cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BitTrickle: Defending against broadband and high-power reactive jamming attacks

Reactive jamming is not only cost effective, but also hard to track and remove due to its intermittent jamming behaviors. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) have been widely used to defend against jamming attacks. However, both will fail if the jammer jams all frequency channels or has high transmit power. In this paper, we propose BitTrickle, an anti-jamming wireless communication scheme that allows communication in the presence of a broadband and high power reactive jammer by exploiting the reaction time of the jammer. We develop a prototype of BitTrickle using the USRP platform running GNURadio. Our evaluation shows that when under powerful reactive jamming, BitTrickle still maintains communication, whereas other schemes such as 802.11 DSSS fail completely.
Micromachined high Q inductors for high-frequency applications

To meet requirements in mobile communication and microwave integrated circuits, miniaturization of the inductive components that many of these systems require is of key importance. At present, active circuitry is used which simulates inductor performance and which has high Q-factor and inductance; however, such circuitry has higher power consumption and higher potential for noise injection than passive inductive components. An alternate approach is to fabricate integrated inductors, in which lithographic techniques are used to pattern an inductor directly on a substrate or a chip. However, integrated inductors can suffer from low Q-factor and high parasitic effects due to substrate proximity. To expand the applications of integrated inductors, these characteristics must be improved. High Q integrated spiral inductors are investigated using olymer/metal multilayer processing techniques and surface micromachining techniques. These inductors have spiral geometry with an air core and a large air gap (4Oim height) between the coils and the substrate (to reduce substrate capacitance), and thick, highly conductive electroplated copper conductor lines (to increase the quality factor). Various inductor geometries are investigated by designing and fabricating several inductors with differing core areas and numbers of turns. The fabricated inductors have a Q-factor of 40-75 at 300-700 MHz and an inductance at these frequencies between 30-7OnH.
Cloacal exstrophy—pull-through or permanent stoma?: A review of 53 patients

Abstract Purpose Patients with cloacal exstrophy have complex anomalies of the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tract with a spectrum of colonic length. Often, colon is lost during the initial management by use of ileostomies and for urologic and genital reconstruction. It is a common belief that these patients require permanent stomas, which we hypothesized is inaccurate, and therefore reviewed our experience with exstrophy, focusing specifically on a patient’s potential to undergo a colonic pull-through. Methods All patients with exstrophy or exstrophy variant treated by the authors were retrospectively reviewed. Their ability to form solid stool was assessed via bowel management involving a constipating diet, antidiarrheals, bulking agents, and a daily enema through the stoma. Patients who underwent successful bowel management through the stoma were offered a pull-through. Results Fifty-three patients were treated over a 26-year period, including typical cloacal exstrophy (27), or a covered variant (16), and complex anorectal malformations with short colon (10). Newborn operations (48 done at other institutions, 5 by us) involved ileostomy in 11 or end colostomy in 42. Eight patients with ileostomies suffered acidosis and failure to thrive and underwent “rescue” operations to incorporate all defunctionalized colon into the fecal stream. Four had colon used for their urologic reconstruction and 6 for their genital reconstruction, leaving them borderline or unable to form solid stool. Twenty-three are undergoing bowel management or being observed for growth of the colonic pouch to determine if they are pull-through candidates. Of the others, 90% (27/30) underwent colonic pull-through. Ten percent (3/30) had a permanent stoma. Of 20 available for follow-up after pull-through, 17 are clean with bowel management (85%), 2 (10%) have voluntary bowel movements with occasional soiling, and 1 is incontinent but noncompliant. Conclusions Indication for pull-through depends on successful bowel management through the stoma, which depends on the ability to form solid stool. To maximize this potential, it is crucial to use all available hindgut for the initial colostomy and avoid use of colon for urologic or genital reconstruction. Most patients have poor prognosis for bowel control but can remain clean with bowel management. Our experience indicates that a permanent stoma is not required for the most of these patients and that bowel management can keep them clean, which we believe provides them with a better quality of life. Using these criteria, most exstrophy patients, contrary to popular belief, are candidates for a pull-through.
Thermal catalytic transformation of pentacyclic triterpenoids: Alteration of geochemical fossils during coalification

Abstract To elucidate the possible natural evolutionary pathways for the transformation of pentacyclic triterpenoids, three terpenoid samples, Δ 2 -allobetulene, tetranormethylallobetulheptaene and fernenes were heated independently at 150°C for 7 weeks with montmorillonite clay. Common products from these reactions consisted of di, tri-, tetra-, and pentacyclic hydroaromatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, which are commonly found in higher rank coals. C-ring cleaved (8,14-seco) aromatic terpenoid derivatives were also found in the thermal catalytic reaction products of Δ 2 -allobetulene. Such compounds could be important intermediates in the formation of bicyclic hydrocarbons from pentacyclic triterpenoids.
Relationship between Elemental Carbon, Total Carbon, and Diesel Particulate Matter in Several Underground Metal/Non-metal Mines

