cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genes relocated between Drosophila chromosomes evolve under selection pressures different from canonical dispersed duplicates

Gene duplication creates a second copy of a gene either in tandem to the ancestral locus or dispersed to another chromosomal location. When the ancestral copy of a dispersed duplicate is lost from the genome, it creates the appearance that the gene was "relocated" from the ancestral locus to the derived location. Gene relocation may be as common as canonical dispersed duplications in which both the ancestral and derived copies are retained, but relocated genes have received far less attention than canonical duplicates. To test this hypothesis, we combined comparative genomics, population genetics, gene expression, and functional analyses to assess the selection pressures acting on relocated, duplicated, and non-relocated single-copy genes in Drosophila genomes. We find that relocated genes evolve faster than single-copy non-relocated genes, and there is no evidence that this faster evolution is driven by positive selection. In addition, relocated genes are less essential for viability and male fertility than single-copy non-relocated genes, suggesting that relocated genes evolve fast because of relaxed selective constraints. The derived copies of canonical dispersed duplicated genes evolve even faster than relocated genes, and there is no evidence that this faster evolution is driven by positive selection. The derived copies of dispersed duplicates are also more narrowly expressed than relocated genes, which suggests that the evolution of canonical duplicates is less selectively constrained than relocated genes. We therefore conclude that relocated genes are under more selective constraints than canonical duplicates, but are not as conserved as single-copy non-relocated genes.
Consulting dietitians in nursing homes: time in role functions and perceived problems.

Abstract A mail survey was conducted to describe Illinois consultant dietitians' perceptions of time adequacy for fulfilling role responsibilities and to identify dietary problems in nursing homes. Approximately three-fourths (74%) of the 43 respondents reported insufficient time at nursing homes, although all met or exceeded state consulting time requirements. Role functions receiving the greatest time investments were in the categories of foodservice management and nutrition care. Resident nutrition care issues were often rated as major problems. Dietitians' perceptions of nutrition care problems and inadequacy of time to perform role functions indicate a need to re-evaluate priorities for role performance and to obtain increased service hours. Methods to increase consulting time should include effective marketing of services and involvement in legislative and regulatory processes. J Am Diet Assoc 88:29, 1988.
Overview, Description, and Types of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders

Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) encompass a collection of disorders that include obstructive sleep apnea syndromes, central sleep apnea syndromes, and sleep-related hypoventilation/hypoxemic syndromes. SRBDs result in periods of hypoventilation, which can result in gas exchange abnormalities (e.g., hypercapnia/hypoxemia) and recurrent arousals from sleep. Recurrent periods of hypoventilation may then set off a cascade of additional physiologic sequelae including sympathetic activation, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, metabolic dysregulation, and recurrent blood pressure swings that are associated with clinical sequelae of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, neurocognitive impairment, glucose intolerance, and early mortality. Diagnoses of SRBDs typically require polysomnography. In this article, a broad overview and description of the varying SRBDs will be reviewed.
Meconium-stained amniotic fluid and respiratory complications: impact of selective tracheal suction.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prospectively the incidence of several pulmonary diagnoses among infants born through clear or meconium-stained amniotic fluid (AF) managed by a selective approach to tracheal intubation. METHODS: All live births greater than 36 weeks' gestation occurring between January 1990 and December 1992 were included. Diagnostic criteria for several respiratory disorders were determined prospectively and monitored. Infants with light meconium and vigorous infants with moderate to thick meconium were selectively not suctioned. A control group of infants with clear AF matched for gestational age and year of birth was randomly selected for comparison. The incidence and severity of respiratory disease were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Of 4938 live births, 799 (16%) had meconium-stained AF (light, 334; moderate to thick, 465). Compared to 211 infants with moderate to thick meconium selectively not suctioned, 196 suctioned infants had significantly greater rates of abnormal fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns, fetal acidosis, low Apgar scores at 5 minutes, need for resuscitation, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. Meconium aspiration syndrome was significantly more common in suctioned infants as compared to those selectively not suctioned, those with light meconium, and those with clear fluid (11 versus 3 versus 0 versus 0%; P < .01). The need for ventilator or oxygen support was similar between infants with clear fluid, lightly stained fluid, and moderate to thick fluid who were selectively not suctioned, but was significantly greater among suctioned infants (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a selective approach to tracheal intubation and suction of infants with meconium-stained AF was not associated with increased pulmonary morbidity or mortality. Postnatal management of neonates at greatest risk of meconium aspiration syndrome does not necessarily prevent adverse pulmonary outcome.
Risk stratification by detection of clonal circulating plasma cells (CPCs) by multi-parametric flow cytometry (MFC) in light chain amyloidosis (AL).

