melanoma.

The immunosuppressive impact of melanoma upon the human body is now beginning to be understood and interferon α2b at high dosage is critical to the reversal of signaling defects in the T cells of melanoma patients. The authors of this Viewpoint discuss the use of high dose interferon α2b in patients with high risk melanoma.
The theory and practice of alternative certification: Implications for the improvement of teaching

(1990). The theory and practice of alternative certification: Implications for the improvement of teaching. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 67, The Alternative Certification of Teachers, pp. 3-34.
Near-optimal geostationary transfer maneuvers with cooperative en-route inspection using hybrid optimal control

Abstract This research investigates the performance of bi-level hybrid optimal control algorithms in the solution of minimum delta-velocity geostationary transfer maneuvers with cooperative en-route inspection. The maneuvers, introduced here for the first time, are designed to populate a geostationary constellation of space situational awareness satellites while providing additional characterization of objects in lower-altitude orbit regimes. The maneuvering satellite, called the chaser, performs a transfer from low Earth orbit to geostationary orbit, during which it performs an inspection of one of several orbiting targets in conjunction with a ground site for the duration of the target׳s line-of-site contact with that site. A three-target scenario is used to test the performance of multiple bi-level hybrid optimal control algorithms. A bi-level hybrid algorithm is then utilized to solve fifteen-, and thirty-target scenarios and shown to have increasing benefit to complete enumeration as the number of targets is increased. Results indicate that the en-route inspection can be accomplished for a small increase in the delta-velocity required for a simple transfer to geostationary orbit given the same initial conditions.
Postoperative povidone-iodine prophylaxis in strabismus surgery.

Purpose While antibiotic/steroid combinations are routinely administered during the first week after strabismus surgery, they can be costly and inconvenient and may be unnecessary. This study compares the use of single-dose 5% povidone-iodine drops versus a week-long course of antibiotic/steroid as a prophylaxis against postoperative infection in extraocular muscle surgery. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed of 1871 patients undergoing routine strabismus surgery. Patients received either a single application of 5% povidone-iodine solution to the operative eye(s) at the conclusion of the surgical procedure or a week-long course of topical antibiotic/steroid. Postoperative records were then reviewed to identify abnormalities or complications occurring during the first 2 months after surgery. Results Complete documentation was found for 1603 patients. Single-dose povidone-iodine prophylaxis was used in 953 cases (59.5%), and a postoperative course of topical antibiotic/steroid combination was used in 650 cases (40.5%). Of the 1603 cases, possible infection occurred in 46 patients (2.87%). Of the 46 possible infections, 20 (3.08%) occurred in 650 patients on an antibiotic/steroid combination and 26 (2.83%) occurred in the 953 patients treated with single-dose povidone-iodine prophylaxis. This difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.6815). No cases of orbital cellulitis or endophthalmitis occurred in either group. Conclusions Single-dose povidone-iodine is an inexpensive alternative to postoperative antibiotic/steroid prophylaxis following routine strabismus surgery performed through a fornix incision. Patients who had reoperations and limbal incisions were more likely to have complicated postoperative courses: antibiotic/steroid use in these groups may be beneficial.
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in rat forebrain: autoradiographic identification

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors were identified in rat forebrain by autoradiography with an iodine-125-labeled analog of ovine CRF substituted with norleucine and tyrosine at amino acid residues 21 and 32, respectively. High-affinity receptors for CRF were found in discrete areas of rat forebrain, including laminae I and IV of the neocortex, the external layer of the medium eminence, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, and the striatum. These results are consistent with earlier findings on the immunohistochemical distribution of CRF and suggest that endogenous CRF has a physiological role in regulating activity of the central nervous system.
SU‐EE‐A4‐03: Evaluating and Understanding Relative Phase Angle Between Fat and Water and Its Effect On Fat Quantification in the Dixon Methods

