cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Theoretical Limits of Predictability

Abstract The question of whether long-range deterministic predictions of the atmosphere are possible is examined directly in terms of growth of initial errors. Simple physical models are considered in which a unit mass moves at constant and variable speeds. It is concluded that the distant-future location of the mass is unpredictable in both cases. Estimated growth rates of temperature errors associated with a simple periodic model of the atmosphere are found to be appreciable. To generalize these results, it is suggested that deterministic predictions of meteorological variables are not feasible at long range, if only because of the growth of inevitable initial errors with time.
Mechanical properties and structural characterization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers reinforced with zeolite fillers

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers were filled with two zeolites which were both silicates of sodium and aluminum, but which had different cavity sizes. The reinforcement of the particles provided was characterized by stress-strain measurements in elongation at room temperature. The results indicated that the ultimate properties of the networks were increased by both types of zeolites, but that the increase was larger in the case of the zeolite with the larger cavity size. Small-angle-neutron-scattering results confirmed that the interface between the elastomeric phase and the zeolite particles was smooth, but gave no evidence for increased polymer penetration into the larger-cavity zeolite. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the zeolite with a larger pore size also had a smaller particle size, and this is probably the origin of its superior reinforcing ability.
A Simpler Formulation for Radiative View Factors From Spheres to a Class of Axisymmetric Bodies

A simpler formulation is developed for radiative view factor from a sphere to a class of axisymmetric bodies. The new formulation is semianalytical in nature and only requires a single numerical integration at most.
Influence of nitrogen dilution and flame temperature on soot formation in diffusion flames

Abstract The line-of-sight soot surface temperatures and soot volume fractions were measured as a function of axial position in overventilated coflow laminar diffusion flames. A comparison of the influence of nitrogen dilution and the flame temperature on soot formation in diffusion flames of ethylene was made, and the relative importance of the two effects was quantified. To isolate the influence of the dilution and flame temperature, a reference condition was specified, such that the temperature of the reactants was 623 K without nitrogen dilution of the fuel gas. In dilution experiments, the temperature of reactants was at the reference temperature and the nitrogen dilution of the ethylene was varied from 0 to 0.78 mole fraction. In a second set of experiments, where dilution was zero, the flame temperature was varied by reducing the temperature of the reactants from 623 to 298 K in six steps. The reduction in soot formation is due to both lowered temperature and fuel concentration in dilution experiments, and due to only lowered temperature in undiluted flames since the temperature was varied by controlling the temperature of the reactants. The difference between the two sets of results, for the same flame temperature, gives the influence of dilution on soot formation. The observed soot concentrations in both diluted and undiluted flames, after allowance is made for differences in flame heights and diameters, are fitted to a simple Arrhenius rate expression where the preexponential factor is linear in fuel mole fraction and the measured activation energy is 200 kJ/mol. This rate expression correctly predicts the observation that the effect of dilution on the maximum soot volume fraction is greater than that of temperature up to a diluent fraction of about 0.7. At this point the contributions of both factors are equal; further increase in the diluent amount makes the contribution of the temperature larger.
Survival of bovine embryos stored at 4°C

Abstract These experiments were designed to test the efficacy of storing bovine embryos at 4°C. Of particular interest were the age of embryo at which maximum post-storage survival could be achieved and longevity at 4°C. A greater proportion of day 8 blastocysts developed in vitro at 37°C following refrigeration for 48 hr than did embryos collected 2, 4 or 6 days after estrus (P In vitro survival of nonstored embryos and embryos stored 1 day did not differ. Survival decreased after storage for 2 days (P In vitro survival was approximately 50% for blastocysts stored for 3 and 5 days, but few pregnancies resulted from transfer of embryos stored for these periods. In another experiment survival after transfer of blastocysts stored at 4°C for up to 2 days was similar to that of nonstored blastocysts.
Coupling of lithium to sodium transport in human red cells

THE administration of lithium salts is often used in the treatment of affective psychoses1. Mendels et al.2–4 and others5 have measured the concentrations of lithium in blood plasma and red cells of patients and normal individuals receiving such salts. They have argued that the lithium concentrations in red cells can be correlated with the clinical status of these people4 and, therefore, can possibly be related to the pathogenesis of the mental disorders. They found that the concentration of lithium in red cell water is about one-third of that in the blood plasma during chronic administration of LiCl (ref. 4). This fact is surprising since it would suggest that Li+ is actively transported by the red cell membrane. The steady-state value of the ratio of internal to external concentration for a monovalent cation which is not actively transported should be about 1.2 (ref. 6). Previous observations in red cells7 and squid axons8 suggested that Li+ is not transported by the Na–K pump. Furthermore, the net efflux of Li+ into Li+-free medium was unaffected by the presence of ouabain4. The experiments described here were designed to clarify the mechanisms of this seemingly ouabain-insensitive ‘active’ transport of lithium ions in human red cells.
Complications associated with the Nuss procedure: continued evolution of the learning curve.

