cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salmonellosis in man and animals as an environmental health problem

Abstract The Salmonella genus comprises over 1700 serotypes of pathogenic enteric bacteria. These microorganisms colonize in the intestinal tracts and mesenteric lymph nodes of man and lower vertebrates. Intra‐ and intergenus transfer of the lnfection(s) is common. Salmonellosls is highly contagious, and is frequently a cause of “food poisoning”; in man. Estimates of 100,000 to 2 million human cases with 500 deaths occur annually in the U.S. The disease in man and animals has not decreased during the last decade. Fecal contamination, by either symptomatic or occult carriers and shedders, is the primary transmission source of aalmonellosis. The salmonellae problem and its possible resolution are intimately associated with the environment: waste disposal, including water and land use; food and feed processing, transportation and storage; livestock, poultry and dairy production; freeliving and captive wildlife hosts as infection reservoirs; household pets and companion animals; various stress factors affecti...
Double-diffusive convection with sidewalls

The effect of rigid vertical boundaries on the onset of convective instability is calculated for the salt finger regime of double‐diffusive convection. The unperturbed state is a quiescent fluid with constant vertical gradients of temperature and solute, which are stabilizing and destabilizing, respectively. The horizontal boundaries are taken to be stress‐free and perfectly conducting. The lateral boundaries are perfectly insulating for solute. Changing from thermally insulating to thermally conducting sidewalls results in a strong destabilization of the flow for large thermal Rayleigh numbers even in the limit that the separation between the sidewalls approaches infinity. Further, for thermally conducting sidewalls, a decrease in the separation of the sidewalls may destabilize the system.
The α subunit of type II Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is highly conserved in Drosophila

A monoclonal antibody against rat brain type II Ca^(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) precipitates three proteins from Drosophila heads with apparent molecular weights similar to those of the subunits of the rat brain kinase. Fly heads also contain a CaM kinase activity that becomes partially independent of Ca^(2+) after autophosphorylation, as does the rat brain kinase. We have isolated a Drosophila cDNA encoding an amino acid sequence that is 77% identical to the sequence of the rat alpha subunit. All known autophosphorylation sites are conserved, including the site that controls Ca^(2+)-independent activity. The gene encoding the cDNA is located between 102E and F on the fourth chromosome. The protein product of this gene is expressed at much higher levels in the fly head than in the body. Thus, both the amino acid sequence and the tissue specificity of the mammalian kinase are highly conserved in Drosophila.
Active vibration control of a plate-like structure with discontinuous boundary conditions*

This research involves the application of methods to actively control the vibration of a plate-like structure with discontinuous boundary conditions. The research is motivated by the need to control vibrations on rack shelves in use on the International Space Station (ISS). Vibration of the rack shelves can adversely affect experiments being performed on those shelves. In this work, control of a rack shelf similar to those in use on the ISS is examined. Piezoelectric actuators bonded to the shelf structure are proposed as a method for controlling rack shelf vibrations. A two-dimensional asymmetric piezoelectric actuator model is first developed. The Ritz expansion method is then employed to derive the equations of motion for the combined piezoelectric actuators and rack shelf system with discontinuous boundary conditions. Model parameters from the analytical solution are used in conjunction with experimentally obtained parameters to develop a control model for the active structure. The control model is then used, together with a linear quadratic approach, to develop two different control strategies: collocated output feedback control and modal control. Results from an experimental evaluation of the two control approaches are presented. Based on the experimental results, the two control strategies are shown to be effective in controlling the first several modes of the rack shelf system at frequencies below 800 Hz.
Quantum dot single photon sources

Summary form only given. Single-photon sources have recently been demonstrated using a variety of devices, including molecules, mesoscopic quantum wells, colour centers, trapped ions, and semiconductor quantum dots. These sources rarely emit two or more photons in the same pulse, compared to a Poisson-distributed source of the same intensity. Numerous applications for single-photon sources have been proposed in the field of quantum information. However, most, including linear-optical quantum computation, also require that consecutive photons have identical wave packets. For a source based on a single quantum emitter, the emitter must therefore be excited in a rapid or deterministic way, and interact little with its surrounding environment. Here, we test the indistinguishability of photons emitted by a semiconductor quantum dot in a microcavity through a Hong-Ou-Mandel-type two-photon interference experiment. We find that consecutive photons are largely indistinguishable, with a mean wave-packet overlap as large as 0.81, making this source useful in a variety of experiments in quantum optics and quantum information.
Drug-induced regulatory overcompensation has motivational consequences: Implications for homeostatic and allostatic models of drug addiction

