cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Somatotopic relations between the motor nucleus and its innervated muscle fibers in the cat tibialis anterior

Abstract The normal development of the anatomic relationships between the motoneurons of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and their innervated muscle fibers was studied in 1-, 6-, and 12-week-old and adult cats. The motoneurons of the anterior branch and the contralateral posterior branch of the TA nerve were retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Within the TA motor nucleus, anterior branch motoneurons (63% of total) were located rostrally and posterior branch motoneurons (37% of total) were located more caudally. The distributions of soma diameters of labeled motoneurons were bimodal in all age groups, allowing a presumptive division into gamma (small) and alpha (large) motoneurons. The posterior branch contained 52% of the total gamma motoneurons but only 28% of the total alpha motoneurons. Within the TA muscle, the regions innervated by the anterior and posterior branches were clearly segregated as determined by glycogen depletion. Myofibrillar ATPase staining at p H 4.4 demonstrated that the posterior branch innervated a higher proportion (56%) of types I and IIA fibers than the anterior. Our results support the hypothesis that a topographic relationship exists between the locus of a motoneuron within its motor nucleus and the position of its innervated muscle fibers within the muscle. Since these topographic relationships apply to all age groups studied, the muscle volume innervated by each muscle nerve branch appears to represent a reproducible developmental unit with distinct anatomic, physiologic and possibly functional properties. This unit may be termed a muscle “compartment.”
Examining the structural challenges to communication as experienced by nurse managers in two US hospital settings

Aim This study examined the structural barriers to communication for first-line nurse managers with their staff nurses. Background The delivery of quality care depends on effective communication in hospital units. First-line nurse managers are central figures in networks whose responsibility is to communicate information from the senior management to staff nurses. Methods The data were collected using face-to-face interviews with first-line managers at two US hospitals The interviews were transcribed and coded with limited use of the qualitative software atlas Interview questions focused on work experiences of managers with special emphases on communication. Results Structural barriers that influenced managers’ communication included the amount of face-to-face interaction with nurses, the amount of information to communicate, levels of formalization, outreach to all nurses, time constraints and nurses’ subcultural networks These factors compromised managers’ ability to communicate effectively with nurses. Conclusions Managers should carefully examine how structure affects communication recognizing that some dynamics of structure cannot be changed but that they can influence others, such as formalization and communication networks. Implications for nursing management Managers should examine their own positioning within nurses’ networks and demonstrate to nurses that their expertise contributes to the collaborative capital upon which nursing practice depends.
The Politics of Clientelism: Democracy and the State in Colombia

In Latin America the state is the prime regulator, coordinator, and pace-setter of the entire national system, the apex of the pyramid from which patronage, wealth, power, and programs flow. The state bears responsibility for the realization of civic needs, providing goods and services to each citizen. Doing so requires the exercise and maintenance of social and political control. It is John Martz's contention that clientelism underlines the fundamental character of Latin American social and political life. As the modernizing bureaucratic state has developed in Latin America, there has been a concurrent shifting away from clientelistic relationships. Yet in one form or another, political clientelism still remains central. Clientelism occurs when large numbers of low-status individuals, such as those in the slums of rural and underdeveloped areas, are protected by a powerful patron who defends their interests in return for deference or material reward. In Colombia the rural patron has become a member of the higher clientelistic system as well; he is dependent on a patron who operates at the national level. This enables urban elites to mobilize low-status clients for such acts as mass demonstrations of political loyalty to the regime. Thus, traditional clientelism has been modified through the process of modernization. Part One of The Politics of Clientelism examines Colombian politics, focusing on the incarnation and traditional forms of clientelism. Part Two explores the policies of Colombian governance, from the administrations of Lleras Camargo through Julio Cesar Turbay Ayala. Part Three discusses the modernization and restructuring of Colombia in recent decades under Belisario Betancur, Virgilio Barco, and Cesar Gaviria. As the modernizing bureaucratic state has unfolded, there has been a similar shift in many clientelistic relationships. Martz argues that, whether corporate clientelism remains or more democratic organization develops, Colombia is unlikely to shed its basic clientelistic impulses. Reforms will determine whether or not the state can construct a system in which the citizenry affects the course of national politics. The Politics of Clientelism provides a well-developed theory linking regime and governmental process to policy formulation and performance in Colombia. It will be engrossing reading for economists, sociologists, political scientists, and other researchers interested in Latin America.
Ammonothermal Synthesis of III-Nitride Crystals

Ammonothermal synthesis of nitrides is reviewed, with an emphasis on gallium and aluminum nitrides due to their important applications as direct wide band gap semiconductors. Since the crystallization process of nitrides involves the formation of some intermediate compounds during ammonothermal synthesis where a mineralizer is used, some ternary amides and ammoniates of aluminum and gallium with alkali metals or halides are also reviewed briefly. The ammonothermal crystallization of GaN and AlN bulk crystals, which is analogous to the hydrothermal growth of oxides, is introduced. Retrograde solubility, mineralizers, pressure−temperature−volume−concentration (PTVC) relations, phase relations, and transport growth of GaN in alkaline solutions are discussed in detail. Recent progress of GaN single-crystal growth by the ammonothermal technique is reported. We have grown GaN bulk single crystals up to 10 mm2 by 1-mm thick. Issues such as ammonia breakdown, impurity incorporation, and scale-up of the ammonother...
Deletion of SLC19A2 , the High Affinity Thiamine Transporter, Causes Selective Inner Hair Cell Loss and an Auditory Neuropathy Phenotype

