cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dimensions and Measures

As we have seen in Chapter 3, the pseudochaotic web (residual set) of aperiodic, discontinuity avoiding orbits in a renormalizable piecewise isometric system, while occupying zero area, nevertheless is far from trivial in its dynamics. In probing more deeply, we are naturally led to ask questions of a probabilistic nature, concerning, for example, what fraction of the web is contained in a particular subset of the plane, or with what probability will an orbit initiated in a particular set return to that set within a designated time? To investigate such questions requires a measure, and so we turn our attention to the task of constructing one. Fortunately, Hausdorff measure, widely used in the study of Cantor sets and other fractals (Falconer, 1990), turns out to be the most natural choice.
Evidence for hexagonal II phase lipid involvement in mitochondrial Ca2+ movements.

The release of matrix Ca2+ from mitochondria is induced by a variety of compounds, eg. palmitoyl-CoA (P-CoA) (1). Addition of these compounds to mitochondria which contain Ca2+ produces a period of mitochondrial Ca2+ release and reaccumulation, i.e. Ca2+ cycling, followed by large amplitude swelling, inner membrane depolarization and net Ca2+ release (2). These phenomena occur only if inorganic phosphate is in the reaction medium (3). Whether these observations are related to the mechanism(s) through which the mitochondrion contributes to Ca2+ homeostasis in the normal cell remains to be determined. However, under pathological conditions such as ischemia this process of Ca2+ release may relate to matrix Ca2+ content and mitochondrial volume changes observed (4).
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan distribution in the primate optic nerve head.

Purpose To evaluate the presence and distribution of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate-containing proteoglycans in normal human and monkey optic nerve heads by light microscopic immunohistochemistry. Methods Monoclonal antibodies specific for glycosaminoglycan attachment sites remaining after incubation of tissues with chondroitinase ABC and ACII were used to detect proteoglycans containing unsulfated chondroitin (OS), chondroitin-4 and/or dermatan sulfate (4S), and chondroitin-6 sulfate (6S) glycosaminoglycans. Results 4S antibody labeling after chondroitinase ABC was heavily and evenly distributed within the peripapillary sclera and in the core of laminar beams and optic nerve septa. Preincubation with chondroitinase AC, which exposes only chondroitin sulfate attachment sites, diminished labeling intensity in the lamina cribrosa and sclera and almost completely eliminated it in the retrolaminar optic nerve septa. In contrast, 6S antibodies demonstrated a more intermittent linear distribution throughout the laminar beams and optic nerve septa. No qualitative differences were seen between human and monkey optic nerve heads. Conclusion Chondroitin and dermatan sulfate-containing proteoglycans exist throughout the support tissues of the optic nerve head. The specific distribution patterns demonstrated by these monoclonal antibodies, and, in particular, the unique confinement of one of them to the lamina, indicate the presence of different core proteins or different functional glycosaminoglycan side chains that may influence the behavior of the lamina cribrosa.
Alternative Constructions of Adolescent Growth

Textbooks on adolescent development show a remarkable similarity in their descriptions of the physiological, social, and psychological changes that characterize the adolescent period. In addition to providing descriptive information, these textbooks almost uniformly present a discussion of the consequences of the timing of pubertal growth, such as an account of the impact which early or late maturing has upon individuals during the adolescent period and in the young adult years. Yet there seems to be little or no consensus when it comes to explaining how it is that somatic influences affect human behavior and personality development. An important but unanswered question is this: How do the physiological changes of puberty exert an impact upon social and psychological development?
Trigeminal Neurinoma with Extracranial Extension

An unusual case of asymptomatic trigeminal neurinoma, with an extension to the mandibular division, is reported. The clinical features of trigeminal nerve tumors are discussed briefly.
Neurobiological substrates of processing speed in childhood epilepsy.

This study investigated the association between processing speed and cortical morphometry in children with idiopathic epilepsies (n = 81) versus healthy controls (n = 57), age 8–18. Participants underwent 1.5 T MRI scanning and cognitive testing including assessment of psychomotor speed (Digit Symbol) at or near the time of epilepsy diagnosis. Vertex analyses of cortical volume, thickness, surface area, and local gyrification index (LGI), as well as volume-based analyses of subcortical structures and cerebellum, were used to determine the morphometric correlates of Digit Symbol performance. Group comparisons revealed that the epilepsy and control groups exhibited different patterns of morphometric association with Digit Symbol performance - controls exhibited several areas of correlation between LGI and psychomotor speed, whereas participants with focal epilepsies exhibited different areas of correlation in different directions, and participants with generalized epilepsy exhibited no correlations. The other cortical morphometric measures showed no regions of significant correlation with Digit Symbol performance. In addition, cerebellum and brain stem volumes correlated with Digit Symbol performance in the control group, but not in epilepsy patients. These results suggest that LGI analysis is able to capture nuanced relationships between features of cortical and subcortical morphology with psychomotor speed, these relationships disrupted in different ways in children with epilepsy.
Agricultural impact and political economy: Niche construction in the Gordion region, central Anatolia

