cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antithrombotic Effect of Ticlopidine in an Experimental Model of Retinal Vein Occlusion

Abstract Purpose: Ticlopidine inhibits adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and may be effective in patients with retinal vein occlusions (RVO). This study tests the efficacy of ticlopidine in an animal model of RVO. Methods: Rose bengal-mediated argon laser photothrombosis of retinal veins was created in rabbits pretreated with oral ticlopidine, aspirin, or saline. The number of laser spots necessary to produce a partial or complete RVO was recorded and tabulated. Results: Pretreatment with ticlopidine significantly increased the number of laser spots needed to produce a partial ( P = .02), or a complete ( P = .002) RVO as compared to the control group. Pretreatment with ticlopidine significantly increased the number of laser spots needed to produce a partial RVO ( P = .02). Pretreatment with aspirin significantly increased the number of laser spots needed to produce a complete RVO ( P = .002). Conclusion: Ticlopidine may be a useful antiplatelet agent for the treatment of patients with RVO. Patients treated with ticlopidine should be monitored for the possible development of hematologic disorders.
TextureMontage: Seamless Texturing of Arbitrary Surfaces From Multiple Images

We propose a technique, called TextureMontage, to seamlessly map a patchwork of texture images onto an arbitrary 3D model. A texture atlas can be created through the specification of a set of correspondences between the model and any number of texture images. First, our technique automatically partitions the mesh and the images, driven solely by the choice of feature correspondences. Most charts will then be parameterized over their corresponding image planes through the minimization of a distortion metric based on both geometric distortion and texture mismatch across patch boundaries and images. Lastly, a surface texture inpainting technique is used to fill in the remaining charts of the surface with no corresponding texture patches. The resulting texture mapping satisfies the (sparse or dense) user-specified constraints while minimizing the distortion of the texture images and ensuring a smooth transition across the boundaries of different mesh patches.
A Branch-and-Cut to the Point-to-Point Connection Problem on Multicast Networks

In multicast routing, one of the basic problems consists of sending data from a set of sources to a set of destinations with minimum cost. A formalization of this problem using graph theory is given by the nonfixed Point-to-Point Connection (PPC) Problem. The optimization version of this problem is known to be NP-hard, and it can be also applied in areas such as circuit switching and VLSI design. We present a branch-and-cut approach to solve the PPC. Initially we describe a 0–1 integer programming formulation. Then, we prove that some of the constraints in this formulation are facet defining inequalities. Other valid inequalities, based on partitions of the set of vertices in the graph are also investigated. The proposed branch-and-cut algorithm is based on the previously discussed inequalities. Computational results of the branch-and-cut algorithm are presented, with comparisons to existing heuristic and approximation algorithms. The results show the effectiveness of the branch-and-cut method for instances of moderate size.
Sulfamethoxazole Susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from HIV-Infected Ugandan Adults with Tuberculosis Taking Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Prophylaxis

Additional drugs are needed for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Sulfamethoxazole has been shown to have in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis; however, there is concern about resistance given the widespread use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis among HIV-infected patients in sub-Saharan Africa. Thirty-eight of 40 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates (95%) from pretreatment sputum samples from Ugandan adults with pulmonary TB, including HIV-infected patients taking trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis, were susceptible with MICs of ≤38.4 μg/ml.
Sketching Techniques for Large Scale NLP

In this paper, we address the challenges posed by large amounts of text data by exploiting the power of hashing in the context of streaming data. We explore sketch techniques, especially the Count-Min Sketch, which approximates the frequency of a word pair in the corpus without explicitly storing the word pairs themselves. We use the idea of a conservative update with the Count-Min Sketch to reduce the average relative error of its approximate counts by a factor of two. We show that it is possible to store all words and word pairs counts computed from 37 GB of web data in just 2 billion counters (8 GB RAM). The number of these counters is up to 30 times less than the stream size which is a big memory and space gain. In Semantic Orientation experiments, the PMI scores computed from 2 billion counters are as effective as exact PMI scores.
Vitamin metabolism and therapy in ophthalmology

Vitamin deficiency states are important in the genesis of many ocular disorders. Deficiencies may be due to poor dietary intake, or to alterations in metabolism produced by some commonly prescribed medications or by certain diseases. Furthermore, some vitamins may exert important pharmacologic effects on the normal eye. The ocular effects of deficiencies and excesses of specific vitamins, and the therapeutic uses of each vitamin, are reviewed.
Perspective 1 of the SoSE methodology: framing the system under study

The first perspective in the system of systems engineering (SoSE) methodology is to ensure that the engineering analysis is supported by an explicit understanding and framing of the problem under study. By explicitly framing the problem and its associated context, the SoSE methodology minimises the chance of a Type III error (i.e., correctly rejects the null hypothesis for the wrong reason) committed at study’s outset. This paper addresses the methodology’s Perspective 1, framing the system under study, and the nine component execution elements serving to operationalise it. The paper will illustrate those elements as tools with which SoS problems may be framed in terms of their most prominent contextual and environmental influences.
Characterization of the AIN–W Interface in a Cofired Multilayer AIN Substrate

