cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complementary FET Device and Circuit Level Evaluation Using Fin-Based and Sheet-Based Configurations Targeting 3nm Node and Beyond

Complementary FET (CFET), implemented by stacking NMOS and PMOS on top of each other, is considered as an emerging option to continue logic scaling beyond 3nm node. It can be configured with a fin-on-fin (fin-based CFET) or sheet-on-sheet (sheet-based CFET) structures. In this paper, we use 3D-TCAD simulation to compare those two configurations at both device and circuit levels. For accurate comparison between these two CFET configurations, we deploy a drift-diffusion simulation framework, calibrated to semi-classical sub-band BTE (Boltzmann Transport Equation). We show that for the same effective channel width, nMOS of sheet-based CFET has 10% higher drive-current compared to fin-based CFET. For pMOS, sheet-based CFET shows 5% lower drive-current compared to fin-based CFET. When compared for the same device footprint with increased nanosheet width, nMOS and pMOS sheet-based CFET shows 73% and 47% higher drive current respectively compared to fin-based CFET. Using 31-stage ring-oscillator as a representative circuit, we show that for the same electrical channel width, the circuit performance of the sheet-based CFET is 2.6% higher than the fin-based CFET at Vdd of 0.7V. When compared for the same device footprint, sheet-based CFET shows 9% higher circuit performance compared to the fin-based CFET.
Effective Student Teaching

(1953). Effective Student Teaching. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 24, No. 8, pp. 18-18.
Lead removal by ThioOctolig.

Octolig, a commercially available (a polyethylene diamine covalently attached to silica gel), was subjected to modifications to incorporate sulfur for enhanced removal of lead ion from aqueous solu...
Global analysis of cell behavior and protein localization dynamics reveals region-specific functions for Shroom3 and N-cadherin during neural tube closure.

Abstract Failures of neural tube closure are common and serious birth defects, yet we have a poor understanding of the interaction of genetics and cell biology during neural tube closure. Additionally, mutations that cause neural tube defects (NTDs) tend to affect anterior or posterior regions of the neural tube but rarely both, indicating a regional specificity to NTD genetics. To better understand the regional specificity of cell behaviors during neural tube closure, we analyzed the dynamic localization of actin and N-cadherin via high-resolution tissue-level time-lapse microscopy during Xenopus neural tube closure. To investigate the regionality of gene function, we generated mosaic mutations in shroom3, a key regulator or neural tube closure This approach elucidates new differences between cell behaviors during cranial/anterior and spinal/posterior neural tube closure, provides mechanistic insight into the function of shroom3 and demonstrates the ability of tissue-level imaging and analysis to generate cell-biological mechanistic insights into neural tube closure.
Contribution of the Frontal Eye Field to Adaptive Target Selection

Saccadic target selection is one of the most frequent decisions made by primates and involves multiple brain areas including the frontal eye field (FEF). The FEF also receives a dopaminergic input suggesting an exclusive role of the FEF in value-based and adaptive target selection. This role, however, has been largely unclear because of multiple other brain areas involved in these processes. To address this question, we combined computational modeling and electrical microstimulation of the FEF during a dynamic value-based decision-making task in monkeys. As expected, on stimulated trials, monkeys’ choices were biased toward the target in the response field of the microstimulated site (Tin). On non-stimulated trials following microstimulation, however, monkeys showed a bias away from Tin that slowly decreased as a function of the time since the last stimulation, pointing to the presence of a compensatory mechanism. Moreover, FEF microstimulation and reward history interacted to guide saccadic choice. By simulating choice behavior using multiple network models, we found that our experimental observations can be captured by a model in which microstimulation and value signals interact competitively through a reward-dependent plasticity rule. Together, the results illustrate that reward-dependent modulations of different signals within the FEF could enable this area to contribute to adaptive target selection.
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis Presenting With Polyneuropathy - A Case Series (P3.185)

OBJECTIVE : We aim to characterize a subgroup of EGPA patients whose initial presentation involved neurologic symptoms and 2) summarize the treatment response and long-term prognosis of this subgroup. BACKGROUND : EGPA is a rare systemic autoimmune condition. The peripheral nerves are the second most common affected system (50-70[percnt]) following the lungs. In some cases neuropathy may be the initial presentation. Therefore neurologists may be the first to evaluate EGPA patients. DESIGN/METHODS : A retrospective analysis of electronic medical records from January of 2000 to May of 2013 was implemented. Inclusion criteria: 1) Patient presented initially to a neurologist with a chief neurologic complaint; 2) a diagnosis of EGPA was later confirmed by a rheumatologist based on the ACR guideline; 3) Patient had at least 3 follow-up visits; 4) an EMG was performed at time of diagnosis. RESULTS : Eleven patients were included. The most common chief complaint was asymmetric lower extremity pain (100[percnt]), mostly associated with numbness and weakness (82[percnt]). Nine (82[percnt]) patients had acute to sub-acute onset of symptoms. History of Asthma was present in the majority of cases (91[percnt]). Combining clinical and electrophysiological data, 10 (91[percnt]) patients demonstrated notable asymmetrical involvement while 1 patient had a length dependent symmetrical polyneuropathy. All patients improved significantly following immunotherapy, with average time to improvement of 9 weeks. Most patients (91[percnt]) experienced no relapse over 2 years. CONCLUSIONS : EGPA should be suspected in patients with asymmetric peripheral neuropathy associated with asthma and eosinophilia. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment help achieve favorable outcome. Disclosure: Dr. Santos-Pinheiro has nothing to disclose. Dr. Li has nothing to disclose.
Modeling of bodies and clothes for virtual environments

