cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas sorption and diffusion in hydrogen‐bonded polymers. I. Vinyl alcohol/vinyl butyral copolymers

A series of vinyl alcohol/vinyl butyral copolymers was examined to assess the effect of internal hydrogen bonding on gas sorption and diffusion. Sorption and permeation measurements for carbon dioxide and methane were performed on four vinyl alcohol/vinyl butyral copolymers. Upon comparing the various data, it was found that hydrogen-bonded copolymers exhibit a much wider variation in diffusion coefficient than non-hydrogen-bonded copolymers. The fractional free volumes of the studied copolymers were considerably lower than expected based on values of the diffusion coefficient. This may be due to the fact that predicted occupied volumes are too large and that the effect of internal hydrogen bonding is not accounted for properly. Using a relationship between infrared spectral shift and hydrogen-bond length, fractional free volumes in the hydrogen bonded copolymers were correlated with the interatomic spacing associated with the hydrogen bond. This implies that the average length of a hydrogen bond can be used as a measure of chain packing in hydrogen-bonded polymers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection of conformational changes in actin by proteolytic digestion: evidence for a new monomeric species

Abstract When KCl is added to a solution of G-actin to induce full polymerization, a decrease in the rate at which actin undergoes enzymatic proteolysis occurs. This decrease cannot be accounted for by factors affecting the enzymes employed, but rather appears to be due to a change in the conformation of G-actin. Partially polymerized actin solutions also show a reduction in digestibility which is dependent on the F-actin content, suggesting that F-actin is essentially indigestible. Moreover, low rates of digestion were also observed at sub-critical actin concentrations, where actin in the presence of 0.1 m -KCl does not polymerize. This indicates that a confomational change occurs in G-actin before the polymerization step. At sub-critical concentrations in 0.1 m -KCl, actin is in a truly monomeric state as judged by its viscosity characteristics, its inability to enhance the rate of polymerization of G-actin and its possession of ATP as the actin-bound nucleotide. These data support the existence of a new species of actin, called F-ATP-actin monomer, which has the same physical properties and the same bound nucleotide as G-actin, but digestion characteristics like F-actin. Since F-ATP-actin monomers have the same low susceptibility to proteolysis as F-ADP-actin polymers, and because both G-ATP-actin and G-ADP-actin have similar high rates of digestion, the observed change in the conformation of actin cannot be due to the phosphorylated state of the actin-bound nucleotide. Instead, the conformational change appears to be caused by the addition of KCl to G-actin. The newly-detected monomeric species is considered to be an intermediate in the polymerization process where F-ATP-actin monomers form a population of polymerizable molecules which must reach a critical concentration before nucleation and F-actin polymer formation begin.
Physical and Functional Interactions of Gαq with Rho and Its Exchange Factors

Abstract Recent reports have shown that several heterotrimeric protein-coupled receptors that signal through Gαq can induce Rho-dependent responses, but the pathways that mediate the interaction between Gαqand Rho have not yet been identified. In this report we present evidence that Gαq expressed in COS-7 cells coprecipitates with the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Lbc. Furthermore, Gαq expression enhances Rho-dependent responses. Coexpressed Gαq and Lbc have a synergistic effect on the Rho-dependent rounding of 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. In addition, serum response factor-dependent gene expression, as assessed by the SRE.L reporter gene, is synergistically activated by Gαq and Rho GEFs. The synergistic effect of Gαq on this response is inhibited by C3 exoenzyme and requires phospholipase C activation. Surprisingly, expression of Gαq, in contrast to that of Gα12 and Gα13, does not increase the amount of activated Rho. We also observe that Gαq enhances SRE.L stimulation by activated Rho, indicating that the effect of Gαq occurs downstream of Rho activation. Thus, Gαq interacts physically and/or functionally with Rho GEFs; however this does not appear to lead to or result from increased activation of Rho. We suggest that Gαq-generated signals enhance responses downstream of Rho activation.
An Analysis of Reservoir Chemical Treatments

In chemical well treatments, success or failure is often difficult or impossible to anticipate. The near-wellbore pressure drawdown and fines migration contribute to the overall well damage, but the effect of the chemical treatment alone can induced damage by reprecipitation when the spent treatment solution is produced over the treated zone. The identity, amount, and rate of return of this reprecipitation damage are discussed here. The authors' procedure considers the chemical interaction of formation minerals and brine with the treatment solution in the presence of an immiscible phase. Although this analysis contains several simplifying assumptions, the results can be applied, with care, to lend insight and direction to practical problems. If relative permeabilities and mineral and injected water compositions are known, the analysis procedure will estimate the success of the treatment and indicate approximate treatment duration.
Angiotensin II effect on hydraulic permeability: interaction with endothelin-1, nitric oxide, and platelet activating factor.

