cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
User-Centric Management of Wireless LANs

With the ever increasing deployment density of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), more and more access points (APs) are deployed within users' vicinity. The effective management of these APs to optimize the users' throughput becomes an important challenge in high-density deployment environments. In this paper, we propose a user-centric network management framework to optimize users' throughput taking into consideration both the network conditions sensed by users and their access priorities. The proposed framework is built around an information pipeline that facilitates the sharing of the information needed for optimal management of communication resources. Theoretical analysis and extensive simulations are presented on two major management activities: AP association and channel selection, and demonstrate that the proposed user-centric network management framework significantly outperforms traditional network management framework in the high-density deployment environment.
Disability, gender, and unemployment relationships in the United States from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system

Women with disabilities face simultaneous oppression in employment due to discrimination with regard to disability and gender. This article investigates the potential disparity in participation in employment for women, particularly women with disabilities. We analysed weighted data from disability surveillance programs and the Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) on over 47,000 respondents. The disability BRFSS was a telephone survey in 11 states and Washington DC. Logistic regression analyses produced adjusted models of the association between gender and employment. Compared with people without disabilities, there were disparities found for people with disabilities, and women with and without disabilities, with the larger discrepancy for women without disabilities. Additional detail about level of employment is needed to make conclusive statements; however, it is clear that disparities in employment continue to exist for women, regardless of their disability status.
Two-Step Electrochemical Annulation for the Assembly of Polycyclic Systems

A two-step electrochemical annulation has been developed for the preparation of fused furans. The process involves an initial conjugate addition of a furyethyl cuprate and trapping of the enolate as the corresponding silyl enolether. The second step of the annulation involves the anodic coupling of the furan and the silyl enol ether to form a six-membered ring.
Thermal Energy Storage

It was mentioned in Chap. 1 that a significant portion of the total energy use is for temperature control and lighting in living and working spaces. Energy use for lighting purposes comprises between 20 and 50 % of the total energy used in homes, and varies appreciably with both location and time of the year, of course. This is expected to decrease substantially as the result of the use of fluorescent and light-emitting-diode (LED) devices in the future.
Defibrillation thresholds in a three-dimensional computer model

An algorithm is developed to simulate defibrillation (DF)-level electric shocks on a 3D computer model. HeartSim, of the the heart ventricles. These defibrillation-level shocks are based on current density distributions calculated from finite element simulations. Successful DF shocks produce a long period of inactivation (>200 ms) when almost no activation occurs in the heart. In contrast, unsuccessful pulses produce a short period (ave.=53.8 ms) of low activation after which reentrant loops are initiated by the nondepolarized cells. As a result of single pulse DF simulations on HeartSim, it is found that the success of a DF shock is dependent on the number of elements excited by the shock, the relative positions of these elements at the time of the shock, and the extension of the refractory period of the elements. In addition to single DF pulses, two square pulses are simulated, each half the duration of a single pulse, and separated by a 65 ms interval. This results in a 68% reduction in DF threshold energy from that required by a single DF pulse. >
Analytical Modeling of Ad Hoc Networks that Utilize Space-Time Coding

This paper presents the first analytical model for ad hoc networks equipped with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radios using space-time coding (STC) that considers the impact of the underlying radio-based topology on network performance. In particular, we consider the space-time block coding (STBC) technique known as the “Alamouti scheme.” We derive the effective signal-to-interference-plus-noise density ratio (SINR) of the Alamouti scheme under multiple access interference (MAI), and we propose the moment generating function (MGF) method to derive closed-form expressions for its symbol error probability under different modulation schemes when fading paths are independent but not necessarily identically distributed. The impact of the Alamouti scheme on IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks is studied by introducing a new analytical model for the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC. The model we introduce takes into account the impact of errors in both control and data frames, the carrier-sensing activity, and the finite-retry limit of frame retransmissions. Both PHY- and MAC-layer analytical models are incorporated into our previously-designed, general analytical model for ad hoc networks based on interference matrices. We apply the Alamouti scheme to different antenna system configurations and compare their performance with respect to the basic single-input-single-output (SISO) IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC.
Semi-Automated Incremental Synchronization between Conceptual and Implementation Level Architectures

In practice, there are many differences between an implementation-level architecture (such as one derived using architectural recovery techniques) and a more conceptual architecture used at design time. We present a lightweight, scalable, semi-automated, incremental approach for synchronizing a Componentand- Connector (C&C) view retrieved from an implementation with a conceptual C&C view described in an Architectural Description Language. Our approach can automatically detect corresponding elements in the presence of insertions, deletions, renames, and moves, and incrementally synchronize the two views.
Results from a bench marking survey on cassette dosing practices in the pharmaceutical industry

