cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of Phobos/Deimos Regolith Ion Sample Mission (PRISM) concept

Far more definitive information on composition is required to resolve the question of origin for the Martian moons Phobos and Deimos. Current infrared spectra of the objects are inconclusive due to the lack of strong diagnostic features.Definitive compositional measurements of Phobos could be obtained using in-situ X-ray, gamma-ray, or neutronspectroscopy or collecting and returning samples to Earth for analysis. We have proposed, in lieu of those methods, toderive Phobos and Deimos compositional data from secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurements by calibratingthe instrument to elemental abundance measurements made for known samples in the laboratory. We describe thePhobos/Deimos Regolith Ion Sample Mission (PRISM) concept here. PRISM utilizes a high-resolution TOF plasma composition analyzer to make SIMS measurements by observing the sputtered species from various locations of the moons' surfaces. In general, the SIMS technique and ion mass spectrometers complement and expand quadrupole mass spectrometer measurements by collecting ions that have been energized to higher energies, 50-100 eV, and making measurements at very low densities and pressures. Furthermore, because the TOF technique accepts all masses all the time,it obtains continuous measurements and does not require stepping through masses. The instrument would draw less than10 W and weigh less than 5 kg. The spacecraft, nominally a radiation-hardened 12U CubeSat, would use a low-thrust SolarElectric Propulsion system to send it on a two-year journey to Mars, where it would co-orbit with Deimos and then Phobos
High Pressure-Assisted Infusion of Calcium into Baby Carrots Part II: Influence of Process Variables on β-carotene Extraction and Color of the Baby Carrots

This study was aimed at evaluating the extraction of β-carotene and the color of baby carrots pre-treated with pectin methylesterase (PME) which were infused with calcium using high pressure processing (HPP) (discussed in Part I) and calcium lactate gluconate (CLG) as an infusate solution. The amount of β-carotene extracted from high pressure treated baby carrots was three to five times higher than the unprocessed baby carrots. Although HPP overall increased the extraction of β-carotene, none of the processing variables (pressure, time, CLG solution concentration) were found to correlate significantly with the increased extraction. The combination of pressure (MPa) and time (min), however, had a significant influence (p value < 0.05) on β-carotene extraction. The L* color values of the HPP-assisted calcium-infused baby carrots were lower than that of the unprocessed control, indicating mild to moderate darkening of the baby carrots after the infusion of calcium using HPP. Pressure cycling, which was found to significantly enhance the amount of calcium infusion reported in Part I, did not significantly increase the amount of β-carotene extracted from the processed baby carrots and it did not further change their color. PME pre-treated baby carrots did not alter the extraction of β-carotene and the color of the processed baby carrots after HPP.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus II: Clinical Presentation, Opportunistic Infections, Treatment, and Prevention

Uncontrolled HIV infection eventually leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a state of severe immunosuppression which allows for other opportunistic infections or malignancies to be acquired. There is a high morbidity and mortality associated with sustained, elevated HIV viral loads; however, access to and treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduce the morbidity substantially. Combination antiretroviral therapy has been shown to improve immune function, reduce HIV reservoirs, and reduce transmission of HIV infection to others. While a cure for HIV remains elusive, new medications and novel medication classes have greatly simplified treatment, improving the quality of life of those affected and dramatically decreasing transmission rates. Antiretroviral medications are also now used for pre-exposure prophylaxis among individuals at high risk as one of the key components of reducing transmission.
Comparative Incidences and Biological Outcomes for Thymoma in Various Rat Strains in National Toxicology Program Studies

Thymomas from 277 Fischer 344/N (F344/N), 10 Sprague Dawley (HSD:Sprague Dawley SD) (SD), 129 Wistar Han [Crl:WI(Han)] (WH), and 4 Wistar Outbred (WO) rats were reviewed from long-term studies in t...
Multiscale modeling and model-based feedback control of pulp digester

In addition to the Kappa number, which indicates the residual lignin content in the wood pulp, microscopic properties of wood chips such as porosity are also very important as it determines the paper quality as well as the rate of delignification. However, there are very few models that are able to describe the evolution of porosity of wood chips during delignification processes like pulp digester. Motivated by this consideration, in this work, a multiscale model for a batch-type digester is developed. Specifically, the Purdue model is used to describe the interactions among the free liquor, entrapped liquor and solid phases, and the kinetic Monte Carlo model is employed to show the evolution of wood chip porosity. Then, a model-based feedback control system is developed to regulate the porosity and Kappa number to desired values.
A forecast model for prevention of foodborne outbreaks of non-typhoidal salmonellosis

