cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensing properties and selectivities of a WO3/YSZ/Pt potentiometric NOx sensor

Abstract Sensing properties of a WO 3 -based potentiometric NO x sensor were investigated in both N 2 and simulated exhaust gas. A positive voltage response was obtained for NO 2 but negative for NO at 650 °C with the n-type semiconducting WO 3 -based sensor. The sensor was able to selectively detect NO in the presence of CO 2 in 3% O 2 and at 650 °C. The NO sensitivity, however, was affected by the variation of NO 2 , CO, and H 2 O concentration. At the same condition, the sensor had high sensitivity to ≈10 ppm NO 2 and selectivity in the presence of CO, CO 2 , and H 2 O, showing it to be applicable to the monitoring of NO 2 . Significantly different sensing properties of NO in simulated exhaust gas suggested the occurrence of gas composition change by the gas-phase and gas–solid reactions, and strong adsorption of water on the electrodes. The NO 2 sensitivity in simulated exhaust gas was modified by O 2 and H 2 O, but not by CO and CO 2 .
Photoluminescence of ion‐implanted GaN

Thirty-five elements were implanted in GaN. Their photoluminescence spectra were measured and compared to those of an unimplanted control sample. Most impurities emit a peak at about 2.15 eV. Mg, Zn, Cd, Ca, As, Hg, and Ag have more characteristic emissions. Zn provides the most efficient recombination center. A set of midgap states is generated during the damage-annealing treatment.
Chromian spinels from Apollo 14 rocks

Results of electron microprobe analysis of 13 pink, isotropic, high-relief grains from Apollo 14 elastic rock 14063,14 and a lithic fragment from the 1 to 2 mm fines, 14002,7, identifying them as spinel minerals dominated by the spinel component MgAl2O4 associated with a moderate content of chromite and hercynite. The spinel is thought to have crystallized from a magma high in aluminum and low in iron, with possible crystal separation, followed by incorporation in clastic rocks by impacts. Many bulk compositions of the elastic fragments fall near the field of primary spinel in the model system An-Fo-SiO2. Experimental syntheses of Apollo 14 rocks are needed to test the suggested primary origin.
Nitric oxide-releasing dendrimers as antibacterial agents.

The antibacterial activity of a series of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers was evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A direct comparison of the bactericidal efficacy between NO-releasing and control PPI dendrimers (i.e., non-NO-releasing) revealed both enhanced biocidal action of NO-releasing dendrimers and reduced toxicity against mammalian fibroblast cells. Antibacterial activity for the NO donor-functionalized PPI dendrimers was shown to be a function of both dendrimer size (molecular weight) and exterior functionality. In addition to minimal toxicity against fibroblasts, NO-releasing PPI dendrimers modified with styrene oxide exhibited the greatest biocidal activity (≥99.999% killing) against all bacterial strains tested. The N-diazeniumdiolate NO donor-functionalized PPI dendrimers presented in this study hold promise as effective NO-based therapeutics for combating bacterial...
Drug Evaluation Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Remifentanil: an opioid metabolised by esterases

Remifentanil is a new opioid metabolised by circulating and tissue esterases. It is therefore extremely short-acting, and it does not depend on redistribution for terminating its effects as do the other ‘short-acting’ opioids. The kinetics of remifentanil have been examined in detail and these studies have revealed that remifentanil dosing does not need to be adjusted for the presence of hepatic or renal dysfunction. Although its pharmacokinetic profile is similar in elderly persons, the required doses are lower in the elderly due to an increase in pharmacodynamic response. The major metabolite of remifentanil is approximately three orders of magnitude less potent an opioid agonist and therefore does not produce clinically significant opioid effects even when remifentanil is given at high infusion rates for long periods of time. Many clinical trials employing remifentanil have now been completed. These demonstrate that remifentanil may be used as the opioid component in intravenous general anaesthesia for...
The quest for magnetic plasmons at optical frequencies

Magnetic effects are at the basis of several relevant microwave applications, e.g., imaging, computer memory modules, magneto-inductive waveguides and metamaterials. Commonly designed at low frequencies, purely natural magnetic molecules are not readily available in the visible, due to intrinsic natural limitations of optical materials. Here, using the anomalous wave interaction of electric-plasmonic nanoparticles, we consider a basic geometry that may constitute a lumped isotropic magneto-plasmonic "molecule" at optical frequencies, with applications for cloaking, imaging and optical communications.
Variation in the concentration of surface terpenoids in storage roots of centennial sweetpotato

Abstract The effect of plant to plant variation and root size, weight, and location on storage root surface terpene chemistry of Centennial sweetpotato was investigated under field conditions. In plants grown in pots, the magnitude of the variation in concentration of boehmerol and boehmeryl acetate between plants in different pots, plants within pots, roots from a single plant, and location on individual roots was evaluated. Significant differences in boehmerol or boehmeryl acetate due to storage root location order along the axis of the underground stem were found for some individual plants, but the trend was not consistent among plants. A similar response was found for the distance down the underground stem at which the storage root was attached. Differences in surface chemistry between roots from a single plant appeared to be controlled by factors other than location along the main axis. Storage root length to diameter ratio accounted for 42% of the variation in boehmerol. The inverse of root density ...
A semiquantitative histopathologic method for the study of the entire heart for clinical and electrocardiographic correlations.

