cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timing of prophylactic antibiotic at cesarean section: a double-blinded, randomized trial

The purpose was to determine the effect of the timing of prophylactic antibiotics for cesarean section on post-operative infectious complications. This was a prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial in which patients were randomized to receive cefazolin or clindamycin either before skin incision or after cord clamp. The primary outcome was maternal infectious morbidity at 6 weeks postpartum, a composite infectious outcome, which included endometritis, urinary tract infection, wound infection and pneumonia. Data on 896 women were analyzed; 449 randomized to skin incision, 447 to cord clamp. Postpartum infections were seen in a total of 8.4% of patients. Timing of antibiotic administration did not significantly affect any maternal postpartum infection rates or selected neonatal outcomes. Our results suggest that, in a largely non-laboring population, the timing of prophylactic antibiotic administration does not impact post-operative infectious complications of the mother. Despite being one of the largest randomized controlled trials to address this question, our study still lacked sufficient power to make definitive conclusions.
An arabinoglucuronomannan from extracellular polysaccharides of suspension-cultured tobacco cells.

A polysaccharide containing L-arabinose, D-mannose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid residues in the molar ratio of 46.9:26.0: 3.9:23.2 was isolated from the extracellular polysaccharides of suspension-cultured tobacco cells by ion-exchange chromatography and barium hydroxide precipitation. Structural studies were performed by methylation analysis, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, partial hydrolysis with acid, and carboxyl-reduction. From those experiments, a structure for the polysaccharide is proposed.
MACSYMA experiments with a modified Khachian-type algorithm in linear programming

An algorithm of Khachian type for deciding the consistency of m ≥ 2 linear equalities with integer coefficients is described. New iteration formulas for updating the center and the matrix that define each localizing ellipsoid are given. A much sharper bound than that in [1] and [2] for the radius of the initial sphere is given. The new bound depends on the dimension of the solution space, but does not depend explicitly on m. The algorithm is much faster than Khachian's original algorithm. The volume reduction factor in the new algorithm is, in a sense, optimal. Results of computer experiments on the symbolic mathematical system MACSYMA are included.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF VERTEBRATE HERBIVORES ON INVERTEBRATES IN A COASTAL DUNE COMMUNITY

Although competition has been a major focus in ecology for the past century, most empirical and theoretical studies in this area have emphasized interactions between closely related species. However, there is growing evidence that negative interactions among distantly related taxa also occur and may be far more important than previously thought. In this study, we took advantage of an 11-year-old replicated vertebrate-exclosure experiment in a coastal dune community in northern California, USA, to examine the effects of the two most common vertebrate herbivores ( jackrabbits and black-tailed deer) on the abundance of the three most visible invertebrate herbivores (two snail, a moth, and a grasshopper species). Our results indicate that four of the six possible pairwise interactions were significantly negative for the invertebrates. Jackrabbits reduced the abundances of snails by 44-75%, tiger moth caterpillars by 36%, and grasshoppers by 62%. Deer reduced the abundances of snails by 32%, increased the abundances of caterpillars by 31%, and had no measurable effect on grasshopper abundance. Our data also revealed that jackrabbits significantly decreased the volume of forbs and common shrubs and the flowering by grasses in our study plots. We were unable to detect an effect of deer on these measures of vegetation. These results suggest that by changing vegetation, jackrabbits may reduce invertebrate populations that are limited by food, protective structures, or microclimate provided by plants. Of these three mechanisms, only shade was strongly supported as limiting snail numbers in smaller-scale manipulations. In most systems, as in this one, the number of pairs of distantly related herbivores far exceeds the number of pairs of congeners. Since interactions among distantly related herbivores may be common in many cases, these interactions are likely to be important and should receive far more attention from ecologists.
Surgical aspects of an outbreak of Yersinia enterocolitis

Eleven patients with Yersinia enterocolitica infections were identified in the Upper Valley of New Hampshire and Vermont during October and November of 1995. Three children presented with an appendicitis-like picture. Two underwent appendectomy, one of whom was the outbreak’s index case. Both appendectomy patients presented with lower abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, and a right lower quadrant mass associated with leukocytosis. Both had terminal ileitis, and in both, cultures of peritoneal fluid and a mesenteric lymph node grew Y. enterocolitica. Even during an outbreak there is no consistently reliable nonoperative way to separate a sporadic case of appendicitis from one whose appendicitis-like symptoms are due to Yersinia. In addition, a small percentage of Yersinia patients will present with true appendicitis as a complication of their disease.
Role of T cell–nuclear factor κB in transplantation

Nuclear factor (NF) κB is a pleiotropic transcription factor that is ubiquitously expressed. After transplantation of solid organs, NF-κB in the graft is activated within a few hours as a consequence of ischemia/reperfusion and then again after a few days in intragraft infiltrating cells during the process of acute allograft rejection. In the present article, we review the components of the NF-κB pathway, their mechanisms of activation, and their role in T cell and antigen-presenting cell activation and differentiation and in solid organ allograft rejection. Targeted inhibition of NF-κB in selected cell types may promote graft survival with fewer adverse effects compared with global immunosuppressive therapies.
Challenging problems of CEM

The article discusses the analysis of large phased arrays containing thousands of elements, large phased array covered by a radome with non-commensurate periodicity, the design of multiband antennas using fractal concepts and the design of wearable communication antennas. Several challenging issues are highlighted. (2 pages)
Stable one-component quasicrystals.

