cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Subspace Voyager: Exploring High-Dimensional Data along a Continuum of Salient 3D Subspaces

Analyzing high-dimensional data and finding hidden patterns is a difficult problem and has attracted numerous research efforts. Automated methods can be useful to some extent but bringing the data analyst into the loop via interactive visual tools can help the discovery process tremendously. An inherent problem in this effort is that humans lack the mental capacity to truly understand spaces exceeding three spatial dimensions. To keep within this limitation, we describe a framework that decomposes a high-dimensional data space into a continuum of generalized 3D subspaces. Analysts can then explore these 3D subspaces individually via the familiar trackball interface while using additional facilities to smoothly transition to adjacent subspaces for expanded space comprehension. Since the number of such subspaces suffers from combinatorial explosion, we provide a set of data-driven subspace selection and navigation tools which can guide users to interesting subspaces and views. A subspace trail map allows users to manage the explored subspaces, keep their bearings, and return to interesting subspaces and views. Both trackball and trail map are each embedded into a word cloud of attribute labels which aid in navigation. We demonstrate our system via several use cases in a diverse set of application areas—cluster analysis and refinement, information discovery, and supervised training of classifiers. We also report on a user study that evaluates the usability of the various interactions our system provides.
Sensitivity of adenovirus types 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, and 18 to human interferon.

SummaryIn a continuing evaluation of adenovirus sensitivity to interferons the limited but measurable sensitivities of Ad. Types 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, and 18 to human tissue culture interferon were demonstrated in plaque-reduction assays using human embryo kidney cell cultures. Generally similar patterns of interferon-mediated interference were observed for each virus type and for several strains within a single serotype. Similar findings have been reported previously for Ad. Types 2, 7, and 12 (6). The relatively limited sensitivity of adenoviruses to interferons seems to set them apart from many other animal viruses and reinforces a number of recent reports of intrinsic differences in sensitivity to interferon among different viruses.
Transcriptional regulation of interleukin-2 gene expression is impaired by copper deficiency in Jurkat human T lymphocytes

Copper deficiency reduces secretion of the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) by activated rodent splenocytes, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Jurkat cells, a human T lymphocyte cell line. Previous studies showed that low Cu status also decreased the level of IL-2 mRNA in activated Jurkat cells by 50%. Synthesis of this cytokine is regulated by alterations in transcription of the IL-2 gene and the stability of IL-2 mRNA. To determine if Cu status influenced promoter activity of the IL-2 gene, Jurkat cells were transfected with a luciferase reporter gene construct containing the entire 300 bp human IL-2 promoter/enhancer sequence. Cu deficiency was induced by incubating stably transfected cells with the Cu chelator 2,3,2-tetraamine for 35 h prior to activating cells with phytohemagglutinin-P and phorbol myristate acetate. Luciferase activity in lysates of Cu-deficient cells was approximately 50% lower in several multiclonal and clonal cell lines of stably transfected cells than in replicate cultures that were not exposed to chelator. The relative levels of endogenous IL-2 bioactivity and luciferase activity were highly correlated in the transfected cell lines. The chelator-mediated reduction in reporter gene activity was dose-dependent at levels of 5-40 micromol 2,3,2-tetraamine/L. The addition of a slight molar excess of Cu, but not Zn or Fe, to medium containing 2,3,2-tetraamine prevented the decline in luciferase activity. IL-2 mRNA stability in parental Jurkat cells was independent of Cu status. These data indicate that decreased cellular Cu attenuates IL-2 synthesis in T lymphocytes by inhibiting transcription of the IL-2 gene.
Computer-Assisted Burn Care

The use of a computer does not take the thought process out of burn care. Rather, it provides constant user reinforcement while emphasizing key elements of burn care management.
The Preparation Parameters of Technetium-99m· Macroaggregated Albumin-Low Particle Number

Objective: The preparation of technetium-99m-macroaggregated albumin-low particle number (99mTc-MAA-LPN) for lung scans of right-to-left shunt in neonates and young children involves the reconstitution of the reagent kit with 0.9% sodium chloride, USP, to obtain the desired low particle number before radiolabeling. Methods: Volume effects of normal saline and 99mTc-pertechnetate were studied by using 2.5 to 10.0 ml of normal saline for reconstitution and 2.0 to 8.0 ml of 99mTc-pertechnetate for radiolabeling. The effect of time lapse after reconstitution was also studied by incubating the reconstituted kits for 5–60 min at room temperature before radiolabeling. Labeling efficiencies of the prepared 99mTc-MAA-LPN were evaluated using radiochromatography techniques at various time points up to 30 min after radiolabeling. The rate of 99mTc-MAA-LPN formation was calculated as the association rate constant (ka) from the fitted curves of labeling efficiencies versus time. Results: The MAA labeling reaction with 99mTc proceeded at biphasic exponential rates. Both the reconstitution volume of normal saline and the 99mTc-pertechnetate labeling volume significantly decreased the initial reaction rate (ka1). These results indicate that the labeling efficiencies of 99mTc-MAA-LPN preparations are highly dependent on the time of incubation after the addition of 99mTc-pertechnetate and this dependency increases with larger volumes of prepared 99mTc-MAA-LPN. In addition, the time between reconstitution and radiolabeling also has a significant impact on the reaction kinetics of radiolabeling. Conclusions: This study suggests that the optimal labeling condition of 99mTc-MAA-LPN is achieved by minimizing both the volumes of reconstitution and 99mTc-pertechnetate radiolabeling immediately after reconstitution and a radiolabeling incubation time of 20–30 min.
Age and Sex of the Shanidar Neandertals

