cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resumming the large- N approximation for time evolving quantum systems

In this paper we discuss two methods of resumming the leading and next to leading order in $1/N$ diagrams for the quartic $O(N)$ model. These two approaches have the property that they preserve both boundedness and positivity for expectation values of operators in our numerical simulations. These approximations can be understood either in terms of a truncation to the infinitely coupled Schwinger-Dyson hierarchy of equations, or by choosing a particular two-particle irreducible vacuum energy graph in the effective action of the Cornwall-Jackiw-Tomboulis formalism. We confine our discussion to the case of quantum mechanics where the Lagrangian is $L(x,\mathrm{x\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}})=(\frac{1}{2}){\ensuremath{\sum}}_{i=1}^{N}{x}_{i}^{2}\ensuremath{-}(g/8N)[{\ensuremath{\sum}}_{i=1}^{N}{x}_{i}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}_{0}^{2}{]}^{2}.$ The key to these approximations is to treat both the x propagator and the ${x}^{2}$ propagator on similar footing which leads to a theory whose graphs have the same topology as QED with the ${x}^{2}$ propagator playing the role of the photon. The bare vertex approximation is obtained by replacing the exact vertex function by the bare one in the exact Schwinger-Dyson equations for the one and two point functions. The second approximation, which we call the dynamic Debye screening approximation, makes the further approximation of replacing the exact ${x}^{2}$ propagator by its value at leading order in the $1/N$ expansion. These two approximations are compared with exact numerical simulations for the quantum roll problem. The bare vertex approximation captures the physics at large and modest N better than the dynamic Debye screening approximation.
Internal Entropy Generation Limits for Direct Sensible Thermal Storage

This paper presents results for the entropy generated internally during the charging and discharging processes of a direct, sensible thermal energy store. The two processes correspond to the inflow of either a low or high temperature liquid stream into an enclosure initially filled with a uniformly high or low temperature liquid, respectively. The level of internal entropy generation due to thermal mixing between the inflow and the initial liquid volume corresponds to losses in the usable fraction of the stored volume and therefore decreased efficiency. Empirically, the observed behavior of direct sensible storage devices spans the range of nearly mixed to highly stratified. In the present work, analytical models for the fully-mixed and ideally-stratified limits are used to bound these behaviors and to analytically determine the corresponding entropy generation levels. The ratio of total entropy generation for the ideally-stratified limit relative to that of the fully-mixed limit is shown to vary as √8/(πPe). The limiting behaviors therefore define a continuum of entropy generation levels separated by up to several orders of magnitude for typical Peclet numbers. A published numerical model which accounts for aspects of the observed thermal mixing is then examined in relation to these limits. The model predicts entropy generation levels midway between the limiting behaviors which suggests significant potential for improvements in the efficiency of direct sensible storage devices.
Implementation of generalized quantum measurements for unambiguous discrimination of multiple non-orthogonal coherent states

Discriminating non-orthogonal quantum states is far from simple due to the inherent measurement difficulties of quantum mechanics. Becerra et al. present a scheme enabling unambiguous discrimination of four non-orthogonal coherent states that outperforms conventional measurements under realistic conditions.
Skepticism, Contextualism, and Discrimination*

The skeptic says that "knowledge" is an absolute term, whereas the contextualist says that 'knowledge" is a relationally absolute term. Which is the better hypothesis about "knowledge"? And what implications do these hypotheses about "knowledge" have for knowledge? I argue that the skeptic has the better hypothesis about "knowledge", but that both hypotheses about "knowledge" have deeply anti-skeptical implications for knowledge, since both presuppose our capacity for epistemically salient discrimination. The skeptic (following Peter Unger 1975) says that "knowledge" is an absolute term, requiring the elimination of all logical possibilities of falsehood. The contextualist (following David Lewis 1979, Fred Dretske 1981, inter alia) says that "knowledge" is a relationally absolute term, requiring the elimination of only the contextually relevant possibilities of falsehood. Which is the better hypothesis about the word "knowledge"? And what if any implications do these hypotheses about the word "knowledge" have for the relation of knowledge?
Training Perspective. The Impact of Starting an Endobronchial Ultrasound Program at a Major Academic Center on Fellows Training of Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

The proliferation of endobronchial ultrasound as the standard of care in lymph node sampling has significantly impacted the way fellows are trained in transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA). To assess the impact of starting an endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) program on fellows training of conventional TBNA (cTBNA), we reviewed all TBNAs performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from September 2006 until December of 2009. The number of nodes sampled, specimen adequacy, diagnostic yield, and fellow involvement were recorded. We found that the initiation of an EBUS program was associated with a significantly increased number of cases performed, as well as a significantly higher diagnostic yield, when compared with cTBNA. There was an associated significant decline in the number of cTBNA procedures performed by the pulmonary fellows, as well as the diagnostic yield and accuracy, when compared with EBUS. As interventional pulmonology fellowships and the overall use of EBUS become more prevalent, institutions wi...
Tolerance of allogromiid Foraminifera to severely elevated carbon dioxide concentrations : implications to future ecosystem functioning and paleoceanographic interpretations

