cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aversive for Me, Wrong for You: First‐person Behavioral Aversions Underlie the Moral Condemnation of Harm

Many studies attest to the critical role of affect in the condemnation of harmful actions, but few attempt to identify the precise representations underlying this affective response. We propose a distinction between two potential sources of affect: an aversion to the negative outcomes of an action versus an aversion grounded in the action itself. Whereas previous models have focused on outcome-oriented processes (e.g. empathy and victim perspective-taking), we argue that moral judgment is also strongly influenced by action-based aversions. Specifically, we propose that individuals engage in a process of ‘evaluative simulation’ when judging others, imagining how much it would bother them to perform the same action. Furthermore, we present evidence that this aversion can be based in superficial sensory or motor properties of the action. We consider how such ‘action aversions’ might be acquired, and we highlight important areas for future research.
Simulated left atrial tumor: A hemodynamic, echocardiographic and cineangiographic study

Abstract An experimental model of a prolapsing left atrial tumor mass has been utilized In dogs to study the hemodynamic events of the cardiac cycle and the cineangiographic and echocardiographic manifestations of this condition. The characteristic ventricular notch has been correlated with the timing of the expulsion of the simulated tumor mass from the left ventricle to the left atrium. The early notch seen with small simulated tumors delays aortic ejection by 0.02 to 0.03 second and results in abbreviated aortic ejection time and minimal distortion of the E-F slope of anterior mitral leaflet motion in the echocardiogram. Larger masses lead to late ventricular notching, transiently interrupt aortic flow and may displace the anterior mitral leaflet until It impinges on the interventricular septum in mid-diastole and at the onset of systole. A transient systolic Increment of coronary flow is observed after expulsion of the tumor from the left ventricle into the left atrium. There is an echo-free interval immediately after opening of the mitral valve, indicating that tumor motion lags perceptibly behind the initial blood flow through the mitral orifice. The sudden expulsion of the mass from the ventricle to the atrium early in systole represents an in vivo example of the quick release phenomenon.
Investigation of gamma-ray induced polymer formation in the carboranes—IV: ESR of carborane radicals at 77°K☆

Abstract The ESR spectra found for γ-irradiated pure carboranes and carboranes in organic glassforming solvents at 77°K are reported and interpreted. In combination with optical absorption measurements in MTHF, these ESR spectra suggest the formation of cage-centered o-carborane anions which can be photolyzed by exciting in a strong absorption band λmax ∼ 320 nm. Such anions however are not the precursors of protonated 1-alkenyl-o-carboranes. The latter appear to undergo radical bridging reactions which may be partially responsible for the low rates of polymerization of 1-vinyl and 1-isopropenyl-o-carborane. Evidence for a radical formed by hydrogen loss from the o-carborane cage is also discussed.
Dendritic growth measurements in microgravity

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) is an orbital space flight experiment, lauched by NASA, in March, 1994, as part of the United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-2). The IDGE provided accurately measured dendritic growth rates, tip radii of curvature, and morphological observations of ultra-pure succinontrile in the supercoolings range between 0.05–2.0 K. Data were received in the form of pairs of digitized binary images telemetered to the ground from orbit in near-real-time, and as 35mm photographic film. The data taken above ca. 0.4 K supercooling provide the first comprehensive assessment of diffusion-limited dendritic growth, and those taken below this value yield new insights into the influence of convection. The IDGE also demonstrated that prior terrestrial dendritic growth data were generally corrupted by melt convection, making their comparison with diffusion-limited theories questionable. A key element in the design and operation of this experiment, which was in development for over ten years at a cost of approximately $12 million U.S., was its reliance on telescience for accomplishing in situ near-real-time monitoring and control of the experiment.
On the Weak Convergence of Dispersive Difference Schemes

In a report written in 1944, [2], von Neumann described a computational method for calculating flows admitting shocks with abitrary prescribed initial data. The method was a finite difference discretization of the equations of compressible flow in which space and time derivatives were differenced systematically, and viscosity and heat conduction were set equal to zero. Calculations at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, using punched card equipment, produced approximations that contained post-shock mesh scale oscillations see Fig. 1. V. Neumann suggested that these oscillations represented the heat energy created by the irreversible action of the shock, and that as Δx, Δt tend to zero, the approximate solutions tend in the weak sense to the correct discontinuous solutions of the fluid equations: “These considerations suggest the surmise that (25) is always a valid approximation of the hydrodynamical motion, but with this qualification: “It is not the xa(t) which approximate the x(q,t) but the averages of the xa over an interval of sufficient length of contiguous a’-s. The xa themselves perform oscillations around these averages and these oscillations do not tend to zero, but they make finite contributions to the total energy”.
The Computing Field: Structure

