cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Astrophysics from the Moon.

The moon offers mixed blessings as a site for astronomical observatories, and some of these are presented in Tables I and II (see the paper by Smith for a more complete discussion). The advantages are so strong that they make the moon a unique site for certain kinds of observatories, particularly those which feature very large telescopes or interferometric arrays of large dimensions, and those that require a presence beyond the screening effect of the earth’s magnetic field. More than one hundred scientists gathered at Annapolis, Maryland for a Workshop on Astrophysics from the Moon (Feb. 5–7, 1990), and discussed these questions in considerable detail (Mumma and Smith 1990). The objective was to examine the astrophysical frontiers of the 21st century, and to identify those which require the presence of astrophysical observatories on the moon for their successful address. The scope of the Workshop was defined to include all areas of space astronomy. It was assumed that the base program of space astronomy will have been completed prior to the emplacement of lunar-based observatories, thus that the four Great Observatories, the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, the Orbiting Solar Laboratory, the Coronagraphic Imaging and Astrometric Telescope Facility, and the Earth-Orbital Planetary Telescope will all have been accomplished. The Workshop participants tried to look beyond the scientific objectives to be addressed with those Earth-orbiting facilities to the next generation of scientific frontiers, which are associated with the very small, the very distant, and the very faint. This paper summarizes some of the ideas presented there, but these are presented in much greater detail in the published Proceedings (Mumma and Smith 1990).
Evaluation of a Technique to Simplify Depictions of Visually Complex Aeronautical Procedures for NextGen

Performance based navigation supports the design of more precise flight procedures. However, these new procedures can be visually complex, which may impact the usability of charts that depict the procedures. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether there are performance benefits from simplifying aeronautical charts that depict visually complex flight procedures by separating the procedures onto different chart images. Forty-seven professional pilots participated. They used high-fidelity current and modified charts to find specific information from approach and Standard Instrument Departure (SID) chart images that were shown one at a time on a computer monitor. Response time and accuracy were recorded. Results show a consistent and significant reduction in the time to find information from the simplified chart images. Response time varied linearly with a simple clutter metric, the sum of visual elements in the depiction, indicating serial visual search. Most questions were answered with high accuracy, but some questions about altitude constraints yielded low accuracies.
Failure of optical fibers with thin hard coatings

The strength of optical fibers with a thin brittle coating is examined. The inert strength of optical fibers coated with carbon (hermetic fibers) has been observed to be less than that of standard optical fibers. A fracture mechanics model was developed to explain the mechanism of this strength reduction. The model, based on the cracking of thin films in residual tension, will be used to predict growth of flaws from the carbon film and penetrating into the substrate. The model can be applied to all brittle coatings where delamination of the coating is not observed. Conditions under which cracks in the carbon film propagate into the substrate were investigated using a recently developed superposition scheme. The failure stress of the fiber was predicted using the fracture mechanics model and experimentally measured values of the properties of the film. The predicted values of strength are compared with the measured values of the strength and the difference is less than 10%
Changing Students’ Perceptions of Inequality?: Combining Traditional Methods and a Budget Exercise to Facilitate a Sociological Perspective

Budget exercises are frequently used in introductory and social problems courses to facilitate student understanding of income inequality. But do these exercises actually lead to greater sociological understanding? To explore this issue, the authors studied undergraduate students enrolled in introductory sociology courses during the 2008-2009 academic year. Using a unique pretest-pretest-posttest design, the authors captured student perceptions of issues of socioeconomic inequality at the beginning of the course, after completion of a traditional unit on stratification, and after participation in a budget exercise. The unique study design allows the authors to examine if and how students make gains in understanding inequality sociologically. They also consider other learning objectives, including fostering an appreciation of obstacles to social mobility and increasing general knowledge about inequality. The results suggest that both budget exercises and a traditional pedagogical unit of lecture, reading, and discussion play limited roles in fostering at least short-term sociological understanding as related to these goals.
The Silent Crisis: Children Hurt by Current Immigration Enforcement Policies

“My father went into that house and never came out. Now my mother went into that house. If she doesn’t come out, who will take care of me? Will you take care of me?” 4-year-old Jessie asked a woman she had just met that morning, who had accompanied her mother to an office building. Jessie’s father, Edy, with his request for political asylum from Guatemala denied, was arrested in the Immigration and Customs Enforcement building in Burlington, Massachusetts, in late 2012. He was deported 2 weeks later, after 20 years in the United States. He had worked for the same family business for 15 years, paying taxes, making Social Security and Medicare contributions, and paying a lawyer $15 000 over the years for promises of adjusting his immigration status. Edy had gone to the Immigration and Customs Enforcement office with Jessie, believing this was just another step in his process of status adjustment. That day, Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers told Edy he was under arrest and would be deported. They told him to call Jessie’s mother, Ana, who was undocumented from Brazil, and have her pick up their daughter, who otherwise would be placed in an institution. They then told Ana they would deport her without Jessie unless she signed a document stating that she was leaving the country voluntarily. Ana signed. Jessie became nervous and aggressive. She thought
The nature of literacy in a technology‐rich, fourth‐grade classroom

