cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of positive QuantiFERON gold in-tube testing in hidradenitis suppurativa

Aim: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory disease of the apocrine sweat glands. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors are commonly used to treat HS. However,...
International Competition: Global Electronics Companies

In Chapter 2 we examined the changing competitive status of nations, and in Chapter 3 we investigated the international trade flow in the global electronics industry markets. In Chapter 4 we will look at company-level comparative analyses to examine economic performance of electronics companies in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States, as well as in Germany, France, Britain, Italy, and other Western European nations. A major issue we want to address is the relationship between company performance and a nation’s competitiveness within a changing global economic system.
Giant Cane Vegetative Buffer for Improving Soil and Surface Water Quality.

Over the past four decades, riparian buffers have proven effective in retaining nutrients and sediment from agricultural runoff. Many grass species have been used with variable success in riparian buffers to improve the water quality of runoff. However, limited information is available on the effectiveness of giant cane [Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl] in improving surface water quality compared with grass species such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine the quality of runoff leaving vegetative buffer plots planted with giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass. Additionally, a bare-ground control and continuous corn (Zea mays L.) was also monitored for comparison of runoff with vegetative buffers. The giant cane treatment had significantly greater infiltration rates (38.18 mm h⁻¹, p giant cane = Kentucky bluegrass = orchardgrass > bare ground. The total P from the corn treatment (1.70 mg L⁻¹, p < 0.05) was significantly higher than for bare ground (1.22 mg L⁻¹), giant cane (0.69 mg L⁻¹), Kentucky bluegrass (0.86 mg L⁻¹), and orchardgrass (0.54 mg L⁻¹). Giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass significantly reduced the total P concentration more than bare ground and corn. Results from this study demonstrate the utility of giant cane as a vegetated buffer to reduce nutrient and sediment concentrations in agricultural runoff.
Inhibitors of Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. st]Revised Structure of Phaseolotoxin

Abstract The structure of phaseolotoxin, a toxin produced by cultured Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola , the causal agent of halo blight disease in bean plants is revised to 3. The structure of octicidin, isolated from leaves of bean plants infected with pv. phaseolicola . has been determined to be 4, a protease degradation product of 3 which is formed in the plant.
Dynamic Whole Brain Polarity Regimes Strongly Distinguish Controls from Schizophrenia Patients

From a large clinical blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we report several interrelated findings involving transient supra-network brainwide states (dynamic polarity regimes (dPRs)) of fMRI activation in which large proportions of voxels are simultaneously exhibiting intensities in the upper third or simultaneously exhibiting intensities in the lower third of their own activation profiles. The presence of highly polarized states, those in which many voxels are simultaneously at the high or low end of their own activation profiles, is shown to be significantly anti-correlated with diagnosed schizophrenia and significantly correlated with transient patterns of both strongly modularized network connectivity and diffuse hyperconnectivity between functional brain networks on multiple timescales. Conversely, the weak under-modularized network connectivity and the inhibitory connections between default mode (DMN) and other networks characteristic of schizophrenia patients correlates significantly with non-polarized, more heterogeneous brainwide voxel activation levels. Moreover, the spatial distribution of voxels most likely to contribute to highly polarized states (polarity participation maps (PPMs)) also differ with a high degree of statistical significance between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Our findings highlight a particular whole-brain spatiotemporal BOLD activation phenomenon that underpins distinct network connectivity pathologies associated with a serious clinical disorder.
Zopfochytrium is a new genus in the Chytridiales with distinct zoospore ultrastructure.

Abstract While surveying chytrid diversity in lakes and streams, we found on cellulosic bait a chytrid that had both monocentric and polycentric thallus forms. We brought this chytrid into axenic culture from three sites in eastern North America, studied its thallus development and zoospore ultrastructure, and compared its 28S rDNA sequence with those of other members of the Chytridiomycota. Thallus morphology matched that described for the rare chytrid, Cladochytrium polystomum Zopf. Sporangia were spherical and produced numerous long discharge tubes. After discharge, zoospores remained in spherical clusters at the tips of the inoperculate openings of discharge tubes. After 10–30 min zoospores either swam away or encysted in place. Zoospore ultrastructural features included a cell coat, flagellar plug, and paracrystalline inclusion, features typical of members of the Chytridiales. However, the flagellar apparatus structure and organellar organization differed from that of zoospores previously described. Based on its molecular phylogeny and its zoospore ultrastructural features, we classify C. polystomum as a member of the Chytridiaceae in the Chytridiales. Because its thallus development and its ribosomal DNA sequences diverged decidedly from those of Cladochytrium tenue Nowak, the type species of Cladochytrium, we erected Zopfochytrium as a new genus for this chytrid.
Individual probe based confocal laser endomicroscopy criteria in the analysis of indeterminate biliary strictures

Objectives: Evaluation of indeterminate biliary strictures remains challenging due to limited sensitivity of endoscopic tissue sampling. Biliary probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) has...
Simulant testing of a co-decontamination (CoDCon) flowsheet for a product with a controlled uranium-to-plutonium ratio

Multiple tests of a co-decontamination (CoDCon) tributyl phosphate (TBP)-based solvent extraction flowsheet are being performed to determine the uncertainties associated with maintaining a target U...
Real-world effectiveness of approved anticancer agents among Medicare beneficiaries.

