cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining mobile learning trends 2003–2008: a categorical meta-trend analysis using text mining techniques

This study investigated the longitudinal trends of academic articles in Mobile Learning (ML) using text mining techniques. One hundred and nineteen (119) refereed journal articles and proceedings papers from the SCI/SSCI database were retrieved and analyzed. The taxonomies of ML publications were grouped into twelve clusters (topics) and four domains, based on abstract analysis using text mining. Results include basic bibliometric statistics, trends in frequency of each topic over time, predominance in each topic by country, and preferences for each topic by journal. Key findings include the following: (a) ML articles increased from 8 in 2003 to 36 in 2008; (b) the most popular domain in current ML is Effectiveness, Evaluation, and Personalized Systems; (c) Taiwan is most prolific in five of the twelve ML clusters; (d) ML research is at the Early Adopters stage; and (e) studies in strategies and framework will likely produce a bigger share of publication in the field of ML.
Methane-driven oceanic eruptions and mass extinctions

Focusing on the Permian-Triassic boundary, ca. 251 Ma, I explore the possibility that mass extinction can be caused by an extremely fast, explosive release of dissolved methane (and other dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide) that accumulated in the oceanic water masses prone to stagnation and anoxia (e.g., in silled basins). The mechanism of the explosive release is the same as in the Lake Nyos disaster of 1986, i.e., a water-column eruption caused by the interplay of buoyancy forces and exsolution of dissolved gas. The eruption brings to the surface deep anoxic waters that cause extinctions in the marine realm. Terrestrial extinctions are caused by explosions and conflagrations that follow the massive release of methane (the air-methane mixture is explosive at methane concentrations between 5% and 15%) and by the eruption-triggered floods. This scenario accounts well for the available data, and may be relevant to other phenomena.
Energy-Efficient Servo Control of Pneumatic Systems via Direct Cross Flow

This paper proposes a structure and control approach for the energy saving servo control of a pneumatic servo system. The energy saving approach is enabled by supplementing a standard four-way spool valve controlled pneumatic actuator with an additional two-way valve that enables flow between the cylinder chambers. The "crossflow" valve enables recirculation of pressurized air, and thus enables the extraction of stored energy that would otherwise be exhausted to atmosphere. A control approach is formulated that supplements, to the extent possible, the mass flow required by a sliding mode controller with the recirculated mass flow provided by the crossflow valve. Following the control formulation, experimental results are presented that indicate energy savings of 25% to 52%, with essentially no compromise in tracking performance relative to the standard sliding mode control approach (i.e., relative to control via a standard four-way spool valve, without the supplemental flow provided by the crossflow valve).Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Control of calcium movement in the myocardium

A model for calcium (Ca) movement in the course of excitation-contraction of mammalian myocardium is presented. At physiological levels of [Ca]o between 500-700 mumol Ca/kg wet tissue is bound within the sarcolemmal-glycocalyx--most at anionic phospholipid sites. This Ca feeds two systems responsible for influx--the channel under control of protein phosphorylation and the Na-Ca exchanger regulated by the level of [Na]i. Respiring mitochondria are activated for Ca exchange in the presence of a proton donor (e.g. phosphate, bicarbonate). The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) may not be activated at relatively low levels of Ca influx but is activated as the 'Ca load' within the cell rises. Basic control of resting membrane Ca permeability resides at two sites--within the glycocalyx where sialic acid plays a role and within the lipid bilayer where phospholipid disruption leads to increased permeability.
Taurocholate- and taurochenodeoxycholate-lecithin micelles: the equilibrium of bile salt between aqueous phase and micelle.

Abstract The equilibrium of bile salt between aqueous phase and mixed micelle was studied in solutions of pure bile salt and lecithin comparing taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate. The relationship between bile salt concentration in the aqueous phase and the ratio of bile salt/lecithin in the mixed micelle was determined by equilibrium dialysis on serial dilutions of these solutions. Extrapolation of this relationship to zero mixed-micellar bile salt permitted calculation of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the mixed micelle. For taurocholate, taurochenodeoxycholate, and an equimolar mix of these two bile salts, the mixed micelle CMC's were 3.1 mM, 0.47 mM, and 0.89 mM respectively. In the most concentrated solutions, aqueous phase bile salt concentration surpassed the CMC of the simple bile salt micelle by more than four-fold indicating the presence of simple micelles as well as mixed micelles. At all dilutions taurochenodeoxycholate had a much greater affinity for the mixed micelle than did taurocholate. This last finding may be the reason for the superior cholesterol solubilizing capacity of taurochenodeoxycholate-lecithin solutions compared to taurocholate-lecithin solutions.
'Old' Technology Responses to 'New' Technology Threats: Demand Heterogeneity and Graceful Technology Retreats

