cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Safe" considerations: burglary- and fire-resistant devices for the pharmacy.

Every night, the pharmacist confidently puts her cash and charge receipts, as well as her computer backup tapes, into the safe before setting the alarm and going home. The safe had been purchased second-hand several years ago. It was big, heavy, and obviously very old. The casters beneath it would scarcely turn any more, and the name of the bank in which it had once stood could still be read above the huge door. If a bank used it, the pharmacist reasoned, it has to be a good safe One night, burglars broke into the pharmacy, cracked the safe, and emptied it before police could respond to the alarm call— which was less than 3 minutes after entry was first detected by the security system. What happened? The pharmacist was relying on a safe that was simply no longer adequate for the job. As a result, the pharmacist experienced a roller coaster ride of emotions as she dealt with insurance company representatives, local police, and the Drug Enforcement Administration. And more was lost than costly pharmacy items and several irreplaceable personal items: The pharmacist’s sense of security in her workplace was also sorely compromised.
TAC: a review.

Agent anesthesique local contenant tetracaine adrenaline et cocaine. Proprietes efficacite anesthesique, complications
Technetium-99m isonitrile myocardial uptake at rest. II. Relation to clinical markers of potential viability☆

Abstract To determine the utility of rest-injected technetium-99m methoxybutyl isonitrile (Tc-99m isonitrile) uptake as a marker of myocardial viability, the regional uptake of this agent was compared with regional wall motion by equilibrium gated blood pool scan in 26 patients with previous myocardial infarction and with postrevascularization uptake in 8 patients after coronary bypass surgery. Rest left ventricular Tc-99m isonitrile uptake was assessed qualitatively in three coronary vascular territories as grade 0 (markedly reduced) to grade 2 (normal), and quantitatively by circumferential profile analysis. Wall motion was scored qualitatively in corresponding vascular territories as normal, hypokinetic or akinetic/dyskinetic. There was an overall relation between qualitative Tc-99m isonitrile uptake and wall motion. Abnormal wall motion occurred in 74% of vascular territories with perfusion grade 0, in 61% of those with grade 1 and in 30% of those with grade 2; however, 26% of territories with grade 0 uptake had normal wall motion. In the territories visually assigned perfusion grade 0, quantitative isonitrile uptake (mean value ± SD) was higher when corresponding wall motion was normal or hypokinetic (62 ± 15%) than when akinesia was detected by gated blood pool scan (39 ± 16%, p It is concluded that regions with a severe reduction in Tc-99m isonitrile uptake at rest may contain viable myocardium; such reduced perfusion should not necessarily be considered evidence of myocardial scar. Inferences about myocardial viability based on rest-injected Tc-99m isonitrile (as evidenced by intact wall motion) are better made using quantitative rather than qualitative image analysis.
Evaluating Inorganic Nitrogen and Rye-Crimson Clover Mixture Fertilization of Spring Broccoli and Lettuce by 15Nitrogen Tracing and Mass Balance

ABSTRACT Broccoli (Brassica oleraceaL. var. italica) and lettuce (Latuca sativaL.) were grown under greenhouse conditions with nitrogen (N) from a cover crop mixture of rye (Secale cerealeL.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatumL.) and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Individual cover crop species were produced with non-enriched or enriched (5 atom % NH4 15NO3) Hoagland Nutrient Solutions resulting in enriched rye [0.799% atom % 15N, 24:1 carbon (C):N ratio] and enriched clover (0.686% atom % 15N, 19:1 C:N ratio). Cover crops were applied as an equal mixture of rye and clover at 1884, 3768, and 5652 kg·ha− 1 dry weight to supply 26, 52, and 78 kg·ha− 1 N. Enriched materials were only applied at the 3768 kg·ha− 1 rate, either as enriched rye plus non-enriched clover or non-enriched rye plus enriched clover. Additional treatments consisted of an unfertilized control and three NH4NO3 fertilizer rates; 112, 224, and 336 kg·ha− 1 N for broccoli and 70, 140, and 210 kg·ha− 1 N for lettuce. Combination treatments ...
Hearing a Voice: Results of a Participatory Action Research Study

Interest in participatory action research (PAR) is rising among academics, researchers, families, and youth themselves who are involved in the system of care. PAR combines systematic research and professional guidance with the development of a practical intervention tailored to the user population in collaboration with the user population. We designed our research to sample and assess the level of interest in PAR for adolescents, gathering qualitative data about the level of understanding of, and expectations for, youth participatory action research. We present the results of a pilot study and then a survey, administered to two different conference populations during 2008. Our data offers insight into the world of service providers, beneficiaries, and advocates for children with mental health disorders. Based on the responses to our questionnaire, we identify four major themes and their underlying issues concerning the benefits and drawbacks of PAR for a young population. We also examine the concerns of each of the self-identified group to determine whether there were dominant characteristics for each group. We conclude that stakeholders do have reasonable expectations of participatory action research as a process and of the youth who could be empowered to bring about change in their system of care. Finally, we make recommendations for future research.
Application of image processing to STEM tomography of low-contrast materials.

