cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of Computers and Information Systems Into the Business School Curriculum: A Case Study

Abstract As computers and information systems become more and more pervasive in the corporate world, business schools are challenged to produce graduates who can function in this information-based environment. Business schools are attempting to meet the challenge by integrating information technology into their curricula. The American University's Kogod College of Business Administration has made significant progress in its multiyear effort to integrate information technology into the curriculum. This article presents the process that the Kogod College has followed to achieve its integration goal. The process involved data collection and analysis, a formal implementation plan, and several integration initiatives. The results of the implementation initiatives are discussed as well as implications for integration programs at other business schools.
Phonon Polariton Reflectance Spectra In a Silicon Carbide Membrane Hole Array

We report on the experimental observation of the effect of periodic hole arrays in the infrared reflection spectra of suspended polycrystalline silicon carbide (poly-SiC) membranes. The poly-SiC was deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), patterned with contact photolithography, and etched by reactive ion etching (RIE). The spectra are shown to be strongly dependent on the pitch and aperture size of the hole arrays, indicating poly-SiC has promise as a mid-IR optical material.
Teaching dynamic programming using APL

Unlike most other algorithms in optimization, such as the Simplex method in linear programming, dynamic programming is generally considered to be an approach to viewing an optimization problem rather than an algorithm which provides a step‐by‐step solution procedure converging to the optimum. This specificity of the dynamic programming technique often confuses its users both in classroom and in practice. In this paper we illustrate how this difficulty can be overcome with the aid of APL (A Programming Language).
Virulence and fitness of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in its host Lymantria dispar, for pathogen and host strains originating from Asia, Europe, and North America.

In this study, we tested (1) whether non-North American gypsy moth strains are susceptible to North American isolates of Entomophaga maimaiga and (2) the potential for erosion in the efficacy of E. maimaiga in controlling gypsy moth. We used bioassays to assess the variability in virulence (measured as time to death) as well as fitness of the pathogen (measured as spore production) in four gypsy strains challenged with six E. maimaiga isolates, using host and pathogen strains originating from Asia, Europe, and North America. We found that all E. maimaiga isolates tested were pathogenic to all strains of Lyrnantria dispar, regardless of the geographical origin of the fungal isolate, with at least 86% mortality for all combinations of fungal isolate and gypsy moth strain. We therefore conclude that Asian gypsy moths are susceptible to North American strains of E. maimaiga. No significant interactions between fungal isolates and gypsy moth strains with regard to time to death were found, indicating that each fungal isolate had the same overall effect on all the gypsy moth strains tested. However, fungal isolates differed significantly with regard to virulence, with a Russian isolate being the slowest to kill gypsy moth (5.1 +/- 0.1 days) and a Japanese isolate being the overall fastest to kill its host (4.0 +/- 0.1 days). Fungal isolates also differed in fitness, with variability in types of spores produced. These differences in virulence and fitness were, however, not correlated with geographical origin of the fungal isolate. Gypsy moth strains had no or only little effect on fungal virulence and fitness. Based on our studies with laboratory-reared gypsy moth strains, erosion of successful control of gypsy moth by E. maimaiga seems unlikely.
Are Lions and Tigers Substitutes or Associates? Evidence against Slot Filler Accounts of Children's Early Categorization

Items in event-based categorical relations, or "slot fillers," have been found to be recalled better by children than items in a taxonomic relation. This has been used as evidence that children's memory is organized around script-based representations rather than taxonomic structures. Others have attributed the superior recall of slot fillers to association and typicality rather than memory structure per se. This study was designed to see if the slot filler advantage remains when association and typicality were controlled for. Forty-five 3- to 4-yearolds were tested using a cued recall procedure in which typicality and association were varied for slot filler versus taxonomic coordinate lists of items. Only children receiving the typical + high association slot filler list showed significantly better recall than the taxonomic coordinate list. There were no differences between the atypical + low association slot filler list and the taxonomic coordinate list. These results suggest that the slot filler advantage can be attributed to the more traditional mechanisms of association and typicality.
Purification and steady-state kinetic analysis of yeast thiosulfate reductase.

Abstract Thiosulfate reductase has been purified approximately 70-fold from an extract of bakers' yeast. An enzyme with a molecular weight of 17,000, a Stokes radius of 19 A, and a p I of 5.1 was obtained. Initial velocity and inhibition studies indicate that the substrates add in a random fashion. Further evidence suggests that the rapid-equilibrium assumption is not totally applicable. The enzyme has two distinct but closely situated substrate binding sites—one for compounds with an RSO 3 − structure and one for the sulfhydryl substrate.
Effects Of Depth On Color Rendition

