cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent Imaging of a Dual-Pathway Atrioventricular-Nodal Conduction System

Abstract —A dual-pathway theory to explain atrioventricular-nodal (AVN) reentry has been proposed previously. However, the exact anatomical and functional correlates of the fast pathway (FP) and slow pathway (SP) have not yet been elucidated. We used optical mapping to reconstruct patterns of activation during retrograde conduction through the AVN and during AVN reentry in the triangles of Koch of 12 rabbits. Reentry was inducible by a premature stimulation of the bundle of His in 6 preparations (50%). A functional FP and SP appear to be anatomically correlated with posterior and posterolateral extensions of the AVN, which were recently described. Retrograde breakthrough points in 6 noninducible preparations were clustered near the apex of the triangle of Koch (FP), whereas 6 inducible preparations had either cycle length–dependent FP and SP exits (n=3) or only SP exits located near the coronary sinus orifice. The shift of breakthrough points from FP to SP during progressive shortening of the coupling interval was accompanied by a discontinuity in the conduction curve. We observed a transmural reentrant circuit involving the AVN, FP, SP, and the superficial endocardial layer of atrial and transitional cells. The presence of a functional SP during retrograde conduction was associated with inducibility of AVN reentry. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
Human dendritic cell subsets in NOD/SCID mice engrafted with CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors

Distinct human dendritic cell (DC) subsets differentially control immunity. Thus, insights into their in vivo functions are important to understand the launching and modulation of immune responses. We show that nonobese diabetic/LtSz-scid/scid (NOD/SCID) mice engrafted with human CD34 + hematopoietic progenitors develop human myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs. The skin displays immature DCs expressing Langerin, while other tissues display interstitial DCs. Myeloid DCs from these mice induce proliferation of allogeneic CD4 T cells in vitro, and bone marrow human cells containing plasmacytoid DCs release interferon-α (IFN-α) upon influenza virus exposure. Injection of influenza virus into reconstituted mice triggers IFN-α release and maturation of mDCs. Thus, these mice may provide a model to study the pathophysiology of human DC subsets.
Abstract 2140: Assessment of curcumin-induced apoptosis and detection of cancer stem cell-like subpopulations in human esophageal cancer cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Curcumin, the major active ingredient of turmeric, has been shown to kill several types of malignant cells while it has little or no effect on normal cells, suggesting that it may be an effective therapeutic agent. Although some studies have investigated curcumin effects on esophageal cancer cell lines, no studies have characterized the curcumin-surviving cells, an important population that might show resistance to curcumin. There is increasing evidence that many cancers contain subpopulations that display stem cell characteristics. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) appear to play a central role in tumorigenesis, recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to cancer therapy. The aims of the current study were to assess curcumin-induced cell death and detect CSC subpopulations in six human esophageal cancer cell lines (TE-1, TE-8, KY-5, KY-10, YES-1, and YES-2). Aldehyde dehydrogenase-1A1 (ALDH1A1) expression was used as one marker for CSCs. To evaluate curcumin effects, the cell lines were exposed to 20-80 µM of curcumin for 30 hrs. In all six lines, cell death increased continuously with increasing dosage of curcumin based on a standard crystal violet assay. No cells survived at 80 µM, and the range of cell death across the six cell lines was 66 to 89% at 60 µM. To characterize the progeny of cells that survived curcumin, 1×105 cells from each line were exposed to 40-60 µM curcumin for 30 hours, and the colonies that formed from surviving cells were counted. The number of colonies present after 60 µM treatment varied between the cell lines (ranging from 8 to more than one hundred). The Yes-2 cell line did not survive at 60 µM, but produced 15 colonies after 40 µM treatment. Staining with an antibody against ALDH1A1 was used to compare CSC-like subpopulations within and among the original cells lines as well as cell lines established from the curcumin-treated lines. All cell lines were heterogeneous with respect to ALDH1A1 staining, revealing two subpopulations within each line. The intensity of staining was at least two times higher in the population considered to be CSCs. Interestingly, the curcumin-surviving cell lines showed a significant loss in the high-staining population compared to the untreated cells (T-test, p<0.05), suggesting that curcumin not only can kill cancer cells but also CSCs. Thus, esophageal CSCs appear to be highly sensitive to curcumin. Therefore, curcumin may be a more effective compound for esophageal cancer therapy than other chemotherapeutic agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2140. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2140
Perianesthesia practice and the underserved.

