cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Personal Safety Skills to Young Children: An Investigation of Age and Gender across Five Studies.

Abstract Objective: To determine the extent to which preschool-aged boys and girls can benefit from instruction in personal safety. Method: Data compiled from five previous studies were employed. Four hundred and six preschoolers were pretested and participated in either the Behavioral Skills Training program (BST; Wurtele, 1986) or a control program. Children were posttested on skill and knowledge gains. Results: Preschoolers who had participated in the BST program demonstrated greater knowledge and higher levels of personal safety skills compared with controls. Boys and girls reacted similarly to the program, as did children from younger and older age groups. Conclusions: These results provide support for the assertion that most preschool-aged children can benefit from participating in a developmentally appropriate personal safety program. Suggestions for expanding the efforts to prevent child sexual abuse are offered, so that children do not shoulder the full responsibility for prevention.
Charter and activities of the SIRTF focus in-orbit checkout (IOC) integrated products team (IPT)and Optical Performance of the CTA

The NASA Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) contains an 85 cm cryogenically cooled beryllium Ritchey-Chretien telescope. This Cryogenic Telescope Assembly (CTA) will operate at about 5 K. Once in orbit, the telescope may be focused by moving the secondary mirror using a cryogenic focus mechanism to vary the separation between the primary and secondary mirrors. The risk of failure of the motor is unknown but is believed to be non-negligible. It is therefore desirable to evaluate and achieve best focus with a minimum number of motor activations. The SIRTF Project has charged an Integrated Products Team (IPT) with conducting this activity. We describe a strategy to determine the initial mirror spacing by quantitatively evaluating the shapes of the images formed by the telescope using the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) and other science instruments (SI's). We show that this information can be used to predict the direction and magnitude of the secondary mirror move that will result in the telescope best focus. The tools used to evaluate focus position and ptical quality of the in orbit CTA have been qualified during the ground-based BRUTUS test are here described. Future activities of the IPT to meet IOC objectives are summarized.
Ensure privacy and security in the process of medical image analysis

With fast growth of cloud computing service, data security becomes a pressing need to ensure users' privacy. In this paper, we propose a homomorphic encryption method that enables direct operation over the encoded data, and hence facilitates the complete privacy protection. The method roots in residue number system and takes advantage of the parallelism in cloud computing. Experiments were conducted with magnetic resonance images for filtering-based image operations and arithmetic operations. It is evident that the encrypted images (shares) are nearly random in their contents and have almost no correlation with the original image. Most importantly, the same processing steps applied to the ciphertext result in almost identical image as the one generated without encryption following the same steps. Due to redundancy introduced in the encryption phase, the computational cost and data volume increase. However, by taking in account the parallel computing power in cloud service we expect much shorter time, which is acceptable in off-line applications.
The case for dx2 − y2 pairing in the cuprate superconductors

Abstract The nature of the orbital structure of the pairs in the superconducting phase of the high-temperature superconducting cuprates remains one of the central questions in this field. Here we examine the possibility that the superconducting state of these materials is characterized by d x 2 − y 2 pairing. We begin by looking theoretically at why this type of pairing might be favored in a strongly correlated system with a short-range Coulomb interaction. Then we turn to the experimental question of how one would know if d x 2 − y 2 pairing were present.
On the temperature dependence of the P(−) absorption peak position in the optical spectra of the reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis

Abstract It is shown that the temperature dependence of the positions and widths of the P(−) and P(+) bands in the spectra of the reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis can be rationalized in terms of a frequency change of the relative motion of the two bacteriochlorophyll molecules forming a special pair upon the electronic excitation of this pair, and by the dependence of the resonance interaction between these molecules on the nuclear coordinate describing their relative motion.
Intracellular bacteria in placental basal plate localize to extravillous trophoblasts.

Abstract We previously showed that intracellular bacteria are present in the human placental maternal–fetal interface (basal plate). To determine the bacterial niche, basal plate biopsies were 1) examined histologically, and 2) cultured ex vivo , infected with either gram negative ( Escherichia coli ) or positive ( Listeria monocytogenes ) bacteria, and examined by histological staining, immunoﬂuorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. We found bacteria in fetal extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) in basal plate biopsies. Both E. coli and L. monocytogenes also predominantly invaded EVTs in basal plate explants where they replicated and formed clusters or existed as single organisms. EVTs are the cell type most susceptible to bacterial colonization, likely due to their expression of major histocompatibility antigen and immune-privileged status. Pathogens persisting and replicating in the EVTs may constitute a source of intrauterine colonization that leads to adverse outcomes such as preterm birth.
Aging increases adenosine and inosine release by human fibroblast cultures.

