cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oleic acid and glucose regulate glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor expression in a rat pancreatic ductal cell line

The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) plays a critical role in glucose metabolism and has become an important target for a growing class of drugs designed to treat type 2 diabetes. In vitro studies were designed to investigate the effect of the GLP1R agonist, exenatide (Ex4), in "on-target" RIN-5mF (islet) cells as well as in "off-target" AR42J (acinar) and DSL-6A/C1 (ductal) cells in a diabetic environment. Ex4 increased islet cell proliferation but did not affect acinar cells or ductal cells at relevant concentrations. A high caloric, high fat diet is a risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance and type-2 diabetes. An in vitro Oleic acid (OA) model was used to investigate the effect of Ex4 in a high calorie, high fat environment. At 0.1 and 0.4mM, OA mildly decreased the proliferation of all pancreatic cell types. Ex4 did not potentiate the inhibitory effect of OA on cell proliferation. Akt phosphorylation in response to Ex4 was diminished in OA-treated ductal cells. GLP1R protein detected by western blot was time and concentration dependently decreased after glucose stimulation in OA-treated ductal cells. In ductal cells, OA treatment altered the intracellular localization of GLP1R and its co-localization with early endosome and recycling endosomes. Chloroquine (lysosomal inhibitor), N-acetyl-l-cysteine (reactive oxygen species scavenger) and wortmannin (a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor), fully or partially, rescued GLP1R protein in OA-pretreated, glucose-stimulated ductal cells. The impact of altered regulation on phenotype/function is presently unknown. However, these data suggest that GLP1R regulation in ductal cells can be altered by a high fat, high calorie environment.
An analysis of the determinants of internal labor mobility in India.

Several variables have been chosen which might reasonably be expected to explain the interstate migration which has occurred in India. The independent variables used in the study explain a fairly high percentage of the variance in migration between states, and all variables except Uj are significant at the 5 percent level or better. The distance variable consistently has in absolute value the highest elasticity in the various estimated relationships, and it is the variable which contributes most in terms of addition to R2. This result is similar to those of other studies dealing with both advanced and less-developed countries, but it appears that the deterring effects of distance may be greater in India than in other countries studied. Migration in India tends to be away from low-income states and toward high-income states, a finding which is similar to those for Ghana, Egypt, and Brazil. Migration also tends to be away from and to populous states, and while migration is away from highly urbanized states, it does not seem to be toward highly urbanized places in India,ceteris paribus. However, migration does tend to be in the direction of places which are urbanizing rapidly and away from places which are urbanizing slowly. There is evidence that in India mobility tends to increase with increased education; this finding is contrary to what was found for Ghana, Egypt, and Brazil. Migration in India also tends to be toward places which display relatively high levels of educational achievement.
An interactive graphical aided scheduling system

Abstract Job-shop master scheduling is typically a time consuming, manual iterative design process were the shop scheduler must resolve resource allocation conflicts against multiple, noncommensurate objective. Further, such resolutions must be achieved in a highly dynamic, time constraint environment. The most common and widely employed aids for planning, generating and maintaining schedules are paper, pencil, and the gantt chart. The author proposes a computer based interactive graphical aid which can provide data of computational analysis in forms more compatible with the needs and environment of the production scheduler.
4-Aminophenylalanine as a Biocompatible Nucleophilic Catalyst for Hydrazone-Ligations at Low Temperature and Neutral pH

Hydrazone formation and similar reactions are highly versatile and specific, but their application to biological systems has been limited by their characteristically slow reaction kinetics at neutral pH. Catalysis of these reactions through imine formation with aromatic amines such as aniline has broadened the applicability of these reactions to biomolecular labeling. High concentrations of the catalyst are necessary, which may be incompatible with the native structure of certain proteins. In this study, we investigated the utility of 4-aminophenylalanine (4a-Phe) as a catalyst for these reactions. We find that 4a-Phe is nearly as effective as aniline in catalyzing hydrazone formation between the reactive amino acid 3-formyltyrosine (3f-Tyr) and hydrazine-containing fluorophores, both free in solution and incorporated into the protein tubulin. The catalyst 4a-Phe maintains ∼70% of the catalytic efficacy of aniline and is less detrimental to the native structure of tubulin. Examination of the temperature dependence of imine formation between 3f-Tyr and 4a-Phe shows an increase in imine concentration accompanying a decrease in temperature, confirming the exothermic nature of the equilibrium reaction. Interestingly, decreasing the temperature of the 4a-Phe-catalyzed hydrazone reaction between 3f-Tyr and the fluorophore 7-hydrazinyl-4-methylcoumarin increases the overall rate of the reaction. This result indicates that the temperature dependence of the catalyst-aldehyde equilibrium is greater than the temperature dependence of the rate constant for hydrazone formation from this intermediate, and that the rate of hydrazone formation a direct function of the concentration of the intermediate imine. These results provide a platform for conducting nucleophilic catalysis under conditions that are more compatible with biomolecular targets than previously demonstrated, thereby expanding the utility of hydrazone ligations in biological systems.
Estimation of Pavement Performance Deterioration Using Bayesian Approach