Abstract 1. 1. The prevailing routine and special methods of studying the heart grossly and histopathologically are reviewed. 2. 2. A gross and histopathologic method of studying the heart especially for electrocardiographic correlation is described.
Considerations for Providing Counseling Services in Second Life

Second Life is a multiuser environment that can be found on the Internet. There are hundreds of counselors using Second Life as a service delivery mode. Currently, Second Life remains an unregulated avenue for practice. Counselors considering opening a practice need to investigate the benefits and disadvantages for using this medium. The author will discuss the opportunities, issues, and steps for establishing a counseling practice in Second Life.
Microscopic pKa analysis of Glu286 in cytochrome c oxidase (Rhodobacter sphaeroides): toward a calibrated molecular model.

As stringent tests for the molecular model and computational protocol, microscopic pKa calculations are performed for the key residue, Glu286, in cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) using a combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) potential and a thermodynamic integration protocol. The impact of the number of water molecules in the hydrophobic cavity and protonation state of several key residues (e.g., His334, CuB-bound water, and PRDa3) on the computed microscopic pKa values of Glu286 has been systematically examined. To help evaluate the systematic errors in the QM/MM-based protocol, microscopic pKa calculations have also been carried out for sites in a soluble protein (Asp70 in T4 lysozyme) and a better-characterized membrane protein (Asp85 in bacteriorhodopsin). Overall, the results show a significant degree of internal consistency and reproducibility that support the effectiveness of the computational framework. Although the number of water molecules in the hydrophobic cavity does not greatly ...
OXYGEN IS UP ON THE SOCIAL SCENE

![Figure][1] Imagine sitting in a room where the oxygen is slowly drained out; your first reaction would be to get up and leave as fast as possible. Indeed, an organism's first line of defence when faced with sudden fluctuations in environmental conditions is the hard-wired behavioral
Analogue implementation of analytic signal processing for pulse-echo systems

An alternative to rectification is proposed for detection of an ultrasonic signal. This method is especially useful in medical and non-destructive evaluation (nde) applications. With this method, the magnitude of the complex analytic signal is used to define the envelope of the ultrasonic waveform. The square of this quantity has been shown elsewhere to be equal to the true rate-of-arrival of energy. An earlier study, using digital data processing, has already demonstrated the superior resolvability of closely spaced interfaces obtained with the analytic signal magnitude, as compared to conventional rectification. Here, an analogue implementation is presented which utilizes single-sideband techniques to obtain both quadrature components of the analytic signal and its magnitude. A conventional transducer, pulser, and receiver are used.
Nonisothermal adsorption in fixed beds

Removal of methane from a helium stream by adsorption on Columbia SXC activated carbon was studied experimentally and theoretically. A mathematical model for the process was developed and the governing differential equations were solved numerically. The model incorporates heat and mass transfer resistances within and around the adsorption particle. Wall effects and moderate heat loss to the surroundings are also included. The required heat and mass transfer correlations were obtained from the literature. Simple expressions were developed to determine the relative resistances for heat and mass transfer within and around the adsorption particles.
A GCM Study of Tropical–Subtropical Upper-Ocean Water Exchange

Abstract Experiments with an oceanic general circulation model indicate that the tropical and subtropical oceanic circulations are linked in three ways. Far from coast in the oceanic interior, equatorial surface waters flow poleward to the southern part of the subtropical gyre, and then are subducted and returned in the thermocline to the upper part of the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent. There is, in addition, a surface western boundary current that carries waters from the equatorial region to the northern part of the subtropical gyre. After subduction, that water reaches the equator by means of a subsurface western boundary current and provides a substantial part (2/3 approximately) of the initial transport of the Equatorial Undercurrent. The eastward flow in the Equatorial Undercurrent is part of an intense equatorial cell in which water rises to the surface at the equator, drifts westward and poleward, then sinks near 3° latitude to flow equatorward where it rejoins the undercurrent.
Intracavity absorption spectroscopy with a titanium: Sapphire laser

