cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A partition of small group predecision performance into informational and social components

Abstract New theoretical and methodological techniques for partitioning and identifying the sources of performance differences between groups and individuals in hypothesis and act generation tasks are presented in two experiments. Experiment 1 presents a two-component model which separates group performance into informational and social components. The model proposes that the pooling of information in an interacting group (the information component) is mediated by the social factors (e.g., level of arousal, cohesiveness) which are present in a given situation (the social component). Interacting groups were found to be inferior to nominal groups in a hypothesis generation task. Thus, in Experiment 1, the social component was found to have a negative effect and the information component was found to be positive. Experiment 2 further partitions the social component into a social information component which accounts for the additional information which becomes available as a result of group interaction and a social, noninformational component which consists of purely social factors. The social information component estimates the synergistic effect of group interaction on information retrieval. The social informational component was estimated by including a group of subjects who exchanged ideas (information) via computers but had no social interaction. The “information exchange” group was found to be somewhat superior to a nominal group in an act generation task, and both of these groups were superior to an interacting group. Experiment 2 illustrates that even when the social, noninformational component has a negative effect on the informational component, the social information component may have a positive effect.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Human Herpes Virus 8-encoded Viral FLICE Inhibitory Protein-induced NF-κB Activation

The human herpes virus 8 (HHV8)-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP), also known as K13, is known to activate the NF-κB pathway, a property not shared by other vFLIPs. Previous studies have demonstrated that HHV8 vFLIP K13 interacts with several cellular signaling proteins involved in NF-κB activation, such as receptor-interacting protein, NF-κB-inducing kinase, IκB kinase (IKK) 1, IKK2, and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). In this report we have used cell lines deficient in the above proteins to investigate the mechanism of NF-κB activation via HHV8 vFLIP K13. We demonstrate that receptor-interacting protein and NF-κB-inducing kinase are dispensable for vFLIP K13-induced NF-κB DNA binding and transcriptional activation. On the other hand, vFLIP K13-induced NF-κB DNA binding activity is significantly reduced, although not absent, in cells deficient in IKK1, IKK2, and NEMO. Furthermore, vFLIP K13-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity is only weakly present in IKK1-deficient cells and almost completely absent in those deficient in IKK2 and NEMO. HHV8 vFLIP K13-induced NF-κB activation in IKK1- and IKK2-deficient fibroblasts could be rescued by wild type but not by the kinase-inactive mutants of IKK1 and IKK2, respectively. Consistent with the above results, vFLIP K13-induced NF-κB activation could be effectively blocked by chemical inhibitors of the kinase activity of IKK1 and IKK2. Thus, a cooperative interaction of all three subunits of the IKK complex is required for maximal NF-κB activation via HHV8 vFLIP K13. Selective inhibitors of the IKK1 kinase activity may have a role in the treatment of disorders caused by abnormal NF-κB activation by HHV8 vFLIP K13.
A Systems Approach to Planning Long-Range Marketing Programs

T HIS discussion centers on structuring an information system to provide guidelines for long-range planning of marketing activities in firms supplying inputs to agriculture. The information system is really a subsystem, since it is concerned with providing guidelines only for marketing decisions and not for all the operating functions of the firm. The discussion is intentionally general in terms of firm or industry reference to allow the reader to draw on situations from a particular firm or industry to test the logic of the conceptualized system.
Generalized Jastrow variational method for dense Fermi systems

In this paper, we outline a simple method whereby the antisymmetry of the wave function can be incorporated exactly in the Jastrow many-body theory. Applications of this method to the “homework problem” for neutron matter using the hypernetted-chain approximation give results in very good agreement with the Fermi-hypernetted chain approximation calculations of Fantoni and Rosati. The calculations for liquid3He at a Fermi wave numberkF=0.75 A−1 give results close to the Monte Carlo calculations of Ceperley, Chester, and Kalos.
Electron bombardment induced fragmentation of substituted oxathiolanes

The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of 1,3-oxathiolane and 2-, 4-, and 5-substituted oxathiolanes have been recorded. The various fragments have been identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry when appropriate. Of the five possible modes of ring cleavage to produce two- and three-atom fragments only two modes are actually observed. The mode of fragmentation of the 1,3-oxathiolane ring differs from that proposed for 1,3-dioxalane and in all probability occurs in multistep processes.
Gut microbes out of control in HIV infection.

