cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of sugars and phenolics from the heavy fraction of bio-oil using polymeric resin adsorbents

Abstract This work describes the equilibrium and kinetic adsorption of levoglucosan and a mixture of phenolic species from an aqueous solution on two polymeric resin adsorbents, SP207 and XAD4. The separation of sugars from phenolic species is of interest as these species comprise a product stream from a unique fractionating bio-oil recovery system. Levoglucosan is the major sugar present in this product stream, with mannose, xylose, galactose, and cellobiosan present in minor extents. The phenolic species are a complex mixture of mono- and di-substituted phenols; however, we treat them as a single group of similar chemical species that must be removed before the aqueous sugar solution can be used as fermentation substrate. Adsorption isotherms and mass transfer coefficients were determined at 22 °C. Levoglucosan isotherms were fit with linear and Langmuir models. Phenolic species isotherms were fit with both Langmuir and Freundlich models although they more clearly exhibited Langmuir adsorption behavior. Adsorption equilibria show that both polymeric resins have an order of magnitude greater mass adsorption capacity for phenolic species compared to levoglucosan when the mixture is used as the applied solution. However, the kinetics of adsorption are approximately an order of magnitude slower for phenolic species versus levoglucosan. The equilibrium-dispersive model for column chromatography was applied using the determined adsorption equilibria and kinetic parameters and compared to column elution experiments. The model provided a good fit to the column data; however, the fit was improved by replacing the single component isotherms with competitive Langmuir isotherm expressions and modestly lowering the phenolics mass transfer coefficient.
Generalized data structure synthesis

Data structure synthesis is the task of generating data structure implementations from high-level specifications. Recent work in this area has shown potential to save programmer time and reduce the risk of defects. Existing techniques focus on data structures for manipulating subsets of a single collection, but real-world programs often track multiple related collections and aggregate properties such as sums, counts, minimums, and maximums. This paper shows how to synthesize data structures that track subsets and aggregations of multiple related collections. Our technique decomposes the synthesis task into alternating steps of query synthesis and incrementalization. The query synthesis step implements pure operations over the data structure state by leveraging existing enumerative synthesis techniques, specialized to the data structures domain. The incrementalization step implements imperative state modifications by re-framing them as fresh queries that determine what to change, coupled with a small amount of code to apply the change. As an added benefit of this approach over previous work, the synthesized data structure is optimized for not only the queries in the specification but also the required update operations. We have evaluated our approach in four large case studies, demonstrating that these extensions are broadly applicable.
GlidCop® DSC extruded plus cross-rolled plate tensile properties in the temperature range of 20–500°C

GlidCop® Dispersion Strengthened Copper (DSC with aluminum oxide dispersoids) is manufactured via a proprietary powder metallurgy process whereby Cu-Al alloy powder is internally oxidized to produce Cu-Al2O3 dispersed powder. The powder must be consolidated to full density for final use as high strength, high conductivity components for use at high temperatures. A previous study examined differences in GlidCop® AL-25 grade plate sections manufactured by processes including Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) consolidation, Extrusion (EXT) consolidation, and Extrusion consolidation followed by Cross-Rolling (EXT+XROLL). For plates annealed at 950–1000°C to simulate brazing assembly cycles, the EXT+XROLL plates were found to have superior ductility (total elongation and reduction of area) and fracture toughness (JIC) in the temperature range of 20–350°C compared to plates made by the other two processes. All three processes provided similar UTS, .2% YS, and creep characteristics. This paper presents tensile properties at 20 and 300°C for additional EXT+XROLL plates that were produced with varied percentages of Cross-Roll and Straight-Roll reductions, and presents tensile properties at 500°C for two plate thicknesses (10mm and 20mm) made with maximum Cross-Roll reduction (56%).
Exploring Microarray Data with Correspondence Analysis

Due to the rapid development of DNA microarray chips it has become possible to discover and predict genetic patterns relevant for various diseases on the basis of exploration of massive data sets provided by DNA microarray probes. A number of data mining techniques have been used for such exploration to achieve the desirable results. However, high dimensionality and uncertain accuracy of microarray datasets remain the major obstacles in revealing the most crucial genetic factors determining a particular disease. This chapter describes a microarray data processing technique based on the correspondence analysis that helps to handle this issue.
Environmental High Resolution Electron Microscopy in Materials Science

