cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The micropattern effect and visible persistence

Differences in the temporal order of red and green components within stimuli whose total duration is lees than 20 msec may be perceived and detected as color differences—the “micropattern effect.” Such brief stimuli also have an extended “visible persistence” in that they appear to last for over 100 msec. Although the micropattern effect and visible persistence seem to be operating on different time scales (a few vs. 100 msec), we suggest an explanation for the micropattern effect in terms of visible persistence. Experiments using micropattern stimuli repeated with various interstimulus intervals (ISis) support this explanation: The micropattern effect does not reach its full magnitude until the ISI is long enough to accommodate the full duration of the visible persistence.
Phobic anxiety and cognitive performance over 4 years among community-dwelling older women in the Nurses' Health Study.

Objective To examine the relation of phobic anxiety to late-life cognitive trajectory. Design Prospective cohort. Setting Nurses' Health Study—U.S. registered nurses. Participants A total of 16,351 women among whom phobic anxiety symptoms were assessed in 1988 (mean age = 63 years). Measurements Beginning a decade after phobic anxiety ascertainment (mean age = 74 years), three assessments of general cognition, word and paragraph immediate and delayed recall, category fluency, and attention or working memory were administered over an average of 4.4 years; global cognitive and verbal memory composite scores were generated from the component tests. General linear models of response profiles were used to evaluate relations of phobic anxiety to initial cognitive performance and subsequent change. Results Higher phobic anxiety was associated with poorer initial performance: for example, comparing women with the highest anxiety to those with no or minimal symptoms, the multivariate-adjusted mean difference (95% confidence interval) in scores was −0.10 (−0.13,−0.06) standard units for the global score summarizing all tests, and −0.08 (−0.11,−0.04) standard units for verbal memory (summarizing four word- and paragraph-recall tasks). Mean differences between extreme categories of phobic anxiety were equal to those for participants aged 1.5–2 years apart: that is, cognitively equivalent to being about 2 years older. There were no relations of phobic anxiety to subsequent cognitive change. Conclusions Higher mid-life phobic anxiety was related to worse later-life overall cognition and verbal memory. Yet, profiles of poorer cognition with higher anxiety remained parallel over time, suggesting phobic anxiety may impose impact on cognition earlier in life, rather than ongoing impact in later-life.
Suicide Prevention in a Diverse Campus Community.

This chapter presents a brief overview of suicide rates among college students of differing racial, ethnic, ability, and sexual orientation backgrounds in the United States, followed by factors that affect mental health negatively. The chapter concludes with a description of the development of a novel approach to suicide prevention, as implemented at Pace University in New York City.
Prolonged Exposure vs Supportive Counseling for Sexual Abuse–Related PTSD in Adolescent Girls: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Evidence-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have not been established for adolescents despite high prevalence of PTSD in this population. Objective To examine the effects of counselor-delivered prolonged exposure therapy compared with supportive counseling for adolescents with PTSD. Design, Setting, and Participants A single-blind, randomized clinical trial of 61 adolescent girls with PTSD using a permuted block design. Counselors previously naive to prolonged exposure therapy provided the treatments in a community mental health clinic. Data collection lasted from February 2006 through March 2012. Interventions Participants received fourteen 60- to 90-minute sessions of prolonged exposure therapy (n = 31) or supportive counseling (n = 30). Main Outcomes and Measures All outcomes were assessed before treatment, at mid-treatment, and after treatment and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. The primary outcome, PTSD symptom severity, was assessed by the Child PTSD Symptom Scale–Interview (range, 0-51; higher scores indicate greater severity). Secondary outcomes were presence or absence of PTSD diagnosis assessed by the DSM-IV Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children and functioning assessed by the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (range, 1-100; higher scores indicate better functioning). Additional secondary measures, PTSD severity assessed by the Child PTSD Symptom Scale–Self-Report (range, 0-51; higher scores indicate greater severity) and depression severity assessed by the Children’s Depression Inventory (range, 0-54; higher scores indicate greater severity), were also assessed weekly during treatment. Results Data were analyzed as intent to treat. During treatment, participants receiving prolonged exposure demonstrated greater improvement on the PTSD symptom severity scale (difference between treatments in improvement, 7.5; 95% CI, 2.5-12.5; P P = .01; self-reported PTSD severity: difference, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.2-11.2; P = .02; depression: difference, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.6-8.2; P = .008; global functioning: difference, 10.1; 95% CI, 3.4-16.8; P = .008). These treatment differences were maintained through the 12-month follow-up: for interviewer-assessed PTSD (difference, 6.0; 95% CI, 1.6-10.4; P = . 02), loss of PTSD diagnosis (difference, 31.1; 95% CI, 14.7-34.8; P = .01), self-reported PTSD (difference, 9.3; 95% CI, 1.2-16.5; P = .02), depression (difference, 7.2; 95% CI, 1.4-13.0; P = .02), and global functioning (difference, 11.2; 95% CI, 4.5-17.9; P = .01). Conclusion and Relevance Adolescents girls with sexual abuse–related PTSD experienced greater benefit from prolonged exposure therapy than from supportive counseling even when delivered by counselors who typically provide supportive counseling. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00417300
Low-temperature phase and magnetic interactions in FCC Fe-Cr-Ni alloys