Background The purposes of this study were: 1) to examine the influence of endothelin (ET-1) release on the ability of angiotensin (Ang) II to modulate permeability, 2) to determine if the action of Ang II on microvascular permeability is dependent on nitric oxide (NO) release, and 3) to explore the effect of Ang II in microvessels activated with platelet activating factor (PAF). Methods Hydraulic permeability (Lp) was measured using the modified Landis in vivo micro occlusion technique during perfusion with: 1) the ET-1 receptor antagonist PD145065 (50 μ m ), then PD145065 + Ang II, 2) Ang II (20 n m ), a NO synthase inhibitor l -NAME (100 μ m ), then l -NAME + Ang II, and 3) after endothelial activation with 10 n m of PAF, then PAF + Ang II. Results 1) The ET-1 antagonist increased Lp 2.5-fold, Ang II alone increased Lp five-fold, while Ang II perfusion during ET-1 antagonism increased Lp over 6-fold (P l -NAME increased Lp over 3-fold. Ang II perfusion during NO synthase inhibition had no effect compared to NO synthase inhibition alone (P = 0.9) while Ang II alone increased Lp 5-fold (P ≤ 0.01); 3) PAF + Ang II (Lp = 2.74 ± 0.12) was decreased versus PAF alone (Lp = 4.66 ± 0.25) (P Conclusions Ang II does not increase hydraulic permeability via ET-1 release. Ang II may act via NO release to increase hydraulic permeability in the basal state. Finally, Ang II attenuates the increase in hydraulic permeability because of endothelial activation with platelet activating factor.
Does hypotension during dobutamine stress echocardiography correlate with anatomic or functional cardiac impairment

Abstract The development of hypotension during various exercise stress tests has been correlated with the presence of multivessel coronary artery disease and impaired left ventricular contractility. Hypotension may also occur during dobutamine stress echocardiography; however, its anatomic and functional significance remains unknown. As part of an ongoing study of restenosis, dobutamine stress echocardiography and diagnostic cardiac catheterization were performed on the same day in 105 outpatients approximately 6 months after percutaneous coronary revascularization (balloon angioplasty or directional coronary atherectomy) to determine the anatomic and functional significance of dobutamine-induced hypotension. Dobutamine was infused in stepwise increments to a maximum rate of 30 μg/kg/min. Hypotension was defined as a reduction in systolic blood pressure of ≥ 15 mm Hg. Anatomic abnormalities were defined by quantitative coronary angiography and functional abnormalities by digitized two-dimensional stress echocardiography. Clinical, angiographic, hemodynamic, and electrocardiographic data underwent multivariable regression analysis to determine their ability to predict independently the development of dobutamine-induced hypotension. Dobutamine-induced hypotension was not associated with the presence or severity of coronary artery disease or with echocardiographic wall motion abnormalities. Univariable predictors of stress-induced hypotension included high baseline systolic blood pressure, advanced age, and high left ventricular ejection fraction. Only a high baseline systolic blood pressure contributed independent predictive information in multivariable stepwise logistic regression analysis. Therefore, the development of hypotension during dobutamine stress echocardiography, unlike that during traditional exercise stress tests, is not associated with the presence of significant coronary artery disease or left ventricular dysfunction.
Family Structure and Self-Rated Health in Adolescence and Young Adulthood

While the relationship between family structure and child well-being is well-established, little is known about the specific impact of family structure on health in adolescence and young adulthood. Using data on 12,737 respondents from Waves I and III of Add Health, we examine the association between family structure (two biological/adoptive, stepfather, and single mother families at Wave I) and self-rated health in adolescence (Wave I) and young adulthood (Wave III). We build on previous literature by investigating whether the relationship between family structure and self-rated health is mediated by demographic background, socioeconomic status, parent–child relationships, external social support, and health characteristics and behaviors, and whether the influence of these factors endures into adulthood. Overall, we find that self-rated health is reduced for respondents who lived in stepfather or single mother families during adolescence, although this effect is attenuated in young adulthood. Family structure effects at both waves are explained by socioeconomic status, social support and competence, and health characteristics and behaviors. We find little evidence that demographic background or mother–child relationships mediate the relationship between family structure and self-rated health. By young adulthood, effects of most adolescent predictors are attenuated, but health assessments are largely influenced by changes in health characteristics and behaviors, and in family type.
Linewidth for fluxon oscillators

Soliton perturbation theory is used to calculate the fluxon oscillator linewidth arising from fluxon interaction with background radiation. Detailed calculations in the case of an oscillator that is long compared with the Josephson length and for which the radiation field is thermal establish lower bounds for the linewidth of a real oscillator. These lower bounds are not in disagreement with recent, instrument-limited measurements of $X$-band linewidths less than 5 kHz.
Growth inhibition ofMicrococcus pyogenes by manganese and riboflavin

Riboflavin, in the presence of manganese, inhibited the growth ofMicrococcus pyogenes var.aureus. The inhibitory action was shown to be dependent upon aerobiosis, and was characterized predominately as a prolongation of the lag phase. Increasing concentrations of either manaanese or riboflavin, in the presence of a constant quantity of the other, enhanced the inhibitory effect. Ultra-violet irradiation of riboflavin reduced its toxic capacity in proportion to the amount of riboflavin degraded. Riboflavin-5-phosphate was equally as inhibitory as riboflavin. Ferrous iron was capable of a non-stoichiometric antagonism at low concentrations of riboflavin and/or manganese.
Four-spin correlation function of two parallel nonaligned pairs in the planar Ising model