Our endeavors to unveil new systems to probe and penetrate the resourceful potential of the sea are being rapidly developed. The users of the photo mechanical process have made many attempts to document these new assignments; the majority are inadequate primarily from the lack of positive information concerned with the cause and effect on light sensitive emulsions.
EXPERIMENTS ON FORMING,COMPRESSING AND EXTRACTING ELECTRON RINGS FOR THE COLLECTIVE ACCELERATION OF IONS

Abstract In experiments related to the development of the electron-ring accelerator, electrons were injected into a pulsed magnetic field to form rings that were then compressed radially to a small size. The injected beam had a current of about 150 A at an energy of 3.3 MeV with an energy spread of ±0.1% and a pulse length duration of 20 nsec. At low intensity, an increase in the minor radius of the ring and a large loss of electrons was observed to occur during the compression cycle. At high intensity, cooperative phenomena that caused a large increase in the energy spread accompanied by particle loss were observed. Theoretical interpretation of these observations suggests that the primary source of electron loss and enlargement of the axial dimension was the crossing of single-particle resonances during compression in the presence of large magnetic field nonlinearities and perturbations. The cooperative phenomena are interpreted as resulting from a negative mass instability. Despite the large minor radius and small number of electrons, experiments on extracting the ring were performed; under acceleration the ring failed to retain its integrity because of inadequate self-focusing.
The “inverse care law” and infant mortality among Whites and Blacks in the United States

Purpose – In the context of a much higher infant mortality rate (IMR) among Blacks than among Whites in the USA, the purpose of this paper is to compare changes in IMR in the two groups to judge whether the rates of decline are indicative of the so‐called Matthew‐effect or the inverse‐care principle, which, in contrast with the usual expectation of “diminishing marginal product,” suggests that higher level of IMR would be associated with a slower rate of IMR decline.Design/methodology/approach – Changes in the IMR for each group over the period 1980‐2007 are studied. Levels and rates of decline in the two groups are compared for 1980‐1990, 1990‐2000, and 1980‐2007 for the USA. In addition, the levels and rates of decline in the two groups over these periods are also compared for each state.Findings – Despite the much higher level of IMR among Blacks, the rates of decline in IMR over 1980‐1990, 1990‐2000, and 1980‐2007 are considerably lower for Blacks than for Whites when data for the entire USA are consi...
Regulatory T Cells and Infectious Disease

Various cell types that express regulatory function may influence the pathogenesis of most and perhaps all infections. Some regulatory cells are present at the time of infection whereas others are induced or activated in response to infection. The actual mechanisms by which different types of infections signal regulatory cell responses remain poorly understood. However a most likely mechanism is the creation of a microenvironment that permits the conversion of conventional T cells into cells with the same antigen specificity that have regulatory function. Some possible means by which this can occur are discussed. The relationship between regulatory cells and infections is complex especially with chronic situations. The outcome can either be of benefit to the host or damage the disease control process or in rare instances appears to be a component of a finely balanced relationship between the host and the infecting agent. Manipulating the regulatory cell responses to achieve a favorable outcome of infection remains an unfulfilled objective of therapeutic immunology.
Effect of planar size and dynamic loading rate on initiation and propagation toughness of a moderate-toughness steel

Abstract The effects of specimen planar size and dynamic loading rate on the dynamic initiation and propagation toughness properties of a high-strength, rate-insensitive 4340 steel at room temperature were investigated. Simultaneous dynamic initiation and propagation testing of prefatigue-cracked, compact specimens was accomplished with a coupled pressure bars technique which enabled the specimen planar size to be varied from 38 to 89 mm. Dynamic crack initiation was characterized by stress intensity loading rates varying from 1 × 10 6 to 3 × 10 6 MPa√msec −1 , while dynamic crack propagation was characterized by load-line displacement rates varying from 13 to 27 msec −1 . These experiments were simulated with a viscoplastic dynamic finite element code and toughness data were extracted from the dynamically calculated J '-integral. Dynamic initiation and propagation toughnesses were found to be independent of planar size down to a size of 38 mm. Dynamic initiation toughness was found to increase with increasing dynamic loading rate. These results are related to a decrease in transition temperature with increasing loading rate of rate-insensitive 4340 steels. Dynamic propagation toughness was found to increase with increasing crack velocity. For a constant local strain rate, a higher toughness was measured with a propagating crack when compared to a stationary crack. The higher propagation toughness was interpreted based on increased adiabatic heating at the tip of the propagating crack.
‘“Keeping Tabs” on Coalition Partners’: a Theoretically Salient Case Study of Lithuanian Coalitional Governments

Abstract Portfolio allocation raises the potential for de facto abdication on a broad range of policy issues among coalition partners. Recent scholarship has addressed how parties in governing coalitions ‘keep tabs’ on each other in order to avoid such abdication. Two mechanisms have been identified: junior ministerial appointments and chairs of parliamentary oversight committees. We argue that the former is the most common method for intra-coalitional oversight in the Lithuanian parliament and that a combination of the two appears to be employed for monitoring the activities of the most important ministries. We conjecture that dependence on junior ministerial oversight is more likely among coalition partners in less institutionalised parliaments.
Further Observations on Dietary Gizzard Ulcer in Chicks

Summary. The development of dietary gizzard ulcers in chicks is decreased by the omission of cod liver oil from the diet or by the incorporation of methyl arachidomate or methyl esters of the highly unsaturated fatty acids from phosphatides of beef adrenals in the diet. Incorporation of methyl esters from the highly unsaturated fatty acids from a fish oil such as Menhaden oil increases the tendency to ulceration.
The posterior lateral line lobe of a mormyrid fish--a Golgi study.

