cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short nights reduce light-induced circadian phase delays in humans.

It is well recognized that much of modern society is experiencing short sleep episodes. The results of a recent national sleep foundation poll suggest that 31% of Americans regularly sleep 6 hours or less each weeknight and 17% of Americans do the same on weekends.1 Because we sleep with our eyes closed and are usually exposed to artificial or natural light when awake, the trend for short sleep durations is producing short night lengths and thus long perceived photoperiods. Many studies in nonhuman animals have shown that night length (photoperiod) can greatly impact circadian phase shifts to light. In 1984, Pittendrigh and colleagues2 used the wheel-running activity patterns of free-running Syrian hamsters to generate phase response curves to 15 minute pulses of light. They found that the phase response curve to light was greatly reduced in both amplitude and range in hamsters who had previously experienced short nights (long photoperiod, light-dark (LD) 18:6) compared with long nights (short photoperiod, LD 10:14). Evans et al3 have since reported similar findings. In 1985, Illnerova and Vanecek4 exposed rats to a history of short nights (LD 18:6) or long nights (LD 6:18) and then measured phase shifts in the pineal N-acetyltransferase rhythm to 1-minute light pulses. They found that both phase advances and phase delays were attenuated after the short nights. More recently, it has been reported that phase delays in the mouse activity rhythm in response to light pulses progressively decrease in magnitude as prior night length decreases (LD 8:16 to 12:12 to 16:8).5 To determine if the effect of photoperiod on circadian phase shifts to light are similar in humans, we recently examined phase advances in humans who experienced 2 weeks of short (6-hour) nights and also 2 weeks of long (9-hour) nights. We found for the first time that, just as in other animals, humans phase advanced significantly less during short nights than during long nights.6 Here we report on a similar experiment in humans that showed that phase delays to bright light are also reduced after a series of short nights.
Impose Capital Gain Tax on Like-Kind Exchanges

The proposal would repeal nonrecognition of gain that current law allows for like-kind exchanges. Nonrecognition was first adopted to avoid the difficulties of valuation, but under modern broker transactions, valuation is not a difficult determination. Most gain not recognized in an exchange is never taxed. The reasons why Congress took stock and bonds out of eligibility for nonrecognition, moreover, apply to real estate as well. Real estate should not be favored over competing investments. Given revenue needs, taxing like-kind exchanges can help ease current budget difficulties.The proposal is made as a part of the Shelf Project, a collaboration by tax professionals to develop and perfect proposals to help Congress when it needs to raise revenue. Shelf Project proposals are intended to raise revenue, defend the tax base, follow the money, and improve the rationality and efficiency of the tax system. The tax community can propose, follow, or edit proposals at http://www.taxshelf.org. A longer description of the Shelf Project can be found at ‘‘The Shelf Project: Revenue-Raising Projects That Defend the Tax Base,’’ Tax Notes, Dec. 10, 2007, p. 1077, Doc 2007-22632, 2007 TNT 238-37.Shelf Project proposals follow the format of a congressional tax committee report in explaining current law, what is wrong with it, and how to fix it.Copyright 2008 Calvin H. Johnson.
How to define and test explanations in populations

Solving applied social, economic, psychological, health care and public health problems can require an understanding of facts or phenomena related to populations of interest. Therefore, it can be useful to test whether an explanation of a phenomenon holds in a population. However, different definitions for the phrase “explain in a population” lead to different interpretations and methods of testing. In this paper, I present two definitions: The first is based on the number of members in the population that conform to the explanation’s implications; the second is based on the total magnitude of explanation-consistent effects in the population. I show that claims based on either definition can be tested using random coefficient models, but claims based on the second definition can also be tested using the more common, and simpler, population-level regression models. Consequently, this paper provides an understanding of the type of explanatory claims these common methods can test.
Developing institutional infrastructure for physician wellness: qualitative Insights from VA physicians.

The prevalence and detrimental effect of physician burnout requires new strategies for supporting physicians. In this project, we describe the development, and assessment, of a “Balint-like” physician support group that provided social cohesion and delivered novel didactic curricula for building resilience. The project began with a nine-month facilitated peer-support group for physicians that met every other week. Based on input from the first group, tailored content was developed to address physician wellness needs. These curricula were delivered to participants in the second nine-month Balint-like group. We then conducted semi-structured interviews with 7 hospitalists and 2 outpatient primary care physicians who participated in the Balint-like groups to explore the intervention’s value and to identify remaining unmet physician wellness needs. Using an inductive thematic analysis approach, we identified a set of institutional-, community- and individual-level factors affecting physician wellness and corresponding intervention opportunities. Physicians spoke of systems-level factors that contributed to distress, and proposed infrastructure, both physical and procedural, that they felt could better support physician wellness. They highlighted the emotional challenges of daily work, and the need for a forum by which to process these interactions in order to maintain their own wellness. Participants reported that participation in Balint-like groups provided this forum and served to help the physicians normalize struggles, reduce isolation and provide new strategies for navigating challenging interactions. Institutional infrastructure, in the form of regular, psychologically-safe forums for processing with peers and learning relational strategies for preserving wellness, may mitigate physician distress. This project provides a model for how to develop and deliver a low-cost physician wellness program that can be tailored to the needs of individual clinical units.
DeepTracer: Predicting Backbone Atomic Structure from High Resolution Cryo-EM Density Maps of Protein Complexes

