cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosis Risk In 22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Findings From The Philadelphia Sample

Abstract Aim Schizophrenia research emphasizes identification of people at risk of psychosis. 22q11DS, associated with increased risk for schizophrenia, is a window for studying emerging psychosis. Such efforts require systematic evaluation of subthreshold psychotic symptoms that can inform the general population. Our goal is to compare youths with 22q11DS to non-deleted youths with similar clinical features. We also examined comorbidity for psychiatric disorders, neurocognitive profile and, neuroimaging in a subsample. Methods 150 youths with 22q11DS and 150 non-deleted youths (9-24 years) matched on age and sex, stratified for presence of psychosis-spectrum features were evaluated for psychosis (SIPS) and other psychopathologies. Youths and caregivers were evaluated separately. Consensus ratings were analyzed with item-wise comparisons, factor analysis, and differential item functioning. The Penn computerized neurocognitive battery was administered and 3T imaging obtained for a subsample. Results Subthreshold psychotic symptoms were common, with 85% of youths with 22q11DS endorsing one or more symptoms. Most commonly rated items were ideational richness (47%) and trouble with focus and attention (44%). Similar to non-deleted samples, factor analysis showed a 3-factor solution with positive, negative and disorganized components. Youths reported more positive symptoms and caregivers more negative symptoms. For equivalent overall symptom severity, youths with 22q11DS were significantly more likely than non-deleted to have impaired tolerance for stress. Neurocognitive deficits were evident and decreased brain parameters that may be linked in GWAS to genes implicated in schizophrenia. Conclusion Subthreshold psychotic symptoms are common with variable manifestation. Comorbidity, cognitive deficits and aberration in brain parameters are evident and may be associated with genes implicated in schizophrenia. Longitudinal studies are essential as well as larger scale studies.
Chandelier Cells Illuminate Inhibitory Control of Prefrontal–Amygdala Outputs

Inhibitory interneurons comprise a diverse subpopulation of cells that are critical to circuit function. How distinct inhibitory microcircuits control long-range projections remains poorly understood. A recent study by Lu and colleagues uncovered a unidirectional microcircuit of prefrontal chandelier cells that preferentially innervate and suppress long-range amygdala-projecting pyramidal cells.
Use of ceftolozane-tazobactam in a cystic fibrosis patient with multidrug-resistant pseudomonas infection and renal insufficiency.

Abstract We report the successful use of ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T) to treat a pulmonary exacerbation in a 35 year old female, post lung transplant, with cystic fibrosis (CF), malnutrition, chronic kidney disease, and multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (MDR PSA). Given the complexity of the clinical profile, we measured drug levels of C/T during treatment of her current exacerbation to determine pharmacokinetics. The patient achieved an estimated ceftolozane peak of 174.1 μg/mL and trough of 9.2 μg/mL. Serum half-life was found to be slightly shorter than previously reported in normal subjects, (2.3 hr. vs. 2.6 hr.) despite the presence of renal insufficiency. Treatment resulted in improvement in serum inflammatory markers and symptoms and was well-tolerated.
Short-crested wave breaking

Abstract Peregrine (1998, 1999), in discussing the effect of local variations of wave energy dissipation as a generation mechanism for vorticity at the scale of individual waves, spurred a wave of study of vorticity dynamics and mixing processes in the wave-driven ocean. In deep water, the limited depth of penetration of breaking effects leads to the conceptual forcing of a smoke-ring resulting from the localized cross-section of impulsive forcing, as elaborated by Pizzo and Melville (2013). In shallow water, depth limitations favor the generation of a quasi-two-dimensional field of vertical vortex structures, with a resulting inverse cascade of energy to low wavenumbers and the evolution of flows such as transient rip currents (Johnson and Pattiaratchi, 2006). In this presentation, we consider vorticity-generating mechanisms ranging from the generation of patterns of vertical vorticity in 2D, depth-averaged flows, to a more detailed picture of the vorticity field evolving during a localized breaking event. Using an LES/VOF model (Derakhti and Kirby, 2014), we examine the evolution of coherent vortex structures whose initial scales are determined by the width of the breaking region, and are much larger than the locally-controlled reverse horseshoe structures seen in typical studies of along-crest uniform breaking. We study the persistence of three-dimensionality of these structures and their contribution to the development of depth-integrated vertical vorticity, but also point out the persistent presence of both components of horizontal vorticity as a result of the isolated breaking event.
Utilization of targeted near-infrared molecular imaging to improve pulmonary metastasectomy of osteosarcomas

Pulmonary metastasectomy for osteosarcoma provides a select group of patients an opportunity for long-term survival and possible cure. Unfortunately, a complete metastasectomy is challenging due an inability to accurately identify lesions that lay below the threshold of preoperative imaging or intraoperative visual and tactile inspection. Growing evidence suggests that osteosarcomas express a number of unique molecular markers, including the folate receptor alpha. In this case report, we describe the application of a folate receptor-targeted, near-infrared optical contrast agent (OTL38) to improve osteosarcoma localization during minimally invasive pulmonary resection. In addition to localizing preoperatively identified lesions, this technology helped identify additional disease that was undetected on preoperative imaging or with traditional intraoperative techniques. This report marks the first successful utilization of a molecular imaging probe useful for osteosarcomas. This technology may provide a unique approach to improve pulmonary metastasectomy of osteosarcomas.
Behavioral Evolution: Can You Dig It?