Since its inception in the 1930s, the computing field has passed through childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, and maturity. In its maturity it is a complex of fields gathered under a large umbrella sometimes called Computing and sometimes Information Technology body of knowledge
Zinc intakes and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: the Rancho Bernardo Study

BACKGROUND Low zinc intakes and reduced blood zinc concentrations have been reported to be associated with osteoporosis in women. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the independent association between dietary zinc and plasma zinc and the association of each with bone mineral density (BMD) and 4-y bone loss in community-dwelling older men. DESIGN Of the original Rancho Bernardo Study subjects, 396 men (age: 45-92 y) completed BMD measurements at baseline in 1988-1992 and 4 y later. Osteoporosis was defined as a BMD > or = 2.5 SDs below the mean for young women (a T-score < or = -2.5). At baseline, dietary intake data were collected by using a standard food-frequency questionnaire, and plasma zinc concentrations were measured by using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. RESULTS The mean dietary zinc intake was 11.2 mg, and the mean plasma zinc concentration was 12.7 micromol/L. Plasma zinc was correlated with total zinc intake (diet plus supplements). Dietary zinc intake and plasma zinc concentrations were lower in men with osteoporosis at the hip and spine than in men without osteoporosis at those locations. BMDs for the hip, spine, and distal wrist were significantly lower in men in the lowest plasma zinc quartile (<11.3 micromol/L) than in men with higher plasma zinc concentrations. The association between plasma zinc and BMD was cross-sectional, longitudinal, and independent of age or body mass index. However, plasma zinc did not predict bone loss during the 4-y interval. CONCLUSION Dietary zinc intake and plasma zinc each have a positive association with BMD in men.
Invisible Debility: Attitudes toward the Underrepresented in Library Workplaces

The American Library Association is committed to recruiting persons of color and those with disabilities to the profession, yet these groups are underrepresented among librarians. While intentional discrimination was the impetus for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, empirical studies in the workplace have exposed continued discrimination through unconscious bias. Extending such research to the library profession raises the question: How do librarians perceive the underrepresented as potential fellow library staff? In my recently conducted study of public library staff and future librarians, participants agreed that library staff should represent the diversity of the communities served; there was little support, however, for actively attempting to advance proportional representation through education or hiring.
Regulation of a Sulfur-Controlled Protease in Neurospora crassa

Wild-type Neurospora crassa produces and secretes extracellular protease(s) when grown on a medium containing a protein as its principle sulfur source. Readily available sulfur sources, such as sulfate or methionine, repress the synthesis of the proteolytic activity. Preliminary characterization of the proteolytic enzyme shows it to have a molecular weight of about 31,000, a pH optimum of 6 to 9 with casein as substrate, and esterolytic activity against acetyl-tyrosine ethyl ester with a pH optimum of 8.5. The enzyme activity is completely inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate, partially inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetate, but unaffected by iodoacetate. The proteolytic activity is temperature labile and is reduced by 75% within 15 min at 60 C. Synthesis of the protease activity is induced by proteins, and to a lesser extent by large-molecular-weight polyamino acids, but not at all by small peptides or amino acid mixtures. During conidial out-growth, the protease(s) first appears at about 8 h and continues to increase while the cells are in an active growth phase. When a low concentration of sulfate is present, the protease(s) is not produced until about 18 h, suggesting that the sulfate must first be used by the cells before the protease is either synthesized or released.
Introducing a Low‐Head Dam Fatality Database and Internet Information Portal

Low-head dams can cause dangerous currents near the downstream face of the structure. Fatalities at low-head dams with such currents, often referred to as “drowning machines,” are poorly documented. This technical note presents a new database of fatalities at low-head dams in the United States together with an interactive map and web-based user interface. The primary purpose of the system is to raise awareness, generate interest, and educate the general public and decision makers regarding these dangerous structures and the need for remediation. The database was designed as a normalized relational database of event dates, severity, location, reporter, and other circumstances. The open-access user interface allows the general public to browse fatal incidents by geographic location and to read incident circumstances. The system allows submission of new contributions from users including all metadata needed to characterize the incident. The database is structured to include documentation verifying each entry. The site can be viewed at http://dams.byu.edu/.
Feasibility of semi-quantitative assessment of left ventricular contractile reserve in dilated cardiomyopathy.