MORE THAN 230 MILLION surgeries are performed throughout the world each year, yet much remains to be discovered about perianesthesia nursing care standards and the overall delivery of perianesthesia care across continents. Consider the highly regulated and controlled health care environment in which American nurses work. Then, imagine an operating room (OR) where nurses work barefoot and eat lunch during a surgical procedure while sitting on the OR floor, or a surgical facility without a postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Experiences in foreign countries, frequently shared by colleagues who have traveled abroad on volunteer surgical mission teams offer a greater understanding into emergent global practices and illustrate the need for expanded resources and health care practice–related education in underserved populations.
Renal Failure Caused by Chemicals, Foods, Plants, Animal Venoms, and Misuse of Drugs: An Overview

• Nephrotoxicity caused by contrast media and drugs is a frequent cause of renal failure in medical practice. However, there are only sporadic cases of renal failure caused by chemicals, foods, plants, animal venoms, and misused or illegal drugs, and standard medical textbooks are limited in the coverage given to the subject. This review provides a referenced compilation of these lesser-known nephrotoxins and gives an overview of renal failure caused by substances other than properly used medications. ( Arch Intern Med . 1990;150:505-510)
Auctions: Advances in Theory and Practice

Auctions and competitive bidding institutions are important both for empirical and theoretical reasons. The aim of this chapter is to examine the use of auctions, paying equal attention to theory and practice. While theory suggests equilibrium bidding as a benchmark, there is considerable empirical evidence (from controlled experiments and field data) that actual bidding behavior only loosely follows this normative prescription. Thus, it is important to consider the design of auction institutions anticipating actual bidding behavior. The analysis provides normative guidelines concerning “market” performance. What types of auction institutions are likely to promote efficiency? Alternatively, what auction procedures maximize the seller’s expected revenue? In combination, auction theory and the corresponding empirical evidence can provide direct answers to these questions.
Experimental and observational patterns of density-dependent settlement and survival in the marine fish Gobiosoma

Dynamics of reef fishes are influenced by settlement and post-settlement processes. How these processes co-vary or interact is often overlooked due to a focus on one process or study design. We approached this problem by conducting both observational and experimental studies of settlement and post-settlement survival in two goby species, Gobiosoma evelynae and G. prochilos, in Tague Bay of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Settlement to coral heads on patch reefs was spatially variable, but the spatial patterns were relatively consistent through time: certain coral heads repeatedly received many settlers, while others received few. We investigated factors that could influence settlement and therefore contribute to the patchy distribution of settlers. Coral heads that received more settlers were larger and further from the center of the reef than heads with few settlers. The heads with many settlers also had more resident fishes, suggesting that resident fishes might attract settlers. We conducted a large-scale fish removal experiment and found that variation in settlement rates to coral heads was mostly driven by inherent properties of the coral heads and not by the presence of resident fishes. We then conducted a replicated, smaller-scale experiment, which showed that increasing density of resident fishes decreased settlement and post-settlement survival. Observational data, however, showed that settlers survived at comparable rates on coral heads with high and low fish density. We discuss several alternative hypotheses that might explain this discrepancy in the strength of density-dependence between the observational and experimental studies. One of these explanations, which has not been considered in the literature, is that the difference in the results arose through a correlation between settlement intensity and the quality of either the larvae or the site to which they settled. As a result, higher settlement may not necessarily lead to higher mortality. We develop a graphical model that shows how density-dependence and habitat or larvae quality may interact. Such a model may help to resolve some of the contradictory results obtained among studies of reef fishes.
Measuring Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks Using GSP

The energy consumption rate for sensors in a wireless sensor network vary greatly depending on the protocols the sensors use for communication. The gossip-based sleep protocol (GSP) (X. Hou et al., 2004) is an example of a protocol that implements routing and some MAC functions in an effort to conserve energy. Simulations show that GSP can conserve energy. We expand on this effort by building a prototype system and measuring energy consumption rates. GSP was implemented on the Mica2 platform and measurements were conducted to determine energy consumption. The measurements were then used to build an energy consumption model for GSP
An experimental approach to circumstellar condensation

Abstract An experimental approach to the subject of circumstellar condensation of minerals has demonstrated that crystalline silicates can be condensed from a vapor under conditions present in circumstellar space. The condensation of an energetic atomic beam of Mg, Si, Fe, Ca, Al and O at various substrate temperatures also produces fractionation of Mg, Fe and Si with respect to Ca and Al; however, Ca and Al are found to be difficult to fractionate from each other at temperatures less than 1000°C. An explanation for this fractional condensation is qualitatively based on temperature dependent sticking probability of the incident atoms and not on reevaporation. The results of these experiments support the hypothesis that the bulk chemistry of various meteorite classes may record the original fractional condensation of refractory oxides in the solar system. The direct synthesis of crystalline silicates by vapor condensation supports the hypothesis that carbonaceous meteorites may contain examples of minerals formed by direct circumsolar condensation.
Glucosamine Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in Cultured Human Skeletal Muscle Cells: Divergent Effects on Glucose Transport/Phosphorylation and Glycogen Synthase in Non-Diabetic and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

