cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deconfinement transition and the Z(N) clock model

Abstract The d-dimensional N-state (Z(N)) clock model is derived from the (d+1)-dimensional finite-temperature SU(N) lattice gauge theory with fermions, restricting temporal link variables to the center subgroup of SU(N) and employing a mean field treatment of spatial link variables. A set of explicit between the coupling constants of SU(N) and Z(N) theories is obtained. For the pure gauge case, one of these relations, combined with Monte Carlo simulations, gives an estimate of the deconfinement transition temperature, Tc. For the case of SU(2) theory, it is found that Tc derived from this relation is in good agreement with Tc obtained by explicit calculation of the Wilson line. This supports the conjecture that the deconfinement transition in SU(N) lattice gauge theory is in the same universality class as the Z(N) clock model. Finally, we discuss the effect of fermions on the nature of the transition and point out some subtleties for the case of SU(3) theory.
Methodology for modeling substrate warpage using copper trace pattern implementation

The current trend in the electronics industry is to decrease the size of electronic components while attempting to increase processing power and performance. This is leading to increased interest in thinner printed wiring boards and finer line widths and wire pitches. However, these goals can be hindered by the occurrence of warpage in the manufacturing and assembly process of electronic packages from mismatches in thermomechanical properties of the materials used. Warpage can be problematic as it leads to misalignments during package assembly, reduced tolerances, and a variety of operational failures. Current warpage prediction techniques utilize volume averaging to estimate material properties in layers of copper mixed with interlayer dielectric material. These techniques use copper percentages for an entire layer and do not account for trace orientation. This paper describes the development of a new methodology to predict the warpage of a particular substrate. The developed methodology accounts for both the trace pattern planar density and planar orientation in material property calculations for each layer of a multi-layer substrate. This process has been used to calculate the warpage of actual substrates and the results of using the developed methodology are shown to agree well with experimental data.
Masking release due to linguistic and phonetic dissimilarity between the target and masker speech.

Purpose To investigate masking release for speech maskers for linguistically and phonetically close (English and Dutch) and distant (English and Mandarin) language pairs. Method Thirty-two monoling...
Programming by sketching for bit-streaming programs

This paper introduces the concept of programming with sketches, an approach for the rapid development of high-performance applications. This approach allows a programmer to write clean and portable reference code, and then obtain a high-quality implementation by simply sketching the outlines of the desired implementation. Subsequently, a compiler automatically fills in the missing details while also ensuring that a completed sketch is faithful to the input reference code. In this paper, we develop StreamBit as a sketching methodology for the important class of bit-streaming programs (e.g., coding and cryptography).A sketch is a partial specification of the implementation, and as such, it affords several benefits to programmer in terms of productivity and code robustness. First, a sketch is easier to write compared to a complete implementation. Second, sketching allows the programmer to focus on exploiting algorithmic properties rather than on orchestrating low-level details. Third, a sketch-aware compiler rejects "buggy" sketches, thus improving reliability while allowing the programmer to quickly evaluate sophisticated implementation ideas.We evaluated the productivity and performance benefits of our programming methodology in a user-study, where a group of novice StreamBit programmers competed with a group of experienced C programmers on implementing a cipher. We learned that, given the same time budget, the ciphers developed in StreamBit ran 2.5x faster than ciphers coded in C. We also produced implementations of DES and Serpent that were competitive with hand optimized implementations available in the public domain.
Reduction of temperature variation in the atomic absorption graphite furnace

Abstract The temperature variation that is experienced along the length of the graphite furnace tube of the Massmann design can be reduced by the use of a contoured tube. An analytical model of the steady-state temperature distribution along the graphite tube has been developed and has been shown to agree quite well with experimental data. Steady-state and time-dependent measurements along the length of the graphite tube are reported for different conditions. With conventional tubes at thermal equilibrium, there is a temperature difference exceeding 1000°C between the center and the ends when the center of the tube is at 2500°C. With a contoured tube this temperature gradient has been reduced to 100°C.
Beekeeping, Pollination, and Externalities in California Agriculture

Pesticide-induced beekills cost California beekeepers almost $1 million in 1975. California almond growers depend on bees for crop pollination and thus lost approximately $200,000 from beekills during this same year. A partial equilibrium framework is employed to calculate the marginal revenue product of a bee colony to the beekeeper and the marginal value product of a bee colony employed by an almond grower. The issue of bee protection is addressed in the context of the Tulare County citrus nectary. It is found that substantial net gains in total income were realized from the establishment ofa bee protection area.
Correcting Radial Velocities for Long-Term Magnetic Activity Variations