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to measure phase angle α between water and fat as a function of TE and demonstrate that uncertainties in setting the exact TE or knowing the exact a can lead to variations in the fat quantification by the Dixon methods. Method and Materials: Two phantoms were constructed. One consisted of half pure water solution and half soybean oil with a clear interface, which was used to measure the relative phase angle between water and fat as a function of TE. The other consisted of 7 vials of homogeneously mixed vegetable oil and distilled water with different oil/water volume ratios (0/100, 10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, 50/50 and 100/0). We used a 2D FSPGR sequence to acquire the images with the following parameters: TR=180ms, flip‐angle =80°. TE was varied between 2.0 and 5.5ms in 0.1ms steps. A recently‐developed 2‐point Dixon algorithm was used to generate separated water and fat images.Results: We obtained the relationship between α and TE in phantom and in vivo by experiments. The least‐squares linear fits of the experimental results for phantom and in‐vivo yield α = 72.1t TE + 6.6 and α = 69.9t TE − 5.6 , respectively. From these relationships, the real α can be easily derived. Also, we demonstrated that the variations of TE allowed in the clinical range may lead to variations up to 40% in the apparent fat quantification due to the deviation of α Conclusion: It is desirable to know the true relationship of α and TE in in‐ and out‐of‐phase imaging. Such a relationship can guide us to select certain parameters to obtain desired relative phase angles. The variations in TE may lead to variations in fat quantification. The systemic experimental studies on TE dependence of α are expected to help improve the use of Dixon methods and reduce the fat quantification errors.
Immunologic Targeting Of Cancer Cells

A number of laboratories have demonstrated that immunoconjugates may have potential in phototherapy of cancer. The phototoxic effectiveness of these conjugates may be increased by manipulation of irradiation parameters and by biochemical and immunologic modulation. Results from experiments aimed at potentiation of immunoconjugate photosensitization are presented.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heating system-generated indoor air pollution

Abstract Heating systems may emit pollutants into living spaces of buildings. In this paper we try to answer the questions: 1) How can we estimate exposure to these pollutants? and 2) how will their concentrations be affected by energy conservation measures? In order to answer the first question, we derived a differential equation and a simple APL program for numerical integration. This new model allows for variation during the day of v , the air exchange rate, and ΔT , the inside-outside temperature difference. This is necessary because heating systems operate and pollute most at night, when it is coldest outside, when v is greatest and when the greatest number of people is at home. Ignoring these variations could result in underestimating nighttime pollutant levels by as much as 1.5- 2-fold. The model also shows that ΔT and v may be assumed constant in order to answer the second question, as we have previously done. We conclude that if infiltration heat loss I , the proportion of heat lost by convection, is prevented from rising, then v may be reduced without increasing heating system-generated pollution. I may be kept constant by “balanced conservation” that is simultaneous reduction of v and installation of insulation.
Genetic linkage of systemic lupus erythematosus to 13q32 in African American families with affected male members.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder involving genetic and environmental factors. Previously, our group showed that SLE females with affected male relatives have higher prevalence of renal disease than SLE females with no affected male relatives in a sample of 372 individuals from 159 families. By adding 392 individuals from 181 new families, we replicated this finding in the largest collection of families with affected males, confirming our hypothesis that multiplex SLE families with at least one affected male member (“male families”) comprise a distinct subpopulation of SLE multiplex families. We studied 64 male families by a genome-wide scan for SLE and found the largest signal (lod=3.08) at 13q32 in 18 African American male families using an affected-relative-pair model-free linkage method. Closer examination of IBD sharing at this region suggested a dominant mode of inheritance. Multipoint model-based linkage analysis generated a lod score of 3.13 in the same chromosomal region with a low-disease allele frequency of 0.0004 and a disease penetrance of 0.5 for the 18 African American male families. We performed fine mapping in these and three additional African American male families and the SLE predisposing locus was localized to a region tightly linked to the marker D13S892. We have therefore confirmed the linkage of SLE to 13q32, which was reported previously, and suggested that an SLE susceptibility gene in this region is specific to predisposition of African Americans to a specific form of SLE, with males at high risk.
Magnetic-bubble conservative logic

Among integrated-circuit devices, magnetic bubbles are a particularly interesting candidate to implement the Fredkin gate and conservative logic. The magnetostatic repulsion of magnetic bubbles simulates the bouncing-ball model of conservative logic.
A Comparison of Interstitial Cell-Stimulating, Ovarian-Stimulating, and Inhibiting Actions of Pituitary Glands of Different Species

Summary(1) It was found that sheep pituitary glands contain the greatest amount of LH, while those from cattle had very little. Hog pituitary glands showed great variation with respect to LH content but in all cases contained much less than sheep glands. (2) The inhibiting action of the pituitary preparations paralleled their LH content. (3) Hog and sheep pituitary glands are approximately equal in producing ovarian hypertrophy. Hog preparations produced mainly follicular development while those of sheep caused the development of heavily luteinized ovaries. Hog glands, therefore, contain more FSH than those of sheep. Beef pituitary glands are a very poor source of FSH. (4) The FSH and LH content of different lots of pituitary glands of the same species varies within wide limits. Nevertheless, those of each species show definite characteristics, with respect to their FSH and LH content.
Understanding the Breast Cancer Experience of African-American Women