Results from a survey on CD, conducted on behalf of the ASMS Pharmaceutical Interest Group, are presented which provide an assessment of current practices used in the pharmaceutical industry. The purpose of the present report is to disseminate this information, in accordance with a key objective of the Pharmaceutical Interest Group to act as a conduit for benchmark analysis on topics of pharmaceutical interest. Based the level of interaction achieve at the 2003 workshop, it was decided that a similar format would be used in 2004. The topic selected for benchmark analysis is the support of chemical synthesis by MS. In closing, gratitude is expressed towards all who participated in the 2003 workshop.
A case study of one high performance baseball coach’s experiences within a learning community

The purpose of the present study was to examine the learning experiences of a high performance, head baseball coach within a learning community. We drew upon the barriers and enablers of a learning community to structure the current study's learning community intervention. Our learning community was comprised of one collegiate summer league head baseball coach and three coach educators (i.e. facilitators). Data were collected via eight weekly learning community meetings (i.e. recorded and transcribed), the coach’s daily journal and post-learning community meeting journal, and the memory of his coaching experiences. The findings, which suggest a potential framework for sustaining an effective learning community, resulted in six themes (i.e. problem setting, problem sharing, questioning to prompt reflection, prescribed suggestions, collaborative solutions and psychological wellness) that describe the coach’s experiences both internal and external to the learning community. The findings are discussed in rela...
Assessment of medical school institutional review board policies regarding compensation of subjects for research-related injury.

Purpose Although the Institute of Medicine (IOM) calls for research organizations to compensate subjects for research-related injury, administrators may fear that candid presentation of such policies would create financial risk. We hypothesized that informed consent language at U.S. medical schools would be particularly complex and fall short of IOM goals, especially for projects without industry sponsorship. Methods Medical school websites (N = 123) were surveyed for informed consent language for research-related injury. Text was extracted from 113 sites (92%) and evaluated for details regarding financial liability for research-related injury. When sufficient template text was available (n = 106), the readability of liability policies was compared with the readability of other standardized passages using Flesch-Kincaid analysis. Results Coverage for medical bills is offered at 61% (23/38) of schools when there is an industry sponsor as compared with 22% (22/102) when there is none ( P P = 0.0001). Conclusion Federally funded research at most U.S. medical schools is conducted with consent form language that is particularly complex and that fails to protect subjects from the financial burden of research-related injury. Few schools meet IOM standards.
Evaluation of resource-limiting strategies intended to prevent Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) invasions in restored sedge meadows.

Resource-rich restoration sites are prone to invasion by aggressive plants that prevent community recovery. Reducing light by sowing non-persistent cover crops and immobilizing nitrogen by amending soils with sawdust, however, may prevent this scenario in restored sedge meadows by limiting Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) invasions. To determine the usefulness of these resource-reducing methods, a perennial target community and Phalaris were sown with a high-diversity cover crop, a low-diversity cover crop, or no cover crop in plots with or without sawdust under controlled hydrological conditions. Aboveground biomass was measured after two growing seasons, and light and soil nitrogen were measured throughout the study. Only high-diversity cover crops reduced light, and in doing so they decreased target community and Phalaris establishment by 73% and 68%, respectively, resulting in a Phalaris-dominated community. Despite only reducing nitrogen over the short term, amending soils with sawdust decreased Phalaris establishment by 56% without hindering target community establishment, resulting in a graminoid-rich community similar to natural sedge meadows. The target community, however, reduced both light and nitrogen, and in doing so decreased Phalaris establishment by 78% and 67% in plots with and without sawdust, respectively. Our results show that rapidly establishing a perennial plant community may be more important than reducing initial resource availability when trying to limit invasions of resource-rich restorations.
A probabilistic decision-making model for runway configuration planning under stochastic wind conditions

Local meteorological conditions such as wind direction, cloud ceiling heights, and visibility directly influence the safety and efficiency of an airport. The safety and efficiency, generally contradictory, are associated with the selection of a particular runway configuration that is a part of job of airport tower controllers. When the wind speed and directions exceed the maximum allowable limit defined by the FAA operational procedures, controllers must change runway configurations. During this configuration change, the status of all arriving and departing aircrafts are turned into airborne or ground holding, respectively, until the new flight paths and the new taxi paths are clarified. This situation greatly influences the airport operational efficiency with its associated cost of delays, fuel burn and emissions. Despite its prominence, only a few studies that discuss the timing of decision-making for the configuration change can be found. In this study, an innovative decision-making approach is proposed for runway configuration planning under stochastic wind conditions. The goal of the decision-making approach is to maximize the airport throughput and minimize the airborne delay in terminal area, given a sequence of wind forecast data. The optimization techniques of dynamic programming and backwards induction are used to solve the probabilistic optimality equation. Based on the simulation results of JFK test case, the proposed approach is shown to reduce the average delay time and improve the throughput of runway systems without violating operational procedures.
Galapagos III World Evolution Summit: why evolution matters

