cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interferometric plasmon propagation and lensing with nanohole arrays in gold films: Visualization by nonlinear photoemission electron microscopy

Nonlinear photoemission electron microscopy, of nanohole arrays litho-graphically etched in gold films, is used to map propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). The recorded photoemission patterns are attributed to interferences between SPPs launched from the individual nanoholes.
A note on the level of glucose and of nonfermentable reducing substances in therapeutic insulin shock

Abstract The figures in Table I confirm other workers 2, 4, 9 in showing that the glucose may be determined with a probable error of ±2 mg. by subtracting 4 mg. from the blood sugar, as determined upon an unlaked filtrate by the revised Folin-Wu method. In therapeutic insulin shock in schizophrenic patients the glucose (i.e., fermentable reducing substances) may fall below 10 mg. per 100 c.c. of blood and remain there for periods up to an hour without doing harm of an extent sufficient to be obvious in these subjects. The nonfermentable reducing substances do not change in amount as the blood sugar falls.
Combinatorial Optimization Through Order Statistics

A mathematical model studied in this paper can be formulated as follows: find the optimal value of \(Z_{\max } = \max _{\alpha \varepsilon B_n } \left\{ {\Xi _{i\varepsilon S_n (\alpha )} w_i (\alpha )} \right\}\) (respectively Zmin), where ξ is an operator, n is an integer, Bn is the set of all feasible solutions, Sn(α) is the set of all objects belonging to the α-th feasible solution, and wi(α) is the weight assigned to the i-th object. Our interest lies in finding an asymptotic solution to this optimization problem in a probabilistic framework. Using some novel results from order statistics, we investigate in a uniform manner a large class of combinatorial optimization problems such as: the assignment problem, the traveling salesman problem, the minimum spanning tree, the minimum weighted k-clique, the bottleneck assignment and traveling salesman problems, location problems on graphs, and so forth. For example, we provide some sufficient conditions that assure asymptotic optimality of a greedy algorithm.
A Scanning Electron Microscope Study Of Cucumber Nectaries, Cucumis Sativus

SummaryThe nectaries of staminate flowers are button-like in appearance with three or four lobes, whereas those of pistillate flowers have the form of a cup surrounding the base of the style. Scanning electron microscope photomicrographs showed the nectary surface to be irregular, and the areas surrounding stomate-like pores to be slightly depressed. Epidermal pores were found only on the inner surface of the pistillate flower nectary, but were distributed over the entire nectary surface of staminate flowers. Reaction of the pores to the electron beam indicated that they may open and close as environmental conditions around the nectary surface change. Nectar secretion in pistillate flowers commenced on the day of anthesis at 16°C.
Mesenchymal stem cells combined with biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics promote bone regeneration

The reconstruction and repair of large bone defects, resulting from trauma, cancer or metabolic disorders, is a major clinical challenge in orthopaedics. Clinically available biological and synthetic grafts have clear limitations that necessitate the development of new graft materials and/or strategies. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), obtained from the adult bone marrow, are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into various mesenchymal tissues. Of particular interest is the ability of these cells to differentiate into osteoblasts, or bone-forming cells. At Osiris, we have extensively characterized MSCs and have demonstrated MSCs can induce bone repair when implanted in vivo in combination with a biphasic calcium phosphate, specifically hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate. This article reviews previous and current studies utilizing mesenchymal stem cells and biphasic calcium phosphates in bone repair.
Laser assisted micro-milling of hard-to-machine materials

There is a need for developing hybrid micro-manufacturing processes capable of generating three-dimensional micro-scale features in hard-to-machine materials. This paper deals with the development of the laser assisted micro-milling process for which a novel 4-axis machine has been designed and built. This paper presents the results of experiments on laser assisted micro-milling of hardened A2 tool steel (62 HRc). The dimensional accuracy of the micro-milled feature and surface finish obtained with and without laser heating are compared and discussed. Scientific explanations for the different observations are given.
Bloomfield as an Indo-Europeanist

