cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Root shock: the consequences of African American dispossession.

Urban renewal was one of several processes that contributed to deurbanization of American cities in the second half of the 20th century. Urban renewal was an important federal policy that affected thousands of communities in hundreds of cities. Urban renewal was to achieve “clearance” of “blight” and “slum” areas so that they could be rebuit for new uses other than housing the poor. Urban renewal programs fell disproportionately on African American communities, leading to the slogan “Urban renewal is Negro removal.” The short-term consequences were dire, including loss of money, loss of social organization, and psychological trauma. The long-term consequences flow from the social paralysis of dispossession, most important, a collapse of political action. This has important implications for the well-being of African Americans. It also raises important questions about the strength and quality of American democracy.
Robust extraction of 1D skeletons from grayscale 3D images

We propose novel thinning conditions for grayscale 3D images that do not rely on image thresholding or segmentation. The resulting grayscale skeletonization routine extracts a topologically-consistent skeleton of curve-like features at all scales and intensities of the image. Our thinning conditions yield rich structural information that be used to identify and delete low-contrast shape features created by blurring and noise.
Deformation and Rupture Behavior of Zircaloy Cladding under Simulated Loss-of-Coolant Accident Conditions

Information on the diametral expansion and rupture characteristics of Zircaloy-4 cladding has been obtained in a vacuum environment over a wide range of internal pressures at several heating rates. The effect of axial constraint of the cladding, exerted by a mandrel that simulated the pellets in a fuel rod, on the relationship between the maximum circumferential strain and the burst temperature also was investigated. The circumferential strain for unconstrained cladding was significantly larger than for axially constrained tubes, particularly for burst temperatures below approximately 850/sup 0/C, in which cladding remains essentially in the ..cap alpha..-phase. Three superplastic strain peaks have been identified, namely, at rupture temperatures of approximately 850, approximately 1050, and approximately 1220/sup 0/C. In the case of complete axial restraint, the failure strains were not dependent on heating rate for burst temperatures above approximately 920/sup 0/C; however the low-temperature (approximately 850/sup 0/C) strain peak increases and moves to lower temperatures as the heating rate decreases. The deformation data in this investigation also have been used to evaluate instability criteria proposed for thin-wall tubes under a biaxial stress state. The onset of plastic instability or local ballooning in the cladding has been defined in terms of the effective stressmore » and strain during transient-heating conditions.« less
Effects of semantic and acoustic relatedness on free recall in normal children and retardates

Third-grade children and matched-MA retardates were presented a list of semantically related, acoustically related, or unrelated words for free recall. Results showed that the normals recalled and clustered significantly more than the retardates. Although both groups of Ss showed a significantly greater tendency to cluster semantically than acoustically, only the normals given the semantic list clustered in amounts significantly above chance levels. Significant list differences in terms of amount recalled indicated an inhibitory effect of acoustic relatedness.
Ordinary Lives in the Early Caribbean: Religion, Colonial Competition, and the Politics of Profit

In Ordinary Lives, Kristen Block explores Christianity's practical functions for non-elite residents of the colonial Caribbean. By the mid-seventeenth century, she argues, cynicism and opportunism ...
Phytochemical Investigation of Carya illinoensis

The leaves and petioles of Carya illinoensis and a lyophilized aqueous extract of this plant were investigated. Examination of the petroleum ether, ether, and chloroform extracts revealed the presence of unidentified phytosterols and a squalene-like substance in the unsaponified portions, and the presence of capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids in the saponified portions. Nonhydrolyzable tannins containing a phloroglucinol and a catechol nucleus were found in the ethanol and methanol extracts. Investigation of the plant extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrates and the absence of discernible amounts of glycosides and alkaloids. A crystalline neutral substance obtained from a neutral lead acetate treated aqueous extract was identified as the m -inositol. A crystalline acidic substance isolated from an aqueous extract of the crude drug was identified as 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Further pharmacologic studies of various extracts are presently in progress.
Interpreting Research on Gender Differences in Friendship: A Case for Moderation and a Plea for Caution:

Research on gender and friendship has yielded a modal pattern of differences between women and men that is impressively robust. However, these differences are reported in ways that are sometimes misleading and often exaggerated, and that generally leave the impression of greater within-gender uniformity than is actually the case. In sum, the importance of gender differences in friendship is overemphasized. The present paper addresses some possible meanings of `importance' as applied to social research. It is intended to be a reminder of some widely acknowledged but easily overlooked points of interpretation concerning the kinds of data with which relationship researchers usually deal. Specific issues are the tendency to reify statistical significance, to overlook within-group variability, and to disregard the implications of gender as a subject variable. Moderation in interpreting and reporting differences and healthy skepticism are offered as simple hedges against exaggerating the importance of gender di...
Bornavirus immunopathogenesis in rodents: models for human neurological diseases.

Although the question of human BDV infection remains to be resolved, burgeoning interest in this unique pathogen has provided tools for exploring the pharmacology and neurochemistry of neuropsychiatric disorders potentially linked to BDV infection. Two animal models have been established based on BDV infection of adult or neonatal Lewis rats. Analyis of these models is already yielding insights into mechanisms by which neurotropic agents and/or immune factors may impact developing or mature CNS circuitry to effect complex disturbances in movement and behavior.
The effects of rapid salinity change on in vivo arginine kinase flux in the juvenile blue crab, Callinectes sapidus.

Abstract The effect of acclimation salinity and salinity changes on the concentration of high-energy phosphate metabolites and arginine kinase (AK) flux was examined in vivo in juvenile blue crabs using 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Crabs were acclimated for 7 days to a salinity of 5 or 35‰ and then placed in a flow apparatus that could sustain the animals while NMR spectra were acquired. Crabs were subjected to either hyperosmotic salinity changes, where an animal acclimated to 5‰ was exposed to a salinity of 35‰, or hyposmotic changes, which involved the reciprocal exchange. Neither acclimation salinity nor salinity change had a significant effect on the concentrations of arginine phosphate, inorganic phosphate or ATP. 31P-NMR saturation transfer experiments were used to determine the effect of salinity on the forward and reverse flux of the AK reaction. There was no significant effect of acclimation salinity or salinity change on the flux rate through this reaction. This is in contrast to previous results, which showed that AK flux in isolated muscle was sensitive to prevailing osmotic conditions (Holt and Kinsey, J. Exp. Biol. 205 (2002) 1775–1785). The present study indicates that the integrated osmoregulatory capacity of the intact animal is sufficient to preserve cellular energy status and enzyme function during acute salinity changes.
Effect of weight-bearing activity on foot ulcer incidence in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: feet first randomized controlled trial.

Background: Weight-bearing exercise has been contraindicated among people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DM+PN). However, recent cohort studies have suggested that daily weight-bearing activity is associated with lower risk for foot ulceration. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a lower-extremity exercise and walking intervention program on weight-bearing activity and foot ulcer incidence in people with DM+PN. Design: This was an observer-blinded, 12-month randomized controlled trial. Setting: The settings were physical therapy offices in part 1 of the intervention and the community in part 2 of the intervention. Participants: The participants were 79 individuals with DM+PN who were randomly assigned either to a control group (n=38) or an intervention group (n=41) group. Intervention: Intervention components included leg strengthening and balance exercises; a graduated, self-monitored walking program (part 1); and motivational telephone calls every 2 weeks (part 2). Both groups received diabetic foot care education, regular foot care, and 8 sessions with a physical therapist. Measurements: Total and exercise bout–related daily steps at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months were measured by accelerometers. Foot lesions/ulcers were photographed and classified by an independent panel of dermatologists. Use of adequate footwear was monitored. Results: At 6 months, bout-related daily steps increased 14% from baseline in the intervention group and decreased 6% from baseline in the control group. Although the groups did not differ statistically in the change in total daily steps, at 12 months steps had decreased by 13% in the control group. Foot ulcer rates did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion: Promoting weight-bearing activity did not lead to significant increases in foot ulcers. Weight-bearing activity can be considered following adequate assessment and counseling of patients with DM+PN.
Lincoln, Lincoln, Bo Bincoln: Movies That Hail to the Chief

In this article Abraham Lincoln is considered as an alternative to the usual type of patriot's hero. He reminds us of our great historical failings. He remains a figure of controversy, a national hero in only some corners of society. He is the heroic President who serves as the first compassionate defender of the downtrodden, and he is a hero in those subcultures as well. Lincoln's treatment in the movies is discussed, focusing particularly on the recent movie Lincoln. Lincoln is seen as a match for the usual movie hero. His famous immunity to casual treatment in popular culture is discussed as well.
Multicenter trial of motion analysis for injury risk prediction: Lessons learned from prospective longitudinal large cohort combined biomechanical - epidemiological studies

Our biodynamics laboratory group has conducted large cohort biomechanical-epidemiological studies targeted at identifying the complex interactions among biomechanical, biological, hormonal, and psychosocial factors that lead to increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The findings from our studies have revealed highly sensitive and specific predictors for ACL injury. Despite the high incidence of ACL injuries among young athletes, larger cohorts are needed to reveal the underlying mechanistic causes of increased risk for ACL injury. In the current study, we have outlined key factors that contribute to the overall success of multicenter, biomechanical-epidemiological investigations designed to test a larger number of athletes who otherwise could not be recruited, screened, or tested at a single institution. Twenty-five female volleyball players were recruited from a single high school team and tested at three biodynamics laboratories. All athletes underwent three-dimensional motion capture analysis of a drop vertical jump task. Kinematic and kinetic variables were compared within and among laboratories. Reliability of peak kinematic variables was consistently rated good-to-excellent. Reliability of peak kinetic variables was consistently rated goodto-excellent within sites, but greater variability was observed between sites. Variables measured in the sagittal plane were typically more reliable than variables measured in the coronal and transverse planes. This study documents the reliability of biomechanical variables that are key to identification of ACL injury mechanisms and of athletes at high risk. These findings indicate the feasibility of executing multicenter, biomechanical investigations that can yield more robust, reliable, and generalizable findings across larger cohorts of athletes.
Isomeric Separation and Structural Characterization of Acids in Petroleum by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry

Although naphthenic acids are minor constituents in petroleum, their characterization is crucial because they are geochemically important tracers and play a key role in corrosion processes in refineries. Moreover, different isomers may exhibit different reactivity and may serve as potential biomarkers. However, determination of acid isomers in petroleum/hydrocarbon matrixes remains analytically challenging. Here, we achieve the separation and structural characterization of isomeric homologue series of naphthenic acids in petroleum samples by ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IM-TOF MS). IM-TOF MS data processing and molecular formula assignments (for most abundant heteroatom classes), integrated with ion mobility data by PetroOrg software, expose structural differences and patterns among petroleum compounds and facilitate the identification of series of isomers. For example, a family of isomeric acids (CcHhO2) of double bond equivalents (DBE) = 5 and carbon number ranging from C28–C34 appear ...
Privacy-Preserving Link Prediction in Decentralized Online Social Networks

We consider the privacy-preserving link prediction problem in decentralized online social network (OSNs). We formulate the problem as a sparse logistic regression problem and solve it with a novel decentralized two-tier method using alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). This method enables end users to collaborate with their online service providers without jeopardizing their data privacy. The method also grants end users fine-grained privacy control to their personal data by supporting arbitrary public/private data split. Using real-world data, we show that our method enjoys various advantages including high prediction accuracy, balanced workload, and limited communication overhead. Additionally, we demonstrate that our method copes well with link reconstruction attack.
Aromas Emanating from the Driest of Places

This chapter interweaves the author9s personal journey, which begins in the deserts of Arabia, with a reconstruction of the beginnings of the Semitic peoples and the etymologic origins of the words for aromatics and spices . It also describes the properties and uses of frankincense. The book from which this chapter is taken—the author9s Cumin, Camels, and Caravans: A Spice Odyssey (University of California Press, 2014)—is the first to relate the spice trade to culinary and ecological imperialism and to demonstrate the indelible mark that Semitic peoples had in managing the spice trade not only in Eurasia, Africa, and Arabia but in the Americas and Caribbean as well. It demonstrates that globalization did not begin in 1492, as recently argued by several scholars, but grew out of intercontinental spice trading practices, principles, and ethics over 3,500 years. Sephardic Jews and Muslim Arabs, Berbers and Persians, all played a disproportionately large role in setting the ground rules for globalization. Phoenicians, Nabateans, Arabized Jews, Sogdians, and Minaeans prehistorically played similar roles in its earliest development. A unique aspect of the book is the linguistic tracking of recipes and terms for spices to reveal routes of cultural diffusion worldwide. The text is accompanied by recipes the author has gathered during his travels, as well as a “cabinet” of profiles describing the history and characteristics of many of the world9s most popular and sought-after spices.
Sex differences in research productivity : New evidence about an old puzzle

Numerous studies have found that female scientists publish at lower rates than male scientists. So far explanations for this consistent pattern have failed to emerge, and sex differences in research productivity remain a puzzle. We report new empirical evidence based on a systematic and detailed analysis of data from four large, nationally representative, cross-sectional surveys of postsecondary faculty in 1969, 1973, 1988, and 1993. Our research yields two main findings. First, sex differences in research productivity declined over the time period studied, with the female-to-male ratio increasing from about 60 percent in the late 1960s to 75 to 80 percent in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Second, most of the observed sex differences in research productivity can be attributed to sex differences in personal characteristics, structural positions, and marital status. These results suggest that sex differences in research productivity stem from sex differences in structural locations and as such respond to the secular improvement of women's position in science.
Water Shut-Off with Gel Placement treatments study in Gas Wells

The objectives of water shut-off treatments in gas wells suffering from water influx are to reduce water production and at the same time increase gas production rates and producible gas reserves.Several field treatments,conducted under the umbrella of a research project focused on water abatement in gas wells,have demonstrated that a sequential gel/gas injection technique in fractured gas reservoirs was successful in reducing water production and increasing gas production.Further efforts focused on improving gel placement in both fractured and matrix reservoirs to improve the treatment efficiency.
Anharmonicity of a Thermally Unstable Lattice Defect

