cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FACTORS AFFECTING THE MAGNITUDE AND PROPORTIONALITY OF SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS OF COORDINATION

Three experiments were conducted to assess the nature and generality of people's solutions to problems of temporal and numerical coordination in which interests are primarily opposed. In Exp. I, subjects were placed in a timing task with a group of nonpresent others and were asked to make a simple pushbutton response when they believed they would be exactly the Nth person in their group to do so. In Exp. II, groups of randomly chosen respondents in the Boston metropolitan area took part in a mail contest in which a cash prize was awarded to the Nth person in a group to return a postcard. In Exp. III, subjects were placed in a simulated auction setting in the laboratory and were required to compete with a group of nonpresent others in order to make the Nth bid in their group. Five variables were manipulated, two of which proved to be significant in all three studies. Thus, it was found that the wider the temporal or numerical continuum with which an individual is provided, and the higher the ordinal positi...
G-Spirantization and Lateral Ambivalence in Northern German Dialects

In the Kiel German regional variety (KG), /ɡ/ undergoes spirantization after vowels and /ʀ/ but not after /l/. KG contrasts with data provided by Wiese (1996) for a dialect that he calls Northern Colloquial Speech (NCS), in which /ɡ/ spirantizes not only after vowels and /ʀ/, but also after /l/. I argue that G-Spirantization in both regional varieties is an example of an assimilation which spreads [+continuant] from a vowel or /ʀ/ in KG (and /l/ in NCS) to a following coda /ɡ/. The difference between the /…lɡ/ environment in the two dialects can be explained by lateral ambivalence, as described in detail by Mielke (2005). *
Disciplining Discourse Discourse Practice in the Affiliated Professions of Software Engineering Design

The authors report an investigation of the discourse practices of the “affiliated professions” of software engineering design. Lists of design issues generated by students in computer science and t...
Optimal Power Assignment for Minimizing the Average Total Transmission Power in Hybrid-ARQ Rayleigh Fading Links

We address the fundamental problem of identifying the optimal power assignment sequence for hybrid automatic-repeat-request (H-ARQ) communications over quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels. For any targeted H-ARQ link outage probability, we find the sequence of power values that minimizes the average total expended transmission power. We first derive a set of equations that describe the optimal transmission power assignment and enable its exact recursive calculation. To reduce calculation complexity, we also develop an approximation to the optimal power sequence that is close to the numerically calculated exact result. The newly founded power allocation solution reveals that conventional equal-power H-ARQ assignment is far from optimal. For example, for targeted outage probability of 10-3 with a maximum of two transmissions, the average total transmission power with the optimal assignment is 9 dB lower than the equal-power protocol. The difference in average total power cost grows further when the number of allowable retransmissions increases (for example, 11 dB gain with a cap of 5 transmissions) or the targeted outage probability decreases (27 dB gain with outage probability 10-5 and transmissions capped at 5). Interestingly, the optimal transmission power assignment sequence is neither increasing nor decreasing; its form depends on given total power budget and targeted outage performance levels. Extensive numerical and simulation results are presented to illustrate the theoretical development.
AN APPROXIMATE BOUNDARY INTEGRAL METHOD FOR ACOUSTIC SCATTERING IN SHALLOW OCEANS

The problem of a time-harmonic acoustic wave scattering from a cylindrical object in shallow oceans is solved by an approximate boundary integral method. In the method we employ a Green's function of the Helmholtz equation with sound soft sea level and sound hard sea bottom conditions, and reformulate the problem into a boundary integral equation on the surface of the scattering object. The kernel of the integral equation is given by an infinite series, and is approximated by an appropriate truncation. The integral equation is then fully discretized by applying a quadrature rule. The method has an O(N−3) rate of convergence. Various numerical examples are presented.
Alternative simulation annealing processes for global optimization in neural networks

Summary form only given, as follows. The simulated annealing method is a tool for finding the global minima of a performance measure function. It is accomplished by constraining the probability distribution of the process to be a Gibbs distribution associated with the measure to be minimized. The only parameter upon which the convergence depends is the cooling schedule of the Gibbs temperature. Alternative distributions have been derived along with the cooling schedules for convergence to a global minimum. A global measure of performance was defined. It was concluded that an algorithm using simple multiplicative and additive functions will perform faster on a computer than an algorithm using more complicated functions. >
High density, low cost packaging and interconnect technology

The increase of I/O on chip is driving chip, package and board interconnect schemes to alternative technologies. Area array flip chips and BGAs are beginning to replace peripheral pad limited chips and tight pitch leads on PQFPs. The PWB industry is looking at technologies which form "microvias" to handle the interconnection of these high density chip/package formats. New technologies such as large area processing (LAP) and seamless high off chip connectivity (SHOCC) are being developed to meet these needs.
Conserved Features of the PB2 627 Domain Impact Influenza Virus Polymerase Function and Replication

