cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The international human right to health: what does this mean for our nation and world?

Throughout my career, I have searched for ways to compel access to needed health services of all types for all people in need. My search would be simple if there were a legal mandate in some source of law that required societies through their governments to assure adequate and affordable health care services. Unfortunately, at least in the United States, the right to health is not generally a legal right. Thus, whether one recognizes a right to health depends on one’s political persuasion and moral values. In other words, a “right to health” is an option. But international human rights law—which is now in the course of astonishing and rich development—may provide a legal mandate for a right to health in the United States and other nations. This is the subject of my paper: What does the international human right to health mean for the United States and the world? What is the “right to health?” This preliminary issue is the subject of much debate. I will talk more about this issue later. But for now, a right to health could be understood on a continuum. At a minimum, it could mean a right to conditions that protect health in the population. It might also include civil and political rights with respect to access to population-based and personal health care services. At most, it could also include provision of medical care for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury for those unable to pay. Defining the content of a right to health is a formidable challenge. But the challenge should not impede the recognition and development of a human right to health in international human rights law. For such definitional problems attend many human rights and particularly those affirmative economic, social and cultural human rights that are now coming into their own in the post-Cold War World. The idea of an international human right to health is gaining attention and currency throughout the world today. For example, in 1998, a Consortium of 1
Optimal arrangements of cartridges in carousel type mass storage systems

Optimal arrangements of cartridges and file partitioning schemes are examined in carousel type mass storage systems using Markov decision theory. It is shown that the Organ-Pipe Arrangement is optimal under different storage configurations for both the anticipatory as well as the non-anticipatory versions of the problem. When requests arrive as per an arbitrary renewal process this arrangement is also shown to minimize the mean queueing delay and the time spent in the system by the requests
Data Revisions in India and its Implications for Monetary Policy

This paper studies data revision properties of GDP growth and inflation as measured by the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) for the Indian economy. We find that data revisions to GDP growth and WPI inflation in India are significant. The results show that revisions to GDP growth and WPI inflation can not be characterized as either containing pure news or pure noise. We also find that there is a significant predictable component in revisions to GDP growth and inflation. Our findings suggest that if the Reserve Bank of India were to follow a Taylor rule for its monetary policy formulation, then the interest rate based on the preliminary data would be much lower than the one based on the fully revised data.
Variations on a theme: Long-term growth of government

The growth of the federal government has been studied extensively for the past 20 years, both to understand its size and potential for growth and to understand why it grows and operates as it does. This article presents an argument about the growth and operation of government and explores measures of long-term growth. The article suggests that one should not expect any significant reduction in the scale or scope of government in the near future.
Earnings and Expected Returns

The aggregate dividend payout ratio forecasts excess returns on both stocks and corporate bonds in postwar U.S. data. High dividends forecast high returns. High earnings forecast low returns. The correlation of earnings with business conditions gives them predictive power for returns; they contain information about future returns that is not captured by other variables. Dividends and earnings contribute substantial explanatory power at short horizons. For forecasting long-horizon returns, however, only (scaled) stock prices matter. Forecasts of low long-horizon stock returns in the mid-1990s are caused not by earnings or dividends, but by high stock prices.
Evaluating the Source of the Risks Associated with Natural Events

Within philosophy there has been little discussion of the risks associated with natural events such as earthquakes. The first objective of this paper is to demonstrate why such risks should be the subject of more sustained philosophical interest. We argue that we cannot simply apply to risks associated with natural events those insights and frameworks for moral evaluation developed in the literature considering ordinary risks, technological risks and the risks posed by anthropogenic climate change. The second objective of this paper is to identify and develop a framework for the moral evaluation of the source of the risks associated with natural events, or the actions which sustain and impact such risks. Our discussion concentrates on the ways the construction and modification of built and natural environments can alter the probability of occurrence of natural events and the character and magnitude of the impact that such events have. We then argue for the need to develop a standard of reasonable care for decisions about the built and modified natural environment, which accounts for technical and resource constraints, as well as the place of natural hazard mitigation in public policy.
An Empirical Study of Certain Settlement-Related Motions for Vacatur in Patent Cases