6589Background: The overall survival (OS) among elderly patients (pts) treated with novel anticancer agents in the real world may be inferior to the OS reported in pivotal trials for drug approval....
Field evaluation of anthraquinone treatment to reduce corn seedling damage by birds

Abstract Corn consumption by birds is a costly problem in North America, yet growers have limited effective options for managing crop losses. Most research has focused on reducing bird conflicts in ripening corn fields, however, growers also report damage to newly-planted corn seeds and seedlings. We conducted a study of corn losses caused by birds on newly planted and emerging corn seedlings within fields in eastern and northern New York State during 2016–2018. A 97-day corn hybrid was selected with a typical insecticide and fungicide seed treatment package from Dairyland (DS 9791RA) in order to minimize other possible confounding variables. Each trial field (n = 5 in 2016; n = 16 in 2017; n = 20 in 2018) included a split-plot design on 2.02 ha (5 acres). Corn seed on half of each trial field 1.01 ha (2.5 acres) was treated with Avipel Shield (anthraquinone, AQ) and the other half was left untreated. Results from these field trials showed that the seed treatment with AQ reduced corn pulling by birds (primarily American crows) and increased plant populations during all 3 years. However, corn silage yield was similar between control and treatment blocks in trial fields, and was not impacted by seed treatment with AQ. Still growers believed the added repellent cost was justified to maintain high corn plant counts in spring and have at least the potential for better yields at harvest.
The Impact of Nutritional Intervention on Menstrual Dysfunction in Female Athletes: a Systematic Review

Menstrual function is strongly affected by nutritional status and energy availability in female athletes, and impaired menstrual function can impact bone mineral density. Nutritional interventions have been proposed to mitigate menstrual dysfunction. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the ability of nutritional interventions, directed at improving energy availability, to restore normal menstrual status in female athletes. PubMed, Cinahl, and SportDiscus databases were comprehensively searched. Included studies had to investigate the impact of increasing energy availability in female athletes through a nutritional intervention. The primary outcome measure of interest was menstrual status. Included studies were reviewed for methodological rigor using the American Academy of Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist. Five studies met the inclusion criteria. Of the athletes who completed the interventions in the studies, 0–100% resumed normal menses. For those that improved, the mean length of time for return to menses ranged from 2.63 to 15.6 months. The length of the interventions (3–9 months), mean ages of the participants (17–1-22.6 years), and particular dietary intervention(s) (counseling, education, and nutritional supplementation) varied between the studies. Nutritional interventions may restore normal menses in some female athletes. Educational strategies targeted at improved eating and understanding the energy demands of sport, as well as weekly interaction with athletes should be considered.
Kirigami-inspired strain-insensitive sensors based on atomically-thin materials

Abstract This work reports kirigami-inspired architectures of graphene for strain-insensitive, surface-conformal stretchable multifunctional electrodes and sensors. The kirigami-inspired graphene electrode exhibits strain-insensitive electrical properties up to 240% applied tensile strain and mixed strain states, including a combination of stretching, twisting, and/or shearing. Moreover, a multitude of kirigami designs of graphene are explored computationally to predict deformation morphologies under different strain conditions and to achieve controllable stretchability. Notably, strain-insensitive graphene field-effect transistor and photodetection under 130% stretching and 360° torsion are achieved by strategically redistributing stress concentrations away from the active sensing elements via strain-responsive out-of-plane buckling at the vicinity of the kirigami notches. The combination of ultra-thin form factor, conformity on skin, and breathable notches suggests the applicability of kirigami-inspired platform based on atomically-thin materials in a broader set of wearable technology.
Azimuthal, spatial, and temporal variability of acoustic intensity in along-the-shelf direction of Chukchi shelf from June to August 2017

Spatial, temporal, and azimuthal variability of sound propagation with simultaneously measured oceanography on the Chukchi shelf is reported. Broadband acoustic signals (0.7 to 1.1 kHz) were transmitted from a single sound source placed near the sound channel axis in 150 m water depth and received by two arrays about 32 km away at different angles forming two acoustic tracks. One was along the 120–150 m isobath and the other crossing 120 to 220 m isobath. The angle between the two acoustic paths was 30 deg. Sound emitted from the common source shows different behavior along each acoustic track. Concurrently detailed water column environmental parameters (i.e., salinity and temperature) were measured in the region in both “along” and “cross-shelf” directions. Emergence of a warm water masses during from late June to July caused a variable channel where transmissions showed markedly large intensity variations (∼20 dB). This presentation quantifies data analysis using correlation between acoustics and environmental signals. [Work supported by ONR 322OA.]Spatial, temporal, and azimuthal variability of sound propagation with simultaneously measured oceanography on the Chukchi shelf is reported. Broadband acoustic signals (0.7 to 1.1 kHz) were transmitted from a single sound source placed near the sound channel axis in 150 m water depth and received by two arrays about 32 km away at different angles forming two acoustic tracks. One was along the 120–150 m isobath and the other crossing 120 to 220 m isobath. The angle between the two acoustic paths was 30 deg. Sound emitted from the common source shows different behavior along each acoustic track. Concurrently detailed water column environmental parameters (i.e., salinity and temperature) were measured in the region in both “along” and “cross-shelf” directions. Emergence of a warm water masses during from late June to July caused a variable channel where transmissions showed markedly large intensity variations (∼20 dB). This presentation quantifies data analysis using correlation between acoustics and enviro...
Incidence and Time Trends of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Adults in Zhejiang Province, China, 2007-2017