Abstract Background We report unusual and/or significant complications encountered during and after the Nuss Procedure for pectus excavatum. Methods This was a retrospective review that was approved by the institutional review board, with parental consent. Results Seven patients had unique and/or significant complications as follows: (1) laceration of an internal mammary artery during bar placement requiring emergent minithoracotomy; (2) hemopericardium 10 weeks postoperatively after blunt chest trauma requiring exploration of the pericardium and clot evacuation; (3) almost complete recurrence of the pectus excavatum deformity immediately after bar removal; (4 and 5) immediate/early postoperative bar displacement requiring re-operation and placement of 2 bars each; and (6 and 7) almost complete neo-ossification of the Nuss bar, making removal challenging. Conclusions The Nuss procedure has met with near-universal acceptance. Complications are just being reported. We describe 7 events to add to the evolving literature as the entire pediatric surgery community participates in the initial learning curve.
Prospects for the stimulation, control, and study of high-gain linac-driven x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) interactions using high-power IR/visible/UV lasers

In recent years, substantial design studies have been initiated on angstrom-wavelength free-electron laser (FEL) schemes based on driving highly compressed electron bunches from a multi-GeV linac through long (30 m - 100 m) undulators. Within the context of the technologies considered, the attainment of such parameters involves the development of large, complex, and highly costly technical systems, and the preliminary or concomitant execution of complex demonstration experiments to study self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), or other gain mechanisms, on lower-energy linacs at longer wavelengths. In all phases of the FEL gain processes undertaken by such studies, the strength of the FEL radiation field in the electron bunch rest frame is typically no more than a fraction of a percent of the transformed undulator field. In contrast, recently developed terawatt lasers in the IR/visible/UV regimes could be made to match or exceed a transformed undulator's field strength in an electron bunch of suitable energy, enabling high-level control of the FEL gain process, and thereby of the spectral and temporal parameters of the FEL output. Due to the highly non-linear nature of the radiation/electron bunch interaction, control and generation of high-power FEL radiation with such lasers could, in principle, be extended well into the soft x-ray regime. In this presentation we discuss selected schemes for attaining high-power x ray FEL output in radiation pulses of conventional or ultra-short duration, and examine ways in which lower-cost, equivalent studies of SASE gain at lower energies could be achieved. Selected applications to particle beam diagnostics are also examined.
A new arrangement for the production of thermal gas flows and the measurement of radiometer forces

Abstract This paper was first presented (in German) at the first Annual Meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Vakuumtechnik e.V. (German Society for Vacuum Technique) September 1962. Because of its interest it has been selected, with the collaboration of the Society, for translation and wider dissemination by publication in VACUUM in advance of the publication of the complete Proceedings. Using an electromagnetic microbalance, radiometer forces were measured on specimens exposed to a temperature gradient at low pressures. These forces, which were large compared with the sensitivity of the balance, cannot be adequately accounted for by available theories. The forces were measured within a pressure range from 10−5 to 100 torr as a function of the type of gas, the temperature conditions, the dimensions of the arrangement and the materials and geometry used for the specimens. Equations are given which provide a sufficiently accurate description of the results for the two limiting cases “mean free path large or small compared with the inside dimensions of the apparatus“. Since the forces are dependent on pressure, they may be used in a pressure gauge which, combined with a buoyancy measurement, covers the range from 10−6 torr to atmospheric pressure.
Reflex Tetrode with Unidirectional Ion Flow.

Experimental results are reported which show that the backward-directed (and unusable) ion current in a reflex triode can be almost completely suppressed by adding a second anode, made of aluminized Mylar, 0.5 cm from the existing polyethylene anode. Proton-generation efficiencies in excess of 50% have been obtained.
Evaluation of a rapid, real-time intrapartum group B streptococcus assay

Objective We sought to evaluate an intrapartum nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for group B streptococcus (GBS). Study Design This was a prospective cohort study of 559 women comparing intrapartum GBS culture with antepartum culture and intrapartum NAAT. Results GBS prevalence was 19.5% by antepartum culture and 23.8% by intrapartum culture. Compared with intrapartum culture, antepartum culture had 69.2% sensitivity (60.6-76.9%) and 96.0% specificity (93.7-97.7%). The NAAT demonstrated sensitivity of 90.8% (84.6-95.2%), specificity of 97.6% (95.6-98.8%), and predictive values >92%. The incidence of discordant cultures was 10.4%. Of the women with negative antepartum and positive intrapartum cultures, only 1 (2.4%) received intrapartum antibiotics. Compared with white women, black ( P = .02) and Hispanic ( P = .02) women were more likely to have discordant cultures. Conclusion This intrapartum NAAT has excellent characteristics. It may be superior to antepartum culture for detecting intrapartum GBS–allowing more accurate management of laboring mothers and reducing neonatal GBS sepsis.
Assessments of the Functional Capacity of the Gonadotrophs in Men: Effects of Estrogen and Clomiphene

