cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulse compression in a free electron laser amplifier

We have studied both theoretically and experimentally a new scheme of active pulse compression in a free electron laser (FEL) amplifier. The pulse compression scheme presented here is the following. A frequency-chirped pulse is injected into the FEL interaction region. Because of the high gain and narrow bandwidth of the FEL interaction, only the resonant frequency band of the pulse is actively amplified, resulting in a short pulse of high power coherent radiation at the output of the laser. For our experimental parameters (beam voltage ∼ 150 kV, current ∼ 5.0 A, wiggler period ⋍ 3.5 cm and gain ∼ 10 dB), pulses of a few nanoseconds were generated at ⋍ 10 GHz after an interaction length of 2.30 m, in good agreement with theoretical expectations. For the same input pulses (width > 100 ns, frequency chirp α2π ∼ 5 MHz/ns), the obtention of such compression ratios would require hundreds of meters of dispersive medium (waveguide, for example), with prohibitively high attenuations. These experimental result represent what we believe to be the first measurements of FM effects in an FEL amplifier.
Thickness dependence of D.C. leakage current in lead zirconate-titanate (PZT) memories

Abstract We have measured the voltage (field) dependence, the thickness dependence, and the temperature dependence of d.c. leakage currents in PbZr0.40Ti0.60O3. In agreement with our earlier results [Scott et al., J. Appl. Phys. 70, 382 (1991)], the voltage dependence is given by I(V) = AV + B(V - V 0)2, implying space-charge limited currents. In addition, in the present work we find that I(d) = C/d 3 at constant voltage, where d is the thickness and C is a constant dependent upon voltage and cross-sectional area. This inverse-cubic dependence of current confirms that the leakage is dominated by space charge effects.
An alternate method for establishing porcelain margins.

Abstract The technique described is simple, safe, and requires no special training or expertise in its application. Hi-Temp special liquid is readily available and has an indefinite shelf life. The technique enables easy fabrication of ceramometal crowns with porcelain margins with fewer problems and greater accuracy (Figs. 1 and 2).
Issues and approaches in assessing cumulative impacts on waterbird habitat in wetlands

Wetlands are attractive to vertebrates because of their abundant nutrient resources and habitat diversity. Because they are conspicuous, vertebrates commonly are used as indicators of changes in wetlands produced by environmental impacts. Such impacts take place at the landscape level where extensive areas are lost; at the wetland complex level where some (usually small) units of a closely spaced group of wetlands are drained or modified; or at the level of the individual wetland through modification or fragmentation that impacts its habitat value. Vertebrates utilize habitats differently according to age, sex, geographic location, and season, and habitat evaluations based on isolated observations can be biased. Current wetland evaluation systems incorporate wildlife habitat as a major feature, and the habitat evaluation procedure focuses only on habitat. Several approaches for estimating bird habitat losses are derived from population curves based on natural and experimentally induced population fluctuations. Additional research needs and experimental approaches are identified for addressing cumulative impacts on wildlife habitat values.
Acoustic timescale characterisation of a one-dimensional model hot spot

Hot spots have been shown to be the autoignition centre in reactive mixtures. Linear temperature gradients and thermal stratification are used to characterise their behaviour. In this work, a model hot spot is considered by combining a linear temperature gradient with a constant temperature plateau. This approach retains the simplicity of a linear temperature gradient, but captures the effects of a local temperature maximum of finite size. A one-step Arrhenius reaction for H2–air is used to model the reactive mixture. Plateaus of three different initial sizes spanning two orders of magnitude are simulated. Each length corresponds to a different ratio of excitation time to acoustic time. It is shown that ratios less than unity react at nearly isochoric conditions while ratios greater than unity react at nearly isobaric conditions. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the gasdynamic response is characterised by the a priori prescribed hot spot acoustic timescale ratio. Based upon the prescribed timescale ra...
Age and growth of yellowtail snapper and queen triggerfish collected from the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico

Abstract Opaque rings on sectioned otoliths and sectioned dorsal spines were used to age yellowtail snapper, Ocyurus chrysurus ( N = 654) and queen triggerfish, Balistes vetula ( N = 665), taken from U.S Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico trap and hook-and-line fisheries in 1983 and 1984. Annulus formation, validated by marginal increment analysis, occurred from March to May for yellowtail snapper and from February through March for queen triggerfish. The maximum age for yellowtail snapper was 17 years, compared with only 7 years for queen triggerfish. Mean back-calculated fork lengths ( FL , mm) of yellowtail snapper aged 1, 5, 10, 15 and 17 years were 117, 287, 375, 455 and 505, respectively. Mean back-calculated lengths for queen triggerfish aged 1–7 years were 161, 229, 274, 307, 332, 356 and 378 mm FL , respectively. The von Bertalanffy growth equations for yellowtail snapper and queen triggerfish were L t =502.5 (1−e −0.139( t + 0.955) ) and L t =415(1− e −0.30( t + 0.600) ) respectively, where t = age in years. The length-weight relationship for yellowtail snapper was W = 0.000117 FL 2.6504 , where W = weight in grams and was W = 0.000101 FL 2.750 for queen triggerfish. Data revealed that yellowtail snapper live longer than previously reported and grow at a rate similar to other western Atlantic lutjanids. Queen triggerfish studied were not as old as expected, probably because of fishing gear selectivity.
Cloning of the Plasmodium vivax Duffy receptor

