cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manufacture and Surface Modification of Polyolefin Separator

Separator is an indispensable component for the liquid electrolyte battery, which absorbs liquid electrolyte for necessary ionic conductivity and isolates two electrodes from coming into contact. In a battery, the separator does not participate in any electrochemical reaction; however, it greatly affects the battery’s performance, particularly the rate capability and safety. The separator currently used in state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries is typically a microporous polyolefin membrane whose pores are formed either by a dry process or by a wet process. For improved cyclability and safety of the batteries, surface modification has been further used to enhance the uptake and uphold of liquid electrolyte as well as the mechanical strength of the membrane, especially at elevated temperatures. In this chapter, the manufacturing properties and surface modifications of polyolefin-based battery separators are reviewed, and the membrane property differences by the pore-forming process are discussed.
Proton scattering from Sm 154 and Yb 176 at 0.8 GeV

Elastic and inelastic angular distributions for 0.8 GeV $p$ + $^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$ and $^{176}\mathrm{Yb}$ are reported and analyzed using the distorted-wave Born approximation and the coupled-channels formalism where phenomenological deformed optical potentials are used in the latter analysis. As expected, the multipole moments extracted from the optical potentials are found to be in excellent agreement with those of the charge densities as obtained from electron scattering and Coulomb excitation experiments. The analysis also clearly demonstrates that multistep processes are important at 0.8 GeV and must be included for a proper description of the experimental data.
A Localized Radial-Basis-Function Meshless Method Approach to Axisymmetric Thermo-Elasticity

Current methods for solving thermoelasticity problems involve using finite element analysis, boundary element analysis, or other meshed-type methods to determine the displacements under an imposed temperature/stress field. This paper will detail a new approach using localized meshless methods based on multi-quadric radial basis function interpolation to solve these types of coupled thermoelasticity problems. Here, a point distribution is used along with a localized collocation method to solve the Navier equation for the components of the displacement vector. The specific application considered in this paper is that of axisymmetric thermo-elasticity. With rapidly increasing availability and performance of computer workstations and clusters, the major time requirement for solving a thermoelasticity model is no longer the computation time, but rather the problem setup. Defining the required mesh for a complex geometry can be extremely complicated and time consuming, and new methods are desired that can reduce this time. The proposed meshless method features the complete elimination of a mesh, be it structured or unstructured, and the associated complexities involved in its generation and control. The reduction of initial model setup time makes the meshless approach an ideal method of solving coupled thermoelasticity problems. Several examples with exact solutions are used to verify this method for various geometries and boundary condition combinations.
Abstract 4511: LY2801653 treatment increases survival of mice bearing H441 orthotopic lung tumors

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death for both men and women in the world. c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway has been implicated in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Sustained activation, over-expression, or mutation of c-Met is associated with poor prognosis in several tumors, including NSCLC. Therefore, c-Met is emerging as a novel target of therapeutic potential for lung cancer. We have discovered and developed a novel, ATP competitive, and orally active small molecule inhibitor of c-Met, LY 2801653. It is a potent inhibitor of c-Met phosphorylation in vivo, and demonstrated anti-tumor activity in several xenograft tumor models. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of LY2801653 in both c-Met dependant and c-Met independent NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo orthotopic lung models that recapitulated the local and regional growth pattern seen in lung cancer patients. In c-Met dependant H441 model, LY2801653 demonstrated the significant inhibition of both primary tumor (90% inhibition) and metastasis (65% inhibition of lymph node and 70% inhibition of chest wall); whereas in c-Met independent H1299 model, LY281653 only inhibited primary tumor growth (70% inhibition). The benefit of LY2801653 treatment was further demonstrated in the survival of mice bearing H441 lung tumors. Treatment with LY2801653 significantly increased the survival of mice to 192% compared to that in the vehicle treated mice. The anti-tumor and/or anti-metastasis mechanism of LY2801653 was also investigated. These results demonstrated therapeutic potential of LY2801653 in the treatment of lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4511.
Foreign Predator Introductions for Control of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in the Pacific Northwest

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg), an import from Europe, causes major damage to true fir forests in North America. A program has been underway since 1957 to control the pest in Oregon and Washington by introducing insect predators. Twenty-three species have been introduced from 7 countries throughout the world. They include 15 species of beetles, 4 of flies, 3 of lacewings, and 1 bug. Three species of flies, Aphidoletes thompsoni Mohn, Cremifania nigrocellulata Czerny, and Leucopis obscura Haliday and 2 species of beetles, Laricobius erichsonii Rosenhauer and Pullus impexus (Mulsant), are successfully established. They prey on the aphid but so far have not sufficiently reduced populations to prevent tree killing. Reasons for their failure include poor synchronization of predator-prey seasonal habits, inadequate searching ability of the predators, and inability of the host trees to withstand even light populations of the aphid. Search for more effective predators is continuing. The aphid problem is expected to decrease as the present virgin old forests are converted, under management, to less susceptible young forests. Aphid predators may become relatively more effective under such forest conditions.
Survey of hepatitis B virus infection among workers engaged in food industry and public place in Anqing

