cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Television and Radio Destroy Social Capital? Evidence from Indonesian Villages

In “Bowling Alone,” Putnam (1995) famously argued that the rise of television may be responsible for social capital’s decline. I investigate this hypothesis in the context of Indonesian villages. To identify the impact of exposure to television (and radio), I exploit plausibly exogenous differences in over-the-air signal strength associated with the topography of East and Central Java. Using this approach, I find that better signal reception, which is associated with more time spent watching television and listening to radio, is associated with substantially lower levels of participation in social activities and with lower self-reported measures of trust. I find particularly strong effects on participation in local government activities, as well as on participation in informal savings groups. However, despite the impact on social capital, improved reception does not appear to affect village governance, at least as measured by discussions in villagelevel meetings and by corruption in a village-level road project.
Tiling Tripartite Graphs with $3$-Colorable Graphs

For any positive real number $\gamma$ and any positive integer $h$, there is $N_0$ such that the following holds. Let $N\ge N_0$ be such that $N$ is divisible by $h$. If $G$ is a tripartite graph with $N$ vertices in each vertex class such that every vertex is adjacent to at least $(2/3+ \gamma) N$ vertices in each of the other classes, then $G$ can be tiled perfectly by copies of $K_{h,h,h}$. This extends the work in [Discrete Math. 254 (2002), 289–308] and also gives a sufficient condition for tiling by any fixed 3-colorable graph. Furthermore, we show that the minimum-degree $(2/3+ \gamma) N$ in our result cannot be replaced by $2N/3+ h-2$.
Recursive decoding and its performance for low-rate Reed-Muller codes

Recursive decoding techniques are considered for Reed-Muller (RM) codes of growing length n and fixed order r. An algorithm is designed that has complexity of order nlogn and corrects most error patterns of weight up to n(1/2-/spl epsiv/) given that /spl epsiv/ exceeds n/sup -1/2r/. This improves the asymptotic bounds known for decoding RM codes with nonexponential complexity. To evaluate decoding capability, we develop a probabilistic technique that disintegrates decoding into a sequence of recursive steps. Although dependent, subsequent outputs can be tightly evaluated under the assumption that all preceding decodings are correct. In turn, this allows us to employ second-order analysis and find the error weights for which the decoding error probability vanishes on the entire sequence of decoding steps as the code length n grows.
Swamping of circular Bragg phenomenon and shaping of videopulses

We studied the durations and average speeds of videopulses transmitted through chiral sculptured thin films using a finite–difference algorithm. The chiral STF was either linear or possessed an intensity–dependent permittivity. Videopulse durations tended to decrease with increasing carrier wavelength and to increase, for given carrier wavelength and polarization state, when the chiral STF was nonlinear with intensity– dependent permittivity. The rate of decrease in durations with wavelength was less than that for longer–duration pulses. The effect of the circular Bragg phenomenon was swamped by the wide bandwidth possessed by videopulses. Two measures of videopulse average speed did not change much with carrier wavelength, and decreased slightly, for a given carrier wavelength and polarization state, in the nonlinear case. The other measure of average speed tended to increase with increasing carrier wavelength, and decrease, for a given carrier wavelength and polarization state, in the nonlinear case.
Exploring computational design of size-specific subnanometer clusters catalysts

Computational design of catalysts is currently an area of significant interest. While this area has made great strides in recent years, these methods have mainly been applied to solid heterogeneous catalysts. An emerging class of catalysts with very promising properties is that constructed from clusters of atoms at or below the nanoscale. The use of computational catalyst design methods for the construction and optimization of subnanometer clusters, however, has not yet been extensively explored. In this review, we discuss recent work on subnanometer catalysts in our group and discuss how computational catalyst design principles are being explored for this class of materials. Specifically, the origin of activity and selectivity for supported metal clusters that catalyze the production of propene and propylene oxide are discussed along with the implications of these studies for implementing a descriptor-based catalyst optimization. The extension of these ideas for designing a catalyst for methanol decomposition is then discussed and an application of a descriptor-based scheme for the optimization of methanol decomposition by subnanometer catalyst is shown.
A Simple Path to Biggins’ Martingale Convergence for Branching Random Walk

We give a simple non-analytic proof of Biggins’ theorem on martingale convergence for branching random walks.
Elevated Rate Cycling of High-Power Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices for Use as the Prime Power Source of an EM Launcher