Initial administration of 60% nitrous oxide (N2O) at 21°C ambient temperature (Ta) reduces core temperature (Tc) in rats, but tolerance develops to this hypothermic effect over several administrations. After additional N2O administrations, a hyperthermic overcompensation (sign-reversal) develops such that Tc exceeds control levels during N2O inhalation. This study investigated whether rats would employ behavioral thermoregulation to facilitate, or oppose, a previously acquired hyperthermic overcompensation during N2O administration. To establish a hyperthermic sign-reversal, male Long-Evans rats (N=12) received ten 3-h administrations of 60% N2O while housed in a gas-tight, live-in, "inactive" thermal gradient (~21°C). Following the tenth N2O exposure, the thermal gradient was activated (range of 10-37°C), and rats received both a control gas session and a 60% N2O test session in counterbalanced order. Mean Tc during N2O inhalation in the inactive gradient was reliably hypothermic during the first exposure but was reliably hyperthermic by the tenth exposure. When subsequently exposed to 60% N2O in the active gradient, rats selected a cooler Ta, which blunted the hyperthermic sign-reversal and lowered Tc throughout the remainder of the N2O exposure. Thus, autonomic heat production effectors mediating the hyperthermia were opposed by a behavioral effector that promoted increased heat loss via selection of a cooler ambient temperature. These data are compatible with an allostatic model of drug addiction that suggests that dysregulatory overcompensation in the drugged-state may motivate behaviors (e.g., drug taking) that oppose the overcompensation, thereby creating a vicious cycle of escalating drug consumption and recurring dysregulation.
Williams–Beuren Syndrome

Williams–Beuren syndrome, a multisystem disorder caused by the deletion of a chromosome region of 1.5 million to 1.8 million base pairs containing 26 to 28 genes, is a disorder of microdeletion or contiguous gene deletion. This review covers current understanding of the biology of this disorder.
Potentiation of hyperthermia-induced convulsions in the developing rat by previous treatment with pentylenetetrazol

Infant rats were subjected to pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions on alternate days from 5 to 13 days of age. At 17 days of age, their susceptibility to the convulsant effects of hyperthermia was examined. It was found that previous pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions caused a significant facilitation in the development of hyperthermia-induced convulsions. The development of hyperthermia-induced convulsions was also facilitated in rat pups of a similar age after acute pretreatment with a subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazol. The results of this study indicate that cross sensitization between convulsant agents is possible in the developing rat. In addition, although the nervous system of the immature rat is not fully developed, the central substrates of this process evince adultlike characteristics.
Readmission after lung cancer resection is associated with a 6-fold increase in 90-day postoperative mortality

Objectives Postoperative readmission affects patient care and healthcare costs. There is a paucity of nationwide data describing the clinical significance of readmission after thoracic operations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between postoperative readmission and mortality after lung cancer resection. Methods Data were extracted for patients undergoing lung cancer resection from the linked Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results–Medicare registry (2006-2011), including demographics, comorbidities, socioeconomic factors, readmission within 30 days from discharge, and 90-day mortality. Readmitting facility and diagnoses were identified. A hierarchical regression model clustered at the hospital level identified predictors of readmission. Results We identified 11,432 patients undergoing lung cancer resection discharged alive from 677 hospitals. The median age was 74.5 years, and 52% of patients received an open lobectomy. Thirty-day readmission rate was 12.8%, and 28.3% of readmissions were to facilities that did not perform the original operation. Readmission was associated with a 6-fold increase in 90-day mortality (14.4% vs 2.5%, P Conclusions Factors associated with early readmission after lung cancer resection include patient comorbidities, type of operation, and socioeconomic factors. Metrics that only report readmissions to the operative provider miss one-fourth of all cases. Readmitted patients have an increased risk of death and demand maximum attention and optimal care.
MSL2 Promotes Mdm2-independent Cytoplasmic Localization of p53

Although it was originally thought of as a passive way to block the nuclear function of p53, accumulating evidence suggests that cytoplasmic localization of p53 plays an active role in p53-mediated functions such as apoptosis and autophagy. Previous studies by us and others demonstrated that Mdm2-mediated p53 ubiquitination induces both degradation and cytoplasmic localization. Here we describe MSL2, a novel E3 ligase for p53 that promotes ubiquitin-dependent cytoplasmic p53 localization. Unlike Mdm2 or most other p53 E3 ligases, MSL2-mediated p53 ubiquitination does not affect the stability of p53. Moreover, the MSL2-mediated effect on p53 is Mdm2-independent. Thus, our study identifies an important ubiquitin-ligase for modulating p53 subcellular localization.
Reactions between human serum albumin and several hemoglobins.

