cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Brain–Computer Interfaces Using Independent Component Analysis

In the past two decades, independent component analysis (ICA) has been widely used for Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal processing. Recently, towards real-life applications, the EEG-based brain–computer interface (BCI) research has posed a demand for advanced signal processing techniques such as ICA. This chapter focuses on using the ICA-based approaches to improve performance and practicality of BCI systems. This chapter first presents an up-to-date literature review on the applications of ICA in EEG-based BCIs. According to application purposes, these studies are divided into three categories: (1) artifact removal, (2) enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of task-related EEG signals, and (3) selection of optimal electrodes. The methods will be described in detail with example data used in BCIs. Next, this chapter reports our recent progress on an ICA-based zero-training (i.e., resting-to-work translating) BCI, which aims to facilitate user training for a motor imagery BCI.
Advanced glycation end products are elevated in cystic fibrosis-related diabetes and correlate with worse lung function

Abstract Background The onset of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) exacerbates lung function decline and increases mortality. One pathway that may worsen the lung dysfunction associated with CFRD is that of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its ligands. Methods Human plasma was obtained from age-matched healthy, CF and CFRD patients. Plasma RAGE ligands (i.e. advanced glycation end products, S100A12, and high-mobility group protein B1) and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) levels were measured. Results CFRD patients had elevated plasma levels of AGEs and S100A12. Soluble RAGE, a RAGE ligand decoy receptor, was not significantly different between groups. Plasma AGE levels and S100A12 levels had significantly negative correlations with FEV 1 . Conclusions AGEs are significantly elevated in CFRD and correlate negatively with FEV 1 . CFRD patients did not have significant increases in the decoy sRAGE, suggesting there may be heightened binding and activation of RAGE in CFRD exacerbating activation of proinflammatory pathways.
Light-Mediated Sulfenic Acid Generation from Photocaged Cysteine Sulfoxide

S-Sulfenylation is a post-translational modification with a crucial role in regulating protein function. However, its analysis has remained challenging due to the lack of facile sulfenic acid models. We report the first photocaged cysteine sulfenic acid with efficient photodeprotection and demonstrate its utility by generating sulfenic acid in a thiol peroxidase after illumination in vitro. These caged sulfoxides should be promising for site-specific incorporation of Cys sulfenic acid in living cells via genetic code expansion.
Preparation of cholesterol esters of long-chain fatty acids and characterization of cholesteryl arachidonate

Cholesterol esters of long-chain saturated fatty acids (C12 to C22), as well as those of the C18 unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and linolenic), were prepared by the ester interchange method, starting with cholesteryl acetate and the methyl esters of the fatty acids and using sodium ethylate as a catalyst. Cholesteryl arachidonate was synthesized and obtained in crystalline form, and its melting point, optical rotation, and infrared spectrum were recorded. The infrared spectrum of cholesteryl arachidonate showed minor variations from the unsaturated esters of the C18 acids. However, the infrared spectra of cholesteryl arachidonate prepared from arachidonate of different sources, one synthetic and the other of natural origin, were identical in all respects. The application of this procedure to the synthesis of labeled cholesterol esters on a microscale was demonstrated by the preparation of cholesteryl oleate-C14 from randomly labeled C14-methyl oleate. The purity of the cholesterol esters was established by thin-layer chromatography and other techniques.
The CADE ATP System Competition — CASC

The CADE ATP System Competition (CASC) is an annual evaluation of fully automatic automated theorem proving (ATP) systems for classical logic — the world championship for such systems. CASC provides a public evaluation of the relative capabilities of ATP systems, and aims stimulate ATP research towards the development of more powerful ATP systems. Over the years CASC has been a catalyst for impressive improvements in ATP.
Power in Movement: States, Capitalism, and Contention

States and capitalism: the two major sources and targets of contentious politics. In the past, and especially in Europe, with its heritage of deep class divisions, the cleavages of industrial society were seen as the master source of contentious politics. Americans, with their longer history of civil politics and weaker class traditions, took a more pluralistic view. But whether dichotomous or plural, from the late nineteenth century onward, the notion that social cleavages are the source of contentious politics was the underlying assumption in most studies of social movements. In the half-century after World War II – and especially since the 1960s – social scientists began to see the state as an autonomous actor in social conflict and no longer only – in Marx's memorable phrase – “the executive committee of the bourgeoisie.” This shift has had several sources. First, the failure of the working class to rise to the challenge of the student and antiwar movements in the 1960s shocked many who had thought class was the underlying basis of political conflict. Second, the development of a theory of the state led to the idea that states have an autonomous influence on class politics. Third, social scientists began to explore the question of “post-industrial” politics, which, for many, came to mean “post-class” politics (Inglehart 1990). As the result of these real-world and academic changes, a more interactive and iterative conception of state/society relations has developed, in which the state is seen not only as the reflection of society's dominant groups but as a fulcrum for the mediation of societal conflicts and a regulator of society's needs.
Plane Channel Flows