Abstract The effect of in vitro age and donor age on net release of adenosine and inosine was studied in cultures of normal human fibroblasts. Confluent cultures of low- (population doubling level [PDL] 23–25) and high- (PDL 43–45) passage human lung fibroblasts derived from a 16-week-old fetal donor (IMR-90) were incubated for 30 min in physiological saline and the release of adenosine and inosine into the saline was determined by HPLC. Release of adenosine and inosine into the saline bathing low-passage human skin fibroblasts derived from a 16-week-old fetal donor (GM6111) was also determined and compared with two strains of low-passage skin fibroblasts from aged (66–67 years) donors (GM3529 and GM3524). The release of adenosine and inosine by low-passage cultures of fetal lung fibroblasts was 911 and 225 pmol/30 min per mg protein, respectively. In high-passage cultures of lung fibroblasts, release of adenosine and inosine was significantly greater at 1403 and 351 pmol/30 min per mg protein, respectively. The release of adenosine and inosine by low-passage cultures of fetal skin fibroblasts was 250 and 179 pmol/30 min per mg protein, respectively. In low-passage skin fibroblasts from aged donors, release of adenosine and inosine was significantly greater at 583 and 652 pmol/30 min per mg protein, respectively. These results indicate that the net release of adenosine and inosine by cultured human fibroblasts into their extracellular environment is enhanced by in vitro aging of lung fibroblasts and is greater in skin fibroblasts from aged donors.
Development of U.S. Regulations for the Transportation of Radioactive Materials: A Look Back Over the Past 40 Years

This paper describes an overview of the development of U.S. regulations for the transportation of radioactive materials over the past 40 years. In general, the primary focal points are multifaceted. In particular, however, this rather complex approach has been reduced to two major topical areas: 1) The detailed interactions that have long been in place between the U.S. Regulatory agencies involved, i.e., the older U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission and its more modern counterpart, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the older U.S. Atomic Energy Agency and its more modern counterpart, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; and 2) the detailed interactions that have long been in place between the U.S. Regulatory agencies and those of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Although the primary time period covered in this work will be between 1965 and 2004, some of the discussion, by necessity, dates back to 1958.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Hormone ontogeny in the ovine fetus. V. Circulating prolactin in mid- and late gestation and in the newborn.

Ovine PRL (oPRL) was determined by homologous RIA on plasma samples drawn from ovine fetuses with chronically implanted vascular catheters from 71 days gestation to term (147 days). Plasma PRL was first detected (>1.0 ng/ml) at 87 days and remained low before 110 days gestation [2.1 ± 0.3 ng/ml (mean ± SE)]. Fetal PRL concentration rose to 14.7 ± 2.5 ng/ml at 111–120 days gestation, to 26.0 ± 2.6 ng/ml at 121–130 days, and to 37.5 ± 2.6 ng/ml at 131–140 days. At term (141–150 days), the mean PRL concentration was 37.8 ± 2.0 ng/ml. Significantly lower PRL concentrations were found in the late gestation fetus during fetal surgery when compared with levels in the chronically catheterized fetus. In samples drawn from the chronically catheterized neonatal lamb, PRL concentrations were lower (15.6 ± 3.7 ng/ml) in the first neonatal week than in the term fetus. However, by the fourth neonatal week, PRL concentrations had risen to levels similar to the late gestation fetus (28.0 ±4.1 ng/ml). No correlation betwee...
Algorithm 848: A recursive fixed-point algorithm for the infinity-norm case

We present the PFix algorithm for approximating a fixed point of a function f that has arbitrary dimensionality, is defined on a rectangular domain, and is Lipschitz continuous with respect to the infinity norm with constant 1. PFix has applications in economics, game theory, and the solution of partial differential equations. PFix computes an approximation that satisfies the residual error criterion, and can also compute an approximation satisfying the absolute error criterion when the Lipschitz constant is less than 1. For functions defined on all rectangular domains, the worst-case complexity of PFix has order equal to the logarithm of the reciprocal of the tolerance, raised to the power of the dimension. Dividing this order expression by the factorial of the dimension yields the order of the worst-case bound for the case of the unit hypercube. PFix is a recursive algorithm, in that it uses solutions to a d-dimensional problem to compute a solution to a (d p 1)-dimensional problem. A full analysis of PFix may be found in Shellman and Sikorski [2003b], and a C implementation is available through ACM ToMS.
Bark, don't bite!