Abstract Absorption spectra of atmospheric water vapor and oxygen are measured with a titanium: sapphire laser operating in the 760–820 nm region using intracavity laser techniques. These data demonstrate that a laser resonator utilizing a solid state Ti: sapphire medium can be operated multimode for the high sensitivity intracavity detection of extremely weak absorption. These results are analogous to intracavity properties long established for liquid dye lasers.
Group motivational interviewing for adolescents: change talk and alcohol and marijuana outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about what may distinguish effective and ineffective group interventions. Group motivational interviewing (MI) is a promising intervention for adolescent alcohol and other drug use; however, the mechanisms of change for group MI are unknown. One potential mechanism is change talk, which is client speech arguing for change. The present study describes the group process in adolescent group MI and effects of group-level change talk on individual alcohol and marijuana outcomes. METHOD: We analyzed 129 group session audio recordings from a randomized clinical trial of adolescent group MI. Sequential coding was performed with the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code (MISC) and the CASAA Application for Coding Treatment Interactions software application. Outcomes included past-month intentions, frequency, and consequences of alcohol and marijuana use; motivation to change; and positive expectancies. RESULTS: Sequential analysis indicated that facilitator open-ended questions and reflections of change talk increased group change talk. Group change talk was then followed by more change talk. Multilevel models accounting for rolling group enrollment revealed group change talk was associated with decreased alcohol intentions, alcohol use, and heavy drinking 3 months later; group sustain talk was associated with decreased motivation to change, increased intentions to use marijuana, and increased positive alcohol and marijuana expectancies. CONCLUSIONS: Facilitator speech and peer responses each had effects on change and sustain talk in the group setting, which were then associated with individual changes. Selective reflection of change talk in adolescent group MI is suggested as a strategy to manage group dynamics and increase behavioral change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Examining the Nomological Network of Opportunism: A Meta-Analysis

Opportunism has prompted several orientations to the study of inter-firm interaction. Some research maintains that opportunism is an exogenous construct, whereas other research implicates opportunism as a mediator of the relationships between organizational properties and organizational effectiveness. Yet another stream of research argues that the assumption of opportunism precludes researchers from investigating collaborative governance. To examine the merits of each perspective, this study employs meta-analytic techniques and structural equation modeling to assess the nomological network of opportunism research. The analysis of 684 effect sizes extracted from 262 publications supports two of the three orientations. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
Properties of partially purified photosynthetic reaction centers from scenedesmus mutant 6E and Anabaena variabilis grown in the presence of diphenylamine

Abstract When membrane fragments of Anabaena variabilis grown in the presence of diphenylamine (designated diphenylamine-Anabaena) are treated with Triton X-100 and subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation, a bluish-green membrane fragment enirched in P700 is obtained. This high-P700 fragment, denoted HP700, contains three P700 molecules per 100 chlorophyll a molecules and reduces NADP at a rate that is approximately nine times higher than that of HP700 fragments prepared from normally cultured Anabaena by the use of Triton X-100 following extraction with organic solvents. An HP700 fragment has also been isolated from a carotenoidless Scenedesmus mutant 6E, by the use of Triton X-100 and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Both HP700 fragments show the characteristic rapid absorbance changes of P700 upon illumination. The fluorescence properties of the HP700 fragments at −196° are different from those of the original membrane fragments. At −196° the long wavelength fluorescence peak is located at a shorter wavelength (724 mμ) in the diphenylamine-Anabaena HP700 fragment and is lower in intensity than that observed with the membrane fragment. Long wavelength fluorescence at −196° is low in the flurorescence spectra of the membrane fragments of Scenedesmus mutant 6E and is barely observable in the HP700 fragment. The fluorescence spectra of the HP700 fragments of both diphenylamine-Anabaena and Scenedesmus mutant 6E at −196° show a shoulder or peak at 700 nm. The data on fluorescence properties of the HP700 fragments suggest that 730 nm fluorescence does not originate from P700.
On the Scattering Theory of the Dirac Equation

It is shown that for sufficiently strong potentials, the Born approximation is not valid even at very high energies. A variational principle is derived for the phase shifts and applied to a simple case. Two exact expressions for the phase shifts are also found.
Antagonistic Behavior Between Evening Bats and Carpenter Ants

Abstract We report on mist-net captures of three individual Nycticeius humeralis (Evening Bat) with anterior portions of Camponotus floridanus (Florida Carpenter Ant) attached by the mandibles. Based on head morphology, the ants were most likely alate queens captured as prey during the ants' nocturnal mating flights. No similar interaction between evening bats and ants has previously been documented.
Mimicking maternal smoking and pharmacotherapy of preterm labor: Interactions of fetal nicotine and dexamethasone on serotonin and dopamine synaptic function in adolescence and adulthood

Abstract Fetal coexposure to nicotine and dexamethasone is common: maternal smoking increases the incidence of preterm delivery and glucocorticoids are the consensus treatment for prematurity. We gave pregnant rats 3 mg/kg/day of nicotine throughout gestation, a regimen that reproduces smokers’ plasma levels, and then on gestational days 17, 18 and 19, we administered 0.2 mg/kg of dexamethasone. We evaluated developmental indices for serotonin (5HT) and dopamine synaptic function throughout adolescence, young adulthood and later adulthood, assessing the brain regions possessing major 5HT and dopamine projections and cell bodies. Males displayed persistent upregulation of 5HT1A and 5HT2 receptors and the 5HT transporter, with a distinct hierarchy of effects: nicotine
USING WOOD EXTRACTS TO DETERMINE THE FEEDING PREFERENCES OF THE WESTERN DRYWOOD TERMITE, Incisitermes minor (HAGEN)

