cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response and impact of equatorial ocean dynamics and tropical instability waves in the tropical Atlantic under global warming: A regional coupled downscaling study

[1] A regional coupled model is used for a dynamic downscaling over the tropical Atlantic based on a global warming simulation carried out with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory CM2.1. The regional coupled model features a realistic representation of equatorial ocean dynamical processes such as the tropical instability waves (TIWs) that are not adequately simulated in many global coupled climate models. The coupled downscaling hence provides a unique opportunity to assess their response and impact in a changing climate. Under global warming, both global and regional models exhibit an increased (decreased) rainfall in the tropical northeast (South) Atlantic. Given this asymmetric change in mean state, the regional model produces the intensified near-surface cross-equatorial southerly wind and zonal currents. The equatorial cold tongue exhibits a reduced surface warming due to the enhanced upwelling. It is mainly associated with the increased vertical velocities driven by cross-equatorial wind, in contrast to the equatorial Pacific, where thermal stratification is suggested to be more important under global warming. The strengthened upwelling and zonal currents in turn amplify the dynamic instability of the equatorial ocean, thereby intensifying TIWs. The increased eddy heat flux significantly warms the equator and counters the effect of enhanced upwelling. Zonal eddy heat flux makes the largest contribution, suggesting a need for sustained monitoring of TIWs with spatially denser observational arrays in the equatorial oceans. Overall, results suggest that eddy heat flux is an important factor that may impact the mean state warming of equatorial oceans, as it does in the current climate.
Kermas for various substances averaged over the energy spectra of fast neutron therapy beams: a study in uncertainties.

Kermas for various substances averaged over the energy spectra of fast neutron therapy beams, as well as ratios of average kermas relative to muscle, were calculated in an attempt to estimate the uncertainties introduced in these quantities by the poor knowledge of the elemental kerma functions, actual neutron energy spectra, and composition of tissues and other materials. Average kermas have uncertainties of the order of 7%–25%, while for ratios of average kermas the uncertainties are of the order of 2%–5% for materials of clinical interest. It is concluded that the ratio of average kerma of muscle to A‐150 tissue‐equivalent plastic should be 0.93±0.03 for the new p+Be clinical neutron beams.
Lava morphology mapping by expert system classification of high-resolution side-scan sonar imagery from the East Pacific Rise, 9°–10°N

Fine-scale lava morphology has been classified on the ridge crest of the East Pacific Rise between 9°15′N and 10°02′N using an expert system classification method. This method establishes the means to classify complicated seafloor environments by integrating textural and geometric feature attributes from a high-resolution side-scan sonar dataset where ground-reference data are available from near-bottom visual observations. The classification in this study focuses upon mapping the lava morphology distribution of sheet, lobate, and pillow flows along the East Pacific Rise. The reliability of the classification has been evaluated using an accuracy assessment. The study region yields a coverage area of 37,814 m2 (44%) for lobate flows; 10,421 m2 (12%) for pillow flows; 15,096 m2 (18%) for sheet flows; 19,679 m2 (23%) for fissured areas; and 2,967 m2 (3%) for shadows or no data. The systematic distribution of lava morphology along the ridge found in this study supports the idea of using the regional distribution of surface morphology as an indicator of emplacement dynamics and supports an organization of the volcanic plumbing system at a third order segmentation scale beneath mid-ocean ridges.
Effect of cardiac glycosides and inorganic ions on binding of serotonin by platelets.

THE presence of high concentrations of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in blood platelets has stimulated many studies on the mechanism of the uptake of the amine by these cells1–5. This process can readily be studied in vitro employing platelets suspended in plasma or in saline solutions, and there is now considerable evidence that this process is one of active transport6.
High-speed ground transportation&#8212;A research challenge

A panel convened by the U. S. Department of Commerce Technical Advisory Board in 1966 was asked to survey the technical feasibility of novel modes of high-speed ground transportation (HSGT) systems and recommend research programs necessary for the development of such systems. HSGT systems, for the purpose of the study, were defined as operating in, or on, fixed guideways at intercity cruising speeds of at least 300 mi/h (482.8 km/h). Although present knowledge of the nation's total future transportation requirements, and of the relative role of HSGT, was judged to be insufficient for a decision to construct such a system, the panel considered the creation of an HSGT system to be technically attainable and recommended a multifaceted research and development program. Specific research areas recommended were those needed to provide data necessary to a decision to construct an HSGT system and to select from among alternative system concepts. Highest priorities were assigned to system simulations and transportation data studies, resolution of the contact versus fluid support question, experimental studies of the aerodynamics of vehicles traveling it tubes at high speeds, development of new tunneling technology, and transfer of electrical energy by contact rails and collectors at HSGT speeds.
A reappraisal of surgical techniques and efficacy in forehead rejuvenation.