Abstract Narratives of societal collapse typically point to environmental degradation as an outcome of population increase or political breakdown. Here we present a case study from Gordion, central Anatolia, spanning the Chalcolithic to Ottoman period (c. 7000 yrs). We use a cultural version of Niche Construction Theory to interpret the timing and nature of landscape change. Recent work in the Gordion region by us and others demonstrates that major environmental change is only weakly connected to standard measures of agricultural intensification. Using detailed stream histories, coupled with survey-based settlement data, we show that the largest environmental changes predate significant settlement in small watersheds, while the largest regional-scale changes postdate high intensity settlement. By integrating multiple lines of land use evidence, we identify and date both environmental perturbations and possible counteractive niche construction strategies associated with political centralization. Here we suggest that counteractive strategies were critical in shaping the nonlinear patterns of environmental degradation.
Dispersion relation of the fast neutrino oscillation wave

A dense neutrino medium can support flavor oscillation waves which are coherent among different momentum modes of the neutrinos. The dispersion relation (DR) branches of such a wave with complex frequencies and/or wave numbers can lead to the exponential growth of the wave amplitude which in turn will engender a collective flavor transformation in the neutrino medium. In this work, we propose that the complex DR branches of the neutrino oscillation wave should be bound by the critical points of the DR. We demonstrate how this theory can be applied to the neutrino medium with an (approximate) axial symmetry about the propagation direction of the neutrino oscillation wave. We also show how the flavor instabilities in this medium can be identified by tracing the critical points of the DR as the electron lepton number distribution of the neutrino medium is changed continuously.
Identifying Bipartite Subgraphs for Community Detection in Very Large Scale Cyber Networks

With the continued explosion of cyber traﬃc across billions of IP addresses around the globe, it has become extremely challenging to analyze networks due to their growing size and complexity. One promising solution is to identify the communities in the network structure and perform analysis at a community level rather than at a network node level. However, beyond simply detecting communities, it is also crucial to evaluate the quality of the detected communities; modularity is one such metric for evaluation. When evaluating the modularity index, researchers have considered null models for graphs with specific structural characteristics. However, most real-world complex networks as a whole do not exhibit one specific characteristic but instead consist of various identifiable subgraphs that do respectively exhibit particular characteristics, and accordingly, formulating a null model for these individual subgraphs may improve the modularity value and thereby improve the quality of the partitions, i.e., the detected communities. This paper investigates the extent to which the modularity value increases when a bipartite subgraph is taken into consideration while performing community detection. Our empirical results suggest that the quality of the detected communities is enhanced by leveraging the presence of bipartite subnetworks in complex networks.
Elastomer Encapsulated Pressure Sensor With Engineered Air Cavity for Force Sensing

Ground contact and force detection sensors are of critical technical importance in the realization of articulated robots capable of navigating unknown or challenging terrains. Current force sensors for robotic ground contact have limitations, including being too heavy, vulnerability to inertial noise, and lacking robustness and redundancy against failure. In this paper, we present the design, laboratory testing, and flight testing of a novel force sensor which addresses the aforementioned difficulties. The force sensor presented here is based on a custom elastomer dome with an engineered air cavity adhered to a barometric pressure sensor. Uniquely, we may tailor the sensitivity and range of the sensor by engineering the elastomer shape and the air cavity within it. Further, the large deformations incurred by the sensor are exploited to design a sensor enclosure which transfers large loads to structural members rather than onto the force sensor itself. An experimentally validated finite element model is developed to numerically predict the response of the sensor under an applied load. The model is used to perform trade studies on the geometry and material properties of the elastomer dome with a focus on developing design rules for this new type of sensor. With these simple design rules and finite element model, we design, manufacture, and test these new sensors as individuals and within arrays specifically for use on a rotorcraft robotic landing gear.
Why We Should Not Measure Productivity

Software moves faster every year. Markets shift rapidly, releases are ever more frequent, and languages, APIs, and platforms evolve at a relentless pace. And so interest in productivity, both by developers who want to keep up with these changes, but also by managers and organizations who need to compete, appears entirely rational. Moreover, improving software faster holds even greater promise to the rest of humanity: getting more work done with less effort means may mean an increased quality of life for everyone.
Root peroxidases and Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium nodulation affinities of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. acutifolius A. Gray congruity backcross populations