The Shanidar Neandertal sample consists of two infants, Shanidar 7 and 9, three young adults, Shanidar 2, 6, and 8, and four older adults, Shanidar 1, 3, 4, and 5. It is difficult to tell exactly how old each of the adults was at death, but it is possible to rank the Shanidar partial skeletons in terms of age. The best arrangement would be in ascending order: 7 and 9; 2; 6 and 8; 1 & and 4; 3 and 5. The age of Shanidar 8 is highly uncertain so its position in the ranking could be considerably different. Among the Shanidar adults, three of the individuals—Shanidar 1, 3, and 4—appear, on the basis of pelvic evidence, to be male. Two other individuals—Shanidar 2 and 5 are probably male, largely on the basis of the large size of their skulls. Only two of the adults—Shanidar 6 and 8—appear to be female. It may be assumed that there is not necessarily a systematic bias in the sexing of the Shanidar Neandertals. The Shanidar fossil sample preserves males and females, infants, young adults, and old adults. However, it is clearly dominated, in numbers and degree of preservation, by elderly males. Even though there are other sites that have yielded the remains of adult Neandertals of similarly advanced ages at death, Shanidar is the only site that has provided the remains of several elderly male Neandertals. This should be kept in mind with respect to the evaluation of their morphologies as males tend to be larger and more robust than females among the Neandertals and many of the abnormalities present on the Shanidar specimens are undoubtedly correlated with the advanced ages of these individuals.
General Economic Theory and Income Inequality

Abstract This paper considers some of the implications and deficiencies of general competitive equilibrium theory for understanding levels of and changes in the distributions of earnings and income. Although leisure is a consumer good, and therefore a component of income, little is made of this notion in analyzing earnings distributions. Increased income inequality during recessions suggests that lower-income earners are more likely laid off or fired. Yet the explanation — seemingly in hiring and firing costs — suggests a major role for transaction costs, prominently absent from standard equilibrium theory. Explanation of the very wide distribution of income leads almost inevitably to dynamic theories; yet dynamic choices and processes seem to be under-represented in the literature.
Supply-demand ratio and on-demand spatial service brokers: a summary of results

This paper investigates an on-demand spatial service broker for suggesting service provider propositions and the corresponding estimated waiting times to mobile consumers while meeting the consumer's maximum travel distance and waiting time constraints. The goal of the broker is to maximize the number of matched requests while also keeping the "ecosystem" functioning by engaging many service providers and balancing their assigned requests to provide them with incentives to stay in the system. This problem is important because of its many related societal applications in the on-demand and sharing economy (e.g. on-demand ride hailing services, on-demand food delivery, etc). Challenges of this problem include the need to satisfy many conflicting requirements for the broker, consumers and service providers and the high computational complexity for a large number of consumers and service providers. Related work in spatial crowdsourcing and ridesharing has mainly focused on maximizing the number of matched requests and minimizing travel cost, but did not consider the importance of engaging more service providers and balancing their assignments, which could become a priority when the available supply exceeds the demand. In this work, we propose a new category of service provider centric heuristics for meeting these conflicting requirements. We evaluated our algorithms using synthetic datasets with real-world characteristics. Experimental results show that our proposed heuristics can achieve a larger number of matched requests when supply and demand are balanced. They also engage a larger number of service providers with a more balanced provider assignment when the available supply greatly exceeds demand.
Endobronchial-Guided Vascularized Tissue Flaps for a Bronchopleural Fistula

The management of bronchopleural fistulas can be challenging. The initial treatment is usually conservative, but operative intervention with transposition of vascularized pedicled flaps may be required in refractory cases. We present the case of a 67-year-old man with stage IIIa squamous cell carcinoma of the lung who underwent a lower and middle bilobectomy after receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation. His postoperative course was complicated by empyema and a bronchopleural fistula. Because of difficulty accessing the fistula, endobronchial-guided vascularized tissue flaps were successfully used to close the fistula.
Excise Taxation and Product Quality Substitution

