cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving feature selection in anomaly intrusion detection using specifications

In the paper we discuss the intergration of an support vector machine (SVM) based anomaly detection system with an specification based intrusion detection system (IDS), where the specification based IDS improves the feature-selection function of the SVMs We demonstrate through experimental results, that extended finite state machine (EFSA) based anomaly detectors performs better than either the EFSA and SVM anomaly detectors individually Specifically the accuracy of detection improved and the time and space required for SVM learning reduced using the feature reduction based on EFSAs.
Adverse Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy: Defining the Problem and Promoting Health Among Men with Prostate Cancer

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) plays a central role in the management of men with locally advanced, recurrent, and metastatic prostate cancer. Because most men diagnosed with prostate cancer will die of something other than their cancer, treatment-related adverse effects are highly relevant to their long-term health. Benefits of ADT in each clinical setting must be weighed against ADT-related adverse effects. ADT is detrimental to several metabolic end points and to bone health. ADT has been prospectively shown to cause decreased lean muscle mass, increased fat mass, weight gain, increased cholesterol and triglycerides, insulin resistance, and loss of bone mineral density. In population-based analyses it has been associated with an increased incidence of diabetes, clinical fractures, and cardiovascular disease. Data-driven recommendations for managing these adverse effects are needed. Currently the authors advocate the use of adapted practice guidelines developed to prevent diabetes, fractures, and coronary heart disease in the general population.
Capsule Commentary on Jenssen et al., Using Digital Technology to Engage and Communicate with Patients: A Survey of Patient Attitudes.

T his study by Jennsen et al. 1 explored patient digital health preferences. The investigators looked at two healthrelated activities (peer coaching and acquisition of test results) and the desirability of receiving information through three different variants of digital technology (e-mail, text messaging, and social media), finding that patients preferred communication through more traditional means: phone more than e-mail, e-mail more than text, text more than social media. A majority of survey participants used Facebook (58%) or text messaging (64%), but few wanted to communicate health goals (FB 3%, text 13%) or test results (FB 1%, text 13%) through these mechanisms. Does this dampen enthusiasm for digital health adoption? Not necessarily. The preference for phone and e-mail communication may reflect privacy and secure messaging priorities. This study did not look at patient portals. While the data on patient portals is limited, it could offer a way forward for meeting patient needs. Healthcare in the United States is increasingly trending towards population health management, with an emphasis on additional touchpoints beyond traditional office visits. This, coupled with an increasing number of patients with digital devices, makes further adoption of digital health likely in a wide range of care settings; for example, two in three patients in our hospital have brought a mobile device with them, and most have used it during their stay for healthcare-related tasks. In addition to studying communication preference, the investigators looked at social media for peer coaching or general health messaging. While the majority of those surveyed did not want either peer coaching or general health messaging, the investigators do point out significant trends towards participation among those that were younger, uninsured, or a racial/ ethnic minority. This could represent a tremendous opportunity for engagement in healthcare and coaching with typically underserved populations. Do patients want digital health? How do theywant it?When do they want it? And for what things? These are fundamental questions that are unlikely to be answered in a single study, but more studies like this can provide a pathway for policy and health systems leaders to tread.
Effect of LH Injection on Plasma and Follicular Steroids in the Chicken

During the 26-h laying cycle of the hen the three sex steroids, progesterone (P4), estrogen (E), and testosterone (T), show peaks and valleys in both the follicle wall and the peripheral plasma. Furthermore, for E and T (but not for P4) at comparable times, there is an inverse relationship between the size of the follicle and the concentration of these hormones. Shortly before ovulation all three steroids peak in synchrony, at other times only E and T rise and fall together while P4 shows no change. The question arose whether similar changes in steroid synthesis can be produced by exogenous LH. A single injection of 25 mug of ovine LH was given to laying hens at a time of the laying cycle when no natural peaks of the steroids are seen. The hens were killed at 5, 30, or 90 min after injection and the walls of the three largest follicles as well as the plasma of these hens were assayed by RIA for P4, T, and E. Both the follicle walls and the plasma showed highly significant (P smaller than 0.005) increases in T and P4 but not in E, even though E does show significant changes during the normal cycle. The reason for this difference in response of the steroids is being investigated. The 3 largest follicles respond to exogenous LH in the same size order as do untreated hens during the cycle. The conclusion is drawn that peaks of T and P4 normally seen are due to endogenous releases of LH while E seems to be controlled differently.
A Comparative Framework for the Analysis of International Student Movements

Recent theory and research on revolution indicate that leadership and ideology play crucial roles. Much of the leadership and ideology for contemporary revolutions developed within the context of student movements. But previous research on student movements has often been limited to developed Western societies and has yielded typologies of student activism that have little application to revolutionary movements worldwide. Based on an analysis of student movements in many societies during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, a new typology of student movements is formulated. The typology, which allows differentiation among reform student movements, identity radicalism student movements, structural revolutionary student movements, and social revolutionary student movements, appears capable of identifying the essential contrasts as well as key similarities among a wide range of student movements in many societies. Conditions fostering each type of movement are described. The paper concludes with a...
Rutgers Manuscript Sources Relating to the African-American Community in New Jersey