The low-temperature dynamics of the KI:Ag+ defect system are well-described by a harmonic breathing-shell model which includes substantial force-constant weakening [1]. The force-constant changes are determined by the measured frequencies of the far-IR gap and resonant modes. Recent far-IR measurements have confirmed the model’s striking prediction of three nearly-degenerate gap modes of different symmetries having unusual “pocket-like” displacement patterns, strongly localized on the defect’s fourth neighbors [2]. In spite of the model’s success, this defect system’s anomalous thermal instability continues to be of interest: the low-temperature on-center configuration changes to an off-center one by ~20 K, each one having an associated set of far-IR modes. The pronounced anharmonicity suggested by this temperature dependence has been probed by uniaxial stress and static electric field measurements.
A multi-measure approach for connecting cognitive workload and automation

Abstract Eye behavior metrics, time of run, and subjective survey results were assessed during human-computer interaction with high, low, and intermediate system autonomy levels. The results of this study are provided as a contribution to knowledge on the relationship between cognitive workload physiology and automation. Research suggests that changes in eye behavior metrics are related to changes in cognitive workload. Few studies have investigated the relationship between eye behavior metrics physiology measures and levels of automation. A within-subjects experiment involving 18 participants who played an open-source real-time strategy game was conducted. Three different versions of the game were developed, each with a unique static autonomy level designed from Sheridan and Verplank's 10 levels of autonomy (levels 2, 4, and 9). NASA-TLX subject survey ratings, time to complete run, and visual fixation rate were found to be significantly different among automation levels. These findings suggest that assessing visual physiology may be a promising indicator for evaluating cognitive workload when interacting with static autonomy levels. This efforts takes us one step closer to using visual physiology as a useful method for evaluating operator workload in almost real-time. Relevance to industry Potential applications of this research include development of software that integrates adaptive automation to improve human-computer task performance for high cognitive workload tasks (Air Traffic Control, aircraft piloting, process control, information analyst, etc.).
Tropical Cyclone Outflow-Layer Structure and Balanced Response to Eddy Forcings

AbstractThe ERA-Interim is used to generate azimuthally averaged composites of Atlantic basin tropical cyclones from 1979 to 2014. Both the mean state and the eddy forcing terms exhibited similar radial–vertical structure for all storm intensities, varying only in magnitude. Thus, only major hurricanes are described in detail. Radial inflow and outflow extended beyond the 2000-km radius. Warm anomalies reached 2000 km in the outflow layer. Composite eddy momentum fluxes within the outflow layer were 2.5 times larger than mean momentum fluxes, highlighting the importance of outflow–environment interactions. A balanced vortex equation was applied to understand the role of eddy heat and momentum fluxes. Dominant terms were the lateral eddy heat flux convergence, lateral eddy momentum flux, and eddy Coriolis torque. Each acted to enhance the secondary circulation. The eddy momentum flux terms produced about twice the response of heat flux terms. The circulation created by the eddy Coriolis torque arises from ...
Measurement of Biological Materials

This chapter summarizes various methods employed to characterize and quantify biological materials from human sources used in translational and clinical research. The measurement of biological compounds in body fluids and tissues is a critical component of clinical research and represents an objective endpoint for many trials, especially those involving therapeutic interventions. While there have been significant technological advances made to characterize and quantify biological compounds from in vivo sources, many of these are still immature technologies that may not be suitable for use in translational and clinical research. Much of what has been added in the past decade relates to using data from different biomolecules in a multiomics approach. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview, advantages, and disadvantages of select methods that are available to the clinical researcher to assess biological compounds from human material. The technologies that will be discussed are (1) immunochemical (2) mass spectrometry, and (3) nucleic acid sequencing.
Overlay Tester Results from Dense-Graded Asphalt Concrete Mixes

Several highway agencies have either implemented or considered implementing laboratory performance tests to estimate the cracking potential of asphalt concrete (AC) mixes during the mix design process. One such popular test, the overlay tester (OT), measures the number of cycles to failure of specimens that are caused by the repeated application of deformation. The major concern about using this test as a reliable characterization of the cracking susceptibility of AC mixes, especially for dense-graded mixtures, is the variability in the specified number of cycles to failure in the performance index. The main objective of this paper is to report a means for improving the consistency of the OT test results on dense-graded AC mixes. An assessment of a specimen preparation process that can yield more consistent results was conducted. The consistency of the traditional number of cycles to failure as well as of the load–displacement response and load reduction curves was investigated by using a modified specime...
Commentary on Thomas Aquinas's Virtue Ethics

