cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fibrinogen is the receptor for the endogenous lectin of human platelets

Washed platelets activated by α-thrombin, γ-thrombin1, thrombocytin2 or the ionophore A23187 (ref. 3) lose their disk shape4, produce pseudopodia and become cohesive. This cohesiveness is accompanied by the expression of an endogeneous haemagglutinin5 which, although apparently bound to the platelet membrane6, is dependent on cell secretion7. The interaction of this agglutinin with appropriate receptors on other platelets is believed to be responsible for aggregation. We report here that platelets can be prepared which lack agglutinin activity but have receptor function, that afibrinogenaemic platelets lack receptor activity, and that fibrinogen is the receptor for the agglutinin secreted by activated platelets.
Color Measurement of Metal Surfaces

Accurate measurements of the optical properties of metal surfaces responsible for their colors can be made in mathematical terms by using an automatic recording spectrophotometer. A freshly prepared surface of MgO having a reflectance of the order of 0.98 which varies only slightly over the whole spectrum is used as a standard, and carefully polished flat metal surfaces make up the specimen. All metals have an absorption band. This band is associated with the energy required to remove an electron from a state in the d shell to an empty state in the s shell. The wavelength of this absorption band governs the color characteristics of metal surface.
Hydroboration of methoxyenynes. A novel synthesis of (E)-methoxyenones

Abstract Chemo- and regioselective hydroboration of (Z)-methoxyenynes with dialkylboranes furnishes organoboranes which produce on oxidation the synthetically valuable (E)-methoxyenones
In Vivo Evaluation of 13-93 Bioactive Glass Scaffolds with Trabecular and Oriented Microstructures in a Subcutaneous Rat Implantation Model

The ability of two groups of 13-93 bioactive glass scaffolds to support tissue ingrowth was evaluated after implantation for 4 weeks into subcutaneous pockets in the dorsum of Fisher 344 rats. One group of scaffolds (porosity = 85%; pore size = 100–500 μm) had a “trabecular” microstructure similar to that of dry human trabecular bone, whereas the other group had a “columnar” microstructure of oriented pores (porosity = 65%; pore width = 90–110 μm). Despite the lower porosity and pore width, the columnar scaffolds supported abundant soft tissue ingrowth (glycosaminoglycan and fibrillar stroma), whereas the trabecular scaffolds showed only limited tissue ingrowth. When seeded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), both groups of scaffolds supported abundant tissue infiltration. Bone-like tissue was formed in both groups of scaffolds seeded with MSCs, but not in the scaffolds without MSCs. The new tissues integrated with the hydroxyapatite-like surface layer of the scaffolds which resulted from the conversion of the bioactive glass in the body fluids. The results indicate that the trabecular bioactive glass scaffolds seeded with MSCs, as well as the columnar bioactive glass scaffolds, seeded with MSCs or unseeded, could serve as substrates for bone repair and regeneration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Preparation and Magnetic Properties of BiFeO3 and NiCuZn Ferrite Multiferroic Composites

A series of xBiFeO3-(1-x) NiCuZn ferrite multiferroic composites have been prepared by solid state reaction method, in which x is 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0. Composites are densified at 700 °C for 3 h. XRD results show that ferroelectric phase and ferromagnetic phase can be co-existed in the composites. The density of composites increases with an increase of BiFeO3 content. SEM results reveal that the bigger grains are BiFeO3 and the smaller grains are NiCuZn ferrite. Composites exhibits the typical magnetic hysteresis loops. Increasing x, the saturation magnetization of composites linearly decrease. The real part of permeability for composites decreases with increasing x. Meanwhile, the peak of imaginary part of permeability shifts toward higher frequency.
Reranking and Pro-Poor Growth: Decompositions for China and Vietnam

Abstract Reranking in the move from one income distribution to another makes it impossible to infer from changes in Lorenz and generalised Lorenz curves how income growth among those toward the bottom of the initial income distribution compares to that among those toward the top, and whether there has been income growth among those who were initially poor. Decompositions allowing for reranking indicate that economic growth in China and Vietnam has been better for households who were initially poor than changes in the Lorenz and generalised Lorenz curve and poverty growth curve would suggest.
Integrin Dynamics and Matrix Assembly: Tensin-Dependent Translocation of α5β1 Integrins Promotes Early Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis

Fibronectin matrix assembly is a multistep, integrin-dependent process. To investigate the role of integrin dynamics in fibronectin fibrillogenesis, we developed an antibody-chasing technique for simultaneous tracking of two integrin populations by different antibodies. We established that whereas the vitronectin receptor αvβ3 remains within focal contacts, the fibronectin receptor α5β1 translocates from focal contacts into and along extracellular matrix (ECM) contacts. This escalator-like translocation occurs relative to the focal contacts at 6.5 ± 0.7 μm/h and is independent of cell migration. It is induced by ligation of α5β1 integrins and depends on interactions with a functional actin cytoskeleton and vitronectin receptor ligation. During cell spreading, translocation of ligand-occupied α5β1 integrins away from focal contacts and along bundles of actin filaments generates ECM contacts. Tensin is a primary cytoskeletal component of these ECM contacts, and a novel dominant-negative inhibitor of tensin blocked ECM contact formation, integrin translocation, and fibronectin fibrillogenesis without affecting focal contacts. We propose that translocating α5β1 integrins induce initial fibronectin fibrillogenesis by transmitting cytoskeleton-generated tension to extracellular fibronectin molecules. Blocking this integrin translocation by a variety of treatments prevents the formation of ECM contacts and fibronectin fibrillogenesis. These studies identify a localized, directional, integrin translocation mechanism for matrix assembly.
New Strategies of Systems Change: Reclaiming Nonsynoptic Methods

Ill-defined, complex problems often require systematic change in behavior and values. However, the uncertainty of such issues polarizes different stakeholders and impedes collaborative solutions. Traditional approaches to managing change are unable to deal with these situations, where both complexity and conflict are intensified. A new category of planning and change methods, nonsynoptic systems change, is emerging that better deals with such conditions. Despite its haphazard appearance, an underlying order exists within this type of systems change. Normative incrementalism, one specific change strategy within this type, is examined in detail. A variety of applications for the nonsynoptic approach is also considered.
ATPase‐Associated Oligomycin Resistance in Acanthamoeba castellanii1

The multiplication rate of "wild-type" (WT) populations of Acanthamoeba castellanii was inhibited 50% by approximately 3 microgram oligomycin/ml; OliR2, an oligomycin resistant cell line, required approximately 27 microgram/ml for the same inhibition. ATPase solubilized from OliR2 mitochondrial fractions required 3--10-fold higher concentrations of oligomycin than did identical WT fractions to achieve 50% inhibition of activity. Resistance was correlated with altered mitochondrial ATPase sensitivity to oligomycin.
Flow dynamics in pediatric rigid bronchoscopes using computer-aided design modeling software

Objectives/Hypothesis Observed complications during rigid bronchoscopy, including hypercarbia and hypoxemia, prompted us to assess how well rigid bronchoscopes serve as an airway device. We performed computer-aided design flow analysis of pediatric rigid bronchoscopes to gain insight into flow dynamics. Study Design We made accurate three-dimensional computer models of pediatric rigid bronchoscopes and endotracheal tubes. SOLIDWORKS (Dassault Systemes, Velizy-Villacoublay, France) flow analysis software was used to analyze fluid dynamics during pressure-controlled and volume-controlled ventilation. Methods Flow analysis was performed on rigid bronchoscopes and similar outer diameter endotracheal tubes comparing resistance, flow, and turbulence during two ventilation modalities and in common surgical scenarios. Results Increased turbulent flow was observed in bronchoscopes compared to more laminar flow in endotracheal tubes of similar outer diameter. Flow analysis displayed higher resistances in all pediatric bronchoscope sizes except one (3.0 bronchoscope) compared to similar-sized endotracheal tubes. Loss of adequate ventilation was observed if the bronchoscope was not assembled correctly or if increased peak inspiratory pressures were needed. Anesthesia flow to the patient was reduced by 63% during telescope insertion. Conclusions Flow analysis illustrates increased turbulent flow and increased airflow resistance in all but one size of pediatric bronchoscopes compared to endotracheal tubes. This increased turbulence and resistance, along with the unanticipated gas distal exit pattern, may contribute to the documented hypercarbia and hypoxemia during procedures. These findings may explain why hypoxemia and hypercarbia are commonly observed during rigid bronchoscopy, especially when positive pressure ventilation is needed. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 126:1940–1945, 2016
A Dark‐Field TEM Method for Crystal Structure Determination of Cu‐Rich Phases on Twins in Silicon

A dark-field TEM method is developed to identify the crystal structures of second phases which is based on the fact that the difference in structure factor between matrix and precipitate is proportional to the intensity difference. It can distinguish between phases whose structure factors are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. The method is applied to Cu silicide phases on twin boundaries in Si. Three phases are observed, a cloud-like phase, a small spherical phase embedded in the cloud, and a layer which forms on the top and bottom edges of the twin. The cloud and the layer are found to be CuSi and the small spherical phase a transition phase of the Si lattice with Cu on octahedral sites. Weak-beam lattice images show the cloud-like and spherical phases are coherent and that vein-like voids can emanate from the precipitate interface. Um die Kristallstrukturen der zweiten Phase zu identifizieren, wird eine TEM-Dunkelfeldmethode entwickelt, die darauf beruht, das die Differenz der Strukturfaktoren zwischen Matrix und Prazipitat proportional zur Intensitaitsdifferenz ist. Es kann zwischen Phasen unterschieden werden, deren Strukturfaktoren in der Grose gleich, jedoch im Vorzeichen unterschiedlich sind. Die Methode wird auf Cu-Silizidphasen auf Zwillingsgrenzen in Si angewendet. Drei Phasen werden beobachtet, eine wolkeniihnliche Phase, eine kleine kugelformige Phase, die in der Wolke eingebettet ist, und eine Schicht, die sich an den oberen und unteren Kanten des Zwillings ausbildet. Es wird gefunden, das die Wolke und die Schicht CuSi ist und die kleine kugelformige Phase eine Vbergangsphase des Si-Gitters mit Cu auf Oktaederpliitzen darstellt. Schwachstrahlgitterdiagramme zeigen, das die wolkenahnliche und die kugelformige Phase koharent sind und das aderformige Hohlraume von der Prazipitatgrenzflache ausgehen konnen.
Formally analyzing two-user centralized and replicated architectures

