cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Naloxone on Change in Breathing Pattern with Smoking: A Hypothesis on the Addictive Nature of Cigarette Smoking

Although nicotine is a known respiratory stimulant in animals, we know of no prior reports on the acute effects of cigarette smoking on respiratory drive of humans. We previously found that mean inspiratory flow rate (VT/TI), an index of respiratory center output, unexpectedly fell in some smokers, particularly in the immediate postsmoking period. Because of the addictive nature of smoking, it seemed possible that this reduction in VT/TI might be related to endorphin release. Using respiratory inductive plethysmography to noninvasively monitor the breathing pattern, we compared the effects of smoking on VT/TI after intravenous (IV) injection of naloxone (2 mg), a specific opiate antagonist, and placebo. Baseline breathing pattern was obtained, and the 15 subjects first smoked a cigarette after receiving IV placebo and one hour later after naloxone. During the smoking period, VT/TI significantly increased over the presmoking values for both placebo and naloxone. Eleven of the 14 smokers given naloxone showed a greater value of VT/TI compared to placebo. In the ten-minute period after termination of smoking, VT/TI decreased 9 ± 14 ml/sec (× ± SE) with placebo treatment compared with baseline but increased 24 ± 14 ml/sec above baseline with naloxone treatment (p
Examinations and fruits.

Excerpt To the editor: Dilip Kumar Roy, writing in theJournal of the Indian Medical Association(59:220-222, 1972), a part of which was excerpted in the March issue (Ann Intern Med78:340, 1973), tel...
Increased expression of alpha-1-antitrypsin, glutathione S-transferase π and vascular endothelial growth factor in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract Background This study was designed to investigate abnormalities in gene expression in ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas using cDNA arrays. Methods Gene expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was compared with normal pancreatic tissue controls. Specimens from 5 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were taken fresh at operation and analyzed using commercially prepared cDNA arrays evaluating approximately 2,000 genes. Immunohistochemical staining was used to confirm protein expression of selected genes. Results Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) and glutathione S-transferase π (GSTP) were significantly up-regulated in all 5 tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was up-regulated in 4 of the 5 patients. Immunohistochemical staining verified the overexpression of each of these genes. Conclusions A1AT, GSTP, and VEGF are overexpressed in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens taken fresh at operation. To our knowledge, this is the first study of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma demonstrating the up-regulation of these genes using gene expression arrays.
Synthesis, characterization and molecular weight studies of certain soluble poly(3-alkylthiophene) conducting polymers

Soluble conducting polymers of 3-hexylthiophene, 3-octylthiophene, 3-decylthiophene and 3-dodecylthiophene were synthesized by constant potential electrolysis. The resultant polymers were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, ultraviolet spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Molecular weights were studied with gel permeation chromatography on solutions of the polymers in toluene. Surface properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Substituent groups’ lengths have been found to strongly influence the electronic properties of the resultant polymers. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) has shown the highest conductivity, with the highest degree of polymerization. The conductivity and the degree of polymerization values decrease as the substituent chain length increases.
Axiomatic geometrical optics, Abraham-Minkowski controversy, and photon properties derived classically

By restating geometrical optics within the field-theoretical approach, the classical concept of a photon (and, more generally, any elementary excitation) in an arbitrary dispersive medium is introduced, and photon properties are calculated unambiguously. In particular, the canonical and kinetic momenta carried by a photon, as well as the two corresponding energy-momentum tensors of a wave, are derived from the first principles of Lagrangian mechanics. As an example application of this formalism, the Abraham-Minkowski controversy pertaining to the definitions of these quantities is resolved for linear waves of arbitrary nature, and corrections to the traditional formulas for the photon kinetic energy-momentum are found. Several other applications of axiomatic geometrical optics to electromagnetic waves are also presented.
Isolation and Characterization of Fast Acid-Producing Antibiotic-Resistant Mutants of Lactic Streptococci

Abstract Single-step streptomycin-resistant mutants of nine strains of lactic streptococci used in commercial Cheddar cheese manufacture were isolated. In each case a 24-h broth culture was concentrated by centrifugation and pour plated in medium containing 600 μ g/ml of streptomycin. Mutant colonies were selected and subcultured in broth and then streaked onto antibiotic-containing fast-slow differential agar, which allowed isolation of fast acid-producing organisms. A fast rifampin-resistant mutant also was obtained by this technique. Characterization involved comparing parent and mutant strains for growth, acid production, proteolytic abilities, optimum temperatures, and phage sensitivities. The use of this technique to obtain isolates resistant to other antibiotics and their possible use in commercial cheese manufacture to overcome antibiotics in the milk supply is discussed.
Duration of the speech disfluencies of beginning stutterers.