Background This work presents a forecast model for non-typhoidal salmonellosis outbreaks. Method This forecast model is based on fitted values of multivariate regression time series that consider diagnosis and estimation of different parameters, through a very flexible statistical treatment called generalized auto-regressive and moving average models (GSARIMA). Results The forecast model was validated by analyzing the cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Sydney Australia (2014-2016), the environmental conditions and the consumption of high-risk food as predictive variables. Conclusions The prediction of cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infections are included in a forecast model based on fitted values of time series modeled by GSARIMA, for an early alert of future outbreaks caused by this pathogen, and associated to high-risk food. In this context, the decision makers in the epidemiology field can led to preventive actions using the proposed model.
Incidence and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with a New Diagnosis of Chronic Pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); nevertheless, the true incidence of PDAC in CP patients in the United States remains unclear. We evaluated the risk of developing PDAC two or more years after a new diagnosis of CP. Retrospective study of veterans from September 1999 to October 2015. A three-year washout period was applied to exclude patients with preexisting CP and PDAC. PDAC risk was evaluated in patients with new-diagnosis CP and compared with controls without CP using Cox-proportional hazards model. CP, PDAC, and other covariates were extracted using ICD-9 codes. After exclusions, we identified 7,883,893 patients [new-diagnosis CP − 21,765 (0.28%)]. PDAC was diagnosed in 226 (1.04%) patients in the CP group and 15,858 (0.20%) patients in the control group (p 2 years [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 4.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.74–4.89, p < 0.001], 5 years (adjusted HR 3.32, 95% CI 2.75–4.00, p < 0.001) and 10 years of follow-up (adjusted HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.99–4.93, p < 0.001), respectively. By multivariable analysis, age (odds ratio 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.03, p = 0.03), current smoker (odds ratio 1.67, 95% CI 1.02–2.74, p = 0.042), current smoker + alcoholic (odds ratio 2.29, 95% CI 1.41–3.52, p < 0.001), and diabetes (odds ratio 1.51, 95% CI 1.14–1.99, p = 0.004) were the independent risk factors for PDAC. Our data show that after controlling for etiology of CP and other cofactors, the risk of PDAC increased in CP patients after two years of follow-up, and risk was consistent and sustained beyond 5 years and 10 years of follow-up.
5-Item Modified Frailty Index as a Preoperative Predictor of Morbidity Following Minimally Invasive Partial Nephrectomy.

Abstract Objective To apply the modified frailty index-5 (mFI-5) to those patients undergoing minimally invasive partial nephrectomy (MIPN) to examine the relationship between frailty and postoperative outcomes. Methods Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database, data were retrospectively reviewed between 2012 and 2018 for cases coded for MIPN. The mFI-5 score was defined on a scale of 1 to 5, with each patient receiving one point per each of the following comorbidities: congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus, hypertension that requires medication and functional health status of partial or total dependence prior to surgery. Complications were examined within the first 30 days postoperatively. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, postoperative outcomes were obtained and stratified based on frailty score. Results Of the 18,904 cases identified between 2012 and 2018, mFI-5 score was 0 for 38.0% of patients, 1 for 42.8%, ≥2 for 19.2%. With increasing mFI-5 score, a significant increase in multiple postoperative morbidities were identified (P Conclusion The mFI-5 is a well defined and easily ascertainable predictor of postoperative outcomes in those undergoing MIPN and could be used preoperatively to identify and counsel those at increased risk for morbidity.
The Veterinary Antimicrobial Decision System

Information on reasonable antimicrobial regimen design, particularly for extra-label use, is not currently available in a single easily-accessible source. Sources of information are scattered and may be difficult for the practitioner to locate in a timely manner. Even if the data are located, the interpretation may not be evident to the practitioner, particularly interpretation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data. The need for a system designed for the food animal veterinary practitioner is also apparent as the discussion in the public health venue focuses on the appearance of antimicrobial-resistant human pathogens. The correlation between antimicrobial use in food animals and the appearance of resistant pathogens in the human population may not be unequivocally established. However, there is little doubt that antimicrobial use, whether in human or veterinary patients, may affect microbial populations by selecting for resistant organisms. Therefore, a need exists for the prudent use of antimicrobials such that efficacy is maximized while selection for resistant pathogens is minimized. Prudent use also contributes to longevity of the clinical utility of antimicrobials we currently have. These statements are made realizing that we know a lot more about maximizing efficacy than minimizing resistance development. With these needs in mind, the AABP, along with the Academy of Veterinary Consultants (the first to financially support the effort), the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, the American Association of Swine Practitioners, and the American Veterinary Medical Association have contributed a total of $189,000 as startup money over a 3 year period. Supporting funds started to arrive in March of 1999.
Approximation of the Time Rate of Consolidation for Hydraulically Placed Fine Coal Refuse Using a Variable Coefficient of Consolidation Method

Abstract Terzaghi’s consolidation theory assumes strain in soil due to applied overburden pressure is small, and permeability and thus the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) remain constant during c...
GAS-COUPLED, PULSE-ECHO ULTRASONIC CRACK DETECTION AND THICKNESS GAGING

