cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“We have come from the well of Ibhet”: Ethnogenesis of the Medjay

Abstract Our current understanding of the ancient Nubian people called the Medjay has been informed by textual and artistic representations created by the ancient Egyptians. By studying these sources, Egyptologists have argued that the Medjay were an ethnic group living in the Eastern Desert near the Second Cataract. Yet these studies exhibit an Egyptocentric bias, in which the Egyptian sources have been interpreted literally. This paper reexamines Egyptian references to the Medjay before the New Kingdom and demonstrates how the Egyptians conceptualized and fostered the creation of a Medjay ethnicity. The Egyptians perceived the people of the Eastern Desert near Lower Nubia as one unified ethnic group. Yet these people were not politically unified and did not identify themselves as Medjay until the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty. Increased interaction between the Egyptians and the people of the Eastern Desert caused certain pastoral nomads to adopt the term “Medjay.” Whatever role ethnicity may have played in their society previously, ethnogenesis of a “Medjay” ethnic group began towards the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty.
End-member extraction for hyperspectral image analysis

We investigate the relationship among several popular end-member extraction algorithms, including N-FINDR, the simplex growing algorithm (SGA), vertex component analysis (VCA), automatic target generation process (ATGP), and fully constrained least squares linear unmixing (FCLSLU). We analyze the fundamental equivalence in the searching criteria of the simplex volume maximization and pixel spectral signature similarity employed by these algorithms. We point out that their performance discrepancy comes mainly from the use of a dimensionality reduction process, a parallel or sequential implementation mode, or the imposition of certain constraints. Instructive recommendations in algorithm selection for practical applications are provided.
Healing of Critical-Size Segmental Defects in Rat Femora using Strong Porous Bioactive Glass Scaffolds

The repair of structural bone defects such as segmental defects in the long bones of the limbs is a challenging clinical problem. In this study, the capacity of silicate (13-93) and borate (13-93B3) bioactive glass scaffolds (porosity=47-50%) to heal critical-size segmental defects in rat femurs was evaluated and compared with autografts. Defects were implanted with 13-93 and 13-93B3 scaffolds with a grid-like microstructure (compressive strength=86 MPa and 40 MPa, respectively), 13-93B3 scaffolds with an oriented microstructure (compressive strength=32 MPa) and autografts using intramedullary fixation. Twelve weeks post-implantation, the defects were harvested and evaluated using histomorphometric analysis. The percentage of new bone in the defects implanted with the three groups of glass scaffolds (25-28%) and the total von Kossa-positive area (32-38%) were not significantly different from the autografts (new bone=38%; von Kossa-positive area=40%) (p>0.05). New blood vessel area in the defects implanted with the glass scaffolds (4-8%) and the autografts (5%) showed no significant difference among the four groups. New cartilage formed in the 13-93 grid-like scaffolds (18%) was significantly higher than in 13-93B3 grid-like scaffolds (8%) and in the autografts (8%) (p=0.02). The results indicate that these strong porous bioactive glass scaffolds are promising synthetic implants for structural bone repair.
Use of Reinforcement to Increase Independence in Physical Fitness Performance of Profoundly Mentally Retarded Youth

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of verbal praise and verbal praise plus music or vibratory reinforcement on the level of independent performance on abdominal strength and endurance, lower back and hip flexibility, and upper body strength/endurance exercises of 12 profoundly mentally retarded, ambulatory youth, ages 10 to 18 years. A single-subject AB design with a control group was used to assess the difference in performance of physical fitness under the baseline condition of no reinforcement and under the two experimental conditions of verbal praise and verbal praise plus music or vibratory reinforcement. In contrast to previous results reported in the literature, verbal praise and verbal praise plus music or vibratory reinforcement were not effective in increasing the level of independence in performing selected physical fitness tasks.
Deep turbulence propagation of a Gaussian-beam wave in anisotropic non-Kolmogorov turbulence

In the conventional Kolmogorov model of turbulence the turbulent fluctuations of the index of refraction are assumed to be statistically homogeneous and isotropic, and there is a specific mathematical form for the power spectral density of the index of refraction fluctuations. Development of the turbulent theory of passive scalar transfer has shown that although the conventional Kolmogorov spectrum model with a 11/3 power-law index is generally correct near the ground (within the inertial subrange), it constitutes only one part of the more general behavior of passive scalar transfer in a turbulent flow. Hence, deviations from the conventional Kolmogorov model are possible. In this study we develop theoretical models for beam spot size, spatial coherence, and scintillation index that are valid in weak irradiance fluctuation regimes as well as in deep turbulence, or strong irradiance fluctuation regimes. These theoretical models are based on power-law index variations 3 <α< 4 in the spatial power spectrum model of atmospheric turbulence in addition to anisotropic conditions.
Interfacial Water as a Mars ISRU Objective: Detection of microscopic water using fiber optic sensors

