cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated‐temperature vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding process for high performance aerospace composites

Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) is commonly used for general temperature applications (<150 °C) such as boat hulls and secondary aircraft structures. With growing demands for applications of composites in elevated temperature environments, significant cost savings can be achieved by employing the VARTM process. However, implementation of the VARTM process for fabricating elevated temperature composites presents unique challenges such as high porosity and low fiber volume contents. In the present work, a low cost and reliable VARTM process is developed to manufacture elevated temperature composites for aerospace applications. Modified single vacuum bagging infusion and double vacuum bagging infusion processes were evaluated. Details of the method to obtain high quality composite parts and the challenging issues related to the manufacturing process are presented. Density and fiber volume fraction testing of manufactured panels showed that high quality composite parts with void content less than 1% have been consistently manufactured. A property database of the resin system and the composites was developed. A three-dimensional mathematical model has also been developed for flow simulation and implemented in the ABAQUS finite element package code to predict the resin flow front during the infusion process and to optimize the flow parameters. The results of the present study indicate that aircraft grade composite parts with high fiber volume fractions can be manufactured using the developed elevated temperature VARTM process. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Treatment of a well-fixed modular fully porous coated stem after fracture using a custom rescue sleeve

We report a novel technique for the treatment of a fractured fully porous-coated modular stem. The fracture of the stem occurred at the taper of the stem-body junction. In both cases, the stem was well-fixed distally making the reconstruction difficult. Previously, authors have reported the use of an extended trochanteric osteotomy or multiple cortical windows for removal of this type of prosthesis. The technique we describe uses a custom-made "rescue sleeve" that takes advantage of the distal ingrowth. The rescue sleeve is fitted onto the existing stem obviating the need for an extended trochanteric osteotomy. The rescue sleeve's geometry makes up for the loss in height and accepts the modular body components to give the surgeon the length options to optimize stability.
Hermit crab shell use patterns: response to previous shell experience and to water flow

Gastropod shells serve as a portable shelter for hermit crabs and provide protection for their otherwise vulnerable, soft abdomens. This study investigates the effect of prior shell experience and water flow on hermit crab shell selection. Research at Bodega Bay, California, examined shell selection in Pagurus granosimanus (Stimpson) and Pagurus samuelis (Stimpson) as a function of previous shell occupancy. Laboratory experiments found that when Pagurus granosimanus was presented two weight-matched shells of Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) and Tegula funebralis (Adams), it was significantly more likely to choose the shell species that it was collected in. Survey data yielded different shell use patterns between Pagurus granosimanus and Pagurus samuelis, with Pagurus samuelis using almost exclusively Tegula funebralis and Pagurus granosimanus using Olivella biplicata and Tegula funebralis at one site while using Tegula brunnea (Philippi) at another site. It was also found that Pagurus granosimanus is found deeper in the intertidal than Pagurus samuelis. Research conducted on Mo'orea, French Polynesia, examined the effect of water flow on shell selection by hermit crabs. Population surveys and laboratory experiments were combined to determine if Calcinus seurati (Forest) from high flow and low flow environments select shells of different weight. It was found that Calcinus seurati collected from a high flow site selected significantly heavier shells than those collected from the still water site. Laboratory experiments also showed a tendency for Calcinus seurati to select heavier shells in a high flow treatment than in a no flow treatment. Reef crest populations of Calcinus gaimardii (Edwards) and Calcinus elegans (Edwards) were also surveyed and compared with Calcinus seurati survey data. A significant difference in shell weight was found between Calcinus gaimardii and Calcinus seurati from the still water site. No other significant differences were found among species. Regression analyses indicate a correlation between hermit crab weight and shell weight for all three Mo'orean species.
Associatively reduced withdrawal from shadows in Hermissenda: a direct behavioral analog of photoreceptor responses to brief light steps.

When the nudibranch Hermissenda crassicornis encounters a shadow in an otherwise uniformly illuminated field, it stops and turns back into the light within seconds. Associative conditioning, with paired light and rotation stimuli, produces learned modifications of phototaxis in illumination gradients. This same training procedure significantly reduced the ability of paired, but not random or naive control animals, to withdraw from shadows. In naive animals, after 13 min of dark adaptation, withdrawal from shadows was less apparent when animals encountered this stimulus the first time than after the second encounter. This difference in responsiveness to the first and second edge stimulus paralleled differences in type B photoreceptor impulse frequencies recorded during and after first and second steps of light. Earlier studies have shown that associative training of Hermissenda increases a long-lasting depolarization (LLD) which follows a light step. Our present findings suggest a functional relationship between the LLD of the type B photoreceptor and the behavioral response to light—dark differences. This supports the view that membrane changes which cause modifications of LLD magnitude store the learned association for later recall.
RECTAL EJACULATION AND PROSTATIC CARCINOMA