Special Collections and University Archives at the Rutgers University Libraries holds several manuscript collections relating to the AfricanAmerican exper ience in N e w Jersey. O n e of the earliest holdings is a volume of minutes of the African Association of N e w Brunswick. T h e minute book dates from 1817 to 1824. T h e Association was founded to provide funds for a school in Parsippany, N. J . , organized by the Presbyterian Synod of N e w York and N e w Jersey. T h e goal of the school was to educate "Young M e n of Colour to be Teacher s and Preachers to People of Colour within theses States and elsewhere." Included in the volume are the Association's constitution, a list of subscribers, receipts, certificates of permission to join, and texts of addresses delivered before the Association by Jeremiah Gloucester of Philadelphia (January 1, 1820) and Augustavus Cesar (January 1, 1821). Rutgers also holds the records of the N e w Brunswick Colonization Society which include its minutes , memberships lists, and constitutions. T h e Society was active in 1838-1839 and revived in 1853-1854. T h e r e are collections that relate directly to slavery in N e w Jersey as well as to the lives of free African-Americans during the pre-Civil War period. T h e records of M i d d l e s e x County , N. J . , include a vo lume of slave manumiss ion records, 1800-1825, and a vo lume recording the births of Black children in the county, 1804-1844. T h e manumission register's entries include the name (and somet imes age) of the freed slave, the date of manumission, and the name and residence of the person registering the manumission. T h e volume is indexed by the name of person freed. Entries in the birth register include the name and sex of the child, the mother's given name, the name of the person reporting the birth, and the dates that the birth was reported and recorded. T h e Peter Still Papers (Burlington County, N . J . ) include correspondence, 1850-1875, relating to the purchase of his wife and family held as slaves in Alabama and to the publication of his biography. T h e collection also includes a Still family genealogy, 1798-1821.
Analysis of Cooperative TDMA in Rayleigh Fading Channels

The time-division-multiple-access-based (TDMA) protocol has been widely utilized as a reliable media access control (MAC) mechanism. By allocating each user a dedicated time slot, a given TDMA user transmits its packets in its exclusively assigned time slots, whereas other users are in idle mode (not transmitting). However, in this paper, a cooperative TDMA (C-TDMA) method is investigated, which enables cooperative transmissions among multiple TDMA users to improve the probability of success of packet transmissions. Specifically, a TDMA user not only transmits packets in its assigned slots but monitors/overhears other users' packets in other time slots as well. It will then be able to assist the other users, if needed, to retransmit their failed packets through cooperative diversity. For performance evaluations, expressions of three metrics, i.e., network throughput, packet-dropping rate, and average packet delay, are derived, considering a Rayleigh fading channel. Both theoretical and simulation results are presented to demonstrate that the throughput, dropping rate, and delay performance are all improved significantly with the use of C-TDMA.
Role of ACE/AT2R complex in the control of mesenteric resistance artery contraction induced by ACE/AT1R complex activation in response to Ang I.

Objectives In this study, we will determine the function of the interaction between AT2R and ACE, and AT1R and ACE in the control of mesenteric resistance artery (MRA) tone from normotensive (NT) and Angiotensin II (AII)-dependent hypertensive (HT) mice. Methods–results Hypertension was induced by infusion of Ang-II (200 ng/kg/day) for 3 weeks. Freshly MRA (100-120 μm) were isolated from HT and NT mice and mounted in an arteriograph. Dose–response of Ang-I induced a similar contraction of MRA from NT and HT mice, which was increased after endothelium removal. AT2R antagonist (PD123319, 1 μM) significantly increased Ang-I-induced contraction of MRA from NT but not from HT mice. In addition, PD123319 significantly increased in vivo blood pressure in response to Ang-I. Luminal incubation with ACE-antibody (50 ng/ml) to block only endothelial ACE function significantly enhanced Ang-I-induced contraction of MRA from NT mice. ACE inhibitor (captopril, 10 μM) completely blocked Ang-I-induced contraction of MRA from both animals and prevented the increased blood pressure. Freshly isolated MRA subjected to immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis and RT-PCR revealed AT1R/ACE and AT2R/ACE complexes formation, and similar AT1R, AT2R, and ACE expression level in both groups. Conclusion The present findings show the existence of ACE/AT2R and ACE/AT1R complexes on endothelial cells and VSMC, respectively. ACE/AT2R complex plays a modulator effect on ACE/AT1R-SMC-induced contraction of MRA, which is altered in hypertension.
Non-income effects of welfare receipt on early childhood cognitive scores