The lowest-energy structures associated with a commonly used effective metallic pair potential are found for a wide range of values of the three parameters required by the potential. The structures tested include most of the lattices favored by the elements, the Bravais lattices with variable c/a and b/a ratios, and a number of candidate three-dimensional one-component quasicrystal structures. One of the quasicrystals is the stable structure for a region of parameter space close to the virtual-crystal parameters appropriate to the observed simple-metal quasicrystals. Energies are also evaluated for some crystalline approximants to the quasicrystals, and these structures are found to be lower in energy than the quasicrystal only for a small portion of the region of quasicrystal stability, although it is still possible that sufficiently high-order approximants are lower in energy over the entire region.
The False Duality of Work and Leisure

Work and leisure are commonly viewed as dichotomous and antithetical. The authors argue that this conceptual duality is unreflective, confounding the meaning of each term. They suggest that work and leisure are complements that in their highest states share core elements and are best understood in dynamic relation to each other. Their purpose in this essay is to better understand work by learning about its complement. The authors characterize leisure as the experiential quality of one's time when one engages voluntarily and intentionally in awareness-expanding inquiry, which in turn generates ongoing, transforming development throughout adulthood. Leisure is intrinsically rewarding, facilitating personal and organizational transformations that increase extrinsic economic value. In response to an increasingly dominant work ethic, the authors advocate that leisure receive the same level of scrutiny and respect that we as management scholars naturally give to work. Cultivating true leisure, they conclude, is...
Skin Microvascular and Metabolic Response to Sitting and Pressure Relief Maneuvers in People With Spinal Cord Injury

Pressure ulcers (PUs) continue to be prevalent despite technologic advances in equipment development and repeated attempts to improve education and preventive efforts. Diligence and timeliness of adequate pressure relief are felt to be the cornerstone to PU prevention. The evidence supporting clinical recommendations for pressure relief is lacking, however, leading to inconsistencies in clinical guidelines. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the evidence base on PU pathophysiology and prevention in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) by delineating the microvascular mechanisms that occur during sitting and pressure relief maneuvers, including perfusion, oxygenation, and interface pressure. By understanding these key physiologic responses, health care professionals and consumers with SCI will be enabled to more effectively prevent the onset of PUs. The overriding goal of this project is to develop an algorithm that will assist clinicians in providing individualized recommendations specifying op...
Towards a model of "library learning" in educational systems:

A model of "library learning" is put forward, designed to help identify the distinctive contribution of libraries to learning. The model is based on an analysis of common elements which emerge from a selective review of recent research and practical developments in the field of librarianship and learning. The review deals with four areas-library stock, library use, how students learn and what students learn. Elements common to the four areas are then discussed, and combined to form a model of "library learning".
Mammary histology and alveolar cell differentiation during late gestation and early lactation in mammary tissue of beef and dairy heifers

Quantitative histology of mammary parenchymal tissue from 16 Hereford and 16 Holstein heifers was determined for tissue obtained on day 150, 180, and 280 of gestation and on day 49 of lactation. Percent area occupied by stromal tissue was progressively decreased on each consecutive sample day during gestation in Herefords and was lower in both breeds during lactation. Overall, area occupied by stromal tissue elements was also greater in Herefords. Percent lumenal space and number of cells per alveolar cross section was consistently greater for Holsteins and increased across sample periods in both breeds. During lactation more than 40% of the alveolar cells in Herefords were characterized as poorly differentiated, but in Holstein heifers nearly all of the cells were classified as either intermediate or fully differentiated. These data provide additional evidence to support the idea that much of the difference in milk production between beef and dairy animals depends on increased mammary function. Whether differences in milk production within dairy breeds are also explained by altered cellular differentiation remains to be determined. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Evaluation of Auditors' Going-Concern Risk in Family Businesses:

This article discusses recently altered mandates for auditors considering an entity's ability to continue as a going concern. The authors evaluate the appropriateness of these standards in engagements involving family firms and conclude that existing procedures are inadequate to assess the risks unique to family businesses. A detailed checklist of questions is proposed as warning signals in family businesses about problems affecting the going-concern status.
Acute Traveler’s Diarrhea: Initial Treatment

