cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Healthy Eating Index Scores are Associated with Inflammatory Markers in Breast Cancer Survivors

Lower inflammatory markers are associated with improved survival in women diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. Our objective was to determine if diet quality was associated with inflammation in breast cancer survivors. Food frequency questionnaires from a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study comparing omega-3 fatty acid supplementation versus placebo in 44 postmenopausal women with breast cancer beginning aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment were analyzed and scored for diet quality using the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI). Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were used to evaluate the relationship between baseline HEI scores and inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 2 (TNFR2), at baseline (0), 12 and 24 weeks after beginning AIs. Complete data were available for 34 women at week 24. HEI scores did not differ by randomization or chemotherapy status at baseline (P=0.23). Higher baseline HEI score (healthier diet) was associated with significa...
RF performance of the GAVRT wideband Radio Telescope (EuCAP 2010)

A wideband Radio Telescope was designed and built for use in the Goldstone Apple Valley Radio Telescope (GAVRT) program. It uses an existing 34-meter antenna retrofitted with a tertiary offset mirror placed at the apex of the main reflector. It can be rotated to use two feeds that cover the 0.5 to 14 GHz band. The feed for 4.0 to 14.0 GHz is a cryogenically cooled commercially available open boundary quadridge horn from ETS-Lindgren. Coverage from 0.5 to 4.0 GHz is provided by an un-cooled scaled version of the same feed that uses a cooled LNA. The measured performance is greater than 40% over much of the band.
Methodology for selecting fenestration systems in heating dominated climates

Abstract Selecting optimum windows in heating dominated climates is a complex task because of the inherent trade-off between their U -value and solar heat gain coefficient. In addition, the use of shades is known to reduce heat losses, but they are rarely selected for this intent and considered as an integrated fenestration system at the design stage. This paper presents a method for selecting optimum fenestration systems (windows with shades) to maximize the annual net energy balance. The method has the capability to simulate a one or two layer shading system with one exterior and/or one interior planar shade(s). This methodology generates 2D schematics indicating the net energy balance of different fenestration systems. Such schematics are useful at an early design stage when there is a need to compare different design options for different orientations on a relative basis. Diagrams are presented for five glazings with an interior roller shade, an exterior roller shutter and a combination of both, for the four cardinal orientations for the city of Montreal, Canada. A comparison of simulated and experimental U -values of four shading devices indicates results reasonably close to each other.
Levels of Generality, Constitutional Comedy, and Legal Design

Many commentators write happy endings to their constitutional stories. This essay examines a few techniques for reaching preferred conclusions without falling outside the boundary of conventional constitutional argument. The investigation is oriented around the levels of generality by which sources of constitutional law are characterized. Level of generality characterizations apply to all sources of constitutional argument including constitutional clauses, originalist history, tradition, and judicial precedent. But there is more than one kind of “generality” -- or at least more than one idea associated with that concept in the law literature. We can isolate three different dimensions of source characterization that recur in modern constitutional debates: (1) abstractness, (2) breadth, and (3) dynamism. Each dimension is conceptually distinct, practically important, and independently interesting. However, potential manipulation of choices along these dimensions may create credibility problems for constitutional advocates who promote one set of characterizations over others. The essay closes by suggesting that, happily, constitutional advocates advertise serious matters of legal design when they argue about the degree of abstractness, breadth, and dynamism in constitutional law. Regardless of how these characterization decisions are made, they help determine the character of the legal system for us all.
Pediatric airway management

Abstract The approach to pediatric airway management should be systematic and well planned. This article will describe the steps in appropriate airway management, from the prehospital to the emergency department (ED) setting. These steps include clinical assessment, preparation of equipment and staff, and a progression through a series of interventions designed to address the clinical condition of the patient. Each intervention is followed by a reassessment. Prehospital airway management is distinetly different from the ED man agement of the airway and must take into account the shill level of the providers, demographics of the emergency medical services (EMS) system, and the risks and benefits of each planned intervention. A good foundation of basic skills, such as understanding of pediatric airway-anatomy, head positioning, and correct bag-valve-mask or bag-mask ventilation (BVM), arc necessary for appropriate airway management. The majority of patients requiring endotracheal intubation (ETI) can be successfully intubated with rapid sequence intubation (RSI). A difficult airway may occasionally be encountered, and the emergency physician (EP) must have alternative methods for the support of ventilation and oxygenation if BVM and ETI fail.
Frequency gradient in the autorhythmicity of the pyeloureteral pacemaker system

The pacemaker properties of the various regions of isolated segments of the rabbit renal pelvis were examined. The results show that pacemaker frequency and waveform of contraction change significantly within the renal pelvis. The highest frequency was encountered at the fornix, while the ureteropelvic junction is lowest.
The Complex Cartography of Stem Cell Commitment

In this issue of Cell, a study by Adolfsson and coworkers (Adolfsson et al., 2005) provides insight into the early lineage commitment events of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These studies demonstrate the importance of the Flt3 receptor tyrosine kinase as the earliest marker of hematopoietic cell fate commitment in that erythrocyte and megakaryocyte potentials are lost first as HSCs differentiate to lymphocyte progenitors.
It Comes to Languages—But Is It Science?

