cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chitosan-based water-propelled micromotors with strong antibacterial activity

A rapid and efficient micromotor-based bacteria killing strategy is described. The new antibacterial approach couples the attractive antibacterial properties of chitosan with the efficient water-powered propulsion of magnesium (Mg) micromotors. These Janus micromotors consist of Mg microparticles coated with the biodegradable and biocompatible polymers poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), alginate (Alg) and chitosan (Chi), with the latter responsible for the antibacterial properties of the micromotor. The distinct speed and efficiency advantages of the new micromotor-based environmentally friendly antibacterial approach have been demonstrated in various control experiments by treating drinking water contaminated with model Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The new dynamic antibacterial strategy offers dramatic improvements in the antibacterial efficiency, compared to static chitosan-coated microparticles (e.g., 27-fold enhancement), with a 96% killing efficiency within 10 min. Potential real-life applications of these chitosan-based micromotors for environmental remediation have been demonstrated by the efficient treatment of seawater and fresh water samples contaminated with unknown bacteria. Coupling the efficient water-driven propulsion of such biodegradable and biocompatible micromotors with the antibacterial properties of chitosan holds great considerable promise for advanced antimicrobial water treatment operation.
Nanoporous gold assemblies of calixarene-phosphine-capped colloids

The synthesis of high surface-area colloidal assemblies of calixarene-phosphine-capped nanoporous gold is reported under reductive electrochemical conditions. These materials uniquely exhibit a remarkably thin wall thickness down to 10 nm, while possessing pore sizes on the order of up to hundreds of nanometers, which can be controlled via choice of organic ligand.
Bulk Allograft Using the Proximal Part of the Femur for a Posterosuperior Acetabular Defect: A Case Report.

Acetabular reconstruction in revision total hip arthroplasty can be quite challenging, especially in the presence of substantial acetabular osseous defects. Reconstruction of the acetabulum with severe acetabular bone loss using hemispherical cups with screw augmentation1, antiprotrusio cages2, metal augments3, bulk allografts4, and combinations of these methods2-6 has been described. We report the use of an ipsilateral proximal portion of a femur as a novel allograft source in addition to hemispherical, cementless acetabular reconstruction with screws in the treatment of a Paprosky type-IIIA acetabular defect. The patient was informed that data concerning this case would be presented for publication, and she provided consent. A fifty-seven-year-old woman had a history of a right primary total hip replacement with an uncemented component in 1988 to treat osteoarthritis. This was followed by acetabular revision for isolated aseptic loosening in 2003. The patient presented to the senior author in 2004, eleven months postrevision, with symptoms of increasing inability to bear weight and progressive right hip and buttock pain. Radiographs demonstrated a stable uncemented femoral component as well as gross acetabular loosening and medioinferiorly placed screws (Fig. 1). The patient had a large radiolucency in the area of zone three and superolateral migration of the acetabular component. Preoperative radiographs, including an anteroposterior pelvic view, anteroposterior and lateral views of the hip, and Judet views, demonstrated substantial osseous loss to the posterior wall, posterior column, and acetabular dome. Figure 2 is a representation of the acetabular bone loss seen at the time of revision. The preoperative evaluation included normal serology (C-reactive protein level <3 mg/dL and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 10 mm/h), and hip aspiration yielded a negative culture. Fig. 1 Anteroposterior pelvic radiograph demonstrates a grossly unstable right acetabular component with superolateral migration of the cup …
Hybrid Connected Spaces: Mediating User Activities in Physical and Digital Space

The ever connected, almost symbiotic bond between physical and digital domain gives birth to new contexts of use and behavior. Designing a building, conceiving its interior or exterior arrangement, is no longer an issue that can be resolved solely in the physical domain. It calls for the integration of a digital, immaterial dimension introducing new variables and expertise. The fields of Human Computer Interaction, Human Building Interaction and Architecture, designate new environments that appear to be a middle ground between the physical and digital domain. In these new Hybrid Spaces the traditional utilitarian features of space are different, the users act differently, and have reformed expectations. In this paper we question if space can guide, inform, and educate the users to improve usability. To answer this question two projects carried out by the Mobile Experience Lab are presented: the Atlas Service Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Connected Sustainable Home in Trento, north Italy. Motivation for this research was our interest in reconsidering the nature of everyday work and live environments and activities in a way that integrates the latest technological advancements. Hybrid Connected Spaces represent the potential of an original type of symbiotic physical and digital domain that enables new enactments to take place.
Introduction to in Vivo EPR

The aim of this book is to introduce an exciting new capability for obtaining data from intact biological systems. It is based on the use in living systems (and related models such as isolated viable organs) of a technique, electron paramagnetic resonance (abbreviated as EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR), that previously had been successfully used in pure chemical, biochemical and model biophysical systems.
Random Vibration of Strongly Nonlinear Systems