Abstract In this study, the effect of various image-processing techniques on the visibility of tomographic reconstructions is investigated for a low-contrast material system of non-uniform thickness containing complex features such as grain boundaries and nanoparticles. Starting with a tilt series of high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) images from an area of Dy-doped YBa2Cu3O7−x-coated superconductor obtained using a scanning transmission electron microscope, various image-processing techniques were applied. These can be classified as edge detection, contrast-enhancing methods for non-uniform thickness and image sharpening. Although the processing methods violate the projection criterion for tomographic reconstruction, they were found, at least in this case, to enhance contrast and define the correct shape and size of structural features with minimal artifacts. Enhancing the visibility of structural features in this way allows the spatial distribution of the nanoparticles, their size, number density and location relative to each other and grain boundaries to be determined, which are essential to understand the flux-pinning characteristics of these materials.
Tetrabutylammonium fluoride-assisted rapid N9-alkylation on purine ring: Application to combinatorial reactions in microtiter plates for the discovery of potent sulfotransferase inhibitors in situ

Abstract Tremendous efforts have been invested in the synthesis of purine libraries due to their importance in targeting various enzymes involved in different diseases and cellular processes. The synthesis of N9-alkylated purine scaffolds relied mostly on Mitsunobu conditions with a variety of alcohols or strong basic conditions with different organic halides. A more reliable and efficient way for the synthesis of N9-alkylated purine scaffolds is reported. This method uses tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) to assist such chemistry. In many cases, the reactions were completed within 10 min and gave the desired product in high yield and selectivity. Moreover, these mild reaction conditions permitted its use in combinatorial reactions in microtiter plates followed by in situ screening for the discovery of potent sulfotransferase inhibitors.
Should nutrition education be taught in physical education

(2010). Should Nutrition Education Be Taught in Physical Education? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 4-7.
Aberration compensation of an ultrasound imaging instrument with a reduced number of channels

Focusing and imaging qualities of an ultrasound imaging system that uses aberration correction were experimentally investigated as functions of the number of parallel channels. Front-end electronics that consolidate signals from multiple physical elements can be used to lower hardware and computational costs by reducing the number of parallel channels. However, the signals from sparse arrays of synthetic elements yield poorer aberration estimates. In this study, aberration estimates derived from synthetic arrays of varying element sizes are evaluated by comparing compensated receive focuses, compensated transmit focuses, and compensated b-scan images of a point target and a cyst phantom. An array of 80 × 80 physical elements with a pitch of 0.6 × 0.6 mm was used for all of the experiments and the aberration was produced by a phantom selected to mimic propagation through abdominal wall. The results show that aberration correction derived from synthetic arrays with pitches that have a diagonal length smaller than 70% of the correlation length of the aberration yield focuses and images of approximately the same quality. This connection between correlation length of the aberration and synthetic element size provides a guideline for determining the number of parallel channels that are required when designing imaging systems that employ aberration correction.
A fundamental-source-function formulation of radiative transfer and the resulting fundamental reciprocity relations

Abstract An important problem in radiative transfer is finding the radiative fields produced by various illuminations (both external and internal) of a plane-parallel, inhomogeneous, absorbing, emitting, and anisotropically-scattering finite medium. One approach to a solution is to find the source function, which represents the rate of production of scattered radiation per unit volume and solid angle, at each point in the medium. The present study develops the existence of a Green's function, called the fundamental source function, which separates the optical properties of the medium from the driving illumination. Radiative linearity then allows the representation of all possible source functions as convolutions of the illumination with the fundamental source function. Parametric differentiation (invariant imbedding) is used to replace the governing linear integral equation for the fundamental source function with a set of differential equations appropriate for numerical integration. This approach for finding the fundamental source function leads naturally to the introduction of fundamental scattering and transmission functions. Our inclusion of anisotropic internal illumination (sources) allows us to develop four new reciprocity relations involving these functions. The reciprocity relations state general equivalences between an internally and an externally driven medium and thus greatly reduce the complexity of radiative transfer.
Appropriate Prescribing and Important Drug Interactions in Older Adults

Polypharmacy, specifically the overuse and misuse of medications, is associated with adverse health events, increased disability, hospitalizations, and mortality. Mechanisms through which polypharmacy may increase adverse health outcomes include decreased adherence, increased drug side effects, higher use of potentially inappropriate medications, and more frequent drug-drug interactions. This article reviews clinical problems associated with polypharmacy and presents a framework to optimize prescribing for older adults.
Examination of Response Formats without Anchoring Items

