cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Government Policy, Food Security and Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa

Africa’s food insecurity and malnutrition problems, which appear to affect 25 per cent of the population, are a result of inappropriate development strategies and government policies, adverse and deteriorating terms of trade in international product and capital markets, and a skewed asset distribution.
Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Probands, Their Relatives, and Nonpsychiatric Controls

Thought disorder (TD) has long been associated with schizophrenia (SZ) and is now widely recognized as a symptom of mania and other psychotic disorders as well. Previous studies have suggested that the TD found in the clinically unaffected relatives of SZ, schizoaffective and bipolar probands is qualitatively similar to that found in the probands themselves. Here, we examine which quantitative measures of TD optimize the distinction between patients with diagnoses of SZ and bipolar disorder with psychotic features (BP) from nonpsychiatric controls (NC) and from each other. In addition, we investigate whether these same TD measures also distinguish their respective clinically unaffected relatives (RelSZ, RelBP) from controls as well as from each other. We find that deviant verbalizations are significantly associated with SZ and are co-familial in clinically unaffected RelSZ, but are dissociated from, and are not co-familial for, BP disorder. In contrast, combinatory thinking was nonspecifically associated with psychosis, but did not aggregate in either group of relatives. These results provide further support for the usefulness of TD for identifying potential non-penetrant carriers of SZ-risk genes, in turn enhancing the power of genetic analyses. These findings also suggest that further refinement of the TD phenotype may be needed in order to be suitable for use in genetic studies of bipolar disorder.
Comparison of 5-year outcomes of paclitaxel-eluting and endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stents in New York.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate long-term outcomes in patients undergoing either paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) or endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stents (E-ZES) placement and to assess comparative effectiveness of PES vs. E-ZES in different "off-label" and "high-risk" patient subgroups. BACKGROUND PES and E-ZES are frequently used in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). However, the long-term comparative effectiveness of PES vs. E-ZES in real practice is unknown. METHODS We created a longitudinal database by linking the New York State (NYS) cardiac registries, the NYS hospital discharge file, the National Death Index, and the U.S. Census file for patients undergoing either PES or E-ZES placement from July 2008 through December 2009. All-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), target lesion PCI (TLPCI), and target vessel coronary artery bypass graft (TVCABG) surgery were compared for 9,264 propensity score matched patients for a 5-year follow-up period using the Kaplan-Meier method with further adjustment using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS We did not detect significant differences between E-ZES and PES (reference) in 5-year mortality (adjusted hazard ratio : 1.02, 95% confidence interval : 0.91-1.14), AMI (AHR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.90-1.22), TLPCI (AHR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.86-1.13), and TVCABG (AHR, 1.07, 95% CI: 0.84-1.36). For six "off-label" and two "high-risk" subpopulations, we had similar findings for the two stent groups. CONCLUSION NYS observational data suggest that 5-year outcomes are comparable in patients receiving either PES or E-ZES placement, mirroring the findings of recent clinical trials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advancing the Science of Behavioral Self-Management of Chronic Disease: The Arc of a Research Trajectory:

This article describes advances in the behavioral self-management of chronic disease from the perspective of a 25-year trajectory of National Institute of Health-funded research in arthritis and cardiopulmonary diseases that has sought to develop a transdisciplinary understanding of how applied behavioral science can be used to improve health behaviors, functional status, and health outcomes. The article traces the arc of a novel research program-conducted in collaboration with physician-scientists at Columbia, Weill Cornell Medical College, and New York University School of Medicine-that runs through social cognitive theory, behavioral economics, and the emerging science of positive psychology in an effort to develop promising new approaches to fostering the adoption and maintenance of health-related behavioral change. The article concludes with what has been learned and what the implications of the work are for advancing behavioral self-management and patient education to improve patient outcomes and achieve the compression of morbidity.
Streams, Gaining and Losing

Streams exchange water and material with the underlying groundwater zone. Gaining streams are supplied with water from groundwater, and losing streams lose stream water to groundwater. Therefore gaining streams have water flowing year-round or for extended periods such as wet seasons, whereas losing streams tend to have flow only in response to water-input events like rainfall and otherwise have no flow. The interaction between stream water and groundwater takes place in the hyporheic zone in which saturated sediments lie beneath the streambed and stream banks. Keywords: groundwater; hydrological and fluvial; hydrology
Micellar Mimicry of Intermetallic C14 and C15 Laves Phases by Aqueous Lyotropic Self-Assembly.