Abstract Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi merozites invade only Duffy blood group-positive human erythrocytes. Soluble P. vivax and P. knowlesi merozoite proteins of 135 kDa bind specifically to Duffy blood group determinants. The gene encoding a member of the Duffy receptor gene family of P. knowlesi has been cloned. We report here the molecular cloning of the presumptive Duffy receptor gene of P. vivax, using the P. knowlesi gene as a probe. There is a single gene in P. vivax which codes for a protein of 1115 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence predicts a putative signal sequence at the amino-terminus and a transmembrane region followed by 45 amino acids at the carboxy-terminus. The three introns found at the 3′ end of the P. knowlesi gene were conserved in P. vivax, including high homology for the sequences of the introns. Comparison of the portion of the proteins amino to the transmembrane region between P. vivax and the partial sequence of P. knowlesi indicated at least three domains. Two homologous regions were separated by a non-homologous region. The cysteines in the homologous regions were conserved in number and position, indicating that the folding is similar and suggesting that these regions may be the Duffy blood group binding domains. In both P. vivax and P. knowlesi, the non-homologous region is hydrophilic and proline-rich, although the position of the prolines is not conserved. As prolines tend to stiffen a protein, this region may act as a ‘hinge region’ similar to those in the immunoglobulin gene family.
Random walk on countably infinite Abelian groups

Here 0 is the identi ty element of the (additive) group g~, #~0> is the probabili ty measure all of whose mass is concentrated at O, #~1~=# and #~> is the n-fold convolution of # with itself. Roughly speaking, the purpose of this paper is to imitate and extend basic results in [10] (Chapter 7 and parts of earlier chapters). There the at tention was strictly confined to the groups (~ =Z~, the groups of d-dimensional integers, or lattice points in Euclidean space of dimension d. Thus the basic ideas, methods, and notation are exactly those in [10] when possible--and most of the difficulties which arise because (~ is more complicated than Z~ can be overcome by the use of certain measures induced by the given measure tt on cyclic subgroups of (~. I t will be assumed throughout that the measure /x is aperiodic , i.e. that the support of tt genera tes all of (~. (Note however that (~ must be infinite. When @ is finite everything we do is either trivial or well known but the results are by no means the same.) Given /z we define on (~ the Markov process (random walk) X~ with transition function P z IX1 = Y] = P ( x , y) = la(y x),
An indirect approach to generating specific human cell types

Two groups derived neural and mesodermal cells from human fibroblasts by going through a partially reprogrammed intermediate.
Raphespinal projections in the north american opossum: Evidence for connectional heterogeneity

Retrograde transport studies revealed that the nuclei pallidus, obscurus, and magnus raphae as well as the adjacent reticular formation innervate the spinal cord in the opossum. HRP-lesion experiments showed that a relatively large number of neurons within the nucleus obscurus raphae and closely adjacent areas of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis project through the ventrolateral white matter and that many cells within the nucleus magnus raphae, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventralis, and the nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis contribute axons to the dorsal half of the lateral funiculi. Neurons within the rostral pole of the nucleus magnus raphae and the adjacent nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis may project exclusively through the latter route. Each of the above-mentioned raphe and reticular nuclei contain nonindolaminergic as well as indolaminergic neurons (Crutcher and Humbertson, 1978). When True-Blue was injected into the spinal cord and the brain processed for monoamine histofluorescence evidence for True-Blue was found in neurons of both types. Injections of 3H-leucine centered within the nuclei pallidus and obscurus raphae and/or the closely adjacent nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis labeled axons within autonomic nuclei and laminae IV-X. Labeled axons were particularly numerous within the intermediolateral cell column and within laminae IX and X. Injections of the caudoventral part of the nucleus magnus raphae or the adjacent nucleus reticualris gigantocellularis pars ventralis labeled axons in the same areas as well as within laminae I-III. When the injection was placed within the rostal part of the nucleus magnus raphae or the adjacent nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis axons were labeled within laminae I-III and external zones of laminae IV-VII, but not within lamina IX. The immunohistofluorescence method revealed evidence for indolaminergic axons in each of the spinal areas labeled by injections of 3H-leucine into the raphe and adjacent reticular formation. They were particularly abundant within the intermediolateral cell column and within laminae IX and X. These data indicate that raphe spinal systems are chemically and connectionally heterogeneous.
Strain distribution in the superplastic 7475 Al alloy

