cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Haplostomides gottoi, new species (Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae), living in a compound ascidian from Madagascar

ABSTRACT Haplostomides gottoi, new species, is described on the basis of females living in the compound ascidian Polyclinum ?insulsum Sluiter collected in Madagascar (Nossi Mitsio). Among nine known species of the genus (Haplostomatinae), the new species closely resembles H. hibernicus (Scott & Scott, 1895); both species have the same armature formula for legs 1–4. However, H. gottoi is distinguishable from H. hibernicus (H. h.) primarily by the following characters: body much more elongated; antenna with 4 spines (2, in H. h.); maxillule with 3 setae on precoxa and 6 setae on palp (2 and 4, in H. h.); in legs 1–4, terminal and subterminal spines on exopod not fused at base (fused, in H. h.).
Multiparticle production in p-p, p-Ar, and p-Xe collisions at 200 GeV by the multistring model VENUS.

We give a detailed description of the multistring model VENu-smcapsS for nucleon-nucleus collisions at ultrarelativistic energies. According to the model, color strings are formed as a consequence of color exchange between quarks of colliding nucleons. Sequences of nucleon-nucleon collisions are determined from geometrical considerations. We calculate, among other things, multiplicity distribution for various rapidity intervals for p-p, p-Ar, and p-Xe at 200 GeV, to compare with negative-binomial fits to data.
PARTICLE MODELLING OF COMBUSTION

Abstract Combustion is simulated by a molecular-type model using classical molecular-type interaction for- mulas. Supercomputer examples that emphasize turbulent motion are described and discussed.
Orthograde, Retrograde, and Turnaround Axonal Transport of Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase: Response to Axonal Injury

Reversal of the direction (turnaround) of orthograde axonal transport of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was studied at a ligature placed on rat sciatic nerve. DBH was allowed to accumulate at a ligature in vivo for selected intervals, at which time a second ligature was placed proximal to the first and turnaround transport measured just distal to the second tie after incubation in vivo or in vitro. Orthograde accumulation of DBH activity proximal to a ligature peaked at 2 days, and then rapidly decreased as a result of turnaround transport and injury-induced reduction of orthograde transport. Destruction of postganglionic sympathetic axon terminals in vivo with 6 hydroxydopamine resulted in a decrease in orthograde transport similar to that seen after axotomy and turnaround at or proximal to the site of chemical injury. Turnaround transport of DBH in vitro was blocked by incubation in the cold and in the presence of NaCN and vinblastine. Orthograde transport of DBH appeared to reverse direction within a few millimeters of a ligature.
Enhancement of benzodiazepine binding by a diaryltriazine, LY81067

Ly81067, a diaryltriazine, represents a new class of compounds to enhance [3H]flunitrazepam binding to membranes of rat cerebral cortex. The enhancement induced by LY81067 exceeds that induced by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and is partially abolished by the GABA antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin. Scatchard analysis on the saturable binding of [3H]flunitrazepam reveals that LY81067 at 10 μM increases mainly the affinity for the [3H]ligand, due to a reduced rate of dissociation of the receptor-bound [3H]flunitrazepam. A dependence on chloride anions was demonstrated in the enhancement of [3H]flunitrazepam binding by LY81067. These findings suggest that the diaryltriazine LY81067 enhances [3H]flunitrazepam binding by exerting its effect at or near the picrotoxinsensitive anion recognition sites of the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex.
Three-dimensional fluctuation conductivity in superconducting single crystal K3C60 and Rb3C60

THE superconducting transition temperature, TC, defines the point at which the free energies of the superconducting and normal states of a material become equal. Just above TC, thermodynamic fluctuations produce small, transient regions of the superconducting state, giving rise to an anomalous increase in the normal-state conductivity known as paraconductivity. This situation is analogous to the fluctuating regions of correlated spins found near the Curie-Weiss transition in ferromagnets. Such fluctuations are of theoretical significance in that they provide a direct probe of critical phenomena in general, and a stringent test of scaling theories, which describe the approach to the critical point. Paraconductivity effects are strongly dependent on the dimensionality of the system, although for conventional superconductors, three-dimensional fluctuation conductivity has to our knowledge never been observed. Here we report the observation of pure, three-dimensional paraconductivity in single crystals of the recently discovered1 superconductors K3C60 and Rb3C60. In addition to probing the critical state near Tc, these measurements allow the indirect determination of the residual, normal-state resistivity.
Reversal of Diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice Without Spleen Cell-Derived ß Cell Regeneration

Autoimmune destruction of β cells is the predominant cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in humans and is modeled in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Many therapeutic interventions prevent the development of T1DM in NOD mice, but few can induce its reversal once established. Intervention with Freund9s complete adjuvant, semi-allogeneic splenocytes, and temporary islet transplantation has been reported to cure NOD mice of established T1DM. Using the same approach, we report here that this treatment cured 32% of NOD mice of established diabetes (>340 milligrams per deciliter blood glucose), although β cells in these mice were not derived from donor splenocytes.
Characterization of the crevice solution chemistry of 304 stainless steel

