cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Short Strong Hydrogen Bond in Benzoylacetone by ab Initio Calculations and Accurate Diffraction Experiments. Implications for the Electronic Nature of Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bonds in Enzymatic Reactions

The intramolecular hydrogen bond in benzoylacetone has been studied with high-level ab initio Hartree−Fock and density functional theory methods. The results are compared to the experimental structure as obtained from low-temperature neutron and X-ray diffraction experiments. The calculations reveal that electron correlation effects are essential for modeling the experimental low-temperature neutron diffraction structure of benzoylacetone. At the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory the intramolecular oxygen−oxygen distance is found to be 2.51 A and the hydrogen bond energy can be estimated to be 16 kcal/mol. The transition state for intramolecular hydrogen transfer was located with the barrier estimated to be about 2 kcal/mol, consistent with a low-barrier hydrogen bond. Upon addition of the zero-point vibration energies to the total potential energy, the internal barrier vanished, overall suggesting that the intramolecular hydrogen bond in benzoylacetone is a very strong hydrogen bond. Analysis of the elec...
Sclerosing Encapsulating Peritonitis: Report of a Case With Small Bowel Obstruction Managed by Long-Term Home Parenteral Hyperalimentation, and a Review of the Literature

Sclerosing peritonitis has recently emerged as a complication of peritoneal dialysis associated with a high morbidity and mortality. These patients experience the characteristic syndrome of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, partial small bowel obstruction, and impaired ultrafiltration. A pathologic finding is the replacement of mesothelial cells with a thick layer of nondistensible fibroconnective tissue. We report here a 58-year-old white woman who developed peritoneal sclerosis after 4 years of peritoneal dialysis, including 3 years of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Risk factors included peritoneal exposure to low concentrations of formaldehyde and a 1-week exposure to long-dwell acetate dialysate. Laparotomy for partial small bowel obstruction with resection of the involved segment was complicated by enterocutaneous fistulae, which improved only on cessation of oral intake and treatment with home parenteral nutrition. We have reviewed the literature to find 20 cases of sclerosing peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. A 78% mortality rate is reported in cases that had surgical intervention. We conclude that the use of long-term parenteral nutrition with cessation of oral intake may be necessary in the management of sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis.
Regression of extreme pulmonary hypertension after mitral valve surgery.

Twenty-seven patients with mitral valve disease and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure greater than 100 mm Hg were evaluated. Twenty-five patients have been subjected to mitral valve surgery, consisting of open valvotomy in 6 and mitral valve replacement in 19, with an operative mortality of zero and 16 percent, respectively. Postoperative hemodynamic studies were obtained in 15 of the 19 late survivors, an average of 29 months after operation. Average pulmonary arterial systolic pressure decreased from 115 preoperatively to 50 mm Hg postoperatively; pulmonary vascular resistance decreased from 1,153 to 305 dynes sec cm−5, and cardiac index rose from 1.9 to 2.5 liters/min per m2. Patients with normal left atrial pressure and normal sinus rhythm postoperatively experienced the greatest hemodynamic and clinical improvement. This study indicates that even extreme degrees of pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary vascular resistance due to mitral valve disease regress markedly if surgery adequately decompresses the left atrium.
Measurements of molecular dephasing and radiationless decay by laser-acoustic diffraction spectroscopy

In this paper we present a method for the measurements of molecular dephasing and radiationless decay in gases and solids. The technique utilizes a single-mode of a tunable dye laser and an extracavity acousto-optic element. The latter diffracts the laser beam into or out of the sampe for finite times when a train of radio frequency pulses is fed into the transducer. Using this laser-acoustic diffraction spectroscopy (LADS) we report some new results on iodine gas, and pentacene in a p-terphenyl host at 1.8 K. Combining these new results of LADS on pentacene and our earlier findings using the frequency switching method we present an analysis for the effect of laser bandwidth on the decay of the prepared excited states.
REGULATION and MECHANISM OF PLATELET AGGREGATION

This is a general discussion of what is known regarding the early stages of platelet aggregation and the resulting incidence of macromolecules and platelet-platelet interaction. It has been suggested that a membrane-localized contractile protein is generally responsible for cellular adhesion. Changes in platelets can be induced by a variety of substances and conditions e.g. cold or glass. Thrombin induces changes which differ from those induced by ADP in that the morphological changes especially the extrusion phenomena are more extensive. The effects of several types of inhibitors of platelet aggregation on the extrusion-contraction cycle occurring during aggregation were studied with electron microscopy. The action of the various inhibitors is related to specific steps in the platelet aggregation process. None of the proposed models of aggregation accounts adequately for the known sequence of events in the process. A new relaxation-contractile model is proposed which explains satisfactorily the process of changes and factors which seem to go into platelet aggregation. This model might be extended to explain other biological processes e.g. tumor metastasis.
Precambrian plate tectonics: The midcontinent gravity high