Elemental carbon (EC) is currently used as a surrogate for diesel particulate matter (DPM) in underground mines since it can be accurately measured at low concentrations and diesels are the only source of submicrometer EC in underground mines. A disadvantage of using EC as a surrogate for DPM is that the fraction of EC in DPM is a function of various engine parameters and fuel formulations, etc. In order to evaluate how EC predicts DPM in the underground mining atmosphere, measurements of total carbon (TC; representing over 80% of the DPM) and EC were taken away from potential interferences in four underground metal/non-metal mines during actual production. In a controlled atmosphere, DPM mass, TC, and EC measurements were also collected while several different types of vehicles simulated production with and without different types of control technologies. When diesel particulate filters (DPFs) were not used, both studies showed that EC could be used to predict DPM mass or TC. The variability of the data started to increase at TC concentrations below 230 microg/m3 and was high (> +/- 20%) at TC concentrations below 160 microg/m3, probably due to the problem with sampling organic carbon (OC) at these concentrations. It was also discovered that when certain DPFs were used, the relationship between DPM and EC changed at lower DPM concentrations.
Deployment of One-Sided Communication Technique for Parallel Computing in Katsevich CT Image Reconstruction

This paper focuses on the implementation of parallel approach of Katsevich CT image reconstruction algorithm using one-sided communication technique. One-sided communication is a new feature provided by MPI-2 standard. It natively supports new network techniques such as InfiniBand and Myrinet. In this project, we implement three kinds of one-sided approaches for Katsevich algorithm. The results are compared the other P2P models on the performance metrics - -speedup, efficiency, and cost.
Blood Levels of Nitric Oxide, C-Reactive Protein, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Are Upregulated in Patients with Malignancy-Associated Hypercoagulable State: Pathophysiologic Implications

Endogenous generation of nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular and inflammatory responses. This mediator is synthesized by a family of enzymes collectively known as NO synthase. Several isoforms of this enzyme have been identified and can be grouped as constitutive or inducible. Increased production of NO is reported in several inflammatory disorders, such as sepsis, arthritis, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and antiphospholipid syndrome. In addition, NO upregulates cyclo-oxygenase-2 and synthesis of several other inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation and thrombotic complications are usually associated with malignancy. Earlier reports indicate the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tissue factor (TF) in patients with malignancy. To determine the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and NO in cancer patients with hypercoagulable states, baseline plasma samples from 160 patients with confirmed malignancy and hypercoagulable state were analyzed for NO levels. A chemical method based on a chemiluminescent reaction between NO and ozone using a highly sensitive gas phase NO analyzer was used. CRP, TF, and TNF-alpha were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Of the 160 patients who were plasma tested, the baseline NO levels ranged from 13.7 to 98.6 microM (63.1+/-15.9 microM, mean+/-SD) in contrast to age-matched control, which ranged from 9.1 to 34.6 microM (19.8+/-6.2 microM, mean+/-SD, n=138). Cancer patients also showed marked variations in the NO levels. Eighteen of 60 cancer patients exhibited greater than 60 microM NO levels. The CRP, TNF-alpha and TF were also significantly elevated. A correlation between CRP (r(2)=0.73) and NO levels was noted in cancer patients with hypercoagulable state. These data suggest that the pathogenesis associated with malignancy/hypercoagulable state is associated with an inflammatory component. In addition, the observed hemodynamic changes in some of the cancer patients may be due to increased NO production.
Anticipated and unanticipated effects of crude oil prices and gasoline inventory changes on gasoline prices

Abstract This paper examines the effect of anticipated and unanticipated changes in oil prices and gasoline inventory on US gasoline prices. We estimate empirical responses to anticipated and unanticipated changes in oil prices and gasoline inventory and show that gasoline price adjustments are faster and stronger for anticipated changes in oil prices and inventory levels than for unanticipated changes. Furthermore, this difference is statistically significant. We use these findings to evaluate the cost of adjustment hypothesis suggested by Borenstein and Shephard (2002). We also find that there is an asymmetry in the effect of gasoline inventory on gasoline and oil prices. This finding complements a well-known result that positive and negative changes in oil prices have asymmetric effect on gasoline prices.
Vertex maps on graphs-trace theorems

The paper proves two theorems concerning the traces of Oriented Markov Matrices of vertex maps on graphs. These are then used to give a Sharkoksky-type result for maps that are homotopic to the identity and that flip at least one edge.
Interhemispheric visuo-motor integration in humans: the role of the superior parietal cortex