We explore the implications of a real and common alternative to attempting the transformation required to embrace a new, dominant, technology – the choice to maintain focus on the old technology. In considering this choice we distinguish between ‘racing’ strategies, which attempt to fight off the rise of the new technology by extending the performance of the old technology, and ‘retreat’ strategies, which attempt to accommodate the rise of the new technology by repositioning the old technology in the demand environment. Underlying our arguments is the observation that the emergence of a new technology does more than just create a substitute threat – it can also reveal significant underlying heterogeneity in the old technology’s broader demand environment. This heterogeneity is a source of opportunities that can support a new position for the old technology, in either the current market or a new one. Using this lens we explore the decision to stay with the old technology as a rational, proactive choice rather than as a mark of managerial and organizational failure. We then consider the distinctive challenges and organizational dynamics that arise in technology retreats, and their implications for the ways in which managers and scholars should approach questions regarding the management of capabilities, lifecycles, and ecosystems.
Peer-to-peer data trading to preserve information

Data archiving systems rely on replication to preserve information. This paper discusses how a network of autonomous archiving sites can trade data to achieve the most reliable replication. A series of binary trades among sites produces a peer-to-peer archiving network. Two trading algorithms are examined, one based on trading collections (even if they are different sizes) and another based on trading equal sized blocks of space (which can then store collections). The concept of deeds is introduced; deeds track the blocks of space owned by one site at another. Policies for tuning these algorithms to provide the highest reliability, for example by changing the order in which sites are contacted and offered trades, are discussed. Finally, simulation results are presented that reveal which policies are best. The experiments indicate that a digital archive can achieve the best reliability by trading blocks of space (deeds), and that following certain policies will allow that site to maximize its reliability.
Novel interleaved spiral imaging motion correction technique using orbital navigators

Although spiral imaging seldom produces apparent artifacts related to flow, it remains sensitive to rapid object motion. In this article, a new correction method is presented for rapid rigid body motion in interleaved spiral imaging. With this technique, an identical circular navigator k-space trajectory is linked to each spiral trajectory. Data inconsistency due to both rotation and translation among spiral interleaves can be corrected by evaluating the magnitudes and phases of the data contained in the navigator "ring." Further, it is difficult to create a frequency field map for off-resonance correction when an object moves during a scan, because there is motion-dependent misregistration between the two images acquired with different TEs. However, this difficulty can be overcome by combining the motion-correction method with a recently proposed technique (off-resonance correction using variable-density spirals (ORC-VDS)), thereby enabling both motion compensation and off-resonance correction with no additional scanning.
The effects of the growth temperature on AlxGal-xAs (0≤ x ≤0.37) LED materials grown by OM-VPE

The epitaxial growth of AlGaAs of LED quality by OM-VPE is achieved either by using high growth temperatures (≥780°C) or by using oxygen gettering methods and low growth temperatures (≤750°C). For 6% AlGaAs, the most studied composition in this work, graphite baffles and a molecular sieve, are used at low growth temperatures (≈680°C) to improve both the normalized PL intensity of epi layers and the EL efficiency of LEDs. Growth at high temperature, however, does not require oxygen gettering methods to achieve the same material quality. The improvement in both cases is achieved by reducing the concentration of the oxygen-related defect that is the source of the 0.8 eV peak, which limits the performance of 6% AlGaAs LEDs. AlxGa1−xAs alloys with x≥0.06 also show a similar behavior relative to the growth temperature. The defect peak itself remains invariant with x. This 0.8 eV PL peak is likely to be associated with Al, since the reaction between Al and oxygen is strong and the 0.8 eV peak is seldom observed in GaAs epi layers, regardless of the growth temperature.
Transitions to adulthood: Examining the influence of initiation rites on the HIV risk of adolescent girls in Mangochi and Thyolo districts of Malawi

Although some cultural practices have been identified as a determinant of HIV transmission, research investigating how specific practices affect HIV risk is lacking. In Malawi, initiation rites, in which young people attend ceremonies around the time of puberty, have received little attention. In this qualitative study, we explored whether communities in southern Malawi perceive initiation rites to be an HIV risk factor for girls. Twelve focus group discussions were held with adolescents and adults in a rural community of Thyolo district and a peri-urban community of Mangochi district. Community members observed that certain aspects of traditional initiation rites propel girls into sexual roles expected of adulthood, without facilitating their adaption to the emerging landscape of HIV, thereby increasing HIV risk. HIV prevention programming needs to address the role of initiation rites in adolescent girls' vulnerability to HIV and help young girls navigate the conflicting messages they receive from a wide range of channels about expected sexual behavior.
Helping identify when users find useful documents: examination of query reformulation intervals