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of literacy in a technology‐rich classroom. I was a participant‐observer for five months in a fourth‐grade classroom that had 26 students, 35 computers, and a variety of other technologies. Using naturalistic methods, four literacy patterns emerged: (a) the public nature of literacy, (b) the semiotic nature of literacy, (c) the transitory nature of literacy, and (d) the publishing nature of literacy. These findings build on other studies of literacy and technology, provide an overarching framework for understanding several other studies, contribute to calls for new conceptions of literacy, and highlight the need for continued investigations into the match between evolving forms of literacy and current foci in literacy instruction.
Spatial characterization and analysis of the campus residential waste stream at a small private Liberal Arts Institution

Abstract The generation and management of solid waste on college campuses have presented challenges to pursuing institutional sustainability. Characterizing, analyzing, and understanding the composition of a campus’ residential waste stream is a critical first step toward developing successful and effective waste management strategies across university campuses. This study presents a multi-year (2008–2011) assessment of the composition and spatial variability of the residential waste stream, by both weight and volume, at Furman University, a small private Liberal Arts Institution in Greenville, SC, United States. Waste audits were conducted on a dumpster by dumpster basis over the three-year period, with garbage being sorted into eight separate waste categories. Of the total 587.4 kg and 14.8 m3 of residential waste sampled, 25% by weight and 41% by volume could have been recycled under the university's current waste management program, and 61% by weight and 63% by volume could have been diverted from the landfill through a combination of the university's recycling plan, the county's recycling program, and the composting of food waste. Distinct spatial differences were found in the composition of the waste stream with regards to the glass, compost material, and cardboard content among the different housing complexes. Our analysis found the observed variability to be the result of differences in the age and class of the student residents, the meal plans of the residents, social patterns of alcohol consumption within the residence halls, and the presence or absence and quantity of kitchens in each building. Design of an efficient waste management program requires not only an assessment of the waste stream, but also an understanding of the mechanisms and behaviors responsible for generating this garbage. The utility of site specific audits lies within their ability to capture these spatial differences in campus residential waste streams, allowing for specific recommendations for individual residential buildings on strategies for minimizing waste and improving recycling efforts.
Pirmenol for control of ventricular arrhythmias: oral dose-ranging and short-term maintenance study.

Abstract The antiarrhythmic efficacy and safety of oral pirmenol hydrochloride were assessed during a controlled, dose-ranging and short-term maintenance study in 12 patients with frequent (> 480/8 hours) premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). Eleven patients (92%) responded favorably (> 70% PVC suppression) to a trial of different doses. Mean interval (8-hour) suppression of PVC frequency was 95% in these 11 and 86% in the entire group. Twenty-four-hour suppression was similar in responders (88%). Repetitive PVCs were essentially eliminated. The mean effective dose was 316 mg/day (105 mg/8 hours). The average predose (trough) plasma concentration at the end of dose ranging was 1.4 μg/ml and the drug elimination half-life 7.3 hours (n = 12). Of 11 responding patients, 10 completed a 2-week outpatient trial. Pirmenol continued to be effective and tolerated in 8 patients, maintaining an overall average outpatient PVC suppression of 80%. The electrocardiographic intervals were mildly prolonged after multiple dosing (PR +7%, QRS +12%, QTc +8%; all p
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A DISTRIBUTED DATABASE INFERENCE CONTROLLER

We describe an approach for controlling certain unauthorized inferences in a multilevel secure distributed database management system. In such a system, two or more multilevel secure database management systems are connected via a trusted network. Furthermore, the environment that we have considered is a limited heterogeneous one where not all of the nodes handle the same accreditation ranges. In our approach, security constraints, which are rules that assign security levels to the data, are processed during the distributed query, update, and database design operations in such a way that users do not acquire information to which they are not authorized via logical deductions. We describe the design and implementation of the distributed inference controller which functions during the query operation.
Evolution from Amphibians to Birds and Mammals and the Abrupt Cessation of Nature’s Experiment at the Reptilian Stage

In Table 5, frogs and toads of the order Anura (descendants of the main labyrinthodont lineage of early amphibians) are compared to salamanders and newts of Urodela (lepospondyls side branch). It immediately becomes clear that their genomes reflect the fact that the two belong to different lineages.
Third-party certification of dietary supplements: prevalence and concerns.