Abstract Examination of the shape of the midcontinent gravity high of central North America has led to the hypothesis that the Keweenawan rift system that caused it is the result of plate tectonic interaction. A numerical test has been carried out on the width and postulated transform fault offsets of the gravity high. The exactness of fit to a plate tectonic geometry implies that the continental lithosphere behaved as rigid plates during the Late Precambrian, about 1.1 by ago. This exactness of fit also suggests that the total amount of separation on the Keweenawan rifts is equal to the width of the gravity high. Gravity modelling studies bear out the plausibility of a major amount of rifting, up to 90 km under central Lake Superior. The midcontinent gravity high may represent an intermediate stage of continental rifting, since similar gravity highs and strong associated magnetic anomalies are found on the modern rifted margins of the Atlantic Ocean.
Complications and Consequences of Epilepsy Surgery, Ketogenic Diet, and Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Children with medically intractable epilepsy may be candidates for nonpharmacologic therapies such as resective and disconnection epilepsy surgery, the ketogenic diet and its variants, and vagus nerve stimulation. Each of these therapies offers unique advantages and disadvantages, and careful consideration of the risk-benefit analysis must be tailored to each child. The hopeful outcome from each of these therapies is seizure freedom or at least a very significant improvement in seizure control, with few or no adverse effects. However, unfortunate adverse consequences can and do occur. These may be serious and irreversible or more commonly mild and transient. An appreciation of these complications and consequences is necessary for the comprehensive management of these complex patients.
Delayed expression of the NFH subunit in differentiating P19 cells

Pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (P19) cells differentiate into a neural phenotype in response to retinoic acid (RA). Expression of the low and medium molecular weight neurofilament subunits, but not the high molecular weight subunit (NFH), has been reported following RA treatment. In this study NFH expression was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy, but lagged behind the expression of the other subunits in a manner similar to that reported during in vivo neuronal development.
Thermodynamics of aqueous mixtures of nonelectrolytes. IV. Excess volumes of water-acetonitrile mixtures from 15 to 35°C

Excess volumes of water-acetonitrile mixtures were obtained from measurements of density over the entire mole fraction range and at 5 degree intervals from 15 to 35°C. Partial molar excess volumes at the five temperatures, excess coefficients of thermal expansion at 25°C and partial molar excess expansibilities at 25°C were derived from the results. The values of the various volumetric properties are compared with data from the literature.
Information-based sensor management

The problem of intelligent use of sensors in a multi-sensor, multi-target surveillance system is discussed. The problem is to make the optimal assignment of targets to sensors subject to given constraints on sensor capacity and for a given definition of optimal. We have found previous work on the sensor management problem to have deficiencies due to the way information is used to optimize the assignment. There are numerous formulations of such `information' based approaches in the literature. This paper attempts to put the problem on a first principles basis. The approach taken here it to determine the predicted gain in information content of a track j after it is updated with data from sensor i for all pairs i,j. This information content can be predicted without making the actual observation by using the properties of the Kalman covariance matrix. The particular assignment of tracks to sensors that maximizes the total information gain subject to the constraints on the sensors is then generated using linear programming methods.
Morphological evidence for increased protein synthesis in CNS neurons after soman exposure

Fine structural changes in neurons of the dorsal hippocampus, caudate nucleus, supraoptic nucleus (SON), and ventral horn of the spinal cord of adult male or spayed female cats were studied after single and multiple doses (dose range 1.0-20.0 micrograms/kg sc) of the organophosphonate, pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (soman). Increases in amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and polyribosomes, proliferation of Golgi complexes, as well as indentations of nuclear membranes occur after single and multiple exposures. The degree of change is dependent on dose, duration of exposure, and time of survival after exposure. The cell organelles affected are essential for protein synthesis and changes in their quantities are morphological indicators for changes in protein synthesis. The data presented in this study suggest an initial increase in protein synthesis after soman exposure, followed by early signs of degeneration. Soman (10 micrograms/kg iv) inhibition of cholinesterases of whole blood, spinal cord, and caudate nucleus of control and cats from which electrophysiological recordings of Renshaw cell field potentials were taken show significant differences. Moreover, while blood values are unmeasurable, spinal cord and caudate nucleus values are 42.21 and 53.6% those of controls at 30 min after injection and 63.41 and 50.75% those of controls after 240 min, respectively. No differences are noted between Renshaw cell field potentials after treatment and controls. Similarly, no changes in gross behavior are noted after 10 micrograms/kg sc. Yet, morphological signs of increases in protein synthesis are present. It is concluded that soman induces increased protein synthesis in many areas studied and that this increase is not dependent on inhibition of cholinesterase to a degree that affects gross behavior of evoked potentials from a CNS cholinergic-transmitting synapse--the motoneuron axon collateral and Renshaw cell (J. C. Eccles, P. Fatt, and K. Koketsu (1954), J. Physiol, 126, 524-562).
Highway Capacity Benefits from Using Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication and Sensors for Collision Avoidance

