cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase transformations and modulated microstructures in Ti-Al-Nb alloys

The decomposition of alloys roughly based on the composition Ti3Al with ternary additions of Nb has been studied through the use of transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. It has been shown that a wide variety of transformation behavior in the metastable high temperature β phase can be produced through varying composition, cooling rates, and heat treatment. Transformations observed during quenching from the β phase field include the formation of hcp martensite in alloys with low Nb contents, the occurrence of B2(CsCl)-type ordering over a wide composition range in alloys richer in Nb, and the formation of an “ω-type≓ phase in the parent matrix subsequent to B2 ordering. In many of the as-quenched alloys a “tweed-like≓ or modulated micro-structure is observed with accompanying elaborate networks of rel rods and local diffuse maxima in electron diffraction patterns. During aging the decomposition proceeds through a complex sequence of reactions the nature of which will be discussed below. Many of the anomalies observed in these alloys are quite similar to behavior observed during decomposition of other ordered β(B2, DO3)-type phases in a wide variety of other alloy systems.
Innovations in over-snow cargo transport

The United States Antarctic Program (USAP) is developing tractor-sled trains to haul heavy cargo 1600 km from McMurdo Station to South Pole Station. In 2003, the proof-of-concept fleet experienced poor mobility and numerous sled breakdowns when attempting to cross the Ross Ice Shelf. Based on in-situ mobility tests, we recommended several expedient changes to the sled trains: tow the sleds outside of the tractor ruts, build larger skis with elliptical noses, and accommodate sled motions via compliant bushings. The USAP adopted these recommendations, the sleds performed well, and the fleet completed its first successful cargo delivery to South Pole in December 2005. For that season, we designed and the fleet successfully trialed a novel fuel sled consisting of a transportable fuel bladder strapped onto a sheet of durable, low-friction plastic. The resulting sled costs about one-quarter that of a steel tank sled, has about one-eighth of the tare weight and increases the expected fuel delivered per tractor almost nine times. The durability of these bladder sleds over rough terrain must yet be assessed, but their high fuel-delivery efficiency, compared with the present method of aircraft delivery, is worth pursuing. For example, a seven-tractor fleet completing three round trips per season could deliver fuel to South Pole equivalent to 92 LC-130 flights while consuming about one-quarter of the fuel required for aircraft delivery. Economic analysis shows that reduced aircraft costs could payoff the capital cost of a traverse fleet within a single season.
Controlling plastic instability.

Nanocrystalline alloys with grain sizes less than 100 nanometres are very strong, but tend to fail rapidly during plastic deformation. A new composite alloy with an unusual microstructure is able to achieve high plasticity by controlling the instabilities responsible for early failure.
Major Myelin Protein Gene (P0) Mutation Causes a Novel Form of Axonal Degeneration

Mutations in the major peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin protein, myelin protein zero (MPZ), cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 1B (CMT1B), typically thought of as a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Certain MPZ mutations, however, cause adult onset neuropathy with minimal demyelination but pronounced axonal degeneration. Mechanism(s) for this phenotype are unknown. We performed an autopsy of a 73-year-old woman with a late-onset neuropathy caused by an H10P MPZ mutation whose nerve conduction studies suggested severe axonal loss but no demyelination. The autopsy demonstrated axonal loss and reorganization of the molecular architecture of the axolemma. Segmental demyelination was negligible. In addition, we identified focal nerve enlargements containing MPZ and ubiquitin either in the inner myelin intralaminar and/or periaxonal space that separates axons from myelinating Schwann cells. Taken together, these data confirmed that a mutation in MPZ can cause axonal neuropathy, in the absence of segmental demyelination, thus uncoupling the two pathological processes. More important, it also provided potential molecular mechanisms as to how the axonal degeneration occurred: either by disruption of glial-axon interaction by protein aggregates or by alterations in the molecular architecture of internodes and paranodes. This report represents the first study in which the molecular basis of axonal degeneration in the late-onset CMT1B has been explored in human tissue.
DIMENSION OF QUALITY FOR THE VOWEL (AE).

Multidimensional analysis of similarity data was applied to the domain of a spoken vowel. Thirty-two male speakers provided samples of the vowel [ae]. Judgments of degree of similarity between each ...
A Multigas Analyzer For Automobile Exhausts

The multigas analyzer simultaneously measures the concentrations of CO, CH4 and CO2 in flowing samples of automobile exhaust. Three channels share a single rotating gas correlation cell and measure the individual concentrations of CO and CH4. Two CO channels with different sample cell lengths extend the useful range. A rotating dual-filter system measures the CO2 concentrations. As many as three separate CO2 channels can share a rotating filter assembly. A system employing two fixed filters and two detectors measures the concentration of H2O and automatically accounts for a slight interference by this gas in the CH4 channel. Discrimination against other typical exhaust gases is excellent. An automatic gain control minimizes calibration drift. The ranges of measurable concentrations are 0.3 ppm (parts-per-million) to 3000 ppm of CH4; 0.7 ppm to 10% of CO; and 60 ppm to 30% of CO2, where the minimum concentrations correspond to the peak-to-peak noise levels with one-second time constants. The theory of operation, the measurement capabilities, and the physical characteristics are described.
Protonation of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and triethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid in highly acidic solutions

