cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compact electron beam focusing column

A novel design for an electron beam focusing column has been developed at LBNL. The design is based on a low-energy spread multicusp plasma source which is used as a cathode for electron beam production. The focusing column is 10 mm in length. The electron beam is focused by means of electrostatic fields. The column is designed for a maximum voltage of 50 kV. Simulations of the electron trajectories have been performed by using the 2-D simulation code IGUN and EGUN. The electron temperature has also been incorporated into the simulations. The electron beam simulations, column design and fabrication will be discussed in this presentation.
Comprehension of indirect requests by adults with severe traumatic brain injury: contributions of gestural and verbal information.

Purpose: The researchers sought to determine the extent to which individuals with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI) integrate gestural and verbal information when interpreting indirect requests.Method: Eighteen adults with cognitive-communication impairments secondary to severe TBI and 18 neurologically-intact adults viewed video vignettes depicting actors conversing in everyday contexts and concluding with indirect requests. Indirect requests were presented in three conditions: verbal information only (VO), gestural information only (GO) and combined verbal and gestural information (VG). Following each vignette, participants answered prediction and interpretation probes.Results: Statistical analysis revealed comparable performance patterns across participant groups, with significantly better performance in the VG condition than either the VO or GO conditions; however, neurologically-intact participants performed significantly better than participants with TBI in all conditions. Further analysis in...
Immune privilege: keeping an eye on natural killer T cells.

The concept of immune privilege refers to the observation that tissue grafts placed in certain anatomical sites, including the brain and eye, can survive for extended periods of time 1. Immune privilege is thought to reflect an evolutionary adaptation to protect vital structures from damage by inflammatory responses directed against pathogens. It was originally believed that antigens in immune-privileged sites are concealed from the immune system by physical barriers and therefore ignored. However, subsequent studies have shown that antigens do leave immune-privileged sites, that these antigens can induce immune responses, and that immune effector cells can have access to immune-privileged sites. It is now clear that immune privilege is maintained by an active rather than passive process 234. The eye is an excellent example of an immune-privileged site. This organ enjoys immune privilege to protect it from destructive inflammation that may impair vision. Immune privilege in the eye is attributed to a variety of mechanisms (for reviews, see references 2–4), including lack of lymphatic drainage, low expression of MHC molecules, increased expression of surface molecules (CD59, membrane cofactor protein, and decay-accelerating factor) that inhibit complement activation, local production of immunosuppressive cytokines such as TGF-β, presence of neuropeptides, and constitutive expression of Fas ligand (FasL). The latter mechanism controls the entry of Fas-expressing lymphoid cells into the eye 5. Additionally, antigen presentation in the eye can elicit regulatory T (Tr) cells that induce immune deviation and suppress inflammatory responses, both locally and systemically (for a review, see reference 2). In this issue, Sonoda et al. 6 demonstrate that immune deviation induced by antigens placed in the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye requires CD1d-reactive natural killer T (NKT) cells. These findings provide insights into the maintenance of immune privilege and indicate that NKT cells play a critical role in the regulation of immune responses.
The duration of G1, S, G2, and mitosis at four different temperatures in Zea mays L. as measured with 3H-thymidine.

The effect of different temperatures on the duration of nuclear cycle in Zea mays (single cross hybrid ‘Seneca 60’) root meristem cells, was studied with autoradiographic techniques and it was shown that all component phases of the nuclear cycle are shortened by an increase in temperature from 20 to 35°C. The durations of total nuclear cycle at 20, 25, 30, and 35°C were 16.5, 9.9, 7.0, and 4.4 hours respectively while the durations of mitosis were 2.68, 1.10, 0.83, and 0.43 hours respectively. 85-90 percent of the nuclear cycle is required for interphase, while the remaining 10-15 percent of the cycle is occupied by mitosis. The mean mitotic indices at 20, 25, 30, and 35°C were 9.8, 9.1, 5.3, and 4.9 percent respectively.
Susceptibility of varieties of stored rough rice to losses caused by storage insects

Abstract Losses caused by Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) in 6 commercial varieties of rough rice from the Southern United States were assessed as weight loss of rough rice, loss of milling yield, and loss of monetary value. Over 3 insect generations, S. oryzae caused the least damage, probably because this species requires grains with gross hull defects and the proportion of such grains was relatively small. Damage attributable to S. cerealella or R. dominica was approximately equal. The varieties Vista and Lebonnet were the most susceptible and the variety Dawn the most resistant after 3 generations.
Duplicate gene expression in tetraploid fishes of the tribe Moxostomatini (Cypriniformes, Catostomidae).

