cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing general metric theories of gravity with bursting neutron stars

I show that several observable properties of bursting neutron stars in metric theories of gravity can be calculated using only conservation laws, Killing symmetries, and the Einstein equivalence principle, without requiring the validity of the general relativistic field equations. I calculate, in particular, the gravitational redshift of a surface atomic line, the touchdown luminosity of a radius-expansion burst, which is believed to be equal to the Eddington critical luminosity, and the apparent surface area of a neutron star as measured during the cooling tails of bursts. I show that, for a general metric theory of gravity, the apparent surface area of a neutron star depends on the coordinate radius of the stellar surface and on its gravitational redshift in the exact same way as in general relativity. On the other hand, the Eddington critical luminosity depends also on an additional parameter that measures the degree to which the general relativistic field equations are satisfied. These results can be used in conjunction with current and future high-energy observations of bursting neutron stars to test general relativity in the strong-field regime.
The next industrial revolution: Integrated services and goods

The outputs or products of an economy can be divided into services products and goods products (due to manufacturing, construction, agriculture and mining). To date, the services and goods products have, for the most part, been separately mass produced. However, in contrast to the first and second industrial revolutions which respectively focused on the development and the mass production of goods, the next — or third — industrial revolution is focused on the integration of services and/or goods; it is beginning in this second decade of the 21st Century. The Third Industrial Revolution (TIR) is based on the confluence of three major technological enablers (i.e., big data analytics, adaptive services and digital manufacturing); they underpin the integration or mass customization of services and/or goods. As detailed in an earlier paper, we regard mass customization as the simultaneous and real-time management of supply and demand chains, based on a taxonomy that can be defined in terms of its underpinning component and management foci. The benefits of real-time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced — as “servgoods” — in real-time, resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage to the industrialized countries where the consuming customers are at the same time the co-producing producers.
Phase contrast MRI of myocardial 3D strain by encoding contiguous slices in a single shot

Quantitative measurements of inherently three-dimensional (3D) cardiac strain and strain rate require 3D data; MRI provides uniquely high sensitivity to material strain by combining phase contrast with single-shot acquisition methods, such as echo-planar imaging (EPI). Previous MRI methods applied to 3D strain used multiple two-dimensional (2D) acquisitions and suffered loss of sensitivity due to magnification within the strain calculation of physiologic noise related to cardiac beat-to-beat variability. In the present work, each single-shot acquisition generates 3D image data by acquiring two contiguous 2D Fourier transform (FT) images in a single echo train of an EPI readout. Although strain encoding divides across multiple EPI shots, each strain component is computed only within single-shot data, avoiding noise magnification. Strain tensor maps are displayed using iconic 3D graphics or a simple color code of tensor shape. In a deforming gel phantom, gradient-recalled echo (GRE) MRI movies of 3D strain rates match expected strain fields. In normal human subjects, 3D strain rate tensor movies of heart and brain comprising seven slices in each of seven cardiac phases were completed in 56 heartbeats. Stimulated echo (STE) MRI of net systolic 3D strain was also demonstrated. Two-slices-in-one-shot spatial encoding permits a complete quantitative survey of ventricular 3D strain in under a minute, with routine patient supervision and turnkey image processing.
Paleomagnetic studies of central North Pacific sediment cores: Stratigraphy, sedimentation rates, and the origin of magnetic instability: Summary

Magnetic studies of five North Pacific piston cores taken from around a giant piston core at 30°209N, 157°499W show three major intervals with distinctly different remanent magnetizations. The sediments deposited during the last 2.43 m.y. have a stable remanence and reversal pattern that corresponds to the standard geomagnetic reversal sequence. Core to core variations in sedimentation rates reach as much as a factor of two, but the variations are very consistent for each of the magnetic units of the dated interval. From 2.43 to about 55 m.y. ago, the sediments were deposited an order of magnitude more slowly than the younger deposits, and are magnetically unstable. The transition from unstable to stable magnetic properties is attributed to the dilution of a magnetically unstable authigenic sediment component by a massive influx of eolian debris carrying magnetically stable minerals. The oldest sediments in the giant piston core (55 to about 65 m.y. old) are more like the surface deposits, and carry a stable remanent magnetization that indicates deposition at a paleolatitude of about 11°N. This is consistent with van Andel and others9 (1975) model of rotation of the Pacific plate but not with Dalrymple and others9 (1977) model.
Autonomously-triggered microfluidic cooling using thermo-responsive hydrogels