Summary Behaviors are among the most complex phenotypes, making the genetic dissection of behavioral differences extremely challenging. A careful dissection of ontogenetic differences in burrowing behavior between mouse species highlights the importance of integrative approaches to the study of behavioral evolution.
False positives in Biolog EcoPlatesTM and MT2 MicroPlatesTM caused by calcium

Biolog MicroPlates(TM) (e.g. EcoPlate(TM), MT2 MicroPlate(TM), GN MicroPlate(TM)) are useful tools for characterizing microbial communities, providing community-level physiological profiles to terrestrial and aquatic ecologists. The more recently designed Biolog EcoPlates have been used frequently in aquatic ecology with success. This study, however, reveals one major problem when using EcoPlates to evaluate samples within an estuarine or seawater matrix. At concentrations greater than 100 parts per million, the cation calcium begins to interfere with the microplate chemistry, causing false positive readings. Experiments, in which multiple treatments of natural and artificial seawater were tested, as well as calcium-addition experiments, demonstrate that calcium inhibits complete dissolution of the minimal growth medium in wells. Future studies involving Biolog EcoPlates and MicroPlates should take this effect into account, and the dilution of samples is strongly recommended to diminish the "calcium effect."
QCD ⊕QED NNLO corrections to Drell-Yan production

We compute the $\mathrm{QCD}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{QED}$ [$\mathcal{O}({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}\ensuremath{\alpha})$] mixed and ${\mathrm{QED}}^{2}$ [$\mathcal{O}({\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2})$] corrections to the production of an on-shell $Z$ boson in hadronic collisions. We obtain them by profiting from the calculation of the pure QCD terms after taking the corresponding Abelian limits. Therefore, we extend the available knowledge up to complete next-to-next-to-leading-order precision in $\mathrm{QCD}\ensuremath{\bigoplus}\mathrm{QED}$. We present explicit results for the perturbative coefficients and perform the phenomenological analysis at different collider energies with particular emphasis on the mixed corrections. We study the contribution from the different channels and discuss the scale dependence stabilization effect. We find that the contributions compete with the pure QCD NNLO ones under relevant kinematical conditions for the LHC, despite the fact that they are small, typically at the few per mille level.
Tax Reform Paul McDaniel Style : the Repeal of the Grantor Trust Rules

In this essay, which is to be published as part of a Festschrift in the memory of Paul McDaniel (forthcoming, Kluwer Law International), we argue that repeal of the grantor trusts rules would represent real tax reform in the Paul McDaniel sense. The grantor trust rules are not tax expenditures; they are structural provisions of the Code that were enacted for vertical equity reasons, to preserve the progressivity of the income tax rate structure. We believe that not only do they no longer serve their original purpose, they actually defeat that purpose today. They are being used by wealthy taxpayers to avoid transfer taxes. This not only creates equity problems within the transfer tax system, it has the ripple effect of reducing progressivity of the overall federal tax system. Repeal of these provisions would represent significant and important tax reform.
A Coupled Chemo-Mechanical Analysis of the Dissolution-Dominated Sinkholes

Sinkholes pose a major threat to public safety and infrastructure. They can develop via a cluster of inter-related processes, including bedrock dissolution, rock collapse, soil washing and soil collapse. The dominant mechanism behind sinkholes formed in rocks is the dissolution of soluble rocks. Dissolution process may be enhanced by potentially aggressive groundwater acidity and the presence of caves or fissures. This paper presents a coupled chemo-mechanical approach to understanding the interaction of chemical reaction and mechanical deformation processes involved in sinkhole development. Dissolution kinetics and enhanced deformation processes are investigated. Specific solution rate of the constituent mineral and the surface area available for the reaction are related via a chemo-mechanical coupling with the consideration of the damage-enhanced dissolution mechanism. Another important coupling investigated is the potential weakening of rock materials due to dissolution. Kinetic rates of different minerals are surveyed and used to examine the dissolution enhanced deformation. Boundary value problems are formulated around the cavity to simulate the progression of mineral dissolution and plastic deformation.
The Blast Response of Sandwich Composites With a Graded Core: Equivalent Core Layer Mass vs. Equivalent Core Layer Thickness

