cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AMERICAS, NORTH | Historical Archaeology in the United States

Historical Archaeology in the United States is closely associated with the preservation movement and the field of Cultural Resource Management (CRM) and has been deeply influenced by the new social history. The discipline is unified by both a focus on material culture and an interest in changes of the modern world associated with the development of capitalism. As both a social science and a humanity, historical archaeology has both anthropological and historical goals, including preservation and site interpretation for the public, supplementation of history, anthropological reconstructions of past life ways, understanding moderization and globalization, and contributing methodological insights to archaeology as a whole. Some major issues and types of sites transcend time periods, which range from the earliest exploration through at least the middle of the twentieth century.
Thyroid Status and Outcomes in Kidney Disease

Thyroid dysfunction is a common yet under-recognized complication among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, including those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving treatment with dialysis [1, 2]. While comparatively greater focus has been placed upon other endocrine derangements in kidney disease, such as diabetes and secondary hyperparathyroidism, population-based studies have shown that advanced CKD and ESRD patients have a higher prevalence of hypothyroidism compared to the general population [3–10]. Despite this disproportionate burden, hypothyroidism may be frequently overlooked in dialysis patients, possibly due to overlap of its accompanying signs and symptoms with those of uremia (e.g., fatigue, depression, reduced cognition, impaired physical function), as well as attribution of thyroid function test changes to underlying illness rather than primary thyroid disease [1, 2].
Surgical Site Infection in Head and Neck Surgery: A National Perspective.

ObjectivesTo examine trend, prevalence, and outcomes of surgical site infection (SSI) in head and neck surgery.Study DesignRetrospective cross-sectional analysis.SettingThe Nationwide Readmissions ...
A Review of Phase Space Topology Methods for Vibration-Based Fault Diagnostics in Nonlinear Systems

In general, diagnostics can be defined as the procedure of mapping the information obtained in the measurement space to the presence and magnitude of faults in the fault space. These measurements, and especially their nonlinear features, have the potential to be exploited to detect changes in dynamics due to the faults. We have been developing some interesting techniques for fault diagnostics with gratifying results. These techniques are fundamentally based on extracting appropriate features of nonlinear dynamical behavior of dynamic systems. In particular, this paper provides an overview of a technique we have developed called Phase Space Topology (PST), which has so far displayed remarkable effectiveness in unearthing faults in machinery. Applications to bearing, gear and crack diagnostics are briefly discussed.
Plasma-based fast-gelling biohybrid gels for biomedical applications

Blood based biomaterials are widely researched and used in different biomedical applications including cell therapy, drug delivery, sealants etc. due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Blood derived gels are successfully used in clinical studies due to the presence of fibrinogen and several platelet growth factors. In spite of their wide applications, it is challenging to use blood-based biomaterials due to their low mechanical stability, poor adhesive property and contamination risk. In this study, we used porcine plasma to form gel in presence of biodegradable synthetic crosslinkers. Mechanical strength of this plasma gel could be tailored by altering the amount of crosslinkers for any desired biomedical applications. These plasma gels, formed by the synthetic crosslinkers, were utilized as a drug delivery platform for wound healing due to their low cytotoxicity. A model drug release study with these plasma gels indicated slow and sustained release of the drugs.
Negative affect amplifies the relation between appetitive-food-related neural responses and weight gain over three-year follow-up among adolescents.

Abstract Obesity is a major public health concern that is associated with disruption in food reward-related brain function. This study examined if negative affect and stressful events enhance the relation between the food reward-related neural response and future weight gain. Initially healthy weight adolescents (N = 135) completed fMRI paradigms in which they tasted milkshakes and viewed palatable food images, and reported on negative affect and stressful events at baseline; BMI was measured annually over 3-year follow-up. Whole-brain analyses revealed that among participants with higher negative affect, weight gain over 3-year follow-up was predicted by elevated response to appetitive versus unappetitive food images in the left hippocampus, and elevated response in the vermis and the bilateral precuneus to tastes of milkshake versus tasteless solution. Among participants who experienced more stressful events, elevated right middle occipital gyrus response to milkshakes predicted future weight gain. Profiling analyses suggested that participants with higher negative affect or more stressful events who later gained weight reported engaging in more restrained eating and eating disorder-related behaviors. Results suggest that negative affect or stressful events may amplify the relation of neural response to food and the risk for future weight gain.
Amplitude Analysis of The Electroencephalogram: Review of the Information Obtained with the Integrative Method

Publisher Summary The data obtained from the quantitative integration of the Electroencephalogram (EEG) under varied experimental conditions reveal a difference in the level of brain wave variability in normal subjects as compared to male chronic schizophrenic patients. A correlation was found between the level of EEG amplitude variability and psychological behavioral ratings of chronic schizophrenics. Based on these observations and many others mentioned in the chapter it is concluded that the integrative method of EEG analysis provides both, more information and a different kind of information than that derived from visual inspection of EEG records alone. Integrated EEG data reflects the action of physiological mechanisms of the brain to a reasonable extent and proposes a model of brain function derived from such data. The model of brain function at the cortical levels, is essentially characterized by the regulating mechanisms maintaining a state of equilibrium in a constantly changing environment. Stimulation, hyperexcitation, and hallucinatory states (spontaneous or drug induced) correspond to different degrees of hyper-regulations.
Constructing co-occurrence network embeddings to assist association extraction for COVID-19 and other coronavirus infectious diseases.

Objective As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started its rapid emergence and gradually transformed into an unprecedented pandemic, the need for having a knowledge repository for the disease became crucial. To address this issue, a new COVID-19 machine-readable dataset known as the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) has been released. Based on this, our objective was to build a computable co-occurrence network embeddings to assist association detection among COVID-19-related biomedical entities. Materials and methods Leveraging a Linked Data version of CORD-19 (ie, CORD-19-on-FHIR), we first utilized SPARQL to extract co-occurrences among chemicals, diseases, genes, and mutations and build a co-occurrence network. We then trained the representation of the derived co-occurrence network using node2vec with 4 edge embeddings operations (L1, L2, Average, and Hadamard). Six algorithms (decision tree, logistic regression, support vector machine, random forest, naive Bayes, and multilayer perceptron) were applied to evaluate performance on link prediction. An unsupervised learning strategy was also developed incorporating the t-SNE (t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding) and DBSCAN (density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise) algorithms for case studies. Results The random forest classifier showed the best performance on link prediction across different network embeddings. For edge embeddings generated using the Average operation, random forest achieved the optimal average precision of 0.97 along with a F1 score of 0.90. For unsupervised learning, 63 clusters were formed with silhouette score of 0.128. Significant associations were detected for 5 coronavirus infectious diseases in their corresponding subgroups. Conclusions In this study, we constructed COVID-19-centered co-occurrence network embeddings. Results indicated that the generated embeddings were able to extract significant associations for COVID-19 and coronavirus infectious diseases.
Performance of rapid tests in the management of dengue fever imported cases in Lazio, Italy 2014-2019

Abstract Background In Italy, dengue virus is the most frequent agent of imported viral infections. The use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) may be of help as a preliminary user-friendly quick assay to facilitate dengue diagnosis, as ordinary laboratory diagnosis of dengue fever may require special efforts in terms of tools availability, interpretation of results, and skilled personnel. The performance of RDTs, however, may vary according to different epidemiological and laboratory background. Methods We reviewed five years of laboratory records of two dengue RDT results (Colorimetric SD-Bioline Dengue-Duo-RDT and Fluorimetric SD-Biosensor-STANDARD-F-Dengue-RDT), able to detect viral NS1 antigen and specific IgM and IgG. Diagnostic parameters were calculated using as reference the results of molecular (RT-PCR) and serological (immunofluorescence, IFA) tests. Overall performance, calculated considering the final case definition, was included in the accuracy assessment of RDTs. Results The combined use of NS1 and IgM/IgG RDT for the detection of acute dengue cases resulted in an overall sensitivity and specificity of 87.2% and 97.9% for Colorimetric RDT, 96.2% and 96.2% for Fluorimetric RDT. NS1 was the most reliable marker of acute infection, while IgM resulted falsely positive in nine samples, including sera derived from 2 Zika and 4 non-arbovirus infected patients. Conclusions The inclusion of RDT in the diagnostic algorithm is of undeniable help in the prompt management and surveillance of dengue infection in non-endemic areas. Confirmatory tests are, however, necessary to rule in or rule out dengue fever diagnosis.
ESMFL: Efficient and Secure Models for Federated Learning

Deep Neural Networks are widely applied to various domains. The successful deployment of these applications is everywhere and it depends on the availability of big data. However, massive data collection required for deep neural network reveals the potential privacy issues and also consumes large mounts of communication bandwidth. To address this problem, we propose a privacy-preserving method for the federated learning distributed system, operated on Intel Software Guard Extensions, a set of instructions that increases the security of application code and data. Meanwhile, the encrypted models make the transmission overhead larger. Hence, we reduce the commutation cost by sparsification and achieve reasonable accuracy with different model architectures. Experimental results under our privacy-preserving framework show that, for LeNet-5, we obtain 98.78% accuracy on IID data and 97.60% accuracy on Non-IID data with 34.85% communication saving, and 1.8X total elapsed time acceleration. For MobileNetV2, we obtain 85.40% accuracy on IID data and 81.66% accuracy on Non-IID data with 15.85% communication saving, and 1.2X total elapsed time acceleration.
From oxygen sensing to angiogenesis: Targeting the hypoxia signaling pathway in metastatic kidney cancer.

Purpose This article summarizes examples of current and emerging therapies that target the hypoxia and angiogenesis signaling pathways in the clear cell type of renal cell cancer (RCC), with an emphasis on the hypoxia signaling pathway. Summary Mammalian cells transduce signals of decreased oxygen to hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), an intracellular heterodimer that mediates the adaptation of normal and tumor cells to oxygen deprivation. HIF is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells and is involved in the transcriptional activation of many genes essential for cell invasion, migration, survival, and angiogenesis (including vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]). Moreover, HIF confers resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation therapy and is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Blocking the activity of HIF inhibits the expression of VEGF and oncogenic pathways, resulting in the inhibition of tumor growth. Interestingly, activation of oncogenes and/or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (eg, the gene encoding von Hippel-Lindau [VHL] tumor suppressor protein) can activate tumorigenesis even with normal levels of oxygen, providing support for the notion that the HIF-VHL-VEGF axis is amenable to targeted therapies for the treatment of RCC. This article highlights the current understanding of the hypoxia signaling pathway and its relevance to RCC development. Pharmacologic agents targeting the hypoxia and angiogenesis signaling pathways are discussed. Conclusion Development of novel therapeutic agents that target the hypoxia and angiogenesis signaling pathways holds promise in the management of metastatic clear cell RCC.
Procedural Competency in Academic Emergency Medicine Attending Physicians: How Is Competency Maintained and Evaluated by Academic Institutions in the US?

Introduction There have been numerous studies examining the minimum graduation requirements for resident training of procedural skills within Emergency Medicine programs; however, how academic medical centers in the United States maintain Emergency Medicine attending procedural skill competency has not been explored. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the processes in place to evaluate and track the procedural skills practices of Emergency Medicine attending physicians at academic institutions in the US. Methods An exploratory cross-sectional survey was sent to all 39 ACGME-accredited Emergency Medicine programs in the US through a REDCap survey in 2020. Survey items inquired about the current methods in place to maintain competence on 13 procedural skills performed by Emergency Medicine providers. Results The survey response rate was 26.9%. The majority of programs did not have a process in place to evaluate procedural skills at the time of initial appointment (74.3%), and almost half of participating programs reported no formalized process during employment (51.3%). Institutions reported no minimum required number for the following procedures: dislocation reduction, intraosseous placement, lateral canthotomy, lumbar puncture, paracentesis, pericardiocentesis, thoracentesis, transvenous cardiac pacing, and tube thoracostomy. For central venous access, cricothyrotomy, endotracheal intubation, and procedural sedation, 25.6% or less of institutions had minimum annual requirements. Conclusion This study summarized the current methods in place to assess Emergency Medicine attending procedural skills at US academic institutions and demonstrated that the majority of programs lack a formalized method to assess attending procedural competency. Further research is needed to determine the value and benefit of different methods available for procedural skill competency assessment. It is believed that preventing procedural skill decay in attending physicians by a standardized process has the potential to improve patient outcomes, reduce costs and complication rates, and improve physician self-esteem, well-being, and confidence.
Acuity, outcomes, and trends in the transfer of surgical patients: a national study

With the regionalization of surgical care, reduction in the rural workforce, rising healthcare costs, and increasing focus on surgical outcomes, appropriate transfer of surgical patients is an increasingly important aspect of health care. This study examines patients transferred for surgical intervention through a national sample. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried from 2005 to 2012 for surgery patients who were transferred from an outside hospital or emergency department (ED) and compared patients undergoing surgery without transfer. Patients were divided into two time periods (TP): 2005–2008 (TP1) and 2008–2012 (TP2) for analysis; patient characteristics and top CPT codes for each TP were collected. Univariate analysis and matched cohorts were used to compare the groups. Overall, 61,204 patients were transferred and underwent surgery. The rate of transferred surgery patients increased from 3.2 % in TP1 to 4.5 % in TP2 (p < 0.0001). Compared to non-transferred patients, transferred patients had higher rates of diabetes (23.4 vs. 17.6 %, p < 0.0001), tobacco use (27.9 vs. 20.3 %, p < 0.0001), Charlson comorbidity index (mean score 1.5 vs. 0.8, p < 0.0001), preoperative sepsis (32.0 vs. 9.4 %, p < 0.0001), and need for emergent surgery (41.3 vs. 14.4 %, p < 0.0001). From TP1 to TP2, there was an increase in transferred patients who were obese (33.9–36.4 %, p < 0.0001) and had emergent transfers (39.6–41.8 %, p < 0.0001), with a decrease in diabetic patients (24.7–23.1 %, p < 0.0001). From TP1 to TP2, transferred patients had more minor complications (17.7–31.0 %, p < 0.0001), but fewer major complications (32.1–23.9 %, p < 0.0001) and lower 30-day mortality (11.8–8.1 %, p < 0.0001). Patients transferred for surgery represent a higher acuity population than non-transferred patients, and the number of transfers continues to rise. Even when matched by comorbidities, transferred patients have worse outcomes. Surgical sub-specialization and physician tiering may complicate future transfer practices. Efficient transfers, effective physician communication, and ready availability of medical records are critical in improving patient transfers.
Leadership in Mathematics Education: Roles and Responsibilities

This article partitions leadership in mathematics education into two categories: leadership in defining and maintaining important principles in teaching mathematics, and leadership in informing the public about the importance of mathematics today and in the future. Examples of both types of leadership are given in the article. Teacher leaders in the field should be skilled in enriching instruction and linking best practice with research activities and results in the professional development of the teachers they lead.
Prevention and Care of Alzheimer'S Disease: A Practical Guide to Reducing Your Risk, Slowing the Progression and Living with Dementia, by Lavonne Steckbeck

Lavonne Steckbeck, the author of Prevention and Care of Alzheimer's Disease: A Practical Guide to Reducing Your Risk, Slowing the Progression and Living With Dementia, is a retired nurse and educat...
Testimony Before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Hearing on 'Secret Law and the Threat to Democratic and Accountable Government'

This written testimony was prepared for a hearing of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on the Constitution. The hearing was entitled "Secret Law and the Threat to Democratic and Accountable Government," and was held on April 30, 2008. In the testimony, I discuss how the U.S. Constitution balances secrecy's dangers against the need for some government secrecy. I explain that many actions of the current administration subvert this careful constitutional design.
Hepatic Injury in a Child Caused by Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was given to a 16-year-old boy as prophylaxis for a urinary tract infection. He developed severe cholestatic hepatitis 41 days after administration of the drug. A liver biopsy specimen showed a mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the portal triads and prominent bile stasis. The clinical course in this patient supports the concept of an indirect hypersensitivity reaction to sulfamethoxazole.
Pathophysiologic Responses to Rotational and Translational Accelerations of the Head

Acceleration-time data in 25 squirrel monkeys subjected to controlled sagittal plane head motions are presented. In 12 of the 25 animals subjected to pure translation of the head at peak positive g levels ranging between 665-1230 g (6-8 ms duration), cerebral concussion was not obtainable. In contrast, 13 of the animals subjected to head rotations at peak positive tangential (at c.g.) g levels ranging between 348-1025 g (5.5-8 ms duration) were all concussed. Visible brain lesions were noted in both translated and rotated groups but with a greater frequency and severity after rotation. An analysis of the lesions produced in both groups is presented, along with our preliminary data on the use of the evoked somatosensory reponse as an objective, quantifiable index for the onset and severity of brain damage in head injury.
Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

During the past 75 years, surgical technique, spinal instruments and instrumentation, and molecular biology have advanced the notion of lumbar interbody fusion from what Mercer1 described, in 1936, as perhaps “technically impossible” to a routine operation with a high rate of success. Pedicle screw augmentation of the posterior lateral interbody fusion (PLIF) described by Cloward2 made possible a decompressive operation and arthrodesis with “360°” of stabilization from a single posterior approach. The transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) described by Harms and Rolinger3 in 1982 offered the same biomechanical result as the PLIF but has gained more widespread popularity because it requires less manipulation of neural structures during graft placement. Although both the PLIF and TLIF are viable using minimally invasive techniques, the minimally invasive TLIF (miTLIF) has become the dominant minimally invasive lumbar fusion procedure.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN AN ON-LINE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM FOR GOAT PRODUCERS

In 2006, Langston University unveiled an on-line training and certification program for meat goat producers consisting of 22 learning modules. Participants take pre- and post-tests and must record a minimum score of 85% to pass the 16 required and a minimum of 3 elective modules for certification. As of May 31, 2008, 638 participants had registered for the program and 64 had completed the requirements for certification. Â An equal proportion of males (335) and females (303) have registered for the certification program ( c 2 =1.61; P=0.21). The same nearly-equal gender frequency of registered participants also existed for those becoming certified, 39 males vs. 25 females, ( c 2 =3.06; P=0.08). Â A higher proportion of registered females ( c 2 =17.38; P c 2 =11.52; P Â There were no gender differences for farm size ( c 2 =7.98; P=0.33) or for herd size ( c 2 =2.89; P=0.58). Â For all participants over all tests, there were no differences in pre- or post-test scores between genders (P=0.23). Â For those participants required to take post-tests for the 16 required modules, females scored higher on pre-tests than males (66.8 vs.62.1%, P Â For the 6 elective modules, there were no gender differences in pre-test or post-test scores. Â Results show that both women and men goat farmers will equally access and use an on-line certification program. Â Pre- and post-test scores show equivalent knowledge of goat production for female and male goat producers. Â The greater proportion of females than males who characterize themselves as full-time farmers illustrates the importance of women in the goat industry.
Urodynamic changes after successful operation for stress urinary incontinence

Urethral closure pressure profiles were evaluated in 18 patients who had surgical cure of stress urinary incontinence. Functional length and maximal closure pressures were compared before and after the operation to determine what effect, if any, successful surgical intervention had on these parameters. No apparent differences were identified. The reasons for successful surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence are unrelated to any change in urethral functional length or closure pressure.
An improved discrete time model for the analysis of Delta Sigma modulators with bandlimited Gaussian inputs

A second-order Delta Sigma modulator is analyzed using linearized gains to model the nonlinearities associated both with the comparator and with the saturation of the integrators. A set of nine equations in nine unknowns is derived for this model. Simulations results are presented that show that saturation of the integrators can actually increase the SNR. >
Preservice Teachers’ Perceptions of Immigrants and Possibilities of Transformative Pedagogy: Recommendations for a Praxis of "Critical Aesthetics"

72 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE To address anti-immigration sentiments revealed by preservice educators, the authors conducted a workshop using a “critical-aesthetic praxis.” The purpose of the workshop was to create a praxis (Freire, 1970;1998) of critical aesthetics (Carey, 1998) in which preservice teachers engaged in a series of aesthetically grounded experiences aimed at revealing and disorienting their previously conceived notions about immigration. The workshop lay the groundwork for a re-orientation of understanding based on perspectives of the “the Other” and builds a transformative curriculum in teacher education programs. Such practices must become more integral facets of teacher preparation programs to promote an anti-racist pedagogy.
In vitro comparison of heated saline-blood admixture with a heat exchanger for rapid warming of red blood cells.

We compared the rapidity of rewarming and infusing red blood cells (RBCs) mixed with 24 o C, 50 o C, and 60 o C saline with the rapidity of administering undiluted RBCs through a heat exchanger. We measured flow rate, final temperature, and hemolysis in matched 41-45-day-old pooled AS-1 RBCs infused through high-flow tubing via a 14-gauge catheter under the influence of gravity. Undiluted RBCs were tested as controls. The final temperature of the 60 o C admixture technique was lower than that with the heat exchanger (28.5±0.2 o C vs. 32.7±0.2 o C), but the flow rate was higher (258±8 mL/min vs. 61±4 mL/min)
Cerebellum Activation Associated with Performance Change but Not Motor Learning

The issue of whether the cerebellum contributes to motor skill learning is controversial, principally because of the difficulty of separating the effects of motor learning from changes in performance. We performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation during an implicit, motor sequence-learning task that was designed to separate these two processes. During the sequence-encoding phase, human participants performed a concurrent distractor task that served to suppress the performance changes associated with learning. Upon removal of the distractor, participants showed evidence of having learned. No cerebellar activation was associated with the learning phase, despite extensive involvement of other cortical and subcortical regions. There was, however, significant cerebellar activation during the expression of learning; thus, the cerebellum does not contribute to learning of the motor skill itself but is engaged primarily in the modification of performance.
US ARMY TANK-AUTOMOTIVE COMMAND (TACOM) ADIABATIC ENGINE PROGRAM.

Recent achievements and current objectives of the Army adiabatic engine program are surveyed. The general criteria for engine selection are presented: life-cycle cost, power density, fuel efficiency and tolerance, reliability, availability, maintainability, and durability. The role of the adiabatic engine in TACOM R D strategy for engines is indicated. The designs being developed are reciprocating compression-ignition engines, with high-temperature insulating materials lining combustion chamber and intake/exhaust passages to allow quasi-adiabatic operation and the elimination of the conventional cooling system. Ceramic-insulator properties, emission characteristics, fuel capability, and other engine parameters are discussed for the operative 250-hp uncooled diesel engine, the 600-750-hp engine under development, and the proposed minimum-friction adiabatic engine. Further improvements are considered necessary for an adiabatic main-battle-tank engine to be feasible. 11 references.
Controlling Chaos: Management of Electronic Journal Holdings in an Academic Library Environment

Management of electronic journal holdings information has been a challenge for librarians because of the complexities of how these resources are published, purchased, and disseminated to library users. This column discusses current practices among academic librarians for managing electronic holdings; explores tools, strategies, and innovations that librarians have used to enhance this process for the benefit of their library users and staffs; and examines the costs and benefits of different management practices. Telephone interviews with several librarians and the author's own experiences working with electronic journal holdings supplement the discussion with practical perspective and real life examples.
Surface Conductance and the Field Effect on Germanium

Measurements of the steady-state surface conductance and the change in this conductance with transverse electric field (field effect) have been made on a free germanium surface as a function of the gaseous ambient. The results can be understood in terms of two sets of surface states: one dependent upon the gaseous ambient and with a large density and long time constants, probably located at the outer surface of an oxide layer, and the other a set with much smaller density but shorter time constants, probably located at the germanium-germanium oxide interface. The interface states consist of a discrete state with free energy 0.13-0.15 ev below the intrinsic Fermi energy and density 1-3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ states/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, and a small continuous distribution. There is also indication of a discrete state greater than 0.13 ev above the intrinsic Fermi energy. The measurements suggest that surface scattering effects become important for large barrier layers.
Active stress kinases in proliferating endothelial cells associated with cytoskeletal structures.