The four-spin correlation function of two parallel nonaligned pairs in the two-dimensional rectangular Ising lattice is found to have the scaling form $〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{00}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{NN}}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{J,J+l}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{J+L,J+L+l}〉\ensuremath{\sim}〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{00}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{NN}}〉〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{00}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{LL}}〉+{〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{00}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{NN}}〉}^{c}{〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{00}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{LL}}〉}^{c}{f}_{4}({x}_{1},{x}_{2},X,\ensuremath{\varphi})$, where ${f}_{4}$ is the scaling function. The scaling variables ${x}_{1},{x}_{2}$, and $X$ are, respectively, the lengths of the pairs ($N$ and $L$) and distance between the centers of the pairs scaled by the corresponding correlation lengths. The angle $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ measures the deviation from the diagonal axis of the line joining the centers. The scaling function is given as a series of ${x}_{1}$ and ${x}_{2}$, truncated at the order of ${({x}_{1}{x}_{2})}^{3}$.
Predation on exotic zebra mussels by native fishes: effects on predator and prey

SUMMARY 1. Exotic zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, occur in southern U.S. waterways in high densities, but little is known about the interaction between native fish predators and zebra mussels. Previous studies have suggested that exotic zebra mussels are low profitability prey items and native vertebrate predators are unlikely to reduce zebra mussel densities. We tested these hypotheses by observing prey use of fishes, determining energy content of primary prey species of fishes, and conducting predator exclusion experiments in Lake Dardanelle, Arkansas. 2. Zebra mussels were the primary prey eaten by 52.9% of blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus; 48.2% of freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens; and 100% of adult redear sunfish, Lepomis microlophus. Blue catfish showed distinct seasonal prey shifts, feeding on zebra mussels in summer and shad, Dorosoma spp., during winter. Energy content (joules g−1) of blue catfish prey (threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense; gizzard shad, D. cepedianum; zebra mussels; and asiatic clams, Corbicula fluminea) showed a significant species by season interaction, but shad were always significantly greater in energy content than bivalves examined as either ash-free dry mass or whole organism dry mass. Fish predators significantly reduced densities of large zebra mussels (>5 mm length) colonising clay tiles in the summers of 1997 and 1998, but predation effects on small zebra mussels (≤5 mm length) were less clear. 3. Freshwater drum and redear sunfish process bivalve prey by crushing shells and obtain low amounts of higher-energy food (only the flesh), whereas blue catfish lack a shell-crushing apparatus and ingest large amounts of low-energy food per unit time (bivalves with their shells). Blue catfish appeared to select the abundant zebra mussel over the more energetically rich shad during summer, then shifted to shad during winter when shad experienced temperature-dependent stress and mortality. Native fish predators can suppress adult zebra mussel colonisation, but are ultimately unlikely to limit population density because of zebra mussel reproductive potential.
Ivania juncalensis, A Second Species of the Chilean Endemic Ivania (Brassicaceae)

Abstract. A second species of the Chilean endemic Ivania, I. juncalensis, is described and illustrated. It is readily distinguished from the generic type I. cremnophila, which is also known only from the type collection, by its pinnatifid and oblong to lanceolate (vs. entire or dentate and cordate to subreniform) basal leaves, smaller flowers (ovate sepals 2.5–3 mm long and spatulate petals 6–7.5 × 2.5–3 mm vs. oblong sepals 5–6 mm long and broadly obovate petals 11–13 × 5–6 mm), and strongly 2-lobed (vs. entire) stigma.
Heterojunction Internal Photoemission SiO.7GeO.3/Si Infrared Detector

Single-layer and multilayer Si[sub 0.7]Ge[sub 0.3]/Si heterojunction internal photoemission (HIP) detectors with cutoff wavelengths out to [approximately]23 [mu]m have been demonstrated. Near-ideal thermionic emission dark current characteristics and photoresponse at wavelengths up to 20 [mu]m were measured. The cutoff wavelength [lambda][sub c] and emission coefficient C[sub 1] of the HIP detectors were determined by the modified Fowler plot at the wavelength regime where the corresponding photon energies were smaller than the Fermi energy ([approximately]0.15 eV) of the degenerate Si[sub 0.7]Ge[sub 0.3] layers. Similar optical and thermal potential barriers were obtained. The use of multiple Si[sub 0.7]Ge[sub 0.3]/Si layers in the stacked HIP detector structure resulted in a significantly increased emission coefficient C[sub 1] compared to the single-layer HIP detectors due to an enhanced internal photoemission efficiency without the loss of IR absorption.
Selective block of recombinant glur6 receptors by NS-102, a novel non-NMDA receptor antagonist