Selective consumption taxes can be charged based on a good’s value or on the number of units of a good sold. This chapter demonstrates that basing taxes on units purchased may cause consumers to switch to purchasing more expensive or more potent versions of the good, because the tax reduces the price differential between more and less potent versions of the good. Key takeaways: (1) The tax on a “sin” good will reduce the sales of the good that is taxed, but it may also lead consumers to use more harmful versions of the good. If the structure of a sin tax encourages consumers to switch from beer to liquor, for example, the tax’s health effects will be ambiguous. (2) Taxes based on the price of a “sin” good may be more effective as deterrents because they will cause consumers to reduce their consumption of the good without encouraging them to switch to more potent versions.
Multiblock Copolymers, Including Ionomers

As one of the blocks becomes polar relative to the other, the Krause theory (Section 4.7.1) predicts that phase separation will occur with shorter block lengths. Given the shorter block lengths, we are required to consider multiblock polymers of the form ABABAB … in order to maintain high molecular weight and concomitant polymer properties. This chapter will consider two important classes of multiblock copolymers, the polyurethanes and the ionomers.
Malignant Brain Tumors Including Medulloblastoma, Embryonal Neuroectodermal Tumors, and Tumors of the Pineal Region, with a Special Discussion of the Management of Brain Tumors in Children of 3 Years and Younger

Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are relatively common in children, representing 20% of all neoplasms. Approximately 1700 children below 21 years of age present with primary CNS tumors annually in the United States, 95% of which originate within the brain (Walker et al. 1985).
List of Braverman’s Papers Published in the “Avtomatika i telemekhanika” Journal, Moscow, Russia, and Translated to English as “Automation and Remote Control” Journal

Braverman E.M. Certain problems in the design of machines which classify objects according to an identifying feature which is not specified a priori. Automation and Remote Control 21, 971–978 (1960). Braverman, E.M. Experiments on machine learning to recognize visual patterns. Automation and Remote Control 23, 315–327 (1962).
Prognosis of resectable pancreatic cancer based on systemic therapy sequence and regimen: An NCDB analysis.

4120Background: While surgical resection can cure pancreatic cancer (PC), the majority of patients who undergo resection recur. As newer multi-agent chemotherapy regimens have evolved for metastati...
Biphasic effect of abstinence duration following cocaine self-administration on spine morphology and plasticity-related proteins in prelimbic cortical neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens core.

Cocaine self-administration (SA) in rats dysregulates glutamatergic signaling in the prelimbic (PrL) cortex and glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens (NA) core, promoting cocaine seeking. PrL adaptations that affect relapse to drug seeking emerge during the first week of abstinence, switching from an early (2 h) hypoglutamatergic state to a later (7 days) hyperglutamatergic state. Different interventions that normalize glutamatergic signaling in PrL cortex at each timepoint are necessary to suppress relapse. We hypothesized that plasticity-related proteins that regulate glutamatergic neurotransmission as well as dendritic spine morphology would be biphasically regulated during these two phases of abstinence in PrL cortical neurons projecting to the NA core (PrL–NA core). A combinatorial viral approach was used to selectively label PrL–NA core neurons with an mCherry fluorescent reporter. Male rats underwent 2 weeks of cocaine SA or received yoked-saline infusions and were perfused either 2 h or 7 days after the final SA session. Confocal microscopy and 3D reconstruction analyses were performed for Fos and pCREB immunoreactivity (IR) in the nucleus of layer V PrL–NA core neurons and GluA1–IR and GluA2–IR in apical dendritic spines of the same neurons. Here, we show that cocaine SA decreased PrL–NA core spine head diameter, nuclear Fos–IR and pCREB–IR, and GluA1–IR and GluA2–IR in putative mushroom-type spines 2 h after the end of cocaine SA, whereas the opposite occurred following 1 week of abstinence. Our findings reveal biphasic, abstinence duration-dependent alterations in structural plasticity and relapse-related proteins in the PrL–NA core pathway after cocaine SA.
La ideología literaria en las culturas manuscrita y digital

In this text, I argue that print culture privileges an aesthetic episteme while the creations of the manuscript and digital cultures demand an ethical episteme. The ethical-aesthetic dialectics underlies the game-literature binarism, where the hermeneutics that correspond to literature are based on the search for meaning while in games and digital literature the question of meaning is secondary and involves manipulation and appropriation of the user, turning, in some part, the print culture figure of the reader into an analytical obstacle. To explain my thesis, I draw on the Aristotelian distinction between episteme and phronesis, the figure of the hacker, the contraposition between the tropes of ambiguity and the ergodic, and the analysis of the presuppositions of the hegemonic critical line of Libro de buen amor that emanate from poststructuralist and philological paradigms. My intention is to show how what I call literary ideology determines the questions we ask to works that can only be conceived as literature by abstracting the notion and its connotations of the material and discursive conditions that gave it its current meaning.
Discovery Learning: Development of a Unique Active Learning Environment for Introductory Chemistry.