The posterior lateral line lobe is a rhombencephalic laminated structure. There is a topographic projection of anterior and posterior lateral line nerves upon the posterior lobe. The six separate lamina of the posterior lobe contain at least six cell types which can be distinguished on the basis of their dendritic trees. One lamina, the plexiform layer, contains the collateral plexus of the lamina of ganglion cells. There is an asymmetry in the dendritic fields and in the collateral plexus of neurons of the posterior lobe, such that their long axis runs in the sagittal plane. There is an extensive projection from granule cells of lobus caudalis to the posterior lobe molecular layer. This connection is organized in a fashion similar to that of the parallel fiber system of the cerebellum, i.e., the axons form an inverted T, the arms of which run parallel to the granule cell layer. This projection is confined to the upper part of the molecular layer, while the lower part of the molecular layer contains the axons arising in the posterior lobe granular layer.
Anabolic Fluid Flow as Dependent on It Dose and Frequency in Bone Formation and Inhibition of Bone Loss

Anabolic response of bone to interstitial fluid flow is strongly dependent on the dynamic components of the fluid pressure, implying that fluid flow is a critical regulatory component to bone mass and morphology. While the fluid stimulus can be potentially applied for therapeutic in promoting turnover, the hypothesis of fluid induced bone adaptation was evaluated in an avian ulna model using varied flow rates and magnitudes. Total of 12 one-year old male avian animals was used in this study. A sinusoidal fluid pressure was applied to the experimental ulna 10 min/day for 4 weeks. Three experimental groups of loading were performed at 1 and 30 Hz of fluid loading. The results reveal an increase of 22.7%±7.2 in trabecular volume for group of 30 Hz, 76mmHg loading, while it had only 0.5 % increase at 1Hz, 76 mmHg loading. Under physiologic fluid pressure, a higher flow rate of stimuli generates much higher remodeling response than a lower rate of loading. This implies that bone turnover may be sensitive to the dynamic components of fluid flow, thereby initiating the adaptive response.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Strategic Choice of Channel Structure in an Oligopoly

The traditional wisdom holds that the benefits of a decentralized channel structure arise from downstream competitive relationships. In contrast, Arya and Mittendorf (2007) show that the value of decentralization can also come from the upstream relationship when the downstream firms convey internal strife (decentralization) to an upstream input supplier. This paper demonstrates that the Arya and Mittendorf result continues to hold irrespective of the market structure of the upstream input market. However, if the upstream market is monopolized and the monopoly supplier follows a uniform price policy decentralization may not result from the centralization-decentralization game.
Semi-automated rediscovery of lost YouTube music videos

Users frequently post popular material to YouTube, and in response, others link to these videos from social media, blogs, forums, and email. However, this content may be removed for numerous reasons, only to resurface again at another URL. This continuous movement and breaking of the web graph makes it difficult for users to relocate content that has moved in YouTube. We present Volitrax, an add-on for FireFox which redirects users to YouTube music videos that have moved to a different URL within YouTube. Volitrax acts as an intermediary that corrects the web graph transparently so YouTube links continue to work even after the content has changed locations.
Characterization of the isolated rat mesenteric vascular-intestinal loop preparation.

Abstract The isolated mesenteric vascular-intestinal loop preparation has been shown to be an important model of resistance vessel hemodynamics reflective of both physiological and pathological conditions. The present experiments were performed to characterize the isolated rat mesenteric vascular-intestinal loop preparations. The mesenteric vasculature with intestine was perfused with modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution at a constant flow of 5 mL min . To examine spontaneous norepinephrine overflow, the perfusate and superfusate were collected for 4-min periods from 36 to 60 min after the start of the perfusion. The norepinephrine overflow from the mesenteric vasculature was also determined in response to field stimulation (FS). Basal spontaneous endogenous norepinephrine overflow was relatively constant. The spontaneous norepinephrine overflow was increased by guanethidine (10 −5 M) but was not influenced by tetrodotoxin (3 × 10 −7 M), cocaine (10 −6 M), or prazosin (10 −6 M) treatment. Field stimulation (4–12 Hz) caused frequency-dependent pressor responses and increases in norepinephrine overflow. When norepinephrine overflow was expressed as amount/stimulus (picogram/stimulus), it was frequency independent. The pressor responses to FS were abolished by guanethidine (10 −5 M), tetrodotoxin (3 × 10 −7 M), and prazosin (3 × 10 −8 M). Prazosin at 10 −6 M significantly augmented the FS-induced endogenous norepinephrine overflow. Thus, these results indicate that the isolated rat mesenteric vascular-intestinal loop preparation is an excellent model for demonstrating resistance changes in isolated vascular beds while simultaneously measuring endogenous catecholamine overflow.
Photoluminescence line shape in degenerate semiconductor quantum wells