Summary:Forehead rejuvenation has an essential role in overall facial rejuvenation. Despite the evolution of rejuvenation techniques, principles of forehead rejuvenation remain the same. Circumspect facial analysis provides a crucial foundation in selecting the appropriate surgical technique and in
Ultrafast Surface-Plasmon Enhancement of Exciton and Defect Luminescence in ZnO Thin Films

Femtosecond pump-probe and photoluminescence measurements in transmission and reflection show that ultraviolet band-edge and visible defect luminescence in ZnO films can be selectively enhanced by coupling to Ag surface-plasmon polaritons or localized surface plasmon resonances.
Annealing effects and homogeneous flow in Ni60Nb40 metallic glass

Abstract The high temperature Ni60Nb40 metallic glass (crystallization temperature Tx ≈ 920 K) has been studied to determine the effect of annealing on hardness, tensile strength and ductility and also to ascertain the temperature and stress dependence of homogeneous flow. Isothermal annealing caused hardness changes which are related to the structural changes during relaxation and crystallization. Tensile strength and ductility fell sharply after annealing at temperatures greater than 800 K although crystallization had not yet occurred. Homogeneous deformation at elevated temperatures was studied using bend stress relaxation tests and isoconfigurational creep tests. The stress relaxation results were consistent with a linear increase in viscosity with time but did not follow an Arrhenius-type temperature dependence. The isoconfigurational stress-strain relation could be described by a hyperbolic sine function.
A state decoupling approach to estimate unobservable tracking systems

If a system is unobservable, the error covariance associated with a Kalman filter will be nearly singular. As a consequence, an optimum estimation in the sense of minimum error covariance does not exist. In this paper, we show that this (unobservable) system can be transformed into a nonlinear system with a linear measurement equation. In addition to other useful features, this transformation also serves to decouple the state in such a way that an observable part can be extracted and estimated while no information can be gained and processed for the unobservable part.
Popular Film as an Instructional Strategy in Qualitative Research Methods Courses

The purpose of this article is to provide university instructors pedagogical applications for popular film in graduate-level qualitative research methods courses. Media instruction has a longstandi...
Swimming in an inviscid fluid

We present a set of equations governing the motion of a body due to prescribed shape changes in an inviscid, planar fluid with nonzero vorticity. The derived equations, when neglecting vorticity, reduce to the model developed in Kanso et al. (J Nonlinear Sci 15:255–289, 2005) for swimming in potential flow, and are also consistent with the models developed in Borisov et al. (J Math Phys 48:1–9, 2007), Kanso and Oskouei (J Fluid Mech 800:77–94, 2008), Shasikanth et al. (Phys Fluids 14(3):1214–1227, 2002) for a rigid body interacting dynamically with point vortices. The effects of cyclic shape changes and the presence of vorticity on the locomotion of a submerged body are discussed through examples.
Training in clinical hypnosis, a historical perspective: the Montana experience.

Abstract When Dr. D. Corydon Hammond invited me to write a paper for this symposium on hypnosis training, it was obvious that its greatest contribution could be a description of the rather intensive program developed over 2 decades at the University of Montana. However, it became apparent that the Montana program was only part of some 50 years experience developing professional education in hypnosis, psychotherapy, and graduate training in general. At the risk of being accused of immodesty I must therefore write much of this contribution in the first person.
Solving the Dynamic Network User Equilibrium Problem with State-Dependent Time Shifts

In this paper we consider the infinite dimensional variational inequality (VI) formulation of dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) put forward by Friesz et al. (1993) [A variational inequality formulation of the dynamic network user equilibrium problem. Operations Research 41, 179–191] as well as the differential variational inequality (DVI) version reported in Friesz et al. (2001) [Dynamic network user equilibrium with state-dependent time lags. Networks and Spatial Economics 1, 319–347]. We show how the theory of optimal control and the theory of infinite dimensional variational inequalities may be combined to create a simple and effective fixed point algorithm for calculating DUE network flows that are solutions of both formulations. A numerical example is provided.
Constraints on the strength of faults from the geometry of rider blocks in continental and oceanic core complexes

[1] Large offset normal faults, central to the formation of core complexes, require a minimum amount of fault weakening to form according to analytic and numerical models. New work suggests that these faults cannot be too weak and still result in the kind of fault-bounded rider blocks overlying the lower plate of some large offset normal faults. Rider block wedges of upper plate rocks, including syn-tectonic sedimentary rocks, are often seen on continental metamorphic core complexes. Blocks of volcanic rocks are sometimes seen to bury the detachment of oceanic core complexes. We consider extensional faulting in Mohr-Coulomb layers to estimate the conditions that can lead to rider block formation and estimate the size of rider blocks formed. Offset of a single normal fault causes rotation of the fault, with the shallow part of the fault rotating more than the deeper parts. In models, rider blocks form when the shallow section of a normal fault becomes rotated so far from an optimal dip that it is replaced by a new, steeper-dipping splay fault that links with the deeper part of the old fault. Analytic theory predicts a narrow range of fault weakening that leads to large offset normal faults with rider blocks. Infill of sediments or volcanics into the basin formed by offset of a single normal fault also promotes rider block development. For a 10 km-thick brittle layer complete cohesion losses greater than 15 MPa are too large to result in rider-block formation. Significant reduction in fault friction can prevent rider block formation. With sufficient infill the rider blocks up to nearly 10 km2in cross-sectional area, similar to those observed, can result. Numerical models confirm the general predictions of the analytic model, but also show that precise relations between block size and amount of fault weakening must await higher resolution models.
Barlowite: A Spin- 1 / 2 Antiferromagnet with a Geometrically Perfect Kagome Motif