Concentration-dependent supramolecular self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules in water furnishes a variety of nanostructured lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs), which typically display high symmetry bicontinuous network and discontinuous micellar morphologies. Aqueous dispersions of soft spherical micelles derived from small molecule amphiphile hydration typically pack into exemplary body-centered cubic and closest-packed LLCs. However, investigations of hydrated mixtures of the ionic surfactant tetramethylammonium decanoate loaded with 40 wt % n-decane (TMADec-40) revealed the formation of a high symmetry bicontinuous double diamond LLC, as well as cubic C15 and hexagonal C14 Laves LLC phases that mirror the MgCu2 and MgZn2 intermetallic structure types, respectively. Detailed small-angle X-ray scattering analyses demonstrate that the complex C15 and C14 LLCs exhibit large unit cells, in which 12 or more ∼3–4 nm diameter micelles of multiple discrete sizes arrange into tetrahedral close packing arrangement...
Branch-and-Bound Methods

This chapter discusses the concept of branch-and-bound methods and presents the solution of non-linear integer programs by branch-and-bound. The solution space of a general integer programming problem can be assumed bounded. The number of integer points that should be investigated is finite. The simplest way to solve the integer problem is to enumerate all such points, discarding infeasible ones, and keeping track of the feasible solution with the best objective value. When the enumeration is complete, the optimum solution, when one exists, is associated with the best objective value. If this idea is to be attractive computationally, it must be refined so that some of the non-promising integer points are discarded without being tested. This is the purpose of the branch-and bound methods. The branch-and-bound procedure does not deal directly with the integer problem. However, it considers a continuous problem that is defined by relaxing the integer restrictions on the variables. The solution space of the integer problem is only a subset of the continuous space. The prime reason for dealing with the continuous problem is that it is simpler to manipulate, especially when it is a linear program.
Leptin Stimulates Cellular Glycolysis Through a STAT3 Dependent Mechanism in Tilapia

We assessed if leptin, a cytokine hormone known to enhance energy expenditure by promoting lipid and carbohydrate catabolism in response to physiologic stress, might directly regulate cellular glycolysis. A transcriptomic analysis of prolactin cells in the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) pituitary rostral pars distalis (RPD) revealed that recombinant leptin (rtLep) differentially regulates 1,995 genes, in vitro. Machine learning algorithms and clustering analyses show leptin influences numerous cellular gene networks including metabolism; protein processing, transport, and metabolism; cell cycle and the hypoxia response. Leptin stimulates transcript abundance of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) in a covariate manner to the hypoxic stress gene network. Orthogonal tests confirm that rtLepA dose-dependently increases gapdh gene expression in the RPD along with transcript abundance of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (pfk1), the rate limiting glycolytic enzyme. Functional testing demonstrated that leptin stimulates PFK activity and glycolytic output, while Stattic (a STAT3 blocker) was sufficient to suppress these responses, indicating leptin stimulates glycolysis through a STAT3-dependent mechanism. Leptin also stimulated pfk1 gene expression and lactate production in primary hepatocyte incubations in a similar manner to those shown for the pituitary RPD. This work characterizes a critical metabolic action of leptin to directly stimulate glycolysis across tissue types in a teleost model system, and suggest that leptin may promote energy expenditure, in part, by stimulating glycolysis. These data in a teleost fish, suggest that one of leptin's ancient, highly-conserved functions among vertebrates may be stimulation of glycolysis to facilitate the energetic needs associated with various stressors.
Plasma Angiopoietin-2/-1 Ratio is Elevated and Angiopoietin-2 Levels Correlate With Plasma Syndecan-1 Following Pediatric Trauma.

Background Angiopoietin-1 (Agpt-1) and Agpt-2 are cytokine regulators of vascular endothelial integrity. Elevated plasma Agpt-2 levels and ratios of Agpt-2:Agpt-1 are associated with adverse outcomes in adult trauma and pediatric sepsis populations. However, the behavior of the angiopoietins after pediatric trauma has not been characterized, and their relationship to endothelial glycocalyx damage, indicated by plasma syndecan-1 (Syn-1) levels, has not been established. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from 52 pediatric trauma patients and 12 control patients at a level one pediatric trauma center from 2013 to 2016. We measured Agpt-1, Agpt-2, and Syn-1 levels from plasma taken upon hospital arrival and 24 h after admission. Angiopoietin levels were compared to controls, and the correlation between Agpt-2 and Syn-1 was assessed. Results Plasma Agpt-1 and Agpt-2 levels are elevated immediately after pediatric trauma compared with controls. At 24 h, trauma patients demonstrated significantly elevated plasma Agpt-2:Agpt-1 ratios relative to controls due to decline of Agpt-1 levels to near that of controls. Higher 24-h Agpt-2 levels are associated with more hypoperfusion, and elevated 24-h Agpt-2:Agpt-1 ratios are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Significant positive correlations between Agpt-2 and Syn-1 upon admission and at 24 h after injury were identified. Conclusion Our findings suggest dysregulation of circulating angiopoietins after pediatric trauma that may be linked to endothelial glycocalyx injury. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and determine the relationship of Agpt-2 with other markers of endotheliopathy.
A Guide to Yellow Oral Mucosal Entities: Etiology and Pathology