In recent years, energy storage manufacturers such as GAIA Advanced Lithium Battery Systems, Saft America, JM Energy, and Maxwell Corporation, among others, have greatly increased the power density of their respective electrochemical energy storage cells. Among the many types of high-power cells produced by the manufactures just listed are lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion capacitors, and electric double-layer capacitors, respectively. The increased power density has made these types of portable energy storage devices more appealing and feasible for use as the prime power source of pulsed-power supplies that are used to drive systems such as electromagnetic launchers (EMLs). It has been previously shown by both Sitzman at the Institute for Advanced Technology, The University of Texas, Austin, and Allen and Neri at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratories that the prime power for small EMLs is derived from different types of batteries. In these types of pulsed-power systems, the batteries must be able to source pulsed currents at rates much higher than their continuous $C$ rating. While this mode of operation has been shown to be possible, the elevated rate limitations of these types of devices are not well published, and it is unclear how the fundamental aging phenomena that occur inside these types of devices will be affected. Researchers at the University of Texas, Arlington, have ongoing experiments which are testing the limitations of these types of electrochemical cells for use in pulsed high-current applications. Experiments are also being performed to understand the aging characteristics when they are operated at elevated rates that are tens to hundreds of their rated $C$ values. This paper describes the rationale behind the experiments, the experimental setup, and the research progress made thus far.
A Sequential O‐Nitrosoaldol and Grignard Addition Process: An Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Entry to Chiral 1,2‐Diols

Chiral 1,2-diols have been prepared from alpha-aminoxylated aldehydes or cyclohexanone and Grignard reagents with L-proline or its tetrazole derivative as the catalyst. The presence of the ate complex of CeCl(3)2 LiCl is essential for the high overall yields and good selectivities (see scheme; DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide, THF = tetrahydrofuran, Tol = tolyl).
Lower Bounds and Hardness Amplification for Learning Shallow Monotone Formulas

Much work has been done on learning various classes of \simple" monotone functions under the uniform distribution. In this paper we give the rst unconditional lower bounds for learning problems of this sort by showing that polynomial-time algorithms cannot learn shallow monotone Boolean formulas under the uniform distribution in the well-studied Statistical Query (SQ) model. We introduce a new approach to understanding the learnability of \simple" monotone functions that is based on a recent characterization of Strong SQ learnability by Simon (2007) Using the characterization we rst show that depth-3 monotone formulas of size
Contingency Management for Treatment of Substance Abuse

Clinical research trials demonstrate the efficacy of contingency management procedures in treating substance use disorders. Usually, reinforcement, in the form of vouchers exchangeable for retail goods and services, is provided for drug abstinence in patients treated in psychosocial or methadone maintenance clinics. Recently, the types of reinforcers have been adapted to include lower cost alternatives, and reinforcement is being expanded to alter other target behaviors such as attendance at treatment, adherence to treatment goals, and compliance with medication. This chapter provides an overview of the populations and behaviors to which contingency management approaches have been applied. It also reviews design features that appear critical in the successful adaptation of the techniques. In addition, areas for future research are described.
Human rights and immigrants' access to care

Although the human right to health is well established under international law, many states limit non-citizens’ participation in public insurance programs. In the United States, immigrants face especially high barriers due to the lack of recognition of a broad right to health as well as federal statutes restricting many immigrants’ eligibility to federally-funded insurance. High rates of uninsurance among immigrants have a detrimental effect on their health, as well as on the health of citizens who live in their communities. Finch vs. Commonwealth Health Insurance Connector, a recent case decided by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, recognized the rights of legal immigrants in Massachusetts to state-supported health care, and demonstrates the importance of insuring immigrants in broadly-based, rather than immigrant-specific, programs.
Moral Views of Market Society

Upon what kind of moral order does capitalism rest? Conversely, does the market give rise to a distinctive set of beliefs, habits, and social bonds? These questions are certainly as old as social science itself. In this review, we evaluate how today’s scholarship approaches the relationship between markets and the moral order. We begin with Hirschman’s characterization of the three rival views of the market as civilizing, destructive, or feeble in its effects on society. We review recent work at the intersection of sociology, economics, and political economy and show that these views persist both as theories of market society and moral arguments about it. We then argue that a fourth view, which we call moralized markets, has become increasingly prominent in economic sociology. This line of research sees markets as cultural phenomena and moral projects in their own right, and seeks to study the mechanisms and techniques by which such projects are realized in practice.
Making moral judgments through behavioural science: the ‘substantial lack of volitional control’ requirement in civil commitments

In several recent cases, the United States Supreme Court has held that so-called sexually violent predators can be civilly committed if the state demonstrates that they are mentally abnormal and dangerous. The first criterion is legislatively defined but must include ‘proof of serious difficulty in controlling behaviour’. The second criterion has yet to be defined by the Court with any statistical precision, but presumably requires some substantial likelihood of future violence. This essay argues that the first criterion, that the offender lack volitional control, effectively invites fact finders to consider moral blameworthiness for conduct that has yet to occur. This is so because there is no scientific basis for determining when an act is a function of ‘free will’. Free will is a normative conclusion that has no corresponding operational definition that can be tested. Because the first criterion is empirically without content, this leaves only the second criterion of dangerousness. Yet the Supreme Court has yet to consider just how likely future violence must be before a person can be committed. State courts have disagreed on this subject. In all likelihood, the Supreme Court will have to revisit this subject and determine what level of future ‘dangerousness’ should qualify a person for indefinite detention.
2-O Interval as an indicator of left atrial pressure.