A microscopic theory and data are presented for the steady-state photoluminescence line shape at low lattice temperatures in modulation-doped degenerate direct-band-gap semiconductor quantum wells which are excited by a low-intensity cw laser. Electron-hole recombinations occur through direct as well as impurity-assisted (indirect) processes. In our theoretical model the photoluminescence linewidths and spectral shifts arise primarily from ionized-impurity scattering of the majority and minority carriers with smaller contributions from the thermal distribution of the carriers. The dependencies of the line shape on the doping configuration (e.g., space-layer thickness) and the carrier temperature are studied. The theory yields good agreement with the line shape of luminescence data from the modulation-doped n-type and p-type strained In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-//sub x//GaAs quantum wells with no adjustable parameters.
The electrochemical reduction of riboflavin in dimethylsulfoxide

Summary The electroreduction of riboflavin in dimethylsulfoxide solutions at a mercury electrode was studied by polarographic, cyclic voltammetric and coulometric techniques. The solutions produced upon reduction were examined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. A mechanism for the reaction, based on an initial one-electron transfer to form the riboflavin radical anion which decomposes by two parallel reactions, is proposed.
Insulin-degrading enzyme, apolipoprotein E, and Alzheimer's disease.

Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a protease that degrades insulin and the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Hence, factors that influence IDE expression or IDE activity toward Aβ are potentially relevant to the etiology of AD. Hippocampal IDE mRNA levels are lower on average in subjects with an APOE e4 allele, suggesting that the genetic risk conferred by APOE e4 may be mediated in part by this allele’ effect on IDE expression. Other factors that influence IDE may be relevant in non-e4 carriers. For example, insulin, a competitive inhibitor of IDE activity toward Aβ, may be elevated in non-e4 cases. We here report IDE gene promoter region variants that are associated with AD in subjects without an e4 allele. If these promoter region variants prove to affect expression levels, they may be relevant to disease as well. Further investigation of the relationship between APOE genotype, IDE genetic variants, and the expression and activity of hippocampal IDE is warranted.
Global solution curves for a class of elliptic systems

We study curves of positive solutions for a system of elliptic equations of Hamiltonian type on a unit ball. We give conditions for all positive solutions to lie on global solution curves, allowing us to use the analysis similar to the case of one equation, as developed in P. Korman, Y. Li and T. Ouyang [An exact multiplicity result for a class of semilinear equations, Commun. PDE 22 (1997), pp. 661–684.] (see also T. Ouyang and J. Shi [Exact multiplicity of positive solutions for a class of semilinear problems, II, J. Diff. Eqns. 158(1) (1999), pp. 94–151].). As an application, we obtain some non-degeneracy and uniqueness results. For the one-dimensional case we also prove the positivity for the linearized problem, resulting in more detailed results.
Selecting for efficiency of egg production using food-consumption records in layer-type chickens

1. The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the use of food consumption records in selection to improve layer-type chickens. 2. Twelve subpopulations of Leghorns, including 5878 tested birds, were used in a selection experiment which lasted 5 generations. Four were selected using an index (I1) that combined information on body weight (BW), egg-mass output (EM), and individual food-consumption records (FC). Four were selected using an index (I2) that combined information just on BW and EM. The remaining 4 served as controls, with selection differentials set to zero in each generation. 3. Differences between the selected groups, control-corrected each generation, measured the "food-record effect". 4. Including food-consumption records in the selection criterion resulted in increased body weight (7%), reduction in food consumption (6 to 9%), increase in food efficiency (egg mass/food consumption) (2 to 5%), and increase in income over food costs (10%), relative to selection not involving food records.
Analysis of Accelerated Hazards Models

Abstract The proportional hazards model for survival time data usually assumes that the covariates of interest take constant effects proportionally on an unspecified baseline hazard function. However, it may not be applicable when the assumption of constant proportionality is violated. In a two-arm randomized clinical trial, for example, the treatment is often expected to be fully effective only after a certain lag period. Some alternatives, such as the accelerated failure time model, have been developed in statistical literature. This article introduces an accelerated hazards model when there is a scale change relationship between the hazard functions. An estimating equation is proposed to estimate the parameter semiparametrically. The methodology is demonstrated within a two-sample framework. Several extensions of the model are also considered. Real clinical trial data are used to investigate the model's practical use.
Observations on certain inequality conditions in plasticity

