cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Market Justice and US Health Care

IN THE UNITED STATES, HEALTH CARE COMPETES FOR CONsumers with other items in the marketplace. Individual resources and choices determine the distribution of health care, with little sense of collective obligation or a role for government. Known as market justice, this approach derives from principles of individualism, selfinterest, personal effort, and voluntary behavior. The contrasting approach, social justice, allocates goods and services according to the individual’s needs. It stems from principles of shared responsibility and concern for the communal well-being, with government as the vehicle for ensuring equity. Social justice in health care requires universal coverage and ensured access to care, whether through social insurance, private insurance, or some combination. Market justice runs deeply in health care in the United States. Well into the 20th century, both buyers and sellers participated in a fully functioning market. Patients predominantly used personal funds to purchase health care until the rise of employment-linked health insurance. Allopathic physicians competed openly with other healing arts practitioners before state licensure laws erected barriers to market entry and limited the scope of practice of nonphysician practitioners beginning in the late 19th century. What dominated health care from the late 20th century to the present was not some sudden introduction of market principles and forces but tension among the differing perspectives of key medical care stakeholders on the appropriate role and strength of market forces. This Commentary traces 4 developments during that period: the rise and fall of health care coverage; the commoditization of medical care; the transformation of the medical profession; and the medicalization of health—discussing these developments in the context of the diverse and conflicting perspectives on market justice of consumers, employers, physicians, hospitals, suppliers, insurers, public officials, and theoreticians.
Deployment of an AEC industry sector product model

CIMsteel Integration Standard, Version 2 (CIS/2) is an industry-developed product model based on ISO-STEP technology that has been widely adopted within the steel construction industry. CIS/2 is an early success story of broad use of a product model for both data exchange and improving the productivity of those companies taking advantage of its capabilities. Here, we review the history of CIS/2, the methods and issues arising from its deployment, the benefits it has thus far realized and the research issues these activities have identified.
Analytical Approximation of the Combinatorial Calculation of Nuclear Level Densities

An exact numerical solution of the spin-dependent level-density problem for a spherical shell-model nucleus with realistic single-particle level spacings is used to investigate the validity of analytical expressions based on approximate treatments of the model. With parameters chosen by reference to the numerical values, at least one of the analytical expressions proposed in the literature results in adequate fits to these values. Fitted parameters for the region $Z=25 \mathrm{to} 59$ and $N=25 \mathrm{to} 91$ are presented, and their physical interpretation is discussed. The dependence of the parameters on the number of nucleons of either kind is strongly affected by the shell structure of the nucleus. The level-density parameter $a$ is not simply proportional to the mass number $A$, and the spin distribution parameter can not be represented by the rigid-body moment of inertia, nor by any other monotonic function of $A$. Both parameters vary smoothly across the major proton and neutron shells, and the contributions of the two types of nucleons are additive.
Towards Verifying Model Transformations

In model-based software development, a complete design and analysis process involves designing the system using the design language, converting it into the analysis language, and performing the verification and analysis on the analysis model. Graph transformation is increasingly being used to automate this conversion. In such a scenario, it is very important that the conversion preserves the semantics of the design model. This paper discusses an approach to verify this semantic equivalence for each transformation. We will show how to check whether a particular transformation resulted in an output model that preserves the semantics of the input model with respect to a particular property.
Innovation and the Evolving System of U.S. Teacher Preparation

A longstanding tradition criticizes education schools for their presumed vapid curriculum, out-of-touch faculty, irrelevance, and suffocating ideology. What is different at present is the enthusiasm for alternatives to university-based teacher preparation, as well as the increasing interest in holding teacher preparation programs accountable. I begin by briefly summarizing the criticisms of traditional university-based teacher preparation. I then describe a set of ideas—an ideology—that are central to new efforts to improve teacher education that have altered the landscape (Grossman & Loeb, 2008), including the need to involve social entrepreneurs, the use of data, and holding teacher education accountable in more public ways, including posting value-added scores for program graduates. I conclude with a discussion of unresolved issues that teacher educators all face.
Components of an effective medical simulation software solution

Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) is a set of guidelines promoted by the American Heart Association to improve management of cardiac arrest. Numerous studies have shown that retention of the treatment algorithms following ACLS training is poor. The ACLS SIMULATOR is a software solution developed to address this problem. Practice managing simulated cases using the ACLS SIMULATOR has been shown to improve physicians’ retention of ACLS guidelines better than textbook review. There are more than 10,000 copies in use, and hundreds of physicians and nurses have used the software to earn continuing education credits. The ACLS SIMULATOR uses five essential components to achieve an effective simulation training software solution: (a) simulation engine to predict simulated patient responses, (b) graphical user interface, (c) automated record-keeping system, (d) expert system for management help, and (e) automated debriefing system. These five components serve as the basis for development of other case-based simu...
MobiCom poster: IP paging in mobile multihop networks