Abstract Increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ) in the atmosphere will significantly affect a wide variety of terrestrial fauna and flora. Because of tight atmospheric–oceanic coupling, shallow-water marine species are also expected to be affected by increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. One proposed way to slow increases in atmospheric pCO 2 is to sequester CO 2 in the deep sea. Thus, over the next few centuries marine species will be exposed to changing seawater chemistry caused by ocean–atmospheric exchange and/or deep-ocean sequestration. This initial case study on one allogromiid foraminiferal species ( Allogromia laticollaris ) was conducted to begin to ascertain the effect of elevated pCO 2 on benthic Foraminifera, which are a major meiofaunal constituent of shallow- and deep-water marine communities. Cultures of this thecate foraminiferan protist were used for 10–14-day experiments. Experimental treatments were executed in an incubator that controlled CO 2 (15 000; 30 000; 60 000; 90 000; 200 000 ppm), temperature and humidity; atmospheric controls (i.e., ~ 375 ppm CO 2 ) were executed simultaneously. Although the experimental elevated pCO 2 values are far above foreseeable surface water pCO 2 , they were selected to represent the spectrum of conditions expected for the benthos if deep-sea CO 2 sequestration becomes a reality. Survival was assessed in two independent ways: pseudopodial presence/absence and measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is an indicator of cellular energy. Substantial proportions of A. laticollaris populations survived 200 000 ppm CO 2 although the mean of the median [ATP] of survivors was statistically lower for this treatment than for that of atmospheric control specimens. After individuals that had been incubated in 200 000 ppm CO 2 for 12 days were transferred to atmospheric conditions for ~ 24 h, the [ATP] of live specimens (survivors) approximated those of the comparable atmospheric control treatment. Incubation in 200 000 ppm CO 2 also resulted in reproduction by some individuals. Results suggest that certain Foraminifera are able to tolerate deep-sea CO 2 sequestration and perhaps thrive as a result of elevated pCO 2 that is predicted for the next few centuries, in a high-pCO 2 world. Thus, allogromiid foraminiferal “blooms” may result from climate change. Furthermore, because allogromiids consume a variety of prey, it is likely that they will be major players in ecosystem dynamics of future coastal sedimentary environments.
Raman spectra of stoichiometric and defect rutile

Abstract An explanation for the puzzling high dielectric constant of rutile is sought in a dynamic disordering of the Ti4+ ion. To test the model, Raman spectra were measured on single crystals of stoichiometric and reduced TiO2, at temperatures from 4.2 to 400 K. The narrowing of the Raman lines with temperature in stoichiometric rutile is interpreted as due to an ordering of a disordered dipole arising from an off-center titanium atom. Additional broadening is present in the spectra of the non-stoichiometric crystals and is interpreted as due to the randomizing effect of oxygen vacancies in the defect crystal.
Fabrication, investigation and modification of magnetic states in nano-scale patterned cobalt films by using scanning ion microscopy with polarization analysis (SIMPA)

Abstract Focused ion beam (FIB) lithography is used to fabricate patterned Co nano-elements from ultra-thin (30 nm thick), electron-beam-evaporated Co films. The spin- and spatially-resolved surface magnetic structure (SMS) of the nano-scale Co elements is imaged in situ by using scanning ion microscopy with polarization analysis (SIMPA). SIMPA spin maps directly reveal the detailed spin structure of magnetic vortex and antivortex states, which can be utilized for ultra-high density, non-volatile magnetic memory devices. It is found that the SMS of the nano-magnetic structures depends strongly on the size of the patterned Co elements. In addition, FIB etching is utilized in situ to create well-defined defects (antidots) in the patterned Co elements, which strongly modify the previously existing SMSs leading to novel nano-magnetic states. The results show that ion–surface interaction, as provided by SIMPA spin mapping and in situ FIB processing, can be profitably exploited for studying SMSs of patterned magnetic systems to be used for nano-scale magnetic memory and magnetic logic devices.
The reversal of profound mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade

Purpose: Mivacurium is metabolized by plasma cholinesterase catalyzed ester hydrolysis. Acetylcholinesterase antagonists used in the reversal of muscle relaxation may also inhibit plasma cholinesterase and, therefore, delay the hydrolysis of mivacurium. The clinical interaction between acetylcholinesterase antagonists and mivacurium induced neuromuscular blockade was studied. Method: lntraoperative muscle relaxation was maintained with a mivacurium infusion to achieve a constant intense block (first twitch, T t, 2-3% of control). Patients were randomly divided into three groups. Patients in Group 1 received no anticholinesterase, in Group 2 neostigmine 0.07 rag. kg -1, and in Group 3 edrophonium I mg . kg -~. The times between termination of the mivacurium infusion (Group 1) or the administration of the anticholinesterase (Groups 2 and 3) to 25%, 50%, 75% and 95% T 1 recovery, and to 50%, 70% and 90% recovery in the ratio, T4/T I (TR) were recorded. Result: In the neostigmine Group, T t recovery to 25%, 50% and 75% ( 2.32  1.41, 3.90  1.85 and 6.88  2.66 rain) was accelerated compared with control (3.36  1.34, 5.78  2.22, and 8.58  3.60, and), but recovery to 95% (18.53  9.09 vs 13.29  5.24 min) was delayed. Also, TR recovery to 50%, 70%, and 90% was slower (14.47  8.73, 21.25  11.06 and
The courts, interest groups, and public opinion about abortion