Several automobile manufacturers are offering assisted driving systems that use sensors to automatically brake automobiles to avoid collisions. Before extensively deploying these systems, we should determine how they will affect highway capacity. The goal of this paper is to compare the highway capacity when using sensors alone and when using sensors and vehicle-to-vehicle communication. To achieve this goal, the rules for using both technologies to prevent collisions are proposed, and highway capacity is estimated based on these rules. We show that both technologies can increase highway capacity. The increase in capacity is a function of the fraction of the vehicles that use a technology. If all of the vehicles use sensors alone, the increase in highway capacity is about 43%. While if all of the vehicles use both sensors and vehicle-to-vehicle communication, the increase is about 273%.
Anatomy of a Project to Produce a First Nuclear Weapon

We describe the industrial project that a “proliferator” would conduct to produce a first, small batch of nuclear weapons. From refining yellowcake ore to final weapons assembly, we highlight the project's tasks and their interactions. The proliferator can choose alternative production technologies that offer quicker completion, but at higher cost in terms of limited resources. The proliferator can also expedite his project by devoting more resources to critical tasks. From physics and chemistry, we determine raw material requirements. From industrial engineering and materials science, we convert these requirements into estimates of the time, manpower, energy, and money required to complete each task under normal and expedited conditions. Using generalized project-management analysis tools, we then estimate the earliest possible completion time of the project, assuming two different levels of resource availability. We also estimate the time required to complete a weapon if some of the project's steps can ...
Fuzzy basis functions: comparisons with other basis functions

Fuzzy basis functions (FBF's) which have the capability of combining both numerical data and linguistic information, are compared with other basis functions. Because a FBF network is different from other networks in that it is the only one that can combine numerical and linguistic information, comparisons are made when only numerical data is available. In particular, a FBF network is compared with a radial basis function (RBF) network from the viewpoint of function approximation. Their architectural interrelationships are discussed. Additionally, a RBF network, which is implemented using a regularization technique, is compared with a FBF network from the viewpoint of overcoming ill-posed problems. A FBF network is also compared with Specht's probabilistic neural network and his general regression neural network (GRNN) from an architectural point of view. A FBF network is also compared with a Gaussian sum approximation in which Gaussian functions play a central role. Finally, we summarize the architectural relationships between all the networks discussed in this paper. >
Non-Euclidean Spring Embedders

We present a method by which force-directed algorithms for graph layouts can be generalized to calculate the layout of a graph in an arbitrary Riemannian geometry. The method relies on extending the Euclidean notions of distance, angle, and force-interactions to smooth nonEuclidean geometries via projections to and from appropriately chosen tangent spaces. In particular, we formally describe the calculations needed to extend such algorithms to hyperbolic and spherical geometries
Stable Isotope Trophic Shifts in White‐Tailed Deer

Abstract Differences between diet and tissue isotope values known as trophic shifts (Δδ13C and Δδ15N) occur during digestion and assimilation of consumed food. Consideration of trophic shifts is essential when using stable isotopes for dietary reconstruction but has received little attention for cervids. Therefore, our purpose was to determine C and N trophic shifts in tissues of captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fed corn and alfalfa in known amounts over a 4-month period. Antler has also received limited consideration for use in dietary reconstruction, thus, we analyzed tissue to expose variation among locations along the main beam and between antler components. We collected antler, hair, red blood cells (RBCs), and serum at the end of the feeding trial and analyzed them to determine C (δ13C) and N (δ15N) isotope values. Trophic shifts occurred between diet and all tissues for both isotopes with mean Δδ13C = 1.19 ± 2.23‰ and Δδ15N = 4.93 ± 0.74‰. Antler trophic shifts were greater than t...
Building power asymmetries in girls' interaction:

This study, based on three years of ethnographic research (and over 60 hours of videotaped interaction) in a Southern California elementary school, investigates how enduring asymmetrical relationships among females in a multicultural peer group are built in moment-to-moment interaction. By exploring how relations of power, based on forms of opposition, bullying, and exclusion, are both built interactively and commented upon in female groups, I call into question the generalizability of accounts of female same-sex talk which focus exclusively on cooperative or polite interactive practices. I employ both ethnographically grounded observations and the methodology of conversation analysis to analyze practices for building power asymmetry in naturally occurring same-sex female talk during play and at lunch.
Steady-state operation of a high-voltage multiresonant converter in a high-temperature environment