Aims. Population-based incidence data are paramount to assess the effects of prevention strategies for diabetes, yet the relevant studies in mainland China are scarce. This study is aimed at estimating the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence and time trends in Chinese adults. Material and Methods. Based on the Diabetes Surveillance System of Zhejiang Province, 879,769 newly diagnosed T2DM cases were identified from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2017. Annual incidence, incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and average annual percentage change with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Results. The age-standardized overall incidence rate of T2DM was reported to be 281.73 (95% CI: 281.26-282.20) per 100,000 person-years, 293.19 (95% CI: 292.51-293.87) in males and 270.42 (95% CI: 269.76-271.09) in females. Compared with the ≥80 years age group, younger adults were at lower risk for T2DM (IRRs ranged from 0.035 to 0.986 and the 95% CIs did not include the null), except for the 70-79 years age group (IRR: 1.087, 95% CI: 1.077-1.097). Compared with females and rural areas, the risk for T2DM was higher in males (IRR: 1.083, 95% CI: 1.079-1.088) and urban areas (IRR: 1.005, 95% CI: 1.001-1.009), respectively. The standardized annual incidence rate increased from 164.85 in 2007 to 268.65 per 100,000 person-years in 2017, with an average annual increase of 4.01% and grew more rapidly in male, younger, and rural area populations. Conclusions. Our study suggested a significant increase in the incidence rate of T2DM among Chinese over the past decade, especially in adults characterized by male sex, younger age, and rural areas.
Towards making videos accessible for low vision screen magnifier users

People with low vision who use screen magnifiers to interact with computing devices find it very challenging to interact with dynamically changing digital content such as videos, since they do not have the luxury of time to manually move, i.e., pan the magnifier lens to different regions of interest (ROIs) or zoom into these ROIs before the content changes across frames. In this paper, we present SViM, a first of its kind screen-magnifier interface for such users that leverages advances in computer vision, particularly video saliency models, to identify salient ROIs in videos. SViM's interface allows users to zoom in/out of any point of interest, switch between ROIs via mouse clicks and provides assistive panning with the added flexibility that lets the user explore other regions of the video besides the ROIs identified by SViM. Subjective and objective evaluation of a user study with 13 low vision screen magnifier users revealed that overall the participants had a better user experience with SViM over extant screen magnifiers, indicative of the former's promise and potential for making videos accessible to low vision screen magnifier users.
An evaluation of sampling methods for the detection of Escherichia coli and Salmonella on Turkey carcasses.

The efficacy of rinse, excision, and swab methods for the microbiological analysis of prechill turkey carcasses was investigated. Aerobic plate counts from a 50-cm2 area of the breast sampled by excision and by swabbing were compared. Escherichia coli and Salmonella recoveries were determined from turkeys sampled by a carcass rinse (CR), a modified rinse with the carcass supported in a swing (MCR), a two-site swab of 50 cm2 at the back and thigh (2S), a one-site swab of 50 cm2 beneath the wing (1S), a whole-carcass swab of the inner and outer carcass surface (WS), and excision of 25 g of neck skin tissue (NE). The effect of diluent volume (25, 50, and 100 ml) on E. coli counts from swab samples was also assessed. The aerobic plate count from breast tissue sampled by excision was greater than that by swabbing (P < 0.05). E. coli recoveries by the MCR method were similar to those by CR. E. coli counts from 1S and WS samples were higher when swabs were stomached in 50 rather than 25 ml of diluent (P < 0.05)....
Therapeutic vaccination against tumor pericyte-associated antigens DLK1 and DLK2 (VAC12P.1013)

The tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes unique epigenetic programming of stromal cell populations, including vascular endothelial cells (VEC) and pericytes, leading to differential expression of antigens that may be recognized by therapeutic T cells. These antigenic differences may be targeted immunologically via specific vaccination. We show that pericytes in human and murine renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and melanoma differentially overexpress the antigen Delta-like homolog 1 (DLK-1). DLK-1 is an EGF-like protein that functions as a Notch pathway antagonist. We demonstrate that both peptide and genetic vaccination of RENCA-bearing BALB/c mice against DLK-1 results in tumor growth inhibition and removal of DLK-1 within the TME. However, DLK-1 removal also led to a compensatory increase in DLK-2 expression (a DLK-1 homolog and NOTCH antagonist) in the murine RENCA TME. Using recombinant lentiviruses encoding murine DLK-1 and DLK-2, we show that coordinate genetic vaccination against these two antigens leads to superior therapeutic inhibition of RENCA tumor growth compared to vaccination against either DLK-1 or DLK-2 alone. The coordinate vaccination also resulted in the activation of DLK-1- and DLK-2-specific CD8+ T cells, recruitment of T cells into the TME and normalization of tumor blood vessels. We conclude that vaccination against DLK-1 and/or DLK-2 may represent an effective strategy for vascularized, solid forms of cancer, including RCC and melanoma, among others.
Passage Through Resonance

The effect of both gravitational and tidal torques on the spin rate of the planet Mercury is used as a model for a passage through resonance problem. Both the resonance and nonresonance aspects of the spin rate are studied by means of the method of averaging. On the basis of this analysis, it is concluded that the present 3:2 resonant state is due to nonresonant capture which evolved into resonant capture as the orbital eccentricity increased.
Dense Cores Associated with Diffuse, High Latitude Molecular Clouds

We have identified an unusual class of diffuse, high-latitude molecular clouds (HLC’s) which contain dense ammonia cores. We present preliminary 12CO and NH3 observations of two diffuse, high-latitude clouds, Bernes 48 and MBM 21, which contain dense cores and, in at least one case, an associated IRAS source. These results raise fundamental questions regarding core and star formation in molecular clouds.
Phenotypic and genotypic properties of the genus Hafnia.

The present study characterised 73 Hafnia alvei isolates and five Escherichia isolates (originally identified as H. alvei) isolated from cases of diarrhoeal disease by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Branch (ICDDRB) in Bangladesh. Based upon the hydrolysis of arbutin and aesculin and the fermentation of salicin and d-arabinose, four distinct biotypes could be recognised among the 73 H. alvei isolates tested; biotype 1 (d-(-)-arabinose-positive only) accounted for 75% of all isolates analysed. Hydrolysis of aglycone compounds such as arbutin, salicin and aesculin appeared to be associated with expression of β-glucosidase activity. ICDDRB isolates, when compared with type or reference strains of H. alvei, were shown not to belong to the genus Hafnia based upon resistance to Hafnia-specific bacteriophage 1672, possession of the phoE gene, expression of glutamate decarboxylase activity and significant 16S rDNA sequence divergence (∼8%) from the type strain, ATCC 13337T. True H. alvei strains, implicated in outbreaks of diarrhoeal disease in Canada, lacked the eaeA gene in contrast to ICDDRB isolates. Twenty-two H. alvei isolates were selected for further study. Based upon partial 16S rDNA sequencing, these 22 isolates fell into two genomic groups (genomospecies), identical to DNA groups previously established by DNA hybridisation studies. Markers such as motility, biotype, or enzymic or carbohydrate fermentation patterns did not correlate totally with DNA grouping, although malonate utilisation appeared to be the single best discriminatory phenotype. The results indicate that the genus Hafnia is heterogeneous and there do not appear to be any laboratory data available specifically linking these organisms to gastro-enteritis.
Genomics and Proteomics of Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Study of RNA and proteins in cells of both normal and diseased tissues is providing researchers with new knowledge of disease pathologies. While still in its early stages, high-throughput expression analysis is improving our understanding of the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While many studies have used microarray and proteomic analyses as "hypothesis-generating" tools, the technologies also have potential to identify and quantify biomarkers of disease. To date, many of the published studies have examined gene expression profiles of tissue biopsies, others have utilized cells from peripheral blood. Microarray technology has been employed successfully in the investigation of a diverse array of human diseases. The potential of high-throughput expression analysis to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of PAH is highlighted in this review. Proteomic studies of PAH and pulmonary vascular diseases in general have been little utilized thus far. To date, such studies are few and no consistent biomarker has emerged from studies of either plasma or blood cells from idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients. The studies of both lung tissue and lymphocytes are perhaps more revealing and suggest that changes in the cytoskeletal machinery may play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The oncology literature has demonstrated the utility of gene microarray analysis to predict important outcomes such as response to therapy and survival. It is likely that in the near future, gene microarrays and proteomic analyses will also be employed in a pharmacogenomics approach in PAH, helping to identify the most appropriate therapies for individual patients.
Embodied Methodologies, Participation, and the Art of Research

In this article, I make the case for scholarship potential at the overlap of art and research. Using the case of the psychological study of adolescence, I show that in order to produce findings of meaning from a critical psychological perspective, it is imperative to consider methodology and epistemology. With a focus on artistic embodied methodologies within participatory action research projects on adolescence, I explore how creative approaches can be an analytic process for knowledge production in the critical social sciences. I argue that the artistic approaches employed using embodied methodologies can be considered as a way to make meaning and that especially within participatory research, these approaches can strengthen validity. In response to the epistemological violence (Teo, 2010) of some conventional social psychological studies, participatory artistic embodied methodologies contribute to building liberatory knowledge and rigorous science.
SALT ON THE OHIO VALLEY FRONTIER, 1770–18201

