cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Method for obtaining long-length strength distributions for reliability prediction

A technique for measuring the fiber strength distribution of many kilometers of fiber was developed. The strength distribution of 100 km can be generated in a week's time by a single operator. A strength distribution for 400 km of fiber is shown to depart from the high-strength region around the 1% failure probability level and the data exhibit the beginnings of the truncated portion of the strength distribution. Such data are believed to be useful in making failure probability predictions, process improvements, and aid in the understanding of crack-growth behavior during proof testing.
Formation of synaptic endings by colossal fibers in the vestibular epithelium of the chick embryo.

Abstract The developing vestibular ganglion of the chick embryo provides an opportunity to study the morphogenesis of both the peripheral and central endings of a specific population of ganglion cells in the same preparations. Among these cells innervating the cristae of the semicircular canals, a class having large-diameter fibers, the colossal fibers, envelops several hair cells by means of calyces and forms distinctive spoon endings on cells in the tangential nucleus. Their enormous size identifies this population of fibers unmistakably, even at early stages of development, before contact with their target cells is made. Study of rapid Golgi and reduced silver impregnations of Hamburger-Hamilton staged embryos reveals a strict sequence in the formation of colossal fiber calyces. Colossal fibers with growth cones appear both below and in the base of the vestibular epithelium at 6 days (Stage 28). At 6–7 days (Stages 29, 30) some of the fibers have a terminal swelling which approximates the base of a hair cell, often covering the basal third of the perikaryon. At 8 days (Stage 34) the terminal swellings develop several digitiform processes rising along the hair cells. Sheet-like expansions at the origin of the digits appear at 9–10 days (Stages 35, 36) and become more prominent by 11 days (Stage 37). These expansions enlarge and merge to form the mature calyx by 13 days (Stage 39). The existence of an invariant sequence of structural forms, starting prior to contact with hair cells and culminating in the formation of the specific and distinctive colossal-fiber calyx, suggests the existence of a specific, rigid, controlling mechanism. Comparison of the morphogenetic sequence of the calyx in the vestibular epithelium with that of the spoon ending in the tangential nucleus suggests that the early development of these two diverse endings of the same fiber depends partly on factors in their respective local environments. The synchrony observed in the later development of these synaptic endings may reflect trophic interactions between center and periphery.
Application of microwave irradiation to immunohistochemistry: preservation of antigens of the extracellular matrix.

Microwave irradiation as a means of fixation was evaluated for the preservation of extracellular matrix antigens such as collagen III, IV, fibronectin and laminin in both lung and liver specimens. Small tissue samples were placed in normal saline or periodatelysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP) and irradiated for 30 sec to bring them to a temperature of 50 C. The tissue was then processed rapidly in a tissue processor adjusted to a 2 hr cycle and embedded in paraffin. Sections were immunostained. For comparison, routine cryostat sections as well as sections of formalin fixed tissue were used. Microwave irradiation in saline gave excellent morphological detail, comparable to that in formalin fixed tissue. All four antigens evaluated were well preserved without the necessity of prior pepsin digestion. Microwave fixation is promising for preservation of antigenicity and morphological detail, and considerably reduces the time required for processing.
Public and Catholic Schooling: The Effects of Gender Context Policy

The relative effectiveness of public and Catholic schools is now a matter of increasing public interest. Previous research has been confined to a strategy that treats all Catholic schools as a single type. This paper compares school effects for three types of schools--single-sex Catholic, mixed-sex Catholic, and mixed-sex public. The argument set forth is that single-sex schools operate with a reduced adolescent subculture and a greater number of successful academic role models, making possible better academic instruction and higher academic standards. Hence, it is proposed that students in single-sex schools will outperform students in mixed-sex schools in academic concerns. The hypothesis is tested using data from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972. On average, Catholic single-sex schools are nearly twice as effective as Catholic mixed-sex schools. The effect of sex per se, however, is different. In vocabulary and reading, females in Catholic single-sex schools outperform f...
Substituent activity relationship studies on new azolo benzoxazepinyl oxazolidinones

In an effort to discover potent antibacterials based on the entropically favored 'bioactive conformation' approach, a series of novel tricyclic molecules mimicking the conformationally constrained structure of Linezolid is reported. Based on the initial tricyclic molecule 1, the benzazepine derivative 2 was designed where the tricyclic structure had more flexibility around C-N bond compared to 1. While, the molecule 2 was less active, the molecule 3 showed promising antibacterial activity presumably after having obtained rigidity due to pyrrole ring. The syntheses, SAR studies, and evaluation of 3 as a lead compound are reported.
Relativistic East—West Effect on Airborne Clocks