Abstract Serum LH and FSH responses to serial injections of LRF with small (10 μg × 5), large (150 μg × 5), decremental (300 to 10 μg), and incremental (10 to 300 μg) doses at 2-hour intervals were assessed in eugonadal men. At constant doses, pulses of LRF induced pulsatile LH release which was qualitatively similar but quantitatively greater for the large than for the small dose of LRF. There were no periods of refractoriness or augmentation of subsequent responses from prior exposure to LRF when administered at 2-hour intervals. LH responses to incremental and decremental doses of LRF resulted in corresponding measurable changes in the magnitude of pituitary LH release. The FSH responses to pulses of LRF at all doses tested were uniformly small. These data suggest that analyses of the initial and integrated release (10 h experiment) to pulses of LRF may disclose the functional capacity of the gonadotrophs and that small variations in the endogenous LRF delivered may represent a significant factor in th...
Interaction of a fluorescent derivative of paclitaxel (Taxol) with microtubules and tubulin-colchicine.

A fluorescent derivative of paclitaxel, 2-debenzoyl-2-(m-aminobenzoyl)paclitaxel (2-AB-PT), has been prepared. 2-AB-PT induces microtubule assembly in vitro, but is about 3-fold less potent than paclitaxel itself. The absorption and emission characteristics of 2-AB-PT were analyzed as a function of solvent. It was found that both spectra were perturbed by specific solvent effects when the solvent contained a hydrogen bond donor. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of 2-AB-PT bound to microtubules could not be mimicked by a single solvent, but the absorption and emission maxima of the tubulin-bound species could be duplicated by a solvent mixture of DMSO and water. These results indicate that the fluorophore binding site on the microtubule is in an environment of intermediate polarity that is accessible to a hydrogen bond donor in the vicinity of the m-amino group. In addition, tubulin fluorescence is quenched in the 2-AB-PT/microtubule complex, and energy transfer from tubulin to 2-AB-PT is apparent. ...
Advantages of place as perceived by Sunbelt promoters.

A questionnaire was sent to 104 Chamber of Commerce executives in states and cities in the South and Southwest to evaluate the factors they perceive to be important in recruiting business and industrial migrants from the North. 81 respondents rates 33 locational factors on a scale of 1 to 5. Results show variation in the perceived importance of factors between Southeast South Central and Southwest states and the Border states. Patterns of perceived competition among cities reveal that Border cities view Southern cities as their most important competitors but Southern cities see their major competitors as other rapidly growing Southern cities. Large cities do not see smaller cities as competitors with the exception of the "high tech" research centers such as Raleigh North Carolina. (authors)
IUE observations of a luminous M supergiant that exhibits emission continuum in the far ultraviolet

Observations of the late type M supergiant TV Gem (M1Iab) reveal strong UV continuum between 1200 A and 3200 A. The continuum is essentially featureless with the exception of a number of broad absorption features in the short wavelength spectra range. An absorption feature centered around 1400 A could be due to Si IV absorption found typically in spectra of middle B type stars. UV emission from this star is unexpected because earlier ground-based observations give no indication of a possible association with an early companion or circumstellar ionized nebulosity. A B9 or A1 III - IV type star approximately 2to 3 magnitudes fainter than the M star could explain the level of UV continuum observed, but a fully self consistent explanation that includes the B-V color index of TV Gem is not as yet possible. The continuum flux dependence with wavelength in the UV spectral range could be attributed to a high energy source such as an accretion disc. It is suggested TV Gem is a good candidate for HEAO-2 (Einstein) satellite observations because a high energy object in close proximity to the M star would likely be a source of soft X-ray emission.
Release of MEMS devices with hard-baked polyimide sacrificial layer

Removal of polyimides used as sacrificial layer in fabricating MEMS devices can be challenging after hardbaking, which may easily result by the end of multiple-step processing. We consider the specific commercial co-developable polyimide ProLift 100 (Brewer Science). Excessive heat hardens this material, so that during wet release in TMAH based solvents, intact sheets break free from the substrate, move around in the solution, and break delicate structures. On the other hand, dry reactive-ion etching of hard-baked ProLift is so slow, that MEMS structures are damaged from undesirably-prolonged physical bombardment by plasma ions. We found that blanket exposure to ultraviolet light allows rapid dry etch of the ProLift surrounding the desired structures without damaging them. Subsequent removal of ProLift from under the devices can then be safely performed using wet or dry etch. We demonstrate the approach on PECVD-grown silicon-oxide cantilevers of 100 micron × 100 micron area supported 2 microns above the substrate by ~100-micron-long 8-micron-wide oxide arms.
Erratum: Implementation of the discrete Fourier transform on 2-dimensional systolic processors

A scheme for computing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a 2-dimensional systolic array processor is presented. The DFT algorithm is rewritten as a matrix based algorithm and mapped onto a 2-dimensional systolic array processor. The significance of this approach is that the total time required to complete an N-point DFT is 3√(N) + N time units (assuming that it takes one time unit to operate data in a processor element (PE)); the architecture features nearest neighbour interconnections (as opposed to spatially global interconnections); all PEs in the 2-dimensional systolic array processor are busy (as opposed to some processor arrays in which half of the PEs are idle while the other half are busy); results of DFT computations are pipelined out directly in the correct order (as opposed to some processors which require bit-reversal operation or data commutation during the computational process); and the matrix-matrix multiplication and the diagonal elements of the matrix-matrix-matrix product can be computed systolically on the 2-dimensional processor.
X-ray reflectivity study of an oil-water interface in equilibrium with a middle-phase microemulsion.