Dog-bite injuries to children are more than a nuisance. There are about 334,000 emergency department visits and 20 deaths from dog-bite injuries each year in the United States, and the highest incidence is in children—especially boys aged 5 to 9 years. Children seen in emergency departments are more likely than older persons (73% vs 30%) to be bitten on the face, neck, and head.1,2 Severe dog bites can lead to devastating injuries and death. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of analytic epidemiologic data to guide our prevention strategies.3 This is the first randomized controlled trial of a primary prevention intervention to reduce the prevalence of these injuries. As in most public health and injury interventions, tackling the dog-bite problem would logically start with attempts to control the environment, the agent (the dog), or both. These could include physical measures to separate children from strange dogs, restricting sales and ownership of high-risk breeds, and enforcing leash laws. The study by Chapman and colleagues is aimed at the host (the child) and uses a relatively short classroom curriculum to teach children appropriate techniques for approaching dogs. The study is a refreshing move beyond describing the problem and its consequences. The authors used a cluster randomized trial design and relied on observational measures of how children actually approach a strange, tethered dog at school. The results of this study are impressive. There was a 70% absolute reduction in the proportion of children who petted a strange dog without hesitation. The magnitude of this difference is unlikely to be due to confounding or baseline differences between groups, but more information on the comparability of the 2 groups would be helpful. The impressive nature of these results leads to more questions, some of which the authors raise in their own discussion. Short-term interventions of any kind often lead to impressive results, but the effect may decay considerably over time. Also, did the presence of the handler affect the nature of the child-dog interaction, making the scenario less than realistic? The intervention appears to work if the child approaches a tethered dog, but what proportion of children who are bitten have been approached by a menacing, unleashed dog? Would these skills have had an effect in such an encounter? Finally, the outcome measure was only a proximate measure. We do not know if decreased petting behavior will translate to fewer bite injuries. The authors deserve considerable credit for their efforts to evaluate a preventive effort to reduce the prevalence of dog-bite injuries. Let's hope that this initial effort will lead to further studies that show that a dog's bark will be worse than its bite.
Asymmetric synthesis of 1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benzo[e]indol-4-one (CBI).

A short, asymmetric synthesis of the 1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benzo[e]indol-4-one (CBI) analogue of the CC-1065 and duocarmycin DNA alkylation subunits is described. Treatment of iodo-epoxide 5, prepared by late-stage alkylation of 4 with (S)-glycidal-3-nosylate, with EtMgBr at room temperature directly provides the optically pure alcohol 6 in 87% yield (99% ee) derived from selective metal−halogen exchange and subsequent regioselective intramolecular 6-endo-tet cyclization. The use of MeMgBr or i-PrMgBr also provides the product in high yields (82−87%), but requires larger amounts of the Grignard reagent to effect metal−halogen exchange and cyclization. Direct transannular spirocyclization of 7 following O-debenzylation of 6 provides N-Boc-CBI. This approach represents the most efficient (9-steps, 31% overall) and effective (99% ee) route to the optically pure CBI alkylation subunit yet described.
Compressed sensing applied to weather radar

We propose an innovative meteorological radar, which uses reduced number of spatiotemporal samples without compromising the accuracy of target information. Our approach extends recent research on compressed sensing (CS) for radar remote sensing of hard point scatterers to volumetric targets. The previously published CS-based radar techniques are not applicable for sampling weather since the precipitation echoes lack sparsity in both range-time and Doppler domains. We propose an alternative approach by adopting the latest advances in matrix completion algorithms to demonstrate the sparse sensing of weather echoes. We use Iowa X-band Polarimetric (XPOL) radar data to test and illustrate our algorithms.
Characteristics of an Acceleration Response in Mice

Abstract An acceleration response found in the thirteen strains of mice tested is described. The response is the perpetuation of the posture of a falling mouse as a tremor and tends to disappear on handling or repeated testing. The response can be reinforced by allowing the animals to experience falls before testing. This response appears to be a new model of learning and of vestibular physiology and to have use in the evaluation of drugs acting on the nervous system.
Distortions in Estimating Consensus from Sequential Events

The present study assessed the effects of two variables on people's estimates of consensus from sequential events: Normative expectancies and presentation order. In two experiments, subjects "observed" a 50% base rate unfold in a sample of SO actors, and then estimated what that consensus was. In experiment 1, subjects' estimates were distorted in the direction of their a priori normative beliefs, as they overestimated an expected base rate and underestimated an unexpected base rate. In experiment 2, subjects' responses were biased by the order in which the consensus evolved, revealing a strong primacy effect. These results were discussed in the context of the consensus literature and the "perseverance of beliefs" phenomenon.
Relatively Free Semigroups of Intermediate Growth

Abstract The problem of calculating the growth of a finitely generated (f.g.) semigroup satisfying the given system of identities is considered. Examples of relatively free semigroups having intermediate growth, new growth criteria, and constructions are given. The main ideas employed in the proofs are based on some new points of view on growth. Our method is also useful for constructing various examples of f.g. nilpotent and nil-semigroups having intermediate growth and arbitrarily small Gelfand–Kirillov superdimension.
Semantic interpretation of a database query language

