cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dichromatic separation: specularity removal and editing

The reflectance of a wide variety of materials (plastics, plant leaves, glazed ceramics, human skin, fruits and vegetables, paper, leather, etc.) can be described as a linear combination of specular and diffuse components, and for many applications we can benefit from separating an image in this way. Figures 2 and 3, for example, depict photo-editing and e-cosmetic applications in which visual effects are simulated by independently processing separated diffuse and specular image layers. Similarly, specular/diffuse separation plays an important role for image-based modeling applications in which diffuse (specular-free) texture maps are sought. Separation of the two reflectance components in a single image is an ill-posed problem. In the past its solution has required the manual identification of highlight regions, the use of special acquisition systems (e.g., polarizing filters), or restrictive assumptions about the scene (e.g., untextured surfaces). Recently, we have introduced a method for specular/diffuse separation that overcomes many of these limitations [Mallick et al. 2006], and in this sketch, we build on this work, showing how it can be used for dichromatic editing — processing and recombining the two reflectance components for various visual effects. We present results on high-quality images and videos acquired in the laboratory in addition to images taken from the Internet. Results on the latter demonstrate robustness to low dynamic range, JPEG artifacts, and lack of knowledge of illuminant color. Similar to most existing techniques for specular/diffuse separation, our approach is based on exploiting color differences between specular and diffuse reflections as described by Shafer’s dichromatic model. According to this model, the color of the specular component at each surface point is the same as that of the illuminant (S), while the color of the diffuse component depends on the reflectance of the surface and can change from point to point.
No Place to Hide: Refugees, Displaced Persons, and the Recruitment of Child Soldiers

The global number of child soldiers has grown significantly in the last two decades despite a series of protocols designed to curb this trend. They are generally employed in wars where belligerents spend more time attacking civilian populations than fighting professional armies. Used by both governments and rebel groups, child soldiers epitomize many of the problems associated with states at risk: intergenerational violence, poverty, and the failure of efforts to instill the rule of war. Both scholars in security studies and policymakers have largely regarded child soldier recruitment as a humanitarian issue. But recent events have linked child soldiering to insurgency and terrorism, suggesting that this issue is also developing a security dimension. This article examines contrasting arguments about the causes of child soldiering. Using data drawn from nineteen African conflicts, the authors argue that the major explanation for the significant variation in the percentage of child soldiers recruited is the...
Why do I identify with thee? Let me count three ways: How ad context influences race‐based character identification

Three quasi-experimental studies with nonstudent samples reveal that one's ability to identify with a character shown in an ad based on shared race depends on the construction of the ad and the context in which characters are depicted. Results show that race-based identification overshadows both gender- and role-based identification for a racially targeted ad for distinctive black subjects but occurs for both black and white subjects for a culturally ambiguous ad. Further, results show that race-based character identification is absent when black and white characters are depicted in a mainstream inclusive ad and that dominant cultural norms predominate. Theoretical and managerial implications regarding the contextuality of race-based identification, processing of source cues, and construction of ads in a pluralistic society are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A survey of calmodulin-activated protein kinase activity in several tissues of Rattus rattus.

Abstract 1. 1. In each of five tissues (brain, heart, spleen, mammary acini and pancreatic acini) the prominent endogenous protein substrate possessed a molecular weight between 51,900 and 56,800 on SDS gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Evidence was obtained for two species of protein substrate, differing slightly in molecular weight, which appear to be distributed in a tissue-specific manner. 3. 3. One species, with a molecular weight of 52,900, was found in spleen, mammary acini and brain; the other species, with a molecular weight of 56,200, was found in heart and pancreatic acini. 4. 4. The specific activity of calmodulin-activated protein kinase in homogenates varied from a high of 44 pmol/min/mg in brain to 4.2 pmol/min/mg in mammary acini. 5. 5. Subcellular fractionation of these tissues demonstrated that most of the activity was found in the cytosolic fraction and a “light-particle” fraction obtained by ultracentrifugation, but the kinase was not associated with endoplasmic reticulum. 6. 6. High concentrations of calmodulin were required to activate the protein kinase activity from each tissue. 7. 7. Calmodulin concentrations producing half-maximal activation were 94 nM for brain, 377 nM for spleen, 132 nM for pancreatic acini, 350 nM for heart, and 117 nM for mammary acini. 8. 8. The calmodulin-activated protein kinase activity in these tissues were similar, but the few differences in properties from tissue to tissue left open the possibility that multiple, calmodulin-activated kinase activities exist in these tissues.
Acetabular Component Positioning Using the Transverse Acetabular Ligament: Can You Find It and Does It Help?

Background Several studies have reported that the transverse acetabular ligament (TAL) can be used to orient the acetabular component during total hip arthroplasty and that it can be identified in nearly all patients.
Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive elements in the human globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus.

In contrast to the well-established dopaminergic innervation of the neostriatum, the existence of dopaminergic innervation of the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus is controversial. In the present study, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive elements were observed by light microscopy after antigen retrieval in the subthalamic nucleus and in the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus in postmortem human brain. Small islands of apparent neostriatal tissue with abundant arborization of fine, TH-immunoreactive axons in the vicinity of calbindin-positive small neurons resembling neostriatal medium spiny neurons were present in the external segment of the globus pallidus. Large numbers of medium-large, TH-immunoreactive axons were observed passing above and through the subthalamic nucleus and through both pallidal segments; these are presumed to be axons of passage on their way to the neostriatum. In addition, fine, TH-immunoreactive axons with meandering courses, occasional branches, and irregular outlines, morphologically suggestive of terminal axon arborizations with varicosities, were seen in both pallidal segments, including the ventral pallidum, and the subthalamic nucleus, consistent with a catecholaminergic (probably dopaminergic) innervation of these nuclei. This finding suggests that, in Parkinson's disease and in animal models of this disorder, loss of dopaminergic innervation might contribute to abnormal neuronal activation in these three nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 409:400–410, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anesthetic protection against anoxic damage in the rat hippocampal slice

Evoked population spikes were recorded from the dentate granule cell layer of hippocampal slices obtained from adult rats. These slices were subjected to short periods of anoxia in the presence of different anesthetics. The recovery of the population spike after anoxia was compared across treatments. Little or no recovery was found after 10 min of anoxia when no anesthetic (4 +/- 4%), 1.5% isoflurane (5 +/- 5%), or 15% isoflurane (0 +/- 0%) was present during the anoxic periods. However, the population spike did recover to 81 +/- 7% of its preanoxic amplitude within 1 h after the anoxia if thiopental 160 mg/liter was present in the perfusate during the anoxia. Fifteen percent isoflurane and 160 mg/liter thiopental were equipotent in reducing the amplitude of the evoked population spike before anoxia but only thiopental protected against the damage after 10 min of anoxia. Our results suggest that the blocking of the evoked population spike by thiopental is not the sole mechanism of its protection against anoxic damage. Isoflurane (1.5%) was able to provide a small degree of protection against shorter periods (7 min) of anoxia.
Reduced Intensity Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Non-Fanconi Anemia Marrow Failure Syndromes

Total number of patients 22 Diagnosis Shwachman-diamond syndrome 8 Aplastic anemia/marrow failure syndrome 7 Dyskeratosis Congenita 3 Seckel syndrome 1 Kostmann’s syndrome 1 Sideroblastic anemia 1 Congenital Macrothrombocytopenia 1 Age in years at HCT 7.27(0.7 -27) Donor source MSD 6 URD 15 UR cord 1 Stem cell source Marrow 20 PBSC 1 Cord 1 Time to neutrophil engraftment (days) 12 (10-48) Mixed chimerism 1 Resolved 1 GVHD Acute GVHD (Gr II-III) 3 Chronic GVHD (skin) 3 Overall outcome Alive 18 Deceased 4 Causes of and post-transplant day of death Liver failure 668 Disseminated fungal infection 264 Coccidoidomycosis 35 Multiorgan failure 154 Abstracts / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 19 (2013) S233eS256 S252
A monoclonal antibody that defines rostrocaudal gradients in the mammalian nervous system

Spinal cord axons display a rostrocaudal, positional bias in their innervation of sympathetic ganglia and inter-costal skeletal muscles. In an effort to examine the molecular basis of this positional specificity, we used the cyclophosphamide immunosuppression method to produce monoclonal antibodies that bind preferentially to rostral ganglia. The staining distribution of one of these antibodies, ROCA1, has been analyzed using a novel histological method. A graded decline in binding is observed along the chain of adult rat sympathetic ganglia, as well as in the nerves innervating intercostal muscles. The antigen is identified on immunoblots as a 65 kd protein, whose distribution corresponds to the pattern found histologically. Surprisingly, ROCA1 appears to bind to glial cells, implying rostrocaudal, molecular differences in their surfaces.
Coordinate increases and decreases in mitochondrial RNA and ATP syntheses produced by propranolol and rifampicin

A variety of compounds were examined for their capacity to alter RNA synthesis in isolated rat cardiac and hepatic mitochondria. The beta-adrenergic blocking agents propranolol and butoxamine, and the antiarrhythmic agent quinidine, produced a concentration-dependent stimulation of RNA synthesis in cardiac and hepatic mitochondria. In contrast, the antitubercular antibiotic rifampicin produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of RNA synthesis in cardiac and hepatic mitochondria. Propranolol, as a representative compound which stimulated RNA synthesis, was also found to stimulate ATP synthesis in isolated mitochondria, whereas rifampicin inhibited ATP synthesis. Coordinate increases and decreases in RNA and ATP syntheses suggest that agents which stimulate or inhibit RNA synthesis may rapidly alter ATP synthesis. This finding is consistent with the rapid turn-over of mitochondrial RNA with a messenger function (1.4 and 3.3 min in isolated rat cardiac and hepatic mitochondria), and it suggests that mitochondrial RNA must continue to be synthesized to maintain inner membrane systems required for ATP synthesis. Stimulation of RNA and ATP syntheses by propranolol through membrane stabilization or other actions represents a heretofore unrecognized action of propranolol which may contribute to its beneficial therapeutic effects.
Influence of uterine flushings from superovulated cows on in vitro bovine morulae development.