Objective To analyze the status of HBV infection among workers in food industry and public place in Anqing from 2003 to 2008,provide a scientific basis for controling HBV prevalence.Methods HBsAg of workers in food industry and public place from 2003 to 2008 were detected in Anqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Excel were performed to analyze the data.Results Among 67080 workers in food industry and public place examined from 2003 to 2008,1956 were HBsAg positive,the annual average positive rate of HbsAg were 2.92%.In view of the age distribution,the HBsAg positive rate of 16～20 years old group was the highest with 3.43%.From 2003 to 2008,854 were HBsAg positive among the 24883 male workers and 1102 female HBsAg positive among the 42197 female workers,the HBsAg positive rate of male workers was 3.43%,while the HBsAg positive rate of female workers was 2.61%.Conclusions The HBsAg positive rate of workers in food industry and public place in Anqing city were at relatively low level compared with other city,and was decreasing year by year,the HBsAg positive rate of male workers was higher than that of female workers.In order to control the infection of HBV,it was necessary to enhance popularization of Hepatitis B prevention knowledge and inoculation of hepatitis B vaccine.
Colchicine-induced redistribution of an apical membrane glycoprotein (gp330) in proximal tubules.

Factors governing the selective, polarized insertion of membrane proteins are poorly understood, but some studies have suggested that microtubules are involved in the generation and maintenance of ...
Application of discrete event simulation in optimising coal mine room-and-pillar panel width: a case study

A key design aspect of room-and-pillar coal mines is the panel width (or number of entries in a panel), which affects unit mining costs and productivity. Traditional mine design approaches do not facilitate optimisation of unit mining costs and productivity as a function of the panel width. Discrete event simulation can be used to facilitate optimal panel width selection that minimises unit mining costs and maximises productivity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of panel width on the cost and productivity of a room-and-pillar operation using discrete event simulation. The mining system is modelled as a discrete event model that estimates unit costs and productivity for a given panel width (number of entries). Data from a real-life mine is used to validate the model in Arena®. An optimal panel width is recommended based on simulation results.
Cell biologists should specialize, not hybridize.

Dry cell biologists, who bridge computer science and cell biology, should have a pivotal role in driving effective team science, says Assaf Zaritsky.
Spirituality and Practice in Social Work, Youth and Family Studies

The academic fields of social work and family studies are two related, yet distinct, disciplines. Family Study practitioners consist of certified family life educators and marriage and family therapists (MFTs), though MFTs require a terminal degree and additional training. The field of social work includes various levels of licensed social workers. Across both fields, spirituality is viewed as a resource that is essential to physical and/or emotional healing and well-being. Social workers include spirituality as an essential component of practice in its person-in-environment guiding framework. Of note, family studies scholars put forth a theory of the sacred acknowledge not only the importance of spirituality, but also cautioning its ability to help or harm people. Moving forward, both fields can be advanced through the production of a theory that aid practitioners with prevention, assessment, and intervention tools that can improve the functioning of individuals and families.
Tunable Ion Selectivity in Sub-Nanometer Diameter Carbon Nanotube Porins

Carbon nanotube porins (CNTPs), ultra-short carbon nanotubes (5-20nm) that can self-insert into lipid bilayers, allow single-channel planar lipid bilayer measurements of ionic transport through carbon nanotube (CNT) pores. CNTs with sub-nanometer diameters have been predicted to display ultra-fast water transport and high levels of ionic exclusion resulting from one-dimensional water wire transport through their hydrophobic cores. Here, we show that ultra-short 0.8-nm-diameter CNTPs, can spontaneously insert into lipid bilayers to form highly cation selective channels that exhibit low ionic conductance. Using reversal potential in various asymmetric salt conditions, we observe that these CNTPs exhibit large permselectivity values, corresponding to a high selectivity for both potassium and sodium over chloride. We also show evidence that neutralization of charges on the CNTs enhances ion selectivity. We also show that by using a solid-state nanopore to act as a support and form a completely solvent-free bilayer system, we can observe extremely stable ionic currents through these nanotubes, in contrast to previous reports with solvent containing bilayers. These results establish CNTPs as a promising biomimetic platform for developing cell interfaces, creating stochastic sensors, and water desalination.
A Text Mining Based Literature Analysis for Learning Theories and Computer Science Education