SummaryHuman serum albumin precipitates in agar gels with hemoglobin. This reaction can be quantified by means of a diffusion ring test, described, and is maximal between pH 6 and 8 when the medium contains 0.01 to 0.1 M NaCl. Several human and animal hemoglobins display varying reactivities. Conversion of hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin abolishes reactivity. It is suggested that the specificity of the reaction depends on both the globin and heme moieties of hemoglobin.
Conventional chiller performances simulation and field data

In most commercial buildings and industrial plants HVAC systems consume large amounts of energy, and usually offer the most significant potential for savings. Liquid conventional chillers play a very important role in providing these savings. Proper design, installation, and maintenance of these systems are therefore the key steps leading to improved efficiency which benefit both the customers and the utilities. To effectively materialize this concept two steps have been followed here. In the first section of this paper conventional chillers of different types have been modelled and simulated using a software (DOE2). The chillers are rated for a generic building and meteorological weather of San Diego. Performance parameters such as the part/full-load efficiencies, the number of occurrences during peak hours and load frequencies are then calculated. These results gave typical performance values (curves) which can be used to compare screw, centrifugal, and reciprocating chillers among each other within a predefined scope. In the following section the field data of 39 conventional chillers and the manufacturers specifications of some of them are collected and analysed. This gave an overall view of their actual field performance and their deviation from the manufacturers' specifications. Comparison of the simulated and collected data also provided better vision of the expected performances versus the actual performances, and pinpointed some major drawbacks in the design and sizing methodology. The results also led to important conclusions regarding the status quo and the possibilities in the immediate future. Preferred chiller types and methods of providing the required cooling energy recommended by the simulation results are compared with the existing ways of providing energy in order to conform the eventual promises and quantify the room for efficiency.
Mutagenic activation or dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitrosamine in the host-mediated assay and the microsomal system

Summary Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were tested for the formation of mutagenic metabolites in vitro using liver microsomal preparations from mice or rats or in vivo in the host-mediated assay using mice or rats as hosts. The indicator organism for mutagenesis was strain G-46 of Salmonella typhimurium (mutations were scored as histidine reversions). In the host-mediated assay, the bacteria were injected into the peritoneal cavity. DMN gave approximately the same maximum reversion frequencies under host-mediated assay condition whether mice or rats were used as hosts. In comparison, the mouse liver microsome preparation was more than ten times more active than the rat liver microsome preparation. DEN showed almost no mutagenic effect in the host-mediated assay. DEN's mutagenic action was clearly shown in the mouse liver microsome system, although its activity was much lower than DMN in the same system.
DNA-assisted monolayer immobilization of 2D opaline arrays

DNA supramolecular recognition is employed for the immobilization of 2D photonic crystals of monodisperse colloidal microspheres. Amine-terminated DNA oligomers are covalently attached to carboxy-decorated microspheres and substrates while preserving their colloidal stability and organization properties. Following a capillary-force-assisted organization of DNA-decorated microspheres into close-packed 2D opaline arrays, the first monolayer is immobilized by DNA hybridization. Various parameters affecting the long-range order of such opaline arrays are investigated, including surface hydrophobicity and the relative strengths of the specific versus nonspecific interactions. The type and concentration of salt and the process temperature are also optimized for the hybridization between microspheres and substrate. The selective removal of non-specifically bound multilayers is accomplished by carefully passing an air/liquid interface over these arrays. DNA hybridization was found to play an important role in immobilizing the first monolayer of 2D opaline arrays while preserving its long-range order, with an approximate binding strength three times higher than that of non-specific interactions.
uvbyCaHβ CCD Photometry of Clusters. VII. The Intermediate-Age Anticenter Cluster Melotte 71

CCD photometry on the intermediate-band uvbyCaHβ system is presented for the anticenter, intermediate-age open cluster Melotte 71. Restricting the data to probable single members of the cluster using the color-magnitude diagram and the photometric indices alone generates a sample of 48 F dwarfs on the unevolved main sequence. The average E(b - y) = 0.148 ± 0.003 (standard error of the mean [s.e.m.]) or E(B - V) = 0.202 ± 0.004 (s.e.m.), where the errors refer to internal errors alone. With this reddening, [Fe/H] is derived from both m1 and hk, using Hβ and b - y as the temperature index, with excellent agreement among the four approaches and a final weighted average of [Fe/H] = -0.17 ± 0.02 (s.e.m.) for the cluster, on a scale in which the Hyades has [Fe/H] = +0.12. When adjusted for the higher reddening estimate, the previous metallicity estimates from Washington photometry and from spectroscopy are now in agreement with the intermediate-band result. From comparisons to isochrones of appropriate metallicity, the cluster age and distance are determined as 0.9 ± 0.1 Gyr and (m - M) = 12.2 ± 0.1 or (m - M)0 = 11.6 ± 0.1. At this distance from the Sun, Mel 71 has a galactocentric distance of 10.0 kpc on a scale in which the Sun is 8.5 kpc from the Galactic center. Based on its age, distance, and elemental abundances, Mel 71 appears to be a less populous analog to NGC 3960.
Prediction with orthonormal polynomials in overlapping windows

We propose a polynomial-expansion procedure with overlapping windows in which strong local curvature or non-polynomial behavior in the map can be isolated and better resolved than in a global polynomial expansion. The method is tested on 1-D maps and compared to the global expansion.
Electrical conductivity of polydivinylbenzene films