Abstract To evaluate early embryo development, 248 good to excellent bovine morulae were cultured in Ham's F-10 medium, supplemented with 10% steer serum, uterine flushings from Days 6, 10 or 15 following estrus (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10% protein; 64 mg protein/ml), and 1.0% uterine flushings and 10% steer serum. Final development scores for embryos in steer serum were significantly higher (range across experiments was: 4.06 to 4.37) than for embryos cultured in uterine flushings alone (−0.23 to 0.52). Treatment means were not different (P >0.05) when 10% steer serum was added to 1.0% uterine flushings. A higher percentage of embryos in 10% steer serum (92%) than in 10% steer serum plus 1.0% uterine flushing from Day 6 (33%), Day 10 (45%) and Day 15 (50%) developed to hatched blastocysts. Embryos cultured in 1.0% Day 6 uterine flushings plus 10% steer serum required more time to attain the early blastocyst and blastocyst stages, while embryos in 1.0% Day 15 uterine flushings and 10% steer serum developed at the same rate as controls to the expanded blastocyst stage, but hatched sooner (72.8 vs 96.5 h). These results suggest substance(s) in uterine secretions can have inhibitory and stimulatory influences on early bovine embryo development.
Magnetic field measurements using magneto-optic Kerr effect sensors

A novel optically based magnetic field sensing technique is developed that uses a thin magnetic film as the sensing element and the longitudinal and transverse magneto-optic Kerr effects in an optical read technique. The linear system response is tested for small magnetic fields using a simple free-space ellipsometry measurement system. Measurements taken at 8 mHz showed a magnetic field sensitivity of 4 x 10-3 Oe, with a system dynamic range of over 60 dB. The noise spectrum was dominated by 1/f noise. Calculations for a shot-noise-limited measurement system indicate that a magnetic field sensitivity of 10-6 Oe/Hz1/2 may be possible through enhancement of the sensing element parameters and 100-mW light sources.
Crystallization And Phase Separation In Fluoride Glasses

We report here two studies relevant to these phenomena. Phase separation was unambiguously shown to occur in a ZrF 4 -based glass containing a small amount of PbF 2 and prepared under a chloride-containing reactive atmosphere. Partial replacement of ZrF 4 by HfF 4 in a ZBLAN glass appears to improve the resistance to crystallization. The reason for this improvement seems to be a change in the crystalline phases and compositions first appearing on reheating.
Different aa-tRNAs Are Selected Uniformly on the Ribosome

Ten E. coli aminoacyl-tRNAs (aa-tRNAs) were assessed for their ability to decode cognate codons on E. coli ribosomes by using three assays that evaluate the key steps in the decoding pathway. Despite a wide variety of structural features, each aa-tRNA exhibited similar kinetic and thermodynamic properties in each assay. This surprising kinetic and thermodynamic uniformity is likely to reflect the importance of ribosome conformational changes in defining the rates and affinities of the decoding process as well as the evolutionary “tuning” of each aa-tRNA sequence to modify their individual interactions with the ribosome at each step.
A new analog of 1,25-(OH)2D3, 19-NOR-1,25-(OH)2D2, suppresses serum PTH and parathyroid gland growth in uremic rats without elevation of intestinal vitamin D receptor content

We have previously reported that 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2, a new analog of 1,25-(OH)2D3, suppresses parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in uremic rats in the absence of hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia. In the current study, we examined the effect of 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 on parathyroid gland growth and intestinal vitamin D receptor (VDR) content. After induction of uremia by 5/6 nephrectomy, rats were divided into five experimental groups and received intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, 1,25-(OH)2D3 (2 or 6 ng/rat), or 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 (25 or 100 ng/rat) three times a week for 8 weeks. Twelve normal rats received vehicle and served as the normal control group. During the course of the study, rats were maintained on a 1.0% calcium and 0.8% phosphorus diet. The higher dose of 1,25-(OH)2D3, 6 ng, significantly decreased PTH from 52.7 +/- 10.2 pg/mL in the uremic control group to 25.7 +/- 6.7 pg/mL (P < 0.01). This dose of 1,25-(OH)2D3, however, increased serum levels of both ionized calcium (4.71 +/- 0.05 to 4.85 +/- 0.06 mg/dL; P < 0.05) and phosphorus (4.34 +/- 0.30 to 6.67 +/- 0.63 mg/dL; P < 0.01). Both doses of 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 decreased serum PTH as effectively as 1,25-(OH)2D3 without changes in serum calcium or phosphorus. The 100-ng dose of 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 decreased PTH to 20.7 +/- 3.1 pg/mL (P < 0.01) and suppressed parathyroid gland growth by more than 50%. Both doses of 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 also decreased endogenous 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels compared with uremic control rats (25 ng:30.4 +/- 2.0, P < 0.05, and 100 ng:27.9 +/- 3.2, P < 0.01, v 48.4 +/- 6.6 pg/mL). The 6-ng dose of 1,25-(OH)2D3 elevated intestinal VDR content (138.5 +/- 20.0 fmol/mg protein) compared with animals receiving both doses of 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 (25 ng:84.0 +/- 11.9, P < 0.05, and 100 ng:78.4 +/- 10.9, P < 0.01). This was probably attributable to the marked decrease in endogenous 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels caused by both doses of 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 because intestinal VDR correlated directly with serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 (r = 0.963; P = 0.008). Thus, 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 appears to exert a selective action on the parathyroid glands compared with the intestine. Its low calcemic and phosphatemic properties may result from the decreased endogenous 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels that lead to a reduction in intestinal VDR. This selectivity makes this analog ideal for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Lynching Photography and the Visual Reproduction of White Supremacy

This essay argues that lynching photographs constructed and perpetuated white supremacist ideology by creating permanent images of a controlled white citizenry juxtaposed to images of helpless and powerless black men. These images gained further cultural force because they co‐existed within a host of conventions and assumptions about photography, including the expectation that photographs revealed objective truth. I argue that although lynching photographs were conspicuously modern in many ways, for white southerners who photographed and collected them, they were also intensely local and personal. Within specific localities, viewers did not disconnect the photographs from the actual lynchings they represented. Through that particularity, the images served as visual proof for the uncontested ‘truth’ of white civilized morality over and against supposed black bestiality and savagery. Indeed, once they were removed from their localities, these meanings became quite unstable, allowing antilynching activists t...
Effects of wet-cleans and surface treatments on the adhesion of a photoresist to HDP-oxide substrate

Adhesion of photoresist (PR) on substrate is one of the key issues in photolithography. Poor adhesion force between PR and substrate will cause patterns dislocated or peeled in the TMAH developing or water spin-dry process. This becomes a more serious issue in 130nm and below technology as the defects from poor PR adhesion were much more easily found by using ArF PR than by KrF or I-line ones. Besides, the defect counts of PR peeling were also found much influenced by the wet-cleans of the oxide substrate before photo process. This dependence is less observed in using KrF or I-line PRs. To understand why some wet-cleans cause serious PR lifting and what method would be effective in avoiding this issue, the interaction force between PR and oxide surface by different wet-cleans process were calculated by contact-angle measurement, and the surface state were compared by IR/AFM/XPS. The result indicates the adhesion force for ArF PR and oxide substrate is lowered by some wet-clean methods, and more dangling SiOH bonding, or more hydrophilic properties were also found through surface analysis. The contact-angle measurements may serve as a convenient index of how safety the process is free from adhesion problem. Many advices to avoid the similar event in the process development were summarized in the last.
Influence of Phytohormones on the Response of Cultured Cotton Ovules to (2‐chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid

Callus was induced from the micropylar end of cultured cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) ovules by (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (CEPA). The influence of other phytohormones on the growth of this callus was examined with in vitro culture techniques. Abscisic acid inhibited the callus growth induced by 10−4M CEPA, but at low concentrations of abscisic acid and CEPA, callus growth was stimulated slightly. Indoleacetic acid inhibited the callus growth at optimum CEPA concentration, but not when the CEPA level was supraoptimum. Kinetin stimulated micropylar callus growth when ovules were obtained from parent plants grown under long, warm days but not when ovules were from plants grown under short days and cooler temperatures. Gibberellic acid (GA) caused the greatest callus response. Increasing concentrations of GA up to 5 × 10−7M markedly stimulated callus growth while increasing the sensitivity of the tissue to CEPA. In addition to induction and growth of the micropylar callus, combinations of CEPA and GA caused a complete release of normal tissue differentiation in the cotton ovule with rapid proliferation of the entire ovule integument. This is a promising system with which to study hormonal control of tissue differentiation.
Effects of modeling on components of assertive behavior

Abstract Unassertive psychiatric patients matched on age, diagnosis, and self-reported assertiveness were assigned to one of three conditions, with 10 subjects in each group: (1) Modeling, (2) Practice-Control, (3) Test-Retest. All subjects were videotaped (Pre- and Post- Test) while responding to five interpersonal situations requiring assertive responses. Subjects in the modeling condition were exposed to a videotaped model (four sessions) trained to respond assertively to the same five interpersonal situations. Each modeling session was followed by one practice session to the five scenes. Practice-control subjects were given four separate practice sessions to the five scenes but no modeling. Test-retest subjects recieved neither modeling nor practice. Pre- and Post-Test responces for all subjects were rated by judges on eight behaviorally defined components of assertiveness. Analyses of variance for difference scores indicated that the Modeling group improved significantly on five of the eight components of assertiveness. No differences were found between the Practice-Control and Test-Retest groups.
Evidence for the development of singularities in Euler flow

Abstract This paper is about the problem of determining whether singularities can develop from analytic initial conditions in the Euler flow of three-dimensional hydrodynamics. The evidence is supplied by previous numerical simulations. To provide a guide for interpreting this numerical output, a theory based on renormalization is outlined here. We conclude that it appears that the numerical results can be satisfactorily explained by this theory and that together theory and simulation support the verdict that singularities exist. Thus a more detailed and rigorous development of the application of the renormalization theory to this system is warranted.
Fish avoidance of acoustic survey boat in shallow waters

Abstract The avoidance reactions of fish with respect to a survey vessel were studied during horizontal acoustic applications of a Simrad EY500 split-beam echosounder (120 kHz) in two lakes (Wallersee, Balaton) and two reservoirs (Orlik, Řimov). Three methods were used to assess the avoidance reaction of fish to the survey vessel: (1) comparison of acoustically detected fish biomass at different distances, (2) determination of the fish direction vector (echogram slope) with respect to the transducer and (3) direct acoustic observation of fish behaviour in front of the moving vessel. Comparing acoustic biomass in order to demonstrate avoidance reactions is limited. All fish were divided in two groups according to the slope of their movement: with a positive value of slope (fish swimming away from the transducer) and with a negative slope (fish swimming towards the transducer). Fish avoidance caused higher slope values. Most avoidance behaviour was found with small fish (target strength, TS −40 dB. At distances over 10 m, the avoidance of small boats (5–6 m long, 15–25 HP two-stroke engine) appears not to be a serious problem in shallow waters.
Internal and external influences on adoption decisions in multi-unit firms: the moderating effect of experience

Facing uncertainty about whether to adopt a new technology, firms rely on both external and internal sources of information. Firms may learn vicariously about the desirability of adoption; a large ...
A unitary and relativistic model for πη and ππ photoproduction

We describe a model of πηN photoproduction based on a phenomenological Lagrangian approach that satisfies two-body unitary and is relativistic. Unitarity is ensured by using the Lippmann-Schwinger equation to iterate the vertices and dress the propagators to all orders, and by including all possible two-body and quasi-two-body intermediate channels. This model has been tested by investigating ππN photoproduction. A preliminary comparison of our calculation to an existing ππN photoproduction study is made, and is shown to produce consistent results. We have also calculated the sum of the nonresonant Born diagrams in πηN photoproduction and compared the resulting observables to invariant mass distributions from the CB-ELSA collaboration.
Economically efficient watershed management with environmental impact and income distribution goals

This paper presents a methodology for incorporating environmental impacts and income distribution goals in economic analysis of watershed management policies. Empirical results on a small Illinois, USA, watershed indicate that farm costs are increased notably by restricting agricultural pollution and soil erosion. The income distribution constraint also reduces economic efficiency, but the efficiency loss due to implementing this constraint is less than 10% of the costs resulting from environmental regulations. An ex post comparison of these results with the actual payments offered to farmers under the incentive program currently in place in the watershed reveals that these payments are approximately equal to the losses estimated by the analysis when the burden of environmental control is shared equally among the farmers.
Discriminant function analysis using thallium-201 scintiscans and exercise stress test variables to predict the presence and extent of coronary artery disease

Abstract The ability to predict the presence and extent (number of affected vessels) of coronary artery disease objectively from an exercise treadmill test and thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintiscans was evaluated using linear discriminant function analysis. Exercise and redistribution scans in the 30 ° left anterior oblique view were characterized by their two dimensional Fourier transforms. The analysis was performed in 141 persons, including 110 patients with coronary artery disease (70 percent or greater stenosis of luminal diameter) and 31 control subjects. There were 43 patients with single vessel and 67 patients with multivessel disease. Input to the discriminant analysis included age, sex, 18 variables from the exercise treadmill test and 36 Fourier frequency coefficients from each scan (exercise and redistribution). Two analyses were performed. In the first, a discriminant function was constructed to detect the presence of coronary artery disease. Seven input variables were chosen: maximal exercise pressure-rate product, sex, anginal pain, change in S-T segment slope with exercise, two Fourier coefficients from the exercise scan and one Fourier coefficient from the redistribution scan. The function correctly classified 103 of 110 patients with coronary artery disease and 27 of 31 control subjects; the estimated sensitivity of the technique is 94 percent, with 87 percent specificity and an overall accuracy of 92 percent for the detection of coronary artery disease. The discriminant function was significantly more sensitive and accurate than qualitative scan interpretation (p In the second analysis, two discriminant functions were developed to predict the extent of disease. In addition to the preceding variables, the duration of exercise, change in systolic blood pressure during the last two stages of exercise, and another Fourier coefficient from the exercise scan were chosen. Using two functions, the method detected the presence of coronary artery disease in 104 of 110 patients (95 percent sensitivity) and correctly classified 28 of 31 control subjects (90 percent specificity). Multivessel disease was correctly predicted in 53 of 67 patients (79 percent accuracy); another 11 patients with multivessel disease were predicted to have single vessel disease. Twenty-nine (67 percent) of 43 patients with single vessel disease were correctly classified; of the remaining 14 patients, 12 were predicted to have multivessel disease and 2 were judged to have normal vessels. The data demonstrate that numerical functions derived from the exercise treadmill test variables and Fourier coefficients of thallium-201 scans can be used to detect the presence of coronary artery disease with 92 percent accuracy. The predictive accuracy for the number of diseased vessels was 78 percent (110 of 141 patients classified correctly).
Potential surface crossing in classical trajectory calculations: Application to collision-induced predissociation in electronically excited I2☆

Abstract Classical trajectory calculations of inelastic collisions involving electronically excited iodine molecules with rare-gas atoms have been extended to include the effects of potential surface crossing. Adiabatic potential surfaces were generated assuming an r −6 dependence of the energy splitting on the molecule—atom distance. Nonadiabatic transition probabilities were calculated using the Landau—Zener formula. The reduced-mass and final-state dependence of the calculated induced predissociation probabilities are in good agreement both with experiment and with earlier optical-model calculations.
Radiating Characteristics of Short-Wave Loop Aerials

An experimental method of measuring current distribution and time-phase relations in short-wave single-turn rectangular loops is described and the results used to classify these antennas in three groups according to the ratio of their perimeter to the wavelength. The space characteristics of these loops are discussed and it is shown that in the first of these groups radiation may be calculated by ordinary loop theory; in the second, radiation may be calculated from information given in this paper; and in the third, radiating characteristics are best obtained by measurement. It is also shown that loops in the third group have unidirectional characteristics which, when accentuated by loading, give the loop some signal gain over other types of antenna of comparable dimensions.
Directional annealing studies on rapidly solidified Sm–Co–Nb–C alloys

Abstract In this paper, a process that develops texture in nanocrystalline permanent magnet alloys is presented. An originally isotropic material is passed through a high up-temperature gradient, inducing directional grain growth. Texture development by directional annealing of melt-spun Sm 12 Co 88 , (Sm 12 Co 88 ) 99 Nb 1 , (Sm 12 Co 88 ) 99 C 1 , and (Sm 12 Co 88 ) 98 Nb 1 C 1 alloys was examined. Samples directionally annealed were compared with conventionally annealed samples. Strong (0 0 6) in-plane texture was observed by X-ray diffraction in Sm 12 Co 88 and (Sm 12 Co 88 ) 99 Nb 1 alloys and the anisotropy was corroborated by magnetic measurements (magnetic texture ∼20–53%). Directional annealing produced only slight texture in the (Sm 12 Co 88 ) 99 C 1 and (Sm 12 Co 88 ) 98 Nb 1 C 1 alloys. The development of texture is critically dependent on annealing temperature, the up-temperature gradient, translational velocity, and alloy composition. The activation energy for anisotropic grain growth was estimated to be ∼28 and ∼42 kJ mol −1 for Sm 12 Co 88 and (Sm 12 Co 88 ) 99 Nb 1 , respectively. These results indicate that directional annealing as a route to texture development in nanocrystalline permanent magnet alloys is a feasible process.
Variation of dihydrofolate reductase activity in mammalian cells in vitro

Abstract Dihydrofolate reductase activity has been shown to fluctuate during the growth cycle of mammalian cells in suspension culture. Neither cycloheximide nor methotrexate abolished the fluctuation in activity which thus appears to occur independently of enzyme synthesis and degradation.
Two‐dimensional RFLP analyses reveal megabase‐sized clusters of rRNA gene variants in Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting local spreading of variants as the mode for gene homogenization during concerted evolution

Eukaryotic genes encoding the precursor of 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal RNA (rRNA genes or rDNA) are virtually identical within a species, yet they evolve rapidly between species, a phenomenon known as concerted evolution. The mechanisms by which sequence homogenization and fixation of new rRNA gene variants occurs within a genome are not clear. In diploid Arabidopsis thaliana, approximately 1500 rRNA genes are tandemly arrayed at two nucleolus organizer regions, one on chromosome 2 (NOR2), the other on chromosome 4 (NOR4). This paper shows that NOR2 and NOR4 are similar in size, each spanning approximately 3.5-4.0 Mbp. Using two-dimensional mapping techniques involving a combination of pulsed-field and conventional gel electrophoresis, the distributions of four distinct rRNA gene variants at NOR2 and NOR4 have been determined. rRNA genes at NOR4 are homogeneous with respect to a HindIII site occurring once per gene. In contrast, fewer than 10% of the rRNA genes at NOR2 are HindIII-bearing variants. A single intergenic spacer length is found among rRNA genes at NOR2 but three classes of spacer length variants are present at NOR4. The NOR4 variants are not intermingled with one another; instead, they are highly clustered over distances as large as 1.5 Mbp. These data suggest that in the concerted evolution of rRNA genes, homogenization is a consequence of local spreading of new rRNA gene variants.
Effect of quantum noise on the detection of incipient proximal caries