HIV-1 infection results in chronic activation of the immune system—a process that is thought to contribute to T-cell depletion and progression to AIDS. Chronic activation is now suggested to occur through a breakdown of the mucosal barrier and stimulation of immune cells by microbial products ( pages 1365 – 1371 ).
Two-dimensional surface characterization of laser-deposited carbon films using Raman scattering

We report an apparatus designed to characterize two-dimensional (2D) surfaces of carbon films based on the principle of inelastic light scattering (Raman scattering). The design and construction details are presented. The system with a backscattering configuration, is constructed using a high power argon ion laser with a wavelength of 514.5 nm, an XYZ motorized stage with a step resolution of 3.175 μm, a microscope objective lens, a confocal spatial filter and a holographic notch filter, to achieve extremely low crosstalk and maximum resolution in spectroscopy. The radial resolution for film surface is much enhanced by confocal spatial filter due to its stray light suppression capability. A large depth of sampling field is achieved using an objective lens with a middle NA of 0.55 and a long working distance of 8 mm, thus the requirement of using auto-focusing can be avoided. A specific algorithm is designed to decide the film boundaries as well as the outline of surface structures from pre-defined spectral windows. Control software on Labview TM platform has been developed for controlling movement of the sample stage, spectral acquisition and data visualization. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and patterned silicon were used to evaluate the sensitivity, 1D profile and 2D mapping functionality of the designed system. Diamond-like amorphous carbon (DLC) films prepared by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) were studied using the developed instrument. The results from this approach are compared with those using general scanning tunneling microscope (STM). This comparable low-cost system with high performance is suitable to characterize semiconductors and other materials both for industrial applications and academic research.
On Stratification and Optimum Allocations

Abstract Useful condensations of the variance equations for estimates of the mean obtained from stratified proportional and optimum allocation samples are presented, and a criterion for deciding between semi-optimum and proportional allocation designs is derived.
Exploring future energy options: An economic analysis

Abstract This paper examines the economic benefits and optimal timing of new sources of electric energy. The focus is on those technologies that offer the promise of a nearly inexhaustible electric energy supply: the fast breeder reactor, solar electric and fusion. Benefits are calculated under varying assumptions regarding capital costs, development lead times, and resource availability. The interdependence between benefits from new technologies is also explored.
Distribution of pyridoxal-5-phosphate in human blood between the cells and the plasma: effect of oral administration of pyridoxine on the ratio in Down's and hyperactive patients.

Abstract The distribution of pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) in blood between the cells and the plasma in control subjects and in hyperactive and Down's patients has been studied. The data show an almost equal distribution of PLP between the cells (mostly in the red cells) and plasma, with about equal concentrations in the two fractions in all the three groups. The distribution pattern in patients receiving pharmacological doses of pyridoxine has also been investigated. These patients were from a study on the possible therapeutic value of prolonged administration of pharmacological doses of the vitamin. The PLP content of blood rose sharply during the treatment. The distribution of PLP, however, differed markedly over the base line pattern, with most of PLP now being localized in the red cells. The red cell PLP may belong to a different pool with a slower turnover rate, and may be involved in the regulation of plasma PLP content. The data also suggest that plasma PLP may be a better indicator of the PLP status in such individuals. While the functional significance of such high concentrations of PLP in the red cells is not clear at this time, it seems likely that it would have a significant effect on the metabolism of red cells and perhaps of other cell types in blood.
CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase α Is Required for B-cell Proliferation and Class Switch Recombination

CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) is a key rate-controlling enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the principle membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine. CCTα is the predominant isoform expressed in mammalian cells. To investigate the role of CCTα in the development and function of B-lymphocytes, mice with B-lymphocytes that selectively lacked CCTα were derived using the CD19-driven Cre/loxP system. When challenged with a T-cell-dependent antigen, the animals harboring CCTα-deficient B-cells exhibited a hyper-IgM secretion phenotype coupled with a lack of IgG production. The inability of CCTα-/- B-cells to undergo class switch recombination correlated with a proliferation defect in vivo and in vitro in response to antigenic and mitogenic stimuli. Lipopolysaccharide stimulation of CCTα-/- B-cells resulted in an early trigger of the unfolded protein response-mediated splicing of Xbp-1 mRNA, and this was accompanied by accelerated kinetics of IgM secretion and higher incidence of IgM-secreting cells. Thus, the inability of stimulated B-cells to produce enough phosphatidylcholine prevents proliferation and class switch recombination but leads to unfolded protein response activation and a hyper-IgM secretion phenotype.
Estimating adult mortality levels from information on widowhood.

Summary A range of indirect techniques has been developed for mortality estimation in societies lacking adequate vital registration records. Information on orphanhood has been widely used as an estimator of adult mortality, with generally plausible results. Doubts have remained, however, about potential biases, and the method is less satisfactory for the estimation of male mortality. Information on widowhood, or more strictly the survival of first spouse, has several possible advantages over information on orphanhood. Model first marriage functions and model life tables are used to calculate proportions widowed of first spouse, for both females and males, by marital duration and by age. These proportions widowed are then related to life table survivorship probabilities to provide weighting factors for the conversion of observed proportions widowed into estimates of survivorship probabilities. The application of the method is illustrated with data collected by the 1974 post-enumeration survey of Bangladesh...
Corrigendum to ``Fecal bacteria and sex hormones in soil and runoff from cropped watersheds amended with poultry litter'' [Sci Total Environ 358 (2006) 164-177]

