cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meeting the Universe Halfway: Realism and Social Constructivism without Contradiction

The morning after giving an invited lecture on the socially constructed nature of scientific knowledge, I had the privilege of watching as a STM (scanning tunneling microscope) operator zoomed in on a sample of graphite, and as we approached a scale of thousands of nanometers… hundreds of nanometers… tens of nanometers… down to fractions of a nanometer, individual carbon atoms were imaged before our very eyes. The experience was so sublime that it sent chills through my body — and I stood there, a theoretical physicist who, like most of my kind, rarely ventures into the basements of physics buildings experimental colleagues call “home”, conscious that this was one of those life moments when the amorphous jumble of history seems to crystallize in a single instant. How many times had I recounted for my students the evidence for the existence of atoms? And there they were — just the right size and grouped in a hexagonal structure with the interatomic spacings as predicted by theory! “If only Einstein, Rutherford, Bohr, and especially Mach, could have seen this!” I found myself exclaiming.
Illustration: Creating the Best Designs

The goals for illustrations are similar to the goals for language. First, you should make your illustrations precise. Precision does not mean having the most accurate illustrations. Rather, precision means having illustrations that best reflect the accuracy of the language. An equally important goal of illustrations is clarity. Too often in scientific writing, illustrations confuse rather than inform. Clarity demands not only that your illustrations convey the information intended, but also that they not convey any unintended information that misleads or confuses the audience.
Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury with Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Preclinical and Initial Clinical Data

Publisher Summary Acute renal failure (ARF) due to acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as the abrupt partial or complete loss of kidney functions that results in disturbed volume, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and uremic, multisystem complications due to retention of toxic waste products, a heightened inflammatory state, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), together resulting in life-threatening multi-organ complications with high mortality rates, particularly in elderly patients and those with significant other comorbidities. Severity and extension of injury are related to the nature and duration of the causative agent or insult. Pathological data were initially limited to autopsy findings; based on which AKI has long been termed acute tubular cell necrosis (ATN). The subsequent utilization of renal biopsies demonstrated that in patients with significant AKI only very limited tubular cell necrosis is seen, and only discrete cell loss, affecting mainly the proximal tubule and occasionally the medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) and rarely the collecting duct. This pattern is recently described as “physiologic and pathologic dissociation”. The incidence of AKI is becoming more common in the hospital, mainly caused by an aging population subjected to high-risk procedures while being affected by high rates of cardiovascular, diabetic, hepatic, and pulmonary comorbidities, rendering these patients particularly susceptible to AKI. AKI is also becoming an increasingly important cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) since a significant percentage of patients with AKI progresses to ESRD within two years after diagnosis.
How to Perform Central Skull Base Approaches

The central skull base may be defined as the spheno-clival and clival areas. Lesions involving this region may be intradural or extradural. Intradural lesions may be petroclival or lower clival/foramen magnum meningiomas, trigeminal or jugular foramen/hypoglossal schwannomas, or other benign tumors. Lesions involving the extradural area are predominantly chordomas, chondrosarcomas, cholesterol granulomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, and some invasive pituitary tumors. Many specialized skull base approaches have been developed to deal with these lesions.
Minimal order polynomial discrete-time SISO H/sub 2/ and H/sub /spl infin// controller synthesis: summary of the results and existence of solution

In a series of recent papers, on the basis of a novel algebraic reduction technique, a new methodology for the computation of the polynomial discrete-time SISO H/sub 2/ and H/sub /spl infin// controllers has been derived and shown to yield minimal order controllers. However, the existence of the H/sub /spl infin// controller solution has not been addressed. The present paper summarizes the results and presents a method of addressing the existence problem.
Exporting Godliness: The Church, Education and ‘Higher Civilization’ in the British Empire from the late Nineteenth Century

