cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A faster Scrabble move generation algorithm

Appel and Jacobson1 presented a fast algorithm for generating every possible move in a given position in the game of Scrabble using a DAWG, a finite automaton derived from the trie of a large lexicon. This paper presents a faster algorithm that uses a GADDAG, a finite automaton that avoids the non-deterministic prefix generation of the DAWG algorithm by encoding a bidirectional path starting from each letter of each word in the lexicon. For a typical lexicon, the GADDAG is nearly five times larger than the DAWG, but generates moves more than twice as fast. This time/space trade-off is justified not only by the decreasing cost of computer memory, but also by the extensive use of move-generation in the analysis of board positions used by Gordon2 in the probabilistic search for the most appropriate play in a given position within realistic time constraints.
A Study of Interrater Reliability of the ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview in Five European Languages: Data from ESL, French, German, Russian, and Spanish.

The widespread use of the Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) throughout the government, the academic community, and increasingly the business world, calls for an extensive program of research concerning theoretical and practical issues associated with the assessment of speaking proficiency in general, and the use of the OPI in particular. The present study, based on 795 double-rated oral proficiency interviews, was designed to consider the following questions: (1) What is the interrater reliability of ACTFL-certified testers in five European languages: ESL, French, German, Russian, and Spanish? (2) What is the relationship between interviewer-assigned ratings and second ratings based on audio replay of the interviews? (3) Does interrater reliability vary as a function of proficiency level? (4) Do different languages exhibit different patterns of interrater agreement across levels? (5) Are interrater disagreements confined mostly to the same main proficiency level? With regard to the above questions, results show: (1) Interrater reliability for all languages in this study was significant both when Pearson's r and Cohen's modified kappa were used. (2) When second-raters disagreed with interviewer-assigned ratings, they were three times as likely to assign scores that were lower rather than higher. (3) Some levels of performance are harder to rate than others. (4) The five languages exhibited different patterns of interrater agreement across levels. (5) Crossing of major borders was very frequent, and was dependent on the proficiency level. As a result of these findings, several practical steps are suggested in order to improve interrater reliability.
On a coupled discontinuous/continuous Galerkin framework and an adaptive penalty scheme for poroelasticity problems

In this paper a coupled discontinuous/continuous Galerkin framework and an adaptive penalty scheme are proposed to promote the applicability and efficiency of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods in modeling practical large-scale poroelasticity problems with popular equal-order linear elements. The idea of this coupled DG/continuous Galerkin (CG) framework is to apply DG elements locally, in which the inefficiency of DG methods due to an explosion in unknowns resulted from a full DG discretization for the whole domain is greatly improved. Moreover, the implementation of this coupled framework is based on a CG nodal-based program, in which additional effort for applying DG methods is simply focusing on breaking CG elements to form interfaces and computing surface stiffness using the same shape functions as CG elements. Such a CG nodal-based implementation for DG methods avoids establishing a new non-nodal based computer program, fits popular commercial finite element codes, and thus greatly promotes the applicability of DG methods for practical applications. More importantly, we observe and report that DG methods with constant penalties seriously slow down fluid diffusion at later times. The proposed adaptive penalty scheme targets to recover normal fluid diffusion rates for later time stages. Three numerical examples including the Mandel problem, a footing consolidation problem typical in civil engineering, and a horizontal oil production well problem under compaction popular in petroleum engineering are presented to demonstrate the good performance of the proposed coupled DG/CG framework and adaptive penalty scheme.
Mashups: A Literature Review and Classification Framework

The evolution of the Web over the past few years has fostered the growth of a handful of new technologies (e.g. Blogs, Wiki’s, Web Services). Recently web mashups have emerged as the newest Web technology and have gained lots of momentum and attention from both academic and industry communities. Current mashup literature focuses on a wide array of issues, which can be partially explained by how new the topic is. However, to date, mashup literature lacks an articulation of the different subtopics of web mashup research. This study presents a broad review of mashup literature to help frame the 1subtopics in mashup research.
Comparison of morphological and biochemical characteristics of cultured chondrocytes isolated from proliferative and hypertrophic zones of bovine growth plate cartilage