Ultrasonic inspection is a standard method to assess the integrity of large-diameter oil pipelines. However, similar methods applied to natural-gas pipelines present a considerably greater challenge; gas is a poor coupling agent for the probing ultrasonic signals between the transducer and the pipe wall. Natural gas exhibits a very low specific acoustic impedance (300 Rayls for methane at atmospheric pressure) compared to oil (1.5 MRayls and higher). Consequently, large ultrasonic-signal transmission losses occur at the transducer/gas and pipe-wall/gas interfaces. To circumvent this obstacle, past exploratory developments included the use of a liquid-filled wheel [1], electromagnetic-acoustic-transducer (EMAT) [2], and liquid-slug technologies [3]. While prototypes of high-speed, in-line inspection systems employing such principles do exist, all exhibit serious operational shortcomings that prevent widespread commercial exploitation.
Microwave sensor for simultaneous and nondestructive determination of moisture content and bulk density of granular materials

A low-cost microwave sensor operating at a single frequency for instantaneous and nondestructive determination of moisture content and bulk density of granular and particulate materials was developed and tested. The sensor operates at a frequency of 5.8 GHz and uses the principle of free-space transmission measurement. Several algorithms were used to determine simultaneously moisture content and bulk density from measurement of attenuation and phase shift through the material and its dielectric properties.
Ovarian function in survivors of childhood medulloblastoma: Impact of reduced dose craniospinal irradiation and high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue.

Background Data on ovarian function (OvF) in medulloblastoma (MB) survivors is limited, with most studies describing outcomes in survivors treated with craniospinal irradiation (CSI) doses >24 Gy ± standard chemotherapy. The objective of the current study is to report on OvF: (i) across a range of CSI doses; and (ii) following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue (ASCR). Procedure Retrospective review of female MB survivors who were diagnosed in childhood and followed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Patients were divided into three groups: (i) CSI ≤24 Gy +/− standard chemotherapy; (ii) CSI ≥35 Gy +/− standard chemotherapy; and (iii) high-dose chemotherapy with ASCR +/− CSI. Results Primary ovarian dysfunction (POD) occurred in 2/17 subjects in group 1, 3/9 subjects in group 2 and 5/5 subjects in group 3 (P < 0.01). Normalization of function was noted in four subjects with POD. Persistent POD requiring hormone replacement (POF) was observed in 1/17 subjects in group 1, 2/9 in group 2, and 3/5 in group 3 (P = 0.02). Neither age at treatment nor type of standard chemotherapy correlated with risk of POD or POF. Conclusions Both POD and POF appear to occur in a small proportion of patients who are treated with contemporary doses of CSI +/− standard chemotherapy. However, ovarian dysfunction requiring hormone replacement therapy is common following high-dose chemotherapy associated with ASCR. These findings will assist clinicians in counseling patients regarding fertility preservation and risk of impaired ovarian function/future fertility. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:317–321. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The European Revolutions, 1848-1851

Reaching from the Atlantic to Ukraine, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean, the revolutions of 1848 brought millions of people across the European continent into political life. Nationalist aspirations, social issues and feminist demands coming to the fore in the mid-century revolutions would reverberate in continental Europe until 1914 and beyond. Yet the new regimes established then proved ephemeral, succumbing to counter-revolution. In this second edition, Jonathan Sperber has updated and expanded his study of the European Revolutions between 1848–1851. Emphasizing the socioeconomic background to the revolutions, and the diversity of political opinions and experiences of participants, the book offers an inclusive narrative of the revolutionary events and a structural analysis of the reasons for the revolutions' ultimate failure. A wide-reaching conclusion and a detailed bibliography make the book ideal both for classroom use and for a general reader wishing a better knowledge of this major historical event.
Analysis of waste management issues arising from a field study evaluating decontamination of a biological agent from a building.

ABSTRACTThe Bio-response Operational Testing and Evaluation (BOTE) Project was a cross-government effort designed to operationally test and evaluate a response to a biological incident (release of Bacillus anthracis [Ba] spores, the causative agent for anthrax) from initial public health and law enforcement response through environmental remediation. The BOTE Project was designed to address site remediation after the release of a Ba simulant, Bacillus atrophaeus spp. globigii (Bg), within a facility, drawing upon recent advances in the biological sampling and decontamination areas. A key component of response to a biological contamination incident is the proper management of wastes and residues, which is woven throughout all response activities. Waste is generated throughout the response and includes items like sampling media packaging materials, discarded personal protective equipment, items removed from the facility either prior to or following decontamination, aqueous waste streams, and materials gener...
Instructional accommodations: Impact of conventional vs. social constructivist view of disability

This study examined the relationship between university faculty members' perspectives on students with special learning needs and their views on providing accommodations. Findings demonstrate that professors who view students with disabilities from a conventional, deficit perspective feel ill-equipped to provide necessary accommodations. Professors who hold a social constructivist view of disabilities view all learners, including those with identified needs, on a continuum and see accommodations for special learners as being an extension of their good teaching. Implications for faculty development and increased use of universal instructional design are discussed.
Über reaktionsmöglichkeiten in elektroden von festkörperbatterien