ABSTRACT Salt, available at natural springs, seasonally attracted great herds of bison which through years of repetitious movement carved an extensive system of buffalo traces: avenues used by Anglo-Americans in settling portions of the Ohio Valley. Frontier settlement concentrated in areas of salt availability as the vital dietary element proved necessary to sustain livestock and to prepare meats, thus providing the frontier farmer with an export commodity. Salt was used as a medium of exchange enabling merchants to pursue a diversified commerce centered in urban places; indeed, the salt trade, more than any other commercial activity, sustained the Valley's early urban structure.
Design science and the accumulation of knowledge in the information systems discipline

Design science has emerged as an important research paradigm in the information systems (IS) discipline, and much has been written on how it should be conducted and evaluated (e.g., Hevner et al. [2004]; Walls et al. [1992]; Vaishnavi and Kuechler [2007]; Kuechler and Vaishnavi [2008]; Peffers et al. [2007]; Iivari [2010]; Pigneur [2011]). We contend that, as a socio-technical discipline, IS research must address the interaction between design and behavior. We begin with a background discussion of what we mean by IS research and the nature of the relationship between design and behavioral approaches to IS research. We discuss the nature of design, design science, and IT artifacts within information systems research and describe the importance of linking design and behavioral perspectives. We illustrate several key points using selected articles recently published in ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems [Schmidt-Rauch and Schwabe 2011; Lau et al. 2011]. We conclude with a vision of IS research in which the capabilities and affordances of IT artifacts are incorporated into behavioral studies; the results of behavioral studies are utilized in the development and evaluation of IT artifacts; and both behavioral and design perspectives are used to address the important problems of our constituent community.
Controlled comparison of humidified inhalation and peritoneal lavage in rewarming of immersion hypothermia.

Abstract Random source dogs were anesthetized and cooled by immersion in ice water to a stable core temperature of 25°C and subsequently rewarmed with either normal saline peritoneal lavage (43°C, 175 ml/kg/h) or warmed humidified inhalation (43°C, 450 ml/kg/min ventilation). The time required for core rewarming to 30°C was 192 ± 61 minutes for lavage and 331 ± 96 minutes for inhalation therapy (P
Social status as determinant of alcohol effects on aggressive behavior in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).

We investigated the behavioral effects of alcohol, especially those on aggression, on members of established groups of squirrel monkeys. A continuous measurement of monkey behavior in groups revealed consistent differences between dominant and subordinate animals. Dominant monkeys aggressed more frequently than subordinate monkeys, and spent less time in stationary postures. Alcohol produced dose-related biphasic changes in the number of threats, grasps, and displacements exhibited by dominant but not subordinate monkeys. Low doses of alcohol (0.1, 0.3, 0.6 g/kg) increased the frequency of aggressive behavior, and high doses (1.0 g/kg) decreased these behaviors. The largest change in behavior was evident in the first 20–40 min after injection, with a return to baseline 60–120 min later. The aggression-enhancing effect of alcohol in dominant monkeys required a stable baseline, which was obtained by daily administration of distilled water. Low levels of aggressive and associative behavior in subordinate monkeys were relatively unaffected at any dose of alcohol. They were associated with and aggressed against more often by untreated members of the group. The status-dependent effects of alcohol may be related to the neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter profiles characteristic of dominant and subordinate monkeys.
Mapping chemicals in air using an environmental CAT scanning system: evaluation of algorithms

Abstract A new technique is being developed which creates near real-time maps of chemical concentrations in air for environmental and occupational environmental applications. This technique, we call Environmental CAT Scanning, combines the real-time measuring technique of open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with the mapping capabilitites of computed tomography to produce two-dimensional concentration maps. With this system, a network of open-path measurements is obtained over an area; measurements are then processed using a tomographic algorithm to reconstruct the concentrations. This research focussed on the process of evaluating and selecting appropriate reconstruction algorithms, for use in the field, by using test concentration data from both computer simultation and laboratory chamber studies. Four algorithms were tested using three types of data: (1) experimental open-path data from studies that used a prototype opne-path Fourier transform/computed tomography system in an exposure chamber; (2) synthetic open-path data generated from maps created by kriging point samples taken in the chamber studies (in 1), and; (3) synthetic open-path data generated using a chemical dispersion model to create time seires maps. The iterative algorithms used to reconstruct the concentration data were: Algebraic Reconstruction Technique without Weights (ART1), Algebraic Reconstruction Technique with Weights (ARTW), Maximum Likelihood with Expectation Maximization (MLEM) and Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (MART). Maps were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. In general, MART and MLEM performed best, followed by ARTW and ART1. However, algorithm performance varied under different contaminant scenarios. This study showed the importance of using a variety of maps, particulary those generated using dispersion models. The time series maps provided a more rigorous test of the algorithms and allowed distinctions to be made among the algorithms. A comprehensive evaluation of algorithms, for the environmental application of tomography, requires the use of a battery of test concentration data before field implementation, which models reality and tests the limits of the algorithms.
Mutagenesis of the RGD motif in the yellow fever virus 17D envelope protein.