Four parents [P. acutifolius var.acutifolius (A19), P. a.var. latifolius `Serowi' (A9),P. a. var. latifolius(A10), and P. vulgaris `Red Cloud' kidney (V1)] were used to create six interspecific recurrent and congruity backcross pedigrees (V1 × A9, A9 × V1, V1 × A10, A10 × V1, V1 × A19, A19 × V1) for evaluation of Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium nodulation affinities and root peroxidase banding patterns. Most primary hybrids nodulated with all Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium strains, while recurrent generations nodulated with strains of the recurrent parent, suggesting a number of independent loci and random assortment for strain-specific nodulation. A proximity matrix of nodulation phenotypes produced a cluster with V1, two recurrent and two congruity backcross hybrids with V1 as the cytoplasmic parent; a separate cluster with all primary interspecific and balanced, congruity backcross hybrids. A9 and A10were clustered the farthest away from V1. Root peroxidase zymograms of primary hybrids were the summation of the parents and controlled by independent loci. Advanced hybrids exhibited new root peroxidases, matching those found for otherPhaseolus spp., including ancestralP. coccineus. A proximity matrix of root peroxidase phenotypes produced a cluster with only A9 3V1F1, a cluster containing only A19 3V1 F2, and a large cluster with all P. acutifoliusparents and hybrids with P. acutifolius as the cytoplasmic parent in balanced hybrids or the majority parent in unbalanced hybrids. Estimation of genetic distances showed primary, interspecific hybrids to be more closely related with the cytoplasmic parent. Recurrent and congruity backcross generations varied in genetic distances between each respective parent. This is the first report of congruity backcrossing creating hybrids with biochemical traits of nonparental species.
Sustainability’s forgotten third E: what influences local government actions on social equity?

ABSTRACTWhat differentiates communities that emphasise social equity in their sustainability policy? We use a 2015 survey of 1899 cities and counties across the United States and find only 26% of l...
Generativity in Creative Storytelling: Evidence From a Dementia Care Community

Background and objectives Creative group storytelling as utilized in TimeSlips is a social activity that focuses on communication, improvisation, and creativity among its participants with dementia. A collective narrative is a channel through which participants express themselves, and it thus signifies clues about their identities, values, and experiences. No study to date, however, has examined the contents of the stories. Using the generativity model as a theoretical underpinning for analysis, this paper examines the emergent themes of such collective stories. Research design and methods This study used the data collected in a memory care community where a research team recruited and engaged 21 out of approximately 80 residents with dementia in 6 weekly creative storytelling sessions; 4 small groups of 4 to 6 participants created a total of 24 collective stories. Three researchers analyzed these stories by open-coding emergent themes. Once coded manually, the narratives were managed and analyzed in NVivo. Results Consistent with the concept of generativity, a thematic analysis of collective narratives revealed various aspects of participants' generative concerns. Three themes related to generativity: (1) caring and promoting the well-being of others, (2) family values, and (3) positivity. Discussion and implications The narratives show that participants living with dementia continue to express their generative values and concerns. The findings reveal generative identities held by persons living with dementia, which help destigmatize dementia. The findings also shed light on why creative group storytelling may affect multiple positive outcomes for its participants.
Pluripotent Stem Cells

First derived in mammals in 1981, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have allowed for deeper understanding of developmental biology and provided new avenues for the development and testing of regenerative cellular therapies and therapeutic agents. Although the field of PSC research has grown rapidly over the past 30 years, moving closer to clinical application, these cells are still not fully understood. This article summarizes the basic principles of PSC derivation, characterization, and culture that are widely accepted within the field of pluripotent stem cell research. While research has eliminated many of the risks and issues involved in the derivation and culture of PSCs, ethical issues persist that are in part being addressed by the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Whether or not iPSCs are truly equivalent to PSCs remains a key issue, one that certainly will shape the future of pluripotent stem cell research and regenerative medicine.
Mechanochemical nitration of toluene with metal oxide catalysts

Abstract Results of an experimental study of the mechanochemical nitration of toluene are presented. The focus is on the effect of acidity of metal oxide catalysts on the yield of mononitrotoluene. No solvents were used during the reaction. Sodium nitrate served as a source of nitronium. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the products showed that the nitration rate scaled with the catalyst’s acidity and specific surface area. Homogenizing NaNO3 with the catalyst by additional milling prior to reaction with toluene led to a rapid, nearly complete nitration. Distribution of nitrate over the surface of catalyst is likely rate limiting when toluene is mechanochemically nitrated without the preliminary milling step. The observed for varied reactant ratios trends in yield and isomer ratios suggest that nitronium participates in the nitration while localized on the active sites of the catalyst. Excess of toluene blocks acid sites, inhibiting the formation of nitronium and impeding the nitration.
The Role of Courts

Courts worldwide generally have assumed a very limited role in the redistricting process because, in part, many of the applicable laws are vague and brief. The national legislature has considerable discretion, which has led to a visible tension in some countries between courts trying to enforce legal or generally accepted standards of voter equality and national legislatures battling to maintain the status quo or its political decisions.
Cardiovascular Disease and Androgen Axis-Targeted Drugs for Prostate Cancer.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in men in the United States and in the developed world. Men with prostate cancer have a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease than those wi...
The Fascial System in Musculoskeletal Function and Myofascial Pain