The time interval between the aortic closure sound and O point or the apexcardiogram (2-O) interval) was determined in a group of 38 normotensive patients and correlated with the mean left atrial or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Twenty-three patients had an elevated left atrial pressure and an average 2-O interval of 0.076 seconds. Fifteen patients had a normal left atrial pressure with an average 2-O interval of 0.10 seconds. Both normal and abnormal left atrial pressures occurred at 2-O intervals of 0.08 seconds or more. A 2-O interval of 0.07 seconds or less was associated with a left atrial pressure of 18 mm Hg or more. On the basis of this study, it is concluded that the 2-O interval is a simple, accurate, non-invasive method of predicting an elevated left atrial pressure in normotensive patients with severe coronary artery or myocardial disease.
C/O RATIO AS A DIMENSION FOR CHARACTERIZING EXOPLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Until recently, infrared observations of exoplanetary atmospheres have typically been interpreted using models that assumed solar elemental abundances. With the chemical composition fixed, attempts have been made to classify hot Jupiter atmospheres on the basis of stellar irradiation. However, recent observations have revealed deviations from predictions based on such classification schemes, and chemical compositions retrieved from some data sets have also indicated non-solar abundances. The data require a two-dimensional (2D) characterization scheme with dependence on both irradiation and chemistry. In this work, we suggest the carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio as an important second dimension for characterizing exoplanetary atmospheres. In hot-hydrogen-dominated atmospheres, the C/O ratio critically influences the relative concentrations of several spectroscopically dominant species. Between a C/O of 0.5 (solar value) and 2, the H2O and CH4 abundances can vary by several orders of magnitude in the observable atmosphere, and new hydrocarbon species such as HCN and C2H2 become prominent for C/O ≥ 1, while the CO abundance remains almost unchanged. Furthermore, a C/O ≥ 1 can preclude a strong thermal inversion due to TiO and VO in a hot Jupiter atmosphere, since TiO and VO are naturally underabundant for C/O ≥ 1. We, therefore, suggest a new 2D classification scheme for hydrogen-dominated exoplanetary atmospheres with irradiation (or temperature) and C/O ratio as the two dimensions. We define four classes in this 2D space (O1, O2, C1, and C2) with distinct chemical, thermal, and spectral properties. Based on the most recent observations, we characterize the thermal structure and C/O ratios of six hot Jupiters (XO-1b, CoRoT-2b, WASP-14b, WASP-19b, WASP-33b, and WASP-12b) in the framework of our proposed 2D classification scheme. While the data for several systems in our sample are consistent with C-rich atmospheres, new observations are required to conclusively constrain their C/O ratios in the day side as well as the terminator regions of their atmospheres. We discuss how observations using existing and forthcoming facilities can constrain C/O ratios in exoplanetary atmospheres.
A Fractional- N PLL for Multiband (0.8–6 GHz) Communications Using Binary-Weighted D/A Differentiator and Offset-Frequency Δ-Σ Modulator

A compact, low power and global-mismatch-tolerant 0.8-6 GHz fractional-N PLL is designed to cover IEEE 802.11abg, PCS/DCS and cellular bands. Two new techniques are proposed to cancel the in-band quantization noise and fractional spurs. Firstly, a second order binary-weighted digital/analog differentiator (DAD) is utilized to enable the second order mismatch shaping and reduce the quantization noise by 25 dB, along with advantages of compact circuit implementation with smaller routing area and less power consumption over those of dynamic element matching (DEM) based counterparts. Secondly, mechanisms causing fractional spurs are also identified and a third order offset-frequency delta-sigma (Δ-Σ) modulator is devised to decrease the in-band spurs by 20 dB in simulation and 8 dB in present single-ended circuit implementation.
Selective Deprotection Of tert-Butyldimethylsilyl Ether With Lithium Bromide And 18-Crown-6

Abstract Lithium bromide, in the presence of a crown ether, has been found to selectively remove primary tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers under controlled conditions. This selectivity has been utilized to synthesize 3′-TBDMS-2′-deoxyuridine in one step from the diprotected compound.
A novel neural network traffic enforcement mechanism for ATM networks

