cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Workload, Situation Awareness, and Teaming Issues for UAV/UCAV Operations

A new partnership is forming between humans and uninhabited aircraft. To augment the abilities of military forces on the ground and in the air, the US Armed Forces have developed several Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to work in conjunction with human pilots and enhance surveillance and combat capabilities. Even with no onboard pilot, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and combat-tailored versions (UCAVs) rely on proficient human operators on the ground for proper guidance and munitions deployment. For this reason, system designers must consider several key human factors issues in the development of functional UAV/UCAV systems. This work addresses three of these issues: workload, situation awareness, and teaming concerns. Recommendations to maximize operator efficacy, based on findings from human factors and ergonomics research, are presented as well as implications for training.
Quinine-induced hypothermia in cold-exposed rats

Abstract Quinine HCl in doses from 10–50 mg/kg lowered the body temperatures of nonfebrile rats in the cold, primarily by suppressing shivering. However, if given an opportunity to turn on a heat lamp the rats worked much more than normal after a quinine injection and were thereby able to counteract the hypothermia to some extent. The effect of quinine is interpreted as an action on effector mechanisms rather than as an alteration of the thermal setpoint.
Testosterone fails to save androgen-sensitive rat motoneurons following early target removal.

Abstract Axotomy during development can result in the death of up to 100% of the affected motoneurons. However, axotomy-induced death can be ]ignificantly reduced by administration of androgens in young rats. Motoneuron death in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) has previously been shown to be regulated by androgens during development. The present experiment examined the effects of androgen treatment on the survival of SNB motoneurons after target removal and concomitant axotomy early in development. On the day of birth, two target muscles of SNB motoneurons of male and female rats were bilaterally extirpated. Target removal resulted in a dramatic loss of SNB motoneurons within 48 h of surgery, with an ultimate loss of virtually all motoneurons projecting to the extirpated muscles by postnatal day 10. Treatment with testosterone failed to save SNB motoneurons from target removal-induced death. Pups treated with testosterone after target removal did not differ in the pattern or timing of motoneuron loss from untreated pups at any age examined. Counts of degenerating cells in the SNB reflected the extensive motoneuron loss and also did not differ with testosterone treatment. These results indicate that testosterone cannot save the androgen-sensitive SNB motoneurons from death after target removal and concomitant axotomy early in development. The failure of testosterone treatment to rescue SNB motoneurons in the absence of the SNB target musculature further suggests that during normal development, both androgens and target muscles are necessary for SNB motoneuron survival.
On Predicting the Forming Limit Diagram for Automotive Aluminium Sheet

Abstract Aluminum has considerable potential as a material for automotive panels. The ability to predict forming limit diagrams accurately for aluminum is important for preventing failure in the forming process. A method is proposed to develop forming limits using Hill's 1993 yield criterion. Predicted limit strains based on both Hill's 1948 and 1993 yield criterion are compared with experimental data for Aluminum 6111-T4. It is found that Hill's 1993 yield criterion can characterize localized necking in aluminum sheets well, while Hill's 1948 criterion cannot. The critical thickness rule is found useful in predicting the left hand side of FLDs.
Update on the Interaction Between Aspirin and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

We summarized recent published literature regarding the significance of an interaction between aspirin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with various cardiovascular diseases. A MEDLINE search (January 1998-July 1999) was performed and abstracts from the 1999 American College of Cardiology and 1998 American Heart Association annual scientific sessions were reviewed to identify pertinent studies. Material for discussion was identified through a MEDLINE search from January 1996-July 1999 and through cited references. The results of several studies added to our understanding of the clinical ramifications of an aspirin-ACE inhibitor interaction, but also introduced questions. These studies are largely contradictory, but do reiterate the possibility of an interaction, if only in certain subsets of patients. Low dosages (< or = 100 mg/day) of aspirin appear to be safer in this regard than higher dosages. The frequency and severity of the interaction and possible predisposing factors await future research.
Ohmic Curing of Printed Silver Conductive Traces

Ohmic heating was demonstrated as a novel curing method (or curing enhancement) useful in decreasing the resistivity of conductive traces printed with both micro- and nanoparticle-loaded inks while (1) only locally heating the substrate and (2) curing in a matter of seconds compared with the range of 30 min to 1 h required by traditional oven-curing. In one experiment using traces composed of microparticle ink, which required initial air-drying as a preprocess step, application of an ohmic curing cycle resulted in resistivity of 80 nΩ m, roughly six times that of bulk silver. In a second experiment employing nanoparticle inks, which required an initial thermal cure as a preprocess, a resistivity of 43 nΩ m, roughly three times that of bulk silver, was attained after the application of an ohmic curing cycle. Electrical characterization of the ohmic curing process was performed in real time to understand the impact of cycling and duration on the resulting conductivity. Finally, the effect of printed trace length on the ohmic curing process was explored and found to have a near-linear relationship with the reduction in resistance when the applied electrical current was normalized to measured resistance. The microstructural changes which occurred as a result of ohmic curing such as particle sintering and grain growth were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results presented in this work demonstrate the use of ohmic heating to overcome temperature limitations imposed on a thermal curing process by substrate material properties or other sources.
Human development as a central goal for human resource development