SUMMARYIn Bloomfield's day, Indo-European studies had become ingrown and isolated from general linguistics. Bloomfield was one of those who contributed to restoring Indo-European linguistics to its proper place. His training, especially at Leipzig, gave him control of the data and the theory by which the achievements of the "Neo-Grammarians" had been effected. His mastery of these doctrines is evident in his 1933 Language, whose chapters 17-27 embody an admirable demonstration of the findings of classical Indo-European linguistics. To these, he added considerations of geographical and social variation, leading to the distinction between alterations due to phonetic change and those due to borrowing, both internal (analogical) and external (social). Confirmation of his view of the regularity of sound-change, and hence of the validity of comparative method, was furnished by his well-known reconstruction of Proto-Central Algonquian [Ck]. In this way, Bloomfield contributed majorly to the re-incorporation of Indo-European studies into general linguistics.RESUMEAu temps de Bloomfield, les etudes indo-europeennes s'etaient isolees de la linguistique generale. Bloomfield fut parmi ceux qui contribuerent a faire rentrer la linguistique indo-europeenne dans sa position juste. Son education, surtout a Leipsic, lui donna une connaissance parfaite des don-nees et des theories sur lesquelles les "Neo-Grammairiens" avaient fonde leurs decouvertes. Sa maitrise de ces doctrines est evidente dans son livre Language (1933), dont les chapitres 17-27 incorporent une demonstration admirable des resultats de la linguistique indo-europeenne classique. A ceux-ci il ajouta des considerations d'ordre geographique et social, en de-montrant comment la variation amene une distinction entre developpement phonetique et l'emprunt interne (analogique) et externe (social). Sa reconstruction bien connue de la combinaison consonantique [Ck] de l'algonkien central primitif fournit une preuve eclatante de la validite de ses vues sur la regularite des changements phonetiques et par consequent de la validite de la methode comparative. De cette faCon, Bloomfield contribua en grande partie e la reintegration des etudes indo-europeennes dans la linguistique generale.
Regulation of casein kinase I epsilon and casein kinase I delta by an in vivo futile phosphorylation cycle.

Casein kinase I δ (CKIδ) and casein kinase I e (CKIe) have been implicated in the response to DNA damage, but the understanding of how these kinases are regulated remains incomplete. In vitro, these kinases rapidly autophosphorylate, predominantly on their carboxyl-terminal extensions, and this autophosphorylation markedly inhibits kinase activity (Cegielska, A., Gietzen, K. F., Rivers, A., and Virshup, D. M. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 1357–1364). However, we now report that while these kinases are able to autophosphorylatein vivo, they are actively maintained in the dephosphorylated, active state by cellular protein phosphatases. Treatment of cells with the cell-permeable serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid or calyculin A leads to rapid increases in kinase intramolecular autophosphorylation. Since CKI autophosphorylation decreases kinase activity, this dynamic autophosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle provides a mechanism for kinase regulation in vivo.
Exposure to European Union Policies and Support for Membership in the Candidate Countries

This article examines the relative merits of competing explanations of public support for European Union membership in thirteen Central and Eastern European candidate countries. While noneconomic f...
Schizophrenia and Emotional Rubbernecking

Orienting toward emotionally salient information can be adaptive, as when danger needs to be avoided. Consistent with this idea, research has shown that emotionally valenced information draws attention more so than does neutral information in healthy individuals. However, at times this tendency is not adaptive, and it may distract the individual from goals. People with schizophrenia (PSZ), though they frequently show deficits in attentional control, have also been shown to exhibit diminished recognition of and attention to emotional information. In the present study, we investigated how the presentation of emotionally salient information affected performance on a working memory task for PSZ and healthy controls (HC). We found that although hit rates were equal to those of HCs for PSZ, the PSZ made fewer false alarms—resulting in overall better performance—than did the HCs. Deficits in emotional processing in PSZ appear to provide an advantage to them in situations in which salient emotional information competes with active cognitive goals.
The maximum power, heat demand and efficiency of a heat engine operating in steady state at less than Carnot efficiency

Abstract An imperfect, Carnot-like engine operating in steady state and receiving heat through conductance k1 from a source at T1 and discharging heat only through a conductance k2 to a sink at T4 has an efficiency at maximum net power output of η m = ( ϵ g9 ){1 − √(1 − ϱ(1 − T 4 T 1 )}, where ϵ is a non-Carnot efficiency and ϱ = (ϵk 1 + k 2 ) (k 1 + k 2 ) .
Dynamics of an eccentric disk on a curved surface

Abstract This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of an eccentric disk rolling on a curve of arbitrary shape and then on a curve defined as a cubic function. Comparisons are made to a disk without eccentricity and the related point mass approximation. The curve is subject to sinusoidal base excitation, and the system is considered from the perspective of a potential well problem where escape is possible on one side. The equations of motion are derived using a roll without slip constraint, and the behavior is investigated by means of approximate analytical solutions, numerically simulated frequency and amplitude sweeps, and by considering the basins of attraction when initial conditions or forcing parameters are varied.
Quantification of phase retardation in corneal tissues using a femtosecond laser

The use of femtosecond lasers (FSL) in ophthalmic procedures, such as LASIK, lens replacement (cataract surgery), as well as several other treatments, is growing rapidly. The treatment effect is based on photo ablation of ocular tissues by a series of ultra-short laser pulses. However, the laser beam characteristics change dynamically due to interactions with birefringent corneal tissue, which may affect the outcome of the laser treatment. To better understand the effect the cornea has on the laser characteristics, we developed a system for measuring retardation and validated it with precise, standard phase retarders. Then we measured the phase retardation of FSLs through bovine corneas and found that there is a considerable, location dependent, variation in retardation values. This information can potentially help optimize FSL parameters to make their application in ophthalmic procedures safer and more effective.
68GaTHM2BED: a potential generator-produced tracer of myocardial perfusion for positron emission tomography