Text mining has been successfully used to discover interesting patterns and extract useful information from analyzing massive text data exists on the internet, books and other text sources. Computer science education has become an initiative for The National Science Foundation (NSF) and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) in the United States. Finding the right tools and technologies that can support that initiative and help students succeed and do well while studying computer science is a plus. Although the literature is rich with research for computer science education, there is no clear guide on the use of learning theories to design educational games to teach computer science. Text mining can analyze the literature to find trends for designing educational games for computer science education, in addition to identifying existing gaps. The paper presents the results from analyzing 204 papers to discover the current state of research related to computer science education, using Voyant, a text mining tool. Analysis of results should provide an insight on how learning theories have been considered/used in computer science education and guide future research through identifying what learning theories need to be considered in designing educational games to teach computer science topics, such as data structures.
Differences in right ventricular morphology, not function, indicate the nature of increased afterload in pulmonary hypertensive subjects with normal left ventricular function.

Background The aim of study was to assess whether a specific morphology of the right ventricle (RV) by 2D echo predicts the hemodynamic nature of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Methods We reviewed clinical, 2D echo, and hemodynamic data of 100 patients with PH: divided into three groups: PH from pulmonary vascular disease (PHPVD ; n = 34) with pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) > 3 mm Hg/L/min (Wood unit [WU]) and pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) ≤ 15 mm Hg, pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH; n = 33) with PVR 15 mm Hg and PHMIXED (n = 33) with PVR > 3 WU and PAWP > 15 mm Hg. We analyzed several two-dimensional parameters of right heart morphology and function, including the degree of tapering of the RV diameter from base (just above tricuspid annulus) to apex (level of moderator band) in the apical four-chamber view. P = Results Baseline characteristics were similar in all three groups: age 62 ± 14.4 years, 69% females, 57% Caucasians. Hemodynamics and 2D echo data of PHPVD vs PVH vs PHMIXED were as follows: PVR 13 ± 6 vs 2 ± 1 vs 7 ± 2 WU, mean pulmonary artery pressure 53 ± 14 vs 34 ± 8 vs 49 ± 8 mm Hg and cardiac index 2.0 ± 0.5 vs 2.8 ± 0.7 vs 2.2 ± 0.7 L/m2 , RV base/apex ratio during systole (sRVb/a ) 1.3 ± 0.2 vs 2.6 ± 0.5 vs 1.5 ± 0.3. Thus, sRVb/a was twofold higher in the PVH vs PHPVD cohort. On ROC analysis, the AUC for sRVb/a for predicting PVR > 3 WU was 0.873, with optimal cutoff of 1.5. Conclusion Systolic RV base/apex ratio is a simple 2D index of RV shape that powerfully predicts a PVR > 3 WU and provides powerful discriminating ability between PVH and PHPVD .
Characterization of graphene electrodes as piezoresistive SAW transducers

SAW sensors offer a mechanical motion in MHz to GHz range and can be immune to effects from boundary loss through the bulk and edges. SAW based gyroscopes have been implemented by added masses which impose an effect on wave prorogation fronts through the Coriolis force. A key challenge in implementing SAW based gyroscopes is to improve the sensitivity owing to small forces and SAW signals. significant problem is that the small signal pickup using IDTs results in very small source capacitance, making parasitic capacitances a great burden reducing the SNR. In this paper, we explore the use of graphene piezoresistance to pick up SAW signals, using changes in graphene resistance due to SAWs We demonstrate 20% change in strain (displacement of 311.6 pm) at 194.4MHz. The graphene electrodes can be chosen to have an output impedance of 50-ohms leading to distinct advantages of both high sensitivity and high SNR.
NEURAL MODELS OF VISUOMOTOR INTEGRATION IM AMPHIBIANS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several models of the amphibian visuomotor system and in particular of the anuran prey-predator recognition system. These models bridge the gap between anatomy, physiology, and ethology, accounting for contemporaneous data in all three disciplines through a rigorous mathematical specification of the interactions assumed to underlie the experimental findings. Two early models of prey-predator recognition in amphibians are— Didday model and Ewert-von Seelen model. The Didday model represents an initial attempt to account for prey selection on the basis of intratectal processing of retinal input as performed by two classes of physiologically observed cells. The Ewert-von Seelen model addresses additional anatomical and physiological findings and proposes a system of neurally implemented gestalt filters selective for prey and predator. The retinal and TP fibers are received by the glomeruli of large pear shaped (LP) cells; the latter are vertically oriented and project their axons back upon their own and neighboring glomeruli, as well as to the pyramidal (PC), the putative output unit for the column. PCs also receive a small amount of retinal stimulation and an important contribution from the small pear shaped (SP) cells. Lateral effects are both excitatory, through the projection of LP and SP axons to their own column's glomeruli and the LP projection to neighboring glomeruli, and inhibitory, through stellate (SN) inhibition of LP dendrites within a column and also between adjacent columns.
Patient-reported outcomes and quality of life measures in atopic dermatitis.

