cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Plasma-Lyte A and Sodium Chloride 0.9% for Fluid Resuscitation of Patients With Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare Plasma-Lyte A (PL) and sodium chloride 0.9% (NS) in regard to time to resolution of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) when one fluid was used predominantly over the other for resuscitation. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the records of patients treated for DKA at a large, academic medical center between July 1, 2013, and July 1, 2015. Patients were placed into the PL or NS group based on the predominant fluid they received during fluid resuscitation. Serum biochemistry variables were categorized as follows: initial, 2 to 4 hours, 4 to 6 hours, 6 to 12 hours, and 12 to 24 hours. The primary outcome was mean time to resolution of DKA. Results: Eighty-four patients were included in the study. The primary outcome of mean time to resolution of DKA was similar between the PL (19.74 hours) and NS (18.05 hours) groups (P = .5080). Patients treated with PL had a significantly greater rise in pH within the 4- to 6-hour and 6- to 12-hour periods. The chloride level was significantly higher and the anion gap was significantly lower for the NS group in the 6- to 12-hour period. Conclusion: These data suggest that the use of PL for fluid resuscitation in DKA may confer certain advantages over NS.
A Multi-Algorithm, High Reliability Steganalyzer Based on Services Oriented Architecture

Steganalysis deals with detecting the presence of hidden information in different types of media such as images and audio files. Such detection is very challenging because of the variety of algorithms that might be used in embedding secret information in a media type. This chapter presents a reliable Steganalyzer system with distributed services oriented architecture which allows easy incorporation of new algorithms to support different media types in the existing system. Moreover, the distributed architecture presented in this chapter allows concurrent processing which speeds up the system. High system reliability in distinguishing between the cover object and the stego object is achieved by employing multiple steganalysis algorithms, and further by employing efficient feature classifiers based on neural networks. The system developed is versatile with capabilities of detecting stego objects in JPEG images as well as WAV audio files.
Contrast Agents in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques make use of both endogenously and exogenously administered contrast agents to measure the regional changes in cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and blood oxygenation that occur in response to focal changes in neural activity. This article reviews the main contrast agents used in fMRI, with emphasis on the mechanism of contrast and on how the MRI signal is made sensitive to the hemodynamic quantity of interest.
Abortion and the “Woman Question”: Forty Years of Debate

Today we equate constitutional democracy with the basic principle that every adult citizen is entitled to vote, but this was not true at the founding. At the founding voting was a privilege possessed by the few, not the many. And it was a privilege possessed by men, not women. It took seventy-five years of debate for women to secure the right to vote during which time the question of woman suffrage was referred to simply as the “woman question.” The debate over woman suffrage was referred to as the woman question because the debate over woman suffrage raised fundamental questions about women’s roles, nature, and place in the constitutional order. Voting is no longer the site of struggle over the woman question. Yet this society has not settled the woman question. Instead, it has continued to debate the woman question in new contexts. For the last four decades, abortion has been the site of struggles over the woman question, just as, for decades, schools were the site of struggles over the race question, or today the institution of marriage is the site of struggles over the standing of gays and lesbians. This lecture commemorates Roe’s fortieth anniversary by reconstructing how the woman question became entangled in the abortion debate in the twentieth century. The abortion debate is commonly thought to concern the question of when life begins. But the question of when life begins is not the only question that makes the abortion debate explosive. I will show how the entrance of women’s rights claims into the abortion debate fatefully changed it, and led opponents of abortion to engage the woman question in terms that have changed shape over the last several decades, from the frames of “pro-family” to the more contemporary discourse associated with claims that “abortion hurts women.” Tracing the fourdecade arc of this conversation allows us to see more clearly the many forms in
Experiment, Observation, and Modeling in the Lab and Field

Animal behavior can be studied empirically using observation and experimentation in the laboratory and in the field and theoretically through modeling. Each method has its own advantages and limitations. In an observational study, the observer does not manipulate or control any variables; the results are therefore relevant to natural behavior (high external validity), but we cannot reach conclusions about causation with high confidence (low internal validity). In contrast, a well-designed experiment has internal validity because all but one of the variables have been controlled through the use of an appropriate control group, but does not have external validity as a result of that control. We explore the principles of sampling and experimental design in the study of animal behavior. Models are mathematical representations of the essential aspects of a behavioral system based on a set of assumptions, which specify and simplify the system being studied. The use of these methods to test hypotheses for animal behavior is discussed and each method is illustrated with examples.
Crime and Class