Development is underway to integrate fiber optic sensors into environmental simulations of non-terrestrial environments. These sensors will allow measurement of small volumes (~µm 3 ) of water and will enable characterization of the thermal properties of soils. The techniques used in this study are also beneficial in determining water/ice behavior in arid environments such as those experienced on the planet Mars. The implications of this work could impact future space missions in regard to the availability of critical resources (i.e., water) for human missions and the search for non-terrestrial life.
Ab initio (GaAs ) 3 (AlAs ) 3 (001) superlattice calculations: Band offsets and formation enthalpy

We have performed self-consistent semirelativistic ab initio pseudopotential calculations of the (GaAs${)}_{3}$(AlAs${)}_{3}$ (001) superlattice. The valence-band offset is obtained by adding the energy of the top of the valence band relative to the average crystal potential in bulk GaAs and AlAs to the average crystal potential in the central sections on both sides of the superlattice. The 0.446-eV offset obtained is in good agreement with current experimental values. The formation enthalpy of the three-layer superlattice is found to be 1.2 meV (per twelve-atom unit cell) in comparison with 14.9 meV for the monolayer superlattice (per four-atom unit cell); this is attributed to a Coulomb repulsion between the interfacial planes.
What’s a Patriotic Man to Do? Patriotic Masculinities of the Post–WWI Red Scare

Patriotism is an ideology, like masculinity, that posits specific behaviors and beliefs as best for a nation and an individual. This article examines three forms of masculine patriotism promoted in the crisis of the post–World War I Red Scare—the antiradical heroism of Ole Hanson, the postwar militarism of the American Legion, and the laborer wistfully proposed by manufacturing organizations. These models drew from the wartime emphasis on male soldiers as national redeemers but re-created the ideals of male citizenship to fit the domestic crisis of the Red Scare. Those who defined themselves as patriots praised forms of masculine patriotism that exalted loyalty to family, loyalty to war veterans, and loyalty to employer as the traits of an ideal male citizen. This gendered form of male citizenship excluded women, but because of its racial, ethnic, class, and ideological content, also excluded large numbers of American men from claims to good citizenship.
Limited B cell regeneration in a B cell deficient rat model: studies with dexamethasone.

Abstract Neonatal rats treated with streptozotocin (SZ) at 2 days of age show a transient hyperglycemia with regeneration of B cells that parallels the recovery of normoglycemia. However at 6 wk of age, these animals develop non-ketotic hyperglycemia suggesting that the regeneration of B cells after the early SZ treatment was insufficient and limited. To test the replicative capacity of the B cells in this model, we tried to induce additional replication with a 13 day treatment of pharmacological amounts of the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. Dexamethasone treatment led to a marked increase of plasma glucose in SZ-treated rats (196 ± 23 mg/dl pretreatment versus 428 ± 30 mg/dl post-treatment), while not affecting that of the normal littermates. Plasma insulin concentrations were increased in both groups. Pancreatic insulin concentration was increased by the glucocorticoid in the normal non-SZ rats, whereas no increase in the already low insulin concentrations were found in the SZ group. In a similar fashion, dexamethasone produced an increase in the B cell number/islet of the non SZ animals, but no increase in the reduced B cell number of the SZ rats. These data therefore provide further evidence for a limitation in the capacity for B cell replication in this model. With regard to other islet peptides, dexamethasone did not cause a significant change in plasma glucagon concentrations. Pancreatic glucagon concentration, which was reduced in the SZ rats, was normalized with glucocorticoid treatment. Pancreatic somatostatin concentration was similar in both the non-SZ and SZ groups, and increased following dexamethasone in both of these groups. In contrast glucocorticoid led to a fall in the somatostatin concentration of the gastric antrum in both groups. Thus the effects of dexamethasone upon pancreatic and gastric somatostatin concentrations are divergent. The mechanisms responsible for the changes in glucagon and somatostatin tissue content remain unclear.
Alarm Design of High-Capacity OLT Equipment

High-capacity OLT equipments are widely used in modern communication network. Among the communication equipments, realization of alarm function has an important research significance and wide application prospect. The article simply introduces the demand of alarm of OLT devices and simple network management protocol SNMP and explains the method of realizing alarm information by using SNMP trap. It also introduces the construction of trap message and explains the process and action of network management system after receiving trap information in detail, as a result, realizes the alarm design of high-capacity OLT equipment.
POLLINATION, FERTILIZATION AND OVULE ABORTION IN OXALIS MAGNIFICA

