cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS IN REVERSED ALPHABET PRINTING

Although previous studies show that learning is impaired by the presence of others (Zajonc, 1966), research does not show clearly whether impairment increases with an increase in the size of the group. In the present study the presence of three persons or one person was used as the source of possible social influence on the learning of reversed alphabet printing by an S. Thirty-six undergraduate volunteers from Central Michigan University served as Ss. E withdrew three Ss at a time from an ongoing class and randomly ass~gned them to one of two conditions: ( a ) each S learned in the side-by-side presence of the two other Ss and E or (b) one S learned in the presence of E, while the other two worked alone in adjoining rooms. Their work was unscored. The reversed alphabet printing procedure was similar to that used by Kientzle (1946). S's score was the total number of letters printed during 5 min., irrespective of accuracy. Ss printed a mean of 153 letters (J' = 1656) in the presence of three persons and 146 letters (5' = 2150) in the presence of one person, a non-significant mean difference ( t = ,467, p > .O5). This finding is similar to those of other studies which have not showed effects on learning associated with having several members in a group.
Food habits of the hoary bat (LASIURUS CINEREUS) during spring migration through new mexico

Hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) exhibit continental patterns of migration that are unique to bats, but details about their behaviors during migration are lacking. We captured 177 hoary bats in spring and early summer 2002 as individuals migrated through the Sandia Mountains of north-central New Mexico. Our results support earlier observations of asynchronous timing of migration between sexes of L. cinereus during spring, with females preceding males by ca. 1 month. We provide the first evidence that hoary bats may travel in dispersed groups, fly below the tree canopy along streams, and feed while migrating during spring. Analysis of guano revealed that diet of L. cinereus consisted mostly of moths, with more than one-half of samples identified as Noctuidae and Geometridae. We observed a late-spring decline in consumption of moths that might be related to seasonal changes in abundance of prey, differential selection of prey by bats, or sampling bias. We suspect that spring migration of L. cinereus through New Mexico temporally coincides with the seasonal abundance of moths.
Impairments in availability of insulin to liver in vivo and in binding of insulin to purified hepatic plasma membrane during aging.

Abstract The concentration of insulin in portal vein blood decreases 50–60% in fed or fasted rats as they age from 12- to 24-months. The binding capacity of purified hepatic plasma membrane for insulin decreases approximately 60% as rats age from 2- to 24-months, whereas the dissociation constant for insulin is not altered. It is proposed that these factors may contribute significantly to previously documented examples of age-dependent modifications in liver enzyme regulation.
The hemolymph proteome of Anopheles gambiae

We used two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and microsequencing or peptide mass fingerprinting to identify major proteins in the hemolymph of Anopheles gambiae. We found approximately 280 protein spots in hemolymph and identified 28 spots, representing 26 individual proteins. Most of these proteins have known or predicted functions in immunity, iron transport, or lipid biology. Many of the proteins have been found in hemolymph in other insects but one protein is novel: a new member of the ML family (involved in lipid recognition). Three of the identified proteins increased in spot intensity or appeared de novo following bacterial injection: a phenoloxidase, and two chitinase-like proteins. A subset of proteins decreased following bacterial injections: these included the light and heavy chains of ferritin. Several proteins appeared in hemolymph following any wound or injection. Most of these are metabolic enzymes lacking signal peptides that are likely to be released as a result of damage to muscles and other tissues by injury. The map will provide a useful tool for examining changes in hemolymph proteins following blood feeding and infection by parasites.
Hsp70 and larval thermotolerance in Drosophila melanogaster: how much is enough and when is more too much?

Abstract Heat shock proteins (Hsps) and other molecular chaperones perform diverse cellular roles (e.g., inducible thermotolerance) whose functional consequences are concentration dependent. We manipulated Hsp70 concentration quantitatively in intact larvae of Drosophila melanogaster to examine its effect on survival, developmental time and tissue damage after heat shock. Larvae of an extra-copy strain, which has 22 hsp70 copies, produced Hsp70 more rapidly and to higher concentrations than larvae of a control strain, which has the wild-type 10 copies of the gene. Increasing the magnitude and duration of pretreatment increased Hsp70 concentrations, improved tolerance of more severe stress, and reduced delays in development. Pretreatment, however, did not protect against acute tissue damage. For larvae provided a brief or mild intensity pretreatment, faster expression of Hsp70 in the extra-copy strain improved survival to adult and reduced tissue damage 21 h after heat shock. Negative effects on survival ensued in extra-copy larvae pretreated most intensely, but their overexpression of Hsp70 did not increase tissue damage. Because rapid expression to yield a low Hsp70 concentration benefits larvae but overexpression harms them, natural selection may balance benefits and costs of high and low expression levels in natural populations.
Interaction of p107 with cyclin A independent of complex formation with viral oncoproteins

