cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of upper air ozone at a coastal and urban site and the impacts of non-controllable ozone sources

Abstract This study quantified the impact of non-controllable and urban emission sources on the enhancement of ozone (O3) in the troposphere. These enhancements were investigated using data from simultaneous ozonesonde launches at Half Moon Bay (HMB), CA and San Jose (SJ), CA on eleven dates in July and August 2018. The urban O3 enhancement in the SJ vertical profile was derived by subtracting out HMB, which represents baseline O3, from the urban SJ profile. Within the planetary boundary layer (PBL), urban emissions had a large impact on SJ, as SJ O3 was 20–30 ppb higher than HMB for all dates. Above the PBL, most enhancement profiles remained close to zero, indicating little differences aloft between HMB and SJ. The two sites had strong correlation coefficients (CCs), highlighting the influence of baseline O3 on SJ. A major axis regression for all vertical levels between SJ and HMB revealed a slope of 1.00 SJ ppb/HMB ppb and intercept of 0.004 ppb. The percent contribution of mixing layer (ML) O3 to tropospheric O3 and tropospheric O3 to total column O3 demonstrates the predominant influence of baseline O3 on the O3 profile, even over a polluted urban region. The contribution of ML O3 was low for all dates, between 2 and 6%, whereas the tropospheric contribution was 11–18%. These findings emphasize the importance of baseline O3 in regions with reduced vertical mixing; polluted urban air near the surface has minimal impacts on O3 concentrations above the PBL.
Swimming, fast and slow: strategy and survival of bacterial predators in response to chemical cues

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a predatory bacterium that preys upon gram-negative bacteria. As such, B. bacteriovorus has the potential to control antibiotic-resistant pathogens and biofilm populations. To survive and reproduce, B. bacteriovorus must locate and infect a host cell. However, in the temporary absence of prey, it is largely unknown how B. bacteriovorus modulate their motility patterns in response to physical or chemical environmental cues to optimize their energy expenditure. To investigate B. bacteriovorus9 predation strategy, we track and quantify their motion by measuring speed distributions and velocity autocorrelations as a function of starvation time. An initial unimodal speed distribution, relaxing to that expected for pure diffusion at long times, may be expected. Instead, we observe a complex, non-Brownian, search strategy as evidenced by distinctly bimodal speed distributions. That is, for an increasing amount of time over which B. bacteriovorus is starved, we observe a progressive re-weighting from a fast mode to a slow mode in the speed distribution obtained over consecutive frames. By contrast to its predator, B. bacteriovorus9 prey, Escherichia coli exhibits almost immediate decrease to a speed expected from passive diffusion following resuspension from rich to poor media. Distributions of trajectory-averaged speeds for B. bacteriovorus are largely unimodal, indicating nontrivial switching between fast and slow swimming modes within individual observed trajectories rather than there being distinct fast and slow populations. We also find that B. bacteriovorus9 slow speed mode is not merely caused by the diffusion of inviable bacteria as subsequent spiking experiments show that bacteria can be resuscitated and bimodality restored. Indeed, starved B. bacteriovorus may modulate the frequency and duration of active swimming as a means of balancing energy consumption and procurement. Our results are evidence of a nontrivial predation strategy, which contrasts with the comparatively simple search pattern of its prey, in response to environmental cues.
PRShare: A Framework for Privacy-Preserving, Interorganizational Data Sharing

We consider the task of interorganizational data sharing, in which data owners, data clients, and data subjects have different and sometimes competing privacy concerns. One real-world scenario in which this problem arises is law-enforcement use of phone-call metadata: The data owner is a phone company, the data clients are law-enforcement agencies, and the data subjects are individuals who make phone calls. A key challenge in this type of scenario is that each organization uses its own set of proprietary intraorganizational attributes to describe the shared data; such attributes cannot be shared with other organizations. Moreover, data-access policies are determined by multiple parties and may be specified using attributes that are not directly comparable with the ones used by the owner to specify the data. We propose a system architecture and a suite of protocols that facilitate dynamic, efficient, and privacy-preserving interorganizational data sharing, while allowing each party to use its own set of proprietary attributes. We introduce the novel technique of Attribute-Based Encryption With Oblivious Attribute Translation (OTABE), which plays a crucial role in our solution and may be of independent interest.
Discursive construction of social selfhood: an analysis of North Korean elementary moral education textbooks

This study critically analyzes North Korean elementary moral education textbooks published under the Kim Jong-un regime to understand how identities and power are enacted through school curricula. ...
Geovisualization of COVID-19: State of the Art and Opportunities

La cartographie de la prevalence et de la propagation des maladies infectieuses n’a jamais ete plus cruciale que dans le contexte de la pandemie de COVID-19. Une plethore de tableaux de bord de SIG...
Physical activity outcomes from a randomized trial of a theory- and technology-enhanced intervention for Latinas: the Seamos Activas II study.