The diversity of neuronal glutamate receptors continues to increase with the discovery of multiple subunits and subunit families. The significance of this potential receptor heterogeneity is unknown because pharmacological tools that could clearly distinguish between different structural isoforms have not yet been identified. A novel glutamate receptor antagonist, 5-nitro-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrobenzo[g]indole-2,3-dione-3-oxime (NS-102), has been shown previously to selectively block the low affinity [3H]kainate binding site in rat brain. We have examined the effect of NS-102 on receptors expressed in fibroblasts from either glur6 subunits or a combination of glurB and glurD (glurB/D receptors). NS-102 (3 microM) reduced currents mediated by glur6 receptors and had very little effect on currents mediated by glurB/D receptors. The binding of [3H]kainate to glur6 receptors showed properties similar to those of the brain low affinity [3H]kainate binding site, and NS-102 inhibited specific binding to glur6 receptors with a potency nearly identical to those sites in brain membranes. Our findings suggest that NS-102 will be useful in identifying the functional role of native receptors containing a glur6 subunit.
Vaccinations for Older Adults: An Update

Older adults are at great risk of death and complications from a number of common infectious diseases. Various recent recommendations regarding the use of vaccines directed against influenza, pneumococcal infection, herpes zoster, and pertussis have significant ramifications with regard to the care of older adults. While a few of these vaccinations have been specifically formulated for use in older adults, other vaccines have been in use for other populations for some time. This paper will review recommendations for the use of currently approved vaccinations in the United States and their potential impact on the health of older adults.
Analysis and Prediction of a Squall Line Observed during IHOP Using Multiple WSR-88D Observations

Abstract This paper presents a case study on the assimilation of observations from multiple Doppler radars of the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) network. A squall-line case documented during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) is used for the study. Radar radial velocity and reflectivity observations from four NEXRADs are assimilated into a convection-permitting model using a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) scheme. A mesoscale analysis using a supplementary sounding, velocity–azimuth display (VAD) profiles, and surface observations from Meteorological Aerodrome Reports (METAR) are produced and used to provide a background and boundary conditions for the 4DVAR radar data assimilation. Impact of the radar data assimilation is assessed by verifying the skill of the subsequent very short-term (5 h) forecasts. Assimilation and forecasting experiments are conducted to examine the impact of radar data assimilation on the subsequent precipitation forecasts. It is found that th...
SU-E-J-74: A Dosimeter for In Vivo Real Time Verification of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To study the feasibility of implementing a low cost, high speed in vivo real time dosimeter based on scintillating fiber arrays to verify intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) to enhance treatmentsafety and delivered dose verification. Methods: Detector construction is performed by mounting linear scintillating fiber sensors in a water equivalent plastic support to form a homogenous water equivalent array. The fibers are aligned to match each MLC leaf pair and the detector is placed in the accessory tray of a clinical LINAC for beam output determination. Each fiber is coupled to a high speed photodetector and front end amplifier to process the detector output which is digitized and analyzed using in house developed software to compute the beam fluence, dose rate, and MLC opening. Results: The detector response correlates linearly with the LINAC beam intensity and MLC positions. The sensor and front end amplifier has a time response of 0.2 usec, thus every 2 usec LINAC pulse is recorded to determine the beam fluence with a precision better than 1%. The array offers a minimum beam attenuation of 2.4%, allowing the use of this technology as an in vivo transmission detector. We determined that the detector is capable of measuring the MLC opening with a precision of 2 mm per leaf. Conclusions: We have proven the feasibility of constructing a scintillating fiber sensor array for in vivo real time dosimetry to enhance patient safety during IMRTtreatment and measure actual dose delivered to the patient. The technical highlight of this detector is based on the high speed of the linear sensors and front end amplifier which allows real time verification of the IMRT fluence output, dose rate, and leaf opening with a minimum of perturbation or absorption of the delivered beam.
Tests of opioid deficiency hypotheses of alcoholism.

Eighty-three male rats were maintained on a daily regimen involving 22 h of deprivation of fluids followed by 2 h of access to water and a sweetened alcoholic beverage (12% ethanol, 5% sucrose). After about 3 weeks of such a regimen, rats eventually take considerable amounts of ethanol daily. In the present study, a series of injections of opioids was given subsequent to establishing stable daily intakes of ethanol. Specifically, before a day's opportunity to take fluids, some rats were given a small dose of morphine (2.0 mg/kg), while others were given a dose of naloxone (4.0 mg/kg). When morphine was given 0.5 h before the opportunity to drink, intake of ethanol was increased. However, when morphine was given 4.0 h before the opportunity, intake was decreased. Nearly opposite effects were observed when naloxone was given. Other experiments tested the effects of giving morphine 4.0 h before the opportunity to drink plus the effects of a small dose of naloxone or plus the effects of a small dose of morphine. Morphine given 4.0 h before potentiated the effects of a small dose of naloxone and attenuated the effects of another dose of morphine. The effects of morphine were also shown to be similar among rats taking a solution of ethanol and water rather than a sweetened solution. These data provide support for the idea that surfeits, not deficits, in opioidergic activity increase propensity to take alcoholic beverages.
New Short Constraint Length, Rate 1/N Convolutional Codes Which Minimize the Required SNR for Given Desired Bit Error Rates

