cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serial transverse enteroplasty enhances intestinal function in a model of short bowel syndrome.

Objective/Summary Background Data: Serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) is a new intestinal lengthening procedure that has been shown to clinically increase bowel length. This study examined the impact of the STEP procedure upon intestinal function in a model of short bowel syndrome. Methods: Young pigs (n 10) had a reversed segment of bowel interposed to induce bowel dilatation. Five pigs underwent a 90% bowel resection with a STEP procedure on the remaining dilated bowel while 5 served as controls and had a 90% bowel resection without a STEP procedure. Determinations of nutritional status, absorptive capacity, and bacterial overgrowth were conducted 6 weeks after resection. Statistical comparisons were made by 2-sample t test (significance at P 0.05). Results: The STEP procedure lengthened the bowel from 105.2 7.7 cm to 152.2 8.3 cm (P 0.01). The STEP animals showed improved weight retention compared with controls (mean, 0.5% 1.8% body weight versus 17.6% 1.5%, P 0.001). Intestinal carbohydrate absorption, as measured by D-Xylose absorption and fat absorptive capacity as measured by serum vitamin D and triglyceride levels, were increased in the STEP group versus controls. Serum citrulline, a marker of intestinal mucosal mass, was significantly elevated in the STEP pigs compared with controls. None of the STEP animals but 4 of 5 control animals were noted to have gram-negative bacterial overgrowth in the proximal bowel. Conclusions: STEP improves weight retention, nutritional status, intestinal absorptive capacity, and serum citrulline levels in a porcine short bowel model. A salutary effect upon bacterial overgrowth was also noted. These data support the use of this operation in short bowel syndrome.
A Scalable Projective Scaling Algorithm for $l_{p}$ Loss With Convex Penalizations

This paper presents an accurate, efficient, and scalable algorithm for minimizing a special family of convex functions, which have a $l_{p}$ loss function as an additive component. For this problem, well-known learning algorithms often have well-established results on accuracy and efficiency, but there exists rarely any report on explicit linear scalability with respect to the problem size. The proposed approach starts with developing a second-order learning procedure with iterative descent for general convex penalization functions, and then builds efficient algorithms for a restricted family of functions, which satisfy the Karmarkar's projective scaling condition. Under this condition, a light weight, scalable message passing algorithm (MPA) is further developed by constructing a series of simpler equivalent problems. The proposed MPA is intrinsically scalable because it only involves matrix-vector multiplication and avoids matrix inversion operations. The MPA is proven to be globally convergent for convex formulations; for nonconvex situations, it converges to a stationary point. The accuracy, efficiency, scalability, and applicability of the proposed method are verified through extensive experiments on sparse signal recovery, face image classification, and over-complete dictionary learning problems.
History and Identity in Senegambia and on the Upper Guinea Coast

Among the most important works about how West African cultural groupings defined themselves and were defined by others is JeanLoup Amselle's Logiques metisses (1990). Building on a rich and deep historiography examining the changing nature of African ethnic identities, Amselle argued that corporate groups' identities have never been fixed but have been constructed and reconstructed over time. Looking to West Africa, he theorised that group identities were characterised by fluidity until nineteenth-century colonial administrators and ethnographers invented more rigid ethnic identities for administrative convenience.1 It is clear that Amselle's work has influenced the authors of the books reviewed here. Among other things, each explores the
Neutralizing Antibody Fails to Impact the Course of Ebola Virus Infection in Monkeys

Prophylaxis with high doses of neutralizing antibody typically offers protection against challenge with viruses producing acute infections. In this study, we have investigated the ability of the neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, KZ52, to protect against Ebola virus in rhesus macaques. This antibody was previously shown to fully protect guinea pigs from infection. Four rhesus macaques were given 50 mg/kg of neutralizing human monoclonal antibody KZ52 intravenously 1 d before challenge with 1,000 plaque-forming units of Ebola virus, followed by a second dose of 50 mg/kg antibody 4 d after challenge. A control animal was exposed to virus in the absence of antibody treatment. Passive transfer of the neutralizing human monoclonal antibody not only failed to protect macaques against challenge with Ebola virus but also had a minimal effect on the explosive viral replication following infection. We show that the inability of antibody to impact infection was not due to neutralization escape. It appears that Ebola virus has a mechanism of infection propagation in vivo in macaques that is uniquely insensitive even to high concentrations of neutralizing antibody.
Modeling and Recognition of Landmark Image Collections Using Iconic Scene Graphs

