cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graduate education in primary care: an economic analysis.

Abstract To determine the financial requirements of an established primary-care educational program for house officers, we studied two prepaid and two fee-for-service Harvard Primary Care Program affiliated practices. Program-wide, each resident saw an average of 112 patients per month, with patient service costs of $2,580. With teaching and administrative expenses included, total monthly costs averaged $3,120 and $3,270 per trainee for prepaid and fee-for-service practices respectively. In fee-for-service practices, resident billings for patient services averaged $2,790, yielding revenues of $2,510 per month, which offset 77 per cent of total program costs. At current reimbursement rates, covering full program costs in the fee-for-service practices would require an increase of more than 40 per cent in resident-provided patient-care volume. By reducing time available for broad ambulatory experiences, such an increase would necessitate substantial program restructuring and limit opportunities for innovatio...
The Influence of Intergenerational Family Dynamics on Suicidal Behavior: Conceptualization, Assessment, and Intervention

Suicidal behavior is often conceptualized as an intrapsychically- determined phenomenon. This article illustrates the value of conceptualizing suicidal behavior from a psychodynamic theoretical perspective that includes a comprehensive understanding and formulation of intergenerational family dynamics, in addition to the individual's intrapsychic determinants, and emphasizes that family therapy, informed by psychoanalytic principles, is an important treatment modality for suicidal patients and their families. A conceptual framework that delineates the psychodynamics of familial transmission of suicidality is presented along with an assessment and intervention protocol.
Chemical Genetics Identifies c-Src as an Activator of Primitive Ectoderm Formation in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

Multiple Src family kinases (SFKs) are present in murine embryonic stem (mES) cells. Whereas complete inhibition of SFK activity blocks mES cell differentiation, sole inhibition of the SFK member c-Yes induces differentiation. Thus, individual SFKs may have opposing roles in the regulation of mES cell fate. To test this possibility, we generated SFK mutants with engineered resistance to a nonselective SFK inhibitor. The presence of an inhibitor-resistant c-Src mutant, but not analogous mutants of Hck, Lck, c-Yes, or Fyn, reversed the differentiation block associated with inhibitor treatment, resulting in the formation of cells with properties of primitive ectoderm. These results show that distinct SFK signaling pathways regulate mES cell fate and demonstrate that the formation of primitive ectoderm is regulated by the activity of c-Src.
Detection of SNP-SNP interactions in trios of parents with schizophrenic children.

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a heritable and complex psychiatric disorder with an estimated worldwide prevalence of about 1%. Research on the risk factors for SZ has thus far yielded few clues to causes, but has pointed to a heterogeneous etiology that likely involves multiple genes and gene-environment interactions. In this manuscript, we apply a novel method (trio logic regression, Li et al., 2009) to case-parent trio data from a SZ candidate gene study conducted on families of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, and demonstrate the method's ability to detect multi-gene models for SZ risk in the family-based design. In particular, we demonstrate how this method revealed a genotype-phenotype association that includes an allele without marginal effect. Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 396–406, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Forensic aspects of mass disasters: Strategic considerations for DNA-based human identification

Many mass disasters result in loss of lives. Law enforcement and/or public safety and health officials often have the responsibility for identifying the human remains found at the scene, so they can be returned to their families. The recovered human remains range from being relatively intact to highly degraded. DNA-based identity testing is a powerful tool for victim identification in that the data are not restricted to any particular one to one body landmark comparison and DNA profile comparisons can be used to associate separated remains or body parts. Even though DNA typing is straightforward, a disaster is a chaotic environment that can complicate effective identification of the remains. With some planning, or at least identification of the salient features to consider, stress can be reduced for those involved in the identification process. General guidelines are provided for developing an action plan for identification of human remains from a mass disaster by DNA analysis. These include: (1) sample collection, preservation, shipping and storage; (2) tracking and chain of custody issues; (3) laboratory facilities; (4) quality assurance and quality control practices; (5) parsing out work; (6) extraction and typing; (7) interpretation of results; (8) automation; (9) software for tracking and managing data; (10) the use of an advisory panel; (11) education and communication; and (12) privacy issues. In addition, key technologies that may facilitate the identification process are discussed, such as resin based DNA extraction, real-time PCR for quantitation of DNA, use of mini-STRs, SNP detection procedures, and software. Many of the features necessary for DNA typing of human remains from a mass disaster are the same as those for missing persons' cases. Therefore, developing a missing persons DNA identification program would also provide the basis for a mass disaster human remains DNA identification program.
414 LIGHT MICROSCOPIC ABNORMALITIES OF PROXIMAL SMALL IN TESTINAL BIOPSIES OF PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)