There is no place on Earth like the Galapagos Islands and no better destination to discuss the reality of evolution. Under the theme ?Why Does Evolution Matter?, the University San Francisco of Quito (USFQ), Ecuador, and its Galapagos Institute for the Arts and Sciences (GAIAS), organized the III World Evolution Summit in San Crist?bal Island. The 200-attendee meeting took place on 1 to 5 June 2013; it included 12 keynote speakers, 20 oral presentations by international scholars, and 31 posters by faculty, postdocs, and graduate and undergraduate students. The Summit encompassed five sessions: evolution and society, pre-cellular evolution and the RNA world, behavior and environment, genome, and microbes and diseases. USFQ and GAIAS launched officially the Lynn Margulis Center for Evolutionary Biology and showcased the Galapagos Science Center, in San Crist?bal, an impressive research facility conceptualized in partnership with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA. USFQ and GAIAS excelled at managing the conference with exceptional vision and at highlighting the relevance of Galapagos in the history of modern evolutionary thinking; Charles Darwin?s visit to this volcanic archipelago in 1835 unfolded unprecedented scientific interest in what today is a matchless World Heritage.
Analysis of a hybrid PWM based on modified space vector and triangle comparison methods

A classical space-vector pulsewidth modulator (PWM) with equal duration of application of zero-state vectors V/sub 0/ and V/sub 7/ was modified. A factor-variable k/sub 0/ (proportional to the time of application of vector V/sub 7/) was introduced. By changing k/sub 0/ from zero to one, the duration of application of V/sub 7/ can be changed from 0% to 100% of the combined application time for zero-state vectors. Correlation between modified space-vector and triangle-comparison methods (with added zero sequence) was established. The influence of factor k/sub 0/ on characteristics of the PWM was investigated. An expression for the optimal value of k/sub 0/ that provides minimum ripple in the load current was derived. Salient features of the new algorithm are extended linearity (up to a modulation index of 1.154), reduced switching losses, and ability to change the current spectrum by changing k/sub 0/ every sampling time. The developed algorithm is suitable for microprocessor and analog implementation. Since the new algorithm combines the theory of space-vector PWM with the ease of implementation of a triangle-comparison PWM, it is named "hybrid" PWM (HPWM).
A Syndrome of Megaloblastic Anemia, Immunodeficiency, and Excessive Nucleotide Degradation

Several defects of purine and pyrimidine metabolism have been associated with behavioral abnormalities. The most common and best studied is Lesch-Nyhan syndromel, with its characteristic aggressive, self-mutilating behavior. Deficiency of adenylosuccinate lyase2 has been reported to be associated with infantile autistic behavior. Autistic behavior as well as seizures have been associated with thymine-uraciluria3. We report here a syndrome which involves behavioral abnormalities, seizures, and macrocytic anemia and which is associated with increased degradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
CCR 20th Anniversary Commentary: MAPK/ERK Pathway Inhibition in Melanoma-Kinase Inhibition Redux.

In the January 15, 2012, issue of Clinical Cancer Research , Kirkwood and colleagues published a study comparing the MEK inhibitor selumetinib with temozolomide in unselected metastatic melanoma. Although selumetinib did not improve survival or response, most responders had BRAF -activating mutations, and selumetinib has since demonstrated efficacy in BRAF -mutant melanoma. This study laid the groundwork for the evaluation of BRAF/MEK inhibitors in BRAF -mutant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5412–4. ©2015 AACR . See related article by Kirkwood et al., Clin Cancer Res 2011;18(2) January 15, 2012;555–67
Solid Mechanics Based Design and Optimization for Support Structure Generation in Stereolithography Based Additive Manufacturing

Support structures are typically required to hold parts in place in various additive manufacturing processes. Design of support structure includes identifying both anchor locations and geometries. Extensive work has been done to optimize the anchor locations to reliably keep part in position, and minimize the contacting area as well as the total volume of the support structures. However, relatively few studies have been focused on the mechanical property analysis of the structure. In this paper, we proposed a novel design optimization method to identify the anchor geometry based on solid mechanics theory. Finite element analysis method is utilized to study the stress distribution on both the support structure and main part. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with a novel constraining handling strategy is employed to optimize the design model. A gradient descent local search algorithm is utilized to quickly locate the global solution in the vicinity explored by PSO. The developed optimization framework is deployed on a bottom-up projection based Stereolithography process. The experimental results show that the optimized design can efficiently reduce the material used on support structure and marks left on the part.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Delivery complicated by postpartum hemorrhage and lower extremity compartment syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Extremity compartment syndrome is a rare surgical complication in which increased intracompartmental pressure threatens the viability of the muscular and nervous tissue. We report a case of a delivery complicated by postpartum hemorrhage and a lower extremity compartment syndrome. CASE: A multigravida in her late 20s was admitted for induction of labor at 41 weeks of gestation. She underwent a cesarean delivery for a nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracing. The delivery was complicated by severe postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony, resulting in a cesarean hysterectomy. The patient developed a lower extremity compartment syndrome and underwent an emergent anterior tibial fasciotomy. CONCLUSION: Extremity compartment syndrome is rarely encountered in obstetric care; however, there may be an association with severe postpartum hemorrhage.
IS IT SAFE TO DISCONTINUE TREATMENT AFTER FULL RECOVERY FROM PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY

There are currently no guidelines concerning the duration of treatment for peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). Evidence-based guidelines for the initial treatment of heart failure with reduced LVEF include diuretics, beta-blockers (BB) and ACE-inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) in
It’s Not Technically a Crime: Investigating the Relationship Between Technical Violations and New Crime

A long-held assumption in corrections is that parole technical violations (TVs) serve as a proxy of an offender’s potential of committing a new crime. Considering this notion has yet to be empirically tested coupled with recent research indicating a patterned difference between violators and recidivists, a test of this foundational assumption of community corrections is warranted. The current study aims to test this assumption using male and female offender samples from Washington State. Receiver operating characteristic curves are used to test the predictive validity of a generic risk–needs scale designed for felony recidivism on TV outcomes. Results suggest that the male-specific scale performs significantly worse when predicting nonserious and serious violations among the male sample. A female-specific scale, however, showed no significant difference in predicting female violations. The findings provide evidence that violations are not necessarily a proxy of new crime, and therefore offer wide implicat...
Abstract 1368: Investigating the tumorigenicity of disseminated tumor cells

Background: Tumor cells that disseminate to the bone marrow (disseminated tumor cells, DTCs) have been identified in 30% of stage I - III breast cancer (BC) patients and independently predict outcome. Because DTCs are a rare, heterogeneous population of cells, little is known regarding their characteristics; such as their clinical significance with regard to disease progression, and targets that can be utilized for their eradication. DTC Identification is typically achieved using antibodies to epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), and cytokeratin (CK). However, EpCAM and CK can be down-regulated during epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). To date, no published report has assessed the tumorigenicity of DTCs isolated from patient samples using an in vivo animal model. The purpose of this study was to investigate the tumorigenicity of DTCs in vivo. Methods: Thirteen clinical stage I-III BC patients provided informed consent to participate in an IRB-approved study involving collection of bone marrow at the time of primary surgery. Following Ficoll centrifugation, bone marrow aspirates were cultured using breast cancer stem cell enriching conditions for 21 days. At 21 days, viability of floating cells with high nuclear: cytoplasmic ratios were confirmed with Tryphan blue staining and cytokeratin expression was identified using pan-cytokeratin immunostaining. 200 cells were co-injected with Matrigel into the mammary fat pads (3 mice/patient) of female nude mice. Mice were monitored daily for tumor formation. Results: Viable floating cells with large nuclear: cytoplasmic ratios were observed in 10/13 cases. Both CK+ and CK- DTCs were identified in 8 out of 10 cases, and CK- DTCs only were identified in 2 out of 10 cases. One of the 10 samples was tumorigenic in vivo; all 3 mice injected with this patient9s cells developed breast tumors within ≤ 55 days. This sample was obtained from a 40-year old T2N2 patient with a grade 2 estrogen receptor positive, progesterone receptor negative, Her2/neu negative tumor. Interestingly, CK expression was not detected in this patient9s cultured cells. Conclusions: DTCs can be isolated and propagated using breast cancer stem cell enriching conditions, enabling the characterization and assessment of DTCs that are in the process of (or have undergone) EMT. In addition, the tumorigenetic potential of DTCs can be assessed on a patient-by-patient basis by employing an in vivo mouse model. Further studies are needed to develop targeted therapies for the eradication of micrometastatic disease in stage I-III BC patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1368. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1368
Book Review of MOOCs: Opportunities, impacts, and challenges. Massive open online courses in colleges and universities

For several years there has been hype about Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in higher education. These MOOCs are changing the landscape of higher education by changing the way online education is viewed. Many unanswered questions exist for faculty, administration, and students about how these MOOCs will impact the current status quo in the American university. Now that the hype is slowing down around the creation of MOOCs, it is the time to analyze the struggles and successes of these massive online courses. As the title points out, the author strives to analyze opportunities, impacts, and challenges for universities now that MOOCs are part of this educational landscape. Each chapter of this book has two goals. To look at things that have gone wrong in MOOCs offered up to this point, and also to look at new and innovative practices that can be incorporated into higher education.
Double-Strand Hydrolysis of Plasmid DNA by Dicerium Complexes at 37 °C