The AIN–W Interfaces in a cofired multilayer AIN substrate were observed using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Optical and SEM observations showed an intricate intricatelocking AIN-W grain structure at the interface. After the W pad was removed from the substrate with a NaOH etchant, the surface morphology of the W metal at the interface side was found to be very rough, with a small-grain microstructure compared with that at the free surface side. Electron microprobe analyses using SEM revealed that there was no diffusion of either W or Al at the interface at the order of a few micrometer's resolution. Bright-field images, dark-field images and selected area electron diffraction (SAD) patterns using TEM indicated there was no secondary phase between AIN and W. However, scanning transmission electron microscopy using an energy dispersive X-ray detector revealed that there was a 200-nm thick W diffusion layer from the interface into the AIN ceramics. It was concluded that the high adhesion strength between the W conductor and the AIN substrate (>20 MPa) was not due to any secondary phase but to mechanical interlocking of AIN and W during cofiring.
The Relationship of Problem-Solving Appraisal to Career Decision and Indecision.

Abstract This study examined the relationship of problem-solving appraisal to career decision making. More specifically, the study examined differences between those who appraised their problem-solving skills as positive versus negative on two career indecision instruments, the Vocational Decision Scale ( L. K. Jones & M. F. Chenery, 1980 , Journal of Counseling Psychology , 27 , 469–477) and the Career Decision Scale ( S. H. Osipow, C. G. Carney, J. Winer, B. Yanico, & M. Koschier, 1976 , Columbus, OH: Marathon Consulting & Press). Subjects who perceived themselves as positive problem solvers were (a) more confident about their decision-making ability and occupational potential, (b) more likely to have related their abilities to an occupational field, (c) less likely to view the source of indecision outside themselves, and (d) less likely to acknowledge antecedents of career indecision. The results support previous research which suggested that students who are decided may also need career planning assistance. More importantly, the results suggest that problem solving is related to career decision making, which may have important implications for career interventions.
COLD WAR IN GUINEA: THE RASSEMBLEMENT DÉMOCRATIQUE AFRICAIN AND THE STRUGGLE OVER COMMUNISM, 1950–1958

When the Cold War broke out in Western Europe at the end of the Second World War, France was a key battleground. Its Cold War choices played out in the empire as well as in the metropole. After communist party ministers were ousted from the tripartite government in 1947, repression against communists and their associates intensified - both in the Republic and overseas. In French sub-Saharan Africa, the primary victims of this repression were members of the Rassemblement Democratique Africain (RDA), an interterritorial alliance of political parties with affiliates in most of the 14 territories of French West and Equatorial Africa, and in the United Nations trusts of Togo and Cameroon. When, under duress, RDA parliamentarians severed their ties with the Parti Communiste Francais (PCF) in 1950, grassroots activists in Guinea opposed the break. Their voices muted throughout most of the decade, Leftist militants regained preeminence in 1958, when trade unionists, students, the party's women's and youth wings, and other grassroots actors pushed the Guinean RDA to reject a constitution that would have relegated the country to junior partnership in the French Community, and to proclaim Guinea's independence instead. Guinea's vote for independence, and its break with the interterritorial RDA in this regard, were the culmination of a decade-long struggle between grassroots activists on the political Left and the party's territorial and interterritorial leadership for control of the political agenda.
Surface-stress effects on elastic properties. I. Thin metal films.

We present a detailed model describing the effects of surface stress on the equilibrium spacing and biaxial modulus of thin metal films. The model predicts that very thin films will equilibrate to a spacing in the plane substantially smaller than the bulk spacing for the material, and that this biaxial strain will vanish as the reciprocal of the film thickness. The model predicts enhancements in the biaxial modulus of thin metal films which also scale with the reciprocal of the film thickness. The magnitude of both the strain and the resulting change in biaxial modulus are proportional to the magnitude of the surface stress. We verified the predictions of the surface-stress model by performing molecular-dynamics computer simulations of thin metal films using an analytic form of the embedded-atom-method potential. The model was found to predict accurately the equilibrium properties of thin metal films.
Adhesive micro-line periodicity determines guidance of axonal outgrowth

Adhesive micro-lines of various sub-cellular geometries were created using a non-traditional micro stamping technique. This technique employed the use of commercially available diffraction gratings as the molds for the micro stamps, a method which is quick and inexpensive, and which could easily be adopted as a patterning tool in a variety of research efforts. The atypical saw-tooth profile of the micro stamps enabled a unique degree of control and flexibility over patterned line and gap widths. Cortical neurons cultured on patterned poly-lysine micro-lines on PDMS exhibit a startling transition in axonal guidance: From the expected parallel guidance to an unexpected perpendicular guidance that becomes dominant as patterned lines and gaps become sufficiently narrow. This transition is most obvious when the lines are narrow relative to gaps, while the periodicity of the pattern is reduced. Axons growing perpendicular to micro-lines exhibited ‘vinculated’ growth, a unique morphological phenotype consisting of periodic orthogonal extensions along the axon.
Synthesis of Growth Factors by Rhizobium trifolii

