cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical Estimates of Total Taxable Resources for U.S. States, 1981–2000

Analysts have historically relied on slate personal income (SPI) as the benchmark for comparing state spending on public goods and services and levels of state taxes. This occurs despite the widely acknowledged shortcomings of using SPI as a measure of fiscal capacity, a state's ability to raise revenues from its own sources. The U.S. Department of the Treasury has developed a more comprehensive measure of fiscal capacity, Total Taxable Resources (TTR). Treasury has generated official estimates of TTR since 1992 and has used two distinct methodologies to do so. The lack of a time series using a single methodology and current estimates of income and production in the United States represents a significant barrier to the widespread use of TTR for analytical purposes. This research note generates a time series (1981-2000) using Treasury's current methodology for estimating TTR and the latest estimates for income andproduction in the United States. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Effects of Assertive Training and Cognitive Components of Rational Therapy on Assertive Behaviors and Interpersonal Anxiety

The present analogue study investigated the relative efficacy of three treatment conditions (cognitive components of rational therapy, assertive training, and a combined treatment) and two controls (attention and no-contact) on the production of assertive behavior and the reduction of interpersonal anxiety among 51 college students. When compared to the attention control and no-contact control, the results provide partial support for the efficacy of all three treatments in promoting assertion and reducing interpersonal anxiety. The combined treatment was no more effective than assertive training or cognitive rational therapy administered independently. Difficulties in achieving significance because of large within-cell variances were noted.
Dolastatins. 26. Synthesis and stereochemistry of dolastatin 11

The first synthesis of dolastatin 11, a potent antineoplastic agent from the sea hare Dolabella auricularia, confirmed the proposed structure and established the last configuration in this natural ...
Insulator Edge Voltage Gradient Effects in Spacecraft Charging Phenomena

Insulating surfaces on geosynchronous satellites have been charged by geomagnetic substorms to a point where discharges occur. The electromagnetic pulses from these discharges couple into satellite electronic systems disrupting operations. Laboratory tests conducted on insulator charging have indicated that discharges appear to be initiated at insulator edges where voltage gradients can exist. An experimental investigation has been conducted to measure edge voltage gradients on silvered Teflon samples as they are charged by monoenergetic electron beams. It has been found that the surface voltage at insulator edges can be approximated by an exponential expression based on an electron current density balance. Using this expression at known breakdown conditions results in a discharge voltage gradient down the insulator edge to ground of about 1.5×105 V/cm. Seams between insulation strips and imperfections in insulation can intensify voltage gradients and contribute to discharges. It appears that such discharges can occur on satellite surfaces in space.
Effects of JDTic, a selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist, on the development and expression of physical dependence on morphine using a rat continuous-infusion model.

Abstract JDTic, (3R)-7-hydroxy-N-{(1S)-1-{[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl}-2-methylpropyl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinoline-carboxamide, is a potent and selective κ - opioid antagonist with a very long duration of action [Carroll, F.I., Thomas, J.B., Dykstra, L.A., Granger, A.L., Allen, R.M., Howard, J.L., Pollard, G.T., Aceto, M.D., Harris, L.S., 2004. Pharmacological properties of JDTic: A novel k-opioid receptor antagonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 501, 111–119.]. When given 24 h prior to a continuous 4-day infusion of morphine sulfate in rats, JDTic did not prevent the stereotypy that developed during the infusion of morphine. It had no effect on the dramatic loss of body weight associated with the abrupt withdrawal of morphine. However, it decreased the number of important withdrawal signs designated wet-dog shakes and facial rubs. These data suggest that JDTic may find some application in the treatment of opiate abuse.
Headspace sorptive extraction and GC-TOFMS for the identification of volatile fungal metabolites

Volatiles from fungi cultivated in Petri dishes were collected by a simple headspace polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sorptive extraction technique (HSSE), thermally desorbed into a gas chromatographic capillary column and detected and identified by gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The method was used to compare metabolite profiles of seven species of fungi grown on two types of sterile agars - potato dextrose and Sabouraud dextrose. Three species from the genus Penicillium (P. italicum, P. camemberti, and P. roqueforti) and four outgroups, each from a different phylum (Saprolegnia sp.; Sordaria fimicola, wild-type; Coprinus cinereus; and Rhizopus stolonifer) were grown on the two types of agars and analyzed. Multivariate analysis (PCA) was used to determine whether separate classes of fungi can be distinguished from one another based on their metabolite profiles. PCA showed clear class separation between the three Penicillium samples and the outgroups. Slight differences were observed in metabolite profiles as a function of growth medium. HSSE/GC-TOFMS appears to be a relatively simple and accurate technique for classification of fungi based on their volatile metabolite profiles. The volatiles sampling technique reported here is non-destructive, so it can be applied with traditional methods for studying fungal growth and metabolism.
Experiments and calculations of cnoidal wave loads on a flat plate in shallow-water