When faced with an uncertain clinical pathosis in the oral cavity, identifying the color of the mucosal lesion helps to narrow down a differential diagnosis. Although less common than red and white lesions, yellow lesions encompass a small group of distinct mucosal pathologic entities. Adipose tissue, lymphoid tissue, and sebaceous glands are naturally occurring yellow constituents of the oral cavity and become apparent with associated developmental or neoplastic lesions. Reactive and inflammatory lesions can create a yellow hue due to purulence, necrosis, and calcification. Some systemic diseases are known to deposit yellow bi-products such as amyloid or bilirubin into the oral mucosa of an affected person, and while not always yellow, unusual entities like verruciform xanthoma and granular cell tumor fall under the umbrella of yellow lesions given their occasional propensity to demonstration the color. This chapter aims to explore the unique group that is yellow lesions presenting in the oral mucosa.
Frenemies: How Social Media Polarizes America by Jaime E. Settle

In her book Frenemies: How Social Media Polarizes America, Jaime E. Settle, an associate professor of government at the College of William & Mary, presents her well-executed scrutinization of one c...
Mediating the Mediator: The Indirect Effect of Short-Term Hostility on the Past Reactive Criminal Thinking–Future Reactive Criminal Thinking Relationship

The current study sought to determine whether short-term hostility mediated reactive criminal thinking (RCT) just as RCT mediates the past crime‒future crime relationship. Using the first four wave...
Low dose sarin on brain monoaminergic activity: comparison of mouse strains

Neurological effects of symptomatic doses of chemical warfare nerve agent, sarin, have been widely studied. However, there is little information on the effects of low, asymptomatic doses. During th...
CHAPTER SIX – Puberty

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the process of puberty, the internal and the environmental factors that influence this process, and the psychological and the social adjustments teenagers must make during puberty and adolescence. The human life cycle is divided into five stages: embryonic and fetal existence, infancy and childhood, puberty and adolescence, early and middle adulthood, and late adulthood and old age. Puberty is the transition a young person makes from a child to a reproductively mature adult. It involves the growth and the development of the male or the female gonads, the sex accessory structures, and the secondary sexual characteristics. The timing of puberty varies greatly among different individuals. The blood levels of steroid hormones and of pituitary gonadotropins rise before puberty, in both the sexes. The rising levels of steroid hormones cause the physiological and the anatomical changes of puberty. Variations in the negative and the positive feedback of steroid hormones on pituitary secretion of gonadotropins control the onset of puberty. The brain also influences the onset of puberty through genetically programmed development interacting with the environmental factors such as climate, nutrition, day length, stressors, health, and social interaction.
A Note on the Zimmer Case and the Concept of Permanent Establishment

This paper argues that under Article 5(5) of the OECD Model Convention on Income and on Capital, foreign sellers are free to avoid permanent establishments in all source countries, regardless of whether a particular source country's law includes the commissionaire concept, by selling through source country dependent agents that lack authority to enter into contracts that legally bind the foreign seller. This means that a foreign seller is substantially free to elect whether or not to have a permanent establishment in a source country.
Technical Communication Course: What do we want? What do students need?

We call for students to learn professional and technical communication skills, but we do not provide detailed guidance on what we want to include in the curriculum. This Big Ideas session is intended to elicit the thinking of IT faculty and professionals with a goal of identifying what we want to ask for from our communication colleagues in terms of learning objectives and course content.
What Is the Assembly Pathway of a Conjugated Polymer From Solution to Thin Films

The hierarchical assembly of conjugated polymers has gained much attention due to its critical role in determining optical/electrical/mechanical properties. The hierarchical morphology encompasses molecular-scale intramolecular conformation (torsion angle, chain folds) and intermolecular ordering (π-π stacking), mesoscale domain size, orientation and connectivity, and macroscale alignment and (para)crystallinity. Such complex morphology in the solid state is fully determined by the polymer assembly pathway in the solution state, which, in turn, is sensitively modulated by molecular structure and processing conditions. However, molecular pictures of polymer assembly pathways remain elusive due to the lack of detailed structural characterizations in the solution state and the lack of understanding on how various factors impact the assembly pathways. In this mini-review, we present possible assembly pathways of conjugated polymers and their characteristics across length scales. Recent advances in understanding and controlling of assembly pathways are highlighted. We also discuss the current gap in our knowledge of assembly pathways, with future perspectives on research needed on this topic.
Inhibition of the Sodium Calcium Exchanger Suppresses Alcohol Withdrawal-Induced Seizure Susceptibility.