ATM has been recommended by the CCITT as the transport vehicle for the future B-ISDN networks. In ATM-based networks, a set of user declared parameters that describes the traffic characteristics, is required for the connection acceptance control (CAC) and traffic enforcement (policing) mechanisms. At the call set-up phase, the CAC algorithm uses those parameters to make a call acceptance decision. During the call progress, the policing mechanism uses the same parameters to control the user's traffic within its declared values in order to protect the network's resources and avoid possible congestion problems. A novel policing mechanism using neural networks (NNs) is presented. This is based upon an accurate estimation of the probability density function (pdf) of the traffic via its count process and implemented using NNs. The pdf-based policing is made possible only by NNs because pdf policing requires complex calculations, in real-time, at very high speeds. The architecture of the policing mechanism is composed of two interconnected NNs. The first one is trained to learn the pdf of "ideal nonviolating" traffic, whereas the second is trained to capture the "actual" characteristics of the "actual" offered traffic during the progress of the call. The output of both NNs is compared. Consequently, an error signal is generated whenever the pdf of the offered traffic violates its "ideal" one. The error signal is then used to shape the traffic back to its original values. >
Mandated Disclosure, Stock Returns, and the 1964 Securities Acts Amendments

Author(s): Greenstone, Michael; Oyer, Paul E; Vissing-Jorgensen, Annette | Abstract: The 1964 Securities Acts Amendments extended the mandatory disclosure requirements that had applied to listed firms since 1934 to large firms traded Over-the-Counter (OTC). We find several pieces of evidence indicating that investors valued these disclosure requirements, two of which are particularly striking. First, a firm-level event study reveals that the OTC firms most affected by the 1964 Amendments had abnormal excess returns of about 3.5 percent in the weeks immediately surrounding the announcement that they had begun to comply with the new requirements. Second, we estimate that the most affected OTC firms had abnormal excess returns ranging between 11.5 and 22.1 percent in the period between when the legislation was initially proposed and when it went into force. These returns are adjusted for the standard four factors and are relative to NYSE/AMEX firms, matched on size and book-to-market equity, that were unaffected by the legislation. While we cannot determine how much of shareholders' gains were a transfer from insiders of these same companies, our results suggest that mandatory disclosure causes managers to focus more narrowly on maximizing shareholder value.
Entrepreneurship and the taste for discrimination

This paper analyzes the connection between discrimination and entrepreneurship. We contend that the entrepreneur is the central mechanism through which inefficiencies associated with discrimination are competed away. In addition to illuminating the mechanism through which existing discrimination tends to be eliminated, we also consider the more difficult case of consumer discrimination. The standard assumption is that consumer discrimination will not be competed away through market forces. In contrast, we find that entrepreneurs can correct the inefficiencies associated with this form of discrimination by influencing the costs and benefits associated with consumer discrimination. We empirically analyze the integration of black players in Major League Baseball to illustrate our theoretical arguments regarding entrepreneurship and consumer discrimination.
Boron Fullerenes: A First-Principles Study

A family of unusually stable boron cages was identified and examined using first-principles local-density functional method. The structure of the fullerenes is similar to that of the B12icosahedron and consists of six crossing double-rings. The energetically most stable fullerene is made up of 180 boron atoms. A connection between the fullerene family and its precursors, boron sheets, is made. We show that the most stable boron sheets are not necessarily precursors of very stable boron cages. Our finding is a step forward in the understanding of the structure of the recently produced boron nanotubes.
Spatial scales of tropical precipitation inferred from TRMM microwave imager data

The local spatial scales of tropical precipitating systems were studied using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) rain rate imagery from the TRMM satellite. Rain rates were determined from TMI data using the Goddard Profiling (GPROF) Version 5 algorithm. Following the analysis of Ricciardulli and Sardeshmukh (RS), who studied local spatial scales of tropical deep convection using global cloud imagery (GCI) data, active precipitating months were defined alternatively as those having greater than either 0.1 mm/h or 1 mm/h of rain for more than 5% of the time. Spatial autocorrelation values of rain rate were subsequently computed on a 55/spl times/55 km grid for convectively active months from 1998 to 2002. The results were fitted to an exponential correlation model using a nonlinear least squares routine to estimate a spatial correlation length at each grid cell. The mean spatial scale over land was 90.5 km and over oceans was 122.3 km for a threshold of 0.1 mm/h of rain with slightly higher values for a threshold of 1 mm/h of rain. An error analysis was performed which showed that the error in these determinations was of order 2% to 10%. The results of this study should be useful in the design of convective schemes for general circulation models and for precipitation error covariance models for use in numerical weather prediction and associated data assimilation schemes. The results of the TMI study also largely concur with those of RS, although the more direct relationship between the TMI data and rain rate relative to the GCI imagery provide more accurate correlation length estimates. The results also confirm the strong impact of land in producing short spatial scale convective rain.
Hedging Uncertainty: Approximation Algorithms for Stochastic Optimization Problems

We study two-stage, finite-scenario stochastic versions of several combinatorial optimization problems, and provide nearly tight approximation algorithms for them. Our problems range from the graph-theoretic (shortest path, vertex cover, facility location) to set-theoretic (set cover, bin packing), and contain representatives with different approximation ratios.The approximation ratio of the stochastic variant of a typical problem is found to be of the same order of magnitude as its deterministic counterpart. Furthermore, we show that common techniques for designing approximation algorithms such as LP rounding, the primal-dual method, and the greedy algorithm, can be adapted to obtain these results.
The lack of correspondence between work‐related disability and receipt of workers' compensation benefits