We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of basic interhemispheric visuo-motor integration. In a simple reaction time task, subjects responded to lateralized left and right light flashes with unimanual left and right hand responses. Typically, reaction times are faster for uncrossed responses (that is, visual stimulus and response hand on the same side) than for crossed responses (that is, visual stimulus and response hand on opposite sides). The chronometric difference between crossed and uncrossed responses is called crossed-uncrossed difference (CUD) and it is typically taken to represent a behavioral estimate of interhemispheric transfer time. The fMRI results obtained in normal right-handers show that the crossed conditions yielded greater activity, compared to the uncrossed conditions, in bilateral prefrontal, bilateral dorsal premotor, and right superior parietal areas. These results suggest that multiple transfers between the hemispheres occur in parallel at the functional levels of sensory-motor integration (posterior parietal), decision-making (prefrontal) and preparation of motor response (premotor). To test the behavioral significance of these multiple transfers, we correlated the individual CUDs with the difference in signal intensity between crossed and uncrossed responses in the prefrontal, dorsal premotor, and right superior parietal activated areas. The analyses demonstrated a strong correlation between the CUD and signal intensity difference between crossed and uncrossed responses in the right superior parietal cortex. These data suggest a critical role of the superior parietal cortex in interhemispheric visuo-motor integration.
The Spacistor, A New Class of High-Frequency Semiconductor Devices

New devices are considered in which electrons or holes are injected directly into space-charge regions of reversebiased junctions avoiding the diffusion of carriers through field-free regions. The case considered is one in which the junction is biased at a voltage such that the injected carriers are multiplied by the avalanche process. A device of this type shall be called a spacistor. It is shown that negative resistance devices and amplifying devices may be constructed. The difficulty is the accumulation of the generated carriers in front of the emitting contact. Experimentally, it has been found that this accumulation of carriers results in the spontaneous relaxation-type oscillations of a transistor-like structure operated at collector voltages greater than the punch-through voltage. It is suggested that the accumulation effect may be diminished by the use of small emitters and magnetic fields.
Lightpaths routing for single link failure survivability in IP-over-WDM networks

High speed all optical network is a viable option to satisfy the exponential growth of internet usage in the recent years. Optical networks offer very high bit rates and, by employing technologies like internet protocol over wavelength division multiplexing (IP-over-WDM), these high bit rates can be effectively utilized. However, failure of a network component, carrying such high speed data traffic can result in enormous loss of data in a few seconds and persistence of a failure can severely degrade the performance of the entire network. Designing IP-over-WDM networks, which can withstand failures, has been subject of considerable interest in the research community recently. Most of the research is focused on the failure of optical links in the network. This paper addresses the problem of designing IP-over-WDM networks that do not suffer service degradation in case of a single link failure. The paper proposes an approach based on the framework provided by a re- cent paper by M. Kurant and P. Thiran. The proposed approach can be used to design large survivable IP-over-WDM networks.
The Critical Zeros of Zeta Functions

As we saw in the previous chapter, the complex dimensions of a generalized Cantor string form an arithmetic progression {D + inp}n∈ℤ (for D ∈ (0,1) and p > 0). In this chapter, we use this fact to study arithmetic progressions of critical zeros of zeta functions.
Errata: Maintenance of Geometric Representations Through Space Decompositions

The ability to transform between distinct geometric representations is the key to success of multiple-representation modeling systems. But the existing theory of geometric modeling does not directly address or support construction, conversion, and comparison of geometric representations. A study of classical problems of CSG ↔ b-rep conversions, CSG optimization, and other representation conversions suggests a natural relationship between a representation scheme and an appropriate decomposition of space. We show that a hierarchy of space decompositions corresponding to different representation schemes can be used to enhance the theory and to develop a systematic approach to maintenance of geometric representations.
Online image-based monitoring of soft-tissue displacements for radiation therapy of the prostate.

