cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated Recognition of Building Façades for Creation of As-Is Mock-Up 3D Models

AbstractRecent advancements in image sensors, photogrammetry, and image processing have enabled continuous documentation of buildings’ as-is conditions. Generating accurate three-dimensional (3D) m...
C-1013: Cryopreservation of spermic milt in the model species Ambystoma tigrinum (Tiger salamander) for application in endangered salamanders

In the face of the amphibian extinction crisis, captive assurance colonies have been established to preserve genetic diversity. Sadly, many captive assurance colonies fail due to reproductive cues which are not entirely understood. In addition, the majority of amphibian conservation and genome banking research has focused on anurans (frogs/toads), despite the fact that caudates (salamanders/newts) face a larger threat of extinction. Therefore, it is critical that assisted reproductive technologies, such as gamete cryopreservation and artificial fertilization, be developed as conservation tools for application in genetic management of threatened caudates. It was hypothesized that a modified anuran sperm freezing protocol could be successfully used in cryopreservation of Ambystoma tigrinum (tiger salamander) sperm as a caudate model. Spermiation in male tiger salamanders was hormonally induced via injection with hCG, LHRH, or a combination of these two hormones. Average spermic milt concentrations were 2.75 × 107(±7.2 × 106)/mL. Average total motility upon collection of fresh milt was 53.6% (±17.6%). After collection and initial analysis, fresh milt samples were diluted 1:1 in chilled cryoprotectant treatment solutions. They were then frozen in 0.25 mL French straws using a stepwise slow-rate freezing process. Upon thawing, milt suspensions were diluted 1:10 with a 10% Holtfreter’s solution in order to activate the sperm for post thaw analysis. Frozen-thawed sperm in the 5% Me2SO treatment group had an average total motility of 19.1% (±15.8%) and sperm in the 5% Me2SO with 0.5% BSA treatment group had an average total motility of 21.75% (±14.8%). Early trials showed that caudate sperm are not susceptible to toxicity from several cryoprotective media. Moreover, initial fertilization trials indicate that frozen-thawed caudate sperm are capable of producing early cleavage stage embryos. Optimizing cryopreservation protocols for salamander sperm is an important step in building a global genetic resource bank for endangered caudates.
Rapid Aqueous-Phase Hydrolysis of Ester Hydroperoxides Arising from Criegee Intermediates and Organic Acids.

Stabilized Criegee intermediates react with organic acids in the gas phase and at the air–water interface to form a class of ester hydroperoxides, α-acyloxyalkyl hydroperoxides (αAAHPs). A number of recent studies have proposed the importance of αAAHPs to the formation and growth of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The chemistry of αAAHPs has not been investigated due to a lack of commercially available chemical standards. In this work, the behavior of αAAHPs in condensed phases is investigated for the first time. Experiments were performed with two synthesized αAAHP species. αAAHPs decomposed rapidly in the aqueous phase, with the rate highly dependent on the solvent, temperature, solution pH, and other compounds present in the solution. The measured 1st-order decomposition rate coefficient varied between 10–3 and 10–5 s–1 under the conditions examined in this work. Elucidation of the reaction mechanism is complicated by byproducts arising from the synthetic procedure, but observations are consistent wit...
Toward a Taxonomy for the Child and Youth Care Field: An Initial Proposal and an Invitation

As the child and youth care work literature expands, the need for ways of organizing it effectively becomes increasingly apparent. In this article, the authors present a proposed outline for such an organizational schema based largely on material in the senior author's files being prepared for inclusion in an archive reflecting the development of the field. Suggestions from readers to expand and enhance the proposed categorization are invited.
Cancer Stem Cells in Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. It is composed of small round undifferentiated, proliferating embryonal cells with the ablility to undergo neuronal differentiation and metastasize within the central nervous system (CNS). The stem-like appearance of medulloblastoma cells and accumulated evidence from both human primary tumors and mouse transgenic models support the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis, i.e. CSCs are the origin of cancer and are required for tumor ongoing growth, although CSCs do not necessarily always come from normal stem cells as they may originate from progenitor cells or differentiated tumor cells which gain stem cell properties due to genetic or epigenetic changes. Dysregulation of signaling pathways, such as Hedgehog, Wnt, and Notch that regulate normal stem cell development, may contribute to medulloblastoma CSC formation or tumor initiation and propagation. Correction of the dysregulation in these signaling pathways may target medulloblastoma CSCs and eliminate tumor cells completely. This strategy may have clinical therapeutic relevance not only to medulloblastoma, but also to other types of cancer.
Cerebral Herniation Syndromes

