cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed information processing in biological and computational systems

Exploring the similarities and differences between distributed computations in biological and computational systems.
Biophasic Availability of Ophthalmic Carbachol I: Mechanisms of Cationic Polymerand Surfactant-Promoted Miotic Activity

Abstract: The influence of the topical application of cationic benzalkonium chloride and diethylaminoethyl dextran (mol. wt. ≃ 10 8 ) adjuvants on the time variation of the miotic response intensity elicited by intraconjunctivally and intraaqueously administered carbachol was studied. The inclusion of either adjuvant in a 0.1 % carbachol ophthalmic solution topically administered in the eye was observed to augment the miotic response activity attributable to direct transcorneal absorption into the biophase of the treated eye; the effect was nearly comparable to that achieved with similar dosing of a 2.0% solution containing carbachol alone. Simultaneous miotic activity in untreated control eyes of the rabbits, as well as other cholinergic side effects observed with the 2.0% carbachol solutions, did not occur with the 0.1 % adjuvant-containing solutions, indicating that the enhanced local effects were not accompanied by a concomitantly promoted undesirable systemic absorption. The topical application of the adjuvants to the cornea following injection of the carbachol into the anterior chamber of the eye also appreciably promoted the miotic activity of the drug when it was administered by this mode. The principal mechanism of the observed adjuvant effects on carbachol biophasic availability is postulated as attributable to a promoted tissue permeability and release of the drug from corneal tissue binding sites; these occurrences result from an inductively implemented diminution of carbachol tissue binding affinities. The inductive effects originate and are propagated from fixed anionic corneal sites which interact with the cationic adjuvants. The impermeability of the cornea prevents the penetration of the adjuvant molecules to the deeper tissue layers where they could more directly influence carbachol tissue interactions.
β‐glucan recognition by the innate immune system

Beta-glucans are recognized by the innate immune system. This recognition plays important roles in host defense and presents specific opportunities for clinical modulation of the host immune response. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells among others express several receptors capable of recognizing beta-glucan in its various forms. This review explores what is currently known about beta-glucan recognition and how this recognition stimulates immune responses. Special emphasis is placed on Dectin-1, as we know the most about how this key beta-glucan receptor translates recognition into intracellular signaling, stimulates cellular responses, and participates in orchestrating the adaptive immune response.
Effects of linezolid on staphylococcal adherence versus time of treatment.

Abstract Staphylococcus epidermidis has emerged as a major nosocomial pathogen that is often associated with infections of indwelling medical devices. Microbial adhesion to implanted foreign materials is a prerequisite for establishing infection. We studied the time-dependent anti-adhesion effects of linezolid and vancomycin on three S. epidermidis clinical isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were identical for both agents for all three isolates (2 mg/l). Bacterial suspensions were added to polystyrene wells and treated with 0.5–4 times the MIC of linezolid or vancomycin at 0, 2, 4 or 6 h post-inoculation. Supra-inhibitory (2 and 4× MIC) and inhibitory (MIC) concentrations of linezolid demonstrated potent anti-adhesion activity following 2 and 4 h deferred treatments. Even at sub-inhibitory concentrations (0.5× MIC), suppression of staphylococcal adherence to polystyrene was still evident in most cultures. Linezolid at two and four times the MIC also exerted significant inhibitory effects in cultures that had been treated with a 6-h delay. Supra-inhibitory and inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin administered 2 h post-infection appeared equally effective as linezolid. However, sub-inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin showed minimal or no activity against bacterial adhesion. When vancomycin treatments were delayed by 4 h, only concentrations above the MIC prevented adherence. Linezolid has promising in vitro anti-adhesion activity that merits further studies to determine its role in the management of foreign-body infections.
ENCODING OF SEMANTIC WORD RELATIONSHIPS DURING VERBAL LEARNING

This study examined the differential impact among semantic word relationships, i.e., superordinate, subordinate, and attribute, in the usefulness of forming a trace for verbal recognition. Besides ...
Co-implantation and autocompensation in close contact rapid thermal annealing of Si-implanted GaAs r

Close contact rapid thermal annealing of semi-insulating GaAs:Cr implanted with Si, Si + Al, and Si + P has been studied using variable temperature Hall effect measurements and low temperature (4.2K) photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Isochronal (10 sec) and isothermal (1000° C) anneals indicate that As is lost from the surface during close contact annealing at high anneal temperatures and long anneal times. Samples which were implanted with Si alone show maximum activation at an annealing temperature of 900° C, above which activation efficiency decreases. Low temperature Hall and PL measurements indicate that this reduced activation is due to increasing auto-compensation of Si donors by Si acceptors at higher anneal temperatures. However, co-implantation of column V elements can increase the activation of Si implants by reducing Si occupancy of As sites and increasing Si occupancy of Ga sites, and therebyoffset the effects of As loss from the surface. For samples implanted with Si + P, activation increases continuously up to a maximum at an anneal temperature of 1050° C, and both low temperature Hall and PL measurements indicate that autocompensation does not increase in this case as the anneal temperature increases. In contrast, samples implanted with Si + Al show very low activation and very high compensation at all anneal temperatures, as expected. The use of column V co-implants in conjunction with close contact RTA can produce excellent donor activation of Si implanted GaAs.
Complete process of rock failure and the complete course of seismogeny