In pancreatic insufficiency, a reduction of HCO3 secretion results in increased proximal small intestinal acidity. Injury to the mucosa by increased acidity may contribute to malabsorption. Multiple small intestinal biopsies (bx) from the region of the duodeno-jejunal junction were examined in patients with CF and controls (C) to determine if there was significant mucosal injury. The bx were read in a double blind fashion by 2 independent observers. 40 small intestinal bx from 10 patients with CF and 12 bx from 3 normal C were evaluated. Bx were evaluated for villus-crypt ratio, mitotic index, cell content of lamina propria and other morphologic abnormalities. Bx were categorized as normal, mildly, moderately or severely abnormal on the basis of specific morphologic criteria. The CF patients (mean age 15.2 years) had steatorrhea in spite of taking high doses of pancreatic enzymes. Mean fasting duodenal pH in 7 was 4.96. The bx from 8 CF patients were distinguished from the C by both observers. Bx from 2 were categorized as moderately, 2 as mildly-moderately and 4 as mildly abnormal. The bx from 2 CF patients could not be distinguished from the C by both observers. There was complete concordance between the observers. Proximal small intestinal bx of 8 of 10 CF patients demonstrated significant mucosal injury. This may have resulted from increased proximal small intestinal acidity due to pancreatic insufficiency or increased acid production and may contribute to malabsorption.
Simulation of Perfluoropolyether Lubricant Films

Thin-film lubricants play a key role in high-density data storage capabilities via increased reliability and performance of hard disk drive systems. The commercially-used perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricants are random copolymers with a linear, polymeric backbone chain structure: X–[(OCF2 CF2 )p –(OCF2 )q ]–O–X (p/q ≅ 2/3). Here, X (representing the endgroups) is CF3 in PFPE Z (non-reactive) and CF2 CH2 OH in PFPE Zdol (reactive), where the hydroxyl groups in PFPE Zdol exhibits strong polar interactions with solid surfaces and with other endgroups. Figure 1 illustrates the representative bead-spring models [1,2] for PFPE Zdol examined in this paper.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Estrogen receptor α mediated induction of the transforming growth factor α gene by estradiol and 4-hydroxytamoxifen in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells

The selective estrogen receptor modulator, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) is a full agonist at the transforming growth factor (TGF) alpha gene in ER negative breast cancer cells stably transfected with ER alpha cDNA (Levenson et al., Br. J. Cancer 77 (1998) 1812-1819). E(2) and 4-OHT increase TGF alpha mRNA and protein in a concentration dependent manner. The responses to E(2) and 4-OHT are blocked by the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780, which does not induce TGF alpha. Transfected MDA-MB-231 cells contain functional ER alpha but no ER beta function was detected. Neo transfected cells that did not express ER alpha or cells stably transfected with the DNA binding domain mutant C202R/E203V which prevents gene activation did not induce TGF alpha mRNA after either E(2) or 4-OHT treatment. An examination of the time course for either 10 nM E(2) or 1 microM 4-OHT for MDA-MB-231 cells stably transfected with cDNA for ER alpha showed increases in TGF alpha mRNA within 2 or 3 h respectively. Cells pretreated with cycloheximide (1 microg/ml) showed induced TGF alpha mRNA in response to E(2) or 4-OHT but TGF alpha mRNA induction was blocked by actinomycin D (1 microg/ml). We conclude that both E(2) and 4-OHT induce TGF alpha by direct interaction of ER alpha with DNA and that ER beta is not involved in the estrogen-like response to 4-OHT in the MDA-MB-231 cells.
Respiratory syncytial virus infections in pediatric renal transplant recipients

Immunocompromised patients are considered at increased risk from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. We examined the incidence and outcome of RSV infection in pediatric renal transplant (Tx) recipients on chronic immunosuppressive therapy. Of 173 recipients transplanted between November 1985 and April 1993, 5 (3%) developed RSV infection (age range 11-39 months). Initial immunosuppression included prednisone, azathioprine, cyclosporine, and polyclonal antibody therapy. Time from Tx to onset of RSV infection was 1 day to 7 months. Symptoms included rhinorrhea, cough, tachypnea, retractions, fever, wheezing, and abnormal chest X-ray. Treatment included bronchodilator therapy, bronchial drainage, ribavirin, and mist tent. Azathioprine was transiently withheld for leukopenia during treatment in 2 recipients. Three recipients developed biopsy-proven acute rejection during (n = 2) or immediately following (n = 1) RSV infection; all responded to corticosteroid treatment. RSV infection is not commonly diagnosed in pediatric renal Tx recipients. The course of RSV infection in our patients did not differ from that reported in normal children. The possible association between RSV and acute rejection warrants further observation. When diagnosed early, RSV infection does not appear to be associated with increased mortality in pediatric renal Tx recipients. Larger numbers of recipients need to be studied to confirm these results.
Nonlinear combination rules and the perception of visual motion transparency.