The IP paging architecture in globally-connected mobile ad-hoc network is presented. Motivated by the energy-efficient design requirement in global-connected mobile ad-hoc network context, we design IP paging support in ad-hoc networks that is independent of, and compatible with, existing IP paging architectures. Two IP paging schemes: proactive paging and reactive paging are proposed. The system is implemented and evaluated with Network Simulator-2. In the reactive scheme, the system suffer less in paging delay and paging overhead. On the other hand, it is more energy-efficient in proactive scheme.
Tailoring near-field patterns with concentrically corrugated plates

We present a device that can form a two-dimensional subwavelength focus along a specified near-field focal plane. The device, referred to as a corrugated near-field plate, consists of a coaxially fed aperture in a concentrically corrugated metallic surface. A procedure for designing such devices is outlined. In addition, simulation results are reported for a design that operates at around 1 GHz and forms a focus with a null-to-null beamwidth of λ/20 at a focal plane λ/15 from its surface. The effect of losses is also studied. Such devices will find use in near-field microscopy and probing systems.
Women in tribal policing: an examination of their status and experiences

Abstract This paper presents a portion of a study conducted from 1996 to 2001. The paper focuses on the role of women in tribal policing. The findings indicate that women are more highly represented in tribal policing than in non-Indian police departments. Five times more women hold positions of supervision and command in tribal police departments than in non-Indian departments. Of great significance is the lack of gender-based hostility perceived by women in tribal police departments. These findings contrast greatly with research conducted on the role of women in mainstream policing. There, studies have found that that female police officers are somewhat disconnected from the traditional power structure within mainstream policing, and are viewed by police administrations, and by themselves, as bringing different values and gifts to the role of policing. Research of mainstream police departments has also found that women are generally outside power structures within policing and consider themselves hampered in their chosen profession. This paper examines the differences in perception and achievement of women in tribal policing and explores possible explanations for these differences.
Gratifications and expectations associated with Pop music among adolescents

(1978). “Gratifications and expectations associated with Pop music among adolescents”. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 81-89.
Using computers to make judgments: Correlations among predictors and the comparison of linear and configural rules

Statistical prediction is an important method for predicting and describing human behavior. Though linear rules are generally recommended for prediction tasks, configural rules can do well. Their success seems to be related, in part, to whether correlations among predictors are negative. One may wonder how frequently predictors are negatively correlated in real-life settings and whether the addition of interaction terms leads to a meaningful improvement in prediction in such situations. This article addresses the above questions in the context of the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Symptom ratings served as predictors, diagnoses served as criterion scores. Negative correlations were found among the predictors. A configural model made more accurate estimates of the likelihood of schizophrenia than did unit weight and differential weight linear models.
Molecular Diagnosis in Fungal Infection Control

Fungal infections have been increasingly concerned because of their substantial morbidity and mortality especially among immunocompromised individuals. Early diagnosis is crucial and shown to improve treatment outcomes. The current goal standard methods including fungal culture and pathology are far from ideal due to their poor sensitivity, time consuming and invasive procedures often required. Molecular techniques have been developed as new diagnostic methods in many infectious disease conditions including fungal infection. These molecular approaches are available for variety of fungal species, proved to expedite time to initiate an appropriate antifungal agent and can be used directly in clinical specimens. Moreover, a combination of new molecular techniques and conventional diagnostic tests is attractive since it provided higher sensitivity without sacrificing specificity. In addition, these molecular tests are potentially used in current clinical practice as a marker to initiate prophylactic, preemptive, or empirical treatments. However, further clinical validation is required before generalizing these tests to a routine clinical practice.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anxiety, and depression: State of the science

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects millions worldwide. Despite advances in the treatments of other chronic diseases, little progress in decreasing COPD morbidity and mortality has been made. The death rate associated with COPD has doubled in 30 years. The presence of psychiatric comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression, has been linked to increased mortality, decreased functional status, and decreased quality of life. Objective This review was undertaken to determine the state of the science of COPD, anxiety, and depression, and to identify nursing implications derived from these findings. Conclusion Although the prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with COPD is significantly higher than the general population, there are serious barriers to the recognition and treatment of these comorbid conditions. Routine assessment and screening for anxiety and depression in all patients diagnosed with COPD should be considered.
Calculation of the Drop Size Distribution and Velocities from the Integral Form of the Conservation Equations