Abstract Primary cultures of chondrocytes isolated from the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of bovine growth plate cartilage were established, and their morphological and biosynthetic characteristics were com- pared. High-cell-density monolayer cultures maintained a predominantly chondrocytic morphology, preserved their zone-specific collagen phenotype, and produced an abundant proteoglycan matrix. In contrast, monolayer cultures plated at low cell densities contained many cells with fibroblastic morphology and initiated the synthesis of type I collagen within 72 h following seeding. On a per cell basis, the proliferative zone chondrocytes displayed greater biosynthetic activity than chondrocytes from the hypertrophic region. Characterization of newly synthesized collagens showed that type II collagen was the major biosynthetic product of both types of cells. In contrast, type X collagen was synthesized exclusively by hypertrophic chondrocytes and represented about 20% of the total collagen produced by these cells. The type X collagen molecules synthesized by the hypertrophic cells contained disulfide bonds within their triple-helical domains and assembled into a high-Mr aggregate. When polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to amplify type X collagen sequences from cDNA obtained by reverse transcription of mRNA from cul- tures of both types of chondrocytes, only the hypertrophic chondrocyte mRNA yielded PCR amplification products indicative of the presence of type X collagen transcripts.
Combination pharmacological therapies for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a highly prevalent condition of older men caused by unregulated growth of the prostate gland. Clinical trials of medical therapy for BPH have consistently demonstrated that combined therapy with an α1-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist and a 5α-reductase inhibitor is superior to either agent alone. The addition of anticholinergic therapy to a treatment regimen could effectively improve symptoms in men with persistent storage lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) who have not seen a benefit with an α1-AR antagonist or 5α-reductase inhibitor. Among α1-AR antagonists, doxazosin, terazosin, tamsulosin, and alfuzosin, although with slight differences in adverse event profiles, are equivalent in effectiveness and efficacy. No data in the form of direct comparator trials exist to suggest a difference in clinical efficacy of finasteride and dutasteride, the two 5α-reductase inhibitors currently available. Current American Urological Association guidelines do not recommend phytotherapy or dietary supplements in any combination for the medical management of BPH. The current literature supports the safety and efficacy of the combination of an α1-AR antagonist and a 5α-reductase inhibitor in the treatment of symptomatic BPH and, in select patients, the use of an α1-AR antagonist and anticholinergic medication in the treatment of LUTS suggestive of BPH.
Interlibrary loan is the new reference: reducing barriers, providing access and refining services

Purpose – This paper aims to describe new technologies affecting discovery and delivery and to examine how the explosion of full text sources is pushing interlibrary loan staff toward new roles.Design/methodology/approach – The paper's approach takes the form of a descriptive analysis.Findings – Interlibrary loan staff are becoming expert searchers, providing reference service and refining best practices to better serve our patrons. Resources are described to enhance services.Originality/value – The paper provides a window on the changing roles of interlibrary loan staff.
Psychological symptoms in chronic fatigue and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. To determine if psychological morbidity in youth with chronic fatigue is caused by the stress of coping with a chronic illness. Study Design. Case–control study comparing pediatric patients with debilitating chronic fatigue and matched subjects with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic medical illness with similar functional sequelae. Setting. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic and Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinic of Kosair Children9s Hospital. Participants. Nineteen children and adolescents with debilitating chronic fatigue and 19 age- and sex-matched peers with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Outcome. Structured Interview, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Child Behavior Checklist, and Youth Self-Report. Results. Intellectual functioning on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test Composite was average (103, standard score) for both groups. Pediatric patients with chronic fatigue had higher levels of internalizing psychological distress than patients suffering from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, despite the fact that both groups had a similar pattern of decline in social and physical activities. Duration of illness did not explain the difference in psychological symptoms. Conclusions. Psychological factors may play a more active role in debilitating chronic fatigue in pediatric patients than can be explained by the stress of coping with a similar chronic, non–life-threatening illness.
Molecular specializations of the axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier are not dependent upon myelination

Nodes of Ranvier from normal and ‘dystrophic’ mice have been examined with quantitative freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Regions of nodal, paranodal and interparanodal axolemma of normal fibres are clearly distinguishable on the basis of particle size distributions in electron micrographs of freeze-fractured replicas. Protoplasmic fracture faces of normal nodes of Ranvier, contain approximately 40% 100 A particles and about 25% elongated particles 150 by 250 A. Paranodal and interparanodal membranes contain a more uniform distribution of smaller diameter particles. ‘Dystrophic’ mice of the 129/ReJ-Dy strain have a genetic defect of Schwann cell development and myelinogenesis. Axons of the sciatic and deep peroneal nerves in dystrophic mice, which appear to be normally myelinated, possess approximately the same distributions of particles as axons in normal mice. However, in affected regions of the ventral and dorsal roots, Schwann cell wrappings may be missing, creating heminodes of Ranvier where the myelination terminates or begins again. At such heminodes, there is a circular band of axonal membrane which bears particles of sizes and packing densities similar to that found at normal nodes. High voltage electron microscopic examination of 0.25–1 μm thick sections from these hemi-nodal regions reveals the presence of a filamentous layer beneath the particle-rich membrane. In addition, completely amyelinated regions of root axons contain particle patches having size-density distributions similar to that of both normal and hemi-nodal membranes. Thus, the nodal membrane displays a characteristic particle-size distribution profile. The occurrence of this particle profile does not appear to be dependent upon the presence or absence of Schwann cells. These observations suggest that the functions subserved by the numerous particles at the node of Ranvier are not dependent upon myelination for their local differentiation within the axonal membrane.
Potentials evoked in the intermediolateral column by hypothalamic stimulation - suppression by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Abstract Δ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of marihuana produces pronounced effects on the cardiovascular system including bradycardia and hypotension. A decrease in sympathetic activity may contribute to these actions. In chloralose urethane anesthetized cats, THC (2 mg/kg, i.v.) produced significant bradycardia, hypotension and attenuation of threshold pressor responses induced by hypothalamic stimulation. Evoked potentials recorded in the intermediolateral cell column (ILC) by stimulation of these hypothalamic pressor sites were significantly altered after THC. Hypotension induced by histamine administration (5 μg/kg, i.v.) altered ILC potentials before and after THC. These results support the hypothesis that THC reduces sympathetic outflow and reversibly resets the level of central cardiovascular homeostasis.
State Authority in the Balance: The Israeli State and the Messianic Settler Movement†