Abstract 1. 1. Karyotypically tetraploid fishes of the catostomid tribe Moxostomatini were electrophoretically examined to ascertain the genetic control of 14 enzyme systems (21 loci in diploid Cypriniformes). 2. 2. The Moxostomatini have become functionally diploid at 50% or more of their loci since the original polyploidization event in the catostomid line. 3. 3. The subgenera Megapharynx and Moxostoma s.s. (genus Moxostoma) are recognized as comprising a single lineage on the basis of synapomorphic diploidization at the G-3-pdh-A locus. 4. 4. Thoburnia s.l. is allied with the genus Hypentelium on the basis of synapomorphic diploidization at the M-Aat-A locus supporting separate generic status for Thoburnia s.l.
Interactions between aquatic bacteria and an aquatic hyphomycete on decomposing maple leaves

Abstract Processing of leaf litter is an important function in many environments and is influenced strongly by microorganisms. We investigated interactions between an aquatic hyphomycete, Tetrachaetum elegans , and two bacteria from the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group, that were isolated from decaying leaves in a stream. Laboratory experiments were used to examine interactions, as indicated by growth, between bacteria and fungi on sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ) leaves. Responses to amendments with labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were also examined. Fungal biomass was not affected by glucose amendment or bacterial presence. Likewise, bacterial biomass did not respond consistently to the glucose amendment, nor did the fungus affect bacterial biomass. In general, we found little evidence of resource competition or facilitation, in contrast to other studies. Our experiments suggest that fungal–bacterial interactions are not always significant and may depend on environmental conditions and the types of microorganisms examined.
EFFECT OF BAKING METHODS ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF POTATOES

Only minor differences in overall relative fatty acid composition were noted among four varieties of potatoes baked by microwave and conventional methods. However, the relative percent total unsaturated fatty acids were consistently lower in the microwave products as compared to conventionally baked potatoes regardless of variety. In addition, the relative percent trans fatty acids was 2.5–4 times higher in the microwave process compared to the same varieties baked conventionally.
Asparaginase II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: inactivation during the transition to stationary phase.

Abstract Asparaginase II ( l -asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1) activity of cells from stationary phase cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is very low. When these cells are inoculated into minimal medium, asparaginase II specific activity rises rapidly and reaches a maximum after 9–10 h. During the next 2.5–3 h, a rapid decrease in asparaginase II specific activity occurs. The enzyme does not appear to be secreted into the medium or to be reabsorbed into the cell. Addition of protease inhibitors at the time of maximum activity partially or totally prevents the loss of asparaginase II. l -1-Tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone decreases the rate of loss. The sulfhydryl reagents p -hydroxymercuribenzoate and iodoacetamide inhibit the loss of asparaginase II. However, addition of EDTA causes a further increase in activity. This increase is due to de novo protein synthesis. The effect of EDTA can be reversed by the addition of Zn 2+ . The most likely explanation for the rapid loss of asparaginase II is proteolytic degradation by a Zn 2+ -dependent, thiol protease or peptidase.
A Theory of Conditionals in the Context of Branching Time

In Stalnaker [9] and in Stalnaker and Thomason [10], a theory of conditionals is presented that involves a “selection function”. Intuitively, the value of the function at a world is the world as it would be if a certain formula (the antecedent of a conditional) were true.
Heterogeneity in iota-carrageenan molecular structure: insights for polymorph II→III transition in the presence of calcium ions

Iota-carrageenan is used in pharmaceutical and food applications due to its ability to complex with other hydrocolloids and proteins. Six distinct cation dependent allomorphs, consistent with its versatile functionality, have so far been observed in the solid state. In this contribution, X-ray structural details of calcium iota-carrageenan (form III) are reported. The polysaccharide retains the half-staggered, parallel, 3-fold, right-handed double helix stabilized by interchain hydrogen bonds from O-2H and O-6H in the Galp units. Results show that there are four helices, rather than one in I or three in II, organized in a larger pseudo-trigonal unit cell of dimensions a=27.44, c=13.01 A, and gamma=120 degrees . The four helices have similar core structures, but their sulfate group orientations are quite different. Fifteen calcium ions and 64 water molecules hold the helices together and promote helix-helix interactions. The results portray how the helices would shuffle around in an orchestrated manner to yield calcium iota-carrageenan III from II.
Microstripline applicators for creating microplasma discharges with microwave energy

A microwave plasma system based on microstripline technology is created and implemented for the experimental investigation of miniature size plasmas. Plasmas are generated across a wide range of input parameters, including pressure variation from below 1 Torr to 1 atm, microwave power at 2.45 GHz from 1 to 30 W, and a variety of discharge sizes and shapes. Data are measured for the discharge power density as a function of discharge pressure, input power and size. The power densities for discharges of diameters in the range 2–0.45 mm vary from 10 to 1000 W cm−3. Basic characteristics of the plasmas such as the electron temperature, plasma density and gas temperature are measured using probe diagnostics and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). In the range of one to 10 Torr, the electron temperatures are 1.9–2.3 eV, gas temperatures range from 600–1200 K and the plasma densities are in the range of 1012–1015 cm−3.
2009 C. H. McCloy Lecture Seeing Is Believing: Observing Physical Activity and Its Contexts