Abstract Motivation Accurately determining the atomic structure of proteins represents a fundamental problem in the field of structural bioinformatics. A solution would be significant as protein structure information could be utilized in the medical field, e.g. in the development of vaccines for new viruses. This paper focuses on predicting the protein structure based on 3D images of the proteins captured through cryogenic electron microscopes (cryo-EM). A fully automated computationally efficient protein structure prediction method would be particularly beneficial in the field of cryo-EM as the technology allows researchers to photograph multiple large protein complexes in a single study, which means that a fast prediction method could allow for a high throughput of derived protein structures. We present a deep learning approach, DeepTracer, for predicting locations of the backbone atoms, secondary structure elements, and the amino acid types. In order to connect the predicted amino acids into chains, we applied a modified traveling salesman algorithm. Results We trained our deep learning model on experimental cryo-EM density maps and tested it on a set of 50 density maps. We found that our new approach predicted protein structures with an average RMSD value of 1.18 and a coverage of 87.5%. Furthermore, we detected secondary structure information for 87.2% of amino acids correctly. We also showed preliminarily that 25.2% of amino acid types could be predicted directly from the 3D cryo-EM density map, considering 20 different types in total. Finally, we noted that the prediction runtime of DeepTracer is significantly improved compared to other methods. It predicts a large protein complex structure of more than 30,000 amino acids in only 2 hours. Availability The repository of this project will be published. Contact dongsi@uw.edu Supplementary information Supplementary data will be available at Bioinformatics online.
Computational reconfigurable imaging spectrometer (CRISP)

Hyperspectral imaging spectrometers are useful in numerous applications including remote sensing, environmental monitoring, surveillance, minerology and precision agriculture. Historically, high cost and complexity has limited the number of fielded hyperspectral imagers. The Computational Reconfigurable Imaging Spectrometer (CRISP) sensor is a novel hyperspectral imaging spectrometer suitable for high-resolution air or space-based missions. CRISP uses a computational imaging approach to reduce the system’s overall size and complexity. It exploits platform motion and a spectrally coded focal-plane mask to temporally modulate the optical spectrum, enabling simultaneous measurement of multiple spectral bins (i.e. multiplexing). The novel design enables high performance from smaller and less-expensive components (e.g. uncooled microbolometers), and is thus suitable for small space and air platforms. This talk discusses our demonstrator system (including recent flight results) and compares it to theory. Our flights demonstrate plume detection using an uncooled, airborne, longwave infrared CRISP imaging spectrometer. We discuss progress developing algorithms to enable spectral recovery in the presence of motion blur, utilizing the CRISP architecture to advantage. These algorithms enable a fast scanning mode, trading off computational complexity and reconstruction quality for fast area coverage rate.
A Rare Case of Spontaneous Idiopathic Pneumoperitoneum Presenting as Abdominal Pain.

Idiopathic spontaneous pneumoperitoneum is caused by free air in the peritoneum when no established cause has been diagnosed. We present the case of a 61-year-old male with idiopathic spontaneous pneumoperitoneum, which started as abrupt abdominal pain. He described burning abdominal pain radiating to his right shoulder and endorsed symptoms of nausea, abdominal bloating, and heartburn but denied fever, chills, or vomiting. Chest radiograph and computed tomography demonstrated massive amounts of free air under the diaphragm, concluding an extensive pneumoperitoneum. He was diagnosed by standard imaging modalities and then underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, which did not reveal any areas of perforation. Subsequently, the patient had an uncomplicated recovery. The complexity of diagnosis and treatment has made it difficult for surgeons to treat spontaneous pneumoperitoneum patients.
Population calcium responses of Purkinje cells in the oculomotor cerebellum driven by nonvisual input.