This article discusses the impact of the educational method pioneered in the English public schools on the development of education in Anglican schools in the British empire, with a particular focus on the Indian subcontinent from the turn of the twentieth century until the outbreak of the First World War. It discusses how the focus of missionary activity changed from a desire for overt evangelism into a sense of the transmission of moral and ethical values though a system of education in the Christian virtues. An educational understanding of salvation began to supplant the doctrinal. This is connected with the thinking on ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ civilizations of the period. A central focus is on the preparatory work for, and discussions around, the Pan-Anglican Congress of 1908 and the role played by Bishop H. H. Montgomery.
Abstract P5-12-09: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) during one year of adjuvant enzalutamide for the treatment of early stage androgen receptor positive (AR+) triple negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND: A subset of TNBC expresses a luminal signature and demonstrates AR-dependence. Enzalutamide (ENZA), an AR-antagonist, has activity with metastatic AR+ TNBC, with a clinical benefit rate of 33% (Traina et al, JCO 2018). We recently demonstrated that one year (y) of adjuvant ENZA is feasible in early stage, AR+ TNBC, with no new safety signals observed (Traina ASCO 2019). Fatigue was the most common, treatment (tx)-related, adverse event of any grade according to investigator assessment (24%). Here we report per-protocol planned secondary analyses of PROs during one year of ENZA including quality of life (QoL), fatigue, and self-reported physical activity (NCT02750358). METHODS: Eligible patients have Stage I-III, ER/PR RESULTS: Between 5/2016 and 6/2018, 50 patients were enrolled. As of 6/27/19, 34 patients completed 1y of ENZA; 15 patients are off tx: recurrence (3), toxicity (5), nonadherence (4), and consent withdrawal (3). Patients evaluable for PRO (N): baseline (50), 12 weeks (43) and 52 weeks (34). Median scores on FACT-B and fatigue scales remained stable over the course of adjuvant ENZA in the 1st year of therapy (Table). Self-reported exercise increased during this period. CONCLUSIONS: Patient reported outcomes of health related QOL remain stable when ENZA is administered for 1 year in the adjuvant setting. Self-reported time spent engaged in physical exercise increased numerically during 1y of therapy. During presentation, additional analyses will be reported including QOL at additional time points, relationship of FACT-B score with FACIT fatigue score and exercise, and QOL changes in relation to relative dose intensity of ENZA, toxicity and off study reason. Citation Format: Tiffany A Traina, Lee W Jones, Victoria Blinder, Jessica Scott, Leigh Ann Boyle, Artavazd Arumov, Tina Alano, Sujata Patil, Patricia DeFusco, Nicholas Lamparella, Mark Robson, Ayca Gucalp. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) during one year of adjuvant enzalutamide for the treatment of early stage androgen receptor positive (AR+) triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-12-09.
The atypical MR imaging findings and differential diagnosis of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma

Objective To improve the understanding of atypical MR imaging findings of patients with spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma.Methods MR imaging findings of 10 cases of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma consisted of 7 males and 3 females were observed in our hospital from 2000 to 2008.The age was ranged from 12 to 64 years old with average age 32.1.All cases had not injury history.The routine TlWI sagittal,T2WI sagittal and transverse planes were performed with MR scanner.8 cases were examined by MR enhancement scan.Results The hematomas had shuttle or oval shape,were in lateral posterior or posterior epidural space,including 5 cases at cervical vertebral segment,3 cases at thoracic vertebral segment,and 2 case at thoracic and lumbar vertebral segment.There was a low signal septum between spinal cord and hematoma on TlWI and T2WI,especially clear on T2WI.The hematomas covered 2 to 4 vertebral bodies mostly,the gross were ranged from 5 ml to 10 ml with average(6.9±1.8)ml.Tl-weighted images showed isointensity(6 cases)to spinal cord and high-intensity(4 case);T2-weighted images revealed mixed high-intensity(6 cases)and mixed low-intensity(4 case).The wall of hematoma was enhanced in 5 eases on MRI enhancement scan.The hematoma signal was typical on 6 eases and atypical on 4 cases.The cause of atypical MR imaging findings of hematomas were active bleeding and the signal intensity of the hematoma varied with the hematoma age.The reasons of four misdiagnosis cases were:(1)Active bleeding result in atypical MR imaging findings of the hematoma;(2)The hematoma located in the narrow diastema;(3)No traumatic history on clinic.Conclusion It is usefid for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of hematoma on the analysis of the MR signal intensity based on the change of the hematoma and the hematoma age and active bleeding. Key words: Hematoma,epidural,spinal; Spinal diseases; Magnetic resonance imaging
Size Inflation in Drawing From Mirror and Proportional Accuracy in Observational Drawing

In three experiments, a bias to inflate in drawing the proportion of an image on a mirror over the mirror itself is demonstrated in a sample (N = 146) of undergraduate students taking introductory ...
Dyskinesia Severity Estimation in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Using Wearable Sensors and A Deep LSTM Network

Dyskinesias are abnormal involuntary movements that patients with mid-stage and advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD) may suffer from. These troublesome motor impairments are reduced by adjusting the dose or frequency of medication levodopa. However, to make a successful adjustment, the treating physician needs information about the severity rating of dyskinesia as patients experience in their natural living environment. In this work, we used movement data collected from the upper and lower extremities of PD patients along with a deep model based on Long Short-Term Memory to estimate the severity of dyskinesia. We trained and validated our model on a dataset of 14 PD subjects with dyskinesia. The subjects performed a variety of daily living activities while their dyskinesia severity was rated by a neurologist. The estimated dyskinesia severity ratings from our developed model highly correlated with the neurologist-rated dyskinesia scores (r=0.86 (p<0.001) and 1.77 MAE (6%)) indicating the potential of the developed the approach in providing the information required for effective medication adjustments for dyskinesia management.
Some algebras similar to the 2×2 Jordanian matrix algebra