Nymphs of the western drywood termite,Incisitermes minor (Hagen), were tested for their feeding preferences on wood and extracts of 11 tree species. The amount of wood consumed was inversely proportional to its specific gravity, but methanol extracts of least preferred woods were also least preferred when termites were confined to paper treated with extracts. In choice tests, only paper treated with extract of wood from which the colony developed and untreated and methanol-treated controls were significantly fed upon. Ponderosa pine extract applied to Douglas fir and sugar pine significantly decreased the amount of wood consumed. Resistance to termite feeding appeared to depend on the presence of repellent chemicals in the wood.
Metabolism of lipoproteins in nonhuman primates Reduced secretion of very low density lipoproteins in squirrel monkeys with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia

Abstract We have studied the effects of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia on the rates of secretion of triglycerides into the plasma of fasted squirrel monkeys. Two groups of monkeys were studied: control animals which were fed a semipurified diet not associated with hyperlipemia (plasma cholesterol 127 ± 8 mg/100 ml), and animals made hypercholesterolemic (plasma cholesterol 307 ± 31 mg/100 ml) by being fed a diet containing 25 % butter and 0.5 % cholesterol. After intravenous infusion of Triton WR 1339 (300 mg/kg body wt), plasma triglycerides increased almost linearly for 9–12 hours. Analysis of individual lipoproteins separated by ultracentrifugation showed that newly secreted triglycerides were present almost exclusively in the very low density lipoprotein fraction. The rates of triglyceride secretion in the hypercholesterolemic group of monkeys (5.15 ± 0.86 mg/kg/hr) were less than half those of the control animals (10.96 ± 2.15 mg/kg/hr). We suggest that in monkeys with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia high concentrations of plasma low density lipoproteins may inhibit the synthesis and/or secretion of their parent very low density lipoprotein molecules into the circulation.
Theory of Turbulence

It is pointed out if there are aspects of the turbulence phenomenon which are truly universal, then they should be capable of being characterized in terms of the two parameters $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}$ which denote the constant rate of dissipation of energy per unit mass and the kinemetic viscosity respectively and these two parameters only without reference either to the mean square velocity ${〈{{u}_{1}}^{2}〉}_{\mathrm{Av}}$ or to the size of the largest energy containing eddies. This is a slight modification of Kolmogoroff's similarity principles as currently formulated. It appears that $\ensuremath{\chi}=\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\psi}(r, t)}{\ensuremath{\partial}r}, \mathrm{where} \ensuremath{\psi}(r, t)=\frac{1}{2}{〈{({{u}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}{{u}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}})}^{2}〉}_{\mathrm{Av}},$ and ${{u}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${{u}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ are the velocities in the $x$-direction (say) at two points on the $x$-axis separated by a distance $r$ and at times an interval $t$ apart, can be so specified. The similarity principles require that if this is the case, $\ensuremath{\chi}$ should be of the form $\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\equiv}{(\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{3}}{\ensuremath{\nu}})}^{\frac{1}{4}}X(r{(\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{3}})}^{\frac{1}{4}}, t{(\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{\ensuremath{\nu}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}),$ where $X$ is a universal function of the arguments specified. In the limit of zero viscosity, $\ensuremath{\chi}$ must have the more special form $\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{r}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}\ensuremath{\sigma}(\frac{t}{{r}^{\frac{2}{3}}}) (\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0).$ The boundary conditions on $\ensuremath{\sigma}(x)$ are that $\ensuremath{\sigma}={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}(g0)$ and $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dx}}=0$ at $x=0$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ as $x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$.It is shown that with a slight modification of the premises of the theory described in an earlier paper, an equation for $\ensuremath{\chi}$ can be derived which is compatible with the requirements of the similarity principles as formulated. In particular the ordinary differential equation for $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ to which the theory leads can be solved. The solution for $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ which is found satisfies all the boundary conditions of the problem and is unique, apart from adjustable scale factors. The predicted evolutions of $\ensuremath{\chi}$ and the vorticity correlations are illustrated.
A Study of Librarians' Perceptions and Use of the Summon Discovery Tool

Next-generation discovery tools such as Serials Solutions Summon seek to provide a more robust and unified search experience for library patrons. Previous disappointment with federated search has tarnished librarians' perceptions of new improved tools such as Summon. This study surveys East Carolina University librarians, assessing their use of the Summon discovery tool and their perceptions of its functionality and content. The results of the study indicate that librarians are using Summon and identify its worth, but that focused training initiatives would bolster knowledge of the tool and increase confidence when using it in the reference and instruction environment.
Arabidopsis ABI5 Subfamily Members Have Distinct DNA-Binding and Transcriptional Activities