A new formulation based on integral form of the conservation equations is developed for analyzing spray droplet and velocity statistics. Both averaged or distributions of the droplet size and velocities can be calculated using this approach, although in this work the authors focus on the droplet size statistics and only compute the averaged droplet velocities. The formulation is based on the conservation equations, and intrinsically involves few assumptions and required inputs. The key is to use the integral form so that the input and output variables are related without having to resolve the complex details of the atomization process. This new approach naturally leads to predictions of SMDs, as well as the drop size distributions and phase velocities, with SMD and drop size distributions achieving good agreement with experimental data if a liquid-phase viscous dissipation term is included. The latter point suggests that the effect of liquid-phase viscosity seems quite important, as the present method ove...
Gender ambiguity in an elderly man.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the case of an elderly patient with ambiguous genitalia. Methods We report the clinical features of a 72-year-old man with ambiguous genitalia, discuss the possible etiologic factors, and examine the consequences of this diagnosis being determined at such a late stage in life. Results During surgical hemicolectomy for colon cancer in a 72-year-old man with a past history of hypospadias and hypogonadism, routine exploration of the abdomen and pelvis resulted in the discovery and removal of a large, asymptomatic mass, which was identified by the surgical pathologist as “normal ovaries, adnexa, and uterus.” The patient’s karyotype was subsequently found to be 46,XX. Conclusion The diagnosis of ambiguous genitalia in an elderly patient is uncommon. This dilemma poses additional ethical concerns for the physician, related to balancing the obligation to preserve patient autonomy with the obligation to protect patients from potential psychologic harm as a result of such an unusual diagnosis. (Endocr Pract. 1999;5:269-272)
Complete urethral duplication: Description of surgical approach mimicking distal epispadias repair

Abstract Objective To present two cases of type IIA urethral duplication and propose a reproducible surgical approach. Methods Two cases are presented in this report. The first was a male child with a type IIA1 urethral duplication with two urethral channels arising from the bladder through separate bladder necks coursing to the glans penis. The second infant had a type IIA2 urethral duplication with a single bladder neck. Both children were repaired using a surgical approach that joined both urethral openings into a single orthopic meatus. This was accomplished by incising the common septum and utilizing techniques similar to that of a distal epispadias repair. Results At six months of follow-up both infants are voiding from a single stream without complication. Long-term outcomes remain to be determined. Conclusions The technique presented in this report both functionally and cosmetically unites the two urethral meatuses while eliminating the risk of damage to the sphincter.
Age-related changes in the distribution of visual callosal neurons following monocular enucleation in the rat.

Abstract The distribution of visual callosal neurons was identified in tangential sections from flattened hemispheres of normal rats and animals unilaterally enucleated at various postnatal ages with the retrogradely transported fluorescent label, Fast Blue. Following enucleation on or after postnatal day 10, callosal neurons along the 17/18a border appear adult-like in their configuration. Enucleation prior to this age stabilizes callosal development in the hemisphere contralateral to the enucleated eye.
Onset and cessation of activity in cottontail rabbits and snowshoe hares in relation to sunset and sunrise

Summary Onset and cessation of activity were studied in cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) and snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) through the use of an automatic radio-tracking system. These times varied greatly for the male cottontails studied in January but were more consistently correlated with sunrise-sunset times for the females in February. Contradictory conclusions of other workers are examined, and possible reasons for the contradictions given. Onset and cessation of activity in a female snowshoe hare studied in late winter and spring closely followed sunrise-sunset times, and there was a high correlation (r=0·95) between seasonal changes in periods of daily inactivity and seasonal changes in length of daylight. Data suggest that cessation of activity may be stimulated by a certain light intensity rather than actual sunrise.
Picturing space, displacing bodies: Anamorphosis in early modern theories of perspective

Picturing space, displacing bodies: Anamorphosis in early modern theories of perspective by Lyle Massay University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007, 192 pages ISBN: 978...
An Asynchronous Level-1 Tracking Trigger for Future LHC Detector Upgrades

An asynchronous Level-1 trigger system for future LHC upgrades is proposed. A small-scale prototype of such system has been developed and tested. As the beam-crossing frequency increases in a future LHC upgrade (SLHC), and more data is brought into the Level-1 trigger system, the synchronization of the traditional synchronous trigger system composed of thousands of cards will become even more difficult. To demonstrate the advantages of asynchronous trigger designs, we have developed an upgrade of the front-end trigger electronics of three spare cathode-strip chambers (CSCs) of the CMS endcap muon system to perform pattern recognition and bunch-crossing assignment from the anode data at 80 MHz frequency. Trigger primitives from up to 3 chambers are transmitted via 10 Gb/s serial links to a newly designed track-finder processor - a PC plug-in card. Once a track is found, it generates the asynchronous Level-1 accept signal with time marker that is sent back to front-end boards. Preliminary test results from components of the prototype system are reported.
Photon Statistics from Coupled Quantum Dots