When parties jointly move to vacate otherwise proper rulings as part of a settlement agreement, district courts often oblige. While the general practice of vacating rulings to facilitate settlement has been criticized in the academic literature as depriving the public of the benefit of judicial precedents, there are hardly any empirical studies on the prevalence of this practice and its effects, particularly at the district court level where the efficiencies arising from settlement—and the resulting pressure on the court to grant vacatur—are much greater compared to the appellate level. This Article endeavors to add an empirical study to the literature on settlement-related vacatur, focusing on district courts in the specific context of patent litigation. In patent cases, the impact of vacating rulings on the public interest is most acute where the affected ruling pertains to the scope, validity, or enforceability of a patent because the cost of relitigating those issues—without the economy of collateral estoppel—may dissuade potential challenges to suspect patents or unmeritorious infringement claims. The empirical study analyzes a dataset of 79 patent cases in which settlementrelated motions for vacatur were filed over a five-year period (January 2006 to January 2011) that targeted certain rulings adverse to patentees. In those 79 cases, motions for vacatur were granted in 62 cases (78.5%), denied in 15 cases (19%), and withdrawn by the parties in 2 cases (2.5%). The data reveal that district courts appear to prioritize near-term docket management concerns when granting vacatur—even when it would undermine judicial economy and the public interest. Indeed, district courts routinely granted vacatur without providing a reasoned explanation, without regard to the litigation history of the patent or the litigiousness of the patentee, and with a degree of alacrity that would effectively prevent interested third parties from filing timely motions to intervene to oppose vacatur. Overall, the data suggest that granting settlement-related vacatur is a false economy: it leaves the judiciary vulnerable to manipulation, and burdens the public with the anticompetitive effects of weak patents.
Punishment as reluctant moralism

Review of "Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles," by Andrew von Hirsch and Andrew Ashworth, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Information acquisition and full surplus extraction

Abstract It is well known that when agents' types are correlated, the mechanism designer can extract the entire surplus. This creates an incentive for agents to acquire information about other agents' types. Robust lotteries (are payment schemes that) support full extraction and partially robust lotteries support efficient implementation in the presence of information acquisition opportunities. Necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of robust and partially robust lotteries are derived. If an agent's information signal spans other agents' types then robust lotteries do not exist. However, if all agents report their signal realizations then robust lotteries exist in an extended type space.
On the Welfare Cost of Inflation and the Recent Behavior of Money Demand

Post-1980 U.S. data trace out a stable long-run money demand relationship of Cagan’s semi-log form between the M1-income ratio and the nominal interest rate, with an interest semi-elasticity of 1.79. Integrating under this money demand curve yields estimates of the welfare cost of modest departures from Friedman’s zero nominal interest rate rule for the optimum quantity of money that are quite small. The results suggest that the Federal Reserve’s current policy, which generates low but still positive rates of inflation, provides an adequate approximation in welfare terms to the alternative of moving all the way to the Friedman rule. JEL: E31, E41, E52.
The Contradiction in Money Management: A Cause for Evolutionary Change

The practice of modern portfolio theory and large shifts to professional money management exemplifly two contradictory trends. The attempt by plan sponsors to resolve this paradox is the driving force behind the investment management firm restructurings now taking place. Firms that recognize what is happening will be the firms to achieve business success in the future.
Complex ecologic–economic dynamics and environmental policy

Abstract Various complex dynamics in ecologic–economic systems are presented with an emphasis upon models of global warming dynamics and fishery dynamics. Chaotic and catastrophic dynamic patterns are shown to be possible, along with other complex dynamics arising from non-linearities in such combined systems. Problems associated with amplified oscillations due to these non-linear interactions in the combined interactions of human economic decisionmaking with ecological dynamics are identified and discussed. Implications for policy are examined with strong recommendations for greater emphasis, in particular upon the precautionary principle to avoid catastrophic collapses beyond critical thresholds and the Scale-Matching Principle to ensure that efforts to manage complex non-linear dynamics are directed at the appropriate levels of ecologic–economic interaction.
The Intertemporal Dynamics of Consumer Lock-In

This article examines how dynamic changes in information cost structure and time preferences affect consumers' search and switching behavior over time and lead to lock-in. The information cost structure is conceptualized as a trade-off of initial setup costs and ongoing usage costs. Lock-in is defined as consumers' decreased propensity to search and switch after an initial investment, which is determined both by a preference to minimize immediate costs and by an inability to anticipate the impact of future switching costs. The results of three experiments support the proposed mechanism. Experiment 1 shows that a small initial investment is sufficient to produce lock-in. Experiment 2 shows that the results of a prior investment on lock-in are not due to psychological commitment but to a shift in relative costs of incumbent and new options. Experiment 3 shows that respondents fail to anticipate how their prior investment will lock them in.
A Feeling of Unease About Privacy Law