It was long known that the climbing fiber input to Purkinje cells in the cerebellar flocculus conveys visual feedback about the accuracy of image-stabilizing oculomotor reflexes. More recently, the...
A Brief Discussion on Algae for Oil Production: Energy Issues

Further laboratory and field research is needed for the algae and oil theoretical system. Claims based on research dating over three decades have been made, yet none of the projected algae and oil yields have been achieved. Harvesting the algae from tanks and separating the oil from the algae, are difficult and energy intensive processes.
Functional genomics identifies negative regulatory nodes controlling phagocyte oxidative burst

The phagocyte oxidative burst, mediated by Nox2 NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species, confers host defense against a broad spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens. Loss-of-function mutations that impair function of the Nox2 complex result in a life-threatening immunodeficiency, and genetic variants of Nox2 subunits have been implicated in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, alterations in the oxidative burst can profoundly impact host defense, yet little is known about regulatory mechanisms that fine-tune this response. Here we report the discovery of regulatory nodes controlling oxidative burst by functional screening of genes within loci linked to human inflammatory disease. Implementing a multi-omics approach, we define transcriptional, metabolic and ubiquitin-cycling nodes controlled by Rbpj, Pfkl and Rnf145, respectively. Furthermore, we implicate Rnf145 in proteostasis of the Nox2 complex by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Consequently, ablation of Rnf145 in murine macrophages enhances bacterial clearance, and rescues the oxidative burst defects associated with Ncf4 haploinsufficiency.
Efficient pseudo-noise sequence generation for spread-spectrum applications

Novel approaches for linear feedback shift register based pseudo noise generators are presented. Area-delay tradeoff between the various approaches is also presented. The principal approaches that are studied in this paper include 1) State-transition matrix based approaches, 2) State-transition matrix based approaches with lookahead, 3) State storage based approaches and 4) Polynomial multiplication based approaches. Synthesis results are also provided to illustrate the area/delay trade-offs.
The landscape of Titan as witness to its climate evolution

We investigated the range of Titan climate evolution hypotheses regulated by the role, sources, and availability of methane. We analyzed all available image data (principally synthetic aperture radar (SAR)) of Titan's landscape through the T-86 encounter, starting with focused examinations of terrains that carry the markers of climate evolution. Traditional geologic and geomorphic landscape analysis was used to perform morphometric characterization, establish time-stratigraphic relationships, and interpret local and regional geologic process-oriented evolutionary histories. We then assayed the distribution of terrains we identified with respect to both their latitudinal and altimetric occurrence. Our analysis of the terrain types and distributions was used to evaluate and rank the various climate evolution scenarios. We favor progressive hypotheses, which include a relatively brief period in which precipitation was able to affect geomorphic change in low latitudes at scales perceivable in SAR data, with subsequent gradual decline of precipitation intensity coupled with an increasing poleward restriction.
γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase of Rat Intestine: Localization and Possible Role in Amino Acid Transport

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), an enzyme possibly involved in amino acid transport, was investigated in rat small intestine using the synthetic substrate L-gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide. Enzyme localization and characteristics were correlated with features of amino acid uptake. gamma-GT activity copurified with sucrase and alkaline phosphatase. Activity was maximal at pH 8.2 and was stimulated by monovalent cations. The relative specificity of the gamma-GT reaction with diglycine and eight essential amino acids as substrates correlated well with the rate of intestinal absorption of this dipeptide and these amino acids as observed by others. gamma-GT activity was 12-fold greater in the jejunum than in the ileum, again in agreement with relative rates of amino acid absorption along the length of rat intestine. The specific activity of gamma-GT in villus tip cells was 10 times greater than in crypt cells, and amino acid uptake was 2 to 6 times greater with villus tip than with crypt cells. Bromosulfophthalein, a noncompetitive inhibitor of gamma-GT, inhibited amino acid uptake. These studies support the concept that membrane gamma-GT may be involved in amino acid and dipeptide uptake, and indicate that further investigation of such involvement may be conveniently pursued using mammalian small bowel.
Unification Grammars: A Unifying Approach

Unification-based grammar formalisms have recently received great interest in computational linguistics, because they allow for a very high-level, declarative description of grammatical relations over linguistic objects. Feature structures are used to encode all kinds of information about any given linguistic object, e.g., certain syntactic properties or semantic content. Grammar rules define the relation between surface strings of a language and the information associated with it. Special purpose theorem provers — parsers and generators — operate on these grammar rules to compute this relation in either direction, from a string to a feature structure or vice versa.
Ultraviolet and X-Ray Induced Chromosomal Aberrations in Wheat.

From wheat pollen given dosages of ultraviolet and x rays roughly comparable in capacity to break chronmosomes, 56 and 124 plants, respectively, were obtained, all of which were analyzed cytologically. Reciprocal translocations and part- and whole-chromosome deiicieneies were found following both types of treatment, but more of the ultraviolet translocations were deficient for an apparently terminal segment. This is regarded as evidence for less reunion and more healing of broken chromosomes following ultraviolet treatment. The virtual absence of translocations in previous ultraviolet experiments is attributed to the strong tendency of ultraviolet-induced transloeations to involve deficiency. In diploid species these deficiencies would frequently cause inviability. The data suggest also that dicentric chromosomes are seldom lost in this nmaterial, but instead often break and give rise to chromosomes with terminal deficiencies. (auth)
Robot-assisted transnasal laryngoplasty in cadaveric models: Quantifying forces and identifying challenges.

