cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1722: The outer nuclear membrane population of Bcl-2 contributes to drug resistance in human prostate cancer cells.

Bcl-2 is the archetypal gene and first characterized member of the family bearing its name. Prostate cancer was the first solid tumor malignancy in which an elevation of cellular Bcl-2 levels was associated with advanced disease. It is thought that the anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-2 contributes to the uniformly lethal nature of castration-resistant advanced prostate cancer. Bcl-2 is membrane-bound and located on the cytosolic face of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM), endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and outer nuclear membrane (ONM). The interest in functions of Bcl-2 have centered on its maintenance of MOM integrity. Recently, the Bcl-2 population on the ER has been shown to control calcium ion release into the cytosol through its interactions with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R). In contrast to the well known and growing functions of MOM and ER Bcl-2 populations respectively, the role of Bcl-2 on the ONM has yet to be defined. While progress in our understanding of MOM and ER Bcl-2 has been made, in part, by the targeted overexpression of the protein to the MOM and ER, no such model systems have been utilized to answer questions of Bcl-2 on the ONM. We believe this has limited our understanding of the ONM Bcl-2 population. With this deficit in our understanding in mind, we sought to generate a Bcl-2 fusion gene construct that would, for the first time, enable the targeted expression of the protein to the ONM. The Bcl-2 cDNA was mutagenized so that the sequence representing its C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domain was replaced by a consensus sequence derived from a family of recently characterized genes known to specifically localize to the ONM. The ONM Bcl-2 mutant, housed in a eukaryotic expression construct, was stably expressed in LNCaP and CWR22Rv1 human prostate cancer cell lines. Clones verified to stably express ONM Bcl-2, in addition to other clones expressing the WT gene, a TM-deleted variant, and previously described MOM- and ER-specific variants, were challenged in vitro by a variety of apoptotic stimuli. We successfully showed the stable targeted expression of Bcl-2 to the ONM, in addition to the MOM and ER in human prostate cancer cell lines. Treatment of these clones with several agents resulted in enhanced resistance to death that was location dependant. We have developed a useful system to help enhance our understanding of Bcl-2. The ONM population appears to contribute to drug resistance in prostate cancer cells. The mechanism responsible for ONM Bcl-2-induced apoptotic resistance may differ from its role on other membranes, and warrants further investigation. Citation Format: Theodore E. Ewachiw, Jennifer R. Cohen, Simon A. Williams. The outer nuclear membrane population of Bcl-2 contributes to drug resistance in human prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1722. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1722
Religious heterogeneity and suicide: A cross-national analysis

Religion has received a large amount of scholarly attention for its role in promoting pro-social outcomes for a community. One of the areas in which religion may demonstrate a positive effect is suicide. The role that religion plays in reducing suicide within a community has long roots in sociology. Emile Durkheim suggested that religion would have a pro-social effect in decreasing suicide. Religion should reduce suicide by establishing values and norms that integrate individuals into society and regulate the behavior of the members of a society. However, the presence of many different religions could erode the social integration and regulation effects of religion. This would cause suicide to increase as individuals become confused as to what values and norms are to be followed. The current analysis uses the religious fractionalization index to examine the effect of religious heterogeneity on suicide. The findings demonstrate that increased religious heterogeneity increased suicide for a sample of countries.
The ‘Natural’ Rate, Neutrality and Monetary Inflation

Central to the neoclassical treatment of inflation is the concept of the ‘natural’ rate of unemployment, which proves to be another term for labour market equilibrium. The ‘naturalness’ of this rate derives from its characteristic of being consistent with a zero rate of change of the price level. The hypothesis that there is a rate of unemployment which does not provoke inflation is the heart of the Phillips curve relationship. This hypothesis need not be based on notional supply and demands nor on a concept of equilibrium. A quite convincing non-neoclassical argument can be made in terms of excess supply and demand in the context of a non-homogeneous labour force.
Fracking equity: A spatial justice analysis prototype

Although current environmental justice analyses shed light on fracking and fracking’s environmental and public health policy, a comprehensive justice analysis framework is needed in order to cover the policy gap of fracking impacts on the total environment, communities, and sustainability. Based on a concise summary of the effects of fracking on the total environment, the society and economy, and land use, this brief communication designs a conception of fracking equity and its spatial justice analysis prototype. Fracking equity is much beyond the scope of current environmental justice or social justice that is spatially limited within certain distance to fracking wells. Fracking equity based on the benefit and harm associated with fracking, not only encompasses environmental justice, social justice, but also emphasizes all stakeholder groups, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the justice of fracking, sustainable development, and the integrated analyzing methods including GIS, decision making, demographic analysis, spatiotemporal modeling at different scales, and long term analysis of fracking equity. Spatial justice of fracking unites the environmental, social, economic, ecological factors and their processes that are temporally changing and reshaping the space people live in and depend on, and these complicated factors and their dynamic interactions are the core of spatial justice.
The relationship among weight controllability, weight-based stereotypes and attitudes, andweight loss behaviors