The authors regret that in the Abstract the order of background concentrations of total coliforms, E. coli, and fecal enterococci in runoff is incorrect. The corrected Abstract is presented below. The application of poultry litter to agricultural fields can provide plant nutrients for crops and forage production, but fecal bacteria and the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone are components of litter that can be detrimental to the environment. Our objective was to determine if applications of poultry litter to small watersheds would contribute to the load of fecal bacteria and sex hormones to soil and runoff. We, therefore, investigated the fate and transport of fecal bacteria, estradiol and testosterone from surface applied poultry litter to four small watersheds. Poultry litter was applied to meet the nitrogen requirements of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in 2000 and grain sorghum [Sorgham bicolor (L.) Moench] in 2001. Neither Salmonella nor Campylobacter were detected in the litter but the fecal indicator bacteria were. The average load of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and fecal enterococci applied with the litter was
Some Class-Participation Demonstrations for Decision Theory and Bayesian Statistics

Abstract We present several classroom demonstrations that have sparked student involvement in our undergraduate course in decision theory and Bayesian statistics. Some of the demonstrations involve student participation, while others are essentially lectures with extra class discussion.
Development of a MacroPCM Neck Cooling Collar for Athletes and Runners

Investigators at Triangle Research and Development Corporation (TRDC) have developed materials and applications for enhanced thermal management using both micro-and macro-encapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) since 1983; including: microPCM coolants, coatings, composites, fibers and PCM apparel. The PECS™ (Personal Environmental Control System) was developed for microclimate body cooling beneath NBC (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) protective clothing for the US NAVY and USMC (Colvin, 1997 and 2000). Similar cooling apparel using 3–4mm macroPCM COOLBEADS™ were developed for costumed characters at two theme parks as well as potential use by firemen (Colvin, 1998). The results for these programs were reported at the 2000 and 2002 ASME ICEME (Colvin, 2000 and 2002). Civilian apparel has included 3.5 lb and 5 lb vests, a 1.5 lb cowl as well as a 1-lb collar, which suggested the potential for the microclimate cooling of athletes. Extreme heat during outdoor sporting events can be a major problem for athletes. Competitive runners, who often generate 700–900 W/m2 , commonly deal with temperatures above 32.2°C (90°F) and a relative humidity greater than 80%. Natural cooling by evaporation and convection are often inadequate for a vigorously exercising athlete. Many athletes fatigue, drop out or have to wrap their chest and shoulders with ices and towels in order to finish the races. Ice and frozen gels, however, are uncomfortable, heavy, and can cause the blood vessels to constrict, thus restricting good blood circulation. Encapsulated PCMs can store 60 J/kg and the air spaces between the particles permit evaporation and convection as well as rapid thermal recharging. Development of an effective cooling collar could potentially permit competitive athletes to combat heat exhaustion and increase the body’s ability to dissipate heat.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Simulated moving bed under linear conditions: Experimental vs. calculated results

A simulated moving bed (SMB) was operated for the separation of mixtures of 2-phenyl ethanol and 3-phenyl-1-propanol on columns packed with Zorbax C18 bonded silica, using a 60:40 (v/v) solution of methanol and water as the mobile phase. Series of four or eight columns were used. The experiments were carried out with low concentration mixtures, that is, under linear conditions. Band profiles of both compounds eluted from one of the columns during successive periods after steady state had been reached were recorded, as were the concentration histories at the extract and raffinate ports. These experimental results are compared to those predicted by two models: the linear ideal and the linear equilibrium-dispersive models of chromatography, applied to the SMB separator. These two models give excellent agreement between the experimental profiles and those calculated with the model. As expected, the profiles predicted by the ideal and the equilibrium-dispersive models differ only by the lack of dispersion in the profiles given by the former. The latter model is demonstrated to be a solid, reliable tool for further studies of the SMB design and optimization.
Simple Quark-Counting Predictions for Band Structure in p+Be 9 -->(h + +h - +X, h + +h + +X, h - +h - +X)

A model based on simple quark counting is presented, which describes the inclusive production of charged hadron pairs at large transverse momenta. Predictions are given for the ratios of cross sections for $p+{\mathrm{Be}}^{9}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{h}_{1}+{h}_{2}+X$, where ${h}_{1}$ and ${h}_{2}$ are any of $p$, $\overline{p}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${K}^{+}$, and ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The essential feature of the model is that the valence quarks of the initial particles must be included in the counting.
Thermochemical Reactions and Equilibria between Fluoromicas and Silicate Matrices: A Petromimetic Perspective on Structural Ceramic Composites