Bartlett's chi squared, Cattell's scree test, and the Kaiser criterion for the number of factors were examined for susceptibility to error variance using non-anchored responses (N = 292) to various sets of fixed-response formats (4-, 5-, and 7-point Likert and numeric, lines with end points anchored, and several forms of human faces). Results demonstrated that Cattell's scree test is the most conservative under these conditions followed by Bartlett's chi squared with alpha set at .001. The Kaiser criterion was generally the most liberal. The factor pattern of the first principal component for each set of response formats was then examined for consistency using congruence coefficients. High congruences were found among most formats with the exception of 4-point formats. Of formats tested 4-position response formats seem least susceptible to systematic error based both on eigenvalue criteria and congruence with other formats.
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY FOR ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE IMAGING

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can reveal nanometer-scale structure of samples without the sample preparation techniques that involve dehydration. This is particularly important for hydrophilic organic materials. An asymmetric polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane (molecular weight cutoff rated at 10 kg/mol) was imaged by AFM. Sample mounting methods tried include cyanoacrylate, double-sided tape, and paraffin. Wax and tape bonding did not lead to usable images. Cyanoacrylate bonding resulted in images that appear to show 2.8° 109 pores/m2 approximately 3 nm in diameter, creating a porosity of 2%. This is consistent with estimates of molecular sizes for 10 kg/mol proteins, but not with the results of other AFM studies of similar membranes. The discrepancies can be explained largely by differences in sample preparation techniques.
Effects of pretreatment on the enantioselectivity of silica-bound proteins used as high-performance liquid chromatographic stationary phases

Abstract A study of silica-bound proteins used as chiral stationary phases for the optical resolution of benzoyl and dansyl derivatives of several amino acids by liquid chromatography is described. The proteins included bovine serum albumin (BSA), α-acid glycoprotein (AGP), ovalbumin, myoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase as well as two commercially available columns, Resolvosil ® -BSA and EnantioPac (AGP). Pretreatments with organic solvents as well as greater protein coverage increased the selectivity factors, α, of the BSA columns.
Mitogenic and antimitogenic effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in adult rat chromaffin cell cultures

Abstract The neurotransmitter, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), is present in the rat adrenal medulla and is a potent stimulus for catecholamine secretion. Previous studies have suggested that neurally derived signals stimulate proliferation of chromaffin cells in adult rats. To determine whether PACAP might be involved in mitogenic signalling, its effects on bromodeoxyuridine incorporation were studied in adrenal medullary cell cultures from adult female rats. Both PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 are able to stimulate proliferation of adult rat chromaffin cells in vitro, either alone or in conjunction with PMA, an activator of protein kinase C. BrdU-labelled nuclei are observed in both epinephrine and norepinephrine cells, and proliferation of both cell types is stimulated by the same concentrations of PACAP that elicit secretion of catecholamines. The mitogenic effects of PACAP are potentiated by indolidan, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor known to cause pheochromocytomas in rats, and are inhibited by H-89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A. Mitogenic concentrations of PACAP inhibit mitogenic effects of nerve growth factor. These findings support the hypothesis that neurally derived signals regulate chromaffin cell proliferation in adult rats. Indolidan and a variety of non-genotoxic agents that cause pheochromocytomas in rats may do so indirectly by increasing neurally mediated chromaffin cell turnover. The antagonism between PACAP and NGF suggests that neurotransmitters may supersede growth factors in regulating chromaffin cell proliferation during development by suppressing or co-opting portions of growth factor signaling pathways.
Gβγ signaling reduces intracellular cAMP to promote meiotic progression in mouse oocytes

Abstract In nearly every vertebrate species, elevated intracellular cAMP maintains oocytes in prophase I of meiosis. Prior to ovulation, gonadotropins trigger various intra-ovarian processes, including the breakdown of gap junctions, the activation of EGF receptors, and the secretion of steroids. These events in turn decrease intracellular cAMP levels in select oocytes to allow meiotic progression, or maturation, to resume. Studies suggest that cAMP levels are kept elevated in resting oocytes by constitutive G protein signaling, and that the drop in intracellular cAMP that accompanies maturation may be due in part to attenuation of this inhibitory G protein-mediated signaling. Interestingly, one of these G protein regulators of meiotic arrest is the Gαs protein, which stimulates adenylyl cyclase to raise intracellular cAMP in two important animal models of oocyte development: Xenopus leavis frogs and mice. In addition to Gαs, constitutive Gβγ activity similarly stimulates adenylyl cyclase to raise cAMP and prevent maturation in Xenopus oocytes; however, the role of Gβγ in regulating meiosis in mouse oocytes has not been examined. Here we show that Gβγ does not contribute to the maintenance of murine oocyte meiotic arrest. In fact, contrary to observations in frog oocytes, Gβγ signaling in mouse oocytes reduces cAMP and promotes oocyte maturation, suggesting that Gβγ might in fact play a positive role in promoting oocyte maturation. These observations emphasize that, while many general concepts and components of meiotic regulation are conserved from frogs to mice, specific differences exist that may lead to important insights regarding ovarian development in vertebrates.
Carnivora systematics: a study of hemoglobins.

Abstract 1. 1. Hemoglobin samples from six-hundred and ninety-six animals representing one-hundred and twelve species and seventy-three genera of fissiped and pinniped Carnivora were examined by gel electrophoresis. All members of the Canidae, Ursidae, Procyonidae, Mustelidae, Otariidae and Phocidae had a major hemoglobin component of identical mobility. 2. 2. Fractionation, amino acid analysis, sulfhydryl content, peptide maps and hybrids with human hemoglobin A and dog hemoglobin indicated this hemoglobin is of identical structure in these six families. 3. 3. Thus, the 0·85 mobility hemoglobin has not diversified during the 45 million years since the ancestry of these families separated from the Miacidae and diverged from the Felocida during the Eocene. 4. 4. The hemoglobins of the Feloidea were diversified.
Lymphatic capillaries in tail fin of amphibian larva: An electron microscopic study†

The ultrastructure of lymphatic capillaries in the tail fin of Rana catesbiana larvae was investigated. With the use of a colloidal marker particle (Biological Carbon) the extent that these delicate vessels ramify throughout the fin region was demonstrated. This opaque substance also serves as a marker particle for identification of lymphatics with some degree of certainty at both light and electron microscopic levels. The cytoplasm of the lymphatic endothelial cell is abruptly attenuated beyond the perinuclear region, reaching widths as thin as 300 A. Lymphatic Anchoring filaments are present, but to a lesser degree than noted for other species studied. Other features of interest include an extensive Golgi complex and electron dense bodies that are surrounded by a smooth surfaced unit membrane. These bodies are somewhat heterogeneous in size (500 A up to 0.5 μ in diameter) and density. Numerous exit channels are provided by the extensive supply of lymphatics throughout the tail fin region of amphibian larva thus allowing them to serve an important function during metamorphosis. It is suggested that these vessels also act as passageways through which lysed cellular and connective tissue components may be rapidly removed during the process of tail fin resorption.
Gender differences in exercise dependence and eating disorders in young adults: a path analysis of a conceptual model.

The purpose of our study was to study the prevalence of exercise dependence (EXD) among college students and to investigate the role of EXD and gender on exercise behavior and eating disorders. Excessive exercise can become an addiction known as exercise dependence. In our population of 517 college students, 3.3% were at risk for EXD and 8% were at risk for an eating disorder. We used Path analysis the simplest case of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to investigate the role of EXD and exercise behavior on eating disorders. We observed a small direct effect from gender to eating disorders. In females we observed significant direct effect between exercise behavior (r = −0.17, p = 0.009) and EXD (r = 0.34, p < 0.001) on eating pathology. We also observed an indirect effect of exercise behavior on eating pathology (r = 0.16) through EXD (r = 0.48, r2 = 0.23, p < 0.001). In females the total variance of eating pathology explained by the SEM model was 9%. In males we observed a direct effect between EXD (r = 0.23, p < 0.001) on eating pathology. We also observed indirect effect of exercise behavior on eating pathology (r = 0.11) through EXD (r = 0.49, r2 = 0.24, p < 0.001). In males the total variance of eating pathology explained by the SEM model was 5%.
Epidemiologic Interpretation of Artificial Neural Networks

Multilayer neural networks have been faulted for functioning as "black boxes" and for failing to assess the relative importance of the input factors. The aim of this paper is to illustrate how neural networks can classify individuals. The authors investigated the role of weights in the formation of neural networks' decision surfaces and decision regions. The data used were from a case-control study. Two strong determinants of case status were used as input "neurons." Zero, three, and five hidden neurons were used to explore the effect of the number of hidden neurons on the decision surfaces and regions. Mapping of input and output spaces revealed that three hidden neurons were insufficient to fully discriminate cases from controls. Five hidden neurons may be optimal, but at the cost of possible over-fitting. The more complex neural networks were very effective at defining regions of uniform risk in the plane of the initial covariates, and at assigning risk levels. The authors speculate that neural networks will prove useful in epidemiologic problems that require pattern recognition or complicated classification techniques, and that they will be unfavorable in problems that involve distinct effects of distinguishable predictors.
Characterization of meteor head echoes and corresponding non-specular trail as measured by a high power large aperture radar

Meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere are detected by high-power, large aperture (HPLA) radars as they ablate between 70 and 140 km altitude in the E-region of the ionosphere. The radar returns are classified as head echo, the plasma surrounding the meteoroid, and trail, the expanding plasma column left in the meteoroid's wake. A particular type of trail is categorized as non-specular, which is thought to be reflections from field-aligned irregularities (FAI) after the onset of plasma turbulence when the radar beam is pointed quasi-perpendicular to the background magnetic field. Using data collected at the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) Long-range Tracking and Identification Radar (ALTAIR), which included dual frequency, dual polarized, and high range resolution in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) returns with additional azimuth and elevation data derived from the monopulse system, a detection algorithm was conceived to efficiently locate head echo and non-specular trail pairs by combining understanding of range and time dependence of meteor events with image processing techniques.
Process of dominant-cartel formation

Abstract This paper considers the process of cartel formation in the industries characterized by collusive price-leadership. In contrast to the preceding literature, the focus of the analysis is shifted from the problem of cartel stability towards the process of forming a stable cartel. Two models of the dominant-cartel-formation process are proposed: a sequential-, and simultaneous-moves game of firms. The sequential-moves game shows a possibility of creating a stable cartel when the firms have commitment power to refuse the cartel membership. However, when the firms have no commitment power to stay in the competitive fringe, the simultaneous-moves game suggests that it may be impossible to form a stable dominant cartel.
Patterns of Gender Role Conflict and Strain: Sexism and Fear of Femininity in Men's Lives

This article describes men's gender role conflict and strain that emanate from rigid gender socialization. The author proposes 10 assumptions about how gender role socialization and sexism can be psychologically dysfunctional for both men and women. The masculine mystique and value system and men's fear of femininity produce six patterns of gender role conflict and strain in men's lives. These patterns are discussed and their effects on men's psychological and physical well being are presented. Four recommendations for counselors and psychologists are offered to increase sensitivity to gender role conflict and decrease the emotional pain in people's lives caused by sexism and restrictive gender role socialization.
Nitrogen analysis of whole seeds

Whole seeds were digested in sulfuric acid with catalyst in conical beakers on a hot plate and the digest was analyzed for nitrogen. The nitrogen analysis of the digest can be performed by distillation-titration or colorimetrically, using manual or automatic procedures, linear regression analyses of 8 samples of 16 soybeans each gave values that agreed within 2% of those obtained by the standard Kjeldahl procedure. Precision of the method is 1.8 relative standard deviation compared with 1.4 relative standard deviation for the standard method. The whole seed procedure gives results that are independent of seed size and has been applied to samples of both oilseeds and cereal grains.
Structural Integration in Practice: Constructing a Framework from the Experiences of Structural Engineers

AbstractThis paper presents results from a qualitative analysis study conducted on the integration of structure in a building. If integration is to become more of a priority, what does this mean to structural engineers, and how do they add value? Eighty-five total participants—38 architects, 46 structural engineers, and one practicing as both—were interviewed in four major U.S. cities to record their experiences. The practitioners identified structural integration as being multifaceted, and the scope of structural integration is bigger and broader than what has been presented previously. Due to the need to understand the perspectives for each of the fields individually and the large number of responses, the analysis presented here encapsulates the responses from only the structural engineering professionals. Engineering practitioners incorporate aspects of time, professional relationships, and a collaborative environment with structural integration. Integration also includes working toward goals such as t...
Silver halide emulsions for Lippmann photography and holography

The old recipes for Lippmann emulsions are presented as well as processing methods used for Lippmann color photography. These techniques are compared with modern silver halide emulsion preparation used for holography. Western emulsion making as well as the fabrication of the ultra-fine grained emulsions of the Soviet type are described. Processing methods for extremely fine grained emulsions are also presented.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT AND THE GENETICS OF GAMETE RECOGNITION IN TROPICAL SEA URCHINS

Reproductive character displacement occurs when sympatric and allopatric populations of a species differ in traits crucial to reproduction, and it is commonly thought of as a signal of selection acting to limit hybridization. Most documented cases of reproductive character displacement involve characters that are poorly understood at the genetic level, and rejecting alternative hypotheses for biogeographic shifts in reproductive traits is often very difficult. In sea urchins, the gamete recognition protein bindin evolves under positive selection when species are broadly sympatric, suggesting character displacement may be operating in this system. We sampled sympatric and allopatric populations of two species in the sea urchin genus Echinometra for variation in bindin and for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I to examine patterns of population differentiation and molecular evolution at a reproductive gene. We found a major shift in bindin alleles between central Pacific (allopatric) and western Pacific (sympatric) populations of E. oblonga. Allopatric populations of E. oblonga are polyphyletic with E. sp. C at bindin, whereas sympatric populations of the two species are reciprocally monophyletic. There is a strong signal of positive selection (PN/PS = 4.5) in the variable region of the first exon of bindin, which is associated with alleles found in sympatric populations of E. oblonga. These results indicate that there is a strong pattern of reproductive character displacement between E. oblonga and E. sp. C and that the divergence is driven by selection. There is much higher population structure in sympatric populations at the bindin locus than at the neutral mitochondrial locus, but this difference is not seen in allopatric populations. These data suggest a pattern of speciation driven by selection for local gamete coevolution as a result of interactions between sympatric species. Although this pattern is highly suggestive of speciation by reinforcement, further research into hybrid fitness and egg-sperm interactions is required to address this potential mechanism for character displacement.
Adaptive Economics and Natural Resources Policy