Mutations in the gene coding for the high-affinity thiamine transporter Slc19a2 underlie the clinical syndrome known as thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia (TRMA) characterized by anemia, diabetes, and sensorineural hearing loss. To create a mouse model of this disease, a mutant line was created with targeted disruption of the gene. Cochlear function is normal in these mutants when maintained on a high-thiamine diet. When challenged with a low-thiamine diet, Slc19a2-null mice showed 40–60 dB threshold elevations by auditory brainstem response (ABR), but only 10–20 dB elevation by otoacoustic emission (OAE) measures. Wild-type mice retain normal hearing on either diet. Cochlear histological analysis showed a pattern uncommon for sensorineural hearing loss: selective loss of inner hair cells after 1–2 weeks on low thiamine and significantly greater inner than outer hair cell loss after longer low-thiamine challenges. Such a pattern is consistent with the observed discrepancy between ABR and OAE threshold shifts. The possible role of thiamine transport in other reported cases of selective inner hair cell loss is considered.
Synthesis of Responsive Motion Using a Dynamic Model

Synthesizing the movements of a responsive virtual character in the event of unexpected perturbations has proven a difficult challenge. To solve this problem, we devise a fully automatic method that learns a nonlinear probabilistic model of dynamic responses from very few perturbed walking sequences. This model is able to synthesize responses and recovery motions under new perturbations different from those in the training examples. When perturbations occur, we propose a physics-based method that initiates motion transitions to the most probable response example based on the dynamic states of the character. Our algorithm can be applied to any motion sequences without the need for preprocessing such as segmentation or alignment. The results show that three perturbed motion clips can sufficiently generate a variety of realistic responses, and 14 clips can create a responsive virtual character that reacts realistically to external forces in different directions applied on different body parts at different moments in time.
Korrosionsschutz von Stahl durch gespritzte Zink‐ und Aluminiumüberzüge

Das seit etwa 1922 praktisch angewandte Metallspritzen finden zur Zeit eine vielseitige Verwendung, insbesondere zum Korrosionsschutz von Stahl, wobei vorwiegend die niedrigschmelzenden Metalle Zink und Aluminium als Spritzmetalle verwendet werden. Beide Metalle lassen sich sowohl im Pulver-, als auch im Drahtverfahren verarbeiten, doch sind die so erzielten Uberzuge in ihren physikalischen Merkmalen deutlich verschieden. Unter Berucksichtigung der bisherigen Erfahrungen werden die Eigenschaflen der aufgespritzten Zink- und Aluminiumuberzuge eingehend behandelt. Zusammenfassend wird hierbei festgestellt, das unter geeigneten Bedingungen Zink- und Aluminium-Spritz-Uberzuge unter Wasser und in der Atmosphare einen wirksamen Schutz fur Weichstahl bieten. Fur deren Schutzwirkung durfte neben einem kathodischen Schutz des Grundmetalls vorwiegend die Blockierung der Poren im Metalluberzug durch Korrosionsprodukte masgebend sein. Bei Aluminium durfte auch der absorbierende amphotere Hydroxydfilm auf dem Metall an chemischen Reaktionen teilnehmen. Bei der Wahl des Schutzmetalls bleibt zu berucksichtigen, das gespritztes Aluminium reaktionsfahiger ist als massives Aluminium, wahrend sich gespritztes Zink wie massives Zink verhalt.
Interchangeability of adrenocortical hormones in initiating mammary secretion in vitro.

SummaryThe naturally-occurring corti-coids of the mouse adrenal, corticosterone and aldosterone, were interchangeable with cortisol in hormone combinations capable of inducing secretion in mammary lobules in vitro. The ability of the 3 corticoids to act similarly in organ culture suggests (1) that their differential activities in vivo are probably the result of systemic factors affecting the corticoids differently and (2) that corticoids with either primary mineralocorticoid or primary glucocorticoid activity are capable of initiating mammary secretion in organ culture. The ineffectiveness of deoxycorticoster-one in this study was in accord with observations in vivo.I wish to express my gratitude to Professor Howard A. Bern for his guidance and to Dr. Satyabrata Nandi and Dr. Joel J. Elias for their suggestions. The microtechnical assistance of Miss Lillian Pissott and the photomicrographic work of Mr. Victor Duran are gratefully acknowledged.
Determination of the Surface Geometry for the Aluminum (110) and (111) Surfaces by Comparison of Low-Energy-Electron-Diffraction Calculations with Experiment

Low-energy-electron-diffraction calculations have been extended to the (110) and (111) surfaces of aluminum in order to determine the spacing between the surface and bulk layers of the crystal. The A1(110) surface is found to be contracted by 10% to 15% from the bulk interlayer spacing, and the A1(111) surface is found to deviate from the bulk spacing by less than 5%. This amounts to a determination of the surface-layer position to within 0.1 \AA{}. Results of calculations on all experimentally measured beams for these surfaces are compared with the experimental results for several assumed interlayer spacings. These comparisons are made with respect to qualitative peak shapes, peak positions, and relative peak amplitudes of the specular and all measured nonspecular beams from each surface. In order to achieve this agreement, it has been necessary to include the four outermost crystal layers and to describe the ion-core potential with five phase shifts in the 40-150-eV energy range.
Performance evaluation of CCI on the forward CDMA channel