Author's summary.— A long-delayed answer to the FORTUNE article “Science Comes to Languages.” The inside story of the Intensive Language Program, ASTP and Army Language Programs, with an evaluation of their success and implications for “regular” language teaching.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CHRYSODIDYMUS SYNUROIDEUS (SYNUROPHYCEAE)1

A clonal isolate of Chrysodidymus synuroideus Prowse was derived form a Sphagnum bog in northern Wisconsin and maintained in culture for over 3 years. Cultured colonies consisted almost exclusively of two cells attached at the posterior, each cell bearing two unequal flagella. Correlative light and electron microscopic observations revealed that colonies composed of smaller, ovate cells represented more recent products of cell division, while colonies of elongate cells were more mature. These results support previous taxonomic conclusions, based on light microscopic observations, of field-collected specimens and body scale ultrastructure, that Chrysodidymus is a valid genus, and that two species described by Prowse on the basis of cell size differences, should be merged. In addition, ultrastructural studies of cultured Chrysodidymus demonstrated that this genus is a member of the Synurophyceae on the basis of characters related to flagellar morphology, basal body arrangement, and cytoskeletal ultrastructure. Chrysodidymus synuroideus resembles Synura sphagnicola in body scale structure, the presence of distinctive linear or clavate scales on both flagella, a relatively loose scale case, and acidophilic habital, Unlike S. sphagnicola, Chrysodidymus has no Pyrennoids, Peripheral (rather than axial) plastids, and a single posterior storage vesicle (rather than two peripheral storage vesicles).
Expression of Interferon (IFN)-Stimulated Genes in Extrauterine Tissues during Early Pregnancy in Sheep Is the Consequence of Endocrine IFN-τ Release from the Uterine Vein

The ruminant conceptus synthesizes and secretes interferon (IFN)-tau, which presumably acts via an intrauterine paracrine mechanism to signal maternal recognition of pregnancy. The aims of this study were to determine whether IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) such as ISG15 and OAS-1 are differentially expressed in blood cells circulating in the uterus of ewes; whether extrauterine components of the reproductive tract such as the corpus luteum (CL) also express mRNA for these ISG, and whether antiviral activity is greater in uterine vein than in uterine artery during early pregnancy. The concentrations of mRNA for both ISG were significantly greater (P < 0.0001) in endometrium and jugular blood of 15-d pregnant ewes than in nonpregnant ewes. ISG15 and OAS-1 mRNA concentrations were also greater (P < 0.05) in CL from 15-d pregnant ewes than in nonpregnant ewes. Immunohistochemistry revealed intense staining for ISG15 in large luteal cells on d 15 of pregnancy. Blood cells from uterine artery and vein of 15-d pregnant ewes had similar ISG15 and OAS-1 mRNA concentrations, suggesting that these cells were not conditioned by IFN-tau within the uterus. By using an antiviral assay, uterine venous blood was found to contain 500- to 1000-fold higher concentrations of bioactive IFN-tau than in uterine arterial blood on d 15 of pregnancy. It is concluded that uterine vein releases IFN-tau, which induces ISG in extrauterine tissues such as the CL during the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy.
Ellery Sedgwick, A History of Atlantic Monthly, 1857–1909: Yankee Humanism at High Tide and Ebb. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. 338 pp. Cloth, $40.

(1995). Ellery Sedgwick, A History of Atlantic Monthly, 1857–1909: Yankee Humanism at High Tide and Ebb. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. 338 pp. Cloth, $40. American Journalism: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 417-418.
Regions and Interaction Networks: An Institutional-Materialist Perspective:

We contend that interaction networks are far superior to cultural area and regional approaches for bounding human social systems. This article discusses methodological and conceptual issues in bounding human social systems and their interactions with the natural environment and examines several recent innovations in information technology that facilitate the study of interaction networks.
Acute renal failure: the glomerular and tubular connection.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common clinical entity which results from multiple causes. Experimental models in animals have duplicated many of the clinical syndromes which can be classified into (1) ARF due to increased filtered load of endogenous and exogenous materials, (2) ARF associated with exogenous nephrotoxins and (3) ischemic forms of renal failure secondary to hypoperfusion and hypotension. The mechanisms leading to the reduction in GFR are multiple and the alterations in determinants of nephron filtration rate and degree of tubular backleak and obstruction are described for each of these subtypes of experimental ARF. The specific mechanisms whereby tubular damage translates into a reduction in GFR in ARF are discussed for each sub-type of ARF. Tubular damage can often be dissociated from the reduction in GFR, possibly by inhibiting tubuloglomerular feedback responses, but such increases in GFR and nephron filtration rate are not necessarily beneficial to the organism because of potential volume depletion and the risk of magnifying further tubular damage. Information on the physiologic role of tubuloglomerular feedback activity in ARF is provided and supports the concept that feedback induced reductions in GFR after tubular injury may preserve extracellular volume and minimize further tubular damage. Reductions in tubular metabolic work appears to prevent and ameliorate further tubular injury after the initial insult. The mechanisms which associate changes in GFR and tubular damage can now be described, and therapies which improve GFR without correcting the tubular damage may compound the clinical problem and increase renal damage.
OA15.03. Cost savings associated with mindfulness meditation and moderate exercise intervention in the common cold (The MEPARI Study)