Abstract The low-temperature (5 K T T N . The dc susceptibility, χ( T ), did not exhibit a simple Curie-Weiss dependence. Above T N , atemperature independent component χ 0 was observed, i.e., χ( T ) = χ 0 + C / (itT + θ. T N was systematically influenced by the lattice parameter, a , decreasing from (47.9 ± 0.5) K to (35.0 ± 0.5) K as a increased by only 0.25%. The average magnetic moment of ≈ 0.6μ B obtained from neutron scattering was lower than the ≈ 1 μ B obtained from the SQUID data. Mean field estimates of antiferromagnetic nearest-neighbors exchange interaction ( J 1 ) and ferromagnetic second-nearest-neighbors interaction ( J 2 ) indicate that | J 2 / J 1 |≈ 1.5. We believe that this is evidence of the RKKY interaction, and self-consistently argue that only the external d electrons are responsible for the localized average moment. This may mean that s-d hybridization of the external electrons is weak in these alloys.
Quantitative determination of individual glycosaminoglycans in plasma by concanavalin A rocket electrophoresis

A new one-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis method for the quantitation of glycosaminoglycans in biological samples has been described. In this procedure, concanavalin A, suspended in agarose gel, interacts with glycosaminoglycans such that rocket-like precipitin lines are formed. The area of the rocket is directly proportional to the glycosaminoglycan content of the sample. This procedure permits measurement of glycosaminoglycans in amounts as low as 0.5 nmol uronic acid equivalents with a coefficient of variation of only 8%. The described method has been applied to the determination of free heparan sulfate in plasma. This method can also be used to measure all high-charge glycosaminoglycans of biological interest.
Current and emerging technologies in melanoma diagnosis: the state of the art

Relative to other specialties, dermatologists have been slow to adopt advanced technologic diagnostic aids. Most skin disease can be diagnosed by simple visual inspection, and the skin is readily accessible for a diagnostic biopsy. Diagnostic aids, such as total body photography and dermoscopy, improve the clinician's ability to diagnose melanoma beyond unaided visual inspection, however, and are now considered mainstream methods for early detection. Emerging technologies such as in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy are currently being investigated to determine their utility for noninvasive diagnosis of melanoma. This review summarizes the currently available cutaneous imaging devices and new frontiers in noninvasive diagnosis of skin disease. We anticipate that multimodal systems that combine different imaging technologies will further improve our ability to detect, at the bedside, melanoma at an earlier stage.
Student Learning in Guatemala: An Untenured Faculty Perspective on International Service Learning and Public Good.

Abstract In this article I explain how I combined service learning, public-good work, and research in Guatemala. This path has not been easy. Indeed, it has been risky because the time invested in public-good work and teaching field classes could have detracted from research productivity. Taking a risk under the current and traditional academic model at many universities, however, has resulted in the creation of a service-learning class in Guatemala where students learn to conduct community-based research and then, along with the community, formulate a plan of action to try and meet needs identified by the community. I offer a cautionary note for untenured faculty because my tenure case rests on my store of traditional publications, not on the public-good work and service-learning classes that I teach abroad.
The Career Assessment of Persons With Disabilities: A Review

This article presents a comprehensive career assessment model for working with persons with disabilities. This model includes the use of a comprehensive assessment of aptitudes, achievement, vocati...
Principal-Central Office Communication

A common—and serious—problem in school organ izations is a poor level of communication and trust between building principals and central office staff. The authors review the history of the problem and offer some solutions.
Plasmodium berghei: thyroid hyperplasia and thyroid hyperactivity in mice.

Statistically significant (P < 0.05) thyroid hyperactivity (131I% uptakes) occurs on certain days in Plasmodium berghei infected C3H mice. Male mice thyroid glands are made more hyperactive by the malaria than the female glands. Hyperactive thyroid glands may be at least one cause of hypocholesterolemia in plasmodium-infected rodents. Thyroid hyperplasia was found only in experimental mice (620 males; 820 females). A hyperactive thyroid gland appears to be an unreported aspect of experimental acute P. berghei infections in mice. The hyperthyroidism may be due to possible toxic substances acting either directly on the thyroid gland, or indirectly on the hypothalamus affecting TSH production.
First Amendment civil liability against law enforcement supervisors for violating their subordinates’ rights to engage in overt political expression