Abstract Child poverty in America has become an enduring part of the social landscape that many families must navigate. As prior research has established that income transfers can affect child outcomes, we focus our attention on the conditions under which these transfers occur. Using panel data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examine the non-income effects of TANF participation on children's early cognitive development using methods to address statistical concerns about endogeneity and selection. Our results indicate that participating in TANF is negatively associated with cognitive development. Furthermore, we are able to identify maternal stress as a viable causal pathway between TANF receipt and cognitive development, a result that we are unable to replicate with a falsification test involving the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). Our results suggest that the structure of cash transfers may have effects on early childhood outcomes.
Developmental changes and regional variation in the ganglioside composition of the rat hippocampus

Individual gangliosides were extracted and quantified from intact and subregionally dissected hippocampal formations during the first 3 weeks of postnatal development in the rat. The 4 major gangliosides were all found to be rapidly increasing relative to brain weight prior to the onset of significant synaptogenesis, but quantitative changes in the final proportion of each ganglioside resulted from different rates of accumulation of gangliosides D1a, D1b, and T1b, beginning about the time of synaptic maturation and dendritic arborization but prior to the onset of myelination and neurophysiological activity. A ganglioside pattern difference characterized by lower levels of T1b and D1b in the area dentata of middle and dorsal aspects of the hippocampal formation coincides with developmental gradients previously observed by morphogenetic criteria for these subregions. These ganglioside differences may thus be developmentally regulated, but the persistence into adulthood of higher levels of D1a in the dentate area suggests that some ganglioside pattern differences may be intrinsic to the unique neuronal cell populations present in different areas of the hippocampus.
Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Hypersensitivity: A Case Report Implicating Bisulfite Sensitivity in a Newborn Infant

This report describes a case of parenteral nutrition hypersensitivity in a 37 weeks' gestation infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia complicated by bowel necrosis and functional short bowel syndrome. The patient developed a rash with subsequent urticaria beginning on the 50th day of life. The reactions were confirmed with a positive rechallenge. After the amino acid solution was replaced with a non–bisulfite-containing product, the infant was able to continue to receive nutrition support through parenteral nutrition without recurrence of symptoms. It is speculated that the bisulfite additive in the amino acid solution may have interacted with the lipid emulsion to sensitize the patient.
Human A1, a Bcl-2-related gene, is induced in leukemic cells by cytokines as well as differentiating factors

Based on previously published observations regarding the protective effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) against gamma radiation, alkylating agents and ultraviolet radiation, we hypothesized that the protection against such DNA damaging treatments can be the result of a 'stress'-like response induced by these cytokines and mediated by early response cellular gene(s). By applying the mRNA differential display to RNA obtained from A549 lung carcinoma cell line that was incubated with 50 ng/ml IL-1 for 0, 1, 2, and 6 h, we identified several cDNA fragments that correspond to genes regulated by IL-1. The full length cDNA for one fragment was obtained using 5'RACE, cloned, sequenced, and found to be homologous to human A1, a Bcl-2-related gene. In this study, we report that the expression of human A1 is either absent or present at low levels in leukemic cells, while it is expressed in human bone marrow cells and abundant in peripheral blood progenitors. It is induced by IL-1 and TNF alpha in A549 lung carcinoma, bone marrow, and certain leukemic cells. A1 is also induced in leukemic cells during granulocytic or macrophage but not erythroid differentiation. In conclusion, this is the first demonstration that A1 is inducible by cytokines in human bone marrow and certain tumor cells as well as myeloid differentiation in leukemic cells.
The Role of Information Technology (Apps) in FPMRS

The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the use of smartphone "apps" within the field of female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery (FPMRS) and the role they play in improving patient education. The authors conducted a keyword search using the search tab in the Apple App Store. The apps selected were ones that specifically pertained to female pelvic medicine. A total of 13 apps were found. The apps were separated into three categories: patient education (five apps), wellness (four apps), and reference (four apps). The majority of the patient education apps consisted of anatomical diagrams of the pelvis and anatomy videos to help explain the pathophysiology behind different pelvic and voiding disorders. Female pelvic medicine apps have a large focus on patient education, which can help patients achieve a greater understanding of female pelvic disorders and the treatment options that are available.
A Comparison of Hospital Length of Stay and Short-term Morbidity Between the Anterior and the Posterior Approaches to Total Hip Arthroplasty

The efficacy of the anterior, relative to other operative approaches, in promoting earlier return to function after hip arthroplasty has not been well established. We retrospectively compared 41 anterior and 47 posterior approach cases. Mean hospital stay (2.9 vs. 4 days, p=0.001) and days to mobilization (2.4 vs. 3.2 days, p=0.006) were shorter with the anterior approach. After multivariate regression, the anterior approach remained a significant predictor of early discharge (p=0.009). Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve neuropraxia (17%) and fracture (2%), were more common in the anterior cohort, but all patients recovered without sequela. Overall, the anterior approach patients had earlier discharge and mobilization as compared to patients who received the posterior approach. Neuropraxia and fracture remain a concern, but the clinical significance was low in our cohort.
Protein scans of cold-hardened and freeze-injured "Valencia" orange leaves.

