cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynorphin-(1-13) restores the potency of morphine on the tolerant guinea pig ileum.

Abstract Since it has been reported that dynorphin (1–13) enhances the analgetic effects of morphine in mice tolerant either to morphine or β-endorphin and modulates opioid agonist binding in the tolerant state, experiments were initiated to determine whether comparable phenomenon could be obtained in vitro with dynorphin-(1–13) on the isolated longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum. In the guinea pig ileum rendered tolerant to morphine dynorphin-(1–13) was found to cause a dose-dependent restoration in sensitivity to the inhibitory action of morphine. This phenomenon appeared specific for dynorphin-(1–13) since [Leu5]enkephalin, β-endorphin, and ethylketocyclazocine did not change significantly the IC50 of morphine in the tolerant preparation. Furthermore, dynorphin-(1–13) attenuated the contraction elicited by naloxone in the morphine tolerant-dependent tissue. It is concluded, that dynorphin-(1–13) restores sensitivity to morphine in the tolerant-dependent state by a modulatory effect probably on the μ receptor that is distinct from its κ action.
A study of intergranular cavity growth in Ag + 0.1% MgO at elevated temperatures

In a previous study by Goods and Nix, it was shown that implanted grain boundary cavities in Ag grow by a process controlled by surface self diffusion. Accordingly, any changes in the strength of the adjoining grains would not be expected to affect the rate of cavity growth. In the present work, grain boundary cavities were implanted in Ag + 0.1% MgO and their growth kinetics were studied under creep conditions. We show that the fine dispersion of MgO particles present in this material greatly strengthens the matrix and reduces the overall creep rate, as expected, but leaves the rate of cavity growth unchanged. It is concluded that the contributions to cavity growth by plastic flow are negligible and that the mechanisms of cavity growth in Ag and Ag + 0.1% MgO are the same. A model developed originally by Chuang and Rice accurately describes the kinetics of cavity growth in these materials.
Change in visual function after macular translocation with 360° retinectomy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration ☆

Abstract Objective To measure the change in vision and visual outcomes at 12 months after macular translocation with 360° retinectomy (MT360) and silicone oil tamponade in patients with bilateral vision loss resulting from subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design A prospective, interventional, consecutive, noncomparative case series. Participants Sixty-four patients with bilateral vision loss resulting from neovascular AMD. Methods Eligible patients had AMD with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in the operative eye and a maximum of 6 months of central vision loss. Preoperative and 12-month postoperative evaluations included standardized testing of near and distance acuity and reading speed. Patients underwent MT360 with silicone oil tamponade, followed 2 months later by extraocular muscle surgery and silicone oil removal. Main outcome measures Change in distance acuity, near acuity, and reading speed at 12 months after MT360 compared with those values before surgery. Results Sixty-one patients were followed up for 12 months. All eyes were translocated successfully. Median distance acuity letter score improved from 62 letters (Snellen equivalent of approximately 20/125) before surgery to 69 letters (approximately 20/80) by 12 months after surgery ( P = 0.03). Median near acuity improved from 0.70 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) units (approximately 20/100) before surgery to 0.44 logMAR units (approximately 20/55) at 12 months ( P P Conclusions Macular translocation with 360° retinectomy with silicone oil tamponade is effective in significantly improving visual function in patients with neovascular AMD, as demonstrated by the improvement in distance and near acuity and reading speed at 12 months after surgery in these patients. Although this is a complex surgical intervention, patients with preoperative visual acuity of 20/80 or better at near or distance are highly likely to retain the 20/80 or better acuity at 12 months after surgery. Macular translocation with 360° retinectomy is an effective treatment option for patients with vision loss in their second eye resulting from neovascular AMD.
A fast, high-order algorithm for the solution of surface scattering problems: basic implementation, tests, and applications

We present a new algorithm for the numerical solution of problems of acoustic scattering by surfaces in three-dimensional space. This algorithm evaluates scattered fields through fast, high-order solution of the corresponding boundary integral equation. The high-order accuracy of our solver is achieved through use of partitions of unity together with analytical resolution of kernel singularities. The acceleration, in turn, results from use of a novel approach which, based on high-order “two-face” equivalent source approximations, reduces the evaluation of far interactions to evaluation of 3-D fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). This approach is faster and substantially more accurate, and it runs on dramatically smaller memories than other FFT and k-space methods. The present algorithm computes one matrix-vector multiplication in O(N6/5logN) to O(N4/3logN) operations, where N is the number of surface discretization points. The latter estimate applies to smooth surfaces, for which our high-order algorithm provides accurate solutions with small values of N; the former, more favorable count is valid for highly complex surfaces requiring significant amounts of subwavelength sampling. Further, our approach exhibits super-algebraic convergence; it can be applied to smooth and nonsmooth scatterers, and it does not suffer from accuracy breakdowns of any kind. In this paper we introduce the main algorithmic components in our approach, and we demonstrate its performance with a variety of numerical results. In particular, we show that the present algorithm can evaluate accurately in a personal computer scattering from bodies of acoustical sizes of several hundreds.
Resonant Inelastic Scattering in Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors By Soft X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