Horizontal and vertical wave forces due to the interaction of cnoidal waves with a two-dimensional, horizontal flat plate located in shallow-water are studied through laboratory experiments and calculations. The experiments are conducted for a combination of two water depths, five wavelengths and four wave heights, corresponding to the propagation of nonlinear waves in shallow-water depth. The model is located at six different elevations and submergence depths such that all possible cases of a coastal bridge deck fully above the still-water level, a deck on the surface and a fully submerged deck are considered in the study. Calculations are performed for the same cases as in the laboratory experiments and include the results of a nonlinear shallow-water wave model based on the Level I Green–Naghdi equations for the fully submerged cases, and Euler’s equations coupled with the Volume of Fluid interface tracking method for one submerged case, one elevated case, and one case at the water surface. Comparison of existing theoretical solutions are also provided, including the Long-Wave Approximation based on linear potential theory for the submerged cases, and empirical relations for the elevated cases. The set of data presented here provides an insight into storm wave loads on the decks of coastal bridges, jetties and piers located in shallow-water areas.
Encephalomyocarditis viral valvulitis in new-born mouse

Un cristal du virus EMC fut trouve dans le fibroblaste valvulaire d'une souris atteinte de la maladie provoquee par ce virus. La description de ce cristal et des changements pathologiques correlatifs survenus dans le tissu valvulaire ont etablis que ce virus est au moins capable d'envahir des valvules du cœur et de produire la maladie valvulaire.
Structural expression of oblique seafloor spreading in the Macquarie Island ophiolite, Southern Ocean

The Macquarie Island ophiolite is an uplifted block of oceanic crust formed at the Australia-Pacific spreading center between 12 and 9 Ma. The sense of motion and geological processes across this plate boundary reflect an evolution from orthogonal spreading through progressively more oblique spreading to the present-day transpressional regime. The crust that makes up the island was formed during an interval of oblique spreading along east-trending spreading segments punctuated by a series of northwest-trending discontinuities. The discontinuities are accommodation zones marked by oblique-slip dextral-normal faults, localized dikes and lava flows, and extensive hydrothermal alteration, indicating that these zones were active near the spreading axis. These features provide a window into the internal structure of oceanic crust generated by oblique spreading.
Present and Past Vegetation of the Chuska Mountains, Northwestern New Mexico

The Chuska Mountains, with an elevation of 2,700 m above sea level, are covered with a forest of ponderosa pine punctuated by openings around small lakes. Spruce, fir, Douglas-fir, and aspen are found on the north-facing slopes of canyons. At lower elevations on the mountain flanks, Gambel oak accompanies the ponderosa, and this altitudinal belt gives way below to a woodland or savanna of pinyon pine and juniper, with sagebrush between the trees. The San Juan Basin east of the mountains is dominated by shrub steppe, with various chenopods and composites. Plots of herbs and shrubs in the various forest belts show an equally clear altitudinal gradient in occurrence and abundance. The vegetation history is worked out by pollen analysis of sediments of four lakes from the mountain crest. An 11-m core from Dead Man Lake gives the longest record, representing perhaps the last 50,000 yrs. Pollen zone 1, of Holocene age, is only a few decimeters thick. It is dominated by pine pollen, derived from vegetation similar to today9s for the area. Pollen zones 2 to 5 are dominated by Artemisia pollen and further characterized by spruce as well as pine pollen. Separation of pine pollen types on the basis of size and shape indicates the past presence of Pinus flexilis (limber pine) in the area, even though this tree is not present there today. This assemblage is interpreted as a record of alpine vegetation of Pleistocene age, with the tree pollen having been blown up to the crest from below. The upper forest limit is believed to have been lowered about 900 m for zones 2 and 4, and even more for zones 3 and 5, so that the upper parts of the mountain flanks were covered with spruce/fir forest. Successively lower forest belts were not depressed so much, however: ponderosa pine did not reach the base of the mountains but was restricted to the lower flanks, and pinyon pine and Artemisia spread across the San Juan Basin. This telescoping of altitudinal belts implies a climatic gradient steeper than that of today.
Grafted Hydrophilic Polymers As Optical Sensor Substrates

A prototype fiber optic oxygen sensor was fabricated by grafting poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA), containing the oxygen quenchable fluorescent dye, 9,10-diphenylanthracene (9,10-D), to a glass fiber. The PHEMA-glass fiber graft was optimized to maximize stability in hydrolytic environments. The fluorescence of the dye was quenched 20% when the sensor went from an oxygen-free to an oxygen-saturated environment. Transient response times of the sensor were reduced when the PHEMA graft thickness was reduced. Modeling of the transient data gave a diffusion coefficient of oxygen in PHEMA of 2.15 x 10-6 cm2/sec. Glucose oxidase (GOO) was incorporated into PHEMA for the ultimate purpose of converting the fiber optic oxygen sensor into a glucose sensor. Immobilization of glucose oxidase was accomplished through a physical entrapment in the PHEMA matrix. Immobilization parameters such as thickness of the polymer layer, enzyme loading, and polymerization conditions were adjusted to give adequate sensitivity in the desired range of glucose concentrations. Immobilized GOx activity was measured over a wide range of enzyme loadings and glucose concentrations. The feasibility of using PHEMA containing 9,10-D and GOx as a material sensitive to physiological levels of glucose was demonstrated.
Double balloon mitral valvuloplasty through dual femoral vein punctures and a single atrial septal puncture.

A modification of a previously described double balloon mitral valvuloplasty procedure is described. This involves dual femoral vein punctures with a single atrial septal puncture. After initial transseptal catheterization and predilatation of the interatrial septum with an 8-mm balloon, a second catheter is advanced through the resulting atrial septal defect allowing access to the left atrium and left ventricle through the mitral valve via two separate femoral vein puncture sites. In comparison with the previously described technique using two balloon catheters inserted through a single femoral vein puncture site, this modification has reduced the amount of bleeding from the femoral vein and the need for transfusion. Furthermore, the potential for subsequent interatrial shunting is less than with the alternative previously described technique utilizing two femoral vein punctures with two separate punctures in the interatrial septum. In utilizing two separate femoral vein punctures with only one atrial septal puncture this technique combines advantages of the two previously described techniques. (J Interven Cardiol 1993; 6:219–222)
Thin layer and column chromatographic group separations of steroids as trimethylsilyl ethers. Isolation for GLC analysis of pregnanediol and estriol in pregnancy urine.

Abstract Trimethylsilyl ethers of steroids may be separated by thin-layer and column chromatographic methods. They are suitable derivatives for the group separation of hydroxysteroids from hydroxyketosteroids prior to gas chromatographic analysis. Group separations of two model steroid mixtures are described. An application of the method has been made to the simultaneous analytical separation of estriol and pregnanediol in human pregnancy urine; the determination of these two steroids is often of interest in pregnancy studies.
Effects of exogenous cytokines on the ethanol-mediated suppression of murine thymocyte proliferation

Although attempts have been made to assess the effect of ethanol on murine thymocyte proliferation, the mechanism which accounts for the immunosuppressive effect of ethanol on the thymocyte proliferation has not been elucidated. Thus, a mouse model was used to determine (1) whether there is a similarity in the effect of ethanol exposure in vitro and in vivo on the proliferative response of thymocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), (2) whether ethanol exposure affects the responsiveness of thymocytes to exogenous interleukin (IL)-I and IL-2, and (3) whether ethanol affects IL-1 production by peritoneal macrophages. We found that the proliferative response of thymocytes from mice fed on an ethanol-containing diet was significantly inhibited (P 0.05). Ethanol at higher concentrations (25–100 mM) significantly suppressed the mitogenic response of thymocytes to PHA (P<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Our data also revealed that (1) ethanol did not significantly suppress IL-I secretion by adherent macrophages stimulated by LPS, and (2) the addition of exogenous IL-I was insufficient to restore full responsiveness in thymocytes from ethanol-fed mice. Taken together, these results suggest that the suppressive effect of ethanol on thymocyte proliferation is not mediated by insufficient IL-1. Finally, we present novel evidence that addition of exogenous IL-2 completely restores the impaired proliferative response of thymocytes from ethanol-fed mice to control levels. In summary, our results demonstrate that ethanol inhibits thymocyte proliferation in response to PHA, and that the inhibition is not due to insufficient IL-1. We also report that addition of exogenous IL-2 is sufficient to restore full proliferative capacity to thymocytes from ethanol-fed mice.
Chord Error Closed-Loop Controlled NURBS Interpolator and Trajectory Planning

Focusing on the problem of NURBS curve interpolation in high speed manufacture, a new trajectory planning algorithm, which is suitable for chord error closed loop controlled interpolator is proposed. This tragjectory can determine accelerating, decelerating or maintenance last velocity in the next period via judging the braking distance. By the way of testing different calculating time under different CPU core, the real-time characteristic is validated. The simulation shows that chord error closed loop interpolator can automatically adjust the velocity to satisfying the precision demand, through calculating the curvature. In addition, it can assure that the maximal velocity and the acceleration were equal to the referenced parameters and machine runs with the dynamic characteristic of operator set completely.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the structure of silane coupling agent on E-glass fiber

Abstract Infrared spectra of silane coupling agents deposited on E-glass fiber were obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). A spectral subtraction technique resolved all vibrational modes of the coupling agent deposited from various concentrations of treating solutions. The amount of vinyl functional coupling agent was determined by measuring the integrated peak intensities of the organic functional group. It revealed that the thickness of the coupling agent layer on the glass fiber depended on the concentrations of the treating solution. The rates of condensation reaction of polysiloxanol with and without glass fiber were followed. The coupling agent on the glass fiber reacted much faster than without glass at room temperature. It was concluded that the coupling agent molecules near the glass fiber surface have some order and can easily participate in the condensation reaction. The carbonyl group of a methacryl functional silane hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl groups. The methacryl functional silane on the glass fiber showed less hydrogen bonded groups than the precipitated polysiloxanol suggesting a mechanism of predominant head-to-head adsorption.
Multi-scale modeling for the transmission of influenza and the evaluation of interventions toward it

Mathematical modeling of influenza epidemic is important for analyzing the main cause of the epidemic and finding effective interventions towards it. The epidemic is a dynamic process. In this process, daily infections are caused by people's contacts, and the frequency of contacts can be mainly influenced by their cognition to the disease. The cognition is in turn influenced by daily illness attack rate, climate, and other environment factors. Few existing methods considered the dynamic process in their models. Therefore, their prediction results can hardly be explained by the mechanisms of epidemic spreading. In this paper, we developed a heterogeneous graph modeling approach (HGM) to describe the dynamic process of influenza virus transmission by taking advantage of our unique clinical data. We built social network of studied region and embedded an Agent-Based Model (ABM) in the HGM to describe the dynamic change of an epidemic. Our simulations have a good agreement with clinical data. Parameter sensitivity analysis showed that temperature influences the dynamic of epidemic significantly and system behavior analysis showed social network degree is a critical factor determining the size of an epidemic. Finally, multiple scenarios for vaccination and school closure strategies were simulated and their performance was analyzed.
Structure and Chemistry in Halide Lead–Tellurite Glasses

A series of TeO2–PbO glasses were fabricated with increasing fractions of mixed alkali, alkaline earth, and lanthanide chlorides. The glass and crystal structure was studied with Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. As the chloride fraction increased, the medium-range order in the glass decreased up to a critical point (∼14 mass% of mixed chlorides), above which the glasses became phase-separated. Resulting phases were a TeO2/PbO-rich phase and a crystalline phase rich in alkali chlorides. Contrary to previous studies, the 125Te NMR indicates that the Te site distribution did not change with increased concentrations of M+, M2+, and M3+ cations, but rather is controlled by the Te/Pb molar ratio. The 207Pb NMR shows that two Pb species exist and their relative concentration changes monotonically with the addition of mixed chlorides, indicating that the additives to the TeO2–PbO glass are accommodated by changing the Pb species. The 23Na and 35Cl N...
Human Pulp Capping with Isobutyl Cyanoacrylate

In this histological study, 19 human teeth were mechanically exposed and the pulps were capped with isobutyl cyanoacrylate. It was shown that this chemical adhesive produces immediate hemostasis and permits the repair of the injured pulp.
Relationship between structure of optic nerve/nerve fiber layer and functional measurements in glaucoma.

Purpose of reviewGlaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by structural changes of the optic nerve and retina that are associated with the development of visual functional defects. The temporal relation between structural signs of the disease with psychophysical measures such as visu
Computational Complexity of One-Tape Turing Machine Computations

The quantitative aspects of one-tape Turing machine computations are considered. It is shown, for instance, that there exists a sharp time bound which must be reached for the recognition of nonregular sets of sequences. It is shown that the computation time can be used to characterize the complexity of recursive sets of sequences, and several results are obtained about this classification. These results are then applied to the recognition speed of context-free languages and it is shown, among other things, that it is recursively undecidable how much time is required to recognize a nonregular context-free language on a one-tape Turing machine. Several unsolved problems are discussed.
Cannibalism and Predation on Black Bears by Grizzly Bears in the Yellowstone Ecosystem, 1975–1990

We documented one instance of an adult male grizzly bear preying upon a black bear and four instances where circumstantial evidence suggested that grizzly bears (two cubs-of-the-year, one yearling female that was injured, and one adult male) had been preyed upon by conspecifics. We also examined feces of grizzly bears for bear remains. Remains of bears tended to be more common in spring feces and did not differ in frequency between early and late years of the study. Our observations generally support existing hypotheses concerning cannibalism among bears.
Experimental measurement of the dispersion relations of the surface plasmon modes of metal nanoparticle chains

The dispersion relations of the surface plasmon modes of metal nanoparticle chains are measured, and compared with theory. The theoretical model includes the effects of retardation, radiative damping and dynamic depolarization due to the finite size of the nanoparticles. The results reveal that, in addition to one longitudinal and one transverse mode, there is a third mode, which has not been previously reported.
Families discovering asthma in their high-risk infants and toddlers with severe persistent disease.

Interpretive phenomenology was used to discover the earliest experiences of families of children younger than 4 years hospitalized for severe persistent asthma. The children who were African American or Latino and living in poverty were at highest risk of morbidity and mortality. Three families with distinctly varied responses to early symptoms were chosen from an investigation of 11 families for this study. Each gave three home interviews and participated in home observations. All families experienced life-changing responses to their children's distressed breathing. All had experienced asthma in themselves or others that shaped their beliefs and management patterns. Family experiences prior to and following diagnosis are discussed. Findings suggest that understanding these experiences and respecting families' earliest responses will help clarify established family management patterns for severe asthma in infants and toddlers and will enhance the ability of providers to guide the care of these families an...
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES ON PERMEABILITY OF LIVING CELLS TO WATER

1. Permeability to water in unfertilized eggs of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, is found to be greater in hypotonic solutions of dextrose, saccharose and glycocoll than in sea water of the same osmotic pressure. 2. The addition to dextrose solution of small amounts of CaCl2 or MgCl2 restores the permeability approximately to the value obtained in sea water. 3. This effect of CaCl2 and MgCl2 is antagonized by the further addition of NaCl or KCl. 4. It is concluded that the NaCl and KCl tend to increase the permeability of the cell to water, CaCl2 and MgCl2 to decrease it. 5. The method here employed can be used for quantitative study of salt antagonism.
Role of internalization in AT1A receptor function in proximal tubule epithelium

Angiotensin II (ANG II), acting through angiotensin type I (AT1) receptors on apical and basolateral surfaces of proximal tubule epithelial cells, increases sodium reabsorption in proximal tubules....
A Qualitative Study of the Perceived Value of Membership in The Oley Foundation by Home Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Consumers

Background: Support and educational organizations have been shown to improve quality of life of consumers of home nutrition support. One such organization, The Oley Foundation, offers resources for the home parenteral and enteral nutrition (HPEN) consumer. While research has shown proven benefits to HPEN consumers affiliated with The Oley Foundation, no studies have investigated the perceived value of membership to the consumer or the way in which consumers are introduced to the organization. Methods: Qualitative methodology was used to gain a deeper understanding of the perceived value of membership in The Oley Foundation. Audiotaped, in-depth, semistructured telephone interviews were conducted to explore participants’ experiences with The Oley Foundation and HPEN. Inductive content analysis was used to analyze data and identify themes associated with membership value. Results: The value of The Oley Foundation lies in programs and resources and the competency, inspiration, normalcy, and advocacy gained f...
Organizational Failure and the Disbanding of Local Police Agencies

Police organizations are a ubiquitous aspect of the landscape of criminal justice in the United States. Yet, little attention has been paid to the failure of police agencies and the consequences of such failure. This article uses structural contingency theory and organizational institutional theory to explore why 31 police agencies were disbanded during the 1990s. The findings indicate that agencies disband because they face significant environmental changes in their contingency and institutional environments. Contingency reasons for disbanding are mostly related to budgetary constraints. Institutional reasons usually involve agencies that engage in behaviors that violate the expectations of powerful sovereigns. Overall, police agencies disband because they cannot adapt to changes in their contingency and institutional environments or they change in inappropriate ways, and their small organizational size does not provide a sufficient buffer against external intrusion from the institutional environment, wh...
In Situ Quantification and Visualization of Lithium Transport with Neutrons

A real-time quantification of Li transport using a nondestructive neutron method to measure the Li distribution upon charge and discharge in a Li-ion cell is reported. By using in situ neutron depth profiling (NDP), we probed the onset of lithiation in a high-capacity Sn anode and visualized the enrichment of Li atoms on the surface followed by their propagation into the bulk. The delithiation process shows the removal of Li near the surface, which leads to a decreased coulombic efficiency, likely because of trapped Li within the intermetallic material. The developed in situ NDP provides exceptional sensitivity in the temporal and spatial measurement of Li transport within the battery material. This diagnostic tool opens up possibilities to understand rates of Li transport and their distribution to guide materials development for efficient storage mechanisms. Our observations provide important mechanistic insights for the design of advanced battery materials.
Cognitive performance measured on the ascending and descending limb of the blood alcohol curve.

40 medical students were randomly assigned to an alcohol (1.32 ml per kilogram) or placebo group and were tested on two cognitive tests and a personality inventory. 10 alcohol subjects were tested on the Shipley-Hartford and Maudsley Personality Inventory on the ascending limb and 10 subjects were tested on the descending limb of the blood alcohol curve at a blood alcohol level of 0.08%. All 20 alcohol subjects were also tested on the Raven's Progressive Matrices on the descending limb. Placebo subjects were tested at comparable times as alcohol subjects. Performance was poorer on the Shipley for subjects tested on the ascending limb than for subjects tested at comparable blood alcohol levels on the descending limb. It was also found that more errors of omission were made on the Shipley in the ascending group than in the descending group. The nature of the alcohol impairment observed on the ascending limb seemed to be related to an expressive type deficit. Effects of alcohol on personality variables as measured by the Maudsley could not account for these differences. Subjects tested on the descending limb did not perform significantly differently from placebo subjects on either the Shipley or Matrices. Fast drinkers were found to have a slower elimination rate than slow drinkers, and elimination rate was positively related to cognitive performance. Methodological implications for future alcohol research are discussed.
Implementing phase unwrapping using Field Programmable Gate Arrays or Graphics Processing Units: A comparison