An environmental cell high resolution electron microscope (EHREM) has been developed for in-situ studies of dynamic gas molecule-solid interactions on the atomic scale. It allows access to metastable intermediate phases of materials, to both surface and bulk structural changes which are often interrelated, to reaction mechanisms for probing materials performance in reaction environments and to sequences of reversible microstructural and chemical development associated with their operation. Materials transported through air can be restored or recreated and samples damaged, e.g. by dehydration, by the usual vacuum environment in a conventional electron microscope can be preserved. A Philips CM30 high resolution transmission EM (HRTEM)/Scanning transmission EM (STEM) system has been extensively modified in our laboratory to add an environmental cell in the EM column which provides facilities for in-situ gas-solid reaction studies in controlled atmospheres of gas or vapor at pressures of 0–50 mbar, instead of the regular TEM high vacuum environment. The integrated new environmental cell capability is combined with the original 0.23 nanometer (nm) TEM lattice resolution with access to interatomic spacings, STEM imaging (bright field/annular dark field), electron diffraction and chemical microanalyses. Regular sample holders are used and include hot stages to >1000 °C. The learnings from well designed dynamic in-situ EM studies of reaction sequences between gases or vapors and solids can be considerable. Examples of in-situ applications include direct studies of dynamic reactions with chemically stabilized silica based ceramics, the formation of active vanadyl pyrophopsphate catalysts from their hemihydrate precursors for vapor phase oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon nanostructures.
Easy insight into space-charge effects on steady-state transport in oxide films

A simple space-charge problem is analyzed in order to give insight into the more realistic (but vastly more complex) problems of space charge in growing thermal and anodic oxides.
Edge Detection Algorithm for $Musca-Domestica$ Inspired Vision System

Compound vision sensors, mimicking the compound eye of the common housefly, possess motion hyperacuity, resulting in better motion detection and tracking capabilities as compared to traditional camera systems. Therefore, these sensors have applications requiring near instantaneous obstacle avoidance in its field-of-view. However, the obstacle detection algorithms used by current compound vision systems are insufficient to enable these capabilities due to their ability to only detect horizontal or vertical edges. In this paper, we propose an improved edge detection and location algorithm for fly inspired vision sensors which can correctly classify horizontal, vertical, forward diagonal, and backward diagonal edges.
Package Reliability and Integrity Improvements for a Thermally Enhance Non-Conductive Die Attach Adhesive for ASIC Devices on Exposed Pad Packages

Abstract Polymers being used in a plastic-encapsulated integrated circuit (IC) package exposed to a humid environment absorbed moisture and expand resulting to a so called delamination failure. Wea...
Mass participant sport event brand associations: an analysis of two event categories

As the mass participant sport event (MPSE) market evolves and growth slows, event producers are challenged to distinguish themselves from competitors. Interestingly, limited research has investigated the current state of the market as viewed by potential and existing consumers of MPSEs. The purpose of this study was to investigate MPSE brands from the perspective of these two unique consumer groups by analysing their brand associations of two event categories, traditional and non-traditional MPSEs. Results reveal valuable perspectives on why current consumers are involved with their events, such as social benefits, while also providing insight into why non-participants may presently refrain from participation (i.e., lack of specific rewards associated with certain events). Organisers of each event type are encouraged to implement results in developing new products/services to generate new revenue streams and effective marketing communications.
Who Is My Professor? A Content Analysis of Online Faculty Profiles to Inform Graduate Student Choice.

As technology has advanced, faculty members have many ways to connect with current and prospective students. Yet, no extant research has examined online faculty profiles on institutional (.edu) websites. To inform graduate student choice literature, we examined a random sample of 1,500 online faculty profiles across 500 U.S. graduate programs. Findings suggest assistant and associate professors publish the most informative online profiles, whereas private for-profit professors and lecturers publish the least informative profiles. In addition, zero faculty members self-identified their pronouns, race and ethnicity, or their first-generation college student status in their biographical statement. Implications for research and practice in U.S. and international contexts are addressed.
Going even smaller: Engineering sub-5 nm nanoparticles for improved delivery, biocompatibility, and functionality.

The rapid development and advances in nanomaterials and nanotechnology in the past two decades have made profound impact in our approaches to individualized disease diagnosis and treatment. Nanomaterials, mostly in the range of 10-200 nm, developed for biomedical applications provide a wide range of platforms for building and engineering functionalized structures, devices, or systems to fulfill the specific diagnostic and therapeutic needs. Driven by achieving the ultimate goal of clinical translation, sub-5 nm nano-constructs, in particular inorganic nanoparticles such as gold, silver, silica, and iron oxide nanoparticles, have been developed in recent years to improve the biocompatibility, delivery and pharmacokinetics of imaging probes and drug delivery systems, as well as in vivo theranostic applications. The emerging studies have provided new findings that demonstrated the unique size-dependent physical properties, physiological behaviors and biological functions of the nanomaterials in the range of the sub-5 nm scale, including renal clearance, novel imaging contrast, and tissue distribution. This advanced review attempts to introduce the new strategies of rational design for engineering nanoparticles with the core sizes under 5 nm in consideration of the clinical and translational requirements. We will provide readers the update on recent discoveries of chemical, physical, and biological properties of some biocompatible sub-5 nm nanomaterials as well as their demonstrated imaging and theranostic applications, followed by sharing our perspectives on the future development of this class of nanomaterials. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
Microscale approximation of the elastic mechanical properties of randomly oriented rock cuttings