MnxS (where 0.05<x<1) were measured as the energy of the exciting radiation was tuned across the S and Mn-L2,3 absorption edges of these compounds. Strong resonance peaks in Mn-L emission spectra and the systematic appearance of new spectral features in S-L emission spectra were observed. Partial substitution of Zn by a magnetic Mn ion results in strong hybridization of the Mn 3d orbitals with the sp band of the host semiconductor. A detailed study of resonant inelastic scattering in the vicinity of the S and Mn-L2,3 absorption edges of these DMS is presented.
PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION OF A NONINFARCT ARTERY IN SELECTED PATIENTS WITH ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION MAINTAINS EXCELLENT CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND ACHIEVES SUBSTANTIAL COST SAVINGS COMPARED TO STAGED SECOND-VESSEL INTERVENTION

In patients with STEMI and multivessel disease (MVD), ACC/AHA guidelines classify PCI of a noninfarct vessel as Class III unless there is hemodynamic instability. We hypothesized that, with rapid door-to-balloon time and favorable anatomy, outcomes for multivessel PCI during STEMI would be
Note on a Sigma Model Connection with Instanton Dynamics

It is well known that the instanton approach to QCD generates an effective term which looks like a three-flavor determinant of quark bilinears. This has the right behavior to explain the unusual mass and mixing of the $\ensuremath{\eta}(958)$ meson, as is often simply illustrated with the aid of a linear SU(3) sigma model. It is less well known that the instanton analysis generates another term which has the same transformation property but does not have a simple interpretation in terms of this usual linear sigma model. Here we point out that this term has an interpretation in a generalized linear sigma model containing two chiral nonets. The second chiral nonet is taken to correspond to mesons having two quarks and two antiquarks in their makeup. The generalized model seems to be useful for learning about the spectrum of low-lying scalar mesons which have been emerging in the last few years. The physics of the new term is shown to be related to the properties of an excited ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ state present in the generalized model and for which there are some experimental candidates.
“Putting on” Sexiness: A Content Analysis of the Presence of Sexualizing Characteristics in Girls’ Clothing

Objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997) proposes that women from Western cultures are widely portrayed and treated as objects of the male gaze, leading to the development of self-objectification, in which girls and women internalize these societal messages and view their own bodies as objects to be evaluated according to narrow standards of (often sexualized) attractiveness. Prompted by findings from the American Psychological Association Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls (APA 2007), the present study considers girls’ clothing as a possible socializing influence that may contribute to the development of self-objectification in preteen girls. Accordingly, in this content analysis, we examined the frequency and nature of “sexualizing” clothing available for girl children (generally sizes 6–14) on the websites of 15 popular stores in the US. Sexualizing clothing was defined as clothing that revealed or emphasized a sexualized body part, had characteristics associated with sexiness, and/or had sexually suggestive writing. Clothing was also coded for childlike characteristics, such as child-like fabric (e.g., polka dot pattern) or a modest, non-revealing cut. Across all stores and all articles of clothing, 69% of the clothing items were coded as having only childlike characteristics, 4% as having only sexualizing characteristics, 25.4% as having both sexualizing and childlike characteristics, and 1% as having neither sexualizing nor childlike characteristics. “Tween” stores like Abercrombie Kids had the highest proportion of sexualizing clothing. The findings are discussed within the framework of the development of self-objectification.
Structural and palatability relationships in frozen ground beef patties as a function of freezing treatments and product formulation

Abstract Four freezing rates for ground beef patties were evaluated for product quality effects and microstructural changes. These rates were further evaluated for different pattie formulations involving post-rigor and pre-rigor meat. Both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilised for microstructural comparisons. Fast freezing rates had a positive effect on pattie quality, resulting in increased juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability. Photomicrographs showed increased ice cavity size with decreased freezing rates, which probably contributed to increased cooking shrink and tenderness changes observed. Pre-rigor patties compared very favourably with conventional post-rigor beef patties and showed no obvious structural differences.
Drosophila mettleri and senita cactus alkaloids: Fitness measurements and their ecological significance

Abstract 1. 1. Drosophila mettleri have been found feeding but not breeding on decaying stems of senita cactus, the normal host for Drosophila pachea. 2. 2. Alkaloids were extracted from senita stems and used in tests of egg-to-adult viability, developmental rate, and adult longevity. 3. 3. The results show that developmental rate is not appreciably affected by senita alkaloids. 4. 4. In general, D. mettleri was less affected by the alkaloids with respect to egg-to-adult viability and adult longevity than D. pachea at concentrations which are fatal to other desert Drosophila. 5. 5. Tolerance to alkaloids gives D. mettleri an ecological advantage.
The importance of parental expectations of cognitive improvement for their children with epilepsy prior to starting the ketogenic diet.