ABSTRACTAccording to recent studies, over 50% of the general population (and nearly 70% of military personnel) report regular use of dietary supplements (DS). Military personnel may be at greater risk for adverse reactions to DS because of operational environments and stressors (extreme heat, altitude, or sleep deprivation) associated with military deployments and training. As a recent example, the Department of Defense placed a medical hold on all DS containing the ingredient 1,3-dimethylamylamine in response to several fatalities linked to the use of this product. This study investigated product certification for DS in military commissaries (grocery stores), exchanges (department stores), and civilian retail stores. Overall, only 12% of the available products were certified by an independent scientific agency. Consumers should be aware that most over-the-counter DS do not have independent certification of product integrity. Although “third-party certification” does not ensure DS safety or effectiveness,...
The Use of Stuffed Microbes in an Undergraduate Microbiology Course Increases Engagement and Student Learning

Student engagement, attention, and attendance during a microbiology lecture are crucial for student learning. In addition, it is challenging to cover a large number of infectious diseases during a one-semester introductory microbiology course. The use of visual aids helps students retain the information presented during a lecture. Here, I discuss the use of stuffed, plush microbes as visual aids during an introductory microbiology course. The incorporation of these stuffed microbes during a microbiology lecture results in an increase in engagement, interest, attendance, and retention of material.
Cytokine changes in castrate metastatic prostate cancer (CPMC) patients (pts) treated with ipilimumab (Ipi)

e16149 Background: Ipilimumab (Ipi) is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that blocks the inhibitory action of the checkpoint molecule CTLA-4. Recent data [Proc Amer Soc Clin Onc, Abstr#5004, 2008] f...
Abstract W MP75: Docosahexaenoic Acid Upregulates Iduna Expression in the Ischemic Penumbra and Protects Rat Brains Against Focal Ischemia

Introduction: Ring finger protein 146, also called Iduna, has been identified, as a neuroprotective protein. Iduna facilitates DNA repair and protects against cell death induced by NMDA receptor-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity or cerebral ischemia. Recently, we have shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) therapy improves functional and histological outcomes following experimental stroke. This study evaluated the time course expression of Iduna in the ischemic penumbra and the role of DHA in cerebral ischemia and its potential mechanism. METHODS: Thirty-six male SD rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) by poly-L-lysine-coated intraluminal suture. DHA (5 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) was administered IV at 3 h after the onset of MCAo and animals were sacrificed on days 1, 3 and 7 (n=6 rats per group). The neurological function was evaluated during occlusion (60 min), and on days 1, 3 and 7 after MCAo; a grading scale of 0-12 was employe...
Oxymetholone treatment for sickle cell anemia.

7 patients with sickle cell anemia were treated with oxymetholone for at least 2 months. Markedly increased basal rates of hemolysis and erythropoiesis were confirmed. The urinary erythropoietin excretion was either normal or lower than expected for the red cell mass and an expanded blood volume was due primarily to an increased plasma volume. After androgen therapy 6 patients demonstrated more than a 5-fold increase in urinary erythropoietin with an increase in red cell mass ranging from 17-75% above the control value. All showed a decline in serum iron level to the 25-75 mcg/100 ml range within 4 weeks after the start of therapy. Less marked changes followed lower oxymetholone doses. Reversible hepatic toxicity with a serum bilirubin concentration exceeding 50 mg/100 ml occurred in 1 patient. Androgenic hormone therapy may be useful for selected adult patients with sickle cell disease when severe anemia contributes to disease morbidity. (authors)
Digital Subtraction Angiography of the Intracranial Vascular System: Comparative Study in 55 Patients

Intracranial vessels were examined in 55 patients with both conventional selective catheterization and intravenous digital subtraction angiography using a prototype digital subtraction unit. In 65% of the patients, the digital subtraction angiogram was diagnostic, but the overall quality was inferior to conventional selective angiography. In 22%, the digital subtraction angiogram provided diagnostic information, but there was a significant chance of misinterpreting the results of the study. In 13% of cases, the subtraction angiogram was not diagnostic. As now developed, digital subraction angiography can replace conventional cerebral angiography for preoperative evaluation of the juxtasellar carotid artery prior to transphenoidal surgery because the large intracerebral vessels are consistently well visualized with digital subtraction. The dural sinuses are better visualized with digital subtraction than with conventional angiography because with digital subtraction all the vessels of the brain are opacified, whereas with conventional angiography, there is a mixture of opacified and unopacified blood in the sinuses. Combined with computed tomography, digital subtraction angiography can replace conventional angiography for determining the preoperative extent and vascularity of tumors. It can be used for postoperative evaluation of aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, extracranial to intracranial bypasses, and after the embolization of vascular lesions.
Preparation of Ultrafine ZnS by Solid State Reaction under Room Temperature