Abstract The effect of quantum noise on the radiographic detectability of proximal carious lesions was studied. Bitewing radiographs obtained from patients considered to be free of caries were digitized and stored in a computer using a sampling interval comparable to screen-film systems. Lesions limited in depth to one half the thickness of the enamel were induced by means of computer simulation. Various amounts of randomly generated quantum noise were added to each radiographic image. The results from observer-performance studies show that the lesions can be detected reliably in the presence of substantial amounts of quantum noise, suggesting that comparable diagnostic performance could be obtained with significantly faster imaging systems than those currently used in dentistry.
LVII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—LXX

(1911). LVII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—XXXVI. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 7, No. 41, pp. 485-493.
Activation of Toll-like receptors inhibits herpes simplex virus-1 infection of human neuronal cells.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in initiating intracellular type I interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immunity against viral infections. We examined whether human neuronal cells (primary human neurons, NT2-N and CHP-212 cells) express TLRs and mount type I IFN-mediated innate immunity against herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection. Human neuronal cells expressed TLR family members 1–10 and IFN-α/β. The activation of TLR3 or TLR8 by double-stranded RNA (poly-I:C) or single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) induced IFN-α/β expression. In addition, HSV-1 infection of human neuronal cells induced IFN-α expression. Investigation of the mechanisms showed that poly-I:C or ssRNA treatment enhanced the expression of several IFN regulatory factors. Importantly, the activation of TLR3 or TLR8 by poly-I:C or ssRNA prior to HSV-1 infection reduced the susceptibility of the neuronal cells to infection. These observations indicate that human neuronal cells possess intracellular TLR-mediated innate immune protection against HSV-1 infection.
Effects of Detector Nonlinearity on Spectra Measured on Three Commercial FT-IR Spectrometers

The effect of the nonlinear response of mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) detectors has been evaluated on three commercial Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers. The greater the photon flux and the photon flux density, and the smaller the area of the detector on which the source image is focused, the greater are the effects of the nonlinearity. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of spectra measured with an MCT detector under conditions of high photon flux and, especially, high photon flux density is significantly less than the SNR calculated by using the manufacturer's D * value. Detector nonlinearity usually leads to negative deviations in Beer's law plots. An empirical correction algorithm has been applied to Beer's law spectra acquired with the use of photoconductive MCT detectors and has been found to work well.
Heterogeneous Catalysis of a Copper-Coated Atomic Force Microscopy Tip for Direct-Write Click Chemistry

We report a constructive scanning probe lithography method that uses heterogeneous copper-coated atomic force microscopy tips to catalyze azide–alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC) between solvated terminal alkyne molecules and azide-terminated self-assembled monolayers on silicon surfaces. Spatially controlled surface functionalization was carried out successfully with 50 mM ethanolic solutions of small molecules bearing terminal alkyne groups—propargylamine, 4-pentynoic acid, and an alkynyl-oligoethyleneoxide. We observed that reaction occurs only where the copper tip is in contact with an azide-terminated surface resulting in features with linewidths on the order of 50 nm. The extent of surface functionalization, as measured by changes in surface topography and lateral force microscopy, depends on the scanning force (31–350 nN) and scanning speed, with significant surface patterning observed even at speeds as high as 64 μm/s. In contrast with related SPL techniques, this approach affords a direct-write lithographic approach to modifying and patterning surfaces constructively at the nanoscale without the need for auxiliary reagents. All that is required is (1) an azide surface (2) a solution of a terminal alkyne and (3) a copper-coated AFM tip. These advantages allow the direct attachment of a potentially limitless library of molecules that bear terminal alkyne functionalities—including biomolecules—under relatively mild conditions, with sub-100 nm spatial resolution.
The association between Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and fatty acid oxidation disorders

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a relatively rare but potentially fatal liver disorder of late pregnancy. Recent advances in molecular diagnostic procedures provide evidence of a genetic basis for this condition and a link to offspring disorders in fatty acid oxidation. This relationship implies the need for genetic testing and follow-up of at-risk women and their neonates.
Separation of phenotypically distinct subpopulations of cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells

Like most epithelial cells that are isolated from tissues and placed in culture, the phenotype of human retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) in vitro is more variable than for the same cells in situ. The phenotypic heterogeneity of the cultures has been attributed to varying stages of differentiation of the cells induced by the culture environment. In this study we show that within the same cultures RPE cells exist as phenotypic variants which are distinct and stable. Two phenotypically distinct subpopulations were identified, one epithelioid and one fusiform, that were present from the first spreading event in primary culture through multiple serial passages and when maintained for extended periods at confluency. Cell aggregation studies indicated differences in cellular adhesions, known determinants of cell shape, between the subpopulations. Methods to separate the subpopulations were developed which are based on the differential trypsin sensitivity of adhesions. The separated subpopulations had the same RPE cytokeratins by immunoblotting, but cytokeratin filaments (and actin filaments) had different organizations. The study indicates that RPE cell cultures contain at least two subpopulations of phenotypically distinct cells under identical culture conditions that can be separated and propagated independently. The phenotypic variants offer a model system for investigating determinants of epithelial cell shape in RPE. Further, the separation methods might be applied to test for phenotypic variants in other types of cultured epithelia.
Depression of behavior and the brain content of α-methylnorepinephrine and α-methyldopamine following the administration of α-methyldopa