This paper investigates an incremental pavement performance model based on experimental data from the American Association of State Highway Officials road test. Structural properties, environmental effects, and traffic loading, the three main factors dominating the characteristic of pavement performance, are incorporated into the model. Due to the limited number of variables that can be controlled and observed, unobserved heterogeneity is almost inevitable. Most of the existing models did not fully account for the heterogeneity issue. In this paper, the Bayesian approach is adopted for its ability to address the issue of interest. The Bayesian approach aims to obtain probabilistic parameter distributions through a combination of existing knowledge (prior) and information from the data collected. The Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation is applied to estimate parameter distributions. Due to significant variability in the parameters, the need exists to address heterogeneity in modeling pavement performance. Furthermore, it is shown that not all the parameters are normally distributed. It is therefore suggested that the performance model developed in this research provides a more realistic forecast than most previous models. In addition, pavement deterioration forecast based on the Gibbs output is performed at different confidence levels with varying inspection frequencies, which can enhance the decision-making process in pavement management. In general, the Bayesian approach presented in this paper provides an effective and flexible alternative for model estimation and updating, which can be applied to both the road test data sites and other data sources of interest.
Regulation of the shape of unsealed erythrocyte membranes By Mg-ATP and Ca2+

Abstract In the presence of MgCl 2 and ATP, the specific viscosity of suspensions of unsealed freezethawed erythrocyte membranes decreased slowly with time at 37 °C. The decrease in viscosity was found to be an index of Mg-ATP-specific induced folding of these membranes. Mg-ATP-dependent shape or viscosity changes were found to be highly temperature dependent and the viscosity of these membranes did not decrease in the presence of 2 m m 5′-adenyl imidodiphosphate and MgCl 2 . Cyclic AMP, NaCl, or KCl did not have any effect on the rate of Mg-ATP-induced viscosity decreases. The Mg-ATP-dependent viscosity decreases were inhibited 100% by 1 m m chlorpromazine or 1 m m N -ethylmaleimide. Mg-ATP-dependent viscosity decreases were half-maximally inhibited by 1 μ m Ca 2+ and completely inhibited by 3–5 μ m Ca 2+ . Ca 2+ (5 μ m ) also inhibited Mg 2+ -dependent phosphorylation 25 to 30% in these membranes. However, if these membranes were preincubated in the absence of Ca 2+ for greater than 10 min at 37 °C, 5 μ m Ca 2+ no longer inhibited Mg-ATP-dependent viscosity decreases and only inhibited Mg 2+ -dependent phosphorylation 5% in these preincubated membranes. Preincubation of these membranes at 37 °C for 10 min in the absence of Ca 2+ also resulted in the loss of approximately 40 to 50% of the high-Ca 2+ affinity Ca + Mg-ATPase activity. The presence of 5 μ m Ca 2+ in the preincubation medium protected against the loss of the inhibitory effect of Ca 2+ on Mg 2+ -dependent phosphorylation and Mg-ATP-dependent viscosity decreases. The presence of Ca 2+ in the preincubation medium also protected against the loss of Ca + Mg-ATPase activity in these membranes. It is hypothesized that freeze-thawed erythrocyte membranes contain a Ca 2+ phosphatase activity which is temperature labile in the absence of Ca 2+ and that this Ca 2+ phosphatase activity may be involved in the regulation of shape of these membranes. Also discussed is the possible relationship of this Ca 2+ phosphatase with Ca + Mg-ATPase activity and the problems inherent in studying Ca 2+ -regulated functions in freeze-thawed erythrocyte membranes.
Integration of unattended ground sensors into the tactical radio communications architecture

Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS) have recently gained momentum in the military for applications such as force protection and perimeter surveillance. Many of these unattended ground sensors are deployed in theater today across multiple divisions of the military. In addition to UGS needs, there is a growing need for communication capabilities down to the individual soldier. The majority of UGS systems require specialized devices to monitor intrusion activities. This causes added burden to the soldiers who have to carry a multitude of equipment for a particular mission. To eliminate the need for a specialized device, some systems send sensor data to an Intelligence Operations Center. However, even though an extra device has been eliminated, there are concerns with delays and latency to disseminate sensor data down to the reactionary force as actionable reports. The RF Communications Division of Harris Corporation has developed a family of UGS equipment that provides seamless integration with currently fielded tactical communications architectures. This paper provides an overview of how this equipment eliminates the need of a separate monitoring device by providing direct actionable intelligence to a reactionary force to already fielded tactical radios as well as enhanced situational awareness up through the Tactical Radio Communications Architecture.
Complete Genomic Organization of the Human Erythroid p55 Gene (MPP1), a Membrane-Associated Guanylate Kinase Homologue