A case of carcinoma of the prostate causing fistulous communication between the rectum and the prostatic ducts is presented. The patient's initial symptoms included gradual onset of inability to ejaculate and the complaint of ejaculation per rectum. Appropriate urologic studies demonstrated a fistulous connection between the area of the ejaculatory duct and the rectum. Microscopic studies of rectal discharge confirmed that semen was exiting through his rectum. All genitourinary symptoms in patients with carcinoma of the prostate warrant thorough investigation.
Multidimensional HRGC for sample components with a wide range of volatilities and polarities

A diverse mixture of volatile headspace analytes containing compounds with boiling points covering a range from −196°c to 145°c can be separated in approximately 40 minutes by multidimensional HRGC. The described provisional MD-HRGC Systems employ cryogenic sample collection, four 0.53 mm FSOT columns, and multi-ramp temperature programming of either one or two ovens. Enhanced sensitivity for organic species and minimal interference from water vapour in the samples can be obtained by a MD-HRGC configuration that uses separate ovens, appropriate column switching operations, and TCD + FID detection.
Possible roles of IL-12-family cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis

The IL-12 family members, IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-35, are heterodimeric cytokines that share subunits and have important roles in autoimmunity. As well as their structural relationship the IL-12 family cytokines share some biological characteristics but have functional differences. These cytokines contribute to immune-mediated inflammation and our improved knowledge of their actions has led to alteration of the T(H)1-T(H)2 paradigm. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), leukocyte migration, bone erosions and angiogenesis are modulated by an IL-23-IL-17 cascade, which can be negated in part by IL-12, IL-27 and IL-35 function. However, the IL-12 family members are a relatively new area of research and data have been generated mostly at the preclinical stage. Further studies in patients with RA are, therefore, required to determine whether these cytokines are valid targets for RA therapy.
A hyperglycemic factor extracted from the pancreas.

THE metabolic processes of the body are governed by compensating checks and balances which are frequently interdependent, some accelerating, some inhibiting specific processes. Among the most extensively studied of these activities is that of the factors, affecting carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin has, of course, been long known to be of prime importance to this process, but investigations have suggested that another substance obtained from the pancreas may also play a role in sugar metabolism. This substance has been found to produce hyperglycemia and increase the rate of hepatic glycogenolysis. There is at present no direct proof that the pancreatic hyperglycemic factor is functional under physiologic conditions. Results of cross-circulation experiments by Weinstein, Smith and Foa (1) have suggested that this may be true, but further observations are deemed necessary. Certain other evidence, both clinical and experimental, strongly supports this possibility and shall be briefly discussed at this time.
Stress, Depression, and Neuroplasticity: A Convergence of Mechanisms

Increasing evidence demonstrates that neuroplasticity, a fundamental mechanism of neuronal adaptation, is disrupted in mood disorders and in animal models of stress. Here we provide an overview of the evidence that chronic stress, which can precipitate or exacerbate depression, disrupts neuroplasticity, while antidepressant treatment produces opposing effects and can enhance neuroplasticity. We discuss neuroplasticity at different levels: structural plasticity (such as plastic changes in spine and dendrite morphology as well as adult neurogenesis), functional synaptic plasticity, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms accompanying such changes. Together, these studies elucidate mechanisms that may contribute to the pathophysiology of depression. Greater appreciation of the convergence of mechanisms between stress, depression, and neuroplasticity is likely to lead to the identification of novel targets for more efficacious treatments.
Religious Periodicals and Presidential Elections, 1992–2008

In a 1992 study, J. David Fairbanks and I found that two prominent Catholic journals, America and Commonweal, devoted more coverage to presidential campaigns during the presidential elections from 1960 to 1988 than Christian Century and Christianity Today, their Protestant counterparts. The current study, which also reviews Crisis and First Things in addition to the four previous journals, finds that the sectarian split has disappeared in terms of quantity of campaign coverage. Instead, the qualitative difference in coverage is ideological, akin to James Davison Hunter's culture wars thesis, with America, Christian Century, and Commonweal manifesting a progressive Christian outlook while Christianity Today, Crisis, and First Things express an orthodox Christian outlook. In the Catholic journals, progressive and orthodox discourses during the campaigns are as antagonistic toward one another as they are with Protestant or secular discourses, reflective of Timothy Radcliffe's theological distinction between ...
Cytochrome P450: a novel system modulating Ca2+ channels and contraction in mammalian heart cells

