cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between variance components and mean difference effect size

Variance components in the context of Generalizability Theory are useful indices for attributing the amount of variance to a particular facet or object of measurement. The mean difference effect size (MDES) has proven to be a useful tool both in synthesizing the results of multiple studies and in interpreting individual study results. A mathematical relationship is drawn, therefore, between the variance components of a nested two-facet design configuration on the one hand, and the MDES that can be calculated from the descriptive statistics of an hypothetical measurement study on the other. Using two different variance components estimation procedures, we show that the relationship is both statistically and conceptually meaningful in that all of these estimates closely approximates the true Glassian MDES.
Birth weight- and fetal weight-growth restriction: impact on neurodevelopment.

Abstract Background The newborn classified as growth-restricted on fetal weight curves, but not on birth weight curves, is classified prenatally as small for gestational age (SGA), but postnatally as appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Aims To see (1) to what extent the neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months corrected age differed among three groups of infants (those identified as SGA based on birth weight curves (B-SGA), those identified as SGA based on fetal weight curves only (F-SGA), and the referent group of infants considered AGA, (2) if girls and boys were equally affected by growth restriction, and (3) to what extent neurosensory limitations influenced what we found. Study design Observational cohort of births before the 28th week of gestation. Outcome measures: Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II. Results B-SGA, but not F-SGA girls were at an increased risk of a PDI Conclusions Only girls with the most severe growth restriction were at increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment at 24 months corrected age in the total sample. Neurosensory limitations appear to interfere with assessing growth restriction effects in both girls and boys born preterm.
Photoproperties of isolated cis and trans stilbene molecules

Abstract A detailed account is given of the experimental approach to measuring transient spectra of dilute gases using picosecond pulses. The picosecond continuum generated by Nd:glass laser pulses is used to probe gaseous samples and spectra are recorded in a double beam arrangement. The pump and probe pulses interact with the sample over a few centimeters by means of a dielectric waveguide. Picosecond time resolved spectra, relative fluorescence quantum yield measurements, and fluorescence spectra are reported for trans-stilbene under collision free conditions. The lifetime of the optically prepared states at 265 nm and 287 nm are 15 ps and 55 ps respectively, measured by the decay of the transient absorption. The deuteration effect is less than 20%. The variation of the fluorescence yield with vibrational energy excess in the excited state of trans is fitted to these lifetime measurements to yield the variation of nonradiative decay due to twisting of trans-stilbene. Cis-stilbene is suggested to twist in less than 1 ps. Consideration of the spectral results yields new information about the isomerization of stilbene, in particular that there exists a barrier to twisting in the isolated molecule and that vibrational energy redistribution at the trans configuration is probably not complete on the time scale of our experiments. A pictorial model for discussing constant energy relaxation phenomena is introduced.
Effect of detritus addition on metabolism of river sediment

An experimental approach was taken to examine the processes of detritus decomposition in river sediments.Addition of macrophyte detritus (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb) to river sediment resultedin an increase in carbon mineralization from a “sbasal” rate of 200 up to 500 mg C m−2 d−1.Carbon mineralization after addition of oak detritus was only slightly higher than mineralization in sediments thatreceived no addition (∼ 200 mg C m−2 d−1). Bacterial biomass and production in sediments \s+ alligator-weedwere higher than in sediments + oak or zero-addition. In these experiments the major fate of addedalligatorweed was mineralization. For alligatorweed detritus, microbial metabolism depletes organic carbonrather than leading to increases in food quality. Therefore, a pulse input of alligatorweed detritus would notbe available as a long-term source of organic carbon. Oak detritus was not rapidly decomposed, and sopersists in these sediments for a longer period.
Homicide and Economic Change: Recent Analyses of the Joint Economic Committee Report of 1984

The relation between recession and homicide is classic in the United States. This has been affirmed in the 1976 and 1984 Reports to the Joint Economic Committee (JEC) of the United States Congress. Recent analysis confirms the findings reported in both 1976 and 1984 and demonstrates that the influence of recession on homicide is greater than previously estimated. Differences in the 1976 and 1984 findings on homicide are related to differences in the hypotheses tested, as discussed in detail and highlighted in the 1984 report. JEC staff correctly interpreted and reported the 1984 findings. Reproduction of the 1984 homicide equation is straightforward, provided the same data and any of several standard estimation techniques are used. Evidence does not support any of Cook and Zarkin's claims in their critique of the 1984 homicide equation. The JEC report of 1984 used appropriate techniques in the attempt (a) to ensure that influences attributed to economic changes are not actually due to other social factors and (b) to minimize underspecification of models.
Melanoma in Immunosuppressed Patients