It has become increasingly clear that stress-activated protein kinases have cytoplasmic substrates in addition to well-established transcription factor substrates in cell nuclei. The present study documented specific cytoplasmic locations of these enzymes in proliferating vascular cells. Immunofluorescent staining for active c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), the precipitation of JNK with microfilaments, and the loss of fiber-associated active JNK after cytochalasin treatment, but not nocodazole treatment, together indicate that active JNK is associated with stress fibers. The lack of complete scaffold colocalization and the total lack of immediate upsteam kinase colocalization along with the inability of JNK inhibitors to alter JNK-microfilament associations suggest that the microfilament association is not simply involved in enzyme activation. In addition, active p38 was found along with vinculin in focal adhesions. Although the p38 in focal adhesions could also be disrupted by cytochalasin treatment, it ...
Risk-sensitivity: ambient temperature affects foraging choice

Abstract Short-term physiological requirements strongly constrain some foragers. During the limited time available for foraging, they must consume sufficient food to meet all energetic expenditures for 24 h. Models for risk-sensitive, decision-making predict that such a forager should be risk-averse toward reward variance when the animal expects to meet its requirement, and should be risk-prone toward reward variance when expecting an energetic deficit. Some previous demonstrations of this shift from risk-averse to risk-prone behaviour relied on differences in both pre-experimental deprivation and inter-trial delays within an experiment to vary the subjects' energy budgets, and these differences have allowed an alternate interpretation of observed preferences. Therefore, earlier work on risk-sensitive foraging in small birds was complemented by manipulating ambient temperature to induce positive and negative expected energy budgets. For a given mean reward, the inter-trial delay was the same, constant length at both temperatures. When subjects experienced a positive energy budget (warm temperature), risk-aversion exceeded preference for risk strikingly; the opposite occurred when the subjects could anticipate a negative energy budget (cold temperature). Variation in inter-trial delays could not have influenced the change in preference reported here.
Matrix Elements of a Fermion System in a Representation of Correlated Basis Functions

The ground state and low excited states of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ (and other fermion systems) can be constructed from a set of basis functions $\ensuremath{\Psi}(|\mathrm{n})={{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}}^{B}\ensuremath{\Phi}(|\mathrm{n})$ in which ${{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}}^{B}$ is the ground-state boson-type solution of the Schr\"odinger equation and the model functions $\ensuremath{\Phi}(|\mathrm{n})$ are Slater determinants suitable for describing states of the noninteracting Fermion system. Diagonal and nondiagonal matrix elements of the identity and the Hamiltonian operator are evaluated by a cluster-expansion technique. An orthonormal basis system is constructed from $\ensuremath{\Psi}(|\mathrm{n})$ and used to express the Hamiltonian operator in quasiparticle form: a large diagonal component containing constant, linear, quadratic, and cubic terms in free-quasiparticle occupation-number operators and a nondiagonal component representing the residual interactions involved in collisions of two and three free quasiparticles.
Effect of lamination on the bending fatigue life of copper coated PET substrate

While today's display technology is mainly based on rigid-based substrate, flexible display technology has been significantly growing since the last decade. However, Flexible displays are susceptible to many types of stresses during processing and usage. Thin films on flexible substrate are sensitive to ambient conditions. Therefore devices are usually laminated with a protective layer. In this study high cyclic bending fatigue experiments were conducted on 2000 oA thick copper thin films sputter deposited on 127 μm polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate laminated with another 127 μm PET layer. High magnification images were used to observe crack initiation and propagation in the thin film layer. Initial results showed a great influence of laminate layer on stress reduction in the thin film. Furthermore, a lamination layer causes cracks to spread out on a larger area with fine cracks and therefore reduce the chance of the cracks to meet and grow.
Frontal Geostrophic Dynamics

Abstract From the primitive equations simplified dynamics are derived that apply to frontal situations in which interface slopes are important. The formalism, which eliminates inertial motions, is not Unlike the derivation of the quasi-geostrophic equation. The difference is two-fold: while quasi-geostrophic dynamics apply for length scales on the order of the deformation radius with limitation to small interface variations, frontal geostrophic dynamics apply for finite interface variations but only at length scales large compared to the deformation radius (three or more times). When the length scale is on the order of the deformation radius and, simultaneously, the interface variations are finite, inertial oscillations cannot be filtered out, and the primitive equations ought to be retained. In a reduced-gravity context, frontal geostrophic dynamics yield a single equation for the upper-layer depth. Although this equation is cubic in the depth variable, it is nonetheless considerably simpler than the pri...
The Distribution of Urban Voluntary Resources: An Exploratory Analysis:

The role of voluntary sector service provision in local communities has been largely overlooked, but is increasingly critical to the quality of urban life. This paper provides an exploratory analys...
Effects of N6-benzyladenine and storage temperature on shelf-life and quality of raw and cooked broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica).