We have developed a formal performance model for centralized and replicated architectures involving two users, giving equations for response, feedthrough, and task completion times. The model explains previous empirical results by showing that (a) low network latency favors the centralized architecture and (b) asymmetric processing powers favor the centralized architecture. In addition, it makes several new predictions, showing that under certain practical conditions, (a) centralizing the application on the slower machine may be the optimal solution, (b) centralizing the application on the faster machine is sometimes better than replicating, and (c) as the duration of the collaboration increases, the difference in performances of centralized and replicated architectures gets magnified. We have verified these predictions through new experiments for which we created synthesized logs based on parameters gathered from actual collaboration logs. Our results increase the understanding of centralized and replicated architectures and can be used by (a) users of adaptive systems to decide when to perform architecture changes, (b) users who have a choice of systems with different architectures to choose the system most suited for a particular collaboration mode (defined by the values of the collaboration parameters), and (c) users locked into a specific architecture to decide how to change the hardware and other collaboration parameters to improve performance.
The Peritubular Tissue in the Normal and Pathological Human Testis. An Ultrastructural Study

The peritubular tissue of the human testis has been examined by light and electron microscopy in biopsies from 5 normal men, 10 untreated men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and 52 men with oligospermia or azoospermia. In the normal, the lamina propria of the tubules consisted of two alternating layers of collagen fibres and myoid cells to whose surface a thin layer of basement membrane-like material and microfibrils was closely applied. In hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, the immature seminiferous cords were surrounded by less well defined layers of myoid cells and collagen fibres and the myoid cell surfaces did not exhibit the coating of basement membrane-like material and microfibrils. In the patients with azoospermia or oligospermia. three patterns of organization of the lamina propria were apparent: (I) The normal appearance. (2) Increase in thickness of the layers of collagen fibres. (3) Disorganization of the lamina propria by a marked increase in the thickness of either the basement membrane-like material or microfibrillar layers immediately adjacent to the myoid cells. The third pattern was found in patients with severely damaged testes such as in seminiferous tubule hyalinization. The observations indicate that the thickening of the lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules seen in some damaged testes does not involve the appearance of new components but widening of existing structures. It is generally agreed that the myoid cells,
Roles of TRPV1 and neuropeptidergic receptors in dorsal root reflex-mediated neurogenic inflammation induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin.

Acute cutaneous neurogenic inflammation initiated by activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) receptors following intradermal injection of capsaicin is mediated mainly by dorsal root reflexes (DRRs). Inflammatory neuropeptides are suggested to be released from primary afferent nociceptors participating in inflammation. However, no direct evidence demonstrates that the release of inflammatory substances is due to the triggering of DRRs and how activation of TRPV1 receptors initiates neurogenic inflammation via triggering DRRs. Here we used pharmacological manipulations to analyze the roles of TRPV1 and neuropeptidergic receptors in the DRR-mediated neurogenic inflammation induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin. The degree of cutaneous inflammation in the hindpaw that followed capsaicin injection was assessed by measurements of local blood flow (vasodilation) and paw-thickness (edema) of the foot skin in anesthetized rats. Local injection of capsaicin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or substance P (SP) resulted in cutaneous vasodilation and edema. Removal of DRRs by either spinal dorsal rhizotomy or intrathecal administration of the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, reduced dramatically the capsaicin-induced vasodilation and edema. In contrast, CGRP- or SP-induced inflammation was not significantly affected after DRR removal. Dose-response analysis of the antagonistic effect of the TRPV1 receptor antagonist, capsazepine administered peripherally, shows that the capsaicin-evoked inflammation was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, and nearly completely abolished by capsazepine at doses between 30–150 μg. In contrast, pretreatment of the periphery with different doses of CGRP8–37 (a CGRP receptor antagonist) or spantide I (a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist) only reduced the inflammation. If both CGRP and NK1 receptors were blocked by co-administration of CGRP8–37 and spantide I, a stronger reduction in the capsaicin-initiated inflammation was produced. Our data suggest that 1) the generation of DRRs is critical for driving the release of neuropeptides antidromically from primary afferent nociceptors; 2) activation of TRPV1 receptors in primary afferent nociceptors following intradermal capsaicin injection initiates this process; 3) the released CGRP and SP participate in neurogenic inflammation.
Depression is associated with longer emergency department length of stay in acute coronary syndrome patients

