cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of thermal conductance of finned tube contacts

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to investigate the contact conductance of plate finned tubes. The basic theory of thermal contact conductance supports the use of measurable parameters including interference, fin spacing, fin thickness, tube hardness, and tube diameter as prediction parameters. Thirty-one coils were tested in a vacuum chamber. A correlation was developed that predicts the thermal contact conductance. The heat transfer results of the experimental study are presented.
Women's "Token Resistant" and Compliant Sexual Behaviors are Related to Uncertain Sexual Intentions and Rape:

Muehienhard and Hollabaugh reported that 39% of college women engaged in "token resistance" (said "no" but wanted to have sex). Many of these women's reasons for their behavior explained a sexual refusal but not token resistance. The authors hypothesize that many token resistant women honestly refused but later decided to have sex. Evidence indicates that token resistant behavior occurs on or after the 11th date, whereas resistant behavior (said "no" and meant no) occurs earlier. In addition, 83% of token resistant women had more than one sexual intention during the token resistant episode. They said they resisted or were uncertain before they said "no" and neant yes. The authors conclude that most token resistant behavior is a change of intention that is poorly recalled because of memory consolidation. Women 's compliant sexual behavior (agreeing to unwanted sex) occurs for relationship maintenance reasons. Both behaviors are related to women's histories of rape.
Thermal averages in covariant gauges

The partition-function cancellation of the contributions of the unphysical states that arise in a particular finite-temperature field theory in a covariant gauge is explained in terms of a supersymmetry transformation connecting the ghost-fermion and unphysical-boson modes.
Lagrange interpolation and Runge's example

It is well known that interpolation by polynomials of high degree is not well behaved. In this paper we give a theoretical basis for this by examining C. Runge's famous example of a continuous function f(x)over a closed interval for which the Lagrange interpolating polynomials fail to converge. Runge showed that there is a convergence curvedefined in the complex plane whose interior contains the (real) closed interval on which the function f(x)is defined. If f(x) has no (complex) singularities within this convergence curve, then the Lagrange interpolating polynomials will converge uniformly to f(x)over the interval. This discussion uses only elementary topics from advanced calculus and beginning complex variable theory, and thus provides for a capstone series of one or two lectures to show the applicability of these courses on an applied problem of considerable interest. The advent of computer algebra programs such as Mathematicaand Maple V make this discussion all the more tractable.
The Suspensory Apparatus and Digital Flexor Muscles of the Llama (Lama glama) 2: The Pelvic Limb

Fueron disecados e ilustrados los musculos flexores digitales del miembro toracico de cuatro llamas con la finalidad de aportar datos sobre el aparato suspensor (de apoyo) que soportan estas estructuras. Se realizo una extensa busqueda bibliografica dada la incompleta informacion existente de estas estructuras anatomicas. La popularidad de la llama en todo el mundo como uno de los animales domesticos utilizados ha aumentado en los ultimos anos. Es importante describir detalladamente la anatomia de esta especie para su tratamiento en condiciones patologicas. La descripcion de las estructuras anatomicas y las ilustraciones originales demuestran peculariedades genuinas y diferencias entre la llama y los rumiantes domesticos. En llamas, las tres cabezas del musculo flexor profundo de los dedos se originan y se conectan entre ellas en una muy peculiar combinacion, con uno de los tendones recibiendo un fasciculo del musculo flexor ulnar del carpo. El musculo flexor superficial de los dedos tiene un tendon delgado el cual se fusiona con la fascia palmar y luego se amplia. No existen musculos interflexores. Adicionalmente, fueron encontrados musculos lumbricales en la extremidad distal y variaban en numero entre los miembros. Finalmente, en este trabajo se evalua el aparato suspensorio del miembro toracico.
The mode of action of dinitrophenol revealed by mitochondrial volume changes requiring rotenone or antimycin or dinitrophenol with showdomycin

Mitochondrial volume changes induced by the antibiotic showdomycin and energized by ATP require the addition of the respiratory inhibitor antimycin A [HADLER, H. L; B. E. Claybourn and T. P. TSCHANG ; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 31 : 25 (1968)]. The requirement for the antibiotic antimycin A may be replaced by the uncoupling agent 2, 4-dinitrophenol. Indeed, damped oscillatory ATP energized mitochondrial volume changes may be induced by the combination of showdomycin plus dinitrophenol. It is proposed that both antimycin A and dinitrophenol expose the same strategically located mitochondrial thiol group which conjugates with the maleimide moiety present in showdomycin. This unexpected flux of useful chemical energy dependent upon dinitrophenol is contrary to several suggestions in the literature regarding the mode of action of dinitrophenol. The postulated high energy intermediate cleaved or not formed because of the action of dinitrophenol [LARDY, H. A. and C. A. ELVEHJEM; Ann. Rev. Biochem. 14:1 (1945), Slater, E. C. ; Proc. Int. Congr. Biochem. 5th Moscow, 1961, 5 : 325, (1963)] is now indicated to be a thiol conjugate which meshes with the respiratory chain.
An empirical test of the validity of student evaluations of teaching made on RateMyProfessors.com

The present article examined the validity of public web‐based teaching evaluations by comparing the ratings on RateMyProfessors.com for 126 professors at Lander University to the institutionally administered student evaluations of teaching and actual average assigned GPAs for these same professors. Easiness website ratings were significantly positively correlated with actual assigned grades. Further, clarity and helpfulness website ratings were significantly positively correlated with student ratings of overall instructor excellence and overall course excellence on the institutionally administered IDEA forms. The results of this study offer preliminary support for the validity of the evaluations on RateMyProfessors.com.
Analytical solution for the drift behavior of Dynamics Explorer-B

The Dynamics Explorer (DE) mission was designed to explore the earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and plasmasphere. The DE mission employs two spacecraft, including DE-A and DE-B. The spacecraft were launched from the Western Test Range on Aug. 3, 1981, onboard the same Delta launch vehicle. The two spacecraft were placed in a coplanar polar orbit, with DE-A in a high altitude orbit (perigee = 570 km and apogee = 23174 km) and DE-B in a low altitude orbit (perigee = 309 km and apogee = 1013 km). In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to validate the flight data for DE-B with analytic and simulation results. The external torques acting on the spacecraft are represented in terms of tractable mathematical functions. A piecewise linear model of the superrotation of the upper atmosphere is assumed. The effect of individual torques on the long-term pitch axis motion is investigated using analytic and simulation methods. The results are found to be in very good agreement with the available flight data.
Non-Dimensional Analysis for the Fluid Flow in the Flat Heat Pipes

Flat heat pipes (heat spreaders) are similar to cylindrical heat pipes. But they have received significant attention recently because of their advantages over conventional cylindrical heat pipes with regard to their large surface area, isothermal heat delivery, geometry fit. For example, Thermal Ground Planes (TGPs) are flat, thin (less than 3 mm thick) heat pipes which utilize phase change cooling. The goal is to use TGP’s as universal heat spreaders in microelectronic cooling applications. These TGPs will act as a new generation of high-performance, integrated systems to work at a high power density without difficulties from temperature gradients, increased weight, or extra complexity. In addition to being able to dissipate high thermal powers, they have very high effective thermal conductivities and can operate in high adverse gravitational fields due to nano-porous wicks.This work shows the effect of vapor pressure, wall shear stress and the interfacial shear stress in the liquid pressure of the flat heat pipes and a comparison with CFD results. Also, this paper offers a design for flat heat pipe charts that avoids the effects of vapor pressure, wall shear stress and the wick-vapor interface to the liquid pressure for most well-known working fluids.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Monitoring of Observation Errors in the Assimilation of Satellite Ozone Data

The stratospheric ozone layer protects life on Earth from the harmful effects of solar ultravioiet radiation. The ozone layer is currently in a fragile state because of depletion caused by man-made chemicals, especially chlorofluorocarbons. The state of the ozone layer is being monitored and evaluated by scientific experts around the world, in order to help policy makers assess the impacts of international protocols that control the production and release of ozone depleting chemicals. Scientists use a variety ozone measurements and models in order to form a comprehensive picture about the current state of the ozone layer, and to predict the future behavior (expected to be a recovery, as the abundance of the depleting chemicals decreases). Among the data sets used, those from satellite-borne instruments have the advantage of providing a wealth of information about the ozone distribution over most of the globe. Several instruments onboard American and international satellites make measurements of the properties of the atmosphere, from which atmospheric ozone amounts are estimated; long-term measurement programs enable monitoring of trends in ozone. However, the characteristics of satellite instruments change in time. For example, the instrument lenses through which measurements are made may deteriorate over time, or the satellite orbit may drift so that measurements over each location are made later and later in the day. These changes may increase the errors in the retrieved ozone amounts, and degrade the quality of estimated ozone amounts and of their variability. Our work focuses on combining the satellite ozone data with global models that capture atmospheric motion and ozone chemistry, using advanced statistical techniques: this is known as data assimilation. Our method provides a three-dimensional global ozone distribution that is consistent with both the satellite measurements and with our understanding of processes (described in the models) that control ozone distribution. Through the monitoring of statistical properties of the agreement between the data and the model, this approach also enables us to detect changes in the quality of ozone data retrieved from satellite-borne instrument measurements. This paper demonstrates that calculations of the changes in satellite data quality, and the impact these changes on the estimates of the global ozone distribution, can assist in maintaining the uniform quality of the satellite ozone data throughout the lifetime of these instruments, thus contributing to our understanding of long-term ozone change.
Analysis of missing and additional cell defects in sequential quantum-dot cellular automata

The defect characterization of sequential devices and circuits, implemented by molecular quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), is analyzed in this paper. A RS-type flip-flop is first introduced; this flip-flop takes into account the timing issues associated with the adiabatic switching of this technology and its requirements. It is then shown that a D-type flip-flop can be constructed with an embedded QCA wire which extends over multiple clocking zones. The logic-level characterization of both flip-flop devices is provided. A single additional and missing cell defect model is assumed for molecular implementation. For sequential circuits, defect characterization is pursued. It is shown that defects affect the functionality of basic QCA devices, resulting mostly in unwanted inversion and majority voter acting as a wire at logic level. In this paper, it is shown that a device-level characterization of the defects and faults can be consistently extended to a circuit-level analysis.
Acoustic array tracking performance under moderately complex environmental conditions

Abstract The direction-of-arrival (DOA) tracking performance of microphone arrays having aperture sizes ranging from 0.3 to 34 m is examined for an experiment involving a vehicle traversing a moderately complex terrain. A segment of the vehicle’s path was obscured behind a small, 6.7-m high, vegetated hill. The combination of the hill and upwind propagation created an acoustic shadow during this segment. DOA tracks were estimated with a minimum-variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer operating in two frequency bands: 25–60 Hz and 60–105 Hz. In the lower frequency band, array sizes between 1 and 8 m gave the best results, with DOA errors between 2° and 5°. Furthermore, in this band shadowing from the hill and wind refraction had a minimal affect on DOA error. In the higher frequency band, the acoustic shadow zone produced a distinct interval of high DOA error, with the 8-m array giving the best overall performance. Modeling of the beamforming process shows that high DOA errors corresponded to MVDR wavenumber patterns that are degraded by distortions to the propagating wavefronts. Our experimental results indicate that small acoustic arrays with apertures less than 0.3 m, operating at frequencies above 100 Hz, should be considered line of sight sensors. Given the moderate complexity of the test conditions, it is anticipated that the observed effects are likely to be present in most attempts to localize outdoor sound sources.
Stripe Antiferromagnetic Spin Fluctuations in SrCo 2 As 2

Inelastic neutron scattering measurements of paramagnetic ${\mathrm{SrCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ at $T=5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ reveal antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin fluctuations that are peaked at a wave vector of ${\mathbf{Q}}_{\mathrm{AFM}}=(1/2,1/2,1)$ and possess a large energy scale. These stripe spin fluctuations are similar to those found in $A{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ compounds, where spin-density wave AFM is driven by Fermi surface nesting between electron and hole pockets separated by ${\mathbf{Q}}_{\mathrm{AFM}}$. ${\mathrm{SrCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ has a more complex Fermi surface and band-structure calculations indicate a potential instability toward either a ferromagnetic or stripe AFM ground state. The results suggest that stripe AFM magnetism is a general feature of both iron and cobalt-based arsenides and the search for spin fluctuation-induced unconventional superconductivity should be expanded to include cobalt-based compounds.
Quasi-static approach to optimize RF modulation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

This paper presents a new experimental study of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) in a low-cost radio-over-fiber (RoF) application. This study shows the achievable advantages of optimizing VCSELs modulation thanks to a new “quasi-static” laser characterization.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Gender Role and Muscle Building in Adolescent Boys

Boys’ use of muscle building techniques during early adolescence is poorly understood. The present study investigated the impact of gender role intensification, investment in muscular media images, appearance social comparison, and attitudes concerning muscularity on the use of muscle building techniques. Middle school boys (N = 143; M age = 12.92 years) from the Midwestern United States completed questionnaires. They were re-assessed 7 months later. Structural equation modeling indicated that gender role intensification as well as Time 1 media investment, and social comparison predicted Time 2 media investment in the muscular ideal which was in turn correlated with Time 2 muscle building. Implications for prevention of body image problems and muscle building among boys are discussed.
RELATIONSHIP OF MUSIC ABILITY AND INTELLIGENCE TO AUDITORY AND VISUAL CONSERVATION OF THE KINDERGARTEN CHILD

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of music ability and intelligence to auditory and visual conservation of the kindergarten child. Observations took place in two kindergartens with a total sample of 34 children. The Simons Measurements of Music Listening Skills (SMMLS) was used to determine the child's music ability; the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) tested the child's verbal intelligence. Two criterion tests, the Musical Tasks Test and the Piagetian Tasks Test, were used to measure the child's auditory and visual conservation abilities. Results revealed no significant relationship between auditory and visual conservation. The observed correlation between verbal intelligence and visual conservation, as measured by the PPVT and the Piagetian Tasks Test, was nonsignificant. Music ability was significantly related to auditory conservation. The total regression model, which included variables of music ability, intelligence, and the interaction of music ability/intelligence,...
An Alternating Frequency/Time Domain Method for Calculating the Steady-State Response of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems

A method is proposed for analyzing the steady-state response of nonlinear dynamic systems. The method iterates to obtain the discrete Fourier transform of the system response, returning to the time domain at each iteration to take advantage of the ease in evaluating nonlinearities there-rather than analytically describing the nonlinear terms in the frequency domain. The updated estimates of the nonlinear terms are transformed back into the frequency domain in order to continue iterating on the frequency spectrum of the steady-state response. The method is demonstrated by solving a problem with friction damping in which the excitation has multiple discrete frequencies.
Law, learning and representation

In machine learning terms, reasoning in legal cases can be compared to a lazy learning approach in which courts defer deciding how to generalize beyond the prior cases until the facts of a new case are observed. The HYPO family of systems implements a "lazy" approach since they defer making arguments how to decide a problem until the programs have positioned a new problem with respect to similar past cases. In a kind of "reflective adjustment", they fit the new problem into a patchwork of past case decisions, comparing cases in order to reason about the legal significance of the relevant similarities and differences. Empirical evidence from diverse experiments shows that for purposes of teaching legal argumentation and performing legal information retrieval, HYPO-style systems' lazy learning approach and implementation of aspects of reflective adjustment can be very effective.
Strain effects on the thermal stability of rod eutectics

Abstract Strain effects are included in the thermal stability analysis of rod eutectic structures. The growth rate or decay of a radial perturbation of a given wavelength along the rod axis is analyzed. When no strain effects are included, the perturbation grows for wave vectors (kR0) ƒ R 0 , where ƒ is the surface stress, is very small, the instability for (kR0) ƒ R 0 , however, the strain effects stabilize the rods. The critical wave vector, (kR0)cr, below which instabilities occur, decreases as ƒ R 0 increases. There is a limiting value of ƒ R 0 above which the rod structure is stable against all fluctuations, including those of infinite wavelength.
Expired carbon dioxide: a noninvasive monitor of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

End-tidal CO2 concentration (ETCO2) may serve as a simple noninvasive measurement of the blood flow generated by precordial compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In a mechanically ventilated porcine preparation of ventricular fibrillation, onset of fibrillation was associated with a rapid decrease in ETCO2 from 4.0 +/- 0.2% to less than 0.7 +/- 0.2%. With precordial compression, it increased to 1.9 +/- 0.3%. Animals that were successfully defibrillated after 12 min of CPR demonstrated an immediate increase in ETCO2. The ETCO2 increased from 1.9 +/- 0.3% to 4.9 +/- 0.3% over an interval of between 30 and 60 sec. These changes in ETCO2 were closely related to proportionally similar decreases and increases in cardiac output (CO), and a close correlation between ETCO2 and CO was demonstrated (r = .92). A similar highly significant correlation between ETCO2 and CO was also demonstrated during open-chest cardiac massage (r = .95). ETCO2 therefore serves as a noninvasive measure of pulmonary blood flow and therefore CO. In 17 successfully resuscitated animals. ETCO2 during precordial compression averaged 1.7 +/- 0.2%, whereas it was only 0.5 +/- 0.1% in five animals in whom resuscitation procedures were unsuccessful (p less than .001). Accordingly, ETCO2 prognosticates outcome during CPR and immediately identifies restoration of spontaneous circulation.
Simulating the Archie parameters: computer program and example from the Permian strata of West Texas

Abstract R. E. Maute and coworkers have proposed a new method to estimate the Archie parameters (cementation exponent and saturation exponent) by minimizing the error between water saturation measured from core and water saturation computed by the Archie equation. To make this principle applicable utilizing only well-logs, the authors proposed to use a dielectric log and minimize the error (constant m and n method) between measured water saturation (Sxodielectric) and calculated water saturation (SxoArchie). In order to reduce further the error between Sxo (dielectric) and Sxo (Archie), m and n were approximated by mathematical functions (polynomial and Fourier series) to model the vertical variation of m and n in the reservoir (variable m and n method). This variable m and n method based on a Fourier series resulted in the greatest error-reduction when compared to the constant m and n method. After determining m and n values that result in the minimum error between Sxo (dielectric) and Sxo (Archie), these values then can be used to calculate the water saturation in the uninvaded zone (Sw).
Curing light-activated composite resins through dentin

L ight-activated composite resins have become widely used because of the advantage of control of the working time. However, these composite resins are limited in that the entire material must be exposed to sufficient light to cause thorough polymerization. In many situations, tooth structure blocks direct access of the light to all portions of the restoration, as in some Class III restorations and others with undercut retentive areas. Similarly, bonding metal appliances such as orthodontic brackets, acid-etch fixed partial denture retainers, and splints with light-activated composite resins requires exposing the composite resin indirectly through tooth structure. Enamel is quite translucent and has been shown not to affect the depth of cure of composite resins when the enamel is 0.5 to 1 mm thick.’ Dentin is more opaque than enamel and, therefore, might be expected to be more limiting to the cure of composite resins. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of light to penetrate thicknesses of dentin and to cure lightactivated composite resin.
Afrocentricity as a Generative Idea in the Study of African American Drama.

Molefi Kete Asante has established a theoretical perspective that recognizes the centrality of African ideals and ideas as starting places for the analysis and synthesis of African phenomenon (Asante, 1987). Using the term Afrocentricity, Asante presents it as a critical theory and method which serves as a generative concept. First introduced in his now classic book, Afrocentricity, the theory has gained prominence in all academic circles. By 1988 Temple University had started the first doctoral program in African American Studies. Nearly 40 graduate students entered to study from an Afrocentric perspective the nature of the African world's culture and history. The fact that more than 400 people applied to the department for graduate studies in the first 2 years indicates a growing interest in the intellectual idea articulated by Asante. Moreover, an increasing demand within the African American community for higher education and university degrees, as well as graduate study, seems to bring about other developments and new theories of social change as in the case of the Afrocentric perspective. Afrocentricity developed as a paradigm based on work since the 1960s. Black Studies programs-which really gained departmental status-most often provided the link to an Afrocentric paradigm but they are not necessarily viewed as the direct precursor of Afrocentricity today. The key figures in the early Black Studies movement were scholars such as Nathan Hare, Vincent Harding, James
“Sense” and “Intention” in Max Weber's Theory of Social Action

Ambiguities in Weber's theory of social action have been compounded in translation into English. American commentators have generally given a psychological twist to Weber's concepts of “intended sense” and “understanding,” in terms of an “imputation of motive.” Weber, on the other hand, distinguishes between the intended sense of an action and the actor's motivation. As a sociologist, he is interested, not in the imputation of motive to the individual actor, but in understanding social action in its “context of sense” in relation to “typical” or “cross-sectional” usages based on “consensus,” that is, in its “cultural significance”.
Sequential expression of the neuropeptides substance P and somatostatin in granulomas associated with murine cysticercosis

Neurocysticercosis, a parasitic infection of the human central nervous system caused by Taenia solium, is a leading cause of seizures. Seizures associated with neurocysticercosis are caused mainly by the host inflammatory responses to dying parasites in the brain parenchyma. We previously demonstrated sequential expression of Th1 cytokines in early-stage granulomas, followed by expression of Th2 cytokines in later-stage granulomas in murine cysticercosis. However, the mechanism leading to this shift in cytokine response in the granulomas is unknown. Neuropeptides modulate cytokine responses and granuloma formation in murine schistosomiasis. Substance P (SP) induces Th1 cytokine expression and granuloma formation, whereas somatostatin inhibits the granulomatous response. We hypothesized that neuropeptides might play a role in regulation of the granulomatous response in cysticercosis. To test this hypothesis, we compared expression of SP and expression of somatostatin in murine cysticercal granulomas by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We also compared expression with granuloma stage. Expression of SP mRNA was more frequent in the early-stage granulomas than in the late-stage granulomas (34 of 35 early-stage granulomas versus 1 of 13 late-stage granulomas). By contrast, somatostatin was expressed primarily in later-stage granulomas (13 of 14 late-stage granulomas versus 2 of 35 early-stage granulomas). The median light microscope grade of SP mRNA expression in the early-stage granulomas was significantly higher than that in the late-stage granulomas (P = 0.008, as determined by the Wilcoxon signed rank test). By contrast, somatostatin mRNA expression was higher at later stages (P = 0.008, as determined by the Wilcoxon signed rank test). SP and somatostatin are therefore temporally expressed in granulomas associated with murine cysticercosis, which may be related to differential expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Enhances HIV-1 Infection of Primary Resting CD4+ T Cells through TLR2 Activation

Sexually transmitted infections increase the likelihood of HIV-1 transmission. We investigated the effect of Neisseria gonorrheae (gonococcus [GC]) exposure on HIV replication in primary resting CD4+ T cells, a major HIV target cell during the early stage of sexual transmission of HIV. GC and TLR2 agonists, such as peptidylglycan (PGN), Pam3CSK4, and Pam3C-Lip, a GC-derived synthetic lipopeptide, but not TLR4 agonists including LPS or GC lipooligosaccharide enhanced HIV-1 infection of primary resting CD4+ T cells after viral entry. Pretreatment of CD4+ cells with PGN also promoted HIV infection. Anti-TLR2 Abs abolished the HIV enhancing effect of GC and Pam3C-Lip, indicating that GC-mediated enhancement of HIV infection of resting CD4+ T cells was through TLR2. IL-2 was required for TLR2–mediated HIV enhancement. PGN and GC induced cell surface expression of T cell activation markers and HIV coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4. The maximal postentry HIV enhancing effect was achieved when PGN was added immediately after viral exposure. Kinetic studies and analysis of HIV DNA products indicated that GC exposure and TLR2 activation enhanced HIV infection at the step of nuclear import. We conclude that GC enhanced HIV infection of primary resting CD4+ T cells through TLR2 activation, which both increased the susceptibility of primary CD4+ T cells to HIV infection as well as enhanced HIV-infected CD4+ T cells at the early stage of HIV life cycle after entry. This study provides a molecular mechanism by which nonulcerative sexually transmitted infections mediate enhancement of HIV infection and has implication for HIV prevention and therapeutics.
Positive Expectations Encourage Generalization From a Positive Intergroup Interaction to Outgroup Attitudes

The current research reveals that while positive expectations about an anticipated intergroup interaction encourage generalization of positive contact to outgroup attitudes, negative expectations restrict the effects of contact on outgroup attitudes. In Study 1, when Blacks and Whites interacted with positive expectations, interaction quality predicted outgroup attitudes to a greater degree than when groups interacted with negative expectations. When expectations (Studies 2 and 3) and the actual interaction quality (Study 4) were manipulated orthogonally, negative expectations about the interaction predicted negative outgroup attitudes, regardless of actual interaction quality. By contrast, participants holding positive expectations who experienced a positive interaction expressed positive outgroup attitudes, whereas when they experienced a negative interaction, they expressed outgroup attitudes as negative as those with negative expectations. Across all four studies, positive expectations encouraged deve...
Multiple Heme Oxygenase Family Members Contribute to the Biosynthesis of the Phytochrome Chromophore in Arabidopsis

The oxidative cleavage of heme by heme oxygenases (HOs) to form biliverdin IXα (BV) is the committed step in the biosynthesis of the phytochrome (phy) chromophore and thus essential for proper photomorphogenesis in plants. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains four possible HO genes (HY1, HO2–4). Genetic analysis of the HY1 locus showed previously that it is the major source of BV with hy1 mutant plants displaying long hypocotyls and decreased chlorophyll accumulation consistent with a substantial deficiency in photochemically active phys. More recent analysis of HO2 suggested that it also plays a role in phy assembly and photomorphogenesis but the ho2 mutant phenotype is more subtle than that of hy1 mutants. Here, we define the functions of HO3 and HO4 in Arabidopsis. Like HY1, the HO3 and HO4 proteins have the capacity to synthesize BV from heme. Through a phenotypic analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants affecting HO3 and HO4 in combination with mutants affecting HY1 or HO2, we demonstrate that both of the encoded proteins also have roles in photomorphogenesis, especially in the absence of HY1. Disruption of HO3 and HO4 in the hy1 background further desensitizes seedlings to red and far-red light and accelerates flowering time, with the triple mutant strongly resembling seedlings deficient in the synthesis of multiple phy apoproteins. The hy1/ho3/ho4 mutant can be rescued phenotypically and for the accumulation of holo-phy by feeding seedlings BV. Taken together, we conclude that multiple members of the Arabidopsis HO family are important for synthesizing the bilin chromophore used to assemble photochemically active phys.
Specifying Theorem Provers in a Higher-Order Logic Programming Language

Since logic programming systems directly implement search and unification and since these operations are essential for the implementation of most theorem provers, logic programming languages should make ideal implementation languages for theorem provers. We shall argue that this is indeed the case if the logic programming language is extended in several ways. We present an extended logic programming language where first-order terms are replaced with simply-typed λ-terms, higher-order unification replaces first-order unification, and implication and universal quantification are allowed in queries and the bodies of clauses. This language naturally specifies inference rules for various proof systems. The primitive search operations required to search for proofs generally have very simple implementations using the logical connectives of this extended logic programming language. Higher-order unification, which provides sophisticated pattern matching on formulas and proofs, can be used to determine when and at what instance an inference rule can be employed in the search for a proof. Tactics and tacticals, which provide a framework for high-level control over search, can also be directly implemented in this extended language. The theorem provers presented in this paper have been implemented in the higher-order logic programming language λProlog.
Parallelizing computer system simulators

This paper describes NSF-supported work in parallelized computer system simulators being done in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Texas at Austin. Our work is currently following two paths: (i) the FAST simulation methodology[9, 11, 10] that is capable of simulating complex systems accurately and quickly (currently about 1.2MIPS executing the x86 ISA, modeling an out-of-order superscalar processor and booting Windows XP and Linux) and (ii) the RAMP-White (White)[l, 22] platform that will soon be capable of simulating very large systems of around 1000 cores. We plan to combine the projects to provide fast and accurate simulation of multicore systems.
A slot-scanned detector operating on gas-solid state imaging principles

The concepts of a new detector operating on gaseous-solid state electronic principles for slot-scan imaging of ionizing radiation in two dimensions, is presented. The detector geometry, implemented both with the kinestatic and time delay integration (TDI) principles is a promising candidate for a large number of imaging applications. The proposed detector technology may have significant applications in several areas of medical, industrial and aerospace imaging.
REGULATION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I BIOSYNTHESIS IN PORCINE GRANULOSA CELLS

In the present studies we examined the regulation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) expression in porcine granulosa cells in vitro. Using Northern analysis and ribonuclease protection assays with exon-specific probes, we identified the IGF-I messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts present in these cells under basal and hormone-stimulated conditions. We also assessed changes in secreted IGF-I using Western blots and correlated the change in protein secretion after hormone treatment with changes in mRNA levels. By analogy to the human IGF-I gene and its transcription, two major transcripts of approximately 1 and 7.5 kilobases, seen in freshly isolated granulosa cells and follicle wall and in single passaged granulosa (MDGp1) cells, most likely correspond to IGF-IA. Minor transcripts of 3-4 kilobases, which appeared after FSH or forskolin treatments or in control cells after long exposure of the autoradiographs, were attributed to incompletely processed RNA precursors. Ribonuclease protection assay analysis using probes to detect alternative use of exon 5 or exon 6 indicated that most, if not all, of the transcripts contained only exon 6 sequence (IGF-IA). Both class 1 and class 2 transcripts were identified using exon 1- and exon 2-specific probes, respectively. GH increased steady state levels of IGF-I mRNA 3-fold, FSH increased it approximately 10-fold, and forskolin maximally increased it 12- to 15-fold. Estradiol had no effect alone or in combination with the other treatments. All treatments that increased IGF-I mRNA coordinately increased both class 1 and class 2 transcripts, with the increase in class 1 greater than that in class 2. Multiple forms of IGF-I protein were seen under basal conditions and after hormone treatment. These were identified based on mRNA analysis and biochemical methods as both glycosylated and nonglycosylated IGF-IA prohormone, incompletely processed forms of prohormone, and the mature peptide. Changes in the levels of total protein were similar to the changes in mRNA (GH, 3-fold; FSH and forskolin, 10- to 20-fold). All forms of the protein changed coordinately, suggesting that these hormones had no major effect on the intracellular processing mechanism. IGF-binding protein-3 was able to bind to all IGF-I forms. These data conclusively demonstrate FSH and GH induction of ovarian IGF-I. The porcine granulosa cell culture system used in these studies should be an excellent system for studying the hormonal regulation of IGF-I expression.
Flows with Surfactants

Fluid flow on microscale can be induced and controlled efficiently by controlling the properties of the interfaces, as illustrated by a number of examples in the previous chapters, e.g., in the discussions of thermocapillary and electroosmotic flows.
'Our Own Limited Role in Policing These Boundaries': Taking Small Steps on Health Care

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) invoked political firestorm and raised intriguing new questions of constitutional law. Cutting a path between the liberals and conservatives on the U.S. Supreme Court, Chief Justice John Roberts made small adjustments in established constitutional law to uphold key features of the act. In doing so, he not only upheld the statute, but also left the landscape of constitutional law much as he had found it. He did, however, suggest that the federal courts should take a more active role in monitoring how Congress uses its constitutional powers and should not shy away from making specific determinations of whether Congress had abused its power in particular cases.
Pharmacological Activation of Fxr Attenuates Pregnancy-Induced Repression of Hepatic and Ileal Bile Acid Transporters in Mice

The Farnesoid X Receptor (Fxr) controls bile acid homeostasis by coordinately regulating the expression of bile acid synthesis enzymes (Cyp7a1) and transporters in the intestine (Asbt, Ostβ) and liver (Ntcp, Oatp1a4, Bsep, Mrp3, Ostβ), as well as endocrine (Fgf15) and transcription (Shp) factors. We have demonstrated that expression of bile acid synthesis enzymes and transporters is dysregulated in pregnant mice. To determine the role of Fxr in the adaptive gene responses of pregnancy, mRNA and protein expression were quantified in livers and intestines from wild-type and Fxr-null mice, as well as wild-type mice administered the Fxr agonist GW4064 (GW). In response to pregnancy, ileal Fgf15, Asbt and Ostβ mRNAs decreased by 25 to 57% in wild-type mice. Expression of these genes was also constitutively reduced 40 to 99% in Fxr-null mice, although unchanged by pregnancy. In the liver, pregnancy-mediated repression of Bsep mRNA was observed in wild-type, but not Fxr-null mice. Similar to wild-types, pregnanc...
Essential Elements of Self-Help/Minimal Intervention Strategies for Smoking Cessation

Two decades of research suggest that self-help/minimal intervention strategies for smoking cessation may be the preferred means by which smokers stop and can produce success rates approximating those of more formal programs, at lower cost and with greater access to relevant populations. In order to make the best possible use of these self-help/minimal intervention approaches, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) supported a series of randomized, controlled intervention trials and, in June of 1988, convened an Expert Advisory Panel to address the question "What are the essential elements of self-help/minimal intervention strategies for smoking cessation?". The panel's recommendations were that: (1) Intervention efforts should focus on increasing smokers' motivations to make serious quit attempts; (2) Delivery of programs be broadened to include all smokers; (3) Programs be targeted to stages of cessation and specific populations; (4) All programs include (a) elements focused on health and social consequences of smoking, and (b) strategies and exercises aimed at quitting, maintenance of nonsmoking, relapse prevention, and recycling; (5) Materials and programs be made widely available rather than "fine tuning" existing programs or developing new ones; and (6) Programs make use of specific adjunctive strategies. In this way, a reacceleration of the decline in smoking prevalence may be realized in the 1990s and significantly contribute to the NCI's Year 2000 goals and the Surgeon General's aim of a smoke-free society.
Arsenic in drinking water : Impact on human health