Phase unwrapping is the process of converting discontinuous phase data into a continuous image. This procedure is required by any imaging technology that uses phase data such as MRI, SAR or OQM microscopy. Such algorithms often take a significant amount of time to process on a general purpose computer, rendering it difficult to process large quantities of information. This paper compares implementations of a specific phase unwrapping algorithm known as Minimum LP norm unwrapping on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and on a graphics processing unit (GPU) for the purpose of acceleration. The computation required involves a matrix preconditioner (based on a DCT transform) and a conjugate gradient calculation along with a few other matrix operations. These functions are partitioned to run on the host or the accelerator depending on the capabilities of the accelerator. The tradeoffs between the two platforms are analyzed and compared to a general purpose processor (GPP) in terms of performance, power and cost.
Finding Faults in the Charleston Area, South Carolina: 2. Complementary Data

The seismotectonic framework associated with the Middleton Place–Summerville seismic zone (MPSSZ) inferred from seismicity data consists of the ∼50-km-long, ∼N30°E-striking, NW-dipping, Woodstock fault associated with right-lateral oblique strike-slip motion, with a ∼6-km-long antidilatational left step near Middleton Place, dividing it into the Woodstock north and south faults. Three ∼NW-SE striking reverse faults, two NE dipping and one SW dipping, were recognized within this step. The Woodstock (N) fault lies along the southeast boundary of a buried Triassic basin, and the current seismicity is due to its reactivation. A comparison of this seismotectonic framework using a Geographic Information System shows that it is consistent with available geomorphological, geodetic, shallow stratigraphic (
On Decay Properties of Solutions to the IVP for the Benjamin-Ono Equation

In this work we investigate unique continuation properties of solutions to the initial value problem associated to the Benjamin–Ono equation in weighted Sobolev spaces $$Z_{s,r}=H^s(\mathbb R )\cap L^2(|x|^{2r}dx)$$ for $$s\in \mathbb R $$ , and $$s\ge 1$$ , $$s\ge r$$ . More precisely, we prove that the uniqueness property based on a decay requirement at three times can not be lowered to two times even by imposing stronger decay on the initial data.
PROVERIFIC: experiments in employing (PSL) standard assertions in theorem-proving-based verification

Using assertions with the design plays a central role in the design-for-verification (DFV) methodology, and hence, assertion-based design is becoming more and more widely used in industry. However, we believe that the advantages of assertions in formal verification have not been fully explored. In particular, there is little research that makes use of assertions in theorem proving. In this paper, we focus on this problem, and present our work on development of the semiautomated theorem-proving based verification system PROVERIFIC that makes use of existing design assertions. We have developed UFM, a unified modeling framework, where both the design and its assertions can be formally specified in predicate logic. Then, we defined generic predicate templates that capture the semantics of a subset of PSL assertions and a subset of Verilog within the syntax of UFM. During the verification exercise PROVERIFIC uses these templates to automatically extract formal models of a design (specified in Verilog) and its properties (specified in PSL) and translates them into higher-order logic predicates of the PVS theorem-proving system. Design verification can be further conducted by proving the correctness properties in PVS. We provide examples that demonstrate the effectiveness of our theorem proving approach for verification of designs with PSL assertions.
On the accuracy of the simple peak hour approximation for Markovian queues

We empirically explore the accuracy of the simple stationary peak hour approximation SPHA for estimating peak hour performance in multiserver queuing systems with exponential service times and periodic sinusoidal Poisson arrival processes. We show that the SPHA is very good for a range of parameter values corresponding to a reasonably broad spectrum of real systems. However, we do find and document that there are many situations in which this approximation will be very inaccurate. We postulate and then support empirically a set of hypotheses that link the accuracy of the SPHA and the related point-wise stationary approximation PSA to key parameter values and model characteristics. We also present results on the time-dependent behavior of these systems as a function of key parameters. Finally we present results which indicate that our findings, developed for models with sinusoidal input streams, may apply to a much broader range of Markovian models with more general cyclic inputs.
Effects of Parent Training on Teenage Mothers and Their Infants

Parent training was provided for 80 low-income, black teenage mothers during their infants9 first six months. Half of the mothers were visited biweekly in their homes to be instructed in caregiving and in sensorimotor and interaction exercises, and half were trained as CETA (Comprehensive Employment Training ACT)-paid, teacher9s aides in a medical school infant nursery that provided care for their infants and infants of medical faculty. Growth and development during the first two years were superior for the infants whose mothers received training, particularly those who received paid parent training as teacher9s aides in the infant nursery. Repeat pregnancy rates were lower and return to work/school rates were higher for the infant nursery mothers, most of whom subsequently pursued nurse9s aide training.
Qualitative assessment of supplemental amino acid needs for growing lambs fed urea as the sole nitrogen source