The envelope protein of yellow fever virus 17D (YFV-17D) contains a solvent-exposed RGD motif, which has led to the suggestion that integrins may function as cellular receptors for YFV-17D. We found that mutating the RGD motif to RGE had no effect on viral titers, whereas changing RGD to TGD, TGE, TAD, TAE, or RGS led to reduced titers. Substitution of RGD by RAD or RAE yielded RNA genomes that replicated in mammalian cells but could not spread to neighboring cells at 37°C. These mutants did spread through the cell monolayer at 30°C (both in mosquito cells and in SW13 cells) and viruses grown at this temperature were capable of infecting mammalian cells at 37°C. These results strongly suggest that RGD-mediated integrin binding does not play a major role in YFV-17D entry, since the RGD to RAD mutation, as well as many or all of the other mutations studied, should disrupt all RGD-dependent integrin binding. However, the RGD to RAD or RAE mutations (as well as TAD and TAE) severely destabilized the envelope protein at 37°C, providing an explanation for the observed phenotype. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of the fact that mutations that alter tropism or virulence in different flaviviruses are often found within the loop containing the RGD motif.
Treatment of filler-reinforced silicone elastomers to maximize increases in ultimate strength

Model elastomers prepared by end linking poly(dimethylsiloxane) chains were filled in-situ by the ethylamine-catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate. The increases in modulus and ultimate strength obtained from the presence of filler were enhanced by a swelling-extraction treatment of the elastomers with tetrahydrofuran. The effect may be due to hydrolytic formation of additional particle surface silanol groups or removal of adsorbed small molecules, thereby increasing the number of sites for particle-polymer bonding.
Ring closures from eneearbamoyl azides. Syntheses of tetrahydro-3-indazolinones and 4-imidazolin-2-ones†

Reaction of phosgene with cyclohexylidene amines gives good yields of (1-eyclohexen-l-yl)-carbamoyl chlorides (1). Compound 1 can be converted to the corresponding eneearbamoyl azide (2), which on pyrolysis gives an improved synthesis of 1-substituted-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3-indazolinones (7). When 1 is substituted by an allylic rather than alkyl or aryl group, the major products are 4-imidazolin-2-ones (8) accompanied by only minor amounts of 7. The thermolysis reaction has been extended to N-allylcarbamoyl azides in general, thus providing a new and facile synthesis for 1,4-disubstituted 4-imidazolin-2-ones (9). A tentative mechanism is advanced, involving intermediate azide addition to the allylic double bond.
Family support predicts psychiatric medication usage among Mexican American individuals with schizophrenia

Background Support provided by family caregivers to persons with schizophrenia is a viable intervention focus to improve psychiatric medication usage. However, little is known about the relation between medication usage and family support as well as other key caregiving factors.
On the energy distribution of suprathermal electrons produced by HF heating in the F2 region

Abstract Using the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) imager, measurements of intensities at 630.0 and 557.7 nm were carried out during HF heating in the F region in February 2002 (Pedersen et al., Geophysical Research Letters 30(4) (2003) 1169). Analysis of the red and green line emission observations confirms that both emissions can be observed only when suprathermal electrons are produced during HF heating. Using an artificial airglow model based on a Maxwellian energy distribution of suprathermal electrons, it is possible to determine the minimum ratio of red to green line intensity as a function of altitude. The model also facilitates estimating the effective temperatures and fluxes of fast electrons that excite artificial airglow. However, the associated energy flux is so large that the heating of background thermal electrons becomes very significant. Using this model, it is impossible to obtain agreement between the calculated and measured intensities of the green and red lines because heated thermal electrons additionally excite the O( 1 D) state while O( 1 S) excitation is negligible. If the suprathermal electron distribution is fitted by a power law instead, it is possible to decrease this disagreement. In this case, excitation of the 630.0 nm emission is provided by suprathermal electrons together with background thermal electrons heated by suprathermal electrons.
Colonial labor in transition: The decline of indentured servitude in late eighteenth‐century Philadelphia

(1981). Colonial labor in transition: The decline of indentured servitude in late eighteenth‐century Philadelphia. Labor History: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 165-191.
Mid-IR fiber-optic sensors.