The immunogenic characteristics of malignant melanoma are intriguing. To date, multiple studies exist regarding the immunogenicity of melanoma. In this article, we summarize data in the literature on the role of immunosuppression in melanoma and discuss several immunocompromised patient populations in detail. A comprehensive PubMed search was conducted with no date limitation. The following search terms were used: melanoma in combination with immunosuppression, immunocompromised, genetics, antigen processing, UV radiation, organ transplantation, organ transplant recipients, lymphoproliferative disease, lymphoma, CLL, NHL, radiation, and HIV/AIDS. Although no formal criteria were used for inclusion of studies, most pertinent studies on the topic were reviewed, with the exception of smaller case reports and case series. The included studies were generally large (≥1000 patients in organ transplant recipient studies; ≥500 patients in lymphoma studies), with a focus on institutional experiences, or population-based national or international epidemiologic studies. Melanoma-induced immunosuppression, the role of UV radiation in melanoma development, and the epidemiology, clinical course, and prognosis of melanoma in immunocompromised patients are highlighted. Organ transplant recipients, patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, patients with iatrogenic immunosuppression, and patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection/AIDS are also highlighted. Recommendations are proposed for the care and monitoring of immunosuppressed patients with melanoma. With better understanding of the molecular microenvironment and clinical course of melanoma in immunosuppressed patients, novel therapies could be developed and outcomes potentially affected in these patients.
Estrogen and LH dynamics during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in the Asian elephant

Pituitary and corpus luteum hormone patterns throughout the elephant estrous cycle have been well characterized. By contrast, analysis of follicular maturation by measurement of circulating estrogens has been uninformative. This study tested the ability of a urinary estradiol-3-glucuronide radioimmunoassay to noninvasively assess follicular development during the nonluteal phase of the elephant estrous cycle, and to determine the relationship between estrogen production and the “double LH surge.” Daily urine and serum samples were collected throughout seven estrous cycles from three Asian elephants, and urine was collected from an additional three females, for a total of 13 cycles. Serum was analyzed for luteinizing hormone (LH), and urine was analyzed for estrogens and progestins. Elephants exhibited a typical LH pattern, with an anovulatory LH (anLH) surge occurring approximately 21 days before the ovulatory LH (ovLH) surge. The urinary estrogen pattern indicated the presence of two follicular waves during the nonluteal phase. The first wave (anovulatory) began 5 days before the anLH surge and reached a maximum concentration the day before the peak. Thereafter, urinary estrogens declined to baseline for 2 weeks before increasing again to peak concentrations on the day of the ovLH surge. Urinary progestins were baseline throughout most of the follicular phase, increasing 2–3 days before the ovLH surge and continuing into the luteal phase. These results support previous ultrasound observations that two waves of follicular growth occur during the nonluteal phase of the elephant estrous cycle. Each wave is associated with an increase in estrogen production that stimulates an LH surge. Thus, in contrast to serum analyses, urinary estrogen monitoring appears to be a reliable method for characterizing follicular activity in the elephant. Zoo Biol 22:443–454, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Examination of the Motivation—Involvement Relationship

In this investigation, the relationship between motivation and enduring involvement was explored using a sample of campers drawn from three distinct campsites in a southeastern national forest, USA. The campsites varied along the ROS continuum from developed to wilderness. Using multidimensional conceptualizations of both constructs, a model was tested where the dimensions of motivation were modeled to positively influence the dimensions of enduring involvement. Although not all paths were statistically significant, the effect of motivation on enduring involvement was positive. No variation in the sign or strength of the path coefficients was observed across the three sites. These findings provide empirical support for the contention that motivation is an antecedent of enduring involvement.
Prolonged carboxyhemoglobin clearance in a patient with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia

The case of a patient with elevated carboxyhemoglobin saturation, prolonged carboxyhemoglobin half-life, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is presented. In vitro studies on the patient's blood showed that the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin in the macroglobulinemic blood was about three times longer than in a normal blood sample. Similar experiments using normal and macroglobulinemic blood samples were done in which the macroglobulinemic plasma was replaced by normal saline, and there was no difference in the half-lives. Therefore, we believe the plasma phase played a significant role as a barrier to carbon monoxide transfer in this patient. The mechanism of this impairment is unclear at this time. Nonetheless, impaired carbon monoxide transfer in plasma has not been noted before and potentially has both diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
What if there were no God? Politically conservative and liberal Christians imagine their lives without faith

Abstract A sample of devout Christian adults, ranging widely in political orientation, described what their lives (and the world) might be like had they never embraced faith. Politically conservative Christians (also scoring high on right-wing authoritarianism) tended to imagine a life deficient in impulse control, wherein unrestrained sexual and aggressive urges, addictive behaviors, and human selfishness undermined the social good. By contrast, politically liberal Christians (also scoring low on right-wing authoritarianism) imagined an empty and barren world, devoid of the emotional intensity that makes life worth living. Gender differences were also observed, but they did not interfere with the relation between political orientation and the narrative themes. In accord with theoretical writings regarding normative and humanistic ideologies, the findings suggest that, at least among American Christians, political conservatism may entail a fear of, or strong sensitivity to, the prospects of conflict and chaos, whereas political liberalism may entail an equally strong fear of, or sensitivity to, emptiness.
No Crossed Wires: Cell Phone Communication in Parent-Adolescent Relationships