Pollination, fertilization and ovule abortion were studied in Oxalis magnifica (Rose) Knuth, a strongly self-incompatible herb that regularly matures only a fraction ofits ovules. Examination of cleared ovules indicated that among 9 individuals the average number of ovules fertilized ranged from 48-92%. The remaining ovules either failed to produce female gametophytes, or more commonly contained unfertilized female gametophytes, despite large numbers of compatible pollen grains that were placed on stigmas. Abortion of fertlized ovules could be detected first by the flattened and enlarged appearance of the endosperm nuclei, followed by visible deterioration of the embryo. Among individuals the rate of embryo abortion varied from 3.447.9%. At lower levels of pollination an almost one-to-one relationship existed between the number of pollen grains placed on stigmas and the number of seeds matured in the capsule. No threshold number of pollen grains necessary for successful pollen tube growth and fertilization could be demonstrated. Reduction in seed number through embryo abortion provides an opportunity for selection among developing seeds. The potential for this form of selection varies widely among individuals of Oxalis magnifica, which showed a 14-fold variation in the average percentage of aborted ovules.
Pulse decay permeability: analytical solution and experimental test

Because of its usefulness in measuring very low permeability, the pulse decay technique has been discussed often in the literature. In this technique, a small pore pressure pulse is applied to one end of a jacketed sample, and the pressure vs. time behavior is observed as the pore fluid moves through the sample from one reservoir to another. Brace et al. gave an approximate solution to this problem with the assumption of a linear pressure gradient at all times. This simplification leads to a predicted exponential pressure vs. time decay. By means of numerical solutions, Lin and Yamada and Jones have shown that the Brace solution can lead to significant errors in calculating permeability. These numerical solutions, however, are inconvenient to use and require considerable computer programming time. The authors present an analytical solution based on realistic assumptions and boundary conditions.
Are Humans Seasonally Photoperiodic

Humans exhibit seasonal variation in a wide variety of behavioral and physiological processes, and numerous investigators have suggested that this might be because we are sensitive to seasonal variation in day length. The evidence supporting this hypothesis is inconsistent. A new hypothesis is offered here-namely, that some humans indeed are seasonally photoresponsive, but others are not, and that individual variation may be the cause of the inconsistencies that have plagued the study of responsiveness to photoperiod in the past. This hypothesis is examined in relation to seasonal changes in the reproductive activity of humans, and it is developed by reviewing and combining five bodies of knowledge: correlations of human birthrates with photoperiod; seasonal changes in the activity of the neuroendocrine pathway that could link photoperiod to gonadal steroid secretion in humans; what is known about photoperiod, latitude, and reproduction of nonhuman primates; documentation of individual variation in photoresponsiveness in rodents and humans; and what is known about the evolutionary ecology of humans.
Copper(II)-Catalyzed Silyl Conjugate Addition to α,β-Unsaturated Conjugated Compounds: Broensted Base-Assisted Activation of Si—B Bond in Water.

The reaction is applied to a variety of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds like esters, aldehydes or linear and cyclic ketones.
Review of no-fault absenteeism cases taken to arbitration, 1980–1989: A rights and responsibilities analysis

No-fault absenteeism control programs represent an emerging counterpoint to traditional misconduct-based approaches. By altering the policies governing absence in the work place, the rights and responsibilities of both the employee and employer may be modified. This article examines the arbitral standards applied in the disposition of grievances arising under no-fault absenteeism plans. Arbitration cases from 1980 to 1989 are analyzed; a taxonomic structure for reviewing arbitrator rulings on the unilateral imposition of no-fault programs, as well as discipline and discharge arising under no-fault policies, is developed. While advocates of no-fault plans have asserted that arbitrators will embrace these plans, the results of this analysis indicate that arbitrators will infuse standard elements of reasonableness and just cause into no-fault policy. Trends in arbitral standards in absence cases, policy-making strategies for managements and unions, as well as implications for the rights and responsibilities of employees and employers are outlined.
Dietary Effects on Blood Pressure 1. Effects of Dietary Cholesterol and Fat Sources

Abstract DAUBER and Katz (1943) and Sutton et al. (1958) found that dietary cholesterol increased serum cholesterol concentrations in chickens. Anderson et al. (1961) reported that hydrogenated oils in the diets of men resulted in a rise in serum cholesterol concentration. However, Diller et al. (1961) fed hydrogenated and unhydrogenated oils to rats and found no apparent correlation between the degree of unsaturation of the oils and plasma cholesterol concentrations. Daghir et al. (1960) found that dietary soybean oil caused a significant decrease in serum cholesterol in laying hens while white grease did not significantly increase serum cholesterol concentrations. Daghir and Balloun (1961) reported that rations containing white grease caused higher serum cholesterol concentrations in chicks than did soybean oil rations or the control ration. No attempts were made, however, to relate serum cholesterol to blood pressure. Since it was postulated that an increase in blood cholesterol over a long period…
Assessing cardiovascular risk and stress-related blood pressure variability in young women employed in wage jobs.