Ultrafine ZnS was prepared from Na 2S·9H 2O and Zn(Ac) 2·2H 2O by solid state reaction under room temperature. The nanoparticles were studied by, XRD, TEM,UV absorption,FT-IR spectrum.The results show that the diameter of ZnS namoparticles is rather than small(20 nm).The particles are single crystal phase (belong to cubic syngony),pure ,well dispersive. And ultraviolet absorption denonstrate the increased bandgap due to quantum confinement. IR of ZnS nanoparticles has no absorption.The effect of different dispertine, temperature on the average size of ZnS was studied. As Aid combustion agent, ZnS nanoparticle append the heavy oil-coal-water triplex liquid synfuel.The results show that ZnS increase evidently combustibility of the treated triplex synfuel.
Implementation of Improved DV-Hop Localization Algorithm for Coal Transpotation Line

DV-Hop localization algorithm,independent of the distance,is an important localization algorithm.The localization principle and error sources of the DV-Hop localization algorithm,are analyzed.In the complex environment for coal site,a localization supplementary means,RSSI ranging technology,is applied to reduce the localization error and improve the accuracy of this localization system.And LMS is used to improve the DV-Hop localization algorithm in the traditional wireless sensor networks.Simulation with MATLAB shows that,in the same network environment,by the improved algorithm,the accuracy increases by 8%.Therefore,the relative position of duty officer can be monitored more accurately.
Etiology of acute diarrhea in Pudong New Area,Shanghai,2012

Objective To understand the incidence pattern and etiological characteristics of acute diarrhea in Pudong New Area,Shanghai and provide evidence for the prevention and control of acute diarrhea. Methods Clinical samples were collected in 12 sentinel hospitals in Pudong in 2012 to detect 8 bacterial pathogens and 5 viral pathogens. Results From January to December 2012,clinical samples were collected from 2533 acute diarrhea cases in the sentinel hospitals.Among these cases,498 were infected with one bacterial pathogen(19. 66%) and 561 bacterial strains of were isolated,including 156 diarrheagenic Escherichiacoli coli(E. coli)strains(27. 81%),120 Salmonella strains(21. 39%) and 101 Aeromonas strains(18. 00%),and 716 were infected with one viral pathogen(28. 31%) and 756 viral strains were isolated,including 472 norovirus strains(65. 83%) and 164 rotavirus strains(21. 69%). The detection rate was high for bacteria during June-September and for viruses during January-March and during October-December. The detection rate of viruses was significantly higher than that of bacteria in any population( P 0. 001). The detection rate was obvious higher in adults than in children. Conclusion Acute diarrhea were mainly caused by viruses in Pudong,but the incidence of bacterial infection was still high. The incidence peaks of two type infections were different. The major pathogens causing bacterial infections were E. coli,Salmonella and Aeromonas and the major pathogens causing viral infections were norovirus and rotavirus. The pathogen spectrums of acute diarrhea in adults and children were different.
Immunodepression and malignancy.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews some of the experimental and clinical findings linking immunodepression with malignant development. This material has accumulated for the past two decades and sufficient information, whether contradictory or not, is now available to permit an appraisal of the role of immune functions as the regulators of tumor development in animals and man. The idea that immunodepression enhances malignant development has become an integral part of the experimental support of the immune surveillance theory. In its more formal presentations, the theory of immunological surveillance against neoplasia included some basic points, with variations in terminology, but which have appeared with regularity as an integral part of the theory. The degree of immunodepression obtained in many experiments is quite profound and is clearly of a different magnitude than the immune defects occasionally observed in tumor-bearing humans. If immune mechanisms are important in host resistance to antigenic malignancies, any interference with the normal expression of host immunity should facilitate malignant development. Thus, both clinical and experimental evidence indicates that the diseases or procedures that lower the immune functions in mammals are associated with a higher incidence of malignancies.
Energy Justice in Theory and Practice: Building a Pragmatic, Progressive Road Map

The field of energy poverty and energy justice has received increasing attention over the past couple of decades and there is a strong consensus that efforts to reduce energy poverty and establish energy justice are urgently needed, made all the more pressing by the need to address climate change. The objective of this chapter is to provide an empirically grounded framework for energy justice. First, the chapter establishes a positive, progressive frame that recognizes the current ‘crisis’ is part of an evolutionary process that progressive capitalism has repeatedly, successfully navigated in the past. Second, it offers a comprehensive theory of justice that is consistent with the history of a progressive market economy. Third, the chapter identifies specific policies to achieve justice in the energy sector, while preserving the dynamic economic and social forces of progressive capitalist markets. Sections 1 and 2 establish the fact that energy consumption is not only a primary good and fundamental capability that humans must have to participate fully in daily life in the twenty-first century. It is an enabling resource for many, perhaps even most, other capabilities. Without energy justice, there cannot be social justice. Section 3 supports the policies recommended to advance energy justice in progressive capitalist societies by emphasizing approaches that diminish the tension between progressive policies and economic efficiency. It gives the general prescriptions that one finds in policy analyses specificity by grounding them on welfare economics, which has been informed by the theory of distributive justice in progressive capitalist society.
Imperfect Union: Specialization and Quality

