cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technical communique: On an assumption guaranteeing boundary layer convergence of singularly perturbed systems

In a recent paper by B. A. Francis, an assumption was made that guaranteed convergence in the boundary layer for singularly perturbed linear systems, but the assumption was not discussed. This note examines this assumption in some detail. Verifiable sufficient and necessary conditions are given. Illustrative examples are presented.
Neutralizing Actual Controversy: How Patent Holders Can Reduce the Risk of Declaratory Judgment in Patent Disputes

Alleged patent infringers may bring declaratory judgment actions against patentees when actual controversies exist over infringement or validity. Such declaratory judgment actions are important strategic tools because they allow alleged infringers to take initiative and bring actions, thereby eliminating the risk of doing business without knowing whether continued product use would constitute infringement. Declaratory judgment actions also provide alleged infringers an opportunity to choose the forum in which to bring their suits. In order to bring such an action, however, there must be an actual controversy between the parties to establish standing. The United States Supreme Court’s 2007 decision in MedImmune v. Genentech made it easier for alleged infringers to obtain declaratory judgments without actually terminating or breaching license agreements. The Court held that all circumstances should be considered when determining whether an actual controversy exists. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, relying on MedImmune, has since considered what communication between parties is sufficient to establish the existence of such a controversy. This Article analyzes those decisions, discusses possible implications, and describes how the Federal Circuit has finally embraced the "all circumstances" test for determining whether a sufficient controversy exists to sustain a declaratory judgment action.
Effect of spin fluctuations on quasiparticle excitations: First-principles theory and application to sodium and lithium

To understand from first principles how spin and charge fluctuations affect quasiparticle excitations, start with simple alkali metals, not high-Tc superconductors. Spin fluctuations alone cannot account for the experimentally observed reduction in occupied bandwidth.
Immunoneutralization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and subsequent treatment with testosterone Silastic implants in rats: an approach toward developing a male contraceptive

Study Objective To determine the extent to which increasing doses of exogenous testosterone (T) administered via Silastic implants can restore spermatogenesis and fertility to rats made azoospermic by active immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Design Male rats were made azoospermic by active immunization against GnRH. Increasing doses of exogenously administered T (via Silastic implants) were administered for 8weeks, and testicular sperm concentration and ability to impregnate female rats were evaluated. Setting Reproductive Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado. Animals Sexually mature male Sprague Dawley rats (SASCO, Omaha, NE). Results Suppression of gonadotropins and azoospermia was achieved by actively immunizing rats against GnRH. Testosterone was capable of restoring quantitatively complete spermatogenesis and fertility in GnRH-immunized azoospermic rats. This relationship was dose-dependent, as evidenced by the partial restoration of spermatogenesis and fertility observed in animals replaced with smaller T Silastic implants. Conclusion Gonadotropin-releasing hormone immunization and T-filled Silastic implants may provide a model to study isolated gonadotropin deficiency and for the development of a reversible male contraceptive.
A Study of Effects on Buyer’s Choice Between Different Price Incentives

This paper reports an experiment on consumer’s ability to choose the best price incentive in a car buying situation. The concepts of framing and transaction utility theory are used to explain how consumers can make less than rational choices. The results of this study support the relative inability of buyers to choose the best price incentive. Suggestions are made to improve the quality of the information provided by marketers and to educate consumers how to be able to determine better monetary choices.
Morphological and genetic variation among populations of the rare Kachina daisy ( Erigeron kachinensis ) from southeastern Utah

Erigeron kachinensis , the Kachina daisy, is a rare species restricted to canyons in southeastern Utah. The species is known to exhibit low fecundity due to low percent fertilization of ovules and high percent abortion of fertilized ovules. Previous reproductive studies suggest that low fecundity is a consequence of small population size and inbreeding depression. This study examines genetic diversity within and among populations of E. kachinensis in Natural Bridges National Monument using enzyme electrophoresis. Field populations are found to have significantly different morphologies. However, morphological differences were less pronounced among populations grown in the greenhouse. The Kachina daisy exhibits levels of genetic variability in its populations similar to that of other outcrossed species. Genetic diversity statistics demonstrate that only 22.8% of genetic variation is distributed among populations. Genetic distance could not be correlated with geographic distance. Most of the populations showed significant deviation of fixation indices from zero for multiple loci. Observation of genotype frequencies demonstrates that populations are fixing on different genotypes and may be experiencing initial stages of genetic drift. Mean observed heterozygosity was 0.166 and was found to increase with increasing size and/or age in populations.
Middlemarch : A Romance of Diffusion