Cerebral herniation syndromes are medical emergencies caused by displacement of the brain across hard structures in the skull. Acute and/or asymmetric increases in intracranial pressure, as seen with hemorrhage into a tumor or obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, are most likely to cause herniation. Ill-timed lumbar puncture may also cause brain shifts by producing a pressure gradient. The syndromes evolve rapidly, over hours, and are characterized clinically by the following symptoms: 1. Progressive obtundation 2. Pupillary and oculomotor signs 3. Motor signs Treatment is designed to reduce intracranial pressure through hyperventilation, steroids, osmotic agents, and surgery.
Nest site selection by the honey bee,Apis mellifera

1. Honey bees exhibit preferences in several nest site properties. The following preferences were identified («>» means «preferred to»): nest height, 5>1 m; entrance area, 12.5>75 cm2; entrance position, bottom >top of nest cavity, entrance direction, southward>northward; nest cavity volume, 10 100 liters. 2. The data also suggest preferences exist for previously inhabited nest cavities and for nest sites beyond 300 m from the parent colony. 3. Nest sites with high exposure and visibility were occupied more rapidly than sites with low exposure and visibility. However, this difference probably reflects differential ease of nest site discovery rather than a preference for exposed nest sites. 4. No preferences were found in the following variables: entrance shape (slit vs. circle), nest cavity shape (cube vs. tall parallelepiped), cavity draftiness (sound vs. drafty), and cavity dryness (wet vs. dry). Cavity draftiness and dryness are probably important to bees, but because bees can seal and waterproof their nests, they may be less demanding about these two nest site variables than about those they cannot modify. 5. The complex process of nest site selection apparently benefits a honey bee colony in several ways, including facilitation of colony defense and hygiene, simplification of nest construction and microclimate control, and reduction of foraging competition with the parent colony.
Difficulties with cross-pollinating five cowpea lines: technique development

Five lines of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., selected for evaluation in a forage trial, proved difficult to cross-pollinate. Pot trials were executed in glasshouses at controlled temperatures and relative humidities. A pot trial was also done outside the glasshouses under field conditions. Six different pollen transfer techniques were tested under high relative humidity condition. Results showed that high relative humidity benefits pod production following cross-pollination using technique 1. Technique 6, using a small soft paint brush for pollen transfer at sunrise, proved the most successful. Controlled glasshouse conditions were more beneficial to successful cross-pollination than the variable field conditions.
On the Relationship between Accommodation and Convergence

Because the eyes of a person with normal vision are always accommodated for the present distance of the point of sight, it was assumed earlier, especially on the authority of Johannes Muller, that there was a fixed relationship between accommodation and convergence of the lines of sight. Later E.H. Weber (28), Volkmann (27), Donders (4), and others showed that one can change accommodation somewhat with constant convergence, and recently Helmholtz (14) has described the relationship between the two as only a habit.
Transanal Excision: Development, Technique, and Evidence

Local excision is growing in popularity as an alternative to radical resection with less morbidity. Though originally indicated for benign disease, its use has been expanded for malignancy in recent years. Patients with favorable disease or comorbidities that preclude them from a more radical surgery are ideal candidates for local excision. Local excision can be successfully coupled with neoadjuvant therapy to achieve favorable oncologic results in the treatment of early rectal cancers. In this chapter, we will discuss the outcomes associated with local excision, and more specifically, we will describe the technique of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). Since the advent of TEM in 1983, the treatment options for colorectal disease have greatly expanded and this technique continues to provide opportunities for advancement in this field.
Determination of an Effective Viscosity of Powders as a Function of Temperature

A method is described for determining the effective viscosity of powder compacts during densification as a function of temperature. The method utilizes constant rate of heating and is easily adapted to determining the sintering temperature of a powder compact as well as measuring the effective viscosity. The method can be used for crystalline as well as glassy (amorphous) systems. Values of the coefficient of viscosity or diffusion can be determined for powders of simple particle geometry and known particle size distribution. For practical applications, an effective viscosity is proposed as a better measure of densification characteristics. Illustration of the method is made by examining shrinkage characteristics of various ceramic powder compacts at constant rates of heating.
Nanotechnology-Empowered Flexible Printed Wireless Electronics: A Review of Various Applications of Printed Materials

In this article, the particular importance of nanotechnology-enabled materials associated with additive manufacturing techniques for the realization of radio-frequency (RF) components and modules for Internet of Things (IoT) and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications is discussed.
Aryl-Perfluoroaryl Interaction in Two-Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites Boosts Stability and Photovoltaic Efficiency

Two-dimensional (2D) organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have showed impressive stability, compared to their three-dimensional (3D) counterparts. However, tuning the chemical structure of ...
Planetary studies; Proceedings of the Topical Meeting C3, Workshop III, and Symposium 8 of the Twenty-sixth COSPAR Plenary Meeting, Toulouse, France, June 30-July 11, 1986