The common-pool model of local politics put forth in this book is based on the idea that special interest groups have disproportionate influence in special-purpose jurisdictions compared to general-purpose governments. The result is that special-purpose jurisdictions spend more on their particular services than a general-purpose government would spend when performing the same functions. In the aggregate, this leads to the prediction that the total size of the local budget will be larger when a given bundle of services is provided by many single-function governments than when it is provided by one general-purpose government. The empirical results in the preceding chapter support this prediction, providing strong evidence that taxes and spending are higher in counties where there are more special-function jurisdictions for each municipality, all else equal. The fiscal common-pool model, as developed in Chapter 3, does not make specific predictions about how special-function jurisdictions will spend their budgets. I merely postulate that there is an interest group that cares strongly about the service provided by each jurisdiction and prefers more spending on that service than other voters do. In considering the social desirability of special-function jurisdictions, however, an important question is whether they spend their additional revenue on providing higher-quality services or whether their inflated budgets simply reflect waste and inefficiency. Ultimately, the answer to this question hinges on the demands of the relevant interest groups.
Genetic variation in the insulin, insulin-like growth factor, growth hormone, and leptin pathways in relation to breast cancer in African-American women: the AMBER consortium

The insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and related pathways such as growth hormone, and leptin signaling have a key role in cancer development. It is unclear how germline variation in these pathways affects breast cancer risk. We conducted gene-based analyses of 184 genes in the insulin/IGF, growth hormone, and leptin pathways to identify genetic variation associated with risk of breast cancer overall, and for estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes. Tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for each gene were selected and genotyped on a customized Illumina SNP array. Imputation was carried out using 1000 Genomes haplotypes. The analysis included 91,627 SNPs genotyped or imputed in 3,663 breast cancer cases, (1,983 ER-positive and 1,098 ER-negative) and 4,687 controls from the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk consortium, a collaborative project of four large studies of breast cancer in African-American women (Carolina Breast Cancer Study, Black Women's Health Study, Women's Circle of Health Study, and Multiethnic Cohort). We used a multi-locus adaptive joint test to determine the association of each gene with overall breast cancer and ER subtypes. The most significant gene associations (P⩽0.01) were BAIAP2 and CALM2 for overall breast cancer; BAIAP2 and CSNK2A1 for ER+ breast cancer; and BRAF, BAD, and MAPK3 for ER− breast cancer. The association of BAD with ER− breast cancer was explained by a two-SNP risk model; all other associations were best explained by one-SNP risk models. In total, six genes and seven SNPs had suggestive associations with overall breast cancer or ER subtypes in African-American women. Variants in six genes involved in energy metabolism and growth contribute to the risk of developing breast cancer among African Americans. Edward Ruiz-Narvaez of Boston University, USA, and colleagues looked in a large collaborative study of African-American women for single nucleotide polymorphisms in 184 genes involved in insulin signaling and related pathways that control insulin-like growth factor, growth hormone and leptin levels. The analysis included 3,663 individuals with breast cancer and 4,687 controls. In total, the researchers discovered seven variants linked to six genes that were associated with breast cancer risk, including some that only contributed to subtypes based on whether tumors had receptors for estrogen or not. This knowledge could help African-American women gauge their cancer risk. The authors suggest future studies should look at how these gene variants interact.
Plaque Composition in the Proximal Superficial Femoral Artery and Peripheral Artery Disease Events

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to describe associations of the presence of lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC) in the proximal superficial femoral artery (SFA) with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) event rates and systemic cardiovascular event rates. Background LRNC in the coronary and carotid arteries is associated with adverse outcomes but has not been studied previously in lower extremity arteries. Methods Participants with ankle-brachial index (ABI) values Results Of 254 participants with PAD, 62 (24%) had LRNC and 149 (59%) had calcium in the SFA at baseline. Cox regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race, comorbidities, baseline ABI, and other confounders. SFA LRNC was associated with an increased incidence of the combined outcome of lower extremity amputation, critical limb ischemia, ABI decline >0.15, and revascularization at 47-month follow-up (hazard ratio: 2.18; 95% confidence interval: 1.27 to 3.75; p = 0.005). The association of SFA LRNC with PAD events was maintained even when this combined outcome excluded lower extremity revascularization (hazard ratio: 2.58; 95% confidence interval: 1.25 to 5.33; p = 0.01). LRNC in the SFA was not associated with all-cause mortality, acute coronary events, or stroke. Conclusions Among patients with PAD, LRNC in the SFA was associated with higher rates of clinical PAD events, and this association was independent of ABI. Further study is needed to determine whether interventions that reduce SFA LRNC prevent PAD events.
Pediatric Ocular Trauma: an Update