Those attempting to summarize the relationship between criminal behavior and social class are quickly buried under an avalanche of seemingly contradictory research findings. The first part of this article reviews these empirical generalizations and suggests some conceptual and methodological distinctions that may be useful in interpreting them. This discussion is oriented around three issues: (a) the measurement of crime, or the violation of the criminal legal code, such as discrepancies between self-reported and official law violation; (b) the measurement of class, or groupings of those sharing similar positions or interests, including relational vs. gradational categorizations and class origins vs. immediate class positions; and (c) broader methodological concerns, such as sampling, levels of analysis, and qualitative vs. quantitative approaches. The second part of this article outlines some promising recent theoretical and empirical advances: (a) investigating reciprocal relations, particularly the effect of official sanction on subsequent legitimate attainment; (b) elaborating the class–crime relation and specifying interactions with factors such as gender; and (c) cross-national and comparative research on crime and class. The article concludes by taking stock of classic and recent work and posing some remaining questions and directions for research.
Human Cooperation: The Hunter-Gatherer Puzzle

In tracing the roots of human cooperation, researchers have gleaned insights from the sociality of contemporary hunter-gatherers. A new study among the Hadza, one of the few surviving foraging populations, challenges popular approaches to cooperation while suggesting a central role for cultural transmission.
Atmospheric deposition to remote receptors. III: Statistical analysis of precipitation data from the Ilwas-network

A statistical analysis of the precipitation data base from the Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) is presented. Included in this analysis are: equivalence of distributional form of the concentrations, ion pair concentration analysis, regression by site and season, precipitation type, and multiple regressions. The analysis emphasizes the ions: H, NH4, SO4, and NO3. Variability in H is explained largely through SO4 and NO3; spatial variability for the species pairs SO4-H, NO3-H, SO4-NH4; and NO3-NH4 does not suggest significant differences between sites on a seasonal basis.
A combined experimental and numerical approach for characterizing ply-level damage in tape-laminate composites subjected to biaxial loading

Abstract A new test method is developed for progressive characterization of ply-level damage in composites subjected to biaxial loading. A novel biaxial cruciform specimen is designed to promote damage formation in the gage region and enable ex-situ imaging of damage using X-ray computed tomography. Tests are performed using carbon/epoxy laminate subjected to 1:2 tension-tension loading at room temperature, which are compared to simulations from a progressive-damage analysis (PDA) software, BSAM™. The experimental results show that, for the stacking sequence tested, biaxial loading leads to complex intralaminar fracture dominated by short and closely spaced stitch cracks. The PDA simulations show qualitatively similar results; however, the load at fracture initiation is over-predicted and the stitch crack growth is not as extensive. Critical evaluation of the experimental and numerical results is used to suggest further development of the proposed methodology with the ultimate aim of studying damage evolution in laminates subjected to cryobiaxial loading.
Characterization of a Lytic Bacteriophage as an Antimicrobial Agent for Biocontrol of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O145 Strains.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O145 is one of the most prevalent non-O157 serogroups associated with foodborne outbreaks. Lytic phages are a potential alternative to antibiotics in combatting bacterial pathogens. In this study, we characterized a Siphoviridae phage lytic against STEC O145 strains as a novel antimicrobial agent. Escherichia phage vB_EcoS-Ro145clw (Ro145clw) was isolated and purified prior to physiological and genomic characterization. Then, in vitro antimicrobial activity against an outbreak strain, E. coli O145:H28, was evaluated. Ro145clw is a double-stranded DNA phage with a genome 42,031 bp in length. Of the 67 genes identified in the genome, 21 were annotated with functional proteins, none of which were stx genes. Ro145clw had a latent period of 21 min and a burst size of 192 phages per infected cell. The phage could sustain a wide range of pH (pH 3 to pH 10) and temperatures (−80 °C to −73 °C). Ro145clw was able to reduce E. coli O145:H28 in lysogeny broth by approximately 5 log at 37 °C in four hours. These findings indicate that the Ro145clw phage is a promising antimicrobial agent that can be used to control E. coli O145 in adverse pH and temperature conditions.
Cholinesterase Inhibitory Arisugacins L–Q from a Penicillium sp. Isolate Obtained through a Citizen Science Initiative and Their Activities in a Phenotype-Based Zebrafish Assay

Phenotype-based screening of a fungal extract library yielded an active sample from a Penicillium sp. isolate that impaired zebrafish motility. Bioassay-guided purification led to the identification of 14 meroterpenoids including six new metabolites, arisugacins L-Q (4, 5, 8, and 12-14), seven known arisugacins (1-3, 6, 7, 9, and 10), and one known terreulactone (11). Their structures were determined using a combination of NMR and HRESIMS data, evidence secured from theoretical and experimental ECD spectra, and the modified Mosher's method. The purified compounds were tested in zebrafish embryos, as well as in vitro for cholinesterase inhibition activities. Compound 12 produced defects in myotome structure (metameric muscle, which is critical for locomotion) in vivo and showed the most potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 191 nM in vitro. The phenotype assay was also used to reveal bioactivities for several previously reported arisugacins, which had failed to show activity in prior cell-based and in vitro testing. This study demonstrates that utilization of the zebrafish phenotype assay is an effective approach for the identification of bioactive extracts, is compatible with the bioassay-guided compound purification strategies, and offers a valuable tool for probing complex natural product sources to detect bioactive small molecules with potential therapeutic or other commercial applications.
A data-driven framework for uncertainty quantification of a fluidized bed

