cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selected fretting-wear-resistant coatings for Ti-6%Al-4%V alloy

Abstract A Ti-6%Al-4%V alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), in the solution-treated overaged condition, was subjected to fretting exposures against uncoated Ti-6Al-4V as a baseline and against various coatings and surface treatments applied to Ti-6Al-4V. Fretting experiments were conducted in dry air and in saturated air by using a hemisphere of radius 4.7 mm on a flat surface. Typical conditions included a 1.47 N normal load, an 80 Hz frequency and a 70 μm amplitude at room temperature. The coatings evaluated included plasmasprayed tungsten carbide with 12% Co, aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) with 13% titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), chromium oxide, aluminum bronze with 10% aromatic polyester, polymer-bonded polyimide, polyimide with graphite fluoride, polyimide with molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) and methylphenylsiliconebonded MoS 2 and the surface treatments included a pre-oxidation surface treatment, a nitride surface treatment and a sputtered MoS 2 coating. Results of wear measurements on both the coated and the uncoated surfaces after 3 × 10 5 cycles indicated that the polyimide coating was the most wear resistant and caused the least wear to the uncoated surfaces. Increased exposure, however, showed a sharp increase in fretting wear rate after 10 6 cycles. Surface-nitrided Ti-6Al-4V fretted against a polytetrafluoroethylene-impregnated Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 coating on Ti-6Al-4V resulted in immeasurable wear to both surfaces.
Cross-Cultural Research on Children’s Development: Deep Roots and New Branches:

John and Beatrice Whiting took on the ethnocentric assumptions of the fields of child development and child psychiatry and crafted a research agenda that laid the groundwork for half a decade of scholarship. They made culture visible through their study of behavior and relationships, as illustrated in decades of systematic and ethnographic observations of individual children in context. Their research initiatives served to critique and enhance social science discourse, and they routinely engaged others in debating the processes and meanings of their research. Although a bulk of their work has since been incorporated into scholarship on the cultural nature of child development, their theoretical and methodological orientation to the social and environmental bases of children’s learning and development has influenced research in other fields as well. This article examines contributions of the Whitings to theory, research, and, increasingly, policy and practices in the applied fields of early care and early ...
The power of the ask in social media

Social computing and social media systems depend on contributions from users. We posit the existence of a latent demand for contribution: many users want to contribute but don't. We then test a simple interface that can induce these users to actually contribute: we display a popup window asking users to contribute. In a real-world randomized field experiment, we found that asking them to contribute right now is ineffective, but reminding the users to contribute actually leads to approximately a 23% increase in contributions with no reduction in quality. However, this effect wanes as users habituate to the popups.
The use of influenza virus labelled with radio-sulphur in studies of the early stages of the interaction of virus with the host cell.

1. Influenza virus can be labelled with 35S by cultivation in fertile eggs into which radioactive methionine has been introduced.2. When virus labelled with 35S is fractionated by ether treatment the nucleoprotein soluble antigen fraction contains 15 % of the 35S, the haemagglutinin also contains 15%, while the denatured envelope protein contains 70% of the 35S.3. When sulphur-labelled virus is introduced as a primary inoculum in fertile eggs and extracts of the chorioallantoic membrane are made 1–20 % of 35S is recovered as amino-acid, while the remainder is present as non-infective material of particle size similar to that of the original virus.4. It is suggested that on entry into the cell the virus nucleoprotein is hydrolysed with the release of amino-acid and free nucleic acid, while the virus envelope protein and haemagglutinin remain on the cell surface.The authors are indebted to the Medical Research Council for a grant in aid of expenses, and to Messrs. Eli Lilly and Co. for the generous provision of the Spinco centrifuge used in this work. The radioactive methionine was obtained from the Radiochemical centre at Amersham.
Long- versus short-interval follow-up of cytologically benign thyroid nodules: a prospective cohort study

Thyroid nodules are common, and most are benign. Given the risk of false-negative cytology (i.e. malignancy), follow-up is recommended after 1–2 years, though this recommendation is based solely on expert opinion. Sonographic appearance may assist with planning, but is limited by large inter-observer variability. We therefore compared the safety and efficacy of long- versus short-interval follow-up after a benign initial aspiration, regardless of sonographic appearance. This study evaluated all patients referred to the Brigham and Women’s Hospital Thyroid Nodule Clinic, between 1999 and 2010, with a cytologically benign nodule >1 cm and who had returned for follow-up sonographic evaluation. Despite standard clinical recommendations, variation in patient compliance resulted in variable follow-up intervals from time of initial aspiration to the first repeat evaluation. Main outcome measures included nodule growth, repeat fine needle aspiration (FNA), thyroidectomy, malignancy, and disease-specific mortality. We evaluated 1,254 patients with 1,819 cytologically benign nodules, with a median time to first follow-up of 1.4 years (range, 0.5–14.1 years). The longer the follow-up interval, the more nodules grew and the more repeat FNAs were performed (P 3 years (4.9 % vs. 1.2 %, P = 0.0001), though no difference in malignancy risk was identified (0.2–0.8 %, P = 0.77). No (0 %) thyroid cancer-specific deaths were identified in either cohort. While expert opinion currently recommends repeat evaluation of a cytologically benign nodule at 1–2 years, these are the first data to demonstrate that this interval can be safely extended to 3 years without increased mortality or patient harm. Nodule growth can be expected, though detection of malignancies is unchanged. While replication of these data in large prospective multicenter studies is needed, this extension in follow-up interval would reduce unnecessary visits and medical interventions for millions of affected patients worldwide, leading to healthcare savings. Please see related commentary article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0559-9 and research article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0419-z .
Infestation of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore on Thirteen Eucalyptus Species and Their Relationship with the Chemical Composition of Essential Oils