Topics discussed in this issue include the atmospheres and ionospheres of planets and comets, future planetary missions, and latest results on Venus and Uranus missions. Papers are presented on the structure of the atmospheres of Mars and Venus below 100 kilometers, the structure of the atmospheres of Mars and Venus from the analysis of Fourier spectrometer measurements aboard Venera 15, physical parameters for the Saturn atmosphere computed by using Voyager data, hot hydrogen and deuterium in the exosphere of Venus, the theory and observations of cometary ionospheres, and the scientific goals of the Phobos mission. Additional papers are on the geological interpretation of a segment of Venus from radar images of the USSR spacecrafts Venera-15 and -16, the low-energy plasma in the Uranian magnetosphere, the initial estimates of Venus winds from ground-based radio tracking of the Vega balloons, the results of the Vega 1 balloon nephelometer experiment, and meteorological variations in the middle clouds of Venus from Vega balloon in situ measurements.
Nephrolithiasis in Pregnancy: Treating for Two.

Abstract Objectives To review the literature regarding the epidemiology of stone disease and develop a management algorithm based on current evidence and societal guidelines. Methods A structured literature review was performed to determine highest quality of evidence guiding care for pregnant patients with symptomatic nephrolithiasis. PUBMED and EMBASE databases were searched using terms “pregnancy,” “nephrolithiasis,” or “pregnancy” and “renal colic” alone and in combination with “stone”, “kidney stone,” “ultrasound,” “MRI,” “CT,” “percutaneous nephrostomy,” “ureteral stent,” or “ureteroscopy.” All English-language abstracts were reviewed for relevance and full-length articles were reviewed for content. Articles published prior to 1990 were excluded, and priority for inclusion was given to multi-institutional studies and larger institutional studies, reflecting the highest level of current available evidence and most contemporaneous practice patterns. Results Symptomatic nephrolithiasis affects less than 1% of pregnancies but poses unique diagnostic challenges due to the physiologic changes of pregnancy and risks of ionizing radiation exposure to the fetus. Ultrasound remains the imaging modality of choice. Most patients may be managed non-operatively, but drainage with percutaneous nephrostomy or ureteral stent may be performed if warranted. Growing evidence also supports the safety and efficacy of definitive stone treatment. Conclusions Though rare, symptomatic nephrolithiasis poses significant clinical challenges due to the need to minimize risk for both mother and fetus with diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. A multi-disciplinary approach is paramount, as is shared decision making with the patient at each step of care.
A faceoff with hazardous noise: Noise exposure and hearing threshold shifts of indoor hockey officials

ABSTRACTNoise exposure and hearing thresholds of indoor hockey officials of the Western States Hockey League were measured to assess the impact of hockey game noise on hearing sensitivity. Twenty-nine hockey officials who officiated the league in an arena in southeastern Wyoming in October, November, and December 2014 participated in the study. Personal noise dosimetry was conducted to determine if officials were exposed to an equivalent sound pressure level greater than 85 dBA. Hearing thresholds were measured before and after hockey games to determine if a 10 dB or greater temporary threshold shift in hearing occurred. Pure-tone audiometry was conducted in both ears at 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Hz. All noise exposures were greater than 85 dBA, with a mean personal noise exposure level of 93 dBA (SD = 2.2), providing 17.7% (SD = 6.3) of the officials' daily noise dose according to the OSHA criteria. Hearing threshold shifts of 10 dB or greater were observed in 86.2% (25/29) of officials...
Primary care physician continuity, survival, and end-of-life care intensity

OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of primary care physician (PCP) care continuity with cancer-specific survival and end-of-life care intensity. DATA SOURCES Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results linked to Medicare claims data from 2001 to 2015. STUDY DESIGN Cox proportional hazards models with mixed effects and hierarchical generalized logistic models were used to examine the associations of PCP care continuity with cancer-specific survival and end-of-life care intensity, respectively. PCP care continuity, defined as having visited the predominant PCP (who saw the patient most frequently before diagnosis) within 6 months of diagnosis. DATA EXTRACTION METHODS We identified Medicare patients diagnosed at age 66.5-94 years with stage-III or IV poor-prognosis cancer during 2001-2012 and followed them up until 2015. Patients who died within 6 months after diagnosis were excluded. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Primary study cohort consisted of 85,467 patients (median survival 22 months), 71.7% of whom had PCP care continuity. Patients with PCP care continuity tended to be older, married, nonblack, non-Hispanic, and to have fewer comorbid conditions (p < 0.001 for all). Patients with PCP care continuity had lower cancer-specific mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91 to 0.95; p = 0.001) than did those without PCP care continuity. Findings of the 2001-2003 cohorts (nearly all of whom died by 2015) show no associations of overall end-of-life care intensity measures with PCP care continuity (adjusted marginal effects: 0.005; 95% CI: -0.016 to 0.026; p = 0.264). CONCLUSIONS Among Medicare beneficiaries with advanced poor-prognosis cancer, PCP continuity was associated with modestly improved survival without raising overall aggressive end-of-life care.
Introduction to Software Testing