Fresh broccoli heads were dipped in solutions containing 20 ppm N6-benzyladenine (BA) with 0.1% Tween-20 or water with 0.1% Tween-20 for 30 sec then stored for 5 wk at 2° and 5°C. Broccoli heads receiving BA treatments maintained higher subjective quality ratings for color, turgidity, aroma, flavor, and texture throughout the 5-wk period. Gardner color measurements and total chlorophyll were significantly higher for samples treated with BA and stored at 2°C than for controls. Samples stored at 2°C had lower shear resistance than those kept at 5°C. The content of hot water insoluble materials (fiber) was much less in broccoli heads treated with BA than in untreated heads. Maintenance of good quality by BA treatment and 2°C storage was reflected in all parameters of sensory evaluations for cooked broccoli. Loss of color and reduction of quality were observed in raw and cooked broccoli during 4 wk of storage. Evaluations of quality parameters and color measurements were greatly influenced by the turgidity factor.
The Allwörden Reaction on Corona Treated Wool

It has been shown by use of the Allworden reaction that epicuticle of wool is still intact following corona discharge treatments in air and air/chlorine atmospheres in sliver form. The surface protein of keratin fibers after electrical dis charge treatments can, therefore, be isolated and investigated in a manner similar to that for virgin wool. That the Allworden reaction depends on more than the conversion of cystine to cysteic acid in epicuticle is discussed. Corona treatment appears to be a method of increasing resistance to felting shrinkage without disrupting the epicuticle of a keratin fiber.
The Walrasian Mechanism from Equal Division is Not Monotonic with Respect to Variations in the Number of Consumers

The Walrasian Mechanism from Equal Division Is Not Monotonic with Respect to Variations in the Number of Consumers
Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Proton Beam-Based Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy: Dosimetric Comparison With Photon Plans Highlights Importance of Range Uncertainty

Purpose Proton beam radiotherapy has been proposed for use in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer. In the present study, we sought to analyze how the range uncertainties for protons might affect its therapeutic utility for SBRT. Methods and Materials Ten patients with early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer received SBRT with two to three proton beams. The patients underwent repeat planning for photon SBRT, and the dose distributions to the normal and tumor tissues were compared with the proton plans. The dosimetric comparisons were performed within an operational definition of high- and low-dose regions representing volumes receiving >50% and Results In high-dose regions, the average volume receiving ≥95% of the prescription dose was larger for proton than for photon SBRT ( i.e., 46.5 cm 3 vs. 33.5 cm 3 ; p = .009, respectively). The corresponding conformity indexes were 2.46 and 1.56. For tumors in close proximity to the chest wall, the chest wall volume receiving ≥30 Gy was 7 cm 3 larger for protons than for photons ( p = .06). In low-dose regions, the lung volume receiving ≥5 Gy and maximum esophagus dose were smaller for protons than for photons ( p = .019 and p Conclusions Protons generate larger high-dose regions than photons because of range uncertainties. This can result in nearby healthy organs ( e.g., chest wall) receiving close to the prescription dose, at least when two to three beams are used, such as in our study. Therefore, future research should explore the benefit of using more than three beams to reduce the dose to nearby organs. Additionally, clinical subgroups should be identified that will benefit from proton SBRT.
Principle of operation of a refractive optical beam deflector and its properties as a photonic switch

An optomechanical photonic switch that exploits the stationary property of the minimum deviation angle of a dispersive prism is described. The switch is based on an optical beam deflector consisting of an electric motor with hollow shaft. The tip of the motor is fitted with a dispersive prism and the deflected beam is focused onto pixels arranged around a circular scan track. It is shown that the proposed switch is, for all practical purposes, completely insensitive to mechanical wobble of the motor. Furthermore, the existing technology suggests that such a small-inertia motor with no external load may achieve speeds up to hundreds of thousands of revolutions per minute and beyond. We suggest one application of the switch as a write gate of a time slot interchanger in the time-division switching of pulse code modulation (PCM) codes. It is shown that the proposed switch can achieve speeds up to and exceeding hundreds of megabits per second.
An Approach to the Design of Molecular Solids. A Symmetry Analysis of the Problem