Public preferences about the availability of abortion under various circumstances have remained fairly stable over time. Yet a standard CBS/New York Times abortion question indicates that a significant shift in opinion occurred during the 1980s, whereby the public became increasingly supportive of legalized abortion “as it is now.” These very different patterns of public opinion about abortion suggest that the public perceived a shift in the abortion status quo, toward more restricted access, over time, and became more supportive of current abortion policy. A model of support for legalized abortion “as it is now” is developed that incorporates the influences of court activities and interest-group behavior. The analysis indicates that the public reacted directly to the activities of the courts, becoming more supportive of current abortion policy in response to media coverage of court cases that challenged the abortion status quo and Supreme Court nominations and confirmations. Although absolute preferences remained largely unchanged, it appears the public perceived an increasing threat to the status quo and became correspondingly less enamored with further restrictions on the availability of abortion.
Multi-dimensional co-separation analysis reveals protein-protein interactions defining plasma lipoprotein subspecies.

The distribution of circulating lipoprotein particles affects the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans. Lipoproteins are historically defined by their density, with low-density lipoproteins positively and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) negatively associated with CVD risk in large populations. However, these broad definitions tend to obscure the remarkable heterogeneity within each class. Evidence indicates that each class is composed of physically (size, density, charge) and compositionally (protein and lipid) distinct subclasses exhibiting unique functionalities and differing effects on disease. HDLs in particular contain upward of 85 proteins of widely varying function that are differentially distributed across a broad range of particle diameters. We hypothesized that the plasma lipoproteins, particularly HDL, represent a continuum of phospholipid platforms that facilitate specific protein–protein interactions. To test this idea, we separated normal human plasma using three techniques that exploit different lipoprotein physicochemical properties (gel filtration chromatography, ionic exchange chromatography, and preparative isoelectric focusing). We then tracked the co-separation of 76 lipid-associated proteins via mass spectrometry and applied a summed correlation analysis to identify protein pairs that may co-reside on individual lipoproteins. The analysis produced 2701 pairing scores, with the top hits representing previously known protein–protein interactions as well as numerous unknown pairings. A network analysis revealed clusters of proteins with related functions, particularly lipid transport and complement regulation. The specific co-separation of protein pairs or clusters suggests the existence of stable lipoprotein subspecies that may carry out distinct functions. Further characterization of the composition and function of these subspecies may point to better targeted therapeutics aimed at CVD or other diseases.
Theory of hydrogen-impurity complexes in semiconductors

Abstract In this review of theory, the focus will be on a collection of hydrogen-containing complexes of current interest and controversy, with more general implications summarized where appropriate. In particular, I will include hydrogen complexes with single donors and acceptors in silicon and compound semiconductors, and with double donors and acceptors in silicon. Also, included is a brief discussion of the hydrogen-vacancy and hydrogen-molecule systems in silicon. The phenomena of interest include the equilibrium geometries, and the motion of the impurities as they vibrate, reorient, and dissociate within the solid. These characteristics are described as calculated using quantum mechanical methods; hence, electronic-structure methods are summarized as well.
Effects of exercise on the immune response to cancer

This study examined the effects of two doses of exercise on tumor incidence and progression, and the number and activity of intratumoral phagocytic cells (80% macrophages [M phi's]). Male mice were randomly assigned to control (CON), moderate (MOD) or exhaustive (EXH) treadmill running. Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 2.5 x 10(5) mammary adenocarcinoma cells after 3 d of running (3 h after the last run at a point when enhancement in M phi cytotoxicity is observed). This tumor was chosen due to its susceptibility to M phi inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Mice continued daily running for 14 d. Food intakes were higher during the last 3 d in MOD and EXH, but body weights were no different. Flow cytometer analysis of tumor masses revealed that MOD had greater numbers of phagocytic cells (vs EXH) with slightly higher phagocytic activities (vs CON and EXH) (P < 0.05). However, no group differences in tumor appearance were seen except on day 7 when CON had less observable tumors than MOD and EXH (P < 0.05). Tumor size was also not different between groups at any point. These results indicate that moderate exercise can increase the phagocytic capacity of intratumoral phagocytic cells, but these changes had no apparent effect on tumor incidence or progression in this study.
Rational approximations of trigonometric matrices with application to second-order systems of differential equations