Why do states allow and even encourage extremist nonstate actors to intervene in an international conflict in violation of domestic and international law, as well as state interests? Why do states fail subsequently to rein in these actors as the counterproductive consequences of their actions become apparent? This article explores one case of such puzzling state behavior, Israel's relationship with the messianic settler movement. The movement is challenging the state, and its actions regarding the territories Israel captured in 1967 have complicated efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Yet, not only have successive Israeli governments declined to enforce the authority of the state, they have pandered to the extremists. Supporting the messianic right has not offered Israel significant strategic benefits. In fact, it has backfired by intensifying the conflict with the Palestinians, weakening Israel's international standing, and undercutting state authority domestically. The article calls for supplementing a rationalist perspective that focuses on states' cost-benefit calculation with ideational factors. It proposes that the manipulation of symbols by the messianic right strengthened an ongoing process of state penetration, undermining the state's ability to utilize its power to its full extent, while increasing the messianics' influence far beyond the movement's material capabilities.
Complexes of Lysine, Histidine, and Arginine with Sulfonated Azo Dyes: Model Systems for Understanding the Biomolecular Recognition of Glycosaminoglycans by Proteins

The X-ray crystal structures of six salts composed of amino acids and sulfonated azo dyes have been determined, four of them at low temperature (173 K). The compounds are dl-lysine/4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzenesulfonate (HABS) monohydrate (1), dl-lysine/7-hydroxy-8-(phenylazo)-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonate (Orange G) dihydrate (2), l-lysine/Orange G 1.5-hydrate (3), dl-histidine/Orange G trihydrate (4), l-histidine/Orange G trihydrate (5), and tosylarginine methyl ester (TAME)/4-[(2-hydroxy-6-tert-butyl-1-naphthalenyl)azo]benzenesulfonate (“Little Rock Orange,” LRO) (6). By virtue of their basic side chains, these amino acids are the ones most important in the binding interactions between proteins and sulfated macromolecules such as glycosaminoglycans in living systems. The sulfonate salts described here serve as model systems for these interactions. Close intermolecular approaches between the dye sulfonate groups and neighboring amino acids and water molecules are examined, and the graph-set formalism is ...
The immunospecificity of nonhistone protein complexes with DNA.

It has been suggested that nuclear nonhistone proteins participate in maintaining the differentiated state of cells. They were shown by electrophoretic criteria to be tissue and species specific, and the presence of certain nonhistone proteins in reconstituted chromatin was found to be necessary for the in vitro transcription of tissue-specific RNA species (detectable by DNA-RNA hybridization)1–3. The mixture of nonhistone proteins and DNA (NP-DNA) resulting from the dehistonization of chromatin has been shown by complement fixation to be tissue specific4. Furthermore, the unique ability of chick oviduct chromatin to receive and bind the progesteronecytosol protein complexes is associated with the fraction of nonhistone proteins which is responsible for the immunospecificity of chromatin6. In this communication we show that the immunochemical detection of tissue specificity of chromatin as reported by Chytil and Spelsberg4 recognizes nonhistone protein complexes with homologous DNA. The chromatin nonhistone proteins alone or complexed with heterologous DNA, RNA, or other polyanions are immunochemically incompetent if assayed with antibodies obtained by injecting the rabbits with the mixture of nonhistone proteins and DNA (NP-DNA pellet).
Vertical structure of turbulence

Based on fluctuation statistics from the Brookhaven tower, statistical models are presented which permit estimation of cross-spectra between wind components at various heights. It is shown that a similarity hypothesis, proposed by Davenport (1961), seems to be valid. The upper portions of turbulent eddies are downwind of the lower parts, with slopes of order unity, probably dependent on wind shear.
A diffusional analysis for the oxidation on a plane metal–oxide interface