Abstract THM2BED [N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)ethylenediamine] is a new hexadentate ligand which has been synthesized and complexed with gallium isotopes. A conditional stability constant of 22.3 and a pM value of 20.7 have been determined for GaTHM2BED at physiological pH. Hexachelated and pentachelated complexes of GaTHM2BED have been isolated via preparatory HPLC and evaluated individually. The hexachelated isomer of 68GaTHM2BED clears slowly from the myocardium of rats and at 1 h post-injection the heart-to-blood ratio is 1.65. The data ratio indicates that this radiotracer may be capable of measuring blood flow in the heart. The ability of 68GaTHM2BED to delineate myocardial tissue in a dog has been evaluated and good images were obtained using hexachelated 68GaTHM2BED. There is evidence that this complex penetrates the blood-brain barrier.
An investigation of nucleation and crystal growth mechanism of urea from water-alcohol solutions

Abstract The nucleation and growth of urea from water-alcohol solvent mixtures has been studied by using a dilatometric method. Induction periods for nucleation were measured at different levels of supersaturation in various solvent mixtures, and were used to calculate the surface energies, the critical Gibbs free energies, and the critical sizes for nucleation. The calculated surface energies are of the same order of magnitude (4 to 9 erg/cm2) as those of the organic compounds reported in the literature and were found to be a linear function of the heat of dissolution of urea in the alcohol mixtures. The crystal growth mechanism of urea from alcohol mixtures was shown to be a one-dimensional diffusion controlled process, with rate constants in the order of 10-3 to 10-1 min-1.
Training preservice teachers to analyze and evaluate textbooks

Learning how to evaluate reading texts should be an important part of preservice training. This study used a simulated textbook selection process to compare differences in the consistency of experimental and control groups in evaluating textbooks. The experimental groups, who were required to define their criteria operationally, were more consistent in their evaluations than the control group, who used traditional checklists.
Non-operative treatment of common finger injuries

Finger fractures are common injuries with a wide spectrum of presentation. Although a vast majority of these injuries may be treated non-operatively with gentle reduction, appropriate splinting, and careful follow-up, health care providers must recognize injury patterns that require more specialized care. Injuries involving unstable fracture patterns, intra-articular extension, or tendon function tend to have suboptimal outcomes with non-operative treatment. Other injuries including terminal extensor tendon injuries (mallet finger), stable non-articular fractures, and distal phalanx tuft fractures are readily treated by conservative means, and in general do quite well. Appropriate understanding of finger fracture patterns, treatment modalities, and injuries requiring referral is critical for optimal patient outcomes.
Biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by marine bacteria: effect of solid phase on degradation kinetics

Abstract Biodegradation kinetics for phenanthrene and fluoranthene, as a function of their dissolved concentrations, were determined for a marine PAH-degrading enrichment. Biodegradation rates in the presence of artificial (Celite coated with humic acid) or Puget Sound sediments with sorbed PAH were then determined. These rates were expected to be slower than for the tests without sediment, because of limited PAH in the soluble phase due to desorption limitations of PAH from the solid to liquid phases. Due to the low aqueous PAH concentrations that exist for PAH compounds, radiolabeled PAH compounds were used to follow the fate of the PAH compounds in batch degradation test. The radiolabeled compounds were followed as evolved CO2, unreacted PAH in the dissolved phase or sorbed to sediment, and as non-polar intermediate products. Epifluorescence microscopy was used to determine if the marine enrichment bacteria could attach to sediment during PAH degradation. Without sediment, first-order degradation rate coefficients with respect to PAH concentration for phenanthrene ranged from 0.033 to 0.139 L/mg-d, depending on when the marine enrichment was tested. Fluoranthene first-order degradation rate coefficients without sediment were 0.132 and 0.162 L/mg-d. With sediment present, degradation rates for phenanthrene and fluoranthene were 2.1 to 3.5 and 2.1 to 5.3 times faster, respectively, than the degradation rates at the same aqueous PAH and biomass concentrations without sediment. With phenanthrene present about 50% of the biomass added to test samples was attached to the sediment. The results suggest that biomass interactions with sorbed PAH at the sediment particle surfaces account for increased PAH degradation rates in the presence of a solid phase material.
Trends in the Stage Specific Incidence of Prostate Carcinoma in the Detroit Metropolitan Area. 1973-1994.