Abstract In this paper it is shown that the thermodynamic reference stress soKL which is associated with the state of plastic strain must always be within or on the yield surface. A restriction is therefore imposed on the functions representing the yield surface, the free energy, and strain hardening. An example is given in which soKL ultimately moves outside the yield surface provided that these functions are not selected properly. The paper also includes a discussion of Drucker's postulate of stability in the small and whether or not this postulate is essential for the theory of plasticity.
Recent developments in the management of infants with end-stage renal disease

Until recently, pediatric dialysis and transplantation programs routinely excluded infants younger than 1 year old. Even if it were technically possible to perform hemodialysis and transplantation in infants, a myriad of problems, such as growth failure, delayed mental development, and psychological problems in families were seen. However, recent reports indicate that in infants with end-stage renal disease, mortality, growth in sature, and mental development can be improved dramatically by aggressive treatment with peritoneal dialysis, nutritional management with tube feeding, and early transplantation. Because the management of dialysis and transplantation in infants is very difficult, informed consent should be obtained from parents before treatment is started. It is important that medical staff have enough experience, not only in the technical management of patients, but also in psychosocial care of their parents. Today, it is possible for infants with end-stage renal disease to be successfully treated with aggressive management by an appropriate institution.
A technical problem in the calculation of laminar flow near irregular surfaces described by sampled geometric data

The numerical simulation of fluid flow and transport near biological surfaces must take into account the natural irregularity of these surfaces if the influence of the surface geometry on the near-wall flow field is to be modeled. If the geometric description of a biological surface has a limited resolution, what impact will this have on the accuracy of a computational simulation of the near-wall flow field? It is important to emphasize here that the problem arises from the limited number of data points describing the geometry and not from any limit on the number of mesh points in any subsequent calculation. In this note we show that if every point in a geometric data set describing an axisymmetric model of a diseased coronary artery is taken as a mesh point, then a well converged and otherwise accurately calculated wall shear stress distribution contains a degree of uncertainty which is attributable wholly to the limited resolution of the original geometric model. The approach taken is to repeat the numerical calculation on a reduced resolution version of the original geometric data set, comparing the wall shear stress distribution with that obtained originally. We conclude that accurate computational modeling and simulation of transport processes near irregular biological surfaces will be highly dependent on the availability of well-resolved geometric data describing the surface under study.
Capacity of time-slotted ALOHA packetized multiple-access systems over the AWGN channel

We study different notions of capacity for time-slotted ALOHA systems. In these systems, multiple users synchronously send packets in a bursty manner over a common additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The users do not coordinate their transmissions, which may collide at the receiver. For such a system, we define both single-slot capacity and multiple-slot capacity. We then construct a coding and decoding scheme for single-slot capacity that achieves any rate within this capacity region. This coding and decoding scheme for a single time slot combines aspects of multiple access rate splitting and of broadcast codes for degraded AWGN channels. This design allows some bits to be reliably received even when collisions occur and more bits to be reliably received in the absence of collisions. The exact number of bits reliably received under both of these scenarios is part of the code design process, which we optimize to maximize the expected rate in each slot. Next, we examine the behavior of the system asymptotically over multiple slots. We show that there exist coding and decoding strategies such that regardless of the burstiness of the traffic, the system is stable as long as the average rate of the users is within the multiple access capacity region of the channel. In other words, we show that bursty traffic does not decrease the Cover-Wyner capacity region of the multiple access channel. A vast family of codes, which includes the type of codes we introduce for the single-slot transmission, achieve the capacity region, in a sense we define, for multiple-slot transmissions. These codes are stabilizing, using only local information at each of the individual queues. The use of information regarding other queues or the use of scheduling does not improve the multiple-slot capacity region.
Prediction of mucin-type O-glycosylation sites in mammalian proteins using the composition of k-spaced amino acid pairs

Background As one of the most common protein post-translational modifications, glycosylation is involved in a variety of important biological processes. Computational identification of glycosylation sites in protein sequences becomes increasingly important in the post-genomic era. A new encoding scheme was employed to improve the prediction of mucin-type O-glycosylation sites in mammalian proteins.
Note on some properties of wave source distributions

Abstract The paper contains a result involving the properties of certain integrals representing distributions of wave sources and doublets. Two surface integrals, one for the value of a wave function and the other for the value of its normal derivative on the surface are taken from the literature. Taken together these two representations are shown to lead to integral formulas analogous to the Poincare-Bertrand formula and a pair of coupled integral equations, and their explicit solution, analogous to Hilbert's integral equation.
Cognitive Changes, Critical Sessions, and Sudden Gains in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression.