Although St Thomas Aquinas famously claimed that his Summa Theologiae was written for 'beginners', contemporary readers find it unusually difficult. Now, amid a surge of interest in virtue ethics, J. Budziszewski clarifies and analyzes the text's challenging arguments about the moral, intellectual, and spiritual virtues, with a spotlight on the virtue of justice. In what might be the first contemporary commentary on Aquinas' virtue ethics, he juxtaposes the original text with paraphrase and detailed discussion, guiding us through its complex arguments and classical rhetorical figures. Keeping an eye on contemporary philosophical issues, he contextualizes one of the greatest virtue theorists in history and brings Aquinas into the interdisciplinary debates of today. His brisk and clear style illuminates the most crucial of Aquinas' writings on moral character and guides us through the labyrinth of this difficult but pivotal work.
The Making of Islamic Heritages: An Overview of Disciplinary Interventions

This chapter introduces the challenge that brought together the contributors to this collection of essays, describing the trajectory that heritage studies has had in the face of established discourses about Islam and heritage in order to suggest ways in which these perceptions can be disrupted. In this introductory chapter, I define the value of involving different disciplinary conversations and forms of expertise that entangle specific languages, boundaries, categories, and concerns in the shaping of “Islamic heritage” as a subject of study. I propose that a consideration of alternative modes of thinking and established biases may be an essential tool to rupture the current problematic trajectory in critical heritage work about Muslim communities and their construction of heritage value.
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply

This note extends the IS/LM model to incorporate changes in the aggregate price level and to permit output to be determined by aggregate supply and demand. The note introduces the concept of the full-employment level of output, provides microfoundations that underpin the aggregate supply curve, and discusses the effects of fiscal and monetary policy when the economy is below and above the full-employment level of output. The note concludes by reviewing the exogenous components of the IS/LM-AD/AS model. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0127 Rev. May 31, 2019 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply In “A Brief Introduction to Macroeconomics” (UVA-GEM-0125), we considered two different ways to think about how aggregate output is determined. Under the first approach, depends completely on the factors of production (e.g., capital and labor), and the only way to increase is to increase these factors or the efficiency with which these factors are combined. Under the second (IS/LM) approach, is determined by demand factors such as desired consumption, government spending, expectations of future income, and financial conditions. In this technical note, we demonstrate that the link between these two approaches lies in the behavior of the aggregate price level . In our model extension that links these approaches, we include the aggregate price level in our set of endogenous variables. That is, rather than treating as fixed and predetermined (as we did when introducing the IS/LM model), it will now be jointly determined along with the interest rate and GDP. We first discuss how changes in affect aggregate demand (AD)—desired spending by firms and households. We then separately discuss how changes in relate to aggregate supply (AS)—what firms and workers are willing to produce. In a short-run equilibrium, the economy is characterized by the price level such that aggregate demand equals aggregate supply. Aggregate Demand . . .
Correcting Biased Evaporation in CloudSat Warm Rain

The CloudSat mission’s Cloud Profiling Radar has provided the first global-scale estimates of light rainfall from warm marine clouds. Because surface radar reflection prevents hydrometeor detection below ~720 m, the CloudSat 2C-RAIN-PROFILE retrieval uses an evaporation–sedimentation model to extend its profile estimates to the surface. We use in situ radar measurements from the ship-based Marine ARM GPCI Investigation of Clouds (MAGIC) campaign in the Northeastern subtropical Pacific, which sampled a diverse set of shallow marine cloud regimes, to evaluate the evaporation–sedimentation model near the surface. We suggest an empirical bias correction, which can be applied to the 2C-RAIN-PROFILE retrieval. Before this correction, the evaporation–sedimentation model produced a mean surface rain rate bias along the MAGIC transect of 57%; after correction, this bias was effectively eliminated. We also present the evidence of the validity of this bias correction across regimes in the MAGIC region, and also in the southeast subtropical Pacific, where the magnitude of the mean bias for surface rain due to the evaporation–sedimentation model is reduced by a factor of 4.
Multireference Density Functional Theory with Generalized Auxiliary Systems for Ground and Excited States

To describe static correlation, we develop a new approach to density functional theory (DFT), which uses a generalized auxiliary system that is of a different symmetry, such as particle number or spin, from that of the physical system. The total energy of the physical system consists of two parts: the energy of the auxiliary system, which is determined with a chosen density functional approximation (DFA), and the excitation energy from an approximate linear response theory that restores the symmetry to that of the physical system, thus rigorously leading to a multideterminant description of the physical system. The electron density of the physical system is different from that of the auxiliary system and is uniquely determined from the functional derivative of the total energy with respect to the external potential. Our energy functional is thus an implicit functional of the physical system density, but an explicit functional of the auxiliary system density. We show that the total energy minimum and stati...
Development of the 2008 SRI Mandarin Speech-to-text System for Broadcast News and Conversation

