cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-Informed Pediatric Drug Development: Application of Pharmacometrics to Define the Right Dose for Children

One of the biggest challenges in pediatric drug development is defining a safe and effective dose in pediatric populations, which span across a wide age and development range from neonates to adolescents. Model-informed drug development approaches are particularly suited to address knowledge gaps including data leveraging to increase the success of pediatric studies. Considering the often limited number of patients available for study and logistic difficulties to collect the necessary data in pediatric populations, the application of pharmacometrics and modeling and simulation techniques can improve clinical trial efficiency, increase the probability of regulatory success, and optimize therapeutic individualization in support of dedicated trials. This review describes the state of pediatric model-informed drug development to define the right dose for children and provides suggestions for future development.
Jewelry Design in the Luxury Sector: Artistry, Craft, Technology and Sustainability

The jewelry designer working within the luxury sector can be found in a variety of work environments. Within each of these contexts, ranging from the small private enterprise to the global luxury conglomerate, he or she will possess differing levels of control over and engagement in the creative process, design and making of jewelry as well as its promotion and sale. Jewelry designers who can be considered craftspersons/artisans and who may also be referred to as a designer maker may be found in all of these settings. Within the major luxury brands, only a few jewelry designers who work at the top level will have the autonomy to practice their craft in its entirety. The craftsperson represents the most deeply engaged category while at the other end of the spectrum, we find those who are involved in some but not all aspects of jewelry design. Many are subject to the logic of mass production which deskills jewelers and parcels out various functions to a variety of technicians in the interest of efficiency, scale and profit. A view of the work done by those engaged in jewelry design illustrates varying levels of skill, imagination, material consciousness and agency—or lack thereof when we consider contexts in which one’s professional identity is compromised.
EEG theta and alpha oscillations in early versus late mild cognitive impairment during a semantic Go/NoGo task.

Abstract Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is marked by episodic memory deficits, which can be used to classify individuals into early MCI (EMCI) and late MCI (LMCI). Although mounting evidence suggests that individuals with aMCI have additional cognitive alterations including deficits in cognitive control, few have examined if EMCI and LMCI differ on processes other than episodic memory. Using a semantic Go/NoGo task, we examined differences in cognitive control between EMCI and LMCI on behavioral (accuracy and reaction time) and neural (scalp-recorded event-related oscillations in theta and alpha band) measures. Although no behavioral differences were observed between the EMCI and LMCI groups, differences in neural oscillations were observed. The LMCI group had higher theta synchronization on Go trials at central electrodes compared to the EMCI group. In addition, the EMCI group showed differences in theta power at central electrodes and alpha power at central and centro-parietal electrodes between Go and NoGo trials, while the LMCI group did not exhibit such differences. These findings suggest that while behavioral differences may not be observable, neural changes underlying cognitive control processes may differentiate EMCI and LMCI stages and may be useful to understand the trajectory of aMCI in future studies.
Erratum for “Deligne’s Notes on Nagata Compactifications”

There are two small (but fixable) errors in [1] (entirely my fault) that we address here. I am grateful to Andrea Parri and Johan de Jong for pointing out these respective mistakes that I made.
Standard cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I): When is the adaptation of CBT-I warranted?

Abstract Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) has been repeatedly shown to be efficacious and is now considered the first-line treatment for insomnia for both uncomplicated insomnia (primary insomnia) and insomnia that occurs comorbidly with other chronic disorders (secondary insomnia). CBT-I is a multicomponent treatment that consists of Sleep Restriction Therapy (SRT), Stimulus Control Therapy (SCT), Cognitive Therapy (CT), and Sleep Hygiene (SH). When combined these interventions produce large treatment effects. The purpose of this chapter is to review and discuss the efficacy and effectiveness of CBT-I, its components, and, finally, discuss when it is appropriate to adapt CBT-I for certain medical/psychiatric conditions and/or demographic groups.
The development of a machine learning approach to construct a field-scale rock physics transform

The ability to relate geophysical measurements to the material properties of the subsurface is fundamental to the successful application of geophysical methods. Estimating the electrical resistivit...
A Time Reversal Study of Exit/Entrance Processes

In [7],[9] Maisonneuve examined "entrance" and "exit" processes associated to a semi-regenerative process (X;M). That is, M is a right closed homogeneous random subset of IR+, and X is M-regenerative: $${{E}^{x}}\left( {f \circ {{\theta }_{T}}|{{F}_{T}}} \right) = {{E}^{{{{{\rlap{--}{X}}}_{T}}}}}\left( f \right)a.s.{\text{ }}on{\text{ }}\left\{ {T < \infty } \right\}$$ for any stopping time T whose graph [T] is contained in M.
Influence of moderate intensity physical activity levels and gender on conditioned pain modulation.