We consider the direct treatment of the second-order system of equations y'' (t)+ Ay(t) = tf;(t), such as might arise in finite-element or finite-difference semidiscretizations of the wave equation. We develop the exact solution and some three-term recurrences involving trigonometric matrices. We approximate these trigonometric matrices by rational approximants of Pade type and thus develop a two-parameter family of approximation schemes. We analyze the stability behavior and computational complexity of members of this family and isolate four schemes for numerical experimentation, the results of which we tabulate. We single out as particularly effective the classical Stormer-Numerov method and also a new sixth-order scheme.
A Descriptive Correlational Study of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy and Its Association With Preterm Birth: Implications for Advanced Practice Nurses

Purpose To expand on prior (often contradictory) research implicating maternal infection as a cause of preterm birth, specifically exploring whether bacterial vaginosis (BV) in pregnancy caused preterm birth in a sample of 103 women in a rural Mississippi obstetric-gyneco-logic clinic. Data Sources This descriptive correlational study explored the relationship between BV and preterm birth, using retrospective chart data from a purposive sample of 103 women (for a power level of 95%) from one rural obstetric-gyneco-logic clinic. Conclusions Contrary to the majority of published research, this study did not find a positive correlation between BV and preterm birth. This unexpected result raises questions, particularly given that the preponderance (86%) of women who tested positive for BV during their pregnancy were African American, a population in which both BV and preterm birth are more prevalent. Implications for Practice Whether to screen for BV in pregnancy is a clinically important question not only in terms of the health of mother and child but also in terms of responsible use of resources. Clear findings supporting beneficial health results for screening would dictate screening regard-less of the cost. But research continues to lack consensus on the efficacy of BV screening during pregnancy in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this study, as in some of the literature, the risk of preterm birth did not correlate positively with BV during pregnancy. In the absence of that correlation, cost gains importance. Nurse practitioners (NPs) must use resources wisely, including time, laboratory tests, and medications. Although some specialists recommend screening or treating all pregnant patients for BV, the current practice of not screening or treating all pregnant patients seems warranted until definitive findings establish a conclusive correlation between BV and preterm birth.
Redevelopment and Race: Planning a Finer City in Postwar Detroit

In the decades following World War II, professional city planners in Detroit made a concerted effort to halt the city's physical and economic decline. Their successes included an award-winning master plan, a number of laudable redevelopment projects, and exemplary planning leadership in the city and the nation. Yet in those same decades, Detroit was transformed from a city which enjoyed liveable neighbourhoods, healthy commercial strips, a bustling downtown and beautiful parks into the notorious symbol of urban decay that it is today. In "Redevelopment and Race", June Manning Thomas shows what went wrong. She demonstrates how and why government programmes were ineffective and even destructive to community needs - and how social striving and class disunity added a further difficulty to their implementation. Examining the city she knew first as an undergraduate student at Michigan State University and later as a scholar and planner, Thomas argues for a different approach to traditional planning - one that places social justice, equity and community ahead of purely physical and economic objectives. A unique historical analysis of the interaction of redevelopment and racial issues in one city, this book offers an important contribution to both planning history and urban studies. Thomas's thoughtful solutions offer hope to citizens and government agencies alike who struggle every day with redevelopment issues in America's older industrial cities.
Time-dependent induction of hepatic drug metabolism in rats by cotinine.

Abstract Cotinine, administered twice a day for 2 days in a dose of 20 or 40 mg/kg i.p., induced rat hepatic drug metabolism between 22% to 62%. Induction decreased to 26–37% after 4 days of cotinine (40 mg/kg bid). No significant induction was observed after 8 days of this dose of cotinine. Explanations are offered for decreasing induction by cotinine with time.
Newton’s law of heating and the heat equation

Newton’s law of heating models the average temperature in an object by a simple ordinary differential equation, while the heat equation is a partial differential equation that models the temperature as a function of both space and time. A series solution of the heat equation, in the case of a spherical body, shows that Newton’s law gives an accurate approximation to the average temperature if the body is not too large and it conducts heat much faster than it gains heat from the surroundings. Finite element simulation confirms and extends the analysis.
Three-Dimensional (3D) High-Speed Imaging and Fabrication System Based on Ultrafast Optical Pulse Manipulation

Laser scanning systems for two-photon microscopy and fabrication have been proven to be excellent in depth-resolving capability for years. However, their applications have been limited to laboratory use due to their intrinsic slow nature. The recently introduced temporal focusing concept enables wide-field optical sectioning and thus has potential in both high-speed 3D imaging and 3D mass-production fields. In this paper, we use the ultrafast optical pulse manipulation to generate two-photon excitation depth-resolved wide-field illumination (TPEDRWFI). The design parameters for the illumination were chosen based on numerical simulation of the temporal focusing. The imaging system was implemented, and the optical sectioning performance was compared with experimental result.
The Brazilian CARS: a standardized screening tool for autism.