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and triethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid (TTHA) were measured in solutions made highly acidic by addition of concentrated HC1 up to 6.0 M. For both DTPA and TTHA, the lines due to the central acetate -CH 2 -protons and the terminal acetate -CH 2 -protons coalesce, and all ethylenic -CH 2 -proton signals appear as a single peak in highly acidic solutions. The NMR spectral changes that occur when solutions of DTPA and TTHA are made highly acidic are interpreted in terms of the rupture of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and the protonation of carboxylate groups.
Acadesine and intestinal barrier function after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.

OBJECTIVE To determine actions of the prototype adenosine-regulating agent, acadesine (5-amino-1-[beta-D-ribofuranosyl]imidazole-4-carboxamideriboside; AICAR), on intestinal barrier function after hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation, three series of experiments were performed to measure functional (series 1: intestinal permeability and intramural blood flow), structural (series 2: histology), and biochemical (series 3: tissue concentrations of adenine nucleotides and metabolites) changes. DESIGN Prospective, controlled animal study. SETTING/SUBJECTS University laboratory; juvenile crossbred pigs of either gender. INTERVENTIONS Either AICAR or its saline vehicle were intravenously administered 30 mins before 40% hemorrhage. After 1 hr shock, shed blood plus crystalloid was administered for resuscitation. Data were collected for 1 hr thereafter. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In series 1, permeability of the ileum was measured by assaying the portal venous concentration of fluorescein-labeled dextran after placement of this tracer in the lumen. In addition, serosal and mucosal blood flow were monitored with laser-Doppler probes. With vehicle, hemorrhage and resuscitation increased the dextran concentration three-fold and decreased blood flow 50% of the baseline values (both p < .05). AICAR attenuated the permeability increase (p < .05) and attenuated mucosa, but not serosal, ischemia (p < .05). Similar effects were observed with a structurally dissimilar compound-- 4-amino-1-(5-amino-5-deoxy-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-3-bromo-pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine, a specific adenosine kinase inhibitor-as well as continuous intra-arterial infusion of adenosine. In series 2, AICAR ameliorated the mucosal damage caused by shock/resuscitation (p < .05). In series 3, AICAR increased ileal tissue adenine nucleotides and metabolites during the shock period (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS AICAR attenuated gut permeability changes, increased mucosal perfusion, and increased tissue adenine nucleotides, which is consistent with preserved intestinal barrier function after hemorrhage and fluid resuscitation. In context with previous studies from this laboratory, these results provide further evidence for a role for adenosine as an endogenous anti-inflammatory autacoid after shock and trauma. Further study is needed to determine the therapeutic potential of adenosine-regulating agents in resuscitation fluids.
If children thought like adults: A critical review of Markman'sCategorization and Naming in Childrenand Keil'sConcepts, Kinds and Cognitive Development

Categorization and Naming in Children: Problems of Induction ELLEN M. MARKMAN, 1989, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, x+250 pp. Concepts, Kinds and Cognitive Development FRANK C. KEIL, 1989, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, xv+328 pp.
Research on the Surface Quality of ESR Large Slab Ingots

A special bifilar 40t electroslag remelting(ESR) furnace for slab products has been fabricated to produce heavy plates for special application. The ESR slabs with the maximum thickness of the world in size of 980 mm thickness, 2000 mm wideness and 2800 mm length have been produced successfully. However, the ingots surface quality is a serious problemn in ESR process for large slab ingots, for ingot and mold with a relatively mobile, larger ingot contraction and thicker slag skin. Using CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO slag, suited remelting rate, lower filling ration, smooth movement of mold and adjusting taper of the mold and are necessary for improving surface quality of the ESR large slab ingots.
Molecular compositions of weathered petroleum and comparison with its possible source