Purpose Emerging prolonged, hypofractionated radiotherapy regimens rely on high-dose conformality to minimize toxicity and thus can benefit from image guidance systems that continuously monitor target position during beam delivery. To address this need we previously developed, as a potential add-on device for existing linear accelerators, a novel telerobotic ultrasound system capable of real-time, soft-tissue imaging. Expanding on this capability, the aim of this work was to develop and characterize an image-based technique for real-time detection of prostate displacements. Methods and Materials Image processing techniques were implemented on spatially localized ultrasound images to generate two parameters representing prostate displacements in real time. In a phantom and five volunteers, soft-tissue targets were continuously imaged with a customized robotic manipulator while recording the two tissue displacement parameters (TDPs). Variations of the TDPs in the absence of tissue displacements were evaluated, as was the sensitivity of the TDPs to prostate translations and rotations. Robustness of the approach to probe force was also investigated. Results With 95% confidence, the proposed method detected in vivo prostate displacements before they exceeded 2.3, 2.5, and 2.8 mm in anteroposterior, superoinferior, and mediolateral directions. Prostate pitch was detected before exceeding 4.7° at 95% confidence. Total system time lag averaged 173 ms, mostly limited by ultrasound acquisition rate. False positives (FPs) (FP) in the absence of displacements did not exceed 1.5 FP events per 10 min of continuous in vivo imaging time. Conclusions The feasibility of using telerobotic ultrasound for real-time, soft-tissue–based monitoring of target displacements was confirmed in vivo . Such monitoring has the potential to detect small clinically relevant intrafractional variations of the prostate position during beam delivery.
Globalization Threatens Labor's Rights

Furthermore, Janet Lippman Abu-Lughod argues that during the same near-millennium the world globalized culturally twice before the twentieth century: with the introduction of mass printing in the fifteenth century and with the introduction of the telegraph and telephone in the nineteenth century.2 Thus we have at least five candidates for major waves of globali zation between 1200 and 1900 a.d. Some of them collapsed; Mongol do minion, for example, seems to have succumbed to a combination of plague, climatic variation that reduced the agricultural productivity of the Mon gols' grain-growing prey, and a European maritime outflanking of the over land trade route between East Asia and Europe. Other waves contributed to a stairstep advance in connectedness. What about the twentieth century? Are new forms and intensities of globalization comparable to these earlier political, economic, and cultural transformations occurring in our own time? Many commentators have said that recent changes far surpass any previous knitting together of the world.3 Any such hyperbole calls for definition and measurement. Ideally, globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally conse quential social interactions, especially when that increase stretches a signif
Spatial and temporal aware, trajectory mobility profile based location management for mobile computing

In this paper, we propose a new context-aware profile-based location management scheme. Besides temporal context that has been used in previous proposals, it considers spatial context of mobility profiles as well as recent travel trajectories. We present a conceptual framework for cooperation between the location database management system (LDMS) and the mobile host (MH) in keeping track of the mobility profiles for location management in mobile computing. Although extra overheads are imposed on both the LDMS side and MH side, they are well justified in terms of reducing paging latency and paging traffic.
Phase I Clinical Trial of Recombinant Human Endostatin Administered as a Short Intravenous Infusion Repeated Daily

PURPOSE: To perform a phase I trial of recombinant human endostatin (rhEndostatin; EntreMed, Rockville, MD) given as a daily 20-minute intravenous (IV) injection in adult patients with refractory solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The daily dose was increased from 15 to 240 mg/m2 by a factor of 100% in cohorts of three patients. In the absence of dose-limiting toxicity, uninterrupted treatment was continued until the tumor burden increased by more than 50% from baseline. Correlative studies included dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of tumor blood flow, urinary vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor levels, rhEndostatin serum pharmacokinetics, and monitoring of circulating antibodies to rhEndostatin. RESULTS: There were no notable treatment related toxicities among 15 patients receiving a total of 50 monthly cycles of rhEndostatin. One patient with a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor had a minor response and two patients showed disease stabilization. Linear...
Apolipoprotein B and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Particle Number

To the Editor: In the recent special report on the assessment of apolipoprotein B (apoB)1 and nuclear magnetic resonance particle number (1), the authors recommended that measurement of particle number be incorporated into the guidelines for the assessment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, the literature reviewed provides no basis for this recommendation. Searching the literature using the key terms apo B and LDL-P (LDL particle number) and the name …
Drug Pricing and Value in Oncology

This paper first reviews the evidence on price levels, price growth, and value for cancer drugs. The available evidence suggests that prices for originator (brand-name) drugs are rising significantly more rapidly than general inflation, but the available data are inadequate for robust comparisons between cancer and other categories of specialty drugs. We then examine the factors contributing to high and rising prices for cancer drugs. This analysis focuses mainly on the USA, which accounts for 46% of global expenditures on cancer drugs. It is the country of first launch for most cancer and other specialty drugs and frequently has the highest prices for drugs.
Animal housing influences the response of bone to spaceflight in juvenile rats.