This article will review the recent literature and discuss the unique aspects to the presentation, evaluation, and treatment of pediatric ocular trauma. Ocular trauma occurs disproportionately in the pediatric population with injury rates and mechanisms similar throughout the world with only minor variation. Trauma in the pediatric population has the potential to cause devastating vision loss. Most injuries around the world present as closed-globe injuries; however, amongst those requiring hospitalization, open-globe injuries and traumatic hyphemas are common. Orbital fractures are relatively rare in the pediatric population, but they can present in a unique manner and the location of the fracture can vary based on the developmental stage of the orbital bones. The treatment of ocular trauma needs to be tailored to the particular injury; however, the first rule should be primum non nocere: first, do no harm.
Identification of dynamical systems with structured uncertainty

In this paper, we consider the problem of parameter identification for models defined by dynamical systems with structured uncertainty. This type of problem often occurs in science and engineering and we show how parameter estimation can be improved by taking advantage of the specific structure of the model form. We distinguish between model identification and model calibration and discuss approaches to deal with model discrepancy when the systems are described by classes of parameterized models where the uncertainties have a specified structure. The results are applicable to problems where, in the process of modelling a complex system, one ignores ‘small’ parameters to obtain simplified models and when infinite-dimensional systems are approximated to obtain finite-dimensional models. We show for these common sources of model discrepancies, hierarchical modelling can be employed to aid in the development of prior knowledge about the model form caused by uncertain or ignored parameters. We focus on a speci...
Genteel Appropriations of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689–1762): Lady Louisa Stuart, William Moy Thomas, and the Rigors of Victorian Memoir

In the “Biographical Anecdotes” first included in the 1837 Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Lady Louisa Stuart, Montagu’s granddaughter, supplies a lively and sympathetic portrait of her controversial ancestor. Indeed, the portrait of Montagu that emerges from the 1837 volume remains an invaluable resource for modern feminist biographers and a remarkable piece of family history in its own right. This chapter evaluates Stuart’s biographical strategies, aligning them with the “Memoir of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu” penned by the editor William Moy Thomas in 1861. Tracing the affinities between the Victorian biographical paradigm and Montagu’s own strategies of epistolary self-representation, both the Victorian departures from Montagu’s printed, preserved letters and their allegiance to it are reconsidered in formal terms.
An Update on Telepsychiatry and How It Can Leverage Collaborative, Stepped, and Integrated Services to Primary Care

Introduction In this era of patient-centered care, telepsychiatry (TP; video or synchronous) provides quality care with outcomes as good as in-person care, facilitates access to care, and leverages a wide range of treatments at a distance. Method This conceptual review article explores TP as applied to newer models of care (e.g., collaborative, stepped, and integrated care). Results The field of psychosomatic medicine (PSM) has developed clinical care models, educates interdisciplinary team members, and provides leadership to clinical teams. PSM is uniquely positioned to steer TP and implement other telebehavioral health care options (e.g., e-mail/telephone, psych/mental health apps) in the future in primary care. Together, PSM and TP provide versatility to health systems by enabling more patient points-of-entry, matching patient needs with provider skills, and helping providers work at the top of their licenses. TP and other technologies make collaborative, stepped, and integrated care less costly and more accessible. Conclusion Effective health care delivery matches the intensity of the services to the needs of a patient population or clinic, standardizes interventions, and evaluates both process and clinical outcomes. More research is indicated on the application of TP and other technologies to these service delivery models.
An Evaluation of Critical Thinking in Competency-Based and Traditional Online Learning Environments.

Non-term, direct assessment competency-based education (CBE) represents a significant re-imagining of the structure of higher education. By regulating students’ progress through the program based on their mastery of tightly defined competencies rather than based on the time spent learning them, this learning environment affords students far greater flexibility than traditional programs. This focus on defined competencies has led to concerns that students in these types of programs may not demonstrate higher-level skills, such as critical thinking, at levels comparable to those enrolled in more traditional programs. This study evaluated 39 students’ demonstration of critical thinking in two assessments administered in parallel versions of one course: one offered through the non-term, direct assessment CBE University of Wisconsin Flexible Option, and the other offered through a traditional online program. For this study, each of the 78 assessments was scored using the critical thinking rubric from the Valid Assessment of Learning in Undergraduate Education (VALUE) project. We found that students from the CBE version of the course received significantly higher (p=.0013) overall scores than the students in the traditional online version of the course. While further research is required to refine these methods and ensure the generalizability of these results, they do not support concerns about students’ abilities in this learning environment.
Kallikreins, kinins and cardiovascular diseases: a short review.