BACKGROUND. Much of the recent increase in prostate carcinoma incidence has been attributed to screening with prostate specific antigen (PSA). Controversy exists as to whether this screening will ultimately impact prostate carcinoma mortality. Until adequate time elapses since PSA screening became widespread, or a randomized trial of PSA screening is completed, the effect of PSA screening on prostate carcinoma mortality cannot be determined. In the interim, stage specific prostate carcinoma incidence rates may provide an indication of the effect of PSA screening. METHODS. Annual stage specific age-adjusted prostate carcinoma incidence rates for the years 1973 through 1994 were obtained from the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System (MDCSS), a member of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. These incidence rates were analyzed for trends using Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS. There were 10,801 cases of prostate carcinoma in black men and 31,501 in white men during the 22-year period. Incidence rates for stages of local and regional prostate carcinoma reached a maximum in 1992 and 1993. Distant stage prostate carcinoma incidence has steadily declined since 1989 (P < 0.001), the year in which the increasing trend in the incidence rates for local and regional stage prostate carcinoma were first noted. CONCLUSIONS. These findings suggest that a substantial proportion of early stage prostate carcinoma detected by PSA is in fact clinically important and that early detection of these carcinomas has resulted in a continuous decline in the stage of metastatic prostate carcinoma since 1989.
Design and application of braced high voltage insulator assemblies

Different types of braced insulator assemblies for insulating and supporting high voltage transmission lines are described, and guidelines for the proper application of each type are given.
A description and evaluation of FAO satellite rainfall estimation algorithm

Abstract There are ongoing efforts to improve the accuracy of satellite rainfall estimates. One of these efforts comes from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The FAO effort involves combining satellite rainfall estimates and meteorological model outputs with station measurements. The algorithm of the FAO satellite rainfall estimates (FAO-RFE) is presented and evaluated by comparing with raingauge data and other satellite rainfall products over eastern and western parts of Africa. The evaluations were done at daily and ten-daily time scales. The FAO-RFE has shown significant improvement over the individual inputs. However, comparison of FAO-RFE with other satellite rainfall products has shown a slight improvement only over areas with good station input. The main weakness of the FAO-RFE is that it overestimates rainfall occurrences, which is attributed to the forecast product used in the algorithm.
Inter- and Intrahierarchy associative relatedness in verbal transfer

Summary Two words may be associatively related in that one word elicits the other in free association or in that they each evoke many of the same other words as responses in free association. These relationships, called Intrahierarchy relatedness and Interhierarchy relatedness, respectively, may each lead to facilitation in verbal transfer. In the present study two levels of each relationship were employed in a factorial design to investigate the effect of each relationship in the chaining paradigm (A-B, B-C, A-C) and response-equivalence paradigm (A-B, C-A, C-B). The results of these experiments indicate that the level of Interhierarchy relatedness differentially affects amount of transfer, while level of Intrahierarchy relatedness has a small and unreliable effect on the amount of transfer.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder in girls: further evidence for a familial subtype?

Background: To clarify the nosologic status of girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who also satisfy diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder (BPD). Methods: Using blind raters and structured psychiatric interviews, we examined 140 girls with ADHD, 122 non-ADHD comparisons and their 786 first degree relatives. Analyses tested specific hypotheses about the familial relationship between ADHD and bipolar disorder in girls. Results: After stratifying our ADHD sample into those with and without BPD, we found that: (1) relatives of both ADHD subgroups were at significantly greater risk for ADHD than relatives of non-ADHD controls, (2) the two subgroups did not significantly differ in their relatives’ risk for ADHD; (3) an elevated risk for bipolar disorder was observed among relatives when the proband child had BPD but not ADHD alone; (4) weak evidence of cosegregation between ADHD and BPD, and (5) no evidence of a trend for random mating between ADHD parents and those with mania. Limitations: Limitations of this study include the lack of direct interviewing of probands and the limited number of ADHD/BPD probands available. Conclusions: These findings extend to girls what was previously documented in boys and suggest that comorbid ADHD with BPD in girls is familially distinct from other forms of ADHD and may be related to what others have termed childhood onset BPD. Future work could determine if this subgroup has a characteristic course, outcome and response to treatment.
Chapter 11: Analysis and Interpretation of Invertebrate Remains

Abstract Invertebrate remains recovered during excavations on the Sepik coast of Papua New Guinea in 1996 were analyzed. The main excavations took place in the Aitape hills, ∼2 km inland from the current coastline, and on Tumleo Island, ∼3 km off the coast. Remains of 72 mollusk, one arthropod, and two echinoderm species were identified. Forty-six of these are marine, 19 are from freshwater or brackish water and mangrove habitats, and 11 are terrestrial. A complete list and figures of most species are given. Analysis of the recovered remains suggests that in the Aitape hills, mollusk species gathered in freshwater and brackish water habitats were exploited extensively, while marine species played an insignificant role as a food source. Conversely, on Tumleo Island, most freshwater species found on the mainland are absent. Only a limited number of species inhabiting the interface of salt water and freshwater, such as mangrove swamps and estuaries, are present in considerable quantities. In addition, marine...
Arterial blood pressure and heart rate discrepancies between handwritten and computerized anesthesia records.