Like Wuthering Heights, Middlemarch made its strongest impact on me when I came to teach it. Student-reading it hungrily for its wit and romance, and above all as the pride-imparting proof of a woman writer’s sublime mastery of both world and word, I eventually faced the teacher’s problem of establishing some illuminating, and preferably intriguing, framework for the two or three weeks during which we could read the novel together, from the beginning, for structure as well as character and theme. I also found, to my surprise, considerable discontent in the critical tradition about the romance that drove the novel, between Dorothea Brooke and Will Ladislaw. Many felt betrayed by a plot that, having established what Henry James called the “two suns in the firmament of the novel,” Dorothea and “the real hero,” Tertius Lydgate, then cheated us of the romance we had a right to expect.2
A Bundle Protocol to Reduce the Incidence of Periprosthetic Joint Infections After Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Single-Center Experience

Abstract Background Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) represents a devastating complication of total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Modifiable patient risk factors as well as various intraoperative and postoperative variables have been associated with risk of PJI. In 2011, our institution formulated a "bundle" to optimize patient outcomes after THA and TKA. The purpose of this report is to describe the "bundle" protocol we implemented for primary THA and TKA patients and to analyze its impact on rates of PJI and readmission. Methods Our bundle protocol for primary THA and TKA patients is conceptually organized about 3 chronological periods of patient care: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. The institutional total joint database and electronic medical record were reviewed to identify all primary THAs and TKAs performed in the 2 years before and following implementation of the bundle. Rates of PJI and readmission were then calculated. Results Thirteen of 908 (1.43%) TKAs performed before the bundle became infected compared to only 1 of 890 (0.11%) TKAs performed after bundle implementation ( P = .0016). Ten of 641 (1.56%) THAs performed before the bundle became infected, which was not statistically different from the 4 of 675 (0.59%) THAs performed after the bundle that became infected ( P = .09). Conclusion The bundle protocol we describe significantly reduced PJIs at our institution, which we attribute to patient selection, optimization of modifiable risk factors, and our perioperative protocol. We believe the bundle concept represents a systematic way to improve patient outcomes and increase value in total joint arthroplasty.
Empowerment Praxis: Community Organizing to Redress Systemic Health Disparities

Social and environmental determinants of childhood obesity present a public health dilemma, particularly in low-income communities of color. Case studies of two community-based organizations participating in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Communities Creating Healthy Environments (CCHE) childhood obesity initiative demonstrate multilevel, culturally situated community organizing strategies to address the root causes of this public health disparity. Informed by a 3-lens prescription-Social Justice, Culture-Place, and Organizational Capacity-contained in the CCHE Change Model and Evaluation Frame, we present examples of individual, organizational, and community empowerment to redress systemic inequities that manifest in poor health outcomes for people of color. These case studies offer compelling evidence that public health disparities in these communities may effectively be abated through strategies that employ bottom-up, community-level approaches for (a) identifying proximal and distal determinants of public health disparities, and (b) empowering communities to directly redress these inequities. Guided by this ecological framework, application of the CCHE evaluation approach demonstrated the necessity to document the granularity of community organizing for community health, adding to the community psychology literature on empowering processes and outcomes.
Promoting weight maintenance with electronic health record tools in a primary care setting: Baseline results from the MAINTAIN-pc trial.

Abstract Maintaining weight loss is a significant challenge in combating obesity. The goal of Maintaining Activity and Nutrition through Technology-Assisted Innovation in Primary Care (MAINTAIN-pc) is to evaluate the use of tools delivered through an electronic health record (EHR) and patient portal, with or without health coach support, to help primary care patients maintain weight loss. EHR tools include flowsheets, standardized surveys, and secure patient messaging. Inclusion criteria were age 18–75 years, voluntary 5% weight loss in the past 2 years with prior BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, and no bariatric procedures in past 5 years. Participants were randomized 1:1 to tailored online coaching with EHR tracking tools (CC) or EHR tracking tools alone (TO). We screened 721 individuals between October 2013 and February 2015; 194 participants enrolled (98 CC; 96 TO). The most common reasons for not enrolling included lack of interest (56%), not meeting age or weight loss criteria (17%), and no verified prior weight loss (10%). At baseline, participants were 53.4 (SD 12.2) years old, 74% female, and 88% White; 95% reported moderate physical activity. Average weight and BMI at baseline were 189.1 (SD 42.1) lbs and 30.4 (5.9) kg/m2, respectively. Pre-weight loss BMI was 34.4 (SD 6.5) kg/m2. Participants lost an average of 11.3% (SD 6.6) of their body weight before enrolling. Demographic and clinical characteristics did not differ by randomized group. The study successfully identified and recruited primary care patients with recent voluntary weight loss for participation in a weight maintenance program that uses EHR-based tools.
Effect of Oregano Essential Oil on the Storage Stability and Quality Parameters of Ground Chicken Breast Meat