Abstract The chemical composition of the solution inside localized corrosion sites has a controlling influence on the initiation and progression of the attack. While the generally accepted model for crevice corrosion initiation of stainless steel predicts changes in the chemistry of the crevice solution, experimental measurements of such solutions have been generally limited to propagating crevices. The present work uses ion chromatography to speciate ionically and analyse quantitatively the crevice solutions removed from Type 304 stainless steel crevices at three different stages in the corrosion process: early in the incubation period, late in the incubation period, and during the propagation stage. Transition metals, chloride ion and sulfur species are detected. Based upon experimentally determined crevice volumes, the concentration of each species is estimated. For propagating crevices, these estimated concentrations agree well with previous measurements. For crevice solutions removed during the incubation period, the metal ion concentration corresponds to values well above the depassivation pH for Type 304 stainless steel. In addition, sulfite is the only sulfur species found during the incubation period.
Interferons as drugs: molecular pharmacology of polypeptides

Abstract The application of recombinant DNA methods has revealed the molecular structure of the human interferons and led to production of highly purified materials. The existence of a gene family for leukocyte interferons and production of novel interferons by gene-splicing has allowed investigation of structure-activity relations for these macromolecules. The potent and diverse activities of these materials now present new challenges for pharmacological studies to determine optimum use in medical practice.
A terminal ballistics application of transmission electron microscopy: The anatomy of a bullet hole

A novel technique was devised for the selected area observation of residual microstructures in the deformation zones and the detached cap sections of 0.22 calibre bullet holes in thin sheets and laminate thicknesses ranging from 0.03 to 0.54 mm of 304 stainless steel and Inconel 600 by bright- and dark-field transmission electron microscopy. Microhardness measurements over the detached cap and petals, extending radially into the undeformed material, indicated the zone of action to be confined to a region bounded by the deviation of the impact zone from the plane of the plate. This feature was confirmed by electron microscope observations which indicated no defects beyond the bounds of the zone of action so defined. Residual microhardness was observed to increase from the radial bound of the zone of action toward the axis of projectile motion, with maximum hardness values roughly twice the undeformed sheet hardness observed in the petal edges and the detached caps. Dislocation densities were observed to increase correspondingly over this range (∼ 106 to 1011 cm−2), with deformation twins occurring in the petal edges and the detached caps of both materials. An analytical treatment of the specific ballistic perforation examined in this investigation based on the plastic stretching of the target zone of action, fracture and detachment of a cap, and the subsequent petalling of the crater as perforation commences, indicated an absence of high pressure shock effects.
Increased norepinephrine variability in patients with sleep apnea syndrome

Objective To assess the plasma arterial catecholamine response to nocturnal desaturation in a group of patients with a history suggestive of sleep apnea. Patients and methods At a Veterans Affairs hospital, 10 patients who had a history consistent with sleep apnea syndrome were involved in the study. Arterial plasma catecholamines were measured at varying intervals during a 5 1/2-hour sleep study. Eighteen samples per patient were analyzed. Results As the hemoglobin saturation decreased, the variability in plasma norepinephrine increased significantly (r = -.78, P = 0.004). As the hemoglobin saturation fell, there was a trend towards higher concentrations of plasma norepinephrine (r = -.53, P = 0.06). As the hemoglobin saturation decreased, the variability in plasma epinephrine concentration was not significant (r = .42). Conclusion The association between the degree of desaturation and the variability in norepinephrine suggests that norepinephrine is released in response to nocturnal desaturation.
A Multi-institutional Study of Students’ Perceptions and Experiences in the Research-based Capstone Course in Sociology

In this article, we describe student perceptions of, and experiences in, a one-semester, required sociology research capstone course. The data come from 106 students in eight sections of the course taught at three institutions. We used multiple methods for data collection: questionnaires, focus groups, and learning reflection essays. Our results include students’ having a good sense of what to expect from the course, reporting learning many research-related skills, and having more positive attitudes about the course in the postmeasures than in the premeasures. Students also stated that the highly structured nature of the course was important for their success but somewhat frustrating. Other important student perceptions were that the course was demanding and time consuming; past courses helped prepare for the capstone experience but that there are gaps in this preparation; they learn best via active learning, feedback, and application; they are proud of their course achievements; and they are engaged in t...
Salt Marsh Morning-glory ( Ipomoea sagittata , Convolvulaceae)—An Amphi-Atlantic Species