Background: We and others have shown previously that left ventricular (LV) contractile reserve assessed quantitatively by high-dose dobutamine stress-echocardiography (DSE) has prognostic implications in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Purpose: To assess the feasibility of semi-quantitative assessment of LV contractile reserve by differently skilled operators in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods: High-dose DSE was performed in 63 consecutive patients, mean age 50 ± 10 years and ejection fraction (EF) 19 ± 8%. LVEF was calculated 1) using Simpson's biplane formula, and 2) semi-quantitatively (5% increments) by novice and experienced echocardiographers, and by a DSE expert. Patients were considered to have preserved LV contractile reserve if LVEF dobutamine-induced change was ≥5%. Results: Twenty-seven (45.8%) patients died during the 5-year follow-up. The feasibility of the assessment was 89%, 94%, and 98% for novice and experienced readers and DSE expert, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that LV contractile reserve assessed semi-quantitatively by DSE expert and experienced reader achieved the best prognostic separation (log rank 19.63 and 18.99, respectively, p < 0.001 for both), followed by quantitative assessment (log rank 9.76, p = 0.0018) and assessment by novice reader (log rank 8.76, p = 0.012). Areas under the curves were similar for quantitative and semi-quantitative assessment of LV contractile reserve. Conclusions: Our data indicate that semi-quantitative assessment of LV contractile reserve is feasible by differently skilled operators. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 40:405–409, 2012
Characterization of a chemically conjugated lipase bioreactor.

Lipase from Candida cylindracea was immobilized on glass beads using the biospecific and high-affinity avidin−biotin interaction. Biotinylated lipase and glass beads were prepared by reactions of lipase and 3-aminopropyl glass beads with sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido)hexanoate (NHS-LC-biotin). Avidin and biotinylated lipase were sequentially adsorbed to the biotinylated glass beads. Biotinylated lipase in solution retained about 63% of the hydrolytic specific activity of native lipase when an average 3 mol of biotin was incorporated/mol of lipase. Nonporous glass beads contained more biotin and protein (avidin and lipase) per unit of surface area, followed by 302 nm mean pore diameter controlled-pore glass beads (CPG-3000) and 198 nm mean pore diameter controlled-pore glass beads (CPG-2000). The hydrolytic specific activity of lipase immobilized on CPG-3000 and on nonporous beads was essentially the same as that for the biotinylated free enzyme, whereas that immobilized on CPG-2000 was about 50% less. ...
An examination of the dynamic behaviour of part-families in group technology

Abstract Group Technology (GT.) is a management concept which adequately serves the purpose of increasing the productivity of a small batch producer. Since its inception, the concept has progressively grown from a technique to a philosophy and its impact- on the different limbs of the organization structure is now being recognized. Companies that have adopted G.T. claim significant reductions in throughput times and costs. But analytical research on G.T. is lagging behind its industrial application The main thrust of this research effort is to define the critical problem areas encountered while taking an analytical approach. A simulation model in SEMSGRJ PT 1 I'd has been developed for the purpose of the research. The effect of the important variables on the performance of a G.T. shop is demonstrated with the help of this model. The model is intended to be general so that the significance of the different parameters and variables can be evaluated for several manufacturing environments.
The Party, Going Strong: Congress and Elections in the Mid-19th Century

(1981). The Party, Going Strong: Congress and Elections in the Mid-19th Century. Congress & the Presidency: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 37-60.
Carbon dioxide reforming of methane to synthesis gas over supported cobalt catalysts

Abstract The CO2 reforming of CH4 over Co supported on an alkaline earth metal oxide (MgO, CaO, SrO, or BaO) as well as on γ-Al2O3 and on SiO2 was investigated. Among these supports, only MgO exhibited a high and stable activity. It provided a CO yield of 93% and a H2 yield of 90% at the high space velocity of 60 000 ml g−1 h−1, which remained unchanged during the period of study of 50 h. γ-Al2O3 provided initially a high CO yield, which, however, rapidly decayed. All the other supports exhibited low CO yields and CaO and SiO2 also low stabilities. A solid solution of CoO and MgO was identified by XRD in the calcined MgO supported catalyst, but not in the other supports. Because the oxygens in the solid solution are shared by both Mg and Co and their interactions with Mg are strong, the solid solution is less reducible than the pure CoO and small clusters of metallic Co are generated. Being at least partially embedded in the substrate, these clusters are more stable to sintering than the usual ones; being small they do not favor coke formation. For these reasons, this catalyst exhibits high stability.
A role for the copper transporter Ctr1 in the synergistic interaction between hyperthermia and cisplatin treatment.

AbstractPurpose: Hyperthermia enhances cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesised that hyperthermia increases cisplatin accumulation and efficacy by modulating function of copper transport protein 1 (Ctr1), a major regulator of cellular cisplatin uptake. We examined the significance of Ctr1 in the synergistic interaction between hyperthermia and cisplatin. We assessed the importance of cisplatin- and hyperthermia-induced Ctr1 multimerisation in sensitising cells to cisplatin cytotoxicity.Materials and methods: Ctr1 protein levels and cisplatin sensitivities were assessed in bladder cancer cell lines with immunoblotting and clonogenic survival assays. Using Myc-tagged-Ctr1 HEK293 cells, we assessed the effect of hyperthermia on Ctr1 multimerisation with immunoblotting. The effect of hyperthermia on cisplatin sensitivity and accumulation was assessed in wild-type (WT) and Ctr1 knockout (Ctr1−/−) mouse embryonic...
Dynamic programming and a max-min problem in the theory of structures