Abstract Based on the diffusion of oxygen, the oxidation on a plane metal–oxide interface is analyzed using a perturbation scheme. Unlike previous models, the reaction rate and the oxygen dissolution into metal are taken into account. One-dimensional Landau transformation is applied to transform a moving domain by volumetric expansion during oxidation into a fixed domain. We investigate how the oxide thickness depends on the reaction rate, the ratio of diffusion coefficients, the molar density ratio, etc. By comparison of the results with the experimental observations, we compute the diffusion coefficients of oxygen in the metal and oxide, as well as the reaction rate coefficient for silicon and titanium oxidation.
Envelope Deglycosylation Enhances Antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 Epitopes for Both Broad Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Unmutated Ancestor Antibodies

The HIV-1 gp41 envelope (Env) membrane proximal external region (MPER) is an important vaccine target that in rare subjects can elicit neutralizing antibodies. One mechanism proposed for rarity of MPER neutralizing antibody generation is lack of reverted unmutated ancestor (putative naive B cell receptor) antibody reactivity with HIV-1 envelope. We have studied the effect of partial deglycosylation under non-denaturing (native) conditions on gp140 Env antigenicity for MPER neutralizing antibodies and their reverted unmutated ancestor antibodies. We found that native deglycosylation of clade B JRFL gp140 as well as group M consensus gp140 Env CON-S selectively increased the reactivity of Env with the broad neutralizing human mAbs, 2F5 and 4E10. Whereas fully glycosylated gp140 Env either did not bind (JRFL), or weakly bound (CON-S), 2F5 and 4E10 reverted unmutated ancestors, natively deglycosylated JRFL and CON-S gp140 Envs did bind well to these putative mimics of naive B cell receptors. These data predict that partially deglycoslated Env would bind better than fully glycosylated Env to gp41-specific naive B cells with improved immunogenicity. In this regard, immunization of rhesus macaques demonstrated enhanced immunogenicity of the 2F5 MPER epitope on deglyosylated JRFL gp140 compared to glycosylated JRFL gp140. Thus, the lack of 2F5 and 4E10 reverted unmutated ancestor binding to gp140 Env may not always be due to lack of unmutated ancestor antibody reactivity with gp41 peptide epitopes, but rather, may be due to glycan interference of binding of unmutated ancestor antibodies of broad neutralizing mAb to Env gp41.
Receptors for Melanocortin Peptides in the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis and Skin

The syndromes of hereditary IGD and triple A syndrome are potentially life threatening and severely disabling diseases. Clinical awareness of these syndromes is of considerable prognostic and therapeutic importance. The defects in the ACTH receptor causing IGD help illuminate the mechanisms of ligand binding and signal transduction by this receptor. Identification of the molecular defect(s) responsible for IGD cases with a normal ACTH receptor structural gene and for the triple A syndrome remains a challenge, which will hopefully eventually provide further insight into the mechanisms of adrenocortical function. The cloning of the melanocortin receptors has been a giant step towards a better insight into the physiological role of the POMC-derived peptides. It is now becoming apparent that the differential processing of POMC in the brain, the pituitary, and peripheral tissues, yielding a number of different biologically active melanocortin peptides, combined with the distinct tissue distribution and pharmacological profile of the melanocortin receptors will help elucidate the molecular basis of these functions.
Crab shell-crushing predation and gastropod architectural defense

Abstract The shell-breaking behavior of the crabs Ozius verreauxii Saussure 1853 and Eriphia squamata , Stimpson 1859 from the Bay of Panama is described. The master claws of both these crabs are well designed for breaking shells. Small shells, relative to the size of a crab predator, are crushed by progressively breaking off larger segments of a shell's apex, while larger shells are peeled by inserting a large dactyl molar into the aperture of a shell and progressively chipping away the lip of the shell. Heavy gastropod shells are shown to be less vulnerable to crab predators than lighter shells, and narrow shell apertures and axial shell sculpture are demonstrated to be architectural features that deter crab predation. The incidence of architectural features which deter crab predation appears to be higher for smaller gastropod species than for larger gastropods which are too large for most crab predators. Large fish predators prey upon both gastropods and shell-crushing crabs. To avoid fish predators, both these prey groups seek refuge under rocks when covered by the tide. Fish predation thus appears to enforce a close sympatry between smaller gastropods and their crab predators.
Serum stimulation and repression of flow immunofluorescence staining of bacteria

A flow cytometer was used to measure the fluorescence intensity of Bacillus anthracis spores, B. subtilis spores and Escherichia coli stained in suspension with specific rabbit fluorescein-conjugated antibody. The effect of normal sera and a number of other additives on the binding of conjugate to the surface of the homologous bacteria was assessed by measuring the median fluorescence intensity of the bacterial population in the reaction mixture. Non-ionic detergent depressed binding of one conjugate (anti-E. coli) by up to 22%. Bovine serum albumin, gelatin, foetal calf serum and normal rabbit serum did not affect the median fluorescence value for these 3 bacterial species by more than 14%. Normal serum from 5 goats reduced the specific staining of B. anthracis by up to two-thirds. Anti-B. anthracis antibodies were detected in goat serum by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, and it is inferred that these goat antibodies were in competition with fluorescein conjugate for the bacterial antigens. Normal goat and sheep serum stimulated the specific staining of B. subtilis and E. coli measured by the cytometer; in the case of goat serum previous heating of the serum to 56 degrees C resulted in repression of staining of E. coli. Since anti-E. coli antibody was detected in this normal sera by indirect immunofluorescence assays, it is proposed that repression was caused by anti-bacterial antibodies and stimulation by a separate factor, heat-labile in the case of goat serum. The stimulatory factor was also apparently inactivated by increasing the NaCl concentration, suggesting that stimulation depends heavily on charge interactions. Preliminary evidence is presented that the stimulatory factor may be anti-antibody, possibly of the IgA or IgG class.
Soviet and American Perspectives on Hidden Reserves and Human Potentials