Previous publications suggest that handwritten anesthesia records are less accurate when compared with computer-generated records, but these studies were limited by small sample size, unblinded study design, and unpaired statistical comparisons. Eighty-one pairs of handwritten and computer-generated
Trace formulas for non-self-adjoint periodic Schrödinger operators and some applications

Abstract Recently, a trace formula for non-self-adjoint periodic Schrodinger operators in L 2 ( R ) associated with Dirichlet eigenvalues was proved in [Differential Integral Equations 14 (2001) 671–700]. Here we prove a corresponding trace formula associated with Neumann eigenvalues. In addition we investigate Dirichlet and Neumann eigenvalues of such operators. In particular, using the Dirichlet and Neumann trace formulas, we provide detailed information on location of the Dirichlet and Neumann eigenvalues for the model operator with the potential K e 2 i x , where K ∈ C .
Lick rate during lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation in the rat

Abstract Lick rate was studied in four rats during electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and following 24 and 48 hr of water deprivation. Although lick rate did not change as a function of water deprivation, it increased during LH electrical stimulation when the intensity was increased. Results are discussed in terms of adjunctive behavior and the influence of the LH on motor excitability.
Determination of excitation sites during magnetic stimulation of nerve fibers

In this paper we present results of in vitro experiments on magnetic stimulation of nerve fibers. Sciatic nerves from bull frogs and phrenic nerves from dogs were excited both electrically and magnetically. During electrical stimulation, the excitation sites are known and correspond to the location of the stimulating electrode. However, during magnetic stimulation excitation sites are not known. The excitations sites for magnetic stimulation are determined using latencies obtained for electrical stimulation. In accordance with our prior theoretical predictions, experiments on magnetic stimulation of nerve fibers indicate that short nerve fibers are excited at terminations and geometric inhomogeneities along the fibers.
Causal decision theory

Abstract Newcomb's problem and similar cases show the need to incorporate causal distinctions into the theory of rational decision; the usual noncausal decision theory, though simpler, does not always give the right answers. I give my own version of causal decision theory, compare it with versions offered by several other authors, and suggest that the versions have more in common than meets the eye.
Progressive Cracking of a Multilayer System Upon Thermal Cycling

This article considers progressive cracking upon thermal cycling of a thin multilayer on a thick substrate. The prototypical system comprises a thin elastic layer of a dielectric material above another thin metal interconnect layer attached to a silicon substrate. Residual stresses exist because of the thermal expansion misfit and due to deposition. Putative fabrication flaws are presumed to be present in the dielectric. When activated by residual stresses these flaws can induce cracks that channel along the dielectric. Conditions that induce yielding of the metal upon initial cooling are shown to exacerbate this phenomenon. Moreover, subsequent thermal cycling may induce ratcheting, wherein cracks develop progressively due to repeated yielding of the metal layer. The roles of initial stress, cyclic temperature amplitude, and interconnect yield strength in these phenomena are investigated using finite element models which explicitly account for cyclic yielding. The most deleterious situation is found to be that wherein the entire metal layer reaches yield at some stage during the temperature cycle. Several scenarios relevant to semiconductor devices are considered.
Dual use research: investigation across multiple science disciplines.

Most recent studies of dual use research have focused on the life sciences, although some researchers have suggested that dual use research occurs across many disciplines. This research is an initial investigation into the prevalence of dual use research in other scientific disciplines by surveying senior editors of scientific journals, drawn from Journal Citation Reports. The survey was emailed to 7,500 journal editors with a response rate of 10.1 %. Approximately 4.8 % of life science editors reported they had to consider whether to publish dual use research and 38.9 % said they decided to not publish the research in question. In disciplines other than the life sciences, 7.2 % of editors from other science disciplines reported that they had to consider whether to publish dual use research, and 48.4 % declined to publish it. The survey investigated relationships between dual use and the journal’s source of funding and place of publication, but no relationships were found. Further research is needed to better understand the occurrence of dual use research in other science disciplines.
Evolution of surface morphology and film stress during MOCVD growth of InN on sapphire substrates

Abstract The evolution of surface morphology and film stress during metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth of InN on sapphire substrates was investigated. In situ stress measurements were carried out using a multi-beam optical stress sensor system, which measures changes in sample curvature during film deposition. Growth of InN on a low temperature AlN buffer layer on sapphire was observed to occur via island nucleation and coalescence. A constant tensile growth stress of approximately 0.2 GPa was measured in the InN films for thickness
China, Communism, and the United States

