cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression in yeast of the T-urf13 protein from Texas male-sterile maize mitochondria confers sensitivity to methomyl and to Texas-cytoplasm-specific fungal toxins.

Abstract The mitochondrial gene T-urf13 from maize (Zea mays L.) with Texas male-sterile (T) cytoplasm codes for a unique 13 kd polypeptide, T-URF13, which is implicated in cytoplasmic male sterility and sensitivity to the insecticide methomyl and to host-specific fungal toxins produced by Helminthosporium maydis race T (HmT toxin) and Phyllosticta maydis (Pm toxin). A chimeric gene coding for T-URF13 fused to the mitochondrial targeting peptide from the Neurospora crassa ATP synthase subunit 9 precursor was constructed. Expression of this gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded a polypeptide that was translocated into the membrane fraction of mitochondria and processed to give a protein the same size as maize T-URF13. Methomyl, HmT toxin and Pm toxin inhibited growth of yeast cells expressing the gene fusion on medium containing glycerol as sole carbon source and stimulated respiration with NADH as substrate by isolated mitochondria from these cells. These effects were not observed in yeast cells expressing T-URF13 without a targeting peptide. The results show that T-URF13 is sufficient to confer sensitivity to methomyl and the fungal toxins in a heterologous eukaryotic system, and suggest that mitochondrial localization of T-URF13 is critical for these functions.
Book Review - Index to Legal Citations and Abbreviations, 3rd Edition, by Donald Raistrick

Book review of INDEX TO LEGAL CITATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS, 3RD EDITION, by Donald Raistrick.
The Stamp Collector

A confluence of circumstances overcomes a Vietnamese-American immigrant with personal memories of the fall of Saigon. Set in California against a backdrop of the battle of Grenada, a Vietnam-War veteran asks Ngo Quang Truong to translate a love letter retrieved from the body of a VC soldier he killed during the war. The amalgam of circumstance including both the contents and container of the letter force Ngo to painfully re-live and remember the tragedies of his life. This short story by author James Redwood tells the story of a man haunted by the past and internal conflicts of loyalty, trust and constancy.
Hardware-software co-design: Tools for architecting systems-on-a-chip

This paper examines the issues and progress in the design of highly integrated microelectronic systems. These microsystems rely on an array of diverse components such as processors, memory, network interfaces, graphics and DSP 'cores'. In particular, we discuss problems in the combined design of hardware and software for these systems. We present a decomposition of the co-design problem, and identify the needed technologies in specification/modeling, synthesis and validation for efficient and error-free system designs. Co-design tools along with domain-specific design methodologies provide a key advantage to the system integrator in building complex single-chip systems. We illustrate this point in the specific area of architectural evaluation using co-simulation tools.
Stiffnesses of Circular-Arc I-Section Girders

The stiffness matrix and the influence values of the fixed-end actions of a prismatic circular-arc I-Section segment are derived from the exact solution of differential equations of the bar. Effects of warpage restraint are automatically accounted for. Thus, the method provides exact values at the nodal points of a finite element stiffness formulation. The cross section may be composite. The loading may be concentrated and nonuniformly distributed over part or whole of the segment length. Therefore, the girder need not be segmented further on account of loading. Derivations given in the paper will facilitate solution of single- and multi-span circularly curved girders acted upon by out-of-plane loads by the displacement method.
Chapter 9 Real time and relative indeterminacy in economic theory

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the mainstream economic theory that has largely ignored the possibility of an economics in real time during the twentieth century. This occurred mainly because its practitioners sought to emulate the success of Newtonian physics. As we move into the twenty-first century, it remains to be seen whether the real-time challenge will be heeded. There is a certain urgency to this because it is really the challenge of putting life back into economic theory. The research program is a structure that is compatible with the attributes of real time. Primarily it provides a historical view of knowledge acquisition. The facts predicted by hypotheses (viz., theories and policies) of the scientific research program (SRP) are novel in a limited way. The process of search for discoveries is itself constrained by the existing positive and negative rules for going forward. To the extent that the research program is successful it enables the agent to anticipate ‘novel’ facts, but only after the hypotheses have been formulated in a temporally coherent process.
Undemocratic Legacies: First‐Wave Feminism and the Somocista Women's Movement in Nicaragua, 1920s–1979

The most important pre-1979 women's movements in Nicaragua were first-wave feminism and the right-wing Somocista women's movement. I argue that it is useful to examine these two movements jointly in order to assess their legacy with regard to struggles over the relationship between women's organisations and political parties, age/generational differences, electoral democracy versus clientelism, and class and leadership. I conclude that while the pre-1979 women's movements brought about women's suffrage and increased opportunities for some women, their collective legacy was, in some fundamental ways, undemocratic.
Mariner 5 Measurements of Ultraviolet Emission from the Galaxy