The purpose of these remarks is to consider a variously developing, yet coherent approach to economics differing sharply from, but closely related and complementary to optimality and general equilibrium theory, and which, I believe, has a special relevance for natural resources policy. The discussion is introduced by a reflection on the neo-laissez-faireism put forth by some of our most able colleagues as a result of their application of orthodox economics to contemporary resource problems. This is followed by a brief summary of some features of the contrasting theoretical approach I am here to advocate, and which I have referred to elsewhere as adaptive economics (Day 1975). Succeeding remarks point out a few properties possessed by models of this genre, properties that suggest a new perspective on economic policy in general and on natural resources policy in particular. This perspective is the subject of the concluding section.
Failure of lorazepam to treat alprazolam withdrawal in a critically ill patient

Management of sedation in the critical care unit is an ongoing challenge. Benzodiazepines have been commonly used as sedatives in critically ill patients. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that make benzodiazepines effective and safe in critical care sedation include rapid onset of action and decreased respiratory depression. Alprazolam is a commonly used benzodiazepine that is prescribed for anxiety and panic disorders. It is frequently prescribed in the outpatient setting. Its use has been reported to result in a relatively high rate of dependence and subsequent withdrawal symptoms. Symptoms of alprazolam withdrawal can be difficult to recognize and treat in the critical care setting. In addition, other benzodiazepines may also be ineffective in treating alprazolam withdrawal. We present a case of alprazolam withdrawal in a critically ill trauma patient who failed treatment with lorazepam and haloperidol. Subsequent replacement with alprazolam resulted in significant improvement in the patient’s medication use and clinical status.
Reliable uncoded communication in the underdetermined SIMO MAC with low-complexity decoding

We consider a single input multiple output (SIMO) multiple access channel with a large number of transmitters sending symbols from a constellation to the receiver of a multi-antenna base station. We investigate the fundamental limits of joint decoding of the signals from all the users using a low complexity convex relaxation of the maximum likelihood decoder (constellation search). We show that in a rich scattering environment, and in the asymptotic limit of a large number of transmitters, reliable communication is possible even without employing coding at the transmitters. This holds even when the number of receiver antennas per transmitter is arbitrarily small, with scaling behaviour arbitrarily close to what is achievable with coding. Thus, the diversity of a large system not only makes coded performance similar to that of uncoded performance, but also allows efficient decoders to realize near-optimal performance. With the proposed low-complexity decoder however, we do lose the exponential or near-exponential rates of decay of error probability of the ML decoder.
Impact of fatty acyl composition and quantity of triglycerides on bioaccessibility of dietary carotenoids

A carotenoid-rich salad meal with varying amounts and types of triglycerides (TG) was digested using simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions. Xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) and carotenes (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene) in chyme and micelle fraction were quantified to determine digestive stability and efficiency of micellarization (bioaccessibility). Micellarization of lutein (+zeaxanthin) exceeded that of alpha- and beta-carotenes, which was greater than that of lycopene for all test conditions. Micellarization of carotenes, but not lutein (+zeaxanthin), was enhanced (P c8:0 > c4:0). The degree of unsaturation of c18 fatty acyl chains in TG added to the salad puree did not significantly alter the efficiency of micellarization of carotenoids. Relatively low amounts of triolein and canola oil (0.5-1%) were required for maximum micellarization of carotenes, but more oil (approximately 2.5%) was required when TG with medium chain saturated fatty acyl groups (e.g., trioctanoin and coconut oil) was added to the salad. Uptake of lutein and beta-carotene by Caco-2 cells also was examined by exposing cells to micelles generated during the simulated digestion of salad puree with either triolein or trioctanoin. Cell accumulation of beta-carotene was independent of fatty acyl composition of micelles, whereas lutein uptake was slightly, but significantly, increased from samples with digested triolein compared to trioctanoin. The results show that the in vitro transfer of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene from chyme to mixed micelles during digestion requires minimal (0.5-1%) lipid content in the meal and is affected by the length of fatty acyl chains but not the degree of unsaturation in TG. In contrast, fatty acyl chain length has limited if any impact on carotenoid uptake by small intestinal epithelial cells. These data suggest that the amount of TG in a typical meal does not limit the bioaccessibility of carotenoids.
Fluorinated Retinoids via Crossed Aldol Condensation of 1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone

Abstract Piperidine-acetic acid catalysed crossed aldol condensation of 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone with aryl or α,β-unsaturated aldehydes was found to be a useful method for the preparation of unsaturated trifluoromethyl ketones. Chain extension of these ketones led to several new fluorinated retinoids including the hitherto elusive all-trans isomers of 19,19,19- and 20,20,20-trifluororetinal.
Interaction between emission-line filaments and highly energetic explosions in QSOs

The conditions under which QSO line-emitting regions can survive a relativistic explosion are investigated along with the question of whether past and future observations can place constraints on both predicted highly energetic outbursts of ultrarelativistic plasma or LF electromagnetic radiation and the line-emitting gas. Observed properties of QSO emission-line regions are reviewed, and the interaction between a relativistic explosion and a dense cloud is analyzed for the cases of a sudden release of relativistic plasma and an outburst of LF electromagnetic waves. Bremsstrahlung X-ray emission from shocked QSO filaments is calculated, the evolution of dense QSO clouds is examined, and radiative acceleration is excluded as the process responsible for the high bulk velocities of filaments, at least in sources that display energetic outbursts. An alternative mechanism involving highly energetic explosions is proposed.
The Intelligibility of Whitened and Amplitude Compressed Speech in a Multitalker Background

This experiment determined the effects of amplitude compression on speech intelligibility when both a target speech signal and a competing message were whitened and amplitude compressed. The target...
The Imposition of the Death Penalty on Mexican Nationals in the United States and the Cultural, Legal and Political Context

This paper reviews death penalty perspectives from the United States, Mexico and international law. The United States practices the death penalty on not only its citizens, but those of other nations who commit capital crimes. Mexico is a death penalty abolitionist state that takes significant issue with the United States over executing Mexican nationals. The paper analyzes the cultural, legal and political conflict between the two countries surrounding the application of the death penalty on Mexican nationals.
Allergic stomatitis caused by self-polymerizing resin

This is a fully documented case, including biopsy and patch testing, of a patient who was hypersensitive to self-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylate. On two occasions, a 24-year-old woman with a history of multiple allergies developed allergic reactions to temporary acrylic dental restorations. The lesions disappeared upon removal of the restorations. Microscopic findings were consistent with an allergic reaction. Patch testing confirmed that the allergen was the monomer and indicated methods of processing the self-polymerizing resin to allow it to become essentially nonreactive in a sensitized patient.
Decompression of the left atrium during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using a transseptal cannula incorporated into the circuit.

Objectives:When extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used in the setting of severe myocardial dysfunction, left ventricular end-diastolic and left atrial pressure can rise to extremely high levels. Decompression of the left atrium in this setting is essential for resolution of pulmonary ede
Review essay / form and substance in criminal justice scholarship

H. Richard Uviller, Virtual Justice: The Flawed Prosecution of Crime in America, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996, xvii + 318 pp.
Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain

Abstract Background Activation of nicotinic receptors with nicotine has been shown to reduce post-surgical pain in clinical and preclinical studies. Choline is a selective agonist at α7-type nicotinic receptors that does not have addictive or sympathetic activating properties. It is anti-nociceptive in animal studies. We conducted a double-blind randomized trial of oral choline supplementation with lecithin to aid in the treatment of pain after gynaecological surgery. Methods Sixty women having open gynaecological surgery were randomly assigned to receive 20 g of lecithin before surgery or placebo. Plasma choline concentration and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were measured. Pain report was the primary outcome measure. Results We achieved a small but statistically significant increase in choline after surgery with oral supplementation. Plasma TNF was not decreased and pain report was not different between groups at rest or with movement. There were no adverse effects of treatment. Conclusions Oral supplementation with lecithin during the perioperative period resulted in very slow absorption and thus only a small increase in plasma choline was achieved. This concentration was inadequate to reduce TNF as has been shown in other studies. The absence of an anti-inflammatory effect was likely related to our failure to demonstrate efficacy in pain reduction.
Localized nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: Aberrant dermal repairing?

Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) has emerged as a clinicopathologic entity since 2000 and was recently renamed nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. The cause and pathogenesis remain uncertain. The classic clinical presentation is diffuse thickening and hardening of the skin that occurs in patients with renal insufficiency, with or without systemic involvement. We report a patient with renal failure who presented to our dermatology clinic with a localized plaque on the left forearm along the vein that was traumatized during the infusion of erythropoietin. Histologic examination revealed a dermal proliferation of CD34 + fibrocytes with collagen fibers and interstitial mucin accumulation, features characteristic for NFD. We conclude that NFD may present as a localized, scarlike plaque after trauma and exhibit overlapping histopathologic features resembling cicatrix and other dermal reparative/regenerative processes. NFD may, in fact, be a disorder of aberrant extracellular matrix remodeling in patients with renal insufficiency. This is a single case observation with discussion of literature and attempted hypothesis on pathogenesis. No experimental evidence is provided.
Magnetization of imperfect superconducting grains.