Abstract In an effort to gain a better understanding of the psychosocial needs of African-American women with breast cancer, the authors conducted three forms of qualitative interviews: kcy-infbmiant interviews, focus-group interviews, and in-depth interviews. They found that most African-American women receive inadequate information and support to help them through the initial diagnosis and treatment phases of the breast cancer experience. Many women, particularly those with less education and lower incomes, had inadequate medical insurance, received uncoordinated and incomplete medical care, and experienced a poor patient-physician relationship. A primary source of support and coping for these women was their spiritual beliefs. Hie results of this qualitative study have been used to prepare a survey instrument that examines these issues in a larger sample of African-American women.
Supersonic Wave/Blade-Row Interactions Establish Boundary Conditions for Unsteady Inlet Flows

T HE computation of unsteady  ows in high-speed airbreathing inlets requires a compressor-faceboundarycondition (CFBC). The physical basis for the analytical or numerical formulation of a realistic CFBC is the acoustic re ection coef cient of the operating compressor. In Ref. 1 an approximate, one-dimensionalmethod is offered to calculate this information for a single blade-row compressor, when the total approach velocity (vector sum of axial and tangentialcomponents, relative to the rotor blades) is subsonic.The present Note extends the calculation to the practically important case where the total approach velocity is supersonic and the axial component is subsonic. (In this Note, the term “supersonic” refers to this limited range.)The background,motivation,physicalmodel, method of analysis, and nomenclature described in Ref. 1 apply to thisNote without change and are not repeatedhere. Familiaritywith Ref. 1 is essential to the understandingof this Note. In supersonic cascade  ows expansion and compression waves can propagate upstream and can modify the approach  ow, which makes them considerablydifferent from subsonic cases. It has been well established that a steady, uniform, supersonic ow upstream of an in nite, linear cascade of blades can exist only for a unique incidence angle. The existence of such an incidence implies that an upstreammoving acoustic disturbance (which might be initiated by a downstream-movingdisturbancearrivingto thebladerow) cancels the initial disturbance,restoring the undisturbedupstream  ow. The unique incidence angle can be determined in the knowledge of the blade geometry and the upstream Mach number (methods given in Ref. 2). The unique incidence angle is generally small, several degrees only. In the following,the exitMach number is assumed to be subsonic, which is a practically common situation. This assumption also de nes a unique steady  ow when using the simplemean  owmethod of Ref. 1. The choice of subsonic out ow implies the presence of shocks (and, hence, a total pressure loss) in the blade passage. The effect of total pressure losses on the re ection coef cient is demonstrably small and a reasonableestimate is suf cient. Shock lossmay be estimated as that associatedwith a normal shock at the upstream Mach numberMu . The estimationof viscous lossesmay be made on the basisof empiricalinformationvalid for similar bladegeometries. The analysis deals with a transient initiated by the arrival of an acoustic step change to the blade row, the goal being the prediction of the magnitude of the re ected wave, which is also a step change. The equations used in the present analysis are the same as those of Ref. 1, with one exception. In the subsonic case, it was assumed that the direction of the exit  ow, after completion of the transient, is the same as the direction of the undisturbed exit  ow [Eq. (25)
A neurodegenerative disease affecting synaptic connections in Drosophila mutant for the tumor suppressor morphogen Patched

The tumor suppressor morphogen, Patched (Ptc), has an extensive homology to the Niemann-Pick-C 1 (NPC1) protein. The NPC disease is a paediatric, progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder thought to be due to an abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in neurons. Here, we report that patched mutant adults develop a progressive neurodegenerative disease and their brain contains membranous and lamellar inclusions. There is also a significant reduction in the number of synaptic terminals in the brain of the mutant adults. Interestingly, feeding cholesterol to wild type flies generates inclusions in the brain, but does not cause the disease. However, feeding cholesterol to mutant flies increases synaptic connections and suppresses the disease. Our results suggest that sequestration of cholesterol in the mutant brain in the form of membranous material and inclusions affects available pool of cholesterol for cellular functions. This, in turn, negatively affects the synaptic number and contributes to the disease-state. Consistent with this, in ptc mutants there is a reduction in the pool of cholesterol esters, and cholesterol-mediated suppression of the disease accompanies an increase in cholesterol esters. We further show that Ptc does not function directly in this process since gain of function for Hedgehog also induces the same disease with a reduction in the level of cholesterol esters. We believe that loss of function for ptc causes neurodegeneration via two distinct ways: de-repression of genes that interfere with lipid trafficking, and de-repression of genes outside of the lipid trafficking; the functions of both classes of genes ultimately converge on synaptic connections.
Influence of symmetry and bifurcation on the uniaxial loading behaviour of b.c.c. metals

