cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allocating Objects in a Network of Caches: Centralized and Decentralized Analyses

We analyze the allocation of objects in a network of caches that collaborate to service requests from customers. A thorough analysis of this problem in centralized and decentralized setups, both of which occur in practice, is essential for understanding the benefits of collaboration. A key insight offered by this paper is that an efficient implementation of cooperative cache management is possible because, in the centralized scenario, the object allocation resulting in the best social welfare can be found easily as a solution to a transportation problem. For the decentralized scenario involving selfish caches, it is shown that pure equilibria exist and that the cache network always reaches a pure equilibrium in a finite number of steps, starting from any point in the strategy space. An auction mechanism is developed to derive prices that motivate the caches to hold objects in a manner such that the optimal social welfare is attained. In the special case of symmetric caches, simple algorithms are devised to find the optimal social welfare allocation, the best pure equilibrium, and the prices for sharing objects. The results obtained in this paper should be valuable in developing and evaluating cache-management policies. Resource-sharing problems with a similar cost structure exist in a variety of other domains, and the insights gained here are expected to extend to those scenarios as well.
Energy balance, metabolism and cancer prevention: mechanistic insights from transdisciplinary studies

Stephen D Hursting is with the Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin and Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
Trends and Challenges in Election Monitoring (Innovations Case Discussion: National Democratic Institute)

expertise, and ingenuity in their work around the world. Trained observers have closely watched polling stations under difficult circumstances and with limited resources. They have reported incidents of voting rights violations and circumstances that may have compromised election results. Data analysts who have gathered and collated information coming in from remote voting districts have had to deliver high-quality intelligence in very little time. Leaders of EMOs have had to communicate the results of their monitoring activities to government officials and to the international community at large—reports that have not always been welcome. Monitoring elections is, in short, a difficult task but an important one. Even in the most seasoned democracies, there is always concern for the fairness of the process. EMOs contribute to safeguarding that fairness in at least two ways. First, their mere presence may prevent election irregularities and fraud, and second, EMOs provide an assessment of the integrity of the election process. This assessment, if positive, may increase the credibility of the election results and the legitimacy of the newly elected mayor, parliament, or government. The cases described by NDI show that monitoring elections involves much more than observing and reporting alone. Election monitoring is most effective if and when it gains legitimacy both among the population and with the government. One way to gain legitimacy, as the article argues, is to present an accurate and representative picture of the whole election process, preferably before the results are officially announced by the government or election committee. In order to do that, a lot of information must be gathered in very little time from a number of places. Information and Communication Technologies have given EMOs new opportunities to improve this process. In developing countries in particular, traditional telecommunications infrastructure, including land lines, is often far from reliable. Using mobile communication technology, like radio transmitters and cell phones, enables observers to report incidents in real time. Advanced software (Geographical Information System, or GIS) allows data analysts in the EMO head-
Large-scale deep unsupervised learning using graphics processors

The promise of unsupervised learning methods lies in their potential to use vast amounts of unlabeled data to learn complex, highly nonlinear models with millions of free parameters. We consider two well-known unsupervised learning models, deep belief networks (DBNs) and sparse coding, that have recently been applied to a flurry of machine learning applications (Hinton & Salakhutdinov, 2006; Raina et al., 2007). Unfortunately, current learning algorithms for both models are too slow for large-scale applications, forcing researchers to focus on smaller-scale models, or to use fewer training examples.In this paper, we suggest massively parallel methods to help resolve these problems. We argue that modern graphics processors far surpass the computational capabilities of multicore CPUs, and have the potential to revolutionize the applicability of deep unsupervised learning methods. We develop general principles for massively parallelizing unsupervised learning tasks using graphics processors. We show that these principles can be applied to successfully scaling up learning algorithms for both DBNs and sparse coding. Our implementation of DBN learning is up to 70 times faster than a dual-core CPU implementation for large models. For example, we are able to reduce the time required to learn a four-layer DBN with 100 million free parameters from several weeks to around a single day. For sparse coding, we develop a simple, inherently parallel algorithm, that leads to a 5 to 15-fold speedup over previous methods.
Effectuation and Over–Trust: Response to Sarasvathy and Dew:

In their response to our article, Sarasvathy and Dew (S&D) agree with us that effectuation supposes over–trust and yet claim that trust is irrelevant to an effectual entrepreneur. They further claim that our approach to entrepreneurship is trait based. We respond to these comments by pointing out the more subtle ways in which entrepreneurs deal with trust. In addition, while acknowledging the utility (and limitations) of a trait–based approach in advancing entrepreneurship theory, we refute their assertions that our paper is based on this approach. Finally, we address the “alternate” behavioral assumptions that S&D advance. Independent of the merit of these alternate assumptions, they are not contradicted in our article. We believe that these assumptions need to be developed further to contribute to a debate on their merits for advancing theory building in entrepreneurship.
Earnings Management: IPO Valuation and Subsequent Performance