HAFELE1 has calculated the relativistic effects of speed v and altitude h on airborne clocks, relative to clocks at rest on the Earth's surface. His procedure gives correct results, I believe, except for the last step, which leads to the erroneous assertion that there will be an east—west directional effect. He finds expressions for the time intervals dτ and dτ0, of airborne and rest clocks respectively; in brief, dτ0=f(G,M,R,Ω,h,v,c)dt and dτ0= F(G,M,R,Ω,c)dt, where M, R and Ω are the mass, radius and angular velocity of the Earth and dt is the time interval on hypothetical coordinate clocks of an underlying, non-rotating Schwarzschild-metric coordinate system. By division illustration where g= GM/R2 − RΩ2. The ratio dτ/dτ0 may be greater or less than unity, as v is given reasonable negative (westward) or positive (eastward) values; therefore, Hafele concludes, the airborne clock may run faster or slower, respectively, than the rest clock on the Earth. Open image in new window
Paradoxical embolism secondary to tricuspid valve endocarditis

closure and was more likely to result in changes in heart rate and pressures. We now only attempt to cross through the major orifice. In patient 3, ascending aortic angiography was performed to quantitate AR before (1+) and after (3+) insertion of the probing catheter. We were surprised that this increased magnitude of AR was not associated with important changes in aortic and PCW pressures. In all 4 patients the procedure was tolerated without complication. No symptoms or hemodynamic deterioration occurred despite the probing catheter remaining in the left ventricle for up to 10 minutes. Fluoroscopic time to cross the prosthesis varied between 1 and 5 minutes. Hemodynamic changes noted with the probing catheter across the aortic prosthesis included consistent mild elevation of PCW pressure. Aortic pressure and heart rate did not consistently change. These alterations did not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to interfere with evaluation of aortic valve systolic and mitral valve diastolic function. This technique is easily performed without apparent risk. It allows measurement of LV pressure and permits evaluation of the aortic valve prosthesis and mitral valve. Although AR is created by the probing catheter across the valve, it appears to be less severe than that created with larger left heart catheters. We believe that we were able to accurately assess aortic valve systolic gradients and prosthetic valve obstruction. Unfortunately, the 4Fr catheter is too small to allow sufficient contrast injection for LV angiography. An aortic root injection with a separate catheter can opacify the left ventricle adequately for evaluation of contractile function and mitral valve competence. Although our experience is limited to a few cases, it demonstrates a useful alternative to other techniques for invasive ass e s s m e n t of aortic tilting disc prosthetic valve function. This system may also be applicable to evaluation of certain other mechanical valves in the aortic position and we have used it successfully in some cases of severe native valve aortic stenosis.
The modification of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats by di-n-propylacetate.

Di-n-propylacetate (DPA), a drug known to increase brain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and to inhibit GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) activity, was administered during the ethanol withdrawal period to rats made physically dependent upon ethanol. Under all conditions tested, 400 mg DPA/kg injected i.p. significantly reduced the withdrawal hyperexcitable state induced by acoustic stimulation. The effect was seen as early as 30 min after the administration of DPA and lasted for at least 2 hrs. Readministration of the same dose of DPA 6.5 hrs after its initial injection again mitigated withdrawal symptoms. A 200 mg/kg dose of DPA was significantly effective for only 1 hr after its administration. Neither dose led to mortality or observable tranquilization. The results suggest that DPA may be a useful agent in the control of the hyperexcitable state induced by ethanol withdrawal and that the GABA system may be involved in this state.
Challenges in the Evaluation and Implementation of School-Based Prevention and Intervention Programs on Sensitive Topics

The current emphasis on best practices for school-based health and mental health programs brings with it the demand for evaluation efforts in schools. This article describes the challenges of launching a successful school program and evaluation, with lessons learned from three projects that focus on intimate partner violence. The authors discuss issues related to constraints on the research design in schools, the recruitment of schools and participants within schools, program and evaluation implementation issues, the iterative implementation-evaluation cycle, and the dissemination of programs and study findings. The authors emphasize the need for flexibility and cultural awareness during all stages of the process.
Superficial adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

Abstract Objective: Experience with treatment and outcome of superficial adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of surgical management and identify predictors of survival. Methods: Between September 1985 and December 1999, 122 patients underwent resection. Eighty-nine percent were men (mean age 63 ± 10 years; range 35-83 years). Sixty (49%) patients were in endoscopic surveillance programs and 48 (39%) had the preoperative diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second was less than 2 L in 12 (12%). Seventy-five (61%) patients underwent transhiatal esophagectomy. Pathologic stage was N1 in 8 (7%). Pulmonary complications necessitating reintubation (respiratory failure) occurred in 10 (8%) patients. Time-related survival models were developed for decision-making (preoperative), prognosis (operative), and hospital care (postoperative). Results: Operative mortality was 2.5%. Survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 89%, 77%, and 68%. Preoperative decision-making factors associated with ideal outcome were 1-second forced expiratory volume of more than 2 L, surveillance, preoperative diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia, and planned transhiatal esophagectomy. Prognosis was decreased in younger patients and in those with N1 disease. Postoperative respiratory failure increased mortality. Conclusions: Surgery is the treatment of choice for superficial adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. The ideal patient has a preoperative diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia found at surveillance, good pulmonary function, and undergoes a transhiatal esophagectomy. Discovery of N1 disease or development of postoperative respiratory failure reduces the benefits of surgery.
Direct organocatalytic asymmetric heterodomino reactions: the Knoevenagel/Diels-Alder/epimerization sequence for the highly diastereoselective synthesis of symmetrical and nonsymmetrical synthons of benzoannelated centropolyquinanes.