Diarrhea is the most common health issue affecting travelers to destinations across the world. This paper reviews the options for initial treatment of acute traveler’s diarrhea (TD). Its prevention, including but not limited to vaccines and safe travel and eating habits, is an important consideration but is beyond the scope of this paper. Treatment of TD has three arms: volume repletion, antibiotics, and antimotility/antisecretory agents. Patients should be advised to continue a diet that they can tolerate and maintain adequate fluid intake. In most cases, neither oral rehydration therapy nor dietary restrictions are likely to provide significant benefit. As yet, there is no evidence to support probiotic use for treatment of this type of diarrhea. Given that bacteria are the most frequent cause of TD, adult patients with moderate to severe disease should be treated empirically with a short course of antibiotics. In many instances, these will be prescribed pre-travel with instructions for proper usage when typical symptoms occur while abroad. However, such travelers should be advised to see a physician or seek emergency treatment if symptoms are severe or persist beyond 3 days. Antibiotic selection must take into account the epidemiology of resistant enteric pathogens. Fluoroquinolones are usually effective, although resistance of Campylobacter to this class of drugs in South and Southeast Asia warrants azithromycin as first-line empiric therapy in travelers to those regions. One day of therapy is often sufficient but can be extended to 3 days. Rifaximin is an alternative in non-invasive disease only. The antimotility agent loperamide is safe and effective and should be considered as adjunctive therapy in most cases of TD and can similarly be prescribed pre-travel. In non-pregnant adults, bismuth subsalicylate can also provide some symptomatic relief. Where available, racecadotril may be a safe alternative in both adults and children, although never specifically studied in TD. In cases of severe symptoms, or those lasting longer than 3 days, the patient should be evaluated for non-bacterial etiologies as well as possible Clostridium difficile infection. Certain travelers are more vulnerable to severe complications related to TD. Children, particularly infants, may need more aggressive fluid resuscitation with oral rehydration therapy. Several of the antidiarrheal agents must be avoided. Elderly patients and those with impaired cardiovascular reserve or immune-deficient states are more prone to complications as well. Treatment recommendations also differ for pregnant women. We generally advise adult non-pregnant travelers to follow smart eating and drinking practices and to bring a supply of bismuth subsalicylate and loperamide. We also prescribe an empiric antibiotic course (ciprofloxacin or azithromycin for up to 3 days) that is to be used for moderate to severe cases of TD.
Preventive strategies and program evaluation methods for chronically mentally ill suicide attempters

Abstract In the course of defining treatment strategies and outcome criteria for a case management program serving the chronically mentally ill we reviewed the medical records of 282 patients admitted to University Hospital in Portland, Oregon following suicide attempts in 1979 and 1980. We found that these young people often had chronic psychiatric disorders, usually overdosed on medications, and spent a short time in the hospital—frequently in the intensive care unit. A substantial percentage of patients were clustered in the dowtown area of Portland and had not been treated previously at our hospital. Based on these findings we suggest a community based primary prevention program emphasizing case management for the chronically mentally ill. We also discuss a secondary prevention strategy in which overdose morbidity is minimized by adopting a cautious approach to dispensing psychotropic medications. We point out that readily available data on health care utilization following suicide attempts can be used to monitor such a program's effectiveness.
Emotions, Values, and Methodology: Contributing to the Nature of the World We Live In Whether We Intend To or Not

This commentary supports Gail Whiteman’s suggestion that the field of organizational research and its community of practice would be strengthened if researcher emotions were acknowledged in organizational research. I go further and argue that emotions and values underpin all the professional choices made even by purportedly objective organizational researchers. Unless we acknowledge the values and emotions behind our choice of topics and include them in our focus, we cannot accurately apprehend the nature of the human artifacts we study nor yield knowledge that accurately describes them. Most importantly: absent the values and emotions dimensions, we cannot hope for organizational studies to be relevant to the problems faced by our organizations and institutions today.
Spatial-temporal control of dual-stage nanpositioners

A novel control framework for dual-stage nanopositioners is presented which considers both spatial and temporal constraints. Dual-stage nanopositioners are becoming increasing popular due to their unique ability to achieve long-range and high-speed operation. The proposed control approach addresses the issue that some precision positioning trajectories are not achievable through existing control schemes. Specifically, short-range, low-speed inputs are typically diverted to the long-range actuator, which coincidentally has lower positioning resolution. This approach then limits the dual-stage nanopositioner's ability to achieve the required positioning resolution that is needed in applications where range and frequency are not inversely correlated (which is a typical, but not always correct assumption for dual stage systems). The proposed spatial-temporal control approach is proposed to overcome the limitations of existing control methods. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the method's effectiveness.
Transversal versus lifting approach to motion-compensated temporal discrete wavelet transform of image sequences: equivalence and tradeoffs