This essay responds to Daniel Solove’s recent article, A Taxonomy of Privacy. I have read many of Daniel Solove’s privacy-related writings, and he has made many important scholarly contributions to the field. As with his previous works about privacy and the law, it is an interesting and substantive piece of work. Where it falls short, in my estimation, is in failing to label and categorize the very real harms of privacy invasions in an adequately compelling manner. Most commentators agree that compromising a person’s privacy will chill certain behaviors and change others, but a powerful list of the reasons why this is a negative phenomenon that the law should seek to prevent is not a significant attribute of Solove’s taxonomy. That omission left this reader a little concerned about the ultimate usefulness of the privacy framework that Solove has developed. To phrase it colloquially, in this author’s view, the Solove taxonomy of privacy suffers from too much doctrine, and not enough dead bodies. It frames privacy harms in dry, analytical terms that fail to sufficiently identify and animate the compelling ways that privacy violations can negatively impact the lives of living, breathing human beings beyond simply provoking feelings of unease. The word “taxonomy” in the title of the article suggests that the article will provide a hierarchical list of categories within which independent affronts to privacy can be compartmentalized. Per Solove’s introduction, the proposed introduction is pitched at “provid[ing] a framework for how the legal system can come to a better understanding of privacy.” Solove does not contest the validity of pri-
The value of U.S. patents by owner and patent characteristics

Abstract This paper uses renewal data to estimate the value of U.S. patents, controlling for patent and owner characteristics. Estimates of U.S. patent value are substantially larger than estimates for European patents, however, the ratio of U.S. patent value to R&D for firms is only about 3%. Contrary to a common assertion, patents issued to small patentees are much less valuable than those issued to large corporations. Litigated patents are more valuable, as are highly cited patents. However, patent citations explain little variance in value, suggesting limits to their use as a measure of patent quality.
Aging and the income value of housing wealth

Abstract The potential of reverse annuity mortgages to increase the current income of the elderly is analyzed. We conclude that most low-income elderly also have little housing equity. In general, a reverse annuity mortgage would substantially affect the income only of the single elderly who are very old — whose life expectancy is short. On the other hand, if the transfer were in the form of a lump-sum payment, rather than an annuity, the payment would increase the liquid wealth of most elderly families by a large fraction. Thus legislation that would facilitate the market for reverse mortgages could improve substantially the financial status of a small proportion of the elderly.
Interface of General Relativity, Quantum Physics and Statistical Mechanics: Some Recent Developments

The arena normally used in black holes thermodynamics was recently generalized to incorporate a broad class of physically interesting situations. The key idea is to replace the notion of stationary event horizons by that of `isolated horizons.' Unlike event horizons, isolated horizons can be located in a space-time quasi-locally. Furthermore, they need not be Killing horizons. In particular, a space-time representing a black hole which is itself in equilibrium, but whose exterior contains radiation, admits an isolated horizon. In spite of this generality, the zeroth and first laws of black hole mechanics extend to isolated horizons. Furthermore, by carrying out a systematic, non-perturbative quantization, one can explore the quantum geometry of isolated horizons and account for their entropy from statistical mechanical considerations. After a general introduction to black hole thermodynamics as a whole, these recent developments are briefly summarized.
Disclosure of outsourcing in the annual report: Causes and market returns effects

Firms increasingly are utilizing outsourcing to enhance or maintain their competitiveness. Prior research shows that capital markets value a firm's decision to outsource. This study uses a sample of firms announcing outsourcing arrangements in a press release to examine which factors are associated with the subsequent decision to voluntarily provide or withhold information about outsourcing in their annual report. The paper also examines whether annual report disclosure is a reliable signal of future market performance. We find that underperforming firms, larger firms, and firms experiencing negative outsourcing announcement market returns and negative long-term market returns are more likely to disclose outsourcing in their annual reports. There is also evidence that firms' disclosure of outsourcing in the annual report signals an improvement in market performance that is credible to the capital markets. We contend that the disclosure and subsequent firm performance issues we investigate apply to any type of outsourcing arrangement, and therefore our results are relevant to future information systems research on this subject. Our findings also suggest that regulatory standards could reduce private information search costs for investors by providing a common disclosure methodology for outsourcing activities.
Spotlights, Floodlights, and the Magic Number Zero: Simple Effects Tests in Moderated Regression.