We explore search behaviors during a new kind of search unit -- the query reformulation interval (QRI). The QRI is defined as an interval between two consecutive queries in one search session that contains at least two queries. Our controlled, web-based study focused on examining behaviors associated with querying and useful document saving. We compared behavioral variables that characterized QRIs during which useful pages were found with those during which no useful pages were found. Our results demonstrated that the QRI duration and the total time spent on content pages during QRIs with useful pages were significantly longer than during QRIs with no useful pages. Users viewed more content pages and spent more time on content pages than on search result pages during QRIs with useful pages. The findings suggest that user behavior during QRIs can be used as an indicator of QRIs containing useful documents.
Désolation urbaine et dénigrement symbolique dans l'hyperghetto

Cet article part de la description ethnographique d’une artere fantomatique du ghetto noir de Chicago a la fin du siecle pour reflechir sur les connexions entre le cadre urbain, la structure sociale et la psychologie collective. Il pointe la necessite d’elaborer theoriquement et empiriquement les relations entre desolation urbaine et denigrement symbolique dans les quartiers de relegation des metropoles polarisees des societes avancees, afin de saisir comment l’experience quotidienne de la deliquescence materielle, de l’enfermement ethnoracial et de la marginalite socio-economique se traduit par la corrosion du soi, le limage des liens interpersonnels, et la torsion des politiques publiques impulsee par les perceptions sulfureuses attachees a ces lieux diffames.
Adolescent substance abuse: The challenge for clinicians

Substance abusing adolescents represent a unique population of patients within substance abusing communities. The interrelationship between the characteristics of problem substance use and the developmental tasks of adolescence is considerable and often presents the clinician with a diagnostic and treatment challenge. The identification, evaluation, treatment, and prevention of substance abuse among teens requires extensive knowledge of substance abuse as well as knowledge of the typical developmental tasks of adolescence.
Motivation to manage among women: Studies of business managers and educational administrators

Abstract Studies were undertaken in a department store and in four school districts to determine if managerial motivation is related to management success indexes and whether female managers have less managerial motivation than males. The measure of managerial motivation used was the Miner Sentence Completion Scale. Managerial motivation did prove to be significantly related to the success of female managers, but no consistent differences in the managerial motivation of male and female managers were found. The results are interpreted in terms of their implications for the vocational guidance of females and for research in the area of managerial talent supplies.
SCHOOL DISORDER: THE INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL, INSTITUTIONAL, AND COMMUNITY FACTORS*

Drawing upon control theory, school climate theory, and social disorganization theory, this study examined the relative influence of individual, institutional, and community factors on misconduct in Philadelphia middle schools. Using U.S. census data, school district data, police department data, and school climate survey data obtained from the administration of the Effective School Battery to 7, 583 students in 11 middle schools, we examined the following predictors of student misconduct: community poverty and residential stability; community crime; school size; student perceptions of school climate (school attachment); and individual student characteristics (e.g., age, race, sex, school involvement and effort, belief in rules, positive peer associations). “Community” was conceptualized in two ways: “local” (the census tract around the school), and “imported” (aggregated measures from the census tracts where students actually lived). We used hierarchical linear modeling techniques (HLM) to examine between- and within-school factors. Individual-level factors accounted for 16% of the explained variance; school and community-level factors (both local and imported) added only small increments (an additional 4.1–4.5%). We conclude that simplistic assumptions that “bad” communities typically produce “bad” children or “bad” schools are unwarranted.
The Use of Natural Polymers in Tissue Engineering: A Focus on Electrospun Extracellular Matrix Analogues

Abstract: Natural polymers such as collagens, elastin, and fibrinogen make up much of the body’s native extracellular matrix (ECM). This ECM provides structure and mechanical integrity to tissues, as well as communicating with the cellular components it supports to help facilitate and regulate daily cellular processes and wound healing. An ideal tissue engineering scaffold would not only replicate the structure of this ECM, but would also replicate the many functions that the ECM performs. In the past decade, the process of electrospinning has proven effective in creating non-woven ECM analogue scaffolds of micro to nanoscale diameter fibers from an array of synthetic and natural polymers. The ability of this fabrication technique to utilize the aforementioned natural polymers to create tissue engineering scaffolds has yielded promising results, both in vitro and in vivo , due in part to the enhanced bioactivity afforded by materials normally found within the human body. This review will present the process of electrospinning and describe the use of natural polymers in the creation of bioactive ECM analogues in tissue engineering.
The uricosuric effect of certain oral anticoagulant drugs.

Four oral anticoagulant drugs in current use were studied for possible uricosuric activity. Both ethyl biscoumacetate and phenylindandione increased urate excretions, while acenocoumarin and anisindione had no appreciable uricosuric effects. Quatro anticoagulantes de uso currente esseva studiate con respecto a lor possibile activitate uricosuric. Tanto biscoumacetato ethylic como etiam phenylindandiona augmentava le excretion de urato durante que acenocoumarina e anisindiona habeva nulle appreciabile effecto uricosuric.
CRT Text layout: perceptions of viewers

Abstract An effective understanding of CRT information display design depends on knowledge about the variety of dimensions that are employed when evaluating the potential of a specific display to be read and studied (i.e., its “study ability”). To isolate ways used to evaluate the study ability of specific text element arrangements, 31 participants sorted a controlled sample of 64 computer-generated text types. Evaluation of the sorts indicated that multiple distinct perceptions characterize people's beliefs regarding text display appearances. Different subsets of participants emphasized different dimensions or evaluative criteria: organization, structure, and simplicity. The perceptions uncovered suggest that designers may manipulate the large number of text format variables to produce an overall display that is systematically arranged in a logical and spacious way.
Survival of skin allografts following embryonic limb bud transplants in the turtle, Chelydra serpentina.