We present autonomously-triggered on-chip microfluidic cooling devices that utilize thermo-responsive hydrogels to adapt to local environmental temperatures. An external rotating magnetic stirrer couples with an in situ fabricated nickel impeller in these centrifugal-based microfluidic cooling devices to recirculate cooler water. Temperature-responsive hydrogels, which exhibit volumetric expansion and contraction, are integrated at the axle of the impeller. In this design, the hydrogels behave similar to an automotive clutch, to autonomously control the impeller's rotation as a function of the local environmental temperature. Therefore, the hydrogels act as both sensors and actuators and help take away the necessity for additional temperature sensing, feedback, and/or control units here. Cooling devices capable of on-chip thermal management at multiple predetermined onset operation points are realized by changes to the composition of hydrogel to alter its lowest critical solution temperature (LCST). Furthermore, the effect of magnetic stirrer frequency on the fluid cooling and flowrates for different two-blade nickel impeller designs are presented.
Combination therapy for acute myocardial infarction: Glycoprotein ilb/iiia inhibitors plus thrombolysis

Although thrombolytic therapy has been a major advance in the treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI), new thrombolytic agents have been unable to improve early reperfusion. Because aspirin has been shown to be a very effective adjunctive agent in patients with acute MI, it has been hypothesized that the use of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors combined with thrombolytic agents would lead to more effective platelet inhibition and improved angiographic and clinical efficacy. Emerging experimental and clinical data, including the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI)-14 trial, suggest that combining GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition with reduced-dose thrombolytic therapy improves early infarct-related artery patency without increasing bleeding risk. Thus, given the strong clinical and physiologic rationale, clinical investigation in patients with acute ST-segment elevation MI is currently focused on combining GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors with reduced-dose fibrinolytic agents in acute MI.
Stretching of memory in strategic decision making

In mixed strategy games, players make unpredictable decisions to avoid being exploited by opponents. However, human and animal subjects are often unable to make probabilistic decisions, and they cannot help but rely deterministically on past events. We studied the brain mechanisms of this fallacy in primates, and found that neural dynamics is constrained by a fundamental limitation: the integration of task events is characterized by a fixed set of timescales, and only the relative weight of different timescales can adapt to the task demands. When taking this constraint into account, the optimal strategy is to stretch memory by weighting maximally the longest timescales and counter-weighting the shorter ones. Consistently, we show that neural timescales follow the extreme-value distribution and responses display a biphasic time course. The distribution of weights predicted by the optimization process strikingly matches the experimental measurements. Our findings pose specific constraints on behavior during competitive games and highlights its underlying neural mechanisms.
Phosphorylation of proteins of synaptosome-enriched fractions of brain during short-term training experience: biochemical characterization.

Incorporation of radioactive phosphate into hot HClO4 residue derived from synaptosomal particulate and soluble fractions was studied using a double-isotope technique. Increased phosphorylation was observed only in the particulate fractions of foot-shock avoidance-conditioned mice compared with quiet controls. Similar results were obtained irrespective of whether discontinuous sucrose or Ficoll—sucrose gradients were used to isolate the synaptosome-enriched fractions. Enzymatic and chemical characterization showed the radioactive label in the hot HClO4 residue to be due to phosphorus covalently bound to proteins.
Total prostatectomy within 6 weeks of a prostate biopsy: is it safe?

PURPOSE: Many urologists recommend a six-week time interval between a prostate biopsy and a total prostatectomy (TP) to allow the biopsy induced inflammation to subside. Our aim was to assess whether the time interval between prostate biopsy and TP has an impact on the surgical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on data from patients who underwent a TP by a single surgeon from 1992 to 2008. The patients were divided into two groups according to the time interval between biopsy and TP, Group 1 ≤ 6 weeks and Group 2 > 6 weeks. Relevant perioperative variables and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: 923 patients were included. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the surgeons' ability to perform a bilateral nerve sparing procedure. Those who had a TP within six weeks of the biopsy were less likely to have a bilateral nerve sparing procedure. No significant difference was noted in the other variables, which included Gleason score, surgical margin status, estimated blood loss, post-operative infection, incontinence, erectile function, and biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: TP can be safely performed without any increase in complications within 6 weeks of a prostate biopsy. However, a TP within six weeks of a biopsy significantly reduced the surgeon's perception of whether a bilateral nerve sparing procedure was performed.
Tryptic peptides from bovine white matter proteolipids.