Chronic exposure (48 h) to glucosamine resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake activities in human skeletal muscle cell cultures from nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects. Insulin responsiveness of uptake was also reduced. There was no change in total membrane expression of either GLUT1, GLUT3, or GLUT4 proteins. While glucosamine treatment had no significant effects on hexokinase activity measured in cell extracts, glucose phosphorylation in intact cells was impaired after treatment. Under conditions where glucose transport and phosphorylation were down regulated, the fractional velocity (FV) of glycogen synthase was increased by glucosamine treatment. Neither the total activity nor protein expression of glycogen synthase were influenced by glucosamine treatment. The stimulation of glycogen synthase by glucosamine was not due totally to soluble mediators. Reflective of the effects on transport/phosphorylation, total glycogen content and net glycogen synthesis were reduced after glucosamine treatment. These effects were similar in nondiabetic and type 2 cells. In summary: 1) Chronic treatment with glucosamine reduces glucose transport/phosphorylation and storage into glycogen in skeletal muscle cells in culture and impairs insulin responsiveness as well. 2) Down-regulation of glucose transport/phosphorylation occurs at a posttranslational level of GLUTs. 3) Glycogen synthase activity increases with glucosamine treatment. 4) Nondiabetic and type 2 muscle cells display equal sensitivity and responsiveness to glucosamine. Increased exposure of skeletal muscle to glucosamine, a substrate/precursor of the hexosamine pathway, alters intracellular glucose metabolism at multiple sites and can contribute to insulin resistance in this tissue.
Antibody to serum amyloid A

Abstract Introduction Serum amyloid A (SAA) is elevated in inflammatory states. While antibodies to CRP, the other major acute phase reactant, have been described, to our knowledge, antibodies to SAA have not. This study was therefore undertaken to determine whether antibodies to SAA could be detected in patients and whether these antibodies are associated with any disease, in particular inflammatory states, using CRP as a proxy for inflammation. Method An ELISA technique was developed for the detection of antibodies to SAA. Specificity was demonstrated by inhibition. Serum from one hundred and thirty-eight patients sent to the Clinical Immunology Laboratory for CRP evaluations were tested for anti-SAA activity. Their charts were reviewed for clinical parameters, in particular for inflammation, to determine association. Patients were also divided into those with normal and elevated levels of CRP, as a proxy for inflammation. As a control we also studied 62 normals. Results The mean OD and 3 SD of the 62 normal blood bank donors for anti-SAA was 0.411 ± 0.577. Thus for the purposes of this study 0.988 was determined as the cutoff between normality and abnormality. Sixty-one normals and 114 patients had “normal” levels. Elevated levels were observed in 24 patients and 1 normal. There was an association between elevated levels and aortic stenosis, deep vein thrombosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, seizures, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. There was no association between anti-SAA levels and CRP levels. Conclusions These results show that antibodies to SAA develop in some patients. There was some association with inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.
Local millimeter-wave power transmitted through illuminated semiconductor panel scanned with strip of shadow

Moving-spot-illuminated semiconductor panels are used in millimeter-wave image convertors. In order to know the performance of this system, it is required to know the response of illuminated semiconductor panels. In this article local millimeter-wave power transmitted through an illuminated semiconductor panel scanned with a strip of shadow as a function of scanning velocity, width of the shadow strip, time, etc., are studied.
The Association Between Binge Eating, Obesity, and Addiction

Obesity has become a worldwide pandemic with an estimated annual cost in related illnesses and loss of productivity over $100 billion and rising. Though not recognized as a psychiatric disorder, obesity has been linked to serious physical, psychological, and social consequences. Some forms of obesity are characterized by the compulsive consumption of food, inability to restrain from further intake despite negative consequences, a desire to cut back, and increasing amounts of food needed to reach satiety, resembling a form of tolerance.
Refining a flipped classroom model in a content area literacy course: determining modification through reflection

This study describes the refinement of a flipped, or inverted, classroom model using a type of design-based research, specifically a formative experiment. The model was implemented in a content area literacy course for undergraduate pre-service teachers over the course of 13 weeks. Qualitative data collection and analysis were iterative and ongoing to determine enhancing and inhibiting factors that either supported or hindered the pedagogical goal set for the model, particularly in the online component of the model. Enhancing factors, such as reflection and self-pacing, emerged from analysis, along with inhibiting factors, including isolation in online learning and pre-service teacher difficulty with note-taking. Modifications to address the inhibiting factors and connections to local, pedagogical theory are subsequently described.
Rare Shrews from Utah and Wyoming