The roughness and surface correlations of a surfactant monolayer at an oil-water interface in equilibrium with a small amount of middle-phase microemulsion were studied using x-ray scattering. High energy x rays in conjunction with tight instrumental resolution allow us to separate and quantify the specular reflectivity and surface diffuse scattering of the interface. The experimental results are explained using a height-height correlation function derived from a capillary wave model. The interface was found to have an intrinsic roughness of 85 \AA{} and an interfacial tension of 0.11 dyn/cm.
A versatile variable temperature thin layer reflectance spectroelectrochemical cell

Abstract A specular reflectance cell for variable temperature thin layer spectroelectrochemistry in the infrared and UV–Vis regions was designed and tested. The cell was constructed to fit commercially available FTIRs or UV–Vis spectrophotometers. It requires only a small sample volume. It is simple, rugged, and suitable for use with either aqueous or non-aqueous solutions. The cell employs commercially available optical windows and gaskets. Temperature control was achieved with an external bath/circulator in the range from −55 to+80°C. The cell's performance was tested in cyclic voltammetry mode with K 4 Fe(CN) 6 and ferrocene. The variable temperature feature of the cell was used to observe for the first time the radical anion of the complex Fe(CO) 3 (η 4 -2,5-norbornadiene at −15°C.
A semiquantitative theory for the 2f(p) radiation observed upstream from the earth's bow shock

In this paper, Cairns and Melrose's (1985) theory for the second harmonic of the plasma frequency f(p), i,e, 2f(p) radiation, is extended into a detailed semiquantitative theory for the 2f(p) radiation observed upstream from the earth's bow shock. It is shown that the 2f(p) radiation grows by the process L + L going to T + S (where L, S, and T denote Langmuir, ion acoustic, and transverse electromagnetic waves, respectively), proceeding in two 3-wave steps in the two wings of the foreshock. The theory developed here is consistent with all the available wave data.
Monitoring the flame synthesis of TiO2 particles by in-situ FTIR spectroscopy and thermophoretic sampling

Abstract The evolution of flame-made titania particles from spherical to weakly agglomerated ones has been studied in a premixed flame of methane and oxygen by oxidizing titanium tetraisopropoxide vapor at various concentrations. The axial and radial flame temperatures were measured by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the presence of particles. At each sampling location, the particle size distribution was measured by closely controlled thermophoretic sampling on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids, followed by image analysis and statistical evaluation of 200 to 350 primary particles. That way, particle inception, growth by coagulation and rapid coalescence, followed by agglomeration at the later process stages was visualized. Initially, the primary particle size increases rapidly up to about the end of the luminous flame, but then levels off. Limited particle aggregation was observed on the collected particles on the filter. The geometric standard deviation (σ g ) of the primary particle size inside the flame remained below the value for a self-preserving distribution, indicating the significance of surface growth and/or sintering. The crystallinity and specific surface area of the particles collected on filters were measured by X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption, respectively.
Effects of weaning age and adult handling on avoidance conditioning, open-field behavior, and plasma corticosterone of adult rats.

Litters of rats were weaned at either 21 or 30 days of age. From each of the six 21-day and six 30-day litters, four males and four females were selected randomly for adult testing (approximately 110 days of age). Starting six days before the behavioral tests animals in half the litters from each weaning-age group were handled (gentled) for 5 min per day for 3 days. Half the animals in each litter were tested first in an open field, the other half were tested first on an avoidance conditioning task. About 2 wk after behavioral testing all subjects were blood sampled for assay of resting and stress levels of plasma corticosterone. In adulthood, rats weaned at 21 days were significantly heavier than rats weaned at 30 days. Open-field defecation was significantly higher in animals recieving prior avoidance conditioning. Rats receiving adult handling before testing scored significantly more avoidances than unhandled ones and were more active in the open field. Handling also affected plasma corticosterone values, but only in females; handled females had significantly higher plasma corticosterone levels than unhandled ones. None of the behavioral or adrenocortical measures was significantly affected by weaning age.
How Can It Be Wrong When It Feels So Right?: Ethical Decision Making and New Technology