This study compared the duration of within-word disfluencies and the number of repeated units per instance of sound/syllable and whole-word repetitions of beginning stutterers to those produced by ...
Molecular-dynamics modeling of the Hugoniot of shocked liquid deuterium

Using our previously developed hydrogen tight-binding model, we performed equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations to obtain the internal energy and pressure of the deuterium fluid at $39$ separate (density, temperature) points. Our simulations are thought to represent the energetics of fluid hydrogen accurately, including molecular dissociation. We fit the thermodynamically-consistent simulation data with a virial expansion, obtaining a high-quality equation of state (EOS) fit. The fitting data span the ranges 0.58 $l{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{D}l$ 1.47 g/cm${}^{3}$ and 3000 $lTl$ 31 250 K, and the deduced EOS is thought to have a similar range of reliability. Our Hugoniot for shocked liquid deuterium shows a sharp rise in pressure and temperature at around $0.65$--$0.70$ g/cm${}^{3}$. We compare our theoretical Hugoniot to recent experimental and theoretical results.
Assessing risk factors for adverse outcomes in emergent colorectal surgery

Summary Background A variety of factors influence the increased morbidity and mortality seen in patients undergoing emergent colon surgery. Understanding comorbid conditions and variations in preoperative laboratory values that effect both morbidity and mortality can influence clinical decision making. Methods During a 5-year period 185 patients underwent colon surgery at the Veterans Administration Hospital in West Haven, CT. Through a retrospective chart review patients were classified as having either emergent or elective surgery. Patient characteristics and postoperative outcomes were analyzed using Chi Square and logistic regression models. Results Differences existed in preoperative variables as well as postoperative outcomes when comparing emergent and elective paitents. In those patients undergoing emergent colorectal surgery, both morbidity and mortality were increased and overall survival decresed when compared to a non-emergent population. Conclusions Through identification of preoperative variables such as a hematocrit 1.4, those patients at risk for postoperative morbidity and mortality can be identified and clinical decision making can be appropriately adjusted.
General classification and analysis of neutron β-decay experiments

A general analysis of the sensitivities of neutron \ensuremath{\beta}-decay experiments to manifestations of possible interaction beyond the standard model is carried out. In a consistent fashion, we take into account all known radiative and recoil corrections arising in the standard model. This provides a description of angular correlations in neutron decay in terms of one parameter, which is accurate to the level of $~{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$. Based on this general expression, we present an analysis of the sensitivities to new physics for selected neutron decay experiments. We emphasize that the usual parametrization of experiments in terms of the tree-level coefficients $a,A$, and B is inadequate when the experimental sensitivities are at the same or higher level relative to the size of the corrections to the tree-level description.
Constructivist pedagogy in primary classrooms: Learning from teachers and their classrooms

Abstract In our graduate programs in early childhood education, we model constructivist practice in the belief that teachers are better able to understand and implement constructivist principles having experienced them in their work. In this practice we attempt to be explicit about constructivist practice in our program and in elementary classrooms. As we examine and modify our constructivist pedagogy, one key question for teachers and ourselves emerges: What does a classroom based on constructivist pedagogy look like in early childhood (K‐2)? The goal of this research is a clearer understanding of constructivist pedagogy in the context of primary classrooms. The study was designed using qualitative methods in order to understand the experiences in classrooms guided by constructivist theory. The classroom participants are six teachers who graduated from a Master's degree program based on constructivist principles. Analysis of the six classrooms indicated 24 key elements of constructivist classrooms. A foc...
Closed-loop analysis of sampled-data systems with appreciable pulse width

DURING the past decade, interest in sampled-data systems has grown at a prodigious rate. In some of the early work1,2 such systems were regarded as pulsed memory units which operate linearly on discrete data. In later work3,4 the concept of impulse modulation was introduced, and the modern theory of sampled-data system analysis was established with the definition of the z-transformation.4
Anaesthesia for urgent and emergency surgery

The general principles that guide a pediatric anesthesiologist in the care of a newborn needing urgent and emergent neonatal surgery are reviewed. These include careful evaluation and assessment of the newborn including a detailed prenatal history. A brief review of neonatal physiology including the development of the autonomic nervous system and the development of nociceptive pathways is discussed and how important it is to suppress the stress response to surgical intervention in order to improve surgical outcomes. Most of the current general anesthetics have been associated with anesthetic neurotoxicity in juvenile mammals and several epidemiologic studies in human infants and toddlers have linked surgery occurring in the first 3 years of life with neurocognitive delays in school age children. These concerns are discussed in this paper. Practical considerations about neonatal intubation, line placement and intraoperative fluid management are also reviewed. And the anesthetic management of specific neonatal conditions such as congenital diaphragmatic hernias, transesophageal fistulas, gastroschisis and omphaloceles, necrotizing enterocolitis and meningomyeloceles is examined.
Analgesia in patients with ESRD: a review of available evidence