Glycaspis brimblecombei is a pest insect that affects Eucalyptus genus and was firstly detected in Argentina in 2005. The main objective of this study is to determine the correlation between the level of infestation and chemical composition of essential oils extract. In an experimental plantation of 13 Eucalyptus species, the natural presence of the psyllid in the adaxial and abaxial faces of the leaves was determined and the mean number of individuals per species was calculated. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed for their chemical composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that 7 out of 13 species of Eucalyptus were not affected by G. brimblecombei: E. dunnii, E. globulus maidenii, E. globulus ssp. globulus, E. viminalis, E. cinerea, E. sideroxylon, and E. gunnii. The most affected Eucalyptus species were E. tereticornis and E. camaldulensis whereas the infestation in E. grandis E. tereticornis and E. grandis E. camaldulensis was intermediate. E. saligna and E. grandis were the least affected species. The relative concentrations of the compounds 1,8-cineole and α- and β-phellandrene in the essential oils are highly correlated to the rate of infestation with G. brimblecombei.
Histone Chaperone Nap1 Is a Major Regulator of Histone H2A-H2B Dynamics at the Inducible GAL Locus

Histone chaperones, like nucleosome assembly protein 1 (Nap1), play a critical role in the maintenance of chromatin architecture. Here, we use the GAL locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate the influence of Nap1 on chromatin structure and histone dynamics during distinct transcriptional states. When the GAL locus is not expressed, cells lacking Nap1 show an accumulation of histone H2A-H2B but not histone H3-H4 at this locus. Excess H2A-H2B interacts with the linker DNA between nucleosomes, and the interaction is independent of the inherent DNA-binding affinity of H2A-H2B for these particular sequences as measured in vitro When the GAL locus is transcribed, excess H2A-H2B is reversed, and levels of all chromatin-bound histones are depleted in cells lacking Nap1. We developed an in vivo system to measure histone exchange at the GAL locus and observed considerable variability in the rate of exchange across the locus in wild-type cells. We recapitulate this variability with in vitro nucleosome reconstitutions, which suggests a contribution of DNA sequence to histone dynamics. We also find that Nap1 is required for transcription-dependent H2A-H2B exchange. Altogether, these results indicate that Nap1 is essential for maintaining proper chromatin composition and modulating the exchange of H2A-H2B in vivo.
Abstract LB-465: The miRNA cluster 424/503 is an integral part of the TGFb-mediated cytostatic response in human mammary epithelial cells

TGF-beta plays a major role during development and normal tissue homeostasis. Indeed and focusing in mammary tissue biology TGF-beta has been unmasked as a key component during epithelium cell proliferation, lactancy and involution. However, and despite most of the TGF-beta actions are well known for decades, its dichotomic effects depending on cell type, context and disease states and the mechanisms that lie underneath are still not fully understood. In this study we uncover a novel player in the mechanism through which TGF-beta induces cell cycle arrest in mammary epithelial cells. Using microRNA array expression profile we found a strong correlation between the expression of miRs 424 and 503 and TGF-beta treatment in MCF10A cells. Interestingly, this microRNAs are located clustered in the long arm of the X chromosome, regulated by a region located upstream containing a canonical SMAD3/4 binding site and expressed as a policistronic pri-miRNA. Ectopic upregulation of miR-424/503 induces cell cycle arrest at G1 phase mimicking TGF-beta actions. Our mechanistic studies have unveiled that this miRNA cluster exerts its function by modulating the expression of CDC25A through binding to its 3′UTR. Altogether our results point to miRs 424/503 as a new player in the cytostatic program mediated by TGF-beta in mammary epithelial cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-465. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-465
Discourses of legitimation and loss of sons who stay behind

The increased exodus of more than one million Ecuadorians in the last decade means greater numbers of families and parents are separated from their loved ones and children. From oral life history i...
The First Proestrus in the Female Rat: Circulating Steroid Levels Preceding and Accompanying the Preovulatory LH Surge