We present thermodynamic studies of a new spin-$1/2$ antiferromagnet containing undistorted kagome lattices---barlowite ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{4}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{6}\mathrm{FBr}$. Magnetic susceptibility gives ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{CW}}=\ensuremath{-}136\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$, while long-range order does not happen until ${T}_{N}=15\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ with a weak ferromagnetic moment $\ensuremath{\mu}l0.1{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}/\mathrm{Cu}$. A 60 T magnetic field induces a moment less than $0.5{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}/\mathrm{Cu}$ at $T=0.6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$. Specific-heat measurements have observed multiple phase transitions at $T\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\mid}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{CW}}\ensuremath{\mid}$. The magnetic entropy of these transitions is merely 18% of ${k}_{B}\mathrm{ln}2$ per Cu spin. These observations suggest that nontrivial spin textures are realized in barlowite with magnetic frustration. Comparing with the leading spin-liquid candidate herbertsmithite, the superior interkagome environment of barlowite sheds light on new spin-liquid compounds with minimum disorder. The robust perfect geometry of the kagome lattice makes charge doping promising.
An efficient pulse flip-flop based launch-on-shift scan cell

At-speed testing is essential for VLSI ICs implemented in nanometer technologies, operating at high clock speeds. Traditional scan based methodologies can be used for at-speed testing using a transition delay fault model. There are two common techniques to launch the transition — launch-on-shift (LOS) and launch-on-capture (LOC). LOS gives better fault coverage than LOC, but the main drawback of LOS is its requirement of a global at-speed scan enable (SE) signal that needs to be distributed across the IC. In this paper, we propose a pulsed flip-flop based LOS scan cell (PUFLOS cell) and a fast local scan enable generation circuit Our pulsed flip-flop based scan cell has 23.2% lower power dissipation and 27.3% better timing than a conventional muxed D-flip-flop based LOS scan cell. The layout area of our PUFLOS cell is 21% smaller than conventional LOS scan cell. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that our design is more robust to process variations than the conventional scan cell.
Experimental and Numerical Determination of Micropropulsion Device Efficiencies at Low Reynolds Numbers

Abstract : The need for low thrust propulsion systems for maneuvers on micro- and nano-spacecraft is growing. Low thrust characteristics generally lead to low Reynolds number flows from propulsive devices that utilize nozzle expansions. Low Reynolds number flows of helium and nitrogen through a small conical nozzle and a thin-walled orifice have been investigated both numerically, using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo technique, and experimentally, using a nano-Newton thrust stand. For throat Reynolds number less than 100, the nozzle to orifice thrust ratio is less than unity; however, the corresponding ratio of specific impulse remains greater than one for the Reynolds number range from 0.02 to 200. Once the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo model results were verified using experimental thrust and mass flow data, the model was used to investigate the effects of geometrical variations on the conical nozzle's performance. At low Reynolds numbers, improvements to the specific impulse on the order of 4 to 8% were achieved through a combination of decreasing the nozzle length and increasing the nozzle expansion angle relative to the nominal experimental geometry.
Crime Prototypes, Objective Versus Subjective Culpability, and a Commonsense Balance

Crime prototypes, which have been linked to jurors' story constructions and verdicts, were elaborated through narratives, yielding 600 detailed stories, across seven different cases, in two experiments. These stories were manipulated under conditions that explored the prototypicality of the case, she verdict outcome, and whether it was a rightful or wrongful decision; the latter two manipulations, when combined, allowed for a comparison of actual outcomes versus true outcomes, and a measure of true culpability. Three or four prototypes, rather than one, emerged for all crimes, and though extraordinary rather than typical, they were far from simplistic. While the subjective element of motive dominated the culpability determination in Experiment I, objectivity prevailed in most cases in Experiment II. A commonsense and complex balancing of objective and subjective factors is the rule, while simplism was the rare exception.
Solubilization and characterization of kappa opioid binding sites from guinea pig cerebellum