Based on the analysis about the law of deformation rate, the concepts of the deformation rate of precursor, and its stress drop, and the stress drop of instability are discussed. According to the obtained deformationu 0 corresponding to the maximum stress, the unstable pointu 1 and the stable pointu 2 of equilibrium, the complete process of rock failure can be divided into four stages quantitatively, corresponding to “the steady stage I”, “the precursor stage II”, “the unstable stage III” and “the later stage IV” of rock failure respectively, which can be used to simulate the complete course of earthquake. This kind of similarity between the complete process of rock failure and the complete course of earthquake suggests clearly the direction to reveal the law being of universal significance for the simulation of the earthquake in the laboratory experiments.
Laser Emission from Dye-Doped Liquid Crystal Gratings Formed by Polarization Holography

Laser emission from a nematic liquid crystal system whose grating structure is induced by a linear photopolymerizable alignment layer is reported. The grating structure is written on the alignment layer through polarization holography, inducing periodic boundary conditions on the laser dye-doped nematic liquid crystal. We report on the presence of laser emission at wavelengths predicted by coupled wave theory and the switchability of emission in these systems through the application of an electric field. Sensitivities to incident polarizations are also discussed.
Life satisfaction across adulthood: different determinants at different ages?

It is likely that with aging and changing life circumstances, individuals’ values shift in systematic ways, and that these shifts may be accompanied by shifts in the determinants of their subjective judgments of well being. To examine this possibility, the relations among the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and a number of personality, affect, demographic, and cognitive variables were examined in a sample of 818 participants between the ages of 18 and 94. The results indicated that although many variables had significant zero-order correlations with the SWLS, only a few variables had unique utility in predicting life satisfaction. Invariance analyses indicated that while the qualitative nature of life satisfaction remains constant across adult age, the influence of fluid intelligence on judgments of life satisfaction declines with age. In contrast, negative affect is negatively associated with life satisfaction consistently across the adult age span.
Unifying mechanism for bacterial cell signalers (4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione, lactones and oligopeptides): electron transfer and reactive oxygen species. Practical medical features.

Summary Cell signaling has attracted much attention involving higher organisms, and more recently is of considerable interest concerning involvement in the bacterial realm. Many aspects can apply, including quorum sensing. Of the participating molecules, designated autoinducers, 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD) is one of the most important. It is in equilibrium with a furanone and a furanosyl-borate diester (AI-2). A prior hypothesis for cell signaling in higher organisms invoked a key role for electron transfer (ET) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as conduits, relays and electrical effects. The principal ET functionalities are quinones, metal complexes, ArNO 2 , and iminium species. A lesser known type is the α-dicarbonyl class. Diacetyl, a member, as well as its imine derivatives, can serve as a model for DPD, since the parent possesses a reduction potential amenable to ET in the biological domain. Hence, it is conceivable that DPD and its imine derivatives may be involved in ET–ROS processes. Presence of hydroxy groups should facilitate ET by DPD vs. diacetyl. Extensive prior literature supports participation of ET functionalities in action of therapeutic drugs, toxins and various illnesses. This biochemical behavior also applies to the α-dicarbonyl parent models. A second important bacterial autoinducer is the lactone category. Although ET functionality is lacking, the presence of the 1,3-dicarbonyl structure can provide a site for avid chelation with redox metal, e.g., iron or copper, followed by ET–ROS. Findings with added iron furnish support for the proposal. Oligopeptides comprise the third principal type of bacterial signaling agent. A prior review incorporates these within the theoretical framework based on ET by redox amino acids and redox enzymes. In recent years there has been a rapid increase in resistance to antibiotics by pathogenic bacteria. Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and the third leading cause in the US. An alternate approach to antibiotics that are becoming less and less effective is to attenuate bacterial virulence. Bacterial infections appear to be importantly associated with biofilm formation. Since quorum sensors play a crucial role in this connection, they provide attractive targets for much-needed, novel approaches. Two of the main autoinducers investigated are the AHL and AI-2 systems. This review summarizes the literature, mostly recent, on this topic. Leads are provided by higher organisms that appear to have evolved means for disrupting bacterial cell communication and, hence, escape colonization. The main types in this category are the furanones, for which both natural and synthetic types have been investigated with promising results.
Use of Three-Dimensional Solubility Parameter to Predict Glove Permeation