SummaryOn the day of the first proestrus in the female rat, serum LH levels were very low throughout the morning and increased markedly between 1200 and 1600 hr to reach maximum values at this time. By 1800 hr the LH titers, though still elevated, were already declining. Serum estradiol (E2) levels were maximally increased at 0800 hr (76 pg/ml) and decreased somewhat between this time and 1600 hr to finally return to prepubertal values by 1800 hr. Although morning progesterone (P) levels were higher than those of prepubertal rats, the greatest increase in serum P occurred in the afternoon of proestrus with a time course that slightly lagged behind that of LH, so that maximal P values (56 ng/ml) were observed by 1800 hr. At 0800 hr on proestrus serum testosterone (T) was higher than in prepubertal rats, declined thereafter to a nadir at 1200 hr and increased again briefly at the time of the LH surge. Serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) did not vary throughout the proestrus day and did not differ from levels in...
The activities of polyphenol oxidase in Populus simonii×P.pyramidalis 'Opera 8277' leaves in response to insect herbivory and volatiles exposure

After being defoliated by Clostera anachoreta larvae,exposure to volatiles induced by C.anachoreta larvae,and five added exogenous volatiles,including methyl jasmonate(MeJA),methyl salicylate(MeSA),cis-hexenal,trans-hexenal,and benzothiazole,the activities of polyphenol oxidase(PPO) in Populus simonii P.pyramidalis 'Opera 8277' leaves was measured.A 2-4-fold increase in PPO activities in herbivore-wounded leaves and upper intact leaves showed that the systemic resistance of poplar cuttings was activated.A 1-fold increase in PPO levels in poplar leaves exposed to herbivore-induced volatiles was also found,implying that the volatiles emitted from poplar leaves after insect herbivory acted as signaling molecules triggering the defense response of the neighbouring individuals.Exposure to five exogenous volatiles caused an increase in PPO activity,suggesting that these five volatiles were the potential airborne signals between P.simonii P.pyramidalis 'Opera 8277' plants.Moreover,the combined inducible effects of mixed volatiles were significantly stronger than single volatile.The PPO activities in herbivore wounding leaves,upper intact leaves,and leaves exposed to herbivore-induced volatiles were obviously inhibited by EGTA(calcium chelator) and LaCl3(calcium channel inhibitor),showing that calcium signal played a key role in the increase of PPO activities in P.simonii P.pyramidalis 'Opera 8277' leaves in response to insect herbivory and volatiles exposure.
Visit-to-Visit Variability in Blood Pressure Is Related to Late-Life Cognitive Decline

The association between visit-to-visit variability of blood pressure (BP) and cognitive decline over time remains incompletely understood in a general population of older adults. We assessed the hypothesis that higher visit-to-visit variability in BP, but not mean BP, would be associated with faster decline in cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults. This prospective cohort study comprised 976 adults who had 3 or 4 visits with BP measurements as part of the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1991, up to their first cognitive tests, and completed cognitive screening tests at ≥2 visits in 1997, 2000, or 2004. Visit-to-visit BP variability was expressed as the SD, coefficient of variation, or as the variation independent of mean BP across visits conducted at a mean interval of 3.2 years. Mean (SD) age at the first cognitive test was 64 (6) years. Using multivariable-adjusted linear mixed-effects models, we found higher visit-to-visit variability in systolic BP, but not mean systolic BP, was associated with a faster decline of cognitive function (adjusted mean difference [95% confidence interval] for high versus low tertile of SD variability: standardized composite scores -0.038 standard units (SU)/y [-0.066 to -0.009] and verbal memory -0.041 SU/y [-0.075 to -0.008]). Higher visit-to-visit variability in diastolic BP was associated with a faster decline of cognitive function, independent of mean diastolic BP, among adults aged 55 to 64 years but not those ≥65 years. Our results suggest that higher long-term BP visit-to-visit variability is associated with a faster rate of cognitive decline among older adults.
Increased uridine kinase (ATP: uridine 5'-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.48) activity in human and rat tumors.