We carried out a nondeterministic analysis of flow in a fluidized bed. The flow in the fluidized bed is simulated with National Energy Technology Laboratory’s open-source multiphase fluid dynamics suite MFiX. It does not possess tools for uncertainty quantification. Therefore, we developed a C++ wrapper to integrate an uncertainty quantification toolkit developed at Sandia National Laboratory with MFiX. The wrapper exchanges uncertain input parameters and key output parameters among Dakota and MFiX. However, a data-driven framework is also developed to obtain reliable statistics as it is not feasible to get them with MFiX integrated into Dakota, Dakota-MFiX. The data generated from Dakota-MFiX simulations, with the Latin Hypercube method of sampling size 500, is used to train a machine-learning algorithm. The trained and tested deep neural network algorithm is integrated with Dakota via the wrapper to obtain low order statistics of the bed height and pressure drop across the bed.
The many lives of fungibility: anti-blackness in neoliberal times

This article maps the many lives of the concept of fungibility in contemporary theories of both blackness and neoliberalism. Framed by the 2018 political chants across the US against ‘white suprema...
Evaluating the success of a newly introduced Feed and Wrap protocol in magnetic resonance imaging scanning of the temporal bone for the evaluation of congenital sensorineural hearing loss.

Abstract Objectives Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the temporal bones, specifically of the cochlea and retro-cochlear pathway, is an important investigation in the diagnostic workup and management of congenital hearing loss. However, obtaining a diagnostic quality MRI scan depends upon the need for the infant to remain still for the duration of the scan. The Feed and Wrap (F + W) technique is a method that has been used successfully in infants for scans of other parts of the body, but has not been properly studied in MRI scans performed for hearing loss. The primary aim was to evaluate the diagnostic success rate of a newly introduced Feed and Wrap MRI scanning protocol used for assessment of sensorineural hearing loss in infants at Western Australia's Tertiary Paediatric hospital over the last three years. The secondary aims were to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this technique and to review the available published literature on this technique and compare it to our case series. Methods All F + W MRI scans performed for the investigation of congenital hearing loss between 2016 and 2019 at the King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women and Perth Children's Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome was the diagnostic utility of the MRI scan with a diagnostic scan defined as the ability to diagnose or exclude radiological causes of sensorineural hearing loss. Results 53 MRI scans of the temporal bone and brain were identified. 86.8% of scans were diagnostic. The mean age of infants who underwent diagnostic scans was 6.8 weeks old compared to 10.9 weeks (p = 0.01) for those who had non-diagnostic scans. The optimal age cut off for F + W technique was ≤10 weeks. The odds of failure are 16.7 (95%CI 6.5–42.8, p = 0.003) times higher above the cut of age of 10 weeks compared to ≤10 weeks. Conclusion The F + W technique is a viable method for obtaining diagnostic quality MRI scans of the inner ear structures in infants with hearing loss, with a greater likelihood of success when applied in younger infants.
Cooperative Policing Behavior Regulates Reproductive Division of Labor in a Termite

Reproductive conflicts are common in insect societies where helping castes retain reproductive potential. One of the mechanisms regulating the conflicts is policing, a coercive behavior that reduces direct reproduction by other individuals. In eusocial Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps), workers or the queen act aggressively toward fertile workers, or destroy their eggs. In many termite species (order Blattodea), upon the death of primary queen and king, workers or nymphs can differentiate into neotenic reproductives and inherit the breeding position. During this process, competition among neotenics is inevitable, but how this conflict is resolved remains unclear. Here, we report a policing behavior that regulates reproductive division of labor in the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes. Our results demonstrate that the policing behavior is a cooperative effort performed sequentially by successful neotenics and workers. A neotenic reproductive initiates the attack of the fellow neotenic by biting and displays alarm behavior. Workers are then recruited to cannibalize the injured neotenic. Furthermore, the initiation of policing is age-dependent, with older reproductives attacking younger ones, thereby inheriting the reproductive position. This study provides empirical evidence of policing behavior in termites, which represents a convergent trait shared between eusocial Hymenoptera and Blattodea.
Hydrogen Evolution Catalyzed by a Metal-Free Corrole: An Experimental and Theoretical Mechanistic Study