This paper describes the permeation process as related to protective clothing materials and some new applications of physical-chemical tools which may help to furnish the industrial hygienist with some predictive techniques. Values for the three-dimensional solubility parameter (3-DSP) for ten polymers are reported, and new developments regarding this parameter and its relation to glove selection are discussed. Limitation of the use of 3-DSP and future attempts to resolve the problem of proper protective clothing selection are also discussed.
Allocation of energy inputs among the end-uses in the US petroleum and coal products industry

This paper models the allocation of energy inputs in the US petroleum and coal products industry by allocating combustible fuel and renewable energy inputs among generic end-uses, including intermediate conversions through onsite power and steam generation. This analysis, called an energy end-use model, showed that 72% of the fuel input in the US petroleum and coal products industry goes to onsite steam and power generation, whereas 28% goes directly to end-uses. Eight percent of the boiler output is used for power generation, 72% goes directly to end-uses, and 20% is waste heat. Among the end-uses, process heating is the biggest energy user with a total energy consumption of 2338 PJ, whereas machine drive is the biggest electricity consumer with a consumption of 168 PJ. This paper also provides estimates of the uncertainty of the data. The approach to create this model is applicable to all other industries for which data is available and the model is consistent with US Department of Energy data for 1998. When used in conjunction with similar models for other years, it can be used to identify the changes and trends in energy utilization even at the prime mover level of detail.
Straight-line program length as a parameter for complexity analysis

Abstract A definition is proposed for a size measure to be used as a parameter for algorithm analysis in any algebra. The parameter is simply the straight-line program length in the associated free algebra. This parameter generalizes the usual measures in basic arithmetic and string algebras, as well as some apparently different measures used for data structure algorithms. Another use is illustrated with an introduction to complexity-bounded group theory.
Inferring protein–protein interactions through high-throughput interaction data from diverse organisms

Motivation: Identifying protein--protein interactions is critical for understanding cellular processes. Because protein domains represent binding modules and are responsible for the interactions between proteins, computational approaches have been proposed to predict protein interactions at the domain level. The fact that protein domains are likely evolutionarily conserved allows us to pool information from data across multiple organisms for the inference of domain--domain and protein--protein interaction probabilities. Results: We use a likelihood approach to estimating domain--domain interaction probabilities by integrating large-scale protein interaction data from three organisms, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. The estimated domain--domain interaction probabilities are then used to predict protein--protein interactions in S.cerevisiae. Based on a thorough comparison of sensitivity and specificity, Gene Ontology term enrichment and gene expression profiles, we have demonstrated that it may be far more informative to predict protein--protein interactions from diverse organisms than from a single organism. Availability: The program for computing the protein--protein interaction probabilities and supplementary material are available at http://bioinformatics.med.yale.edu/interaction Contact: hongyu.zhao@yale.edu
Medellín’s Biblioteca España: Progress in Unlikely Places

†The Biblioteca Espana, designed by Giancarlo Mazzanti, is a library park built to serve two traditionally marginalized comunas (neighborhoods) of Medellin. As such, it is a prime example of a public policy intervention that focuses on social inclusion, the provision of services, and quality of life. In this paper, we ask whether improvements in state capacity and infrastructure at the local level can have a broad impact in poor and violent communities. The survey results reveal that citizens of comunas Popular and Santa Cruz perceive their situation to be improving at a faster rate than those of the city in general. The broader lesson for other countries and cities facing similar challenges is that leadership and reforms do have the potential to improve the quality of life, even in the most troubled areas.
Ultra-high density, thin core and low loss organic system-on-package (SOP) substrate technology for mobile applications

In this paper we present an ultra-high wiring density build-up substrate targeted at 30µm IC-to-substrate interconnect pitch, using a new low loss thin core laminate (RXP-1) and low dielectric constant and low loss thin build up dielectric (RXP-4). The RXP-1 core is a glass fiber reinforced organic laminate with a thickness in the range of 50–110µm. The RXP-1 core has a stable dielectric constant of 3.25 and loss tangent of 0.004 at 1–40GHz. The RXP-4 build-up film has a stable dielectric constant ≪3, a loss tangent of 0.004 at 1–40GHz [1] and a film thickness of 10–25µm. A process test vehicle having a 4-metal layers structure (1+2+1) was designed for process development and reliability characterization. The total thickness of the completed 4-metal layer substrate demonstrated was 160µm. The substrate design rules include a minimum copper line width and space of 15µm, blind microvia diameter of 25µm and through hole diameter of 50µm. Line width and space of 10µm and through hole diameter of 30µm was also designed for testing the process limits. Preconditioning test, 3X lead-free reflow and thermal shock (−55∼+125°C, air-to-air) test up to 1,400 cycles showed that the new low loss thin dielectric film and thin core organic system is reliable. This substrate can be used for high speed systems, low profile thin packages, portable devices, mobile applications, system-in-package (SiP) and system-on-package (SOP).
Stages in Language Development and Reading Exposure

