cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge transfer from a highly electrically stressed water surface during drop impact

Abstract Measurements have been made of the electric fields required to initiate corona discharges from the jets produced by splashing water drops, usually referred to as Worthington jets. Values of the charge transferred in such events have been obtained for drops in the millimeter size range in fields of both polarities. The minimum or critical, field for corona production was found to be dependent on the momentum of the drop at the moment of collision and independent of the field polarity. No difference was found between the behavior of sea water and tap water targets. For drops in the millimeter size range the empirical relationship E c (r) = (1.9/r 7 2 ) + (1.78 ± 0.04) is found to describe the critical conditions for a drop of radius r mm near terminal velocity, where Ec(r) is the critical applied field in kV cm−1. An attempt has been made to assess the possible influence of this phenomenon on the conditions occurring beneath oceanic thunderclouds. It appears likely that this process occurs naturally, setting an upper limit for the surface fields attainable and controlling the electrical response of the environment near the ocean surface to rapid electric field changes.
The use of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone in clinical chemistry: a convenient micromethod for the determination of serum or plasma glucose.

1. A new, simple method is described for determining the quantity of glucose in 0.010 ml or 0.100 ml serum or plasma using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone. The reagent is stable, colorless, and convenient to handle. 2. An intensely blue cationic dye is formed with glucose in aqueous solution having an absorption maximum at 625 nm and a molar absorptivity of 57,000. Beer's law is obeyed up to 600 mg/100 ml of sample. 3. Negligible interference is found due to the presence of large quantities of reducing substances, bilirubin, hemoglobin, dextran, and anticoagulants. 4. Comparisons are made by parallel analyses by a hexokinase, o-toluidine, and neocuproine methods.
Developing a SPASE Query Language

The advent of the Virtual Observatory has begun an evolution in the space physics data environment. A number of nascent and discipline specific Virtual Observatories have started to emerge with an emphasis on data search and retrieval. As this new data environment takes shape an emphasis will be placed on interdisciplinary communication in attempts to address large scale and global problems. To this end we formulate the development of a query language to facilitate Virtual Observatory to Virtual Observatory communication. Furthermore, we outline the goals of such a language, how it would work and how existing community efforts can be leveraged to speed the development of this query language.
Scalable large-area solid-state neutron detector with continuous p–n junction and extremely low leakage current

Abstract We report on the fabrication and characterization of solid-state thermal neutron detectors with detection areas up to 16 cm 2 that require only a single preamplifier for data acquisition. These detectors consist of a honeycomb-like micro-structured Si diode with boron-10 filled deep holes. A continuous p–n junction formed over the entire surface of the microstructure helps to achieve a low leakage current density of ~6.1×10 −9 A/cm 2 at −1 V for a 2.5×2.5 mm 2 detector. This low leakage current results in low electronic noise, which enables the fabrication of large-area detectors. An intrinsic thermal neutron detection efficiency of up to 26% was measured for a 2.5×2.5 mm 2 detector module and up to 24% was measured for a 1 cm 2 detector module. These measurements were obtained under zero bias voltage using a moderated californium-252 source. The relative efficiency remains almost the same when scaling the detector area up to 8 cm 2 by connecting 1 cm 2 detector modules in series. However, it decreases to 0.89 and 0.82, respectively, for 12 and 16 cm 2 . Nevertheless, these results demonstrate the promise of using boron filled micro-structured Si diodes as a cost effective alternative to the helium-3 based neutron detection technology and the potential of fabricating scalable large-area solid-state neutron detectors that are desirable for many applications.
Simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation of raw dent and high lysine corn and their starches

The objective of this work was to improve the economics of the simultaneous hydrolysis-fermentation process by 1) comparing yellow dent and high lysine corn and their starches as substrate; 2) evaluating a water extract of koji as the crude enzyme, and 3) comparing sake yeast with commercial distillation yeast
Resonant Crossover of Terahertz Loss to the Gain of a Bloch Oscillating InAs=AlSb Superlattice

Terahertz absorption in waveguides loaded with InAs/AlSb super-superlattice mesas reveals a frequency dependent crossover from loss to gain that is related to the Stark ladder produced by an applied dc electric field. Electric field domains appear to be suppressed in the super-superlattice composed of many very short segments of superlattice, interrupted by heavily doped InAs regions. Resonant crossover is indicated by an increase in terahertz transmission as the Stark splitting or Bloch frequency determined by the applied dc electric field exceeds the measurement frequency.
Diagram enumeration in the theory of magnetically dilute Heisenberg ferromagnets

This paper presents a direct mathematical proof of the correctness of the diagram counting procedures used by Morgan and Rushbrooke in their investigation of randomly dilute Heisenberg ferromagnets. The principal techniques used in accomplishing the proof are: (a) algebraic expression of the enumeration of diagram occurrences in terms of lattice sums over occupation variables and nearest-neighbour selector factors, and (b) the computation of the average values of these sums, averaged over all random configurations of the lattice. It is suggested that these techniques may be generally applicable to many other problems concerned with the lattice statistics of randomly mixed crystals.
Response to letter to the editor for original manuscript, "Surgical management of complex multiloculated hydrocephalus in infants and children".