It is well established that active learning results in greater gains in student conceptual knowledge and retention compared to traditional modes of learning. However, active learning can be very difficult to implement in a large-enrollment course due to various course and institutional barriers. Herein, we describe the development and implementation of Discovery Learning, a novel active learning discussion/recitation for a large enrollment general chemistry course. Drawing on the very successful cooperative learning pedagogies Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) and Student-Centered Active Learning Environment with Upside-down Pedagogies (SCALE_UP), Discovery Learning involves students working in self-managed teams on inquiry problems in a unique learning environment, the Chemistry Discovery Center. In this case study, we will describe the design and implementation of Discovery Learning and report data on its successes, which include increased student performance and retention.
Perioperative Psychiatric Problems in Organ Transplantation

This chapter begins with a brief review of the history of organ transplantation and a description of the process of transplantation listing and postsurgical care, which are relevant to understand the patient’s journey through this complex process. We will then present the most important findings regarding prevalence of psychiatric problems in transplant candidates and recipients, followed by a review of the evidence about the impact of psychiatric presentations upon the post specific transplantation outcomes. This chapter will focus on the psychiatric implications of transplantation among recipients and donors of solid organs—specifically, the kidney, pancreas, liver, heart, lung, and intestine. The procedures involving other human tissues (such as the cornea, skin, bone marrow, and vascularized composite allographs) will not be addressed. A separate section in this chapter is dedicated to the most important psychiatric aspects of living organ donors.
Editorial for August 2013 Issue

This issue of the IEEE-TEM includes 15 research articles and one focus-on-practice paper. The relevance and usefulness of the articles is summarized.
Do mother-child conversations about safety differ in middle- and low-income families?

Abstract: Background: Children from low-income families experience a disproportionate number of unintentional injuries compared to their middle-income peers. Parents are well positioned to teach children about avoiding injury, yet little is known about parent-child safety conversations in low-income families. This study examined to what extent mother-child safety conversations differ between low- and middle-income families. Methods: Mothers and their 8- to 10-year-old children from low- and middle-income families discussed and rated the safety of photos showing another child engaged in potentially dangerous activities. Results: Dyads disagreed over safety ratings on a third of trials, and both middle- and low-income mothers were highly successful in resolving disagreements in their favor. Middle-income mothers justified their ratings by referring to almost twice as many dangerous features than outcomes, whereas low-income mothers generated roughly equal numbers of dangerous features and outcomes. Middle-income children did not differ in their references to dangerous features and outcomes, but low-income children focused heavily on dangerous outcomes relative to dangerous features. Conclusions: Describing how middle- and low-income families discuss safety is a first step in understanding whether similarities and differences contribute to how middle- and low-income children evaluate and navigate potentially dangerous situations.
PKMYT1 is a computationally predicted target for kidney cancer

Abstract Protein Kinase Membrane Associated Tyrosine/Threonine 1 (PKMYT1) is an understudied member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. PKMYT1 is listed as a dark kinase according to the Illuminating the Druggable Genome (IDG) target development level classification. Using a combination of bioinformatics tools that we developed, we predict that targeting PKMYT1 is potentially beneficial for treating kidney cancer.
Sudden unexpected death in hemoglobin SC disease.

Persons with sickle cell anemia have an extensive morbidity and frequently die at an early age. In some instances their deaths occur suddenly [1]; such an occurrence in hemoglobin SC disease is rare. This report documents the sudden and unexpected death of a 48-year-old black man whose first symptoms of hemoglobin SC disease were his last.
How Much of a Problem is Omitted Variable Bias Really? Examining Strategy Research with the ITCV

Strategy scholars are increasingly concerned about biased empirical analyses from endogeneity. Treatments of the topic offer a dreary assessment, suggesting endogeneity is pervasive and remedies to...
Evaluation of top-down mass spectrometry and ion-mobility spectroscopy as a means of mapping protein-binding motifs within heparin chains

Identifying structural elements within heparin (as well as other glycosaminoglycan) chains that enable their interaction with a specific client protein remains a challenging task due to the high degree of both intra- and inter-chain heterogeneity exhibited by this polysaccharide. The new experimental approach explored in this work is based on the assumption that the heparin chain segments bound to the protein surface will be less prone to collision-induced dissociation (CID) in the gas phase compared to the chain regions that are not involved in binding. Facile removal of the unbound chain segments from the protein/heparin complex should allow the length and the number of sulfate groups within the protein-binding segment of the heparin chain to be determined by measuring the mass of the truncated heparin chain that remains bound to the protein. Conformational integrity of the heparin-binding interface on the protein surface in the course of CID is ensured by monitoring the evolution of collisional cross-section (CCS) of the protein/heparin complexes as a function of collisional energy. A dramatic increase in CCS signals the occurrence of large-scale conformational changes within the protein and identifies the energy threshold, beyond which relevant information on the protein-binding segments of heparin chains is unlikely to be obtained. Testing this approach using a 1 : 1 complex formed by a recombinant form of an acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) and a synthetic pentasaccharide GlcNS,6S-GlcA-GlcNS,3S,6S-IdoA2S-GlcNS,6S-Me as a model system indicated that a tri-saccharide fragment is the minimal-length FGF-binding segment. Extension of this approach to a decameric heparin chain (dp10) allowed meaningful binding data to be obtained for a 1 : 1 protein/dp10 complex, while the ions representing the higher stoichiometry complex (2 : 1) underwent dissociation via asymmetric charge partitioning without generating truncated heparin chains that remain bound to the protein.
Assessing the Internalized Homophobia Scale for Gender Invariance

The original and revised versions of the Internalized Homophobia Scale (IHP) were examined for gender invariance. The revised version was found to have a better fit, and passed the test of configur...
Mob, Murder, Motivation: The Emergence of Hate Crime Discourse in India

Since 2015, various legal and civil society actors started highlighting the visible rise in media-recorded incidents of anti-Dalit and anti-Muslim violence in the country. These conversations were marked by diverse and competing ways of describing and legally addressing such events. One of the categories that the various actors came to deploy was hate crime. The hate crime concept is distinct from other alternatives like lynching, communal riot and vigilantism due to its simultaneous focus on motivation and social hierarchy. In response to a set of petitions in 2018, the Supreme Court of India through a series of guidelines in Tehseen Poonawalla v Union of India, sought to introduce greater official accountability, procedural protection to victims and witnesses, and more stringent punishment for perpetrators. This article argues that the Court’s intervention is best interpreted in the light of the hate crime concept. This is evident when we situate the case in the longer trajectory of the media and public discourse, the framing of the legal arguments, and finally the Court’s order. Nevertheless, the article argues that while there is a definite emergence of the hate crime framework in the Indian legal and policy discourse, it continues to be inconsistently and contradictorily applied to the detriment of coherence and effectiveness. The article concludes that the most effective way to address these limitations is to foreground the conceptual and institutional recourses of the hate crime concept.
Online popularity of JUUL and Puff Bars in the USA: 2019-2020.

Background The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced a flavour ban on cartridge-based e-cigarettes in January 2020. It is unclear whether e-cigarette users will switch to disposable vaping products with a variety of kids-appealing flavours available. Methods We performed piece-wise regression and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) algorithms to compare the relative search volume (RSV) of JUUL and Puff Bar (a disposable vaping product) using the 1-year Google Trends data from 24 February 2019 to 20 February 2020, separated by three events that may have spurred changes in RSV for each product. Results The RSV for JUUL was relatively stable before Trump Administration announced plans to ban flavoured e-cigarettes. After that, the RSV for JUUL dropped sharply (rate of change=−8.8 per week) from 11 September 2019 to 17 October 2019 when JUUL Labs announced to halt online sales of some flavoured products, and the RSV resumed the decreasing trend after FDA announced enforcement policy of cartridge-based e-cigarettes on 2 January 2020. In comparison, the RSV for Puff Bar started to increase after 11 September 2019 with a low rate of change (0.6) until 17 October 2019. After that, the increase in RSV for Puff Bar accelerated. The RSV of puff bars surpassed that of JUUL during the week of 2 February 2020. Conclusion The popularity of Puff Bar on Google Search suggests that users may replace cartridge-based vaping products with disposable e-cigarettes in the circumvention of the partial flavour ban. Continuous surveillance and further assessment are needed to prevent potential loopholes in tobacco regulation.
Risk and Reciprocity Over the Mobile Phone Network: Evidence from Rwanda

A large literature describes how local risk sharing networks can help individuals smooth consumption in the face of idiosyncratic economic shocks. However, when an entire community faces a large covariate shock, and when the transaction costs of transfers are high, these risk sharing networks are likely to be less effective. In this paper, we document how a new technology – mobile phones – reduces transaction costs and enables Rwandans to share risk quickly over long distances. We examine a comprehensive database of person-to-person transfers of mobile airtime and find that individuals send this rudimentary form of “mobile money” to friends and family affected by natural disasters. Using the Lake Kivu earthquake of 2008 to identify the effect of a large covariate shock on interpersonal transfers, we estimate that a current-day earthquake would result in the transfer of between $22,000 and $30,000 to individuals living near the epicenter. We further show that the pattern of transfers is most consistent with a model of reciprocal risk sharing, where transfers are determined by past reciprocity and geographical proximity, rather than one of pure charity or altruism, in which transfers would be expected to be increasing in the wealth of the sender and decreasing in the wealth of the recipient.
XIV. On magnetic permeability, and the maximum of magnetism of iron, steel, and nickel

(1873). XIV. On magnetic permeability, and the maximum of magnetism of iron, steel, and nickel. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 46, No. 304, pp. 140-159.
Type 8 Adenylyl Cyclase Is Targeted to Excitatory Synapses and Required for Mossy Fiber Long-Term Potentiation

Mossy fiber/CA3 long-term potentiation (LTP) is hypothesized to depend on cAMP signals generated by Ca2+-stimulated adenylyl cyclases AC1 or AC8. AC1 gene knock-out mice ( AC1 – / –) show a partial reduction in mossy fiber LTP, suggesting that either AC8 activity is also critical for mossy fiber LTP or that there is a component of mossy fiber LTP that is independent of CaM-activated adenylyl cyclases. To address this issue, mossy fiber LTP was examined in hippocampal slices from AC8 – / – and AC1 – / – × AC8 – / – double knock-out mice (DKO). Despite the fact that AC8 contributes only a small fraction of the Ca2+-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in the hippocampus and is less sensitive to Ca2+ than AC1, AC8 – / – mice exhibited mossy fiber LTP defects comparable with AC1 – / – and DKO mice. Furthermore, short-term plasticity was disrupted in AC8 – / – mice but not in AC1 – / – mice. Because AC1 is not localized at the excitatory synapses in hippocampal neurons, we hypothesized that AC8 may be targeted to synapses, in which higher synaptic-specific Ca2+ increases occur. Here, we report that AC8 accumulates in puncta of dendrites and axons in hippocampal neurons and colocalizes with synaptic marker proteins. These data indicate that both synaptic and nonsynaptic cAMP signals, generated by different Ca2+-stimulated adenylyl cyclases, are required for mossy fiber LTP.
APPLICATIONS OF MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY IN INDUSTRY

The demand by industrial researchers to characterize commercial materials with high precision has seen the growth of many spectroscopic techniques in the broad area of applied materials science. Mossbauer spectroscopy is slowly moving into the industrial arena, due in part to the development of new and highly technological materials whose performance can only be optimized through complete analysis and evaluation down to the atomic level. The movement from the traditional research laboratory environment is assisted by the portability of the most recent instrumentation, including PC based data acquisition, miniature spectrometers, user friendly software for spectral analysis and the development of the scattering detectors for in-situ Mossbauer analysis. Scientific researchers are more often being sought to collaborate in industrial projects to solve problems of economic and social importance. An overview is presented on some of the industrial applications for which Mossbauer spectroscopy is being used today. Discussion includes some of the features important for close collaboration between the research scientist and industrial partners, as well as some of the challenges likely to be faced by the researcher in the endeavours to bring the Mossbauer methodology to the industrial environment. Corrosion research, and the need to fully understand the effect of environmental parameters on the performance of structural steels, is one area in which Mossbauer spectroscopy has become a required analytical technique. One example of a close liason between academia and industry and the use of Mossbauer spectroscopy to characterize and improve the quality of galvanneal steel sheet is presented.
NO2measurements on the Island of Hawaii

Recent measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, appear to indicate a marked increase in the concentration of NO2 over that measured 11 years ago.
Antigenic characteristics of Leptotrichia buccalis (Fusobacterium fusiforme).

Gustafson, Robert L. (University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago) and Arthur V. Kroeger. Antigenic characteristics of Leptotrichia buccalis (Fusobacterium fusiforme). J. Bacteriol. 84:1313–1320. 1962.—Thirty-nine isolates of an oral filamentous organism, usually termed Leptotrichia buccalis Trevisan (Fusobacterium fusiforme), were isolated from materia alba or saliva. The cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics were similar to those reported by other investigators. Agglutination reactions were not reproducible with all strains, since spontaneous agglutination frequently occurred. When sonic extracts of nine strains were tested with antisera by precipitin ring tests, some strains cross-reacted extensively. Indirect fluorescent antibody staining reactions revealed significant antigenic differences among fresh isolates. However, strains which had received 12 or more passages on artificial media cross-reacted with one or several heterologous antisera. Currently, the results do not allow classification of L. buccalis into a given number of antigenic types. From the data obtained by the various serological techniques, a tentative picture of the antigenic complex was formulated. The outermost layer of freshly isolated strains appears to be type-specific, and may be lost or altered upon passage on artificial media. Beneath this surface component lie one or more antigens, which may prove to be group antigens shared by several strains of L. buccalis.
A prospective study of occupational physical activity and breast cancer risk.

