cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dipyridamole perfusion scintigraphy.

Dipyridamole is one of several agents that may be infused intravenously to noninvasively evaluate coronary perfusion without dynamic exercise. Among such agents it is the most investigated, and it is associated with the greatest clinical experience. Its mechanism of action utilizes intrinsic adenosine and does not require the induction of ischemia. Rather, the method tests the coronary flow reserve by dilating the precapillary and arteriolar capillary beds. Vessels with a limited coronary flow reserve demonstrate reduced responsiveness with relative flow reduction and a resultant defect on perfusion scintigraphy. Side effects are common and generally benign, but deaths have been reported and they generally relate to severe hypotension, prolonged dense ischemia and resultant infarction, or bronchospasm. Severe complications are rare and can be avoided by the prompt administration of aminophylline, the dipyridample antedote. Diagnostic accuracy for the identification of coronary disease appears similar to that for exercise perfusion scintigraphy. It should be applied to patients with known or suspected coronary disease who require coronary evaluation, but who cannot exercise adequately for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. In such patients, the method is useful for the preoperative assessment of risk at peripheral vascular and other major noncardiac surgery. It may be of value as well in the assessment of the otherwise uncomplicated patient postinfarction. Not yet established is its application to the patient with unstable angina or in the acute setting, after coronary reperfusion. Similarly, its comparison with direct adenosine infusion or with pharmacological agents whose mechanism rests entirely on ischemia induction, as does dobutamine, has until now been limited. Unlike its use with perfusion scintigraphy, the application of dipyridamole with echocardiography and other functional ischemic indicators is totally dependent on the induction of ischemia. This is likely less frequent than the induction of nonischemic perfusion heterogeneity. The agent is now commonly available and will make a significant beneficial impact on patient evaluation and management.
Deficits in Trace Cued Fear Conditioning in Galanin-Treated Rats and Galanin-Overexpressing Transgenic Mice

Galanin inhibits the release of several neurotransmitters and produces performance deficits in a variety of spatial and aversive learning and memory tasks. The experiments in this study investigated the role galanin has in emotional learning and memory using a standard delay cued and contextual fear conditioning task. Rats were administered galanin into the lateral ventricles before training, and scored for freezing behavior in the same context and in a novel context with and without an auditory cue (CS) that had been paired previously with an aversive stimulus (US). Galanin-overexpressing transgenic mice were tested in an identical behavioral protocol. The galanin-administered rats and the transgenic mice were not significantly different from their respective controls on this task. A more challenging trace cued and contextual fear conditioning procedure was administered to separate groups of galanin-treated rats and galanin-overexpressing transgenic mice. Subjects were trained with the same CS and US, however, a 2.5-sec delay was inserted between CS offset and US onset. Following the trace conditioning, rats administered galanin and mice overexpressing galanin both exhibited significantly less freezing to the CS in the novel context as compared with their control groups. These results indicate that the observed disruption of cued fear conditioning was specific to the more difficult trace conditioning task. These findings are the first demonstration that galanin impairs performance on an emotional memory task and support the hypothesis that galanin-induced deficits are specific to more difficult cognitive tasks.
The Effect of Zoledronic Acid on the Prevention of Bone Loss in Lymphoma Patients Receiving First-line Therapy

Brief Abstract Patients with lymphoma are at high risk of osteoporosis. The majority have osteopenia at baseline, and the risk increases when treated with alkylating agents or corticosteroids. We conducted a randomized phase III trial to evaluate the effect of zoledronic acid on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy. Full Abstract Introduction Osteoporotic bone cannot easily be restored to normal levels of strength; thus, the prevention of bone loss is crucial. Pamidronate can reduce the risk of bone loss and vertebral fractures in patients with lymphoma receiving chemotherapy. Zoledronic acid, a bisphosphonate approximately 100-fold more potent than pamidronate, has not been evaluated in lymphoma patients to date. We conducted a prospective trial to determine whether zoledronic acid reduces the risk of developing osteoporosis in this patient population. Patients and Methods All patients with newly diagnosed lymphoma seen at our institution from 2005 to 2009 were evaluated for protocol eligibility. Exclusion criteria included bone fractures, bone mineral density (BMD) T-scores poorer than −2.0, creatinine clearance Results To date, 33 patients have completed the study and have evaluable data. Patient characteristics included 17 men; 4 pre-menopausal women; 12 post-menopausal women; and median age, 62 years (range, 33–80 years). Seventeen patients had mild osteopenia upon enrollment. Patients who received zoledronic acid had stable median T-scores at all locations during the 12-month observation, whereas the T-scores of the control group decreased at every location evaluated (location: L1-4, P = .004; L neck, P = .001; L hip, P = .118; R neck, P = .009; R hip, P = .04). Conclusion Treatment with zoledronic acid in patients with newly diagnosed lymphoma prevents the BMD loss commonly seen in this population. Bone mass loss is difficult to restore, thus necessitating effective prevention strategies; additional studies should be conducted to confirm these findings.
Intercropped Corn-Soyabean Density Studies. II. Yield Composition and Protein