A small family of novel basic leucine zipper proteins that includes abscisic acid (ABA)-INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) binds to the promoter region of the lea class gene Dc3. The factors, referred to as AtDPBFs (Arabidopsis Dc3 promoter-binding factors), were isolated from an immature seed cDNA library. AtDPBFs bind to the embryo specification and ABA-responsive elements in the Dc3 promoter and are unique in that they can interact with cis-elements that do not contain the ACGT core sequence required for the binding of most other plant basic leucine zipper proteins. Analysis of full-length cDNAs showed that at least five different Dc3 promoter-binding factors are present in Arabidopsis seeds; one of these, AtDPBF-1, is identical to ABI5. As expected, AtDPBF-1/ABI5 mRNA is inducible by exogenous ABA in seedlings. Despite the near identity in their basic domains, AtDPBFs are distinct in their DNA-binding, dimerization, and transcriptional activity.
Heterogeneous chemistry of bromine species in sulfuric acid under stratospheric conditions

The first-order loss rate coefficients for BrONO2 on 45, 60, and 70 wt% sulfuric acid solutions were measured in a wetted-wall flow tube reactor. The BrONO2 reactive uptake coefficients were >0.2 and HOBr was the product. When HCl was added to the acid, production of HOBr was still observed but the main product was BrCl. Based on these observations it is concluded that the conversion of BrONO2 to active forms such as HOBr and BrCl on sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere is very rapid. The efficiency of the hydrolysis of BrONO2 suggests that, even for non-volcanic conditions, much of the BrONO2 in the stratosphere can be converted to HOBr at night.
Economic adjustment and political forces: Poland since 1970

Postwar Poland has experienced relatively great economic instability and recurring political upheavals, at least by East European standards. Recent dramatic developments include a severe economic crisis following an extended period of spectacular growth. The collapse of the once popular leadership of Edward Gierek, the creation of the first independent trade unions under a communist regime, and the replacement of party with military rule bear witness to the severity of Poland's political disruptions. Have economic or political factors caused the economic crisis? Which are the critical factors? Escalating internal political tensions and enormous external political pressures have caused Poland's current economic collapse, preventing the successful implementation of adjustment policies. The underlying sources of these political forces–namely, worker disillusionment with communist practices and confrontational relations between the superpowers–have not eased to date; the current malaise is likely to continue for some time.
Memory in hysteretic capillary condensation of4He in Nuclepore

Abstract We report measurements of the capillary condensation of4He in the porous material Nuclepore as a function of the chemical potential of the4He. Within the global hysteresis loop, subloops are observed if the chemical potential is caused to follow cyclic behavior. The subloops demonstrate the property of return point memory and congruence.
Homophily, networks, and critical mass: Solving the start-up problem in large group collective action

Formal theories of collective action face the problem that in large groups a single actor makes such a small impact on the collective good that cooperation is irrational. Critical mass theorists ar...
Commentary on Gregory Tassey’s “Rationales and mechanisms for revitalizing US manufacturing R&D strategies”

Gregory Tassey has written a brilliant, although not flawless, analysis of the technological challenges to American manufacturing and of actions that should be taken by both business and government to ensure that American manufacturing’s future is bright. Tassey has long been an astute observer and analyst of American science, technology, and innovation policies. His paper is both a synthesis of many of his earlier contributions and a significant extension into new realms of understanding. Tassey’s fundamental thesis is that the decline in American manufacturing’s contributions to GDP and private employment, as well as its decline in shares of world trade, can be attributed in substantial measure to two factors. The first is that there is a national consensus around models of how technology is developed and used that fails to account for both vertical disintegration along supply chains and the speed of change. Second, because of American aversion to the involvement of government in the private sector, there is an overly rigid understanding of the synergistic roles of private and public investment in generating cycles of major changes in new technologies. Tassey marshals a wide array of evidence to support his thesis, and he offers recommendations for action to address the problems he has identified. He disparages observers, whom he leaves largely unnamed, who he says argue that the future of the American economy lies in a strong service sector or in the invention and design of complex sociotechnical systems that are based on integration of manufactured goods from abroad. I have considerable sympathy for Tassey’s point of view. That American manufacturing is in trouble has long been recognized and proposals for action have been widely discussed. During the 1980s, when American manufacturing was deeply challenged by Japan, astute American observers pointed out that the success of leading Japanese firms
Attributes of Highly Contemptuous People

