cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary-layer transition on a body of revolution

The laminar-to-turbulent transition region was measured over a body length Reynolds number range of 9.55- 47.7 million on a large, streamlined, axisymmetric body sting mounted in the Applied Research Laboratory's 1.22 m diameter water tunnel. Theoretical calculations of the transition Reynolds numbers for this body shape were carried out and the results were correlated with the experimental data. It is shown that good correlation can be achieved if en is chosen as the transition criterion in the linear stability calculations, where n is an empirical number, which depends on the freestream turbulence intensity. It was found that this number approached 9 for those test velocities where the freestream turbulence intensity is on the order of 0.1%. OUNDARY-layer transition on axisymmetric bodies is of practical importance because its location influences the total skin frictional drag of the body. It is well recognized that moving the transition point downstream to larger body arc length positions results in drag reduction. Consequently, much of the current research is dealing with boundary-layer control concepts such as temperature differentials at the wall and surface suction. The Applied Research Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University is actively engaged in transition research from both the analytical and experimental points of view. Experiments are generally designed for the 1.22 m diameter water tunnel located at this laboratory. This facility is par- ticularly suited for such work because of the high water velocities that can be attained (up to 19.8 m/s), the ability to test large bodies ( — 0.50 m in diameter and -3.5 m long), and the fact that settling section turbulence management results in test section turbulence intensities that are quite low ( — 0.1 %). Under normal operating water temperatures (25 °C) this water tunnel has an upper unit Reynolds number of approximately 21 million/m. By way of preliminary preparation for planned experiments on bodies with various types of boundary-laye r control, the work described in this paper was carried out. After a can- didate body shape was selected and a test model fabricated, experiments were performed in the 1.22 m diameter water tunnel to acquire baseline transition data and in-tunnel body pressure distributions. Except for the hydrodynamic shape of this body, no boundary-laye r control was employed in these experiments. The results of the pressure distribution measurements are presented elsewhere.! In addition to the experimental results, theoretical calculations for the growth of linear disturbances in the laminar boundary layer are also described for the test body. These calculations were performed using the methods of Gentry and Wazzan,2 where the body pressure distribution (which is a required input) was calculated from potential flow theory and corrected for inviscid tunnel interference ef- fects.3'4 The transition location may be deduced from this
Wives’ and Husbands’ Nonfamily Experiences and First-Birth Timing

This paper investigates the impact of wives’, husbands’, and couples’ experiences on first-birth timing in an arranged marriage society undergoing dramatic social change. Though previous research has emphasized that the transition away from arranged marriage may speed first births via mechanisms such as increased coital frequency, the nonfamily experiences closely associated with lower likelihoods of arranged marriage may delay first births through other mechanisms. Using replicated measures of nonfamily and marital experiences from both husbands and wives, the analyses presented here investigate consequences of nonfamily and marital experiences. Results reveal that role incompatibility has stronger consequences for wives than for husbands, but resource accumulation speeds first-birth timing. Additionally, results show that husbands’ experiences associated with the spread of new ideas and independence have stronger consequences on first-birth timing than those of wives’.
Synergism in cellulase systems

Abstract Synergism between different cellulase components exists when they are acting simultaneously on insoluble cellulosic substrates. However, the degree of synergism observed appears to depend on several factors, including the type of substrate and the nature of a particular cellulase component. Cross-synergism between the cellobiohydrolase and endoglucanase components from different sources also occurs. The mechanism of synergism between components is not yet understood, but there is a clear relationship between the ability of an endoglucanase component to be adsorbed on the surface of cellulose and its potential to synergistically interact with a cellobiohydrolase. Also, the degree of synergism is greatest when the substrate is not saturated with enzyme.
THE EFFECTS OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT ON EVALUATIONS OF POLICE SERVICES

In this paper, the effects of neighborhood racial composition and wealth are compared to the effects of police expenditures per capita and crime rate upon assessments of neighborhood police services in Boston. The results indicate that: (1) there is little correspondence between the level of police expenditures per capita and the level of citizen satisfaction; (2) higher neighborhood crime rates are associated with negative perceptions of neighborhood police performance; and (3) some aspects of neighborhood context even may be more important than crime rates in determining the level of citizen satisfaction with neighborhood police services.
Tobacco smoking and dermatologic surgery.