Abstract Theoretical symmetry and bifurcation considerations are used to analyse the elastic responses of b.c.c. crystals loaded uniaxially in the principal symmetry directions. These analyses predict the following behaviour. Young's moduli of a given crystal are ordered according to E 111 > E 110 > E 100 (the subscripts indicate the direction of loading). The nonlinearity constants are such that δ100 > 0, δ111 > 0 and δ110 <0 (the [110] uniaxial stress-strain curve is initially concave upwards); the magnitudes of δ 100 and δ 110 increase as the shear moduli ratio μ/μ' decreases. Poisson's ratios along two principal crystal directions normal to a [110] uniaxial load are of opposite algebraic sign; the magnitudes of these Poisson ratios increase as μ/μ' decreases. Available experimental evidence and theoretical evidence are in full agreement for b.c.c. iron, the b.c.c. alkali metals and the β-brasses. This agreement lends added significance to the model for f.c.c.-b.c.c. transitions, under uniaxial load, s...
Does the natural diet influence the intestine's ability to regulate glucose absorption?

Two fish species (rainbow trout and common carp) that differ in natural diet also exhibit differences in the adaptive flexibility of their intestinal nutrient transport mechanisms in response to changes in dietary nutrient composition. When carp ingested a feed that was 24% glucose by weight, there was an increase in both the intestinal length and rates of nutrient absorption, particularly for glucose, when compared to carp fed an isonitrogenous diet devoid of digestible carbohydrate. As a result, the intestine's uptake capacity (nmol of glucose and proline absorbed per min per g body weight) was higher in carp fed the 24% glucose feed. Due to the greater increase in glucose uptake, the ratio of glucose uptake relative to proline (G/P ratio) was higher in carp fed the 24% glucose. Thus, carp are able to adapt to the quantity, and apparently also to the type, of digestible carbohydrate in the diet. In contrast, glucose uptake by trout was unresponsive to the quantity of dietary carbohydrate. Insted, the elevated glucose paradoxically resulted in a greater uptake capacity for proline and a lower G/P ratio. Hence, the adaptive capabilities of the intestinal nutrient transport processes are matched to the potential variation in the carbohydrate content of the natural diet.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: the Next Cardiovascular Dilemma in Women?

All known risks for cardiovascular disease are increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, which features amenorrhea, hirsutism, and obesity. Epidemiologic studies in these patients and their families have revealed a familial predisposition not only to polycystic ovary syndrome, but also diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. The heterogeneity of phenotypes (clinically and biochemically) leads to difficulty in achieving a precise diagnosis, defining a single underlying pathogenesis, and selecting a homogeneous population for much needed prospective studies. The authors believe that while insulin resistance plays and important role in some cases of polycystic ovarian syndrome, it is the overall milieu created by the co-existence of several cardiovascular risk factors in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients which could be an important target for preventative strategies and therapy.
Straggling of Relativistic Charged Particles: Corrections to the Landau-Vavilov Straggling Functions in the Hydrogenic Wave-Function Approximations

Corrections to the Landau-Vavilov straggling functions are given for relativistic charged incident particles. The calculation of the correction term is based on 1) the differential cross section for relativistic particles given by Bethe, and 2) a heavy hydrogen model for heavy atoms.
Mediator Recruitment to Heat Shock Genes Requires Dual Hsf1 Activation Domains and Mediator Tail Subunits Med15 and Med16

The evolutionarily conserved Mediator complex is central to the regulation of gene transcription in eukaryotes because it serves as a physical and functional interface between upstream regulators and the Pol II transcriptional machinery. Nonetheless, its role appears to be context-dependent, and the detailed mechanism by which it governs the expression of most genes remains unknown. Here we investigate Mediator involvement in HSP (heat shock protein) gene regulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that in response to thermal upshift, subunits representative of each of the four Mediator modules (Head, Middle, Tail, and Kinase) are rapidly, robustly, and selectively recruited to the promoter regions of HSP genes. Their residence is transient, returning to near-background levels within 90 min. Hsf1 (heat shock factor 1) plays a central role in recruiting Mediator, as indicated by the fact that truncation of either its N- or C-terminal activation domain significantly reduces Mediator occupancy, whereas removal of both activation domains abolishes it. Likewise, ablation of either of two Mediator Tail subunits, Med15 or Med16, reduces Mediator recruitment to HSP promoters, whereas deletion of both abolishes it. Accompanying the loss of Mediator, recruitment of RNA polymerase II is substantially diminished. Interestingly, Mediator antagonizes Hsf1 occupancy of non-induced promoters yet facilitates enhanced Hsf1 association with activated ones. Collectively, our observations indicate that Hsf1, via its dual activation domains, recruits holo-Mediator to HSP promoters in response to acute heat stress through cooperative physical and/or functional interactions with the Tail module.
Coupled acoustic anyon-plasmon modes in an alternating-layered interacting-anyon-gas model