This paper focuses on the performance of cochannel interference (CCI) which is the primary factor to limit the capacity of wireless communication systems. Several cellular network architectures have been proposed in the literature to reduce the cochannel interference, but none of them appears to effectively tackle this problem. Microzoning is the technique, where the cells are further divided into smaller zones. The advantage of this technique is that the cochannel interference in the cellular system is reduced because the cell maintains a particular coverage radius. The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of cochannel interference on the forward channels of the proposed microzone based CDMA cellular systems operating with perfect power control in an effort to reduce the cochannel interference. Simulation results showed that the proposed technique can effectively minimize cochannel interference and the proposed architecture can be used for practical applications.
Simultaneous time–frequency control of bifurcation and chaos

Abstract Control scheme facilitated either in the time- or frequency-domain alone is insufficient in controlling route-to-chaos, where the corresponding response deteriorates in the time and frequency domains simultaneously. A novel chaos control scheme is formulated by addressing the fundamental characteristics inherent of chaotic response. The proposed control scheme has its philosophical basis established in simultaneous time–frequency control, on-line system identification, and adaptive control. Physical features that embody the concept include multiresolution analysis, adaptive Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter, and Filtered-x Least Mean Square (FXLMS) algorithm. A non-stationary Duffing oscillator is investigated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control methodology. Results presented herein indicate that for the control of dynamic instability including chaos to be deemed viable, mitigation has to be adaptive and engaged in the time and frequency domains at the same time.
The In-Sn Phase diagram and superconductivity in In3Sn

Abstract Ductile alloys of compositions near In3Sn show marked changes in superconductive critical temperature dependent upon the rate of cooling to low temperature. Diffraction data show that In3Sn (β) disproportionates to tetragonal (In) and hexagonal γ phase below about 140 K and reverses upon warming to room temperature. γ phase has been found at room temperature at the surface of solid β-phase samples after etching and mechanical polishing and may be associated with the “quench effect” in Tc. An In-Sn phase diagram extension is presented.
Dynamic Ligand-Protein Interactions Alter Rhodopsin's Conformational Ensemble: Simulations of Rhodopsin and Opsin

Given their function as transducers of molecular signals across the cell membrane, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a major target for drugs in a wide variety of physiological scenarios. Understanding the course of structural transitions that allosterically modulate their activation is, therefore, fundamental towards improving rational drug design. Here, we characterize distinct ensembles of all- atom molecular dynamics simulations of class A GPCR, rhodopsin. These ensembles correspond to the active- and inactive-like form of the receptor, with and without ligand, and amount to an aggregate sampling time of ∼116 μs. By monitoring ligand orientation within the binding pocket, we observe that retinal adopts diverse, heterogeneous conformations that are consistent with ensemble-dependent dynamics. We also investigate internal hydration within the four ensembles and note how variations in solvation within the core and ligand dynamics may modulate the activity of the receptor.
Resurrection of Anthocephalum Linton, 1890 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) and taxonomic information on five proposed members

Anthocephalum Linton, 1890 is resurrected as a valid genus within the Tetraphyllidea. Anthocephalum differs from other tetraphyllidean genera in having pedicellate bothridia combined with complete, regular loculi on the bothridial margins. Phyllobothrium gracile from Torpedo marmorata and Phyllobothrium centrurum (the type-species) from Dasyatis centroura are added to Anthocephalum and their descriptions are amended. Anthocephalum alicae n.sp. from Dasyatis americana is described. It can be distinguished from the above two species in being shorter, in having fewer segments per worm and fewer testes per segment. Anthocephalum cairae n. sp. from Dasyatis americana is described. It can be distinguished from the above three species in having a greater number of marginal loculi per bothridium. Anthocephalum duszynskii n. sp. from Urolophus halleri is also described. It differs from all of the above species, except for A. gracile in loculi number and from A. gracile in being shorter, having fewer segments per worm and fewer testes in a dorsal/ventral field. The generic diagnosis of Anthocephalum is emended to include information from A. gracile, A. centrurum and the three new species. The proximal bothridial surfaces of Anthocephalum centrurum and the three new species are covered with short, stumpy microtriches and thick, spiniform microtriches, their distal bothridial surfaces are covered with slender spiniform microtriches and their cirri were found to be armed with spiniform microtriches, rather than spines. All species placed in Anthocephalum are parasites of batoid fish. A brief discussion of potentially covert members of Anthocephalum is also included.
Role of microtubules and actin filaments in the movement of mitochondria in the axons and dendrites of cultured hippocampal neurons.