Dear Editor: We appreciate Mr. Paraskevopoulos’s insightful commentary on our recent manuscript, BSurgical management of complex multiloculated hydrocephalus in infants and children^ (Childs Nerv Syst 31:243–249, 2015). We could not agree more with the sentiment that new and creative solutions are needed to treat this challenging neurosurgical problem. While endoscopy was often paired with image guidance in the treatment of the patients in this study and previous studies [1], we have not yet routinely integrated intraoperative imaging into our treatment paradigm for multiloculated hydrocephalus. We applaud Mr. Paraskevopoulos [2] and others [3–7] for broadening our treatment options through the development of more advanced adjunctive surgical tools. References
Thermal stability of HfO2 nanotube arrays

Abstract Thermal stability of highly ordered hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) nanotube arrays prepared through an electrochemical anodization method in the presence of ammonium fluoride is investigated in a temperature range of room temperature to 900 °C in flowing argon atmosphere. The formation of the HfO 2 nanotube arrays was monitored by current density transient characteristics during anodization of hafnium metal foil. Morphologies of the as-grown and post-annealed HfO 2 nanotube arrays were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Although monoclinic HfO 2 is thermally stable up to 2000 K in bulk, the morphology of HfO 2 nanotube arrays degraded at 900 °C. A detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study revealed that the thermal treatment significantly impacted the composition and the chemical environment of the core elements (Hf and O), as well as F content coming from the electrolyte. Possible reasons for the degradation of the nanotube at high temperature were discussed based on XPS study and possible future improvements have also been suggested. Moreover, dielectric measurements were carried out on both the as-grown amorphous film and 500 °C post-annealed crystalline film. This study will help us to understand the temperature impact on the morphology of nanotube arrays, which is important to its further applications at elevated temperatures.
Radiation protection requirements for medical x‐ray film

Previous darkroom shielding requirements for medical x-ray film-assumed that the film should not be exposed to diagnostic x-ray radiation levels greater than 2 microGy (0.2 mR) for the life of the film. Modern medical x-ray films are much less sensitive to ionizing radiation, with most films showing at least an order of magnitude less sensitivity than previously assumed. Conversely, these same films when loaded in cassettes using modern intensifying screens exhibit an order of magnitude greater sensitivity when these cassettes are exposed to ionizing radiation. These data suggest that protection of modern medical x-ray film, stored in a darkroom, may require less shielding than previously assumed. Conversely, film loaded in a cassette will require greater shielding.
Mining the Antibiotic Resistome

Antibiotic-producing microoganisms are a reservoir of drug resistance genes. Studies of the "antibiotic resistome" can inform antimicrobial drug discovery and explain the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Westman and colleagues take an alternative look at the resistome and identify genes that could be used to detoxify the anticancer compound, doxorubicin.
RADIOAUTOGRAPHY OF CHOLESTEROL IN LUNG : An Assessment of Different Tissue Processing Techniques.

30 Swiss albino mice aged 8 days were injected intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml of a solution of 4% N,N-dimethyl-formamide in 5% dextrose in water containing cholesterol-1,2-3H (∼1 mCi/ml). Lung tissue was embedded in an Epon mixture after either acetone and propylene oxide dehydration, partial ethanol and Epon 812 dehydration, or the precipitation of cholesterol by digitonin succeeded by partial dehydration. The distribution of cholesterol-1,2-3H in lung parenchyma in 1µ Epon section radioautograms was compared with that in frozen section radioautograms and was found to be independent of the manner of tissue processing. Grain distribution in the tissue was essentially the same whether 16, 63, 93, or 100% radioactivity was retained in the lung. However, grain distribution in the alveolar spaces differed, presumably due to displacement of pulmonary surfactant, which contains cholesterol. Intracellular distribution of cholesterol, in electron microscope radioautograms, was the same with either 51% or 93% retention of radioactivity in the lung. Loss of radioactivity into the various processing solutions was monitored. The various processing techniques have different drawbacks.
Web-based training of metacognitive strategies for text comprehension: Focus on poor comprehenders