The present study examines the relationship between levels of trait contempt expression and several individual- and social-level characteristics. Participants (N = 216) completed questionnaires that measured mental, psychological, relational, and emotional attributes. The results suggest a paradox for highly contemptuously expressive people. On the one hand, trait contempt expression is uniquely predictive of relational and emotional costs such as social isolation, less preoccupation with relationships, and a view of relationships as secondary; on the other hand, trait contempt expression leads to lower levels of self-reported stress. The findings support a cognitive functional framework for research examining behavioral outcomes to emotion expression.
Statistical Literacy Among Applied Linguists and Second Language Acquisition Researchers

The importance of statistical knowledge in applied linguistics and second language acquisition (SLA) research has been emphasized in recent publications. However, the last investigation of the statistical literacy of applied linguists occurred more than 25 years ago (Lazaraton, Riggenbach, & Ediger, 1987). The current study undertook a partial replication of this older work by investigating (a) applied linguists’ general experiences with statistics, (b) underlying factors that constitute applied linguists’ knowledge about and attitudes toward statistics, and (c) variables that predict attitudes toward statistics and statistical self-efficacy. Three hundred thirty-one scholars of applied linguistics and SLA completed a questionnaire. Eighty percent had taken a statistics class; however, only 14% of doctoral students and 30% of professors felt that their statistical training was adequate. A factor analysis of participants’ knowledge of statistical terms revealed three factors: common inferential statistics knowledge, advanced statistics knowledge, and basic descriptive statistics knowledge. An analysis of participants’ attitudes toward statistics revealed two factors: statistics are important and lack of statistical confidence. Regression analyses found that a quantitative research orientation was the strongest predictor of positive attitudes toward statistics; nevertheless, participants also expressed support for qualitative research. Recommendations for improving quantitative methods in our field are made based on our findings. doi: 10.1002/tesq.128
Robust intelligent control of structures using piezoceramic materials

The use of smart materials (piezoceramic elements) in structure vibration damping has risen in popularity. The ability to use these materials as both sensors, capturing a voltage upon straining of the material, and actuators, acquiring a displacement due to an electric voltage, has increased. The work presented in this paper develops the use of robust intelligent control as applied to smart materials. A steel cantilever beam was constructed as the experimental (physical) plant. Piezoceramic material, lead zirconate titanate, was surface mounted as both sensors and actuators. The controller was formed using algorithms produced from adaptive fuzzy controls. Fuzzy model reference learning control (FMRLC) is a learning system with the capability to improve its performance over a period of time when various plant uncertainties are introduced. The expected goal of this paper is to dampen the fundamental vibration mode of the beam utilizing the intelligent control algorithm developed. Other controllers, such as positive position feedback (PPF) and direct fuzzy (DF), were developed and compared to the adaptive fuzzy controller. The robustness of the system was also examined when the cantilever beam system properties changed. Extra masses were added to account for the variations of the system parameters. The FMRLC controller showed a dramatic improvement over the PPF and DF. It is the adaptive nature of the FMRLC that makes the system robust to parameter changes.
Lactation Response of Dairy Cows Receiving Bovine Somatotropin via Daily Injections or in a Sustained-Release Vehicle

Three experiments were conducted to characterize metabolic and milk production responses of dairy cows receiving recombinantly derived bovine somatotropin administered either by daily injection or in a sustained-release vehicle. In Experiment 1, somatotropin (25 mg/d) purified by two methods was given by daily injection for 14 d and resulted in 3.5 and 3.8 kg/d more milk than controls. Percentages of fat and total solids in milk were also increased by somatotropin. Eleven hematology indices and 12 metabolites, minerals, and enzyme activities in serum were unaffected by somatotropin. In Experiments 2 and 3, somatotropin was administered in a sustained-release vehicle during an 84-d treatment period. In Experiment 2, administration of 960 mg of somatotropin at 28-d intervals increased milk and SCM yields by 4.1 and 3.3 kg/d compared with yields of controls. There were no significant differences in other production parameters. In Experiment 3, 320, 640, and 960 mg somatotropin were each administered in the sustained-release vehicle at intervals of 14, 21, and 28 d. An uninjected group served as control. Cows receiving somatotropin averaged 3.5 to 5.9 kg/d more milk than controls across all injection intervals. Among doses, milk yield was greater at 960 mg than at 320 or 640 mg. There were no significant differences in milk or SCM among injection groups. These experiments demonstrate the comparable efficacy of somatotropin when given by daily injections or in a sustained-release vehicle.
Cumulative labeling of embryonic mouse neural retina with bromodeoxyuridine supplied by an osmotic minipump.