This study of language acquisition in children between the ages of six and ten investigates their linguistic competence with respect to complex aspects of English syntax. Thirty-six children were tested for knowledge of nine complex syntactic structures. Five of the structures proved to be acquired in sequence, revealing five developmental stages in acquisition of syntax. The nature of specific disparities between adult grammar and child grammar are discussed, and the gradual reduction of these disparities as the children's knowledge of their native language increases is traced. Of particular interest is the regular order of acquisition of structures, accompanied by wide variation in rate of acquisition in different children.
Dopamine Activates Masculine Sexual Behavior Independent of the Estrogen Receptor α

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is believed to be a critical part of the regulatory processes involved in normal reproduction and sexual behavior. However, in this study we show the ERα is not required for display of masculine sexual behavior. Male and female, ERα knock-out (ERαKO) and wild-type mice were gonadectomized and implanted with testosterone. Sexual behavior and social preferences were tested after injection of the dopamine agonist, apomorphine (APO), or vehicle. All wild-type mice showed normal masculine behavior, including mounts and pelvic thrusts in females, and ejaculation in males. In agreement with past reports, ERαKO mice, given vehicle, failed to show mating behavior. Yet, ERαKO males given APO showed masculine copulatory behavior and chemoinvestigatory behavior directed at females. ERαKO females, treated with APO, mounted and thrusted when tested with receptive females. HPLC revealed that wild-type and ERαKO mice had equivalent catecholamine content in brain regions associated with masculine sexual behavior. These data show that the ERα is not essential during development or adulthood for the expression of masculine sexual behavior in mice. Moreover, dopamine can activate sexual behavior via a mechanism that either acts on an ER other than ERα or via an estrogen-independent pathway.
Physiological roles of dietary glutamate signaling via gut–brain axis due to efficient digestion and absorption

Dietary glutamate (Glu) stimulates to evoke the umami taste, one of the five basic tastes, enhancing food palatability. But it is also the main gut energy source for the absorption and metabolism for each nutrient, thus, only a trace amount of Glu reaches the general circulation. Recently, we demonstrated a unique gut sensing system for free Glu (glutamate signaling). Glu is the only nutrient among amino acids, sugars and electrolytes that activates rat gastric vagal afferents from the luminal side specifically via metabotropic Glu receptors type 1 on mucosal cells releasing mucin and nitrite mono-oxide (NO), then NO stimulates serotonin (5HT) release at the enterochromaffin cell. Finally released 5HT stimulates 5HT3 receptor at the nerve end of the vagal afferent fiber. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (f-MRI, 4.7 T) analysis revealed that luminal sensing with 1 % (w/v) monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) in rat stomach activates both the medial preoptic area (body temperature controller) and the dorsomedial hypothalamus (basic metabolic regulator), resulting in diet-induced thermogenesis during mealing without changes of appetite for food. Interestingly, rats were forced to eat a high fat and high sugar diet with free access to 1 % (w/w) MSG and water in a choice paradigm and showed the strong preference for the MSG solution and subsequently, they displayed lower fat deposition, weight gain and blood leptin. On the other hand, these brain functional changes by the f-MRI signal after 60 mM MSG intubation into the stomach was abolished in the case of total vagotomized rats, suggesting that luminal glutamate signaling contributes to control digestion and thermogenesis without obesity.
A STEP FORWARD FOR LOCOMOTOR MECHANICS

![Figure][1] Truth be told, more than a few biologists owe their original fascination with animal locomotion to their aesthetic, rather than analytic, sensibilities. Perhaps this appeal results from the fact that the flow of energy that is central to all of biology is so readily visualized in
Community Pharmacy Services in Portugal

Objective:To describe the status and outline the trends of community pharmacy services in the Portuguese healthcare system.Findings:The legal framework for Portuguese pharmacies includes geographic and demographic criteria for opening pharmacies and restricting ownership to pharmacists. Since 1975, pharmacy owners have been organized under one association, the Portuguese National Pharmacy Association, which has dealt with pharmacy development over the past 20 years. Securing the economic sustainability of pharmacies was the first milestone. Investing in information software and communication technologies and modernizing the architecture of pharmacies was the next step. Then, professional services such as point-of-care measurements, drug waste management, and needle exchange services were developed. The methadone substitution program was introduced at a later date. Finally, major comprehensive services, including disease management/pharmaceutical care programs, were implemented.Discussion:All Portuguese ph...
Techniques for detecting approximate tandem repeats in DNA