Lifting-based implementations of various discrete wavelet transforms applied in the temporal direction under motion compensation have recently become a very powerful tool in video compression research. We present in this paper a theoretical analysis of motion compensation in both transversal and lifted implementations of such transforms. We derive conditions for perfect reconstruction in the case of motion-compensated transversal discrete wavelet transform. We also derive conditions on motion transformation assuring that a motion-compensated lifting scheme is exactly equivalent to its transversal counterpart. In general, these conditions require that motion transformation allow composition and be invertible. Unfortunately, many motion models do not obey these properties, thus inducing subband decomposition errors (prior to compression). We propose an alternative approach to motion compensation in the case of Haar transform. This new approach poses no constraints on motion; motion-compensated lifted Haar transform exactly implements its transversal implementation, and the latter obeys perfect reconstruction, both regardless of motion transformation used. This new approach, however, does not extend to the 5/3 or any higher-order discrete wavelet transform.
Sodium and Ionic Strength Sensing by the Calcium Receptor

Abstract The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is activated by small changes in extracellular calcium [Ca2+]o) in the physiological range, allowing the parathyroid gland to regulate serum [Ca2+]o; however, the CaR is also distributed in a number of other tissues where it may sense other endogenous agonists and modulators. CaR agonists are polycationic molecules, and charged residues in the extracellular domain of the CaR appear critical for receptor activation through electrostatic interactions, suggesting that ionic strength could modulate CaR activation by polycationic agonists. Changes in the concentration of external NaCl potently altered the activation of the CaR by external Ca2+ and spermine. Ionic strength had an inverse effect on the sensitivity of CaR to its agonists, with lowering of ionic strength rendering the receptor more sensitive to activation by [Ca2+]o and raising of ionic strength producing the converse effect. Effects of osmolality could not account for the modulation seen with changes in NaCl. Other salts, which differed in the cationic or anionic species, showed shifts in the activation of the CaR by [Ca2+]osimilar to that elicited by NaCl. Parathyroid cells were potently modulated by ionic strength, with addition of 40 mm NaCl shifting the EC50 for [Ca2+]o inhibition of parathyroid hormone by at least 0.5 mm. Several CaR-expressing tissues, including regions of the brain such as the subfornical organ and hypothalamus, could potentially use the CaR as a sensor for ionic strength and NaCl. The Journal guidelines state that the summary should be no longer than 200 words.
The Poincaré sphere sample space

In a series of recent papers, Randall and Foulis report the development of a generalized theory of probability which is based on the concept of a physical operation. A central concept in this theory is that of a generalized sample space. In this paper, we introduce a generalized sample space, which for historial reasons we shall call the Poincare sphere sample space. We investigate the relationship between this nonclassical sample space and its classical analogs, and find that the key to this relationship is found in the use of idealized (Gedanken) experiments. The Poincare sphere sample space is seen to describe a “photon” description of polarization, and the classical analogs represent different classical descriptions. We also discuss superposition and entropy for the Poincare sphere sample space and its classical analogs, and we comment on the application of this generalized theory of probability to problems in the foundations of quantum theory.
Anatomy of the celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery and its significance in radiation therapy.

Abstract Purpose : In the radiation therapy of upper gastrointestinal malignancies, treatment of lymph nodes in the region of the celiac axis and superior mesenteric axis is often mandated. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship of the celiac axis and superior mesenteric arteries to the vertebral bodies—the radiographically visualized reference structures during simulation. Methods and Materials : Twenty-three celiac angiograms and 24 superior mesenteric angiograms performed preoperatively in 24 patients treated at the University of Pennsylvania from 1984 to 1989 for pancreatic carcinoma were examined. The location of the origin of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries was determined in each case. Results : In 48% of the celiac angiograms, the celiac axis arose from the aorta high at the pedicle of the T-12 vertebral body, contrary to the common belief that the celiac axis arises near the T12-Ll interspace. The superior mesenteric artery arose at the level of L-1 in 83% of the 24 angiograms and below the pedicle of L-1 in 5 (21%). However, none arose below the Ll-2 interspace. Conclusion : The variability demonstrated in the levels from which these vessels arise strongly suggests individualized treatment planning, including angiographic, CT or MRI data should be performed if tight margins are used. These studies would additionally optimize treatment of the tumor bed. Consideration for dose at field edges (i.e., “buildup”) and day to day variation in set-up is required in determining the field borders. Treatment volumes tightly encompassing T12 and L1 could risk undertreating regional lymph nodes associated with these vessels.
Moving Digital Disease Detection From Research to Action: Findings from a Survey of ISDS Membership

It is critical to understand to understand the attitudes and perceptions amongst public health leaders regarding the use of digital disease data to improve situational awareness. A survey of such leaders showed that this novel content had the most value in the first stage of situational awareness for identifying early indications of disease outbreaks. News media and Internet search were moderate to highly valuable for 70% of respondents, while social media was moderately to highly valuable to 60% of respondents. For both strengthening the comprehension of an outbreak and informing future predictions, beliefs were split regarding the potential value (if any) that exists.
Erosion rates over millennial and decadal timescales at Caspar Creek and Redwood Creek, Northern California Coast Ranges