Abstract Solubilization of opioid binding sites from guinea pig cerebellum by digitonin, in the absence and presence of NaCl, resulted in very similar yields (25–30%) of [ 3 H]bremazocine binding. Saturation curves of [ 3 H]bremazocine binding give linear Scatchard plots for both soluble and membrane-bound binding sites yielding similar K d 's and Bmax's. Soluble kappa sites seem to resemble closely their membrane-bound counterparts and retain high affinity and selectivity for various kappa opioid ligands. The apparent molecular weight of soluble kappa sites is ca. 4 × 10 5 . Results from this study, along with our previous findings with toad and guinea pig brain, indicate that kappa sites (unlike mu and delta) can be solubilized in good yield by digitonin even in the absence of NaCl. This supports the hypothesis that kappa sites may represent molecular species different from those of mu and delta sites.
Anaesthetic management for a child with the Ellis‐van Creveld syndrome: a case report

Summary A three-and-a-half-year-old female with the Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EVS) underwent a successful anaesthetic for amputation of a digit. EVS is a rare congenital disease involving the skeletal, pulmonary, and cardiac systems. The manifestations of EVS and anaesthetic management of patients with EVS are discussed.
Risque acceptable mais faible bénéfice du traitement endovasculaire des anévrysmes chez les nonagénaires

Objectifs Nous rapportons les resultats d’une experience monocentrique du traitement endovasculaire des anevrysmes (EVAR) chez les nonagenaires. Methodes Par une revue retrospective des donnees medicales, nous avons identifie tous les patients de plus de quatre-vingt dix ans ayant eu une EVAR dans un centre hospitalier universitaire unique au cours d’une periode de 5 ans (janvier 2004 a decembre 2008). L’analyse a porte sur les facteurs de risque chirurgicaux des patients, les donnees d’imagerie pre operatoire, les succes techniques, les complications post-operatoires, la duree de sejour hospitalier et la necessite d’une intervention secondaire. De plus, les taux de mortalite ont ete evalues a 30 jours, 365 jours et deux ans. Resultats Il y a eu 18 nonagenaires (12 hommes, 67%) d’un âge moyen de 91,2 ans (extremes 90 a 95). Chaque patient avait en moyenne 3,5 facteurs de risque et le diametre pre operatoire maximal moyen des anevrysmes etait de 68,3 mm (extremes 50 a 105). Seize (89%) patients ont ete traites de maniere elective et deux patients ont ete traites de maniere urgente pour une rupture anevrysmale, l’un ayant une endoprothese aorto-uni-iliaque avec un pontage interfemoral. Tous les autres patients de l’etude ont eu une endoprothese bifurquee. Le taux de succes technique de l’intervention a ete de 100%, sans aucune conversion en chirurgie ouverte. La duree moyenne de sejour hospitalier a ete de 4,3 jours avec une duree moyenne de sejour en unite de soins intensifs de 0,6 jours. Des complications systemiques sont survenues chez trois patients (17%) dont l’un est decede dans les 30 jours. Une intervention secondaire a ete necessaire chez deux patients (11%). L’un a eu le traitement endovasculaire d’une endofuite de type I a quatre mois et le second a eu un pontage interfemoral a 25 mois pour une plicature hemodynamiquement significative d’une branche. Les taux de mortalite ont ete de 5,6% a 30 jours, 41,2% a 365 jours et 58,3% a deux ans. La survie moyenne des 11 patients survivants au dela des 30 premiers jours a ete de 17,5 mois (extremes 4 a 50). Parmi eux, la survie moyenne des neufs patients traites electivement a ete de 20,2 mois (extremes 7 a 50). La survie moyenne des 6 patients toujours survivants est de 25,6 mois (extremes 8 a 65). Conclusion L’EVAR est un traitement sur chez les nonagenaires en depit de leur âge avance et de la combinaison de plusieurs facteurs de risque. La procedure peut etre effectuee avec un excellent taux de succes technique et un faible taux de complications perioperatoires. Cependant, les taux de mortalite apres 30 jours sont importants. Le taux substantiel de mortalite a long terme interroge sur l’utilite reelle de cette technique dans cette population particuliere. Bien que l’âge ne devrait pas etre une contre-indication a l’EVAR, des recommandations pour cette procedure doivent etre basees sur une selection individuelle des patients.
Isobar exchange effects in p-d backward inelastic scattering

Abstract We study the effects due to nucleon and isobar exchanges in the inelastic contribution to p-d backward scattering at 1.0 GeV. The results are sensitive to the details of the model and will provide a test of assumptions used in the corresponding elastic scattering theory.
Dissociative attachment of electrons in the chloromethanes

Abstract The yield of negative ions from CH 3 Cl, CH 2 Cl 2 , CHCl 3 and CCl 4 has been examined with electron beam methods. The relative cross sections at low electron energy vary by six orders of magnitude over this series, consistent with earlier swarm experiments, but at variance with other electron beam measurements. We provide evidence in CH 3 Cl suggesting that impurities severely affect measurements of the dissociative attachment cross section.
A Demand Valve Conserves Oxygen in Subjects with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Demand valves conserve oxygen by limiting delivery to the inspiratory phase of respiration and reducing the waste which occurs during expiration with conventional, constant flow therapy. However, arterial oxygen tensions (PaO2) achieved in past evaluations were frequently higher than recommended for treating chronic hypoxemia. We wondered if excessive amounts of oxygen were used which would exaggerate waste with conventional therapy, and, in turn, apparent savings with demand valves. Oxygen savings were evaluated with a demand valve in ten stable COPD patients who had recommended levels of PaO2 (55 to 65 mm Hg, SaO2 90 percent to 92 percent). The valve reduced oxygen use significantly compared to conventional therapy (average savings 28 percent, range 14 percent to 49 percent). The greatest savings were found in subjects who used the highest conventional flows.
A Call for Field Coordination Leadership to Implement the Signature Pedagogy