Background: Patient demographic characteristics have been associated with longer emergency department (ED) treatment times, but the influence of psychosocial characteristics has not been assessed. We evaluated whether depression was associated with greater ED length of stay (LOS) in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina (UA) patients presenting to a large metropolitan academic medical center. Methods: We calculated ED LOS for NSTEMI or UA patients enrolled an observational cohort study by taking the difference between ED triage time in the medical record and time of transfer to an inpatient bed from standardized transfer documentation forms. Depression status was defined as current, past, or never by clinical interview and also by self-report on the Beck Depression Inventory. Results: Participants were 120 NSTEMI/UA patients [mean age= 62, 36% women, 56% Hispanic, 26% Black/African American, 40% NSTEMI, mean global registry of acute cardiac events (GRACE) score= 93.9]. Mean ED LOS was 11.6 hours, SD= 8.3. A multiple linear regression model that included the above demographic and clinical variables, and time of presentation to ED, explained 11% of the variance in ED LOS, F (11, 108)= 2.35, p= .01, R 2 adj.= .11. Currently depressed patients spent 5.4 more hours (95% CI= .40, 10.4 hours) in the ED on average than patients who had never been depressed. Conclusions: Currently depressed NSTEMI/UA patients are in the ED for an average of 5 hours longer than those who have never been depressed. Further research is needed to identify the reasons for this difference.
Novel power conditioning circuits for piezoelectric micropower generators

Low power devices promote the development of micropower generators (MPGs). This paper presents a novel power conditioning circuit (PCC) that enables maximum power extraction from a piezoelectric MPG. Synchronous rectification (SR) is employed to improve the PCC efficiency. A simplified model of the piezoelectric generator is developed for simulation. Performance of the proposed PCC is verified by PSpice simulation and experimental results. A maximum output power of 18.8 /spl mu/W has been extracted from a single piezoelectric MPG. Arbitrary waveform generator representation (AWGR) of the flexing piezoelectric membrane is also presented. The hardware AWGR enables research on the PCC without the need for the actual MPG heat engine or bulge tester used to flex the piezoelectric membrane, and also demonstrates the feasibility of cascading many MPGs to extract additional power.
Multiresponse Optimization of Stochastic WSN Deployment Using Response Surface Methodology and Desirability Functions

Due to reliance on stochastic deployment, delivery of large-scale WSN presents a major problem in the application of wireless sensor networks (WSN) technology. When deployed in a stochastic manner, the WSN has the utmost challenge of guaranteeing acceptable operational efficiency upon deployment. The research presented in this paper evaluates application of the response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability functions for analysis and optimization of stochastic WSN deployments based on multiple efficiency metrics. Through case studies, the approach is proven successful in modeling individual efficiency metrics, and in providing a way for analyzing deployments, based on numerous efficiency metrics. Additionally, the approach may be used to quantify the effects of optimizing partial efficiency metrics on the overall deployment efficiency.
Semimetal-Semiconductor Junctions for Low Noise Zero-Bias Rectifiers

ErAs and InAlGaAs heterojunctions promise to act as low noise Schottky diode. In this paper, we present responsivity measurements and 2–8 GHz tangential sensitivity measurements on a room- temperature zero-bias rectifier intended for use in THz imaging arrays. This novel interface promises to allow for a room-temperature zero-bias rectifier that significantly simplifies detector design, mitigates current induced flicker and burst noise, and eliminates bias circuitry and related noise, potentially leading to a square-law detector with a noise floor of ~10−12 W/Hz1/2. The ability to tune barrier height, responsivity, capacitance and differential resistance is also investigated.
Using a spike-in experiment to evaluate analysis of LC-MS data

Recent advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology have led to more effective approaches for measuring changes in peptide/protein abundances in biological samples. Label-free LC-MS methods have been used for extraction of quantitative information and for detection of differentially abundant peptides/proteins. However, difference detection by analysis of data derived from label-free LC-MS methods requires various preprocessing steps including filtering, baseline correction, peak detection, alignment, and normalization. Although several specialized tools have been developed to analyze LC-MS data, determining the most appropriate computational pipeline remains challenging partly due to lack of established gold standards. The work in this paper is an initial study to develop a simple model with "presence" or "absence" condition using spike-in experiments and to be able to identify these "true differences" using available software tools. In addition to the preprocessing pipelines, choosing appropriate statistical tests and determining critical values are important. We observe that individual statistical tests could lead to different results due to different assumptions and employed metrics. It is therefore preferable to incorporate several statistical tests for either exploration or confirmation purpose. The LC-MS data from our spike-in experiment can be used for developing and optimizing LC-MS data preprocessing algorithms and to evaluate workflows implemented in existing software tools. Our current work is a stepping stone towards optimizing LC-MS data acquisition and testing the accuracy and validity of computational tools for difference detection in future studies that will be focused on spiking peptides of diverse physicochemical properties in different concentrations to better represent biomarker discovery of differentially abundant peptides/proteins.
Should We Respond to Evil with Indifference