Comparing millennial-scale denudation rates from cosmogenic nuclides with decadal-scale sediment yields can shed light on erosional processes and on the effects of land use on sediment delivery to streams. Detailed measurements of sediment fluxes in the Northern California Coast Ranges at Caspar Creek and Redwood Creek have provided estimates of physical erosion rates since 1963 and 1971, respectively. We used cosmogenic 10 Be to measure
A Reexamination of the postulated charge transfer interactions at the active site of the enzyme rhodanese

Abstract Spectral and kinetic studies of the interaction of N- methylnicotinamide chloride and nicotinamide with the enzyme thiosulphate sulphurtransferase (thiosulphate: cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) (also known as rhodanese) have been performed and compared with previous inhibition data obtained with N-1-(4- pyridyl)pyridinium chloride (NPP). Like NPP both N- methylnicotinamide chloride and nicotinamide are competitive inhibitors of rhodanese with respect to the substrate thiosulfate. Rhodanese binding of N- methylnicotinamide chloride gives rise to no charge transfer absorbtion band. In addition, the free energy of interaction ( ΔG° ) of NPP with rhodanese is approximately equal to the sum of the individual ΔG° values of MNA and NA. These compounds are analogous to the two halves of the NPP structure. We conclude that NPP and N- methylnicotinamide chloride are not bound via a charge transfer mechanism. The major stabilizing influence appears to be an ionic interaction with an anionic enzyme site with accessory apolar stabilization. It is postulated that the ionized active site sulfhydryl group in rhodanese could provide the ionic site.
Political Facebook groups: Micro-activism and the digital front stage

This paper seeks to expand our understanding the dynamics of political SNSs by means of a content analysis of 250 politically oriented Facebook groups. Using Google Translate, I examine Facebook groups from 32 different countries in 23 different languages. Using grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) and Goffman’s (1978) work on dramaturgy, I develop a theory of a digital front stage that helps explain how and why Facebook users create groups. This digital front stage is maintained, I argue, through the use of four sets of signifiers (expressivity, identity, signifiers and text length). Because Facebook is a nonymous (as opposed to anyonmous) environment, actors can seek to construct “hoped for possible (political) selves” (Markus and Nurius, 1986). Political Facebook groups allow for the performance of these “possible selves” through the formation of idealized political identities. In the conclusion, I discuss the implications of SNS applications like Facebook groups for the future of digital citizenship.
Social Class and Self-Concept

(1953). Social Class and Self-Concept. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 201-205.
Unsteady flow about a Joukowski airfoil in the presence of moving vortices

Calcul du mouvement de tourbillons discrets au voisinage d'un profil aerodynamique de Joukowski et de l'influence de ces tourbillons sur la portance et la trainee, a l'aide d'un programme base sur la representation conforme et les analyses de l'ecoulement instationnaire
Potential Beneficial Metabolic Interactions Between Tamoxifen and Isoflavones via Cytochrome P450-Mediated Pathways in Female Rat Liver Microsomes

Purpose. This study aims to evaluate a cytochrome P450-based tamoxifen-isoflavone interaction and to determine the mechanisms responsible for inhibitory effects of isoflavones (e.g., genistein) on the formation of α-hydroxytamoxifen.
Subspace Pursuit for Expolatory Modeling

It is often important to search high dimensional spaces looking for patterns more complicated than maxima or minima of cost functions. For example, we can provide users with visualizations of two of three dimensional slices through such a space, but need to automate finding interesting pictures from among the very large number of possible slices. This problem, which can be called “subspace pursuit”, has proven very important for recent work in using exploratory modeling to understand complex systems. Conceptually akin to projection pursuit methods popularized in statistics, subspace pursuit is a problem area that has potential importance for a wide range of applications. In this paper, I present an evolutionary approach to making such searches.
Tandem Fourier transform mass spectrometry of block and random copolymers

Abstract In recent years, many fragmentation techniques have been developed for use with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) in sequencing polymers. Tandem mass spectrometric techniques such as collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron capture dissociation (ECD) were used to fragment high mass polyether and polyacrylate copolymer ions produced using external electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) sources. High resolution FTMS analysis of fragments produced by collision cell CID (QCID) is available in a new generation hybrid FTMS instrument. Although tandem QCID-TOF techniques have been used heavily to explore copolymer fragmentation, we report the first QCID-FTMS analysis of such systems. The high fragmentation efficiency of QCID combined with the high mass resolution and mass accuracy of FTMS reveals a novel fragmentation pattern of selected oligomers. This method provided evidence of re-combination of fragments in the gas phase, in that some fragments have higher mass and charges than the isolated precursor ions. QCID fragmentation of oligomers of varying size was studied in the presence of Li, Na, or Cs salts. The ECD-FTMS spectra of polyacrylates showed only side group losses. Accordingly, this technique can be used for an unknown polyacrylate sample analysis and has the potential for side group determination.
Farm Dependence and Population Change in China