In this study, 663 participants, both undergraduates and professionals, were asked to indicate their ethical judgment of, and behavioral intention regarding, 34 behaviors utilizing new technology. The authors found partial support for all hypotheses: as age increased behaviors were judged as being more unethical and participants reported that they were less likely to engage in the behaviors; professionals judged behaviors as being more unethical than students and reported they were less likely to engage in the behaviors than students; females judged behaviors as being more unethical than males and reported that they were less likely to engage in the behaviors than males; and participants indicated that they were more likely to engage in behaviors than would be suggested by their ethical judgment of those behaviors. The findings are important for developing codes of conduct, laws, and training programs that will lead to greater ethical behavior using new technology.
Organizational Ambidexterity in Action: How Managers Explore and Exploit:

Dynamic capabilities have been proposed as a useful way to understand how organizations are able to adapt to changes in technology and markets. Organizational ambidexterity the ability of senior managers to seize opportunities through the orchestration and integration of existing assets to overcome inertia and path dependence, is a core dynamic capability. While promising, research on dynamic capabilities and ambidexterity has not yet been able to specify the specific mechanisms through which senior managers are actually able to reallocate resources and reconfigure assets to simultaneously explore and exploit. Using interviews and qualitative case studies from thirteen organizations, this article explores the actions senior managers took to implement ambidextrous designs and identify which ones helped or hindered them in their attempts. A set of interrelated choices of organization design and senior team process determine which attempts to build ambidextrous organizations are successful.
Application of conformal mapping to boundary perturbation problems for the membrane equation

LIN has suggested [5] that conformal transformations are useful for boundary perturbation problems involving general differential equations. It is required that the boundary conditions be given on some curve B e near to a curve B 0 for which the problem can be solved; the conformal mapping of B 0 onto B 6 will then differ only slightly from the identity mapping. Since we consider equations more general than Laplace's, the transformed equation will differ from the original one, but by a small amount, so that the solution can then be determined by standard perturbation methods. In another paper [10], the author has shown that LIN'S suggestion leads to an efficient method of solving certain problems of current interest in fluid mechanics, for example the two-dimen~ional time-dependent flow of a viscous incompressible fluid forced by a circular cylinder vibrating about a point slightly displaced from the center of a surrounding circular cylinder. In this paper we report the results of work on the eigenvalue problem
Separation of barbiturates and phenylthiohydantoin amino acids using the thermally tuned tandem column concept.

There are many more choices of column type than of eluent type for method development in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. It is common to switch between different column types or between the same type from different suppliers to achieve the desired separations. The key difficulty in modulating band spacing by adjusting the column type is that it is a discontinuous, “hit or miss” proposition. The thermally tuned tandem column (T3C) concept effectively solves this problem by connecting two columns in series and independently controlling the two column temperatures. The columns are chosen to have distinctively different chromatographic selectivities (band spacing), so that the unresolved peaks on one column are separated by the other. The optimized separation in the T3C is achieved by simultaneously tuning the two column temperatures. In this study, we used the T3C combination of a carbon and a conventional bonded phase for the separation of barbiturates and phenylthiohydantoin amino acids (PTH-amino ac...
Rapid cooling aborts seizure-like activity in rodent hippocampal-entorhinal slices

Summary Purpose: As a preliminary step in the development of an implantable Peltier device to abort focal neocortical seizures in vivo, we have examined the effect of rapid cooling on seizures in rodent hippocampal-entorhinal slices. Methods: Seizure-like discharges were induced by exposing the slices to extracellular saline containing 4-aminopyridine (50 μmol/L). Results: When we manually activated a Peltier device that was in direct contact with the slice, seizures terminated within seconds of the onset of cooling, sometimes preceding a detectable decrease in temperature measured near the top of the slice. However, activation of the Peltier device did not stop seizures when slices were no longer in direct physical contact with the device, indicating that this was not a field effect. When cooling was shut off and temperature returned to 33oC, bursting some-times returned, but a longer-term suppressive effect on seizure activity could be observed. In two of our experiments, a custom computer program automatically detected seizure discharges and triggered a transistor-transistor logic pulse to activate the Peltier device. In these experiments, the Peltier device automatically terminated the slice bursting in less than 4 seconds. When the Peltier device was placed in contact with the normal, exposed cortex of a newborn pig, we found that the cortical temperature decreased rapidly from 36oC to as low as 26oC at a depth of 1.7 mm below the cooling unit. Conclusions: These experiments show that local cooling may rapidly terminate focal paroxysmal discharges and might be adapted for clinical practice.
Herbivory and the Endangered Robust Spineflower (Chorizanthe Robusta Var. Robusta)

ABSTRACT Insect herbivory has been shown to have substantial impacts on plant growth and reproduction in many systems. However, the effect of insect herbivores on rare and endangered plants has not been widely studied, even though natural limitations on growth and reproduction, in combination with anthropogenic changes in habitat quality and quantity, likely contribute to population decline. In the current study, an insect exclusion experiment was used to assess the effects of insect herbivory on a federally listed endangered annual plant: Chorizanthe robusta var. robusta (Polygonaceae). The primary insect herbivore was a microlepidopteran larva, an undescribed species of Aroga (Gelechiidae). Excluding Aroga larvae led to a 30% increase in seed output compared to water control. No change in plant survivorship or seed/flower ratios was found with insect exclusion. Control plants given supplemental water had increased seed production, but only in the absence of Aroga infestation, an indication that infested...
Imidazole-substituted oxoverdazyl radical as a mediator of intramolecular and intermolecular exchange interaction.