Abstract Although the success rates and complications of various treatment options for children with intractable epilepsy have been described, the actual expectations of parents for these treatments are less clear. Since 1998, parents at our institution have written their goals in a letter before starting their children on the ketogenic diet. One hundred consecutive letters were evaluated. The most common first goal was seizure improvement, second was anticonvulsant reduction, and third was cognitive improvement. Ninety percent requested improvement in cognition or alertness. These expectations were either met or exceeded at 6 months in 52–60% of children. Achieving or surpassing parental expectations for cognitive improvement correlated with longer diet duration (P = 0.04), but meeting goals for seizure or anticonvulsant reduction did not. Cognitive improvement (P 90% seizure reduction (P = 0.04) at 6 months positively correlated with longer eventual diet duration. Expectations for cognitive improvement need to be discussed prior to beginning the ketogenic diet.
New Tools for Probing Protein Structure

A computer–generated representation of the cro represser dimer (shown in orange and white) binding to operator DNA (X–ray coordinates were provided by Brian Matthews, University of Oregon). Understanding the structure–function relationships of proteins is the major challenge of protein biochemistry. Analytic techniques like mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X–ray crystallography are currently being modified to extend their usefulness in determining protein structure.
Magnetism in Ti6O11

Abstract Measurements of the magnetization of Ti 6 O 11 show transitions of 119± 1 K and 147 ±1K. Above 147 K we attribute the paramagnetism to d 1 electrons on Ti 3+ ions. Below 147 K there are contributions from both Ti 7+ 2 dimers and Ti 3+ ions. The gradual increase in magnetic moment with increasing temperature to 119 K we interpret as an increase in spins due to the break up of Ti 6+ 2 dimers to Ti 3+ ions.
On the solution of error covariance difference equations by means of canonical decompression and z transform

Canonical decomposition of nonlinear error covariance difference equation derived for discrete estimation problems
Large-scale propagation of recombinant adherent cells that secrete a stable form of human glandular kallikrein, hK2.

Human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) is a trypsin-like serine protease that is expressed predominantly in the prostate epithelium and has 78% aa identity with prostate-specific antigen (PSA). hK2 has been recognized as a potential prostate cancer marker and has been demonstrated to be highly expressed in prostate cancer compared to benign prostatic tissue. Purification and characterization of hK2 have been impeded due to its lower expression in bodily fluids and tissues compared to PSA and its ability to autodegrade. Therefore, to study biochemical and biological characteristics of hK2, a stable and enzymatically inactive mutant form of hK2, hK2(A217V), was expressed in a hamster cell line, AV12-664 (AV12-hK2(A217V)). AV12-hK2(A217V) cells secreted prohK2(A217V) (phK2(A217V)) in the spent medium at approximately 2.5 microgram/ml. Since AV12-hK2(A217V) are adherent cells, it was necessary to develop an efficient system to propagate large numbers of cells to obtain significant quantities of phK2(A217V). In this paper, we compared ceramic core bioreactor and microcarrier beads as alternatives to static culture to propagate adherent cells. Considering production levels, ease of operation, cost effectiveness, and labor, microcarrier beads were found to be a better alternative. Our findings led to the development of a general protocol for large-scale propagation of adherent cells on microcarrier beads eliminating the need for propagating AV12-hK2(A217V) in culture flasks or bioreactors. Microcarrier beads coated with AV12-hK2(A217V) cells could be propagated in 1- or 3-liter spinner flasks and were passed from one spinner to the next in a manner analogous to static culture or could be frozen and later used as inoculum for subsequent spinners. Using this protocol, >40 liters of spent medium was harvested within 30 days, which in turn was used to purify phK2(A217V). phK2(A217V) purified from spent medium of cells grown either on microcarrier beads or in culture flasks were biochemically similar as indicated by HIC-HPLC profile followed by sequencing of relevant peaks.
Raman Study of Molecular Motions in Organic Solids

Abstract The paper presents Raman investigation of the nature of phonon motions in various organic solids and discusses chemical, physical as well as some practical applications of phonon studies. In order to characterize the nature of these motions. delocalization and relaxation of phonons are studied using the mixed crystal technique and temperature dependence of phonon spectra. The application of phonon spectra to investigate chemical perturbation of crystal structure in a group of closely related compounds is discussed. Some preliminary studies are presented on application of phonon spectra in solid state reactions. In regard to practical applications, it is shown that phonon spectra can be used to identify truly random solid solutions as well as various polymorphic forms of a given compound.
Variations in the Electrophoretic Distribution of Low Density Lipoproteins of Holstein Cows