Methods One hundred forty-nine adults ≥ 50 years were recruited from community and randomized into one of three groups: 1) wait-list observation (control), 2) meditation and 3) moderate intensity exercise. Cost associated with ARI incidence and severity was assessed by tracking self-reported medication use, and number of missedwork days and medical clinic visits, with costs per subject calculated based on average cost for generic medications, a missed-work day ($126.20) and a clinic visit ($78.70). Monte Carlo bootstrap sampling was used based on the incidence of ARI and computed to 95% confidence intervals (CI) from the sampling distributions.
Linear Relationship between Energy and Pressure of Volcanic Explosions

EARLY investigations on the velocity of bombs and the gas pressure of single volcanic explosions by Matuzawa1–3 led to a means of determining gas pressures which have been generally accepted and used by volcanologists. Matuzawa stated1 that the initial discharge velocity of volcanic explosions depended primarily on the gas pressure, which could be calculated from the dynamic pressure relationship of Bernouilli's equation: where the gas pressure, P, represents the pressure difference between the interior and exterior of the vent, ρ is the density of the mass of fragments plugging the vent, and v is the discharge velocity of volcanic bombs.
Behavioral treatment of a motor vehicle accident survivor: An illustrative case of direct therapeutic exposure*

Direct therapeutic exposure (DTE) is one of a class of exposure-based treatment techniques that includes in vivo and imaginal flooding, and implosive therapy. DTE is a recommended technique for the treatment of persons experiencing distress as a result of exposure to traumatic events (e.g., accidents, combat, sexual assault). However, the process of applying DTE has not been sufficiently documented so that it can be applied by practicing clinicians. Through the use of an illustrative case example of a motor vehicle accident survivor, the authors strive to clarify the manner in which DTE is implemented. In doing so, an attempt is made to set aside many of the misunderstandings regarding DTE that have led in the past to improper (and thus unsuccessful) application, or to avoidance of DTE. As the case study highlights, however, DTE by itself may not be sufficient, and when it is not, it should be coordinated with other treatment modalities to maximize and maintain treatment gains.
Solving stiff differential equations in the simulation of physical systems

Computer simulation of dynamic systems often requires the solution of a set of stiff ordinary differential equations. The solution involves the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix. The greater the spread in eigenvalues, the more time-consuming the solutions become if one uses standard numerical techniques. In many cases, the differential equations are so stiff that accurate numerical solutions are unecon omic. In this paper we propose new techniques for solving stiff differential equations. These algo rithms are based on implicit Runge-Kutta procedures with complete error estimates. Experiments show that the new techniques are superior to Gear's method for solving mathematical models for real sys tems in chemical engineering, biology, and laser kinetics.
Clay-Mineral Alteration in the Upper Mississippi Valley Zinc-Lead District

Clay-mineral alteration in a carbonaceous shale bed seems to be related to hydrothermal zinc-lead depositions in the Upper Mississippi Valley district in southwestern Wisconsin, northwestern Illinois, and northeastern Iowa. A 3-in. thick, dark-brown, carbonaceous shale at the base of the Quimbys Mill Member of the Platteville Formation can be traced accurately in the Thompson-Temperly mine near New Diggings, Wis., through the ore bodies into alteration aureoles around the ore bodies and out into areas barren of mineralization or apparent alteration.
The diffusion force in the transition region of knudsen number

Abstract The free molecule theory of the diffusion Force is reviewed briefly. The theory of the diffusion Force in the transition region is developed for binary mixtures for equimolar counterdiffusion and for diffusion of one component of the mixture through the second stagnant component. The transition region theory of the diffusion Force appears to agree with experimental results for mixtures the components of which do not differ greatly in molecular weight.
Flow of bingham fluids in complex geometries

Abstract Bingham fluids cannot contain yield surfaces in complex confined geometries like those used in molding and lubrication. Rather, yielding and flow must occur everywhere, although shear-free plug regions may sometimes be approximated.
School performance trajectories and the challenges for principal succession