Abstract It is common for researchers discovering a significant interaction of a measured variable X with a manipulated variable Z to examine simple effects of Z at different levels of X. These “spotlight” tests are often misunderstood even in the simplest cases, and it appears that consumer researchers are unsure how to extend them to more complex designs. The authors explain the general principles of spotlight tests, show that they rely on familiar regression techniques, and provide a tutorial demonstrating how to apply these tests across an array of experimental designs. Rather than following the common practice of reporting spotlight tests at one standard deviation above and below the mean of X, it is recommended that when X has focal values, researchers should report spotlight tests at those focal values. When X does not have focal values, it is recommended that researchers report ranges of significance using a version of Johnson and Neyman's test the authors term a “floodlight.”
The Law of Gender Stereotyping and the Work-Family Conflicts of Men

This Article looks back to the early equal protection jurisprudence of the 1970s and Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s litigation strategy of using men as plaintiffs in sex discrimination cases to cast a renewed focus on antidiscrimination law as a means to redress the work-family conflicts of men. From the beginning of her litigation strategy as the head of the ACLU Women’s Rights Project, Ginsburg defined sex discrimination as the detrimental effects of gender stereotypes that constrained both men and women from living their lives as they wished—not solely the minority status of women. The same sex-based stereotypes that kept women out of the market sphere kept men out of the domestic sphere, and both were unlawful. Through a handful of key cases, Ginsburg challenged sex-based stereotypes that cast men as breadwinner and women as caregiver, succeeding in convincing the Supreme Court to establish a standard of heightened scrutiny for sex-based classifications.
BEYOND THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE

The precautionary principle has been highly influential in legal systems all over the world. In its strongest and most distinctive forms, the principle imposes a burden of proof on those who create potential risks, and it requires regulation of activities even if it cannot be shown that those activities are likely to produce significant harms. Taken in this strong form, the precautionary principle should be rejected, not because it leads in bad directions, but because it leads in no directions at all. The principle is literally paralyzing— forbidding inaction, stringent regulation, and everything in between. The reason is that in the relevant cases, every step, including inaction, creates a risk to health, the environment, or both. This point raises a further puzzle. Why is the precautionary principle widely seen to offer real guidance? The answer lies in identifiable cognitive mechanisms emphasized by behavioral economists. In many cases, loss aversion plays a large role, accompanied by a false belief that nature is benign. Sometimes the availability heuristic is at work. Probability neglect plays a role as well. Most often, those who use the precautionary principle fall victim to what might be called “system neglect,” which involves a failure to attend to the systemic effects of regulation. Examples are given from numerous areas, involving arsenic regulation, global warming and the Kyoto Protocol, nuclear power, pharmaceutical regulation, cloning, pesticide regulation, and genetic modification of food. The salutary moral and political goals of the precautionary principle should be promoted through other, more effective methods. * Karl N. Llewellyn Distinguished Service Professor of Jurisprudence, Law School and Department of Political Science, University of Chicago. I am grateful to valuable comments from Peter Dorman, Jack Knetsch, Saul Levmore, Eric Posner, Indra Spiecker, and Adrian Vermeule, and from participants in the Midwest Faculty Seminar. I am also grateful to Martha Nussbaum for helpful discussions.
Factor Market Oligopsony and the Production Possibility Frontier

The authors consider a model with two final goods, one intermediate good, and two primary factors. One final good and the intermediate good are produced using primary factors, labor and capital. The other final good is produced using labor and the intermediate input. Producers of the second final good exert oligopsonistic market power on the intermediate input, which captures real world phenomena prevalent in the food processing and other manufacturing industries. If the capital/labor ratio in one final-good sector is in between those of the intermediate-input sector and the combined intermediate-input and the other final-product sectors, and if the oligopsony power is sufficiently large, the model generates results that are not adherent to the standard two-sector Heckscher–Ohlin model. Results that deviate from the H–O model include the relationships between factor prices and commodity prices, the price–output effect, tangency between the price line and the PPF, and the curvature of the PPF.
Elastic Justification: How Unjustifiable Factors Influence Judgments

Abstract When making judgments, one may encounter not only justifiable factors, i.e., attributes which the judge thinks that he/she should take into consideration, but also unjustifiable factors, i.e., attributes which the judge wants to take into consideration but knows he/she should not. It is proposed that the influence of an unjustifiable factor on one's judgment depends on the presence of elasticity (ambiguity) in justifiable factors; the influence will be greater if there is elasticity than if there is not. Two studies involving different contexts demonstrated the proposed elasticity effect and suggested that the effect could be a result of a self-oriented justification process. Implications of this research for decisions involving a should-vs-want conflict are discussed.
The Relation between Stakeholder Management, Firm Value, and CEO Compensation: A Test of Enlightened Value Maximization