Although graphical human modeling has been a long sought subject in computer graphics, when it comes to dealing with real-time applications, it raises a number of unique requirements for both CG artists and researchers. For example, for a real-time performance it is highly desirable to lighten the geometry and optimize the runtime animation of characters wherever possible. An important need in such systems is to assist the CG artists in seamlessly transforming their modeling work from CG packages to the real-time application, without limiting their expressivity. In this paper we describe techniques by which dressed human characters are modeled, loaded into VR scenes, and simulated in real-time. In doing so, we point out challenging issues and solutions that such tasks imply at each phase of modeling and simulation. In particular, we turn our attention to what we consider as key technical components: body and clothes. Case studies show that our modelers successfully meet the need of real-time requirements over a wide variety of scenarios.
Approaches of targeting Rho GTPases in cancer drug discovery

Introduction: Rho GTPases are master regulators of actomyosin structure and dynamics and play pivotal roles in a variety of cellular processes including cell morphology, gene transcription, cell cycle progression, and cell adhesion. Because aberrant Rho GTPase signaling activities are widely associated with human cancer, key components of Rho GTPase signaling pathways have attracted increasing interest as potential therapeutic targets. Similar to Ras, Rho GTPases themselves were, until recently, deemed “undruggable” because of structure–function considerations. Several approaches to interfere with Rho GTPase signaling have been explored and show promise as new ways for tackling cancer cells.Areas covered: This review focuses on the recent progress in targeting the signaling activities of three prototypical Rho GTPases, that is, RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. The authors describe the involvement of these Rho GTPases, their key regulators and effectors in cancer. Furthermore, the authors discuss the current approac...
Developing an International System for Internally Displaced Persons

A pressing new problem came onto the international agenda at the end of the cold war, persons forced from their homes by conflict and human rights violations who remain uprooted and at risk within the borders of their own countries. The international system created after the Second World War to protect and assist refugees, people who flee across borders, did not extend to internally displaced persons (IDPs). Over the past fifteen years, substantial efforts have been made to create an international system to respond to the needs of the world's 20 to 25 million IDPs, but a long way remains to go in resolving issues of sovereignty, legal frameworks, institutional arrangements and strategies to protect people under assault in their own countries.
Very short-lived halocarbons over the tropical Atlantic

Very short lived halocarbons (VSLH), including CHBr3, CH2Br2, CHCl3, C2H5I, and CH2ClI, can be transported upward through the atmosphere from the marine boundary layer and contribute to ozone depletion—as far up as the lower stratosphere in the case of brominated and chlorinated compounds. VSLH are released from algae, marine bacteria, and photochemical breakdown of organic material in the ocean, but there are uncertainties in the contributions from these sources, and global distributions are not well known because there are wide spatial variations in fluxes of VSLH from sea to air.
DISTALLESS EXPRESSION IN CRUSTACEANS AND THE PATTERNING OF BRANCHED LIMBS

In Drosophila, Distalless (Dll) is critical in establishing the proximal/distal axis of the leg. Lack of proper Dll expression causes distal limb structures to be truncated or lost. Dll expression was examined through the course of development in the limbs of two crustaceans, Triops and Nebalia. Because the limbs of these two species are branched, they provide a comparison to the uniramous (unbranched) leg of Drosophila. In Triops and Nebalia, development of limb branches is not tightly coupled with Dll expression: in some cases, branches can arise prior to Dll expression and in others, certain branches never express Dll. These data suggest that, while Dll may indeed initiate overall limb outgrowth, limb branches are unlikely to be patterned by a simple iteration of the mechanism patterning the unbranched leg of Drosophila.
Alamar blue reagent interacts with cell-culture media giving different fluorescence over time: potential for false positives.