If corn-soyabean intercrops are to replace corn grown alone, maintenance of yield and improvements in forage quality are important. Total yields and inter-crop competition in corn-soyabean intercropping experiments have been discussed previously (Putnam et al., 1985). In Part II yield composition, components and protein content are presented for intercrops of varying planting patterns and corn densities. Most intercrop patterns produced more forage than sole crops compared at the same yield ratio of corn-soyabean as in the intercrop harvested mixture. At high plant density ear yields in the intercrop were increased while in sole crops they were reduced or unaffected. The increase was a result of an increased number of ears, weight per ear and kernel, and number of kernels per row in the intercrops. Increases in crude protein content over sole crop corn of 11–51% were shown for the various intercrop treatments. Crude protein yields in the intercrops were greater than either sole crop in 1981 and greater than corn and similar to soyabean in 1982, and greater than the crude protein yields expected from an equal planted area of sole crop corn and soyabean in both years. Intercrop forage quality was improved over sole corn both by the addition of protein from soyabean pods and an increased ear: stover ratio of the intercropped corn.
International diffusion and intellectual property rights: An empirical analysis

Abstract Does a stronger intellectual property rights regime lead to the faster diffusion of new products and technology? While there is a presumption that this is the case, our analysis of data on the international release patterns of Hollywood movies suggests a more complex story: although moderate standards of IPR encourage the spread of movies, either very weak or very strong property rights tend to slow the speed with which American movies are released abroad. This empirical finding is robust to a wide variety of specifications. Overall, it appears that while some recognition of IPR may encourage diffusion, very strong IPR may actually retard the speed of diffusion.
Micro-mirror array simulation and far-field diffraction analysis

Developing a customized micro-mirror array (MMA) is costly and time consuming. Characterization experiments can be nearly as labor-intensive as fabrication. It is therefore desirable to have a computational simulation as a cost-effective and efficient means to conduct exploratory investigations such that appropriate parameters and optical characteristics can be obtained prior to any physical tests. In this article, we present our simulation of a novel MMA and preliminary diffraction analysis. Using geometric mapping, we created a three-dimensional visualization of the 5 × 5 MMA based on userspecified poses, which provides an interactive virtual view of the MMA geometry. A number of parameters are used to allow customizable simulation of various micro-mirror poses within the hardware limits. In addition, the far-field diffraction is simulated based on the given mirror geometry. This simulation package provides a tool for studying optical properties of MMAs, and it enables computational means to evaluate the performance of MMA as a beam steering element of Infrared Countermeasure (IRCM) systems.
Novel tumor necrosis factor alpha-regulated genes in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To determine novel genes regulated by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) signaling in primary rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). Methods Oligonucleotide microarrays were used to measure gene expression levels in 6 independent replicate samples of RASFs. RASFs were transfected for 18 hours with AdIκB–dominant negative (AdIκB-DN) (n = 3) or with control AdTet expressing the reverse tetracycline trans-activator (n = 3). The cells were stimulated for 3 hours with TNFα, and total RNA was prepared. Several novel parametric and nonparametric methods were used to rank genes in terms of the magnitude and significance of intergroup differences. Microarray expression differences were confirmed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to specifically down-modulate microarray-identified genes to demonstrate their role in the promotion of apoptosis, proliferation, or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. Results Blocking of NF-κB by AdIκB-DN was associated with a down-modulation of antiapoptosis genes, including BIRC-3, and several novel genes, including GG2-1, a TNFα-inducible FLIP-like gene. Other families of genes that were significantly down-regulated by AdIκB-DN included cytokines/chemokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-8, IL-15, and RANTES), adhesion molecule (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1), and unique genes that have not previously been reported to be regulated by TNFα in RA. Inhibition of the GG2-1 gene using the siRNA technique resulted in significantly enhanced apoptosis, decreased proliferation, and decreased production of MMP-1 in TNFα-stimulated RASFs. Conclusion These studies provide a comprehensive analysis of genes that are differentially regulated by TNFα signaling and NF-κB nuclear translocation in RASFs and demonstrate methods for confirming the expression and functional significance of such genes.
The Meaning of Relocation among Elderly Religious Sisters

The meaning of involuntary, intra-institutional relocation (a move in primary living space) was constructed in this qualitative study through semistructured interviews with 12 elderly religious sis...
A Wavelet Network Model for Short-Term Traffic Volume Forecasting

Wavelet networks (WNs) are recently developed neural network models. WN models combine the strengths of discrete wavelet transform and neural network processing to achieve strong nonlinear approximation ability, and thus have been successfully applied to forecasting and function approximations. In this study, two WN models based on different mother wavelets are used for the first time for short-term traffic volume forecasting. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to train the WN models because it has better efficiency than the other algorithms based on gradient descent. Using the traffic volume data collected on Interstate 80 in California, the WN models are compared with the widely used back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) models. The performance evaluation is based on mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and variance of absolute percentage error (VAPE). The test and comparison results show that the WN models consistently produce lower average MAPE...
A Pulse Method of Measuring Respiratory System Compliance in Ventilated Patients