Abstract One-dimensional gel electrophoresis and densitometric tracings did not identify any new protein fractions or specific changes associated with cold hardening and freezing of leaves of young Valencia orange trees. Marked changes in banding did occur with increased thawing time after the freezes and indicated increased denaturation of proteins with increased freeze severity and length of thaw. Protein breakdown after freezing was greater in unhardened than in cold-hardened leaves.
Chemoprevention of Cancer

Cancer chemoprevention is defined as the use of natural, synthetic, or biologic chemical agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent carcinogenic progression to invasive cancer. The success of several recent clinical trials in preventing cancer in high-risk populations suggests that chemoprevention is a rational and appealing strategy. This review will highlight current clinical research in chemoprevention, the biologic effects of chemopreventive agents on epithelial carcinogenesis, and the usefulness of intermediate biomarkers as markers of premalignancy. Selected chemoprevention trials are discussed with a focus on strategies of trial design and clinical outcome. Future directions in the field of chemoprevention will be proposed that are based on recently acquired mechanistic insight into carcinogenesis.
An Investigation of Hierarchical Bayes Procedures in Item Response Theory.

Hierarchical Bayes procedures for the two-parameter logistic item response model were compared for estimating item and ability parameters. Simulated data sets were analyzed via two joint and two marginal Bayesian estimation procedures. The marginal Bayesian estimation procedures yielded consistently smaller root mean square differences than the joint Bayesian estimation procedures for item and ability estimates. As the sample size and test length increased, the four Bayes procedures yielded essentially the same result.
Physiochemical phase transformations in Co/CoO nanoparticles prepared by inert gas Condensation

Abstract We present results of the studies of structural and chemical transformations in Co/CoO nanoparticles prepared by inert gas condensation. The effect of the morphology and agglomeration on the phase transformation reaction path in self-oxidation and in controlled reduction processes are discussed in detail. As-prepared samples show self-oxidation related to the non-core/shell morphology of the particles. Annealing of particles at 250 °C in reducing atmosphere leads to the oxidation of the particles showing coexistence of CoO and Co 3 O 4 structures. This is explained by the diffusion of oxygen from the amorphous oxide surface to the bulk of the nanoparticles. Upon increasing the reaction temperature beyond 250 °C, reductive transformation of the samples occurs systematically, from CoO/Co 3 O 4 to CoO to Co (HCP + FCC) and eventually to Co (FCC). We have presented X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and magnetic data to track the structural and chemical transformation paths. We found strong correlation between structural and magnetic properties. Thermodynamic stability as a function of reaction temperature on the phase/chemical transformation is also discussed.
Profiling toxic oxygen related-species–induced gene expression using cDNA microarrays

Oxidative stress has emerged to encompass a broad variety of biological stresses, some of which have obvious implications for health care. Several modalities used in cancer treatment, including X-rays, phototherapy and some chemotherapy drugs, exert their cytotoxicity by producing oxygen-related free radicals, which imposes an added burden of oxidative stress to normal cellular detoxification systems. Toxic oxygen-related species including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical are produced by diverse initiating agents and both chronic and acute diseases. Thus, it is important to understand the patterns of oxidative stress-induced gene expression, which can provide valuable insight with respect to how oxidative stress influences genetic stability, including the cell cycle, DNA replication and repair, cytotoxicity and mutation. In addition, such information may provide new molecular targets for the development of more effective reagents in cancer treatment. With the invention of microarray technology, we are able to profile gene expression patterns of tens of thousands of genes in a single experiment. In this study, we will use 6.9K cDNA microarrays to investigate the patterns of gene expression following exposure of oxidative stress in human tumour cells (MCF7). We will compare the patterns of gene expression among various toxic oxygen-related species. MCF7 cells will be treated with hydrogen peroxide, menadione or T-butyl hydroperoxide for 1 hour, and then total RNA will be extracted 0, 1, 3, 7 and 24 hours after treatments for cDNA microarrays.
Molecular dynamics simulation for polymers in the presence of a heat bath.

We describe an efficient and general algorithm for simulating polymers, which can be used for single, large chains as well as many-chain systems. It allows us to distinguish solvent effects from interchain effects on the dynamics of the chains. The method is tested for linear and cyclic chains of 50 to 200 monomers. We have confirmed two theoretical results which have not been observed numerically or experimentally, namely the anomalous behavior of S(q) for rings and the ${t}^{0.54}$ power law for the motion of a monomer in a self-avoiding chain undergoing Rouse relaxation.
Sociality of grassland birds during winter