This study examined a method for approximating the transversely isotropic (TI) elastic mechanical properties and bedding plane orientations of randomly oriented rock cuttings. Microindentation testing was conducted on multiple rock cuttings with unknown bedding orientations to obtain their experimental indentation moduli. The measured indentation moduli were assumed to be functions of both the bedding orientations and the intrinsic TI mechanical properties of the rock cuttings. This assumption holds due to the anisotropic stress history and preferred horizontal alignment of the rock fabric along the bedding direction, as well as the presence of plate-like clay particles with intrinsic TI mechanical properties. An anisotropic contact mechanics solution was then utilized to predict both the TI elastic mechanical properties and bedding plane orientations of the cuttings using a constrained inverse algorithm that minimizes the error between the predicted indentation modulus (a function of both the predicted elastic constants and the orientation of the cuttings) and the experimental indentation modulus. Several constraints were imposed on the inverse algorithm to mathematically bound the TI stiffness matrix and optimization results. A Monte Carlo simulation was also incorporated into the inverse algorithm to consider the effects of uncertainties in the experimental results. The results obtained from the proposed indentation–inverse algorithm approach show good agreement with the results obtained using non-invasive ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements on a 2.5 cm cube sample.
Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equations associated with time-changed fractional Brownian motion

In this paper Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov type equations associated with stochastic differential equations driven by a time-changed fractional Brownian motion are derived. Two equivalent forms are suggested. The time-change process considered is the first hitting time process for either a stable subordinator or a mixture of stable subordinators. A family of operators arising in the representation of the Fokker-Plank-Kolmogorov equations is shown to have the semigroup property.
Kinetic and static analysis of poly-(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) targeted 18F-FluorThanatrace (18F-FTT) PET images of ovarian cancer.

The poly-(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of proteins participates in numerous functions, most notably the DNA damage response. Cancer vulnerability to DNA damage has led to development of several PARP inhibitors (PARPi). This class of drugs has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in ovarian, breast, and prostate cancers, but with variable response. Consequently, clinics need to select patients likely to benefit from these targeted therapies. In vivo imaging of 18F-FluorThanatrace (18F-FTT) uptake has been shown to correspond to PARP-1 expression in tissue. This study characterizes the pharmacokinetics of 18F-FTT and tests kinetic and static models to guide metric selection in future studies assessing 18F-FTT as a biomarker of response to PARPi therapy. Methods: Fourteen prospectively enrolled ovarian cancer patients were injected with 18F-FTT and imaged dynamically for 60-minutes post-injection followed by up to two whole-body scans, with venous blood activity and metabolite measurements. Maximum and peak standardized uptake values (SUVmax and SUVpeak) were extracted from dynamic images and whole-body scans. Kinetic parameter estimates and SUVs were assessed for correlations with tissue PARP-1 immunofluorescence (n = 7). Simulations of population kinetic parameters enabled estimation of measurement bias and precision in parameter estimates. Results:18F-FTT blood clearance was variable, but labeled metabolite profiles were similar across patients, supporting use of a population parent fraction curve. Total distribution volume (VT) from a reversible two-tissue compartment model and Logan reference tissue distribution volume ratio (Logan DVR) from the first hour of PET acquisition correlated with tumor PARP-1 expression by immunofluorescence (r=0.76 and 0.83 respectively, p<0.05). DVR bias and precision estimates were 6.4% and 29.1%, respectively. SUVmax and SUVpeak acquired from images with midpoints of 57.5, 110±3, and 199±4 min highly correlated with PARP-1 expression (mean±standard deviation, r≥0.79, p<0.05). Conclusion: Tumor SUVmax and SUVpeak at 55-60 minutes post-injection and later and DVR from ≥ 60-minutes appear to be robust non-invasive measures of PARP-1 binding. 18F-FTT uptake in ovarian cancer was best described by models of reversible binding. However, pharmacokinetic patterns of tracer uptake were somewhat variable, especially at later time points.
Agent-Based Model of Multicellular Spheroid Pattern Formation Driven by Synthetic Cell Adhesion Signaling Circuits

Dynamically activated differential adhesion within cell populations enables the emergence of unique patterns in heterogeneous multicellular systems. This process has previously been explored using synthetically engineered heterogenous multicell spheroid systems in which cell subpopulations engage in bidirectional intercellular signaling to regulate the expression of different cadherins. While engineered cell systems provide excellent experimental tools to observe pattern formation in cell populations, computational models may be leveraged to explore the key parameters that drive the emergence of different patterns more systematically. Here, we developed and validated two- and three-dimensional agent-based models (ABMs) of spheroid patterning for cells engineered with a bidirectional signaling circuit regulating N- and P-cadherin expression. The model was used to predict how varying initial cell seeding, cadherin induction probabilities, or homotypic adhesion strengths between cells leads to different spheroid patterns, and unsupervised machine learning techniques were used to map system parameters to unique spheroid patterns. The model was also used as a tool to design new synthetic cell signaling circuits based on a desired final multicell pattern.
Realizing non-Abelian statistics in time-reversal-invariant systems