Calcium influx plays important roles in the pathophysiology of seizures, including acoustically evoked alcohol withdrawal-induced seizures (AWSs). One Ca2+ influx route of interest is the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) that, when operating in its reverse mode (NCXrev) activity, can facilitate Ca2+ entry into neurons, possibly increasing neuronal excitability that leads to enhanced seizure susceptibility. Here, we probed the involvement of NCXrev activity on AWS susceptibility by quantifying the effects of SN-6 and KB-R7943, potent blockers of isoform type 1 (NCX1rev) and 3 (NCX3rev), respectively. Male, adult Sprague–Dawley rats were used. Acoustically evoked AWSs consisted of wild running seizures (WRSs) that evolved into generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCSs). Quantification shows that acute SN-6 treatment at a relatively low dose suppressed the occurrence of the GTCSs (but not WRSs) component of AWSs and markedly reduced the seizure severity. However, administration of KB-R7943 at a relatively high dose only reduced the incidence of GTCSs. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of NCX1rev activity is a putative mechanism for the suppression of alcohol withdrawal-induced GTCSs.
Maximizing the benefits of peer interaction: Form-focused instruction and peer feedback training:

This classroom study investigated the effectiveness of form-focused instruction and peer feedback training to improve grammatical accuracy and thereby maximize learning opportunities during peer in...
Dach1 Extends Artery Networks and Protects Against Cardiac Injury.

Rationale: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, but there are currently no methods to stimulate artery growth or regeneration in diseased hearts. Studying how arte...
A Novel Prediction Model for Diabetes Detection Using Gridsearch and A Voting Classifier between Lightgbm and KNN

Diabetes is also known as diabetes mellitus is one of the world’s most prominent health hazards of the current times. It is a chronic disease in which the pancreas isn’t able to produce the right amounts of insulin for the body to absorb glucose into the body cells for energy and stays in the bloodstream in turn raising the blood glucose levels. If this is not detected and treated on time, it can affect other body organs as well and leads to organ failure thus becoming fatal.Machine learning and data mining are two emerging fields in today’s tech world. With the help of these methods, we can observe the past data behaviors and can then predict the future outcomes to a certain extent. This brings rise to the term ‘prediction models’ that we all know in today’s tech world. Keeping this in mind, we can create predictive models for diabetes prediction. This helps in the early detection of diabetes so that it can be treated at the earliest to avoid complications. By finding out the highest accuracy model, we can accurately predict whether the patient is diabetic beforehand and prevent further health issues. This research paper discusses the techniques that have been used to create a unique predictive model for the prediction of diabetes.
Dynamic response of Hastelloy® X plates under oblique shocks: Experimental and numerical studies

The dynamic behavior of Hastelloy® X plates subjected to normal and oblique shock loading was studied both experimentally and numerically. A series of experiments was conducted on Hastelloy® X plates at room temperature under fixed boundary conditions using a shock tube apparatus. High-speed digital cameras were used to obtain the real-time images of the specimen during the shock loading. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique was utilized to obtain 3D deformations of the plates using stereo-images of the specimen. The numerical modeling utilized the finite element software package Dynamic System Mechanics Analysis Simulation (DYSMAS), which includes both the structural analysis as well as the fluid–structure interaction to study the dynamic behavior of the specimen under given loads. Experimentally obtained pressure–time profiles were used as a reference in numerical modeling. It was observed that the lower angles of shock incidence caused more deformation on the specimen. Additionally for oblique shocked specimens, the deformation was observed to initiate from the edge nearer to the muzzle. The results from the numerical simulations were validated with the experimental data, and showed excellent correlation for all cases.
Maher v. Roe

A regulation of the Connecticut Welfare Department limits state Medicaid benefits for first trimester abortions1 to those that are “medically necessary,” a term defined to include psychiatric necessity.2 Connecticut enforces this limitation through a system of prior authorization from its Department of Social Services. In order to obtain authorization for a first trimester abortion, the hospital or clinic where the abortion is to be performed must submit, among other things, a certificate from the patient’s attending physician stating that the abortion is medically necessary.
On the Segregation of in Solutes to High-Angle (001) Twist Grain Boundaries in Al *

The energies of the Σ = 5, 13, and 17 (001) coincident-site lattice (CSL) twist boundaries in Al containing small amounts of Zn solutes have been calculated using an iterative energy minimization technique in conjunction with interatomic potentials derived entirely from first principles. By determining both the energies of substitution in the bulk and in different sites in the boundary, the site selectivity for Zn segregation at the grain boundary has been investigated. In the lattice plane immediately near the grain boundary, Zn solutes were found to prefer the lower-symmetry non-coincidence sites while, in the next plane, substitution in the coincidence sites is preferred. The effect of Zn-Zn interactions has also been considered for small solute concentrations. It is found that the magnitude of the Zn-Zn interaction energy is remarkably insensitive to the particular sites occupied by the Zn atoms as well as the detailed geometry of the interface.
Metal Deposits on the Inner Sides of Principal Arcs