— The amino acid composition of the fractions obtained after tryptic digestion of performic acid oxidized and non-oxidized white matter proteolipids was studied. The acid-soluble fraction from the tryptic digest represented between 25 and 30% of the starting material and was relatively enriched in hydrophilic amino acids and deficient in hydrophobic amino acids. The acid-soluble peptides were separated by high voltage paper electrophoresis, and the amino acid compositions of 16 peptides were determined; three additional peptides were obtained from the acid-soluble digest of the oxidized proteolipid. The sequence of 7 peptides including the N- and C-terminal peptides is reported. The results suggest that the protein is segregated into hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions and that small hydrophilic regions are separated by large hydrophobic areas.
The Study of Political Parties, 1906-2005: The View from the Journals

A review of party-related articles in major political science journals over the past century reveals an increase in the incidence of such articles during the behavioral revolution and a decline in the proportion of studies that view parties holistically or in their organizational aspects and an increase in research on mass and legislative behavior. The essay calls for scholars of American parties to merge empirical findings with the generalist and normative concerns of an earlier age, to assess the recent advent of parties as ideologically focused instruments of policymaking.
MORTALITY OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) EXPOSED TO FIELD-AGED SPINETORAM, GF-120, AND AZINPHOS-METHYL IN WASHINGTON STATE

Abstract The effects of field-aged residues of the new semi-synthetic spinosyn insecticide spinetoram (Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN) and the spinosad bait GF-120 (Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN) on mortality of apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were determined in Washington State. Mortality caused by spinetoram (100 g a.i./ha) sprayed on apples and aged 7 d was significantly lower than that caused by fresh spinetoram. Spinetoram (100 and 75 g a.i./ha) aged for 7 d caused less than or as much mortality as spinosad (100 g a.i./ha) aged for 7 d. Fresh spinetoram and azinphos-methyl aged 7 or 14 d caused similar mortality, but aged spinetoram and spinosad caused lower mortality than azinphos-methyl. Apples treated with spinetoram (75 g a.i./ha) and with spinosad aged 7 d and exposed to flies produced a few larvae. However, even though spinetoram (100 g a.i./ha) aged 14 d did not kill all female flies, no larvae emerged from apples sprayed with this treatment. In separate tests, 0-d, 3-...
Mechanisms of viral clearance in perforin-deficient mice.

The roles of CD4+ T cells, IFN-γ and TNF-α in viral clearance from the central nervous system (CNS) were examined in perforin gene deficient (PKO) mice. Depletion of CD4+ T cells from the PKO mice resulted in a significant 1 log10 PFU/gm increase in viral titer over control-treated PKO mice. PKO mice treated with anti-IFN-α mAb also had a significant 1 log10 increase in infectious virus whereas inhibition of TNF-a did not alter viral clearance or clinical disease in the PKO mice. These data suggest, in addition to perforin-mediated cytolysis, CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ, but not TNF-α could contribute to JHMV clearance from the CNS.
Reconstructing Human History Using Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial Markers

Our genomes bear signatures of past events thatcan be exploited to understand history of our species. There is consensus based on over a century of interdisciplinary research that our species emerged in Africa, but several aspects of modern human evolution is still outstanding. In this review, I highlights some major findings in genetic studies of human history using genetic markers and inferences made on history of human populations based on these markers in the context of evidence from other fields. I then suggest future undertakings in the field of genetic research of human history to have a more refined picture of our species. Key Concepts Despite over a century of research on human history several questions on human origins are still outstanding Analysis of molecular markers have yielded history of modern human, but still needs further refinement. Comprehensive data that captures genetic variations needs to be generated More sophisticated and realistic statistical approach needs to be developed Integrating interdisciplinary data will help in refining and achieve better interpretations of history of our species Keywords: human evolution; human history; migrations; population expansions; genetic markers; selection; ancient admixture
Autonomy, Vote Buying, and Constraining Options

A common argument used to defend markets in ‘contested commodities’ is based on the value of personal autonomy. (1) Autonomy is of great moral value; (2) removing options from a person's choice set would compromise her ability to exercise her autonomy; (3) hence, there should be a prima facie presumption against removing options from persons’ choice sets; (4) thus, the burden of proof lies with those who wish to prohibit markets in certain goods. Christopher Freiman has developed a version of this argument to defend markets in votes. I argue that Freiman's argument fails, and that its failure illustrates the falsity of the widespread claim that the more options a person has available to her the better able she will be to exercise her autonomy. In Part 1, I outline Freiman's argument from ‘the presumption of voter liberty’ for legalising markets in votes. In Part 2, I argue that the option to sell one's vote in a legal market for them would be a ‘constraining option’ – an option which, if chosen, would be likely to lead to a diminution in a person's future ability to exercise her autonomy. In Part 3, I respond to objections to my arguments.
Acute Tetraparesis Caused by a Cervical Spine Synovial Cyst Associated with an Os Odontoideum: A Case Report.