Zusammenfassung Elektroden von Festkorperbatterien enthalten eine dreiphasige Mischung aus aktiver Substanz, Hilfeslektrolyt und elektronischem Leiter. Fur die geometrische Konfiguration, in der drei verschiedene Teilchen aufeinandertreffen konnen, werden Modelle aufgestellt. Diese Modelle ergeben zusammen mit Annahmen uber den Leitungsmechanismus in der aktiven Substanz 10 Grenzfalle. Mit deren Hilfe wird abgeleitet, daβ Ionenleitung im Volumen der aktiven Teilchen eine notwendige Bedingung fur die Vollstandigkeit des Lade- und Entladevorgangs ist. Es wird gezeigt, daβ dieses Kriterium unbeeinfluβt (i) von der geometrischen Konfiguration und (ii) von zusatzlicher Ionenlei tung an Korngrenzen oder Grenzflachen der aktiven Teilchen bleibt. In bestimmten Fallen muβ die Elektrode einem Formierungsprozeβ unterzogen werden.
Molecular Cloning, Expression Pattern, and Chromosomal Localization of Human CDKN2D/INK4d,an Inhibitor of Cyclin D-Dependent Kinases

Progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle is dependent on the activity of holoenzymes formed between D-type cyclins and their catalytic partners, the cyclin-dependent kinases cdk4 and cdk6. p16{sup INK4a} p15{sup INK4b}, and p18{sup INK4c}, a group of structurally related proteins, function as specific inhibitors of the cyclin D-dependent kinases and are likely to play physiologic roles as specific regulators of these kinases in vivo. A new member of the INK4 gene family, murine INK4d, has recently been identified. Here we report the isolation of human INK4d (gene symbol CDKN2D), which is 86 identical at the amino acid level to the murine clone and {approximately}44% identical to each of the other human INK4 family members. The INK4d gene is ubiquitously expressed as a single 1.4-kb mRNA with the highest levels detected in thymus, spleen, peripheral blood leukocytes, fetal liver, brain, and testes. The abundance of INK4d mRNA oscillates in a cell-cycle-dependent manner with expression lowest at mid G1 and maximal during S phase. Using a P1-phage genomic clone of INK4d for fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, the location of this gene was mapped to chromosome 19p13. No rearrangements or deletions of the INK4d gene were observed in Southernmore » blot analysis of selected cases of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) containing a variant (1;19)(q23;p13) translocation that lacks rearrangement of either E2A or PBX1, or in ALL cases containing homozygous or hemizygous deletions of the related genes, INK4a and INK4b. 39 refs., 3 figs.« less
Reflections upon human cancer immune responsiveness to T cell-based therapy

Immune-mediated rejection of human cancer is a relatively rare but well-documented phenomenon. Its rate of occurrence progressively increases from the occasional observation of spontaneous regressions to the high rate of complete remissions observed in response to effective treatments. For two decades, our group has focused its interest in understanding this phenomenon by studying humans following an inductive approach. Sticking to a sequential logic, we dissected the phenomenon by studying to the best of our capability both peripheral and tumor samples and reached the conclusion that immune-mediated cancer rejection is a facet of autoimmunity where the target tissue is the cancer itself. As we are currently defining the strategy to effectively identify the mechanisms leading in individual patients to rejection of their own tumors, we considered useful to summarize the thought process that guided us to our own interpretation of the mechanisms of immune responsiveness.
A THEORETICAL COMPARISON OF LOSSES IN FOODS UNDER FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURE SEQUENCES

The prediction of shelf life of foods is dependent on certain physical factors which change as a function of time in distribution. Temperature has been the most studied factor. With respect to fluctuating temperature studies in all cases in the literature, a zero order reaction rate has been assumed. In actuality, many foods degrade by first order rates thus the equations for prediction of losses are incorrect if applied. New equations for first order degradation have been developed. Comparisons for losses in a theoretical temperature distribution show that for less than 50% degradation the losses are about the same for zero and first order at anytime, thus determination of the order is not critical. This study shows that the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of the reaction is very important in making predictions.
Submicron calibration strategy for CD control

In the modern semiconductor processing facility CD (critical dimension) measurements on 200-mm diameter wafers proceed in a fully automated mode requiring only wafer loading, measurement recipe loading, and a 'run' command for processing. To provide effective metrology support to this facility the scope of CD measurement automation has been extended to the entire metrology scheme, from job file generation to CD measurement and data collection. Upon completion of all sample measurements, data is uploaded to the factory's data collection software system via a SECS II interface, eliminating the requirement of manual data entry. This paper presents the methodology used to perform calibration of the automated CD metrology scanning electron microscope (SEM) for sub-0.5 micrometer process control. A commercially available SEM pitch standard, traceable to JQA (Japan Quality Assurance) has been characterized and incorporated into a standard, automated calibration procedure performed as part of the regular tool qualification. This standard contains lines with pitch on order of 0.240 micrometer over a 4 mm2 area and is useful at low accelerating voltage. Since the low accelerating voltage CD measurement SEM has assumed an important role in modern semiconductor process control, we investigate the use and performance of the standard in a representative instrument. Evaluation of this reference by SEM CD measurements shows suitable performance for submicron dimension calibration.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of electrical stimulation of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve on gastric acid secretion in cats.