Studies of kallikrein-kinin systems since the 1930's have now led to substantial insight into the importance of this vasoactive system in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function. It now seems clear that before long, these insights will lead to new therapeutic attacks upon diseases of the cardiovascular system and kidneys. This survey of notable recent work also emphasizes the fact that few of these fascinating new findings would have been produced without the stimulus of the initial discoveries of Hector R Croxatto.
Myofibroblast transformation of cat corneal endothelium by transforming growth factor-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3.

Purpose Under certain pathophysiologic conditions, the corneal endothelium can produce an abnormal posterior collagenous layer (PCL) that reduces light transmission. Previous studies suggest that formation of PCLs can result from transformation of endothelial cells to a proliferative myofibroblast phenotype. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta on corneal endothelial transformation. Methods Three corneal buttons (6-mm diameter) were obtained from each cornea of 28 adult cats. After a 2-mm diameter mechanical scrape injury was made, each button was cultured for 24, 48, or 72 hours in serum-free medium (SFM) or SFM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, TGF-gamma1, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or TGF-beta1 and bFGF. Buttons were single and double labeled using phalloidin and antibodies to ZO-1, Ki67, fibronectin, alpha-smooth muscle (SM) actin, and vinculin. Counts of Ki67-positive cells were used as a measure of endothelial proliferation. Results Organ culture in TGF-beta1, beta2, or beta3 induced myofibroblast transformation of corneal endothelial cells, with formation of stress fibers containing alpha-SM actin, loss of normal pericellular ZO-1 organization, development of extracellular fibronectin fibrils, and formation of focal contacts as indicated by punctate vinculin staining. However, TGF-beta3 did not stimulate endothelial proliferation above that in serum-free control samples. Serum and bFGF each stimulated proliferation significantly, without inducing myofibroblast transformation. A combination of TGF-beta1 and bFGF resulted in both myofibroblast transformation and increased proliferation. Conclusions These results suggest that TGF-beta plays a key role in the loss of normal endothelial differentiation, abnormal extracellular matrix synthesis, and myofibroblast transformation, which can induce development of PCLs. However, other factors such as bFGF seem to be required to stimulate concomitant proliferation of corneal endothelium.
Wild, native bees and managed honey bees benefit from similar agricultural land uses

Abstract Although both managed and unmanaged bees are important pollinators of crops and wild plants, efforts to address questions about landscapes that best support pollinators often focus on either wild pollinators or honey bees. This study examined if there was concordance between the success of wild bee communities and managed honey bee colonies at sites varying in floral availability and disturbance level in a predominantly agricultural landscape. We also determined which agricultural land uses best supported wild bee communities. The study area in the state of North Dakota in Northern Great Plains in North America is home to understudied native bee communities as well as over ¼ of U.S. commercial honey bee colonies during the summer months. There is an assumption that honey bees can do well in agricultural areas but that wild bees need natural areas to thrive. We compared wild bee community success with health and survival of managed honey bees (data obtained from a related study) at six apiary locations over three years. We examined wild bee communities and surrounding land uses at 18 locations, three of which were spatially associated with each of six apiary locations. Wild bee abundance and species diversity were positively correlated with honey production, a measure of honey bee success, indicating that locations supporting successful honey bee colonies also supported successful wild bee communities. Grasslands, bee-forage crops, wooded areas, and wetlands were associated with increased abundance, species diversity, or functional diversity of wild bee communities. Crops not providing forage for bees, predominantly soybean, corn, and wheat, were associated with decreased functional diversity, decreased above-ground nesting bees and bees with shorter active season durations, and decreased honey bee survival. Pollinator conservation efforts retaining and enhancing grasslands, wooded areas, wetlands, and crops providing bee forage will likely support the growth, reproduction, and survival of diverse wild bee communities and the success of managed honey bees in areas dominated by intensive agriculture.
DIMA: a d epthwise CNN i n- m emory a ccelerator