With the use of a self-consistent mean-field theory, where the anyon gauge field is approximated by its expectation value and the Coulomb interaction is calculated by the Hartree approximation, we have calculated the coupled acoustic anyon-plasmon modes for an alternating-layered interacting-anyon-gas structure. In a single-layer system, we obtain a phonon mode for a noninteracting anyon gas. This is different from the result given by the random-phase approximation. When the Coulomb interaction is included, this phonon mode is suppressed by the two-dimensional plasma mode. In a multilayered system, we get an acoustic anyon-plasmon mode with its sound velocity renormalized by the Coulomb interaction. The uniform-liquid ground state is shown to be stable against solid crystallization.
Tuning GMC controllers using the ATV procedure

A procedure has been developed for applying auto tune variation (ATV) tuning [Astrom and Hagglund, Automatic Tuning of PID Controllers, ISA (1988)] to generic model control (GMC) controllers [Lee and Sullivan, Generic model control, Computers Chem. Engng 12, 573 (1988)]. A nonlinear two input/two output test problem, which resembles an exothermic CSTR, and a distillation column test case have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of this new tuning procedure. For each case, the GMC controller tuned with the ATV tuning procedure was compared with a GMC controller with optimal tuning. It was typically found that the optimally tuned controller had an integral absolute error (IAE) that was approximately 20% lower than the IAE for the ATV tuned controller. In addition, the CSTR-like case was used to evaluate the effect of process/model mismatch on the effectiveness of the proposed tuning procedure.
Hook flag characters and their combinatorics

Abstract We study a class of characteristic zero representations of S n induced from one dimensional representations of Young subgroups. These representations occur naturally in the representation theory of the general Lie superalgebra and generalize the classical notions of flag characters and Young modules. As a consequence of our study, we generalize the classical Cauchy identities for Schur functions to the setting of (k,l) -hook Schur functions. Finally we give a bijecture proof of our (k, l) -hook Schur function Cauchy indentities by generalizing the Knuth correspondence between matrices and pairs of column strict tableau to the setting of (k, l) -hook Schur functions.
Effect of hemin, sodium periodate and concanavalin A on in vitro biosynthesis of rabbit reticulocyte membrane proteins☆

Abstract Effect of hemin, mild periodate oxidation and concanavalin A (Con A) on in vitro biosynthesis of membrane proteins and hemoglobin, in the rabbit reticulocyte, was examined. Whereas addition of hemin to the incubation medium stimulates synthesis of both hemoglobin and membrane proteins, addition of Con A, at concentrations which agglutinate cells, selectively stimulates membrane protein biosynthesis. Mild periodate treatment of cells inhibits synthesis of hemoglobin and membrane proteins; this inhibition is not related to oxidation of a membrane component since hemoglobin synthesis in a cell free lysate of treated cells is similarily inhibited.
Student Learning about Twelve Features of the Nature of Science

Five Teacher Leaders organized a study regarding two of their sections of 8–9th grade science. One section was the experimental section where twelve constituents of the Nature of Science (NOS) were used as an added consideration to activities, discussions, projects, and focus for all aspects of science content. The control section was a typical one where STS approaches were used without any conscientious efforts to add appropriate NOS considerations. Significant differences were found regarding student improvement and understanding of the twelve NOS constructs that were utilized; no such differences were noted in the control sections for the five teachers.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing Tumor Suppressor p53 Is a Highly Attenuated, Potent Oncolytic Agent