Explores the issue of Section 1983 civil liability against law enforcement supervisors who infringe on their employees’ First Amendment rights to support political candidates and pursue political activities. The sacred right to engage freely in the political process periodically conflicts with law enforcement supervisors’ interests in ensuring political loyalty and efficient delivery of services from their subordinates. After reviewing relevant United States Supreme Court cases, develops a legal/conceptual framework from which the lower court cases on overt political expression are analyzed. Concludes that, to minimize civil liability, law enforcement supervisors must be educated about employees’ First Amendment rights.
Using data mining to find patterns in genetic algorithm solutions to a job shop schedule

Abstract This paper presents a novel use of data mining algorithms for the extraction of knowledge from a large set of job shop schedules. The purposes of this work is to apply data mining methodologies to explore the patterns in data generated by a genetic algorithm performing a scheduling operation and to develop a rule set scheduler which approximates the genetic algorithm's scheduler. Genetic algorithms are stochastic search algorithms based on the mechanics of genetics and natural selection. Because of genetic inheritance, the characteristics of the survivors after several generations should be similar. In using a genetic algorithm for job shop scheduling, the solution is an operational sequence for resource allocation. Among these optimal or near optimal solutions, similar relationships may exist between the characteristics of operations and sequential order. An attribute-oriented induction methodology was used to explore the relationship between an operations’ sequence and its attributes and a set of rules has been developed. These rules can duplicate the genetic algorithm's performance on an identical problem and provide solutions that are generally superior to a simple dispatching rule for similar problems.
Producing titanium aluminide foil from plasma-sprayed preforms

High-strength titanium alloy and titanium aluminide foils are required for fabricating composite structures and honeycombs for advanced aircraft engines and airframes. Titanium aluminide alloys possess limited workability, which results in significant yield loss when these materials are produced by the conventional ingot metallurgy route. This article describes the use of induction plasma spray technology to fabricate foil preforms of a titanium alloy and a titanium aluminide. These plasma-sprayed preforms were converted into 100% dense wrought titanium aluminide foil by a roll-consolidation process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium aluminide foil produced from plasma-sprayed preforms were virtually identical to those of conventional ingot metallurgy foil. The plasma-spray plus roll-consolidation route may lead to the production of titanium aluminide foil as continuous coil, which would improve process efficiency and yield high-quality titanium aluminide foil at low cost.
Autonomous group functioning: the role of correlation and interaction

In mathematical models representing economic, industrial, social, and behavioural phenomena, the representation of the prototypes is less reliabie and accurate than in the so-called hard sciences. The uses of models in this area are also entirely different; they are created and used mainly to gain some understanding of the prototype. Such a prototype is analysed in this paper, which is primarily concerned with the mathematical representation of the functioning of autonomous groups, i.e. groups which themselves determine information requirements, flow, and processing. Emphasis is placed on the role of correlation (describing the group's external environment) and interaction (describing the group's internal environment) in an evaluation of information flow.
Exploring STEM Career Options through Collaborative High School Seminars

The K-12 Engineering Education Programs (KEEP) Seminar Series for high school juniors and seniors began in 2003 as a collaborative program sponsored by the College of Education, College of Engineering, and the Raggio Research Center for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education at the University of Nevada, Reno. It ran for five years and attracted 130 students to weekly sessions for eight weeks each year where they engaged with presenters from the STEM fields. The goal was to provide students with opportunities to observe research presentations by scientists and engineers in a wide array of specialties in order to understand how the STEM disciplines are integrated and to understand the possibilities for their future career paths. A descriptive study found that females were more stable in their career choices over the eight-week seminar series, and seniors were better able to learn new STEM content and make connections between high school courses and the seminar presentations than were juniors.
Further study discounts role for singlet oxygen in fungal degradation of lignin model compounds

This study reexamined our contention that singlet oxygen (1O2) plays a role in the fungal degradation of lignin (BBRC 102(1981)484). Cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and a photochemical 1O2-generating system (riboflavin/light/O2) cleaved a lignin substructure model compound, 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol (I), by indistinguishable mechanisms. However, the rate of cleavage of I in D2O was the same as in H2O in the photochemical 1O2-generating system, indicating that 1O2 was not involved. Furthermore, products formed from I in a chemical system for generating 1O2 (H2O2 + NaOCl) differed from those produced by cultures or the photochemical system. It is concluded that 1O2 is not responsible for cleavage of I or related compounds in the fungal cultures or in the photochemical system.
Mentor-Teachers as Inquiring Professionals.

Historically, the term mentor implied someone who was responsible not only for educating a young charge but who acted as counselor, confidant, even parent.1 Over time, conceptions of mentoring have come to vary, especially in terms of the range of responsibilities one assumes in this role. While many (e.g., Levinson, 1978) view mentoring in a narrower vocational sense where the mentor serves primarily as role model, counselor, and sponsor, others (e.g., Gehrke & Keys, 1984) view the mentoring role as a type of "godparent" who has a very special personal relationship with the one being mentored. In education circles, the term mentor is increasingly employed to identify experienced teachers who are selected to assist beginning teachers adjust to their first year(s) of teaching. However, the nature of these emerging mentoring roles for teachers does not fit neatly into either of the above categories. Rarely are they viewed in the historical, multifaceted perspective and yet mentors are not necessarily role models to which one aspires vocationally either, even though mentoring takes place largely in a vocational setting. Since beginning and experienced teachers are undifferentiated in their roles and re-
Performance prediction of loop constructs on multiprocessor hierarchical-memory systems

In this paper we discuss the performance prediction of Fortran constructs commonly found in numerical scientific computing. Although the approach is applicable to multi-processors in general, within the scope of the paper we will concentrate on the Alliant FX/8 multiprocessor. The techniques proposed involve a combination of empirical observations, architectural models and analytical techniques, and exploits earlier work on data locality analysis and empirical characterization of the behavior of memory systems. The Lawrence Livermore Loops are used as a test-case to verify the approach.
Contrasting Enzymatic Activities of Topoisomerase IV and DNA Gyrase from Escherichia coli

DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Topo IV) have distinct roles as unlinking enzymes during DNA replication despite 40% sequence identity between them. DNA gyrase unlinks replicating DNA by introducing negative supercoils while Topo IV decatenates the two daughter molecules. For this study, we measured the rates of unlinking of various topoisomers of DNA by DNA gyrase and Topo IV. Each enzyme has marked preferences for certain strand-passage reactions. DNA gyrase is a relatively poor decatenase, catalyzing strand-passage events that result in supercoiling at rates several orders of magnitude faster than those causing decatenation. Topo IV, in contrast, decatenates linked circles 10-40 times more quickly than it removes the intramolecular crossings from supercoiled DNA. Supercoiled catenanes are unlinked at an even more increased rate by Topo IV. Thus, the supercoils augment decatenation rather than compete with catenane crossings for their removal. Knot crossings and the crossings of multiply interlinked catenanes are also preferentially removed by Topo IV. This ability of Topo IV to selectively unlink catenated molecules mirrors its key role in decatenation of replicating chromosomes in vivo.
Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors, pleuropulmonary blastoma and DICER1 mutations: a report from the International Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Registry.

Objective Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a childhood cancer arising from pleuropulmonary mesenchyme. This neoplasm is a sentinel disease in a familial tumor syndrome recently found to be associated with germline mutations in DICER1. Observations of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors (OSCST) in PPB kindreds led to further study. We sought to characterize ovarian tumors seen in probands and families with PPB and PPB-related conditions and define germline DICER1 status.
A new species, new combinations, and a new name in Acanthaceae from northern South America

A new species of Acanthaceae (Ruellia saulensis) is described and illustrated from French Guiana, and three new combinations (Justicia potarensis, J. flaviflora, andJ. tobagensis) and one new name (Justicia coppenamensis) are proposed. The new species is compared to its closest relative (Ruellia rubra), and a justification of the transfers is provided.
Sex differences in cortical and subcortical human brain anatomy

Previous research has reported many sex differences in cortical and subcortical anatomy, but only a subset of findings is consistent across studies. Here, we used improved Freesurfer-based automated methods to analyze the properties of the cortex and seven subcortical structures in young, right-handed subjects (69 male and 69 female), carefully matched in age and education. Significant sex differences were observed. Females had greater gyral complexity (i.e., greater bending energy). In contrast, males had greater unadjusted cortical surface area (+10.3%), but area differences were reduced (to +2.8%) when area was adjusted for total intracranial volume (ICV). There were no significant omnibus sex differences in cortical thickness. Males showed larger unadjusted subcortical gray matter structural volumes, as well as larger ICV-adjusted volumes in the amygdala. These results help to resolve some of the inconsistencies in previous studies of sex differences in brain anatomy.
Surface organozirconium electrophiles activated by chemisorption on "super acidic" sulfated zirconia as hydrogenation and polymerization catalysts. A synthetic, structural, and mechanistic catalytic study

Structural studies including 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy of the 13Cα-enriched model adsorbates Cp‘2Th(13CH3)2 (1*) and CpTi(13CH3)3 (2*) (Cp = η5-C5H5, Cp‘= η5-(CH3)5C5), and organozirconium adsorbates Cp2Zr(13CH3)2 (3*), Cp‘Zr(13CH3)3 (4*), and Zr(13CH2tBu)4 (6*) chemisorbed on superacidic sulfated zirconia (ZRSx; x = activation temperature) reveal that all adsorbates undergo a new molecular chemisorptive process: protonolytic M−C σ-bond cleavage at the very strong surface Bronsted acid sites to yield “cation-like” organometallic electrophiles. A kinetic and mechanistic study is reported for olefin and arene hydrogenation and α-olefin homopolymerization meditated by the catalysts formed by chemisorption of Cp2Zr(CH3)2 (3), Cp‘Zr(CH3)3 (4), Zr(CH2TMS)4 (5), Zr(CH2tBu)4 (6), and Zr(CH2Ph)4 (7), onto zirconia (ZR) or ZRSx. At 25 °C, 14.7 psi H2, 1-hexene hydrogenation activity follows the order 4/ZRS400 ≫ 3/ZRS400 ≥ 3/ZRS300 ≫ 3/ZRS720 ≫ 3/ZR ∼ 0. Benzene hydrogenation rates (25 °C, 14.7 psi H2) follow the ...
Segregated Programs of Teacher Education in Early Childhood: Immoral and Inefficient Practice

This paper presents philosophical, legal, moral, economic, and empirical bases to support educating teachers who are qualified to teach both typically and atypically developing infants, toddlers, and preschoolers and to work with their families. Content for appropriately integrated teacher education curricula is proposed and certification standards are recommended. Efforts by three states to develop early childhood teacher education guidelines and certification plans that integrate the fields of general early childhood and early childhood special education are discussed.
Sex-linked Inheritance of Diapause in the European Corn Borer: Its Significance to Diapause Physiology and Environmental Response of the Insect

Inheritance of the diapause trait in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), followed a pattern substantially consistent with that of a sex-linked system. Lacking an understanding of the sex-linked inheritance of diapause, interpretation of research data on physiological and environmental responses has been difficult. Where feral or unselected populations are studied, results will be an average response of insects with different diapause capabilities. When European corn borer strains with known histories of diapause induction were exposed to varying photoperiods, we found high mortality in larvae normally destined to diapause, with the highest mortality in females. There is an urgent need for genetics research on insects which are used in intensive research programs and on insects of economic importance where the potential for genetic mechanisms for population management remain a vast, untapped resource.
Talking about illness: mothers' and toddlers' conversations during a joint book-reading task

This study examined the language used by mothers to talk about acute and chronic illness while engaged in a joint book-reading of a story where the main character had a cold. Thirty-four toddlers and their mothers participated in the study. Some of the mothers had a chronic illness, and some of the families or the children had had an acute illness in the past week. Chronically ill mothers used more sick-type words and phrases, possibly reflecting a desire to have their children understand more about living with a chronic illness. When there had been a sickness either in the family or in the child in the past week, mothers used more health-type words and phrases. When children had been sick, mothers were more likely to refer to their illnesses, suggesting that mothers used both experience and social interaction to teach about abstract concepts, such as sickness.
TLRS in the Gut. II. Flagellin-induced inflammation and antiapoptosis

Flagellin is bacterial protein that serves as a danger signal across a wide variety of eukaryotes and is a potent inducer of inflammatory effector responses in the mammalian gut. Recent findings utilizing purified flagellin and flagellate/aflagellate bacteria in in vitro and in vivo systems have revealed the important roles played by flagellin in the initial encounter between mucosa and flagellate bacteria, specifically in the modulation of apoptotic responses.
Optical theory applied to infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Optical theory has been reviewed from the view point of infrared spectroscopy. Among the techniques used to determine the complex refractive index of materials, Kramers-Kronig analysis is summarized. The optical effects which distort spectra are discussed, especially for thin films. Transverse optic-longitudinal optic (TO-LO) splitting plays an important role in measurements at oblique angles of incidence. Interference affects the spectra not only as interference fringes but also as a decrease in peak intensities. The exact spectral simulation is compared with the prediction under the classic thin-film approximation. Optical theory should be applied for exact, quantitative analysis and/or detailed interpretation of spectra for thin films.
Onchocerca volvulus, O. gutturosa, Brugia malayi, and Dirofilaria immitis: A comparative study of the immunochemical properties of cuticular proteins from filarial parasites

We compared the chemical and immunological properties of cuticular collagens from four species of filarial nematodes, Onchocerca volvulus, O. gutturosa, Brugia malayi, and Dirofilaria immitis. The electrophoretic mobility of the major polypeptides extracted from adult worms is characteristic for each species studied. Cuticular collagens from adult worms and infective larvae differ in their susceptibility to proteases that cleave vertebrate collagens and to collagenases prepared from different developmental stages of filarial parasites. The overall amino acid composition of filarial collagens resembles that of vertebrate interstitial collagens and differs from that reported for collagens from free-living or intestinal nematodes. However, cuticular proteins of the four filarial species studied significantly differed in amino acid composition and in their reactivity with antisera to interstitial and basement membrane collagens of vertebrates.
Stabilized diode-laser system with grating feedback anf frequency-offset locking

Abstract Reported is a diode-laser system that utilizes optical feedback from a diffraction grating to stabilize the diode-laser frequency and to reduce the linewidth. Electronic control is also incorporated to compensate for mechanical and thermal noise. The resultant system can be tuned ± 5 nm from the free-running laser wavelength, can be continuously scanned up to 10 GHz, and has a linewidth of approximately 150 kHz as determined by observing the heterodyne beat note between two systems. Results are also presented of frequency-offset locking of two lasers using a simple electronic frequency discriminator that relies on a digital delay generator. The frequency difference between two lasers can be continuously tuned from 2 to 30 MHz.
Comparing four classes of torus-based parallel architectures: Networkparameters and communication performance

The relative communication performance of low- versus high-dimensional torus networks (k-ary n-cubes) has been extensively studied under various assumptions about communication patterns and technological constraints. In this paper, we extend the comparison to torus networks with incomplete, but regular, connectivities. Taking an nD torus as the basis, we show that a simple pruning scheme can be used to reduce the node degree from 2n to 4, while preserving many of the desirable properties of the intact network. Orienting the torus links (removing half of the channels) provides a second form of pruning that leads to (multidimensional) Manhattan street networks. Finally, combined pruning and orientation yields the fourth class of toroidal networks studied here. We compare the static performance parameters of these networks and evaluate their dynamic communication performance under the assumptions of virtual cut-through switching and constant pin count. The 3D case, leading to networks that are efficiently realizable with current technology, is used to demonstrate and quantify the performance benefits. Our results reinforce, extend, and complement previous studies that have demonstrated the performance advantages of low-dimensional k-ary n-cubes over higher-dimensional ones. For example pruned 3D tori provide additional design points that fall between 2D and 3D tori in terms of implementation complexity but can outperform both of these standard architectures. Thus, from a practical standpoint, pruning introduces additional flexibility in implementation options and trade-offs available to designers.
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase 14-1 Regulates Serum Glucocorticoid Kinase 1 During Seawater Acclimation in Atlantic Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus

The Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) is an environmental sentinel organism used extensively for studies of environmental toxicants and osmoregulation. Previous research in our laboratory has shown that acute acclimation to seawater is mediated by an increase in SGK1. SGK1 promotes the trafficking of CFTR chloride channels from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane of the gill within the first hour in seawater resulting in increased chloride secretion. Although we have shown that the increase in gill SGK1 does not require activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, the mechanisms that mediate the rise SGK1 during acute acclimation is unknown. To test the hypothesis that mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK14) is responsible for the rise in SGK1 we identified the coding sequence of killifish MAPK14-1 and designed a translational blocking vivo-morpholino targeting MAPK14-1. Injection of the MAPK14-1 vivo-morpholino resulted in a 30% reduction of MAPK14-1 and a 45% reduction in phosphorylated-MAPK14-1 protein in the gill of killifish transitioned from freshwater to seawater. Knock down of phosphorlyated-MAPK14-1 completely blocked the rise in SGK1 mRNA and protein in the killifish gill, providing the first direct and in vivo evidence that MAPK14-1 is necessary for acute seawater acclimation.
Software Based Barriers to Integration of Renewables to the Future Distribution Grid

Software Based Barriers To Integration of Renewables To The Future Distribution Grid Emma M. Stewart Sila Kiliccote Affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories Environmental Energy Technologies Division Berkeley, CA June 2014 This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advance Research Projects Agency-­‐Energy (ARPA-­‐E), under Contract No. DE-­‐AC02-­‐05CH11231.
Tungsten devices in analytical atomic spectrometry

Abstract Tungsten devices have been employed in analytical atomic spectrometry for approximately 30 years. Most of these atomizers can be electrically heated up to 3000 °C at very high heating rates, with a simple power supply. Usually, a tungsten device is employed in one of two modes: as an electrothermal atomizer with which the sample vapor is probed directly, or as an electrothermal vaporizer, which produces a sample aerosol that is then carried to a separate atomizer for analysis. Tungsten devices may take various physical shapes: tubes, cups, boats, ribbons, wires, filaments, coils and loops. Most of these orientations have been applied to many analytical techniques, such as atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry, metastable transfer emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and microwave plasma atomic spectrometry. The analytical figures of merit and the practical applications reported for these techniques are reviewed. Atomization mechanisms reported for tungsten atomizers are also briefly summarized. In addition, less common applications of tungsten devices are discussed, including analyte preconcentration by adsorption or electrodeposition and electrothermal separation of analytes prior to analysis. Tungsten atomization devices continue to provide simple, versatile alternatives for analytical atomic spectrometry.
Induction of conjugation by chemical agents in Paramecium

Induction of conjugation by chemical agents was studied in nine species of Paramecium. KCl + acriflavine + Ca-poor conditions were effective in inducing conjugation in P. caudatum, P. multimicronucleatum, P. aurelia, P. jenningsi and probably in P. trichium. KCL + Ca-poor conditions were effective in P. caudatum, P. traunsteineri and probably in P. trichium. KCl + acriflavine + Ca-poor conditions were also effective in inducing interspecific conjugation. Interaction between complementary mating types is not involved in the chemical induction of conjugation, but otherwise chemically-induced conjugation is, in at least some pairs, essentially identical to normal conjugation induced by the interaction between complementary mating types. The mechanism of induction of conjugation and applications of chemical induction of conjugation to genetic studies are discussed.
Technical note - Plasma-sprayed ceramic thermal barrier coatings for smooth intermetallic alloys

