cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on “The Impact of Online Assessment on Grades in Community College Distance Education Mathematics Courses” by Ronald W. Yates and Brian Beaudrie

Abstract This article comments on an earlier article by professors Yates and Beaudrie (2009)who examined whether online assessment facilitates student cheating and found no evidence of such a greater prevalence of cheating. Professors Yates and Beaudrie are commended for their contribution to this increasingly important area of research. The analysis indicates that professor Yates and Beaudrie's (2009) conclusion may have been influenced by (1) a failure to adequately account for student ability, leading to potential selection bias; (2) their use of course grades, rather than exam grades as the key measure of student performance; (3) possible differences in precautions that instructors may have deployed in the unproctored sections in order to discourage cheating; and (4) the evolution of distance learning resources and methods over their long period of study.
PROJECTED DISCRETE-ORDINATES METHODS FOR NUMERICAL TRANSPORT PROBLEMS.

A class of “projected discrete ordinates” (PDO) methods is described for obtaining iterative solutions of discrete ordinates problems with convergence rates comparable to those observed using diffu...
The Small-Spored Species of Podaxis

Etude systematique, ultrastructure au microscope electronique a balayage, diagnose d'especes nouvelles
Characterization of Si/Si3N4 Layered Structures Grown By Physical Vapor Deposition/Ion Beam Assisted Deposition

Layered silicon/silicon nitride structures were fabricated on (100) Si with 0.1 mTorr of N2 background pressure. Evaporated Si (PVD) layers were alternated with layers grown by simultaneous nitrogen ion bombardment and Si evaporation (IBAD). The ion to vapor flux ratios were chosen to yield stoichiometric Si3N4 (XN=0.57) at 150, 500, 1000 and 1500 eV and varied at a constant energy of 500 eV to yield sub- and superstoichiometric Si1-xNx. The microstructures were examined by cross-sectional and plan-view TEM; composition of the layers was deteiTnined by RBS. Films grown at low substrate temperatures were amorphous. Stoichiometric and superstoichiometric compositions showed a cellular (5 nm) structure in the amorphous IBAD layers. In addition, the IBAD Si1-xNx layers showed variations in contrast parallel to the substrate interface, indicative of compositional fluctuations on a scale of <20 nm. The IBAD layers were dense, but the PVD-Si layers contained voids that were aligned with the direction of the impingement of the evaporant on the substrate surface. A high substrate temperature (750°C) yielded polycrystalline Si layers and phase-ordering in the Si1-xNx layers.
Quasi-convex groups of isometries of negatively curved spaces☆☆This research was supported by SERC grant GR/K 25618.

Abstract Let H be a properly discontinuous group of isometries of a negatively curved (Gromov hyperbolic) metric space X . We give equivalent conditions on H to be quasi-convex. The main application of this is to give alternate definitions of quasi-convex, or rational subgroups of negatively curved (word hyperbolic) groups.
A revision of the Alpova diplophloeus complex in North America

Alpova diplophloeus (Boletales, Paxillaceae) is the only currently recognized Alpova in North America with a brownish peridium, large gleba chambers and which forms ectomycorrhizas with Alnus. However, A. diplophloeus as currently circumscribed is a polyphyletic species, with at least three distinct genetic entities. Using a combination of molecular and morphological characters, we examined the type collections of A. diplophloeus, as well as species synonymized with it, including A. cinnamomeus and Rhizopogon parvisporus. We also examined several other collections of A. diplophloeus complex basidiomata. We describe A. diplophloeus sensu stricto; we also resurrect A. cinnamomeus, synonymized with R. parvisporus and describe a new species, A. concolor, from the complex.
High-Resolution Terahertz Optical Absorption Study of the Antiferromagnetic Resonance Transition in Hematite (α-Fe2O3)

We report high-resolution optical absorption measurements between 1.5 and 10 cm–1 of the antiferromagnetic (AFM) resonance transition in α-Fe2O3. The AFM transition is measured over a range of temp...
Imaging Plasmon Hybridization in Metal Nanoparticle Aggregates with Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy

Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) provides detailed nanoscopic spatial and spectral information on plasmonic nanoparticles that cannot be discerned with far-field optical techniques. Here we demonstrate that EELS is capable of mapping the relative phases of individual localized surface plasmons that are hybridized within nanoparticle assemblies. Within the context of an effective plasmon oscillator model, we demonstrate the relationship between the self-induced back-force on the electron due to the plasmon and the EEL probability and use this to present a rubric for determining the relative phases of hybridized localized surface plasmons in EELS. Comparison between the analytical oscillator model, experiment, and numerical electrodynamics simulation is made across a variety of nanoparticle monomer, dimer, and trimer systems.
The MV model of the color glass condensate for a finite number of sources including Coulomb interactions