Abstract In a molecular crystal, intermolecular interactions will correspond to specific symmetry elements. If one chooses molecules carefully, one can reliably predict specific intermolecular interactions and the corresponding symmetry operations. The symmetry operations of one and two dimensional networks of molecules can be combined to form rod and layer groups respectively. In many cases of chemical interest the sequence of moving from a molecule to a one dimensional array, then on to two and three dimensions corresponds directly to the symmetry combinations leading from the point group to rod group, to layer group and on to the space group. The structures of a number of disubstituted urea derivatives were determined and are used to illustrate these ideas of molecular design.
Doubts about ordinary language in ethics

Many writers assume one of the major functions (if not the major function) of ethical theory is to analyze the “ordinary language”; of moral discourse. This paper argues that different social groups develop quite different concepts of values; that there are many “ordinary languages.”; What analysts often in practice arc concerned with is middle‐class ethical usage. In addition, it is argued that widely accepted moral usages may be incorrect because they are based on faulty empirical generalizations, pre‐scientific opinions, or socially‐determined prejudices. “Ordinary language”; needs to be viewed critically, therefore, rather than to be assumed as correct.
The Treatment Outcome for Adult Patients with Ewing’s Sarcoma

Ewing's sarcoma is the second most common bone malignancy in children, but is extremely rare in adults. The outcome of patients with localized disease has improved over the past decades due to better combination chemotherapies, and better methods of local control. Unfortunately, patients with metastatic disease have a very poor outcome with current antineoplastic therapies. In this article, we will review the primary treatment for adult patients with Ewing's sarcoma, both for localized and metastatic disease. The prognostic factors in adult patients with EWS will also be reviewed.
Optimum trituration capsule length.

The equations of dental amalgamator motions for relative capsule and charge velocities are derived at impact as a function of the ratio of capsule length to amalgamator amplitude, independent of triturator speed. The best theoretical conditions for amalgam trituration occur near a ratio of πl2.
Enzymic preparation of labeled unsaturated fatty acid esters of cholesterol.

Abstract An enzymic procedure is described which utilizes pancreatic cholesterol esterase for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid esters of cholesterol in amounts from 1 to 75 mg. The procedure is particularly suitable for the synthesis of very small amounts of labeled, high specific activity cholesteryl esters. A number of cholesteryl-4-C 14 esters were obtained in good yield (from 70 to 75% starting with 1 mg of cholesterol and 50 to 60% starting with 75 mg of cholesterol) and with a degree of purity ranging from 93 to 99%.
Medically important bacterial–fungal interactions

The human body plays host to interactions between a diverse range of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. In this Review, Mylonakis and colleagues describe the characteristics of medically important bacterial–fungal interactions and highlight how imbalances in these interactions can contribute to human disease. Whether it is in the setting of disease or in a healthy state, the human body contains a diverse range of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. The interactions between these taxonomically diverse microorganisms are highly dynamic and dependent on a multitude of microorganism and host factors. Human disease can develop from an imbalance between commensal bacteria and fungi or from invasion of particular host niches by opportunistic bacterial and fungal pathogens. This Review describes the clinical and molecular characteristics of bacterial–fungal interactions that are relevant to human disease.
Application of the transfer matrix for a rectangular void in a 3-D neutron diffusion nodal model

Abstract A transfer matrix void model was incorporated into a diffusion nodal model. The P 1 flux distributions on the nodal model interfaces are transported across the void by the transfer matrix method. The matrix results from a combination of numerical and analytical solutions for radiation transport across the void. Sample problems were developed to verify the void model. Results demonstrated that the void model is applicable to the diffusion nodal model within the accuracy of the P 1 flux approximation.
Data from DMSP spacecraft

Imagery data and in situ measurements of interest for solar-terrestrial physics and meteorological and snow and ice research are available from a new Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite launched December 20, 1982. The images are both visual and infrared with a spatial resolution of 2.8 km. The in situ data are precipitating electrons and protons, topside ionospheric plasma, and bremsstrahlung X rays. Through the cooperation of the U.S. Air Force, the data are available from the Boulder data centers—the National Geophysical Data Center operated by NOAA and the collaborating National Snow and Ice Data Center.
High-power mid-IR type-II interband cascade lasers

Type-II interband cascade (IC) lasers take advantage of the broken-gap alignment in type-II quantum wells to reuse electrons for sequential photon emissions for serially connected active regions. Here, we describe recent advances in InAs/GaInSb type-II IC lasers at emission wavelengths of 3.6 - 4 micrometers ; these semiconductor lasers have exhibited significantly higher differential quantum efficiencies and peak powers than previously reported. Low threshold current densities (e.g., approximately 56 /A/cm2 at 80 K) and power efficiency exceeding 9% were observed from a mesa- stripe laser in cw operation. Also, these lasers were able to operate at temperatures up to 250 K in pulsed mode and 127 K in cw mode. We observed from several devices at temperatures above 80 K, slope efficiencies exceeding 1 W/A/facet, corresponding to a differential external quantum efficiency exceeding 600%. A peak optical output power of approximately 6 W/facet was observed from a type-II IC laser at 80 K.