The problem of stability of plane Couette flow of two fluids, treated here (figure 1.1), is the simplest of all the shearing flows of two fluids we might consider. This is a good problem in its own right and is well suited for teaching the physical concepts and analytical methods which are appropriate in the study of shearing flows of two fluids. Squire’s transformation for layered flows, discussed in section IV.3, is well known in the problem of stability of shearing flows of one fluid, where it guarantees that the smallest critical Reynolds number will occur when the disturbances are two-dimensional in the plane of the flow. The transformation leading to the theorem requires that planes parallel to the bottom and top of the channel should be unbounded in all directions. In practice, channels are nearly always bounded by side walls so that the application of Squire’s Theorem to practical situations is still open to questions.
Musical Listening Interest, Socio-Demographic and Socio-Psychological Factors as Predictors of Test Anxiety Among Students of a Christian University in Jamaica

MUSICAL LISTENING INTEREST, SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AS PREDICTORS OF TEST ANXIETY AMONG STUDENTS OF A CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY IN JAMAICA
Review of the Economic and Ethnobotany of the Family Nyctaginaceae

In the course of work on the taxonomy and agronomy of Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl. (Nyctaginaceae), it became clear that there is no thorough published review of the medicinal and other useful aspects of the family. This work illustrates the history and potential for use for Nyctaginaceae at the generic level world-wide. Several genera in this family have well documented potential as sources of medication, food, dye, lumber and adhesives. Abronia, Boerhavia, and Mirabilis are reported most often for positive laboratory assay results. Pisonia and Neea have both been used as sources of lumber in the tropics. In addition, Bougainvillea and Mirabilis have been utilized for floriculture. Included, is an updated analysis of the historical confusion between medicinal Mirabilis jalapa L. and medicinal Jalap in the Convolvulaceae, and the disagreements over taxonomic names in both families which have contributed to this error and detracted from its resolution. Known invasive issues for some Nyctaginaceae species are discussed, having economic impact on agriculture. A recommendation is made that highly variant expression in Nyctaginaceae taxa makes them strong candidates for investigation of polyploidy and epigenetic patterns, important for better understanding evolution and development in plants.
Territoriality and the Original Intent of Subpart F

On April 26, 2017, President Trump issued a one-page tax reform outline that included “territoriality,” i.e., exempting from tax dividends from the non-Subpart F income of controlled foreign corporations. Territoriality is also included in the House GOP “Better Way” Blueprint and was supported by the Obama Administration and in bipartisan legislation introduced in 2016 by Senators Rob Portman (R-OH) and Chuck Schumer (D-NY). Thus, of all the current tax reform proposals, it may have the best chance of being enacted, especially given that it is linked with imposing some tax on the past offshore earnings of US multinationals. In the course of investigating the Stanley Surrey papers at the Harvard Law School Library, I discovered an interesting document that can shed some light on the “original intent” of Subpart F and its relation to territoriality. The document shows that in Surrey’s view, the purpose of Subpart F was primarily to prevent shifting of profits from the US to low-tax foreign jurisdictions such as Switzerland. This task is needed to achieve CEN, protect the gold reserves in Fort Knox, and prevent non-taxation of US source income. The emphasis throughout is on the low tax level in the foreign country, because in the absence of such a low tax level, deferral does not confer meaningful tax benefits, and does not violate CEN, create balance of payments problems, or induce base erosion and profit shifting out of the US. Territoriality would exacerbate the profit-shifting problem by lifting the only current constraint on it, which is the difficulty of repatriating the offshore income. Surrey would be appalled at the current ability of Apple, Amazon, Google, Facebook and Microsoft to do exactly what he opposed in 1961, namely “license United States created patents and know-how” from tax haven CFCs without triggering US tax. Ideally, we should go back to the drawing board and adopt Surrey’s original 1961 proposal to abolish deferral. But since that seems politically impossible (even though the president proposed it during his campaign), we should at least do what every other OECD country that has CFC rules has done- combine territoriality with a strong minimum tax provision, either explicitly or by listing certain countries as tax havens. That, and not the current territoriality proposals, would “level the playing field” between US and foreign multinationals.
Scatterometer’s Unique Capability in Measuring Ocean Surface Stress

The basics of scatterometry and air-sea turbulence transfer are reviewed to bring out the uniqueness of the scatterometer in measuring ocean surface stress, which is the turbulent air-sea momentum exchange. The difficulty of finding a wind theory that is generally applicable to explain the ubiquitous spatial coherence of scatterometer measurements with ocean surface temperature and current is attributed to the overlook of the two ocean factors that drive the buoyancy and wind-shear production of turbulence transfer, but are not directly related to wind. The reduced sensitivity of the scatterometer to the increase of wind speed at hurricane-scale winds is related to the failure of conventional drag coefficient caused by flow separation. A scatterometer may not be the most promising sensor for the very strong winds of a hurricane, but it is crucial to the estimation of the dynamic forcing and the oceanic feedback that affects the maintenance and intensification of the storm. The feasibility, advantage, and need for a geophysical model function to retrieve stress directly rather than the equivalent neutral wind (the present geophysical product of the scatterometer) are explained. The direct retrieval of stress from one decade of QuikSCAT measurements will enable new science applications with a new perspective. Finally, a constellation of scatterometers to meet the six-hourly repeat interval required by the operational weather forecast and the inertial frequency needed by oceanographers are presented.
Square dielectric interconnect for chip-to-chip THz communication