Salt Marsh Morning-glory ( Ipomoea sagittata , Convolvulaceae)—An Amphi-Atlantic Species. The American species Ipomoea sagittata was reported in the southeastern United States in the 1720s by Englishman Mark Catesby and the Frenchman Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix. Remarkably, in 1675, almost 50 years earlier, the same species had been collected and described from the Greek island of Zante in the Ionian Sea. This amphi-Atlantic distribution confounded scholars for the next several decades since they thought the two were distinct species. The history of discovery, the associations with people in both regions, and the current divergent European attitudes regarding these plants are discussed. Three possible scenarios (medicine, ornamental, seeds in ballast) are offered on the transport of the Salt Marsh Morning-glory from the New World to the Mediterranean.
Cumulus cell contact during oocyte maturation in mice regulates meiotic spindle positioning and enhances developmental competence

Purpose To investigate the role of cumulus cell contact during oocyte maturation on meiotic spindle assembly and the acquisition of developmental competence.
β-Blocker Withdrawal

There have been a number of prospective and retrospective studies to evaluate both the existence and frequency of the β- blocker withdrawal syndrome. While there are now a number of studies reporting severe angina, ventricular tachycardia, myocardial infarction, and, in 2 cases, death following abrupt withdrawal of β- blockade, most report a low incidence, and some even failed to find any clinical evidence of withdrawal. As the clinical features suggest a ‘hyperadrenergic state’, the effects of withdrawal on the function of the sympathetic nervous system have been examined. Others have interpreted the symptoms described after β-blocker withdrawal as being similar to those seen in hyperthyroidism, and have found alterations in the levels of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine during withdrawal. Again, these findings are not universally accepted, as other investigators have failed to confirm these changes in thyroid hormone concentrations.
“Incisura” of the ascending aorta and vascular pedicle width in the cardiac transplant patient

Background. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three findings in cardiac transplant patients: the appearance, etiology, and incidence of "incisura" (a characteristic indentation) of the ascending aorta; the vascular pedicle width, which usually appears enlarged on standard chest radiographs; and clearing of the retrosternal clear space. Material. Two hundred sixty-one cardiac transplantations were performed at the University of Minnesota before December 31, 1992. The appearance, etiology, and incidence of an incisura were studied; the vascular pedicle width was measured; and the rate of clearing of the retrosternal clear space was determined. Results. Forty-six percent of the patients whose ascending aorta could be visualized on the lateral chest radiogram showed an incisura. Approximately one third of the patients showed continued opacification of the retrosternal space postoperatively. The width of the vascular pedicle in this series of cardiac transplant patients measured 60.9 ± 22.8 mm (standard deviation, 11.4 mm), in comparison to a normal of 48 ± 5.0 mm. Conclusions. An incisura of the ascending aorta and the widened vascular pedicle are normal postoperative chest radiographic findings in cardiac transplant patients and should not be misconstrued as abnormalities.
Absolute gƒ-values for Fe I☆

Abstract Absolute gƒ -values for 43 lines of neutral iron have been measured with a shock tube as a source of radiation. The paper discusses the measurement of temperature, pressure, and Fe I abundance in the region behind the reflected shock. The measured integrated absolute intensities of the lines are used to derive the gƒ -values through a theoretical curve of growth for the source.
Auditory brainstem responses to tonal stimuli in young and aging rats.

Abstract The auditory brain stem response (ABR) was studied in young adult and aged rats using 3.8 and 40 kHz tone pips. The expected inverse relationship between frequency and latency was observed in the younger group for waves I, II and III, while the response to the highest frequency stimulus had the longest latency at wave V. Absolute latencies for waves I through V each showed age-related increments with more pronounced changes occuring to 3 and 40 kHz stimuli than to the frequency of maximum sensitivity (8 kHz). Threshold increases with age for the highest frequency approximately doubled those for the lower frequencies. Examination of interpeak intervals (IPI) I–III, III–V and I–V revealed aging effects. The largest IPI I–V increment occurred to 3 kHz stimulation which reflects changes at both I–III and III–V sub-intervals. These results demonstrate electrophysiological correlates of aging due to transformation in the peripheral auditory system coupled with alterations in brainstem auditory pathways.
FUTURE STRATEGIC EMPHASES IN SERVICE VERSUS GOODS BUSINESSES

Numerous conceptual and empirical studies in the services marketing literature have focused on the unique characteristics of services and the resulting marketing problems. Building on these works, this article explores differences in the future strategic orientation of goods and service businesses in the context of various functional areas.
Mullite–Aluminum Phosphate Laminated Composite Fabricated by Tape Casting

Mullite-aluminum phosphate (3Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 /AlPO 4 ) laminated composites were fabricated by tape casting. AlPO 4 had a density of 1.56 g/cm 3 , which corresponds to 61% of theoretical density, and a bending strength of 1.5 MPa after sintering at 1600°C for 10 h. The aluminum phosphate functioned as a porous, weak, and chemically stable interphase which was able to deflect cracks in a laminated composite. To increase the strength of the weak interphase material, 10 and 30 vol% of mullite were added.
From Research to Self-Reflection: Learning About Ourselves as Academics Through a Support Group's Resistance to Our Intervention