Successful replication of influenza virus requires the coordinated expression of viral genes and replication of the genome by the viral polymerase, composed of the subunits PA, PB1, and PB2. Polymerase activity is regulated by both viral and host factors, yet the mechanisms of regulation and how they contribute to viral pathogenicity and tropism are poorly understood. To characterize these processes, we created a series of mutants in the 627 domain of the PB2 subunit. This domain contains a conserved “P[F/P]AAAPP” sequence motif and the well-described amino acid 627, whose identity regulates host range. A lysine present at position 627 in most mammalian viral isolates creates a basic face on the domain surface and confers high-level activity in humans compared to the glutamic acid found at this position in avian isolates. Mutation of the basic face or the P[F/P]AAAPP motif impaired polymerase activity, assembly of replication complexes, and viral replication. Most of these residues are required for general polymerase activity, whereas PB2 K586 and R589 were preferentially required for function in human versus avian cells. Thus, these data identify residues in the 627 domain and other viral proteins that regulate polymerase activity, highlighting the importance of the surface charge and structure of this domain for virus replication and host adaptation. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus faces barriers to transmission across species as it emerges from its natural reservoir in birds to infect mammals. The viral polymerase is an important regulator of this process and undergoes discrete changes to adapt to replication in mammals. Many of these changes occur in the polymerase subunit PB2. Here we describe the systematic analysis of a key region in PB2 that controls species-specific polymerase activity. We report the importance of conserved residues that contribute to the overall charge of the protein as well as those that likely affect protein structure. These findings provide further insight into the molecular events dictating species-specific polymerase function and viral replication.
Types for the working programmer (abstract)

There has been recent progress in understanding types for object-oriented languages, but most of it has had little or no impact on real programmers. This tutorial aims to extract from the confusion those topics that are important to programmers who must use or choose an object-oriented language. The tutorial explains the role of types in object-oriented languages, what types can do for programmers, and how the trend towards distributed and heterogeneous systems and object-oriented databases influences what it means for a program to be type-correct.The tutorial describes the difference between objects and values, what types are and why they are good for you, what refinement and subtyping are, what problems they solve, and what problems they do not; why contravariance isnt an unnatural act; why inheritance is a relationship between programs, not between classes.By the end of the tutorial, you will understand how abstract concepts like subtyping can help you solve practical problems such as deciding when one piece of code can be substituted for another.
Image-guided sparse-model full waveform inversion

Multiple problems, including high computational cost, spurious local minima, and solutions with no geologic sense, have prevented widespread application of full waveform inversion (FWI), especially FWI of seismic reflections. These problems are fundamentally related to a large number of model parameters and to the absence of low frequencies in recorded seismograms. Instead of inverting for all the parameters in a dense model, image-guided full waveform inversion inverts for a sparse model space that contains far fewer parameters. We represent a model with a sparse set of values, and from these values, we use image-guided interpolation (IGI) and its adjoint operator to compute finely and uniformly sampled models that can fit recorded data in FWI. Because of this sparse representation, image-guided FWI updates more blocky models, and this blockiness in the model space mitigates the absence of low frequencies in recorded data. Moreover, IGI honors imaged structures, so image-guided FWI built in this way yields models that are geologically sensible.
High Accuracy DNS and LES of High Reynolds Number, Supersonic Base Flows and Passive Control of the Near Wake

Supersonic axisymmetric base flows are prototypical for flows behind projectiles and missiles. For these flows, drag reduction can be achieved by means of passive control of the near wake. Thereby, large (turbulent) coherent structures play a dominant role. The objective of the present investigation is to elucidate if and how successful passive flow control techniques modify these structures. To this end, first Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) for a Reynolds number of ReD = 100,000 and Mach number of Ma =2.46 were performed using a high-order accurate and highly parallelized research code which was developed at the University of Arizona. Thereby, roughly 52 million grid points were employed. The DNS data serve to visualize typical structures of the unsteady flow field and to verify that the use of less computational costly RANS/LES methods is applicable for this flow. Two of these methods, the Flow Simulation Methodology (FSM) and Detached Eddy Simulations (DES), were then employed to investigate the supersonic base flow at ReD =3.3 × 106 and Ma = 2.46 using between 460,000 and seven million grid points. For the DES, the commercial CFD-code Cobalt was employed. This unstructured grid solver allowed then to perform simulations with boat-tailing. The obtained mean flow data are compared to available experimental results.
Relationship between leucogranites and the Qomolangma detachment in the Rongbuk Valley, south Tibet