Direct (systematic) observation has been a mainstay of my research for over three decades. I believe it is an important tool for assessing physical activity, because it can simultaneously provide contextually rich data on the setting in which the activity occurs. It is particularly useful for those interested in using ecological and cognitive-behavioral approaches to examine how physical and social environments influence physical activity, and it is currently the only method for assessing group physical activity in open environments. Because physical activity researchers use the method infrequently, this paper provides an overview of systematic observation as it applies to studying physical activity.
Effects of airway cooling on tracheal stretch receptors

Abstract We studied the effect of cold air on tracheal slowly adapting stretch receptors (SAR) in 6 anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Air at constant flow and two different temperatures was passed through an isolated segment of the extrathoracic trachea. We recorded SAR action potentials, esophageal pressure, tracheal pressure and temperature. With a reduction in tracheal temperature of ≈10 °C the steady state response of 30 SARs to a distending pressure of 1.0 kPa decreased to 75% of control (P 0.05, n = 8). The response of 13 tracheal SARs to sinusoidal pressure oscillations (0.15 kPa) superimposed on a bias pressure (0.5 kPa) was reduced (P ‘peak’ value = 71% of control; ‘valley’ = 67% of control), resulting in a similar change in receptor discharge within the oscillatory cycle. The inhibitory effect of airway cooling on stretch receptors may play a role in cold-induced bronchoconstriction.
Nucleation of deformation twins in zinc bicrystals

Abstract The effects of stress concentration on the nucleation of deformation twins have been investigated in zinc bicrystals grown with controlled orientations. It is found that the apparent resolved shear stress for twinning varies from 25 to 4900 g/mm2 depending upon the orientations of the individual crystal grains of the bicrystals as well as their relative orientations. The maximum stress concentration for the bicrystals twinned at the lowest r.s.s.t. is estimated to be approximately 15 Kg/mm2, a value too low for a homogeneous nucleation model, but high enough to form two coherent twin interfaces. A model of twin nucleation based on the movement of pre-existing twin partials in a twin embryo associated with the strain field of a total slip dislocation to form a thin twin lamella which grows to a stable thickness of approximately 400 A is proposed. It appears that the twin fault energy is the controlling factor of the nucleation of twins in zinc.
Ephrin-A1 is expressed at sites of vascular development in the mouse.

B61 (ephrin-A1), a ligand for eph receptor-protein tyrosine kinases, possesses angiogenic and endothelial cell chemoattractant activity. We report the expression profile of ephrin-A1 during mouse embryogenesis (7.25 to 10.5 days post-coitum (dpc)). Ephrin-A1 expression was first detected in the caudal end of the primitive streak and the developing allantois. At mid head fold stage, ephrin-A1 transcripts were observed in the anterior pharyngeal endoderm that underlies the site of the future heart. In 8.0 to 8.5 dpc embryos, ephrin-A1 was expressed in presumptive endocardial cells, the dorsal aorta, and the primary head veins. In 9.5 to 10.5 dpc embryos, ephrin-A1 RNA was detected in intersomitic vessels and the limb bud vasculature. Each site of ephrin-A1 expression corresponded to regions of vasculogenesis and/or angiogenesis.
Confirming the presence of n-nitrosamines in ambient air and cigarette smoke by converting to and photochemically altering their corresponding n-nitroamines

Abstract An analytical procedure for the detection of N-nitrosamines, which is one of the most sensitive available, has been expanded to make the technique more selective. This procedure involves oxidizing the nitrosamines to their corresponding nitroamines, with subsequent detection of picogram quantities by gas chromatography with an electron-capture detector. The presence of the nitroamines is then confirmed by photochemically altering them using a UV lamp and observing if the resulting decrease in peak height with time of irradiation obeys rate expressions derived by using reference nitroamines. The results of analyses of ambient air and cigarette smoke samples for the presence of nitrosamines are presented.
TU‐A‐BRB‐07: Characteristics of Diode Detectors in Proton Beam Dosimetry

Purpose: Small and narrow field dosimetry in proton beam therapy is difficult due to fluence disequilibrium. Diode detectors could be a suitable choice for high resolution protondosimetry due to their relatively small size and high sensitivity. Unfortunately, semiconductordetectors are prone to radiation damage due to charged particle interactions. Characteristics of some of the commercial diodes in proton beam dosimetry are investigated in this study specially a prototype diode from PTW. Methods: The characteristics of several diodes from different vendors were evaluated in proton beams. All diodes were irradiated in a water phantom under reference condition (10cm diameter field, 16cm range, 10 cm SOBP) at various dosages to investigate the signal loss. Based on radiation response, the prototype diode was used for dose,dose rate, depth dose and profile measurements. The results were compared with Markus parallel plate chamber for proton energies in the range of 6cm to 27cm in water. Results: The initial signal loss in various diode detectors range from 0.4%/Gy to 0.05%/Gy. The PTW prototype exhibited the smallest amount of signal degradation that was investigated up to a dose of 1.4 kGy. Relative dose measurements (depth dose and profiles) are in good agreement with the measured data from Markus chamber. The magnitude of Bragg peaks differed by −2% from the results obtained with Markus chamber for all energies. Conclusions: Diode reading is a function of pre‐irradiation dose, beam energy, dose rate and total dose. Ignoring signal degradation and pre‐treatment dose, diodes can be used for relative dose measurements such as depth dose and profile. For absolute dose measurements, especially in small fields, special attention should be given to account for the loss of signal. The LET dependence is minimal for the prototype and can be used in a wide range of beam energy.
Path Integral Study of the Correlated Electronic States of Na4–Na6