This article presents an approach for modeling landmarks based on large-scale, heavily contaminated image collections gathered from the Internet. Our system efficiently combines 2D appearance and 3D geometric constraints to extract scene summaries and construct 3D models. In the first stage of processing, images are clustered based on low-dimensional global appearance descriptors, and the clusters are refined using 3D geometric constraints. Each valid cluster is represented by a single iconic view, and the geometric relationships between iconic views are captured by an iconic scene graph. Using structure from motion techniques, the system then registers the iconic images to efficiently produce 3D models of the different aspects of the landmark. To improve coverage of the scene, these 3D models are subsequently extended using additional, non-iconic views. We also demonstrate the use of iconic images for recognition and browsing. Our experimental results demonstrate the ability to process datasets containing up to 46,000 images in less than 20 hours, using a single commodity PC equipped with a graphics card. This is a significant advance towards Internet-scale operation.
Low Resolution Structures of Cold, Warm, and Chemically Denatured Cytochrome-C via SAXS

The results of a small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) study of equine cytochrome-c protein under different unfolding conditions are discussed. Although the measured radius of gyration of this protein over a wide range of temperatures and GuHCl concentrations conform to a two-state thermodynamic model, we find different levels of residual structure present depending on whether the protein is cold- or warm- denatured. We present DAMMIN reconstructions of these different unfolded states using 1532 dummy atoms with a 1.5 Angstrom radius, and suggest ways that these different unfolded states may be described by the same folding free energy.
Application of Product Platform Design for Engineered System

The focus of this paper is on the design of the engineered system comprising various subsystems that have functional interactions amongst themselves. Depending on the system architecture, subsystems can be classified into one of the two types: scalar and modular subsystems. Each subsystem is defined by various primary and secondary parameters, performance criteria, and compatibility constraints. The objective function is formulated as minimization of total cost of all the subsystems while meeting the required performance criteria. The cost of an individual subsystem is a function of parameters of that particular subsystem. The complete engineered system level problem has been formulated as a non linear programming optimization problem. The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated using an example of the automotive truck family.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2013

In this article, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths for African Americans and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, survival, and screening prevalence based upon incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. It is estimated that 176,620 new cases of cancer and 64,880 deaths will occur among African Americans in 2013. From 2000 to 2009, the overall cancer death rate among males declined faster among African Americans than whites (2.4% vs 1.7% per year), but among females, the rate of decline was similar (1.5% vs 1.4% per year, respectively). The decrease in cancer death rates among African American males was the largest of any racial or ethnic group. The reduction in overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of nearly 200,000 deaths from cancer among African Americans. Five-year relative survival is lower for African Americans than whites for most cancers at each stage of diagnosis. The extent to which these disparities reflect unequal access to health care versus other factors remains an active area of research. Overall, progress in reducing cancer death rates has been made, although more can and should be done to accelerate this progress through ensuring equitable access to cancer prevention, early detection, and state-of-the-art treatments.
HALOTHANE GENOTYPE, CHILLING AND LOCATION WITHIN MUSCLE: EFFECTS ON PORK QUALITY

Intact sides were subjected to accelerated chill (AC: -3OC for 2.5 h, 4C for 20-22 h) or conventional chill (CC: 4C for 22-24 h). Color, drip loss, and pH were evaluated 24 h postmonem at three sites (inner, mid, and outer) in the Semimembranosus (SM) and Biceps femoris (BF) with the inner site closest to the femur. Zle Longissimus thoracis (LT) and the Longissimus lumborum (LL) were also evaluated. Accelerated chill improved color and drip loss of the Longissimus muscle. Accelerated chill had no fleet on the quality measurements of the ham, although site differences occurred. The fleets of genotype on color, drip loss, andpH in the loin and ham muscles were not consistent in the muscle groups studied. Compared to CC, AC has beneficial fleets on fresh pork quality of the Longissimus muscle, but not the ham muscles.
The 2001 Benjamin Franklin medal in chemistry presented to K. Barry Sharpless

The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA awarded the 2001 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry to K. Barry Sharpless for his important innovative scientific contributions to the field of asymmetric catalytic oxidation, which resulted in highly enantioselective processes for the epoxidation, dihydroxylation and aminohydroxylation of olefins.
Highly optimized tolerance:A mechanism for power laws in designed systems