Metacognitive reading strategies were trained and practiced using interactive Web-based tools. Twenty middle school poor reading comprehenders were trained in two metacognitive strategies using a Web-based application called 3D-Readers. The training texts were science-oriented and merged the narrative and expository genres. Results from a within-subjects design answered two main experimental questions: (1) Were greater comprehension gains demonstrated after reading experimental texts with embedded verbal (generate questions) and visual (create a model) strategies compared to control texts? (2) Did the embedded strategies affect elective rereading of the texts? The data answered both questions in the affirmative. Comprehension, as assessed with constructed answers, was significantly higher in the experimental condition, thus demonstrating the efficacy of training verbal and visual strategies in a Web-based environment. In addition, participants elected to reread more often in the experimental condition (as assessed with number of clicks to “ScrollBack” through the text), thus demonstrating the efficacy of strategy training on text reprocessing. Interestingly, the poorer comprehenders altered their rereading behavior the most. Implications for Web-based instructional applications are discussed.
Surgical Reconstruction of the Charcot Rearfoot and Ankle

Charcot arthropathy of the rearfoot and ankle is a complex disorder. To date there are no evidence-based, universally agreed upon treatment protocols. As the number of patients who have these deformities continues to increase, surgeons' skill levels and experience grow as well. With increased technical skill, knowledge, and advances in fixation, these deformities are becoming more manageable. In the future this experience should afford the general community with evidenced-based protocols. This article discusses basic techniques in deformity planning and current uses of internal and external fixation techniques for rearfoot and ankle limb salvage.
Role stress and career satisfaction among registered nurses by work shift patterns.

Objective:This study examined the variation in role stress and career satisfaction among hospital-based registered nurses (RNs) by shift length.Summary background data:Many hospitals have reorganized care delivery into 12-hour work shifts to improve RN recruitment, retention, and cost effectiveness.
Independent Scientific Review in Natural Resource Management

*Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Newins-Ziegler 303, Box 110430, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S.A., email conbio@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu tDepartment of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A. t Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 98557, U.S.A. ? Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A. **Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A. ttBoard of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, U.S.A. t Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A.
Position of the American Dietetic Association: Providing nutrition services for people with developmental disabilities and special health care needs.

Abstract It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that nutrition services provided by registered dietitians (RDs) and dietetic technicians, registered (DTRs), are essential components of comprehensive care for all people with developmental disabilities and special health care needs. Nutrition services should be provided throughout life in a manner that is interdisciplinary, family-centered, community-based, and culturally competent. People with developmental disabilities and special health care needs frequently have nutrition concerns, including growth alterations (failure to thrive, obesity, or growth retardation), metabolic disorders, poor feeding skills, medication–nutrient interactions, and sometimes partial or total dependence on enteral or parenteral nutrition. Individuals with special needs are also more likely to develop comorbid conditions such as obesity or endocrine disorders that require nutrition interventions. Poor health habits, limited access to services, and long-term use of multiple medications are considered health risk factors. Health maintenance and avoidance of complications can be promoted by timely and cost-effective nutrition interventions. Public policy for individuals with special needs has evolved over time, resulting in a transition from institutional facilities and programs to community living. The expansion of public access to technology and health information on the Internet challenges RDs and DTRs to provide accurate scientific information for those with developmental disabilities and special health care needs. Nationally credentialed RDs and DTRs are best prepared to provide appropriate nutrition information for wellness and quality of life.
Constitutive behavior of a microcracking brittle solid in cyclic compression

Abstract A constitutive formulation is presented to determine the “driving force” for Mode I fatigue crack growth in notched plates of brittle solids stressed in uniaxial cyclic compression. For the particular case of a microcracking medium, it is demonstrated that residual tensile stresses are induced ahead of the notch during unloading from the maximum far-field compressive stress. We propose that it is this region of residual tensile stresses at the notch-tip which promotes fatigue crack growth in ceramics along the notch plane in a direction normal to the compression axis. The predictions of the analysis are compared with new experimental results on compression fatigue in brittle solids. Specifically, it is shown that the numerical estimates of the near-tip tensile zone size for microcracking ceramics compare favorably with the experimentally measured distance of stable Mode I fatigue crack growth after the first compression cycle. Experimental information on the threshold stress for microcracking, transition stress for the inducement of residual tension during unloading, and the effect of mean stress on fracture, as well as direct observations of microcracks and crack growth in compression fatigue, corroborate the assumptions and implications of the analysis.
EVALUATION OF TEXTURE AND WATER HOLDING CAPACITY IN COOKED MINCED FISH

A meat sausage type batter system consisting of mechanically deboned sucker (Catostomidae fam.) flesh and binder ingredients was evaluated for texture and water holding capacity (WHC) by various techniques. The Instron Universal testing instrument for texture and the centrifuge method for WHC were found to be the most reliable procedures to evaluate the cooked fish matrix. Although texture and WHC were improved by the addition of salt and soy protein isolate (SPI) or sodium caseinate (SC), the firmness characteristics of the cooked flesh matrix seemed to depend greatly on the nature of the fish and type of cooking.
Update on new pulmonary therapies.