The activity of uridine kinase (ATP: uridine 5'-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.48), the rate-limiting enzyme of the UMP salvage pathway, was measured in human ovaries and ovarian carcinomas, in a spectrum of six rat hepatomas of different growth rates and in eleven normal rat tissues of high and low cell renewal rates. In a standard isotopic method developed for the 100,000 X g fraction, uridine kinase activity was linear for 20 min and proportional with protein concentration over a range of 0.1 to 0.8 mg per 0.1 ml reaction mixture. The apparent K m s for uridine, ATP and Mg ++ in normal rat liver were 5.0, 3.4 and 1.5 mM and in the rapidly growing hepatoma 3924A, 0.8, 2.1 and 1.1 mM, respectively. In normal control ACl/N and Buffalo strain rat livers, kinase activity ranged from 159 to 180 nmol/h/ mg protein. In hepatomas of slow and intermediate growth rates, kinase activity increased to 1.5- to 2.6-fold, and in hepatomas of rapid growth rates, to 5.1- to 5.8-fold over that of the relevant control, normal livers. When hepatoma 3924A tissue culture cells were plated and expressed their proliferative program, kinase activity increased to 2.1-fold in early log phase. To further clarify the linkage between uridine kinase and cell replicating capacity, the enzyme activity was measured in rat organs of high and low cell renewal. The kinase activity in liver of adult male Wistar rats was 176 ± 6 nmol/h/mg protein. Activities in thymus, spleen and bone marrow were 4.7-, 2.1-, and 1.8-fold, respectively, of rat liver values; in adipose tissue, the activities were low. The decay rates of uridine kinase were examined in rats injected with a high dose of cycloheximide, which inhibits protein biosynthesis by 90%. The t 1/2 of the kinase in rat bone marrow was 0.64 h, in rat liver longer than 6 h. In human ovary and ovarian carcinoma, the apparent K m s for uridine were 11.5 and 0.5 mM, respectively. In human ovary (n = 3), kinase activity was 38 nmol/hr/ mg protein; in ovarian carcinoma (n = 6), the activity increased to 5- to 13-fold over that in ovary. The positive linkage of uridine kinase activity with proliferation and transformation is apparent in human ovarian carcinomas and in rat hepatomas of different growth rates. Therefore, the increased uridine kinase activity should be an interesting target for anticancer chemotherapy.
A Comparison of Model Selection Metrics in DataShop.

Variations of cognitive models drive many instructional decisions that intelligent tutoring systems currently make. A better knowledge component model will yield better instruction, but how do we identify better cognitive models? One answer has been to create a latent variable version of a cognitive model or a socalled knowledge component (KC) model, then compare different models by how well they predict student performance data. In this research we analyze 1,943 proposed KC models that exist in DataShop (http://pslcdatashop.org) and compare and contrast the different metrics used to measure the quality of predictive fit to the data. All these metrics are designed to avoid over-fitting to the data, including AIC, BIC, and cross validation. We find that AIC is the metric most consistent with all the others and corresponds better with cross validation results than BIC.
Vesicoureteral Reflux in Women with Primary Bladder Diverticulum

In 22 years we treated 271 adults, including 149 women, for vesicoureteral reflux. We describe our management of vesicoureteral reflux in 12 women between 18 and 58 years old who had an associated primary vesical diverticulum. A vesical diverticulum located near the ureteral orifice caused reflux by destroying the ureterovesical valve in 11 of these 12 patients. In 1 woman a bladder diverticulum distant from the ureteral orifice acted as a reservoir of chronic infection, which perpetuated reflux in a marginally competent ureterovesical junction. The reflux disappeared after excision of the diverticulum. Reflux was bilateral in 3 and unilateral in 9 cases. Symptoms of acute pyelonephritis were noted in 3 women and radiographic changes of chronic pyelonephritis were noted in 4. Urinary infection was controlled successfully by medical management in 4 patients. Ureteral reimplantation after excision of the bladder diverticulum and repair of the bladder wall was successful in eradicating reflux in 5 patients. Each patient was followed for 3 or more years.
Bacterial Isolates from the Chicken Gizzard and Ceca with In Vitro Inhibitory Activity against Salmonella typhimurium.

Bacterial isolates (197) obtained from the gizzard and ceca of 20 broiler and 40 specific-pathogen-free chickens, 21 days to 8 months of age, were evaluated for inhibitory activity against Salmonella typhimurium . One-hundred forty strains were characterized as gram negative and oxidase negative, typical of the Enterobacteriaceae . Five of the gram-negative and oxidase-negative isolates demonstrated inhibitory activity against six strains of S. typhimurium after 10- and 20-fold concentration and ammonium sulfate precipitation of the cell-free supernatant fluid from a culture grown in M9 minimal medium. Three isolates were identified as lactobacilli, 40 other strains exhibited Gram stain, oxidase, and catalase reactions typical of the Lactobacillus spp., and three known lactobacilli were included in the evaluation. Limited inhibitory activity was exhibited by these 46 isolates when tested against six S. typhimurium strains. Fourteen other strains not characterized as presumptive enterobacteria or lactic acid bacteria demonstrated little or no inhibitory activity against the six test strains.
Cloud-aided wireless networks with edge caching: Fundamental latency trade-offs in fog Radio Access Networks

Fog Radio Access Network (F-RAN) is an emerging wireless network architecture that leverages caching capabilities at the wireless edge nodes, as well as edge connectivity to the cloud via fronthaul links. This paper aims at providing a latency-centric analysis of the degrees of freedom of an F-RAN by accounting for the total content delivery delay across the fronthaul and wireless segments of the network. The main goal of the analysis is the identification of optimal caching, fronthaul and edge transmission policies. The study is based on the introduction of a novel performance metric, referred to as the Normalized Delivery Time (NDT), which measures the total delivery latency as compared to an ideal interference-free system. An information-theoretically optimal characterization of the trade-off between NDT, on the one hand, and fronthaul and caching resources, on the other, is derived for a class of F-RANs with two edge nodes and two users. Using these results, the interplay between caching and cloud connectivity is highlighted, as well as the impact of both caching and fronthaul resources on the delivery latency.
Characterizing Inefficiency of Infinite–Horizon Programs in Nonsmooth Technologies