Procedures developed recently to extend the quasi-conservativeaveraging method to the case of non-white broad-band excitations arefurther extended and presented in a unified framework. The excitationscan be stationary or nonstationary with known evolutionary spectra, andthey can be additive, or multiplicative, or both. Relative merits ofthese procedures are compared, and their accuracies are substantiated byMonte Carlo simulations.
Transpacific coalescent pathways of coconut rhinoceros beetle biotypes: Resistance to biological control catalyses resurgence of an old pest

Biological control agents have several advantages over chemical control for pest management, including the capability to restore ecosystem balance with minimal non-target effects and a lower propensity for targets to develop resistance. These factors are particularly important for invasive species control. The coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus) is a major palm pest that invaded many Pacific islands in the early 20th century through human-mediated dispersal. Application of the Oryctes nudivirus in the 1960s successfully halted the beetle's first invasion wave and made it a textbook example of successful biological control. However, a recently discovered O. rhinoceros biotype that is resistant to the nudivirus appears to be correlated with a new invasion wave. We performed a population genomics analysis of 172 O. rhinoceros from seven regions, including native and invasive populations, to reconstruct invasion pathways and explore correlation between recent invasions and biotypes. With ddRAD sequencing, we generated data sets ranging from 4,000 to 209,000 loci using stacks and ipyrad software pipelines and compared genetic signal in downstream clustering and phylogenetic analyses. Analysis suggests that the O. rhinoceros resurgence is mediated by the nudivirus-resistant biotype. Genomic data have been proven essential to understanding the new O. rhinoceros biotype's invasion patterns and interactions with the original biotype. Such information is crucial to optimization of strategies for quarantine and control of resurgent pests. Our results demonstrate that while invasions are relatively rare events, new introductions can have significant ecological consequences, and quarantine vigilance is required even in previously invaded areas.
Patterns of Development Issues and Proportional Representation in UN-Affiliated NGOs Related to the Millennium Development Goals and the Monterrey Consensus

Using data obtained from the United Nations Integrated Civil Society database, I analyzed UN affiliations with transnational nongovernmental organizations for patterns related to the degree of representation of certain development-related policy/issue areas across world regions. I undertook empirical research related to Millennium Development Goals and the Monterrey Consensus in an effort to identify macro-scale patterns relating to proportional representation. My findings reveal that UN-affiliated NGOs located in predominantly developing regions are generally underrepresented in proportion to the share of global population in those regions. This fact undermines perceptions that UN affiliations with transnational civil society have achieved proportional representation among world regions. I also found that substantial variations exist regarding development-related NGO focus/issue areas. Far more UN-affiliated NGOs are concerned with eradicating poverty and hunger and with gender equality issues; fewer are interested in reducing child mortality or improving maternal health. The study also revealed that only a small percentage of UN-affiliated NGOs in the database are currently accredited in the consultative status program of the UN’s Economic and Social Council.
Phenazine production promotes antibiotic tolerance and metabolic heterogeneity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms

Antibiotic efficacy can be antagonized by bioactive metabolites and other drugs present at infection sites. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common cause of biofilm-based infections, releases metabolites called phenazines that accept electrons to support cellular redox balancing. Here, we find that phenazines promote tolerance to clinically relevant antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, in P. aeruginosa biofilms and that this effect depends on the carbon source provided for growth. We couple stable isotope labeling with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy to visualize biofilm metabolic activity in situ. This approach shows that phenazines promote metabolism in microaerobic biofilm regions and influence metabolic responses to ciprofloxacin treatment. Consistent with roles of specific respiratory complexes in supporting phenazine utilization in biofilms, phenazine-dependent survival on ciprofloxacin is diminished in mutants lacking these enzymes. Our work introduces a technique for the chemical imaging of biosynthetic activity in biofilms and highlights complex interactions between bacterial products, their effects on biofilm metabolism, and the antibiotics we use to treat infections.
Early Identification of Pediatric Neurology Patients With Palliative Care Needs: A Pilot Study.

Palliative care services are beneficial for pediatric neurology patients with chronic, life-limiting illnesses. However, timely referral to palliative care may be impeded due to an inability to ide...
Identifying collaborative technology impact areas

Abstract Collaborative technologies such as wireless/handheld technologies can be critical to the success of an organization. Such technologies can be very helpful for problem solving, communication, computing, collaboration, and improving industries as a whole. Measures of impact of collaborative technologies on organizations narrowly focused on communications impacts. This study recognizes that assessing the impact of collaborative technologies is complex and should be viewed from a variety of perspectives. The purpose of this research is to identify and to investigate the multiple impacts of collaborative technologies on organizations at the level of the individual end-user.
Narratological Approaches to Multimodal Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Global TV Formats

This article cross-culturally compares different versions of the Quebec sitcom/sketch comedy television series Un Gars, Une Fille (1997-2002) by examining the various gender roles and family conflict management strategies in a scene in which the heterosexual couple visits the male character’s mother-in-law. The article summarizes similarities and differences in the narrative structure, sequencing and content of several format adaptations by compiling computer-generated quantitative and qualitative data on the length of segments. To accomplish this, I have used the annotation function of Adobe Premiere, and visualized the findings using Microsoft Excel bar graphs and tables. This study applies a multimodal methodology to reveal the textual organization of scenes, shots and sequences which guide viewers toward culturally proxemic interpretations. This article discusses the benefits of applying the notion of discursive proximity suggested by Uribe-Jongbloed and Espinosa-Medina (2014) to gain a more comprehensive and complex understanding of the multimodal nature of cross-cultural comparison of global television format adaptations.
Eigenvalue Gap Theorems for a Class of Nonsymmetric Elliptic Operators on Convex Domains

Adapting the method of Andrews-Clutterbuck we prove an eigenvalue gap theorem for a class of non symmetric second order linear elliptic operators on a convex domain in euclidean space. The class of operators includes the Bakry-Emery laplacian with potential and any operator with second order term the laplacian whose first order terms have coefficients with compact support in the open domain. The eigenvalue gap is bounded below by the gap of an associated Sturm-Liouville problem on a closed interval.
Endograft and external cinch to control hemorrhage in acute type A aortic dissection

Acute DeBakey I or II aortic dissection (AD) is a surgical emergency with significant mortality if not repaired immediately. We present the case of a 49-year-old man with acute type I AD, who initially underwent zone 2 arch replacement for a primary arch tear. A calcified ductus arteriosus was noted during arch reconstruction. He exhibited exsanguinating hemorrhage from the proximal descending thoracic aorta upon an initial attempt to wean off cardiopulmonary bypass. Hemostasis was achieved with retrograde transfemoral thoracic endovascular aortic repair and transmediastinal external cinch around the descending aorta to obliterate false lumen flow.
Risk of pneumonitis with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors everolimus and temsirolimus.

e13573 Background: Pneumonitis is associated with the use of mTOR inhibitors, everolimus and temsirolimus, which have been used widely in cancer therapeutics and clinical trials. Currently, the ove...
Seismotectonics and Fault Geometries of the 2019 Ridgecrest Sequence: Insight From Aftershock Moment Tensor Catalog Using 3-D Green's Functions

The 2019 M_w 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake occurred on July 6th, preceded by the M_w 6.4 foreshock on July 4th, 2019. These two earthquakes occurred close in space and time with partially overlapping surface ruptures and aftershock patterns, raising the question of the relationship between the two events. Geological surveys and satellite observations provide important constraints on the surface traces of faulting. However, the subsurface fault geometries, which are important for understanding the regional stress field, earthquake initiation, propagation, and termination, are not well resolved. In this study, moment tensor solutions for 256 earthquakes in the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence were determined by waveform inversion using 3D velocity model. The obtained moment tensor solutions show rotations of the stresses after mainshock, indicating the ratio of mainshock stress drop to the background stress to be 0.5‐0.9. The obtained moment tensor catalog also facilitates a better understanding of the sub‐surface fault geometries, including (1) splay faults and antithetic faults in the northwest aftershock zone; (2) shallow flower structures near the M_w 7.1 epicenter; (3) sub‐parallel faults in the southeast aftershock zone. The aftershocks’ studies suggest the very complex surface ruptures near the 2019 Ridgecrest M_w 7.1 epicenter are near‐surface features that linked to a simple large through‐going fault at >5 km depth. We also found that the southeastern‐most aftershocks, which are located less than a kilometer from the Garlock fault trace, have significant different strike directions from that of the Garlock fault, indicating the central Garlock fault remains seismically quiet.
Troupes, Cumulants, and Stack-Sorting

Several sequences of free cumulants that count binary plane trees correspond to sequences of classical cumulants that count the decreasing versions of the same trees. Using two new operations on colored binary plane trees that we call insertion and decomposition, we prove that this surprising phenomenon holds for families of trees that we call troupes. We give a simple characterization of troupes, which provide a broad framework for generalizing several of the results known about West's stack-sorting map $s$. Indeed, we give new proofs of some of the main techniques that have been developed for understanding $s$; these new proofs are far more conceptual than the original ones, explain how the objects called valid hook configurations arise naturally, and generalize to troupes. For $t\in\{2,3\}$, we enumerate $t$-stack-sortable alternating permutations of odd length and $t$-stack-sortable permutations whose descents are all peaks. The unexpected connection between troupes and cumulants provides a powerful new tool for analyzing the stack-sorting map that hinges on free probability theory. We give numerous applications of this method. For example, we show that if $\sigma\in S_{n-1}$ is chosen uniformly at random, then the expected value of $\text{des}(s(\sigma))+1$ is \[\left(3-\sum_{j=0}^n\frac{1}{j!}\right)n.\] Furthermore, the variance of $\text{des}(s(\sigma))+1$ is asymptotically $(2+2e-e^2)n$. We obtain similar results concerning the expected number of descents of postorder readings of decreasing colored binary plane trees. We also obtain improved estimates for $|s(S_n)|$ and an improved lower bound for the degree of noninvertibility of $s$. We give two novel formulas that convert from free to classical cumulants. The first is given by a sum over noncrossing partitions, and the second is given by a sum over $231$-avoiding valid hook configurations. We pose several open problems.
Examining Port Geometry/Solid Loading for Additively Manufactured Fuels in Hybrid Rockets

In this study, the effects of fuel port geometry and fuel additives on the performance characteristics of additively manufactured solid fuels in a hybrid rocket are explored. Static rocket motor fi...
Development and validation of a NanoString BASE47 bladder cancer gene classifier.

Background Recent molecular characterization of urothelial cancer (UC) has suggested potential pathways in which to direct treatment, leading to a host of targeted therapies in development for UC. In parallel, gene expression profiling has demonstrated that high-grade UC is a heterogeneous disease. Prognostic basal-like and luminal-like subtypes have been identified and an accurate transcriptome BASE47 classifier has been developed. However, these phenotypes cannot be broadly investigated due to the lack of a clinically viable diagnostic assay. We sought to develop and evaluate a diagnostic classifier of UC subtype with the goal of accurate classification from clinically available specimens. Methods Tumor samples from 52 patients with high-grade UC were profiled for BASE47 genes concurrently by RNAseq as well as NanoString. After design and technical validation of a BASE47 NanoString probeset, results from the RNAseq and NanoString were used to translate diagnostic criteria to the Nanostring platform. Evaluation of repeatability and accuracy was performed to derive a final Nanostring based classifier. Diagnostic classification resulting from the NanoString BASE47 classifier was validated on an independent dataset (n = 30). The training and validation datasets accurately classified 87% and 93% of samples, respectively. Results Here we have derived a NanoString-platform BASE47 classifier that accurately predicts basal-like and luminal-like subtypes in high grade urothelial cancer. We have further validated our new NanoString BASE47 classifier on an independent dataset and confirmed high accuracy when compared with our original Transcriptome BASE47 classifier. Conclusions The NanoString BASE47 classifier provides a faster turnaround time, a lower cost per sample to process, and maintains the accuracy of the original subtype classifier for better clinical implementation.
Interpreting Mineral and Royalty Deeds: The Legacy of the One-Eighth Royalty and Other Stories

Mineral and royalty deeds are notoriously difficult to interpret. Courts complicate the interpretive process in at least two ways. First, they produce opinions that fail to appreciate and explain unique oil and gas concepts. Second, they render deed records unreliable. A variety of title problems flow from this instability. However, a common trait is frequently encountered: the influence of the one-eighth royalty provision typically used for decades in oil and gas leases. Unfortunately, courts have failed to acknowledge this influence. For this reason, title litigation will continue to loom under the legacy of the one-eighth royalty, and title examiners will continue to be plagued by the title issues.
Towards real-time photorealistic 3D holography with deep neural networks

The ability to present three-dimensional (3D) scenes with continuous depth sensation has a profound impact on virtual and augmented reality, human–computer interaction, education and training. Computer-generated holography (CGH) enables high-spatio-angular-resolution 3D projection via numerical simulation of diffraction and interference1. Yet, existing physically based methods fail to produce holograms with both per-pixel focal control and accurate occlusion2,3. The computationally taxing Fresnel diffraction simulation further places an explicit trade-off between image quality and runtime, making dynamic holography impractical4. Here we demonstrate a deep-learning-based CGH pipeline capable of synthesizing a photorealistic colour 3D hologram from a single RGB-depth image in real time. Our convolutional neural network (CNN) is extremely memory efficient (below 620 kilobytes) and runs at 60 hertz for a resolution of 1,920 × 1,080 pixels on a single consumer-grade graphics processing unit. Leveraging low-power on-device artificial intelligence acceleration chips, our CNN also runs interactively on mobile (iPhone 11 Pro at 1.1 hertz) and edge (Google Edge TPU at 2.0 hertz) devices, promising real-time performance in future-generation virtual and augmented-reality mobile headsets. We enable this pipeline by introducing a large-scale CGH dataset (MIT-CGH-4K) with 4,000 pairs of RGB-depth images and corresponding 3D holograms. Our CNN is trained with differentiable wave-based loss functions5 and physically approximates Fresnel diffraction. With an anti-aliasing phase-only encoding method, we experimentally demonstrate speckle-free, natural-looking, high-resolution 3D holograms. Our learning-based approach and the Fresnel hologram dataset will help to unlock the full potential of holography and enable applications in metasurface design6,7, optical and acoustic tweezer-based microscopic manipulation8–10, holographic microscopy11 and single-exposure volumetric 3D printing12,13. A deep-learning-based approach using a convolutional neural network is used to synthesize photorealistic colour three-dimensional holograms from a single RGB-depth image in real time, and termed tensor holography.
Effects of Diet and Exercise-Induced Weight Loss on Biomarkers of Inflammation in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Adiponectin, leptin, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are implicated in breast cancer risk and recurrence. Weight loss, via the dynamic interplay of energy balance through exercise and/or caloric restriction, decreases risk of breast cancer recurrence. Methods: We investigated the effects of lifestyle modifications (exercise only, or combined caloric restriction and exercise) on adipokines, IL2, IL6, IL8, IL10, C-reactive protein (CRP), and TNFα biomarkers in breast cancer survivors. Searches were completed in June and July of 2019 to identify randomized controlled trials that met inclusion criteria. Weighted mean difference was calculated using random- or fixed-effects models based on the heterogeneity of the studies. Results: 2501 records were identified, with 30 ultimately meeting inclusion criteria of the systematic review; 21 studies provided data suitable for meta-analysis. We observed leptin levels were significantly reduced in the exercise-only group compared with sedentary control [WMD −5.66; 95% confidence interval (CI), −11.0 to −0.33; P = 0.04]. Conclusions: Leptin may be a primary mediator of exercise–induced improvements in breast cancer recurrence. Impact: This is the first review and meta-analysis to examine combined exercise and caloric restriction programs in breast cancer survivors. Future studies should further examine combined programs and their efficacy for altering leptin.
Illustrating the Applicability of IRT to Implementation Science: Examining an Instrument of Therapist Attitudes

Pragmatic instruments with psychometric support are important to advance dissemination and implementation (D&I) research, but few well-researched D&I instruments exist. Item response theory (IRT), an approach that is underutilized in D&I, can help with the development of actionable and brief instruments. This paper provides an overview of IRT for D&I researchers and examines an instrument of therapist attitudes using IRT measurement models. Eight items of the Attitudes Towards Individualized Assessment-Monitoring and Feedback (AIA-MF) Clinical Utility scale were fit to the Graded Response Model in a national sample of master's level therapists. Various IRT model characteristics including item threshold and discrimination parameters, information, and item and person fit were examined. Discrimination and thresholds parameters showed significant variability across the eight items. Item information curves also showed that each item contributed variably to the total test information, suggesting that items 4 and 5 reliably measure therapist attitudes across the latent continuum and items 3 and 6 warrant further investigation. Results suggest that IRT models can help D&I researchers examine existing instruments with greater specificity than traditional measurement methods, thus increasing measurement precision while lowering response burden, both important considerations for the field.
Not Frail and Elderly: How Invasive Can We Go In This Different Type of Adult Spinal Deformity Patient?

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of a single-center spine database. OBJECTIVE Investigate the intersections of chronological age and physiological age via frailty to determine the influence of surgical invasiveness on patient outcomes. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Frailty is a well-established factor in preoperative risk stratification and prediction of postoperative outcomes. The surgical profile of operative patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD) who present as elderly and not frail (NF) has yet to be investigated. Our aim was to examine the surgical profile and outcomes of patients with ASD who were NF and elderly. METHODS Patients with ASD 18 years or older, four or greater levels fused, with baseline (BL) and follow-up data were included. Patients were categorized by ASD frailty index: NF, Frail (F), severely frail (SF]. An elderly patient was defined as 70 years or older. Patients were grouped into NF/elderly and F/elderly. SRS-Schwab modifiers were assessed at BL and 1 year (0, +, ++). Logistic regression analysis assessed the relationship between increasing invasiveness, no reoperations, or major complications, and improvement in SRS-Schwab modifiers [Good Outcome]. Decision tree analysis assessed thresholds for an invasiveness risk/benefit cutoff point. RESULTS A total of 598 patients with ASD included (55.3 yr, 59.7% F, 28.3 kg/m2). 29.8% of patients were older than 70 years. At BL, 51.3% of patients were NF, 37.5% F, and 11.2% SF. Sixty-sis (11%) patients were NF and elderly. About 24.2% of NF-elderly patients improved in SRS-Schwab by 1 year and had no reoperation or complication postoperatively. Binary regression analysis found a relationship between worsening SRS-Schwab, postop complication, and reoperation with invasiveness score (odds ratio: 1.056 [1.01-1.102], P = 0.011). Risk/benefit cut-off was 10 (P = 0.004). Patients below this threshold were 7.9 (2.2-28.4) times more likely to have a Good Outcome. 156 patients were elderly and F/SF with 16.7% having good outcome, with a risk/benefit cut-off point of less than 8 (4.4 [2.2-9.0], P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Frailty status impacted the balance of surgical invasiveness relative to operative risk in an inverse manner, whereas the opposite was seen amongst elderly patients with a frailty status less than their chronologic age. Surgeons should perhaps consider incorporation of frailty status over age status when determining realignment plans in patients of advanced age.Level of Evidence: 3.
Tweeting the Alarm: Exploring the Efficacy of Twitter as a Serial Transmitter during the COVID-19 Pandemic

In this research I seek to understand the efficacy of Twitter as a platform for serial transmission of a crisis communications. As members of the public adopt social media, these platforms are seen as an increasingly strategic channel through which crisis communications can be transmitted. However, there is insufficient understanding of the extent to which these platforms and their users effectively amplify and spread crisis-relevant information during a crisis. I explore these issues in the context of US state health departments and their efforts to inform the public of developments during the COVID-19 pandemic. To do this, I analyze the profiles of the official Twitter account for all 50 state health departments and seek to classify them according to their social presence on social media. Then, I analyze the COVID-19 tweets these health departments sent during the pandemic to better understand how their social media presence and the nature of their messages (tweets, words, URLs, mentions per 7 day) affect the total number of twitter users exposed to each message. My results suggest that systematic differences do exist in the social media presence for state health departments. These differences, as well as the characteristics of the tweets they sent during the pandemic help explain the total number of people exposed to their messages such that short, frequent messages with URLs from departments with high social presence reaching the largest number of users per week. These findings have implications for those responsible for communicating with the public during a crisis and for researchers seeking a better understanding of the flow of crisis communications on social media.
Extremity Fasciotomy for Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation is Independently Associated with Inpatient Mortality.

Abstract Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) maintains end-organ perfusion in critically ill patients with cardiac or respiratory failure; however, ECMO cannulation in the extremities has been associated with significant limb ischemia and risk of compartment syndrome. Current literature on ECMO and fasciotomies is limited to small single-center retrospective studies. This study aimed to 1) compare the incidence of postoperative outcomes and mortality in patients undergoing fasciotomy while on ECMO to those of non-fasciotomy ECMO patients, and 2) assess the difference in adjusted mortality risk between the two groups. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that patients undergoing fasciotomy while on ECMO would have significantly higher odds of in-hospital mortality than non-fasciotomy ECMO patients after adjustment for perioperative variables. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of NIS from January 1st, 2012-September 30, 2015 for all hospitalizations involving ECMO and stratified them into two cohorts based on whether they underwent fasciotomy after ECMO. Patient baseline characteristics, in-hospital procedures, and postoperative outcomes were compared between the two cohorts. Logistic regression was used to assess in-hospital mortality risk between the two cohorts adjusting for age, sex, Elixhauser score, and perioperative procedures and non-fasciotomy perioperative morbidity. Results: There were 7,085 estimated eligible discharges between 2012 and 2015 identified, 149 (2.1%) of which underwent fasciotomy following ECMO. One hundred and thirteen of the 149 hospitalizations (77%) in the fasciotomy cohort resulted in in-hospital mortality, compared to 3,805 of the 6,936 (55%) in the non-fasciotomy cohort. There were no differences in rates of transfusion (p = 0.290), length of stay (p = 0.282), or discharge disposition (p = 0.126) between the two cohorts. In the logistic regression model, the fasciotomy cohort had a higher odds of in-hospital mortality than non-fasciotomy cohort (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.6). Discussion: Operative treatment of acute compartment syndrome for patients on ECMO therapy is associated with significantly increased mortality and morbidity. Whether fasciotomy is a marker of sickness or represents a cause-and-effect relationship is unknown and future should investigate the role of non-operative treatment of compartment syndrome on mortality in this population. Level of Evidence: III; Prognostic
If not, then what if as well- Unexpected Trigonometric Insights

Abstract In performing an exercise of “What if not”, one can end up with a paucity of structure. Adding alternative structure can be a rich source of discovery, as we present here. The framework of this presentation is the original voyage of discovery, from a trivial geometric problem to the derivation of some unexpected trigonometric formulae based on regular polygons. The original “voyage” has been changed only sufficiently to make the text readable.
Chemical Dissection of the Cell Cycle: Identification of Novel Compounds for Dissecting the Mechanisms of Cell Division and Developing Cancer Therapies

Currently there is a paucity of inhibitors that can be used as molecular probes to inhibit cell cycle enzymes in an acute and temporal manner, which is critical to understanding their functions. Ad...
Nonclassical MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived protein antigens and contribute to protection against infection (MPF6P.744)

MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells have been implicated to contribute to host defense during Mycobacteria tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, but the relative contribution of various MHC Ib-restricted responses has yet to be defined. In this study, we used mice that lack MHC Ia (Kb-/-Db-/-, DKO), MHC Ia/M3 (Kb-/-Db-/-M3-/-, TKO), or β2m (β2m-/-) to study the role of M3-restricted and other MHC Ib-restricted T cells in immunity against Mtb infection. Unlike their role in Listeria infection, we found that M3-restricted CD8+ T cells only represent a small proportion of the CD8+ T cells responding to Mtb infection. This finding highlights the differential role of various MHC Ib-restricted responses in immunity against distinct microbial pathogens. Non-M3, MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells expanded preferentially in the lungs of TKO mice and expressed higher level of KLRG1 compared to MHC Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells. These CD8+ T cells produced IFNγ, TNFα and IL-2 upon stimulation with Mtb-derived protein antigens in a β2m-dependent but TAP-independent manner. TKO mice had similar bacterial loads in tissues as DKO and wildtype mice, but lower bacterial loads than β2m-/- mice. Our findings indicate non-M3, MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells can specifically recognize Mtb protein antigens and contribute to host immune response to Mtb. Targeting these MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells would facilitate the design of better vaccines against Mtb, due to the limited polymorphism of MHC class Ib molecules.
Shedding Light on Glioma Growth