Abstract Introduction The cell viability assay by alamar blue is based on the principle of reduction of the non-fluorescent reagent (resazurin) to a fluorescent compound (resarufin) by the intracellular reducing environment of living cells over time. In the present study, we have for the first time shown that even in the absence of cells, there occurs significant interaction between alamar blue and cell-culture media causing an increase in fluorescence. Methods We have used Opti-MEM, DMEM and 1:1 DMEM:Opti-MEM as three different media and determined the changes in their relative fluorescence units (RFUs) over time after the addition of 10% (v/v) alamar blue using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Results Our results show that upon the addition of alamar blue, there occurs a significant increase in RFUs in all the three media over time along with a significantly higher RFU for the Opti-MEM overall (p Discussion These findings indicate that the reagent can itself interact with the media causing significantly different fluorescence over time in a manner independent from the effect of intracellular reducing environment of living cells on alamar blue. In addition our results indicate that fluorescence varies as a function of incubation time with the reagent. These findings signify the need for routine subtraction of the background fluorescence of media-only with alamar blue reagent during measurement of cell viability by this method in order to determine an accurate measurement of cell viability.
SU-FF-T-269: Dosimetric Properties of Scattered Photon Subsources Within a Source Model for Different Initial Electron Energies

Purpose: Histogram‐based Monte Carlo(MC)source models for dose calculations in radiotherapy require methods to scale input data so as to match measured accelerator output. A previous study showed that the photon beam characteristics remain constant when the radial intensity distribution of the initial electron beam varies, but changes for different mean initial electron energies Ēe . This work investigates the dosimetricproperties of scatteredphoton subsources for different Ēe striking the target and evaluates the scaling needed for those subsources to match dose distributions resulted for different Ēe . Method and Materials: Test scenarios were performed for 6‐MV beams using Ēe = 5, 6.2 and 7 MeV and for 18‐MV beams using 17, 18, and 19 MeV. Histogram distributions for a previously developed MCsource model were created based on phase‐space data for these beams. 3D‐dose distributions for a 10×10‐cm2 field at SSDs 50, 100 and 200‐cm and a 30×30‐cm2 field at SSD 100‐cm were calculated in water using different subsource combinations. The dose distributions are normalized to the same integral dose for the depth dose curve of the 10×10 cm2 field at SSD 100 and compared based upon dose differences. Results: When scatteredphoton subsources associated with the 5‐MeV simulation were used with the 7‐MeV target subsource, <0.4% differences were found compared with using all the 7‐MeV subsources in all cases studied. Differences were reduced to <0.2% when using the 6.2‐MeV scattered subsources with the 7‐MeV target subsource and were <0.2% when using either 17‐ or 18‐MeV scatter subsources with the 19‐MeV target subsource for 18‐MV beams. Conclusion: These results suggest that apart from scaling the scattered subsource intensity, only the target subsource distributions need to be changed to adjust the histogram‐based source model to dosimetrically match accelerator outputs due to Ēe changes. Supported by Philips Medical Systems and ACS‐grant IRG‐73‐001‐28.
The Mystery of Ice Crystal Multiplication in a Laboratory Experiment

AbstractThis paper addresses the problem of the large discrepancies between ice crystal concentrations in clouds and the number of ice nuclei in nearby clear air reported in published papers. Such discrepancies cannot always be explained, even by taking into account both primary and secondary ice formation processes. A laboratory experiment was performed in a cylindrical column placed in a cold room at atmospheric pressure and temperature in the −12° to −14°C range. Supercooled droplets were nucleated in the column, in the absence of aerosol ice nuclei, by injecting ice crystals generated outside in a small syringe. A rapid increase in the ice crystal concentration was observed in the absence of any known ice multiplication. The ratio between the mean number of ice crystals in the column, after complete droplet vaporization, and the number of ice crystals introduced in the column was about 10:1. The presence of small ice crystals (introduced at the top of the column) in the unstable system (supercooled dr...
Flexible footings on model foundations–An application of the analogue computer to soil-vehicle mechanics

A method is presented which uses mechanistic models to solve soil-wheel interface problems. The advantages of using an analogue computer in this type of analysis are pointed out. An example of a Filonenko model loaded by a simple triangular distribution is worked out and the resulting curves on the X-Y plotter are shown for this case.
The thermal resistance between electrons and phonons in copper

Abstract The thermal impedance between the electron and phonon systems in copper at low temperature is found to be in reasonable agreement with existing theory.
ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF GASEOUS ALKALI METAL HYDROXIDES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

Abstract A modified Perkin-Elmer Model 81 single-beam recording infrared spectrometer has been used for studies of gaseous hydroxides at temperatures up to 1000°. Characteristic absorptions have been found for the equilibrium gases over NaOH, KOH and RbOH at wave-lengths in agreement with predictions made on the basis of a gaseous ionic model for [MOH] x ( g ). Gases over LiOH, NaOH and KOH were examined in the visible and ultraviolet regions, but no absorption spectra were found. Na ( g ), in equilibrium with [NaOH] x ( g ), was first detectable at about 850°.
Participation-based student final performance prediction model through interpretable Genetic Programming