Abstract The properties of serum lipoproteins during various stages of gestation and lactation of Holstein cows are being characterized. This paper reports changes in the electrophoretic distribution of serum low density lipoproteins. Electrophoretic α -lipoproteins normally can be isolated ultracentrifugally in the high density lipoprotein class of most mammals, but in certain cases α -lipoproteins have been isolated in the low density lipoprotein class as well. Low density α -lipoproteins of Holstein cows have been observed to increase during lactation. The possible relationship between these α -lipoproteins and very low density lipoprotein metabolism is discussed.
The effects of thyroxine and estradiol benzoate on wheel running activity in female rats

Abstract The administration of 30–50 μg thyroxine to female rats for 21 days disrupted wheel running activity and cyclic vaginal cornification. Thyroxine produced a decrease in spontaneous activity and the number of activity peaks, and resulted in prolonged vaginal cornification. Following ovariectomy, which reduced activity further, 15 μg/day estradiol benzoate increased overall activity. The data demonstrate that the activity changes produced by thyroxine administration are similar to those observed by others after thyroid removal. In addition, both procedures appear to produce their effects by altering ovarian functioning.
Airborne reconnaissance and Mount Everest: an historical perspective

In 1933, aerial cameras had been developed that worked essentially as they do today. Aerial surveys were made, stereo plotters produced maps, and the science of photogrammetry was advancing. However, aircraft development had a long way to go before the SR-71 came along. Over the years, the general complexity of taking photographs from above increased by orders of magnitude. A 1933 British flight in two bi-wing aircraft over Mount Everest on an aerial survey mission is compared to a 1984 Space Shuttle flight dedicated to aerial, or more accurately, space photography. The comparison leads to the conclusion that in exploration, it is important that people involved must be given latitude to exercise self-initiative if we are to be successful in the exploration of the solar system and galaxy.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Images of black women among anglo college students

Previous research on popular images of women and of minority groups has looked almost solely at images of minority men and of white women. This article presents survey data on images of black women among 256 white non-Hispanic college undergraduates, using a modified Katz/Braly scale. The article explores the nature, distribution, correlates, and emotional evaluations of these images and the implications of these images for black women's lives. Images of black women differed substantially from those of American women in general. Most commonly, black women were characterized as loud, talkative, aggressive, intelligent, straightforward, and argumentative. In addition, students rated positive traits less positive and negative traits less negative when exhibited by black women than by American women in general, apparently because of their expectations for black women's behavior.
Vaginal support as determined by levator ani defect status 6 weeks after primary surgery for pelvic organ prolapse

Objective To evaluate whether major levator ani muscle defects were associated with differences in postoperative vaginal support after primary surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP).
Effect of High-Dose Nicotine Patch Therapy on Tobacco Withdrawal Symptoms Among Smokeless Tobacco Users

No pharmacotherapies have been shown to increase long-term (> or = 6-month) abstinence rates among smokeless tobacco (ST) users. Available evidence suggests that underdosing may occur with standard-dose nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in ST users. We investigated the effect of high-dose nicotine therapy on tobacco withdrawal symptoms among ST users in a randomized, controlled clinical pilot study. A total of 42 ST users using at least 3 cans or pouches per week were randomized to nicotine patch doses of 63, 42, or 21 mg/day or placebo for 8 weeks. Multiple daily assessments of tobacco withdrawal and nicotine toxicity were obtained with an electronic diary. During the first week of nicotine patch therapy, we observed a dose-response relationship such that higher nicotine patch doses were associated with less decreased arousal (chi2 = 6.87, p = .009), less negative affect (chi2 = 3.85, p = .05), and less restlessness (chi2 = 3.90, p = .048). During the second week, higher nicotine patch doses were associated with less decreased arousal (chi2 = 6.77, p = .009). Overall, the frequency of nicotine toxicity symptoms did not differ by dose group. Of specific symptoms, nausea was observed to be more frequent in the 63 mg/day dose group compared with placebo (p = .035). In conclusion, high-dose nicotine patch therapy resulted in a greater reduction of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among ST users using at least 3 cans per week. High-dose nicotine patch therapy is safe and well tolerated in this population of tobacco users.
Effect of Weld Induced Residual Stresses on Pipe Crack Opening Areas and Implications on Leak-Before-Break Considerations