Latina women report disproportionately high and increasing prevalence of chronic health conditions (obesity, diabetes) related to low physical activity levels. Efforts to date at addressing high rates of physical inactivity in this at-risk population have shown modest success. The original Seamos Saludables (sample size N = 266) was a culturally and linguistically adapted, print-based physical activity intervention that showed significant increases in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) from baseline to 6 months. However, only 11% of intervention participants reached the national PA guidelines of ≥ 150 min/week of aerobic MVPA. The current study tests the original Seamos Saludables intervention (Original Intervention) against an enhanced iteration Seamos Activas II (Enhanced Intervention). Study aims and intervention refinements focus on increasing the percentage of Latinas meeting national aerobic PA guidelines. For the current study (Seamos Activas II), a randomized controlled trial with (N = 199 participants) of two PA interventions (original intervention, N = 102; vs. enhanced intervention, N = 97) was conducted. Intervention refinements involved further targeting key constructs of the Social Cognitive Theory and incorporating text-message-based strategies for self-monitoring, in response to participant feedback for greater interactivity and accountability. PA assessments were conducted at baseline and 6 months. The sample was predominantly Mexican American (89%) with average age of 43.8 years (SD = 10.11) and mean BMI at baseline was 30.6 (SD = 7.56). There were significant within group increases in MVPA from baseline to 6 months (p < .05) in both Original and Enhanced Intervention arms. However, quantile regression models did not indicate significant differences in 6-month outcomes between conditions controlling for baseline, p = 0.73. There were significant differences between conditions with respect to meeting national guidelines for aerobic MVPA at 6 months, with 57% of Enhanced Intervention participants meeting guidelines compared to 44% of Original Intervention participants, OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.09 -2.89. Models suggest trends favoring the enhanced condition for improvements in biomarkers over 6 months. Findings indicate that the intervention enhancements likely helped more Latinas achieve nationally recommended, health enhancing PA levels than the original intervention and showed promise for improving physiological response to exercise. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.Gov; NCT02630953. Registered 14 December 2015. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02630953 .
Transient disruption in the face perception network: combining TMS and fMRI.

Abstract Faces contain structural information, for identifying individuals, as well as changeable information, that can convey emotion and direct attention. Neuroimaging studies reveal brain regions that exhibit preferential responses to invariant or changeable facial aspects but the functional connections between these regions are unknown. This issue was addressed by causally disrupting two face-selective regions with thetaburst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TBS) and measuring the effects of this disruption in local and remote face-selective regions with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were scanned, over two sessions, while viewing dynamic or static faces and objects. During these sessions, TBS was delivered over the right occipital face area (rOFA) or right posterior superior temporal sulcus (rpSTS). Disruption of the rOFA reduced the neural response to both static and dynamic faces in the downstream face-selective region in the fusiform gyrus. In contrast, the response to dynamic and static faces was doubly dissociated in the rpSTS. Namely, disruption of the rOFA reduced the response to static but not dynamic faces, while disruption of the rpSTS itself, reduced the response to dynamic but not static faces. These results suggest that dynamic and static facial aspects are processed via dissociable cortical pathways that begin in early visual cortex, a conclusion inconsistent with current models of face perception.
Drought's Affect on Soybean Prices

Droughts are among the most feared natural disasters. They can affect the lives of many people such as farmers, consumers, or commodity traders. Droughts have taken a year’s work and salary away from farmers, led to higher prices for consumers, and taken the life savings away from some speculators. There has been a recent push in science to better understand the enigma of a drought. However, the research has not yet prevented people from losing a lot of money. The best way to protect people is by understanding how prices react to droughts. Agricultural prices are inherently unstable, primarily due to a combination of inelastic demand for food and production that is subject to the natural vagary of weather. The agricultural product on which this research focuses is soybeans. In particular, I will focus on the November futures contract because it has the most liquidity in the season after the crucial August weather. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol14/iss1/9
Mobile Telecommunications Service and Economic Growth: Evidence from China

Many telecommunications policy efforts are aimed at increasing consumer subscribership and usage. Because of the positive externalities likely to emanate from better communications flows, these goals are likely to generate social benefits beyond the private benefits to the consumer. We provide evidence on one possible social benefit in the Chinese experience -- increased economic growth stemming from greater usage of the mobile telecommunications network.We contribute to the role of telecommunications service on economic growth in three ways. We separately examine fixed-line and mobile telephone subscription levels. We compare results across periods and regions that differ by the level of development. In addition, we develop a method designed to address endogeneity of telecommunications with respect to growth. We find that mobile services contribute much more to growth but that the effect diminishes as the provincial economy develops more.
The Radio Spectra of SiCCH, SiCN, and SiNC.

