cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CdTe thin film growth model under CSS conditions

Abstract A deposition rate model for CdTe via close-spaced sublimation spanning the sublimation and diffusion-limited cases is presented. The approach consists of applying governing equations for each of the two limiting cases and selecting the minimum rate. The model is validated by comparing it to two experimental datasets and adjusting two fitting parameters so that a good quantitative fit is obtained. A good quantitative fit was obtained using the fitting parameter values of α =0.36 and β =0.035 for all the datasets, spanning the sublimation and diffusion-limited cases. This gives confidence that the model is accurate and indicates that the fitting parameters represent physical phenomena. The model was validated within the temperature range from 400 to 600 °C, pressures from 10 −2 to 760 Torr, and substrate source distances from 0.87 to 1 mm but could have greater range of applicability.
Group scheduling and order releasing: Review and foundations for research

As more batch manufacturers implement cellular manufacturing to enhance their productivity and efficiency, cell management is becoming a critical research issue. One of the most important elements ...
Normalisation of calcium status reverses the phenotype in dentin, but not in enamel of VDR-deficient mice.

Abstract Objective To determine the effects of vitamin D receptor (VDR) deficiency on mouse dentin and enamel mineralisation, and how normalisation of serum calcium level affects dentin and enamel phenotypes in VDR knockout mice. Materials and methods Groups of VDR wild-type (VDR+/+), VDR deficient (VDR−/−) and VDR−/− rescued mice were sacrificed at 70.5 days of life. The rescued group was established by a high-calcium diet feeding the VDR−/− mice from postnatal 19 days. Micro-CT was used to compare enamel and dentin mineralisation density (MD) at different levels of mandibular incisors among the groups. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the ultrastructure of the enamel and dentin in the corresponding levels and of surface enamel after acidic treatment. Results Micro-CT showed that in VDR−/− rescued group, dentin phenotype was reversed and dentin MD was reversed to normal; however, enamel mineralisation was not reversible, and remained as hypermineralisation in molar region and apical region of the incisors. SEM also revealed enamel hypermineralisation in the VDR−/− rescued group. This early enamel hypermineralisation was more susceptible to acidic erosion. Conclusion Vitamin D affects dentin mineralisation systemically, and it regulates enamel mineralisation locally.
Internal Magnetic Fields in Manganese-Tin Alloys

The hyperfine fields at the tin sites in two manganese-tin alloys have been studied as a function of temperature to above the Curie points. In addition to the Zeeman splittings, observed and analyzed previously, a possible quadrupole interaction of about 27 Mc/sec is observed in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}$Sn. In ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{4}$Sn the hyperfine field is small and negative, about -45 koe; in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}$Sn it is large and positive, about +200 koe. As in the case of the pure ferromagnetic transition elements, it seems necessary to invoke a positive term associated with conduction-electron polarization and a negative one arising from core polarization to explain these results.
Time-resolved IR studies of [Re(LL)(CO)4]+.

Ground-state and time-resolved infrared data are presented in the ν(CO) region for [Re(LL)(CO)4]+ (LL is 2,2‘-bipyridine (bpy), 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine (dmb), or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen)) i...
Microwave signal generation with optical injection locking.

Two single-mode laser diodes have been injection locked to the +1 and −1 diffracted orders of a 4.6-GHz acousto-optical modulator. The measured locking bandwidth was 3 GHz for a locking gain of 35 dB. The microwave signal at 9.2 GHz had a measured linewidth of less than a few hertz. We used this system to drive stimulated Raman transitions between the cesium ground-state hyperfine levels. We observed Ramsey fringes and used them to characterize the microwave signal phase noise.
Carcinogenicity of single and multiple intratracheal instillations of cadmium oxide in the rat

Abstract The carcinogenic effects of single or multiple exposures to intratracheally instilled cadmium oxide, resulting in total doses of 0, 25, 50, and 75 μg, were studied in groups of 41 to 48 male Fischer rats. Pulmonary-deposited cadmium oxide did not result in increased numbers of tumors, except in the mammary gland or in rats that had three or more tumor types. Cadmium oxide was not carcinogenic in the lung, liver, kidney, or prostate gland of rats.
Viticulture in Texas: the challenge of natural hazards

Natural hazards present a ubiquitous challenge to the successful practice of viticulture. This article reports on the results of a research study conducted to ascertain the effects of natural hazards on viticulture in Texas. It examines the locational differences in the types of natural hazards that affect viticulture, as well as differences in mitigation techniques used by growers in different parts of the state. Results from an online survey indicate that most crop losses in Texas occurred as a result of multiple hazards having a cumulative effect over time. Analyses of survey data also show that viticultural crop loss as a result of one or a combination of natural hazards appears to affect Texas growers almost equally, regardless of prior professional experience (agricultural or non-agricultural) or whether a grower retains crop insurance. A thorough understanding of the types of hazards that may impact viticulture in Texas, along with the types of mitigation measures that are employed to combat those ...
Syntactic landmine detection and classification