In mature island arc systems (e.g., Japan) and Cordilleran belts, a spectrum of metal deposits form that are sufficiently distinctive from those of principal arcs to merit separate consideration. They tend to exhibit a close spatial association with isolated stocks that intrude the zone on the inner side of principal arcs. The precise demarcation of this zone is not easy and is particularly tenuous in situations where the principal arc itself has migrated back and forth relative to the trench axis. As suggested in the previous chapter, backarc magmatism and related metallogenesis is probably a function of subduction attaining some critical low angle (Fig. 2.1), and thus backarc metal deposits differ in degree rather than kind from principal arc deposits.
How True Is True? Assessing Socially Desirable Response Bias

Health care professionals' (HCPs) opinions and perspectives are highly valuedbecause these individuals often play a major role in developing and implementingsupport and education services aimed at cancer patients and their families. Thepurpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of adding a substantive measurethat would be useful for determining socially desirable responses (SDRs) withoutadding unnecessary length to the questionnaire design. A total of 1180 nurses,physicians, and social workers specializing in oncology returned fully completedmailed questionnaires (61% response rate) originally intended to measure HCPs'awareness (i.e., knowledge, helpfulness, and recommendations) of cancer supportservices. SDRs were assessed by the inclusion of a bogus program that was comparedto actual support programs. Results indicated that relative to the bogus program, HCPswere significantly more likely to endorse programs that they knew about, thought helpful,and recommended. Evidence of SDR bias was lacking. These findings provide supportfor the inclusion of measures that can be used on brief questionnaires to strengthenresearch methodology.
Calculation and Use of Peaking Factors for Remote Terminal Emulation

An important goal of the remote terminal emulator-driven tests described here was obtaining a representative test workload. Reaching this goal depended on (i) imposing the test workload in a representative manner, (ii) using representative types of user scenarios in that workload, and (iii) specifying a representative number of each type. How the first two subgoals were reached is briefly described. Achieving the third required definition and calculation of em peaking factors. A tool for calculating these quantities is described.
Strategy in a technology firm: a case study

Summary form only given, as follows. The authors present an exploratory study of new product strategy and implementation in a British technology firm. New product strategies at the corporate, business, and project level are examined to determine their congruence. Moreover, strategy implementation at the project level is explored through a longitudinal analysis of three new product development projects. Data were collected through personal interviews, questionnaires, and corporate annual reports. Interviews were conducted with the division head and each project leader. Questionnaires were given to project leaders and team members at two stages in time, at the beginning of the design phase and after the design phase. Both the interviews and the questionnaires explored such issues as project goals and focus, speed of development, technology strategy, leader style, and project performance. The results show congruence between the different levels of new product strategy. Changes occur, however, at the project level which influence implementation of the original new product strategy. >
Calcium-free hemodialysis for hypercalcemia of malignancy in a newborn

Hypercalcemia associated with malignancy is very rare in the newborn period. Severe hypercalcemia causes neurological and cardiological disturbances and can be life threatening. Calcium-free hemodialysis has not been reported for the treatment of malignancy associated hypercalcemia in neonates. We report a 5-day-old infant with severe hypercalcemia (serum calcium 22 mg/dl) secondary to a solid tumor in the pelvis. Aggressive pharmacological treatment with furosemide, pamidronate, and calcitonin failed to reduce the serum calcium adequately. Implementation of calcium-free hemodialysis resulted in a rapid reduction of the serum calcium from 22.6 mg/dl to 11.6 mg/dl. Hemodialysis was well tolerated with no hemodynamic complications. Continuous veno-venous hemodialysis was used to maintain normocalcemia.
Innovative video tailoring for dietary change: final results of the Good for you! cluster randomized trial

Effective, low-cost approaches are needed to enhance dietary behavior change. While both video and tailoring technology have been effective interventions to improve diet, these approaches have never been combined to study the effectiveness of tailored videos. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the results of Good For You!, a randomized trial that tested the efficacy of innovative, individually tailored videos in helping worksite employees decrease dietary fat and increase fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake. Worksites were matched on approximate size, type of company and workforce composition and randomized to one of three experimental conditions: Non-Tailored written information (NT) (n = 14), Tailored Written information (TW) (n = 14), or Tailored Written + Tailored Video (TW + TV) (n = 15). Evaluation was conducted at baseline, 4 and 7 months. We used the NCI Fat Screener and an adapted Food Habits Questionnaire (FHQ) to estimate fat intake and fat-related behaviors, the NCI F&V Screener and F&V Habits Questionnaire (FVHQ) to measure F&V intake and behaviors. Generalized linear models were examined for all outcome measurements. 2525 worksite employees were recruited. At 4 months, dietary fat intake decreased significantly more for TW (−2.95 %) and TW + TV (−3.14 %) compared with NT (−2.42 %). FHQ scores decreased significantly more for TW + TV than the other two groups. Fruit intake increased the most for TW + TV compared to NT and TW. Both TW (1.30 cups) and TW + TV (1.59 cups) increased F&V intake significantly more than NT (0.78 cups). TW + TV showed the largest increase in F&V behaviors on the FVFQ. At 8 months, dietary fat change continued to be significantly better for TW + TV (−3.48 %) than NT (3.01 %). F&V intake increased significantly more for the TW + TV group (1.38 cups) compared to the NT group (1.04 cups) and FVHQ changes were significantly greater in TW + TV and TW than for NT. The tailored intervention participants were more likely to decrease fat and increase F&V intake. The TW + TV group was generally the stronger of the two tailored interventions, especially at the longer term follow-up, demonstrating the promise of tailored video as an intervention to change eating habits. Future studies should explore newer channels and technologies in addition to DVDs for delivering tailored video interventions such as the internet and smart phones. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00301678
To Shape the Future: Towards a Framework for Adult Education Social Policy Research and Action.