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of oregano essential oil on the oxidative stability and color of raw and cooked chicken breast meat. Five treatments, including 1) control (none added), 2) 100 ppm oregano essential oil, 3) 300 ppm oregano essential oil, 4) 400 ppm oregano essential oil, and 5) 5 ppm butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), were prepared with ground boneless, skinless chicken breast meat and used for both raw and cooked meat studies. For the raw meat study, samples were individually packaged in oxygen-permeable bags and stored in a cold room (4 ℃) for 7 days. For the cooked meat study, the raw meat samples were vacuum-packaged in oxygen-impermeable vacuum bags and then cooked in-bag to an internal temperature of 75 °C. After cooling to room temperature, the cooked meats were repackaged in new oxygen-permeable bags and then stored at 4 oC for 7 days. Both raw and cooked meats were analyzed for lipid and protein oxidation, volatiles, and color at 0, 3, and 7 days of storage. Oregano essential oil significantly reduced (p < 0.05) lipid and protein oxidation, and improved color stability of raw and cooked meat. However, oregano oil at 400 ppm showed the strongest effect for all these parameters. Hexanal was the major aldehyde detected, which was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by oregano oil treatment, in cooked meat. Overall, oregano essential oil at 100-400 ppm levels could be a potential replacement for the synthetic antioxidants in chicken meat.
Why Study Business History

Business history is at once very old and very young. Objectively, it is as old as town economy in the ancient and medieval periods. By this, I mean that business began in the town, ancient and medieval. Subjectively, it is hardly more than a decade old. That is, as a subject for study, business history is just getting under way. Since this is the case, we may fittingly stop to consider what we are to understand by the subject. Business history is the study of the development of business administration. Roughly, it deals with the historical background of subjects taught in schools of business. Perhaps we may divide the subject, that is, the history of business administration, into two main parts. The first is the history of policy-formulation. We may think that there is little policy in business and has been less in the past. The fault lies in us: there is a long story and an interesting one at this point. Much of the development in policy, conscious or unconscious, is embedded in these five stages—petty capitalism, mercantile capitalism, industrial capitalism, financial capitalism, and national capitalism. Woven into these are many ingredients, but the degree of specialization and control is uppermost in the change of patterns. We shall come back to this subject later.
Bleeding after Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage: Incidence, Causes and Treatments

Of all procedures in interventional radiology, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is amongst the most technically challenging. Successful placement requires a high level of assorted skills. While this procedure can be life-saving, it can also lead to significant iatrogenic harm, often manifesting as bleeding. Readers of this article will come to understand the pathophysiology and anatomy underlying post-PTBD bleeding, its incidence, its varied clinical manifestations and its initial management. Additionally, a structured approach to its treatment emphasizing endovascular and percutaneous methods is given.
A Workload-Based Partitioning Scheme for Parallel RDF Data Processing

Distributed RDF database has been proved to be an effective solution for the Semantic Web big data challenge. Existing distributed RDF data management approaches mostly employ simple and straightforward data partitioning methods, and RDF data characteristics are not considered. The only related work in graph-based RDF data partitioning declares high complexity, which hinders its application in large-scale RDF data management. In this paper, we proposed a parallel RDF data processing approach by partitioning the dataset by pattern graphs. Our partitioning approach takes both graph data characteristics and workload information into consideration. It is advisable in an online transaction processing (OLTP) scenario. Our approach speeds up SPARQL query processing by over an order of magnitude and shows well scalability. The evaluation result under three mainstream benchmarks illustrates the correctness and effectiveness of our approach.
Confucian Capitalism and the Search for Economic Prosperity and Social Harmony in Early Twentieth-Century Japan

With his retirement from active management, Shibusawa Eiichi devoted his attention to promoting his ideas of Confucian capitalism, which he called achieving the “unity of morality and economy” (dotoku keizai goitsu) through the Dragon Gate Society (Ryumonsha). In the 1910s and 1920s, his ideas were published as The Analects and the Abacus (Rongo to Soroban) and Lectures on the Analects (Rongo Kogi). Shibusawa also contributed to philanthropic work and participated in organizations like the “Cooperation Society” (Kyochokai) to resolve conflicts between management and labor that became particularly acute in the years after the First World War.
“Fix and assay”: separating in-cellulo sphingolipid reactions from analytical assay in time and space using an aldehyde-based fixative