A high range resolution ground penetrating radar signal is processed to convert the A-scan data into a binary valued string in which a one represents the location of an impedance change and a zero otherwise. For non-metallic landmines it has been shown that this pattern is unique and can be used to discriminate among landmines and clutter. The discrimination method is based on regular languages which consist of the binarized sequences produced by various landmines. Methods have been developed to automatically create language recognizers which not only recognize a landmine's characteristic string, but also variations of those strings.
RBS characterization of uranium in flint and chert

The investigators report the analysis of coupons of mineral flint and chert of archaeological interest and various provenances in comparison to uranium-doped glass, mineral single crystal quartz and thermally grown silicon dioxide. The measurements are motivated by a desire to quantify the concentration of uranium in lithic sources of paleoindian artifacts; uranyl oxide is suspected to be the origin of the observed UV fluorescence. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) confirmed the concentration of uranium in these minerals is on the order of tens of ppm as γ-ray spectroscopy analysis suggested previously. The level of uranium present does not correlate, however, with the observed fluorescence behaviors. Optical effects such as absorption and quenching due to other impurities is suspected to be the cause of the differences.
Nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements: secular trends and association of state policies with pertussis incidence.

ContextSchool immunization requirements have played a major role in controlling vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. Most states offer nonmedical exemptions to school requirements (religious or personal belief). Exemptors are at increased risk of acquiring and transmitting disease. The role of exemption policies may be especially important for pertussis, which is endemic in the United States.ObjectiveTo determine if (1) the rates of nonmedical exemptions differ and have been increasing in states that offer only religious vs personal belief exemptions; (2) the rates of nonmedical exemptions differ and have been increasing in states that have easy vs medium and easy vs difficult processes for obtaining exemptions; and (3) pertussis incidence is associated with policies of granting personal belief exemptions, ease of obtaining exemptions, and acceptance of parental signature as sufficient proof of compliance with school immunization requirements.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsWe analyzed 1991 through 2004 state-level rates of nonmedical exemptions at school entry and 1986 through 2004 pertussis incidence data for individuals aged 18 years or younger.Main Outcome MeasuresState-level exemption rates and pertussis incidence.ResultsFrom 2001 through 2004, states that permitted personal belief exemptions had higher nonmedical exemption rates than states that offered only religious exemptions, and states that easily granted exemptions had higher nonmedical exemption rates in 2002 through 2003 compared with states with medium and difficult exemption processes. The mean exemption rate increased an average of 6% per year, from 0.99% in 1991 to 2.54% in 2004, among states that offered personal belief exemptions. In states that easily granted exemptions, the rate increased 5% per year, from 1.26% in 1991 to 2.51% in 2004. No statistically significant change was seen in states that offered only religious exemptions or that had medium and difficult exemption processes. In multivariate analyses adjusting for demographics, easier granting of exemptions (incidence rate ratio = 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.14) and availability of personal belief exemptions (incidence rate ratio = 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.13) were associated with increased pertussis incidence.ConclusionsPermitting personal belief exemptions and easily granting exemptions are associated with higher and increasing nonmedical US exemption rates. State policies granting personal belief exemptions and states that easily grant exemptions are associated with increased pertussis incidence. States should examine their exemption policies to ensure control of pertussis and other vaccine-preventable diseases.
Preparation of 213bi-dota-biotin in high specific activity for pretargeted alpha radiotherapy of cancer

The alpha emitter, Bismuth-213, (213Bi) T1/2 = 45 min, obtained from an 225Ac generator, was chelated to DOTA-biotin in high radiochemical yield and specific activity. The radiolabeled product showed good radiochemical stability and was used in preclinical therapy studies using a pretargeting format.
Influence of the size of the phosphine ligand on primary-secondary alkyl isomerization equilibria with (Me2NCS2)Pt(PR3)(alkyl) complexes

Abstract The reactions of (Me2NCS2)Pt(PR3)Cl with Grignard or alkyl lithium reagents lead to the preparations of (Me2NCS2)Pt(PR3) (alkyl) (R  Me, Et, Ph, Cy, o-CH3C6H4, C6F5) complexes. The reactions are successful at or below room temperature for R  Me, Et, Ph, but reactions with the starting chloride containing phosphines with larger cone angles need to be heated in refluxing Et2O or THF. The alkylplatinum complexes are extremely stable, and can be heated in solution to 100°C without decomposition. At 120°C, the alkyl ligand undergoes a slow isomerization reaction that leads to a mixture of the linear and branched isomers. For example, heating either (Me2NCS2)Pt(PMe3)(η1-CH2CH2CH2CH3) or (Me2NCS2)Pt(PMe3)(η1-CH(CH3)CH2CH3), in xylene produces a 9/1 mixture, respectively, of the two isomers. Similar equilibrium mixtures are observed for the analogous PEt3 and PPh3 complexes and also for complexes of all three ligands in which the alkyl ligand is a propyl substituent. The bulky phosphines where R is Cy and o-CH3C6H4 shift the equilibria to favor the linear isomers, but some of the branched isomer is still observed at equilibrium. The solid state structure of (Me2NCS2)Pt(PCy3)(sec-butyl) has been determined crystallographically. Crystal data: triclinic, P 1 , a  9.288(3) A, b  19.538(5) A, c  8.854(3) A, α  99.76(2)°, β  91.98(2)°, γ  103.02(2)°, V  1538 A3, Z  2, RF  5.2% and RwF  6.4%. The steric influence of the bulky phosphine causes a substantial increase in the P-Pt-C(butyl) angle when compared to the structures of analogous complexes containing phosphine ligands with small cone angles.
INCORPORATION OF TRITIATED THYMIDINE DURING VARIOUS STAGES OF LEAF DEVELOPMENT OF XANTHIUM PENNSYLVANICUM