Abstract We modify the McLerran–Venugopalan model to include only a finite number of sources of color charge. In the effective action for such a system of a finite number of sources, there is a point-like interaction and a Coulombic interaction. The point interaction generates the standard fluctuation term in the McLerran–Venugopalan model. The Coulomb interaction generates the charge screening originating from well known evolution in x . Such a model may be useful for computing angular harmonics of flow measured in high energy hadron collisions for small systems. In this paper we provide a basic formulation of the problem on a lattice.
Comparison of Diaphragm Thickness Measurements Among Postures Via Ultrasound Imaging

Abstract Background Assessment of diaphragm contraction may be useful for identifying impairments in patients with movement dysfunction involving trunk stabilization, respiration, or both. Real-time ultrasound imaging is a readily available technology that can be used to quickly assess this aspect of diaphragm activity. Although previous studies have examined diaphragm contraction in the supine posture, a comparison of measurements between supine and upright postures has not been made. Objective To examine whether diaphragm thickness measurements differ among 3 different body postures in healthy subjects. Design Descriptive repeated measures. Setting Clinical laboratory. Patients (or Participants) Twenty-four healthy subjects (12 male and 12 female) aged 22-35 years old were recruited and completed the study. Method Diaphragm thickness was assessed in via B-mode ultrasound imaging in supine, seated, and standing postures. Measurements of diaphragm thickness were taken in the zone of apposition during maximal inspiration to total lung capacity (TLC) and end-tidal expiratory lung volume (EELV). A thickness ratio (inspiration thickness/expiration thickness) was calculated to compare relative diaphragm contraction during each condition. Main Outcome Measurements The primary dependent variable was diaphragm thickness (mm). Results Average diaphragm thickness at EELV and maximum TLC were more than 20% greater in the seated and standing postures than in supine ( P P P = .24). Conclusions The diaphragm is thicker when the body is in more upright postures (standing and sitting versus supine) perhaps due to greater vertical gravitational load on the muscle and associated change in the resting length of the muscle fibers. Thus it appears that ultrasound imaging may be a sensitive tool to examine changes in diaphragm contraction during varying postural tasks. Level of Evidence IV
LOCALIZED POSITIVE CHARGES CAN BEND DOUBLE HELICAL NUCLEIC ACID

Publisher Summary The base stacking interactions and electrostatic repulsions between the charged phosphate groups are the two important interactions that help to determine the three dimensional conformation of double helical nucleic acids. The spermine binds to DNA in the minor groove and assumes an extended conformation. The spermine is in the major groove of the RNA double helix; however, instead of being extended, it is in a slightly coiled conformation so that the net concentration of cations is greater in a particular region. Under appropriate conditions, T7 bacteriophage DNA with spermine added will fold up to make small donut shaped structures that have a size similar to that of the viral head itself.
Resiliency of Mobility-as-a-Service Systems to Denial-of-Service Attacks

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) systems, such as ride-sharing services, have expanded very quickly over the past years. However, the popularity of MaaS systems make them increasingly vulnerable to denial-of-service (DOS) attacks, in which attackers attempt to disrupt the system to make it unavailable to the customers. Expanding on an established queuing-theoretical model for MaaS systems, attacks are modeled as a malicious control of a fraction of vehicles in the network. We then formulate a stochastic control problem that maximizes the passenger loss in the network in steady state, and solve it as a sequence of linear and quadratic programs. Combined with a Jackson network simulation and an economic model of supply and demand for attacks, we quantify how raising the cost of attacks (via cancellation fees and higher level of security) removes economical incentives for DoS attacks. Calibrating the model on 1B taxi rides, we dynamically simulate a system under attack and estimate the passenger loss under different scenarios, such as arbitrarily depleting taxis or maximizing the passenger loss. Cost of attacks of U.S.$ 15 protects the MaaS system against DoS attacks. The contributions are thus a theoretical framework for the analysis of the network, and practical conclusions in terms of financial countermeasures to the attacks.
On the fly estimation of host–guest binding free energies using the movable type method: participation in the SAMPL5 blind challenge

We review our performance in the SAMPL5 challenge for predicting host–guest binding affinities using the movable type (MT) method. The challenge included three hosts, acyclic Cucurbit[2]uril and two octa-acids with and without methylation at the entrance to their binding cavities. Each host was associated with 6–10 guest molecules. The MT method extrapolates local energy landscapes around particular molecular states and estimates the free energy by Monte Carlo integration over these landscapes. Two blind submissions pairing MT with variants of the KECSA potential function yielded mean unsigned errors of 1.26 and 1.53 kcal/mol for the non-methylated octa-acid, 2.83 and 3.06 kcal/mol for the methylated octa-acid, and 2.77 and 3.36 kcal/mol for Cucurbit[2]uril host. While our results are in reasonable agreement with experiment, we focused on particular cases in which our estimates gave incorrect results, particularly with regard to association between the octa-acids and an adamantane derivative. Working on the hypothesis that differential solvation effects play a role in effecting computed binding affinities for the parent octa-acid and the methylated octa-acid and that the ligands bind inside the pockets (rather than on the surface) we devised a new solvent accessible surface area term to better quantify solvation energy contributions in MT based studies. To further explore this issue a, molecular dynamics potential of mean force (PMF) study indicates that, as found by our docking calculations, the stable binding mode for this ligand is inside (rather than surface bound) the octa-acid cavity whether the entrance is methylated or not. The PMF studies also obtained the correct order for the methylation-induced change in binding affinities and associated the difference, to a large extent to differential solvation effects. Overall, the SAMPL5 challenge yielded in improvements our solvation modeling and also demonstrated the need for thorough validation of input data integrity prior to any computational analysis.
Integrated microphone with CMOS circuits on a single chip

Summary form only given. The first integration of a microphone together with CMOS circuits on a single chip has been demonstrated. It was found that the processes needed to make the microphone can be articulated with a commercial CMOS fabrication line. The microphones, squares 2 mm on a side, were fabricated by combining micromachining procedures (to produce a thin silicon-nitride diaphragm) with ZnO thin-film layers which are used as piezoelectric transducers. The circuits integrated with the microphones consist mainly of several configurations of analog standard cells that were designed and proven for building-block applications. The frequency responses of the integrated microphones are plotted. >
Biotechnology Impacts on Soil and Environmental Services

Environmental microorganisms have been historically extensively evaluated for applications in agricultural production and have resulted in several biologically based practices and products available to farmers since the early 1900s. These traditional biotechnological advances, initially primarily intended for increased crop yields and reduced inputs of synthetic chemicals, have gained renewed interest as tools for improving or maintaining soil health. In contrast “modern biotechnology,” involving intentional manipulation of genes from different organisms to generate transgenic organisms using recombinant DNA or direct injection of nucleic acid, have traditionally focused on selection of plant phenotype characteristics while important beneficial plant–microbe interactions that impact soil health have been overlooked during varietal selection. Consequently, only limited information is available on the direct impacts of biotechnology on soil health and environmental services. This chapter provides background on impacts of biotechnology on soil health and environmental quality and presents and proposes biotechnology-based management practices for maintaining or improving soil health and environmental quality.
Impact of Diet Containing Grape Pomace on Growth Performance and Blood Lipid Profile of Young Rats

Grape pomace (GP), the residue of grapes after wine making, is rich in dietary polyphenols and fiber, and it has potential to serve as a functional food ingredient to improve health. However, high polyphenol diets have also been reported to inhibit the growth of young animals and cause liver necrosis. This study investigated the effect of diets containing different amounts of GP on the growth performance and blood lipid profile by using a young rat model. Twenty female Sprague-Dawley rats of age 7 weeks were randomly divided into four groups that were fed AIN-93G diets that were modified by substituting 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of carbohydrate with GP for 10 weeks (the diets, thus, obtained contained 0%, 6.9%, 13.8%, and 20.7% of GP). The group fed original AIN-93G (0% GP) was used as control. Feed consumption, body weight, length, and height were recorded weekly. Blood samples were taken biweekly to analyze plasma lipid profile. At the end of the feeding period, the rats were fasted overnight and euthanized by exsanguination under anesthesia. Livers, hearts, and kidneys were collected, and their weights were recorded. Results show that the diet containing a maximum of 20.7% of GP did not influence the body weights, lengths, and heights of rats. As the GP content increased, the blood triglyceride and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) decreased, the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) increased slightly but were statistically significant, and total cholesterol remained constant. In conclusion, GP in the AIN-93G diet did not influence the growth performance of young rats, but it exhibited both positive and negative effects on the blood lipid profile.
Comparison of Periodized and Non-Periodized Resistance Training on Maximal Strength: A Meta-Analysis

Periodization is a logical method of organizing training into sequential phases and cyclical time periods in order to increase the potential for achieving specific performance goals while minimizing the potential for overtraining. Periodized resistance training plans are proposed to be superior to non-periodized training plans for enhancing maximal strength. The primary aim of this study was to examine the previous literature comparing periodized resistance training plans to non-periodized resistance training plans and determine a quantitative estimate of effect on maximal strength. All studies included in the meta-analysis met the following inclusion criteria: (1) peer-reviewed publication; (2) published in English; (3) comparison of a periodized resistance training group to a non-periodized resistance training group; (4) maximal strength measured by 1-repetition maximum (1RM) squat, bench press, or leg press. Data were extracted and independently coded by two authors. Random-effects models were used to aggregate a mean effect size (ES), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and potential moderators. The cumulative results of 81 effects gathered from 18 studies published between 1988 and 2015 indicated that the magnitude of improvement in 1RM following periodized resistance training was greater than non-periodized resistance training (ES = 0.43, 95% CI 0.27–0.58; P < 0.001). Periodization model (β = 0.51; P = 0.0010), training status (β = −0.59; P = 0.0305), study length (β = 0.03; P = 0.0067), and training frequency (β = 0.46; P = 0.0123) were associated with a change in 1RM. These results indicate that undulating programs were more favorable for strength gains. Improvements in 1RM were greater among untrained participants. Additionally, higher training frequency and longer study length were associated with larger improvements in 1RM. These results suggest that periodized resistance training plans have a moderate effect on 1RM compared to non-periodized training plans. Variation in training stimuli appears to be vital for increasing maximal strength, and longer periods of higher training frequency may be preferred.
Living, dying, after death: Achieving a "good" death in the time of AIDs orphan care

AIDS has devastated communities across southern Africa, leaving many children orphaned. Grandmothers are considered ideal caregivers because of cultural expectations of intergenerational care, and because they have not been decimated by AIDS to the same extent as younger adults. However, these grandmothers, who currently carry the majority of the burden of care for AIDS orphans, are themselves aging and dying. I argue here that in Lesotho, the caregiving demanded of grandmothers late into their lives not only alters kin relations for the living but has increasingly made a "good" death unachievable for elderly caregivers.
Rho GTPase effectors and NAD metabolism in cancer immune suppression.

Introduction: Sustained proliferative signaling and de-regulated cellular bioenergetics are two of the chief hallmarks of cancer. Alterations in the Ras pathway and its downstream effectors are amo...
The sacral autonomic outflow is parasympathetic: Langley got it right.

A recent developmental study of gene expression by Espinosa-Medina, Brunet and colleagues sparked controversy by asserting a revised nomenclature for divisions of the autonomic motor system. Should we re-classify the sacral autonomic outflow as sympathetic, as now suggested, or does it rightly belong to the parasympathetic system, as defined by Langley nearly 100 years ago? Arguments for rejecting Espinosa-Medina, Brunet et al.’s scheme subsequently appeared in e-letters and brief reviews. A more recent commentary in this journal by Brunet and colleagues responded to these criticisms by labeling Langley’s scheme as a historical myth perpetuated by ignorance. In reaction to this heated exchange, I now examine both sides to the controversy, together with purported errors by the pioneers in the field. I then explain, once more, why the sacral outflow should remain known as parasympathetic, and outline suggestions for future experimentation to advance the understanding of cellular identity in the autonomic motor system.
Survivorship care for early-stage colorectal cancer: a national survey of general surgeons and colorectal surgeons.

AIM Few data are available on the optimal long-term care of early-stage colorectal cancer survivors, termed survivorship care. We aimed to investigate current practice in the management of patients following treatment for early-stage colorectal cancer. METHOD We performed an internet survey of members of the American Society for Colon and Rectal Surgeons about several aspects of long-term care, including allocation of clinician responsibility, challenges with transitions to primary care physicians (PCPs), long-term care plan provision and recommended surgical follow-up duration. RESULTS Overall, 251 surgeons responded. Surgeons reported taking primary responsibility for managing adverse surgical effects (93.2%) and surveillance testing (imaging and laboratories 68.6%, endoscopy 82.4%). Barriers to PCP handoffs included patient preference for surgical follow-up (endorsed by 76.6%) and inadequate communication with PCPs (endorsed by 36.9%). Approximately one-third of surgeons routinely provide survivorship care plans to PCPs; surgeons who received formal survivorship training were more likely to do so compared to those without such training (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.57, 6.92). Although only 20.4% of surgeons follow their patients beyond 5 years, individuals in practice longer were more likely to continue long-term follow-up than those with ≤ 10 years of experience. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest survey of surgeons regarding long-term management for early-stage colorectal cancer and highlights the potential for improved coordination with PCPs and increased implementation of survivorship care plans.
Selection of Biomedical Animal Models

Laboratory animals play a crucial role in research discovery and technological advances, and they will continue to take part in improving the lives of people and other animals. It is incumbent upon the researcher to know his subject well in order to provide relevant information to the scientific world. In an effort to assist the biomedical researcher in gaining this knowledge, this chapter provides the following key elements: definition of types of animal models, legislative and legal requirements, criteria for choosing a model, extrapolation validity recommendations, and descriptive features for publication.
From Being One L to Teaching One L

When I applied to law school, I knew next-to-nothing about law school. I really walked into it blind - I would say legally blond, but I am brunette. I had no friends or family members who were attorneys. The only political science class I had ever taken was in high school - and I distinctly remember mistakenly writing on an exam that Thomas Jefferson, and not James Madison, wrote the Constitution. I didn't know what a tort was. I had no idea what the Socratic Method was. I didn’t know what Law Review was. I didn’t know what “clerking” was. At orientation there were thirteen tables, to represent each Circuit Court of Appeals. I didn’t know what a 'Circuit' was.When I started briefing cases, I would always take note to write down the Judge's name. Though, I did find one oddity: all of the Judges had a first initial of 'J.' 'Such a coincidence,' I wondered. And what about 'C.J.' I wondered? Curious initials for a Judge. It took me a solid month before I realized the 'J' stood for Judge. Even then, when several names were listed, followed by J.J. after the last Judge, I figured that meant 'Junior Judge' and they were listed in order of seniority, with the newest Judge last. I had never read or heard of Scott Turow’s classic, One L. For that matter, I didn’t even know what One L meant. During orientation, someone asked if I was a 1L. I gazed back, and inquired what that was? A mere six years after I stepped into my first law school class as a bewildered evening student, I have clerked for two federal judges (after sending out 1,600 applications), published a bunch of law review articles (the first of which was dedicated to James Madison), and am an avowed Supreme Court nerd. In hindsight, I know that the uncertainty, chaos, and confusion that is One L is hardly limited to the first year of law school. 2L, 3L, and beyond present greater challenges and tests, that are much tougher than contracts and torts. Indeed, One L is not only preparation for, but truly a metaphor for everything that attorneys have gone through, and everything we will go through. Such poignancy is what makes Turow’s writing, and our own memories, so everlasting. With these experiences, in the fall of 2012, I will begin teaching a whole new wave of One Ls as a law professor at South Texas College of Law. Having gone from clueless to obsessed, it is perhaps fitting, or maybe ironic, that I was invited to contribute to this worthy collection to talk about my experiences, from being a One L to teaching One Ls.
HPLC assay for FK 506 and two metabolites in isolated rat hepatocytes and rat liver microsomes

Despite the current use of a standard two-step enzyme immunoassay in the clinical monitoring of the immunosuppressant FK 506, the lack of specificity for the parent drug in this assay renders it unsuitable for drug metabolism studies. An HPLC assay has been developed for studying the metabolism of FK 506 in isolated hepatocytes and microsomal mixtures. This assay allows simultaneous measurement of the parent drug and two of its time dependent metabolites. Metabolism of this drug was studied in intact rat liver cells and rat liver microsomes. We have shown that the metabolites observed are products of phase 1 oxidation reactions. Correlation of the 6β-testosterone hydroxylase activity with the FK 506 metabolite (Ml) initial formation rate is consistent with the belief that CYP 3A isozymes are involved in FK 506 metabolism in male rats.
Exploiting MindStorms NXT: Mapping and Localization Projects for the AI Course.

This paper describes two major student projects for the artificial intelligence course – Mapping using Bayesian filter and Monte Carlo Localization. These projects are also suitable for a course focusing on autonomous mobile robotics. Implemented using the new Lego MindStorms NXT platform, a major improvement over the previous RCX platform, these projects are part of the LMICSE web site, a large repository of MindStorms-based computer science curriculum materials.
The Royal Navy in the Age of Austerity 1919–22: Naval and foreign policy under Lloyd George

The historiography of the Royal Navy in the periods before and during the First World War has grown and developed in an extraordinary fashion over the past 10 to 15 years. This has fundamentally ch...
The State of Authorship in Criminology: Perceptions of Right and Order among Elite Criminologists

Although journal outlets are beginning to put forth explicit criteria that define authorship, studies have also found that there are nonetheless components of authorship philosophies that remain in...
Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMMs) Based Distributed Approach For Wide-Area Control

In this paper, an alternating direction method of multipliers based novel distributed wide-area control architecture is proposed for damping the interarea oscillations. In this approach, first, an interconnected power system is divided into areas based on coherency grouping. Second, local processors are assigned on each area that estimate a black-box transfer function model based on Lagrange multipliers using measurements. These local area processors are then used to estimate a global transfer function model of the power system based on a consensus algorithm through a global processor. After convergence, a transfer function residue corresponding to the interarea mode of interest is derived, to determine optimal wide area control loop. Finally, a wide-area damping controller is designed based on this information. The efficacy of the controller is validated using two area and IEEE-39 bus test systems on RTDS/RSCAD and MATLAB cosimulation platform.
Debunking the July Effect in Cardiac Surgery: A National Analysis of More Than 470,000 Procedures

Background Recent studies in noncardiac surgery have described worse outcomes in the first month of training. However, the "July effect" in the context of cardiac surgery outcomes is not well understood. We examined whether patient outcomes after cardiac surgery were affected by procedure month or academic year quartile. Methods Using the National Inpatient Sample, we isolated all coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR), mitral valve repair or replacement (MV), and isolated thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) replacement procedures between 2012 and 2014. For each procedure, overall trends in in-hospital mortality and hospital complications were compared by academic year quartiles (ie, between the first academic year quartile vs the fourth quartile) and by procedure month. Outcomes between teaching and nonteaching hospitals were also compared. Results Overall, 301,105 CABG, 111,260 AVR, 54,985 MV, and 2,655 TAA procedures met inclusion criteria. In-hospital mortality for each procedure did not vary by procedure month or academic year quartile, even after risk adjustment (all P > .05). Teaching status did not influence risk-adjusted mortality for CABG and isolated TAA replacement (both P > .05). However, teaching hospitals had significantly lower adjusted mortality than nonteaching hospitals for AVR and MV surgery (both P Conclusions The July effect is not evident for cardiac surgery despite preexisting notions. Teaching hospitals performed at least equivalent, if not better, for major cardiac surgery procedures. These findings highlight the pivotal role of hospital support systems to ensure the safe transition of resident classes without compromising on patient outcomes.
Working Memory Development and Motor Vehicle Crashes in Young Drivers.

Importance Adolescent drivers have the highest rate of motor vehicle crashes, and among equally novice drivers, crash risk is inversely age graded. Working memory (WM), crucial to driving hazard awareness, is also age graded, with ongoing development into late adolescence. Variability in WM capacity and growth trajectory positions WM as a candidate crash risk factor for study, clinical screening, and possible preventative intervention. Objective To test the association between crashes and differential WM development. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study used data from a longitudinal cohort of 118 community youth in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Working memory and other risk factors were measured annually from age 11 to 13 years (prelicensure, in 2005) to 14 to 16 years (in 2009), and again at 18 to 20 years (in 2013). In 2015, a follow-up survey of driving experience identified 84 participants who had started driving. Latent growth curve modeling was used to examine the association between variability in the baseline (intercept) and developmental trajectory (slope) of WM and the crash outcome. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported crashes were the primary outcome. Variability in the relative growth of WM development along with traits and behaviors associated with risky driving were assessed. Results Of 84 participants (39 [46%] male; mean [SD] age, 20.46 [1.09] years), 25 (29.8%) reported they had been involved in at least 1 crash. Controlling for other crash risk factors, the model indicated that variation in the linear slope of WM growth was inversely associated with reporting a crash (b = −6.41; SE = 2.64;P = .02). Crashes were also associated with reckless driving behavior (b = 0.40; SE = 0.18;P = .03). Variation in the intercept of WM was not associated with crashes (b = −0.245; SE = 0.67;P = .72). Conclusions and Relevance The results suggest that a relatively slower WM growth trajectory is associated with young driver crashes. Routine assessment of WM across adolescence may help to identify at-risk teen drivers and opportunities for providing adaptive interventions (eg, driving aids or training) that can address limitations in WM-related skills that are critical for safe driving.
Neuroscientific approaches to the study of system justification

Recent advances in the study of political attitudes and behavior have incorporated neurobiological methods to elucidate the basic affective and cognitive processes that support political decisions. This review integrates perspectives in political neuroscience research and focuses on the neurobiological bases of system justification — the motivation to regard the existing social system as legitimate and desirable. Neuroscientific evidence indicates that system justification and propensity to engage in political protest are associated with interindividual differences in amygdala structure. This suggests the possibility that our inclinations to protect versus protest the status quo are linked to our biological responses. Much of the promise of using neuroscience approaches in this interdisciplinary work lies in future investigations to help clarify outstanding questions about the palliative function of system justification and the neurocognitive bases of political participation.
Digestibility of amino acids and concentrations of metabolizable energy and net energy are greater in high-shear dry soybean expellers than in soybean meal when fed to growing pigs

Soybean expellers may be produced by dry extrusion and mechanical oil pressing of soybeans, but there is limited information about the nutritional value of expellers produced via this procedure. Therefore, 2 experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and total dietary fiber (TDF), and concentrations of DE, ME, and NE are greater in soybean expellers than in soybean meal (SBM) when fed to growing pigs. Pigs were the offspring of Line 359 boars mated to Camborough females (Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, TN). In experiment 1, nine growing barrows (initial BW: 55.98 kg ± 13.75 kg) with T-cannulas installed in the distal ileum were allotted to 1 of 3 diets using a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 periods. Two diets were formulated to contain 35% soybean expellers or 33% SBM as the sole source of AA. A N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of AA. Ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. Results indicated that the SID of most indispensable and dispensable AA were greater (P < 0.05) or tended (P < 0.10) to be greater in soybean expellers than in SBM. In experiment 2, a corn-based diet and 2 diets based on corn and each of the 2 soybean products were formulated. Twenty-four growing barrows (initial BW: 44.88 kg ± 2.17 kg) were allotted to 1 of the 3 diets with 8 pigs per diet. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. Results indicated that the ATTD of energy and TDF was not different between soybean expellers and SBM, but the ATTD of TDF in the 2 soybean products was greater (P < 0.05) than in corn. Concentrations of DE and ME in soybean expellers were greater (P < 0.05) compared with corn or SBM. Soybean expellers had greater (P < 0.05) calculated NE compared with SBM, but there was no difference in NE between corn and soybean expellers. In conclusion, values for SID of most AA and DE, ME, and NE in soybean expellers were greater than in SBM.
Making Space for Other Voices: Hands-On, Human-Centered Design Delivered Online

During the spring of 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was necessary to rapidly translate a new human-centered design studio course for first-year biomedical engineering students from a face-to-face delivery mode to a remote delivery mode. In addition to disrupting plans for hands-on design prototyping experiences, stay-at-home orders associated with the pandemic disrupted plans for students to interact substantively and empathetically with potential users, which is the heart of human-centered design. The challenge was therefore to provide students without ready access to machine shops, 3D printing, or other people with some form of the educational experiences promised in the course syllabus.
Aeroelastic inverse: Estimation of aerodynamic loads during large amplitude limit cycle oscillations

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm to compute the aerodynamic forces and moments of an aeroelastic wing undergoing large amplitude heave and pitch limit cycle oscillations. The technique is based on inverting the equations of motion to solve for the lift and moment experienced by the wing. Bayesian inferencing is used to estimate the structural parameters of the system and generate credible intervals on the lift and moment calculations. The inversion technique is applied to study the affect of mass coupling on limit cycle oscillation amplitude. Examining the force, power, and energy of the system, the reasons for amplitude growth with wind speed can be determined. The results demonstrate that the influence of mass coupling on the pitch–heave difference is the driving factor in amplitude variation. The pitch–heave phase difference not only controls how much aerodynamic energy is transferred into the system but also how the aerodynamic energy is distributed between the degrees of freedom.
On Finite Dimensional $$\mathfrak {sl}(2)$$ Representations and an Application to Algebraic Combinatorics

Throughout these notes V will be a finite dimensional K vector space and I will denote the identity operator. For all our applications there is no loss in specializing K to be the field of rational numbers, but at some point in our development we will need to assume that K is the field of complex numbers.
GETTING STAPLED: INJURY AMONG CHILDREN RESULTING FROM INDUSTRIAL-TYPE STAPLES—A NECESSARY CONVENIENCE OR PREVENTABLE HAZARD?

Objective Heavy duty staples are used for many purposes in industry. Children can be exposed to open staples in homes with carpets, boxes, staple guns (applicators) and worn furniture. The purpose of this study was to examine the epidemiology of staple-related injury among children in the USA from 2002 to 2006. Method Data were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) for staple-related injuries among children 0–14 years of age. NEISS provides data from selected emergency rooms throughout the USA. Analysis included frequencies and χ2 analysis. Results Analysis revealed 66 cases of injury to children related to industrial staples. There were an estimated 2107 injuries reported in the USA between 2002 and 2006 related to industrial staples. A majority of the cases were male, aged 6–10 years, and occurred in the home environment. Most injuries were lacerations to the fingers and arms. The source of the staples came mainly from furniture, boxes, staple guns and carpets. Conclusion The study reveals that children are injured when exposed to staples that are open in boxes, carpets and furniture. There are alternative methods to use when manufacturing boxes and furniture, such as glue. It is recommended that alternative methods for carpets, furniture and boxes be pursued to limit hazards and injury that could be preventable. In most cases the injury was minor, but there still exists a burden on the healthcare system for a hazard that could be replaced with updated technology.
Why protect civil liberties during a pandemic

During a public health emergency, a government must balance public welfare, equity, individual rights, and democratic processes and norms. These goods may conflict. Although science has a role in informing wise policy, no empirical evidence or algorithm can determine how to balance competing goods under conditions of uncertainty. Especially in a crisis, it is crucial to have a broad and free conversation about public policy. Many countries are moving in the opposite direction. Sixty-one percent of governments have imposed at least some problematic restrictions on individual rights or democratic processes during the COVID-19 pandemic, and 17 have made substantial negative changes. The policies of Poland and Hungary reflect these global trends and continue these countries' recent histories of democratic erosion. The expertise of public health should be deployed in defense of civil liberties.
Numerical Study on Flow and Heat Transfer of Water and Liquid Metals Within Micro-Scale Heat Sinks for High Heat Dissipation Rate Applications.

Compact and small-scale heat exchangers can handle high heat dissipation rates due to their large surface area to volume ratios. Applications involving high heat dissipation rates include, but are not limited to, compact microelectronic processing units, high power laser arrays, fuel cells, as well as fission batteries. Low maintenance cost, small size and dimensions, as well as high convective heat transfer coefficients, make micro-scale heat sinks an efficient and reliable cooling solution for applications with high heat dissipation rates. Despite these advantages, the large pressure drop that occurs within micro-scale heat sinks has restricted their utilization. Slip at the walls of microchannels has been reported to reduce friction factor up to 30%, depending on the hydraulic diameter of the microchannel. Numerical investigations are conducted to comprehensively investigate the effect of slip at walls on friction factor and Nusselt number of liquid flows in micro-scale heat sinks. At the same mass flow rate and inlet Reynolds number, obtained results suggest that slip length on the order of 2 microns enhances the overall thermalhydraulic performance of micro heat sinks by almost 6% in comparison with no-slip boundary conditions. 4% increase is observed in channel average Nusselt number while pumping power reduces by 8% in comparison with no-slip boundary condition.
Quantifying Shareability in Transportation Networks: The Maximum Network Flow Overlap Problem.

Cities across the world vary in terms of their urban forms, transportation networks, and travel demand patterns with the variation affecting the viability of different shared mobility modes ranging from mass transit to ridesharing. This study proposes a modeling framework to quantify the shareability of person flows in any city as a function of two inputs--the underlying transportation (street) network and origin-destination (OD) travel demand in the network--as a first step toward a deeper understanding of the joint influence of these factors on the viability of shared mobility modes. This study conceptualizes flow overlap to denote, for a person trip traversing a given path, the weighted (by link distance) average number of other travelers sharing the links along the person's path. The study extends this concept and formulates the Maximum Network Flow Overlap Problem (MNFLOP) to assign all O-D person flows to the network paths that maximize flow overlap in the region. The study also proposes an MNFLOP variant with a second objective function term, OD flow detours, to capture the trade-off between minimizing travel distance/time and increasing shareability. The study utilizes the MNFLOP output to calculate measures of shareability at various levels of aggregation, including, single location, single and multiple ODs, individual links, and network level. The study applies the MNFLOP to networks in Sioux Falls and Chicago. Results show that with minor increases in traveler detour, it is possible to significantly increase flow overlap relative to assigning all OD flows to their shortest paths. Origin level measures of flow overlap indicate potential to share trips even from locations with low demand, as long as the trips can be concentrated onto a few paths, showing that critical demand assessment for operating shared mobility modes is guided by both magnitude and directionality of demand.
Liverworts (Marchantiophyta) of Miami, Florida, USA

This study, the first survey of species composition and abundance in the built environment of Miami, Florida, USA, found 18 taxa, six of them new records for Miami-Dade County. The newly reported taxa are: Acrolejeunea heterophylla, Frullania brittoniae, F. eboracensis ssp. virginica, F. inflata var. communis, Lejeunea trinitensis, and Marchantia inflexa. In addition, Frullanoides bahamensis, last seen in the county in 1916, was recollected. A comparison of the findings of this study with previous works shows that the liverwort flora of the built environment is more similar in species composition to the flora of coastal woodlands of the Tampa Bay area than it is to the flora of tropical hammocks of Miami-Dade County.
Competitive inhibition of glycylsarcosine transport by enalapril in rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles : Interaction of ACE inhibitors with high-affinity H+/peptide symporter

Purpose. To examine the inhibitory potential of enalapril [and other angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors] on glycylsarcosine (GlySar) transport by the high-affinity renal peptide transporter.
Iris recognition using fourier-wavelet features

This paper presents an effective iris recognition system for iris localization, feature extraction, and matching. By combining the shift-invariant and the multi-resolution properties from Fourier descriptor and wavelet transform, the Fourier-Wavelet features are proposed for iris recognition. A similarity measure is adopted as the matching criterion. Four wavelet filters containing Haar, Daubechies-8, Biorthogonal 3.5, and Biorthogonal 4.4 are evaluated and they all perform better than the feature of Gaussian-Hermite moments. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed features can provide promising performance for iris recognition.
Ultrastructural Changes in Human Trabecular Meshwork Tissue after Laser Trabeculoplasty

Purpose. To compare morphologic changes in human trabecular meshwork (TM) after selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) and argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT). Design. Laboratory evaluation of ex vivo human eye TM after laser trabeculoplasty. Methods. Corneoscleral rims from human cadaver eyes were sectioned and treated with varying powers of either SLT or ALT. Specimens were examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results. TEM of SLT at all powers resulted in disrupted TM cells with cracked and extracellular pigment granules. SEM of SLT samples treated at high power revealed tissue destruction with scrolling of trabecular beams. SEM of ALT-treated tissue showed increasing destruction with exposure to higher power. The presence or absence of “champagne” bubbles during SLT did not alter the histologic findings. Conclusions. SLT-treated human TM revealed disruption of TM cells with cracked, extracellular pigment granules, particularly at higher treatment powers. Tissue scrolling was noted at very high SLT energy levels. ALT-treated tissue showed significant damage to both the superficial and deeper TM tissues in a dose-dependent fashion. Further studies are needed to guide titration of treatment power to maximize the IOP-lowering effect while minimizing both energy delivered and damage to target tissues.