Often scientific instruments on exploratory satellites are used to collect cosmic particles. These instruments, such as the Faraday cup, require a high-voltage regulated power source. On the proposed solar probe satellite there will be instruments which will collect cosmic particles close to the sun. Naturally temperature effects on the voltage regulator are a concern. Specifically power dissipation within the regulator must stay within stringent guidelines. The high-voltage regulator circuit is a resonant flyback topology with a dissipative series switch whose on resistance controls the output voltage level. The extreme temperatures in space will change the inductance of the flyback transformer which will affect the output voltage. State space analysis techniques are used to determine how the value of the transformer inductance and capacitance in the flyback converter affects the output voltage and consequently the power dissipated by the transformer and the switch. The accuracy of the analysis is verified by comparing results with those obtained from an experimental circuit. The results can then be used to help the designer chose nominal capacitance and inductance values that will work over the temperature range of interest.
A METHOD OF DESCRIPTIVE SHORE CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING AS APPLIED TO THE NORTHEAST COAST OF TANGANYIKA

The northeast shore of Tanganyika was mapped using a descriptive classification of shore zones and especially designed symbols for shore form. To test the effectiveness of the system as a means of shore description and as a basis for shore zone research, maps were made at three distinct scales. On small-scale maps (less than 1:1,000,000) the classification and symbols provide a useful means of showing the general distribution of the classes, types, and subtype of shores. The system can be used on medium-scale maps (1:125,000–1:1,000,000) in sufficient detail to reveal questions concerning processes of shore formation, and so can be a useful research tool for studying shore zone topography. Large-scale maps (over 1:125,000) appear to be most useful for detailed description of shore zones for local operational purposes.
Studies on the synthesis of prostaglandins in the vesicular glands of essential fatty acid-deficient and hypophysectomized rats.

Abstract Studies are reported on the detection and in vitro biosynthesis of prostaglandins in the vesicular glands of hypophysectomized and essential fatty acid-deficient rats. The vesicular glands of the hypophysectomized rats underwent rapid degeneration and were depleted of their stores of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins. Hypophysectomy also inhibited the in vitro conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 with the vesicular gland of rats. The vesicular glands of essential fatty acid-deficient animals also became depleted of their stores of prostaglandins and arachidonic acid, as well as linoleic acid, and lost their activity for the in vitro conversion of exogenous arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Assisted History Matching

History matching is the process of adjusting uncertain reservoir parameters until an acceptable match with the measured production data is obtained. Complexity and insufficient knowledge of reservoir characteristics makes this process timeconsuming with high computational cost. In the recent years, many efforts mainly referred as assisted history matching have attempted to make this process faster; nevertheless, the degree of success of these techniques continues to be a subject for debate. This study aims to examine the application of a unique pattern recognition technology to improve the time and efforts required for completing a successful history matching project. The pattern recognition capabilities of Artificial Intelligence and Data Mining (AI&DM) are used to develop Surrogate Reservoir Model (SRM) for utilization as the engine to drive the history matching process. SRM is an intelligent prototype of the full-field reservoir simulation model that runs in fractions of a second. SRM is built using a handful of geological realizations. In this study, a synthetic reservoir model of a heterogeneous oilfield with 24 production wells and 30 years of production history was used as the ground truth (the subject and the goal of the history match). An SRM was created to accurately represent this reservoir model. The history matching process for this field was performed using the SRM and by tuning static data (Permeability). The result of this study demonstrates the capabilities of SRM for fast track and accurate reproduction of the numerical model results. Speed and accuracy make SRM a fast and effective tool for assisted history matching.
Diabetes-associated nitration of tyrosine and inactivation of succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA-transferase.

High levels of reactive species of nitrogen and oxygen in diabetes may cause modifications of proteins. Recently, an increase in protein tyrosine nitration was found in several diabetic tissues. To...
Beyond zeno: get on with it!

In this paper we propose a technique to extend the simulation of a Zeno hybrid system beyond its Zeno time point. A Zeno hybrid system model is a hybrid system with an execution that takes an infinite number of discrete transitions during a finite time interval. We argue that the presence of Zeno behavior indicates that the hybrid system model is incomplete by considering some classical Zeno models that incompletely describe the dynamics of the system being modeled. This motivates the systematic development of a method for completing hybrid system models through the introduction of new post-Zeno states, where the completed hybrid system transitions to these post-Zeno states at the Zeno time point. In practice, simulating a Zeno hybrid system is challenging in that simulation effectively halts near the Zeno time point. Moreover, due to unavoidable numerical errors, it is not practical to exactly simulate a Zeno hybrid system. Therefore, we propose a method for constructing approximations of Zeno models by leveraging the completed hybrid system model. Using these approximation, we can simulate a Zeno hybrid system model beyond its Zeno point and reveal the complete dynamics of the system being modeled.
Spring Weather Pattern Associated with Suspected Black Cutworm Moth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Introduction to Iowa