Cervical spine synovial cysts at the atlantoaxial junction are rare. Presenting symptoms usually include signs of cervical myelopathy. To the best of our knowledge, only thirty-five cases have been documented in the literature1-28. A recent case report and literature review by Marbacher et al.8 highlighted the pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of cervical spine cysts, as well as various surgical treatment options. We are aware of only six reported cases of cervical spine synovial cysts associated with os odontoideum1,4,24-28, with one case report relating the presence of a synovial cyst to pseudarthrosis of the dens8 and one case of a spinal synovial cyst causing acute traumatic tetraparesis28. We report the case of a man presenting with acute traumatic tetraparesis caused by spinal stenosis from a cervical spine synovial cyst associated with an os odontoideum. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he provided consent. A thirty-two-year-old man was brought to the emergency department after a hyperflexion-extension injury of the neck on a roller coaster. The patient felt a pop in the neck, had involuntary loss of control of the bowel and bladder, and had onset of immediate tetraparesis. He had no previous neck pain or neurological symptoms. The patient was brought to a Level I Trauma Center where a standard corticosteroid protocol with methylprednisolone was started within ninety minutes of the injury. The initial computed tomography (CT) scan and radiographs demonstrated an os odontoideum at the C2 level, but there were no other fractures, dislocations, or signs of cervical spine instability (Fig. 1). Examination with the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) protocol showed a motor strength of 4 of 5 in all muscle groups on the right …
COMMENT RENDRE UNE SEGMENTATION OPÉRATIONNELLE ? De la description à l'explication des comportements de consommation

Une segmentation operationnelle se doit d’etre construite sur des criteres determinant des differences de comportement. Nous recommandons une segmentation des consommateurs basee sur l’analyse canonique qui permet de travailler sur l’articulation entre variables attitudinales et comportementales. Cette approche peut-etre completee par l’analyse des occasions d’usage qui sont, sur certains marches, plus explicatives des comportements que les caracteristiques des consommateurs. Segmentation canonique des consommateurs et segmentation des occasions d’usage doivent etre menees en parallele. Par ailleurs, pour chaque segment strategique identifie, nous determinons des opportunites produits et des leviers d’actions specifiques.
Corticomuscular coherence variation throughout the gait cycle during overground walking and ramp ascent: A preliminary investigation

Recent designs of neural-machine interfaces (NMIs) incorporating electroencephalography (EEG) or electromyography (EMG) have been used in lower limb assistive devices. While the results of previous studies have shown promise, a NMI which takes advantage of early movement-related EEG activity preceding movement onset, as well as the improved signal-to-noise ratio of EMG, could prove to be more accurate and responsive than current NMI designs based solely on EEG or EMG. Previous studies have demonstrated that the activity of the sensorimotor cortex is coupled to the firing rate of motor units in lower limb muscles during voluntary contraction. However, the exploration of corticomuscular coherence during locomotive tasks has been limited. In this study, coupling between the motor cortex and right tibialis anterior muscle activity was preliminarily investigated during self-paced over-ground walking and ramp ascent. EEG at the motor cortex and surface EMG from the tibialis anterior were collected from one able-bodied subject. Coherence between the two signals was computed and studied across gait cycles. The EEG activity led the EMG activity in the low gamma band in swing phase of level ground walking and in stance phase of ramp ascent. These results may inform the future design of EEG-EMG multimodal NMIs for lower limb devices that assist locomotion of people with physical disabilities.
Root cause analysis of limitations of virtual crossmatch for kidney allocation to highly-sensitized patients

Efficient allocation of deceased donor organs depends upon effective prediction of immunologic compatibility based on donor HLA genotype and recipient alloantibody profile, referred to as virtual crossmatching (VCXM). VCXM has demonstrated utility in predicting compatibility, though there is reduced efficacy for patients highly sensitized against allogeneic HLA antigens. The recently revised deceased donor kidney allocation system (KAS) has increased transplantation for this group, but with an increased burden for histocompatibility testing and organ sharing. Given the limitations of VCXM, we hypothesized that increased organ offers for highly-sensitized patients could result in a concomitant increase in offers rejected due to unexpectedly positive crossmatch. Review of 645 crossmatches performed for deceased donor kidney transplantation at our center did not reveal a significant increase in positive crossmatches following KAS implementation. Positive crossmatches not predicted by VCXM were concentrated among highly-sensitized patients. Root cause analysis of VCXM failures identified technical limitations of anti-HLA antibody testing as the most significant contributor to VCXM error. Contributions of technical limitations including additive/synergistic antibody effects, prozone phenomenon, and antigens not represented in standard testing panels, were evaluated by retrospective testing. These data provide insight into the limitations of VCXM, particularly those affecting allocation of kidneys to highly-sensitized patients.
EXPLORING FACTORS THAT AFFECTING THE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AMONG GRADUATE STUDENTS IN KENYA