In superplastic flow, the flow stress, {sigma}, is generally related to the imposed strain-rate, {dot {var_epsilon}}, by an equation of the form: {sigma} = B ({dot {var_epsilon}}){sup m} (1) where B is a constant for a given temperature and grain size and m is the strain-rate sensitivity. The overall ductility observed in a superplastic material under any selected testing condition can be limited both by the formation and growth of localized necks within the gage length and/or by the development and interlinkage of internal cavities. The formation of macroscopic necking is determined primarily by the value of m. It can be shown that the change in the specimen cross-sectional area, A, with time, t, is given by: dA/dt = {minus}(P/B){sup 1/m} A{sup (m{minus}1)/m} (2) where P is the tensile force. It follows from Equation 2 that the probability of necking decreases as m{r_arrow}1. Generally, in the absence of failure by cavitation, a value of m{approximately}0.5 will lead to the development of diffuse necks and high elongations to failure. True superplasticity requires Newtonian viscous flow with m=1 and a consequent infinite elongation to failure. In practice, however, this condition is not attainable in real metals, and there is instead an optimalmore » superplastic condition when m>0.5 and failure occurs by quasi-stable flow. Under these conditions, where m is significantly <1, it is important to examine the distribution of strain, and thus the extent of necking within the gage length. The 7475 Al alloy was selected for this investigation on strain distribution.« less
TRIM5α Modulates Immunodeficiency Virus Control in Rhesus Monkeys

The cytoplasmic TRIM5α proteins of certain mammalian lineages efficiently recognize the incoming capsids of particular retroviruses and potently restrict infection in a species-specific manner. Successful retroviruses have evolved capsids that are less efficiently recognized by the TRIM5α proteins of the natural hosts. To address whether TRIM5α contributes to the outcome of retroviral infection in a susceptible host species, we investigated the impact of TRIM5 polymorphisms in rhesus monkeys on the course of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Full-length TRIM5α cDNAs were derived from each of 79 outbred monkeys and sequenced. Associations were explored between the expression of particular TRIM5 alleles and both the permissiveness of cells to SIV infection in vitro and clinical sequelae of SIV infection in vivo. Natural variation in the TRIM5α B30.2(SPRY) domain influenced the efficiency of SIVmac capsid binding and the in vitro susceptibility of cells from the monkeys to SIVmac infection. We also show the importance in vivo of the interaction of SIVmac with different allelic forms of TRIM5, demonstrating that particular alleles are associated with as much as 1.3 median log difference in set-point viral loads in SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys. Moreover, these allelic forms of TRIM5 were associated with the extent of loss of central memory (CM) CD4+ T cells and the rate of progression to AIDS in the infected monkeys. These findings demonstrate a central role for TRIM5α in limiting the replication of an immunodeficiency virus infection in a primate host.
Phosphatidic acid modulates G protein regulation of phospholipase C-β1 activity in membranes

Regulation of G protein stimulated phospholipase C-beta1 (PLC-beta1) activity by phosphatidic acid (PA) was determined in membranes. In cerebral cortical membranes, PLC-beta1 is under dual regulation by G protein stimulatory and inhibitory mechanisms. PA stimulated basal activity and was synergistic with G protein activation in increasing PLC-beta1 activity. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) also stimulated PLC-beta1 activity, but was less effective then PA. PA stimulation of PLC-beta1 activity was relatively independent of acyl chain length. PA decreased the Ca2+ dependence for G protein stimulation of PLC-beta1 activity. PA modulated the dual G protein regulation of PLC-beta1 activity, increasing stimulatory regulation and reducing inhibitory G protein regulation. The sensitivity to guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]trisphosphate (GTP-gamma-S) and carbachol stimulation of PLC-beta1 activity was increased by PA. These results demonstrate that PA regulates both basal activity and G protein stimulation of PLC-beta1 activity. The data indicates that PA regulates the PLC-beta1 signaling pathway and thus may have an important role in the modulation of cell activation.
Three Why's: Religion and Science in School 1

In this article, I argue the proposition that educators ought to be including a serious consideration of intelligent design as a counterexample to the scientific explanations of human origins. The article first distinguishes between three different ways people ask “why”: the Scientific Why, the Ultimate Why, and the Teleological Why. Although science answers the first Why with a high degree of confidence, it does not answer the second or third Why at all. An exclusive focus on questions with empirical answers reduces the education experience, eliminating much of value from it, especially a sense of wonder at unanswerable questions.
Channel equalization for single carrier MIMO underwater acoustic communications

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) underwater acoustic (UWA) channels introduce both space-time interference (STI) and time-varying phase distortion for transmitted signals. In such cases, the equalized symbols produced by conventional equalizer aiming for STI cancelation suffer phase rotation and thus cannot be reliably detected. In this paper, we propose a new equalization scheme for high data rate single carrier MIMO UWA channels. Different from existing methods employing joint equalization and symbolwise phase tracking technology, the proposed scheme decouples the interference cancelation (IC) operation and the phase compensation operation, leading to a generalized equalizer structure combining an IC equalizer with a phase compensator. The decoupling of the two functionalities leads to robust signal detection, which is most desirable in practical UWA applications. MIMO linear equalizer (LE) is adopted to remove space-time interference, and a groupwise phase estimation and correction method is used to compensate the phase rotation. In addition, the layered space-time processing technology is adopted to enhance the equalization performance. The proposed equalization scheme is tested to be very robust with extensive experimental data collected at Kauai, Hawaii, in September 2005, and Saint Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, in May 2006.
Relative rates of movement of the ocean floor