The collection of mammals in the Museum of Zoology, University of Utah, contains representatives of two rare species of shrews of the genus Sorex . These specimens were obtained from Utah and Wyoming during 1952–1954. Because of their rarity, and inasmuch as their localities of capture extend the known areas of occurrence, we considered it worthwhile to report upon them. This research was financed in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. Sorex merriami leucogenys Osgood.—Osgood (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22: 52, April 17, 1909), on the basis of a single specimen, named this subspecies as Sorex leucogenys . The type locality is “Mouth of the canyon of Beaver River, about 3 miles east of Beaver, Beaver County, Utah.” Despite intensive collecting, no additional specimens were reported for 26 years, when Benson (Univ. California Pubis. Zool., 40: 439–455, December 31, 1935), reported upon five specimens from War God Spring, Navajo Mountain, San Juan County, Utah. Since 1935, although …
The Promise and Perils of Wearable Sensors in Organizational Research

Rapid advances in mobile computing technology have the potential to revolutionize organizational research by facilitating new methods of data collection. The emergence of wearable electronic sensors in particular harbors the promise of making the large-scale collection of high-resolution data related to human interactions and social behavior economically viable. Popular press and practitioner-oriented research outlets have begun to tout the game-changing potential of wearable sensors for both researchers and practitioners. We systematically examine the utility of current wearable sensor technology for capturing behavioral constructs at the individual and team levels. In the process, we provide a model for performing validation work in this new domain of measurement. Our findings highlight the need for organizational researchers to take an active role in the development of wearable sensor systems to ensure that the measures derived from these devices and sensors allow us to leverage and extend the extant knowledge base. We also offer a caution regarding the potential sources of error arising from wearable sensors in behavioral research.
The quadratic mass formulas for baryons

The three quadratic mass formulas for baryons are derived in brokenSU3 symmetry. They are in quite favorable agreement with experiments.
History of Research on Touch

Publisher Summary Touch refers to the sensations aroused through stimulation of receptors in the skin—pressure, warmth, cold, and various blends of these attributes. However, in the broad sense, touch includes more than just these sensations. Two other notable aspects are pain and sensations aroused by stimulation of receptors deeper within the body, such as in the lining of various internal organs and in the muscles and joints. When one palpates an object, he/she ordinarily fails to break down the experience into various attributes that simultaneously make up the total, unitary experience of touching. Among the potential attributes are roughness, warmth, cold, pressure, size, location, and weight. The perceived weight of an object can sometimes involve proprioception, but most attributes of touch come about from stimulation of receptors in the skin and just beneath the skin. The more or less unitary character of the touch experience may help to explain why from the time of Aristotle to the middle of the 19 th century, touch nearly always was classified as one of the five senses. Even Aristotle recognized that touch can have several different attributes, but before the mid-19 th century, the belief that the skin might house a variety of sense modalities had won only a handful of converts. Among the exceptions was Erasmus Darwin, who posited several senses beside the traditional five.
Indications for Genetic Testing for Dravet Syndrome

Researchers at the Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, OH investigated the predictive value of features of Dravet syndrome, as defined by the International League Against Epilepsy, as criteria for a positive SCN1A gene mutation in a cohort of consecutively tested children.
Forecasting Aircraft Owner Equipage Responses to Potential Faa Actions

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is considering many new technological solutions to improve the efficiency and capacity of the National Airspace System (NAS). Most of these technologies require the addition or modification of equipment not only on the ground, but also in the aircraft that operate in the NAS. If these aircraft equipage costs are too high, the owner/operators may not equip their aircraft and the overall program might not proceed as desired. Presented is a methodology that can be used to define and forecast the range of user responses to new technologies that require aircraft equipage. The responses can be linked to potential FAA actions and policies regarding the technology, which could include: relying solely on voluntary user equipage, supplying subsidies for all or a portion of the avionics cost, and creating rulemaking to require certain capabilities in specific airspace. This user response forecast, when combined with model- or type-specific aircraft knowledge, provides an estimate of the future mix of aircraft capabilities, and can be utilized to determine overall fleet upgrade costs for unequipped aircraft. An example is shown for Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) that draws upon previous avionics costing work for the FAA by the same authors published in MTR 05W0000082.
Discovery of FeBi2

Recent advances in high-pressure techniques offer chemists access to vast regions of uncharted synthetic phase space, expanding our experimental reach to pressures comparable to the core of the Earth. These newfound capabilities enable us to revisit simple binary systems in search of compounds that for decades have remained elusive. The most tantalizing of these targets are systems in which the two elements in question do not interact even as molten liquids—so-called immiscible systems. As a prominent example, immiscibility between iron and bismuth is so severe that no material containing Fe–Bi bonds is known to exist. The elusiveness of Fe–Bi bonds has a myriad of consequences; crucially, it precludes completing the iron pnictide superconductor series. Herein we report the first iron–bismuth binary compound, FeBi2, featuring the first Fe–Bi bond in the solid state. We employed geologically relevant pressures, similar to the core of Mars, to access FeBi2, which we synthesized at 30 GPa and 1500 K. The com...
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in cancer patients with altered mental status.