We study stars in the Lick planetary survey for correlations between simultaneous measurements of high-precision radial velocities vr and magnetic activity (as measured in an SIR emission index from Ca II λ8662). We find significant correlations in ≈30% of the stars. After removing linear trends between SIR and vr, we find that the dispersion in vr in these stars is decreased by an average of 17%, or ≈45% of the dispersion above the measurement noise. F stars and less active stars with variable Ca II H and K lines are the most successfully corrected. The magnitude of the slope of the SIR versus vr relations increases proportional to v sin i and (excepting M dwarfs) tends to decrease with decreasing Teff. We argue that the main cause of these effects is modification of the mean line bisector shape brought on by long-term, magnetic activity-induced changes in the surface brightness and convective patterns. The correlations can be used to partially correct vr data for the effects of long-term activity variations, potentially permitting study of planets around some (higher mass) younger stars and planets producing smaller stellar reflex velocities.
Effects of acute diuresis stress on egr-1 (zif268) mRNA levels in brain regions associated with motivated behavior

Stressors evoke a well-studied physiological stress-response, namely, an immediate systemic release of catecholamines from the adrenals followed shortly afterwards by the release of adrenal steroids. The intensity of that response can often be inferred by the amount of adrenal steroids released into the circulatory system. It is still unclear however how the intensity and duration of the stressor affect a number of brain regions, including those in the motivational system. The present study sought to determine whether a brief stressor, such as an isotonic saline injection, activated the brain's motivational system in mesolimbic regions compared with a more intense stressor exemplified by pharmacological challenges caused by the administration of a diuretic. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were either injected (s.c.) with isotonic saline or 5mg of the diuretic, furosemide. Controls did not receive any injections. Animals were sacrificed at 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after injection and trunk blood and brains were collected. Serum corticosterone and aldosterone levels were assessed through radioimmunoassay and mesolimbic brain activity was determined through in situ hybridization of mRNA expression of the immediate-early gene egr-1 in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. While both adrenal steroids demonstrated an initial peak in both stress groups, levels were higher and longer lasting in rats treated with furosemide. Interestingly, egr-1 mRNA levels were significantly higher only in the furosemide-treated group compared with controls. These findings suggest that a selective activation of motivational circuits occurs under thirst and salt-appetite-induced conditions such as those caused by diuresis.
Dynamic time step and stability criteria comparison for the heat diffusion equation

Abstract Dynamic time step estimates were determined for four single step numerical schemes in one dimension, and three finite element and three finite difference single step schemes in two dimensions. Unlike other stability-based time step criteria, the dynamic time step estimates are functions of grid size, material properties, and boundary conditions. For a certain problem, an initial coarse mesh is required to determine its lowest eigenvalue. The problem needs to be re-meshed and solved with the new mesh to satisfy a desired accuracy. Correlations between the dynamic time step and the stability criteria were conducted. A stability criteria equivalence was defined as the stability criteria that gives a time step estimate equivalent to the dynamic time step estimate. For the range of problems solved and for the central difference time stepping scheme, the stability criteria equivalence ranges from 0.5 to 2.7 for one-dimensional problems and 0.46 to 9.13 for tqo-dimensional problems, depending on the problem boundary conditions. The study shows that, unlike the dynamic time step estimate, the stability criteria used for selecting a time step is not adequate, since it does not change with the problem boundary conditions.
Influence of previous reserpine administration on the ganglionic action of selected sympathomimetic amines.

Abstract A study was made of the influence of previous reserpine administration on the actions of epinephrine, tyramine and ephedrine on transmission through the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. The results were compatible with the hypothesis that considers the actions of epinephrine to be direct, those of tyramine to be almost exclusively indirect through liberation of catecholamines and those of ephedrine to be mixed. In no case did reserpine administration potentiate the blockade of ganglionic transmission produced by epinephrine. Reserpine pretreatment made more apparent the “facilitation” which is sometimes observed on recovery from blockade after single injections of epinephrine and tyramine.
Service firms' international entry-mode choice: A modified transaction-cost analysis approach

Some peculiar characteristics of service firms, such as low capital intensity and the inseparability of production and consumption, have necessitated the modification of the traditional transaction...
Gene Complementation in Biological Crosses for Humoral Immune Response to Glutamic Acid-Alanine-Tyrosine

Level of humoral immune response to GAT has been associated with the MHC of chickens. Matings between two unrelated lines of chickens with low antibody response to GAT (G-B1 and S1 Line B19L) resulted in progeny that were higher responders to GAT challenge (P < .05) than either of the parental lines. Progeny of matings between two related sublines that are low responders to GAT (S1 Lines B19L and B1L) had antibody responses to GAT that were not higher than the parental lines. Progeny of the between-line cross were backcrossed to S1 B19L and G-B1 (B13) parental lines, as well as mated inter se. These matings produced F2 progeny whose GAT response was significantly associated (P < .05) with their MHC (Ea-B) type. The progeny were of three MHC types (B19B19, B19B13, and B13B13) that bound 66.6, 71.9, and 4.6%, respectively, of the GAT in a radioimmunoassay. The results from these matings suggest that MHC or MHC-linked genes, as well as genes not linked to the MHC, contribute to control of humoral immune response to GAT in the lines of chicken tested.
Complete repair of conotruncal defects with an interatrial communication: oxygenation, hemodynamic status, and early outcome