Abstract A max—min problem in the realm of optimum beam design is formulated and thoroughly investigated from a dynamic programming point of view. It is shown that the conditions of optimality can be directly derived from the Hamilton—Jacobi—Bellman equation of the process. The classical Euler—Lagrange equations for the beam are derived from the fundamental partial differential equation. It is shown that the conditions of optimality associated with the minimum operation are local expressions of the theorem of Castigliano. An analytical solution for the unconstrained optimum cantilever laying on elastic foundation is presented, and a method of successive approximations consisting in a stable, two-sweep iterative procedure, is developed. Numerical examples are given.
Teaching CFD: Combining Experiments and Practical Projects With Numerical Simulations

This paper describes two projects assigned to students in a senior/beginning graduate level course on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) at Oakland University. One of the novel features of this course is a class project that combines a laboratory experiment with a CFD flow analysis. This project involves pressure and velocity measurements in a venturi device in a wind tunnel apparatus and their subsequent comparison to CFD simulation results for the same geometry using the commercial CFD software Fluent®. A second project, “Turbulent Flow Through a 90-degree Elbow,” involves the use of CFD simulations to propose an explanation for and possible solution to the erratic behavior of a paddle-type flow detection switch placed in a 90-degree bend to detect the presence of air flow in the circular duct. Details of these class assignments, as well as results and lessons learned from this course experience are discussed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Benefits of the Paraspinal Muscle-Sparing Approach Versus the Conventional Midline Approach for Posterior Nonfusion Stabilization: Comparative Analysis of Clinical and Functional Outcomes

Background The influence of approach on outcomes of posterior nonfusion stabilization has not been described. This paper analyzes the influence of surgical approach on functional outcome with nonfusion stabilization. Methods We performed a prospective consecutive cohort outcome analysis of 88 patients who had undergone posterior nonfusion stabilization of the lumbar spine at 178 levels using the Dynesys system (Zimmer Spine, Inc, Warsaw, Indiana). Patients needing decompression (n = 42) were operated through a midline approach using microscopic laminotomy/foraminotomy with or without discectomy, followed by posterior nonfusion stabilization with Dynesys. None of the patients had a complete laminectomy. Patients not needing decompression (n = 46) underwent the procedure via the bilateral paraspinal muscle-sparing approach and were subsequently stabilized. Clinical and functional outcomes data were collected using the visual analog scale (VAS), Treatment Intensity Score (TIS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and SF-36. Average follow-up was 18 months (range, 12–36 mo). Results All outcome measures in both groups showed significant improvement at last follow-up. Between the groups a significant difference was apparent in the reduction of the TIS when measured at 1 week and 6 weeks. The preoperative, 1-week, and 6-week values were 66, 48, and 40, respectively (P Conclusions Significantly fewer patients required postoperative narcotics in the paraspinal group than in the midline group. This improvement in early outcomes suggests a significant early benefit to the less tissue-destructive muscle-sparing approach in posterior nonfusion stabilization procedures.
Enantioselective synthesis of the top half of chlorothricolide

Abstract Highly enantio- and diastereoselective syntheses of spirotetronates 4 and 5 corresponding to the top half of chlorothricolide are described.
Expression profiling of Ral-depleted bladder cancer cells identifies RREB-1 as a novel transcriptional Ral effector

Although the monomeric GTPases RalA and RalB have been shown to regulate a variety of transcription factors, little is known regarding the differences or similarities in transcriptional programs regulated by RalA compared to RalB. Further, the association of these transcriptional pathways to human carcinogenesis and progression remains unclear. Here, we studied the role of RalA and/or RalB in transcriptional regulation by combining short interfering RNA depletion of Ral with gene expression profiling via microarray in the human bladder cancer cell line, UMUC-3. A large number of genes were found to be similarly modulated in cells with RalA and RalB depletion, suggesting that RalA and RalB impinge on overlapping transcriptional signaling pathways. However, smaller sets of genes were modulated by depletion of RalA or RalB, indicating that these closely related proteins also regulate nonoverlapping transcriptional pathways. Computational analysis of upstream sequences of genes modulated by Ral depletion identified Ras-responsive element-binding protein (RREB)-1, as a putative Ral transcriptional target, which we verified experimentally. Importantly, as a group, Ral-regulated probe sets identified here were disproportionally represented among those differentially expressed as a function of human bladder transformation. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that Ral family members mediate both common and specific transcriptional programs that are associated with human cancer and identify RREB-1 as a novel transcriptional effector of Ral.
Effect of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 on the translational diffusion of phospholipids in Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers

Abstract Previous work has shown that bovine prothrombin fragment 1 binds to supported planar membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine in a Ca 2+ -specific manner (Tendian et al. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 10991; Pearce et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 5983–5995). In the present work, fluorescence pattern photobleaching recovery has been used to examine the effect of membrane-bound fragment 1 on the translational diffusion coefficients of two fluorescent phospholipids in fluid-like phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers. The results show that saturating concentrations of fragment 1, in the presence of Ca 2+ , reduce the diffusion coefficient of nitrobenzoxadiazolyl-conjugated phosphatidylserine (NBD-PS) and nitrobenzoxadiazolyl-conjugated phosphatidylcholine (NBD-PC) by factors of approximately four and two, respectively. Ca 2+ or fragment 1 alone do not have a statistically significant effect on NBD-PS or NBD-PC diffusion. In addition, a nonspecific protein (ovalbumin) does not change the diffusion coefficients of the fluorescent phospholipids either in the absence or presence of Ca 2+ . The fractions of the fluorescent phospholipids that are laterally mobile are approximately 0.9 for all samples. These results are interpreted with several models for possible mechanisms by which extrinsically bound proteins might retard phospholipid diffusion in membranes.
Fetal erythropoietin levels in growth-restricted and appropriately grown neonates with and without abnormal fetal heart rate tracings: a comparison with cord blood gases and Apgar scores.

Fetal Erythropoietin Levels in Growth-Restricted and Appropriately Grown Neonates With and Without Abnormal Fetal Heart Rate Tracings: A Comparison With Cord Blood Gases and Apgar Scores
Economic and environmental implications of soybean production and use on Pennsylvania dairy farms

Two challenges facing dairy producers are low profit and environmental issues related to nutrient management. Whole-farm simulation was used to determine if adding small grain crops to traditional corn and alfalfa rotations provided long-term environmental and economic benefits. Small grain cropping strategies included 1) corn double cropped with barley harvested as cash crop grain and straw bedding, 2) corn double cropped with barley harvested as feed grain and straw, 3) corn double cropped with barley harvested as silage, 4) corn double cropped with rye harvested as silage, and 5) corn replaced with cash crop wheat and straw bedding. Nitrogen leaching loss over the farm was reduced by 10 kg/ha (8.9 lb/acre) when 40% of the corn was double cropped with a small grain, and soil P accumulation was reduced by 2 kg/ha (1.8 lb/acre) per year. Annual farm net return or profit was increased by up to $93/cow when double-cropped barley or single-cropped wheat was harvested as grain and straw, by about $30/cow for double-cropped barley silage, and $50/cow for double-cropped rye silage. Use of small grains generally reduced the risk or year-to-year variation in net return. The economic benefit of using small grains was not sensitive to farm size, herd milk production level, the amount of forage used in animal rations, or grain prices, but there was less benefit when the farm was moved to a more northern climate. If straw was not harvested and used for bedding, the economic benefit for producing grain as a cash crop or feed was eliminated. Use of small grain crops on Pennsylvania dairy farms should be encouraged, particularly when double cropped with corn, to reduce N leaching loss, reduce soil P accumulation, and improve farm profit.
Abstract 4105: Nitric-oxide-mediated inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) is a novel mechanism of bile acid induced damage: Relevance to esophageal carcinogenesis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition that is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Gastric acid and bile acids are two components of refluxate that induce proliferation, DNA damage and oxidative stress. In combination, the effects of gastric acid and bile acids are amplified and synergistic. The major goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of bile acids alone or in combination with acid on intracellular pH (pHi). A mechanism responsible for bile acid-induced pHi alterations was examined. Methods: CP-A cells (non-dysplastic Barrett's esophagus cells) were treated with medium acidified to pH 5.5 and/or 0.5mM bile acid cocktail in the presence/absence of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or NHE (sodium-hydrogen exchanger). pHi was measured by BCECF microfluorimetry in perfused cells, nitric oxide by DAF-FM fluorescence and DNA damage by the comet assay. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of phosphorylated (activated) eNOS, iNOS and NHE1. Results: A dose-dependent decrease in pHi was observed in CP-A cells exposed to bile acids. Bile acid-induced intracellular acidification was abolished when NO production was inhibited by a nonspecific NOS inhibitor L-NAME or by thea specific iNOS inhibitor 1400W. In contrast the NHE inhibitor DMA, significantly decreased the bile acid-mediated pHi response. Exposure of the cells to acidified medium (pH5.5) containing a 0.5mM bile acid cocktail, markedly decreased pHi pHi to a value below extracellular pH. Importantly, medium acidified to pH5.5 containing 0.5mM bile acids induced a similar decrease in pHi as medium acidified to pH 4.5 without bile acids. This The same treatment resulteds in a 250% increase in acid-mediated DNA damage compared to medium acidified to pH5.5 in CP-A cells. Conclusion: In summary, a new mechanism of bile acid induced damage was identified. Bile acids alone or in combination with acidic pH significantly decrease intracellular pH in esophageal cells. The results suggest the effect ofresponse tpo bile acids is the consequence of NOS activation and that leads to NHE inhibition. The mMarked increase in DNA damage after suggests exposure to bile acids in combination with acid may play a crucial role in esophageal carcinogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4105.
Forage intake and efficiency of feed utilization in dairy cattle.