Beliefs about personal control over body weight and attitudes about persons who are overweight may be related to one’s own body esteem (Schwartz, Vartanian, Nosek, & Brownell, 2006). In addition, body esteem has been found to be related to adoption of weight loss behaviors in a variety of studies (e.g., Stice & Shaw, 1994). We explored multidimensional relationships among perception of weight controllability, negative stereotypes about obese persons, body esteem, and weight loss behaviors to examine connections among all variables. Five hypotheses were derived from previous research and informed by Bandura’s discussion of self-efficacy connecting perceptions of control to behavior (1982): H1: Beliefs about weight control are positively related to body esteem; H2: Beliefs about weight control are positively related to obesity stereotypes; H3: Anti-fat attitude is positively related to obesity stereotypes; H4: Body esteem is positively related to weight loss behaviors; And H5: Obesity stereotypes are positively related to weight loss behaviors.
Monkey primary somatosensory cortex has a proprioceptive representation of eye position.

Abstract: The visual system is tied to the retina. Because the eyes move in the orbit, and the head moves on the body, accurate location of an object in extrapersonal space cannot simply result from a visual signal. Instead, the retinal signal must be combined with an estimate of where the eyes are in the orbit, and where the head is in space, to calculate where that object is relative to the observer. There is abundant evidence for eye position signals in various areas of the visual cortex. However, the source of that eye position signal is unknown. Estimates of eye position can arise from two different sources. One is outflow, an ‘efference copy’ or ‘corollary discharge’ which might arise from some eye position signal used to specify eye position for the eye muscles. The second source is inflow, a direct proprioceptive signal from the muscles themselves. Nevertheless, neither a proprioceptive representation of eye position nor corollary discharge of a motor command for eye position has ever been demonstrated unambiguously in the cerebral cortex. We recently discovered the neuronal representation of proprioceptive eye position signal in monkey primary somatosensory cortex.
Operator Aided Decision Processes for UAVs in a Stochastic Environment

In this chapter, we consider an Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) scenario where a human operator is tasked to provide feedback regarding the nature of some objects of interest (OOI). The feedback is relayed to the stochastic controller of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which must determine an appropriate mission plan. A small aerial vehicle (SAV) loiters at a high altitude where it may survey a large territory. An operator decides which objects in the SAV’s field of view are of interest and which are not. Then a team of micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) are assigned individual tours to survey the OOI at a low altitude. As a MAV flies over an OOI, the operator must decide if the OOI has a feature that defines it as a target. The key parameters are the operator’s response and the time taken for the operator to respond. The stochastic controller takes these into account and performs an analysis to compute expected information gain of a revisit. In previous studies automatic target recognition (ATR) was used for making some decisions in the SAV and the MAVs. This chapter investigates the use of human feedback alone for target recognition. Different methods for calculating expected information gain are examined and compared against a maximum operator delay revisit threshold.
Get Engaged: An investigation of rural community college faculty's experiences with work engagement

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to understand rural community college faculty members’ experiences with work engagement. As community college enrollments grow, it becomes increasingly important to have faculty who are engaged in their work. Recent research suggests engaged students require engaged faculty (Kezar, 2011). One of the most significant factors in student learning and graduation are the interactions and relationships students develop with faculty members (Kuh, Kinzie, Schuh, & Whitt, 2010). This study addressed how rural community college faculty members perceive, experience, and sustain work engagement, as well as why work engagement is important in rural community college faculty. Two rural community colleges, one small and one mid-sized, were investigated. While these colleges differed in size, they shared similar characteristics in course offerings, programs, and extracurricular activities. Data collection consisted of one-on-one interviews of both full-time faculty members and faculty administrators; in addition, documents and websites were reviewed. There were a total of eight participants between the two colleges, six of which were faculty members. The faculty members were involved in a series of three interviews. Upon analysis, four shared themes emerged from the data. The themes included a) understanding the multidimensional role of rural community college faculty, b) recognizing work engagement is student-centered and rooted in passion for the field and for the community college system which matches the faculty members’
Antigenic Variation among Human Parainfluenza Type 3 Viruses

Parainfluenza type 3 (PIV3) was originally isolated from a child with lower respiratory disease (Chanock et al., 1958) and has since been shown to be a significant cause of infantile pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and croup (Chanock et al., 1961). The frequency of hospitalization of infants or children with PIV3 infections has been estimated at 1 in 400 (Murphy et al., 1988). Infection with PIV3 frequently occurs during the first months of life, when infants still possess maternally derived neutralizing antibodies, and children typically experience repeated infections of decreasing severity during childhood. The factors contributing to the epidemiologic picture of partial immunity and reinfection are incompletely understood, but may reflect immunologic immaturity of the host, immunologic suppression by maternally derived antibodies, and production of nonfunctional antibodies (some of which may be obstructive).
The Normal Stomach and Duodenum

The gastrointestinal tract is derived from the entodermal germ layer, which can be distinguished as a sheet of flat epithelial cells between the ectodermal disc and the blastocyst cavity when the embryo is 8 days old.1 During the subsequent week, the entodermal cells extend along the wall of the blastocyst cavity until, by the 15th day, they form its entire lining.2 The formation of head and tail folds results in a division of the entodermlined cavity into an intraembryonic portion, the primitive gut, and two extraembryonic portions, the yolk sac and the allantois.
Repair of Peripheral Radial TFCC Tears

Wrist arthroscopy is a sensitive modality to evaluate for tears of the triangular fibrocartilage complex. It allows precise identification of the tear pattern as well as the severity of the tear. Wrist arthroscopy allows evaluation of the integrity of the articular disk through palpation with a probe and documents when the tear extends to involve radioulnar ligaments. When a radial-sided tear of the articular disk includes the volar and/or dorsal radioulnar ligaments, arthroscopic repair of the TFCC should be considered. Although anatomic studies have shown decreased vascularity on the radial side of the triangular fibrocartilage complex, several studies have shown successful repair of the articular disk, both clinically and by objective imaging with arthrograms and MRI.
P002 Standard duo typing of 1196 specimens revealed a strategy to use next generation sequencing as a standalone HLA typing method in clinical laboratory

Aim Next generation sequencing (NGS) permits sequencing of the entire HLA genes and generate unambiguous phased-resolved HLA typing. NGS is increasingly used in clinical HLA laboratories for both stem cells and solid organ transplantation. Herein, we investigated if NGS can be used as a standalone HLA typing method in clinical laboratory. Methods 1196 samples were typed in parallel using NGS (Omixon) and high-definition rSSO (One Lambda) methods. In addition, SSP (Olerup) was used to type HLA-DRB4 alleles. The frequency of allelic dropout by NGS was evaluated for all nine HLA loci (A, B, C, DRB1, DRB3/4/5, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1, and DPB1). Results No allelic dropout was observed at HLA-A, - B , - C , -DRB1, -DRB5, -DQA1, -DQB1, and -DPA1 loci. However, 4.6% of the samples (55/1,196) showed allelic dropouts at one of the other three loci: HLA-DRB3, -DRB4, and -DPB1. Frequent allelic dropouts were observed at HLA-DRB4 (3.7%; 44/1,196 samples) and HLA-DPB1 (0.8%; 10/1,196 samples) loci. HLA-DRB3 allele dropout was noted in a single sample (0.1%). The table below lists the specific dropped out alleles and their associated haplotypes or other alleles. Conclusions Our results suggest that the NGS can be used as a standalone method for HLA-A, - B , - C , -DRB1, -DRB5, -DQA1, -DQB1, and -DPA1 typing. However, additional typing assays are required to confirm the homozygosity of HLA-DRB3, -DRB4, and -DPB1 loci. DRB1-DRB3/4/5 linkage can be used to identify the allelic dropouts in HLA-DRB3/4 loci for certain cases. Concurrent typing of HLA-DRB3/4 and -DPB1 by rSSO would improve the NGS workflow and turnaround time.
CD20-Negative Aggressive Lymphomas

CD20-negative diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a rare and heterogeneous group of aggressive lymphoproliferative disorders. Described variants of CD20-negative DLBCL include plasmablastic lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, large B-cell lymphoma arising in HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman disease, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive DLBCL. CD20-negative aggressive lymphoma represents a diagnostic challenge given atypical morphology and lack of expression of B-cell markers. These are also hard-to-treat lymphomas with high rates of chemoresistance and relapse in addition to poor survival rates. The present chapter aims at summarizing the current knowledge on the biology of the distinct variants of CD20-negative DLBCL, to provide future therapeutic directions based on the limited data available and to increase awareness toward these rare lymphomas among pathologists and clinicians.
Automated Generation and Selection of Interpretable Features for Enterprise Security

We present an effective machine learning method for malicious activity detection in enterprise security logs. Our method involves feature engineering, or generating new features by applying operators on features of the raw data. We generate DNF formulas from raw features, extract Boolean functions from them, and leverage Fourier analysis to generate new parity features and rank them based on their highest Fourier coefficients. We demonstrate on real enterprise data sets that the engineered features enhance the performance of a wide range of classifiers and clustering algorithms. As compared to classification of raw data features, the engineered features achieve up to 50.6% improvement in malicious recall, while sacrificing no more than 0.47% in accuracy. We also observe better isolation of malicious clusters, when performing clustering on engineered features. In general, a small number of engineered features achieve higher performance than raw data features according to our metrics of interest. Our feature engineering method also retains interpretability, an important consideration in cyber security applications.
Does the Format of Preclass Reading Quizzes Matter? An Evaluation of Traditional and Gamified, Adaptive Preclass Reading Quizzes

Gamified, adaptive preclass reading quizzes had no impact on in-class reading quiz or course exam performance. These findings suggest that instructors should verify that gamified, adaptive technolo...
Higher Levels of Stress Are Associated With a Significant Symptom Burden in Oncology Outpatients Receiving Chemotherapy.

Abstract Context A cancer diagnosis and associated treatments, as well as the uncertainty of the disease course, are stressful experiences for most patients. However, little information is available on the relationship between stress and symptom burden. Objectives The study purpose was to evaluate for differences in the severity of fatigue, lack of energy, sleep disturbance, and cognitive function, among three groups of patients with distinct stress profiles. Methods Patients receiving chemotherapy (n = 957) completed measures of general, cancer-specific, and cumulative life stress and symptom inventories. Latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients with distinct stress profiles. Results Three distinct subgroups of patients were identified (i.e., stressed [39.3%], normative [54.3%], resilient [5.7%]). For cognitive function, significant differences were found among the latent classes (stressed Conclusions Consistent with our a priori hypothesis, patients in the stressed class had the highest symptom severity scores for all four symptoms and all these scores were above the clinically meaningful cutoffs for the various instruments.
Individual differences in working memory capacity and the regulation of arousal

Previously it has been theorized that differential functioning of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system affects people's ability to regulate arousal, which has impacts on cognitive abilities. In the present study, we investigated three potential mechanisms by which the LC-NE system can fail to regulate arousal appropriately: hypoarousal, hyperarousal, and dysregulation of arousal. Each of these three could potentially account for why arousal affects cognition. To test the contributions of these three mechanisms, the present study examined individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and the regulation of arousal using pupillometry. Participants completed multiple complex span and visual arrays change-detection measures of WMC. An eye-tracker recorded pupil diameter as participants completed the visual arrays tasks. We found rather mixed evidence for the three mechanisms. Arousal dysregulation correlated with lower visual arrays performance and more self-reported attentional lapses. However, arousal regulation did not correlate with complex span performance. There was also some evidence for hypoarousal as an explanatory mechanism, as arousal correlated with attentional lapses. We discuss the implications of the results for theories regarding the role of arousal regulation in cognitive performance and individual differences in cognitive abilities.
Fluorescence decay rate engineering using aluminum nanohole arrays

UV plasmonics has drawn increased attention in recent years, holding promise in enabling label-free sensing of biomolecules such as DNA, peptides, and proteins whose intrinsic fluorescence lies in the UV range. However, these biomolecules exhibit relatively small quantum yields (QY) and extinction cross sections. In order to realize label-free detection of biomolecules, significant enhancement needs to be achieved. Several plasmonic structures have been reported to enhance native fluorescence of DNA and amino acids, with <80 x net enhancement for DNA and <15 x net enhancement for amino acids. Orders of magnitude improvement in the net enhancement factor are needed in order to achieve a detection limit comparable to commercial bioassays. In addition, quantitative fluorescence analysis that can differentiate the contribution of radiative and excitation enhancement is needed for UV studies. Here we report fluorescence enhancement of tryptophan on aluminum hole arrays. By optimizing excitation geometry, the hole size and spacings, we are able to achieve <40 x net enhancement factor, the highest ever observed for tryptophan molecules. We conducted photobleaching experiments and observed 2 x reduction in the fluorescence decay rate on the aluminum hole array compared to an aluminum thin film. The enhancement of total photon yield reaches 17 x, which indicates enhanced radiative rate. The studies we conducted will pave a way for label-free biosensing using UV plasmonics.
Healthcare Operations Management: A Snapshot of Emerging Research

A new generation of healthcare operations management (HOM) scholars is studying timely healthcare topics (e.g., organization design, design of delivery, and organ transplantation) using contemporary methodological tools (e.g., econometrics, information economics, and queuing games). A distinguishing feature of this stream of work is that it explicitly incorporates behavior, incentive, and policy considerations arising from the entanglements across multiple entities that make up the complex healthcare ecosystem. This focus is a departure from an earlier generation of research that primarily centered on optimizing given operations of a single entity. This paper provides an introduction to this burgeoning field and maps out research opportunities. We start with identifying key entities of healthcare delivery, financing, innovation, and policymaking, illustrating them on a healthcare ecosystem map (HEM). Next, we explore the HOM literature examining the interactions among various entities in the HEM. We then develop a taxonomy for the recent HOM literature (published in Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, Management Science, and Operations Research between 2013 and 2017), provide a tool-thrust graph mapping methodological tools with research thrusts, and situate the HOM literature in context by connecting it with perspectives from medical journals and mass media. We close with a reference to technological innovations that have the potential to transform the healthcare ecosystem in future decades.
Methylation-eQTL Analysis in Cancer Research.

Motivation DNA methylation is a key epigenetic factor regulating gene expression. While promoter methylation has been well studied, recent publications have revealed that functionally important methylation also occurs in intergenic and distal regions, and varies across genes and tissue types. Given the growing importance of inter-platform integrative genomic analyses, there is an urgent need to develop methods to discover and characterize gene-level relationships between methylation and expression. Results We introduce a novel sequential penalized regression approach to identify methylation-expression quantitative trait loci (methyl-eQTLs), a term that we have coined to represent, for each gene and tissue type, a sparse set of CpG loci best explaining gene expression and accompanying weights indicating direction and strength of association. Using TCGA and MD Anderson colorectal cohorts to build and validate our models, we demonstrate our strategy better explains expression variability than current commonly used gene-level methylation summaries. The methyl-eQTLs identified by our approach can be used to construct gene-level methylation summaries that are maximally correlated with gene expression for use in integrative models, and produce a tissue-specific summary of which genes appear to be strongly regulated by methylation. Our results introduce an important resource to the biomedical community for integrative genomics analyses involving DNA methylation. Availability and implementation We produce an R Shiny app (https://rstudio-prd-c1.pmacs.upenn.edu/methyl-eQTL/) that interactively presents methyl-eQTL results for colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancer. The source R code for this work is provided in the supplement. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Change Yourself and Change the World

We are living in a time of tremendous environmental and social change and we are trying to find ways to tamp down the negative aspects of these changes in order to create a more sustainable world. This book focuses on ways individuals and organizations can make changes to live more sustainably and in harmony with nature. The term sustainability has been used as an umbrella to describe a number of initiatives. However, the results overall have been mixed, resulting in a metamodern reality that makes it seem like we are making progress, while in reality, we are falling short. After focusing on climate change and what we can do to try to limit its impacts, the book continues into the three E’s of sustainability—environment, equity, and economics—to guide individuals and organizations to make changes to help improve our planet’s sustainability.
Structures of guaiacol and the guaiacol-argon van der waals complex from rotational spectroscopy of guaiacol isotopologues

Abstract High-resolution rotational spectra were recorded for guaiacol and eight isotopologues as well as the guaiacol-argon van der Waals complex using a resonant-cavity Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The monomer spectra were assigned to an anti-syn conformation with an internal hydrogen bond from the hydroxyl group to the methoxy oxygen. Atomic coordinates of the carbon and hydroxyl hydrogen atoms were determined from the experimental moments of inertia using the Kraitchman method, and these coordinates are in excellent agreement with the corresponding coordinates in the MP2/6-311++G(d,p) model structure. The recorded rotational transitions showed no evidence for methyl internal rotation tunneling, and a potential energy scan (ωB97XD/6-311++G(d,p)) identified a 1006.0 cm−1 barrier to methyl internal rotation. The rotational spectrum of guaiacol-argon was used determine the location of the argon with respect to the anti-syn monomer conformation: RCM = 3.533 A, θ = 105.4 °, and χ = -100.0 °. The argon is positioned towards the hydroxyl and methoxy groups because of relatively strong van der Waals interactions between argon and the oxygen atoms.
COVID-19 Relief and the Ordinary Inmate

As scholars and advocates have lamented the deficiencies of remedies pre- and post-conviction for the extraordinary, the “ordinary” are not saddled with slow and deficient remedies -- they have none. This Essay explores this absence of such relief for those unable to make an extraordinary claim during the COVID-19 public health crisis of 2020. For the ordinary men, women, and children held in custody in 2020 and beyond, pretrial detention and sentencing laws make no exception in the face of a potentially fatal contagion or the public health crisis it creates. Yet, the pandemic highlights the reality that systematic flaws -- carceral systems that permit mass infection within and outside their walls and release triggers premised on extraordinary circumstances or conditions -- are a sort of roulette of disaster for ordinary people in custody who lack access to pre- and post-conviction relief. As problematic as these flaws are, they also represent an opportunity to reconsider the priorities that animate such relief and to question (or reimagine) systems that rebalance those priorities not just around the lives of the extraordinary, but around the lives of the ordinary.
Simple Model for Ocean Outfall Plumes

We have shown that a power law model provides a simple technique for predicting the dilution as a function of depth, for depths characteristic of most outfall systems. In particular, we have found that for depths grater than 20 ft, the dilution varies as the 5/3 power of the depth and initial mass flow rate has a first order an addative effect to the solutions given for m o = 0. Such solutions are accurate to better then 5% on the average and are ment to augment the result of Fan and Brooks and provide that working engineer with a simple method for performing preliminary studies without elaborate numerical or graphical solutions.
On long range dependence in global surface temperature series

Long Range Dependence (LRD) scaling behavior has been argued to characterize long-term surface temperature time series. LRD is typically measured by the so-called “Hurst” coefficient, “H”. Using synthetic temperature time series generated by a simple climate model with known physics, I demonstrate that the values of H obtained for observational temperature time series can be understood in terms of the linear response to past estimated natural and anthropogenic external radiative forcing combined with the effects of random white noise weather forcing. The precise value of H is seen to depend on the particular noise realization. The overall distribution obtained over an ensemble of noise realizations is seen to be a function of the relative amplitude of external forcing and internal stochastic variability and additionally in climate “proxy” records, the amount of non-climatic noise present. There is no obvious reason to appeal to more exotic physics for an explanation of the apparent scaling behavior in observed temperature data.
Fast approximate matching using suffix trees

Let T be a text of length n and P a pattern of length m, both strings over a fixed finite alphabet σ. We wish to find all approximate occurrences of P in T having weighted edit distance at most k from P: this is the approximate substring matching problem. We focus on the case in which T is fixed and preprocessed in linear time, while P and k vary over consecutive searches. We give an O(mq+t vanocc ) time and O(q) space algorithm, where q≤n depends on the problem instance, and t vanocc is the size of the output. The running time is proportional to the amount of matching, in the worst case as fast as standard dynamic programming. The algorithm uses the suffix tree representation of the text. The best previous algorithm requires O(mq log q+t vanocc ) time and O(mq) space.
On knowledge-based classification of abnormal BGP events

One key factor that ensures smooth data delivery over the Internet and keeps the Internet healthy is the well-being of the Internet’s inter-domain routing. In today’s Internet, the de facto standard inter-domain routing protocol is the Border Gateway Protocol, or BGP, that keeps every BGP router updated about which BGP router is the next hop in reaching a particular network and which autonomous systems (AS), in order, it has to cross. Unfortunately, various abnormal events-such as fast-spreading worms or large-scale power outages-can affect the normal operation of BGP. Not only can these events cause routers or BGP sessions between routers to go down-a denial-of-service attack, but they can also create havoc as the scale of damage rises.
Anorexia Nervosa as a Disorder of Emotion Regulation: Theory, Evidence, and Treatment Implications

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 18: 208–214, 2011] This is a commentary on Haynos and Fruzzetti (2011). The commentary begins with a discussion of how emotion has been included in the conceptualization of anorexia nervosa (AN) for some time, although this has not culminated into an experimental science on somatic-affective arousal in this patient population. Important gaps in our knowledge of how individuals with AN experience signals from the body (including emotion) are highlighted, as is the lack of attention in the Haynos and Fruzzetti model to differences in emotional experience in the acute and chronic stages of the illness. Final comments are made about the focus of AN intervention, specifically how the functional significance of the symptoms can be an afterthought because of the need to restore nutrition, and the utility of identifying common and distinct processes across eating disorder diagnoses.
Use of the Simplex Method to Optimize Analytical Conditions in Clinical Chemistry

The optimum analytical conditions with regard to two or more variables can be determined in an unambiguous way by use of the simplex method. The method is particularly applicable to problems involving interacting variables. We describe the application of the simplex technique to the optimization of two procedures on a continuous-flow analyzer (AutoAnalyzer) and to the optimization of chemical variables in the lactate dehydrogenase-catalyzed pyruvate-to-lactate reaction and certain instrumental variables on a centrifugal analyzer (the ENI-GEMSAEC).
Stability of the linear prediction filter: a set theoretic approach

The authors investigate the application of set-theoretic estimation methods to the design of linear-predictive-coding (LPC) digital filters. The constraints involved in the design are represented by sets in an abstract space. Any member of their intersection satisfies all the design specifications and is called feasible. Two sets are considered: the set of stable filters and the set of filters which minimize the mean-square prediction error in an environment where the statistics of the observed data are unknown. These two sets are described analytically and the problem of obtaining a feasible LPC filter is addressed. Experimental results are also presented. >
Detectability of CO2 flux signals by a space-based lidar mission

Satellite observations of carbon dioxide (CO2) offer novel and distinctive opportunities for improving our quantitative understanding of the carbon cycle. Prospective observations include those from space-based lidar such as the Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission. Here we explore the ability of such a mission to detect regional changes in CO2 fluxes. We investigate these using three prototypical case studies, namely the thawing of permafrost in the Northern High Latitudes, the shifting of fossil fuel emissions from Europe to China, and changes in the source-sink characteristics of the Southern Ocean. These three scenarios were used to design signal detection studies to investigate the ability to detect the unfolding of these scenarios compared to a baseline scenario. Results indicate that the ASCENDS mission could detect the types of signals investigated in this study, with the caveat that the study is based on some simplifying assumptions. The permafrost thawing flux perturbation is readily detectable at a high level of significance. The fossil fuel emission detectability is directly related to the strength of the signal and the level of measurement noise. For a nominal (lower) fossil fuel emission signal, only the idealized noise-free instrument test case produces a clearly detectable signal, while experiments with more realistic noise levels capture the signal only in the higher (exaggerated) signal case. For the Southern Ocean scenario, differences due to the natural variability in the ENSO climatic mode are primarily detectable as a zonal increase.
REPRESENTATION OF FACE AND INTRA-ORAL STRUCTURES IN AREA 3B OF MACAQUE MONKEY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

Details of the representation of body regions innervated by the trigeminal nerve were elucidated in monkey cerebral cortex. Microelectrode recording was used to generate somatosensory maps in the posterior bank of the central sulcus and on the exposed cortical surface lateral to the lateral tip of the central sulcus in Macaca nemestrina. The area innervated by the contralateral trigeminal nerve is represented in an 8-mm mediolateral extent of area 3b lateral to the representation of the hand. Lateral to this, still within area 3b, there is an expanded representation of ipsilateral intra-oral structures measuring 6 mm in mediolateral extent. Both representations fill area 3b anteroposteriorly. The ipsilateral representation forms approximately 40% of the trigeminal representation, consistent with the amount of the ventroposterior medial (VPM) thalamic nucleus devoted to representation of ipsilateral intra-oral structures. Comparison of the present results with maps of the face representation in other species of monkey shows a consistent somatotopy of the face between species; size variations are mainly related to the enlarged ipsi- and contralateral representations of the cheek pouches in macaques. The general somatotopy of the trigeminal representation in monkeys is consistent with that in other mammalian species. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bethe-Salpeter Solution for Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering with Pion Exchange in the S 0 1 and P 0 3 States

The Bethe-Salpeter equation is solved for nucleon-nucleon scattering in the ladder approximation with pion exchange for the $^{1}S_{0}$ and $^{3}P_{0}$ states with no approximations beyond use of a finite mesh. It is found that solutions exist without the need for any cutoff so long as the coupling constant $\frac{{g}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}$ is between about -4 and +7 for the $^{1}S_{0}$ state and for $\frac{{g}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}$ less than about +4 for the $^{3}P_{0}$ state. These results are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of Mandelstam. It is found that the Pad\'e approximant as applied to the coefficients of the iteration solution provides an efficient alternative to the method of matrix inversion for solving the equations for a given mesh.
Students’ Reasoning With Reversible Multiplicative Relationships

In an 8-month teaching experiment, I investigated how 4 sixth-grade students reasoned with reversible multiplicative relationships. One type of problem involved a known quantity that was a whole number multiple of an unknown quantity, and students were asked to determine the value of the unknown quantity. To solve these problems, students needed to produce a fraction of the known quantity that could be repeated some number of times to make the known, rather than repeat the known quantity to make the unknown quantity. This aspect of the problems involved reversibility because students who do not make a fraction of the known quantity tend to repeat the known quantity (Norton, 2008; Steffe, 2002). All four students constructed schemes to solve such problems and more complex versions where the relationship between known and unknown quantities was a fraction. Two students could not foresee the results of their schemes in thought—they had to carry out some activity, review its results, and then carry out more a...
SYNTHETIC SPECTRA FROM PARTICLE-IN-CELL SIMULATIONS OF RELATIVISTIC COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS

We extract synthetic photon spectra from first-principles particle-in-cell simulations of relativistic shocks propagating in unmagnetized pair plasmas. The two basic ingredients for the radiation, namely accelerated particles and magnetic fields, are produced self-consistently as part of the shock evolution. We use the method of Hededal and Nordlund and compute the photon spectrum via Fourier transform of the electric far field from a large number of particles, sampled directly from the simulation. We find that the spectrum from relativistic collisionless shocks is entirely consistent with synchrotron radiation in the magnetic fields generated by Weibel instability. We can recover the so-called 'jitter' regime only if we artificially reduce the strength of the electromagnetic fields, such that the wiggler parameter K ident to qBlambda/mc {sup 2} becomes much smaller than unity (B and lambda are the strength and scale of the magnetic turbulence, respectively). These findings may place constraints on the origin of non-thermal emission in astrophysics, especially for the interpretation of the hard (harder than synchrotron) low-frequency spectrum of gamma-ray bursts.
Stomatal responses of C3, C3-C4 and C4 Flaveria species to light and intercellular CO2 concentration: Implications for the evolution of stomatal behaviour

Stomatal function mediates physiological trade-offs associated with maintaining a favourable H2O balance in leaf tissues while acquiring CO2 as a photosynthetic substrate. The C3 and C4 species appear to have different patterns of stomatal response to changing light conditions, and variation in this behaviour may have played a role in the functional diversification of the different photosynthetic pathways. In the current study, we used gain analysis theory to characterize the stomatal conductance response to light intensity in nine different C3, C4 and C3-C4 intermediate species Flaveria species. The response of stomatal conductance (gs) to a change in light intensity represents both a direct (related to a change in incident light intensity, I) and indirect (related to a change in intercellular CO2 concentration, Ci) response. The slope of the line relating the change in gs to Ci was steeper in C4 species, compared with C3 species, with C3-C4 species having an intermediate response. This response reflects the greater relative contribution of the indirect versus direct component of the gs versus I response in the C4 species. The C3-C4 species, Flaveria floridana, exhibited a C4-like response whereas the C3-C4 species, Flaveria sonorensis and Flaveria chloraefolia, exhibited C3-like responses, similar to their hypothesized position along the evolutionary trajectory of the development of C4 photosynthesis. There was a positive correlation between the relative contribution of the indirect component of the gs versus I response and water use efficiency when evaluated across all species. Assuming that the C3-C4 intermediate species reflect an evolutionary progression from fully expressed C3 ancestors, the results of the current study demonstrate an increase in the contribution of the indirect component of the gs versus I response as taxa evolve toward the C4 extreme. The greater relative contribution of the indirect component of the stomatal response occurs through both increases in the indirect stomatal components and through decreases in the direct. Increases in the magnitude of the indirect component may be related to the maintenance of higher water use efficiencies in the intermediate evolutionary stages, before the appearance of fully integrated C4 photosynthesis.
The FN400 indexes familiarity-based recognition of faces

Separate event-related brain potential (ERP) components have been hypothesized to index familiarity and recollection processes that support recognition memory. A 300- to 500-ms mid-frontal FN400 old/new difference has been related to familiarity, whereas a 500- to 800-ms parietal old/new difference has been related to recollection. Other recent work has cast doubt on the FN400 familiarity hypothesis, especially its application to familiarity-based recognition of conceptually impoverished stimuli such as novel faces. Here we show that FN400 old/new differences can be observed with novel faces, and as predicted by the familiarity hypothesis, these differences are observed regardless of whether or not recognition is accompanied by the recollection of specific details from the study episode. Furthermore, FN400 differentiation between hits and misses is more consistent with an explicit familiarity process than an implicit memory process.
The Psychopath and the Lie Detector

Hie article by Raddn and Hare (15^8) asserts or very irfainly implies that: 1) tlw control questicMi lie test is extraordinarily iKrcurate; 2) that this high accuriMry can be achieved by ob,^cti¥e scoring of the polygraph charts; 3) that the theory of diis test is psycAfriogically reasonaUe and was amfirmed by the experiment reported; 4) that subjects give qualitativdy dMTerent airtMMMnic respcmses when lying than they do when telling the truth; and 5) diat the experiment described shows that psychopaths can no more **beat** the lfe detector than ncm-psydM^iatlKs. All oi these sodidly important claims or implications are criticaUy examined and all oi than are fouiMl to be untenable. DESCRIPTORS: Lie detector, Detection of deception, Polygraph, Psychopathy. The report by Raskin and Hare (1978) of their their paper re-awakens once-abandoned dreams of laboratory study of the "control-question" lie test finding a "specific lie response" (see Lykken, with psychopathic and non-psychopathic prisoners 1974), and there seems little doubt that this aspect is susceptible to serious misinterpretation. By re- of their interpretation will soon be incorporated into fening to "field evaluations" leading to an ac- the practice of professional polygraphy. Finally, curacy of 96%, the impression is conveyed that this and most centrally, they claim that the reported is a field study of lie test validity which supports study is relevant to the question of whether psychothe extravagant claims that polygraphers have ha- paths are more likely to be able to "beat" the lie bitually made about the lie detector (e.g., Arther, detector test in real life situations of criminal in1965; Marston, 1938; Reid & Inbau, 1966). By vestigation and they conclude that their results "apasserting that the examiner "had no knowledge of pear to indicate that control question tests may be the guilt or innocence of each subject'' (Raskin & used effectively with psychopaths in the field situaHare, 1978, p. 126), it is suggested that the results tion" (Raskin & Hare, 1978, p. 134). It is my were achieved entirely through objective analysis of belief that all of these important implications, the polygraph charts uncontaminated by the clinical claims and conclusions are unsupported by the eviimpressions of the examiner who interviewed and dence at hand, and that citation of these implicaobserved each subject at some length before scoring tions and conclusions of the Raskin and Hare study the tests which he administered. It is claimed that in the trade journals ofthe polygraphy profession or my earlier critical analysis of the theory of the lie in testimony in courts of law or before legislative detector (Lykken, 1974) is invalidated by my al- bodies may have adverse and serious social conseleged misunderstanding of the nature of the test, quences. and it is further claimed that the present data "provided substantial confirmation of predictions gen