Physical activity has been associated with reduced breast cancer risk, but studies of occupational activity have produced inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between occupational physical activity and breast cancer in a prospective study of women with a family history of breast cancer. We studied breast cancer risk in 47,649 Sister Study participants with an occupational history. Information on occupational activity and breast cancer risk factors was collected during baseline interviews (2004–2009). Physical activity at each job was self-reported and categorized as mostly sitting, sitting and standing equally, mostly standing, and active. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate associations between lifetime occupational activity and incident breast cancer, after adjusting for established risk factors and recreational activity. During follow-up, a total of 1,798 breast cancer diagnoses were reported. Compared with women who did not spend any time in active jobs, women who spent a high proportion (≥75 %) of their working years in active jobs had a reduced risk of breast cancer (HR 0.72; 95 % CI 0.52–0.98). Associations were strongest among overweight (HR 0.64; 95 % CI 0.42–0.98) and postmenopausal (HR 0.67; 95 % CI 0.45–0.98) women. Occupational activity was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Occupational activity is a domain of physical activity that should be further examined in studies of postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Additional research is necessary to better understand the mechanisms underlying the relationships between occupational activity, body size, and breast cancer.
Dual‐Receptor T Cells Expressing One Self‐Restricted TCR

During thymic development, T cells rearrange and express genes encoding clonotypic T-cell receptors (TCR), and undergo selective events involving interactions between TCR and thymic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Recent studies indicate that up to 30% of peripheral T cells may express two TCR, that both TCR on these cells are functional, and that dual-specific T cells can promote autoimmunity. Here we demonstrate that dual-receptor T cells are readily generated in class II-deficient (class II-) mice expressing the class II-restricted AND TCR transgene (TCRtg). While this TCRtg is unable to promote positive selection in class II- mice, T cells arise in class II-TCR+tg mice by co-expressing non-transgenic endogenous TCR that permit positive selection on class I molecules. Our findings indicate that when a rearranged TCR fails to promote positive selection on self MHC molecules, expression of a second receptor can rescue the developing T cell. Accordingly, many dual-receptor T cells may actually be mono-specific in vivo, possessing only one self MHC-restricted TCR, and therefore should not require unique regulatory controls to prevent autoreactivity.
Annealing studies of AlN capped, MOCVD grown GaN films

Abstract An AlN annealing cap has been developed for GaN films grown on sapphire substrates that enables them to be annealed at temperatures as high as 1300 °C for times as long as 30 min or times as long as 120 min at a temperature of 1150 °C without creating a significant number of electrically active N vacancies or new thermal etch pits due to the preferential evaporation of N. However, the pits in the as-grown sample became larger and their sidewalls became steeper, and the flat areas of the film became a little rougher when the annealing time and/or temperature was larger. The films became more relaxed as indicated by a >10% reduction in the X-ray rocking curve peak widths and the creation of a more uniform convex bow. Both the net carrier concentration and electron mobility were reduced by the anneal suggesting that compensating point defects had been created. One possible explanation is that more C in these metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown films occupied N sites where it is believed to be a deep acceptor.
Studies on trace element distribution in a sediment core from the Pacific Ocean

Abstract Samples from a sediment core taken during the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition 1947–1948 have been analyzed for their content of some minor constituents. The core, No. 69, Sta. 102, in the collection of the Expedition, was obtained from 13° 25′ S, 149° 30′ W. It had been analyzed earlier for the major constituents, the ferrides and boron. These results are published elsewhere. The lower part of the core (565-340 cm from the top) is a manganiferous marl ooze, and the upper part (336-6 cm) is a manganiferous-ferruginous clay (“red clay”). The decrease in the carbonate content during sedimentation is rather sudden at about the 340-cm level; the corresponding increase in the phosphorus concentration is more gradual. The average relative concentration of silicate-oxide (sil), phosphorus (ap) and CaCO3 (car) and the concentrations of the constituents studied are given in Tables 1–4. The excess and deficiency in the concentrations, in comparison with the averages, are discussed and also the probable sources of elements. Four chief sources are responsible for the distribution pattern of the minor constituents studied: the fine fractions of weathering material from basic igneous rocks, authigenic mineral forming processes in the sea, biological processes, and precipitation of metal ions on the surface of colloidal particles.
Differences between resource patches modify root herbivore effects on plants

While soil resource heterogeneity and root herbivory can have significant direct influences on plant growth, soil heterogeneity may also have indirect effects by influencing the foraging behavior of root herbivores. We used sand-filled greenhouse pots to assess root herbivore foraging behavior and potential interactions between patch quality, herbivore foraging, and plant biomass production (yield). Individual pots were divided into four quarters: one fertilized, and three unfertilized, two of which were planted with tree seedlings. Two treatments were used to create fertilized quarters: high-organic manure fertilizer, and slow-release mineral fertilizer. Seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana L.) were used to create two single-species and one mixed-species treatments. Root-feeding beetle larvae were added to the pots and allowed to forage freely for ∼8 weeks. At harvest, root herbivores in organic-fertilized pots were strongly attracted to fertilized quarters despite their relatively low-root biomass. Herbivore distribution was significantly different in mineral fertilized pots, where larvae were most abundant in planted quarters, which is also where most of the plant roots occurred. Whole pot plant yield was significantly reduced by larvae; this effect was stronger in the mineral fertilized pots than organic fertilized pots. While one of the plant species appeared more sensitive to herbivory, root herbivores had a greater influence on yield in mixed-species pots than in single-species pots. Overall, these results suggest that patch quality influences on herbivore foraging may indirectly alter yield and plant community composition.
Seafloor bioalteration of sulfide minerals: Results from in situ incubation studies