A new approach for plasma spray deposition of ceramic thermal barrier coatings directly to smooth substrates is described. Ceramic thermal barrier coatings were directly applied to substrates that had been coated with low-pressure plasma sprayed NiCrAlY bond coats and then centerless ground to simulate a smooth oxidation-resistant substrate. As the high-temperature oxidation behavior of NiAl+Zr is superior to that of MCrALY alloy, the bond coat is not required for oxidation resistance.
Meteorological case studies of regional high sulfur episodes in the western United States

Abstract Meteorological conditions associated with regional scale episodes of elevated atmospheric sulfur concentrations over the regions of Arizona and New Mexico, and North and South Dakota were studied. Episodes were defined as the period when the atmospheric concentration of fine sulfur (diameters less than 2.5 μm) at each station in the region exceeded one standard deviation above the station's annual geometric mean. For the Arizona and New Mexico region, the most extraordinary episode occurred during September 1979 when an anticyclonic circulation aloft covered the entire region, while a planetary boundary layer (PBL) convergence zone existed over western Arizona and southeastern California. Convergence of pollutants in the PBL along with slow transport and dispersion by the anticyclonic flow took place during the episode. A similar flow pattern was responsible for an August 1981 episode. Copper smelters in southern Arizona and New Mexico apparently were the major cause of these episodes. Southerly or southeasterly flow during September 1982 again transported sulfur from the smelter region, causing another episode. A statistical study of backward air parcel trajectories from Grand Canyon National Park showed that southern Arizona and New Mexico, as well as the San Joaquin Valley of California, were potential source regions of atmospheric sulfur at the Grand Canyon. Long-range transport of pollutants from states east and/or southeast of North and South Dakota was the major cause of episodes in this region. These episodes occurred when high pressure systems were located over southern Canada or the northeastern United States. A statistical study of backward air parcel trajectories from Theodore Roosevelt National Park (North Dakota) showed that long-range transport from states east and/or southeast of the park was primarily responsible for high concentrations of fine sulfur. No clean air parcels arrived at the park from states to the east.
Leukemia inhibitory factor and NGF regulate signal transducers and activators of transcription activation in sympathetic ganglia: convergence of cytokine- and neurotrophin-signaling pathways

We have used the response of the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) to axotomy to investigate interactions between neuropoietic cytokines and neurotrophins. Postganglionic sympathetic axotomy leads to a prolonged leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-dependent activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors. To study regulation of LIF-dependent activation of STAT proteins and to mimic the loss of target-derived NGF resulting from postganglionic axotomy in vivo, SCG were explanted into media lacking NGF and activation of STAT proteins was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Like postganglionic axotomy in vivo, STAT proteins were activated for up to 8 days after explantation of SCG in vitro. SCG cultured in the presence of NGF showed decreased STAT binding when compared to ganglia cultured in NGF-free media. This inhibition of STAT activation by NGF was only present in ganglia cultured for more than 5 days and was mimicked by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The serine kinase inhibitor H7 augmented the increase of STAT binding produced by explantation, suggesting the presence of a labile repressor of STAT activation in the SCG. These data indicated that the neuropoietic cytokine-signaling pathway interacts with neurotrophin and H7-sensitive-signaling pathways to regulate activation of STAT proteins in sympathetic neurons. Moreover, these data suggest that one of the mechanisms leading to prolonged activation of STAT proteins after postganglionic axotomy in vivo is loss of target-derived neurotrophins.
Estimation of the electromotive force of the H+ mechanism of the frog stomach by voltage-clamping.

Abstract Experiments were performed on the in vitro gastric mucosa of Rana pipiens to determine the magnitude of the applied voltage necessary to reduce the H + secretory rate to zero. It is shown that this voltage gives an estimate of the emf (E H ) of the H + mechanism. When Cl − -free solutions (sulfate in place of Cl − ) bathed the mucosa, the average voltage necessary to reduce the H + secretory rate to zero was −44 mV (minus means nutrient side is negative); with Cl − solutions the corresponding average was −102 mV. The estimate in Cl − -free solutions confirms a previous estimate by a method involving the use of 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Detection and analysis of neutral endopeptidase from tissues with substrate gel electrophoresis

Neutral endopeptidase from human or bovine tissues retains enzymatic activity following electrophoresis and immobilization in polyacrylamide gels. Infiltration of the gel with a fluorogenic substrate permits identification of the active enzyme by fluorescence associated with a distinct protein band. This technique both separates and identifies the enzymatically active species from a crude cell membrane fraction or from partially purified extracts that contain contaminating proteins. Enzymatic activity is quantitated by photographing the fluorescent bands and scanning the negatives with a laser densitometer. Because as little as 25 ng of enzyme can be detected by this method, it could be used where the amount of material is limited.
Scaling symmetries in nonlinear dynamics: a view from parameter space