A theory-based method for a computational student performance prediction.A Genetic Programming model for grade prediction is described and tested.Model evaluation suggests high success rates for predicting student grades. Building a student performance prediction model that is both practical and understandable for users is a challenging task fraught with confounding factors to collect and measure. Most current prediction models are difficult for teachers to interpret. This poses significant problems for model use (e.g. personalizing education and intervention) as well as model evaluation. In this paper, we synthesize learning analytics approaches, educational data mining (EDM) and HCI theory to explore the development of more usable prediction models and prediction model representations using data from a collaborative geometry problem solving environment: Virtual Math Teams with Geogebra (VMTwG). First, based on theory proposed by Hrastinski (2009) establishing online learning as online participation, we operationalized activity theory to holistically quantify students' participation in the CSCL (Computer-supported Collaborative Learning) course. As a result, 6 variables, Subject, Rules, Tools, Division of Labor, Community, and Object, are constructed. This analysis of variables prior to the application of a model distinguishes our approach from prior approaches (feature selection, Ad-hoc guesswork etc.). The approach described diminishes data dimensionality and systematically contextualizes data in a semantic background. Secondly, an advanced modeling technique, Genetic Programming (GP), underlies the developed prediction model. We demonstrate how connecting the structure of VMTwG trace data to a theoretical framework and processing that data using the GP algorithmic approach outperforms traditional models in prediction rate and interpretability. Theoretical and practical implications are then discussed.
Radioiodination of a monoclonal antibody using N-succinimidyl 5-iodo-3-pyridinecarboxylate

The potential utility of N-succinimidyl 5-iodo-3-pyridinecarboxylate (SIPC) for the radioiodination of monoclonal antibodies was investigated. Paired-label studies were performed using the anti-tenascin antibody 81C6 in athymic mice bearing subcutaneous D-54 MG human glioma xenografts. Radiolabeling was also done using N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate (SIB). Radioiodination of SIPC and SIB both proceeded in 60-80% yield, but protein coupling efficiencies with SIB were higher (76 +/- 16 vs 60 +/- 7%). Immunoreactivity and affinity of both preparations were similar. Using SIPC, thyroid uptake was quite low, decreasing from 0.3% at day 1 to 0.05% at day 8. Tumor uptake reached 46 +/- 11% injected dose/g at day 1 but declined gradually thereafter. This apparent decline reflected the rapid growth of these xenografts since tumor accumulation expressed as percentage of injected dose remained nearly constant up to day 9. These results suggest that SIPC, like SIB, offers significant advantages for labeling antibodies when compared with conventional protein iodination methods.
Blood glucose monitoring and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: meter downloads versus self-report.

Guilfoyle SM, Crimmins NA, Hood KK. Blood glucose monitoring and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: meter downloads versus self-report. Background: Reported frequencies of blood glucose monitoring (BGM) by both adolescents and their caregivers serve as adherence proxies when meter downloads are not available. Yet, correlates of reported BGM frequencies and their predictive utility are understudied. Objective: To identify sociodemographic, psychological, and disease-specific correlates of reported BGM frequencies in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and to explore the predictive utility of BGM indices on glycemic control. Subjects: Study participants included caregivers and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (N = 143, 13–18 yr) receiving diabetes treatment at a tertiary care setting. Methods: At the initial visit, adolescents and caregivers reported on daily BGM frequencies. A sub-sample provided meter downloads. Adolescents also completed a depression inventory. Three months later, adolescents provided blood sampling for A1c assessment. Results: Multivariate general linear modeling identified that older adolescent age and more depressive symptoms were associated with reports of less frequent BGM. Two stepwise multivariate regression models examined the predictive utility of BGM indices (i.e., adolescent-reported BGM, caregiver-reported BGM, meter download) on glycemic control. Caregiver-reported BGM frequency predicted glycemic control in the absence of meter download data (p < 0.001). However, when clinical and contextual variables were included, meter download data were the most robust predictor of glycemic control (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Meter downloads have the most robust association with glycemic control when contextual variables are considered. Caregiver-reported BGM frequencies can serve as reliable substitutes in the absence of meter download, but they may not be as reliable in adolescents with depressive symptoms.
Classification of locally dihedral amalgams

Abstract An amalgam of rank 2 is a triple A = ( A 1 , A 12 , A 2 ) of finite groups A 1 , A 12 , A 2 such that A 1 ∩ A 2 = A 12 . The degree of A is the pair ( d 1 , d 2 ) where d i is the index of A 12 in A i for i = 1 , 2 . Let the degree of A be ( k , 2 ) where k ⩾ 3 and suppose that only the identity subgroup of A 12 is normal in both A 1 and A 2 , let K = Core A 1 ( A 12 ) and suppose that A 1 / K ≅ D 2 k is the dihedral group of order 2k. Then under the above conditions A is called a locally D 2 k amalgam. Such amalgams were classified for k = 3 by Djokovic and Miller [D.Ž. Djokovic, G.L. Miller, Regular groups of automorphisms of cubic graphs, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 29 (1980) 195–230], classified for odd numbers k in [A.Q. Sami, Locally dihedral amalgams of odd type, J. Algebra 298 (2006) 630–644] and partially classified for k = 4 by Djokovic [D.Ž. Djokovic, A class of finite group-amalgams, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 80 (1) (1980) 22–26]. In this paper we classify locally D 2 k amalgams for all even numbers k and describe them in terms of generators and relations. We find that if k ∈ { 2 , 10 , 14 , 22 } mod 24 then A 12 is an elementary abelian 2-group.
Expression of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) in acute cellular rejection of cardiac allografts.