Free-base 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole [C-3H] has been shown to be electrocatalytically active towards hydrogen evolution in acetonitrile under acidic conditions. We observed hydrogen gas...
The Use of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

Background Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a complex congenital defect of the diaphragm that allows abdominal contents to herniate into the chest cavity, altering pulmonary development, and leading to pulmonary hypoplasia and hypertension. Patient presentation is variable in severity, making management difficult. Many common management strategies have improved the survival rate of infants with CDH, including gentle ventilation and permissive hypercapnia. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a potent, pulmonary vasodilator that has shown to improve oxygenation while decreasing pulmonary pressure in infants with pulmonary hypertension. While many institutions utilize iNO in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, the role of iNO as a treatment for CDH is controversial. Purpose The purpose of this literature review is to establish a better understanding of CDH including embryology, patient presentation, and management strategies, and to analyze the use and effect of iNO on patients in this population. Methods/search strategy A systemic search of PubMed, CINHAL, and Medline was performed to identify research articles studying the use of iNO on patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to CDH. Findings/results Three studies were utilized in this review to assess the current use and effectiveness of iNO in patients with CDH. Implications for practice This review summarized the pathophysiology, embryology, patient presentation, and management strategies, as well as reviewed literature on the effectiveness of iNO on pulmonary hypertension secondary to CDH. Implications for research Further research is indicated to determine alternative treatment modalities and establish evidence-based practice protocols to standardize care in infants with CDH.
Ship-Pack Optimization in a Two-Echelon Distribution System with Product Obsolescence

Distribution centers (DCs) replenish stores with size-specific ship-packs. The ship-packs may be eaches (i.e. individual units), inners (a group of individual units), or cases (a group of inners). The problem that we consider is to determine the ship-pack to use for each stock-keeping-unit. The retailer faces a cost trade-off when choosing the appropriate ship-pack size: shipping in cases may incur lower handling costs in the DC but higher labor and inventory costs at the store. In addition, a larger ship-pack increases the likelihood of product obsolescence especially for products with a short life-cycle. Conversely, shipping in inners and eaches could result in higher labor and handling costs at the DC but lower store costs. We develop a cost model to find the optimal trade-off among these various costs. Our model assumes a two-echelon distribution system that captures the cost elements as functions of the ship-pack size. Next, we implement our cost model for our research partner, a US-based retailer which we call Gamma. We show that optimizing the ship-pack size can reduce Gamma’s ship-pack related costs by 9%. Furthermore, we find that for our test samples if Gamma were to renegotiate the ship-pack configurations with its vendors (i.e., the unit quantities for each inner and case), it could achieve a total cost saving of 17% compared to the original ship-pack sizes. This paper extends the literature on ship-pack optimization by developing a practical and integrable model that accounts for the costs associated with product obsolescence. Our cost model provides managers with a ship-pack recommendation system that finds the optimum balance between DC and store costs. Furthermore, our model lends managers a decision tool when negotiating with the retailer’s vendors on ship-pack size.
Current Status and Future Trends: Pediatric Intracapsular Tonsillectomy in the United States

Objectives 1) To assess the current status of pediatric intracapsular tonsillectomy in the United States, and 2) To apply lessons from the scientific literature and adoption of surgical innovation to predict future trends in pediatric intracapsular tonsillectomy. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey study and literature review. An anonymous survey was sent to all members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology (ASPO) to determine current practices in pediatric tonsillectomy. Statistical analysis was performed to compare differences in individuals who perform intracapsular tonsillectomy as opposed to extracapsular tonsillectomy. A literature analysis of the adoption of new technological advancements and innovative surgical techniques was then performed. Results The survey was sent to 540 pediatric otolaryngologists with a response rate of 42%. Of all respondents, 20% currently perform intracapsular tonsillectomy. The primary reason cited for not performing the procedure was concern for tonsillar regrowth. Time in practice, practice setting, and fellowship status was not associated with an increased incidence of intracapsular tonsillectomy. Conclusions Only 20% of pediatric otolaryngologist respondents in the United States perform intracapsular tonsillectomy. Based on the documented advantages of intracapsular tonsillectomy over extracapsular tonsillectomy and an analysis of adoption of novel surgical techniques, we predict a paradigm shift in the specialty toward intracapsular tonsillectomy. Level of evidence 3 Laryngoscope, 131:S1-S9, 2021.
Indigenous rights and empowerment in natural resource management and decision making as a driver of change in U.S. forestry

Indigenous peoples have been fighting for recognition of their rights to land and resources for generations. They have also voiced clear opposition to activities that degrade natural resources, the environment, and tribal sovereignty. Over the past several decades, Indigenous empowerment and influence over natural resource management has increased to the point where they have the potential to influence major environmental issues like climate change, fossil fuel extraction and transport, timber harvesting, and water management. This paper explores these and several other key areas where Indigenous rights are being recognized and exercised in ways that could have important implications for natural resource management. Additionally, three scenarios are presented to represent possible futures with regard to natural resource management: increased collaboration and comanagement, increased litigation, and increased violence. A fourth scenario is also presented where all three scenarios occur simultaneously in different places and times throughout the world. Indigenous empowerment has the potential to become a major driver of change for natural resource management and policy.
Dissecting the human kidney allograft transcriptome: single-cell RNA sequencing.