A STUDY of the growth factor requirements of Rhizobium trifolii has indicated that, under suitable conditions, the organisms are able to synthesize all the organic substances essential for growth from a synthetic carbohydrate - mineral salts medium of known composition. Although various extracts of plants and micro-organisms contain a heat-stable factor stimulative to growth, it is not required for successful continuous transfer of the organism in synthetic media. A base medium, claimed by Allison and Hoover1 to be incapable of supporting continued growth of the nodule organism in the absence of extracts of Azotobacter or other substances (termed ‘coenzyme R â), was found to be satisfactory after adjusting the oxidation-reduction potential and adding iron. Although the growth was not profuse in comparison with media which contain plant extracts, continuous transfer was possible.
Early reactions in photosynthetic energy conservation: The photooxidation at liquid nitrogen temperatures of two cytochromes in chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa

Abstract The rapid photooxidation of two c -type cytochromes in Rps. gelatinosa chromatophores occurs at 77 °K. After cessation of illumination cytochrome C 419 (77 °K) remains oxidized whereas cytochrome C 422 (77 °K) undergoes reduction. The extent of C 422 (77 °K) photooxidation is maximal at redox potentials established by subsaturating levels of oxygen; C 419 (77 °K) photooxidation is maximal at the lower redox potentials established under anaerobic conditions. When C 422 (77 °K) photooxidation is maximal C 419 (77 °K) is small and vice versa. The cytochromes may be primary electron donors to light-generated BChl + from different electron pathways which function in different redox potential ranges. Light-induced absorbancy shifts at 77 °K due to carotenoids are nonreversible under anaerobic conditions and reversible in the presence of oxygen. Light-induced BChl absorbancy changes are apparent in the presence of oxygen but not under anaerobic conditions.
Selective Dolomitization of Stromatolites: ABSTRACT

Selective dolomitization of stromatolites occurs in the Boundary Member of the Schooler Creek Formation (Triassic) of British Columbia, Canada. The member is as thick as 34 ft and is a repetitive cyclic sequence of stromatolite-pelmicrite-micrite-pelmicrite-stromatolite. Interpreted depositional sites are: (1) micrite--local basin center; (2) pelmicrite--nearshore to low intertidal; (3) stromatolite--intertidal; and (4) anhydrite beds--restricted intertidal. Lateral change within the member is slight except for coalescing of units toward the paleoshoreline. Landward, within the major stromatolitic interval, there are tongues of anhydrite; seaward there are tongues of pelmicrite containing composite ooliths. The stromatolites and beds in contact with them are dolomite with abundant large anhydrite crystals and clots of crystals. The rest of the member is limestone, slightly dolomitic in part, with sparse euhedral anhydrite crystals. The amount of anhydrite and dolomite increases toward the stromatolitic intervals. Three conclusions are drawn: (1) the association of anhydrite clots and crystals with desiccation features indicates that diagenesis was partly penecontemporaneous with stromatolite formation, (2) dolomite in the beds adjacent to the stromatolitic intervals indicates that some dolomitization occurred after shallow burial of the stromatolite, and (3) selective dolomitization of stromatolitic intervals suggests that these intervals originally had relatively high permeability. Brines from evaporating pans in the landward area refluxed through the permeable zones and dolomitized the stromatolites. End_of_Article - Last_Page 739------------
Linking global climate and temperature variability to widespread amphibian declines putatively caused by disease

The role of global climate change in the decline of biodiversity and the emergence of infectious diseases remains controversial, and the effect of climatic variability, in particular, has largely been ignored. For instance, it was recently revealed that the proposed link between climate change and widespread amphibian declines, putatively caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), was tenuous because it was based on a temporally confounded correlation. Here we provide temporally unconfounded evidence that global El Nino climatic events drive widespread amphibian losses in genus Atelopus via increased regional temperature variability, which can reduce amphibian defenses against pathogens. Of 26 climate variables tested, only factors associated with temperature variability could account for the spatiotemporal patterns of declines thought to be associated with Bd. Climatic predictors of declines became significant only after controlling for a pattern consistent with epidemic spread (by temporally detrending the data). This presumed spread accounted for 59% of the temporal variation in amphibian losses, whereas El Nino accounted for 59% of the remaining variation. Hence, we could account for 83% of the variation in declines with these two variables alone. Given that global climate change seems to increase temperature variability, extreme climatic events, and the strength of Central Pacific El Nino episodes, climate change might exacerbate worldwide enigmatic declines of amphibians, presumably by increasing susceptibility to disease. These results suggest that changes to temperature variability associated with climate change might be as significant to biodiversity losses and disease emergence as changes to mean temperature.
Recent advancements in the treatment of resistant hypertension.