Abstract Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder with a profound symptom burden and harmful impact on multiple domains of quality of life (QOL). Many different patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures exist to assess clinical manifestations and QOL impairment in AD, but none comprehensively assess all aspects of the disease. This review addresses the PRO and QOL measures currently used in AD and their properties, strengths, weaknesses, and feasibility for assessing AD in randomized controlled trials and clinical practice. Currently, the patient-oriented eczema measure (POEM) has emerged as a preferred PRO for AD clinical manifestations, though no single instrument has developed as a preferred QOL measure. Validated PRO and QOL measures should be incorporated in all clinical trials of AD and in clinical practice where feasible.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Children with Urinary Tract Infection

Antibiotic prophylaxis is prescribed to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children, but this practice is being questioned with attention to efficacy and potential harm of long-term antibiotics. Prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux remains controversial and providers should consider factors that contribute to risk of recurrent UTI such as age, sex, circumcision status, reflux grade, and bladder and bowel dysfunction. Further complicating our understanding of the impact of prophylaxis is evidence that adherence is poor. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem that is exacerbated by prophylaxis. Some children have a reduced rate of recurrent UTIs when treated with prophylaxis, though which subset of those at risk who will benefit remains unclear. Given this uncertainty, current guidelines allow physicians to individualize care. Reduction of recurrent UTIs must be balanced with the harm of prophylaxis, including the development of antibiotic resistance.
Connectivity Dependent Effects in Cognitive Neurodynamics of Mental Disorders

Computational modeling was applied to investigate how cortical neurodynamics may depend on network connectivity. In particular, we study effects of pruning of cortical networks, which may be related to the onset of different mental disorders. In addition, we study changes in EEG pattern of depressed patients, following ECT (electroconvulsive therapy). The aim is to gain a better understanding of the neural mechanisms responsible for these changes, which include phase shifts in the EEG dynamics. This understanding is intended to provide clinical guidance, predicting ECT dose and response in depressed patients. Finally, we discuss the relevance of these results to clinical and experimental neuroscience and speculate on a link between neural instability and mental disorders.
Regulation of Pre-RC Assembly: A Complex Symphony Orchestrated by CDKs

DNA replication is a tightly regulated process that has critical implications for human cancers. Pre-replication (pre-RC) assembly is required for initiation of DNA replication, and virtually all components of the pre-RC are regulated by complex mechanisms that center around the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDK/cyclin complexes both positively and negatively regulate pre-RC components, including their expression, activity, stabilization, and degradation. Together, these complex mechanisms orchestrate DNA replication and cell cycle progression in a manner by which genetic material is duplicated only once. Deregulated pre-RC activity has been shown to result in DNA re-replication and genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer. Furthermore, deregulation of pre-RC components and CDK/cyclins is observed in a multitude of human cancers. Thus, regulation of pre-RC assembly is a critical facet of normal cell biology that has profound implications related to cancer etiology and diagnosis.
A Rationale for Requiring Philosophy of Education in Preservice Teacher Programs

To develop a rationale for requiring a free-standing philosophy of education course in preservice teacher programs, the researchers reviewed prior literature to construct a framework to establish s...
First acid ionization constant of the drinking water relevant chemical cyanuric acid from 5 to 35 °C

Cyanuric acid is present in drinking water when chemicals commonly referred to as dichlor (anhydrous sodium dichloroisocyanurate or sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate) or trichlor (trichloroisocyanuric acid) are used as alternative free chlorine sources. Cyanuric acid and its ionization products combine with hypochlorous acid, forming various chlorinated cyanurates through a series of equilibrium reactions. Methods to measure the free chlorine (hypochlorous acid plus hypochlorite ion) concentration in systems adding cyanuric acid exhibit measurement bias. To overcome this limitation, one option is use of the established water chemistry of the free chlorine and cyanuric acid system to estimate free chlorine concentrations. Unfortunately, the equilibrium water chemistry has only been determined for 25 °C, limiting the usefulness of the water chemistry estimate in actual drinking water systems where temperatures may vary over a wide range (e.g., 5 to 35 °C). As a first step in extending the water chemistry model to relevant drinking water temperatures, the first acid ionization constant (K6) for cyanuric acid (H3Cy) and its first ionization product (H2Cy−) was determined using spectrophotometric techniques from 5 to 35 °C where or and ΔH° = 33.4 ± 1.7 kJ mol−1. As an example of temperature's impact (pH 7), the H2Cy− fraction of total cyanurate (sum of H3Cy and H2Cy−) effectively doubles from 5 to 35 °C. With K6's temperature dependence established, studies can be conducted to update the existing water chemistry model with temperature dependence, allowing free chlorine concentration simulation in drinking water systems with cyanuric acid present.
Operative Treatment of the Malunited Fibula Fracture

Failure to anatomically reduce and stabilize the fractured distal fibula can result in malunion of the fibula and malreduction of the ankle mortise. Fibular malunion results in altered ankle joint ...
Corticosteroid Therapy for Indeterminate Pediatric Acute Liver Failure and Aplastic Anemia with Acute Hepatitis

Objective To examine the characteristics and outcomes of a multicenter patient cohort with indeterminate pediatric acute liver failure (IND-PALF) and with aplastic anemia with acute hepatitis treated with corticosteroids. Study design Retrospective study of patients age 1-17 years with IND-PALF and aplastic anemia with acute hepatitis who presented between 2009 and 2018 to 1 of 4 institutions and were treated with corticosteroids for presumed immune dysregulation. Results Of 28 patients with IND-PALF (median of 4.0 years of age [range 1-16] and 71% male) 71% (n = 20) were treated with 0.5-4 mg/kg/day of intravenous methylprednisolone, and 8 patients received 10 mg/kg/day followed by a taper. By 21 days postcorticosteroid initiation, 14 patients (50%) underwent liver transplantation, 13 patients (46%) recovered with their native liver, and 1 patient (4%) died. Patients who recovered with their native liver received a median of 139 days (range 19-749) of corticosteroid therapy, with a median of 12 days (range 1-240) to international normalized ratio ≤1.2. Patients with aplastic anemia with acute hepatitis (n = 6; median of 9.5 years of age [range 1-12], 83% male), received 1-2 mg/kg/day of methylprednisolone for a median of 100 days (range 63-183), and all recovered with their native liver. One patient with IND-PALF and 2 patients with aplastic anemia with acute hepatitis developed a serious infection within 90 days postcorticosteroid initiation. Conclusions Many patients with IND-PALF or aplastic anemia with acute hepatitis that were treated with corticosteroids improved, but survival with native liver may not be different from historical reports. A randomized controlled trial exploring the benefits and risks of steroid therapy is needed before it is adopted broadly.
Optimization of NCFET by Matching Dielectric and Ferroelectric Nonuniformly Along the Channel

A new design to overcome the nonuniformity of capacitance matching along the channel of a negative capacitance field-effect transistor is presented in this letter. By introducing nonuniform oxidation, the thickness of SiO2 at the edge regions of the channel can be increased while maintaining the thickness of SiO2 at the center region of the channel. As a result, the capacitance along the channel becomes more uniform, and better capacitance matching between the dielectric and ferroelectric can be achieved. The Sentaurus TCAD results show improvement of matching in the center region and a significant boost of ON-current (20% improvement).
Comment on Selected Aspects of Proposals in Public Consultation Document on Addressing the Challenges of the Digitalization of the Economy

This comment was filed in response to the G20/OECD Inclusive Forum’s Public Consultation Document on Addressing the Challenges of the Digitalization of the Economy. The comment supports a re-alignment of the division of corporate income between source and residence countries that is not restricted to digitalized businesses. The comment seeks to contribute to the discussion by outlining a framework for taxing a nonresident taxpayer that is “heavily involved in the economic life of a jurisdiction without a significant physical presence” and includes description of a methodology for attributing income to a non-physical permanent establishment using existing income tax principles.
New Automated BIM Object Classification Method to Support BIM Interoperability

AbstractIndustry Foundation Classes (IFC) is widely accepted as the future of building information modeling (BIM) to take on the challenge of BIM interoperability and enable its support of various ...
The large granular lymphocytic leukemia registry: A detailed analysis of 79 patients with LGL leukemia and rheumatoid arthritis.

6590 Background: The purpose of this study is to analyze patients enrolled in the LGL leukemia registry to distinguish the similarities between LGL leukemia and rheumatoid arthritis in order to acc...
Rational skepticism: A scientific review of Witts' (2018) criticisms of the PEAK relational training system

Witts' (2018) review of the peer-reviewed research on the PEAK-Direct Training Module (Dixon, 2014) yielded a divergent conclusion from that of previous reviews (Reed & Luiselli, 2016; Dixon, Belisle, McKeel et al., 2017). Witts advocates for skepticism of this research due to methodological shortcomings, hyperclaiming of results, and inappropriate statistical testing procedures. We identified 30 criticisms in Witts' review, respond to each, and argue that all but 2 (7%) contain untrue assumptions (7, 23%), are not novel (5, 17%), are logically invalid (7, 23%), or are more appropriately framed as criticisms of applied behavior analytic research more generally (9, 30%). The two criticisms that support Witts' purpose in writing his review are minor and not fatal. We discuss all of Witts' criticisms both specifically and broadly to illustrate that most of his suggestions about applied behavior analytic research may actually serve to hinder progress in a discipline moving toward larger-scale research.
The costs of implementing and sustaining a trauma and mental health screening tool in a state child welfare system

Abstract Little information is available regarding the financial and non-financial costs of implementing and sustaining universal trauma and mental health screening in state child welfare systems. A cost analysis was conducted as part of a 5-year, federally funded statewide demonstration project to install universal trauma screening in one state’s child welfare system. The project implemented a battery of validated instruments that varied by age of the child (0–18) to measure trauma exposure, post-traumatic symptoms and child well-being. All adjudicated children and youth involved in the state child welfare system are targeted for initial screening within the first 60 days, and then every subsequent 6 months while in care. The cost of administering the screening tool and related post-screening activities was estimated to be $74 per screen in 2016 dollars. Overall, implementation and maintenance costs were estimated at $1213/trained caseworker, including both direct and indirect costs. Costs to sustain screening activity past the grant period were also calculated. While the grant funding provided more dedicated resources than states may typically have for implementing a new screening initiative, most of the cost-related screening processes reported here, such as planning (e.g., choosing measures, determining workflow) and implementation (workforce training, programming a web-based interface) would be necessary for any state or territory wanting to install universal screening. With growing interest in trauma-informed screening and prevention in child welfare, it is critical to understand and determine the financial costs of screening.
Predictors of Change in Physical Activity and Fruit and Vegetable Intake in a Multiethnic Population in Hawaii at 6 and 12 Months Follow-up

Health-promoting behaviors have been shown to co-exist, but it is unknown if decisional balance with regards to one health behavior may predict change in another behavior. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between benefits (pros) and costs (cons) of fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and physical activity (PA) and behavior over time, both within behaviors and transbehaviorally. This longitudinal study was conducted in multiethnic adults in Hawaii (n = 700; 63% female; mean age = 47 years; mean BMI = 25.9; mean education = 14.5 years, average household income = $45,000/year). Questionnaires assessed PA and FV pros/cons on a 5-point Likert Scale, PA (MET-min/wk), and FV intake (servings/day). Multiple regression was used to examine the relationship between pros/cons for PA and FV intake and behavior at 6- and 12-month follow-up. At baseline, average FV pros were 4.08 (.91), and average FV cons were 1.88 (.90). Average baseline PA pros were 4.07 (.89), and average PA cons were 1.71 (.77). Multiple regressions revealed that baseline FV pros and cons predicted FV intake, FV cons also predicted PA, and PA pros and cons were not predictive of PA or of FV intake. Study findings provide some support for decisional balance as a useful core construct used in leading theories of behavior change. Improving decisional balance for FV intake may have a beneficial effect on FV intake and potentially PA, indicating a potential gateway effect of decisional balance for FV intake on other behaviors.
Enforcing Causality and Passivity of Neural Network Models of Broadband S-Parameters

This paper proposes a method to ensure that S-Parameters generated using neural network (NN) models are physically consistent and can be safely used in subsequent time-domain simulations. This is achieved by introducing causality and passivity enforcement layers as the last two layers of the NN, while minimizing their computational overhead to the training and inference of the NN model. Proposed technique is demonstrated on learning the mapping from 13 dimensional geometrical parameters of a differential plated through hole (PTH) in package core to its corresponding broadband S-Parameters up to 100 GHz.
CHAPTER 9 – ARRAYS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses arrays. Arrays store collections of data under one variable name. They allow for large blocks of data to be thought of as a single structured object. FOR/NEXT loops can be used to access and manipulate such information. To enter information into an array, the READ/DATA statements are used. Structuring data in arrays and other data structures is a fundamental problem-solving tool and programming technique. Turbo BASIC automatically saves enough space for ten elements in a one-dimensional array. One-dimensional arrays in which more than ten elements are stored must appear in a DIM statement. However, programs are easier to follow if all arrays in a program are dimensioned. Also array information can be between a subroutine and its calling routine using parameter lists. This allows one to pass entire arrays between a subroutine and its calling routine.
ARTICLE: Droning On: The State and Federal Legal Response to the Deregulation of U.S. Airspace for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems

With the 2012 congressional mandate that the Federal Aviation Administration promulgate rules allowing the use of small unmanned aircraft systems (commonly called drones) in U.S. airspace, many have expressed concerns about potential invasions of privacy by both private citizens and law enforcement agencies. This article provides a survey of the state and federal case law and legislative responses to such concerns through August of 2016, with a detailed focus on legislative enactments creating crimes related to civilian drone use and regulating the law enforcement use of drones to collect evidence in criminal investigations. The article also analyzes and attempts to make sense of the seemingly “hit-or-miss” state legislative responses to the advent of widespread drone use in the United States.
Reducing anomalous reflection from complex absorbing potentials: A semiclassical approach