The rat has been used extensively as an animal model to study the effects of spaceflight on bone metabolism. The results of these studies have been inconsistent. On some missions, bone formation at...
Precession Effects on the Relationship Between Time-Averaged and Instantaneous Swirl Flow and Flame Characteristics

Swirling flows exhibit a variety of unsteady fluid mechanic features, including large scale vortical structures and precessing recirculation zones. This paper considers the specific influence of precession on the relationship between time-averaged and instantaneous flow and flame features. The objective of this study is to aid in developing insight into high fidelity computations or experimental results. In particular, we describe how certain topological features in the time-averaged flow, such as centerline axial jets, centerline stagnation points, and symmetry of the flow about the centerline are influenced by precession. Insight is built by presenting results from a simplified model of a two-zone flow, consisting of a precessing reverse flow region embedded in a positive axial flow. A particularly significant result of this work is in regards to aerodynamically stabilized flames, which rely on the low velocity interior stagnation points in the vortex breakdown region for flame stabilization. We show how precession causes systematic differences between the location of the stagnation point of the time-averaged velocity and the time-averaged position of the instantaneous stagnation point. Indeed, an important implication of this point is that a perfect prediction of the time-averaged flow field could still lead to a completely erroneous time-averaged flame position prediction. Finally, we discuss the influence of precession and coherent motion on convergence of estimated averaged quantities.© 2015 ASME
India A Potential High Growth Economy (HGE)

The article reviews and draws lessons from the experience of fast growing economies including a sub-set of these termed High Growth Economies (HGEs) with a decadal rate of over 7 per cent. It then reviews the history of the Indian growth acceleration following the reforms of the 1990s and its future prospects given the recent slowdown. It analysis the potential dangers and reasons for India’s growth slowdown and proposes policy reforms for sustaining fast growth.
Postendarterectomy Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome: The Etiological Significance of "Cerebral Reserve".

Postoperative cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) in patients undergoing carotid intervention is thought to be related to the absence of cerebral reserve. Although hyperperfusion syndrome is rare, severe postoperative headache is common and is considered to be a prodromal sign. Cerebral reserve is measured by studying the response of cerebral vessels to a vasodilator such as hypercarbia. We produced hypercarbia by holding respiration for 60 seconds during carotid endarterectomy. We attempted to evaluate the relationship between intraoperatively evaluated cerebral reserve and the development of postoperative headache which was severe enough to require the patient to take an over the counter analgesic (e.g., ibuprofen, acetaminophen, aspirin). Internal carotid artery flow 1 (F1), Pco 2, and blood pressure 1 (BP1) were recorded before and after (F2, Pco 2, and BP2) 60 seconds of apnea. An increase in flow of > 20% was considered indicative of adequate cerebral reserve. Patients were evaluated before discharge and with follow-up calls at 2 to 5 days postdischarge. Fisher exact test was used to evaluate categorical predictors. Unpaired t test was used to compare continuous variables. Results were considered significant when p 20% increase in flow (p = 0.6315). Pco 2 rose in both groups and BP2 was unchanged from BP1 in both groups. Lack of cerebral reserve does not appear to be related to the development of severe postoperative headache.
A multi-scale analysis of landscape statistics

It is now feasible to monitor some aspects of landscape ecological condition nationwide using remotelysensed imagery and indicators of land cover pattern. Previous research showed redundancies among many reported pattern indicators and identified six unique dimensions of land cover pattern. This study tested the stability of those dimensions and representative pattern indicators across different types of land cover maps. The maps were derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper images of the Tennessee River and Chesapeake Bay watersheds, and they differed in resolution, number of attributes, and method of delineating landscape unit boundaries. A multivariate analysis of pattern metrics was conducted separately for each map, and the results were then compared among types of maps. Measures of land cover diversity, texture, and fractal dimension were more consistent than measures of average patch shape or compaction among the land cover maps.
Playback process: Part 2 – Multiple transitions

Introduction In this chapter analysis of the playback process is extended to consider the effects of multiple transitions. First the concept of linear superposition in magnetic recording is introduced. Two examples are discussed in detail: (1) square wave recording of alternating transitions with a fixed bit spacing and (2) dibit recording of a pair of transitions. In the former both the ‘roll-off’ curve of the peak voltage versus density will be derived as well as the spectrum or Fourier transform. The utility of spectral measurements for analysis of the recording process will be emphasized as in Chapter 5. The relation of the square wave spectrum to an ‘effective’ channel transfer function will be given. In this chapter, as in the previous one, a comparison will be made between longitudinal and perpendicular recording. The effects that relate solely to differences in a change in magnetization orientation will be emphasized. In this way the playback effects and record phenomena discussed in Chapter 8 can be distinguished. Linear superposition The magnetic recording process is not strictly linear. A linear integral relation does not occur where a change in input amplitude yields a proportional change in output voltage. In fact an impulse does not exist because the ‘input’ to the recording channel consists of step functions of voltage or current that produce transitions of magnetization. However, a restricted linearity applies as long as transitions are not written too closely. A transfer function can be defined whose product with the input spectrum yields the output spectrum.
Towards understanding the kinetic behaviour and limitations in photo-induced copper(i) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions.