We describe a method of measuring total static respiratory system compliance (Crs) in ventilated patients during inflation, which appears to detect relaxation of respiratory muscles and does not require an end-inspiratory pause or disconnection of a constant-flow intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) circuit Flow is measured with a pneumotachometer attached to the endotracheal tube. Transthoracic pressure is taken as the difference between mouth pressure measured at the proximal pneumotachometer port and body surface (atmospheric) pressure. Flow and transthoracic pressure are displayed on separate channels of a strip chart recorder. The ventilator is adjusted to deliver a constant rate of air flow. When inflation begins, the pressure tracing shows an initial step rise related to the flow resistance of the subject followed by a section with a slower rise and a constant slope. Respiratory system compliance is calculated by dividing the flow rate in L/sec by the slope of the pressure tracing in cm H 2 O/sec. Pulse Crs was compared with static Crs measured with an end-inspiratory pause in nine subjects receiving mechanical ventilation. Correlation between pulse Crs and static Crs in nine ventilated patients was highly significant (r = .997, pulse Crs=1.00 static Crs + 0.001). We conclude that with the pulse method, one can measure static Crs during inflation without an inspiratory pause and without disconnecting an IMV circuit
Can people really be managed

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a general framework for the comprehension and advancement of sociocultural homeostasis (not to be confused with a steady state, but a dynamic constantly evolving process) in order to increase worker engagement, productivity and innovation within the enterprises.Design/methodology/approach – The latest research findings in neuroscience, social neuroscience and social network analyses are used to determine what types of organizational dynamics best support voluntary worker engagement.Findings – The paper offers convincing evidence why certain organizations prosper while others falter depending on their knowledge and advancement of sociocultural homeostasis principles.Practical implications – The paper provides practical suggestions in how to move an organization from an environment of structure and compliance to one reliant on emergence and individual commitment.Social implications – The general framework/models presented in the paper can be applied to any s...
HINGE PROPOSITIONS AND EPISTEMIC JUSTIFICATION

: Michael Williams and Crispin Wright have claimed that we are epistemically justified in believing hinge propositions, such as there is an external world. In a recent paper Allan Hazlett puts forward an argument that purports to elucidate the source of such justification. This paper reconstructs Hazlett's argument and offers a criticism of it.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ protects against chemically induced liver toxicity in mice

UNLABELLED Potential functional roles for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) in skeletal muscle fatty acid catabolism and epithelial carcinogenesis have recently been described. Whereas PPARbeta/delta is expressed in liver, its function in this tissue is less clear. To determine the role of PPARbeta/delta in chemically induced liver toxicity, wild-type and PPARbeta/delta-null mice were treated with azoxymethane (AOM) and markers of liver toxicity examined. Bile duct hyperplasia, regenerative hyperplasia, and increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were found in AOM-treated PPARbeta/delta-null mice, and these effects were not observed in similarly treated wild-type mice. Exacerbated carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) hepatoxicity was also observed in PPARbeta/delta-null as compared with wild-type mice. No differences in messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding cytochrome2E1 required for the metabolic activation of AOM and CCl(4) were observed between wild-type or PPARbeta/delta-null mice in response to CCl(4). Significant differences in the expression of genes reflecting enhanced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activity were noted in PPARbeta/delta-null mice. CONCLUSION Results from these studies show that PPARbeta/delta is protective against liver toxicity induced by AOM and CCl(4), suggesting that this receptor is hepatoprotective against environmental chemicals that are metabolized in this tissue.
QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES IN MARKETING: AN ASSESSMENT OF TEACHING AND USAGE PATTERNS

This paper presents the perspectives of quantitative techniques in academics and practice. Based on the findings of an empirical study, the academicians and practitioners emphasize different techniques and prefer different journals for keeping abreast. This reveals the areas for curriculum improvement to orient the program toward the practitioners.
Does the chromatic aberration of the eye vary with age

The longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye has been reported to decline with age. Using three different methods, we have measured the aberration in a group of young subjects (27-33 years old) and a group of older subjects (48-72 years old). In two of the methods we used a Badal optometer, either with or without an achromatizing lens incorporated, to examine the effect of wavelength on refractive error. In the third method we used a vernier-alignment apparatus to assess chromatic dispersion directly. None of the results of the experiments performed revealed any difference in aberration between the groups. Furthermore, a linear regression of aberration against age showed no relationship between these variables. We conclude that, for human adults, the magnitude of chromatic aberration is independent of age.
Loss of resistance technique for locating the epidural space: evaluation of glass and plastic syringes