Abstract Experiments were performed to elucidate the decomposition performed by the human visual system in the segregation of complex motion stimuli into distinct moving surfaces. Subjects were presented with achromatic patterns consisting of four types of elements, generated from two random binary luminance patterns (random-dot checkerboards). The luminance of each of the four region classes was under program control. Animated sequences of such images were produced by displacing each of the two generating patterns in opposite directions on a frame by frame basis. These displays evoke a wide variety of percepts, depending on the programmed luminance values, including motion in a single direction, simultaneous motions of transparent sheets in opposite directions, dynamic noise with no directional component, or any combination of the above percepts. A theory is presented which relates the strengths of these percepts to the amplitudes of the components in the perceptual decomposition. The experiments described measured thresholds for seeing noise or “twinkling” in addition to the multiple motions, with the goal of determining the particular signal transformations preceding motion analysis. The results are consistent with a motion extraction mechanism which operates on a linear representation of the input imagery. These results extend a similar finding due to Anstis and Mather [(1985) Perception, 14, 167–179] and call into question the interpretation of a recent study by Stoner, Allbright and Ramachandran [(1990) Nature (London), 344, 153–155].
Some qualifying notes on the development and implementation of behavior modification programs

Abstract Value judgements are inherent in the development and implementation of any behavior modification program. However, there is concern that techniques will become the prime originator of values and that a broader new of the child and his terms will be lost. This article has reviewed three aspects of program planning in terms of the value issues involved. These include the manipulation of both abtecedent and consequent events to the behavior, the inclusion of the child in program planning, and teacher resistance to the program.
Fragmentation of some even‐electron nitroaromatic ions: The question of the nitrotropylium ion

The behavior of the even-electron mass 150 ions, (presumably nitrobenzoyl cations) generated by simple α-cleavage of m- and p-nitrobenzoic acid derivatives, undergo two competing secondary fragmentations to yield odd-electron ions by the expulsion of NO and NO2. Expulsion of NO from the mass 150 ions from p-nitro compounds is far greater than expulsion of NO from those generated from m-nitro compounds. In addition, the behavior of the even-electron mass 136 ions, generated from m- and p-nitrobenzyl compounds, was compared to that of the mass 150 ions and they were found to decompose in a similar fashion. From our results we conclude that the decomposing mass 136 ions produced from either the m- or p-nitrobenzyl compounds, or both, do not have the nitropylium structure; our data are more consistent with the decomposing ions having nitrobenzyl structures.
Recent advances and present limitations of the electromagnetic theory of diffraction gratings

A review is given on recent advances of grating theory in three areas: (1) S- and R-matrix algorithms, (2) Fourier factorization, and (3) parametric coordinate transformation, all aimedat improving numerical stability and convergence speed of grating analysis methods.
Abstract 4545: Positron emission tomography (PET) of TSPO expression in preclinical models of human cancer

There is a critical need to develop and rigorously validate molecular imaging biomarkers to aid diagnosis and characterization of human cancer. Elevated expression of translocator protein (TSPO) has been shown to predict disease progression and aggressive, invasive behavior in a variety of solid tumors. Thus, noninvasive molecular imaging of TSPO expression could form the basis of a novel, predictive cancer imaging biomarker. In quantitative preclinical PET studies, we have evaluated a high-affinity pyrazolopyrimidinyl TSPO imaging ligand ([ 18 F]DPA-714) and an aryloxyanilide-based TSPO imaging ligand ([ 18 F]PBR06), as translational probes for quantification of TSPO levels in glioma, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. In these studies, glioma-bearing rats or genetically engineered mice bearing spontaneously arrising breast or colorectal cancers were imaged with TSPO PET ligands in a microPET system. Dynamic images were acquired simultaneously upon injection of radioactive TSPO PET ligands. Arterial blood was collected to derive the input function (AIF), with HPLC radiometabolite analysis performed upon select samples for AIF correction. Compartmental modeling was performed using the corrected AIF. Immediately following imaging, tumor and healthy surrounding tissues were harvested for validation by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Our results illustrate the feasibility of using TSPO PET ligands for visualization of TSPO-expressing tumors of the brain, breast and colon. Importantly, both [ 18 F]DPA-714 and [ 18 F]PBR06 appear suitable for quantitative assay of tumor TSPO levels in vivo. Given the relationship between elevated TSPO levels and poor outcome in oncology, these studies suggest the potential of these imaging agents to serve as a novel predictive cancer imaging biomarkers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4545. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4545
Conventional and rapid stimulation evoked potential changes in patients with status epilepticus

We utilized somatosensory evoked potentials to evaluate 33 patients with status epilepticus who did not have focal neurological etiologies. Eighteen percent of the patients had conventional stimulation evoked potential abnormalities at or above the P14 lemniscal level. Evoked potential abnormalities in this population showed a statistically significant correlation with a poor outcome including patients that died or required dependent care following hospital discharge. Rapid stimulation somatosensory evoked potential testing is a new technology which may be useful to detect more subtle central nervous system injury and was successfully utilized in the acute setting. Combined conventional and rapid stimulation evoked potentials demonstrated that 30% of these patients had abnormal findings. The results demonstrate that a significant percentage of status epilepticus patients have somatosensory evoked potential abnormalities and suggest that conventional and rapid stimulation somatosensory evoked potentials may be useful predictive indicators for predicting outcome and mortality in this condition.
CD8(+) T lymphocyte mobilization to virus-infected tissue requires CD4(+) T-cell help