Significant effort has been made to develop synthetic metal complexes that hydrolyze DNA. Here we report a new dicerium complex, Ce(2)(HXTA) (HXTA = 5-methyl-2-hydroxy-1,3-xylene-alpha,alpha-diamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid), which can hydrolyze DNA at pH 8 and 37 degrees C. This complex hydrolyzes DNA restriction fragments to give products with high regioselectivity, affording >90% 5'-OPO(3) and 3'-OH ends, like the products of DNA hydrolyzing enzymes. Ce(2)(HXTA) also hydrolyzes Litmus 29 plasmid DNA to afford both nicked and linear DNA. Analysis of the relative amounts of supercoiled, nicked, and linear DNA present show that there is one double-strand cleavage per ten single-strand cleavages, indicating that the linear DNA formed cannot be the result of two random single-strand cleavage events. The kinetics of nicked and linear DNA formation are comparable, both being associated with apparent first-order rate constants of approximately 1 x 10(-)(4) s(-)(1) for complex concentrations of 10(-)(5)-10(-)(4) M. These observations suggest that similar factors affect the hydrolysis of the first and second DNA strands and that cleaving the phosphodiester bond is likely the rate determining step in both cases. This is the first detailed study of a metal complex shown to mimic DNA hydrolases in their capability to effect double-strand DNA hydrolysis regioselectively at the 3'-O-P bond.
Breast cancer screening behaviors and intentions among asymptomatic women 50 years of age and older

We examined predictors of (1) compliance with yearly mammography and clinical breast examination (CBE) and (2) intention to obtain mammography and CBE within the following year. Subjects were 312 asymptomatic female hospital employees, 50 years or older, who had participated in a free worksite breast cancer screening program. Mammograms and CBEs had been obtained by 79% and 76% of the subjects, respectively, during the preceding 12 months. The majority of the subjects indicated that they were very/extremely likely to obtain a mammogram and CBE in the next 12 months (88% and 87%, respectively). Multivariate analyses showed that perceived barriers to and physician recommendation of mammography were the strongest predictors of both breast cancer screening behaviors and intentions. Recency of participation in the educational component of the screening program was related to both compliance with mammography in the past 12 months and intention to obtain CBE in the next year. Having a first-degree female relative with a history of breast cancer was related to compliance with CBE in the past 12 months. Perceived efficacy of mammography was related to intention to obtain both mammography and CBE in the next year, and number of reasons for mammography was related to intention to obtain mammography in the next year. Our results suggest that physicians play a key role in motivating women to comply with breast cancer screening and that reducing barriers to obtaining mammography may increase use further.
The Effect of the Ribosome on Nascent Chain Energy Landscapes

Studies of protein folding in vitro have offered valuable insights into folding trajectories and kinetics; however, to date few have replicated the environment a protein encounters during translation. The first time a protein folds in vivo, it must do so co- or post-translationally, and its folding trajectory may be modulated by interactions with the ribosome exit tunnel or surface, as well as by the negative charge density associated with rRNA. Quantitatively determining how the ribosome effects folding in vivo would deepen our understanding of the requirements for efficient protein folding and offer insights into how cellular components shape the energy landscape proteins can access. Since translation involves several factors and the ribosome is a macromolecular machine, isolating and visualizing the conformations of nascent chains is challenging, making it difficult to acquire the quantitative and often atomic resolution data obtained in state-of-the-art in vitro protein folding studies. However, developments in site-specific protein labeling now make it possible to investigate complex systems by means previously only available to model proteins in optimized in vitro conditions. Here, we describe methods to establish a single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) signal that reports on the folded and unfolded states of a stalled nascent chain with an eye toward understanding the parameters that guide co-translational protein folding.
A backside via process for thermal resistance improvement demonstrated using GaAs HBTs

The authors report a method for reducing the operating temperatures of GaAs-AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) to acceptable levels, while maintaining the compact device layout needed for high-frequency operation. A structure called backside thermal via is formed by selectively etching nearly all of the GaAs from the back side of the wafer in photolithographically patterned regions, directly under the heat sources, until a five-micron membrane of GaAs remains. Gold is then plated onto the membrane. For one particular transistor design, a greater than 50% reduction of the thermal resistance has been measured. Models suggest that even greater improvement in thermal properties will be obtained as device active area increases. >
Searle versus Durkheim

In The Construction of Social Reality (Searle 1995) and subsequent writings that develop its argument (notably Searle 2003 and his contributions to D’Andrade 2006), Searle proposes a general account of social reality, of what constitutes ‘social facts.’ His purpose is to give an account of social reality in general and of institutional reality in particular. On his account, animals—including human animals—are social, exhibiting collective intentionality, but human animals have institutions, created and sustained entirely in individual minds by collective intentionality (which cannot be reduced to individual intentionality) and enabling them, through the constitutive power of language, to act on desireindependent reasons. Several commentators (notably Gross 2006) have been struck by what they see as a convergence between this account and that of Emile Durkheim, who, one century earlier, set out his account of social reality in his The Rules of Sociological Method (Durkheim 1982), whose first chapter asks ‘What is a Social Fact?’, and in subsequent writings, including his essay on ‘Individual and Collective Representations’ (Durkheim 1953). At first blush, there would seem to be a case for this convergence thesis. At the very end of his life Durkheim wrote this:
DISPOSITION AND METABOLISM OF THIOPURINES