Chemical cytometry using capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful tool for measuring single-cell enzyme activity. However, these measurements are often confounding as dynamic processes within cells rapidly change depending on environment, meaning that cell handling, transport, and storage can affect signaling pathways and alter results. To meet these challenges, we describe a method utilizing aldehyde fixation to simultaneously terminate cellular reactions across a population, freezing reaction results in time prior to analytical analysis. Fluorescent sphingosine was loaded into cells of different lineages (leukemia and lymphoma cell lines and primary leukemia cells) and allowed to react before fixing. The remaining sphingosine and any products formed were then quantified with chemical cytometry utilizing CE. When cells were loaded with sphingosine followed by glyoxal fixation and immediate analysis, 55 ± 5% of lipid was recoverable compared to an unfixed control. Storage of fixed cells for 24 h showed no statistical differences in total amount of recoverable sphingolipid compared to samples analyzed immediately after fixation—though there was a difference in recovery of low-abundance products. Sphingosine kinase activity decreased in response to inhibitor treatment compared to treatment with a DMSO vehicle (21 ± 3% product formed in inhibitor-treated cells vs. 57 ± 2% in control cells), which was mirrored in single-cell measurements. This “fix and assay” strategy enables measurement of sphingosine kinase activity in single cells followed by subsequent analytical assay separated in space and time from reaction initiation, enabling greater temporal control over intracellular reactions and improving future compatibility with clinical workflow.
A data-driven iterative refinement approach for estimating clearing functions from simulation models of production systems

Clearing functions that describe the expected output of a production resource as a function of its expected workload have yielded promising production planning models. However, there is as yet no f...
A Shared Mechanism for the Folding of Voltage-Gated K+ Channels

In this study, we probe the folding of KvAP, a voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channel. The KvAP channel, though of archaebacterial origin, is structurally and functionally similar to eukaryotic Kv channels. An advantage of the KvAP channel is that it can be folded in vitro from an extensively unfolded state and the folding can be controlled by temperature. We utilize these properties of the KvAP channel to separately study the membrane insertion and the tetramerization stages during folding. We use two quantitative assays: a Cys PEGylation assay to monitor membrane insertion and a cross-linking assay to monitor tetramerization. We show that during folding the KvAP polypeptide is rapidly inserted into the lipid bilayer with a "native-like" topology. We identify a segment at the C-terminus that is important for multimerization of the KvAP channel. We show that this C-terminal domain forms a dimer, which raises the possibility that the tetramerization of the KvAP channel proceeds through a dimer of dimers pathway. Our studies show that the in vitro folding of the KvAP channel mirrors aspects of the cellular assembly pathway for voltage-gated K+ channels and therefore suggest that evolutionarily distinct Kv channels share a common folding pathway. The pathway for the folding and assembly of a Kv channel is of central importance as defects in this pathway have been implicated in the etiology of several disease states. Our studies indicate that the KvAP channel provides an experimentally tractable system for elucidating the folding mechanism of Kv channels.
Effect of pH and Ionic Strength on the Solubility of Quinoline: Back-to-Basics

The interest of quinoline as a contaminant agent and as scaffold for the development of new therapeutic agent warrants to revisit the pH-solubility behavior of quinoline (Q) and quinoline derivatives (Q-derivatives) with possible salting-out effect. Q is a weak base with potential hazard upon exposure that may be occupational by inhalation or ingestion of or dermal exposure to particulates in certain industries; or simply by inhalation of cigarette smoke. In contrast, quinoline and its derivatives are useful in diverse therapeutic applications such as anticancer, antiseptic, antipyretic, antiviral, and antimalarial. These claims have raised the possibility of using quinoline motif for the synthesis of new drugs; however, it may act as a pollutant on soil and water as ionizable organic compounds (IOC). The solubility and partitioning behavior of Q may be a critical factor in determining the extent of inhalation and oral absorption or sorption onto soil and water. Studies on the solubility of Q have been reported; however, due to Q-derivatives distinctive usage, it is necessary to revisit and evaluate the solubility profile of Q at different pH levels and ionic strengths. This study reports a simple analytical method for determining the solubility of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds and possible salting-out effect as a function of pH, buffer concentration, and ionic strength. This information can be of value when developing Q-derivatives and to enhance understanding of Q as well as its derivatives behavior in the gastrointestinal tract or when evaluating the presence of Q as an environmental contaminant.
Characterization of the Horizontal and Vertical Sexual Transmission of Chlamydia Genital Infections in a New Mouse Model.

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide, and there is a need to control this epidemic. So far there is no established animal model in which both the horizontal and the vertical transmission of Chlamydia can be studied. To implement a horizontal sexual transmission model, male mice were inoculated in the meatus urethra with Chlamydia muridarum and they were caged with naive female mice. Urine and vaginal swab specimens were collected for culture. To study vertical transmission, newborns were euthanized and specimens were cultured. As controls, females were mated with sham-infected male mice. All C. muridarum-inoculated male mice had positive urine cultures. As determined by serology, all females caged with C. muridarum-inoculated males became infected, and 93% of them had positive vaginal swab specimen cultures. More females mated with C. muridarum-infected male mice (35%) than females mated with sham-infected male mice (0%) were infertile (P < 0.05). Also, C. muridarum-infected females delivered significantly fewer pups (3.8 ± 3.2/mouse) than control females (6.3 ± 1.6/mouse) (P < 0.05). Of the newborn mice, 32% were C. muridarum positive either in the lungs or in the intestines. Female mice housed with sham-infected males had no positive vaginal swab specimen cultures or C. muridarum-positive pups. This new mouse model of horizontal and vertical sexual transmission of Chlamydia closely parallels C. trachomatis sexual transmission in humans and may be a good model system to better understand the pathogenesis of these infections.
Immune-Related Adverse Events Requiring Hospitalization: Spectrum of Toxicity, Treatment, and Outcomes