Abstract Parents' ability to parent their adolescents may be extended by using a cell phone. At the same time, using the cell phone, adolescents can seek out parental interaction. The outcomes of parent–adolescent interactions via cell phone are not well understood. In this study, 196 parent–adolescent dyads (13 percent father–son, 11 percent father–daughter, 30 percent mother–son, and 46 percent mother–daughter) completed questionnaires about their cell phone calls to one another, parenting processes, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. Parents reported greater communication and closeness when adolescents initiated calls seeking social support. Adolescents reported greater conflict when parents called for monitoring activity, for tracking schoolwork, and when upset. Calls to ask and confer by adolescents and to track school work positively related, but parental calls when upset negatively related to parental self-esteem. Adolescent self-esteem is predicted by calls seeking support and negatively associated w...
Clozapine-induced weight gain predicts improvement in psychopathology

Abstract Background : Some, but not all, previous studies have indicated that weight gain is associated with greater improvement in psychopathology during clozapine treatment. Possible reasons for the inconsistent results include failure to adjust for initial body weight and level of psychopathology, differences in trial duration, outcome measures, reliability of assessment, concomitant medications and clozapine dosage. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that clozapine-induced weight gain is related to antipsychotic efficacy at 6 weeks and 6 months after adjusting for initial body weight and severity of illness. Methods : Weight and psychopathology were determined in 74 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder at baseline and after 6 weeks and 6 months of open treatment with clozapine monotherapy. The primary measures of psychopathology were the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Total and Positive symptoms subscales, Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Schedule for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Global Assessment of Function Scale (GAFS). Results : Significant improvement in the key measures of psychopathology was noted at 6 weeks and 6 months. Mean weight gains at 6 weeks and 6 months were 3.7±5.7 S.D. and 7.3±7.9 S.D. kg, respectively, with the increase between 6 weeks and 6 months being significant. Age, but not gender, initial body weight, clozapine dosage or plasma levels predicted weight gain at both time points. At 6 weeks and 6 months, after adjustment for age, initial weight and level of psychopathology, the percentage change in weight significantly predicted the improvement in the BPRS Total and Positive symptoms subscale, the SANS Global score, as well as other measures of psychopathology. Conclusions : Increase in weight with clozapine predicted improvement in psychopathology. This suggests that effects of clozapine on neurotransmitters which influence weight gain, e.g. 5-HT 2C and 5-HT 1a antagonism, in association with individual variations in these receptors and others molecules, e.g. peptides and transporters, due to polymorphisms or post-translational editing of mRNAs, may also contribute to the improvement in psychopathology.
Momentum density measurements with a new multicounter two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation apparatus

Abstract A new 64 detector angular correlation of annihilation radiation (ACAR) apparatus is described permitting the first complete two-dimensional ACAR surface measurements. Results on oriented crystals of quartz, aluminum and copper are presented.
Place conditioning with morphine and phencyclidine: Dose dependent effects

Abstract In a place conditioning paradigm, rats were exposed to one of two distinctive environments following injection of drug or vehicle. Preference was measured under drug free conditions by allowing subjects free access to both settings and measuring where they spent more time. Comparisons were made between morphine and saline; PCP and saline; and one of several doses of morphine and a standard dose. Morphine was preferred over saline and, when compared to the reference dose, lower doses of morphine were less preferred and higher doses more preferred. PCP was never preferredover saline and under some conditions produced a conditioned place aversion. The ability to generate dose dependent effects with morphine should allow more sophisticated studies in which shifts in dose response curves are required.
Fault healing promotes high-frequency earthquakes in laboratory experiments and on natural faults

Laboratory experiments and seismological observations show that increased fault healing causes a disproportionately large amount of high-frequency seismic radiation to be produced during fault rupture, which may help to explain recent observations of large megathrust earthquakes. A geological fault can heal, given time and no further disturbance. Here, Gregory McLaskey et al. describe laboratory experiments and seismological observations that show how increased healing causes a disproportionately large amount of high-frequency seismic radiation to be produced during fault rupture. This may help to explain recent observations from large megathrust earthquakes, which indicate that energetic high-frequency seismic radiation originates from locations that are distinct from the geodetically inferred locations of large-amplitude fault slip. Faults strengthen or heal with time in stationary contact1,2, and this healing may be an essential ingredient for the generation of earthquakes1,2,3. In the laboratory, healing is thought to be the result of thermally activated mechanisms that weld together micrometre-sized asperity contacts on the fault surface, but the relationship between laboratory measures of fault healing and the seismically observable properties of earthquakes is at present not well defined. Here we report on laboratory experiments and seismological observations that show how the spectral properties of earthquakes vary as a function of fault healing time. In the laboratory, we find that increased healing causes a disproportionately large amount of high-frequency seismic radiation to be produced during fault rupture. We observe a similar connection between earthquake spectra and recurrence time for repeating earthquake sequences on natural faults. Healing rates depend on pressure, temperature4 and mineralogy1, so the connection between seismicity and healing may help to explain recent observations of large megathrust earthquakes which indicate that energetic, high-frequency seismic radiation originates from locations that are distinct from the geodetically inferred locations of large-amplitude fault slip5,6,7.
American Nurses Association's best practices in seasonal influenza immunization campaign.