Autism is not a disease. There is no blood test, neuroim-aging, or electroencephalography (EEG) test for making orconfirming this diagnosis. Autism is a behaviorally-definedsyndrome that denotes atypical development of the imma-ture brain and becomes manifest in late infancy, in toddlers,or young preschoolers. To the experienced clinician, classicautism is an obvious diagnosis. But expe-rience and expertise are not measurableandthereforedonotsufficewhenitcomesto enrolling children in research studies orconvincing a school district to provideexpensive specialized educational ser-vices, especially to a child who has not yetcelebrated his (or her) third birthday.The International Classification of Dis-eases (ICD-10)
A Unified Mechanism for Aminopeptidase N-based Tumor Cell Motility and Tumor-homing Therapy

Tumor cell surface aminopeptidase N (APN or CD13) has two puzzling functions unrelated to its enzymatic activity: mediating tumor cell motility and serving as a receptor for tumor-homing peptides (peptides that bring anti-cancer drugs to tumor cells). To investigate APN-based tumor-homing therapy, we determined the crystal structure of APN complexed with a tumor-homing peptide containing a representative Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) motif. The tumor-homing peptide binds to the APN enzymatic active site, but it resists APN degradation due to a distorted scissile peptide bond. To explore APN-based tumor cell motility, we examined the interactions between APN and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. APN binds to, but does not degrade, NGR motifs in ECM proteins that share similar conformations with the NGR motif in the APN-bound tumor-homing peptide. Therefore, APN-based tumor cell motility and tumor-homing therapy rely on a unified mechanism in which both functions are driven by the specific and stable interactions between APN and the NGR motifs in ECM proteins and tumor-homing peptides. This study further implicates APN as an integrin-like molecule that functions broadly in cell motility and adhesion by interacting with its signature NGR motifs in the extracellular environment.
Techno-Growth Mania: The Means Justify the Means

Education policy, in general, reflects the past and present embrace of science and technology as progressive forces to be further cultivated. Technology has a profound effect on education policy. It serves to divert rather than enhance critical thinking about the future of our race and planet. In addition, the emphasis on technology has dramatically increased vocational emphases that elevate instrumental pedagogical concerns over philosophic reflection on ends. The technology-driven, vocationally rooted school agendas ignore alternative cultural reflections as powerful forces and directions remain exempt from scholarly examination. “How to” triumphs over “why?” The corporate-financed business-education partnership movement gathering momentum in schools across the nation raises a question: If pervasive environmental and human problems are endemic to the emerging technology-supported and technology-driven global order, how will schools end their denial of needed cultural change?
Acoustic Variation and Lexical Acquisition

This study examined how acoustic variation affects second language (L2) lexical acquisition in consideration of four hypotheses: degraded input, elaborative processing, independent modulation, and robust versus strong connectivity. Absolute beginners in L2 Spanish attempted to learn 24 Spanish words. Each word was presented in 1 of 3 degrees of acoustic variation: no variation (6 repetitions of neutral only), moderate variation (2 repetitions each of neutral, loud, and whispered), and strong variation (1 repetition each of neutral, loud, whispered, excited, childlike, and nasal). Immediate and delayed lexical production post-tests were administered. Scores were submitted to an analysis of variance. No significant differences between the learning conditions were observed. The results are interpreted based on two approaches, one modular and one interactive.
Parylene-membrane piezoresistive pressure sensors with XeF 2 -etched cavity

Pressure sensors have been fabricated based on a deformable parylene C membrane over a cavity etched in silicon. The cavity is obtained by XeF2 etching, using a parylene mask composed of an array of holes. A subsequent parylene deposition fills the holes, thus sealing the cavity and completing the membrane. Gold piezoresistors are used to sense the membrane deformation. Compared to traditional pressure sensor designs, this process is more easily integrated into other processes, as no double-side machining or wet silicon etching is needed. The use of parylene is advantageous under certain points of view. First, it protects the piezoresistors and silicon, due to its well known barrier and chemical inertness properties. Second, contrary to other materials commonly used to fabricate pressure sensor membranes (e.g., polysilicon, silicon nitride), parylene is flexible, and thus more resistant to shocks. These two reasons make the sensor useful in chemically and physically harsh environments.
Transcriptional control of steroid-regulated apoptosis in murine thymoma cells.