The USNRC is anticipating updating their leak-before-break (LBB) procedures. One of the technical areas of concern in the existing procedures is the prediction of the crack-opening-displacements (COD) needed for estimating the postulated leakage crack size for a prescribed leakage detection capability. If cracks develop in the welded area of a pipe, as is often the case, residual stresses in the weld may cause the crack to be forced closed. Earlier studies have shown that pipe welding produces high residual stresses with a sharp stress gradient ranging from tension to compression through the thickness of the welded area of the pipe. The current guidelines are inadequate to predict crack size based on leak rates for cracks in welded areas of pipes. The current guidelines rely on the calculation of the crack-opening-displacement as related to pipe loading. Values from the current guidelines are used to predict a crack’s cross sectional area and, in turn, to determine the severity of an existing crack by monitoring in-service leakage rates. The equations currently in use are applicable to service loaded pipe material only. Residual stresses caused by cold work, welding, etc. are neglected. This study uses two and three dimensional finite element models and weld residual stress calculation software created at Battelle Memorial Institute to develop correction factors to be used with the traditional design equations. The correction factors will compensate for the effects of welding induced residual stresses on cracks in pipe welds. This study concentrates on type 316 stainless steel material properties, but the COD corrections should be equally applicable to all stainless steels, and also can be used for ferritic steels. A test matrix of pipe radius, thickness, and crack size was used to develop the equation correction factors. Pipe wall thicknesses (t) of 7.5 mm (0.295 in.), 15 mm (0.590 in.), 22.5 mm (0.886 in.), and 30 mm (1.181 in.) were studied in pipes with mean radius to thickness ratios of 5, 10, and 20. Cracks with half-lengths in radians of π/16, π/8, π/4, and π/2 were introduced in these virtual pipes. The matrix of results was used to produce correction factors for crack opening displacement equations applicable to a broad range of pipe sizes.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Positive amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase: Distinguishing between open spina bifida and ventral wall defects

The ratio of amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase to pseudocholinesterase was determined by scanning densitometry on 43 amniotic fluid samples with positive acetylcholinesterase associated with open fetal defects. The mean ratio was 0.587 (range 0.204 to 0.979) in 21 amniotic fluid samples from pregnancies affected with open spina bifida and 0.052 (range 0.026 to 0.075) in 12 pregnancies affected with ventral wall defects. These data confirm previous observations and indicate that scanning densitometry of electrophoretic gels is a useful method for distinguishing between open spina bifida and ventral wall defects in the fetus.
Ultrastructure of Babesai bovis (Babes, 1888)

Abstract An electron microscope study of thin sections of bovine erythrocytes parasitized with Babesia bovis (Texas isolate) revealed that the body of the parasite is covered with a pellicular complex consisting of three membranes, two located on the interior and one on the outer part of the pellicle. Parasites observed possessed one nucleus and one nucleolus containing aggregated nuclear material. Each of these aggregations was bounded by two nuclear membranes. Organelles such as polar rings, rhoptries, micronemes, vesicular structures, cisternae of the nuclear membrane, spherical bodies, mitochondria-like structures and Maurer's clefts were indentified and described. The basic similarities and differences in the intra-erythrocytic stages of Babesia bovis, in comparison with other Babesia spp. parasites, are discussed.
Reduction of matrix effects in quantitative and semi-quantitative inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry using a partial local thermodynamic equilibrium model and an internal standard

Abstract A means to reduce matrix effects by using a simple pLTE model to account for changes in sensitivity due to matrix induced changes in plasma temperature and an internal standard to account for matrix induced changes in sample transport rate is described. For quantitative analysis where standards contain all of the elements of interest the changes in sensitivity due to 1.0 M Ba and Na and 1.5 M Li and Ca are reduced to less than 20% for most analyte lines investigated using this method. The maximum error due to the presence of 1.5 M La is reduced from more than a factor of 14 to less than 40%. Semi-quantitative concentrations from the pLTE model based single element calibration approach described previously are essentially independent of matrix composition (within the uncertainty of semi-quantitative concentrations in the absence of a high matrix concentration) for the concomitant elements tested. However, the pLTE based approach is less accurate for semi-quantitative analysis than a one-time multi-element calibration, except when the most severe matrix effects are observed (such as those due to 1.5 M La).
Opportunities and challenges facing biomarker development for personalized head and neck cancer treatment

Head and neck oncologists have traditionally relied on clinical tumor features and patient characteristics to guide care of individual patients. As surgical, radiotherapeutic, and systemic treatments have evolved to become more anatomically precise and mechanistically specific, the opportunity for improved cure and functional patient recovery has never been more promising for this historically debilitating cancer. However, personalized treatment must be accompanied by sophisticated patient selection to triage the application of advanced therapies toward ideal patient candidates. In this monograph, we review current progress, investigative themes, and key challenges facing head and neck cancer biomarker development intended to make personalized head and neck cancer treatment a clinical reality. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 294-306, 2013
Proprioception as an Aesthetic Sense

The aesthetic senses are the senses by which we experience beauty, grace, and other aesthetic properties. Vision and hearing are commonly recognized as aesthetic senses, while smell, taste, and touch are not. Proprioception is the sense by which we acquire information about the positions and movements of our own bodies, via receptors in the joints, tendons, ligaments, muscles, and skin. My claim is that proprioception is an aesthetic sense and that one can make aesthetic judgments based on proprioceptive experience. I will argue that, just as one can deem a painting beautiful based on one's visual experience of the painting, one can deem a certain movement beautiful based on one's proprioceptive experience of the movement. In addition, I posit that in a certain sense an observer can proprioceive the beauty of another's movement. Although this may sound surprising, I argue that recent discoveries about the function of mirror neurons-neurons that are activated both when one performs a task and when one sees that task performed-as well as other empirical studies illustrating that when seeing others move we kinesthetically represent their motion, support the case and potentially pave the way toward a third-person proprioceptive aesthetics.
An experimental manifestation of distinct electronic–structural properties of covalent dimer anions of CO2 and CS2