New, good ( K, 1/N ) convolutional codes are tabulated for 3 \leq K \leq 7 and 2 \leq N \leq 8 , which were selected based on the criterion of minimizing the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for given desired bit error rates (BER). A transfer function upper bound was used to find the BER performance. Partial searches were performed using the idea that "good codes generate good lower rate codes." The new codes save signal energy up to 0.4 dB compared to previously reported codes of the same parameters.
Detector performance in long-distance quantum key distribution using superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

The recent advances in superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD or SSPD) technology has enabled long distance quantum key distribution (QKD) over an optical fiber. We point out that the performance of SNSPDs play a crucial role in achieving a secure transmission distance of 100 km or longer. We analyze such an impact from a simplified model and use it to interpret results from our differential-phase-shift (DPS) QKD experiment. This allows us to discuss the optimization of the detection time window and the clock frequency given the detector characteristics such as dark count rate, detection efficiency, and timing jitter.
Single Mhc Mutation Eliminates Enthalpy Associated with T Cell Receptor Binding.

The keystone of the adaptive immune response is T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of peptide presented by major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules. The crystal structure of AHIII TCR bound to MHC, HLA-A2, showed a large interface with an atypical binding orientation. MHC mutations in the interface of the proteins were tested for changes in TCR recognition. From the range of responses observed, three representative HLA-A2 mutants, T163A, W167A, and K66A, were selected for further study. Binding constants and co-crystal structures of the AHIII TCR and the three mutants were determined. K66 in HLA-A2 makes contacts with both peptide and TCR, and has been identified as a critical residue for recognition by numerous TCR. The K66A mutation resulted in the lowest AHIII T cell response and the lowest binding affinity, which suggests that the T cell response may correlate with affinity. Importantly, the K66A mutation does not affect the conformation of the peptide. The change in affinity appears to be due to a loss in hydrogen bonds in the interface as a result of a conformational change in the TCR complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) loop. Isothermal titration calorimetry confirmed the loss of hydrogen bonding by a large loss in enthalpy. Our findings are inconsistent with the notion that the CDR1 and CDR2 loops of the TCR are responsible for MHC restriction, while the CDR3 loops interact solely with the peptide. Instead, we present here an MHC mutation that does not change the conformation of the peptide, yet results in an altered conformation of a CDR3.
Endothelial activation microparticles and inflammation status improve with exercise training in african americans.

African Americans have the highest prevalence of hypertension in the world which may emanate from their predisposition to heightened endothelial inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 6-month aerobic exercise training (AEXT) intervention on the inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and endothelial microparticle (EMP) CD62E
Early acute thrombosis of bioprosthetic mitral valve presenting with cardiogenic shock

Early thrombosis of bioprosthetic mitral valves is an extremely rare occurrence. We present an unusual case of a patient with polycythemia presenting with cardiogenic shock, secondary to acute thrombosis of a bioprosthetic mitral valve which was placed 14 months prior to presentation. Our report also reviews predisposing factors and treatment options for bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis.
Infrared Spectra, Structure, and Bonding of the Group 6 and Ammonia M:NH3, H2N−MH, and N≡MH3 Reaction Products in Solid Argon

Laser-ablated chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten atoms undergo oxidative addition reactions with ammonia during condensation in excess argon. The subject molecules were trapped in solid argon and identified by isotopic shifts and DFT frequency calculations. The 1:1 metal−ammonia complexes increased on annealing and photoisomerized to H2N−MH and then to N≡MoH3 and N≡WH3, but N≡CrH3 is too high in energy to be formed here. These products also increased slightly on annealing, which indicates a spontaneous reaction between group 6 metal atoms and ammonia. The N≡MoH3 and N≡WH3 molecules contain fully developed triple bonds with effective bond orders of 2.91 and 2.92, computed using the B3LYP density functional, and terminal metal nitride bond lengths, in agreement with those measured for larger organometallic complexes.
Beyond the bug: Soviet historiography of the Soviet‐Polish war of 1920

(1984). Beyond the bug: Soviet historiography of the Soviet‐Polish war of 1920. Soviet Studies: Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 475-493.
Quantification of radiation-induced hydroxyl radicals within nucleohistones using a molecular fluorescent probe.

We present a method that specifically records ${}^{\bullet}{\rm OH}$ formation within histones and possibly at other sites in irradiated nucleohistone. The approach uses the radiation-induced fluorescence emissions from a chromatin-conjugated ${}^{\bullet}{\rm OH}$ detector, SECCA (a succinylated derivative of coumarin), that is converted to a fluorescent derivative, 7-hydroxy-SECCA (7-OH-SECCA), after interaction with ${}^{\bullet}{\rm OH}$ in neutral aqueous solutions. It is shown that (a) the fluorescent product 7-OH-SECCA cannot be generated by direct radiation effects after γ or neutron irradiation of SECCA; (b) when SECCA-labeled histone is complexed with DNA to form nucleohistone, the physical properties of the modified nucleohistone are similar to those of unlabeled nucleoprotein; and (c) after irradiation of SECCA-labeled nucleohistone, a linear induction of the fluorescence signal is observed within the radiation doses examined (0.3-...
Insurance status is an independent predictor of long-term survival after lung transplantation in the United States