The aim of this study was to adopt and test the validity of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and explore the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among graduate students using structural equation modeling. Since most literature agreed that using Theory of Planned Behavior could determine entrepreneurial intention, this theory is used as a theoretical framework in this study. 206 graduate students of United States International University-Africa were selected as the respondents. A set of questionnaire on Entrepreneurial Intention and its antecedents, which consists of several semi-structured questions, was used for data collection. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results revealed that personal attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control are the predictors of entrepreneurial intention accounting for 75%. Personal attitude and perceived behavioral control had a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention while subjective norms had a negative effect on the same. Keywords: Theory of planned behavior, graduate students, entrepreneurial intention, Kenya.
The first nationwide survey of MD-PhDs in the social sciences and humanities: training patterns and career choices

While several articles on MD-PhD trainees in the basic sciences have been published in the past several years, very little research exists on physician-investigators in the social sciences and humanities. However, the numbers of MD-PhDs training in these fields and the number of programs offering training in these fields are increasing, particularly within the US. In addition, accountability for the public funding for MD-PhD programs requires knowledge about this growing population of trainees and their career trajectories. The aim of this paper is to describe the first cohorts of MD-PhDs in the social sciences and humanities, to characterize their training and career paths, and to better understand their experiences of training and subsequent research and practice. This paper utilizes a multi-pronged recruitment method and novel survey instrument to examine an understudied population of MD-PhD trainees in the social sciences and humanities, many of whom completed both degrees without formal programmatic support. The survey instrument was designed to collect demographic, training and career trajectory data, as well as experiences of and perspectives on training and career. It describes their routes to professional development, characterizes obstacles to and predictors of success, and explores career trends. The average length of time to complete both degrees was 9 years. The vast majority (90%) completed a clinical residency, almost all (98%) were engaged in research, the vast majority (88%) were employed in academic institutions, and several others (9%) held leadership positions in national and international health organizations. Very few (4%) went into private practice. The survey responses supply recommendations for supporting current trainees as well as areas for future research. In general, MD-PhDs in the social sciences and humanities have careers that fit the goals of agencies providing public funding for training physician-investigators: they are involved in mutually-informative medical research, clinical practice, and teaching – working to improve our responses to the social, cultural, and political determinants of health and health care. These findings provide strong evidence for continued and improved funding and programmatic support for MD-PhD trainees in the social sciences and humanities.
Working in the slaughterhouse: Tanganyika Packers Ltd., from colonialism to collapse, 1947–2014

AbstractBetween 1947 and 1975, Tanganyika Packers Ltd (TPL) was Tanzania’s only export-oriented slaughterhouse and beef-canning factory, a branch of UK-based Liebig’s Extract of Meat Corporation (Lemco), which originated in 1860s Uruguay. Until shortly before TPL was nationalized in 1974, it was a profitable parastatal, employing some 1200 workers, anchoring a working-class community, and providing an outlet for indigenous Tanzanian cattle from open rangelands. While nationalization aimed to capture the full value of TPL profits and expand exports into the European Economic Community, it instead severed TPL from the world market when Lemco withdrew its marketing license. Worker layoffs followed, and TPL became primarily a domestic supplier of military rations, creating precarious working conditions, until the factory was shuttered in 1993. Although technically TPL still exists, this article contends that, far from being a victim of a post-cold war neo-liberal transition, as is usually asserted, TPL’s fate...
Use of Detergents in the Analysis of Fibrous Feeds. IV. Determination of Plant Cell-Wall Constituents

A rapid procedure for determining cellwall constituents of plants consista of the determination of the fiber insoluble in neutral detergent and is applicable to all feedstuffs. The standardization of the method is based on a nutritional concept which defines fiber as insoluble vegetable matter which is indigestible by proteolytic and diastatic enzymes and which cannot be utilized except by microbial fennentation in the digestive tracts of animais.
Introduction: Conrad’s Sensational Women

Joseph Conrad’s late fiction makes a surprising turn to focus on the plight of women and the challenges of renegotiating gender roles in the context of the early twentieth century. Conrad’s rich and conflicted consideration of subjectivity and alienation extends to some of his women characters. Conrad draws on multiple genres, including popular fiction, anthropology, and Darwinian science, to respond to Victorian representations of gender in layered and contradictory representations of his own. Conrad persuasively uses Victorian gender tropes to expose the ways that characters’ attitudes about gender and sexuality are shaped by pervasive familiar representations, representations that his fiction both takes part in and appraises.
Die konservative Therapie der Trichterbrust mittels Vakuumtherapie

In der taglichen arztlichen Beratung erlebt die Diskussion uber die Notwendigkeit einer gezielten Therapie der angeborenen Trichterbrust derzeit eine ungeahnte Renaissance.
Advances in MDCT and MRI of Renal Emergencies

Acute renal conditions account for a notable volume of Emergency Department visits and often lead to imaging. Urolithiasis is the most commonly encountered etiology but a wide range of conditions including infection, inflammation, and hemorrhage can also cause acute pain. Ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) are the most commonly utilized imaging modalities for the kidneys while the role of dual-energy CT is expanding as a problem-solving tool. Management of acute renal conditions ranges from emergent intervention to medical management and may be determined by the imaging findings. Therefore, accurate and timely diagnoses are critical to expedite appropriate clinical management.
Plant Dynamics, Birth-Jump Processes, and Sharp Traveling Waves