Abstract In this paper, we will discuss a system that semantically interprets a formal database accessing language and generates natural language from this interpretation. In the past, the major way of communication between a user and a database was by means of a formal language. One such language is the SQL query language. Even though constructed as a user friendly language, SQL exemplifies the same difficulties for users as do other formal languages, namely a fairly rigid syntax, the necessity of variable binding, the lack of pronouns, and in the case of erroneous queries error messages that do not provide much insight. To alleviate some of the formal language problems, yet utilize the power of the formal language, we set out to build a natural language ‘umbrella’ for the SQL user. Our goal was not to build a natural language query system, but rather to use semantic knowledge and natural language for paraphrasing the formal language (SQL) and producing error messages as a feedback mechanism. In this way we build a genuine help facility, which would not only aid the user in dealing with SQL, but also trap erroneous queries.
Examination of Selective Pulsed Laser Micropolishing on Microfabricated Nickel Samples Using Spatial Frequency Analysis

The precision of parts created by microfabrication processes is limited by surface roughness. Therefore, as a means of improving surface roughness, pulsed laser micropolishing on nickel was examined numerically and experimentally. A one-dimensional finite element method model was used to estimate the melt depth and duration for single 50-300 ns laser pulses. The critical frequency was introduced to predict the effectiveness of polishing in the spatial frequency domain. A 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser with 300 ns pulses was used to experimentally investigate pulsed laser polishing on microfabricated nickel samples with microscale line features. A microfabricated sample with 2.5 μm wide and 0.2 μm high lines spaced 5 μm apart and one with 5 μm wide and 0.38 μm high lines spaced 10 μm apart were polished with 300 ns long pulses of 47.2 J/cm 2 and 44.1 J/cm 2 fluences, respectively. The critical frequency for these experimental conditions was predicted and compared with the reduction in the average surface roughness measured for samples with two different spatial frequency contents. The average surface roughness of 5 μm and 10 μm wavelength line features were reduced from 0.112 μm to 0.015 μm and from 0.112 μm to 0.059 μm, respectively. Four regimes of pulsed laser micropolishing are identified as a function of laser fluence for a given pulse width: (1) at low fluences no polishing occurs due to insufficient melting, (2) moderate fluences allow sufficient melt time for surface wave damping and significant smoothing occurs, (3) increasing fluence reduces smoothing, and (4) high fluences cause roughening due to large recoil pressure and ablation. Significant improvements in average surface roughness can be achieved by pulsed laser micropolishing if the dominant frequency content of the original surface features is above the critical spatial frequency for polishing.
Changes in cholinergic activity and avoidance behavior by nicotine in differentially housed mice.

Mice housed either in isolation or in groups of 5 for 165 days were treated acutely with either nicotine sulfate (1.0 mg/kg) or saline prior to being trained to acquire a passive avoidance response. Isolated mice showed markedly reduced passive avoidance learning, but with nicotine treatment their avoidance acquisition was comparable with that of group-housed animals. In the case of the latter, nicotine did not affect avoidance acquisition rate. Active avoidance training, given following passive avoidance testing, indicated significantly impaired learning of the avoidance among isolated mice, without any effect upon escape from footshock. Nicotine treated isolated animals showed a significantly greater incidence of active avoidance behavior, but group-housed, nicotine-treated mice showed appreciably reduced active avoidance responding. Parallel studies of acetylcholine pools in the cerebral cortex of differentially housed, drug-treated mice indicated that isolation led to a significant decrease in the rat...
High-Intensity Rainfall Rate Determination from Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge Data

Counts of tips in 1-min intervals were assembled into an array of accumulated rainfall over time during an event. A cubic spline was fitted to the accumulated rainfall curve and then differentiated to yield the rate curve. Four synthetic rainfall patterns were used to test the technique by matching original and reconstructed curves. When applied to field data from 8 events (total: 209.5 mm) in July 1984 and 6 events (total: 139 mm) in July 1985, the technique described rainfall rate as a smooth, continuous function of time. This characteristic improves the suitability of the data for input to models of infiltration and runoff that adapt time steps to overcome numerical instability under rapidly changing conditions
Digital laser microinterferometer and its applications

A universal digital laser microinterferometer is presented, which can measure the shape, displacement, and strain and stress of microelements and microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs). This device can measure microelements with either a smooth or a rough surface. The method is based on laser interferometry (for smooth surfaces) and laser speckle interferometry (for rough surfaces), incorporating a diode laser, a long-distance microscope, a CCD camera, and a high-precision phase-shifting technique. The measuring system can be utilized to measure shape and out-of-plane displacement for samples with smooth surfaces, and with minor modification it can be applied to investigate out-of-plane and in-plane displacements for samples with rough surfaces. The theory and methodology of the universal digital laser microinterferometer are described. In particular, calibration and error compensation are introduced. The usefulness of the microinterferometer is demonstrated by examples of shape and displacement measurement for different MEMSs and microelements.
THE OLIVE IN THE PREHISTORIC AEGEAN: THE EVIDENCE FOR DOMESTICATION IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE

Summary. In 1972 Colin Renfrew suggested that the rise of Mycenaean civilization may have been made possible by the development of a polycultural triad of wheat, vine and olive in the Early Bronze Age. A careful examination of the botanical and archaeological evidence for the domestication of the olive lends little support to this aspect of the thesis. The palynological evidence from various points in Greece is inconclusive, but for most areas it would seem to suggest that the intensive cultivation of olive began in the Late Bronze Age or even later. No conclusive archaeological evidence for processing or storage of olive oil exists for any period in the Bronze Age. The question of when olive domestication took place must remain unanswered until more data are available from Early and Middle Bronze Age contexts and more conclusive botanical data have been collected.
Processing methods to control silk fibroin film biomaterial features

Control of silk structural and morphological features is reported for fibroin protein films via all aqueous processing, with and without polyethylene oxide (PEO). Silk films with thicknesses from 500 nm to 50 μm were generated with controllable surface morphologies by employing soft-lithography surface patterning or by adjusting PEO concentrations. FTIR analysis indicated that water-annealing, used to cure or set the films, resulted in increased β-sheet and α-helix content within the films. Steam sterilization provided an additional control point by increasing β-sheet content, while reducing random coil and turn structures, yet retaining film transparency and material integrity. Increased PEO concentration used during processing resulted in decreased sizes of surface globule structures, while simultaneously increasing uniformity of these features. The above results indicate that both surface and bulk morphologies and structures can be controlled by adjusting PEO concentration. The combined tool set for controlling silk film geometry and structure provides a foundation for further study of novel silk film biomaterial systems. These silk film biomaterials have potential applicability for a variety of optical and regenerative medicine applications due to their optical clarity, impressive mechanical properties, slow degradability, and biocompatibility.
Regulation of Mucous Acinar Exocrine Secretion with Age

Denny and co-workers (Navazesh et al., 1992) recently reported decreased concentrations of MG1 and MG2 mucins in resting and stimulated whole human saliva with age. The current study was therefore conducted to examine whether there is a corresponding attenuation with age in stimulus secretion coupling regulating mucous cell exocrine secretion. We utilized an in vitro model system, isolated rat sublingual acini, to evaluate the regulation of mucous cell exocrine secretion. Rat sublingual glands are similar to human sublingual and minor mucous glands, both histologically and in terms of their pattern of innervation, which is predominantly parasympathetic. Mucin secretion is thus activated primarily by muscarinic cholinergic agonist and to a lesser extent by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which is co-localized with acetylcholine in parasympathetic nerve terminals. We isolated sublingual mucous acini from five-month-old and 24-month-old rats and compared the concentration responses for mucin secretion induced by VIP and the muscarinic agonist, arecaidine propargyl ester (APE). Concentration-response curves for VIP were nearly identical for mucous acini from the five-month-old and 24-month-old animals. Values for basal secretion, maximal secretion, and EC50 (approximately equal to 200 nmol/L VIP) were statistically equivalent between both age groups. Concentration-response curves for APE were also very similar between age groups, with no statistically significant difference in basal secretion or EC50 values (approximately equal to 50 nmol/L APE). Maximal secretion was slightly less but statistically different for 24-month-old vs. five-month-old animals, 158% vs. 169% above basal secretion, respectively. Collectively, we found no substantial age-related changes in the secretory responsiveness of salivary mucous cells.
Tracing And Identification Of Features Of Varying Characteristics Using A Vectored Mask

Tracing maps or other line-drawings for feature identification to obtain concurrent and subsequent identification is complicated by the difficulty in vectoring the tracing process in an optimal manner. The digitized features may have nearly infinite variation in size and shape, and it is important to measure the original shape including width, curvature, length, and continuity; thus image enhancement is undesirable. Without processing, including line-thinning, many traditional tracing algorithms result in backtracking or random wandering rather than following feature trends. The problem is especially acute in cases where features (such as lines) intersect. The necessity to intelligently monitor feature tracing is the subject of the current study presented in this paper. This paper reports on software development for an IBM PS/2 Model 80, with a 80386 processor, to control a mobile mask that focuses on a limited portion of the feature being traced. During tracing, the mask surrounds a portion of the feature, and an investigation of attributes becomes manageable since the field of view is restricted by the mask. After feature information has been extracted from the current location, the mask is vectored to a new location (based on current trend information) that is optimal for continually following the feature. Feature identification and trace vectoring is performed by using programming language (Turbo Pascal 5.0) manipulation of Boolean functions to simulate knowledge base rules. Program code is much more efficient during the software development stage than coupling an inference engine to the tracing software. In future research, integration with an inference engine will permit efficient user-initiated strategy changes for analyzing increasingly complex features.
Microstructure-dependent nonlinear viscoelasticity due to extracellular flow within cellular structures