Background Socioeconomic factors such as education, health insurance, and race are known to affect health outcomes. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database provides a large cohort of lung transplant (LTx) recipients in which to evaluate the effect of insurance on survival. Methods We retrospectively reviewed UNOS data for 11,385 adult primary LTx patients (1998–2008). Patients were stratified by insurance (private/self-pay, Medicare, Medicaid, and other type). All-cause mortality was examined with Cox proportional hazard regression incorporating 14 variables. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to model survival after LTx. Results Of 11,385 recipients, 7,100 (62.4%) had private insurance/self-pay; 2,966 (26.1%) had Medicare; 815 (7.2%) had Medicaid; and 504 (4.4%) had other type insurance. During the study, 4,943 patients (43.4%) died. Medicare and Medicaid patients had 7.0% and 8.1% lower 10-year survival than did private insurance/self-pay patients, respectively. Insurance did not affect 30-day, 90-day, or 1-year survival. Medicare and Medicaid patients had decreased survival at 3 years and longer. In multivariable analyses, Medicare (hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.19) and Medicaid (hazard ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–1.45) significantly increased risk of death. When deaths in the first year were excluded, survival differences persisted. Conclusions This study represents the largest cohort evaluating the effect of insurance on post-LTx survival. Medicare and Medicaid patients have worse survival after LTx compared with private insurance/self-paying patients.
Effects of juvenile hormone and molting hormone on rectal pad development in Hyalophora cecropia (L.).

The histology of the rectal pads was examined in H. cecropia that had been injected as pupae with juvenile hormone or molting hormone. The appearance of the rectal tissues was related to the degree of imaginal differentiation which in turn depended on the dose of juvenile hormone applied. Juvenile hormone inhibits the division of the small hindgut cells that normally form the general rectal wall of the adult. High doses totally suppress the differentiation of the cortical cells. The medullary cells are very sensitive to juvenile hormone even in animals in which the external morphology is only slightly affected. Relatively high doses of molting hormone result in the formation of large, elongate complexes of cortex cells. These are more typical of primitive insects than of Lepidoptera.
Thermal expansion of liquid 4He between 0.1 and 0.7 K

Abstract We have determined the thermal expansion of liquid 4He from 0.1 to 0.7 K by comparing the temperature dependence of the constant-density and the constant-pressure sound velocities. The agreement with the theoretical phonon contribution is very good.
Effects of Added Microbial and Animal Lipases on Protein Hydrolysis in Blue Cheese made with Pasteurized Milk

Abstract We reported the use of lipases to accelerate flavor production in Blue cheese made with pasteurized milk. These lipases were contaminanted with proteases, so we decided to study their influence on proteolysis during ripening as well. Selected animal and microbial lipase preparations were added directly to the cheese curds along with Penicillium roqueforti spores and salt. Both lipase preparations had protease contaminants. The data for soluble nitrogen and free amino acids indicated inhibition of proteolysis during the earlier stages of ripening due to excessive lipolysis. However, after 60 days of ripening, the cheese containing microbial lipase showed higher free amino acids and the cheese containing animal lipase showed lower free amino acid concentrations than the control cheese. This indicated permanent inhibition of protease in animal lipase. The high free amino acid content in the cheese containing microbial lipase probably can be attributed to the protease contaminant in microbial lipase because the pH of the cheese became more suitable for the protease activity with time. The soluble nitrogen and free amino acid data also were confirmed by electrophoresis data, and both α- and β-casein were degraded completely in Blue cheese towards the end of ripening. A careful screening of enzyme preparations for proper lipolytic and proteolytic activity seems essential.
Structural characterization of some ion-nitrided steels

Abstract Four steels of various compositions were ion nitrided in a plasma consisting of 14vol.%N2-86vol.%H2 at 525 °C for 10 h. The nitrided depth is seen to be inversely proportional to the alloy content of the steels while hardenability characteristics exhibit the opposite behavior. The case-core interface is seen to be delineated by the different etching characteristics of the two domains and the slight grain coarsening introduced into the nitrided layer. Field ion microscopy shows the microstructure to consist of carbide particles within the matrix at the tempered and annealed conditions while nitriding is seen to introduce nitride particles in the vicinity of the undissolved carbide clusters.
MIGRATION OF SALTS AND WATER INTO XYLEM OF THE ROOTS OF HIGHER PLANTS