Location of the epidural space in epidural anaesthesia usually involves the measurement of loss of resistance using glass or plastic syringes. In the present study two varieties of glass syringe and one plastic type were evaluated to determine the resistive forces associated with plunger movement. The mean static (fs) and dynamic (fd) forces for polished glass syringes having a ground plunger only were fs = 0.47 × 10−3 ± 0.22 × 10−3 N and fd=0.37 × 10−3 ± 0.19 × 10−3 N and for polished glass syringes having a ground barrel and plunger were fs = 0.43 × 10−3 ± 0.16 × 10−3 N and fd = 0.38 × 10−3 ± 0.I5 × 10−3 N. Each of these values was significantly lower (P < 0.5) than those for plastic syringes fs = 2.22 × 10−3 ± 0.48 × 10−3 N and fd = 1.46 × 10−3 ± 0.37 × 10−3 N. It is concluded that glass syringes are favoured over plastic for locating the epidural space because frictional forces developed with glass syringes were significantly lower than with plastic.
Intelligent and Pervasive Multimedia Systems

Recent advances in pervasive computing and the proliferation of multimedia-capable devices have stimulated the development of intelligent and pervasive multimedia applications. This special issue provides excellent coverage of this area, including interactive multimedia education, quality control and personalization of multimedia services, peer-to-peer multimedia streaming, mobile TV, and VoIP systems.
Differential gonadotropin responses to N-methyl-D,L-aspartate in intact and castrated male rats.

Peripheral administration of N-methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMA), a neuroexcitatory amino acid agonist, probably stimulates LH release through an increase in endogenous LHRH secretion. In the present study, NMA and a potent LHRH antagonist were used to determine the degree to which release of FSH is similarly dependent upon the acute secretion of LHRH. A second aim was to compare responsiveness of LHRH neurons to NMA in castrated and intact male rats. Adult male rats were castrated (n = 10) or sham castrated (n = 11) on the morning of Day 0. After 8 days, rats were fitted with atrial catheters between 0900 and 1200 h; at 2100 h they received s.c. either oil vehicle or 100 micrograms of an LHRH antagonist. Starting at 0900 h on Day 9, 0.5-ml blood samples were collected every 10 min for 3 h. After 1 h of sampling each animal received i.v. 5 mg of NMA in 0.5 ml 0.9% saline. An hour later each rat received i.v. 500 ng of LHRH in 0.5 ml saline. Plasma LH, FSH, and prolactin (PRL) levels were determined by RIA. In the oil-treated sham castrates, mean plasma LH levels were increased by 110% (p < 0.01) within 10 min and remained elevated for 30 min after the injection of NMA. The profile of this LH secretory response was similar to or slightly more robust than endogenous LH pulses observed previously. The NMA-induced LH release was completely blocked by pretreatment with LHRH antagonist. In both oil- and antagonist-treated sham-castrated rats, NMA administration failed to elicit a concomitant increase in plasma FSH levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Plasma dexamethasone concentration and cortisol response during manic episodes

Background: Despite the widespread study of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in patients diagnosed with major depression, it has been less well studied during manic and mixed states of bipolar disorder. Methods: Cortisol response to the administration of 1 mg of dexamethasone was studied in 44 patients diagnosed bipolar disorder, manic ( n = 37) or mixed ( n = 7). Dexamethasone levels and Cortisol responses were compared between these groups. Four patients initially meeting criteria for bipolar disorder, mixed, and 7 patients initially meeting criteria for bipolar disorder, manic, all of whom were characterized as DST nonsuppressors, were retested after remission. Results: Dexamethasone levels were lower and Cortisol levels higher in those patients diagnosed bipolar disorder, mixed. An inverse correlation was found between log-transformed dexamethasone levels and log-transformed cortisol levels at 3 PM ( r = −.619, p ≤ .001) and 10 PM ( r = −.507, p ≤ .001). In those subjects retested after remission, dexamethasone levels were higher and Cortisol levels lower than during the manic and mixed states. Conclusions: Disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are observed frequently during mixed states of bipolar disorder, but are also not uncommon in purely manic episodes. These changes appear to be state dependent and revert with treatment.
Cerebral Cortical Aquaporin‐4 Expression in Brain Edema following Cardiac Arrest in Rats