Abstract Human p55 is an abundantly palmitoylated phosphoprotein of the erythroid membrane. It is the prototype of a newly discovered family of membrane-associated proteins termed MAGUKs (membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologues). The MAGUKs interact with the cytoskeleton and regulate cell proliferation, signaling pathways, and intercellular junctions. Here, we report the complete intron–exon map of the human erythroid p55 gene (HGMW-approved symbol MPP1). The structure of the p55 gene was determined from cosmid clones isolated from a cosmid library specific for the human X chromosome. There is a single copy of the p55 gene, composed of 12 exons and spanning approximately 28 kb in the q28 region of the human X chromosome. The exon sizes range from 69 (exon 5) to 203 (exon 10) bp, whereas the intron sizes vary from 280 bp (intron 2) to ∼14 kb (intron 1). The intron–exon boundaries conform to the donor/acceptor consensus sequence, GT-AG, for splice junctions. Several of the exon boundaries correspond to the boundaries of functional domains in the p55 protein. These domains include a SH3 motif and a region that binds to cytoskeletal protein 4.1. In addition, a comparison of the genomic and the primary structures of p55 reveals a highly conserved phosphotyrosine domain located between the protein 4.1 binding domain and the guanylate kinase domain. Finally, promoter activity measurements of the region immediately upstream of the p55 gene, which contains several cis -elements commonly found in housekeeping genes, suggest that a CpG island may be associated with the p55 gene expression in vivo.
BULK FERROMAGNETIC GLASSES IN THE Fe-Ni-P-B SYSTEM

Abstract The ferromagnetic metallic glass Fe40Ni40P14B6, available only as 30–50 μm thick ribbons, has been extensively studied over the last three decades. We used a flux-melting and water-quenching technique to prepare bulk glassy Fe40Ni40P14B6 alloys in the form of 2-mm diameter spheres and 1-mm diameter rods. The Curie temperature for the bulk glasses is higher than the average value of Curie temperatures reported for the rapidly quenched ribbons. The glass-transition temperature and the crystallization temperature of the bulk glasses are lower and higher, respectively, than the average values reported for rapidly quenched ribbons, making the supercooled-liquid region as wide as 42 K. The bulk glasses crystallize by a homogeneous nucleation followed by a growth at a constant rate. The nucleation rate in the bulk glasses is four orders of magnitude lower than in the rapidly quenched ribbons, suggesting that the previous thickness limitation was due to impurities in the melt (heterogeneous nucleation).
Evaluating an Educational Intervention With Relatives of Persons in the Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease

The objective of this article was to describe the results of an educational intervention for family caregivers of persons in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. A total of 58 family caregivers participated in this intervention, which consisted of five weekly educational sessions about the disease and various aspects of caregiving. Measures of knowledge about Alzheimer’s disease, reactions to patients’ impairments, and levels of depression at pretest, posttest, and follow-up at 9 months posttest were analyzed. The results showed that modest benefits were derived by participants at the three points in time, with knowledge about the disease improving significantly, reactions to patients’ impairments improving slightly, and level of depression increasing slightly. This preliminary study reveals that the educational intervention has merit for family caregivers coping with the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, but new or different outcome measures could possibly better assess its impact.
Developments in Formulation and Application of the Filtered Density Function

An overview is presented of the state of progress in large eddy simulation of turbulent combustion via the filtered density function (FDF). This includes the formulations based on both the joint velocity-scalar FDF, and the marginal scalar FDF. In the former, the most up-to-date and comprehensive form of the model is presented along with its applications for LES of some relatively simple flows. In the latter, results are presented of the most recent LES of a complex turbulent flame. Both of the models are described in the context of a variable density flow via consideration of the filtered mass density function (FMDF).
Interactive Digital Entertainment, Social Computing, and Lifestyle Computing

Some of the most dramatic recent developments in computing have been the explosive growth in interactive digital entertainment (IDE), and social and lifestyle computing--or the non-business use of computing for purposes of entertainment, socialization, and lifestyle augmentation. For example, the market for gaming alone is currently about $7.3 billion dollars, with $936 million in online gaming. Meanwhile, the market for digital entertainment in homes and home automation has reached an all-time high in 2005 with no end in sight. These non-business uses of computing represent large and legitimate markets with social implications that are so profound and global in impact that effected societies will never be the same.
Mannose 6-phosphate receptors: new twists in the tale

The two mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) receptors were identified because of their ability to bind M6P-containing soluble acid hydrolases in the Golgi and transport them to the endosomal-lysosomal system. During the past decade, we have started to understand the structural features of these receptors that allow them to do this job, and how the receptors themselves are sorted as they pass through various membrane-bound compartments. But trafficking of acid hydrolases is only part of the story. Evidence is emerging that one of the receptors can regulate cell growth and motility, and that it functions as a tumour suppressor.
Photochemical and meteorological relationships during the Texas-II Radical and Aerosol Measurement Project (TRAMP)