This article aims to discuss the structure and function of fascial systems and the potential role in myofascial pain syndromes. New terminology differentiates anatomic structure (fascia) and function (fascial system), improving the conceptual framework and communication. Fascia has been shown to be innervated and biologically active and may have roles in nociception, proprioception, and myofascial force transmission. A number of factors may modify the function of fascial tissues through altering stiffness. A new cell type, “fasciacytes,” produces hyaluronic acid, a molecule critical to fascial lubrication. Fascial contribution to myofascial pain syndromes remains unclear, though plausible mechanisms connect them, and direct evidence of fascia-mediated pain exists. Current evidence is limited to support fascia-directed therapies for myofascial pain syndromes. Developing evidence implicates fascial tissue in musculoskeletal function and myofascial pain syndromes. Further investigation into fascial physiology and pathophysiology is needed to translate this knowledge into clinical care.
Space as space and space as grammar: An anthropological journey through gesture(d) spaces

Abstract Research on narratives in an Australian language demonstrated surprising facts about speakers’ spatial orientation and knowledge both in the insistent use of morphologically hypertrophied spoken directional terminology and in accompanying gestures. Pursuing comparable phenomena in a Mayan language from the other side of the globe revealed correspondingly complex gestural devices for communicating about location and direction but with very different kinds of support from speech. Evidence from a new sign language, emerging in the same Mayan context, suggests that mechanisms for signing about space both resemble and depart from the gestural practices of the surrounding speech community. In particular, they invoke spatial “frames of reference” not used by speakers to sign about location and direction, and they employ signed “spatial grammar” to express syntactic argument structure.
Performance enhancement and degradation mechanism identification of a single-atom Co–N–C catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

The development of catalysts free of platinum-group metals and with both a high activity and durability for the oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells is a grand challenge. Here we report an atomically dispersed Co and N co-doped carbon (Co–N–C) catalyst with a high catalytic oxygen reduction reaction activity comparable to that of a similarly synthesized Fe–N–C catalyst but with a four-time enhanced durability. The Co–N–C catalyst achieved a current density of 0.022 A cm−2 at 0.9 ViR-free (internal resistance-compensated voltage) and peak power density of 0.64 W cm−2 in 1.0 bar H2/O2 fuel cells, higher than that of non-iron platinum-group-metal-free catalysts reported in the literature. Importantly, we identified two main degradation mechanisms for metal (M)–N–C catalysts: catalyst oxidation by radicals and active-site demetallation. The enhanced durability of Co–N–C relative to Fe–N–C is attributed to the lower activity of Co ions for Fenton reactions that produce radicals from the main oxygen reduction reaction by-product, H2O2, and the significantly enhanced resistance to demetallation of Co–N–C. Platinum-group-metal-free, non-iron catalysts are highly desirable for the oxygen reduction reaction at proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell cathodes, as they avoid the detrimental Fenton reactions. Now, a cobalt and nitrogen co-doped carbon catalyst with atomically dispersed porphyrin-like CoN4C12 sites is reported with an improved activity and durability in PEM fuel cell conditions.
Informational Holdup and Performance Persistence in Venture Capital

Why don�t VCs eliminate excess demand for follow-on funds by raising fees? We propose a model of learning that leads to informational holdup. Current investors learn about skill whereas outside investors observe only returns. This gives current investors holdup power when the VC raises his next fund: Without their backing, no-one will fund him, as outside investors interpret the lack of backing as a sign of low skill. Holdup power diminishes the VC�s ability to increase fees in line with performance, leading to return persistence. Empirical evidence supports the model. We estimate that up to two-thirds of VC firms lack skill.
Coase, Hotelling and Pigou: The Incidence of a Carbon Tax and Co 2 Emissions

We use field-level cost estimates of all oil and natural gas fields to highlight dynamic aspects of a global carbon tax. Some of the initial reduction in consumption will be offset through higher consumption later on. Only high-cost reserves will be priced out of the market, e.g., at 200 dollars per ton of CO2 cumulative emissions decrease by 4%. The tax incidence initially falls on consumers under a constant tax but eventually becomes negative as the lifetime of the resources is extended. An increasing tax over time reduces the initial incidence on consumers. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Momentum recovery downstream of an axial-flow hydrokinetic turbine

Abstract Large-Eddy Simulation is adopted to reproduce the wake of an axial-flow hydrokinetic turbine. The process of momentum recovery is correlated with the destabilization of the wake system, starting wake contraction and radial flows from the free-stream towards the wake core. All terms of the momentum balance equation are analyzed. The radial advection dominates the momentum recovery at the outer radii (in the vicinity of the radial boundary of the wake), just downstream of the instability of the system of tip vortices. Further downstream the reduction of the mean radial gradients makes advection less significant and the radial turbulent transport becomes the main source of momentum replenishment at inner radii, near the wake axis. The details of the process of momentum recovery and its correlation with the instability of the wake system, revealed by the present high-fidelity eddy-resolving computations, provide new insight on the development of the wake of axial-flow hydrokinetic turbines.
Criteria of Phase Equilibria, and the Gibbs Phase Rule