ABSTRACTThe impetus for this study is the work of Dumas and Rigal on the Jordanian deformation of the ring of coordinate functions on 2×2 matrices. We are also motivated by current interest in birational equivalence of noncommutative rings. Recognizing the construction of the Jordanian matrix algebra as a skew polynomial ring, we construct a family of algebras relative to differential operator rings over a polynomial ring in one variable which are birationally equivalent to the Weyl algebra over a polynomial ring in two variables.
A study of cell-to-cell variation of capacity in parallel-connected lithium-ion battery cells

Abstract Capacity variation among battery cells can occur due to inconsistent manufacturing processes and operating conditions, such as uneven temperature distribution. For a battery string made of parallel-connected cells with only one voltage and one current sensor, the lack of independent current sensors makes it difficult to detect or control the degradation variation. In order to investigate the progression mechanism of cell-to-cell capacity variation, this paper adopts an electric aging model and analytically determines the relationship between variation progression and cell degradation characteristics. Assuming all cells have similar temperatures, the capacity variation will decrease over time for cells with a convex or linear degradation curve (i.e., the most common case), providing a self-balancing mechanism for parallel-connected cells. Compared to battery strings with uniform cell capacities, battery strings with an initial cell-to-cell variation will degrade slightly faster. State-of-charge imbalance and uneven heat generation are analyzed using a thermal model. Assuming the same coefficient of heat transfer (i.e., same cooling condition), simulation results further verify the self-balancing mechanism for a parallel battery string consisting of 5 LiFePO4 battery cells.
Autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease

Multiple factors have been hypothesized over the years to be contributory and or causative for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Hereditary factors, although originally discounted, have recently emerged in the focus of PD research. The study of a large Italian family with PD using a genome scan approach led to the mapping of a PD susceptibility gene to the 4q21-q23 genomic region, where the gene for α-synuclein was previously mapped. Mutation analysis of the α-synuclein in four unrelated families with PD revealed a missense mutation segregating with the illness. α-Synuclein is an abundant presynaptic protein of the human brain of unknown function. It is conceivable that the mutation identified in the PD families may result in self-aggregation and or decreased degradation of the protein, leading to the development of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and eventually to neuronal cell death. Moreover, the discovery of a mutation in the synuclein gene may offer us new insights into the understanding of the pathways that lead to neuronal degeneration.
El autor ante su obra: Autoanálisis de Javier Enríquez Serralde de “El ambiente mundial de la posteridad: un viaje en 2049 narrado desde 2836 en la novela Las Trinas Cuadras”

As a travel story to the immediate future viewed from the distant future, the novel Las Trinas Cuadras unveils an upcoming environmental change and its long-term consequences with a narrative that, in itself, is a linguistic voyage outside language archetypes. This paper describes the linguistic heterogeneity of the novel and its cosmopolitan plot built upon a time and space labyrinth, intertwining inter-temporal, scientific, and literary themes. It also examines the novel’s text, woven with neologisms, developed with lexical amalgamations of language possibilities evolving both 30 and 800 years in the future. The conclusions are: a) the novel belongs to a hybrid genre outside contemporary paradigms, simultaneously filled with paradoxes, b) the text is a literary mosaic that brings eco-critical, social, ethical, scientific and humanistic challenges with alternative visions of future environments, and c) the thematic complexity is built upon a kaleidoscopic linguistic strata that at times awaken either a smile or a reflection.
Effect of heterostructure engineering on electronic structure and transport properties of two-dimensional halide perovskites

Abstract Organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention due to their low-cost fabrication, flexibility, and high-power conversion efficiency. More recent efforts show that the reduction from three- to two-dimensions (2D) of organic–inorganic halide perovskites promises an exciting opportunity to tune their electronic properties. Here, we explore the effect of reduced dimensionality and heterostructure engineering on the intrinsic material properties, such as energy stability, bandgap and transport properties of 2D hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskites using first-principles density functional theory. We show that the energy stability of engineered perovskite heterostructures is significantly enhanced. The heterostructures with improved stability also show excellent transport properties similar to their bulk counterparts. These layered chemistries demonstrate the advantage of a broad range of tunable bandgaps and high-absorption coefficient in the visible spectrum. The proposed 2D heterostructured material holds potential for nano-optoelectronic devices as well as for effective photovoltaics.
PTSD symptom heterogeneity and alcohol-related outcomes in U.S. military veterans: Indirect associations with coping strategies.