Moderate to severe pain frequently accompanies chronic diseases in general and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in particular. Several analgesic agents and associated metabolites show altered pharmacokinetics in the presence of reduced glomerular filtration rate. Drug-related side effects may exacerbate symptoms frequently observed in persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD; eg, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and constipation) or those often attributed to hemodialysis therapy (eg, orthostatic hypotension and impaired cognition). Persons with advanced CKD and ESRD are at increased risk for adverse effects of analgesic agents because of enhanced drug sensitivity, comorbid conditions, and concurrent medication use. Dose adjustment and avoidance of certain analgesics may be required in patients with advanced CKD and ESRD. We review the available evidence on pharmacokinetics and adverse drug effects of various analgesic agents commonly used in patients with advanced CKD and ESRD. Determining an optimal approach to the control of pain in patients with advanced CKD and ESRD will require additional research.
A 0.25 V 460 nW Asynchronous Neural Signal Processor With Inherent Leakage Suppression

Further power and energy reductions via technology and voltage scaling have become extremely difficult due to leakage and variability issues. In this paper, we present a robust and energy-efficient computation architecture exploiting an asynchronous timing strategy to dynamically minimize leakage and to self-adapt to process variations and different operating conditions. Based on a logic topology with built-in leakage suppression, the prototype asynchronous neural signal processor demonstrates robust sub-threshold operation down to 0.25 V, while consuming only 460 nW in 0.03 mm2 in a 65 nm CMOS technology. These results represent a 4.4× reduction in power, a 3.7× reduction in energy and a 2.2× reduction in power density, when compared to the state-of-the-art processors.
Voyager energetic particle observations at interplanetary shocks and upstream of planetary bow shocks: 1977–1990

The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft include instrumentation that makes comprehensive ion (E ≳ 28 keV) and electron (E ≳ 22 keV) measurements in several energy channels with good temporal, energy, and compositional resolution. Data collected over the past decade (1977–1988), including observations upstream and downstream of four planetary bow shocks (Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus) and numerous interplanetary shocks to ∼ 30 AU, are reviewed and analyzed in the context of the Fermi and shock drift acceleration (SDA) models. Principal findings upstream of planetary bow shocks include the simultaneous presence of ions and electrons, detection of “tracer” ions characteristic of the parent magnetosphere (O, S, O+), power-law energy spectra extending to ≳ 5 MeV, and large (up to 100:1) anisotropies. Results from interplanetary shocks include observation of acceleration to the highest energies ever seen in a shock (≳ 22 MeV for protons, ≳ 220 MeV for oxygen), the “saturation” in energy gain to ≳ 300 keV at quasi-parallel shocks, the observation of shock-accelerated relativistic electrons, and separation of high-energy (upstream) from low-energy (downstream) populations to within ∼ 1 particle gyroradius in a near-perpendicular shock. The overall results suggest that ions and electrons observed upstream of planetary bow shocks have their source inside the parent magnetosphere, with first order Fermi acceleration playing a secondary role at best. Further, that quasi-perpendicular interplanetary shocks accelerate ions and electrons most efficiently to high energies through the shock-drift process. These findings suggest that great care must be exercised in the application of concepts developed for heliosphere shocks to cosmic ray acceleration through shocks at supernova remnants.
Changes in thiol content and expression of glutathione redox system genes in the hippocampus and cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease

In this report, we compared total and protein-bound thiol levels in the hippocampus and cerebellum of six Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and six age-matched control subjects. Total level of sulfhydryl (SH) groups, determined using the 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) method, was not significantly altered in the hippocampus and cerebellum of AD patients. The level of protein-bound SH groups, determined by labeling with 3-(N-maleimido-propionyl) biocytin, was decreased in the AD hippocampus compared with controls. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of the expression of key glutathione redox system genes demonstrated the induction of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase messages in the AD hippocampus. Levels of glutathione transferase mu and A4-4 messages were unchanged. This study suggests that protective antioxidant gene responses are insufficient to counteract the increased oxidative damage of proteins in a vulnerable region of the AD brain.
Time-Bandwidth Compression for Planetary Pictures

The logistics of planetary photography from orbiting spacecraft requires the utmost reduction in electrical picture data for transmittal to earth. Picture redundancy is eliminated by sampling heavily in regions of interest and only occasionally in other areas. The empty spaces in the reconstituted picture may be filled by polynomial interpolation.
Settlement Patterns of Mediterranean Fruit Flies in the Tree Canopy: An Experimental Analysis