AbstractThis study examined the potential influence of moderate intensity physical activity (PA) levels and gender on central pain modulation using conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in healthy men and women. Twenty four individuals (12 men and 12 women) who reported engaging in the moderate intensity PA for 150 min or more per week and 24 individuals (12 men and 12 women) who reported engaging in moderate intensity PA for 60 min or less per week completed a self-report PA questionnaire and a 7-day PA assessment using an accelerometer. Furthermore, the participants completed the CPM testing to evaluate the efficiency of central pain modulation. The active individuals scored higher on the PA questionnaire and spent more minutes for light, lifestyle, moderate and vigorous intensity PA than the less active individuals. The active men and women exhibited comparable magnitudes of CPM, and showed a greater magnitude of CPM when compared to their less active counterparts. However, these beneficial effects of high...
Thermodynamics of ion exchange between clinoptilolite and aqueous solutions of na+k+ and na+ca2+

Abstract To provide a thermodynamic basis for understanding zeolite-water interactions in geologic systems, ion-exchange experiments were conducted at 25°C between clinoptilolite, which is the predominant zeolite mineral in altered pyroclastic and volcaniclastic rocks and aqueous mixtures of Na + K + and Na + Ca 2+ . Isotherm points were obtained by equilibrating Na-clinoptilolite, which was prepared from clinoptilolite-rich tuff from Death Valley Junction, California, USA and Na + K + and Na + Ca 2+ chloride solutions having different ionic concentration ratios, but constant total normalities of 0.5, 0.05, or 0.005 N. The experimental data were interpreted using a Margules thermodynamic formulation for zeolite solid solutions, coupled with the Pitzer model for aqueous activity coefficients. The isotherm data for 0.5 N Na + K + and Na + Ca 2+ solutions were used to derive equilibrium constants and Gibbs free energies for the ion-exchange reactions, as well as parameters for the Margules model. Using the same parameters derived from the 0.5 N data, isotherms were calculated for the 0.05 and 0.005 N solutions. The predicted values agree very well with experimental data, including other data at 0.05 N solution concentration with nitrate as the supporting anion. The results of this study indicate that a Margules solid solution model for zeolites, coupled with an activity coefficient model for aqueous solutions (e.g., Pitzer model), can successfully describe and predict binary ion-exchange equilibria between aqueous solutions and the zeolite mineral clinoptilolite over a wide range of solution composition and concentration, and may provide a foundation for quantitative understanding of ion-exchange equilibria in multicomponent geochemical systems.
Large vocabulary natural language continuous speech recognition

A description is presented of the authors' current research on automatic speech recognition of continuously read sentences from a naturally-occurring corpus: office correspondence. The recognition system combines features from their current isolated-word recognition system and from their previously developed continuous-speech recognition system. It consists of an acoustic processor, an acoustic channel model, a language model, and a linguistic decoder. Some new features in the recognizer relative to the isolated-word speech recognition system include the use of a fast match to prune rapidly to a manageable number the candidates considered by the detailed match, multiple pronunciations of all function words, and modeling of interphone coarticulatory behavior. The authors recorded training and test data from a set of ten male talkers. The perplexity of the test sentences was found to be 93; none of sentences was part of the data used to generate the language model. Preliminary (speaker-dependent) recognition results on these talkers yielded an average word error rate of 11.0%. >
Course Changes for the Research University

The Creation of the Future The Role of the American University. Frank H. T. Rhodes. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2001. 286 pp. $29.95, £19.95. ISBN 0-8014-3937-X. Rhodes, emeritus president of Cornell University, examines the historical development, current circumstances, and future prospects of research universities in the United States. He discusses the changes he believes are necessary to meet present-day and forthcoming challenges, the greatest of which he identifies as the loss of community.
Intelligent switch control of an active power line conditioner

his paper describes the application of various soft computing tools, including the genetic algorithm, artificial neural networks, and fuzzy logic to the control of the semiconductor switches in a novel active power line conditioner (APLC). The use of intelligent control in the APLC is warranted by the complexity and cost of conventional control schemes that could be used alternatively. MATLAB simulations of the APLC with either the neural network controller or the fuzzy logic controller predict that the system can improve the total harmonic distortion of a power line current from over 100% to well under 10% using the relatively low, and therefore relatively lossless, switching frequency of 3840 Hz. Measurements on an experimental prototype showed that in steady-state operation, the neural-network-controlled APLC improved the distortion of a specific line current from 114% to 12%, and the fuzzy-logic-controlled system improved it from 125% to only 30%. On the other hand, the fuzzy-logic-controlled system was able to smoothly track a sudden load change and convert the line current from one compensated steady-state and nearly sinusoidal waveform to another one in approximately one 60 Hz cycle.
Fat metabolism in higher plants. 38. Properties of wheat germ acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase.

Abstract Wheat germ acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase has been purified over 1000-fold. Ultracentrifugal analysis showed two protein components (7.3 S and 9.4 S); only one of these binds avidin, as evidenced by an increase in the sedimentation coefficient of the 9.4 S component to 11.5 S. However, only one protein peak was observed upon chromatography on molecular sieving columns. The leading edge of this protein showed the highest specific activity, contained the highest amount of biotin per mg of protein, and was the major site for ATP-32Pi exchange (avidin-sensitive), whereas the trailing edge of the protein peak was found to be specific for the binding of the 3H-acetyl moiety of 3H-acetyl-CoA and catalyzed malonyl-CoA-14C-acetyl-CoA exchange. A synergistic effect was observed upon addition of fractions from the leading edge and the trailing edge of the protein peak. Disc gel electrophoresis established that five components are associated with the single protein peak obtained from molecular sieve columns. Two of the five bands catalyzed ATP-32Pi exchange, two bands catalyzed malonyl-CoA-14C-acetyl-CoA exchange, and the fifth band catalyzed both exchange reactions as well as H14CO3- fixation. Biotin content, molecular weights, and the activities of the five individual bands suggest that one protein occurs as either a monomer or a dimer which contains biotin and catalyzes ATP-32Pi exchange, and that another protein occurs as both a monomer and a tetramer which do not contain biotin but catalyze malonyl-CoA-14C-acetyl-CoA exchange and bind acetyl moieties to the protein. The fifth band appears to be the active enzyme consisting of one carboxylating component (9.4 S) and one or more transcarboxylating components (7.3 S).
Managing Intellectual Property in Global Outsourcing for Innovation Generation

The globalization of markets and business operations is a trend that will continue strongly in the coming decades. One inescapable aspect of globalization has been the trend toward global outsourcing, especially that of knowledge-based services. Due to firms' compulsion to reduce costs in the developed world, the issue is not if a particular firm will outsource or offshore work but when it will outsource it and how effectively it will leverage outsourcing to achieve superior competitive advantage. An important implication of the outsourcing of knowledge-based services is the management of intellectual property (IP). Managers and researchers alike are interested in understanding the effects of global outsourcing of knowledge-based services on the management of IP. The challenge of accessing, exploiting, and defending IP in global outsourcing relationships is first examined in this paper. IP can be managed by balancing the trust and control and verification in the outsourcing relationship. Given that defending IP is a major concern for outsourcing firms, the moderating roles of multitier suppliers, supplier country legal regimes, and global supplier communities of practice on defending IP is examined in detail through moderating effect propositions. Finally, the paper examines the effect of accessing, defending, and exploiting IP in global outsourcing relationships on the generation of incremental and radical innovation for the outsourcing firm. This research tries to extend current academic research on global outsourcing in three ways. First, it offers a framework to understand the management of the buyer–seller relationship in the global outsourcing of knowledge-based services and its relationship to the management of IP and innovation generation. Second, the framework takes a broader perspective of outsourcing and innovation generation, including globalization, tiered suppliers, supplier country legal regimes, and global supplier communities of practice on defending IP. Third the research examines the effect of accessing, exploitation, and defense of IP on generation of incremental and radical innovation for the outsourcing firm. Managerial implications of this research and future research directions are also discussed.
Histone H2B gene transcription during Xenopus early development requires functional cooperation between proteins bound to the CCAAT and octamer motifs.

Abstract The ubiquitously expressed transcription factor Oct-1 and several other members of the POU domain protein family bind to a site, termed the octamer motif, that functions in the promoter and enhancer regions of a variety of genes expressed under diverse conditions. An octamer motif present in a conserved histone H2B-specific promoter element is required for S-phase-specific transcription of mammalian histone H2B genes in cultured cells. We have previously shown that the octamer motif in a Xenopus histone H2B gene promoter was inactive in nondividing frog oocytes. Here we show that the octamer motif, in addition to regulatory elements (TATAA, CCAAT, and ATF motifs) that are active in oocytes, is required for maximal H2B gene transcription in developing frog embryos. Factors binding to each of the H2B upstream promoter elements are present in oocytes and increase slightly in abundance during early development. The activity of the H2B octamer motif in embryos is not specifically associated with increased binding by Oct-1 or the appearance of novel octamer-binding proteins but requires the presence of an intact CCAAT motif. Our results indicate that synergistic interactions among promoter-bound factors are important for octamer-dependent H2B transcription. We suggest that the activity of the H2B promoter is regulated primarily by changes in the interactions between proteins already bound to the promoter rather than by alterations in their intrinsic abilities to bind DNA.
Cutaneous activation of the inhibitory L30 interneurons provides a mechanism for regulating adaptive gain control in the siphon withdrawal reflex of Aplysia