The material presented in this lecture is adapted from Chapter 15 in T&M. First, we will discuss the infinite-dilution reference state typically used to describe solutions where the solvent dominates (that is, the solvent mole fraction approaches unity), and the solutes are present at mole fractions which approach zero. In this context, we will discuss colligative properties, including freezing-point depression, boiling-point elevation, vapor-pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure. Second, we will discuss the thermodynamic criteria of phase equilibria for a system consisting of π phases, each containing n components, and separated by boundaries that are open, diathermal, and movable. Accordingly, the entire composite system is simple. Third, we will show that, at thermodynamic equilibrium, the system is in thermal, mechanical, and diffusional equilibrium for each of the component present in each phase. Fourth, we will present a derivation of the celebrated Gibbs Phase Rule, which specifies the number of independent intensive variables that we need to select in order to unambiguously characterize the intensive equilibrium thermodynamic state of the system. Note that the Gibbs Phase Rule does not specify which intensive variables we need to select, but only their number. Finally, we will show how the Gibbs Phase Rule needs to be generalized when the multiphase, multicomponent system is not simple, including discussing the number of independent extensive variables that we need to select to fully characterize the extensive equilibrium thermodynamic state of the system.
Focused x-ray luminescence imaging system for small animals based on a rotary gantry.

Significance: The ability to detect and localize specific molecules through tissue is important for elucidating the molecular basis of disease and treatment. Unfortunately, most current molecular imaging tools in tissue either lack high spatial resolution (e.g., diffuse optical fluorescence tomography or positron emission tomography) or lack molecular sensitivity (e.g., micro-computed tomography, μCT). X-ray luminescence imaging emerged about 10 years ago to address this issue by combining the molecular sensitivity of optical probes with the high spatial resolution of x-ray imaging through tissue. In particular, x-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) has been demonstrated as a powerful technique for the high-resolution imaging of deeply embedded contrast agents in three dimensions (3D) for small-animal imaging. Aim: To facilitate the translation of XLCT for small-animal imaging, we have designed and built a small-animal dedicated focused x-ray luminescence tomography (FXLT) scanner with a μCT scanner, synthesized bright and biocompatible nanophosphors as contrast agents, and have developed a deep-learning-based reconstruction algorithm. Approach: The proposed FXLT imaging system was designed using computer-aided design software and built according to specifications. NaGdF4 nanophosphors doped with europium or terbium were synthesized with a silica shell for increased biocompatibility and functionalized with biotin. A deep-learning-based XLCT image reconstruction was also developed based on the residual neural network as a data synthesis method of projection views from few-view data to enhance the reconstructed image quality. Results: We have built the FXLT scanner for small-animal imaging based on a rotational gantry. With all major imaging components mounted, the motor controlling the gantry can be used to rotate the system with a high accuracy. The synthesized nanophosphors displayed distinct x-ray luminescence emission, which enables multi-color imaging, and has successfully been bound to streptavidin-coated substrates. Lastly, numerical simulations using the proposed deep-learning-based reconstruction algorithm has demonstrated a clear enhancement in the reconstructed image quality. Conclusions: The designed FXLT scanner, synthesized nanophosphors, and deep-learning-based reconstruction algorithm show great potential for the high-resolution molecular imaging of small animals.
Imagining and constraining ferrovolcanic eruptions and landscapes through large-scale experiments.

Ferrovolcanism, yet to be directly observed, is the most exotic and poorly understood predicted manifestation of planetary volcanism. Large-scale experiments carried out at the Syracuse Lava Project offer insight into the emplacement dynamics of metallic flows as well as coeval metallic and silicate flows. Here, we find that, under the same environmental conditions, higher-density/lower-viscosity metallic lava moves ten times faster than lower-density/higher-viscosity silicate lava. The overall morphology of the silicate flow is not significantly affected by the co-emplacement of a metallic flow. Rather, the metallic flow is largely decoupled from the silicate flow, occurring mainly in braided channels underneath the silicate flow and as low-relief breakouts from the silicate flow front. Turbulent interactions at the metallic-silicate flow interface result in mingling of the two liquids, preserved as erosional surfaces and sharp contacts. The results have important implications for the interpretation of possible ferrovolcanic landscapes across our solar system. Ferrovolcanism is a hypothetical form of planetary volcanism in which the erupted lava is metallic in composition. Here we show that ferrovolcanic lava is denser and less viscous than silicate lava, resulting in fast-moving, thin, braided flows.
The Flipped Classroom: Freeing Up Class Time for Strategic Active Learning