e13028 Background: Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a potentially treatable etiology of unexplained altered mental status (AMS) in cancer patients. NCSE may be under-recognized clinically making electroencephalogram (EEG) essential for diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of NCSE among patients with cancer undergoing inpatient neurology consultation for AMS, and to characterize their clinical features. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 512 patients undergoing neurology consult for AMS between 1/1/2010-12/30/2011, and identified those with a diagnosis of NCSE. Basic demographics, primary cancer, clinical presentation, clinical course, and outcomes data were collected. Results: 21 patients were diagnosed with NCSE by EEG, an incidence of 4%. Of the 21, 3 had prior history of seizures and were maintained on antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Ten had a solid primary cancer, 11 had a hematologic primary cancer, of which 6 were post-transplant. Eleve...
Encyclopedia of the Ancient Maya

Choosing the primary reference for a course on Ancient Maya archaeology is no easy task. It is a crowded place. The latest iteration of The Maya (Coe and Houston 2015) may be the most accessible. T...
Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be difficult to distinguish from its mimics, including metastatic tumor, benign hepatocellular lesion, and high-grade dysplastic nodule, especially when limited biopsy material is available. Hence, the judicious use of immunohistochemical stains is necessary to establish a correct diagnosis. This article describes advantages and disadvantages of immunohistochemical markers that are most commonly used to distinguish between these lesions. Diagnostic workup of malignant liver mass (HCC and its histologic variants vs metastatic tumor) as well as well-differentiated hepatocellular lesion (well-differentiated HCC vs focal nodular hyperplasia vs hepatocellular adenoma) is also discussed.
A controlled study for gender selection.

Objective To evaluate the success for gender selection of insemination with a sample of semen separated by a serum albumin density separation gradient. Design We retrospectively compared the gender outcome of conceptions of couples who conceived spontaneously with those who conceived secondary to an insemination with separated semen. Setting Private practice of one author (M.A.K.). Patients, Participants The study group consisted of 48 pregnancies of couples who conceived by the separation technique. The control group consisted of 46 pregnancies of couples who initially presented for consultation for gender selection but conceived spontaneously. Interventions In the study group, one timed intrauterine insemination with separated semen was performed per cycle, with a mean of 2.3 cycles per couple. Patients desiring a female were also treated with clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin. Main Outcome Measure The gender outcome of the pregnancies of the two groups was evaluated based on the known desired gender. Results The success rate for conceiving a desired male was 56.5% in the study group and 60.9% in the control group ( P =1.000). Of couples seeking females, 78.6% of the procedure group versus 35.3% of the control group were successful ( P =0.019). Conclusions This study debates the albumin gradient as definitively enriching the proportion of Y-bearing sperm after in vitro separation.
Eddy-Current Probe Design

This paper describes theoretical and experimental work directed toward finding the optimum probe dimensions and operating frequency for eddy current detection of half-penny surface cracks in nonmagnetic conducting materials. The study applies to probes which excite an approximately uniform spatial field over the length of the crack at the surface of the material. In practical terms, this means that the probe is not smaller than the crack length in any of its critical dimensions.
The role of disease-linked residue glutamine-913 in support of the structure and function of the human electrogenic sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1-A.

Mutations in the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1 (SLC4A4) cause proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA). We recently described a novel pRTA mutation p.Gln913Arg (Q913R), inherited in compound heterozygous form with p.Arg510His (R510H). Q913R causes intracellular retention of NBCe1 and a ‘gain of function’ Cl− leak. To learn more about the importance of glutamine at position 913, we substituted a variety of alternative amino-acid residues (Cys, Glu, Lys, Leu, Ser) at position 913. Studying cRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes by voltage clamp, we find that most de novo mutants exhibit close-to-normal NBCe1 activity; only Q913K expresses a Cl− leak. Studying transiently-transfected, polarised kidney cells by fluorescence microscopy we find that most de novo mutants (except Q913E) are intracellularly retained. A 3D homology model predicts that Gln913 is located in the gating domain of NBCe1 and neighbours the 3D space occupied by another pRTA-associated residue (Arg881), highlighting an important and conformationally-sensitive region of NBCe1. We conclude that the intracellular retention of Q913R is caused by the loss of Gln at position 913, but that the manifestation of the Cl− leak is related to the introduction of Arg at position 913. Our findings will inform future studies to elucidate the nature and the consequences of the leak.
Gendered Interactions in School