Purdue University's Center for Healthcare Engineering developed a computer-assisted technology hub (CATHUB) designed to aid individuals with disabilities. Upon realizing the lack of input from the very individuals they were trying to help, Marifran approached the developers of CATHUB and offered to engage a group of amputees to aid in the design and implementation of the hub. In this essay, Courtney and Marifran recount, each from their own perspective, their experiences working with Amputees in Action as participants in their research project. Ultimately the researchers discovered their research agenda was not compatible with the amputees' needs, resulting in enlightened self-reflection by the researchers and abandonment of the research project.
Fault Controlled Hydrogeology at a Waste Pile

Geologic mapping, subsurface drilling and monitoring well data indicate the existence of a complex and irregular ground water regime in the vicinity of a cement kiln dust pile on an inactive splay of the Garlock Fault System. Artesian flow, active seeps and water levels that are substantially higher than the elevation of apparent saturated conditions encountered during drilling show that ground water flows upward in certain localized zones. Tracing of chemical indicator parameters characteristic of kiln dust leachate shows that the dust pile is not affecting the chemistry of nearby ground water.
Predictions for Oxygen Supply Control to Enhance Population Stability of Engineered Production Strains

The simultaneous growth and product formation in a microbial culture is an important feature of several laboratory, industrial, and environmental bioprocesses. Metabolic burden associated with product formation in these bioprocesses may lead to growth advantage of a nonproducing mutant leading to a loss of the producing population over time. A simple population dynamics model demonstrates the extreme sensitivity of population stability to the engineered productivity of a strain. Here the authors use flux balance analysis to estimate the effects of the metabolic burden associated with product secretion on optimal growth rates. Comparing the optimal growth rates of the producing and nonproducing strains under a given processing condition allows us to predict the population stability. In order to increase stability of an engineered strain, they determine processing conditions that simultaneously maximize the growth rate of the producing population while minimizing the growth rate of a nonproducing population. Using valine, tryptophan, and lysine production as specific examples, they demonstrate that although an appropriate choice of oxygenation may increase culture longevity more than twofold, total production as governed by economic criterion can be increased by several orders of magnitude. Choice of optimal nutrient and oxygen supply rates to enhance stability is important bothmore » for strain screening as well as for culture of engineered strains. Appropriate design of the culture environment can thus be used to enhance the productivity of bioprocesses that use engineered production strains.« less
Physical layer orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing acquisition and timing synchronization security

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing OFDM has become the manifest modulation choice for 4G standards. Timing acquisition and carrier frequency offset synchronization are prerequisite to OFDM demodulation and must be performed often. Most of the OFDM methods for synchronization were not designed with security in mind. In particular, we analyze the performance of a maximum likelihood synchronization estimator against highly correlated jamming attacks. We present a series of attacks against OFDM timing acquisition: preamble whitening, the false preamble attack, preamble warping, and preamble nulling.The performance of OFDM synchronization turns out to be very poor against these attacks, and a number of mitigation strategies and security improvements are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sidewall morphology of electroformed LIGA parts-implications for friction, adhesion, and wear control

LIGA fabricated parts are finding application in a wide variety of micro-mechanical systems. For these systems to operate reliably, friction between contacting sidewall surfaces must be understood and controlled. The roughness of the as-plated sidewall is an important determinate of friction forces at such contacts. LIGA sidewalls were characterized in order to provide a basis for predicting the friction, adhesion, and wear behavior of LIGA micromachines. A variety of unexpected sidewall morphologies were observed during this investigation. Three morphologies were identified: a fine scale roughness, a linear through thickness feature, and a group of larger high aspect ratio features. Each morphology has been associated with a specific aspect of the LIGA manufacturing process. Potential friction, adhesion, and wear management strategies suggested by these features have been discussed. In addition, the asperity behavior in a LIGA sidewall contact has been predicted based on the finest roughness observed.
On the mechanics of caldera resurgence

The mechanisms suggested to cause caldera resurgence can be categorized as (1) viscous rebound of magma, (2) regional detumescence, and (3) pressure against the base of the caldera block due to magmatic vesiculation and convection or addition of new magma. The critical observation that resurgence takes of the order of 103–105 years insists that the causative mechanism be regulated by a highly viscous (e.g., ∼1022 Pa s) structural member of the crust. The relatively low viscosity magma and a purely elastic crust cannot be important in achieving this time scale. The most likely mechanism is the coupled effect of regional detumescence and magmatic vesiculation. Detumescence compresses the magma chamber, squeezing magma upward against and through the caldera block. Vesiculation also compresses the chamber and tends to dome the caldera block. The times of both detumescence and doming of the caldera block by magmatic pressure are probably inversely proportional to the size of the magma chamber, but the rate of cooling of the chamber is proportional to its size. Because solidification spreads viscous relaxation over a wide region of the crust and curtails resurgence, there is likely to be a minimum volume of magma that can undergo resurgent doming. It is difficult to be exact about this critical size until more precise models have been developed.
Advancing an epidural catheter 10 cm then retracting it 5 cm is no more effective than advancing it 5 cm