In a recent article, Adam Elga outlines a strategy for “Defeating Dr Evil with Self-Locating Belief”. The strategy relies on an indifference principle that is not up to the task. In general, there are two things to dislike about indifference principles: adopting one normally means confusing risk for uncertainty, and they tend to lead to incoherent views in some ‘paradoxical’ situations. I argue that both kinds of objection can be levelled against Elga’s indifference principle. There are also some difficulties with the concept of evidence that Elga uses, and these create further difficulties for the principle. In a recent article, Adam Elga outlines a strategy for “Defeating Dr Evil with SelfLocating Belief”. The strategy relies on an indifference principle that is not up to the task. In general, there are two things to dislike about indifference principles: adopting one normally means confusing risk for uncertainty, and they tend to lead to incoherent views in some ‘paradoxical’ situations. Each kind of objection can be levelled against Elga’s theory, but because Elga is more careful than anyone has ever been in choosing the circumstances under which his indifference principle applies we have to be similarly careful in focussing the objections. Even with this care the objections I put forward here will be less compelling than, say, the objections (Keynes, 1921, Ch. 4) put forward in his criticisms of earlier indifference principles. But there still may be enough to make us reject Elga’s principle. The structure of this note is as follows. In §§1 and 2 I set out Elga’s theory, in §§3 and 4 I discuss some initial objections that I don’t think are particularly telling, in §5 I discuss some paradoxes to which Elga’s theory seems to lead (this is reprised in §9 where I discuss a somewhat different paradoxical case) and in §§7 and 8 I argue that even Elga’s careful indifference principle involves a risk/uncertainty confusion.
Learning the identity effect as an artificial language: bias and generalisation

The results of two artificial grammar experiments show that individuals learn a distinction between identical and non-identical consonant pairs better than an arbitrary distinction, and that they generalise the distinction to novel segmental pairs. These results have implications for inductive models of learning, because they necessitate an explicit representation of identity. While identity has previously been represented as root-node sharing in autosegmental representations (Goldsmith 1976, McCarthy 1986), or implicitly assumed to be a property that constraints can reference (MacEachern 1999, Coetzee & Pater 2008), the model of inductive learning proposed by Hayes & Wilson (2008) assumes strictly feature-based representations, and is unable to reference identity directly. This paper explores the predictions of the Hayes & Wilson model and compares it to a modification of the model where identity is represented (Colavin et al.2010). The results of both experiments support a model incorporating direct reference to identity.
Optical performance of high aspect LIGA gratings

LIGA technology has been used to fabricate linear gratings having free-standing nickel walls a few micrometers wide and as much as 50 micrometers high and period on the order of 10 micrometers . With additional MEMS processing steps, such as devices are intended for use in a tunable infrared filter. Prediction of optical performance is a particularly challenging problem for gratings with these parameters and materials and requires a robust Maxwell solver. We have applied our own code, described elsewhere, in the form of a finite element implementation of equivalent variational problem to examine the optical properties of this class of gratings. Here, we describe our predicted results for transmittance as a function of wavelength and polarization for various grating parameters and incident conditions. Measurements of fabricated gratings were also carried out, and the predictions are shown to agree well with the measured data. The filter cutoff is shown to be sensitive to cone angle of the incident radiation, and the implications of this effect on system performance are discussed.
Homothallic conversions of yeast mating-type genes occur by intrachromosomal recombination

The switching of yeast mating-type alleles involves a transposition of a copy of a sequence from HML or HMR to replace the sequences at MAT. Using diploid strains of yeast we have discovered that about 1% of the homothalic conversions of MAT alleles are accompanied by large intrachromosomal rearrangements. These rearrangements are highly specific fusions of part of MAT either with HMR (to produce a deficiency ring chromosome). We conclude that the mechanism of MAT conversions involves a highly specific pairing between the homologous sequences at MAT and the donor genes HML or HMR followed by a specialized gene conversion event, in which the original allele is replaced by a sequence copied from HMR or HML. At about a 1% frequency conversion of the MAT locus is accompanied by a reciprocal recombination event that results in an intrachromosomal deletion. This same preferential pairing is reflected in a high frequency (> 10(-3)) of site-specific mitotic recombination between MAT alleles on differenat chromosomes. A gene conversion model also allows us to explain the "illegal" transpositions of MAT alleles to HMR or HML that occur when normal excision of MAT is prevented.
Promoting Success in High School World History: Peer Tutoring Versus Guided Notes