Central to understanding the exhumation history of the Himalaya is knowing the timing of slip and magnitude of displacement on the primary fault systems that bound the range. The widely accepted view that early Miocene deformation in the Himalaya is characterized by simultaneous shortening along the Main Central thrust and extension at shallower crustal levels in part developed on the basis of knowledge of the age of the Rongbuk granite and its apparent crosscutting relationship with the Qomolangma detachment. This key contact, however, has not previously been directly observed. Field mapping of the Qomolangma detachment and its footwall reveals that no leucogranite bodies crosscut the detachment. These observations together with Th-Pb monazite dating of leucogranites exposed in the footwall suggest that slip was occurring across the Qomolangma detachment shear zone ca. 17 Ma. Although there is no evidence that requires simultaneous shortening and extension in the High Himalaya, our observations are consistent with alternating periods of shortening and extension in the Himalaya since the early Miocene.
Transportation and Land Use

The 5 D’s of development—density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit—affect the physical, social, and mental health of community residents. The 5 D’s influence whether a community is attractive and walkable, can support transit, and has convenient destinations that support quality of life and reduce automobile dependence. Approaches related to the 5 D’s, such as smart growth, New Urbanism, transit-oriented development, LEED-ND, and Active Living by Design, can facilitate healthy community design. Land-use and transportation policies that promote health include changing the rules of development to favor smart growth in the approval process; adopting pedestrian-friendly site and building design standards; providing workforce housing near jobs; adopting a complete streets policy; making routes to schools safer; giving funding priority to compact, transit-served areas; and redirecting transportation funding from roads to pedestrian, bicycle, and transit facilities.
Perceived Exertion Scaling Procedures

Borg has developed and validated two empirical models that explain: (a) psychophysiological interdependence during exercise (i.e., Effort Continua Model) and (b) provide the psychophysical justification for inter-individual comparisons of effort ratings. Borg’s Effort Continua Model describes the functional interdependence of perceptual and physiological responses during exercise. The model provides valuable information regarding the corresponding and interdependent responses of exertional perceptions and underlying physiological mediators as exercise performance intensity increases. Borg’s Range Model predicts that for all clinically normal individuals, there exists corresponding and equal perceptual and physiological/physical response ranges during exercise. This model provides the psychophysical rationale for perceived exertion scaling procedures. There are two types of category scale anchoring: (a) memory procedures and (b) exercise procedures. Memory procedures involve asking the individual to think about the level of exertion perceived during previous PA that they have performed and use this exertional memory to establish their feelings that correspond to the low and high response categories. Exercise procedures involve the individual actually experiencing levels of exertion from a very low to a very high or maximal level and cognitively assigning corresponding low and high scale categories to the intensity of these sensations. The use of both procedures depends on an individual’s previous experience with rating exertional perceptions that varied widely in intensity and mode. The rationale underlying the experimental purpose of the investigation is embedded in the basic tenet of Borg’s Effort Continua Model and Range Model. The primary purpose of this laboratory experiment is to orient an individual to the use of a perceived exertion category metric during aerobic and/or resistance exercise using both memory and exercise scale anchoring procedures.
Battle Hymn of the Model Minority Myth

“War stories matter,” declared Drew Gilpin Faust, president of Harvard University, because they are not just passive accounts of conflict but have the power to “send men into battle and to shape the wars they fight.” According to Faust in her Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities delivered in May 2011, war stories “are not just modeled from war; they become models for war.” Despite their societal significance, she added, those narratives all suffer from a “fundamental untellability and unintelligibility,” leading them to distort our understanding of each successive war.
Valuing Ecosystem Services: Oysters, Denitrification, and Nutrient Trading Programs

AbstractAs part of their strategy to meet total maximum daily load restrictions in the Chesapeake Bay, managers have developed nutrient trading markets to curb nitrogen and phosphorus flows into the estuarine system. Historically, nutrient trading programs have been restricted to credits between point sources or for agricultural mitigation technologies, such as the planting of cover crops. However, the denitrification and nutrient sequestration associated with oyster reefs has recently been a topic of much biological research. We investigate the role that nutrient credits for ecosystem services provided by restored oyster reefs can play in optimally managing oyster reef complexes by developing a coupled bioeconomic model of oyster reef growth and harvest. Our findings suggest that, along with harvest, the regulating services of denitrification and nutrient sequestration lead to positive net benefits in a majority of scenarios analyzed, although local environmental conditions play a prominent role in the u...
We Are Happy To Be Here: The Onboarding Experience in Academic Libraries

ABSTRACTThis study looks at the organizational entry or onboarding experience of 20 new academic librarians through a series of interviews. The goal is to explore what new librarians in a variety of settings and career stages consider most important for them to learn during onboarding and the best approaches for sharing information with them. The study also explores how much institutions are actively learning about the signature strengths of new employees as part of the onboarding process. The authors conclude with recommendations for additional research and onboarding process improvements.
Comparison of Ampicillin and Amoxicillin in the Treatment of Otitis Media in Children