A square holey cladding waveguide is designed and fabricated to support TE and TM polarizations for 180 GHz to 360 GHz chip-to-chip communication. The mode profile and normalized output power of the waveguide are simulated. A fabricated waveguide is tested using a vector network analyzer for mode mapping and loss measurements. The mode profile was mapped using a 250 μm pinhole stepped across the waveguide cross section. The waveguide loss is measured using a free space dielectric material characterization method. Here a taper with an aperture comparable to the core size was used. The taper provides easy alignment and higher coupling efficiency.
On the role of neutral flow in field-aligned currents

Abstract. In this brief note we explore the role of the neutral atmosphere in magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling. We analyze momentum balance in the ion rest frame to form hypotheses regarding the role of neutral momentum in the lower ionosphere during geomagnetic storms. Neutral momentum that appears in the ion rest frame is likely the result of momentum imparted to ionospheric ions by solar wind flow and the resultant magnetospheric dynamics. The resulting ion-neutral collisions lead to the existence of an electric field. Horizontal electron flow balances the momentum supplied by this electric field. We suggest a possible role played by the neutral atmosphere in generating field-aligned currents due to local auroral heating. Our physical interpretation suggests that thermospheric neutral dynamics plays a complementary role to the high-latitude field-aligned currents and electric fields resulting from magnetospheric dynamics. Keywords. Ionosphere (ionosphere–magnetosphere interactions; polar ionosphere) – magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere–ionosphere interactions)
Small-scale seagrass fisheries can reduce social vulnerability: a comparative case study

Abstract Small-scale fisheries are in decline, negatively impacting sources of food and employment for coastal communities. Therefore, we need to assess how biological and socio-economic conditions influence vulnerability, or a community's susceptibility to loss and consequent ability to adapt. We characterized two Philippine fishing communities, Gulod and Buagsong with similar seagrass and fish species composition, and compared their social vulnerability, or pre-existing conditions likely to influence their response to changes in the fishing resource. Using a place-based model of vulnerability, we used household, fisher, landing and underwater surveys to compare their sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Depending on the scale assessed, each community and group within the community differed in their social vulnerability. The Buagsong community was less socially vulnerable, or less sensitive to pertubations to the seagrass resource because it was closer to a major urban center that provided salaried income. When we assessed seagrass fishers as a group within each community, we found that Gulod fishers had greater adaptive capacity than Buagsong fishers because they diversified their catch, gear types, and income sources. We found catch that comprised the greatest landing biomass did not have the highest market value, and fishers continued to capture high value items at low biomass levels. A third of intertidal gleaners were women, and their participation in the fishery enhanced household adaptive capacity by providing additional food and income, in an otherwise male-dominated fishery. Our research indicates that community context is not the only determinant of social vulnerability, because groups within the community may decrease their sensitivity, enhance their adaptive capabilities, and ultimately reduce social vulnerability by diversifying income sources, seagrass based catches, and workforces to include women.
Inverse Design for Single-Mode Waveguide Coupling of Electrically Injected Optical Antenna Based NanoLED

We propose a broadband and efficient structure for single-mode spontaneous emission coupling of an electrically-injected slot antenna based nanoLED. Using FDTD simulations and inverse design, we achieved 93% waveguide coupling and 50.77% spontaneous emission coupling.
The Impact of an ICU "Bed Ahead" Policy on ED Length of Stay and Patient Outcomes

Objective To assess the impact of preassigning a single bed in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) for the next trauma admission. Background Prolonged emergency department (ED) dwell time before admission to a critical care unit has an adverse effect on patient outcomes and is often due to the lack of an available bed in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods A "Bed Ahead" policy was instituted at an urban level 1 Trauma Public Safety Net Teaching Hospital to preassign 1 SICU bed for the next trauma patient who warrants a critical care admission. A retrospective review of all trauma patients admitted to the SICU before and after implementation of this policy was performed to assess the impact on ED dwell time, ICU and hospital lengths of stay, complications, and in-hospital mortality. Results ED length of stay (ED-LOS); ICU length of stay (ICU-LOS); hospital length of stay (HLOS); complications; and in-hospital mortality were compared before (PRE) and after (POST)implementation of the Bed Ahead policy. Statistically significant improvements were seen in the POST period for ED-LOS, HLOS, complications, and in-hospital mortality. Conclusions Preassigning 1 ICU for the yet to arrive next injured patient decreases ED dwell times, complications, HLOS, and in-hospital mortality.
Effect of dietary level of barley-based supplements and ruminal buffer on digestion and growth by beef cattle