The Mariner 5 ultraviolet measurements obtained while the spacecraft was in interplanetary flight are interpreted as Lyman-α radiation. This radiation may arise from (1) the scattering of solar Lyman-α radiation by interplanetary atomic hydrogen, (2) the scattering of solar Lyman-α by atomic hydrogen that is present at the edge of the solar system, or (3) diffusely scattered Lyman-α radiation from the Galaxy. The Mariner 5 measurements show a symmetry with respect to the galactic equator which suggests that the major source of the observed emission is the diffuse galactic radiation. In the Munch model for the diffuse Lyman-α radiation from an HI region, the sources of the Lyman-α photons are stellar chromospheres, the photons are scattered a large number of times by interstellar atomic hydrogen, and are absorbed by interstellar dust. Some of the Mariner 5 measurements may be attributed to Lyman-α emission from an HII region since the field of observation scanned the edge of the Gum nebula.
Structure of myohemerythrin in the azidomet state at 1.7/1.3 A resolution.

Abstract The molecular model of myohemerythrin, an oxygen-carrying protein from sipunculan worms, has been refined by stereochemically restrained least-squares minimization at 1.7 1.3 A resolution to a conventional R -value of 0.158. The estimated positional standard deviation is better than 0.15 A for most of the 979 protein atoms. The average isotropic displacement parameter, B , for the protein atoms is 23.1 A 2 . This high average B parameter appears to be due to the overall motion of the molecule, which correlates with the observed anisotropic diffraction. The side-chains of seven residues were modeled in two conformations, i.e. the side-chains were discretely disordered, and B parameters for several lysine and glutamate side-chains indicate that they are poorly localized. Of the residues in myohemerythrin, 66% are helical, with 62% occurring in four long α-helices with mean values for the backbone torsion angles of φ = −65 ° , gy = −42 ° , and for the hydrogen bonds distances of N… O, 3.0 A and H…O, 2.1 A, and angles of N… OC, 153 ° , NĤ…O, 157 ° , and H…OC, 147 ° . For two-thirds of the α-helical residues, the torsional rotation of the C α C β bond, χ 1 approximately −60 ° , and for one-third χ 1 approximately 180 °. Although most turns in myohemerythrin are well-categorized by previous classification, two do not fit in established patterns. Also included in the refined model are three sulfate ions, all partially occupied, and 157 water molecules, 40% of which are modeled fully occupied. Only one water molecule is internal to the protein, the remainder occur on the surface and are observed principally between symmetry-related molecules contributing, along with van der Waals' contacts, most of the interactions between molecules. There are eight intermolecular protein-protein hydrogen bonds, of which only four are between welllocated atoms.
Intergenerational Social Networks and Health Behaviors Among Children Living in Public Housing

Objectives. In a survey of families living in public housing, we investigated whether caretakers’ social networks are linked with children’s health status.Methods. In 2011, 209 children and their caretakers living in public housing in suburban Montgomery County, Maryland, were surveyed regarding their health and social networks. We used logistic regression models to examine the associations between the perceived health composition of caretaker social networks and corresponding child health characteristics (e.g., exercise, diet).Results. With each 10% increase in the proportion of the caretaker’s social network that exercised regularly, the child’s odds of exercising increased by 34% (adjusted odds ratio = 1.34; 95% confidence interval = 1.07, 1.69) after the caretaker’s own exercise behavior and the composition of the child’s peer network had been taken into account. Although children’s overweight or obese status was associated with caretakers’ social networks, the results were no longer significant after...
ABSORPTION OF NO PROMOTED BY STRONG OXIDIZING AGENTS: 1. INORGANIC OXYCHLORITES IN NITRIC ACID

Abstract Almost quantitative absorption of NO is achieved in nitric acid solutions containing sodium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite, or chlorine gas at temperatures up to 80°C and atmospheric pressure. Experiments are conducted by bubbling various mixtures of NO, NO2 and O2, with the balance N2 into varying volumes of scrubbing solutions up to one dm3. When scrubbing with acidic NaClO2, a greenish yellow color is observed in the solution when the gaseous mixture is bubbled into the liquid containing the oxidizing compound. The color is due to the presence of ClO2 gas, an intermediate active in the oxidation of NO. Results in acidic NaClO or Cl2 show similar results, except the intermediate that actually promotes the oxidation is HClO. These intermediates were identified spectroscopically. Material balances, determined using ion chromatography, show that the only anions in solution at NO breakthrough are NO3 − and Cl−.
Reliability analysis for stiff versus flexible piping