The p107 protein and the retinoblastoma protein (RB) both bind specifically to two viral oncoproteins, the SV40 T antigen (T) and adenoviral protein E1A (E1A). Like RB, p107 contains a segment (the pocket) that, alone, can bind specifically to T, E1A, and multiple cellular proteins. Cyclin A bound to the p107 pocket, but not the RB pocket. Although both pockets contain two, related collinear subsegments (A and B), the unique sequence in the p107 pocket that occupies the space between A and B is required for the interaction with cyclin A.
Modeling Quantitative Trait Loci and Interpretation of Models

A quantitative genetic model relates the genotypic value of an individual to the alleles at the loci that contribute to the variation in a population in terms of additive, dominance, and epistatic effects. This partition of genetic effects is related to the partition of genetic variance. A number of models have been proposed to describe this relationship: some are based on the orthogonal partition of genetic variance in an equilibrium population. We compare a few representative models and discuss their utility and potential problems for analyzing quantitative trait loci (QTL) in a segregating population. An orthogonal model implies that estimates of the genetic effects are consistent in a full or reduced model in an equilibrium population and are directly related to the partition of the genetic variance in the population. Linkage disequilibrium does not affect the estimation of genetic effects in a full model, but would in a reduced model. Certainly linkage disequilibrium would complicate the detection of QTL and epistasis. Using different models does not influence the detection of QTL and epistasis. However, it does influence the estimation and interpretation of genetic effects.
Modern Carbon Composite Brake Materials

Carbon-carbon composites used in friction systems are becoming increasingly popular in aircrafts owing to their combination of low weight and high performance. Their current acceptance as brake materials is somewhat restrained due to two factors: cost and performance variations. Many manufacturers are taking steps toward improving their cost efficiency by utilizing lower cost precursor fibers and processing methodologies. At the same time, modifications to material properties are made to address performance issues of oxidation, wear, and variation of effectiveness. This paper describes the present status of the production technologies employed and details some of the remaining issues relative to braking performance.
The Distribution of Sums of Path Gains in the IEEE 802.15.3a UWB Channel Model

When multipath arrival times and gains are specified by the IEEE 802.15.3a ultra-wideband (UWB) channel model, formulas are derived for the characteristic function of the sum of gains arriving in a given time window. These formulas are first used to determine structural properties of the corresponding distributions and densities. The formulas are then used to compute the distribution and density functions by numerically inverting the characteristic function. For small time windows, the densities of the path-gain sums are bimodal and therefore highly non-Gaussian
Temporal variability in nitrification rates and related biogeochemical factors in Monterey Bay, California, USA

The scales of temporal variability in the rate of ammonium oxidation and a suite of related biogeochemical parameters were investigated in the surface layer of the water column of Monterey Bay, California, on the west coast of the USA. Samples were collected on bimonthly (approx. every 2 mo) cruises during the course of 2 yr. The signal of El Nino was evident in the water column temperature and nitrate distributions during the initial cruise in February 1998. Throughout the 2 yr period, variation in temperature and salinity was small and consistent with seasonal upwelling. The biological parameters, however, varied much more than might have been predicted by the minimal variability in hydrographic signals. Ammonium assimilation rates, chlorophyll a con- centrations and bacterial abundance varied by 41-, 65- and 147-fold, respectively. Ammonium oxida- tion rates often exhibited a subsurface maximum near the bottom of the euphotic zone, and varied by a factor of 4.5 over the 2 yr study. The presence of the rate maximum was not obviously related to the dominant seasonal signals of hydrography or to other biological variables. Nitrification rates were much less variable in the bay than in Elkhorn Slough, a small estuary that opens onto the bay. The small variability in ammonium oxidation rates may be related to more dynamic responses in the com- munity composition of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Different groups of ammonia-oxidizing bac- teria were detected as dominants in clone libraries from the Monterey Bay and Elkhorn Slough. The time scale of bimonthly sampling was evidently inadequate to resolve the response of nitrification rates to direct physical forcing in the bay.
Concurrent child health status and maternal recall of events in infancy.

Background. Obtaining information on children9s health and health events is heavily dependent on maternal report. Experience as to what factors influence accuracy of reporting varies, and few studies have examined the influence of current child health status on recall. Methods. A prospective cohort study involving 1833 children who were assessed in infancy and at 8 to 10 years of age was conducted to assess maternal reports of birth weight, gestational age, neonatal transport, length of neonatal hospitalization, and rehospitalizations in the first year compared with data collected in infancy overall, and as a function of concurrent child functional health status, socioemotional health, and ratings of child health. Results. Maternal recall of neonatal events was accurate but not that of rehospitalizations in the first year. Concurrent child health problems affected accuracy but not sufficiently to make information unusable. Conclusion. Maternal recall of neonatal events 8 to 10 years later is accurate; however, the influence of current child health status on recall may be important in research on the cognitive processes underlying health questionnaire responses.
Memory latency-tolerance approaches for Itanium processors: out-of-order execution vs. speculative precomputation

The performance of in-order execution Itanium/sup TM/ processors can suffer significantly due to cache misses. Two memory latency tolerance approaches can be applied for the Itanium processors. One uses an out-of-order (OOO) execution core; the other assumes multithreading support and exploits cache prefetching via speculative precomputation (SP). This paper evaluates and contrasts these two approaches. In addition, this paper assesses the effectiveness of combining the two approaches. For a select set of memory-intensive programs, an in-order SMT Itanium processor using speculative precomputation can achieve performance improvement (92%) comparable to that of an out-of-order design (87%). Applying both 000 and SP yields a total performance improvement of 141% over the baseline in-order machine. OOO tends to be effective in prefetching-for L1 misses; whereas SP is primarily good at covering L2 and L3 misses. Our analysis indicates that the two approaches can be redundant or complementary depending on the type of delinquent loads that each targets. Both approaches are effective on delinquent loads in the loop body; however only SP is effective on delinquent loads found in loop control code.
Object Tracking in Structured Environments for Video Surveillance Applications

We present a novel tracking method for effectively tracking objects in structured environments. The tracking method finds applications in security surveillance, traffic monitoring, etc. In these applications, the movements of objects are constrained by structured environments. Therefore, the relationship between objects and environments can be exploited as additional information for improving the performance of tracking. We use the environment state to model the relationship between the objects and environments, and integrate it into the framework of Bayesian tracking. In this paper, distance transform is used to model the environment state, and particle filtering is employed as the paradigm for solving the Bayesian tracking problem. The adaptive dynamics model and environment prior are devised for the particle filter to fully utilize the environment information in the tracking process. Experiments on some video surveillance sequences demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach for tracking object motions in structured environments.
A putative binding site for Sp1 is involved in transcriptional regulation of CYP17 gene expression in bovine ovary

In the bovine ovary, thecal cells are the only cell type capable of expressing the CYP17 gene in response to LH. With the onset of ovulation and luteinization in the cow, there is complete loss of P450c17alpha expression. To characterize the molecular mechanisms involved in tissue-specific regulation of the CYP17 gene in the bovine ovary, deletion mutations of the bovine CYP17 promoter were ligated into a promoterless luciferase expression vector, and reporter constructs were transiently transfected into primary cultures of bovine thecal and luteal cells. Deletion of the promoter sequences between -191 and 101 bp dramatically decreased the levels of reporter gene activity in both thecal and luteal cells. Computer-assisted analysis revealed the presence of a putative inverted Sp1-like binding site at -188/-180 bp. Deletion or mutation of this sequence caused a decrease in both basal and forskolin-stimulated reporter gene activity. In addition, mutation or deletion of this sequence also decreased reporter gene expression induced by overexpression of the protein kinase A catalytic subunit. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that this sequence binds to a nuclear protein(s) from both thecal and luteal cells that is related to Sp1, as suggested by the results of gel mobility supershift assay employing an antibody raised against Sp1. DNA-binding activity was not increased by the addition of forskolin to thecal or luteal cells. We conclude that this inverted Sp1-like binding sequence is involved in constitutive as well as cAMP-dependent expression of the CYP17 gene in the bovine ovary.
Fidelity of Michelson Interferometric and Conical Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers

The motivation for this research is our ongoing effort in the development of ultrasonic, waveform-based, materials characterization techniques. Having developed a three-dimensional representation of the elastodynamic Green’s Function for anisotropic plates [1], we now seek to verify the applicability of this representation. With elastic properties measurement as our end goal, we also seek a transducer for measurement of theoretically predicted waveforms. Our waveforms typically exhibit a large range in both amplitude (40 to 60 dB) and frequency (20 kHz to 2 MHz). The transducer used must exhibit both high-sensitivity and high-fidelity so that multiple reflections can be detected and identified. In a companion paper we describe a transducer developed at NIST for acoustic emission (AE) studies [2]. In that paper we determine that this transducer has a displacement sensitivity of approximately \( \frac{{5 \times {{10}^{{ - 17}}}m}}{{\sqrt {{Hz}} }} \) in the 250 kHz to 1 MHz frequency region on aluminum. This transducer appears to be a good candidate for waveform-based materials characterization. In this paper we evaluate this transducer’s fidelity by comparing it with both theoretical results and measurements from a path-stabilized, Michelson interferometer. We conclude that the current transducer design does not have sufficient fidelity for waveform-based materials characterization and discuss the reasons for its shortcomings and potential solutions to these problems.
Allergen challenge in asthma: Association of eosinophils and lymphocytes with interleukin-5

To test whether eosinophil recruitment after pulmonary allergen challenge is associated with interleukin (IL)-5 in patients with asthma, we performed segmental bronchoprovocation (SBP) with saline, and with low and high dosages of ragweed extract in six patients with allergic asthma. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of the challenged segments was performed 5 min after challenge (immediate BAL fluid) and repeated 24 h later (late BAL fluid). Allergen challenge resulted in recruitment of eosinophils, and increased levels of eosinophil-active cytokines. A bioassay showed the predominant eosinophil-active cytokine in the late BAL fluids to be IL-5. Analysis of the late BAL fluids revealed that IL-5 levels correlated with the numbers of eosinophils and lymphocytes. This study provides evidence that IL-5 is a critical cytokine associated with eosinophil and lymphocyte recruitment into the airways of patients with asthma following exposure to allergen.
Differential lossless encoding of images using non-linear predictive techniques

We investigate the problem of constructing a prediction scheme for a given image that results in the minimum zero-order entropy of prediction errors. The problem is formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem. This allows the use of some well known techniques from combinatorial optimization in order to construct heuristic solutions. We describe a few heuristics and give preliminary implementation results. The techniques developed can also be generalized in a straight forward manner to composite source modeling where the data is modeled as an interleaved sequence emanating from k different sub-sources. Although the problems and proposed solutions are described in a strictly deterministic manner, they can also be formulated in a stochastic framework to yield solutions that are valid for a family of images emitted by the same source. >
Subcutaneous abatacept for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

The efficacy, safety and tolerability of i.v. abatacept are well established in patients with active RA. A s.c. abatacept formulation is now available in some countries. Here, we review clinical data for s.c. abatacept. Six trials are presented (Phase II dose-finding study, ACQUIRE, ALLOW, ACCOMPANY, ATTUNE and AMPLE) and issues important to both patients and clinicians are addressed. The primary focus assesses whether the i.v. and s.c. abatacept formulations have similar efficacy, including whether the recommended fixed dose of s.c. abatacept is comparable to the weight-tiered i.v. dosing and whether efficacy is sustained with long-term treatment. Safety and immunogenicity are also discussed, including the short- and long-term safety of s.c. abatacept, and whether immunogenicity is increased following a switch from i.v. to s.c. abatacept, after withdrawal or reintroduction of s.c. abatacept or in the absence of MTX. Year 1 data from the AMPLE study, comparing s.c. abatacept with the TNF antagonist adalimumab, are discussed. Although fewer patient-years of exposure are available for s.c. compared with i.v. abatacept, observations suggest that s.c. abatacept has a similar long-term efficacy to the i.v. formulation, improving the signs, symptoms, disease activity and physical function in patients with RA. With continued treatment, these improvements are maintained over time with high retention rates, similar to i.v. abatacept. s.c. abatacept is associated with low immunogenicity and short- and long-term safety that is consistent with i.v. abatacept. In addition, s.c. abatacept demonstrates comparable efficacy, kinetics of response, safety and radiographic inhibition to adalimumab.
Should a standing or seated reference posture be used when normalizing seated spine kinematics

Currently in the literature there is no consensus on which procedure for normalizing seated spine kinematics is most effective. The objective of this study was to examine the changes in the range of motion (ROM) of seated posture trials when expressed as a percent of maximum standing and seated ROM. A secondary purpose was to determine whether the typical maximum planar calibration movements (flexion, lateral-bend, and axial twist) elicited the respective maximum ROM values for each spine region versus postures with specific movement instruction. Thirteen male participants completed seven different movement trials. These consisted of the maximum planar movement trials, with the remaining four postures being combinations of specific lumbar and thoracic movements. Global and relative angles for the upper-thoracic, mid-thoracic, lower-thoracic, and lumbar regions were calculated and normalized to both a seated and standing reference posture. When normalizing both global and relative angles the standing reference appears optimal for flexion, twisting and lateral bend angles in all spine regions, with the exception of relative flexion angle in the mid-thoracic region. The maximum planar movement trials captured the greatest ROM for each global angle, relative lower-thoracic angle and relative lumbar flexion angle, but did not for all other relative angles in the upper-thoracic, mid-thoracic, and lumbar regions. If future researchers can only collect one reference posture these results recommend that a standing reference posture be collected for normalizing seated spine kinematics, although a seated reference posture should be collected if examining relative flexion angles at the mid-thoracic region.
Identification of thyroid blocking antibodies and receptor epitopes in autoimmune hypothyroidism by affinity purification using synthetic TSH receptor peptides.