Abstract We describe the recent progress in SRI’s Mandarin speech-to-textsystemdevelopedfor2008evaluationintheDARPAGALEprogram. A data-driven lexicon expansion technique and lan-guage modeladaptation methods contribute tothe improvementin recognition performance. Our system yields 8.3% charactererrorrateontheGALEdev08testset,and7.5%aftercombiningwithRWTHsystems. Compared toour 2007 evaluation system,a signiﬁcant improvement of 13% relative has been achieved. Index Terms : lexicon expansion, language model adaptation,Mandarin speech recognition 1. Introduction Recent advances have been made in our Mandarin broadcastnews (BN)and conversation (BC)speech-to-text (STT)system,developed under the DARPA Global Autonomous LanguageExploitation (GALE) program. We demonstrated that the coretechnologies forEnglishSTTsuchasdiscriminativetraining[1]and acoustic adaptation [2] are also applicable to the Mandarinlanguage. Mandarin-speciﬁc components can be used to ex-ploit the characteristics of the Chinese language. We have in-vestigated lexical word segmentation, tone modeling, and pro-nunciation lexicon designs in [3, 4] to further improve systemperformance. In this paper, we give an overview of our Man-darin STT system for the GALE 2008 evaluation, and also de-scribe our recent progress on automatic lexicon expansion andlanguage model (LM) adaptation.Theremainder of thispaper isorganized asfollows. InSec-tion 2, we begin with a description of the acoustic and text dataused in training and testing the system, as well as the automati-cally expanded lexicon. In Section 3, the acoustic and languagemodels and the decoding architecture are described. Section 4presents progress on LM adaptation. Section 5 demonstratestherecognitionperformanceimprovementsviaexperiments. Fi-nally, we summarize the ﬁndings and propose future work inSection 6.
Surgical Management of Liver Metastases from Colorectal Carcinoma

Colorectal carcinoma continues to be a leading cause in cancer-related mortality with more than 130,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the United States. About 50% of patients will develop colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM). Liver resection continues to be the mainstay therapy in the management of CRLM and is associated with 25 to 60% 5-year survival. Alternative nonsurgical therapies offer modest survival when CRLM is unresectable. Herein, we provide an overview of key aspects of surgical approaches to the treatment of CRLM.
Enhancing Information Comprehension Through Hypertext

We discuss the process, issues and lessons learned in designing and implementing the World Wide Web (WWW) version of the August 1995 special issue of the Communications of the ACM on hypermedia design. The vast majority of WWW authors rely on the text of the link's anchor to provide 100% of the semantic information about the destination and purpose of the link. Yet, following a link often takes the reader out of the current context. We discuss remedying this by providing semantic link labels and other information about a link's purpose and destination, so that readers can evaluate whether to follow a link without having to select it.
Indications and Evidence for CTC

The clinical indications of CTC have broadened gradually over the past decade. Several interactive influences of this trend include the impact of validation data of clinical trials, health policy decisions of colorectal screening guidelines, and insurance reimbursement rates determined by payors. After the early clinical trials of CTC in the late 1990s, clinical use of CTC was limited to a few specific diagnostic indications [1]. Since 2003 with the emergence of multiple successful large screening trials, there has been broader use of CTC in asymptomatic patients. From these validation data however, health policy agencies responded differently in 2008 for the 5-year updates of colorectal screening guidelines. Specifically, the American Cancer Society, with the multidisciplinary consensus of the American College of Radiology and the US Multi-Society Task Force of colorectal cancer (comprised of the American Gastroenterology Association, American Society of Gastroenterology, and the American College of Gastroenterology), recommended the use of CTC for the first time for screening of average-risk patients [2]. Contrary to this, the US Preventative Task Force (USPTF) gave CTC an indeterminate rating of effectiveness and did not recommend CTC for screening purposes [3].
The common meanings and shared practices of sedation assessment in the context of managing patients with an opioid: A phenomenological study

Aims and objectives To examine the common meanings of opioid-induced sedation and shared practices in the context of post-operative pain management in expert Post-Anesthesia Care Unit nurses during patient's pain management with opioids. Background Within the clinical setting, linear pain and sedation scales are not enough to support clinical judgement with acute pain management. Because sedation measurement rests along a fluctuating continuum, it is possible for a patient to be sedated and then shift to increasing alertness, and then to drift back to a sedated state. This potential for acute clinical transition can be challenging to nurses of all levels, even for expert nurses. Design Interpretive phenomenology. Methods Twenty expert Post-Anesthetic Care Unit nurses, with more than 7 years of nursing experience, participated in qualitative interviews regarding their lived experiences. Interviews were analysed using a modified seven-stage process for interpretation by Diekelmann, Allen and Tanner. The manuscript was developed utilising the COREQ guidelines for reporting qualitative studies. Results Four themes identified through the participant's stories were recognising every patient is different, engaging in iterative knowing, walking a fine line, and looking beyond and anticipating. This study identified a constitutive pattern of interpreting sedation by integrating practical understanding and anticipating beyond. Conclusions This study indicates a deeper complexity in the way opioid-induced sedation is assessed and balanced with pain management by nurses in the Post-Anesthetic Care Unit. Relevance to practice Nurses in the study adapted their practices around pain management with opioids, in response to their patient's level of sedation; incorporating practices such as giving small, incremental doses and changing the drug. Nurses valued the importance of having "eyeballs on everybody" and being ready to meet the needs of their patient. They appreciate the time to watch and wait for their patient to respond, to better judge the result of their interventions.
Highly Efficient Microscale Gallium Arsenide Solar Cell Arrays as Optogenetic Power Options