Summary The data from 12 forage experiments, involving 175 Holstein-Friesian cows, were analyzed to study the variation among cows in their forage appetite and the efficiency of feed utilization. Highly significant differences were found among cows in their forage dry matter intake, even after adjustment had been made for milk production, body weight, and daily changes in weight. On a within forage treatment period and year basis the repeatability of the weekly average of forage dry matter consumption was 0.70. Cows tended to maintain their rank in forage consumption when fed several different kinds of forage. The difference among cows in their efficiency of feed utilization was also highly significant. The average efficiency for 20 wk., starting 60 days after calving, was a requirement of 56.7lb. of TDN for each 100lb. of FCM produced. Consistent and highly significant differences in efficiency were found in favor of grass silage as compared with hay as a source of forage. Some possible explanations of this are discussed.
FINANCIAL COUNSELING FOR FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC DISABILITIES

A program to teach financial management skills to parents of children with chronic illnesses and disabilities was developed. To test the effectiveness of this program, a randomized, controlled prospective study was conducted of 115 families of children with spina bifida, 58 of whom received financial counseling while 57 served as controls. Significantly more frequent changes in behavior were found in the intervention group than in the control group at the end of the one-year study for 18 of the 68 variables, including such items as establishing records, using a budget, obtaining low-cost life insurance and taking appropriate tax deductions. Three-quarters of the families in the intervention group believe that the counseling program had had or would have a beneficial effect on the quality of their lives. Financial counseling may benefit families with chronically ill or disabled children.
SU-GG-T-434: A Joint Research Investigation Comparing MCNPX and Geant4 Monte Carlo Codes to Reduce the Range Uncertainties in Proton Therapy

Purpose: Advanced technology may help control the depth of the dose delivered to anatomical regions in the patient with a accuracy close to 1 mm. Monte Carlo methods are able to precisely model the transport of protons within the patient offering the potential to assist in achieving this level of accuracy. Both MCNPX and Geant4 Monte Carlo codes have been used for proton beam therapy simulations. However, to our knowledge very little has been done to compare the inherent differences in the handling of proton transport between the two codes. Methods: A detailed comparison of proton dose distributions within a variety of phantoms was performed between MCNPX and Geant4. Simulations were done using a generic water phantom, a complex phantom with bone and lung components, and a patient phantom produced from CT data. A spread‐out Bragg peak proton beam with a range of 17.3 cm and a modulation width of 5 cm was considered. A qualitative comparison investigating the differences between dose distributions together with quantitative comparisons using gamma analysis was completed. Results: The MCNPX and Geant4 dose distributions agreed very well for most cases. For all curves considered the gamma analysis yielded at least 90% of the points within the 2% and 2 mm criteria. There appears to be a slight disagreement in the uniformity of SOBPs in the water and complex phantom. Conclusion: This study improves our understanding of the differences in the proton dose deposition predicted from MCNPX and Geant4 Monte Carlo codes.
Executive Summary: Healthier Students Are Better Learners

No matter how well teachers are prepared to teach, no matter what accountability measures are put in place, no matter what governing structures are established for schools, educational progress will be profoundly limited if students are not motivated and able to learn. Health-related problems play a major role in limiting the motivation and ability to learn of urban minority youth, and interventions to address those problems can improve educational as well as health outcomes. Healthier students are better learners. Recent research in fields ranging from neurosciences and child development to epidemiology and public health provide compelling evidence for the causal role that educationally relevant health disparities play in the educational achievement gap that plagues urban minority youth. This is why reducing these health disparities must be a fundamental part of school reform. School leaders must prioritize how to use scarce resources to address the critical health problems affecting youth. In the articles presented in this special issue of the Journal of School Health, 3 criteria were used for establishing priorities: prevalence and extent of health disparities negatively affecting urban minority youth; evidence of causal effects on educational outcomes; and feasibility of implementing proven or promising school-based programs and policies to address the health problem. Based on these criteria, 7 educationally relevant health disparities were selected as strategic priorities: (1) vision, (2) asthma, (3) teen pregnancy, (4) aggression and violence, (5) physical activity, (6) breakfast, and (7) inattention and hyperactivity. Many other health problems affecting youth are also important, and the particular health problems deemed most important in a given school or school district will vary. The health factors specified in this essay affect a large proportion of American youth. Visual problems have been estimated to affect 20% of youth.
Transforming growth factor-α and human cancer