Sociality of granivorous passerine birds occupying open grassland habitats of the southcentral United States was evaluated during winter in relation to habitat cover, seed density and bird density. Habitat height and habitat density, measures of exposure to potential predation, are associated with the major distinction of social pattern between the two granivore subgroups; sparrows, which tend to be more solitary, occupy the taller and denser grasslands, while horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) and longspurs (Calcarius spp.), which tend to be gregarious, occupy sparse and open habitats. Group size increased with increasing seed density for sparrows and for longspurs, but not for both horned larks and longspurs or for all granivores taken together. For sparrows, group size increased less in relation to seed density than for longspurs. For granivores in total and for sparrows, bird density increased with increasing seed density. However, this association did not exist for longspurs. The interaction of ecological variables may synergistically influence granivore group sizes. Habitat cover, in combination with other variables, appears to polarize the two granivore subtypes towards primarily gregarious or solitary strategies. Potential mechanisms leading to gregarious or solitary behavior are discussed in relation to hypotheses of predator avoidance and risk-sensitivity.
An alternative cruciate reconstruction graft: The central quadriceps tendon

The central quadriceps tendon, above the patella, is thicker and wider than the patella tendon. Using precise technique, one can obtain a tendon graft for cruciate reconstruction with 50% greater mass than a patellar tendon bone-tendon-bone graft of similar width. The central quadriceps tendon graft may be harvested by a second surgeon while the first surgeon is simultaneously accomplishing notch-plasty and tunnel placement for cruciate ligament reconstruction. Consequently, this cruciate ligament reconstruction graft offers time savings as well as greater tendon volume. The central quadriceps tendon graft is difficult to harvest, with significant risk of entering the suprapatellar pouch and losing knee distension during ACL reconstruction. By careful adherence to the technique described in this article, the surgeon can obtain this reconstruction graft safely. It is important to recognize the anatomic subtleties of the proximal patella, which include a curved proximal surface, dense cortical bone, and closely adherent suprapatellar pouch. Proper technique is of utmost importance in obtaining this tendon graft safely and efficiently.
Optimal operating parameters in the composting of swine manure with wastepaper.

Abstract A series of experiments were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for composting of swine manure and wastepaper. The aeration rate and mixing ratio were the variables investigated. In the first study (Study‐1), four experiments each with the same mixing ratio but a different aeration rate were carried out. In the second study (Study‐2), different mixing ratios were investigated, each however with the same aeration rate which was found to be optimal from Study‐1. Composting efficiencies were evaluated on the temperature profile and the reduction of C/N ratio. From the aeration rates of 200, 500, 1000, and 1500 mL/min.kg_vs that were evaluated, the aeration rate of 500 mL/min.kg_vs and higher showed good results. In Study‐2, where the initial C/N ratios were 20, 25, 30, and 35 respectively, the C/N ratio of 30 was found to be optimal. In conclusion, the composting of swine manure with the amendment of wastepaper was best carried out at the aeration of >500 mL/min.kg_vs and C/N ratio of 30.
Treatment of arborising telangiectasia with pulsed tunable dye laser (SPTL-1b)

Arborising telangiectasia is a rare but distinct progressive condition of unknown aetiology. The vessels are subepidermal and measure less than 0.2 mm in diameter. Twenty-three patients with this condition, involving the lower limbs and in extensive cases the upper limbs and trunk, have been treated with the flash lamp pulsed tunable dye laser (SPTL-1b, Candela Laser Corp.). Retrospective review of 17 of these patients, who have finished their treatment (average five sessions of therapy per patient, given at 3-4 monthly intervals), shows complete clearance of the telangiectasia in all cases. The mean follow-up time after the last session of treatment was 7 months. Temporary hyperpigmentation was seen in eight patients. Persistent pigmentary changes (one hyper- and one hypopigmentation) were noted in two patients. No evidence of scarring or change in skin texture was encountered. No progression or recurrence of telangiectasia was noted during the period of follow-up.
A statistical methodology for assessing the long‐term effects of antecedent drought conditions on stream runoff: applications to the Piedmont Province, southeastern United States

A method was developed to investigate the long-term (months-to-years) effects (both magnitude and duration) of antecedent rainfall upon subsequent runoff coefficients (RCs) or runoff/rainfall ratios. The method was applied to a four-state region (Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia) within the southeastern Piedmont Province of the United States and incorporated a 59-year data set of 19 United States Geological Survey stream gages and 57 National Climatic Data Center rain gages. The method was designed to facilitate statistical comparisons [Mann–Whitney rank sum tests] between various groups of normalized runoff coefficients (NRCs) representing 6–36 month periods which differed in terms of antecedent rainfall conditions. The results of this study show that under all subsequent rainfall conditions, with the exception of excess rainfall, a 1-year period of antecedent drought lowered NRCs for at least 1 year following the drought. The principal finding of this study is that a year-long drought period within the southeastern Piedmont Province lowers NRCs by ∼25% during the following year when rainfall returns to normal. In most cases, RCs are significantly lower during the second year following a drought than they would be when anteceded by normal rainfall; however, the effects of drought wane during this period. This is a statistical and regional method that can be modified to other study areas; however, it cannot be used to predict storm-event rainfall–runoff relationships for any specific basin. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Microassay for Gill Sodium, Potassium-Activated ATPase in Juvenile Pacific Salmonids