We construct a series of $(2+1)$-dimensional models whose quasiparticles obey non-Abelian statistics. The adiabatic transport of quasiparticles is described by using a correspondence between the braid matrix of the particles and the scattering matrix of $(1+1)$-dimensional field theories. We discuss in depth lattice and continuum models whose braiding is that of SO(3) Chern-Simons gauge theory, including the simplest type of non-Abelian statistics, involving just one type of quasiparticle. The ground-state wave function of an SO(3) model is related to a loop description of the classical two-dimensional Potts model. We discuss the transition from a topological phase to a conventionally ordered phase, showing in some cases there is a quantum critical point.
The Impartial Spectator and the Moral Teachings of Markets

Market skeptics have persuasively argued that the market is a social arena that is not simply amoral but that has negative moral consequences. Market apologists have offered two basic responses to this kind of charge: that the market is amoral and that it transforms private vice into public virtue. This chapter, however, directly discusses the moral teachings of the market i.e. the moral sentiments individuals are likely to acquire and develop as they engage in the market. Rather than celebrating selfishness and greed, I argue that the market tends to punish both vices. The market is a moral teacher.
The Design of a Low-Cost Wide Area Network Simulator

This paper presents the design of the Bottle-Net WANulator. The Bottle-Net WANulator is an inexpensive and self-contained Wide Area Network (WAN) simulator that can be used for commercial, educational, and research purposes. It inserts artificial latency and limits the bandwidth between network devices in a closed environment. The two Ethernet ports on the WANulator allow for asynchronous configuration; also, throughput statistics are displayable at the user interface, which proved as a useful tool for measuring traffic of multimedia applications. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the WANulator hardware and software design, which can be implemented at under US$300 per unit.
Microcosm of energy policy: The US Congress 1987–1988

Abstract Energy policy in self-governing states is produced by a noisy, tumultuous process, as illustrated by the American Congress for 1987 and 1988. Its completed legislation addressed oil and natural gas, nuclear power, conservation and environmental effects. Unfinished business involved promotion of methanol for fuel, costs of coal transport, uranium mining, regulation of nuclear power, expanded regulation of emissions to preserve air quality, and fuel taxes. This picture suggests a fundamental uneasiness on Capital Hill about the environmental effects of producing and using fuels and energy. Also, most of the legislative decisions addressed short-term problems and bore the marks of political compromise.
Quantities of Yersinia pestis in fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae, Ceratophyllidae, and Hystrichopsyllidae) collected from areas of known or suspected plague activity.

Abstract We used a quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (QC-PCR) to determine bacterial loads in 669 fleas collected in areas of confirmed and suspected plague epizootics. Fleas were collected out of rodent burrows (67.9%) and off of captured animals (24.1%) and rodent carcasses (8.1%). An initial PCR screening assay indicated that 12.1% (81/669) of all fleas were positive for Yersinia pestis. Fleas collected from burrows had significantly lower (χ2 = 264.9, P < 0.0001) infection rates (6.8%) but significantly higher (Student t-test, P < 0.0001) bacterial loads (mean = 105.6 Y. pestis per flea) than fleas collected off of rodent carcasses (infection rate = 92.6%; mean bacterial load = 104.8 Y. pestis per flea). None of the fleas collected off of captured animals were positive for Y. pestis by PCR, although seven of the 176 captured animals were serologically positive for Y. pestis.
Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of neuroblastoma tumor cells

In the application of hyperthermia to cancer management, it would be useful to know the temperature/tim profile of heated tissues, including the tumor and surrounding normal structures. To obtain this information, knowledge of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the tissues is required. The thermal conductivity of neuroblastoma was determined by a transient technique to be 89% of the thermal conductivity of water at 25 degrees, 37 degrees, and 44 degrees C. From the latter measurements, the thermal diffusivity of neuroblastoma cells was estimated as 93% of the thermal diffusivity for water. Further, in this study of neuroblastoma cells, the water content was measured as 87.4 g/100 ml of cells, a rather high value not atypical of tumor cells. From literature values of density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity, values for the thermal diffusivity of a variety of normal tissues were estimated. The thermal diffusivity values of normal tissues and neuroblastoma cells exhibit an excellent correlation with water content.
Crisis, argument, and agriculture

Scholarly critics such as Wendell Berry, as well as the popular media, frequently refer to problems associated with agriculture as “the agricultural crisis” or “the farm crisis.” Despite the identification of a problem or problems as symptomatic of this “crisis,” scant attention is paid to why the situation is a social crisis as opposed to a problem, tragedy, trend, or simple change in the structure of agriculture. This paper analyzes the use of “social crisis” as applied to the state of modern agriculture and, by extension, other “crises” such as those in legitimation and morality. It concludes that, although important social values associated with “farming as a way of life” may be in danger of being lost, the crisis we may be facing with respect to agriculture is more properly understood as a sociopolitical crisis that has broader implications than simply the loss of farms or traditional farming values. Indeed, what is in danger of being lost is our ability to affect a secure and sustainable political-economic system.
Interleukin-2 gene deletion produces a robust reduction in susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice.