Objectives/Hypothesis We expanded our prior work with transnasal robotic surgery (TNRS) in this study with the following aims: 1) use a cadaveric model to evaluate the feasibility of laryngoplasty with TNRS, 2) measure robot insertion times and forces, and 3) identify operational challenges to further guide the development of a flexible robotic system. Study Design Cadaveric study. Methods A 5-mm robot was guided to the larynx via a transnasal approach. Insertion times and forces using TNRS and a 4-mm flexible fiberoptic laryngoscope (FFL) were measured. Target sites on the true vocal cords were marked, and the TNRS was telemanipulated to perform injection laryngoplasty. Results Insertion times averaged 5.05 seconds (range, 3.8–10.4 seconds) for the TNRS and 7.97 seconds (range, 6.2–11.6 seconds) for the FFL. Insertion forces averaged 2.06 newtons (range, 1.56–5.55 newtons) for the TNRS and 0.43 newtons (range, 0.157–1.138 newtons) for the FFL. The unpaired t test between times and forces revealed P values of .0024 and .0000658, respectively. Seven target injection sites on three vocal cords in two cadaveric larynxes were successfully injected. In two out of nine sites marked, we were unable to access the vocal cord due tongue base collapse that obscured the posterior airway. Conclusions TNRS is able to effectively access the larynx, although in a supine model may be limited by tongue base collapse. Forces with TNRS were significantly higher than with the FFL, albeit within the same scale. Despite increased forces, there was no evidence of tissue trauma using TNRS. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 125:1166–1168, 2015
On the steady-state probability of delay and large negative deviations for the $GI/GI/n$ queue in the Halfin-Whitt regime

We consider the FCFS $GI/GI/n$ queue in the Halfin-Whitt heavy traffic regime, and prove bounds for the steady-state probability of delay (s.s.p.d.) for generally distributed processing times. We prove that there exist $\epsilon_1, \epsilon_2 > 0$, depending on the first three moments of the inter-arrival and processing time distributions, such that the s.s.p.d. is bounded from above by $\exp\big(-\epsilon_1 B^2\big)$ as the associated excess parameter $B \rightarrow \infty$; and by $1 - \epsilon_2 B$ as $B \rightarrow 0$. We also prove that the tail of the steady-state number of idle servers has a Gaussian decay. We provide explicit bounds in all cases, in terms of the first three moments of the inter-arrival and service distributions, and use known results to show that our bounds correctly capture various qualitative scalings. \\\indent Our main proof technique is the derivation of new stochastic comparison bounds for the FCFS $GI/GI/n$ queue, which are of a structural nature, hold for all $n$ and times $t$, and significantly generalize the work of \citet{GG.10c} (e.g. by providing bounds for the queue length to exceed any given level, as opposed to any given level strictly greater than the number of servers as acheived in \citet{GG.10c}). Our results do not follow from simple comparison arguments to e.g. infinite-server systems or loss models, which would in all cases provide bounds in the opposite direction.
Using Art to Promote Student Learning and Build Community Partnerships

In his vision for the ”New Museum,” John Cotton Dana advocated placing art close to books and journals, offering arts related programs, and developing an art collection to enhance visual learning. Dana Library, located on the Newark Campus of Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, has succeeded in implementing these principles through its multifaceted arts program. Rotating fine arts and pedagogical exhibits along with a permanent art collection overrides the language and cultural differences of a diverse student body and the surrounding community. Interactions with the art support learning and self-discovery. The exhibit spaces and accompanying programming draw in New Jersey artists and local cultural organizations, strengthening the library’s outreach and the campus’s influence.
Microwave Evidence for Interstellar Molecules

Some time ago, optical astronomy was successful in detecting the first molecular species in interstellar space. However, these have been limited to the three diatomic molecules CH, CH+, and CN. Consideration of this list made it rather natural, after the development of microwave astronomy, for some attention to be given to a search for OH, which has a rather strong microwave transition. This molecule was first detected, after a considerable search, by Weinreb et al. [1]. The analogous Λ-doublet transitions in SH and CH have since been searched for assiduously; failure to detect them does not necessarily mean these radicals are excessively rare in interstellar space, since various unfavorable factors make the search difficult.
The effectiveness of conservation interventions to overcome the urban–environmental paradox