Abstract A microassay well-plate method is described for determining Na+,K+-ATPase activities of small gill sections from juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. The method differs from the established macromethod by detecting inorganic phosphate in nanomole rather than micromole concentrations. This permits the use of much smaller tissue samples, which makes it possible to release fish after sampling. Use of sonication during enzyme extraction and elimination of the need to deproteinize samples before ATPase analysis further simplify the assay. Application of the microwell-plate technique for both Na+,K+-ATPase activity and protein analysis permits rapid processing of many samples. It also produces results equivalent to those of the macroassay; no significant differences occurred between sample duplicates run by the two methods with the same enzyme extract (P > 0.05). The coefficient of variation (100·SD/mean) for microassay samples containing enzyme activities of at least 10 umol inorganic phosphate p...
NF-κB1 (p50) Homodimers Contribute to Transcription of the bcl-2 Oncogene

The bcl-2 proto-oncogene is frequently expressed in human cancer. Although bcl-2 was first cloned as the t(14;18) translocation breakpoint from human follicular B-cell lymphoma, it has become apparent that many cell types express bcl-2 because of transcriptional regulation. As such, several transcription factors have been demonstrated to activate expression of bcl-2, including NF-κB. We investigated the role of NF-κB1 (p50) homodimers in the expression of Bcl-2 in two murine B-cell lymphoma cell lines: LY-as, an apoptosis-proficient line with low Bcl-2 protein expression and no nuclear NF-κB activity, and LY-ar, a nonapoptotic line with constitutive p50 homodimer activity and 30 times more Bcl-2 protein expression than LY-as. We found that nuclear p50 homodimer activity correlated with Bcl-2 expression in these cell types and identified several sites within thebcl-2 5′-flanking region that p50 was capable of binding.In vitro transcription revealed that recombinant p50 enhanced the production of run-off transcripts from thebcl-2 P1 promoter. Additional in vitrotranscription experiments suggested the sites by which p50 afforded this effect. We conclude that the p50 homodimer is capable of transcriptional activation of the bcl-2 gene and suggest that its nuclear activity contributes to the expression ofbcl-2 in LY-ar cells.
Relationship of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin immunoreactivity to sensorimotor circuitry in larval zebrafish.

Our previous study tracked the ontogeny of aminergic systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Here we use tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) immunoreactivity, in conjunction with retrograde and genetic labeling techniques, to provide a more refined examination of the potential synaptic contacts of aminergic systems. Our focus was on different levels of the sensorimotor circuit for escape, from sensory inputs, through identified descending pathways, to motor output. We observed 5-HT reactivity in close proximity to the collaterals of the Rohon-Beard sensory neurons in spinal cord. In the brainstem we found TH and 5-HT reactivity closely apposed to the dendritic processes of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle (nMLF), in addition to the ventral dendrites of the Mauthner neuron and its serial homologs MiD2cm and MiD3cm. Only TH reactivity was observed near the lateral dendrites of the Mauthner cell. TH and 5-HT reactivity were also positioned near the outputs of reticulospinal cells in spinal cord. Finally, both TH and 5-HT reactivity were detected close to the dendritic processes of primary and secondary spinal motor neurons. We also confirmed, using dual TH and 5-HT staining and retrograde labeling, that the sources of spinal aminergic reactivity include the posterior tuberculum (dopamine) and inferior raphe region (5-HT). Our data indicate that aminergic systems may interact at all levels of the sensorimotor pathways involved in escape. The identification of some of these likely sites of aminergic action will allow for directed studies of their functional roles using the powerful combination of techniques available in zebrafish. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:57–71, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: serotonin; dopamine; noradrenaline; neuromodulation; reticulospinal; locomotion
How to future-proof your IT infrastructure

Today's tight budgets and the increasing complexity of IT infrastructures place incredible stress on the IT environment. IT managers are working hard to keep up with new technologies while supporting existing infrastructure. As the demands on a business infrastructure grow and expand to new areas, an IT infrastructure must support these new and varied needs. Taking a hard look at ones systems can uncover hidden opportunities for savings and provide funds to help one prepares for future demands.
The sodium dependence of embryonic induction