Abstract Background To date, there are no good biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting the progression of cardiac allograft rejection. Previous studies have shown a correlation of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) to human cardiac allograft rejection; however these studies were limited in sample size and did not address whether AIF-1 could be used as a biomarker in diagnosing and predicting the progression of cardiac allograft rejection. Methods Using immunohistochemistry, AIF-1 expression was determined in cardiomyocytes (CMCs), mononuclear cells (MNCs) and Quilty lesions in 192 allograft endomyocardial biopsies and 37 heart specimens from nontransplant patients with diverse heart diseases. Results AIF-1 was found in both cardiac allografts and hearts with other cardiac diseases. In cardiac allografts, expression levels of AIF-1 in both CMCs and MNCs directly correlated with the severity of cardiac cellular rejection. AIF-1 expression was also elevated in Quilty B lesions, but not in Quilty A lesions. The rejection grade in subsequent biopsies increased in biopsies that had low-grade rejection with high CMC AIF-1 scores or Quilty B lesions. Conclusion AIF-1 was expressed in both CMCs and MNCs in hearts with various adverse conditions including but not limited to heart transplantation. In cardiac transplantation, AIF-1 was associated with the severity of cardiac allograft rejection and Quilty B lesions, which could predict subsequent increases in rejection grade. Thus, AIF-1 shows promise that it can be a potential biomarker for cardiac allograft rejection.
Altered ventricular stretch contributes to initiation of cardiac memory.

Background Cardiac memory is a change in T-wave morphology induced by ventricular pacing or arrhythmias that persist after resumption of normal AV conduction. Changing the pacemaker site from atrium to ventricle alters ventricular activation and the mechanical pattern of ventricular contraction. Either or both alterations affect T-wave configuration. Objective The purpose of this study was to study the role of altered contractile patterns on initiation of cardiac memory. Methods Isolated rabbit hearts were immersed in Tyrode's solution (37°C) and aortically perfused at a constant pressure of 70 mmHg. Three orthogonal quasi-ECG leads were recorded via six Ag–AgCl electrodes located on the walls of the bath. Hearts were paced at a constant cycle length from either the right atrial appendage or left ventricle lateral wall. The pulmonary artery was sealed, and both ventricles contracted isovolumetrically. Cardiac memory was quantified as T-wave vector displacement expressed as distance between T-wave vector peaks during atrial pacing before and after ventricular pacing. Results Five minutes of ventricular pacing induced significant T-wave vector displacement that returned to control in 5 to 10 minutes. No significant changes in intraventricular pressure occurred during and after ventricular pacing. Interventions that decreased ventricular load (shunting both ventricles to the bath) or contractility (excitation–contraction uncoupler blebbistatin) significantly decreased developed pressure and eliminated T-wave vector displacement. Neither intervention affected ventricular activation during ventricular pacing. Locally applied left ventricular epicardial stretch induced T-wave vector displacement similar to that induced by ventricular pacing. Conclusion Altered ventricular activation during ventricular pacing initiates cardiac memory via induction of altered contractile patterns and altered stretch.
SOI transistor measurement techniques using body contacted transistors

Measurements of body-contacted SOI MOS transistors are used to isolate parameters of the back channel and island edge transistor. Properties of the edge and back channel transistor have been measured before and after X-ray irradiation using an ARACOR machine. The unique properties of the edge transistor are shown to be a result of edge geometry as confirmed by a two-dimensional transistor simulator. Two different edge FET characteristics were found; one is associated with the bottom corner and the other with the top corner. The bottom corner FET characteristic is dependent on positive charge trapping at the silicon-insulator interface. It has also been established that the V/sub t/ shift with radiation of the top corner edge FET is comparable to the V/sub t/ shift of the top FET for the Rockwell SOS3H process. >
Reduction of Vortex-Driven Oscillations in a Choked Duct Through Active Control

The effectiveness of active control schemes for the reduction of vortex-driven instabilities is demonstrated using an experimental setup consisting of a non-reacting primary flow of air, where both the duct exit and inlet are choked. Two plates produce the vortex-shedding phenomenon at the duct’s first longitudinal mode. The potentially damaging low-frequency instabilities that arise when vortex-shedding frequencies couple with the natural acoustic modes of a choked duct are controlled using a secondary injection method, consisting of pulsing compressed air. A dynamic pressure transducer placed near the chamber exit allows to feed back the information needed to implement a closed-loop control scheme which effectively modifies the phasing of the secondary flow. The proposed approach was proven to be an effective means of reducing the problematic instabilities providing a 66% reduction in the FFT RMS amplitude when utilizing a Proportional-Derivative controller.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Thin Film Growth of Germanium Selenides from PECVD of GeCl4 and Dimethyl Selenide

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of germanium selenide thin films from germanium tetrachloride and dimethyl selenide was studied to determine the viability of these reagents for thin film deposition. Germanium tetrachloride and alkylselenides were selected as candidates for these reactions due to their lower toxicities and higher availabilities compared to the more typical substitutes: germane and hydrogen selenide in the formation of germanium selenides. Dimethyl selenide was used successfully for the deposition of germanium selenides. Variation in film stoichiometry was observed by the modification of reactant gas flow ratios. Relative mass flow rates were varied in order to determine their effect on germanium chalcogenide deposition, and the effect of these flow rate modifications on the film thickness, structural properties, and composition are reported.
The organization of the nucleus reticularis thalami: a Golgi study.

