cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis of Tetrahydrolipstatin, Its Derivatives, and Evaluation of Their Ability to Potentiate Multiple Antibiotic Classes against Mycobacterium Species.

Tetrahydrolipstatin (THL, 1a) has been shown to inhibit both mammalian and bacterial α/β hydrolases. In the case of bacterial systems, THL is a known inhibitor of several Mycobacterium tuberculosis hydrolases involved in mycomembrane biosynthesis. Herein we report a highly efficient eight-step asymmetric synthesis of THL using a route that allows modification of the THL α-chain substituent to afford compounds 1a through 1e. The key transformation in the synthesis was use of a (TPP)CrCl/Co2(CO)8-catalyzed regioselective and stereospecific carbonylation on an advanced epoxide intermediate to yield a trans-β-lactone. These compounds are modest inhibitors of Ag85A and Ag85C, two α/β hydrolases of M. tuberculosis involved in the biosynthesis of the mycomembrane. Among these compounds, 10d showed the highest inhibitory effect on Ag85A (34 ± 22 μM) and Ag85C (66 ± 8 μM), and its X-ray structure was solved in complex with Ag85C to 2.5 A resolution. In contrast, compound 1e exhibited the best-in-class MICs of 50 μM (25 μg/mL) and 16 μM (8.4 μg/mL) against M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Ra, respectively, using a microtiter assay plate. Combination of 1e with 13 well-established antibiotics synergistically enhanced the potency of few of these antibiotics in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Ra. Compound 1e applied at concentrations 4-fold lower than its MIC enhanced the MIC of the synergistic antibiotic by 2-256-fold. In addition to observing synergy with first-line drugs, rifamycin and isoniazid, the MIC of vancomycin against M. tuberculosis H37Ra was 65 μg/mL; however, the MIC was lowered to 0.25 μg/mL in the presence of 2.1 μg/mL 1e demonstrating the potential of targeting mycobacterial hydrolases involved in mycomembrane and peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
Agenda Setting, Public Opinion, and the Issue of Immigration Reform

While the importance of agenda setting has been well-documented (Baumgartner and Jones 1995, Iyengar 1991), it is unclear whether its affect holds for issues that may not be salient to a significant portion of the public. We explore this puzzle by examining the issue of illegal immigration, as it is one policy that traditionally impacts those living in states along the U.S.-Mexico border more so than for those residing in non-border states. Our analyses of newspaper coverage of immigration and Gallup public opinion data over a twelve-month period (January-December 2006) provide considerable support for the agenda-setting theory. The volume of news coverage did increase following the protests and as such, the public perceived immigration as an important problem facing the country. These findings hold for individuals residing in both border and non-border states, suggesting that the power of agenda-setting holds across issues that may not be nationally salient to the entire American public.
New Approach for Selecting Crumb-Rubber-Modified Asphalts for Rutting and Permanent Deformation Resistance

In the current research, the introduction of a new selecti on approach for crumb-rubber-modified asphalts (CRMA), based on their rutting and permanent deformation resistance, is carried out. This new approach involves selecting CRMA according to their rheological properties [complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ) values] by utilizing a proposed three-dimensional (3D) parametric diagrams approach. This was carried out for the different asphalt and crumb-rubber (CR) types investigated. Three-dimensional parametric diagrams for both the G* and δ were constructed through controlling the interaction time, speed, and temperature for the CRMA synthesis. This was carried out to illustrate the combined effect of interaction speed and temperature, with the increase of interaction time, on the produced rutting and permanent deformation resistance properties of CRMA. It was found that, for all the asphalt types investigated, the utilization of a high interaction mixing speed of 50 Hz with a medium interaction temperature (190°C) for the mixing of cryogenic processed CR with asphalt produced the best results in terms of complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ) values. For ambient processed CR, on the other hand, the utilization of a low interaction temperature (160°C), with both interaction speeds utilized (10 and 30 Hz), produced enhanced properties (G* and δ) for the CRMA. Based on the results obtained in this research, the new selection approach presents an efficient way to provide an expected profile for the asphalt in-service required properties with relation to their synthesis conditions.
Using Stories to Teach Business Ethics – Developing Character through Examples of Admirable Actions

People have long recognized thatknowing and doing are vastly different. Aperson might be skilled in abstract moralreasoning and do it brilliantly in a classroomsetting but act despicably in everyday matters. Instructing students in ethical principles andmoral reasoning skills is one thing. Increasing their desires to act ethically andto behave in admirable ways is something else. This paper advocates an ancient method of moraleducation that contemporary methods overshadow: the telling of stories. Examples of peopleacting ethically, behaving heroically in a seaof temptations, show young minds what idealslook like in practice and encourage theselearners to act admirably themselves. Anecdotes of moral truths in action appeal tothe mind and the heart, instructing theintellect and increasing the desire to emulatewhat civilization has come to honor as rightand good.
Medicare and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations: a healthy relationship?