Allografts of skin were observed in Chelydra serpentina. The response to these grafts was modified by a previous transplantation of a limb bud at an early embryonic stage. When the same donor was used for all transplants, the first skin graft was accepted by the host. A second skin graft, however, was rejected at about the rate of a simple first set allograft of skin. The animals were conditioned by the embryonic limb graft; this embryonic graft can be undergoing rejection at the same time a first set skin graft from the same donor was being accepted. The tolerance induced by the embryonic graft was sepcific for its donor.
Digital-Analog-Hybrid Neural Simulator: A Design-Aid For Custom-VLSI Neurochips

A high speed neural network simulator and its use for the dynamics and performance analysis of feedback neural architectures are described. The simulator is based on a semi-parallel, analog-digital hybrid architecture which utilizes digital memories to store synaptic weights and analog hardware for high speed computation. A breadboard system with 8-bit gray scale synapses, designed and built at JPL, is successfully serving as a valuable design test-bed for the development of fully parallel, analog, custom VLSI neurochips, currently underway at JPL. The breadboard hybrid simulator indeed allows a detailed evaluation of hardware potential and limitations in implementing full analog operations in such chips. As an example, the paper presents an analysis of the stability and convergence behavior of a feedback neural network applied to the "Concentrator Assignment Problem" in combinatorial optimization, as studied on the analog-digital hybrid simulator. This has already resulted in a VLSI custom design of a fully parallel, analog neuroprocessor with a powerful "analog prompting" feature, for the high-speed, multiparameter optimization function.
Garlic Chemistry: Stability of S-(2-Propenyl)-2-Propene-1-sulfinothioate (Allicin) in Blood, Solvents, and Simulated Physiological Fluids

S-(2-Propenyl) 2-propene-1-sulfinothioate (allicin), which is one of the constituents of freshly crushed garlic (garlic homogenate), was synthesized, and its stability in blood, ethyl acetate, methanol, simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.5), and water (pH 1.2 and 7.5) and under simulated digestive conditions (sequential combination of SGF and SIF) was investigated by HPLC. Although neat allicin decomposes rapidly at 37 °C, it is more stable in protic polar methanol than in aprotic polar ethyl acetate. Approximately 90% of the allicin remained after incubation at 37 °C for 5 h in water at pH 1.2 and 7.5. Only traces of allicin could be detected after it was incubated in blood for 5 min. The allicin content and allicin-producing potential of commercial garlic preparations were also analyzed. The allicin contents in these garlic preparations were less than 1 ppm, and the allicin-producing potential was severely suppressed under simulated digestive conditions (sequential combination of SGF and SIF). The transformation products of allicin [(E)-ajoene, 2-ethenyl-4H-1,3-dithiin, diallyl disulfide] were identified.
Hybrid systems tools for compiling controllers for cyber-physical systems

In this paper, we consider the problem of going from high-level specifications of complex control tasks for cyber-physical systems to their actual implementation and execution on physical devices. This transition between abstraction levels inevitably results in a specification-to-execution gap, and we discuss two sources for this gap; namely model based and constraint based. For both of these two types of sources, we show how hybrid control techniques provide the tools needed to compile high-level control programs in such a way that the specification-to-execution gap is removed. The solutions involve introducing new control modes into nominal strings of control modes as well as adjusting the control modes themselves.
Site occupancies and stoichiometries in hydrides of intermetallic compounds: Geometric considerations

Abstract Hole sizes and intersite distances were calculated at various hydrogen concentrations for the interstices in hydrides of TiCr 1.8 , ZrTi 2 , ZrV 2 , ZrCr 2 , ZrFe 2 , HfV 2 and TaV 2 with the cubic MgCu 2 C15 structure and of ZrMn 2 and ErMn 2 with the hexagonal MgZn 2 C14 structure. From a survey of other metallic hydrides, empirical criteria were chosen for the minimum hole size (0.40 A) and the minimum H-H distance (2.1 A) for hydrogen atom occupancy in stable hydrides. With these criteria, a model was developed for predicting which sites and how many of them could be occupied by hydrogen atoms in each of the intermetallic compounds listed. The resulting stoichiometries were determined by experimentally filling the interstices of model lattices constructed of Friauf polyhedra without violating either of the adopted geometric criteria. For each of the compounds rationales are presented to explain the experimental observations reported by other researchers.
Cell interaction with protein-loaded interpenetrating networks containing modified gelatin and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate.