Optogenetics is one of the most powerful investigation tools in neuroscience research. A major engineering challenge is the wireless power supply needed to operate the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and generate over 1 mW/mm2 optical power density required to activate opsins. Here, we describe design strategies to construct gallium arsenide microscale solar cells and approaches to integrate them into array structures as efficient optogenetic power options. The photovoltaic (PV) system outputs an electric power of 2.30 mW with an open-circuit voltage $(V_{{\rm{oc}}})$ of 4.97 V and a short-circuit current $(I_{{\rm{sc}}})$ of 0.59 mA under direct infrared illumination. We show that this power level is enough to operate both blue and yellow LEDs and provide optical power densities of 3.5 and 2.3 mW/mm2, respectively. This paper provides a guideline to design efficient PV systems as power supplies for optogenetics and other biomedical implants.
Predictive Analytics to Estimate Level of Residential Participation in Residential Demand Response Program

Demand response programs are becoming an integral part of the power system, helping create a closer alignment between the electrical service providers and customers. The research described in this paper uses the residential demand response (DR) program during a peak demand event. As in the marketing business, identifying target customers is vital in the DR program, thus making it more efficient and productive. Additionally, peak load events are very critical in the power system; therefore, it is essential to model an effective demand response program.The intent here is to use predictive analytics to estimate the level of residential participation in a DR program, and thus the load reduction capacity available, during peak load events. The research is divided into two different parts: apply predictive analytics to residents being considered for a DR program, and develop a residential DR model for each cluster obtained from predictive analytics.
Night Soil: Origins, Discontinuities, and Opportunities for Bridging the Metabolic Rift

For millennia, people have relied on human excrement or “night soil” as a source of agricultural fertilization. Following industrialization, however, the use of this resource became considerably limited. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the historical use of human excreta for agricultural application at varying scales of management, from early Amazonian farming middens to regional networks of night soil trade in imperial China. We then draw attention to the factors that led to the discontinuation of night soil usage during industrialization, placing focus on the “culture of flushing” that developed along with the adoption of the hydraulic sanitation system. To conclude, we consider how improved management of human excreta in the contemporary world can have important consequences for agricultural production, despite the ongoing challenges posed by what Marxian scholars refer to as the metabolic rift—the disruption of the earth’s socio-ecological cycles brought on by industrial capitalism.
Thm2 interacts with paralog, Thm1, and sensitizes to Hedgehog signaling in postnatal skeletogenesis

Ciliopathies are genetic syndromes that link osteochondrodysplasias to dysfunction of primary cilia. Primary cilia extend from the surface of bone and cartilage cells, to receive extracellular cues and mediate signaling pathways. Mutations in several genes that encode components of the intraflagellar transport-A ciliary protein complex have been identified in skeletal ciliopathies, including THM1. Here, we report a role for genetic interaction between Thm1 and its paralog, Thm2, in skeletogenesis. THM2 localizes to the ciliary axoneme, but unlike its paralog, Thm2 deficiency does not affect ciliogenesis and Thm2-null mice survive into adulthood. Since paralogs often have redundant functions, we crossed a Thm1 null (aln) allele into the Thm2 colony. After 5 generations of backcrossing the colony onto a C57BL6/J background, we observed that by postnatal day 14, Thm2-/-; Thm1aln/+ mice are smaller than control littermates. Thm2-/-; Thm1aln/+ mice exhibit shortened long bones, narrow ribcage, shortened vertebra, shortened cranium, and small mandible. Mutant mice also show aberrant architecture of the tibial growth plate, with an expanded proliferation zone and diminished hypertrophic zone, indicating impaired chondrocyte differentiation. Using microcomputed tomography, Thm2-/-; Thm1aln/+ tibia appeared less opaque with reduced cortical and trabecular bone mineral density. Deletion of one allele of Gli2, a major transcriptional activator of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, exacerbated the small phenotype of Thm2-/-; Thm1aln/+ mice and caused small stature in Thm2-null mice. Together, these data reveal Thm2 as a novel locus that sensitizes to Hh signaling in skeletal development. Further, Thm2-/-; Thm1aln/+ mice present a new postnatal ciliopathy model of osteochondrodysplasia.
On Closing the Circle