Abstract Two surface outcrop samples and three drill core samples of oil-impregnated sandstone from the P.R. Spring Seep, Uinta Basin, Utah were analyzed. These oils exhibit in common the entire homologous series of tricyclic diterpane hydrocarbons, which have been previously described only in extracts from the Mahogany Ledge Member of the Green River Formation. Hopane and a series of degraded hopanes are also present in the oil samples, while steranes are conspicuously absent. Aliphatic alkanes are present only in the deepest core sample. The cycloalkanes are apparently not readily utilized by the petroleum oxidizing microbes, and therefore survive the weathering process. Tricyclic and tetracyclic alkylated diterpanes are unchanged, whereas the series from norhopane through tetrakisnorhopane may be interpreted as progressive bacterial degradation of the hopane molecule. The occurrence and distribution of tricyclic diterpanes, of tetracyclic diterpanes and pentacyclic triterpanes is similar to the stratigraphically nearby Mahogany Ledge Member, suggesting that the oil shales were the source rocks for the oil now exposed as the P.R. Spring Seep. The absence of steranes, which are abundant in the oil shales, is puzzling.
Attrition: our biggest continuing challenge

h a s e m i I i f m t s c a t b t gives me great pleasure to stand before you today as resident of an organization that I have been involved with or nearly 20 years and an association of surgeons that have one so much for me in shaping my academic career. My xposure to the veterans affairs (VA) began as many of us id, having the benefit of training in a general surgery rogram that was associated with a VA medical center. We ll quickly learned of the wealth of pathology, the dignity nd unending appreciation of the veterans and their families hat we cared for, and the opportunities for scholarly activity n an environment populated with young aspiring academic
Response to "The data show a U-shaped association of sodium intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality".

(Na) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) 4 yielded significant relationships that were consistent with benefits of a reduction in Na. In contrast to Dr Graudal’s claim that “these blood pressure trials provide no support that reduction of sodium intakes below 2,300 mg/d ay is either safe or will result in human benefits” the published results indicate otherwise. In the TOHP observational analysis, a linear 17% increase in CVD risk was noted for every 1,000 mg hig her level of Na and spline curves identified a linear relationship between Na and CVD that was apparent throughout the distribution of Na from 3,600 to 2,300 and
Methods of randomization in controlled clinical trials

In this second article of a series that explores design and analysis issues in controlled clinical trials in emergency medicine, we have discussed the case for randomization, reviewed the methods involved in simple randomization, highlighted some of the practical problems involved with randomization, and presented some modified randomization schemes intended to remedy these problems.
Ten years of land cover change on the California coast detected using landsat satellite image analysis: part 1—Marin and San Francisco counties

Landsat satellite imagery was analyzed to generate a detailed record of 10 years of vegetation disturbance and regrowth for Pacific coastal areas of Marin and San Francisco Counties. The Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS) methodology, a transformation of Tasseled-Cap data space, was applied to detected changes in perennial coastal shrubland, woodland, and forest cover from 1999 to 2009. Results showed several principal points of interest, within which extensive contiguous areas of similar LEDAPS vegetation change (either disturbed or restored) were detected. Regrowth areas were delineated as burned forest areas in the Point Reyes National Seashore (PRNS) from the 1995 Vision Fire. LEDAPS-detected disturbance patterns on Inverness Ridge, PRNS in areas observed with dieback of tanoak and bay laurel trees was consistent with defoliation by sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum). LEDAPS regrowth pixels were detected over much of the predominantly grassland/herbaceous cover of the Olema Valley ranchland near PRNS. Extensive restoration of perennial vegetation cover on Crissy Field, Baker Beach and Lobos Creek dunes in San Francisco was identified. Based on these examples, the LEDAPS methodology will be capable of fulfilling much of the need for continual, low-cost monitoring of emerging changes to coastal ecosystems.
RECOGNIZING ATYPICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GERD: ASTHMA, CHEST PAIN, AND OTOLARYNGOLOGIC DISORDERS MAY BE DUE TO REFLUX

PREVIEWThe presence of common symptoms, such as heartburn and regurgitation, usually make the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) fairly straightforward. However, extraesophageal symptoms of GERD, such as asthma, noncardiac chest pain, and hoarseness, are often not recognized and therefore are poorly managed. This article sheds light on the atypical manifestations of GERD as well as current approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
Problems Facing Us Assistance for the Post-Soviet Republics

Since 1989 American policy-makers have continually affirmed US support for the transition of the former Soviet republics from authoritarian, command economies to democratic, market economies. The United States will continue to aid the transition to protect its own political, economic and security interests. Professor Rex Wade's article offers reasonable advice for American officials faced with the difficult task of assisting this transition. Building upon his analysis, I shall elaborate on several of the most pressing problems facing American officials responsible for administering assistance programs. Three broad problems confront US policy-makers promoting markets and democratic political institutions in the former Soviet republics: 1) inadequate resources; 2) embattled foreign assistance institutions; and 3) the lack of international consensus about the goals and means for influencing the transition. Each of these issues has the potential to weaken American and international efforts to shape post-Communist society. In combination, they threaten the long-term foreign policy objectives of the United States.
Small-scale lateral variations in D″ attenuation and velocity structure