The detection of tandem repeats is important in biology and medicine as it can be used for phylogenetic studies and disease diagnosis. The paper proposes two techniques for detecting approximate tandem repeats (ATRs) in DNA sequences. First, an evolutionary force heuristic is proposed to merge interspersed perfect tandem repeat sequences into an ATR structure. Next., a more general method is presented using a product spectrum of Fourier nucleotide subsequences to detect hidden periodicity. The Fourier method is sensitive to ATRs and is robust in the presence of substitutions, insertions, and deletions.
“Whether Race or Conviction Should Be the Standard”: National Identity and Liberal Politics in Nineteenth-Century Austria

In the last decade historical writing on the Habsburg monarchy has begun to stress the contingent, constructed, and historically determined qualities of nineteenth-century nationalist ideologies. This reexamination of nationalism questions long-held assumptions about what it actually meant to define one's community identity in terms of belonging to a particular nation. It also suggests that as a historical process, the rise of nationalisms creates spaces where conflicts of a non-nationalist nature can be fought out within a community.
A passive-flow microfluidic device for imaging latent HIV activation dynamics in single T cells

Quantifying cell-to-cell variability in drug response dynamics is important when evaluating therapeutic efficacy. For example, optimizing latency reversing agents (LRAs) for use in a clinical “activate-and-kill” strategy to purge the latent HIV reservoir in patients requires minimizing heterogeneous viral activation dynamics. To evaluate how heterogeneity in latent HIV activation varies across a range of LRAs, we tracked drug-induced response dynamics in single cells via live-cell imaging using a latent HIV–GFP reporter virus in a clonal Jurkat T cell line. To enable these studies in suspension cells, we designed a simple method to capture an array of single Jurkat T cells using a passive-flow microfluidic device. Our device, which does not require external pumps or tubing, can trap hundreds of cells within minutes with a high retention rate over 12 hours of imaging. Using this device, we quantified heterogeneity in viral activation stimulated by transcription factor (TF) activators and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Generally, TF activators resulted in both faster onset of viral activation and faster rates of production, while HDAC inhibitors resulted in more uniform onset times, but more heterogeneous rates of production. Finally, we demonstrated that while onset time of viral gene expression and rate of viral production together predict total HIV activation, rate and onset time were not correlated within the same individual cell, suggesting that these features are regulated independently. Overall, our results reveal drug-specific patterns of noisy HIV activation dynamics not previously identified in static single-cell assays, which may require consideration for the most effective activate-and-kill regime.
Polymorphic worm detection and defense: system design, experimental methodology, and data resources

The polymorphic variety of Internet worms presents a formidable challenge to network intrusion detection and methods designed to extract payload signatures for worm containment. Recently, several systems, including Earlybird and Polygraph, have been proposed, based on efficient processing of payloads to extract signatures that are either explicitly indicative of an attack (exploit code strings) or which have unusual statistical character (content prevalence, address dispersion) consistent with worm activity. While these works are seminal, these systems have limitations that affect accuracy of the extracted signatures and/or practicability of the system's deployment. Earlybird's signature extraction is fragile to polymorphism, while Polygraph makes assumptions about data availability and the accuracy of front-end flow classification. This method also possesses high complexity.We propose a new method which, fundamentally, integrates header-based multidimensional flow clustering as front-end processing, with content sifting (signature extraction) performed, separately, solely on each cluster in the (small) subset of identified suspicious clusters. Front-end clustering improves purity of the (separate) signature pools and also reduces complexity. We apply a "suffix tree" approach to signature extraction, gleaning both length and frequency information. We demonstrate efficacy of our approach on a (background) trace taken from a /24 in Taiwan, which we salt with worm traffic based on two realistic polymorphic mechanisms that we propose. Since there is a dearth of public data for such testing, we have also made an anonymized version of this trace available, based on randomized headers and fingerprinted payloads.
RF-IDraw: virtual touch screen in the air using RF signals

In this extended abstract, we discuss high-level design principles and future applications that can be enabled by RF-IDraw, an RF-based trajectory tracing system originally proposed in [16]. RF-IDraw achieves trajectory tracing accuracy of a few centimeters and hence, enables novel applications in gaming, gesture based interfaces, indoor navigation and the like, using RF-signals which could not be possible with existing RF positioning systems.The accurate trajectory tracing is the result of an interesting antenna array design principle, wherein we exploit the tradeoff between ambiguity and resolution in the antenna array formulation to improve the resolution of the RF-positioning systems. The current implementation of RF-IDraw runs using commercial, off-the-shelf RFID readers and enables a realtime virtual touch screen which can be used for applications like in-the-air gesture recognition and word recognition. This application can be used in variety of ways to interact with any computing device, including, but not limited to, sensors, smartphones, laptops and projector-screens.
Specimen Cage Modification for Tem in-Situ Shearing