We present an optical study of two closely stacked self-assembled $\mathrm{InAs}/\mathrm{GaAs}$ quantum dots. The energy spectrum and correlations between photons subsequently emitted from a single pair provide not only clear evidence of coupling between the quantum dots but also insight into the coupling mechanism. Our results are in agreement with recent theories predicting that tunneling is largely suppressed between nonidentical quantum dots and that the interaction is instead dominated by dipole-dipole coupling and phonon-assisted energy transfer processes.
Scales of variation in otolith elemental chemistry of juvenile staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus) in three Pacific Northwest estuaries

Although distinct otolith elemental signatures are often observed in fish collected from different estuaries, significant differences are also observed among sites within estuaries. Variation at these smaller spatial scales is not well quantified and has the potential to lead to inappropriate interpretations of otolith elemental data. To quantify variation at multiple scales, the otolith elemental composition (Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca, and Pb:Ca) of juvenile staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus Girard, 1854) collected from five sites within three estuaries, the Columbia River (two sites) and Coos Bay (one site), Oregon, and Humboldt Bay, California (two sites), was examined. Using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, each otolith was sampled at three zones: (1) within the primordium, which represents the egg and early larval periods; (2) at the outer edge, which represents the juvenile period just prior to collection; and (3) midway between the primordial and edge samples, which represents the late larval and early juvenile period. There were significant differences in otolith metal-to-calcium ratios at all scales examined. Using multi-element otolith signatures, fish were classified to estuary and site within estuary with relatively high levels of accuracy (av = 70–90%). The largest differences in metal-to-calcium ratios were observed between sites within estuaries (<5 km apart) and the smallest differences were observed among otolith zones. Variation in otolith chemistry may be used to provide information on probable habitat use by estuarine fish but studies must be carefully designed.
Professor Zak's empirical studies on trust and oxytocin

In supporting his thesis that “market behavior is morality embodied”, Professor Zak describes empirical studies on trust and oxytocin, with emphasis on his own work. I will discuss this work, suggesting that some conclusions are too enthusiastic.
Effects of relative energy contributions in a two-interaction transition

Transitions are considered which are effected by two simultaneous interaction mechanisms---one electromagnetic and the other nonelectromagnetic. The intent is to compare the effectiveness of plane-wave versus quasistatic electric fields. If most of the transition energy is electromagnetic, then low-frequency plane-wave and quasistatic electric fields are equivalent. If most of the transition energy is nonelectromagnetic, then plane-wave transitions are far more probable than quasistatic electric transitions.
A state-space approach for detecting growth variation and application to North Pacific groundfish

Understanding demographic variation in recruitment and somatic growth is key to improving our understanding of population dynamics and forecasting ability. Although recruitment variability has been...
Quantized hall effect of 2D systems

Abstract The dependence of the Hall conductivity plateaus on Landau level index, magnetic field, electron density and temperature is discussed. The fractional width Δn n of the plateaus in terms of electron density n is given for the ith level by [ 1 − sinh (α'x) sinh α' ] (2i + 1) , where α′ = √6μ B H πkT , and x is a function of temperature.
Verifying the Implementation of an Error Control Code

This document describes how the FORTE STE-based formal verification system was used to verify the RTL implementation of an error control code. The error control code considered is linear: its encoder and decoder proceed by matrix multiplication. Although that function is in essence combinational, its implementation in a high-performance microprocessor is done in a pipelined fashion. The additional state elements introduced by the pipelining quickly push an SMV-style model checker to its capacity limits. With the case-study presented in this document, we show that an STE-style model checker is better suited for this problem. We present two instances of the ECC verification problem. For the first we were able to combine an encoder and a decoder into one model for verification. For the second, such a combination was not possible and we resorted to verifying properties of a matrix that we extracted from the implementation.
The Gradient Projection Method with Exact Line Search

The gradient projection algorithm for function minimization is often implemented using an approximate local minimization along the projected negative gradient. On the other hand, for some difficult combinational optimization problems, where a starting guess may be far from a solution, it may be advantageous to perform a nonlocal (exact) line search. In this paper we show how to evaluate the piece-wise smooth projection associated with a constraint set described by bounds on the variables and a single linear equation. When the NP hard graph partitioning problem is formulated as a continuous quadratic programming problem, the constraints have this structure.
Influence of hypophysectomy on renal proteoglycans and their modulation by insulin-like growth factor-I and its receptor.