Whether firms pursue shareholder value maximization or the maximization of stakeholder welfare is a controversial issue whose outcomes seem irreconcilable. We propose that firms are likely to compensate their executives for pursuing the firm's goal be it shareholder value maximization or the maximization of stakeholder welfare. In this paper, we examine the correlation between firm value, stakeholder management, and compensation. We find that stakeholder management is positively related to firm value. However, firms do not compensate managers for having good relationships with its stakeholders. These results do not support stakeholder theory. We also find an endogenous association between compensation and firm value. Our results are consistent with Jensen's (2001) enlightened value maximization theory. Managers are compensated for achieving the firm's ultimate goal, value maximization. However, managers optimize interaction with stakeholders to accomplish this objective.
Organizational Task Environments: An Evaluation of Convergent and Discriminant Validity*

The organizational task environment (OTE) construct is evaluated using a large, independent sample. A general measurement model for three latent variables, munificence, dynamism and complexity is constructed for confirmatory factor analysis. This model is then tested for both convergent and discriminant validity using a multitrait-multimethod matrix approach. The OTE model in this study demonstrates convergent validity, but it does not exhibit discriminant validity. The results of this study do not provide support for one of the key components of construct validity. Measurement issues are discussed, as well as the implications of this study for the organizational theory and strategic management disciplines.
Climate Change and International Human Rights Litigation: A Critical Appraisal

What is the appropriate legal and political strategy for limiting the emission of greenhouse gases? A number of scholars have advocated litigation, a subset of which would be international human rights litigation in which victims of the climatic effects of greenhouse gas emissions would obtain damages from corporations, and possibly states, that are responsible for the emissions. In this Commentary, I will argue that there is little reason to believe that international human rights litigation would lead to a desirable outcome. Litigation seems attractive to many people mainly because the more conventional means for addressing global warming—the development of treaties and other international conventions, such as the Kyoto Accord—have been resisted by governments. A rational treaty system would require states to reduce greenhouse gas emitting activities on their territory or, under other proposals, to purchase the privilege to conduct such activities from other states that operate below a threshold emission level. The treaty approach has obvious appeal: it would permit states to design a system that creates the most efficient incentives for reducing greenhouse gases, while taking account of differences in local capacity and economic development, international equity, and other relevant factors. Nearly everyone agrees that a treaty system would be preferable to litigation. But treaty negotiations have stalled, and there are numerous reasons for pessimism about international cooperation in the face of global warming, so lawyers con-
Perturbed communication games with honest senders and naive receivers

This paper studies communication games in which the sender is possibly honest (tells the truth) and the receiver is possibly naive (follows messages as if truthful). The characterization of message-monotone equilibria in the perturbed games explain several important aspects of strategic communication including sender exaggeration, receiver skepticism and message clustering. Surprisingly, the strategic receiver may respond to more aggressive claims with more moderate actions. In the limit as the probabilities of the non-strategic players approach zero, (i) the limit equilibrium corresponds to a most-informative equilibrium of the limit (Crawford–Sobel) game; (ii) only the top messages are sent.
Sensitivity studies for r-process nucleosynthesis in three astrophysical scenarios

In rapid neutron capture, or r -process, nucleosynthesis, heavy elements are built up via a sequence of neutron captures and β decays that involves thousands of nuclei far from stability. Though we understand the basics of how the r process proceeds, its astrophysical site is still not conclusively known. The nuclear network simulations we use to test potential astrophysical scenarios require nuclear physics data (masses, β decay lifetimes, neutron capture rates, fission probabilities) for all of the nuclei on the neutron-rich side of the nuclear chart, from the valley of stability to the neutron drip line. Here we discuss recent sensitivity studies that aim to determine which individual pieces of nuclear data are the most crucial for r -process calculations. We consider three types of astrophysical scenarios: a traditional hot r process, a cold r process in which the temperature and density drop rapidly, and a neutron star merger trajectory.
What's in a Standard Form Contract? An Empirical Analysis of Software License Agreements

The vast majority of commercial transactions are governed by standard form contracts, but little is known about their actual content and the determinants of that content. This article provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of an important class of modern standard form contracts—software license agreements. In a sample of 647 licenses for software from various markets, I document the prevalence of terms relating to license acceptance, license scope, limitations on transfer, warranties, limitations on liability, maintenance and support, and conflict resolution. I find that almost all licenses display a net bias, relative to relevant default rules, in favor of the software company (the contract writer). I also investigate firm- and buyer-type determinants of the net bias. Larger and (controlling for size) younger firms offer more one-sided terms. Firms offer similar terms to both business buyers and members of the general public. In addition to providing new insight about the nature of standard form contracts, the results may inform efforts to draft new default rules to govern software transactions.
In the eye of the beholder: A configurational analysis of followers’ conceptualizations of the ideal academic department leader at private universities