The existing literature has documented a negative association between farm dependence and population change in Western countries. Theories have also been proposed to explain such a negative association. Whether prior findings based on the western social context can be generalized to less developed countries, such as China, has largely eluded researchers. Using five waves of Chinese Census data and data from China’s Statistical Yearbooks, I investigate the dynamics between farm dependence and population change, particularly, in counties of Chinese provinces that are highly dependent on farms. I find that after controlling for mechanization, nonfarm industries and the human ecological factors that are rooted in the theoretical explanations of rural population change, high farm dependence does not necessarily lead to a lower population growth. The results imply that the existing theories on farm dependence and population change may need to be modified when being applied to less developed regions. The regional variation approach is proposed to understand population change in high-farm-dependent areas of China.
Interconnect thermal expansion matching to solid oxide fuel cells

A method for the rapid fabrication of homogeneous potential interconnect alloys from metal oxide precursors and evaluation of their thermal expansion mismatch to solid oxide fuel cells is described. Pastes of metal oxide powders were extruded into honeycomb geometries and sintered in hydrogen. Thermal expansion mismatch was evaluated based on heating with a zero-mismatch at room temperature, and on cooling with zero-mismatch temperatures at 600 or 1100∘C. The non-linear expansion behavior of Fe-Ni invar alloys resulted in different compositions being optimum, based on the assumed zero-mismatch temperature.
Granulosa cell DNA synthesis is strictly correlated with the presence of insulin-like growth factor I and absence of c-fos/c-jun expression.

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA is selectively expressed by a subset of rat ovarian follicles. To elucidate the biological role and regulation of follicular IGF-I, we have analyzed individual follicles with respect to IGF-I production, DNA synthesis, and c-fos and c-jun expression, since AP-1 complex components have been implicated both in regulation of IGF-I gene expression and cell proliferation. IGF-I mRNA localization, bromodeoxyuridine (BRDU) incorporation, and c-fos and c-jun immunoreactivity were compared in serial sections from prepubertal and mature rat ovaries. BRDU incorporation is exclusively concentrated in IGF-I-expressing follicles in both prepubertal and mature rats, with further intrafollicular correlation between local concentrations of BRDU-positive granulosa cells and IGF-I mRNA. Furthermore, there is a striking negative correlation between IGF-I mRNA localization and follicular fos/jun immunoreactivity. Both c-fos and c-jun are readily detected in granulosa cells of luteiniz...
Physicochemical conditions for development of borosilicates and borates in limy skarn formation

Genesis and paragenesis of boron-calcium Minerals (table 1) in characteristically postmagmatic-hypabyssal environments are represented and discussed in reference to temperatures-pressures of the mineralogenesis, chemical potentials of boron and silicon in solutions, acidity-alkalinity regimes, composition of the parent granitoicl intrusions, and other variables.
Efficacy of Cyfluthrin, Cyfluthrin + Piperonyl Butoxide, and Cyfluthrin + Piperonyl Butoxide + Chlorpyrifos-Methyl as Protectants of Stored Peanuts1

Abstract Inshell peanuts were treated with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 ppm cyfluthrin, each rate of cyfluthrin + 8.0 ppm piperonyl butoxide, and each rate of cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide + 25 ppm chlorpyrifos-methyl. After 10 months red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), populations in peanuts treated with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm cyfluthrin averaged 89.5 and 34.2 adults per 12.7 kg peanuts; populations in peanuts treated with 1.0 and 1.5 ppm cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide averaged 72.0 amd 41.5 adults per 12.7 kg peanuts. Populations in the remaining 8 treatments ranged from 0.5 to 7.2 adults. Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), and almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), populations remained low in all treatments. At 10 months the percentage of insectdamaged kernels from cracked pods ranged from 8.7 to 28.8% in the cyfluthrin and cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide treatments, while the percentage of damaged kernels was 4.4 to 6.1% in the 4 treatments with chlorpyrifos-methyl.
SUCROSE AND ULTRA HIGH PRESSURE INACTIVATION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE AND LISTERIA INNOCUA