In the present study, the dynamic behaviors of two types of sandwich composites made of E-Glass Vinyl-Ester (EVE) face sheets and Corecell TM A-series foam were studied using a shock tube apparatus. The materials, as well as the core layer arrangements, and overall specimen dimensions were identical; the only difference arises in the core layers, where one configuration has equivalent core layer thickness, and the other configuration has equivalent core layer mass. The foam core itself was layered based on monotonically increasing the acoustic wave impedance of the core layers, with the lowest wave impedance facing the shock loading. A high-speed side-view camera system along with a high-speed back-view Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system was utilized to capture the real time deformation process as well as mechanisms of failure. Post mortem analysis was carried out to evaluate the overall blast performance of these two configurations. The results indicated that with a decrease in areal density of ~ 1 kg/m2 (5%) from the sandwich composites with equivalent core layer thickness to the sandwich composites with equivalent core layer mass, an increase in deflection (20%), in-plain strain (8%) and velocity (8%) was observed.
History of Neural Simulation Software

This chapter provides a brief history of the development of software for simulating biologically realistic neurons and their networks, beginning with the pioneering work of Hodgkin and Huxley and others who developed the computational models and tools that are used today. I also present a personal and subjective view of some of the issues that came up during the development of GENESIS, NEURON, and other general platforms for neural simulation. This is with the hope that developers and users of the next generation of simulators can learn from some of the good and bad design elements of the last generation. New simulator architectures such as GENESIS 3 allow the use of standard well-supported external modules or specialized tools for neural modeling that are implemented independently from the means of the running the model simulation. This allows not only sharing of models but also sharing of research tools. Other promising recent developments during the past few years include standard simulator-independent declarative representations for neural models, the use of modern scripting languages such as Python in place of simulator-specific ones and the increasing use of open-source software solutions.
Relative Entropy and Hydrodynamic Limits

For the non-gradient version of the Ginzburg-Landau type model for which we established a hydrodynamic scaling limit earlier, we now show that if we start from an initial distribution that is locally Gibbsian then at any later time the distibutions remain close to locally Gibbsian distributions.
Systems of Distinct Representatives

This chapter discusses systems of distinct representatives (SDRs). Using individuals to represent a set of objects or people is the basis of elections, committee selections, quality control procedures and other sampling techniques, and many mathematical theorems. Such individuals can or cannot be selected at random. The chapter describes a particular set of questions about this selection process. In addition to the need to analyze large quantities of data, SDR problem exhibits a trait common to many combinatorial problems. This is a dramatic sensitivity of the data analysis to small parameter changes. By closely monitoring computer runs and carefully analyzing the output, the effects of this sensitivity can be minimized. A carefully designed series of computer experiments can lead to modifications in the program to counterbalance the sensitivity effects. However, if extremely long runs with little or no intermediate output cannot be avoided, the operator should be warned so that he can let the program run to completion.
The Constitutional Limits of Chevron Deference: Meaning Versus Policy

The key to understanding the constitutional limits of Chevron deference is the distinction between meaning and policy. The courts must enforce their understanding of Congress’ intended meaning, not an agency’s understanding of that meaning to the extent it is different from that of the courts. Courts are obligated to apply the law as they understand it to the litigants before them. And if they understand the law to mean X, then they must apply X to the litigants, even if the relevant agency interprets the law to mean Y.
Role of athletic coach mentors in promoting youth academic success: Evidence from the Add Health national longitudinal study

Organized sports are among the most common youth activities in the United States, and athletic coaches can often become important mentors to their players. Nonetheless, few studies have examined th...
Toward a political economy of complex interdependence

How should we theorize about international political economy in an era of complex interdependence? The global economy is much more interdependent today than it was 40 years ago. As a result, there ...
Antifungal Resistance: a Concerning Trend for the Present and Future.

The global emergence of antifungal resistance among Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. is a growing threat to public health, driven largely by the expanding use of antifungals in both the clinical and agricultural settings. As treatment options remain limited, understanding mechanisms and risk factors for antifungal resistance is essential to retaining their clinical utility. Invasive candidiasis is increasingly caused by non-albicans Candida species with reduced susceptibility to first-line antifungals, making empiric treatment decisions difficult. Echinocandin resistance in C. glabrata is increasing at some high-risk centers, and multi-drug-resistant isolates are increasingly encountered. Of large concern is the rapid and global emergence of C. auris, a species associated with a high propensity for developing multi-drug resistance and nosocomial transmission. Azole resistance is now becoming more common in Aspergillus isolates as well, with breakthrough infections occurring in patients previously managed with azoles antifungals. The appearance of azole-resistant Aspergillus isolates in azole-naive patients is also concerning, given it is now accepted that this may be due to the use of non-human azole compounds in pesticides. Due to the climbing use of antifungals in both the clinical and agricultural sectors, the frequency of encounters with antifungal-resistant isolates will undoubtedly rise in parallel. Antifungal stewardship will need to become a new priority for antimicrobial stewardship programs in order to preserve our current selection of antifungal agents. Rapid diagnostics may help stewardship efforts by decreasing the time it takes to determine if an antifungal agent is indicated for a patient.
Implementing novel reactive defense functionality in MPLS networks using hyperspeed signaling