Abstract The overall objective of this research project is to develop a technical basis for flexible piping designs which will improve piping reliability and minimize the use of pipe supports, snubbers, and pipe whip restraints. The current study was conducted to establish the necessary groundwork based on the piping reliability analysis. A confirmatory piping reliability assessment indicated that removing rigid supports and snubbers tends to either improve or affect very little the piping reliability. We then investigated a couple of changes to be implemented in Regulatory Guide (RG) 1.61 and RG 1.122 aimed at more flexible piping design. We concluded that these changes substantially reduce calculated piping responses and allows piping redesigns with significant reduction in number of supports and snubbers without violating ASME code requirements. Furthermore, the more flexible piping redesigns are capable of exhibiting reliability levels equal to or higher than the original stiffer design. An investigation of the malfunction of pipe whip restraints confirmed that the malfunction introduced higher thermal stresses and tended to reduce the overall piping reliability. Finally, support and component reliabilities were evaluated based on available fragility data. Our result indicated that the support reliability usually exhibits a moderate decrease as the piping flexibility increases. Most on-line pumps and valves showed an insignificant reduction in reliability for a more flexible piping design.
Carbon/Molecule/Metal and Carbon/Molecule/Metal Oxide Molecular Electronic Junctions

Molecular junctions were fabricated on the basis of a 1.7−4.5 nm thick layer of fluorene (FL) or nitroazobenzene (NAB) covalently bonded to a graphitic pyrolyzed photoresist film (PPF) substrate. The junction was completed with a top contact consisting of metallic Cu, TiO2, or aluminum(III) oxide (AlOx) and a final layer of Au. The current/voltage behavior of the junctions depended strongly both on the nature of the metal or metal oxide top layers and on the structure of the molecular layer. PPF/NAB/Cu/Au and PPF/FL/Cu/Au junctions were highly conducting, with resistances of 0.3−1.7 Ω cm2, depending on the identity and thickness of the molecular layer. Substitution of Cu with either AlOx or TiO2 caused a large increase in junction resistance by 2−4 orders of magnitude, but also yielded rectifying junctions in the case of PPF/NAB(4.5)/TiO2(3.1)/Au. For a positive bias (PPF relative to Au) above +2 V, the NAB(4.5)/TiO2(3.1) junction became highly conductive, apparently due to injection of electrons into the...
A System-Level Cosynthesis Framework for Power Delivery and On-Chip Data Networks in Application-Specific 3-D ICs

With increasing core counts ushering in power-constrained 3-D multiprocessor system-on-chips (MPSoCs), optimizing communication power dissipated by the 3-D network-on-chip (NoC) fabric is critical. At the same time, with increased power densities in 3-D ICs, problems of IR drops in the power delivery network (PDN) as well as thermal hot spots on the 3-D die are becoming very severe. Even though the PDN and NoC design goals are nonoverlapping, both the optimizations are interdependent. Unfortunately, designers today seldom consider the design of the PDN, while designing NoCs. Moreover, for each new configuration of computation core and communication mapping on an MPSoC, the corresponding intercore communication patterns, 3-D on-chip thermal profile, as well as IR-drop distribution in the PDN can vary significantly. Based on this observation, we propose a novel design-time system-level application-specific cosynthesis framework that intelligently maps computation and communication resources on a die, for a given workload. The goal is to minimize the NoC power as well as chip-cooling power and optimize the 3-D PDN architecture; while meeting performance goals and satisfying thermal constraints, for a microfluidic cooling-based application-specific 3-D MPSoC. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed 3-D NoC-PDN cosynthesis framework is not only able to meet PDN design goals unlike prior 3-D NoC synthesis approaches, but also provides better overall optimality with the solution quality improvement of up to 35.4% over a probabilistic metaheuristic-based cooptimization approach proposed in prior work.
The impact of light skin on prison time for Black female offenders.

There is a long history of social science research on the importance of race for determining life outcomes. However, there are relatively few social science studies on the importance of skin tone w...
Morality special: When brain meets law

The new science of morality is forcing us to rethink our laws and justice systems, says Martha Farah
Implementation of a surgical intensive care unit service is associated with improved outcomes for trauma patients.

BACKGROUND Our trauma service recently transitioned from a pulmonary intensive care unit (ICU) service to a surgical ICU (SICU) service. We hypothesized that a newly formed SICU service could provide comparable outcomes to the existing pulmonary ICU service. A specific aim of this study was to compare outcomes of trauma patients admitted to the ICU before and after implementation of a SICU service. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of trauma patients admitted to the ICU of our urban, American College of Surgeons- verified, Level 1 trauma center during a 4-year period (2009-2012). Patients managed by the pulmonary ICU service (2009-2010) were compared with patients managed by a SICU service (2011-2012). The primary outcome was mortality, while secondary outcomes included complications (pulmonary, infectious, cardiac, and thromboembolic), hospital and ICU length of stay, ventilator days, and need for reintubation. RESULTS There were 2,253 trauma patients admitted to the ICU during the study period, 1,124 and 1,129 managed by the pulmonary ICU and SICU services, respectively. When comparing outcomes for SICU and pulmonary ICU patients, there was no difference in mortality (11% vs. 13%, p = 0.41), but patients managed by the SICU service had fewer pulmonary complications (3% vs. 6%, p < 0.001), fewer days on the ventilator (3 vs. 4, p = 0.002), and less often required reintubation after extubation (4% vs. 9%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Transition from a pulmonary ICU service to a SICU service at our institution was associated with no change in mortality but an improvement in pulmonary complications, ventilator days, and reintubation rates. Trauma centers currently staffed with a pulmonary ICU service should feel comfortable converting to SICU service and should expect comparable or improved outcomes for trauma patients admitted to the ICU. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/care management study, level IV.
A mean value theorem for cubic fields