Abstract I describe a method for providing cumulative label of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to mouse embryos. Commercially available osmotic pumps, which release their contents at a steady rate, were implanted subcutaneously in the interscapular space of pregnant mice on embryonic day (E) 9.5–12.5. Survival times varied from 4 h to 37 days. Tissues (embryonic and neonatal eyes and maternal intestine) were immunochemically labeled for BrdU and examined histologically. The first detectably labeled cells appeared 4–7 h post-implantation (hpi) and all cycling cells were labeled for at least 7 days post-implantation (dpi). Retinal development appeared normal. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) stained retinas that had been exposed to BrdU showed no more apoptotic cells than those unexposed. I conclude that the maternally implanted osmotic pump successfully provides cumulative BrdU labeling in the mouse embryo.
A machine vision system for inspection of keyboards

Abstract A machine vision system for automatic inspection of keyboards is described. The system verifies that each location on a keyboard contains the correct, properly oriented key and that the graphics are not badly distorted. The graphics are inspected on the top and front surface of keys that vary widely in color, contour, surface texture and graphic content. Economical solutions are presented to a number of problems related to the design of the system's mechanics, optics, illumination, data reduction, pattern location and graphics discrimination. Operating procedures for training and running the system are also presented along with preliminary results.
The Determinants of Temporary Rural-to-Urban Migration in China:

This paper evaluates the impact of various explanatory factors on temporary rural-to-urban migration in China using a series of probit models of the migration decision. The empirical basis of this work is a sample of 11 924 individuals, age 16-35 years, drawn from the 1995 data of the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP). We find that the profiles for migration-age and migration-education are both quadratic, with the least-educated and most-educated members of rural society being less likely to migrate. In addition, the marginal effect of education tends to be higher for men than for women. An increase in farming income reduces the probability of migration, while the amount of land controlled by a household does not have a significant effect on migration in most provinces.
Quantitative dose-response of growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to chronic gamma-radiation.

SummaryThe response of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Cruciferae) to a gradient of chronic gamma-radiation was examined under field conditions. Plants that were initially introduced to the gamma field as dry seeds received exposures of 1·34 to 18 800 R/20 hour day from the time of seed germination. Regression analysis demonstrated a significant, but non-linear, response for three variables, number of seedlings emerging, number of plants flowering, and plant volume; the response of a fourth variable, number of leaves per plant, was not related to daily exposure. LD50 values ranged from 66 R/20 hour day for plant volume to 1231 R/20 hour day for seedling emergence. Flowering and plant volume were the most sensitive indicators of radiation exposure. The demonstration of a variable threshold at low levels of exposure indicates that in nature A. thaliana may be exposed to environmental radiation throughout its life-cycle without significant modification of growth or development.
Optimization Strategies and Modeling of Separations of Dansyl-Amino Acids by Cyclodextrin-Modified Capillary Electrophoresis

Presented in this study is an approach to optimize conditions for capillary electrophoresis separations of multianalyte enantiomeric pairs (D- and L-dansyl (Dns)-amino acids) that involves the rational use of combinations of cyclodextrins (CDs) as enantioselective running buffer additives. Migration data is experimentally obtained for a range of concentrations for native CDs used individually and employed to determine inclusion constants for the Dns-amino acids of interest. An expression for the mobility of the amino acids when multiple (two in this work) CDs are present in the running buffer is used to simulate separations for more complex CD systems. A chromatographic response function involving predicted resolution is generated to gauge the quality of these separations. Simplex methods are then employed for the first time to optimize conditions for the separation of amino acid enantiomers. The validity of this approach is demonstrated for separations of five Dns-amino acid enantiomers using γ- and β-CDs at various concentrations. Extending the dualCD approach to other CDs and increasing the number of CDs beyond two should be possible. To this end, preliminary experiments are performed by using several available single-isomer, derivatized CDs (individually) to determine if they have potential for further studies. Although results with these particular derivatized CDs are not encouraging, we did find that molecular mechanics modeling is useful in interpreting those cases in which low inclusion constants possibly contributed to the ineffectiveness of the CDs.
Assimilation of rain-affected radiances with an adjoint model

The ability to assimilate microwave radiance observations of the Earth's atmosphere affected by precipitation is investigated with an emphasis on channels that are sensitive to frozen hydrometeors. Mesoscale numerical weather prediction and radiative transfer models, as well as their corresponding adjoint models are utilized in sensitivity and data assimilation experiments. Special Sensor Microwave / Imager observations of Hurricane Bonnie (1998) are compared with model results that are transferred to radiance space with the radiative transfer model. Sensitivity results indicate that the model error in radiance space in areas of precipitation at the initial time is most dependent on the initial hydrometeor fields. At later forecast times, the model error is more sensitive to initial conventional model variables such as water vapor and temperature. When radiance data is assimilated, the model fields have better agreement with the observations compared to a control experiment for all observed channels at the initial time. However, at the next observation time 12 h later, the quantitative error measurements for the control and post- assimilation forecasts are approximately the same value. Although this study demonstrates the ability to assimilate observations sensitive to atmospheric ice (as well as liquid) concentrations in a variational framework, important aspects such a background error correlation and bias have been ignored for simplification. More observations in a more complex data assimilation system will be needed in order to fully maximize the forecast impact of these observations.
Predation risk, elk, and aspen: tests of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