Abstract Electrical stimulation of 3 to 9 V, 100 impules/s 1-ms duration/impulse, applied to the right or left dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DNV) produced a significant increase in volume, acidity, and gastric acid output in 14 cats under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. The increase in acid output occurred during the first 15 min of stimulation or immediately after the stimulation and in some cats lasted for the next 30 min to more than 2 h. In no case did the stimulation within the DNV evoke a decrease in gastric acid secretion. Similar electrical stimulation in sites outside the DNV had no effect on gastric acid secretion. Motor effects such as opening of the mouth, movements of the tongue and whiskers, and salivation were observed to occur randomly during stimulation at sites both inside and outside the DNV zone and were not correlated with changes in gastric acid secretion. After recovery from the acute experiment, two cats were tested under chronic conditions. Electrical stimulation with low voltage applied to the previously effective electrode tips repeatedly produced an increase in the volume of secretion in one cat and an increase in both volume and acidity of secretion in the other cat. This study provided further evidence that the DNV is a secretomotor center.
The enthalpy of formation of trioxy radicals ROOO (R H, CH3, C2H5). An ab initio study

Abstract Enthalpies of formation of trioxy radicals, ROOO, with R  H, CH3, and C2H5, are calculated, along with values for the corresponding species R, RO, RO2, RO2H, and RO3H using the G2M(RCC) approach, a modified Gaussian-2 model extrapolating the RCCSD(T)/6-311 + G(3df,2p) level of theory. Where applicable, CBS-QCI/APNO calculations were performed. The enthalpy of formation ΔHf0(298K) of cis-HOOO (2A″) was determined to be 6.1 kcal/mol using the CBS-QCI/APNO model. The HO-OO bond dissociation energy was calculated using the G2M(RCC) formalism to be +1.31 kcal/mol for 0K which is very close to the result of +1.15 kcal/mol using the CBS-QCI/APNO model. The CH3O-OO and C2H5O-OO bond energies were calculated to be −0.87 (G2M(RCC)) and −0.5 kcal/mol (G2M(RCC,MP2)).
Serum LH and FSH responses to the repetitive administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

The serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to the repetitive administration of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) were studied in six male patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Each patient received 50 μg of GnRH intravenously every four hours for 43 consecutive doses, i.e., for one week. Five of the six patients had substantially greater maximum serum LH concentrations in response to the 43rd dose than to the first dose. The mean (± se) maximum serum LH concentration of all six patients following the 43rd dose (14.6 ± 3.0 mIU/ml) was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than that to the first dose (8.3 ± 2.6 mIU/ml). These results suggest that the LH response of the human gonadotroph to GnRH depends on the prior exposure of the gonadotroph to GnRH. All six patients had substantially higher basal serum FSH levels prior to the 43rd dose (13.6 ± 2.6 mIU/ml) than prior to the first dose (2.8 ± 0.4; P < 0.01). Four patients had increases in b...
Writing Manuscripts for Peer Review: Your Guide to Not Annoying Reviewers and Increasing Your Chances of Success

“Publish or perish.” Does this send chills down your spine? For many academicians, it certainly does. Publishing your work is a necessary part of achieving success in an academic and research career. The ability to articulate your ideas and contribute to the body of knowledge in your discipline is an essential skill and, happily, one that can be cultivated and refined. We have drawn on our own experiences in learning to write, being reviewed, successfully publishing and being reviewers ourselves. We also have included some excellent resources in the literature to help you maximize your chance of success.
Iron-dependent formation of homocysteine from methionine and other thioethers.

We tested whether homocysteine is formed from methionine and other thioethers in vitro and in vivo, because methionine can be chemically demethylated to homocysteine. In in vitro studies, chemical conversions of thioethers (methionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and cystathionine) into homocysteine were measured under various aerobic conditions. In humans, oral methionine (0.17 mmol/kg body weight) loading tests with and without an oral iron dose (ferrous sulfate, 13 μmol/kg) were performed. A university setting in Birmingham, AL, USA. A total of five healthy adult subjects volunteered. The in vitro incubation of methionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine or cystathionine with chelated iron resulted in the formation of homocysteine. These conversions were iron- and pH-dependent (pH optima between 5.0 and 6.0) and it was also chelator-dependent. In humans, oral methionine loading tests resulted in a 45% increase in the area-under-the-curve for plasma total homocysteine concentrations, when iron was given together with methionine. Our data suggest that iron-dependent chemical formation of homocysteine can occur in vivo, and contribute to the plasma total homocysteine pool, since this formation can occur ceaselessly. We hypothesize that plasma total homocysteine concentrations reflect, in part, non-protein-bound iron in the body.
Depression in adults with congenital heart disease-public health challenge in a rapidly expanding new patient population