A B S T R A C T 3H-thymidine was incorporated into leaf tissue of Xanthium pennsylvanicuim during the stage of active cell division, during cellular differentiation, and into mature cells. Incorporation into nuclear DNA was high in the early stages of development. No nuclear incorporation was found after cessation of cell division. However, significant incorporation could be demonstrated in cytoplasm of differentiating and mature cells. Depending upon the time of growth in the radioisotope and the time of growth after treatment, 'H-thymidine, or its metabolized fraction, was incorporated into the secondary wall depositions of epidermal cells, mesophyll parenchyma cells, xylem cells, and chloroplasts. Autoradiographic technique and liquid scintillation spectrometry were used in these studies. The significance of 3H-thymidine incorporation into various organelles is discussed in relation to cell metabolism and its regulation during leaf development.
A molecular level mechanism of n -butane oxidation to maleic anhydride over vanadyl pyrophosphate

A molecular level mechanism is proposed for the highly selective 14-e− oxidative transformation ofn-butane to maleic anhydride on the surface of vanadyl pyrophosphate. The mechanism suggests that the dimeric active sites assume at any given time, one of four possible interconvertible states which differ from each other in the number of available oxygen atoms and the formal oxidation states of the individual vanadium atoms. The relative ratios of active sites in each of the four possible states are dictated by the reaction conditions, the redox properties of the reacting gases and the structure of the vanadyl pyrophosphate active surface. A crucial feature of the mechanism is a “pseudo-ozonide” surface species formed by the interaction of a chemisorbed dioxygen molecule and an adjacent metal-oxo group. This unusual species is responsible for the initial activation of then-butane, which occurs when the chemisorbed dioxygen abstracts an H-atom from the alkane and the adjacent metal-oxo group reacts with the incipient alkyl radical to form an alkoxy group. The proposed mechanism is entirely consistent with literature reports describing the behaviour of (VO)2P2O7 in flow, pulse and TAP reactors.
Transradial renal angioplasty: initial experience.

We report our early experience of a new technique of renal angioplasty utilizing the radial approach. Certain anatomic considerations continue to make access from above via the arm the preferable approach in selected patients in renal artery stenosis. We have utilized the transradial technique for renal artery angioplasty and stenting successfully in four patients. The development of coronary guidewire (0.014″)-based peripheral balloons and stent delivery systems has miniaturized equipment sufficiently to make the transradial approach attractive. Present equipment allows for stenting of renal arteries of up to 7 mm with the use of 6 Fr guiding catheters. Present equipment length remains a limitation in taller patients. The transradial approach should be considered in those patients with renal artery or aortoiliac anatomy favoring an approach from the arm. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:346–349. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Heritable Q-T Prolongation Without Deafness

The family, reported on, have a syndrome of prolonged Q-T interval, potentially fatal episodes of ventricular arrhythmias, and normal hearing. The direct familial transmission demonstrated in this pedigree is consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. To protect other members of the family from the consequences of ventricular arrhythmia experienced by the irreversibly brain-damaged index patient, a series of physiologic investigations was undertaken on this patient in a search for a suitable prophylactic medical regimen. The attacks of ventricular arrhythmia were found to be precipitated by increase in systemic pressure, sinus tachycardia, and extrasystoles occurring in the supernormal phase of repolarization (R in T syndrome). Propranolol was demonstrated to be an effective agent in preventing the ventricular arrhythmia in the index case and in other family members. Since administration of the beta-adrenergic stimulator isoproterenol did not produce ventricular fibrillation, it is assumed...
Type I $C^*$-algebras of real rank zero