Background Complete repair of conotruncal defects frequently uses maintenance of an interatrial communication. Postoperative right ventricular dysfunction may be characterized by elevated right atrial pressure and decreased systemic oxygen saturation owing to right-to-left shunting at the atrial level. Methods From January 1996 to December 2005, 112 patients younger than 6 months of age underwent complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot or truncus arteriosus. An interatrial communication was used in 80 of 112 patients (71%). Hemodynamic data were determined during the first 48 hours after surgery. Results In patients with an atrial communication, mean oxygen saturation reached a nadir of 94% ± 6%, and mean arterial Po 2 a nadir of 73 ± 25 mm Hg at 16 to 24 hours after surgery; both increased during the second 24 hours. At hospital discharge, median oxygen saturation was 98% (range, 86% to 100%). During the first 48 hours, mean oxygen saturation was less than 90% in 13 patients; the only multivariate risk factor was younger patient age. Mean right atrial pressure was greater than 10 mm Hg in 30 patients; multivariate risk factors were older patient age and repair with a transannular patch. Conclusions After complete repair of conotruncal defects using an interatrial communication, systemic oxygenation reaches a nadir at 24 hours after surgery, and improves by the time of hospital discharge. Clinically significant desaturation occurs in a small minority of patients. Infants undergoing repair before 2 months of age are at higher risk for systemic desaturation. The effects of an interatrial communication on systemic oxygenation should not be considered a contraindication to complete repair in early infancy.
Inkwell pancreaticojejunal anastomosis after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Abstract Background End-to-end pancreaticojejunal anastomosis after Whipple's resection poses a difficult surgical challenge because the disparity in the relative sizes of the cut pancreas and the jejunum makes it difficult to ensure a water-tight seal. Leakage exposes patients to potentially serious postoperative complications and mortality. Methods We describe a new technique to provide accurate telescoping of the pancreas into the jejunum by dilating and inverting the jejunum over the friable pancreas. Results The method appears to prevent leakage of pancreatic fluid at the anastomotic site. It has been successfully performed in 5 cases. No patient showed any evidence of pancreatic leakage and all survived uneventfully. Conclusions The method is easy to perform and appears to be reliable. We believe it serves to reduce morbidity and mortality from pancreatic leakage.
Estimating the impact of off-balancing forces upon cardiopulmonary resuscitation during ambulance transport.

Abstract Introduction Survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOH-CA) remains poor, especially when patients are transported with CPR in progress. Previous investigations suggest that CPR quality erodes during transport due to the austere environment. We sought to determine how frequently ambulance personnel are exposed to off-balancing forces during transport of OOH-CA patients and to estimate the potential impact on CPR and coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). Methods An onboard monitoring system was utilized to record acceleration data during the transport of 50 OOH-CA patients. Acceleration vectors were calculated for every second of drive time (speed >0 m/s). A model was constructed to estimate the potential impact of these vectors upon CPR and CPP. These data were then compared to a case-control cohort of 102 matched non-urgent transports. Results A total of 5.8 h of drive time was analyzed in the cardiac arrest cohort. Mean transport time was 8 min 53 s with a mean drive time of 6 min 58 s. Critical acceleration threshold was exceeded 60% of transport time (202.42 min, mean 4.05 min/transport) yielding a potential hands-off ratio of 0.42 with a CPP Conclusion Critical acceleration forces occur frequently during transport of OOH-CA patients and may directly effect CPR quality and thereby CPP. These force vectors are stronger and more frequent at slower speeds, comprising the majority of ambulance drive time. Reducing speed or transporting OOH-CA patients without lights and sirens does little to mitigate these forces.
S-glutathionylation: from molecular mechanisms to health outcomes.

Abstract Redox homeostasis governs a number of critical cellular processes. In turn, imbalances in pathways that control oxidative and reductive conditions have been linked to a number of human disease pathologies, particularly those associated with aging. Reduced glutathione is the most prevalent biological thiol and plays a crucial role in maintaining a reduced intracellular environment. Exposure to reactive oxygen or nitrogen species is causatively linked to the disease pathologies associated with redox imbalance. In particular, reactive oxygen species can differentially oxidize certain cysteine residues in target proteins and the reversible process of S-glutathionylation may mitigate or mediate the damage. This post-translational modification adds a tripeptide and a net negative charge that can lead to distinct structural and functional changes in the target protein. Because it is reversible, S-glutathionylation has the potential to act as a biological switch and to be integral in a number of critical...
Oxygen levels and haemodynamics during anaesthesia with nitrous oxide, thiopental, and curare.