The biological, psychological, and social capacities that enable individuals to engage in personally and culturally valuable behavior are referred to as "hidden human reserves" in the U.S.S.R. and as "human potentials" in the United States. There is a tradition of interest and research in both countries despite the fact that this area has been ignored by many scientists. The topics studied include imagery, self-regulation, hypnosis, accelerated learning, and imagination. The individual's biological predisposition, cultural background, and life experience combine to produce a capacity for development that needs to be more intensively investigated. Practical applications have been implemented in such fields as healing, sports, language learning, creative problem solving, and psychotherapy.A method to tap the "forgotten assets" of... human potentialities is rapidly emerging as a discrete field of scientific inquiry.... Commitment is not restricted to the United States. Scientists in the U.S.S.R. and other co...
Contemporary management of hyperlipidemia in women.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to review prospective, large-scale studies of lipid-lowering therapy and hormone replacement therapy, and to provide clinical recommendations for the management of hyperlipidemia in women within the context of the revised National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines. Methods: Recent English language literature derived from a MEDLINE search (January 1990-July 2001) and bibliographies of relevant papers were reviewed, and data were abstracted from identified papers. Results: Hyperlipidemia is largely undertreated in women. Previously, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was considered first-line treatment for the management of hypercholesterolemia to prevent coronary artery disease (CAD) in women. Recent studies, however, show no benefit of HRT for secondary prevention of coronary events, despite its beneficial effects on lipids. Large-scale, controlled clinical trials indicate that women, even those with only moderately elevated cholesterol, benefit from ...
Survey of robotics in the health care industry

Abstract The American health care industry has been experiencing considerable change in the 1980s. Health care administrators and interested outsiders have scrutinized the current health care operations in searching for avenues to decrease health care costs. The impetus behind this concern for cost containment resulted from the changing of reimbursement by the federal government to health care institutions for medicare patients [3]. Several solution have been forwarded and implemented, but the search for cost containment is far from over. The increased awareness of cost conscienceness is not new to Americans. The manufacturing industry began similar evolvement during the 1970s. The impetus being the inflationary environmental influences. Solutions to manufacturing labor costs are applicable to the health care industry. One solution that manufacturing implemented to decrease labor costs was the use of robots. The health care industry is very labor intensive. This paper addresses the possibilities of robotics applied in the health care industry. The current use of robots in the health care industry are identified along with future practical applications of robotics. The human interaction with a patient is important in some areas of health care service. The patient is the customer and the reactions of the patient to robotic care must be considered in determining practical applications of robotics within the health care industry. Final remarks will be directed at future research avenues.
Enhancing Student Team Effectiveness: Application of Myers-Briggs Personality Assessment in Business Courses.

This article examines the relationship between student perceptions of team learning experience and communication style. Student group learning perceptions were evaluated and team communication style was measured using dyads derived from Myers-Briggs personality profiles. Groups containing similar personalities were classified as compatible, whereas groups that blend individuals with different talents and preferences were deemed complementary. Our sample included two sections of Marketing Strategy and one Principles of Macroeconomics section. Macroeconomics students reported greater satisfaction when the group is compatible, whereas Marketing Strategy students preferred complementary groups. The number of group learning experiences and differences in group homogeneity provides likely explanations. Principles of Macroeconomics students, with little or no prior group experience, preferred the comfort of a compatible group. Alternatively, drawing on their considerable group experience, Marketing Strategy stud...
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: An Effectiveness Study

Objective: Both the National Institute of Mental Health and the American Psychological Association have called upon psychodynamic practitioners to start demonstrating their outcomes. This effectiveness study attempted to begin to answer these calls. Method: The study was a secondary analysis of data from a multidisciplinary, psychodynamic mental health clinic. It used a single-group, within-subjects longitudinal design. The psychometrically validated Outcome Questionnaire was used as a measure of change. A linear mixed and random effects model was used to analyze the data. The aims of this study were (a) to look at whether patients improve and (b) if so, at what variables moderate outcome. Results: Findings suggest that psychodynamic treatment, provided within this practice configuration, is effective over time, producing moderate effect sizes, and points to the particular importance of the first 3 months. Conclusions: Findings suggest a common course of recovery, with some between-group variability.
Religion and Political Development in Central Europe around 1900: A View from Vienna