Country-wide, more than 5000 hospitals are permitted to provide Medicarefinanced services solely because they are accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (the "JCAHO" or the "Joint Commission"). With JCAHO accreditation, a health care institution is deemed to meet the Medicare conditions of participation. This "deemed status" program is the oldest and most substantial regulatory use of health care accreditation in the United States. This article will critically consider the economic and political forces driving the program and will examine why the federal government has relied on private accreditation in health care and whether this reliance is in the public interest. This article will first describe the JCAHO and its accreditation programs, then review the history of the Medicare-JCAHO relationship, next examine why the federal Medicare program has relied on accreditation as an indicator of the quality of participating hospitals, and finally consider, in theory and practice, the extent to which accreditation status serves as an adequate substitute for direct public regulation of the quality of health care institutions.
Mechanisms of the Reactions of Cytochrome c RATE AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS FOR LIGAND BINDING TO HORSE HEART FERRICYTOCHROME c

Abstract Kinetic and equilibrium data for the binding of azide, imidazole, and pyridine to horse heart ferricytochrome c have been obtained by conventional spectrophotometric and stopped flow techniques. The stability constants of the 1:1 complexes formed between ferricytochrome c and the ligands are: azide, 4.5 m-1; imidazole, 15.3 m-1; and pyridine, 2.4 m-1, at 25°, pH 7, and 1.0 m ionic strength. These measurements are consistent with a model in which the added ligands bind to the iron by displacing the coordinated methionine-80. The kinetic data indicate a rate constant of about 60 s-1 for the rupture of the iron-sulfur bond.
Evolving neural networks applied to predator-evader problem

The creation of strategies to meet abstract goals is an important behavior exhibited by natural organisms. A situation requiring the development of such strategies is the predator-evader problem. To study this problem, Khepera robots are chosen as the competing agents. Using computer simulations the evolution of the adaptive behavior is studied in a predator-evader interaction. A bilaterally symmetrical multilayer perceptron neural network architecture with evolvable weights is used to model the "brains" of the agents. Evolutionary programming is employed to evolve the predator for developing adaptive strategies to meet its goals. To study the effect of learning on evolution a self-organizing map (SOM) is added to the architecture, it is trained continuously and all the predators can access its weights. The results of these two different approaches are compared.
Characterization and localization of mosquito-gut receptors for trypsin modulating oostatic factor using a complementary peptide and immunocytochemistry.

The gut receptor of trypsin-modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), a decapeptide hormone that regulates trypsin biosynthesis in the mosquito gut, has been characterized. The binding of TMOF to mosquito gut membranes reached maximum at pH 7.4 and 24 degrees C. No binding was observed at pH 2.5 and the binding to the membranes declined rapidly at pH 8.0. At equilibrium, maximum binding to the receptor was observed at 60 min and 24 degrees C. A synthetic complementary decapeptide NH2-Ile-Leu-Gly-Arg-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-COOH (FOMT) for TMOF successfully competed with the gut receptor, and specifically bound TMOF (Kd = 4 microM and Kassoc = 2.5 x 10(5) M-1). TMOF binding to gut membranes was characterized with FOMT and a specific ELISA to the hormone at 24 and 72 h after blood feeding. Two classes of binding sites were found on the gut membrane; high affinity (Kd1 = 4.6 +/- 0.7 x 10(-7) M; Kassoc = 2.2 x 10(6) M-1 Bmax = 0.1 pmol/gut) and low affinity (Kd2 = 4.43 +/- 1 x 10(-6) M; Kassoc = 2.3 x 10(5) M-1; Bma...
Denying Biology: Essays on Gender and Pseudo-Procreation

Denying Biology: Essays on Gender and Pseudo-Procreation Warren Shapiro and Uli Lanham. eds. MD: University Press of America, 1996. 250 pp.
Cross-shell transitions in the (3He, t) reaction

Abstract A study of the ( 3 He, t) reactions on 39 K and 41 K indicates that there is no general selection rule against cross-shell transitions in the ( 3 He, t) reaction, i.e. that charge exchange transitions between inequivalent orbits are in same cases comparable in strength with those between equivalent orbits.
Does Job Satisfaction Vary with Sexual Orientation

The results of this study, which uses data from the 2007�2008 Canadian Community Health Survey, suggest that job satisfaction may vary with sexual orientation. Probit regression analysis indicated that compared to heterosexuals, gay men and lesbians tended to be less satisfied with their jobs. Bisexuals appear to be more satisfied. Additional research is needed to corroborate the findings and the reasons for the differences.
THE DANSE MACABRE

This is a sociology of how antagonists demonize each other, simultaneously turning themselves into executioners and (unwittingly) into victims of their own victims. The process is said to be tragic because each party to it experiences itself as blameless; hence, their victimization always comes as a surprise. I illustrate this paradoxical dance of death by utilizing three recent, related domestic incidents involving federal officials and purported deviants.
Mining Gene Expression Database for Primary Human Disease Tissues