Abstract The Moody Tower measurement site at the University of Houston experienced several large ozone events during the Texas-II Radical and Aerosol Measurement Project (TRAMP) campaign between 13 Aug–02 Oct, 2006. This rooftop site samples that atmosphere 70 m a.g.l. and consequently is less susceptible to local surface emissions. Several high-ozone episodes encountered at Moody Tower during the TRAMP campaign were preceded one to two days earlier by a cold front passage, creating a situation where polluted air is transported from the North interacts with local Houston emissions and with light local winds. High quality CO measurements were good indicators of long range transport of pollution and/or biomass burning. During TRAMP there were also 4 periods with low “background” CO characterized by southerly winds, overcast conditions and low NOx and O3 mixing ratios. The summer and fall of 2000 was an unusually hot period in Houston with considerably higher ozone levels than the 2000–2007 climatology. The 2006 TRAMP time period is more representative of the typical conditions for these 8 years. Over the time period from 1991 to 2009 the number of 8-h ozone episode days in Houston has decreased, as have the peak 1-h ozone mixing ratios. It is not possible from this analysis to demonstrate whether these improvements in Houston air quality are due to reductions in NOx levels, VOCs levels, and/or changes in meteorology.
Vibrational frequencies and geometries for the open HF trimer

Abstract Non-cyclic structures of the HF trimer are investigated using self-consistent-field (SCF) wavefunctions constructed from basis sets of double-zeta (DZ) and double-zeta plus polarization (DZ+P) quality. Cis and trans planar stationary points for the open trimer were found with the DZ SCF method, corresponding to a minimum and a transition state, respectively. With the DZP SCF method the trans structure is again a transition state but we were unable to locate an analogous cis stationary point. Thus we find little evidence for the existence of any conformational minimum of the HF trimer other than the cyclic structure. Vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities were predicted from analytic energy and dipole moment derivatives at the SCF level of theory. Predicted values for the vibrational frequency shifts relative to the HF monomer are also given and compared with experimental results.
Real-time rendering of cartoon smoke and clouds

We describe an algorithm for rendering animated smoke particle systems in a cartoon style. This style includes outlines and cel-shading. For efficient self-shadowing effects, we introduce nailboard shadow volumes that create complex shadows from few polygons. Including shadows, the renderer draws only three polygons per particle and entirely avoids the latency of depth buffer readback.We combine the renderer with a fast simulator that generates the phenomenology of real smoke but has artistically controllable parameters. Together they produce real-time interactive smoke animations at over 30 fps. Thus our algorithm is well-suited to applications where interactive performance and expressive power are preferred to realism; for example, video games and rapid development of animation.
Parental Views of School-Located Delivery of Adolescent Vaccines

Abstract Purpose School-located immunization has the potential to increase adolescent vaccination rates. This study assessed parents' attitudes toward administration of adolescent vaccines (tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis [Tdap], meningococcal conjugate [MenACWY], human papillomavirus [HPV], and influenza) at school. Methods We conducted a mailed survey of parents of sixth graders from July 2009 to September 2009 in three urban/suburban (Aurora, CO) middle schools assessing barriers and facilitators to school vaccination and willingness to consent for vaccines at school. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses examined the association of parent and student characteristics with parent willingness to consent to school-located vaccination. Results The response rate was 62% (500/806). Parents reported 82% of teens had a regular site of health care, and 17% were uninsured. Overall, 71% of parents would consent for vaccines at school; 72% for Tdap, 71% for MenACWY, 53% for HPV (parents of girls), and 67% for seasonal influenza. Among parents who answered it was important their child receives recommended vaccines, (88%) would consent for influenza vaccine at school, compared with Tdap (76%), MenACWY (74%), and HPV (72%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated parents of uninsured teens (odds ratio [OR] 3.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40, 12.23), who were unmarried (OR 1.90, 95% CI: 1.14, 3.25), or had a child attending the school with the highest percent eligibility for free/reduced lunch (OR 2.75, 95% CI: 1.36, 5.80) were significantly more willing to consent for vaccines at school. Conclusions These data suggest parents are generally supportive of school-located vaccine delivery, particularly for annual influenza vaccination and for uninsured and low-income adolescents.
Phonon mediated photodetector

Quantum-wells and quantum dots and related semiconductor nanostructures have been widely investigated for infrared devices. Here we propose a new general approach to make use of polar optical phonons in quantum-wells for infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz) detection. As the first example, we show the coupling of phonon and intersubband transition leading to Fano resonance in photocurrent spectra. We investigate the phenomenon experimentally in specially designed GaAs/AlGaAs quantum-well infrared photodetectors. Finally, we discuss the future research and potentials.
AT4 receptor activation increases intracellular calcium influx and induces a non-N-methyl-d-aspartate dependent form of long-term potentiation