Human transforming growth factor-alpha TGF-alpha, a polypeptide growth factor which causes reversible transformation of normal cells, is composed of 50 amino acid residues, has a 30 to 40% amino acid homology to epidermal growth factor (EGF), and binds the EGF receptor. In human cancers, studies are beginning to show that TGF-alpha could serve as a tumor marker and as a marker for the malignant potential of a tumor. Thus far, the types of carcinomas with which abnormal TGF-alpha expression has been associated include liver, gastrointestinal, breast, skin, lung, brain and ovarian cancers. TGF-alpha may play a role in the processes involved with tumor initiation and tumor growth. In cell lines, TGF-alpha has been found to be associated with autocrine and paracrine types of cellular growth initiation and with increased levels of oncogene expression. In summary, the evidence concerning human TGF-alpha are that TGF-alpha could serve as a marker for human cancers and that an understanding of the basic actions of TGF-alpha could help to explain the self-sustaining nature of tumors.
Gender Differences in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Vary With Activity Epidemiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in a Young, Athletic Population

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that women involved in similar activities as men are at increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament injuries.HypothesisThe incidence rate of complete anterior cruciate ligament tears for men and women in our athletic, college-aged population is similar.Study DesignDescriptive epidemiology study.MethodsStudents graduating in class years 1994 to 2003 at our institution who sustained complete anterior cruciate ligament tears were assessed for mechanism of injury and type of sport played at time of injury. We calculated the incidence proportion, an estimation of risk, by gender and class year, and the incidence proportion ratio comparing men and women by class year. We also calculated incidence rates by gender and type of sport played and incidence rate ratios comparing men and women.ResultsThere were 353 anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the 10 classes studied. We found an overall, 4-year incidence proportion of 3.24 per 100 (95% confidence interval, 2.89-3.63) fo...
Neuroanatomical basis for facilitation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to a novel stressor after chronic stress

Animals exposed to chronic stress exhibit normal or enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal responses to novel, acute stimuli despite the inhibitory endogenous corticosteroid response to the chronic stressor. Prior stress is thought to induce a central facilitatory trace that, upon exposure to a novel stimulus, balances or overcomes the inhibitory effects of corticosterone. The neuroanatomical basis for this facilitation of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal responses is unknown. In this study, we first show increased adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone responses to the novel stressor of restraint in rats exposed to intermittent cold for seven days. We then compared numbers of Fos-immunoreactive cells in 26 sites in control and chronically stressed rats at various times after onset of a 30 min restraint. At 60 min, density of Fos-stained cells was significantly higher in chronically stressed than in control rats in the parabrachial/Kolliker-Fuse area, posterior paraventricular thalamus, central, basolateral and basomedial nuclei of the amygdala and parvocellular paraventricular hypothalamus. The posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus receives projections from the parabrachial nucleus and projects heavily to the differentially stained subnuclei of the amygdala, which in turn project to the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. We propose that increased activity in the parabrachial-posterior paraventricular thalamus-amygdala-parvocellular paraventricular hypothalamus underlies facilitation of the hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis to novel stress in chronically stressed rats. We confirmed part of this proposal by showing that lesions of the posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus increase adrenocorticotropin responses to restraint only in previously chronically stressed animals. This potential circuit provides a basis for further examination of the functional roles of these regions in stress-induced facilitation of hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal activity.
Phytoremediation of Arsenic: Fundamental Studies, Practical Applications, and Future Prospects

Abstract Arsenic is a toxic element that is naturally present but is also introduced through a variety of anthropogenic activities. Phytoremediation, which is the use of green plants to minimize the impact of toxic substances, has been widely used for arsenic. Phytoextraction employs plants to accumulate toxins into aboveground biomass. Pteris vittata, commonly known as the brake fern, was the first species used for phytoextraction and the most widely investigated, although other Pteris plants have been successfully employed. Several studies have investigated the accumulation of arsenic in food plants to assess possible impact upon human health. Phytostabilization, which involves the use of contaminant-immobilizing soil amendments with plants to reduce contaminant availability, has been successfully employed for arsenic. It is expected that phytoremediation will be employed in the future as a low-cost alternative for the remediation of arsenic in soil.
Got milk? Oxytocin triggers hippocampal plasticity.