Acute otitis media in children was treated in a double-blind study with either amoxicillin or ampicillin. A total of 157 episodes of otitis in 123 patients of mean age 18.5 months were evaluated. Middle ear fluid was collected by aspiration. Amoxicillin was given at a dose of 12-30 mg/kg per day in three doses and ampicillin at 50-70 mg/kg per day in four doses. Diplococcus pneumoniae was recovered from 55 patients and Haemophilus influenzae from 49. The remainder of patients had a variety of other organisms. Amoxicillin and ampicillin were equally effective in eradicating pneumococci and Haemophilus. There also was no difference in outcome in the patients who had no pathogen isolated from the initial middle ear aspiration. Both agents showed a relapse rate in excess of 20% during the two months of follow-up. Side effects were more common in ampicillintreated children (26%) than in amoxicillin-treated children (8%).
Feeding Preferences and Utilization Studies as Tools in Developing an Optimum Diet for Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Feeding tests with combinations of casein, cottonseed flour (CSF), soybean protein, and wheat germ were used to determine the preference of Heliothis zea (Boddie) for diets with either casein or CSF added to a protein mixture of 6%soybean protein/wheat germ (1:1). Of four diets with added casein or one of three types of CSF, the casein diet was least preferred in choice tests. Utilization tests showed that the diet containing casein was best utilized, followed closely by the most preferred CSF diet. Protein scores of the diets relative to a carcass analysis standard showed the casein diet to have the best balance of amino acids. CSF diets were lower in lysine than the casein diet.
Effect of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole on methylphenidate-induced hyperlocomotion in mice.

The psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPD) is used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in adolescents. In the present study we investigated the effect of repeated administration of a low (10 mg/kg) and a high (40 mg/kg) dose of MPD on the locomotor activity of Swiss Webster mice, and the influence of inhibition of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) on MPD-induced hyperlocomotion. In the first experiment, mice were administered either vehicle or the nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI; 25 mg/kg), prior to the administration of MPD (10 or 40 mg/kg), for five consecutive days; injections were paired with the test cage ('novel environment') on days 1 and 5. A challenge injection of MPD (10 or 40 mg/kg), given after a 10-day drug-free period, resulted in sensitization to the motor stimulating effect of the low dose of MPD but tolerance to the high dose of MPD. 7-NI blocked the induction of sensitization but had no effect on the development of tolerance. The place-dependent-hyperlocomotion (e.g. conditioning) that developed after the administration of either the low or high dose of MPD was blocked by pretreatment with the nNOS inhibitor. In the second experiment, mice were administered MPD (10 or 40 mg/kg; 5 days) in their home cage and after a 10-day drug-free period were challenged with either vehicle/MPD or 7-NI/MPD. The low dose of MPD elicited a sensitized response that was blocked by the co-administration of 7-NI. The high dose of MPD produced neither sensitization nor tolerance; 7-NI did not affect the response to the high dose of MPD. These findings suggest: (a) MPD-induced sensitization and tolerance are dependent on the dose of the drug and the environment where the drug is delivered (home cage versus test cage); (b) context-dependent hyperlocomotion developed in the absence of a sensitized response to the drug; (c) nNOS is involved in the induction and expression of sensitization to MPD as well as in the conditioned locomotion produced by the drug; (d) no involvement of nNOS in the effects of a high dose of MPD was detected.
The Smallest Equilateral Cover for Triangles of Perimeter Two

In an obscure but interesting pamphlet [7], Josiah Smith' announced his belief that every triangle of perimeter two can be covered by an equilateral triangle of side one. "Experiments suggest," he wrote, "that every triangle with perimeter two can be placed in an equilateral triangle of side one, although I cannot establish this fact in fullsome rigour. ... No smaller equilateral triangle has this property, because flat isosceles triangles of base 1 - 8 and equal sides 1 + 8 must fit." In this note we solve Smith's problem by determining the side of the smallest equilateral triangle (i.e., closed equilateral-triangular region) that can cover eveiy triangle of perimeter two, and we discover that Smith's intuition was not correct: a side longer than one is required. We show that the smallest equilateral triangle To that can cover every triangle with perimeter two has side so:= 2/rno, where mi0 is the global minimum of the trigonometric function
Computer simulations of homogeneous nucleation of benzene from the melt.