Globally, urbanization is rapidly growing cities and towns at a historically unprecedented rate, and this rapid urban growth is influencing many facets of the environment. This paper reviews the effectiveness of conservation interventions that are designed to increase urban sustainability. It presents evidence for an apparent urban-environmental paradox: while the process of urban growth converts natural habitat to other land covers and degrades natural resources and ecosystem function, the increase in human population can increase demand for natural resources and ecosystem services. The fundamental problem that many conservation interventions try to address is that most facets of the environment are common or public goods, and are hence undervalued in decision making (market failure). The paper presents a threefold classification of conservation interventions in cities: conservation in the city (protecting biodiversity), conservation by the city (reducing per capita resource and energy use), and conservation for cities (projects that maintain or enhance ecosystem services). It ends by discussing methods for spatially targeting conservation interventions of all three types and for quantifying the effectiveness of interventions retrospectively.
User Modelling for Principled Sliding Autonomy in Human-Robot Teams

The complexity of heterogeneous robotic teams and the domains in which they are deployed is fast outstripping the ability of autonomous control software to handle the myriad failure modes inherent in such systems. As a result, remote human operators are being brought into the teams as equal members via sliding autonomy to increase the robustness and effectiveness of such teams. A principled approach to deciding when to request help from the human will benefit such systems by allowing them to efficiently make use of the human partner. We have developed a cost-benefit analysis framework and models of both autonomous system and user in order to enable such principled decisions. In addition, we have conducted user experiments to determine the proper form for the learning curve component of the human’s model. The resulting automated analysis is able to predict the performance of both the autonomous system and the human in order to assign responsibility for tasks to one or the other.
Cenozoic sedimentation history of the central North Pacific: Inferences from the elemental geochemistry of core LL44-GPC3

Abstract The concentrations of thirty-nine elements in 324 samples show large variations in sediments down the 24.3 m length of LL44-GPC3, a piston core of pelagic clay from the central North Pacific (30°19'N, 157°49.9'W) that contains a relatively continuous record of sedimentation since the late Cretaceous. Strong interelement correlations identify five groups of elements whose variance is related and which we interpret to represent porewater salts, silicates, biogenic phosphates, and hydrothermal and hydrogenous oxyhydroxide precipitates. Interelement ratios, when combined with mineralogical, sedimentological, and site-backtrack data, indicate that at least five distinct sources contributed to the aluminosilicate fraction of the sediments in the core. Eight endmember sediment source components (two eolian, two volcanic, two biogenous, one hydrothermal, and one hydrogenous) are modeled and quantified by total inversion. Accumulation rates of these components and of thirty-nine elements vary dramatically for stratigraphically defined intervals within the Cenozoic. Continuous accumulation-rate profiles based on a model combining stratigraphic data and an assumed constant flux of hydrogenous Co yield a general sedimentation model that reflects variations in the sedimentary environment as the LL44-GPC3 site migrated from near the equator in the late Cretaceous to its present location north of Hawaii.
Fitting of satellite and in‐situ ocean surface temperatures: Results for Polymode during the winter of 1977–1978

For the period considered, December 1977 through February 1978, bivariate Gaussian discriminant function cloud identification revealed that more than 93 percent of the 8-km resolution GOES infrared pixels were cloud contaminated. Cloud-free in-situ calibration points were distributed in nonrandom groups; this resulted in systematic errors when using least squares techniques. Surfaces and regression lines were least squares fitted between satellite and in-situ data; use was also made of differences and ratios. The best results were achieved with a regression in the form of the infrared radiative transfer equation; but this was no better than + or - 0.9 K. Because of extensive cloudiness, the linear regressions were seldom useful, and temperature ratios with + or - 1.3 K experimental errors best represent the applicability of GEOS data to sea surface temperatures.
Multi-layer ceramics manufacturing

Multi-layer ceramics (MLC) is an advanced packaging technology developed by IBM and used in the IBM 4300 and IBM 3081 processor models to significantly improve the module circuit density, reliability, and performance over those of previous packages. A key element in this package is the MLC substrate, which is capable of supporting more than 100 semiconductor chips in some design uses. The MLC manufacturing facility requires that sophisticated processing and inspection/test equipment operate within a hierarchically integrated system. This paper provides an overview of the manufacturing process that has been implemented to satisfy the high-volume manufacturing needs of this complex package. It also describes the data handling systems.
Crosstalk analysis of interconnection lines and packages in high-speed integrated circuits

A novel approach for the analysis of crosstalk, propagation delay, and pulse distortion of interconnects in high-speed integrated circuits, packages, and circuit boards is presented. Based on frequency-domain modal analysis, a set of formulas is derived to describe the voltage and current transfer functions of coupled interconnects with arbitrary linear termination impedances and used to obtain analytical expressions for the time-domain waveforms for lossless multiconductors interconnection lines. The weak-coupling assumption is found to be only marginally valid. In a typical interconnection configuration, the secondary coupling of the disturbed line on the original signal line substantial and must be taken into account for accurate prediction of the waveforms. Simulation results are given to illustrate the influence of the layout parameters of the interconnects and the rise or fall times of the source signal. It is shown that ground conductors need to be placed on both sides of each of the signal lines to reduce crosstalk effectively. However, the presence of the ground conductors increases the layout complexity and results in more severe waveform distortion for the signal on the active line. >
A model for inhomogeneous turbulent flow