A petromimetic (geological–analog) approach is applied to the design of alumina-fiber-reinforced glass-ceramic-matrix composites that use a refractory, trioctahedral fluoromica fiber–matrix interphase and feldspar matrixes. Studies of the solid-state reaction couples between these silicate phases are pursued to address the chemical tailorability of the interphase/matrix interface from an engineering perspective. The minimization of alumina and silica activities within polyphase, feldspar-based matrixes via MgO buffering is shown to be an effective route toward a stable fluoromica interphase. An anorthite–2-vol%-alumina (CaAl2Si2O8+α-Al2O3) substrate, chemically buffered with MgO, is shown to exhibit thermodynamic stability against fluorokinoshitalite (BaMg3[Al2Si2]O10F2), up to temperatures potentially as high as 1460°C. The key to the approach is the reduction of alumina activity via the formation of MgAl2O4 spinel. Similarly, the formation of forsterite (Mg2SiO4) stabilizes the mica in contact with matrix compositions otherwise containing excess silica. The cationic interdiffusion between solid-solution feldspars and fluoromicas also is characterized. Coupled interdiffusion of K+ and Si4+ in exchange for Ba2+ and Al3+ was observed between K-Ba solid-solution celsian and the barium-rich solid-solution end-member fluorokinoshitalite at 1300°C. A similar cationic exchange also is observed against the potassium-rich end-member fluorophlogopite (KMg3[AlSi3]O10F2), although in a reverse direction, at temperatures of <1280°C. The interfacial compositions identified via electron microprobe analysis specify one set of local equilibrium conditions from which global ceramic composite equilibrium can be achieved.
Utility of positron emission tomography in predicting cardiac events and survival in patients with coronary artery disease and severe left ventricular dysfunction

that many patients referred for transplantation can actually safely undergo coronary artery bypass grafting if they have viable myocardium identified with positron emission tomography (PET). The delineation of viable from nonviable myocardium is critically important, especially in patients with severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction because they derive the most benefit from surgical interventions, but also have the highest perioperative risk. 4‐ 7 The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of PET in predicting cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease and severe LV dysfunction and the outcome of these patients based on the choice of medical therapy or revascularization. ••• A retrospective analysis of all patients who had
Multinucleon removal induced by 80-MeV /sup 3/He

$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray spectra were observed following the bombardment of thin $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, Fe, $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, and $^{64}\mathrm{Zn}$ targets with an 80-MeV $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ beam. Product nuclei were identified using their characteristic $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. Qualitative features of the results can be understood in terms of the evaporation process preceded by pre-equilibrium emission. Results with $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ are similar to those obtained with comparable energy proton and pion beams. Systematics are discussed.
Induction accelerator architectures for heavy-ion fusion

Abstract The approach to heavy-ion-driven inertial fusion studied most extensively in the US uses induction modulators and cores to accelerate and confine the beam longitudinally. The intrinsic peak-current capabilities of induction machines, together with their flexible pulse formats, provide a suitable match to the high peak-power requirement of a heavy-ion fusion target. However, as in the RF case, where combinations of linacs, synchrotrons, and storage rings offer a number of choices to be examined in designing an optimal system, the induction approach also allows a number of architectures, from which choices must be made. We review the main classes of architecture for induction drivers that have been studied to date. The main choice of accelerator structure is that between the linac and the recirculator, the latter being composed of several rings. Hybrid designs are also possible. Other design questions include which focusing system (electric quadrupole, magnetic quadrupole, or solenoid) to use, whether or not to merge beams, and what number of beams to use – all of which must be answered as a function of ion energy throughout the machine. Also, the optimal charge state and mass must be chosen. These different architectures and beam parameters lead to different emittances and imply different constraints on the final focus. The advantages and uncertainties of these various architectures will be discussed.
An integer linear programming-based tool for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks will be widely deployed in the future for monitoring important environmental conditions, security, and health care. One of the most important challenges in the implementation of such networks is minimizing energy dissipation. Given that many of the energy optimization problems defined for sensor networks are very hard, heuristics are commonly employed. Evaluating the effectiveness of these heuristics, i.e., how close do they come to the optimal solutions, is a challenge. While algorithms that give optimal solutions cannot be on-line (since they are expensive), if they are used off-line, they can provide invaluable insight to improve existing heuristics and to derive new ones. In this paper, we present an integer linear programming (ILP)-based tool that can be used to evaluate optimal solutions for communication energy optimization in sensor networks under specific constraints. This tool, which is based on the required sensing and communication schedules, determines optimal sensor movement and communication strategies to minimize energy consumption due to inter-sensor communication. The tool can also accommodate several constraints related to movement capabilities of sensor nodes, their battery capacities, and their communication ranges since all these can be expressed in a linear form. In addition, it can also work with objective functions other than minimizing communication energy. Our experience with the tool indicates that it is very useful for studying different scenarios under which an objective function needs to be optimized.
Mondor's Disease of the Penis.