This essay seeks to connect core aspects of the human development (HD) literature with its ethical and moral commitment to human flourishing and theoretical and applied scholarship in human resource development (HRD). Summarizing the central arguments advanced by philosopher John Finnis and economist and Nobel Memorial Prize winner Armatya Sen, the paper argues for the relevance of the HD frameworks for HRD. This is done by briefly reviewing the role of values for professional fields in general and HRD in particular, followed by a summary of the justifications for and definitions of HD as reciprocal obligations between social institutions and individuals. The central part of the paper argues for the conceptual proximity of the two fields and proposes that the moral and ethical value stance of HD can provide a solid philosophical foundation for HRD.
ADP-RIBOSYLATION OF THE MOLECULAR CHAPERONE GRP78/BIP

Starvation of mouse hepatoma cells for essential amino acids or glucose results in the ADP-ribosylation of the molecular chaperone BiP/GRP78. Addition of the missing nutrient to the medium reverses the reaction. The signal mediating the response to environmental nutrients involves the translational efficiency. An inhibitor of proteins synthesis, cycloheximide, or reduced temperature, both of which reduce translational efficiency, stimulate the ADP-ribosylation of BiP/GRP78. Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation of proteins results in the overproduction of BiP/GRP78. The over produced protein is not ADP-ribosylated suggesting that this is the functional form of BiP/GRP78. The over produced BiP/GRP78 can, however, be ADP-ribosylated if the cells are starved for an essential amino acid. BiP/GRP78 resides in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum where it participates in the assembly of secretory and integral membrane proteins. ADP-ribosylation of BiP/GRP78 during starvation is probably part of a nutritional stress response which conserves limited nutrients by slowing flow through the secretory pathway.
Dinuclear pincer-palladium(II) complexes and their use as homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst for the aldol reaction of methyl isocyanoacetate

Two new bimetallic Pd complexes have been synthesized and characterized and their catalytic activity checked for the aldol reaction of aldehydes with methyl isocyanoacetate. Each palladium atom is coordinated to an SCS-type ligand and the two pincer units are linked by a chiral spacer. The catalytic aldol reaction of methyl isocyanoacetate with aldehydes proceeds quickly but no significant diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity is found. The comparison with a homologous mononuclear Pd complex shows no differences with the bimetallic compounds, concluding that there is no cooperativity between the metal centers. Two silica-supported catalysts prepared with a bimetallic compound show catalytic activity with very minor enantioselectivity.
Morris water task impairment and hypoactivity following cysteamine-induced reductions of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity.

The effects of cysteamine-induced reductions of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) on spatial learning, passive avoidance, and locomotor activity were examined in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Cysteamine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg, s.c.) produced 54% and 50% reductions in SLI in cortex and hippocampus, respectively, and impaired escape latencies and spatial probe behavior in the Morris water task. Although cysteamine-treated rats displayed hypoactivity in the activity boxes, their swim speed in the Morris water task was unaffected. Cysteamine did not impair passive avoidance retention when administered immediately following training or prior to daily retention testing. These results suggest a role for somatostatin in spatially-mediated behaviors in rats.
Indirect evidence of the importance of water-soluble continentally derived aerosols

The Ca ++ /Cl ? ratio is a logical index of the predominance of continental or marine water-soluble aerosols in precipitation. Use of this ratio and others indicates that, excluding immediate coastal areas, continental aerosols constitute a large majority of the soluble material brought down in precipitation over land. The correlation of the concentrations of various ions in precipitation with the regional distribution of these elements in the soil presents further support for this conclusion. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1962.tb00121.x
80 RESPIRATORY WATER LOSS AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN FULLTERM NEWBORN INFANTS EXPOSED TO COOL AIR

The response to an ambient air temperature (Tamb, °C) below the thermoneutral zone was studied in nine fullterm newborn infants. Respiratory water loss (RWL, mg/kg min), oxygen consumption (VO2, ml/kg min), carbon dioxide production (VCO2, ml/kg min), core (Tc, °C) and peripheral temperature (Tp, °C), and truncal (Qt, %) and peripheral (Qp, %) skin blood flow were continuously monitored during initial care at a Tamb within the thermoneutral zone (interval A) and after lowering Tamb, to below 27.5°C (interval B). Mean values for intervals A and B are given in the table. Values for Qp and Qt depict relative change in blood flow, with the mean value for interval A=100%. Newborn infants exposed to cool air react with an increase in respiratory water loss, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and an decrease in peripheral skin blood flow and skin temperature before their core temperature is affected and without increased motor activity. RQ remains unchanged.
A unified approach for robot motion planning with moving polyhedral obstacles