Six ruminally cannulated beef steers were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square experiment with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of barley supplementation (BS; 10, 30 or 50% of diet DM) and ruminal buffer (RB; Na sesquicarbonate at 0 or 4% of BS DM) addition to bromegrass hay-based diets on digestion. When early- (boot) and late- (full maturity) havested bromegrass and wheat straw substrates were incubated in situ, no interactions (P greater than .10) involving substrate with dietary BS or RB were observed, indicating that forages differing in fermentability responded similarly to different ruminal environments. Averaged across substrates, RB had no effect with 10% BS and a positive effect with 30% BS, but a negative effect with 50% BS diets (BS x RB, quadratic; P less than .05) for in situ DM and NDF disappearance for 18 and 24 h of incubation and for rate of disappearance of potentially degraded DM and NDF. Intakes of DM and digested DM were greater (P less than .01) for RB diets; however, RB had no effect (P greater than .10) on total tract DM and NDF digestibility. Intake and digestibility of DM increased linearly (P less than .01), whereas NDF digestibility decreased linearly (P less than .01) as BS percentage was increased in the diet. Sixty beef steers (avg initial wt 302 kg) were fed the same dietary treatments in a growth experiment. A numerical improvement in DM intake (P = .20) and ADG (P = .06) was observed when RB was provided with the 50% BS diet. Results of these experiments indicate that RB may moderate negative effects occurring on ruminal fiber digestion when grains are used to supplement forage-based diets; however, improvements in ruminal digestion were not translated effectively to improved animal productivity.
A system of defence in depth provided by vascular parenchyma cells of tomato in response to vascular infection with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, race 1☆

Abstract The penetration and colonization of xylem parenchyma cells surrounding xylem vessels of tomato infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici were examined. The primary xylem tissues of both resistant and susceptible near-isolines were found to be highly resistant to infection with only 5% and 3%, respectively, of the first tier of cells and none of the second layer of cells being invaded. The secondary xylem tissues were considerably more susceptible to infection, and here the difference between resistant and susceptible cultivars was pronounced. Secondary tissues were selected in which at least three layers of xylem parenchyma cells abutted the infected vessels. The cells in these layers were designated contact cells (those in immediate contact with the vessels) and first and second adjacent cells. The progress of infection and apparent defence responses were recorded within these three layers of cells at 3 and 6 days after inoculation. These data were later combined when it became apparent that by 3 days after inoculation a successful defence had already been established within the three cell layers, or the infection front had moved beyond them. The percentages of cells infected within these three cell layers were 52, 15 and 3, respectively, in the resistant cultivar, with a mean of 23%. In the susceptible cultivar these percentages were 90, 83, and 70, respectively, with a mean of 81%. Although similar responses, callose deposition and an apparent hypersensitive reaction were observed in both cultivars, the responses, especially that of callose deposition, appeared to be much stronger and to provide a more effective defence in the resistant cultivar than in the susceptible cultivar.
GROWING PEBBLES AND CONCEPTUAL PRISMS – UNDERSTANDING THE SOURCE OF STUDENT MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT ROCK FORMATION

Students hold a surprising number of misconceptions about how rocks form. This study analyzes narrative essays - stories of rock formation - written by pre-service elementary school teachers. Most students had completed a college-level course in earth science, yet expressed startling misconceptions, including pebbles that grow, human involvement in rock formation, and sedimentary rocks forming as puddles dry up. These misconceptions arise from deeply held but largely unexamined beliefs, called here conceptual prisms. Conceptual prisms result from the interaction of the student's world view and personal experiences. These beliefs are largely unaffected by traditional science instruction. Instead, students experience instruction refracted through their conceptual prisms, resulting in a spectrum of student ideas about geology. Instruction that does not explicitly address misconceptions and the underlying conceptual prisms is likely to be ineffective.
Parallel heat transport in magnetized plasma

A code that solves the coupled electron drift kinetic and temperature equations has been written to study the effects of collisionality and particle trapping on temperature equilibration along magnetic field lines. A Chapman-Enskog-like approach is adopted with the time-dependent distribution function written as the sum of a dynamic Maxwellian and a kinetic distortion expanded in Legendre polynomials. The drift kinetic equation is solved on a discrete grid in normalized speed, and an FFT algorithm is used to treat the onedimensional spatial domain along the magnetic field. The dependence of the steady-state temperature on collisionality and magnetic well depths is discussed in detail. As collisionality decreases (increasing background temperature), temperature variations decrease. As magnetic well depth increases (at fixed collisionality), temperature variations along the field line increase.
Comparison of Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Early Infective Endocarditis after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in the United States.