Purpose of review Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has provided opportunities to interrogate kidney allografts at a hitherto unavailable molecular level of resolution. Understanding of this technology is essential to better appreciate the relevant biomedical literature. Recent findings Sequencing is a technique to determine the order of nucleotides in a segment of RNA or DNA. RNA-seq of kidney allograft tissues has revealed novel mechanistic insights but does not provide information on individual cell types and cell states. scRNA-seq enables to study the transcriptome of individual cells and assess the transcriptional differences and similarities within a population of cells. Initial studies on rejecting kidney allograft tissues in humans have identified the transcriptional profile of the active players of the innate and adaptive immune system. Application of scRNA-seq in a preclinical model of kidney transplantation has revealed that allograft-infiltrating myeloid cells follow a trajectory of differentiation from monocytes to proinflammatory macrophages and exhibit distinct interactions with kidney allograft parenchymal cells; myeloid cell expression of Axl played a major role in promoting intragraft myeloid cell and T-cell differentiation. Summary The current review discusses the technical aspects of scRNA-seq and summarizes the application of this technology to dissect the human kidney allograft transcriptome.
The Origins Survey Spectrometer (OSS) for the Origins Space Telescope

OSS on Origins is designed to decode the cosmic history of nucleosynthesis, star formation, and supermassive black hole growth with wide-area spatial-spectral 3-D surveys in the 30 to 670 micron band. Six wideband grating modules combine to cover the full band at R=300, each couples a long slit with at least 30 beams on the sky. Two high-resolution modes are provided: one incorporates an interferometer in front of the gratings providing R of more than 40,000 at 112 microns, the other adds an etalon for R>300,000 at 112 microns. The full system design is presented, including optics, detector arrays, readouts, and the thermal design.
Paraben exposure alters cell cycle progression and survival of spontaneously immortalized secretory murine oviductal epithelial (MOE) cells

The mammalian oviduct is a central organ for female reproduction as it is the site of fertilization and it actively transports the embryo to the uterus. The oviduct is responsive to ovarian steroids and thus, it is a potential target of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Parabens are antimicrobial compounds that are prevalently found in daily-used products. However, recent studies suggest that some parabens can impact female reproductive health. Yet, their effects on the oviduct are unknown. Here, we hypothesized that in vitro exposure of immortalized murine oviductal secretory epithelial (MOE) cells to methylparaben or propylparaben will result in disrupted cell cycle progression and increased cell death by dysregulation of molecular mechanisms that involve the cell cycle and apoptosis. Thus, we examined the effects of exposure to parabens on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression by flow cytometry, and mRNA levels of major cell cycle regulators and apoptotic factors, in MOE cells. Protein levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors were also quantified. Differences between treatments and controls were analyzed by linear mixed model followed by Dunnett post-hoc tests. The results indicate that methylparaben and propylparaben selectively reduce MOE cellular proliferation and colony numbers, compared to controls. Additionally, paraben exposure selectively dysregulates the progression through the cell cycle and decreases the levels of cell cycle regulators, compared to controls. Last, paraben selectively alters the levels of progesterone receptor. Overall, these findings suggest that parabens can affect mouse oviductal secretory epithelial cell proliferation and survival.
A Review of the Year in Family Law: Working Toward More Uniformity in Laws Relating to Families

The authors examine important family law developments that occurred on the national and international level this year, including Hague Conventions and model acts, as well as actions taken by the U.S. Supreme Court and other federal courts, and throughout the states in cases running the gamut from family law agreements to torts. The authors note more international cooperation this year on several topics, including relocation and child abduction. And conclude that legislatures and courts are likely to remain busy for many years in trying to deal with growing caseloads and the redefinition of what is a "family" and who are "parents" and whose law should apply.
60 k.y. record of extension across the western boundary of the Basin and Range province: Estimate of slip rates from offset shoreline terraces and a catastrophic slide beneath Lake Tahoe: Comment and Reply REPLY

We welcome the opportunity to address the issues raised by Schweickert and Lahren in their Comment, which claims, among other charges, that we are guilty of flawed procedures and conceptual errors. It should be emphasized from the outset that we have employed a conservative approach in estimating
Retrieval Analysis of Polyethylene Components in Rotating Hinge Knee Arthroplasty Implants.