The purpose of this investigation was to compare qualitative and quantitative outcomes associated with peer tutoring versus teacher–directed guided notes in world history for secondary–level students with mild disabilities. Sixteen students with mild disabilities (15 of whom had learning disabilities) participated in a nine–week quarter of one of the two instructional conditions. The same special education teachers taught students during world history classes. Measures included pre– and posttests of reading fluency, comprehension strategies, and content tests, including end–of–chapter tests, cumulative–delayed–recall tests, and a delayed–recall end–of–year final exam covering the entire academic year. In addition, qualitative procedures were employed, including interviews of teachers and students regarding their instructional preferences. Findings indicated that students who participated in peer tutoring significantly outperformed those who participated in the guided–notes condition on content–area tests. No significant differences were obtained on oral–reading–fluency measures, but students in the tutoring condition performed significantly better at using a reading comprehension summarization strategy independently, and at remembering the strategy steps. Results of student interviews suggested that students responded positively overall to tutoring and guided notes, and provided specific relevant insights on each procedure. Students in the tutoring condition indicated that the time spent tutoring felt like one of the shortest academic quarters for them. Findings are discussed with respect to both benefits and challenges associated with implementing peer tutoring in high school special education content–area classes.
Sequestration of Metals in Active Cap Materials: A Laboratory and Numerical Evaluation

Active capping involves the use of capping materials that react with sediment contaminants to reduce their toxicity or bioavailability. Although several amendments have been proposed for use in active capping systems, little is known about their long-term ability to sequester metals. Recent research has shown that the active amendment apatite has potential application for metals-contaminated sediments. The focus of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of apatite in the sequestration of metal contaminants through the use of short-term laboratory column studies in conjunction with predictive, numerical modeling. A breakthrough column study was conducted using North Carolina apatite as the active amendment. Under saturated conditions, a spike solution containing elemental As, Cd, Co, Se, Pb, Zn, and a nonreactive tracer was injected into the column. A sand column was tested under similar conditions as a control. Effluent water samples were periodically collected from each column for chemical analysis. Relative to the nonreactive tracer, the breakthrough of each metal was substantially delayed by the apatite. Furthermore, breakthrough of each metal was substantially delayed by the apatite compared to the sand column. Finally, a simple 1-D, numerical model was created to qualitatively predict the long-term performance of apatite based on the findings from the column study. The results of the modeling showed that apatite could delay the breakthrough of some metals for hundreds of years under typical groundwater flow velocities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dear Reader, (Do) You Know Who You Are: Voice and Audience in H. L. Goodall, Jr.’s Narrative Ethnography

I stand in front of my class, struggling to explain the concepts of voice and audience. The words don’t come to me, but a feeling does. It’s a feeling I first encountered reading H. L. “Bud” Goodal...
Advance Ordering for Healthier Eating? Field Experiments on the Relationship Between the Meal Order–Consumption Time Delay and Meal Content

AbstractEncouraging consumers to select meals in advance rather than at mealtime has been proposed as a strategy to promote healthier eating decisions, taking advantage of the improved self-control that is thought to accompany decisions about the future. In two field studies at an employee cafeteria and a third in a university setting, we examine how time delays between placing a lunch order and picking it up affect the healthfulness of that lunch. The first study, a secondary data analysis, finds that longer delays between placing an order and picking up the meal are associated with reductions in calorie content. The second study tests the causality of this relationship by exogenously restricting some lunch orders to be substantially delayed, leading to a marginally significant (approximately 5%) reduction in calories among delayed orders. The third study compares orders for truly immediate consumption versus orders placed in advance and demonstrates a significant (100 calorie, or approximately 10%) redu...
Review of Neutron Radiography Development Activities at Argonne National Laboratory

Argonne National Laboratory developments and applications in neutron radiography have focused on nondisruptive examination of nuclear-reactor fuel under a variety of conditions, including fresh and irradiated single- and multiple-pin samples that are contained in capsules and coolant loops, some of which have thick walls or thermal- neutron filters. The developments, which began in the early 1960s, include special techniques for energy, time, and dimensional resolution, as well as accommodation of unique radiographic conditions. The applications have been designed to match the capabilities of T R E A T, H F E F, and IPNS reactor and accelerator sources. Nine papers at this Conference reporting direct work or support by Argonne reflect the more recent development activities.
Effector lymphocyte-induced lymph node-like vasculature enables naive T-cell entry into tumours and enhanced anti-tumour immunity

The presence of lymph node (LN)-like vasculature in tumours, characterized by expression of peripheral node addressin and chemokine CCL21, is correlated with T-cell infiltration and positive prognosis in breast cancer and melanoma patients. However, mechanisms controlling the development of LN-like vasculature and how it might contribute to a beneficial outcome for cancer patients are unknown. Here we demonstrate that LN-like vasculature is present in murine models of melanoma and lung carcinoma. It enables infiltration by naive T cells that significantly delay tumour outgrowth after intratumoral activation. Development of this vasculature is controlled by a mechanism involving effector CD8 T cells and NK cells that secrete LTα3 and IFNγ. LN-like vasculature is also associated with organized aggregates of B lymphocytes and gp38(+) fibroblasts, which resemble tertiary lymphoid organs that develop in models of chronic inflammation. These results establish LN-like vasculature as both a consequence of and key contributor to anti-tumour immunity.
Separability in the United States Supreme Court