Objectives Brain edema occurs following clinical as well as experimental cardiac arrest (CA) and predicts a poor neurologic outcome. The objective of this study was to determine the expression of cerebral cortex aquaporin (AQP)-4, a member of a family of membrane water-channel proteins, in brain edema formation following normothermic or hypothermic CA. Methods Twenty-four rats were subjected to time-matched normothermic (N-Sham, 37.5 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C, n = 6) or hypothermic (H-Sham, 34 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C, n = 6) sham experiments and normothermic (N-CA, n = 6) or hypothermic (H-CA, n = 6) CA induced by asphyxiation for 8 minutes. Hypothermia was induced before CA. The animals were resuscitated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ventilation, and epinephrine administration. Brain edema was determined by brain wet-to-dry weight ratio at one hour of resuscitation. AQP4 immunoactivity in the cerebral cortex was determined using immunohistochemical staining and was semiquantified as an intensity of staining with an automated cell imaging system. Results Mild hypothermia in the sham experiments did not alter cerebral cortex AQP4 immunoactivity (mean +/- SD) (55.0 +/- 3.7 in H-Sham vs. 53.3 +/- 1.7 in N-Sham, p > 0.05). N-CA resulted in a significant increase in AQP4 immunoactivity (61.8 +/- 4.5) compared with N-Sham (p = 0.01) and H-Sham (p = 0.03). H-CA attenuated AQP4 compared with N-CA (53.4 +/- 1.3, p = 0.01). Brain wet-to-dry weight ratios were 4.41 +/- 0.07 in N-Sham, 4.40 +/- 0.08 in H-Sham (p > 0.05 vs. N-Sham), 4.55 +/- 0.04 in N-CA (p = 0.004 vs. N-Sham; p = 0.005 vs. H-Sham), and 4.43 +/- 0.09 in H-CA (p = 0.02 vs. N-CA; p > 0.05 vs. N-Sham and H-Sham). Conclusions Cerebral cortical AQP4 expression is up-regulated after normothermic CA, which is attenuated by hypothermia induced before CA.
Breaking Trends and the Money-Output Correlation

This paper examines the impact on the money-output correla-tion of a univariate specification that allows time series to be characterized as stationary around a broken trend function. Though pretesting suggests that U.S. real output (industrial production) can be described as broken-trend stationary, this result has only limited impact on the money-output correlation. Before 1985 there is a strong Granger causal relationship between money and broken-detrended output (but not first-differenced output), even when different short-term interest rates are used as regres-sors. However, after 1985 this relationship weakens significantly, whether or not one determines that output has a unit root.
The Yb protein defines a novel organelle and regulates male germline stem cell self-renewal in Drosophila melanogaster.

Yb regulates the proliferation of both germline and somatic stem cells in the Drosophila melanogaster ovary by activating piwi and hh expression in niche cells. In this study, we show that Yb protein is localized as discrete cytoplasmic spots exclusively in the somatic cells of the ovary and testis. These spots, which are different from all known cytoplasmic structures in D. melanogaster, are evenly electron-dense spheres 1.5 µm in diameter (herein termed the Yb body). The Yb body is frequently associated with mitochondria and a less electron-dense sphere of similar size that appears to be RNA rich. There are one to two Yb bodies/cell, often located close to germline cells. The N-terminal region of Yb is required for hh expression in niche cells, whereas the C-terminal region is required for localization to Yb bodies. The entire Yb protein is necessary for piwi expression in niche cells. A double mutant of Yb and a novel locus show male germline loss, revealing a function for Yb in male germline stem cell maintenance.
Fractal encoding of context‐free grammars in connectionist networks

Connectionist network learning of context-free languages has so far been applied only to very simple cases and has often made use of an external stack. Learning complex context-free languages with a homogeneous neural mechanism looks like a much harder problem. The current paper takes a step toward solving this problem by analyzing context-free grammar computation (without addressing learning) in a class of analog computers called dynamical automata, which are naturally implemented in connectionist networks. The result is a widely applicable method of using fractal sets to organize infinite-state computations in a bounded state space. An appealing consequence is the development of parameter-space maps, which locate various complex computers in spatial relationships to one another. An example suggests that such a global perspective on the organization of the parameter space may be helpful for solving the hard problem of getting connectionist networks to learn complex grammars from examples.
Some simple counterexamples to the Onsager lemma on metric spaces

Abstract In a recent paper [1] in this journal R. Gonczarek claims to prove the Onsager lemma for a general metric space. We here present a simple counterexample. We also investigate the Onsager lemma in R d for d >3.
Potential utility of recombinant human GM-CSF as adjunctive treatment of refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS patients

The aim of the study was to investigate the use of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as an adjunctive treatment for clinically refractory mucosal candidiasis in patients with advanced AIDS. Three patients with advanced AIDS and oropharyngeal candidiasis clinically refractory to azoles or amphotericin B received GM-CSF for 14 days along with either fluconazole or amphotericin B. All three patients showed clinical improvement and mycological improvement without any adverse events. Thus, GM-CSF may be a possible alternative as adjunctive therapy in the management of refractory mucosal candidiasis in patients with advanced AIDS.
Effects of X-irradiation and the resultant inanition on amylase content of the rat parotid gland

Abstract X-irradiation exposures of 400, 800, 1600 and 6400 R resulted in dose-related alterations in amylase concentrations and parotid gland weights during the 8 days following irradiation. These effects were not due to irradiation alone but were caused by a combination of direct and indirect effects of the irradiation (food and water intake reduction). Reduction of gland weights and amylase content were minimal and alike at 400 and 800 R, but 1600 and 6400 R produced progressively more severe decreases, although recovery was in progress by 8 days in all groups. To evaluate the potential of irradiated tissue for amylase synthesis, 400 and 1600 R irradiated rats were injected with the secretogogue isoproterenol at 1 h, 1 day and 1 week after X-ray and amylase resynthesis studied. All animals were capable of amylase release and resynthesis at rates similar to controls, except that 1 week after exposure to 1600 R, rats showed a slower than normal resynthesis. Fractionated 6400 R exposure regimens were less destructive than single acute exposures.
Publication bias in neuroimaging research: implications for meta-analyses.