Much new information exists on the long‐term geologic motions of the ocean floor. Horizontal motions, when averaged over a few million years, are approximately 10 to 100 km/m.y. Relative motions across transform faults are twice these values. Uplift of the ocean crust in the rift mountains may be at a rate of 40 km/m.y. for short periods of time. Broader thermal cooling drops the ridge at a rate of about .175 km/m.y. for 1 m.y. old crust, and at a rate of about .02 km/m.y. for 80 m.y. old crust. Near subduction zones the ocean crust subsides at a rate of 2–4 km/m.y. near the oceanic trench axis and 40–60 km/m.y. on a Wadati‐Benioff zone which dips at 45°. Seamounts subside at a rate of .02‐.06 km/m.y. which is comparable to the rate of subsidence due to cooling of the oceanic crustal plates, but two or three orders of magnitude slower than seafloor spreading rates or the subsidence in some Wadati‐Benioff zones.
A SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC METHOD FOR OBTAINING THE HEAT OR MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS UNDER MIXED CONVECTION

Abstract Many processes of practical interest involve mass or heat transfer under the influence of mixed convective flows, such as combined forced and buoyancy-induced flows or magneto-convective flows. In general, the solution of the appropriate transport equations under these conditions is very difficult. In this paper, a simple ‘algebraic’ method based on an order-of-magnitude analysis of the governing transport equation is presented and has been used to obtain the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for heat and mass transfer from vertical plates, for the heat or mass transfer entrance region in internal flows, for magneto-convective heat transfer from flat plates and for transport from cylinders and spheres in the presence of mixed convective flows. The present method provides expressions that are in excellent agreement with available experimental data and numerical solutions.
Rita Dove's ADOLESCENCE II and HULLY GULLY

Rita Dove heralds the sexual awakening of girls in “Adolescence I,” “Adolescence II,” and “Adolescence III” from her first full-length book, The Yellow House on the Corner (1980), as well as “Hully...
Some Factors Affecting the Size of Q Values for Speech Ratings

Mean Q values for ratings obtained using seven-point equal-appearing interval scales for various speech dimensions were gathered from the speech pathology literature. An inspection of these data su...
Climate: A moist model monsoon.

Received wisdom about the main driver of the South Asian monsoon comes into question with a report that tests the idea that the Himalayas, not the Tibetan plateau, are the essential topographic ingredient. Heat emitted from the Tibetan plateau as dry heat and water vapour has long been assumed to be the main driver of the South Asian summer monsoon, but new work suggests that in fact it is the neighbouring mountains that are the major influence. William Boos and Zhiming Kuang use an atmospheric model to show that flattening the Tibetan plateau has little effect on the monsoon, so long as the Himalayas and surrounding mountain ranges remain. The plateau does boost rainfall locally along its southern edge, but it is the build-up of hot, moist air over India, insulated from colder, drier air by the Himalayas, that drives large-scale monsoon circulation.
Survival of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in refrigerated, ADSOL-treated RBCs.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the persistence of viable Ehrlichia chaffeensis in ADSOL-treated RBCs stored at 4 to 6 degrees C. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The continuous monocytic cell lines THP-1 and DH82 were infected with E. chaffeensis (St. Vincent isolate). Packed RBC units were inoculated in separate experiments with E. chaffeensis-infected cells as final concentrations of 8.02 x 10(4) (DH82) and 1.43 x 10(4) (THP-1) infected cells per mL. Aliquots were stored at 4 to 6 degrees C for 1 to 42 days. At selected intervals, nucleated cells from the RBC aliquots were obtained by using a ficoll-isopaque separation procedure. Uninfected DH82 cell cultures were inoculated with the harvested nucleated cells or supernatant. The cell cultures were evaluated for infection by weekly examination of Wright's (Diff-Quik) stained cytocentrifuged slides. PCR amplification was also used to test the harvested nucleated cells or supernatant for the presence of E. chaffeensis DNA. RESULTS In both types of infected cell lines, E. chaffeensis was reisolated in DH82 cells for as long as 11 days from the cellular fraction and for up to 5 days from the supernatant fraction. PCR results were positive throughout the 42-day testing period. CONCLUSION Cell-associated E. chaffeensis remains viable in ADSOL-treated RBCs stored at 4 to 6 degrees C for at least 11 days. These data suggest that transfusion-acquired infection is possible. Successful reisolation was achieved from the supernatant fraction, which suggests that RBC products treated with a WBC-reduction procedure may still present a risk for transfusion transmission. No correlation between PCR positivity and viability of bacteria was noted.
Strain tunes proteolytic degradation and diffusive transport in fibrin networks.