The qualitative amino acid adequacy of ruminally synthesized protein for growing lambs was evaluated by nitrogen retention responses to abomasal infusions of amino acids. The experimental animals were fed a controlled level of semipurified diet containing urea as the sole nitrogen source. Methionine alone con sistently increased nitrogen retention above isonitrogenous urea-infused controls. Lysine produced a positive nitrogen retention response only after supplemental methionine was provided. Threonine increased nitrogen retention only when infused concurrently with methionine and lysine. The data suggested that the limiting order of essential amino acids for growing lambs fed urea as the sole nitrogen source was: 1) methio nine, 2) lysine and 3) threonine. An abomasal supplement of the combination of methionine, lysine and threonine increased nitrogen retention 60% above the urea infusion control values. Tryptophan, histidine or leucine did not significantly in fluence nitrogen retention when infused with methionine, lysine and threonine. Methionine was also shown to be the first limiting essential amino acid when non specific amino nitrogen needs were supplied by glutamic acid. Plasma amino acid patterns appeared responsive to infusions and may provide an index of amino acid status in the growing lamb.
Challenges and opportunities for science in reducing nutrient over-enrichment of coastal ecosystems

Nutrient over-enrichment has resulted in major changes in the coastal ecosystems of developed nations in Europe, North America, Asia, and Oceania, mostly taking place over the narrow period of 1960 to 1980. Many estuaries and embayments are affected, but the effects of this eutrophication have been also felt over large areas of semi-enclosed seas including the Baltic, North, Adriatic, and Black Seas in Europe, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Seto Inland Sea in Japan. Primary production increased, water clarity decreased, food chains were altered, oxygen depletion of bottom waters developed or expanded, seagrass beds were lost, and harmful algal blooms occurred with increased frequency. This period of dramatic alteration of coastal ecosystems, mostly for the worse from a human perspective, coincided with the more than doubling of additions of fixed nitrogen to the biosphere from human activities, driven particularly by a more than 5-fold increase in use of manufactured fertilizers during that 20-year period. Nutrient over-enrichment often interacted synergistically with other human activities, such as overfishing, habitat destruction, and other forms of chemical pollution, in contributing to the widespread degradation of coastal ecosystems that was observed during the last half of the 20th century. Science was effective in documenting the consequences and root causes of nutrient over-enrichment and has provided the basis for extensive efforts to abate it, ranging from national statutes and regulations to multi- jurisdictional compacts under the Helsinki Commission for the Baltic Sea, the Oslo-Paris Commission for the North Sea, and the Chesapeake Bay Program, for example. These efforts have usually been based on a relatively arbitrary goal of reducing nutrient inputs by a certain percentage, without much understanding of how and when this would affect the coastal ecosystem. While some of these efforts have succeeded in achieving reductions of inputs of phosphorus and nitrogen, principally through treatment of point-source discharges, relatively little progress has been made in reducing diffuse sources of nitrogen. Second-generation management goals tend to be based on desired outcomes for the coastal ecosystem and determination of the load reductions needed to attain them, for example the Total Daily Maximum Load approach in the U.S. and the Water Framework Directive in the European Union. Science and technology are now challenged not just to diagnose the degree of eutrophication and its causes, but to contribute to its prognosis and treatment by determining the relative susceptibility of coastal ecosystems to nutrient over-enrichment, defining desirable and achievable outcomes for rehabilitation efforts, reducing nutrient sources, enhancing nutrient sinks, strategically targeting these efforts within watersheds, and predicting and observing responses in an adaptive management framework.
Women, Region, and Types of Homicide: Are there Regional Differences in the Structural Status of Women and Homicide Offending?

This study assesses the regional differences in the relationship between women's economic and social status and homicide offending. Specifically, this study investigates whether the status of women differs significantly in the South relative to non-South regions of the United States and if so, how these disparities translate into regional variations in female homicides by relationship type (e.g., acquaintances, family members, and nonfamily intimates). The findings show regional differences in the status of women, but these differences do not consistently reveal more traditional or lower statuses among Southern women as predicted. Moreover, the structural position of women contributes more to explained variance in types of homicide within the non-South region as compared to the South.
Overcoming phase mismatch in nonlinear metamaterials [Invited]