In a highly predictable decision - but one that is certain nevertheless to elicit considerable commentary - the Supreme Court of the United States has confirmed: (1) The broad scope of the principle of the separability of the arbitration clause, and (2) The broad scope of federal legislation overriding any rule of state law to the contrary. It thus made explicit what should have been clear ever since the well-known case of Prima Paint decided almost 40 years ago: that the doctrine of severability - reserving issues of contract validity to the arbitrator unless the challenge is to the arbitration clause itself - is an integral part of the substantive federal common law of arbitration. Nevertheless, the rather perfunctory, desultory discussion of the problem by Justice Scalia, or by his law clerk - and some unfortunate choice of language in the opinion - is likely to create continuing problems for lower courts that have routinely failed to grasp the point of the separability doctrine. This short paper is an attempt to rationalize the subject.
Overview of U.S. EPA and Partner Information Resources Regarding Groundwater Cleanup Technologies

National legislation first passed in the United States in 1980 creating programs to assess and cleanup sites contaminated from abandoned and on-going industrial processes, natural resource extraction industries, and urban sources of pollution such as gasoline stations and dry cleaners. It was followed by both revisions and elaboration at the federal level as well as similar legislation in most states in the years following. During the first years of these cleanup programs, efforts concentrated on the sites with the greatest risk, largely from direct exposure to drums, abandoned waste materials, large scale lagoons, spills, etc. Technologies for these problems were largely derived from classic civil engineering approaches (e.g., secure land disposal or engineered barriers) as well as available destruction technologies (i.e. incineration). As these obvious risks were controlled, the less visible contamination to groundwater rose in prominence, and existing remediation approaches (mainly pumping and treating) showed their limitations both in terms of cost and effectiveness. As U.S. EPA and others were faced with reducing costs and increasing the effectiveness of remediation of these contamination problems, they began to develop and organize cost and performance information on remediation technologies on a more real time basis. With EPA regional offices, state partners, other Federal agencies, consulting engineers and parties responsible for these contamination problems as prime “clients”, EPA headquarters devoted resource to developing cost and performance information on monitoring and measurement and clean up technologies to help users. This chapter summarizes the large body of information resources.
Tissue Culture Propagation of Ornamental Crops: An Overview

In recent years, propagation of numerous ornamental plants by tissue culture has become accepted commercial practice. Great progress has been made since Haberlandt (29) described the basic principles of plant tissue culture, followed by successful culture of plant callus by Nobecourt and Gautheret in France and by White in the U.S. (79). The rapid strides achieved in the field of micropropagation of ornamental plants have been made possible by the research accomplishments of myriad dedicated scientists. It is impossible to list all of these accomplishments in a brief overview, but some of the more significant contributions will be included in the following categories of ornamentals: orchids, ferns, foliage plants, bulbous species, herbaceous ornamentals, and trees and shrubs.
Multigap Debunchers

The performance of two and three gap debunchers was investigated by computing how well a straight line between the ordinates +1 and -1 and of abscissa length Tr radians can be approximated by a two and three term harmonic series. What is desired is a series that will minimize the maximum deviations between the straight line and the series approximation to that line. The usual Fourier series, or least squares fit which is equivalent to it, does not satisfy this desideratum. The series coefficients were obtained by means of a computer program written for the CDC-6600. For a two term series, the minimized maximum difference is 0.017. A three term least squares fit gives a maximum difference of 0.0058; this is small enough for our purpose, so no calculations were done to minimize it. The calculations were repeated for a straight line of extension 4 radians along the abscissa. The results are minimized maximum differences of 0.057 and 0.014, for two and three term series respectively.
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Hydrogen-Induced Defects in Low Temperature Epitaxial Silicon

Hydrogen is commonly used in crystalline Si for passivation of defects and impurities. When single crystal Si undergoes a post-hydrogenation step, hydrogen-induced platelets have been shown to form in the first 100 nm of the Si. The same hydrogen platelets occur in homoepitaxial Si grown by low temperature (350°C or below) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition with hydrogen dilution. This study has used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine the structure of these hydrogen-induced platelets. TEM has shown that the platelets generally grow in the (111) crystal planes of the Si. The size of the platelets, which ranges from 5 to 100 nm, increases with growth temperature but the density of platelets decrease at higher growth temperatures. The hydrogen platelets are not confined to the epitaxial Si layer only but also grow into the substrate. High resolution TEM shows the platelets dilate the silicon lattice by approximately 60% of a Si plane. TEM has also shown that platelets cause no net displacement of the local Si lattice. Tilting experiments performed in the TEM show that the platelets are composed of a circular two-dimensional structure. Our results indicate that the hydrogen-induced platelets found in low temperature epitaxial Si are structurally the same as those seen in crystalline Si that has undergone post-hydrogenation processes.
Overcoming the Challenges of Pastoral Work? Peer Support Groups and Psychological Distress among United Methodist Church Clergy