Abstract The effects of modification to an interpenetrating network (IPN) system composed of gelatin and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate were characterized by protein release kinetics, fibroblast adhesion, and in vivo host response. The maximum cumulative percent of parvalbumin released from various IPN formulations ranged from 17.6±3.2% to 56.9±35.4% over 2–96 h. Despite modifying gelatin with ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride and/or monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) monoacetate ester or increasing the gelatin content, the largest amount of parvalbumin released occurred within 24 h, prior to material bulk degradation. Over the time period evaluated, little (i.e.
The Self-Reliance of the Cherokee Male Adolescent

This ethnographic study was conducted to identify how: (1) the Cherokee male adolescent describes himself as being self-reliant according to the Cherokee definition of self-reliance, and (2) how the Cherokee male adolescent achieves self-reliance. Twelve Cherokee male adolescents were interviewed and observed. All of the participants were from the Western Band of Cherokees in Oklahoma and they each reported that Cherokee self-reliance is a way to keep the Cherokee from abusing drugs or alcohol.
West Indian Prosperity: Fact or Fiction?

Both scholars and the public often express the opinion that, in the United States, West Indian Blacks are more economically successful than African Americans. This paper explores two dimensions of this hypothesis, labor force participation and earnings, for residents of the New York SMSA in 1970, 1980, and 1990. The outcomes of West Indian men and women, both foreign and native born, are compared to African American men and women. The results show West Indians typically have higher labor force participation, but earnings display a more complex pattern. Other things equal, the earnings of the foreign born surpass African American earnings only after the immigrants have spent some years in the United States, while the earnings of nativeborn West Indians are usually higher than those of native Blacks. These results are most consonant with the theory that immigrants are a positively selected population.
A Hybrid Thermopneumatic and Electrostatic Microvalve with Integrated Position Sensing

This paper presents a low-power hybrid thermopneumatic microvalve with an electrostatic hold and integrated valve plate position sensing. This combination of actuators in a single structure enables a high throw and force actuator with low energy consumption, a combination that is difficult to otherwise achieve. The completed 7.5 mm × 10.3 mm × 1.5 mm valve has an open flow rate of 8 sccm at 600 Pa, a leak rate of 2.2 × 10 −3 sccm at 115 kPa, a open-to-closed fluidic conductance ratio of nearly one million, an actuation time of 430 ms at 250 mW, and a required power of 90 mW while closed. It additionally requires no power to open, and has a built-in capacitive position sensor with a sensitivity of 9.8 fF/kPa. The paper additionally presents analytical models of the valve components, design tradeoffs, and guidelines for achieving an optimized device.
Polymer nanocomposites formation by the use of sodium montmorillonite dispersion in alcohol and a cationic surfactant

To enhance the formation of nanocomposites, we pretreated montmorillonite clay with a high-boiling-point alcohol or a combination of the alcohol and a cationic surfactant prior to melt mixing. The polymer matrix was melt-mixed with sodium montmorillonite treated with alcohol or a combination of the alcohol and a cationic surfactant, and then, the alcohol was removed. This new method was applied to polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylene compounds. The dual use of a surfactant and an alcohol for the treatment of montmorillonite enabled a high degree of intercalation of montmorillonite layers by polymethyl methacrylate chains, which was not obtained in untreated clay or clay treated with either the surfactant or alcohol individually. The process was not as successful with the polyhydrocarbons. There was some evidence for slightly enhanced intercalation for polystyrene, but there was less evidence for polyethylene and polypropylene. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1951–1957, 2004
Enzymatic preparation of [U-14C]-4-chloronitrosobenzene

[U-14C]-4-Chloroaniline (1) was converted in good yield to [U-14C]-4-chloronitrosobenzene (3) by oxidation with H2O2 in the presence of chloroperoxidase.
Explicit local buckling analysis and design of fiber–reinforced plastic composite structural shapes