Abstract Imagine if a network administrator had powers like the superhero Flash–perceived invisibility, omnipresence and superior surveillance and reconnaissance abilities–that would enable the administrator to send early warnings of threats and trigger mitigation efforts before malicious traffic reaches its target. This paper describes the hyperspeed signaling paradigm, which can endow a network administrator with Flash-like superpowers. Hyperspeed signaling uses optimal (hyperspeed) paths to transmit high priority traffic while other traffic is sent along suboptimal (slower) paths. Slowing the traffic ever so slightly enables the faster command and control messages to implement sophisticated network defense mechanisms. The core defensive capabilities offered by hyperspeed signaling include distributed filtering, teleporting packets, quarantining network devices, tagging and tracking suspicious packets, projecting holographic network topologies and transfiguring networks. Hyperspeed signaling is enabled by the Δ c Algorithm, which is articulated as a distributed routing protocol for constructing hyperspeed label switching paths (LSPs) in multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) networks. The routing protocol, called the Δ c Label Distribution Protocol, enables service providers to implement the novel reactive defense mechanisms. This paper describes the core defensive capabilities offered by hyperspeed signaling and the Δ c Label Distribution Protocol. In addition to a theoretical analysis of the protocol, simulation results are provided that demonstrate its performance characteristics for various network and protocol configurations.
Functional imaging of RAS pathway targeting in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells and xenografts.

Background Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is an aggressive form of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) in children. Despite intensive therapy, relatively few children with metastatic and unresectable disease survive beyond three years. RAS pathway activation is common in MPNST, suggesting MEK pathway inhibition as a targeted therapy, but the impact on clinical outcome has been small to date. Procedure We conducted preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic studies of two MEK inhibitors, trametinib and selumetinib, in two MPNST models and analyzed tumors for intratumor drug levels. We then investigated 3'-deoxy-3'-[18 F]fluorothymidine (18 F-FLT) PET imaging followed by 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging of MPNST xenografts coupled to short-term or longer-term treatment with selumetinib focusing on PET-based imaging as a biomarker of MEK inhibition. Results Trametinib decreased pERK expression in MPNST xenografts but did not prolong survival or decrease Ki67 expression. In contrast, selumetinib prolonged survival of animals bearing MPNST xenografts, and this correlated with decreased pERK and Ki67 staining. PK studies revealed a significantly higher fraction of unbound selumetinib within a responsive MPNST xenograft model. Thymidine uptake, assessed by 18 F-FLT PET/CT, positively correlated with Ki67 expression in different xenograft models and in response to selumetinib. Conclusion The ability of MEK inhibitors to control MPNST growth cannot simply be predicted by serum drug levels or drug-induced changes in pERK expression. Tumor cell proliferation assessed by 18 F-FLT PET imaging might be useful as an early response marker to targeted therapies, including MEK inhibition, where a primary effect is cell-cycle arrest.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and College Students

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that can cause impairment in a variety of domains across the life span. This chapter reviews the history and prevalence of ADHD as well as known etiological factors. We also discuss diagnosis of and treatment for ADHD, including both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, as well as important considerations in these domains for college-age individuals.
Value, valuation, and the long-run performance of merged firms

Abstract We propose an alternative measure of the long-term economic impact of mergers on firm value: post-acquisition changes in intrinsic value. Consistent with the literature on post-acquisition returns, the intrinsic value of merged firms decreases on average in the three years following deal completion, especially for firms with high initial intrinsic values. The loss of intrinsic value is driven primarily by decreases in expected earnings. Finally, using return decompositions, we find evidence that the poor post-acquisition stock returns documented in other studies can be attributed primarily to lost intrinsic value rather than changes in valuation levels.
Resolving nonhydrostatic effects in oceanic lee waves

Abstract With increased computing power, the horizontal grid-spacing of regional ocean models is decreasing to the point where they can directly simulate lee waves. Although oceanic lee waves can be inherently nonhydrostatic, such as in the abyssal ocean or in the Gulf Stream, regional ocean models are frequently run in hydrostatic mode to avoid the computational expense of solving the nonhydrostatic pressure. However, the effects of the nonhydrostatic pressure and the numerical error on the accuracy of the simulated lee waves is not immediately obvious. To quantify these effects, this paper presents hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic simulations of an idealized lee wave over both linear and nonlinear height and varying length bathymetry utilizing a range of horizontal grid-spacings. We present an analysis of the numerical error arising from the discrete linear, stratified Euler equations to identify the numerically induced physics in lee wave simulations. As expected for the second-order accurate model, the numerical error in the lee wave drag decreases quadratically with respect to horizontal grid refinement, although the error arises from two primary sources. The first is related to discretization of the kinematic bottom boundary condition, which acts to decrease the lee wave drag. The second is related to discretization of the nonhydrostatic pressure, which acts to increase the drag. Together, the results offer a regional ocean modeler several cautionary notes for calculating and interpreting properties of simulated lee waves, namely, that a hydrostatic model can produce the correct form drag due simply to numerical error, and attempting to employ a nonhydrostatic model to correct for this error can require prohibitively fine grid resolution.
Political Islamism in Tunisia: A History of Repression and a Complex Forum for Potential Change