A 36-year-old male presented to the emergency department (ED) complaining of “lumps in my penis.” The patient described 2 firm, raised areas on the dorsum of his penis that had been present 1 week. He had no pain at rest or with palpation but mild discomfort with erection. He denied trauma, dysuria, hematuria, or discharge. He had no prior medical history and took no medications. On physical exam, the patient had 2 palpable, firm cords wrapping around the dorsum of his penis just proximal to the glans (Figure). The affected area was non-tender and without swelling, erythema, or warmth. The skin was intact without lesions or signs of trauma. The rest of his exam was normal. Figure. Visible cords on the dorsolateral penis. An ultrasound showed 2 short areas of noncompressibility consistent with superficial venous thrombosis. The urology consult recommended conservative treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and warm compresses. When the patient was called 2 days after ED presentation, he reported that his symptoms had almost completely resolved. Penile superficial venous thrombosis is an uncommon and little known benign genital condition; the largest case series in the literature describes 25 patients.1 The incidence is unknown and the condition may occur more frequently than reported given its benign symptomatology, frequent spontaneous resolution, and the possibly embarrassing nature of the complaint. Penile Mondor’s disease affects sexually active men of any age. No specific cause has been determined, but detailed history frequently reveals prolonged or vigorous sexual intercourse causing stretching and torsion of penile veins. The disease has also been associated with other risk factors for localized and generalized clot formation.1, 2 Conservative treatment is effective in the vast majority of patients.1 For clots persisting longer than 6 weeks or persistent symptoms despite medical management, thrombectomy or superficial penile vein resection may be recommended.1, 2
GaAs-based opto-thyristor for pulsed power applications

An optically gated, GaAs bipolar junction thyristor with a semi-insulating base layer, specifically developed for pulsed power applications, is reported, and initial device performance characteristics as a pulsed power switch are presented. The measured DC blocking voltage of the device was >600 V, peak pulsed current was >or=70 A, and the current rise rate was >1.4*10/sup 9/ A/s. These results demonstrate that GaAs based junction devices have significant potential as switching elements for pulsed power systems requiring very fast closing times. >
Virtual Training for Multi-View Object Class Recognition

Our goal is to circumvent one of the roadblocks to using existing approaches for single-view recognition for achieving multi-view recognition, namely, the need for sufficient training data for many viewpoints. We show how to construct virtual training examples for multi-view recognition using a simple model of objects (nearly planar facades centered at fixed 3D positions). We also show how the models can be learned from a few labeled images for each class.
34. The Dentition of the Walrus, Odobenus obesus*

Summary. 1 The dental peculiarities of the walrus, Odobenus obesus, may be ascribed in their entirety to the structural modifications induced by the huge size of the canine tusks and to the diet which the animal has adopted. 2 The dental succession is best represented by the formulae: Deciduous i. 3/3, c. 1/1, m. 3/3 = 28; Successional I. 2/0, C. 1/1, P. 4/3, M. 1/1 = 26; Functional I. 1/0, C. 1/1, P. 3/3 = 18. The last of these is well known. The first differs from previous interpretations in recognizing but three milk-molars, and the second is devised to acknowledge definitely the existence of a successional upper second incisor and fourth premolar and to designate as true molars the upper and lower posterior rudimentary teeth. 3 The enlargement of the upper canines has caused the loss of the medial incisors, the alignment of the outer upper incisor and lower canine with the cheek-teeth, and an antero-lateral shift in the angle of implantation of the upper teeth. 4 The diet, composed chiefly of hard-shelled molluscs, has required a concentration of force in the anterior portion of the mouth. This has been accomplished by the production of massive jaw-bones and heavy solid dental columns. 5 The necessity for an adequate dental armament at an early age has been met (a) by a long period of suckling, while the face and teeth were growing; (b) by the nearly simultaneous eruption of the entire dental battery; and (c) by the expanding cones of the growing roots, which made it possible for dental equipment to keep pace with facial development without additional teeth, a mechanism not noted in any other mammal. 6 The details of the processes of structural modification, growth, wear, and senescence related to the dentition have been recited according to the evidence available. 7 By the application of the principles set forth in this discussion miscellaneous specimens of teeth may be identified with reasonable accuracy.
DNA immobilization and SAW response in ZnO nanotips grown on LiNbO/sub 3/ substrates

DNA immobilization enhancement is demonstrated in a structure consisting of ZnO nanotips on 128/spl deg/ Y-cut LiNbO/sub 3/.The ZnO nanotips are grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on the top of a SiO/sub 2/ layer that is deposited and patterned on the LiNbO/sub 3/ SAW delay path. The effects of ZnO nanotips on the SAW response are investigated. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are used to analyze the ZnO nanotips, which are of single crystalline quality, and they are uniformly aligned with their c-axis perpendicular to the substrate surface. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the ZnO nanotips shows strong near bandedge transition with insignificant deep level emission, confirming their good optical property. DNA immobilization enhancement is experimentally validated by radioactive labeling tests and SAW response changes. The ZnO nanotips enhance the DNA immobilization by a factor of 200 compared to ZnO film with flat surface. DNA hybridization with complementary and noncomplementary second strand DNA oligonucleotides is used to study the selective binding of the structure. This device structure possesses the advantages of both traditional SAW sensors and ZnO nanostructures.
Large-scale volcanism associated with coronae on Venus - Implications for formation and evolution