Neuroimaging and the neurosciences have made notable advances in sharing activation results through detailed databases, making meta-analysis of the published research faster and easier. However, the effect of publication bias in these fields has not been previously addressed or accounted for in the developed meta-analytic methods. In this article, we examine publication bias in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for tasks involving working memory in the frontal lobes (Brodmann Areas 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 37, 45, 46, and 47). Seventy-four studies were selected from the literature and the effect of publication bias was examined using a number of regression-based techniques. Pearson’s r correlation coefficient and Cohen’s d effect size estimates were computed for the activation in each study and compared to the study sample size using Egger’s regression, Macaskill’s regression, and the ‘Trim and Fill’ method. Evidence for publication bias was identified in this body of literature (p < 0.01 for each test), generally, though was neither task- nor sub-region-dependent. While we focused our analysis on this subgroup of brain mapping studies, we believe our findings generalize to the brain imaging literature as a whole and databases seeking to curate their collective results. While neuroimaging databases of summary effects are of enormous value to the community, the potential publication bias should be considered when performing meta-analyses based on database contents.
Examining the mechanisms of overgeneral autobiographical memory: Capture and rumination, and impaired executive control

Overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) is an important cognitive phenomenon in depression, but questions remain regarding the underlying mechanisms. The CaR-FA-X model (Williams et al., 2007) proposes three mechanisms that may contribute to OGM, but little work has examined the possible additive and/or interactive effects among them. We examined two mechanisms of CaR-FA-X: capture and rumination, and impaired executive control. We analysed data from undergraduates (N=109) scoring high or low on rumination who were presented with cues of high and low self-relevance on the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). Executive control was operationalised as performance on both the Stroop Colour-Word Task and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). Hierarchical generalised linear modelling was used to predict whether participants would generate a specific memory on a trial of the AMT. Higher COWAT scores, lower rumination, and greater cue self-relevance predicted a higher probability of a specific memory. There was also a rumination×cue self-relevance interaction: Higher (vs lower) rumination was associated with a lower probability of a specific memory primarily for low self-relevant cues. We found no evidence of interactions between these mechanisms. Findings are interpreted with respect to current autobiographical memory models. Future directions for OGM mechanism research are discussed.
Inversion of Lipid Bilayer Surface Charge by Trivalent Cations: Probing with Single-channel Conductance and Kinetics

The conductance of gramicidin A is sensitive to the charge of the lipid bilayer in which it resides. We used this property to probe the effects of lanthanum3+, hexaamminecobalt3+, and spermidine3+ on the surface charge of phosphatidylserine (PS) bilayers. Addition of trivalent cations to negatively-charged PS bilayers reduced gramicidin conductance below the conductance seen for neutral phosphatidylcholine bilayers, to a level nearly as low as for positively charged trimethylammonium propane bilayers. This suggests that trivalent cations can overcompensate the negative surface charge of the PS bilayer. Complementary zeta-potential measurements of PS liposomes with trivalent cations also suggested charge inversion. There were differences in the concentrations required to invert charge among the different cations, with lanthanum3+ the most potent and spermidine3+ the least potent. We also find that the rate of channel formation is sensitive to the surface concentration of permeating ions. Our interpretation is that gramicidin monomers in a bilayer exist in different configurations and that the equilibrium between these configurations depends on the cation binding within monomers. The difference in occupancy of monomers by cations makes channel formation dependent on the surface potential.
Should we train psychiatrists as primary care providers

The author discusses the proposition that psychiatrists would be appropriate primary physicians for specific types of patients. The author reviews the arguments for and against psychiatrists as primary care providers, proposes questions that must be addressed in training for such a role, and describes current models of primary care education and practice for psychiatrists. The author believes that primary care may be an appropriate career track within psychiatry and suggests that the development of family medicine may provide useful guidance in incorporating primary care functions into psychiatry.
Reductive Elimination/Oxidative Addition of Carbon−Hydrogen Bonds at Pt(IV)/Pt(II) Centers: Mechanistic Studies of the Solution Thermolyses of TpMe2Pt(CH3)2H