8047Background: Presence of CPCs by six color MFC is associated with worse outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM). Using a slide based immunofluorescence assay, CPCs are associated with worse prognosis ...
Proceedings of the 12th ACM conference on Electronic commerce

The papers in these proceedings were presented at the 12th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce --- EC'11, held June 5-9, 2011, in San Jose, California, USA. Since its inception in 1999, ACM EC has served as the leading scientific conference on advances in theory, systems, and applications for electronic commerce. The conference is interdisciplinary and addresses a number of facets of electronic commerce, including (1) theory and foundations; (2) architectures and languages; (3) automation, personalization, and targeting; (4) security, privacy, encryption, and digital rights; (5) applications, experimental and empirical studies; and (6) social factors. In addition to the main technical program, EC'11 featured five workshops and six tutorials. EC'11 was also co-located this year with fifteen other computer science conferences as part of the 2011 ACM Federated Computing Research Conference. The call for papers attracted 189 submissions from authors in academia and industry from all around the world. Each paper was reviewed by at least three program committee members and one senior program committee member on the basis of scientific novelty, technical quality, and importance to the field. After discussion and deliberation among the program committee, senior program committee and program chairs, 49 papers were selected for presentation at the conference. Thirty-eight of these are published in these proceedings. For the remaining eleven, at the authors' request, only abstracts are included along with pointers to full working papers. This option accommodates the practices of fields outside of computer science in which conference publishing can preclude journal publishing. It is expected that many of the papers in these proceedings will appear in a more polished and complete form in scientific journals in the future. After the review process, an Outstanding Papers committee of Shuchi Chawla, David Reiley and Rahul Sami was established. The committee singled out the following two papers as co-winners of the EC'11 Best Student Paper Award: • Polynomial-time Computation of Exact Correlated Equilibrium in Compact Games, by Albert Xin Jiang and Kevin Leyton-Brown, University of British Columbia; • A Truthful Randomized Mechanism for Combinatorial Public Projects via Convex Optimization, by Shaddin Dughmi, Stanford University.
On integer and MPCC representability of affine sparsity

Abstract In addition to sparsity, practitioners of statistics and machine learning often wish to promote additional structures in their variable selection process to incorporate prior knowledge. Borrowing the modeling power of linear systems with binary variables, many of such structures can be faithfully modeled by affine sparsity constraints (ASC). In this note we study conditions under which an ASC system can be represented by sets in integer programs and mathematical programs with complementarity conditions (MPCC). Results of this note facilitate developing nonconvex optimization methods for variable selection with structured sparsity.
Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation Surgery for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus in Athletes.

Abstract Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) continue to be a challenge for the treating surgeon, especially when lesions are refractory to marrow stimulation techniques. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of lesions treated with osteochondral allograft transplantation. A review was performed of 30 athletes with 31 OLTs that were refractory to marrow stimulation or predicted to be refractory based on size and location of the lesion. Results were evaluated in terms of occupational outcomes and numeric pain scales. Lesions treated had a mean area of 1.37 (range 0.36 to 3.3) cm2. Overall excellent outcomes were achieved in 11 (35%) ankles. Nineteen (61%) ankles achieved good or excellent occupational outcomes, and 12 (39%) ankles demonstrated poor occupational outcomes and the patients were unable to continue their previous active occupations. Patients were found to have a mean pain scale score of 3 (range 0 to 7) of 10 at a mean of 21 (range 10 to 24) months after operative management. Osteochondral allograft transplantation is an option for the treatment of selected athletes with large OLTs, as well as lesions that are refractory to marrow stimulation techniques. The results of this study may help active young patients and their surgeons to better understand outcomes and options in their shared decision-making process.
Inappropriate Left Ventricular Mass and Cardiovascular Disease Events and Mortality in Blacks: The Jackson Heart Study.

Background Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and all‐cause mortality. Many individuals without LVH have a left ventricu...
Gammaproteobacteria Dominant Lung Microbiome Induces Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and is Associated with CLAD