Abstract Pultruded fiber–reinforced plastic (FRP) composite structural shapes (beams and columns) are thin-walled open or closed sections consisting of assemblies of flat plates and commonly made of E-glass fiber and either polyester or vinylester resins. Due to high strength-to-stiffness ratio of composites and thin-walled sectional geometry of FRP shapes, buckling is the most likely mode of failure before material failure. In this paper, explicit analyses of local buckling of rectangular orthotropic composite plates with various unloaded edge boundary conditions (i.e., (1) rotationally restrained along both unloaded edges (RR), and (2) one rotationally restrained and the other free along the unloaded edges (RF)) and subjected to uniform in-plane axial action at simply-supported loaded edges are first presented. A variational formulation of the Ritz method is used to establish an eigenvalue problem, and explicit solutions of plate local buckling coefficients in term of the rotational restraint stiffness (k) are obtained. The two cases of rotationally restrained plates (i.e., the RR and RF plates) are further treated as discrete plates of closed and open sections, and by considering the effect of elastic restraints at the joint connections of flanges and webs, the local buckling of different FRP shapes under uniform axial compression is studied. The approximate expressions of the rotational restraint stiffness (k) for various common FRP sections are provided, and their application to sectional local buckling predictions is illustrated. The explicit local buckling formulas of rotationally restrained plates are validated with the exact transcendental solutions. The analytical predictions for local buckling of various FRP profiles based on the present discrete plate analysis and considering the elastic restraints of the flange–web connections are in excellent agreements with available experimental results and finite element eigenvalue analyses. A design guideline for local buckling prediction and related performance improvement is proposed. The present explicit formulation can be applied effectively to determine the local buckling capacities of composite plates with elastic restraints along the unloaded edges and can be further used to predict the local buckling strength of FRP shapes.
Rapid isolation of mesophyll cells from leaves of soybean for photosynthetic studies.

Mesophyll cells were rapidly isolated from soybean (Glycine max [L.]) leaves using a combined Macerase enzyme-stirring technique. About 50% to 70% of the leaf cells on a chlorophyll basis from 3 grams of leaves could be isolated in 15 minutes. The cells obtained by this method were capable of high rates of photosynthesis even after storage in the dark for periods of up to 9 hours. The CO(2)-saturated rate of photosynthesis increased from 5 mum CO(2)/mg Chl.hour at 5 C to 170 mum CO(2)/mg Chl.hour at 40 C. At atmospheric CO(2) concentration, the rate varied from 5 to 55 mum CO(2)/mg Chl.hour over this temperature range. The reduced temperature response of photosynthesis at low CO(2) concentration was due to an increased Km(CO(2)) of the cells with increasing temperature. The products of photosynthesis in the isolated cells were similar to the products of leaf photosynthesis.
Circulation Patterns Near the Tail of the Grand Banks

Abstract Dynamic topographies for the region surrounding the tail of the Grand Banks have been examined for the years 1922–65, in an attempt to define the characteristics of the eddies and meanders typical of the circulation pattern. The size distribution of the cyclonic eddies appears to be bimodal and thus suggests the possibility of two different modes of eddy formation. The shear of the mean current system is cyclonic, and it is therefore not surprising that cyclonic eddies dominate over anticyclonic ones by 2.5:1. However, the anticyclonic eddies appear faster; this may in part be associated with the choice of reference level. Other than a seasonal decrease in eddy strength from April-June, no secular trends could be found. The eddies were characteristically found in certain areas only, suggesting that topography plays a role in their formation. The meanders were markedly smaller and slower than those of the Kuroshio front. No secular trends could be found in the meander patterns. A simple vorticity ...
Evidence for perceptual organization in infants: Perception of subjective contours by young infants

Abstract In a series of experiments with 3- and 4-month-old infants, a familiarization/novelty preference procedure assessed the ability to perceive subjective contours. A pattern whose arrangement of elements induces the subjective contours that are perceived as a square by adult observers was used. By varying the orientation of elements, similar patterns without subjective contours were produced. With one exception, infants discriminated a pattern with subjective contours from patterns without subjective contours, but they did not discriminate among different patterns without subjective contours (Experiment 1). After being familiarized with real contours that formed a square (Experiment 2) and with three different patterns that produced the subjective contours of a square (Experiment 3), infants preferred patterns without subjective contours to a pattern that produced the subjective contours of a square. These three experiments together strongly suggest that infants as young as 3 months of age are able to perceive subjective contours. In Experiment 4 and its replication, infants perceived a pattern producing a subjective square or diamond as a set of components forming a square or diamond, namely, the lines and angles, and quite possibly as the complete form as well. Moreover, the percept of the subjective pattern may be used as the basis for discrimination among forms with real contours, indicative of a functional equivalence between subjective and real contours.
Predictors of quality of life among women with coronary heart disease

Background Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an increasingly relevant outcome as the population ages and associated morbidities increase. The purpose of this study was to evaluate predictors of HRQOL among ethnically diverse women hospitalized for coronary heart disease (CHD) and determine the impact of a brief, educational intervention on HRQOL 6 months post-hospitalization.
Modeling Laboratory Permeability in Coal Using Sorption-Induced Strain Data

Sorption-induced strain and permeability were measured as a function of pore pressure using subbituminous coal from the Powder River basin of Wyoming, USA, and high-volatile bituminous coal from the Uinta-Piceance basin of Utah, USA. We found that for these coal samples, cleat compressibility was not constant, but variable. Calculated variable cleat-compressibility constants were found to correlate well with previously published data for other coals. Sorption-induced matrix strain (shrinkage/swelling) was measured on unconstrained samples for different gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrogen (N2). During permeability tests, sorption-induced matrix shrinkage was demonstrated clearly by higher-permeability values at lower pore pressures while holding overburden pressure constant; this effect was more pronounced when gases with higher adsorption isotherms such as CO2 were used. Measured permeability data were modeled using three different permeability models that take into account sorption-induced matrix strain. We found that when the measured strain data were applied, all three models matched the measured permeability results poorly. However, by applying an experimentally derived expression to the strain data that accounts for the constraining stress of overburden pressure, pore pressure, coal type, and gas type, two of the models were greatly improved.
Use of BIS monitor in a child with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis

We describe a case of a 14-year-old boy with congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis (CIPA) who underwent tarsal tunnel release for tarsal tunnel syndrome. Because of abnormal pain perception, the patient's response to normally painful surgical stimuli is severely impaired and not adequately reflected in a corresponding rise in blood pressure or heart rate. This lack of autonomic feedback to pain stimuli may make it more difficult to assess whether anesthetic depth is adequate to prevent intraoperative awareness and thus to safely conduct anesthesia, especially if muscle paralysis is required for surgical indications. We describe for the first time the use of processed EEG monitoring with a BIS A-2000 monitor to gauge anesthetic depth in a patient with CIPA. Initial forehead bispectral index (BIS) values prior to induction were normal (98) and then ranged between 23 and 79 during the whole surgical procedure. Propofol and lidocaine were used for induction and deep extubation; isoflurane was used as the sole anesthetic for maintenance with concentrations ranging from 0.21% to 0.92% to maintain a target BIS of 40-60. Volatile anesthetic requirements remained low throughout the procedure and no narcotics were necessary during surgery. The BIS monitor served as an adequate tool to help avoid excessive use of volatile anesthetic while assuring a processed EEG consistent with unconsciousness and amnesia. After the patient had recovered and was oriented to place and time in the recovery room, he was asked whether he remembered anything about the surgery and the presence of a breathing tube in his mouth. He denied any recall of such events.
Lower and upper bounds on extinction cross sections of arbitrarily shaped strongly absorbing or strongly reflecting nonspherical particles.

The general belief that the sphere of equal volume provides a better approximation for the extinction cross section of a nonspherical particle than a sphere of equal surface area at small values of the size parameters is not correct. At some values of x, the equal volume sphere is a better approximation; at others, the equal surface area sphere is better. Details depend on the shape, size, and refractive index. For strongly absorbing particles at x > π, the extinction cross section of an equal volume sphere σEV provides the lower bound, and σEVSN/SEV (where SN is the surface area of considered nonspherical particle, and SEV is the surface area of equal volume sphere) provides the upper bound on the extinction cross section of an arbitrarily shaped nonspherical particle.
Idiopathic diffuse ectasia of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic arteries.

Retation of the hepatic artery and its branches can be focal or diffuse. Diffuse ectasia is typical of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia or Osler-Weber-Rendu disease.' In this autosomal dominant syndrome, telangiectasias typically involve the mucocutaneous tissues. Although hepatic involvement is common, it is usually asymptomatic. Focal hepatic artery aneurysms are rare, accounting for only 0.1% to 0.2% of aneurysms. The most common presentation is acute rupture, which carries a mortality rate of at least 80%. 2 If there are symptoms of an unruptured aneurysm, these are nonspecific. We present an unusual case of diffuse hepatic artery ectasia, involving the common hepatic artery and the intrahepatic arterial branches, in a patient without other aneurysms or telangiectasias.
Global dendritic calcium spikes in mouse layer 5 low threshold spiking interneurones: implications for control of pyramidal cell bursting.

Interneuronal networks in neocortex underlie feedforward and feedback inhibition and control the temporal organization of pyramidal cell activity. We previously found that lower layer neocortical interneurones can reach action potential threshold in response to the stimulation of a single presynaptic cell. To better understand this phenomenon and the circuit roles of lower layer neocortical interneurones, we combined two-photon calcium imaging with whole cell recordings and anatomical reconstructions of low threshold spiking (LTS) interneurones from mouse neocortex. In both visual and somatosensory cortex, LTS interneurones are somatostatin-positive, concentrated in layer 5 and possess dense axonal innervation to layer 1. Due to the LTS properties, these neurones operate in burst and tonic modes. In burst mode, dendritic T-type calcium channels boosted small synaptic inputs and triggered low threshold calcium spikes, while in tonic mode, sodium-based APs evoked smaller calcium influxes. In both modes, the entire dendritic tree of LTS interneurones behaved as a ‘global’ single spiking unit. This, together with the fact that synaptic inputs to layer 5 LTS cells are facilitating, and that their axons target the dendritic region of the pyramidal neurones where bursts are generated, make these neurones ideally suited to detect and control burst generation of individual lower layer pyramidal neurones.
HIFs Enhance the Transcriptional Activation and Splicing of Adrenomedullin