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to use empirical data on new principals to clarify the connection between different succession situations and the challenges their successor principals face. Design/methodology/approach – The study draws on two waves of interview data from a random sample of 16 new elementary school principals in a major urban school district in the USA. Findings – New principals face distinct practice challenges depending on the nature of their successions. The less planned the succession, the less information and knowledge the new principal tends to possess. The more discontinuous the new administration’s trajectory is with the previous administration, the greater the staff resistance that the successor principal tends to face. Research limitations/implications – Few studies systematically examine how succession situations differ in schools that are in need of transformation vs those in need of stability. This study addresses this gap by illuminating the varied processes of success...
Ionic germination of spores of bacillus megaterium QM B1551

Germination requirements of suspensions of spores of Bac. megaterium QM B1551, a “glucose type”, have been examined employing a decrease in optical density as the criterion of germination. Low concentrations of deionized glucose showed no germinative powers. Glucose was effective in augmenting germination by a variety of inorganic salts. Salts alone were sufficient germinators, but not all salts were active. Cl-, Br-, I- and NO3- were efficient germinators. The nature of the cation portion of the germinative salts played a determinant role. A primary role for ions in germination is proposed and a secondary, augmentative action is attributed to glucose.
Balancing good news and bad news: An ethical obligation?

This paper focuses on the ethical and moral implications of findings from the authors’ national survey of television news directors’ policies, practices, and perceptions of good/bad news. In light of the potentially negative effects of excessive amounts of bad news on individuals and society, the authors ask whether television journalists have an ethical responsibility—beyond legal constraints and professional criteria—in the selection and presentation of bad news and good news. An earlier version of this paper, detailing the findings of the survey, was presented to the Radio‐TV Journalism Division of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication in August, 1986.
Membrane separation of low volatile organic compounds by pervaporation and vapor permeation

Abstract Pervaporation of dilute benzyl alcohol solutions was studied using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes. The membrane performance was investigated under various temperatures, downstream pressures and feed concentrations. The benzyl alcohol concentration in the permeate decreased dramatically by increasing the downstream pressure, but increased by increasing the operating temperature. The separation and recovery of benzaldehyde from nitrogen was also investigated. Polyetherimide flat sheet membranes were prepared and then coated with silicone material. The performance of membranes in both coupon form and spiral-wound configuration was studied. When the experimental results from both configurations were compared, it was found that for the same material the membrane coupons had higher separation efficiency than the spiral-wound prototype modules. The ratio of benzaldehyde mole fraction in the permeate to the feed reached 500 for a small membrane coupon of effective surface area 10.2 cm 2 . This ratio was only 26 for the prototype modules, which can be attributed to some limitations of the membrane system design. These limitations are discussed and some recommendations to improve the performance are given.
Ejection of matrix-polymer clusters in matrix-assisted laser evaporation: Experimental observations

The morphology of polymer films deposited with the matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique is explored for various target compositions and laser fluences. Composite targets of 1 to 5 wt.% poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, dissolved in a volatile matrix material, toluene, were ablated using an excimer laser at fluences ranging from 0.045 J/cm 2 to 0.75 J/cm 2 . Films were deposited on Si substrates at room temperature in a dynamic 100 mTorr Ar atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging revealed that the morphology of the deposited films varied significantly with both laser fluence and PMMA concentration. The morphologies of large deposited particles were similar to that of deflated "balloons". It is speculated that during ablation of the frozen target, clusters comprised of both polymer and solvent ranging from 100 nm to 10 μm in size are ejected and deposited onto the substrate. The solvent begins to evaporate from the clusters during flight from the target, but does not completely evaporate until deposited on the room temperature substrate. The dynamics of the toluene evaporation may lead to the formation of the deflated structures. This explanation is supported by the observation of stable polymer-matrix droplets ejected in molecular dynamics simulations of MAPLE.
A Qualitative Study of Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors in Taiwan: Toward a Transactional and Ecological Model of Coping.

In this study, we aimed to explore the experiences of 10 female Taiwanese childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors (age range = 20-39 years) to broaden our understanding of the post-abuse coping process in a Chinese sociocultural context. This investigation was grounded on a feminist paradigm, and the consensual qualitative research method (Hill et al., 2005; Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997) was utilized as the strategy of inquiry. The transactional and ecological model of coping that emerged from the data describes the dynamic interplay among (a) intrapersonal, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors and (b) the coping process and outcomes of CSA survivors. Implications for research on CSA recovery and culturally appropriate interventions in a collectivistic sociocultural context are discussed.
Predicting Outcome in Behavioral Parent Training: Expected and Unexpected Results.