ABSTRACT Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a negative-strand RNA rhabdovirus, preferentially replicates in and eradicates transformed versus nontransformed cells and is thus being considered for use as a potential anticancer treatment. The genetic malleability of VSV also affords an opportunity to develop more potent agents that exhibit increased therapeutic activity. The tumor suppressor p53 has been shown to exert potent antitumor properties, which may in part involve stimulating host innate immune responses to malignancies. To evaluate whether VSV expressing p53 exhibited enhanced oncolytic action, the murine p53 (mp53) gene was incorporated into recombinant VSVs with or without a functional viral M gene-encoded protein that could either block (VSV-mp53) or enable [VSV-M(mut)-mp53] host mRNA export following infection of susceptible cells. Our results indicated that VSV-mp53 and VSV-M(mut)-mp53 expressed high levels of functional p53 and retained the ability to lyse transformed versus normal cells. In addition, we observed that VSV-ΔM-mp53 was extremely attenuated in vivo due to p53 activating innate immune genes, such as type I interferon (IFN). Significantly, immunocompetent animals with metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma exhibited increased survival following treatment with a single inoculation of VSV-ΔM-mp53, the mechanisms of which involved enhanced CD49b + NK and tumor-specific CD8 + T cell responses. Our data indicate that VSV incorporating p53 could provide a safe, effective strategy for the design of VSV oncolytic therapeutics and VSV-based vaccines.
Theoretical Studies on the Catalysis of the Reverse Water−Gas Shift Reaction Using First-Row Transition Metal β-Diketiminato Complexes

The reverse water−gas shift reaction CO2 + H2 → H2O + CO has been investigated using a set of homogeneous catalyst models L′MI (L′ = β-diketiminate, C3N2H5−; M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, ...
Integrating heterogeneous wireless technologies: a cellular aided mobile Ad Hoc network (CAMA)

A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of wireless terminals that can be deployed rapidly. Its deficiencies include limited wireless bandwidth efficiency, low throughput, large delays, and weak security. Integrating it with a well-established cellular network can improve communication and security in ad hoc networks, as well as enrich the cellular services. This research proposes a cellular-aided mobile ad hoc network (CAMA) architecture, in which a CAMA agent in the cellular network manages the control information, while the data is delivered through the mobile terminals (MTs). The routing and security information is exchanged between MTs and the agent through cellular radio channels. A position-based routing protocol, the multi-selection greedy positioning routing (MSGPR) protocol, is proposed. At times due to the complicated radio environment, the position information is not precise. Even in these cases, the MT can still find its reachable neighbors (the association) by exchanging "hello" messages. This association is used in complement with the position information to make more accurate routing decisions. Simulation results show that the delivery ratio in the ad hoc network is greatly improved with very low cellular overhead. The security issues in the proposed architecture and the corresponding solutions are addressed. The experimental study shows that CAMA is much less vulnerable than a pure ad hoc network.
Using artificial streams to assess the effects of metal‐mining effluent on the life cycle of the freshwater midge (Chironomus tentans) in situ

In 2002, we developed an in situ life-cycle bioassay with Chironomus tentans in artificial streams to evaluate the effects of a complex metal mine effluent under ambient environmental conditions. The bioassay was tested in the field using effluent from the Copper Cliff Waste Water Treatment Plant at INCO (Sudbury, ON, Canada). Chironomus tentans were exposed throughout the life cycle to 45% Copper Cliff effluent, which is the average effluent concentration measured in Junction Creek (ON, Canada), the natural receiving environment. Chironomus tentans in the effluent treatment exhibited reduced survival (p = 0.001), reduced total emergence (p = 0.001), increased time-to-emergence (p = 0.001), and reduced hatching success (p = 0.001) relative to animals in the reference water treatment. Chironomus tentans in the effluent treatment were not significantly different from the reference in terms of growth, sex ratio, number of egg cases/female, and number of eggs/egg case. This research showed how a life-cycle bioassay could be used in situ to assess metal mine effluent effects on a benthic invertebrate.
Colonial Population and the Idea of Development

This article traces the shift in demographic thought from the Malthusian framework that predominated in English-language political economic writings of the nineteenth century to demographic transition theory, which prevailed by the mid-twentieth century. An analysis of demographic theory offers particular insights onto the intellectual history of development because the question of population served as the point of departure for various development theories. While the scholarly literature on U.S. development ideas and projects has grown increasingly rich and sophisticated in recent decades, it remains wedded to the notion that there was a stark rupture between American development theory and the conditions in and relationships to the underdeveloped world that it sought to describe. This belief threatens to trivialize the significance of violent economic, environmental, and political circumstances that made development a useful lens of interpretation. Focusing especially on ideas about India, this article examines how, in an era of economic crises, intellectual and political exchange between British colonial, Indian nationalist, and American thinkers concerning the problems of disease, famine, and immigration enabled a transformation in demographic thinking. The concept of development did not simply diffuse from the West to the Rest. Global conflict and dialogue—both between and within empires—enabled its emergence such that, by the early 1950s, peoples in various parts of the world had already taken the ideal of development for granted.
Metalinguistic comparison in an alternative semantics for imprecision