Meteorological influences on long-distance and local black cutworm (BCW), Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel, flight were analyzed. Male BCW capture was compared with ratings describing the favorability of meteorological conditions for the suspected transport. The meteorological ratings (SET Rating System) were based on reported influences of environmental factors on BCW flight. Fluctuations of the ratings and of BCW capture coincided in early spring, indicating that the early-spring Iowa and northern Missouri BCW moth populations are composed only of introduced individuals, probably originating in the south-central United States. Moths may be carried several hundred kilometers to Iowa in one to three nights at considerable height by strong southerly winds. Northern Missouri seems more subject to BCW invasion than Iowa because of more numerous southerly wind events.
Carrier-envelope phase dynamics of octave-spanning titanium:sapphire lasers

The carrier-envelope phase dynamics of octave-spanning Ti:sapphire lasers are analyzed based on a one-dimensional laser. It is found that self-steepening is the major contributor to the energy dependent carrier-envelope phase and that center-frequency-shifts are negligible.
Circadian Timing of REM Sleep Is Coupled to an Oscillator within the Dorsomedial Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Sleep is consistently concentrated to a specific time of the day. Its timing and consolidation depend on the interplay between a homeostatic and a circadian process of sleep regulation [1-3]. Sleep propensity rises as a homeostatic response to increasing wake time, whereas a circadian clock determines the specific time when sleep will probably occur. This two-process regulation of sleep also determines which specific sleep stage will be manifested, and the circadian process governs tightly the manifestation of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) [1, 4]. The role of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the circadian gating of sleep and wakefulness has been unequivocally established by lesion studies [5], but its role in the timing of specific sleep stages has remained unknown. Using a forced desynchrony paradigm that induces the stable dissociation of the ventrolateral (vl) and dorsomedial (dm) SCN, and a jetlag paradigm that induces desynchronization between these SCN subregions, we show that the SCN can time the occurrence of specific sleep stages. Specifically, the circadian regulation of REMS is associated with clock gene expression within the dmSCN. We provide the first neurophysiological model for the disruption of sleep architecture that may result from temporal challenges such as rotational-shift work and jetlag.
Investigation of the risk to software reliability and maintainability of requirements changes

In order to continue to make progress in software measurement, as it pertains to reliability and maintainability, we must shift the emphasis from design and code metrics to metrics that characterize the risk of making requirements changes. Although these software attributes can be difficult to deal with due to the fuzzy requirements from which they are derived, the advantage of having early indicators of future software problems outweighs this inconvenience. We developed an approach for identifying requirements change risk factors as predictors of reliability and maintainability problems. Our case example consists of twenty-four Space Shuttle change requests, nineteen risk factors, and the associated failures and software metrics. The approach can be generalized to other domains with numerical results that would vary according to application.
Intravenous spectinomycin-associated deaths in feedlot cattle.

The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories at South Dakota State University and Iowa State University were presented with 10 cases in which acute deaths occurred in stressed feedlot cattle following intravenous (IV) administration of the oral water-soluble form of the antibiotic spectinomycin. Within 0.5 hours of IV administration, 40-60% of the treated cattle developed clinical signs of respiratory distress followed by weakness, collapse, and death. Extensive pulmonary edema with marked fluid distension of interlobular septa was the most prominent gross necropsy finding. Histopathologic examination revealed pulmonary edema and fibrinous thrombi in capillaries of multiple organs, suggestive of endotoxemia. In fall 1992, the Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory at South Dakota State University received 3 different cases that could be traced to the IV use of spectinomycin. In the case involving the most calves (11 dead out of 13 treated), the calves were from a group of 60 that weighed approximately 250 kg each, originated in Oregon, and developed respiratory problems at a livestock auction. They were removed from sale by the attending veterinarian, who decided to use spectinomycin a as the antimicrobial treatment. The same treatment regimen (5 cc/45 kg of a 100 mg/ ml self-manufactured spectinomycin solution) had been used by him for several years with no known adverse reactions. Prior to treatment, the calves had fevers of 106-108 F and showed signs of respiratory disease but no mouth breathing. The treatment was given at 5 PM, and within a short time the affected calves developed clinical signs of respiratory distress followed by weakness, collapse, and death. By next morning, 11 of the 13 calves were dead. Three of these calves were presented for necropsy. Gross examination findings consisted of cranioventral consolidation involving approximately 15-20% of at least 1 lung field of all 3 calves. The other most obvious gross lesion was the extensive pulmonary edema with marked distention of the interlobular septa by gelatinous edematous fluid (Fig. 1). Microscopic findings in the consolidated portion of the lungs consisted of fibrinopurule nt bronchopneumo nia. Some of the lobules were necrotic. In the nonconsolidated portions, the predominant changes were pulmonary edema and con
Field-induced non-equilibrium electron transport in an In0.4Ga0.6N epilayer grown on GaN studied by subpicosecond Raman spectroscopy