D-values for ultra high pressure inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Listeria innocua were evaluated in commercial applesauce with selected concentrations of soluble solids ranging from 13 to 60%. Applesauce with S. cerevisiae was compressed to 300 MPa and immediately decompressed (identified as 0 s) or held at 300 MPa for 30-s intervals for 150 s at room temperature. Applesauce with L. innocua was treated at 375 MPa for 0 to 300 s at room temperature. D-values for both microorganisms at soluble solids concentrations of 13, 20 and 30% were calculated. D-values for inactivation of S. cerevisiae were 26.3, 29.9 and 46.5 s in applesauce adjusted with sucrose to 13, 20 and 30% soluble solids, respectively. D-values for inactivation of L. innocua were 40.2, 55.2 and 120.6 s in applesauce also adjusted with sucrose to 13, 20 and 30% of soluble solids. Ultra high pressure treatment of commercial applesauce inoculated with S. cerevisiae or L. innocua adjusted to 40, 50 or 60% soluble solids reduced an initial inocula of 107to 106by less than 1 log. Soluble solids concentrations greater than 30% provide a baroprotective effect on inactivation by high pressure treatment. The use of ultra high pressure technology by the food industry to inactivate microorganisms may be limited in food models with high soluble solids concentrations. Soluble solids adjusted with sucrose concentrations greater than 30% protect against the destruction of microorganisms. An effective pressure treatment that ensures the microbial stability of foods depends on an understanding of the relationship between microorganisms and food components.
Probing Transcription Factor Dynamics at the Single-Molecule Level in a Living Cell

Transcription factors regulate gene expression through their binding to DNA. In a living Escherichia coli cell, we directly observed specific binding of a lac repressor, labeled with a fluorescent protein, to a chromosomal lac operator. Using single-molecule detection techniques, we measured the kinetics of binding and dissociation of the repressor in response to metabolic signals. Furthermore, we characterized the nonspecific binding to DNA, one-dimensional (1D) diffusion along DNA segments, and 3D translocation among segments through cytoplasm at the single-molecule level. In searching for the operator, a lac repressor spends ~90% of time nonspecifically bound to and diffusing along DNA with a residence time of <5 milliseconds. The methods and findings can be generalized to other nucleic acid binding proteins.
Selecting the number of bins in a histogram: A decision theoretic approach

Abstract In this note we consider the problem of, given a sample, selecting the number of bins in a histogram. A loss function is introduced which reflects the idea that smooth distributions should have fewer bins than rough distributions. A stepwise Bayes rule, based on the Bayesian bootstrap, is found and is shown to be admissible. Some simulation results are presented to show how the rule works in practice.
Photobleaching of arterial fluorescent compounds: characterization of elastin, collagen and cholesterol time-resolved spectra during prolonged ultraviolet irradiation.

Abstract— To study the photobleaching of the main fluorescent compounds of the arterial wall, we repeatedly measured the time-resolved fluorescence of elastin, collagen and cholesterol during 560 s of excitation with nitrogen laser pulses. Three fluence rate levels were used: 0.72, 7.25 and 21.75 μW/mm2. The irradiation-related changes of the fluorescence intensity and of the time-resolved fluorescence decay constants were characterized for the emission at 390, 430 and 470 nm. The fluorescence intensity at 390 nm decreased by 25–35% when the fluence delivered was 4 mJ/mm2 a common value in fluorescence studies of the arterial wall. Cholesterol fluorescence photobleached the most, and elastin fluorescence photobleached the least. Photobleaching was most intense at 390 nm and least intense at 470 nm such that the emission spectra of the three compounds were markedly distorted by photobleaching. The time-resolved decay constants and the fluorescence lifetime were not altered by irradiation when the fluence was below 4 mJ/mm2. The spectral distortions associated with photobleaching complicate the interpretation of arterial wall fluorescence in terms of tissue content in elastin, collagen and cholesterol. Use of the time-dependent features of the emission that are not altered by photobleaching should increase the accuracy of arterial wall analysis by fluorescence spectroscopy.
Performance comparison of two oscillating positive expiratory pressure devices: Acapella versus Flutter.

BACKGROUND: Oscillatory positive expiratory pressure (PEP) with the Flutter device facilitates secretion removal. In the Flutter a steel ball vibrates inside a cone, causing air flow vibration. A new device, the Acapella, uses a counterweighted plug and magnet to create air flow oscillation. The Acapella comes in 2 models: one for patients with expiratory flow > 15 L/min and one for < 15 L/min. We hypothesized that the Acapella and Flutter would produce similar mean PEP, oscillatory pressure amplitude, and frequency over a clinically relevant range of flows. METHODS: We measured oscillatory amplitude, PEP, and frequency. Values for frequency, peak, trough, and mean pressure were recorded automatically every 3 seconds at flows of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 L/min. The pressure waveform for 1 second was also graphically displayed and recorded. The devices were adjusted to give low, medium, and high mean expiratory pressure (Flutter angle at 0, 20, and 40°; Acapella by dial setting). Data were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance, and differences were considered significant when p was < 0.05. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the devices for mean pressure, pressure amplitude, and frequency, for all experimental conditions. However, the differences were relatively small and may not be clinically important. Both devices produced similar pressure waveforms at the medium flows. At 5 L/min the Acapella produced a more stable waveform, with a lower frequency, higher amplitude, and a slightly wider range of PEP than the Flutter. CONCLUSIONS: Acapella and Flutter have similar performance characteristics. Acapella’s performance is not gravity-dependent (ie, dependent on device orientation) and may be easier to use for some patients, particularly at low expira
Technical Development Issues and Dynamic Modeling of Gas Turbine and Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems

This paper describes safety issues important to the operation of combined fuel cell and gas turbine (hybrid) systems, and provides motivation for building dynamic modeling tools to support their development. It also describes two models — a steam reformer and a fuel cell — that will be used to investigate the dynamic performance of a hybrid system. The present goals are to develop dynamic models for these two components, ensure their reliability, and obtain a basic understanding of their performance prior to integration into a complete hybrid system model. Because of the large physical domain to be analyzed in the integrated hybrid system, both reformer and fuel cell models are simplified to a one-dimensional system of equations. Model results are presented for a tubular, counterflow steam reformer showing methane conversion and temperature behavior during initial startup, and following several step change perturbations. For the fuel cell model, a generic planar type is analyzed showing voltage and current behavior following step changes in load resistance and fuel input. The results provide confidence in each model’s reliability, enabling them to be integrated for hybrid system simulation. Results from the integrated simulations will provide guidance on future hybrid technology development needs.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
Constraints Evolve: Context Dependency of Gene Effects Allows Evolution of Pleiotropy

Evolutionary constraint due to pleiotropy refers to a situation in which mutations in genes shared among traits generate trait covariance; therefore, traits that are not directly exposed to selective challenge show a correlated response. When such a correlated response is deleterious, it may constrain the trait from evolving. Here, we argue that the idea of absolute constraints draws from the perception that gene effects are inherent to alleles and thus invariant across genetic and environmental backgrounds. However, evidence from studies involving genetic effects on multiple traits, observed across different genetic backgrounds and environments, supports the notion that genes' effects on traits change. Consequently, pleiotropy also varies across backgrounds. We argue for a stronger emphasis on interaction effects when describing a trait's genetic basis and its evolutionary potential. By discussing different cases of trait individuation, we demonstrate how this approach can lead to new insights.
Dimensions of Literacy Coaching With Head Start Teachers

Plans to improve literacy instruction (N = 1,504) developed by teachers and early literacy experts in coaching sessions (N = 280) conducted in 31 Head Start classrooms were examined to describe a g...
On the performance of truss panels with Kagomé cores

The performance characteristics of a truss core sandwich panel design based on the 3D Kagome has been measured and compared with earlier simulations. Panels have been fabricated by investment casting and tested in compression, shear and bending. The isotropic nature of this core design has been confirmed. The superior performance relative to truss designs based on the tetrahedron has been demonstrated and attributed to the greater resistance to plastic buckling at the equivalent core density.
Postfrontal Airmass Modification

The northeastern United States is subject to relatively frequent passages of frontal systems during the growing season. After a frontal passage, the newly arrived air mass is gradually modified by the underlying, mostly vegetated landscape. For the 1995‐98 growing seasons, 25 frontal sequences with at least 4 days between frontal passages were identified; 16 had sufficient data continuity for rigorous analysis. A composite of sequences featuring the daily appearance of boundary layer cumulus clouds (BLcu) indicates a diminished role for entrainment and other external forcings because of the daily occurrence of a rapid growth phase in the mixedlayer (ML) diurnal evolution subsequent to day 1. Between frontal passages, net heat and moisture flux convergence in the ML is near zero, but during the warming and moistening phase, the surface flux terms, through a net radiation‐BLcu feedback, are the principal controls on the tendencies of the ML temperature u and specific humidity q. The combination of the u and q tendencies leads to a nearly constant lifting condensation level, relative humidity, and BLcu cloud fraction during the latter part of the sequences. The presence of BLcu enhances water use efficiency and net afternoon carbon uptake throughout the sequence, with day 4 featuring optimal conditions. A multiday box model was used to perform sensitivity studies on subsidence, the lapse rate g uy above the ML, cloud mass flux, and the regional surface Bowen ratio breg. The effects of subsidence and g uy on ML processes are most conspicuous on day 1; during subsequent days, the rapid growth phase dominates the ML growth equation and reduces the impact of these external terms. Increasing breg to 3.5 reduces BLcu fraction to less than 20% and produces little net moistening of the ML, whereas reducing breg by 30% increases sequence BLcu coverage by 30%‐80%. In sum, the presence of a net radiation‐BLcu feedback allows for the establishment of an equilibrium in the ML heat and moisture tendencies and ensures the appearance of BLcu on each day of the sequence, thus sustaining favorable conditions for forest‐atmosphere exchange (i.e., carbon uptake).