What goes on in the classroom is critical for inspiring our students and ensuring that they obtain the key knowledge and skills they need to become successful health care providers. In recent years, calls for reform within health professions education have highlighted ongoing concerns about the ability of large, lecture-based courses to facilitate academic excellence and prepare our future leaders for the healthcare challenges facing society [1–5]. More than 40 years of research have demonstrated the short-comings of lecture-based instruction, including short student attention spans, poor knowledge retention, ineffectiveness, and boredom [6–10]. In contrast, a growing body of literature shows that actively engaging students during class can foster motivation, improve student attitudes, and enhance learning outcomes [11, 12]. Active learning, as described in this book, encourages students to reflect on their learning while exploring content beyond the traditional boundaries established by a lecture. Student engagement in active learning exercises has been demonstrated to stimulate higher-order thinking while providing critical feedback to faculty about student progress. Further, well-organized and purposeful active learning can enable students to gauge their own mastery of the content as well as their ability to apply the content [11, 12].
A Series of Multidimensional Integral Identities with Applications to Multivariate Weighted Generalized Gaussian Distributions

A series of multidimensional integral identities is developed based on a novel substitution approach that involves at least two nested integrals, each with integration limits from 0 to ∞. The identities are expressed in compact formulas in terms of common special functions such as gamma, Bessel, and hypergeometric functions. Applications include multivariate weighted generalized Gaussian distributions.
Ending gated communities: the rationales for resistance in China

Although gated communities (GCs) have spread globally, their prevalence in China is often attributed to China’s unique tradition of gated living. In 2016, China announced policy recommendations int...
Transitions Across a Lifetime: Unique Cardiovascular Physiology of Women and Relationship to Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Mortality from cardiovascular disease for women exceeds that of men. This health disparity reflects differences in economic, environmental and psychosocial factors but more importantly the lack of basic knowledge in differences of cardiovascular physiology between men and women that drives surveillance and treatment guidelines for women. Sex differences in disease frequency and presentation are due to sex chromosomes, as well as activational and organizational effects of the sex steroid hormones. This chapter addresses how two conditions unique to women, pregnancy and menopause, affect cardiovascular function and therefore, types, frequency, and expression of cardiovascular pathologies in women.
Classification of Singularities. Part I: The Thom-Boardman Invariants

For a mapping f: X → Y we can make the following rudimentary classification of singularities. We say that f has a singularity of type S r at x in X if (df) x drops rank by r; i.e., if rank (df) x = min (dim X, dim Y) - r. Denote by S r (f) the singularities of f of type S r . Recall that in the proof of the Whitney Immersion Theorem we introduced the submanifolds S r of J 1 (X, Y) consisting of jets of corank r. (See II, Theorem 5.4.) Clearly S r (f) = (j1f)-1(S r ). To prove the Whitney Theorem we showed that if X and Y have the “right” relative dimensions then generically S r (f) = ∅ (r > 0) and f has no singularities; i.e., f is an immersion. Without restricting the relative dimensions of X and Y we can still say that generically S r (f) is a submanifold of X and codim S r (f) = codim S r = r 2 + er where e = |dim X - dim Y|. This statement follows immediately from the Thorn Transversality Theorem and II, Theorem 4.4. In particular, the set of mappings for which j1f⋔S r (for all r) is residual. Besides the Transversality Theorem, the main fact used in the proof of this statement is that S r is actually a submanifold of J1(X, Y). We shall sketch a different proof of this fact in order to motivate the material in §4.
Center for New Music and Audio Technologies (CNMAT) Studio Report

The Center for New Music and Audio Technologies (CNMAT) is an interdisciplinary research center within the Department of Music at the University of California, Berkeley. With an orientation towards live performance and interactivity, the Center houses programs in education, research, and composition/improvisation. CNMAT’s goal is to provide a common ground where researchers, artists, and scholars can work together to address problems and issues in music technology for live music making. A major development in the past year was the launching of a new concert/performance series called TEMPO: The Berkeley Festival of Contemporary Performance. This multi-evening event, which is planned be held every other year, features a variety of performers and composers who use technology in widely different ways to accomplish compositional and improvisational goals.
Phosphatase Activity of Anaerobic Organisms

Anaerobic organisms were tested for phosphatase activity in different pH ranges. Several groups of organisms displayed characteristic patterns. Bacteroides fragilis, B. melaninogenicus, and B. ruminicola produced phosphatase with strongest activity at pH 8.6. Fusobacterium mortiferum was the only species of this genus to show strong hydrolysis. The enzyme was active in both acid and alkaline ranges. The activity of gram-positive organisms was variable, the most active groups being Clostridium perfringens, Peptostreptococcus intermedius, P. micros, and Peptococcus constellatus. The incorporation of phosphatase activity into the identification scheme of anaerobes seems feasible. There was a correlation of hydrolysis with several important pathogens.
The Role of Grazers in Phytoplankton Succession

At times, freshwater zooplankton consume phytoplankton populations at rates similar to or faster than that at which they are growing (Hargrave and Geen, 1970; Gulati, 1975; Horn, 1981; Persson, 1985; Borsheim and Anderson, 1987). Such high losses certainly must help direct seasonal succession as they force a subset of algal species to suffer high mortality rates. Some studies have concluded that losses in general (Kalff and Knoechel, 1978; Reynolds, et al., 1982) and grazing losses in particular (Porter, 1973, 1976, 1977; Lynch and Shapiro, 1981; Crumpton and Wetzel, 1982; Kerfoot, 1987) are important in seasonal succession. In addition, the influence of zooplankton on algal succession is not limited to their selective effect on algal numbers. Zooplankton also interact indirectly with phytoplankton by making some nutrients more available to them (Gliwicz, 1975; Lehman, 1980a, b; Redfield, 1980; Lehman and Scavia, 1982; Sterner, 1986a). Zooplankton thus act not only as predators in the classic sense, but they also have an effect on the competition among algae (Elser et al., 1988).
Theta Particles: a Structure Found in Hamster Sarcoma Virus

Hamster sarcoma virus (HaSV), a ribonucleic acid tumor virus, pelleted from tissue culture fluid manifests type C morphology by electron microscopy. However, if virus is first concentrated by polyethylene glycol or ammonium sulfate followed by density gradient banding, the virus shows a dramatically atypical barred core structure, termed "theta particles." This structure suggests a condensation of the ribonucleoprotein into a flat disc. Atypical particles are found with HaSV and not in similarly treated feline leukemia virus or Rauscher-murine leukemia virus. Differences in the composition of HaSV as compared with these other viruses may be responsible for the production of such particles.
Interferon Gamma-treated Dental Pulp Stem Cells Promote Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration In Vitro

Abstract Introduction Chronic inflammation disrupts dental pulp regeneration by disintegrating the recruitment process of progenitors for repair. Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) share the common features with dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). The aim of the study was to investigate the migration of BM-MSCs toward DPSCs in response to inflammatory chemoattractants. Additionally, our studies also delineated the signaling mechanisms from BM-MSCs in mediating the proliferation and differentiation of DPSCs in vitro . Methods Human DPSCs and BM-MSCs between passages 2 and 4 were used and were grown in odontogenic differentiation medium. Mineralization was determined by alizarin red staining analysis. Migration was assessed using crystal violet staining in cells grown in Boyden chamber Transwell inserts (Corning Inc Foundation, Tewksbury, MA). The mineralization potential of DPSCs was evaluated using alkaline phosphatase activity assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to assess the gene expression profile of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (Cxcl) 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 16; stromal cell-derived factor (SDF) α; vascular endothelial growth factor; and fibroblast growth factor. Results Interferon gamma (FN-γ) treatment significantly abrogated the differentiation potential of DPSCs as shown by using alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase activity analysis. An increase in the migration of BM-MSCs was documented when cocultured with IFN-γ–treated DPSCs. RNA expression studies showed an increase in the levels of Cxcl6 and Cxcl12 in BM-MSCs when cocultured with IFN-γ–treated DPSCs. Additionally, an up-regulation of proangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor were observed in DPSCs exposed to IFN-γ. Conclusions Our findings indicate that inflamed IFN-γ–treated DPSCs release factors (presumably Cxcl6 and 12) that contribute to the homing of MSCs. This model might provide a potential research tool for studying MSC-DPSC cross talk and for future studies involving the recruitment and sustainability of progenitor stem cells sustaining the inflammatory cascade to treat pulp inflammation.
Use of Critical Incidents for Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating a Training Program for Foster Grandparents.

The authors report the planning, implementation, and evaluation of a training program for foster grandparents employed at a residential diagnostic and treatment center for disturbed children and youth. The training needs were assessed by task and performance analysis procedures, including the use of critical incident technique. A scoring procedure derived values for various responses to a set of problem situations presented to each foster grandparent. The training objectives focused on the role of the foster grandparents in helping their charges to develop socially acceptable behavior. A cognitive problem‐solving strategy was taught by use primarily of role‐modeling and role‐playing methods. The effectiveness of training was evaluated by comparing pretraining scores on a problem situation test with posttraining scores. Foster grandparents who had been highly rated by supervisors on an independent criterion improved with training; the others did not.
Quantification of Temporal Collagen and Microvessel Alignment Induced by Anchored Boundary Conditions During Angiogenesis

Previously we have found that in addition to mechanical strain, an anchored boundary condition alone can alter the organization of microvessel outgrowth during in vitro angiogenesis [1]. Microvessels were found to align parallel to the long axis of the anchored gel construct after 6 days in vitro. However, unanchored cultures did not show alignment of microvessels. This ability to control the direction of angiogenesis has immense implications for engineering prevascularized grafts and tissues in vitro, therefore an understanding of this process is important. The goal of this study was to first determine whether or not the underlying collagen matrix aligns similar to microvessels, and second to determine the timing of this alignment.© 2009 ASME
Narcissism, Perfectionism, and Self-Termination from Treatment in Outpatient Cocaine Users