Using an independent cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) data set, the authors replicated T. Z. Tang and R. J. DeRubeis' (1999) discovery of sudden gains--sudden and large decreases in depression severity in a single between-session interval. By incorporating therapy session transcripts, the authors of this study improved the reliability of the Patient Cognitive Change Scale to .75 and found that these CBT sudden gains were also preceded by substantial cognitive changes in the pregain sessions.
Activation of p42 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase in Hippocampal Long Term Potentiation

Abstract Although classically studied as regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are highly expressed in post-mitotic neurons of the adult nervous system. We have begun investigating the potential role of MAPKs in the regulation of synaptic plasticity in mature neurons. In particular, we have studied the regulation of two MAPK isoforms, p44 and p42 MAPK, in hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP), a system widely studied as a model for the cellular basis of learning and memory. We have found that p42 MAPK, but not p44 MAPK, is activated in area CA1 following direct stimulation of two required components of the LTP induction cascades: protein kinase C and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that p42 MAPK, but not p44 MAPK, is activated in area CA1 in response to LTP-inducing high frequency stimulation and that this activation requires NMDA receptor stimulation. These data demonstrate that p42 MAPK can be regulated in an activity-dependent manner in the hippocampus and identify it as a potential component of the LTP induction cascades in area CA1. Such observations suggest that p42 MAPK might be an important regulator of synaptic plasticity in post-mitotic neurons.
A Late Glacial-Holocene Tephrochronology for Glacial Lakes in Southern Ecuador

Despite the presence of numerous active volcanoes in the northern half of Ecuador, few, if any, distal tephras have been previously recognized in the southern one third of the country. In this article, we document the presence of thin (0.1–1.0-cm-thick) distal tephras comprising glass and/or phenocrysts of hornblende and feldspar in sediment cores from five glacial lakes and one bog in Las Cajas National Park (2°40′–3°00′S, 79°00′–79°25′W). The lake cores contain from 5 to 7 tephras, and each has a diagnostic major element geochemistry as determined from electron microprobe analysis of ∼710 glass shards and ∼440 phenocrysts of feldspar and hornblende. The loss of sodium with exposure to the electron microbeam causes a 10±7 wt.% (±1σ) reduction in Na content, which we empirically determined and corrected for before correlating tephras among the sediment cores. We use a similarity coefficient to correlate among the sediment cores; pair-wise comparison of all tephras generally yields an unambiguous correlation among the cores. Six tephras can be traced among all or most of the cores, and several tephras are present in only one or two of the cores. Twenty-six accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dates on macrofossils preserved in the sediment cores provide the basis for establishing a regional tephrochronology. The widespread tephras were deposited ∼9900, 8800, 7300, 5300, 2500, and 2200 cal yr B.P. The oldest tephras were deposited ∼15,500 and 15,100 cal yr B.P., but these are not found in all cores. Two of the tephras appear correlative with volcaniclastic strata on the flanks of Volcan Cotopaxi and one tephra may correlate with strata on the flanks of Volcan Ninahuilca; both volcanoes are in central Ecuador. The absence of tephras in sediment cores correlative with the numerous eruptions of active volcanoes of the past two millennia implies that the earlier eruptions, which did deposit tephras in the lakes, must have been either especially voluminous, or southerly winds must have prevailed at the time of the eruption, or both.
Tandem intramolecular benzyne–furan cycloadditions. Total synthesis of vineomycinone B2 methyl ester

Abstract We have exploited tandem intramolecular benzyne–furan cycloadditions employing three different benzyne precursors to generate substituted bisoxabenzonorbornadienes in a single operation. The regiochemical outcomes in these Diels–Alder reactions were effectively controlled by using disposable silicon tethers to link the reacting benzyne and furan moieties. Two different methods for converting the intermediate bisoxabenzonorbornadienes to substituted anthrarufins were developed. The first tactic entails the initial cleavage of the silicon tethers followed by regioselective ring opening of the oxabicycloheptadienes and oxidation of the central ring giving the target anthrarufin, whereas the second features the regioselective ring opening of the oxabicycloheptadienes followed by protiodesilylation and oxidation. When the starting furans bear carbohydrate substitutents, this new methodology enables the rapid assembly of the glycosyl-substituted aromatic cores of complex C-aryl glycoside antibiotics from simple starting materials. The utility of this novel approach to anthrarufins and C-aryl glycosides is exemplified in a triply convergent synthesis of vineomycinone B2 methyl ester.
Academic Achievement among Hispanic Students from One- Versus Dual-Parent Households.