There is a growing population of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) due to improved survival beyond childhood. It has been suggested that adults with CHD may be at increased risk for mental health problems, particularly depression. The reported incidence of depression in CHD varies from 9% to 30%. This review examines the evidence for a higher depression rate in CHD vs general population. Possible explanations are offered from a variety of disease models, ranging from brain injury to the psychoanalytical approach. Risk factors for an abnormal emotional adjustment and depression include early exposure to stress from illness and medical interventions in infancy, separation from the parents during hospitalizations and brain organic syndromes. Later in life, patients often have to cope with physical limitations. Recent improvements in care may be protective. Current patients may benefit from an earlier age at first surgical intervention, fewer reoperations and inclusion to the mainstream schooling, among other factors. At this point, there is little systematic knowledge about evidence-based therapeutic interventions for depression in adults with CHD. Health care providers of patients with CHD should be aware of mental health challenges and may take a more proactive approach to identifying patients at risk for depression.
Performance evaluation of wireless TCP with rerouting in mobile networks

We study the performance of two different classes of wireless Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) schemes-the split connection TCP and the snoop protocol TCP under four rerouting schemes-full rerouting, partial rerouting, cell forwarding and virtual tree rerouting. The wireless TCP schemes are compared based on the source throughput, average round trip delay and cumulative source disruption time. We analyze the performance of these wireless TCP schemes and their interaction with rerouting.
Lipofibromatous Hamartoma of the Median Nerve: Case Report with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlation

The authors report a case of lipofibromatous hamartoma of the median nerve in a patient who presented with symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. The diagnosis was made by magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by intraoperative findings and histological diagnosis; distinctive magnetic resonance imaging features of this entity are described. In this patient, surgery was limited to biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and external neural decompression, which helped to stop the progression of the symptoms. In their review of the literature, the authors found four types of lipomatous masses in the extremities affecting the function of peripheral nerves, commonly the median nerve. Treatment and the extent of surgery differ for each patient, based on the anatomical findings and extent of neurological deficit. The etiology, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and surgical management of lipofibromatous hamartoma are described.
Introduction to the Special Section on Communication and Wartime Deployment

Over the past decade, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have taken a heavy toll on the physical, psychological, and relational health of military service members and their families. The articles included in this special section of Health Communication add to the robust, interdisciplinary body of research on the health consequences of wartime deployment by examining how communication enables the recovery process of service members and their families. Because communication processes can signal health problems, construct and promote family resiliency, and shape the content and delivery of health interventions, our discipline's theory and research can help inform ongoing efforts to support military families as the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan wind down.
Autonomy, hospitality, and nursing care.

This essay argues that the virtues and skills of nursing care establish a setting for hospitality, reciprocity, and the cultivation of a patient's moral agency. Nursing care is able to provide such a context because it offers a sustained caring presence to the patient. Hospitality is not a philosophical concept so much as a description of how practices of medical care are performed. Nursing care opens practitioners to personal connections with the patient and family, to non-medical histories, to a patient's own description of medical events, and to matters of the spirit.
The proton NMR assignment of 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid

Abstract The two sets of diastereomeric hydrogen atoms cis and trans to the carboxylate of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were differentiated by a 1H-nmr study. The measurement of the 1H-nmr spectrum of ACC at pH 3.8 during the successive addition of non-chiral lanthanide reagents such as Eu(NO3)3, Pr(NO3)3 or Gd(NO3)3 demonstrated that the hydrogen atoms cis to the carboxylate function of ACC resonate at δ=1.42 and that the hydrogen atoms trans to the carboxylate function of ACC resonate at δ=1.20. The mono-substituted cyclopropanes, cyclo-propanecarboxylic acid (CPC) and cyclopropyl-amine (CPA) were used in complementary lanthanide-reagent shift titrations along with the back titration of an ACC-Eu+++ complex with DCl to further substantiate the assignment. This assignment allows for the non-destructive, nonisotopic diluting analysis of various biosynthetically derived deuterated ACC's formed from the corresponding deuterated S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Why doesn’t Luxembourg send all its capital to India?