Three new silicon-bearing radicals of astrophysical interest, SiCCH and the two nearly isoenergetic isomers SiCN and SiNC, were detected in a laboratory discharge in their X 2? ground states by Fourier transform microwave and millimeter-wave absorption spectroscopy. Hyperfine structure was observed in the low rotational transitions of the 2?1/2 ladder, and well-resolved ?-doubling was observed in both fine-structure ladders. With the spectroscopic constants derived from the laboratory measurements, the spectra of all three can be calculated to an uncertainty of less than 0.1 km s-1 in equivalent radial velocity over the entire range of interest to radio astronomers. SiCN, with a dipole moment of 2.9 D, is probably the most promising of the three for astronomical discovery.
Attitudes Toward Empirically-Supported Treatments Among Pastoral Mental Health Care Providers: Exploratory Findings and Future Directions

The current study describes the findings of an online survey of pastoral mental health care providers (defined as mental health professionals who practice primarily in religious settings and who may integrate spirituality into their practices). The survey included brief demographic information, and a validated measure of attitudes toward empirically-supported psychological interventions (ESTs: Chambless & Hollon, 1998), the Evidence-based Practices Attitude Scale (EBPAS; Aarons, 2004). This instrument is designed to assess attitudes toward treatments that are new, or developed using research evidence, and includes an overall score indicating positive or negative attitudes toward such treatments. Three scales assessing different factors that might make a clinician more or less likely to incorporate novel treatments into regular practice. These factors include the intuitive appeal of a treatment, requirements to implement the new treatment from one’s state, agency, or supervisor, openness to features that are typical of ESTs (for examples, willingness to use treatments that are manualized) and attitudes that are incompatible with EST use (e.g. the belief that clinical experience is more important than research evidence). A total of 55 participants recruited by email responded to the survey. The pastoral providers’ responses are described qualitatively, and statistically compared to national norms for the EBPAS (Aarons et al., 2010). Based on these analyses, recommendations for future collaborative work between secular EST developers and pastoral clinicians are provided. The authors particularly advocate the dissemination of Behavioral Activation (see: Kanter et al., 2010) to pastoral clinicians.
Transient and stable DNA transformation of Tetrahymena thermophila by electroporation.

Publisher Summary Gene knockouts can be generated in both micronuclear and macronuclear types of nuclei by homologous recombination. Furthermore, high copy number autonomously replicating rDNA vectors can be used to “swamp out” the contribution of an endogenous gene. This chapter discusses the use of electroporation as a tool for introducing genes into Tetrahymena . Cells subjected to an electrical pulse of sufficient intensity display a sharp increase in permeability. This phenomenon, known as electroporation, is widely used as a method for introducing biological molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins into cells. To achieve electroporation-mediated DNA transformation (electrotransformation), cells are subjected to a short pulse of electrical field in the presence of transforming DNA. Electrical energy may play a dual role inducing cell membrane breakdown and providing an electrophoretic force to drive the DNA through electropores. Conjugating cells display a period of competence for electrotransformation which corresponds to the early stage of macronuclear development.
Oxytocic drugs and anasthesia

Summary A randomised controlled clinical trial compared ergometrine 0.25 mg, syntocinon 10 mg and normal saline injected intravenously during evacuation of the uterus after spontaneous abortion showed no difference between any drug with respect to uterine contraction, change in blood pressure, blood loss or postoperative vomiting.
Calculation of effective Coulomb interaction for Pr 3+ , U 4+ , and UPt 3

In this paper, the Slater integrals for a screened Coulomb interaction of the the Yukawa form are calculated and by fitting the Thomas-Fermi wave vector, good agreement is obtained with experiment for the multiplet spectra of ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{U}}^{4+}$ ions. Moreover, a predicted multiplet spectrum for the heavy fermion superconductor ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$ is shown with a calculated Coulomb U of 1.6 eV. These effective Coulomb interactions, which are quite simple to calculate, should be useful inputs to further many-body calculations in correlated-electron metals.
Chelation Effects of Surfactant in Foam Separation: Removal of Cadmium and Copper Ions from Aqueous Solution

Abstract Foam separation techniques for the removal of cadmium and copper ions from aqueous solution were studied by employing a surfactant which was specifically designed to chelate with these ions. Relationships between the formation constants and surface tensions of solutions of Cd- and Cu-surfactant complexes on the selectivity of the removal of these ions were discussed.
Initial onsetless syllables in Karanga and Zezuru: A comparative analysis

AbstractThis article compares the distribution of initial onsetless syllables in Karanga and Zezuru, two dialects of Shona–a Southern Bantu language. Karanga displays intra-dialectal variation, that is, it bans initial onsetless syllables in lexical words but allows them in function words and in grammatical morphemes. In contrast, Zezuru exhibits no such internal variation, that is, it allows initial onsetless syllables in lexical words, function words and in grammatical morphemes. Using Optimality Theory (OT), I account for the inter-dialectal variation as a difference in the ranking of constraints between the two dialects. The intra-dialectal variation displayed by Karanga requires a parametrised Onset constraint: Onset-lex. Finally, other than lacking onsets and being confined to initial position, initial onsetless syllables in Karanga and Zezuru do not display any other exceptional properties: they bear tone; they count for syllables in processes that count syllables; and they are not extraprosodic. C...
Determination of trace quantities of boron with two new colorimetric reagents