Purpose of reviewUnderstanding the molecular and cellular processes responsible for the development of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) has led to evaluation of a broad range of new therapies within multiple therapeutic classes. For these reasons, clinical research in CF is accelerating, as new
Goodness-of-fit ethic for informed consent to research involving adults with mental retardation and developmental disabilities.

This article reviews current theory and research on informed consent policies for adults with mental retardation within a relational ethics framework that re-conceptualizes consent vulnerability in terms of the goodness-of-fit between participant decisional capacities and the specific consent context. Conceptualizing informed consent competence as a product of the relationship between person and consent context shifts assessment of decisional capacity away from an exclusive focus on a research participant's cognitive deficiencies to (a) an examination of those aspects of the consent setting that are creating or exacerbating consent vulnerability and (b) consideration of how the setting can be modified to produce a consent process that best reflects and protects the hopes, values, concerns, and welfare of adults with developmental disabilities.
SURVEY OF PIXE PROGRAMS — 1991

A survey has been made of PIXE programs, updating and extending a similar one published in 1981. Significant changes have occurred in the past decade, especially in the use of focussed ion beams in PIXE microprobes, milliprobes, and external beam systems. Some programs have achieved success and even dominance in one type of application, while others continue to show innovation and flexibility in many areas. The total number of active programs has increased modestly from about 95 in 1981 to 110 in 1990, with much of the increase due to new proton microprobes.
An oxygen-isotope record of Holocene climate change in the south-central Brooks Range, Alaska

Abstract Understanding the ecological and socio-economic impacts of climatic warming requires knowledge of associated changes in moisture balance. Reconstructions of Holocene moisture-balance variation offer indispensible baseline information against which recent changes can be evaluated. We analyzed Chara -stem encrustations in the sediments of Takahula Lake, located in the south-central Brooks Range of Alaska, for oxygen and carbon-isotope composition to infer climatic change over the past 8000 years. To help constrain climatic interpretations of the sediment δ 18 O record, we also analyzed water samples from Takahula and other lakes in the region for oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition. Results show that winter precipitation dominates the water balance of these lakes and that post-input evaporation is a key control of lake-water isotope composition of Takahula Lake. Stratigraphic patterns in Chara -δ 18 O, supplemented by those in δ 13 C and sediment lithology, reveal distinct changes in effective moisture (precipitation minus evaporation) over the past 8000 years. Effective moisture was relatively high from 8000 to 5000 cal BP, with marked fluctuations between 6800 and 5000 cal BP. It then decreased to reach a minimum around 4000 cal BP and increased with fluctuations from 4000 to ∼2500 cal BP, followed by a decreasing trend toward the present that was interrupted by a wet Little Ice Age (centered at 400 cal BP). Aridity during the 20th century was among the highest of the entire 8000-year record. At the millennial timescale, the temporal patterns of moisture-balance shifts at Takahula Lake are broadly coherent with those inferred from previous paleoclimate records from the region. The Chara -δ 18 O values around 5600 cal BP and during the Little Ice Age are up to 5‰ lower than at present and 3.6‰ lower than that of the modern input-water to the lake. These exceptionally low values suggest that factors other than effective moisture must have contributed to the pronounced variations in the Takahula Lake δ 18 O record. Increased winter precipitation associated with a westerly Aleutian Low position may account for 1‰ of the δ 18 O decrease. Other factors leading to the 18 O-depletion during these periods probably include decreased temperatures, as well as increased lake-ice cover and associated reductions in evaporation.
A new variant of type-AB GM2-gangliosidosis.

Abstract A patient diagnosed as having Type-AB GM2-gangliosidosis was found to have a defect in β-hexosaminidase A, but not in the activator (GM2-activator) specific for the enzymic hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside. β-Hexosaminidase A and B isolated from the brain of the patient showed normal activity toward synthetic substrates, but could not hydrolyze GM2 ganglioside in the presence of GM2-activator isolated from normal human liver or brain. The level of GM2-activator in the brain of this patient was three times higher than that found in the two control brains. The activator isolated from the brain of this patient was able to stimulate the hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside catalyzed by human hepatic or brain β-hexosaminidase A but not by B.
A model for the viscous attenuation of waves on the common boundary of two superposed fluids

Abstract We study the formation and propagation of waves on the interface between two superposed fluids in relative horizontal motion, and the resulting attenuation of the oscillatory component of the motion caused by viscous dissipation in laminar boundary layer attached to the bottom wall and in a shear layer at the interface.
Does the rat corpus luteum express the progesterone receptor gene