Proteolytic degradation of fibrin, the major structural component in blood clots, is critical both during normal wound healing and in the treatment of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Fibrin-containing clots experience substantial strain due to platelet contraction, fluid shear, and mechanical stress at the wound site. However, little is understood about how mechanical forces may influence fibrin dissolution. We used video microscopy to image strained fibrin clots as they were degraded by plasmin, a major fibrinolytic enzyme. Applied strain causes up to 10-fold reduction in the rate of fibrin degradation. Analysis of our data supports a quantitative model in which the decrease in fibrin proteolysis rates with strain stems from slower transport of plasmin into the clot. We performed fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements to further probe the effect of strain on diffusive transport. We find that diffusivity perpendicular to the strain axis decreases exponentially with increasing strain, while diffusivity along the strain axis remains unchanged. Our results suggest that the properties of the fibrin network have evolved to protect mechanically loaded fibrin from degradation, consistent with its function in wound healing. The pronounced effect of strain upon diffusivity within fibrin networks offers a means of tuning the transport of proteins and other soluble factors within fibrin-based biomaterials, potentially addressing a key challenge in engineering complex tissues in vitro.
On estimation of diagonal covariance matrices by minque

Let Y = Xβ + ϵ be a general linear statistical model with co-variance matrix of the form , where δi, is a known diagonal matrix and σi is an unknown scalar. This form includes the I common linear regression model with uncorrelated observations, with or without replications; the random coefficients model of Hildreth and Houck (1968); and numerous mixed effects models after a suit-able diagonalizing transformation. The MINQUE of is derived by a simple, intuitive approach in which a weighted least squares criterion is applied to the vector of squared residuals. In addition to providing a different perspective, this approach has the advantage that estimation can be restricted to the known parameter space. The restricted estimates are always nonnegative, but still equal to the MINQUE values when the latter are also nonnegative. A hypothetical example is simulated in which the restricted and unrestricted estimates are compared. The practical significance for an iterative feedback procedure is discussed, and som...
Elevated blood lead resulting from maxillofacial gunshot injuries with lead ingestion.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the contribution of ingested lead particles to elevated blood lead concentrations in victims of gunshot injury to the maxillofacial region. Patients and Methods: As part of a larger study of the effects of retained lead bullets on blood lead, a retrospective review of study findings was completed on 5 of 8 patients who sustained injuries to the maxillofacial region. These 5 patients were recruited into the larger study within 11 days of injury and showed a penetration path for the projectile that engaged the upper aerodigestive tract. All subjects were recruited from patients presenting for care of their gunshot injuries to a large inner-city trauma center with a retained bullet resulting from a gunshot injury. An initial blood lead level was measured for all recruited patients and repeated 1 to 17 weeks later. Medical history was taken along with a screening and risk factor questionnaire to determine other potential or actual sources (occupational/recreational) of lead exposure. 109 Cd K-shell x-ray fluorescence determinations of bone lead were completed to determine past lead exposure not revealed by medical history and risk factor questionnaire. Radiographs taken of the abdomen and chest, required as a part of the patient's hospital care, were retrospectively reviewed for signs of metallic fragments along the aerodigestive tract. Results: All 5 patients retained multiple lead pellets or fragments at the site of injury, sustained fractures of the facial bones, and showed increases in blood lead. Three of the 5 study subjects who sustained maxillofacial gunshot injuries involving the mouth, nose, or throat region showed metallic densities along the gastrointestinal tract indicative of ingested bullet fragments. Each patient with ingested bullet fragments showed rapid elevation of blood lead exceeding 25 μg/dL and sustained increases well beyond the time when all ingested fragments were eliminated. A 3-year follow-up on these 3 patients showed significantly sustained elevation of blood lead but less than that observed during the initial 6 months after injury. None of the 5 study subjects showed any evidence of metallic foreign bodies within the tracheobronchial regions indicative of aspiration. Conclusion: Ingestion of lead fragments can result from gunshot injuries to the maxillofacial region and may substantially contribute to a rapid increase in blood lead level. Prompt diagnosis and elimination of ingested lead fragments are essential steps necessary to prevent lead being absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Increased blood lead in victims after gunshot injuries must be fully evaluated for all potential sources, including recent environmental exposure, absorption of lead from any remaining bullets in body tissues, and the possibility of mobilization of lead from long-term body stores such as bone. © 2003 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 61:593-603, 2003
Objective Measurement of Functional Upper-Extremity Movement Using Accelerometer Recordings Transformed With a Threshold Filter

Background and Purpose—The consensus is that the most important outcome for rehabilitation is functional activity in the life situation. Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy, a new treatment that transfers in-clinic gains to the life situation, demands objective measurement of real-world movement. However, direct, objective, and accurate measures of arm use in the real world are not available. Previous attempts to use accelerometry to measure extremity movement have failed because of unacceptable variability. This problem has been addressed here by use of a threshold filter. Methods—Nine stroke patients and 1 healthy individual wearing accelerometers were videotaped while they carried out their usual activities at home or in the clinic; the duration of their arm, torso, and ambulatory movements was judged by 2 observation teams. In addition, 11 college students performed 5 standardized activities of daily living for varying durations in the laboratory. The accelerometer data were transformed; the raw value...
Adaptive torque-based control of a humanoid robot on an unstable platform

We are interested in performing dynamic tasks with humanoid robots. Using a model-based controller to perform these tasks can expose modeling errors that are not apparent when performing slower or less difficult tasks. To successfully perform a dynamic task with the Sarcos Primus humanoid, we augmented a model-based policy-mixing controller with automated model adaptation techniques. We conducted experiments to show that this augmented controller can balance the Sarcos Primus humanoid on an unstable seesaw platform in the presence of unexpected disturbances and significant model errors.
Twenty years of physics at MAMI —What did it mean?