Early studies in murine T cell lines indicated that transcriptional transactivation functions encoded in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) N-terminal domain are required for glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis. However, more recent studies in human T cell lines have suggested that the N-terminal domain is not necessary for steroid-regulated apoptosis and that GR-mediated transrepression may be the more critical mechanism. To better understand the contribution of the GR N-terminal transactivation domain in mediating murine thymocyte apoptosis, we stably transfected GR, GR variants, and the androgen receptor (AR) into receptor-negative S49 murine thymoma cells. GR expression levels were shown to be rate-limiting for initiating the apoptotic pathway, and a positive correlation between steroid sensitivity and GR-mediated induction of an integrated mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) LTR reporter gene was observed. Analysis of GR chimeric receptors containing the potent VP16 and E1A viral transactivation domains in ...
Polarimetric radar techniques for the measurement of ocean wave spectra

Azimuthally traveling waves are seldom well imaged in either real aperture radar (RAR) or synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images of the ocean. Real aperture radar cross section modulation by long ocean waves is normally attributed to two principal sources, tilt modulation and hydrodynamic modulation. The effect of these modulations is described mathematically by a complex modulation transfer function. In ocean radar images both of these modulation sources roll-off to zero in the azimuthal direction. Therefore, complete two-dimensional k-space wave spectra derived from microwave data are often quite different than the physical ocean spectra. Evidence is presented to show that a new source for backscatter modulations will result when the linear polarization vector of the radar is optimized specifically to sense wave tilts occurring in the azimuthal direction. The improvement in the fidelity of 2D wave spectra created using optimized polarizations is investigated using a RAR ocean imaging mode. >
Social distancing and the unvaccinated.

In January 2015, a federal appeals court ruled that New York State has the authority to bar unvaccinated children from school during outbreaks of vaccine-preventable illnesses, even if doing so overrides a family's religious freedom with regard to vaccination.
Comparative Evaluation of 18F-Labeled Glutamic Acid and Glutamine as Tumor Metabolic Imaging Agents

18F-labeled (2S,4R)-4-fluoro-l-glutamine (4F-GLN) has demonstrated high uptake in tumor cells that undergo high growth and proliferation. Similar tumor targeting properties have also been observed for 18F-labeled (2S,4R)-4-fluoro-l-glutamate (4F-GLU), suggesting that both are useful imaging agents. A new labeling procedure facilitates the preparation of 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU with confirmed radiochemical and enantiomeric purity. Here, we report the preparation and comparative evaluation of 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU as tumor metabolic imaging agents. Methods: Uptake of enantiomerically pure 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU was determined in 3 tumor cell lines (9L, SF188, and PC-3) at selected time points. The in vitro cell uptake mechanism was evaluated by inhibition studies in 9L cells. In vivo biodistribution and PET studies were performed on male F344 rats bearing 9L tumor xenografts. Results: In vitro cell uptake studies showed that 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN displayed higher uptake than 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU. Amino acid transport system ASC (alanine-serine-cysteine–preferring; in particular, its subtype ASCT2 [SLC1A5 gene]) and system Xc− (SLC7A11 gene) played an important role in transporting 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU, respectively, across the membrane. After being transported into cells, a large percentage of 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN was incorporated into protein, whereas 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU mainly remained as the free amino acid in its original form. In vivo studies of 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN in the 9L tumor model showed a higher tumor uptake than 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU, whereas 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU had a slightly higher tumor-to-background ratio than 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN. Imaging studies showed that both tracers had fast accumulation in 9L tumors. Compared with 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU, 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN exhibited prolonged tumor retention reflecting its incorporation into intracellular macromolecules. Conclusion: Differences in uptake and metabolism in tumor cells were found between 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and 18F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU. Both agents are potentially useful as metabolic tracers for tumor imaging.
GLOMERULAR PERMEABILITY: ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL NEPHROSIS USING HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE AS A TRACER

Wistar/Furth rats were made nephrotic by daily administration of amino-nucleoside of puromycin, and the ultrastructural localization of horseradish peroxidase (mol wt 40,000) in the renal glomerulus was studied from 1 min to 20 hr after intravenous injection of the tracer. In control rats, peroxidase permeated the endothelial fenestrae, the basement membrane, and the epithelial slits, and was present in tubular lumina. Nephrotic glomeruli showed relatively normal basement membranes, extensive fusion of foot processes with formation of "close" intercellular junctions, and large vacuoles and pockets in epithelial cells. On serial sections some of the epithelial vacuoles communicated on one side with the extracellular space overlying basement membrane, and on the other side with the urinary space. In nephrotic animals, peroxidase permeated the basement membrane and the close junctions, and was present in many of the vacuoles and pockets as early as 1 min after injection. Only small numbers of peroxidase-positive vacuoles remained in. epithelial cells 1 hr or more after injection of the tracer. It is suggested that the epithelial pockets and vacuoles form pathways across which leaking proteins can be transferred across the epithelium into the urinary space. Epithelial vacuoles may also be absorption droplets designed to "conserve" leaking proteins, but this function was not prominent in our experiments with peroxidase.
A case for hot slab surface temperatures in numerical viscous flow models of subduction zones with an improved fault zone parameterization