The mitochondria in the axons and dendrites of neurons are highly motile, but the mechanism of these movements is not well understood. It has been thought that the transport of membrane-bounded organelles in axons, and perhaps also in dendrites, depends on molecular motors of the kinesin and dynein families. However, recent evidence has suggested that some organelle transport, including that of mitochondria, may proceed along actin filaments as well. The present study sought to determine the extent to which mitochondrial movements in neurons depend on microtubule-based and actin-based transport systems. The mitochondria in cultured hippocampal neurons were labeled with a fluorescent dye and the cells were treated with either nocodazole, a drug that disrupts the microtubule network or cytochalasin D or latrunculin B, drugs which disrupt the actin network. The movement of the mitochondria in the axons and dendrites of neurons after each of these drug treatments was then examined with time-lapse microscopy. Treatment with nocodazole, which depolymerizes microtubules, stopped most mitochondrial movements in both axons and dendrites. Treatment with cytochalasin D, which aggregates actin filaments, also inhibited most movements of mitochondria, but latrunculin B, which depolymerizes actin filaments, had virtually no effect. Together, these data suggest that most of the mitochondrial movements in both axons and dendrites are microtubule-based, but in each domain there may also be some movement along actin filaments.
Significance of Copepod Emergence of Benthic, Pelagic, and Phytal Linkages in a Subtidal Seagrass Bed

The role of meiobenthic copepod emergence in linkages among benthic, pelagic, and phytal habitats was examined in a subtidal seagrass (Tl~alassia testudjnurn) bed at the mouth of Tampa Bay, Florida. USA. On 4 dates the ability of emerging copepods to affect the density and composition of benthic and phytal assemblages was tested during 2 h periods of minimum and maximum emergence. Copepod exchanges between benthic and phytal habitats and the duration of pelagic excursions also were examined throughout a night by measuring settlement into 2 types of sediment traps and onto natural and defaunated seagrass blades. The ability of emerging fauna to disperse through the water column was determined from horizontal collectors. Changes In copepod densities and composition during periods of active emergence did not indicate an unequivocal exchange between sediment and seagrass blade assemblages. Copepod resettlement onto the sediments was greater during periods of increased emergence and suggested that emerging copepods typically did not remain in the water column for a prolonged (> 2 h) time. The dispersal of copepods through the water column was haphazard and unaffected by prevailing currents. Species and habitat affiliation influenced both the dispersal and settlement behaviors of emerging copepods. Although appreciable numbers of sediment-associated copepods can enter and disperse through the water column, our results suggest that the effects of emergence on linkages between benthic, pelagic, and phytal habitats are minimal or limited in duration.
Anionic Clays as Potential Slow-Release Fertilizers: Nitrate Ion Exchange

Several nitrate containing anionic clays were synthesized at different temperatures and the kinetics of NO3− release were determined to test their suitability as slow-release N fertilizers. A sample (Mg:Al = 2:1) synthesized at 60°C with smaller particle size released 75, 86 and 100% of its NO3− in 1, 3 and 7 days, respectively when equilibrated with a simulated soil solution. On the other hand, the 175°C/2 hrs sample with larger particle size released 65, 77 and 84% of its nitrate in 1, 3 and 7 days, respectively. Another anionic clay (synthesized at 175°C/24 hrs) of higher charge density (Mg:Al = 2:1) containing NO3− was equilibrated with a 0.012 N NaCl or Na2CO3 to test the role of different anions in releasing the NO3− anion from the interlayers. The results showed that Cl− released more NO3− than did CO32− from this anionic clay after all the treatment times probably as a result of the CO32− anion blocking the release of NO3− from the interior of the crystals. When a lower charge density (Mg:Al = 3:1) sample (synthesized at 175°C/48 hrs) was equilibrated with 0.02N solution of anions the release of nitrate was as follows: Cl− < F− < SO4= ≤ CO32−. These results suggest that the divalent SO4= and CO32− anions are more effective in the release of NO3− from this lower charge density anionic clay. Time-resolved structural analysis of NO3− exchange with CO32− in the above anionic clay using synchrotron x-ray diffraction showed that ion exchange is rapid because of small crystal size and lower charge density. Thus the release of NO3− from anionic clays is an interplay among the type of anions present in soil solution, their concentration, pH of soil solution, the charge density and crystal size of anionic clay etc.
The distribution of crosslinking aldehydes in α1 and α2 chains of chicken bone collagen

A large proportion of chicken bone collagen can be solubilized by denaturation at neutral pH in the solvents 5 M KCNS, 4 M CaCl2 or 5 M LiCl. Aldimine crosslinks are absent from the solubilized collagen, and aldehyde residues, presumably released by rupture of the aldimine bonds, are now detected in the gelatin. Component α1 and α2 chains were isolated from [3H] borohydride-treated gelatin and digested with CNBr. The CNBr-peptides were fractionated, then analyzed for radioactivity to assess the distribution of aldehydes along each chain. A large proportion of the radioactivity eluted with the CNBr-peptides derived from the amino termini of the chains. Both hydroxynorleucine and dihydroxynorleucine were detected on analysis of the reduced peptides α1-CB1akl and α2-CB1akl. It is concluded that, similar to the finding for soft tissue collagens, the amino termini of α1 and α2 chains are important sites of crosslinking in bone collagen.
Preconceptional thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and outcomes of intrauterine insemination among euthyroid infertile women