Infective endocarditis (IE) of prosthetic or bioprosthetic heart valves is a serious complication associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Data on the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of IE after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in the United States are limited. We used the 2013 to 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Databases to determine the incidence of early IE after TAVI and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in the US. Clinical characteristics, independent predictors, and outcomes of patients with IE post-TAVI were examined. In 29,306 TAVI and 66,077 SAVR patients, the incidence rates of early IE were 1.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5% to 1.9%) and 2.5% (95% CI 2.3% to 2.9%) per person-year, respectively. In a propensity-matched cohort of 15,138 TAVI and 15,030 SAVR patients (weighted), there were no significant differences in the incidence rates of IE (1.7% [95% CI 1.4% to 2.0%] vs 1.9% [95% CI 1.6% to 2.2%] per person-year, log-rank p = 0.29) or in the median (interquartile range) time to IE (91 [48 to 146] vs 92 [61 to 214] days, p = 0.13). Staphylococcus (30.4%), Streptococcus (29.9%), and Enterococcus (20.5%) were the most common causative organisms of IE post-TAVI. Younger age, history of heart failure, need for permanent pacemaker placement, cardiac arrest, major bleeding, and sepsis during the index TAVI hospitalization were independently associated with an increased risk of IE. In-hospital mortality rate during readmission for IE was 15.6%. In conclusion, in a nationally representative cohort of TAVI patients in the US, the incidence rate of early IE was 1.7% per person-year. Age, co-morbid conditions, invasive procedures, and complications during the index hospitalization were associated with incident IE post-TAVI.
Arnold’s Weak Resonance Equation as the Model of Greek Ornamental Design

We propose and study a mathematical model that reproduces qualitatively several ancient ornamental designs that one can see in archeological and historical museums of Crete and Athens. The spiraling wave pattern can be seen throughout the full spectrum Classical tradition. The designs contain several rings that circumscribe a fixed number of “flowers” (centers or spirals), specific to each design.
The roles of values and social norm on personal norms and pro-environmentally friendly apparel product purchasing behavior: The mediating role of personal norms

Abstract The present study was conducted with two goals in mind: to investigates the effects of consumers' values, social norms on their personal norms and environmental behavior, and to examine the mediating role of personal norms in the relationship between social norms and environmental behavior. Data were obtained from 292 participants in the USA. The findings reveal that bio-altruistic and egoistic values influence personal norms to purchase pro-environmental products. Additionally, social norms are internalized via personal norms and indirectly or directly influence pro-environmental behavior.
Organization and the structure of opportunities: Understanding the success of ethnic parties in postcommunist Europe:

In this article, we formulate a theoretical framework that examines the “internal” organizational characteristics of ethnic minority political parties, the characteristics of the ethnic minority gr...
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Expression Predicts Response to Sunitinib in Breast Cancer

Background Preliminary data indicate that tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) function through rearranged during transfection (RET) in breast cancer. However, TKIs are not specific and can block several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). This study used cell lines and primary breast cancer specimens to determine factors associated with TKI response.
Responsive health services and quality care in settings of extreme adversity: the case of central and northern Iraq.

Quality of care in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) has recently been receiving increased attention worldwide. In addition, providing responsive and good quality care in settings of extreme ...
In Situ Grouting of Shallow Landfill Radioactive Waste Trenches

A backfilled trench containing low-level radioactive waste was grouted with a particulate grout. The accessible void volume of the waste zone was estimated to be 20% or 28 m 3 , but 30.6 m 3 of grout was injected into thetrench. Part of the grout forced a path outside the trench. The water permeation into the trench from monitoring wells was reduced by two orders of magnitude. Site characterization and monitoring costs were outside the scope of this paper, so the only costs presented are the grouting costs. The grout costs only $0.055/L; but most of the cost was in manpower, 1220 man-hours for this demonstration.
Enantioselective Si-H Insertion Reactions of Diarylcarbenes for the Synthesis of Silicon-Stereogenic Silanes.

We report the first example of enantioselective, intermolecular diarylcarbene insertion into Si–H bonds for the synthesis of silicon-stereogenic silanes. Dirhodium(II) carboxylates catalyze an Si–H...
Pregnancy-Related Weight and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms: Do the Relationships Differ by Race/Ethnicity?

Background: There are significant racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of postpartum depression. Prior research in the general population suggests that weight status is related to depression...
Modelos para el análisis de los negocios inclusivos: construcción mediante el estudio de casos Models for Analyzing Inclusive Businesses: Construction through Case Studies