A set of model equations is given to describe the gross features of a statistically steady or 9slowly varying’ inhomogeneous field of turbulence and the mean velocity distribution. The equations are based on the idea that turbulence can be characterized by ‘densities’ which obey nonlinear diffusion equations. The diffusion equations contain terms to describe the convection by the mean flow, the amplification due to interaction with a mean velocity gradient, the dissipation due to the interaction of the turbulence with itself, and the dif­fusion also due to the self interaction. The equations are similar to a set proposed by Kolmo­gorov (1942). It is assumed that both an ‘energy density’ and a ‘vorticity density’ satisfy diffusion equations, and that the self diffusion is described by an eddy viscosity which is a function of the energy and vorticity densities; the eddy viscosity is also assumed to describe the diffu­sion of mean momentum by the turbulent fluctuations. It is shown that with simple and plausible assumptions about the nature of the interaction terms, the equations form a closed set. The appropriate boundary conditions at a solid wall and a turbulent interface, with and without entrainment, are discussed. It is shown that the dimensionless constants which appear in the equations can all be estimated by general arguments. The equations are then found to predict the von Karman constant in the law of the wall with reasonable accuracy. An analytical solution is given for Couette flow, and the result of a numerical study of plane Poiseuille flow is described. The equations are also applied to free turbulent flows. It is shown that the model equations completely determine the structure of the similarity solutions, with the rate of spread, for instance, determined by the solution of a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. Numerical solutions have been obtained for the two-dimensional wake and jet. The agreement with experiment is good. The solutions have a sharp interface between turbulent and non-turbulent regions and the mean velocity in the turbulent part varies linearly with distance from the interface. The equations are applied qualitatively to the accelerating boundary layer in flow towards a line sink, and the decelerating boundary layer with zero skin friction. In the latter case, the equations predict that the mean velocity should vary near the wall like the 5/3 power of the distance. It is shown that viscosity can be incorporated formally into the model equations and that a structure can be given to the interface between turbulent and non-turbulent parts of the flow.
A SELF-CONSISTENT THEORY OF TRIGGERED VLF EMISSIONS

This work attempts a theoretical self-consistent description of the phenomenon of artificially triggered VLF emissions. The observations of this process are well known (Helliwell, 1965). High power VLF transmitters (e.g. NAA, NPG) transmit monochromatic morse pulses ~ 14 kHz. These signals parallel propagate along a magnetospheric field line in a ducted mode. As a result of interaction with cyclotron resonant electrons such pulses are often observed to ‘trigger’ large amplitude narrow band emissions with sweeping frequencies.
Anisotropic micro- and nano-capsules.

In this work, we introduce anisotropically shaped, ultrathin micro- and nano-capsules fabricated by layer-by-layer approach. The original cubic and tetrahedral shapes of the template particles were replicated to produce hollow capsules with well-defined edges. Introducing tannic acid as a component of LbL shells resulted in enhanced chemical stability of these hollow polymer structures under a wide pH range due to high pK a value. Computational studies demonstrated increased mechanical stability of the anisotropic capsules under osmotic pressure variation due to sharp edges and vertices acting as a reinforcing frame in contrast to spherical microcapsules that undergo random buckling.
Selection on Test-Day Fat Percentage and Milk Production

Selection procedures which weight equally each test day sample may not be optimum for selection on test days. Monthly test day data from 63,300 records of artificially sired Holsteins with 305-day lactations were from the New York Dairy Records Processing Laboratory. Heritabilities (h 2) were estimated intraherdyear-season from sire components of variance for monthly test day production within lactations 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 or greater. Heritability of lactation fat percentage decreased from .60 to .40 from first to fifth lactations whereas heritability for 305-day milk yield increased slightly from .25 to .37 with succeeding lactations. Heritabilities for both fat percentage and milk production of monthly test days were lower for early and later tests than for middle monthly tests. Genetic and phenotypie correlations for early and late months with total lactation were less than for middle months. Estimates of genetic gain by selecting on bimonthly or trimonthly test days were almost as great as by selecting on the colapleted 305-day lactation record. Quadramonthly records showed only a slight decrease in relative response as compared to bi- or trimonthly testing. Selecting on part records would not result in any measurable loss of genetic gain in total milk yield or lactation fat test as compared to monthly testing.
Employment after spinal cord injury: Relation to selected participant characteristics