Abstract Two new color reactions with boron are reported. Sensitive methods have been developed for their use. A new method for the decomposition of fruit tree leaves and alfalfa, and the subsequent separation of the boron is described. The reagents are 5-benzamido-6'-chloro-1, 1 '-bis (anthraquinonyl) amine(I) and 5- p -toluidino-1,1'-bis (anthraquinonyl) amine(II). Concentrated (96%) sulfuric acid is used as the solvent. The formation of the boron complex of the reagents was found to be dependent on the following variables: time of heating, temperature, sulfuric acid content and the presence of diverse ions. Solutions of the two complexes follow Beer's law over the boron range indicated: Compound I, 0 to 0.5 γ at wavelength of 635 mμ and Compound II, 0 to 0.4 γ at wavelength 720 mμ. The sensitivities are 1 : 300,000,000 and 1 : 200,000,000, respectively. The standard deviation was calculated for the determination of boron with each compound. Results showed 0.002 absorbance unit, i.e., 0.001 γ of boron for Compound I and 0.005 absorbance unit, i.e., 0.002 γ of boron for Compound II. The method of decomposing the leaves and alfalfa samples is based upon destroying all the organic matter with a mixture of 96% sulfuric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide within, the distilling flask. Boron is then distilled off as the volatile trimethyl ester. The standard deviation of the method is 0.58%.
The montone density estimators from selection biased samples

Consider the estimation of a nonincreasing probability density function f of a nonnegativerandom variable based on a sample from a weighted distribution G whose probability density function is given by where w (·) > 0 and is the normalizing constant. In this paper y egive two new estimators off, one based on the slopes of the least concave majorant of [Fcirc]n the nonparametric m.1.e of F, and the other based on a penalized likelihood introducedin Woodroofe and Sun (1993). Our estimators are compared using simulations andbootstrap joint confidence bands for f are developed.
Changes in potassium ion concentrations during pollen dehydration and germination in relation to protein synthesis

Abstract In the dehydrated Tradescantia paludosa pollen grain at the time it is shed from the anther most of the ribosomes are present as monosomes. The shift from monosomes to polysomes occurs very rapidly during germination [1]. The K + -content of the pollen grains has been analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. From the volume of pollen grains measured at different levels of hydration, the internal K + -concentration has been calculated. The presence of single ribosomes in the dehydrated grain at anthesis and the initiation of protein synthesis in the germinating grain can be explained on the basis of the K + -concentration. During Dehydration the K + -levels and possibly those of other factors become inhibitory to the initiation of protein synthesis and hence the presence of primarily single ribosomes. With hydration of the grain during germination, the K + -ions reach a concentration that is optimal for reinitiation of protein synthesis. Moreover, during the initial periods of hydration on the stigma when the K + -concentration is high, certain mRNAs could be preferentially translated. Changes in ion concentration might also explain similar patterns of protein synthesis in structures such as seeds and spores in which dehydration and hydration occur
Comparisons of aroma extracts of heat-treated cereals

Extracts of popcorn, rice, dent corn, and sorghum were obtained using simultaneous distillation—extraction (SDE) and concentrated with a spinning band still. Gas chromatographic (GC) profiles of their extracts and gas chromatograph—mass spectrometer (GC-MS) identification showed that two compounds, N-furfuryl-pyrrole and N-furfuryl-2-formyl pyrrole, were present in extracts of popcorn, but present only in trace amounts in corn and not present in the extracts of rice and sorghum. This suggests these two compounds may be important for popcorn aroma. The GC profiles of popcorn extracts with and without germ were essentially the same, indicating that the germ does not play an important role in popcorn aroma. The two pyrroles above and certain other heat-induced aroma compounds found in popcorn extracts were not present in an extruded corn meal extract. This appears to account for the lack of aroma in extruded corn meal. GC profile comparison of the extracts from dent corn and dent corn supplemented with hydroxyproline showed that the peak areas of N-furfuryl-pyrrole and N-furfuryl-2-formylpyrrole in the supplemented corn increased 130 and 20 times, respectively.
Abelson tyrosine kinase is required for Drosophila photoreceptor morphogenesis and retinal epithelial patterning.