ABSTRACT This study examined the relationships among clinical utility and treatment outcome variables in Behavioral Parent Training (BPT). The sample included 21 mothers with 3–8 year-old children with significant externalizing behavior problems who received treatment for Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The primary aim was to relate two treatment feasibility variables, client resistance and treatment acceptability, to maternal ratings of child improvement. We also examined the relationship between treatment feasibility variables and parent and family risk factors that appear to mitigate the effectiveness of BPT such as low SES, single-parent status, and maternal depression. Outside observers coded videotapes for maternal resistance exhibited in treatment sessions during which discipline techniques were discussed. Mother reports were used to measure treatment outcome (child improvement) and treatment acceptability. Effect size calculations yielded large pre-post improvements in children's externalizing beha...
The role of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in fear extinction: clinical implications for exposure therapy.

Although much is now known about the neural basis of fear acquisition, the mechanisms of fear inhibition or suppression remain largely obscure. Fear inhibition is studied in the laboratory through the use of an extinction procedure, in which an animal (typically a rat) is exposed to nonreinforced presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g., a light or tone) that had previously been paired with a fear-inducing unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., a mild footshock). Over the course of such training, the conditioned fear response exhibited by the rat in the presence of the CS is reduced in amplitude and frequency. This procedure is analogous to those employed in the treatment of fear dysregulation in humans, which typically involve exposure to the feared object in the absence of any overt danger. Recent work on the neural basis of extinction indicates that the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are critically involved. Gamma-aminobutyric acid may act to inhibit brain areas involved in fear learning (e.g., the amygdala), and glutamate, acting at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, may play a role in the neural plasticity that permits this GABA-mediated inhibition to be exerted appropriately. These insights have significant implications for the conduct of extinction-based clinical interventions for fear disorders.
INTRAUTERINE DISTRESS IMPAIRS LACTOSE ABSORPTION IN THE FULL TERM INFANT

Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid or fetus is considered to be indicative of fetal distress. Although many infants with meconium stained amniotic fluid exhibit no signs of depression, some brief period of asphyxia may have induced passage of meconium prior to delivery. This study was designed to determine if passage of meconium in utero is associated with increased lactose malabsorption. Eighteen full term infants were studied for lactose malabsorption by breath hydrogen (H2) testing. Breath H2 samples were obtained through a nasopharyngeal catheter after a formula feeding. Samples were obtained preprandially and then 30, 60, 90, 150, and 180 minutes postprandially. The samples were obtained at 7 days of age to insure colonic bacterial colonization. Seven of the 18 infants were meconium stained at birth. The Apgar scores and the clinical courses of the two groups were similar. Meconium stained infants showed significantly increased breath H2 production. Mean breath H2 production level in the meconium stained infants was 24.14 ppm compared to 4.02 ppm in the non-meconium stained infants. Intrauterine asphyxia may impair mesenteric blood flow leading to intestinal mucosal damage and increased lactose malabsorption.
Genesis and evolution of polarization of light in the ocean [invited].

The radiative transfer of sunlight through the deep oceans of the world is a complex and only partially solved environmental optical problem. Empirically, in situ systematic measurements of key parameters such as polarization of deep open seawater have been very sparse in recent decades. Although we have the necessary equation of transfer to solve this complex problem, until it can be solved explicitly, only approximations and partial analytic solutions are possible in addition to some successful computer modeling. Further complexity is added by the diversity of researchers’ interests from academic to international policy making, as well as the ineffective communication between the different disciplines concerned, ranging from mathematics to endangered species. As a result, isolated focused pockets of good data and theory have been developed in recent decades without the needed breadth of understanding. This present review intends to bring together some visual biology and optical physics in order to understand the role of polarization in navigation, communication, and identification of marine animals as well as a possible tool for remotely sensing underwater objects.
Power efficient relativistic multi-stagell stable UV channel formation in underdense plasmas

Summary form only given. One of the chief attractive properties of the relativistic and ponderomotive self-channeling of ultraintense laser pulses in underdense plasmas [1,2] is the ability to control the stability of channel formation even when the initial peak power of the pulse P0 substantially exceeds the critical power Pcr and the initial radius of the beam r0 is much larger than the channel radius rch - the situation that typically leads to unstable self-channeling in initially uniform plasmas [3]. The essence of the stability control is the multi-stage channel formation with an appropriately increasing electron density gradient at the initial stage of the self-channeling [4]. This paper reports the results of recent experimental and numerical studies of the stability, efficiency, and robustness of the relativistic self-channeling of multi-TW UV pulses in underdense plasmas. The key findings are (1) the substantially increased power efficiency of the multi-stage relativistic self-channeling compared with the channel formation in initially uniform plasmas and (2) an exceptional level of stability and robustness of the relativistic channel formation.The characteristic dynamics of stable relativistic multi-TIN UV channel formation in underdense plasmas in the case of multi-stage self-channeling and channel formation in initially uniform plasma are presented in figure 1. For the multi-stage relativistic self-channeling the power losses due to the channel formation are reduced to 5 - 10% and the channeling power efficiency exceeds 90%; the characteristic corresponding figure for the stable multi-TIN relativistic self-channeling in initially uniform plasma is-60%. The stable power efficient relativistic self-channeling was one of the key factors for recent observation of nonlinear optical coupling in the keV x-ray regime [5].
Power budgeted packet scheduling for wireless multimedia