Studies of gene expression in primary human disease tissue often span several years in order to achieve reasonably large sample sizes and to collect patient clinical information making this data particularly valuable. Due to the lack of a central repository, this data has only been available through disparate and non-publicly accessible sources following publication. We developed disease-to-gene expression mapper (D-GEM) as a publically accessible database and data mining toolbox for microarray data of human primary disease tissue. A statistical pipeline has also been implemented to identify genes over-expressed in disease tissue samples in comparison with normal control samples, or genes whose expression values are associated with clinical parameters such as patient survival rate. One potential application of this data is the identification of pathway specific cancer prognosis markers. By applying a novel, gene signatures for cancer prognosis in the context of known biological pathways in cancer development were identified and confirmed.
Application of block pulse functions for signal recognition in power system relays

This letter presents the development of an algorithm based on block pulse functions for fundamental frequency component calculation in power system relaying signals. The proposed algorithm is computationally simple and can be used with any sampling frequency. The algorithm is better suited for microprocessor-based power system protective relays.
Towards a general multireference coupled cluster method: automated implementation of open-shell CCSD method for doublet states

Abstract We present the outline for a general internally contracted multireference coupled cluster method, and indicate some open ended issues that are not yet resolved. The detailed equations for this general scheme are rather complicated and it is necessary to automate the implementation of the method. In this paper, we investigate the simplest variant of this scheme, a spin-adapted open-shell CCSD method applicable to open-shell doublet states. The method was implemented in an automated fashion, and we consider a number of slight variations on the general theme. Applications are presented for the cationic states of N 2 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 and O 3 , and anionic states of C 2 , O 3 and F 2 , which include various highly correlated states that illustrate the potential of the general methodology.
In vitro Demonstration of Lactogenic Activity in the Mammalian Placenta

As part of a comparative study of the occurrence of placental prolactins among mammals, studies were done to see if the placentae of a variety of mammals produce a prolactin, and if it is produced, during what period of gestation it is demonstrable. The lactogenic activity of baboon, sheep, chinchilla, hamster, mouse, rat, and rabbit placentae at different stages of pregnancy were examined by organ co-culture of placental explants with prelactating mammary tissue, as well as by the addition of placental extracts to mammary organ cultures. The lactogenic activity of human placental lactogen (hPL) was also examined. Mammary tissue from nulliparous (day 11 or 12) pregnant BALB/c Crgl mice were cultured in Waymouth's synthetic medium supplimented with insulin (5 μg/ml) and aldosterone (1 μg/ml). The lactogenic activity of the baboon, sheep, chinchilla, hamster, rat, and mouse placentae was clearly demonstrable. In the rabbit, the lactogenic activity was not detectable.
Single-point diamond turning of lead indium phosphate glass

The development of the ability to routinely 'machine' glass materials to optical tolerances is highly desirable and, in particular, could provide new degrees of control over the precise shape of complex and unusual optical surfaces. Of particular interest in this regard is the formation of non- spherical shapes where there is a need to fabricate both inexpensive, low-precision optics as well as specialized high-precision aspheric components. This work describes the initial feasibility tests of the machining of a new type of glass, lead indium phosphate (LIP), a material which transmits from the visible to 2.8 micrometer (for thin samples). Glossy surfaces were produced with a root-mean- square surface roughness of less than 100 nm (with 200 micrometer filter). The results indicate that this approach offers the potential for producing high-quality aspheric optical shapes based on the use of LIP glass.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
QUANTUM STATE ENGINEERING BASED ON ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALOGIES AND NUMERICAL METHODS FOR SEMICONDUCTOR INTERSUBBAND LASERS

The design of semiconductor intersubband lasers using quantum state engineering based on electromagnetic analogies is a relatively new area. There has been little systematic effort in this direction as yet. The use of these analogies allows laser researchers to apply tools and methodologies found in the mature field of electromagnetic optics. The purpose of this paper is to describe the procedures by which intersubband quantum-well semiconductor lasers (or detectores) may be designed using these methodologies.
Injuries of women and men in a treatment program for domestic violence.

Both conflict tactics and injuries resulting from marital violence were assessed for both members of the dyad in a sample of 180 couples referred to a treatment program for domestic violence in three military bases. Though both men and women reported engaging in topographically similar aggressive acts, the percentage of women reporting injuries, especially severe injuries, was much higher than the corresponding percentage of men. Injuries were also related to use of more severe aggressive behaviors as assessed by the Conflict Tactics Scale. These results provide support for conceptualizations of spouse abuse which stress the importance of addressing impact dimensions of aggression in addition to topographic dimensions in comparing this phenomenon across genders.
Topical application of clonidine relieves hyperalgesia in patients with sympathetically maintained pain

Patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy or causalgia characteristically have ongoing pain and pain to light touch (hyperalgesia). Some of these patients obtain relief of their pain following interruption of sympathetic function to the affected area and, therefore, have sympathetically maintained pain (SMP). Evidence suggests that the pain and hyperalgesia in SMP are related to activation of peripheral adrenergic receptors. We wished to determine the contribution of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in SMP and thus examined the effects of local application of adrenergic agents in patients with SMP. The alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine, available as a transdermal patch, was delivered topically to the patients' hyperalgesic skin. In four patients with SMP, clonidine eliminated or substantially reduced hyperalgesia to mechanical and cold stimuli. In three of these patients the effects were confined to the skin region beneath the patch, suggesting a peripheral and not central effect. The relief of hyperalgesia was not due to a local anesthetic effect since touch thresholds were unaffected. Topical clonidine did not relieve hyperalgesia of similar severity for two other patients whose hyperalgesia and pain were unaffected by sympathetic ganglion blocks (i.e., diagnosed as having sympathetically independent pain). In two SMP patients, intradermal injection of norepinephrine or phenylephrine (a specific alpha 1-adrenergic agonist) at a site treated with clonidine evoked intense pain and rekindled the pre-clonidine hyperalgesia at that site. It is likely that clonidine locally blocks the release of norepinephrine via activation of alpha 2 receptors on the sympathetic terminals. This study suggests, therefore, that SMP is mediated via alpha 1-adrenergic receptors located in the affected tissue.
Pastoral counseling: In search of a new paradigm

Contemporary pastoral counseling includes three paradigmatic elements: the image of the counselor as priest; the location of the human problem at the organismic-environmental interface; and the diagnosis of the human problem as alienation from self and others. These assumptions ought to be supplemented by the image of the counselor as prophet, by location of the human problemalso at the interface of the self and the ultimate, and by a diagnosis of the human problem as alienation from transcendence. To be adequate as a response to the total human situation, pastoral counseling theory must be expanded to include consideration of the transcendent dimension of human existence, and pastoral counseling method and technique must be modified to overcome alienation from the ultimate by facilitating the actualization of transcendence.
Effects of prolonged optokinetic stimulation on oculomotor and locomotor balance functions.

Squirrel monkeys were exposed to optokinetic stimulus (90°/sec constant speed. unidirectional) for 60 min. Eye movements during and after the stimulus expo sure were recorded. Comparison of the data between very early and late stages of exposure showed the oculomotor gain increase and the nystagmic frequency decline. Slow phase eye velocity of bilaterally labyrinthectomized squir rel monkeys in the late exposure stage could reach almost to the level of normal animals. Post-stimulus analysis in normal monkeys showed that amphetamine enhanced the optokinetic after-nystagmus duration, the maximum slow phase eye velocity, and the time constant. In contrast, the effect of amphetamine on reversed optokinetic after-nys tagmus was not at the significant level in all parameters studied. The manifestation of directional reciprocity of optokinetic after-nystagmus was inconsistent. In bilateral ly labyrinthectomized animals, ipsilateral optokinetic after-nystagmus did not appear after the stimulus cessa tion. Instead...
Reactions of neopentane on transition metals

Abstract Rates of hydrogenolysis, r H , of neopentane have been measured on supported metal catalysts containing Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au. At 250 °C, values of r H , referred to unit surface area of the metal, differ by 10 orders of magnitude, Au being the least active and Ru the most active metal investigated. The order of activity can be correlated with Pauling's percentage d -bond character. Among all metals of Group VIII plus Cu and Au, only Ir, Pt, and Au are found to isomerize neopentane to isopentane. They do so with comparable selectivity. It is speculated that the exceptional ability of these three metals to isomerize neopentane is related to their high electronegativity and to a readily shifted surface valency as a result of promotion of d electrons to empty s levels.
Experimental and calculated collisional energy transfer efficiencies for unimolecular reactions

Abstract The probabilities for vibrational energy transfer in unimolecular reactions can be related to the observable rate constant by means of a stochastic master equation. Introducing an average collisional probability, a formula is obtained which is valid for all transfer models. This new formula indicates that β' should be used in correlating experimental and calculational data for weak colliders instead of the traditional β. The use of this new formula has the additional advantage of producing an efficient schemata for calculating unimolecular rate constants for any collisional model at given temperatures and pressures.
Organization of the projections from the trigeminal brainstem complex to the superior colliculus in the rat and hamster: Anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and intra-axonal injection

Anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and intra-axonal recording and injection techniques were employed to describe the projection from the trigeminal (V) brainstem complex to the deep laminae of the superior colliculus (SC) in the hamster and the rat. The organization of these projections was the same in the two species. Deposits of PHA-L into V nucleus principalis (PrV) produced labelled axons and boutonlike swellings in the lower stratum griseum intermediale (SGI) and upper stratum album intermedium (SAI) in the SC bilaterally. Plots of boutonlike swellings indicated that the terminals of this projection were arrayed in clusters. Nucleus principalis also projected to the stratum griseum profundum (SGP) and stratum album profundum (SAP). This deeper projection did not terminate in clusters and it was most prominent in the lateral SC. The ipsilateral PrV-SC projection appeared to arise mainly from axons that recrossed the midline at the level of the SC commissure. Reconstruction of individual PHA-L labelled fibers demonstrated that single axons gave rise to terminals on both sides of the midline. Deposits of PHA-L into V subnucleus interpolaris (SpI) yielded results that were identical to those obtained with PrV injections with one exception: none of these deposits produced any labelled terminals in the ipsilateral SC. Deposits of PHA-L into V subnucleus caudalis (SpC) produced only sparse labelling in SC. Most labelled swellings were located in the SGP and SAP and they were visible only in the SC contralateral to the PHA-L injection site. Single axons arising from cells in SpI were recorded and injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the hamster's SC. These fibers all responded to stimulation of multiple mystacial vibrissae and gave rise to 2-5 clusters of bouton-like swellings in the lower SGI and upper SAI.
Genome3D: A viewer-model framework for integrating and visualizing multi-scale epigenomic information within a three-dimensional genome

New technologies permit the measurement of many types of genomic and epigenomic information at scales ranging from the atomic to nuclear. Much of this new data is structural in nature and challenging to coordinate with existing data formats. There is an increasing need to integrate and visualize disparate data sets in order to reveal structural relationships not apparent when viewing these data formats separately. We have developed the Genome3D software package in order to integrate and display epigenomic data within the context of a three-dimensional physical model of the human genome. To our knowledge, this is the first such tool developed to visualize human genome in three dimensions. Here we describe the major features of Genome3D and discuss our multi-scale data framework using a representative basic physical model. Additionally, utilities to generate demonstration models of common chromosome interaction scenarios derived from High-C or CHIA-PET analysis are under development. These models are compatible with existing annotation data formats and can demonstrate common situations where one or more chromosomes are arranged such that two or more interaction sites appear in close proximity. These models can be used to directly create publication images without resorting to intermediate use of image editing software. Availability: http://genomebioinfo.musc.edu/Genome3D/Index.html
Valuing Rail Transit: Comparing Capital and Operating Costs with Consumer Benefits

A certain acrimony pervades the long-standing debate over the costs and benefits of public rail transportation in the United States. Some people seem opposed to all rail transit all the time, whereas others support any and every rail project, despite sometimes high costs and low ridership. With much debate focused on pricing automobile externalities, transportation choice, and rail's external benefits, surprisingly few studies assess which rail transit systems create net positive social welfare. If consumer benefits alone do not justify the high cost of a transit investment, what would the external value of a passenger trip have to be to do so? Combining fare, ridership, operating, and capital cost data for 24 transit agencies' heavy or light rail systems or both, this paper makes back-of-the-envelope estimates of how transit systems' rider benefits compare with operating deficits. Urban rail systems may not be optimal from a transportation system or economic cost-benefit perspective, but they clearly cre...
Recognizing Eli Ginzberg and Human Resources: The Wealth of a Nation (1958): where are the seeds of (national) HRD?

This paper introduces Eli Ginzberg’s work, titled Human Resources: The Wealth of a Nation. In particular, in this paper I posit that Ginzberg’s publication, which appears to be ‘undiscovered’ in the Academy of HRD, deserves recognition as one of the earliest inquiries into National HRD, preceding a well known book by Harbison and Myers published in 1964. The paper sheds light on the history of the manuscript creation, provides an overview of the book’s content, and discusses how Ginzberg’s perspective relates to contemporary National HRD scholarship and strengthens its foundations.
General constraints on the age and chemical evolution of the Galaxy

The formalism of Schramm and Wasserburg (1970) for determining the mean age of the elements is extended. Model-independent constraints (constraints that are independent of a specific form for the effective nucleosynthesis rate and Galactic chemical evolution over time) are derived on the first four terms in the expansion giving the mean age of the elements, and from these constraints limits are derived on the total duration of nucleosynthesis. These limits require only input of the Schramm-Wasserburg parameter ..delta../sup max/ and of the ratio of the mean time for formation of the elements to the total duration of nucleosynthesis, t/sub nu//T. The former quantity is a function of nuclear input parameters. Limits on the latter are obtained from constraints on the relative rate of nucleosynthesis derived from the /sup 232/Th//sup 238/U, /sup 235/U//sup 238/U, and shorter-lived chronometric pairs. 65 refs.
Distributional solutions of the hypergeometric differential equation

Abstract We present the distributional solutions to the hypergeometric differential equation. These solutions are obtained in the form of infinite series of the Dirac Delta functions and its derivatives. We employ these solutions to observe their interesting features. Furthermore, the form of these solutions is the same as the ones required for the weight distributions for a certain class of orthogonal polynomials.
The time course of noradrenergic pre- and postsynaptic activity during chronic desipramine treatment.