1. Cytochrome P450 (P450) is a ubiquitous enzyme system that catalyses oxidative reactions of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds. The modulatory effects of P450 on the L-type Ca2+ current (ICa), intracellular free Ca2+ signals and cell shortening were assessed in adult rat single ventricular myocytes. 2. Bath administration of the imidazole antimycotics, clotrimazole, econazole and miconazole, which are potent P450 inhibitors, significantly suppressed cardiac ICa. While the Ca2+ channel antagonist nifedipine blocked ICa within 30 s, clotrimazole-induced suppression of ICa required 5.1 +/- 0.4 min (n = 14) to reach a steady low level. The suppression of ICa was dose dependent and recovered after washout of clotrimazole. Intracellular dialysis with the P450 antibody anti-rat CYP1A2 also significantly reduced cardiac ICa. 3. Additional administration of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoprenaline (1 microM) or the membrane-permeable 8-bromo-cAMP (2 mM) completely reversed the suppressant effects of clotrimazole and NaCN on ICa. In addition, intracellular dialysis with 2 mM cAMP abolished the P450 inhibitor-induced suppression of ICa. Phosphorylation of the channel with hydrolysis-resistant ATPgammaS prevented the suppressant effect of clotrimazole on ICa. Furthermore, dephosphorylation of the Ca2+ channel with intracellular dialysis with phosphatase types I and II reduced ICa by 85 +/- 3 % and abolished clotrimazole-induced suppression of ICa. 4. Extracellular administration of the phospholipase A2 inhibitors mepacrine and 4-bromophenacyl bromide significantly suppressed ICa. 5. Clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole and CN- also significantly inhibited intracellular free Ca2+ signals and cell shortening in rat single ventricular myocytes. 6. Intracellular cAMP content was significantly reduced in isolated ventricular myocytes incubated with clotrimazole or CN-. Extracellular administration of 11, 12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, one of the P450-mediated metabolites of arachidonic acid, enhanced ICa and intracellular cAMP content. The epoxyeicosatrienoic acid also restored the amplitude of the reduced ICa in P450 antibody-dialysed myocytes. 7. The present data suggest that cytochrome P450 modulates cardiac ICa and cell contraction, and the modulation may result from changes in intracellular levels of cAMP by P450- mediated metabolites of arachidonic acid.
Local Babinet effect

Babinet’s principle states that two complementary objects that do not differ in structure but that differ by an exchange of black and white will produce essentially the same diffraction pattern. We study the case in which the black–white exchange is performed in some parts of the objects but not in other parts. Although the study was triggered in the realm of computer holography by specific experiments, it is predominantly fundamental in nature. Our aim is to generalize Babinet’s original principle in various ways. Ties to computer holography are explained but not exploited. Conceivable implications for spatial light modulators, for optical logic, and for array illuminators are mentioned.
Changes in nucleic acids and protein in nucleated erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum as shown by ultraviolet absorption measurements.

In a previous report1 the author has shown by means of staining techniques and phosphorus fractionations that Plasmodia have relatively large amounts of ribose nucleic acid in their cytoplasm. The total nucleic acid content of samples of erythrocytes was shown to vary during the course of the infection. Those samples having a predominance of young, actively growing parasites had a total nucleic acid content that was less than that of uninfected cells even though the ribose nucleic acid fraction of the infected cells was increased. This reduction is assumed to be a reflection of the degradation and loss of desoxyribose nucleic acid from the parasitized host cell nucleus. In cells having a predominance of large multinucleate Plasmodia, the desoxyribose nucleic acid fraction was greater than that of the normal, uninfected cell. Since host cell nuclear material was apparently degraded earlier in the course of the infection, this increase was interpreted
A Note on the Taxonomy of Some Fossil Bees from Germany (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Wappler and Engel (2003) recently provided an overview of the extinct bee fauna from the Eocene deposits of Messel and Eckfeld in Germany. These authors proposed five new species and one new genus. However, owing to unfortunate usage of the names in another publication on the Eckfeld insect fauna (Wappler, 2003), three of the specific epithets from the Wappler and Engel (2003) paper were taxonomically validated some months prior to their intended publication in the latter article. Although the former article is a dissertation on this insect fauna, the dissertation was presented in a format that satisfies the criteria for publication outlined by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999: Art. 8). Indeed, it appears in a University serial (Clausthaler Geowissenschaften) complete with an ISBN numeric. The three names affected were mentioned as new species, the type material referred to, and distillations of the diagnoses from Wappler and Engel (2003) included, thereby making them available in Wappler (2003) (ICZN, 1999: Arts. 11, 16). I learned of this only weeks before the appearance of the Wappler and Engel (2003) article which therefore could not be updated to reflect this taxonomic situation. The three names were therefore superfluously proposed as new again in Wappler and Engel (2003). The three names affected, with their taxonomically valid authorship and publication date, are:
Evaluation of protein disulfide conversion in vitro using a continuous flow dialysis system