Background Previous studies suggest that many persons with disabilities caused by work do not receive workers’ compensation benefits. Methods Data from surveys of persons with disabilities were used to estimate the proportion of disability due to work-related injuries and diseases. Studies examining the proportion of workers with work-related disability who received workers’ compensation benefits were reviewed. Legal and other factors explaining the lack of receipt of workers’ compensation benefits were examined. Results Many workers with disabilities caused by work do not receive workers’ compensation benefits. The obstacles to compensation include increasingly restrictive rules for compensability in many state workers’ compensation programs. Conclusions A substantial proportion of persons with work-related disabilities do not receive workers’ compensation benefits. The solutions to this problem, such as providing healthcare to workers regardless of the source of injuries or diseases, are complicated and controversial, and will be difficult to implement. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:487–505, 2012. 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cloth, Gender, Continuity, and Change: Fabricating Unity in Anthropology

In this article, I compare backstrap-loom weaving in three cultural contexts: the ancient Maya, the ancient Aztecs, and 20th-century Mesoamerica. Although continuities are present, important differences exist in the ways that weaving was situated historically. Among the Classic Maya, weaving defined class; in Aztec Mexico, weaving defined gender; and in 20th-century Mesoamerica, weaving defined ethnicity. A comparison of these cases suggests that historical study is a useful tool for both archaeologists and ethnographers. It promotes recognition of the diversity of practice and belief in ancient societies. It helps to define the scope of contemporary ethnographic study. It combats cultural essentialism and injects agency into our accounts. It enables us to acknowledge both the rich heritage of indigenous peoples and the fact of culture change. Comparative historical study provides a strong rationale for the continued association of archaeology and cultural anthropology as parts of a wider anthropological whole.
iMAP: Indirect measurement of air pollution with cellphones

In this paper, we introduce the cellphone-based indirect sensing problem. While participatory sensing aims at monitoring of a phenomenon by deploying a dense set of sensors carried by individuals, our indirect sensing problem aims at inferring the manifestations of a sparsely monitored phenomenon on the individuals. The main advantage of the indirect sensing method is that, by making use of existing exposure modeling and estimation methods, it provides a more feasible alternative to direct sensing. Collection of time-location logs using the cellphones plays a major role in our indirect sensing method, while direct sensing at the cellphones is unneeded. We focus on the air pollutant exposure estimation problem as an application of the indirect sensing technique and propose a web-based framework, iMAP, for addressing this problem. We also discuss the information quality (IQ) requirements of indirect sensing in the iMAP framework.
Bright and dark excitons in semiconductor carbon nanotubes: insights from electronic structure calculations

We review electronic structure calculations of finite-length semiconducting carbon nanotubes using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and the time dependent Hartree–Fock (TD-HF) approach coupled with semi-empirical AM1 and ZINDO Hamiltonians. We specifically focus on the energy splitting, relative ordering, and localization properties of optically active (bright) and optically forbidden (dark) states from the lowest excitonic band of the nanotubes. These excitonic states are very important in competing radiative and non-radiative processes in these systems. Our analysis of excitonic transition density matrices demonstrates that pure DFT functionals overdelocalize excitons making an electron–hole pair unbound; consequently, excitonic features are not presented in this method. In contrast, the pure HF and AM1 calculations overbind excitons, inaccurately predicting the lowest energy state as a bright exciton. Changing the AM1 with the ZINDO Hamiltonian in TD-HF calculations predicts the bright exciton as the second state after the dark one. However, in contrast to AM1 calculations, the diameter dependence of the excitation energies obtained by ZINDO does not follow the experimental trends. Finally, the TD-DFT approach incorporating hybrid functionals with a moderate portion of the long-range HF exchange, such as B3LYP, has the most generality and predictive capacity providing a sufficiently accurate description of excitonic structure in finite-size nanotubes. These methods characterize four important lower exciton bands: the lowest state is dark, the upper band is bright, and the two other dark and nearly degenerate excitons lie in between. Although the calculated energy splittings between the lowest dark and the bright excitons are relatively large (∼0.1 eV), the dense excitonic manifold below the bright exciton allows for fast non-radiative relaxation leading to the rapid population of the lowest dark exciton. This rationalizes the low luminescence efficiency in nanotubes.
The increase in immunosuppression and its role in the development of malignant lesions

The first evidence that a major operation results in immunosuppression appeared in 1957. A few years later, numerous articles appeared in the medical literature showing that the same effect took place in the human being. When kidney transplantation was begun, it was soon learned that immunosuppression was necessary to obtain good results. Soon after suppression was adopted it was noted that malignancies were being encountered. The same was true with cardiac transplantation. Within the many types of immunodeficiencies, malignant lesions are significantly encountered in only one--AIDS.
Should the Fed Smooth Interest Rates? The Case of Seasonal Monetary Policy