Abstract The firing of hippocampal cells was studied in rats treated with desipramine 10 mg/kg per day i.p. for various periods of time. These cells were neurophysiologically indentified to be noradrenergic postsynaptic by their decreased firing during stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC). While desipramine given for 1 day produced no change, the drug given for 7, 14, and 21 days produced a 20%, 38% and 89% increase, respectively; only the last increase reached a statistical significance. This time course closely resembles that of the therapeutic action of the drug in depressed patients. Desipramine also altered the firing of norepinephrine-containing cells in the LC. While desipramine given for 1 day produced no change, the drug given for 7, 14 and 21 days produced a 12%, 29% and 34% decrease, respectively; only the last two decrements reached a statistical signifance. This time course resembles that of the change in firing of hippocampal cells. Based on this and other data it is suggested that the decrease in the firing of LC cells plays a major role in the increased firing of hippocampal cells obtained after desipramine treatment.
Spin-axis estimation of the Radiation Belt Storm Probes spacecraft using RF Doppler data

Abstract A methodology for using RF Doppler data for spin-axis estimation is presented. The NASA Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission, a dual-spacecraft mission planned for a 2012 launch, will yield valuable insights into the physical dynamics and processes of the Earth's radiation belts, particularly those that produce hazardous space weather effects and those that can affect solar system exploration. Both spacecraft have on-board Sun sensors that, in conjunction with magnetometer data, provide the required data to determine the attitude. However, the quality of the magnetometer measurements is compromised at higher altitudes because of a weaker magnetic field and also during solar storms because of variations in the Earth's magnetic field. Each spacecraft's on-board S-band radio frequency (RF) system includes a JHU/APL Frontier Radio transceiver, which provides a coherent downlink signal used for Doppler navigation. The RF system also includes two low-gain antennas offset from the spin axis with boresights parallel to the spin and anti-spin axes. Due to the spin of the spacecraft, a Doppler-induced modulation is present on the downlink carrier. Once the orbit determination is performed and the Doppler signal is analyzed, this modulation, or spin signature , is apparent. This spin signature can be used to accurately determine the spin rate, spin phase, and, in conjunction with Sun sensor data, the spin axis orientation. This provides a level of system redundancy with the magnetometer for attitude determination. The Sun sensor provides the angle from the spin axis to the Sun vector; the amplitude of spin signature on the Doppler data provides the instantaneous aspect angle from the spin axis to the ground station. These two measurements establish the spin axis direction. This paper describes the established theory and a method for processing the spin signature and determining the spin axis as applicable to the RBSP spacecraft. Further, RF-related errors on the Doppler carrier frequency measurement are characterized and related to the error in the spin axis orientation determination. Finally, this paper introduces the concept of attitude determination by processing the Doppler spin signature data alone over a period of time that encompasses a sufficient change to the spin axis/ground station aspect angle. This provides a further level of redundancy in the event of a failed Sun sensor. Results from processing actual data from a current mission are given.
Effects of discriminability and irrelevant information on absolute judgments

The effects of irrelevant information (0, 1, 2, or 3 bits stimulus) on absolute judgments of size were measured at different levels of discrimination difficulty. The stimuli were 7 small circular spots of light of different sizes, selected from an eaual-discriminability scole, and arranged into 6 pairs that represented different levels of stimulus dissimilarity. Three of the pairs comprised a low-dissimilarity (LD) subgrouping in which different lepels of dissimilarity and discriminability were confounded, whereas the remaining three pairs comprised a high-dissimilarity (HD) subgrouping in which different levels of dissimilarity occurred at a single high level of discriminability. Different colors were used to provide the four levels of irrelevant information; 240 Ss (10 in each of the 24 experimental conditions) made absolute judgments of size under the classical procedure for the method of single stimuli. Separate analyses of errors, reaction times, and rates of information transmission indicated that irrelevant information had an increasingly detrimental effect on absolute judgments as discrimination difficulty was increased (in the LD subgroup), but essentially no effect where discriminations were easily modefin the HD subgroup).
Time Dependent Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymer Fluids—A Review of Current Understanding

Abstract The behavior of concentrated polymer solutions and melts in transient flows has been under active investigation in recent years. This research interest stems from the realization that a better understanding of these time dependent phenomena has the potential to greatly improve existing industrial processes and to provide new insights to polymer dynamics. In this article, various aspects of the transient viscoelastic properties are discussed. Special emphases are placed on some important considerations in acquiring reliable transient data. Several promising network theories capable of interpreting these experimental results are reviewed. Future research challenges, such as the design of more complicated and stringent rheological tests for the established models, have also been identified.
Optimal coherence via adiabatic following

Abstract We propose a new method for creating an optimal coherence in a two-level system (TLS) based on adiabatic following. Optimal coherence is achieved by choosing the time-dependent phase of the pulse that provides vanishing field-TLS detuning δ ( t ) at central time when the pulse amplitude reaches maximum. For example, δ ( t ) = δ 0 ( 1 - exp ( ( t - t 0 ) / τ 0 ) ) 4 for t ⩽ t 0 and δ = 0 for t > t 0 . The pulse envelope used in calculations has Gaussian form such that the Rabi frequency is Ω R ( t ) = Ω R exp ( - ( t - t 0 ) 2 / τ 0 2 ) ) , where τ 0 is the pulse duration.
Brain-specific interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein in sleep regulation