Abstract The angiotensin 4 receptor (AT 4 ) subtype is heavily distributed in the dentate gyrus and CA1–CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. Neuronal pathways connecting these subfields are believed to be activated during learning and memory processing. ur laboratory previously demonstrated that application of the AT 4 agonist, Norleucine 1 -angiotensin IV, enhanced baseline synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation, whereas perfusion with the AT 4 antagonist, Norleucine 1 -Leu 3 -ψ(CH 2 -NH 2 ) 3-4 -angiotensin IV disrupted long-term potentiation stabilization in area CA1. The objective of the present study was to identify the mechanism(s) responsible for Norleucine 1 -angiotensin IV-induced increase in hippocampal long-term potentiation. Hippocampal slices perfused with Norleucine 1 -angiotensin IV for 20 min revealed a notable increase in baseline responses in a non-reversible manner and were blocked by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt. Infusions of Norleucine 1 -angiotensin IV prior to, but not after theta burst stimulation, significantly enhanced long-term potentiation compared with control slices. Further, N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor-independent long-term potentiation could be induced by tetanization during the perfusion of Norleucine 1 -angiotensin IV in the presence of the N -methyl- d -aspartate antagonist, d,l -2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid. Blockade of select voltage dependent calcium channels significantly reduced Norleucine 1 -angiotensin IV-induced increase in baseline responses and subsequent long-term potentiation suggesting that AT 4 receptor activation increases intracellular calcium levels via altering voltage dependent calcium channels and triggers an N -methyl- d -aspartate-independent form of long-term potentiation. In support of this notion the application of Nle 1 -angiotensin IV to cultured rat hippocampal neurons resulted in increased intracellular calcium derived exclusively from extracellular sources. Consistent with these observations Nle 1 -angiotensin IV was capable of augmenting the uptake of 45 Ca 2+ into rat hippocampal slices. Taken together, these data indicate that increased calcium influx through postsynaptic calcium channels contribute to Norleucine 1 -angiotensin IV-induced enhancement of long-term potentiation.
The effect of sex hormones on hepatic and renal lesions induced in rats by a choline-deficient diet.

While producing cirrhosis in rats by high fat, low choline diets, the authors observed that the livers of female rats showed less severe lesions than those of males. Similarly, the kidneys of young females appeared to withstand the effects of low choline diets better than the kidneys of young males. These findings are in agreement with those first reported by Griffith (1940). In an effort to explore the factors involved in these sex related differences, injections of estrogens and androgens were given to groups of both males and females on the experimental diet. The results indicate that the renal and hepatic lesions which develop after feeding rats a high fat, low choline diet may be altered by hormonal injections. The present findings, plus those reported in a preliminary note (1947) complement the work of Gyorgy, Rose, and Shipley (1947, 1949).
Angiogenesis inhibitors. New agents in cancer therapy.

Tumours that do not develop a blood supply cannot grow larger than I to 2mm 3 . The growth of a tumour blood supply, called angiogenesis, is a complex process that greatly increases the likelihood of metastatic spread and aggressive tumour behaviour. Molecular processes involved in angiogenesis include stimulation of endothelial growth by tumour cytokine production (vascular endothelial growth factor), degradation of extracellular matrix proteins by metalloproteinases, and migration of endothelial cells mediated by cell membrane adhesion molecules called integrins. These processes are being targeted by several new types of agents broadly classified as angiogenesis inhibitors. Additionally, endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors have been discovered and one of them, endostatin, is currently undergoing clinical trials. The unique targets of these drugs make them distinct from traditional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. Unlike cytotoxic chemotherapy, in which the biological effect of the drug produces the antitumour effect as well as the toxic effect, angiogenesis inhibitors may produce their biological effect independently of the toxic effect. This fact raises important questions among clinical investigators as to what is the most effective way to administer these drugs and monitor their effects. This paper details some of the scientific evidence making angiogenesis an important therapeutic target as well as issues regarding the structure of clinical trials with these new anticancer agents.
Elastic-Plastic Deformation at Finite Strains

Abstract : In some circumstances, elastic-plastic deformation occurs in which both components of strain are finite. Such situations fall outside the scope of classical plasticity theory which assumes either infinitesimal strains or plastic-rigid theory for large strains. The present theory modifies the kinematics to include finite elastic and plastic strain components. For situations requiring this generalization, dilatational influences are usually significant including thermo-mechanical coupling. This is introduced through the consideration of two coupled thermodynamic systems: one comprising thermo- elasticity at finite strain and the other the irreversible process of dissipation and absorption of plastic work. The present paper generalizes a previous theory to permit arbitrary deformation histories.
Self-avoinding tethered membranes embedded into high dimensions