In terms of its impact on human health, arsenic is unique in that most of the evidence linking it to diseases comes from epidemiological work; animal studies have not provided good models. It is also unique in causing a large number of different damaging effects and, as more studies are conducted, more such effects are found. To date, we know that arsenic from drinking water can cause severe skin diseases including skin cancer; lung, bladder, and kidney cancers, and perhaps other internal tumors; peripheral vascular disease; hypertension; and diabetes. It also seems to have a negative impact on reproductive processes (infant mortality and weight of newborn babies). The toxicology of arsenic involves mechanisms that are still not completely understood, but it is clear that a number of factors can affect both individual and population-level susceptibility to the toxic effects of arsenic-contaminated drinking water. Current research is addressing some of these, including genetic susceptibility and lifestyle factors that may increase arsenic's toxic effects, such as smoking, diet, and concurrent exposure to other substances. The reversibility of some effects upon cessation of exposure is also being investigated.
Collecting Sketch Maps to Understand Property Land Use and Land Cover in Large Surveys

This article describes a method to collect data on the spatial organization of land use within a rural property as part of a large-scale project examining the linkages between household demographic change and land use and land cover change in the Brazilian Amazon. Previous studies used several different spatial approaches, including maps and satellite images, to improve the information collected in standard survey questionnaires. However, few used sketch maps to obtain information from the point of view of the survey respondent about the spatial organization of land use and infrastructure. We developed a method of creating sketch maps with respondents to describe their properties. These maps then provided a spatially referenced database of the social and land use organization of the properties from the perspective of the respondent. Systematic rules allowed sketches to be used in subsequent spatial analyses in combination with satellite images and Global Positioning System reference points
Geographic Variation in Adult Survival and Reproductive Tactics of the Mosquito Aedes albopictus

Climate differences across latitude can result in seasonal constraints and selection on life history characters. Since Aedes albopictus (Skuse) invaded North America in the mid-1980s, it has spread across a range of ≈14° latitude and populations in the north experience complete adult mortality due to cold winter temperatures that are absent in the south. Life table experiments were conducted to test for differences in the adult survival and reproductive schedules of Ae. albopictus females from two populations from the northern (Bloomington, IN [BL] and Manassas, VA [VA]; ≈39° N) and southern (Tampa, FL and Fort Myers, FL; ≈27–28° N) extremes of the species distribution in North America. Regardless of population origin, age-specific hazard rate increased with reproductive output and decreased with number of bloodmeals. Larger females took fewer bloodmeals, and they had greater hazard rates than did smaller females. There were no consistent differences between northern versus southern populations in resource allocation between reproduction and maintenance, reproduction over time, and reproductive investment among offspring, suggesting that latitudinal variation in climate is probably not a main selective factor impinging on adult mortality and reproductive schedules. One possible effect of climate on geographic differences in life history was detected. BL had lower survivorship, lower lifetime reproductive output, and lower adult reproductive rate than did all other populations. This result may be an indirect result of lower egg survivorship due to the severity of winter in BL compared with other populations, including VA at approximately the same latitude. Such a scenario may make the BL population more prone to extinction, irregularly recolonized from more favorable sites, and thus more susceptible to founder effects, genetic drift, and inbreeding, resulting in lower mean values of fitness-related traits.
Low Temperature MOCVD of Oriented PbTiO3 Films on Si(100)

Highly oriented PbTiO 3 (PT) thin films have been successfully grown on Si(100) using MOCVD technique at as low as 450°C. Titanium isopropoxide, Ti(C 3 H 7 O) 4 , tetraethyl lead, Pb(C 2 H 5 ) 4 , and pure oxygen were chosen as precursor materials in this work. The resulting film chemistry and texture were found to be strongly dependent on Pb/Ti source flow ratio and growth temperature.
Use of Buckingham potentials in engineering approximations for chemical kinetics

Previous investigators have often used the Polanyi relationship to correlate activation barriers for series of reactions. The correlations often work, but a different Polanyi relationship is needed for each class of reactions. As a result, the correlations are difficult to extrapolate to new situations. In this article, we suggest new correlations that show greater capability to correlate rate data. Quantum mechanical calculations are done which indicate that the main barriers to ligand exchange reactions are associated with getting the reactants close enough to react. The energy to get the reactants close enough to react can be calculated from a united-atom Buckingham potential and correlated to rate data. The additional correlating parameter allows the activation energies for a series of hydrocarbon reactions to be collapsed onto a single line. The root-mean-square error of the line is 2 kcal/mol compared to 7 kcal/mol with the Polanyi relationship alone. This shows that our new correlating parameter will be useful in engineering approximations in kinetics.