To determine whether the progesterone receptor (PR) gene is expressed in rat corpora lutea (CL), PR messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were examined in CL of both cycling and pregnant rats using in situ hybridization, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting analyses. During the estrous cycle, levels of luteal PR mRNA were below the sensitivity of in situ hybridization. Although no signal could be detected in luteal cells, granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles of the same ovary expressed PR mRNA at high levels during the evening of proestrus. Likewise, CL of pregnant rats expressed undetectable levels of PR mRNA, which remained unchanged throughout pregnancy, as determined by in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In addition, no PR protein could be detected in rat CL by Western analysis, indicating that luteal expression of the PR gene, if any, is negligible. To determine whether the lack of PR mRNA in the rat CL is due to progesterone-induced down-regulation of PR mRNA or to low levels of estrogen, aminoglutethimide was used to block the synthesis of progesterone in the presence and absence of exogenous estrogen, and PR mRNA levels were examined in the CL as well as the placenta. Inhibition of progesterone synthesis did increase PR mRNA levels in the placenta, and additional estrogen treatment further increased PR mRNA levels in this tissue. In contrast, neither aminoglutethimide alone nor aminoglutethimide plus estrogen induced PR mRNA expression in CL of the same rats. The temperature-sensitive luteal cell line derived from the rat CL, which produces very low levels of progesterone, also did not express PR mRNA. These results indicate that the rat corpus luteum expresses undetectable levels of PR mRNA and protein, which is not attributable to progesterone-induced down-regulation of PR mRNA or to a lack of estrogen-induced up-regulation of PR mRNA in this tissue.
Modeling and Global MPPT Control for Photovoltaic Array With Variable Shading

The photovoltaic (PV) systems are often subject to shading in practical operation. Non-uniform shading for PV array with bypass diodes leads to mismatch in power generation, and thus resulting in multi-peak power-voltage (P-V) characteristics. Most existing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control strategies are local optimum oreinted, as based on the gradient search or its variations, e.g. perturbation-and-observation (P&O) or extremum seeking control (ESC). The multi-modal P-V characteristics for PV array with variable shading demands for global search for the optimum to avoid the signifiant power loss otherwise. This study investigates both the P-V and the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the PV panel under variable shading. Analytical model is established based on an approximate model of the PV device. The stair-case profile of the I-V relationship is shown to have close and consistent correspondence to the shading distribution. The voltage breakpoints for the multipeak curve are also within predictable ranges. With such results, the global search can be achieved with multiple local search within finite number of intervals. Simulation results validate the analytical modeling and the ESC based global ESC for partially shaded PV panels.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Initial planar deformation of dilatant granular materials

Abstract A theory for the initial planar deformation of dilatant granular materials based on a kinematic proposal of R. Butterfield and R.M. Harkness (1972) is presented. The theory introduces an additional parameter called the angle of dilatancy into the traditional structure of plasticity theories for granular materials and soils. When the angle of dilatancy is zero, the present theory reduces to the theory introduced by A.J.M. Spencer in 1964. When the angle of dilatancy is equal to the angle of internal friction, the present theory reduces to the planar form of the theory introduced by D. C. Drucker and W. Prager in 1952. The properties of the theory presented here include coincidence of the stress and velocity characteristics, realistic energy dissipation predictions, and, in general, non-coincidence of the principal axes of stress and strain-rate. However, the angle of dilatancy is assumed to be a constant in this analysis and it does not decrease to zero with increased monotonic shearing deformation as experiment requires that it should, the theory therefore being limited to the initial deformation of dilatant granular materials.
Internal dielectric transduction: optimal position and frequency scaling

We propose the optimal design for "internal dielectric transduction" of longitudinal bulk mode resonators. This transduction increases in efficiency as the dielectric thickness approaches half the acoustic wavelength. With dielectric films at positions of maximum strain (minimum displacement) in the resonator, 60 GHz resonators are proposed with 50 Omega motional impedance.
Democratic Deepening in India and South Africa

This article examines the trajectories of democratization in India and South Africa. Both democracies are exemplary cases of democratic consolidation but face critical challenges in deepening democracy. Focusing on the notion of `effective democracy', the article argues that subordinate groups have limited opportunities for meaningful engagement with the State. This problem is explored through an examination of social movements and local government. The article shows that the current crisis of citizenship that both countries face results from the subordination of civil society to political society.
Targeting DNA-PKcs and ATM with miR-101 sensitizes tumors to radiation.