Reductive elimination of methane occurs upon solution thermolysis of κ3-TpMe2PtIV(CH3)2H (1, TpMe2 = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate). The platinum product of this reaction is determined by the solvent. C−D bond activation occurs after methane elimination in benzene-d6, to yield κ3-TpMe2PtIV(CH3)(C6D5)D (2-d6), which undergoes a second reductive elimination/oxidative addition reaction to yield isotopically labeled methane and κ3-TpMe2PtIV(C6D5)2D (3-d11). In contrast, κ2-TpMe2PtII(CH3)(NCCD3) (4) was obtained in the presence of acetonitrile-d3, after elimination of methane from 1. Reductive elimination of methane from these Pt(IV) complexes follows first-order kinetics, and the observed reaction rates are nearly independent of solvent. Virtually identical activation parameters (ΔH⧧obs = 35.0 ± 1.1 kcal/mol, ΔS⧧obs = 13 ± 3 eu) were measured for the reductive elimination of methane from 1 in both benzene-d6 and toluene-d8. A lower energy process (ΔH⧧scr = 26 ± 1 kcal/mol, ΔS⧧scr = 1 ± 4 eu) scramb...
Loss of the sensory process of an insect receptor at ecdysis.

CAMPANIFORM sensilla on cockroach legs are mechanosensitive sense organs associated with the exoskeleton which are thought to help coordinate the animal's walking movements1. Although the fine structure of campaniform sensilla has been elucidated2, little is known about the morphogenetic changes they undergo during moulting. I wish to report initial findings of an electron microscopic investigation of the development of cockroach campaniform sensilla.
Modulation of CD4 Th Cell Differentiation by Ganglioside GD1a In Vitro

Cell surface gangliosides are shed by tumors into their microenvironment. In this study they inhibit cellular immune responses, including APC development and function, which is critical for Th1 and Th2 cell development. Using human dendritic cells (DCs) and naive CD4(+) T cells, we separately evaluated Th1 and Th2 development under the selective differentiating pressures of DC1-inducing pertussis toxin (PT) and DC2-inducing cholera toxin (CT). High DC IL-12 production after PT exposure and high DC IL-10 production after CT exposure were observed, as expected. However, when DCs were first preincubated with highly purified G(D1a) ganglioside, up-regulation of costimulatory molecules was blunted, and PT-induced IL-12 production was reduced, whereas CT-induced IL-10 production was increased. The combination of these effects could contribute to a block in the Th1 response. In fact, when untreated naive T cells were coincubated with ganglioside-preincubated, Ag-exposed DCs, naive Th cell differentiation into Th effector cells was reduced. Both the subsequent DC1-induced T cell production of IFN-gamma (Th1 marker) and DC2-induced T cell IL-4 production (Th2) were inhibited. Thus, ganglioside exposure of DC impairs, by at least two distinct mechanisms, the ability to induce Th differentiation, which could adversely affect the development of an effective cellular antitumor immune response.
System dynamics as an organizing framework for pre-college education

Pre-college education is under attack for poorly serving the needs of society. Unless a superior concept for improving education emerges, public displeasure is apt to result in still more of what is already not working. But now, a fundamentally new and more effective approach to education is emerging from advances in system dynamics. System dynamics offers a framework for giving cohesion, meaning, and motivation to public school education at all levels. A second important ingredient, learner-centered learning, imports to pre-college education die challenge and excitement of a research laboratory. Together, these two innovations harness the creativity, curiosity, and energy of young people. System dynamics improves on the traditional educational sequence, in which years of learning facts precede use of those facts, by introducing synthesis at an early stage in a student's experience. Such synthesis can be based on facts that even elementary school students have already gleaned from life. Learner centered learning relieves teachers from having to lecture facts to resistant students. Learners take charge of their own learning as they explore, gather information, and create unity out of their educational experiences. A teacher in this new setting acts as a guide and participating learner rather than as an authoritarian source of all wisdom.
PROBLEM RECOGNITION: THE CRUCIAL FIRST STAGE OF THE CONSUMER DECISION PROCESS

Since 1910, when John Dewey first introduced the five‐stage decision process, it has been a widely accepted concept and still serves as the central pillar of a popular consumer behavior model. These stages are Problem Recognition, Information Search, Alternative Evaluation, Choice, and Outcomes. The importance of these stages is attested to by the considerable attention devoted to most of them in numerous textbooks and journal articles. Such attention, however, has not come to the Problem Recognition stage. While some texts provide hypothetical descriptions of this “trigger” of the decision process, theoretical discussion and empirical support are surprisingly lacking. Journal literature fares even worse, with articles on the topic almost non‐existent. Lack of information on the topic is even more ironic when one considers that a purchase cannot occur unless a problem is recognized! The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed explanation of the Problem Recognition process. The results of the few empirical studies that have been done will be examined. In addition, a proposed model of the Problem Recognition process is presented. The implications of this material will be discussed as it relates to marketing.
Pulmonary Hemosiderosis in Children with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