[1] Combined ScS-S differential attenuation and travel-time studies, with data from temporary and permanent arrays, produce quality factor, Qμ(D″), estimates for D″ beneath Central America. Similarities between S and ScS ray paths through the upper mantle reduce the upper mantle elastic and anelastic contributions to differential studies. Differential attenuation correlates with ScS attenuation but not S attenuation, indicating that the attenuation primarily stems from lower mantle interactions. We image a ∼250 km wide high-attenuation low-velocity anomaly within a ∼600 km wide low-attenuation high-velocity region at the core-mantle boundary (CMB). The observed inverse exponential relationship between attenuation and velocity is consistent with a 200 ± 50 km thermal anomaly, but does not preclude chemical, phase, or structural variations. Observation of a small-scale thermal anomaly within D″ may provide significant evidence in favor one kind of plume formation at the CMB.
Practicing What We Teach Credibility and Alignment in the Business Communication Classroom

The authors investigate the importance of instructor communication behaviors in a course on business communication, arguing that alignment between instructor behaviors and the precepts of the disci...
Thrombolytic therapy of acute pulmonary embolism: current status and future potential

Recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA), a relatively clot-specific fibrinolytic agent, represents a novel and promising approach to thrombolytic therapy of pulmonary embolism. Therefore, the efficacy and safety of peripheral intravenous rt-PA therapy were assessed in 47 patients with angiographically documented pulmonary embolism. The drug regimen was 50 mg over 2 hours followed by repeat angiography and, if necessary, an additional 40 mg over 4 hours. By 6 hours, 44 of the 47 patients had angiographic evidence of clot lysis that was slight (n = 5), moderate (n = 12) or marked (n = 27). Among the 34 patients with pulmonary hypertension before treatment (mean pulmonary artery pressure exceeding 17 mm Hg), the pressure decreased from 43/17 (mean 27) to 31/13 (mean 19) mm Hg (p Fibrinogen decreased 33% from baseline at 2 hours and 42% from baseline at 6 hours. There were two major complications that required surgical control of bleeding: hemorrhage from a pelvic tumor and mediastinal tamponade in a patient 8 days after coronary artery bypass surgery. The initial results demonstrate that, among selected patients, peripheral intravenous rt-PA can rapidly and, for the most part, safely lyse pulmonary embolism within 6 hours.
An Eco—Demographic Accounting-Type Multiplier Analysis of Hungary

This paper develops a multiplier interpretation and analysis for the accounting linkage of demographic and economic variables recently proposed in Schinnar (1976a). The various components of the model are illustrated with an application to the system of Hungarian accounts of 1960–1961. This application reveals spectral properties of invariance for the demographic distribution which is conjectured to be associated with stable economies and provides for a new approach to international comparative studies.
Outcomes in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in a phase I study of everolimus in combination with lenalidomide

Everolimus, an oral mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, has been studied in multiple myeloma (MM) but lacks significant single agent activity. Based on preclinical studies showing synergistic activity of mTOR inhibitors with lenalidomide, we studied the combination of lenalidomide and everolimus in relapsed or refractory MM in a phase I clinical trial. We assessed patient samples using gene expression, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry to probe the mTOR pathway. Twenty-six patients were evaluable for toxicity. Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The maximum tolerated dose was lenalidomide 15 mg and everolimus 5 mg for 21 d with a 7 d rest period. Grade 3/4 adverse events included thrombocytopenia (35%) and neutropenia (42%). The overall response rate was 65% (1 complete response + 4 partial response + 10 minimal response). The median progression-free survival was 5·5 months and median overall survival was 29·5 months. Biomarker data demonstrated downregulation of phosphorylated p70S6K. Gene expression profiling suggested activation of mTOR in responders versus non-responders. The combination of lenalidomide and everolimus was well tolerated with predictable toxicities and showed responses in a heavily pretreated population. When confirmed with larger patient numbers, this analysis may guide patient selection for future clinical trials of mTOR inhibition in MM.
CYTOCHALASIN D ALTERS KINETICS OF CA2+ TRANSIENT IN RAT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOCYTES : AN EFFECT OF ALTERED ACTIN CYTOSKELETON?

The effects of cytochalasin D, a specific F-actin depolymerizing agent, on Ca2+ transients in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were investigated. Cytochalasin D (20 microM) significantly slowed decay of Ca2+ transients (tau decay control cells=28.1+/-1.3, n=28tau decay=47.3+/-2.8 ms, n=20, P<0.001). The rising phase of Ca2+ transients was also significantly slower in cytochalasin D treated cells (tau rise=5.1+/-0.6 ms, n=17nu tau rise in control cells=3.6+/-0.2, n=21,P<0.01). Phalloidin (100 microM), an F-actin stabilizer, prevented cytochalasin D-induced alterations of Ca2+ transient kinetics. The cytochalasin D effect was not related to the l-type Ca2+ current since the current density and kinetics were not altered by the drug. We conclude that integrity of F-actin-based cytoskeleton is an important factor for sarcoplasmic reticulum function.
Techniques and methodology of the French fifth plan