The American Nurses Association (ANA) is concerned about the unacceptably low rates of seasonal influenza vaccination among registered nurses and other health care personnel. Despite well-documente...
A fast approximation algorithm for MIN-ONE SAT

In this paper, we propose a novel approximation algorithm (RelaxSAT) for MIN-ONE SAT. RelaxSAT generates a set of constraints from the objective function to guide the search. The constraints are gradually relaxed to eliminate the conflicts with the original Boolean SAT formula until a solution is found. The experiments demonstrate that RelaxSAT is able to handle very large instances which cannot be solved by existing MIN-ONE algorithms; furthermore, very tight bounds on the solution were obtained with one to two orders of magnitude speedup.
Practice and theory of dance in Goethe's Meister

“Practice and Theory of Dance in Goethe’s Meister” explores Mignon’s egg dance as an allegorical function of Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre. The literary representation of dance creates a self-reflective layer, which poses questions not only about the protagonists’ identity but also about the novel’s identity as a text, its purpose, form, and creative strategies. In this context, allegory means a mode of writing affecting the overall structure of the novel. Mignon’s egg dance illustrates the tension between convention and innovation pervading the creative process and shows dancer as well as narrative in a state of self-performance. Literary functions, such as reduplication, creation, and interpretation converge but appear distinguishable through the visual aspects of the dance performance. Therefore, dance pinpoints the novel’s creative vortex as the location and moment when and where theory and practice, life and art, movement and inscription simultaneously unite and split apart in the literary image.
Quantitative proteomics of the thyroid hormone receptor-coregulator interactions.

The thyroid hormone receptor regulates a diverse set of genes that control processes from embryonic development to adult homeostasis. Upon binding of thyroid hormone, the thyroid receptor releases corepressor proteins and undergoes a conformational change that allows for the interaction of coactivating proteins necessary for gene transcription. This interaction is mediated by a conserved motif, termed the NR box, found in many coregulators. Recent work has demonstrated that differentially assembled coregulator complexes can elicit specific biological responses. However, the mechanism for the selective assembly of these coregulator complexes has yet to be elucidated. To further understand the principles underlying thyroid receptor-coregulator selectivity, we designed a high-throughput in vitro binding assay to measure the equilibrium affinity of thyroid receptor to a library of potential coregulators in the presence of different ligands including the endogenous thyroid hormone T3, synthetic thyroid receptor β-selective agonist GC-1, and antagonist NH-3. Using this homogenous method several coregulator NR boxes capable of associating with thyroid receptor at physiologically relevant concentrations were identified including ones found in traditional coactivating proteins such as SRC1, SRC2, TRAP220, TRBP, p300, and ARA70; and those in coregulators known to repress gene activation including RIP140 and DAX-1. In addition, it was discovered that the thyroid receptor-coregulator binding patterns vary with ligand and that this differential binding can be used to predict biological responses. Finally, it is demonstrated that this is a general method that can be applied to other nuclear receptors and can be used to establish rules for nuclear receptor-coregulator selectivity.
746 DEFICIENCY OF MONOCYTE MIGRATION INHIBITION FACTOR AND IMMUNE INTERFERON PRODUCTION IN LYMPHOCYTES OF NORMAL NEWBORNS

The increased susceptibility of newborns to disseminated infection may result from defective or immature lymphokine production. Thus, we assessed monocyte migration inhibition factor (MIF) and interferon (IF) production of the lymphocytes of 20 newborns (cord blood), 20 1-7 day old neonates, and 20 normal adults. Ficoll-hypaque separated mononuclear cells were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), allogeneic lymphocytes in a mixed leukocyte culture (MLC), or Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), and supernatants were harvested at optimal times. MIF was assessed by the inhibition of adult mononuclear cell migration under agarose; IF was assessed by micro-dye uptake of human diploid cells after encephalomyocarditis virus challenge. Mean PHA-induced MIF production in cord and newborn lymphocytes was 30 and 10% respectively of adult levels, MLC-induced MIF production was 8 and 5% of adult levels. PHA-induced (immune) IF was produced in only 1 of 20 cord bloods and 3 of 18 newborns in small amounts whereas IF was produced by all adults (mean 225 units ±2 SD). No IF was produced by MLC in newborns, cords or adults. NDV-induced (classical) IF was produced in normal amounts by adult (168±2), cord (200±2), and newborn cells (228±3). These results indicate an abnormality of cellular immunity in newborns not detected by T-cell numbers or transformation indices and suggest a mechanism for viral infection in newborns with concomitant bacterial infections and in patients undergoing graft-versus-host reactions.
Relaxation and subjective estimates of muscle tension: implications for a central efferent theory of muscle control.