Objective To evaluate differences in intrauterine insemination (IUI) outcomes among euthyroid women with preconceptional thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values in the normal (0.4–2.4 mIU/L) and high-normal (2.5–4.9 mIU/L) ranges. Design Cohort study. Setting A single fertility center. Patient(s) A total of 1,477 women who underwent 4,064 IUI cycles between the years 2004 and 2012. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Live birth, clinical pregnancy, spontaneous abortion (SAB), and IUI cycle parameters. Result(s) Cycles were categorized into 4 groups based on preconceptional TSH values: 0.40–1.36 mIU/L; 1.37–1.86 mIU/L; 1.87–2.49 mIU/L; and 2.50–4.99 mIU/L. No statistically significant differences were found in IUI cycle parameters, clinical pregnancy rates, or live births per initiated cycle among the 4 TSH groups. However, preconceptional TSH was inversely related to SAB and positively related to live birth among women who achieved a clinical pregnancy. In this group of women, cycles with TSH values between 2.5 and 4.9 mIU/L were related to lower odds of SAB (odds ratio: 0.32; 95% confidence interval: 0.16–0.65) and higher odds of live birth (odds ratio: 2.80; 95% confidence interval: 1.43–5.48) compared with cycles among women in the lowest TSH group. Conclusion(s) Among euthyroid patients, preconceptional TSH values in the high-normal range (between 2.5 and 4.9 mIU/L) are not associated with adverse IUI outcomes.
Modulation of Adipoinsular Axis in Prediabetic Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats by Diazoxide

Dysregulation of the adipoinsular axis in male obese Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF; fa/fa) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes, results in chronic hyperinsulinemia and increased de novo lipogenesis in islets, leading to beta-cell failure and diabetes. Diazoxide (DZ; 150 mg/kg.d), an inhibitor of insulin secretion, was administered to prediabetic ZDF animals for 8 wk as a strategy for prevention of diabetes. DZ reduced food intake (P < 0.02) and rate of weight gain only in ZDF rats (P < 0.01). Plasma insulin response to glucose load was attenuated in DZ-Zucker lean rats (ZL; P < 0.01), whereas DZ-ZDF had higher insulin response to glucose than controls (P < 0.001). DZ improved hemoglobin A1c (P < 0.001) and glucose tolerance in ZDF (P < 0.001), but deteriorated hemoglobin A1c in ZL rats (P < 0.02) despite normal tolerance in the fasted state. DZ lowered plasma leptin (P < 0.001), free fatty acid, and triglyceride (P < 0.001) levels, but increased adiponectin levels (P < 0.02) only in ZDF rats. DZ enhanced beta3-adrenoreceptor mRNA (P < 0.005) and adenylate cyclase activity (P < 0.01) in adipose tissue from ZDF rats only, whereas it enhanced islet beta3- adrenergic receptor mRNA (P < 0.005) but paradoxically decreased islet adenylate cyclase activity (P < 0.005) in these animals. Islet fatty acid synthase mRNA (P < 0.03), acyl coenzyme A carboxylase mRNA (P < 0.01), uncoupling protein-2 mRNA (P < 0.01), and triglyceride content (P < 0.005) were only decreased in DZ-ZDF rats, whereas islet insulin mRNA and insulin content were increased in DZ-ZDF (P < 0.01) and DZ-ZL rats (P < 0.03). DZ-induced beta-cell rest improved the lipid profile, enhanced the metabolic efficiency of insulin, and prevented beta-cell dysfunction and diabetes in diabetes-prone animals. This therapeutic strategy may be beneficial in preventing beta-cell failure and progression to diabetes in humans.
Daily Precipitation Statistics for South America: An Intercomparison between NCEP Reanalyses and Observations

Abstract In this study, the authors document the extent to which the precipitation statistics of the new CFS reanalysis (CFSR) represent an improvement over the earlier reanalyses: the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (R1) and the NCEP–DOE Second Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-II) reanalysis (R2). An intercomparison between the CFSR, R1, R2, and observations over South America was made for the period 1979–2006. The CFSR shows notable improvements in the large-scale precipitation patterns compared with the previous reanalyses (R1 and R2). In spite of these improvements, the CFSR has substantial biases in intensity and frequency of occurrence of rainfall events. Over west-central Brazil, the core region of the South American monsoon system (SAMS), the CFSR displays a dry bias during the onset phase of the SAMS wet season and a wet bias during the peak and decay phases of the SAMS wet season. The CFSR also displays a dry bias along the South American coast near the mouth of the Amazon and along the east...
Diamagnetism of a Dense Electron Gas

The theory of Coulomb interactions in a dense electron gas at zero temperature is formally simplified by the introduction of an equivalent Hamiltonian which gives the correct high-density value for the correlation energy. In the corresponding approximation, the diamagnetism of a dense electron gas is found to be the same as that of noninteracting electrons. Coupling with longitudinal sound waves, or a periodic potential, fails to produce a Meissner effect.
Antimicrobial Activity and Synergistic Effect of Cinnamon with Sodium Benzoate or Potassium Sorbate in Controlling Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Apple Juice