Abstract Background This study examined a cohort of retrieved rotating hinge (RH) total knee arthroplasty implants of four different designs with emphasis on the surface damage observed on the polyethylene components. Our purpose was to determine if differences in polyethylene damage existed among the designs, and if those differences could be explained by differences in design characteristics. Materials and Methods Seventy-two RH implants from four manufacturers (DePuy LPS/SROM, Zimmer NexGen, Stryker Howmedica MRH, and Biomet Finn-OSS) removed at the time of revision performed between 2002 and 2017 were identified in our institutional retrieval registry. Damage to the surfaces of the polyethylene was assessed using a subjective grading system and evaluated in multiple zones. Design characteristics that were evaluated included the following: location of the dwell point on the polyethylene component, posterior position of the axle, and amount of hyperextension and rotation allowed by the implant. Results There were no differences in total damage scores between the four implant groups (P = .45). The Stryker Howmedica MRH group showed the least backside wear of all implants but significantly more articular-sided wear compared with two of the other three groups. All implants except NexGen showed increased total damage scores in implants revised for mechanical (vs nonmechanical) reasons and in implants with a longer duration of implantation. Conclusion No single implant design emerged as superior in terms of minimizing polyethylene wear damage. Polyethylene damage existed in various locations but was not different in severity across designs, suggesting that there is no clear superior RH design that minimizes overall articular surface wear compared with other designs.
The Influence of PrEP-Related Stigma and Social Support on PrEP-Use Disclosure among Women Who Inject Drugs and Social Network Members

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising but underutilized HIV prevention strategy for Women who Inject Drugs (WWID). Stigma and disclosure concerns have been key barriers to PrEP use among women in PrEP efficacy trials. Social support has been found to buffer against some PrEP stigma, though these factors have been largely unexplored among WWID. Investigating how WWID disclose PrEP use is important given evidence that disclosure is associated with higher adherence. We aimed to identify the impact of stigma and support on PrEP disclosure within social networks of WWID participating in a PrEP demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA, USA. PrEP-using WWID ≥ 18 years completed social network surveys. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for the correlation of network structure. Thirty-nine WWID (i.e. egos) named an average of 9.5 ± 3.3 network members (i.e. alters), for a total sample of 371 unique relationships. Egos disclosed their PrEP use to an average of 4.0 alters (SD = 2.8). Related to PrEP stigma, participants had 0.4 times decreased odds of PrEP disclosure with alters who would disapprove of them taking PrEP (95% CI: 0.1–0.9). Related to support, participants had 2.5 times higher odds of disclosure among peers who could provide PrEP advice (95% CI: 1.0–6.0). Interventions that increase social support and decrease stigma are pivotal for increasing PrEP use disclosure among WWID.
Finding the "Heart" in the Green: Conducting a Bibliometric Analysis to Emphasize the Need for Connecting Emotions with Biophilic Urban Planning.

Although there is a robust body of literature exploring the relationship between biophilic urban planning (BUP) and public health and well-being, there is a dearth of scholarship on the emotional components of BUP. It is crucial to understand these sentiment-related elements, so planners can assign “human value” to green spaces as a strategy for emphasizing the need to thoughtfully implement and properly maintain them in urban environments. Furthermore, humans’ emotional experiences with green spaces may also reveal hidden or unexpected functions of those spaces. To confirm this lack of emphasis on emotions in BUP, we used Scopus to conduct a bibliometric analysis on relevant literature published within the last twenty years (2001–2021), ultimately collecting 589 relevant peer-reviewed articles. We then utilized VOSviewer (Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands) to visualize our results and identify thematic, geographic, authorship/co-authorship, publication, and temporal trends. “Green space” appeared as our most frequently occurring keyword and scholars affiliated with institutions located within the United States, the United Kingdom and China were the top producers of relevant results. Our authorship analysis resulted in 67 different clusters and three major but isolated networks. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening was the most prevalent source of publication and 2019–2021 was the most prolific period of activity to date. While the goal of our review is to underscore the dearth of controlled, interdisciplinary research on the emotional components of BUP, we also uncovered additional key gaps in scholarship that could promote future avenues of inquiry. First, by focusing on the emotional value of green spaces, practitioners can ascribe them an intangible “human value” that could, in turn, generate more community-focused designs that provide access across socioeconomic, racial and age brackets. Second, an increase in scholarly representation from developing countries could help address the “human value” of green spaces not simply as a “first-world” phenomenon. Finally, a global focus on the emotional, human connections to green spaces may help scholars and practitioners alike mitigate the growing trend of green gentrification.
The Ethics of Care and Empathy