Aspen in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem are hypothesized to be recovering from decades of heavy browsing by elk due to a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade (BMTC). Several authors have suggested that wolves interact with certain terrain features, creating places of high predation risk at fine spatial scales, and that elk avoid these places, which creates refugia for plants. This hypothesized BMTC could release aspen from elk browsing pressure, leading to a patchy recovery in places of high risk. I tested whether four specific, hypothesized fine-scale risk factors are correlated with changes in current elk browsing pressure on aspen, or with aspen recruitment since wolf reintroduction, in the Daly Creek drainage in Yellowstone National Park, and near two aspen enclosures outside of the park boundary. Aspen were not responding to hypothesized fine-scale risk factors in ways consistent with the current BMTC hypothesis.
Analyzing the Effects of Multicore Architectures and On-Host Communication Characteristics on Collective Communications

Shared memory optimizations for blocking collective communications implemented for multi-core, and distributed systems have previously shown to improve the performance of these operations. Such previous studies have tended to neglect the architecture of multi-core node and shared-memory communication characteristics. In this paper, we examine in detail the impact of on-node memory and cache hierarchy, and the optimization opportunities these provide, on the performance of the barrier and broadcast collective operations. The primary contribution of this paper is the demonstration of how exploiting the local memory-hierarchy impacts the performance of these operations in the distributed system context. Our results show that factors such as the location of communicating process in the node, number of communication processes, amount of shared-memory communication, and the amount of inter-socket (Central Processing Unit (CPU) socket) communication affect latency-sensitive and bandwidth-sensitive collective operations. The effect of these parameters varies on the type of operations, and are coupled to the architecture of the shared-memory node and the scale of collective operation. We have seen that for 3,072 processes on Jaguar, and considering the socket layout in collective communication algorithm improves the large-data MPI Bcast () performance by 50% and MPI Barrier by 40% when compared to neglecting this architectural feature. For 512 processes job on Smoky, the corresponding improvement is 38%, and an order of magnitude, respectively. Small data broadcast performance is not noticeably impacted on Jaguar, when considering the shared-memory hierarchy, and on Smoky the corresponding performance improvement is 3%.
Survival and Differentiation of Transplanted Neural Stem Cells Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in A Rat Stroke Model

Background Although administration of various stem cells has shown promise in stroke models, neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have advantages over other cell types. We studied whether these cells could survive, differentiate, and improve stroke recovery in an ischemic stroke model. Methods Human iPSCs were induced in vitro to an early NSC stage. One week after focal cerebral ischemia, 20 rats received cells or vehicle by intracerebral injection. Graft cell fate, infarct volume, and behavioral deficits were assessed. Results Graft cells were found in 8 of the transplanted rats (80%), with estimated mean graft cell numbers nearly double the amount transplanted 1 month later. Graft cells also expressed markers of NSCs in 5 rats (63%), neurons in all 8 rats (100%), rare astrocytes in 4 rats (50%), and signs of proliferation in 4 rats (50%), but no tumor formation was observed. Stroke volume and behavioral recovery were similar between the groups. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of transplantation of NSCs derived from human iPSCs in a stroke model. Human iPSC-derived NSCs survived in the postischemic rat brain and appeared to differentiate, primarily into neurons. This cell transplantation approach for stroke appears to be feasible, but further optimization is needed.
Effect of cross-field drifts on flows in the main scrape-off-layer of DIII-D L-mode plasmas

The flow velocities of deuterons and low charge-state carbon ions have been measured simultaneously in the main scrape-off-layer (SOL) in low-density plasmas in DIII-D, and the dependences of these flow fields on the direction of the cross-field drifts (E ? B and B ? ?B) have been investigated. These measurements were taken poloidally localized in the SOL region vertically opposite the divertor X-point. The carbon ion flows do not necessarily match those of the deuterons either in the direction with respect to the magnetic field lines or in magnitude, suggesting that physics effects apart from entrainment play a significant role in the impurity response. In configurations with the ion B ? ?B drift towards the divertor X-point, the parallel-B deuteron velocities at the plasma crown are high (?20 to ?30?km?s?1 in the direction of the high field side (HFS) divertor), while they are nearly zero in configurations with the opposite B ? ?B drift direction. The flow direction of singly and doubly charged carbon ions is independent of the ion B ? ?B drift direction, and the ions flow at approximately ?5 to ?10?km?s?1 towards the HFS divertor. Simulations with the UEDGE code have been carried out to better understand the underlying physics processes. Inclusion of cross-field drifts in the simulations produced divertor solutions for density and temperature that agree significantly better with measured divertor parameters. These simulations do not, however, reproduce the measured flow fields at the crown for the configuration with the ion B ? ?B drift towards the divertor X-point. The UEDGE code has also been used to understand the influence of pumping at the HFS divertor plate, and a poloidal dependence in the radial transport coefficient.