Although a corpus of research has been developed on learning and practice‐based adult education, little research has been conducted from the standpoint of social policy and its role in the field of adult education. To assist systematic inquiry and enhance the part research could play in social policy advocacy, this article presents three social policy models, links them to adult education philosophies of practice as well as to sociological theory, proposes a taxonomy of mechanisms within each social policy model, and discusses broad strategy to influence policy through research. Further research issues and questions are also provided for future investigation on this issue.
The distribution of specificity in rabbit antisera directed toward human hemoglobins.

Abstract The distribution of specificity in antisera to human A1 (α2Aβ2A and F (α2Aγ2F) hemoglobins was found to differ. In anti A1 sera similar amounts of antibodies to α and β chains were found while in anti F sera there was always a preponderance ( 2 3 – 3 4 ) of antibodies to γ chains compared to α chains. In addition, hemoglobin F was found to be a more potent immunogen than hemoglobin A1 and this superior immunogenicity was accounted for by the enhanced immunogenicity of the γ polypeptide chain. The sequence differences between the α, β, and γ chains of human hemoglobin and the α and β chains of rabbit hemoglobin were noted and correlated with the immunological findings.
Effects of Intermittent Reinforcing Consequences on Task Choice

The study explored the effects of supplementary reinforcement on 1 of 2 tasks as an element determining task choice. In an experimental setting work on the lower paying of 2 concurrent operants received additional reinforcement on either a fixed or variable interval schedule. A wide range of addition magnitudes were studied under each schedule. The results from 8 Ss working for a number of hours on either a fixed or variable interval schedule indicated that addition magnitude significantly affected task choice only when additions were available at unequal intervals. Under this schedule the higher the additions the greater the time spent on the lower paying task. The fixed interval schedule produced a small amount of time on the lower paying task regardless of addition magnitude. The results extend and replicate previous research on the effects of schedules of monetary penalties on task choice in a similar setting. Comparison of the results from the 2 studies suggests that additions and penalties when appl...
Scattering induced crosstalk in active directional couplers

Scattering from defects in an integrated optical device causes phase randomization and depolarization. Scattered light can be recaptured by the waveguides of the device and perturbs modal fields. This leads to crosstalk in directional coupler switches. A defect-scattering-induced crosstalk model is developed and crosstalk in one-, two-, and three-electrode directional couplers is investigated with the model. The number of independent electrode voltages needed to tune out crosstalk is studied. Simulations show that scattering-induced crosstalk can be tuned out completely in active directional couplers with two independent electrode voltages. When modal differential loss and unequal taper coupling are taken into account, two independent electrode voltages are insufficient to tune out the crosstalk, whereas three independent electrode voltages are sufficient. This agrees with the conclusion from previous three-electrode directional coupler experiments.
Truchas – a multi-physics tool for casting simulation

AbstractThe Truchas code was developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory under the Advanced Simulation and Computing Program. This open source multi-physics simulation software is designed to run in a scalable parallel computing environment. The capabilities of the code and numerical implementation are briefly described. The advantages and limitations of large three dimensional simulations will be discussed, and two example simulations are shown that demonstrate the utility of the fluid flow, heat transfer, phase change and solid mechanics capabilities. Validation of a code such as Truchas is a difficult task because of the complexity of the coupling between different physical phenomena being modelled and the poor understanding of phenomena such as heat transfer across interfaces. The challenges associated with verification and validation of complex simulation tools and integration into the design process are also discussed.
Reproductive biology and stress of captivity in male brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam

This study was designed to describe the reproductive biology of a sample of wild-caught brown treesnakes and to determine the effect of increased food intake (nutrition) on the development of the testis and sexual segment of the kidney, and on sperm storage in the vas deferens in captive males. The wild snakes were trapped and preserved within 24 h, in December 1999, from a snake trap-line in northern Guam. In the nutrition experiment adult snakes were matched for snout–vent length and separated into three groups. Groups 1 and 2 were fed a high-calorie diet for 8 and 4 weeks, respectively. Group 3 males, the control group, received a low-calorie diet and were preserved at 7 weeks. In the wild sample all snakes above 1035 mm snout–vent length were undergoing spermatogenesis, had a well developed sexual segment of the kidney, and had sperm stored in the vas deferens. In all experimental groups, spermatogenesis and development of the sexual segment of the kidney was terminated or inhibited, and in most snakes sperm were absent from the vas deferens. Blood levels of stress hormones (i.e. corticosterone) and reproductive hormones (androgens) were not measured. However, a previous study reported that the stress of captivity causes an increase in plasma levels of corticosterone in brown treesnakes, and other studies on squamates indicate that high corticosterone levels can disrupt reproductive hormones and shut down the reproductive cycle.
Gonococcal Peritonitis in a Patient Treated With Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

We report a case of gonococcal peritonitis in a sexually active female on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The presumed route of entry into the peritoneal cavity was via the Fallopian tube. The episode responded rapidly to a standard antibiotic treatment protocol. Some episodes of culture-negative peritonitis may be caused by genital tract organisms which are not cultured by routine methods.
Abortion and women's rights: A social choice formulation

In recent American politics no issues have had more passionate, well organized adherents, and equally passionate, well organized foes, than the issues of equal rights for women and the legality of abortion. The equal rights amendment to the constitution, or ERA as it is familiarly known, has met stiff resistance in certain regions of the country led by many of those who wish to ban abortions. These persons have proposed a constitutional amendment, one banning abortions, which is vigorously opposed by many who favor the ERA. The theory of social choice, which has been likened by some to a search for a constitution,is a useful tool for analyzing the political conflict that has ensued over these two issues [Arrow, 1963, p. 105]. Specifically, one can view the struggle over these two issues as an example of Sen's paradox of the Paretian liberal, if one is willing to redefine the right to choose between two social alternatives as the p o w e r to do so. This paper follows that approach, to illustrate that certain vindictive preference patterns may lead to a cyclical social choice relations. In the example used, each social alternative is made up of two issues. There are two groups in society, each with the power to choose the outcome of one issue for society.' A group's preferences are vindictive if the group has a more intense preference for stopping the other group's desired outcome for the issue that group controls than it has for establishing the outcome
Family reunification and the immigration multiplier: U.S. immigration law, origin-country conditions, and the reproduction of immigrants.

This paper reports estimates of the total numbers of actual legal immigrants to the United States that result from the family reunification provisions of U.S. immigration law. These immigration multipliers are estimated separately for major visa categories and by gender and are obtained in the context of an analysis of how individual characteristics of immigrants and their origin country conditions affect (a) the decision to migrate to the United States and (b) once admitted, their propensity to remain and to become U.S. citizens. The analyses combine longitudinal data on the 1971 cohort of legal immigrants and data from the 1970 Census Public Use Tapes. The results suggest that the actual multipliers differ importantly by visa category and that they are substantially lower than the potential multipliers and lower as well than previously supposed.
Identification of a phylogenetically conserved activin-responsive enhancer in the Zic3 gene.

Multiple signaling pathways are involved in the induction of the organizer, a major center controlling vertebrate body plan formation. To study these signals, we have focused on the regulation of the Zic3 gene, which codes for a zinc finger transcription factor expressed in the organizer region at the beginning of gastrulation. We searched for DNA regulatory elements in the Zic3 promoter by testing their ability to drive reporter gene expression in early embryos. By this approach, we identified an activin responsive enhancer (Zic3-ARE), which was located in the Zic3 first intron and was essential for dorsal activation of the reporter. The Zic3-ARE was stimulated by activin and Nodal ligands, but not by a dominant negative bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor. The Zic3-ARE contains a repeating consensus homeodomain binding sequence, CTAATTAAA, suggesting involvement of a homeodomain transcription factor(s). Mutations in this motif abolished enhancer activity in dorsal marginal zone and its response to activin in animal pole explants. Inhibition of either Wnt/β-catenin or activin/Nodal signaling suppressed Zic3-ARE activity in dorsal blastomeres, further illustrating the importance of these pathways in activation of organizer genes.
Outcomes in Lung and Combined Heart-Lung Transplantation for Congenital Heart Disease

Purpose Congenital Heart Disease(CHD) occasionally necessitates lung transplantation(LTx) or heart/lung transplantation(HLTx). Few studies have examined post-transplant outcomes in this cohort of patients. Therefore, we examined outcomes in LTx and HLTx patients with CHD. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed all primary adult LTx and HLTx recipients with CHD in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database from 2000-6/2011. Primary stratification was by diagnosis of CHD. Secondary stratification was by specific etiology of lung failure(CHD, Cystic Fibrosis-CF, Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis-IPF, Primary Pulmonary Hypertension-PPH, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-COPD and other). Sub-group analysis by era of transplantation(pre or post lung allocation score-LAS) was also performed. The primary end-point was survival(30 days, 1 year and 5 years). Multivariate Cox models were used to assess mortality. Results In our cohort of 14,550 patients, 168(1.15%) had CHD. When compared to all other diagnoses combined, CHD was associated with a decreased survival at all time points(p figure 1 ] This finding was not affected by the onset of the LAS. When examining specific etiologies, CF was associated with the highest survival and CHD the lowest at every time point (p Conclusions In this study, CHD was associated with significantly decreased survival. After adjustment, CHD survival remained significantly worse than COPD at 5 years. Transplantation for CHD remains challenging and further work is needed to improve outcomes in these patients.
Energetics of a Low Barrier Hydrogen Bond in Nonpolar Solvents

A measure of the strength of a low barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB) in apolar organic media was obtained using synthetic molecules derived from Kemp's triacid. The structures feature unusually rigid conformations that enforce intramolecular hydrogen bonds in a dicarboxylic acid, its corresponding acid-amide and their respective conjugate bases. Analysis of proton and deuterium NMR spectra established the formation of a LBHB in the conjugate base of the diacid and a conventional hydrogen bond in the conjugate base of the acid-amide. Through deprotonation equilibria with organic bases, it was determined that the conjugate base of the diacid was more stable than the conjugate base of the acid-amide by 2.4 kcal/mol in benzene and 1.4 kcal/mol in dichloromethane. These figures set the upper limits for the free energy of the additional stabilization arising from the LBHB at 25 °C. This value is far lower than many estimates but is closer to the recent determinations of Schwartz and Drueckhammer [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1...
Corneal topography of excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy.

Abstract The application of the 193 nm excimer laser for keratorefractive surgery promises to deliver a higher degree of precision and predictability than traditional procedures such as radial keratotomy. The development and evaluation of keratorefractive surgery have benefited from the parallel advances made in the field of corneal topography analysis. We used the Computed Anatomy Topography Modeling System (TMS-1) to analyze a Louisiana State University (LSU) Eye Center series of patients who had photorefractive keratectomy for the treatment of myopia with the VISX Twenty/Twenty™ excimer laser system. The excimer ablations were characterized by a relatively uniform distribution of surface powers within the treated zone. In the few cases that exhibited marked refractive regression, corneal topography analysis showed correlative changes. With topographical analysis, centration of the ablations relative to the center of the pupil could be evaluated. Marked improvement in centration occurred in the patients of LSU Series IIB in which the procedure to locate the point on the cornea directly over the pupil's center during surgery was refined. Corneal topographical analysis provides objective measures of keratorefractive surgical results and is able to measure the precise tissue removal effect of excimer laser ablation without the uncertainties caused by measuring visual acuity alone. Our observations forecast the need for improved aids to center the laser ablations and for the development of a course of treatment to prevent post-ablation stromal remodeling.
Coupling of Diazotized p-Aminosalicylic Acid (PAS) with 5-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-cyclohexanedione-1,3 and Related Compounds

The syntheses of five derivatives of PAS are described. The compounds were prepared for study as agents having possible increased antimetabolite and/or antimicrobial properties.
Failure of communication despite close preferences

Abstract This paper analyzes a particular class of cheap-talk games. It is shown that communication may fail even when their preferences are very close.
Seasonal Movements of Native and Introduced Catostomids in the Big Sandy River, Wyoming

Abstract During 2006–2007, we studied movements of native bluehead suckers (Catostomus discobolus) and flannelmouth suckers (C. latipinnis), and non-native white suckers (C. commersonii) and longnose suckers (C. catostomus) in the Big Sandy River, Wyoming. Radiotransmitters were surgically implanted into 20–22 fish of each species in September and October 2006. Movements of all four species in autumn and winter were short with most fish remaining ≤2 km from locations where they were captured initially. Bluehead suckers and flannelmouth suckers began movements downstream in mid-to-late April and returned upstream to locations ≤2 km from their original locations by early summer. White suckers did not make substantial movements during spring, whereas longnose suckers made movements upstream during mid-June and returned downstream by early July. During their estimated spawning periods, longnose suckers used upstream portions, bluehead suckers and white suckers used middle portions, and flannelmouth suckers us...
Electrophoretic Variation in Esterases of Three Varieties of Oats (Avena sativa)

THE work reported here was initiated to obtain preliminary information about the extent and nature of electro-phoretic variation of esterase isozymes within commercial “pure line” varieties of a self-pollinated species. Many of the agronomic characters which could be used to measure genetic variation have been selected for uniformity within the varieties; however, esterase banding patterns have not been selected intentionally. If these patterns are not correlated with characters previously selected, their variation might be a satisfactory indication of the overall genetic variation present in the varieties.