cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slip Systems in Al2O3

Crystallographic notation for Al2O3 is reviewed, with particular reference to the correct basis to be used in describing slip systems. A Groves-and-Kelly calculation showed that the combination of pyramidal slip on {11¯02} and basal slip on (0001){112¯0} will allow homogeneous deformation of Al2O3 polycrystals. Furthermore, operation of either the {101¯1} or the {011¯2} slip system will also satisfy the Von Mises criterion, since each system is capable of 5 independent deformation modes. Electron microscopy of an Al2O3 polycrystal deformed ≅5% at 1150°C under a hydrostatic confining pressure confirmed that pyramidal slip had occurred.
Type II NKT cells facilitate Alum-sensing and humoral immunity

Alum-based adjuvants facilitate vaccine-driven humoral immunity, but their mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Herein, we report that lack of type II NKT cells is associated with intact, mature B cells but dampened humoral immunity following immunization with Alum-adsorbed T-dependent antigen. Type II NKT cells facilitated production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and antibody by LN and splenocyte cultures following Alum/antigen administration in vivo and antigen restimulation in vitro. Addition of IL-4 and IL-5 to type II NKT-deficient cultures restored in vitro antibody production. Intracellular staining revealed that Alum-primed type II NKT cells coordinated IL-4 secretion by T cells. Alum did not significantly affect CD1d expression in vivo, but addition of CD1d-blocking mAb diminished cytokine production and in vitro antibody production. Type II NKT cells therefore function as part of the Alum-sensing apparatus and in a CD1d-dependent manner, facilitate T(H)2-driven humoral immunity. This may have important consequences for understanding the mechanism of action of Alum-containing vaccines.
Appendiceal Neoplasms With Peritoneal Dissemination: Outcomes After Cytoreductive Surgery and Intraperitoneal Hyperthermic Chemotherapy

Appendiceal neoplasms frequently present with peritoneal dissemination (PD) and have a clinical course marked by bowel obstruction and subsequent death. Few data have correlated outcome with appendiceal histology after cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy (IPHC). We have reviewed our experience with cytoreductive surgery and IPHC for PD from the appendix. A total of 110 cases of PD from proven appendiceal neoplasms treated with IPHC were identified from a prospectively managed database. Tumor samples were classified on pathologic review as disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis (n = 55), peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis (PMCA) with intermediate features (n = 18), PMCA (n = 29), or high-grade nonmucinous lesions (n = 8). A retrospective review was performed with long-term survival as the primary outcome measure. A total of 116 IPHCs were performed on 110 patients for appendiceal PD between 1993 and 2004. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates for all cases were 79.9% ± 4.1%, 59.0% ± 5.7%, and 53.4% ± 6.5%, respectively. When stratified by histology, disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis and intermediate tumors had better 3-year survival rates (77% ± 7% and 81% ± 10%) than PMCA and high-grade nonmucinous lesions (35% ± 10% and 15% ± 14%; P = .0032 for test of differences between groups). Age at presentation (P = .0134), performance status (P < .0001), time between diagnosis and IPHC (P = .0011), resection status (P = .0044), and length of hyperthermic chemoperfusion (P = .0193) were independently associated with survival. The data show that long-term survival is anticipated in most patients who are treated with cytoreduction and IPHC for appendiceal PD. The findings presented herein underscore the important prognostic characteristics that predict outcome after IPHC in patients with PD. In all, this work establishes a framework for the consideration of IPHC in future trials for appendiceal PD.
Photosynthetic responses of Larrea tridentata to seasonal temperature extremes under elevated CO2

Summary • Elevated CO 2 potentially decreases the effects of temperature stress on photosynthesis. Under both freezing and high temperatures previous studies have shown that elevated CO 2 can particularly enhance photosynthetic rates, although results from freezing studies are more variable. • Here we show gas exchange responses of Larrea tridentata to elevated CO 2 over a 6-yr period when temperature stress events may have had a significant effect on photosynthesis in the field. • Nighttime freezing air temperatures decreased subsequent daytime photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, and the maximum yield of PSII similarly under ambient and elevated CO 2 . Further, we found no statistically significant relationship between leaf temperature and photosynthetic enhancement. Overall, the degree of photosynthetic enhancement under elevated CO 2 was directly proportional to the response of stomatal conductance to CO 2 . • Thus, elevated CO 2 does not significantly affect apparent physiological responses of Larrea to temperature extremes. However, because of the tight relationship between stomatal conductance and photosynthetic enhancement, potential climate change effects on stomatal conductance will significantly influence Larrea performance in the future.
Hedonic Property Value Studies of Transportation Noise: Aircraft and Road Traffic