Haemodynamic and blood gas studies have been carried out in ten patients during anaesthesia with N2O, thiopental, and curare and during operations for varicose veins. Similar observations have been made previously during anaesthesia with ether, halothane, or methoxyflurane in the same clinical situation. With N2O, thiopental, and curare, average values for cardiac output were somewhat lower than those observed during anaesthesia with ether but were somewhat higher than with halothane or methoxyflurane. Abnormally low values for cardiac output were noted in four of the ten patients, but these low values could not be ascribed to overdosage of thiopental. Values for right atrial O2 saturation were demonstrated to be useful indices of the interrelationships of cardiac output, arterial O2 content, and rate of metabolic consumption of O2.
A helly-number fork-almost-neighborly sets

It is possible to prove the following “Helly-type” thorem fork-almost-neighborly sets. Theorem.A ⊆R d is k-almost-neighborly if and only if every 2d+1 member subset of A is k-almost-neighborly. Moreover, if A ⊆bdry conv A, then A is k-almost-neighborly if and only if every 2d member subset of A is k-almost-neighborly. Each bound is best possible.
Single-Cell Imaging and Spectroscopic Analyses of Cr(VI) Reduction on the Surface of Bacterial Cells

We investigate the single-cell reduction of toxic Cr(VI) by the dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (MR-1), an important bioremediation process, using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Our experiments indicate that the toxic, highly soluble Cr(VI) can be efficiently reduced to less toxic, nonsoluble Cr2O3 nanoparticles by MR-1. Cr2O3 is observed to emerge as nanoparticles adsorbed on the cell surface and its chemical nature is identified by EDX imaging and Raman spectroscopy. Co-localization of Cr2O3 and cytochromes by EDX imaging and Raman spectroscopy suggests a terminal reductase role for MR-1 surface-exposed cytochromes MtrC and OmcA. Our experiments revealed that the cooperation of surface proteins OmcA and MtrC makes the reduction reaction most efficient, and the sequence of the reducing reactivity of MR-1 is wild type > single mutant ΔmtrC or mutant ΔomcA > double mutant (ΔomcA–ΔmtrC). Mo...
MICROWAVE ABSORPTION IN NORMAL CONDUCTING FILMS ON SUPERCONDUCTING SUBSTRATES

The microwave absorption at 9.2 kMc/sec in films of gold and copper plated onto bulk tin has been measured as a function of the temperature in the range $1.4\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}4.2$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The results are extrapolated to zero temperature, where they indicate the presence of an energy gap of 0.61\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}23}$ J at the surface of a 190-\AA{} film of gold and at the surface of a 500-\AA{} film of copper on tin. The normal bulk resistivity of the gold was estimated from dc measurements as well as from the microwave data. The theory of the proximity effect, that is, the influence of adjoining normal and superconducting metals, as given by de Gennes and Werthamer, was applied to the measurements, and yielded an estimate for $N(0)V$ for gold of 9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Assuming that the sign of $N(0)V$ is positive, this leads to a very low transition temperature.
Household language, parent developmental concerns, and child risk for developmental disorder.

Background Provider elicitation of parent developmental and behavioral (DB) concerns is the foundation of DB surveillance. Language differences may affect whether providers assess parental DB concerns. Objective The aim of this study was to compare children in English versus Spanish primary language households by risk for DB disorder and provider elicitation of parental developmental and behavioral concerns. Methods The 2003 National Survey of Children's Health was used to compare 29 692 children, aged 0 to 71 months, who received preventive care in the previous 12 months and were in English versus Spanish primary language households. Using logistic regression, we tested the association of household primary language with child risk of developmental and behavioral disorder and parent-reported elicitation of developmental and behavioral concerns at health care visits. Results After adjusting for sociodemographic differences, children in Spanish primary language households were less likely than children in English primary language households to be at risk for DB disorder (40.5% vs 40.8%; AOR [adjusted odds ratio] 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55–0.85). Parents in Spanish primary language households reported less provider elicitation of developmental and behavioral concerns compared to all English primary language households (31.0% vs 43.7%; AOR 0.70, 95% CI, 0.57–0.85), but similar rates of elicitation compared to Hispanic English primary language households. Among households with children at moderate/high risk for DB disorder, parents in Spanish primary language households reported less elicitation of concerns than parents in English primary language households (AOR 0.63, 95% CI, 0.41–0.96). Conclusion Parents in Spanish primary language households reported lower child risk for developmental and behavioral disorder and less provider elicitation of developmental and behavioral concerns. These findings suggest that primary language may affect risk for developmental and behavioral disorder and likelihood of DB surveillance in children.
Recombinant Adenovirus Type 5 Vectors That Target DC-SIGN, ChemR23 and αvβ3 Integrin Efficiently Transduce Human Dendritic Cells and Enhance Presentation of Vectored Antigens