Purpose Recent evidence suggests a role for lung microbiome in occurrence of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). However, the mechanisms linking microbiome to CLAD are not delineated. We investigated the mechanisms involved in microbial modulation of mucosal response leading to CLAD. We hypothesized that a Gammaproteobacteria dominant lung microbiome induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and correlates with CLAD. Methods Explant CLAD and control lungs were collected. BAL was collected from 10 CLAD and matched non-CLAD subjects and 16S rRNA microbiome sequencing performed. 105 CFU Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) was co-cultured with human bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) (1:1) in RPMI media for 24 hours. Western blot and qRT-PCR was performed to evaluate EMT in explants and in PA exposed PBECs. These experiments were repeated after siRNA downregulation and upregulation (plasmid vector) of EMT regulator gene n-myc and stat interactor (NMI). Results Gene/protein expression of mesenchymal markers vimentin (V), α-SMA (A), n-cadherin (N) were elevated and epithelial marker e-cadherin (E), NMI significantly reduced in explant CLAD compared to controls. 16S rRNA analysis of CLAD BAL showed reduced bacterial diversity (Shannon index, p=0.01), increased bacterial biomass (16S gene copy/ml BAL, P=0.04) and a predominance of class Gammaproteobacteria (p=0.03) and genus Pseudomonas (p=0.01) compared to matched non-clad controls. PBEC exposure to PA resulted in increased expression of V, N, A and significant reduction in E suggesting EMT (Fig 1). Expression of NMI was significantly reduced in PA exposed PBECs. PA exposure in NMI overexpressed PBECs attenuated EMT and in NMI downregulated PBECs augmented EMT. Conclusion CLAD is associated with reduced bacterial diversity, increased bacterial biomass, Gammaproteobacteria dominant airway microbiome and EMT. PA induces EMT in human bronchial epithelial cells. NMI is a critical regulator of PSA induced airway EMT.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in COVID-19.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory-syndrome coronavirus-2 that is resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality across the globe ([1][1]). Emerging data suggest that patients presenting with COVID-19 requiring hospitalization
First-principles surface energies for monoclinic Ga 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 and consequences for cracking of (Al x Ga 1-x ) 2 O 3

Crack formation limits the growth of (AlxGa1−x)2O3 epitaxial films on Ga2O3 substrates. We employ first-principles calculations to determine the brittle fracture toughness of such films for three growth orientations of the monoclinic structure: [100], [010], and [001]. Surface energies and elastic constants are computed for the end compounds—monoclinic Ga2O3 and Al2O3—and used to interpolate to (AlxGa1−x)2O3 alloys. The appropriate crack plane for each orientation is determined, and the corresponding critical thicknesses are calculated based on Griffith’s theory, which relies on the balance between elastic energy and surface energy. We obtain lower bounds for the critical thickness, which compare well with available experiments. We also perform an in-depth analysis of surface energies for both relaxed and unrelaxed surfaces, providing important insights into the factors that determine the relative stability of different surfaces. Our study provides physical insights into surface stability, crack planes, and the different degrees of crack formation in (AlxGa1−x)2O3 films for different growth orientations.
Cartesian Meditation and the Pursuit of Virtue

In this chapter, I analyze a contemporary debate concerning a central aspect of Descartes’s Meditations. The debate concerns the proper way to respond to the question “Who is the Cartesian meditator?” The answers offered by Descartes’s commentators have included (1) a philosophically naive person of common sense, (2) a skeptic, (3) a Scholastic, and (4) an amalgam of such personas. I argue that each of these answers is misguided and that the proper response is not to attempt to answer the question. Rather, I contend, the proper response is to reject the question both because it falsely implies that the meditator is a fictional character and because reading the Meditations as a work of fiction obscures Descartes’s concern with the pursuit of virtue, in general, and with the virtues of belief formation, in particular.
Choice of Prior Distribution

Selecting a prior distribution is integral to Bayesian analyses. In this chapter, we discuss several approaches to specifying priors. First, we discuss the concept of “noninformative” priors. Next we introduce improper priors. Following this, we define conjugate priors. We conclude with a brief discussion of how a scientist might specify an informative prior.
Near-Surface Soil Water Content Measurements Using Horn Antenna Radar

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) with a suspended 1-GHz horn antenna was deployed over bare and vegetated soil surfaces using surface reflection (SR) magnitudes and propagation times (PT) to calculate bulk soil dielectric permittivity and soil water contents. Concurrent radar measurements over sand, Millville silt loam (coarse-silty, carbonatic, mesic Typic Haploxerolls), and sand–bentonite surfaces showed rapid drainage from sand and slower drainage from higher-surface-area textured soils. Soil texture and temperature affected diurnal variations in measured water content (occurrence of minima and maxima) for both SR and 2-cm time-domain reflectometry (TDR) water content data. Measurements over wheat canopy showed that while SR values were strongly altered by canopy biomass, PT measurements remained unaffected. Wheat canopy influence on SR gradually intensified during the growth season until the canopy was removed and SR-based measurements rejoined with PT data. Hornantenna radar measurements over natural surfaces offer a promise for remote mapping of soil texture and truthing of radar data collected from air- and spaceborne platforms, and they may be used in the field for water content and vegetation biomass measurements.
Cyborgs Unbound: Feminist STS, Interdisciplinarity, and Graduate Education

This Lab Meeting took place as a roundtable titled Cyborg Manifestations. Hosted at MIT in February 2020, it was part of the Boston-area Consortium for Graduate Studies in Gender, Culture, Women, and Sexuality’s (GCWS) series Feminisms Unbound. The introduction maps the history and structure of the GCWS series and highlights how its rigorous commitment to interdisciplinary graduate education fosters feminist science and technology studies (STS) in the Boston area. The introduction also frames the remarks of the roundtable participants, who speak to drag queens, artificial intelligence, plant life, gender and environmental conservation, and objecthood. Five transcripts or “lab reports” highlight how the figure of the cyborg animates and reinvigorates feminist, queer, and trans approaches to technoscience.
Microbial trait evolution is dominated by frequent and rare pulsed evolution