El concepto de Negocios Inclusivos (NI) con la Base de la Piramide (BDP) ha sido formulado para describir y sistematizar un conjunto de experiencias surgidas en los anos 2000, orientadas a generar inclusion social mediante la creacion de emprendimientos asociativos de personas pobres, incorporados a la cadena de valor de empresas. El desarrollo teorico y la investigacion empirica sobre esta estrategia de inclusion economica y social son todavia incipientes. No obstante ello, el analisis de un amplio abanico de experiencias ha permitido elaborar algunas herramientas conceptuales utiles para orientar la reflexion teorica, la investigacion empirica y el analisis estrategico de este tipo de negocio. Este documento tiene como objetivo presentar algunas de esas herramientas que han sido disenadas en base al estudio de casos de NI en Uruguay. El documento parte de una revision bibliografica sobre el tema, que recorre los principales abordajes teoricos (Prahalad y Hammond, 2005; Austin y Chu, 2006; AVINA, 2010; Casado, 2011; Simanis et al., 2008) e investigaciones empiricas basadas en el estudio de casos (PNUD, 2008; Marquez et al., 2010). Luego, fundamenta la pertinencia del enfoque de NI como nueva estrategia para abordar el problema de la pobreza, formula una breve resena de la evolucion del concepto y culmina con la descripcion de cinco herramientas conceptuales elaboradas a partir del estudio de 16 casos en Uruguay. Este estudio se realizo mediante entrevistas a distintos actores que participaron en el proceso de creacion de cada uno de los emprendimientos, el analisis de documentos internos de los emprendimientos y paginas web y la revision de articulos de prensa.
Getting into Their Heads: When the Investigator is also the Treating Physician.

In their Target Article, Mergenthaler and colleagues (2021) explore researchers’ perspectives on the ethics of human intracranial research. One insight from their work is that human intracranial re...
The Invisible Cage: Workers’ Reactivity to Opaque Algorithmic Evaluations:

Existing research has shown that people experience third-party evaluations as a form of control because they try to align their behavior with evaluations’ criteria to secure more favorable resource...
Developing Evidence-based Population Health Informatics curriculum: Integrating competency based model and job analysis

With the rapid pace of technological advancements, public health professions require a core set of informatics skills. The objective of the study is to integrate informatics competencies and job analysis to guide development of an evidence-based curriculum framework and apply it towards creation of a population health informatics program. We conducted content analysis of the Population Health Informatics related job postings in the state of New York between June and July 2019 using the Indeed job board. The search terms included "health informatics" and "population health informatics." The initial search yielded 496 job postings. After removal of duplicates, inactive postings and that did not include details of the positions' responsibilities resulted in 306 jobs. Information recorded from the publicly available job postings included job categories, type of hiring organization, educational degree preferred and required, work experience preferred and required, salary information, job type, job location, associated knowledge, skills and expertise and software skills. Most common job title was that of an analyst (21%, n=65) while more than one-third of the hiring organizations were health systems (35%, n=106). 95% (n=291) of the jobs were fulltime and nearly half of these jobs were in New York City (47%, n=143). Data/statistical analysis (68%, n=207), working in multidisciplinary teams (35%, n=108), and biomedical/clinical experience (30%, n=93) were the common skills needed. Structured query language (SQL), Python, and R language were common programming language skills. A broad framework of integrating informatics competencies, combined with analysis of the skills the jobs needed, and knowledge acquisition based on global health informatics projects guided the development of an online population health informatics curriculum in a rapidly changing technological environment.
Electrochemical Fluorination of Vinyl Boronates Through Donor-Stabilized Vinyl Carbocation Intermediates

The electrochemical generation of vinyl carbocations from vinyl boronic esters and boronates is reported. Using easy-to-handle nucleophilic fluoride reagents, these intermediates are trapped to form fully substituted vinyl fluorides. Mech-anistic studies support the formation of dicoordinated car-bocations through sequential single-electron oxidation events. Notably, this electrochemical fluorination features fast reaction times and mild conditions. This transfor-mation provides a complementary method to access vinyl fluorides with simple fluoride salts such as TBAF.
萬物之靈與死亡: 我們的死亡法律定義在形而上學錯在哪裡？: Persons and Death: What's Metaphysically Wrong with Our Current Statutory Definition of Death

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese本文對1981年醫學以及生物醫學和行為科學研究倫理問題總統委員會的建議提出異議，該委員會建議美國的所有司法機構應該採納統一死亡確定法案，該法採取全腦死亡定義，而不是高級腦死亡定義。我要論証委員會以哲學家們或一般人群對構成“萬物之靈”（personhood）的是甚麼沒有一致意見為理由，擯棄支持高級腦定義的“萬物之靈論據”是錯誤的。我主張，哲學家們同意認識功能的某些潛力是萬物之靈的必要條件，這一條件不存在於無腦畸形和持續性植物狀態（PVS），所以這類人應被認為死人。我進一步論証，一般人群之間缺乏一致意見在很大程度上是由於對PVS的醫學現實有誤解，以及受到對處於PVS的特殊個人的感情的影響。我也考查並反對曾用來支持委員會立場的兩個可能的論據：高級腦定義會威脅年遇老年人和嚴重致殘者，目前沒有充分的醫學技術來確定何時高級腦活動已經停止。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 26 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
Differential Associations Between Volunteering and Subjective Well-Being by Labor Force Status: An Investigation of Experiential and Evaluative Well-Being Using Time Use Data