DESPITE THE immense amount of research on absorption and movement of mineral solutes and water in plants, the mechanisms of the processes remain obscure. For the teacher and investigator a description of a possible mechanism of migration of solutes and water in roots, based upon modern research and compatible with known root structure, should be of interest. Recent reviews (Hoagland, 1936, 1937; Steward, 1935) summarize the achievements in the field of plant nutrition. Utilizing single cells, filaments, excised root systems, and whole plants, these studies describe the phenomena of salt accumulation and of the response of plants to their culture solution environment. It seems logical that they should provide clues to the mechanics of salt migration and the part played by growth and development. A tentative mechanism related to known structure and function of plant roots and designed to explain uptake of water and salts which may occur simultaneously 2 is described. The relations of absorption to organic food supply, available oxygen, and ion accumulation are reviewed. An attempt is made to evaluate the role played by root pressure and by translocation 3 of water and salts. QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF XYLEM EXUDATION.-An excised squash root may exude more than its own weight of sap in 24 hours, replacing many times the contents of its xylem vessels (Crafts, 1936). Collections from excised roots of two 55-dav-old Hubbard squash plants grown in aerated full Hoagland's solution (Hoagland and Broyer, 1936b) were as follows: Plant number 1, whose absorbing roots (all tissue below the culture solution level) weig-hed 81.7 grams fresh and 3.4 grams dry, exuded 243 cc. during the first 24 hours and 100 cc. during the second like period; Plant number 2, with absorbingroots weighing 136.0 grams fresh and 5.8 grams dry, exuded 40 cc. during the first houir, 343 cc. duiring the first 24 hours, and 140 cc. during a second like period. The nitrate concentration of the xylem exudate was more than twice that of the culture solution during the early stages of the experiment and decreased to an
Multiple Model Adaptive Control Procedure for Blood Pressure Control

Multiple model adaptive control procedures have been considered for a computer-based feedback system which regulates the infusion rate of a drug (nitroprusside) in order to maintain desired blood pressure. Because the transfer function parameters are different for each patient, and furthermore are time variant, such an algorithm is desirable for maintaining both steady-state and transient specifications. To this effect, computer simulation has shown that multiple model adaptive control procedures might be successfully applied to the control of blood pressure despite the uncertainty in the delays, time constant, and gains. Additional efforts concerned with the actual demonstration of these concepts on dogs have further supported the role of adaptive control for blood pressure regulation.
Child nutritional status and child growth in Kenya: Socioeconomic determinants†

The determinants of weight and height are explored using nationally representative data for Kenya. The author also uses recall data on child birth weights to estimate conditional reduced-form demand relations for weight gain among 7907 children aged 0-5 years. Maternal education was found to be a significant determinant of weight height and weight gain with secondary schooling having larger but not significantly different effects than primary schooling. Per capita household expenditure is highly significant but with only small numerical effects. Birth weight has a large negative effect upon subsequent weight gain indicating almost complete catch-up growth by age one. The effect becomes more negative when birth weight is treated as an endogenous variable. There is no evidence of any catch-up growth beyond age three. The study results indicate that small deficits in birth weight are not likely to be permanent with infants making up for birth weight deficits completely within the first year of life through biological catch-up growth.
Is it really sinus tachycardia

A56-year-old male with a history of hypertension and coronary disease was admitted after complaining of mild shortness of breath and palpitations. He had undergone coronary bypass surgery 4 years prior to admission and had been followed regularly by his physicians. His resting heart rate at his last office visit B6 months before was 58/min and his hypertensive regimen, consisting of lisinopril only, was recently intensified. He had been under severe stress recently and had not been eating well. His caffeine intake was limited to one large coffee daily. (Published: 18 July 2011) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2011, 1 : 7241 - DOI: 10.3402/jchimp.v1i2.7241
Reactions of Nonparticipants as Additional Rather than Missing Data: Opportunities for Organizational Research

Organizational research entails encounters with two groups of people who are usually labeled "nonparticipants": (1) those who are never asked to participate, but whom the investigator encounters during the data gathering, and (2) those selected to participate, but who cannot or will not do so. This paper demonstrates the value of these data for field research, particularly for studies that rely on questionnaires, interviews, and structured observations. The sequence of events typically associated with recruiting respondents and informants is proposed to create five key junctures at which research can be designed to gather such data. Ethical issues are raised concerning the use of information from nonparticipants.
Adverse effects of health anxiety on management of a patient with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular migraine and chronic subjective dizziness ☆

Abstract Introduction Care of patients with vestibular symptoms focuses primarily on physical otoneurologic disorders; however, psychological factors can sustain symptoms, confound assessment, and adversely affect treatment. Health anxiety is a particularly pernicious process that simultaneously magnifies physical symptoms and inhibits medical care. Objective To demonstrate the excess morbidity caused by vestibular health anxiety and its successful management in a patient with otoneurologic disease. Method Report of a 41-year-old woman with recurrent benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular migraine, and chronic subjective dizziness, who expressed grave concerns about her health, repeatedly questioned her otoneurologic diagnoses, and failed physical therapy and medication treatment until her health anxiety and otoneurologic illnesses were addressed simultaneously. Conclusion Health anxiety is an empirically validated concept that explains troublesome health-related beliefs and behaviors. It is frustrating for patients and health care teams, but can be treated successfully in otoneurology practice, thereby reducing physical symptoms, emotional distress, functional impairment, and health care overutilization.
Ovine fetal leucine kinetics and protein metabolism during decreased oxygen availability

The fetus depends on an uninterrupted supply of oxygen to provide energy, not only for basal metabolism but also for the metabolic costs of growth. By curtailing the metabolically expensive process...
R69-13 Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry

Perceptrons were invented in the fifties when "learning machine" was an exciting new concept. For a decade thereafter, there has been much describing, experimenting, and speculating about what perceptrons can and cannot do. Discussions of this topic were typically lively and vague, because the underlying model and the concepts used were rarely completely defined.
Decoupling capacitor planning with analytical delay model on RLC power grid

Decoupling capacitors (decaps) are typically used to reduce the noise in the power supply network. Because the delay of gates and interconnects is affected by the supply voltage level, decaps can be used to improve the circuit performance as well. In this paper, we present the analytical delay model under IR drop, Ldi/dt noise, and decaps to study how decaps affect both the gate and interconnect delay. Given a floorplanning solution, we study how to allocate the whitespace for decap insertion so that the delay is minimized under the given noise and area constraint. We employ the Sequential Linear Programming method to solve the non-linear whitespace allocation problem. Our experimental results show that intelligent decap allocating decap makes further delay reduction possible without adding any additional decap.
Microwave reflection measurements on doped semiconductors with picosecond transient radiation

Broadband microwave reflection spectroscopy using the COMITS (coherent microwave transient spectroscopy) method is described. COMITS is particularly suited to reflection studies because the picosecond transient radiation emitted from planar antennas is strongly linearly polarized. The validity of the technique is verified by reflection measurements on isotropic and anisotropic dielectrics. Reflection studies on a series of doped silicon samples demonstrate that the carrier dynamics in the 15-140-GHz frequency range are well described by a simple Drude model. >
Impact of a cost containment program on the use of volatile anesthetics and neuromuscular blocking drugs.

Study Objective: To determine the impact of a cost containment program on the use of volatile anesthetics and neuromuscular blocking drugs. Design: Historical, controlled, retrospective analysis. Setting: Main operating rooms of an adult general hospital at a university medical center. Patients: All patients undergoing anesthesia between July 1991 and November 1993. Measurements and Main Results: Cost per case was determined by dividing the monthly expediture for each class of drug by the caseload for that month. Cost per case of volatile anesthetic drugs decreased from $19.20 ± 1.16 to $15.16 ± 0.39 ( p = 0.0034 by unpaired t -test). For neuromuscular blocking drugs, cost per case decreased from $19.67 ± 1.35 to $12.23 ± 0.66 ( p = 0.003). Conclusions: Concerted educational efforts can decrease the per case expenditures for both volatile anesthetic drugs and neuromuscular blocking drugs.
Immunohistochemical differences between intracranial germinomas and their gonadal equivalents. An immunoperoxidase study of germ cell tumours with epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin, and vimentin

Twenty-six intracranial germ cell tumours (11 germinomas, 10 teratomas, 2 endodermal sinus tumours, 1 teratocarcinoma, and 2 undifferentiated embryonal carcinomas) and 26 gonadal germ cell tumours (13 testicular seminomas, 2 ovarian dysgerminomas, 9 ovarian teratomas, and 2 myometrial choriocarcinomas) were studied by immunoperoxidase with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin, and vimentin. Typical tumour cells in three of the 11 germinomas (two of the latter being situated in the posterior fossa) expressed both EMA and cytokeratin, whereas those in the seminomas and dysgerminomas did not. In one seminoma, a few multinucleated giant cells expressed cytokeratin. In three of seven germinomas, vimentin-positive tumour cells were found, but all seminomas and dysgerminomas were negative. In the other forms of intracranial and gonadal germ cell tumours, epithelial and mesenchymal elements displayed the expected patterns of immunoreactivity to the respective determinants. The immunoperoxidase differences between the intracranial germinomas and their gonadal equivalents indicate that, in the former, early epithelial or mesenchymal differentiation of the primordial germ cells may be present. The findings draw attention to the heterogeneous cellular composition of these otherwise morphologically homogeneous-appearing tumours and, especially in the posterior fossa, to their transitional links to the immature teratomas.
Control Using Logic-Based Switching

Between the well-studied areas of discontinuous control [1], [2] on the one hand and sampled data control [3] on the other lies the largely unexplored area of logic-based switching control systems. By a logic-based switching controller is meant a controller whose subsystems include not only familiar dynamical components {integrators, summers, gains, etc.} but logic-driven elements as well {e.g., [4]}. More often than not the predominately logical component within such a system is called a supervisor [5], a mode changer [6], a gain scheduler, or something similar. Within the last decade a number of analytical studies of such systems have emerged, mainly in the area of self-adjusting control [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. These studies and others have shown that much can be gained by using logic-based switching together with more familiar techniques in the synthesis of feedback controls. The overall models of systems composed of such logics together with the processes they are intended to control are concrete examples of hybrid dynamical systems [17, 18, 19]. The aim of this paper is to give a brief tutorial review of four different classes of hybrid systems of this type — each consists of a continuous-time process to be controlled, a parameterized family of candidate controllers, and an event driven switching logic.
The Influence of Positive and Negative Affectivity on Reported Job Satisfaction Among Practicing Pharmacists

Job satisfaction, the extent to which employees like their work, has long been an important topic in organizational behavior. Despite the importance of measuring job satisfaction, many studies igno...