Attempts were made to relate the α-methyldopa-induced depression of conditioned avoidance responding in rats and of spontaneous locomotor activity in mice with the brain contents of α-methyldopa, norepinephrine, α-methylnorepinephrine, dopamine and α-methyldopamine. After a single intraperitoneal injection of α-methyldopa (200 mg/kg) both conditioned avoidance responding and motor activity were depressed when determined 1–6 hr later, but returned to control values by 12 hr. Replacement of dopamine by α-methyldopamine in the brain had a similar time course, whereas the replacement of norepinephrine by α-methylnorepinephrine was slower in onset and longer in duration (up to 24 hr). Pre-treatment with U-14,624, an inhibitor of dopamine β-hydroxylase, prevented α-methyldopa-induced depression of spontaneous locomotor activity and the formation of α-methyl-norepinephrine. The conversion of C14-tyrosine to C14-dopamine was reduced at 1 hr, and to C14-norepinephrine was reduced at 1 and 12 hr after the injection of α-methyldopa. It is proposed that the behavioral depressant actions of α-methyldopa are associated with the accumulation of α-methyldopamine in the brain and the subsequent conversion of this amine to α-methylnorepinephrine.
The EEG spectra of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Sixteen Alzheimer's and 16 non-Alzheimer's dementia patients, the two groups being matched for dementia, as well as 10 normal controls were given an EEG examination with 12 monopolar leads during an awake-resting condition. Power spectra (16 s) were obtained in 12 brain areas for 18 frequency bands (0–36 Hz). An 11-point dementia scale furnished the dementia scores. Analyses of variance were performed. Data confirmed earlier findings of an increase in slow activity and a decrease in fast activity for the demented groups. It further demonstrated that these EEG features were not related to dementia per se since the Alzheimer's group (matched for dementia) exhibited a spectral curve having a maximum at 1 Hz and an exponential asymptotic power characterized by decreasing power with increasing frequency without additional features or remnant of dominant activity. The study demonstrated that the decrease in frequency of alpha activity is perhaps more significant in identifying dementia of the non-Alzheimer type even though this characteristic may be present in the earlier stages of Alzheimer's dementia. It is hypothesized that the characteristics shown by the Alzheimer's group may be related to the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques which are more prevalent in Alzheimer's patients.
Ca2+ sparks as a plastic signal for skeletal muscle health, aging, and dystrophy

Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of intracellular Ca2+ signaling in striated muscle cells revealed as localized Ca2+ release events from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) by confocal microscopy. While Ca2+ sparks are well defined in cardiac muscle, there has been a general belief that these localized Ca2+ release events are rare in intact adult mammalian skeletal muscle. Several laboratories determined that Ca2+ sparks in mammalian skeletal muscle could only be observed in large numbers when the sarcolemmal membranes are permeabilized or the SR Ca2+ content is artificially manipulated, thus the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of Ca2+ sparks in skeletal muscle remain largely unexplored. Recently, we discovered that membrane deformation generated by osmotic stress induced a robust Ca2+ spark response confined in close spatial proximity to the sarcolemmal membrane in intact mouse muscle fibers. In addition to Ca2+ sparks, prolonged Ca2+ transients, termed Ca2+ bursts, are also identified in intact skeletal muscle. These induced Ca2+ release events are reversible and repeatable, revealing a plastic nature in young muscle fibers. In contrast, induced Ca2+ sparks in aged muscle are transient and cannot be re-stimulated. Dystrophic muscle fibers display uncontrolled Ca2+ sparks, where osmotic stress-induced Ca2+ sparks are not reversible and they are no longer spatially restricted to the sarcolemmal membrane. An understanding of the mechanisms that underlie generation of osmotic stress-induced Ca2+ sparks in skeletal muscle, and how these mechanisms are altered in pathology, will contribute to our understanding of the regulation of Ca2+ homeo-stasis in muscle physiology and pathophysiology.
Minority carrier Hall mobility

Abstract An experimental technique has been devised to measure the Hall mobility of minority carriers in semiconductors. The minority carrier Hall mobility has been measured in p-type germanium at room temperature and the value obtained is in qualitative agreement with the theory given by Prince . Experimental observations are based on the injection of a narrow stream of minority carriers into a bar of semiconductor and on the measurement of the deflection angle of the stream in a magnetic field. The experimental structure lends itself to the measurement of not only the minority carrier Hall mobility but also the (majority carrier) Hall mobility and drift mobility. Comparison of these mobilities over a range of temperatures is expected to be of value in studying such transport properties as scattering mechanisms, relaxation times and ambipolar drag effects.