Extensively class tested, this text takes an innovative approach to explaining the process of software testing: it defines testing as the process of applying a few well-defined, general-purpose test criteria to a structure or model of the software. The structure of the text directly reflects the pedagogical approach and incorporates the latest innovations in testing, including techniques to test modern types of software such as OO, web applications, and embedded software.
Continuous-drop subarachnoidal block with dilute procaine solution for labor and delivery

Abstract 1. 1. A new method of continuous-drop subarachnoidal block for labor and delivery with an 0.5 per cent procaine solution has been described. 2. 2. By means of this “differential” technique, complete pain relief can be afforded early to parturients without significant interference with the process of labor and delivery. 3. 3. Because the method allows a great latitude in the level of analgesia, the continuous presence of the anesthesiologist is not necessary. 4. 4. The technique is safe. Maternal and fetal complications attributable to the method were negligible.
The carboxyl terminus of the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin confers high affinity binding to transducin.

The kinetic constants for the ADP-ribosylation of transducin were determined for the recombinant S1 subunit of pertussis toxin (rS1, composed of 235 amino acids) and two genetically derived deletion peptides, C180 and C195, which are composed of the 180 and 195 amino-terminal residues of the S1 subunit, respectively. Titration of NAD in the presence of a constant concentration of transducin (0.5 microM) showed that the KmappNAD in the ADP-ribosylation of transducin were similar, approximately 20 microM, for rS1, C195, and C180. In contrast, titration of transducin in the presence of a constant concentration of NAD (25 nM) showed that rS1 possessed a lower Kmapp(transducin) and greater kcat than either C195 or C180. Previous studies (Cortina, G., and Barbieri, J.T. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 3022-3030) showed that the 16 carboxyl terminal residues of the S1 subunit did not function in the ADP-ribosylation of transducin. It thus appears that residues between 195 and 219 of the S1 subunit are required for high affinity transducin binding and may be involved in the transfer of ADP-ribose to transducin. To localize the defect in the recognition of transducin by C180, rS1 and C180 were assayed for the ability to ADP-ribosylate either transducin or the purified alpha subunit of transducin (T alpha). Upon saturation of the target protein, rS1 ADP-ribosylated equivalent moles of transducin or T alpha, with the linear velocity of rS1-mediated ADP-ribosylation of transducin approximately 16-fold more rapid than the rate of ADP-ribosylation of T alpha. In contrast, the initial linear velocity of C180-mediated ADP-ribosylation of transducin was only 1.7-fold more rapid than the rate of ADP-ribosylation of T alpha. These data indicate that the amino-terminal 180 amino acids of S1 confer the specificity for ADP-ribosylation primarily through the interaction with T alpha, while residues between 195 and 219 of S1 confer high affinity binding to transducin primarily through the interaction, either directly or indirectly, with T beta gamma.
Simple Method to Remove Completely Ciliate Protozoa of Adult Ruminants

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT) has been used in a remarkably short period to obtain rumen ciliate-free cows. Two 30-g doses of Aerosol OT given on consecutive days appeared to effectively eliminate all types of rumen ciliate protozoa without harming the health of the host animal. Measurement of the rumen metabolic parameters of gas production, carbon dioxide to methane ratio, pH value, volatile fatty acids, ammonia, and in vitro cellulose digestion, along with total amylolytic streptococci counts of the rumen contents, showed that conditions in rumens of defaunated animals are normal 4 days after such treatment. It appears that such animals may be used in ruminal studies that require defaunated animals.
Complicated grief treatment: the theory, practice and outcomes

Many people resist the notion that grief could be considered a mental disorder, but the depth of some bereaved people's distress can mean they experience very great difficulty in progressing through the natural healing process. This article outlines an attachment theory perspective on the concept of complicated grief and a research-validated treatment (complicated grief therapy) that has been found to be effective in helping people address impediments that keep them from integrating the new reality of their lives.
Significant Psychiatric Recommendations Irresponsibly Made

The online version of the original article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-007-9010-x of the article with published errors.
Gender norms, psychometric properties, and validity for the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory.