Feynman’s path integral formulation of quantum mechanics is used to study the correlated electronic states of Na4–Na6. Two types of simulations are performed: in the first, the nuclei are allowed to move at finite temperature in order to find the most stable geometries. In agreement with previous calculations, we find that planar structures are the most stable and that there is significant vibrational amplitude at finite temperatures, indicating that the Born–Oppenheimer surface is relatively flat. In the second type of simulation, the nuclei are held fixed at symmetric and asymmetric geometries and the correlated electron density is found. Our results show that the electrons are localized, rather than delocalized as previous workers have concluded from examination of the single‐particle orbitals. We find that the best picture of these clusters is that they contain three‐center, two‐electron bonds.
Probucol Therapy Overcomes the Reproductive Defect in CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase β2 Knockout Mice

Abstract The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), the major phospholipid in mammalian cells, is regulated by the CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT). Loss of the CCTβ2 isoform expression in mice results in gonadal dysfunction. CCTβ2 −/− females exhibit ovarian tissue disorganization with progressive loss of follicle formation and oocyte maturation. Ultrastructure revealed a disrupted association between ova and granulosa cells and disorganized Golgi apparati in oocytes of CCTβ2 −/− mice. Probucol is a cholesterol-lowering agent that stimulates the uptake and retention of lipids carried by lipoproteins in peripheral tissues. Probucol therapy significantly lowered both serum cholesterol and PtdCho levels. Probucol therapy increased fertility in the CCTβ2 −/− females 100%, although it did not completely correct the phenotype, the morphological abnormalities in the knockout ovaries or itself stimulate CCT activity directly. These data indicated that a deficiency in de novo PtdCho synthesis could be complemented by altering the metabolism of serum lipoproteins, an alternative source for cellular phospholipid.
Sharing perceptually grounded categories in uniform and nonuniform populations

Steels & Belpaeme’s (SB 1997). Because assumption (A) predetermines the dimensionality, metamers, and gamut of the categorized color space, a generalization of (A) would also accommodate subspaces of natural categories from agents possessing fewer dimensions and restricted gamuts. However, such subspaces bring SB Commentary/Steels & Belpaeme: Coordinating perceptually grounded categories through language BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2005) 28:4 501 Shepard & Cooper 1992). In one society where rod monochromacy commonly occurs in the population, color normal individuals share a pragmatic categorical repertoire with achromatopes who perceive a “colorless” world (Sacks 1997). In other societies, other complexities arise during processes wherein perceivers learn through social interaction to use normative linguistic codes despite perceptual differences that could undermine the code’s meaning (Jameson 2005a; 2005b; Jameson et al. 2001). Thus, within populations, variation in perceptually correlated knowledge is integral to the cognitive side of learning and sharing a color repertoire, but such human variation runs counter to Assumption (B). Addressing both (A) and (B) as suggested here would permit S&B to make useful comparisons between perceptually grounded categories shared by uniform populations and those shared by nonuniform populations.
Development of a Process Model for CO(2) Laser Mitigation of Damage Growth in Fused Silica

A numerical model of CO{sub 2} laser mitigation of damage growth in fused silica has been constructed that accounts for laser energy absorption, heat conduction, radiation transport, evaporation of fused silica and thermally induced stresses. This model will be used to understand scaling issues and effects of pulse and beam shapes on material removal, temperatures reached and stresses generated. Initial calculations show good agreement of simulated and measured material removal. The model has also been applied to LG-770 glass as a prototype red blocker material.
Resonant Raman scattering study of undoped fullerene thin films

Abstract Raman spectra of the fullerenes C 60 and C 70 have been measured for photon energies from 2.1 to 3.6 eV. Resonant enhancement of the Raman cross section versus wavelength has been measured for the 270, 497, 1424, 1469, and 1568 cm −1 lines, with the diamond 1332 cm −1 line as a reference. A prominent enhancement occurs near 2.4 and 2.5 eV for the C 60 497 cm −1 and 1469 cm −1 lines, respectively. The C 70 1424 cm −1 and 1568 cm −1 lines increase monotonically in intensity between 2.3 and 2.7 eV. The 270 cm −1 line, which has contributions from both C 60 and C 70 , exhibits resonance enhancement which is qualitatively similar to that of the C 70 lines. All of the lines show resonance enhancement at 3.4 and 3.5 eV.
Categorical and continuous measurement of sex-role orientation: Differences in associations with young adults' reports of well-being