PURPOSE:Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The proportion of patients who are hospitalized for irAEs and their spectrum, management, and outcomes are n...
STFT Cluster Analysis for DC Pulsed Load Monitoring and Fault Detection on Naval Shipboard Power Systems

Current trends in Naval shipboard power system architecture indicate that the electrification of future warships is inevitable, and it will be equipped with loads that draw periodic pulsed currents from the dc microgrid or have large transients while switching state. In order to monitor the operation of those loads, solely time-based features are not enough as they do not provide sufficiently unique information to differentiate various transient stages of the load profile. The focus of more recent research has been on extracting time–frequency features. However, no comprehensive solution exists that could work for any general load profile. The proposed load monitoring and fault detection method presented in this article outlines a data clustering-based approach to extract unique feature vectors from short-time Fourier transform analysis for any pulsed load. These features can then be used to identify various events in the load transient as well as shunt faults and series arcing faults. Implementation and performance of the scheme for several load profiles and fault scenarios are included.
Why Durkheim really thought that Buddhism was a ‘religion’ (in memoriam Massimo Rosati)

In The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, and in ‘On the Definition of Religious Phenomena,' Durkheim famously asserted both that Buddhism was a ‘religion' and an ‘atheistic' one at that. Why ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Drives Mitochondria-Biased Dysregulation of Host Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments.

BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, causes 10 million infections and 1.5 million deaths per year worldwide. The success of Mtb as a human pathogen is directly related to its ability to suppress host responses, which are critical for clearing intracellular pathogens. Emerging evidence suggests that key response pathways may be regulated by a novel class of small noncoding RNA, called transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived fragments (tRFs). tRFs can complex with Argonaute proteins to target and degrade messenger RNA targets, similarly to micro RNAs, but have thus far been overlooked in the context of bacterial infections. METHODS We generated a novel miRge2.0-based tRF-analysis tool, tRFcluster, and used it to analyze independently generated and publicly available RNA-sequencing datasets to assess tRF dysregulation in host cells following infection with Mtb and other intracellular bacterial pathogens. RESULTS We found that Mtb and Listeria monocytogenes drive dramatic tRF dysregulation, whereas other bacterial pathogens do not. Interestingly, Mtb infection uniquely increased the expression of mitochondria-derived tRFs rather than genomic-derived tRFs, suggesting an association with mitochondrial damage in Mtb infection. CONCLUSIONS tRFs are dysregulated in some, but not all, bacterial infections. Biased dysregulation of mitochondria-derived tRFs in Mtb infection suggests a link between mitochondrial distress and tRF production.
Multiscale modeling and control of pulp digester under fiber-to-fiber heterogeneity

Abstract In kraft pulp digester, lignin in wood chips is removed through delignification by hydroxide and sodium sulfide solution. Since both macroscopic and microscopic properties of wood pulp significantly affect the attributes of paper products, several multiscale modeling frameworks have been developed. However, these models did not consider fiber-to-fiber (F2F) heterogeneity; it is an important challenge these days as the fibers are provided from multiple sources to meet the increasing demand. Therefore, we developed a multiscale modeling framework to describe the evolution of heterogeneous fibers in a digester by running multiple kinetic Monte Carlo simulations in parallel. Specifically, the F2F heterogeneity is incorporated by introducing variation in heat capacity and dissolution rate for each fiber. Based on the developed multiscale model, we also designed an offset-free model predictive control system to regulate the cell wall thickness distribution of fibers as well as Kappa number in a pulping process.
Primary Cutaneous CD4-Positive Small/Medium T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder Mimicking Jessner Lymphocytic Infiltrate and Tumid Lupus-A Report of Two Cases.