Amino acids and amines have been used to catalyze three component hetero-domino Knoevenagel/Diels−Alder/epimerization reactions of readily available various precursor enones (1a−l), aldehydes (2a−p), and 1,3-indandione (3). The reaction provided excellent yields of highly substituted, symmetrical and nonsymmetrical spiro[cyclohexane-1,2‘-indan]-1‘,3‘,4-triones (5) in a highly diastereoselective fashion with low to moderate enantioselectivity. The Knoevenagel condensation of arylaldehydes (2a−p) and 1,3-indandione (3) under organocatalysis provided arylidene-1,3-indandiones (17) in very good yields. We demonstrate for the first time amino acid- and amine-catalyzed epimerization reactions of trans-spiranes (6) to cis-spiranes (5). The mechanism of conversion of trans-spiranes (6) to cis-spiranes 5 was shown to proceed through a retro-Michael/Michael reaction rather than deprotonation/reprotonation by isolation of the morpholine enamine intermediate of cis-spirane (22). Prochiral cis-spiranes (5ab) and trans...
Temperature dependence of growth, development, and photosynthesis in maize under elevated CO2

Global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (Ca) are rising. As a consequence, recent climate models have projected that global surface air temperature may increase 1.4–5.8 ◦ C with the doubling of Ca by the end of the century. Because, changes in Ca and temperature are likely to occur concomitantly, it is important to evaluate how the temperature dependence of key physiological processes are affected by rising Ca in major crop plants including maize (Zea mays L.), a globally important grain crop with C4 photosynthetic pathway. We investigated the temperature responses of photosynthesis, growth, and development of maize plants grown at five temperature regimes ranging from 19/13 to 38.5/32.5 ◦ C under current (370mol mol −1 ) and doubled (750mol mol −1 ) Ca throughout the vegetative stages using sunlit controlled environmental chambers in order to test if the temperature dependence of these processes was altered by elevated Ca. Leaf and canopy photosynthetic rates, C4 enzyme activities, leaf appearance rates, above ground biomass accumulation and leaf area were measured. We then applied temperature response functions (e.g., Arrhenius and Beta distribution models) to fit the measured data in order to provide parameter estimates of the temperature dependence for modeling photosynthesis and development at current and elevated Ca in maize. Biomass, leaf area, leaf appearance rate, and photosynthesis measured at growth Ca was not changed in response to CO2 enrichment. Carboxylation efficiency and the activities of C4 enzymes were reduced with CO2 enrichment indicating possible photosynthetic acclimation of the C4 cycle. All measured parameters responded to growth temperatures. Leaf appearance rate and leaf photosynthesis showed curvilinear response with optimal temperatures near 32 and 34 ◦ C, respectively. Total above ground biomass and leaf area were negatively correlated with growth temperature. The dependence of leaf appearance rate, biomass, leaf area, leaf and canopy photosynthesis, and C4 enzyme activities on growth temperatures was comparable between current and elevated Ca. The results of this study suggest that the temperature effects on growth, development, and photosynthesis may remain unchanged in elevated Ca compared with current Ca in maize. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Performance of DTN-Based Free-Space Optical Networks with Mobility

Free-space optical communications (FSOC) has the potential to offer significant capacity advantages for future military communication networks. Due to link fragility, it is likely that FSOC networks will suffer from intermittent connectivity. Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) has been proposed as a potential solution for this technical challenge as it is designed to offer a solution for routing in a network which is not always connected. This paper examines DTN-based FSOC networks in a variety of mobility models and examines the performance of the network.
Molecular Cloning of Rat Wilms' Tumor Complementary DNA and a Study of Messenger RNA Expression in the Urogenital System and the Brain

In an effort to study the molecular basis of kidney development and carcinogenesis, we isolated complementary DNA clones of the rat homologue of the human Wilms' tumor gene, WT-1 . When compared to the predicted sequence of the human WT-1 polypeptide, the rat WT-1 amino acid sequence is highly conserved (>97%), except for the loss of one amino acid. In situ mRNA hybridization experiments localized WT-1 expression to the glomerular cells in the kidney during embryogenesis and the Sertoli cells of the testis. Similar to expression in humans and mice, WT-1 mRNA expression in the rat kidney and testis is developmentally regulated. In addition, two novel sites of specific high level WT-1 mRNA expression were seen. One is an area in the spinal cord where high level expression occurs throughout embryonic development. The second is the area postrema in the brain where localized expression continues through adulthood, suggesting a functional role for WT-1 in rat brain.
Changes resembling lupus erythematosus after prolonged treatment with Ro-4-4602, a potent inhibitor of 5-HTP-carboxyliase, in white rats.

