cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sol-gel transition in simple silicates: III. Structural studies during densification☆

Abstract Raman spectroscopy and DSC were used to determine the structure and average heat of formation of siloxane species formed during the gel-to-glass conversion. Based on structural studies of cyclic model compounds and MO calculations of ring strain energies, we conclude that 3 and 4-fold siloxane rings are responsible for the strong Raman bands at 608 and 490 cm−1, respectively.
Power-throughput tradeoffs of 802.11n/ac in smartphones

This paper presents the first, to the best of our knowledge, detailed experimental study of 802.11n/ac throughput and power consumption in modern smartphones. We experiment with a variety of smartphones, supporting different subsets of 802.11n/ac features. We investigate the power consumption in various states of the wireless interface (sleep, idle, active), the impact of various features of 802.11n/ac (PHY bitrate, frame aggregation, channel bonding, MIMO) on both throughput and power consumption, and the tradeoffs between these two metrics. Some of our findings are significantly different from the findings of previous studies using 802.11n/ac wireless cards for laptop/desktop computers. We believe that these findings will help in understanding various performance and power consumption issues in today's smartphones and will guide the design of power optimization algorithms for the next generation of mobile devices.
The Placebo Response

Placebos have been surrounded by controversy throughout the past century. In this article, we first review phenomena that may lead to ‘false’ placebo effects, or observed improvements that are attributed to placebo treatment, but do not involve any underlying change in the illness or condition being treated. We then review evidence supporting the existence of active placebo responses, or changes in brain processes that result in an improvement in the treated condition. We focus on neuroimaging evidence for placebo effects on pain, which is perhaps the best-studied area in placebo research to date, and examine candidate central and proximal mechanisms for placebo responses across and within domains.
Voicing of Obstruents in Old Japanese: Evidence from the Sound-Symbolic Stratum.

It is standard view in Japanese historical linguistics that voicing of obstruents in Old through Early Middle Japanese (c. 700–1200) was contrastive although largely limited to intervocalic position. However, Wenck (1959), Hayata (1977), and Takayama (1993) question this view by raising the possibility that early Japanese had only non-contrastive voicing of intervocalic obstruents. On this account, "voiced" and "voiceless" obstruents in intervocalic position were distinguished purely on the basis of prenasalization rather than voicing in early Japanese; the well-known weakening process of intervocalic /p/, which is commonly summarized as *p > *Φ > w, is recast as *p > *b > *β > w. This dissenting view is in fact more consistent with various sound change phenomena from Middle to Modern Japanese. This paper presents a novel piece of evidence from the sound-symbolic stratum which supports the view of Wenck, Hayata, and Takayama.
Mononuclear Iron Carbonyls without Hydrocarbon Ligands

This chapter is dedicated to mononuclear iron carbonyls without hydrocarbon ligands. Beginning with the simple mononuclear iron carbonyls, iron carbonyl hydrides and iron carbonyls with group 13, 14, and 15 ligands are treated in detail. In addition, the oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium donor ligands are discussed. The chapter also covers the fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide complexes.
Methodology for determining the Relationship Between Toxicity and the Aqueous Speciation of a Metal

The high collinearity between the calculated activities of the aqueous chemical species as well as the underdetermined nature of many of the toxicity data sets have made identification of particular toxic species for a metal very difficult and quantification virtually impossible. Qualitative techniques do not permit simultaneous consideration of the quantitatively important species nor the complex interactions between species. An approach has been suggested for determining the toxic chemical species of a metal and for determining and quantifying the relationship between a toxicity measure and the chemical speciation of a metal. Briefly, the approach consists of first computing the aqueous speciation of the metal using the geochemical model, MINTEQ, with a thoroughly reviewed and partially-validated thermodynamic data base. Finally, advanced statistical methods, which were determined to be stable when applied to collinear data and underdetermined systems, are applied to the thermodynamic activities of the metal species and toxicity measures to determine and quantify the relationship between the speciation and toxicity. To test the validity of this methodology, it has now been applied to four copper toxicity data sets from the literature for which the primary toxic species have been tentatively identified by the original authors using qualitative techniques. The resultsmore » of applying the methodology to these studies indicate that the primary toxic chemical species are the free copper ion and the hydroxide species and that the carbonate species are nontoxic. These findings largely confirm the results of previous qualitative analyses of the copper toxicity literature. 20 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Combination Therapy Using IL-2/IL-2 Monoclonal Antibody Complexes, Rapamycin, and Islet Autoantigen Peptides Increases Regulatory T Cell Frequency and Protects against Spontaneous and Induced Type 1 Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice

Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in the maintenance of self-tolerance. In this study, we sought to expand Ag-specific Tregs in vivo and investigate whether the expanded Tregs can prevent or delay the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the NOD mouse model. NOD mice were treated with a combination of IL-2/anti-IL-2 Ab complex, islet Ag peptide, and rapamycin. After the combined treatment, CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs were significantly expanded in vivo, they expressed classical Treg markers, exerted enhanced suppressive functions in vitro, and protected against spontaneous development of T1D in NOD mice. Moreover, treated mice were almost completely protected from the adoptively transferred, aggressive form of T1D caused by in vitro-activated cytotoxic islet Ag-specific CD8 T cells. Protection from T1D was transferrable by Tregs and could be attributed to reduced islet infiltration of immune cells as well as the skewing of the immune response toward a Th2 cytokine profile. This new method of peripheral immune regulation could potentially contribute to development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies to prevent the development of T1D or to promote tolerance to islet transplants without using immunosuppressive drugs for long terms.
Provocative work experiences predict the acquired capability for suicide in physicians.