In-situ strain experiments with the electron microscope have contributed substantially to our understanding of deformation in metals and ceramics. However, physical characteristics of rock-forming minerals limit the direct application of experimental procedures developed for metals. The minerals muscovite (KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2) and biotite (K(Mg0.6–1.8 Fe2.4–1.2) (Si3Al)O10 (OH,F)2) are chosen to develop techniques for preliminary deformation experiments. The present communication describes modifications of sample preparation techniques for micas. The standard tensile straining configuration is altered to a simple shear geometry by means of an intermediary specimen cage to allow the use of a more favorable sample orientation. The extension of the shearing geometry to the in-situ deformation of other rock-forming minerals is discussed.
In defense of Milankovitch

[1] The Milankovitch hypothesis is widely held to be one of the cornerstones of climate science. Surprisingly, the hypothesis remains not clearly defined despite an extensive body of research on the link between global ice volume and insolation changes arising from variations in the Earth's orbit. In this paper, a specific hypothesis is formulated. Basic physical arguments are used to show that, rather than focusing on the absolute global ice volume, it is much more informative to consider the time rate of change of global ice volume. This simple and dynamically-logical change in perspective is used to show that the available records support a direct, zero-lag, antiphased relationship between the rate of change of global ice volume and summertime insolation in the northern high latitudes. Furthermore, variations in atmospheric CO2 appear to lag the rate of change of global ice volume. This implies only a secondary role for CO2 – variations in which produce a weaker radiative forcing than the orbitally-induced changes in summertime insolation – in driving changes in global ice volume.
Magnetic Shielding for the Fermilab Vertical Cavity Test Facility

A superconducting RF cavity has to be shielded from magnetic fields present during cool down below the critical temperature to avoid freezing in the magnetic flux at localized impurities, thereby degrading the cavity intrinsic quality factor Q0. The magnetic shielding designed for the Fermilab vertical cavity test facility (VCTF), a facility for CW RF vertical testing of bare ILC 1.3 GHz 9-cell SRF cavities, was recently completed. For the magnetic shielding design, we used two cylindrical layers: a room temperature ldquoouterrdquo shield of Amumetal (80% Ni alloy), and a 2 K ldquoinnerrdquo shield of Cryoperm 10. The magnetic and mechanical design of the magnetic shielding and measurement of the remanent magnetic field inside the shielding are described.
Strategic insight and age-related goal-neglect influence risky decision-making

Maximizing long-run gains often requires taking on some degree of risk, yet decision-makers often exhibit risk aversion (RA), rejecting risky prospects even when these have higher expected value than safer alternatives. We investigated whether explicit strategy instruction and practice can decrease prepotent RA, and whether aging impacts the efficacy of such an intervention. Participants performed a paired lottery task with options varying in risk and magnitude, both before and after practice with a similar task that encouraged maximization of expected value and instruction to use this strategy in risky decisions. In both younger and older adults, strategy training reduced RA. Although RA was age-equivalent at baseline, larger training effects were observed in younger adults. These effects were not explained by risk-related (i.e., affective) interference effects or computation ability, but were consistent with a progressive, age-related neglect of the strategy across trials. Our findings suggest that strategy training can diminish RA, but that training efficacy is reduced among older adults, potentially due to goal-neglect. We discuss implications for neural mechanisms that may distinguish older and younger adults’ risky decision-making.
Seasonal changes in the transport of pollutants into the Arctic troposphere‐model study

[1] In association with Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) measurement campaign a regional episodic chemical transport model is used to study the seasonal mechanisms of transport of pollutants from their Northern Hemisphere emission regions into the remainder of the troposphere. The model simulates the strong seasonal cycle for CO and hydrocarbons that agrees well with TOPSE measurements. In this study we use the isentropic perspective to analyze transport during different seasons and from different emission regions. Simulations with diagnostic tracers are conducted to quantify (1) the contribution of different emission regions to tracer distribution and (2) the importance of cross-isentropic transport. In the high latitudes during winter, in agreement with previous studies, the European and Siberian emission sources are the largest contributors to the diagnostic tracer distributions in the lower troposphere due to large-scale circulation patterns, low temperatures at the source and presence of a cold stable boundary layer that facilitates diabatic cooling. North American emissions are located further south, often south of the polar front, and are on average emitted at higher potential temperatures. Owing to their predominant transport over the relatively warm Atlantic, they experience strong diabatic heating due to the general instability in the air column and heavy precipitation in the storm track. During the summer months the pollution from all emission regions is more likely to be diabatically transported to higher potential temperatures and diluted. In addition, direct transport of pollutants into the Arctic is less frequent during summer due to the differences in the large-scale circulation patterns.
Cough: A Worldwide Problem