The anticancer agent β-2′ deoxythioguanosine (β-TGdR, NSC-71261) has potential utility for the treatment of hematologic tumors resistant to 6-thioguanine (TG). We have studied the pharmacology and metabolism of these two agents in the beagle dog. [35S]β-TGdR was administered as an IV bolus to five dogs at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Plasma radioactivity declined biphasically with an average terminal t1/2 of 3.7 h. Cumulative urinary excretion of the radiolabel 5 h after administration was 19% of the total dose. In another four dogs that received 100 mg/kg (2.71 g), the average terminal plasma t1/2 was 7.7 h and the 5-h cumulative urinary excretion was 28% of the total dose. [35S] Thioguanine, 5 mg/kg was similarly administered IV to three beagle dogs. The average terminal t1/2 of [35S] TG and metabolites was 4.6 h, and the 5-h cumulative urinary excretion of the [35S] label was 47%. Similar studies were conducted in three beagle dogs that received the same dose of [814C] TG. In these studies, however, the terminal phase t1/2 of 14C in plasma was 1.9 h. Cumulative urinary excretion of the 14C was 40% in 5 h. Both TG and β-TGdR were rapidly and extensively degraded. Neither of these agents and none of their metabolites was found in the cerebrospinal fluid in significant concentrations. In the dog, β-TGdR was rapidly metabolized to TG and may serve as a slow release from of TG.
Education and the intergenerational transmission of advantage in the US

This paper examines mobility of income and occupational status for men and women using the GSS and the NLS surveys. The intergenerational reproduction of occupational status is stronger for men than women; it is largely mediated by educational attainment, and appears not to have changed over time. The intergenerational income association is much stronger than occupational status, equally strong across genders, and education plays a weaker mediating role. This suggests that mechanisms other than educational and occupational resources play an important role in intergenerational reproduction of advantage. The intergenerational reproduction declines among college graduates but reemerges among advanced degree holders, questioning the meritocratic character of labor markets for skilled workers. Quantile regression analysis of income mobility suggest a “fanning in” pattern of intergenerational association with stronger persistence at the top than at the bottom -- children of wealthy parents are more homogeneously wealthy than children of poor parents are homogeneously poor.
Biomineralization Processes of the Radula Teeth of Chitons

Magnetite was first identified as a biogenic mineral in the radula teeth of chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) (Lowenstam, 1962). The caps of mature major lateral teeth are composed in part of crystalline magnetite in an ordered matrix of organic fibrils (Towe and Lowenstam, 1967; Kirschvink and Lowenstam, 1979). The biomineralization proceeds in two steps: (1) an initial deposition of ferrihydrite (5Fe2O3•9H2O) (Towe and Bradley, 1967) within the organic matrix of the tooth cap (Towe and Lowenstam, 1967), and (2) the transformation of the ferrihydrite into magnetite (FeO•Fe2O3) (Towe and Lowenstam, 1967).
Overview of Psychodynamic Treatment

Dynamic psychotherapies continue to be the most commonly used mode of treatment both in outpatient psychiatric clinics and in private practice (Feldman, Lorr, & Russell, 1958; Henry, Sims, & Spray, 1973). They are the major form of psychotherapy taught in psychiatric residency programs. Among clinical psychologists, a survey by Prochaska and Norcross (1983) showed that 29.2% identified themselves as purely psychodynamic in orientation, and 45% of those who labeled themselves eclectic (30% of the total sample) described dynamic psychotherapy as underlying their eclectic orientations. When compared to surveys conducted during the 1970s (e.g., Garfield & Kurtz, 1976), these figures actually represent an increased interest in dynamic psychotherapy since that time.
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN CHROMOSOMES BY DNA REPLICATION SEQUENCE

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the identification and characterization of human chromosomes by DNA replication sequence. In the chromosomal complement of man, only twelve autosomes and the Y sex chromosome have structural features sufficiently distinctive to permit accurate identification. Of the many new approaches to the recognition and characterization of chromosomes, autoradiography is perhaps the most useful. Labeling the chromosomes with H3-thymidine during the intermitotic period makes it possible to coordinate a major chromosomal function, that is, reproduction with structural appearance during mitosis. The analysis of the replicational sequence of DNA in the various chromosomes is useful because the replication is asynchronous; it is active in one chromosomal region while quiescent in another, but it proceeds in the various regions in an established pattern.
Glioblastoma formation in a recurrent intracranial epidermoid cyst: a case report.