On the macroevolutionary timescale, does trait evolution proceed gradually or by rapid bursts (pulses) separated by prolonged periods of stasis or slow evolution? Although studies have shown pulsed evolution is prevalent in animals, our knowledge about the tempo and mode of evolution across the tree of life is very limited. This long-standing debate calls for a test in bacteria and archaea, the most ancient and diverse forms of life with unique population genetic properties (asexual reproduction, large population sizes, short generation times, high dispersal rates and extensive lateral gene transfers). Using a likelihood-based framework, we analyzed evolutionary patterns of four microbial genomic traits (genome size, genome GC%, 16S rRNA GC% and the nitrogen use in proteins) on a broad macroevolutionary timescale. Our model fitting of phylogenetic comparative data shows that pulsed evolution is not only present, but also prevalent and predominant in microbial genomic trait evolution. Interestingly, for the first time, we detected two distinct types of pulsed evolution (small frequent and large rare jumps) that are predicted by the punctuated equilibrium and quantum evolution theories. Our findings suggest that major bacterial lineages could have originated in quick bursts and pulsed evolution is a common theme across the tree of life despite the drastically different population genetic properties of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes.
The Pathogenic Mechanisms of Tendinopathy

Tendinopathy is clinically manifested by pain and swelling in the injury site of tendons, and histologically, it is featured by tendon inflammation or degeneration, either alone or in combination. The etiology of tendinopathy may involve multi-factors (mechanical, neurologic, genetic, etc.), and this may explain why tendinopathy is a spectrum of tendon disorders. However, in young active adults such as athletes, excessive mechanical loading placed on the tendons is considered to be a major causative factor for tendinopathy. Such abnormal mechanical loading causes changes at the structural, cellular, and molecular levels in the tendon, which eventually lead to full-blown tendinopathy. This chapter provides a concise review of theories on the pathogenesis of tendinopathy and suggests future research directions toward better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tendinopathy.
A Critique of Akerlof’s Lemons Principle

‘Adverse selection’ and ‘moral hazard’ are two problems created by asymmetric information. In this paper I critique Akerlof's Lemons principle and I raise the question that when there is a demand for new cars the question arises whether there is a possibility of an inferior good or a lemon for which there is no demand driving out the good cars? I would argue no on the basis of consumer utility and on the basis of the average demand of the buyer in the used car market where there is asymmetric information. The reason is that the consumer has the information that good cars are available for sale, which is the consumer demand and consumer choice.
Sudoku-Inspired High-Shannon-Entropy Alloys

Current definition of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is commonly based on the configurational entropy. But this definition depends only on the chemical composition of a HEA and therefore cannot distinguish the information content that is encoded in various local atomic arrangements and measurable by the Shannon entropy in information theory. Here, inspired by the finding that two-dimensional (2D) Sudoku matrices exhibit higher average Shannon entropy than 2D random matrix counterparts, we propose high-Shannon-entropy alloys (HSEA), whose structures are based on 3D Sudoku matrices. Despite the constraints on the atomic arrangements to form a 3D Sudoku 4 x 4 x 4 matrix, we find that, a prototypical HSEA, NbMoTaW has a lower energy than the same HEA with a random structure due to the smaller lattice distortion. We compute the electronic structures and mechanical properties and find that the HSEA exhibits enhanced average Fermi velocity and ductility over the random NbMoTaW HEA. Finally, we evaluate the formation energies of single vacancies and a vacancy cluster in the HSEA, whose configurations mimic Sudoku puzzles with one and several missing numbers, respectively. We find that a range of large energies are required to generate such vacancies, which depend on the location and species of missing atoms. Our work shows that introducing the Shannon entropy to HEAs offers a useful metric to reveal more atomic details of HEAs and that HSEAs represent an uncharted domain in the complicated energy landscape of HEAs which may be endowed with improved properties.
Quantitative relaxometry mapping

Abstract Quantitative relaxometry mapping—the measurement of water proton relaxation with MRI—provides a valuable imaging tool to characterize tissue, particularly in the brain. This topic is presented in terms of two parts: i) models that relate transverse or longitudinal relaxation to the structure and composition of neural tissue, such as the volume fraction of myelin and concentration of iron, and 2) MRI methods that can provide quantitative relaxation measurements. The simplest models relate one or more tissue characteristic to a single mono-exponential relaxation rate, which allows efficient measurements but faces limits in specificity and accuracy. Multi-exponential models offer a more complete characterization of tissue at the cost of efficiency in measurement. For any application, the user should appreciate potential shortcomings of the model and the precision of the measured relaxation parameters.
Elastic and Plastic Analysis of a Tanker Web Frame