AbstractThe 2008 Scientific statement from the American Heart Association defined resistant hypertension as blood pressure remaining above goal (< 140/90 mm Hg for the general population and < 130/80 mm Hg for patients with diabetes or renal disease) despite the concurrent use of optimal doses of 3 antihypertensive agents of different classes, ideally including a diuretic. Since then, there has been increasing recognition and characterization of patients with resistant hypertension and development of treatment strategies to treat this high–risk population. The role of aldosterone in resistant hypertension has gained increasing recognition. In particular, there has been development of a strong body of evidence for the use of spironolactone as a highly effective antihypertensive agent. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence to link aldosterone with both resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea, with preliminary studies suggesting that aldosterone antagonists may potentially be effective in trea...
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a novel approach to the evaluation of suspected pancreaticobiliary neoplasms

Background: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a new noninvasive diagnostic method for pancreaticobiliary (PB) imaging without endoscopy, sedation, or iodinated contrast. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of MRCP to depict pancreatic and biliary ductal anatomy compared to that of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and to evaluate the ability of MRCP to accurately diagnose PB neoplasms.
Cellular localization of [3H]-diazepam receptors.

Isolated fractions enriched in bovine cortical astroglial cells or nerve endings were used to determine the receptor site for [3H]-diazepam binding. The results suggest strong enrichment in glial cells for the benzodiazepine receptor. Both the inhibition of diazepam binding by other benzodiazepines and the affinity of the glial receptor for diazepam suggest that this receptor is similar to that previously reported in crude CNS membrane fractions.
The nature, dimensionality, and effects of perceptions of community governance

The concept of community governance is examined as a verification process in wikis.Community governance consists of community credibility and community vigilance.Perceptions of community governance are positively related to content usefulness.Content usefulness is positively related to content use from wikis. Wiki technology enables organizational members to collectively verify content and increase the accuracy, relevancy, and legitimacy of contributions. This is referred to as community governance in this paper. The goals of this paper are to understand the nature and dimensionality of the perceptions of community governance construct, operationalize it, and examine its role in content use from wikis. Data analyses show that perceptions of community governance can be measured as a second-order construct with two first-order factors: community credibility and community vigilance. Further, perceptions of community governance are positively associated with content usefulness, which explains content use from community-governed wikis.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy: is it indicated in patients with high-risk ductal carcinoma-in-situ and ductal carcinoma-in-situ with microinvasion?

Background: Axillary lymph node status is the strongest prognostic indicator of survival for women with breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of sentinel node metastases in patients with high-risk ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS) and DCIS with microinvasion (DCISM). Methods: From November 1997 to November 1999, all patients who underwent sentinel node biopsy for high-risk DCIS (n = 76) or DCISM (n = 31) were enrolled prospectively in our database. Patients with DCIS were considered high risk and were selected for sentinel lymph node biopsy if there was concern that an invasive component would be identified in the specimen obtained during the definitive surgery. Patients underwent intraoperative mapping that used both blue dye and radionuclide. Excised sentinel nodes were serially sectioned and were examined by hematoxylin and eosin and by immunohistochemistry. Results: Of 76 patients with high-risk DCIS, 9 (12%) had positive sentinel nodes; 7 of 9 patients were positive for micrometastases only. Of 31 patients with DCISM, 3 (10%) had positive sentinel nodes; 2 of 3 were positive for micrometastases only. Six of nine patients with DCIS and three of three with DCISM and positive sentinel nodes had completion axillary dissection; one patient with DCIS had an additional positive node detected by conventional histological analysis. Conclusions: This study documents a high incidence of lymph node micrometastases as detected by sentinel node biopsy in patients with high-risk DCIS and DCISM. Although the biological significance of breast cancer micrometastases remains unclear at this time, these findings suggest that sentinel node biopsy should be considered in patients with high-risk DCIS and DCISM.
Evolution of Common Law: Promissory Estoppel

In the business realm, contractual agreements are made with the intent of conducting good business practices from which all parties can benefit. However, in the real world, not all promises are always honored. In this case, promissory estoppel acts as an “invisible signature” that effectively binds the party guilty of default. By definition, promissory estoppel prevents a promisor from unjustly retracting a promise made to a promisee. The doctrine was conceived as a way of providing fair and reasonable conflict resolution and bringing balance back to the system. The existence of the traditional contract already addresses the issue of enforcing a promise. However, promissory estoppel was found to provide a means to circumvent the requirements of a breach-of-contract claim without the necessity of contractual consideration. When examining breach-of-contract versus promissory estoppel, the following questions are raised: Can they coexist and still justly serve their purposes? Will one eventually envelop the ...
The clinical need for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays for acute coronary syndromes and the role for serial testing