Abstract Introduction This study investigated the role of coping strategies in mediating the relationship between the 7-factor model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and alcohol misuse in veterans. Methods Data were analyzed from 615 veterans from a nationally representative study of U.S. veterans who met criteria for probable full or subthreshold PTSD. Path analyses examined the role of self-sufficient, socially-supported, and avoidant coping strategies in mediating associations between PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol use disorder (AUD), alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related consequences. Results Negative affect PTSD symptoms were associated with AUD through increased use of avoidant coping. Additionally, dysphoric arousal PTSD symptoms were associated with AUD; avoidant coping was associated with AUD and increased alcohol consumption; self-sufficient coping was associated with reduced AUD likelihood anhedonia symptoms with decreased use of self-sufficient coping; and negative affect with decreased use of socially-supported coping and increased use of avoidant coping. Conclusions Results underscore the importance of avoidant coping strategies as potential mediators of the relation between PTSD symptoms and AUD. Interventions designed to mitigate engagement in avoidant coping strategies, and to bolster engagement in self-sufficient and socially-supported strategies may help reduce alcohol misuse in veterans with full or subthreshold PTSD.
Rapid Prototyping and Engineering Applications: A Toolbox for Prototype Development

Introduction Development of A Successful Product Product Prototyping and Its Impact Product Prototyping and Product Development Product Prototyping Prototype Planning and Management Product and Prototype Cost Estimation Prototype Design Methods Prototype Design Tools Paper Prototyping Learning from Nature Modeling and Virtual Prototyping Mathematical Modeling Modeling of Physical Systems Product Modeling Using Commercial Software for Virtual Prototyping Virtual Reality and Virtual Prototyping Materials Selection and Product Prototyping Prototyping Materials Modeling of Material Properties Modeling and Design of Materials and Structures Direct Digital Prototyping and Manufacturing Solid Models and Prototype Representation Reverse Engineering and Product Prototyping Prototyping and Manufacturing Using CNC Machining Fully Automated Digital Prototyping and Manufacturing Rapid Prototyping Processes Rapid Prototyping Overview Rapid Prototyping Procedure Liquid Based RP Part Solid Based RP Processes Powder Based RP Processes Summary and Future RP Processes Building A Prototype Using Off-the-Shelf Components How to Decide What to Purchase? How to Find the Catalogs that Have the Needed Components? How to Ensure that the Purchased Components Will Work Together? Tolerance Analysis Tolerance Stack Analysis Assembly Slacks Process Capability Statistical Tolerance Analysis Case Study: Conceptual Design of A Chamber Cover Prototyping of Automated Systems Actuators Sensors Controllers and Analyzers Mechanisms Using Prototypes for Product Assessment Introduction to Design of Experiments Orthogonal Arrays Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) ANOVA Using Excel Quality Characteristic (QC) An Example: Optimization of A Prototype Laser Deposition Process Prototype Optimization Formulation of Engineering Problems for Optimization Optimization Using Differential Calculus Optimization Using Lagrange's Multiplier Method Optimization Using Microsoft Excel Case Study: Application of Optimization in Fixture Design Appendices
The Defense Team in Capital Cases

Fairness for those defendants facing the ultimate punishment of death requires that they be afforded zealous advocacy by competent counsel, and that counsel be provided with the resources necessary to effectively represent their clients. Stating that “[o]ur capital system is haunted by the demon of error, error in determining guilt, and error in determining who among the guilty deserves to die,” Governor Ryan cited many deficiencies in the justice system in Illinois, including poor lawyering and inadequate resources for defense counsel, in arriving at his decision to commute all death sentences. Over the years the imposition of the death penalty has too often been a function of unqualified counsel or counsel who lacked the resources, including time, funding, and provision of investigative, expert and supportive services, to competently represent their clients, rather than a reasoned decision based on the circumstances of the crime and the background and character of the defendant.
Spray Characterization in a DISI Engine During Cold Start: (2) PDPA Investigation

Spray angle and penetration length data were taken under cold start conditions for a Direct Injection Spark Ignition engine to investigate the effect of transient conditions on spray development. The results show that during cold start, spray development depends primarily on fuel pressure, followed by Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP). Injection frequency had little effect on spray development. The spray for this single hole, pressure-swirl fuel injector was characterized using high speed imaging. The fuel spray was characterized by three different regimes. Regime 1 comprised fuel pressures from 6 ? 13 bar, MAPs from 0.7 ? 1 bar, and was characterized by a large pre-spray along with large drop sizes. The spray angle and penetration lengths were comparatively small. Regime 2 comprised fuel pressures from 30 ? 39 bar and MAPs from 0.51 ? 0.54 bar. A large pre-spray and large drop sizes were still present but reduced compared to Regime 1. The spray angle and penetration lengths were typically larger then in Regime 1. Regime 3 comprised fuel pressures from 65 ? 102 bar and MAPs from 0.36 ? 0.46 bar. The fuel spray had a fully developed hollow cone structure with recirculation vortices at the edges of the spray, which constricted the spray angle. The spray angle was similar to Regime 2, while the penetration length increased. The pre-spray and drop size were reduced compared to Regime 2. In all regimes, decreasing MAP enlarged the spray angle, while injection frequency was not a significant factor.
The role of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in retinal excitotoxicity.