Motivated by the importance of understanding the dynamics of the growth and dispersal of plants in various environments, we introduce and analyze a discrete agent-based model based on a birth-jump process, which exhibit wave-like solutions. To rigorously analyze these traveling wave phenomena, we derive the diffusion limit of the discrete model and prove the existence of traveling wave solutions (sharp and continuously differentiable) assuming a logarithmic-type growth. Furthermore, we provide a variational speed for the minimum speed of the waves and perform numerical experiments that confirm our results.
A Theoretical Model of Glacial Abrasion

Preliminary results of a quantitative model of glacial abrasion are presented. The analysis, which is constructed within a framework of modern glaciological views of processes near to the bed, is aimed at modeling abrasion under a temperate glacier whose basal layers contain only occasional rock fragments. It does not simulate abrasion by debris-rich ice or by subglacial drift. Calculations of abrasion-rates reduce to evaluations of the forces pressing rock fragments against the glacier bed and of the rates at which they are moved along the bed. The estimated viscous drag induced by ice flow toward the bed due to basal melting is generally the dominant contribution to this contact force. Although the analysis shares several important elements with the pioneering study of Boulton ([c1974]), sufficient fundamental differences in the modeling lead to distinctly different conclusions. Several new results are noteworthy: (1) other parameters being equal, abrasion will tend to be fastest where basal melting is most rapid, (2) glacier thickness does not affect abrasion through its influence on basal pressures, and (3) lodgement of rock fragments is only possible if the sliding velocity is very low, equivalent to the rate of basal melting.
The Impact of Grading on a Curve: Assessing the Results of Kulick and Wright's Simulation Analysis.

Kulick and Wright concluded, based on theoretical mathematical simulations of hypothetical student exam scores, that assigning exam grades to students based on the relative position of their exam performance scores within a normal curve may be unfair, given the role that randomness plays in any given student’s performance on any given exam. However, their modeling predicts that academically heterogeneous students should fare much better than high achieving, academically homogenous students. We assess their conclusion indirectly using student scores from actual exams in actual university classes. We document that academically heterogeneous students do tend to perform at a similar level on different exams across a given semester: correlations among six different assessments were moderately strong and highly significant. We confirm their prediction that actual student scores for academically heterogeneous first-year students do not reveal gross random variation. We encourage similar analysis of scores for high achieving, academically homogeneous students.
September 11: A societal reaction perspective

This article illustratesthe application of the labeling or societalreaction theory regarding the events ofSeptember 11, 2001. It explains thevarious types of labels that societyassigned to ``September 11'' and how societalreactions led to governmental and lawenforcement changes. Pertinent opinionpolls were analyzed to indicate the powerof labeling which, in turn, was used todemonstrate how the USA PATRIOT Act waspassed during heightened societalreaction.
A Digital-Intensive 2-to-9.2 GB/S/Pin Memory Controller I/O with Fast-Response LDO in 10NM CMOS

The proposed digital-intensive LPDDR5 I/O architecture operates from 2 to 9.2Gb/s. The LDO-based ADDLL operates at 1-5GHz with ≥14dB PSRR. Fast-response LDO enhanced with feed-forward (FF) path enables rapid power state transitions with minimal degradation in eye timing margin. The digital device-only TX supports 30–50Ω ODT, 100-300mV pp , single ended output swing and a 2-tap FFE. The bias-free clocked-latch RX uses switched current DACs to implement a 2-tap DFE.
Challenging Hernias: Spigelian, Flank Hernias, Suprapubic, and Subxiphoid

The focus of this chapter will be on the available surgical techniques in managing challenging abdominal wall hernias. Although these hernias have different anatomic locations and etiologies, they are similar in that they are rare entities, and therefore there is little data to help guide optimal management and surgical approach. As with other hernia repairs, the operating surgeon can approach these hernias with open or minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques. Within MIS, there are total extraperitoneal (TEP), transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP), and intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) options. Furthermore, the proliferation of single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) and robotics offers other tools for the surgeon. Regardless of the approach, the essential tenets of a durable hernia repair still apply: reducing the hernia contents and sac and then performing a tension-free repair of the hernia defect with adequate overlap of a mesh. These approaches will be discussed in detail, along with associated risks and benefits based on the available data. Hernia-type specific challenges to repair will also be discussed.
Intravenous Lidocaine Does Not Improve Neurologic Outcomes after Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Editor’s PerspectiveWhat We Already Know about This TopicPreclinical and clinical studies suggest that lidocaine might be neuroprotective, which could benefit surgical patients at risk of neurologic compromiseWhat This Article Tells Us That Is NewThis multicenter trial of intravenous lidocaine admin
Speaking with People and Objects in Our Profession: An interview with a fence post