We introduce a mechanism for generating power law distributions, referred to as highly optimized tolerance (HOT), which is motivated by biological organisms and advanced engineering technologies. Our focus is on systems which are optimized, either through natural selection or engineering design, to provide robust performance despite uncertain environments. We suggest that power laws in these systems are due to tradeoffs between yield, cost of resources, and tolerance to risks. These tradeoffs lead to highly optimized designs that allow for occasional large events. We investigate the mechanism in the context of percolation and sand pile models in order to emphasize the sharp contrasts between HOT and self-organized criticality (SOC), which has been widely suggested as the origin for power laws in complex systems. Like SOC, HOT produces power laws. However, compared to SOC, HOT states exist for densities which are higher than the critical density, and the power laws are not restricted to special values of the density. The characteristic features of HOT systems include: (1) high efficiency, performance, and robustness to designed-for uncertainties; (2) hypersensitivity to design flaws and unanticipated perturbations; (3) nongeneric, specialized, structured configurations; and (4) power laws. The first three of these are in contrast to the traditional hallmarks of criticality, and are obtained by simply adding the element of design to percolation and sand pile models, which completely changes their characteristics.
Ethanol inhibition of angiotensin II-stimulated Tyr705 and Ser727 STAT3 phosphorylation in cultured rat hepatocytes: relevance to activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Abstract Angiotensin (Ang) II-stimulated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator transcription (STAT) 3 in rat hepatocytes and the effects of ethanol on this activation were investigated. Angiotensin II (100 nM) stimulated Tyr 705 and Ser 727 phosphorylation of STAT3 and formation of sis-inducing factor complexes. In the presence of U-0126 (10μM), a p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase inhibitor, Ang II further increased Tyr 705 phosphorylation of STAT3 but completely abrogated Ser 727 phosphorylation of STAT3. Inhibition of p42/44MAPK also increased STAT3 DNA-binding activity. Pretreatment with ethanol (100mM) for 24h resulted in decrease in Tyr 705 phosphorylation of STAT3 by ethanol alone and inhibition of Tyr705 phosphorylation of STAT3 stimulated by Ang II. Although ethanol potentiates Ang II stimulated p42/44 MAPK activation in hepatocytes, ethanol inhibited Ser 727 phosphorylation of STAT3 stimulated by Ang II. Angiotensin II-stimulated STAT3-binding activity was not significantly affected by ethanol treatment. These results suggest a negative regulation of Ang II-stimulated STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation and STAT3-binding activity through p42/44 MAPK activation in hepatocytes. However, ethanol modulation of Ang II-stimulated STAT3 phosphorylation occurs by MAPK independent mechanisms. Ethanol potentiation of MAPK signaling without suppression of STAT3 function may modulate the course of alcoholic liver injury.
Influence of grinding direction on fracture strength of silicon nitride

It is generally found that grinding transverse to the tensile stress direction in flexure bars subjected to four-point bending results in a lower strength compared to grinding in the longitudinal direction. In the present study, standard flexure specimens made from a reaction-bonded and a sintered reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN and SRBSN) were surface ground under three different conditions in both longitudinal and transverse directions to assess the effect of grinding direction on strength. Four-point flexure tests were performed on the specimens and Weibull parameters were calculated. The results showed that while the strength was not affected by the grinding condition when grinding was performed in the longitudinal direction, the strength of the samples ground in the transverse direction was reduced as the material removal rate was increased by a factor of 30. This result was confirmed by fractography, which showed that almost all the fracture initiation sites in the longitudinally ground samples were associated with near-surface microstructural features, whereas in the transverse ground samples fracture initiated from damage introduced by grinding. The strength reduction by grinding in the transverse direction was found to be material dependent, and was larger for SRBSN than for RBSN.
Preparation of holey carbon films suitable for cryo‐electron microscopy

We present a method for the quick and reliable production of carbon films perforated with 5–10-μm holes, suitable for supporting suspensions that are to be rapidly frozen and imaged, using cryo-electron microscopy, in the frozen-hydrated state. The holes support biological specimens that are often embedded in 50–200 nm of vitreous ice, which is optimal for image contrast and preservation of large macromolecular complexes.
Mitigating application-level denial of service attacks on Web servers: A client-transparent approach

Recently, we have seen increasing numbers of denial of service (DoS) attacks against online services and Web applications either for extortion reasons or for impairing and even disabling the competition. These DoS attacks have increasingly targeted the application level. Application-level DoS attacks emulate the same request syntax and network-level traffic characteristics as those of legitimate clients, thereby making the attacks much harder to detect and counter. Moreover, such attacks often target bottleneck resources such as disk bandwidth, database bandwidth, and CPU resources. In this article, we propose handling DoS attacks by using a twofold mechanism. First, we perform admission control to limit the number of concurrent clients served by the online service. Admission control is based on port hiding that renders the online service invisible to unauthorized clients by hiding the port number on which the service accepts incoming requests. Second, we perform congestion control on admitted clients to allocate more resources to good clients. Congestion control is achieved by adaptively setting a client's priority level in response to the client's requests in a way that can incorporate application-level semantics. We present a detailed evaluation of the proposed solution using two sample applications: Apache HTTPD and the TPCW benchmark (running on Apache Tomcat and IBM DB2). Our experiments show that the proposed solution incurs low performance overhead and is resilient to DoS attacks.
Double-blind crossover comparison of the antianginal effects of nifedipine and isosorbide dinitrate in patients with exertional angina receiving propranolol