To examine the interaction of immunoglobulins from patients with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism with the TSH receptor (TSHr), we tested protein-A purified IgG in an ELISA assay with a series of peptides representing the entire extracellular domain (ECD) of human TSHr. Antibodies bound, on average, 4.1 peptides (range 0–16) per patient, and antibodies from 26 of 30 patients (86.6%) demonstrated binding to at least one peptide. Six of the 20-mer peptides (61, 151, 181, 301, 361, 376) were most frequently recognized. These were used to construct affinity columns and separate IgGs from 10 patients into bound and unbound fractions. All fractions were tested for their ability to stimulate and inhibit cAMP generation in FRTL-5 cells. Inhibitory IgGs were purified from 9 patients (90%), suggesting that the incidence of blocking antibodies (TBAb) in autoimmune hypothyroidism is higher than previously reported. 7 of 10 patients had antibodies that recognized peptide 361 further supporting the importance of this epi...
Turbulent flow regimes behind a coastal cape in a stratified and rotating environment

Abstract A numerical study aimed at investigating the roles of both the stratification and topographic slope in generation of turbulent coherent structures in the lee of capes is presented. We consider a steady barotropic current impinging on an obstacle in a rotating and linearly stratified environment. The obstacle is a triangular prism and represents an idealized headland extending from the coast. Numerical experiments are conducted at constant Rossby number Ro = 0.06 , varying the Burger number, Bu, and the obstacle slope, α . Flow regime diagrams in the Bu– α space are determined. For Bu 0.1 , vertical movement over the obstacle is enhanced and a fully attached regime with pronounced internal waves is established. For 0.1 ⩽ Bu 1 , fluid parcels flow more around the obstacle than over it. Flow separation occurs and small tip eddies start to shed. For Bu ⩾ 1 , tip eddies merge to form larger eddies in the lee of the cape. We find that previous laboratory results cannot be used for gentler slopes, since bottom flow regimes are strongly dependent on α when Bu ⩾ 1 . The form drag coefficient exerted by the cape is at least two orders of magnitude larger than the one due to skin friction. It increases with increasing Burger numbers and decreasing slopes. When no separation occurs (low Bu), the increase with decreasing slopes is the result of the mixing associated with hydraulic phenomena. For intermediate and high Bu, form drag coefficients reach larger values as a result of the boundary layer mixing associated with flow separation. We put forth an empirical parametrization of form drag in the Bu– α space.
Diagnosing Modality in Predictive Expressions

This short paper argues that predictive expressions (will, gonna) are modals. In section 1 I provide three empirical arguments for a treatment of predictive expressions as modals: i) they behave like modals in that they can occur in overt and covert conditionals in a way that non-modal operators cannot; ii) they have morphological variants which show displacement behaviors, i.e., nonveridicality; iii) like modals, they obviate the personal experience requirement on predicates of personal taste. In section 2 I specifically rebut arguments by Kissine (2008) that will is not a modal. In section 3 I conclude. In this paper I argue that what I call predictive expressions (PEs) in English, words like will and gonna, are modal operators rather than simple temporal operators.
Fenestration of the Internal Carotid Artery: A Rare Mass of the Hypotympanum Associated with Persistence of the Stapedial Artery

A 61-year-old woman was examined because of unilateral nonpulsatile tinnitus involving the right ear. CT scanning showed a soft-tissue mass in the hypotypanum. Angiographically, the mass was identified as a fenestrated or duplicated internal carotid artery associated with persistence of the stapedial artery. Embryologic considerations are discussed.
Complete Genome Sequence of Spiroplasma turonicum Strain Tab4cT, a Parasite of a Horse Fly, Haematopota sp. (Diptera: Tabanidae).

ABSTRACT Spiroplasma turonicum was isolated from a Haematopota sp. fly in France. We report the nucleotide sequence of the circular chromosome of strain Tab4cT. The genome information will facilitate evolutionary studies of spiroplasmas, including symbionts of insects and ticks and pathogens of plants, insects, crustaceans, and humans.
Designing Studies for Assessing Efficacy in Mixture Populations

In personalized medicine, the patient population is thought of as a mixture of two or more subgroups that might derive differential efficacy from a drug. A decision to make is which subgroup or union of the subgroups should the drug be developed for. Interestingly, some common measures of efficacy are such that its value for a mixture population may not be representable as a function of efficacy for the subgroups and their prevalence. This chapter describes design of study that would lead to probabilistic models so that relative risk (or odds ratio) for a mixture population can be represented as a function of relative risk (or odds ratio) for the subgroups and their prevalence.
Autonomous electricity trading using Time-of-Use tariffs in a competitive market