This paper argues that the growth and legalization of Political Islamism in Tunisia will naturally hinder the contemporary influence of violent extremism, leading to partnership and inclusion within a Democratic government. The basis for this claim rests on the idea that the condemnation and repression of Political Islamism in Tunisia historically backfired and led to the further underground radicalization of Tunisians, along with scores of human rights abuses by authorities. Specifically, this essay will focus on the moderate Islamist party Ennahda, the Salafist party Ansar al-Sharia, and their complex relationship to each other as well as to domestic and regional politics at large. Furthermore, this essay will examine the wide continuum of Political Islamism at present, including the Tunisian government’s most recent agenda regarding its response to violent extremism, terrorism and acts of vigilante violence. This essay advocates for the Tunisian government to continue to allow the participation of Islamist groups within the political arena while maintaining security, transparency, and accountability for the state and its citizens.
To Disclose, Not Disclose, or Conceal: A Qualitative Study of HIV-Positive Men with Multiple Concealable Stigmatized Identities.

People living with HIV (PLHW) and other concealable stigmatized identities (CSIs) face continual decisions about the degree of openness they are willing to allow for their identities in different s...
A Feasibility Study of Smoking Cessation Utilizing an Exercise Intervention among Black Women: 'Quit and Fit'.

Abstract Background Women who engage in higher levels of exercise while trying to quit smoking have been shown to be less likely to relapse and to sustain their smoking abstinence longer. This study sought to examine the benefits of exercise for improving smoking cessation among Black women. Methods We evaluated the feasibility of a 12-week smoking and exercise intervention, Quit and Fit, tailored for Black women. All participants (intervention and control) received 12 weeks of smoking cessation counseling via telephone and 9 weeks of nicotine lozenges. Participants who were randomly assigned to the intervention condition were also assigned to a 12-week exercise group. Results Thirty-eight women were enrolled and 27 completed a 12-week follow-up assessment. Women from the intervention group were more likely to complete the 12-week follow-up assessment compared to participants in the control group (80% vs. 61%). Overall, 7 of the 38 participants (18%) were abstinent at 12 weeks (biochemically verified by expired carbon monoxide). Among the 25 women who completed the 12-week follow-up, abstinence was reported in 33% of the intervention group and 20% of the control group. Using an intent-to-treat approach, 25% of women in the intervention group were abstinent at 12 weeks (n = 5), compared to 11.1% for the control group (n = 2). These differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions The overall retention rate was 71% (27/38) at 12 weeks with higher among the intervention group (16/20; 80%) compared to the control group (11/18; 61%). The study demonstrates that it is feasible to retain African-American women in a short-term study of smoking cessation and exercise.
Quantitative In-Situ Study of Strength-Governed Interfacial Failure between H-Bn and Polymer-Derived Ceramic

To quantitatively study the toughening behavior in two-dimensional (2D) material reinforced ceramics, pull-out experiments were conducted to investigate the properties of the interface between multi-layer h-BN nanosheet and polymer-derived ceramic (PDC). By using nanoindentation-assisted micro-mechanical devices integrated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the interfacial sliding and failure behaviors between h-BN and PDC were systematically studied. The failure process was monitored in situ with precise quantitative measurements of the relative displacements across the interface that were obtained with digital image correlation (DIC). An analytical cohesive shear-lag model was developed, and the interfacial modulus and strength of the h-BN/PDC interface were measured to be 5.65 ± 1 GPa·µm-1 and 66.4 ± 16.8 MPa, respectively. A micromechanical analysis shows that the interfacial failure in these materials is governed by the interfacial strength at small length scales, rather than the interfacial fracture energy.
Value of smartphone videos for diagnosis of seizures: Everyone owns half an epilepsy monitoring unit.