Abstract This paper examines the choice of monetary policy in response to seasonal fluctuations in the economy. It discusses the costs and benefits of smoothing interest rates over the seasons, which has been the Fed's policy since its founding in 1914, and presents simulations suggesting how the economy would behave under the alternative policy of stabilizing the money stock. Finally, it presents evidence that the smoothing of interest rates in 1914 changed the seasonal business cycle.
Optics simulations of the 5 MeV NPBSE FOX telescope

The far-field optics experiment (FOX) is a proposed design for the neutral particle beam space experiment (NPBSE) program. This 425 MHz straight beam line includes a 4.3 meter large-bore telescope. It is designed to deliver an 8 mA, 5 MeV neutral hydrogen beam with a transverse divergence of approximately 30 micro-radians to a target space vehicle (TSV) located up to 5 km away. We present zero current simulations, made with Grumman's TOPKARK code, of the telescope optics and the resulting 5 km target footprint. These simulations demonstrate the need for momentum compaction to minimize chromatic aberrations and for the careful use of octupoles to correct geometric aberrations. TOPKARK uses a novel line dipole model for the large-bore, combined function telescope objective lenses, constructed with rods of permanent magnet material, proposed for use in the FOX. We describe this model and its effect on the dynamics. >
Dedicated REIT Mutual Fund Flows and REIT Performance

This study examines the effects of weekly and monthly capital flows into the dedicated REIT mutual fund sector on aggregate REIT returns and, simultaneously, the effects of industry-level REIT returns on subsequent REIT mutual fund flows. The dynamic relation between REIT capital flows and returns is estimated using vector autoregression (VAR) techniques. Unlike static regression techniques, our dynamic model produces estimates of the short-run relationships, long-run relationships, impulse response functions, and forecast variance decompositions. We find evidence that REIT mutual fund flows are positively and significantly related to prior returns, while prior REIT mutual fund flows do not significantly influence REIT returns. However, contemporaneous flows do appear to have an initial positive effect, which is partially reversed one period later. The positive contemporaneous effect, however, is the result of unexpected REIT mutual fund flows, while the expected portion is insignificant.
A Framework For The Study of Individual Behavior and Social Interactions

Recent work in economics has begun to integrate sociological ideas into the modeling of individual behavior. In particular, this new approach emphasizes how social context and social interdependences influence the ways in which individuals make choices. This paper provides an overview of an approach to integrating theoretical and empirical analysis of such environments. The analysis is based on a framework due to Brock and Durlauf (2001, forthcoming). Empirical evidence on behalf of this perspective is assessed and some policy implications are explored.
Scalable generation of graph-state entanglement through realistic linear optics

We propose a scheme for efficient construction of graph states using realistic linear optics, imperfect photon source, and single-photon detectors. For any many-body entanglement represented by tree-graph states, we prove that the overall preparation and detection efficiency scales nearly polynomially with the size of the graph, no matter how small the efficiencies for the photon source and the detectors.
THE COMPOSITION OF PRETERM MILK IN RELATION TO THE DEGREE OF PREMATURITY

The effect of the stage of lactation on the composition of preterm milk has been closely monitored, but little attention has been given to the degree of prematurity. Fifty-six samples of 24 h milk collections obtained from mothers who delivered after gestations of 26-31 wk (VPT) contained higher concentrations of nitrogen (297 ± 11 mg/dl), total fatty acids (4.46 ± 1.7 g/dl), % medium chain fatty acids (10.8 ± 0.7) and energy (76.6 ± 2.0 kcal/dl) than either or both those from 32-36 wk (PT) and term (T) gestations. PT collections did not differ from T milk with regard to nitrogen (250 ± 13 vs 259 ± 13), total fatty acids (3.94 ± 2.0 vs 3.20 ± 3.0), % medium chain fatty acids (9.1 ± 0.5 vs 8.1 ± 0.7) and energy (68.2 ± 2.8 vs 65.3 ± 2.3). Although post-partum age (5-10 d vs 11-30 d) did not change the nutrient and energy content of VPT, PT and T collections, it is only in 11-20 d VPT milk that nitrogen and energy content became higher (p<.05) than either or both PT and T milk. Sequential milk collections over the first post-partum month from a mother having given birth at 28 weeks showed non parallel changes in nitrogen and fatty acids. We conclude that the nutrient advantage of preterm milk is largely limited to VPT milk and caution that there may be considerable variability in its composition.
Some three generation (0,2) Calabi-Yau models

Abstract It has recently been realized that a large class of Calabi-Yau models in which the VEV of the gauge connection is not set equal to the spin connection of the Calabi-Yau manifold are valid classical solutions of string theory. We provide some examples of three generation models based on such generalized Calabi-Yau compactifications, including models with observable gauge group SU (3) × SU (2) × U (1).
BindN+ for accurate prediction of DNA and RNA-binding residues from protein sequence features