The equilibrium structure of self-avoiding two-dimensional tethered membranes embedded in a space of dimension d>2 are studied using molecular dynamics simulations for 3≤d≤8. For embeddding dimension d≥5, the membranes crumple while they remain flat for d≤4. In the crumbled phase, the radius of gyration R g increases L υ , where L is the linear size of the uncrumpled surface, and υ is significantly larger than the simple Flory estimate υ F =4/(d+2)
Heat transfer in the critical region—temperature and velocity profiles in turbulent flow

Unusual heat transfer phenomena have been observed between solid surfaces and fluids near their thermodynamic critical point. To understand better these phenomena temperature and velocity profiles and local heat transfer coefficients were measured for turbulent flow of carbon dioxide in a tube at 1,075 lb/sq. in. abs. (pc = 1,071). The results indicate a severe flattening of the radial temperature profiles, a maximum in the velocity profile between the wall and the tube axis, and a maximum in h' when the bulk fluid temperature passes through the transposed critical temperature. The results can be explained qualitatively by considering the variation with temperature of thermal conductivity near the tube wall and specific heat in the turbulent core.
Image registration via level-set motion: applications to atlas-based segmentation.

Abstract Image registration is an often encountered problem in various fields including medical imaging, computer vision and image processing. Numerous algorithms for registering image data have been reported in these areas. In this paper, we present a novel curve evolution approach expressed in a level-set framework to achieve image intensity morphing and a simple non-linear PDE for the corresponding coordinate registration. The key features of the intensity morphing model are that (a) it is very fast and (b) existence and uniqueness of the solution for the evolution model are established in a Sobolev space as opposed to using viscosity methods. The salient features of the coordinate registration model are its simplicity and computational efficiency. The intensity morph is easily achieved via evolving level-sets of one image into the level-sets of the other. To explicitly estimate the coordinate transformation between the images, we derive a non-linear PDE-based motion model which can be solved very efficiently. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm on a variety of images including synthetic and real data. As an application of the PDE-based motion model, atlas based segmentation of hippocampal shape from several MR brain scans is depicted. In each of these experiments, automated hippocampal shape recovery results are validated via manual ‘expert’ segmentations.
Surface enhanced Raman scattering of ammonia

Abstract A surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum of 0.5 M NH 3 in 4.0 M KCl has been observed on a silver electrode. An approximate enhancement factor of 3 × 10 5 is calculated, and additional evidence for the enhanced nature of the spectrum is provided by the observation that totally symmetric vibrations are depolarized and by the strong potential dependence of the intensity of surface lines. Assignments have been given to the SERS lines with the low-frequency lines assigned to a AgCl and AgN stretch. The positive shift of the maximum of the intensity versus voltage curve with a lower laser excitation frequency is taken as evidence for the occurrence of a charge transfer process from ammonia to the silver electrode. The fact that the SERS spectrum of NH 3 on Ag can only be observed at large electrolyte concentrations is attributed to the breaking of hydrogen bonding at the electrode-solution interface.
Comments on “some considerations in the formulation of IC yield statistics”

Abstract The paper by Hu[1] critiqued the basis of integrated circuit yield theory. Capitalizing on Hu's work, the present paper shows that by developing the model from a large sample statistical point of view, it is possible to widen the scope of Hu's approach. This widened approach allows the inclusion of different defect mechanisms with variations in defect sensitivities over a chip. The model also allows approximations for chip-to-chip variations by using resulting continuous fault density distributions. The model thus obtained predicted that the logarithm of yield versus chip area relationship could show a downward curvature rather than the upward curvature obtained by previous theories. Data from two different integrated circuit factories is shown to confirm this prediction.
Neurokinin type-3 receptor stimulation impairs ethanol-associated appetitive behavior in Wistar rats.

Objectives: Stimulating central neurokinin type-3 (NK-3) receptors decreases ethanol intake in rats. Although paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) has a high density of NK-3 receptors, their influence on ethanol reinforcement has not been examined. This study's purpose was to assess the effects of intra-PVN infusion of senktide, a NK-3 receptor agonist, on ethanol self-administration. In a follow-up study, senktide's effects on ethanol self-administration after intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion were examined. Methods: Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer 10% ethanol (10E) in the “Sipper Tube” model described by Samson and colleagues, Guide cannula were then aimed bilaterally at the PVN or unilaterally at the lateral cerebral ventricle. Intra-PVN (5–100 ng/side) or ICV (30–500 ng/rat) effects of senktide on 10E self-administration were also examined as a preliminary test of senktide's selectivity. Results: Intra-PVN and ICV infusion of senktide reduced the average number of consecutive lever presses and increased the time taken to complete the lever press requirement when 10E served as the reinforcer. Increased duration of the lever-pressing component was observed when senktide was administered prior to 2S self-administration sessions. Neither PVN nor ICV senktide administration significantly altered 10E or 2S consumption. Conclusions: These data suggest that stimulation of central neurokinin typ-3 receptors in the Wistar rat reduces appetitive behavior while having little or no impact on consummatory behavior. Ethanol “seeking” appeared more sensitive to disruption by senktide than sucrose “seeking.” However, further studies assessing the senktide's effects on sucrose-maintained behavior are needed to verify this hypothesis. Lastly, it is hypothesized that lack of effect of senktide on intake is in part related to the use of outbred Wistar rats in these studies instead of selectively bred rats.
Studying Technological Differentiation: The Case of 18th‐Century Electrical Technology