Large-scale volcanism, in the form of areally extensive flow fields, is a previously unrecognized important aspect of the evolution of at least 41% of all coronae on Venus. The timing and scale of many coronae flow fields is consistent with an origin due to the arrival and pressure-release melting of material in the head of a mantle plume or diapir. The production of voluminous amounts of volcanism at some coronae is proposed to be the result of larger plume size and/or the intersection of mantle upwellings with regions of lithospheric extension and rifting.
Risk Management in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine

And thus I dreamt that round me stood The victims of disease, The patients I had failed to cure, Though some had paid my fees. One said, bIt is a happy place, My bliss is unalloyed; Though your mistakes just ten years more Of Heaven I have enjoyed.Q . . . Another made this queer complaint; bI’m prematurely sent; The bungling doctors got me here Before complete development.Q . . . I got here shaky in my shoes, And asked if they’d attack us, And raise a rumpus in these courts, With questions of malpractice.
Parameter estimation in geographically weighted regression

Proposed and implemented is a regression framework, which extends the programming language Java with regression analysis, i.e., the capability to do parameter estimation for a function. The regression framework is unique in that functional forms for regression analysis are expressed as Java programs, in which some parameters are not a priori known, but need to be learned from training sets provided as input. Typical applications of this regression framework include calibration of parameters of computational processes, described as OO programs. To implement regression learning, the compiler of this framework (1) analyses the structure of the parameterized Java program that represents a functional form, (2) automatically generates a constraint optimization problem, in which constraint variables are the unknown parameters, and the objective function to be minimized is the sum of squares of errors with regarding to the training set, and (3) solves the optimization problem using an external nonlinear optimization solver. Then the framework executes as a regular Java program, in which the initially unknown parameters are replaced with the found optimal values. The syntax and semantics of the regression framework are formally defined and exemplified in the geographically weighted regression model.
Nickel hyperaccumulation by Streptanthus polygaloides protects against the folivore Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

We determined the effectiveness of Ni as an elemental defence of Streptanthus polygaloides (Brassicaceae) against a crucifer specialist folivore, diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella. An oviposition experiment used arrays of S. polygaloides grown on Ni-amended (high-Ni) soil interspersed with plants grown on unamended (low-Ni) soil and eggs were allowed to hatch and larvae fed freely among plants in the arrays. We also explored oviposition preference by allowing moths to oviposit on foil sheets coated with high- or low-Ni plant extract. This was followed by an experiment using low-Ni plant extract to which varying amounts of Ni had been added and an experiment using sheets coated with sinigrin (allyl glucosinolate) as an oviposition stimulant. Diamondback moths laid 2.5-fold more eggs on low-Ni plants than on high-Ni plants and larval feeding was greater on low-Ni plants. High-Ni plants grew twice as tall, produced more leaves, and produced almost 3.5-fold more flowers. Low-Ni plants contained more allyl glucosinolate than high-Ni plants and moths preferred to oviposit on foil sheets dipped in low-Ni plant extract. Moths showed no preference when Ni concentration of low-Ni extract was varied and overwhelmingly preferred sinigrin coated sheets. We conclude that Ni hyperaccumulation is an effective elemental defence against this herbivore, increasing plant fitness through a combination of toxicity to DBM larvae and decreased oviposition by adults.
Persistent Discharges in the Prefrontal Cortex of Monkeys Naïve to Working Memory Tasks

Neurons in the prefrontal cortex and a network of interconnected brain areas discharge in a persistent fashion after the offset of sensory stimulation. Such persistent discharges are thought to constitute a neuronal correlate of working memory. The information content of neuronal discharges and its anatomical localization across the surface of the prefrontal cortex has been a matter of debate. Discrepant results by different laboratories may be due to the effects of different training regiments and tasks used in memory tasks. In order to address how training in a memory task alters neuronal responses, we performed recordings in monkeys that were never trained in memory tasks, but passively viewed visual stimuli. We have found that a population of prefrontal neurons responded to visual stimuli and also exhibited significantly elevated responses during ‘‘delay’’ intervals of the task. For a population of these neurons, persistent discharges were selective for the location and feature of the preceding stimulus. These discharges were typically disrupted by the appearance of a subsequent stimulus. Our results suggest that some prefrontal neurons represent the location and identity of visual stimuli in a persistent fashion, even when the latter are not behaviorally important or required to be kept in memory.
Nutritional Profiles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Neisseria lactamica in Chemically Defined Media and the Use of Growth Requirements for Gonococcal Typing

the gonococci multiplied with generation times 60 min, yielding about 5 x 108 cfu/ml within 10 hr and more than 109 cfu/ml by 24 hr. Defined agar media were used for investigation of the growth requirements of 146 strains of N. gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Neisseria lactamica. Each species has a distinctive nutritional profile that serves to differentiate and identify it. On a series of defined media lacking different groups of compounds, the meningococci were relatively homogeneous in their growth responses and were more competent biosynthetically than strains of the other species. Gonococci exhibited a diversity of nutritional requirements; 74 strains were subdivided into 13 distinct clusters (auxotypes) on the basis of their patterns of growth responses to thiamine pyrophosphate, thiamine, proline, arginine, methionine, isoleucine, and hypoxanthine. Such results demonstrate the feasibility of developing a system for auxotyping of clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae.
A correction method for measuring turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate by PIV