Recombinant adenoviruses (rAds) represent a promising system for vaccine delivery but transduce dendritic cells (DC) relatively poorly. To address this concern, we used a biotin-avidin linkage to conjugate rAd vectors to ligands which bind with high affinity to selected receptors on DC (ChemR23, alpha(v)beta3 integrin, and DC-SIGN). The targeted vectors had an enhanced ability to transduce human monocyte-derived DC compared to untargeted virus. In addition, DC transduced with targeted rAd vectors were more efficient at stimulating cytokine production by autologous memory CD8+ T cells, against a vector-encoded antigen. These results expand the range of cell surface receptors that can be used to target rAd5 vectors to DC, and may facilitate future development of rAd-based vaccines.
A Non-Traditional Fluency Program Developed for the Public School Setting

This article presents an alternative service delivery model for treating schoolchildren who stutter. Weekly treatment sessions with groups of students after the school day, along with monthly meeti...
Hesperian Age for Western Medusae Fossae Formation, Mars

The Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF) on Mars is an intensely eroded deposit north of the cratered highlands. It is widely thought that MFF materials were emplaced through ignimbrite eruptions. Recent geologic mapping of western MFF identified outliers of MFF materials well beyond the previously mapped western extent for the deposit, including outliers close to Gale crater. We report counts of impact craters on the MFF units that have implications for our understanding of the general history of MFF and the uppermost layered materials on the Gale crater mound.
Development of engineering geology in western United States

Abstract Geologic concepts and scientific-technical guidance for the planning-design and construction of engineered works was recognized in Europe by the 1800s and by the early 1900s in North America. This early geologic knowledge and experience provided the rudimentary principles that guided practitioners of the 19th century in serving the emerging projects in western United States. Case studies review the scientific-technical lessons learned and the legacy of geologic principles established in the planning and construction of major civil, mining, and military engineered works in the western states. These contributions to GeoScience knowledge and engineering geology practice include: • Tunnels and aqueducts across active fault zones, beneath young volcanic features, groundwater-charged faults, and land subsidence mitigation. • Controversial foundation design, Folsom and Auburn dams, Golden Gate Bridge. • Protective underground construction chambers, safety dependent geologic setting. • Geologic mapping as database management leasing, maintenance railroad trackway. • Causeway Great Salt Lake, geo-risks calculated, mitigated ‘as-constructed’. • Nuclear powerplants seismic design. • Urban Land-Use, on-going processes, acceptable geo-risks. • Dwelling Insurance, insuree's responsibilities. • Selecting technique/method to mitigate risk, preferably based on extensive database, evaluation of characteristics and historical origin adverse features/conditions that constitute a geo-risk.
Application of Isodesmic Reactions to the Calculation of the Enthalpies of H∙ and OH∙ Addition to DNA Bases: Estimated Heats of Formation of DNA Base Radicals and Hydrates

In this work, we employ semiempirical and low-level ab initio molecular orbital theories with isodesmic/isogyric reactions to estimate the energetics of free radical reactions important to radiolytic damage to DNA. Results are presented (1) for H• and OH• addition reactions to the natural DNA bases, (2) for the addition of H• to the DNA base radical adducts so obtained, and (3) for the dehydration of the DNA base hydrates and regeneration of the undamaged bases. The technique employed sums the calculated enthalpy of an isodesmic reaction with the experimentally known reaction enthalpy of an associated reaction to estimate the enthalpies of the DNA base reactions of interest. The calculational techniques employed are the ROHF/6-31G* ab initio method and the ROHF/PM3 semiempirical method. For H• addition reactions, the ROHF ab initio method employing the 6-31G* basis set gives results that are in closest agreement with known experimental results. For the OH• addition processes, the ROHF/PM3 semiempirical te...
Application of distributed knowledge bases in intelligent manufacturing

The authors consider independent knowledge bases operating on separate work stations networked together within the domain of knowledge-based scheduling. The scheduling problem is addressed through distributed knowledge bases that have an ability to pass information back and forth between small knowledge bases functioning at different decision-making levels. A small manufacturing plant is conceptualized in order to experiment with this process. The general outline and areas of the manufacturing shop are shown. The domain specific area for the knowledge bases is to optimize the scheduling of work at each work station in order to meet a weekly quota. Automatic guided vehicle, circuit board assembly, and mill and lathe work cells are discussed. >
Angle-of-attack motion of a spinning entry vehicle.