Coordinated differentiation and morphogenesis transform the Drosophila retina from a layer of epithelial cells into a complex three-dimensional organ. In this study we show that the Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase localizes to the dynamically remodeling apical-junctional membrane domains of the developing photoreceptor cells. Analyses of abl mutant clone phenotypes demonstrate that abl is required for enriched localization of adherens junction and apical polarity complex proteins at photoreceptor–photoreceptor cell junctions and apical membrane domains, respectively, for rhabdomere generation and for spatial organization of ommatidial cells along the apical–basal axis of the epithelium. Loss of abl does not alter expression or localization of Enabled (Ena) nor does heterozygosity for ena dominantly suppress the abl phenotypes, suggesting the downstream effector mechanisms used by Abl in the eye may differ from those used in the embryo. Together our results reveal a prominent role for Abl in coordinating multiple aspects of photoreceptor morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 240:1745–1755, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The confounding role of personality and trait affectivity in the relationship between job and life satisfaction

Previous research has demonstrated a strong positive relationship between job and life satisfaction. Traditionally, this relationship has been explained in terms of a spillover model, wherein job experiences spill over onto life, and vice versa. This study directly tests a different explanation for this relationship: personality traits that influence both job and life satisfaction. In a longitudinal test with multisource data, three typologies, which were shown by past research to be linked to both job and life satisfaction, were examined: Big Five, positive and negative affectivity, and core self-evaluations. One hundred and fifty-three university employees working in a diverse set of occupations were surveyed twice, with a six month time interval; the first survey also included a second questionnaire to be completed by a ‘significant other.’ Analyses of concurrent and prospective zero-order and partial correlations, as well as structural equation modeling, supported the hypothesized confounding role of all three typologies, especially core self-evaluations. Though controlling for personality reduced the magnitude of the job–life satisfaction relationship, it did not entirely eliminate it. Overall, the results suggest the presence of both dispositional and environmental factors in job and life satisfaction. Finally, implications for organizational practice and theory development are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relative Biological Value of Feed Phosphates for Chicks

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the relative biological values (BV) of phosphorus in feed phosphates. Experiment 2 was a replicate of Experiment 1, except that an additional phosphate source was tested. Within experiments, each treatment was replicated twice. Each pen contained eight broiler cockerels. The experimental diets were composed primarily of corn and soybean meal. The reference phosphate [anhydrous, reagent-grade, dibasic calcium phosphate (AR-DCP)] was added to supply five levels of phosphorus. Each phosphate supplement was added to supply two levels of phosphorus. A regression equation was calculated based on logarithm g, nonphytate phosphorus per kilogram of diet versus the percentage of bone ash from chicks fed diets containing AR-DCP. Nonphytate phosphorus equivalents were calculated using the percentage of bone ash from chicks fed the test phosphates. The biological values of the test phosphates were determined as nonphytate phosphorus equivalents, minus the nonphytate phosphorus in the basal diet, divided by the amount of supplemental phosphorus. The BV obtained for the commercial phosphates in Experiments 1 and 2 were: dibasic calcium phosphate, 106 and 104; monobasic calcium phosphate, 102 and 104; defluorinated phosphate (DFP)-1, 88 and 90; and DFP-2, 100.
Ultrafast laser micromachining of 3C-SiC thin films for MEMS device fabrication

Femtosecond pulsed laser (800 nm, 120 fs) micromachining of thin films of 3C-SiC (β-SiC) semiconductor deposited on silicon substrate was investigated as a function of pulse energy (0.5 μJ to 750 μJ). The purpose is to establish suitable laser parametric regime for the fabrication of high accuracy, high spatial resolution and thin diaphragms for high-temperature MEMS pressure sensor applications. Etch rate, ablation threshold and quality of micromachined features were evaluated. The governing ablation mechanisms, such as thermal vaporization, phase explosion, Coulomb explosion and photomechanical fragmentation, were correlated with the effects of pulse energy. The results show that the etch rate is higher and the ablation threshold is lower than those obtained with nanosecond pulsed excimer laser ablation, suggesting femtosecond laser’s potential for rapid manufacturing. In addition, the etch rates were substantially higher than those achievable in various reactive ion and electrochemical etching methods. Excellent quality of machined features with little collateral thermal damage was obtained in the pulse energy range (1–10 μJ). The leading material removal mechanisms under these conditions were photomechanical fragmentation, ultrafast melting and vaporization. At very low pulse energies (<1 μJ), nanoscale material removal has occurred with the formation of nanoparticles that is attributed to Coulomb explosion mechanism. The effect of assist gas on the process performance at low and high energy fluences is also presented.
Invoked on the Web

Where, how, and why are scholars invoked on the World Wide Web? An inductively derived typology was used to capture genres of invocation. Comparative data were gathered using five commercial search engines. It is argued that the Web fosters new modalities of scholarly communication. Different categories of invocation are identified and analyzed in terms of their potential to inform sociometric and bibliometric analyses of academic interaction.
What is valued in resolving environmental dilemmas: Individual and contextual influences

Justice is an increasingly important concept to examine with regard to decisions about environmental conflicts. But justice can be defined in a number of ways. This paper argues that the perceived importance of different principles of justice to environmental decisions is affected by the position argued, by contextual manipulations, and by individual difference variables. Literature is reviewed in support of the first of these points, suggesting that environmentalism is more congenial than antienvironmentalism to macrojustice principles. Data are presented to show that the way in which a conflict is described, in general or specific terms, affects the perceived importance of some justice principles, and that subject gender and environmental ideology are also related.
MALIGNANT SYPHILIS (LUES MALIGNA) AND CONCURRENT INFECTION WITH HIV