This paper offers an analysis of metalinguistic comparatives such as more dumb than crazy in which they differ from ordinary comparatives in the scale on which they compare: ordinary comparatives use scales lexically determined by particular adjectives, but metalinguistic ones use a generally-available scale of imprecision or ‘pragmatic slack’. To implement this idea, I propose a novel compositional implementation of the Lasersohnian pragmatic-halos account of imprecision—one that represents clusters of similar meanings as Hamblin alternatives. In the theory that results, existential closure over alternatives mediates between alternative-sets and meanings in which imprecision has been resolved. I then articulate a version of this theory in which the alternatives are not related meanings but rather related utterances, departing significantly from Lasersohn’s original conception. Although such a theory of imprecision is more clearly ‘metalinguistic’, the evidence for it from metalinguistic comparatives in English is surprisingly limited. The overall picture that emerges is one in which the grammatical distinction between ordinary and metalinguistic comparatives tracks the independently motivated distinction between vagueness and imprecision.
Public values theory: three big questions

The "three big questions" of the title include: What is 'public value'?; Is public value different from the aggregation of private values?; Is it possible to identify and evaluate public values? The author provides qualified responses to each of these questions and then turns to the issue of public values and infrastructure, suggesting that infrastructure provides an especially useful laboratory for studying public value. First, infrastructure issues force an engagement of both public and private values and decisions about the nexus of the two. Second, infrastructures provide a good vantage point for studying both empirical and normative 'publicness'.
Improved detection of skull metastasis with diffusion-weighted MR imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Metastasis to the skull is clinically important, but routine MR imaging offers moderate sensitivity for skull-metastasis detection in our experience. We sought to determine if diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) could improve the detection of skull metastasis in patients with primary carcinomas that metastasized to bone compared with conventional MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five patients from the tumor registry of our institution with extracranial primary malignancy who had brain MR imaging with DWI and radionuclide bone scanning (RNBS, gold standard) within a 6-week interval were evaluated. Thirty-eight patients demonstrated increased radiopharmaceutical uptake on RNBS, consistent with skull metastasis of any size, and the remaining 37 were control subjects. Two readers correlated the DWI and conventional MR imaging with RNBS. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity of DWI for detection of skull metastases was 68.4%–71.1% (κ = 0.68) versus 42.1%–55.3% (κ = 0.65) for conventional MR imaging. Breast cancer ( n = 20) was detected with greatest sensitivity of 86.7%–93.3% (κ = 0.80) for DWI versus 60%–80% (κ = 0.5) for conventional MR imaging. Lung cancer ( n = 32) was detected with 63.6%–72.7% sensitivity (κ = 0.56), and prostate cancer ( n = 8) with 14.3% sensitivity (κ = 0.5) for DWI versus 27.3%–36.4% (κ = 0.81) and 14.3–42.9% (κ = 0), respectively, for conventional MR imaging. CONCLUSIONS: DWI is a useful sequence for identifying focal skull metastases for breast and lung malignancies and, compared with conventional MR imaging, provides improved detection of these lesions. DWI is insensitive for detecting skull metastases from prostate carcinoma.
Macroevolution of plasmids: a model for plasmid speciation.

A new evolutionary model for diversification in plasmid incompatibility groups (plasmid speciation) is suggested. The model is based on the formation of plasmid cointegrates from two compatible plasmids. The existence of plasmid cointegrates is well known, however, their potential key role in plasmid macroevolution has not yet been recognized. In a hypothesis presented here, one of the rep genes is supposed to be relaxed from selection in plasmid cointegrates and thus becomes free to accumulate mutations. These mutations can lead to a change in incompatibility specificity. Evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from the common occurrence of multireplicon plasmids in nature as well as from experimental studies on plasmid cointegrate formation. A more speculative extension of this model hypothesizes an evolutionary scenario for origin of the eubacterial single-replicon genome and the eukaryotic multi-replicon genome, as well as the place of plasmids and viruses in this picture.
Reactions of coordinated ligands VII. Reactions of (CO)5MoPPh2Cl and cis-(CO)4Mo(PPh2Cl)2 with selected diamines and amino alcohols. Synthesis of cis-(CO)4M(PPh2OCH2CH2NMe2) (M = Cr, Mo, W)☆