This paper studies the impact of Time-Of-Use (TOU) tariffs in a competitive electricity market place. Specifically, it focuses on the question of how should an autonomous broker agent optimize TOU tariffs in a competitive retail market, and what is the impact of such tariffs on the economy. We formalize the problem of TOU tariff optimization and propose an algorithm for approximating its solution. We extensively experiment with our algorithm in a large-scale, detailed electricity retail markets simulation of the Power Trading Agent Competition (Power TAC) and: 1) find that our algorithm results in 15% peak-demand reduction, 2) find that its peak-flattening results in greater profit and/or profit-share for the broker and allows it to win against the 1st and 2nd place brokers from the Power TAC 2014 finals, and 3) analyze several economic implications of using TOU tariffs in competitive retail markets.
Vertical Integration, Relational Contracts, and Specialized Investment: A Response to Baker and Krawiec

Long-term relational contracts are widely recognized as posing special problems for contract law. Such contracts are frequently incomplete in some sense. Of course, short-term contracts may also be incomplete, and courts and legislatures have developed various tools for filling gaps and resolving ambiguities in such contracts, but those tools may not be well suited to long-term contracts.If a long-term contract is incomplete and the relationship is expected to continue, the missing terms or ambiguous obligations must be renegotiated when the situation requires it. Although such renegotiation always presents the possibility that one or both of the parties will attempt to behave opportunistically, whether or not the relationship is vertical, the power to "hold up" the other party is particularly strong in a vertical relationship in which a party has made a specialized investment.
A Central-Upwind Scheme for Nonlinear Water Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides

We study a simple one-dimensional (1-D) toy model for landslides-generated nonlinear water waves. The landslide is modeled as a rigid bump translating down the side of the bottom while the water motion is modeled by the Saint-Venant system of shallow water equations. The resulting system is numerically solved using a well-balanced positivity preserving central-upwind scheme. The obtained numerical results are in good agreement with both the two-dimensional (2-D) incompressible flow numerical simulations and the experimental data.
Nanophotonic, Hot-Electron Avalanche Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Detectors with a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Structure

We present nanophotonic MOS solar-blind avalanche UV detectors with 0.95A/W responsivity at λ=290 nm (400% efficiency), using Sn nanogratings as the active UV absorber for hot-electron generation and transport across the metal/oxide barrier.
Unpaired Spin Density in Ordered Fe 3 Al

A precise determination of the magnetic form factor of the ordered alloy ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$Al has been made by diffraction of polarized neutrons from a single crystal. Some 43 reflections in the angular range $\frac{sin\ensuremath{\theta}}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}\ensuremath{\le}0.9$ ${\mathrm{A}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ have been examined and show characteristic departures from a smooth single-valued function, indicating that the unpaired electron density in the unit cell is not spherically symmetric. The data are analyzed in two ways: by comparison with form factors calculated from free-atom Hartree-Fock wave functions including crystal-field splitting effects, and by two-dimensional Fourier projections of the unpaired spin density. The analysis indicates that, while the two types of iron atom in the lattice have similar radial spin densities, their orbital symmetry is different. The results are discussed with reference to various theories of the electronic structure in transition metals.
Geometry and Test-Time Effects on Hypervelocity Shock-Boundary Layer Interaction

Experiments are carried out to address potential sources of discrepancies between experiments and simulations of shock-boundary layer interactions in hypervelocity flow: spanwise effects on shock interactions and flow separation, as well as flow field evolution and potential unsteadiness. A double-wedge and double-cone geometry are studied in two hypersonic impulse facilities, the HET and T5. The test conditions in the two facilities are selected to have the same nominal stagnation enthalpy but different unit Reynolds number. For the double-wedge model, the extent of the finite edge effects on shock structure and heat flux is assessed using chemiluminescence and surface measurements respectively. Heat flux in the separated region shows no variation within a nondimensional span of 0.05 away from the centerline. Over the respective test times of 250 µs in HET and 1 ms in T5, the normalized heat flux data obtained in the two facilities over the same model are in very good agreement. The invisicid establishment period for the double-cone is in agreement between the two facilities.
Resonator-induced dissipation of transverse nuclear-spin signals in cold nanoscale samples