Chemical IR sensors can provide continuous information on the probed environment and are on the verge of taking the significant step from experiment to real-world applications.
Pg-Extensions and p-Extensions with applications to C(X)

Essential extensions and p-extensions have been studied for commutative rings with identity in various papers, such as [P. Bhattacharjee, M. L. Knox and W. Wm. McGovern, p-Extensions, Proceedings for the OSU-Denison Conference, AMS series Contemporary Mathematics Series (to appear); p-Embeddings, Topology Appl. 160(13) (2013) 1566–1576; R. M. Raphael, Algebraic Extensions of Commutative Regular Rings, Canad. J. Math. 22(6) (1970) 1133–1155]. The present paper applies these concepts to certain subrings of C(X). Moreover, the paper introduces a new ring extension, called a pg-extension, and determines its relation to both essential extension and p-extension. It turns out that the pg-extension R ↪ S induces a well-defined contraction map between principal ideals and .
ISOCRATIC DETERMINATION OF DACARBAZINE AND RELATED IMPURITIES 2-AZAHYPOXANTHINE AND 5-AMINO-IMIDAZOLE-4-CARBOXAMIDE BY HPLC ON AN AVIDIN PROTEIN COLUMN

The separation of dacarbazine and its two related impurities, 5-amino-imidazole-4 carboxamide (AIC) and 2-azahypoxanthine (AHX) was investigated by capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. Baseline separation of dacarbazine and its related impurities was achieved by capillary electrophoresis (CE) on a fused silica capillary (70 cm × 50 μm, i.d) with an electrolyte buffer of methanol: phosphate buffer (0.025 M, pH 4) - 2:98 v/v at an applied voltage of 15 kV and detection at 220 nm. The CE method could not be used for the quantitation of impurities because at high concentration, the dacarbazine peak overlapped the nearest impurity peak. The initial HPLC method developed on an octadecylsilane (ODS) column successfully separated the impurities from the dacarbazine, but required a longer time of analysis (>50 min). Another HPLC method developed on an avidin protein column separated the drug and its impurities with a run time of less than 27 min and was chosen for method developmen...
Magnesium: Clinical considerations

Magnesium is gaining recognition as a clinically important electrolyte. Hypomagnesemia has been associated with a variety of disorders including seizures, malignant ventricular dysrhythmias, and sudden death. The emergency department patients who are most likely to be magnesium deficient include alcoholics, patients who take diuretics, and those in diabetic ketoacidosis. Hypokalemia and hypocalcemia may represent unrecognized hypomagnesemia. Clinical trials and case reports also document increasing interest in magnesium as an effective therapeutic agent for potentially life-threatening problems such as torsade de pointes, digitalis toxicity, bronchospasm, and alcohol withdrawal. We present an overview of hypomagnesemia, review the current literature, and focus on the role of magnesium in the acute care setting and the implications for the emergency physician.
Isolation of plasmids carrying either the uvrC or uvrC uvrA and ssb genes of Escherichia coli K-12

A 3.4 kb PstI fragment containing the uvrC gene of Escherichia coli K-12 has been cloned into pBR322. Plasmids carrying this PstI fragment, in either orientation (pGY3233, pGY4211) relative to the cloning vehicle, complement uvrC mutants. A second plasmid (pGY3243) with a 21 kb HindIII fragment is shown to complement mutations in uvrA and ssb (single-strand binding protein). A composite plasmid (pGY4610) containing pBR322 and PstI fragments derived from pGY3233 (3.4 kb) and pGY3243 (11.05 kb) complements the uvrC, uvrA and ssb mutations.
Clinicopathologic correlation of the unsatisfactory Papanicolaou smear

BACKGROUND The 1991 Bethesda System for cervical/vaginal cytology reporting defined adequacy criteria for the unsatisfactory designation. Most laboratories have implemented these criteria, but clinical implications have not been established. METHODS Researchers at two university hospitals retrieved by computer search all unsatisfactory Papanicolaou (Pap) smears taken between January 1994 and July 1995. Of 71,872 total Pap smears, 208 (0.3%) were unsatisfactory (corresponding atypical rate of 9% and a dysplasia/carcinoma rate of 6.5%). Time interval to follow-up and clinicopathologic outcome were determined. RESULTS Approximately 26% of unsatisfactory Pap smears were from patients with a history of epithelial abnormalities. The majority (129 of 208 specimens; 62%) of follow-up Pap smears or biopsies occurred within 6 months, 5.7% within 6-12 months, and 1.4% in 12-18 months. Approximately 31% had no follow-up. The first repeat Pap smear or histologic specimen in 144 patients with follow-up was negative in 107 (74%), unsatisfactory in 6 (4%), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in 15 (10%), squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) in 13 (9%), and malignant in 3 (2%). Nonmalignant conditions contributing to the unsatisfactory smears on histologic specimens (12%) included cervicitis, endometritis, endometrial hyperplasia, and polyps. Progressive abnormalities after the first repeat specimen were noted in 7 patients (5%). A total of 23 of 144 initial unsatisfactory specimens (16% )were found to be from patients diagnosed with SIL or malignancy when all follow-up specimens were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients with unsatisfactory Pap smears had follow-up studies within 6 months. A significant number (16%) of those with follow-up had eventual diagnoses of SIL or neoplasia. Benign pathologic conditions also contributed to unsatisfactory smears. This patient subset was more likely to have a history of abnormalities, confirming the importance of peer/hierarchical review of unsatisfactory smears. [See editorial counterpoint on pages 137-8, this issue.] Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1997; 81:139-43. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Stomatal Diffusion Resistance of Snap Beans. II. Effect of Light