A unified approach suitable for path planning with moving polyhedral obstacles is presented. The planner views the space-time configuration of free space as disjoint polytopes that represent a time-dependent environment consisting of moving and stationary objects. Each point in the space-time domain is mapped into a unique polytope set. The planner then constructs a family of feasible collision-free trajectories by searching connected polytopes between the start polytope and the goal polytope that satisfy the speed and time constraints. Finally, a near-optimal trajectory is determined by constrained optimization. This approach does not require that obstacles be nonoverlapping or noncolliding. In addition, the obstacle is allowed to move faster than the planned robot. However, the speed of the obstacle must be piecewise-constant. The proposed approach can be easily extended to motion planning in higher dimensional spaces. >
Is the nihilistic approach to surgical reduction of superficial and perforator vein incompetence for venous ulcer justified

Abstract Objective: Twenty-five years ago, the senior author showed a 55% postoperative ulcer recurrence rate after open perforator ligation. Those data contributed to a nihilistic attitude toward incompetent perforating veins. Conversely, since the introduction of subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS), we have undertaken ablation of superficial and perforator reflux as initial treatment in patients with ulcers (C6) or healed ulcers (C5). This report outlines our long-term results. Methods: Between December 1994 and November 1999, SEPS was performed on 51 limbs in 45 patients with C5/C6 disease. Sixteen limbs underwent SEPS alone, and 35 had additional surgery on the greater saphenous vein (GSV), the lesser saphenous vein, or the tributary varicies. Data were collected according to the reporting standards in venous disease. Preoperative duplex scan of deep, superficial, and perforating veins was performed. Data were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier method, Mantel-Cox log-rank test, or t test. Results: Of the 51 limbs that underwent SEPS, the GSV was stripped in 28. Twenty-nine were C6, and 22 were C5. Etiology was primary (Ep) in 25 limbs and secondary (Es) in 26 limbs. All limbs had duplex scan evidence of perforator incompetence (Ap), and deep insufficiency (AD) was seen in 39 cases (76%). Reflux predominated (PR). The clinical follow-up period was 0 to 82 months (median, 38 months). Venous disability scores improved from 9.8 before surgery to 4.2 at last follow-up (P
Units of algebraic numberfields

Abstract Let K be an algebraic number field with proper subfield k . If K and k have the same number of fundamental units then relations between the units of K and k are obtained.
A new map of global geopolitical equilibrium: a developmental approach

Abstract This work presents a geopolitical theory to guide policy makers in formulating long-range plans. The theory applies the developmental approach in general systems theory to the geopolitical world. It is hypothesized that the world system has evolved from undifferentiated, differentiated, and specialized integrative stages, to one that is now unfolding—hierarchical integration. Critical to the emergence of this last stage is the role of regional, or second-order powers. Globalism and regionalism can be accommodated as these two levels of the hierarchy interact. A ranking of second-order powers is presented, and their role in moulding the new geopolitical map of the world is explicated.
Transfer Learning in Decision Trees

Most research in machine learning focuses on scenarios in which a learner faces a single learning task, independently of other learning tasks or prior knowledge. In reality, however, learning is not performed in isolation, starting from scratch with every new task. Instead, it is a lifelong activity during which a learner encounters many learning tasks, and usefully transfers to new tasks knowledge acquired from earlier related tasks. We propose a novel approach to transfer learning with decision trees. Our system learns a new task semi-incrementally from a partial decision tree model which captures knowledge from a previous task. Empirical results on several UCI data sets show that our approach is generally more effective and accurate than the base approach.
Cardioballistic impulse and fluctuations in isometric force output.

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the relation between cardioballistic impulse and the fluctuations in continuous isometric force production. Subjects produced isometric force via index finger flexion to constant force targets (0.5, 1 and 2 N) with and without visual feedback while beat to beat blood pressure of their middle finger was recorded. Force fluctuations were quantified using distributional statistics. The association between blood pressure oscillations and fluctuations in force output were quantified with coherence analysis. Overall, it was found that force variability (i.e., SD) increased with force level and removal of visual feedback. Coherence values between blood pressure oscillations and force fluctuations were significant and the greatest in the 8–12 Hz bandwidth. There was no effect of force magnitude on the coupling strength between blood pressure oscillations and force production. This coupling was greater in the visual condition. These data suggest that peripher...
COMPARING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT WITH MINIMAL CHANGES TO FACTOR LEVELS

SUMMARY The ‘small factor change’ problem, where an experimental design strategy is used to find a certain amount of improvement in a response while changing the factor levels as little as possible, is addressed. Using a recently developed test bed for response surfaces, we have simulated a broad range of response surface functions and collected empirical results on the performance of seven experimental design strategies when confronted with this problem. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hardware and Osteotomy Considerations