CD4(+) T helper cells are well known for their role in providing critical signals during priming of cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in vivo. T-cell help is required for the generation of primary CTL responses as well as in promoting protective CD8(+) memory T-cell development. However, the role of CD4 help in the control of CTL responses at the effector stage is unknown. Here we show that fully helped effector CTLs are themselves not self-sufficient for entry into the infected tissue, but rely on the CD4(+) T cells to provide the necessary cue. CD4(+) T helper cells control the migration of CTL indirectly through the secretion of IFN-gamma and induction of local chemokine secretion in the infected tissue. Our results reveal a previously unappreciated role of CD4 help in mobilizing effector CTL to the peripheral sites of infection where they help to eliminate infected cells.
Monte Carlo simulation of a (111) diamond face around the roughening transition

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations have been applied to study the roughening transition of the (111) solid-fluid interfaces of the diamond model, without a solid on solid condition. The following interface properties as a function of the temperature and array size have been calculated: Interface width, surface energy, heat capacity, step energy and the growth rate in dependence of the supersaturation. From all these measurements the estimated value for the roughening temperature was within five percent of the critical temperature of the hexagonal simple Ising model.
An Improved Bio-as say for Prolactin Using Adult Pigeons

The effect of age and duration of injection of prolactin on the slope of the dose-response curve in the systemic crop sac assay for prolactin in pigeons was studied. In 6-week-old pigeons the slope at 4 days was 2.5 and at 7 days it was 5.4 g of crop sac weight increase per 10-fold dosage change. In 5- to 8-yr-old pigeons the slope at 4 days was 6.5 and at 7 days it was 17.4. The index of precision increased with the level of response of crop gland weight. In old pigeons at 7 days, and at crop gland weights below 5 g, λ was 0.05–0.1 or about 25% of that in young pigeons at 4 days.
Improvement of activated carbons as oxygen reduction catalysts in neutral solutions by ammonia gas treatment and their performance in microbial fuel cells

Abstract Commercially available activated carbon (AC) powders from different precursor materials (peat, coconut shell, coal, and hardwood) were treated with ammonia gas at 700 °C to improve their performance as oxygen reduction catalysts in neutral pH solutions used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The ammonia treated ACs exhibited better catalytic performance in rotating ring–disk electrode tests than their untreated precursors, with the bituminous based AC most improved, with an onset potential of E onset = 0.12 V (untreated, E onset = 0.08 V) and n = 3.9 electrons transferred in oxygen reduction (untreated, n = 3.6), and the hardwood based AC (treated, E onset = 0.03 V, n = 3.3; untreated, E onset = −0.04 V, n = 3.0). Ammonia treatment decreased oxygen content by 29–58%, increased nitrogen content to 1.8 atomic %, and increased the basicity of the bituminous, peat, and hardwood ACs. The treated coal based AC cathodes had higher maximum power densities in MFCs (2450 ± 40 mW m −2 ) than the other AC cathodes or a Pt/C cathode (2100 ± 1 mW m −2 ). These results show that reduced oxygen abundance and increased nitrogen functionalities on the AC surface can increase catalytic performance for oxygen reduction in neutral media.
Cancer-Related Insomnia:

Insomnia increases cancer symptom burden and impairs quality of life. The lack of standard definitions and treatment guidelines makes management difficult. Insomnia is common in most cancers but appears particularly so in lung, breast, and head and neck tumors. Older women seem most susceptible. Insomnia not only affects patients with cancer but also caregivers and families. Systematic screening is important. Few validated assessment scales are available. Nonpharmacologic therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy may help. New nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics may have some therapeutic advantages over older agents. Management of associated or contributory symptoms like fatigue, pain, and hot flashes with appropriate symptom-specific agents is important. Successful management may have a significant positive impact on global quality of life.
Control time reduction using virtual source projection for treating a leg sarcoma with nonlinear perfusion