Background Transformation to glioblastoma following recurrent epidermoid cyst resection has not been reported. Chronic inflammation can underlie malignant transformation of epidermoid cysts. Astrogliosis following repeated resections may have induced the rare transformation to glioblastoma. Clinical presentation A patient presenting with left lower extremity weakness was found to harbor a parietal mass lesion. Histopathology demonstrated an epidermoid cyst. Following multiple re-resections, an intra-axial mass was discovered within the operative bed, confirmed as glioblastoma. Conclusion This is the first report of glioblastoma associated with a resected epidermoid cyst. Subsequent to resection, the chronic inflammatory milieu propagated by astrogliosis is thought to have induced malignancy. The progression to glioblastoma draws attention to neoplastic transformation in the context of recurrent epidermoids.
Comparative Analysis of the Historical Development of the Legal Regulation of the Preliminary Contract in the Russian Federation and Some CIS Countries

At present, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) consists of nine former Soviet republics, including the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Ukraine (although Ukraine has a controversial status in the CIS, the CIS governing bodies continue to consider Ukraine a member state of the Commonwealth). These countries that constitute the Commonwealth of Independent States are among the largest foreign trade partners of the Russian Federation. The legislative system of these countries also has a common historical origin. Based on this, it is very important to analyze the international legal norms and the norms of national legislation governing and ensuring the sustainable development of foreign economic cooperation. In the context of close economic integration, commercial relations generate economic interdependence of countries. Trade and economic relations between organizations, associations and firms of different states are carried out through the conclusion of cross-border agreements. The most appropriate legal form of planning and fixing the intention of the parties to make a deal in the future is a preliminary contract and similar protocols of intentions. In this regard, the authors pay considerable attention to the analysis of legal regulation of pre-contractual interaction of the parties and liability for violations preceding the conclusion of the principal contract. The article deals with the wording of pre-contractual transactions and types of liability in the civil law of the Russian Federation and some countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Choosing the legal framework as an object of comparison is due to the objective similarity of cultural and historical grounds and the current socio-economic situation in these countries. These countries: 1) belong to the same type of culture; 2) have experienced a powerful impact of communist ideology; 3) solve similar socio-economic problems at the present stage of development. The article discusses the need to form an independent institution of pre-contractual liability in the civil law of the Russian Federation as one of the guarantees of compliance with contractual discipline. In this connection, it is useful to study the experience of foreign countries with a similar legislative system in this area.
Pain and Suffering

Pain and suffering are intrinsically linked. Advances in pain treatments offer patients viable interventions to reduce pain complaints. Yet, amelioration of pain-related suffering is more complex and challenging. There are physical, mental, and social consequences to pain conditions. Practitioners of pain care need to be aware that pain is an event with unwanted changes in the lives of their patients. Research has shown that emotional disclosure about the narratives of disruption and loss concerning these experiences is beneficial and can be transformative. Multidisciplinary approaches to pain medicine are the best practice standard for these outcomes. Appreciation of the suffering due to pain augments physical interventions.
Relative Fat Mass as an estimator of whole-body fat percentage among children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study using NHANES.

We evaluated the ability of the Relative Fat Mass (RFM) to estimate whole-body fat percentage among children and adolescents who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 through 2006 (n = 10,390). The RFM equation for adults (64 − (20 × height/waist circumference) + (12 × sex)) may be used for adolescents 15 to 19 years of age. For children and adolescents 8 to 14 years of age, we suggest a modified RFM equation, named as the RFMp (RFM pediatric): 74 − (22 × height/waist circumference) + (5 × sex). In both equations, sex equals 0 for boys and 1 for girls. RFMp was more accurate than BMI to estimate whole-body fat percentage (measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, DXA) among girls (percentage of estimates that were <20% of measured body fat percentage, 88.2% vs. 85.7%; P = 0.027) and boys 8 to 14 years of age (83.4% vs. 71.0%; P < 0.001). RFM was more accurate than BMI among boys 15 to 19 years of age (82.3% vs. 73.9%; P < 0.001) but slightly less accurate among girls (89.0% vs. 92.6%; P = 0.002). Compared with BMI-for-age percentiles, RFMp had lower misclassification error of overweight or obesity (defined as a DXA-measured body fat percentage at the 85th percentile or higher) among boys 8 to 14 years of age (6.5% vs. 7.9%; P = 0.018) but not girls (RFMp: 8.2%; BMI-for-age: 7.9%; P = 0.681). Misclassification error of overweight or obesity was similar for RFM and BMI-for-age percentiles among girls (RFM: 8.0%; BMI-for-age: 6.6%; P = 0.076) and boys 15 to 19 years of age (RFM: 6.9%; BMI-for-age: 7.8%; P = 0.11). RFMp for children and adolescents 8 to 14 years of age and RFM for adolescents 15 to 19 years of age were useful to estimate whole-body fat percentage and diagnose body fat-defined overweight or obesity.
Interval breast cancers - insights into a complex phenotype.