To view the church-state problem from Vienna in 1900 is to view it from the capital of an ancient Catholic state in a multiethnic cultural arena, a world in which Catholicism strove, at least officially, to be supranational, and in which, although there was no Catholic nation, there was a preeminent and distinguished Catholic dynasty. This was a world in which large numbers of Austrians—many of them in rural areas—continued to affirm popular religious affections and loyalties throughout the century—values and practices that if not always consonant with official Catholic doctrine, at least afforded the hierarchical church and sympathetic aristocratic and bourgeois elites the ready opportunity to claim Catholicism as not only a historic and true but also a public and mass religion. At the same time, the long-term heritage of Josephinist state control of the church had powerful negative effects on active religiosity and religious identity, especially among the emergent Burgertum and urban inhabitants of the monarchy. The Concordat of 1855—coming after the failed revolution of 1848–49 and on the heels of the imposition of neoabsolutist rule—was an imprudent decision precisely because it alienated both the Josephinist state and incipient burgerlich society.
Numerical study of the steady-state uniform flow past a rotating cylinder

Results from the numerical simulation of the two-dimensional incompressible unsteady Navier–Stokes equations for streaming flow past a rotating circular cylinder are presented in this study. The numerical solution of the equations of motion is conducted with a commercial computational fluid dynamics package which discretizes the equations applying the control volume method. The numerical set-up is validated by comparing results for a Reynolds number based on the free stream of as a unique effective thickness, the modification of Glauert's boundary-layer analysis and the VCVPF approach as proposed by Wang & Joseph (2006a) produce results which are in better general agreement with the values from numerical simulation than those from Glauert's solution.
Comparison of Epoxide and Free-Radical Mechanisms for Activation of Benzo[a]pyrene by Sprague-Dawley Rat Liver Microsomes

Coincubation of (6-/sup 3/H)benzo(a)pyrene ((6-/sup 3/H)BP) and (/sup 14/C)BP with SD rat liver microsomes produced metabolic profiles that showed that the C-6 of BP was not affected by formation of 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-BP, 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-BP, and 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-BP nor the 3- and 9-phenols of BP. Complete retention of tritium at C-6, except in the three quinones, confirmed the radical-cation model for formation of the 6-oxo-radical followed by oxidation to quinone. Epoxide formation at the carcinogenically active regions of BP appeared to biochemically isolate from 6-position activation and suggested that the microsomal epoxide pathway is unrelated to the radicalcation scheme. These molar ratios derived from double-label experiments reinforced the current literature that indicates the epoxide mechanism as the major pathway toward carcinogenic forms of BP.
The GEFS-Based Daily Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) Forecast and Its Implication for Water Management in the Southeastern United States

AbstractNOAA’s second-generation retrospective forecast (reforecast) dataset was created using the currently operational Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS). It has the potential to accurately forecast daily reference evapotranspiration ETo and can be useful for water management. This study was conducted to evaluate daily ETo forecasts using the GEFS reforecasts in the southeastern United States (SEUS) and to incorporate the ETo forecasts into irrigation scheduling to explore the usefulness of the forecasts for water management. ETo was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation, and ensemble forecasts were downscaled and bias corrected using a forecast analog approach. The overall forecast skill was evaluated using the linear error in probability space skill score, and the forecast in five categories (terciles and 10th and 90th percentiles) was evaluated using the Brier skill score, relative operating characteristic, and reliability diagrams. Irrigation scheduling was evaluated by water deficit WD f...
Interplay of Efflux System, ampC, and oprD Expression in Carbapenem Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates

Carbapenems are important agents for the therapy of infections due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; the development of carbapenem resistance hampers effective therapeutic options. To assess the mechanisms leading to resistance, 33 clinical isolates with differing degrees of carbapenem susceptibility were analyzed for the expression of the chromosomal beta-lactamase (ampC), the porin that is important for the entry of carbapenems (oprD), and the proteins involved in four efflux systems (mexA, mexC, mexE, and mexX). Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR was performed using primers and fluorescent probes for each of the target genes. The sequencing of regulatory genes (ampR, mexR, nalC, nalD, mexT, and mexZ) was also performed. Diminished expression of oprD was present in all imipenem- and meropenem-resistant isolates but was not required for ertapenem resistance. Increased expression of ampC was not observed in several isolates that were overtly resistant to carbapenems. Increased expression of several efflux systems was observed in many of the carbapenem-resistant isolates. Increased efflux activity correlated with high-level ertapenem resistance and reduced susceptibility to meropenem and aztreonam. Most isolates with increased expression of mexA had mutations affecting nalC and/or nalD. Two isolates with mutations leading to a premature stop codon in mexZ had markedly elevated mexX expressions, although mutations in mexZ were not a prerequisite for overexpression. beta-Lactam resistance in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa is a result of the interplay between diminished production of oprD, increased activity of ampC, and several efflux systems.
Chronic antihypertensive treatment improves pulse pressure but not large artery mechanics in a mouse model of congenital vascular stiffness