Eminent moral philosopher Michael Slote argues that care ethics presents an important challenge to other ethical traditions and that a philosophically developed care ethics should, and can, offer its own comprehensive view of the whole of morality. Taking inspiration from British moral sentimentalism and drawing on recent psychological literature on empathy, he shows that the use of that notion allows care ethics to develop its own sentimentalist account of respect, autonomy, social justice, and deontology. Furthermore, he argues that care ethics gives a more persuasive account of these topics than theories offered by contemporary Kantian liberalism. The most philosophically rich and challenging exploration of the theory and practice of care to date, The Ethics of Care and Empathy also shows the manifold connections that can be drawn between philosophical issues and leading ideas in the fields of psychology, education, and women's studies.
Properties of (0,1)-Matrices With Forbidden Configurations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses properties of (0, 1)-matrices with forbidden configurations. A configuration is an equivalence class of matrices where two matrices represent the same configuration if one of the matrices is a row and column permutation of the other matrix. A matrix contains a configuration if a submatrix of A represents that configuration. For an arbitrary k (k ≥ 3) a set of configurations Lk are defined in the chapter.
Cyberwar & International Law Step Zero

As part of a symposium on cyberwar, this invited contribution explores the challenges that new technologies pose for international law. Borrowing from administrative law’s discussion of the “Chevron step-zero” question, the Article argues that weapons-related technological innovation spurs an analogous international law question: Is the new innovation a type of weapon that existing international law can satisfactorily regulate? This is the “international law step-zero” question.Part I chronicles recent instances in which the “international law step-zero” question has arisen with respect to new technologies and the laws of war, including debates about whether the laws of war can and do regulate nuclear weapons, drones, cyber weapons, and lethal autonomous weapons systems (or “killer robots”). Despite the recurring debates, the answer to the step-zero question often steers toward rejecting fundamental changes to existing laws and regulating new technologies through the application of existing laws, perhaps with tweaks at the margins to accommodate the new technologies’ peculiar features.Part II focuses on cyber weapons as a case study to explore first, why debates continue to arise with respect to the step-zero question, and second, why the frequent answer is the application of existing laws of war. On the first question, the Article argues that the nature of international law, frequency of weapons development, and incentives of a variety of groups to question the legality of new weapons spark the recurrence of the step-zero question. The Article then identifies several explanations for the recurrence of the application of existing law, including the adaptability of existing laws of war, continuity in the fundamental interests that the laws of war seek to protect, the desire to ensure that weapons are regulated from the time of their first use, and the utility of creating a shortcut to a workable regulatory regime that, at worst, preserves existing disagreements about the laws of war.Although recognizing that the answer to the step-zero question is generally the application of existing laws of war, this Article does not suggest that no new law is needed for new technologies. Rather, it argues that most law-of-war rules apply most of the time to most new technologies and that any new laws specific to a new technology should generally constitute a comparatively small fraction of the laws of war applicable to that technology. To that end, Part III addresses circumstances in which new law for cyberwar may be necessary and offers several proposals for cyber-specific additions or amendments to existing laws of war.
The Idea of Awakening: Giorgio Agamben and the Nāgārjuna References

This essay discusses the distinction and the basic dilemma of constituting power and constituted power. The predicament encountered in keeping these two concepts theoretically distinct repeats the problem embedded in the paradox of sovereignty which Agamben has placed at the centre of his political inquiry. Around this problem, we can explain the relation between Agamben and Carl Schmitt and, following the Negri’s thesis, the shift from the politics to the ontology. The movement from politics to ontology opens a pathway for reconsidering the relation between actuality and potentiality, the central feature of Agamben’s philosophy. Once at this point, this paper proposes a not obvious link between Agamben and Buddhism.
The Prevention of Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Review:

Objective: To review the recent literature on the prevention of clinical diagnoses of depression in children and adolescents. Method: Several preventive intervention programs targeting depressive diagnoses in youth were reviewed. These programs based their prevention strategies on cognitive-behavioural and (or) interpersonal approaches, which have been found to be helpful in the treatment of depression. In addition, family-based prevention strategies were reviewed. Also, nonspecific risk factors for youth depression, including poverty and child maltreatment, were discussed as important considerations in prevention programs targeting youth depression. Results: In general, successful prevention programs targeting youth depression are based on evidence-based treatment programs for youth depression, structured and outlined in manuals, involve careful training of personnel implementing the protocols, and include assessment of fidelity to the intervention protocols. The programs were consistent with cognitive-behavioural and (or) interpersonal psychotherapy traditions. Overall, it appears that there is reason for hope regarding the role of interventions in preventing depressive disorders in youth. Conclusions: Several new directions for future research on the prevention of depression in youth were outlined. Future research is needed to establish an empirical base for the prevention of depression in high-risk youth and should: focus on targeted and indicated prevention approaches, attend to moderators of intervention effects, include approaches that aim to enhance the family environment, attend to nonspecific risk factors for disorder, and focus on the dissemination phase of prevention research. Language: en
Comparing rural and urban education contexts for GLBTIQ students