Purpose: Blood perfusion is a well-known factor that complicates accurate control of heating during hyperthermia treatments of cancer. Since blood perfusion varies as a function of time, temperature and location, determination of appropriate power deposition pattern from multiple antenna array Hyperthermia systems and heterogeneous tissues is a difficult control problem. Therefore, we investigate the applicability of a real-time eigenvalue model reduction (virtual source - VS) reduced-order controller for hyperthermic treatments of tissue with nonlinearly varying perfusion. Methods: We impose a piecewise linear approximation to a set of heat pulses, each consisting of a 1-min heat-up, followed by a 2-min cool-down. The controller is designed for feedback from magnetic resonance temperature images (MRTI) obtained after each iteration of heat pulses to adjust the projected optimal setting of antenna phase and magnitude for selective tumor heating. Simulated temperature patterns with additive Gaussian noise with a standard deviation of 1.0°C and zero mean were used as a surrogate for MRTI. Robustness tests were conducted numerically for a patient's right leg placed at the middle of a water bolus surrounded by a 10-antenna applicator driven at 150 MHz. Robustness tests included added discrepancies in perfusion, electrical and thermal properties, and patient model simplifications. Results: The controller improved selective tumor heating after an average of 4-9 iterative adjustments of power and phase, and fulfilled satisfactory therapeutic outcomes with approximately 75% of tumor volumes heated to temperatures >43°C while maintaining about 93% of healthy tissue volume < 41°C. Adequate sarcoma heating was realized by using only 2 to 3 VSs rather than a much larger number of control signals for all 10 antennas, which reduced the convergence time to only 4 to 9% of the original value. Conclusions: Using a piecewise linear approximation to a set of heat pulses in a VS reduced-order controller, the proposed algorithm greatly improves the efficiency of hyperthermic treatment of leg sarcomas while accommodating practical nonlinear variation of tissue properties such as perfusion.
Density functional theory study of vibrational spectra. 8. Assignment of fundamental vibrational modes of 9,10-anthraquinone and 9,10-anthraquinone-d8

Abstract Density functional theory (using Becke's exchange and Lee-Yang-Parr's correlation functionals (BLYP)) and ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations were carried out in order to investigate the molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 9,10-anthraquinone and its perdeuterated analog. The calculated structural and spectral features are in good agreement with the available experimental results. Most of the BLYP/6-31G∗ non-CH(D) stretching frequencies are slightly lower than reliable experimental assignments; the mean absolute deviation is about 14 cm −1 . On the basis of agreement between calculated and experimental results, assignments of the fundamental vibrational modes were examined and some reassignments were proposed. The calculated results can serve as a guide for a future experimental search for the missing fundamentals of the target molecules.
A comparison of endovascular assisted and conventional in situ bypass grafts.

Thirty-three in situ saphenous vein bypass grafts were performed using a conventional open technique (CI) while 31 in situ bypass grafts were performed using endovascular occlusion of side branches (EAI). Bypass grafts were performed from the femoral to the popliteal (n=37) or a trifurcation (n=27) artery for claudication (n=7), rest pain (n=14), or tissue loss (n=43). Wound complications developed in 11 Cl and four EAl limbs. Postoperative hospitalization in CI and EAI patients was, respectively, 8.4±2.0 days and 4±1.6 days. Missed arteriovenous fistulas were noted in one CI and 17 EAI limbs postoperatively. At follow-up four (12%) CI and six (19%) EAI grafts were occluded or had undergone revision surgery. Based on life-table analysis CI and EAI cumulative patency rates at 18 months were 79% and 83%, respectively. Although this new technique (EAI bypass grafting) did not reduce operative time, it did decrease the length of surgical incisions and the duration of postoperative hospitalization (p < 0.001, Student'st test).Wound complications occurred less frequently in EAI limbs but the incidence of missed arteriovenous fistulas was significantly higher. These data suggest that EAI and CI patency is comparable. Ultimately long-term patency will be the crucial test for determining the utility of this new technique.
Effects of pH and Temperature on the Secondary Phase of Milk Clotting by Rennet

Abstract A Brookfield LVT-Helipath Viscometer with a modified TF spindle was used to monitor the rate of increase in firmness of milk coagula formed by rennet. Varying amounts of rennet were used to give equivalent clotting times at various temperatures and pH values. Reducing the pH from 6.8 to 6.3 caused slight increases in rates of increase of coagulum firmness after clotting. Increasing temperature from 31 to 40C had much greater effects on firming rates.
Molecular mobility of amorphous pharmaceuticals determined using differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract Amorphous pharmaceutical materials have received considerable attention in recent years because of their unique handling, processing and stability characteristics. A key question that arises with such materials is “what is the molecular mobility of the material, and how does this influence its performance?”. In this manuscript, the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to characterize the molecular mobility of amorphous pharmaceutical materials is reviewed, and several applications of the data for the qualitative and quantitative prediction of their performance are presented.
Developmental Regulation of the Tetrahymena thermophila Origin Recognition Complex

The Tetrahymena thermophila DNA replication machinery faces unique demands due to the compartmentalization of two functionally distinct nuclei within a single cytoplasm, and complex developmental program. Here we present evidence for programmed changes in ORC and MCM abundance that are not consistent with conventional models for DNA replication. As a starting point, we show that ORC dosage is critical during the vegetative cell cycle and development. A moderate reduction in Orc1p induces genome instability in the diploid micronucleus, aberrant division of the polyploid macronucleus, and failure to generate a robust intra-S phase checkpoint response. In contrast to yeast ORC2 mutants, replication initiation is unaffected; instead, replication forks elongation is perturbed, as Mcm6p levels decline in parallel with Orc1p. Experimentally induced down-regulation of ORC and MCMs also impairs endoreplication and gene amplification, consistent with essential roles during development. Unexpectedly Orc1p and Mcm6p levels fluctuate dramatically in developing wild type conjugants, increasing for early cycles of conventional micronuclear DNA replication and macronuclear anlagen replication (endoreplication phase I, rDNA gene amplification). This increase does not reflect the DNA replication load, as much less DNA is synthesized during this developmental window compared to vegetative S phase. Furthermore, although Orc1p levels transiently increase prior to endoreplication phase II, Orc1p and Mcm6p levels decline when the replication load increases and unconventional DNA replication intermediates are produced. We propose that replication initiation is re-programmed to meet different requirements or challenges during the successive stages of Tetrahymena development.
Sleep Characteristics of Veterans Affairs Adult Day Health Care Participants