This study examines perfectionism in individuals with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV, Text Revised [American Psychiatric Association, 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Text revision (DSM-TV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association] diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder and a coexisting diagnosis of cocaine abuse or dependence. Participating clients were treated in outpatient settings that provided cognitive-behavioral therapy. Clients were administered Hewitt and Flett's (1991b) [Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456-470] Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale prior to treatment. Scores for dimensions of perfectionism were compared with those obtained from cocaine abusers in treatment with diagnoses of Antisocial Personality or Affective Disorder. Clients with Narcissistic Personality Disorder were characterized by relatively higher levels of other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. Survival analysis suggests that self-termination from treatment by cocaine-abusing clients with a diagnosis of Narcissistic Disorder is related to high levels of other-oriented perfectionism. The clinical implications and limits of this study are discussed.
Effects of SKF-10047 in the phencyclidine-dependent rat: Evidence for common receptor mechanisms

The repeated administration of phencyclidine (PCP, 72 mg/kg/day) to rats led to physical dependence, as evidenced by a withdrawal syndrome exhibited approx. 24-48 h following suspension of drug. All components of the withdrawal syndrome were suppressed by s.c. injections of PCP (16 mg/kg), (+/-)-N-allylnormetazocine (SKF-10047, 16 mg/kg) and (+)-SKF-10047 (16 mg/kg), but not by injections of saline or (-)-SKF-10047. Moreover, tolerance to the behavioral effects of PCP, as well as cross-tolerance to (+/-)-SKF-10047 and (+)-SKF-10047 were observed. These data indicate that PCP and the sigma opiate SKF-10047 share mechanisms of action, which are mediated by the (+)-isomer of the sigma agonist.
A pulse radiolysis study of the formation of the XeBr exciplex in electron beam irradiated xenon-bromine mixtures

Abstract Nanosecond pulse radiolysis studies of xenon—bromine mixtures reveals that (XeBr)* emission is produced by two distinct processes. At very low electron beam intensities one process (ion recombination) is slowed down sufficiently to permit unambiguous kinetic analysis of the second process (energy transfer from xenon excited states to Br2).
Acute arsenic trioxide ant bait ingestion by toddlers

Introduction. Arsenic trioxide is available for home use in ant baits. Potential arsenic toxicity from unintentional pediatric ingestion is not well studied. The goal of this study is to describe t...
RIGIDITY OF GRAPH SYMMETRIES IN THE 3-SPHERE

In this paper we show that, for any 3-connected graph G, if an automorphism of G is realizable by a homeomorphism of (S3, G) then there is an embedding of G such that that automorphism is induced by a finite order homeomorphism of (S3, G). We then use this result to characterize which automorphisms of an arbitrary complete graph can be induced by a homeomorphism of S3 for some embedding of the graph.
Dynamics of upwelling in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea and associated shelf–basin fluxes

Abstract Data from a high-resolution mooring array deployed across the Alaskan Beaufort shelfbreak and slope, together with an idealized numerical model, are used to investigate the dynamics of wind-driven upwelling and the magnitude of the resulting shelf–basin exchange. The analysis focuses on a single storm event in November 2002 when the sea-ice concentration was 50–70%. The normally eastward-flowing shelfbreak jet was reversed to the west, and the secondary circulation near the shelfbreak was characterized by offshore flow in the upper layer and a nearly equal amount of onshore flow at depth. Ekman theory accurately predicts the strength of the secondary circulation when one takes into account the ice–ocean stress. The depth-integrated alongstream momentum balance reveals that, near the shelf edge, the reversed jet is driven by a combination of the surface stress and divergence of cross-stream momentum flux. The reversed jet is primarily spun-down – before the winds subside – by the alongstream pressure gradient that likely results from the variation in sea surface height. The shelf–basin fluxes of heat, freshwater, and nitrate resulting from the storm are substantial. Much of the yearly supply of heat to the Beaufort shelf from the inflowing Pacific water through Bering Strait was fluxed offshore, and the amount of freshwater transported into the basin represents a substantial fraction of the year-to-year variation in the freshwater inventory of the Beaufort Gyre. The on-shelf flux of nitrate from 4 to 5 such storms could account for most of the net annual primary production that occurs on the Beaufort shelf.
MicroRouting: A Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sparse Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks are self-organizing networks that provide rapid network connectivity in infrastructureless environments. Most routing protocols designed for MANETs assume connected networks....
Nanostructured crosslinkable micropatterns by amphiphilic dendrimer stamping

Microcontact printing was used to deposit stable, nanostructured, amphiphilic and crosslinkable patterns of poly(amidoamine organosilicon) (PAMAMOS)-dimethoxy-methylsilyl (DMOMS) dendrimer multilayers onto silicon wafers, glass, and polyelectrolyte multilayers. The effects of dendrimer ink concentration, contact time, and inking method, on the thickness, uniformity, and stability of the resulting patterns were studied using optical microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact-angle analysis. Microarrayed dendrimer film thickness was found to be controllable by conditions used during spin self-assembly.