Previous researchers have suggested many of the qualities necessary for successful well-being are masculine in nature. However, masculinity and femininity have been considered related constructs as opposed to being distinctly different sex-role characterizations. Therefore, we examined the hypothesized associations between sex-role orientation and reports of well-being by looking at the combined and separate contributions of masculinity and femininity reports. Responses from 286 college undergraduates to the BEM Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) and measures of well-being (i.e., loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale, revised by Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980), personal discomfort (Personal Discomfort Subscale of the Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Social Introversion-Extroversion Scale, Graham, Schroeder, & Lilly, 1971), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Rosenberg, 1965), and social anxiety and avoidance (Social Anxiety and Social Avoidance Scale, Franke & Hymel, 1984)) indicated both categorical and continuous measures of sex role were associated with well-being. Examination of sex-role categories revealed participants with masculine and androgynous orientations reported higher well-being scores than did those with feminine and undifferentiated orientations. Further, examination of separate femininity and masculinity scores indicated that masculinity was positively – and femininity was negatively – associated with participant reports of well-being. Findings are discussed in terms of considering masculinity and femininity as separate measures of sex-role orientation when examining the association between sex roles and well-being.
Even higher-order functions for parsing or Why would anyone ever want to use a sixth-order function?

A higher-order function is a function that takes another function as an argument or returns another function as a result. More specifically, a first-order function takes and returns base types, such as integers or lists. A kth-order function takes or returns a function of order k−1. Currying often artificially inflates the order of a function, so we will ignore all inessential currying. (Whether a particular instance of currying is essential or inessential is open to debate, but we expect that our choices will be uncontroversial.) In addition, when calculating the order of a polymorphic function, we instantiate all type variables with base types. Under these assumptions, most common higher-order functions, such as map and foldr, are second-order, so beginning functional programmers often wonder: What good are functions of order three or above? We illustrate functions of up to sixth-order with examples taken from a combinator parsing library.Combinator parsing is a classic application of functional programming, dating back to at least Burge (1975). Most combinator parsers are based on Wadler's list-of-successes technique (Wadler, 1985). Hutton (1992) popularized the idea in his excellent tutorial Higher-Order Functions for Parsing. In spite of the title, however, he considered only functions of up to order three.
Modularity the key to system growth potential

General Electric's Apollo Systems has developed several information systems over the last eight years in support of the Apollo project. The expertise gained in these development efforts has shown the efficiency of a modularized approach to retrieval system design Systems analysts and programmers who design and build these systems should follow the normal systems engineering approach of requirements definition, system design, system implementation, test and verification and operational installation. Short-cutting any one of these phases leads to greater effort in one of the later phases, usually with a longer over-all schedule or greater developmental cost Project management, too, is a major factor in the success of such systems. The tracking of critical milestones in the schedule, consistent and up-to-date documentation, and comprehensive test and verification plans are necessary to a controlled approach to systems implementation Finally, the benefits of such an approach are reduced cost and implementation time, along with simplification of system maintenance, standardized software, adaptability to new environments, and a potential for continued growth to meet users' ever-expanding needs.
ON THE PERMANENCE OF PERIODIC PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEMS WITH STAGE STRUCTURE AND PULSE ACTION

We establish permanence conditions for a periodic predator-prey system with stage structure, pulse action, and Beddington-DeAngelis functional response.
Application of the intensified ccd to airglow and auroral measurements.

New detector technology exemplified by advanced CCD and intensified CCD (ICCD) systems have important advantages for both spectrographic and imaging research. However, to realize the full potential of this new technology, the detector and the optical system as a whole must be considered. It is frequently not enough to simply substitute an ICCD for an earlier detector; rather, to achieve optimum results, the optics must be adapted to the specific detector. Properly designed airglow spectrographs based on the ICCD detector offer the advantages of high throughput over a broad spectral range, precise wavelength stability, low noise, and compactness. Imagers having the wide field and the high sensitivity needed for airglow research are practical as well.
Interactions in an intensive care unit: experiences pre-processing sensor network data

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent a significant burden to healthcare provision; in the United States alone, it is estimated that approximately 2 million patients acquire HAIs each year. As part of a larger effort to understand how HAIs spread, we deployed a wireless sensor network in the Medical Intensive Care Unit of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. We used data reported by the network to estimate healthcare worker movement, interactions between healthcare workers, and adherence to hand sanitization policies.Our experiment joins the growing yet still small collection of sensor network deployments in healthcare settings. This work contributes to this body of research by presenting a comprehensive approach to pre-processing the collected sensor data, thereby reducing errors and increasing robustness. We provide two main contributions: (i) a simple and theoretically sound calibration method for sensor signals that eliminates biases in pairwise sensor communication and (ii) filters that increase the reliability of signal strength from stationary sensors. We validate our methods by comparing visits of healthcare workers to rooms, as discovered from the sensor data, to ground truth room occupancy data collected in notes.
Agile and scalable analysis of network events