Cancer is known for opportunistically utilizing resources from its surroundings for its own growth and survival. In this issue of Cell , Venkatesh et al. demonstrate that this also occurs in the brain, identifying neuronal activity-induced secretion of neuroligin-3 as a novel mechanism promoting glioma proliferation.
Rapid diagnostic imaging and pathologic evaluation of whole core biopsies at the point-of-care using structured illumination microscopy

Video-rate structured illumination microscopy (VR-SIM) of fluorescently stained prostate biopsies is demonstrated as a potential tool for rapid diagnosis of prostate biopsies at the point of care. Images of entire biopsies at 1.3 micron lateral resolution are rendered in seconds, and pathologist review of the resulting images achieves 90% accuracy as compared to gold standard histopathology.
The Construction of Shared Knowledge in Collaborative Problem Solving

This paper focuses on the processes involved in collaboration using a microanalysis of one dyad’s work with a computer-based environment (the Envisioning Machine). The interaction between participants is analysed with respect to a ‘Joint Problem Space’, which comprises an emergent, socially-negotiated set of knowledge elements, such as goals, problem state descriptions and problem solving actions. Our analysis shows how this shared conceptual space is constructed through the external mediational framework of shared language, situation and activity. This approach has particular implications for understanding how the benefits of collaboration are realised and serves to clarify the possible roles of the computers in supporting collaborative learning.
The intrafamilial transmission of rheumatoid arthritis--VI : Association of rheumatoid arthritis with several types of status inconsistency

Abstract This study examines the relationship of 2 focal variables, rheumatoid arthritis and self-esteem, to several types of status inconsistency: that of the parents, of the respondents themselves, and of the respondents' marriage. The RA cases came both from a national interview sample and a university arthritis clinic. Ths subjects without RA were part of a cluster which included the spouse of the RA, the RA's sib and his (her) spouse, a cousin of the RA, and an unrelated individual. The data were collected in the course of three structured interviews: The major findings were as follows: 1. (1) Women with RA are more likely to come from families where the parents' marriage is status discrepant and the father is incongruent on education vs. occupation. 2. (2) Men with RA are somewhat less likely to come from such status inconsistent families, while the frequency of men with PU was unrelated to parental inconsistency. 3. (3) Both men and women from status inconsistent families report lower self-esteem when describing themselves as adults. 4. (4) Several forms of status incongruence of the respondents themselves bore no relationship to RA in women and to RA or PU in men. 5. (5) Status incongruent men whose education was ‘inappropriately’ high in relation to their occupation or to their perceived social class (PSC) were particularly low on self-esteem, while congruent men were generally the highest. 6. (6) Status incongruent women had the lowest self-esteem if their education exceeded their perceived social class, but highest self-esteem if their social class exceeded their education while congruent women were intermediate but closer to the latter group. 7. (7) Marriages where both spouses were healthy were less likely to be status discrepant than those marriages where one or the other of the spouses had RA. 8. (8) Wives in status discrepant marriages were more likely to have low self-esteem and more depression than wives where little or no discrepancy existed. The associations for the husbands were in the same direction but not significant. 9. (9) Status discrepant marriages were higher on marital hostility. 10. (10) Healthy husbands who were themselves status incongruent were more likely to have wives with RA than healthy husbands who were status congruent. Such wives had also lower self-esteem.
Nature and fate of proliferative cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus during the life span of the rhesus monkey

The nature of proliferative cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal region and the fate of their progeny was analyzed by 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) autoradiography combined with immunocytochemistry at the light and electron microscopic levels in 18 rhesus monkeys ranging in age from late gestation to 17 years. Our analysis indicates that, during the last quarter of gestation and the first 3 postnatal months, the SGZ produces both glial and neuronal cells. These 2 major classes of cells originate from the 2 precursor lines and, following their mitotic division, migrate to the granular layer. During the juvenile period (4-6 months of age), neuronal production tapers off and most postmitotic cells remaining within the SGZ differentiate into glial elements. In postpubertal animals (3 years and older), the 3H-TdR-labeled cells in the dentate gyrus belong to several non-neuronal classes. The largest group was immunoreactive to the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at both the light and electron microscopic levels, indicating their astrocytic nature. The remaining 3H-TdR-labeled, GFAP-negative cells had ultra-structural characteristics of either microglia, oligodendroglia, or their progenitory stem cells. Therefore, there is a continuing addition and/or turnover of the glial cells in the dentate gyrus of sexually mature monkeys, but, in contrast to the massive neurogenesis reported in adult rodents, the production of new neurons could not be detected after puberty. The significance of a stable population of neurons in the hippocampal formation of mature primates is discussed in relation to its possible function in memory.
The Choice of International Monetary Regimes in a Context of Repeated Games