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on characterizing inefficiency of infinite-horizon programs in nonsmooth technologies. An important problem in the theory of allocation of resources over an infinite time horizon is to find easily applicable criteria that can characterize the set of efficient (alternatively, inefficient) programs. The chapter presents the standard aggregative model of economic growth. There are two categories of results relating to this problem in the existing literature. One category of results relates to some partial characterizations of inefficiency under fairly general conditions on the technology. On the necessity side is the result of Malinvaud that for an inefficient program the value of input is bounded away from zero. On the sufficiency side, if the sequence of the value of consumption is summable and the value of input is bounded away from zero, then the program is inefficient. The chapter discusses these and other related results.
Exploratory Visual Analysis of statistical results from microarray experiments comparing high and low grade glioma.

The biological interpretation of gene expression microarray results is a daunting challenge. For complex diseases such as cancer, wherein the body of published research is extensive, the incorporation of expert knowledge provides a useful analytical framework. We have previously developed the Exploratory Visual Analysis (EVA) software for exploring data analysis results in the context of annotation information about each gene, as well as biologically relevant groups of genes. We present EVA as a flexible combination of statistics and biological annotation that provides a straightforward visual interface for the interpretation of microarray analyses of gene expression in the most commonly occuring class of brain tumors, glioma. We demonstrate the utility of EVA for the biological interpretation of statistical results by analyzing publicly available gene expression profiles of two important glial tumors. The results of a statistical comparison between 21 malignant, high-grade glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors and 19 indolent, low-grade pilocytic astrocytomas were analyzed using EVA. By using EVA to examine the results of a relatively simple statistical analysis, we were able to identify tumor class-specific gene expression patterns having both statistical and biological significance. Our interactive analysis highlighted the potential importance of genes involved in cell cycle progression, proliferation, signaling, adhesion, migration, motility, and structure, as well as candidate gene loci on a region of Chromosome 7 that has been implicated in glioma. Because EVA does not require statistical or computational expertise and has the flexibility to accommodate any type of statistical analysis, we anticipate EVA will prove a useful addition to the repertoire of computational methods used for microarray data analysis. EVA is available at no charge to academic users and can be found at http://www.epistasis.org.
Conjugation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta to Antigen-Loaded Poly(lactide- co -glycolide) Nanoparticles Enhances Efficiency of Antigen-Specific Tolerance

Current strategies for treating autoimmunity involve the administration of broad-acting immunosuppressive agents that impair healthy immunity. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (NPs) containing disease-relevant antigens (Ag-NPs) have demonstrated antigen (Ag)-specific immune tolerance in models of autoimmunity. However, subcutaneous (s.c.) delivery of Ag-NPs has not been effective. This investigation tested the hypothesis that codelivery of the immunomodulatory cytokine, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β), on Ag-NPs would modulate the immune response to Ag-NPs and improve the efficiency of tolerance induction. TGF-β was coupled to the surface of Ag-NPs such that the loadings of Ag and TGF-β were independently tunable. The particles demonstrated bioactive delivery of Ag and TGF-β in vitro by reducing the inflammatory phenotype of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and inducing regulatory T cells in a coculture system. Using an in vivo mouse model for mult...
Evaluating the environmental impact of traffic congestion based on sparse mobile crowd-sourced data

Traffic congestion at arterial intersections and freeway bottleneck degrades the air quality and threatens the public health. Conventionally, air pollutant are monitored by sparsely-distributed Quality Assurance Air Monitoring Sites. Sparse mobile crowd-sourced data, such as cellular network data and GPS data, provide an alternative approach to evaluate the environmental impact of traffic congestion. This research establishes a framework for traffic-related air pollution evaluation using sparse mobile data and PeMS data. The proposed framework integrates traffic state model, emission model (EMFAC) and dispersion model (AERMOD). It develops an effective tool to evaluate the environmental impact of traffic congestion in an accurate, timely and economic way. The proposed model is applicable to varying traffic conditions and multiple transport modes on either urban arterial or freeways. The proposed system will provide suggestions to the transportation operator and public health officials to alleviate the risk of air pollutant, and can serve as a platform for other potential applications, such as eco-routing and eco-signal timing.
Evidence for solar particle production above approximately 75 GeV.