Abstract In the standard neoclassical model, when two countries with disparate capital levels open to trade, the capital-rich country exports capital to the capital-poor country. This hastens growth in the poor country and generates income for the rich country, to the benefit of both. Real countries do not engage in this capital trade to the extent that theory predicts. It is widely understood that the weak property rights that afflict poor countries play a major role in this failure. Weak property rights make rich countries reticent about investment out of fear of expropriation. In this paper we also ascribe the insufficiency of international capital flows to weak property rights. But we model property rights as arising naturally during the process of economic growth. The impairment of trade is again the consequence of the reticence of rich countries: they want to avoid the erosion of their own property rights when trade occurs.
1022-104 Coronary Flow Velocity of Infarct-Related Arteries: Physiologic Differences Between Complete (TIMIIII) and Incomplete (TIMI 0, I, II) Anglographic Coronary Perfusion

Infarct artery perfusion, defined by TIMI grade angiographic flow has been demonstrated to correlate with post-infarction clinical outcome. In an attempt to define physiologic differences between complete (ie, TIMI III) and incomplete (ie, TIMI 0, I, II) angiographic grades of flow, we evaluated the proximal (n = 19) and distal (n = 45) coronary flow velocity (CFV) of the infarct-related artery (IRA) in 29 acute myocardial infarct patients (23 male, 6 female) before and after direct (n = 26) or rescue (n = 3) PTCA. CFV was assessed proximal and distal to the IRA lesion using a 0.014” Doppler-tipped guidewire. The mean time from symptom onset to coronary angiography was 84 ± 7 hrs. The IRA was the LAD (n = 18), RCA (n = 7) circumflex (n = 4). TIMI Grade Average Peak Velocity (cm/sec) (n) Proximal (n) Post-Stenotic 0–II (9) 19.7 ± 9.5 (21) 125 ± 7.6 * III (10) 27.4 ± 11.3 (24) 21.1 ± 12.4 * p l 0.008 vs proximal and distal grade III There were no differences in post-stenotic CFV between TIMI grade 0, I and II. Thus, distinct differences in CFV are observed in IRAs according to previously defined clinically important angiographic perfusion grades (ie, ≤ II vs III). The higher distal CFVs observed among patients with angiographic “complete” compared to those with “incomplete” perfusion may partially explain their enhanced clinical outcome.
Scanning the Post-Thyroidectomy Neck: Appearance and Technique

Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine cancer. In 2009, there were approximately 37,200 cases newly diagnosed. Sonography is becoming the modality of choice to evaluate the neck preope...
Weight estimation and significance testing for three focused statistics

Focused tests for clustering are designed to determine whether there is statistical evidence for raised incidence of some phenomenon around a prespecified location. The tests require definition of ...
Heat Transfer in Packed Bed Heat Recuperators—I. A Precision Numerical Analysis☆

Abstract An extensive literature survey is reported that verifies the need for a more precise representation of the heat transfer film coefficient in packed beds. A precision numerical analysis scheme is developed for a much more general model than previously reported. Application of the results to the experimental data will be reported in Part II of the paper.
Impact of Headquarters Relocation on the Operating Performance of the Firm

Communities often compete fiercely for corporate headquarters relocations. Although headquarters relocations affect both the losing and winning communities, the authors investigate only the impact of corporate headquarters relocation on the subsequent financial performance of the firm. Prior research using event study methodology suggests that headquarters relocation announcements, when controlling for motivation of relocation, significantly affect short-term stock market reactions. Unlike previous research in this area, the authors use an industry-matched-firm comparison and investigate the impact of relocation on select performance indicators over a 6-year period surrounding the relocation. Using a sample of 167 corporate headquarters relocations during the 1990s, they find little evidence of improved operating performance after headquarters relocation. They also test for the influence of distance as a factor and find that the distance relocated has no significant impact.
Cholera Toxin Neutralization and Some Cellular Sites of Immune Globulin Formation in Cercopithecus aethiops

As a rule, Vibrio cholerae does not enter the intestinal tissues and the blood stream. Cholera is a disease due to the toxins of the causative vibrio which are liberated in the lumen of the gut. The toxins have not yet been completely defined but the most important of them seem to be those of group 2 of Burrows1. These produce a cholera-like syndrome when injected into the upper part of the small intestine of infant rabbits or into the ligated intestinal loop of adult rabbits1,2. The serological responses of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) to crude cholera toxin prepared according to Oza and Dutta3 and Burrows et al.2, phenolized cholera vaccine, and V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide have been investigated by our group4,5. It was found that the serum immune globulin G is the most important carrier of the V. cholerae toxicity neutralizing factor(s) in the circulating blood. The purpose of these experiments was to establish the antibody producing capability of mesenteric lymph gland and spleen cells, as well as to investigate the relationship of serum Ig-bound antibodies to the toxin neutralizing capability of Ig in the secretions and excretions of the intestinal tract.
Comprehensive statistical admission control for streaming media servers

Streaming media servers and digital continuous media recorders require the scheduling of I/O requests to disk drives in real time. There are two accepted paradigms to achieve this: deterministic or statistical. The deterministic approach must assume larger bounds on such disk parameters as the seek time, the rotational latency and the transfer rate, to guarantee the timely service of I/O requests. The statistical approach generally allows higher utilization of resources, in exchange for a residual probability of missed I/O request deadlines. We propose a novel statistical admission control algorithm called TRAC based on a comprehensive three random variable (3RV) model to support both reading and writing of multiple variable bit rate media streams on current generation disk drives. Its major distinctions from previous work include (1) a very realistic disk model which considers multi-zoning of disks, seek and rotational latency profiles, and unequal reading and writing data rate limits, (2) a dynamic bandwidth sharing mechanism between reading and writing, and (3) support for random placement of data blocks. We evaluate the TRAC algorithm through an extensive numerical analysis and real device measurements. The results show that it achieves a much more realistic resource utilization (up to 38\% higher) as compared with the best, previously proposed algorithm based on a single random variable (1RV) model. Most impressive, in all the experiments the difference between the results generated by TRAC and the actual disk device measurements match closely.
Germline variation in complement genes and event-free survival in follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