The kinetic behaviour of the photo-induced copper(I) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction was studied in detail using real-time Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy on both a solvent-based monofunctional and a neat polymer network forming system. The results in the solvent-based system showed near first-order kinetics on copper and photoinitiator concentrations up to a threshold value in which the kinetics switch to zeroth-order. This kinetic shift shows that the photo-CuAAC reaction is not susceptible from side reactions such as copper disproportionation, copper(I) reduction, and radical termination at the early stages of the reaction. The overall reaction rate and conversion is highly dependent on the initial concentrations of photoinitiator and copper(II) as well as their relative ratios. The conversion was decreased when an excess of photoinitiator was utilized compared to its threshold value. Interestingly, the reaction showed an induction period at relatively low intensities. The induction period is decreased by increasing light intensity and photoinitiator concentration. The reaction trends and limitations were further observed in a solventless polymer network forming system, exhibiting a similar copper and photoinitiator threshold behaviour.
Local and systemic effects of 1-acetoxypropylpropylnitrosamine in Syrian golden hamsters.

1-Acetoxypropylpropylnitrosamine (1-APPN) was synthesized and its biological effect examined in Syrian hamsters after subcutaneous (s.c.) administration. 1-APPN induced mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at the injection sites, as well as epithelial tumors in remote organs. Local neoplasms were s.c. sarcomas, mammary adenocarcinomas and Schwannomas, whereas tumors of the respiratory tract (papillary polyps, papillomas, adenomas, epidermoid carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas) were attributed to a systemic effect as were pancreas duct tumors. Neoplasms which originated in the upper digestive and genital tracts of females (papillomas, epidermoid carcinomas) may be related to a systemic and local effect of 1-APPN.
Laboratory Determination of Rock Fracture Shear Stiffness Using Seismic Wave Propagation and Digital Image Correlation

Seismic wave propagation and digital image correlation were used during direct shear experiments on Indiana limestone specimens to investigate the stiffness of rock discontinuities (fractures) approaching shear failure. An instrumented direct shear apparatus was used to apply shear stress to the discontinuity. Compressional and shear wave pulses were transmitted through and reflected from the discontinuity, whereas digital images of the specimen surface were acquired during the test. To measure the dynamic shear stiffness of the rock discontinuities, the displacement discontinuity theory was used and the stiffness was calculated based on the ratio of transmitted to reflected wave amplitudes. The static shear stiffness was calculated based on the ratio of an increment in the applied shear stress to the corresponding increment of relative shear displacement (slip) along the discontinuity. The dynamic shear stiffness measured by seismic wave propagation showed roughly five to ten times greater magnitude than the static values measured by digital image correlation technique. This observation is found to be in agreement with available studies indicating that the frequency-dependent fracture stiffness arises from probabilistic and spatial distributions of stiffness and that dynamic moduli are typically greater than the static values.
Dietary Cholesterol Intake in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI (2013–2015)

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the intake of dietary cholesterol and its major food sources in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: A total of 20,671 nationally representative sample who had 24-hour recall data from the KNHANES VI (2013-2015)...
Nanocomposites of transition-metal carbides on reduced graphite oxide as catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction

Abstract Transition metal carbides (TMC), Mo2C, Fe3C, and WC·W2C, were synthesized as well-dispersed nanoparticles on a reduced graphite oxide (rGO) substrate and each of their hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities was compared with that of a bulk TMC powder. Among the TMC/rGO nanocomposites, only Mo2C/rGO exhibited an obvious increase in the capacitance-normalized current density compared to the bulk powder. We performed density functional theory calculations which suggest that the distinctive activity of Mo2C can be attributed to the structure-sensitive binding energies of atomic H, which binds less strongly on the stepped surface than the flat surface of Mo2C, while other TMCs do not exhibit clear structure-sensitivity. The charge transfer resistances were significantly reduced by using rGO as the substrate, but its correlation with the HER activity was not strong. An analysis of the kinetic data suggested that hydrogen evolution on the TMC surface follows the Volmer–Tafel mechanism with the Tafel step (recombination) rate limiting, which is responsible to the weak correlation between the charge transfer properties and HER activity.
Here Begins Chapter Ten on Companies and their Members

It is proposed that certain men together are members sharing unequally in a company which will make some quantity of profit they will wish to divide moreover among themselves according to their shares. And if one will wish to know how much of the profit each should have, then you write the number of shares of the first member at the head of a table in the right part; next in the same line in order towards the left you strive to write the number of shares of the other members, and the profit which they will make you put at the head of the table in the same line, namely in the left part. Then you add the number of shares of all the members, and you keep the total. You divide each of the members’ share by the total number of shares, and then you multiply each by the total profit, and thus you will have each member’s share of the profit. And so that this is clearly stated, first we demonstrate it with various posed shares for a company of two men in the first part, and three men in the second part, and four in the third; next in the fifth part we finish with the division of some numbers into fractional shares according to the company method [1].
MODELING TURBULENCE IN MULTIPHASE FLOWS