This overview discusses how aspects of behavior and stressors inherent in the lifestyles of contemporary women affect their cardiovascular health. Three main issues are addressed. The first is the applicability of cardiovascular risk data collected on prior generations of working women in predicting the health outcomes of the current generation of women. It is argued that the earlier data may not adequately describe the health risk of the current generation because of changes in the nature of women's paid employment in recent decades, and because the compartmentalization of economic, leisure, and domestic activities may have affected how stress associated with each influences cardiovascular measures such as blood pressure. Second, the influence of the environment on lifestyle is briefly discussed in the context that differences in the results of studies examining lifestyle stressors may occur as a consequence of local physical and cultural environmental differences which influence lifestyle. Third, the effects of daily microenvironmental changes on blood pressure are discussed and it is argued that perceived socioeconomic roles may influence the cardiovascular response to the stressors inherent in each microenvironment. Because the lifestyles of women change over the lifespan, it is concluded that the impact of lifestyle on cardiovascular risk must be studied at all stages of life. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of mental illness, substance use, and treatment for depression on the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected individuals.

ABSTRACT Information regarding the prevalence of mental illness and substance use among HIV-infected patients and the effect of these problems on HIV treatment is needed. We conducted an observational study of patients in the University of Washington (UW) HIV Cohort to determine prevalence rates for mental illness and substance use. Cox regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between mental illness and substance use, pharmacologic treatment for depression/anxiety, and initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) within 9 months of becoming eligible for HAART. Among 1774 patients in the UW HIV cohort during 2004, 63% had a mental illness (including mood, anxiety, psychotic, or personality disorders), 45% had a substance use disorder, and 38% had both. There were 278 patients who met criteria for HAART eligibility. After controlling for other factors, patients with depression and/or anxiety were significantly less likely to initiate HAART compared with patients without a ment...
Steady state diffusion problems on non-trivial domains: support operator method integrated with direct optimized grid generation

This paper incorporates variational, geometry and solution adaptive, grid-generation technology, with a new class of finite-volume methods to solve modeling problems with non-homogeneous and non-isotropic material properties. Current grid generation technology provides a powerful tool for adapting grids to complex geometries, discontinuities in the material properties, and discontinuities in the problem solution. The support-operators finite-volume methods have been proven to be effective in solving problems with discontinuous coefficients on general grids. The main goal of this research is to combine these two technologies to produce algorithms for fast and accurate solutions of difficult modeling problems.
Concepts of computer-based modeling for consultation in optics and refraction

In this paper we discuss general principles of computer science applied to problems of medical consultation. We describe some of the design considerations for a computer-based consultation program in optics and refraction. Since the visual system is the input pathway for most of the data entering the central nervous system, the process of refraction serves important purposes beyond the generation of a prescription for a pair of eyeglasses. Refraction, the measurement and correction of optical deviations of the eye from the desired norm, evaluates what is often the weakest link in the chain of events constituting the visual process. Our purpose is to present the diversity of clinical objectives and constraints that affect the design of such a clinical consultation system, and to describe how different types of models are needed for different aspects of the consultation.
Postnatal binge ethanol exposure affects habituation of the cardiac orienting response to an olfactory stimulus in preweanling rats.

: Background: Prenatal exposure to alcohol can result in intellectual impairments, reduced habituation and distractibility, visual-spatial deficits, and problems in attention. Dysfunction in attention, including habituation of responses to nonsignal stimuli, can have devastating consequences for cognitive development. This research examined whether binge exposure to ethanol on postnatal days (PD) 4 to 9 would affect cardiac orienting or response habituation to an olfactory stimulus in preweanling rats. Methods: Ethanol-exposed subjects were given ethanol 5.25 g/kg/day on PD4 to 9. Controls were either sham intubated or unhandled during this time. To assess baseline and phasic cardiac function, PD16 subjects were tested under differential pharmacological blockade of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems by administration of the peripherally acting antagonists atenolol or atropine methyl nitrate. In a second experiment, separate groups of subjects were tested for habituation of the cardiac orienting response to an olfactory stimulus. Results: Results indicate that postnatal ethanol had no observable effect on the functional development of autonomic control over heart rate. Similarly, ethanol exposure had no effect on the form or magnitude of the cardiac orienting response. However, neonatal ethanol exposure did result in a deficit in orienting response habituation; ethanol-exposed subjects continued to respond to the stimulus with a large-magnitude bradycardia after control subjects exhibited complete response habituation. In addition, ethanol-exposed subjects had longer orienting response latencies than controls. Conclusions: The results indicate that this animal model has the potential to contribute to investigations designed to understand basic forms of memory impairments observed in humans with a history of prenatal alcohol exposure. The postnatal binge ethanol model of fetal alcohol effects produces deficits in nonassociative memory that are similar to those observed in human infants exposed prenatally to ethanol. Deficits in response habituation have important implications for cognitive development.
Relating Individual Differences in Cognitive Ability and Strategy Consistency to Interruption Recovery during Multitasking