The relationship of “awareness of muscle tension” to depth of relaxation was explored. In one experiment, accuracy of forearm flexor control was assessed using the psychophysical method of magnitude production, and depth of flexor relaxation was measured using the integrated EMG before and after EMG biofeedback training. No consistent relationship between motor-control accuracy and depth of relaxation was found. A second, similar experiment with frontalis showed increased accuracy of frontalis control with deeper relaxation. Accuracy of passive, verbal judgments of spontaneous frontalis tension fluctuation exhibited no clear relationship with depth of relaxation. It was concluded that forearm flexor and frontalis may be under the control of distinct mechanisms, and that afferent information probably contributes to the control of neither muscle. Three structural theories of the control mechanisms were considered, and one depending on the central monitoring of efferent outflow(rather than afferent inflow) seemed most compatible with the frontalis data. Both flexor and frontalis data could be accounted for by a two-phase scheme combining central outflow monitoring with the monitoring of mental contents for arousal value at very low muscle tension levels.
Micro-Analysis of Textile Fibres Part IV.—Observation on the Structure of Flax, Manila and Jute

1. Continuous sections of jute and Manila hemp cells have been made and recorded for the first time. Their arrangement and relationship in the cell bundle have been studied, and enougth data has been collected to permit the construction of large scale models of these cells both internally and externally. 2. The definite existence of surface trans-fibre fissures in flax cells has been established. 3. The behavior and direct microscopical observation indicated the presence of similar in jute and hemp. 4. A better technique for precision sectioning and a suitable method for single cell dissection have been perfected. 5. The existence of a spiral structure in the cell walls, the fibrillar nature of which is proven, has been recorded. 6. Diagrammatic representations of the order and arrangement of the cells in commercial single fibres have been made.
Comparative toxicity of selenite and selenate to the amphipod Hyalella azteca

Selenium contamination of aquatic ecosystems is rapidly becoming a concern throughout the United States, leading to a lowering of the freshwater selenium criteria by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency from 35 μg/L to 5 μg/L measured as total selenium. However, considerable information indicates important differences in bioaccumulation and toxicity between the various selenium forms. We conducted a series of experiments to determine the comparative toxicity of selenite and selenate to the amphipodHyallela azteca. In 48 h, 96 h, and 240 h (10 d) LC50 tests, selenite was 2 to 4 times more toxic than selenate, the difference decreasing as exposure time increased. This difference in toxicity was even more pronounced in the 24 d reproductive bioassay, where selenite caused a significant decrease in number of young per female at 200 μg/L while selenate had no effect up through 700 μg/L (the highest concentration tested).
Depressive Symptoms and Somatic Complaints Among Zambian Adolescents: Associations With Stress and Coping

This study explored the possible links between perceived stress, coping strategies, depression, and somatic complaints, which have often been supported in other populations, in a school-based sample of Zambian adolescents ages 11–19 years (N = 230; 60% males). Zambian adolescents reported elevated levels of depressive symptoms and somatic complaints, suggesting a need to study this population further. Like previous studies, perceived stress was found to be positively associated with both depressive symptoms and somatic complaints. Unexpectedly, coping was found to be positively associated with depressive symptoms, perhaps because of the cross-sectional nature of the design. The possible influence of culture on the findings (e.g., construct validity, difference in how coping functions adaptively) is discussed.
HOPE VI Neighborhoods and Neighborhood Schools: Understanding How Revitalized Neighborhoods Influence School Environments.

This article poses the central question, How do neighborhoods (specifically, different public housing designs) shape parents’ social interactions and social networks? To answer this question, we interviewed families residing in a HOPE VI neighborhood and an adjacent Section 8 apartment complex, all of whom had at least one child attending the close-by neighborhood school (Crawford Elementary School, a pseudonym). We then compared the results of the HOPE VI neighborhood study against the interviews conducted with the school families in the adjacent Section 8 apartment complex. Findings suggest that the community structures of the HOPE VI neighborhood foster positive social interactions and the formation of social networks among residents, which was not the case with respect to the neighborhood structures of the non–HOPE VI community. Parents in both communities were usually busy with work and children and other concerns, but non–HOPE VI parents responded to these pressures by keeping to themselves, whereas...
Total Internal Reflection Face Pumped Laser: Concept And Design Consideration