Males of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (medfly), defend individual leaves of host and non-host trees as mating territories and attract females via production of a sex pheromone (a behavior termed 'calling'). Males tend to aggregate within the tree canopy, and the present study examined the influence of (1) location and (2) resources on female visitation to male aggregations. Males were placed in screen-covered containers, which were suspended on field-caged trees at two locations selected to differ in only one of the following parameters: height above ground (low versus high), leaf density (sparse versus dense), distance to main trunk (canopy edge versus center), proximity to a food source (bird feces absent or present), and proximity to a host fruit (oranges absent or present). Females were released, and we periodically recorded the number of calling males in each of the test aggregations as well as the number of females sighted within 15 cm of each male aggregation. Male calling did not differ between treatments in any of the experiments. However, females were more frequently sighted near males calling (1) in dense foliage, (2) near the central trunk, (3) near bird feces, and (4) near oranges. In an additional experiment, we compared male settlement (in the absence of females) on leaves in the same sites used previously to determine the degree of congruence between the sexes in microhabitat use. Aside from the lack of center-edge effect, males displayed the same settlement patterns as females. In a final experiment, we found no effect of male calling on the distribution of other males: released males were sighted with equal frequency near cups containing mature, calling males and cups containing immature, non-calling males. Medfly lek behavior is discussed in light of these findings.
Social Meanings of the Occult

Data from a participant-observational study of the tarot are used to explore the social meanings of modern occultism and to examine certain rival contentions about these beliefs, practices, adheren...
Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment among Latino subgroups in Los Angeles County, CA.

Abstract Rationale A growing body of research has revealed disparities with respect to drug use patterns within Latino subgroups. However, the extent to which these potential disparities enable different Latino subgroups to respond favorably to treatment is unclear. Methods This study analyzed a subset of multicross-sectional data (2006–2009) on Latinos collected from publicly funded facilities in Los Angeles County, CA ( N = 12,871). We used multilevel logistic regressions to examine individual and service-level factors associated with treatment completion among subgroups of first-time Latino treatment clients. Results Univariate analysis showed that Cubans and Puerto Ricans were less likely to complete treatment than Mexicans and other Latinos. Cubans and Puerto Ricans entered treatment at an older age and with higher formal education than Mexicans, yet they were more likely to report mental health issues and use of cocaine and heroin as primary drugs of choice respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that age, having mental health issues, reporting high use of drugs at intake, and use of methamphetamines and marijuana were associated with decreased odds of completing treatment among all Latino subgroups. In contrast, age at first drug use, treatment duration, and referral monitoring by the criminal system increased the odds of completing treatment for all members. Conclusion These findings have implications for targeting interventions for members of different Latinos groups during their first treatment episode. Promising individual and service factors associated with treatment completion can inform the design of culturally specific recovery models that can be evaluated in small-scale randomized pilot studies.
Nanomechanical Sensor Array for Detection of Biomolecular Bindings: Toward a Label-Free Clinical Assay for Serum Tumor Markers

A label-free technique capable of rapidly screening human blood samples simultaneously for multiple serum tumor markers would enable accurate and cost-effective diagnosis of cancer before physiological symptoms appear. Recently, microfabricated, bimaterial cantilever sensors have been demonstrated to detect DNA hybridization and antigen-antibody binding at clinically relevant concentrations. Cantilever sensors deflect measurably under the surface stress resulting when biomolecules immobilized on one surface of the sensor interact with their binding partners [1]. We present an array of cantilever sensors (silicon nitride with a gold coated surface) capable of simultaneously interrogating 100 different biomolecular interactions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Effect of Mounting Material Compliance on Nanoindentation Response of Metallic Materials

Nanoindentation is an important and versatile technique for probing the properties of materials on the nanoscale. There are many factors that may affect nanoindentation measurements. One factor is the added compliance associated with mounting resins used to fix nanoindentation samples in place. We report on the effect of specimen mounting resin compliance on nanoindentation results.
Coh A, a mutation affecting the post aggregative related (par) cohesive system of Dictyostelium discoideum

Three stage-specific cohesive systems operate in D. discoideum: VEG, elaborated by vegetative cells: AR, by aggregation competent cells; and PAR, by post aggregation stage cells. Previous study of a mutant strain JC-5 had shown the stability of its PAR system (but not the AR) to be temperature sensitive. However, the phenotypic expression of this mutation termed Coh A is complicated by the presence in that strain of a preexisting mutant gene Rde A, which accelerates developmental events generally and alters the pattern of morphogenesis. Genetic evidence presented here indicates that the two mutations have been separated by parasexual recombination yielding a Coh A, Rde A+ segregant class of which strain JC-36 is a prototype. At the permissive temperature, JC-36 follows a morphogenetic sequence like that of the wild type in respect to timing, morphogenetic pattern, and spore appearance. At the restrictive temperature, it forms normal aggregates at the usual time but exhibits two morphogenetic aberrancies during post aggregative development. First, fruit construction is arrested at a stage approximating the 16 hr “Bottle” stage of the wild type, though more squat and blunt tipped, and then the aggregate regresses. Cytodifferentiation into spores and stalk cells is also blocked. Second, a shift of slugs migrating normally at the permissive temperature to the restrictive causes the latter to disintegrate progressively as they leave clumps of cells behind them within the flattened sheath. JC-36 cells developing at the restrictive temperature also exhibited a decrease in EDTA resistant cohesivity attributable on two grounds to the sensitivity of the PAR system. In addition, the disappearance of the AR system completed in the wild type by the Mexicanhat (18–19 hr) stage is indefinitely arrested at an intermediate level in JC-36.
On the Use of Start-Stop Approximation for Spaceborne SAR Imaging