Abstract This research investigated the relationship between individual differences in cognitive ability and the ability to recover from interruptions during multitasking performance. The Abstract Decision Making (ADM) task was used to examine multitasking. This task required participants to sort multiple objects into bins while being unexpectedly interrupted. Participants also completed a battery of cognitive measures from which two ability factors were extracted, referred to as general-ability and multiple-event-tracking. Performance was assessed using measures of speed, errors, strategy consistency, and proportion of interruption resumption. The general-ability factor, which was correlated with working memory (WM), and the multiple-event-tracking factor affected both general ADM performance and interruption recovery differently. Moreover, consistent strategies were found to facilitate interruption recovery, an effect that was greater for lower general-ability individuals. The findings suggest that training individuals to use consistent strategies facilitates interruption recovery by alleviating WM load when interrupted, especially for low ability individuals.
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and germination of sporangiospores from the fungus Mucor.

Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) metabolism was examined in germinating sporangiospores of Mucor genevensis and Mucor mucedo. Exogenous cAMP prevented normal hyphal development from sporangiospores. Internal pools of cAMP fluctuated profoundly during development. Spherical growth of the spores was characterized by large pools of cAMP whereas germ tube emergence and hyphal elongation were characterized by small pools of cAMP. These observations suggest a possible role for cAMP in sporangiospore germination. Adenylate cyclase activities fluctuated significantly during germination with maximum values attained during spherical growth. In contrast, cAMP phosphodiesterase activities remained constant throughout germination. Internal cAMP levels may therefore be regulated by adjustment of adenylate cyclase activities. The binding of cAMP by soluble cell proteins was measured. cAMP-binding activity changed greatly during germination. Dormant and spherically growing spores possessed the highest activities. Developing hyphae contained the lowest activities. Use of the photoaffinity label, 8-azido-[32P]cAMP, in conjunction with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis allowed the identification of a small population of morphogenetic-stage-specific proteins which bind cAMP and may be of regulatory significance to development.
Insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose transport in horses with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy

Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is an inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of glycogen and abnormal polysaccharide in muscle with normal glyco(geno)lytic enzyme activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo insulin sensitivity and glucose excursion in PSSM using a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. In addition, the content of muscle glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT4) and the insulin receptor was determined in muscle biopsies using Western blot analysis. The glycogen content was 1.8-fold higher, and isolated polysaccharide analyzed by iodine absorption spectra, was less branched in equine PSSM. Throughout the clamp, the affected horses required a higher rate of glucose infusion to maintain euglycemia. Although GLUT1 content was lower, the total content of GLUT4 and insulin receptor was not different in myopathic vs. control horses. PSSM therefore represents a novel disorder where enhanced insulin sensitivity and elevated glucose excursion leads to increased synthesis of muscle glycogen, which in our horses appears to be independent of augmented GLUT4 or IR quantity.
Serologic and Immunopathologic Findings in Temporal Arteritis

In 104 patients undergoing biopsies for temporal arteritis, lymphocyte characterization identified both T4 helper/inducer and T8 cytotoxic/suppressor lymphocytes in approximately equal numbers. B lymphocytes were absent. Deposition of IgM and IgG was observed in three of 16 positive biopsy specimens. Antinuclear antibodies were present in ten of 16 biopsy-proven cases of temporal arteritis compared with 19 of 55 in the control group with negative biopsy specimens. Anti-smooth-muscle, anti-DNA, and antimitochondrial antibodies were not useful in distinguishing between the two groups.
D'scent of man: a comparative survey of primate chemosignaling in relation to sex.

Abstract This article is part of a Special Issue (Chemosignals and Reproduction). As highly visual animals, primates, in general, and Old World species (including humans), in particular, are not immediately recognized for reliance in their daily interactions on olfactory communication. Nevertheless, views on primate olfactory acuity and the pervasiveness of their scent signaling are changing, with increased appreciation for the important role of body odors in primate social and sexual behavior. All major taxonomic groups, from lemurs to humans, are endowed with scent-producing organs, and either deposit or exude a wealth of volatile compounds, many of which are known semiochemicals. This review takes a comparative perspective to illustrate the reproductive context of primate signaling, the relevant information content of their signals, the sexually differentiated investigative responses generated, and the behavioral or physiological consequences of message transmission to both signaler and receiver. Throughout, humans are placed alongside their relatives to illustrate the evolutionary continuum in the sexual selection of primate chemosignals. This ever-growing body of evidence points to a critical role of scent in guiding the social behavior and reproductive function throughout the primate order.
Limitation of macrophage production in long‐term marrow cultures containing prostaglandin E

Addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) significantly altered the cellular composition of murine long-term bone marrow cultures. After 4--5 weeks of culture, increased cellularity in the suspension phase was observed in all cultures containing prostaglandin. These suspension cells contained markedly higher proportions of differentiated neutrophils than did cells cultured in the absence of PGE2. Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell levels in the suspension layer were increased 3--20 fold after five weeks in prostaglandin-containing cultures compared with control cultures. Fewer cells comprised the adherent layer in cultures containing prostaglandin. The number of macrophages in this layer was reduced 3--8 fold in these cultures compared with control cultures, while the number of granulocytes was increased 2--3 fold. The progenitor cells biased toward macrophage development were selectively inhibited in the cultures with PGE2. There was no significant effect of PGE2 on pluripotent stem cell levels or on the longevity of the cultures. It is concluded that excessive monopoiesis in bone marrow may be limited by PGE2 without influencing either stem cell maintenance or the development of other marrow-derived cell types.
Analyses of exobiological and potential resource materials in the Martian soil.

Potential Martian soil components relevant to exobiology include water, organic matter, evaporites, clays, and oxides. These materials are also resources for human expeditions to Mars. When found in particular combinations, some of these materials constitute diagnostic paleobiomarker suites, allowing insight to be gained into the probability of life originating on Mars. Critically important to exobiology is the method of data analysis and data interpretation. To that end, methods of analysis of potential biomarker and paleobiomarker compounds and resource materials in soils and rocks pertinent to Martian geology are investigated. Differential thermal analysis coupled with gas chromotography is shown to be a highly useful analytical technique for detecting this wide and complex variety of materials.
Robustness of fat quantification using chemical shift imaging

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of parameter changes that can potentially lead to unreliable measurements in fat quantification. Chemical shift imaging was performed using spoiled gradient echo sequences with systematic variations in the following: two-dimensional/three-dimensional sequence, number of echoes, delta echo time, fractional echo factor, slice thickness, repetition time, flip angle, bandwidth, matrix size, flow compensation and field strength. Results indicated no significant (or significant but small) changes in fat fraction with parameter. The significant changes can be attributed to the known effects of T1 bias and two forms of noise bias.
Kaposi's sarcoma in Nigeria

Background The prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in parts of Africa has been on the increase as a result of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection pandemic. However, there is a paucity of information for Nigeria. Objective To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of cutaneous KS in patients with HIV-infection in Benin City, Nigeria. Methods All patients presenting to the dermatology and infectious diseases clinics of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, or admitted to its medical wards, within the period July 2000–June 2005 were examined retrospectively in a chart review for KS. Diagnosis of HIV was based upon ELISA testing. The CD4+ cell counts were performed using the Dyna Bead method and KS was diagnosed histologically. Results In our survey, 31 patients, representing 0.84% of all new HIV patients seen during the study period, had cutaneous KS. There were 19 males and 12 females, giving a male to female ratio of 1.6 : 1. The mean age was 36.3 ± 9 years; mean CD4+ count was 127 ± 14 cells/dl. The lower limbs (74.2%), trunk (48.4%) and the face (22.6%) were the most frequent sites affected. The lesions were solitary in three patients (9.7%) and multiple in 28 patients (90.3%). Conclusion The prevalence of HIV-related KS is increasing in Nigeria. There is an increase in the number of women being diagnosed with this form of KS, probably owing to more females having HIV disease.
IgG4 plasma cell myeloma: new insights into the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease

IgG4-related disease is a newly described systemic fibroinflammatory process, characterized by increase in IgG4-positive plasma cells. Its pathogenesis, including the role of IgG4, remains poorly understood. Plasma cell myeloma is typically associated with a large monoclonal serum spike, which is frequently of IgG isotype. We sought to identify and characterize a subset of IgG4-secreting myeloma, as it may provide a biological model of disease with high serum levels of IgG4. Six out of 158 bone marrow biopsies (4%) from patients with IgG myeloma expressed IgG4. Four patients were men and two were women, with a mean age of 64 (range 53-87) years. Imaging showed fullness of pancreatic head (1), small non-metabolic lymphadenopathy (1), and bone lytic lesions (6). Two patients developed necrotizing fasciitis. All had elevated serum M-protein (mean 2.4, range 0.5-4.2 g/dl), and none had definite signs or symptoms of IgG4-related disease. Four myelomas had plasmablastic morphology. Four had kappa and two had lambda light chain expression. Three cases expressed CD56. Two patients had a complex karyotype. In conclusion, the frequency of IgG4 myeloma correlates with the normal distribution of IgG4 isoform. The patients with IgG4 myeloma appear to have a high rate of plasmablastic morphology and could be predisposed to necrotizing fasciitis. Despite high serum levels of IgG4, none had evidence of IgG4-related disease. These findings suggest that the increased number of IgG4-positive plasma cells is not the primary etiologic agent in IgG4-related disease. Elevated serum levels of IgG4 is not sufficient to produce the typical disease presentation and should not be considered diagnostic of IgG4-related disease.
An Ethnographic Study of Six Latino Gay and Bisexual Men