The effect of light on the stomatal resistance of abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied in the growth chamber and in the field. The adaxial stomata required more light to open than the abaxial stomata; the abaxial stomatal apertures were still about 50% open at 1% full sunlight and light-induced closure was never observed under daytime field conditions. A given value of abaxial stomatal resistance was obtained at a given illumination of the abaxial guard cells whether illumination was adaxial or abaxial.
The design of a user friendly interactive personal computer package for quality control charts, project management, and linear programming applications

Abstract This paper describes the design of a user friendly interactive software package which can easily be used in both educational and industrial environments. The package contains applications for Quality Control Charts, Project Management, and Linear Programming. It is written in the BASIC programming language using the IBM Disk Operating System (DOS version 3.1). An IBM Personal Computer (PC, XT or AT) or compatible with one disk drive, a monochrome VDT and a line or dot matrix printer are required. The programs incorporate human factors considerations and the user is not required to have any previous computer programming experience. The package has data management options for adding new data, deleting data, listing data, storing data on a disk file and printing data collection forms for each program. The programs have been extensively validated using text book examples and comparisons with similar packages on main frame computer systems (such as EZLP, PPERT, LPRG, etc.). Based upon testing, this package was found to be easier to use and produced the desired results in approximately one third of the total time required by using the main-frame packages.
Bariatric surgery improved HbA1c more than intensive medical therapy in obese patients with uncontrolled type 2 DM

Source Citation Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, et al; STAMPEDE Investigators. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes—3-year outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2002-13. 24679060
Molecular dynamics simulations of void growth and coalescence in single crystal magnesium

Abstract The growth and coalescence of voids in magnesium single crystals at the nanoscale have been investigated using molecular dynamics simulations and the embedded atom method. One void and two void specimens with identical initial void volume fractions were utilized to study the mechanism of void growth and coalescence. In order to study the influences of material length scale on void evolution in single crystals four specimen sizes with the same initial volume fraction of voids were considered. Investigations of the effects of temperature and strain rate were also performed. Uniaxial stress–strain curves were monitored during increasing employed strain. The simulation results show that the specimen size, loading strain rate and temperature had apparent influences on the twin or dislocation pattern, void evolution shape and uniaxial stress–strain responses, but negligible effects on the initial slopes of the uniaxial stress–strain curves. Furthermore, the nucleation stress of twin bands in orientation A – x[0 0 0 1]–y[ 1 2 ¯ 1 0 ]–z[ 1 0 1 ¯ 0 ] was much higher than that of plastic deformation in orientation B – x[ 1 2 ¯ 1 0 ]–y[ 1 0 1 ¯ 0 ]–z[0 0 0 1].
The Effect of an Instructional Intervention on Middle School English Learners' Science and English Reading Achievement

This study examined the effect of a quasi-experimental project on fifth grade English learners' achievement in state-mandated standards-based science and English reading assessment. A total of 166 treatment students and 80 comparison students from four randomized intermediate schools participated in the current project. The intervention consisted of on-going professional development and specific instructional science lessons with inquiry-based learning, direct and explicit vocabulary instruction, integration of reading and writing, and enrichment components including integration of technology, take-home science activities, and university scientists mentoring. Results suggested a significant and positive intervention effect in favor of the treatment students as reflected in higher performance in district-wide curriculum-based tests of science and reading and standardized tests of oral reading fluency. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 987–1011, 2012
Computer integrated manufacturing system control: A data flow approach

Abstract A control system for computer integrated manufacturing systems (CMS) is analyzed and described which, in simulation, produces machine utilizations in excess of 90% and accepts priority work. It is similar to KANBAN, a Japanese shop floor control method. A simple queueing model gives the principle of operation. The simple model is shown to be very similar in behavior to a more complex data flow model. The data flow model is elaborated into a simulation based on data from industrial computer integrated manufacturing systems. Several experiments are conducted using this simulation. Control data are generated using an analytical model of conventional CMS control. The comparison between data from the simulation experiments and control data shows that machine utilizations are higher for data flow control than conventional control under the chosen experimental conditions. Statistical analysis of simulation experiment results demonstrates a strong association between batch priority and batch processing rate for the data flow system.
Separation of liquids by thermal diffusion

Data were obtained in flat-plate continuous-flow thermogravitational columns to check the theory developed by Furry, Jones, and Onsaer and a modification of this theory proposed by the authors. Separations of ethyl alcohol–water and benzene–n-heptane mixtures were measured, flow rate, column length, temperature difference, spacing between plates, and inclination of the plates being varied in the experiments. Theory and data are in qualitative agreement for the range of variables studied. Quantitative agreement exists between theory and experiment in the region of practical design for liquid-thermal-diffusion plants. Equations to aid in the design of thermal-diffusion plants are developed, and a plant to treat 1,000 bbl./day of a liquid aromatic-aliphatic mixture is designed and costs are estimated.