Abstract Let r(n) denote the number of integral ideals of norm n in a cubic extension K of the rationals, and define S(x)= ∑ n⩽x r(n) and Δ(x)=S(x)−αx where α is the residue of the Dedekind zeta function ζ(s,K) at 1. It is shown that the abscissa of convergence of ∫ 0 ∞ Δ(e y ) 2 e −2yσ dy is 1 3 as expected.
Detecting Alterations in Cell Nanoarchitecture with Optical Imaging: Implications for Cancer Detection

We report a spectroscopic microscopy technique that, coupled with mesoscopic theory analysis, measures cellular nanoarchitecture otherwise undetectable by conventional microscopy. Human studies demonstrated that this technique can detect the earliest cellular alterations in carcinogenesis.
Combined γ-tocotrienol and Met inhibitor treatment suppresses mammary cancer cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration.

Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase. Dysregulation of Met signaling is associated with aggressive cancer phenotypes characterized by highly invasive and metastatic growth. Low dose treatment of tocotrienol, a rare form of vitamin E, has previously been shown to inhibit Met receptor activation and mammary tumor cell proliferation when combined with the Met inhibitor, SU11274. Experiments were conducted to determine the intracellular mechanisms involved in mediating the anticancer effects of combined -tocotrienol and SU11274 treatment in mammary cancer cell lines. Mouse (+SA) and human (MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231) mammary cancer cell lines, and CL-S1 (mouse) and MCF10A (human) immortalized normal mammary epithelial cell lines were compared. Cell proliferation and survival were determined by MTT assay and Ki-67 staining. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting. Immunofluorescent staining was used to characterize expression and localization of multiple epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Cell migration was determined using the wound healing assay. Combined treatment of subeffective concentrations of -tocotrienol and SU11274 resulted in a synergistic growth inhibition in +SA, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cells, but had no effect on CL-S1 and MCF10A viability. Additional studies showed that combined treatment caused a large reduction in phosphorylated-Akt (active) levels and suppressed HGF-induced epithelial-tomesenchymal transition (EMT) in +SA cells, as indicated by a characteristic increase in epithelial markers E-cadherin, membranebound -catenin, and cytokeratins 8/18, and a corresponding decrease in mesenchymal marker vimentin expression, as compared to vehicle-treated controls.
Microarray analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica from preharvest poultry environment

Aims: To detect antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella isolates from turkey flocks using the microarray technology. Methods and Results: A 775 gene probe oligonucleotide microarray was used to detect antimicrobial resistance genes in 34 isolates. All tetracycline-resistant Salmonella harboured tet(A), tet(C) or tet(R), with the exception of one Salmonella serotype Heidelberg isolate. The sul1 gene was detected in 11 of 16 sulfisoxazole-resistant isolates. The aadA, aadA1, aadA2, strA or strB genes were found in aminoglycoside-resistant isolates of Salm. Heidelberg, Salmonella serotype Senftenberg and untypeable Salmonella. The prevalence of mobile genetic elements, such as class I integron and transposon genes, in drug-resistant Salmonella isolates suggested that these elements may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes in the preharvest poultry environment. Hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated a close relationship between drug-resistant phenotypes and the corresponding antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. Conclusions: Salmonella serotypes isolated from the poultry environment carry multiple genes that can render them resistant to several antimicrobials used in poultry and humans. Significance and Impact of the Study: Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in environmental Salmonella isolates could be identified efficiently by microarray analysis. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the data was also found to be a useful tool for analysing emerging patterns of drug resistance.
The New Arts Industry: Non-Profits in an Age of Competition

Arts and cultural organizations have traditionally been regarded as shoe-string operations, run by those long on enthusiasm and commitment, but short on business sense and organizational skills. While this image may once have been based on fact, it is less and less the case. In recent years, arts groups have had to professionalize their operations and adopt business principles to survive. This paper reports on continuing research being conducted in northeastern Pennsylvania on the non-profit arts and culture industry. It includes a description of how business concepts are being utilized by arts groups, and a review of the reasons for the increased complexity of arts organizations. These reasons include competition among arts groups for funding, the new expectations of corporate and public patrons, and the reduced availability of state and federal funding.
Diversity of P450 enzymes in the biosynthesis of natural products.

Covering: 1985 to 2012 Diverse oxygenation patterns of natural products generated by secondary metabolic pathways in microorganisms and plants are largely achieved through the tailoring reactions catalysed by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s). P450s are a large family of oxidative hemoproteins found in all life forms from prokaryotes to humans. Understanding the reactivity and selectivity of these fascinating C–H bond-activating catalysts will advance their use in generating valuable pharmaceuticals and products for medicine, agriculture and industry. A major strength of this P450 group is its set of established enzyme–substrate relationships, the source of the most detailed knowledge on how P450 enzymes work. Engineering microbial-derived P450 enzymes to accommodate alternative substrates and add new functions continues to be an important near- and long-term practical goal driving the structural characterization of these molecules. Understanding the natural evolution of P450 structure-function should accelerate metabolic engineering and directed evolutionary approaches to enhance diversification of natural product structures and other biosynthetic applications.
Properties of rhinovirus plaque mutants.

SummaryUnder Ionagar overlay medium, the prototype strain of rhinovirus type 34 was found to consist of a mixture of two plaque types designated m (minute) and m+ (large). Large plaques were obtained with m virus when agarose was used or when polycations (protamine or DEAE-dextran) were incorporated into Ionagar medium. Starch gel medium completely inhibited the appearance or m but not m+ plaques. However, the m virus formed plaques under starch when polycations were incorporated. The nature of the inhibitory principle in starch is unknown. The pH of overlay media did not appear to influence the plaque size of either mutant.Temperature of incubation had little if any effect on replication of m virus. At 37°, the m+ mutant required an adaptation period of three to four cell culture passages before maximum yields of infectious virus were obtained.No differences between the mutants were observed in buoyant density, rate of adsorption, host cell tropism, or antibody sensitivity.
Diabetic Stem-Cell “Mobilopathy”

Obtaining hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for transplantation depends on effective egress of HSCs from bone marrow into the peripheral circulation on induction. This process is impaired in a mouse model of diabetes and in patients undergoing autologous transplantation.
Views From The "South": Intellectual Hegemony And PostModernism in Latin America

Euroamerican scholars mark Latin America as a site of utopian revolutions, foreign intervention, troubled economies, military repression, and a failed modernist paradigm of development. Four recent books critically assess this construction by addressing its source in the international imaginary. They advocate a subaltern perspective on colonial difference and argue that postmodernity as promulgated by Euroamerican scholars may become yet another intellectual trend ignorant of Latin America's particularities and complexities. Latin American scholars have embraced postmodernity far longer than their Euroamerican counterparts, whose relatively recent applications remain problematic. TIMOTHY J. SMITH is Associate Director, Institute for the Study of Latin America and the Caribbean at the University of South Florida. His research covers the anthropology of politics, ethnicity, democracy, and social movements in Guatemala and Mexico. He is co-editor of The Guatemala Reader and Kaqchikel Maya Authority and Gover...
MIF, MIF Alleles, and Prospects for Therapeutic Intervention in Autoimmunity

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an innate cytokine whose main actions include counter-regulating the immunosuppressive action of glucocorticoids and inhibiting activation-induced apoptosis. MIF is encoded in a functionally polymorphic locus and human genetic studies have shown significant relationships between high-expression MIF alleles, host inflammatory responses, and improved clinical outcome from infections. A recently completed candidate gene association study in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) indicates that individuals with a high-expression MIF allele have reduced incidence of SLE. Among patients with established disease however, those with end-organ complications have increased frequency of high-expression MIF alleles. Plasma MIF levels and Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulated MIF production also reflect the underlying MIF genotype. These data suggest that MIF exerts a dual influence on the immunopathogenesis of SLE: high-expression MIF alleles are associated with a reduced susceptibility to SLE, perhaps by enhancing clearance of autoimmunogenic pathogens; once SLE develops however, low-expression MIF alleles protect from ensuing inflammatory end-organ damage. These data thus provide an example of the potential evolutionary advantage of maintaining an autoimmunity susceptibility gene in the population in that high-expression MIF alleles may allow for a maximal anti-infective response despite risk of autoimmunity. These results also support the clinical feasibility of pharmacologic MIF antagonism as such therapies may be most effectively applied in those individuals who, on the basis of their genotype, manifest a MIF dependent form of autoimmunity.
Posterior-to-anterior transformation in engrailed wing imaginal disks of Drosophila

Segments in the Drosophila adult are divided into clonally distinct anterior and posterior compartments. Mutations at the engrailed locus can affect the pattern of cuticular structures in the posterior compartments of segments, but have no obvious effect on anterior structures; for example, bristles that are normally seen only on the anterior wing margin in wild-type flies can be found on the posterior margin of engrailed wings. These and clonal analysis data led to the hypothesis that engrailed causes a transformation of posterior to anterior identity in the wing cells. Despite some striking examples of this transformation, a common engrailed phenotype is the disruption or elimination of posterior pattern elements, without a clear replacement by anterior structures; this, together with indications that localized cell death can mimic some of the observed posterior-to-anterior transformations, has led some investigators to question the original engrailed hypothesis. Recently, monoclonal antibodies displaying region-specific binding patterns on the wing imaginal disk have been described, and one of these antibodies in particular provides a novel probe for the engrailed phenotype in the larval precursors of the adult wing. Here I compare the antibody binding patterns on engrailed and wild-type wing disks. The results strongly support the notion that engrailed mutations cause a posterior-to-anterior transformation in these cells.
Balanced Population and Economic Growth: Policy and Research