Abstract The interpersonal psychological theory of suicidal behavior (IPTS) offers a potential means to explain suicide in physicians. The IPTS posits three necessary and sufficient precursors to death by suicide: thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and acquired capability. The present study sought to examine whether provocative work experiences unique to physicians (e.g., placing sutures, withdrawing life support) would predict levels of acquired capability, while controlling for gender and painful and provocative experiences outside the work environment. Data were obtained from 376 of 7723 recruited physicians. Study measures included the Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale, the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, the Painful and Provocative Events Scale, and the Life Events Scale—Medical Doctors Version. Painful and provocative events outside of work predicted acquired capability ( β =0.23, t =3.82, p f 2 =0.09) as did provocative work experiences ( β =0.12, t =2.05, p f 2 =0.07). This represents the first study assessing the potential impact of unique work experiences on suicidality in physicians. Limitations include over-representation of Caucasian participants, limited representation from various specialties of medicine, and lack of information regarding individual differences.
Emergent behavior in information economies

Our overall goal is to characterize and understand the dynamic behavior of very large open economies of automated information agents. Analysis and simulation of a simple information-filtering economy reveal both efficient self-organization of the brokers into specialized niches and endless price wars, depending on extrinsic costs.
Isolation and in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin B, itraconazole and posaconazole of voriconazole-resistant laboratory isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus.

Objectives To select voriconazole-resistant mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus in the laboratory from drug-susceptible clinical isolates and examine their in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin B and investigational azoles, and to compare the intramycelial accumulation of voriconazole in the resistant isolates with that in the susceptible parent. Methods Voriconazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus isolates were selected in the laboratory from three highly susceptible (MIC ≤ 0.5 mg/L) clinical isolates by stepwise selection on peptone yeast extract glucose (PYG) agar containing 0.5 mg and 4 mg voriconazole/L. Twenty-three colonies that grew in the presence of 4 mg voriconazole/L on PYG agar (frequency 1.9 × 10 −8 ) were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole by a broth macrodilution technique. The accumulation of voriconazole in the mycelia of two representative resistant isolates (VCZ-W42 and VCZ-W45) was determined by a previously described bioassay. Results The geometric mean MICs (mg/L) of amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole for these isolates were 0.45 ± 0.19, 0.69 ± 0.45, 5.24 ± 3.74 and 0.27 ± 0.18, respectively. A comparison of the geometric mean MICs of the antifungals obtained for the resistant isolates to those of the susceptible parents showed 1.15-, 2.76-, 16.90- and 1.42-fold increases, respectively, for amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole, suggesting that low-level cross-resistance exists between the azole antifungals. The susceptible parent and the resistant isolates accumulated similar amounts of voriconazole. Conclusions These results suggest that spontaneous mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus resistant to voriconazole could emerge among clinical isolates under selection pressure and that the observed reduced in vitro susceptibility to voriconazole may not be due to reduced accumulation of the drug in the mycelia.
The 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol Questions, Questions, Questions

When I was asked to write this Perspective on the 2013 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines,1 I wondered why any reasonable person would agree to do so? It is nice to have your thoughts and opinions in a prestigious journal read by your closest peers, but could it be anything more than a lose-lose situation? I decided, therefore, to preface the perspective with several disclosures. First, I was a member of the original Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) guidelines committee—on the Drug Treatment Subcommittee.2 I was never again asked to be on the committee, but that rejection has had no effect on what I have written here. Second, I think that physician–scientists have the responsibility to integrate all available data, with appropriate priorities, and draw conclusions that can be offered to patients, clinicians, and the world-at-large. So let me state that, based on what I have integrated from a variety of sources for the past 40 years, I have concluded that lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduces the risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and that the level of LDL-C is important—lower is better. Third, as someone who led a major clinical trial—Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Lipid3—I know that although randomized clinical trials (RCTs) provide the best evidence for the efficacy and safety of an intervention, each and every RCT has deficiencies. We must avoid, therefore, the tyranny of RCT evidence-based dogma. Fourth, at the end of this piece is my official Disclosure, a listing of my pharmaceutical company relationships. Suffice it to say that all of us who have such relationships must carefully look in the mirror when we evaluate guidelines. However, the same is true for our colleagues who avoid, as part of their career paths, all such …
A Software System for Data Acquisition in Nuclear Physics Experiments Using CAMAC