Background Cardiac troponin is the biomarker of choice for the serologic diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes. International cardiology and laboratory medicine guidelines have suggested that the cutoff concentration be set at the 99th percentile of a healthy population, with an assay imprecision of 10% or less. Unfortunately, most commercial troponin assays do not have the sensitivity and precision to reliably detect troponin in sera of healthy subjects. Therefore, there is a need to develop troponin assays with higher sensitivity, which cannot be achieved while also improving the assay's precision. Methods and Results Novel prototype analytical testing devices have been developed that are 5- to 10-fold more sensitive than existing commercial troponin assays. These tests should enable an earlier detection of myocardial infarction relative to the time of presentation and detect a higher percentage of emergency department chest pain patients who are at risk for short-term major adverse cardiac events. However, use of a high-sensitivity troponin assay will also result in detection of more patients who have cardiac necrosis due to a nonischemic etiology. Conclusions Serial troponin testing will be necessary to determine the clinical significance of low levels of troponin release with use of high-sensitivity assays. Guidelines will need to be established to determine a change in troponin results that is statistically and clinically significant, and new considerations for the time interval needed between blood collections. This will enable the use of future high-sensitivity troponin assays to be more valuable.
Microbial dormancy in batch cultures as a function of substrate-dependent mortality

We present models and computational studies of dormancy in batch cultures to try to understand the relationship between reculturing time and death penalty for low substrate and the relative advantage of fast versus slow reawakening on the part of the bacteria. We find that the advantage goes to the faster waker for shorter reculturing times and lower mortality under low substrate, and moves to the slower waker as reculturing times and death penalty increase. The advantage returns again to the fast waker for very high death penalties. We use an explicit, continuous structure variable to represent dormancy so as to allow for flexibility in substrate usage on the part of dormant cells, and for a more mechanistic representation of the reawakening process.
Trials and tribulations of a transform

The McCutchen transform is the combination of a Fourier transform with a square-root geometrical distortion. For a type of rotational-deblurring problem, it would be desirable to extend this transform in a 'natural' fashion. This talk summarizes some of the rewards and many of the frustrations arising from attempting this extension.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
State detection from local measurements in network synchronization processes

The problem of detecting the initial state of a network dynamics from noisy local observations is examined. Specifically, a linear synchronization dynamics defined on a graph is modeled as being initiated by two possible initial conditions (or hypotheses) with certain a priori probabilities, to capture two possible evolutions of the network dynamics; an external agent is modeled as measuring the network dynamics at one network component, and is tasked with determining which hypothesis is more likely. We find that external agent's detection performance (specifically, probability of error in MAP detection) can be classified into three cases, depending on the network's spectrum and graph topology, the hypotheses, and the observation location. Specifically, the detector performance can be dichotomized into: 1) a no-improvement case, in which the measured data does not permit improved detection compared to an a priori detection; 2) an asymptotically-perfect case in which the error probability approaches 0 exponentially with increasing measurement horizon; and 3) an improved-but-imperfect estimation case in which measurements reduce error but do not eliminate it. Beyond this dichotomy, we obtain spectral characterizations of detector performance in the imperfect-estimation case, which can be translated into graph-theoretic results.
Prism-coupled excitation of multiple Tamm waves

Abstract A Tamm wave is guided by the interface of a homogeneous dielectric material and a periodically nonhomogeneous dielectric material, both isotropic. We found theoretically that multiple Tamm waves of different linear polarization states can be guided by such an interface incorporated in a prism-coupled configuration. The Tamm waves have different linear polarization states, phase speeds, and spatial profiles, but the same frequency. The narrow absorptance peaks associated with the excitation of Tamm waves in the prism-coupled configuration offer the application as chemical sensors with very high sensitivity.
Impacts of soil management on root characteristics of switchgrass

Abstract One approach to reducing the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is a dominant greenhouse gas, is to develop renewable energy sources from biofuel crops. Switchgrass, ( Panicum virgatum L.) as an energy crop, can partly mitigate potential global warming by supplementing fossil fuels and sequestering carbon (C). Although switchgrass grown for energy may impact C sequestration via the input of root biomass, information on the impact of soil management on switchgrass root growth is extremely limited. We determined the influence of row spacing, nitrogen (N) rate, switchgrass cultivar, and soil type on switchgrass root characteristics. Roots were mainly distributed in the surface soil (0–15 cm), and were 90.4 and 68.2% of the total in the intrarow and interrow profile, respectively. Nitrogen application altered root N but not C concentration, implying that any increase in C sequestration by switchgrass roots will be due to increased root biomass rather than increased C concentration. Root weight density generally decreased in the interrow with wider row width, and N application generally did not affect root weight density. Root weight density in the Pacolet soil was higher than in the other four soils, and root density was 4.1 times higher in the Pacolet soil than in the Norfolk soil. Root mass in the Pacolet soil (36,327 kg ha −1 ) was 2.7 times greater than that found in the Norfolk soil (13,204 kg ha −1 ) within 150 cm of the soil surface. Differences in root characteristics were found among cultivars: root weight density with ‘Cave-in-Rock’ switchgrass was 29.4 and 47.6% higher than ‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’, respectively. Variations in switchgrass root biomass production owing to soil type and cultivar suggest that site and cultivar selection will be important determinants of C sequestration by switchgrass roots. A potential benefit of switchgrass is the reduced loss of nutrients associated with non-point pollution, owing to its deep root system that may extend 330 cm below the soil surface.
More than a feeling: Pervasive influences of memory without awareness of retrieval.