This article furnishes a theoretical framework, drawn from behavioral archaeology and built around the phenomenon of technology transfer, for studying any instance of technological differentiation—the proliferation of a technology's functional variants. This process is important to anthropologists because it can help us to understand some important causes of technological change found in societies simple and complex. Technological differentiation arises because, as a technology is transferred from one community to another, it is redesigned to have a mix of performance characteristics more appropriate for carrying out utilitarian and/or symbolic functions in specific activities of recipient communities. Use of the technology-transfer framework for constructing proximate explanations of technological differentiation is illustrated with 18th–century electrical technology. [Keywords: technology transfer, technological differentiation, history of electricity, 18th-century science, behavioral theory]
Bone Grafting for Glenoid Deficiency in Total Shoulder Replacement

Twenty-eight patients had glenoid bone grafting for segmental glenoid wear as a part of total shoulder arthroplasty. Nineteen of these patients had osteoarthritis and 5 had arthritis associated with shoulder instability. Follow-up evaluation averaged 5.3 years (range, 2 to 11 years). Autogenous humeral head grafts were used in 27 patients. In 25 patients, 3.5-mm cortical screws were used for fixation. Postoperatively, there was no or slight pain in 25 patients and moderate pain in 3 patients. Postoperative motion averaged 126 degrees in abduction, 39 degrees in external rotation, and T12 in internal rotation. According to Neer's result rating, 13 shoulders were excellent, 10 satisfactory, and 5 unsatisfactory (symptomatic glenoid loosening in 2, reoperation for instability in 2, and persistent pain in 1). Radiographically, 13 shoulders had no lucencies, 11 had incomplete lucencies, and 4 had complete lucencies. In 3 of these, the lucencies were at least 1.5 mm wide. These glenoids were considered radiographically loose; however, only 2 were symptomatic. When this technique is used to restore glenoid bone and joint alignment, clinical and radiographic results are similar to those for total shoulder arthroplasty overall.
The Five-Factor Model plus Dominance in Chimpanzee Personality ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Forty-three trait-descriptive adjectives with representative items from the human Big-Five model were used to assess the factor structure of personality in 100 zoo chimpanzees. Interrater reliabilities were acceptably high, with an overall η of .75 and those of individual adjectives ranging from .55 to .81. Analysis of variance showed no significant interaction between zoos and individual trait descriptors or between zoos and factors based on those adjectives. There were therefore no between-zoo differences in patterns of intercorrelation among trait descriptors or among factors. Factor analysis showed that the chimpanzee ratings were accurately described by six factors, five of which resembled the human Big Five. The sixth factor was dominance related and was consistent with the central role of dominance in chimpanzee personality. Convergent and discriminant validity of the factor structure was excellent. These results are the first quantitative evidence of profound similarities in the personality structure of humans and chimpanzees.
Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux after laparoscopic Heller myotomy

Background: There is still some controversy over the need for antireflux procedures with Heller myotomy in the treatment of achalasia. This study was undertaken in an effort to clarify this question.
Cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood monocytes

Native tumoricidal activity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was examined before and after their separation by counterflow centrifugation elutriation (CCE). Tumoricidal activity was found in the subpopulation of small mononuclear cells but not within the relatively pure subpopulation of large monocytes. Addition of lymphokine and/or lipopolysaccharide demonstrated that large monocytes were resistant to activation for tumor killing, in contrast to small mononuclear cells. However, cryopreservation or simply exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) rendered the large monocytes sensitive to activating agents without altering their unstimulated tumoricidal activity. Cryopreservation was not detrimental to small or large monocytes either in number or tumoricidal function but did decrease the number of large granular lymphocytes (LGL). The small mononuclear cell fraction was enriched for small monocytes to 80% by combining CCE with Percoll gradient separation. HNK-1 mouse monoclonal antibody against human LGL was used with complement to remove virtually all LGL from cryopreserved cells as judged by morphology and tumoricidal activity against K-562 human lymphoblastoid cells. Such treatment actually augmented rather than suppressed tumoricidal activity against P-815 mastocytoma cells. Therefore, we conclude that small monocytes but not large monocytes possess native tumoricidal activity distinct from that attributed to LGL or natural killer lymphocytes. Further, small monocytes are readily activated for tumor killing and can be cryopreserved without loss of tumoricidal activity.
Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila melanogaster Associated With Variation in Male Reproductive Proteins