Background. During the past 2 1/2 years we observed six patients who had a reactive serology for syphilis, of which four developed widespread noduloulcerative and two vesiculonecrotic lesions. The purpose was to report the occurrence of lues maligna, a rare form of secondary syphilis, in five patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and in one patient with risk factors for infection. Methods. Tzanck preparations, viral cultures, and skin biopsies were performed to evaluate the etiology of the lesions. Results. Syphilis serology titers ranged from 1:32 to 1:128 and in one instance was as low as 1:8. Such titers can also be found in patients with the latent form of syphilis. Therefore, confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of lues maligna was dependent on skin biopsies that were compatible with secondary syphilis and negative viral studies that excluded varicella, disseminated varicella-zoster or herpes simplex. Lues maligna takes an aggressive course in HIV-infected patients since four of the patients required hospitalization and the two patients who refused to complete treatment, subsequently developed more severe skin and constitutional symptoms. Conclusions. HIV-infected patients are at risk for developing lues maligna. Despite its malignant presentation, lues maligna lesions respond rapidly to treatment with penicillin. Secondary syphilis should be added to the list of diseases known to be more aggressive in HIV-infected patients.
Augustine and the limits of preemptive and preventive war

While Michael Walzer's distinction between preemptive and preventive wars offers important categories for current reflection upon the Bush Doctrine and the invasion of Iraq, it is often treated as a modern distinction without antecedent in the classical Christian just war tradition. This paper argues to the contrary that within Augustine's corpus there are passages in which he speaks about the use of violence in situations that we would classify today as preemptive and preventive military action. While I do not claim that Augustine makes an explicit distinction between the two types of war (such would be anachronistic), I will argue that based on examinations of De libero arbitrio I.v.11–12 and De civitate Dei I.30 Augustine's discussions of hypothetical cases or actual wars in history provide insights helpful for contemporary reflection on preemptive and preventive wars.
Oral retinyl palmitate or retinoic acid corrects mucosal IgA responses toward an intranasal influenza virus vaccine in vitamin A deficient mice

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases. Recent pre-clinical studies have revealed that VAD impairs mucosal IgA-producing antibody forming cell (AFC) responses toward a paramyxovirus vaccine in the upper respiratory tract (URT), thus impeding a first line of defense at the pathogen's point-of-entry. The studies described here tested the hypothesis that VAD may also impair immune responses after FluMist vaccinations. Results show that (i) IgA-producing antibody forming cells (AFCs) are significantly reduced following FluMist vaccination in VAD mice, and (ii) oral doses of either retinyl palmitate or retinoic acid administered on days 0, 3, and 7 relative to vaccination rescue the response. Data encourage the conduct of clinical studies to determine if there are FluMist vaccine weaknesses in human VAD populations and to test corrective supplementation strategies. Improvements in vaccine efficacy may ultimately reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by influenza virus worldwide.
The vigor of metaphor in clinical practice

My purpose in this paper has been to clarify how contemporary interpretations of metaphor, by blurring the boundary between the prose and the poetry of everyday discourse, enliven the psychoanalytic dialogue. This is not merely a matter of literary interest, but finds legitimization in linguistic research, neurobiology, infant observation, and psychoanalytic process research. An appreciation of the overlapping categories of everyday metaphor inaugurates a new kind of attentiveness for the psychoanalytic clinician and suggests an array of technical possibilities for participating in the clinical dialogue that may not have been previously recognized.
Social defeat stress potentiates thermal sensitivity in operant models of pain processing

Higher-order processing of nociceptive input is distributed in corticolimbic regions of the brain, including the anterior cingulate, parieto-insular and prefrontal cortices, as well as subcortical structures such as the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and amygdala. In addition to their role in pain processing, these regions encode or modulate emotional, motivational and sensory responses to stress. Thus, pain and stress pathways in the brain intersect at cortical and subcortical forebrain structures. Accordingly, previous work has shown that acute restraint stress in female rats induces heat hyperalgesia in a forebrain-dependent operant test of thermal escape. In the present study, we investigated the effects of social defeat stress in male rats on the operant escape task, as well as in a test of nociceptive thermal preference. After establishing baseline behaviors in these tests, separate groups of rats were socially defeated by dominant "resident" male rats. They were tested for thermal preference after 5 successive social defeat sessions. Escape from cold, heat and a neutral warm temperature also was evaluated after social defeat. Defeated rats exhibited a significant increase in cold preference after social defeat compared to the baseline. In the escape task, the rats exhibited increased escape from warm and nociceptive cold and heat temperatures. Thus, chronic social stress produces hyperalgesia for both hot and cold stimuli in male rats, suggesting a mutually facilitatory cross-regulation between central pathways regulating stress and pain.
Relativistic all-order calculations of energies and matrix elements in cesium