Abstract Induction of nerve and pigment cells in presumptive epidermis of the frog gastrula has been found to be dependent upon the concentration of the sodium ion. This sodium dependence is shown by small aggregates of presumptive epidermis cells induced by sucrose or by ions (Li+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+) to differentiate into nerve or pigment cells. Following these treatments, induction takes place when the external NaCl concentration is 0.088 M, but does not occur at 0.044 M. This range of concentrations is within the physiological range for continuous culture of cell aggregates and explants of amphibian embryos commonly used for studies of induction. Similarly, normal induction of nerve and pigment cells by mesoderm in small explants, prepared from the dorsal lip and lateral marginal zones of the early gastrula, is dependent upon the external concentration of sodium. Nerve and pigment cells are induced by the mesoderm when the culture medium contains 0.088 M NaCl. At 0.044 M NaCl, however, the mesoderm differentiates into muscle and mesenchyme, but induction of nerve and pigment cells does not occur. The sodium dependency of aggregates prepared from early gastrula is restricted to the period of induction. The end of this period corresponds in duration to the end of gastrulation. Cell aggregates prepared directly from presumptive neural plate at the end of gastrulation similarly have become independent of sodium. The sodium dependency of induction in presumptive epidermis cell aggregates by ions is compared to sodium dependency of induction of ectoderm by mesoderm in cell aggregates from early gastrula. The working hypothesis presented is that normal embryonic induction depends upon an endogenous source of ions, and that there is an intracellular release of ions within the embryo during late gastrulation. Preliminary experiments have revealed a threefold increase in exchangeable Ca2+ within the cells and a forty-fold increase in intracellular Na+ during gastrulation. The sodium dependence demonstrated in the present experimental system and postulated for normal embryonic induction is compared to other sodium-dependent systems in transport at tissue, cellular, nuclear, and organelle levels.
Mentor status, occupational context, and protégé career outcomes: Differential returns for males and females

Abstract We report two studies examining the moderating effects of mentor status and protege gender, along with the moderating role of occupational context, in the relationship of mentoring with protege career outcomes. Our research replicates and extends previous findings, especially those by Ramaswami et al. (2010b). Results from Study 1 indicated that business school alumni with senior-male mentors earned more compensation than those with no mentors. Additionally, a 3-way interaction (protege gender × senior-male mentor × occupation type) indicated that the senior-male mentor effect for compensation was especially prominent for females in male-gendered occupation types. Study 2, conducted in an aerospace manufacturing firm comprising both a male-gendered occupation and industry context, confirmed mentor-status by protege gender interaction for compensation. Female proteges with senior mentors received more compensation than females with no mentors, and also more compensation than males with senior mentors. In contrast, proteges with “other” (not senior) mentors received less compensation than those with no mentors, with this negative effect being especially strong for females. Taken as a whole, these results confirm the importance of mentor status for protege career success. The results also underscore the importance of considering both mentor attributes and work context in understanding male and female proteges' career returns from mentoring.
Standards: Real-time extensions to programming systems

The current status of formal efforts to develop real-time extensions to programming languages like FORTRAN and BASIC are described, and examples of the form of such standards are given. In addition, characteristics of hardware interface standards are presented. Finally, the needs for, and implications of, standards are discussed.
Oct-1, silencer sequence, and GC box regulate thyroid hormone receptor β1 promoter

Abstract Thyroid hormone, acting through thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), plays a crucial role in brain development and its insufficiency results in irreversible brain damage. TRα mRNA is expressed continuously from early embryonic stages, but the level of TRβ1 mRNA in brain is more abundant in adult than in fetus. To identify important factors which regulate TRβ1 expression, we compared mouse fetal and adult brain nuclear extracts by DNase I footprinting and electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays (EMSA) of the TRβ1 promoter. We carried out transient transfection studies in COS 1 cells using the TRβ1 promoter fused to Luciferase gene, and used mutated promoter vectors and various expression vectors. In DNase I footprinting using the fragment -950 to -717, fetal brain nuclear extracts protected the areas -910 to -884 and -815 to -800 more than did adult extracts. In EMSA, proteins in fetal nuclear extracts bound to a silencer sequence (−924 to -916), GC box (−901 to -887), and E box (−810 to -805), more strongly than did proteins in adult brain extracts. The bands formed on GC box were not supershifted by Sp-1, Sp-2, Sp-3, Sp-4, EGR-1, or EGR-2 antibodies. Three bands were detected on the octamer binding site probe (−913 to -906) and one protein was supershifted by Oct-1 antibody. Adult brain extracts appear to contain more Oct-1 protein than do fetal extracts. The other two bands were more intense in fetal extracts than in adult extracts, but were not supershifted by either Oct-1 or Oct-2 antibodies. Mutation of the silencer response element, mutation of the GC box, and Oct-1 over expression in COS 1 cells increased TRβ1 promoter function as assayed by Luciferase reporter. Mutation of the octamer binding site, to which only Oct-1 bound in COS 1 cells, decreased Luciferase reporter activity. Thus the TRβ1 promoter was regulated negatively by the proteins bound to the silencer sequence and the GC box, and positively by Oct-1. Silencer and GC box binding proteins are more abundant in fetal brain, and Oct-1 is more abundant in adult brain. The results may be responsible for increased amounts of TRβ1 present in late fetal and adult brain.
Clohessy-Wiltshire Equations Modified to Include Quadratic Drag