Abstract The article is divided into two main sections, the first dealing with the methodology underlying the process of “model building” in the French Fifth Plan, the second section concerned with the institutional framework within which the Plan was drawn up with a chronological analysis of the steps involved. The first section is theoretical, though no mathematical analysis is used. The purpose of this section is to give as comprehensive picture as possible of what is involved in setting up a “model” for the purposes of forecasting and of drawing up a Plan. The methodology used in setting up both the constant price and the current price models is explained, as well as a brief description of the methods used in forecasting the monetary sector. The second section describes the institutional framework within which the Plan was conceived, it is interesting to note that about 3000 persons were involved in drawing up the Plan over a period of 3 years. This section mentions the process of dialogue which took place between the various “technical” ministries and the various political bodies. There follows a brief description of the chronology of the Plan and some of the problems which arose during the period of conception.
Organizational and career pay satisfaction

Abstract A model of pay satisfaction is proposed that distinguishes organizational and career pay satisfaction. Causes and consequences of each are presented. The specification of causes is based on previous work on categories of pay referents. Ultimately, though, the model is outcome-driven, in that the rationale for the distinction is the presumed difference in response depending on the source and type of pay satisfaction. The purpose of the model is to advance our understanding of the construct of pay satisfaction, and to make pay satisfaction a more useful variable in organizational research.
Adsorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide on cesium-reconstructed Ag(1 1 0) surface

Abstract The adsorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide on cesium-reconstructed Ag(1 1 0) surface has been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). At 0.1 ML Cs coverage the whole surface exhibits a mixture of (1 × 2) and (1 × 3) reconstructed structures, indicating that Cs atoms exert a cooperative effect on the surface structures. Real-time STM observation shows that silver atoms on the Cs-covered surface are highly mobile on the nanometer scale at 300 K. The Cs-reconstructed Ag(1 1 0) surface alters the structure formed by dissociative adsorption of oxygen from p(2 × 1) or c(6 × 2) to a p(3 × 5) structure which incorporates 1/3 ML Ag atoms, resulting in the formation of nanometer-sized (10–20 nm) islands. The Cs-induced reconstruction facilitates the adsorption of CO2, which does not adsorb on unreconstructed, clean Ag(1 1 0). CO2 adsorption leads to the formation of locally ordered (2 × 1) structures and linear (2 × 2) structures distributed inhomogeneously on the surface. Adsorbed CO2 desorbs from the Cs-covered surface without accompanied O2 desorption, ruling out carbonate as an intermediate. As a possible alternative, an oxalate-type surface complex [OOC–COO] is suggested, supported by the occurrence of extensive isotope exchange between oxygen atoms among CO2(a). Direct interaction between CO2 and Cs may become significant at higher Cs coverage (>0.3 ML).
Complimentarily yours: Free examination copies and textbook prices

Abstract Textbook publishers have asserted that the sale of complimentary textbooks by professors raises textbook prices to students. This paper explores this assertion by modeling the effect of complimentary copy sale on publishers' edition life decision. This decision determines the mix of new and used books available, and hence the average price paid by students. Contrary to publishers' assertions, we find that increased propensity to sell complimentary copies by professors will tend to lengthen edition life, and hence reduce the mean price paid by students.
Effective duplex radio‐over‐fibre systems for broadband wireless service using diplex signal transport

A method for enabling efficient duplex communication in a RoF (radio-over-fibre) system by generating and diplexing signals in sideband modes is demonstrated. Data in the mm-wave band with a rate of 155 Mbps over 5 km of an optical link are transmitted using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing techniques, and the uplink performance measurements are presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52:2700–2702, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25579
Lack of utility in clinical practice of cytologic examination of nonbloody cyst fluid from palpable breast cysts

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to answer the following question: Does cytologic evaluation of nonbloody fluid aspirated from breast cysts contribute to appropriate clinical management? Study Design: A retrospective review of palpable breast cyst fluid cytologic reports and associated medical records was undertaken to determine whether the cytologic findings affected patient management. Breast cyst size, fluid volume, fluid color, and patient age were abstracted from 689 medical records (1988-1999) of women whose palpable cysts had been aspirated at the Breast Diagnostic Center, Women's and Children's Hospital, Los Angeles. These observations were correlated with the fluid cytologic reports. Results: Except for frankly bloody fluid, all breast fluid cytologic reports listed the results as acellular, inadequate for cytologic diagnosis, or no malignant cells identified. Conclusion: In clinical practice only frankly bloody fluid should be submitted for cytologic analysis. All other cyst fluid should be discarded. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1300-5.)
Pattern and variable approaches in leadership emergence and effectiveness.