Abstract The orbit of the critical point of a discrete nonlinear dynamical system defines a family of polynomials in the parameter space of that system. We show here that for the important class of quadratic-like maps, these polynomials become indistinguishable under a suitable scaling transformation. The universal representation of these polynomials produced by such a scaling leads directly to accurate approximations for those parameter values where windows of order appear, the sizes of such windows, measures of window distortion, and the characterization of the internal structure of the windows in terms of generalized Feigenbaum numbers.
The general balance metric for mixed‐level fractional factorial designs

Mixed-level designs are employed when factors with different numbers of levels are involved. Practitioners use mixed-level fractional factorial designs as the total number of runs of the full factorial increases rapidly as the number of factors and/or the number of factor levels increases. One important decision is to determine which fractional designs should be chosen. A new criterion, the general balance metric (GBM), is proposed to evaluate and compare mixed-level fractional factorial designs. The GBM measures the degree of balance for both main effects and interaction effects. This criterion is tied to, and dominates orthogonality criteria as well as traditional minimum aberration criteria. Furthermore, the proposal is easy to use and has practical interpretations. As part of the GBM, the concept of resolution is generalized and the confounding structure of mixed-level fractional factorial designs is also revealed. Moreover, the metric can also be used for the purpose of design augmentation. Examples are provided to compare this approach with existing criteria. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Q waves and ventricular asynergy: predictive value and hemodynamic significance of anatomic localization.

Abstract Two hundred sixteen consecutive patients were evaluated to determine the value of pathologic Q waves in predicting the presence and severity of ventricular asynergy. Of 64 patients with pathologic Q waves, 95 percent demonstrated asynergy. Q waves in the anterior leads denoted asynergy in 30 of 30 patients, anterior asynergy in 29 of 30 and an anterior aneurysm in 25. Q waves in the inferior leads indicated asynergy in 30 of 33 patients, inferior asynergy in 25 of 30 and an associated aneurysm in 19. Conversely, of 52 patients with an aneurysm, 44 also had pathologic Q waves. If Q waves were present, 72 percent of asynergic zones exhibited akinesis or dyskinesis; however, in the absence of Q waves an aneurysm was present in only 22 percent ( P P The data indicate that pathologic Q waves can aid significantly in predicting the presence and location of a severely asynergic zone. Although their absence does not exclude the possibility of asynergy, the latter is much less likely and, if present, may be of milder form.
Pharmacy claims data versus patient self-report to measure contraceptive method continuation

Objective To compare self-reported 12-month continuation of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), patch, and ring versus continuation by pharmacy claims data.
Effect of using mechanical devices for baseball batting on warm-up decrement.

The extent to which different mechanical baseball-batting devices used during a rest affected performance immediately after rest (warm-up decrement) was examined. Difference scores between the aver...
Random linear programs with many variables and few constraints

We extend and simplify Smale's work on the expected number of pivots for a linear program with many variables and few constraints. Our analysis applies to new versions of the simplex algorithm and to new random distributions.
Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of One-Dimensional Metal Nanowires and Arrays Generated via an Ambient, Surfactantless Synthesis

One-dimensional (1-D) metal (Ag, Au, and Pt) nanowires and their corresponding arrays have been synthesized using an ambient, surfactantless synthesis technique. The potential applicability of such crystalline, highly purified 1-D samples for practical uses was specifically demonstrated in their manifestation as electrocatalysts for an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Specifically, Pt 1-D nanostructures possessed a higher ORR activity as compared with that of Pt nanoparticles alone. Ag and Au nanowires also evinced reasonable ORR activity in alkaline solution.
Active Site Topologies and Cofactor-mediated Conformational Changes of Nitric-oxide Synthases

The active site topologies of neuronal (nNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and inducible (iNOS) nitric-oxide synthases heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli have been examined using three aryldiazene (Ar-N=NH) probes. The topological information derives from (a) the rate and extent of aryl-iron complex formation in the presence and absence of tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B), Ca2+-dependent calmodulin (CaM), and L-arginine, and (b) the N-phenylprotoporphyrin IX regioisomer ratios obtained upon migration of the phenyl of the phenyl-iron complex to the heme nitrogen atoms. The N-phenylprotoporphyrin ratios indicate that the three NOS isoforms have related active site topologies with unencumbered space above all four pyrrole rings but particularly above pyrrole ring D. H4B binds directly above the heme pyrrole ring D or causes a conformational change that constricts that region, because H4B markedly decreases phenyl migration to pyrrole ring D. Small CaM-dependent changes in the nNOS N-phenylporphyrin isomer pattern are consistent with a conformational link between the CaM and heme sites in this protein. The ceiling height directly above the heme iron atom differs among the isoforms and is lower than in the P450 enzymes because only nNOS and iNOS react with 2-naphthyldiazene, and none of the isoforms reacts with p-biphenyldiazene. L-Arg blocks access to the heme iron atom in all three NOS isoforms and nearly suppresses the phenyldiazene reaction. The data indicate that topological differences, including differences in the size of the active site, are superimposed on the structural similarities among the NOS active sites.