In this paper we profile a particular tradeoff between power budget and video quality that emerges in the transmission of multimedia packets over a wireless channel. These packets are due to arrive to a receiver at a particular time, so we consider a finite horizon problem over which multimedia data are transmitted. Due to the lossy nature of the wireless channel, however, not every packet can be successfully sent across the channel. Hence, each packet that is lost leads to distortion in the video that is experienced by the receiver. We suppose that there are M packets that must arrive at the receiver within N time steps, but that power limitations constrain the number of transmissions. At each time step, we may make a measurement of the wireless channel and decide whether or not to transmit a packet over the channel at that time. First we will suppose the times at which the channel state is sampled are spaced far enough apart so that the samples are i.i.d. Then we will continue by supposing that the channel state follows a Markov chain.
Solar radiation pressure perturbations of earth satellite orbits.

The perturbing effects of solar radiation pressure on a satellite orbit are studied by examining a progression of simplified mathematical models. The first-order variation of radial distance is generated for each model to exhibit the basic phenomenon as well as seasonal and shadow effects. The technique used is adequate for the cases examined but rapidly becomes unwieldy if greater accuracy is required or if the models become significantly more complex. Surprisingly good agreement is noted with previous theoretical results (and hence with observation). Although unsuited for precision orbit computation, the methods employed yield fresh insight into the fundamental mechanics of this perturbation and illustrate, in a simple way, the major effects on earth satellite orbits.
Patterns of chromosome breakage in nonHodgkin lymphoma: significance to gene alteration in tumorigenesis

In a comprehensive cytogenetic analysis of nonHodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that was based on a database derived from karyotypic descriptions of 264 tumors, we previously established correlations between specific chromosome changes and histologic subtypes of lymphoma. In the present paper we analyze the total chromosome breakage encountered in this group of tumors. This analysis permitted distinction between sites of nonrandom breakage that are specific for lymphoid tumors (and hence of probable primary or etiologic significance) and sites of nonrandom breakage that are common to lymphoid as well as nonlymphoid tumors (and hence of probable secondary or evolutionary significance). We also observed that breakage affected all of the immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene sites and most of the known cellular oncogene and fragile sites; however, only a limited number of these sites exhibited statistically significant breakage. Of special interest was the fact that the fragile sites that exhibited significant breakage were mostly those that also were sites of cellular oncogenes. Our data suggest that breakage at sites of immunoglobulin genes and a limited number of cellular oncogenes alone is of importance in B-cell lymphomagenesis. While the timing or causes of genomic destabilization in tumorigenesis are unknown, recent molecular analysis of junction regions of chromosome rearrangements designated here as primary translocations has suggested that more than one mechanism may be involved in their generation. This study identifies chromosomal sites of nonrandom perturbation that may be targeted for detailed molecular analysis aimed at understanding the origin, evolution, and spread of B-cell NHL.
Field-Scale Sprinkler Irrigation System Hydraulic Model. II: Hydraulic Simulation

AbstractThis paper describes a mathematical model for the hydraulic characterization of a field-scale solid set sprinkler irrigation system with a double-line lateral layout configuration. Formulation of the basic hydraulic equations along the mainline and laterals is based on manifold hydraulics. Lateral hydraulics remains the same as that described in a previously published paper, for systems with single-line laterals. A description of the mainline hydraulics of systems with a double-line lateral layout configuration, which requires the formulation and iterative solution of a system of nonlinear equations, is presented here. The hydraulic characterization functionality of the model, described in a previously published paper, serves as an interface for coupling the numerical solutions of the lateral and mainline hydraulic equations. In addition, this paper presents a description of the simulation functionality of the sprinkler hydraulic model and a related numerical algorithm, which is based on one-dimen...
Molecular Imaging of Biological Samples: Localization of Peptides and Proteins Using MALDI-TOF MS

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) has been used to generate ion images of samples in one or more mass-to-charge (m/z) values, providing the capability of mapping specific molecules to two-dimensional coordinates of the original sample. The high sensitivity of the technique (low-femtomole to attomole levels for proteins and peptides) allows the study of organized biochemical processes occurring in, for example, mammalian tissue sections. The mass spectrometer is used to determine the molecular weights of the molecules in the surface layers of the tissue. Molecules desorbed from the sample typically are singly protonated, giving an ion at (M + H)+, where M is the molecular mass. The procedure involves coating the tissue section, or a blotted imprint of the section, with a thin layer of energy-absorbing matrix and then analyzing the sample to produce an ordered array of mass spectra, each containing nominal m/z values typically covering a range of over 50 000 Da. Images...
Energy in chemical manufacturing processes: gate-to-gate information for life cycle assessment