A double-blind crossover study was performed on 27 patients with proved fixed coronary artery disease and stable angina pectoris. The study was designed to compare the relative efficacy of two combination therapies, nifedipine plus propranolol and isosorbide dinitrate plus propranolol, in terms of antianginal response and effect on exercise tolerance by evaluation of treadmill testing. The combination of nifedipine and propranolol was superior to the combination of isosorbide and propranolol in reducing the number of anginal attacks (p = 0.03), increasing total exercise time (p less than 0.02), increasing oxygen consumption achieved at end of exercise (p less than 0.03), increasing time to onset of pain (p = 0.003) and increasing oxygen consumption achieved at onset of pain (p = 0.003). Analysis of the rate-pressure products suggests that the difference in these results may be explained by the greater effect of nifedipine on afterload reduction. Although nitroglycerin consumption was reduced from baseline levels during combination nifedipine therapy (p less than 0.001), there was no statistical difference between nifedipine combination therapy and isosorbide combination therapy. In conclusion, although both combination therapies were superior to propranolol therapy alone, the combination of nifedipine and propranolol was more effective than the combination of isosorbide and propranolol in reducing the incidence of angina and improving exercise performance. Side effects were experienced at a similar frequency during both combination therapies.
Computational Study on the Solubility of Lithium Salts Formed on Lithium Ion Battery Negative Electrode in Organic Solvents

The solubility of lithium salts, found in solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) films on the anode surface in lithium ion battery cells, has been examined in organic solvents through atomistic computer simulations. The salts included lithium oxide (Li2O), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium oxalate ([LiCO2]2), lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), lithium methoxide (LiOCH3), lithium methyl carbonate (LiOCO2CH3), lithium ethyl carbonate (LiOCO2C2H5), and dilithium ethylene glycol dicarbonate (([CH2OCO2Li]2: LiEDC). The organic solvents were dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethylene carbonate (EC). The atomic charges in the force field have been fitted to the electrostatic potential obtained from density functional theory calculations for each salt. The heat of dissolution in DMC for the salts calculated from computer simulations ranged from exothermic heats for the organic salts in general to endothermic heats for the inorganic salts in the order of LiEDC < LiOCO2CH3 < LiOH < LiOCO2C2H5 < LiOCH3 < LiF ...
The effect of hypothyroidism on the development of experimental uremia.

CHANGES in hormonal balance affect the survival of animals subjected to experimental uremia. In general, those hormones exerting an anabolic effect increase the survival time of nephrectomized animals, while those promoting catabolism are detrimental to the uremic organism. Bondy and Engel (1947) found that adrenalectomized-nephrectomized rats survived longer than the nephrectomized animal only when previously depleted of potassium. The terminal non-protein nitrogen was higher in the control than in the adrenalectomized group. It has also been found that the administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate prior to or after nephrectomy increased the survival time and decreased the rate of nonprotein nitrogen rise (Seyle, 1940a, Selye and Nielsen, 1941; Dosne, 1941, Nylen, 1946; Rodbard, 1945; Masson, Corcoran and Page, 1949). The administration of adrenal cortical extract had no beneficial effect (Winkler, Smith and HofT, 1942) or a definitely adverse one (Bondy and Engel, 1947) on survival following adrena...
Ready, connect, learn: preparing students for campus technology

This paper documents the progression through 4 methods of orienting incoming students in the use of Syracuse University's computer systems. It discuses design issues involving: content, costs, effectiveness, accessibility, and product shelf-life. Finally, it explores development decisions relating to software, production, and distribution.
New Sesquiterpenes from Capsicum annuum

The ethyl acetate soluble fraction of a MeOH extract of the dried stems and roots of Capsicum annum gave 10 new sesquiterpenoids (1-10) and nine known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. The isolated new compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities.
Dynamics of pion double-charge-exchange reactions

The (π+, π−) reactions leading to the double isobaric analog state are studied at pion energies 50 to 300 MeV, with14C as an example. Effects of nuclear structure, nuclear recoil, the reaction pathway and off-shell πN interactions are examined in detail. Our study reveals a very strong dependence of calculated cross sections on off-shell πN dynamics. Consequently, use of a self-consistent off-shell πN theory is essential to studying short-range nucleon-nucleon correlations from double-charge-exchange data. The present study further shows that reaction dynamics other than two successive pion single charge exchanges is needed to account for the experimental data.
Development of solid oxide fuel cells for the direct oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels

Abstract This paper summarizes our development of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) using hydrocarbon fuels. Minimization of particle agglomeration during the coating and drying steps has reduced the sintering temperatures to obtain dense yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes to as low as 1200 °C. The development of Cu/CeO 2 /YSZ anode composites in SOFCs for the direct electrochemical oxidation of dry hydrocarbon fuels is described. These anode-supported cells are fabricated by a double-tape casting technique, and impregnation of aqueous solutions of Cu(NO 3 ) 2 and Ce(NO 3 ) 2 into a porous YSZ anode structure. Single cells with these Cu/CeO 2 /YSZ anode composites have operated in both dry gaseous (methane, butane) and liquid (synthetic diesel) hydrocarbon fuel environments at intermediate temperatures.
Oxime-based linker libraries as a general approach for the rapid generation and screening of multidentate inhibitors