Abstract Photoelectron imaging is employed to examine the monomer and dimer anions of CO 2 and CS 2 , either isolated or embedded in clusters. In both cases, photodetachment from the dimer anion is compared to the corresponding monomer. The comparison of CS 2 − and (CS 2 ) 2 − images reveals dissimilar bands attributed to detachment from different orbitals/species. Yet the photoelectron angular distributions obtained from the monomer and dimer anion cores of (CO 2 ) n − clusters are surprisingly similar. These findings are reconciled with the qualitatively different electronic–structural properties of (CS 2 ) 2 − and (CO 2 ) 2 − .
Adjustments in performance measures: Distributive and procedural justice effects on outcome satisfaction

Adjustments for task difficulty occur regularly in performance evaluations, but their effects on satisfaction with the evaluation process has not been studied. This article reports an experiment examining the procedural and distributive justice effects of making adjustments for task difficulty in performance evaluation. Participants examined territory difficulty and sales-volume data for a set of salespeople and rated a focal salesperson's performance. Subjects also rated their satisfaction with their performance rating and the fairness of the process. Results show that adjusting for territory (task) difficulty influences satisfaction through an intrapersonal referent effect and through procedural fairness judgments. Results also show that an intrapersonal referent effect occurs even when social-comparison information is available; the two referents appear to have additive rather than interactive effects. Consistent with the work of van den Bos, Lind, Vermunt, and Wilkie (1997), the procedural justice effect of adjusting for territory difficulty occurs only in the absence of social-comparison information. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Requests and responses in children's speech

An investigation of children's ability to convey and respond to requests for action was based on the spontaneous speech of 36 dyads of nursery school children (3; 6–5; 7). Direct request forms (e.g. Give me the hammer) were frequent and the majority were acknowledged verbally. Examination of the contexts of direct requests indicated that speaker and addressee shared an understanding of the interpersonal meaning factors relevant to requesting. These meaning factors were invoked in justifying, refusing and in repeating or paraphrasing a request, and they also provided a basis for the communication of indirect requests. Examples of inferred requests are discussed, and a relationship between the structure of the speech act and conversational sequences is proposed.
Distinct Neural Circuits Support Transient and Sustained Processes in Prospective Memory and Working Memory

Current theories are divided as to whether prospective memory (PM) involves primarily sustained processes such as strategic monitoring, or transient processes such as the retrieval of intentions from memory when a relevant cue is encountered. The current study examined the neural correlates of PM using a functional magnetic resonance imaging design that allows for the decomposition of brain activity into sustained and transient components. Performance of the PM task was primarily associated with sustained responses in a network including anterior prefrontal cortex (lateral Brodmann area 10), and these responses were dissociable from sustained responses associated with active maintenance in working memory. Additionally, the sustained responses in anterior prefrontal cortex correlated with faster response times for prospective responses. Prospective cues also elicited selective transient activity in a region of interest along the right middle temporal gyrus. The results support the conclusion that both sustained and transient processes contribute to efficient PM and provide novel constraints on the functional role of anterior PFC in higher-order cognition.
The Significance of Festivals to Rural Economies: Estimating the Economic Impacts of Scottish Highland Games in North Carolina

Festivals are often part of the economic development strategy of rural areas. This study estimates the economic impacts of visitor expenditures at two Scottish festivals in rural North Carolina, using tourist survey data and an input-output model. While local restaurants and lodging and festival vendors and sponsors benefit from substantial visitor expenditures, the multipliers are relatively small, and hence the total economic impact of the festivals represents only a small percentage of economic activity in the two regions considered. Lodging expenditures have the greatest impact on the region with a multiple-day festival, while expenditures on food and beverage have the greatest impact on the region with a single-day festival. The magnitude of the economic impact depends on characteristics of both the festival (number of days) and the local economy (other attractions and linkages).
Future Directions in the Sociology of Emotions

In this article, I discuss how sociologists can advance the scientific study of emotions by broadening their work and approaching it more creatively. This requires sociologists to examine more closely the cultural, social structural, and biological aspects of emotions. It also requires them to investigate the rich array of emotions that individuals experience and the flow of these emotions within and across situations.
INVARIANT, INTRA-CLASS RETRIEVAL IN HOMOGENEOUS IMAGE DATABASES