Abstract A constitutive model that highlights a special viscoelastic property of materials with cellular microstructures is developed. We model the microstructure as a regularly arranged system of the same elastic cells that are mutually interconnected by elastic linkages. The space between cells is filled by a fluid that may flow freely within this extracellular space. The macroscopic behavior of the whole structure is studied by means of continuum mechanics using a differential scheme with internal variables. Here, the internal variables are chosen as the distances that separate neighboring cells. The evolution equations are derived from the Clausius–Planck inequality, which considers the internal dissipation to be exclusively due to the extracellular fluid movement. Special attention is paid to incompressible materials in the context of uniaxial load. In this context, the importance of the fluid viscosity on material behavior is related to microstructural parameters like the cells’ dimensions and the relative stiffness between the cells and matrix elastic reinforcement.
Substance Abuse Early Prevention Programs for Young Children with School Difficulties

High on everyone's list as both a contributor and a consequence of childhood substance abuse is “school failure.” There is much written about some types of disabilities in relation to either drug abuse or school failure—never both. This article focuses on three areas: substance abuse, school-related difficulties, and childhood disabilities. This effort (the first in a two part series) focuses on preadolescent childhood. We review and update previous findings to identify key issues related to individual, family, school, and community factors. We describe programmatic attempts to address these issues and relevant risk and protective factors. Some school-based (or preparation) programs show promise for near-term prevention. For many risk or protective factors, the earlier and more comprehensive the intervention the better. We conclude with recommendations for policy and practice.
A systematic study on analysis-induced radiation damage in silicon during channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry analysis

Abstract Channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is an essential analysis technique in materials science. However, the accuracy of RBS can be significantly affected by disorders in materials induced by the analyzing ion beam even under channeling mode. We have studied RBS analysis-induced radiation damage in silicon. A 140-keV H + ion beam was incident along 〈1 0 0〉 Si axis at room temperature to a fluence ranging from 1.6 × 10 16 cm −2 to 7.0 × 10 16 cm −2 . The evolution of the aligned yields versus fluences has been examined and found to agree well with a model proposed by us.
What I Think and Feel: a revised measure of Children's Manifest Anxiety.

The 1956 adaptation for children of Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, was revised to meet current psychometric standards. A 73-item revision draft was administered to 329 school children from grades 1 to 12. Based on item-analysis criteria for r bis ≥ .4 and .30 ≤ p ≤ .70, 28 anxiety items were retained along with 9 of the original 11 Lie scale items. A cross-validation sample of 167 children from grades 2, 5, 9, 10, and 11 produced a KR20 reliability estimate of .85. Anxiety scores did not differ across grade or race. Females scored significantly higher than males. For the Lie scale, significant differences appeared by grade and race. No sex differences were obtained on the Lie scale. The resulting scale appears useful for children in grades 1 to 12 and may aid in future studies of anxiety as well as assisting the clinician in the understanding of individual children.
On serrated yielding and negative on strain-rate sensitivity

Abstract Each paper should commence with an abstract which reports concisely on the purpose, scope and results of the paper. It should consist of approximately 100–150 words. Authors of papers in French or German should provide translations of the abstract into the remaining two languages of the Journal.
Psychophysiological Aspects of Caffeine Consumption

Caffeine may be the psychoactive compound most widely used in the United States. Caffeine appears in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate bars and cocoa, cold and diet medications, and sleep-prevention compounds; the amount of caffeine varies in different substances and according to preparations. Research on caffeine's effects on alcoholic drinks, alertness, anxiety, heart rate, performance, and sleep is reviewed. Caffeine is usually not harmful, although long-range effects of caffeine have not been thoroughly investigated. Caffeine's effects often have been studied by means of ingestion of coffee but substances other than caffeine may be active in coffee and tea. The placebo effect contributes to some of the effects experienced by coffee-caffeine users.
Diversity in the Regulation of Autophagy and Mitophagy: Lessons from Parkinson's Disease