Speaking with People and Objects in Our Profession: An interview with a fence post DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v31i5_srm
SAAMBE-3D: Predicting Effect of Mutations on Protein–Protein Interactions

Maintaining wild type protein–protein interactions is essential for the normal function of cell and any mutation that alter their characteristics can cause disease. Therefore, the ability to correctly and quickly predict the effect of amino acid mutations is crucial for understanding disease effects and to be able to carry out genome-wide studies. Here, we report a new development of the SAAMBE method, SAAMBE-3D, which is a machine learning-based approach, resulting in accurate predictions and is extremely fast. It achieves the Pearson correlation coefficient ranging from 0.78 to 0.82 depending on the training protocol in benchmarking five-fold validation test against the SKEMPI v2.0 database and outperforms currently existing algorithms on various blind-tests. Furthermore, optimized and tested via five-fold cross-validation on the Cornell University dataset, the SAAMBE-3D achieves AUC of 1.0 and 0.96 on a homo and hereto-dimer test datasets. Another important feature of SAAMBE-3D is that it is very fast, it takes less than a fraction of a second to complete a prediction. SAAMBE-3D is available as a web server and as well as a stand-alone code, the last one being another important feature allowing other researchers to directly download the code and run it on their local computer. Combined all together, SAAMBE-3D is an accurate and fast software applicable for genome-wide studies to assess the effect of amino acid mutations on protein–protein interactions. The webserver and the stand-alone codes (SAAMBE-3D for predicting the change of binding free energy and SAAMBE-3D-DN for predicting if the mutation is disruptive or non-disruptive) are available.
A Collaborative Approach to Coordinating Calculus 1 to Improve Student Outcomes

Faced with students failing to complete Calculus 1 at rates of almost 50%, the Department of Mathematics at Western Michigan University addressed the lack of progression of STEM majors through this...
An Airborne Sonar System for Underwater Remote Sensing and Imaging

High-resolution imaging and mapping of the ocean and its floor has been limited to less than 5% of the global waters due to technological barriers. Whereas sonar is the primary contributor to existing underwater imagery, the water-based system is limited in spatial coverage due to its low imaging throughput. On the other hand, aerial synthetic aperture radar systems have provided high-resolution imaging of the entire earth’s landscapes but are incapable of deep penetration into water. In this work, we present a proof-of-concept system which bridges the gap between electromagnetic imaging in air and sonar imaging in water through the laser-induced photoacoustic effect and high-sensitivity airborne ultrasonic detection. Here, we use air-coupled capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) which is a critical differentiator from previous works and has enabled the acquisition of an underwater image from a fully airborne acoustic imaging system – a task that has yet to be accomplished in the literature. With the entire imaging system located on an airborne platform, there is much promise for the scalability of our system to one which could perform high-throughput imaging of underwater in large-scale deployment. Non-contact acoustic-based imaging modalities are also of much interest to the medical imaging and non-destructive testing communities. Incorporating air-coupled transducers, for example CMUTs, or other resonant sensors in these applications could be aided by the analysis presented throughout this work.
Evaluating endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response through the lens of ecology and evolution

Considerable progress has been made in understanding the physiological basis for variation in the life-history patterns of animals, particularly with regard to the roles of oxidative stress and hormonal regulation. However, an underappreciated and understudied area that could play a role in mediating inter- and intraspecific variation of life history is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the resulting unfolded protein response (UPRER ). ER stress response and the UPRER maintain proteostasis in cells by reducing the intracellular load of secretory proteins and enhancing protein folding capacity or initiating apoptosis in cells that cannot recover. Proper modulation of the ER stress response and execution of the UPRER allow animals to respond to intracellular and extracellular stressors and adapt to constantly changing environments. ER stress responses are heritable and there is considerable individual variation in UPRER phenotype in animals, suggesting that ER stress and UPRER phenotype can be subjected to natural selection. The variation in UPRER phenotype presumably reflects the way animals respond to ER stress and environmental challenges. Most of what we know about ER stress and the UPRER in animals has either come from biomedical studies using cell culture or from experiments involving conventional laboratory or agriculturally important models that exhibit limited genetic diversity. Furthermore, these studies involve the assessment of experimentally induced qualitative changes in gene expression as opposed to the quantitative variations that occur in naturally existing populations. Almost all of these studies were conducted in controlled settings that are often quite different from the conditions animals experience in nature. Herein, we review studies that investigated ER stress and the UPRER in relation to key life-history traits including growth and development, reproduction, bioenergetics and physical performance, and ageing and senescence. We then ask if these studies can inform us about the role of ER stress and the UPRER in mediating the aforementioned life-history traits in free-living animals. We propose that there is a need to conduct experiments pertaining to ER stress and the UPRER in ecologically relevant settings, to characterize variation in ER stress and the UPRER in free-living animals, and to relate the observed variation to key life-history traits. We urge others to integrate multiple physiological systems and investigate how interactions between ER stress and oxidative stress shape life-history trade-offs in free-living animals.
An Improved Staging System for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Critical Need in the Multidisciplinary Era