The subjective experiences of recollection and familiarity have featured prominently in the search for neurocognitive mechanisms of memory. However, these two explicit expressions of memory, which involve conscious awareness of memory retrieval, are distinct from an entire category of implicit expressions of memory that do not entail such awareness. This review summarizes recent evidence showing that neurocognitive processing related to implicit memory can powerfully influence the behavioral and neural measures typically associated with explicit memory. Although there are striking distinctions between the neurocognitive processing responsible for implicit versus explicit memory, tests designed to measure only explicit memory nonetheless often capture implicit memory processing as well. In particular, the evidence described here suggests that investigations of familiarity memory are prone to the accidental capture of implicit memory processing. These findings have considerable implications for neurocogniti...
Isomeric Forms of (Mn12O12(O2CR)16(H2O)4) Single-Molecule Magnets

Two new single-molecule magnets (SMM), [Mn12O12(O2CCH2C6H5)16(H2O)4] and [Mn12O12(O2CCH2But)16(H2O)4], have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and ac magnetic susceptibility. As indicated by out-of-phase ac susceptibility signals, these two SMM exhibit relaxation processes for the reversal of the direction of magnetization at different temperatures. Possible explanations for why the tert-butyl acetate complex exhibits such a low barrier for magnetization relaxation are given. The figure below shows the potential energy of a SMM with a S = 10 ground state plotted versus the magnetization direction.
Isolation of African protected areas

The increasing isolation of protected areas poses a serious threat to the long-term viability of many wildlife populations and migrations in Africa. While ecologists have debated the impact of isolation on wildlife populations in reserves, field studies conducted over the past decade now provide a much clearer understanding of the effects. The primary drivers of isolation of protected areas are habitat loss, fences and roads, overhunting, and disease. These drivers restrict the movement of wildlife into and out of reserves and create sinks in the increasingly human-dominated matrix that surrounds most reserves. Post-establishment patterns of extinction of large mammal species in African reserves indicate that area and edge effects are important determinants of species persistence. Interactions and feedbacks between reserve isolation, human-related activities, and natural processes within and outside reserves can occur, yet are poorly understood. The problem of reserve isolation must therefore be addressed with a multi-pronged conservation strategy.
Organizational Structures and Exchange Processes

Formal organizations have a division of labor and some form of co-ordination. This paper explores how these social structures could be generated by an exchange process that governs work flow through an organization. Specifically, the exchange process controls how work tasks are assigned and carried out, and how members receive rewards for participating in a work group of the organization. A discrete-event simulation model is used to explore how the exchange process generates division of labor and co-ordination networks. The model contains members, called bureaucrats, with two kinds of skills: skill at referring work to others; and skill in completing work tasks. Both kinds of skills are distributed differentially across bureaucrats. Two types of rational exchange are explored: independent exchange and pooled exchange. For independent exchange, rewards go the bureaucrat who completes the task; in pooled exchange rewards are shared with the bureaucrat who referred the task. Both exchange processes generate a division of labor in a work group, with pooled exchange exhibiting the most pronounced division of labor. Also, pooled exchange leads to more efficient processing of work than independent exchange.
Dispersal Following Establishment in Michigan of Microctonus aethiops, a Parasitoid of Adult Alfalfa Weevils

Microctonus aethiops (Nees), a European braconid parasitoid of adult alfalfa weevils, Hypera postica (Gyllenhall), was first established in the eastern United States in 1961 (Coles and Puttler 1963). Brunson and Coles (1968) listed release localities of M. aethiops through 1967, and it has been released in many other localities in the East and Midwest since then. Day et al. (1971) described the distribution of M. aethiops in the eastern United States and gave the dates of first recovery in many eastern states. However, to my knowledge it is not known how far M. aethiops has dispersed from an initial release site where a known number of parasitoids was released.
Quantum perturbation theory of solitons

Abstract We develop a systematic perturbation theory for amplitudes involving a single soliton (extended finite energy solution of a classical field theory). These methods allow one in principle to compute to any desired order quantum corrections to soliton masses, form factors and Green functions. The major technical problem encountered is an infrared divergence of the naive perturbation theory rules. This divergence is dominated by a modification of the usual functional methods so as to properly define the soliton as a momentum eigenstate. The extension of these methods to soliton-soliton scattering is discussed.
Optimization of a portable microanalytical system to reduce electrode fouling from proteins associated with biomonitoring of lead (Pb) in saliva.