Abstract A potent inhibitor of 5-HTP-carboxyliase, Ro-4-4602, was given to rats in various doses for 9–64 weeks. Changes similar to the hydralazine syndrome (pseudo-LE cells increase of sedimentation rate, leucopenia in one group of rats, and collagenosis-like morphological changes) were provoked. The role of inhibition of carboxyliase in the hydralazine syndrome is postulated.
Militarist, Marxian, and Non-Marxian Materialist Theories of Gender Inequality: A Cross-Cultural Test

This study tested three types of theories of gender inequality in preindustrial societies by using half the societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample: militarist, Marxian, and non-Marxian materialist theories. The first phase of the research used simple cross-tabulations with chi-square as a test of significance and gamma as a measure of association. The results from this phase showed no support for militarist theories, some support for Marxian theories, and substantial support for non-Marxian materialist theories. Since the first phase involved no control variables, a second phase was conducted using multivariate analyses. These analyses confirmed that militarist theories must be emphatically rejected, and that both Marxian and non-Marxian materialist variables help determine gender inequality. Non-Marxian materialist variables, however, explain much more of the variance in gender inequality than Marxian variables do.
A parameter study of a hybrid Laplacian mean-curvature flow denoising model

This article presents results of a parameter study for a new denoising model, using parallel computing and advanced dynamic load balancing techniques for performance improvement of implementations. A denoising model is suggested hybridizing total variation and Laplacian mean-curvature; the fourth-order model and its numerical procedure introduce a number of parameters. As a preliminary step in the model development, a parameter study has been undertaken in order to discover solitary and interactive effects of the parameters on model accuracy. Such a parameter study is necessarily time-consuming due to the huge number of combinations of the parameter values to be tested. In addition, the study has to be performed on various images, thereby increasing the overall investigation time. The performance of this first parallel implementation of a new hybrid model for image denoising is evaluated when the application is running on heterogeneous environments. The hybrid model is simulated on a general-purpose Linux cluster for which the parallel efficiency exceeds 96%.
A lower bound on the undetected error probability of block codes

A new lower bound on the undetected error probability of block codes is presented and codes that meet this lower bound are characterized. The codes are optimal for error detection.
Environmental and Biophysical Factors Associated with Financial Risk Tolerance

The effects of environmental and biopsychosocial factors on financial risk tolerance is analyzed. The research is premised on Irwin’s (1993) risk-taking behavioral model. Findings from an OLS regression, using a sample of faculty and staff from two universities (N = 406), indicate that education, marital status, net worth, financial knowledge, and household income, as environmental factors, are related to financial risk tolerance. A significant biopsychosocial factor associated with financial risk tolerance is self-esteem. Findings from this study confirm Irwin’s recommendation that further research should take into account both environmental and biopsychosocial factors when attempting to explain financial risk-tolerance attitudes.
Response of Hard Red Winter Wheat to Seed Density and Seeding Rate in No-Till

Defining the optimum seeding rate for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is complex because this crop has the capacity to create and abort tillers in response to environmental conditions Several soil physical characteristics affecting germination and emergence are altered with the change from conventional tillage (CT) to no-till (NT), and these may influence final stand. The objective of this study was to determine whether either seed density or seeding rate influenced the performance of hard red winter wheat (HRWW) in a rainfed wheat-fallow rotation under NT. Experiments were conducted during four growing seasons on a Keith silt loam soil (fine silty, mixed. mesic Aridic Argiustoll) in northwestern Kansas. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Experimental variables were seed density and seeding rate in a complete factorial arrangement with four levels of seed density and three of seeding rate for a total of 12 treatments. Seed weights ranging from 27 to 35 g/1000 kernels (58-63 Ib/bu) were obtained from bin-run, foundation-grade, 'Newton' seed selectively processed in multiple runs over a gravity table. This process separates seed on the basis of seed density (mass per unit volume), which is then converted into thousand-kernel and test weights. Hence, these units of measure were used in this report. Seeding rates were 450 000, 600 000, and 750 000 viable seeds/acre. Seeding was done with a shop-fabricated drill that allowed seed placement as deep as necessary to reach moisture, while maintaining a constant covering depth of 1.5 in. Heavier seed produced greater numbers of seedlings per unit area and a higher emergence percentage than light seed, but seed density had little effect on the final number of spikes per unit area, ratio of spikes per plant, or kernels per head. Increasing seeding rate resulted in more seedlings and spikes per unit area but decreasing numbers of kernels per head. Overall, responses were compensating, so that grain yield was unaffected by either seed density or seeding rate. Although test weight, protein concentration, and thousand-kernel weight were influenced positively by seeding rate and seed quality, the responses were small and probably of little practical value. Results suggest that the HRWW plant can adapt as effectively under NT as has been reported for CT. Because future emergence conditions are unknown, large heavy seed still should be preferred over small light seed, particularly if seed costs are the same or the latter has been in storage for more than one season.
Upper Extremity Exposure among Wood Processing Operators