Background Radiotherapy kills tumor-cells by inducing DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). However, the efficient repair of tumors frequently prevents successful treatment. Therefore, identifying new practical sensitizers is an essential step towards successful radiotherapy. In this study, we tested the new hypothesis: identifying the miRNAs to target DNA DSB repair genes could be a new way for sensitizing tumors to ionizing radiation. Principal Findings Here, we chose two genes: DNA-PKcs (an essential factor for non-homologous end-joining repair) and ATM (an important checkpoint regulator for promoting homologous recombination repair) as the targets to search their regulating miRNAs. By combining the database search and the bench work, we picked out miR-101. We identified that miR-101 could efficiently target DNA-PKcs and ATM via binding to the 3′- UTR of DNA-PKcs or ATM mRNA. Up-regulating miR-101 efficiently reduced the protein levels of DNA-PKcs and ATM in these tumor cells and most importantly, sensitized the tumor cells to radiation in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions These data demonstrate for the first time that miRNAs could be used to target DNA repair genes and thus sensitize tumors to radiation. These results provide a new way for improving tumor radiotherapy.
Cyclin E/Cdk2 activity is controlled by different mechanisms in the G0 and G1 phases of the cell cycle

The experiments described in this report were undertaken to define the parameters that regulate cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) kinase activity in mitotically quiescent, serum-starved fibroblastic cells and in cells that had been stimulated to enter the cell cycle and progress through G1 into S phase. We have analyzed the expression of cyclin E and Cdk2, the extent to which these two proteins form complexes, and the enzymatic activity of cyclin E/cdk2 kinase. Particular attention was focused upon subcellular localization and the effect of compartmentalization on the association between cyclin E and Cdk2. In addition, we have examined the interaction of cyclin E/Cdk2 complexes with two well-characterized inhibitors of Cdk2 kinase activity, Cip1 and Kip1. This represents the first report in which all of these parameters have been measured simultaneously in a single, normal diploid cell line. In G0 cells, there is abundant cyclin E and Cdk2, yet there is little or no detectable Cdk2-dependent histone H1 kinase activity. After serum stimulation, there is a rapid increase in the amount of cyclin E that is bound to Cdk2, although there is no significant change in the abundance of either the cyclin or the Cdk. Immunocytochemical data indicate that cyclin E, Cip1, and Kip1 are located within the nuclei of cell in G0, but very little Cdk2 is observed within the nuclei of serum-starved cells. Cdk2 rapidly enters the nucleus upon serum stimulation. The abundance of the cyclin E/Cdk2 complex increases to the extent that the binding capacity of Cip1 is exceeded about 8-12 h after serum stimulation. The abundance of Kip1 decreases at the same time that the Cip1 threshold is exceeded, so that cyclin E/Kip1-containing complexes decrease by 90% within 8-12 h. Cyclin E/Cdk2 kinase activity begins to increase rapidly thereafter, reaching a maximum level about 16 h after serum stimulation. We have been unable to detect histone H1 kinase activity in complexes that contain cyclin E bound to Kip1 or Cip1. We conclude that compartmentalization is the predominant barrier to activation of cyclin E-dependent kinases in quiescent cells. Cip1 and Kip1 serve to prevent premature activation of cyclin E/Cdk2 complexes that form during G0 or early G1.
Pitfalls of Retrospective and Nonrandomized Comparison of Treatment Modalities

spectivestudyassessingthedistantmetastasesratesinpatientstreated with radical prostatectomy (RP) or external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for localized prostate cancer. Although the title of the article suggests that clinical cohorts were adjusted for case mix, the clinical characteristics of two groups seem grossly different. The median age was higher in the EBRT arm versus the RP arm (69v60 years, respectively). The median total prostate-specific antigen was 7.6 ng/mL in the EBRT arm versus 6.2 ng/mL in the RP arm. Nine percent of patientsintheEBRTarmversus4%intheRParmhadclinicalstageT3 disease. A similar trend was seen in Gleason score; 51% of patients hadscoresof7orhigherintheEBRTgroupversus34%ofpatients in the surgical group. Given these differences, the results should not be surprising. RT was delivered with intensity-modulated radiation therapy, but modern image-guided radiation therapy techniques were not available then. These techniques are expected to affect outcomes in localized prostate cancer not only by reduction in adverse effects but also by improving local tumor control by accurate localization of the targetthroughoutradiotherapytreatment.Theauthorsconcludethat resultsmaybeconfoundedbydifferencesintheuse(76%v43%inthe RP and EBRT arms, respectively) and timing (median time, 13 v 69 months in the RP and EBRT arms, respectively) of salvage therapy after biochemical recurrence. However, there is little mention (other than Gleason score) about the worst clinical characteristics, as mentioned earlier, in the EBRT arm. It is also important to highlight that salvage therapy after RP (ie, EBRT) can be potentially curative, unlike salvage androgen-deprivation therapy after EBRT. The number of patients receiving adjuvant radiation therapy after RP is missing, whichcouldhavealteredtheoutcomegiventheupdatedresultsofthe
Molecular dynamics simulation of the equilibrium liquid–vapor interphase with solidification