We show that a separable C∗-algebra A of type I has real rank zero if and only if d(Â) = 0, where d is a modified dimension. We also show that a separable C∗-algebra of type I has real rank zero if and only if it is an AF-algebra. 1. Recently, there have been remarkable developments in the theory of classification of separable nuclear C∗-algebras (see [E3] for a survey). For example, direct limits of (sub)homogeneous C∗-algebras of real rank zero have been classified ([EG] and [DG]). All (sub)homogeneous C∗-algebras are of type I. Some efforts are made to study direct limits of type I C∗-algebras of real rank zero ( [LS] ). This leads to the question when a separable C∗-algebra of type I has real rank zero and how to classify them. It turns out the question can be fairly easily answered. We show in this short note that a separable C∗-algebra of type I has real rank zero if and only if it is an AF-algebra. So they can be classified by their dimension groups ( [E1] ). 2. It is shown ( [BP] ) that an abelian C∗-algebra A = C0(X), where X is a locally compact Hausdorff space, has real rank zero if and only if dim(X) = 0. A natural question is whether it can be generalized to type I C∗-algebras, i.e., whether a separable C∗-algebra of type I has real rank zero if and only if dim(Â) = 0. It turns out that the usual definition for zero dimension does not work very well when the space is not Hausdorff. Let A be a unital C∗-algebra generated by {K, 1, p}, where K is the C∗-algebra of compact operators on an infinite dimensional separable Hilbert space, 1 is the identity operator and, both 1 − p and p are infinite dimensional projections. Clearly, A is an extension of C⊕C by K and A is a type I C∗-algebra with real rank zero. Its spectrum Â = {x1, x2, x3} consists of only three points and its open subsets T = {∅, {x3}, {x1, x3}, {x2, x3}, Â}, where x1 is the primitive ideal generated by K and p, x2 is the primitive ideal generated by K and 1− p and x3 is the zero ideal. However, by the usual definition, (X, T ) is not of dimension zero. It does not have clopen base. The problem is that closure of {x3} is the whole Â. As far as we are concerned, at least in this note, we do not believe that a space which contains only finitely many points should have “dimension” other than zero. We now introduce a new concept of “dimension” d. For any topological space Y, let Y0 = {y ∈ Y : y 6∈ {z} for any z ∈ Y, z 6= y}, Received by the editors November 13, 1995 and, in revised form, April 4, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 46L05. Research partially supported by NSF grants DMS 93-01082. c ©1997 American Mathematical Society
Induced Moment Effects of Formation Flight Using Two F/A-18 Aircraft

Previous investigations into formation flight have shown the possibility for significant fuel savings through drag reduction. Using two F/A-18 aircraft, NASA Dryden Flight Research Center has investigated flying aircraft in autonomous formation. Positioning the trailing airplane for best drag reduction requires investigation of the wingtip vortex effects induced by the leading airplane. A full accounting of the vortex effect on the trailing airplane is desired to validate vortex-effect prediction methods and provide a database for the design of a formation flight autopilot. A recent flight phase has mapped the complete wingtip vortex effects at two flight conditions with the trailing airplane at varying distances behind the leading one. Force and moment data at Mach 0.56 and an altitude of 25,000 ft and Mach 0.86 and an altitude of 36,000 ft have been obtained with 20, 55, 110, and 190 ft of longitudinal distance between the aircraft. The moments induced by the vortex on the trailing airplane were well within the pilot's ability to control. This report discusses the data analysis methods and vortex-induced effects on moments and side force. An assessment of the impact of the nonlinear vortex effects on the design of a formation autopilot is offered.
Gross hematuria in minimal-change disease nephrotic syndrome.

Sirs, Idiopathic minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (NS) remains one of the commonest causes of NS in childhood, especially in the non-black population [1]. While transient microscopic hematuria has been described in 10–30% of children with minimal-change NS [2, 3], gross hematuria has not. In fact, gross hematuria in any child with idiopathic NS is exceedingly rare [4]. I recently took care of a child with new onset of NS, who at initial presentation, had gross hematuria. This Caucasian boy was admitted to the hospital at 9 months of age with anasarca, serum creatinine of 0.3 mg/dL, low serum albumin of 1.2 g/dL, elevated total cholesterol of 446 mg/dL and massive proteinuria (urine protein-to-creatinine ratio of 12.8); his coagulation studies and a renal ultrasound with doppler were normal. He was noted on admission to have pinkto red-colored urine that persisted throughout his 1-week hospital stay. The urine had a specific gravity of 1.005, a pH of 7.0 and 50–100 red blood cells per high-power field. Although the patient’s young age and hematuria were recognized to be atypical for idiopathic NS, since all his serologies were negative/normal (antinuclear antibody, complement C3 and C4, hepatitis B and C), it was elected to treat him empirically with oral steroids, without a renal biopsy. The patient was steroid responsive, although it took 1 month for his urine protein to become negative and for his serum albumin to normalize. Microscopic hematuria, which had persisted until then, also resolved. Since his initial presentation, he has had multiple relapses, all of which have been steroid responsive. The patient’s course was complicated by the development of bullous pemphigoid 1 year after the onset of NS. At that time, even though his renal disease was in remission, a renal biopsy was performed at the request of the dermatologist to rule out an immune complex-mediated disease. The renal biopsy demonstrated minimal-change disease with no immune complex deposits on immunofluorescence or on electron microscopy. His glomerular basement membranes were of normal thickness. This is the first report, to my knowledge, of a child with minimal-change NS presenting with gross hematuria. The purpose of this report is to add gross hematuria to the list of unusual manifestations in children with minimalchange NS and to re-emphasize that even in children with NS who some have atypical features, consideration should be given to administering a trial of empiric steroids before renal biopsy is performed. It is important to recognize, though, that our patient certainly did not fit the classic demographic profile for minimal-change NS in that he had infantile NS, and also since he eventually developed a rare skin disease, and therefore may not be representative of most children with idiopathic minimal-change NS.
Low DHA and plasmalogens associated with a precise PUFA-rich diet devoid of DHA.

Abstract Objectives Fatty acids, being multi-functional and partially diet-dependent, are crucial for health yet optimal dietary composition remains controversial. Previous work suggests that nutritionally-dependent populations live with significant fatty acid abnormalities despite abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. Design and methods An analysis of fasting plasma phospholipids, including plasmalogens, and total fatty acids was conducted on twelve tube-fed people receiving a uniform diet which meets current polyunsaturated fatty acid intake recommendations, specifically, linoleic acid as 8.1% of energy and alpha-linolenic acid as 1.3% of energy for at least two years. Results Eicosapentaenoic- and docosahexaenoic acid-related phospholipids were low. In addition, C16:0- and C18:0-related plasmalogens, components of phospholipids, were low. Essential fatty acid deficiency as classically defined was not present. Conclusions Based upon extensive clinical investigations in neuro-typical people, abnormalities of these key cell-membrane components may have undesirable clinical consequences. In particular, docosahexaenoic acid sufficiency needs to be assured. Comprehensive re-evaluation of current recommendations may be necessary.
The role of landmarks in cotton-top tamarin spatial foraging: evidence for geometric and non-geometric features

We report experiments on captive cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) designed to explore two components of spatial foraging. First, do tamarins have the capacity to extract geometric information concerning the spatial relationship between a landmark and a piece of food located above or below it? Second, when tamarins use a landmark to find a target location, what non-geometric features of the landmark do they encode? To explore these problems, we created an artificial jungle environment and trained subjects to find food either above or below a target object (i.e., landmark). Once subjects successfully located the food, we transformed various features associated with the landmark, including its color, orientation, and shape; we also manipulated the landmark-food reward distance, the overall shape of the jungle, and the number and position of landmarks. Results showed that the tamarins' success in finding the food reward was not affected by landmark color, orientation, number, or overall shape of the jungle, suggesting that with respect to the particular test conditions, these features are not relevant to the representation of a landmark. Subjects also generalized to novel landmark-food distances, suggesting that they had integrated geometric (i.e., above/below) with non-geometric (i.e., color/shape) features. Performance was negatively affected by changes to the shape of the landmark, indicating that this feature is critical to the representation of a landmark.
Splines and high order interpolations in plasma simulations

Abstract Higher order interpolations in plasma simulations using particles have been studied in one dimension. Various schemes including quadratic and cubic splines and interpolation with Gaussian particles are tested when the Debye length is much smaller than the grid size. It is found that the effects of aliases and numerical instabilities can be neglected when the higher order schemes are employed in the simulation. It is suggested that the combination of higher order interpolations in the direction of magnetic field and linear interpolation in the cross section may be useful for three-dimensional simulations of magnetically confined plasmas for controlled fusion.
Depressed placental prostaglandin E1 metabolism in toxemia of pregnancy.

Abstract 3H-Prostaglandin E1 metabolism has been assessed in 15,000 × g supernatant preparations from human placentas of normal and toxemic pregnancies. The ability of the toxemic tissue to metabolize 3H-PGE1 is depressed in direct relationship to the severity of the disease. This impaired metabolism of prostaglandin E1 appears to be a biochemical characteristic of the toxemia of pregnancy.
Infrared laser ablation of glassy As2Se3

Abstract In this study, we report the first measurements of wavelength and pulse length dependence of ablation thresholds in glassy As 2 Se 3 . Ablation yields, obtained from time-of-flight spectra were compared to laser intensity curves to obtain laser ablation thresholds. The wavelength dependence of the ablation thresholds were obtained by tuning the Vanderbilt–Keck free electron laser in the range of 3.2–5 μm. Pulse dependence of the ablation thresholds were obtained with a 5 μs macropulse in the wavelength range 3.2–5 μm and with macropulses ranging from 200 to 1000 ns at the wavelength of 3.5 μm. The wavelength dependence of the ablation threshold did not indicate that impurity absorption was a major factor in the ablation process in glassy As 2 Se 3 . The ablation threshold decreased with wavelengths corresponding to higher photon energies. In addition, a sharp increase in ablation threshold was observed with decrease in the macropulse length. Optical images of ablation craters at intensities above the threshold reveal significant melting on the sample surface. We will discuss the wavelength and pulse length dependence of the laser ablation threshold in glassy As 2 Se 3 in terms of a multi-photon process and a cumulative heating process.
The effects of a caffeine-containing beverage on muscle explosiveness during ballistic bench throws

Results Early results suggest a significant increase in FOR (Redline 329.6 ± 108.8 N vs. PLB 322.9 ± 107.1 N [p= 0.015]); POW (Redline 468 ± 177 W vs. PLB 446 ± 175 W[p= 0.001]); and VEL (Redline 1.82 ± 0.18 m/s vs. PLB 1.76 ± 0.19 m/s [p=0.0035]); and a trend in the data (p<0.10) for DSP (Redline 0.92 ± 0.08 m vs. PLB 0.90 ± .10 m [p= .0665]); and RFD (Redline 529 ± 262 N/s vs. PLB 493 ± 219 N/s [p=0.0685]). Conclusions These preliminary data supported our hypothesis that muscle explosiveness in the bench throw would increase under the influence of Redline energy drink.
Peptic ulcer bleeding: clips, heat, and outcome.