Understanding how biomolecules interact is a major task of systems biology. To model protein-nucleic acid interactions, it is important to identify the DNA or RNA-binding residues in proteins. Protein sequence features, including the biochemical property of amino acids and evolutionary information in terms of position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM), have been used for DNA or RNA-binding site prediction. However, PSSM is rather designed for PSI-BLAST searches, and it may not contain all the evolutionary information for modelling DNA or RNA-binding sites in protein sequences. In the present study, several new descriptors of evolutionary information have been developed and evaluated for sequence-based prediction of DNA and RNA-binding residues using support vector machines (SVMs). The new descriptors were shown to improve classifier performance. Interestingly, the best classifiers were obtained by combining the new descriptors and PSSM, suggesting that they captured different aspects of evolutionary information for DNA and RNA-binding site prediction. The SVM classifiers achieved 77.3% sensitivity and 79.3% specificity for prediction of DNA-binding residues, and 71.6% sensitivity and 78.7% specificity for RNA-binding site prediction. Predictions at this level of accuracy may provide useful information for modelling protein-nucleic acid interactions in systems biology studies. We have thus developed a web-based tool called BindN+ ( http://bioinfo.ggc.org/bindn+/ ) to make the SVM classifiers accessible to the research community.
Diastereoselective trifluoromethylation of chiral imide enolates with iodotrifluoromethane mediated by triethylborane

Abstract The trifluoromethylation of lithium enotates of chiral N-acyloxazolidinones with iodotriftuoromcthane mediated by triethylborone proceeds with good diastereomeric excess.
The Byzantine generals problem

Reliable computer systems must handle malfunctioning components that give conflicting information to different parts of the system. This situation can be expressed abstractly in terms of a group of generals of the Byzantine army camped with their troops around an enemy city. Communicating only by messenger, the generals must agree upon a common battle plan. However, one or more of them may be traitors who will try to confuse the others. The problem is to find an algorithm to ensure that the loyal generals will reach agreement. It is shown that, using only oral messages, this problem is solvable if and only if more than two-thirds of the generals are loyal; so a single traitor can confound two loyal generals. With unforgeable written messages, the problem is solvable for any number of generals and possible traitors. Applications of the solutions to reliable computer systems are then discussed.
The Design of Polyvalent Therapeutics

This article reviews recent developments in the design of polyvalent ligands for in vivo applications. Topics discussed include the design of polyvalent inhibitors of toxins and viruses, the use of polyvalency for targeted drug delivery and imaging, and applications of polyvalency for enhancing or suppressing immune responses.
A mediated moderation model of recruiting socially and environmentally responsible job applicants.

Socially and environmentally responsible organizations must attend to the fit of employees with the values of the organization. Recruiting practices are a key tool for ensuring fit with an organization's culture and values. We develop and test a model of the process through which recruitment information about an organization's social and environmental responsibility values differentially affect job seeker perceived fit, attraction, and job pursuit intentions depending on job seekers� desire to have a significant impact through work. Our model of mediated moderation is tested with a sample of 339 actual job seekers using conditional process modeling and nonlinear bootstrapping techniques. Results support expectations that advertisement messages about an organization's social and environmental responsibility values interact with applicants� desire to have a significant impact through work to influence job pursuit intentions through the hypothesized mediational process. Implications of the model for research on recruitment and organizational social and environmental responsibility are discussed.
PREPARATION AND COUPLING REACTION OF THIENYLMANGANESE BROMIDES

Abstract 3-Thienylmanganese bromide, 3-bromo-4-thienylmanganese bromide and 4-substituted 3-thienylmanganese bromides were prepared from the reactions of Rieke manganese with 3-bromothiophene, 3,4-dibromothiophene and 4-substituted 3-bromothiophenes, respectively. The resulting thienylmanganese bromides underwent cross-coupling reactions under mild reaction conditions.
When Do Banks Take Equity in Debt Restructurings

This article examines the conditions under which bank lenders make concessions by taking equity in financially distressed firms. I show that the role banks play in debt restructurings depends on the financial condition of the firm, the existence of public debt in the firm's capital structure and the ability of public debt to be restructured. Empirically, I find that for firms with public debt outstanding, banks never make concessions unless public debtholders also restructure their claims. When banks do take equity, on average they obtain a substantial proportion of the firm's stock, and they maintain their position for over two years. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Graviton Corrections to Maxwell's Equations