Noise from aircraft and road traffic is an example of an uncompensated external cost or externality. A negative externality is defined as a by-product of production or consumption activities that adversely affects third parties not directly involved in the associated market transactions. Environmental noises that exceed ambient levels can disturb valuable activities such as conversation, TV viewing, leisure, work or sleep, and in severe cases can have adverse effects on long-term health and thereby reduce productivity and quality of life.1 The third parties can take defensive steps to avoid the physical effects of noise, such as screening their property using fencing or vegetation, installing air conditioning and insulation, or moving to a new residence. A role of economics is to help determine the socially optimal amount of noise and the appropriate mixture of source abatement, operational changes, and housing adjustments (relocation, zoning, soundproofing). Recent legislative changes, such as the European Commission’s “Green Paper on Future Noise Policy” (EC 1996) and Directive 2002/49/EC on noise assessment (EC 2002), have focused attention on noise valuation as part of benefit-cost analyses of mitigation projects. The information from valuation studies also can be used for
A dual-activation, adenoviral-based system for the controlled induction of DNA double-strand breaks by the restriction endonuclease SacI

Spontaneous damage to DNA is frequent and may lead to cell death, cell senescence, or mutations. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are of special interest because they are highly toxic and have been implicated in neurodegeneration, cancer, and aging. Until now, there has not been a reliable system allowing tunable induction of random DSBs without affecting other macromolecules or cell functions. Here, we describe an adenoviral-based, doxycycline-mediated, and tamoxifen-dependent system for quantitative introduction of DSBs in mammalian cells. We generated a single adenoviral vector containing a tet-inducible, composite SacI restriction endonuclease/estrogen receptor (ERT2) gene, and a constitutively expressed reverse transactivator (rtTA) gene. Transduced mouse embryonic fibroblasts-as well as mouse liver cells in vivo-demonstrated a high level of DSBs in response to treatment with doxycycline and tamoxifen. We show that the amount of induced DSBs can be titrated by doxycycline dose and duration of treatment. This system should be useful for studying the processing of randomly induced DSBs and their effects on cell fate, without the side effects normally associated with radiation or chemical treatment.
Practical Limitations Of Algae As A Sequestration Technique

Large-scale cultivation of algae is being given serious consideration as a means of converting some of the CO2 emitted by stationary sources into organic matter which could be recycled as a biofuel. Such ideas are motivated by the observation that algae are the most efficient plants in converting solar energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis. An energetic analysis of algal production systems reveals, however, that considerable expenditures of energy must be made to grow the algae. The expenditures needed to overcome the light saturation effect and maximize photosynthetic efficiencies are likely to convert a net producer of energy to a net consumer. Energy production is actually maximized when photosynthetic efficiencies are only 3-4%. Under these conditions, an area of land roughly the size of Nevada would be needed to assimilate all the C@ released by coal-burning power plants in the U.S. Direct conversion of sunlight to produce an equivalent amount of electricity via photovoltaics could probably be accomplished using only about 15% as much land area.
Characterization of Cu-SSZ-13 NH3 SCR catalysts: an in situ FTIR study

The adsorption of CO and NO over Cu-SSZ-13 zeolite catalysts, highly active in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3, was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, and the results obtained were compared to those collected from other Cu-ion exchanged zeolites (Y,FAU and ZSM-5). Under low CO pressures and at room temperature (295 K), CO forms monocarbonyls exclusively on the Cu+ ions, while in the presence of gas phase CO dicarbonyls on Cu+ and adsorbed CO on Cu2+ centers form, as well. At low (cryogenic) sample temperatures, tricarbonyl formation on Cu+ sites was also observed. The adsorption of NO produces IR bands that can be assigned to nitrosyls bound to both Cu+ and Cu2+ centers, and NO+ species located in charge compensating cationic positions of the chabasite framework. On the reduced Cu-SSZ-13 samples the formation of N2O was also detected. The assignment of the adsorbed NOx species was aided by adsorption experiments with isotopically labeled 15NO. The movement of Cu ions from the sterically hindered six member ring position to the more accessible cavity positions as a result of their interaction with adsorbates (NO and H2O) was clearly evidenced. Comparisons of the spectroscopy data obtained in the static transmission IR system to those collected in the flow-through diffuse reflectance cell points out that care must be taken when general conclusions are drawn about the adsorptive and reactive properties of metal cation centers based on a set of data collected under well defined, specific experimental conditions.
Glycogen Accumulation in the Pars Recta of the Proximal Tubule in Fanconi Syndrome