Addressing sleep disturbance can help to slow functional decline, delay nursing home admission, and improve overall health among older adults; however, sleep is not widely studied in high-risk older adults such as Adult Day Health Care (ADHC) participants. Sixty-eight ADHC participants were interviewed for sleep disturbance using a 28-item screening questionnaire. More than two thirds (n = 48, 70.6%) reported one or more characteristics of poor sleep, and 38% of participants met basic criteria for insomnia. Individuals with insomnia attended ADHC less frequently, reported worse sleep quality and shorter sleep duration, and were more likely to endorse trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, and waking up too early (ps < 0.001). Research is needed to better understand perceptions, predictors, and outcomes of sleep disturbance within ADHC participants.
The impending revolution in computer technology

Webster gives one definition of a revolution as follows: "A total or radical change." The following discussions are concerned with a radical change in the technology which provides components for use in digital data processing systems. At the onset of a revolution it is not clear what the outcome may be. Technological revolutions, as opposed to political revolutions, however, tend to have a common characteristic of inducing major changes regardless of whether or not the revolution is completely successful. The papers presented in this session consider various aspects of what is being anticipated as a technological revolution.
Immunoglobulins in Defense, Pathogenesis, and Therapy of Fungal Diseases

Only two decades ago antibodies to fungi were thought to have little or no role in protection against fungal diseases. However, subsequent research has provided convincing evidence that certain antibodies can modify the course of fungal infection to the benefit or detriment of the host. Hybridoma technology was the breakthrough that enabled the characterization of antibodies to fungi, illuminating some of the requirements for antibody efficacy. As discussed in this review, fungal-specific antibodies mediate protection through direct actions on fungal cells and through classical mechanisms such as phagocytosis and complement activation. Although mechanisms of antibody-mediated protection are often species-specific, numerous fungal antigens can be targeted to generate vaccines and therapeutic immunoglobulins. Furthermore, the study of antibody function against medically important fungi has provided fresh immunological insights into the complexity of humoral immunity that are likely to apply to other pathogens.
Nitrosamine Precursors in the Adipose Tissue of Pork Bellies

Adipose tissue has been implicated as the primary site of nitrosopyriolidine (NPYR) production in fried bacon. In a study on the precursors of NPYR, pork belly adipose tissue was extracted with CHCI3/MeOH and yielded an organic layer, an aqueous polar fraction, and a tissue residue. Fractions were heated with nitrite, and the polar fraction accounted for most of the nitrosamines in intact adipose tissue. Fractionation of the polar fraction yielded an eluate that was collected in seven aliquots. All aliquots formed N-nitro-sodimethylamine when heated with nitrite, but the bulk of NPYR was formed from an eluate corresponding to the first of three UV absorbent bands at 254 nm.
Investigation of Two Distinct Flavone Synthases for Plant-Specific Flavone Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Flavones are plant secondary metabolites that have wide pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. We previously constructed a recombinant flavanone pathway by expressing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae a four-step recombinant pathway that consists of cinnamate-4 hydroxylase, 4-coumaroyl:coenzyme A ligase, chalcone synthase, and chalcone isomerase. In the present work, the biosynthesis of flavones by two distinct flavone synthases was evaluated by introducing a soluble flavone synthase I (FSI) and a membrane-bound flavone synthase II (FSII) into the flavanone-producing recombinant yeast strain. The resulting recombinant strains were able to convert various phenylpropanoid acid precursors into the flavone molecules chrysin, apigenin, and luteolin, and the intermediate flavanones pinocembrin, naringenin, and eriodictyol accumulated in the medium. Improvement of flavone biosynthesis was achieved by overexpressing the yeast P450 reductase CPR1 in the FSII-expressing recombinant strain and by using acetate rather than glucose or raffinose as the carbon source. Overall, the FSI-expressing recombinant strain produced 50% more apigenin and six times less naringenin than the FSII-expressing recombinant strain when p-coumaric acid was used as a precursor phenylpropanoid acid. Further experiments indicated that unlike luteolin, the 5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone apigenin inhibits flavanone biosynthesis in vivo in a nonlinear, dose-dependent manner.
Calcium-mediated fulvene couplings. 3. Reductive coupling of guaiazulene with activated calcium to give a mixture of 8,6′ and 8,8′ (diguaiazulenide)calcium isomers. Thermal rearrangement of the 8,6′ isomer to the 8,8′ isomer and X-ray crystal structure of the 8,8′ isomer