The described oxime-based library protocol provides detailed procedures for the linkage of aminooxy functionality with aldehyde building blocks that result in the generation of libraries of multidentate inhibitors. Synthesis of inhibitors for protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and antagonists directed against the human tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) are shown as examples. Three steps are involved: (i) the design and synthesis of aminooxy platforms; (ii) tethering with aldehydes to form oxime-based linkages with sufficient purity; and (iii) direct in vitro biological evaluation of oxime products without purification. Each coupling reaction is (i) performed in capped microtubes at room temperature (20-23 °C); (ii) diluted for inhibitory evaluation; and (iii) screened with targets in microplates to provide IC(50) or K(d) values. The synthesis of the aminooxy platforms takes 3-5 d; tethering with the aldehydes takes 24 h; and inhibition assay of enzymes and protein-protein interactions takes 30 min and 2 h, respectively.
Supporting clinical practice candidates in learning community development

The purpose of this qualitative research study was to monitor pre-service teacher candidates’ progression and implementation of the learning community philosophy along with classroom management strategies. The study took place during their final semester of clinical practice. Data were collected from self-reports, surveys, university supervisor observations and informal post-observation conferences. Findings include a discrepancy between candidates’ self-efficacy perceptions and actual ability to implement these concepts. Researchers discovered a progression, over the course of the semester, of competency in classroom management strategies associated with the development of the learning community. Classroom management strategies which the pre-service teachers implemented are also reported.
Jonathan Edward's Most Popular Work: “The Life of David Brainerd” and Nineteenth-Century Evangelical Culture

When students of early American religion remember David Brainerd, if they remember him at all, it is usually in the context of the First Great Awakening. Born in Haddam, Connecticut in 1718, Brainerd enrolled at Yale in 1739, shortly after he had experienced conversion. By his sophomore year, when New Haven was aflame with the religious fervor that spread like a brush fire through New England, Brainerd was recognized as one of the “New Light” student leaders at Yale. For this reason, he was among the first undergraduates to be disciplined by the college administration as part of an effort to contain religious enthusiasm. Rector Thomas Clap expelled Brainerd in 1742 for remarking that tutor Chauncy Whittelsey had no more grace than a chair and for attending a meeting of Separate Congregationalists in defiance of college rules.
Column-selection-enabled 8T SRAM array with ~1R/1W multi-port operation for DVFS-enabled processors

In this work, we propose a new multi-port 8T SRAM architecture suitable for DVFS enabled processors. With multi-way caches using 8T SRAM, write-back operations are required to support column selection. While conventional write-back schemes may not have the 1R/1W dual port advantage of 8T SRAM, our proposed local write-back scheme preserves both ports with only minimal limitations. Simulation results show significant IPC enhancements with the proposed cache. Implementation in 45nm technology demonstrates wide-range DVFS (from 120MHZ@0.48V to 710MHz@1V) for the proposed SRAM array.
α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone and Adrenocorticotropin in the Regulation of Glucocorticoid Secretion during the Perinatal Period in Sheep*

To determine the role of other ACTH-like peptides in the regulation of glucocorticoid secretion in fetal sheep, we examined the responses of the adrenal gland of fetal and newborn sheep to comparable single doses of αMSH (75 μg) or ACTH (50 μg) during the last third of gestation and the first month of postnatal life. αMSH first increased the plasma glucocorticoid concentration at 121–130 days of gestation [from 16 ± 1.5 to 36.9 ± 9 (SE) ng/ml]; the response to αMSH persisted on days 131–140 of gestation and during the first month after birth. ACTH fust increased the plasma glucocorticoid concentration at 131–140 days of gestation and increased it further in the first month after birth (from 18.9 ± 3.6 to 97.0 ± 10 ng/ml). The observations that the adrenal glands of fetuses and newborn lambs responded to αMSH at a dose comparable to that of ACTH and that the response to aMSH in the fetus preceded the response to ACTH may indicate that adrenal receptors mature during fetal development. These data also sugge...
Hybrid light sensor based on ultrathin Si nanomembranes sensitized with CdSe/ZnS colloidal nanocrystal quantum dots

We report the observation of a large enhancement of the wavelength-dependent photocurrent in ultrathin silicon nanomembranes (SiNM) decorated with colloidal CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs). Back-gated, field-effect transistor structures based on 75 nm-thick SiNMs are functionalized with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) preventing surface oxidation and minimizing the surface defect densities. NQDs are drop cast on the active region of the device and the photocurrent is measured as a function of the excitation wavelength across the NQD absorption region. Photocurrent enhancement on the order of several hundred nA's is observed for NQD/SAM/SiNM devices compared to reference SAM/SiNM structures, with the device peak response closely correlated to the NQD absorption peak. We propose light-induced gating of the surface electrostatic potential and forward self-biasing of the FET channel as the two key mechanisms leading to the large photocurrent increase. Our findings open the possibility of employing silicon-nanocrystal hybrid structures for light sensing applications.
Meniscal Repair With Concurrent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Operative Success and Patient Outcomes at 6-Year Follow-up