Giving birth improves spatial memory in rodents. A new study shows that oxytocin, which triggers birth and milk release, activates a signaling cascade involved in learning, and that this hormone is necessary and sufficient for memory improvement in mice that have had litters.
The pump power dependence of the femtosecond relaxation of CdSe nanoparticles observed in the spectral range from visible to infrared

The pump power dependence of the relaxation dynamics of CdSenanoparticles (NPs) was studied with femtosecond pump probe spectroscopy at observation wavelengths of the first exciton transition at 560 nm, the near infrared (NIR) absorption at 2 μm, and the transient mid-infrared (IR) absorption at 4.5 μm. Excitation with less than one photon per particle leads to bleaching of the excitonic transitions, and the bleach intensity is initially linear to the pump power. At higher pump power the bleach intensity levels off, when complete saturation of the excitonic transition is reached. At the same time, increasing pump power causes an acceleration of the bleach decay, which is due to additional Auger processes when multiple excitons are formed in the NPs. In addition, the pump power effect was investigated for the NIR and IR regions, at 2 and 4.5 μm wavelength, respectively. Whereas the IR transients are very similar to the ones observed for the bleach, the NIR transients behave completely different. No pump power dependence was found for the transients at 2 μm when pumped in a power range from 0.5 to 5 μJ per pulse. The results show that the fs transients in the visible (bleach) and IR (absorption) regions are due to electron relaxation in the conduction band and the NIR transients are due to the relaxation of the hole. Furthermore, it suggests that in the investigated CdSe NPs, Auger processes act much more efficiently on the electrons than for the holes.
Virus-host co-evolution under a modified nuclear genetic code

Among eukaryotes with modified nuclear genetic codes, viruses are unknown. However, here we provide evidence of an RNA virus that infects a fungal host (Scheffersomyces segobiensis) with a derived nuclear genetic code where CUG codes for serine. The genomic architecture and phylogeny are consistent with infection by a double-stranded RNA virus of the genus Totivirus. We provide evidence of past or present infection with totiviruses in five species of yeasts with modified genetic codes. All but one of the CUG codons in the viral genome have been eliminated, suggesting that avoidance of the modified codon was important to viral adaptation. Our mass spectroscopy analysis indicates that a congener of the host species has co-opted and expresses a capsid gene from totiviruses as a cellular protein. Viral avoidance of the host’s modified codon and host co-option of a protein from totiviruses suggest that RNA viruses co-evolved with yeasts that underwent a major evolutionary transition from the standard genetic code.
Reconstruction of the complex refractive index in nonlinear phase contrast tomography

A new nonlinear method to reconstruct the complex refractive index distribution with in-line phase tomography measurements is presented. The inverse problem is regularized with the Tikhonov smoothing norm of the index. The original nonlinear iterative approach is based on the Frechet derivative of the intensity recorded at a single propagation distance and on a Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction technique. The reconstruction method requires no a priori knowledge about the materials. The algorithm is successfully applied to some simulated data with noise.
The Origin of Crustacean Biramous Appendages and the Evolution of Arthropoda

The evolution of biramous appendages in crustaceans is central to the debate on the origin of the arthropods. It is proposed that the biramous limb evolved through the basal fusion of adjacent pairs of ancestrally uniramous appendages. As a result, the existing system of homology, in which uniramous and biramous appendages are considered equivalent, may be invalid. Similarly, the homology of individual body segments between uniramians, such as insects and myriapods, and arthropod groups with biramous limbs is also called into question. Two uniramian segments, or a diplosegment, may be homologous to a single body segment in biramous groups.
Approaches to color rendering measurement

Color rendering refers to a light source's ability to make the colors of illuminated objects appear natural or accurate. The color rendering index (CRI) is currently the only internationally-standardized way to assess a light source's color rendering abilities. The CRI has shortcomings in application, however, and its problems are pronounced when applied to newer lighting technologies, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Since the introduction of the CRI to the present day, alternative methods have been proposed and studied. Some methods are based on the shape of the spectral output of the source, considering broadband sources to have better color rendering than sources with spectral peaks or valleys. Several proposals share the basic method of CRI, with modifications to improve performance. Still other ideas are based on measures of the gamut area of rendered object colors. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is in the process of developing and recommending a new metric of color rendition.
What we do and don't know about 'race', 'ethnicity', genetics and health at the dawn of the genome era

A true understanding of disease risk requires a thorough examination of root causes. 'Race' and 'ethnicity' are poorly defined terms that serve as flawed surrogates for multiple environmental and genetic factors in disease causation, including ancestral geographic origins, socioeconomic status, education and access to health care. Research must move beyond these weak and imperfect proxy relationships to define the more proximate factors that influence health.
HYPOURICAEMIC EFFECT OF POLYETHYLENEGLYCOL MODIFIED URATE OXIDASE

Abstract Uricase from Candida utilis was covalently attached to polyethyleneglycol (PEG). The modification of 71% of the amino groups in the uricase molecule produced a preparation retaining 11% of activity which did not elicit an antibody response in mice or man. 5 men with advanced haematological malignancies received a single intravenous injection of PEG-uricase which resulted in the rapid disappearance of serum uric acid for over 32 hours. An identical injection thirty days later gave similar results. No toxic effects were seen.