This is a prospective comparison between heater probes and hemoclips for peptic ulcer-related bleeding. One hundred thirteen patients with bleeding ulcers and major stigmata of hemorrhage were randomized to receive either stainless steel hemoclips or heater probe treatment. An average of three clips were used in each patient. Endoscopic therapy failed in eight patients in the heater probe group and six in the hemoclip group. Recurrent bleeding occurred in 21% of patients treated with the heater probe and 1.8% treated with the hemoclips (p < 0.05). No major procedure-related complications occurred. Hemostasis rates, adequate treatment of the visible vessel, 30-day mortality, and emergency surgery rates were similar in both groups. The relative risk reduction for recurrent bleeding with the hemoclip was 91%, with a number needed to treat of 6.
Monitoring water quality for tropical freshwater fisheries and aquaculture: a review of aircraft and satellite imagery applications

Water quality in tropical fish ponds is generally evaluated without the assistance of remote sensing because of cost, cloud cover, and other constraints, but certain parameters such as suspended solid concentrations, colour, chlorophyll and temperature can effectively be monitored by aerial photography and satellite imagery. This paper reviews applications of remote sensing to tropical inland fisheries and aquaculture and includes applications from related disciplines. A brief assessment of new platforms and sensors is also presented. Remote sensing images may help to inform researchers and planners about water quality trends that are occurring over a broad area in which fisheries and aquaculture activities occur. However, the operational use of remote sensing in aquaculture remains largely experimental.
The Learning Strategy of the Total Physical Response: A Review.

PERHAPS one of the most complex tasks in human learning is the problem of how to achieve fluency in a foreign language. To illustrate the extraordinary stress and intricacy of this task, an instructor in one of the more esoteric languages at the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, remarked that *..n. after 12 months of intensive language training for 8 to 10 hours a day in small classes of six students, only one in twenty graduates was what one may describe as 'fluent'." What will be reported next may suggest a partial solution to this ancient learning problem. This paper will describe a learning approach called the strategy of the total physical response. The theory behind this learning strategy was described in an earlier paper.' Essentially, the notion developed in that theoretical article was that solutions for intricate human
Pup: An Internetwork Architecture

Pup is the name of an internet packet format (PARC Universal Packet), a hierarchy of protocols, and a style of internetwork communication. The fundamental abstraction is an end-to-end media-in dependent internetwork datagram. Higher levels of functionality are achieved by end-to-end protocols that are strictly a matter of agreement among the communicating end processes. This report explores important design issues, sets forth principles that have guided the Pup design, discusses the present implementation in moderate detail, and summarizes experience with an operational internetwork. This work serves as the basis for a functioning internetwork system that provides service to about 1000 computers, on 25 networks of 5 different types, using 20 internetwork gateways.
A Subthreshold Low Phase Noise CMOS LC VCO for Ultra Low Power Applications

A subthreshold low power, low phase-noise voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is demonstrated in a commercial 0.18 mum CMOS process. In subthreshold regime, MOS drain current is dominated by diffusion mechanism resulting in a high ratio of transconductance to drain current and suppressed phase noise. Therefore, low power and low phase noise characteristics are achieved without using nonconventional high passive components. The VCO measures a phase noise of -106 dBc/Hz at 400 kHz offset from 2.63 GHz oscillation frequency with 0.43 mW power dissipation drawn from 0.45 V power supply. Figures of merit for this VCO (power-frequency-normalized of 12 dB and power frequency-tuning-normalized of -10 dB) are among the best reported for CMOS oscillators.
Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 2002

This bibliography is a continuation of those previously published in Teaching of Psychology (e.g., Berry & Daniel, 1984; Fulkerson & Wise, 1987; Johnson & Schroder, 1997; Wise & Fulkerson, 1996). We maintained similar search methods and criteria for inclusion that were used in previous bibliographies. We also continued the cumulative numbering of the items.To help the reader locate relevant articles, we arranged items into a small number of subject categories. Generally, if fewer than three items fell into a specific subject category they were relegated to a category labeled miscellaneous.
A wideband CMOS distributed amplifier with slow-wave shielded transmission lines