Field-induced electron transport in an InxGa1−xN(x 0.4) sample grown on GaN has been studied by subpicosecond Raman spectroscopy. Non-equilibrium electron distribution and electron drift velocity due to the presence of piezoelectric and spontaneous fields in the InxGa1−xN layer have been directly measured. The experimental results are compared with ensemble Monte Carlo calculations and reasonable agreements are obtained.
Mutagenesis of the Glucose-1-Phosphate-Binding Site of Potato Tuber ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

Lysine (Lys)-195 in the homotetrameric ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGlc PPase) from Escherichia coli was shown previously to be involved in the binding of the substrate glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P). This residue is highly conserved in the ADPGlc PPase family. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to investigate the function of this conserved Lys residue in the large and small subunits of the heterotetrameric potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) tuber enzyme. The apparent affinity for Glc-1-P of the wild-type enzyme decreased 135- to 550-fold by changing Lys-198 of the small subunit to arginine, alanine, or glutamic acid, suggesting that both the charge and the size of this residue influence Glc-1-P binding. These mutations had little effect on the kinetic constants for the other substrates (ATP and Mg 2+ or ADP-Glc and inorganic phosphate), activator (3-phosphoglycerate), inhibitor (inorganic phosphate), or on the thermal stability. Mutagenesis of the corresponding Lys (Lys-213) in the large subunit had no effect on the apparent affinity for Glc-1-P by substitution with arginine, alanine, or glutamic acid. A double mutant, S K198R L K213R , was also obtained that had a 100-fold reduction of the apparent affinity for Glc-1-P. The data indicate that Lys-198 in the small subunit is directly involved in the binding of Glc-1-P, whereas they appear to exclude a direct role of Lys-213 in the large subunit in the interaction with this substrate.
The Politics of Modern Central America: Economic Stability, Lackluster Growth, and Social Change

Introduction Until the late 1970s, the Central American economies were growing, although only the growth rates of Costa Rica and Panama surpassed the average annual GDP per capita of the world. In hindsight, this record, for all its limitations, was a golden age on the isthmus as it was for much of the world. Since 1990, most Central American countries have fallen farther behind, with Nicaragua failing to recover the ground it lost since the late 1970s. The inability of dictators to reform imposed painful costs on most Central Americans. Ill-timed external shocks compounded the effects of war. As states battled insurgents, the sudden drop in the terms of trade in 1979, along with the rise in interest rates on foreign loans, led to a contraction of economic activity. Both external shocks were central components of a generalized economic crisis highlighting the weaknesses of a growth model that relied on exporting agricultural commodities, ones whose prices were volatile and whose benefits concentrated among landowners, as I showed in Chapter 1. Although many of them were waging war, Central American policy makers had little choice but to stabilize their economies. They devalued currencies , renegotiated foreign debts , and balanced state budgets, which reduced incomes and worsened recessions. Like their South America counterparts, Central American states opted to shrink their role in the economy as they stabilized (Kingstone, 2011 ). By the end of the decade, policy makers in both countries – even Costa Rica, the country with the region’s largest state and most successful economy – had returned to the libertarian doctrines of the past, ones associated with decidedly mixed results for economic growth and development.
CONSERVATION OF BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS (CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS)

Abstract “… discovered a Village of Small animals that burrow in the grown (those animals are Called by the french Petite Chien) … we found 2 frogs in the hole and Killed a Dark rattle Snake near with a Ground rat [prairie dog] in him … Those Animals are about the Size of a Small Squ[ir]el … much resembling a Squirel in every respect … his tail like a ground squirel which they shake and whistle when allarmd … it is Said that a kind of Lizard also a Snake reside with those animals.” (Meriwether Lewis, Lewis and Clark Expedition, 17 September 1804)
Characterization of L-arginine transporters in rat renal inner medullary collecting duct.

Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) expresses a large amount of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. The present study was designed t...
Development of Standardized Stream-Dwelling Crayfish Sampling Methods at Site and Drainage Scales

AbstractMethods for assessing stream fish, freshwater mussel, and insect assemblage structure, presence, and status have existed for several decades. Such methods are lacking for assessing crayfish. The current study addresses that deficiency by testing robust sampling methods to assess species richness, distribution, and density at both site and drainage scales. We tested the ability of timed search methods to capture all known species of crayfish at a site and of a kick seine to assess the mean density of crayfish (per m2) in riffles. Riparian crayfish burrows were excavated to capture additional species not captured with the other methods. Our data and methods allow for assessments of the inherent trade-off between sampling time and resources and statistical confidence. An example sampling regime of 3.5 h of effort per site required seven 15-min timed search samples and captured at least 80% of the crayfish species richness, with 85% confidence across all sites tested. Twelve kick-seine samples yielded...
Effect of an endothelin-receptor antagonist on ischemic acute renal failure