Purpose Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) plays an essential role in neuronal function and is critical in the brain for normal and pathologic responses to glutamate. The role of NOS in the retina is less well understood. The retina provides an experimental system in which the intrinsic circuitry is well defined; retinal excitotoxic damage has been well characterized. Methods To determine whether neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) are critical in excitotoxic damage in the retina, nNOS- and eNOS-deficient mice were subjected to intravitreal injections of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or to arterial occlusions. Results Retinal ganglion cells in the nNOS-deficient mouse were relatively resistant to NMDA and to arterial occlusion. In contrast, the damage in the eNOS-deficient mouse retina was not distinguishable from that in control animals. Preinjection with an NOS inhibitor was partially protective. Conclusions The presence of nNOS is a prerequisite for the full expression of excitotoxicity in the retina; eNOS does not appear to play a significant role.
What does PLIER really do

MotivationOur goal was to understand why the PLIER algorithm performs so well given its derivation is based on a biologically implausible assumption.ResultsIn spite of a non-intuitive assumption re...
Resolving the complexity of ecosystem models using network theory

Ecosystems are often modeled using directed graphs, representing flow of energy or nutrients among species. While ecosystems seem to be made up of flows among compartments, neither flows, nor compartments can function by themselves. Motivated by Flux balance analysis (Kauffman, 2003) and metabolic control analysis (MCA), we propose a new building block for ecosystems, called fluxes. A flux is a sub-network defined according to specific mathematical rules. In ecological terms, a flux represents the smallest process within the ecosystem that can theoretically sustain itself. This can be a material cycle within the ecosystem, or a simple food chain in a complex food-web. In mathematical terms, fluxes form a cycle basis of the ecological network assuming the environment is a node included in the digraph. Fluxes have interesting properties that render them extremely useful for ecological studies. For example, any ecological network has a unique set of fluxes. And any ecosystem model can be expressed as a linear combination of its fluxes. Fluxes can be regarded as the "genes" of the ecosystem, as they indeed are the minimal functional group. Identifying important fluxes for an ecosystem model might be as important as identifying important compartments (e.g. keystone species) or important flows (e.g. betweenness measure, Freeman, 1977). Fluxes provide a unique opportunity to study large and complex ecosystems. Since no connections are broken during this decomposition, system-wide properties of the full ecosystem, such as cycling, can be studied using individual fluxes. For example, the amount of material cycling that occurs within the whole ecosystem equals the sum of material cycling that occurs within each of its fluxes. This result holds regardless of the size or complexity of the model. Other similar system-wide ecosystem properties are conserved under this decomposition. In this talk, we define what a flux is and describe its properties. We demonstrate the flux decomposition using the intertidal oyster reef and the Georgia salt marsh ecosystem models. We discuss how system-wide properties of an entire ecosystem can be studied using only fluxes, and demonstrate this using the cycling index. Finally, we show how to decompose a model into its fluxes using EcoNet (Kazanci, 2007), a free online software we have developed.
Effect of Uniaxial Stress on the Raman Spectra of Cubic Crystals: Ca F 2 , Ba F 2 , and Bi 12 Ge O 20

The effect of uniaxial stress on the first-order Raman spectra of the cubic crystals, Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, Ba${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{12}$Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{20}$ is studied at $\ensuremath{\sim}15$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K using a quantitative-stress cryostat. Both Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and Ba${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ belong to the space group ${{O}_{h}}^{5}(Fm 3m)$ and possess a single triply degenerate Raman-active zone-center optical phonon of ${F}_{2g}$ symmetry. In contrast, ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{12}$Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{20}$ has a very rich first-order Raman spectrum consisting of lines $A$, $E$, $F$, and LO-TO-split $F$ modes. The effect of uniaxial stress on the ${F}_{2g}$ line of Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and on Raman lines typical of the different symmetries in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{12}$Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{20}$ is studied up to 7 kbar with compressive force $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{F}}$ along [001], [111] or [110]. The Raman line of Ba${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ is studied up to 2.4 kbar for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{F}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[001]$. The stress-induced splittings and polarization characteristics in each case can be understood on the basis of the reduced symmetry of the crystal under applied stress. Using a perturbing Hamiltonian linear in strain, the secular equation is derived for phonons of each symmetry in terms of phenomenological "deformation-potential constants." Phonons of $A$, $E$, and $F$ symmetry in $T$ and of ${F}_{2g}$ symmetry in ${O}_{h}$ are characterized by one, three, four, and three deformation-potential constants, respectively. Within the framework of this theory, the splittings as a function of the crystallographic orientation of the applied force can be correlated in terms of the deformation-potential constants, whereas the intensities of the stress-induced components can be calculated in terms of the zero-stress polarizability-tensor components. Experimentally, in all the cases the positions of the stress-induced components are observed to vary linearly with stress; the splittings, shifts, and polarization characteristics are consistent with the predictions based on the reduced symmetry of the crystal as well as the deformation-potential approach. On the basis of the observed polarization characteristics of the stress-induced components, appropriate eigenvalues have been associated with them and the deformation-potential constants have been obtained for all the lines studied.
Characterization of Leuconostoc oenos Isolated from Oregon Wines.