We use dimensional regularization to compute the one loop quantum gravitational contribution to the vacuum polarization on flat space background. Adding the appropriate Bogoliubov-Parsiuk-Hepp-Zimmermann counterterm gives a fully renormalized result which we employ to quantum correct Maxwell's equations. These equations are solved to show that dynamical photons are unchanged, provided the free state wave functional is appropriately corrected. The response to the instantaneous appearance of a point dipole reveals a perturbative version of the long-conjectured, ``smearing of the light cone''. There is no change in the far radiation field produced by an alternating dipole. However, the correction to the static electric field of a point charge shows strengthening at short distances, in contrast to expectations based on the renormalization group. We check for gauge dependence by working out the vacuum polarization in a general 3-parameter family of covariant gauges.
Quantum phase transitions of correlated electrons in two dimensions

Abstract We review the theories of a few quantum phase transitions in two-dimensional correlated electron systems and discuss their application to the cuprate high temperature superconductors. The coupled-ladder antiferromagnet displays a transition between the Neel state and a spin gap paramagnet with a sharp S=1 exciton: we develop a careful argument which eventually establishes that this transition is described by the familiar O(3) ϕ4 field theory in 2+1 dimensions. Crucial to this argument is the role played by the quantum Berry phases. We illustrate this role in a one-dimensional example where our results can tested against those known from bosonization. On bipartite lattices in two dimensions, we study the influence of Berry phases on the quantum transition involving the loss of Neel order, and show that they induce bond-centered charge order (e.g. spin Peierls order) in the paramagnetic phase. We extend this theory of magnetic transitions in insulators to that between an ordinary d-wave superconductor and one with co-existing spin-density-wave order. Finally, we discuss quantum transitions between superconductors involving changes in the Cooper pair wave function, as in a transition between dx2−y2 and dx2−y2+idxy superconductors. A mean-field theory for this transition is provided by the usual BCS theory; however, BCS theory fails near the critical point, and we present the required field-theoretic extension. Our discussion includes a perspective on the phase diagram of the cuprate superconductors, in the context of recent experiments and the transitions discussed here.
High-performance thermal interface technology overview

An overview on recent developments in thermal interfaces is given with a focus on a novel thermal interface technology that allows the formation of 2-3 times thinner bondlines with strongly improved thermal properties at lower assembly pressures. This is achieved using nested hierarchical surface channels to control the particle stacking with highly particle-filled materials. Reliability testing with thermal cycling has also demonstrated a decrease in thermal resistance after extended times with longer overall lifetime compared to a flat interface.
Vesiculation rates of obsidian domes inferred from H2O concentration profiles

[1] Explosivity of rhyolite domes depends on bubble nucleation and growth. To understand these processes, we measure millimeter-scale variations in H2O by synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectromicroscopy on interlayered obsidian-pumice samples. The H2O contents of all samples are above the 1-atm solubility value (∼0.10 wt.%) and decrease systematically towards vesicular zones, indicating that gas bubbles were growing and that degassing of melt to atmospheric pressure was incomplete. H2O profiles are compared with models for water diffusion in order to constrain the temporal scale of vesiculation. Diffusion timescales range from 0.4 to 15 days, and represent the time between bubble nucleation and quenching. We use these results to estimate the duration of volatile exsolution and evaluate the timing of the formation of explosion pits frequently found on the surfaces of obsidian domes, though never witnessed.
CORPORATE FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES

Corporate farming is not new in the United States. The companies of “gentlemen adventurers” setting out in the seventeenth century to establish settlements in the New World were not corporations in a modern sense, but in organizational form and motivation they bear a striking resemblance to corporation farming ventures of recent decades. The twin lures of short-run profits and long-run capital gains have been major forces in shaping land use patterns and institutional structures throughout America's history. For over 300 years repeated efforts were made to use large scale organizational forms to reap these rewards in agriculture. Up to 1950 the record was one of almost consistent failure.
Altruism, Reputation, and Noise in Linear Public Goods Experiments

We report the results of a public goods experiment using a design that enables us to directly measure individual response functions in voluntary contributions games and estimate error rates. In addition, following Andreoni (1988), we employ two treatments in order to measure the extent to which voluntary contribution is due to reputation effects. The partners treatment involves a fixed group of subjects playing a repeated game. The strangers treatment approximates a one-shot game by randomly changing group assignments after each play. Our data shows that essentially the only difference between the two treatments is the amount of noise in the data, with the strangers treatment being the noisier of the two. This noise manifests itself in two distinct ways. First, there is more variation of decision rules across subjects in the strangers treatment. Second, individual behavior is, on average, less consistent with a cutpoint decision rule in the strangers treatment, which produces higher estimates of individual error rates. The differences between the strangers and partners data are virtually the same as differences between data from experienced and inexperienced subjects. This suggests an explanation for the finding in Andreoni (1988) that there was greater contribution under the strangers treatment in the standard homogeneous environment in which one direction of errors (under-contribution) are censored. Our results also support his conclusion that reputation effects do not appear to play a prominent role in repeated linear public goods voluntary contribution games. Many findings from past public goods experiments are consistent with our model of random variation in a population of subjects who are, on average, neither altruistic nor spiteful.