The purpose of this book is to explain the principles of deformity correction. Until now, specific methods of fixation have intentionally been omitted. The CORA method of planning deformity correction and the principles discussed are universal and independent of any particular method of fixation. The choices regarding hardware and technique are left to the discretion of the surgeon. Nevertheless, certain considerations related to hardware are worthy of mention without deviating from the focus of this book.
Do Wolbachia influence fecundity in Nasonia vitripennis

This paper reports the influence of a vertically transmitted symbiont, Wolbachia, on host fitness in the parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis. We measured fecundities of uninfected strains and strains infected with either two Wolbachia variants (wAv,wBv) or one (wAv or wBv). Preliminary tests suggested that double-infected females produce more oAspring on average than uninfected females. However, further studies failed to yield consistent fitness eAects. To control for host genetic eAects, the genotype of the double-infected and uninfected strain was ‘replaced’ with three diAerent host genetic backgrounds by introgression. Contrary to previous results, we found no convincing evidence for positive fitness eAects of Wolbachia in Nasonia vitripennis, once host genetic background was controlled for. It can be concluded that under the experimental design used here, the fecundity eAects associated with Wolbachia in N. vitripennis are small or absent.
Fundamentals of Topology

• We say A ⊂ ℝ is open if for every x ∈ A there exists e > 0 such that (x − e, x + e) ⊆ A. A is closed if its complement A c is open. Similarly a set A in a metric space (M,d) is called open if for each x ∈ A, there exists an e > 0 such that B(x;e) ⊂ A. Here,
Central skull base osteomyelitis in patients without otitis externa: imaging findings.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Skull base osteomyelitis typically arises as a complication of ear infection in older diabetic patients, involves the temporal bone, and has Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the usual pathogen. Atypical skull base osteomyelitis arising from the sphenoid or occipital bones without associated external otitis occurs much less frequently and initially may have headache as the only symptom. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical and MR imaging features of central skull base osteomyelitis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed MR images obtained in six patients with central skull base osteomyelitis. No patient had predisposing external otitis or osteomyelitis of the temporal bone. RESULTS: All of our patients presented with headache, no external ear pain, and cranial nerve deficits. Five of six patients had a predisposition to infection, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated in the five patients in whom it was checked. In each case, the diagnosis was delayed until MR imaging demonstrated central skull base abnormality, and the diagnosis was then confirmed with tissue sampling. The most consistent imaging findings were clival bone marrow T1 hypointensity and preclival soft tissue infiltration. Five of six patients were cured with no recurrence of skull base infection over a 2–4-year follow-up period. CONCLUSION: In the setting of headache, cranial neuropathy, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and abnormal clival imaging findings, central skull base osteomyelitis should be considered as the likely diagnosis. Early tissue sampling and appropriate treatment may prevent or limit further complications such as intracranial extension, empyema, or death.
Bone cement: how effective is it at restoring hearing in isolated incudostapedial erosion?

OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of biocements in rebridging isolated incudostapedial erosion. METHODS A review of the use of biocements for isolated incudostapedial joint erosion was performed on publications from 1998 to 2012 available from Medline, Embase and Pubmed. Inclusion criteria were papers published in English, case series or comparative studies with more than 10 patients, isolated incudostapedial erosion through chronic ear disease, minimal air-bone gap less than 20 dB (or air-bone gap less than 10 dB) and follow up for at least one year. RESULTS In 108 patients, rebridging ossiculoplasty was performed using hydroxyapatite cement. Closure of air-bone gaps less than 20 dB and less than 10 dB was achieved in 80-94.4 per cent and 29-75 per cent, respectively. Glass ionomer cement was used in 318 patients. Closure of air-bone gaps less than 20 dB and less than 10 dB was achieved in 74-94 per cent and 40-76 per cent, respectively. CONCLUSION Biocements can be successfully used to close isolated incudostapedial erosions. Larger comparative prospective studies documenting the length of eroded incus and types of reformation of the incudostapedial joint, with standardised reporting, are needed in the future.
On simultaneous estimation of parametric functions in a contingency table

Simultaneous estimation of function of parameters is considered in a 2 × k contingency table. Improved estimators are obtained which dominate the maximum likelihood estimators under a wide class of loss functions. Examples are given for simultaneous estimation of logits and . Numerical studies using Monte Carlo simulation are performed to demonstrate the percentage improvements
Enhanced Rectal Absorption of Cefmetazole and Cefoxitin in the Presence of Epinephrine Metabolites in Rats and a High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay for Cephamycin Antibiotics

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid and 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid were found to be potent adjuvants for the rectal absorption of water-soluble compounds in rats. Both adjuvants enhanced the absorption of two cephamycin antibiotics, cefmetazole and cefoxitin. Maximum plasma levels of the antibiotics were obtained within 30 min after rectal administration. The bioavailability of both antibiotics appeared to depend on the concentration of the adjuvant in the microenema, the dosage form used in these experiments. Instead of a microbial assay, a new chemical method involving high-performance liquid chromatography with an ion-pairing technique was developed for analyzing the cephamycin antibiotic plasma levels.
Activating HRAS mutation in agminated Spitz nevi arising in a nevus spilus.