Abstract Polydivinylbenzene dielectric films, between 100 A and 500 A thick, exhibit non-ohmic conductivity at high electric fields. The conduction mechanism appears to be predominantly Schottky emission. For certain polymer structures, additional unexpected conductivity behavior is observed between 100 A and 300 A in thickness. These effects are different from the usual charge transfer mechanisms observed in thin-film conductivity, and appear to be related to the conjugated electronic structure of the monomer.
Sample-size effects in neutron scattering studied with analytic and Monte Carlo methods

Abstract The accuracy of approximate, analytic methods for correcting neutron scattering data for sample-size effects is studied in detail by comparison with Monte Carlo calculations carried out with good statistics. Conditions for good agreement between the two methods are obtained. The effects of the finite extent of the neutron source and of the flux anisotropy from the source reaction are also examined; a method is given for minimizing anisotropy effects when normalizing measurements to those with a polyethylene scatterer.
Mindscapes, Management, Business Policy, and Public Policy

In some areas, the ecosystem is enriched by industrial activities and byproducts, such as strip mining and heated water discharge. Management/labor relations may emphasize mutually beneficial combinations of individual differences among workers instead of majority rule or consensus. Causal loop leverage points to remedy the mutual amplification of goallessness among business, government, and the consumer are identified. New concepts are introduced: synchronized “morphogenetic incentives” to facilitate complex “morphogenetic joint ventures” involving heterogeneous industries.
Photonic choke-joints for dual-polarization waveguides

Photonic choke joint (PCJ) structures for dual-polarization waveguides have been investigated for use in device and component packaging. This interface enables the realization of a high performance non-contacting waveguide joint without degrading the in-band signal propagation properties. The choke properties of two tiling approaches, symmetric square Cartesian and octagonal quasi-crystal lattices of metallic posts, are explored and optimal PCJ design parameters are presented. For each of these schemes, the experimental results for structures with finite tilings demonstrate near ideal transmission and reflection performance over a full waveguide band.
Some Futures of Anthropology

The Future of Anthropology: Its Relevance to the Contemporary World. Akbar Ahmed and CRIS SHORE, eds. London: Athlone Press, 1995. ix -i- 291 pp., contributors, notes, references, Index. Grasping the Changing World: Anthropological Concepts In the Postmodern Era. Vaclav Hubinger. ed. New York: Routledge Press, 1996. -i-129 pp., contributors, index. The Future of Anthropological Knowledge. Henrietta Moore. ed. New York: Routledge Press, 1996. viii. 179 pp., contributors, Indexes.
A direct cross-talk between interferon-γ and sonic hedgehog signaling that leads to the proliferation of neuronal precursor cells

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity. Recent evidence suggests a connection between IFN-gamma signaling and the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway in the developing brain with CNS-targeted expression of IFN-gamma transgene in mice. To determine the relationship between these distinct pathways, we have found that IFN-gamma induces a rapid Shh transcription in cultured primary granular neuron precursor (GNP) cells. The transcriptional induction of Shh by IFN-gamma is resistant to protein synthesis inhibition. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis reveals a direct binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 to the Shh promoter. Functional analyses, including dual immunofluorescent labeling with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation indicate that IFN-gamma treatment leads to significant GNP proliferation. This mitogenic effect of IFN-gamma is blocked by inhibition of Shh signaling. Therefore, Shh is an IFN-gamma target gene and is responsible for IFN-gamma-induced GNP proliferation. This previously unrecognized cross-talk between IFN-gamma and Shh highlights a potential importance of this immune mediator in the pathogenesis of human developmental and psychiatric disorders.
An evaluation of the potential cost reductions resulting from the use of clodronate in the treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the breast to bone

The reported studies of clodronate in the management of osteolytic bone metastases suggest a significant palliative role for this drug. In this paper we report on analysis of the hospital costs associated with the management of osteolytic metastatic disease, and an estimate of the potential cost/benefit impact of clodronate therapy. Two separate patient populations were assessed retrospectively. The first, a sample of 120 patients with symptomatic bone metastases who had died from metastatic breast cancer over the period 1980-1990, was used to define the natural history of the disease. A second non-concurrent patient group of 337 patients was evaluated to determine the mean cost of all hospital admissions for patients with bone metastases from breast carcinoma. The length of stay and costs for hospital admissions related to the bone metastases were also assessed, in addition to the cost of out-patient radiation therapy. Our cost/benefit value analysis suggests that there are significant savings to be gained from the use of clodronate if a 20% or greater reduction occurs in the incidence of fractures, hypercalcaemia, and hospital-based treatment for pain control (via radiotherapy). We also speculate that the quality of life of patients with osteolytic bone metastases may be improved with this agent.
The relationship of insects, fungi and nematodes to the deterioration of roots of Trifolium hybridum L.*

