cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dedicated training in adult education among otolaryngology faculty.

Objectives/Hypothesis Most faculty members undergo ad hoc training in education. This survey was developed to assess the prevalence and type of dedicated training in education received by academic otolaryngology–head and neck surgery (OTO–HNS) faculty in the United States. Study Design Survey. Methods An 11-item survey was developed to assess the prevalence of dedicated instruction in education theory and practice, the types of instruction received, and the barriers to receiving instruction. The survey was sent to all OTO–HNS program directors for distribution among their respective faculty. Results A total of 216 responses were received. Seventy respondents (32.7%) serve as program director, associate program director, or assistant program director in their respective programs. Forty-six respondents (21.8%) had received dedicated training in education. Of the respondents who described the type of education training received, 48.7% participated in didactics/seminar, 35.9% in degree/certificate programs, 10.3% in multimodality training, and 5.1% online training. Among the barriers encountered to participation in instruction in education, time/productivity pressures was the most commonly cited reason (60.2%), followed by not knowing about the opportunity to receive training (36.4%), lack of departmental support (26.2%), lack of available training (22.3%), and the perception that such training would not be useful (7.8%). Conclusion Presently, only a minority of surveyed academic otolaryngologists in the United States have received any dedicated instruction in the theory and practice of education. Personal, departmental, and institutional barriers exist in many practice environments that hinder otolaryngology faculty from participating in education training. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 124:2693–2695, 2014
Suppression and enhancement of the Aspergillus nidulans medusa mutation by altered dosage of the bristle and stunted genes.

Asexual reproduction in Aspergillus nidulans is characterized by the orderly differentiation of multicellular reproductive structures (conidiophores) and chains of uninucleate conidia (spores). Mutations in the developmental modifier medusa ( medA ) result in aberrant conidiophores with branching chains of reiterated reproductive cells (metulae), delayed conidial differentiation and frequent reinitiation of secondary conidiophores. We show that incorrect morphology is in part a consequence of modified bristle ( brlA ) and abacus ( abaA ) expression, key regulators of the core genetic pathway directing conidial differentiation. First, correct temporal expression of both brlA transcripts ( brlAα and br1Aβ ) requires MedAp. Second, MedAp functions as a coactivator required for normal levels of abaA expression. Finally, we show that wild-type morphology results from a finely tuned balance in the expression of brlA , medA and the developmental modifier stunted ( stuA ). One extra copy of brlA suppresses medA mutations and restores normal abaA mRNA abundance. In contrast, an extra copy of stuA in a medA − strain results in an enhanced medusoid phenotype with extensive metulae proliferation and nearly complete absence of conidia. abaA and brlA± transcription are completely repressed in these strains. In general, low stuA:brlA ratios promoted conidiation while high ratios caused proliferation of unicellular sterigmata and inhibited conidiation.
Forensic Accounting in Matrimonial Divorce Engagements

The great success of our previous special supplement to the Journal of Forensic Accounting (Forensic Accounting in Matrimonial Divorce, 2005), has driven the development of its successor. This new supplement retains the focus of the former – delivering current information on important aspects of marital dissolution and fresh insights into complexities which may challenge professional awareness and objectivity.This new work highlights the accounting, auditing and investigative skills of forensic accounting within the legal process of marital dissolution, and seeks to assist the practitioner in delivering valuable professional services in related engagements that are often highly sensitive and emotionally charged. It is my expectation that this compilation will become, as did the former, a critical component in every practitioner’s library.
Exploring the Mysteries of Traditional Chinese Medicine Systematically by Expression Microarrays

Preclinical Research Traditional Chinese medicine often clashes with contemporary medicine because its principles and concepts are difficult to understand to scientists with a background in contemporary medicine. Therefore, more proof and explanation of traditional Chinese medicine at the molecular level are necessary. Expression microarrays, among the most important genomics techniques in modern systems biology, can simultaneously detect the expression levels of thousands of genes and identify related gene networks in biological systems. They may connect gene expression at the microlevel and system information at the macrolevel together. Expression microarrays may create building blocks to bridge traditional Chinese medicine and contemporary medicine. They may not only identify the action (or toxicological) mechanism or active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicine but also reveal the molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine theories. The following is a brief overview of some applications of expression microarrays for traditional Chinese medicine studies.
Close coupled, energy sudden, distorted wave-energy sudden and quasiclassical trajectory study of a model H2-uncorrugated surface scattering system

Abstract Full close coupled (CC), close coupled vibration-energy sudden rotation (CCES), distorted wave vibration-energy sudden rotation (DWES), and quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) techniques have been applied to treat H2 colliding perpendicularly with an uncorrugated, rigid, infinitely massive surface. Calculations were performed in the 1 eV energy range for the special case in which the H2 rotational angular momentum remains parallel to the surface. The qualitative features of the vibrationally elastic scattering processes are reasonably described by the QCT method even for conditions when the total rotational inelasticity is considerably greater than elasticity. The CCES and DWES methods qualitatively predict correctly that surfaces can produce large amounts of rotational angular momentum transfer but considerably overestimate the degree. The DWES method qualitatively predicts the importance of the nearly resonant vibrational to rotation energy transfer process but also considerably underestimates the probability of inelastic vibrational collisions. The CC results clearly indicate the importance of rotational-translational, vibrational-translational, and vibrational- rotational energy transfer in molecule-surface collisions.
Biochemical strategy of the genome as expressed in regulation of pyrimidine metabolism

The biochemical strategy of the mammalian genome was examined as expressed in thymidine metabolism and in uridylate and CTP biosynthesis under experimental conditions where the increased replicative process required an integrated modulation of gene expression, such as in regeneration, in differentiation, and in neoplastic transformation and progression. 1. 1.|The opposing enzymes of thymidine synthesis (thymidine kinase) and thymidine degradation (dihydrothymine dehydrogenase) were regulated reciprocally and the activities of these enzymes were altered in an antagonistic way in regeneration, differentiation and neoplasia. Thus, the logic of gene expression as determined in the reciprocal regulation of antagonistic pathways and key enzymes also applies to thymidine metabolism. 2. 2.|The activities of thymidine kinase and dihydrothymine dehydrogenase, measured in the 100,000 × g supernatant fluid, correlated well with the behavior of the incorporation of thymidine into DNA and the degradation of thymidine to CO2, determined in tissue slices. 3. 3.|Analysis of the behavior of enzymes of uridylate and CTP biosynthesis indicated that there was a relationship between the activity of enzymes in normal liver and the extent of increase of enzyme activity in rapidly growing hepatomas. This is in agreement with earlier observations of such relationships in pyrimidine and purine metabolism. Thus, the strategy of the genome in neoplasia involves a coordinated, enzyme activity-related increase in the enzymic capacity. 4. 4.|In the reprogramming of gene expression in cancer cells the increased production of CTP in hepatomas, a rise in CTP synthetase activity is not sufficient. There is an increase not only in the activity of this rate-limiting enzyme, but also in the activities of the enzymes uridine kinase, uridine phosphorylase, uridine phosphoribosyltransferase, OMP decarboxylase and UDP kinase that are involved in the de novo, salvage and recycling reactions of uridylate biosynthesis. There is a concurrent decline in the activity of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting catabolic enzyme. Thus, in neoplastic transformation and progression a whole program is displayed that involves the integrated alterations of opposing key enzymes, resulting in a metabolic imbalance. 5. 5.|The program displayed in the behavioral pattern of these enzyme systems in neoplastic liver was specific to neoplasia, since no similar pattern was observed in normal, differentiating or regenerating liver. 6. 6.|The biochemical strategy of gene expression in thymidine, uridylate and CTP biosynthesis should confer selective reproductive advantages to the cancer cells. Therefore, some of these enzymes should provide promising targets in the rational design of anti-cancer chemotherapy.
Beneficial myocardial metabolic effects of insulin during verapamil toxicity in the anesthetized canine.

Objective Myocardial depression from verapamil toxicity may result from alterations in carbohydrate metabolism as well as calcium-channel antagonism. We hypothesized that pharmacologic doses of insulin may be effective in reversing both of these deficits.Design Randomized, controlled, prospective st
Influence of a round corner die on flow homogeneity in ECA pressing

Abstract The homogeneity of flow during equal-channel angular pressing was evaluated in pure aluminum using a round corner die with ψ=20° and a sharp corner die with ψ=0°. Detailed microhardness measurements show both dies produce essentially identical results. It is concluded that the use of a round corner die with ψ=20° produces no significant hardness inhomogeneity.
Applied Biomechanics in an Instructional Setting.

(2006). Applied Biomechanics in an Instructional Setting. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 77, No. 8, pp. 25-27.
Framing “at risk” students: Struggles at the boundaries of access to higher education

Abstract Access to an education is a social justice issue that requires a new courageous commitment to identifying and eliminating barriers to college success. For first generation, low income and students of color, education is the one remaining single most powerful factor to bring about a different outcome for their lives. This article explores what we can learn from the experience of students at a regional public university designated “at risk” and how to reclaim the place of public college education as an equalizing force in our nation.
Slow late Paleozoic exhumation in the Presidential Range of New Hampshire as determined by the 40Ar/39Ar relief method

40 Ar/ 39 Ar mineral ages from muscovite were used to determine exhumation rates in the multiply deformed and metamorphosed Silurian and Devonian metasedimentary rocks exposed on Mount Washington, New Hampshire. The muscovite ages increase progressively from the bottom to the top of the mountain; the oldest (Mount Washington summit, elevation 6200 ft [1900 m]) is 304 ± 3 Ma and the youngest (Route 16, elevation 1350 ft [410 ml) is 274 ± 3 Ma. The age and elevation data yield an exhumation rate of 0.04 mm/yr. The exhumation rate indicates that (1) the Middle Pennsylvanian through Early Permian was a period of very slow exhumation; (2) rapid uplift associated with the Acadian orogeny must have terminated by at least 305 Ma; (3) sometime after 274 Ma, renewed uplift created the present topography of the Mount Washington massif; and (4) the relief method can be used successfully in older, more deeply eroded orogenic belts, if the topographic relief is adequate and cooling was slow.
Korteweg-de Vries and nonlinear equations related to the Toda lattice

Abstract The purpose of this work is to discuss the sense in which certain nonlinear equations related to the Toda lattice are discrete versions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation.
Pericyte migration from the vascular wall in response to traumatic brain injury.

Any perturbation of the blood brain barrier, whether from changes in cell physiology or from direct injury, may result in microvascular dysfunction and disease. We examined, at the ultrastructural level, microvascular pericyte responses in a well-defined model of traumatic brain injury in the rat. In areas close to the site of impact cortical pericytes underwent a number of changes within the first hour. Approximately 40% of pericytes migrated from their microvascular location. Migration occurred concomitant with a thinning of the abluminal surface of the basal lamina and an accumulation of the receptor for the urokinase plasminogen activator on the leading surface of the migrating cell. Migrated pericytes appeared viable and remained in a perivascular location in the adjacent neuropil. Nonmigrating pericytes in the same section displayed cytoplasmic alterations and nuclear chromatin changes consistent with a rapid degenerative process.
What's all the FUS?

My business is elastic waves, but elastic waves are only one class of mechanical wave motion. There are acoustic waves, flexure waves in rods and plates, gravity waves on the surface of fluids, and many others.
Addendum: A guide to small-molecule structure assignment through computation of (¹H and ¹³C) NMR chemical shifts.

This protocol is intended to provide chemists who discover or make new organic compounds with a valuable tool for validating the structural assignments of those new chemical entities. Experimental ¹H and/or ¹³C NMR spectral data and its proper interpretation for the compound of interest is required as a starting point. The approach involves the following steps: (i) using molecular mechanics calculations (with, e.g., MacroModel) to generate a library of conformers; (ii) using density functional theory (DFT) calculations (with, e.g., Gaussian 09) to determine optimal geometry, free energies and chemical shifts for each conformer; (iii) determining Boltzmann-weighted proton and carbon chemical shifts; and (iv) comparing the computed chemical shifts for two or more candidate structures with experimental data to determine the best fit. For a typical structure assignment of a small organic molecule (e.g., fewer than ∼10 non-H atoms or up to ∼180 a.m.u. and ∼20 conformers), this protocol can be completed in ∼2 h of active effort over a 2-d period; for more complex molecules (e.g., fewer than ∼30 non-H atoms or up to ∼500 a.m.u. and ∼50 conformers), the protocol requires ∼3-6 h of active effort over a 2-week period. To demonstrate the method, we have chosen the analysis of the cis- versus the trans-diastereoisomers of 3-methylcyclohexanol (1-cis versus 1-trans). The protocol is written in a manner that makes the computation of chemical shifts tractable for chemists who may otherwise have only rudimentary computational experience.
Inhibition by toyocamycin of RNA synthesis in mammalian cells and in normal and avian tumor virus-infected chick embryo cells

Abstract 1. The adenosine analog toyocamycin selectively inhibits synthesis of rRNA in mammalian cells, blocking the conversion of the 45-S precursor molecule. In contrast, toyocamycin inhibition in chick embryo cells is less specific, and some rRNA synthesis continues even at relatively high concentrations of toyocamycin. 2. In untreated chick cells rRNA formation was like that in L cells. A broad range of heterogeneous chick cell nuclear RNA's were synthesized most rapidly, followed by the rRNA precursor of about 45 S. This was cleaved to forms of about 38 S, 32 S and, finally 28 S and 18 S. 3. The similarity of normal pathways suggests that the differences in species response to toyocamycin probably reflect different enzyme sensitivities. The inhibitory effect in chick cells appears to be on both synthesis and conversion of the 45-S precursor RNA. 4. The toyocamycin-resistant nucleolar RNA formed in chick cells infected with MC29 virus above that in noninfected cells was principally rRNA precursor with no unequivocal evidence of virus-specific RNA. 5. The differential thermal phenol procedure for separate extraction of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA's was modified for application to chick cells.
Maturation of mammalian myocardial muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Abstract Biochemical alterations of the cardiac muscarinic binding sites have not been correlated with physiological observations. The development of responsiveness to acetylcholine in the fetal mouse heart occurs during the third trimester. We tested the hypothesis that the altered physiological response was related to changes in the muscarinic cholinergic binding site assayed by using the potent antagonist [ 3 H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). Analysis of saturation isotherms of specific (atropine displaceable) [ 3 H]-QNB binding gave an apparent dissociation constant (K D app) of 27 ± 3 (SEM) pM for adult heart. Receptor density increased significantly during the third trimester of pregnancy to 48% of adult, while the K D app did not change. The increase in receptor density parallels the demonstrated increased responsiveness to acetylcholine.
In Situ Measurements of the Mixing Ratio of Water Vapor in the Stratosphere

Abstract The results of four balloon flights of the NOAA ultraviolet fluorescence stratospheric water vapor instrument are presented. A series of improvements in the instrument has brought results which are credibly free from contamination by outgassing. The results are in essential agreement with the extensive soundings by H.J. Mastenbrook. The minimum water vapor mixing ratio occurs 2–3 km above the tropopause in both tropical and temperature latitudes. Our measured minimum values were 2.6 ppmv over Brazil (5°S) and 3.6 ppmv over Wyoming (41°N), with an estimated total error of 20%. This degree of dryness permits the conclusion that the global circulation originally proposed by Brewer is correct; i.e., that air enters the stratosphere from the troposphere in substantial quantities only through the tropical tropopause. This general circulation must apply to all other trace gases of tropospheric origin as well. The carbon monoxide measurements of Seiler support the conclusion.
Weak-tie support network preference and perceived life stress among participants in health-related, computer-mediated support groups

The study reported here examines characteristics of weak-tie support network preference among members of health-related computer-mediated support groups. Drawing on weak-tie support network theory and socioemotional selectivity theory, participants' age and health condition were assessed as predictors of weak ties support network preference. Relationships between the dimensions of weak-tie support network preference and perceived stress also were evaluated. The results demonstrated that age was negatively associated with a preference for weak-tie support, and that participants not facing a terminal illness were more likely than those preferring a terminal illness to prefer weak-tie support. The objective utility and greater-perceived-risks dimensions of weak-tie support network preference were significant predictors of perceived stress. The implications of these findings for health communication interventions are discussed.
Nonaccommodative Convergence Excess

Nonaccommodative convergence excess is a condition in which a patient has orthotropia or a small-angle esophoria or esotropia at distance and a large-angle esotropia at near, not significantly reduced by the addition of spherical plus lenses. The AC/A ratio, determined with the gradient method, is normal or subnormal. Tonic convergence is suspected of causing the convergence excess in these patients. Nonaccommodative convergence excess must be distinguished from esotropia with a high AC/A ratio and from hypoaccommodative esotropia. In 24 patients treated with recession of both medial recti muscles with and without posterior fixation or by posterior fixation alone, the mean correction of esotropia was 7.4 prism diopters at distance and 17 prism diopters at near.
300 Gb/s bidirectional fiber-coupled optical transceiver module based on 24 TX + 24 RX holey CMOS IC

A novel, compact 48-channel optical transceiver module has been designed and fabricated based on a "holey" Optochip - a single-chip CMOS transceiver IC with 24 receiver and 24 laser driver circuits each with a corresponding throughsubstrate optical via (hole). The holes enable 24-channel 850-nm VCSEL and photodiode arrays to be directly flip-chip soldered to the CMOS IC to maximize high-speed performance and facilitate direct fiber-coupling to a standard 4 x 12 MMF array. The Optochips were packaged into complete modules by flip-chip soldering to high-density, high-speed organic carriers. All 48-channels showed good performance up to 12.5 Gb/s/ch providing a 300 Gb/s bidirectional aggregate data rate.
A tailored spirooxazine dimer as a photoswitchable binding tool

A uniquely angled spirooxazine dimer was synthesized as a smart photoswitch for sensing and delivery applications; the dimer showed reversible binding and release ability towards a palladium catalyst.
Impedance and Morphological Properties of Electroless Gold on Industrial Metal Coupons

An approach for correlating the bath chemistry during electroless gold deposition with the overall plating quality on industrial wirebond samples is presented. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the reducing agent dimethylamine borane (DMAB) on gold in alkaline solution was used to provide qualitative information on the interfacial adsorption/desorption processes occurring during deposition. Depending on hydroxide and DMAB concentration, impedance data obtained under hydrodynamic conditions at the gold oxide reduction potential (0.184 V vs Ag/AgCl) follow two different equivalent circuit models that do not exhibit contribution from diffusion. Gold deposit quality was assessed with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry under a variety of bath compositions. Finally, bath efficiency was evaluated in terms of plating rate obtained from X-ray fluorescence data. The substrate surface/solution interactions are linked to the final quality of the resulting gold layer. This work sho...
Efficient UV-emitting X-ray phosphors: octahedral Zr(PO4)6 luminescence centers in potassium hafnium–zirconium phosphates K2Hf1−xZrx(PO4)2 and KHf2(1−x)Zr2x(PO4)3

Abstract Potassium hafnium–zirconium phosphates, K2Hf1−xZrx(PO4)2 and KHf2(1−x)Zr2x(PO4)3, are broad-band UV-emitting phosphors. At room temperature, they have emission peak maxima at approximately 322 and 305 nm, respectively, under 30 kV peak molybdenum X-ray excitation. Both phosphors demonstrate luminescence efficiencies that make them up to ∼60% as bright as commercially available CaWO4 Hi-Plus. The solid-state and flux synthesis conditions, and X-ray excited UV luminescence of these two phosphors are discussed. Even though the two compounds have different atomic structures, they contain zirconium in the same active luminescence environment as that found in highly efficient UV-emitting BaHf1−xZrx(PO4)2. All the three materials have hafnium and zirconium in octahedral coordination via oxygen-atom corner sharing with six separate PO4 tetrahedra. This octahedral Zr(PO4)6 moiety appears to be an important structural element for efficient X-ray excited luminescence, as are the edge-sharing octahedral TaO6 chains for tantalate emission.
Universal deformation rings and tame blocks

Let k be an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic, and let G be a finite group. Suppose B is a block of kG of infinite tame representation type. We find all finitely generated kG-modules V that belong to B and whose endomorphism ring is isomorphic to k and determine the universal deformation ring R(G,V) for each of these modules.
Product Design Variants and Customization: Dealing With Conflicting Requirements

Product variety is necessary to satisfy the market. The change from a vendor market to a customer market has led to increased competition among manufacturers, benefiting the customer. Accordingly, less busy market niches are sought and more specific customer wishes are fulfilled. Rapid improvements or design of new products generate new incentives to buy. This market trend increases the variety of product variants while simultaneously leading to smaller number and lot size per variant. An increase in the number of variants and a decrease in the lot size tend to lead to longer throughput and delivery times and problems of quality assurance, and to higher direct and indirect costs per variant. The paper discusses this problem and provides a set of recommendations for controlling the multiplicity of variants within an enterprise.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Generating test data for distributed software using the chaining approach

Software testing is very labour-intensive and expensive, and accounts for a significant proportion of software system development cost. If the testing process could be automated, the cost of developing software could be significantly reduced. Currently, most of the existing test data generators are for sequential programs. One of the major problems in dynamic testing of distributed software is reproducible program execution. Distributed programs often make non-deterministic selections of communications events, e.g. the select statement in Ada. Thus, a test case for the distributed program is defined as a set of input data plus a sequence of events that is used to resolve any non-deterministic choices that are possible during program execution. In this paper, we present a chaining approach for automated software test data generation for distributed software. This approach builds on current theory of existing execution-oriented test data generation. The goal is to find program input and a rendezvous sequence on which the selected statement is executed. The chaining approach uses program dependency analysis to identify statements that affect the execution of the selected statement. These statements are then used to guide the test data generation process. The experiments have shown that the chaining approach may significantly improve the chances of generating test data as compared to the existing methods.
Elucidating complex design and management tradeoffs through life cycle design: Air intake manifold demonstration project

Abstract The life cycle design (LCD) framework for enhancing design analysis and decision making is demonstrated through a collaborative effort between the University of Michigan, a cross functional team at Ford, and the US Environmental Protection Agency. The LCD framework was used to evaluate three air intake manifold designs: a sand cast aluminum, brazed aluminum tubular, and nylon composite. Life cycle inventory, life cycle cost and product/process performance analyses highlighted significant tradeoffs among alternative manifolds, with respect to system design requirements. The life cycle inventory indicated that the sand-cast aluminum manifold consumed the most life cycle energy (1798 MJ) compared to the tubular brazed aluminum (1131 MJ) and nylon composite (928 MJ) manifolds. The cast aluminum manifold generated the least life cycle solid waste of 218 kg per manifold, whereas the brazed aluminum tubular and nylon composite manifolds generated comparable quantities of 418 kg and 391 kg, respectively. Material production accounted for 70% of the total life cycle solid waste for the brazed tubular manifold, while auto shredder residue was responsible for half the total waste for the nylon composite design. The life cycle cost analysis estimated Ford manufacturing costs, customer gasoline costs, and end-of-life management costs. The nylon composite manifold had the highest estimated manufacturing costs but the least use phase gasoline costs. Significant end-of-life management revenues from aluminum recycling would accrue to Ford under automobile take back legislation. A total of 20 performance requirements were used to evaluate each design alternative.
Racial/ethnic differences in teen and parent perspectives toward depression treatment.

Abstract Purpose There are significant racial/ethnic disparities in youth access to and use of appropriate depression treatment. Although there is a growing literature on racial/ethnic differences in treatment preference among adults, we know very little about whether these differences persist for adolescents and whether parents have an influence on their teens' treatment perspectives. Methods Teens and parents from a sample of primary care settings were interviewed at baseline and 6 months. We used bivarate and regression analyses to describe racial/ethnic differences in teen and parent depression knowledge and treatment preference and to assess the impact of parental views on teen perspectives. Results Latino and African American teens had lower average scores on antidepressant knowledge ( p p p p p p Conclusions Racial/ethnic differences in depression treatment knowledge persist, but are more pronounced for parents than teens. Talking to parents who have more knowledge about depression treatment is associated with more teen knowledge and that knowledge is associated with greater willingness to seek depression treatment. Research is needed on the content and type of conversations that parents and teens have about depression treatment, and if there are differences by race/ethnicity.
MORPHOLOGIC BASIS FOR GLUCOSE MALABSORPTION IN INFANTS WITH ACQUIRED MONOSACCHARIDE INTOLERANCE (AMI)

Infants with AMI have chronic acidic diarrhea secondary to malabsorption of all carbohydrates resulting in profound malnutrition. Four patients with AMF were studied by an intestinal perfusion technique. A triple lumen tube with a Pediatric Crosby capsule at the tip was introduced into the jejunum. A 10% glucose solution was infused through a proximal site 30 cm from the collecting point. 1% polyethylene glycol was added as a non-absorbable marker. Samples were obtained every 15 minutes and glucose absorption rate was calculated. After the perfusion, a jejunal biopsy was obtained for histology and disaccharidase assay. Glucose absorption increased from 9.2 to 17.3 mg/min after 1 month rehabilitation. Villous length increased with recovery. Lactase, sucrose and maltose enzymes remained low. A linear relationship exists between glucose absorption and villous length. This implies that impaired glucose absorption is related to decreased mucosal surface area. Work supported by: Ross Laboratory, David Underwood Trust, NASA Contract 90059, USPH RR-00188 and AM-05721-01.
Health promotion for adolescent childhood leukemia survivors: building on prevention science and ehealth

Teenage survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have increased morbidity likely due to their prior multicomponent treatment. Habits established in adolescence can impact individuals' subsequent adult behaviors. Accordingly, healthy lifestyles, avoiding harmful actions, and appropriate disease surveillance are of heightened importance among teenage survivors. We review the findings from prevention science and their relevance to heath promotion. The capabilities and current uses of eHealth components including e-learning, serious video games, exergaming, behavior tracking, individual messaging, and social networking are briefly presented. The health promotion needs of adolescent survivors are aligned with those eHealth aspects to propose a new paradigm to enhance the wellbeing of adolescent ALL survivors.
Self-control in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Effects of added stimulation and time.

Preference for larger-delayed versus more immediate-smaller rewards was studied in 5- and 6-year-old typical boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a repeated measure design. The effect of adding stimulation on preference also was studied. Boys with ADHD chose delayed-larger rewards significantly less than did typical boys. Adding stimulation reduced motoric behavior, but did not affect choice. As rates of motoric activity increased in boys with ADHD, their preference for delayed, larger rewards decreased over time. These findings argue for the external validity of choice tasks in the study of ADHD.
The wobbly status of ketolides: where do we stand?

Ketolides are erythromycin A derivatives with a keto group replacing the cladinose sugar and an aryl-alkyl group attached to the lactone macrocycle. The aryl-alkyl extension broadens its antibacterial spectrum to include all pathogens responsible for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis as well as atypical pathogens (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila). Ketolides have extensive tissue distribution, favorable pharmacokinetics (oral, once-a-day) and useful anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory properties. Hence, they were considered attractive additions to established oral antibacterials (quinolones, β-lactams, second-generation macrolides) for mild-to-moderate CAP. The first ketolide to be approved, Sanofi-Aventis' telithromycin (RU 66647, HMR 3647, Ketek®), had tainted clinical development, controversial FDA approval and subsequent restrictions due to rare, irreversible hepatotoxicity that included deaths. Three additional ketolides progressed to non-inferiority clinical trials vis-a-vis clarithromycin for CAP. Abbott's cethromycin (ABT-773), acquired by Polymedix and subsequently by Advanced Life Sciences, completed Phase III trials, but its New Drug Application was denied by the FDA in 2009. Enanta's modithromycin (EDP-420), originally codeveloped with Shionogi (S-013420) and subsequently by Shionogi alone, is currently in Phase II in Japan. Optimer's solithromycin (OP-1068), acquired by Cempra (CEM-101), is currently in Phase III. Until this hepatotoxicity issue is resolved, ketolides are unlikely to replace established antibacterials for CAP, or lipoglycopeptides and oxazolidinones for gram-positive infections.
Robust State Dependent Control of Discrete Time Nonlinear Systems With Random Actuator Failures

A novel robust control technique for discrete time nonlinear systems with random actuator failures is proposed in this paper. This controller is optimally robust for actuator failures in achieving general performance criteria ranging from quadratic optimality with inherent asymptotic stability property to various forms of quadratic dissipative type of disturbance reduction. By solving a state dependent linear matrix inequality at each time instant, the control solution is found which satisfies these general performance criteria. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by simulations of the control of the inverted pendulum on a cart.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Set Of Orthonormal Surface Error Descriptors For Near-Cylindrical Optics

A set of functions is presented which is orthonormal over the surface of a cylinder. The functions are useful for describing surface errors on the types of near-cylindrical optics found in x-ray and some extreme ultraviolet systems. In addition, the functions provide a convenient means of using surface deforma-tion data to separate rigid-body motions (misalignments) from surface errors. The functions are sinusoidal in the azimuthal direction and polynomial in the axial direction. In this paper, the functions are detailed in terms of the form of their corresponding surface errors. Also, some general relationships are given, which relate the surface errors defined by these functions to the resulting wavefront errors and focal plane errors. These relationships depend explicitly on the nature of the wavefront incident on the optic. This paves the way for describing the wavefront (either in a metrology configuration or in the real system configuration) in terms of the errors on the optic and the misalignments in the system. A specific example for calculating wavefront and focal plane errors is worked. Finally, some parallels are drawn between the use of these functions for describing near-cylindrical optics and the use of Zernike polyno-mials for describing conventional optics.
Can the Senate Examine the Constitutional Philosophies of Supreme Court Nominees

In the last 40 years, universal recognition of the Supreme Court's important policy-making role, the prevalence of divided government, and heightened conflict over value-laden issues such as abortion and school prayer have led to ever more elaborate Senate review of Supreme Court nominations (Freund 1988; Ross 1987, 116-23). Senate hearings into nominees' views on constitutional issues comprise the most visible element in the expanded confirmation process. Yet most recent nominees have won Senate approval while revealing little of their legal or political philosophies. As Powe (1976, 893) has concluded, "Senate questioning [of nominees] has proved astonishingly ineffective in eliciting the desired information." The ability of nominees to hide their beliefs on vital constitutional questions raises serious doubts about the Senate's
Sensitivity of damage predictions to tissue level yield properties and apparent loading conditions

Abstract High-resolution finite element models of trabecular bone failure could be used to augment current techniques for measuring damage in trabecular bone. However, the sensitivity of such models to the assumed tissue yield properties and apparent loading conditions is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the amount and mode (tension vs. compression) of tissue level yielding in trabecular bone to these factors. Linear elastic, high-resolution finite element models of nine bovine tibial trabecular bone specimens were used to calculate the fraction of the total tissue volume that exceeded each criterion for apparent level loading to the reported elastic limit in both on-axis and transverse compression and tension, and in shear. Four candidate yield criteria were studied, based on values suggested in the literature. Both the amount and the failure mode of yielded tissue were sensitive to the magnitudes of the tissue yield strains, the degree of tension–compression asymmetry of the yield criterion, and the applied apparent loads. The amount of yielded tissue was most sensitive to the orientation of the applied apparent loading, with the most tissue yielding for loading along the principal trabecular orientation and the least for loading perpendicular to it, regardless of the assumed tissue level yield criterion. Small changes in the magnitudes and the degree of asymmetry of the tissue yield criterion resulted in much larger changes in the amount of yielded tissue in the model. The results indicate that damage predictions based on high-resolution finite element models are highly sensitive to the assumed tissue yield properties. As such, good estimates of these values are needed before high-resolution finite element models can be applied to the study of trabecular bone damage. Regardless of the assumed tissue yield properties, the amount and type of damage that occurs in trabecular bone depends on the relative orientations of the applied apparent loads to the trabecular architecture, and this parameter should be controlled for both experimental and computational damage studies.
The Upper Bound for the Stable Marriage Problem

The stable problem was originally posed by Gale and Shapley. The worst case performance of their solution is derived in a manner that illustrates the complexity characteristics of the problem. Several conclusions about the nature of the worst case situation are presented.
Exchange rate regimes in post‐crisis Asia: What explains the “hollowing of the middle”

The exchange rate regimes of the Asian countries and their subsequent collapse played key roles in the financial crisis. This prompted a renewed debate over the best choice of exchange rate arrangements, particularly for emerging markets. How should emerging markets, at present, structure their exchange rate system in order to provide stability and to prevent new crises from occurring? It is argued in the literature that only polar extremes (floating or fixed) are viable. This paper outlines the core ideas of the emerging debate and examines the reason for this shift identified as the “hollowing of the middle.”
Treatment of Bleeding Complications When Using Oral Anticoagulants for Prevention of Strokes

Major bleeding in patients taking oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention can progress to catastrophic bleeding if it is not controlled. This is especially of concern if the bleeding is related to the use of a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) such as dabigatran or rivaroxaban, given the dearth of literature addressing the reversal of their anticoagulant effects. The goal of treatment is to prevent progression to catastrophic hemorrhage or exsanguination, and decrease bleeding-related morbidity and mortality. Clinical decisions in such instances should be made in a timely fashion to address the necessity for intervention. Animal models have shown potential for the use of 'fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) in reversing bleeding related to novel oral anticoagulants. However, there is paucity of clinical trials assessing the efficacy of these agents in humans in such clinical scenarios. Hence, there are no guidelines or ideal agents to use in such a scenario. We do not recommend the use of FFP for bleeding related to NOACs. In the setting of early overdose of dabigatran (within 3–4 hours), activated charcoal may be given, and hemodialysis may be used if there is evidence of critical organ bleeding. In our opinion, 4-factor PCC or 3-factor PCC at a dose of about 50 U/kg may be given in an emergency setting to manage bleeding related to factor Xa inhibitors such as rivaroxaban or apixaban, but not direct thrombin inhibitors such as dabigatran. We are also of the opinion that aPCC (FEIBA®) would not be helpful for management of direct thrombin inhibitor (dabigatran)-related bleeding, based on current available efficacy data in humans. We reserve the use of Novoseven® as a last resort, given the lack of pre-clinical or clinical data supporting its ability to reverse the anticoagulant effects of NOACs, except in one case report where it was used in combination with hemodialysis.
The Kantorovich method in the variational formulation to an unsteady heat conduction

Abstract An approximate solution of a transient heat transfer in straight fins of a constant cross-sectional area, constant physical and thermal properties is obtained by the Kantorovich method in the variational formulation in a much simpler expression than in its exact form of solution.
On residue number A/D and D/A converters

A very simple analog to digital converter and digital to analog converter is described for residue number digital processing. These simple devices make it feasible to replace analog components with comparitively inexpensive digital processors that use residue, or modulus, arithmetic capable of operating at very high speeds. Using off-the-shelf integrated circuits, addition, subtraction or multiplication of about 15 bits of accuracy can easily be done in as little as fifty nanoseconds. Any function using these operations (polynomial expansions, linear filters, fast fourier transforms) can be economically implemented in a pipeline or other structure to get very fast systems. Moreover, a stage in the pipeline can correct for non-linearities in the A/D or D/A converters. The simple devices described herein make residue arithmetic digital processors extremely attractive for use in fast analog systems.
MXD3 regulation of DAOY cell proliferation dictated by time course of activation

MXD3 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine-zipper transcription factor involved in cellular proliferation. In previous studies we demonstrated that knock-down of MXD3 in the human medulloblastoma cell line DAOY resulted in decreased proliferation. Surprisingly, overexpression of MXD3 in DAOY cells also decreased proliferation and increased cell death, suggesting that persistent expression of MXD3 triggers an apoptotic response, perhaps as a fail-safe mechanism. To investigate this apparent paradox in detail we developed a tamoxifen inducible system to analyze the temporal effects of MXD3 in the proliferation and transcriptional response of DAOY cells upon acute induction compared with long-term expression of MXD3. We find that acute induction of MXD3 initially promotes cell cycle progression as assessed by a transient increase in bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. However, persistent induction of MXD3 ultimately results in decreased proliferation based on cell counts. Finally, with microarray expression profiling and gene ontology analysis we identify several major pathways enriched in response to acute (immune response, apoptosis, cell cycle) versus persistent (cell adhesion) MXD3 activation. In this study, we demonstrate that acute MXD3 activation results in a transient increase in cell proliferation while persistent activation of MXD3 eventually results in an overall decrease in cell number, suggesting that the time course of MXD3 expression dictates the cellular outcome. Microarray expression profiling and gene ontology analysis indicate that MXD3 regulates distinct genes and pathways upon acute induction compared with persistent expression, suggesting that the cellular outcome is specified by changes in MXD3 transcriptional program in a time-dependent manner.
Sex differences in opioid analgesia: clinical and experimental findings

Sex differences in analgesic responses to opioids have received increasing attention in recent years. This article examines the literature on sex differences in opioid analgesia, including the results of studies from the authors' own laboratories. In general, nonhuman animal studies suggest more robust opioid analgesic responses in males relative to females; however, the human studies completed to date seem to indicate greater opioid analgesia among females. The most consistent evidence of sex differences in analgesia comes from studies of kappa-agonist-antagonists administered to patients following oral surgery. These data indicate more robust analgesia in females, and dose-response characteristics suggest that these agents possess both analgesic and antianalgesic properties, and the agonists may produce these effects in different proportions for women versus men. In contrast, the data from laboratory pain models in humans suggest greater analgesic effects in women in response mu-opioid agonists but not kappa-agonist-antagonists. Multiple mechanisms may explain sex differences in opioid analgesia, including gonadal hormonal effects, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, genetic influences, balance of analgesic/antianalgesic processes, and psychological factors. However, the disparity of results obtained from different pain models--animals versus humans and clinical pain versus experimental pain in humans--suggests that the models themselves are mechanistically different. Additional investigation is warranted in order to further explicate the nature of sex differences in opioid analgesia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.