Increased arterial stiffness is a common characteristic of humans with Williams-Beuren syndrome and mouse models of elastin insufficiency. Arterial stiffness is associated with multiple negative cardiovascular outcomes, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden death. Therefore, identifying therapeutic interventions that improve arterial stiffness in response to changes in elastin levels is of vital importance. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of chronic pharmacologic therapy with different classes of antihypertensive medications on arterial stiffness in elastin insufficiency. Elastin-insufficient mice 4-6 wk of age and wild-type littermates were subcutaneously implanted with osmotic micropumps delivering a continuous dose of one of the following: vehicle, losartan, nicardipine, or propranolol for 8 wk. At the end of treatment period, arterial blood pressure and large artery compliance and remodeling were assessed. Our results show that losartan and nicardipine treatment lowered blood pressure and pulse pressure in elastin-insufficient mice. Elastin and collagen content of abdominal aortas as well as ascending aorta and carotid artery biomechanics were not affected by any of the drug treatments in either genotype. By reducing pulse pressure and shifting the working pressure range of an artery to a more compliant region of the pressure-diameter curve, antihypertensive medications may mitigate the consequences of arterial stiffness, an effect that is drug class independent. These data emphasize the importance of early recognition and long-term management of hypertension in Williams-Beuren syndrome and elastin insufficiency.
Pleiotropic Coupling of G Protein-coupled Receptors to the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Cascade ROLE OF FOCAL ADHESIONS AND RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES

Abstract G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate Ras-dependent activation of the Erk 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by stimulating recruitment of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors to the plasma membrane. Both integrin-based focal adhesion complexes and receptor tyrosine kinases have been proposed as scaffolds upon which the GPCR-induced Ras activation complex may assemble. Using specific inhibitors of focal adhesion complex assembly and receptor tyrosine kinase activation, we have determined the relative contribution of each to activation of the Erk 1/2 cascade following stimulation of endogenous GPCRs in three different cell types. The tetrapeptide RGDS, which inhibits integrin dimerization, and cytochalasin D, which depolymerizes the actin cytoskeleton, disrupt the assembly of focal adhesions. In PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells, both agents block lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)- and bradykinin-stimulated Erk 1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that intact focal adhesion complexes are required for GPCR-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in these cells. In Rat 1 fibroblasts, Erk 1/2 activation via LPA and thrombin receptors is completely insensitive to both agents. Conversely, the epidermal growth factor receptor-specific tyrphostin AG1478 inhibits GPCR-mediated Erk 1/2 activation in Rat 1 cells but has no effect in PC12 cells. In HEK-293 human embryonic kidney cells, LPA and thrombin receptor-mediated Erk 1/2 activation is partially sensitive to both the RGDS peptide and tyrphostin AG1478, suggesting that both focal adhesion and receptor tyrosine kinase scaffolds are employed in these cells. The dependence of GPCR-mediated Erk 1/2 activation on intact focal adhesions correlates with expression of the calcium-regulated focal adhesion kinase, Pyk2. In all three cell types, GPCR-stimulated Erk 1/2 activation is significantly inhibited by the Src kinase inhibitors, herbimycin A and 4-amino-5-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo-d-3,4-pyrimidine (PP1), suggesting that Src family nonreceptor tyrosine kinases represent a point of convergence for signals originating from either scaffold.
PLAN: a packet language for active networks

PLAN (Packet Language for Active Networks) is a new language for programs that form the packets of a programmable network. These programs replace the packet headers (which can be viewed as very rudimentary programs) used in current networks. As such, PLAN programs are lightweight and of restricted functionality. These limitations are mitigated by allowing PLAN code to call node-resident service routines written in other, more powerful languages. This two-level architecture, in which PLAN serves as a scripting or 'glue' language for more general services, is the primary contribution of this paper. We have successfully applied the PLAN programming environment to implement an IP-free internetwork.PLAN is based on the simply typed lambda calculus and provides a restricted set of primitives and datatypes. PLAN defines a special construct called a chunk used to describe the remote execution of PLAN programs on other nodes. Primitive operations on chunks are used to provide basic data transport in the network and to support layering of protocols. Remote execution can make debugging difficult, so PLAN provides strong static guarantees to the programmer, such as type safety. A more novel property aimed at protecting network availability is a guarantee that PLAN programs use a bounded amount of network resources.
The Molecular Chaperone Hsp90 Mediates Heme Activation of the Yeast Transcriptional Activator Hap1