In the isolated perfused rat kidney, endothelin (ET) added to the perfusate at concentrations ranging from 50 to 500 pmol/l resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in renal perfusate flow (RPF) and inulin clearance (CIn). The decrease in RPF (17 +/- 3 vs. 34 +/- 3 ml.min-1 x g-1; P < 0.01 compared with control) and CIn (89 +/- 13 vs. 317 +/- 19 microliters.min-1 x g-1; P < 0.01 compared with control) by ET (500 pmol/l) was prevented by the ET antagonist BQ-123 (10 microM), with full recovery of RPF [36 +/- 2 vs. 34 +/- 3 ml.min-1 x g-1; not significant (NS) compared with control] and CIn (299 +/- 51 vs. 317 +/- 19 microliters.min-1 x g-1; NS compared with control). In the absence of ET, perfusion of the kidney with a similar concentration of BQ-123 (10 microM) did not induce any changes in RPF (36 +/- 5 vs. 34 +/- 3 ml.min-1 x g-1; NS compared with control) or CIn (320 +/- 14 vs. 317 +/- 19 microliters.min-1 x g-1; NS compared with control). After 60 min of arterial clamping, BQ-123 (10 microM) given before the onset of ischemia and during reflow improved CIn (88 +/- 4 vs. 19 +/- 3 microliters.min-1 x g-1; n = 6, P < 0.01) and net tubular sodium reabsorption (TNa) compared with no treatment. On the other hand, the same dose (10 microM) of BQ-123 given only during the reperfusion period was not effective in preventing the decreases in either CIn or TNa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acute renal failure: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.

This disease occurs in a wide range of presentations—from an essentially benign nonoliguric form to oliguric states that can be lethal despite aggressive therapy. Several pathogenetic mechanisms ha...
Mood stabilizers in the treatment of juvenile bipolar disorder. Advances and controversies.

This article summarizes the most recent clinical pharmacologic studies of mood stabilizers in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Based on these studies, a treatment algorithm is proposed. A brief review of the potential biologic predictors of treatment response in this population and of the newer anticonvulsants with mood stabilizing properties (e.g., lamotrigine, gabapentin, and topiramate) also is offered.
Bankruptcy related contracting and bankruptcy functions

A bankruptcy system is believed necessary to solve a coordination problem among the creditors of a distressed firm. The firm should survive if its going concern value exceeds its liquidation value, but each creditor, who is assumed to hold debt that is small in relation to the total, has too little at stake to coordinate a restructuring, and so pursues its individual collection remedies. In the likely equilibrium, all firms are liquidated, whether they are viable or not. Bankruptcy law restricts the ability of creditors and the debtor to contract about bankruptcy procedures in order to preserve the viability of a law that solves the coordination problem. These restrictions are broader than the assumed need for them requires. More importantly, there seldom is a coordination problem. The standard story assumes that the typical capital structure has equity and a set of symmetric small creditors, whose dispersion and stake are such that private restructurings are impossible. To the contrary, both theory and data show that common capital structures concentrate creditors for the purpose and with the usual result that viable debtors are privately restructured and unviable debtors are privately liquidated. Consistent with these outcomes, a very small percentage of insolvencies eventuate in proceedings under the bankruptcy code. Theory and data thus raise two related, and largely novel, questions: Empirically, are the debtors that use the bankruptcy code, or the circumstances of those debtors, systematically different from the debtors and circumstances that obtain when the code is not used? Normatively, if there is no coordination problem, what problems should a bankruptcy law solve? This Essay introduces these questions but does not attempt to answer them, though it speculates briefly about the normative query. Rather, the Essay’s central claim is that bankruptcy scholarship should expand to consider what functions it is necessary for a corporate bankruptcy system to perform in light of the capital structures that actually exist.
Imagined Sovereignties: The Power of the People and Other Myths of the Modern Age

Movements like the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street, and the Tea Party embody some of our deepest intuitions about popular politics and 'the power of the people'. They also expose tensions and shortcomings in our understanding of these ideals. We typically see 'the people' as having a special, sovereign power. Despite the centrality of this idea in our thinking, we have little understanding of why it has such importance. Imagined Sovereignties probes the considerable force that 'the people' exercises on our thought and practice. Like the imagined communities described by Benedict Anderson, popular politics is formed around shared, imaginary constructs rooted in our collective imagination. This book investigates these 'imagined sovereignties' in a genealogy traversing the French Enlightenment, the Haitian Revolution, and nineteenth-century Haitian constitutionalism. It problematizes taken-for-granted ideas about popular politics and provokes new ways of imagining the power of the people.
Application of Molecular Pathology to Cutaneous Melanocytic Lesions