The functional role of inhibition in the neural network underlying the siphon withdrawal response (SWR) of Aplysia was assessed by examining a recurrent circuit comprised of identified inhibitory interneurons (L30s), and excitatory interneurons (L29s). We previously showed that activity-dependent potentiation of the L30 inhibitory synapse onto L29 can regulate the net excitatory input elicited by tactile siphon stimulation onto siphon motor neurons (LFS cells) (Fischer and Carew, 1993a). To explore the functional significance of L30 potentiated inhibition, we have examined how a behaviorally relevant stimulus that activates the L30 interneurons modulates the SWR circuit. Utilizing a reduced preparation, we show that weak tactile stimulation of the tail strongly activates the L30s, and leads to significant potentiation of the L30 synapse. Next, we demonstrate that similar weak tail stimulation produces significant inhibition of siphon tap-evoked responses in both L29 interneurons and LFS motor neurons. We further show that this form of inhibition is transient, having a time course of approximately 60 sec. Finally, we directly tested the role of the L30s in mediating this form of inhibition by hyperpolarizing two (of three) L30 interneurons during tail stimulation. L30 inactivation significantly attenuated tail stimulation-induced inhibition of siphon- evoked input to both L29 interneurons and LFS motor neurons. Based on these results, we suggest that L30-potentiated inhibition may have an important adaptive role in optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio for activation of the SWR circuit by providing stabilization of SWR responsiveness under a wide range of environmental conditions.
Octamer and SPH motifs in the U1 enhancer cooperate to activate U1 RNA gene expression.

Abstract The transcriptional enhancer of a chicken U1 small nuclear RNA gene has been shown to extend over approximately 50 base pairs of DNA sequence located 180 to 230 base pairs upstream of the U1 transcription initiation site. It is composed of multiple functional motifs, including a GC box, an octamer motif, and a novel SPH motif. The contributions of these three distinct sequence motifs to enhancer function were studied with an oocyte expression assay. Under noncompetitive conditions in oocytes, the SPH motif is capable of stimulating U1 RNA transcription in the absence of the other functional motifs, whereas the octamer motif by itself lacks this ability. However, to form a transcription complex that is stable to challenge by a second competing small nuclear RNA transcription unit, both the octamer and SPH motifs are required. The GC box, although required for full enhancer activity, is not essential for stable complex formation in oocytes. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to study the DNA sequence requirements of the SPH motif. Functional activity of the SPH motif is spread throughout a 24-base-pair region 3' of the octamer but is particularly dependent upon sequences near an SphI restriction site located at the center of the SPH motif. Using embryonic chicken tissue as a source material, we identified and partially purified a factor, termed SBF, that binds sequence specifically to the SPH motif of the U1 enhancer. The ability of this factor to recognize and bind to mutant enhancer DNA fragments in vitro correlates with the functional activity of the corresponding enhancer sequences in vivo.
Language‐dependent memory in bilingual learning

Spanish-English bilinguals were taught academic-type information about History, Biology, Chemistry and Mythology in their two languages. Upon testing, it was found that memory was more accurate and retrieval was faster when the language of retrieval and the language of encoding matched than when they did not match. For accuracy, the pattern of results was influenced by bilinguals' language proficiency, so that only balanced bilinguals whose high proficiency levels were similar in both languages showed language-dependent recall. For reaction time, bilinguals were faster to retrieve information when the languages of retrieval and encoding matched than when they mismatched, but only for material encoded in Spanish. The influence of encoding and retrieval languages on error patterns was also examined. Together, the study's findings suggest that bilingual learning may be subject to language dependency and that experience with a language may increase the strength of linguistic cues in producing language-dependent memory. The results are consistent with previous findings of language-dependent memory in autobiographical narratives, carry applied implications for bilingual education, and are discussed within the theoretical framework of the relationship between language and memory. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assay Precision and Accuracy of Calcium‐Dependent Proteinase Activity in Rat Skeletal Muscle

The accuracy and precision with which Ca++-dependent proteinase (CAF) activity can be assayed in skeletal muscle tissue was determined by using two experimental approaches: (1) repeated sampling of a homogeneous batch of minced rat skeletal muscle to estimate variation among CAF assays done on fractions made from the same muscle tissue and to ascertain the effect of sample size on assays of CAF activity; and (2) comparison of CAF assays done on muscle samples of similar weights obtained from different animals that had been treated alike. Muscle CAF activity can easily be detected in 0.5g muscle samples, but the measured activity is not accurate and increases with increasing sample size. The decreased CAF activity assayed in small muscle samples seemed to originate from failure to extract all the CAF in these samples, possibly because of the different homogenizer that must be used to homogenize small samples. If a Waring Blendor is used at 8000 rpm, muscle samples must be 19g or larger to obtain accurate assays of CAF activity. The coefficient of variation for duplicate assays of CAF activity on the same P045 crude CAF fraction was 5.85% (assay variation); for assays of CAF activity on different samples of the same muscle tissue, 7.18% (sampling variation and variation in procedure for preparing crude CAF fractions); and for assays of CAF activity on muscle tissue obtained from the different groups of animals that had been treated alike, 10.30% (animal variation). Hence, CAF activity can be measured with acceptable precision in skeletal muscle tissue, but treatments designed to alter muscle CAF activity must cause changes of at least 20% to be detectable against the natural variation of muscle CAF activity in different animals.
Kinetically Distinguishable Populations of Phytochrome

Two or more kinetically distinguishable populations of phytochrome molecules were observed in living tissues of oat, pea, maize, and cauliflower, as well as in extracts of oat. At least 3 different populations occurred in cauliflower florets, while 2 were observed in each of the other species. In extracted oat phytochrome, the relative proportions of the 2 forms remained constant during successive stages of purification. The physiological significance of this multiplicity of forms remains unclear.
The use of anticoagulants improves biochemical control of localized prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy

BACKGROUND: Substantial experimental evidence suggests that anticoagulants (ACs) may inhibit cancer growth and metastasis, although the limited data from clinical trials have been inconsistent. The potential antineoplastic effect of ACs was investigated in patients who received radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 662 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate who received radiotherapy (RT) with curative intent. Among those 622 men, 243 (37%) were receiving ACs (warfarin, clopidogrel, and/or aspirin). All patients received external-beam RT, permanent seed implantation, or a combination of both. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values were monitored for biochemical control of disease. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 49 months, the biochemical control rate at 4-years was significantly better in patients who received ACs at 91% compared with 78% in patients who did not receive ACs (P = .0002). The distant metastasis rate at 4 years also was reduced in the AC group compared with the non-AC group (1% vs 5%; P = .0248). In subgroup analysis, the improvement in biochemical control was significant only for patients with high-risk disease. Along with Gleason score, T classification, and initial PSA, the use of AC therapy was associated independently with improved biochemical control in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: AC therapy was associated with an improvement in biochemical control in patients with prostate cancer who received RT with curative intent. The effect was most prominent in patients who had high-risk disease. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Influence of environmental factors on the wandering phase and pupariation in stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, larvae

. Components of the wandering phase of mature stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)) larvae were examined. The mean length of the wandering phase was estimated to be 10.6 ± 3.5 h. In a factorial experiment in which wandering larvae were allowed to pupate in media with three levels each of moisture, temperature and light, the mean time to 50% pupariation was delayed and the rate of pupariation was lowest at high moisture levels, but this latter effect was seen only at the moderate light level. Pupae in media with higher moisture contents had significantly higher fresh weights. However, none of the three factors affected dry weight of pupae. A significant interaction was observed between the effects of moisture and temperature on survival; only at highest moisture content and at the highest temperature did a significant decrease in survival occur. In a separate experiment, density was found to have no effect on mean time to 50% pupariation or the rate of pupariation. Puparium formation appeared to be random under a LD 169 h photocycle, showing no apparent circadian rhythm.
INTRAMETROPOLITAN LOCATIONS OF KOREAN BUSINESSES: THE CASE OF CHICAGO

Intrametropolitan locations of Korean businesses in the Chicago area are examined in terms of the ethnicity of their major customers: ethnic customers, inner-city minority customers, and White middle-class customers. The study reveals that Korean-owned stores providing important ethnic goods or services are spatially concentrated in Koreatown along Lawrence and Lincoln Avenues and in the northwestern suburbs. Korean businesses that serve inner-city minority customers are located mainly in southside Chicago, providing important necessities such as clothing, shoes, beauty supplies, and general merchandise. Uniquely, Korean entrepreneurs overwhelmingly dominate the dry cleaning business, which serves the White middle-class population and is thus scattered around the entire metropolitan area. Korean entrepreneurs' unusual market diversity comes from their effective utilization of ethnic resources and their unique linkage with the export-oriented home-country economy in the 1970s and 1980s. As a whole, their e...
XIV. On the magnetic effect of electrical convection

(1901). XIV. On the magnetic effect of electrical convection. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 2, No. 8, pp. 179-208.
Up-regulation and altered distribution of lysyl oxidase in the central nervous system of mutant SOD1 transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Abstract Mutations of the copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene can result in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The exact cellular mechanisms causing ALS are not known, but oxidative stress is thought to play a prominent role. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is one of the genes that are known to be up-regulated in ALS patients. In this study, we examined LOX localization in wild type rat and mouse brain sections using immunohistochemistry coupled with laser-scanning confocal microscope. The results showed that LOX, an extracellular matrix protein, was expressed in the choroid plexus, blood vessel walls, brain matrix, and neurons of normal rat and mice. In neurons, LOX was localized within the cytoplasm. LOX immunoreactivity increased in neurons of the spinal cord, brain stem and cortex, and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in transgenic G93A SOD1 (mSOD1) mouse model of ALS. In situ hybridization indicated that LOX gene expression was enhanced in the neurons of the spinal cord, brain stem, cortex, caudoputamen and cerebellum in mSOD1 mice compared with wild type controls. LOX enzyme activity was increased in mSOD1 mice. An increase in the amount of LOX mRNA, protein and enzyme activity was coincidental with late stage ALS, indicating that LOX may be associated with the progression of the neurodegenerative process in the mSOD1 model of ALS.
Flavor preferences conditioned with starch in rats

Rats were trained to associate artificial cherry or grape flavors with 1% starch suspensions. Conditioning was assessed by offering the rats a choice of the cherry versus grape flavors without starch. Conditioned preferences were moderately strong and persistent; 3 days of conditioning produced a preference that did not fully extinguish within 18 days. Food deprivation substantially increased intake of 1% starch suspension, However, the degree of preference conditioned was not influenced by the availability of food during the conditioning period; the rats that had been food deprived during training acquired as strong a preference as did those fed freely during training. The degree of preference obtained was similar in the rats given reinforcing and nonreinforcing fluids simultaneously or sequentially. Starch conditioned a slightly stronger preference than did the same concentration of glucose, even though these substances contain the same amount of calories. A statistically significant, but weak, preference was conditioned by 0.5%, but not by 0.25%, starch. It is proposed that the flavor of starch, independent of its calories, is reinforcing to rats.
Opportunities, information networks and international migration streams.

Abstract Theoretically, the basis for the continuance of international migration streams lies in the free flow of information between origin and destination. The people best informed about possible opportunities at the destination are most likely to emigrate. This idea is expressed as a simple linear equation and tested in predicting the size of migration streams from eight regions in Japan to each of four major Hawaiian Islands. A destination tends to attract new immigrants from an origin in direct proportion to the previously established amount of migration from that origin to that destination. In general, previous migration may have considerable relevance to continuation of streams in the future.
Decreased activity of cytidine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic CMP) phosphodiesterase in the fast-growing Morris hepatoma 3924A, but not in the slow-growing Morris hepatoma 9618A.

Abstract The activity level of the newly-identified cyclic CMP phosphodiesterase in the fast-growing Morris hepatoma 3924A was found to be much lower than the control (normal or host) liver. Its level in the slow-growing Morris hepatoma 9618A (a minimal deviation tumor), on the other hand, was the same as the host liver. The level of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase was higher, whereas that of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase was lower, in hepatoma 3924A than the control liver. In comparison, the levels of the two enzymes were both depressed in hepatoma 9618A. These findings suggest that depression of cyclic CMP phosphodiesterase may be related to the process and the rate of malignant growth, and that metabolism of cyclic CMP may be more crucial than that of cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP in the neoplastic cell proliferation.
The stimulation of diffusion of adenine nucleotides across bimolecular lipid membranes by divalent metal ions

Abstract The diffusion rates of [3H] adenine nucleotides across bimolecular lipid membranes were shown to be directly related to their organic/water partition coefficients, the order being ATP > ADP > AMP. Nucleotide diffusion was stimulated by divalent metal ions with the order of stimulation being Cu+2 ⪢ Zn+2 > Mg+2. The ability of a divalent metal ion to stimulate diffusion appears to be related to its ability to bind to the N-7 of the adenine ring. The divalent metal ions increase adenine nucleotide diffusion both by complexing with the nucleotide thus decreasing the charge on the nucleotide and by increasing the permeability of the lipid bilayer.
Identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non-vertebrate chordate

Neural crest arises at the neural plate border, expresses a core set of regulatory genes and produces a diverse array of cell types, including ectomesenchyme derivatives that elaborate the vertebrate head. The evolution of neural crest has been proposed to be a key event leading to the appearance of new cell types that fostered the transition from filter feeding to active predation in ancestral vertebrates. However, the origin of neural crest remains controversial, as homologous cell types have not been unambiguously identified in non-vertebrate chordates. Here we show that the tunicate Ciona intestinalis possesses a cephalic melanocyte lineage (a9.49) similar to neural crest that can be reprogrammed into migrating 'ectomesenchyme' by the targeted misexpression of Twist (also known as twist-like 2). Our results suggest that the neural crest melanocyte regulatory network pre-dated the divergence of tunicates and vertebrates. We propose that the co-option of mesenchyme determinants, such as Twist, into the neural plate ectoderm was crucial to the emergence of the vertebrate 'new head'.
Water : Hydrogen bonding and vibrational spectroscopy, in the bulk liquid and at the liquid/vapor interface

Abstract Vibrational spectroscopy, including infrared, Raman, sum-frequency, and ultrafast, has proven to be an exceptionally useful technique for probing the structure and dynamics of water, in the bulk liquid, and at the liquid/vapor interface. Focusing on the case of dilute HOD in D 2 O, we have previously analyzed infrared and Raman spectra for the bulk liquid by considering the OH frequency distribution for the ensemble of HOD molecules, and its partitioning into sub-distributions for molecules in different hydrogen-bonding environments, using one particular hydrogen-bonding definition. We have similarly analyzed the sum-frequency spectrum for the liquid/vapor interface by considering the relevant spectral density and its partitions. We show that our conclusions about the molecular origins of spectral features, and the lack of correlation in the hydrogen-bonding region between frequency and hydrogen-bonding environment, are robust, in the sense that qualitatively similar results are obtained for five other, not necessarily closely related, hydrogen-bond definitions.
Human Factors Challenge in Energy—An Overview:

H. Hollister, Director of the Office of Organizational and Environmental Safety, in his plenary-address describes the Department of Energy (DOE) complex and makes reference to the need for human factors support. In an attempt to improve understanding in the human factors community and to promote communication in this new field of energy, a review of DOE programs and facilities is described. A basic identification of broad requirements, needs or program improvements is stated based on a comprehensive field survey. Human Factors activities are described ranging from training and analysis underway for some time (Management Oversight and Risk Tree-MORT and Accident/Incident Investigation) to Sandia Laboratories contributions in planning and implementation of an Environment, Health, and Safety Assurance Program. Human Factors has picked up the challenge and has taken a major role toward future improvements in an already very safe industry.
A SMALL CLUSTER NEAR IC 1805.

A small group of stars near the edge of the IC 1805 (W4) H II region has been studied partly for evidence of a physical association with the nebula. The two brightest stars have pronounced shell spectra and evidence of hydrogen emission lines. A B8 V star with weak Hg lines, two normal B stars, and four fainter stars in the field were studied. UBV, H-beta, and Stromgren four-color photometry of nine stars yield a reddening of E(B - V) = 0.54 m, a distance of 485 pc, and an age of not greater than 10 to the 7.4th yr. The two shell stars and two normal B stars fall on the ZAMS but the Hg star is either a multiple or foreground star and the three fainter stars are probably background stars. The group is not associated with the more distant (2200 pc) IC 1805.
The performing patient in ritual healing.

A Peruvian curandero carries out curing rituals in 2 distinct coastal communities. The unprogrammed component of patient ritual involvement differs between the 2 settings while the formal ritual "script" is identical. The contrast between active participation and passive is attributed to the social context from which patients are drawn in each ritual location. Any variation is the result of the nature of patient involvement. This evidence suggests that patients as well as specialists contribute to the modification of folk healing practices in changed social and cultural circumstances. Modification of ritual accomplished by patients should not be interpreted as a loss of meaning but as a reformulation of meaning. (Authors modified)
The Effects of Pacing and Sequence Control in an Interactive Video Lesson.

The present study was carried out to determine the effects of learner versus program control of pacing and sequence in an interactive video lesson on photography. Materials included a computer program and an optical videodisc. Subjects for the study were 99 student volunteers from an undergraduate educational media course who received approximately 45 minutes of instruction followed by an immediate post‐test, with a delayed post‐test given two weeks later. Independent variables for the study included type of pacing control, type of sequence control, and time between post‐tests. Dependent variables included achievement and time on task. Results of the study showed significantly higher post‐test scores and decreased time on task associated with learner control of pacing. Learner control of sequence, however, showed no differences for retention or time on task.
Corrigendum to "Matrices and scaffolds for drug delivery in vascular tissue engineering"☆ (Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 59 (2007) 360-373)

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 61 (2009) 1386☆ This review is part of the Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews theme issue on “Matrices and Scaffolds for Drug Delivery in Tissue Engineering”.DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.018.⁎ Corresponding author.E-mail address: laura.suggs@mail.utexas.edu (L.J. Suggs).Fig. 3. (A) Schematic demonstrating a combination strategy for the delivery of HGF and BMNCs (bone marrow mononuclear cells) using a PEGylated ﬁbrin biomatrix. Delivery wasevaluatedinamurineinfarctmodel.Cellretentionratewassigniﬁcantlyincreasedwhendeliveredbyinjectablebiomatrixcomparedwithdirectinjection.ThenucleioftransplantedBMNCs were stained blue by X-gal and the slides were counterstained by eosin (red). By direct injection only a few cells were detected at the periscar region. (Reprinted withpermission from Leni, A., Kajstura, J., and Anversa, P. (2005). Cardiac Stem Cells and Mechanisms of Myocardial Regeneration. Physiol Rev 85, 1373–1416.) (B) When delivered byinjectable biomatrix the transplanted BMNCs formed clusters at the peri-scar (C) area. The cell retention rates were compared between the two delivery methods. (D) (Reprintedwith permission from [106].)0169-409X/$ – see front matter © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.addr.2009.08.002
Codependency and gender-stereotyped traits