Background Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and a major public health concern. Numerous clinical and experimental studies have examined the effect of nicotine on wound healing and surgical procedures, but there are limited published reports in the dermatologic surgery literature. Objective This article seeks to develop evidence-based recommendations regarding the effect of tobacco use in patients undergoing dermatologic surgery procedures. Methods This article reviews the existing published English-language literature pertaining to the effects of tobacco on wound healing and surgical complications. Results Tobacco use is associated with a higher incidence of postoperative complications including wound dehiscence, flap or graft necrosis, prolonged healing time, and infections. Limitations This review article only summarizes past reports and studies. Conclusion Recommendations for smoking cessation before dermatologic surgery are provided based on the available data.
Virus of eastern equine encephalomyelitis isolated from chicken mites, Dermanyssus gallinae and chicken lice, Eomenacanthus stramineus.

SummaryThe virus of eastern equine encephalomyelitis has been recovered from chicken mites, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer), and from a mixture of chicken lice, Menopon pallidum Nitzsch and Eomenacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch), taken in nature in Tennessee. This is the first isolation of the eastern virus from chicken mites and chicken lice and the first time the virus has been found in this state. Neutralizing antibodies for this virus were present in the sera of a few chickens and one cow. Further confirmation is needed to prove the role of mites and especially of lice as true vectors of this virus.
Limiting dilution assays for the determination of immunocompetent cell frequencies. III. Validity tests for the single-hit Poisson model

A statistical method was developed to test the validity of the single-hit Poisson model in limiting dilution assays used to determine immunocompetent cell frequencies. Principles of bioassay, validity tests, and the distinction between model-discrimination experiments and parameter-estimation assays are reviewed in the Introduction. The new test derived and then demonstrated with previously published data is intended to be used for parameter-estimation assays based upon the single-hit Poisson model. It is a family of related chi 2, t, and F tests for deviations from zero of the slopes of weighted least squares regression plots. These plots regress the logarithms of single-dose estimates fi of the frequency phi on the total cell doses lambda i and fi on the total cell dose reciprocals 1/lambda i, that is, Yi = ln fi on Xi = lambda i and Yi = fi on Xi = 1/lambda i. The test discriminates against alternative models with multiple-hit/target response-generation processes, a variable number (dose-dependent) of false negatives, and a constant number (dose-independent) of false positives. Its purpose as a test for parameter-estimation assays, though, is to detect deviations from the single-hit Poisson model and not to select one of these alternative models. Tests for model-discrimination experiments to select or 'prove' an unknown alternative model are considered in light of relevant literature reviewed in the Discussion.
The antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition in polycrystalline Fe0.938O

Abstract The thermal expansion and magnetostriction of Fe0.938O have been measured from 77 K to room temperature. Particular emphasis was given to the region about the antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition. The linear thermal expansion coefficient exhibits a 29% discontinuity at TN = 193.8 K. Similarly the forced volume magnetostriction exhibits a large narrow peak at TN. These results are characteristic of a first order phase transition.
Surface and bulk magnetic properties of pyrite NiS2: Magnetization and neutron-scattering studies.

In pyrite-structure antiferromagnetic NiS{sub 2}, the magnetic susceptibility {chi}({ital T}) shows downward curvature above the Neel transition ({ital T}{sub {ital N}1}=39.2 K), suggesting that magnetic correlations persist to {ital T}=400 K. However, neutron-scattering measurements indicate that the bulk magnetic behavior above {ital T}{sub {ital N}1} is conventional. We present evidence that the unusual temperature dependence of {chi}({ital T}) arises from a surface contribution. At {ital T}{sub {ital N}2}=29.75 K a transition occurs to a weakly ferromagnetic state, accompanied by a small structural distortion. We show that this distortion is not tetragonal as suggested previously, but is most likely rhombohedral. Below {ital T}{sub {ital N}2}, {chi}({ital T}) is anisotropic; our data suggest that in this range {chi}({ital T}) is dominated by next-nearest-neighbor exchange interactions.
Free-for benefit: A stragety to improve the quality of health care and control costs through reimbursement incentives