This study was designed to characterize isolates of Leuconostoc species from Oregon wines. Gram-positive cocci were isolated, and their biochemical properties and abilities to decompose malic acid were determined. All of the isolates were heterofermentative, catalase negative, and facultatively anaerobic and occurred in pairs and chains. They produced acid from glucose, fructose, mannose, ribose, cellobiose, trehalose, and salicin but not from sucrose or lactose. They did not produce ammonia from arginine or dextran from sucrose. They grew at pH values of less than 4 and in 10% ethanol. Most but not all strains produced lactic acid and carbon dioxide from malic acid, as determined by paper chromatography and respirometry, respectively. These malolactic bacteria were considered to be strains of Leuconostoc oenos. We compared these isolates with reference strains for relative growth at pH values of 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, and 2.8 at 22°C. The isolates were similar in their growth responses at the two highest pH levels. At pH 3.0 and 2.8, however, the strains failed to grow but revealed variable abilities to dissimilate malic acid.
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Patient With Type 2 Diabetes After Treatment With Empagliflozin

Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been associated with euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA). All reports to date have involved canagliflozin (Invokana; Janssen Pharmaceuticals), with the exception of one case associated with ipragliflozin (1). It has been anticipated that eDKA is a class effect, but no case reports of eDKA with other SGLT2s have been reported. Here, we report a case of eDKA in a patient with type 2 diabetes treated with empagliflozin. A 64-year-old woman with a 15-year history of type 2 diabetes and a 5-day history of treatment with empagliflozin (Jardiance; Boehringer Ingelheim) presented to the emergency room (ER) for evaluation of shortness of breath. She had been treated with insulin for 10 years. At the time she started empagliflozin, she was taking liraglutide 1.8 mg per day. She had …
Pieces of the puzzle: assembling the preinitiation complex of Pol II

Four new studies of the assembly of different subsets of the preinitiation complex of RNA polymerase II have provided insight into how transcription factors interact with each other and with DNA. A heterotetramer of TBP-associated factors shows a histone-like fold.
Pulmonary function testing of animals chronically exposed to diluted diesel exhaust

The purpose of this work was to assess the potential effect that chronic inhalation of diesel exhaust may have on lung mechanics and lung volume. Noninvasive pulmonary function tests that produced data on lung air flows and volumes have been conducted repeatedly on 25 male Fischer-344 rats exposed to diesel exhaust at a particulate concentration of 1500 micrograms m-3, 20 h per day, 5 1/2 days per week, for 612 days. The same tests were conducted on 25 clean air control animals. When the data were normalized, the majority of tests did not reveal any significant deviation from the norm for the first year of exposure. In the second year, the functional residual capacity and its component volumes - expiratory reserve and residual volume, maximum expiratory flow at 40% of vital capacity, maximum expiratory flow at 20% of vital capacity and the forced expiratory volume in 0.1 s - were significantly greater in the diesel exposed animals. The data are inconsistent with known clinically significant adverse health effects. Although the lung volume changes in the diesel exposed animals could be indicative of emphysema or other forms of chronic obstructive lung disease, this interpretation is contradicted by the air flow data which suggest simultaneous lowering of the resistance of the smaller airways. The observations are not consistent with documented clinical lung disease in man.
What can you do with 0.1× genome coverage? A case study based on a genome survey of the scuttle fly Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae)

The declining cost of DNA sequencing is making genome sequencing a feasible option for more organisms, including many of interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. While obtaining high-depth, completely assembled genome sequences for most non-model organisms remains challenging, low-coverage genome survey sequences (GSS) can provide a wealth of biologically useful information at low cost. Here, using a random pyrosequencing approach, we sequence the genome of the scuttle fly Megaselia scalaris and evaluate the utility of our low-coverage GSS approach. Random pyrosequencing of the M. scalaris genome provided a depth of coverage (0.05x-0.1x) much lower than typical GSS studies. We demonstrate that, even with extremely low-coverage sequencing, bioinformatics approaches can yield extensive information about functional and repetitive elements. We also use our GSS data to develop genomic resources such as a nearly complete mitochondrial genome sequence and microsatellite markers for M. scalaris. We conclude that low-coverage genome surveys are effective at generating useful information about organisms currently lacking genomic sequence data.
Effect of source width and tidal elevation changes on aeolian transport on an estuarine beach

Data from a moderate energy, meso-tidal beach on the east side of Delaware Bay, New Jersey, USA, revealed the significance of both beach width as a source for aeolian transport and the effect of tidal rise on source width. Wind speeds averaged over 17·1 min, recorded 6 m above the crest of a 0·5 m high dune, ranged from 11·6 to 12·7 m s−1 during the experiment. The highest observed rate of transport on the beach was 0·0085 kg m−1 s−1, monitored at rising low tide when the average wind speed was 11·6 m s−1 across 0·35 mm diameter surface sediments. The wind direction was oblique to the shoreline, creating a source width of 34 m. The reduction in the width of the beach as a source for aeolian transport during rising tide was approximately arithmetic, whereas the reduction in volume of sediment trapped was exponential. Aeolian transport effectively ceased when source width was less than 8 m. Wind conditions, moisture content of the surface sediments and presence of binding salts did not appear to vary dramatically, and no coarse grained lag deposit formed on the surface of the beach. The decrease in rate of sediment trapped through time in the tidal cycle is attributed to differences in source width. Sediment deposited in the litter behind the active beach by strong winds during the rising tide was eroded during the high water period by the high waves and storm surge generated by these winds, and net losses of sediment were observed despite initial aeolian accretion.
Now you can get there from here: creating an interactive Web application for accessing full-text journal articles from any location