An event-oriented, modular software system for data acquisition in nuclear physics experiments has been implemented on PDP-11 computers under the RSX-11D operating system. The system is designed to support high-speed data acquisition in a broad variety of nuclear physics experiments having multiple event types and using CAMAC instrumentation as the experimental interface. The system provides a simple, problem-oriented language for the specification of CAMAC operations to acquire data from each class of event. It provides automatic bufferinq of experimental data from the CAMAC hardware and recording on magnetic tape. Certain common utility functions are provided, especially histogram entries and plotting on on-line displays, along with associated operator control functions. The experimenter specializes the system to his needs by writing FORTRAN subroutines which specify necessary on-line analysis of data and control histogram entry. The software depends on a special event-trigger module which was designed in conjunction with the software and is used to identify the various different classes of events, to facilitate manual control and testing of an experiment, and to facilitate comnmunication between different software modules in the system.
Theory of even-odd step suppression in the RSJ model

We look at a current-source RSJ model in the high RF current and low RF frequency regime using perturbation theory and find that either the even or odd sequences of Shapiro steps tend to be suppressed, explaining the data seen in [1].
Serum and Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels in Various Cat Populations

Introduction: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most important mediators of angiogenesis. Elevated levels within tumors, and in serum, plasma, and tumor effusion have been correlated with the development of metastatic disease, recurrence, and poor prognosis in many tumors in humans. Canine VEGF has been sequenced as homologous with the human form, and elevated serum and plasma VEGF have been found in dogs with hemangiosarcoma. Feline VEGF has also been sequenced, and shares homology with the human and canine forms. Materials and Methods: Stored serum and plasma samples from normal cats, cats with various neoplasms, and cats with non-neoplastic disease were evaluated with a commercial ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis MN). Samples were run in duplicate, and a standard curve was performed for each plate. The data were analyzed for differences between populations, and between serum and plasma levels in the same patient to determine the optimal sample for evaluating VEGF in cats. Results: In seven apparently healthy cats mean plasma VEGF was 95.6 pg/mL. In non-neoplastic disease (7 cases), mean plasma VEGF was 117.3 pg/mL and mean serum VEGF level was 219.7 pg/mL. In ten tumor-bearing patients mean plasma VEGF was 247.1 pg/mL, and mean serum VEGF was 322.3 pg/mL. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between mean serum and plasma VEGF concentrations within each group or between groups (p > 0.05). Discussion: Serum and plasma VEGF levels could not be used to distinguish between healthy cats and cats with neoplastic or non-neoplastic disease.
Reduction in fixture time of a two-component structural acrylic adhesive

Abstract The present paper examines the reduction of fixture time of a commercially available structural acrylic adhesive while maintaining its ultimate mechanical properties. Experimental work was performed by varying methods of addition and quantities of a promoter pair (saccharin and N , N -dimethyl- p -toluidine (DMpT)) with copper as the bonding substrate. Fixture time and ultimate strength were measured by lap-shear testing at both short and long intervals, while extent of cure was followed simultaneously by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Choices of optimal ratios of promoters and addition mode were found to yield substantial reductions in set time—down to 2.5 min, while retaining the desired mechanical performance.
Variation among tripsacum populations of Mexico and Guatemala

Seven species of the genusTripsacum, one with a well marked subspecies, are indigenous to Mexico and Guatemala. Two diploids,T. zopilotense andT. maizar, are restricted to western and southwestern Mexico. The typical diploid form of a third species,T. latifolium, occurs in south central and eastern Guatemala; atypical tetraploid forms of this species are found in western Mexico. Four tetraploids,T. dactyloides, T. dactyloides ssp.hispidum, T. lanceolatum, andT. pilosum, have ranges extending from northwestern Mexico southeastward into Guatemala. The seventh species is the highly sterile tetraploid,T. laxum, of doubtful occurrence in the wild. It is readily propagated vegetatively and has been widely distributed in Latin America and the West Indies as a forage plant. Field studies of the range of variation in 80 Mexican and Guatemalan populations included an evaluation of 16 definitive morphological characteristics from an average of approximately six individuals of each population. Seventy-three of the 80 populations were allopatric, and of these, 50 were classed as typical, 13 as atypical, and ten as intermediates. Thirty-nine of the 50 populations classed as typical were tetraploid, and 11 were diploid. Of the 23 atypical and intermediate populations, 17 were tetraploid and six were diploid. Fifty-eight tetraploid populations, which included typical, atypical, and intermediate forms ofT. dactyloides, T. dactyloides ssp.hispidum, T. lanceolatum, T. pilosum, andT. latifolium, comprised an inclusive intergrading series having different combinations of characteristics distinguishing the two very dissimilar diploids,T. mizar andT. zopilotense. This series was interpreted as support for the hypothesis of Randolph & Hernandez (1950), that the tetraploid populations originated as alloploid derivatives of these or closely related diploid species. The occurrence in some of the tetraploid populations of characteristics not seen in either of the putative parental species was noted, and the possibility that other taxa also might have been involved in their origin is under investigation. In addition to the 73 allopatric populations included in this survey there were seven sympatric and mixed associations of diploid and tetraploid taxa. Among these were hybrids with various combinations of the characteristics differentiating taxa of the associated populations. These hybrids effectively obscured differences between taxa, thus creating a syngameon complex from which genetic recombinants were observed to have spread into recently disturbed habitats of neighboring areas. From such direct evidence, and the existing interrelationships among allopatric and sympatric populations, it was concluded that the origin of the Mexican and Guatemalan tetraploidTripsacum species and various atypical and intermediate variants, has involved, and is continuing to involve, alloploid recombinants of diploid species and syngameon complexes, of which those encountered in this survey are examples.
A simplified Monte-Carlo calculation to model ion–solid interactions in the classroom

Abstract We have developed an Ion–Solid Interaction course, for graduate and undergraduate students, which combines lecture, experimental work, and computational modeling. The lectures cover the basic physical principles necessary to understand the interactions of energetic ions with solids, as well as practical technological applications such as sputtering (deposition, patterning, depth profiling), ion beam analysis, and ion implantation. The experiments involve the fabrication of thin films by sputtering deposition and their characterization by ion beam analysis, as well as other techniques. In the computational modeling the students develop a ‘TRIM-like’ or Monte-Carlo calculation to determine the various parameters associated with the slowing down and penetration of ions in solids. In doing so they have the opportunity to put into practice most of the basic concepts learned in class. We describe here this computational modeling, and present examples of calculations performed by the students.
Graded Local Cohomology Modules and Their Associated Primes

Abstract Let R = R 0[x 1, …, x t ] be a polynomial ring over R 0 and I be an ideal of R generated by a R-regular sequence of homogeneous elements. We wish to investigate the behaviour of the nth graded component of the ith local cohomology module of with respect to the irrelevant ideal R + = (x 1, …, x t ). Our two main results are: If dim R 0 = 1, then becomes constant when n becomes negatively large; if dim R 0 = 2, then there exists an integer N such that either for all n < N or, for all n < N. It should be noted, that does not become constant in general, even in the special case, where R 0 is regular local of dimension 4, t = 2 and I is principal [cf. Katzman, M. (2002). An example of an infinite set of associated primes of a local cohomology module. J. Algebra 252:161–166].
Atom-Centered Density Matrix Propagation Calculations on the Methyl Transfer from CH3Cl to NH3: Gas-Phase and Continuum-Solvated Trajectories

Atom-centered density matrix propagation (ADMP) calculations have been carried out to determine gas-phase and continuum-solvated (aqueous) trajectories for the Menshutkin reaction of methyl chloride with ammonia. The gas-phase trajectories reveal an exit channel that has not been previously reported. The aqueous trajectories give the expected results, indicating that solvated ADMP trajectories may be successfully computed using implicit solvation models. The solvated trajectories demonstrate the same stability and convergence qualities as the gas-phase trajectories.
Bibliography for molecular graphics 1983/1984

Abstract This is the second bibliography on molecular graphics. It mainly covers years 1983/1984. However, there are some papers included which should have appeared in the earlier bibliography (MORF83a) but which were overlooked. The bibliography follows the same format as the previous one, including an author index and keyword index.
Late onset Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy

Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy is a mitochondrial genetic disorder that causes acute to subacute bilateral central loss of vision. It typically presents in young men in their second or third decade of life and onset later in life is rare. We describe a case of a 58-year-old man with late onset of LHON and discuss the importance of suspecting the diagnosis in appropriate cases.
Cellular immunotherapy: antigen recognition is just the beginning

Advances in molecular and cellular biology have illustrated both the flexibility and complexity involved in host immune responses. Understanding this response is vital to the further development of therapeutic strategies that involve manipulation of the cellular immune response to target tumors. Mobilized, tumor antigen-specific T cells, the core for most immunotherapeutic strategies, are highly regulated, and capable of a wide spectrum of functional responses. Due to differences in murine and human immunity, broad-scale immune monitoring, particularly high-throughput ex vivo analysis of human immune responses, promises to determine what comprises an effective immunotherapy. Such understanding will lead to more sophisticated clinical trials, earlier determination of efficacy and individualized protocols.
CareWeb, a web-based medical record for an integrated health care delivery system.

Abstract With the advent of Integrated Health care Delivery Systems, medical records are increasingly distributed across multiple institutions. Timely access to these medical records is a critical need for health care providers. The CareWeb™ project provides an architecture for World Wide Web-based retrieval of electronic medical records from heterogeneous data sources. Using Health Level 7 (HL7), web technologies and readily available software components, we consolidated the electronic records of Boston's Beth Israel and Deaconess Hospitals. We report on the creation of CareWeb™ (freya.bidmc.harvard.edu/careweb.htm) and propose it as a means to electronically link Integrated Health care Delivery Systems and geographically distant information resources.
Conductive surface via graft polymerization of aniline on a modified glass surface

Abstract A functionalization with an aniline monolayer of a modified glass surface, followed by the surface grafting of polyaniline (PANI) was used to prepare a conductive surface. A bromopropylsilane monolayer was first generated by reacting a hydroxylated surface with 3-bromopropyltrichlorosilane under an inert atmosphere. This layer was functionalized by its reaction with aniline, which substituted the bromide atoms of the silane chain. Further, the tethered aniline molecules were used as active sites for the graft polymerization of PANI on the surface. The composition and microstructure of the PANI-grafted glass surfaces were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultra-violet (UV) spectroscopy, as well as by contact angle measurements. The surface conductivity of the modified glass surface-grafted with PANI was of the order of 10 S/cm, hence, larger than the usual value (∼1 S/cm) of the bulk PANI.
Gogarten and the Tasks of a Theology of Secularization

appraisals of secularization have become commonplace. After van Buren's statement of the "secular meaning of the Gospel" and Cox's celebration of the "secular city," Ronald Gregor Smith's recent proposal for a "secular" Christianity strikes our ears as almost tautological.' Suggestive as most of these efforts are, they are either too programmatic or too limited in scope to provide an adequate basis for reflection on the tasks that remain. Among contemporary theologians it is Friedrich Gogarten who offers the most explicit and comprehensive theological analysis of secularization. For this reason one of the best ways to delineate the direction further developments will need to take is to engage in a constructive critique of Gogarten's position.
Laminated CoPtCr/Cr films for low noise longitudinal recording

The magnetic properties and recording performance of laminated CoPtCr/Cr films were studied. The authors investigated the effects of Cr underlayer thickness, magnetic layer thickness, and Cr interlayer thickness, and compared the results of laminated films to those of unlaminated films. Media noise reduction was observed using laminated films. A 3-nm thick nonmagnetic Cr interlayer is sufficient to effectively reduce the media noise. The microstructure of these films was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. The results confirm the proposed noise reduction mechanism. >
Protein kinase C enhances the rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium current, IKr, through a reduction in C-type inactivation in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes

The rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium current, IKr, was studied in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes in the presence of thiopentone, which blocks the more slowly activating component of the delayed rectifier potassium current, IKs, and using whole cell perforated patch clamp or switched voltage clamp with sharp electrodes to minimise intracellular dialysis. Activation of protein kinase A (PKA) by isoprenaline or forskolin caused an increase in IKr tail currents. Following a 300 ms depolarising step to +20 mV, mean tail current amplitude was increased 47 ± 12% by isoprenaline, and 73 ± 13% by forskolin. No increase in IKr was observed when IKr was studied using whole cell ruptured patch clamp and there was no change in the reversal potential of IKr in the presence of isoprenaline. The rectification of the current sensitive to E4031, a selective IKr blocker, was markedly reduced in the presence of isoprenaline and the region of negative slope was absent. This is consistent with a reduction in the inactivation of IKr and was supported by the finding that IKr, in the presence of isoprenaline, was somewhat less sensitive to block. E4031 (5 μm) blocked only 81 ± 5% of IKr in the presence of isoprenaline compared to 100 ± 0% in control. The forskolin- and isoprenaline-induced increases in IKr were inhibited by staurosporine and by the selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I. Direct activation of PKC by phorbol dibutyrate increased IKr tail currents by 24 ± 5%. Both the isoprenaline- and forskolin-induced increases in IKr were inhibited when calcium entry was reduced by block of ICa with nifedipine or when myocytes were pre-incubated in BAPTA-AM. The selective PKA inhibitor KT5720 prevented the isoprenaline-induced increase in IKr only when the increase in ICa was also suppressed. These data show a novel mechanism of regulation of IKr by PKC and this kinase was activated by β-adrenoceptor stimulation. IKr seems to be enhanced through a reduction in the C-type inactivation which underlies the rectification of the channel and such a mechanism may occur in other channels with this type of inactivation.
Oat Cell Cancer and Renal Failure

A 55-year-old woman on chronic hemodialysis was treated for small-cell lung cancer and associated symptoms of a paraneoplastic syndrome. Partial remission with an antineoplastic agent, an antineoplastic antibiotic, and vincristine was achieved. When the tumor advanced, carboplatin and etoposide resulted in a complete remission. Marked symptomatic improvement occurred with minimal side effects. Such examples indicate that carefully selected patients with renal failure may respond to chemotherapy and an improved quality of life.
Subunit structure of human hexosaminidase verified: interconvertibility of hexosaminidase isozymes

Two major and several minor isozymes of hexosaminidase (Hex) exist in human tissues. In Tay-Sachs disease Hex A is missing but the activity of Hex B is increased. In Sandhoff's disease, both Hex A and Hex B are lacking; the residual activity represents increased amounts of a normal minor isozyme, Hex S. A fourth isozyme, Hex C, has an electrophoretic mobility very similar to that of Hex S, but seems to be unrelated genetically and structurally to A, B and S. The model which seems best to explain the relationship between Hex A, B and S is one in which they are polymers comprised of two different polypeptides which we have designated the α and β chains1. We have proposed that Hex B is a β-chain homopolymer, Hex A an α and β-chain heteropolymer and Hex S an α-chain homopolymer2. We now report that all interconversions between Hex A, B and S that are predicted by this subunit model can be performed.
Modeling risk for child abuse and harsh parenting in families with depressed and substance-abusing parents

Children with substance abusing parents are at considerable risk for child maltreatment. The current study applied an actor-partner interdependence model to examine how father only (n=52) and dual couple (n=33) substance use disorder, as well as their depressive symptomology influenced parents' own (actor effects) and the partner's (partner effects) overreactivity in disciplinary interactions with their children, as well as their risk for child maltreatment. Parents completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977), the overreactivity subscale from the Parenting Scale (Arnold, O'Leary, Wolff, & Acker, 1993), and the Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory (Ondersma, Chaffin, Mullins, & LeBreton, 2005). Results of multigroup structural equation models revealed that a parent's own report of depressive symptoms predicted their risk for child maltreatment in both father SUD and dual SUD couples. Similarly, a parent's report of their own depressive symptoms predicted their overreactivity in disciplinary encounters both in father SUD and dual SUD couples. In all models, partners' depressive symptoms did not predict their partner's risk for child maltreatment or overreactivity. Findings underscore the importance of a parent's own level of depressive symptoms in their risk for child maltreatment and for engaging in overreactivity during disciplinary episodes.
Ethanol Photocatalysis on TiO2-Coated Optical Microfiber, Supported Monolayer, and Powdered Catalysts: An in Situ NMR Study

In situ solid-state NMR methodologies have been employed to investigate the photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol (C2H5OH) over a TiO2-coated optical microfiber catalyst and two other TiO2-based catalysts. Adsorption of ethanol on the surface of the TiO2/optical microfiber catalyst formed a strongly hydrogen-bonded species and a Ti ethoxide species. In situ UV irradiation experiments under 13C magic angle spinning (MAS) conditions reveal the formation of two main reaction intermediates, 1,1-diethoxyethane (CH3CH(OC2H5)2) and acetic acid, under dry conditions. The catalyst was shown to be highly effective for the degradation of ethanol as complete photooxidation of ethanol was observed to form acetic acid and CO2. These results were compared to those using a monolayer catalyst supported on porous Vycor glass and powdered TiO2. Solid-state NMR investigations on TiO2 powder modeled after temperature-programmed desorption experiments confirm the identities of the hydrogen-bonded and Ti ethoxide species and show...
Atrial Septal Defect: Clinical and Physiologic Response to Complete Closure in Five Patients

Complete surgical closure of an atrial septal defect was accomplished under direct vision in five patients. Postoperative catheterization studies demonstrated complete obliteration of the previously existing left-to-right shunt and a reduction of the pulmonary artery blood pressure in all patients. The clinical and hemodynamic status returned to normal limits with but few exceptions.
Design of Experiments as “Doubly Telescoping” Sequences of Blocks with Application to a Nuclear Reactor Experiment

A blocked two-level factorial-experiment was designed to measure the radiolysis of water. Effects of controlled variables are biased by changes in radiation with time and by equipment changes between sets of fuel cycles; the effects to be estimated are therefore doubly confounded. Experimenting is subject to unplanned curtailments with respect to the first bias, and might be expanded with respect to the second. So that the more important parameters can be estimated free of biases ordinarily resulting from the indefinite size of the experiment, the rationale is given for arranging the blocks of the experiment in a “doubly telescoping” (orthogonally blocked) sequence.
Using content analysis in social networking to gain cultural insights

In recent years social networking has become very popular and is a growing phenomenon that is becoming a larger part of people’s lives. One of the emerging results of this increased interest in social networking sites is that advertisers are moving from more traditional marketing relationships with consumers to more interactive-based relationships. The following research first develops and executes a systematic content analysis research technique for studying social networking sites. Secondly, this research investigates the extent to which an individual’s culture is evident in their social networking profiles. The insight gained contributes to the understanding of both the social and the cultural norms that people adopt on social networking sites. This understanding is important to marketers and advertisers, since consumers respond to advertising messages that are congruent with their culture, rewarding advertisers who understand their culture and who tailor ads to reflect their values. The results also validate social networking sites as valid formats to conduct research.
Use Of A Scanning Electron Microscope For Critical Dimension Measurements On A Semiconductor Production Line

This paper describes the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for critical dimen-sion (CD) measurements on a semiconductor manufacturing line. The SEM was installed as a successor to optical measuring tools that were becoming inadequate for the task because diffraction and interference effects are limiting the accuracy of measurements, and resulting uncertainties are exceeding the reduced tolerances allowed in the production of electronic circuit patterns. During a year's time, the SEM system performance in processing some 6,000 wafer loads on a pilot line was investigated. Among the significant results of the investigation are the following: 1) Because the system resolution is limited to 200 A at 1 kV, comparisons must be made with measurements made on a high-voltage (25 kV) SEM in order to obtain proper edge parameter definitions. 2) It was possible to measure all mask levels with the SEM without sample surface charging hiding features. We also found no circuit damage traceable to the electron beam. 3) We found that it was possible to train operators adequately to achieve throughput rates (20-30 measurements per hour) which were comparable to those achieved with optical tools. 4) By observing human factors in the use of this complex system, we were able to improve ease of learning and ease of use by line operators, increasing the system's acceptability to these people, thus assuring better measurements in the manufacturing environment.
Conformal mapping of long quadrilaterals and thick doubly connected domains

In this paper we investigate theoretically an approximation technique for avoiding the crowding phenomenon in numerical conformal mapping. The method applies to conformal maps from rectangles to “long quadrilaterals,” i.e., Jordan domains bounded by two parallel straight lines and two Jordan arcs, where the two arcs are far apart. We require that these maps take the four corners of the rectangle to the four corners of the quadrilateral.
Probing the Randall-Sundrum geometric origin of flavor with lepton flavor violation

The anarchic Randall-Sundrum model of flavor is a low energy solution to both the electroweak hierarchy and flavor problems. Such models have a warped, compact extra dimension with the standard model fermions and gauge bosons living in the bulk, and the Higgs living on or near the TeV brane. In this paper we consider bounds on these models set by lepton flavor-violation constraints. We find that loop-induced decays of the form l{yields}l{sup '}{gamma} are ultraviolet sensitive and incalculable when the Higgs field is localized on a four-dimensional brane; this drawback does not occur when the Higgs field propagates in the full five-dimensional space-time. We find constraints at the few TeV level throughout the natural range of parameters, arising from {mu}-e conversion in the presence of nuclei, rare {mu} decays, and rare {tau} decays. A tension exists between loop-induced dipole decays such as {mu}{yields}e{gamma} and tree-level processes such as {mu}-e conversion; they have opposite dependences on the five-dimensional Yukawa couplings, making it difficult to decouple flavor-violating effects. We emphasize the importance of the future experiments MEG and PRIME. These experiments will definitively test the Randall-Sundrum geometric origin of hierarchies in the lepton sector at the TeV scale.
The chitobiose transporter, chbC , is required for chitin utilization in Borrelia burgdorferi

The bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a limited-genome organism that must obtain many of its biochemical building blocks, including N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), from its tick or vertebrate host. GlcNAc can be imported into the cell as a monomer or dimer (chitobiose), and the annotation for several B. burgdorferi genes suggests that this organism may be able to degrade and utilize chitin, a polymer of GlcNAc. We investigated the ability of B. burgdorferi to utilize chitin in the absence of free GlcNAc, and we attempted to identify genes involved in the process. We also examined the role of RpoS, one of two alternative sigma factors present in B. burgdorferi, in the regulation of chitin utilization. Using fluorescent chitinase substrates, we demonstrated an inherent chitinase activity in rabbit serum, a component of the B. burgdorferi growth medium (BSK-II). After inactivating this activity by boiling, we showed that wild-type cells can utilize chitotriose, chitohexose or coarse chitin flakes in the presence of boiled serum and in the absence of free GlcNAc. Further, we replaced the serum component of BSK-II with a lipid extract and still observed growth on chitin substrates without free GlcNAc. In an attempt to knockout B. burgdorferi chitinase activity, we generated mutations in two genes (bb0002 and bb0620) predicted to encode enzymes that could potentially cleave the β-(1,4)-glycosidic linkages found in chitin. While these mutations had no effect on the ability to utilize chitin, a mutation in the gene encoding the chitobiose transporter (bbb04, chbC) did block utilization of chitin substrates by B. burgdorferi. Finally, we provide evidence that chitin utilization in an rpoS mutant is delayed compared to wild-type cells, indicating that RpoS may be involved in the regulation of chitin degradation by this organism. The data collected in this study demonstrate that B. burgdorferi can utilize chitin as a source of GlcNAc in the absence of free GlcNAc, and suggest that chitin is cleaved into dimers before being imported across the cytoplasmic membrane via the chitobiose transporter. In addition, our data suggest that the enzyme(s) involved in chitin degradation are at least partially regulated by the alternative sigma factor RpoS.
Nitric oxide measurement by chemiluminescence detection