Observations of solar particles in the energy region above ∼75 GeV provide good evidence for particle acceleration during the initial phase of a solar flare.
Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix – diagnostic challenges and treatment updates: a case report and review of the literature

Goblet cell carcinoid is a rare but distinct entity of appendiceal tumors which is a hybrid or mixed tumor consisting of both epithelial (glandular) and neuroendocrine elements containing goblet cells. This entity is important to recognize and appropriately grade as it tends to be more aggressive than typical carcinoid tumors, often presenting with metastatic disease. As a result, the 5-year overall survival is 14–22% in stage III–IV disease. GCC therefore warrants more aggressive surgical and medical (chemotherapy) interventions than typical carcinoid tumors. Through this case report we give a brief update on GCC pathological features, staging, surgical management, and review the literature as a guide to indications for chemotherapy and choice of agents. We present the case of a 77-year-old Caucasian man with a history of stage I adenocarcinoma of transverse colon status post transverse colectomy who was incidentally found on surveillance colonoscopy to have an abnormal appendiceal orifice lesion. A biopsy revealed an appendiceal goblet cell carcinoid and he underwent a right hemicolectomy which revealed a pathologic stage III GCC for which he received eight cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine. It is essential that patients who have tumors > 2 cm, are pT3 or pT4, have higher grade histology with signet ring (Tang grade B or grade C), locally advanced, or with positive surgical margins on appendectomy undergo a right hemicolectomy. Although there is no category 1 evidence, consensus recommendations are that patients with stage II (particularly Tang B and C) and stage III GCC be offered adjuvant chemotherapy with a regimen based on 5-fluorouracil, as these patients are known to have high rates of relapse.
Hotspot analysis and empirical correction through mask and wafer technology harmonization

Design weak points that have narrow process window and limits wafer yield, or hotspots, continue to be a major issue in semiconductor photolithography. Resolution enhancement techniques (RET) such as advanced optical proximity correction (OPC) techniques and source mask optimization (SMO) are employed to mitigate these issues. During yield ramp for a given technology node, full-chip lithography simulation, pattern-matching and machine learning are adopted to detect and remedy the weak points from the original design [1], [2]. This is typically an iterative process by which these points are identified in short-loop lithography testing. Design retarget and/or OPC modifications are made to enhance process window until the yield goal is met. This is a high cost and time consuming process that results in a slow yield ramp for existing production nodes and increased time to market (TTM) for new node introduction. Local hotspot correction through mask and wafer harmonization is a method to enhance wafer yield with low cost and short cycle time compared to the iterative method. In this paper, a fast and low cost approach to hotspot correction is introduced. Hotspots were detected on wafer after OPC and characterized by using advanced mask characterization and optimization (AMCO) techniques. Lithographic simulations and AIMS measurement were used to verify the hotspot correction method. Finally, the validity of this new approach was evaluated by process window analysis and circuit probe yield test at wafer.
Associations between gait coordination, variability and motor cortex inhibition in young and older adults

Interlimb coordination and gait performance diminish with age, posing a risk for gait-related injuries. Further, levels of inhibition within the motor cortex are significantly associated with coordination of the upper extremities in healthy aging, however, it is unknown if this same association exists for lower extremity control. To investigate the relationship between gait coordination and cortical inhibition we measured gait coordination via the phase coordination index and motor cortex inhibition via the cortical silent period in 14 young and 15 older adults. Gait coordination was reduced in older adults while walking at their self-selected pace, as was cortical inhibition, solely in the non-dominant motor cortex. Furthermore, young adults were better able to maintain lower extremity coordination and variability with reduced cortical inhibition, whereas older adults with increased cortical inhibition demonstrated better walking performance. These findings suggest a fundamental shift in the relationship between motor cortex inhibition and lower extremity control with age, similar to previous work demonstrating an age-related difference in the association between motor cortex inhibition with bimanual control.
National trends in Fontan operation and in-hospital outcomes in the USA

Background National prevalence and outcomes of Fontan operation in the USA is unknown. Study objective was to determine trends (temporal change) in the annual volume of Fontan operations, in-hospital mortality, postoperative complications and type of hospital discharge. Methods Review of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for patients that underwent Fontan operation from 2001 to 2014 using the International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification procedure code for Fontan operation, that is, 35.94. To evaluate for change in patients’ demographics over the years, we divided the patient population into four groups based on procedure year (2001–2004, 2005–2008, 2009–2011 and 2012–2014). Results An estimated 15 934 Fontan operations were performed in the USA from 2001 to 2014. Median (Q1–Q3) age was 3 (2–4) years and 39.8% were female. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome was the most common (29%) congenital heart disease diagnosis. An estimated 1175 procedures were performed in 2001 and 1340 in 2014, but there was no significant change in the number of procedures per year (p=0.47). There was significant decline in in-hospital mortality from 4.5% (53/1175) in 2001 to 1.1% (15/1340) in 2014 (p=0.009). When we compared event rates between 2001–2004 and 2012–2014 periods, there was significant decline in postoperative cardiac complications (12.6% (459/3640) to 8% (378/4706), p=0.007) and respiratory complications (17.1% (623/3640) to 10.2% (481/4706), p Conclusion On the average, 1062 Fontan operations are performed annually in the USA with no change in volume of procedures but a decrease in in-hospital mortality and postoperative complications over a 15-year period.
Commenti su Cole et al. (1992). II La parte intralcalderica del «Tufo di Galluccio» e la «Formazione di Garofali» del vulcano di Roccamonfina