This study examined variable and pattern approaches to studying the influence of individual differences on both leadership emergence and leader effectiveness. Emergent leaders were identified and then followed for 9 months of effectiveness data gathering. Bivariate correlation and regression analyses were complemented by person-based analyses. Results showed that the same pattern of individual differences (high intelligence, high dominance, high general self-efficacy, and high self-monitoring) was associated with both leadership emergence and leader effectiveness. Persons scoring high on the set of individual difference variables emerged as leaders, were promoted to leadership positions, and were rated by their suneriors as effective leaders.
The double nucleus of the sertoli cell in the lizard Anolis carolinensis

Abstract Over 90% of the Sertoli cells in the testes of adult lizards (Anolis carolinensis) are binucleate. The nuclei occur in closely associated pairs in the basal cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells that line the testis tubules. The two nuclei of a pair are of similar volume, and each usually contains one conspicuous rounded nucleolus. The average volume of individual nuclei varies from 367.8 μm3 in spermatogenically active testes in March to 172.5 μm3 in September, when testes are regressed. The irregular shape of the Sertoli nuclei is particularly pronounced during testicular regression. Until initiation of spermatogenesis in hatchling lizards, Sertoli cells have a single nucleus containing patches of hetcrochromatin. With the appearance of prophase stages of primary spermatocytes, a few paired Sertoli nuclei can be found, and the nuclei increasingly exhibit the homogeneous euchromatic nucleoplasm of the adult. The average volume of individual nuclei in lizards under 4 months of age is less than a third the volume of Sertoli nuclei in reproductivcly active adults. The appearance of binucleate cells at this time documents a doubling of the amount of desoxynucleic acid in Sertoli cells preparatory to their growth and expanded functions during spermatogenesis.
User perception of expert system advice

Abstract Expert Systems represent a major investment to many organizations. To capitalize on the investment requires that users take advantage of the advice provided. This study examines novice decision makers in a constructed setting to see if they perceive an expert system to have value in the decision process and to determine if expert systems can be favorably viewed. Results indicate that the subjects find the expert system in the study to be structured, satisfactory and an enhancement to the decision process. But even though a positive impression is made by the system, the users did not feel a sense of accomplishment. Management can build expert systems expecting the decision to be well received, but should not expect a stimulating task environment without additional design effort.
Compiler-Assisted Data Distribution and Network Configuration for Chip Multiprocessors

Data access latency, a limiting factor in the performance of chip multiprocessors, grows significantly with the number of cores in nonuniform cache architectures with distributed cache banks. To mitigate this effect, we use a compiler-based approach to leverage data access locality, choose an optimized data placement and efficiently configure the on-chip network. The proposed experimental compiler framework employs novel compilation techniques to discover and represent multithreaded memory access patterns (MMAPs). At runtime, symbolic MMAPs are resolved and used by a partitioning algorithm to choose a partition of allocated memory blocks among the forked threads in the analyzed application. This partition is used to enforce data ownership by associating the data with the core that executes the thread owning the data. Based on the partition, the communication pattern of the application can be extracted. We demonstrate how this information can be used in an experimental architecture to accelerate applications. In particular, our compiler assisted data partitioning approach shows a 20 percent speedup over shared caching and 5 percent speedup over the closest runtime approximation, first touch. By leveraging the communication pattern we can achieve a comparable performance to a system that uses a complex centralized network configuration system at runtime. Thus, our final system saves significant runtime complexity and achieves an 5.1 percent additional speedup through the addition of the reconfigurable network.
Energy loss effects on charm and bottom production in high-energy heavy ion collisions

We study the effect of energy loss on charm and bottom quarks in high-energy heavy-ion collisions including longitudinal expansion and partial thermalization. We find that high-${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ heavy quarks are greatly suppressed, and consequently, high-mass dileptons from heavy quark decays are also suppressed. We consider in detail the detector geometry and single lepton energy cuts of the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Because of the longitudinal expansion, the suppressions of $\mathrm{ee}$, $e\ensuremath{\mu}$, and $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}$ pairs resulting from the heavy quark energy loss are very different due to the different rapidity coverages and energy cuts. The assumed energy loss rate, on the order of 1 GeV/fm, results in a large suppression on dielectrons, and dielectrons from heavy quark decays become comparable or even lower than the Drell-Yan yield. It is thus possible to probe the energy loss rate of the medium using dileptons from heavy quark decays.
The Mg insertion step in chlorophyll biosynthesis.