A critical-state theory of the magnetization of superconducting grains containing nonsuperconducting regions is presented which shows that the thickness of the sheath of supercurrents around these regions can be more important than the grain dimension in determining the magnetization. This may explain some apparently conflicting results on the magnetization of high-/ital T//sub /ital c// powders of different sizes.
Public policy, public opinion, and consent for organ donation.

Medical advances in transplantation techniques have driven an exponential increase in the demand for transplantable organs. Unfortunately, policy efforts to bolster the organ supply have been less than effective, failing to provide a stopgap for ever-increasing numbers of patients who await organ transplantation. The number of registrations on waiting lists exceeded 65,245 in early 1999, a 325% increase over the 20,000 that existed 11 years earlier in 1988. Regrettably, more than 4,000 patients die each year while awaiting transplantation.
A Y-junction optical switch based on field-induced control of refractive index

A new type of Y-junction optical switch structure based on refractive-index-controllable waveguides is investigated. Switching operation is observed when polarity of the reverse bias applied between the two arms of the Y-branch is alternated. A crosstalk of less than -12 dB is achieved with a transition length of less than 400 mu m at a 1.06- mu m wavelength. An optical switch is realizable with this structure that has small size, large optical bandwidth, and high speed. >
Seeking Safety Therapy for Adolescent Girls with PTSD and Substance Use Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized, controlled trial evaluated a manualized psychotherapy, Seeking Safety (SS), for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescent females. To our knowledge, no prior study has evaluated any psychotherapy designed for this population. SS was compared to treatment as usual (TAU) for 33 outpatients, at intake, end-of-treatment, and 3 months follow-up. SS evidenced significantly better outcomes than TAU in a variety of domains at posttreatment, including substance use and associated problems, some trauma-related symptoms, cognitions related to SUD and PTSD, and several areas of pathology not targeted in the treatment (e.g., anorexia, somatization). Effect sizes were generally in the moderate to high range. Some gains were sustained at follow-up. SS appears a promising treatment for this population, but needs further study and perhaps additional clinical modification.
Performance evaluation of an automated image registration algorithm using an integrated kilovoltage imaging and guidance system.

Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) delivery may be used to assess the position of the tumor and anatomical structures within the body as opposed to relying on external marks. The purpose of this manuscript is to evaluate the performance of the image registration software for automatically detecting and repositioning a three-dimensional offset of a phantom using a kilovoltage on-board imaging system. Verification tests were performed on both a geometric rigid phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom containing a humanoid skeleton to assess the precision and accuracy of the automated positioning system. From the translation only studies, the average deviation between the detected and known offset was less than 0.75 mm for each of the three principal directions, and the shifts did not show any directional sensitivity. The results are given as the measurement with standard deviation in parentheses. The combined translations and rotations had the greatest average deviation in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical direction. For all dimensions, the magnitude of the deviation does not appear to be correlated with the magnitude of the actual translation introduced. The OBI system has been successfully integrated into a feasible on-line radiotherapy treatment guidance procedure. Evaluation of each patient?s resulting automatch should be performed by therapists before each treatment session for adequate clinical oversight.
Annual Arctic Wolf Pack Size Related to Arctic Hare Numbers

During the summers of 2000 through 2006, I counted arctic wolf ( Canis lupus arctos ) pups and adults in a pack, arctic hares ( Lepus arcticus ) along a 9 km index route in the area, and muskoxen ( Ovibos moschatus ) in a 250 km2 part of the area near Eureka (80° N, 86° W), Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. Adult wolf numbers did not correlate with muskox numbers, but they were positively related (r2 = 0.89; p < 0.01) to an arctic hare index. This is the first report relating wolf numbers to non-ungulate prey.
Effects of the administration of epidermal growth factor receptor specific inhibitor cetuximab, alone and in combination with cisplatin, on proliferation and apoptosis of Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells.

Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression and prognostic value in head and neck squamous cell cancer is the basis for targeting by anti-EGFR antibodies, which increase the efficacy of radiotherapy. In order to evaluate the best therapeutic schedule, the effects of cetuximab (C225) on Hep-2 cell proliferation, alone and in combination with cisplatin, were studied. Methods Hep-2 cells were treated with cetuximab alone or in combination with cisplatin. After determining cell viability with trypan blue, morphological features of apoptotic degeneration were analysed by fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33258 stain. Results Cetuximab alone mildly inhibited Hep-2 proliferation and showed no pro-apoptotic effects. When administered concomitantly with cisplatin, cetuximab synergistically increased inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis. Conclusion The antiproliferative activity of cetuximab is consistent with its hypothesised role in inhibiting repopulation. However, the increase in the effects of pro-apoptotic agents induced by cetuximab may be even more relevant to its clinical effectiveness than the inhibition of repopulation.