Study Objective: To determine whether threading an epidural catheter 10 cm then retracting it 5 cm affects its intravascular placement and paresthesias. Design: Prospective randomized study. Setting: Labor and Delivery Unit, University Medical Center. Patients: Eighty parturients. Interventions: All patients received epidural anesthesia. Patients were randomized to 1 of 2 groups: threading the epidural catheter 5 cm (5-cm group) or threading the epidural catheter 10 cm and retracting 5 cm (10-cm group). In the 10-cm group, the epidural catheter was threaded 10 cm and pulled back 5 cm. In the 5-cm group, the epidural catheter was threaded 5 cm. Measurements and Main Results: Placement of the epidural catheter intravascularly, the presence of a paresthesia, and bilateral sensory levels were measured. There was no difference in the frequency of intravascular placement between 10- and 5-cm groups, 10.2% vs 7.5%, respectively. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward a higher frequency of paresthesia in the 10-cm group, 15.4% vs 7.5%, and a lower frequency of uneven sensory levels in the 10-cm group, 15% vs 2.6%. Conclusions: There is no clear clinical benefit or disadvantage to threading an epidural catheter 10 cm into the epidural space then withdrawing it 5 cm. Further study is warranted.
Critical advocacy and bilingual education in the United States

Comparing data from two ethnographic studies of bilingual teachers and their students in the United States, the authors present a cross-case analysis that illuminates how issues of language are inextricably linked with issues of race, class, and socioeconomic status. The authors show how portraits of teachers’ practice help to examine some of the challenges urban, bilingual educators face including questions about teacher identity, bilingual proficiency, networks of support and activist training. Such portraits of bilingual practice shed light on the complexities that include and go beyond language and show the nexus where pluralist and assimilationist goals inform and contradict one another in public schooling. The authors suggest the current political climate places bilingual education at a new and challenging crossroads in the United States with opportunities to re-examine what bilingual education means within specific local and national contexts.
A vector based approach to robot path planning

A vector-based algorithm for planning the path of a robot among irregularly shaped obstacles is presented. This algorithm combines many of the desirable features of graph searching and potential field approaches to path planning. In this technique, a vector is created from the start position to the goal of the robot. If this vector crosses forbidden space, a second vector is used to determine a new intermediate goal and the previous goal is stored on a stack. The procedure is repeated until the latest intermediate goal can be reached, at which point the robot can be moved to this goal. This procedure is repeated by popping a goal off of the stack and continuing until the ultimate goal is reached. Preliminary results show much promise for quickly planning paths of robots in two or more dimensions. Examples of planning around multiple two-dimensional obstacles of convex and concave shapes are shown. >
Combination propofol–ketamine anaesthesia in sick neonates

Two critically ill, opioid-tolerant neonates were anaesthetized using pancuronium and a mixture of propofol (PROP) and ketamine (KET). Three mg of KET were added per ml (10 mg) of PROP in a single syringe and infused at a rate of 100-150 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) of the PROP component (30-45 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) KET). Total doses of 12-15 and 3.6-4.5 mg x kg(-1) of PROP and KET, respectively, were administered. Both patients remained haemodynamically stable throughout their surgical procedures. PROP-KET is a rational and effective combination for intravenous anaesthesia in critically ill neonates who are likely to be opioid-tolerant when an anaesthesia vaporizer is not readily available.
Analysis of Linear Receivers in a Target SINR Game for Wireless Cognitive Networks

Signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) is a key parameter for every user in a wireless network. Different users with heterogeneous QoS requirements have different target SINR requirements. In cognitive radio (CR) networks, secondary users try to access the available spectrum in order to make successful transmissions. However, without proper regulation, they may transmit at their maximum power to achieve the highest possible SINR, which can be even worse than the current wasteful static spectrum utilization. A target SINR game (TSG) is a powerful tool to regulate each secondary user's behavior, provide them with decent SINRs (i.e. close to their target SINRs) and simultaneously limit the interference they cause to primary users and other secondary users. The goal of this paper is to analyze the performance of the matched filter (MF) receiver and the linear MMSE receiver (LMMSE) in a TSG. As expected, the LMMSE shows several advantages in performance over the MF.
Inside multilateralism: The six‐party talks

Despite extensive diplomatic efforts to facilitate the six‐party talks, domestic policy constraints, differing priorities, and conflicting historical analogies among each of the countries have brought vastly differing perspectives to the multilateral negotiating table.
Bias in Mental Health Assessment and Intervention: Theory and Evidence