ABSTRACT: Antimicrobial effects of cinnamon, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and combinations were examined against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple juice at 8°C and 25°C. E. coli O157:H7 was reduced by 1.6 log colony-forming units (CFU)/mL at 8°C and 2.0 log CFU/mL at 25°C by 0.3% cinnamon. At 8°C, 5.2 log CFU/mL of E. coli O157:H7 was eliminated in 11 d by 0.3% cinnamon with 0.1% sodium benzoate, and in 14 d by 0.3% cinnamon with 0.1% potassium sorbate. At 25°C, 5.3 log CFU/mL E. coli O157:H7 was eliminated in 3 d by the same combinations. A synergistic effect was observed between cinnamon and preservatives against E. coli O157:H7 at 8°C and 25°C.
Ordovician paleogeography and the evolution of the Iapetus ocean

Paleomagnetic data from northern Appalachian terranes identify several arcs within the Iapetus ocean in the Early to Middle Ordovician, including a peri-Laurentian arc at ~10°‐20°S, a peri-Avalonian arc at ~50°‐60°S, and an intra-oceanic arc (called the Exploits arc) at ~30°S. The peri-Avalonian and Exploits arcs are characterized by Arenigian to Llanvirnian Celtic fauna that are distinct from similarly aged Toquima‐Table Head fauna of the Laurentian margin, and periLaurentian arc. The Precordillera terrane of Argentina is also characterized by an increasing proportion of Celtic fauna from Arenig to Llanvirn time, which implies (1) that it was in reproductive communication with the peri-Avalonian and Exploits arcs, and (2) that it must have been separate from Laurentia and the peri-Laurentian arc well before it collided with Gondwana. Collectively, the paleomagnetic and faunal data require an open Ordovician ocean adjacent to the Appalachian margin and argue against a Taconic-Famatinian collision between North and South America.
STUDIES ON EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS : III. INTRAOCULAR INFECTION WITH FIXED VIRUS IN THE GUINEA PIG.

The behavior of a fixed strain of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus was studied in guinea pigs after intraocular inoculation. Such inoculation concerns the central and not the peripheral nervous system. The susceptibility to intraocular injection lies midway between the highly virulent intracerebral and the quite avirulent peripheral routes. The virus must act for 10 to 13 hours in order to induce a fatal infection. Removal of the inoculated eyeball before this interval almost always prevents fatality although it may allow immunity to develop. The virus, at suitable intervals after injection into the eye, may be recovered from successive and appropriate optic centers before it is demonstrable in non-optic portions. Approximately 24 hours are required for the virus to reach a significant concentration in the contralateral geniculate body, 36 hours in the contralateral visual cortex. Significant amounts of virus may be present in the optic chiasm and tract prior to involvement of the higher centers. Virus placed in contact with the retina produces an insignificant, essentially non-specific reaction comparable to that produced at the site of direct intracerebral inoculation. In the retina there is no ganglion cell necrosis unless there is a complicating intraocular infection. In the cerebral visual centers the first reaction is inflammatory and interstitial, and may appear in the lateral geniculate body as early as 24 hours after injection. Neuronal necrosis is not the primary action of the virus on the nervous system in these experiments. The distribution of lesions in the brain is in excellent agreement with the method of direct testing for virus content, and is far more accurate than the latter. The virus in its primary distribution through the nervous system follows the nerve pathways of the optic system. This occurs within the central nervous system, where presumably there is first an involvement of the nerve cell body and then a spread along the cell process or axone.
Cell cycle-dependent expression of surface antigens in murine T-lymphoma cells. II. Murine leukemia virus gp70 increases in S phase.

Abstract The surface expression of the murine leukemia virus (MuLV) major envelope protein, MuLV gp70, is shown here to be cell cycle-dependent. AKR mouse T-lymphoma cells, BW 5147, synchronized by double thymidine blockade, were collected in S or G1 phase and lactoperoxidaselabeled with 125I and 131I. The iodinated surface proteins were solubilized with 0.05% Triton X-100 and aliquots of each preparation containing equal amounts of protein were mixed and precipitated by goat anti-Rauscher gp70 (70000 D MuLV envelope glycoprotein) serum and Staphylococcus aureus or by rabbit anti AKR gp70 serum and sheep anti-rabbit Ig serum. The precipitates were solubilized, reduced and separated in 9% SDS-PAGE gels. The gels were sliced and analyzed in a gamma-counter programmed for double-labeled samples. The gp70 molecule, precipitated by both antisera had the same quantitative cell cycle variability and the same pI heterogeneity as the 70 K antigen precipitated by an antiserum made against BW 5147 cell membranes at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The expression of MuLV gp70 on BW 5147 cells is increased 2-fold in the S phase of the cell cycle as compared to the G1 and G2 phases. This increase is associated with one of the two gp70 components which has a lower isoelectric point and a lower apparent molecular weight.
Use of optical glass binocular magnifiers in the examination of sexually abused children

Abstract A pilot survey designed to determine attitudes toward magnification and optical glass binocular magnifiers was administered to resident physicians for whom evaluation of sexually abused children was part of their training program. Approximately two-thirds of those who had used the instruments considered them to be helpful, easy to use, and a source of magnification they would recommend for future practice settings.
Effectiveness of oral hygiene techniques on plaque and gingivitis in patients placed in intermaxillary fixation