Abstract A developing chloroplast preparation obtained from greening cucumber cotyledons is able to bring about the synthesis of Mg-protoporphyrin-IX and/or Mg-protoporphyrin-IX monomethyl ester. l -glutamate, δ-aminolevulinic acid, and protoporphyrin-IX can serve as precursors for Mg-protoporphyrin synthesis. However, when δ-aminolevulinic acid or protoporpyrin are used, no Mg-protoporphyrin is formed unless l -glutamate is also added. Mg-Protoporphyrin synthesis with δ-aminolevulinic acid plus l -glutamate, or proto-porphyrin plus l -glutamate, is much more active than with l -glutamate alone. Therefore, it is apparent that l -glutamate plays a role in the Mg chelation step in chloroplasts. α-Keto-glutarate can replace l -glutamate in this role; glutamine cannot. ATP is also required for Mg chelation. The role of l -glutamate in the Mg insertion step is not yet understood, except that l -glutamate itself does not need to be converted to porphyrins in this process, because Mg-protoporphyrin can be synthesized from protoporphyrin and l -glutamate even in the presence of the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase inhibitor, levulinate.
Kalman filtering estimation of unobserved rational expectations with an application to the German hyperinflation

Abstract The assumption that rational expectations always lie on a convergent path is subject to an empirical test using the German hyperinflation data. The estimation technique employs a Kalman filtering algorithm. After presenting a brief background for the convergent expectations problem and a derivation of the various model specifications, a generalized expectations model and its attendant Kalman filtering estimation technique are discussed. Additional estimation details and empirical results are then presented. Based on an assumption of normally distributed errors, the null hypothesis of convergent paths is rejected in all situations involving a deterministic specification of the evolution of the unobserved parameter which characterizes the convergent path. The same null hypothesis is rejected in four of the six cases corresponding to a stochastic specification of the evolution of the unobserved parameter which characterizes the convergent path. A discussion of these findings, their economic significance, and suggestions for further research concludes the paper.
Nitric oxide formation in an iron oxide pellet rotary kiln furnace.

ABSTRACT A one-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the effects of heat and mass transfer on the formation of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in a rotary kiln furnace for iron oxide pellet induration. The modeled kiln has a length-to-diameter ratio of approximately seven. The principal mechanism of heat transfer is radiation from the flame, which was described by the net radiation method. The well known Zeldovich mechanism was used to predict thermal NOx generation. Temperature fluctuations in the vicinity of the flame were estimated with a clipped Gaussian probability density function. The thermal energy and mass balance model equations were solved numerically. The model is capable of predicting temperature profiles and NOx production rates in agreement with observed plant performance. The model was used to explore the effects of process changes on the total NOx formation in the kiln. It was concluded that the gas temperature as well as the partial pressure of oxygen in the process gases contro...
Analysis of stripping to analog resonances using complex energy eigenstates

An analysis is presented of 30.2 MeV92Mo(τ, d)93Tc A angular distributions for seven isobaric analog resonances in93Tc A , using complex energy eigenstates to provide single-particle resonance state functions as form factors for the DWBA calculations. Details of the computation and use of complex energy eigenstates or Gamov functions are given, and results of the analysis are compared both with previous92Mo(d,p)93Mo studies and with previous analyses of the isobaric analog resonances. It is stressed that Gamov functions make possible a simple and elegant description of direct reactions populating either single particle or isobaric analog resonances.
Cyberbullying, Sexting, and Online Sharing: A Comparison of Parent and School Faculty Perspectives

Schools are pushing to implement more technology use to promote student learning. Yet, adults may not be completely aware of the non-academic online activities students engage in, like cyberbullying, sexting, and online sharing. In this study, parents (N = 663) and educators (N = 548) from four US states were surveyed on their understanding and awareness of their children's/students' online activities. Adult awareness levels and perspectives were compared. Parents and educators were found to be similarly supportive of computer use adding value to student education, but significantly differed in their trust levels of students' computer usage, preparedness to talk to students about Internet safety issues, and comfort regarding students using online social media. Additionally, parents and educators differed significantly in their understanding of how sharing of explicit material occurs online.
The simple analytics of contraceptive social marketing

Abstract Contraceptive Social Marketing (CSM) programs have been advocated for the dissemination of contraceptives in developing countries. This paper considers CSM programs from a simple economic perspective. It begins with a review of the major economic models of private fertility determinants and the associated private demand for contraceptives, and then adds private contraceptive supply to obtain market equilibrium. Next, inefficiencies due to negative externalities of added children and due to imperfect information and distributional concerns are considered. Finally this framework is utilized to point to lacunae in our knowledge of CSM programs and their impact and to suggest some promising areas for research.
L-type calcium channel abundance and function with cardiac hypertrophy and failure: a review.

Calcium (Ca2+) influx through the L-type Ca2+ channels in cardiac myocytes is the initiating event in the excitation-contraction coupling process. In addition, augmentation of Ca2+ entry through the l-type Ca2+ channels is one means by which beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation increases the inotropic state of the myocyte. The purpose of this review is to summarize data with respect tol-type Ca2+ channel abundance and function in the setting of cardiac hypertrophy and congestive heart failure (CHF). Results from 54 studies on animal models of hypertrophy and heart failure and seven clinical studies of end-stage CHF have been included. In general, the development of severe hypertrophy and CHF in animal models is associated with abnormalities inl-type Ca2+ channel abundance and function. However, in these animal models, abnormalities inl-type Ca2+ channel function do not consistently manifest in milder forms of cardiac pathologies. Alterations inl-type Ca2+ channel function with end-stage human CHF remain equivocal. Nevertheless, in clinical studies as well as animal models,beta-adrenergic receptor mediated augmentation of L-type Ca2+ currents has been demonstrated to be reduced, in general, with hypertrophy and CHF. Future studies that examine the role of the L-type Ca2+ channel with respect to the excitation-contraction coupling process and myocyte contractility are warranted.
Combinatorial Inhibition in PDZ Containing Scaffold Proteins