A recent surgeon general's report and various studies document racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care, including gaps in access, questionable diagnostic practices, and limited provision of optimum treatments. Bias is a little studied but viable explanation for these disparities. It is important to isolate bias from other barriers to high-quality mental health care and to understand bias at several levels (practitioner, practice network or program, and community). More research is needed that directly evaluates the contribution of particular forms of bias to disparities in the area of mental health care.
Part XXI: Patterns of phasic coronary collateral flow velocity in patients

Antegrade or retrograde collateral flow velocity Doppler signals, acquired with the flowire, permit the quantitation of collateral blood flow and its phasic patterns. The velocity spectra are easily visualized, and reproducible alterations during balloon occlusion may be directly related to coronary collateral flow-dependent variables of ischemia and left ventricular wall motion. The effects of pharmacologic stimulation on collateral flow remain under study.
Multimedia and understanding: Expert and novice responses to different representations of chemical phenomena

In two experiments, we examined how professional chemists (i.e., experts) and undergrad- uate chemistry students (i.e., novices) respond to a variety of chemistry representations (video segments, graphs, animations, and equations). In the first experiment, we provided subjects with a range of repre- sentations and asked them to group them together in any way that made sense to them. Both experts and novices created chemically meaningful groupings. Novices formed smaller groupings and more often used same-media representations. Experts used representations in multiple media to form larger groups. The rea- sons experts gave for their groupings were judged to be conceptual, while those of novices were judged to be based on surface features. In the second experiment, subjects were asked to transform a range of rep- resentations into specified alternative representations (e.g., given an equation and asked to draw a graph). Experts were better than novices in providing equivalent representations, particularly verbal descriptions for any given representation. We discuss the role that surface features of representations play in the un- derstanding of chemistry, and we emphasize the importance of developing representational competence in chemistry students. We draw implications for the role that multiple representations—particularly linguis- tic ones—should play in chemistry curriculum, instruction, and assessment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 34: 949-968, 1997. The expansion of the universe, tectonic plate drift, evolution of the species, and molecular structure and reactivity are all scientific phenomena that are not available to direct experience. Whether the phenomenon is cosmological, geological, biological, or chemical, our window on the world is really very small. But perhaps more than other sciences, understanding chemistry relies on making sense of the invisible and untouchable. Much of what is chemistry exists at a molecular level and is not accessible to direct perception. Whereas the experiments used in classroom demonstrations are carefully selected to denote chemical processes by changing col- or, precipitating a solid, or giving off heat, most chemical reactions in the real world occur at rates that are so fast or slow, or their products are so dispersed, colorless, or odorless, as to make them difficult to detect.
Effect of millimeter waves on cyclophosphamide induced suppression of T cell functions.

The effects of low power electromagnetic millimeter waves (MWs) on T cell activation, proliferation, and effector functions were studied in BALB/c mice. These functions are important in T-lymphocyte mediated immune responses. The MW exposure characteristics were: frequency = 42.2 GHz; peak incident power density = 31 +/- 5 mW/cm(2), peak specific absorption rate (SAR) at the skin surface = 622 +/- 100 W/kg; duration 30 min daily for 3 days. MW treatment was applied to the nasal area. The mice were additionally treated with cyclophosphamide (CPA), 100 mg/kg, a commonly used immunosuppressant and anticancer drug. Four groups of animals were used in each experiment: naive control (Naive), CPA treated (CPA), CPA treated and sham exposed (CPA + Sham), and CPA treated and MW exposed (CPA + MW). MW irradiation of CPA treated mice significantly augmented the proliferation recovery process of T cells (splenocytes). A statistically significant difference (P <.05) between CPA and CPA + MW groups was observed when cells were stimulated with an antigen. On the other hand, no statistically significant difference between CPA and CPA-Sham groups was observed. Based on flow cytometry of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, two major classes of T cells, we show that CD4(+) T cells play an important role in the proliferation recovery process. MW exposure restored the CD25 surface activation marker expression in CD4(+) T cells. We next examined the effector function of purified CD4(+) T cells by measuring their cytokine profile. No changes were observed after MW irradiation in interleukin-10 (IL-10) level, a Th2 type cytokine, while the level of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a Th1 type cytokine was increased twofold. Our results indicate that MWs enhance the effector function of CD4(+) T cells preferentially, through initiating a Th1 type of immune response. This was further supported by our observation of a significant enhancement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production by peritoneal macrophage's in CPA treated mice. The present study shows MWs ameliorate the immunosuppressive effects of CPA by augmenting the proliferation of splenocytes, and altering the activation and effector functions of CD4(+) T cells.
A supply chain paradigm to model business pprocesses at the Y-12 National Security Complex