Gate-to-gate process energy for 86 chemical manufacturing processes is presented. The estimation of the process energy follows design-based methodology. Results show that the gate-to-gate process energy for half of organic chemicals ranges from 0 to 4 MJ per kg, and for half of inorganic chemicals ranges from −1 to 3 MJ per kg. The main energy source in both organic and inorganic processes is steam energy followed by potential recovered energy. In organic chemicals, the fractions of heating oil and electricity use are relatively low, but these fractions are higher in the inorganic chemicals than in the organic chemicals. Furthermore, about 50% of the energy consumed in chemical processes is used for purifying the product, byproduct or recycled stream, which indicates that there are large opportunities for improving the process energy in chemical processes. The information presented in this study is very important for those in the life cycle assessment community in order for them to identify inaccurate information or information not based on actual process design. However, the range for the entire range of chemicals is very substantial and thus reflects the need of the life cycle inventory to separately evaluate the chemistry and degree of purity for chemical products. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Fermion representation for the Z 2 lattice gauge theory in 2+1 dimensions

It is shown that the Z/sub 2/ lattice gauge theory in three Euclidean dimensions is equivalent to a theory of locally interacting fermions. A Hamiltonian picture and a Lagrangian picture are derived and their relationship is discussed. The equivalent Fermi theory turns out to describe a theory of surfaces.
High-molecular-weight kininogen preadsorbed to glass surface markedly reduces neutrophil adhesion

Adsorbed proteins on biomaterial surfaces determine whether cells adhere, but rheological variables are also critical. Neutrophil adhesion under well-defined radial flow conditions was studied on glass preadsorbed with plasma proteins or plasma protein domain fragments. Fibrinogen, low-molecular-weight kininogen (LK), high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK), cleaved HK (HKa), and recombinant HK domains 3 and 5 (D3 and D5H) were used. The number of adherent cells on the HK and HKa surfaces was less than 10% that found on the fibrinogen absorbed surface. The degree of spreading was minimal and detachment of adherent neutrophils was observed. HK and HKa contain binding sites for both anionic surfaces and neutrophils in the same domain (D5H). When adsorbed to surfaces, HK and HKa did not have the neutrophil binding sites available and therefore exhibited an anti-adhesive effect. Although D5H contains anionic surface binding sites, its small molecular size required a higher number of adsorbed molecules to cover the surface before a significant decrease in cell adhesion was observed. Since LK and D3 do not possess specific anionic surface binding sites, the adsorption of these proteins on glass was very low compared to HK and HKa. Thus, extensive cell adhesion and spreading were observed on the surfaces partially covered with preadsorbed LK and D3.
Analog image recognition arrays design by using co-fabricated MOSFET and MESFETs on a 0.25 μm SOS process

This paper presents an analog image recognition system with a novel MESFET device fabricated on a fully depleted (FD) CMOS process. An analog image recognition system with a power consumption of 2.4 mW/cell and a settling time of 6.5 μs was designed, fabricated and characterized. A CNN is employed to realize a core cell of the proposed image recognition system. While a CNN benefits from its regular structure, it faces challenges due to its power consumption, speed, and size in their CMOS implementations. SOS MESFETs can deal with the challenges associated with CMOS-based CNNs. Advantages of SOS MESFETs associated with nonlinear signal processing include lower power consumption and higher operating speeds compared to similar geometry MOSFETs carrying the same current. SOS MESFET-based analog image recognition systems were fabricated and the transient response is characterized in both simulation using a TOM3 SPICE model extracted from SOS MESFETs and in experiment using image testing lab equipment. Settling times of 3.5 and 6.5 μs for one-by-four and one-by-eight arrays, respectively, were achieved with line recognition template. The corresponding power consumption for the two arrays was 9.6 and 19.2 mW, respectively.
Motor-Intuitive Interactions Based on Image Schemas: Aligning Touchless Interaction Primitives with Human Sensorimotor Abilities

Elicitation and evaluation studies investigated intuitiveness of touchless gestures but did not operationalizeintuitiveness.Forexample,studiesfoundthatusersfailtomakeaccurate3Dstrokesas interactioncommands.Butthisphenomenonremainsunexplained.Inthispaper,wefirstexplainhow making accurate 3D strokes is generally unintuitive, because it exceeds our sensorimotor knowledge. Wethenintroducemotor-intuitive,touchlessinteractionthatusessensorimotorknowledgebyrelying on image schemas. Specifically, we propose an interaction primitive—mid-air, directional strokes— based on space schemas up‐down and left‐right. In a controlled study with large displays, we found that biomechanical factors affected directional strokes. Strokes were efficient (0.2s) and effective (12.5 ◦ angular error), but affected by directions and length. Our work operationalized intuitive touchless interaction using the continuum of knowledge in intuitive interaction, and demonstrated how user performance of a motor-intuitive, touchless primitive based on sensorimotor knowledge (image schemas) is affected by biomechanical factors.
Comparison of Time-Dependent Sequential Logit and Nested Logit for Modeling Hurricane Evacuation Demand