The state of the art in general purpose software systems for large-scale traffic measurement has not progressed much past the venerable libpcap. In this paper we describe a new data analysis system that provides a scalable, flexible system for composing ad-hoc analyses of high-speed, streming data. This agility allows researchers, network security analysts, or network operators to easily compose new analysis functions. A growing tool box of filtering, measurement, and statistical tools allows new approaches to be tested with a minimum of software development. Further, a dynamic type system allows polymorphic analysis modules to operate on arbitrary forms of structured data, thus allowing easy integration of multiple data sources such as packet traces, netflow records, or security logs. In this paper we present this system and demonstrate its capabilities while performing several measurements, such as computing probability density functions, detecting port-scans, and probabilistic counting of traffic traces.
Relativistic Lee Model

A relativistic version of the well-known exactly soluble Lee model of quantum field theory is constructed, which\char22{}unlike the original nonrelativistic Lee model\char22{}fulfills also the condition of microcausality (field operators commuting or anticommuting for space-like distances). Microcausality is, however, found compatible with solubility only if an indefinite metric is introduced on a much larger scale than was necessary in the nonrelativistic case. Notwithstanding the fact that a formalism of this type would seem to bear still less resemblance to physical reality than does the original Lee model, we arrive at a theory almost identical with the usual version of relativistic charged scalar (or pseudoscalar) meson field theory. From a certain point of view these two formalisms can even be considered identical. In fact, the difference between the realistic theory and the present Lee model hinges merely on whether one uses, for the representation of the Dirac standard ket $|0〉$ a physical vacuum or a suitably defined "completely empty space." The form of the presentation follows closely that of the well-known Pauli-K\"all\'en description of the nonrelativistic Lee model, up to the point where it is shown that some of the main results can also be obtained with help of a corresponding Chew-Low equation.
Impurity profiles for H-mode discharges in DIII-D

Impurity concentration profiles have been determined for H-mode discharges in the DIII-D tokamak from measured ne, Te, Zeff and radiated emissivity profiles. The central impurity levels in DIII-D high current H-modes, as modelled using this technique, remain below those seen in L-modes (fractional nickel concentrations ≤0.02%) throughout the neutral beam heating pulse. In contrast to some other experiments (ASDEX [1], JET [2], JFT-2M [3]), the H-mode does not terminate because of excessive radiation in DIII-D discharges heated with co-injected neutral beams. For increasing plasma current, the global impurity concentrations decrease and the profiles become more dominated by edge radiation. H-modes as obtained with electron cyclotron heating and co-injected neutral beams at similar heating powers also have low impurity levels, but the impurity distribution is significantly more hollow in the case of neutral beam heating.
MINIDISC RECORDERS VERSUS AUDIOCASSETTE RECORDERS: A PERFORMANCE COMPARISON

MiniDisc (MD) digital audio recorders have the potential to benefit bioacoustics research, but concerns about the ATRAC (Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding) compression method employed by MD recorders have prevented their widespread acceptance in the research community. We compared the performance of MD recorders with that of professional grade audiocassette recorders. Test sounds were synthesized or recorded directly onto a computer hard drive and then transferred to each of two MD recorders and three cassette recorders. The sounds were then transferred back to a computer and compared to the original versions to quantify degradation caused by the recorders. MD recorders proved superior to cassette recorders in the accurate reproduction of mean frequency and the reproduction of low amplitude signals when a high amplitude signal occurred at a nearby frequency. Unlike audiocassette recorders, MD’s did not generate artefactual variance in signal frequency and amplitude. The new MD recorder used in our study consistently outperformed all other units in the ability to reproduce natural sounds, as quantified by two automated sound comparison techniques. We found, however, that MD recorders introduced acoustic artefacts after the rapid offset of signals. Artefact duration was not affected by signal duration, resulting in a positive relationship between signal duration and signal-to-noise ratio. The artefacts’ periodicity, duration, and amplitude depended on the frequency of the signal; high-frequency signals produced more periodic, shorter, and quieter artefacts than did low frequency signals. Recording amplitude has little to no effect on signal-to-noise ratio. Cassette recorders introduced non-periodic offset artefacts that were similar to the artefacts introduced by MD recorders after low frequency signals. We conclude that researchers should base their choice of a recording device on the types of sounds they intend to record and the relative importance of accurate reproduction of sound offset versus other aspects of recording fidelity. Overall, however, we see no compelling reason to avoid MD recorders for most field recording and playback applications, and we suggest that the study of bioacoustics stands to benefit from the many practical advantages and novel research methods afforded by this technology.
The Distribution of Deep Convection over Ocean and Land during the Asian Summer Monsoon