Abstract The reductive coupling of guaiazulene with activated calcium in THF at 30–35 °C affords a 60:40 mixture of two isomers, 8,8′-(1) and 8,6′-(2) (diguaiazulenide)bis(tetrahydrofuran)calcium, respectively, in nearly quantitative yield. The isomers were separated and purified by recrystallization. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 is reported. A modest dependence of the isomer ratio on the reaction temperature was noticed. At lower temperature (9 °C) the 8,6′ isomer, 2, is favored slightly, and at higher temperature (67 °C) selectivity for the 8,8′ isomer, 1, is slightly enhanced. Thermolyses of each isomer revealed that 1 is the thermodynamically preferred isomer.
The Evil Eye and the Sermon On the Mount

Belief in the malignant force of the Evil Eye and strategies to ward off its destructive power pervaded the cultures of the ancient Near East and Circum-Mediterranean basin. This belief was shared by the biblical communities who in their writings refer frequently to the Evil Eye, its associated dispositions, and means of protection from its injurious effects. This paper situates one such biblical Evil Eye text within its cultural context. Following a summary of salient features of Evil Eye belief and practices and a review of biblical Evil Eye texts, the focus is on one reference to this belief in the teaching of Jesus: Matt: 6:22-23 in the Sermon on the Mount. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how reference to the Evil Eye was culturally and conceptually appropriate in this segment of teaching, how the Evil Eye here and generally was associated with the vice of envy, and how this Evil Eye allusion functions in both its literary and cultural contexts. A related aim is to use this topic to demonstrate the utility and procedure of social scientific criticism as a necessary supplementation of conventional historical-critical exegesis.
The relative useful information measure: some comments

Abstract A quantitative-qualitative measure of relative information, also called the relative “useful” information measure, has recently been proposed and characterized by Taneja and Tuteja. However, in spite of their claim to the contrary, their measure is shown to be not necessarily nonnegative and, in fact, unbounded below as well as above. Since nonnegativity is one of the basic requirements of any information measure, Taneja and Tuteja's measure is not a true information measure. However, related measures of weighted entropy and weighted inaccuracy are both nonnegative.
Negative bending in seismic reflection associated with time-advanced and time-retarded fields

We present an analysis of scattering diagrams (i.e., Feynman-like diagrams for wave scattering) of the correlation-type representation theorem for ordinary inhomogeneous media with both positive stiffnesses and positive Poisson's ratios. This analysis reveals scattering events whose scattering diagrams include "negative" bending (i.e., bending in the opposite direction of that of scattering diagrams in ordinary inhomogeneous media). Unlike common scattering events, these events are inconsistent with the current interpretation of some of the basic physical laws, such as Snell's law, just like the so-called "negative refraction" in optics. Yet we find them very useful, for instance, in suppressing some undesired events from scattering data.
Comparing the Roles, Responsibilities, and Activities of Transactional and Transformational HRD Professionals

HRD professionals engage in one of two potential roles—transactional or transformational. Transactional focuses attention on an activity strategy whose cornerstone is training. Transformational focuses on a results-driven strategy that is performance-centered-a role that helps organizations achieve their strategic business goals and objectives. These strategies differ in their outcomes and contributions to organizations in that the former leads to training for training's sake while the latter seeks to maximize organizational performance and effectiveness. Thus, HRD professionals are challenged to choose either an activity strategy that embraces a business as usual approach or a results-driven strategy that requires adopting a new and exciting role.
Breast Tissue Classification Using Diagnostic Ultrasound and Pattern Recognition Techniques: I. Methods of Pattern Recognition

This paper discusses the application of statistical pattern recognition techniques to problems in diagnostic ultrasound. Using our own system as an example, we describe the concepts and specific methods that we have applied to a problem involving the computer-aided classification of breast tissue in vivo. Topics include feature generation, feature selection and classification, as well as a method which estimates the probability of error on classifying future data. An accompanying paper applies these methods to the classification of backscattered RF signals from normal and diseased breast tissue.
Folk and Biological Perceptions of Dementia Among Asian Ethnic Minorities in Hawaii