A four-stage distributed amplifier utilizing low-loss slow-wave shielded (SWS) transmission lines is implemented in a standard 0.13 μm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The amplifier when biased in its high current operating mode of IDtotal = 46 mA (at Vdd = 2.2 V, Pdiss = 101 mW) provides a forward transmission gain of 11.3 ± 1.5 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 17 GHz and a gain-bandwidth product of 74 GHz. The noise figure (NF) under the same bias condition is better than 8.5 dB up to 10 GHz. The measured output-referred 1-dB compression point is higher than +2 dBm. The amplifier is also measured under low-bias condition of IDtotal = 18 mA (at Vdd = 1.15 V, Pdiss = 20.7 mW). It provides a transmission gain of 6.6 ± 1 dB, a 3-dB bandwidth of 14.8 GHz, a gain-bandwidth product of 35.5 GHz, and a NF of better than 8.6 dB up to 10 GHz. Despite using a simple four-stage cascode design, this distributed amplifier achieves very high-gain-bandwidth product at a relatively low DC power compared to the state of the art CMOS distributed amplifiers reported in the literature. This is due to the incorporation of low-loss SWS coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines with a loss factor of nearly 50% of that of standard transmission lines on CMOS-grade Si substrate.
Multidimensional voting: a general method for implementing synchronization in distributed systems

A concept called multidimensional voting, in which the vote and quorum assignments are k-dimensional vectors of nonnegative integers and each dimension is independent of the others, is introduced. Multidimensional voting is more powerful than traditional weighted voting because it is equivalent to the general method for achieving synchronization in distributed systems which is based on coteries (sets of groups of nodes), but its implementation is easier than that of coteries. An efficient algorithm for finding a multidimensional vote assignment for any given coterie is described and examples of its use are shown. It is shown how multidimensional voting can be used to easily implement novel algorithms for synchronizing access to replicated data or to ensure mutual exclusion. These algorithms cannot be implemented by traditional weighted voting. >
Enhancing Auditors' Ability to Identify Opportunities to Commit Fraud: Instructional Resource Cases

ABSTRACT : Research suggests that audit team members, especially staff, may lack the necessary training to be able to identify fraud risks and to develop appropriate responses to identified fraud risks (e.g., Pearson and Singleton 2008; Knapp and Knapp 2001; Braun 2000; Zimbelman 1997). This lack of training may be particularly acute with respect to the perpetration of fraud in automated environments (Filipek 2007). The case studies are designed to improve undergraduate auditing, accounting information systems, and forensic accounting students' abilities to recognize and respond to indicators of fraud and general information technology (IT) control weaknesses.
A system for knowledge management in bioinformatics

The emerging biochip technology has made it possible to simultaneously study expression (activity level) of thousands of genes or proteins in a single experiment in the laboratory. However, in order to extract relevant biological knowledge from the biochip experimental data, it is critical not only to analyze the experimental data, but also to cross-reference and correlate these large volumes of data with information available in external biological databases accessible online. We address this problem in a comprehensive system for knowledge management in bioinformatics called e2e. To the biologist or biological applications, e2e exposes a common semantic view of inter-relationship among biological concepts in the form of an XML representation called eXpressML, while internally, it can use any data integration solution to retrieve data and return results corresponding to the semantic view. We have implemented an e2e prototype that enables a biologist to analyze her gene expression data in GEML or from a public site like Stanford, and discover knowledge through operations like querying on relevant annotated data represented in eXpressML using pathways data from KEGG, publication data from Medline and protein data from SWISS-PROT.
New technology in the car-the current state of developments

This paper concentrates on the new information technologies, called in Euro-speak telematics. The definition of telematics is telecommunications of information technology. Developments in autonomous navigation and traffic information services and how they are being integrated into vehicles are covered. The likelihood of the PC becoming part of the motor car and the consequences in terms of safety and the interface between the driver and the machine are considered. The paper then covers the developments in new information, warnings and control equipment, which are leading towards the concept of an automated highway. (5 pages)
Synthesis of analogs of the radiation mitigator JP4-039 and visualization of BODIPY derivatives in mitochondria

JP4-039 is a lead structure in a series of nitroxide conjugates that are capable of accumulating in mitochondria and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). To explore structure–activity relationships (SAR), new analogs with variable nitroxide moieties were prepared. Furthermore, fluorophore-tagged analogs were synthesized and provided the opportunity for visualization in mitochondria. All analogs were tested for radioprotective and radiomitigative effects in 32Dcl3 cells.
Light absorption by aquatic particles in the near-infrared spectral region

In this study, we used a special measurement geometry with samples placed inside the integrating sphere to address whether significant absorption by aquatic particles exists in the near-infrared (near-IR) spectral region from about 700 to 850 nm. Our tests with inorganic dyes and MgCO 3 particles showed that placing a small sample (1 cm cuvette) inside a relatively large integrating sphere (15 cm diameter) reduced the scattering error to a negligible level with no adverse effect on the absorption measurement. Our measurements of absorption by various particle suspensions suggest that absorption is generally negligible in the near-IR regardless of the type of particles. We examined four species of phytoplankton, phytodetritus derived from phytoplankton cultures, three samples of natural assemblages of mineral particles that show distinct reddish or brownish color, and three samples of aquatic particles from coastal and inland waters that have varying proportions of organic and inorganic particles.
Theory and performance of an infrared heater for ecosystem warming