Importance Spitz nevi are benign melanocytic proliferations that can sometimes be clinically and histopathologically difficult to distinguish from melanoma. Agminated Spitz nevi have been reported to arise spontaneously, in association with an underlying nevus spilus, or after radiation or chemotherapy. However, to our knowledge, the genetic mechanism for this eruption has not been described. Observations We report a case of agminated Spitz nevi arising in a nevus spilus and use exome sequencing to identify a clonal activating point mutation in HRAS (GenBank 3265) (c.37G→C) in the Spitz nevi and underlying nevus spilus. We also identify a secondary copy number increase involving HRAS on chromosome 11p, which occurs during the development of the Spitz nevi. Conclusions and Relevance Our results reveal an activating HRAS mutation in a nevus spilus that predisposes to the formation of Spitz nevi. In addition, we demonstrate a copy number increase in HRAS as a “second hit” during the formation of agminated Spitz nevi, which suggests that both multiple Spitz nevi and solitary Spitz nevi may arise through similar molecular pathways. In addition, we describe a unique investigative approach for the discovery of genetic alterations in Spitz nevi.
Hierarchical censoring for distributed detection in wireless sensor networks

In energy-limited wireless sensor networks, detection using 'censoring sensors' reduces the probability that a sensor must transmit, thereby saving energy. We introduce a hierarchical distributed detection scheme designed specifically for multihop networks. If a sensor's local likelihood ratio (LLR) crosses a threshold, it is sent to the next higher level sensor. A simple feedback scheme is also considered. We study the performance of a Gaussian change-of-mean detection system using this hierarchical censoring scheme, with and without feedback. We show that good detection performance can be achieved while significantly reducing sensor transmissions compared to the optimal detection system.
Agreement and consensus problems in groups of autonomous agents with linear dynamics

We study two recent consensus problems in multi-agent coordination with linear dynamics. In Saber and Murray (2003) an agreement problem was studied which has linear continuous-time state equations and a sufficient condition was given for the given protocol to solve the agreement problem; namely that the underlying graph is strongly connected. We give sufficient and necessary conditions which include graphs that are not strongly connected. In addition, Saber and Murray show that the protocol solves the average consensus problem if and only if the graph is strongly connected and balanced. We show how multi-rate integrators can solve the average consensus problem even if the graph is not balanced. We give lower bounds on the rate of convergence of these systems which are related to the coupling topology. Saber and Murray also considered the case where the coupling topology changes with time but remain a balanced graph at all times. We relate this case of switching topology to synchronization of nonlinear dynamical systems with time-varying coupling and give conditions for solving the consensus problem even when the graphs are not balanced. Jadbabaie et al. (2003) study a model of leaderless and follow-the-leader coordination of autonomous agents using a discrete-time model with time-varying linear dynamics and show coordination if the underlying undirected graph is connected across intervals. Mureau (2003) extended this to directed graphs which are strongly connected across intervals. We prove that coordination is possible even if the graph is not strongly connected.
Label-free in vivo optical imaging of microvasculature and oxygenation level.

The ability to perform high-resolution imaging of microvasculature and its oxygenation is very important in studying early tumor development. Toward this goal, we improved upon our excited state absorption (ESA)–based imaging technique to allow us to not only image hemoglobin directly but also differentiate between oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin in tissue. We demonstrate the separation of arterioles from venules in a live nude mouse ear using our imaging technique.
Living WITH the Lab - a freshman curriculum to boost hands-on learning, student confidence and innovation

A new freshman engineering curriculum has been implemented at Louisiana Tech University to boost hands-on learning, student confidence and innovation. The new curriculum, called living with the Lab, increases experiential learning by moving the ownership and maintenance of laboratory equipment from the university to the students. Each student purchases a robotics kit with a programmable controller, sensors, servos, and software along with a toolkit to provide the basis for a mobile laboratory and design platform. A basic tenet of the curriculum is that student-owned labs motivate student learning and broaden the spectrum of projects and design topics that can be addressed, thus facilitating innovation. The curriculum has been piloted for the past five years, and we are currently in the first year of full implementation to over 350 students thanks to a Phase II NSF CCLI grant. The paper presents the curriculum objectives, details of the three courses that make up the freshman curriculum, faculty training activities, and assessment results.
SHOCK LAYER OPTICAL ATTENUATION AND EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY MEASUREMENTS DURING ARC JET TESTING WITH ABLATING MODELS