S TALIN'S Failure in China deals with the period of CommunistKuomintang relations in the 1920's about which a good deal has already been published. Isaac's The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution appeared over twenty years ago and, though written from a Trotskyist point of view, was well documented. Since 1945 there have been Schwartz's Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao, North's Moscow and the Chinese Communists, and other still more recent works. The new material in Mr. Brandt's book comes mainly from the Trotsky archives at Harvard and from evidence supplied by Chang Kuo-t'ao. It becomes clear that in the matter of China, as on other questions, Trotsky was quite an effective critic of Stalin but had little to offer in the way of a constructive alternative. In this case, the evidence strongly suggests that Trotsky did not start to take any serious interest in China until March I927, by which time it was almost certainly too late for any change in Communist policy to have prevented Chiang Kai-shek's seizure of power. It is possible that the policies advocated by Trotsky might have made the Communist defeat less complete, but it is highly unlikely that they could have prevented it. Ch'en Tu-hsiu is very effectively cleared by Mr. Brandt of the charges made against him in official Communist histories. Far from being an advocate of close association with the Kuomintang, he is shown to have had serious misgivings about this policy from the very beginning but to have again and again allowed his private judgment to be overruled by obedience to Comintern directives. Lominadze, who arrived in China in July I927, was given the mission of making Ch'en Tu-hsiu the scapegoat for Stalin's mistakes and had to use Comintern authority to secure acceptance of his objectives by the Central Committee. There is a point here on which one would like to have further explanation. We are told that at the meeting of the plenum of the Central Committee in August I922 Ch'en Tu-hsiu and four other
Nonlinear multiscale modeling of polymer materials

In this study, a hyperelastic multiscale modeling technique is used to predict elastic properties of polycarbonate and polyimide polymer systems using a set of widely accepted atomistic force fields. The model incorporates molecular simulations and a nonlinear, continuum mechanics-based, constitutive formulation that incorporates the behavior of the polymer materials as predicted from molecular simulations. The predicted properties of the polymers using multiple force fields are compared to experimentally measured values. Both static and dynamic molecular simulations are performed using molecular mechanics energy minimizations and molecular dynamics simulation techniques, respectively. The results of this study indicate that static molecular simulation is a useful tool to predict the bulk-level nonlinear mechanical behavior of polymers for finite deformations. It is found that the AMBER force field yields the most accurate predicted mechanical and physical properties of the modeled polymer systems compared to the other force fields used in this study.
Sensitivity and nonlinearity of optical path difference measurements using triple-exposure heterodyne holographic interferometry.

Triple-exposure dual-reference beam holographic recording offers a convenient means by which high-speed transient phenomena may be investigated using heterodyne interferometry. Although convenient, use of the technique imposes certain compromises both in measurement linearity and sensitivity compared with analysis of more conventional double-exposure recordings. Fortunately, linearity can be assumed for events where only small (e.g., one-tenth wavelength) optical path changes are observed. By appropriate control of the intensity ratio of the reconstructed imagewave fronts, the region of linearity may be extended. Furthermore, measurement sensitivity can be optimized by proper control of recording and reconstruction parameters.
Soft-matter electronics with stencil lithography

We present a mask deposition technique used to create a capacitive soft-matter sensing skin. The device comprises a 6 × 6 grid of liquid Gallium-Indium alloy parallel-plate capacitors embedded in elastomer. Pressing or stretching the skin results in a measurable increase in capacitance at the affected grid points, allowing for real-time monitoring. Printer paper resists liquid metal wetting and is used as a mask during fabrication. Liquid metal is applied across the mask with an elastomer-tipped pen, selectively wetting to the elastomer substrate. With laser-cut printer paper, features as small as 250 μm are demonstrated.
Modelling and analysis of switching DC-to-DC converters in constant-frequency current-programmed mode

An analysis of dc-to-dc switching converters in constant-frequency current-programmed continous conduction mode is performed, and leads to two significant resuslts. The first is that a ramp function, used to eliminate a potential instability, can be chosen uniquely to assure both stability and the fastest possible transient response of the programmed current. The second is the development of an extension of the state-space averaging technique by means of which both the input and output small-signal properties of any such converter may be accurately represented by a linear small-signal equivalent-circuit model. The model is presented and experimentally verified for the cuk converter and for the conventional buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. All models exhibit basically a one-pole control-to-output transfer fuction response.
Frequency Modulation for Power-Line Carrier Current

FREQUENCY modulation is known to most people today as a system of broadcasting that is remarkably free from the effects of interference and is capable of providing high fidelity reception. These advantages have been realized largely by employing frequencies of 40 megacycles and higher which are well above the present broadcast band. A great amount of effort has been devoted to this field, and therefore, frequency modulation has been well analyzed both in theory1–3 and experiment.4,5 However, most of the work has been done with systems using a large deviation ratio which is usually defined as the ratio of the carrier deviation from normal to the highest modulating frequency.
Neuregulin-mediated ErbB3 signaling is required for formation of zebrafish dorsal root ganglion neurons

Dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) arise from trunk neural crest cells that emerge from the dorsal neuroepithelium and coalesce into segmental streams that migrate ventrally along the developing somites. Proper formation of DRGs involves not only normal trunk neural crest migration, but also the ability of DRG progenitors to pause at a particular target location where they can receive DRG-promoting signals. In mammalian embryos, a receptor tyrosine kinase proto-oncogene, ErbB3, is required for proper trunk neural crest migration. Here, we show that in zebrafish mutants lacking ErbB3 function, neural crest cells do not pause at the location where DRGs normally form and DRG neurons are not generated. We also show that these mutants lack trunk neural crest-derived sympathetic neurons, but that cranial neural crest-derived enteric neurons appear normal. We isolated three genes encoding neuregulins, ErbB3 ligands, and show that two neuregulins function together in zebrafish trunk neural crest cell migration and in DRG formation. Together, our results suggest that ErbB3 signaling is required for normal migration of trunk, but not cranial, neural crest cells.
A comparison of genetic changes induced by a monofunctional and a polyfunctional alkylating agent in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract A comparison of the spectra of genetical changes induced in mature spermatozoa by a mono- and a polyfunctional alkylating agent and by γ-rays was made using multipurpose stocks having an Y-chromosome genetically marked at both ends. γ-rays, typical of ionizing radiations, cause higher frequencies of entire Y- (or X-) chromosome losses than of partial losses of the Y-chromosome. Polyfunctional triethylene melamine, in contrast, was found to induce substantially fewer entire chromosome losses than the sum of losses involving the marker loci on either arm of the Y. Based on a limited sample of partial losses, the relative incidence of sterility among males having lost one or the other of the marker loci after treatment with the polyfunctional chemical was almost twice that found in comparable groups of males following irradiation. Similar data obtained after treatment with monofunctional quinacrine mustard appear to agree with those obtained using the polyfunctional compound, but are too limited to be conclusive. Both the monofunctional and polyfunctional chemicals were found to induce high frequencies of mutations at the dumpy locus, and in both cases very high proportions of these changes were mosaically expressed. On the basis of these results it appears unlikely that the number of reactive groups present in an alkylating compound influences the relative frequency of mosaic changes produced.
Observation of a Spin-Peierls Transition in a Heisenberg Antiferromagnetic Linear-Chain System

Magnetic-susceptibility and EPR measurements are reported which provide the first unambiguous evidence for a spin-Peierls transition in a system of linear one-dimensional antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chains. The material studied is TTFCu${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$${\mathrm{C}}_{4}$${(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{F}}_{3})}_{4}$ (TFF stands for tetrathiafulvalinium). At 12 K, the spin-lattice system undergoes a second-order phase transition to a singlet ground state.
Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in relation to hot flash experience among women of menopausal age

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate varied with hot flash experience among women of menopausal age.Subjects and methods: A total of 1149 ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate measurements from 20 women aged 44–55 were examined. Women were categorized by hot flash experience as (1) having had hot flashes during the study period (Symptomatic during Study; n = 5; 302 measurements), (2) having a past history of hot flashes, but no hot flashes during the study period (Historically Symptomatic; n = 7; 385 measurements), and (3) never having had a hot flash (Asymptomatic; n = 8; 462 measurements). Using repeated measures, nested ANOVA models that also adjusted for posture, the variation in blood pressure and heart rate associated with hot flash experience over the whole day and by location of measurement (microenvironment) was evaluated.Results: The results show that, overall, systolic pressure did not differ among the hot flash experience grou...
Patterns and determinants of breast and cervical cancer non-screening among Appalachian women

Breast and cervical cancer account for nearly one-third of new cancer cases and one-sixth of cancer deaths. Cancer, the second leading cause of all deaths in the United States, will claim the lives of nearly 800,000 women this year, which is particularly unfortunate because effective modes of early detection could significantly reduce mortality from breast and cervical cancer. Researchers examined patterns of non-screening among Appalachian women. In-person interviews were conducted with 222 Appalachian women who fell outside of screening recommendations for timing of Pap tests and mammograms. These women, from six Appalachian counties, were participating in a group-randomized, multi-component trial aimed at increasing adherence to cancer screening recommendations. Results indicated that participants who were rarely or never screened for breast cancer were also likely to be rarely or never screened for cervical cancer. In addition, four key barriers were identified as independently and significantly associated with being rarely or never screened for both cervical and breast cancer. An improved understanding of cancer screening patterns plus the barriers underlying lack of screening may move researchers closer to developing effective interventions that facilitate women's use of screening.
Experimental studies on flowering and reproduction in seagrasses