The typical child in the U.S. spends 13 years in primary and secondary schools. One goal of schools is to standardize students’ knowledge of core subject matter so as to make them responsible and productive citizens when they reach adulthood. In large part, then, schools are designed to inculcate American ideals into members of society, beginning at an early age. Most American ideals are gendered in various ways. As such, schools teach both formal and informal lessons about gender to all students. The gender binary is used to order children’s behavior, and it is built into the curriculum. The school context enables, constrains, and gives meaning to children’s gendered interactions. But children also work together to create their own meanings and to innovate in their negotiations of gender in the school context. This chapter examines the research on gendered interactions at school and explores possibilities of using sociological research for social change.
Fluorescence labeling of flagellar membranes

Publisher Summary Lipophilic fluorescent dyes are used for examining cell structure and investigating the structure and function of specific organelles. One of these dyes, 3, 3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanide iodide [DiOC 6 (3)] is used to investigate the properties of the endoplasmic reticulum in living and fixed cells. DiOC 6 (3) diffuses through the plasma membrane and enters cell membranes, but in living cells the dye becomes concentrated within specific organelles. The concentration of DiOC 6 (3) determines the organelles who appear stained. This selectivity of DiOC 6 (3) staining reflects accumulation of the positively charged dye molecules in subcellular membranes that have negative membrane potential. The sensitivity of DiOC 6 (3) accumulations to membrane potential is used to measure plasma membrane potential in mammalian cells. When Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells are exposed to low concentrations of DiOC 6 (3), flagella rather than mitochondria are specifically stained. Staining of mitochondria is observed only when the DiOC 6 (3) concentrations is increased, and even then, the flagella continue to stain. At the highest DiOC 6 (3) concentrations tested, other cellular membranes including the chloroplast membrane, also became labeled. If the staining characteristics of DiOC 6 (3)reflect its membrane potential-sensitive partitioning into membranes, flagellar ion pumps are to maintain the higher negative membrane potential across the flagellar membranes than that of the rest of the plasma membrane, or even that of mitochondria. It is conceivable that this membrane potential may have functional roles in controlling flagellar length, autotomy, or aspects of flagellar beating. There is description of medium and culture conditions, preparation and storage of DiOC 6 (3), staining of Chlamydomonas with DiOC 6 (3), microscopy, staining patterns and prospects. Long-chain dyes, once incorporated into a membrane, the dye is retained within that membrane. DiOC 6 (3) staining may be revealing physiologically relevant information concerning flagellar membrane potential. Use of an emission filter that blockslight from 555 to 1.2 nm eliminates chlorophyll autofluorescence, a necessity photography on a standard light microscope.
Inside Plea Bargaining

The empirical materials presented in preceding chapters can be tied together by treating a theme sketched at the outset—plea bargaining as an “inside” activity. Such treatment also flags other issues to be explored.
Posttraumatic growth following cancer: The influence of emotional intelligence, management of intrusive rumination, and goal disengagement as mediated by deliberate rumination.

Numerous researchers have demonstrated that deliberate rumination serves as the foremost precursor to posttraumatic growth (PTG). However, understanding the factors responsible for facilitating del...
Calibration and Validation of Multiple Ocean Color Sensors

The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), launched in October 1978, was the first satellite-borne, visible imager developed for the purpose of investigating ocean color. The results showed that many ocean products can be generated from the remote sensing reflectance, the primary output of ocean color sensors, including chlorophyll, diffuse attenuation coefficient, particulate inorganic and organic carbon, water clarity, and sediment concentrations. Due to atmospheric absorption and scattering fewer than 10% of the photons reflected by the ocean reach space to be captured by orbiting ocean color sensors. The error budget for ocean color sensors is small and the calibration of these sensors is important for applications of the data. In order to generate useful ocean products, wavelengths around 412, 443, 488, 551, and 600 nanometers are suggested. Additional wavelengths in the shortwave infrared are required for quality atmospheric corrections. At present, the Naval Research Laboratory acquires data from five ocean color sensors. The Automated Processing System was developed to process, calibrate, and validate these sensors. Using in-situ data from the deep ocean Marine Optical Buoy and NASA’s Aerosol Robotic Network of ocean color sensors at various coastal locations, the satellite data are compared and calibrated. Additionally, the data from each satellite are compared to insure that data generated are consistent. The latter allows compositing sensor data from different satellites to generate quality weekly composites. Recently acquired morning coverage provides the capability for better cloud removal and daily compositing as well as showing potential ocean feature movement over a three hour period.
Genetic diversity, admixture, and hatchery influence in Brook Trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) throughout western New York State.