ABSTRACT Primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder composed of small-sized to medium-sized pleomorphic cells expressing a follicular helper T-cell phenotype. Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate and tumid lupus are cutaneous conditions characterized by the presence of rich dermal lymphocytic infiltrates with a superficial, deep, perivascular and periadnexal distribution that include copious amounts of dermal mucin deposition. We report 2 cases of primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder presenting with markedly increased dermal mucin, mimicking both Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate and tumid lupus and provide a review of the differential diagnosis and highlight key distinguishing features.
Flow Shop Scheduling With Two Distinct Job Due Dates

Abstract We consider flow shop scheduling problems with two distinct job due dates. Motivated by the NP-hardness of these problems with arbitrary job processing times, we focus on their solvability with ordered or proportionate job processing times. We show that the proportionate flow shop problem with variable machine speeds remains NP-hard. We then show that the no-wait problem with ordered jobs and a maximal last machine is solvable in O ( n 2 ) time. We also show that the corresponding problem with the minimum number of tardy jobs objective is solvable in O ( n 4 ) time. Finally, we consider hierarchical bi-criteria proportionate flow shop scheduling problems with two distinct due dates and the primary objective of minimizing the number of tardy jobs. We show that these problems are solvable in O ( n 3 ) time when the secondary objective is the minimization of either total tardiness or maximum tardiness.
The recovery and conservation of water-logged goods from the well excavated at the Fort Loudoun site, Fort Loudon, Pennsylvania

The excavations at Fort Loudoun (36FR107), Pennsylvania, yielded water-logged leather objects from a ca. 1756 well associated with the fort. Immediate field stabilization of the objects was undertaken, and at the end of the field season they were moved to the Conservation Laboratory at Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The resulting year-long conservation procedures are herein outlined and discussed.
Implementation of antiretroviral therapy adherence interventions: a realist synthesis of evidence.

leeman j., chang y.k., lee e.j., voils c.i., crandell j. & sandelowski m. (2010) Implementation of antiretroviral therapy adherence interventions: a realist synthesis of evidence. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(9), 1915–1930. Abstract Aim. This paper is a report of a synthesis of evidence on implementation of interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Background. Evidence on efficacy must be supplemented with evidence on how interventions were implemented in practice and on how that implementation varied across populations and settings. Data sources. Sixty-one reports were reviewed of studies conducted in the United States of America in the period 2001 to December 2008. Fifty-two reports were included in the final analysis: 37 reporting the effects of interventions and 15 reporting intervention feasibility, acceptability, or fidelity. Review methods. An adaptation of Pawson’s realist synthesis method was used, whereby a provisional explanatory model and associated list of propositions are developed from an initial review of literature. This model is successively refined to the point at which it best explains empirical findings from the reports reviewed. Results. The final explanatory model suggests that individuals with HIV will be more likely to enrol in interventions that protect their confidentiality, to attend when scheduling is responsive to their needs, and both to attend and continue with an intervention when they develop a strong, one-to-one relationship with the intervener. Participants who have limited prior experience with antiretroviral therapy will be more likely to continue with an intervention than those who are more experienced. Dropout rates are likely to be higher when interventions are integrated into existing delivery systems than when offered as stand-alone interventions. Conclusion. The explanatory model developed in this study is intended to provide guidance to clinicians and researchers on the points in the implementation chain that require strengthening.
Ion Transport by Heart Mitochondria XVI. CATION BINDING BY SUBMITOCHONDRIAL PARTICLES

Abstract The passive binding of cations to submitochondrial fragments prepared by sonic oscillation of bovine heart mitochondria has been examined. At least two different types of binding sites can be distinguished. The first site appears to be phospholipid in nature and binds the following cations in the sequence indicated: La3+ g Ca2+ g Mg2+ g K+ and Na+. Each of these cations inhibits the binding of others in the series competitively, and in each case H+ is released into the suspending medium only when large amounts of the cation react with the membrane. Cations which interact primarily with this site or type of sites saturates the membrane at about 120 neq per mg of protein. In contrast, the binding of Zn2+ and certain other cations in the absence of energy occurs preferentially at protein binding sites and saturates the lipid sites only at high concentrations of cation. The binding of cations to this site is inhibited noncompetitively by cations in the series listed above and competitively by Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, and chlorpromazine. In a like manner this group of cations inhibits the binding of cations to the lipid sites noncompetitively. Interaction of cations such as Zn2+ with the protein binding sites results in the release of substantial amounts of H+ into the medium. Binding to the lipid sites is inhibited noncompetitively by H+, but the binding of Zn2+ to the protein site is inhibited by a mechanism which is more complicated than either simple competitive or noncompetitive binding. The Zn2+-binding capacity of the membrane is saturated at about 250 neq of Zn2+ per mg of protein at pH 7.0. A number of lines of evidence also suggest that, in addition to the rather low affinity binding which is considered in this study, small numbers of binding sites with high affinity for cations are present in submitochondrial particles.
Inhibition of β-catenin signaling in human colon cancer cells and ApcMin mice by (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4889 Previously, we reported that oral administration of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin in green tea, not only inhibited small intestinal tumor formation in Apc Min mice but also resulted in decreases of nuclear β-catenin and c-Myc levels and increases of E-cadherin levels in small intestinal tumors (Cancer Res, 2005; 65(22): in press) . The purpose of present study was to investigate mechanisms involved in the inhibition of aberrant β-catenin signaling by EGCG in vitro and in vivo . In HCT116 human colon cancer cells, treatment with EGCG at concentrations of 20, 50, and 100 μM decreased the levels of nuclear β-catenin but increased the levels of E-cadherin, which is a similar finding to our previous results in another human colon cancer cell line, HT29 (Cancer Res, 2005; 65(22): in press) . The EGCG treatment also suppressed important upstream events for the release of β-catenin from plasma membrane to cytoplasm and the degradation of E-cadherin; levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of β-catenin and p120ctn as well as the phosphorylation (Thr 12) of Fyn were decreased under the EGCG treatment. In studies with 14-week old Apc Min/+ mice, small intestinal tumors were found to have higher levels of IGF-1R and Fyn than normal small intestine tissues. In both normal and tumor tissues from Apc Min/+ mice that were given intragastric administration of EGCG (75 mg/kg) 3 h before sacrifice, phosphorylation levels of IGF-1R, Fyn, β-catenin, and p120ctn were decreased as compared to the levels in the normal and tumor tissues from control mice. These results suggest that EGCG suppresses abberant β-catenin signaling possibly through inhibition of phosphorylation of β-catenin, p120ctn, IGF-1R, and Fyn, and these effects may contribute to the inhibition of tumorigenesis in Apc Min mice (supported by NIH grant CA 88961) .
Ants as indicators of exposure to environmental stressors in north american desert grasslands