This study examined the relationship between gender, positive and negative gender stereotyped traits, and eight codependency scales among 339 female and 115 male college students. The majority (63%) of the participants were Caucasian. Based on a feminist critique, we expected that women would be more codependent than men, both positive and negative female-stereotyped traits would be associated with codependency, and positive male-stereotyped traits would be inversely related to codependency. Gender differences were found on two of eight codependency measures. The negative femininity scales were strongly and consistently associated with the codependency measures, whereas the positive femininity scale was associated with only one codependency scale in the codependent direction. Positive masculinity was inversely related to codependency on six codependency scales. These findings suggest that codependency does not overlap with valued female-stereotyped traits, but rather with negative feminine traits devalued in both women and men.
Catalytic Unfolding and Proteolysis of Cytochrome c Induced by Synthetic Binding Agents

A class of polyanionic copper porphyrin dimers is shown to selectively increase the susceptibility of cytochrome c to proteolysis through binding-induced disruption of tertiary and secondary structure. The free energy of the protein conformation leading to proteolytic attack is stabilized by about 2.4 kcal/mol in the bound state. The proteolytic acceleration is catalytic in nature, requiring only a fraction of an equivalent of metalloporphyrin to effect complete, rapid digestion in the presence of a protease.
Tightening the Precision of Perspective Rendering

Abstract Precise depth calculation is of crucial importance in graphics rendering. Improving precision raises the quality of all downstream graphical techniques that rely on computed depth (e.g., depth buffers, soft and hard shadow maps, screen-space ambient occlusion, and 3D stereo projection). In addition, the domain of correctly renderable scenes is expanded by allowing larger far-to-near plane ratios and smaller depth separation between mesh elements. Depth precision is an ongoing problem because visible artifacts continue to plague applications from interactive games to scientific visualizations despite advances in graphics hardware. In this article we present and analyze two methods that greatly impact visual quality by automatically improving the precision of depth values calculated in a standard perspective-divide rendering system such as OpenGL or DirectX. The methods are easy to implement and compatible with 1/Z depth-value calculations. The analysis can be applied to any depth projection based ...
Imidazenil: an antagonist of the sedative but not the anticonvulsant action of diazepam.

Abstract Flumazenil (FLU), a specific benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor antagonist has been used in the treatment of acute BZ intoxication or the alleviation of BZ-induced withdrawal syndrome on the basis of its weak partial agonist action at GABA A receptors. However, given to patients, FLU can worsen diazepam-induced withdrawal syndrome by lowering seizure threshold. We therefore investigated whether imidazenil, a selective positive allosteric modulator of GABA action at GABA A receptors containing α 5 subunit, can antagonize diazepam-induced sedative action and suppression of locomotor activity without affecting diazepam anti-bicuculline action. We report here that while FLU (16.5 μmol/kg) showed no effect on locomotor activity and bicuculline-induced convulsion, it completely antagonized diazepam (10.5 μmol/kg) anti-bicuculline action and the suppression of locomotor activity. However, imidazenil (0.76 μmol/kg) elicited anti-bicuculline action and was dose-dependently antagonized by FLU (16.5 and 33 μmol/kg). Furthermore, imidazenil showed no effect on path length traveled but slightly decreased (40%) horizontal activity when compared to diazepam (85%), and maintained the anti-bicuculline action of diazepam to a threshold level similar to that observed with diazepam. Whereas cross-tolerance between BZs has been reported in animals and humans, we previously reported the absence of cross-tolerance between imidazenil and diazepam. Thus, we suggest that imidazenil might be more effective than FLU at alleviating the withdrawal syndrome associated with long-term BZ administration.
Theoretical assessment of indolylfulgimides and novel asymmetric di-indolylfulgimide photochromes

Abstract Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time Dependent-Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) were used to simulate the electronic and absorbance properties of mono- and di-fulgimide based photochromes. TD-M06//M06 effectively simulated 22 known indolylfulgimides, and the observed absorbance maxima were calculated within ±0.08 eV (±15 nm). Accurate simulation of 3 bisfulgimides (±0.09 eV, ±11 nm) further validated the method for assessing larger molecules with multiple photochromes. Seven novel indolylfulgimides were simulated and used in the design, simulation and analysis of 6 theoretical asymmetric di-indolylfulgimides. The di-indolylfulgimide D4 showed the greatest potential as an all-photonic multi-addressable photochrome. The data highlight the effectiveness of TD-DFT//DFT for simulating photochromic molecules and provide insight into the challenges involved in designing novel multi-photochromic systems.