The start-stop approximation is a standard tool for processing radar data in synthetic aperture imaging. It assumes that the antenna is motionless when a pulse is emitted and the scattered signal received, after which the antenna moves to its next sending/receiving position along the flight track. However, when the antenna is mounted on a satellite, as opposed to an airplane, its relatively high speed raises at least two questions. The first one is whether the image may be affected by the actual displacement of the antenna during the pulse round-trip time between the orbit and the Earth's surface. This displacement, in fact, can be rather large. Nonetheless, by analyzing the corresponding generalized ambiguity function of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor we show that in practice this issue can be disregarded. The second question is related to the Doppler frequency shift, which, again, is larger for spaceborne radars than for airborne radars. In the early SAR studies, this frequency shift provided a venue for understanding the azimuthal resolution of a radar. However, in a more rigorous analysis based on the generalized ambiguity function, the Doppler effect is typically left out of consideration. We show that for the image to stay largely unaffected by Doppler, the frequency shift must be included in the definition of a matched filter. Otherwise, there will be a geometric shift (translation) of the entire imaged scene from its true position, and there may also be a slight deterioration of the image sharpness (contrast).
Estimates of M2 Tidal Energy Dissipation from TOPEX/Poseidon Altimeter Data

Most of the tidal energy dissipation in the ocean occurs in shallow seas, as has long been recognized. However, recent work has suggested that a significant fraction of the dissipation, perhaps 1 TW or more, occurs in the deep ocean. This paper builds further evidence for that conclusion. More than 6 years of data from the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimeter are used to map the tidal dissipation rate throughout the world ocean. The dissipation rate is estimated as a balance between the rate of working by tidal forces and the energy flux divergence, computed using currents derived by least squares fitting of the altimeter data and the shallow water equations. Such calculations require dynamical assumptions, in particular about the nature of dissipation. To assess sensitivity of dissipation estimates to input assumptions, a large suite of tidal inversions based on a wide range of drag parameterizations and employing both real and synthetic altimeter data are compared. These experiments and Monte Carlo error fields from a generalized inverse model are used to establish error uncertainties for the dissipation estimates. Owing to the tight constraints on tidal elevation fields provided by the altimeter, area integrals of the energy balance are remarkably insensitive to required dynamical assumptions. Tidal energy dissipation is estimated for all major shallow seas (excluding individual polar seas) and compared with previous model and data-based estimates. Dissipation in the open ocean is significantly enhanced around major bathymetric features, in a manner consistent with simple theories for the generation of baroclinic tides.
A reconfigurable MEMS-less CMOS tuner for software defined radio

Design, simulation and measurement of a reconfigurable CMOS RF tuner that can be utilized in the RF front-end of a software defined radio are presented. 0.13μm high Q CMOS varactors controlled by a 22bit shift register are placed periodically on a low loss Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) transmission line to form a 4-11GHz reconfigurable tuner. The monolithic tuner does not use any MEMS devices to achieve the reconfigurability.
Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis: Regulatory Control during Transformation of Lymphocytes in vitro

The incorporation of uridine into RNA in lymphocytes undergoing transformation induced by phytohemagglutinin parallels its incorporation into the intratcellular pool of acid-soluble nucleotides and coincides with a 20-fold increase in the specific activity of uridine kinase. This increase is dependent upon synthesis of both RNA and protein and is subject to both repression and end-product inhibition by cytidine.
Surgical management of gastroesophageal reflux and outcome after laryngectomy in patients using tracheoesophageal speech

Abstract Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common in patients with head and neck carcinoma. The impact of laparoscopic fundoplication on laryngectomy patients with tracheoesophageal prostheses for voice restoration is unknown. Methods: Nine laryngectomy patients who use tracheoesophageal speech underwent laparoscopic fundoplication for documented reflux. Preoperative and postoperative symptoms were recorded. Quality of speech was documented before and after fundoplication. Results: Although 88% of patients had resolution of GERD symptoms, all developed bloating and hyperflatulence. There was no difference in quality of esophageal speech after laparoscopic fundoplication. Conclusions: Fundoplication in laryngectomy patients that use tracheoesophageal speech eliminates symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and resolves regurgitation associated prosthesis erosion. Although nearly all patients are satisfied with outcome, there is a high incidence of postfundoplication bloating and hyperflatulence that may be life limiting. Poor quality tracheoesophageal speech should not be used as an indication for antireflux surgery.
The Vulnerability of Science and the Science of Vulnerability