We reviewed the renal pathology in 10 cases of renal Fanconi syndrome. Five cases showed the Armanni-Ebstein lesion, i.e., clear glycogen-filled cells limited to the pars recta of the proximal tubules. The 5 cases included 2 siblings with a unique syndrome characterized by death in infancy, severe Fanconi syndrome, severe rickets, carnitine deficiency, and atrophy of the exocrine pancreas. Two other siblings had glycogen storage disease type XI. One of 4 cases of putative tyrosinemia had the lesion. The ultrastructure was studied in 2 cases. The Armanni-Ebstein lesion in these cases was morphologically indistinguishable from that seen in diabetic patients dying after prolonged hyperglycemia. Glycosuria is the only common factor in both diabetic hyperglycemia and the varied proximal tubular diseases studied. The mechanism of the glycogen accumulation in this short parts recta segment of the proximal renal tubule was further investigated by reviewing the renal histology in cases of glycogen storage disease ...
A1-Receptor Blockade: A Novel Approach for Assessing Myocardial Viability in Chronic Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Diminished myocardial function can be seen in chronic coronary stenosis (CS) even in the presence of normal resting myocardial blood flow. We hypothesized that adenosine contributes to myocardial depression in this setting, predominantly through activation of the A(1) adenosine receptor. To test this hypothesis we used aminophylline, a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, and 8-cyclopentyl 1,3 dipropylxanthine, a selective A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist, in a canine model of chronic CS. Chronic CS was produced by placement of ameroid constrictors on the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries in 17 adult mongrel dogs, which resulted in severe left ventricular dysfunction 6 weeks later. Eight dogs without ameroid placement were used as controls (C). Closed-chest echocardiographic short-axis images at the low midpapillary level, hemodynamics, and radiolabeled microsphere-derived myocardial blood flow were obtained before and immediately after injection of either 5 mg/kg(-1) of aminophylline (7 left ventricular dysfunction and 4 C dogs) or 1 mg/kg(-1) of 8-cyclopentyl 1,3-dipropylxanthine (10 left ventricular dysfunction and 4 C dogs). Both 8-cyclopentyl 1,3-dipropylxanthine and aminophylline had no effect in C animals but resulted in a significant transient increase in regional percent wall thickening (P <.05) with a concomitant decrease in end-systolic wall stress (P <.05) in CS animals. There was no change in transmural myocardial blood flow or systemic hemodynamics to explain these results. Thus, adenosine plays a significant role in myocardial dysfunction in chronic ischemia by activation of the A(1) receptor. Aminophylline or a selective A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist can be used to detect viable myocardium and may be safer than dobutamine in severe chronic ischemic heart disease.
Extrasynaptic Localization of Inactivating Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels in Mouse Inner Hair Cells

Auditory hair cells from nonmammalian vertebrates are electrically tuned to specific sound frequencies primarily by the interactions of voltage-gated calcium channels and calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels colocalized at synaptic active zones. Mammalian inner hair cells are not electrically tuned and, yet, BK channels are also thought to reside at active zones. Using patch-clamp recordings and immunofluorescence, we characterized BK channel expression in mouse inner hair cells. Unexpectedly, these channels have inactivating currents and are clustered near the apex of the cell away from synaptic sites near the base. These results indicate a novel function of BK channels in mammalian inner hair cells and provide a framework for future research.
Strategic planning, operations management, and fiscal analysis and control: organizational imperatives.

Strategic planning, operations management, and fiscal analysis and control are vital components of organizational function. It is the responsibility of leadership to provide ongoing analysis of the environment in which the organization operates, the personal values espoused by the organization, and ongoing organizational critical self-analysis. It is very important for an organization to conduct itself in a manner such that it fulfills its social responsibilities. A successful organization does these things by devising strategies that recognize its distinctive competence. Judicious implementation of strategic planning requires necessary financial support; leadership has the responsibility to ensure the availability of these funds. Leadership, furthermore, has the responsibility of fostering the development of those who will one day replace present leadership and provide future stewardship of the organization. The American Academy of Pain Medicine has been very successful in accomplishing these organizational responsibilities and a report of selected aspects of Academy activities follows. On Monday, September 8, 2003, at the National Press Club in Washington, DC, the national broadcast and print media assembled to witness the American Academy of Pain Medicine launch TOP MED—Topics on Pain Medicine, a “virtual textbook” for medical students. This is an online, comprehensive “virtual textbook” of pain medicine applicable to patients of all ages suffering from varying types of pain. This program will be made available without charge to medical students across the country. TOP MED was envisioned as a way to promote formal pain medicine education and raise awareness of the necessity of and options for treating the millions of Americans who suffer from pain. Former Surgeon General David Satcher, MD, former Health and Human Services Secretary Louis Sullivan, MD, and Association of American Medical Colleges President Jordan Cohen, MD, joined AAPM leaders Daniel Carr, MD, and Marc Hahn, DO, to announce the TOP MED project. “Untreated pain, …
Directed HK propagator

We offer a more formal justification for the successes of our recently communicated “directed Heller-Herman-Kluk-Kay” (DHK) time propagator by examining its performance in one-dimensional bound systems which exhibit at least quasi-periodic motion. DHK is distinguished by its single one-dimensional integral—a vast simplification over the usual 2N-dimensional integral in full Heller-Herman-Kluk-Kay (for an N-dimensional system). We find that DHK accurately captures particular coherent state autocorrelations when its single integral is chosen to lie along these states’ fastest growing manifold, as long as it is not perpendicular to their action gradient. Moreover, the larger the action gradient, the better DHK will perform. We numerically examine DHK’s accuracy in a one-dimensional quartic oscillator and illustrate that these conditions are frequently satisfied such that the method performs well. This lends some explanation for why DHK frequently seems to work so well and suggests that it may be applicable to systems exhibiting quite strong anharmonicity.
Self-consistent perturbation theory of diamagnetism

An ab initio gauge-invariant molecular orbital theory is developed for nuclear magnetic shielding. The molecular orbitals are written as linear combinations of gauge-invariant atomic orbitals, the wavefunctions in the presence of a uniform external magnetic field being determined by self-consistent field perturbation theory. The final magnetic shielding result is broken up into contributions which can be related to various features of electronic structure. Calculated magnetic shielding constants are presented using three sets of atomic orbitals, all of which are taken as contracted gaussian-type functions. The first two sets are minimal and the third is slightly extended. All three levels of theory give good descriptions of shielding at first row and hydrogen atoms. Carbon and hydrogen chemical shifts calculated at the extended level are in excellent agreement with experimental values.
Arrestin domain-containing protein 3 recruits the NEDD4 E3 ligase to mediate ubiquitination of the β2-adrenergic receptor

Prolonged stimulation of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) leads to receptor ubiquitination and downregulation. Using a genome-wide RNA interference screen, we identified arrestin domain-containing 3 (ARRDC3) as a gene required for β2AR regulation. The ARRDC3 protein interacts with ubiquitin ligase neural precursor development downregulated protein 4 (NEDD4) through two conserved PPXY motifs and recruits NEDD4 to the activated receptor. The ARRDC3 protein also interacts and co-localizes with activated β2AR. Knockdown of ARRDC3 expression abolishes the association between NEDD4 and β2AR. Furthermore, functional inactivation of ARRDC3, either through small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown or overexpression of a mutant that does not interact with NEDD4, blocks receptor ubiquitination and degradation. Our results establish ARRDC3 as an essential adaptor for β2AR ubiquitination.
Politics, Fiscal Necessity, or Both? Factors Driving the Enactment of Defined Contribution Accounts for Public Employees

Recent conflicts over public sector defined benefit pension funding have inspired polarized debates about the need for reform, including the utility of replacing pensions with defined contribution accounts, which are popular throughout the private sector. Between 1996 and 2011, 15 American states enacted legislation to implement either mandatory or optional defined contribution accounts for certain public employees. What drove this process? This article investigates the role of political, budgetary, and contagion influences on the diffusion of defined contribution accounts for general state employees. Empirical results suggest that enactments were influenced by Republican legislative, but not executive, partisanship. Gains in state indebtedness also increased the likelihood of enactment independent of political and other factors. There is no evidence of policy learning based on neighboring state activity and no influence from two measures of organized labor power. Both quantitative and qualitative robustness checks largely reinforce these findings.
SEORious business: structural proteins in sieve tubes and their involvement in sieve element occlusion

The phloem provides a network of sieve tubes for long-distance translocation of photosynthates. For over a century, structural proteins in sieve tubes have presented a conundrum since they presumably increase the hydraulic resistance of the tubes while no potential function other than sieve tube or wound sealing in the case of injury has been suggested. Here we summarize and critically evaluate current speculations regarding the roles of these proteins. Our understanding suffers from the suggestive power of images; what looks like a sieve tube plug on micrographs may not actually impede translocation very much. Recent reports of an involvement of SEOR (sieve element occlusion-related) proteins, a class of P-proteins, in the sealing of injured sieve tubes are inconclusive; various lines of evidence suggest that, in neither intact nor injured plants, are SEORs determinative of translocation stoppage. Similarly, the popular notion that P-proteins serve in the defence against phloem sap-feeding insects is unsupported by empirical facts; it is conceivable that in functional sieve tubes, aphids actually could benefit from inducing a plug. The idea that rising cytosolic Ca(2+) generally triggers sieve tube blockage by P-proteins appears widely accepted, despite lacking experimental support. Even in forisomes, P-protein assemblages restricted to one single plant family and the only Ca(2+)-responsive P-proteins known, the available evidence does not unequivocally suggest that plug formation is the cause rather than a consequence of translocation stoppage. We conclude that the physiological roles of structural P-proteins remain elusive, and that in vivo studies of their dynamics in continuous sieve tube networks combined with flow velocity measurements will be required to (hopefully) resolve this scientific roadblock.
Presynaptic inhibition of the release of multiple major central nervous system neurotransmitter types by the inhaled anaesthetic isoflurane

Background Presynaptic effects of general anaesthetics are not well characterized. We tested the hypothesis that isoflurane exhibits transmitter-specific effects on neurotransmitter release from neurochemically and functionally distinct isolated mammalian nerve terminals. Methods Nerve terminals from adult male rat brain were prelabelled with [ 3 H]glutamate and [ 14 C]GABA (cerebral cortex), [ 3 H]norepinephrine (hippocampus), [ 14 C]dopamine (striatum), or [ 3 H]choline (precursor of [ 3 H]acetylcholine; striatum). Release evoked by depolarizing pulses of 4-aminopyridine (4AP) or elevated KCl was quantified using a closed superfusion system. Results Isoflurane at clinical concentrations ( + channel-dependent 4AP-evoked release of the five neurotransmitters tested in a concentration-dependent manner. Isoflurane was a more potent inhibitor [expressed as IC 50 (sem)] of glutamate release [0.37 (0.03) mM; P + channel-independent release evoked by elevated K + was not significant at clinical concentrations of isoflurane, with the exception of dopamine release [IC 50 =0.59 (0.03) mM]. Conclusions Isoflurane inhibited the release of the major central nervous system neurotransmitters with selectivity for glutamate release, consistent with both widespread inhibition and nerve terminal-specific presynaptic effects. Glutamate release was most sensitive to inhibition compared with GABA, acetylcholine, dopamine, and norepinephrine release due to presynaptic specializations in ion channel expression, regulation, and/or coupling to exocytosis. Reductions in neurotransmitter release by volatile anaesthetics could contribute to altered synaptic transmission, leading to therapeutic and toxic effects involving all major neurotransmitter systems.
Cold Air Incursions over Subtropical and Tropical South America: A Numerical Case Study

Abstract Synoptic-scale incursions of cold, midlatitude air that penetrate deep into the Tropics are frequently observed to the east of the Andes cordillera. These incursions are a distinctive year-round feature of the synoptic climatology of this part of South America and exhibit similar characteristics to cold surges observed in the lee of the Rocky Mountains and the Himalayan Plateau. While their large-scale structure has received some attention, details of their mesoscale structural evolution and underlying dynamics are largely unknown. This paper advances our understanding in these matters on the basis of a mesoscale numerical simulation and analysis of the available data during a typical case that occurred in May of 1993. The large-scale environment in which the cold air incursion occurred was characterized by a developing midlatitude wave in the middle and upper troposphere, with a ridge immediately to the west of the Andes and a downstream trough over eastern South America. At the surface, a migra...
Beach Sands along the California Coast Are Diffuse Sources of Fecal Bacteria to Coastal Waters

Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are nearly ubiquitous in California (CA) beach sands. Sands were collected from 55 beaches along the CA coast. Ninety-one percent of the beaches had detectable enterococci (ENT) while 62% had detectable E. coli (EC) in their sands. The presence of a putative bacterial source (such as a river), the degree of wave shelter, and surrounding land use explained a significant (p < 0.05) fraction of the variation in both ENT and EC densities between beaches. Sand characteristics including moisture content, organic carbon, and percentfines, significantly (p < 0.05) influenced only EC densities in beach sand. We assayed 34 of 163 sand samples for salmonellae, but did not detect this bacterial pathogen. The potential for FIB to be transported from the sand to sea was investigated at a single wave-sheltered beach with high densities of ENT in beach sand: Lovers Point, CA (LP). We collected samples of exposed and submerged sands as well as water over a 24 h period in order to compare the disappearance or appearance of ENT in sand and the water column. Exposed sands had significantly higher densities of ENT than submerged sands with the highest densities located near the high tide line. Water column ENT densities began low, increased sharply during the first flood tide and slowly decreased over the remainder of the study. During the first flood tide, the number of ENT that entered the water column was nearly equivalent to the number of ENT lost from exposed sands when they were submerged by seawater. The decrease in nearshore ENT concentrations after the initial influx can be explained by ENT die-off and dilution with clean ocean water. While some ENT in the water and sand at LP might be of human origin because they were positive for the esp gene, others lacked the esp gene and were therefore equivocal with respect to their origin. Follow-up sampling at LP revealed the presence of the human specific Bacteroides marker in water and sand.
Resource Based Learning and Course Design

Law librarians teaching legal research should follow resource based learning pedagogical strategies. This paper provides a background in constructivist educational theory and resource based learning before identifying useful instructional strategies regarding course design decisions related to goal-setting, assignments, rubrics, and assessment.
Determinants of Value-Added Tax Revenues

An early cross-country, empirical analysis of value-added tax revenues on a sample of 34 countries estimates a model that can be used to predict revenues in countries contemplating the introduction of the VAT. It also confirms conventional wisdom from theoretical and case studies. The key implication is that for value-added tax to provide superior revenues, it should be levied in a single rate on as broad a base as possible. And tax administration and enforcement must be tough to ensure compliance.
Readability of Orthopaedic Oncology-related Patient Education Materials Available on the Internet.

INTRODUCTION A person's health literacy is one of the most important indicators of a patient's health status. According to national recommendations, patient education materials should be written at no higher than the sixth- to eighth-grade reading level. The purpose of our study was to assess the readability of online patient education materials related to orthopaedic oncology on the websites of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Cancer Society (ACS), Bone and Cancer Foundation (BCF), and National Cancer Institute (NCI). METHODS We searched the online patient education libraries of the AAOS, ACS, BCF, and NCI for all articles related to orthopaedic oncology. The Flesch-Kincaid (FK) readability score was calculated for each article and compared between sources. RESULTS A total of 227 articles were identified with an overall mean FK grade level of 9.8. Stratified by source, the mean FK grade levels were 10.1, 9.6, 11.1, and 9.5 for the AAOS, ACS, BCF, and NCI, respectively (P < 0.003). Only 31 articles (14%) and 1 article (0.4%) were at or below the recommended eighth- and sixth-grade levels, respectively. DISCUSSION Online patient education materials related to orthopaedic oncology appear to be written at a level above the comprehension ability of the average patient.
Influence of Language of Administration on ImPACT Performance by Bilingual Spanish–English College Students

Previous research has suggested that there are performance differences on the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) battery related to language of administration, such that scores are higher with the English than the Spanish version of the battery. This study extended those findings in a within-subjects design, evaluating neurocognitive performance of 58 bilingual English-Spanish-speaking individuals who completed ImPACT in both languages. Results revealed a significant multivariate effect of language of test administration, p < .01; partial η(2) = 0.23, with significantly better English language performance on Verbal Memory and Visual Motor Speed composite scores, but not Visual Memory, Reaction Time, or Total Symptom score. Results are discussed in relation to potential linguistic biases of the ImPACT and functional language dominance that may contribute to the lower scores. These results extend previous findings and suggest a need for separate normative data for Spanish-speaking individuals completing the ImPACT battery if baseline data are not present.
H index used in assessment of library core journals

Papers published in 10 Chinese library core journals,including Chinese Library Journal and University Library Journal with the highest H index were analyzed using the citation frequency,H index,and relative H index as the assessment criteria,showing that the citation frequency,H index,relative H index and highest citation frequency of Chinese Library Journal and University Library Journal are at the top of Chinese library journals,the two journals have a number of their own authors,the academic level of papers published in the two journals as well as their academic impact power and authors are rather high.
Ischemia/reperfusion injury of the ascending colon in ponies: A correlative study utilizing microvascular histopathology and corrosion casting

Volvulus of the ascending colon (ACV) in the horse results in microvascular injury and necrosis of the intestinal mucosa. This study investigated the site and type of microvascular injury which occurs within the mucosa and submucosa following ACV. Histopathology of volvulus treated ponies demonstrated mucosal necrosis with microvascular hemorrhage and thrombosis. Thrombi occurred within the subepithelial capillaries and edema and hemorrhage developed throughout the mucosa and submucosa. Vascular casts allowed 3-D viewing of samples obtained from the entire pelvic flexure and demonstrated two distinct microvascular changes: 1) disruption of the colonic glandular capillary network occurred concomitantly with the mucosal injury, and 2) extensive endothelial leakage from the submucosal microvasculature contributes to edema formation. Thus, microcorrosion casting of the equine pelvic flexure provided an effective means to characterize the location and severity of vascular leakage and visualize the extent and severity of injury to the capillary network not easily depicted by histopathology. Microvascular casting in conjunction with routine histopathology provided additional information on the pathomorphologic changes in this model of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Perioperative Approach to Children

Perioperative emotional stress is common to all children and their families. With appropriate perioperative psychological preparation, it is possible to increase the tolerance for these stresses, shorten the recovery period, and reduce the long-lasting behavioral consequences. The roles of the parent, anesthesiologist, and pediatrician are reviewed in light of the increase of pediatric outpatient surgery.
Surface-induced monolayer alignment probed by second harmonic generation

Surface-induced alignment of molecules by a substrate is a fascinating problem of both basic and applied interest. As an example, it is well known that the bulk alignment of a liquid crystal cell can be controlled by the surface treatment, but the mechanism is hardly understood. Rubbing of polymer or surfactant coated substrates is a technique commonly used to create bulk homogeneous alignment (average molecular orientation parallel to the surface). Both short range interaction at the molecular level and a bulk elastic interaction of a macroscopic nature have been proposed as possible alignment mechanisms. We have used optical second harmonic generation (SHG) to study the effect of interfacial interaction on the orientational distribution of a surface monolayer of molecules and learn how this interaction can induce the bulk alignment.
Families as Facilitators of Children’s Intellectual Development at 3 Years of Age

The intellectual development of the young child and the factors that influence its course are concerns that have long occupied the minds of psychologists, educators, and parents. The recent history of research on families as learning environments spans a broad range: from the clinical investigations of the 1930s on the grim effects of institutionalization to the studies that compared groups of children whose child-rearing experiences had differed on some single, presumably central dimension such as feeding practices or toilet training to the current approach that began in the 1950s and seeks to quantify and measure many aspects of the home environment and to relate these to the child’s behavior and development (Clarke-Stewart, 1977). Much useful information has been derived from this research, but a limitation of many of the studies is that typically each has examined a narrow set of variables rather than models based on more complex patterns of relationships that might reflect with greater accuracy the child’s experiences in the family. Moreover, even those studies that have examined large numbers of variables simultaneously have not been designed to yield conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships.
Crowd-sourcing and author submission as alternatives to professional curation.

Abstract Can we decrease the costs of database curation by crowd-sourcing curation work or by offloading curation to publication authors? This perspective considers the significant experience accumulated by the bioinformatics community with these two alternatives to professional curation in the last 20 years; that experience should be carefully considered when formulating new strategies for biological databases. The vast weight of empirical evidence to date suggests that crowd-sourced curation is not a successful model for biological databases. Multiple approaches to crowd-sourced curation have been attempted by multiple groups, and extremely low participation rates by 'the crowd' are the overwhelming outcome. The author-curation model shows more promise for boosting curator efficiency. However, its limitations include that the quality of author-submitted annotations is uncertain, the response rate is low (but significant), and to date author curation has involved relatively simple forms of annotation involving one or a few types of data. Furthermore, shifting curation to authors may simply redistribute costs rather than decreasing costs; author curation may in fact increase costs because of the overhead involved in having every curating author learn what professional curators know: curation conventions, curation software and curation procedures.
Global water cycle and the coevolution of the Earth's interior and surface environment.

The bulk Earth composition contains probably less than 0.3 of water, but this trace amount of water can affect the long-term evolution of the Earth in a number of different ways. The foremost issue...
Simulating the Chan-Hudspeth experiment on an active excised cochlear segment

Hearing relies on a series of coupled electrical, acoustical, and mechanical interactions inside the cochlea that enable sound processing. The local structural and electrical properties of the organ of Corti (OoC) and basilar membrane give rise to the global, coupled behavior of the cochlea. However, it is difficult to determine the root causes of important behavior, such as the mediator of active processes, in the fully coupled in vivo setting. An alternative experimental approach is to use an excised segment of the cochlea under controlled electrical and mechanical conditions. Using the excised cochlear segment experiment conducted by Chan and Hudspeth [Nat. Neurosci. 8, 149–155 (2005); Biophys. J. 89, 4382–4395 (2005)] as the model problem, a quasilinear computational model for studying the active in vitro response of the OoC to acoustical stimulation was developed. The model of the electrical, mechanical, and acoustical conditions of the experimental configuration is able to replicate some of the expe...
Bats of Mammoth Cave

Bats that inhabit caves have been misunderstood and maligned for centuries. Yet they seem mysteriously to draw researchers and visitors alike to their underground dwellings for a glimpse into their world. Indeed some species of bats spend more than 80% of their life in caves. Still they must leave the cave to obtain food when it is accessible. The food for these nocturnal true-flying mammals in the Mammoth Cave area is insects, exclusively. The consumption of large quantities of night-flying insects is one of several benefits bats provide to surface ecosystems and to humans. In cave ecosystems, insects consumed by bats on the surface provide nutrients (energy) to these generally nutrient-poor environments primarily in the form of guano (Culver and Pipan 2009). Despite the critical role bats play in ecosystems, many species face a variety of threats to their survival and some have experienced marked population declines. In fact, Mammoth Cave was formerly one of the largest bat hibernacula in the world. Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis), and to a lesser degree gray bats (M. grisescens), were prominent species in Mammoth Cave 150 years ago, but today they are listed as federally endangered. Relatively few bats use Mammoth Cave today and with the latest threat—a new fungal disease of bats called “white-nose syndrome”—this number may be greatly reduced in the near future. Nevertheless, measures to protect and restore bats and bat habitat have been implemented in Mammoth Cave, and opportunities to take additional conservation actions continue to arise.
Is it Good to Have Options? The 2014 Farm Bill Program Decisions

The 2014 Farm Bill continued the trend towards more risk management-based support for U.S. farmers. However, it also represents a major departure from previous legislation by introducing multiple program options among which producers had the ability to choose. While allowing producers to have choices creates flexibility, the design of the program required producers to consider potential outcomes for crop prices and production levels in future periods when making their decisions. Experience over the first two years of program implementation suggests that while programs are working as designed, not all producers are fully satisfied with their enrollment decisions. This will lead to proposals for further modification to programs, and to questions about whether program choice should be a component of the next Farm Bill.
Physical aggression in the family

It is within the family that most people first experience being the victim of physical aggression in the form of being “spanked,” “smacked,” or slapped by a parent. Moreover, because parents who hit children almost always do so for the morally correct purpose of stopping misbehavior, corporal punishment teaches that physical aggression is a morally correct way to stop what is perceived as someone else’s misbehavior. In addition, millions of children throughout the world grow in household in which they witness parents physically and psychologically attacking each other. This experience, like the experience of being hit by parents, is associated with an increased probability of subsequent physical violence both within and outside the family. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the evidence on which each of the above statements is based and to present data on trends in physical aggression within the family and the implications for societal violence.
Alternate Methods of Solution for Heat and Wave Equation Problems

In this chapter, the Laplace transform (first introduced in Chapter 7) method of solution is employed to solve the problems of heat conduction in a laterally insulated semi-infinite or infinite bar that had been solved by a similarity solution method in Chapter 6 and Problem 6.1, respectively. The Laplace transform method of solving the latter problem involves the use of a Dirac delta function which is introduced in a pastoral interlude. Then the sound wave problem, the solution of which had been obtained in Chapter 12 by employing D’Alembert’s characteristic coordinate method, is solved by using a Fourier integral approach.
The Influence of Personal Values on Issues of Sexuality and Disability

Issues of sexuality and disability have traditionally been value-ladened areas. Using quantitative and qualitative methodology, attitudes toward sexual practices and relationships of individuals with disabilities were examined. Responses of teachers and administrators were differentiated on the variable of level of disability (moderate and severe disabilities). Results of the study indicated that teachers and administrators differentiated between individuals with moderate and severe disabilities on issues of sexual practices, types of relationships deemed appropriate, and the right to have children. The potential effects of trainer values on sexuality issues of individuals with disabilities are discussed.
TRANSMEMBRANE SIGNALING REACTIONS GENERATED IN B CELLS IN RESPONSE TO ANTI-IgM OR LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

The development and activation of B lymphocytes appear to be highly regulated by antigen or other agents interacting with mIgM and mIgD, products of helper T cells and macrophages, complement fragments, and bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1,2). One approach toward understanding this rich complexity is to define how the B cell translates these extracellular signals into intracellular biochemical reactions that may contribute to the regulation of growth and development of the cell. The recent work on signal transduction from membrane IgM and from the putative receptor for LPS are described.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding of [F-18]Nifene in the rhesus monkey

1183 Objectives The agonist [F-18]Nifene (NIF) is a PET radioligand developed to image α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). This work aims to assess the in vivo imaging characteristics of NIF in rhesus monkeys for the development of PET experiments for nACHR assay. Methods Dynamic PET imaging experiments with NIF were acquired in 4 anesthetized macaca mulatta (rhesus) monkeys using a microPET P4 scanner. Acquisition was initiated with a bolus injection of 3 ± 0.5 mCi of NIF. An injection of (-)-nicotine (0.03 mg/kg, i.v.) was given 45-60 minutes post injection to measure the displacement of NIF receptor binding. A second injection of NIF was given after 30 minutes to measure NIF nondisplaceable uptake. Time activity curves were extracted in the high uptake areas of the thalamus and lateral geniculate region (LG), and the cerebellum for the measurement of target-to-cerebellum ratios (T/C). Results High specific binding was observed in the thalamus and LG. T/C reached a plateau at 25-30 minutes post injection with values of 3.0, 2.4, 3.3, 3.1 for the thalamus, and 2.5, 2.2, 3.0, 2.6 for the LG. Elevated binding of NIF was observed in the subiculum, insular cortex, temporal cortex, and cingulate gyrus. The (-)-nicotine completely displaced NIF, with uptake falling to background levels within 15 minutes post-drug. Negligible displacement of NIF was observed in the cerebellum, suggesting potential as a reference region. Logan DVR estimates using the cerebellum yielded values of 2.8, 2.7, 3.0, 2.8 in the thalamus, and 2.3, 2.3, 2.3, 2.4 in the LG. The post-nicotine injection displayed uniform nondisplaceable uptake of NIF throughout gray and white brain matter. Conclusions In the rhesus monkey, [F-18]Nifene exhibits high specific binding and rapid equilibration in the thalamus and LG. Future work is ongoing to evaluate the behavior of NIF in arterial plasma. These results suggest NIF shows great promise for assessing nACHR binding. Research Support CA143188, AA01770
Style, Society, Myth, and Structure

This paper inventories and illustrates the great range of cultural factors that constrain aesthetic and technical styles. It also offers some comments on the nature of style itself. The paper is organized broadly into three parts: (1) a definition of style and a discussion of its hierarchical nature; (2) a listing of the multiple social and technological variables that condition stylistic output; and (3) an analysis of the ideational factors that articulate style with self and society on the mythic and structural levels.