Objective The Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory [EPSI; Forbush KT, Wildes JE, Pollack LO, Dunbar D, Luo J, Patterson K, et al. Development and validation of the EPSI. Psychological Assessment, in press] is an empirically derived self-report measure of eating disorder (ED) symptoms. The EPSI is able to capture the majority of variance associated with established ED measures, yet possesses additional content that is not currently represented in any existing multidimensional ED measure. The purpose of this study was to present normative and psychometric data for the EPSI in a large sample of college men (N = 502) and women (N = 625). Method Participants completed the EPSI and a battery of self-report measures to evaluate convergent and discriminant validity. To provide context as to how normative scores compare to ED psychopathology, undergraduate student scores were compared to scores from individuals with EDs (N = 150). Results Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the EPSI had a robust eight-factor structure that was replicated in both men and women. Mean scores for most scales were significantly higher in women, except for Excessive Exercise, Muscle Building, and Negative Attitudes toward Obesity, which were significantly higher in men. Most scale scores were significantly lower in college students than in patients with EDs. Results indicated excellent convergent and discriminant validity in both genders. Discussion These data provide the first large-scale normative data for the EPSI in young adults, as well as additional evidence supporting the psychometric properties and construct validity of the EPSI. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:85–91)
Network emulation in the VINT/NS simulator

Employing an emulation capability in network simulation provides the ability for real-world traffic to interact with a simulation. The benefits of emulation include the ability to expose experimental algorithms and protocols to live traffic loads, and to test real-world protocol implementations against repeatable interference generated in simulation. This paper describes the design and implementation of the emulation facility in the NS simulator a commonly-used publicly available network research simulator.
Probabilistically accurate program transformations

The standard approach to program transformation involves the use of discrete logical reasoning to prove that the transformation does not change the observable semantics of the program. We propose a new approach that, in contrast, uses probabilistic reasoning to justify the application of transformations that may change, within probabilistic accuracy bounds, the result that the program produces. Our new approach produces probabilistic guarantees of the form P(|D| ≥ B) ≤ e, e ∈ (0, 1), where D is the difference between the results that the transformed and original programs produce, B is an acceptability bound on the absolute value of D, and e is the maximum acceptable probability of observing large |D|. We show how to use our approach to justify the application of loop perforation (which transforms loops to execute fewer iterations) to a set of computational patterns.
Health risk behaviors among young adults with spina bifida

Aim Persons with spina bifida who adopt unhealthy lifestyles could be at increased risk of adverse health outcomes because the presence of spina bifida may magnify this risk. We estimated overall and age-specific prevalence of selected health risk behaviors (HRBs) in young people with spina bifida and examined the association between HRBs and depression. Method We performed analyses on data obtained from individuals with spina bifida (n=130; mean age 23y SD 4y 5mo; 64 males, 66 females; 64% lumbosacral lesion; 77% with shunt) who participated in a population-based survey conducted by the Arkansas Spinal Cord Commission in 2005. Results Compared with national estimates, young people with spina bifida tend to eat less healthy diets, do less exercise, and engage in more sedentary activities. Respondents were less likely to use substances (alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs), which peaked among 25 to 31 year olds. About 90% saw a doctor in the previous year. Nearly one half reported mild or major depressive symptoms. In the logistic regression analysis after controlling for potential confounders (age, sex, ethnic group, education, employment, marital status, living arrangement, level of lesion, presence of shunt, mobility, self-rated health and healthcare utilization), major depressive symptoms were associated with current alcohol drinking (adjusted odds ratio: 4.74; 95% CI 1.18–19.04). Interpretation Young adults with spina bifida exhibit unhealthy behaviors that continue into their late 20s. The findings highlight the need to increase awareness of their health risk profiles in the spina bifida community and show opportunities for mental health and health risk screening and counseling by healthcare providers.
Real time 2-D face detection using color ratios and K-mean clustering

In this paper, we present a new, real time solution for face detection. The technique applies a combination of skin region color ratios and K-Mean clustering. All code was written in fully interoperable Java. The process of detecting a face from a video sequence in real time is essential in applications such as human surveillance, human computer-interaction, and for further face recognition research purposes. The face detection process is divided into four phases: Video Database Acquisition (VDA), Frame Sequence Extraction (FSE), Skin Region Detection (SRD), and K-Mean Face Segmentation (KFS). The MPEG formatted videos are converted to JPEG images depending on the user specified frame rate (FSE phase). During this conversion, the face detection process itself (SRD and KFS phases) runs on each of the images as they are being converted. Skin regions are detected in the images, which act as the input for the K-Mean Face Segmentation phase. The algorithm was tested on 18 video sequences (acquired using a cost effective commodity DV camera), and was effective regardless of age, gender, size, race, or skin tones. The detection algorithm also handled varying illumination conditions, such as bright sunlight, sufficient light, and dim light conditions (with R, G, and B values only in the teens and high single digits), and is pose invariant. The time taken to detect and store the normalized faces was comparable to the length of the video, and in some cases it was even less. This system works in True Real Time (TRT).
AIDS in India.