The main goal of this study was to quantify risk factors, that may contribute to the development of musculoskeletal injuries, in a trimmer's job of a large sawmill. Two operators participated in this study and each was measured for two days when two different products were processed. Detailed observational methods were used to quantify task distribution, repetitiveness of hand exertion and work postures. Surface electromyographic (EMG) and electrogoniometric measurements were employed to quantify muscle loads on four muscles in the neck/shoulder and forearm regions, and postural loads of the right wrist and forearm. Results of task distribution showed that the operators spent about 76% of the time monitoring and positioning boards. Thus, ergonomic intervention measures may need to be focused on improvements on this task. Major risk factors found at this job were high repetitive hand exertion, awkward wrist postures, high hand force exertion and static shoulder muscle load.
MACSIM: an event driven simulation of an HF radio network

The authors describe MACSIM, a computer simulation developed to aid in the design and analysis of HF radio networks. They discuss MACSIM's application to the network design process and provide the results of several stages of analysis, where MACSIM was used to evaluate preliminary network designs. MACSIM provides an effective and flexible tool for defining network structures, developing routing and message handling algorithms, and determining the effect of varying parameter settings and traffic loading. It is noted that the primary lesson learned to date in using MACSIM is that there is no obvious way to define in advance, with any degree of assurance, the optimal node/equipment/algorithms configuration for any nontrivial HF network. The experience has been that seemingly innocent assumptions can have dramatic impact, whereas apparently major modifications can produce only minor changes in terms of network performance. The power of MACSIM lies in its ability to lend the insight necessary to draw casual relationships between design options and performance results, and in its utility in the fine-tuning of designs that show particular merit. >
Hemimegalencephaly: A Longitudinal MR Study

An infant with hemimegalencephaly was studied with MR at 5 days and again at 10 months of age. The initial scan showed an abnormally large left cerebral hemisphere. At the age of 10 months, the left cerebral hemisphere was smaller than the right--an apparent left-sided micrencephaly caused by normal growth of the right hemisphere and arrested growth of the left. The age of imaging of a patient with hemimegalencephaly can be important if the correct diagnosis is to be made.
Phenotype of Rice Floury Endosperm Mutant flo7 and Fine Mapping of Mutated Gene

Abstract The major storage substance in rice endosperm is starch, which accounts for 80% of dry matter weight. In this study, rice mutant flo7, selected from the progeny of Nipponbare's tissue culture, displayed floury and opaque endosperm. Compared with its corresponding wild type (WT) Nipponbare, the mutant flo7 produced longer, narrower, thinner and lighter grains. The levels of glucose, fructose and sucrose in the mutant flo7 endosperm were higher than those in the WT endosperm, whereas the protein content was not affected. With respect to both amylose content and gel consistency, the mutant flo7 was lower than WT, but its alkali value was higher. Scanning electron microscopic examinations showed that the endosperm of the mutant flo7 contained irregular, loosely packed and compound starch granules. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant phenotype was determined by a single recessive nuclear gene. The flo7 locus was mapped to a region on the long arm of chromosome 12, within a 95.1 kb interval defined by the markers C2-11 and C5-15. There are 13 open reading frames in the mapping interval. Transcription profiling of the developing grains showed that a number of genes involved in starch synthesis were affected differently in the mutant flo7.
Effect of α-ketoglutarate on organic anion transport in single rabbit renal proximal tubules

The effect of exogenous alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha KG) and the peritubular Na(+)-dicarboxylate (Na-DC) cotransporter on organic anion/dicarboxylate (OA/DC) exchange in S2 segments of single, nonperfused rabbit proximal tubules was measured using 1 microM fluorescein (FL), a model OA, and epifluorescence microscopy. The effect of different transmembrane distributions of 10 microM alpha KG on peritubular FL uptake was measured at 37 degrees C using bicarbonate-buffered, nutrient-containing buffers, which are conditions similar to those found in vivo. Compared with FL uptake in the absence of exogenous alpha KG, preloading tubules with alpha KG (trans-configuration) or acute exposure to alpha KG (cis-configuration) increased FL uptake 62% and 54%, respectively, whereas a cis-trans-configuration of alpha KG increased FL uptake by 76%. The cis-stimulation of FL uptake by alpha KG was rapid, within 5-7 s. This stimulation was blocked 96% by simultaneous exposure to 2 mM Li+, indicating that stimulation of transport was secondary to the uptake of exogenous alpha KG. In the absence of exogenous alpha KG, selective inhibition of Na-DC cotransport using 2 mM Li+ or 1 mM methylsuccinate decreased FL uptake by 25% (effects that were reversible but not additive), suggesting that the Na-DC cotransporter recycles endogenous alpha KG that has left the cell in exchange for FL and that this activity supports approximately 25% of baseline activity of the OA/DC exchanger. With recycling of alpha KG accounting for approximately 25% of FL uptake and with accumulation of exogenous alpha KG accounting for another approximately 75% increase in FL uptake, Na-DC cotransport appears to directly support (25% + 75%)/175%, or approximately 57%, of total FL transport.
Role Theory, Role Models, and Casework: Review of the Literature and Practice Applications