Abstract N,N-Dimethylethanolamine reacts with (CO)5Mo(PPh2Cl) to give (CO)5Mo(PPh2OCH2CH2NMe2) which has been characterized as a BF3 adduct and by heating to form the mixed donor (P,N) chelate complex (CO)4Mo(PPh2OCH2CH2NMe2). The chromium and tungsten analogs of the Mo chelate complex have been made by photochemical reaction between the hexa carbonyls and the uncomplexed (P,N) ligand. A combination of chloride displacemetn and photochemical chelation were used to obtain cis-(CO)4Mo(PPh2NHCH2CH2NMe2). With cis-(CO)4Mo(PPh2Cl)2, HOCH2CH2NME2 gives cis-(CO)4Mo(PPh2OCH2CH2NMe2)(PPh2OH) and not the expected disubstituted product. Ethylenediamine, N-methylethylenediamine and N,N-dimethylethylenediamine react with cis-(CO)4Mo(PPh2Cl)2 in a straight forward manner to yield cis-(CO)4Mo(PPh2NHCH2CH2NR2)2 where R2 = H2, HMe, and Me2, respectively. N,N′-Dimethylethylenediamine yields only the chelate complex (CO)4Mo(PPh2NMeCH2CH2NMePPh2). The 1H NMR spectra of these complexes reveal some interesting examples of PH and HH virtual coupling.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMAGE POTENTIAL AT THE SEMICONDUCTOR/ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE EMPLOYING NONLOCAL ELECTROSTATICS

Abstract Using recent developments of solid state and surface physics, the image potential (IP) energy is calculated for a test charge situated in an electrolyte near the surface of a doped semiconductor electrode. The effect of the structure of the semiconductor and solvent on the electrostatics is addressed through the static dielectric function ϵ( q ). Specifically discussed in light of the results are implications for ion adsorption to the electrode and reorganization energy. At lower ionic strengths (1:1 electrolytes at a maximum of 0.1 M were considered) the IP is found to be a rather sensitive function of the ϵ( q ) of both the solvent and SC, and a wide variety of behavior is displayed. In opposition to simplistic classical treatments, image potentials corresponding to repulsion of the charge from the electrode are sometimes found even for highly doped semiconductors. At higher ionic strengths the image potential behavior is predominantly repulsive. The approach shows a host of concerns that have hitherto received little or no consideration for the semiconductor electrode/electrolyte interface. Treatments of the image potential energy for the metal electrode/electrolyte interface have appeared previously and comparisons to this interface are made.
On a Computer Algebra Aided Proof in Bifurcation Theory

Some bifurcation theory for the zeros of an analytic function depending on a vector of parameters is presented. The emphasis is on problems for which the Weierstrass Preparation Theorem is not applicable and where the techniques require the analysis of ideals in rings of convergent power series. Several examples are given to illustrate the methods of this analysis. In particular, the utility of the Grobner basis algorithms which are currently implemented in several computer algebra packages is explained. Several problems for future research which are natural candidates for computer assisted proofs are also given.
Educating boys to be queer: Braddon's Lady Audley's secret.

AT THE END OF MARY ELIZABETH BRADDON’S Lady Audley’s Secret (1862), her hero- detective Robert Audley marries the near-identical sister of George Talboys, his one close friend since their days at Eton College years before. Throughout the novel, Braddon characterizes Robert as having effeminate mannerisms and a strong longing to be with George. She consciously makes him an alumnus of Eton College, which one contemporary critic cited as a prime example of “characteristic faults and virtues” of the entire public school system (Payne 35). One perceived “fault” of the public schools in particular was that homosexuality and homoeroticism were condoned among the boys, who were later expected to “become” heterosexual upon graduation. But Robert’s homoerotic urges do not disappear with his “purchase” of a heterosexual marriage at the novel’s end.
Stereoselective synthesis of 3-alkyl-2-aryltetrahydrofuran-4-ols: total synthesis of (+/-)-paulownin.

A formal [3 + 2]-cycloaddition involving the Lewis acid mediated reaction of α-silyloxy aldehydes and styrenes to afford 3-alkyl-2-aryltetrahydrofuran-4-ols has been developed. This methodology was applied to the total synthesis of the naturally occurring furofuran lignan (±)-paulownin.
Statistical Approach to the Automation of Flaw Detection

The detection of flaws in the presence of noise and other interfering signals can be enhanced by specifically taking into account the nature of these noise signals and designing a detection algorithm which performs optimally in the presence of that noise. In this paper, we present results of the application of this technique to a variety of specimens and show improvement in flaw detectability in the presence of grain scattering noise. We also discuss the use of this approach as a first step in the automation of flaw detection by virtue of its ability to recommend and evaluate measurement setups, perform optimum detection and provide confidence measures of the results.