The first case of AIDS in India was reported in 1986. It is now estimated however that more than 1.5 million people in the country are infected with HIV with current projections indicating that India will have more cases of AIDS than any other country in the world by the year 2000. The HIV epidemic in India is similar in many ways to the epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and Thailand. Heterosexual intercourse is the main mode of viral transmission with prostitution and an high prevalence of genital ulcer diseases appearing to be the major contributing factors. Wasting is especially common and Pneumocystis carinii appears to be rare. Tuberculosis is the most dominant opportunistic pathogen among people with HIV in India. The high rates of antibiotic use and abuse however suggest the development of multi-drug resistance now or in the near future. The serious nature of the HIV epidemic in India reflects the lack of public health efforts and public education. For example there is no standardized national program to report cases the illegal status of homosexuality and prostitution make it difficult to get reliable data on risk factors in official reports much of the blood supply is not screened and HIV education is extremely limited. One survey found 40% of physicians unaware that HIV causes AIDS and 25% believing that AIDS can be transmitted through causal contact. Reprehensible conditions indeed ten years into the epidemic.
Analysis of the USDA-DHIA Preliminary Sire Summary

Abstract The first two USDA-DHIA Preliminary Sire Summaries were compared with official summaries on the same bulls. Preliminary summaries were available an average of 6.0 and 5.5 mo before official summaries. For six breeds, correlations between preliminary and official Predicted Differences for milk ranged from .93 to .98 for the June, 1973, preliminary and .96 to .99 for the October summary. Corresponding regressions of official Predicted Difference on preliminary Predicted Difference ranged from .89 to 1.09 and .99 to 1.05 for milk. The average absolute differences in Predicted Difference for milk varied directly with breed yield so were largest for Holsteins (35 and 27kg). The accuracy of current projection factors appears to vary with season of calving, but this variation did not affect seriously sire selection based on records deviated from herdmates. Selecting young bulls on the preliminary evaluation may increase the rate of genetic improvement in sires by as much as 10%.
Induction of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in mouse peritoneal macrophages by tumor promoters and inhibition of the induced nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by some inhibitors

Abstract Two polyacetates, aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin, as well as 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), mezerein and teleocidin enhance nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The ED 50 values for NBT reduction of these 5 TPA-type tumor promoters were 4.2 ng/ml for TPA, 36 ng/ml for mezerein, 0.53 ng/ml for teleocidin, 1.5 ng/ml for aplysiatoxin and 108 ng/ml for debromo-aplysiatoxin. The NBT reduction induced by the 5 tumor promoters is inhibited by 2 inhibitors of tumor promotion, retinoic acid and dibromoacetophenone. The possibility that tumor promotion by TPA-type tumor promoters involves similar mechanisms such as superoxide anion radicals release in cell membranes is discussed.
The Physiology of the Endocrines in Pregnancy, Lactation and the Puerperium

IT WOULD NOT be possible, within the limits of a short review, to survey with any completeness the enormous literature pertaining to the endocrine aspects of pregnancy, lactation and the puerperium. Nor would this be desirable in a review prepared for a journal the primary purpose of which is to present the clinical aspects of endocrinology, chiefly for the benefit of general practitioners. But clinical endocrinology, if it is to be intelligible, must be based upon what is known of the physiology of the endocrines. This paper, therefore, aims merely to summarize some of the more important physiologic contributions of the past few years which have a rather obvious bearing on the interpretation and management of clinical problems in this particular field. Since there is much overlapping in the endocrine aspects of pregnancy, lactation and the puerperium, there would seem to be no advantage, and some disadvantage in separating one from another for purposes of discussion.
Adolescent nonmedical users of prescription opioids: brief screening and substance use disorders.

Abstract Objectives The objectives of this study are to examine the associations among a positive score on the CRAFFT (a substance use brief screening test for adolescents) and demographic characteristics, diversion sources, routes of administration, substance use behaviors and motivations associated with the use of prescription opioids without a legal prescription. Methods In 2009–2010, a sample of 2744 middle and high school students from two Midwestern school districts in the United States self-administered a Web-based survey. Results Approximately 5.6% (n = 148) of respondents reported past-year nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO). Of those reporting NMUPO, approximately 35.1% (n = 52) screened positive for substance use disorders based on the CRAFFT. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that the odds of buying prescription opioids, obtaining opioids from multiple diversion sources, administering opioids intranasally, and using opioids to get high were greater for nonmedical users with a positive CRAFFT screen as compared to NMUPO with a negative CRAFFT screen. NMUPO with a positive screen was motivated primarily for recreational purposes, while NMUPO with a negative screen was motivated almost exclusively by pain relief. Conclusions The CRAFFT brief screening test for adolescents can be used to identify a subgroup of NMUPO at the highest risk for a substance use disorder as well as a subgroup of NMUPO who would benefit from appropriate pain management.
Managing your diverse workforce through improved communication

Diversity in the workforce has become a demographic reality across the globe. There has been some debate amongst academics and practitioners over how to deal with employee diversity. Many agree that organizations should aim to manage diversity rather than simply value it or rely on affirmative action policies. Proposes that improvements in supervisor‐subordinate communication will assist organizations toward the goal of managing diversity by promoting integration and equality in the workplace. Recommends two strategies for accomplishing better supervisor‐subordinate communication: managing personal growth and mentoring. The former may be implemented successfully in the short term while the latter takes a long‐term focus. Concludes that in order for any managing diversity program to succeed, managers and supervisors need to demonstrate their commitment to the program and to communicate the relevance, importance and benefits of such programs to all employees throughout the organization.
Inpatient prescribing and monitoring of fentanyl transdermal systems: adherence to safety regulations.