The events of September 11th shocked the nation and painfully illustrated our vulnerability to international terrorist attacks. Despite some of the most sophisticated models, monitoring systems, and science in the world, officials were unable to anticipate and predict these cascading events. The collective scientific ability to geographically represent environmental threats, map exposures, and map consequences is relatively straightforward when the threats are recognized. But what happens when we cannot recognize threats or some of their unintended consequences? This article examines the twin issues of the inadequacies in our current modes of understanding (the vulnerability of science) and the need for more integrative approaches in understanding and responding to environmental hazards (vulnerability science).
Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide attempts in a community sample of urban American young adults

Context:Previous research has shown that exposure to traumatic events, especially sexual trauma during childhood, is associated with an increased risk of attempted suicide.However,noinformationisavailableastowhether the increased risk of attempted suicide is related primarilytoposttraumaticstressdisorder(PTSD)followingtraumatic experiences or applies also to persons who experienced trauma but did not develop PTSD. Objective: We examine the association between exposuretotraumaticeventswithandwithoutresultingPTSD and the risk of a subsequent suicide attempt in a community sample of urban young adults. Design:A cohort study followed young adults who had participated in a randomized trial of all first-grade students entering 19 public schools.
Topics in Bioethics: A Development of Student Perspectives †

Exposing students to current biotechnological and medical issues is eye-opening for many students in a way that is not always achieved through lecture-based learning. Lecture or investigative teaching styles provide a tremendous knowledge base for the students, but sometimes these teaching styles do not allow the student to fully develop, especially personal attitudes to issues in bioethics. Through online videos, Hollywood movies, guided readings and classroom discussions, students in this course are informed of some bioethical topics, encouraged to learn about other topics, and use this gained knowledge to develop personal positions regarding the value and/or risk of the issues. This course has been well-received by previous students as a favorite in terms of both topics covered and style.
Family Experiences and Self-Criticism in College Students: Testing a Model of Family Stress, Past Unfairness, and Self-Esteem

Associations among past family experiences and self-criticism were investigated among college students (N = 98) who provided self-reports of self-criticism, past family stress, and self-esteem. Students and their parents (n = 81) also reported on students' past experiences of family unfairness. As expected, family stress, unfairness, and lower self-esteem predicted comparative self-criticism (CSC) and internalized self-criticism (ISC) in students. Students' perceptions of past unfairness predicted students' CSC (characterized by inferiority and hostility), whereas parents' perceptions of unfairness toward students predicted students' ISC (characterized by harsh internal standards). Self-esteem mediated the effects of family unfairness on both types of self-criticism.
Reliability enhancements for environment monitoring using wireless sensor networks

Recent advancements of microelectronics and network protocol research enable the application of wireless sensor network in both industry and home environments. Reliability issues play a vital role to ensure the quality of service of these applications. To maximize the reliability of such a network is a both a worthy goal and a significant challenge, while maintaining the detection and response capabilities. In this paper, we examine the tradeoffs of enhancing the reliability of wireless sensor network using the ZigBee network as an example and we propose our measures to boost the reliability of the network
Using the Java-DSP Real-Time Hardware Interface in Undergraduate Classes

The Java-DSP (J-DSP) software enables students to perform online computer laboratories in undergraduate classes. Although it was shown, through assessment, that the use of the J-DSP software and labs enhanced the learning experience, the addition of a hardware laboratory provides learning opportunities in real-time signal processing that are very valuable. In this paper, we present two hardware J-DSP interfaces that we developed to expose undergraduate students to real-time DSP. The first interface was developed for the Texas Instruments (TI) DSP Starter Kit (DSK) C6713. The J-DSP/DSK interface enables undergraduate students to design and implement signal processing algorithms real time on DSP hardware using the user-friendly graphical interface of J-DSP. The second interface was developed for use with a real-time wireless sensor network. The hardware includes wireless sensor motes that consist of an accelerometer, magnetometer, thermometer, microphone, and light sensor. Although the sensor motes require tedious low-level programming using the nesC language, the J-DSP interface allows students to acquire and examine data using signal analysis tools from the J-DSP environment.
A New Murine Model for Mammalian Wound Repair and Regeneration

Regeneration is generally considered to be a phenomenon restricted to amphibians in which amputated limbs reform and regrow. We have recently noted a strain of mouse, the MRL, which displays a remarkable capacity for cartilagenous wound closure and provides an example of a phenomenon previously considered to be a form of regeneration. Specifically, through-and-through ear punches rapidly attain full closure with normal tissue architecture reminiscent of regeneration seen in amphibians as opposed to scarring, as usually seen in mammals. Histologically, we have demonstrated normal cell growth and microanatomy, including angiogenesis and chondrogenesis, as opposed to control C57BL/6 mice which have ear holes that contract minimally but do not close. Finally, this phenomenon is a genetically definable quantitative trait.
CELL CYCLE REGULATORS IN THE FLORIDA RED TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE, GYMNODINIUM BREVE