The relative-motion equations of a spacecraft in the vicinity of a satellite in an orbit that is not highly eccentric but decays as a result of drag are investigated. Because the initial orbit is not highly eccentric, theequations of motion of both the satellite and the spacecraft can be approximated by simpler equations. Some transformations are then applied to the equations of relative motion. If the drag is quadratic in the magnitude of the velocity and varies inversely with the distance from the center of attraction, the equations simplify further. There are some interesting consequences if the two objects in orbit have the same drag constant. In these cases, the transformed equations of relative motion generalize the Tschauner-Hempel equations and asymptotically approach an extension of the Clohessy-Wiltshire equations, modified to include the quadratic drag model. If the initial orbit is circular, the relative-motion equations become the new modified Clohessy-Wiltshire equations. The closed-form solution of these equations has similar structure to that of the Clohessy-Wiltshire equations. Among the potential applications of these new equations are fast preliminary studies for terminal rendezvous, station keeping, formation flying, and constellations of satellites.
Optical Properties of the Metal Re O 3 from 0.1 to 22 eV

Absolute-reflectance measurements of single-crystal Re${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ in the spectral range 0.2-22 eV are analyzed by Kramers-Kronig relations to give the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constants. The dielectric constant is characteristic of free-electron behavior below the sharp plasma edge at 2.1 eV, and confirms the metallic nature of the lustrous red oxide. Interband transitions dominate the optical spectrum above the plasma edge. From our analysis we derive an optical effective mass of $0.86{m}_{0}$. The metallic properties and interband transitions are discussed in terms of proposed band models.
Ultrastructural and cytochemical comparison of cultured normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts.

Abstract Fibroblasts were cultured from skin biopsies of normal donors and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, and compared morphologically and cytochemically by light and electron microscopy. Normal and CF fibroblasts revealed by light microscopy a comparable number of cytoplasmic bodies which contained acidic complex carbohydrate and acid phosphatase. These increased in prevalence with the number of days in culture, the time in culture between the last passage and assay, and the percentage of noncycling cells. The fibroblasts did not exhibit extensive or intense metachromasia. Normal and CF cells displayed similar fine structural morphologic features, including a comparable population of dense bodies. These contained acid phosphatase and became labeled by ferritin pinocytosed from the medium. The dense bodies were thus identified as secondary lysosomes engaged, at least in part, in the degradation of endocytosed material. The CF and normal cells exhibited no difference by light microscopy in reactivity to stains for neutral, sialic acid-rich, and sulfated complex carbohydrate. By electron microscopy, no difference in the content of acid complex carbohydrate was demonstrable with dialyzed iron. The amount and distribution of antimonate-precipitable cations was observed ultrastructurally and found to be similar in CF and normal cells. By morphologic or cytochemical criteria, it was not possible to distinguish CF from normal cells or to provide a basis for the extensive cellular metachromasia observed by some investigators in CF cells examined by light microscopy.
Surprising toxicity and assembly behaviour of amyloid β-protein oxidized to sulfone

Aβ (amyloid β-peptide) is believed to cause AD (Alzheimer's disease). Aβ42 (Aβ comprising 42 amino acids) is substantially more neurotoxic than Aβ40 (Aβ comprising 40 amino acids), and this increased toxicity correlates with the existence of unique Aβ42 oligomers. Met35 oxidation to sulfoxide or sulfone eliminates the differences in early oligomerization between Aβ40 and Aβ42. Met35 oxidation to sulfoxide has been reported to decrease Aβ assembly kinetics and neurotoxicity, whereas oxidation to sulfone has rarely been studied. Based on these data, we expected that oxidation of Aβ to sulfone would also decrease its toxicity and assembly kinetics. To test this hypothesis, we compared systematically the effect of the wild-type, sulfoxide and sulfone forms of Aβ40 and Aβ42 on neuronal viability, dendritic spine morphology and macroscopic Ca2+ currents in primary neurons, and correlated the data with assembly kinetics. Surprisingly, we found that, in contrast with Aβ-sulfoxide, Aβ-sulfone was as toxic and aggregated as fast, as wild-type Aβ. Thus, although Aβ-sulfone is similar to Aβ-sulfoxide in its dipole moment and oligomer size distribution, it behaves similarly to wild-type Aβ in its aggregation kinetics and neurotoxicity. These surprising data decouple the toxicity of oxidized Aβ from its initial oligomerization, and suggest that our current understanding of the effect of methionine oxidation in Aβ is limited. Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β-protein; Aβ40, Aβ comprising 40 amino acids; Aβ42, Aβ comprising 42 amino acids; AD, Alzheimer's disease; CHC, central hydrophobic cluster; DiI, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate; DMEM, Dulbeco modified Eagle's medium; E, embryonic day; FBS, fetal bovine serum; Fmoc, fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl; HFIP, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MsrA, methionine–sulfoxide reductase A; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide; PICUP, photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling; VGCC, voltage-gated calcium channel; WT, wild-type
Catecholamines during development of the parasitic nematode, Haemonchus contortus.

Abstract 1. Catecholamines from infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus were extracted, separated on HPLC, and measured on an electrochemical detector. DOMA 18 ng/100,000 larvae: NE 6 ng; E l ng: DA 1 ng 2. Levels of norepinephrine decreased below detection level rapidly after gassing with CO 2 . 3. Levels of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DOMA), a metabolite of norepinephrine, increased when exsheathment took place in tap water rather than buffer.