Elastic and plastic limit analyses of a web frame of a 225,000-dwt tanker are preseneted. In the elastic range, three different methods are used to examine the behavior of the frame under the same loading conditions. Beyond the elastic range, plastic limit analysis is performed to investigate the collapse mechanisms and the corresponding collapse pressures. The results of these different approaches are discussed and compared.
The Use of Computer-Assisted Teaching Systems (CATS) in Pharmacology

The general rule of study is that time is a constant and achievement a variable. Since the study of drugs by physicians must be a lifetime endeavor we will begin by instituting achievement as the constant and time as a variable.
Reliance Implementation Methods Applied to a Kaizen Project

Reliance industries limited (RIL) owns and operates the world’s largest Greenfield oil refinery complex in Jamnagar, India. While traditional oil refineries take between 6 and 8 years to build and operate, the Jamnagar refineries were built in record time in 3 years per phase. Reliance Industries uses a unique set of practices to prevent cost and time overruns and achieve project completion ahead of time. These hold unique opportunities which can be implemented in day-to-day clinical medicine. In this chapter, we describe the use of Reliance methods to transform the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). The Japanese word Kaizen stands for continuous improvement and was introduced in Chap. 8. This chapter implements a Kaizen project using Reliance methods for the treatment of CIDP to improve the limitations of traditional methods.
Conditional inversion and GIVENNESS

This paper provides support for the claim that non-canonical word-order adds “extra meaning” to natural language utterances (Prince). In particular, it tells us about the informational status of the constituents. The case study in this paper is subject-auxiliary inversion in conditional antecedents. I argue that subject-auxiliary inversion in conditional antecedents indicate that the antecedent is GIVEN (Schwarzschild 1999). This proposal explain further pragmatic inferences such as why inverted conditionals are particularly good as reproaches.
Hormonal control of “delayed development” in Macrotus waterhousii: I. Changes in plasma thyroxine during pregnancy and lactation

Females in various stages of reproduction were collected from southern Arizona. Pregnant animals were placed in a controlled environment and given an ample diet of mealworms and crickets. This new environment had no effect on the gestation period, and pregnancy proceeded normally for 7 months. Plasma thyroxine concentration and histological sections of the thyroid were studied from animals in various stages of pregnancy and during lactation. Plasma thyroxine (T4) was highest during the last trimester of pregnancy (5.4 μg/100 ml) and lactation (5.2 μg) and lowest during the first and second trimester (2.0 and 1.9 μg) of the 9-month gestation period. No correlation was found between thyroid follicle dimensions and the fluctuation in plasma thyroxine.
Deep UV to mid-IR generation with laser diodes and nonlinear frequency conversion

Summary form only given. In conclusion, nonlinear frequency conversion of high power laser diodes has been used to generate radiation over a large wavelength range from deep-uv to mid-IR. Further improvements in output power and available wavelengths of high power laser diodes, as well as improvements in quasi phase matched (QPM) nonlinear materials, can be expected to increase the versatility and range of applications for this technique.
Role of insulin-like growth factor-related peptides in the estradiol-, prolactin-, and progesterone-stimulated growth of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors in soft agar

The present experiments were designed to test the role of insulin-like growth factor-related peptides (IGF-RPs) in hormonally stimulated N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced mammary tumor colony formation in soft agar. To evaluate production of IGF-RP by NMU cells, we tested the abilities of a monoclonal antibody directed against insulin-like growth factor I (alpha sm 1.20B) and of a polyclonal antibody raised against the insulin-like growth factor I (Ab 134) to inhibit the colony-stimulating effects of conditioned media (CM) obtained from estradiol (E2)-, prolactin (PRL)-, and progesterone (Pg)-treated NMU-induced rat mammary tumors. Both Abs abolished the colony-stimulating action of genuine insulin-like growth factor I while having no effect when added alone or with control CM. The addition of either alpha sm 1.20B or Ab 134 (but not that of an irrelevant Ab) consistently blocked the colony-stimulating action of E2-CM, PRL-CM, and Pg-CM, suggesting that IGF-RPs are produced by NMU mammary tumor cells exposed to these hormones. Next, we directly tested the role of IGF-RPs as mediators of hormonally stimulated growth. We indeed observed that the addition of alpha sm 1.20B markedly inhibited the colony-stimulating actions of E2, PRL, and Pg added to NMU mammary tumor cells in soft agar in the absence of serum. We conclude that, in our experimental system, IGF-RPs not only are produced upon exposure to E2, PRL, and Pg, but also are important mediators of hormonally stimulated growth.
Individual versus Corporate Responsibility: Market Choice, the Food Industry, and the Pervasiveness of Moral Models of Fatness