This article presents an overview of how social work leadership skills can assist field coordinators to implement the signature pedagogy in their schools. Although this call has been made before, no other article has described specific planning steps to implement this initiative. This work fills a distinct void in the literature about this subject. The main assumptions are that (1) schools must adopt and clearly operationalize field education as their signature pedagogy and (2) field coordinators need to lead this initiative. We provide field coordinators and schools with recommendations about how to lead this important and necessary organizational paradigm shift. The article addresses social work leadership, developing a more field-centric curriculum to operationalize the signature pedagogy, shaping a school’s culture to embrace this important and required initiative, and offers suggestions to proactively plan this process.
Radial-histogram transform of scanning-probe-microscope images

A transform is described for analyzing scanning-probe-microscope images. This radial-histogram transform is shown to contain useful information for ascertaining the structure of an object in a scanning-probemicroscope image. The radial-histogram transform also allows quantitative assessment of tip dilation effects. The utility of the transform is illustrated by analyzing a noncontact atomic force microscope image of a nanometer size Au cluster supported on a mica substrate. Using the radial-histogram transform, detailed information about the faceting, structure, and orientation of the supported nanometer-size cluster is obtained. @S0163-1829~96!02819-7#
Response of counterflow premixed flames to oscillating strain rates

We study the response of premixed counterflow flames to an imposed oscillating strain rate which has potential application to both turbulent combustion and acoustic instabilities. We exploit the limit of large activation energy to resolve the reaction zone structure, and conduct a linear perturbation analysis for small amplitude of oscillation. Reaction-sheet fluctuations and the net heat release rate are investigated for both the symmetric twin-flame configuration and a single flame residing in a counterflow system consisting of a fresh-mixture stream impinging on a cold inert stream. The Lewis number is found to play an important role in the flame response, especially for flames near extinction. For those flames that exhibit turning point behavior, near extinction the effect of finite-rate chemistry overtakes fluid-dynamic effects such that increasing strain rate can lead to a phase reversal of the heat release response with the imposed flow oscillations. Results of the present study suggest the possibility of a wide spectrum of unsteady flame characteristics depending on Lewis number. Our results also demonstrate that extinction can be delayed when the strain rate oscillates about the static extinction point. Thus the laminar flamelet regime of turbulent combustion may be broader than predicted by steady analyses.
Automatic weather data collection and processing

Software for an automatic weather data collection and processing software was developed based around a computer bulletin board (OPUS). At night, an external event timer stops the bulletin board, executes a series of EXE files that interrogate climate stations, processes and writes the data to files. OPUS makes meteorological data readily available in electronic form. Users can download data, convert data to select formats and then download the processed data or run external programs that use the climatic data.
A study of the CuO chains in YBa2Cu3O7 - x by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy

Abstract We review the topographic and spectroscopic results we have obtained on cold-cleaved YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x single crystals using a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope. The most important feature is the observation of CuO chains on the surface which show modulations with a periodicity of about three times the unit cell.
Potentiation of drug-induced erection with audiovisual sexual stimulation

Twenty-five patients underwent audiovisual sexual stimulation (AVSS) after pharmacologically-induced erection. Grade of erection and cavernosal blood flow were assessed after intracorporeal (IC) injection of TRI-MIX or prostaglandin E1, and then after AVSS, using pulsed Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS). After IC injection, 5 patients had a Grade II erection, 8 had Grade III, 10 had Grade IV, and 2 had Grade V. There was an increase in peak arterial flow and arterial diameter which corresponded with the grade of erection obtained. After addition of AVSS, 56.5 percent of patients experienced improved erection. The improvement from Grade III to IV in 13 percent is especially significant because it showed the attainment of adequate erection when IC injection alone failed. Penile blood flow improved among AVSS responders but not in nonresponders. AVSS may enhance pharmacologically-induced erection and may improve the diagnostic accuracy of PDUS.
Public preferences for economic policies

Abstract The paper describes a method by which the intensity of preferences for different economic policies can be estimated. The model is based on revealed choice through voting behavior, and permits its transformation into measures of preference by taking into account the abstentions from voting and their frequency. It is then possible to derive both the elasticities of intensities and the absolute valuation of these preferences. In, the empirical analysis it is found that economic policies do not seem to generate the strong preferences that could have been expected. It is also found that the upper income group have no particular inclination towards laissez-faire type economic policies and, prefer many interventions by the government.
Magnetic resonance elastography of the lung: technical feasibility.