Measurements of optical attenuation and emission spectra for the radiating bow shock region upstream of several ablating arc jet test models are reported. Attenuation measurements were intended to assess light transmission parallel to the model face at k633 nm by the shock layer formed over the ablating surface; the attenuation is attributed to the presence of particles. As the models ablated, the surface receded, effectively translating the detection line of sight upstream from the model surface. Substantial loss of transmission correlated with the macroscopic ablation and surface heating rates, and persisted upstream of the shock front. Simultaneously, optical emission spectra were measured in the same plane as the attenuation laser. These measurements were intended to determine the extent to which ablation products (particles or vapor) influence the bow shock radiation. The spectra were measured rapidly using miniature fixed-grating spectrometers with fiber optic input. With a field of view of 2 mm and acquisition time less than 100 ms, spatial resolution was retained and time dependent intensity trends were observed. Several components of dissociated air can be identified based on their spectral signatures; the radiative contribution by ablation products appears minor, however.
Photoaffinity labeling of pituitary and gonadal receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

A radioactive photoaffinity label for the GnRH receptor was prepared by derivatization of radiodinated [d-Lys6] des-Gly10-GnRH N-ethylamide with the heterobifunctional photolabile reagent N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azido-benzoate. This high affinity photoreactive analog was employed for radiolabeling and characterization of pituitary GnRH receptors in rat, rabbit, mouse, sheep, and cow adenohypophyses and gonadal GnRH receptors in the rat ovary and testis. In rat, rabbit, and mouse pituitary glands, analysis of the GnRH receptor-ligand complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography showed two labeled components, both of which were displaced by unlabeled GnRH agonist and antagonist analogs. The larger receptor compdhent was a relatively broad band, with mol wt in rat, rabbit; and mouse of 59,000 ± 1,900, 62,000 ± 700, and 60,000 ± 800, respectively. In the rat pituitary gland, the larger component was composed of 63,000 and 52,000 mol wt components, of which the latte...
Crystal Control Applied to the Dynatron Oscillator

The research was suggested by the following two facts: (1) The dynatron oscillator, as compared with the feed-back oscillators, has a much better "frequency stability" (i.e., its frequency is much more independent of changes in the applied electrode voltages); (2) The Pierce types of crystal or magnetostriction oscillators are really controlled feed-back oscillators. One type of magnetostriction controlled, and two types of crystal controlled dynatrons were discovered. Although no stability measurements were made on the magnetostriction dynatron, it was found to have the advantage of simplicity and freedom from parasitic oscillations. Of the two crystal controlled dynatrons, one has the crystal between the screen grid and the plate, the other has the tank circuit of the ordinary dynatron replaced by the crystal. This latter has a better stability than the Pierce types, but it has the disadvantage that it is not self-starting. By inserting in this latter circuit a tuned circuit between the crystal and the plate, it is possible to get a controlled output at n or 1/n times the resonant frequency of the crystal, where n=1, 2, 3, 4, . . . All the new circuits, in common with the simple dynatron, suffer from the fact that at present there is no American-made tube capable of oscillating as a dynatron over a long period of time, because of the abnormal filament emission. Some suggestions are advanced in regard to the design of a suitable tube.
Microecological Impacts of Global Warming on Crustaceans—Temperature Induced Shifts in the Release of Larvae from American Lobster, Homarus americanus, Females

Abstract As ocean temperatures increase, crustaceans become subjected to more immediate, microecological impacts because of their exothermically-driven growth and development. In this laboratory-based study, ovigerous American lobster (Homarus americanus) were allowed to incubate their eggs for either a normal period of time (7–9 months including time at temperatures 10°C to speed up the rate of egg development (4–6 months). Females that had shorter incubation times had longer periods of larval release compared with females that incubated eggs for a normal period of time. Females incubating eggs for a shorter period of time also produced more larvae, and this was explained by the daily loss of a small number of eggs. Subsequent modeling of the relationship between dates of egg extrusion and hatching using data compiled from Massachusetts Bay demonstrated that there was a critical period in the fall at which larval development would switch from a resultant hatch in the spring...
Can you sell subliminal messages to consumers

Abstract A telephone survey was conducted among a national probability sample of 330 adults to determine consumer attitudes toward the use of subliminal stimulation techniques in a self-improvement product. Additionally, those most favorable toward the product concept were profiled. The study found consumers to be skeptical toward the use of subliminal messages for the purpose of self-improvement and concerned about being influenced to do something they did not want to do. Those consumers most favorable toward the subliminal technique had prior experience with computers and video equipment, were less educated, and had some family problems. Comparisons are made with prior studies of consumer attitudes toward subliminal advertising.
Dreams of Earth: Earth Dreaming as Eco-Resilience Practice for the Long Emergency