Selective mitochondrial degradation through autophagy (mitophagy) has emerged as an important homeostatic mechanism in a variety of organisms and contexts. Complete clearance of mitochondria can be observed during normal maturation of certain mammalian cell types, and during certain forms of neuronal cell death. In recent years, autophagy dysregulation has been implicated in toxin-injured dopaminergic neurons as well as in major genetic models of Parkinson's disease (PD), including α-synuclein, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), parkin, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), and DJ-1. Indeed, PINK1-parkin interactions may form the basis of a mechanism by which dissipation of the inner mitochondrial membrane potential can trigger selective mitochondrial targeting for autophagy. Multiple signals are likely to exist, however, depending upon the trigger for mitophagy. Similarly, the regulation of basal or injury-induced autophagy does not always follow canonical pathways described for nutrient deprivation. Implications of this regulatory diversity are discussed in the context of neuronal function and survival. Further studies are needed to address whether alterations in autophagy regulation play a directly injurious role in PD pathogenesis, or if the observed changes reflect impaired, appropriate, or excessive autophagic responses to other forms of cellular injury.
Darwin and Lincoln: their legacy of human dignity.

The legacy of Charles Darwin and Abraham Lincoln is to champion the dignity inherent in every human being. The moment of the bicentennial of their births provides an opportunity to celebrate and reflect on ways they have shaped our understanding and commitment to human rights. The naturalist and the constitutional lawyer, so different in circumstance and discipline, were morally allied in the mission to eradicate slavery. The profound lessons to be extracted from the lives of these two icons bind us to the agonizing reality that nearly 150 years after Gettysburg and the publication of the Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex , there remains much work to do toward advancing the security, respect, and equality of our species. This article describes how Darwin and Lincoln's inspiring legacies guided the author's personal choices as a scientist and activist. The essay concludes with a set of questions and challenges that confront us, foremost among which is the need to balance actions in response to the violation of negative rights by actions in the pursuit of positive rights.
REDISTRIBUTION OF GAP-43 DURING GROWTH CONE DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO, IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES

The growth-associated protein GAP-43 (B-50, F1, pp46), has been found in elongating axons during development and regeneration, and has also been associated with synaptic plasticity in mature neurons. We have examined the loss of GAP-43 labelling from cerebellar granule cells with immunocytochemical localization of a polyclonal antibody to GAP-43. One day after plating, the plasma membrane of cell bodies, neurites and growth cones were all labelled with anti-GAP-43. By 10 days, most of the cell body labelling was lost, and by 20 days the neuritic and growth cone labelling was greatly reduced. Beginning at six days, anti-GAP-43 labelling of growth cones, which was initially uniform, became clustered. When growth cones were double-labelled with antibodies to GAP-43 and the synaptic vesicle protein, p65, inverse changes in the distribution of label was observed. While growth cone labelling with anti-p65 increased from three to 20 days in culture, GAP-43 label began to be lost from some growth cones by six days and showed continuing decline through 20 days. For individual growth cones, the loss of GAP-43 appeared to parallel the accumulation of p65, and first growth cones to lose GAP-43 appeared to be the first to accumulate p65 label. When cultures were grown on a substrate of basement membrane material, the time frames of neuritic outgrowth, loss of GAP-43 labelling, and increase in p65 labelling were all accelerated. At five days, labelling for GAP-43 was weak and labelling for p65 was strong, in a pattern comparable to that seen in older cultures on a polylysine substrate. These results suggest several conclusions concerning the expression and loss of GAP-43 in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. First, GAP-43 label is initially distributed in all parts of these cells. With increasing time in culture the label is first lost from cell bodies and later from neurites and growth cones. Second, the loss of GAP-43 label from growth cones is correlated with the appearance of the synaptic vesicle protein p65. Finally,in vitro developmental changes in the loss of GAP-43 can be altered by changing the growth substrate.
Lorentz-group Berry phases in squeezed light☆

Berry phases for the Lorentz group are obtained from transformations that produce squeezed states of the electromagnetic field. They involve phases that could be observed in interference experiments with degenerate parametric amplifiers of light or microwaves. Connections with the Wigner rotation angle and the Wigner little group are made.
Neutron stars: A taste of pasta?

Comparing quantitative calculations of the magnetic field decay of neutron stars and their corresponding spin evolution with observations suggests a high degree of disorder in the inner crust, which might provide evidence for nuclear 'pasta'.
Anti-DNA Antibodies, Autoimmunity and the Immunoglobulin Repertoire

The advent of hybridoma and recombinant DNA technology about a decade ago has allowed a detailed analysis the structure, properties and molecular genetics of antibodies. These techniques, combined with studies of idiotypes and of Abelson-transformed and other cell lines, have resulted in major findings which are of particular importance to both the normal immune system and to autoimmunity. The rearrangement and expression of antibody genes in the normal immune system are discussed first, as a background for an appreciation of the significance of the molecular genetics of autoantibodies. We then turn to autoantibody genes, with an emphasis on anti-DNA antibodies and their role in the autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus. A model for the genetics of lupus which includes a possible role for Ig genes is considered.
A pure L 1 -norm principal component analysis