Numerical simulations are frequently required for quantum scattering problems and often face difficulties with finite grids and unwanted, unphysical reflections. For decades, improved complex absorbing potentials (CAPs) have been sought. Today, the rise of ultracold physics makes a solution essential as CAP errors increase at lower energies. We present a method that provides a physical, semiclassical picture of how to improve CAPs based on the behavior of classical trajectories. The method does not rely on the mathematical formalism often required by existing methods and reduces the error associated with CAP-based calculation of the low-energy scattering wavefunctions by up to several orders of magnitude relative to the standard Woods-Saxon approach, as demonstrated via the distorted-wave Born approximation. This indicates the method may be applied to the numerical simulation of collisions in the ultracold regime.
29120 Classification of Individuals Across the Spectrum of Problematic Opioid Use: Clinical Correlates and Longitudinal Associations with Mortality

ABSTRACT IMPACT: A better understanding of the spectrum of problematic opioid use will lead to more targeted treatments. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: It is unclear how to approach treatment of individuals with problematic opioid use who do not clearly meet criteria for opioid use disorder (OUD). We aim to characterize clinical, demographic, and medication use at time of identification of problematic opioid use across the spectrum as well as identify predictors of poor outcomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A national sample of Veterans coded as having opioid abuse or dependence were previously categorized as (1) high likelihood of OUD, (2) limited aberrant opioid use, and (3) prescribed opioid use with no evidence of aberrant use based on chart review. We will describe how individuals in these three categories differ demographically and clinically. We will then use a trained binary logistic regression model to predict whether individuals with limited aberrant opioid use more closely resemble category (1) or (3). Cox proportional hazards models will be used to predict all-cause mortality, suicide-related mortality, opioid-overdose related mortality, and hospitalization over a three-year period using the three categories as predictors and adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that Veterans with a high likelihood of OUD will be more likely to experience homelessness and have more psychiatric comorbidities (especially PTSD). We hypothesize that Veterans with prescribed opioid use and no evidence of misuse will be significantly older, more likely to have disability, medical comorbidities (ie., chronic pain, cancer), more prescriptions for non-opioid analgesics, and be prescribed higher doses of opioids. Using a trained binary logistic regression model, we predict that Veterans with limited aberrant opioid use will more closely resemble Veterans with a high likelihood of OUD. We expect that all categories of problematic opioid use will have a high risk of mortality, with a high likelihood of OUD associated with the greatest risk of premature death. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Identifying and better characterizing individuals with limited aberrant opioid use may be an important opportunity to intervene prior to development of severe OUD. Future research will focus on targeting interventions to this population, which may have specific needs that are separate from classic OUD or simple pain-related opioid dependence.
A Short History of Cybernetics in the United States: The Origin of Cybernetics

Key events in the history of cybernetics and the American Society for Cybernetics are discussed, among them the origin of cybernetics in the Macy Foundation conferences in the late 1940s and early 1950s; different interpretations of cybernetics by several professional societies; reasons why the U.S. government did or did not support cybernetics in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s; early experiments in cyberspace in the 1970s; conversations with Soviet scientists in the 1980s; the development of „second order“ cybernetics; and increased interest in cybernetics in Europe and the United States in the 2000s, due at least in part to improved understanding of the assumptions underlying the cybernetics movement. The history of cybernetics in the United States is viewed from the perspective of the American Society for Cybernetics (ASC) and several questions are addressed as to its future.
Structural health monitoring of irradiated high-density polyethylene samples with electrical resistance tomography

This work presents preliminary results of a multifunctional lightweight material for radiation sensing and protection. The proposed concept is built with off-the-shelf components: molded high-density polyethylene (HDPE) sheets and a commercial carbon black coating designed as a shield for electromagnetic interference (EMI). The HDPE is a hydrogen-rich lightweight material that is commonly used for radiation protection. The carbon black coating is a non-structural, electrically conductive coating that serves here not only the purpose of structural health monitor, but also protects the underlying HDPE structure. The carbon black-coated area in the HDPE samples was instrumented with electrodes for electrical resistance tomography (ERT), the structural monitoring method that we propose in this work. Two types of radiation (UV-C radiation for 24 h and protons with a 50 Gy dose, lethal to humans) were used separately, as representative of a harsh space environment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was applied to selected samples to determine the presence of chemical damage as a result of the radiation exposure. The results support this innovative proof of concept for further investigation in the area of radiation protection and monitoring.
Primary Closure: Simple, Intermediate, and Complex Closure of Wounds