Summary o 1. The organization of the n. reticularis thalami has been studied in 500 mouse, rat, and cat brains constituting at least 10,000 histological sections. All material was stained by modifications of the rapid Golgi method, and controlled with Golgi-Cox, Nissl, Kluver and Bielschowsky preparations. 2. The dominant orientation of dendritic mass of reticularis cells is perpendicular to the course of thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamic radiations which traverse the field. 3. The dendrites are characterized by long filamentous spines, often 10 μ in length or more. They are thought to increase the available area of dendrite membrane, lying along and thrust into small fascicles of passage fibers. 4. The neuropil plexus of the field consists of collaterals from the thalamocortical and cortico-thalamic fibers of passage, and from the first portion of reticularis cell axons. This presynaptic neuropil spreads throughout the entire nucleus and forms the matrix within which reticularis cells are embedded. 5. The great majority of reticularis neurons send their large axons caudad into the thalamus where they synapse widely with neurons of specific and non-specific systems. Many axons break up into 2, 3, or more major caudal-running branches so 6. A very restricted number of the neurons we have examined (4%) send small caliber branches rostrally, but it is believed that these terminate within the corpus striatum. 7. We conclude that the n. reticularis thalami cannot be conceived as a final common pathway in the thalamic non-specific projection upon the cortex. It appears, rather, to represent a centrifugal system which projects the integrate of most thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamic interactions back upon the specific and non-specific thalamic nuclei. It would thus appear to function as a critical link in a system of re-entrant circuits of many lengths. Serving as the capstone upon a hierarchy of polysynaptic loops of varying complexity, it might well modulate all ongoing thalamic activity as well as exerting control over interactions between the thalamus and the cortex.
Rainbows in strong vertical atmospheric electric fields

The effects of strong vertical atmospheric electric fields and electrically charged raindrops on the primary rainbow are considered. A vertical electric field alters the bow by stretching the raindrops vertically. The effects may be visible only for the extremely large electric fields (E > 105 V m−1) sometimes encountered in thunderstorms. The electric field raises and brightens the top of the primary bow but reduces the relative intensity and spacing between the supernumeraries. Electrical charges do not have any visible effect on the rainbow because they significantly increase the ellipticity of only the largest and most highly charged drops, which do not contribute to the bow’s top.
Pharmacokinetics of the Antiviral Agent β-l-3′-Fluoro-2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-Dideoxycytidine in Rhesus Monkeys

The need to overcome drug-resistant mutations in viruses (7, 8, 14, 20, 22) and adverse effects during long-term human immunodeficiency (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapies have led to the development of several novel antiviral nucleoside agents (1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 17, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28). Pharmacokinetic studies with relevant animal models are critical to determine important pharmacokinetic parameters that are needed to develop rational starting dose regimens for clinical trials in humans. β-l-3′-Fluoro-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (l-3′-Fd4C) isa potent inhibitor of viral replication in the chronically HBV-infected HepAD79 cell line (90% effective concentration [EC90] of 10 μM). However, it has been previously demonstrated that nucleosides containing modifications at the 2′ and 3′ positions of the sugar moiety can have potent activity against resistant mutant viruses (4, 5, 13, 15, 30). l-3′-Fd4C was essentially nontoxic to various cells and had no mitochondrial toxicity in HepG2 cells at concentrations up to 100 μM; it was nontoxic to mice when administered intraperitoneally in a dosage of 100 mg/kg of body weight for 6 days. The objective of this study was to determine the single dose pharmacokinetics of l-3′-Fd4C in rhesus monkeys following intravenous ([i.v.] in sterile saline) and oral administration. The nucleoside was administered orally both with and without bicarbonate buffer for comparison, since d-D4FC (Reverset), developed earlier in our laboratory, is a 5-fluorine-containing cytidine analogue that is unstable at gastric pH. The bioavailability of d-D4FC in monkeys was improved when administered with sodium bicarbonate buffer (16). However, l-3′-Fd4C is known to be stable for at least 1 h at neutral, low-acidic and high-alkaline conditions at room temperature (5, 25). Nevertheless, we hypothesized that the use of bicarbonate may increase its oral bioavailability.
Response suppression to odors paired with toxicosis

Abstract Significant suppression of responding in the presence of isopropanol vapor occurred for rats that had previously smelled or smelled and tasted isopropanol as a novel stimulus prior to injection of a toxic drug. A more transitory aversion was induced in animals that received drug injections without contact with a novel odor. In a second experiment that involved geraniol and acetone as stimuli, olfactory aversions were found to be specific to the odorant paired with drug injection.
Nonlinear resistors that generate subharmonics

In a simple example it is shown that subharmonics can be generated by nonlinear resistors, contrary to an earlier claim, if some additional assumptions about the behavior of the element are made or if the small parasitic lead inductance is taken into account.
Spontaneous onset of labor, not route of delivery, is associated with prolonged length of stay in babies with gastroschisis.