T HE NATIONAL DIALOGUE underway on the population distribution aspects of rural development is mainly talk about the problems or concerns believed to be due to high rates of rural-to-urban migration. It is not a discussion about specific policy options and consequences. There does not now exist, nor has there ever existed, either a national consensus upon, or a commitment to, an explicit national policy1 on the geographical distribution of the population. Nor is there a clearly defined operational set of national policy options which could be the basis of debate, political support, national commitment, policy and program development and action.2 Although balanced growth or population distribution policy logically should be a component of or a strategy within national growth policy, I will proceed on the premise that this component relating to the geographical distribution of people and economic activity can be a separate and identifiable national policy. The unsatisfactory state of population distribution, balanced growth, or rural development policy reflects in part either an inadequate or an inaccessible knowledge base. I do not believe the thrusts of ongoing rural development research at the state universities or elsewhere provide promise of producing the needed knowledge base prerequisite to development of a sound national rural development policy. What appears needed are arrangements for committing a significant portion of the research resources in rural development to projects in direct support of national policy-making processes affecting the geographical distribution of population and economic activity.
Super-convergence of Discontinuous Galerkin Method Applied to the Navier-Stokes Equations

The practical benefits of the hyper-accuracy properties of the discontinuous Galerkin method are examined. In particular, we demonstrate that some flow attributes exhibit super-convergence even in the absence of any post-processing technique. Theoretical analysis suggest that flow features that are dominated by global propagation speeds and decay or growth rates should be super-convergent. Several discrete forms of the discontinuous Galerkin method are applied to the simulation of unsteady viscous flow over a two-dimensional cylinder. Convergence of the period of the naturally occurring oscillation is examined and shown to converge at 2p+1, where p is the polynomial degree of the discontinuous Galerkin basis. Comparisons are made between the different discretizations and with theoretical analysis.
Publisher's Note: Noninvasive assessment of cutaneous wound healing using ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography

This PDF file contains the errata for “JBO Vol. 11 Issue 06 Paper 2430730” for JBO Vol. 11 Issue 06
Primary production in the Arctic Ocean estimated from dissolved oxygen

Abstract The deep, central basins of the Arctic Ocean have been thought to support little biological production. However, summer dissolved oxygen data from the upper mixed layer of the ice-covered central Arctic Ocean yield estimates of primary production which are high enough to account for oxygen utilization in the halocline. Thus, it may not be necessary to postulate either that all significant primary production is on or near the continental shelves, or that organic matter is transported along isopycnals over decades of time to support respiration in the halocline over the deep basins. Because dissolved oxygen data are available for many parts of the Arctic Basin, it may be possible to begin to look for regional differences in productivity. It remains true that more primary production is occurring on the extensive continental shelves than in the basins, and some dissolved organic matter produced on continental shelves must be entering the basins via the halocline. Some of that dissolved organic matter may also contribute to secondary production and to the observed oxygen utilization. However, the evidence from dissolved oxygen measurements, as well as from the observations on consumers, from bacteria to bears, suggests the presence of a complete, locally supported food web in the permanently ice-covered regions of the Arctic Ocean.
Epileptic brain damage: how much excitement can a limbic neuron take?

Abstract Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is a prominent part of more widespread cerebral degeneration produced by prolonged generalized motor seizures. MTS is also the most common lesion encountered in patients with partial complex epilepsy, who often have no history of prolonged or generalized motor ictal events. Recent animal research has now shown that focal epileptiform hyperexcitation along limbic pathways can destroy neurons, suggesting that brief, but recurrent, partial limbic seizures may also lead to progressive brain damage in patients. Because these lesions could be responsible for behavioral deficits, and may themselves be epileptogenic, the work reviewed here has important implications for the therapeutic approach to partial complex epilepsy.
Electrical conductivity of coal and coal char

Abstract The electrical conductivity of coal, at either 1 kHz or d.c., was measured at 24 °C on samples recovered from pyrolysis experiments aimed at modelling conditions during in situ gasification of coal. From an initial value of 10 −3 S/m (when the coal is saturated with formation water), the conductivity decreases to 10 −8 S/m when the coal is heated to 110 °C in vacuum. This low value, presumably due to dehydration of the coal, prevails for samples heated as high as 500 °C in dry argon. Samples of char recovered after pyrolysis to 800 °C or more have a conductivity of 10 2 S/m. Capitalizing on the large contrast between the conductivities of coal and char produced during gasification, electrical probing may be a sensitive tool for monitoring ‘burn-front’ progress during in situ coal gasification.
Recently reported causes of contact dermatitis due to synthetic resins and hardeners