Background:Meniscal repair is commonly performed concurrently with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in the acutely injured knee. No large-scale, prospective multicenter studies have evaluated the long-term success and patient-oriented outcomes after combined ACLR and meniscal repair.Purpose:To define the operative success and patient-oriented outcome scores 6 years after combined meniscal repair and ACLR.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:All ipsilateral primary ACLR and meniscal repair cases from a multicenter study group between 2002 and 2004 were selected. Validated patient-oriented outcome instruments were completed at 3 time points: preoperatively and then 2 and 6 years after the index procedure. Subsequent ipsilateral knee reoperations were confirmed by operative reports to evaluate for the failure of meniscal repairs.Results:In total, 286 patients with 1440 primary ACLRs underwent concurrent meniscal repairs (298 meniscal repairs). Of these, 235 (82.2%) were ava...
Dexamethasone inhibits insulin-like growth factor signaling and potentiates myoblast apoptosis.

In the critically ill, glucocorticoids induce myopathy, combining profound protein catabolism and mild myotubular death. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) inhibit muscle catabolism through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Using rat L6 myoblasts, we show that IGF-I also acts through PI3K to inhibit apoptosis induced by hyperosmolar metabolic stress with 300 mm mannitol. We find that the glucocorticoid dexamethasone inhibits this antiapoptotic effect of IGF-I by impairing PI3K signaling. Dexamethasone induces overexpression of the PI3K subunit p85α, which, in turn, competes with the complete PI3K heterodimer for binding at insulin receptor substrate-1, inhibiting PI3K activation. Dexamethasone blocks IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of Akt, a PI3K-dependent process. Increased cellular p85α abundance, induced by either 10μ m dexamethasone or transient transfection with a plasmid coding for p85α, significantly inhibits IGF-I rescue from apoptosis induced by mannitol, as indicated by both loss...
Binding of [123I]beta‐CIT to brain serotonin and dopamine transporters (SERT & DAT) after multiple dose administration of sertraline

Previous work suggests that virtual saturation of brain SERT occurs after administration of therapeutic doses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This study determined [123I]β-CIT binding in the brain after multiple dose (8 days) administration of sertraline 25mg and 50mg (randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled) and 150mg (open-label, preceded by 50mg QD × 3 days and 100mg QD × 3 days) with a 7–day washout after the first 2 periods. Six healthy subjects had baseline brain single photon emission computed tomography scans with [123I]β-CIT, a high affinity SERT and DAT radiotracer. Follow-up scans occurred 1h after the day 8 sertraline dose for each period (20-24h after [123I]β-CIT infusion). Mean±SD [123I]β-CIT binding in the brainstem (baseline 1.65±0.39, follow-up 0.77±0.3) and the striatum (baseline 9.79±3.48, follow-up 8.17±2.66) was used to estimate percent displacement by sertraline 150mg at SERT (53%) and DAT (17%), respectively. Results from the double-blind portion of the study are pending. Brainstem displacement was comparable to historical citalopram (40mg/day) data (51%) and appears to represent SERT saturation. However, striatal [123I]β-CIT binding usually increases with SSRIs via an unknown mechanism. The decrease observed indicates that sertraline also binds to DAT. These results reinforce prior findings that therapeutic doses of SSRIs saturate SERT and suggest that sertraline 150mg is the only SSRI with minimal DAT occupancy. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P20–P20; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.077
Training Table to the Battlefield: Protein Recommendations for Warfighters

Warfighters represent a population of athletes for whom routine training and physical expectations for military operations parallel, and very often exceed, those of their civilian counterparts. Like athletes, warfighters require nutrition support to optimize physical condition to maintain training, sustain performance, speed recovery, and prevent injury and illness. Specifically, energy and protein requirements have been tailored for these populations. Like athletes, warfighters consider protein a critical component of their diet and often incorporate protein supplements into daily diet plans. This article highlights sports nutrition principles that target energy and protein needs of athletes, considers the basis of these recommendations in the context of protein supplementation, and asserts that translating these recommendations to the warfighter is appropriate and necessary. The recommended range of protein intake of 1.2‐1.8 g kg 21 d 21 can be extended to the warfighter. Because energy balance is pivotal to optimal protein utilization, adequate energy intake, or lack thereof such that a state of negative energy balance exists, should be given particular consideration for the warfighter. Routine protein supplementation is recommended to reduce protein breakdown, support protein synthesis, and promote a positive net protein balance throughout various deployment situations and when energy intake is insufficient. J. Nutr. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.176958.
Universality in cell mechanics