Abstract In ancient Greece, Hygeian dream temples were alternate medicine centers, retreat spaces in natural settings where those seeking healing meditated and made sacred contact with the earth to incubate healing dreams. A current-day researcher convened two-dozen participants to incubate dreams for earth healing in a virtual Hygeian dream temple. Sparked by the desire to directly interview the earth about habits and hopes for the long emergency, this research extended earth-dreaming research infused with Gaian and arts methods to explore diverse modes of coevolutionary contact with the numinous. The depth dimension of dreamers from Arizona to Africa birthed over 80 earth dreams. Findings included health- and hope-giving possibilities for cross-species collaborations, transformative supercapabilities in earth and people (e.g., flight, submersion, reclamation), and recovery from earth disaster. Muddying the question of whether the dreams were surfacing from individual dreamers, emergent dreamtime collect...
Advancing Toward Professorship in Biology, Ecology, and Earth System Sciences

Multiple factors may interact with gender to convince women to opt out of careers as tenure track faculty. Rates of attrition in academia are particularly pronounced in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, which include biology, ecology and earth system sciences, or collectively, BEESS. In addition to the stressors that affect other STEM careers, paths in BEESS fields are unique in that they are inherently interdisciplinary, often require field work, and involve interactions with a broad range of stakeholders. We designed and conducted a workshop for an at-risk population of BEESS scientists—postdoctoral and tenure track, but pre-tenured scientists—who may not already have access to targeted professional development. We also conducted longitudinal research to determine the perceptions of career preparation and challenges of our participants, as well as to quantify the effect of our programming on those perceptions.
Substrate Vibrations as Promoters of Chemical Reactivity on Metal Surfaces.

Studies exploring how vibrational energy (Evib) promotes chemical reactivity most often focus on molecular reagents, leaving the role of substrate atom motion in heterogeneous interfacial chemistry underexplored. This combined theoretical and experimental study of methane dissociation on Ni(111) shows that lattice atom motion modulates the reaction barrier height during each surface atom’s vibrational period, which leads to a strong variation in the reaction probability (S0) with surface temperature (Tsurf). State-resolved beam-surface scattering studies at Tsurf = 90 K show a sharp threshold in S0 at translational energy (Etrans) = 42 kJ/mol. When Etrans decreases from 42 kJ/mol to 34 kJ/mol, S0 decreases 1000-fold at Tsurf = 90 K, but only 2-fold at Tsurf = 475 K. Results highlight the mechanism for this effect, provide benchmarks for DFT calculations, and suggest the potential importance of surface atom induced barrier height modulation in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions, particularly on structural...
Code Clarity

Naming conventions affect the readability of your code and the ease with which you can find your way around when you're reviewing that code. Naming conventions aren't meant to help the compiler. A compiler has no trouble distinguishing names, no matter how long, short, or obscure they are. But to us humans, they can matter a great deal.
Demonstration of an Afterburner and Nozzle in a mini- Turbojet Engine (DANTE)

The Busemann Advanced Concepts Lab at the University of Colorado Boulder has been researching improvements to small turbojet engines designed for unmanned aerial vehicles for the past three years. The goal of the DANTE project is to design, fabricate, integrate, and test an afterburner on a mini-turbojet engine and increase the thrust of the engine by at least 50%. The project team is working with a US Microjet AT-450 engine that, without any modifications to the manufacturer’s design, is capable of producing 200 N (45 lbf) of static thrust at sea level. The afterburner design incorporates a variable-area convergent nozzle which allows the engine to operate with a choked nozzle when the afterburner is in operation as well as when the afterburner is off, allowing for the greatest performance from the engine in both modes of operation. The performance of the modified engine was assessed through a series of tests at both the component and the system level. The designs of the afterburner and its components, as well as the test results are presented.
Detecting a Trend in Paired Rankings

SUMMARY Each subject in a study independently ranks a set of items, undergoes a treatment and afterwards ranks the same set of items. Two tests are proposed of the null hypothesis that the conditional distribution of each post-treatment ranking is symmetrically distributed about the corresponding preranking. The alternative hypothesis for each test is that the post-treatment rankings are more clustered about a particular idealized ranking than would be expected under the null hypothesis. The idea of the first test is to score each subject according to how close his post-ranking is to the idealized ranking, conditional on the distance from his post-ranking to his preranking. The second test controls for a possible additional trend towards a potentially confounding ranking, such as the rank order in which the items are presented. The methodology is applied to a data set where 38 students rank four styles of literary criticism, then undergo a course in literary appreciation and afterwards rank the same four styles of criticism. A brief power study is also presented.
Contamination levels of foodborne pathogens in infant food in Guangdong Province,2012