Background: National safety guidelines were developed to minimize the occurrence of serious adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with the use of the fentanyl transdermal system (FTS), however, reports of use in opioid-naive patients for treatment of acute pain and associated ADEs continue to occur. Objective: To evaluate the prescribing patterns of the FTS for adherence to recent US regulatory recommendations and identify the impact of health information technology (HIT) on adherence rates. Methods: A retrospective pre- and postintervention analysis was performed in hospitalized adult patients receiving FTS. Electronic medication order instructions and text questions were incorporated into FTS electronic medication orders. The primary outcome measure was adherence of FTS medication orders to regulatory guidelines defined as (a) a new order in an opioid-tolerant patient for use in moderate to severe chronic pain or (b) continuation of the documented home dose in use for at least 7 days. Safety measures in...
Searching the scientific literature: Implications for quantitative and qualitative reviews

Literature reviews are an essential step in the research process and are included in all empirical and review articles. Electronic databases are commonly used to gather this literature. However, several factors can affect the extent to which relevant articles are retrieved, influencing future research and conclusions drawn. The current project examined articles obtained by comparable search strategies in two electronic archives using an exemplar search to illustrate factors that authors should consider when designing their own search strategies. Specifically, literature searches were conducted in PsycINFO and PubMed targeting review articles on two exemplar disorders (bipolar disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and issues of classification and/or differential diagnosis. Articles were coded for relevance and characteristics of article content. The two search engines yielded significantly different proportions of relevant articles overall and by disorder. Keywords differed across search engines for the relevant articles identified. Based on these results, it is recommended that when gathering literature for review papers, multiple search engines should be used, and search syntax and strategies be tailored to the unique capabilities of particular engines. For meta-analyses and systematic reviews, authors may consider reporting the extent to which different archives or sources yielded relevant articles for their particular review.
Refolding of proteins from inclusion bodies is favored by a diminished hydrophobic effect at elevated pressures.

The application of high hydrostatic pressure is an effective tool to promote dissolution and refolding of protein from aggregates and inclusion bodies while minimizing reaggregation. In this study we explored the mechanism of high-pressure protein refolding by quantitatively assessing the magnitude of the protein–protein interactions both at atmospheric and elevated pressures for T4 lysozyme, in solutions containing various amounts of guanidinium hydrochloride. At atmospheric pressure, the protein– protein interactions are most attractive at moderate guanidinium hydrochloride concentrations (∼1–2 molar), as indicated by a minimum in B22 values. In contrast, at a pressure of 1,000 bar no minimum in B22 values is observed, indicating that high pressures colloidally stabilize protein against aggregation. Finally, experimental values of refractive index increments as a function of pressure indicate that at high pressures, wetting of the hydrophobic surfaces is favored, resulting in a reduction of the hydrophobic effect. This reduction in the hydrophobic effect reduces the driving force for aggregation of (partially) unfolded protein. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 483–492. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes: Scratching the surface

The epithelial surface is the site at which we first encounter pathogens. Two recent advances indicate that intraepithelial lymphocytes use specialized tools to help protect this surface.
Attitudes Toward Older Adults: Results from a Fitness-Based Intergenerational Learning Experience

ABSTRACT Intergenerational learning is a relatively new concept in kinesiology that may be used to improve attitudes toward aging among students. The aim of the present investigation was to determine changes in attitudes before and after an intergenerational fitness experience. Thirty-two undergraduate kinesiology majors completed the Aging Semantic Differential (ASD) survey to determine their attitudes toward older adults. Students' attitudes were significantly more positive following the experience. The greatest improvement was observed among students without prior work experience with elders. While preliminary, the results support intergenerational learning activities as essential components of a kinesiology program.
Fluxes of undissociated acids to terrestrial ecosystems by atmospheric deposition