This article will focus on the process of creating an interactive World Wide Web application that allows patrons the ability to access and retrieve full-text journal articles from any of nearly 6,500 unique electronic journal titles, which are delivered to their computer desktops, without geographic constraints.
The Effect of Peer and Teacher Feedback on Student Writing

Abstract Although teacher and peer feedback, together with required revision, is a common component of the process-approach English as Second Language (ESL) writing classroom, the effect that the feedback and revision process has on the improvement of student writing is as yet undetermined. The researcher analyzed 11 ESL student essays in detail: categorizing the types and sources of revisions made according to Faigley and Witte's (1981) taxonomy of revisions, evaluating the first and final drafts of the students' essays, and recording students' verbal reports during revision. While the majority of revisions that students made were surface-level revisions, the changes they made as a result of peer and teacher feedback were more often meaning-level changes than those revisions they made on their own. It was also found that writing multiple drafts resulted in overall essay improvement.
3-D integration of silicon nitride on silicon-on-insulator platform

We propose a new material platform using vertical integration of silicon nitride on silicon-on-insulator for optimizing device performances in silicon photonics. Preliminary results including silicon nitride growth, high-Q resonator fabrication, and vertical integration are presented.
Hastening Development of Female Genital System by Daily Homoplastic Pituitary Transplants.

The success of the writer1, 2 in restoring the atrophied sex apparatus of the hypophysectomized rat by daily homoplastic pituitary transplants, made it seem not unlikely that the transplants might hasten the development of the sex apparatus of the immature unoperated animal. A series of experiments was therefore undertaken in which homoplastic pituitary transplants, taken from full-grown rats of both sexes, were made daily in females which would not normally mature for some time.It was found that this treatment rapidly induced the changes characteristic of sexual maturity, (opening of the vagina, uterine hyperemia and distension, follicle and corpora formation). These changes were secured as early as the weaning date (22nd day of life), the animals weighing approximately 40 grams. The vaginal smear was oestral in type. Structurally the changes indicative of sexual maturity were present in all parts of the genital system.When the transplants were commenced at about the weaning date, sexual maturity was ind...
Ultrasound of the joints and entheses in healthy children.

Tendon insertion pathologies such as enthesitis and apophysitis in children can result from trauma, overuse syndrome and arthritis. Knowledge of the US appearance of normal joints by age might aid diagnosis of pathologies. We describe the age-related sonographic features of the elbows, knees and feet in healthy children, providing a reference for the normal appearance of tendon insertions, apophyseal cartilage and bursae. This is a prospective cross-sectional study of 30 healthy children. Children were grouped according to age: group 1 (4–9 years, n = 11), group 2 (10–13 years, n = 9) and group 3 (14–18 years, n = 10). Children completed pain and function questionnaires and underwent a standardized joint examination by a pediatric rheumatologist. The common extensor, common flexor, quadriceps, patellar and Achilles tendons and plantar fascia insertions were evaluated with gray-scale and power Doppler ultrasound. The anterior elbow, suprapatellar and retrocalcaneal bursae were evaluated for fluid. We measured the apophyseal cartilage thickness at the enthesis. Correlation analyses examined associations between age and tendon thickness. We used ANOVA, with location as a repeated measure, to test for gender differences in cartilage thickness. Children had a median age of 12.4 years and 55% were boys. All 360 entheses appeared normal on gray-scale imaging. There was a strong linear relationship between tendon thickness and age. Tendon vascularity was only present in young children (group 1), in 7/22 (32%) quadriceps tendons. Peri-tendinous power Doppler signal was seen at seven sites: two patellar, four quadriceps and one common flexor tendon, and all these children were in group 2. Suprapatellar bursal fluid <3 mm was detected in 9/60 (15%) knees. Of the children in group 1, boys had thicker apophyseal cartilage than girls at the medial epicondyle, patellar poles and os calcis (P < 0.05). Tendon vascularity may be a normal finding in young children, and mild peri-tendinous vascularity is not uncommon in children 10–13 years of age. Tendon thickness has a linear relationship with age; however cartilage thickness varies across sites and also differs as a function of gender
Recombinant human interferon-α does not alter reward behavior, or neuroimmune and neuroendocrine activation in rats