The accuracy of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate measured by PIV is studied. The critical issue for PIV-based dissipation measurements is the strong dependency on the spatial resolution, Δx, as reported by Saarenrinne and Piirto (Exp Fluids Suppl:S300–S307, 2000). When the PIV spacing is larger than the Kolmogorov scale, η, the dissipation is underestimated because the small scale fluctuations are filtered. For the case of Δx smaller than the Kolmogorov scale, the error rapidly increases due to noise. We introduce a correction method to eliminate the dominant error for the small Δx case. The correction method is validated by using a novel PIV benchmark, random Oseen vortices synthetic image test (ROST), in which quasi-turbulence is generated by randomly superposing multiple Oseen vortices. The error of the measured dissipation can be more than 1,000% of the analytical dissipation for the small Δx case, while the dissipation rate is underestimated for the large Δx case. Though the correction method does not correct the underestimate due to the low resolution, the dissipation was accurately obtained within a few percent of the true value by using the correction method for the optimal resolution of η/10 < Δx < η/2.
Radiation of Energy from Nonzonal Ocean Currents, Nonlinear Regime. Part I: Single Wave Development*

The energy radiation from oceanic boundary currents is assumed to be one of the main mechanisms responsible for the production of the highly energetic eddy field in the interior of the ocean. The efficiency of the process is demonstrated in an example of a simple model of a nonzonal flow. The nonzonal orientation of the current proves to be a key dynamical factor setting the radiation in the model. The effects of the nonlinear interactions on the radiating properties of the solution are studied in detail numerically. The efficient numerical algorithm with open boundary conditions is used. The solutions of the linear problem reported previously by Kamenkovich and Pedlosky are used as initial conditions. The results show that even rapidly growing linear solutions, which are trapped during the initial stage of development, can radiate energy in the nonlinear regime if the basic current is nonzonal. The radiation starts as soon as the initially fast exponential growth significantly slows. The initial apparent trapping of those solutions is caused by their fast temporal growth. The new mechanism for radiation is related to the nonzonality of a current.
Pig parasite diagnosis

Internal parasitism is caused by nematode roundworms and coccidia in the gastrointestinal tract, lungworms in the respiratory tract, and by ectoparasites. The most commonly encountered gastrointestinal parasites are the large roundworm Ascaris suum, the threadworm Strongyloides ransomi, the whipworm Trichuris suis, the nodular worm Oesophagostomum dentatum, and the coccidia, especially lsospora suis and Cryptosporidium parvum in neonates and Eimeria spp at weaning.
Hyperacuity Image Sensors

The human visual system perceives much smaller spatial steps in edges between high contrast regions than equivalents fine, periodic features. This characteristic is known as hyperacuity. We have designed, simulated, fabricated and characterized amorphous silicon sensors which provide hyperacuity information. The individual pixels are position sensitive detectors, the outputs of which provide the x and y first moments of the cell illumination pattern as well as the average gray level. In the simplest case the top electrode of a standard p-i-n diode sensor is replaced by four edge strip electrodes. Both quadrilateral cells (having all four lateral electrodes on the same side of the p-i-n diode) and duolateral cells (having x-electrodes on top and y-electrodes on bottom) have been tested. Results of probing the cells with rastered spots show that both types provide usable linearity and sensitivity. The duolateral structure provides greater orthogonality of the x and y information. One μm spatial resolution can be achieved with devices compatible with standard amorphous silicon sensor processing.
The Construction of the Interoceanic Railroad of Guatemala

FOR centuries the only roads in Guatemala were no more than trails--slippery and muddy during rainy seasons, dry and dusty during dry seasons, and always treacherous. Travelers who ventured outside the few cities and towns usually walked or rode horses or mules. Freight traveled similarly, on the backs of pack animals or on the backs of men. Consequently, communications were at a minimum; Guatemalans and other Central Americans were isolated. And if they had little communication among themselves, they had less with foreigners. The few ports touched occasionally by foreign ships offered little in the way of trade because of the difficulty of transportation to and from the interior. Under conditions such as these it is no wonder
In-Situ Characterization of Thin Polycrystalline Diamond Film Quality by Thermal Wave and Raman Techniques