Abstract There is a need to develop reliable portable analytical systems for on-site and real-time biomonitoring of lead (Pb) from both occupational and environmental exposures. Saliva is an appealing matrix since it is easily obtainable, and therefore a potential substitute for blood due to existing reasonably good correlation between Pb levels in blood and saliva. The microanalytical system is based on flow-injection/stripping voltammetry with a wall-jet (flow-onto) microelectrochemical cell. Samples that contain as little as 1% saliva can cause electrode fouling, resulting in significantly reduced responsiveness and irreproducible quantitations. In addition, incomplete Pb release from salivary protein can also yield a lower Pb response than expected. This paper evaluates the extent of in vitro Pb-protein binding and the optimal pretreatment for releasing Pb from the saliva samples. Even in 50% by volume of rat saliva, the electrode fouling was not observed, due to the appropriate sample pretreatment and the constant flow of the sample and acidic carrier that prevented passivation by the protein. The system offered a linear response over a low Pb range of 1–10 ppb, low detection limit of 1 ppb, excellent reproducibility, and reliability. It also yielded the same Pb concentrations in unknown samples as did the ICP-MS. These encouraging results suggest that the microanalytical system represents an important analytical advancement for real-time non-invasive biomonitoring of Pb.
Lipid peroxidation and retinal degeneration

Retinal degenerations were produced in albino rats by exposure to constant illumination or in frogs and albino rats by intravitreal injections of ferrous sulfate. Both treatments resulted in the loss of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides in isolated rod outer segments. We suggest that lipid peroxidation is a factor in certain types of retinal degenerations.
Nest site fidelity and clutch frequency of loggerhead turtles are better elucidated by satellite telemetry than by nocturnal tagging efforts: Implications for stock estimation

Satellite telemetry and ground-based tagging studies are complementary methods to define the spatial and temporal patterns of nesting behavior by migratory sea turtles. Estimates of site fidelity and clutch frequencies are compared for satellite telemetry versus ground truth patrols over a 6 km stretch at a southwest Florida loggerhead (Caretta caretta) rookery. Site fidelity ranged from 1.9 km to 109.1 km for all nests deposited by a female within a season. The mean site fidelity was 28.1 km for all nests, but declined to 16.9 km if omitting the first nest. Nest frequency ranged from 2 to 8 nests per season, with a modal value of 5 nests. Satellite telemetry documented a mean nest frequency of 5.4 nests per female in comparison to 2.2 nests detected by monitoring patrols. The remigrant females had higher clutch frequency, were larger in size, and had higher site fidelity compared to newly tagged females. Satellite telemetry provided improved measurements of site fidelity and reveals a need for revised fecundity estimates. If measures of clutch frequency are representative of loggerhead assemblages nesting elsewhere within the South Florida grouping, the confidence bounds on Western Atlantic loggerhead stocks are approximately 32% lower than currently accounted for annual nesting individuals.
Market costs of short-term physician and nurse anesthesia services.

Abstract Study Objective: To estimate the market costs of short-term physician an certified registered nurse-anesthesia (CRNA) services. Design: Survey of large locum tenens agencies. Setting: University hospital. Measurements and Main Results: Negotiations were carried out with agencies for best prices for four weeks of routine anesthesia work. The average cost for an anesthesiologist was $133 per hour and a CRNA, $86 per hour. The agencies received approximately 18% of these costs. Conclusions: Despite competitive pressures, the locum tenens market charges 55% more for physician than CRNA services. The implications for the different charges are discussed.
College Students and the Curriculum: The Fantastic Voyage of Higher Education, 1636 to the Present

By adding student perceptions of the curriculum, we enhance the current history of American higher education over 5 decades. We draw from memoirs, short stories, notebooks, and legends to animate t...
SULT2B1b Sulfotransferase: Induction by Vitamin D Receptor and Reduced Expression in Prostate Cancer