The development over the last twenty years of the physics program and the experimental facilities at the Mainz Microtron MAMI will be reviewed. Ground-breaking contributions have been made to the development of experimental techniques and to our understanding of the structure of nucleons and nuclei.
Buoyancy and Shear Characteristics of Hurricane-Tornado Environments

This study presents detailed composite profiles of temperature, moisture, and wind constructed for tornado environments in tropical cyclones that affected the U.S. between 1948 and 1986. Winds are composited in components radial and tangential to the tropical cyclone center at observation time. Guided by observed patterns of tornado occurrence, composites are constructed for a variety of different stratifications of the data, including proximity to tornadoes, position relative to the cyclone center, time of day, time after cyclone landfall, cyclone translation speed, and landfall location. The composites are also compared to composite soundings from Great Plains tornado environments. A variety of sounding parameters are examined to see which are most closely related to the tornado distribution patterns. Lower-tropospheric vertical shears are found to be stronger in the tropical cyclone tornado environments than on the Great Plains. Buoyancy for the tropical cyclone tornado cases is much smaller than that seen with Great Plains tornado events and exhibits a weak negative correlation with tornado outbreak severity.
Retinal oximeter for the blue-green oximetry technique.

Retinal oximetry offers potential for noninvasive assessment of central venous oxyhemoglobin saturation (SO2) via the retinal vessels but requires a calibrated accuracy of ±3% saturation in order to be clinically useful. Prior oximeter designs have been hampered by poor saturation calibration accuracy. We demonstrate that the blue- green oximetry (BGO) technique can provide accuracy within ±3% in swine when multiply scattered light from blood within a retinal vessel is isolated. A noninvasive on-axis scanning retinal oximeter (ROx-3) is constructed that generates a multiwavelength image in the range required for BGO. A field stop in the detection pathway is used in conjunction with an anticonfocal bisecting wire to remove specular vessel reflections and isolate multiply backscattered light from the blood column within a retinal vessel. This design is tested on an enucleated swine eye vessel and a retinal vein in a human volunteer with retinal SO2 measurements of ∼ 1a nd∼65%, respectively. These saturations, calculated using the calibration line from earlier work, are internally consistent with a standard error of the mean of ±2% SO2. The absolute measures are well within the expected saturation range for the site (-1 and 63%). This is the first demonstration of noninvasive on-axis BGO retinal oximetry. C 2011 Society of Photo-Optical
Shape Transition of InAs Islands on InP (111)A

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals that InAs islands grown on InP (111)A, as they grow in size, undergo a shape transition. Below a critical size of around 30 nm, round-shaped quantum dots form, while above this size they grow in the shape of triangles, reflecting the symmetry of the (111) substrates. The edges of triangular islands are aligned along the three equivalent {110} directions of the InP (111) surface. The triangular islands grow laterally much faster than vertically, indicating the aspect ratio decrease of the islands with increasing InAs coverage. Our results provide a better understanding of the self-organization behaviors of InAs on InP (111)A.
An adaptive two-copy delayed SR-ARQ for satellite channels with shadowing

The paper focuses on improving performance of land mobile satellite channels (LMSC) at high band (K or EHF band), where shadowing is the primary impediment to reliable data transmission. Compared with multipath fading, shadowing exists on a longer time scale. Hence interleaving to combat shadowing introduces unacceptably large decoding delay. Here we propose an adaptive two-copy delayed SR-ARQ scheme whereby two copies of a packet are sent - the second with a delay relative to the first - in every transmission or retransmission. Closed-form expressions for mean transmission time, success probability, and residual loss probability are provided and simulation is used to validate the analysis. Furthermore, the issue of optimizing delay is addressed as well, and a simple yet effective strategy is suggested to support TCP traffic. By simulation, we compare the proposal with the normal SR-ARQ scheme in terms of TCP end-to-end throughput, and show great performance improvement achieved by our method.
False Consensus, Stereotypic Cues, and the Perception of Integrative Potential in Negotiation1