Hsp90 plays critical roles in the proper functioning of a wide array of eukaryotic signal transducers such as steroid receptors and tyrosine kinases. Hap1 is a naturally occurring substrate of Hsp90 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hap1 transcriptional activity is precisely and stringently controlled by heme. Previous biochemical studies suggest that in the absence of heme, Hap1 is bound to Hsp90 and other proteins, forming a higher order complex termed HMC (high molecular weight complex), and is repressed. Heme promotes the disruption of the HMC and activates Hap1, permitting Hap1 to bind to DNA with high affinity and to stimulate transcription. By lowering the expression levels of wild-type Hsp90, using a highly specific Hsp90 inhibitor, and by examining the effects of various Hsp90 mutants on Hap1, we show that Hsp90 is critical for Hap1 activation by heme. Furthermore, we show that many Hsp90 mutants exert differential effects on Hap1 and steroid receptors. Notably, mutant G313N weakens Hsp90 steroid receptor interaction but strongly enhances Hsp90-Hap1 interaction and increases Hap1 resistance to protease digestion. Additionally, we found that a heme-independent Hap1 mutant still depends on Hsp90 for high activity. These experiments together suggest that Hsp90 promotes Hap1 activation by inducing or maintaining Hap1 in a transcriptionally active conformation.
Seismicity of the Denali-Totschunda Fault Zone in Central Alaska (1912–1988) and Its Relation to the 2002 Denali Fault Earthquake Sequence

I have relocated M ≥ 4.5 earthquakes occurring between 1912 and 1988 and smaller magnitude earthquakes occurring between 1971 and 1988, when seismograph stations within central Alaska began to increase, to examine changes in seismicity preceding the 2002 Denali fault earthquake sequence. I have also determined focal mechanisms from first-motion analysis and waveform modeling for many of the M ≥ 5.5 events. Limited phase and waveform information for the 1912 M s 7.2 earthquake are consistent with rupture at shallow depth on a right-lateral strike-slip fault, although the limited data cannot distinguish between a range of possible mechanisms. Most other M ≥ 4.5 earthquakes occurring within the region prior to 1989 represent thrust/reverse faulting or strike-slip faulting adjacent to the Denali fault system. These results highlight the role thrust faulting plays in the deformation of the Denali region. Stress analysis shows continuity in the direction of maximum compressive stress ( σ 1 ) between the western Denali fault zone and the Castle Mountain fault/Upper Cook Inlet region, suggesting the crust is behaving rigidly to transfer compression to the Denali fault zone and faults located to the north.
Identification of the psychopathic batterer: The clinical, legal, and policy implications

A number of theoretical and empirical sources have proposed that a subgroup of domestically violent men exhibit more antisocial behavior, express more generalized violence, and are generally more resistant to mental health intervention than others. In a parallel literature, researchers have identified a subgroup of violent criminal offenders (i.e., psychopaths) that exhibit a number of similar characteristics to this more antisocial/generally violent group of batterers. Moreover, the offender literature on psychopathy describes the violence tendencies, physiological responses, cognitive impairments, interpersonal/affective characteristics, and treatment responsiveness of these individuals in much greater depth and breadth than the current domestic violence literature. The present article seeks to compare and contrast these two literatures, proposing that there is a subgroup of batterers that can be characterized as exhibiting significant psychopathic characteristics. The clinical, legal, and policy implications of identifying a subgroup of batterers in this manner also are explored.
Dealing With Unintended Consequences: Continuous-Flow LVADs and Aortic Insufficiency.

Over the last decade, left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have assumed an increasingly important role in the management of patients with advanced heart failure [(1)][1]. There are now more than 20,000 implants worldwide, and support times have even exceeded 10 years in individual cases. In
The Role of Nutrient Essential Fatty Acids in Gastric Mucosal Protection

Dietary therapy and nutritional manipulation have fallen into disfavor in the management of peptic ulcer disease. Before the advent of potent antacids and H2-receptor antagonists, dietary therapy for patients with ulcer disease was very important. Patients were instructed to follow complicated rigid schemes designed to eliminate irritating foods, as these patients were placed on bland, healing diets. Patients became dietary and social cripples and were often sentenced to a lifelong adherence to dietary restriction. Fortunately, these days are over. Dietary therapy fell into oblivion because it did not work and because effective drugs appeared on the market. We certainly would not want to return to those “good old days,” but recent studies from our laboratory have raised the possibility that specific dietary factors can be extremely effective in preventing mucosal injury by alcohol, aspirin, and perhaps other irritants. These protective dietary factors are the two essential fatty acids — arachidonic and linoleic and related fatty acids.
On breeding wild house mice in the laboratory.

SummaryThe establishment of a breeding colony of wild house mice has been described. The inclusion of exercise drums in the breeding cages was found to be necessary.
Observations on the Egg and Larval Stages of Trogoderma Inclusum Lec. (Dermestidae)

The dermestid Trogoderma inclusum according to records is perhaps prevalent throughout the United States, but in limited numbers wherever found. The literature is meagre, the most definite discussion being that of Beyer's (1922).