Hypophysectomy leads to growth retardation of the animals, which is believed to be related to the deficiency of certain growth factors influencing the metabolism and synthesis of glycoproteins. Conceivably, the extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) are also affected, in particular the sulfated proteoglycans (PGs). In this study, we investigated the status of the ECM proteins and sulfated PGs, and the expression and de novo synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor (IGF-IR) in hypophysectomized (Hx) rats. The studies were extended to ascertain the effect of IGF-I on the de novo synthesis of glomerular ECM glycoproteins in Hx rats. An organ perfusion system was used in which isolated rat kidneys were radiolabeled with either [35S]sulfate or [35S]methionine, after which IGF-IR and ECM macromolecules were isolated and characterized by biochemical and tissue autoradiographic procedures. Hypophysectomy resulted in a fall in IGF-I levels in serum and isolated renal glomeruli. Reduced synthesis of ...
Pulsations of arm veins in the absence of tricuspid insufficiency.

Pulsations of the peripheral veins have so far been known to be synonymous with tricuspid insufficiency (TI). Three patients who had been using heroin intravenously for 3 to 25 years and had no evidence of TI were found to have pulsations of the veins of the upper extremities. Recording of intravenous pressure of the peripheral vein and jugular venous pulse (JVP) showed that both were identical in their wave contour and timing and showed indirectly that right atrial pressure waves were being transmitted to the veins of the arm. It is proposed that the venous valvular insufficiency produced by thrombophlebitis of the arm veins in heroin addicts and chronically elevated right atrial pressure in the patient with primary myocardial disease, was the primary cause of retrograde transmission of the right atrial pressure. The presence of normal “a” and “c” wave with good “x” descent and “v” with a normal “Y” descent rules out significant TI while a prominent “v” wave preceded by a truncated “x” descent or regurgitant wave and followed by a sharp “Y” descent are characteristic of TI.
“Computerized Counseling Reduces HIV-1 Viral Load and Sexual Transmission Risk: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial”

Objective Evaluate a computerized intervention supporting antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and HIV transmission prevention. Design Longitudinal randomized controlled trial. Settings An academic HIV clinic and a community-based organization in Seattle. Subjects In a total of 240 HIV-positive adults on ART, 209 completed 9-month follow-up (87% retention). Intervention Randomization to computerized counseling or assessment only, 4 sessions over 9 months. Main outcome measures HIV-1 viral suppression, and self-reported ART adherence and transmission risks, compared using generalized estimating equations. Results Overall, intervention participants had reduced viral load: mean 0.17 log10 decline, versus 0.13 increase in controls, P = 0.053, and significant difference in ART adherence baseline to 9 months (P = 0.046). Their sexual transmission risk behaviors decreased (odds ratio = 0.55, P = 0.020), a reduction not seen among controls (odds ratio = 1.1, P = 0.664), and a significant difference in change (P = 0.040). Intervention effect was driven by those most in need; among those with detectable virus at baseline (>30 copies/mL, n = 89), intervention effect was mean 0.60 log10 viral load decline versus 0.15 increase in controls, P = 0.034. ART adherence at the final follow-up was 13 points higher among intervention participants versus controls, P = 0.038. Conclusions Computerized counseling is promising for integrated ART adherence and safer sex, especially for individuals with problems in these areas. This is the first intervention to report improved ART adherence, viral suppression, and reduced secondary sexual transmission risk behavior.
Effect of Involute Contact Ratio on Spur Gear Dynamics

The influence of involute contact ratio on the torsional vibration behavior of a spur gear pair is investigated experimentally by measuring the dynamic transmission error of several gear pairs using a specially designed gear test rig. Measured forced response curves are presented, and harmonic amplitudes of dynamic transmission error are compared above and below gear mesh resonances for both unmodified and modified gears having various involute contact ratio values. The influence of involute contact ratio on dynamic transmission error is quantified and a set of generalized, experimentally validated design guidelines for the proper selection of involute contact ratio to achieve quite gear systems is presented, A simplified analytical model is also proposed which accurately describes the effects of involute contact ratio on dynamic transmission error.
Multiphoton excitation of potassium