Abstract The effects of particles or droplets on the turbulence of the carrier phase in a multiphase flow are reviewed. Experimental data show that turbulence can be attenuated or augmented depending on the size of the particles with respect to the length scale of the turbulence. Models for turbulence energy and dissipation in dispersed phase flows are reviewed. The mechanisms for modifying the turbulence are identified and discussed.
A Comparison Study of Two Finite-Element Schemes for Computation of Shock Waves

This paper describes an extensive comparison study of two high-order-accuracy finite-element schemes: one of upwind type, the other of flux-corrected transport type, for the simulation of shock wave propagation on unstructured meshes. The performance of these two schemes for the solution of the Euler equations on unstructured meshes is compared on the basis of solution accuracy and computational efficiency for some well-known test cases. Advantages and disadvantages of the two schemes are discussed.
Uruk and the Greco-Roman World

Uruk seems hardly to have been known in the broader Greco-Roman world except in rather specialized circles. A version of its Greek name occurs in Ptolemy’s Geography and his Handy Tables. The people of Uruk, the Orchenoi or Orchenioi, also show up in the Geography, as well as in the astrological geography of Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos, where Ptolemy associates astronomy with three peoples, Babylonians, Chaldaioi and Orchenoi, though apparently in his eyes the Babylonians were somehow more exotic, while the Chaldaioi and Orchenoi were more ‘people like us’. Pliny and Strabo also know the Orchenoi primarily as practitioners of astral science. A recently discovered papyrus fragment, P.Oxy. astr. 4139, takes us beyond these literary references by associating the Orchenoi with specific doctrines in mathematical lunar theory.
Routing in a Delay Tolerant Network with Spiking Neurons

We consider a dynamic reservoir of spiking neurons to generate routing decisions for bundle transmissions in a delay tolerant network (DTN). The reservoir transforms the context, as described by selected system metrics, and the temporal information that is contained in the network's contact list into a high-dimensional feature space, which allows quickly determining the next-hop for bundles whenever needed. The method can be of particular interest for space networks, which are characterized by resource-constrained nodes, known contact opportunities, and dynamic features, such as the state of the channels and buffers. The learning process occurs offline using linear regression and involves a modest computational effort. After training, the spiking neural network can be used to achieve an efficient network operation, allowing to substitute the costly per-bundle shortest path computation with a simple &#x201C;recall&#x201D; action of the best next-hop for the current conditions as stored in the reservoir. We investigate different methods to translate the contact list information into a suitable input for the reservoir and evaluate the approach considering the impact of the readout function size applied to GEO&#x2013;LEO DTN scenarios.
What Kind of System Is This

As a physician assistant in an occupational medicine clinic, I frequently encountered patients who needed to be referred to their primary care provider for the evaluation of non-work-related diseases and disorders. As a medical provider, I was capable of evaluating and treating a patient for things like hypertension or diabetes, but the treatment was beyond the scope of the practice, so patient education and guidance to their primary care provider were key.
A 4-to-18GHz Active Poly Phase Filter Quadrature Clock Generator with Phase Error Correction in 5nm CMOS

We present a high-accuracy wideband quadrature clock generator (QCG) built in 5nm finFET CMOS. To achieve low power and high bandwidth, we employ an active poly phase filter (APPF) to generate the quadrature phases with 6dB gain boost and 30% bandwidth extension. The subsequent quadrature error corrector (QEC) and phase error detector (PED) corrects the APPF output phases with a phase interpolator (PI) to achieve rms phase jitter measured at 14GHz. The noise floor is below –138dBc/Hz at 1GHz offset. The QCG occupies 0.0017mm2 and consumes only 21mW on a 1.0V supply for a FoM of 1.16mW/GHz
Of Human Sacrifice and Barbarity: A Case Study of the Late Archaic Tumulus XVII at Istros