Angle of attack effect on motion throughout entry of spinning descending vehicle, noting effects of transverse angular velocity and spin rate
Approach tendency and threat display as related to social status of Siamese fighting fish,Betta splendens

Forty-eight maleBetta splendens were assigned to three groups of 16 (eight pairs) each. In two of the groups, pairs of fish were first allowed to fight until a dominance-subordinance relationship was established. Then each subject was tested on measures of time spent in approach and threat display toward either (1) its own pair member, with which it was experienced and familiar (Group EF), or toward (2) another combat-experienced fish, with which it was unfamiliar (Group EU). A third group of inexperienced and unfamiliar individuals (Group IU) were first exposed to their own mirror images and then tested for approach and threat-display duration. Pairs of these fish were then allowed to fight until dominance was determined. The three major findings were: (a) Dominant subjects approached and displayed significantly more than subordinates in all three groups; (2) Dominant subjects of Group IU did not differ significantly from dominants in the other two groups with respect to time spent in approach and display; and (3) Fish exposed to mirrors prior to combat required significantly fewer sessions to establish dominance than fish not receiving mirror exposure. Results suggest that dominant fish can be distinguished on the basis of their approach tendency and threat-display scores prior to actual physical combat. An habituation model of dominance determination was proposed.
Closed-form approximation of the energy detection performance over generalized fading channels

Efficient spectrum sensing is one of the most crucial components in the entire operation of cognitive radio rests. Blind sensing of spectral-holes using energy detectors is one of the solutions that have been proposed for enabling opportunistic spectrum access. This article revisits the problem of energy detection of an unknown deterministic signal over a myriad of fading environments. We proposed yet another novel approach (based on the approximate finite series representations of the generalized Marcum Q-function of real order in conjunction with the derivatives of the moment generating function of signal-to-noise ratio) to analyze the performance of maximal-ratio combining (MRC) and square-law combining (SLC) energy detectors with independent but non-identically distributed (i.n.d) fading statistics, including Rice and mixed-fading channels. Our analytical framework is also capable of treating the Nakagami-m channels with non-integer fading severity indices as well as half-odd integer values for the time-bandwidth product u. Many of these cases were either intractable with the classical probability density function/contour integral approaches, or that heretofore had resisted simple/computationally efficient solutions. Comparison is also made with other series solutions that have been presented in literature and selected numerical results are provided for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of MRC and SLC diversity energy detectors over Rice fading channel.
Communication reliability technology in intelligent substation

As the progressive development of intelligent substation technology, the importance of communication technology is more and more obvious, and the communication network reliability has been the focus of attention. The article firstly describes communication network structure in the intelligent substation, and then the analysis of the communication reliability problems in substation are given. From the point of view of second-layer switching technology, through the VLAN, Ring, QoS, multicast, and other technical details, each scheme of technical application is provided according to various features of IED and business data flow characteristics Also some experiments are carried out to verify the communication reliability. So, flexible use of these reliability technologies, and reasonable design of network topology, can support secure, stable and reliable transmission of communication message in intelligent substation, therefore the whole substation will become more and more strong.
Multiphoton High-Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

We have developed a novel photoacoustic microscopy technique, Transient Ultrasonic Absorption Microscopy, which achieves all optical spatial resolution by fusing pump-probe spectroscopy with photoacoustic microscopy. This technique has the potential to enable cellular/subcellular photoacoustic imaging.
Instability-wave propagation in boundary-layer flows at subsonic through hypersonic Mach numbers

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) form an important ingredient to physics-based prediction of laminar-turbulent transition in boundary-layer flows, particularly in applications where it is desirable or even essential to model the various stages of transition process in an integrated manner. This paper addresses two building-block issues towards such capability: application to instability-wave propagation in boundary layers over curvilinear surfaces and robust outflow boundary conditions across the speed regime. In particular, detailed comparisons of linear and nonlinear development of instability waves in a range of boundary-layer flows are used to cross-validate a high-order direct numerical simulation algorithm against the approximate but computationally more efficient technique of parabolized stability equations (PSE). Three separate flow configurations are investigated in this study: (i) development of a Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) instability wave over a two-dimensional (2D), symmetric, low-speed airfoil, (ii) both first and second-mode development in a self-similar, flat plate boundary layer at Mach 4.5, and (iii) amplification of first and second modes of Rayleigh instability and a stationary Gortler vortex in the hypersonic, axisymmetric boundary layer over a flared cone. The satisfactory agreement between the DNS and PSE predictions for both amplitudes and mode shapes of the instability waves confirms the overall efficacy of the DNS algorithm, while underscoring the accuracy of predictions based on the PSE approximation.
Side-information in control and estimation