Abstract Objective: To investigate the relation between selected participant characteristics and employment outcomes after spinal cord injury (SCI). Previous studies produced conflicting results with widely varying employment rates due to differences in study participant characteristics. Design: A field study of the employment history of a large stratified sample of people with SCI. Participants were grouped into cohorts and then compared on several employment variables using the chi square statistic and analysis of variance. Participants; Three hundred sixty-two persons with SCI, selected by stratified sampling according to gender, race, and age. Participants were further grouped into cohorts based on time since injury, injury severity, and years of eduction. Main Outcome Measures: Multidimensional Adjustment Profile, a specially designed measure of multiple outcomes after SCI. Results: The most successful employment outcomes were obtained by Caucasian women, persons up to the age of 29 years at injury, participants with incomplete injuries, and participants who had completed at least 16 years of education. The least successful outcomes were observed in minority men, participants age 50 years or older at injury, persons with complete quadrigplegia, and participants with fewer than 12 years of education. Conclusions: Results point to the need for rehabilitation professionals to make special efforts to maximize employability after SCI among people with biographic characteristics that place them at greatest risk for unemployment.
Activation mechanism of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase. 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine as a probe of the MgATP-binding site of the calmodulin-bound and calmodulin-free enzyme.

Abstract 5′-p-Fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine (FSBA), an ATP-like affinity labelling reagent, reacted with rabbit skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase (skMLCK) and its calmodulin complex in a site-specific manner. Reaction was dependent upon the presence of the adenosine moiety of FSBA, saturated with increasing FSBA, was inhibited by MgATP, and was accompanied by stoichiometric incorporation of [14C]FSBA. The kinetic constants describing the reaction were similar for skMLCK and its calmodulin complex: k3= −0.040 min−1 and −0.038 mint-1, and Ki=0.18 mM and 0.40 mM, respectively. It is concluded that the MgATP-binding site on skMLCK remains accessible at all times and maintains a near constant conformation.
Role of Public Libraries in Bridging the Digital Divide

This paper reviews the role of public libraries in bridging the digital divide in Delta State. It calls for the adoption of appropriate infrastructure and other innovative measures like introduction of appropriate computer related programmes in schools, encouraging citizenry to pick up carrier in the area of science and technology, embanking on enlightenment and awareness programmes and setting up regional/local information resource centers by government especially through the use of the internet also, the challenges of digital divide was revealed. The work concludes that unless appropriate measures are taken in Delta State and Nigeria generally they will be relegated to the background in this knowledge age.
Volume dependence of the conduction electron spin susceptibility for Li and Na

Abstract The conduction electron spin susceptibility for Li and Na was measured as a function of pressure. The measured susceptibility enhancement is compared with the results of many-body theories. The volume dependence of electron wave functions at the nucleus is also derived experimentally.
Implementation of the isocenter-shift technique for smoothing MLC field edge on a 3D treatment planning system.

Stepped leaf edges are the major limitation of conforming to the prescribed treatment contour defined by the conventional multileaf collimator(MLC), which produces a scalloped dose pattern. The commercial HD-270 MLC™ (HDI) technique provides a software solution of the conventional MLC to achieve smoothed edge and optimal penumbra of the MLC shaped field. We implemented the HDI functionality on a 3D treatment planning system and compared the dosimetric effects of the HDI delivery in simulation with those in experiment for a number of the MLC fields. The fields from the contour of varied shapes with different sizes of the leaf stepping were tested for the HDI delivery. There is a good agreement of the dose distribution between the calculation as implemented in the planning system and the measurement performed on the treatment machine. It has been shown that the HDI delivery significantly smoothes the stepped field edge with the reduced isodose undulation and effective penumbra. A problem may be present when the HDI is applied for the treatment of the circular contour of smaller diameter, and the conformity of the MLC shaping may not be achievable satisfactorily with the existing system. The optimization of leaf configuration is suggested to improve the conformity of the HDI technique. The HDI planning then can be used to assist in the decision making of applying the HDI treatment delivery.
Mapping the spatial overlap of excitons in a photosynthetic complex via coherent nonlinear frequency generation

We experimentally demonstrate a nonlinear spectroscopic method that is sensitive to exciton-exciton interactions in a Frenkel exciton system. Spatial overlap of one-exciton wavefunctions leads to coupling between them, resulting in two-exciton eigenstates that have the character of many single-exciton pairs. The mixed character of the two-exciton wavefunctions gives rise to a four-wave-mixing nonlinear frequency generation signal. When only part of the linear excitation spectrum of the complex is excited with three spectrally tailored pulses with separate spatial directions, a frequency-shifted third-order nonlinear signal emerges in the phase-matched direction. We employ the nonlinear response function formalism to show that the emergence of the signal is mediated by and carries information about the two-exciton eigenstates of the system. We report experimental results for nonlinear frequency generation in the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) photosynthetic pigment-protein complex. Our theoretical analysis of the signal from FMO confirms that the emergence of the frequency-shifted signal is due to the interaction of spatially overlapped excitons. In this method, the signal intensity is directly measured in the frequency domain and does not require scanning of pulse delays or signal phase retrieval. The wavefunctions of the two-exciton states contain information about the spatial overlap of excitons and can be helpful in identifying coupling strengths and relaxation pathways. We propose this method as a facile experimental means of studying exciton correlations in systems with complicated electronic structures.
Performance comparison of CSMA/CA Advanced Infrared (AIr) and a new point-to-multipoint optical MAC protocol