We argue that negotiators’ fixed-sum perxptions are caused by the same judgment process that creates false consensus. Bargainers’ reliance on their own preferences as a cue to others’ preferences leads them to anticipate a fixed-sum conflict. When presented with stereotypic cues, subjects in a negotiating experiment anticipated the variable-sum nature of the task and subsequently realized highly efficient settlements extremely quickly. Surprisingly, even when the party’s preferences were unrepresentative of the stereotype, agreements were no less efficient than in the absence of the cue. The implications of these findings for bargaining research and practice are discussed. Bargaining is one of the most common means of resolving disputes and conducting social and economic exchange. Yet the process often leads to outcomes that are manifestly inefficient. Lengthy strikes, wars, and costly litigation are clear and compelling evidence of these inefficiencies. In each case, feasible alternatives exist that both parties would prefer to the actual outcome. Systematic experimentation documents these persistent inefficiencies and identifies some of the contributing factors (Bazerman, Magliozzi, & Neale, 1985; Pruitt & Lewis, 1975). Even when parties avoid an impasse in the bargaining process, they commonly settle for terms that fail to capitalize on all of the available joint gains. One source of these inefficiencies IS the “myth of the fixed pie” (Neale & Bazerman, 199 1, p. 6 1). Although most negotiations afford possible solutions that
Effects of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup consumption on spatial memory function and hippocampal neuroinflammation in adolescent rats

Excessive consumption of added sugars negatively impacts metabolic systems; however, effects on cognitive function are poorly understood. Also unknown is whether negative outcomes associated with consumption of different sugars are exacerbated during critical periods of development (e.g., adolescence). Here we examined the effects of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup-55 (HFCS-55) intake during adolescence or adulthood on cognitive and metabolic outcomes. Adolescent or adult male rats were given 30-day access to chow, water, and either (1) 11% sucrose solution, (2) 11% HFCS-55 solution, or (3) an extra bottle of water (control). In adolescent rats, HFCS-55 intake impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in a Barne's maze, with moderate learning impairment also observed for the sucrose group. The learning and memory impairment is unlikely based on nonspecific behavioral effects as adolescent HFCS-55 consumption did not impact anxiety in the zero maze or performance in a non-spatial response learning task using the same mildly aversive stimuli as the Barne's maze. Protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6, interleukin 1β) was increased in the dorsal hippocampus for the adolescent HFCS-55 group relative to controls with no significant effect in the sucrose group, whereas liver interleukin 1β and plasma insulin levels were elevated for both adolescent-exposed sugar groups. In contrast, intake of HFCS-55 or sucrose in adults did not impact spatial learning, glucose tolerance, anxiety, or neuroinflammatory markers. These data show that consumption of added sugars, particularly HFCS-55, negatively impacts hippocampal function, metabolic outcomes, and neuroinflammation when consumed in excess during the adolescent period of development.
Solubility and Crystal Growth of ZnAl2,O4 and AI2O3 in Molten PbF2 Solutions

The solubility of ZnAl2O4 (gahnite spinel) and NZOI (corundum) in their respective molten PbF2 solutions was determined by a sealed-tube quenching method between 900° and 1250°C. Differential thermal analysis was used below 900°C. The solubilities (crystal-constituent/ PbF2 weight ratio) at 1200°C were 0.151 for A12O3 and 0.108 for ZnAl2O4, whereas at 900°C they were 0.093 and 0.048, respectively. These results are compared with those of single-crystal growth experiments and the crystalline products are described.
Improving the efficiency of multipole-accelerated method-of-moments solvers using dual grid multipole expansions

Method-of-Moments (MoM) based 3-D electromagnetic analysis programs typically generate dense systems of equations which are extremely expensive to solve. In the last several years, very fast MoM solvers have been developed by sparsifying the dense system using a hierarchy of multipole expansions or grid projection plus the fast Fourier transform. The hierarchical multipole algorithms represented clusters of source distributions with an expansion in the center of the cluster, where as grid projection algorithms represent clusters using grid-locked point sources. In this paper we consider how to improve the efficiency of either algorithm by using grid-locked multipole expansions to represent clusters of sources.
Isotopic study of the formation of the azide radical (N3)

Abstract Solid molecular nitrogen (N 2 ) may exist in large abundances in various low-temperature interstellar and solar system environments. Intense radiation fields can cause molecular nitrogen ice to undergo chemical alterations by cleaving the nitrogen–nitrogen triple bond. We have simulated this chemical processing by carrying out radiolysis experiments using energetic electrons on molecular nitrogen ice at 10 K that has been labeled with different isotopes. We have identified four isotopologues of the azide radical (N 3 ) via infrared spectroscopy. The 14 N 3 radical was detected by a doublet that has peaks centered at 1657 and 1652 cm −1 . The formation dynamics are also investigated.
From DAML-S processes to BPEL4WS

BPEL4WS is a process modeling language for composing Web services. On the other hand, DAML-S is an ontology for defining semantic Web services that includes a process model. We present a one-way mapping from the DAML-S process model to BPEL4WS, focusing on their common aspect: providing a specification of a service's interaction protocol. The mapping clarifies their relation to each other, and enables DAML-S described services to be used by Web services requestors that are not semantically-enabled. A prototype translator was created, and examples are provided.
Percutaneous management of ischemic complications in patients with type-B aortic dissection.