As in portfolio theory, we can think of the value of side-information in a control system as the change in the “growth rate” due to side-information. A scalar counterexample (motivated by carry-free deterministic models) shows the value of side-information for control does not exactly parallel the value of side-information for portfolios. Mutual-information does not seem to be a bound here. The concept is further explored through a spinning vector control system that is re-oriented at each time so that the control or observation direction is partially unknown. The value of sideinformation can be calculated in this setup and it behaves quite differently in a control vs. estimation context. A second example considers the problem of vector control over a (scalar) erasure channel, the dual problem to the estimation problem of intermittent Kalman Filtering. The value of information here is measured through the change in the critical packet-drop probability for the system. While non-causal side-information regarding the packet arrivals does not affect the critical probability for the estimation problem, we find that it can generically be very valuable for the control problem — it seems to change the scaling behavior for the control counterpart to what would be considered the “high SNR limit” in communication problems.
Effect of experimental manipulation on survival and recruitment of feral pigs

Lethal removal is commonly used to reduce the density of invasive-species populations, presuming it reduces population growth rate; the actual effect of lethal removal on the vital rates contributing to population growth, however, is rarely tested. We implemented a manipulative experiment of feral pig (Sus scrofa) populations at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA, to assess the demographic effects of harvest intensity. Using mark–recapture data, we estimated annual survival, recruitment, and population growth rates of populations in a moderately harvested area and a heavily harvested area for 2004–06. Population growth rates did not differ between the populations. The top-ranked model for survival included a harvest intensity effect; model-averaged survival was lower for the heavily harvested population than for the moderately harvested population. Increased immigration and reproduction likely compensated for the increased mortality in the heavily harvested population. We conclude that compensatory responses in feral pig recruitment can limit the success of lethal control efforts.
Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) renal cryoablation in a porcine model

OBJECTIVE To present our laboratory experience with natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) renal cryoablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In two female farm pigs, we performed four procedures of NOTES renal cryoablation. In each pig, NOTES was performed through a transgastric approach and a transvaginal approach for each kidney, respectively. The pig was placed in the flank position and pneumoperitoneum obtained using a transabdominal Veress needle. In the first pig, we started with the left kidney with a transgastric approach: a dual-channel video gastroscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was used, the stomach wall was punctured using a needle-knife, a guidewire was passed into the abdominal cavity and the access dilated using a controlled radial expansion balloon. The bowel was mobilized medially and the Gerota’s fascia overlying the upper pole was dissected. Under direct endoscopic vision, a cryoablation probe was introduced percutaneously into the anterior upper pole of the kidney. The pig was then flipped to the right flank position and a transvaginal approach was used: the gastroscope was introduced through the posterior fornix of the vagina. For the second pig, we performed initially a transgastric right-side cryoablation then a transvaginal left-side cryoablation as described for the first pig. RESULTS All four procedures were performed successfully, with no intraoperative complications. No additional laparoscopic ports or open conversions were necessary. The vision of the kidney and the ice-ball was adequate for all cases. The mean operative duration was 83 min. Stomach closure was tested watertight, and there were no abdominal or pelvic injuries found at autopsy. CONCLUSIONS NOTES can provide adequate minimal surgical dissection for safe and effective percutaneous renal cryoablation under direct videoscopic monitoring at kidney locations otherwise not accessible percutaneously. Both transgastric and transvaginal approaches can be used effectively for renal cryoablation providing a minimally invasive scar-less surgery.
Hospital charges associated with motorcycle crash factors: a quantile regression analysis

Background Previous studies of motorcycle crash (MC) related hospital charges use trauma registries and hospital records, and do not adjust for the number of motorcyclists not requiring medical attention. This may lead to conservative estimates of helmet use effectiveness. Methods MC records were probabilistically linked with emergency department and hospital records to obtain total hospital charges. Missing data were imputed. Multivariable quantile regression estimated reductions in hospital charges associated with helmet use and other crash factors. Results Motorcycle helmets were associated with reduced median hospital charges of $256 (42% reduction) and reduced 98th percentile of $32 390 (33% reduction). After adjusting for other factors, helmets were associated with reductions in charges in all upper percentiles studied. Quantile regression models described homogenous and heterogeneous associations between other crash factors and charges. Conclusions Quantile regression comprehensively describes associations between crash factors and hospital charges. Helmet use among motorcyclists is associated with decreased hospital charges.
Urinary proteome analysis and the management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) detected prenatally may over time deteriorate and require surgery, improve, or remain stable, and it may take upwards of 3 years for its natural history to unfold. Clinical decisions for or against operative corrections are usually based on scintigraphy follow-up studies. A non-invasive method for facilitating clinical decisions has recently been presented: urinary proteome analysis utilizing capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has been shown to predict the outcome of UPJO in newborns. The group that developed this assay has now validated their seminal findings and extended the investigations to older age groups (this issue). The results of the blinded analysis correctly identified patients with UPJO who underwent surgery with a sensitivity of 83% (5 of 6 patients) and a specificity of 92% (12 of 13 patients) in infants up to 1 year of age. The validity of the analysis was poor in children >1 year of age with unilateral UPJO. A large number of patients will be needed to answer the question of to what extent the normal variability of urinary proteomes overlap with the variability of the pattern in UPJO beyond early infancy.
Social Relationships of Male Bonnet Macaques: Male Bonding in a Matrilineal Society