Point-to-multipoint communication is the most common topology used in applications providing Internet service through access points. Optical communication is sensitive to shadowing and cannot efficiently use reliable carrier sensing in point-to-multipoint communication, causing serious problems since shadowed terminals behave like hidden terminals and cause collisions. Advanced Infrared (AIr) is the standard MAC protocol for wireless infrared LANs and is able to support point-to-multipoint communication even though it is not specifically designed for such communication. AIr also suffers from performance degradation as number of users varies. This paper demonstrates that the standard protocol is unable to simultaneously provide high channel use efficiency and low level access delay. The contribution of this paper is the introduction of a protocol specifically designed for point-to-multipoint communication without carrier sensing. An analytical model for performance evaluation of the proposed protocol is derived in terms of throughput and access delay. The proposed protocol is compared with AIr MAC layer in terms of delay and normalized throughput. Simulations verify both the analytical model and improved performance.
Sense amplifier with offset mismatch calibration for sub 1-V DRAM core operation

In this paper, a sense amplifier circuit, which aims to operate with 1V or less supply voltage, is presented. While a conventional sense amplifier uses inverters connected in a cross-coupled manner without any special timing phase, the proposed sense amplifier circuit employs a calibration phase to provide offset voltage margin relaxation. The relaxed amount can be utilized for lowering Vcore, the DRAM core voltage, or increasing the number of Wordlines per Bitline. Also, it can be used for ensuring correct data operations in DRAM fabricated with severer process variation.
Certification of Molecular Dynamics Trajectories with NMR Chemical Shifts

Molecular dynamics ensembles of proteins generated by different force fields (AMBER ff99, ff99SB, ff03) have been quantitatively assessed based on their back-calculated Cα, Cβ, and C′ chemical shifts in comparison with NMR experiments. For the latest generation of force fields, a substantial improvement is found for ensemble-averaged chemical shifts over individual snapshots. Explicit inclusion of protein dynamics provides the largest improvement for Cβ chemical shifts, which are dominated by φ, ψ, and χ1 dihedral angle distributions. Since NMR chemical shifts are available for a vast number of proteins, this novel strategy opens up the possibility to quantitatively certify molecular dynamics simulations on an unprecedented scale.
Sigma and pion decays of mixed heavy hybrids

We estimate the relative branching ratio of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ to $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ for the decay of the ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(2S)$, which we have found to be a mixed charm and hybrid charmonium meson. The external field method and correlators from a previous calculation are used to estimate these decays. We find the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ to $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ branching ratio for ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(2S)$ to the $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}(1S)$ decay to be 0.98, in agreement with an experiment at IHEP-BES.
Washington, Westminster and Whitehall

Preface Introduction 1. The governance problem in broad perspective 2. An American's view of British government 3. Expert information and analysis 4. Top leadership 5. Public management 6. The analytic perspective 7. Modernising the parliament and the center 8. Modernising the ministries 9. Breaking the pattern Notes Index.
PUBLIC POLICY: NO LONGER A SPECTATOR SPORT FOR BUSINESS

When government administrators begin to make more key business decisions than corporate managers do, the time has come to rethink—and reshape—the regulatory process. By seizing the initiative, business may find some unexpected new markets and opportunities.
φ 4 theory in 1+d dimensions at high temperature: Dimensional reduction

The φ^4 theory in 1+d dimensions is analyzed at high temperatures in the imaginary-time formalism. General results are given for the leading high-temperature contributions to all renormalized Careen's functions. The latter are generated by a high-temperature partition function which describes another φ^4 theory in d spatial dimensions with special mass renormalizations. The triviality/nontriviality of the (φ^4)_1+3 theory is discussed briefiy.
The role of individual differences in understanding and predicting workplace safety.

Workplace safety is a critical topic for study. An alarming number of workplace safety accidents and incidents occur daily. For example, Loughlin, Hepburn, and Barling (1995) estimated that in the United States each year, there are 100,000 work-related accident or disease fatalities, 400,000 workers that become disabled, and 6 million employees suffering workplace injuries. Few areas in psychology have such pressing societal needs and organizational costs to be addressed. It is clear that in order to increase and promote safe behavior, researchers need to understand the predictors and correlates of safe and unsafe behavior. Understanding and predicting safe and unsafe behavior is not a new idea in psychology. Community psychologists have studied safe and unsafe behaviors relating to both physical health (e.g., smoking, safe sex), and mental health (e.g., stress). Similarly, Industrial/Organizational psychologists have studied safety issues,