Recombinant therapeutic proteins are heterogeneous due to chemical and physical modifications. Understanding the impact of these modifications on drug safety and efficacy is critical for optimal process development and for setting reasonable specification limits. In this study, we describe the development of an in vitro continuous flow dialysis system to evaluate potential in vivo behavior of thiol adducted species and incorrectly disulfide bonded species of therapeutic proteins. The system is capable of maintaining the low-level cysteine concentrations found in human blood. Liabilities of cysteamine adducted species, incorrectly disulfide bonded species, and the correctly disulfide bonded form of an Fc-fusion protein were studied using this system. Results showed that 90% of the cysteamine adduct converted into the correctly disulfide bonded form and incorrectly disulfide bonded species in approximately 4 h under physiological conditions. Approximately 50% of incorrectly disulfide bonded species converted into the correctly bonded form in 2 days. These results provide valuable information on potential in vivo stability of the cysteamine adduct, incorrectly disulfide bonded species, and the correctly bonded form of the Fc-fusion protein. These are important considerations when evaluating the criticality of product quality attributes.
Teaching Antiracism: College Students’ Emotional and Cognitive Reactions to Learning About White Privilege

Class discussions of White privilege can increase sociocultural and international awareness in our students. Therefore, instructors should be encouraged to teach this topic in introductory college ...
First sharp diffraction peak and intermediate-range order in amorphous silica: finite-size effects in molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of amorphous silica are carried out on systems containing up to 41472 particles using an effective interatomic potential consisting of two-body and three-body covalent interactions. The intermediate-range order represented by the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) in the neutron static structure factor shows a significant dependence on the system size. Correlations in the range 0.4–1.1 nm are found to play a vital role in determining the shape of the FSDP correctly. The calculated structure factor for the largest system is in excellent agreement with neutron diffraction experiments, including the height of the FSDP.
Inborn errors of cobalamin metabolism: Effect of cobalamin supplementation in culture on methylmalonyl CoA mutase activity in normal and mutant human fibroblasts

We have examined the effect of addition of hydroxocobalamin to growth medium on the activity of the adenosylcobalamin-requiring enzyme methylmalonyl CoA mutase in normal human fibroblasts and in mutant human fibroblasts derived from patients with inherited methylmalonicacidemia. The mutant cell lines were assigned to four distinct genetic complementation groups (cbl A, cbl B, cbl C, and cbl D), each deficient in some step in the synthesis of adenosylcobalamin from hydroxocobalamin. After control cells were grown in cobalamin-supplemented medium, mutase holoenzyme activity increased markedly in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. Growth in cobalamin-supplemented medium had no effect on mutase activity in some mutant lines belonging to the cbl B group, while activity increased severalfold in other cbl B mutants and in all cbl A, cbl C, and cbl D mutants examined, although mutase activity was still <10% of control. Comparison of mutase holoenzyme activity and total propionate pathway activity suggests that enhancement of mutase activity in mutant cells after cobalamin supplementation to values 5–10% of control may be sufficient to overcome the inherited metabolic block and to restore total pathway activity to normal.
Periodic solutions for first order differential systems

This paper presents some existence and uniqueness results for periodic solution of a class of first order nonlinear ordinary differential systems.
Mental illness topics in popular periodicals.

Recent emphases on educating the general public about mental illness have included the encouragement of the publication of plainly written, lay-oriented information about mental disorders and their treatment in popular periodicals. To examine the extent to which coverage of mental health topics in popular magazines is being accomplished, the present study looked at the numbers and types of articles related to mental health indexed in the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature and changes in indexed articles between 1965 and 1988. The number of articles and number of headings related to mental illness and treatment have increased significantly since 1965, particularly those describing specific disorders. In addition, many of the changes in headings used by the Readers' Guide are consistent with changes in the field (e.g., the introduction of new diagnostic categories) and with desired changes in terminology (e.g., using less stigmatizing terms). These general findings are encouraging for mental health education advocates, although more detailed analysis of the content of articles is needed to be sure that the increased periodical information available to the public is accurate and up-to-date.
Comparative effects of food and water deprivation on movement patterns in the pigeon (Columba Livia).

Groups of naive pigeons were either food or water deprived and exposed to response-independent fixed time schedules of reinforcement. Reinforcers were always appropriate to the deprivation state. After 15 Phase One sessions under the original deprivation state, an additional 15 Phase Two sessions were run under the alternate deprivation regimen. The Phase One results indicated that the frequency of movement over time, as measured by floorboard panels, had a characteristic distribution depending on deprivation state. After state-switch in Phase Two, both groups exhibited changes in frequency distribution over time, but the new distributions were different from those produced in subjects without any deprivation history. There appeared to be sustained effects on movement patterns due to prior exposure to alternate deprivation and periodic feeding regiments, results which confirm earlier experimental work. The findings are discussed in light of research on the effect of prior response-independent schedule training, the matching law, and the effects of contextual conditioning.
Do elderly Medicaid patients experience reduced access to nursing home care

Abstract This paper uses data from the National Long-Term Care Survey and the Area Resources File to analyze the problem of diminished access to nursing home care for elderly Medicaid patients. Using a proxy for the length of time on a waiting list before nursing home entry as my measure of access, I find evidence suggesting that nursing home operators in some areas preferentially admit private patients. Waitlisting of Medicaid patients appears to be a problem mainly in countries in which a high proportion of potential nursing home patients are private and counties in which bed supply is low.
Disability and the Built Environment: An Investigation of Community and Neighborhood Land Uses and Participation for Physically Impaired Adults

Abstract Purpose There is a need for empirical support of the association between the built environment and disability-related outcomes. This study explores the associations between community and neighborhood land uses and community participation among adults with acquired physical disability. Methods Cross-sectional data from 508 community-living chronically disabled adults in New Jersey were obtained from among participants in national Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems database. Participants' residential addresses were geocoded to link individual survey data with Geographic Information Systems data on land use and destinations. The influence of residential density, land use mix, destination counts, and open space on four domains of participation were modeled at two geographic scales—the neighborhood (i.e., half mile buffer) and community (i.e., five mile) using multivariate logistic regression. All analyses were adjusted for demographic- and impairment-related differences. Results Living in communities with greater land use mix and more destinations was associated with a decreased likelihood of reporting optimum social and physical activity. Conversely, living in neighborhoods with large portions of open space was positively associated with the likelihood of reporting full physical, occupational, and social participation. Conclusions These findings suggest that the overall living conditions of the built environment may be relevant to social inclusion for persons with physical disabilities.
Spinal cord dynorphin expression increases, but does not drive microglial prostaglandin production or mechanical hypersensitivity after incisional surgery in rats

Spinally released dynorphin contributes to hypersensitivity from nerve injury, inflammation, and sustained morphine treatment, but its role in post-operative pain has not been tested. Intrathecal injection of dynorphin activates cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 to induce hypersensitivity. Spinal COX-1 expression and activity increase following incisional paw surgery in rats, although the stimulus for this increase is not known. In the current study we tested whether spinal dynorphin expression increases after incisional surgery and induces hypersensitivity in this setting, and whether dynorphin stimulates COX-1 activity in spinal cord microglia. Paw incision resulted in increased prodynorphin immunoreactivity in laminae I, IIo, and V in the L4-L6 spinal cord dorsal horn ipsilateral to surgery. Change in prodynorphin expression did not parallel that of mechanical hypersensitivity. Repeated intrathecal dynorphin A antiserum injection failed to alter mechanical hypersensitivity after incisional surgery, although it was effective against mechanical hypersensitivity following spinal nerve ligation. Paw incision increased COX-1 immunoreactivity in the L4-L6 ipsilateral spinal cord, and these cells were confirmed to be microglia by co-localization with OX-42. Spinal cord microglia in culture expressed COX-1 immunoreactivity and released PGE2, but dynorphin A failed to increase release of PGE2 in these cultures. These results suggest that increased COX-1 expression occurs in spinal cord microglia following incisional surgery. Although prodynorphin immunoreactivity also increases, it likely does not drive COX-1 expression or mechanical hypersensitivity in this setting.
Engaging medical students in research: reaching out to the next generation of physician-scientists.

Objective The authors describe a multifaceted educational training approach aimed at increasing medical student involvement in psychiatric research.
Isotopic Identification of Neutron Resonances of Cd, Sb, Os, and Pt from Capture Gamma-Ray Spectra

The Argonne fast chopper has been used in conjunction with a 3-variable magnetic-tape recording system to demonstrate the high efficiency and sensitivity of isotopic identification of neutron resonances by observation of capture $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. A discussion of features of capture spectra which can be useful in isotopic assignment is presented as well as results for resonances in natural Cd, Sb, Os, and Pt. The experimental study reported emphasizes primarily the observation of coincident $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays as a means of measuring binding energies and characteristic low-energy lines of nuclides giving rise to resonant capture. The isotopic assignments include 23 resonances in Cd between 18 ev and 235 ev, 6 of which were previously unassigned; 20 resonances in Sb between 5 and 200 ev; 23 resonances in Os in the region between 6 ev and 61 ev; and two previously unresolved resonances at 67 ev assigned to ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{195}$. The data lead to observed level spacings of 33 ev in ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{111}$, 80 ev in ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{112}$, 27 ev in ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{113}$, 27 ev in ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{121}$, 12 ev in ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{123}$, and 5.1 ev in ${\mathrm{Os}}^{189}$. Strength functions for ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{111}$ and ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{113}$ based on the identifications are in agreement with previous reported values. For ${\mathrm{Os}}^{189}$, from transmission data previously unreported, the value $\frac{{{\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{n}}^{0}}{D}=({2.0}_{\ensuremath{-}0.7}^{+2.2})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ is obtained.
An Investigation of Scale Variation in Multi-Layer Mini- and Micro-Channel Heat Sinks in Single Phase Flow Using a Two Equation Porous Media Model

Research in liquid cooled mini- and micro-channel heat sinks is growing due to the potentially high heat fluxes that can be dissipated with such devices. Ostensibly, mini- or microchannel heat sinks are derivatives of more generalized porous structures. They are porous, but the pores are continuous and deterministic in structure, with well defined geometries created by etching or cutting channels into solid base material. As such, deterministic small scale heat sinks of this type lend themselves to modeling using the well-developed theories for saturated porous media. Based on the principle that physical problems contain multiple scales with multiple objectives, it is of interest to examine the possibility that allowing scale change away from the heated surface in a multi-layered heat sink would yield greater global benefits. Modeled as a saturated porous medium, scale variation in stacked multi-layer microchannel heat sinks has been explored using an experimentally verified two equation porous model. This paper compares and rates scaling parameters based on the pressure drop across the heat sink along with the unit thermal resistance.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Blood pressure in a high school population. I. Standards for blood pressure and the relation of age, sex, weight, height, and race to blood pressure in children 14 to 18 years of age.

This is a report on the initial findings from an ongoing study of blood pressure in ninth to twelfth grade students in the St. Louis metropolitan area. The purpose was to establish standards, to determine the. incidence of hypertension, and to examine the relationship of blood pressure to age, weight, height, sex, and race. Subjects with persistent hypertension were to be investigated and checked annually as long as long as they were in high school. Students in the ninth grade at the beginning of the project were to be screened each year for four years.
Comodulation masking release in consonant recognition

Comodulation masking release (CMR) refers to an improvement in the detection threshold of a signal masked by noise with coherent amplitude fluctuation across frequency, as compared to noise without the envelope coherence. The present study tested whether such an advantage for signal detection would facilitate the identification of speech phonemes. Consonant identification of bandpass speech was measured under the following three masker conditions: (1) a single band of noise in the speech band ("on-frequency" masker); (2) two bands of noise, one in the on-frequency band and the other in the "flanking band," with coherence of temporal envelope fluctuation between the two bands (comodulation); and (3) two bands of noise (on-frequency band and flanking band), without the coherence of the envelopes (noncomodulation). A pilot experiment with a small number of consonant tokens was followed by the main experiment with 12 consonants and the following masking conditions: three frequency locations of the flanking band and two masker levels. Results showed that in all conditions, the comodulation condition provided higher identification scores than the noncomodulation condition, and the difference in score was 3.5% on average. No significant difference was observed between the on-frequency only condition and the comodulation condition, i.e., an "unmasking" effect by the addition of a comodulated flaking band was not observed. The positive effect of CMR on consonant recognition found in the present study endorses a "cued-listening" theory, rather than an envelope correlation theory, as a basis of CMR in a suprathreshold task.
Reconciliation of the correlation length for high-spin Heisenberg antiferromagnets

Abstract We present numerical results that definitively confirm that chiral perturbation theory, corrected for cut off effects, describes the low-temperature behavior of the correlation length in the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model (AFHM) for spins S > 1 2 . With two independent quantum Monte Carlo algorithms, coupled with a finite-size scaling technique, we explore correlation lengths σ ≈ 10 5 for spins S = 1 and 5 2 . We show how the recent prediction of cut off effects in the AFHM by P. Hasenfratz is approached in the low-temperature limit.
Overview of new technologies for lower extremity revascularization

Lower extremity peripheral arterial occlusive disease poses a unique challenge to traditional angioplasty-based endovascular therapies. The diffuse nature of lower extremity atherosclerotic disease, the presence of chronic total occlusions, poor distal runoff, and the presence of critical limb ischemia all have contributed to the disappointing results of balloon angioplasty for complex infrainguinal arterial disease. These challenges have spawned the development of a host of new technologies in an attempt to improve the safety and effectiveness of percutaneous revascularization for lower extremity peripheral arterial occlusive disease. This review summarizes the recent advances in available technologies, including novel angioplasty balloons; nitinol stents, stent grafts, and drug-eluting stents; excisional, laser, and rotational atherectomy devices; devices for crossing total occlusions; true-lumen reentry devices; thrombectomy catheters; and embolic protection devices.
Dopamine receptor partial agonists could address the duality of cocaine craving

Thus, the Pilla et al. finding that the DA D3 receptor partial agonist BP897 reduced the response to cocaine cues offers an intriguing and potentially significant new avenue for the development of drug therapies. However, the path is not without challenges and is unlikely to be the only, or final, one for addressing the dualities of cocaine craving. Given the overlapping brain substrates for natural (e.g. food and sex) and chemical rewards, the potential applications of partial agonists in regulating human motivation might extend well beyond the specifics of cocaine addiction. Their potential is deserving of clinical paradigms that are well matched to their intended use.
Semi-active Damage Identification for a Composite Structural Missile Component using Minimal Passive Sensing with Data-driven Models

Cost, complexity, and weight restrictions often constrain industrial structural health monitoring (SHM) systems to the use of one sensor. Often, this one sensor is passive, i.e., it only measures the structural response. Therefore, new SHM techniques that utilize only one passive sensor along with advanced data interrogation methods are needed. A semi-active damage detection technique is described in this study that utilizes passively estimated forces and response measurements to update data-driven frequency-response-function (FRF) models of a filament-wound missile casing that is used as a test structure. During a damaging impact, the structural response is influenced by both the healthy and damaged structure properties. As a result, the magnitudes of the estimated FRFs can exhibit a splitting phenomenon at the natural frequencies of the healthy and damaged structure, and this phenomenon is evident in the experimental data. The updated FRFs are used with an active damage detection technique to quantify t...
Posttraumatic stress symptoms in older adults hospitalized for fall injury

Abstract Objective Although unintentional falls may pose a threat of death or injury, few studies have investigated their psychological impact on older adults. This study sought to gather data on early posttraumatic stress symptoms in older adults in the hospital setting after a fall. Method Participants in this study were 100 adults age 65 years or older admitted to a large urban hospital in New York City because of a fall. Men and women were represented approximately equally in the sample; most were interviewed within days of the fall event. The study's bedside interview included the Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Scale, which inquires about the presence and severity of 17 trauma-related symptoms. Results Twenty-seven participants reported substantial posttraumatic stress symptoms (moderate or higher severity). Exploratory bivariate analyses suggested an association between posttraumatic stress symptom severity and female gender, lower level of education, unemployment, number of medical conditions, and back/chest injury. Conclusions A significant percentage of older patients hospitalized after a fall suffer substantial posttraumatic stress. Future investigations are needed to assess the association between the psychiatric impact of a fall and short-term inpatient outcomes as well as longer-term functional outcomes.
Role of ion pairing in anionic additive effects on the separation of cationic drugs in reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

Abstract Mobile phase additives can significantly affect the separation of cationic drugs in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). Although there are many applications for anionic additives in RPLC separations, the retention mechanism of basic drugs in the presence of inorganic and highly hydrophilic anionic species in the mobile phase is not at all well understood. Two major retention mechanisms by which anionic additives can influence the retention of cations are: (1) ion pair formation in the mobile phase with subsequent retention of the neutral ion pair; (2) pre-sorption of anionic additives on the stationary phase followed by “dynamic ion-exchange” or “electrostatic interaction” with the analytes. Because the use of ion pair chromatography in the separation of proteins, peptides, and basic drugs is rapidly increasing, understanding the retention mechanism involved is becoming more important, especially for the smaller commonly used hydrophilic anionic additives (e.g., formate HCOO−, chloride Cl−, trifluoroacetate CF3COO−, perchlorate ClO4−, and hexafluorophosphate PF6−). In this work, we compared various anionic additives in light of their effects on the retention of basic drugs. As did many others we found that the addition of anionic additives (Cl−, CF3COO−, ClO4−, PF6−) profoundly influences the retention of basic drugs. In order to explain the data and differentiate the mechanisms by which the anionic additives perturb the chromatography, we used ion pair formation constants independently measured by capillary electrophoresis (CE) under the mobile phase conditions (pH, solvent composition) identical to those used in chromatography. Agreement between the predicted and experimental chromatographic data under various conditions was evaluated. Under specific circumstances (e.g., pH, stationary phase, and nature of anionic additive), we conclude that the ion pair mechanism is more important than the dynamic ion-exchange and at other conditions it remains a significant contribution.
Expression of the Dengue Virus Type 2 NS5 Protein in a CD4+ T Cell Line Inhibits HIV Replication

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load is suppressed during dengue virus infection. The NS5A phosphoprotein of GB virus C (a related flavivirus) inhibits HIV replication in vitro. To determine whether the dengue virus NS5 protein inhibits HIV replication, CD4(+) T cell lines expressing this protein were generated. HIV replication in dengue virus NS5-expressing cells decreased by >90% compared with control cells (P < .01), and this was mediated in part by decreased HIV coreceptor (CXCR4) expression and increased production of SDF-1. Thus, the dengue virus NS5 protein inhibits HIV replication in vitro, potentially explaining the reduction in HIV load observed during acute dengue virus infection.
γ δ T cells participate in the immune response against activated, myelin basic protein-specific, human T cells