The 3-(2′-imidazolyl)-1,5-dimethyl-6-oxoverdazyl radical (imvd•) and the corresponding tetrazane H3imvd were prepared and structurally characterized, the former as two different hydrates. Reaction of imvd• with [M(hfac)2] led to the formation of monometallic complexes [M(hfac)2(imvd•)] (M = Ni and Mn). They were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In the solid state, all four radical-containing compounds exhibit imidazole−oxoverdazyl π stacking. Following the structural analysis, imvd• behaves as an antiferromagnetic (AF) coupled chain with J = −100 cm−1 (H = −J∑SiSi+1). The magnetic behavior of [M(hfac)2(imvd•)] complexes is interpreted with a four-coupled spin model with a metal ion radical intramolecular interaction (JMn = −62.5 cm−1 and JNi = 193 cm−1; H = −JSMSimvd) and an AF intermolecular interaction (JMn′ = −12.6 cm−1 and JNi′ = −4.3 cm−1) related to imidazole−oxoverdazyl π stacking.
Solubilization of lithium carboxylates with carboxylic acids in hydrocarbon solvents

Abstract The extent of solubilization of lithium carboxylates with carboxylic acids in hydrocarbon solvents depends greatly upon the structure of the anion, and, to a lesser degree, upon the structure of the hydrocarbon solvent. Branching of the aliphatic carbon chain or the alicyclic carbon ring of the carboxylate and the carboxylic acid molecules is essential for solubilization. Noncorresponding acids or mixtures of acids solubilize a relatively larger amount of a carboxylate than the corresponding acid. Appreciable amounts of normal carboxylates are soluble only when the acid is a substantial fraction of the liquid phase. The mechanism of the solubilization of lithium carboxylates with carboxylic acids involves the cooperative formation of association micelles governed by the law of chemical equilibrium. The solutions are thermodynamically stable.
Rapid mapping of deletion and duplication mutations by the polymerase chain reaction

Abstract The polymerase chain reaction combined with restriction enzyme mapping provides a rapid, economical and straightforward approach to mapping of deletion and duplication mutations to a resolution of 4 base pairs on agarose gels.
An in vitro metabolic activation assay using liver microsomes in diffusion chambers: induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations by cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide in cultured human and Chinese hamster cells

An in vitro activation assay for identifying suspected indirect mutagens and/or carcinogens is described. It involves the incubation of diffusion chambers filled with S-9 mix (S-9 fraction of rat liver and enzyme cofactors) and a compound under test with mammalian cells. The induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and/or chromosome aberrations can then be used as an indicator of mutagenicity or carcinogenicity. When a human lymphoid cell line, B35M, or Chinese hamster cell lines, V79 and CHO, are cultured with the diffusion chamber containing S-9 mix and the well-known indirect mutagen cyclophosphamide or its analog ifosfamide, a dose related increase in SCE or chromosome aberrations is observed in all the lines. The major advantages of this system over other in vitro activation assays are alleviation of cytotoxicity of S-9 mix and flexibility of treatment time.
Strategies of Organizational Survival: The Case of a National Program for Educational Reform

A small number of case studies describing how organizations adapt to changing or hostile environments by means of goal adaptation, selection of membership and audience, and reinforcement of organizational structure has accumulated. (For example, see Clark, 1956, 1960; Gusfield, 1955; Marris & Rein, 1967, Messinger, 1955; Moynihan, 1969; Selznick, 1949; Sills, 1957; Watson, 1968; Zald, 1970.) This literature is comprehensive, in that most aspects of the problem have been considered by one writer or another; however, at least two critical dimensions have not been given the full attention they deserve. First, with notable exceptions (e.g., Moynihan, 1969; Selznick, 1949; Zald, 1970), these studies concentrate on a single organization or view large sets of organizations as a collective, with only incidental attention to their internal dynamics. Analysis of interorganizational relationships would, however, illuminate the processes by which organizations are able to adapt and survive. Second, recent syntheses o...
Extending David Horrobin’s membrane phospholipid theory of schizophrenia: Overactivity of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in the brain is caused by overdrive of coupled serotonergic 5HT2A/2C receptors in response to stress

Abstract David Horrobin's membrane phospholipid theory of schizophrenia has held up well over time because his therapeutic prediction that dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) would have a therapeutic effect has been partially verified and undergoes continued testing. In the final version of his theory, he hypothesized that there was hyperactivity of phosphoslipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) or a related enzyme but did not explain how the hyperactivity came about. It is known that serotonergic 5HT 2A/2C receptors are coupled to PLA 2 , which hydrolyzes both arachidonic acid (AA) and EPA from diacylglycerides at the sn-2 position. In this paper, Horrobin's theory is combined with a previously published theory of chronic stress in which it was hypothesized that a disinhibited dorsal raphe nucleus, the principal nucleus of the serotonergic system, can organize the neuropathology of diseases such as migraine, hypertension, and the metabolic syndrome. The new or combined theory is that schizophrenia is a disease of chronic stress in which a disinhibited DRN causes widespread serotonergic overdrive in the cerebral cortex. This in turn causes overdrive of cPLA 2 and both central and peripheral depletion of AA and EPA. Because EPA is present in smaller amounts, it falls below threshold for maintaining an intracellular balance between AA-derived and EPA-derived second messenger cascades, which leads to abnormal patterns of neuronal firing. There are two causes of neuronal dysfunction: the disinhibited DRN and EPA depletion. Schizophrenia is statistically associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and migraine because they form a cluster of diseases with similar pathophysiology. The theory provides an explanation for both the central and peripheral phospholipid abnormalities in schizophrenia. It also explains the role of stress in schizophrenia, elevated serum PLA 2 activity in schizophrenia, the relationship between untreated schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome, and the therapeutic rationale for EPA.
In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies of Kinetic Interaction between Platinum(II) Ions and UiO-66 Series Metal–Organic Frameworks

The interaction of guest Pt(II) ions with UiO-66–X (X = NH2, H, NO2, OMe, F) series metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in aqueous solution was investigated using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. All of these MOFs were found to be able to coordinate with Pt(II) ions. The Pt(II) ions in UiO-66–X MOFs generally coordinate with 1.6–2.4 Cl and 1.4–2.4 N or O atoms. We also studied the time evolution of the coordination structure and found that Pt(II) maintained a coordination number of 4 throughout the whole process. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters of the interaction of Pt(II) ions with UiO-66–X series MOFs (X = NH2, H, NO2, OMe, F) were determined by combinational linear fitting of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of the samples. The Pt(II) adsorption rate constants were found to be 0.063 h–1 for UiO-66–NH2 and 0.011–0.017 h–1 for other UiO-66–X (X = H, NO2, OMe, F) MOFs, which means that Pt(II) adsorption in UiO-66–NH2 is 4–6 times faster than that in other UiO-66 series MOFs. ...
The use of pseudopotentials within local-density formalism calculations for atoms: Some results for the first row

Abstract The use of a pseudopotential to replace the core electron density within electronic structure calculations of Kohn-Sham type is proposed. An heuristic derivation of such a potential is given. Within the local exchange-correlation scheme, the pseudopotential employed is precisely equivalent to solving a frozen-core problem; this is quite different from the situation encountered in using pseudopotentials in Hartree-Fock calculations, where additional approximations are involved. Numerical results for several excited and ionic states of first row atoms are given: the errors due to the frozen core are less than 10 −3 hartree.
Motion compensated predictive coding

Motion compensated predictive codingS. Kappagantula and K. R. RaoDepartment of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at ArlingtonP.O. Box 19016, Arlington, Texas 76019AbstractInterframe image coding techniques in real -time provide a very attractive scheme of reduc-ing the bandwidth required for coding and transmitting natural video scenes. This paper pro-poses a modification of two existing algorithms for motion compensated interframe coding.It is shown that the modified method involves a reduced computational complexity while beingcompatible with the performance obtained by the previous algorithms. Implementation of thenew algorithm is consequently simplified and a design for the hardware using a parallelprocessing approach is studied. The system is proposed for use in NTSC TV pictures forapplications ranging from broadcast quality TV to video teleconferencing systems.IntroductionInterframe techniques in image coding present one of the most attractive schemes ofexploiting redundancy in natural video scenes. Conventional interframe techniques were fora long time restricted to coding the television image in terms of clusters of interframedifferences. Here each current frame is compared with the previous frame and only the dif-ferences are coded and transmitted. The receiver simply adds these differences to a copy ofthe previous frame that it has stored. This method has been shown to achieve reductions ofthe order of a factor of 10 over full bandwidth transmission. However as the televisionpicture displays increasing amounts of motion, the coding efficiency of this technique fallsoff rapidly. Such a deficiency makes the method unsuitable for TV transmission at very lowbit rates. Typical TV scenes involve motion details in particular sections of the imagewhile other areas can be said to be 'stationary' or unchanging areas. Moreover the motiondetail that the picture contains, varies with different pictures. Interframe motion compensa-t4.on techniques have therefore evolved2-4,6 -21 where the motion of each pel of a new frame(or a group of pels) is 'predicted' from the information available in the previous frame.Motion compensated predictj,o19L §chemes of this sort can be divided into two types pelrecursive algorithms (PRA) and (ii) block matching algorithms (BMA).
Modification of H-mode pedestal structure with lower hybrid waves on Alcator C-Mod