All-order methods recently developed for high-accuracy calculation of energies and matrix elements in Li are extended and applied to cesium. We employ a relativistic, linearized, coupled-cluster formalism, incorporating single, double, and an important subset of triple excitations. A coupled-cluster formulation of the matrix element of a one-body operator, incorporating the random-phase approximation exactly, is used to calculate hyperfine constants and transition-matrix elements. We find agreement with experiment at the 0.5% level or better for ionization energies and dipole-matrix elements, and at the 1% level for hyperfine constants. Modifications of the method that have the potential of higher accuracy are discussed.
Chloroplast envelopes of Spinacia oleracea L. I. Polypeptides of chloroplast envelopes and lamellae

Summary Chloroplast envelopes were isolated from spinach chloroplasts by hypotonic treatment and purified in two different sucrose gradients. Under conditions of buoyant density centrifugation the purified envelope fraction had a density of 1.12 g/cm3. Electron micrographs of this purified membrane fraction show folded membranes (maximal length 20 µm, thickness 80 A). The polypeptide composition of chloroplast envelopes showed substantial qualitative differences from that of grana or stroma lamellae enriched fractions after investigation with SDS-gel electrophoresis.
Characterization of opioid-sensitive neurons in the anteroventral third ventricle region of polydipsic inbred mice in vitro.

Abstract In previous studies we found that in the extremely polydipsic special strain of mice, STR/N, spontaneous drinking was greatly attenuated by injection of the opioid antagonists given intracerebroventricularly as well as subcutaneously. Therefore, we investigated, using hypothalamic slice preparations, responses of neurons in the anteroventral third ventricle region (AV3V) of the STR/N and its control. Swiss/Webster (S/W) mice to morphine and opiate peptides. An application of morphine at 10−6 M to the circulating medium inhibited activities of 44% of AV3V neurons (45 of 102) in the STR/N, and 59% (76/129) in the S/W, demonstrating that morphine affected a smaller proportion of neurons of the polydipsic mice than that of controls. Opioid agonists for 3 receptor types, μ, δ, and κ, at 10−6 to 10−5 M inhibited AV3V neurons in both the STR/N and S/W mice, but to a different degree. No cell of either strain was excited by morphine or any of the opioids. The μ-receptor agonist,[ d -Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enekphalin (DAGO), was the most potent inhibitor of AV3V neurons; in the STR/N 53% (25/47), and in the S/W 77% (34/44) were inhibited. The κ-agonist, dynorphin A-(1–13) (DYN), inhibited fewer cells in the STR/N (9%, 4/47), compared with the S/W (36%, 16/44). Only a few cells responded to the δ-agonist,[ d -Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE), in both strains. The inhibitory actions of the opiates were reversibly blocked by naloxone, and persisted under synaptic blockade. The threshold concentration of morphine or DAGO for inhibition of AV3V neurons was higher in the STR/N (approximately 10−8 M for both morphine and DAGO) than in S/W mice (approximately 10−9 M for morphine and less than 10−9 M for DAGO). Although the AV3V also contains angiotensin II-sensitive neurons, they were not affected by morphine (10−6 M). Similarly neurons inhibited by morphine were not excited by angiotensin II (10−7 M); some neurons were unresponsive to both chemicals. We conclude that morphine and opiate peptides directly inhibit the AV3V neurons of both the STR/N and S/W strains of mice and the sensitivity of these neurons to the opiate is lower in the polydipsic inbred mice compared to their controls. The results, together with our behavioral studies, suggest involvement of the central opioid system in the polydipsia of the STR/N mice.
Water management and location effects on root and shoot growth of irrigated lowland rice

Abstract In the United States rice (Oryza sativa L.) is entirely flood irrigated. Delaying the application of the floodwater beyond the recommended time is practiced by some Arkansas producers and may (with supplemental rainfall) potentially reduce the water inputs required to produce a crop. Water stress, however, may affect root growth characteristics which could impact fertility management decisions relative to continuous flood culture. Therefore a field study was initiated to identify the responses of root and shoot growth and yield to water management and location. Two water management treatments were imposed on the ‘Tebonnet’ cultivar, i) normal water management where a flood was applied at the four‐ to five‐leaf stage (continuous flood), and ii) flood delayed (but with supplemental irrigation) until 1.25 cm internode elongation. Studies were located on two soils in eastern Arkansas, a Sharkey clay and Crowley silt loam in 1988 and 1989. The floodwater was removed from plots approximately 10 d befor...
Promoting hydrogen production by loading PdO and Pt on N–TiO2 under visible light