Ghirardi sought to “close the circle”—to find a place for human experience of measurement outcomes within quantum mechanics. I argue that Ghirardi’s spontaneous collapse approach succeeds at this task, and in fact does so even without the postulation of a particular account of “primitive ontology”, such as a mass density distribution or a discrete “flashes”. Nevertheless, I suggest that there is a remaining ontological problem facing spontaneous collapse theories concerning the use of classical concepts like “particle” in quantum mechanical explanation at the micro-level. Neither the mass density nor the flash ontology is any help with this problem.
Self-Help Groups And Medication Use In Opioid Addiction Treatment: A National Analysis

Self-help groups and medications (buprenorphine, methadone, and naltrexone) both play important roles in opioid addiction treatment. The relative use of these two treatment modalities has not been ...
Isotope effects on the high pressure viscosity of liquid water measured by differential dynamic microscopy

Differential dynamic microscopy is performed in diamond anvil cells to measure the viscosity of water along the 24 ° C isotherm to high pressure by the determination of the tracer diffusion coefficient of monodisperse silica spheres of known diameter and the application of the Stokes–Einstein–Sutherland equation. This technique allows liquid samples to be compressed to greater pressure prior to freezing than with other viscometry methods. The highest-pressure measurement was made at 1.67 GPa, considerably deeper into the supercompressed regime than previously reported. The effect of the isotopic composition is investigated with samples of normal water, heavy water, and partially deuterated water. When data below 0.25 GPa are excluded, a free volume model fits the observed viscosities well, yielding a theoretical glass transition density close to that observed in very-high-density amorphous ice. The improved fit above 0.25 GPa coincides with the loss of other anomalous behaviors in liquid water caused by hydrogen bonding and represents a transition to properties closer to those of a simple liquid.
The Risk of Not Being Ready: A Novel Approach to Managing Constant Readiness of a High-Level Isolation Unit During Times of Inactivity

The biocontainment unit at Johns Hopkins Hospital is a specially designed, inactive high-level isolation unit designated to care for patients infected with high-consequence pathogens. The unit team designed a facility-specific readiness scale and checklist that focus on infrastructure, consumable supplies, and staffing to assess activation readiness of the biocontainment unit. Over a period of 50 days and 14 days, these tools were used as part of a routine risk assessment to first identify barriers and then tier the impact of these barriers into activation categories of "Ready," "Ready with Considerations," and "Not Ready." The assessment identified the greatest risks to activation readiness were staffing and waste management capabilities. Assessing threats to activation readiness and the risk of not being ready should be a priority for maintaining facility, regional, and national capacity to safely isolate and care for patients infected with high-consequence pathogens while maintaining healthcare worker safety.
UAV-BASED SORGHUM GROWTH MONITORING: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LIDAR AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Abstract. Canopy height (CH) and leaf area index (LAI) provide key information about crop growth and productivity. A rapid and accurate retrieval of CH and LAI is critical for a variety of agricultural applications. LiDAR and RGB photogrammetry have been increasingly used in plant phenotyping in recent years thanks to the developments in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and sensor technology. The goal of this study is to investigate the potential of UAV LiDAR and RGB photogrammetry in estimating crop CH and LAI. To this end, a high resolution 32 channel LiDAR and RGB cameras mounted on DJI Matrice 600 Pro UAV were employed to collect data at sorghum fields near Maricopa, Arizona, USA. A series of canopy structure metrics were extracted using LiDAR and RGB photogrammetry-based point clouds. Random Forest Regression (RFR) models were established based on the UAV-LiDAR and photogrammetry-derived metrics and field-measured LAI. The results show that both UAV-LiDAR and RGB photogrammetry demonstrated promising accuracies in CH extraction and LAI estimation. Overall, UAV-LiDAR yielded superior performance than RGB photogrammetry in both low and high canopy density sorghum fields. In addition, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, as well as RFR-based variable importance analysis demonstrated that height-based metrics from both LiDAR and photogrammetric point clouds were more useful than density-based metrics in LAI estimation. This study proved that UAV-based LiDAR and photogrammetry are important tool in sustainable field management and high-throughput phenotyping, but LiDAR is more accurate than RGB photogrammetry due to its greater canopy penetration capability.
Associations of body composition with incident dementia in older adults: Cardiovascular Health Study-Cognition Study

Introduction A body of literature reported associations between late-life general adiposity measures (eg, body mass index) and dementia. Little is known about the association of late-life body composition with dementia risk. Methods We determined this association among cognitively normal participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study- Cognition Study. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 1994-1995. Dementia was ascertained at annual follow-up from 1998-1999 to 2013. Associations of body composition with incident dementia were assessed by the Fine-Gray model. Result Among 344 participants (mean age 78, 62.2% women), body composition was significantly different between men and women, despite similar body mass indexes (BMIs). Increased dementia risk was significantly associated with lower lean mass in men and marginally with low appendicular lean mass in women. Discussion Decreased lean mass was an indicator of increased dementia risk in older adults. Studies should test whether preventing lean mass loss in older adults reduces dementia risk.