Abstract Dysregulation of interleukin-2 (IL-2), the prototypical T cell growth factor and immunoregulatory cytokine, may modify self-tolerance and predisposition to autoimmunity. The available literature suggested that IL-2 could be hypothesized to either propagate or inhibit the development autoimmune demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis. Thus, the present study sought to test these competing hypotheses by examining whether disrupting one or both IL-2 gene alleles would render mice more or less vulnerable to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein was used to induce EAE in C57BL/6-IL-2 −/− knockout, C57BL/6-IL-2 +/− heterozygote and C57BL/6-IL-2 +/+ wild-type mice. All of the wild-type and heterozygote mice developed signs of EAE compared with only 23% of the IL-2 knockout mice. Histopathological examination of lumbar spinal cord sections confirmed that subpial perivascular inflammatory infiltrates found in wild-type and heterozygote mice were absent in the unaffected IL-2 knockout mice. These data demonstrate that vulnerability to EAE is markedly reduced in C57BL/6 mice lacking IL-2, and suggest that this cytokine may play a critical role in autoimmune processes of the central nervous system.
Resource partitioning and regional development strategies in the Ecuadorian Amazon

This paper argues that the process of establishing claims and control over resources, referred to as resource partitioning, structures frontier societies in ways which impede subsequent efforts at rural development. Conflicts over claims to resources create divisions among local elites which prevent the formation of coalitions to promote development. Struggles for control over the flow of resources out of a region cause regional development agencies to pursue transportation policies which retard development by isolating the region from all but one commercial center. A case study of resource partitioning and rural development efforts in the Ecuadorian Amazon illustrates the argument.
Initial results of high resolution L–H transition studies on DIII-D

Understanding the L–H transition in tokamaks has been an important area of research for more than two decades. High time resolution diagnostics on DIII-D allow detailed characterization of the L–H transition and, therefore, testing and benchmarking of theoretical models. An experiment was performed in DIII-D utilizing a novel, high temporal and spatial resolution reflectometer density profile system to measure densities from the SOL to the inside separatrix. Initial data analysis indicates different density profile evolution during L–H transitions in upper single-null and lower single-null divertor configuration plasmas. A detailed comparison of the density gradient and fluctuation changes is presented for these two cases.
Viscoelastic Transition and Yield Strain of the Folded Protein

For proteins, the mechanical properties of the folded state are directly related to function, which generally entails conformational motion. Through sub-Angstrom resolution measurements of the AC mechanical susceptibility of a globular protein we describe a new fundamental materials property of the folded state. For increasing amplitude of the forcing, there is a reversible transition from elastic to viscoelastic response. At fixed frequency, the amplitude of the deformation is piecewise linear in the force, with different slopes in the elastic and viscoelastic regimes. Effectively, the protein softens beyond a yield point defined by this transition. We propose that ligand induced conformational changes generally operate in this viscoelastic regime, and that this is a universal property of the folded state.
Biohybrid Carbon Nanotube/Agarose Fibers for Neural Tissue Engineering.

A novel approach for producing carbon nanotube fi bers (CNF) composed with the polysaccharide agarose is reported. Current attempts to make CNFs require the use of a polymer or precipitating agent in the coagulating bath that may have negative effects in biomedical applications. It is shown that, by taking advantage of the gelation properties of agarose, one can substitute the bath with distilled water or ethanol and, hence, reduce the complexity associated with alternating the bath components or the use of organic solvents. It is also demonstrated that these CNF can be chemically functionalized to express biological moieties through available free hydroxyl groups in agarose. Agarose CNF are not only conductive and nontoxic; in addition, their functionalization is shown to facilitate cell attachment and response both in vitro and in vivo. Our fi ndings suggest that agarose/CNT hybrid materials are excellent candidates for applications involving neural tissue engineering and biointerfacing with the nervous system.
Purification and partial characterization of ceruloplasmin receptors from rat liver endothelium

Ceruloplasmin (CP), a circulating glycoprotein, is known for its copper transport. Recently the spectrum of its activity has been increased to include numerous enzymatic functions. CP binds to the liver endothelium and is transported across the cell via a mechanism involving receptor-mediated endocytosis. To isolate CP receptors, we obtained purified preparations of liver endothelium in rats. The membrane was then isolated by ultracentrifugation and solubilized in Triton X-100. Membrane proteins were labeled with 125I and passed through an affinity column in which CP was covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. Most of the radioactivity was eluted with buffer during the first 5 days. When no more radioactivity was eluted with buffer, elution was done either competitively with cold excess CP or 1 M NaCl. By this technique, a sharp single peak of radioactivity was obtained and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing and nonreducing conditions. Under both conditions receptors appeared as a single band with Mr of 35,000 containing 3% carbohydrate and an isoelectric point of 5.2.
Generic Transformation and Political Action: A Textual Interpretation of Edmund Burke's Letter to William Elliot, Esq.