Abstract The Rydberg series of atomic potassium has been measured for 4S- n D transitions from n = 13 to 41 by two-photon and hybrid resonance excitation. Detection of the excitation was by means of an ionization detector. Quantum defects and term values accurate to 1 cm -1 were computed for the measured transitions.
Microtubule-associated protein/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) is a negative regulator of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central cell growth regulator. It resides in two protein complexes, which in mammals are referred to as mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1, which is directly inhibited by rapamycin, promotes cell growth by stimulating protein synthesis and inhibiting autophagy. A wide range of extra and intracellular signals, including growth factors, nutrients, energy levels, and various stress conditions, regulates mTORC1. Dysregulation of mTORC1 contributes to many human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity, and metabolic disorder. In this study, we identified MARK4, an AMP-activated kinase-related kinase, as a negative regulator of mTORC1. In Drosophila S2 cells and mammalian cells, knockdown of MARK family member increased mTORC1 activity, whereas overexpression of MARK4 in mammalian cells significantly inhibited mTORC1 activity. Interestingly, MARK4 selectively inhibits mTORC1 activation by Rag GTPases, which are involved in amino acid signaling, but does not inhibit the effect of Rheb, which directly binds to and activates mTORC1. In addition, we found that MARK4 phosphorylates Raptor, a key component of mTORC1, and this phosphorylation may interfere with Raptor-Rag interaction. Our data demonstrate MARK4 as a new negative regulator of mTORC1.
THE INFLUENCE OF THERMOSPHERIC WINDS ON THE AURORAL RED-LINE PROFILE OF ATOMIC OXYGEN

Abstract The effect of thermospheric winds on the emission profile of λ6300 is discussed. It is shown that meridional winds play a significant role in determining the shape of this emission and the conventional diffusion of O(1D) hypothesis, though important, is not adequate to explain the observed features completely.
Highly Efficient Resonance Energy Transfer in Ultrathin Organic-Inorganic Semiconductor Hybrid Films

We report on the optical study of efficient excitation transfer in organic-inorganic hybrid thin films composed of alternating monolayers of CdSe/ZnS QDs and J-aggregate of cyanine dyes, by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy study.
The Politics of regulation

The article presents a review of the book “The Politics of Regulation,” edited by James Q. Wilson.
Maltose Excretion by the Symbiotic Algae of Hydra viridis

The symbiotic algae (zoochlorellae) of Hydra viridis live inside the gastrodermal cells. When isolated into pure suspension free of animal tissue, zoochlorellae liberate maltose to the medium during photosynthesis. Maltose synthesis and excretion are very sensitive to external pH. At pH 4.0, about 40 to 50% of the carbon fixed in photosynthesis may be released from the cells as maltose, and a further 4 to 6% as other compounds (including alanine, glycollic acid, glucose, and an oligosaccharide provisionally identified as maltotriose). As the pH rises, excretion progressively diminishes, and at pH 7.0, only about 1% of the photo-synthetically fixed carbon is excreted, about half as maltose. Only traces of maltose are ever found within the cells, and sucrose is always the predominant intracellular soluble sugar. When cells previously labelled with $^{14}$C at pH 7.0 are transferred to non-radioactive media in the dark at pH 4.0, they immediately begin to synthesize and excrete [$^{14}$C]maltose; the increase of [$^{14}$C]maltose is closely correlated with a decrease of $^{14}$C-labelled hexose monophosphates and is not accompanied by any loss of $^{14}$C from the insoluble fraction. This suggests that maltose is synthesized from hexose monophosphates by a process which is not directly light dependent. In short-term photosynthesis experiments at pH 4.0, fixed $^{14}$C appears in sucrose within 20 s, but none appears in maltose until 60 s. This, together with the near absence of intracellular maltose and the marked sensitivity of maltose synthesis to external pH, suggests that the mechanism of synthesis is at or near the cell surface. The experimental results were consistent with the hypothesis that maltose synthesis is UDPG-dependent, but direct proof of this was not obtained. Although excretion of photosynthetically fixed $^{14}$C at pH 4.0 diminishes in the presence of external maltose, it could still continue at an appreciable rate when the external maltose concentration was as high as 10% (w/v). In 10% maltose media, some of the excreted $^{14}$C was still in maltose, but most was in compounds provisionally identified as maltotriose and maltotetrose, suggesting that a mechanism for transglycosylation may exist on the surface of the cells. Unlike symbiotic zooxanthellae and lichen algae, Hydra zoochlorellae show no signs of losing their ability of excreting carbohydrate during the first 24 h after isolation from the symbiosis. In the case of Hydra, it is suggested that the host might be able to control maltose excretion from its zoochlorellae by variations in the intracellular pH of the gastrodermal cells, but evidence for such changes is still lacking.
Cinema as Archeology: The Acousmêtre and the Multiple Layering of Temporality and Spatiality