This article consists of a close examination of one of four Late Archaic-era tumular monuments that were excavated in the mid-1950s in the Northern Necropolis of the Pontic Greek settlement of Istros. The exploration of this monument, Tumulus XVII (circa 550-525 BCE), yielded several features that were immediately compared with heroic cremation burials as described in epic poetry (particularly the funeral of Patroklos in Homer’s Iliad ). Most striking among these features were the remains of three human sacrificial victims. Despite the early connection drawn with Homeric epic, for the next three decades Tumulus XVII was classified as a non-Greek (Thracian) monument, principally due to the presence of human sacrifice. That is, human sacrifice was regarded as too primitive and thus foreign to the more ‘advanced’ Greek culture. For this reason, the evidence from Istros has not figured prominently in synthetic studies of Greek human sacrifice. Yet, the growing body of research into Greek and indigenous settlements and cemeteries in the western Black Sea, along with the more recent discovery of a bound and ritually decapitated man alongside Pyre A at Orthi Petra (circa 700 BCE; Eleutherna, Crete), has occasioned a reconsideration of the original barbarian characterization of Tumulus XVII. The funerary rituals and resulting tumular monument rather appear to have been developed by an elite subset of the Greek colonial community as a means to distinguish and elevate themselves among the ever-growing population of the city. While epic may have lent general inspiration and significance to the particular rituals performed, a more immediate model for the tumular form may have been taken from the ‘heroon’ (late 7 th cent. BCE) in the necropolis of the nearby Greek settlement of Orgame. Although the precise circumstances surrounding the funerary human sacrifices elude us, this short-lived ritual phenomenon seems rather to have been introduced to the region by Greek settlers.
‘The Eden of the future…looking like the banished past’: reading riparian agency in deep time in Ciaran Carson’s Belfast Confetti

The rivers in Ciaran Carson’s Belfast Confetti (1989) reconceptualise agency and time in histories of power and conflict. While scholars have examined how poets like Seamus Heaney, Moya Cannon and ...
Congress of Neurological Surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of adults with progressive glioblastoma update: introduction and methods.

Introduction The management of glioblastoma at the time of progression is an important facet of all physicians involved in neuro-oncology. This is an update of the evidence-based guidelines for management of progressive glioblastoma published by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons and American Association of Neurological Surgeons in 2014. Methods The medical literature from July 1, 2012 through March 31, 2019 was searched in MEDLINE® and Embase® and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, and Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects to determine if information was available to update, modify or create new recommendations related to imaging, cytoreductive surgery, neuropathology, radiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Results The writing group utilized the information from the updated literature search to formulate recommendations that were exclusively evidence based and not founded on potentially biased consensus or expert opinion. Conclusion The series of guideline documents provides an update of the information and recommendations that could be derived in the 2014 version. It sets a benchmark as to what we really know about the management of this difficult disease. It also provides clues to key investigations that are necessary to move us toward truly effective disease control.
Antibiotic spectrum index: A new tool comparing antibiotic use in three NICUs.

Background Antibiotics are widely used in very low-birth-weight infants (VLBW, Methods We extracted data from patients admitted to 3 level-4 NICUs for 2 years at 2 sites and for 1 year at a third site. We calculated the ASI per antibiotic days and DOT per patient days for all admitted VLBW infants Results Demographics were similar for the 734 VLBW infants included. The site with the highest DOT per patient days had the lowest ASI per antibiotic days and the site with the highest mortality and infection rates had the highest ASI per antibiotic days. Antibiotic utilization varied by center, particularly for choice of broad-spectrum coverage, although the organisms causing infection were similar. Conclusion An antibiotic spectrum index identified differences in prescribing practice patterns among 3 NICUs unique from those identified by standard antibiotic use metrics. Site differences in infection rates and unit practices or guidelines for prescribing antibiotics were reflected in the ASI. This comparison uncovered opportunities to improve antibiotic stewardship and demonstrates the utility of this metric for comparing antibiotic exposures among NICU populations.
Retrospective: Claude E. Shannon (1916-2001)

In this Retrospective, Golomb reviews the life and work of Claude Elwood Shannon, the founder of modern communication theory that enabled, together with the transistor, the revolution in information technology. Claude Shannon passed away on 24 February 2001, aged 84.
Beyond effector caspase inhibition: Bcl2L12 neutralizes p53 signaling in glioblastoma.

Malignant gliomas are the most common and lethal primary central nervous system cancer. Glioblastoma mutliforme (GBM), the most aggressive of these neoplasms, are generally lethal within 2 years of diagnosis due in part to the intense apoptosis resistance of its cancer cells, hence poor therapeutic response to conventional and targeted therapies. Twenty years of research has uncovered key genetic events involved in disease initiation and progression, foremost the Tp53 tumor suppressor that is mutated or deleted in 35% of GBM. The prime importance of p53 signaling for gliomapathogenesis is further evidenced by epistatic genetic events targeting additional pathway components including deletion of p14Arf (CDKN2A) and amplification of the p53-degrading ubiquitin ligases MDM2 and MDM4. Recent studies have identified and validated Bcl2-Like 12 (Bcl2L12) as a potent glioma oncoprotein with multiple strategic points in apoptosis regulatory networks, i.e. effector caspases and the p53 tumor suppressor. Bcl2L12 r...