The NNSA's Y-12 National Security Complex is a manufacturing facility operated by BWXT Y-12. Y-12's missions include ensuring the US' nuclear weapons deterrent, storing nuclear materials, and fueling US naval reactors. In order to understand the impacts of these diverse missions on its numerous functional divisions, Y-12 has relied on simulation modeling. Traditional discrete- event simulation modeling has proven to be an indispensable tool for Y-12; however, this paper will discuss Y-12's use of a supply chain paradigm to model its entire business processes. The supply chain model executes very quickly and is versatile enough to model all of the nuances of Y-12's complex business. It can model equipment, labor, facility, or other constraints and provides a rough-cut estimate of schedule compliance over many years (even decades). This paper describes how the model is implemented and presents simple results from a representative process.
Disposition and metabolic fate of benzo[a]pyrene in the brown bullhead

We have investigated the biological fate of intraperitoneally administered benzo[a]pyrene (BP) in brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) maintained in flowing water. The tissue distribution of benzo[a]pyrene-derived radioactivity at 24 and 72 h after treatment was determined. The highest concentration of BP-derived radioactivity was in bile (3.7 and 12.3 μg BP equivalents/g bile at 24 and 72 h, respectively). Biliary radioactivity amounted to 16% of the radioactivity found in the fish at 72 h. The major components of bile collected at 72 h were glucuronides (24%), water-soluble conjugates unhydrolyzed by β-glucuronidase or arylsulfatase (57%) and unmetabolized BP (10%). The potentially genotoxic metabolite BP-7,8-dihydrodiol and its glucuronide represented 3% of the radioactivity of the bile at 72 h. High concentrations of BP-derived radioactivity were also present in liver and in kidney (920 and 290 ng equivalents of BP/g at 72 h, respectively). Although only low concentrations of BP-derived radioactivity were detected in muscle (60 ng eq/g at 72 h), the proportion of the BP-derived radioactivity found in this tissue at 72 h amounted to 16% of the radioactivity found in the fish. Unmetabolized BP represented 32% of the muscle radioactivity, and 96% of the radioactivity that could be extracted with ethyl acetate and characterized by HPLC. BP-7,8-dihydrodiol represented 0.2% of the muscle radioactivity. The amount of BP derivatives irreversibly bound to macromolecules and precipitable with trichloroacetic acid at 72 h amounted to 12 to 13% of the radioactivity present in each tissue. Furthermore, 21, 28 and 35% of the BP-derived radioactivity could not be extracted with ethyl acetate from the insoluble components of muscle, kidney and liver, respectively, at 72 h. These data indicate that significant amounts of active metabolic intermediates of BP capable of alkylating DNA and other macromolecules were formed in bullhead tissues.
An optical network interface unit for multichannel ring networks

The authors present an all-optical hypercube-based multichannel network, implemented on a ring topology, using wavelength division multiplexed channels. For a network of size N, only log/sub 2/N distinct channels are required. They design an optical network interface unit (ONIU), which employs free-space optics to perform routing and switching functions. The design eliminates the electronic bottleneck at intermediate nodes and is capable of performing high speed packet switching. ONIU can be reconfigured in the GHz range and provides the high bandwidth necessary to perform distributed and parallel computing in a local area network environment. >
Early Recognition of Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism: A Risk-Assessment Tool

BACKGROUND The incidence of venous thromboembolism in children has increased dramatically, with most cases occurring in children with cancer, surgery, trauma, congenital heart disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Early assessment of risk factors present in children would minimize morbidity and mortality from these events. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the reliability and validity of a tool for assessing risk for venous thromboembolism in children. METHODS The tool was developed after a review of the literature with assessment of content validity by a multidisciplinary team of experts. Patients' charts were reviewed retrospectively to establish reliability and validity of the tool. A P value less than .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Thirty-five charts were assessed for tool validity and were found to be statistically significant for all 3 risk score assessment categories. Logistic regression was used to assess 1001 patients' charts for internal consistency, which was found to be high (χ(2)(5)[n = 1001] = 100.6, P < .001). Results indicated that most patients at risk for venous thromboembolism were between the ages of 13 and 17 years, with females having more than 7 times greater risk than males. CONCLUSIONS Descriptive statistics show that the assessment tool displays strong reliability and validity. Results validated a significant relationship between the risk score and the incidence of venous thromboembolism. Findings suggest that use of the assessment tool could significantly reduce adverse outcomes associated with venous thromboembolism in children.
Asbestos fiber length as related to potential pathogenicity: a critical review.