The diel cycle is a key regulator of the cell cycle in many dinoflagellates, and may play a rate limiting role in bloom formation. Diel phasing of the cell cycle in the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve Davis was previously described in our laboratory. In cultures grown on a 16:8 light:dark cycle, S-phase began 6–8 h into the light phase, and mitosis followed 12–14 h later. The dark/light “dawn” transition was found to provide the diel cue that serves to entrain the G. breve cell cycle. However the cell cycle mechanisms and regulators acted upon by this cue are poorly understood in dinoflagellates. The cell cycle regulatory complex, CDK1-cyclinB, is therefore currently being investigated. Cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) was first identified in G. breve using two approaches: (1) identification of a 34 kDa protein immunoreactive to an antibody raised against a conserved amino acid sequence unique to the CDK protein family (PSTAIR) and (2) inhibition of the cell cycle by olomoucine, a selective CDK inhibitor. Several approaches are currently being employed in order to describe its partner, cyclin B: (1) PCR on genomic DNA with primers deduced from known cyclin box sequences, (2) G. breve expression library screening with an antibody raised against the fission yeast cyclin B (3) western blot analysis on whole protein extracts and cyclin B immunoprecipitated proteins. Current work focuses on the differential expression of the cyclin B homologue in G. breve during its cell cycle and its relation to diel cycle control.
Disability and care needs among older Americans.

Context The cost of late-life dependency is projected to grow rapidly as the number of older adults in the United States increases in the coming decades. To provide a context for framing relevant policy discussions, we investigated activity limitations and assistance, care resources, and unmet need for a national sample of older adults.
Cavity QED with an optical lattice; towards quantum feedback with atomic detuning

The incorporation of an optical lattice in a cavity QED system increases the number of parameters available for quantum feedback.
Essential activation of PKC-δ in opioid-initiated cardioprotection

oid receptor stimulation with TAN-67 or D-Ala 2 -D-Leu 5 -enkephalin (DADLE) in a rat model of myocardial infarction induced by a 30-min coronary artery occlusion and 2-h reperfusion. Infarct size (IS) was determined by tetrazolium staining and expressed as a percentage of the area at risk (IS/ AAR). Control animals, subjected to ischemia and reperfusion, had an IS/AAR of 59.9 6 1.8. DADLE and TAN-67 administered before ischemia significantly reduced IS/AAR (36.9 6 3.9 and 36.7 6 4.7, respectively). The d1selective opioid antagonist 7-benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX) abolished TAN-67-induced cardioprotection (54.4 6 1.3). Treatment with the PKC antagonist chelerythrine completely abolished DADLE- (61.8 6 3.2) and TAN-67-induced cardioprotection (55.4 6 4.0). Similarly, the PKC antagonist GF 109203X completely abolished TAN-67-induced cardioprotection (54.6 6 6.6). Immunofluorescent staining with antibodies directed against specific PKC isoforms was performed in myocardial biopsies obtained after 15 min of treatment with saline, chelerythrine, BNTX, or TAN-67 and chelerythrine or BNTX in the presence of TAN-67. TAN-67 induced the translocation of PKC-a to the sarcolemma, PKC-b1 to the nucleus, PKC-d to the mitochondria, and PKC-e to the intercalated disk and mitochondria. PKC translocation was abolished by chelerythrine and BNTX in TAN67-treated rats. To more closely examine the role of these isoforms in cardioprotection, we utilized the PKC-d selective antagonist rottlerin. Rottlerin abolished opioid-induced cardioprotection (48.9 6 4.8) and PKC-d translocation without affecting the translocation of PKC-a ,- b1 ,o r -e. These results suggest that PKC-d is a key second messenger in the cardioprotective effects of d1-opioid receptor stimulation in rats.
Career Dynamics of Educators: Research and Policy Issues.

The author presents a view of the self-development, work, and nonwork elements shaping the career of one upwardly mobile educator with the intention of calling attention to the multifaceted character of the forces influencing teachers and administrators at work.
Numerical Simulations of Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Coupled to Fluid Flow in Varying Thermal Fields

A numerical simulator of reactive chemical transport with coupling from precipitation-dissolution reactions to fluid flow, via changes of porosity and permeability, is applied to precipitation-dissolution of quartz and calcite in spatially and temporally variable fields of temperature. Significant effects on fluid flow are found in the quartz-silicic acid system in the presence of persistent, strong gradient of temperature. Transient heat flow in the quartz-silicic acid system and in a calcite-calcium ion-carbonato species system produces vanishingly small effects on fluid flow.
Computer-based Interactions for Conceptual Change in Science

Science learning has been characterized as the construction of conceptual structures, as the appreciation of the nature of scientific knowledge, and as participation in scientific practices. Research has primarily been carried out in each of these domains separately. There is a growing body of research that addresses the interaction between these components. In this paper we seek to add to this literature by integrating our ideas with that of other researchers to begin an initial formulation of a multifaceted framework for studying physics learning using computer-based conceptual models. In this framework we distinguish two aspects of conceptual restructuring: understanding computer models and internalizing these models as a way to construe the physical world. We argue that two different types of interaction (symmetric and asymmetric) support these different kinds of restructuring. We conclude that achieving deep changes in conceptualization requires consideration of conceptualization as a component of practice.
JUSTICE STEVENS, RELIGION, AND CIVIL SOCIETY