SUMMARY This article describes the findings of an exploratory study of six working class Gay/Bisexual Latino men residing in the United States. The author provides a description of the social, environmental, and cultural context relevant to understanding social functioning and sexual identity development issues faced by working class Gay/Bisexual Latino men. A list of recommendations provides a basis for the development and delivery of culturally competent human services to this population.
High-Q shallow etch silicon micro resonators for optical delay

Low loss shallow etched rib waveguides are systematically analyzed and used to realize compact ring resonators (∼100 micron radius) with intrinsic Q-factors of Q∼500,000. These high-Q rings directly enable large tunable delays.
Histone fractionation by high-performance liquid chromatography on cyanoalkylsilane (CN) reverse-phase columns

Abstract Previous work in our laboratory [Gurley et al. Anal. Biochem.129, 132–144 (1983)] described conditions for the rapid fractionation of histones by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a reverse-phase μBondapak C18 column. That procedure resolved the major classes of histones with one exception: the more hydrophobic H2A variant, (MHP)H2A, was not resolved from the H4 histone class. This report extends that work describing experiments using a μBondapak CN column which better resolves the classes of histones from each other including the resolution of (MHP)H2A from the H4. In addition, the less hydrophobic H2A variant, (LHP)H2A, is partially resolved from the (MHP)H2A, and the less hydrophobic H3 variant, (LHP)H3, is resolved from the more hydrophobic H3 variant, (MHP)H3. Lower trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) concentrations (0.1%) in the eluting water/acetonitrile solvent were used with the CN column than were used with the C18 column which increased the sensitivity of histone detection by ultraviolet absorption at 206 nm. Greater than 95% of the total [3H]lysine-labeled protein applied to the CN column was eluted from the column. Contaminating nonhistone proteins were found to chromatograph in the region of histone elution. These were greatly reduced by isolating nuclei prior to histone preparation. The fractionation of the histones appears to be based on the hydrophobic properties of the proteins. The histone fractions (identified by their electrophoretic mobilities) were eluted from the CN column in the following order: H1, H2B, (LHP)H2A, (MHP)H2A, H4, (LHP)H3, and (MHP)H3. Phosphorylated and acetylated histone species were not resolved from their unmodified parental species.
The Princess and the Squaw: The Construction of Native American Women in the Pictorial Press

The two most important nineteenth-century illustrated weeklies, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper and Harper's Weekly, represented Native American women largely through familiar racial stereotypes. In words and pictures, Indian women were depicted as idealized Indian princesses or as downtrodden squaws. Young, “civilized” Indian women were represented as good mothers, like white women, but other women—“squaws”—were identified by the hardships of their lives, especially at the hands of Indian men. Other Indian women were portrayed as silly or foolish. Over time, some Southwestern Indian women were depicted as craft workers, a category that emphasized their exoticism and cultural “otherness.” Both newspapers followed the ethnocentric prejudices of the era, constructing Native American women as symbolically useful outsiders, alternatively alluring or repulsive, but always contained within the ruling ideology of Euro-American culture.
Work Satisfaction and Family Responsibility Correlates of Employment among Nurses

Employment status of nurses is examined in the context of a role conflict-job satisfaction model. It is proposed that nurses experience a pull toward nursing due to the satisfaction they derive from providing important care to patients, but also a push away from the profession if there are competing demands for their time from children or spouse. The latter is exacerbated by the hours and schedules required of nurses, whereas the former is compromised by a lack of autonomy with respect to determining the way in which nursing care will be delivered in the hospital setting.
Inelastic Tunneling Due to Vibrational Modes of Yttrium and Chromium Oxides

Previous measurements of the tunneling spectra ($\frac{{d}^{2}I}{d{V}^{2}}$ versus applied voltage) of metaloxide-metal tunnel diodes have revealed the presence of structure due to the interaction of tunneling electrons with vibrational impurities contained within the oxide region. New observations with diodes of the type Y-(Y oxide)-metal and Cr-(Cr oxide)-metal reveal relatively intense structure in the range 0-100 mV which we associate with vibrational modes of the oxides themselves. Experimental evidence indicates that the structure is not due to the metal electrodes. The new spectra are comparable with infrared absorption data taken for oxide films grown at low temperatures. For both cases, the structure corresponds to an increase in conductance of slightly less than 1%, and is therefore comparable in intensity to molecular inelastic tunneling spectra. Cr oxide barriers grown at elevated temperatures (200 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) on films produced in good vacuum (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ Torr) do not exhibit the "giant" resistance anomaly at zero bias.
Mr. Franks refuses surgery Cognition and values in competency determination in complex cases