Abstract Viscous flow models play a fundamental role in our understanding of the dynamics and thermal structure of subduction zones. For example, the relatively cool slabs produced in 2D viscous flow models have been central to the argument against slab and sediment melting at subduction zones except in special cases, such as near slab edges. Because flow models have such an important role in our insight to the subduction process, it is imperative to understand how various assumptions in the models affect their results. The fault zone is a key part of subduction models, but the effects of different parameterizations on the results have been largely ignored. The two main fault parameterizations used in the literature are weak (low viscosity) nodes imposed at the fault surface and an imposed rigid overlying plate. Each formulation has pros and cons, but their only physical justification is that they keep the overlying mechanical lithosphere from deforming in unrealistic ways. Because the assigned thickness of the imposed plate or the dimensions of the weak zone governs the amount of ablation that occurs in the corner and the temperature of the material advected to the subducting slab, different arbitrary implementations can result in significantly different flow patterns and thermal structures. A fault zone parameterization with a rigid plate defined by temperature and strain rate rather than by depth or other geometry could ameliorate the predicament. This formulation removes much of the arbitrariness from the modeling, as it is based on a physical process. This formulation has the advantages of restricting viscous deformation in the overriding plate without limiting processes such as ablation by imposed boundary conditions. Model results with this parameterization show hotter slab surface temperatures than previously shown in the literature. The results also agree as well as or better than other formulations with geophysical observations such as heat flow, seismic velocity, and seismic attenuation. The calculated higher slab surface temperatures could lead to a reappreciation of sediment melting at subduction zones without requiring an atypical tectonic environment.
Comparison of fuzzy forecaster to a statistically motivated forecaster

Recently a fuzzy forecaster (also called a fuzzy controller) was proposed as one method for forecasting an autoregressive time series. The approach in the fuzzy forecaster is similar to the approach in statistically motivated curve smoothers. However, the curve smoothers perform a beneficial type of data averaging that the current fuzzy forecasters do not employ. Also, the curve smoothers have a mature methodology for choosing the degree of smoothing. Therefore, in this paper we develop an enhanced fuzzy forecaster that uses some of the curve-smoother methodology and we compare the performance of the improved fuzzy forecaster to one particular curve smoother (loess) on five real and five simulated data sets. The performance criterion is the one-step-ahead forecast error variance, and the loess method outperforms the fuzzy forecaster on all five simulated data sets, and four of the five real data sets.
The wild (white) ones: comparing frames of white and black deviance

In this case study, I establish how a racial privilege shields whites from being framed as deviant by using two racially segregated motorcycle rallies as a naturalistic experiment. I conduct a content analysis of reader posts to online newspaper stories about the biker events (which regularly include deviance) and discover the bikers, their behaviors, and the proposed community reactions are framed in nearly opposite ways. Posters attribute a ‘white innocence’ to white bikers, framing them as upper class exemplars of American Individualism who temporarily suspend their morality during the rally by drinking, exposing their nude bodies, and ignoring newly passed laws, banning loud mufflers, and requiring helmets. Posters claim these unpleasant, although non-dangerous forms of deviance can be ignored, overlooked, and even celebrated as defiant acts against authority. The white innocence can appear racially innocuous until compared to the perception of black bikers who engage in similar behaviors at their ral...
A marker method for the solution of the damped Burgers' equation

A new method for the solution of the damped Burgers' equation is described. The marker method relies on the definition of a convective field associated with the underlying partial differential equation; the information about the approximate solution is associated with the response of an ensemble of markers to this convective field. Some key aspects of the method, such as the selection of the shape function and the initial loading, are discussed in some details. The marker method is applicable to a general class of nonlinear dispersive partial differential equations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Graded Signals: Is the All-Or-None Law Exceptional? Why Spikes?

How common are spikeless neurons? Such neurons, producing only signals of graded amplitude, abound in the vertebrate retina and in arthropod ventral cord ganglia and a few other places. We cannot yet discern principles about where nature uses them; they do not correlate with small cells or short axon cells or amacrine cells or with chemically or electrically transmitting cells. Their apparent absence in gastropods is puzzling; they may well turn up but even so, we are led to suggest that this trait is an option in evolution, not a functional requirement. In the vertebrate brain and cord their apparent absence may only reflect the difficulty of demonstrating them; I am betting they are common.
Association of the very early rise of human chorionic gonadotropin with adverse outcomes in singleton pregnancies after in vitro fertilization.

Objective To determine if very early serum hCG, a marker of trophoblast differentiation, is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University fertility program. Patient(s) A total of 360 singleton IVF live births. Intervention(s) Serial hCG measurements were used to determine the within-woman slope for hCG (hCG rise). Main Outcomes Measure(s) Primary outcomes included birth weight and gestational age at delivery. Statistical comparisons used t test, chi-square test, and linear and logistic regressions as appropriate. Result(s) hCG rise was positively associated with birth weight but not gestational age at delivery. Infant sex, gestational age, and type of embryo transfer (fresh vs. frozen/thawed) were significantly associated with birth weight and confounded the associations of interest. hCG rise was slower among subjects delivering an infant with low birth weight (slope 0.386 ± 0.05 vs. 0.407 ± 0.06) or small for gestational age (slope 0.371 ± 0.07 vs. 0.406 ± 0.06). Analysis of hCG rise by quartile showed that, compared with the first quartile (slowest), subjects with a rate of hCG rise in the fourth quartile (fastest) had a significantly decreased risk of delivering an infant of low birth weight. No relationship was noted between hCG rise and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Conclusion(s) Slower very early first-trimester hCG rise is associated with low birth weight but not gestational age at delivery among singleton IVF conceptions. The rate of increase in serum hCG may reflect early trophoblast differentiation and placentation and, possibly, may predict subsequent development.
Palmer Renewable Energy Reply to Developer's Opposition to Further Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act Review