Abstract Background/Purpose We studied obstetric delivery practices for fetal gastroschisis and correlated this with neonatal outcomes. Our objectives were to identify changes in delivery practices over time and to determine if these changes resulted in improved neonatal outcomes. Methods After IRB approval, maternal and neonatal records from 219 gastroschisis births between 1990 and 2008 were reviewed. Obstetrical data and neonatal data were collected. Univariate comparisons were made between maternal delivery variables and neonatal outcomes. Significant and clinically relevant obstetrical variables were combined for multivariate linear regression modeling. Results The practice of elective cesarean delivery (ELCS) shifted to spontaneous vaginal delivery (sVD) over time (p Conclusions Over nearly two decades, delivery of gastroschisis babies shifted from ELCS to sVD, a practice associated with a significantly longer LOS. Regression models suggest that shorter LOS could be achieved if elective delivery modes are utilized prior to SOL.
Dichotomous response to transforming growth factor β after T cell receptor activation by naive CD4+ T cells from DBA/1 mice: enhanced retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor γt expression yet reduced FoxP3 expression.

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism for biased interleukin-17 (IL-17) production by DBA/1 CD4+ T cells upon T cell receptor (TCR) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) stimulation. Methods Purified naive CD4+ T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 under Th1, Th2, Th17, and induced T regulatory (iTreg) cell conditions. Cytokine production was assayed by intracellular staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of transcription factors was determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting techniques. Results Naive CD4+ T cells from DBA/1 mice produced more IL-17 under Th17 cell polarizing conditions as compared with those from C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice. Further investigation revealed no difference among the strains in terms of CD4+ T cell survival, upstream TCR signaling, or CD69 expression or in the phosphorylation of STAT-3 and expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 that positively or negatively regulate IL-17 cell production. However, DBA/1 CD4+ T cells expressed increased levels of retinoic acid–related orphan receptor γt (RORγt). Furthermore, under iTreg cell polarizing conditions, DBA/1 CD4+ T cells showed a strikingly reduced level of FoxP3 expression. When interferon-γ and IL-4 were blocked, FoxP3 expression increased but remained lower in DBA/1 CD4+ T cells following exposure to TGFβ as compared with C57BL/6 CD4+ T cells. Moreover, DBA/1 CD4+ T cells showed reduced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 under both Th17 and iTreg cell polarizing conditions. Conclusion These results indicate that naive CD4+ T cells from DBA/1 mice have a dichotomous response to TGFβ: enhanced RORγt, yet reduced FoxP3, up-regulation. This observation may help to elucidate the branch point of TGFβ signaling that leads to skewed Th17, but reduced iTreg, cell differentiation.
Geometrically Designing the Kinematic Behavior of Catalytic Nanomotors

Catalytic nanomotors with silica microbead heads and TiO2 arms are systematically designed by dynamic shadowing growth. The swimming trajectories are fine tuned by altering the arm length and orientation exploiting geometry-dependent hydrodynamic interactions at low Reynolds number. The curvature, angular frequency, and radius of curvature of the trajectories change as a function of arm length. Simulations based on the method of regularized Stokeslets are also described and correctly capture the trends observed in the experiments.
Efficient Genetic Algorithms Using Discretization Scheduling

In many applications of genetic algorithms, there is a tradeoff between speed and accuracy in fitness evaluations when evaluations use numerical methods with varying discretization. In these types of applications, the cost and accuracy vary from discretization errors when implicit or explicit quadrature is used to estimate the function evaluations. This paper examines discretization scheduling, or how to vary the discretization within the genetic algorithm in order to use the least amount of computation time for a solution of a desired quality. The effectiveness of discretization scheduling can be determined by comparing its computation time to the computation time of a GA using a constant discretization. There are three ingredients for the discretization scheduling: population sizing, estimated time for each function evaluation and predicted convergence time analysis. Idealized one- and two-dimensional experiments and an inverse groundwater application illustrate the computational savings to be achieved from using discretization scheduling.
Combined electronic and thermal breakdown Models for polyethylene and polymer laminates