Nonlinear metamaterials have potentially interesting applications in highly efficient wave-mixing and parametric processes, owing to their ability to combine enhanced nonlinearities with exotic and configurable linear properties. However, the strong dispersion and unconventional configurations typically associated with metamaterials place strong demands on phase matching in such structures. In this paper, we present an overview of potential phase matching solutions for wave-mixing processes in nonlinear metamaterials. Broadly speaking, we divide the phase matching solutions into conventional techniques (anomalous dispersion, birefringence, and quasi-phase matching) and metamaterial-inspired techniques (negative-index and index-near-zero phase matching), offering numerical and experimental examples where possible. We find that not only is phase matching feasible in metamaterials, but metamaterials can support a wide range of phase matching configurations that are otherwise impossible in natural materials. These configurations have their most compelling applications in those devices where at least one of the interacting waves is counter-propagating, such as the mirror-less optical parametric oscillator and the nonlinear optical mirror.
Chemorheological Relaxation, Residual Stress, and Permanent Set Arising in Radial Deformation of Elastomeric Hollow Spheres

Recently, a constitutive theory for rubber-like materials has been developed by which stress arises from different micromechanisms at different levels of deformation. For small deformations, the stress is given by the usual theory of rubber elasticity. As the deformation increases, there is scission of some junctions of the macromolecular microstructure. Junctions then reform to generate a new microstructure. The constitutive equation allows for continuous scission of the original junctions and formation of new ones as deformation increases. The macromolecular scission causes stress reduction, termed chemorheological relaxation. The new macromolecular structure results in permanent set on release of external load.The present work considers a hollow sphere composed of such a material, also assumed to be incom-pressible and isotropic, which undergoes axisymmetric deformation under radial traction. There develops an outer zone of material with the original microstructure and an inner zone of material having ...
Autologous fibrin tissue adhesive.

Various methods of making fibrin tissue adhesive from a patient's own blood were evaluated. The method using ammonium sulfate for fibrinogen preparation produced the greatest bonding strength. The average bonding strength of the commercially manufactured adhesive and of the autologous fibrin tissue adhesive were compared at 10 minutes and 30 minutes after glucing together lxl cm samples of fresh human dura. Results indicate the commercial glue holding 57 gms/cm2 at 10 minutes and 123 gms/cm2 at 30 minutes, while autologous glue prepared with the “ammonium sulfate method” has a bonding strength of 41 gms/cm2 at 10 minutes and 217 gms/cm2 at 30 minutes.
Functional and radiographic outcome of sacroiliac arthrodesis for the disorders of the sacroiliac joint.

Abstract Background context The sacroiliac joint is known to be a possible cause of chronic low back pain, but the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the sacroiliac joint have been difficult and controversial. Purpose To describe the outcome of sacroiliac joint arthrodesis for sacroiliac joint disorders, with the hypothesis that sacroiliac arthrodesis leads to improved postoperative function. Study design/setting Consecutive case series performed in an academic medical institution. Patient sample The patient population consisted of 20 patients undergoing sacroiliac joint arthrodesis between December 1994 and December 2001. Patients undergoing concomitant procedures at the time of sacroiliac joint arthrodesis were excluded. The 3 men and 17 women in the study group had an average age of 45.1 years (range 21.8–66.4 years), a mean duration of symptoms of 2.6 years (range 0.5–8.0 years), and a mean follow-up period of 5.8 years (range 2.0–9.0 years). Outcome measures Outcome measures included general health and function, clinical evaluation, and radiographic assessment. Methods For all 20 patients, nonoperative treatment had failed, and for all, the diagnosis was confirmed by pain relief with intraarticular sacroiliac joint injections under fluoroscopic guidance. Sacroiliac joint arthrodesis (via a modified Smith-Petersen technique) was recommended only when a positive response to the injection was noted, and patients had recurrence of symptoms after the initial positive response. Preoperative and postoperative general health and function were assessed via the 36-item Short-Form (SF-36) Health Survey and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Modems Instrument, which were collected prospectively. Medical records and plain radiographs were reviewed retrospectively to determine the clinical and radiographic outcome. Results Multiple etiologies of sacroiliac symptoms were observed: sacroiliac joint dysfunction (13 patients), osteoarthritis (5 patients), and spondyloarthropathy and sacroiliac joint instability (1 each). Seventeen patients (85%) had solid fusion. Fifteen patients (75%) completed preoperative and postoperative SF-36 forms. Significant (p≤.05) improvement occurred in the following categories: physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and neurogenic and pain indices. Improvement (not statistically significant) was also noted in general and mental health. Conclusions For carefully selected patients, sacroiliac arthrodesis appears to be a safe, well-tolerated, and successful procedure, leading to significant improvement in functional outcome and a high fusion rate. To the authors' knowledge, the current report is the largest series to document the functional and radiographic outcome of sacroiliac joint arthrodesis.
Dissipative Energies of Epoxy Cracking in Superconducting Magnets

Epoxy cracking in epoxy-impregnated superconducting magnets is caused by transverse shear stresses created by Lorentz forces. The dissipative energy of cracking can induce premature quenches in these magnets. Dissipative crack energies have been measured in a test coil; the maximum energy measured in the test coil was ~2 mJ.