The complement pathway plays a central role in innate immunity, and also functions as a regulator of the overall immune response. We evaluated whether polymorphisms in complement genes are associated with event-free survival (EFS) in follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL) lymphoma. We genotyped 167 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 30 complement pathway genes in a prospective cohort study of newly diagnosed FL (N = 107) and DLBCL (N = 82) patients enrolled at the Mayo Clinic from 2002 to 2005. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for individual SNPs with EFS, adjusting for FLIPI or IPI and treatment. For gene-level analyses, we used a principal components based gene-level test. In gene-level analyses for FL EFS, CFH (P = 0.009), CD55 (P = 0.006), CFHR5 (P = 0.01), C9 (P = 0.02), CFHR1 (P = 0.03), and CD46 (P = 0.03) were significant at P 0.15). Genes from the regulators of complement activation (CFH, CD55, CFHR1, CFHR5, CD46) at 1q32-q32.1, along with C9, were associated with FL EFS after adjusting for clinical variables, and if replicated, these findings add further support for the role of host innate immunity in FL prognosis.
Interpolation for nonlinear Retinex-type algorithms

In this paper we propose a method to speed up Retinex-type algorithms, consisting of a computationally intensive nonlinear illumination estimation module followed by a relatively simple manipulation module. Speed up is obtained by way of computing the illumination on a sub-sampled image. The challenge is to interpolate a piece-wise smooth low resolution image. We present and analyze the trade of between two types of interpolation methods. On one hand, regular illumination interpolation, which preserves the Retinex-type output quality, however may result in artifacts. On the other hand a detail preserving interpolation which removes artifacts, however may compromise the output quality.
Albumin from heated human plasma. I. Preparation and electrophoretic properties.

Abstract Procedures are outlined for the preparation of an albumin solution from fresh, aged, or reconstituted lyophilized plasma that had been heated in the presence of caprylate and acetyltryptophan. The purity of the albumin, as determined by electrophoresis in veronal at pH 8.6, varied between 92 and 98%.
Isotonic muscle and sarcomere shortening in rabbit right ventricular preparations

Cardiac muscle fibers are suspended within and attached to an elaborate connective tissue matrix that includes numerous compliant interconnections. Myocardial muscle fibers are not branched, but connect at small angles to each other to form a branched array. Therefore, fiber shortening occurs as a vector within a connective tissue framework and individual fiber work may exceed external muscle work. To evaluate the latter we measured isotonic muscle shortening simultaneous with sarcomere shortening. The hearts were obtained from rabbits (n = 4) anesthetized with intravenous pentobarbital sodium. We isolated right ventricular trabeculae or free wall papillary muscles in Krebs-Ringer's solution (2.5 mM Ca2+, 28 degrees C). Cross-sectional area was 0.038 +/- 0.003 mm2 (+/- SE throughout) and resting sarcomere length was 2.33 +/- 0.12 microns. Sarcomere length was measured with laser diffraction (He-Ne, lambda = 632.8 nm) during force clamps in single- and paired-stimulation twitches. Relative sarcomere shortening (delta SL) was isotonic sarcomere shortening divided by sarcomere length at the onset of isotonic shortening. Relative muscle shortening (delta ML) was isotonic muscle shortening divided by muscle length at zero load; the latter was estimated from the stress-strain relation of elastic recoil at the onset of load clamps. Average delta SL/delta ML at peak shortening was 3.38 +/- 0.16 and was independent of stimulus pattern, isotonic load, amount of shortening, time during a twitch or laser beam position along a muscle. Therefore, the ratio greater than 1 was neither a function of activation nor heterogeneous sarcomere length change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thermal decomposition of anomeric glycopyranosides

Abstract Thermal analysis studies coupled with chemical studies indicate that glycopyranosides undergo thermal decomposition in two overlapping stages. The initial reaction of the glycosides at temperature between 200 and 300°C is cleavage and volatilization of the glycosidic group as the corresponding alcohol, followed by intra- or inter-molecular condensation of the glycosyl portion of the molecule. At higher temperatures (310–340°C) the major reaction is fragmentation of the carbohydrate into a variety of low molecular-weight compounds. Studies with a series of anomeric methyl and phenyl glycosides indicate that, with the methyl and phenyl glycosides, the rate of the low-temperature condensation reaction was dependent on anomeric configuration of the starting glycoside.