Multiple mating by females establishes the opportunity for postcopulatory sexual selection favoring males whose sperm is preferentially employed in fertilizations. Here we use natural variation in a wild population of Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the genetic basis of sperm competitive ability. Approximately 101 chromosome 2 substitution lines were scored for components of sperm competitive ability (P1′, P2′, fecundity, remating rate, and refractoriness), genotyped at 70 polymorphic markers in 10 male reproductive genes, and measured for transcript abundance of those genes. Permutation tests were applied to quantify the statistical significance of associations between genotype and phenotype. Nine significant associations were identified between polymorphisms in the male reproductive genes and sperm competitive ability and 13 were identified between genotype and transcript abundance, but no significant associations were found between transcript abundance and sperm competitive ability. Pleiotropy was evident in two genes: a polymorphism in Acp33A associated with both P1′ and P2′ and a polymorphism in CG17331 associated with both elevated P2′ and reduced refractoriness. The latter case is consistent with antagonistic pleiotropy and may serve as a mechanism maintaining genetic variation.
Tactical deception reduces predation on birds’ eggs

n the months leading up to the 1973Yom Kippur War, the Egyptianmilitary staged 40 maneuvers on ornear the Israeli border. Over time,the Israelis learned that Egyptian activitynear the border was not necessarilya threat to respond to, and they ultimatelylet their guard down, only to be surprisedone day when the tanks and troopscrossed the border as part of a coordinatedinvasion (1, 2). In PNAS, Price andBanks (3) show that by using analogoustactical deceptions that rely on teachinganimals not to expect to ﬁnd food,conservation biologists might be able toreduce predation on vulnerable ground-nesting birds.Conservation biology is a crisis disci-pline that is often at war with forces thatpush species toward extinction. Indeed,a major problem that has resulted fromour systematic killing of carnivoresthroughout the world is that we havecreated disequilibria that let former preyprosper (4). When those prey includepotentially harmful predators, such as rats(Rattus sp.) or hedgehogs (Erinaceuseuropaeus), that may eat bird eggs andnestlings, ground-nesting birds may bethe ultimate losers in this trophic cascade(5, 6).Conservation interventions may includeattempting to kill all the predators, whichraises ethical issues and is often difﬁcult toaccomplish. Nonlethal interventions in-clude captive breeding and reintroductionto recover populations. However, many ofthese interventions fail (7). Failures arecostly and mean that the population is notrescued or recovered. Thus, research toreduce failures and create new nonlethalmeans to recover vulnerable populationsis ultimately a boon to conservationand welfare.Conservation behavior is a subdisciplineof conservation biology that appliesfundamental insights from behavioralbiology to conservation (where the goal istypically to increase small populations)and management (where the goal istypically to decrease overabundant pop-ulations or reduce their deleteriouseffects) (8). Many conservation and man-agement problems can beneﬁt frommechanistic insights into how animalsrespond to stimuli and learn aboutbiologically important events.Previous DeceptionsOrganisms produce smells, and theseunique scents may contain potentialinformation about species, sex, age,identity, and reproductive status.Importantly, both conspeciﬁcs andheterospeciﬁcs may use these scents tomake biologically informed decisions,and learning is often an importantmechanism in decision making. It isgenerally known that hunters try to at-tract predators with the scents of theirprey, trappers try to attract animals
Report of research committee on chemistry of natural waters, 1951–1952

The Committee has no research accomplishments to present at this time though a special report probably will be completed later. Because many members of the American Geophysical Union do not have a complete idea of the breadth of the work programs of the Geological Survey throughout the United States, it is felt that a brief report describing the activities of the U.S. Geological Survey as related to the chemistry of natural waters would be of interest. The Geological Survey is one of the principal Federal organizations that make systematic surveys to furnish basic data on the chemical characteristics of natural waters and of public water supplies with reference to their suitability for industrial, municipal and agricultural uses.
OPTICAL LAYERS AND MATERIALS FOR NEXT GENERATION SOLAR CELLS

Layers that enhance light scattering and Raman-scattering-based spectral modification for solar cell applications were investigated. Titanium-oxide based rear diffuse reflector were found to increase the long wavelength response of crystalline solar cells. Also particle within the Titanium-oxide produce a far greater Stokes and anti-Stokes shift when compared to bulk crystal counterparts. The anti-Stokes to Stokes shift ratio in these particle systems is also greater and increased with increasing probe or bias light intensity. When applied to solar cells these layers extend the red response and thereby increase the overall performance.
REINAS: the Real-time Environmental Information Network and Analysis System

The Real-Time Environmental Information Network and Analysis System (REINAS) is a distributed system supporting the conduct of regional environmental science research at the desk top. Continuous real-time data acquired from dispersed sensors is stored in a logically integrated but physically distributed data base. An integrated problem-solving environment is under development which supports visualization and modeling. REINAS is intended to provide insight into historical, current, and predicted oceanographic and meteorological conditions. REINAS permits both collaborative and single-user scientific work in a distributed environment.