The cytoskeleton (CSK) of the adherent living cell is arguably the most complex form of soft matter that exists in nature. It is constituted by hundreds of different proteins that interact with each other in a highly specific manner and, as a requirement for life, exists out of thermodynamic equilibrium and in a constant state of remodeling. While such structural and dynamical complexity may have conferred the cell with diverse and unpredictable mechanical properties, recent evidence indicates that the behavior of the CSK conforms to a limited set of empirical laws that appear to be simple and universal. While mechanistic understanding of such laws is still lacking, their very existence suggests that rather than being addressed solely in terms of molecular details and specific interactions, cell mechanics need to be addressed also from an integrative point of view.
Modification of a Mammalian Cell Protein in the Presence of [32P-Adenylate]NAD: Evidence for ADP Ribosylation Activity Associated with Helicobacter pylori

Culture filtrates from Helicobacter pylori promote the transfer of the radiolabel from [32P-adenylate]NAD to one or more heat-labile factors within extracts prepared from several mammalian cell lines, with the predominate radiolabeled species exhibiting an apparent molecular mass of greater than 130 kDa. Our results suggest that several H. pylori strains release a factor that ADP-ribosylates a mammalian target protein.
Reactive Thrombocytosis Associated with Enoxaparin

A 42-year-old man was hospitalized for a closed head injury caused by a bicycle accident. On hospital day 8, he developed thrombocytosis. Eleven days later, his platelet count reached 1005 x 10(3)/mm(3). A review of his drug therapy indicated enoxaparin as a potential reversible cause of reactive thrombocytosis. Enoxaparin was discontinued, and the patient's platelet count declined, eventually normalizing 6 days later. At that time, enoxaparin was restarted; this resulted in an increase in his platelet count that peaked 8 days later at 920 x 10(3)/mm(3). After each occurrence of thrombocytosis, enoxaparin was switched to unfractionated heparin in combination with sequential compression devices for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. No complications secondary to thrombocytosis were noted. Our patient's experience suggests that unfractionated heparin may be substituted for enoxaparin if this adverse effect is suspected.
Unusually efficient pyridine photodissociation from Ru(II) complexes with sterically bulky bidentate ancillary ligands.

The introduction of steric bulk to the bidentate ligand in [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(py)]2+ (1; tpy = 2,2′:2′,6″-terpyridine; bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; py = pyridine) to provide [Ru(tpy)(Me2bpy)(py)]2+ (2; Me2bpy = 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) and [Ru(tpy)(biq)(py)]2+ (3; biq = 2,2′-biquinoline) facilitates photoinduced dissociation of pyridine with visible light. Upon irradiation of 2 and 3 in CH3CN (λirr = 500 nm), ligand exchange occurs to produce the corresponding [Ru(tpy)(NN)(NCCH3)]2+ (NN = Me2bpy, biq) complex with quantum yields, Φ500, of 0.16(1) and 0.033(1) for 2 and 3, respectively. These values represent an increase in efficiency of the reaction by 2–3 orders of magnitude as compared to that of 1, Φ500 590 nm). Complexes 1–3 are stable in the dark in both CH3CN and H2O under similar experimental conditions. X-ray crystal str...
HOW FLUCTUATING COMPETITION AND PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY MEDIATE SPECIES DIVERGENCE

Causal evidence linking resource competition to species divergence is scarce. In this study, we coupled field observations with experiments to ask if the degree of character displacement reflects the intensity of competition between two closely related spadefoot toads (Spea bombifrons and S. multiplicata). Tadpoles of both species develop into either a small-headed omnivorous morph, which feeds mostly on detritus, or a large-headed carnivorous morph, which specializes on and whose phenotype is induced by fairy shrimp. Previously, we found that S. multiplicata are inferior competitors for fairy shrimp and are less likely to develop into carnivores in sympatry with S. bombifrons. We compared four key trophic characters in S. multiplicata across natural ponds where the frequency of S. bombifrons varied. We found that S. multiplicata became increasingly more omnivore-like as the relative abundance of S. bombifrons increased. Moreover, in controlled laboratory populations, S. multiplicata became increasingly more omnivore-like and S. bombifrons became increasingly more carnivore-like as we increased the relative abundance of the other species. Phenotypic plasticity helped mediate this divergence: S. multiplicata became increasingly less likely to eat shrimp and develop into carnivores in the presence of S. bombifrons, a superior predator on shrimp. However, divergence also reflected differences in canalized traits: When reared under common conditions, S. multiplicata tadpoles became increasingly less likely to produce carnivores as their natal pond decreased in elevation. Presumably, this pattern reflected selection against carnivores in lower-elevation ponds, because S. bombifrons became increasingly more common with decreasing elevation. Local genetic adaptation to the presence of S. bombifrons was remarkably fine grained, with differences in carnivore production detected between populations a few kilometers apart. Our results suggest that the degree of character displacement potentially reflects the intensity of competition between interacting species and that both phenotypic plasticity and fine-scale genetic differentiation can mediate this response. Moreover, these results provide causal evidence linking resource competition to species divergence.
Superconducting Devices for Metrology and Standards