In this paper, the thermal wave technique and microfocus Raman spectroscopy are used to measure the relative quality of thin diamond films deposited on silicon. The thermal wave technique uses a modulated heating laser beam, normal to the diamond film surface, to initiate a thermal wave which propagates into the film, the substrate, and the overlying gas(ses). The accompanying modulated gas density is then interrogated by a second (probe) laser beam. The probe beam is deflected by the corresponding periodic changes in the gradient of the refractive index of the gas. The measured probe beam deflection versus offset position is fitted, using a theoretical solution of the three-dimensional thermal diffusion equation for the gas/film/substrate system. The physically important fitting parameter is the thermal diffusivity of the diamond film. Thermal conductivities derived from our diffusivity measurements using this method compare well to previous measurements on similarly prepared films by other methods. Our measured values for the thermal conductivity of the highest-quality polycrystalline diamond films are of the order of 12 W/cm-K. Our measured values of thermal conductivity for diamond films range between this value and the thermal conductivity of graphite. We have also made measurements on bulk diamond using the thermal wave technique, and we obtain a thermal conductivity of 21 W/cm-K, in excellent agreement with values found in the literature. A multi-scan, microfocus Raman spectroscopy technique has been applied to the same films to estimate the ratio of “graphitic” material to diamond material for a relative assessment of film quality.
Development Tendency of Equilibrium Analysis and Demand Response for Smart Grid

Based on the analysis on development tendency of smart grid in future,the development prospect and ultimate objective of demand response technology based on the platform of smart grid are predicted and revealed.Research results show that the open and interactive smart grid in future is favorable to the development of demand response technology. The game model of demand response among plants,power grid and power consumers based on the platform of smart grid is researched by equilibrium analysis in the game theory,and the game equilibrium of demand response under complete information is discussed while the restrictions to both power suppliers and power consumers are deregulated,and the market rules for the game of demand response are given.
[Analysis on the epidemic feature of iodine deficiency disorders in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 2005 and 2009].

新疆是我国也是世界上严重的碘缺乏病病区[1].自2007年始在南疆和吐鲁番地区开始实施贫困人口免费发放加碘食盐,为了解其防治效果以及碘缺乏病流行特点,以2009年碘缺乏病防治监测资料,结合2005年碘缺乏病病情的比较,分析新疆地区碘缺乏病防治状况与流行规律.1.资料与方法:2009年分别对不同病区按PPS法抽样调查42个县(市)小学学生,对3年级(8～ 10岁)学生用B超法检查甲状腺肿大率,并采集部分儿童尿样.同时调查学生家中是否使用加碘盐或其他补碘措施;每个点入户调查食盐加碘情况.采用GB/T13025-1999直接滴定法检测食盐碘含量. 关键词：碘缺乏病;流行特征
Genome Sequence of a Proteus mirabilis Strain Isolated from the Salivary Glands of Larval Lucilia sericata.

ABSTRACT We announce a draft genome sequence of a Proteus mirabilis strain derived from Lucilia sericata salivary glands. This strain is demonstrated to attract and induce oviposition by L. sericata, a common blow fly important to medicine, agriculture, and forensics. The genome sequence will help dissect interkingdom communication between the species.
Comment: Queuing Theory Revisited Once Again

The article presents a letter to the editor in response to the article “The Application of Queuing Theory to the Span of Control,” from the March 1963 issue of the “Academy of Management Journal.”
The Englishing of Medieval Alchemy.

Elias Ashmole, English alchemist and antiquarian, was disappointed by his countrymen's failure to appreciate the alchemical masterpieces written in their own tongue. Although “no Nation hath writte...
The Challenge of Measuring Pain in Humans

Human pain reports are viewed by many as ‘subjective assessments of otherwise unmeasurable experiences’; however, various strategies have been developed to provide reliable and valid measures of clinical pain. Pain is a multidimensional experience that can be described in terms of both sensory intensity and unpleasantness qualities and can be further characterized physiologically and psychologically. Subjects can reliably rate both the pain intensity and unpleasantness of experimental pain stimuli (e.g., noxious heat ≥ 45° C and electrical toothpulp stimulation) independently using visual analogue scales or quantifiable words that describe various levels of pain intensity and unpleasantness. Patients also rate their clinical pain and experimental pain stimuli consistently using these methods. These psychophysical methods have provided useful tools for assessing changes in the nervous system (central sensitization) that are responsible for clinical presentation of persistent pain conditions such as fibromyalgia and temporomandibular disorders. Greater understanding of these changes may lead to novel treatment approaches for the control of chronic pain. Finally, sex, gender, ethnic and racial group differences have been reported in not only pain reports and behaviors but, also, clinicians’ assessments and management of clinical pain. Virtual human technology has provided a valuable tool for understanding the factors that influence clinical pain assessments. The chapter reviews how reliable and valid pain measurement has provided better understanding of clinical pain that will lead to more effective pain management approaches.
Designing and Managing Engaging Discussions in Online Courses

This "quick hits" details two sets of tips, the first on developing engaging discussion questions and the second on clarifying the role of the instructor in terms of moderating and evaluating student posts.