Twenty-one patients undergoing reconstructive maxillofacial surgery volunteered to learn and practice specific oral hygiene techniques while in intermaxillary fixation in order to compare the effectiveness of different regimens. Oral irrigation was taught to all subjects; one third of the subjects were also instructed in the use of the sulcus brush, and another third were instructed in the use of the Perio-Aid. Scoring was done every 2 weeks for a 6-week period, with measurements taken of the amount of plaque and the amount of inflammation present in papillary, marginal, and attached gingiva. Results show that the group employing only the Water Pik had less inflammation in the attached gingiva than the group using the Perio-Aid and less plaque accumulation and papillary inflammation than the group using the sulcus brush. While more research is necessary to confirm these results, the simplest home care regimen, use of the Water Pik only, appears to offer the best way for intermaxillary fixation patients to remove plaque and minimize inflammation during convalescence.
REPLICATION OF NUCLEOLUS-ASSOCIATED DNA DURING "G2 PHASE" IN PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM

In the myxomycete, Physarum polycephalum , the bulk of nuclear DNA replication occurs during a period of a few hours immediately following upon mitosis. During the remainder of the intermitotic period, incorporation of thymidine- 3 H continues at a low rate in the region of the nucleolus (radioautographs). A few nuclei incorporated thymidine- 3 H into the extranucleolar chromatin at a high rate at all times of the intermitotic period. These nuclei were exceptionally large and they frequently contained several small nucleoli of different sizes rather than the one, central nucleolus which is characteristic of a normal interphase nucleus.
Two relative efficiencies of polymorphic enzymes for characterizing cell lines, detecting contaminations, and monitoring transplants.

A new calculation of the relative efficiency of polymorphic enzyme markers, called the REB, was determined and compared with one of Fisher's determinations of the relative efficiency called REA here. The REA estimates the chance of failing, and 1-REA of succeeding, to show a phenotypic difference between two randomly selected persons or cultured cell lines (Case 1). In this study it was shown that the REA also estimates the chance of detecting a cell line mislabeling or similar mixup (Case 2) and a cell line cross-contamination leading to the complete replacement of an original line by contaminating line (Case 3). The new REB determines the probability of failing, and 1-REB of succeeding, to detect a contamination of an original line by another line leading to their coexistence, or at least a sufficiently long period of transitional coexistence before one overgrows the other. The REA and REB also apply to determining the efficiency of polymorphic markers in detecting donor and recipient cells in tissue transplants.
Mass dependence ofU(1) axial-symmetry breakdown

We obtain an exact nonperturbative formula for \(\left\langle {\overline \psi \gamma ^5 m\psi } \right\rangle ,\) as a function of massm. Here φ is a Dirac spinor in a constant background curvatureF. To obtain this it is necessary to regularize the IR divergences without any form of compactification; we do this by effectively perturbing the spins. The exact result in a dominant magnetic field of strength |B| isOpen image in new window where Ψ=(d/dz) ln Γ(z) is the Ψ-function of analytic number theory. Interesting features are that in the small-mass regime the roles ofs andm2/2|B| are precisely interchanged and that the half-integral nature ofs for large mass and ofm2/2|B| for small mass are reflected in the properties of the Ψ-function.
Depth anomalies in the Pacific: Active, fossil and precursor

Abstract Previously unreported depth anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific are described. Some of these depth anomalies exist over hot spots and propagating spreading ridges; they are not limited to the area of active volcanism but extend beyond it, into the areas toward which the volcanism is propagating. These areas may be “precursor” topographic features, showing up areas of impending or potential mid-plate volcanism or spreading. A distinction can be made between active depth anomalies and fossil ones. Gravity anomalies and high heat flow values can be correlated with active depth anomalies in one area, supporting the arguments favoring a thinning of the lithosphere as their underlying cause.
Response of three root rot fungi to strawberry phenolics and the relation of phenolics to disease resistance

Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia solani, and Alternaria alternata, usually associated with strawberry root rot diseases, were sensitive in vitro to several phenolics present in strawberry roots, fruits, and leaves, P. irregulare was the most sensitive. Eighteen strawberry cultivars were divided into two types, based on qualitative phenolic content. Five contained an unidentified xanthone and generally less kaempferol-7-glucoside than the remaining thirteen. Although these differences were not correlated with resistance to three strawberry diseases, quantitative difference of certain phenolics may be important in seasonal resistance to root rot pathogens.
Two-dimensional X-ray scattering

Abstract A discussion of Grazing Incidence Scattering (GIS) is presented, with an emphasis on applications of the technique. This paper is an overview of what can and has been done in this new area of surface structural science. The method is contrasted to some of the currently available techniques to show why it offers unique advantages for certain classes of problems such as the crystallography of ordered overlayers, clean reconstructed surfaces and the thermodynamics of two-dimensional melting. Some recent data for Pb layers on Cu(110) are presented to indicate the type of information that this new method can obtain. Also discussed is the application of the technique to the interfacial structure of epitaxial layers focusing on in-plane strain, lattice mismatch and the abruptness of the substrate-epitaxial interface.
The application of composite pulses to surface-coil NMR