This paper considers the different experiences for gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer (GLBTIQ) students from rural and urban education contexts. It draws on data from three studies of GLBTIQ students I have conducted since 2010, including a 2010 online survey of 3,134 GLBTIQ students in which one fifth came from rural areas; a 2012 study of transgender people and a 2013 study of transgender and intersex students. The different studies repeatedly showed that GLBTIQ students from rural and remote towns experienced isolation, social discrimination and a lack of appropriate services and support. They were less likely to feel safe at school, at social occasions and on the internet than their urban peers. Many aspired to leave their rural and regional homes to become the person they wanted to be in an urban environment. The paper concludes by recommending specific training, resources and contacts to improve rural education services for these students.
Variability of the apparent von Kármán parameter during aeolian saltation.

[1] The variability of the apparent von Karman parameter κa during aeolian saltation was evaluated in a field experiment at Jericoacoara, Brazil. To test this variability, velocity profiles, Reynolds stress and sand transport data were gathered and analyzed. We used 15 data sets with sand-laden airflow and 2 runs with clear airflow. Results indicated an inverse linear relationship between κa and bulk, gravimetric sand concentration (R2 = 0.746) and sand transport rate (R2 = 0.577). We found values of κa as low as 0.26. This means that using the von Karman constant, κ (0.40) rather than the variable κa to estimate shear velocity based on the slope of the velocity profile will lead to over estimation of shear velocity, averaging about 20% in this study. This, in turn, produces an over estimation of wind-blown sand transport rates based on models that have terms with shear velocity cubed.
The National Institute on Aging Health Disparities Research Framework.

Objective : Development of a new framework for the National Institute on Aging (NIA) to assess progress and opportunities toward stimulating and supporting rigorous research to address health disparities. Design: Portfolio review of NIA’s health disparities research portfolio to evaluate NIA’s progress in addressing priority health disparities areas. Results: The NIA Health DisparitiesResearch Framework highlights important factors for health disparities research related to aging, provides an organizing structure for tracking progress, stimulates opportunities to better delineate causal pathways and broadens the scope for malleable targets for intervention, aiding in our efforts to address health disparities in the aging population. Conclusions: The promise of health disparitiesresearch depends largely on scientific rigor that builds on past findings and aggressively pursues new approaches. The NIA Health Disparities Framework provides a landscape for stimulating interdisciplinary approaches, evaluating research productivity and identifying opportunities for innovative health disparities research related to aging. Ethn Dis. 2015;25(3):245-254.
Demystifying moderators and mediators in intellectual and developmental disabilities research: a primer and review of the literature.

Background Intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) researchers have been relatively slow to adopt the search for moderators and mediators, although these variables are key in understanding how and why relationships exist between variables. Although the traditional method of causal steps is useful for describing and understanding moderators and mediators, it is not sufficient for statistical analysis. Methods The theoretical and statistical processes of evaluating moderators and mediators are explained in terms familiar to IDD psychologists, using examples from IDD literature. Moderator and mediator analyses in five leading IDD journals are assessed for patterns of usage. Results Although the number of publications in the past decade exceeds previous years, the field is still behind others in both the quantity and quality of the use of moderators and mediators. Conclusion The field as a whole will advance if the recent theoretical and technical advances outlined in this paper are employed.
Transaction costs and equilibrium pricing of congested public goods with imperfect information

Abstract This paper examines the role of transaction costs in pricing a congested public facility which can be used with variable intensity when there exists information asymmetry between consumers and firms. If a per visit price (toll) requires a large transaction cost of toll gates, a lump-sum price (season ticket price) may be used in equilibrium. However, under the lump-sum price together with imperfect information, high demanders (in terms of visits to the facility) have an incentive to patronize facilities designed for low demanders to exploit a price difference. Thus, an adverse selection problem may arise, and equilibrium is in general inefficient, depending on the magnitude of the transaction cost.
Oxidative posttranslational modifications in Alzheimer disease - A possible pathogenic role in the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

The distinctive pathological lesions of Alzheimer disease (AD), senile plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles comprise aggregates of insoluble fibrillar protein. We and other investigators recently demonstrated that several mechanisms related to oxidative stress and free-radical reactions could play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD and, specifically, in the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT).