cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between enthalpy changes and oxygenation constants for cobalt and iron porphyrins

Abstract The dioxygen uptake ability of Co(T( p -CH 3 O)PP)B, where T( p -CH 3 O)PP is the dianion of 5,10,15,20-Tetra( p -methoxyphenyl)porphyrin and B is pyridine, piperidine, and N-methylimidazole, was studied in toluene and methylene chloride. A general trend between log K O 2 (standard state of 1 Torr) and ΔH O 2 was found for cobalt synthetic complexes, cobalt ‘natural’ complexes, and iron ‘natural’ complexes. The linear relationships have similar slopes, similar temperature depedences, but different intercepts. The difference in intercepts is attributed to differences in entropies arising from solvation effects. When the latter linear relationship is coupled with the near linear dependence of ΔH for precursor complex formation, Co(T( p -CH 3 O)PP) + B ⇄ Co(T( p -CH 3 O)PP)B, and ΔH O 2 , a powerful predictive tool arises for the estimation of the oxygen uptake ability of the complex from the enthalpy change of the precursor formation reaction.
A Cherenkov particle identifier for relativistic heavy ions

A total internal reflection Cherenkov detector is described. A figure of merit of 84Z2sin2θ photoelectrons/cm has been measured and the application of the device to charge and velocity measurements of relativistic heavy ions has been tested. We have achieved a charge resolution of ΔZrms = 0.15e for Z = 20 with a 3 mm thick glass detector and a velocity resolution of Δβrms = 2 × 10−4 at β = 0.93 and Z = 26 with a 6 mm thick fused silica detector. Combining charge and velocity measurements with a magnetic rigidity selection, we have achieved an isotopic mass resolution of ΔMrms = 0.1 u with 2 mm thick fused silica detector for 20 < A < 40.
OsteoConduct: wireless body-area communication based on bone conduction

We present OsteoConduct, a novel technology that leverages the human musculoskeletal system to transmit data and interface users in a low-power, secure, non-intrusive fashion. OsteoConduct employs a mechanical stimulus in form of patterned acoustic vibration, generated by human users or external stimulators, and a low-cost receiver, as simple as an accelerometer or microphone. It is particularly suitable for low data rate communication between implantable or wearable devices, especially as a secure and low-power alternative to wireless body-area network technologies, such as Bluetooth. In support, we provide an extensive study of bone conduction characteristics and modulation schemes for digital data communication based on OsteoConduct. We present prototype designs and user studies for the applications of OsteoConduct in both body-area data communication and interfacing. Our experimental results demonstrate that mechanical stimuli can be reliably transmitted through the human musculoskeletal system with power consumption of multiple mW. We also show that excitations generated by human teeth clacks can be readily employed by users to interact with computers and body-area devices. The key components of our OsteoConduct prototypes are a low-power mechanical stimulator, sensor-based receivers, and signal processing techniques for robust data transmission.
Monoamine distribution in the brain of caiman sclerops.

Abstract 1. Regional and whole brain concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), epinepherine (E), norepinepherine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were measured in the crocodilian Caiman sclerops using spectrophotofluorometric methods. 2. Average whole brain concentrations were 1.59 ± 0.10 μ/g/g for 5-HT, 0.15 ± 0.02 μg/g for E, 0.29 ± 0.02 μg/g for NE, and 0.96 ± 0.06 μg/g for DA. 3. In whole brain, 5-HT constituted 53% of total amines and catecholamines 47%. 4. Of total brain catecholaminis, E constituted 10%, NE 21% and DA 69%.
Monopole excitation of 4He in α-particle scattering from 12C, 13C, and 16O

Abstract The excitation of the O+ state in 4He at 20.1 MeV has been studied in α-scattering from 12C, 13C, and 16O at Eα=65MeV by measuring the decay α ∗ → p + t with a coincidence method. DWBA calculations of this monopole transition using both microscopic and collective model transition densities are presented.
Maximizing Computer Use Among the Elderly in Rural Senior Centers

Two prominent trends are simultaneously occurring in our society today: the aging of our population and an increased reliance on computers. Through a federal grant, Iowa Legal Aid provides computers in 85 rural senior citizen centers across Iowa to foster increased knowledge about program services for the elderly and to enhance their social connectedness with others through e-mail. To understand the attitudes of rural elderly toward computers, focus groups were held with two groups in the community senior centers. The results identified strategies that are necessary if seniors are to maximize the use of computers available to them. This article has three purposes: (1) to review the literature regarding computer usage among the elderly; (2) to describe the findings of focus groups held with elderly; and (3) to identify strategies to enhance computer use in senior citizen centers and maximize the connectivity of elders in their communities.
Use of o-phthalaldehyde to detect O-phosphorylethanolamine in bacterial lipopolysaccharide

We have developed a method to measure O-phosphorylethanolamine groups in bacterial lipopolysaccharide using a fluorescent reagent, o-phthalaldehyde. The optimal excitation and emission wavelengths were 335 nm and 450 nm, respectively. The reaction was pH-dependent with an optimum at pH 10.5. The maximum fluorescence intensity occurred two min after mixing lipopolysaccharide with the reagent at pH 10.5. The assay was linear over a range of 1 microgram to 100 micrograms of lipopolysaccharide. When we compared the amount of primary amine (as O-phosphorylethanolamine) in native and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid-derivatized lipopolysaccharide, we found that 97% of amine groups in native lipopolysaccharide were derivatized by p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide.
Possible relations among the meson-baryon coupling constants

Abstract It is assumed that the strong interactions of the mesons and baryons can be described in terms of a Lagrangian containing at most eight coupling constants. A simple assumption is then made that only one magnitude g is required to describe all the pion-baryon couplings and that one magnitude f is sufficient to describe the couplings of the baryons to K-mesons. Within this restriction, there are 38 = 6561 ways to write down the Lagrangian, since each of the eight coupling constants may be positive, negative, or absent. It is shown that many of these possiblities lead to equivalent descriptions of the strong interactions, and that still other possibilities lead to predictions in contradiction to experiment. However, several hundred nonequivalent Lagrangians satisfying the assumptions are not eliminated by the arguments of this paper. Examination of a number of the remaining possibilities in fourthorder perturbation theory indicates that some of them are more likely than others, but none can be ruled out by the arguments given here.
Profiling Enzyme Activities In Vivo Using Click Chemistry Methods

Methods for profiling the activity of enzymes in vivo are needed to understand the role that these proteins and their endogenous regulators play in physiological and pathological processes. Recently, we introduced a tag-free strategy for activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) that utilizes the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction ("click chemistry") to analyze the functional state of enzymes in living cells and organisms. Here, we report a detailed characterization of the reaction parameters that affect click chemistry-based ABPP and identify conditions that maximize the speed, sensitivity, and bioorthogonality of this approach. Using these optimized conditions, we compare the enzyme activity profiles of living and homogenized breast cancer cells, resulting in the identification of several enzymes that are labeled by activity-based probes in situ but not in vitro.
Animal behavior as a paradigm for developing robot autonomy

We have been examining naturally occurring examples of autonomous systems in order to identify characteristics that might provide insight into our research on autonomy. In the first part of this paper, we review relevant research which has occurred in the area of animal behavior. Based on certain observations, we have proposed a number of primitive reflexive behaviors which are then used to develop several useful emergent behaviors. These emergent behaviors were demonstrated on a simulated mobile robot and then successfully implemented on Scarecrow, an actual robot. Scarecrow allows us to demonstrate that behavioral control strategies do indeed provide us with a powerful strategy for robust operation in dynamically changing unstructured environments in which one cannot impose unrealistic expectations on the performance of the machine or its sensors. A consequence of this is, that given the unpredictability of human actions, such behavioral control strategies may facilitate the safe interaction of man and machine.
The increased efficacy of high-energy defibrillation.

In this study, animals having body weights comparable to human adults were used to compare the percentage success in defibrillation using two defibrillators; one was a conventional 320 Ws delivered energy unit, and the other was a high-energy defibrillator capable of delivering 800 and 1000 Ws into a 50 Ω resistive load. Standard human-size praecordial electrodes were used. It was found that, in every case, the percentage success in defibrillation increased substantially when the high-energy defibrillator was used.
Thyroid Cancer Incidence Patterns in the United States by Histologic Type, 1992–2006

Background: The increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States is well documented. In this study, we assessed the incidence patterns by histologic type according to demographic and tumor characteristics to further our understanding of these cancers. Methods: We used the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program for cases diagnosed during 1992–2006 to investigate patterns for the four major histologic types of thyroid cancer by gender, race/ethnicity, and age as well as registry, tumor stage, and size. Results: Among women, papillary thyroid cancer rates were highest among Asians (10.96 per 100,000 woman-years) and lowest among blacks (4.90 per 100,000 woman-years); follicular cancer rates did not vary substantially by race/ethnicity (p-values >0.05), medullary cancer rates were highest among Hispanics (0.21 per 100,000 woman-years) and whites (0.22 per 100,000 woman-years), and anaplastic rates were highest among Hispanics (0.17 per 100,000 woman-y...
On a General Theorem in Interreflection Theory with Application to the Fluorescent Lamp

A general theorem is established concerning the effect of a transmitting hole on the lumen output of an otherwise uniform, diffuse enclosure with light-generating walls. The physical content of the theorem is first, that when a small hole is opened one loses, to first order in the area of the hole, the flux which was emitted to the outside from this area, but gains (1 − R)−1 times the flux which was absorbed in this area, where R is the reflectance of the enclosure wall; and second, that if opening an infinitesimal hole decreases the output, then opening any hole, no matter what its size, shape or position, will also decrease the output. From this it follows that opening a hole can increase the output of the enclosure if and only if the absorptance of the enclosure wall exceeds a certain critical value; the critical absorptance is calculated explicitly, and is shown to be independent of the geometry of both the enclosure and the hole. As an application, it is shown that the absorptance of standard fluorescent lamp coatings is very much smaller than the critical absorptance, and hence that if any part of the envelope of such lamps is left bare, the output and efficiency will be decreased.
The Effects of Epinephrine on Ketogenesis in the Dog After a Prolonged Fast

Abstract The effects of a selective increase in epinephrine on ketogenesis and lipolysis were determined in the conscious dog following a prolonged fast (7 days). Plasma insulin and glucagon were fixed at basal levels by infusion of somatostatin (0.8 μg/kg/min) and basal intraportal replacement amounts of insulin (210 ± 20 μU/kg/min) and glucagon (0.65 ng/kg/min). Following a 40-minute control period, saline or epinephrine (0.04 μg/kg/min) was infused for 3 hours. Plasma insulin, glucagon, and norepinephrine levels did not change during saline (6 ± 1 μU/mL, 83 ± 17 pg/mL, and 137 ± 38 pg/mL, respectively) or epinephrine (10 ± 1 μU/mL, 73 ± 18 pg/ml, 98 ± 13 pg/mL, respectively) infusion. Plasma epinephrine levels increased from 80 ± 26 to 440 ± 47 pg/mL in response to infusion of the catecholamine, but remained unchanged during saline infusion. Glycerol levels (93 ± 10 μmol/L) remained unchanged during saline infusion, but increased in response to epinephrine (108 ± 9 to 170 ± 18 μmol/L by 30 minutes). The glycerol level had returned to baseline and to the value apparent in saline controls by 60 minutes. The nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) level declined slowly during the 3-hour saline infusion, but was elevated in response to epinephrine infusion (1.27 ± 0.16 to 1.97 ± 0.25 mmol/L at 30 minutes). After the initial epinephrine-induced increase, the NEFA level declined so that by 3 hours it was not significantly different from the basal or saline values. Saline infusion was associated with a decline in ketone body levels and net hepatic ketone production (335 ± 43 to 239 ± 72 μmol/L and 10.99 ± 1.43 to 5.50 ± 1.81 μmol/kg/min). Epinephrine infusion caused an increase in the level and rate of ketone body production, which, when compared with the response in saline-infused animals, was significant at 60, 90, and 120 minutes. While saline infusion had no effect on plasma glucose (95 ± 3 to 89 ± 4 mg/dL) or blood lactate (0.89 ± 0.08 to 0.98 ± 0.19 mmol/L), epinephrine infusion caused both glucose (90 ± 4 to 130 ± 8 mg/dL) and lactate (0.60 ± 0.04 to 1.08 ± 0.17 mmol/L) to increase significantly. These data indicate that, contrary to observations in the 18 hour-fasted dog in which epinephrine had an inhibitory effect on ketogenesis, in a more prolonged fasted dog the catecholamine causes a stimulation of the process.
The preparation of anhydro-trypsin and its reactivity with naturally occurring proteinase inhibitors☆

Abstract Anhydro-trypsin has been prepared in pure form by base elimination of PMS- from PMS-trypsin followed by affinity chromatography with Sepharose-STI. Four trypsin inhibitors bind the purified anhydro-trypsin with the same stoichiometry as trypsin. The intact active center serine of trypsin is therefore not necessary for strong binding with naturally occurring trypsin inhibitors.
Cross sections from 800 MeV proton irradiation of terbium

Abstract Terbium foils were irradiated with 800 MeV protons to ascertain the potential for production of lanthanide isotopes of interest in medical, astrophysical, and basic science research and to contribute to nuclear data repositories. Isotopes produced in the foil were quantified by gamma spectroscopy. Cross sections for 35 isotopes produced in the irradiation are reported and compared with predictions by the MCNP6 transport code using the CEM03.03, Bertini and INCL + ABLA event generators. Our results indicate the need to accurately consider fission and fragmentation of relatively light target nuclei like terbium in the modeling of nuclear reactions at 800 MeV. The predictive power of the code was found to be different for each event generator tested but was satisfactory for most of the product yields in the mass region where spallation reactions dominate. However, none of the event generatorsʼ results are in complete agreement with measured data.
The 2000 Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science presented to Alexander Rich

Abstract The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2000 Bower Award and Prize for achievement in Science to Alexander Rich for his key discoveries that underlie our understanding of three-dimensional structures and function of RNA and DNA molecules. His work has led to appreciation of the conformational versatility of the nucleic acids and the manner in which nature uses these properties. The breadth and versatility of his contributions routinely influence and guide investigators who study, manipulate and use nucleic acids.
Using Acupressure to Modify Alertness in the Classroom: A Single-Blinded, Randomized, Cross-Over Trial

Background: Previous reports have suggested that acupressure is effective in reducing pain and improving sleep quality; however, its effects on alertness have not been characterized. Objectives: Th...
Mechanical reperfusion is associated with post-ischemic hemorrhage in rat brain