SUMMARY To evaluate the relative importance and possible interrelationships of insect, fungus, and nematode injury to the deterioration of roots of alsike clover plants, Trifolium hybridum L., heptachlor, chloropicrin, and ethylene dibromide were applied singly and in combinations to the soil prior to seeding. The most effective treatment was an insecticide plus a soil fumigant (heptachlor plus chloropicrin or ethylene dibromide), which improved the uniformity of stand, plant height and flowering, and reduced the density of weeds. In the second year this treatment greatly increased plant survival and yields of forage. All the plants died in the untreated control plots during the third year of the experiment. There was a significant relationship between the occurrence of vascular decay and the incidence of injury by the clover root curculio, Sitona hispidula (Fabr.). There was a less marked relationship between insect injury and cortical decay; but no apparent relationship between insect injury and rootlet rot. Although root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus sp., was present, no direct relationship between nematode injury and root rots was established. The fungi most frequently isolated from alsike clover roots were Fusarium oxysporum Schl. sensu Snyd. and Han., a species of Pyrenochaeta and an unidentified fungus. Verticillium dahliae Kleb. was also present. Tests with F. oxysporum, the Pyrenochaeta sp., and V. dahliae confirmed their pathogenicity on alsike clover roots. In laboratory tests, plants with severe rootlet rot rapidly regenerated feeder rootlets in the presence of adequate soil moisture.
Microinjection of bombesin into the ventrolateral reticular formation inhibits peripherally stimulated gastric acid secretion through spinal pathways in rats.

Abstract Bombesin injected into the cisterna magna potently inhibits gastric acid secretion stimulated by intravenous infusion of pentagastrin. Sites in the medulla oblongata where bombesin acts to suppress gastric acid secretion were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats with gastric cannula. Bombesin or vehicle was injected into the medullary parenchyma or intracisternally (i.c.) 60 min after the start of an intravenous pentagastrin infusion; gastric acid secretion was monitored every 10 min for 20 min before and 150 min after the start of pentagastrin. Bombesin (0.2, 0.6 or 6.2 pmol) microinjected into the ventrolateral reticular formation (VLRF) inhibited dose-dependently the net acid response to pentagastrin by 40.8±11.1, 75.4±12.8 and 96.7±19.4%, respectively, at the 40–50 min period after microinjection compared with the vehicle group. Bombesin action in the VLRF was long lasting (96% inhibition still observed at 90 min after 6.2 pmol), and completely abolished by cervical spinal cord transection at the C6 level. By contrast, bombesin injected i.c. at 0.2 or 0.6 pmol had no effect while at 6.2 pmol, there was a 79.0±3.9% peak inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion. Bombesin (6.2 pmol) injected into the dorsal motor nucleus reduced the acid response to pentagastrin by 29%. The parvicellular and gigantocellular reticular nuclei were not responsive to bombesin. These results indicate that bombesin acts in the VLRF to inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion through spinal pathways, suggesting a potential role of medullary VLRF area in the sympathetic control of gastric acid secretion.
Three stage sample preparation for purification of proteins from complex biological samples

In this manuscript we present a three-component sample preparation platform for delivering proteins, with controlled orientation, purified from a complex biological sample to a sensor surface. The presented platform depletes highly abundant proteins and cells from complex biological samples, and then is capable of immobilizing the target analyte on the surface with controlled immobilization. A herringbone structure is used to mix the test sample with beads coated with antibodies against the highly abundant proteins, which is then fed into a second component, consisting of a filter trench with interdigitated electrodes above for applying dielectrophoretic force. The beads and cells are pushed down into the filter trench, thus allowing only the serum to pass through. In a third step, protein orientation and immobilization is controlled with electric field. In this manuscript we discuss the proof of concept for each of these three components separately.
The ground state and excited d‐hole states of CuAu

Resonant two‐photon ionization spectroscopy has been applied to jet‐cooled diatomic CuAu. Eight band systems have been observed, rotationally resolved, and analyzed. The ground state is X 1Σ+ in symmetry, deriving from the 3d10Cu5d10Auσ2 molecular configuration. Its bond length has been determined as r0=2.3302±0.0006 A (1σ error limits). The first excited state is the a 3Σ+ state, which derives from the 3d10Cu5d10Auσ1σ*1 molecular configuration. This state possesses a nominal bond order of zero, but is nevertheless bound by D0=1157±150 cm−1 and has a bond length of 2.428±0.028 A. It is observed through the a 3Σ+–X 1Σ+ transition which is very weak, with f≊5×10−5. Seven higher energy band systems are also observed, most of which correlate asymptotically to d‐hole states described by the Cu 3d104s1, 2S+Au 5d96s2, 2D5/2, Cu 3d94s2, 2D5/2+Au 5d106s1, 2S, and Cu 3d94s2, 2D3/2+Au 5d106s2, 2S separated atom limits. The D 0+ excited state, however, displays a very large oscillator strength in transitions with the...
Using a Problem-Solving Heuristic to Teach Engineering Graphics:

Students often experience difficulties in developing an adequate understanding of how to solve engineering graphics problems using traditional teaching methods. Application of an explicit problem-solving technique to graphics problems can help students to understand the solution strategy. This method reinforces the details of the process, enabling students to apply the same techniques to more complicated problems. The problem-solving heuristic involves devising and evaluating a solution plan before it is implemented. Without such a solution plan, students are more likely to rush into an ill-conceived solution design without any meaningful preliminary thought. By considering a detailed solution plan for even simple problems, students should gain an in-depth understanding of the class material. This paper presents and discusses the implementation of a problem-solving approach to engineering graphics, which can be applied to both drafting and computer-aided design (CAD) exercises. Preliminary results indicat...
Sulphate Conjugation and L -Dopa Treatment of Parkinsonian Patients

CONJUGATION of catecholamines in man was first described for adrenaline by Richter in 19401. He suggested that the conjugated product was an ester of sulphuric acid. Richter and MacIntosh2 later demonstrated that conjugation of adrenaline markedly reduced its presser properties and proposed that conjugation is a mechanism of inactivation of the biological properties of this amine. Holtz and Credner3 administered L-dopa to several animals including man and isolated both free and conjugated dopamine (DA) from urine. Conjugation of two metabolites of DA, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), was observed by Shaw, McMillan and Armstrong4 when they isolated these two phenolic acids from the urine of human subjects who had received L-dopa orally. The conjugates of these compounds can be isolated by anion exchange chromatography5,6. When conjugated derivatives in the eluates from anion exchange columns were hydrolysed by sulphuric acid5,6 or sulphatase5, the unconjugated parent compounds were identified by paper chromatography.
Determination of fibre/matrix interfacial shear strength by an acoustic emission technique

The application of acoustic emission (AE) measurements to locate the sources of fracture of a single high-strength fibre embedded in an epoxy matrix which is loaded in tension is described. From the micromechanical model and the fragment length distribution, interfacial shear strength values were calculated. The technique is demonstrated for small-diameter glass and graphite fibres as well as for fibres which exhibit fibrillar fracture, such as Kevlar and PBZT. Good agreement is found between the mean fragment length values obtained by optical and AE measurements for glass and graphite fibres. Values obtained for interfacial shear strength by the AE technique are comparable with those obtained using other techniques.
VTOL control power requirements reappraised.

One of the crucial items in the design of operational VTOL aircraft is the specification of realistic control power requirements for low-speed flight conditions. Various attempts to develop empirical design requirements have yielded inconsistent results that have often been subject to individual interpretation. This paper examines the problem from a fundamental, analytical viewpoint, viz., the computation of control power as the output of a randomly disturbed mechanical system. Use of the proposed method also permits the rational consideration of closely related handling quality aspects. Contrary to data available in the VTOL literature, this paper shows that control system sensitivity and power are not strongly related, although both can affect the vehicle handling qualities. The method probably exhibits its greatest utility as a preliminary design tool, where it can serve to evaluate competing system designs quantitatively, even with estimated system characteristics. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the application of the method. The main disadvantages of the method are the requirements for detailed knowledge of the maneuver requirements, the atmospheric turbulence, and the airframe stability derivatives. An intimate knowledge of analytical handling qualities is also a prerequisite.
Coordinated dynamic encoding in the retina using opposing forms of plasticity

The range of natural inputs encoded by a neuron often exceeds its dynamic range. To overcome this limitation, neural populations divide their inputs among different cell classes, as with rod and cone photoreceptors, and adapt by shifting their dynamic range. We report that the dynamic behavior of retinal ganglion cells in salamanders, mice and rabbits is divided into two opposing forms of short-term plasticity in different cell classes. One population of cells exhibited sensitization-a persistent elevated sensitivity following a strong stimulus. This newly observed dynamic behavior compensates for the information loss caused by the known process of adaptation occurring in a separate cell population. The two populations divide the dynamic range of inputs, with sensitizing cells encoding weak signals and adapting cells encoding strong signals. In the two populations, the linear, threshold and adaptive properties are linked to preserve responsiveness when stimulus statistics change, with one population maintaining the ability to respond when the other fails.
Straw men don't get Lyme disease: response to Wood and Lafferty.

Wood and Lafferty [1] (hereafter WL) attempt a synthesis of two views of the ecological factors underlying variable Lyme disease (LD) risk. LD emerged during the 1970s following the post-agricultural reforestation of the northeastern USA, which provided the habitat required by the blacklegged tick vector (Ixodes scapularis) and many of its hosts [2]. However, within the large and growing North American LD zone, risk and incidence vary enormously. To explain LD risk, WL contrast a ‘traditional’ perspective, in which forestation is associated with high risk, and a ‘dilution effect’ perspective, in which loss of vertebrate diversity is associated with high risk.
A note on the calculation of covariance and resolution

SUMMARY Two formulations of the a posteriori covariance using maximum likelihood are considered. These are then related to model resolution. The first formulation is an extension of least squares in which the least squares inverse is replaced by the maximum likelihood inverse. For imperfect resolution, this approach gives a maximum error for diagonal resolutions of 0.5 and decreases for greater or smaller resolutions. The second formulation for the a posteriori covariance due to Tarantola (1987) gives a more natural result which reduces to the least squares result for perfect resolution and to the a priori covariance in the limit of zero resolution. Many computer algorithms use the first formulation which will systematically underestimate computed model errors as compared to the second formulation in all cases except for perfect resolution.
A penalty plate‐bending element for the analysis of laminated anisotropic composite plates