Using data from a nationally representative sample of eighth-grade students, this research examines the relative effect of being in a one-parent versus dual-parent household on the educational achievement of Hispanic middle-grade students. It found that under most circumstances, students in dual-parent households do better than their counterparts in one-parent households. However, when appropriately controlling for socioeconomic status, students in one-parent households are not statistically significantly different than their counterparts in dual-parent households. The article concludes with suggestionsforpublic policy to bring about more parityforstudents in these varying types of households.
Thermal analysis for design of high performance motors

Thermal analysis is very important to the design of low cost and long lifetime motors. This paper presents CFD results of air flow and heat transfer around a totally enclosed, fan cooled motor housing, which is the motor's final passage of heat rejection to ambient air. The detail geometries of finned housing, fan, shroud, inlet grill, rail supports and ground are modeled. The heat fluxes are prescribed at the inner surface of the housing. The effects of inlet grill geometry, fan rotation direction and the thermal conductivity of the housing material are examined. The inlet grill has a strong effect on fan inflow and motor temperature, whereas the rotation direction has less impact on overall temperature but results in some local variation. A good conductive ground reduces the housing temperature near the ground and an aluminium housing has a more uniform temperature distribution than cast iron. The computed temperature distributions and mass flow rate of air drawn through the motor are compared with experimental data, and they are in good agreement. The averaged convection heat transfer coefficient is obtained and can be used for future motor designs.
The National Community College Benchmark Project

The National Community College Benchmark Project (NCCBP) provides community colleges with a system to report data on key learning outcomes and indicators of institutional effectiveness and to compare their data with national norms and data from selected peer institutions. This chapter describes the development, current features, and anticipated enhancements of the NCCBP.
A new tool to generate transgenic rats using female germline stem cells from post-natal ovaries.

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the precursors of reproductive gametes. They were first identified in the posterior region of embryos at the angle between the allantois and the wall of the yolk sac, and were shown to subsequently migrate into the forming gonadal ridges in early mouse and human embryos of both sexes (Eddy et al., 1981; Bendel-Stenzel et al., 1998). PGCs will eventually differentiate into oogonia/oocytes in the female mammals. At birth, ovaries are filled with primordial follicles, which are differentiated from PGCs/oogonia (De Felici, 2010; De Felici and Barrios, 2013).
Generalizing Trust: Inferencing Trustworthiness from Categories

In this paper, starting from a socio-cognitive model of trust,we analyze how it is possible to predict how/when an agent whotrusts something/ someone will therefore trust something/someoneelse, before and without a direct experience. On the contrary ofmodels of trust just based on (or reduced to) a probability indexor a simple measure of experience and frequency, we are interestedto analyze the trust concept so that we are able to cope withproblems like: a) given X’s evaluation about Y’strustworthiness on a specific task τ, what can we say onX’s evaluation about Y’s trustworthiness on a differentbut analogous task τ’? What would we intend for ananalogous task? b) Given X’s evaluation about Y’strustworthiness on a specific task τ, what can we say onX’s evaluation about the trustworthiness of a different agentZ on the same task τ? In fact, in our view only a cognitivemodel of trust, with its analytical power, seems able to accountfor the inferential generalization of trustworthiness from task totask and from agent to agent not just based on specific experienceand/or learning.
Illustrations for Procedural Instructions for Non-Rectilinear Objects

Illustrations of non-rectilinear objects produce challenges to users. Two studies of test-subjects' tying knots in ropes revealed difficulties in users' discerning the orientation and relative position of illustrated objects, and the required direction of actions.
How many replicates of arrays are required to detect gene expression changes in microarray experiments? A mixture model approach

Background: It has been recognized that replicates of arrays (or spots) may be necessary for reliably detecting differentially expressed genes in microarray experiments. However, the oftenasked question of how many replicates are required has barely been addressed in the literature. In general, the answer depends on several factors: a given magnitude of expression change, a desired statistical power (that is, probability) to detect it, a specified Type I error rate, and the statistical method being used to detect the change. Here, we discuss how to calculate the number of replicates in the context of applying a nonparametric statistical method, the normal mixture model approach, to detect changes in gene expression. Results: The methodology is applied to a data set containing expression levels of 1,176 genes in rats with and without pneumococcal middle-ear infection. We illustrate how to calculate the power functions for 2, 4, 6 and 8 replicates. Conclusions: The proposed method is potentially useful in designing microarray experiments to discover differentially expressed genes. The same idea can be applied to other statistical methods.
Sub-Saharan African Students’ Experiences, Perceptions, and Expectations with American Health Services: An Intercultural Challenge

Understanding patients‟ cultural expectations could contribute to better health outcomes and decrease cultural health disparities. This qualitative pilot study objective was to explore experiences, perceptions, and expectations of males and females Angolan students as patients in America. Eighteen face-to-face interviews were conducted at a Midwestern university. Burgoon‟s expectancy violation theory (1991) was the theoretical background. Results revealed as positive expectation violations an advanced technology, quality of services, medicine availability, and emphasis on preventive care. Negative expectation violations included high service costs, complicated insurance system, short medical encounters, and difficulty in building relational history with providers. The study also revealed that culturally related communication barriers as well as negative violations of expectations hinder the quality of intercultural clinical encounters and can affect health outcomes. Participants emphasized the importance of these interpersonal relations and their connection with perceptions of caregivers‟ professional competence. International patients/students revealed that they believe friendliness on the part of the caregiver is a signal that they are dealing with a “good” doctor or nurse. Intercultural competence is an important asset of caregivers who work in multicultural clinics and in college health. Practical implications emerged in international advising and clinician‟s education.
Design of aerosolized amphotericin b formulations for prophylaxis trials among lung transplant recipients.