■ The concept of social role has been used in all fields of social work practice. Of particular concern in this paper is its application in casework treatment. The caseworker first identifies the client's wishes, defenses, pressures, and so on and then elects a role that will enable the client to use the caseworker in aiding the former's socialization process. The writer reviews the literature on role theory and provides examples of practice applications. ■ The concept of social role has become part of the very web of social work thinking and literature. The role of the social worker as an "actor" in the subculture of the pro fessions has been evaluated (30, 43),1 as well as his role as a member of the inter disciplinary team, particularly the clinical
Inspecting -- Not Just Expecting -- Professionalism: Florida Supreme Court Adopts Code for Resolving Professionalism Complaints

Florida has adopted an informal intervention process to deal with complaints of lawyers’ lack of professionalism when the acts do not rise to the level of an ethics violation. This article describes that process and reflects upon its potential shortcomings.
Food Insecurity and Food Aid in Africa

The prevailing definition of food security, agreed upon at the 1996 World Food Summit, is "a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life." Food insecurity exists when that condition does not hold.Food security is commonly conceptualized as resting on three pillars: availability, access, and utilization. These concepts are inherently hierarchical, with availability necessary but not sufficient to ensure access, which is in turn necessary but not sufficient for effective utilization. Availability reflects the supply side. Access reflects food demand, as mediated by cash availability, prices, and intrahousehold resource allocation. Utilization reflects whether individuals and households make good use of the food to which they have access, commonly focused on the intake of essential micronutrients such as iodine, iron or zinc, and vitamins A and D. Some consider stability to be a fourth dimension of food insecurity capturing individuals’ susceptibility to food insecurity due to interruptions in access, availability or utilization. The temporal aspect of stability links to the oft-made distinction between chronic and transitory food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity reflects a long-term lack of access to adequate food, and is typically associated with structural problems of availability, access or utilization, especially poor access due to chronic poverty. Most food insecurity is chronic (Barrett 2002). Transitory food insecurity, by contrast, is associated with sudden and temporary disruptions. The most serious episodes of transitory food insecurity are commonly labeled "famine", typically caused by simultaneous or sequential availability, access, and humanitarian response failures.
New Competitors for Small Business: The For-Profit Mentality of Nonprofit Organizations

This paper seeks to raise awareness of the increasing competition small business firms are experiencing due to commercialization of the nonprofit sector. The traditional notion of the nonprofit organization is one supported by· donations, grants, and government funds. However, commercial revenue has grown from 25 percent of total sector income in 1980 to 39 percent by 1996. These statistics suggest the folly of ignoring the for-profit strategies and commercial activities of nonprofit organizations.Characteristics of small business firms and nonprofit organizations are described to highlight their competitive similarities. An empirical exploration of the emerging for-profit mentality of nonprofit organizations suggests that nonprofits are becoming more capable rivals in the competitive marketplace. The paper concludes by considering the implications of this new competition for small business firms.
Effect of environment on iodine oxidation state and reactivity with aluminum

Iodine oxide is a highly reactive solid oxidizer and with its abundant generation of iodine gas during reaction, this oxidizer also shows great potential as a biocidal agent. A problem with using I2O5 in an energetic mixture is its highly variable reactive behavior. This study isolates the variable reactivity associated with I2O5 as a function of its chemical reaction in various environments. Specifically, aluminum fuel and iodine oxide powder are combined using a carrier fluid to aid intermixing. The carrier fluid is shown to significantly affect the oxidation state of iodine oxide, thereby affecting the reactivity of the mixture. Four carrier fluids were investigated ranging in polarity and water miscibility in increasing order from hexane < acetone < isopropanol < water as well as untreated, dry-mixed reactants. Oxidation state and reactivity were examined with experimental techniques including X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results are compared with thermal equilibrium simulations. Flame speeds increased with polarity of the fluid used to intermix the powder and ranged from 180 to 1202 m s(-1). The I2O5 processed in the polar fluids formed hydrated states of iodine oxide: HIO3 and HI3O8; and, the nonpolar and dry-mixed samples formed: I2O4 and I4O9. During combustion, the hydrated iodine oxides rapidly dehydrated from HIO3 to HI3O8 and from HI3O8 to I2O5. Both steps release 25% of their mass as vapor during combustion. Increased gas generation enhances convective energy transport and accounts for the increase in reactivity seen in the mixtures processed in polar fluids. These results explain the chemical mechanisms underlying the variable reactivity of I2O5 that are a function of the oxide's highly reactive nature with its surrounding environment. These results will significantly impact the selection of carrier fluid in the synthesis approach for iodine containing reactive mixtures.
Inversion Domain Boundary Dislocations in Heteroepitaxial Films

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of inversion domain boundaries (IDB) show fringe contrast, thus indicating a relative displacement between the two adjoining domains. When the IDBs are facetted, different facets may have different displacement fault vectors. This implies that when the facetting changes from one plane to another, there should be a dislocation at the intersection of the planes. This is termed an “inversion domain boundary dislocation” and it will have a Burgers vector b=R1–R2 where R1, and R2 are the fault vectors of the two facets. Experimental results for facetted IDBs and IDB dislocations in SiC grown heteroepitaxially on (001) silicon are presented.
Response of pulmonary energy metabolism to phosgene.