The application of lower hybrid range of frequencies (LHRF) waves in H-mode plasmas on Alcator C-Mod can result in a significant reduction in core particle inventory, with no significant degradation of energy confinement. This phenomenon has been observed in steady enhanced Dα (EDA) H-mode targets, which are sustained by ion cyclotron RF auxiliary heating, in which pedestal density nped is usually tied firmly to plasma current IP and shows a strong resilience to changes in the edge neutral source. Upon application of up to 1 MW LHRF power, nped is reduced by up to 30%, while the temperature profile increases simultaneously such that the pressure pedestal remains constant or is slightly increased. Steady EDA H-mode operation with no edge-localized modes can be maintained while edge collisionality is reduced by factors of reduction of 2–4. Elevation of scrape-off layer (SOL) density and electric currents accompany the application of LHRF (at levels as low as 400 kW) with a fast time response (~10−2 s), while full density pedestal relaxation and core density reduction occur on longer time scales (~10−1 s). A similarly prompt counter-IP change in the edge toroidal velocity is also observed in response to LHRF, followed on longer time scales by a counter-IP change in the central rotation. The range of time scales of the plasma response may indicate that the radial locations of LHRF interactions (i.e. SOL versus core), and power deposition mechanisms, are evolving in time. Understanding the responsible physical mechanisms and applying them to a broad range of discharges could provide a tool for improved H-mode density control.
Graduate psychology students' perceptions of the scientist-practitioner model of training

Abstract Since its inception over forty years ago, there has been considerable controversy regarding the viability of the scientist-practitioner model for training professional psychologists. The present study utilized a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods to assess graduate psychology students' (n=24) perceptions of this training model. Counselling, clinical, and school psychology students participated in semi-structured interviews and were administered the Vocational Preference Inventory, Form B (Holland, 1977) and the Scientist-Practitioner Inventory (Leong & Zachar, 1991). Data were analyzed using a combination of grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) and additional qualitative data analytic approaches (Miles & Huberman, 1984). A number of patterns were observed between students' perceptions and feelings about the scientist-practitioner model and their definition of science, career interests, and shaping experiences. Implications for the future training of professional psyc...
Application of fuzzy inference systems for evaluation of failure rates of power system components

Reliability parameters, such as the failure rates of power system components, are vital in evaluating power system reliability. This paper summarizes the research of the authors in using fuzzy inference systems to infer the failure rates of transmission lines in the power systems affected by hurricanes. The emphasis is on using fuzzy clustering methods to build fuzzy inference systems automatically. Here, two fuzzy clustering methods, subtractive clustering and fuzzy c-mean clustering, are adopted and compared in details. Besides, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is used to improve the performance of subtractive clustering. Then, the obtained results are compared to those of fuzzy c-mean clustering. Finally, possible future research on this topic is proposed. The proposed approaches were applied to the modified IEEE reliability test system (RTS). The numerical results show that the proposed approaches are efficient and are flexible in their applications.
Identification of Global Transcriptional Dynamics

Background One of the challenges in exploiting high throughput measurement techniques such as microarrays is the conversion of the vast amounts of data obtained into relevant knowledge. Of particular importance is the identification of the intrinsic response of a transcriptional experiment and the characterization of the underlying dynamics. Methodology and Findings The proposed algorithm seeks to provide the researcher a summary as to various aspects relating to the dynamic progression of a biological system, rather than that of individual genes. The approach is based on the identification of smaller number of expression motifs that define the transcriptional state of the system which quantifies the deviation of the cellular response from a control state in the presence of an external perturbation. The approach is demonstrated with a number of data sets including a synthetic base case and four animal studies. The synthetic dataset will be used to establish the response of the algorithm on a “null” dataset, whereas the four different experimental datasets represent a spectrum of possible time course experiments in terms of the degree of perturbation associated with the experiment as well as representing a wide range of temporal sampling strategies. This wide range of experimental datasets will thus allow us to explore the performance of the proposed algorithm and determine its ability identify relevant information. Conclusions and Significance In this work, we present a computational approach which operates on high throughput temporal gene expression data to assess the information content of the experiment, identify dynamic markers of important processes associated with the experimental perturbation, and summarize in a concise manner the evolution of the system over time with respect to the experimental perturbation.
The causes of over wintering mortality of Phyllonorycter on Quercus robur

. 1. An experiment was performed to examine the relationship between overwintering mortality rates and physical conditions in the leaf litter for Phyllonorycter spp. on Quercus robur. 2. Analyses also were performed to determine if survival and mortality rates vary with leaf size and the position of a leaf mine within a leaf. 3. The results indicate that survival rates are independent of variation in physical conditions in the leaf litter, as well as leaf size and the position of a mine on a leaf. 4. Mortality from leaf decomposition was higher at the bottom of the litter pack, and it may compensate for reduced mortality from predation, crushing, desiccation, and fungal attack at the level. 5. Rates of parasitism were significantly higher on small than on large leaves.