Background. Emphasis has been placed on the need for antifungal prophylaxis when transplanted organs are directly exposed to the environment. In lung transplantation, one strategy for prevention has been aerosolization of polyenes into the lung. Despite widespread use of amphotericin B aerosols, there are still few studies on how to validate their effectiveness or optimize pharmacokinetics. Methods. We compared results of several of our own studies of lung transplant recipients receiving formulations of amphotericin B with results of other studies. Results. Recent aerosol studies suggest that aerosols of a lipid formulation of amphotericin B are safe and better tolerated than is amphotericin B deoxycholate. Their use in prophylaxis is associated with very few pulmonary fungal infections. Conclusion. This safe drug delivery at a local body site to directly protect the transplanted organ without systemic antifungal drug exposure is attractive from a cost and toxicity standpoint. However, careful multicenter, comparative studies are still needed to ensure that this strategy is consistently successful.
Host Restriction of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Is Not Caused by Functional Alteration of SipA, SopB, or SopD

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is a strictly human adapted pathogen that does not cause disease in nonprimate vertebrate hosts, while Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a broad-host-range pathogen. Serotype Typhi lacks some of the proteins (effectors) exported by the invasion-associated type III secretion system that are required by serotype Typhimurium for eliciting fluid secretion and inflammation in bovine ligated ileal loops. We investigated whether the remaining serotype Typhi effectors implicated in enteropathogenicity (SipA, SopB, and SopD) are functionally exchangeable with their serotype Typhimurium homologues. Serotype Typhi elicited fluid accumulation in bovine ligated ileal loops at levels similar to those elicited by a noninvasive serotype Typhimurium strain (the sipA sopABDE2 mutant) or by sterile culture medium. However, introduction of the cloned serotype Typhi sipA, sopB, and sopD genes complemented the ability of a serotype Typhimurium sipA sopABDE2 mutant to elicit fluid secretion in bovine ligated ileal loops. Introduction of the cloned serotype Typhi sipA, sopB, and sopD genes increased the invasiveness of a serotype Typhimurium sipA sopABDE2 mutant for human colon carcinoma epithelial (HT-29 and T84) cells and bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. Translational fusions between the mature TEM-1 β-lactamase reporter and SipA or SopD demonstrated that serotype Typhi translocates these effectors into host cells. We conclude that the inability of serotype Typhi to cause fluid accumulation in bovine ligated ileal loops is not caused by a functional alteration of its SipA, SopB, and SopD effector proteins with respect to their serotype Typhimurium homologues.
Thrombi in Acute Coronary Syndromes Revisited and Revised

Over the past 35 years, the view has evolved that the acute coronary syndromes, ie, unstable angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and sudden death, are caused by plaque rupture and formation of a platelet thrombus. There is at least a transient total or subtotal coronary occlusion in all cases of acute myocardial infarction. Q-wave infarcts are thought to differ from non–Q-wave infarcts by more stable platelet thrombi causing more prolonged and/or severe ischemia, leading to more extensive infarction. The greater platelet stability in transmural infarction is attributed to more severe or extensive plaque rupture.1 2 3 Unstable angina and non–Q-wave infarction, in the present view, are due to less extensive, less stable platelet thrombi that cause less severe, less extensive ischemia and/or infarction. However, autopsy data and more recent clinical findings require significant refinement of this viewpoint on the basis of the following observations. The occlusive thrombi causing Q-wave myocardial infarction contain more fibrin than the thrombi found in the other acute coronary syndromes that are characterized by more platelets and less fibrin. The higher fibrin content of thrombi causing Q-wave infarction explains their greater stability. Furthermore, this higher fibrin content suggests that the coagulation cascade is activated to a greater degree during Q-wave infarction than during non–Q-wave infarction in which platelets play a more dominant role. This review analyzes our evolving concepts focusing on the growing divergence of the different mechanisms underlying the different acute coronary syndromes and their clinical and therapeutic implications. By the mid-1930s, acute myocardial infarction was shown to be caused by coronary thrombosis resulting from intimal fissuring, which is often associated with dissecting hemorrhage into the underlying plaque.4 5 6 7 In the late 1930s, however, intimal fissuring was questioned and subendothelial hemorrhages were ascribed to rupture of capillaries within the plaque.8 9 …