Abstract : A C degrees (penalty) finite element is developed for the equations governing the heterogeneous laminated plate theory of Yang, Norris and Stavsky. The YNS theory is a generalization of Mindlin's theory for homogeneous, isotropic plates to arbitrarily laminated anisotropic plates and includes shear deformation and rotary inertia effects. The present element can also be used in the analysis of thin plates by appropriately specifying the penalty parameter. A variety of problems are solved, including those for which solutions are not available in the literature, to show the material effects and the parametric effects of plate aspect ratio, length-to-thickness ratio, lamination scheme, number of layers and lamination angle on the deflections, stresses, and vibration frequencies. Despite its simplicity, the present element gives very accurate results. (Author)
Referential determinism and computational efficiency: posting constraints from deep structure

Most transformational linguists would no longer create explicit deep structures. Instead they adopt a surface-interpretive approach. We find deep structures indispensable for projection into a semantic network. In conjunction with a reference architecture based on constraint-posting, they minimize referential non-determinisms. We extend Marcus' Determinism Hypothesis to include immediate reference, a foundational subclass of reference. This Referential Determinism Hypothesis, constitutes a semantic constraint on theories of syntactic analysis, arguing for theories that minimize referential non-determinism. We show that our combination of deep structures and constraint-posting eliminates non-determinism in immediate reference. We conclude that constraint-posting, deep-structure parsers satisfy the referential determinism hypothesis.
Multifrequency and nonuniformly-spaced arrays: Effects on grating lobe amplitude

Abstract A computer simulation study on the effects of multifrequency and aperiodic ultrasonic transducer arrays has shown that both methods improve grating lobe response when compared to a periodic array of the same aperture and element spacing. The multifrequency array produces a better beam pattern than either the aperiodic or combination aperiodic/multifrequency array. Both the aperiodic and multifrequency arrays have a narrower main lobe and higher side lobe response than a periodic array with reduced element spacing and an equal number of elements.
The rheology and microstructure of concentrated non-colloidal suspensions of deformable capsules

A detailed study into the rheology and microstructure of dense suspensions of initially spherical capsules is presented, where capsules are composed of a fluid-filled interior surrounded by an elastic membrane. This study couples a lattice-Boltzmann fluid solver to a finite-element membrane model creating a robust and scalable method for the simulation of these suspensions. A Lees–Edwards boundary condition is used to simulate periodic simple shear to obtain bulk rheological properties, and three-dimensional results are presented for capsules in the regime of negligible inertia, Brownian motion and colloidal interparticle forces. The simulation results focus on describing the suspension rheology as a function of the particle concentration and deformability, and relating these macroscopic rheological findings to changes at the particle level, i.e. the suspension microstructure. Several important findings are made: suspensions of deformable capsules are found to be shear thinning, and the initially compressive normal stresses associated with rigid spherical suspensions undergo rapid changes with moderate levels of particle deformation. These normal stress changes are particularly evident in the first normal stress difference, which undergoes a sign change at fairly minor levels of deformation, and the particle pressure, which decreases rapidly with increasing particle deformability. Changes in the microstructure as quantified by the single-body microstructure and the pair distribution function are reported. Also, results calculating particle self-diffusion are presented and related to changes in the normal stresses.
Background Calibration of Pipelined ADCs Via Decision Boundary Gap Estimation

A method of indirect background digital calibration of the dominant static nonlinearities in pipelined analog-to-digital converters (ADC) is presented. The method, called decision boundary gap estimation (DBGE), monitors the output of the ADC to estimate the size of code gaps that result at the decision boundaries of each stage. Code gaps result from such effects as capacitor mismatch, finite opamp gain, finite current source output impedance, comparator offset, and charge injection. DBGE does not require special calibration signals or additional analog hardware and can even reduce the performance requirements of the analog circuitry. The calibration is performed using the input signal and thus requires that the input signal exercise the codes in the vicinity of the decision boundaries of each stage. If it does not exercise these codes, then lack of calibration is less critical because the nonlinearities will not appear in the output signal. DBGE is simple and amenable to hardware and/or software implementations. Simulation results indicate DBGE is highly accurate, robust, and adaptive even in the presence of parameter drift and circuit noise.
EVALUATION OF DICHLORVOS VAPORIZING SOLIDS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS

Six brands of commercial dichlorvos-vaporizing solids were tested individually in a 28.3 m3 test chamber simulating home conditions to evaluate their effective life. The dichlorvos vapor concentrations developed and maintained by the vaporizers in the chamber, varied from ca. 0.5 μg to 0.005 μg/liter during approximately a 2-month test period depending on the brand and ventilation of the test chamber. Any increase in ventilation correspondingly decreased the level of dichlorvos vapor concentration and vice versa. The vaporizing samples became depleted rapidly at higher than at lower rate of air exchange. At either rate of ventilation (1/3 or 1 air change/h) some of the samples, depending on their potentiality, were completely depleted whereas others produced very low concentrations during the 2-month exposure.A 70–90 min exposure to a dichlorvos vapor concentration of ca. 0.1 μg/liter gave almost 100% mortality of susceptible and 85% of DDT-resistant caged female house fly, Musca domestica L. However, a similar exposure killed only 16% of the field-collected female house flies. When exposed, as free flying, to a similar concentration it took only 45 and 85 min to cause 95% kill of the susceptible and 85% kill of DDT-resistant house flies respectively. However, a 61/2 h exposure of field house flies to a similar concentration killed only 35.5% of them.A dichlorvos concentration of ca. 0.1 μg/liter gave 100% kill of Tineola bisselliella (Hummel) larvae and Blattella germanica L. male adults in 6 and 3 days respectively, and of Aedes attopalpus Coquillett adults in a 30-min exposure. However, only 19% kill of Attagenus megatoma (F.) larvae occurred in 7 days with a similar concentration.
Loyalty, Value Congruency,and Affective Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Study

This paper reports findings of a study designed to test a hypothesized relationship between generalized values of loyalty and duty; individual and organization value congruency; and organizational commitment offered by Yoash Wiener. He argued that, “a fullerexplanation of individual behavior in an organization requires a consideration of effect of generalized values of loyalty and duty.” These generalized values are considered to be a person’s predisposition or internalized normative pressure to be committed to institutions such as family, friends, country, and work organization as a result of primary socialization with a culture that places premium on loyalty to institu‐tions or organizations (Wiener 1982).While the results show some evidence to support existence of generalized value of loyalty and duty among employees, it did not, for the most part, significantly correlate with measures of organizational commitment.Measures of value congruency, however, were found to significantly correlate with those of organizational commitment. The conclusion that primary cultural socialization should be considered in employee selection process (even though illegal) for the purpose of identifying and selecting individuals who are generally predisposed to commit to organizations, is not supported.
Some Common Myths About Centering Predictor Variables in Moderated Multiple Regression and Polynomial Regression

Additive transformations are often offered as a remedy for the common problem of collinearity in moderated regression and polynomial regression analysis. As the authors demonstrate in this article,...
The CF3 Rotor: Torsional vibrations for some CF3OX and CF3OOX molecules

The low frequency Raman spectra of CF3OF (gas, liquid), CF3OCI (liquid), CF3OOH (gas, liquid), CF3OOD (liquid), CF3OOF (gas, liquid) and CF3OOCI (liquid) have been recorded below 300 cm−1. The spectra have been assigned and the CF3 torsional modes were observed for all of these compounds in the liquid state. The assigned frequencies for the liquids and the calculated barriers for the vapor state are: CF3OF, ντ = 144 cm−1, V3 = 4.64 kcal mol−1; CF3OCI, ντ = 122 cm−1, V3 = 4.6 kcal mol−1; CF3OOH, ντ = 155 cm−1, V3 = 6.0 kcal mol−1; CF3OOF, ντ = 78 cm−1, V3 = 2.9 kcal mol−1; and CF3OOCI, ντ = 80 cm−1, V3 = 3.7 kcal mol−1. The assignments are discussed and the barriers are compared to the corresponding quantities in some similar molecules.
A comparison of the machining efficiency of two brands of stainless steel endodontic hand files.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the machining efficiency of a flexible stainless steel K-type hand file recently introduced by Brasseler USA (“F-Style files”), with that of a well-studied Endodontic instrument (“Flex-o-files,” Maillefer Dentsply), that has been on the market for more than 20 years. The comparison of machining efficiencies of these two brands of files was conducted on both dentin and plexiglas substrates, using an apparatus that allowed a constant force to be applied from each file being tested. The results indicated that the Brasseler instruments had poorer machining efficiency than those of the Maillefer files.
Reforming Reformed Religion: J. S. Mill's Critique of the Enlightenment's Natural Religion

John Stuart Mill's writings on religion, a neglected topic in the secondary literature, deserve careful examination because they challenge the long-standing view that liberalism opposes conceptions of the best life. Mill himself considers religion responsible for perfecting the individual and a crucial dimension of his moral theory. In his view, developing a conception of the best life will be difficult in England because it requires broaching a sensitive issue that the Anglo-Scottish Enlightenment did not comprehend: namely, that the Enlightenment's reformed Christianity is too great a compromise with traditional or revealed Christianity. If English liberalism is to generate a comprehensive morality for the future, argues Mill, reformed Christianity must be further reformed to create a culture that fosters human flourishing. A comparison of Mill's views of Christianity with those of Kant and Hegel provides a window for viewing their different visions of the morality of the future. The contrast provides further evidence that liberalism, in Mill's view, is not nearly as narrow a moral outlook as many commentators on liberalism, whether admirers or critics, believe.