Abundant research has found that volunteering is associated with better subjective well-being, and the benefits of volunteering vary by individual characteristics. However, most research is based on evaluative well-being that measures how people perceive their lives overall, rather than experiential well-being that measures how people feel at the moment. Using data from the American Time Use Survey Well-being Module, this study examines whether formal volunteering is associated with daily experiential well-being (i.e. happy, sad, stress, tired, pain, meaning, net affect, U-index) and whether the associations vary by labor force status. The findings demonstrate that volunteering is generally associated with improved daily experience for those not in labor force but not the unemployed individuals. This study contributes to the growing research on individual differences in the relationship between volunteering and subjective well-being and provides both theoretical and policy implications.
FACTORS AFFECTING INCREASED PRODUCTION OF TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHETASE BY A TD MUTANT OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA

Matchett, William H. (University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.) and John A. DeMoss. Factors affecting increased production of tryptophan synthetase by a td mutant of Neurospora crassa . J. Bacteriol. 83: 1294–1300. 1962.—Mutant td 201 of Neurospora crassa produces a tryptophan synthetase in significantly larger amount than the parental wild-type strain. Evidence obtained in the present investigation indicates that tryptophan synthetase formation in this mutant is subject to end product regulation by a pool of internal tryptophan. An accelerated rate of formation of enzyme was observed when the level of internal tryptophan fell below the value of 1 μmole per g dry weight of mycelium. It is concluded, therefore, that the high level of enzyme found in this strain results from release of repression. In experiments with the parental wild-type strain, no such release of repression was observed. The significance of these results for the problem concerning the nature of the mutation giving rise to mutant td 201 is discussed. Evidence indicating a marked effect of growth temperature upon metabolism of externally supplied tryptophan is presented.
SU‐E‐J‐183: Quantification of Motion During Hypo‐Fractionated Prostate Cancer Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To quantify patient motion during hypo-fractionated prostate cancer treatment as tracked by Calypso™ 4D localization system. Methods: 50 prostate cancer patients with implanted Calypso beacons underwent hypofractionated IMRT treatment. Typical fraction size was 5 with doses of 5–8 Gy/fraction. 213 traces from the 50 patients were analyzed to quantify the probability of motion vs time starting from beam-on. Couch corrections applied by therapists were undone to obtain the natural course of patient motion. The Calypso data was used to identify vector displacements greater than 2 mm from the starting position. The direction of this vector was classified into one of the 26 directions (combinations of L/R, A/P, S/I). The probability of motion >2mm was estimated by computing the fraction of traces that exceed the 2mm threshold at each time point. The violating motion points were also binned by direction in order to identify specific directions that were more prone to movement. Results: The overall probability of motion greater than 2 mm at 5 and 10 minutes from beam-on were 27 % and 50% respectively. The primary directions in which motion occurred were Posterior-Inferior (PI) and Inferior (I) with a probability of 8.5% and 4% at 5 minutes and 10%more » for both at 10 minutes. Motion was classified into the following bins: 0–2, 2–3, 3–4, 4–5, 5–6, 6–7, 7–8 and greater than 8 mm. It is observed that motion < 2mm decreases from the first 5 minutes to the next while the higher magnitude components increase with time. Conclusion: The probability of prostate motion increases with time. The trend seen in the PI and I directions can be attributed to physiological factors like bladder filling. This probability can be factored in for scheduling intrafraction imaging and used to compare dosimetric impact of VMAT vs. IMRT plans. This work is supported in part by Varian Medical Systems.« less
High‐Temperature Phase Transitions in PbZrO3

A high-temperature X-ray diffraction study of a high-purity PbZrO3 specimen at 25° to 236°C is reported. The symmetry of the perovskite sub-cell of PbZrO3 was determined unambiguously by observing the splitting of the line groups N= 12 and N= 16 when the diffraction pattern was indexed on the basis of the perovskite cell being a unit cell for the structure. Diffractometer studies were conducted of the N= 12 line group using Fe Kα radiation and of the N= 16 line group using Cu Kα radiation. The ferroelectric phase of PbZrO3 possessed a rhombohedral sub-cell with the angle α being acute. Stable two-phase mixtures and considerable thermal hysteresis were observed at the antiferroelectric α ferroelectric transition temperature. A very weak “extra” diffraction line was observed in the diffraction patterns of the ferroelectric and paraelectric phases, indicating that the unit cells of these structures may be multiples of the perovskite subcell.
The structure of Sec12 implicates potassium ion coordination in Sar1 activation.