In this work, we first propose a deep depthwise Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structure, called Add-Net, which uses bi-narized depthwise separable convolution to replace conventional spatial-convolution. In Add-Net, the computationally expensive convolution operations (i.e. Multiplication and Accumulation) are converted into hardware-friendly Addition operations. We meticulously investigate and analyze the Add-Net's performance (i.e. accuracy, parameter size and computational cost) in object recognition application compared to traditional baseline CNN using the most popular large scale ImageNet dataset. Accordingly, we propose a Depthwise CNN In-Memory Accelerator (DIMA) based on SOT-MRAM computational sub-arrays to efficiently accelerate Add-Net within non-volatile MRAM. Our device-to-architecture co-simulation results show that, with almost the same inference accuracy to the baseline CNN on different data-sets, DIMA can obtain ∼1.4× better energy-efficiency and 15.7× speedup compared to ASICs, and, ∼1.6× better energy-efficiency and 5.6× speedup over the best processing-in-DRAM accelerators.
Critical Care Management of the ACHD Patient with Heart Failure

As more patients with congenital heart disease live into adulthood, the burden of late complications of their condition, especially heart failure, will continue to increase. Clinicians currently rely on well-established guidelines based on robust clinical trials to provide evidence-based treatment for adults without congenital heart disease who are hospitalized with heart failure. The management of adult patients with congenital heart disease in heart failure, however, is less well defined, and the correct course of action may not always be apparent. The adult population of patients with congenital heart disease is a very heterogeneous group that comprises many different physiologic states and a variety of surgical repairs. Patients with systemic left ventricles will manifest with heart failure symptoms differently than patients with a single ventricle or those with a systemic right ventricle. This chapter will discuss the presentation of heart failure in varying types of adult congenital cardiac conditions and the nuanced and individualized treatments required to manage each patient successfully through an exacerbation of heart failure requiring hospitalization.
Hybrid Hadronization.

We discuss Hybrid Hadronization, a hadronization model which interpolates between string fragmentation in dilute parton systems and quark recombination in dense parton systems. We lay out the basic principles, discuss some details of the implementation, and show some prelimiary results. Hybrid Hadronization is realized as a software package which works with PYTHIA 8 and will be released publicly in the near future.
Design optimization of bottom-hole assembly to reduce drilling vibration

Abstract Drilling vibration has been considered as one of the major undesirable drill-string dynamics. This paper establishes a framework to optimize the design of the bottom hole assembly (BHA) such that the BHA structure is resilient against vibration. Firstly, a high-fidelity BHA model is established using the finite element method (FEM), which considers the buckling effects caused by the weight on bit (WOB) and the contact between stabilizers and wellbore. Then, vibration indices, such as the BHA strain energy and the stabilizer side force, are derived using the FEM model to evaluate BHA vibration. The stabilizer positions can determine the indices through influencing the boundary conditions; therefore, designing stabilizer positions to reduce drilling vibration can be formulated as an optimization problem to minimize the BHA vibration indices over the operational range. The cost function is non-convex within feasible domain and cannot be expressed explicitly in terms of stabilizer positions. The derivative-free genetic algorithm (GA) is selected to solve the non-convex problem, where parallel computation is implemented to expedite the computational process. For model verification, the finite element analysis of a BHA is conducted and compared against analytical solutions and existing literature and shows a good agreement. A production BHA is optimized following the proposed method. GA can optimize the stabilizer positions with high accuracy and low computational cost. The strain energy and stabilizer side force of the redesigned BHA are significantly reduced compared with the original design, which results in a much better BHA dynamic performance and less drilling vibration.
Scaling Intel® Software Guard Extensions Applications with Intel® SGX Card

Cloud computing revolutionized the way internet-scale services are deployed and scaled. However, general security concerns and protecting business critical data are still major factors holding companies back from moving their IT infrastructure to the cloud. Intel® Software Guard Extensions (Intel® SGX) technology provides a hardware enforced trusted execution environment specifically developed to compute on confidential data in untrusted public clouds. To date, Intel SGX is available only on single-socket platforms and its secure memory limited to 128 MB.This paper describes how the Intel SGX Card makes the Intel SGX technology available on dual-socket server platforms today and easily integrated into existing data center infrastructure. Also, with software enabling, there is potential for applications to scale-out across the cards's three Intel® Xeon® E3 processors for additional secure memory. We propose four software architectures to efficiently utilize the card's resources and present use cases that benefit from Intel SGX card based deployments.
Control of RhI(CO)2 Formation on Rh/Al2O3 Catalysts by Complexation of Surface −OH Groups Using NH3

It has been shown that the isolated −OH groups present on a Rh/Al2O3 catalyst form a weak H-bonded complex by exposure to gas-phase NH3 at 298 K. This reversible complex suppresses the tendency for isolated −OH groups to participate in the oxidation of metallic Rh, forming RhI(CO)2/Al2O3 species in the presence of a CO atmosphere. There is no IR spectroscopic evidence for the formation of NH4+ during surface complexation. However, evidence for NH2 formation at Lewis base sites on Al2O3 is found.