The Total Internal Reflection - Face Pumped Laser (TIR-FPL), developed with the support of the Air Force Avionics Laboratory and Naval Missile Center, has demonstrated the capability of producing high brightness beams in a repetitively pulsed manner. Reported herein are the recent performance results of several laboratory models which utilize both Nd:Glass and Nd:YAG. With a Nd:Glass slab operating in a simple Q-switched oscillator cavity, performance has been demonstrated with a near diffraction limited beam of 0.5 joules/pulse, 10 pulses/second. With the same laser operating as an amplifier for a Q-switched Nd:YAG TIR-FPL oscillator, performance has been demonstrated with an output beam of 1.5 joules/pulse at 10 pulses/second. An Nd:Glass laser with a large slab has been operated with a Q-switched output beam of 9.5 joules/pulse at 3.0 pulses/second and 25 joules/pulse at 2.5 pulses/second. Also contained herein is a description of a preliminary hardware design for a high brightness FPL-TIR designator system operating with an output beam of 5.0 joules/pulse, 10 pulses/second. Optical design considerations unique to the FPL are emphasized.© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enhancement of the antiviral activity of poly r(A-U) by ametantrone and mitoxantrone.

Abstract The role of ametantrone (HAQ) and mitoxantrone (DHAQ) in modulating the antiviral and interferon-inducing activities of poly r(A-U) was examined using the humanforeskin fibroblast-vesicular stomatits virus (HSF-VSV) bioassay system in which the concentration of poly r(A-U) was fixed at 0.05 mM or 0.2 mM while the HAQ or DHAQ concentration was varied to produce variable HAQ (or DHAQ)/ribonucleotide ratios ranging from 1:16 to 2:1. HAQ, DHAQ and poly r(A-U) tested individually were not efficacious antiviral agents. When poly r(A-U) was combined with the ametantrone or mitoxantrone the antiviral activity was potentiated 10-fold at HAQ (or DHAQ)/ribonucleotide ratios in the region of 1 4 to 1 6 . The interferon-inducing activity of the HAQ (or DHAQ)/poly r(A-U) combinations were equal to the sum of the interferon-inducing activity of the poly r(A-U) and the HAQ (or DHAQ). These results indicate that the HAQ and DHAQ potentiate the antiviral activity of the poly r(A-U) without the superinduction of interferon. The direct viral inactivation study demonstrated that HAQ, DHAQ, poly r(A-U) and the HAQ (or DHAQ)/poly r(A-U) combinations did not inactivate the VSV at concentrations near the viral 50% inhibitory dose.
Soybean seed number and crop growth rate during flowering

Seeds per unit area is an important yield component in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]; however, the mechanisms regulating seed number are not well understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between photosynthesis during flowering and podset and seeds per square meter. Shade cloth (30 and 63 % reduction in insolation) was used to reduce photosynthesis from emergence to Growth Stage RI in the field [«Pennyrile» (indeterminate) and «Ripley» determinate)] or for varying periods during flowering and podset in the greenhouse («McCall») and field (Pennyrile). Shade during vegetative growth reduced mass per square meter (21-52 %) at Growth Stage R1, but had no erect on crop growth rate (CGR) during flowering and podset (R1 to R5) or seeds per square meter if light interception after R1 was not reduced. Shade during flowering and podset reduced seeds per square meter in relation to the length of the shade treatment. In the field, shade from R1 to R4 and R4 to R6 had similar erects on seeds per square meter; these were less (31 %) than the unshaded control for both treatments. These results suggest that maximum photosynthesis throughout flowering and podset may be required to maximize seeds per square meter. There were linear relationships between average CGR during R1 to R5 and seeds per square meter across experiments and treatments in both field and greenhouse. These relationships support previous results suggesting that seeds per square meter is determined primarily by canopy photosynthesis during flowering and podset
Identification of class II HLA-DRB1*03-bound measles virus peptides by 2D-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), combined with gas phase fractionation tandem mass spectrometry, was used to identify 13 naturally processed peptides originating from measles virus that were presented by HLA-DRB1*03 class II molecules. The peptides are from three of the six measles structural proteins: phosphoprotein, nucleocapsid, and hemagglutinin. These peptides provide an important first step toward understanding the mechanism of immune response to measles virus and development of a new generation of peptide-based vaccines. Keywords: measles • HLA class II peptides • 2D-LC • tandem mass spectrometry • MS/MS
Phase Stability in the Al (6−x) Cu x Zr 2 System for 0 < × < 1.

We have determined the structures and thermal stability of A1(6-x) CuxZr2(0 ≤ x ≤ 1) powders prepared by mechanically alloying elemental powder mixtures. In the as mechanically alloyed condition the structure is L12 for all x. After heating to 750°C the alloy is single phase DO23 for 0 < x 0.2, is a two-phase mixture of DO23 and Ll2 for 0.2 < x < 0.6, and remains in the Ll2 phase for 0.6 < x < 1. Al5CuZr2 is stable in the Ll2 structure up to 1300°C. The lattice parameter of the annealed L12 phase is independent of x.
Correlation of metal ion toxicities to mice

Recently reported correlations of acute ip LD50 metal ion toxicities to mice by Turner et al. (1983), have been re-investigated using the ion-specific parameters reported by Kaiser (1980) for sublethal metal ion toxicities to Daphnia magna. For the 15 ions with partially or completely filled d-shells, Rh(III), Fe(III), Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Pd(II), Ni(II), Au(III), Zn(II), Pt(II), Ag(I), Cu(II), In(III), Hg(II), and Cd(II), a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.76 is found. This is a significant improvement over the value of r2 = 0.36 observed for the 14 divalent metal ions by Turner et al. with the softness parameter sigma as the independent variable. This re-investigation proves the applicability of the ionization potential and redox potential derived parameters for the quantitative correlation of metal ion toxicities to both aquatic and terrestrial biota.
A new use of an automated reasoning assistant: open questions in equivalential calculus and the study of infinite domains

Abstract The field of automated reasoning is an outgrowth of the field of automated theorem proving. The difference in the two fields is not so much in the procedures on which they rest, but rather in the way the corresponding programs are used. Here we present a comprehensive treatment of the use of an automated reasoning program to answer certain previously open questions from equivalential calculus. The questions are answered with a uniform method that employs schemata to study the infinite domain of theorems deducible from certain formulas. We include sufficient detail both to permit the work to be duplicated and to enable one to consider other applications of the techniques. Perhaps more important than either the results or the methodology is the demonstration of how an automated reasoning program can be used as an assistant and a colleague. Precise evidence is given of the nature of this assistance.
A field manipulation of spatial relations among male mantled howler monkeys

To test the hypothesis that dominance rank is reflected in spatial relationships and rates of vocalization, a field manipulation was performed removing the third-ranked male from a three-male group of mantled howler monkeys, significantly decreasing the interindividual distance (IID) between the first- and second-ranked males and increasing the rates of vocalization (VR) between them. After five days, the third-ranked male returned to his group, and IID's and VR's returned to premanipulation levels. During the manipulation phase, the second-ranked male was able to achieve closer proximity to females than during the premanipulation or postmanipulation periods, suggesting that he found it less difficult to control relations with the first-ranked male when the third-ranked male was absent. All statistically significant results were a function of behavioral changes by the second-ranked male. The study's findings may reflect the importance of male coalitions in the regulation of male-male competition and the relationship between spatial and acoustic variables and sexual selection.
The Role of Leadership in Strategy Development

What makes a great leader? Here is how executives utilize innovations to strike out in new directions.
Strain-based geometrically nonlinear beam formulation for modeling very flexible aircraft

This paper introduces a strain-based geometrically nonlinear beam formulation for structural and aeroelastic modeling and analysis of slender wings of very flexible aircraft. With beam extensional strain, twist, and bending curvatures defined as the independent degrees of freedom, the equations of motion are derived through energy methods. Some special treatments are applied to the formulation to effectively model split-beam systems and beam configurations with multiple nodal displacement constraints. Using the strain-based formulation, solutions of different beam configurations under static loads and forced dynamic excitations are compared against ones from other geometrically nonlinear beam formulations.
Antennus in leaky feeder communication systems

The mutual impedance between electric and/or magnetic dipoles in a circular tunnel containing a leaky coaxial cable is derived for arbitrary dipole positions. For the usual case of large dipole separation, the bifilar mode approximation is used to compute the mutual impedance and associated transmission loss. For typical cable parameters, a broad minimum in transmission loss is found in the range from 2 to 10MHz. In this frequency range, the transmission loss is slightly less for magnetic dipoles (loops) than for electric dipoles. While the analytical model is a cable within a tunnel, the general approach and many of the conclusions would apply to similar above-ground systems. Thus the results are relevant to railway and roadway communications of the limited access type.
IRT: A modeling system for single event upset analysis that captures charge sharing effects

IRT (Intel Radiation Tool), a GEANT4 based simulation system for the analysis of radiation-induced single event upsets that accounts for charge sharing effects is described. The capabilities and accuracy of the introduced simulation system are demonstrated against measured results for standard and reduced SER devices, focusing on Reinforcing Charge Collection (RCC) devices. Finally, the physical design space for optimizing soft error rates of RCC and Single Event Upset Tolerant (SEUT) devices is explored.
The Influence of Entrepreneurial Risk Assessment on Venture Launch or Growth Decisions

Entrepreneurs are thought to engage in riskier behavior than nonentrepreneurs, yet little empirical evidence supports that intuitively appealing notion. We argue instead that differences in information, not risk aversion, may explain the decision to launch or grow a venture. We separately test risk taking propensity and risk assessment. We hypothesize that entrepreneurs will not differ from nonentrepreneurs on risk taking propensity. Additionally, we propose and test a model of risk assessment. The sample size for this exploratory study is n=53 with 30 respondents declaring themselves as entrepreneurs and 23 declaring themselves as nonentrepreneurs. The study’s design is a simulation. Each respondent is provided with data on a potential acquisition that would result in either the launch of a new venture or significant growth for an existing firm. Consistent with the hypotheses, the results show no difference between entrepreneurs and nonentrepreneurs on the risk taking measure. We also find that we can predict entrepreneurial behavior based on risk assessment. We close with a discussion of limitations and directions for future research.
Anticipative charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles and its impact on the grid

Transportation electrification is deemed to have profound impacts on both transportation and electricity networks as well as our dependence on fossil fuels. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the impacts of this transition and prepare for it. Most of the literature on Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) charging models treat charging sessions independently and ignore their interdependence. In this work, we argue the importance of understanding this interdependence, propose the anticipative charging model, and investigate its effect on PEV demand flexibility, PEV charging demand and the grid. We demonstrate that the anticipative behavior of the drivers, i.e. their (partial) knowledge of their transportation plan in near future, results in less overall flexibility in the PEV load. However, under certain conditions, it positively impacts the overall PEV load by moving it toward off peak hours.
Pacific northwest siliceous phytoplankton

Abstract Submarine exposures of silica-rich claystones from widespread areas on Heceta Bank and offshore from Cape Arago on the Orego coast have yielded a diverse flora of diatoms and silicoflagellates. A similar and apparently synchronous flora was recovered from a small exposure of diatomite on the coast south of Bandon, Oregon. The floral diversities from these claystone are comparable to those from many Neogene diatomites in California, and a temperate shallow marine environment is indicated by the presence of many middle latitude, littoral and neritic benthonic forms. Several species of diatoms and silicoflagellates present in the floras are unreported elsewhere from sediments either older or younger than Late Miocene. The Oregon floras are correlative with several lithologically comparable diatomaceous sediments in the northeast Pacific area. The closest of these adjacent exposures is the Wildcat group in Humbolt County, California, of which the floras of the Delmontian Pullen formation display the greatest similarities to the Oregon material.
Emerging drugs for the treatment of diabetic ulcers.

Introduction: Diabetic ulcers are chronic nonhealing ulcerations that despite the available medical tools still result in high amputation rates. Growing evidence suggests that alteration of the biochemical milieu of the chronic wound plays a significant role in impaired diabetic wound healing. Areas covered: The basic pathophysiology and the conventional treatment strategy of diabetic foot ulcers have been reviewed in the first section. In the second part, the most up-to-date bench and translational research in the field are described. The third section focuses on the drugs currently under development and the ongoing clinical trials evaluating their safety and efficacy. Finally, the major drug development issues and the possible scientific approaches to overcome them are analyzed. Expert opinion: Significant strides in understanding the chronic wound development have led to the development of topical therapies to address aberrant expression of growth factors and overexpression of inflammatory cytokines. C...
MMPI-2 profiles of worker's compensation claimants who present with complaints of harassment

This study intended to differentiate among worker's compensation claimants with psychological problems who presented with work-related harassment and non-harassment complaints on the basis of their MMPI-2 profiles. Analysis of MMPI-2 mean scores revealed that the Harassment group scored significantly higher than the Non-harassment group on scale 6 of the MMPI-2. This was interpreted to mean that the Harassment group was more oversensitive, suspicious, and angry than the other group. There was no evidence that the Harassment group was more likely to exaggerate or malinger than the Non-harassment group. The profile pattern for both groups was otherwise very similar to those found in previous studies that have used MMPI worker's compensation claimants who present with psychological problems.
Heterochromia irides in dairy cattle.

Abstract Rare ocular pigment anomalies in four breeds of dairy cattle are reported. Some change with age and some seem hereditary.
Heterometallic Ln/Hg Compounds with Fluorinated Thiolate Ligands

The early lanthanide benzenefluorothiolates (Ln(SC6F5)3 ;L n) La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) react with Hg(SC6F5)2 in DME to form ionic heterometallic compounds with Ln cations and Hg anions. X-ray diffraction analyses of all compounds reveal an isostructural series with the general formula [(DME) 3Ln(SC6F5)2]2[Hg2(SC6F5)6]. In the structures, a fluorothiolate ligand has been extracted from the Ln coordination sphere that is saturated with three neutral DME donor ligands and a dative interaction between one ortho fluorine and the Ln. Distances between Ln and F do not vary simply with Ln ionic radius. There are two Ln cations with charge balanced by a Hg 2(SC6F5)6 dianion composed of two distinctly nonideal Hg(II) tetrahedra, all connected through a series of ﷿-﷿ interactions that link cations with anions in a one-dimensional array and anions to anions in a more complex 2D network.
Mitochondrial Uncoupling: A Key Contributor to Reduced Cardiac Efficiency in Diabetes

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death in individuals with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms for cardiac dysfunction are partially understood. Studies have suggested that altered cardiac metabolism may play a role. The diabetic heart is characterized by increased fatty acid oxidation, increased myocardial oxygen consumption, and reduced cardiac efficiency. Here, we review possible mechanisms for reduced cardiac efficiency in obesity and diabetes by focusing on the potential role of mitochondrial uncoupling.