Models that predict hurricane evacuation demand can play a crucial role in developing and evaluating alternative evacuation policies and plans. However, to evaluate alternative policies effectively, evacuation demand models should be sensitive to time varying characteristics of a storm and the contextual conditions surrounding an evacuee. The time-dependent sequential logit is one such model, but it makes use of restrictive assumptions about the dynamic choices made by evacuees. A new model, a time-dependent nested logit model, relaxes those assumptions. It was formulated and derived in this study, and its performance was then compared with that of the time-dependent sequential logit model by applying both models to data from Hurricane Gustav. The results indicated that the time-dependent nested logit model has better predictive capability than the time-dependent sequential logit model.
Analysis of arrest rates for trends in criminality

Abstract During the 1960s, the United States experienced a substantial increase in crime with the rates of reported crime more than doubling. It has been postulated that the increase in the proportion of young adults in the population which also occurred during the Sixties is a primary factor in the increase in crime. In this paper, we attempt to explore this question by partitioning the recent increases in rates between an increasing crime-committing propensity for various demographic groups on one hand, and a changing demographic mix to the other. We do this by analyzing arrest rates by demographic group over time. However, since arrest rates are a complex function of both criminality and police activity, a model is developed which attempts to distinguish between these phenomena. The model is estimated using data on age, race, and sex-specific arrest rates for Pittsburgh residents over the period 1967–1972. The results of the analysis suggest that there has been no significant increase in criminality for men in the Pittsburgh population, while there is some evidence of increased criminality for women. However, this increase may reflect an increased willingness of the police to arrest women. We hesitate to generalize our conclusions too widely from the experience of a single urban center. Additional analysis, using the model developed here, of arrest rates from other cities or regions would do much to illuminate this very significant issue.
Coordinate signaling by Src and p38 kinases in the induction of cortical cataracts.

PURPOSE. The goals of this study were to determine whether MAP kinase signaling pathways play a role in the formation of lens cataracts and to examine the potential signaling relationship between Src and MAP kinases in signaling the induction of lens opacities. METHODS. Embryonic day (E)10 chick lenses were cultured in Medium 199 containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The activation state of Src kinases and the MAP kinases extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 in the lens epithelium was determined over a time course from 10 minutes to 10 days in culture by immunoblot analysis. Src kinase activation was suppressed by exposure to the Src family kinase-specific inhibitor PP1. To examine the role of specific MAP kinases in the development of lens opacities, lenses were grown for 10 days in the presence or absence of inhibitors of ERK (U0126), JNK (SP600125), and p38 (SB203580). Lenses were observed and photographed daily, and the degree of opacification was quantified by using image-analysis software. RESULTS. Within a short time after placing embryonic lenses in culture conditions that induce the formation of cataracts, there occurred a great increase in the activation state of the MAP kinase ERK. Activation of ERK was both rapid and transient. No activation of the MAP kinase JNK was observed in the cataract cultures beyond that which occurred in normal lens epithelium, even though JNK activation is often linked to the cellular response to stress. In contrast, although p38 activation was barely detected in the normal embryonic lens, this stress-activated protein kinase exhibited a robust activation in cataract cultures that was sustained throughout the culture period. Studies conducted to map the cataract signaling pathways indicate that the p38 MAP kinase functions upstream of the Src kinase. To analyze the potential role of ERK, JNK, and p38 in cataract induction, lenses were cultured in the presence of specific MAP kinase inhibitors. Although the inhibitors of ERK and JNK did not interfere with the formation of cataract, p38 inhibitors blocked the development of lens opacities with an efficacy similar to that of the Src kinase inhibitor PP1. CONCLUSIONS. Activation of both Src and p38 kinases lead to the induction of cataract.
Ethnic Tourism and Minority Identity: Lugu Lake, Yunnan, China

Ethnic tourism has been employed as a development strategy in many minority communities where options for development are often limited. This research explores the impacts of ethnic tourism development on minority people and their identities in an ethnic community in Lugu Lake, Yunnan, China. Findings reveal that active involvement in tourism and commercialization of Mosuo cultural traditions have resulted in the consolidation of a collective Mosuo identity for economic, social and cultural purposes. Local villagers actively express their identity and re-create their dress, dances and religion to satisfy tourists' desires for authenticity. Tourism has reinforced elements of Mosuo culture, giving it new prestige in the Han-dominated society, but it has also brought numerous changes to Mosuo communities. It is argued that the preservation of minority culture and identity should be enhanced if long-term sustainable development of tourism is to occur and the evolving nature of ethnic identity is to be recognized.