The relative abundance of ant species was measured by pit-fall trapping at 44 sites in southern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona, U.S.A.. Sites were selected for study based on documentation of a history of disturbance or protection from disturbance, exposure to varying intensities of livestock grazing, dominance by an exotic species of plant and vegetation change resulting from disturbance or restoration efforts. Ant community composition, relative abundances of species, and species richness were the same on disturbed and undisturbed sites. None of the metrics based on hypothesized responses of ants to disturbance clearly distinguished between disturbed and undisturbed sites. Ant communities on sites where restoration efforts have resulted in distinct differences in vegetative cover and composition were similar to the ant communities on degraded unrehabilitated sites on the same soil type. Ant communities in riparian cottonwood gallery forests in Arizona and New Mexico were similar but differed from the assemblages in exotic salt cedar and native ash riparian woodlands. Ant species exhibited remarkable resistance to human-induced disturbances in these rangeland areas. In grasslands dominated by the South African grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees, large seed harvesting ants, Pogonomyrmex spp., were greatly reduced in abundance compared to native grasslands. Other ant metrics were not different in E. lehmanniana grasslands and native grasslands. We conclude that ants cannot be used as indicators of exposure to stress, ecosystem health or of rehabilitation success on rangeland ecosystems. Ants are also not useful indicators of faunal biodiversity in rangeland ecosystems.
Concealing Authority: Diola priests and other leaders in the French search for a suitable chefferie in colonial Senegal

This article aims to explain the complexity of the relationship between Diola (or Joola) chiefs and the French colonial administration. After presenting the general Diola context, the author focalizes in Diola-Esulaalu and Diola-Huluf populations, both south of the Casamance River. In this area, the traditional authorities were the leaders of the anticolonial resistance. For this reason, French officials turned to early Diola converts to Christianity to try to control the population. According both to oral information and to colonial archives, the French administration never controlled the leaders of Diola traditional religion (awaseena) or, consequently, the Diola population.
More than Names - Digital Earth and/or Virtual Globes?

This contribution suggests that the variety of terms used to refer to Digital Earth, the most widely used formulation, expresses a range of associations and meanings that appeal to different overarching concepts of the relationship between this phenomena and societys’ ongoing engagement with our place in the world. Gelernter’s Mirror Worlds concept, is an apt starting point for considering Digital Earth, one, however, we should be careful to consider and critique. Reflection on the usages of various terms should play a role in our considerations of what we wish to accomplish through our work and what we aspiret to in next generation Digital Earth environments. Different terms, for example, Digital Earths are perhaps more suitable for some communities.
Refractory hypotension after bilateral nephrectomies in a Denys-Drash patient with phenylketonuria.

Background Denys–Drash (DDS) syndrome is a rare genetic syndrome resulting from a mutation in the Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene 1 (WT1), which presents with early onset nephrotic syndrome progressing rapidly to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), pseudohermaphroditism, and high rates of Wilms’ tumor.
WHY HIGHER INCOME HOUSEHOLDS MOVE TO CENTRAL CITIES

: To the extent that urban revitalization depends on the attraction and retention of affluent households, it is important for planners to know why higher income movers choose central city destinations. Data from the 1983 national Annual Housing Survey are used to examine the destination choices of recent movers and their reported reasons for moving to central cities and suburbs. Contrary to expectations, no statistically significant differences exist between reported reasons for moving to cities and suburbs among higher income households; rather, former central city locations plays the most important role in predicting central city destination. Implications of these findings for policy planning are discussed.
The squid accessory nidamental gland: Ultrastructure and association with bacteria