This study is a survey of recent literature and my own observations concerning dermatological risks of processing and producing plastics. A plea for understanding and cooperation is directed to manufacturers, jurists, occupational physicians, safety engineers, toxicologists, allergologists, dermatologists, industrial and hobby workers, purchasers, consumers and other people involved in order to reach optimal knowledge about risks of processing, warnings and safety procedures.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering in periodic and quasi-periodic metal-dielectric films

Since the discovery of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) nearly thirty years ago [1], a number of theoretical and experimental studies for a variety of metal-dielectric composites, roughened surfaces, semi-continuous and fractal films have been performed (see for example, [2,3] and references therein). Recent experimental data suggest that strong Raman signals can be obtained in periodic and quasi-periodic arrays of metal particles [4]. In this paper we study SERS effect in periodic structures, such as cubic and hexagonal lattices. Based on our numerical simulations we derive specific conditions for optimization of SERS in such structures.
A rational expectations equilibrium model of urban growth and land markets

This paper presents a simple model of urban spatial growth under uncertainty with an infinite time horizon. The rational expectations equilibrium path (REE path) of the urban land market is obtained in explicit form as a function of exogenously given stochastic processes of future population, transport and household income in the city. Spatial and temporal characteristics of asset prices along the REE path are examined in detail.
Dynamic Landmarking for Surface Feature Identification and Change Detection

Given the large volume of images being sent back from remote spacecraft, there is a need for automated analysis techniques that can quickly identify interesting features in those images. Feature identification in individual images and automated change detection in multiple images of the same target are valuable for scientific studies and can inform subsequent target selection. We introduce a new approach to orbital image analysis called dynamic landmarking. It focuses on the identification and comparison of visually salient features in images. We have evaluated this approach on images collected by five Mars orbiters. These evaluations were motivated by three scientific goals: to study fresh impact craters, dust devil tracks, and dark slope streaks on Mars. In the process we also detected a different kind of surface change that may indicate seasonally exposed bedforms. These experiences also point the way to how this approach could be used in an onboard setting to analyze and prioritize data as it is collected.
The role of internal waves in larval fish interactions with potential predators and prey

Abstract Tidally driven internal wave packets in coastal environments have the potential to influence patchiness of larval fishes, prey, and gelatinous predators. We used the In Situ Ichthyoplankton Imaging System (ISIIS) to synoptically sample larval fishes, copepods, and planktonic predators (ctenophores, hydromedusae, chaetognaths, and polychaetes) across these predictable features in the summer near Stellwagen Bank, Massachusetts, USA. Full water column profiles and fixed depth transects (∼10 m depth) were used to quantify vertical and horizontal components of the fish and invertebrate distributions during stable and vertically mixed conditions associated with tidally generated internal waves. Larval fishes, consisting mostly of Urophycis spp., Merluccius bilinearis, and Labridae, were concentrated near the surface, with larger sizes generally occupying greater depths. During stable water column conditions, copepods formed a near surface thin layer several meters above the chlorophyll-a maximum that was absent when internal waves were propagating. In contrast, ctenophores and other predators were much more abundant at depth, but concentrations near 10 m increased immediately after the internal hydraulic jump mixed the water column. During the propagation of internal waves, the fine-scale abundance of larval fishes was more correlated with the abundance of gelatinous predators and less correlated with copepods compared to the stable conditions. Vertical oscillations caused by the internal hydraulic jump can disperse patches of zooplankton and force surface dwelling larval fishes into deeper water where probability of predator contact is increased, creating conditions potentially less favorable for larval fish growth and survival on short time scales.
Alterations of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in gerbil cerebral cortex after bilateral ischemia

Alterations in central concentrations of cyclic nucleotides occur in mammalian brain during ischemic episodes. Our aim was to evaluate the catecholamine sensitivity of adenylate cyclase using homogenates of the gerbil cerebral cortex during periods of bilateral ischemia and recirculation. After 15-min ischemia without recirculation, the sensitivity of adenylate cyclase was usually enhanced to norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) alone or in the presence of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) but not 5′-guanylyl imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p]. After 60-min ischemia (no recirculation), the sensitivity of the enzyme to NE and DA showed either no change from sham controls or a slight decrease. Responses, however, in the presence of GTP remained elevated. When the animals were subjected to 15-min ischemia followed by 15-min recirculation, enzyme activation by NE and DA with or without GTP and Gpp(NH)p was usually greater than controls. After 60-min ischemia plus 15-min recirculation, however, enzyme responsiveness to catecholamines and NaF was attenuated. No changes in either high and low Km cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase or in guanylate cyclase were observed during ischemic episodes. The results indicate that the catecholamine-elicited activity of adenylate cyclase became elevated as a consequence of a short duration of ischemia. Longer periods of ischemia thought to be irreversible showed deficits in adenylate-cyclase sensitivity to catecholamines unless GTP was present. In the presence of GTP, enzyme sensitivity was restored as long as recirculation was prevented. Thus adverse consequences of recirculation on neuronal membranes or receptors could be evaluated by their state of GTP sensitivity.
Development of a VSV-G protein pseudotyped retroviral vector system expressing dominant oncogenes from a lacO-modified inducible LTR promoter.