Locally-advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is traditionally considered stage III unresectable disease. Advances in induction systemic therapy regimens, surgical technique, and perioperative care have led to successful resection of an increasing number of these tumors with reasonable perioperative outcomes and disease-free intervals. Certain anatomic characteristics that meet criteria for locally-advanced disease, however, are more likely to result in a successful surgical outcome. A practical and consistent system is needed to communicate such nuance between surgical and nonsurgical oncologists for optimal treatment planning and to improve recording for cancer registries and research studies. The present study proposes a novel subclassification system for stage III pancreatic cancers based on their pattern of vascular involvement and examines the current evidence for resection in each scenario. Introducing needed detail into the current catch-all stage III categorization will help to direct patient referrals and increase the body of knowledge about the variable presentations of this complex malignancy. This proposed staging revision for LAPC is designed to convey more actionable tumor descriptions for treating oncologists, clinical trial eligibility, and surgical patient selection in the era of effective induction systemic therapy.
Influencing Factors on Health Information to Improve Public Health Literacy in the Official WeChat Account of Guangzhou CDC

Background: Social media is used as a new channel for health information. In China, the official WeChat account is becoming the most popular platform for health information dissemination, which has created a good opportunity for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to facilitate health information online to improve emergency public health literacy. Methods: Data were collected from the Guangzhou CDC i-Health official WeChat account between April 1, 2018 and April 30, 2019. Descriptive analysis was performed for basic information about the followers and posts of the official WeChat account. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association among various factors of posts on engagement of followers of the official WeChat account. Results: Among 187,033 followers, the total numbers of post views, shares, likes, add to favorites, and comments for 213 posts were 1,147,308, 8,4671, and 5,535, respectively. Engagement of followers peaked on the dissemination date and gradually declined. The main post topics were health education posts and original posts. In the multiple logistic regression model, the number of post views was found to be significantly associated with infectious disease posts (AOR: 3.20, 95% CI: 1.16-8.81), original posts (AOR: 10.20, 95% CI: 1.17-89.28), and posts with title-reflected content (AOR: 2.93, 95% CI: 1.16-8.81). Conclusion: Our findings facilitate the government to formulate better strategies and improve the effectiveness of public information dissemination.
Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Physicians have become increasingly aware that the promise and potential of the current pharmacopeia is but one blade of a double-edged sword. Drug-induced disease is an alarming problem in every area of medical endeavor and indeed has had a major impact on the incidence, nature, and natural history of commonly encountered renal disease (Table 1). The broad array of modern nephrotoxins includes, among others, the penicillin homologues and antifungal, antiinflammatory, and antineoplastic agents. However, this introduction will concentrate on the two classes of drugs of greatest epidemiologic importance, i.e., radioiodinated contrast materials and aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Relationship of glycogen to problems of sterility and ovular life

Abstract Several thoughts are brought to mind in attempting to summarize these findings. 1. 1. A better understanding of the many chemical changes in the endometrium should be attempted. 2. 2. Glycogen is an important material of the endometrium, and its metabolism is probably influenced by the ovarian hormones as previously described by Overhauser and Nelson. 3. 3. Also, the glycolysis that occurs in this location may be associated with the metabolism of estrogen and progestin in the endometrium itself. 4. 4. There has been no proof that the progestational increase in amounts of glycogen and its enzyme is not associated with a general bodily increase. 5. 5. The satisfactory metabolism of glycogen is necessary for ovulation and ovular life.
Sites of cellular autolysis in Lactobacillus acidophilus

Ultrastructural changes which occur during cellular autolysis of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain 63AM Gasser in 0.05 M citrate buffer, pH 5.0, were examined. Early in the process, randomly distributed electron-dense patches were seen on the wall surface, along with an accompanying eversion of mesosomes. Later, after a loss of about 20% of the initial cellular turbidity, dissolution from the outside of nascent cross walls was seen. This observation was related to the normal process of cell separation. After this stage, short lengths of the cylindrical portion of the wall appeared to be completely removed in a random manner over the entire surface. This dissolution produced gaps in the wall which allowed the extrusion of membrane and cytoplasm. Although membrane was usually extruded through one major, polar, subpolar, or septal site, other secondary points of membrane extrusion were also frequently seen in the same cell section.