Recombinant human interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) induces depression, and neuroendocrine and neuroimmune activation, in a significant number of patients undergoing treatment for viral illnesses (e.g., hepatitis C), yet these effects have not been consistently reproduced in rodents. As such, we sought to determine the effects of acute or chronic IFN-alpha treatment on basic reward and immobility in the forced swim test (FST), neuroendocrine and neuroimmune activation, and monoamine turnover in brain. In the first experiment, male Wistar rats (N = 7/group) treated with human recombinant IFN-alpha (100,000 IU/kg, i.p.), as compared to saline, did not exhibit alterations to rate of sucrose pellet self-administration or total reinforcers obtained, corticosterone release, plasma IL-6 release, IL-1beta or IL-6 mRNA expression in hippocampus, or monoamine turnover in prefrontal cortex, striatum, nucleus accumbens, or amygdala. However, acute IFN-alpha decreased body weight and produced a trend toward reduced food consumption in the home cage 2 h after injection. In the second experiment, Wistar rats (N=4/group) were subjected to a chronic treatment regimen of saline or IFN-alpha (100,000 IU/kg, i.p.) once daily for 14 consecutive days. The data reveal that animals exposed to chronic IFN-alpha exhibited similar amounts of time immobile and similar latencies to primary immobility in the FST as compared to saline-treated controls. Chronic IFN-alpha did not induce corticosterone release, plasma TNF-alpha, or IL-6 release. Tissue monoamine analysis revealed that chronic IFN-alpha reduced DA levels in prefrontal cortex, and decreased 5-HT levels and increased 5-HT turnover in amygdala. In the third experiment, Wistar rats (N = 4/group) were exposed to either acute or chronic pegylated IFN-alpha (pegIFN-alpha: 3.25, 10 or 75 mg/kg, i.p.) at one of several time points from 1 h to 23 days. The data reveal that neither acute nor chronic pegIFN-alpha induced corticosterone release. Overall, the current report demonstrates that neither acute nor chronic IFN-alpha induced depressive-like behavior and neither IFN-alpha nor peg-IFN-alpha was capable of inducing neuroendocrine or neuroimmune activation. Despite the neurochemical alterations observed in the chronic treatment regimen, the data indicate that recombinant human IFN-alpha does not produce a robust model of depressive-like behavior in rodents.
Neuromuscular Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Neurologic complications of HIV infection are common, and are a significant source of morbidity. The chronic nature of HIV today, the complexity of highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens, and the multiple and diffuse effects of HIV on the nervous system present an exciting diagnostic challenge, in which a systematic, comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment is necessary.
Comparison of elasticity and shell theory results for large deformation of rubberlike shells

Abstract This paper examines the accuracy of a modified Reissner-Simmonds theory for thickwalled, rubberlike shells. The theory, which is valid for large membrane and moderately large bending strains, includes the effects of transverse shear deformation and transverse normal stress and strain. To these features, the present work adds hydrostatic pressure through a modified strain-energy density function. Shell theory and finite elasticity theory solutions are compared for two problems: cylindrical bending of a plate and combined extension, inflation, and torsion of a circular cylinder. The results show that the modified theory gives highly accurate stress distributions for most of the loading cases studied. Accuracy is good in cylinders as thick as R h = 5 and generally improves with increasing reference surface stretching.
Urbach edge and the density of states in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Photoconductivity measurements of the optical absorption edge and time-of-flight measurements of the hole drift mobility, on the same amorphous silicon film, enable us to identify the origin of the Urbach edge in amorphous silicon with the density of states in the valence band tail.
Generating F0 Contours by Statistical Manipulation of Natural F0 Shapes

This paper describes a method of generating F0 contours from natural F0 segmental shapes for speech synthesis. The extracted shapes of the F0 units are basically held invariant by eliminating any averaging operations in the analysis phase and by minimizing modification operations in the synthesis phase. The use of natural F0 shapes has great potential to cover a wide variety of speaking styles with the same framework, including not only read-aloud speech, but also dialogues and emotional speech. A linear-regression statistical model is used to "manipulate" the stored raw F0 shapes to build them up into a sentential F0 contour. Through experimental evaluations, the proposed model is shown to provide stable and robust F0 contour prediction for various speakers. By using this model, linguistically derived information about a sentence can be directly mapped, in a purely data-driven manner, to acoustic F0 values of the sentential intonation contour for a given target speaker.
Entre perros y lobos. Un chaparrón de inútiles consejos para el rey D. Sebastián

A critical edition, with introductory study and historico-philologic annotation, of three anonimous poems in Spanish that discuss the political environment of the Portuguese court in the 1570s. The author of the first and third poems could be a Portuguese nobleman, participant in the widespread literary castilianization of that court, or one of the many Spanish members of Queen Catarina’s entourage. The second poem of the series was probably written in 1577 and could be attributed to Francisco de Aldana. Written in pastoral key, they critizice the true kidnapping of King Sebastian by his confessor and his secretary, who kept the king isolated from his subjects, who are thrown in the hands of greedy ministers. They boicotted the king’s marriage plans as well and, in order to keep him distracted from good governement, cultivated his dreams of a crusade expedition to Africa, which would have such desastrous results in 1578.