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is important for tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell growth, and survival. Under normoxic conditions, the ADM gene was found to produce two alternative transcripts, a fully spliced transcript that produces AM and PAMP peptides and intron-3–retaining transcript that produces a less functionally significant PAMP peptide only. ADM is a well-established hypoxia inducible gene; however, it is not clear which ADM isoform is induced by hypoxia. In this study, it was determined that various cancer and normal cells express two predominant types of ADM transcripts, a AM/PAMP peptide producing full-length transcript in which all introns are removed, and a nonprotein producing I1-3 transcript in which all introns are retained. Interestingly, hypoxia preferentially induced the full-length isoform. Moreover, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), but not hypoxia per se, are necessary and sufficient to increase splicing of ADM pre-mRNA. ADM splicing reporters confirmed that transcriptional activation by HIF or other transcription factors is sufficient to enhance splicing. However, HIFs are more potent in enhancing ADM pre-mRNA splicing than other transcriptional activators. Thus, ADM intron retention is not a consequence of abnormal splicing, but is an important mechanism to regulate ADM expression. These results demonstrate a novel function of HIFs in regulating ADM expression by enhancing its pre-mRNA splicing. Importantly, using endogenous and cloned ADM gene, further evidence is provided for the coupling of transcription and RNA splicing. Implications: Here, a novel function of HIFs in regulating ADM gene expression is identified by enhancing ADM pre-mRNA splicing. Mol Cancer Res; 12(5); 728–41. ©2014 AACR.
Interaction of supercritical carbon dioxide with polymers. I: Crystalline polymers

Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology involving carbon dioxide is recently receiving wide attention due to its vast potential application in various fields such as cleaning, extraction, synthesis, etc., in addition to its environmental benefits. To fully exploit the use of SCFs in new technologies, it is important to understand how SCFs interact with materials. To this end, we have undertaken a systematic study involving a wide pressure and temperature range to investigate the interaction of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) with nine different crystalline polymers, namely, substituted and unsubstituted polyethylene (four varieties), polypropylene, nylon 66, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(oxymethylene), and poly(vinylidine fluoride). Critical factors such as changes in appearance and weight, temperature, pressure and time of the supercritical fluid treatment, and dimension of samples have been observed. The influence of SC CO2 on the thermal properties of treated polymers has been investigated through TGA analysis. Further, changes in the mechanical properties such as yield strength, ultimate elongation, and modulus of elasticity of the investigated crystalline polymers were also observed. A discussion has been included to show the possible implications of the observed changes in realizing various applications. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Production capacity analysis of a shock absorber assembly line using simulation

This paper reports findings of a study of shock absorber assembly line using computer simulation. The shock absorber assembly line feeds shockers to the motorcycle assembly line. The assembly line simulated in this project is located at an OEM for Bajaj Auto Ltd., the largest producers of scooters and motorcycles in India. In this paper, results of simulation are presented from two scenarios. The first is the original layout of the system. The second simulation is the suggested modifications. Data was gathered and evaluated to determine the necessary parameters to be used. The new demand required the OEM to increase its capacity by 200 shock absorbers per day. After implementing the proposed model the daily output increased by 435 shock absorbers. The highlights of our analysis was that this increase in production rate was achieved without any increase in direct labor, contributing to a gross increase in profit by 32%.
Matrin 3 is a co-factor for HIV-1 Rev in regulating post-transcriptional viral gene expression

Post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1 gene expression is mediated by interactions between viral transcripts and viral/cellular proteins. For HIV-1, post-transcriptional nuclear control allows for the export of intron-containing RNAs which are normally retained in the nucleus. Specific signals on the viral RNAs, such as instability sequences (INS) and Rev responsive element (RRE), are binding sites for viral and cellular factors that serve to regulate RNA-export. The HIV-1 encoded viral Rev protein binds to the RRE found on unspliced and incompletely spliced viral RNAs. Binding by Rev directs the export of these RNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Previously, Rev co-factors have been found to include cellular factors such as CRM1, DDX3, PIMT and others. In this work, the nuclear matrix protein Matrin 3 is shown to bind Rev/RRE-containing viral RNA. This binding interaction stabilizes unspliced and partially spliced HIV-1 transcripts leading to increased cytoplasmic expression of these viral RNAs.
A generalized three-parameter (3-P) aperture distribution for antenna applications

A versatile three-parameter (3-P) elliptical aperture distribution, which encompasses many of the existing circular aperture distributions, is presented. Characteristics of the 3-P distributions such as the edge taper, the taper efficiency, the aperture power, the closed-form far fields, the sidelobe levels, the beamwidth and beam efficiency are analyzed. Also derived is an asymptotic form of the far-field, based on which the far-angle features of the 3-P distributions such as the far-field envelope, the decay rate, and the positions of nulls are determined. Examples are presented to illustrate the improvements resulting from the enlarged parameter space for aperture models obtainable from the 3-P distributions. Issues concerning the total power associated with an aperture distribution are studied and the inadequacy of some commonly used approximation is demonstrated. >