In order to study the likely effects of global warming on future ecosystems, a method for applying a heating treatment to open-field plant canopies (i.e. a temperature free-air controlled enhancement (T-FACE) system) is needed which will warm vegetation as expected by the future climate. One method which shows promise is infrared heating, but a theory of operation is needed for predicting the performance of infrared heaters. Therefore, a theoretical equation was derived to predict the thermal radiation power required to warm a plant canopy per degree rise in temperature per unit of heated land area. Another equation was derived to predict the thermal radiation efficiency of an incoloy rod infrared heater as a function of wind speed. An actual infrared heater system was also assembled which utilized two infrared thermometers to measure the temperature of a heated plot and that of an adjacent reference plot and which used proportional-integrative-derivative control of the heater to maintain a constant temperature difference between the two plots. Provided that it was not operated too high above the canopy, the heater system was able to maintain a constant set-point difference very well. Furthermore, there was good agreement between the measured and theoretical unit thermal radiation power requirements when tested on a Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare) canopy. One problem that has been identified for infrared heating of experimental plots is that the vapor pressure gradients (VPGs) from inside the leaves to the air outside would not be the same as would be expected if the warming were performed by heating the air everywhere (i.e. by global warming). Therefore, a theoretical equation was derived to compute how much water an infrared-warmed plant would lose in normal air compared with what it would have lost in air which had been warmed at constant relative humidity, as is predicted with global warming. On an hourly or daily basis, it proposed that this amount of water could be added back to plants using a drip irrigation system as a first-order correction to this VPG problem.
Tuning of stochastic ground motion models for compatibility with ground motion prediction equations

Summary Stochastic ground motion models can facilitate a versatile description of earthquake acceleration time-histories by modulating a white-noise sequence through functions that address spectral and temporal properties of the excitation. This is established by relating the parameters of these functions to earthquake and site characteristics through appropriate predictive relationships. This study focuses on the selection of these predictive relationships to establish direct compatibility to the mean predictions of ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs). A record-based ground motion model is selected as a stochastic ground motion model, and its match to both elastic and inelastic GMPEs is examined. The novel contribution of the present work is that it develops a computationally efficient approach for providing ground motions that can match any chosen GMPE for any desired set of seismicity characteristics or structural periods. Foundation of the methodology is the development of a metamodel to approximate the median predictions of the ground motion model. This is established by selecting a wide range for the parameters of the model, generating ground motions for each of them, and then calculating the median (over different white-noise sequences) spectral acceleration for different structural periods. Based on this database, a Kriging metamodel is developed to provide an efficient approximation of the predictions of the ground motion model. This metamodel is subsequently used to efficiently select the predictive relationships that optimize the match to the chosen GMPE. The numerical accuracy of the metamodel predictions is also explicitly incorporated in this optimization. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does suicidal desire moderate the association between frontal delta power and psychological pain

Psychological pain frequently underlies thoughts of suicide. We investigated if recent suicidal desire moderated the association between potential neurophysiological markers and psychological pain assessed on the Psychache Scale (PS) and the Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Questionnaire (OMMP). The OMMP specifically assesses current psychological pain that may more readily capture emotions present during recent suicidal desire. In contrast, the PS leaves the timeframe undefined. A secondary analysis was conducted of resting-state EEG data and heart rate obtained in adults with a history of depression. In simultaneous multiple regression models, while controlling for depressive symptoms, recent suicidal desire moderated associations with right-frontal EEG delta power (ΔR (2) = .07, p < .01) and low-frequency heart rate variability (nonsignificantly) for pain assessed on the PS. No indication for moderation was found for pain on the OMMP. The relationship between the two measures of psychological pain was stronger for individuals with recent suicidal desire (r = .75, p < .01 vs. r = .50, p < .05). The findings suggest that, unless a respondent's psychological pain is recent and substantial, the PS may not capture the intensity of current psychological pain as effectively as the OMMP.
Design Principles of a Cap and Trade System for Greenhouse Gases

Until recently, the question of regulating greenhouse gases was a question for nations. Over the past few years an increasing number of states and municipalities have shown an interest in grappling with climate change. This paper attempts to help states, and specifically California, to formulate an effective cap-and-trade program by highlighting the most important design features and the tradeoffs associated with policy alternatives.
Stimulated jitter analysis for the evaluation of neuromuscular junction disorders in children.

INTRODUCTION Stimulated jitter analysis (stim-JA) using a concentric needle electrode is a technique used to study the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) without voluntary activation. Our objective was to study the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and feasibility of stim-JA in infants and children with suspected NMJ defects. METHODS Sixteen infants and young children ages 2 months to 17 years with suspected NMJ disorders were evaluated using stim-JA over a period of 12 months. RESULTS Subjects with suspected NMJ defects and abnormal stim-JA subsequently had laboratory confirmation of myasthenia gravis (n = 5) and infant botulism (n = 2). Turnaround time for confirmatory laboratory tests was 6.0 ± 4.3 days, whereas stim-JA results were available immediately. All subjects tolerated stim-JA well without complications or need for sedation. CONCLUSIONS Stim-JA is a sensitive and safe first-line diagnostic test for evaluation of suspected pediatric NMJ disorders. Stim-JA results precede assay results and may guide early treatment.