This paper examines followers’ conceptualizations of the ideal business department leader within private universities. Using an internet survey of 273 faculty members and 31 department leaders from 59 private, non-ivy league universities, this paper examines how faculty members and department leaders conceptualize the ideal leader in terms of abilities and traits, and investigates the measures by which they define departmental success. A principal components analysis is utilized to identify the underlying cognitive framework of these abilities, traits, and success measures from both the faculty member and department leader perspective. The results indicate that faculty members desire equity rather than personalized treatment, and the measures by which business faculty and administrators define departmental success reflect the best interests of the institution in which they are employed. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Existence of Equilibrium and Stratification in Local and Hierarchical Tiebout Economies with Property Taxes and Voting

This paper present the first fully closed general equilibrium model of hierarchical and local public goods economies with the following features: (i) multiple agent types who are endowed with both some amount of private good (income) and a house, who are mobile between houses and jurisdictions, and who vote in local and national elections; (ii) multiple communities that finance a local public good through property taxes which are set in accordance with absolute majority rule; and (iii) a national government that produces a national public good financed through an income tax whose level is determined through majority rule voting. In contrast to previous models, no overly restrictive assumptions on preferences and technologies are required to prove the existence of an equilibrium in the presence of property taxation and voting. Thus, the existence of an equilibrium is proved without any of the major restrictions used in the past, and sufficient conditons for stratification of agents into communities based on their public good preferences and their wealth levels are found. This model lays the groundwork for a positive applied analysis of local public finance and intergovernmental relations. It furthermore builds the foundation for the first parameterized computable general equilibrium model of local public goods and fiscal federalism.
Are Odd-Lot Orders Informed?

Using a version of the ITCH data set time stamped to the millisecond, O'Hara, Yao and Ye find that odd-lot trades are highly informed. However, NASDAQ reports trades based on the size of the resting limit order, creating a bias in the count of odd-lot trades. Using ITCH data from 2013, time stamped to the nanosecond, we find that roughly 50% of odd-lot trades are created by the resting limit order and are part of larger marketable orders. We show that odd-lot marketable orders are not more informed than round/mixed lot marketable orders.
The effect of family structure on parents’ child care time in the United States and the United Kingdom

We use time-diary data from the 2003 and 2004 American Time Use Surveys and the 2000 United Kingdom Time Use Study to estimate the effect of family structure on the time mothers and fathers spend on primary and passive child care and on market work, using a system of correlated Tobit equations. Our results indicate that estimates are sensitive to the inclusion of a common household factor that controls for selection into family type. Estimates from the selection-controlled models indicate that single parents in both countries spend more time in child care than married or cohabiting parents, perhaps in part to compensate for the missing parent, but that there is no difference in the time allocation of married and cohabiting parents. There are substantial cross-country differences, however, as single parents in the U.S. work more than other parents and single parents in the U.K. work less.
The future of pedestrian-automated vehicle interactions

While the increasing popularity of autonomous vehicles has garnered critical media attention, less has been written about the field of pedestrian-automated vehicle interactions and its challenges. Current research trends are discussed as well as several areas receiving much less attention, but are still vital to the field.
Indemnification as an Alternative to Nullification

The federalization of criminal law arguably threatens the states’ traditional police powers. Congress has criminalized myriad activities the states condone (or at least tolerate); it has denied federal criminal defendants rights they would enjoy in state proceedings; and it has imposed harsher punishments for crimes proscribed by both levels of government. In many instances, Congress’s decision to supplant the policy choices made by the states appears unjustified by any legitimate federal interest. The conventional wisdom suggests there is very little the states themselves can do to stop the federalization of criminal law and the resultant diminution of state prerogatives. The states, of course, have no authority to nullify federal law, nor can they interfere with the enforcement of federal law. But the conventional wisdom has overlooked a tactic that the states could adopt — and at least once did adopt — to take some of the bite out of federal criminal laws they deem objectionable. Namely, the states could indemnify the legal expenses of residents caught in the crosshairs of federal law enforcement agents. Indemnification could lessen the federal government’s appetite for and success at enforcing certain federal criminal laws. This essay, prepared for a Symposium on the Future of Federalism, briefly discusses how and why state indemnification could help protect state prerogatives across a variety of issues ranging from marijuana to abortion to gambling to firearms.
Paid Placement: Advertising and Search on the Internet

Paid placement, where advertisers bid payments to a search engine to have their products displayed prominently among the results of a keyword search, has emerged as a predominant form of advertising on the Internet. This article studies a model of product differentiation in which the auction of advertisement positions is embedded in a market game of consumer search. In equilibrium, more relevant sellers for a given keyword bid more and their paid placement by the search engine reveals information about the relevance of their products. This results in efficient sequential search by consumers and increases total output. We also find that the search engine's revenue may have an inverted U-shape with respect to the match probability of the most relevant seller.
Determinants and Market Consequences of Auditor Dismissals after Accounting Restatements

ABSTRACT: This study examines the conditions under which financial restatements lead corporate boards to dismiss external auditors and how the market responds to those dismissal announcements. We f...
Jurisdiction, Merits, and Non-Extant Rights

Congressional threats against the jurisdiction of federal courts date to the early days of the Union. The threat even has its own pithy nicknamejurisdiction strippingto describe congressional efforts to reduce or eliminate the power of the United States Supreme Court and the lower federal courts to hear and resolve particular classes of controversial federal constitutional claims. The scope of congressional power to jurisdiction-strip remains the great, heretofore unresolved, debate among procedure and constitutional law scholars, as well as the courts.
KRISM—Krylov Subspace-based Optical Computing of Hyperspectral Images

We present an adaptive imaging technique that optically computes a low-rank approximation of a scene’s hyperspectral image, conceptualized as a matrix. Central to the proposed technique is the optical implementation of two measurement operators: a spectrally coded imager and a spatially coded spectrometer. By iterating between the two operators, we show that the top singular vectors and singular values of a hyperspectral image can be adaptively and optically computed with only a few iterations. We present an optical design that uses pupil plane coding for implementing the two operations and show several compelling results using a lab prototype to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hyperspectral imager.
The Private and Social Benefits of Double Majors

With increased emphasis on encouraging students to pursue degrees in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), there is a general concern that society is losing the benefits associated with liberal arts education. One possible approach to achieving the benefits of higher paying STEM degrees along with the social benefits of liberal arts training is to encourage double majoring among college students. Double majoring is common at about 20% of college graduates, yet most double majors are in related areas that provide limited educational diversity. We examine private and social benefits of double majoring using data from the 2010 National Survey of College Graduates. The strongest positive relations associated with combining a liberal arts major with a business or STEM major are on research and development activities and on job match. In addition, we find that students who double major in business and STEM earn a premium over those single majors. However, combining a liberal arts major with STEM or business fields does not increase earnings, indicating little private earnings incentive for students to combine STEM or business majors with liberal arts.
Risky business: Institutions vs. social networks in FDI

Political economy scholarship on foreign direct investment (FDI) emphasizes variation in host country political risk but overlooks variation in investors' sensitivity to political risk. We show that relational contracting, relationship-based contract enforcement, is more efficient for high-risk, human capital-intensive activities for which the costs of writing legally enforceable contracts are prohibitive. We disaggregate FDI into two distinct varieties: mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and venture capital (VC). We propose that VC flows are less sensitive to host institutions but correlate strongly with skilled migrant networks that monitor compliance and impose reputational costs. Our empirical analysis of dyadic VC and M&A flows covers over 100 countries during 1980–2009. We address other mechanisms through which migrant networks facilitate FDI and verify our results hold at the country-industry level. These findings suggest that relational contracting facilitates global integration of dynamic, knowledge-intensive industries even when formal institutions are weak.
Virtual Deficits and the Patinkin Effect

The paper develops a model of inflationary finance that defines the fiscal deficit as a function of the virtual deficit—a deficit that would be observed if inflation were zero. It studies the negative relationship between the inflation rate and real government expenditures—the Patinkin effect. The model outperforms others in explaining four-digit inflation rates that never explode into hyperinflation. It also explains how apparently expansionist fiscal policies end in real deficits that are small and compatible with the small amount of seigniorage that can be collected at high inflation rates. Finally, it applies the model to the case of Brazil.
The Possibility of Transfer(?): A Comprehensive Approach to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’s Rule 11bis To Permit Transfer to Rwandan Domestic Courts