Michel Chion’s concept of the “acousmetre” is useful when exploring the spectator’s cinematic experience in regard to the juxtaposition of sound and image, as the acousmatic presence troubles the false sense of unity that is created by the synchronization of sound and image by its invocation of off-screen space through sound. The acousmetre neither prioritizes sound nor image but calls attention to the disjunction between them. Also, the acousmetre leaves the source of the sound open to imagination and interpretation. Thus the presence of the acousmetre destabilizes the seemingly unified, contained realm of the film by expanding the temporal and spatial boundaries of the diegesis. In this essay I explore how the power of this ghostly voice of the acousmetre is manifested in cinema, and the significance of its power to the spectators in their relationship to the film, by asking questions regarding the function and effect of the disembodied voice and spectral presence of the acousmetre, the scope of the acousmetre’s power, and what can be created from the disequilibrium that is provoked by this power. I explore possible answers by analyzing the use of the acousmatic voice in Y Tu Mama Tambien (dir. Alfonso Cuaron, 2001) and Calendar (dir. Atom Egoyan, 1993).
The Appearance of Atoms as Determined by X-Ray Scattering

Photographs are shown which are the images of atoms of helium, neon and argon as obtained by x-ray diffraction, magnified about 2×108 times. The images are obtained by photographing a rotating template whose shape is calculated by a mathematical transformation of our measured values of the x-rays scattered by the respective gases. This mathematical-mechanical procedure corresponds to the lens which forms the image when a microscope is used. The images formed by our procedure should be true representations of the electron distributions in the atom, except for the limited resolving power and certain minor aberrations. The photographs show the helium atom as a diffusely continuous region filled with electricity. In neon, the inner group of K electrons is clearly distinguishable from the L electron group. The resolving power is insufficient to distinguish the K and L groups of electrons in argon, but does separate these from the M electrons. The appearance of these atoms is in good accord with modern quantum theory of atomic structure.
Preignition and Autoignition Chemistry of the Xylene Isomers

The relative reactivity of the xylene isomers has been compared under preignition and autoignition conditions. Preignition experiments of each isomer with n-dodecane were conducted in a flow reactor facility at 600–850 K temperatures, 0.8 MPa pressure, and 0.23–0.30 equivalence ratios. Stable intermediates identified from xylene oxidation were tolualdehyde, toluene, and cresol, and the xylenes showed similar reactivity. Autoignition experiments of each isomer with n-decane were conducted in a single-cylinder research engine, and o-xylene was the more reactive isomer. Among several proposed JP-8 surrogates containing xylene, a six-component surrogate with m- or p-xylene was found to best approximate the autoignition conditions of average JP-8. The data can be used for the improvement of xylene chemical kinetic models, and the conclusions from this study will aid in the selection of the appropriate xylene isomer for JP-8 surrogate fuels.
The US urban university library: supporting research related to crime

Purpose – The academic library mission is defined based on the need to support the larger parent university mission. In the case of the urban university, which has been the focus of relatively little discussion and research in the library and information science literature, the research component of the mission potentially influences research agendas as well as the decisions of faculty who choose to teach and do research in such a setting, with a particular focus on “applied scholarship” or research that is community‐focused, considering social problems. Of the urban issues that have shaped the urban university mission, crime is also a key determinant of the resilience of urban areas. The breadth and depth of the research issues related to crime have been well‐documented. The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the research findings, indicating the complexity of the research and findings, as well.Design/methodology/approach – The research related to crime ranges from the basic documentation...
Reduction of the Adjoint Gradient Formula for Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Problems

We present a new continuous adjoint method for aerodynamic shape optimization using the Euler equations, which reduces the computational cost of the gradients by reducing the volume integral part of the adjoint gradient formula to a surface integral. The savings are particularly significant for three-dimensional aerodynamic shape-optimization problems on general unstructured and overset meshes. To validate the concept, the new gradient equations have been tested for various aerodynamic shape-optimization problems, including an inverse problem for three-dimensional wing configurations, and drag-minimization problems of a single-element airfoil and a three-dimensional wing-fuselage configuration
Overview of electromagnetic methods applied in active volcanic areas of western United States

Abstract A better understanding of active volcanic areas in the United States through electromagnetic geophysical studies received foundation from the many surveys done for geothermal exploration in the 1970's. Investigations by governmental, industrial, and academic agencies include (but are not limited to) mapping of the Cascades. Long Valley/Mono area, the Jemez volcanic field, Yellowstone Park, and an area in Colorado. For one example — Mt. Konocti in the Mayacamas Mountains, California — gravity, magnetic, and seismic, as well as electromagnetic methods have all been used in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the subsurface structure. In each of these volcanic regions, anomalous zones were mapped. When conductive, these anomalies were interpreted to be correlated with hydrothermal activity and not to represent a magma chamber. Electrical and electromagnetic geophysical methods can offer valuable information in the understanding of volcanoes by being the method which is most sensitive to change in temperature and, therefore, can best map heat budget and hydrological character to aid in prediction of eruptions.
Mixed malignant mesenchymal tumor of the cerebellar vermis