The equilibrium structure of the finite, interphase interfacial region that exists between a liquid film and a bulk vapor is resolved by molecular dynamics simulation. Argon systems are considered for a temperature range that extends below the melting point. Physically consistent procedures are developed to define the boundaries between the interphase and the liquid and vapor phases. The procedures involve counting of neighboring molecules and comparing the results with boundary criteria that permit the boundaries to be precisely established. Two-dimensional radial distribution functions at the liquid and vapor boundaries and within the interphase region demonstrate the physical consistency of the boundary criteria and the state of transition within the region. The method developed for interphase boundary definitions can be extended to nonequilibrium systems. Spatial profiles of macroscopic properties across the interphase region are presented. A number of interfacial thermodynamic properties and profile curve-fit parameters are tabulated, including evaporation/condensation coefficients determined from molecular flux statistics. The evaporation/condensation coefficients away from the melting point compare more favorably with transition state theory than those of previous simulations. Near the melting point, transition theory approximations are less valid and the present results differ from the theory. The effects of film substrate wetting on evaporation/condensation coefficients are also presented.
a pragmatic past: folk history, environmental change, and society in a Petén, Guatemala town

Over a fifteen year period (1960–1975), folk historians in a Peten, Guatemala town have revised their conceptualizations of the past without revising their reports of the facts as such. Simultaneously, a series of rapid changes in the demographic, economic, and political environment of the town has occurred. The connections between these two sets of changes are explored to show that the folk history has changed in response to the changing environment and that it serves both to promote desired social forms and conduct in a new situation and to make the new situation comprehensible. How and why the folk historical changes are possible is discussed, along with some general implications of such change.
SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF EGGS FROM HENS OF FIVE DIFFERENT STOCKS.

Abstract INTRODUCTION RESEARCH reports dealing with the influence of breed or strain of laying hens on the amount and composition of various egg components have appeared frequently in the literature in the past decade. Hens from different stocks have been shown to produce eggs differing in moisture and protein (Cotterill and Winter, 1954; May and Stadelman, 1960). It has also been reported that hens from different breeds or strains produced eggs differing in total lipids and fatty acid composition (Edwards et al., 1960; Edwards, 1964). There is a possibility that part of these differences which have been attributed to genetic influence may have been only a reflection of egg weight since it has been shown that part of the variation in level of egg components between different stocks is only a reflection of change in egg size (Scott and Warren, 1941; Marion et al., 1964). This report is concerned with observations…
A Flexible Schedule Reservation Scheme for Real-Time Service-Oriented Architecture

This paper studies a flexible scheduling data structure that is used to manage out-of-order service requests in real-time service-oriented architecture (RT-SOA) applications. We propose a hierarchical TBTree (hTBTree) to record server availability across a hierarchy of time intervals with different degrees of time granularity. Real-time services need to find enough time interval in hTBTree for their requested executions. The structure of hTBTree is designed to record only the availability of a resource during a time interval rather than the specific reserved time-slots for each request. It thus will automatically adjust existing reservations within their service intervals to make room for new reservation requests. Simulations have been conducted to study the acceptance ratio and performance of different tree-based data structures. Results show that by allowing flexibility in reservations, hTBTree can accept more real-time service requests compared with other fixed time-slot reservation scheme such as segment tree and the original TBTree. In this way, it also increases the overall system utilization.
A Distributed Bandwidth Partitioning Scheme for Concurrent Network-Coded Multicast Sessions

In this paper, we address the problem of supporting receivers that require different sessions of a multicast application based on their desired rates. We present a distributed bandwidth partitioning scheme to share the bandwidths on the links in such a way that data rate requirements of each receiver in the multicast is met. The salient features of our scheme are: i) Each receiver can simultaneously request upto their individual maximum flow rates ii) Each node uses only local link bandwidth and flow information to partition the outgoing link bandwidth iii) If link bandwidths change due to cross traffic, each node can quickly adapt and repartition link bandwidths to deliver data rates requested by receivers. We show through simulations and experiments over several overlay networks at the University of Wisconsin that all receiver get their requested rates. We also integrate our scheme into a multimedia streaming application to demonstrate a usage case scenario and further evaluate its effectiveness.
Invited Reaction: Informal Learning and the Transfer of Learning--How Managers Develop Proficiency.