Although Brook Trout are distributed across most of eastern North America, population numbers have declined in many regions due to habitat loss, climate change, and competition with non-native species. In New York State, Brook Trout habitat has been substantially reduced, with many areas showing complete extirpation of Brook Trout populations, predominantly in the western portion of the state. Small, fragmented populations are at risk of genetic diversity loss, inbreeding depression, and reduced fitness, leading to a greater potential for local extirpation. Genetic monitoring is a practical tool that can facilitate further conservation-decision making regarding small populations. In this study, we used 12 microsatellite loci to examine 3,436 sampled Brook Trout, representing 75 sites from the Allegheny, Erie/Niagara, Genesee, Oswego, Lake Ontario, and Susquehanna drainage basins throughout western New York State. Three Brook Trout hatchery strains were also genetically characterized to evaluate the degree of hatchery introgression between wild populations and hatchery strains stocked in the region. Overall, estimates of genetic diversity varied widely: Allelic richness ranged from 2.23 to 7.485, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.402 to 0.766. As observed for Brook Trout in other regions, we found a high degree of genetic differentiation among populations, with all comparisons except one showing significant F ST values. Hatchery introgression was found to be minimal, with estimates ranging from 1.96% to 3.10% of wild individuals exhibiting membership proportions to a hatchery strain cluster exceeding 10% (q ≥ 0.10). Results from this investigation can be used to prioritize management efforts for Brook Trout in western New York State and act as a baseline to monitor future population trends.
Multi-scale Cluster Dynamics modelling of Guinier–Preston zone formation in binary Al–Cu alloys

Abstract We developed a multi-scale model for the prediction of precipitation kinetics of binary alloys and present its application to the formation of Guinier–Preston zones (GPZ) in Al-rich binary Al–Cu alloys. The approach is covering three length scales: (i) Starting from density functional theory (DFT) calculations a Cluster Expansion (CE) for the binary Al–Cu system on the fcc lattice is constructed. Based on the obtained CE (ii) a lattice Monte Carlo (MC) sampling technique, known as the overlapping distribution method, is used to calculate cluster free energies of precipitate clusters. Finally (iii) a meso-scale Cluster Dynamics (CD) model is constructed by taking the cluster free energies as input. The result is a fast, parameter free method that is able to predict the evolution of precipitate size distributions. To validate the model kinetic MC simulations on the precipitation of GPZ are conducted. The results agree well with those obtained by our model. When comparing our results to experimental data a problem of time scaling arises, which is discussed in the results section.
A Clustering Algorithm to Improve the Scan Statistic in Sensor Detection Systems

The success of the scan statistic in detecting anomalies in georeferenced data has motivated its use in distributed sensor systems to detect an emitter at an unknown location. Sensors are grouped into clusters, cluster statistics are produced, and the scan statistic decides that the emitter is present if any cluster statistic is above a threshold. Although the scan statistic is not the optimal fusion rule, it avoids combining strong measurements from sensors near the emitter with weak measurements from sensors far from the emitter. The question that motivates this paper is: could a clustering algorithm improve the detection performance of the scan statistic? Previous studies on the scan statistics considered that the set of clusters is given or is the product of a scanning process; and previous studies on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks have not considered forming clusters specifically for the scan statistic. Our first goal is to highlight the opportunity of improving the scan statistic by carefully designing the cluster set. We discuss how the cluster set influences not only the detection performance, but also processing and communication in the system. Our second goal is to propose and study a new clustering algorithm to build the cluster set for the scan statistic. Although suboptimal, our algorithm produces cluster sets that reach similar or better detection performance than the usually considered cluster sets with a significantly lower number of clusters, which results in less processing and communication in the system.
Normal Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery––Without Epidural Analgesia

A 20-year-old woman, G1P0, presents to Labor & Delivery (L&D) in active labor at 40 weeks estimated gestational age (L-1). She has painful uterine contractions, and her cervix is 4 cm dilated on admission. The nurses easily start an IV in one of the prominent superficial veins of her forearm, and they position the patient in bed tilted toward her left side. The obstetric anesthesiologist visits the patient as a matter of routine—to introduce herself to the patient, to find out basic information about her medical history, and to answer any questions she may have about the options for pain relief during labor. The patient thanks the anesthesiologist for the visit, but says she is going to try to “go natural” (L-2). The first stage of labor is very painful, and the patient accepts a small dose of intravenous nalbuphine for analgesia, but continues to decline an epidural (L-3). Soon, her cervix becomes fully dilated, and she pushes or “bears down” with each contraction, performing a Valsalva maneuver to push the baby head first down the birth canal. After a painful and exhausting second stage of labor, she delivers a healthy baby girl and is joyful to be a new mother! The tired but happy mother receives her vigorous baby from the nurses and gets skin-to-skin contact with the baby immediately. The baby makes sucking movements with her mouth, and the mother puts the baby to her breast (L-4). The nurses check the uterine fundus and it is firm. Oxytocin is added to the mother’s intravenous fluid and infused at a low rate (L-5).
Identifying Occupied and Unoccupied Parking Spots on Campus and Conveying the Pertinent Information to Commuter Students and the Department of Public Safety