Clergy often face a great deal of occupational stress that in turn can lead to psychological distress. In recent years, denominations have been turning to peer support groups to combat these challenges, but little research exists regarding their effectiveness. This study explores the utility of peer support groups for reducing psychological distress among pastors by analyzing data from two waves of an ongoing study of United Methodist Church (UMC) clergy in North Carolina, as well as focus group data from the same population. Results indicate that participation in peer support groups had weakly beneficial direct and indirect relationships to psychological distress (measured as mentally unhealthy days, anxiety, and depression). Focus group data indicated that the weak results may be due to an interplay between varied group activities and differences in individual coping styles, which in turn lead to a mix of positive and negative group experiences. The results caution against assuming that peer groups are a uniformly effective solution to the occupational demands of pastoral work.
TRIBE: Hijacking an RNA-Editing Enzyme to Identify Cell-Specific Targets of RNA-Binding Proteins

RNA transcripts are bound and regulated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Current methods for identifying in vivo targets of an RBP are imperfect and not amenable to examining small numbers of cells. To address these issues, we developed TRIBE (targets of RNA-binding proteins identified by editing), a technique that couples an RBP to the catalytic domain of the Drosophila RNA-editing enzyme ADAR and expresses the fusion protein in vivo. RBP targets are marked with novel RNA editing events and identified by sequencing RNA. We have used TRIBE to identify the targets of three RBPs (Hrp48, dFMR1, and NonA). TRIBE compares favorably to other methods, including CLIP, and we have identified RBP targets from as little as 150 specific fly neurons. TRIBE can be performed without an antibody and in small numbers of specific cells.
Morphological Survey of the Maxillae in Last Stage Larvae of the Suborder Ditrysia (Lepidoptera): Palpi

Sensilla on the distal segment of the maxillary palpus of 36 species of ditrysian larvae, representing 21 families, were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Variability of the sensilla in external appearance and location on the segment among families was recorded and a sensillar terminology developed. Externally, three kinds of sensilla were recognized: eight sensilla basiconica on the apex, one sensillum digitiformium on the dorsoposterior wall, and several sensilla campaniformia on the wall adjacent to the digitiform sensillum. In all species the sensilla basiconica occur in three morphological groups: three apical sensilla (A1, A2, and A3), three lateral sensilla (L1, L2, and L3), and two medial sensilla (M1 and M2). Apical sensilla have rounded apices, and M and L sensilla are pointed or papilliform. The A sensilla are either multiporous, wrinkled, and short, with cuticular projections encompassing a terminal pore; or uniporous, smooth-walled, and tall, without recognizable projections. The first type is typical of families with small endophagous larvae, while the second is more common in families with large exophagous larvae. In some species the apical sensillum, A2, is distinctly styloconic. The digitiform sensillum (SD) is usually subapical. Epicuticular pores on the sensillum digitiformium are absent but a subapical pore occurs in some species, and in one species, both a subapical and basal pore are seen. These pores are probably ecdysial pores (molting scars). In some species four sensilla campaniformia (SC) are present. SC1 is the most prominent and consistent, being lateral to the sensillum digitiformium and taking the form of a large, circular depression. SC2 is an indentation or circular depression below SC1. A medial SC3 is sometimes present. Frequently, an SC4 is near the base of the sensillum digitiformium. Actias luna (L.) has two SC4s, each a prominent bulbous swelling at the base of the digitiform sensillum. Ecdysial pores are sometimes observed on the sensilla campaniformia.
Configuration Criterion of Circuit Breaker Closing Resistors in 500 kV Transmission Lines

The opening-closing test and circuit breaker fault of circuit breaker without closing resistors in 500 kV transmission lines are analyzed and simulated. The criterion of removing circuit breaker closing resistors is discussed. The relationship between the criterion of removing circuit breaker closing resistors and switching over-voltage magnitude, the HV shunt reactors installed in the two terminals of the line is described. It draws a conclusion that the necessary condition about the criterion of removing circuit breaker closing resistors in 500 kV transmission line should be the scheme of HV shunt reactors of the line.
Assessment of Cardiac Morphological and Functional Changes in Mouse Model of Transverse Aortic Constriction by Echocardiographic Imaging.

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable noninvasive method is essential to assess real-time cardiac morphological and functional changes in animal models of heart disease. Transthoracic echocardiography represents an important tool for noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function2. Here we used a high-resolution ultrasound imaging system to monitor myocardial remodeling and heart failure progression over time in a mouse model of TAC. B-mode, M-mode, and Doppler imaging were used to precisely assess cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dilatation, and functional deterioration in mice following TAC. Color and pulse wave (PW) Doppler imaging was used to noninvasively measure pressure gradient across the aortic constriction created by TAC and to assess transmitral blood flow in mice. Thus transthoracic echocardiographic imaging provides comprehensive noninvasive measurements of cardiac dimensions and function in mouse models of heart disease.