PURPOSE To review our experience with the use of percutaneous methods to manage the ischemic complications of type-B aortic dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review of our interventional radiology database identified 11 patients with acute type-B aortic dissection who underwent 13 endovascular procedures to attempt revascularization of 23 ischemic vascular territories (four mesenteric, 11 renal, eight lower extremities). Percutaneous interventions included balloon fenestration (four patients), aortic true lumen stent placement (three patients), and branch vessel stent placement (eight patients). RESULTS Successful initial reperfusion of 21 of 23 vascular territories (91%) was achieved with use of percutaneous methods alone, with no 30-day mortality, in-hospital mortality, or paraplegia. One additional patient underwent successful initial treatment with use of a combined interventional/surgical approach to reperfuse an ischemic limb. One patient developed acute thrombosis of a dissected renal artery during stent placement. Increased aortic true lumen collapse later resulted in further ischemia in two patients. During follow-up (mean, 16 mo), no patient has had evidence of false lumen enlargement or late recurrent ischemia. CONCLUSIONS Endovascular methods offer a less-morbid nonsurgical treatment alternative for patients with acute complicated type-B aortic dissection.
Laparoscopic-assisted anorectal pull-through

Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) is the procedure most commonly employed to repair high and intermediate anorectal malformations. Many patients repaired by PSARP subsequently require bowel management to avoid the physiologic and social problems associated with fecal incontinence. Laparoscopic assisted anorectal pull-through (LAARP) is a recently developed technique which positions the neorectum accurately inside the sphincter complex without dividing any of these muscles. Some physiologic measurements after LAARP indicate that outcomes are at least equivalent to PSARP. Long-term outcomes have not been reported after LAARP.
The Valley Authority and its Alternatives.

agencies may be considered as meeting fully the goals of multiple-purpose projects, unified basin plans, and integration in the national economy. But much progress has been made, and all agencies have increased their receptivity to methods for converting these goals into realities. As man's knowledge of hydrology broadens, as the scope of water uses expands and as Federal policy in water and related fields continues to evolve, the organizational problems at the national level seem likely to remain acute. Over-all reorganization would reduce them in substantial measure but would not eliminate them. They would continue to require sustained efforts through whatever devices may best serve to promote a friendly environment of exchange of information and viewpoints as widely and as early as practicable in the preparation of basin plans. These devices will include inter-agency committees, regional coordinating offices, inter-agency personnel training, and allocations of special survey funds. One important task of whatever central review agency may be at work may well be to promote understanding among Federal and state agencies alike that the most useful plans will be those prepared in a spirit of intelligent cooperation. Such cooperation would recognize the lag of water policy, the divergency and conflict of special interests, and the impingement of other national policies which together make constructive reconciliation an essential process in unified development of the nation's water resources.
The Curious Evolution of Individual Retirement Accounts

This article analyzes recent legislative and economic developments that have transformed the "individual retirement account" (IRA) from a modest retirement savings vehicle into an all-purpose savings account. Specifically, it examines three statutory provisions that allow withdrawals to be made from IRAs without the application of the usual penalty for pre-retirement distributions. These provisions pertain to withdrawals made to purchase a home, fund higher education costs, and pay for medical expenses. The article shows that withdrawals made for such purposes are ill-advised, since tax-favored means of addressing these needs without jeopardizing one's long-term retirement security already exist. Accordingly, these provisions represent bad tax policy and should be repealed. This article then examines the increasing use of large balance IRAs as inter-generational wealth transfer vehicles rather than as retirement funding mechanisms. The newly created Roth IRA represents especially bad policy, since a Roth IRA need never pay out any distribution to its holder, regardless of that person's age. But even regular IRAs allow an account holder's heirs to spread distributions from an inherited IRA over their own lifetimes, thereby extending the IRA's tax deferral inappropriately. The article then makes statutory recommendations to better implement the IRA's purpose of funding one's retirement.
Effect of lidocaine on conduction in the ischemic His-Purkinje system of dogs.

Abstract The effect of lidocaine on His-Purkinje conduction in dogs with ischemic damage to the His bundle was compared with the effect of lidocaine in normal dogs. The anterior septal artery was ligated in 14 dogs, and 30 minutes later atrial pacing was performed to increase residual ischemic damage. Four to 6 days later, His bundle recordings were obtained during sinus rhythm and atrial pacing before and after the administration of lidocaine in a dose of 2 mg/kg and a total dose of 4 mg/kg. His bundle recordings were also obtained in nine control animals before and after the administration of lidocaine. Lidocaine significantly increased the H-V time in the animals with ischemic damage during sinus rhythm and at all pacing rates. It also resulted in advanced His-Purkinje conduction defects including His bundle block and right bundle branch block in these animals. In contrast, the effect of lidocaine in the normal animals was negligible. It is concluded that lidocaine significantly depresses His-Purkinje conduction in the setting of preexisting ischemic damage. These results suggest that lidocaine may be used as a diagnostic tool to unmask latent His-Purkinje conduction defects due to ischemia.