Abstract Nitric oxide can be chemically and specifically detected in the gas phase by the chemiluminescence of its reaction with ozone. This method is potentially the most sensitive chemical assay currently available for the detection of NO, but the application of this technique to the detection of NO in small biological samples introduces some significant restrictions on its sensitivity. Despite the restrictions, it is still among the more sensitive chemical assays for NO or NO-containing compounds for many biological experiments. The theory behind chemiluminescence detection of NO is discussed, as well as the features responsible for its high sensitivity and the factors that decrease its sensitivity in biological applications. The use of chemiluminescence detection of NO is illustrated by the measurement of the effect of brain tissue on the conversion of three nitrovasodilators, sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, and S-nitroso- l -cysteine, to nitric oxide.
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND THE POLITICAL PROCESS: Movements, Corporations, and the State

I explore two questions in this article : (1) How has the role of the U.S. state in the political process changed vis-a-vis corporations ? (2) What tactical repertoires have movements devised to confront this changing political process ? Through the lens of the U.S. environmental movement, I find that (1) the state's policy-making authority has weakened as corporations have become both policy makers and the new targets of challengers, (2) the environmental movement has devised organizing strategies-such as corporate-community compacts or good neighbor agreements-to respond to and influence this new political process, and (3) those segments of the movement that ignore the political economic process are likely to meet with failure. These changes in the political economy constitute a challenge for the political process model. I therefore propose a political economic process perspective to extend the political process model and more accurately capture these dynamics. The political economic process perspective evaluates four state-centric assumptions of the political process model (the state as the primary movement target or vehicle of reform, the state policy-making monopoly, capital as just another interest group, and the primacy of the nation-state level of analysis) and demonstrates that the political economic process has changed in dramatic ways
Study of Angle Dependent Reflection from a 3-D Quasi-Ordered Photonic Crystal

We measured angle-resolved specular reflection, backward reflection and diffusive reflection from bird feathers with quasi-ordered structures. The angular dependences of reflection spectra are distinct from those of 3-D photonic crystal, due to isotropic short-range order.
Oriented Growth of Al2O3:ZnO Nanolaminates for Use as Electron‐Selective Electrodes in Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

Atomic layer deposition is used to synthesize Al2O3:ZnO(1:x) nanolaminates with the number of deposition cycles, x, ranging from 5 to 30 for evaluation as optically transparent, electron-selective electrodes in polymer-based inverted solar cells. Al2O3:ZnO(1:20) nanolaminates are found to exhibit the highest values of electrical conductivity (1.2 × 103 S cm−1; more than six times higher than for neat ZnO films), while retaining a high optical transmittance (≥80% in the visible region) and a low work function (4.0 eV). Such attractive performance is attributed to the structure (ZnO crystal size and crystal alignment) and doping level of this intermediate Al2O3:ZnO film composition. Polymer-based inverted solar cells using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) mixtures in the active layer and Al2O3:ZnO(1:20) nanolaminates as transparent electron-selective electrodes exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 3% under simulated AM 1.5 G, 100 mW cm−2 illumination.
Pressurized and heat-treated surimi gels as affected by potato starch and egg white: microstructure and water-holding capacity

Abstract The influence of potato starch and egg white on water-holding capacity (WHC) and microstructure of surimi gels induced by high pressure (400 and 650 MPa, 10 min) was compared to heat-induced (90°C, 40 min) gels. Gels were made from Alaska pollock and Pacific whiting surimi with salt (2 g/100 g) alone; salt plus 4 g/100 g potato starch; salt plus 1 g/100 g egg white; or salt plus both 4 g/100 g potato starch and 1 g/100 g egg white, treated by high pressure or heat, and then examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Final moisture content was adjusted to 78 g/100 g and WHC was determined using a centrifuge method. SEM demonstrated that the surimi-egg white has a fibrous and homogeneous network structure, whereas surimi-starch exhibited a compact network. When potato starch was added alone or in combination with egg white, the integrity of some starch granules was maintained after pressure treatment, suggesting that high pressures at the 400 and 650 MPa levels do not affect the structure of potato starch. Additive treatment increased WHC of Pacific whiting surimi gels at 400 and 650 MPa with egg white, holding more water than heated gels.
The Stabilization of Ferrous Iodide Syrup, N. F. VIIIs

In 1934, Husa and Klotz developed a formula for a stable ferrous iodide syrup in which hypophosphorous acid was used to prevent liberation of iodine, and dextrose rather than sucrose was used to give the properties of a syrup. Later it was found that some of the dextrose crystallized at refrigerator temperatures. The preparation was also considered lacking in sweetness. Research reported in the present paper shows that the disadvantages may be overcome by reducing the proportion of dextrose and adding sodium benzoate as a preservative and saccharin sodium as a sweetening agent. The resulting product shows excellent stability except for the appearance of a barely perceptible precipitate after six months. Other writers have supposed that the addition of sodium citrate to the official formula prevents hydrolysis of the sucrose but the results of the present investigation indicate that this is not the case.