Enos, Kehrhahn, and Bell have made an important contribution to measuring informal learning and its transfer as proficiency in a set of company-identified managerial skills. Measurement of informal learning is at the crux of research that seeks to link learning outcomes to other indicators of effective performance. The ability to show how informal learning affects managerial proficiency also would help practitioners build a better business case for planning and supporting informal learning. A drawback to the research methodology employed in this study is reliance on self-report, which the authors note but do not fully discuss. Questions also arise about the nature of skills measured and the nature of managerial work in what appears to be a period of transition in the company they examined. I conclude with some thoughts on alternative lenses for considering implications for practice.
Achieving stability through editing and chaperoning: regulation of MHC class II peptide binding and expression

In antigen-presenting cells (APCs), loading of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules with peptides is regulated by invariant chain (Ii), which blocks MHC II antigen-binding sites in pre-endosomal compartments. Several molecules then act upon MHC II molecules in endosomes to facilitate peptide loading: Ii-degrading proteases, the peptide exchange factor, human leukocyte antigen-DM (HLA-DM), and its modulator, HLA-DO (DO). Here, we review our findings arguing that DM stabilizes a globally altered conformation of the antigen-binding groove by binding to a lateral surface of the MHC II molecule. Our data imply changes in the interactions between specificity pockets and peptide side chains, complementing data from others that suggest DM affects hydrogen bonds. Selective weakening of peptide/MHC interactions allows DM to alter the peptide repertoire. We also review our studies in cells that highlight the ability of several factors to modulate surface expression of MHC II molecules via post-Golgi mechanisms; these factors include MHC class II-associated Ii peptides (CLIP), DM, and microbial products that modulate MHC II traffic from endosomes to the plasma membrane. In this context, we discuss possible mechanisms by which the association of some MHC II alleles with autoimmune diseases may be linked to their low CLIP affinity.
Periprosthetic infection: where do we stand with regard to Gram stain?

Background and purpose One of the routinely used intraoperative tests for diagnosis of periprosthetic infection (PPI) is the Gram stain. It is not known if the result of this test can vary according to the type of joint affected or the number of specimen samples collected. We examined the role of this diagnostic test in a large cohort of patients from a single institution. Materials and methods A positive gram stain was defined as the visualization of bacterial cells or “many neutrophils” (> 5 per high-power field) in the smear. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of each individual diagnostic arm of Gram stain were determined. Combinations were performed in series, which required both tests to be positive to confirm infection, and also in parallel, which necessitated both tests to be negative to rule out infection. Results The presence of organisms and “many” neutrophils on a Gram smear had high specificity (98–100%) and positive predictive value (89–100%) in both THA and TKA. The sensitivities (30–50%) and negative predictive values (70–79%) of the 2 tests were low for both joint types. When the 2 tests were combined in series, the specificity and positive predictive value were absolute (100%). The sensitivity and the negative predictive value improved for both THA and TKA (43–64% and 82%, respectively). Interpretation Although the 2 diagnostic arms of Gram staining can be combined to achieve improved negative predictive value (82%), Gram stain continues to have little value in ruling out PPI. With the advances in the field of molecular biology, novel diagnostic modalities need to be designed that can replace these traditional and poor tests.
Ewing sarcoma of the pelvis. Clinicopathological features and treatment.

The results of treatment in twenty-seven patients who had a Ewing sarcoma of the pelvis were reviewed. Six patients had had metastatic disease at the time of the diagnosis. The three-year actuarial survival of these patients was 17 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 8 to 52 per cent). Of the twenty-one remaining patients, thirteen had received chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the primary lesion and eight had had chemotherapy and operative resection, with or without radiation therapy. The actuarial five-year over-all survival was 25 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 6 to 51 per cent) in the group that had had radiation without a resection and 75 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 31 to 93 per cent) in the group that had had a resection (p 0.25, log-rank method).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Value of Interrupted Time-Series Experiments for Community Intervention Research

Greater use of interrupted time-series experiments is advocated for community intervention research. Time-series designs enable the development of knowledge about the effects of community interventions and policies in circumstances in which randomized controlled trials are too expensive, premature, or simply impractical. The multiple baseline time-series design typically involves two or more communities that are repeatedly assessed, with the intervention introduced into one community at a time. It is particularly well suited to initial evaluations of community interventions and the refinement of those interventions. This paper describes the main features of multiple baseline designs and related repeated-measures time-series experiments, discusses the threats to internal validity in multiple baseline designs, and outlines techniques for statistical analyses of time-series data. Examples are given of the use of multiple baseline designs in evaluating community interventions and policy changes.
Measurement of Liquid Water Accumulation in a PEMFC with Dead-Ended Anode

2active area, Nafion 111-IP membrane, and carbon cloth gas diffusion layer. Even though dry hydrogen is supplied to the anode via pressure regulation, accumulation of liquid water in the anode gas distribution channels was observed in most tested conditions. Moreover, the accumulation of liquid water in the anode channels is followed by a significant voltage drop. Anode purges and cathode surges are also used as a diagnostic tool for differentiating between anode and cathode water flooding. The rate of accumulation of liquid water, and its impact on the rate of cell voltage drop is shown for a range of temperature, current density, cathode inlet RH, and air stoichiometric conditions. Operating the fuel cell under dead-ended anode conditions offers the opportunity to observe water dynamics and measured cell voltage during large and repeatable transients.