Abstract Tle highly reflective cloud (HRC) dataset is a daily index of organized deep convection, at one degree resolution, from 17 years of polar-orbiting, satellite imagery. These data are used to analyze and discuss the climatological geographical distribution of deep convection observed over the Asian summer monsoon season and its component months (June, July, August and September). Intraseasonal variations of convection for selected regions am examined using normalized pentad time series of regional median HRC values. We also compare HRC data over two regions (western coastal India and western coastal Burma/Thailand) with the results from a two-dimensional numerical model, consisting of a simple differentially heated land-ocean system which predicts that a preponderance of deep convection occurs over the coastal zone. The Buma/Thailand regional comparison supports the model result. Comparison of the model with the western coastal India region is less conclusive, which may be due to the limitations of...
Evidence for recA-mediated asymmetric strand repair of 5-iodo-[125I]-2′-deoxyuridine-induced lethal lesions in Escherichia coli☆

Abstract We present evidence that repair of DNA damage induced by decay of incorporated 125 I after replication of the labeled duplex of Escherichia coli requires the recA + gene function. Furthermore, only about half of the cells survive after label segregation even when that repair function is present. Our results support the possibility that repair of 125 I decay-induced lesions is asymmetric, being limited to damage initiated in only one of the two strands of the DNA duplex.
Renovation and roadblocks while protecting the collection

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a reflective analysis of a recent renovation project and a disaster recovery effort affecting multiple collections in a mid‐sized university library.Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides a case study.Findings – This paper examines planning for a re‐carpeting project, particularly the unexpected challenges associated with renovation activities.Originality/value – The paper contributes to the discussion of collection disposition during renovation and disaster recovery projects.
Interband Magneto-Absorption and Faraday Rotation in InSb

Direct interband magneto-optical transitions have been observed in pure $n$-type InSb at liquid-helium temperature using magnetic fields up to 96.5 kG. The theory of the magnetic levels in the valence and conduction bands at the zone center is carried out using a modification of the method of Luttinger and Kohn. The interaction between conduction and valence bands has been treated exactly, and the effect of higher bands to order ${k}^{2}$. Selection rules have been evaluated for both allowed ($\ensuremath{\Delta}n=0, \ensuremath{-}2$) and warping-induced ($\ensuremath{\Delta}n=2, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4, \ensuremath{-}6$) direct valence-to-conduction-band transitions. Comparison of theoretical with experimental spectra (using circular and plane-polarized light in the Faraday and Voigt configurations, respectively) has shown good agreement for the magnetic field in the [110] and [100] crystal directions. The following band parameters are obtained: conduction-band effective mass ${m}_{\mathrm{c}}=0.0145{m}_{0}$: light-hole effective mass ${m}_{l.\mathrm{h}.}=0.0160{m}_{0}$; heavy-hole effective masses ${m}_{\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{h}.}[100]=0.32{m}_{0}$, ${m}_{\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{h}.}[110]=0.42{m}_{0}$, ${m}_{\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{h}.}[111]=0.44{m}_{0}$.
Switching previous therapies for Alzheimer's disease to galantamine.

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEls) are the most frequently prescribed drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, donepezil is prescribed most often, but newer AChEls have become available. Rivastigmine entered the pharmaceutics market for AD in 2000, and galantamine was approved for use in the United States in February 2001. Some patients with AD may already be taking a cholinesterase inhibitor, but they or their caregivers may want to change therapies for various reasons, such as -lack of efficacy or poor tolerability. Therefore, defined protocols for discontinuing one therapy and initiating another therapy (ie, “switching”) while maintaining efficacy and minimizing cholinergic toxicity will be essential. A post-hoc analysis of a clinical trial that enrolled patients with and without previous exposure to AChEls indicated that the efficacy and tolerability of a second and different cholinesterase treatment were similar in both subpopulations of patients. These findings suggest that discontinuation of prior AChEl treatment is not predictive of future poor response to an effective treatment.
The halo(aquo)-α, β, γ, δ-tetra- (p-carbomethoxy)phenolporphine manganese(III) complexes☆

Abstract Four Mn(III) complexes of the type, PCMTPPMnX·H2O, where PCMTPP is the (p-carbomethoxy)-phenylporphine anion and X is either the fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo ion, have been prepared and characterized. The magnetic susceptibility and infrared spectra have been obtained. The ultraviolet-visible spectra were measured in a variety of coordinating and non-coordinating solvents. The spectral changes observed, as the solvent is varied, give an indication of the nature of the axial ligands bound to the Mn(III) ion.
Retroperitoneal bleeding after inadvertent laceration of an arterial collateral during central venous catheterization; treatment with embolization

This brief report describes an unusual complication of femoral venous access placement. A 17-year-old male underwent cardiopulmonary transplantation for complex congenital heart disease, which was complicated by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, quadrilateral limb gangrene, and stroke. In an effort to urgently obtain a venous access, a right femoral venous catheter was placed into the right groin in the cardiac care unit. The patient subsequently experienced severe hypotension and abdominal distension. Ultrasound and CT scans of the abdomen demonstrated a large retroperitoneal hematoma. Aggressive resuscitation failed to stabilize the patient. Angiography demonstrated an unusual bleeding source from an arterial collateral circulation in the right side of the pelvis, which was then successfully treated with embolization.
Patterned Growth of Boron Nitride Nanotubes by Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition

For the first time, patterned growth of boron nitride nanotubes is achieved by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) at 1200 °C using MgO, Ni, or Fe as the catalysts, and an Al2O3 diffusion barrier as underlayer. The as-grown BNNTs are clean, vertically aligned, and have high crystallinity. Near band-edge absorption ∼6.0 eV is detected, without significant sub-band absorption centers. Electronic transport measurement confirms that these BNNTs are perfect insulators, applicable for future deep-UV photoelectronic devices and high-power electronics.
A paleomagnetic study of certain Mesozoic formations in northern Mexico

Abstract Rocks of Late Cretaceous, Early Jurassic and Late Triassic age, collected in northern Mexico yield the following pole positions: 169.3°E57.9°N (Cretaceous), 70.7°E76.0°N (?Jurassic) and 119.2°E76.4°N (?Late Triassic). The Triassic and Cretaceous poles are not significantly different from those class-A poles (Hicken et al., 1972) of the North American craton. It is therefore suggested that the North American craton may be traced south as far as 23°N and inferentially a further four degrees (to the Mexican volcanic belt). The results from the La Boca Formation are interpreted as indicating a much greater age (Late Precambrian-Early (Paleozoic) than is currently assigned to that formation.
Effects of ozone or sulfur dioxide on growth and yield of rice

Abstract Three cultivars of rice, Oryza sativa, M7, M9 and S201 were exposed in open-top field chambers to ozone and sulfur dioxide to determine the effects of these important air pollutants on field-grown plants. Exposures were for 15 weeks with ozone at 0, 98, 196, 294 or 392 μg m−3 for 5 h day−1, 5 days week−1, and sulfur dioxide at 131, 262, 393 or 524 μg m−3 for 24 h day−1, 5 days week−1. Three harvests of rice were made after 27 and 68 days and at the end of the exposures. At the first harvest following early plant growth, ozone at the highest concentrations resulted in reductions in growth whereas sulfur dioxide resulted in increased growth. At the second harvest, ozone-exposed plants continued to show reduced growth, whereas sulfur dioxide resulted only in reduced plant height. At the final and major harvest, ozone at 392 μg m−3 reduced total seed weight 12, 29 and 21% in cultivars M7, M9 and S201, respectively. Weight of 100 seeds and straw weight were reduced in M9 and S201 and percent seed sterility in panicles was increased. Ozone reduced height of all cultivars and increased the number of panicles. Sulfur dioxide at 524 μg m−3 reduced total seed weight of M9 and S201 by 22 and 14%, respectively, and weight per hundred seed by 11 and 10%, respectively. The results showed that ozone is much more injurious to rice per unit of pollutant than sulfur dioxide and that reduced yield due to both pollutants was caused mostly by reduced seed size. Increased seed sterility was partially offset by ozone exposure of the plants which produced more panicles. Cultivar M7 was more resistant to ozone or sulfur dioxide than M9 and S201.
Influence of photostabilizers on wood flour-HDPE composites exposed to xenon-arc radiation with and without water spray

The weathering of wood-plastic composites changes their appearance and/or mechanical properties. These changes can be slowed through the addition of ultraviolet absorbers and pigments. The first phase of this study examined the effect of incorporating different concentrations of an ultraviolet absorber and/or pigment into wood-flour-filled high-density polyethylene (WF/HDPE) composites. Lightness and flexural properties of the composites were determined periodically during exposure to UV radiation and water spray in a xenon-arc type weathering apparatus. The influence of exposure type (UV radiation, with or without water spray) on the properties of photostabilized WF/HDPE composites was determined in the second phase of the study. The results showed that both ultraviolet absorbers and pigments provide protection against weathering of wood-plastic composites. The amount of protection can be influenced by both photostabilzer concentration and exposure variables.
Joint target angle and Doppler estimation with fractional lower-order statistics for airborne radar

We introduce a new joint spatial- and Doppler-frequency high-resolution estimation technique based on the fractional lower-order statistics of the measurements of a radar array. We define the covariation matrix of the space-time radar observation vector process and employ subspace-based estimation techniques to the sample covariation matrix resulting in improved target angle and Doppler estimates in the presence of impulsive interference. We name the technique "2-D Robust Covariation-Based MUSIC" or "2-D ROC-MUSIC". We show that 2-D ROC-MUSIC provides better angle/Doppler estimates than 2-D MUSIC in a wide range of impulsive interference environments and for very low signal-to-noise ratios.
Sex Ratio at Birth and Racial Differences: Why Do Black Women Give Birth to More Females Than Non- Black Women?

The two important questions that this paper will attempt to answer are: (1) why is it that regardless of race/ethnicity or geographic location, the sex ratio data at birth show more males than females?; and (2) Why is it that regardless of geographic location compared to other racial/ethnic groups, Black women or Women of sub-Saharan Black African descent tend to give birth to more females? Or to put this question the other way around, compared to Black women, why do non-Black women give birth to more males? (Afr J Reprod Health 2008; 12[3]:139-150) .