We examine the role of earnings management by issuers prior to making initial public offerings (IPOs). Our results indicate that pre-IPO abnormal accruals are positively related to initial firm value. Entrepreneurs may seek to increase their offering proceeds, temporarily deceiving investors by opportunistically manipulating earnings through accruals management before going public. This would imply a negative relationship between abnormal accruals around the offer date and subsequent firm performance. Confirming earlier studies, we find that abnormal accruals during the offer year are significantly negatively related to subsequent firm stock returns. In addition, we find that abnormal accruals in the preceding year are also significantly negatively related to subsequent performance. Moreover, this result persists even for returns that are risk-adjusted using the multifactor CAPM of Eckbo, Masulis, and Norli (2000). Thus, it appears that aggressive pre-IPO earnings management both increases IPO proceeds an...
A Framework for Foresighted Resource Reciprocation in P2P Networks

We consider peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, where multiple peers are interested in sharing multimedia content. In such P2P networks, the shared resources are the peers' contributed content and their upload bandwidth. While sharing resources, autonomous and self-interested peers need to make decisions on the amount of their resource reciprocation (i.e., representing their actions) such that their individual utilities are maximized. We model the resource reciprocation among the peers as a stochastic game and show how the peers can determine optimal strategies for resource reciprocation using a Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework. Unlike existing resource reciprocation strategies, which focus on myopic decisions of peers, the optimal strategies determined based on MDP enable the peers to make foresighted decisions about resource reciprocation, such that they can explicitly consider both their immediate as well as future expected utilities. To successfully formulate the MDP framework, we propose a novel algorithm that identifies the state transition probabilities using representative resource reciprocation models of peers. These models express the peers' different attitudes toward resource reciprocation. We analytically investigate how the error between the true and estimated state transition probability impacts each peer's decisions for selecting its actions as well as the resulting utilities. Moreover, we also analytically study how bounded rationality (e.g., limited memory for reciprocation history and the limited number of state descriptions) can impact the interactions among the peers and the resulting resource reciprocation. Simulation results show that the proposed approach based on reciprocation models can effectively cope with a dynamically changing environment such as peers' joining or leaving P2P networks. Moreover, we show that the proposed foresighted decisions lead to the best performance in terms of the cumulative expected utilities.
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy pathway plan of care for the pediatric patient in day surgery

The care of children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) in the day surgery setting can be costly, due in a large part to the length of stay after surgery. A clinical pathway standardizes the length of stay and, therefore, directly controls costs associated with outpatient T&A. A T&A pathway plan of care was developed at one institution to (1) decrease the cost of the procedure, (2) improve parent/patient satisfaction, and (3) maintain or improve the quality of care.
How Different are Young Adults From Older Adults When it Comes to Information Privacy Attitudes & Policies?

Media reports teem with stories of young people posting salacious photos online, writing about alcohol-fueled misdeeds on social networking sites, and publicizing other ill-considered escapades that may haunt them in the future. These anecdotes are interpreted as representing a generation-wide shift in attitude toward information privacy. Many commentators therefore claim that young people “are less concerned with maintaining privacy than older people are.” Surprisingly, though, few empirical investigations have explored the privacy attitudes of young adults. This report is among the first quantitative studies evaluating young adults’ attitudes. It demonstrates that the picture is more nuanced than portrayed in the popular media. In this telephonic (wireline and wireless) survey of internet using Americans (N=1000), we found that large percentages of young adults (those 18-24 years) are in harmony with older Americans regarding concerns about online privacy, norms, and policy suggestions. In several cases, there are no statistically significant differences between young adults and older age categories on these topics. Where there were differences, over half of the young adult-respondents did answer in the direction of older adults. There clearly is social significance in that large numbers of young adults agree with older Americans on issues of information privacy.A gap in privacy knowledge provides one explanation for the apparent license with which the young behave online. 42 percent of young Americans answered all of our five online privacy questions incorrectly. 88 percent answered only two or fewer correctly. The problem is even more pronounced when presented with offline privacy issues – post hoc analysis showed that young Americans were more likely to answer no questions correctly than any other age group.We conclude then that that young-adult Americans have an aspiration for increased privacy even while they participate in an online reality that is optimized to increase their revelation of personal data.
Reconstructing completely overlapped notes from musical mixtures

In mixtures of musical sounds, the problem of overlapped harmonics poses a significant challenge to source separation. Common Amplitude Modulation (CAM) is one of the most effective methods to resolve this problem. It, however, relies on non-overlapped harmonics from the same note being available. We propose an alternate technique for harmonic envelope estimation, based on Harmonic Temporal Envelope Similarity (HTES). We learn a harmonic envelope model for each instrument from the non-overlapped harmonics of notes of the same instrument, wherever they occur in the recording. This model is used to reconstruct the harmonic envelopes for overlapped harmonics. This allows reconstruction of completely overlapped notes. Experiments show our algorithm performs better than an existing system based on CAM when the harmonics of pitched instruments are strongly overlapped.
Spatially-Resolved Hydraulic Conductivity Estimation Via Poroelastic Magnetic Resonance Elastography

Poroelastic magnetic resonance elastography is an imaging technique that could recover mechanical and hydrodynamical material properties of in vivo tissue. To date, mechanical properties have been estimated while hydrodynamical parameters have been assumed homogeneous with literature-based values. Estimating spatially-varying hydraulic conductivity would likely improve model accuracy and provide new image information related to a tissue’s interstitial fluid compartment. A poroelastic model was reformulated to recover hydraulic conductivity with more appropriate fluid-flow boundary conditions. Simulated and physical experiments were conducted to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the inversion algorithm. Simulations were accurate (property errors were $\ll $ 0.001) and eliminated the homogeneity assumption and the need to assign hydraulic conductivity values from literature. Material property contrast was recovered experimentally in three different tofu phantoms and the accuracy was improved through soft-prior regularization. A frequency-dependence in hydraulic conductivity contrast was observed suggesting that fluid-solid interactions may be more prominent at low frequency. In vivo recovery of both structural and hydrodynamical characteristics of tissue could improve detection and diagnosis of neurological disorders such as hydrocephalus and brain tumors.
Structural Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 CRF01_AE Protease in Complex with the Substrate p1-p6

The effect of amino acid variability between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clades on structure and the emergence of resistance mutations in HIV-1 protease has become an area of significant interest in recent years. We determined the first crystal structure of the HIV-1 CRF01_AE protease in complex with the p1-p6 substrate to a resolution of 2.8 A. Hydrogen bonding between the flap hinge and the protease core regions shows significant structural rearrangements in CRF01_AE protease compared to the clade B protease structure.
An alternative derivation of the modified gain function of Song and Speyer

A simpler derivation of the modified gain function for the bearings-only measurement problem as defined by T.L. Song et al. (see ibid vol.AC-30, no.30 (1985)) is presented. The form which results show the relationship between the modified gain and the standard gain. The relationship between the modified gain and the standard gain of an extended Kalman filter is shown. It is confirmed that the modified gain extended Kalman filter performs better than the standard extended Kalman filter. >
Barking up the wrong free: readiness potentials reflect processes independent of conscious will

In the early 1980s, Libet found that a readiness potential (RP) over central scalp locations begins on average several hundred milliseconds before the reported time of awareness of willing to move (W). Haggard and Eimer Exp Brain Res 126(1):128–133, (1999) later found no correlation between the timing of the RP and W, suggesting that the RP does not reflect processes causal of W. However, they did find a positive correlation between the onset of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) and W, suggesting that the LRP might reflect processes causal of W. Here, we report a failure to replicate Haggard and Eimer’s LRP finding with a larger group of participants and several variations of their analytical method. Although we did find a between-subject correlation in just one of 12 related analyses of the LRP, we crucially found no within-subject covariation between LRP onset and W. These results suggest that the RP and LRP reflect processes independent of will and consciousness. This conclusion has significant implications for our understanding of the neural basis of motor action and potentially for arguments about free will and the causal role of consciousness.
Renal Osteodystrophy: Prevention and Management

Renal osteodystrophy is the term used to describe the complex abnormalities of bone that may occur, to variable extents, in many patients with renal disease. The spectrum of disorders of the skeleton in these patients is broad and extends from states of accelerated bone turnover with increased bone resorption due to excessive levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) (osteitis fibrosa) to disorders of bone mineralization (osteomalacia) and other states of decreased bone turnover (adynamic bone). In addition, osteosclerosis, bone cysts, loss of bone mineral, and skeletal fractures may occur. The pathogenesis of these abnormalities has been the subject of intense investigation for the past two decades; the consequences of decreased renal function that give rise to these disorders of bone have been characterized and serve as the basis for a rational approach to the prevention and therapy of the skeletal abnormalities of renal dysfunction.
Targeting social and non-social cognition to improve cognitive remediation outcomes in schizophrenia.

ABSTRACT FROM: Muller DR, Schmidt SJ, Roder V. One-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of Integrated Neurocognitive Therapy for schizophrenia outpatients. Schizophr Bull 2015;41:604–16. Patients with schizophrenia experience broad cognitive impairments in social (eg, perspective-taking) and non-social (eg, processing speed) domains.1 Cognitive remediation is an effective set of treatments for improving cognition in schizophrenia, although most approaches have not simultaneously addressed problems in social and non-social domains, limiting their efficacy.2 Muller and colleagues examined the effects of integrating social cognitive and neurocognitive remediation on cognitive and functional outcomes in schizophrenia. One hundred and fifty-six stabilised outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder without intellectual disability or significant substance use problems were studied in eight university-affiliated clinics throughout Switzerland, Germany and Austria (randomised, single-blind). Integrated Neurocognitive Therapy (INT) was the primary experimental treatment based on an refinement of Integrated Psychological Therapy that uses bi-weekly group and computer-based sessions to target …
Giving Eyesight to the Blind: Towards Attention-Aware AIED

There is an inextricable link between attention and learning, yet AIED systems in 2015 are largely blind to learners’ attentional states. We argue that next-generation AIED systems should have the ability to monitor and dynamically (re)direct attention in order to optimize allocation of sparse attentional resources. We present some initial ideas towards achieving this goal, starting with a 2 × 2 (direction of attention × content of thoughts) organizational framework that encapsulates a range of attentional states including overt inattention, covert inattention, zone outs, tune outs, and focused, alternating, and divided attention. We then sketch out a three component attentional computing architecture consisting of: (1) devices to monitor where attention appears to be directed; (2) mechanisms for real-time attentional state diagnosis; and (3) interventions to dynamically (re)direct attention. We describe two closed-loop attention-aware AIED systems to serve as concrete renditions of these ideas. We conclude by arguing that AIED can achieve the dual goals of advancing basic research on the science of learning while simultaneously developing highly-effective AIED systems by “attending to attention.”
1-D to 2-D optical transformation of a 5-watt diode-laser bar for end-pumping solid-state lasers using binary optics*

Efficient optical pumping requires matching the pump field and laser mode geometries. Since the highest power-conversion efficiency into the TEM00 mode is achieved by end-pumping, the ideal pump beam should be symmetric in shape and have low divergence.1 Most high-power pump sources, however, are one-dimensional and have a high divergence in at least one dimension. Conventional pump-focusing optics are unsuitable for concentrating light from long one-dimensional pump arrays along the laser mode axis and therefore limit the potential for significantly increasing the output power of solid- state lasers. Described herein is a method of converting a long one-dimensional diode-laser array into a two-dimensional light distribution with significantly reduced divergence for power scaling of end-pumped lasers.
Culture and information architecture: a study of American and Arab academic websites

This paper investigates the information architecture (IA) of American and Arab academic websites in light of Hofestede's theory of culture and Marcus's elements of design reflecting culture. Using 60 academic websites from American and Arab cultures, the results show that IA is influenced by the cultural dimension of Power Distance and suggest that web designers and developers should strongly consider cultural factors when making design decisions, particularly those related to IA.
Secure data service outsourcing with untrusted cloud

Outsourcing data services to the cloud is a nature fit for cloud usage. However, increasing security and privacy concerns from both enterprises and individuals on their outsourced data inhibit this trend. In this dissertation, we introduce service-centric solutions to address two types of security threats existing in the current cloud environments: semi-honest cloud providers and malicious cloud customers. Our solution aims not only to provide confidentiality and access controllability of outsourced data with strong cryptographic guarantee, but, more importantly, to fulfill specific security requirements from different cloud services with effective systematic ways. To provide strong cryptographic guarantee to outsourced data, we study the generic security problem caused by semi-honest cloud providers and introduce a novel proxy-based secure data outsourcing scheme. Specifically, our scheme improves the efficiency of traditional proxy reencryption algorithm by integrating symmetric encryption and proxy re-encryption algorithms. With less computation cost on applying re-encryption operation directly on the encrypted data, our scheme allows flexible and efficient user revocation without revealing underlying data and heavy computation in the untrusted cloud. To address specific requirement from different cloud services, we investigate two specific cloud services: cloud-based content delivery service and cloud-based data processing service. For the former one, we focus on preserving cache property in the content delivery network and propose CloudSeal, a scheme for securely and flexibly sharing and distributing content via the public cloud. With the ability of caching the major part of a stored cipher content object in the delivery network for content distribution and keeping the minor part with the data owner for content authorization, CloudSeal achieves security and efficiency both theoretically and experimentally. For the later service, we design and realize CloudSafe, a framework that supports secure and efficient data processing with minimum key leakage in the vulnerable cloud virtualization environment. Through the adoption of one-time cryptographic key strategy and a centralized key management framework, CloudSafe efficiently avoids cross-VM side channel attack from malicious cloud customers in the cloud. Our experimental results confirm the practicality and scalability of CloudSafe.
Survey of 2014 Behavioral Management Programs for Laboratory Primates in the United States

The behavioral management of laboratory nonhuman primates in the United States has not been thoroughly characterized since 2003. This article presents the results of a survey behavioral management programs at 27 facilities and covering a total of 59,636 primates, 27,916 housed in indoor cages and 31,720 in group enclosures. The survey included questions regarding program structure, implementation, and methodology associated with social housing, positive reinforcement training, positive human interaction, exercise enclosures, and several categories of inanimate enrichment. The vast majority of laboratory primates are housed socially (83%). Since 2003, the proportion of indoor-housed primates reported to be housed singly has fallen considerably, from 59% to 35% in the facilities surveyed. The use of social housing remains significantly constrained by: 1) research protocol requirements, highlighting the value of closely involved IACUCs for harmonizing research and behavioral management; and 2) the unavailability of compatible social partners, underscoring the necessity of objective analysis of the methods used to foster and maintain compatibility. Positive reinforcement training appears to have expanded and is now used at all facilities responding to the survey. The use of enrichment devices has also increased in the participating facilities. For most behavioral management techniques, concerns over the possibility of negative consequences to animals are expressed most frequently for social housing and destructible enrichment, while skepticism regarding efficacy is limited almost exclusively to sensory enrichment. Behavioral management program staffing has expanded over time in the facilities surveyed, due not only to increased numbers of dedicated behavioral management technicians but also to greater involvement of animal care technicians, suggesting an increase in the integration of behavioral care into animal husbandry. Broad awareness of common practice may assist facilities with program evaluation and assessment of progress in the field can generate recommendations for continuing the advancement of primate behavioral management programs. Am. J. Primatol. 78:780-796, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Refuse Reclamation and Recycle

Various aspects of refuse recycle and reclamation were defined and evaluated. Current recycling practices were evaluated, and the use of metal and paper salvage were chosen as most feasible. Fixed and variable costs for six components of a hypothetical solid waste disposal and recycling system were developed from available data. These components are: sorting, baling, size reduction, magnetic separation, transfer, and sanitary landfill. Component cost varied as a function of refuse handling capacity and percent of refuse recycled. All costs were converted to a common base of dollars per ton of refuse produced by dividing total cost of each process by the total tons of refuse produced daily in the area served. The six components were assembled into five different configurations ranging in complexity from a two-component transfer and landfill system with no recycling capability from a two-component transfer and landfill system with no recycling capability to a 6-component system with up to 50% recycle capability. The configurations are compared in terms of flexibility, cost, and economical operating range.
On the Facilitating Actions of Service Sociology

In 1906, at the height of the Progressive era, Lester F. Ward asserted that the mission of applied sociology was the intentional improvement of social conditions. Over a century later, applied soci...
Urinary stones in Eastern Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: Nephrolithiasis is a common problem worldwide especially in areas of the hot climate like Saudi Arabia. The aim of this analysis was to study the characteristics of urinary stones in Eastern Saudi Arabia and to report the following: Composition of urinary stones, age and gender distribution, seasonal variation of stone development, comorbid conditions associated with stone development and the incidence of urinary stones. Methods: All urinary stones that were submitted to the Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, previously Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization for analysis from January 2011 through January 2013 were analyzed. Results: A total of 384 urinary stones were collected and submitted for analysis from 347 patients. There was a male predominance with a male: female ratio of 3.9:1. The average age was 48.5 ± 12.8 years. Weight abnormality was predominant in both genders, and especially females. Calcium-based stones constituted the great majority (84.6%) followed by uric acid stones (12.8%). The other forms of stones were rare. More stones were recovered during the hot season, May to September. The calculated annual incidence of urolithiasis was 111/100,000 individuals. Conclusion: Calcium based stones are the most common urinary stones observed in Eastern Saudi Arabia. There is a clear association between the diagnosis of urinary stones and the hot season
Ras stimulates DNA topoisomerase IIα through MEK: A link between oncogenic signaling and a therapeutic target

Topoisomerase II alpha (topo II alpha) is a major target of antitumor treatments. In an effort to determine why this protein might be a better target in tumor cells than in normal cells, we attempted to determine if the altered proliferative signaling in a tumor cell might effect the levels of expression of the topo II alpha gene. In support of this idea, it was found that topo II alpha was elevated following microinjection of oncogenic Ras protein. Oncogenic ras was further shown to stimulate the topo II alpha promoter. Stimulation by ras was independent of the normal cell cycle regulation of this promoter. Transactivation of topo II alpha by ras required both the MEK/ERK pathway, and the stress-associated protein kinase (SAPK) signaling pathway. As a direct confirmation that both ERK and SAPK were involved in topo II alpha regulation, a constitutively active MEKK that stimulates these two kinases simultaneously was shown to strongly induce topo II alpha promoter activity. Activation of either pathway alone, on the other hand, only slightly stimulated the topo II alpha promoter. Deletion analyses showed that elements near both the 5' and 3' ends of the promoter were responsible for the ras stimulation. Site-directed mutagenesis further demonstrated that an Ets-like binding site near the 5' end (-480 to -475) was one of the responsive elements. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the direct role of Ras signaling in stimulation of topo II alpha expression, and thereby establish a link between the action of a common tumor mutation and the target of multiple anti-tumor reagents.
The Neuroeconomics of Financial Decisions and the Stochastic Discount Factor

This essay argues that neuroeconomic research on financial decisions should attempt to focus on standard models that relate to the behavior being studied. It particular, it argues that a key organizing concept for such research should be the stochastic discount factor. Focusing on such models will help to focus the research as well as suggest profitable extensions of the research. The improved models will help us to better understand and craft legal rules and institutions.
The GP and glaucoma.

The warnings against the use of certain drugs in patients with glaucoma are only one of the reasons why knowledge of this disease (which is actually many diseases) is important. Glaucoma has become a matter of public health concern. Inclusion of tonometric testing in multiphasic health screening portends an ever wider use of this simple means of discovering one of the major diseases of man.
High fat diet and stem cells: Linking diet to intestinal tumor formation

In recent years, diet has been increasingly recognized as a significant modifiable risk factor for cancer initiation and progression in multiple organ systems.1 The pathophysiological effects of di...
Research on Standardized Naming for Distribution Automation PON Network Project

Based on the real situation of distribution automation PON network project and in-depth understanding of "State Grid Corporation of China power communication network resource naming standard", this paper summarizes a set of standardized naming and marking methods for power communication resources. The paper also introduces some practical experience about standardized naming and marking of power communication resources in the field of distribution automation PON network project. It can provide reference to the upcoming large-scale construction of distribution automation project.
Providers’ response to child eating behaviors: A direct observation study

Abstract Child care providers play an important role in feeding young children, yet little is known about children’s influence on providers’ feeding practices. This qualitative study examines provider and child (18 months −4 years) feeding interactions. Trained data collectors observed 200 eating occasions in 48 family child care homes and recorded providers’ responses to children’s meal and snack time behaviors. Child behaviors initiating provider feeding practices were identified and practices were coded according to higher order constructs identified in a recent feeding practices content map. Analysis examined the most common feeding practices providers used to respond to each child behavior. Providers were predominately female (100%), African-American (75%), and obese (77%) and a third of children were overweight/obese (33%). Commonly observed child behaviors were: verbal and non-verbal refusals, verbal and non-verbal acceptance, being “all done”, attempts for praise/attention, and asking for seconds. Children’s acceptance of food elicited more autonomy supportive practices vs. coercive controlling. Requests for seconds was the most common behavior, resulting in coercive controlling practices (e.g., insisting child eat certain food or clean plate). Future interventions should train providers on responding to children’s behaviors and helping children become more aware of internal satiety and hunger cues.
Outcome and Immune Reconstitution Following T Cell Depleted Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Transplantation Using Matched Donors.

Abstract To minimize toxicity and monitor immune recovery without interference of long term use of immunosuppressive agents, we have investigated T-cell depleted, nonmyeloablative allogeneic therapy using matched family member donors. Methods: Seventy five patients who were not candidates for ablative therapy due to age or comorbid diseases received fludarabine 30mg/sq m and cyclophosphamide 500mg/sq m IV qd x 4 with alemtuzumab 20mg IV qd x 5 followed by stem cell infusion. No other post transplant immunomodulation was provided. Results: Patient diagnoses included lymphoma/myeloma (20), leukemias/MDS (30), myelofibrosis/aplasia (7) and metastatic solid tumours (18). The median age was 50 (range 18–17) with a median follow up of 18 months. The median CD34+ cell dose collected was 13.4 x 106/kg. Engraftment occurred in 100% of patients with a median of 97% donor cells responsible for patient hematopoiesis by 3 months. Forty six also had a DLI (range 106–108 CD3+ cells/kg). Overall, Grade III–IV acute GVHD occurred in only 5/75 (7%) and 18 (29%) had grade II–IV. Four patients developed chronic GVHD. The transplant regimen was well tolerated with 4% 100 day treatment related mortality. In those with hematologic malignancies, only 7% started in remission, though 45 (60%) attained a CR. The most common cause of death in this group was progressive disease (28%), followed by infections (5%), and GVHD (5%). A subgroup of 21 of these older, more infirm patients who had high risk AML in 1–2nd CR or PR or ≥2 chronic stable phase CML, partially responding lymphoma, or severe myelofibrosis have been followed for at least 1 year. At 1 year, 13/21 (62%) remain alive and in continuing remission. Phenotypic analysis of lymphocyte subsets (measured by flow) revealed recovery at 6 months. Download : Download high-res image (110KB) Download : Download full-size image T cell VBeta family recovery (spectratype analysis using PCR) revealed robust recovery by 6 months as well (first figure pre and second is 6 months post transplant), despite T depletion. Download : Download high-res image (93KB) Download : Download full-size image TRECs analysis reveals little, if any, recovery in these patients for at least 12–18 months. Conclusions: Nonablative allogeneic transplantation using alemtuzumab for T cell depletion results in reliable engraftment with little acute GVHD or TRM. Immune recovery assays reveal that despite T cell purging, T cell subset and VBeta families have significant recovery by 6 months and TRECS results show the recovery is primarily from peripheral expansion of transplanted donor cells, not education of new T cells. These data possibly reflect the advantage of low dose donor lymphocyte boosts without planned long term use of immunosuppressive agents. The future challenge will to be to develop strategies to further improve immune recovery in this setting.
Acute lysyl oxidase inhibition alters microvascular function in normotensive but not hypertensive men and women

Matrix-bound lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX-like 2 expression are upregulated in the microvasculature of hypertensive men and women. Microvascular responsiveness to exogenous stimuli is altered with l...
General Purpose Technologies, Specialization, and Output Growth

This paper introduces an economically meaningful concept of generality of an input and defines a coefficient of technological generality, an intuitive measure of congruence in the R&D required for improving the quality of various adaptations of a general purpose input. It is shown in a monopolistic competition model with heterogeneous firms that if the proposed coefficient is less than zero, then firms would prefer to outsource the R&D and production of the input to a specialized supplier in the long run, and specialization will lead to faster output growth. If coefficient is greater than zero, output growth is slower under specialization and specialization cannot be a long run equilibrium. Further, if the coefficient is zero then whether or not specialization occurs is governed by considerations that have been put forward in existing models, and specialization has no impact on the rate of output growth.
CUILESS2016: a clinical corpus applying compositional normalization of text mentions.

Traditionally text mention normalization corpora have normalized concepts to single ontology identifiers (“pre-coordinated concepts”). Less frequently, normalization corpora have used concepts with multiple identifiers (“post-coordinated concepts”) but the additional identifiers have been restricted to a defined set of relationships to the core concept. This approach limits the ability of the normalization process to express semantic meaning. We generated a freely available corpus using post-coordinated concepts without a defined set of relationships that we term “compositional concepts” to evaluate their use in clinical text. We annotated 5397 disorder mentions from the ShARe corpus to SNOMED CT that were previously normalized as “CUI-less” in the “SemEval-2015 Task 14” shared task because they lacked a pre-coordinated mapping. Unlike the previous normalization method, we do not restrict concept mappings to a particular set of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) semantic types and allow normalization to occur to multiple UMLS Concept Unique Identifiers (CUIs). We computed annotator agreement and assessed semantic coverage with this method. We generated the largest clinical text normalization corpus to date with mappings to multiple identifiers and made it freely available. All but 8 of the 5397 disorder mentions were normalized using this methodology. Annotator agreement ranged from 52.4% using the strictest metric (exact matching) to 78.2% using a hierarchical agreement that measures the overlap of shared ancestral nodes. Our results provide evidence that compositional concepts can increase semantic coverage in clinical text. To our knowledge we provide the first freely available corpus of compositional concept annotation in clinical text.
The HeART of Listening

Dr. Eric DeMeulenaere is Associate Professor of Education at Clark University in Worcester, MA. When he received the Ernest A. Lynton Award for the Scholarship of Engagement in 2015, he was an Assistant Professor coming up for promotion and tenure. He received the Lynton award because his scholarly work exemplifies deep collaboration with community partners across the faculty roles of teaching, research, and service. That reciprocity and valuing of the knowledge assets in the community comes across strongly in this essay. His essay is fundamentally about engagement that disrupts the dominant epistemology of the academy, which narrowly constrains ways of knowing and passes for legitimate knowledge. Much of this essay reflects the keynote address that Eric gave at the Lynton Colloquium at the University of Massachusetts, Boston in September of 2015. He received the Lynton Award at the annual meeting of the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities in Omaha, Nebraska the following month. Scholars like Eric, and all Lynton Award recipients, need supportive institutional environments of campuses—like those of CUMU—that redefine excellence through demonstrated engagement with and positive impact across their local cities and communities, valuing and nurturing their epistemic orientations and those of their students. —John Saltmarsh, University of Massachusetts, Boston.
Addiction: A philosophical perspective, by Candice L. Shelby, London, Palgrave MacMillan, 2016, 207 pp., $109.99 (hbk), ISBN: 9781137552846

This book argues that there is a false dichotomy between the disease model and the choice model of addiction, which the author believes extends from the metaphysics informing the two views: respect...
The D L P Algorithm

The D L P algorithm applies dantzig-Wolfe decomposition to the equivalent linear program (7.10) of the previous chapter, and exploits substantial simplifications that arise from the special structure in this linear program, in particular, from the network specification of the decision alternatives. It circumvents having to generate all decision alternatives (paths in the networks) explicitly, working instead directly on the D L P networks and extracting paths as needed. We emphasize again that the quivalent linear program (7.10) is not generated explicitly.
Tracking the Performance Evolution of Blue Gene Systems

IBM’s Blue Gene supercomputer has evolved through three generations from the original Blue Gene/L to P to Q. A higher level of integration has enabled greater single-core performance, and a larger concurrency per compute node. Although these changes have brought with them a higher overall system peak-performance, no study has examined in detail the evolution of performance across system generations. In this work we make two significant contributions – that of providing a comparative performance analysis across Blue Gene generations using a consistent set of tests, and also in providing a validated performance model of the NEK-Bone proxy application. The combination of empirical analysis and the predictive performance model enable us to not only directly compare measured performance but also allow for a comparison of system configurations that cannot currently be measured. We provide insights into how the changing characteristics of Blue Gene have impacted on the application performance, as well as what future systems may be able to achieve.
Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD): a meta-analysis.

Psychological debriefings represent a genre of group crisis interventions. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) represents the oldest standardized variation of this genre. Recent reviews have called into question the effectiveness of CISD. In this study 5 previously published investigations were meta-analyzed revealing a large effect size (Cohen's d = .86) supporting the notion that the CISD model of psychological debriefing is an effective crisis intervention.
Tracer Theory and 13C NMR

The in vivo 13C NMR technique opens up a rich new landscape for metabolic research, providing the ability to detect the flow of label in real time from one metabolite pool to the next in living tissue. However, the abundance of data that is gleaned from these experiments yields up useful results only in via the process of mathematical modeling. The use of tracer kinetics in biological systems has a rich history dating back at least fifty years, and the body of theory expands as each new tracer, detection methodology, or biological system requires a new collection of models tailored to particular strengths and limitations. With 13C NMR, we have been able to monitor multiple intracellular compounds in time, allowing the use of far more detailed and complex models than ever before (Chance et al., 1983). The challenge presented to the investigator now is to use the particular strengths of 13C NMR, those of in situ, time-dependent, and compound-specific detection, to investigate those aspects of biological systems that have constituted the black boxes of assumptions made for other tracer methodologies.
Performance and Scope of Perturbative Corrections to Random-Phase Approximation Energies

It has been suspected since the early days of the random-phase approximation (RPA) that corrections to RPA correlation energies result mostly from short-range correlation effects and are thus amenable to perturbation theory. Here we test this hypothesis by analyzing formal and numerical results for the most common beyond-RPA perturbative corrections, including the bare second-order exchange (SOX), second-order screened exchange (SOSEX), and approximate exchange kernel (AXK) methods. Our analysis is facilitated by efficient and robust algorithms based on the resolution-of-the-identity (RI) approximation and numerical frequency integration, which enable benchmark beyond-RPA calculations on medium- and large-size molecules with size-independent accuracy. The AXK method systematically improves upon RPA, SOX, and SOSEX for reaction barrier heights, reaction energies, and noncovalent interaction energies of main-group compounds. The improved accuracy of AXK compared with SOX and SOSEX is attributed to stronger screening of bare SOX in AXK. For reactions involving transition-metal compounds, particularly 3d transition-metal dimers, the AXK correction is too small and can even have the wrong sign. These observations are rationalized by a measure α of the effective coupling strength for beyond-RPA correlation. When the effective coupling strength increases beyond a critical α value of approximately 0.5, the RPA errors increase rapidly and perturbative corrections become unreliable. Thus, perturbation theory can systematically correct RPA but only for systems and properties qualitatively well captured by RPA, as indicated by small α values.