Nucleation is the key step in crystallization by which the molecules (or atoms or ions) aggregate together, find the right relative orientations, and start to grow to form the final crystal structure. Since nucleation is an activated step involving a large gap in time scales between molecular motions and the nucleation event itself, nucleation must be studied using rare events methods. We employ a technique developed previously in our group known as aimless shooting [Peters, B.; Trout, B. L. J. Chem. Phys., 2006, 125, 054108], which is based on transition path sampling, to generate reactive trajectories between the disordered and ordered phases of benzene. Using the likelihood maximization algorithm, we analyze the aimless shooting trajectories to identify the key order parameters or collective variables to describe the reaction coordinate for the nucleation of benzene from the melt. We find that the local bond orientation and local relative orientation order parameters are the most important collective v...
The Value and Research Context of "Cutural Performances" in Folk Sports:Taking the Ceremonial Heritage of Beijing " Flower Fair" as an Example

To inheritance and development of folk sports culture,firstly,it is urgently needed to deeply understand the essence of folk sports culture,and comprehensively understand the people's daily lives.From the perspective of "performance studies" stemed from Folklore and Cultural Anthropology,it can be found that Beijing traditional folk sports is not only the ways of some body movement,but an integral part of the overall Beijing folk culture of everyday life;they are performances both as forms of exercise and Beijing spirits of the folk culture,in which the abstract spirit of sport and the cultural tradition through specific body movements are inherited and continued.
Default Risk of Money-Market Fund Portfolios

We address the problem of quantifying the risk associated with money-market fund (MMF) portfolios. As MMFs are intended to be perpetual investment vehicles but hold short-maturity instruments, this problem presents some unique modeling challenges. By focusing on default risk, the most material driver of portfolio losses, and by using a constant level of risk assumption, we show how this problem is similar to that of pricing a collateralized debt obligation. Drawing upon this insight, we present a novel semianalytic approach to compute the default risk of MMF portfolios. Upon using this model to evaluate the portfolios of three of the largest prime MMFs, we find that they vary considerably in their default risk, which in our stylized model increases with the risk horizon. This suggests that to be effective and yet not punitive, any regulatory proposal (eg, establishing capital buffers, imposing liquidity fees, etc) to address the systemic risk posed by MMFs should be based on the riskiness of the MMF portfolios as well as their liquidation strategy.
Hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy: does timing matter?

Background Hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy is a potentially fatal complication. We retrospectively reviewed state-wide data to evaluate incidence, type of hemorrhage, treatment modalities, and outcomes.
National trends in the utilization of short-term mechanical circulatory support: incidence, outcomes, and cost analysis.

Abstract Background The number of alternatives to intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in the treatment of anticipated and established acute circulatory failure is growing. Despite the clinical importance and significant cost of short-term mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices, the state of their present use has not been analyzed on a national scale. Objectives The purpose of this study was to characterize the demographics, treatment practices, survival rates, and cost of short-term MCS. Methods In this serial cross-sectional study, we analyzed all adult patients receiving short-term MCS in the United States from 2004 to 2011 by using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Results From 2007 to 2011, use of percutaneous devices for short-term MCS increased by 1,511% compared with a 101% increase in nonpercutaneous devices. Mortality rates declined over this period (p for trend = 0.027) from 41.1% in 2004 to 2007 to 33.4% in 2008 to 2011. A similar trend was observed for the subset of patients with cardiogenic shock, decreasing from 51.6% to 43.1% (p for trend = 0.012). Hospital costs also declined over this period (p for trend = 0.011). Multivariable analysis revealed balloon pumps (odds ratio [OR]: 2.00; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58 to 2.52), coagulopathy (OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.88 to 2.94), and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OR: 3.50; 95% CI: 2.20 to 5.57) before short-term MCS were among the most significant predictors of mortality. Conclusions Use of short-term MCS in the United States has increased rapidly, whereas rates of in-hospital mortality have decreased. These changes have taken place in the context of declining hospital costs associated with short-term MCS.
Pseudoautosomal Linkage, Region

The sex chromosomes (either X and Y in male-heterogametic systems or Z and W in female-heterogametic systems) originated from a pair of homologous autosomes. Ancestrally the sex chromosomes swapped DNA, recombined, over their entire lengths, but over time most pairs of sex chromosomes have lost the ability to recombine over most of their lengths. The small regions where recombination still occurs are called pseudoautosomal regions (PARs). Pseudoautosomal linkage refers to the DNA in the pseudoautosomal regions – regions that are on sex chromosomes but can still recombine, like most other autosomal regions. The biology and diversity in these pseudoautosomal regions is distinct from the fully sex-linked regions and from autosomal regions and provides a unique opportunity to understand evolutionary processes.
Sequel to Suburbia: Glimpses of America’s Post-Suburban Future, by Nicholas A. Phelps

Does suburbia have a future? According to John Cheever—quoted in an epigraph in Nicholas Phelps’s book—in its classic form, it doesn’t. By virtue of its very essence it’s timeless. History and Phel...
High-power pulsed terahertz radiation from terahertz nanoantenna arrays based on plasmonic nanocavities (Conference Presentation)