Rats were exposed to phosgene at a concentration of 1.0 ppm for 4 hours in a Rochester-type chamber. At intervals thereafter over a 4 day period, lungs were obtained for histological and biochemical assessments. Edema was estimated by histological examination and by measurement of lung wet and dry weights. In parallel studies, pulmonary mitochondrial respiratory activity was measured using Clark oxygen electrodes. The significant reduction in respiratory control index (State 3 respiration/State 4 respiration)found immediately following phosgene exposure coincided with the highest level of % lung water. There was a concomitant decrease of A TP concentration that persisted on the third day after exposure. Na-K-A TPase activity was reduced 1 day after exposure, thus a lowered A TP level preceded a reduction in Na-K-ATPase or sodium pump activity. The reduction in A TP level and Na-K-A TPase activity may play a major role in damage to lung tissue following exposure to phosgene.
Population Characteristics of a Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Strain in East-Central Illinois Corn and Soybean Fields

The recent failure of crop rotation to protect corn, Zea mays L., from rootworm, Diabrotica spp., larval injury has been extensive throughout east-central Illinois and northern Indiana. The widespread and long-term use of a corn and soybean, Glycine max L., crop rotation has been implicated in the selection of a new strain of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, that has expanded its oviposition sites to include soybean fields. To understand better how western corn rootworm densities fluctuate in corn and soybean fields, we deployed Pherocon AM and vial traps in both crops. Also, sweep-net samples were taken in soybean fields and an alfalfa field. Twenty sites in 7 counties were monitored from late July to early September in 1996 and 1997. In soybeans across all trapping methods, >90% of the rootworm species collected were western corn rootworm. Counts of western corn rootworms and the percentage of females were greater on Pherocon AM and vial traps deployed in soybean than in cornfields. Although a greater (P < 0.05) percentage of females was collected on Pherocon AM traps deployed in a soybean field (73.5 ± 1.6%) (mean ± SE) than in a cornfield (42.3 ± 3.4%), very few were gravid in either field. We suggest that yellow sticky traps may not be attractive to females searching for egg-laying sites. We discuss explanations of crop rotation failure by comparing our data with historical records of western corn rootworms trapped in both corn and soybean fields. Overall trapping data indicate that soybean fields are acceptable oviposition sites for western corn rootworms in east-central Illinois.
Four Bottlenecks Influencing the Development of Journals of Newly-upgraded Colleges

Many academies have been upgraded and became colleges in the last decade;after a few years of development,these colleges journals have achieved a lot.However,some problems have also emergenced,such as enormous financial pressure,poor quality manuscripts,unsatisfied column and limited editing level.In order to make greater achievements,these problems must be settled appropriately.
Autonomic response to coronary occlusion in animals susceptible to ventricular fibrillation.

Disturbances in autonomic control during myocardial ischemia may contribute significantly to the development of malignant cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore acute ischemia was induced in 29 mongrel dog...
Diabetic Renal Transplantation

AbstractFifty-three juvenile onset diabetics have received 58 renal allografts: 31 from living related donors and 27 from cadaveric donors. The average patient age was 34 years and the duration of diabetes was 27 years at the time of transplantation. Patient survival rates for living related recipients at 1 and 2 years were 97 and 94 per cent, respectively. Patient survival rates for cadaveric recipients at 1 and 2 years were 85 and 66 per cent, respectively. Renal allograft survival rates for living related recipients were 81 per cent at 1 year and 71 per cent at 2 years. Cadaveric renal allograft survival rates were 22 per cent at 1 year and 20 per cent at 2 years. The role of pre-transplant coronary angiography relative to patient selection and a recent decrease in our perioperative mortality are discussed
Endothelial cells stimulate aldosterone release from bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa cells

Intra-adrenal factors promote basal as well as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-, angiotensin-, and flow-induced steroid secretion. Because endothelial cells respond to changes in flow and are in a close anatomical relationship to steroidogenic cells, we examined the effect of endothelial cells on the secretion of aldosterone from zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells. Endothelial cells and endothelial cell-conditioned medium (EC-CM) stimulated the release of aldosterone from ZG cells. The stimulatory effect was related to the concentration of endothelial cells or EC-CM. The maximal stimulatory effect was 60-70% of the maximal effect of ACTH. Endothelial cells alone did not produce aldosterone. Human fibroblasts were ineffective in promoting aldosterone release. Endothelial cells and EC-CM failed to stimulate cortisol release from zona fasciculata cells. Treatment of the EC-CM with trypsin and pronase abolished the activity, indicating that a protein mediated the effect. However, the EC-CM activity could be distinguished from angiotensin, endothelin-1, and bradykinin. The factor stimulated the formation of pregnenolone but not the conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone. This endothelium-derived steroidogenic factor appeared to be a novel stimulus to aldosterone secretion. This study represents the first demonstration that endothelial cells alter endocrine function in vitro.
Capturing Biotinylated Proteins and Peptides by Avidin Functional Affinity Electrophoresis

Avidin functional affinity electrophoresis (AFAEP) is a variational method of affinity electrophoresis. In this technique, avidin is immobilized within a small area of the gel matrix by interaction with acrylamide and/or polyacrylamide either directly or through bifunctional linker glutaraldehyde during polymerization. Analytes can be heated with Tris-glycine sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sample buffer so that biotinylated peptides/proteins are negatively charged and migrate electrophoretically towards the cathode through the avidin zone regardless of their isoelectric point (pI) values. Alternatively, if the behavior of the biotinylated analytes is known, the SDS treatment is not required. The polarity of the electrodes is set such that biotinylated analytes migrate electrophoretically through the avidin zone. This technique can work with or without SDS in gel running buffer. The AFAEP method allows the capture and concentration of biotinylated peptides/proteins. The values of this technique stem from a combination of merits of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and affinity technology.
Acute Cerebellitis with Parvovirus Infection

An immunocompetent 5-year-old girl with acute cerebellitis associated with parvovirus B19 (PVB19) infection is reported from Nishi-Kobe Medical Center and Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
Putting Rhizomatics to Work

As we have argued throughout this book, thinking about teaching with rhizomatics disrupts current neoliberal conceptualizations of educational activity in favor of a fluid, multiplistic, non-linear perspective—and as such entails multiple shifts (Ovens, Strom, & Garbett, 2016), which are detailed in the chart below.
Towards biological ion imaging in vivo: potassium selective photoacoustic nanosensor

Ion selective optical nanosensors allow accurate ion measurements in biological systems, without the physical limitations and invasiveness of ion selective electrodes. Optically based nanosensors (Photonic Explorers for Bioanalysis with Biologically Localized Embedding, PEBBLEs), have been optimized for fluorescence microscopy imaging, and have been applied for imaging various biochemical analytes. In here, we report the first example of a potassium selective nanosensor optimized for photoacoustic (PA) imaging. Notably, PA imaging overcomes the severe light penetration depth problem faced by fluorescence imaging in vivo. The new potassium selective nanosensor shows excellent response in the biological range, from 0 to 200 mM, as confirmed by both UV-Vis Spectroscopy and PA Spectroscopy. Furthermore, the K+ PEBBLE showed a 2 orders of magnitude, or higher, selectivity to K+ , relative to any other biological cations, such as Li+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+.
Estrogen: Impact on Cardiomyocytes and the Heart

Abstract The mechanisms behind gender differences in the experience of cardiovascular diseases remain obscure. Women are less affected by ischemic heart disease until menopause, after which the incidence of and mortality from heart disease accelerates. A collective body of work accumulated in the last several decades demonstrates that estrogen protects the heart from various forms of insults, including ischemic, cytotoxic, and hypertrophic stressors. Estrogen regulates cardiac metabolism, effects cytoprotection, promotes cardiomyocyte regeneration, regulates effective left ventricular remodeling, and stabilizes the electrophysiological and contractile function of the heart. The underlying mechanisms involve a complex network of molecular pathways mediated by estrogen signaling in the heart. The molecular, cellular, and physiological evidence for estrogen’s actions on cardiomyocytes—the cells making up the largest part of the heart by mass and chiefly responsible for cardiac contraction and conduction—is discussed in this chapter with the overall goal of better appreciating biological explanations for gender differences in the cardiovascular system.
Caffeine-Containing Energy Drinks/Shots: Safety, Efficacy, and Controversy

Abstract Caffeine-containing energy drinks/shots (CEDS) have become the fastest growing product category within the beverage industry. Coincident to the rapid rise in CEDS consumption, especially among adolescents and young adults, are concerns regarding their efficacy and safety. Much of the controversy surrounding CEDS can be traced to their principal ingredient, caffeine. Caffeine, the world's most consumed and studied drug, is well known for its central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular stimulant effects. While caffeine-containing beverages like coffee and tea have been a mainstay in the human diet for over 500 years, safety concerns for these beverages are minimal, owing in part to their preparation as decoctions with relatively low caffeine content. Safety concerns for CEDS appear to be linked to misuse, individual susceptibilities, and combining these products with alcohol, prescription stimulants, or vigorous exercise. Marketing strategies coupled with higher caffeine content per volume may also contribute to reports of adverse health effects linked to CEDS. However, when consumed in moderation and not combined with alcohol, safety concerns for CEDS appear minimal. This review will address some of the pharmacological and pharmaceutical issues that distinguish CEDS from traditional caffeine-containing beverages. Such distinctions are likely to “energize” the current controversy surrounding these products.