Abstract γδ T cells are over-represented in some multiple sclerosis (MS) parenchymal lesions and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals with early MS. In this investigation we studied the T cell-T cell interactions between human, myelin basic protein-reactive T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from MS and control subjects. We detected brisk proliferation by PBMC in response to activated, but not resting, MBP-specific T cells. The magnitude of proliferation approached that induced by superantigens and was distinctly greater than the response to standard recall antigens. Examination of the responding T cells revealed predominant expansion of T cells using γδ rather than αβ T cell receptors. This finding suggests that the accumulation of γδ T cells noted in some MS parenchymal lesions may represent recruitment by activation markers expressed by other T cells in these lesions. The response to activated but not resting MBP-specific T cells may parallel observations that protective T cell vaccination in experimental encephalomyelitis is more effective using activated rather than resting, myelin-specific T cells.
A study of dynamic crack growth in elastic materials using a cohesive zone model

Abstract The problem of a semi-infinite mode III crack dynamically propagating in a two-dimensional linear elastic infinite body is considered. The crack tip is assumed to be a cohesive zone whose (finite) size is determined so as to cancel the classical crack tip stress singularity caused by the applied loads. The cohesive zone behavior is assumed rate dependent and is characterized by a thermodynamically based constitutive equation. A new semi-analytical solution method has been formulated to solve the resulting initial value problem. The proposed solution method offers the capability to analyze the entire crack growth phenomenon (acceleration-steady state-arrest), without requiring special assumptions, neither on the crack propagation mode (e.g. steady state or assigned crack tip velocity), nor on the space-time discretization, so to obtain solutions that are not affected by grid size effects. Several solutions, corresponding to various values of the initial and boundary conditions as well as cohesive zone constitutive properties, are presented and analyzed.
Dilaton Coupling and BRST Quantization of Bosonic Strings

BRST quantization of the bosonic string on a flat world sheet in an arbitrary background field is discussed. It is shown that by demanding the nilpotence of the BRST charge we may obtain the equations of motion of all the massless fields in the theory, provided we couple the dilaton field to the divergence of the ghost number current in the α-model.
Geology of the Clay Deposits in the Olive Hill District, Kentucky1

THE Olive Hill fire clay bed of Crider (1913) is the principal source of the raw material used in the refractory industry of eastern Kentucky. The bed is a discontinuous underclay from 1 to 20 ft above a prominent unconformity which separates Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks. Upper Mississippian rocks consist of ten marine limestone and shale units all truncated by the unconformity. Pennsylvanian rocks are chiefly: (a) massive deltaic sandstone; (b) cut-and-fill deposits of shale, siltstone and sandstone which contain several beds of coal and underclay including the Olive Hill fire clay of Crider (1913); and (c) dark-gray shale beds.
Analysis of high speed non-equilibrium chemically reacting gas flows. Part I. physical modeling and sensitivity studies

A theoretical model for high speed flow of chemically reacting gases out of thermal and chemical equilibrium is presented. The main features of the physical model are discussed together with details for a new form of the kinetic rate coefficients for non-equilibrium flows and presentation of a two-layer radiation model used for a plasma torch problem. This model is implemented in a new hybrid finite volume/finite element scheme, which is developed in Part 2. Results from this physical model are compared with experiments and other results in the literature for an arcjet and non-equilibrium nozzle test case. Sensitivity studies are included for the nozzle problem to simulate the influence of the rate coefficients
Modeling the Mono- and Bicomponent Fiber Meltblown Process with Surface Response Methodology

Mono- and bicomponent (bico) meltblown webs are produced on a 24-inch wide Reicofil® side-by-side bicomponent meltblown system using polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), poly[ethylene terephthalate] (PET), poly[butylene terephthalate] (PBT), polyamide (PA), and their bicomponent (bico) combinations, such as PP/PE, PP/PET, PE/PET, PP/PA, PBT/PE, and PBT/PP. Extensive tests reveal the character of the webs, including their fiber diameter, bulk density, web uniformity, filtration efficiency, air permeability, hydrostatic head, bursting strength, flexural rigidity, and tensile strength. In addition, DSC and SEM are used to examine bico distribution across the die and fiber structure in the webs. Fiber diameters in the range of 1.64-2.85 μm and high uniformity are achieved for both mono and bico meltblown webs at polymer throughputs of 0.55-1.1 g/hole/min (20-40 kg/hr). Since meltblowing is a highly complex and multivariable process where knowledge of the mechanistic model is lacking, and because the new bico capability makes the process much more complicated, surface response methodology (SRM) is suggested for further study of the process. Preliminary work shows that SRM is an efficient and effective method for meltblown process optimization and product development.