By binding multiple ligands simultaneously, scaffold proteins increase the efficiency of signal transduction reactions and organize the flow of molecular information at cellular interfaces. Mathematical models predict that, unlike enzymes, scaffold proteins become self-inhibitory at high concentrations due to sequestration of ligands into separate, unproductive multi-protein complexes. This combinatorial inhibition (or prozone effect) suggests that there is an optimal scaffold concentration for the formation of specific multi-protein complexes, and that scaffold concentration could influence which complexes are formed and which signaling pathways are activated.
In vitro culture of Echinacea purpurea L.

In vitro tissue culture protocols were tested for the propagation of Echinacea purpurea L. (purple coneflower) using Murashige and Skoog Minimal Organics (MSMO) with combinations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and kinetin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin. Hypocotyl explants formed more shoots and roots at NAA-kinetin levels of 1:1 and 2:1 (NAA:kinetin) mg/liter of media than any other hormone regime tested. Extensive callus and a limited number of shoots and roots formed on media with 2,4-D-kinetin combinations. Explants on media with NAA-kinetin produced mature plants with flowers true-to-type in color and form.
Regulation of macrophage procoagulant responses by the tissue factor cytoplasmic domain in endotoxemia.

Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of coagulation, and the TF pathway mediates signaling through protease-activated receptors (PARs). In sepsis, TF is up-regulated as part of the proinflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–stimulated monocytes leading to systemic coagulation activation. Here we demonstrate that TF cytoplasmic domain–deleted (TFΔCT) mice show enhanced and prolonged systemic coagulation activation relative to wild-type upon LPS challenge. However, TFΔCT mice resolve inflammation earlier and are protected from lethality independent of changes in coagulation. Macrophages from LPS-challenged TFΔCT mice or LPS-stimulated, in vitro–differentiated bone marrow–derived macrophages show increased TF mRNA and functional activity relative to wild-type, identifying up-regulation of macrophage TF expression as a possible cause for the increase in coagulation of TFΔCT mice. Increased TF expression of TFΔCT macrophages does not require PAR2 and is specific for toll-like receptor, but not interferon γ receptor, signaling. The presence of the TF cytoplasmic domain suppresses ERK1/2 phosphorylation that is reversed by p38 inhibition leading to enhanced TF expression specifically in wild-type but not TFΔCT mice. The present study demonstrates a new role of the TF cytoplasmic domain in an autoregulatory pathway that controls LPS-induced TF expression in macrophages and procoagulant responses in endotoxemia.
Potentiation of amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in the adult mouse following neonatal thyroxine administration

In order to examine possible long-term effects of neonatal hyperthyroidism on catecholamine (CA) neural systems, mice receiving saline or thyroxine injections during the neonatal period were subsequently injected with d-amphetamine or saline immediately prior to testing for locomotor activity at 100 days of age. Thyroxine-treated males were more active than control males following amphetamine injections, but thyroxine-treated and control females did not differ in this regard. In general, the results suggest that neonatal hyperthyroidism may have long-lasting effects on CA function that, at least at the age tested, may be limited to the male mouse.
Strengthening Public Administration Research: Identifying Boundaries and Horizons

Since the early days of the field, public administration research has been a work in progress. Many authors have struggled to find the proper role of research in the field. Interest in the topic intensified over the last couple of decades, as a perception developed that the quality and usefulness of work had fallen decidedly behind other academic disciplines. While a rich literature has developed debating the merits of public administration research, the resulting product does not provide a clear direction for reform-minded researchers to follow. In this article, we seek to organize this material in ways that will make it more useful. Our analysis identifies hard and soft barriers preventing progress and examines three dilemmas facing public administration researchers: theoretical versus conceptual research, academically sophisticated methods versus widely accessible methods, and an academic versus a practitioner focus. Through our discussion of these dilemmas, we seek to clarify the issues facing researc...
ICS - A system for imprecise computations

Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1304 West Springfield Avenue Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA The imprecise computation technique was introduced as a way to handle transient overload and to enhance the fault-tolerance of real-time systems. In a system based on this technique, each time-critical task is designed in such a way that it can produce a usable, approximate result in time whenever a failure or overload prevents it from producing the desired, precise result. This paper describes an architecture that integrates the mechanism for the generation and use of approximate results with the traditional checkpointing mechanism. It then describes a system we are currently developing that implements this architecture.