Abstract Flowering and reproduction of seagrasses in laboratory cultures were compared with responses of the same clones in Redfish Bay, Texas. Halophila engelmanni Aschers. produced flowers continuously from January to September under controlled conditions. Flower production in the bay was confined to the period from April to mid-June. The possible effects of salinity, temperature and photoperiod were studied in the laboratory and monitored in the bay. Of these, temperature seemed to be the chief control of the flowering period of Halophila. Under laboratory conditions, no flowering was recorded in Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig, Syringodium filiforme Kutz., Ruppia maritima L., or Halodule wrightii Aschers., but the flowering of Halodule in the bay from May to August suggested a response to higher temperatures than indicated for Halophila. Fruit development of Halodule in the laboratory also indicated a higher temperature response.
The Structure and Decay of a Rainband in Hurricane Irene (1981)

Abstract The mesoscale thermodynamic, kinematic and reflectivity structure of a rainband observed in Hurricane Irene on 27 September 1981 is presented. Data are from 16 aircraft passes, from 150 to 4700 m MSL through the rainband which was located SSW of the circulation center of the northward moving hurricane. Cross sections of the rainband as a function of height and radial distance from the storm center reveal the following: 1) little or no decrease of θe in the subcloud layer associated with the weak convective cells in the rainband; 2) large differences in static stability between the north and south sides of the band; 3) a change of the radial wind component in the subcloud layer, from flow toward the circulation center to flow away from it as the rainband weakens. The decay of the rainband is believed to be related to mesoscale subsidence and the location of the rainband relative to the motion of the hurricane. Melting and evaporation of hydrometeors falling between the eyewall and the rainband are...
In vitro shoot proliferation and production of sets from garlic and shallot

A procedure is described to regenerate shoots and bulbs in vitro with high frequency from shoot tips of garlic and shallot plants using benzyladenine or thidiazuron. Regenerated shoots were induced to form bulbs in Murashige and Skoog medium (1962) containing 5 g l-1 activated charcoal and 120 g l-1 sucrose under a long-day photoperiod. Bulbs formed in vitro were transferred to soil without acclimatization and produced viable plants. This method could be useful to produce low-cost bulbs, which are easy to handle and store until needed.
Feature geometry in disordered phonologies

Two types of systems are in general use for the description and classification of consonants in disordered phonological systems: conventional place-voice-manner and standard distinctive features. This paper proposes the use of a third model, feature geometry, which is an analysis framework recently developed in the linguistic study of primary languages. Feature geometry allows for relatively independent behaviour of individual distinctive features, but also organizes them into hierarchies in order to capture the fact that features very often act together in rules. Application of the feature geometry to the study of the phonologies of 40 misarticulating children, specifically to the phenomena of apparent cluster coalescence, fricative/affricate alternations, and alveolar stop/glottal stop alternations, reveals that feature geometry provides better explanations for representations and rules in disordered systems than either of the other two frameworks.
Building a Dance Composition Course: An Act of Creativity

Abstract In many dance composition courses, creative production is the objective; movement invention and novelty are praised. Yet often this valuing of creativity is not reflected in the course design. Historically, the basic methodology for dance composition is a show-and-tell model: present the movement study, then critique it. If creativity is truly paramount to the development of artistry and choreographic skill, that pedagogical value should be reflected in the unifying structure of the course—the way time is used, assignments given, in teaching behaviors, and modes of assessment. Using the acronym C.R.E.A.T.E. to identify six pedagogical targets, Davenport proposes an approach for designing a composition course. The pedagogical principles—Critical reflection, Reason for dance making, Exploration and experimentation, Aesthetic agenda, Thematic integrity, and Expression and experience—are proposed as guides.
Multipath translation lexicon induction via bridge languages

This paper presents a method for inducing translation lexicons based on transduction models of cognate pairs via bridge languages. Bilingual lexicons within languages families are induced using probabilistic string edit distance models. Translation lexicons for arbitrary distant language pairs are then generated by a combination of these intra-family translation models and one or more cross-family on-line dictionaries. Up to 95% exact match accuracy is achieved on the target vocabulary (30-68% of inter-family test pairs). Thus substantial portions of translation lexicons can be generated accurately for languages where no bilingual dictionary or parallel corpora may exist.
Test Instrumentation and Pattern Matching for Automatic Failure Identification

An increasing emphasis on test automation presents test teams with a growing set of results to review and investigate. The life time of a given failure typically spans multiple automation runs making the necessary due-diligence effort time consuming, labor intensive, error prone and often redundant. When faced with this condition within their teams, the authors addressed the problem from two approaches; pattern recognition and instrumentation. Pattern recognition sought to automate some of the manual processes of failure identification while instrumentation provided a detailed and consistent description of a failure. In practice, the problem divides into 3 domains; instrumentation, annotation, and recognition. Instrumentation forms the basis for the solution. Annotation provides the ability to refine a given pattern based on the investigation results. Recognition forms the basis for identification. The effectiveness of the solution in a production environment will be discussed. Best practices and lessons learned will be shared.