Primary closure of a wound is the simplest reconstructive option in the soft tissue reconstructive ladder. When used, adequate soft tissue must be available to avoid excessive wound tension. A wound closed under excessive tension will lead to wound dehiscence or an unacceptably wide scar.
Breaking Taboos in Fair Machine Learning: An Experimental Study

Many scholars, engineers, and policymakers believe that algorithmic fairness requires disregarding information about certain characteristics of individuals, such as their race or gender. Often, the mandate to “blind” algorithms in this way is conveyed as an unconditional ethical imperative—a minimal requirement of fair treatment—and any contrary practice is assumed to be morally and politically untenable. However, in some circumstances, prohibiting algorithms from considering information about race or gender can in fact lead to worse outcomes for racial minorities and women, complicating the rationale for blinding. In this paper, we conduct a series of randomized studies to investigate attitudes toward blinding algorithms, both among the general public as well as among computer scientists and professional lawyers. We find, first, that people are generally averse to the use of race and gender in algorithmic determinations of “pretrial risk”—the risk that criminal defendants pose to the public if released while awaiting trial. We find, however, that this preference for blinding shifts in response to a relatively mild intervention. In particular, we show that support for the use of race and gender in algorithmic decision-making increases substantially after respondents read a short passage about the possibility that blinding could lead to higher detention rates for Black and female defendants, respectively. Similar effect sizes are observed among the general public, computer scientists, and professional lawyers. These findings suggest that, while many respondents attest that they prefer blind algorithms, their preference is not based on an absolute principle. Rather, blinding is perceived as a way to ensure better outcomes for members of marginalized groups. Accordingly, in circumstances where blinding serves to disadvantage marginalized groups, respondents no longer view the exclusion of protected characteristics as a moral imperative, and the use of such information may become politically viable.
Mössbauer Studies of Er0.5Mo6Se8

There is a long standing interest in the possible coexistence of magnetic order and superconductivity, and this interest has been enhanced by some recent results. Low temperature anomalies in specific heat and magnetic susceptibility in superconducting Er1.0Mo6S8 and Er1.0Mo6Se8 or Er1.2Mo6Se8 (1) suggest the occurrence of magnetic order, while magnetic ordering is observed to destroy superconductivity in Ho1.2Mo6S8 (2). We wish to report here on the initial Mossbauer experiments on the compound ErxMo6Se8 with x=0.5; resistance anomalies have been observed for x = 1.0 and 1.2 at around 1.07 K (1).
Evolution of the Earth: An Introduction and Overview

Ideas for Earth evolution emerge from our recognition that the process of formation was one that was traumatic and hot but that a large part of the memory of this was lost by rapid subsequent cooling. A memory of this initial condition is nonetheless preserved in the geochemistry of the Earth, including core composition and perhaps thermal state. Some perspectives on the history of the field are offered, particularly on the role of Lord Kelvin and his incorrect estimate of the age of the Earth, and the role of the Soviet school of cosmogony in providing a view of Earth formation that invokes common rather than special processes. Some simple scaling arguments are offered to promote understanding of the timescales and energy budgets that govern Earth formation and evolution. A commentary is provided that links the topics covered in this volume, with emphasis on the interconnected nature of all aspects of Earth evolution, including life. Some outstanding questions are listed and debated.
Opening a Public Recreation Area to Revitalize Coastal Communities and Preserve Natural Resources in Louisiana: The Case of Elmer's Island

The income capitalization approach is used, based on expenditure and nonmarket values collected from travel-cost and contingent valuation methodologies, to measure the feasibility of running a self-sustaining recreational site in coastal Louisiana. Through Internet and intercept surveys, a total of 2,696 respondents, 88% of them anglers, provided information on economic expenditures, destination preferences, and preferences for specific site amenities regarding Elmer's Island. The purchase and subsequent opening of the area to the public were found to be self-sustaining even when considering conservative economic estimates.
Cripping School Curricula: 20 Ways to Re-Teach Disability

As instructors of a graduate level course about using film to re-teach disability, we deliberately set out to “crip” typical school curricula from kindergarten through twelfth grade. Utilizing disability studies to open up alternative understandings and reconceptualizations of disability, we explored feature films and documentaries, juxtaposing them with commonplace texts and activities found in school curricula. In doing so, we sought to challenge any simplistic notions of disability and instead cultivate knowledge of a powerful, and largely misunderstood aspect of human experience. The article incorporates twenty suggestions to re-teach disability that arose from the course. These ideas provide educators and other individuals with a set of pedagogical tools and approaches to enrich, complicate, challenge, clarify, and above all, expand narrowly perceived and defined conceptions of disability found within the discourse of schooling.