Abstract The evaluation of medical decision-making competency is challenging and subject to low reliability for many reasons including petentially different life perspectives and cognitive processes between evaluators and patients, but especially because of the difficulties in defining and determining “competency” in complex cases. In this article, the case of an elderly man who is refusing surgery is presented to illustrate such difficulties. In these situations, the evaluator can assess both specific decisional tasks and personal values relevant to health care. Instruments designed to assess such specific decision-making abilities and values have benefits and limitations.
Reading Between the Lines of Reader Response: Constructing ‘the Other’ through the Aesthetic Stance

In this article, the author challenges English teachers of literature to examine applications of reader response theory in teaching reading which posit that readers approach a text from two stances: ‘aesthetic’ (emotional) or ‘efferent’ (literal). The essay presents a case study of pre‐service English teachers and adolescents’ web‐based discussions about a work of young adult fiction based on a transgendered character. The study highlights how the pre‐service teachers’ framing of questions about the book provoked the adolescents to adopt an aesthetic stance with the text that effectively ‘othered’ transgenderism, leaving potential opportunities for critical reflection and analysis of gender and sexuality unexamined.
Glial cells physiologically modulate clock neurons and circadian behavior in a calcium-dependent manner.

Summary Background An important goal of contemporary neuroscience research is to define the neural circuits and synaptic interactions that mediate behavior. In both mammals and Drosophila , the neuronal circuitry controlling circadian behavior has been the subject of intensive investigation, but roles for glial cells in the networks controlling rhythmic behavior have only begun to be defined in recent studies. Results Here, we show that conditional, glial-specific genetic manipulations affecting membrane (vesicle) trafficking, the membrane ionic gradient, or calcium signaling lead to circadian arrhythmicity in adult behaving Drosophila . Correlated and reversible effects on a clock neuron peptide transmitter (PDF) and behavior demonstrate the capacity for glia-to-neuron signaling in the circadian circuitry. These studies also reveal the importance of a single type of glial cell—the astrocyte—and glial internal calcium stores in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Conclusions This is the first demonstration in any system that adult glial cells can physiologically modulate circadian neuronal circuitry and behavior. A role for astrocytes and glial calcium signaling in the regulation of Drosophila circadian rhythms emphasizes the conservation of cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate behavior in mammals and insects.
Material properties of mandibular cortical bone in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis

This study reports the elastic material properties of cortical bone in the mandible of juvenile Alligator mississippiensis obtained by using an ultrasonic wave technique. The elastic modulus, the shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio were measured on 42 cylindrical Alligator bone specimens obtained from the lingual and facial surfaces of 4 fresh Alligator mandibles. The data suggest that the elastic properties of alligator mandibular cortical bone are similar to those found in mammals and are orthotropic. The properties most resemble those found in the cortex of mammalian postcranial long bones where the bone is most stiff in one direction and much less stiff in the two remaining orthogonal directions. This is different from cortical bone found in the mandibles of humans and some monkeys, where the bone has greatest stiffness in one direction, much less stiffness in another direction, and an intermediate amount in the third orthogonal direction. This difference suggests a relationship between levels of orthotropy and bending stress. The comparability of these elastic moduli to those of other vertebrates suggest that the high bone strain magnitudes recorded from the alligator mandible in vivo are not attributable to a lower stiffness of alligator mandibular bone.
GenMapDB: a database of mapped human BAC clones

GenMapDB (http://genomics.med.upenn.edu/genmapdb) is a repository of human bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones mapped by our laboratory to sequence-tagged site markers. Currently, GenMapDB contains over 3000 mapped clones that span 19 chromosomes, chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 9–22, X and Y. This database provides positional information about human BAC clones from the RPCI-11 human male BAC library. It also contains restriction fragment analysis data and end sequences of the clones. GenMapDB is freely available to the public. The main purpose of GenMapDB is to organize the mapping data and to allow the research community to search for mapped BAC clones that can be used in gene mapping studies and chromosomal mutation analysis projects.
Organizational identification among young software professionals in India

Building organizational identification is of importance to the software industry in India which has problems with attracting and retaining talented employees. This article examines the role of internalized organizational values, top management trust, and job challenge on organizational identification. Trust in senior management and organizational values are predictive of organizational identification. Perception of paternalistic management moderates the relationship between job challenge and organizational identification, such that those who perceive a higher level of paternalism exhibit a stronger positive relationship between job challenge and organizational identification. The article extends the nomological net of organizational identification to knowledge workers and paternalistic cultures.