There is widespread belief that the fat body is a product of individual choice. However, in recent years, public discourse has begun to acknowledge environmental influences on body size. For example, nutritionists now point to the food industry's role in creating a “toxic environment” that facilitates weight gain. This paper explores how the food industry shapes consumption patterns, various public responses to induce corporate responsibility, and the food industry's position on fat—a “market-choice frame” that emphasizes agency. Additionally, using original survey data (n = 456) and interview data (n = 42), the paper examines the resonance of this industry frame. As a whole, the data point to support for industry views, a strong belief in individual responsibility, and the pervasiveness of moral models of fatness. The social implications of these findings are discussed.
Country adaptation of the 2010 World Health Organization recommendations for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV

The World Health Organization (WHO) revised its global recommendations on treating pregnant women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with antiretrovirals and preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Initial draft recommendations issued in November 2009 were followed by a full revised guideline in July 2010. The 2010 recommendations on PMTCT have important implications in terms of planning, human capacity and resources. Ministries of health therefore had to adapt their national guidelines to reflect the 2010 PMTCT recommendations, and the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation tracked the adaptation process in the 14 countries where it provides technical support. In doing so it sought to understand common issues, challenges, and the decisions reached and to properly target its technical assistance. In 2010, countries revised their national guidelines in accordance with WHO’s most recent PMTCT recommendations faster than in 2006; all 14 countries included in this analysis formally conducted the revision within 15 months of the 2010 PMTCT recommendations’ release. Governments used various processes and fora to make decisions throughout the adaptation process; they considered factors such as feasibility, health delivery infrastructure, compatibility with 2006 WHO guidelines, equity and cost. Challenges arose; in some cases the new recommendations were implemented before being formally adapted into national guidelines and no direct guidance was available in various technical areas. As future PMTCT guidelines are developed, WHO, implementing partners and other stakeholders can use the information in this paper to plan their support to ministries of health.
IL-13 inhibits multicilin expression and ciliogenesis via janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription independently of notch cleavage

Loss of ciliated cells and increases in goblet cells are seen in respiratory diseases such as asthma. These changes result in part from reduced differentiation of basal progenitor cells to ciliated cells during injury and repair. The T helper 2 cytokine, IL-13, has been shown to inhibit ciliated cell differentiation, but the mechanism is not clearly understood. We recently showed that Notch signaling inhibits ciliated cell differentiation in submerged culture by repressing multicilin and forkhead box J1 (FOXJ1) expression, genes required for ciliogenesis. Using a novel method to study ciliated cell differentiation, we investigated the relationship between IL-13 and Notch signaling pathways. We found that IL-13 inhibits ciliated cell differentiation by repressing multicilin and FOXJ1 expression but does so independent of Notch signaling. In addition, we show that pharmacological inhibition of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, but not mitogen activated protein kinase kinase, signaling rescues multicilin and FOXJ1 expression and ciliated cell differentiation in the presence of IL-13. These findings indicate that regulation of multicilin expression by two distinct signaling pathways affects ciliated cell differentiation. In addition, the requirement for Janus kinase activation in IL-13-induced inhibition of ciliogenesis provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of respiratory disease.
The K-D Heap: An Efficient Multi-dimensional Priority Queue

This paper presents the k-d heap, an efficient data structure that implements a multi-dimensional priority queue. The basic form of the k-d heap uses no extra space, takes linear time to construct, and supports instant access to the items carrying the minimum key of any dimension, as well as logarithmic time insertion, deletion, and modification of any item in the queue. Moreover, it can be extended to a multi-dimensional double-ended mergeable priority queue, capable of efficiently supporting all the operations linked to priority queues. The k-d heap is very easily implemented, and has direct applications.
Role of stromal-derived cytokines and growth factors in bone metastasis.

BACKGROUND Interactions between bone marrow-derived cytokines, growth factors, and tumors play a critical role in both the homing of tumors to the bone and the development of bone metastasis. Bone is a storehouse of latent growth factors produced by stromal cells and osteoblasts that, when activated during osteoclastic bone resorption, can enhance the growth of tumor cells. METHODS This article reviews the role these factors may play in bone metastasis. RESULTS Several studies have shown that breast carcinoma cells, which induce osteoclastic bone resorption, release growth factors that enhance tumor growth. In addition, bone-derived growth factors and chemokines, such as stromal cell-derived factor 1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, can act as chemoattractants to attract tumor cells to bone. Finally, the interaction between tumor cells and bone marrow stromal cells can result in increased production of cytokines and growth factors, such as interleukin 6 or the ligand for the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB, that can enhance bone destruction, tumor growth, and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Stromal cell-derived cytokines and growth factors as well as growth factors that are released during the bone resorption process play a critical role in the development of bone metastasis. Interruption of this symbiotic relation between tumors that induce bone destruction and release of bone-derived growth factors can have beneficial effects on blocking both bone destruction and decreasing tumor burden within bone. Cancer 2003;97(3 Suppl):733–8. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11148
The electrocardiogram in scleroderma: Analysis of 60 cases and review of the literature☆