Background Asbestos inhalation is recognized as an exposure that increases the risk for the development of lung disease. It is unique among dusts in that it is both a carcinogen and capable of inducing extrapulmonary responses such as pleural thickening and fibrosis as well as malignancy. One feature of asbestos suggested as crucial in its pathological activity is its fibrous morphology. Long fibers that have been inhaled are cleared less readily and are thus more persistent in the body. Furthermore certain experimental models link fiber length to levels of risks for development of certain diseases. The present review will survey the data on this subject. Methods The review considers experimental models that have been used to assess the response to various lengths of fibers in animal models in addition to data obtained from studies of human materials. The review also emphasizes the importance in defining the method by which a sample is categorized. Results Data are offered which support the potential for longer fibers as well as shorter fibers to contribute to pathological responses. Conclusions The data presented argue that asbestos fibers of all lengths induce pathological responses and that caution should be exerted when attempting to exclude any population of inhaled fibers, based on their length, from being contributors to the potential for development of asbestos-related diseases. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:291–297, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cloud Resolving Modeling of Tropical Cloud Systems during Phase III of GATE. Part III: Effects of Cloud Microphysics

Abstract Large-scale conditions during the 7-day period of Phase III of the Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment are used to study effects of cloud microphysics on the convecting tropical atmosphere. Two-dimensional numerical experiments evaluate the effects of extreme changes to the cloud microphysics in the cloud resolving model. The main conclusions are the following. (a) Extreme changes in cloud microphysics affect the temperature and moisture profiles in a way that approximately retains relative humidity profiles in all experiments. (b) With prescribed radiative tendencies, effects of cloud microphysics on surface processes are paramount. Extreme changes in warm rain microphysics indirectly affect the temperature and moisture profiles by modifying surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. For instance, smaller raindrops, and to a lesser degree slower conversion of cloud water into rain, result in enhanced updraft and downdraft cloud mass fluxes, a colder and drier boundary ...
Intellectual Outcome in Spina Bifida

In most of the series in the literature [1–4], the mean intelligence quotient (IQ) of patients with open spina bifida has been reported to be within the normal range, but usually lower than that of the general population. In a recent case-control study, [1] found a statistically significant correlation between having a myelomeningocele and having a lower IQ. However, this data may be inaccurate, as typically only one aspect of cognitive functioning, namely nonverbal visuospatial reasoning, was assessed. Other skills that may better reflect the difficulties encountered by these patients, such as verbal responses or skilled manipulative ability were often not tested.
‘Killing Two Birds with One Stone’: Using Rubrics to Make the Grading and Assessment of Political Science Capstones Easier

In many academic departments around the country, the “a” word can be a dirty one, whether it is in a political science department or not. While there are some colleagues who recognize the benefits of assessment – that “a” word – there are still others who ask, “Why is assessment necessary? Won’t grades do the same thing?” In academic departments, it is important to recognize that these divisions about assessment can exist. If we truly want entire departments to buy into assessment, it can be beneficial for those who believe in it to make other colleagues not only see the benefits of assessment, but to show how assessment can be easily woven into the curriculum and courses. By doing this, no longer does assessment have to be done twice – once to teach/grade the class and the other for assessment. But in order to accomplish this, political science departments should invest in rubrics, or grading sheets, so they cannot only achieve their teaching and curricular goals, but also make assessment and grading as easy as possible. This essay demonstrates one such plan by looking at how assessment and grading with rubrics were embedded into two different aspects of the political science curriculum, the undergraduate capstone course and the capstone aspects of the graduate program. This essay blends together three separate areas of scholarly work in political science: assessment, capstones, and grading rubrics
Pre-existing and Postoperative Intimal Hyperplasia and Arteriovenous Fistula Outcomes

Background The contribution of intimal hyperplasia (IH) to arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure is uncertain. This observational study assessed the relationship between pre-existing, postoperative, and change in IH over time and AVF outcomes. Study Design Prospective cohort study with longitudinal assessment of IH at the time of AVF creation (pre-existing) and transposition (postoperative). Patients were followed up for up to 3.3 years. Setting & Participants 96 patients from a single center who underwent AVF surgery initially planned as a 2-stage procedure. Veins and AVF samples were collected from 66 and 86 patients, respectively. Matched-pair tissues were available from 56 of these patients. Predictors Pre-existing, postoperative, and change in IH over time. Outcomes Anatomic maturation failure was defined as an AVF that never reached a diameter > 6mm. Primary unassisted patency was defined as the time elapsed from the second-stage surgery to the first intervention. Measurements Maximal intimal thickness in veins and AVFs and change in intimal thickness over time. Results Pre-existing IH (>0.05mm) was present in 98% of patients. In this group, the median intimal thickness increased 4.40-fold (IQR, 2.17- to 4.94-fold) between AVF creation and transposition. However, this change was not associated with pre-existing thickness ( r 2 =0.002; P =0.7). Ten of 96 (10%) AVFs never achieved maturation, whereas 70% of vascular accesses remained patent at the end of the observational period. Postoperative IH was not associated with anatomic maturation failure using univariate logistic regression. Pre-existing, postoperative, and change in IH over time had no effects on primary unassisted patency. Limitations The small number of patients from whom longitudinal tissue samples were available and low incidence of anatomic maturation failure, which decreased the statistical power to find associations between end points and IH. Conclusions Pre-existing, postoperative, and change in IH over time were not associated with 2-stage AVF outcomes.