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a phase-contrast technique that can spatially map shear stiffness within tissue-like materials. To date, however, MRE of the lung has been too technically challenging—primarily because of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) limitations and phase instability. We describe an approach in which shear wave propagation is not encoded into the phase of the MR signal of a material, but rather from the signal arising from a polarized noble gas encapsulated within. To determine the feasibility of the approach, three experiments were performed. First, to establish whether shear wave propagation within lung parenchyma can be visualized with phase-contrast MR techniques, MRE was performed on excised porcine lungs inflated with room air. Second, a phantom consisting of open-cell foam filled with thermally polarized 3He gas was imaged with MRE to determine whether shear wave propagation can be encoded by the gas. Third, preliminary evidence of the feasibility of MRE in vivo was obtained by using a longitudinal driver on the chest of a normal volunteer to generate shear waves in the lung. The results suggest that MRE in combination with hyperpolarized noble gases is potentially useful for noninvasively assessing the regional elastic properties of lung parenchyma, and merits further investigation. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Architecture-based refinements for secure computer systems design

The successful design and implementation of secure systems must occur from the beginning. A component that must process data at multiple security levels is very critical and must go through additional evaluation to ensure the processing is secure. It is common practice to isolate and separate the processing of data at different levels into different components. In this paper we present architecture-based refinement techniques for the design of multilevel secure systems. We discuss what security requirements must be satisfied through the refinement process, including when separation works and when it does not. The process oriented approach will lead to verified engineering techniques for secure systems, which should greatly reduce the cost of certification of those systems.
Speech fluency and hand performance on a sequential tapping task in left- and right-handed stutterers and nonstutterers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine hemispheric functioning in right- and left-handed stutterers and nonstutterers using tasks that require concurrent speech and unimanual sequential tapping activity. Twenty adult stutterers (15 right-handers and 5 left-handers) and 20 adult nonstutterers (15 right-handers and 5 left-handers) performed four experimental tasks: tapping, tapping-spontaneous speech, tapping-reading, and tapping-singing. Subjects performed each task for 120 sec (8 trials of 15 sec per trial), alternating tapping hands after each trial. Results indicated that subjects' speech and manual performance were hindered by the concurrent motor activities and that stutterers demonstrated more interference than the nonstutterers. In addition, the tapping-spontaneous speech task resulted in the greatest interfering condition. Results suggest that both intrahemispheric competition and interhemispheric integration processes are involved in the regulation of speech and motor activities. Moreover, the possibility exists that a key difference between stutterers and nonstutterers may be linked to the degree to which these activities are synchronized.
Interactive Visualization of Climate Data on the World Wide Web

Since the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the early 1990s, a tremendous amount of information has become available to the general public. The WWW allows a person to navigate “hypermedia”— text, images, or sound files that are linked together electronically. The WWW is an information presentation tool flexible enough to handle a wide range of data presentation methods and popular enough to reach a large audience, making it an effective teaching or research tool. We have taken advantage of these attributes by developing an interactive electronic atlas of climatic products from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Reanalysis Project and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) General Circulation Model (GCM) on the WWW at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/ncep_reanalysis/ and http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/gfdl/. Although printed atlases have their own utility, an electronic version has many advantages. An electronic atlas is dynamic, so that fields can be added, corrected, and updated as more data become available. Since it is distributed via the Internet, the electronic atlas has a potentially larger audience and is less expensive to distribute than a printed publication. Other research institutions provide interactive climate information on the WWW with varying degrees of complexity. Some, like the Climate Change Atlas (Model Evaluation Consortium for Climate Assessment 1997), are interfaces to access pregenerated images stored on disk. This type of design has all of the advantages listed above, yet it still has some drawbacks. Maintaining an archive of images can become cumbersome as the number of datasets, variables, and statistics increases. In addition, stored images have similar limitations to that of a printed atlas in that the region of interest, contour interval, etc., have already been determined. The electronic atlases developed at the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES) allow users to more fully explore datasets by focusing on areas of interest, performing averages over time or space, or modifying the contour interval plotted. A similar effort to provide interactive climate data visualization on the WWW can be found at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL 1997).
Cell separation by immunoaffinity partitioning with polyethylene glycol-modified protein a in aqueous polymer two-phase systems

Previous work has shown that polyethylene glycol (PEG)-bound antibodies can be used as affinity ligands in PEG-dextran two-phase systems to provide selective partitioning of cells to the PEG-rich phase. In the present work it is shown that immunoaffinity partitioning can be simplified by use of PEG-modified Protein A which complexes with unmodified antibody and cells and shifts their partitioning into the PEG-rich phase, thus eliminating the need to prepare a PEG-modified antibody for each cell type. In addition, the paper provides a more rigorous test of the original technique with PEG-bound antibodies by showing that it is effective at shifting the partitioning of either cell type of a mixture of two cell populations.
Resilience and personality traits among living liver and kidney donors.