The diagnosis of epilepsy is primarily based on the history and the verbal description of the events in question. Smartphone videos are increasingly used to assist in the diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate their value for the diagnosis of seizures. We prospectively collected smartphone videos from patients who presented to our epilepsy center over two years. The video-based diagnosis was then compared to the eventual diagnosis based on video-electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring with recorded episodes. Video-EEG studies and smartphone videos were reviewed by two separate physicians, each blinded to the other's interpretation. Fifty-four patients were included in the final analysis (mean age = 34.7 years, SD = 17 years). Data (either smartphone video or video-EEG monitoring) were inconclusive in 18 patients. Of the 36 patients with conclusive data, 34 (94%) were in agreement. Smartphone video interpretation can be a useful adjunctive tool in the diagnosis of seizure-like events.
Molecular Risk Stratification is Independent of EGFR Mutation Status in Identifying Early-Stage Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients at Risk for Recurrence and Likely to Benefit From Adjuvant Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND A clinically-certified gene expression profile improved survival in a cohort of stage I-IIA NSCLC patients by identifying those likely to benefit from adjuvant intervention. EGFR mutation status has not provided this type of predictive risk discrimination in stage IA NSCLC, and overtreatment of low-risk stage IB patients may have limited the overall benefit seen recently in the adjuvant application of a third-generation TKI. We compared EGFR mutation data to molecular risk stratification in a prospective, early-stage cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred fifty eligible stage I-IIA non-squamous NSCLC patients underwent prospective molecular risk stratification by the 14-gene prognostic assay. Platinum doublet adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) was recommended for molecular high-risk (MHR). Differences in freedom from recurrence (FFR) and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated. RESULTS At 29 months, prospective molecular testing yielded an estimated FFR of 94.6% and 72.4% in low-risk and untreated MHR patients, respectively, and 97.0% among MHR patients receiving AC (P < .001). In contrast, there was no association between EGFR status and recurrence, while molecular risk predicted survival and response to AC within both the EGFR mutation(+) and mutation(-) populations. Sixty-seven percent of EGFR(+) and 49% of EGFR(-) patients were molecular low-risk. CONCLUSION This prospective study demonstrates the utility of the 14-gene assay independent of EGFR mutation. Basing adjuvant intervention in early-stage NSCLC on EGFR status alone may undertreat up to 51% of EGFR(-) patients likely to benefit from adjuvant intervention, and overtreat as many as 67% of EGFR(+) patients more likely to be free of residual disease.
A 8.9W/mm 2 , 95.4%-Efficiency, CP-Length Tracking Switching Supply Modulator for 5G New Radio mmWave PA Arrays

This paper presents a switching supply modulator that enables the implementation of highly challenging cyclic-prefix (CP)-length, supply/load (S/L) tracking on a single power stage, demanded by emerging 5G new radio applications. To break the design tradeoffs between tracking speed, reliability, efficiency and power density, a nonlinear Δ-T dual-zone control is introduced. Meanwhile, in the same controller, a clock-injected switching spectrum regulation scheme is integrated to regulate switching noise against supply, power or process variation in highly noise-sensitive and space-restricted power amplifier (PA) arrays. Implemented on a low-cost 350nm CMOS process, an IC prototype of this work achieves a peak efficiency of 95.4% and a maximum power density of 8.9W/mm2 at 10MHz. At a full load of 3.45W, it accomplishes the S/L tracking speeds of 810ns/V and 327ns/A, respectively, which are among the fastest for single power stage implementations.
The Corporate Governance Machine

The conventional view of corporate governance is that it is a neutral set of processes and practices that govern how a company is managed. We demonstrate that this view is profoundly mistaken: in the United States, corporate governance has become a “system” composed of an array of institutional players, with a powerful shareholderist orientation. Our original account of this “corporate governance machine” generates insights about the past, present, and future of corporate governance. As for the past, we show how the concept of corporate governance developed alongside the shareholder primacy movement. This relationship is reflected in the common refrain of “good governance” that pervades contemporary discourse and the maturation of corporate governance as an industry oriented toward serving shareholders and their interests. As for the present, our analysis explains why the corporate social responsibility movement transformed into shareholder value-oriented ESG, stakeholder capitalism became relegated to a new separate form of entity known as the benefit corporation, and public company boards of directors became homogenized across industries. As for the future, our analysis suggests that absent a major paradigm shift that would force multiple institutional gatekeepers to switch their orientation, advocacy pushing corporations to consider the interests of employees, communities, and the environment will likely fail, unless such effort is framed as advancing shareholder interests.
Magnetic structure of magnetoelectric multiferroic HoFeWO6

Abstract The polar magnetic oxide, HoFeWO6, is synthesized, and its crystal structure, magnetic structure, and thermodynamic properties are investigated. HoFeWO6 forms the polar crystal structure (space group Pna21 (#33)) due to the cation ordering of W6+ and Fe3+. An antiferromagnetic transition at TN = 17 K is accompanied by a significant change in magnetic entropy with a value of ≈ 5 J kg−1 K−1 in a 70 kOe applied field. Temperature dependent neutron diffraction and magnetization data indicate that the Fe sublattice orders in a strongly non-collinear and non-coplanar arrangement below TN. The Fe ordering initially leads to induced ordering of the Ho spins such that the Ho spins also show behavior of long-range ordering that is evident from the neutron diffraction measurements. Below T ≈ 4 K, the Ho spins order independently and pull the Fe spins toward the direction of Ho spins. A comparison with the magnetic structures and corresponding ferroelectric properties of other members of RMWO6 (R = Y, Sm-Tm, M = Cr, Fe, V) family indicate that the spontaneous polarization is due to the magnetic structure specific to the Fe sublattice through magnetoelectric coupling whereas the polarization is independent of the Ho sublattice.
Human visual response gain increases with arousal