Invasive cutaneous melanoma is a deadly skin disease with identifiable molecular characteristics. The histological subtypes of melanoma (e.g., acral, superficial spreading, and nodular) demonstrate distinct, recurring mutations and molecular techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and DNA sequencing methodologies have enhanced our understanding of biological mechanisms and facilitate the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. CGH studies reveal that more than 95 % of melanomas harbor chromosomal copy number aberrations and as many as 80 % of cutaneous melanomas will harbor mutations in NRAS or BRAF, or, less commonly, KIT. The application of multiplexed FISH has further allowed evaluation of challenging melanocytic neoplasms and integration with clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) features has greatly enhanced diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in the challenging subset of ambiguous melanocytic proliferations. This chapter will review the common mutations in cutaneous melanoma, application and interpretation of IHC and FISH in diagnosis of melanoma, and the role of molecular analysis related to prognosis and targeted therapy.
Multi-objective Optimum Design Concepts and Methods

There are numerous applications where one would like to optimize multiple conflicting objective functions simultaneously. Methods to solve such multi-objective optimization problems are presented. First, some basic concepts and terminology associated with the problem are explained. These include criterion space, design space, utility and preference functions, and Pareto optimal set. It is noted that the multi-objective optimization problem does not have a unique optimum solution. There are actually infinite solutions depending on the preferences for various objective functions. These solutions constitute a set known as the Pareto optimal set. Various multi-objective optimization methods are presented and discussed. These include genetic algorithms, the weighted sum method, the weighted min-max method, the weighted global criterion method, the lexicographic method, the bounded objective function method, and goal programming. Criteria to select a method are discussed and presented in a table.
Cell type-specific transcriptomic analysis by thiouracil tagging in zebrafish.

Transcriptomic studies are important tools for understanding the development and function of the different cell types that make up complex tissues. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a valuable organism for modeling key aspects of vertebrate development, cell biology, and human disease. However, the small size of individual larvae and relative scarcity of certain cell types in zebrafish can hamper efforts to collect enough pure material for cell type-specific transcriptomic studies. Thus, there is a need in the zebrafish field for spatially and temporally resolved gene expression assays. This chapter will discuss the general principles behind the TU-tagging method to isolate cell type-specific RNAs and provide guidance in designing and executing TU-tagging experiments in zebrafish.
Omnidirectional Ray Tracing Traversal Algorithm for kd-trees

We propose a new kd-tree traversal algorithm for incoherent groups of rays which reduces number of intersection tests by more than 1.5times compared with splitting the group into coherent subgroups
Charting the Center and the Margins: Addressing Identity, Marginalization, and Privilege in Counseling

In order to address the inequities experienced by individuals who experience multiple forms of marginalization, counselors must be able to make linkages between identity, marginalization, and privilege. Equally important is the need to balance individual counseling with advocacy. This perspective requires counselors to understand how identities intersect and the ways in which a counselor's and client's statuses as members of privileged and marginalized groups influence the therapeutic relationship. These expectations are based on the new Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC), which were recently endorsed by the American Counseling Association. To address these challenges, and to operationalize the MSJCC, the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies—Assessment Form (MSJCC-AF) is introduced. This form incorporates intersectionalities and advocacy with counseling.
Population-level alcohol consumption and national homicide rates:

We explored the cross-national association between population-level alcohol consumption and homicide victimization rates. The very few prior studies of this association had small homogeneous sample...
Isolation versus Enrichment: dCLIP Enables Stringent Profiling of RNA-Binding Sites

Denaturing crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (dCLIP) enables stringent purification of ribonucleoprotein complexes to identify direct RNA targets of individual protein complex members.
Greedy exploitation is close to optimal on node-heterogeneous clusters

The Cluster-Exploitation Problem (CEP) challenges a master computer to schedule a "borrowed" node-heterogeneous cluster C of worker computers in a way that maximizes the amount of work that C's computers complete within a fixed time period. This challenge is heightened by the fact that "completing" work requires C's computers to return results from their work to the master. It has been known for some time that the greedy LIFO protocol, which orchestrates C's computers to finish working in the opposite of their starting order, does not solve the CEP optimally; in fact, the FIFO protocol, which has C's computers finish working in the same order as they start, does solve the CEP optimally (over sufficiently long time periods). That said, the LIFO protocol has features (aside from its intuitive appeal) that would make it attractive to implement when solving the CEP--as long as its solution to the problem was not too far from optimal. This paper shows this to be the case. Specifically: 1. The LIFO protocol provides approximately optimal solutions to the CEP, in the following sense. For every cluster C, there is a fixed fraction ϕC > 0 that does not depend on how heterogeneous cluster C is (as measured by the relative speeds of its fastest and slowest computers) such that C completes at least the fraction ϕC as much work under the LIFO protocol as under the optimal FIFO protocol. Our analysis of the CEP uncovers an unexpected property of the LIFO protocol: 2. In common with the FIFO protocol, the LIFO protocol's work production is independent of the order in which the master supplies work to the workers-- no matter what the relative speeds of the workers are. Within the literature of divisible load scheduling, the CEP follows the masterworker paradigm under the "single-port with no overlap" model.