An elevated tumor tissue androgen level, which reactivates androgen receptor in recurrent prostate cancer, arises from the intratumor synthesis of 5α-dihydrotestosterone through use of the precursor steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and is fueled by the steroidogenic enzymes 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD1), aldoketoreductase (AKR1C3), and steroid 5-alpha reductase, type 1 (SRD5A1) present in cancer tissue. Sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) (in short, SULT2B) is a prostate-expressed hydroxysteroid SULT that converts cholesterol, oxysterols, and DHEA to 3β-sulfates. DHEA metabolism involving sulfonation by SULT2B can potentially interfere with intraprostate androgen synthesis due to reduction of free DHEA pool and, thus, conversion of DHEA to androstenedione. Here we report that in prostatectomy specimens from treatment-naive patients, SULT2B expression is markedly reduced in malignant tissue (P < .001, Mann-Whitney U test) compared with robust expression in adjacent nonmalignant glands. SULT2B was detected in formalin-fixed specimens by immunohistochemistry on individual sections and tissue array. Immunoblotting of protein lysates of frozen cancer and matched benign tissue confirmed immunohistochemistry results. An in-house-developed rabbit polyclonal antibody against full-length human SULT2B was validated for specificity and used in the analyses. Ligand-activated vitamin D receptor induced the SULT2B1 promoter in vivo in mouse prostate and increased SULT2B mRNA and protein levels in vitro in prostate cancer cells. A vitamin D receptor/retinoid X receptor-α-bound DNA element (with a DR7 motif) mediated induction of the transfected SULT2B1 promoter in calcitriol-treated cells. SULT2B knockdown caused an increased proliferation rate of prostate cancer cells upon stimulation by DHEA. These results suggest that the tumor tissue SULT2B level may partly control prostate cancer growth, and its induction in a therapeutic setting may inhibit disease progression.
Rates of pyrolysis of colorado oil shale

Both intrinsic kinetics and rates of decomposition in larger particles were determined for a Colorado shale by weight-loss measurements in TGA-type equipment. The data for small granular particles indicated first-order intrinsic kinetics up to a fractional weight change that depended on the temperature level. In the experiments with larger particles, gas, particle-surface, and particle-center temperatures measured in separate runs showed that both gas-to-particle and intra-particle temperature differences were significant. A heat transfer model was evaluated by using the intrinsic kinetics data, measured heat transfer coefficients, and shale properties from the literature, to predict weight loss and particle-center temperatures for the larger particles. Comparison with observed results showed good agreement in general, although there was some deviation in weight-loss results at low temperatures. The combined set of intrinsic kinetics data and rates for larger particles should be useful for further studies of pyrolysis models.
Measurement of the Spin-Correlation Parameter C NN in Proton-Proton Scattering at 680 MeV

Using a polarized beam and polarized target we have measured the spin-correlation parameter ${C}_{\mathrm{NN}}$ in proton-proton scattering for an incident-proton laboratory-system kinetic energy of 680 MeV. The polarized beam was made by scattering unpolarized protons from the 184-in. cyclotron in an external first target of liquid hydrogen, resulting in a polarization of 0.44. To reverse the beam polarization, the incident-proton scattering angle was reversed. The target protons were polarized by a solid-state technique called "dynamic polarization" to 0.40 on the average. The elastic proton-proton interactions involving the polarized protons were kinematically separated from other interactions by counting both protons in coincidence. The angular region covered by the 13 data points extends from 51.2 to 88.7 deg in the center-of-mass system. The results show that ${C}_{\mathrm{NN}}$ rises in this region from about 0.5 to 0.9 with a typical standard deviation of 0.1.
Hydrogen combustion in nuclear plant accidents and associated containment loads

Abstract The objective of this paper is to describe the reactor safety problems in severe accidents due to hydrogen combustion. The generation of hydrogen is discussed. The combustion of hydrogen is considered in terms of diffusion flames, deflagrations, flammability limits, incomplete combustion of very lean deflagrations, detonations and accelerated flames. An example of analyses of hydrogen combustion in a Mark III BWR is given. The example shows the strong dependence of the predicted peak pressure and number of burns on the assumptions of the analyses, the compartmentalization of the model and the inclusion of buoyancy-driven flows.
Mapping and sequence analysis of barley hordoindolines

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars vary in traits such as grain hardness and malt quality. However, little is known about the genetic basis of these grain quality traits in barley, while more is known about the basis of grain hardness in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Puroindolines are endosperm-specific proteins found in wheat and barley, as well as other members of the Triticeae. In wheat, variation of puroindoline sequence is associated with most of the variability in wheat grain texture. However, no information exists on sequence variation of the barley homologs of puroindolines, the hordoindolines. We have therefore chosen to isolate and characterize the hordoindoline (hin) sequences of eight North American barley cultivars. The barley sequences contain numerous non-conservative amino-acid substitutions relative to their wheat counterparts. However, no significant rearrangements were found in either hinA or hinB of barley. Three hinA and two hinB sequence types were found among the eight barley cultivars examined, indicating substantial allelic variation at this locus. The hinB sequence variability was used to map hinB to the short arm of chromosome 5H in a Steptoe/Morex mapping population, which is coincident with the previously mapped location of hinA and Gsp (grain-softness protein). This chromosomal location also coincides with a small barley malt-extract QTL, suggesting that hordoindoline sequence variation may play a small role in barley grain quality. Efforts to correlate barley seed textural differences and malting quality with hordoindoline sequence type are ongoing.