Abstract The structure of the accessory nidamental gland of the female squid, Loligo pealei, has been investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The accessory gland has many of the structural features of a secretory organ. The basic structural unit is a tubule composed of a single layer of epithelial cells containing ordered arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a lumenal surface covered with microvilli, cilia, and structural specializations presumed to be involved in secretion. The lumen of each tubule is filled with a dense population of bacteria. During sexual maturation of the squid, the accessory gland changes in color from white to mottled red. The accessory gland of the sexually mature squid has a mixture of red, white, and yellow tubules ; in each case, the color of the tubule is due to the bacterial population occupying the tubule. Since the red color of the gland is due to the pigmentation of the bacteria, the bacteria must be responsive to the sexual state of the host, possibly through a change in the nature of the material secreted into the tubule lumen. The bacteria can be cultured easily, but in culture they fail to synthesize the red pigment.
Fine-grained opinion, probability, and the logic of full belief

Personal or subjective probability entered epistemology as a cure for certain perceived inadequacies in the traditional notion of belief. But there are severe strains in the relationship between probability and belief. They seem too intimately related to exist as separate but equal; yet if either is taken as the more basic, the other may suffer.
Apparent counter-gradient heat fluxes generated by atmospheric waves

In studies of turbulence, tower data are used to measure vertical fluxes of momentum and heat generated by correlations in the fluctuating fields. Similar time averages of wu and wθ may be computed for an interval of wave activity observed at an instrumented tower. However, it is shown that such measurements do not necessarily correspond to the conventional Reynold's stresses or vertical heat fluxes. And waves can appear to have non-zero and even countergradient fluxes when proper averages show no fluxes at all.
Continuous Dual-Career Families: A Case Study:

Intensive studies of the careers, family backgrounds, marital relationships, and domestic patterns of 10 continuous dual-career families (i.e., those where the wives interrupted their professional careers only minimally to have children) were made through an in-depth guided-interview approach. It was found that there was little integration of work situations, that the parents experienced severe overload problems, that kinship ties loosened and social life decreased. The wives, usually only children, came from a higher social and economically wealthier class than their husbands; they reverted to traditional sociocultural perceptions of their roles at home but, despite multiple role-cycling dilemmas, found that the intellectual and psychological benefits of their lifestyles far outweighed any disadvantages. Financial gain was not of motivational significance, and the dual-career pattern was not always financially rewarding. The families' child-rearing philosophies were similar, and there was no evidence to ...
Rethinking Wastewater-Treatment Infrastructure: Case Study Using Life-Cycle Cost and Life-Cycle Assessment to Highlight Sustainability Considerations

AbstractMaking U.S. infrastructure more sustainable by reducing long-term infrastructure costs is a stated goal of the U.S. EPA. A case study of a small development in northern Colorado used both life-cycle cost (LCC) and environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA) to better exemplify how this goal might be attained and also provide environmental benefits. By choosing community-scale technology (CST) for wastewater treatment application, the developer obviated the need to construct 10.46 km of main sewer line needed to connect to an existing centralized wastewater treatment facility. By eliminating the need for the 10.46 km main sewer line, the LCC, global warming potential from greenhouse gasses, energy use, and hazardous waste creation and disposal were reduced significantly. In the future, the use of CST in redevelopment planning for shrinking cities may have additional benefits to area residents and landowners. This work is significant to decision makers in the wastewater treatment community for two rea...
BEHAVIORAL AND PHEROMONAL PHENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPRESSION OF LOSS-OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS IN THE SEX-LETHAL GENE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

We have shown that female-specific functions of the sex determination gene Sex-lethal (Sxl) regulate sexual behavior and synthesis of the three major sex pheromones that have been identified in normal, sexually mature Drosophila melanogaster males and virgin females. Diplo-X flies, heterozygous in trans for two partial loss-of-function Sxl mutations, elicit less courtship than normal females and produce large quantities of the inhibitory pheromones that normal males synthesize. In addition, the mutant flies fail to synthesize the female-predominant aphrodisiac pheromone or make very small quantities of this compound.
A quick and easy strategy for organizing a speech

It is pointed out that it takes so much time and effort to organize material manually and revise it until it is clear that many writers give up before producing a clearly written speech. Writing in a modified outline form on a word processor helps solve this problem. The outline form, coupled with the simplicity and speed of making changes on a word processor, makes it easy to respond to the visual feedback of one's writing as one writes, almost forcing a well-organized, simple, and clear expression of ideas. For many writers, the speed and ease of the word processor is the only thing that makes repeated revision possible. One can experiment repeatedly with the visual display of the text and continue revising until the display-and the text-reflect the best organization of the material and the natural cadences of spoken language. >