We present a photoconductive terahertz source that offers broadband pulsed terahertz radiation with enhanced optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiencies compared to photoconductive terahertz sources based on short-carrier-lifetime semiconductors. The performance enhancement is achieved by utilizing a plasmonic nanocavity that tightly confines optical pump photons inside a photoconductive layer near the terahertz radiating elements. The plasmonic nanocavity is implemented by sandwiching the photoconductive layer between a distributed Bragg reflector and plasmonic metallic structures, which are optimized to be resonant at the optical pump wavelength. The plasmonic structures are also designed as a broadband terahertz nanoantenna array. A thin undoped GaAs film is used as the photoconductive layer offering much higher carrier drift velocities compared to short-carrier-lifetime GaAs substrates. The tight confinement of the optical pump photons and the use of a low-defect photoconductive semiconductor layer allow drift of almost all of the photo-generated carriers to the terahertz nanoantennas in a sub-picosecond time scale to efficiently contribute to pulsed terahertz radiation. We experimentally demonstrate that the presented terahertz source offers 60 times higher optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency compared to a similar terahertz nanoantenna array fabricated on a short-carrier-lifetime semiconductor. We demonstrate pulsed terahertz radiation with powers exceeding 4 mW over 0.1-4 THz frequency range.
Alternative Substrate Metabolism in Yarrowia lipolytica .

Recent advances in genetic engineering capabilities have enabled the development of oleochemical producing strains of Yarrowia lipolytica. Much of the metabolic engineering effort has focused on pathway engineering of the product using glucose as the feedstock; however, alternative substrates, including various other hexose and pentose sugars, glycerol, lipids, acetate, and less-refined carbon feedstocks, have not received the same attention. In this review, we discuss recent work leading to better utilization of alternative substrates. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of knowledge for alternative substrate utilization, suggest potential pathways identified through homology in the absence of prior characterization, discuss recent work that either identifies, endogenous or cryptic metabolism, and describe metabolic engineering to improve alternative substrate utilization. Finally, we describe the critical questions and challenges that remain for engineering Y. lipolytica for better alternative substrate utilization.
EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS.

ABSTRACT Experimental methods are applied to the study of structural integrity, deformation, and fracture of composite materials. Specific applications include characterization of constituent materials; verification of micromechanics analyses; qualification and characterization of the basic unidirectional lamina; strain (stress) analyses, especially around discontinuities; fracture characterization; assessment of structural integrity and reliability; and life prediction. Experimental methods employ modeling and prototype studies and give point-per-point information or full-field representations. The most commonly used experimental methods are photoelastic, strain gage, moire, interferometric, ultrasonic, acoustic, radiographic, and thermographic methods. In the area of material characterization biaxial testing is still one of the most challenging problems. Considerable effort has been devoted in recent years to developing procedures and systems for testing tubular composite specimens. New methods have been developed for material characterization at the high strain rates encountered under projectile impact. Progress has been made in material characterization including temperature, moisture, and nonlinear viscoelastic effects. Experimental methods have been applied extensively to the study of deformation and fracture in composite laminates with stress concentrations. The effects of material, stacking sequence, notch geometry, and stress biaxiality have been studied.
Fruit and vegetable intake and lung cancer incidence among Black women according to cigarette smoking status.

This project evaluated associations between fruit and vegetable intake, cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence among U.S. Black women. The Black Women’s Health Study is a prospective cohort st...
Towards a More Balanced Sino-African Relations: Lessons from South East Asia

While Chinas arrival in Africa as a potential global hegemon is a relatively recent phenomenon, China had pursued over the decades a complicated relationship with countries in South East Asia. Indeed chinas spectacular economic transformation recently has accentuated its presence in South East Asia. This paper examines the lessons Africa could learn from South East Asias experience in dealing with China, lessons which could enable African countries to derive the most optimum benefit from their relationship with China. The issues which will be explored in this regard will include the comparative advantage of different levels of diplomacy (bilateralism versus multilateralism), the geo-strategic implications of alignment with multiple global and regional powers, and the changes and continuities in the assumptions about the nature of Chinas identity, its intentions and its interests.
School Size, Staffing, and Resources

School size, staffing patterns, and resources are school characteristics of importance because of the suggestions in the NIE (1978) and McPartland and McDill (1976) reports that school size, at least, may be an important determinant of school order, at least indirectly via negative consequences of large school size for the quality of teacher-student interaction. This suggestion is supported by Garbarino (1978). In addition, thorough examination of school size, staffing, and resources is a prerequisite to model testing at a later stage in the present research effort. Eventually, we will want to examine more explicitly hypotheses that these school characteristics influence other aspects of school climate, which in turn are related to delinquency. In this chapter we begin the task by examining correlations of school size, staffing patterns, and resources with our measures of school disorder.
Rectangular Waveguide Loaded with a Dielectric Slot in a Thick Metallic Shield