Interleukin (IL)-1β is involved in several brain functions, including sleep regulation. It promotes non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep via the IL-1 type I receptor. IL-1β/IL-1 receptor complex signaling requires adaptor proteins, e.g., the IL-1 receptor brain-specific accessory protein (AcPb). We have cloned and characterized rat AcPb, which shares substantial homologies with mouse AcPb and, compared with AcP, is preferentially expressed in the brain. Furthermore, rat somatosensory cortex AcPb mRNA varied across the day with sleep propensity, increased after sleep deprivation, and was induced by somnogenic doses of IL-1β. Duration of NREM sleep was slightly shorter and duration of REM sleep was slightly longer in AcPb knockout than wild-type mice. In response to lipopolysaccharide, which is used to induce IL-1β, sleep responses were exaggerated in AcPb knockout mice, suggesting that, in normal mice, inflammation-mediated sleep responses are attenuated by AcPb. We conclude that AcPb has a role in sleep responses to inflammatory stimuli and, possibly, in physiological sleep regulation.
WIDELY-TUNABLE, MONOCHROMATIC, AND HIGH-POWER TERAHERTZ SOURCES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

We have demonstrated that coherent terahertz (THz) waves can be efficiently generated and tuned in extremely-wide ranges based on phase-matched difference-frequency generation (DFG) in second-order nonlinear materials. Among all the nonlinear crystals available, we have chosen GaSe and ZnGeP2, which correspond to two of the best nonlinear materials for the efficient THz generation. This is due to the fact that these two materials have the lowest and next-to-lowest absorption coefficients in the THz domain. In addition, they possess large nonlinear coefficients. For a single GaSe crystal, continuously-tunable and coherent radiation in the extremely-wide ranges of 2.7–38.4 μm and 58.2–3540 μm has been achieved. Hence, a novel and promising THz source is finally available. This source has the additional advantages of high coherence (narrow linewidth) and simple alignment. The peak output power for the THz radiation reaches 209 W at the wavelength of 196 μm (1.53 THz), which corresponds to a power conversion efficiency of 0.055%. On the other hand, for a single ZnGeP2 crystal we have efficiently generated a monochromatic THz wave continuously-tunable in the ranges of 83.1–1642 μm and 80.2–1416 μm. The highest output peak power achieved so far is 134 W. We have also investigated how to use THz waveguides and long coherence lengths for improving the conversion efficiencies. We have reviewed our results on some important applications using these unique sources.
Aeroacoustic Boundary Element Method Using Analytical/Numerical Matching

A unified aeroacoustic boundary element theory has been formulated using analytica-numerical matching (ANM). ANM is a hybrid scheme combining a low-resolution global numerical solution with high-resolution local solutions to form a composite solution. ANM is applied to problems in unsteady aerodynamics and aeroacoustics. This includes both two and three dimensions for lifting surfaces in unsteady, compressible, irrotational flow to calculate the unsteady aerodynamic loading and the associated acoustic field. The solution procedure utilizes overlapping smoothed doublets and local corrections to calculate the doublet strength distribution on the surface of the boundary in question. In ANM, a smoothing length scale is introduced that is larger than the length scale of numerical discretization and smaller than the largest physical scale. The global low-resolution solution is calculated numerically using smoothed doublet solutions to the convective wave equation, and it converges quickly. Local corrections are done with high-resolution analytical solutions. The global numerical solution is asymptotically matched to the local analytical solutions via a matching solution. The matching solution cancels the global solution in the near field, and cancels the local solution in the far field. The ANM composite solution gives both the surface pressure distribution and the radiated acoustic field. The method is very robust, offering insensitivity to control point location. No explicit wake geometry is assumed; therefore, a fixed or free wake model can be used. ANM provides high-resolution calculations from low-resolution numerics with analytical corrections, while avoiding the subtlety involving singular integral equations, and their numerical implementation.
Multiphoton Fluorescence Imaging of NADH to Investigate Metabolic Changes in Human Epileptic Tissue in vitro

NADH is an intrinsic fluorophore that provides cellular metabolic information. Abnormal neuronal-astrocytic metabolic coupling is hypothesized in temporal lobe epilepsy. We investigate metabolic pathologies in human and rodent epilepsy models using multiphoton microscopy of NADH.
An evaluation of the cell-dyn 3200 for counting cells in cerebrospinal and other body fluids.