Abstract Nitrogen/titanium dioxide (N/TiO 2 ) visible light photocatalysts were prepared using the sol–gel method. The catalysts were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, reflective UV–visible spectroscopy, specific surface area measurements, and X-ray diffraction. The prepared catalysts were used to generate hydrogen gas through the water-splitting reaction under visible light (wavelengths greater than 400 nm). Various N/Ti addition ratios were tested, and the hydrogen generation rates were compared to determine the optimal ratio. The maximal hydrogen production rate (approximately 55 μmol h −1 g −1 ) was attained when the N/Ti ratio of N–TiO 2 was 10. When PdO and Pt were loaded onto the N–TiO 2 catalyst, the hydrogen generation rates increased to 544 and 772 μmol h −1 g −1 , respectively. The highest hydrogen production rate (2460 μmol h −1 g −1 ) was obtained when bimetallic 0.05 wt% PdO-0.10 wt% Pt/N–TiO 2 was used. After three times use the hydrogen yield of the catalyst was maintained as 83%. A possible mechanism of water splitting catalyzed by this visible light photocatalyst is proposed.
An authentication model for delegation, attribution and least privilege

The need to share information while maintaining privacy and security is a growing problem in health, finance, defense, and other distributed environments. Mitigating threats in a distributed computing environment is a difficult task and requires constant vigilance and defense-in-depth. Most systems lack a secure model that guarantees an end-to-end security. In this paper, we devise a model that mitigates a number of threats to the distributed computing pervasive in corporate and institutional information technology enterprises. This authentication process is part of a larger information assurance systemic approach that requires that all active entities (users, machines and services) are named, and credentialed. Authentication is bilateral using PKI credentialing, and authorization is based upon Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) attribution statements. Communication across domains is handled as a federation activity using WS-* protocols. We present the architectural model, elements of which are currently being demonstrated and tested in a functional prototype in a boundary protected area processing center. The architecture is also applicable to a private cloud.
On the Use of Stack Traces to Improve Text Retrieval-Based Bug Localization

Many bug localization techniques rely on Text Retrieval (TR) models. The most successful approaches have been proven to be the ones combining TR techniques with static analysis, dynamic analysis, and/or software repositories information. Dynamic software analysis and software repositories mining bring a significant overhead, as they require instrumenting and executing the software, and analyzing large amounts of data, respectively. We propose a new static technique, named Lobster (Locating Bugs using Stack Traces and text Retrieval), which is meant to improve TR-based bug localization without the overhead associated with dynamic analysis and repository mining. Specifically, we use the stack traces submitted in a bug report to compute the similarity between their code elements and the source code of a software system. We combine the stack trace based similarity and the textual similarity provided by TR techniques to retrieve code elements relevant to bug reports. We empirically evaluated Lobster using 155 bug reports containing stack traces from 14 open source software systems. We used Lucene, an optimized version of VSM, as baseline of comparison. The results show that, in average, Lobster improves or maintains the effectiveness of Lucene-based bug localization in 82% of the cases.
URINARY CALCIUM/CREATININE RATIO IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

Little is known about the urinary calcium excretion in the neonate and especially in VLBW infants. Preliminary reports indicate that this excretion may be elevated if compared to other children; it may even be an important factor in the etiology of neonatal hypocalcemia. Every VLBW infant admitted to our NICU was divided into two groups, a control and a treatment group. Urinary Ca/Cr ratios were obtained within the first 24 hrs. and then every 48 hrs. in every infant; the treatment group received parenteral supplementation with Calcium Gluconate 100 mg/kg/day. We had 5 babies in the control group and 8 in the treatment group. The urinary Ca/Cr obtained in the first 24 hrs. in the treatment group was 0.060±0.008 compared to 0.023±0.010 in the control group, a non-significant difference. Even with this very low early urinary excretion of calcium, 64% of the infants developed hypocalcemia. This seems to indicate that urinary excretion of calcium has a limited role in neonatal hypocalcemia. All of the infants in the treatment group developed hypercalciuria by the second 100 hours of life (0.64±0.16) whereas the control group did not (0.15±0.05); urinary Ca/Cr ratios in excess of 0.25 were considered to represent hypercalciuria. The treatment group not only became hypercalciuric, but remained hypercalciuric throughout the study period. In contrast, the control group remained normo-calciuric during the 14 days of the study. According to our preliminary data, it seems that there is a close relationship between parenteral calcium therapy and urinary calcium excretion.
Tax Subsidies For Employment-Related Health Insurance: Estimates For 2006

Employment-related health insurance is subsidized through exemptions from federal and state income taxes, as well as from taxes for Social Security and Medicare. Proposals to modify this subsidy are a perennial subject of policy debate. We present tax-subsidy projections from a new data resource constructed using a statistical linkage between the establishment and household components of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). We project that the total federal and state tax subsidy in 2006 for employment-related coverage of active workers will exceed $200 billion. We present per worker tax-subsidy estimates and an analysis of insurance incidence by establishment characteristics.
Supercritical fluid extraction and cleanup procedures for determination of xenobiotics in biological samples

Abstract Application of supercritical carbon dioxide for rapid extraction of various xenobiotics from biological tissue and fluid samples was investigated. The results obtained indicate that good recoveries (≥ 80%) can be readily obtained for all but polar solutes (k OW ≤ 2.5)