Abstract A comprehensive DC dielectric breakdown model has been extended for polyethylene in which specific time and voltage regimes were identified for thermal and electrical failure modes. In addition to electron injection processes, space-charge formation and the associated electric field distribution are critical in determining the conditions for insulator failure. Space charge formation and distribution are governed by electron and hole injection from the electrode as well as charge mobility and trapping. Breakdown fields of 5 MV/cm are predicted through a computational model for polyethylene films in the 5 to 200 µm thickness range and there is weak dependence of breakdown field on thickness. The model is applied to predict the effect of interfaces for multilayer polymer structures that act as barriers.
Optimal harvesting strategies for a multi-cycle and multi-pond shrimp operation: A practical network model

In this paper, we introduce a network formulation of the optimal scheduling model for a multi-cycle and multi-pond shrimp operation grounded on the original optimal harvesting theory for a single production unit. The optimal schedule comprises the harvesting and restocking time that maximizes total profit throughout the planning horizon, bounded by the underlying biological and economic conditions. The model takes into account the information such as harvest size distribution, seasonality of price, temperature and weight-dependent growth, and labor force and market demand constraints. We applied the model to an existing shrimp operation in Hawaii with 40 one-acre ponds and generated the optimal schedule for a year that maximizes overall production. The model schedule is found to be able to increase total production by 5% when compared to the schedule generated using an ''educated'' trial-and-error procedure currently practiced by this operation. Further insights for this multi-cycle and multi-pond scheduling problem were also generated through several alternate simulations. It is found that labor force and market demand constraints are the key factors in scheduling multi-cycle and multi-pond shrimp operations.
Measurements of relaxation cross sections for NH3 and OCS with a molecular beam maser spectrometer

Scattering cross sections for beams of NH3 and OCS are measured using a molecular beam maser spectrometer. The scattering gases used are NH3, OCS, CF3H, CH3F, N2, and He. In order to determine elastic and inelastic contributions to relaxation cross sections, measurements are made for (I) scattering of pure inversion or rotational state molecules, (II) scattering of molecules in a coherent superposition state, and (III) scattering of the whole beam in a distribution of rotational states. For dipolar scattering gases the cross sections for superposition states (σII) are significantly smaller than cross sections for pure states (σI). A theory of the scattering is presented in terms of phenomenological Redfield parameters and the S matrix. The theoretical description of scattering is used to separate elastic and inelastic contributions to the measured cross sections.
Mandibular distraction osteogenesis

The purpose of this report is to present the application of distraction osteogenesis (DO) to the correction of mandibular deformities. DO is a technique used to lengthen bones after a cut is made within the bone and the segments are gradually separated, creating new bone between them. Elongation of the mandible improves the deficient bone structure as well as the surrounding soft tissues, including muscle and skin. In cases with reduced hypopharyngeal space, mandibular elongation through distraction leads to an enlarged and improved airway. Representative cases are illustrated to show the application of mandibular DO.
Creative destruction: Analysing flood and flood control in Bangladesh

This article explores the notion of ‘creative destruction’ in analyzing the effects of riverine floods on agricultural productivity in Bangladesh. It examines the monthly data on crop productivity for 1978–2000 in Bangladesh, to argue that, while severe flooding may cause decline in agricultural yield rate in disaster months, they may also provide open-access irrigational input that lead to significant increases in post-flood productivity. A more nuanced notion of ‘creative destruction’ is then applied to examine how structural measures of flood control have transformed agricultural practices in the country over the long run. The economic transformation that followed these changes, however, had unequal consequences for the communities. A majority of the stakeholders faced new kinds of risks that emerged with the new and unexpected changes in livelihood patterns and in disaster archetypes.
Chemical Systems Under Indirect Observation: Latent Properties and Chemometrics

A fairly large set of chemical problems focus on the desire to know the value of some property of a substance that is very difficult or even impossible to measure in the laboratory. A well-known example is the evaluation of the octane number of a gasoline. Many of the properties of a gasoline mixture are relatively easily measured, but measuring octane number for a gasoline requires the running of the gasoline in a special octane engine, an expensive and tedious measurement. It would be helpful—not to mention simpler, faster, and (especially) cheaper—if we could measure something that is easy to measure like a spectrum and determine the octane number from it. The mathematical relation between our measurement—or measurements, because we might make several—and the property desired is all that is needed. We call the "observation" of properties like the octane number indirect because we measure other properties and infer the value of the property of interest through some mathematical relation. Our goal, then, is the indirect observation of a property, for good reasons such as speed and economy.
Adaptation in Sensorimotor Control After Restoration of Grip and Pinch in Children with Tetraplegia

This study examined how restoration of grip and pinch influenced sensorimotor control in 16 participants with tetraplegia, 8 to 20 years of age. Clinical measures and grip-lift task performance under two frictional conditions were recorded at baseline and 2 and 6 months after tendon transfers or neuroprosthesis implant. All participants improved strength, dexterity, function, and static grip force during lifts from baseline. Task completion time shortened in the tendon transfer group and lengthened in the neuroprosthesis group postoperatively. Only the tendon transfer group exhibited differential force scaling for texture and showed two-point discrimination and strength to predict temporal and force coordination by 6 months. Sensibility and biomechanical features of the neuroprosthesis likely contributed to group differences in resultant sensorimotor control.