Resonant transmission through a dielectric-loaded slot in a thick conducting diaphragm embedded in a rectangular waveguide is modeled using an analytical approximation based on the slot being small compared to a free space wavelength. Image theory relates this problem to a metasurface consisting of an array of such slots. We demonstrate the existence of ordinary (Fabry-Perot) transmission resonances associated with the fundamental mode of the slot, as well as extremely narrow-band (Fano) resonances involving the higher-order modes in the slot. The theoretical predictions are confirmed through full-wave numerical simulation and by experimental measurement.
Revisional Surgery in Patients with Recurrent Dysphagia after Heller Myotomy

Recurrent/persistent symptoms of achalasia occur in 10–20% of individuals after Heller myotomy. The causes and treatment outcomes are ambiguous. Our aim is to assess the causes and outcomes of a multidisciplinary approach to this patient population. All patients undergoing revisional operations after a Heller myotomy were reviewed retrospectively. Data collected: demographics, date of initial Heller myotomy, preoperative evaluation, etiology of recurrent symptoms, date of revisional operation, and surgical outcomes. A total of 34 patients underwent 37 revisional operations. Operations were tailored based on preoperative multidisciplinary evaluation. Causes of symptoms: periesophageal/perihiatal fibrosis 11 (27%), obstructing fundoplication 11 (27%), incomplete myotomy 8 (20%), progression of disease 9 (22%), and epiphrenic diverticulum 1 (2%). Operations performed: reversal/no creation of fundoplication with or without re-do myotomy 22 (59%), revision/creation of fundoplication with or without myotomy 6 (16%), and esophagectomy 9 (24%). Ten patients in the 37 operations (27%) developed postoperative complications. Of 33 patients for 36 operations with follow-up, 25 patient-operations (69%) resulted in resolution or improved dysphagia. Although there was variation in symptomatic improvement by cause and operation type, none reached statistical significance. There are several causes of dysphagia after Heller myotomy and a thoughtful evaluation is required. Complication rates are higher than first-time operations. Symptomatic improvement occurs in the majority of cases, but a significant minority will have persistent dysphagia. Although an individualized approach to dysphagia after Heller myotomy may improve symptoms and passage of food, the perception of dysphagia may persist in patients.
Chemotherapeutic stress induces transdifferentiation of glioblastoma cells to endothelial cells and promotes vascular mimicry

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor affecting adults, with a median survival of approximately 21 months. One key factor underlying the limited efficacy of current treatment modalities is the remarkable plasticity exhibited by GBM cells, which allows them to effectively adapt to changes induced by anticancer therapeutics. Moreover, GBM tumors are highly vascularized with aberrant vessels that complicate the delivery of antitumor agents. Recent research has demonstrated that GBM cells have the ability to transdifferentiate into endothelial cells (ECs), illustrating that GBM cells may use plasticity in concert with vascularization leading to the creation of tumor-derived blood vessels. The mechanism behind this transdifferentiation, however, remains unclear. Here, we show that treatment with temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy induces time-dependent expression of markers for glioma stem cells (GSCs) and immature and mature ECs. In addition, GBM tumors growing as orthotopic xenografts in nude mice showed increased expression of GSC and EC markers after TMZ treatment. Ex vivo FACS analysis showed the presence of immature and mature EC populations. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis revealed increased tumor-derived vessels in TMZ-recurrent tumors. Overall, this study identifies chemotherapeutic stress as a new driver of transdifferentiation of tumor cells to endothelial cells and highlights cellular plasticity as a key player in therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence.
Congenital Hepatic Vascular Anomalies

Congenital hepatic vascular anomalies, following the classification system originally proposed by Mulliken and Glowacki and subsequently developed by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies, are characterized as either tumors or malformations. The former includes infantile hemangioma, congenital hemangioma, angiosarcoma, and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. The latter includes arterioportal fistula, portosystemic shunt, arteriovenous malformation, and venous malformation. Despite this well-established system, there still exists confusion in terminology that can lead to delayed diagnosis or improper treatment. Knowledge of the clinical presentation and imaging characteristics of these entities, as well as the nosologic system for vascular anomalies, is essential in arriving at the correct diagnosis, which in turn informs proper treatment.
Online school conflicts: expanding the scope of restorative practices with a virtual peace room

ABSTRACTAlthough social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter are popular platforms for connecting youth, they have increasingly become the locus of harmful social behavio...
$$C^{1,\alpha }$$C1,α -subelliptic regularity on $${{\,\mathrm{SU}\,}}(3)$$SU(3) and compact, semi-simple Lie groups