Students normally keep driving in circles around the campus in search of a vacant parking space. It causes frustration when students’ class attendance is impacted. Adding more parking lots on campus may not solve the problem, as one may still hop from lot to lot to find an empty spot. We propose an RFID technology base system that provides real time information to the students about available parking spots, and real time information to campus police about the illegally parked vehicles. Thus the students will easily locate the vacant parking spots, and the campus police will efficiently reinforce parking rules and campus security.
2D and 3D Visualization of Thoracic MDCT Data

Multidetector-row CT (MDCT) data sets improve on the already established prowess of single-detector helical CT (SDCT) for thoracic imaging (Hu et al. 2000; Klingenbeck-Regn et al. 1999; Kalender et al. 1990a,b; Kalender and Polacin 1991). Many anatomical features of the chest do not conform to a single two-dimensional (2D) axial plane and full exploitation of the isotropic and near isotropic MDCT data requires 2D and three-dimensional (3D) post-processing techniques to harness the added advantage of improved z-axis resolution and coverage (Ravenel et al. 2001; Remy et al. 1998; Lawler and Fishman 2001a; Fishman et al. 1991; Kirchgeorg and Prokop 1998). Data acquisition and processing as it relates to constructing the appropriate substrate for post-processing as well as the various 2D and 3D techniques are discussed. The clinical application of 2D and 3D visualization to bronchovascular structures, lung parenchyma, chest wall and diaphragm are addressed. 24.2 Twoand Three-Dimensional Post-Processing
Gold-black phosphorus nanostructured absorbers for efficient light trapping in the mid-infrared

We propose a gold nanostructured design for absorption enhancement in thin black phosphorus films in the 3-5 µm wavelength range. By suitably tuning the design parameters of a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure, lateral resonance modes can be excited in the black phosphorus layer. We compare the absorption enhancement due to the resonant light trapping effect to the conventional 4n2 limit. For a layer thickness of 5 nm, we achieve an enhancement factor of 561 at a wavelength of 4 µm. This is significantly greater than the conventional limit of 34. The ability to achieve strong absorption enhancement in ultrathin dielectric layers, coupled with the unique optoelectronic properties of black phosphorus, makes our absorber design a promising candidate for mid-IR photodetector applications.
Divergent Roles of PI3K Isoforms in PTEN-Deficient Glioblastomas

Loss of PTEN, the negative regulator of PI3K activity, is frequent in glioblastomas (GBMs). However, the role of the two major PI3K isoforms, p110α and p110β, in PTEN-deficient gliomagenesis remains unknown. We show that PTEN-deficient GBM largely depends on p110α for proliferation and p110β for migration. Genetic ablation of either isoform delays tumor progression in mice, but only ablating both isoforms completely blocks GBM driven by the concurrent ablation of Pten and p53. BKM120 (buparlisib) treatment only modestly prolongs survival in mice bearing intracranial Pten/p53 null tumors due to partial pathway inhibition. BKM120 extends the survival of mice bearing intracranial tumors in which p110β, but not p110α, has been genetically ablated in the Pten/p53 null glioma, indicating that BKM120 fails to inhibit p110β effectively. Our study suggests that the failure of PI3K inhibitors in GBM may be due to insufficient inhibition of p110β and indicates a need to develop brain-penetrant p110α/β inhibitors.
Impact of Covid19 on electricity load in Haryana (India).

As it is known that the whole world is battling against the Corona Virus Disease or COVID19 and trying their level best to stop the spread of this pandemic. To avoid the spread, several countries like China, Italy, Spain, America took strict measures like nationwide lockdown or by cordoning off the areas that were suspected of having risks of community spread. Taking cues from the foreign counterparts, the government of India undertook an important decision of nationwide full lockdown on March 25th which was further extended till May 4th, 2020 (47 days-full lockdown). Looking at the current situation government of India pushed the lockdown further with eased curbs, divided the nation into green, orange and red zones, rapid testing of citizens in containment area, mandatory wearing of masks and following social distancing among others. The outbreak of the pandemic, has led to the large economic shock to the world which was never been experienced since decades. Moreover it brought a great uncertainty over the world wide electricity sector as to slow down the spread of the virus, many countries have issued restrictions, including the closure of malls, educational institutions, halting trains, suspending of flights, implemented partial or full lockdowns, insisted work from home to the employees. In this paper, the impact analysis of electricity consumption of state Haryana (India) is done using machine learning conventional algorithms and artificial neural network and electricity load forecasting is done for a week so as to aid the electricity board to know the consumption of the area pre hand and likewise can restrict the electricity production as per requirement. Thus, it will help power system to secure electricity supply and scheduling and reduce wastes since electricity is difficult to store. For this the dataset from regional electricity boards of Haryana that is, Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam and Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam were analysed and electricity loads of state were predicted using python programming and as per result analysis it was observed that artificial neural network out performs conventional machine learning models.