Coat protein II (COPII)-coated vesicles transport proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. Crucial for the initiation of COPII coat assembly is Sec12, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor responsible for activating the small G protein Sar1. Once activated, Sar1/GTP binds to endoplasmic reticulum membranes and recruits COPII coat components (Sec23/24 and Sec13/31). Here, we report the 1.36 A resolution crystal structure of the catalytically active, 38-kDa cytoplasmic portion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sec12. Sec12 adopts a β propeller fold. Conserved residues cluster around a loop we term the "K loop," which extends from the N-terminal propeller blade. Structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis, in conjunction with in vitro and in vivo functional studies, reveals that this region of Sec12 is catalytically essential, presumably because it makes direct contact with Sar1. Strikingly, the crystal structure also reveals that a single potassium ion stabilizes the K loop; bound potassium is, moreover, essential for optimum guanine nucleotide exchange activity in vitro. Thus, our results reveal a novel role for a potassium-stabilized loop in catalyzing guanine nucleotide exchange.
Antifungal Clerodane Diterpenes from Macaranga monandra (L) Muell. et Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)

Hexane and ethyl acetate phases of the methanol extract of Macaranga monandra showed fungal growth inhibition of Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Phomopsis obscurans, and P. viticola. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of two active clerodane-type diterpenes that were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (1D-, 2D-NMR, and MS) as kolavenic acid and 2-oxo-kolavenic acid. A 96-well microbioassay revealed that kolavenic acid and 2-oxo-kolavenic acid produced moderate growth inhibition in Phomopsis viticola and Botrytis cinerea.
In vitro demonstration of dopamine uptake by neostriatal serotonergic neurons of the rat

Dopamine (DA) has been suggested as the penultimate agent in the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine on serotonergic neurons. DA increases the efflux of tritium from rat neostriatal slices preloaded with [3H]serotonin in a concentration-dependent manner. This serotonin (5-HT) release is inhibited by the same selective uptake blockers previously shown to protect serotonergic neurons from the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in vivo. The results indicate that the 5-HT uptake carrier transports DA into the serotonergic neuron by a heteroexchange process with 5-HT. This further suggests that the excessive DA release induced by methamphetamine in vivo could lead to the uptake of DA into serotonergic neurons.
Hysterectomy in the United States, 1988-1990.

Objective:To describe patient characteristics and diagnoses associated with hysterectomy in the United States from 1988-1990 using data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey.Methods:We analyzed data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, an annual probability sample of discharges from no
ASSOCIATED UROLOGICAL ANOMALIES IN CHILDREN WITH UNILATERAL RENAL AGENESIS

AbstractPurpose: Unilateral renal agenesis has been noted in 1:1,000 autopsies. Recently an increased incidence of vesicoureteral reflux was reported in patients with a solitary kidney. We determined the incidence of associated renal abnormalities in children with unilateral renal agenesis.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 46 consecutive cases of unilateral renal agenesis diagnosed at our hospital between January 1985 and February 1998. Patient age at diagnosis ranged from newborn to 12.5 years (mean 2.8 years). There were 24 boys and 22 girls. The left kidney was absent in 27 patients and the right kidney was absent in the remaining 19. A total of 24 patients were evaluated for urinary tract infection and in the other 22 a solitary kidney was found during examination for congenital malformations, enuresis or abdominal pain. The diagnosis was made in all patients by abdominal ultrasound and confirmed by excretory urography, or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid or dimercapto-succinic acid...
A Ca2+ current activated by release of intracellular Ca2+ stores in rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-1).

We have characterized a Ca2+ current activated by depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores (capacitative Ca2+ entry current) as a first step to investigate the mechanisms underlying communication between the intracellular Ca2+ stores and the plasma membrane Ca2+ permeability. Whole cell currents in response to voltage ramps from −125 to +60 mV from a holding potential of −40 mV were recorded in rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-1 cells) in solutions designed to optimize detection of a Ca2+ current. An inwardly rectifying current could be activated upon dialysis of the cell interior with pipette solutions devoid of Ca2+ and containing 20 mm BAPTA, a procedure expected to passively deplete intracellular Ca2+ stores. The current was maximally activated within 2 min, was sensitive to extracellular Ca2+ concentration and was abolished by removal of extracellular Ca2+. The current was markedly reduced in the presence of Ni2+ or La3+. The pathway activated by this protocol was permeant to Ba2+, displaying complex permeability characteristics at negative potentials. A small inward Mn2+ current consistent with a finite permeability of the pathway to Mn2+ was detected. In contrast Ni2+ displayed no detectable current carrying ability. Extracellular Na+ permeated the pathway in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Under conditions designed to reduce passive depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores, a Ca2+ current indistinguishable from that described above was activated by addition of ionomycin. This observation is consistent with the activation of the Ca2+ influx pathway occurring as a result of events associated with depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Importantly, application of extracellular Ni2+ in the presence of ionomycin irreversibly inhibited the current. The presence of an inwardly rectifying K+ current in RBL cells could confound studies of the capacitative Ca2+ entry current when recorded using pipette solutions devoid of K+ since this current would be inward over the voltage range used to investigate the capacitative Ca2+ entry current. This study compares an inward rectifying K+ current and the capacitative Ca2+ entry current in RBL cells and highlights some similarities and differences between the two currents. The results demonstrate that caution should be exercised in interpreting recordings made using extracellular solutions containing even modest amounts of K+ when studying the capacitative Ca2+ entry current in RBL cells.