This study compared the white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts obtained with the Cell-Dyn 3200 (CD 3200) with results obtained by hemocytometer, the reference method for counting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other body fluid specimens. Ninety-six CSF and 65 body fluid specimens were evaluated. Background counts were maintained on the CD 3200 at 0.001 x 10(9)/L and 0.00 x 10(12)/L for WBC and RBC counts, respectively. Linearity and precision were acceptable for both the total nucleated cell (TNC) count and the RBC count. The CD 3200 WBC optical count was correlated with the TNC count obtained by the manual reference method for CSF specimens across the range of 0 x 10(9 )/L to 7.863 x 10(9)/L (r2 = 0.9867) and for body fluid specimens across the range of 0 x 10(9)/L to 14.0 x 10(9)/L (r2 = 0.9955). An r2 value of 0.9016 was obtained for the 82 CSF specimens with manual TNC counts of or = 0.003 x 10(12)/L. In this study, 7 CSF and 30 body fluid specimens had RBC counts of >0.003 x 10(12)/L, and there was good agreement with manual RBC counts, with r2 values of 0.9893 and 0.9960 obtained for CSF and other body fluids, respectively. The CD 3200 in our experience has a lower reportable range than the ranges of most automated cell counters reported in the literature. In contrast to the only other instrument with comparable reportable ranges, the CD 3200 requires a smaller sample volume without any special sample preparation, reagents, or software. By using the CD 3200 with our laboratory-specific rules for agreement between duplicate counts, we would be able to reduce our manual CSF specimen counts from 192 TNC and 192 RBC counts to 2 TNC and 178 RBC counts. For body fluid specimens, our manual counts would be reduced from 130 TNC and 130 RBC counts to 10 TNC and 4 RBC counts.
Liquid-Structure Forces and Electrostatic Modulation of Biomolecular Interactions in Solution

Molecular interactions in solution are controlled by the bulk medium and by the forces originating in the structured region of the solvent close to the solutes. In this paper, a model of electrostatic and liquid-structure forces for dynamics simulations of biomolecules is presented. The model introduces information on the microscopic nature of the liquid in the vicinity of polar and charged groups and the associated non-pairwise character of the forces, thus improving upon conventional continuum representations. The solvent is treated as a polar and polarizable medium, with dielectric properties described by an inhomogeneous version of the Onsager theory. This treatment leads to an effective position-dependent dielectric permittivity that incorporates saturation effects of the electric field and the spatial variation of the liquid density. The non-pairwise additivity of the liquid-structure forces is represented by centers of force located at specific points in the liquid phase. These out-of-the-solute ce...
Differences in Perceptions of Program Planning Procedures

Urban planners often function as adult educators. Indeed the success of urban planning may be greatly determined by the effec tiveness of the planner as an adult educator. This study specifically quantifies the importance of selected program planning procedures as perceived adult educators and urban planners in Florida and produces a comparative analysis of the perceptions.The sample including 35 adult educators and 35 urban plan ners in Florida was selected by use of an area sampling design. The data collection activity included a ranking procedure whereby the subjects ranked 65 action steps for 13 educational procedures.The findings were interpreted as suggesting major differences between the two groups with adult educators giving more impor tance to the selected procedures than urban planners.
Practical aspects of sharing controls between case-control studies.

Purpose We discuss the practical advantages and challenges of sharing controls among two or more concurrently conducted case-control studies. Methods We conducted two case-control studies, one of breast cancer and the other of endometrial cancer, with overlapping, shared control groups. The studies had overlapping geographic areas, identical telephone questionnaires and biosample collection, and identical age and race eligibility. Results Sharing controls reduced the number of potential controls that had to be identified by random-digit dialing by 25% and the number of eligible controls that had to be interviewed by 32%. The cost savings were approximately $296 000, or 7% of the program project that funded the studies. Conclusions The disadvantage of sharing controls was the complexity of the design and the additional investigator time required to plan, monitor, and adjust the design. In the situation presented here, the complexities would have been reduced greatly if we had not attempted to frequency match on age in both studies. Generally, sharing controls is likely to work well when strict frequency matching is not required and there is a large overlap of interview questions, other data to be collected, and eligibility criteria among the studies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Very Brief Psychological Interventions with University Students

Annual college mental health service statistics reveal that 50% to 60% of all students served are seen for very brief psychological interventions--5 or fewer sessions. A substantial portion of the students benefit from these very brief contacts. The authors review the selection criteria for student and therapist that make very brief intervention possible. The student must be motivated for and seek a brief encounter and must enter the therapeutic relationship with the capacity for trust already in place and the professional qualifications of the therapist already established. The problem presented should be sufficiently clear and manageable to be resolved, or to begin being resolved, in a few sessions. Finally, the student must have the capacity for rapid insight and learning. The therapist brings to the relationship a belief in the value of very limited sessions, the capacity to develop a positive relationship quickly, and the ability to determine when it is appropriate to work in such a short time frame and to use the time most effectively. Four ways that students may benefit from very brief psychological interventions include (1) psychodynamic therapy, (2) crisis intervention, (3) mental health consultation, and (4) managed referral. Case illustrations and clinical methods are presented.