Let the vector fields $$X_1, \ldots , X_{6}$$ form an orthonormal basis of $$\mathcal {H}$$, the orthogonal complement of a Cartan subalgebra (of dimension 2) in $${{\,\mathrm{SU}\,}}(3)$$. We prove that weak solutions u to the degenerate subelliptic p-Laplacian $$\begin{aligned} \Delta _{\mathcal {H},{p}} u(x)=\sum _{i=1}^{6} X_i^{*}\left( |\nabla _{\!{\mathcal {H}}}u|^{p-2}X_{i}u \right) =0, \end{aligned}$$have Holder continuous horizontal derivatives $$\nabla _{\!{\mathcal {H}}}u=(X_1u, \ldots , X_{6}u)$$ for $$p\ge 2$$. We also prove that a similar result holds for all compact connected semisimple Lie groups.
Continuous Spherical Crystallization of Lysozyme in an Oscillatory Baffled Crystallizer Using Emulsion Solvent Diffusion in Droplets

Continuous protein crystallization is a cost-effective alternative to traditional chromatographic purification techniques. However, proteins characteristically have slow growth rates, requiring long crystallization times to generate particles large enough for efficient isolation. In this work, spherical crystallization using an emulsion solvent diffusion (ESD) based methodology is proposed to produce large lysozyme agglomerates in an oscillatory baffled crystallizer (OBC). Process sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effect of the process parameters on the product’s crystal size distribution at two different scales. The concentration of ethanol in the bulk phase was found to have a significant effect on the crystallization kinetics, as its diffusivity drives supersaturation at the droplet interface. Although controlling supersaturation is important in determining product quality, maintaining droplet suspension near the injection site is critical for process longevity, as fouling is most l...
CHAPTER 13 – Loop Programs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses loop programs. A programming language L whose programs compute exactly the primitive recursive functions. In addition to zero, increment, and assignment statements, L contains a LOOP instruction that functions much like a DO-loop in FORTRAN. For this reason, programs written in L are called loop programs. It will turn out that L offers a natural way to estimate the complexity of computations performed by programs written in the language. The LOOP and END statements always occur in pairs and must be matched like left and right parentheses. LOOP–END pairs specify that the intervening code is to be executed a certain number of times before the instruction following the END is executed. The number of times this block of instructions is to be executed is the number stored in X when the LOOP X instruction is first encountered. Thus, even if the value of X is changed during the course of the computation, the number of loop iterations is unaffected. This is important because it guarantees that every loop program eventually halts.
Anti-Intellectualism for the Learning and Employment of Skill

I draw on empirical results from perceptual and motor learning to argue for an anti-intellectualist position on skill. Anti-intellectualists claim that skill or know-how is non-propositional. Recent proponents of the view have stressed the flexible but fine-grained nature of skilled control as supporting their position. However, they have left the nature of the mental representations underlying such control undertheorized. This leaves open several possible strategies for the intellectualist, particularly with regard to skill learning. Propositional knowledge may structure the inputs to sensorimotor learning, may constitute the outcomes of said learning, or may be needed for the employment of learned skill. I argue that sensorimotor learning produces multi-scale associational representations, and that these representations are of the right sort to underlie flexible and fine-grained control. I then suggest that their content is vitally indeterminate with regard to propositional content attribution, because they exhibit a kind of open-ended structure. I articulate this kind of structure, and use it to respond to the three intellectualist strategies. I then show how the perspective I advance offers insights for understanding both instruction and expert practice.
UAV Implementation of Distributed Robust Target Location in Unknown Environments

This paper presents the implementation of a target seeking application on a multi-agent unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) testbed, in which the target to be located emits a signal that attenuates with increasing distance from its source. A heterogeneous swarm of multirotors collects local measurements of the signal emanating from the target, and each UAV shares its information with neighboring UAVs in a fully distributed manner to form an estimate of the signal's gradient, informing the direction of travel to move toward the target. The UAVs navigate around obstacles in an unknown environment, implementing a localized robust hybrid controller for obstacle avoidance when an obstacle is within the UAV's detection radius. The hybrid controller enables the UAVs to robustly avoid obstacles in the presence of potentially adversarial exogenous inputs through the use of overlapping control modes which preclude the topological obstructions that can arise in traditional obstacle avoidance schemes. The algorithms are implemented on the VT SpaceDrones platform, using mulitrotors equipped with Raspberry Pi microcontrollers. Each UAV performs its own target seeking and obstacle avoidance calculations in a distributed architecture, receiving position data from an OptiTrack motion capture system. The distributed implementation illustrates the adaptation of the control law to real world challenges, including unsynchronized clocks among different UAVs, limited computational power, and communication latency. Experimental and theoretical results are compared.