Abstract Since the paper of Weiss and associates 1 reporting 9 cases of scleroderma heart disease, other authors have described new cases, making mention of the electrocardiographic changes found in such patients. However, most of these reports concern a small number of cases, and the electrocardiograms are not discussed in detail. † †After this paper was prepared, a new report by Windesheim and Parkin appeared. 23 Several electrocardiographic alterations have been described, all of them nonspecific. The purpose of this article is to report our experience with a larger series of patients, correlating the electrocardiograms with the clinical, physiopathologic, and morphologic findings.
A Study of the Yellow Cocci Which Survive Pasteurization

In investigations at the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station on the bacteria present in various dairy products, the plates frequently showed yellow colonies, sometimes in considerable numbers. Both the surface and subsurface colonies were usually comparatively large and the color quite intense so that they were very conspicuous. These colonies seemed to be especially numerous on plates poured with pasteurized cream or butter mRde from it, and because they made up such a large part of the flora with these materials a study of the organisms producing them was undertaken. The resistance to heat, the variations that occur and the general action on milk were given the most attention; the results obtained are reported herein.
PCB concentrations in winter flounder from Long Island Sound, 1984–1986

PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) pollutants of concern in Long Island Sound have been studied previously. Initial studies at this laboratory focused on levels of PCBs and metals in tissues from windowpane flounder (Scophthalmus aquosos) collected from various stations in the Sound. The purpose of that study was to determine whether there was a relationship between station location and concentration of metals and PCBs in flounder tissue. In that study, PCBs in livers of windowpane flounder were measurable but not significantly different for the three stations sampled even though the sediments differed in contaminant loading. In the present study, winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) were collected from several stations in Long Island Sound and the gonads and livers analyzed for PCBs. Winter flounder were selected because they are both commercially and recreationally important in northeast Atlantic water, including Long Island Sound. There are no major sources of PCBs for Long Island Sound; rather the sources appear to be small accidental spills, especially into rivers.
Management of the severe cleft and syndromic midface hypoplasia

Distraction Osteogenesis (DO) has become a treatment alternative to treat severe craniofacial skeletal dysplasias. A rigid external distraction (RED) device has been successfully used to advance the maxilla as well as the maxillary, orbital and forehead complex (monobloc) in children as young as two years, adolescents and adults. This approach has provided predictable and stable results. It can be applied by itself or as an adjunct to traditional orthognathic and craniofacial surgical procedures. The technical aspects, including planning, surgical and orthodontic procedures, required to properly apply the technique are presented. For this severe group of patients the technique has been found to be simpler and safer than traditional surgical methods. Maxillary and midfacial advancement through distraction has been found to be extremely stable in the patients in whom the technique was used. The reasons for stability are discussed as well as the observed morphologic changes in the facial soft tissues, velopharyngeal mechanism and airway. However, challenges remain to be solved to improve all distraction techniques and the need for collaboration between researchers and clinicians is emphasized to maximize the benefits of this already promising and rewarding approach.
Pharmacodynamic mechanisms of monoclonal antibody-based antagonism of (+)-methamphetamine in rats

Our studies examined pharmacokinetic mechanisms involved in high-affinity (K(d) approximately 11 nM) monoclonal antibody-based antagonism of (+)-methamphetamine-induced locomotor effects. Male rats received (+)-methamphetamine (0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg i.v.) followed 30 min later by saline or anti-(+)-methamphetamine monoclonal antibody. All groups received a constant dose of monoclonal antibody that was equimolar in binding sites to the body burden of a 1 mg/kg i.v. (+)-methamphetamine dose 30 min after administration. The monoclonal antibody antagonized locomotor effects due to 0.3 and 1 mg/kg (+)-methamphetamine. In contrast, monoclonal antibody treatment increased locomotor activity due to 3 mg/kg (+)-methamphetamine. We also investigated the serum and brain pharmacokinetics of (+)-methamphetamine without and with the monoclonal antibody. Rats received (+)-methamphetamine (1 mg/kg i.v.) followed by saline or monoclonal antibody treatment at 30 min. The monoclonal antibody significantly increased serum methamphetamine concentrations and significantly decreased brain methamphetamine concentrations. These data indicate that anti-(+)-methamphetamine monoclonal antibody-induced pharmacodynamics are complex, but are related to time-dependent changes in (+)-methamphetamine brain distribution.
Primary tumor size predicts pathologic findings in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes in patients with paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma

To determine patient and tumor characteristics that could predict pathologic findings after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma (PTRMS), a total of 266 cases of PTRMS diagnosed between 1973 and 2010 were identified from a national database. RPLND dissection was performed in 67 patients, with a mean age of 14.9 years and median survival of 80 months. PTRMS occurred more often on the right side, had embryonal histology, and had an average size of 6.7 cm. Retroperitoneal lymph node (RPLN) metastasis occurred in 40 % (n = 27) of patients. Tumor size and age were strong predictors of finding rhabdomyosarcoma in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes when examined by pathologists. Primary tumors larger than 7 cm in size developing in males 12 years or older had four times more odds of being associated with positive findings on pathologic examinations of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Patient race, histology, and tumor laterality were not significant predictors of PTRMS metastasis to the RPLN basin. Patients 12 years or older with PTRMS larger than 7 cm have a significant risk of retroperitoneal lymph nodes involvement with PTRMS. Detailed pathologic examination of the lymph nodes in these patients is recommended.
The provision of a public good under Cournot behavior: Stability conditions

A public goods group in which the public good is voluntarily provided by the members of that group is likely to be concerned with both the amount of the good provided and the dynamic stability of its supply. Unless the behavioral model possesses a stable equilibrium there is no guarantee that the aggregate provision will eventually stabilize at the equilibrium value. With an unstable equilibrium the group may experience continual swings in the public goods supply. In order to avoid a perpetually changing public good supply, the public good group may have an incentive to create the conditions for a stable equilibrium.
Effect of deprivation state on successive negative contrast

Rats maintained at either 75% or 90% of their ad lib weight were trained to run in a straight alley for either a 10- or 1-pellet reward. Following 15 days (30 trials) of acquisition training, the 10-pellet groups were shifted to 1 pellet. A significant negative contrast was obtained only with the 75% rats and only in the goal region of the alley. The effects of deprivation on contrast found in this study were consistent with those found in earlier studies and consistent with the effects of deprivation on a number of other extinction-related phenomena.
Thoracocardiographic-Derived Left Ventricular Systolic Time Intervals

Thoracocardiography noninvasively estimates left ventricular performance by recording ventricular volume curves with inductive plethysmography. We studied timing of these curves to evaluate their potential to accurately track systolic time intervals in comparison with standard methods. Thoracocardiographic left ventricular volume curves, carotid pressure pulses determined by applanation tonometry, the phonocardiogram and ECG were recorded simultaneously in ten normal subjects at various body positions achieved with a tilt table. An equation was derived to predict preejection period from onset of ejection in thoracocardiographic curves. Ventricular ejection time was calculated as total electromechanical systole obtained by phonocardiography minus preejection period. The equation was validated prospectively in 31 measurements in critically ill patients. In normal subjects, the interval ECG Q wave to ejection onset in thoracocardiographic curves correlated well with preejection period from applanation tonometry and phonocardiography (r=0.92; standard error of estimate (SEE), 8 ms; p
Clinical outcomes of endoscopic and endoscopic-assisted resection of inverted papillomas: a 15-year experience.

BackgroundThe endoscopic resection of sinonasal inverted papillomas (IPs) has been well described. However, the majority of published reports in the literature are small case series with limited cl...
Qualitative theory of a third-order nonlinear system with examples in population dynamics and chemical kinetics

Abstract A general autonomous system of three differential equations with specified sign constraints on the flow is studied. Examples of this system arise in numerous applications, such as genetic feedback, the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction, enzyme kinetics, predator-prey interactions, and interpopulation competition. In the case where there is a unique equilibrium with a two-dimensional unstable manifold, solutions near the equilibrium but not approaching it are considered. Under broad assumptions either all such solutions approach the same stable or semistable periodic orbit, or else all become unbounded.
Progressive project assignments in computer courses

This paper presents a method of design for projects in computer courses that tends to enable all students in the class to achieve their maximum potential. Each project is structured at three progressive levels of difficulty corresponding to three prospective grades A, B, and C. The B-level is an extension of the C-level and the A-level is an extension of the B-level. Each student starts at the C-level and progresses as far as possible and is scored accordingly.
A Biomechanical-Psychophysical Model of the Lifting Task

A biomechanical-psychophysical model of the lifting task was developed. The purpose was to incorporate psychophysical attributes, such as concentration, into the lifting model. To verify the model, an experiment was performed to evaluate the biomechanical and psychophysical effects during lifting. The biomechanical model consisted of a five segment, 2-D, dynamic., model in the saggital plane. The experiment consisted of two parts; 1) subjective determination of the psychophysical maximum acceptable lifting weight and 2) gathering motion profile data as the subjects concentrated on utilizing a specified body segment while performing the lift. Computer simulated modeling of the biomechanical - psychophysical approach indicated that adding the psychophysical factor can change the resulting motion profile to lower the total body torque. The experimental data showed similar results. Total torque was reduced by concentrating on using single and multiple body segments. The significance of the results is that the...