Reply to developer's opposition to request that MassDEP subject the Palmer Renewable Energy project to further review under the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA).
Identification of steady burning red lamps as tail or stop signal in night driving

A three phase investigation was conducted to assess the probabilities of identifying steady burning red signals as tail or stop lamps as a function of their intensity and size and the driver's adaptation brightness. Language: en
Modern Control Design for A Membrane with Bimorph Actuators

A square membrane with bimorph actuators attached to it and with all edges clamped under transverse deflection is investigated for modern control design using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) theory. The membrane is modeled using the finite element method. In addition to the state and control matrices of the first order model we use the mass, damping, and stiffness matrices obtained directly from the equation of motion in second order form to evaluate stability and controllability properties. This approach gives more accurate results reducing numerical errors due to lower matrix dimension. Moreover, for numerical errors reduction and efficient control design the second order form is used to develop linear quadratic regulators for membrane vibration reduction.
Potentiation of the Crop-Sac Stimulating Action of Prolactin by ATP

SummaryThe influence of various chemicals on the proliferation of pigeon crop-sac in response to prolactin was studied. A 1% concentration of ATP or GTP significantly enhanced the crop-sac response of low levels of prolactin. ADP, 3′,5′-cyclic AMP, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, bovine serum albumin and gamma globulin had no beneficial effect. ATP added in increasing concentrations to a constant dose of prolactin (1.0 μg) caused further increases in the crop-sac response.
Reversing the action of newer oral anticoagulants

We appreciate the remarks of Dr. Fagan and colleagues. As stated in our review, while the studies on the reversal of factor Xa inhibitors were conducted in animal models and healthy volunteers, and the effects of such prohemostatic agents were evaluated with surrogate markers,[1][1]–[8][2] the
Rapid Adaptive Optical Recovery of Diffraction-Limited Resolution Over Large Multicellular Volumes

The heterogeneity of biological tissue essential to life induces aberrations that wreaks havoc on image quality. I will describe our work with adaptive optical microscopy to recover optimal performance under such challenging conditions.
Verification of a Heralded, Two-Photon Fock State with a Gang of Detectors

We propose an experimental method for measuring two-photon Fock states using a gang of detectors and demonstrate the creation of heralded, two-photon Fock states of light.
Visible-Light-Induced Olefin Activation Using 3D Aromatic Boron-Rich Cluster Photooxidants

We report a discovery that perfunctionalized icosahedral dodecaborate clusters of the type B12(OCH2Ar)12 (Ar = Ph or C6F5) can undergo photo-excitation with visible light, leading to a new class of metal-free photooxidants. Excitation in these species occurs as a result of the charge transfer between low-lying orbitals located on the benzyl substituents and an unoccupied orbital delocalized throughout the boron cluster core. Here we show how these species, photo-excited with a benchtop blue LED source, can exhibit excited-state reduction potentials as high as 3 V and can participate in electron-transfer processes with a broad range of styrene monomers, initiating their polymerization. Initiation is observed in cases of both electron-rich and electron-deficient styrene monomers at cluster loadings as low as 0.005 mol%. Furthermore, photo-excitation of B12(OCH2C6F5)12 in the presence of a less activated olefin such as isobutylene results in the production of highly branched poly(isobutylene). This work intr...
Transatlantic Perspectives on Privacy and Intelligence: A Review of Simon Chesterman, One Nation Under Surveillance

In One Nation Under Surveillance, Simon Chesterman, Dean of the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law, addresses many of these same abuses through a new lens, assessing the balancing of personal privacy and the need for intelligence. Chesterman offers an important and comprehensive look at surveillance and privacy in Europe and the United States, tackling some of the most important issues associated with intelligence gathering. In reframing intelligence gathering as a problem not just for governments, but also for citizens, Chesterman posits a structure in which intelligence services can be held accountable through control, oversight, review, and organizational culture.
Association of human leukocyte antigens B7 and BW35 with sperm antibodies

One hundred three infertile couples and 50 fertile couples were tested for the presence of sperm antibodies by passive hemagglutination and cytotoxicity assays and typed for human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) of the A and B loci. Fifty-four percent of the males and 43% of the females with sperm antibodies were found to have the HLA-B7 antigen, in contrast to 19% of a general population (P