The back action of typical macroscopic resonators used for detecting nuclear magnetic resonance can cause a reversible decay of the signal, known as radiation damping. A mechanical resonator that is strongly coupled to a microscopic sample can in addition induce an irreversible dissipation of the nuclear-spin signal, distinct from radiation damping. We provide a theoretical description of resonator-induced transverse relaxation that is valid for samples of a few nuclear spins in the low-temperature regime, where quantum fluctuations play a significant role in the relaxation process, as well as for larger samples and at higher temperatures. Transverse relaxation during free evolution and during spin locking are analyzed, and simulations of relaxation in example systems are presented. In the case where an isolated spin 1/2 interacts with the resonator, transverse relaxation is exponential during free evolution, and the time constant for the relaxation is T_2=2/R_h, where R_h is the rate constant governing the exchange of quanta between the resonator and the spin. For a system of multiple spins, the time scale of transverse relaxation during free evolution depends on the spin Hamiltonian, which can modify the relaxation process through the following effects: (1) changes in the structure of the spin-spin correlations present in the energy eigenstates, which affect the rates at which these states emit and absorb energy, (2) frequency shifts that modify emission and absorption rates within a degenerate manifold by splitting the energy degeneracy and thus suppressing the development of resonator-induced correlations within the manifold, and (3) frequency shifts that introduce a difference between the oscillation frequencies of single-quantum coherences ρ_(ab) and ρ_(cd) and average to zero the transfers between them. This averaging guarantees that the spin transitions responsible for the coupling between ρ_(ab) and ρ_(cd) cause irreversible loss of order rather than a reversible interconversion of the coherences. In systems of a few spins, transverse relaxation is accelerated by a dipolar Hamiltonian that is either the dominant term in the internal spin Hamiltonian or a weak perturbation to the chemical-shift Hamiltonian. A pure chemical-shift Hamiltonian yields exponential relaxation with T_2=2/R_h in the case where the Larmor frequencies of the spins are distinct and sufficiently widely spaced. During spin locking with a nutation frequency fast enough to average the evolution under the internal spin Hamiltonian but not the interactions occurring during the correlation time of the resonator, relaxation of the spin-locked component is exponential with time constant T_(1ρ)=2/R_h.
Virgil's First Eclogue: Poetics of Enclosure

Tityre, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi silvestrem tenui Musam meditaris avena; nos patriae finis et dulcia linquimus arva. nos patriam fugimus; tu, Tityre, lentus in umbra formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas.Tityrus, you reclining under the protection of a spreading beech, you ponder the sylvan muse on slender reed. We are leaving the bounds of our fatherland and our sweet fields, we are in flight from our fatherland. You, Tityrus, at ease in the shade, teach the woods to resound ‘beautiful Amaryllis’.The literary historian must value the opening lines of the first eclogue for many reasons but their role in the development of the rhetoric of pastoralism is especially significant. For the first time in ancient pastoral poetry two intellectual worlds are in collision, seen in the characterizations of two shepherds only one of whom is finally settled in a landscape of permanence and continuity. Tityrus remains and Meliboeus is forced to depart. It is the elaboration and significance of Tityrus' setting that I wish to consider here. In a few deft strokes Virgil's Meliboeus creates a landscape of the mind, intellectualizing what Theocritus had left as enticing framework for song and establishing a stylistic principle that proves a powerful influence on all the poet's subsequent creative efforts.
MRI and EEG in Tuberous Sclerosis

The relationship between MRI cortical lesion sites and the topographic distribution of EEG spike-and-wave foci was studied in 34 children with tuberous sclerosis at the Service de Neuropediatrie, Hopital Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France and the Instituto di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Roma, Italy.
The Apostates: When Muslims Leave Islam, by Simon Cottee

Whereas there is today a rather substantial body of social-scientific research on the experience of leaving various Christian denominations, far less is known about what is entailed in leaving othe...
Glargine co-administration with intravenous insulin in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis is safe and facilitates transition to a subcutaneous regimen

Background Diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common presentation and complication of type 1 diabetes (T1D). While intravenous insulin is typically used to treat acute metabolic abnormalities, the transition from intravenous to subcutaneous treatment can present a challenge. We hypothesize that co-administration of glargine, a subcutaneous long-acting insulin analog, during insulin infusion may facilitate a flexible and safe transition from intravenous to subcutaneous therapy. Objective To determine if the practice of administering subcutaneous glargine during intravenous insulin is associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, or other complications in children with DKA. Methods Retrospective chart review of patients aged 2 to 21 years, presenting to our center with DKA between April 2012 and June 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: those co-administered subcutaneous glargine with intravenous insulin for over 4 hours (G+); and patients with less than 2 hours of overlap (G−). Results We reviewed 149 DKA admissions (55 G+, 94 G−) from 129 unique patients. There was a similar incidence of hypoglycemia between groups (25% G+ vs 20% G−, P = 0.46). Hypokalemia (<3.5 mmol/L) occurred more frequently in the G+ group (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-7.0, P = 0.001). Cerebral edema occurred in 2/55 (3.6%) of the G− group and none of the G+ subjects. Conclusion Co-administration of glargine early in the course of DKA treatment is well tolerated and convenient for discharge planning; however, this approach is associated with an increased risk of hypokalemia.
Injuries to the heart and thoracic great vessels