Cough is a common and important respiratory symptom that can produce significant complications for patients and be a diagnostic challenge for physicians. An organized approach to evaluating cough begins with classifying it as acute, subacute, or chronic in duration. Acute cough lasting less than 3 weeks may indicate an acute underlying cardiorespiratory disorder but is most commonly caused by a self-limited viral upper respiratory tract infection (eg, common cold). Subacute cough lasting 3 to 8 weeks commonly has a postinfectious origin; among the causes, Bordetella pertussis infection should be included in the differential diagnosis. Chronic cough lasts longer than 8 weeks. When a patient is a nonsmoker, is not taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and has a normal or near-normal chest radiograph, chronic cough is most commonly caused by upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, or gastroesophageal reflux disease alone or in combination.
Integrated bio-entity network: a system for biological knowledge discovery.

A significant part of our biological knowledge is centered on relationships between biological entities (bio-entities) such as proteins, genes, small molecules, pathways, gene ontology (GO) terms and diseases. Accumulated at an increasing speed, the information on bio-entity relationships is archived in different forms at scattered places. Most of such information is buried in scientific literature as unstructured text. Organizing heterogeneous information in a structured form not only facilitates study of biological systems using integrative approaches, but also allows discovery of new knowledge in an automatic and systematic way. In this study, we performed a large scale integration of bio-entity relationship information from both databases containing manually annotated, structured information and automatic information extraction of unstructured text in scientific literature. The relationship information we integrated in this study includes protein–protein interactions, protein/gene regulations, protein–small molecule interactions, protein–GO relationships, protein–pathway relationships, and pathway–disease relationships. The relationship information is organized in a graph data structure, named integrated bio-entity network (IBN), where the vertices are the bio-entities and edges represent their relationships. Under this framework, graph theoretic algorithms can be designed to perform various knowledge discovery tasks. We designed breadth-first search with pruning (BFSP) and most probable path (MPP) algorithms to automatically generate hypotheses—the indirect relationships with high probabilities in the network. We show that IBN can be used to generate plausible hypotheses, which not only help to better understand the complex interactions in biological systems, but also provide guidance for experimental designs.
Cellulose Studies. Part XVI. The Reaction of Cellulose with Formaldehyde

A new method for reacting cellulose and formaldehyde in the vapor phase using acid catalysts is described. Acids as weak as boric acid were effective in introducing up to 6% covalently bonded forma...
Comparison of the Effects of Different Climate Change Scenarios on Rangeland Livestock Production

Abstract The effect of climate change on plant and livestock production in the Great Plains of North America is an important issue. The purpose of this study was to modify an existing rangeland ecosystem model and to simulate a cow/calf production system under different climate scenarios. The project required the capability of simulating rangeland livestock production under different ambient CO2 concentrations, temperatures and precipitation patterns. Climate change scenarios were created from three general circulation models (GCMs): GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies model), GFDL (Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory model), and UKMO (United Kingdom Meteorological Office model). Results from the GCMs were used to modify the climate record for a site in northeastern Colorado. Concomitantly, modifications were made to the SPUR model to help predict the effect of predicted climate change on selected variables of the range/livestock ecosystem. Simulation runs showed that predicted climate change will affect plant and animal production for rangelands. Changes in production were more closely related to changes in temperature and precipitation than to enhanced [CO2] alone. The effect of climate change on livestock production was very complex and results were dependent on the particular GCM scenario being simulated.
Coordinated deterministic dynamic demand lot-sizing problem: A review of models and algorithms ☆

Due to their importance in industry and mathematical complexity, dynamic demand lot-sizing problems are frequently studied. In this article, we consider coordinated lot-size problems, their variants and exact and heuristic solutions approaches. The problem class provides a comprehensive approach for representing single and multiple items, coordinated and uncoordinated setup cost structures, and capacitated and uncapacitated problem characteristics. While efficient solution approaches have eluded researchers, recent advances in problem formulation and algorithms are enabling large-scale problems to be effectively solved. This paper updates a 1988 review of the coordinated lot-sizing problem and complements recent reviews on the single-item lot-sizing problem and the capacitated lot-sizing problem. It provides a state-of-the-art review of the research and future research projections. It is a starting point for anyone conducting research in the deterministic dynamic demand lot-sizing field.
A psychobehavioral residential drug abuse program: a new adventure in adolescent psychiatry.