This topic falls naturally into five almost independent parts: a) Voltage standards, b) Current comparators and measurements of ratios of current and voltage, c) Measurements of rf power and attenuation, d) Noise thermometry, and e) e) Measurements of frequency. These are discussed in Sections II to VI respectively. General familiarity with the properties of superconductors and the Josephson effect is assumed; these topics are discussed in detail in other parts of these proceedings.
Human Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Renewable Source of Natural Killer Cells

Human pluripotent stems cells provide an ideal source for the study of hematopoietic differentiation. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that play a key role in innate immunity against viral infections as well as malignancies. The development and differentiation of NK cells have been an area of increasing research interest due to their clinical utility in treating multiple types of cancer and potentially infectious disease. Our initial studies to derive NK cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) used a stromal cell co-culture method with relatively poor-defined conditions. Subsequent studies have utilized a stroma-free embryoid body (EB) method to generate hemato-endothelial precursor cells followed by in vitro NK cell differentiation in defined conditions. Further expansion of these hESC- and iPSC-derived NK cells can be done through the use of interleukin (IL)-21 expressing artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs). Combining these methods, we can efficiently generate enough NK cells required for clinical therapies from a small number of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells. These methods enable hESCs and iPSCs to be used to produce an essentially unlimited amount of homogenous NK cells that can be used as a standardized, off-the-shelf immunotherapy for the treatment of refractory cancers and other diseases.
The Protection of Parklands from Air Pollution: A Look at Current Policy

The Clean Air Act attempts to protect national parks and wilderness areas from air pollution caused by new and modified sources of pollution, such as new electricity-generating plants. In this piece, I argue that the Act is seriously defective in park protection, and suggest solutions.
Abstract 3158: Presence of Underlying Metastatic Malignancy Increases the Risk of Intracerebal Hemorrhage after Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background: The effect of pre-existing malignancy with or without metastasis on angiographic and clinical success of endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke patients has not been previously studied. The procoagulant states in patients with pre-existing malignancy may lead to suboptimal results after endovascular treatment. Objective: To determine the effect of underlying malignancy with or without metastasis on angiographic recanalization and clinical outcomes among acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing endovascular treatment. Methods: We reviewed consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients treated with endovascular treatment over a 5-year period. Demographics characteristics, NIHSS score before and after the procedure, and discharge modified Rankin scale (mRS) were collected. An improvement of 1 point or more on the Qureshi grading scale was used to define angiographic recanallization. Primary malignancy and evidence of metastasis was obtained by individual chart review. We analyzed whether the presence of malignancy with or without metastasis was associated with angiographic recanalization, favorable clinical outcome, intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and length of stay (LOS) after age and NIHSS score adjustment. Results: We analyzed 186 patients undergoing endovascular treatment, mean age + SD: 65+16 years, 100(54%) men, and mean admission NIHSS score ± SD: 15.3+8. Of these, 34 patients (18%) had underlying malignancy [20 were men] with 16 patients with documented metastatic disease. The mean age was higher in the malignancy group (72 versus 64 years, p=0.014). LOS was similar (11 days versus 9, p=NS). Adjusting for age and admission NIHSS score, regression analysis showed no impact from malignancy with or without metastatic disease on recanalization rate (odds ratio [OR]=0.5, p=NS) or discharge mRS (p=NS). A total of 37 patients developed ICH after endovascular therapy (38% and 18% in patients with or without underlying malignant disease, respectively). The presence of malignancy wih or without metastatic disease was associated with significantly higher ICH rates (OR=3, p=0.05) after endovascular treatment. Conclusion: Underlying malignancy with or without metastasis in patients undergoing endovascular procedure for acute ischemic stroke is not associated with lower rates of angiographic recanalization or poor outcomes but increases the rates of post-procedural ICH by 3 fold.
Experiences With Coparenting Scale: A Semantic Differential Measure of Postdivorce Coparenting Satisfaction

Using data from 280 divorced or separated parents, we provide initial evidence of the psychometric properties and validity of the Experiences with Coparenting Scale (ECS), an 11-item semantic differential measure of divorced parents’ satisfaction with their coparenting relationships. The ECS consisted of a single factor with high internal reliability. ECS scores were significantly associated with self-reported coparenting behaviors and intentions, even after controlling for demographic variables and participants’ positive feelings about their ex-spouses. Therefore, we conclude that the ECS is a brief measure of the affective domain of postdivorce coparenting. We discuss how the ECS can be used by researchers to enhance their understanding of the development and impacts of postdivorce coparenting and by practitioners as part of family programs for divorced and divorcing parents.