Basandosi sul rinvenimento, awenuto nella caldera sommitale del vulcano di Roccamonfina, di un deposito di sedimenti lacustri separati dal sottostante Tufo Trachitico Bianco di Giannetti e Luhr (1983) per il tramite di un paleosuolo, Coleet al. (1992) ritengono che detto tufo (che essi chiamano «Galluccio Tuff», «GT») si sia formato in piu di un evento eruttivo. Tuttavia, un sedimento lacustre non implica necessariamente un evento eruttivo, cosicche il GT intracalderico di Coleet al. (1992) non risulta rappresentato da eventi eruttivi ben distinti nel tempo. In realta, la parte intracalderica del Tufo Bianco consiste di 4 unita separate da paleosuoli. In particolare, l’unita contenente grosse pomici basali appare correlabile con l’Unita E della stratigrafia del Tufo Bianco quale riconosciuta da Giannetti, mentre i depositi intra-calderici attribuiti al GT da Coleet al. (1992) corrispondono alla Unita B della sequenza stratigrafica in parola. Secondo Coleet al. (1992), i depositi intracalderici di GT si succederebbero verso l’alto con la «Formazione di Garofali», che sarebbe costituita da «unita» e «membri» piu basici del Tufo di Galluccio. Inoltre, estesi laghi intracalderici si sarebbero formati durante l’eruzione di GT e nelle fasi iniziali della Formazione di Garofali, mentre effimeri laghi caratterizzerebbero quest’ultima formazione durante le fasi finali della sua storia. In realta, le trachiti della Formazione di Garofali costituiscono unita del Tufo Bianco, e soltanto le trachiandesiti ed i trachibasalti rappresentano termini autonomi posteriori al Tufo Bianco. Inoltre, durante le fasi iniziali della attivita di quest’ultimo non si formarono bacini lacustri intracalderici, mentre un esteso lago e localizzati, effimeri laghi si originarono durante le fasi centrale e finali dell’eruzione del Tufo Bianco, rispettivamente nel settore centrale ed in settori periferici della caldera. Infine, effimeri laghi intracalderici si formarono anche successivamente all’eruzione del Tufo Bianco. A differenza di quanto ammettono Coleet al. (1992), e improbabile che l’eruzione del Tufo Bianco abbia causato significative modificazioni della cinta calderica.
Prediction of the Effect of Naturally Occurring Missense Mutations on CellularN-Acetyl-GlucosaminidaseEnzymatic Activity

ABSTRACT In 2015, the Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation (CAGI) proposed a challenge to devise a computational method for predicting the phenotypic consequences of genetic variants of a lysosomal hydrolase enzyme known as α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU). In 2014, the Human Gene Mutation Database released that 153 NAGLU mutations associated with MPS IIIB and 90 of them are missense mutations. The ExAC dataset catalogued 189 missense mutations NAGLU based on exome sequence data from about 60,000 individual and 24 of them are known to be disease associated. Biotechnology company, BioMarin, has quantified the relative functionality of NAGLU for the remaining subset of 165 missense mutations. For this particular challenge, we examined the subset missense mutations within the ExAC dataset and predicted the probability of a given mutation being deleterious and relating this measure to the capacity of enzymatic activity. In doing so, we hoped to learn the degree to which changes in amino acid physicochemical properties are tolerable for NAGLU function. Amino acid substitution (AAS) prediction methods are mainly based on the sequence and structure information. Simple comparisons between different AAS methods are not only difficult, but also irrational because each method was tested on various datasets and based on varied versions of databases. Currently, several AAS prediction methods have been introduced. PolyPhen-2, an updated version of PolyPhen, is a tool used to predict possible impacts of an amino acid substitution on the structure and function. Users are required to provide protein or SNP identifiers, protein sequences, substitution positions, etc. A score is provided, ranging from 0 to 1, corresponding to the probability of a mutation resulting in no functionality for the enzyme Once the probability scores were generated, the dataset was then run through multiple machine learning algorithms to generate an applicable model for predicting the enzymatic activity of MPS IIIB-related mutations. This prediction was generated using the PolyPhen-2 probability score and other information about the mutation (amino acid type, location, allele frequency, etc.) as input feature variables. This generated a predicted aggregate score for each mutation, which was then reported back to CAGI. The results of the analysis are significant enough to hold confidence that the scores are decent predictors of enzymatic activity given a mutation in the NAGLU amino acid sequence.
High-Content Analysis of Constitutive Androstane Receptor Nuclear Translocation