How do states of arousal affect perception? Large gains have been made in characterizing how top-down processes, such as attention, influence vision. However, measurements of the effects of arousal on human perception are relatively limited and the underlying mechanisms remain surprisingly far less understood. Here, we examine the modulatory role of arousal on one of the cornerstones of vision: the contrast response function. To do so, we measured contrast psychometric functions in two groups of subjects. One group - high-arousal - was asked to refrain from eating and drinking for 5 hours prior to the experiment. The other group - low-arousal - was allowed normal access to eating and drinking and was given water prior to the experiment. During the experiment, both groups received drops of water at 80% probability coincident with stimulus presentation, throughout the experiment. Participants performed a fine orientation discrimination task on a grating shown at fixation, which varied in contrast from trial-to-trial. Water during the experiment aroused participants differently depending on deprivation history: when deprived, water drops led to high levels of arousal, when satiated, water drops led to lower levels of arousal. RESULTS reveal that participants in the high-arousal group yielded psychometric functions that saturated (Rmax) significantly higher than the low-arousal group, consistent with an increase in the response gain of the underlying contrast response. However, we found no difference in the semi-saturation constant (C50) between the two groups. These findings are in line with reports from animal models showing a multiplicative effect of alertness on the contrast response function in LGN neurons (Cano et al., 2006). and suggests that arousal alters early visual perception by mitigating suppressive neural activity, thereby boosting neural responsivity and perceptual sensitivity. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015. Language: en
Impact of copolymer ratio on drug distribution in styrene-isobutylene-styrene block copolymers.

Drug-polymer composite coatings, composed of styrene–isobutylene–styrene (SIBS) tri-block copolymers, are frequently used in controlled drug release biomedical device applications. In this work, we used atomic force microscopy to characterize the effects of different drug loadings and polymer chemistries (i.e., block copolymer ratio) on the variation of surface structures and compositions of SIBS-tetracycline (SIBS-TC) cast composites including tetracycline (TC) drug amount, drug phase size distribution, and drug and polymer phase morphologies. We tested the structural variations by fabricating and characterizing two types of composite specimens, that is, SIBS15 and SIBS30, composed of 15 and 30 Wt % of polystyrene (PS), respectively. The differences in the distribution of TC drug, PS, and polyisobutylene (PIB) polymer phase structures observed in SIBS15 and SIBS30 resulted in more drug at the surface of SIBS30 compared to SIBS15. To support the experimental findings, we have determined the Hildebrand solubility parameter of TC using molecular dynamics (MD) computation and compared it to the polymer components, PS and PIB. The MD results show that the solubility parameter of TC is much closer to that of PS than PIB, which demonstrates a higher thermodynamic stability of TC–PS mixtures. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 101B: 1191–1199, 2013.
The Terminal Nucleotidyltransferase of Calf Thymus Nuclei

Abstract An enzyme from calf thymus nuclei which incorporates ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides into terminal positions of deoxyribonucleic acid has been purified and its mechanism of action elucidated. Distinctions between this enzyme and replicative deoxynucleotidyltransferase (DNA polymerase), the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase of calf thymus cytoplasm, and other polymerases have been established. The enzyme utilizes a nucleoside triphosphate precursor and a denatured deoxyribonucleic acid primer in a reaction which requires Mg++, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and a sulfhydryl compound for maximal activity. No nucleotide specificity in the deoxyribonucleic acid acceptor can be demonstrated other than that the addition of ribonucleotide to ribonucleotide does not occur. The same DNA acceptor sites appear to be involved in the incorporation of all the nucleoside triphosphates tested. Oligodeoxythymidylic acid, three nucleotides in length, cannot function as a primer in this system. The terminal β- and γ-phosphates of the nucleoside triphosphate substrates are liberated as free pyrophosphate during the reaction. No exchange between free pyrophosphate and a nucleoside triphosphate occurs. The reaction thus appears to be irreversible. The same enzyme from calf thymus nuclei is apparently responsible for the incorporation of cytidine triphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and deoxyadenosine triphosphate. Differences in the incorporation rates of these substrates are shown. Under the appropriate incubation conditions, this enzyme may be used as a preparative tool for the synthesis of DNA bearing a high percentage of ribonucleotide termini. Such DNA has been utilized in an assay for exonuclease activity.
Surface Acoustic Wave Devices

A surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) device employs an acoustic wave guided along the surface of a piezoelectric crystal, in which the stresses and strains of the wave are coupled to electric fields. The wave has a low velocity, typically 3500 m/s, and propagates with low attenuation. These features enable compact low-loss devices to be developed for electronics applications at frequencies up to several GHz. Arrays of metal electrodes are used to generate, detect or reflect the waves. This technology has enormous versatility because standard lithographic techniques can be used to fabricate almost arbitrary geometries. This article summarises the nature of surface waves and some relevant propagation effects, including diffraction. The interdigital transducer, used in all these devices for wave generation, is described. A survey of suitable materials is given, including quartz, lithium niobate and lithium tantalate. Transversal bandpass filters are weighted using apodisation or withdrawal weighting. They are widely used in TV receivers, as well as in professional equipment which calls for very high performance devices. For radar, SAW pulse compression filters perform a correlation operation, increasing the range capability. Other devices perform correlation for spread-spectrum communication waveforms, an example being the SAW non-linear convolver which is capable of instantaneous programmability. For mobile telephony there has been a strong demand for miniature low-loss bandpass filters, and a wide variety of novel SAW devices have been developed. For example, impedance element filters give 1 dB loss at 900 MHz, with 30 MHz bandwidth and a package size of 2 × 2 mm2. For IF filtering in the CDMA mobile phone system, a modified type of transversal filter called the R-SPUDT enables both low loss and small size to be obtained. For GSM IF circuits, transverse-coupled resonator filters have been developed to give a very narrow bandwidth of 200 kHz. The article concludes with a superficial survey of the theory of these devices. 1 Introduction 2 Interdigital Transducers 3 Propagation Effects 4 Materials 5 Basic SAW Filters 6 Low-Loss Bandpass Filters 7 Leaky Surface Waves 8 Analysis Methods Keywords: bandpass filters; correlation; coupled-mode equations; filters; interdigital transducers; lithium niobate; lithium tantalate; oscillators; piezoelectric materials; pulse compression; quartz; radar; resonators; sensors; surface acoustic waves; tags
Energy-dependent transport of nickel by Clostridium pasteurianum.

The mechanism of nickel transport by Clostridium pasteurianum was investigated by using 63NiCl2 and a microfiltration transport assay. Nickel transport was energy dependent, requiring either glucose or sucrose; xylose and o-methyl glucose did not support growth, butyrogenesis, or transport. Transport was optimum at pH 7 and 37 degrees C, and early-stationary-phase cells had the highest propensity for nickel transport. The apparent Km and Vmax for nickel transport approximated 85 microM Ni and 1,400 pmol of Ni transported per min per mg (dry weight) of cells, respectively. On the basis of metal specificity, nickel appears to be transported primarily by a magnesium transporter, although an alternative nickel transporter may also be involved. ATPase inhibitors (N,N9-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, tributyltin chloride, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, and quercetin), protonophores (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and gramicidin D), metal ionophores (valinomycin, monensin, and nigericin), benzyl viologen, carbon monoxide, and oxygen inhibited nickel transport. Nickel transport was coupled indirectly to butyrogenesis and was dependent on the energy state of the cell.
Myosin V orientates the mitotic spindle in yeast

Coordination of spindle orientation with the axis of cell division is an essential process in all eukaryotes. In addition to ensuring accurate chromosomal segregation, proper spindle orientation also establishes differential cell fates and proper morphogenesis1. In both animal and yeast cells, this process is dependent on cytoplasmic microtubules interacting with the cortical actin-based cytoskeleton2,3,4,5, although the motive force was unknown. Here we show that yeast Myo2, a myosin V that translocates along polarized actin cables into the bud6, orientates the spindle early in the cell cycle by binding and polarizing the microtubule-associated protein Kar9 (refs 7,8,9). The tail domain of Myo2 that binds Kar9 also interacts with secretory vesicles12 and vacuolar elements13, making it a pivotal component of yeast cell polarization.
Processing and Vulcanization Tests

In this chapter we will direct out attention to the test procedures and instruments used to measure two of the most critical properties of rubber and rubber compounds, processibility and vucanization. These characteristics are vitally im-portant because they define the operating window available for converting un cured rubber comgound into a usable product. Previous chapters have outlined the fundamental principles involved in the rubber manufacturing process; however, for the sake of clarity some of the basics of the technology will be reviewed here.
Breeder genetic algorithms for airfoil design optimisation

In this paper a version of genetic algorithms, the breeder genetic algorithms, suitable for continuous parameter optimisation, has been applied and compared to a classical discrete genetic algorithm. The application concerns a typical optimisation problem in aerodynamics, the problem of determining the coordinates of an airfoil given a surface pressure distribution. Our results have shown that the breeder genetic algorithms work better than classical discrete-coded genetic algorithms in this field.
Ranking by community relevance

A web page may be relevant to multiple topics; even when nominally on a single topic, the page may attract attention (and thus links) from multiple communities. Instead of indiscriminately summing the authority provided by all pages, we decompose a web page into separate subnodes with respect to each community pointing to it. By considering the relevance of these communities, we are able to better model the query-specific reputation for each potential result. We apply a total of 125 queries to the TREC .GOV dataset to demonstrate how the use of community relevance can improve ranking performance.
Wave-mean flow interactions in the upper atmosphere

The nature of internal gravity waves is described with special emphasis on their ability to transport energy and momentum. The conditions under which these fluxes interact with the mean state of the atmosphere are described and the results are applied to various problems of the upper atmosphere, including the quasi-biennial oscillation, the heat budget of the thermosphere, the general circulation of the mesosphere, turbulence in the mesosphere, and the 4-day circulation of the Venusian atmosphere.