Undissociated acids in the troposphere are transferred to terrestrial ecosystems as wet deposition in rain and cloud/fog water and as particulate and gaseous dry deposition during interstorm intervals. Wet deposition can be measured directly, and the sum of dry deposition and canopy release of undissociated acids can be estimated from net canopy wash-off into throughfall (TF). Samples of rain, cloud and fog water, and TF were collected from April 1986 through March 1987 at low-elevation (230 m) and high-elevation (1730 m) coniferous forests in Tennessee, USA. The samples were titrated for total acidity by Gran's method, and undissociated acidity was calculated as total acid (Gran) minus free acidity (pH measurement). During that 12-month period, the undissociated acid fluxes in wet deposition at these sites were both 34 mmol m -2 , comparable to the free acid fluxes in wet deposition. Fog water fluxes at the lower site were negligible, but at the high-elevation site cloud water was potentially responsible for considerable deposition of undissociated acids to the forest canopy. Dry deposition plus canopy fluxes of undissociated acids were greater at the higher site. Dry deposition plus canopy fluxes averaged 54 mmol m -2 y -1 (range 36–77) at the low-elevation site and 82 mmol m -2 y -1 (range 77–86) at the high-elevation site. Undissociated acidity in TF consists of biological metabolites and cuticular decomposition products and dry-deposited compounds washed from plant surfaces. Formic and acetic acid concentrations in TF do not exceed those found in rain, therefore dry depositions of those acids cannot account for the undissociated acidity of TF. The relative importance of wet and dry deposition of undissociated acid to terrestrial ecosystems would be further clarified by identifying the weak acids in TF. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00301.x
Form and function in children's understanding of ironic utterances☆

Abstract Children's use of contextual discrepancy and stressed intonation to interpret literal form and illocutionary function in the use of ironic utterances was examined in two experiments. First and third grade children (6 and 8 years of age, respectively) and college adults were read short stories consisting of an utterance by a speaker and contextual information that was either neutral or that biased an ironic or literal interpretation of the utterance. The intonation of the utterance was either stressed or unstressed. Questions were asked about the literal form of the utterance, and the speaker's attitude in using the utterance. The results suggest that evaluation of the literal form and inference to the speaker's intended use of an utterance are independent components of irony comprehension in children: that contextual discrepancy and intonation function differently in cueing these processes; and that children and adults differ both in accomplishing these processes and in the use of these cues.
Rapid Optical Annealing for Improved GaAs Fet Uniformity

An Eaton Nova Rapid Optical Annealer (ROA 400) has been used to activate n and n+ Si implants for use in power and low noise FET structures for GaAs MMIC's. PECVD SiN capped 3" SI GaAs wafers were annealed at temperatures ranging from 800 to 970 °C for times ranging from 0 (transient light pulse) to 20 sec. Doping profiles were determined using a Polaron concentration profiler; FATFET's were used for measuring drift mobility; and short gate (l.0μm gate length) FET's were fabricated to establish activation uniformity and to determine d.c. and r.f. performance. Results have indicated peak implant activation as high as 90% and electron mobilities of up to 4700cm 2 /V-sec for carrier concentrations of 1.3×10 17 /cm 3 – results comparable to conventional furnace annealing. The most significant improvement of optical annealing comes in device uniformity. Saturated current uniformities of 500mW/mm with power added efficiencies as high as 35%.
Parallel and sequential computation: a statistician's view

Abstract I borrow themes from statistics—epsecially the Bayesian ideas underlying average-case analysis and ideas of sequential design of experiments—to discuss when parallel computation is likely to be an attractive technique.
Using Model Discrimination to Select a Mathematical Function for Generating Separation Curves

A statistical technique, known as model discrimination, is presented for selecting a mathematical function to fit separation data in order to estimate the characteristic parameters — the relative density of separation and the probable error. Some of the more commonly used functions are compared by their goodness of fit and their parameters evaluated statistically using a sensitivity analysis approach in order to determine the function with the best fit and the maximum parameter sensitivity. Application of this technique is demonstrated using sets of separation data from actual heavy media cyclone operations. For separator data exhibiting apparent bypassing, i.e., a fraction of feed apparently exiting with the clean coal and/or a fraction of feed apparently exiting with the refuse, a modelling technique is given whereby an existing function can be expanded to incorporate the bypass parameters.
Role assimilation processes in a complex organization.

Abstract This study explored role assimilation processes by the use of repeated assessments of critical variables at several points in time during the first few months tenure of new employees. Participants were 62 new nonacademic employees in several administrative departments of a large university. Role-taking variables (role preferences, time and energy allocation, conflict, and ambiguity) were examined as well as more traditional success measures such as job performance ratings, satisfaction, and turnover. The study yielded benchmark data describing the assimilation process and discovered role orientation (the extent to which the new employee felt his job was relevant to his career) as an important variable in understanding the assimilation process.
Moving parts: the interdependence of game play and social dynamics in digital games

Moving Parts is a hybrid physical/digital, two-player pinball game designed to elicit different social interactions between players. Using a mixture of consistent and variable rules, the game highlights interdependent and emergent relationships between game rules, social dynamics, and player experience, illustrating some possibilities for social malleability of digital games and presenting some specific pathways through which rules and social relationships affect each other. With the increasing prevalence of digital games that foreground social interaction, it is important to develop methods for understanding and designing such games to more deeply and meaningfully connect to players' social experiences.