We present results of incubation studies conducted at low temperatures (∼4°C) in the vicinity of a seafloor hydrothermal vent system. We reacted Fe-, S-, Cu-, and Zn-bearing minerals including pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, elemental sulfur, and a portion of a natural chimney sulfide structure for 2 months at the Main Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Our study utilizes Fluorescent In Situ Hybridizations (FISH), Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM), and light microscopic analysis. The surfaces of these minerals are solely colonized by Bacteria and not by Archaea. Colonization densities vary over an order of magnitude with the following sequence: elemental sulfur > chimney sulfide > marcasite > pyrite > sphalerite > chalcopyrite, and correspond well with the abiotic oxidation kinetics of these materials, excepting elemental sulfur, which is both the least reactive to oxidizing species and the most heavily colonized. Colonization densities also correspond with apparent degree of reaction (dissolution pitting + accumulation of secondary alteration products). Heavy accumulations of secondary Fe oxides on Fe-bearing minerals, most notably on the chimney sulfide, form in situ as the result of mineral dissolution and the activity of neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria. Results suggest that mineral-oxidizing bacteria play a prominent role in weathering of seafloor sulfide deposits, and that microbial utilization of mineral substrates contributes to biomass production in seafloor hydrothermal environments.
Quality of life outcomes for depressed and nondepressed older adults in community long-term care.

Objective: To compare outcomes of mortality, institutionalization, physical and mental quality of life, overall life satisfaction, and satisfaction with living arrangements, for depressed and nondepressed clients after 1 year of community long-term care (CLTC) services. Design: Prospective cohort study with repeated assessments at 6 and 12 months. Setting: A publicly funded CLTC agency that coordinates in-home care such as meal delivery, personal care, and nursing care to functionally disabled and low-income adults throughout a Midwestern State. Participants: Adults aged 60 years and older, starting CLTC services with minimal or no cognitive impairment (N = 551). Measurements: Outcomes included the Medical Outcome Study's Short-Form for physical and mental quality of life and single items for life satisfaction and satisfaction with living arrangements. Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale determined clients' depression status. Results: Depressed clients (N = 266) had significantly worse scores for all outcomes than nondepressed clients (N = 285), but mortality and institutionalization were not significantly related to depression. Depression was significantly associated with more positive change in mental health (mean change: depressed group=4.60, standard deviation [SD] = 14.0; nondepressed group=−1.50, SD=11.2) and overall life satisfaction (mean change: depressed group=0.10, SD=1.1; nondepressed group=−0.10, SD=0.8). Conclusion: After 1 year of CLTC services, depressed clients experienced more improvement in quality of life and life satisfaction, but their outcomes remained significantly lower than nondepressed clients. Depression was consistently and negatively associated with quality of life and satisfaction outcomes.
Model systems for aromatic nitro group reduction--relationships to tissue catalyzed reagents.

Abstract The essential biologically functional components of a model system for study of the reduction of p -nitrobenzoic acid (PNBA) to p -aminobenzoic acid (PABA) appeared to include: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as initial electron donors, a flavin [flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), riboflavin-5-phosphate (FMN) or riboflavin], a sulfhydryl donor [e.g. reduced glutathione, (GSH) or cysteine] and a salt. The effects of the flavins and GSH were biphasic, showing activation in lower concentrations but inhibition in higher concentrations. The salt requirement appeared to be essential for the provision of optimal ionic strength. Variations of components of the model system increased the reaction rate to only about one-tenth that observed in the presence of boiled, dialyzed human placental or rat hepatic 104,000 g supernatant fractions. The reaction was inhibited (approximately 90 per cent) by carbon monoxide (CO) in incubation flasks containing boiled placental soluble fractions but was not inhibited by CO in model system reactions. Addition of 2.5 × 10 −3 M FMN to reaction vessels containing fresh, nondialyzed rat liver 104,000 g supernatant fractions markedly enhanced the reaction rate but addition of the same concentrations (inhibitory in model systems) to vessels containing dialyzed rat liver supernatant markedly inhibited the reaction. The results suggested differing mechanisms of electron transport from NADPH or NADH to PNBA for each of the various tissues studied as well as for homogenate subfractions of a given tissue.