In this paper, we present a new method for content-based image retrieval and indexing. The context is for searching an image database containing objects of similar appearance for a query object in a way that is insensitive to incidental environmental factors such as change in viewpoints and slight, nonessential shape deformation. The scheme is well suited for discriminating among objects within the same class, with members that can appear very similar to each other (what we call a “homogeneous” database, e.g., the FishBase containing thousands of fish images). The scheme comprises a global alignment and a local matching process. Affine transform is used to model the different viewpoints associated with positioning the camera. Furthermore, multi-dimensional indexing techniques are used to make the global alignment scheme efficient. A local matching process based on dynamic programming allows optimal matching of local structures using cost metrics that may ignore nonessential local shape deformation. Results show the method's ability to cancel out visual distortions caused by a changing viewpoint, tolerance to noise, occlusion, and slight deformations of the object, as well as its ability to distinguish between similar, but different objects of the same class.
Regulation and Capitalization of Environmental Amenities: Evidence from the Toxic Release Inventory in Massachusetts

Environmental regulation in the United States has undergone a slow evolution from command and control strategies towards market- based regulations. One such innovation is the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), a regulation that requires polluting e rms to publicly disclose information about their toxic emissions. The basic tenet of this regulation is that it corrects for informational asymmetries between polluters and households, allowing communities to pressure polluters to decrease their emissions. Policy-makers have judged the TRI a tremendous success, as national releases declined by 43% between 1988 and 1999. Yet many of the fundamental problems which are known to lead to the classic failure of the Coase theorem (such as high transaction costs and dife culties in organizing) cast doubt on the effectiveness of disclosure rules, alone, to lead to an efe cient outcome in the caseof pollution.We use an event study methodology with high-quality data on house prices and other local attributes to assess the extent to which the public values changes in toxic releases and thus the success of TRI. Our major e ndings include: (1) declines in toxic releases appear unrelated to any political economy variables that might lead to public activism; (2) initial information released under TRI had no signie cant effect on the distribution of house prices; and (3) house prices show no signie cant impact of declines in reportedtoxic releases over time. Standard errors aresmall enoughthat we can reject the hypothesis that large declines in toxic releases lead to more than a 0.5% increase in house prices. These results also hold when we control for differences in the availability of information on TRI and the possible effect of expectations. Our e ndings cast doubt on the ability of the public to process complex information on hazardous emissions and support the Coase theorem in that right-to-know lawssuch as TRI may not be the most effective form of environmental regulation.
Non-trocar related major retroperitoneal bleeding during laparoscopic appendectomy

Most of the reported vascular injuries in laparoscopic appendectomies occur during trocar or Veress needle insertions. As laparoscopy continues to evolve, it is essential that surgeons report unusual complications in an effort to raise awareness and guide management of any iatrogenic injury incurred during minimally-invasive procedures. We report the case of a patient who sustained a major non-trocar related retroperitoneal vascular injury during a routine LA.
Role of β‐amylase in starch metabolism during soybean seed development and germination

Differences in starch metabolism during seed development and germination of two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] genotypes with normal seed β-amylase activity [‘Williams’ (Sp1b and ‘Altona’ (Sp1b)] and two soybean genotypes with undetectable seed β-amylase activity [‘Chestnut’ (Sp1au) and ‘Altona’ (Sp1)] were investigated. Starch and soluble sugar profiles were essentially the same during seed development and germination. Total amylase activity of Williams and Altona (Sp1b) peaked just prior to seed maturity and then dropped off slowly; whereas, the total amylase activity of Chestnut and Altona (sp1) was very low throughout seed development and germination. The differences in amylase activity between Altona (Sp 1 b) and Altona (sp 1) was also seen in leaves. α-Amylase activity was similar in the four genotypes when β-amylase was inhibited with Hg2+ but was higher in the two genotypes with normal β-amylase activity when β-amylase was inhibited with heat plus Ca2+. Low levels of starch phosphorylase activity were detected throughout seed development and germination, and the activity was similar in three of the genotypes and higher in Altona (sp 1). The protein, oil and oligosaccharide contents of mature seeds of the four genotypes were similar. Altona (sp 1 b) and (sp 1), which appear to be near isogenic lines, were not different in any morphological character or yield. Altona (Sp 1 b) showed greater hydrolysis of soybean seed starch than Altona (sp 1), but the evidence indicates that the mutation resulting in greatly reduced or missing β-amylase activity has no effect on starch metabolism of developing and germinating soybean seeds.
High level transient expression of a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene by DEAE-dextran mediated DNA transfection coupled with a dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerol shock treatment

Using a plasmid containing the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene, we have assayed for transient expression of DNA introduced into mouse L cells by a variety of transfection conditions. High efficiency uptake and expression of this foreign DNA have been achieved by modifying the DEAE dextran mediated transfection procedure of McCutchan and Pagano (1) to include a shock with either dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerol. Inclusion of the shock step can increase expression of the transfected gene a surprising approximately 50 fold. With plasmid constructs that do not replicate after transfection, we can readily detect CAT activity in an overnight autoradiographic exposure from less than 0.1% of an extract from a 60 mm dish of transfected cells. We have determined the amounts of DNA, the amount and time course of DEAE-dextran and dimethyl sulfoxide treatments, the effects of additional DNA, and the time after transfection which yield maximal expression. Overall, this transfection protocol using DEAE-dextran coupled to a shock treatment is simple, straightforward, and gives consistently high levels of expression of the input DNA.
Fast algorithms for LSI artwork analysis