Affiliative and cooperative relationships are not common among mammalian males. This may be partly the result of sexual selection which favors competitive and agonistic interactions among mature males, and partly the result of the fact that female mammals are generally philopatric. This means that adult males usually live among unrelated and unfamiliar individuals. Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) represent one of several exceptions to this general pattern. Adult males in this species frequently sit together, groom, huddle, greet, and support one another. The nature of social relationships among males are related to their participation in coalitions as males tend to support the males with whom they associate and interact affilatively, and intervene against the males with whom they generally exchange greetings and aggression.
Optimized design of recycle chromatography to isolate intermediate retained solutes in ternary mixtures: Langmuir isotherm systems

Batch chromatography with a recycle stream is a popular and simple technique to separate a single target component in a complex mixture with moderate operating conditions. Design of recycle chromatography depends on the retention behaviors of the mixture components. In this work, four nucleosides were considered as solutes. Feed concentration and recycle methods were optimized to isolate only the intermediate retained solute in ternary and pseudo-ternary mixtures. Two recycle methods introduced in our previous work for linear isotherms, the desorbent and feed recycle methods, were compared in terms of productivity and desorbent to feed ratio, D/F, with various feed concentrations for competitive Langmuir isotherm systems. The simulation results show that the target (intermediate retained solute) was separated with over 99.76% purity and 99.88% yield. Productivity of the feed recycle method was increased by up to 162% and D/F was decreased by up to 59% compared to the desorbent recycle method. For the separation of nucleosides, recycle chromatography was compared to eight column simulated moving bed (SMB) cascades with a recycle stream and D/F of the SMB cascades was 58% lower than D/F of recycle chromatography at the same productivity. However, recycle chromatography is much simpler.
Source theory discussion of deep inelastic scattering with polarized particles.

Abstract A general phenomenological framework is provided for the discussion of the inelastic scattering of polarized electrons (muons) on polarized nucleons, when regarded as the absorption of polarized virtual photons. The relevant cross sections compare parallel and antiparallel orientations of the photon helicity and nucleon spin, and also deal with linear combinations of longitudinal and transverse polarization. The polarization asymmetry for transverse polarization, P, assumes a scaling form in the deep inelastic scattering region, and should go to zero as ω-1 for large ω. The latter behavior is connected, through the use of the improved scaling variable ωs, with the high energy real photon situation. A sum rule is exhibited which implies that P must change sign in the deep inelastic region. This sum rule also yields the known Drell-Hearn sum rule for real photon Compton scattering, when combined with another, new, sum rule for the anomalous magnetic moment. The latter is verified in the context of pure electrodynamics to the lowest order in α. Finally, it is conjectured that P specifically changes from negative to positive values as ω varies from 1 to ∞.
Variations in Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value of a Dietary Fat Screener Modified From Block et al

Abstract Objective To evaluate the ability of a fat screener modified from Block et al to discriminate persons whose diets consist of 38% of kilocalories or more from fat from the remainder of the population. Design Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the adapted screener were calculated. Percentage of kilocalories from fat was assessed by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Three cutoff points from the fat screener were used to examine which best identified those whose diets consisted of 38% of kilocalories or more from fat. Subjects Nine hundred ninety-seven persons responded to a food frequency questionnaire sent to a random sample of 2,000 members of a health maintenance organization. Results Sensitivity and specificity varied depending on which cutoff point from the fat screener was used. Sensitivity reached a high of 83.3% and specificity reached a high of 92.1%, but the screener was never highly sensitive and specific simultaneously, and the results did not vary considerably by race. The screener had low rates of gross misclassification into quintiles (≤2.7%) and was more effective at classifying respondents into quintiles of total fat intake (64.9% to 85.5% classified in the same quintile) than into quintiles of percentage of kilocalories from fat (43.2% to 60.5% classified in the same quintile). Conclusions The adapted fat screener may be used in conjunction with other dietary evaluation methods, but it exhibits insufficient sensitivity and specificity to be used as a single assessment method. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95: 564-568.