Interval invasive breast cancers diagnosed after a normal mammogram but before the next screening examination have a different tumour biology from that of screen-detected breast cancers, and thus are not detected on mammography. Understanding the genetics and biology of interval invasive cancers could inform better approaches to detection.
A Rigorous System Engineering Process for Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems Design

System assurance is the justified confidence that a system functions as intended and is free of exploitable vulnerabilities, either intentionally or unintentionally designed or inserted as part of the system at any time during the life cycle. The computation and communication backbone of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and other cyber-physical systems (CPS) makes them vulnerable to classes of threats previously not relevant for many physical control and computational systems. The design of resilient IoT systems encompasses vulnerabilities to adversarial disruption (Security), behavior in an operational environments (Function), and increasing interdependencies (Connectedness). System assurance can be met only through a comprehensive and aggressive systems engineering approach. Engineering methods to "design in" security have been explored in the United States through two separate research programs, one through the Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC) and one through the Defense Advanced Research Process Agency (DARPA). This paper integrates these two programs and discusses how assurance practices can be improved using new system engineering and system design strategies that rely on both functional and formal design methods.
Acceleration of high charge ion beams with achromatic divergence by petawatt laser pulses

Author(s): Steinke, S; Bin, JH; Park, J; Ji, Q; Nakamura, K; Gonsalves, AJ; Bulanov, SS; Thevenet, M; Toth, C; Vay, JL; Schroeder, CB; Geddes, CGR; Esarey, E; Schenkel, T; Leemans, WP | Abstract: © 2020 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. We present a study of laser-ion acceleration, where an increased laser spot size leads to sheath field geometries that accelerate ion beams of narrow and achromatic divergence at unprecedented charge densities, resulting from the high aspect ratio of the laser spot size to the acceleration distance. Matching the laser pulse length to the transverse laser spot size mitigated laser sweeping across the target front side and optimized the acceleration, with maximum energies deviating significantly from a linear intensity scaling.
Adverse reactions in patients treated with the one-bag method of N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen ingestion

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) remains the leading pharmaceutical agent in overdoses in North America. The three-bag Prescott protocol for intravenous (IV) acetylcysteine is complex and prone to error...
Preterm intraventricular hemorrhage in vitro: modeling the cytopathology of the ventricular zone.

Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is one of the most devastating neurological complications in preterm infants, with the majority suffering long-term neurological morbidity and up to 50% developing post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). Despite the importance of this disease, its cytopathological mechanisms are not well known. An in vitro model of IVH is required to investigate the effects of blood and its components on the developing ventricular zone (VZ) and its stem cell niche. To address this need, we developed a protocol from our accepted in vitro model to mimic the cytopathological conditions of IVH in the preterm infant. Maturing neuroepithelial cells from the VZ were harvested from the entire lateral ventricles of wild type C57BL/6 mice at 1–4 days of age and expanded in proliferation media for 3–5 days. At confluence, cells were re-plated onto 24-well plates in differentiation media to generate ependymal cells (EC). At approximately 3–5 days, which corresponded to the onset of EC differentiation based on the appearance of multiciliated cells, phosphate-buffered saline for controls or syngeneic whole blood for IVH was added to the EC surface. The cells were examined for the expression of EC markers of differentiation and maturation to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the effect of blood exposure on VZ transition from neuroepithelial cells to EC. This protocol will allow investigators to test cytopathological mechanisms contributing to the pathology of IVH with high temporal resolution and query the impact of injury to the maturation of the VZ. This technique recapitulates features of normal maturation of the VZ in vitro, offering the capacity to investigate the developmental features of VZ biogenesis.
A critical question for the critical zone: how do plants use rock water?

The paper by Korboulewsky and co-authors in this issue of Plant and Soil address some of the central questions of critical zone ecohydrology: how do plants interact with rocks that exclude roots but hold plant-available water? I compare plant water uptake from stony soils and fractured bedrock in the critical zone, suggesting that the two cases may represent endpoints of a continuum along which the proportion of available space for root growth changes. Rhizosphere models could be improved and generalized by structuring the layers of the critical zone into volume fractions that can be rooted and fractions from which roots are excluded. I hypothesize that plant-available water capacity of the rooted fraction governs productivity, while plant-available water in the unrooted fraction governs drought resilience.
Abstract 13525: The Association Between Multiparity and Adipokine Levels: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background: Multiparity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the mechanism of this relationship is unknown. Adipokines may predispose multiparous women to certain cardiometab...