The L 1 norm has been applied in numerous variations of principal component analysis (PCA). An? L 1 -norm PCA is an attractive alternative to traditional L 2 -based PCA because it can impart robustness in the presence of outliers and is indicated for models where standard Gaussian assumptions about the noise may not apply. Of all the previously-proposed PCA schemes that recast PCA as an optimization problem involving the L 1 norm, none provide globally optimal solutions in polynomial time. This paper proposes an L 1 -norm PCA procedure based on the efficient calculation of the optimal solution of the L 1 -norm best-fit hyperplane problem. We present a procedure called L 1 - PCA ? based on the application of this idea that fits data to subspaces of successively smaller dimension. The procedure is implemented and tested on a diverse problem suite. Our tests show that L 1 - PCA ? is the indicated procedure in the presence of unbalanced outlier contamination.
Offline tracing and representation of signatures

An approach to the representation of signatures in an offline environment that makes a tracing of a signature in a manner similar to that of a human normally does, and incorporates the dynamic information of the tracing sequence into the representation of the signature, is presented. Tracing involves hierarchical decision-making for stroke identification and ordering based on a set of heuristic rules. These heuristic rules work as operators that transform a two-dimensional (2-D) spatial pattern into a one-dimensional (1-D) temporal pattern, thus making it possible to extract the dynamic features of a signature. Following the stroke sequence of a signature identified by the tracing, a multiresolution critical-point segmentation method is proposed to extract local feature points, at varying degrees of scale and coarseness, for representation. To make the representation translation-, rotation-, and scaling-invariant, a critical-point normalization method is introduced. Experimental results are shown. >
Total antioxidant capacity is reduced in Crohn's disease

In previous work we identified depletion of the micronutrient glutathione in colon from patients with Crohn’s disease. Since there are several linked intestinal antioxidant systems, we hypothesized that there would be global alteration of the tissue content of antioxidants in Crohn’s disease. We therefore examined total antioxidant capacity and lipid hydroperoxide levels in colon from non-obstructed neoplasia and acquired megacolon as non-inflammatory controls and in colon from Crohn’s disease. Total antioxidant capacity in the mucosal-submucosal layer was decreased in Crohn’s disease (pANOVA = .02) and there was a strong trend toward decreased total antioxidant capacity in the muscularis externa layer from Crohn’s disease (p = .06). There were trends toward increased lipid hydroperoxide levels in Crohn’s disease. This study supports the presence of a generalized consumption of tissue antioxidants in Crohn’s disease. The clinical response to nutritional therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease may be related to repletion of tissue antioxidants.
Postprandial thermogenesis at rest and postexercise before and after physical training in lean, obese, and midly diabetic men

To determine the independent impact of physical training on postprandial thermogenesis at rest and after 1 hour of cycling at 100 W, 10 lean (15% +/- 1% body fat), 10 obese (33% +/- 2% fat), and six obese diet-controlled, type II diabetic men (34% +/- 4% fat) underwent 12 weeks of vigorous cycle ergometer training (4 h/wk at approximately 70% of maximum oxygen consumption [VO2max]) while maintaining body weight and composition. Body weight was held constant by refeeding the energy expended in each training session. Cardiorespiratory fitness increased by approximately 27%, but body weight and fat did not change. Before and at least 4 days after the last exercise session, energy expenditure was measured for 3 hours under four conditions: (1) rest, no meal; (2) rest, after a 720-kcal mixed meal; (3) postexercise after 1 hour cycling, no meal; and (4) postexercise, meal after exercise. The thermic effect of food was calculated as postprandial minus postabsorptive energy expenditure at rest and postexercise (kcal/3 h). Before and after training, the thermic effect of food during rest was lower in obese than in lean men, and lower in diabetic than in obese men (P less than .05). Thermogenesis was improved after short-term exercise in obese and diabetic men compared with that at rest, but was not normalized (P less than .05 for lean v obese, diabetic men). A significant effect of training on thermogenesis was due to a small but significant increase after training for diabetic men under the postexercise condition. Thus, while short-term exercise enhances but does not normalize thermogenesis in obese and diabetic men, long-term exercise training leading to increased cardiorespiratory fitness, in the absence of changes in body composition, leads to a small increase in thermogenesis in diabetic men, which manifests only after a short period of exercise.
Racial Microaggressions in Academic Libraries: Results of a Survey of Minority and Non-minority Librarians

Abstract There is relatively little literature on racism within the profession of academic librarianship. To investigate academic librarians' experiences of racism, this research project uses the framework of racial microaggressions, which are subtle, denigrating messages directed toward people of color. According to the results of an online survey, some librarians of color have had racial microaggressions directed at them by their colleagues. Non-minority librarians, however, are unlikely to recognize these disparaging exchanges.