Background: Injuries to the heart and thoracic great vessels are frequently lethal. As prehospital care improves, however, more patients with these injuries are reaching the hospital alive. Thus, the trauma surgeon must be prepared to deal with them rapidly and precisely. Methods: A review of current literature was performed and summarized to provide a concise approach to these injuries. Results: Penetrating cardiac wounds present with either tamponade or hemorrhage; both must be quickly diagnosed and treated. Blunt cardiac injuries range from occult and inconsequential to rapidly lethal. Thoracic great vessel injuries often cause death in the field. Conversely, in those patients who survive to reach the hospital, blunt great vessel injuries present a challenge in rapid detection, as they are often occult. Aortography and repair with active bypass shunts provide the standard of care. Conclusions: Heart and thoracic great vessel injuries challenge the trauma surgeon. The patients who survive to reach the hospital may be in extremis, or they may be asymptomatic with the potential for precipitous deterioration. A high index of suspicion and focused approach is critical to patient survival.
Nonmonotonic databases and epistemic queries

The approach to database query evaluation developed by Levesque and Reiter treats databases as first order theories, and queries as formulas of the language which includes, in addition to the language of the database, an epistemic modal operator. In this epistemic query language, one can express questions not only about the external world described by the database, but also about the database itself-- about what the database knows. On the other hand, epistemic formulas are used in knowledge representation for the purpose of expressing defaults. Autoepistemic logic is the best known epistemic nonmonotonic formalism; the logic of grounded knowledge, proposed recently by Lin and Shoham, is another such system. This paper brings these two directions of research together. We describe a new version of the Lin/Shoham logic, similar in spirit to the Levesque/Reiter theory of epistemic queries. Using this formalism, we can give meaning to epistemic queries in the context of nonmonotonic databases, including logic programs with negation as failure.
An Altered Scaffold for Information Processing: Cognitive Control Development in Adolescents With Autism

We investigated how cognitive neuroscientific studies during the last decade have advanced understanding of cognitive control from adolescence to young adulthood in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To do so, we conducted a selective review of the larger structural, resting state, and diffusion imaging studies of brain regions and networks related to cognitive control that have been conducted since 2007 in individuals with ASD and typical development (TYP) ages 10 to 30 years that examined how these regions and networks support behavioral and task-based fMRI performance on tasks assessing cognitive control during this period. Longitudinal structural studies reveal overgrowth of the anterior cingulate (ACC) and slower white matter development in the parietal cortex in adolescents with ASD versus TYP. Cross-sectional studies of the salience, executive control and default mode resting state functional connectivity networks, which mediate cognitive control, demonstrate patterns of connectivity that differ from TYP through adolescence. Finally, white matter tracts underlying these control-related brain regions continue to show reduced diffusion properties compared to TYP. It is thus not surprising that cognitive control tasks performance improves less during adolescence in ASD versus TYP. This review illustrates that a cognitive neuroscientific approach produces insights about the mechanisms of persistent cognitive control deficits in individuals with ASD from adolescence into young adulthood not apparent with neuropsychological methods alone, and draws attention to the great need for longitudinal studies of this period in those with ASD. Further investigation of ACC and fronto-parietal neural circuits may help specify pathophysiology and treatment options.
Abstract A02: Comparative analysis of breast density among Black, White, and Hispanic women presenting for screening mammography

Background: Data on ethnic variations in breast density are limited and often not inclusive of underrepresented minorities, including Black and Hispanic women. As breast density is associated with elevated breast cancer risk, investigating racial and ethnic difference may elucidate the observed differences in breast cancer risk among different populations. Methods: We reviewed breast density recorded at the initial mammographic screening study in women presenting to the Capital Breast Care Center (CBCC) and Georgetown University Hospital (GUH) from 2010 to 2014. Patient demographics including race, age at screening, education and menopausal status were abstracted in addition to body mass index (BMI). From imaging reports, we recorded the BI-RADS density categories: 1-fatty, 2-scattered fibroglandular densities, 3-heterogeneously dense and 4-extremely dense. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression was used to identify predictors of breast density. Results: Density categorization was recorded for 2,146 women over the five-year period, with 940 (43.8%) Black, 893 (41.6%), Hispanic and 314 (14.6%) White. Analysis of subject characteristics by low density (categories 1 and 2) and high density (categories 3 and 4) show that high category is observed in younger, Hispanic, nulliparous, premenopausal and non-obese women (P-values Conclusion: In this analysis of density distribution in a diverse sample of women presenting for mammography, Hispanic women have the highest breast density, followed by Black women with Whites having the lowest. Unique in our findings is women who identify as Hispanic having the highest breast density and lower rates of obesity. Further investigation of the impact of obesity on breast density in minority women, especially in the understudied Hispanic group is needed. Citation Format: Bridget A. Oppong, Chiranjeev Dash, Suzanne Oneill, Kepher Makambi, Tesha Coleman, Lucile L. Adams-Campbell. Comparative analysis of breast density among Black, White, and Hispanic women presenting for screening mammography [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR International Conference: New Frontiers in Cancer Research; 2017 Jan 18-22; Cape Town, South Africa. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(22 Suppl):Abstract nr A02.