Objective To investigate contamination levels of several food pathogens in infant food in Guangdong. Methods According to the population distribution,characteristics of food production and regional distribution features of Guangdong Province,food samples were collected from supermarkets,department stores,convenience stores and farmer's markets in counties,towns and districts of 13 prefecturelevel cities of the province. Enterobacter sakazakii,Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aurea in infant food( including infant formula milk powder and cereal based supplementary food) were detected quantitatively and qualitatively according to the Work Manual for National Food Pathogens Surveillance( Version 2012). Results A total of 314 samples of infant food were collected from 64 manufacturers,of which,92 were infant formula milk powder and 222 were cereal based supplementary food. Ten Enterobacter sakazakii strains were confirmed in 314 samples with a detection positive rate of 3. 18%,of which 2 strains were from infant formula milk powder( 2. 17%) and 8 strains from cereal based supplementary food( 3. 60%). Ninety Bacillus cereus isolates were confirmed and the detection positive rate was 28. 67%,of which,28 strains were from infant formula milk powder( 30. 43%) and 62 from cereal based supplementary food( 27. 92%). No Staphylococcus aurea strains were found. The result of quantitative determination showed that one sample was greater than 110 MPN /100g and the others were less than 5 MPN /100g for Enterobacter sakazakii,and 3 samples were greater than 103MPN /100g and 41 samples less than 102MPN /100g for Bacillus cereus. Plate count was also used to determine the number of Bacillus cereus in samples. Of 24 samples,it is found that the number of Bacillus cereus in 14 samples were less than 102CPU /100g,but no Bacillus cereus was observed in other 10 samples. Conclusion The contamination of the Enterobacter sakazakii and Bacillus cereus in infant food should not be ignored. They were potential risks for infant health. The supervision of pathogenic microorganisms in infant food and the surveillance of the related foodborne diseases should be strengthened.
Vertical Projection in a Resisting Medium: Reflections on Observations of Mersenne

This article, inspired by a 17th-century woodcut, validates empirical observations of Marin Mersenne (1588–1648) on timing of vertically-launched projectiles for a general mathematical model of res...
Guaiacol Hydrodeoxygenation over Platinum Catalyst: Reaction Pathways and Kinetics

Guaiacol represents a large fraction of lignin derived pyrolysis bio-oils. It was shown in our prior work that Pt has higher activity and stability for guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation as compared to other noble metal catalysts. In the present study, further theoretical and experimental investigations were conducted to reveal the reaction pathways and kinetics. For Pt/C catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor, the main liquid phase reaction products were phenol, catechol and cyclopentanone. Because cyclopentanone was typically not observed in the prior literature, a pathway for its formation was proposed and supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. By varying the space velocity, kinetic data was acquired in the temperature range 275 to 325 °C. The rate constants and activation energies for each subreaction in the network were obtained based on the power-law model.
Autobahn: using genetic algorithms to infer strictness annotations

Although laziness enables beautiful code, it comes with non-trivial performance costs. The ghc compiler for Haskell has optimizations to reduce those costs, but the optimizations are not sufficient. As a result, Haskell also provides a variety of strictness annotations so that users can indicate program points where an expression should be evaluated eagerly. Skillful use of those annotations is a black art, known only to expert Haskell programmers. In this paper, we introduce AUTOBAHN, a tool that uses genetic algorithms to automatically infer strictness annotations that improve program performance on representative inputs. Users examine the suggested annotations for soundness and can instruct AUTOBAHN to automatically produce modified sources. Experiments on 60 programs from the NoFib benchmark suite show that AUTOBAHN can infer annotation sets that improve runtime performance by a geometric mean of 8.5%. Case studies show AUTOBAHN can reduce the live size of a GC simulator by 99% and infer application-specific annotations for Aeson library code. A 10-fold cross-validation study shows the AUTOBAHN -optimized GC simulator generally outperforms a version optimized by an expert.
How does a mixed ownership firm license a patent

Abstract This paper demonstrates that a cost disadvantaged innovator increasingly relies on licensing with a fixed fee as its public ownership share grows. Moreover, when the innovation is drastic, a cost disadvantaged innovator frequently licenses by fixed fee when it has a public share even as a fully private firm will never use a fixed fee. As the fixed fee improves welfare, these results suggest that the licensing method of a partial public firm helps correct the market failure of imperfect competition.
Urban form and last-mile goods movement: Factors affecting vehicle miles travelled and emissions

Abstract There are established relationships between urban form and passenger travel, but less is known about urban form and goods movement. The work presented in this paper evaluates how the design of a delivery service and the urban form in which it operates affects its performance, as measured by vehicle miles travelled, CO 2 , NOx, and PM10 emissions. This work compares simulated amounts of VMT, CO 2 , NOx, and PM10 generated by last mile travel in a number of different development patterns and in a number of different goods movement structures, including various warehouse locations. Last mile travel includes personal travel or delivery vehicles delivering goods to customers. Regression models for each goods movement scheme and models that compare sets of goods movement schemes were developed. The most influential variables in all models were measures of roadway density and proximity of a service area to the regional warehouse. These efforts will support urban planning for goods movement, inform policies designed to mitigate the impacts of goods movement vehicles, and provide insights into achieving sustainability targets, especially as online shopping and goods delivery become more prevalent.