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’s (ICTR or Tribunal) Rule of Procedure and Evidence 11bis allows the Tribunal to transfer accused persons to domestic courts in order to expedite the hearing of the thousands of genocide cases still waiting on the ICTR’s overloaded docket. So long as certain baseline requirements are met, Rule 11bis, on its face, does not distinguish between domestic Rwandan courts and other jurisdictions. However, despite granting requests for transfer to other countries’ courts, the Tribunal has repeatedly denied applications for transfer to Rwanda notwithstanding numerous requests. Further, behind such requests lies the pressing need to resolve all outstanding cases before the Tribunal’s looming 2013 termination date. This Note explores the requirements for a successful transfer to a domestic jurisdiction set forth in Rule 11bis and how the Government of Rwanda has labored, through legislated judicial reform, to meet those requirements. After analyzing the history and founding principles behind the formation of the ICTR, the Note then explores how the Tribunal has applied the 11bis requirements for transfer applications to countries other than Rwanda and to Rwanda itself, as well as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former-Yugoslavia’s (ICTY) application of the Rule. Finding an inconsistent application of the Rule between applications for transfer outside Rwanda and to Rwanda itself, the Note offers a more comprehensive balancing test that the ICTR should consider when determining whether to transfer cases to domestic courts. Finally, this Note argues that in weighing countervailing judicial interests expressed in the formation of the ICTR against specific due process concerns, the Tribunal may, in specific cases, be able to transfer cases to Rwanda, thus contributing to the overall interests of justice and the utilitarian goal of unloading the Tribunal’s docket.
A Property Rights View: Commentary on “Property and Speech” by Robert A. Sedler

This Article, published as part of a Symposium on “The Rehnquist Court and the First Amendment,” responds to another Article, titled “Property and Speech,” by Professor Robert A. Sedler. In the Article, Professor Saxer builds upon Professor Sedler’s analysis that the First Amendment can be used as a “sword” against property owners who seek to exclude free expression with claims of private ownership rights and as a “shield” against government attempts to restrict individual rights by regulating property use. While Professor Sedler concludes that, because the First Amendment has been used to significantly interfere with property rights, protection of free expression is strong in the United States, Professor Saxer posits that such a conclusion may show just how weak property rights have become. Professor Saxer argues that the Rehnquist Court has reduced the protection of private property rights against government action, while restricting private property owners’ rights to exclude private actors who trespass or substantially interfere with their use and enjoyment of property interests. Professor Saxer also addresses a category of government action not mentioned by Professor Sedler – the government’s use of eminent domain, which can be used as a “sword” against undesirable land uses, even if those uses are protected by the First Amendment. Professor Saxer contrasts the treatment of church property and adult businesses in the eminent domain context. The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) acts as a “shield” against government land use decisions that impact religious land uses by requiring heightened judicial scrutiny. However, adult business land uses are not similarly protected against eminent domain actions.
Drought and saving in West Africa: are livestock a buffer stock?

Abstract Households in the West African semi-arid tropics (WASAT) face substantial risk—an inevitable consequence of engaging in rainfed agriculture in a drought-prone environment. It has long been hypothesized that these households keep livestock as a buffer stock to insulate their consumption from income fluctuations. This paper tests this hypothesis. Results indicate that livestock transactions play less of a consumption smoothing role than often assumed. Livestock sales compensate for at most thirty percent, and probably closer to fifteen percent of income shortfalls due to village-level shocks alone. We discuss possible explanations for these results and suggest directions for future work.
The Ethics of Non-Traditional Contract Drafting

A new generation of contract drafters faces increasing commentary advising them to change traditional contract terms into plain language constructions. Yet, traditional, tested terms have consistent meanings, and when these meanings benefit client objectives, advocates should consider retaining them. This article posits that failing to do so can impact a lawyer’s ethical obligations. Specifically, an attorney’s duties of competence, allocation of authority, diligence, and communication under the Model Rules of Professional Conduct require careful thought about modernizing tested contract terms. These duties require the ethical drafter to research whether the use of a traditional, tested term advances a client goal more effectively, and communicate with the client concerning the risks associated with the potential change. Assistant Professor-in-Residence, William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. I would like to thank Ross Guberman, Nancy Kim, Tina Stark, and Jeff Stempel for their guidance, encouragement, and thoughtful insight on earlier drafts. Many thanks also to Professor Chad Schatzle of the Wiener-Rogers Law Library and research assistants Charles Barnabi and Elijah Tredup for their invaluable research assistance. 596 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW [VOL. 84
Composition of wealth, conditioning information, and the cross-section of stock returns

Abstract Value stocks covary with aggregate consumption more than growth stocks during periods when financial wealth is low relative to consumption. However, the conditional value premium does not exhibit such countercyclical behavior. Consequently, a one-factor conditional consumption-based asset pricing model can be rejected without making any arbitrary assumptions on the dynamics of the price of risk or the conditional moments. Empirical evidence is somewhat more consistent with a consumption-based model augmented with an aggregate wealth growth factor, which can be motivated by either recursive preferences or relative wealth concerns.