Representative algorithms for IC mask artwork analysis are described and compared. A novel IC mask analysis algorithm is described which does not restrict the representation of artwork, permits a wide range of functions, avoids pathologies, and achieves good runtime and tolerable main memory demands, even for LSI applications. Under reasonable assumptions about the distribution of artwork within the chip area, the algorithm is shown to achieve an expected runtime complexity of 0(E**(3/2)), where E is the number of edges in the artwork. Experience with LSI circuits is described.
20-HETE and Circulating Insulin in Essential Hypertension With Obesity

Analogous to observations in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats, we have shown that 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is involved in the pathogenesis of SS essential hypertension. A strong negative correlation between urine 20-HETE and body mass index (BMI) remains unexplained. We measured BP, urine sodium (UNaV), and 20-HETE in obese hypertensive subjects during a 24-hour salt load (160 mmol NaCl diet+2 L intravenous saline). We classified them into insulin-resistant (IR) (n=14) and insulin-sensitive (IS) (n=12), with the average insulin sensitivity index (SI=22.5x[fasting glucose x insulin](-1)) of 3 days (cutoff for IR, SI <0.161 mL x L/microU x mmol). IR were older (50+/-1 versus 44+/-2, P<0.03), more obese (BMI 38.2+/-1.4 versus 32.0+/-1.5 kg/m2, P<0.01), and had higher insulin (39.2+/-2.3 versus 22.0+/-1.1 microU/mL, P<0.0001) and lower SI (0.084+/-0.009 versus 0.222+/-0.013, P<0.0001) than IS. Blood pressure, UNaV, and sodium balance did not differ between groups. SI correlated negatively with age (r=-0.39, P<0.05) and BMI (r=-0.53, P<0.01). Urine 20-HETE was less in IR than in IS when normalized by serum insulin (0.91+/-0.25 versus 2.24+/-0.46 microg. 24 hours(-1)/microU x mL(-1), P<0.02), but not if uncorrected. Urinary 20-HETE excretion correlated negatively with insulin (r=-0.40, P<0.04), whereas the relationship between 20-HETE and SI was not statistically significant. Our data suggest that increased circulating insulin, not the state of insulin resistance, suppresses urine 20-HETE excretion in obese hypertensive subjects. Findings in experimental models suggest that an inhibitory effect of insulin on cytochrome P4504A, rather than effects of insulin on membrane-bound arachidonic acid or on its release to the cytosol, may explain our observation.
Evolutionary psychology: the emperor's new paradigm

For some evolutionary psychology is merely a field of inquiry, but for others it is a robust paradigm involving specific theories about the nature and evolution of the human mind. Proponents of this paradigm claim to have made several important discoveries regarding the evolved architecture of the mind. Highly publicized discoveries include a cheater-detection module, a psychological sex difference in jealousy, and motivational mechanisms underlying parental love and its lapses, which purportedly result in child maltreatment. In this article, I argue that the empirical evidence for these ‘discoveries’ is inconclusive, at best. I suggest that, as the reigning paradigm in evolutionary psychology has produced questionable results, the evolutionary study of human psychology is still in need of a guiding paradigm.
Management of U-500 insulin users during inpatient admissions within a Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Abstract Aims The purpose of this study was to compare inpatient insulin needs with usual home insulin needs for severely insulin resistant individuals using U-500 insulin. Methods This was a retrospective review of patients using U-500 insulin at one institution. Subjects were divided into 3 groups according to their pre-admission HbA1c [ Results Sixty-three patients with a total of 116 admissions were included. The average inpatient insulin dose was only 22.6% of the usual home insulin dose. There were no differences in the frequency of low blood sugars between glycemic control groups. By 6-months post-discharge the majority of subjects were back on their pre-admission dosing. Conclusions Inpatient insulin needs were strikingly reduced (by average 75%) compared to home dosing regardless of pre-admission glycemic control. The results of this study should encourage institutions to assess their inpatient insulin protocols for U-500 using individuals.
The History of a Text: Tradition, Time and Opportunity

About fifteen centuries separate Archimedes’ composition of the Dimension of the Circle from its elaboration by medieval Arabic and Latin scholars. During that vast interval the text passed through the hands of countless pedagogues, editors, commentators, translators and paraphrasers. The unsatisfactory fragment that survives in the Greek corpus of Archimedes bears witness to the magnitude of the transformation this text underwent. But our survey of the extant evidence has made possible a reconstruction of the stages in this process.