A description of a residential drug abuse treatment program for adolescents is presented. The program integrates psychodynamic understanding and principles of behavior modification. A theoretical model focusing on cognitive, affective, and pharmacogenic effects of drug use is explored in relationship to the program. Teen-age heroin use has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, particularly in New York City. Baden (1968) reports that “Narcotic abuse has become the leading cause of death … of persons between the ages of fifteen and thirty-five.” In a more recent paper Baden (1972) noted a particularly alarming statistic in that the number of teen-age deaths resulting from heroin was 225 in 1969 compared with 32 in 1965. Although the population of New York City has remained relatively stable during this period, these mortality statistics represent an 800 % increase in deaths from narcotic abuse. There is no doubt that heroin addiction is a major public health problem, having disastrous consequen...
Toll-like receptor-7 agonist administered subcutaneously in a prolonged dosing schedule in heavily pretreated recurrent breast, ovarian, and cervix cancers.

The primary objective was to study the antitumor activity of prolonged subcutaneous dosing of systemic 852A, a Toll-like receptor-7 agonist (TLR-7), in recurrent breast, ovarian and cervix cancer. Secondary objectives included assessment of safety and immune system activation. Adults with recurrent breast, ovarian or cervix cancer failing multiple therapies received 0.6 mg/m2 of 852A subcutaneously twice weekly for 12 weeks. Doses increased by 0.2 mg/m2/week to a maximum of 1.2 mg/m2. Serum was collected to assess immune activation. Fifteen patients enrolled: 10 ovarian, 2 cervix and 3 breast. Three completed all 24 injections. There were two grade 2 (decreased ejection fractions), nine grade 3 (1 cardiovascular, 1 anorexia, 3 dehydration, 2 infections, 2 renal) and two grade 4 (hepatic and troponin elevation) unanticipated toxicities. Cardiac toxicities included three cardiomyopathies (2 asymptomatic) and one stress-related non-ST elevated myocardial infarction. Five patients discontinued therapy due to possibly associated side effects. One who had stable disease (SD) following 24 doses received 17 additional doses. A cervix patient with SD following 24 doses received chemotherapy after progressing 3 months later, and remains disease free at 18 months. Immune activation, as evidenced by increased IP-10 and IL-1ra, was observed. In this first human experience of a TLR-7 agonist delivered subcutaneously using a prolonged dosing schedule, 852A demonstrated sustained tolerability in some patients. Clinical benefit was modest, but immune activation was seen suggesting further study of antitumor applications is warranted. Because of cardiac toxicity; 852A should be used cautiously in heavily pretreated patients.
Proton Therapy for Lung Cancer: State of the Science

Proton radiation for cancer offers to the physician the ability to conform the high-dose region to the tumor while reducing the dose of radiation to adjacent normal tissues. In lung cancer this results in the ability to deliver higher doses to the targeted volume while yet permitting greater sparing of uninvolved and critical normal tissues: lung, heart, esophagus, and spinal cord. Studies comparing the distribution of radiation dose show that proton radiation is superior to photon radiation for lung cancer, even when factors such as respiratory motion are considered. Clinical experience confirms the feasibility of proton radiation for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancers; clinical trials are being performed in locally advanced tumors. Evidence accumulated thus far indicates that proton radiation should be further explored.
A GRReat framework for incident response in healthcare

This research seeks to examine the use of Google Rapid Response (GRR) in the healthcare setting and the general necessity for a more in-depth approach to malware incident response in healthcare organizations in general. GRR is a scalable framework that allows for data to be gathered from many machines at once, through multiple clients, single server architecture, in order to detect incidents of malware or malicious activity. With the increase in malware incidents and the sensitivity of healthcare data, it is important to make sure this information is secure. GRR is examined for its uses in the detection of malware, along with its meeting of HIPAA requirements such as privacy and the detection and notification of breaches (security being handled through the detection of this malware). It was determined that GRR has some great potential within this field, albeit it has some flaws and limitations that should be accounted for before implementing it within a healthcare organization. The biggest issue is making sure that the access control and privacy settings are correctly implemented to prevent a breach of information from GRR itself, due to the power of this tool to allow great access to any of the client computers connected to it.
Taking First Steps Toward Modeling Risk of Rejection in Children.

Pediatric cardiologists envy our colleagues who treat adults with respect to their feasibility of performing clinical trials, gathering data that results in evidence-based clinical guidelines with class I recommendations, and generating validated risk prediction models, such as the Framingham Risk
The Small Library Manager’s Handbook edited by Alice Graves

Small library managers, often solo librarians, have a great challenge in that they have to know about or be able to perform all aspects of running a library, from the details of ordering and catalo...
Reducing the Spread of Antimicrobial-Resistant Microorganisms: Control of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

Strategies to reduce the spread of hospital-acquired microorganisms resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents are discussed. Because hospitals have experienced a rapid increase in the incidence of infection and colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the past 5 years, the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Controlling VRE dissemination in pediatric patients requires prompt detection of VRE by microbiology laboratories, education of staff and families about VRE, use of infection control measures to prevent person-to-person VRE transmission, and prudent vancomycin use.