We describe a possible association between pulmonary hemosiderosis (PH) and a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Both patients were born at 28-week gestation and presented with PH at ages 22 months and 6 years, respectively. Both initially presented with cough and tachypnea, and bronchoalveolar lavage showed evidence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Initial hemoglobin levels were < 4 g/dL and chest radiographs showed diffuse infiltrates that cleared dramatically within days after initiation of intravenous corticosteroids. In the first case, frank pulmonary blood was observed upon initial intubation, prompting the need for high frequency ventilation, immediate corticosteroids, and antibiotics. The mechanical ventilation wean was made possible by the addition of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and hydroxychloroquine. Slow tapering off of medications was accomplished over 6 years. These cases represent a possible correlation between prematurity-associated BPD and PH. We present a review of the literature regarding this possible association. In addition, MMF proved to be life-saving in one of the PH cases, as it has been in pulmonary hemorrhage related to systemic lupus erythematosus. Further studies are warranted to investigate the possible association between PH and prematurity-related BPD, as well as the use of MMF in the treatment of PH.
Fusion inspired channel design

This paper is motivated by the problem of integrating multiple sources of measurements. We consider two multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channels, a primary channel and a secondary channel, with dependent input signals. The primary channel carries the signal of interest, and the secondary channel carries a signal that shares a joint distribution with the primary signal. The problem of particular interest is designing the secondary channel matrix, when the primary channel matrix is fixed. We formulate the problem as an optimization problem, in which the optimal secondary channel matrix maximizes an information-based criterion. An analytical solution is provided in a special case. Then an intrinsic search algorithm is proposed to approximate the optimal solutions in general cases. In particular, the intrinsic algorithm exploits the geometry of the unit sphere, a manifold embedded in Euclidean space.
Memantine-Induced Myoclonus and Delirium Exacerbated by Trimethoprim:

Objective:To report a case of myoclonus and delirium seen in a patient taking a combination of memantine and trimethoprim.Case Summary:A 78-year-old woman was admitted to the medical center in October 2007 with rapid deterioration of Alzheimer's dementia and progressive myoclonus. In 2003, donepezil 5 mg/day had been initiated and her disease slowly progressed. In 2006, memantine 10 mg twice daily was added. Myoclonic activity and delirium were noted in 2007 when a urinary tract infection (UTI) was treated with double-strength trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX 160 mg/800 mg). After discontinuation of TMP/SMX, the patient's condition returned to baseline level. Several weeks later, trimethoprim 100 mg daily was added for UTI prophylaxis. Within weeks, spontaneous generalized myoclonic activity resumed to the extent that the patient was unable to walk. She became increasingly delirious. A week before admission, levodopa/carbidopa 250 mg/100 mg was added for presumptive restless legs syndrome and the pa...
Curiosity analyzes Martian soil samples

NASA's Mars Curiosity rover has conducted its first analysis of Martian soil samples using multiple instruments, the agency announced at a 3 December news briefing at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. “These results are an unprecedented look at the chemical diversity in the area,” said NASA's Michael Meyer, program scientist for Curiosity.
An Update on Immune System Activation in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension

Hypertension remains as an enormous health and economic burden in the United States despite the large number of antihypertensive treatments that are available.1 In addition, the prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension continues to rise globally,2 suggesting that that there is an important need to better understand the underlying causes of this disease. An association between hypertension and immune system activation has long been recognized, but perhaps not fully appreciated until now, and represents a potentially important mechanism in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Studies of human hypertension support this association and implicate a mechanistic role for immune activation and inflammation in the development of hypertension.3–8 Experimental animal models have proven especially useful for determining the impact of specific immune cells (innate and adaptive immunity) and cytokines, with a heavy emphasis on angiotensin II (AngII)–dependent hypertension in rodent models.9–17 Hypertension has been, and continues to be, one of the leading journals for studies that have accelerated our understanding of immune regulation of blood pressure, having already provided excellent overviews of basic immune responses and their interaction with the cardiovascular system.18–20 The objective of this brief review is to discuss the most recent advances published in Hypertension that relate to immune system activation and the pathogenesis of hypertension. Because blood pressure is regulated by the integrated function of the kidneys, central nervous system, and vasculature, the review will focus on the potential for inflammatory mediators to impact each of these organ systems. The central role of the kidneys in long-term blood pressure control through the regulation of body fluid and salt homeostasis is widely recognized. This is supported by work showing that the ability of the kidneys to excrete a sodium load is impaired, regardless of whether the origins of hypertension are vascular, …
Bayesian Network Score Approximation using a Metagraph Kernel

Many interesting problems, including Bayesian network structure-search, can be cast in terms of finding the optimum value of a function over the space of graphs. However, this function is often expensive to compute exactly. We here present a method derived from the study of Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces which takes advantage of the regular structure of the space of all graphs on a fixed number of nodes to obtain approximations to the desired function quickly and with reasonable accuracy. We then test this method on both a small testing set and a real-world Bayesian network; the results suggest that not only is this method reasonably accurate, but that the BDe score itself varies quadratically over the space of all graphs.