A game theoretic and incentive approach is used to explain an international monetary regime. Decisions concerning a fixed exchange rate regime are difficult because they involve cooperation among participants, but decisions concerning defections from a fixed exchange rate regime are relatively easy because they are taken unilaterally. This may explain the difficulties for the completion of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in Europe well as the instability recently observed in the quasi-fixed exchange regimes of the Asian countries. EMU is now in full force. The perception of political benefits by national leaders has been the driving force of currency unification in Europe. The cost of a monetary union is the loss of monetary control by each participating nation. If countries cannot contain their desire to deviate from the common monetary expansion, then the currency could potentially be under speculative attack. After January 1, 1999, theoretically each EMU country can no longer deviate from the common norm; but the question remains how to implement this mode of conduct. Even the country in the center, Germany, may find a cost associated with the loss of its leadership role.
Gender and the cultural construction of good and bad suicides

Some cultures distinguish two or more types of suicide which are evaluated differently. The more acceptable or esteemed ones are often not equally accessible to everyone within the same society. This article focuses on gender differences in the cultural construction of suicide options, and on the exclusion of women from superior options. The analysis is based on ethnographic and historical data from Native Americans of the Great Plains, Muslim societies in Southeast Asia, and tribal societies in the Amazon area of South America.
Optimization of aeroassisted orbital transfer - Current status

This paper presents the theory of optimal aeroassisted orbital transfer, with special consideration given to the transfer about a central body with an atmosphere, with propulsive maneuvers in space modeled as instantaneous changes in the velocity vector. It is shown that there are four potentially optimal transfer modes, two aeroassisted and two all-propulsive, for each point in the two-dimensional transfer space. Aeroassisted orbital transfer introduces a strong coupling between the trajectory design and the vehicle design; a trajectory that minimizes fuel mass without attention to heating may require the vehicle to have a heavy thermal protection system. It is emphasized that, if aeroassisted transfer is to be preferred to all-propulsive transfer, it must offer a reduction in fuel mass greater than the increase in thermal protection mass.
Semiparametric estimation of the relationship between ROC operating points and the test-result scale: application to the proper binormal model.

Rationale and Objectives Semiparametric methods provide smooth and continuous receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve fits to ordinal test results and require only that the data follow some unknown monotonic transformation of the model's assumed distributions. The quantitative relationship between cutoff settings or individual test-result values on the data scale and points on the estimated ROC curve is lost in this procedure, however. To recover that relationship in a principled way, we propose a new algorithm for “proper” ROC curves and illustrate it by use of the proper binormal model. Materials and Methods Several authors have proposed the use of multinomial distributions to fit semiparametric ROC curves by maximum-likelihood estimation. The resulting approach requires nuisance parameters that specify interval probabilities associated with the data, which are used subsequently as a basis for estimating values of the curve parameters of primary interest. In the method described here, we employ those “nuisance” parameters to recover the relationship between any ordinal test-result scale and true-positive fraction, false-positive fraction, and likelihood ratio. Computer simulations based on the proper binormal model were used to evaluate our approach in estimating those relationships and to assess the coverage of its confidence intervals for realistically sized datasets. Results In our simulations, the method reliably estimated simple relationships between test-result values and the several ROC quantities. Conclusion The proposed approach provides an effective and reliable semiparametric method with which to estimate the relationship between cutoff settings or individual test-result values and corresponding points on the ROC curve.
Growth in Volume of Euglena gracilis During the Division Cycle

The distribution of volumes of Euglena gracilis cells was measured conductimetrically. The volume spectrum of cultures in balanced growth was analyzed by the method of Collins and Richmond. The kinetics of volume increase of Euglena is neither linear nor exponential; the growth rate of small and large cells is low, but intermediate size cells show the largest growth rate.
Best practices for PV solar home system projects

PV solar home systems (SHS) are increasingly employed as an energy supply option for rural populations. The past 20 years' experience with small-scale SHS programs in developing countries has had mixed results. However, efforts in recent years have been more successful. In support of World Bank lending operations, the Bank's Asia Alternative Energy Unit (ASTAE) has undertaken a series of case studies of currently operating SHS programs in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and the Dominican Republic. These programs have varying degrees of government, NGO, and private sector involvement. This paper summarizes ASTAE's draft "Solar Photovoltaics: Best Practices for Household Electrification" report which identifies the institutional, financial, and technical factors fundamental to the success of a PV solar home system project. The final version of the ASTAE report will incorporate comments from an international group of peer reviewers.