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3) is a xenobiotic receptor that upregulates metabolism and detoxification mechanisms in the liver in response to chemical stimulation. Drug-induced activation of CAR may result in clinically significant drug-drug interactions and lead to complicated therapeutic outcomes. Accumulating evidence has also suggested that CAR may be a potential drug target for metabolic disorders and liver cancer by modulating cell cycle progression, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. Therefore, identification of CAR activators is of potential importance in both drug development and clinical practice. Notably, while CAR is localized in the nucleus and constitutively activated in immortalized cell lines, it is sequestered in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus upon chemical-provoked activation in primary cultured hepatocytes. Here, we have developed a methodology that takes advantage of nuclear translocation being the first and essential step of CAR activation in human primary hepatocytes to perform high-content screening of human CAR modulators by adapting the EYFP-hCAR translocation assay to a 96-well format with automated sample dispensing and fluorescence imaging analysis.
Desert, Harm Reduction, and Moral Education: The Case for a Tortfeasor Penalty

Those found liable for negligently injuring others are required to compensate them, but current practices permit most tort feasors to spread the costs of their liability burdens through the purchase of insurance. Those found guilty of criminal offences, however, are not allowed to shift the burdens of their sentences onto others. Yet the reasons for not allowing criminal offenders to shift such burdens – harm reduction, retribution, and moral education – also appear to retain some force in relation to negligent tort feasors. Arguments for and against limiting the abilities of negligent tort feasors to spread such costs, thus imposing a penalty on them, are discussed. The conclusion reached is that further consideration of such a penalty is warranted.
The Politics of Eradication and the Future of LGBT Rights

The debate over LGBT rights has always been a debate over the right of LGBT people to exist. This article explores the politics of eradication and the institutional forces that are brought to bear on LGBT claims for visibility, recognition, and dignity. In its most basic form, the desire to eradicate LGBT identities finds expression in efforts to “cure” or “convert” LGBT people, especially LGBT youth. It is also reflected in present day policy initiatives, such as the recent wave of anti-LGBT legislation that has been introduced in states across the country. The politics of eradication has prompted the Trump administration to reverse many Obama-era initiatives that recognized and protected LGBT people. It is also at the heart of a proposal to promulgate a federal definition of gender that could remove any acknowledgment of transgender people from federal programs and civil rights protections. This article is divided into three sections that each uses a distinct institutional lens: science, law, and religion. The first section engages the field of science, which helped produce the initial iterations of LGBT identity. It charts the evolution of scientific theories regarding LGBT people and places a special emphasis on how these theories were used to further both LGBT subordination and liberation. The second section shifts the focus to the legal battles over LGBT rights that began in the 1990s at approximately the same time the scientific community started its exploration of the biological underpinnings of LGBT identities. It reviews the legal advancements that were facilitated, at least in part, by the emerging scientific theories of LGBT immutability and a growing public commitment to the inherent dignity of LGBT people. The third and final section focuses on religion and morality. Today, the same types of claims that once justified anti-LGBT laws are being used to advocate for religious and moral exemptions from laws designed to protect the dignity of LGBT people. With this turn back to religion, the cycle of subordination has come full circle. Although the means have changed, the goal to eradicate LGBT identities – whether from public life or more targeted venues – remains the same. A brief conclusion discusses the future of LGBT rights and why it is imperative to counter the politics of eradication by continuing to assert the intrinsic morality of LGBT identities and humanity of LGBT people.
Fostering Civic Agency in an American Government Course

Scholars and commentators are increasingly concerned about the erosion of democratic norms in the United States. Political science education stands at the forefront of higher education’s mission to create an educated citizenry, and civic education is linked to outcomes like civic engagement and trust in government. Much of the research on civic education, however, examines how different classroom interventions affect students’ intentions of engaging civically in the future. This study argues that between intention and action lies agency. Specifically, it examines whether an introductory course in American government increases civic agency. A new scenario-based method of measuring civic agency is also introduced. The study finds that civic agency does in fact increase, with students sharpening their calculus of engagement. They better understand where they can best engage and how. Increasing agency lays the foundation for future engagement when students care about an issue enough to weigh in.
Developing strategies for positive change: Transitioning foster youth to adulthood

Abstract Foster youth encounter numerous challenges before reaching adulthood, with lingering impacts in many aspects of their lives once they leave state care: academic, employment, financial, housing, mental health, parenting, and social. In Hamilton County, Ohio, emancipating youth encounter similar struggles, limiting academic success for some participants in the Higher Education Mentoring Initiative (HEMI). This study utilized a Group-Level Assessment (GLA), an action-based, participatory research process, to generate information from various foster care system stakeholders, including foster youth, about the specific barriers and contextual factors that impact transitioning foster youth locally. Five themes emerged from the GLA process along with two, critical capacities necessary for successful outcomes: individual support and personal development. Post-research local action group community endeavors and implications to help transitioning youth experience more positive outcomes are discussed.
Identity and Buddhism in Can Xue’s Frontier

Can Xue’s Chinese novel, Frontier, seems to have little coherence. It is often thought to offer a pastiche of dream images. However, an understanding of Zen Buddhism, provided by T. P. Kasulis’ Zen...