A major complication of recanalization therapy after an acute arterial occlusion in brain is hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Although it is known that prolonged ischemia is important in the development of HT, the role of reperfusion in ischemia-reperfusion induced HT is less well studied. To address the effect of reperfusion on HT, we assessed the incidence and severity of hemorrhage in rats after 5 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 19-hour reperfusion compared to rats with permanent occlusion (PMCAO) at the same 24-hour time point. The incidence and amount of hemorrhage, neurological function, and mortality rates were measured. MCAO (5 h) with 19-hour reperfusion was associated with a significantly higher incidence of cortical hemorrhage compared to PMCAO (81.8% vs 18.2%, p<0.05). Hemorrhage scores were higher in the 5-hour MCAO/reperfusion group compared to PMCAO rats (17.6+/-11.5 vs 2.4+/-5.3 in cortex, 20.4+/-4.6 vs 9.7+/-4.5 in striatum, p<0.01). Neurological function was worse in the ischemia-reperfusion group compared to PMCAO (p<0.05) and mortality rates were insignificantly higher in the 5-hour MCAO/reperfusion group vs PMCAO group (54.5% vs 18.1%; p<0.08). The results suggest that reperfusion after prolonged ischemia is associated with increased hemorrhagic transformation and neurological deterioration as compared to permanent ischemia. Whether pharmacological treatments prior to reperfusion attenuate post-ischemic HT requires further study.
Organization of olivocochlear neurons in the cat studied with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin-B.

We employed cholera toxin-B (CTB), an efficient retrograde tracer, to examine olivocochlear (OC) neurons in the cat. Our primary goals were (1) to determine whether the cat has two types of lateral OC (LOC) neurons as is found in certain rodents and (2) to document the morphology, number, and caudorostral distribution of OC neurons, bilaterally. Adult cats received injections of CTB through the round window of the left cochlea, and, after 3–6 days, the brains were sectioned transversely and CTB was revealed immunocytochemically in every section. In three cats, OC neurons were mapped, counted differentially according to cell group, and the numbers of each plotted bilaterally from caudal to rostral. In one cat, measurements were made on labeled LOC and medial OC (MOC) neurons. The results indicate that LOC neurons can be divided into two groups based on their proximity to the lateral superior olive (LSO): a more populous group of small neurons that have intimate contact with the LSO, designated marginal-LOC neurons, and a less populous, morphologically heterogeneous group, lying more distantly from the LSO, designated para-LOC neurons. Para-LOC neurons lying dorsal and rostral to LSO were significantly larger than marginal-LOC. We hypothesize that the cat marginal-LOC neurons and most probably the larger para-LOC neurons correspond to rodent intrinsic and shell LOC neurons, respectively, which have focal versus diffuse projections beneath the inner hair cells. Concerning MOC neurons, we confirm and extend previous observations on the clustering of these neurons near the rostral tip of the medial superior olivary nucleus and also show that MOC neurons differ in size according to cell group. Finally, we compare the present counts of OC neurons (mean total 1607, consisting of 1058 LOC neurons and 549 MOC neurons innervating one cochlea) and their proportional distribution ipsilaterally and contralaterally with those reported previously. Our estimate of the number of LOC neurons is somewhat higher than those previously obtained either by retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase or by counting unmyelinated axons in the olivocochlear bundle. In contrast, our estimate of the number of MOC neurons is very similar to those previously reported.
The Medallion Suture Lens: Management of Complications

In a study of 613 Medallion suture implant patients, 87% of the 613 and 96% of those under 70 years of age had a postoperative visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The most common operative complication was corneal endothelial trauma, which was graded and correlated with endothelial microscopy; however, only 0.5% of cases had permanent corneal opacification. Cystoid macular edema occurred in 32 cases (5.2%), and 56% (18) of these patients regained 20/40 vision or better. Implant loop subluxation occurred in 19 cases (3.1%), but this incidence should decrease by increasing implant loop tip-to-tip distance. The data presented put in perspective the relative importance of the various complications encountered, with primary emphasis on the management of these complications.
Model Development and Analysis of the Dynamics of Pressure-Sensitive Paints

Two models for the dynamic behavior of pressure-sensitive paints are developed. The e rst of the two models is a purely empirical approach to designing a model and compensator. The second model presented encompasses the physics of the process by which an unsteady pressure e eld over the paint layer affects the layer and causes an intensity of e uorescence that is e uctuating in time. Within this second model, two different forms for the static calibration are chosen. The effect of the calibration on the system dynamics is demonstrated. Nomenclature A = amplitude a = pressure-sensitive paint thickness b = intercept of linear Stern ‐Volmer static calibration c = calibration constants D = diffusivity E = activation energy f = calibration function from pressure to intensity g = calibration function from intensity to pressure H = transfer function I = integrated intensity J = intensity per unit thickness j = the complex number, p i1 K = intensity error per unit thickness relative to surface condition M = model order m = oxygen concentration difference relative to surface condition n = oxygen concentration P = pressure T = temperature t = time x = distance from substrate ® = modal states ¸ = eigenvalues ae = solubility ? = time constant A = phase 9 = spatial eigenfunctions ! = frequency
Portosystemic shunting for paediatric portal hypertension

Abstract The records of 22 patients who received portosystemic shunting for portal hypertension from 1985 to 1995 inclusive at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children (RAHC) were retrospectively reviewed. There were 11 girls and 11 boys. The average age at operation was 8 years, 3 months (range, 2 years, 3 months to 16 years, 7 months). The aetiology was idiopathic portal cavernomatous transformation (n = 9), biliary atresia (n = 4), cystic fibrosis (n = 3), documented neonatal portal vein thrombosis (n = 3), congenital hepatic fibrosis (n = 2), and portal vein obstruction after liver transplant (n = 1). The major presenting problem was upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Two patients had recurrent melaena from Roux-en-Y jejunal loop and caecal varices, respectively. Before receiving shunts, 12 patients had endoscopic sclerotherapy, 1 had gastric transection, and 2 had gastric varices oversewn. Portal pressure at preoperative splenoportogram averaged 28 mm Hg (range, 20 to 41). Urgent shunts were performed on 13 patients. Two disadvantaged patients had prophylactic shunts for severe hypersplenism. The types of shunts used were reversed splenorenal (n = 13), splenoadrenal (n = 6), inferior mesenteric renal (n = 1), portocaval (n = 1), inferior mesenteric caval (n = 1), and superior and inferior mesenteric caval (n = 1). In all, 22 patients had 23 shunts. The patency rate was 96% on 6 months to 10 years follow-up (average, 5.8 years). No spleen was lost. There were 2 late deaths. Two cystic fibrosis patients and one child with extrahepatic portal hypertension experienced postshunt encephalopathy. Three patients rebled in the early postoperative period despite a patent shunt. Two patients subsequently received liver transplantation without any additional difficulties. Thus, portosystemic shunting using a method appropriate for the patient is a reliable option for treating children with portal hypertension in whom variceal sclerotherapy is inappropriate or has failed.
Data-Parallel Line Relaxation Method for the Navier -Stokes Equations

The Gauss‐Seidel line relaxation method is modie ed for the simulation of viscous e ows on massively parallel computers. The resulting data-parallel line relaxation method is shown to have good convergence properties for a seriesoftestcases.Thenewmethodrequiressignie cantlymorememorythanthepreviouslydevelopeddata-parallel relaxation methods, but it reaches a steady-state solution in much less time for all cases tested to date. In addition, the data-parallel line relaxation method shows good convergence properties even on the high-cell-aspect-ratio grids required to simulate high-Reynolds-number e ows. The new method is implemented using message passing on the Cray T3E, and the parallel performance of the method on this machine is discussed. The data-parallel line relaxation method combines the fast convergence of the Gauss ‐Seidel line relaxation method with a high parallel efe ciency and thus shows promise for large-scale simulation of viscous e ows.
Geochemistry, petrography, and zircon U–Pb geochronology of Paleozoic metaigneous rocks in the Mount Veta area of east-central Alaska: implications for the evolution of the westernmost part of the Yukon–Tanana terrane

We report the results of new mapping, whole-rock major, minor, and trace-element geochemistry, and petrography for metaigneous rocks from the Mount Veta area in the westernmost part of the allochth...
An Exploratory Study of Adoption of Software and Hardware by Faculty in the Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Universities and colleges are investing millions of dollars in information technology infrastructure to support teaching, research, and service, and thousands of dollars annually in faculty training programs. And yet, many college graduates entering the workforce lack adequate technology skills. To ascertain the frequency of faculty adoption of information technology, we surveyed a random sample of faculty in the liberal arts and sciences departments in our university. Overall faculty members (n = 174) reported a low usage of information technology for teaching, though the rate of software adoption is higher than the rate of hardware adoption. While opportunities to learn technology are available, about two-thirds of the faculty members have not completed the available seminars and workshops on information technologies but prefer more informal ways of learning information technology, such as talking with other faculty members.
The fatty meal in oral cholecystography

The fatty meal was of value in diagnosing noncalculous filling defects in the proximal half of the gallbladder. It was of minimal value in diagnosing stones. Without the fatty meal, a morphologic diagnosis would have been missed in about 1 per cent of our material. It was of limited value in the diagnosis of function, as a possible manifestation of cholecystitis. It is to be recommended not routinely, but in those patients with gravitational suboptimal density in the infundibulum, and the unusual case of suboptimal concentration without the demonstration of stones in spite of the additive technique. Under these conditions, about one-third of the examinations will require the fatty meal.
A Tribological Experimental Investigation of a Heat-Pipe Cooled Isothermal Journal Bearing

An isothermal journal bearing has been developed by incorporating heat-pipe-cooling technology. The research work reported in this paper is an experimental investigation that was conducted to study the thermal-tribological performance of the isothermal journal bearing subject to frictional heating. A stainless-steel journal bearing that incorporates a few methanol heat pipes was fabricated for the current study, and the heat-pipe grooves were machined on the inner ring. A conventional plain journal bearing having the same inner and outer diameters, as well as the same material as the isothermal journal bearing was also tested for comparison. Because stainless steel is notorious for adhesion, this study has an opportunity to investigate the relationship between the adhesion and temperature variation and the possibility of controlling this type of heat-related tribological problem. Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting Nashville, Tennessee May 7–11, 2000
Thin silicon wafer processing and strength characterization

Thin silicon die (100 um or less) are required for a number of applications, including stacked die packages and three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-IC). The wafer thinning process is conceptually simple, but requires optimization of the backside finish and dicing to ensure high die strength. High die strength is required to minimize yield loss during assembly and to ensure high reliability during device operation. In this paper, we describe process optimization for thin wafers and thin die, and how these processes affect the fracture strength of silicon.
Curves and Surfaces for Computer-Aided Geometric Design: A Practical Guide

From the Publisher: This book will be of interest to computer graphics enthusiasts, software developers for CAD/CAM systems, geometric modeling researchers, graphics programmers, academicians, and many others throughout the graphics community. Assuming only a background in calculus and basic linear algebra, the author's informal and reader-friendly style makes the material accessible to a wide audience. Finally, the included disk contains data sets and all of the C programs used in the book, making it easier for the user to gain first-hand experience with the concepts as they are explained. This unified treatment of curve and surface design concepts focuses on Bezier and B-spline methods for curves, rational Bezier and B-spline curves, geometric continuity, spline interpolation, and Coons methods. The fourth edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to include a new chapter on recursive subdivision, as well as new sections on triangulations and scattered data interpolants. Finally, the disk in the back of the book has been updated to include all of the programs, as well as the data sets from the text.
The Strong-Tie Requirement and Objective-List Theories of Well-Being

Many philosophers with hedonistic sympathies (e.g., Mill, Sidgwick, Sumner, Feldman, Crisp, Heathwood, and Bradley) have claimed that well-being is necessarily experiential. Kagan once claimed something slightly different, saying that, although unexperienced bodily events can directly impact a person’s well-being, it is nonetheless true that any change in a person’s well-being must involve a change in her (i.e., either in her mind or in her body). Kagan elaborated by saying that a person’s well-being cannot float freely of her such that it is affected by events that do not affect her (Kagan 1992, 169–189). These two claims—that well-being is necessarily experiential and that changes in well-being must involve changes in the person—are two different ways of specifying the general intuition that a person’s well-being must be strongly tied to her. This general intuition imposes an adequacy constraint on welfare theorizing: To be adequate, a welfare theory cannot allow that someone can be directly benefited by events that are not strongly tied to her. Call this the strong-tie requirement. The strong-tie requirement is easily satisfied by welfare hedonism, but it poses problems for desire-fulfillment welfare theories and objective-list welfare theories. Though a great deal has been written about desire-fulfillment welfare theories in relation to the strong-tie requirement, not as much has been written about objective-list welfare theories in relation to the strong-tie requirement. This paper argues that objective-list welfare theories can satisfy the strong-tie requirement, though probably only if they take a perfectionist form, as opposed to a brute-list form.
Effect of certain amino acids and peptides on hyaluronidase production by Staphylococcus aureus.

SummaryStaphylococcus aureus, strain SAB2, synthesized hyaluronidase in a chemically denned medium only in the presence of tyrosine and tryptophan, even though these amino acids were not required for optimal growth. Glycine was indispensable for growth of this organism. Supplementation of the synthetic medium with glycyl-L-tyrosine or glycyl-L-tryptophan enhanced both growth and hyaluronidase production.
The use of perioperative antibiotics in tonsillectomy: does it decrease morbidity?

Summary Objective To assess the efficacy of perioperative antibiotics in decreasing post-operative morbidity among patients undergoing tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy. Design Meta-analysis based on a structured search of the literature, using MEDLINE and the Cochrane database. Subjects Only articles, which included both treatment and control groups, were included in the final analysis. Studies were limited to ones that involved human subjects, including both children and adults. Studies using steroids and topical antibiotics were excluded. Outcomes Articles were abstracted for patient factors, elements of study design, methods of patient assignment to treatment and control groups, and clinical outcomes. The primary outcome, time required for return to normal oral intake, was analyzed in the final meta-analysis. Methods Four hundred and twenty-eight articles were initially identified. There were 23 potentially appropriate articles. Of these, 18 were able to be located in full text form and in English. Seven of these studies directly studied the efficacy of perioperative antibiotics (versus no antibiotics) in decreasing post-operative morbidity. Four studies had sufficient information to calculate effects estimates (xi) and standard deviations (Si) for the primary outcome. Three studies either did not report the outcome of interest or did not report a measure of stability (e.g. p-value or confidence interval). The data available from the first four studies were combined in a quantitative meta-analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA for Windows software. Results The pooled estimate indicated that the antibiotic group returned to normal oral intake, on average, 1 day sooner than the controls. This difference was found to be statistically significant with a 95% confidence interval of 0.5–1.6 days. An additional assessment of three qualitative reports also suggested the use of perioperative antibiotics for adenotonsillectomy was associated with less post-operative pain. However, studies varied in terms of study quality, sample size, outcome examined, measure used and antibiotic administered. Definitive conclusions regarding the effect of perioperative antibiotics on other outcomes including bleeding, halitosis, fever, activity level and nausea and vomiting could not be drawn due to the small numbers of studies. Conclusions In this meta-analysis, the use of perioperative antibiotics in patients who have had tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy appears to be associated with a 1-day reduction in the time required for return to normal oral intake. For other potentially important outcomes, such as post operative pain or bleeding, sufficient data were not available to make any definitive conclusions regarding the effect of perioperative antibiotics.
Profiling, structural characterization, and trace detection of chemical markers for microorganisms by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an important technique for the identification and detection of bacteria and bacterial constituents. Certain classes of structural components, or secreted metabolites, are useful as chemical markers for different groups of organisms. GC-MS methodologies suitable for applications in analytical microbiology are summarized. In some instances, flame ionization GC is adequate for chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial cells; MS, however, offers increased selectivity and sensitivity and allows positive identification of components. Trace detection of chemical markers in biological fluids or other complex matrices in most instances requires careful sample cleanup combined with selected ion monitoring.
Existence theory and Q-matrix characterization for the generalized linear complementarity problem: Revisited

Abstract We provide conditions under which a vertical block matrix is a Q -matrix if one or all representative sub-matrices are Q -matrices and vice versa. It is also shown, by means of counterexamples, that Eq. (3) of [A.A. Ebiefung, Existence theory and Q-matrix characterization for the generalized linear complementarity problem, Linear Algebra Appl. 223/224 (1995) 155–169] is incorrect.
The optical spectroscopy of poly(p-phenylene vinylene)/polyvinyl alcohol blends: from aggregates to isolated chromophores

Abstract We report the effects of blending a non-conjugated polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), with the precursor polymer of poly( p -phenylene vinylene) (PPV). After thermal conversion, the PVA/PPV blends show markedly different absorption and luminescence spectra than neat PPV, even in blends containing only 1 wt.% PVA. These changes coincide with the disappearance of the nanocrystalline domains present in neat PPV. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence decay is not as sensitive to PVA concentration, but also disappears for blends containing more than 60% PVA. The extreme sensitivity of PPV’s optical spectroscopy to small amounts of amorphous blends suggests that the ordered domains play an important role in determining its spectroscopic properties.
The information trail of the 'Freshman 15'--a systematic review of a health myth within the research and popular literature.

Question: How does health misinformation become part of the American and Canadian vernacular? Data sources and selection: Twenty-three databases were searched for articles discussing university freshmen weight gain. Research articles were examined for methodology, number and gender of the participants and weight gain. Popular press articles were reviewed for the types of information published: expert/anecdotal, weight gain, nutrition, exercise, health and alcohol. A timeline of article publication dates was generated. Results: Twenty peer-reviewed, 19 magazine, 146 newspaper, and 141 university newspaper articles were discovered. Appearance of media articles about the ‘Freshman 15’ mirrored the peer-reviewed articles, yet the information did not reliably depict the research. Research indicated a weight gain of less than five pounds (2.268 kg), while half of the popular press publications claimed a 15-pound (6.804 kg) weight gain. The misinformation was frequently accompanied by information about achieving weight control through diet, exercise, stress reduction and alcohol avoidance. Conclusion: Understanding of how the concept of the ‘Freshman 15’ developed indicates that remediation efforts are needed. Collaborative efforts between health science and academic librarians, faculty and journalists to construct new paradigms for the translation of scientific evidence into information that individuals can use for decisions about health and well-being is suggested.
Photochemical charge separation within aromatic hydrazines and the effect of excited-state intervalence in dihydrazines.

Photolysis into the longest wavelength absorption band of 2-tert-butyl-2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl hydrazine (Hy) substituted naphthalenes causes aryl group reduction electron transfer to give + Hy - Ar - . Electrooptical absorption measurements characterize the charge separation properties from these bands. Emission studies demonstrate that the separation between absorption and emission maxima for symmetrically disubstituted compounds is smaller than that for monosubstituted compounds, which is attributed to excited-state intervalence. The excited-state diabatic surfaces may be described as a Hy + -NA - -Hy 0 , Hy 0 -NA - -Hy + pair, for which electronic interaction produces a double minimum that qualitatively resembles that in the ground state of the disubstituted intervalence radical cations.
The advantages of charge measurements for determining kinetic parameters

Abstract Chronocoulometry is a better technique than chronoamperometry for determining kinetic parameters because the charge measurement contains information obtained at very short times where the amount of kinetic information in the data is greatest. We discuss the following aspects of kinetic measurements: (1) information content of the data, (2) precision of the derived kinetic parameters, (3) correction of data by subtracting capacitative current or charge, and (4) the utility of approximate methods of data treatment. In each case, charge is shown to be a better experimental quantity than current for determining kinetic parameters.
Low-altitude road following using strap-down cameras on miniature air vehicles

This paper addresses the problem of autonomously maneuvering a miniature air vehicle (MAV) to follow a road using computer vision as the primary guidance sensor. We focus on low-altitude flight with the objective of maximizing the pixel density of the road in the image. The airframe is assumed to be a bank-to-turn fixed-wing MAV with a downward-looking strap-down camera. The road is identified in the image using HSV classification, flood-fill operations, and connected-component analysis. The main contribution of the paper is the derivation of explicit roll-angle and altitude-above-ground-level (AGL) constraints that guarantee that the road will remain in the footprint of the camera, assuming a flat earth. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated through high fidelity simulation and through flight results.
Analysis of bi-material circular humidity sensors

Abstract Axisymmetrical deformation of a circular bi-material humidity sensor is analyzed based on the small deflection of thin-plate theory. The humidity sensor considered herein is composed of two circular plates having different diameters bonded together concentrically. The governing differential equations are derived and the solution for such a plate mounted on a cylindrical shell is obtained. The effects of the diameter ratio and the flexural rigidity of the shell on the maximum deflection of the plate are studied. The maximum deflections computed for various diameter ratios are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Amount and avidity of serum antibodies against native glycoproteins and denatured virus after repeated influenza whole-virus vaccination.

Abstract There is still uncertainty on the correlates of protection by influenza vaccine. To determine the relationship between hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titer and the specificity and avidity of serum antibodies, we analyzed serum from a longitudinal trial (1983–1987) of influenza vaccine efficacy [Keitel WA, Cate TR, Couch RB, Huggins LL, Hess KR. Efficacy of repeated annual immunization with inactivated influenza virus vaccines over a five year period. Vaccine 1997;15(10):1114–22 ]. We captured native virus particles with fetuin and separately measured relative antibody levels and avidities of antibodies against native glycoproteins and antibodies against denatured viral proteins. Most subjects had pre-existing antibodies against A/Victoria/75 and, although 70% had >two-fold increased antibodies against A/Philippines/82 after vaccination, only 30% showed increased antibodies to A/Victoria/75 indicating no dominance of original antigenic sin. There was variation in the levels of antibodies to unfolded antigens compared to native, but antibodies against denatured proteins never exceeded those against native virus. In some cases, the avidity increased without a significant increase in antibody concentration, which might explain why some vaccinees with low HI titer demonstrate adequate protection. We found that the negative correlation between pre-vaccination HI titer and the increase after vaccination is also seen when antibodies are measured directly, but that there is little relationship between HI titer and antibodies against native glycoproteins, either in amount or avidity. Our assay, which has also been adapted for recent influenza viruses that do not bind to fetuin, may be useful for vaccine evaluation.
Toxicity of malathion to gamma-irradiated and nonirradiated adult red flour beetles.

Tests were conducted to determine the effect of combining treatments of malathion and gamma radiation applied to adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Radiation was applied before the chemical treatment. The dosage of 5 krad did not produce any mortality when applied alone and actually afforded some protection to the insects against the malathion. At dosages of 10 krad or more, however, radiation combined with malathion at the rate 0.05 μg/insect was slightly more lethal than either malathion or radiation alone. Combination treatments produced earlier mortalities than did radiation alone.
AMOLED Reliability with a-Si TFT's in Normal vs. Inverted TFT/OLED Integration Scheme

An important technical issue associated with using a-Si for AMOLED displays is the direct voltage programming of the pixel by providing a constant current source to the OLED. Since only n-channel a-Si TFT's are available, this requires connecting the driver TFT to the OLED cathode rather than the OLED anode which is not conventionally possible without inverting the OLED stack. This paper reports on the luminance decay vs. time in either normal or inverted pixels may be predicted by measuring the drift in the characteristics of individual TFT and OLED component. Also, the luminance decay is lower in the inverted structure, because of the lack of dependence on the OLED voltage rise.
Impurity control and corrosion resistance of magnesium-aluminum alloy

In the present study, the corrosion behavior of AXJ530 magnesium alloy with different iron and manganese contents is investigated in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution in order to tailor the tolerance limit of Fe impurity in the magnesium alloy. Through a comprehensive phase diagram calculation and corrosion evaluation, the mechanisms for the tolerance limit of Fe in magnesium alloys are discussed. The study adds a new dimension to controlling the Mg alloy impurity in terms of alloying composition design and casting conditions.
Technology Transfer: Implications for Social Work Practice and Social Work Education

The term "technology transfer" is discussed as an important concept for social workers. Social work, clinical psychology, etc. are shown to be a form of social technology which can be compared to agricultural, biomedical, and physical technology. Social work practice is seen as use of one such social technology and social work education is seen as transfer of such technology.