Objective—To explore the psychosocial characteristics of living liver and kidney donors to identify common traits including personality traits, purpose in life, resilience, and postdonation growth.Methods—Questionnaires were mailed to 835 living donors. Included were a survey of demographic characteristics and donation experiences, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, the Purpose in Life Scale, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Analyses compared the donor groups with the scale norms (where available) and compared differences between donor groups.Results—Eighteen percent of donors (n=151) responded anonymously. The sample was as resilient as the general population and significantly more resilient than the population of primary care patients. Kidney donors were significantly more resilient than liver donors. Live donors demonstrated scores on the NEO Five-Factor Inventory in the "high" range for agreeableness and conscientiousness and "low" for neuroticism. Kidney donor...
Culture and Families of Children with Traumatic Injuries.

Family counselors working cross-culturally with children with traumatic injuries and their families assist them through the psychosocial stages of adjustment from a developmental and cultural perspective. Combining a developmental and cultural focus in family counseling with traumatically injured children provides the family counselor with an effective framework for selecting appropriately timed interventions. Language: en
An overview of MetaMap: historical perspective and recent advances

MetaMap is a widely available program providing access to the concepts in the unified medical language system (UMLS) Metathesaurus from biomedical text. This study reports on MetaMap’s evolution over more than a decade, concentrating on those features arising out of the research needs of the biomedical informatics community both within and outside of the National Library of Medicine. Such features include the detection of author-defined acronyms/abbreviations, the ability to browse the Metathesaurus for concepts even tenuously related to input text, the detection of negation in situations in which the polarity of predications is important, word sense disambiguation (WSD), and various technical and algorithmic features. Near-term plans for MetaMap development include the incorporation of chemical name recognition and enhanced WSD.
Routing questions for collaborative answering in community question answering

Community Question Answering (CQA) service enables its users to exchange knowledge in the form of questions and answers. By allowing the users to contribute knowledge, CQA not only satisfies the question askers but also provides valuable references to other users with similar queries. Due to a large volume of questions, not all questions get fully answered. As a result, it can be useful to route a question to a potential answerer. In this paper, we present a question routing scheme which takes into account the answering, commenting and voting propensities of the users. Unlike prior work which focuses on routing a question to the most desirable expert, we focus on routing it to a group of users - who would be willing to collaborate and provide useful answers to that question. Through empirical evidence, we show that more answers and comments are desirable for improving the lasting value of a question-answer thread. As a result, our focus is on routing a question to a team of compatible users. We propose a recommendation model that takes into account the compatibility, topical expertise and availability of the users. Our experiments over a large real-world dataset shows the effectiveness of our approach over several baseline models.
Infection Potential of Hairy Nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides) by Phytophthora infestans and Late Blight Implications of the Alternate Host

Infection of hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides Sendt.) by Phytophthora infestans has been reported. However, the epidemiological significance of hairy nightshade to potato late blight is not well known. Disease development and infection rates of P. infestans were quantified on hairy nightshade relative to tomato (cv. Brandywine) and potato (cv. Shepody) hosts to evaluate infection potential at 14, 18, 22 and 26°C and 72, 82, 87, and 92% relative humidity (RH). The susceptibility of hairy nightshade to inoculum levels, weed ontogeny, and sporangia production potential were also investigated. Late blight development varied among hairy nightshade, tomato and potato hosts. Pathogen infection rates ranged from 0.0325 to 0.4674 gompits/day (unit for quantifying infection rates), and were significantly (P < 0.05) greater on potato and tomato than on hairy nightshade. Late blight severity was variably affected by RH. Disease levels on hairy nightshade varied with inoculum load; and ranged from 9 to 26% and 26 to 37% at low (5 x 10 3 ) and high (25 x 10 3 ) sporangia concentrations, respectively. Late blight was recorded irrespective of hairy nightshade ontogeny, and was significantly greater on 8―10 than 4―6-week-old plants. These results indicate that pathogen, environmental and host factors affect late blight development on hairy nightshade.
Evolutionarily conserved Δ25(27)-olefin ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Ergosterol is the predominant sterol of fungi and green algae. Although the biosynthetic pathway for sterol synthesis in fungi is well established and is known to use C24-methylation-C24 (28)-reduction (Δ24(28)-olefin pathway) steps, little is known about the sterol pathway in green algae. Previous work has raised the possibility that these algae might use a novel pathway because the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was shown to possess a mevalonate-independent methylerythritol 4-phosphate not present in fungi. Here, we report that C. reinhardtii synthesizes the protosterol cycloartenol and converts it to ergosterol (C24β-methyl) and 7-dehydroporiferasterol (C24β-ethyl) through a highly conserved sterol C24- methylation-C25-reduction (Δ25(27)-olefin) pathway that is distinct from the well-described acetate-mevalonate pathway to fungal lanosterol and its conversion to ergosterol by the Δ24 (28)-olefin pathway. We isolated and characterized 23 sterols by a combination of GC-MS and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis from a set of mutant, wild-type, and 25-thialanosterol-treated cells. The structure and stereochemistry of the final C24-alkyl sterol side chains possessed different combinations of 24β-methyl/ethyl groups and Δ22(23)E and Δ25 (27)-double bond constructions. When incubated with [methyl-2H3]methionine, cells incorporated three (into ergosterol) or five (into 7-dehydroporiferasterol) deuterium atoms into the newly biosynthesized 24β-alkyl sterols, consistent only with a Δ25 (27)-olefin pathway. Thus, our findings demonstrate that two separate isoprenoid-24-alkyl sterol pathways evolved in fungi and green algae, both of which converge to yield a common membrane insert ergosterol.
Something to do with Demeter: Ritual and Performance in Aristophanes' Women at the Thesmophoria