Objective To study if Asian ethnic groups in Hawaii today maintain folk-based beliefs about dementia, have inadequate biomedical understanding of dementia, and differ among each other regarding perceptions of dementia. Design The study adapts and expands a 2004 survey of ethnic groups on perceptions of Alzheimer disease demonstrating that ethnic minority groups hold more folk perceptions and less biomedical perceptions of dementia than Caucasians. This study surveys particular ethnic minority family members of elders admitted to four long-term care and inpatient facilities in Hawaii. Seventy-one family members completed surveys, including 23 Chinese, 18 Filipino, and 30 Japanese participants. Elders may or may not have had the diagnosis of dementia, though an estimated half of elders in all four facilities already held the diagnosis of dementia. Results Findings indicated that Japanese and Chinese respondents in this study held perceptions about dementia that were more consistent with current biomedical understanding compared with their Filipino counterparts (mean differences/percent correct for Japanese: 57%, Chinese: 56% versus Filipino: 38%; F = 6.39, df = 2,55, p = 0.003). Filipino respondents were less likely than Japanese and Chinese respondents to report that persons with dementia can develop physical and mental problems—97% of Japanese participants and 82% of Chinese participants responded correctly compared with 63% of Filipino participants (Fisher's Exact test p = 0.009). With regard to folk beliefs about dementia, variation occurred with no consistent trend among the groups. Conclusion Low levels of biomedical understanding of dementia were reflected by all three subgroups of Asians living in Hawaii with less prominence of folk beliefs compared with prior studies of ethnic minority perceptions. Education did not predict variability in dementia perceptions among the groups. Lower levels of acculturation, suggested by primary home language other than English, may correlate with a perception of dementia that is less consistent with current biomedical understanding of dementia. Persisting folk beliefs about dementia and the evident lack of biomedical understanding, particularly the belief that dementia is a normal part of aging, emphasizes the need for more culturally tailored strategies in patient education about dementia and the importance of early intervention.
Limits of Predictability of Solar Activity

The study of a nonlinear chaotic map of 11-year cycle maxima evolution recently derived from observations is presented with the purpose of predicting the features of the long-term variability of solar activity. It is stressed that dynamical forecast is limited by the Lyapunov time and a statistical approach can be justified due to the ergodic properties of the chaotic evolution. The Gleissberg variation is described as a chaotic walk and its distribution over length is shown to be broad. The global minima are identified as laminar slots of temporal intermittency and their typical distribution over length is also given. We note that a long sunspot cycle can be used as a precursor of the global minimum and a close sequence of global minima (once in approximately 1500–2000 years) may be responsible for the climatic changes (Little Ice Ages).
Enhanced Tumor Growth of Both Primary and Established Human and Murine Tumor Cells in Athymic Mice After Coinjection With Matrigel

Previously we found that the reconstituted basement membrane matrix Matrigel, when premixed with human small-cell lung carcinoma cells and injected subcutaneously into athymic mice, permitted tumor growth, whereas cells injected in the absence of Matrigel did not form tumors. In the present study, we examined additional cell types and determined some of the underlying mechanisms involved in the promotion of tumor formation by Matrigel. The tumor cell lines that we studied included transformed mouse Englebreth-Holm-Swarm tumor cells (T-EHS), human submandibular carcinoma A253 cells, mouse melanoma B16F10 cells, human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells, and human primary renal cell carcinoma cells. When coinjected subcutaneously with Matrigel, these cell lines formed rapidly proliferating tumors. Primary biopsy specimens of human colon carcinoma, when dispersed and coinjected with Matrigel, also formed tumors. Only A253, KB, and B16F10 cells formed small tumors in the absence of Martrigel, but a fivefold to tenfold increase in tumor size was observed in the presence of Matrigel. These data demonstrate a useful method for improving the growth of human tumors in athymic mice.
A high bitrate information hiding algorithm for digital video content under H.264/AVC compression

With the proliferation of digital multimedia content, such as image, audio, video, and animation, information hiding techniques have attracted more and more research interests. High bitrate information hiding is different from digital watermarking in that it tries to hide relatively large amount of auxiliary information instead of just one or a few verification bits. This research is mainly focused on high bitrate information hiding within digital video content. Channel capacity and the robustness of hidden information against lossy video codec are the two main concerns. In the proposed algorithm, 1 bit is hidden within each 4*4 DCT coefficient block by means of vector quantization. Low-frequency coefficients are chosen for information hiding due to their relatively large amplitudes and the corresponding small step sizes in the quantization matrix. The proposed algorithm is tested under H.264/AVC (advanced video codec), which is the state-of-the-art video coding standard. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is very robust and a very high percentage of the hidden information survives H.264/AVC compression. It is also observed that hidden information within different types of frame/slice have different levels of robustness against H.264/AVC compression
A multiple segment transmission with majority decoding transport layer protocol for geo-stationary Earth orbit satellites

The transmission control protocol (TCP) is widely used by Internet connected computers for reliable data transmission, but it's performance over geo-stationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites is degraded. GEO satellites can provide high-bandwidth data transmission resources to wide geographic areas and are not affected by Earth-based natural disasters that render terrestrial channels unusable. In addition, GEO satellites can provide reliable and fast data transmission when terrestrial communication channel and systems damage is high. Therefore, because of the advantages in using GEO satellites for data transmission, the "TCP over GEO satellite" performance problem must be resolved. This paper describes the multiple segment transmission with majority decoding transport layer protocol, which is a novel transport layer protocol that redundantly transmits segments to provide reliable data transmission. It is shown that variants of this transport layer protocol transmit large data sets over GEO satellites faster than TCP Reno.