This essay examines the rhetorical process wherein publics are created for authorial insertion. As such, it is a case‐study in the relationship between textual action and contextual contraints. The former principle is represented by the transformations of genre required by the author's intent, and the latter principle by the revolutionary context in which Burke's tract is inserted. The analysis suggests that this relationship is dramatized by the rhetorical form of the public letter.
Adiabatic passage in the presence of noise

We report on an experimental investigation of rapid adiabatic passage (RAP) in a trapped barium ion system. RAP is implemented on the transition from the $6{S}_{1/2}$ ground state to the metastable $5{D}_{5/2}$ level by applying a laser at 1.76 $\ensuremath{\mu}$m. We focus on the interplay of laser frequency noise and laser power in shaping the effectiveness of RAP, which is commonly assumed to be a robust tool for high-efficiency population transfer. However, we note that reaching high state transfer fidelity requires a combination of small laser linewidth and large Rabi frequency.
Detection of rotation using slow light with angular momentum

We consider rotational Doppler effect that is related to appearing of additional optical phase using an ultra- dispersive medium. We have theoretically shown that the effect can be observed. It has been shown that the change of phase is sensitive to the rotational mechanical motion and can be used to measurement of possible rotational detection as small as 10 −11 s −1 /Hz 1/2 .
Reading Your Genes

Writing for the general public, NIH director Collins discusses what DNA can reveal about the health and health risks of individuals.
Transcriptional regulation of ribosomal RNA accumulation during L6E9 myoblast differentiation.

The rat myoblast cell line L6E9 under appropriate culture conditions is a uniform population of cycling cells which can be induced to differentiate into pure populations of myotubes. These myotubes have irreversibly withdrawn from the cell cycle but continue to synthesize messenger RNA and protein at the pre-fusion level. We have used this cell line to study the regulation of ribosome synthesis during differentiation of the growing myoblasts into non-growing myotubes. We have found that ribosome accumulation is reduced five- to tenfold in the myofibers as compared to the myoblasts. Pulse-labeling with [3H]uridine and pulsechase experiments with either [3H]uridine or [3H]methyl-labeled methionine, combined with the measurement of the specific activity of the nucleoside triphosphate pool, demonstrate that this decrease in ribosomal RNA accumulation is produced by a similar five- to tenfold decrease in rRNA synthesis in the myotubes. This regulation is primarily at the level of transcription of 45 S precursor rRNA. We have found no evidence for turnover of mature cytoplasmic rRNA, “wastage” of rRNA precursors during processing, or rapid degradation of the newly synthesized 45 S precursor rRNA in L6E9 myoblasts or myotubes. We conclude that in L6E9 cells the regulation of rRNA accumulation during differentiation is completely accounted for by the measured changes of rRNA synthesis at the transcriptional level.
An experimental endoscopic technique for reversing gastroesophageal reflux in dogs by injecting inert material in the distal esophagus

After the lower esophageal sphincters of large mongrel dogs had been made surgically incompetent, the degree of sphincter incompetency was determined by the grade of esophagitis present and the reflux volume. Five dogs were endoscopically injected in the distal esophagus with 5 to 30 ml of Teflon paste during four to six injection sessions, and all five dogs developed transient increases in the reflux volumes. Each of the five dogs sloughed a portion of injected Teflon during the 4-month study. Four additional dogs received between 5 and 105 ml of bovine dermal collagen injected in the distal esophagus. All have reversed their esophagitis and have retained a reflux volume at least 5 times the preinjection value without evidence of slough.
The Gothic Evidence for “Euthalian Matter”

IT IS a well-known fact that, sometime between the 4th and 7th centuries, a recension of the NT, or at least of the Pauline and Catholic epistles, into thought-lines was made. This recension is attributed variously to Euthalius, to Evagrius, even to Pamphilius.' In spite of the fact that its authorship is unclear, this recension into thought-lines, along with certain other matter which is normally found with it, is traditionally called "Euthalian matter" or "Euthalian apparatus." There are two important problems concerning Euthalian matter which are at present unsolved: (i) the date of Euthalius (or of the author of the recension, whom I shall henceforth call Euthalius for convenience sake); (2) which parts of the Euthalian matter are to be ascribed to the original author?
QRS Complex Detector Implementing Orthonormal Functions

Abstract Heart is one of the most important organs in the human body and disorders in its functioning can cause serious problems. Arrhythmias are abnormal heart beats. In fact, arrhythmias are heart diseases, caused by heart electrical-conductive system disorders. They are characterized with very slow (bradycardia) or very fast (tachycardia) heart functions resulting in an inefficient pumping. The heart state is generally reflected in the shape of ECG waveform and heart rate. Various computer-based methodologies for automatic diagnosis have been proposed by researchers; however the entire process can generally be subdivided into a number of separate processing modules such as preprocessing, feature extraction/selection, and classification. In this research we focus on filtering the ECG signal in order to remove high frequency noise and enhance the QRS complexes, and on feature extraction. The latter is the determination of a feature vector from the ECG pattern vector. Our feature selection approach is based on implementation of orthonormal functions. Representing ECG morphology with coefficients of orthonormal polynomials results in robust estimates of a few descriptive signal parameters. Exposition of subtle features of normal and deviating ECG pattern vectors allows their accurate representation. The experimental data includes recordings from MIT dataset.
Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Methods for Interface Problems: A Priori and A Posteriori Error Estimations

Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element methods were studied by many researchers for second-order elliptic partial differential equations, and a priori error estimates were established when the solution of the underlying problem is piecewise $H^{3/2+\epsilon}$ smooth with $\epsilon>0$. However, elliptic interface problems with intersecting interfaces do not possess such a smoothness. In this paper, we establish a quasi-optimal a priori error estimate for interface problems whose solutions are only $H^{1+\alpha}$ smooth with $\alpha\in(0,1)$ and, hence, fill a theoretical gap of the DG method for elliptic problems with low regularity. The second part of the paper deals with the design and analysis of robust residual- and recovery-based a posteriori error estimators. Theoretically, we show that the residual and recovery estimators studied in this paper are robust with respect to the DG norm, i.e., their reliability and efficiency bounds do not depend on the jump, provided that the distribution of coefficients is locally quasi-monotone.
Inertial likelihood maximization for reaction coordinates with high transmission coefficients

Abstract For bilinearly coupled oscillator models, we examine the statistical relationship between transmission coefficients and committor distribution variances for reaction coordinates obtained by likelihood maximization. Transmission coefficients usually but not always increase as committor distributions narrow for the original version of likelihood maximization. We propose a new inertial version of likelihood maximization that uses velocity information to optimize purely configuration dependent coordinates. The coordinates from inertial likelihood maximization have higher transmission coefficients than coordinates from the original likelihood maximization procedure. Inertial likelihood maximization should be useful for understanding mechanisms of inertial reactions from atomistic simulations.
Parathyroid Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography: Evaluation of Radiation Dose Exposure During Preoperative Localization of Parathyroid Tumors in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroid four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) provides greater sensitivity than sestamibi with single photon emission CT (SPECT, or SeS) for preoperative localization of parathyroid tumors in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). The radiation dose imparted to the patient during preoperative parathyroid imaging, however, has not been analyzed. Patients with biochemically unequivocal PHPT referred for minimally invasive parathyroidectomy underwent 4DCT or SeS. 4DCT was performed using a 64 detector row CT scanner, and SeS used a standardized protocol of 20 mCi of technetium-99m followed by planar and SPECT imaging. The CT radiation dose was estimated using the Imaging Performance Assessment of CT Scanners (ImPACT) calculator, and the SeS dose was estimated using the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulation (NUREG) method. The calculated effective doses of 4DCT and SeS were 10.4 and 7.8 mSv, respectively, in contrast to an estimated annual background radiation exposure of approximately 3 mSv. The dose to the thyroid with 4DCT, however, was about 57 times higher (92.0 vs. 1.6 mGy) than that with SeS. Based on age- and sex-dependent risk factors, the calculated risk of 4DCT-related thyroid cancer developing in a 20 year old woman was 1,040/million (i.e., about 0.1%). 4DCT, a superior preoperative imaging modality for locating parathyroid tumors, imparts a significantly higher thyroid radiation dose than SeS. Given the enhanced risk of thyroid cancer in individuals with radiation exposure at a young age, 4DCT should be used judiciously in young PHPT patients.
Considerations in Measuring Partial Association for Ordinal Categorical Data

Abstract Some of the measures commonly used to describe association between two ordinal categorical variables, controlling for the effects of other ordinal categorical variables, are compared in their closeness to a corresponding conditional measure for an underlying jointly continuous distribution. Partial gamma and Kendall's partial tau are observed to be poorer than a weighted average of the Kendall's τ b 's from separate control levels, according to this criterion. The asymptotic sampling distribution of a particular weighted average measure is derived, and the behavior of the mean and asymptotic variance of such a measure is analyzed as the categorical variables are more finely measured.
Dissociable Realization and Kind Splitting

It is a common assumption in contemporary cognitive neuroscience that discovering a putative realized kind to be dissociably realized (i.e., to be realized in each instance by two or more distinct realizers) mandates splitting that kind. Here I explore some limits on this inference using two deceptively similar examples: the dissociation of declarative and procedural memory and Ramachandran’s argument that the self is an illusion.
Matlab algorithm for grayscale analysis of carbonate cyclicity: example application to demopolis chalk (Cretaceous, Alabama)

Abstract Cyclostratigraphic studies of rhythmically bedded pelagic/hemipelagic carbonate sequences, which are important for understanding paleo-oceanographic conditions and paleoclimatic controls, can be facilitated by computer-assisted grayscale analysis. Application of a simple yet flexible algorithm, “docore”, written for the MATLAB software package and its associated image processing toolbox, can be used to generate detailed grayscale curves or time series that closely approximate carbonate time series from rapidly scanned images. The potential of “docore”-derived grayscale data as proxies for carbonate is demonstrated through comparative analyses of carbonate, organic carbon and grayscale data from a core drilled within the Upper Cretaceous Demopolis Chalk of western Alabama.
High-pressure magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance.

Abstract A high-pressure magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR capability, consisting of a reusable high-pressure MAS rotor, a high-pressure rotor loading/reaction chamber for in situ sealing and re-opening of the high-pressure MAS rotor, and a MAS probe with a localized RF coil for background signal suppression, is reported. The unusual technical challenges associated with development of a reusable high-pressure MAS rotor are addressed in part by modifying standard ceramics for the rotor sleeve by abrading the internal surface at both ends of the cylinder. In this way, not only is the advantage of ceramic cylinders for withstanding very high-pressure utilized, but also plastic bushings can be glued tightly in place so that other removable plastic sealing mechanisms/components and O-rings can be mounted to create the desired high-pressure seal. Using this strategy, sealed internal pressures exceeding 150 bars have been achieved and sustained under ambient external pressure with minimal loss of pressure for 72 h. As an application example, in situ 13 C MAS NMR studies of mineral carbonation reaction intermediates and final products of forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ) reacted with supercritical CO 2 and H 2 O at 150 bar and 50 °C are reported, with relevance to geological sequestration of carbon dioxide.
Clinically relevant EEG studies and psychophysiological findings: possible neural mechanisms for multiple chemical sensitivity

Abstract This paper addresses the evidence for the face, construct, and criterion-related validity of the olfactory-limbic/ neural sensitization model for multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). MCS is a poorly-understood, controversial condition in which low levels of environmental chemicals are reported to trigger disabling levels of illness in certain individuals. Neural sensitization processes could generate an endogenous amplification of responsivity to exogenous substances, thereby providing a plausible explanation for the apparent lack of a classical toxicological dose-response relationship in MCS. Convergent data from both survey and psychophysiological studies of MCS patients and of persons from the community without MCS, but who report elevated frequency of illness from chemical odors (cacosmics), support the involvement of the limbic system and the sensitizability of cacosmics, as predicted by the model. Recent studies show that cacosmics do sensitize their heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma β-endorphin responses to repeated exposures to a novel laboratory procedure involving dietary manipulations over time. Cacosmia may represent a pathological form of neural plasticity. Taken together, the model and the available evidence suggest the need for more intensive investigation of MCS from the standpoint of possible neurobiological mechanisms affecting cognitive, emotional, and somatic functions.
Mutational specificity of benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide in monkey cells.

Benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide (BPDE) is thougth to be the major mutagenic and carcinogenic intermediate in benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in mammalian cells. In order to test the mutagenic specificity of this compound in mammalian cells, we have used the PZ189 shuttle vector system to identify and analyze point mutations induced when DNA treated in vitro with BPDE is replicated in monkey cells. We find that point mutations occur almost exclusively at G·C base pairs; G·C→T·A and G·C→C·G transversions and single base pair deletions occur most frequently. This pattern is consistent with the known preferential covalent binding of BPDE to redisue.
Vapor—liquid equilibria of the ternary system CF4CHF3CClF3 at 199.80 K and 3.447 and 6.895 bars

Abstract The vapor and liquid phase equilibrium compositions of the ternary system CF 4 CHF 3 CClF 3 were measured under isothermal and isobaric conditions of 199.80 K and 3.447 and 6.895 bars, respectively, using a vapor-recirculation apparatus. In accordance with the vapor phase being described by a modified Redlich—Kwong equation of state, liquid-phase activity coefficients were calculated and compared with the values predicted by the Wilson equation from available parameters for the three binary systems. Good agreement was found. The correlation developed allows calculation of the equilibrium compositions at 199.80 K and any pressure between 1.544 and 15.272 bars.