Abstract We report the development of a retroviral vector system in which two dominant oncogenes are expressed inducibly in human cells using the lac repressor/lac operator regulatable promoter system. First, the parent vector, pLoCRNLo, was constructed to contain a retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter that has been modified by incorporation of a lac operator sequence (lacO). This promoter, LTRo, was shown to mediate IPTG-inducible cat expression in rat cells expressing the lac repressor. The pLoCRNLo backbone was used to develop the retroviral vector LoTPRRNLo which expresses SV40 T antigen and H-rasval12 oncogenes as a dicistronic unit separated by a poliovirus internal ribosome entry sequence (PO-IRES). LoTPRRNLo retrovirus was produced as a VSV-G protein pseudotype and used to infect primary human cells, resulting in the efficient formation of transformed cell lines. Subsequent introduction into the transformed cells of the lac repressor, expressed from a second retroviral vector, MSCV-In(S), resulted in IPTG-responsive oncogene expression and cell growth. This vector system is useful for introducing multiple genes under inducible control into mammalian cells.
Compact spaces representable as unions of nice subspaces

We present several results on compact Hausdorff spaces which can be represented as unions of nice subspaces. Some typical results are: If X is a compact Hausdorff space, and X = ∪α κ and μ is regular, then there exists a discrete sequence {xα: α<μ} in X such that xα→x, (iii) if A is a nonclosed subset of X, then there exists a point x ϵ X\A and a filter base F of subsets of A such that | F | ⩽κ and F→x. We also show that if a compact Hausdorff space X is a union of countably many metrizable spaces, X has no isolated points and c(X)=ω0, then X is a compactification of the space of irrationals.
Hydrodynamic Simulations of Flares on Accretion Disks

We have constructed a hydrodynamic simulation of flares on the accretion disks of cataclysmic variable stars. In these flares the disk photosphere is heated by a beam of suprathermal electrons. The beam energy flux, beam duration, position in the accretion disk, and accretion disk temperature were varied in 20 flare simulations. All the flare simulations show that above a site of maximum heating the gas is blown upward from the disk. Below this point the gas is compressed and heated. A non-LTE radiative transfer program calculates the resulting continuous emission and Balmer line radiation from the flare. The temporal development of each flare model is followed by calculating the radiation at 15–20 time steps. The Hβ line flux from accretion disks is estimated for 20 dwarf novae and 12 nova and nova-like systems by using information gathered from the literature. We then use a simple approximation for the rate of flaring across an accretion disk to see whether flares can account for all the Hβ emission. The rate of flickering observed in cataclysmic variables is used as a constraint on this model. Using flickering rates from one study we find that if each observed flicker is one magnetic flare, then flares can account for only 1%–2% of the Hβ emission. A much higher flare rate can account for the observed Hβ emission if flickering studies underestimate the true rate of flaring. A flare avalanche model may account for both the observed Hβ flux and the observed flickering.
Current management of breast cancer

Abstract Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women, and is responsible for 44,300 deaths in 1996. Its incidence is rising, in part owing to improvements in mammographic screening. Current guidelines for mammography and their support are reviewed. Presenting symptoms of breast cancer and the conduct of a history and physical exam geared toward the evaluation of breast malignancy are briefly described. An algorithm for the workup of palpable masses and nonpalpable abnormalities is presented, including a discussion of the role of stereotactic biopsy. A summary of the pathology, natural history and treatment options for ductal and lobular in situ malignancies is given, with particular attention to the role of breast conservation, its risks and benefits. The controversies surrounding breast conservation versus modified radical mastectomy and the role of adjuvant and radiation therapy in the management of invasive breast cancer are summarized. Currently available figures for the success of high-dose chemotherapy/hematopowtic stem cell transplantation in the setting of metastatic breast cancer are quoted.
Design Considerations for Research on Analytical Procedures

This article discusses research design considerations for conducting behavioral research on auditors' performance of analytical procedures (APs). With the trend in practice towards increasing reliance on APs, it is essential that auditors are proficient in completing such tests. Therefore, research to understand and improve auditors' performance of APs is important. Once an unexpected fluctuation is identified, APs involve three phases: generation of plausible hypotheses (likely causes); gathering evidence to examine plausible hypotheses; and identification of the most likely cause followed by appropriate follow-up actions. Although prior research has focused on these phases in isolation, they are, in fact, interrelated. Important research design issues and trade-offs for each of the phases of APs are discussed. For instance, in examining hypothesis generation there are choices as to the amount and nature of case background information, number of ratios or accounts to explain; ex-post evaluation of the quality of the hypothesis set; and instructions on number of causes that account for the fluctuation. Significant considerations are identified for making informed decisions among design choices.