LIKE HIS CHARACTER THE KINSMAN, Aristophanes invades Athenian women’s religious space. He puts onstage for the whole city a religious festival restricted to women. He suggests that women use this occasion to drink and plot against men, and he portrays them as carrying on adulterous affairs and duping their husbands. As a result of this negative portrayal of women, scholars have concluded that the play undermines women’s position in the festival and in the city. Elizabeth Bobrick (1997), for example, argues that the play misrepresents women’s experience in ritual. Lauren Taaffe (1993) insists the play shows that women are only men in disguise, that it is not really about women at all but rather uses them to highlight male concerns. And Angus Bowie (1993, 227) concludes that in this play Aristophanes demonstrates that comedy, not tragedy, has the right to “give an accurate and fulsome picture of female villainy.” On the face of it, Women at the Thesmophoria satirizes women’s real ritual experience and does not respectfully depict the Thesmophoria— a very important festival celebrated throughout Greece, which promoted agricultural and human fertility. And yet, despite the Kinsman’s invasion and his mockery of women, the role of women in ritual is not really undercut in this play. The female characters who inhabit the comic stage and protest their portrayal in drama do not aim to redefine their social roles as wives and mothers. Instead, they use the authority of their roles to mount a successful attack against Euripides because he undermines these functions. In fact, the play acknowledges and validates women’s contribution to the fertility of the polis in two different ways. After the Kinsman is unmasked and taken captive by the women, four different strategies for rescuing him are staged. After all these strategies, derived from plays by Euripides, fail, a fifth strategy succeeds. As scholars have noted, the Kinsman’s captivity and rescue parallel the founding myth of the Thesmophoria festival, the story of Persephone’s
Compiler optimizations for enhancing parallelism and their impact on architecture design

By examining the structure and characteristics of parallel programs the author isolates potential overhead sources. The first compiler optimization considered is cycle shrinking which can be used to parallelize certain types of serial loops. A run-time dependence analysis is then considered along with how it can be performed through compiler-inserted bookkeeping and control statements. Loops with unstructured parallelism, that cannot benefit from existing optimizations, can be parallelized through run-time dependence checking. Finally, barrier synchronization is discussed as one of the most serious sources of run-time overhead in parallel programs. To reduce the impact of barriers, the author briefly discusses the implementation of distributed barriers through the use of a set of shared registers. >
Children's conceptions of illness

“Do you know why you got sick?” Children's ideas about this and other aspects of illness follow a developmental sequence.
Contraception -- a look forward Part III: Inhibin and brain-enhanced estrogen delivery.

The final installment of this review examines two contraceptive methods, inhibin and brain-enhanced estrogen delivery, which are radically different from any currently available. Inhibin is a gonadal hormone that specifically inhibits pituitary production of follicle-stimulating hormone. Before it was finally isolated in 1985, inhibin was expected to be an ideal contraceptive. Recent research, however, has shown that the inhibin hormonal system is unexpectedly complex, and hopes for clinical use of inhibin must be suspended for the present. Although oral contraception is one of the most effective methods ever devised, use is limited by adverse effects of estrogen (or fears of such effects). A system known as brain-enhanced estrogen delivery specifically delivers estrogen to the brain, including the hypothalamus, there inducing suppression of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone. It has been described and tested in animals, and its successful development could replace current oral contraceptives and extend their availability to many more women.
Abstract concepts in language and cognition. Commentary on "Modeling the cultural evolution of language" by Luc Steels.

concepts in language and cognition Commentary on “Modeling the cultural evolution of language” by Luc Steels
In gratitude and response

ABSTRACTIn responding to the writings on Seizing Freedom by Professors Cassano, Gallagher, Mumford, Toscano, and Ware, this rejoinder registers appreciation for their critiques and extensions of the book's arguments. It identifies the ways in which emphases on tragedy and on ‘revolutionary time’ run through the contributions. A revisiting of those themes in light of the responses to the symposium focuses on difficult decisions made in structuring the book, especially in deciding where to end it.