In an example of mixed malignant mesenchymal tumor of the cerebellar vermis, striking osteoblastic differentiation was present along with extensive intradural spinal invasion. The CNS sarcomas and their variants are discussed as well as the extraskeletal osteosarcomas. Comparison is made to the teratoid tumors and other mixed and unusual posterior fossa tumor elements, and the capability of midline posterior fossa tissues for multipotential differentiation is considered.
Examination of the temperature coefficient of polystyrene. Effect of solvent, temperature, and molecular weight

The temperature coefficient of polystyrene was examined in three θ solvents by several different methods. Four homogeneous samples were employed, having molecular weights of 51,000, 97,200, 160,000, and 392,000. It was found that the linear expansion factor α and the temperature coefficient were dependent upon the solvent, temperature range and molecular weight of the polymer.
Neural network methods for identification and optimization of quantum mechanical features needed for bioactivity.

This paper presents a new approach to the discovery and design of bioactive compounds. The focus of this application will be on the analysis of enzymatic inhibitors. At present the discovery of enzymatic inhibitors for therapeutic use is often accomplished through random searches. The first phase of discovery is a random search through a large pre-fabricated chemical library. Many molecules are tested with refined enzyme for signs of inhibition. Once a group of lead compounds have been discovered the chemical intuition of biochemists is used to find structurally related compounds that are more effective. This step requires new molecules to be conceived and synthesized, and it is the most time-consuming and expensive step. The development of computational and theoretical methods for prediction of the molecular structure that would bind most tightly prior to synthesis and testing, would facilitate the design of novel inhibitors. In the past, our work has focused on solving the problem of predicting the bioactivity of a molecule prior to synthesis. We used a neural network trained with the bioactivity of known compounds to predict the bioactivity of unknown compounds. In our current work, we use a separate neural network in conjunction with a trained neural network in an attempt to gain insight as to how to modify existing compounds and increase their bioactivity.
His and Her Perspectives: Gender Ideology, Work-to-Family Conflict, and Marital Satisfaction

This study examines the relationships between gender ideology, work-to-family conflict, and marital satisfaction. We hypothesize that gender ideology will moderate relationships between both the respondent’s work-to-family conflict and their spouse’s work-to-family conflict in predicting marital satisfaction, and that spouses’ gender ideologies will interact in predicting marital satisfaction. The hypotheses are addressed using data from a random sample of U.S. dual-earner couples (N = 156) in a western state. The findings indicate that the more egalitarian women’s gender ideologies, the stronger the negative relationship between women’s marital satisfaction and women’s work-to-family conflict. The results also indicate that the dependence of men’s marital satisfaction on wives’ gender ideologies varies according to men’s own gender ideologies. Implications of the study are discussed.
Democracy and the State in Globalizing India: A Case Study of Odisha

How are the contours and practices of the state changing under the regime of economicliberalization in India? To address these questions in the context of India, in this essay I turn to the relatively understudied state of Odisha. The most common sites of research about the political economy of globalization in India are the technology clusters around Delhi, Bangalore, and Chennai, and the dynamic spaces of the burgeoning service sector. By analyzing politics in globalizing Odisha, however, we get a different sense of the messy, complicated, and sometimes contradictory politics of globalization in India, as well as how the state is adapting to these changes. The relative success of Odisha in attracting investments in mining and mining-related sectors is due both to the opening of the Indian market generally as well as efforts by the state government to promote industrial investment in these sectors.
The changing organization of work and the safety and Health of working people: A commentary

Recent trends in the organization of work may affect worker health through a variety of pathways--by increasing the risk of stress-related illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychological disorders, by increasing exposure to hazardous substances and violence on the job, or by affecting occupational health services and training programs. Much remains to be learned about the nature of changes in work organization, and how they affect worker health and safety. While available evidence is limited, such evidence suggests that recent trends in work organization may be increasing the risk of occupational illnesses. In a groundbreaking publication, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has provided a concise summary of available knowledge and a detailed agenda for research and development.
Self-tuning controller for drug delivery systems

A new adaptive control algorithm, the Control Advance Moving Average Controller (CAMAC), was implemented in a drug delivery system to control mean arterial pressure by the infusion of sodium nitroprusside. The CAMAC, which is designed to control non-minimum-phase systems with unknown or varying dead times, is presented here. The control law minimizes a cost function at a time advance which is equal to or greater than the dead time, based upon an assumption that is made on future inputs. By properly tuning the control advance and implementing an estimator with an extended B parameter matrix, the CAMAC can effectively control non-minimum-phase systems with unknown or varying deadtimes. By allowing the control advance to be selected separately (though not independently) for each output in a multivariable system, the CAMAC can decrease the output error for systems where the deadtime for individual input-output pairs may differ. In animal experiments the controller effectively lowered the mean arterial pressur...