Abstract The application of composite pulses to surface-coil NMR is discussed theoretically and verified experimentally. The composite pulses are constructed using the scheme of Levitt and Ernst. Phase anomalies due to the use of composite pulses with an inhomogeneous H 1 are eliminated by cycling the phases of the pulses. The observed magnetization as a function of pulse angle produced by the composite pulse is calculated and verified experimentally. The composite-pulse spin-echo sequence is applied to a 1 H homonuclear editing scheme to obtain an edited spectrum of lactate from the brain of an intact rat using a surface coil. An increase in the S N ratio is observed with a decrease in the magnitude of J -modulation anomalies.
The Masque of Undergrounder and Spy: Ubiquitous Addressivity, Dependent Social Roles, and Panopticism among Nineteenth Century Mormon Polygamists

As newspapers and rumors reported the presence—apparent, actual, or potential—of federal agents charged with surveillance of polygynous Mormons, the undergrounder emerged in the 1880s as a figure sharing the spy's metapragmatic register: namely, concealment of role-indexical signs. Seeming ubiquitous address by unseen but always possible agents of the law riveted the spy to the body of undergrounder. Bound to a spiraling play of reveal-and-conceal, the undergrounder's presence also summoned an “abduced” imaginary called “the underground.” Here suspicion was general; forms were questioned, disarticulated, assigned provisional indexicalities. Every sign could suggest an observer, a secret code, a warning to hide. The paranoid undergrounder thus was discursively incarcerated and panoptically triangulated as a modern subject. The underground ironically splintered the Mormon resistance, and realized the Supreme Court's decree that, in short, the citizen's body be severed from the colonized subject's imagination. [panopticon, mass media, secrecy, paranoia, modernity]
Shifts Happen: A Confluence of Influence

When Jeff Chang approached me to write a personal reflection article on developments I have experienced and witnessed since the first Therapeutic Conversations conference (TC 1), the first thing I told him was, “I wasn’t there, even though there are many people who will swear I was.” I have never been to Tulsa (though I’ve been to Oklahoma) in spite of the fact that I’ve had several opportunities to visit, and I’ve never attended any other TC gatherings, either. But he and I agreed that I have a somewhat unique perspective on the pioneering work of those involved in TC 1 as well as others tied to postmodern/poststructuralist ideas who have become prominent over the past four decades and whose ideas have matured in the twenty years since TC 1. While others have committed to a particular approach, I continue to work as Herbert Anderson (2003, p. 157) describes as having my “feet planted firmly in midair.” What I have adjusted as I approach my fourth decade of psychotherapy practice are some of my presuppositions about change, the human condition, and therapy. Hopefully, what follows points out loose strings one can pull to understand the threads that run through my thinking and clinical practice. People and ideas move me; techniques and research do not. Although clever interventions grab my attention, I recognize that techniques alone do not constitute good therapeutic practice. And the trend toward evidence-based practice, although valuable to our field, does not energize me or my therapy. But, even the most scintillating ideas fall short for me if the people promoting them lack integrity or are disingenuous. I have been moved by the work of many pioneers inside and outside of the field of family therapy, and my list of giants upon whose shoulders I stand is extensive. Many of my giants are not usually included in postmodern (PM) discussions, including Gregory Bateson (Thomas, Waits, & Hartsfield, 2007), Milton Erickson,
Light scattering behavior and the kinetics of pressure-induced phase separation in solutions of poly(ε-caprolactone) in acetone + CO2 binary fluid mixtures

Abstract The miscibility and the kinetics of pressure-induced phase separation in solutions of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) in acetone + CO 2 binary fluid mixtures have been studied at pressures up to 28 MPa and temperatures up to 410 K using a unique high pressure view-cell equipped with a dual set of pistons and dual set of sapphire windows. One set of the windows separated by 25.4 mm allows the assessment of the phase state and is used to monitor the transmitted light intensities. The second set of windows separated by 50 μm is used to monitor the scattered light intensities over a wide range of scattering vector q (from 0.35 to 4 μm −1 ) which allows the assessment of the mechanism of phase separation. Investigations have been carried out for a wide range of polymer concentrations, from 2.0 to 34.9 wt%, while holding the acetone-to-CO 2 (wt:wt) ratio in each solution at a constant value of 2:1. The dual set of pistons that are employed which are synchronized and motorized create a churn-like action in the cell insuring effective mixing, even at the high polymer concentrations by translating the cell content across a magnetically-coupled rotating mixer impeller. The piston actions assure also that the solution is effectively introduced into the narrow gap between the scattering windows, and refreshed. The solutions at off-critical concentrations undergo pressure-induced phase separation via nucleation and growth mechanism which shows circular symmetric patterns in their light scattering patterns. For these solutions, the Debye–Bueche type scattering function was used to analyze the domain size of the new phase that forms and develops after a pressure quench. The phase separation in solutions at or near the critical polymer concentrations (9.0–15.0 wt%) proceeds via spinodal decomposition which is characterized by the formation and evolution of the spinodal ring patterns corresponding to a maximum in the angular variation of the scattered light intensities. The results in early stage of the spinodal decomposition were described by the linearized Cahn theory. The variation of the scattered light intensity maximum I m and its location in scattering vectors q m with time in the later stage of the spinodal decomposition obey power-law scaling according to I m ∼ t β and q m ∼ t − α . The results for the 9.0 and 12.0 wt% solutions show that β / α changes its value from β / α > 3 to β / α ≈ 3 with time, indicating the progression of the spinodal decomposition from intermediate to late stage.