Did Justice John Paul Stevens, who retired from the Supreme Court last year, harbor a bias against religion? During his thirty-five years on the Court, Justice Stevens showed little favor for religious claimants. In Establishment Clause cases he advocated a strong doctrine of separation between church and state. In the most contentious Free Exercise Clause cases, he opposed exempting religious believers from laws that interfered with religious exercise. This combination of positions, unique among the Justices of the Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts Courts, has led commentators to charge Justice Stevens with hostility toward religion. This Article debunks that conventional analysis and offers a new explanation of Justice Stevens's religion jurisprudence. The Article shows that Justice Stevens took the same approach to constitutional cases about churches that he took to constitutional cases about other powerful institutions of civil society, including the major political parties and voluntary membership associations. Justice Stevens resisted these varied civil society institutions‘ demands for increased constitutional autonomy, based on two persistent concerns. First, Justice Stevens sought to constrain civil society institutions' coercive power over individuals. Second, he viewed civil society institutions' tendencies toward factionalism as a threat to national unity. Justice Stevens did not consider religion a special object of constitutional concern, let alone a special object of disdain. This descriptive insight permits a fresh normative assessment of Justice Stevens's religion jurisprudence. Justice Stevens's anti-coercion principle provided the driving force behind his Establishment Clause opinions. The Article finds the anti-coercion principle normatively compelling in the abstract and well adapted to Establishment Clause disputes. In contrast, Justice Stevens's anti-factionalism principle drove his opinions about free exercise accommodations. The Article finds the anti-factionalism principle normatively problematic in general and particularly ill-suited to the problem of free exercise accommodations.
Incised grids: enhancing the readability of tangible graphs for the blind.

The transformation of a graphic display into tangible form for blind persons is usually achieved by raising the entire image above the surface. In the case of tangible line graphs, this format caus...
“The Rhizome of Blackness“: Hip-Hop Culture, Language, Identity, and Politics of Becoming Black

A. Ibrahim. (2014). The Rhizome of Blackness: A Critical Ethnography of Hip-Hop Culture, Language, Identity, and the Politics of Becoming. New York, NY: Peter Lang. 239 pages, $40.95 (paperback). I...
The Influence of Social Security Systems on Psychosomatic Difficulties

There are certain aspects of the influence of the social security systems which may play a special role on helping or interfering with difficulties experienced by patients suffering from psychosomatic diseases. To exemplify this point, I would like to present briefly two case examples.
Development of a Continuous Tumbling Fluidized Bed Coater and Its Characteristics

A continuous tumbling fluidized bed coater was newly developed. The apparatus has an inlet pipe and several overflow pipes on the side wall of the coating chamber, unlike that of a batch system. The basic characteristics of the apparatus, such as the residence time distribution of seed particles and the relationship between mean residence time and operating factors were investigated. It was found that seed particles were mixed perfectly in spite of their maldistribution in the coating chamber. Also the mean residence time varied inversely with the feed rate of the particles and the flow rate of the inlet air, and it increased with the height of the overflow pipe. However, the phenomena was complicated for the disk rotation speed. The mean residence time decreased with the disk rotation speed below a certain value but increased with it above that value. Continuous coating experiments were also tried and were succesful. The relationship between the coating efficiency and the operating conditions in continuous operation seemed to be essentially the same as that in batch operation.
Transitional Justice: The Issue that Won’t Go Away

The author asks whether there is anything we can do to lessen the disappointments and frustrations that often result from our attempts to pursue transitional justice. He argues that the best way to respond to this challenge is to accept the existence of three factors that arise in every attempt to come to terms with past wrongs: the power of precedent; the illusion of resolution; and the possibility of a continuous return. Examining a well-known example of transitional justice – the use of East German secret police files to review the qualifications of public officials for employment in unified Germany – the author confirms that our search for justice is likely to be far less satisfying than we hope it to be. He also lays the foundation for a more upbeat perspective, however, by arguing that our disappointment lies in our approach to the topic. While most scholars treat transitional justice as a ‘goal,’ they may be better advised to conceptualize it as a ‘process.’
Insulin Resistance and a Long, Strange Trip

“What a long, strange trip it’s been” is how the late Jerry Garcia and the Grateful Dead reflected on the ups and downs of life in a famous song. Clinicians might use the same phrase to describe the search for ways to treat insulin resistance, which is very common. Insulin binds to its receptor to activate intracellular signaling that regulates nutrient metabolism, growth, fluid homeostasis, blood-vessel tone, and other functions. When confronted with excess adiposity, cells dampen insulin-receptor signaling to resist the effects of insulin. This impaired signaling elevates lipids through a lack of suppression of fatty acid release by . . .