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine whether reimbursement in direct proportion to expected therapeutic benefit is capable of improving the utilization and cost of health care. Background. The benefit associated with a particular medical or surgical treatment varies widely from patient to patient. Nevertheless, payment to the provider of the treatment is essentially invariant under the current fee-for-service system. Under an alternative fee-for-benefit strategy, empiric data are used to construct a multivariable model to predict the exprcted benefit to an individual patient from a particular health care service on the basis of conventional clinical descriptors. The payers and the providers of the service then openly negotiate an explicit economic relation between expected benefit and monetary payment such that payment is directly proportional to benefit. Methods. Computer simulations were performed to determine the potential impact of this fee-for-benefit strategy with respect to medical versus surgical treatment of coronary artery disease. Results. Compared with conventional fee-for-service, fee-for-benefit resulted in a 12% improvement in patient benefit (quality-adjusted survival), a 22% reduction in provider payments and a 55% increase in cost/benefit (the ratio of benefit to payment). Conclusions. The incentives embodied in a fee-for-benefit strategy can be an effective mechanism for encouraging more appropriate health care utilization while simultaneously controlling health care costs.
On the renormalized coupling constant and the susceptibility in φ44 field theory and the Ising model in four dimensions

Abstract We discuss the euclidean φ 4 4 field theory, and the critical behavior in ferromagnetic systems in four dimensions. It is rigorously shown that there are at most logarithmic corrections to the mean field law in the behavior of the magnetic susceptibility X = ΣS 2 (0, x ). Furthermore, if any such corrections are present in a continuum limit which is used to construct a φ 4 4 field theory, the limiting theory would be non-interacting. Our analysis extends to ferromagnetic systems of variables which belong to the Griffiths-Simon class.
Single-source unsplittable flow

The max-flow min-cut theorem of Ford and Fulkerson is based on an even more foundational result, namely Menger's theorem on graph connectivity Menger's theorem provides a good characterization for the following single-source disjoint paths problem: given a graph G, with a source vertex s and terminals t/sub 1/,...,t/sub k/, decide whether there exist edge-disjoint s-t/sub i/ paths for i=1,...,k. We consider a natural, NP-hard generalization of this problem, which we call the single-source unsplittable flow problem. We are given a source and terminals as before; but now each terminal t/sub i/ has a demand p/sub i//spl les/1, and each edge e of G has a capacity c/sub e//spl ges/1. The problem is to decide whether one can choose a single s-t/sub i/ path for each i, so that the resulting set of paths respects the capacity constraints-the total amount of demand routed across any edge e must be bounded by the capacity c/sub e/. The main results of this paper are constant-factor approximation algorithms for three natural optimization versions of this problem, in arbitrary directed and undirected graphs. The development of these algorithms requires a number of new techniques for rounding fractional solutions to network flow problems; for two of the three problems we consider, there were no previous techniques capable of providing an approximation in the general case, and for the third, the randomized rounding algorithm of Raghavan and Thompson provides a logarithmic approximation. Our techniques are also of interest from the perspective of a family of NP-hard load balancing and machine scheduling problems that can be reduced to the single-source unsplittable flow problem.
CpG islands: their potential as biomarkers for cancer.

In general, DNA methylation acts in concert with other epigenetic processes, including histone modifications, chromatin remodeling and microRNAs, to shape the overall chromatin structure of the nucleus and potentially modify its functional state. Aberrant DNA methylation events can occur in a number of human diseases but we are only just beginning to appreciate the scope and magnitude of this process in human health. As one example, in contrast to normal cells, the cancer methylome is characterized by reciprocal hypermethylation of specific regulatory regions of genes along with an overall decrease in the quantity of 5-methylcytosine throughout the remainder of the genome. Currently, near genome-wide technologies are available and have been utilized to examine the extent of DNA methylation in discovery-based studies involving several physiological and disease states. Although early in the process, DNA methylation is being explored as a biomarker to be used in clinical practice for early detection of disea...
Moments of Apprehension in the Midst of a Certainty: Some Frail Older Widows' Lives with a Personal Emergency Response System

The author's aim is to describe older frail widows' experience of having a personal emergency response system (PERS). Over 3 years, she interviewed 8 frail widows during a study of the home care experience using a phenomenological method to describe the context and the phenomena of the experience. “Being certain that I can get help here quickly” was a context for the phenomena of “deciding whom to put on my list (of first responders)” and “keeping the connection intact.” However, the women also experienced apprehension. Being shocked by unexpected voices and visits was a context for “figuring out why a stranger is talking in my house” and “finding that they show up to check on me.” The findings are a basis for considering the potential influences of having a PERS on elders' well-being.
Burial of nonpolar surface area and thermodynamic stabilization of globins as a function of chain elongation.

Proteins are biosynthesized from N to C terminus before they depart from the ribosome and reach their bioactive state in the cell. At present, very little is known about the evolution of conformation and the free energy of the nascent protein with chain elongation. These parameters critically affect the extent of folding during ribosome-assisted biosynthesis. Here, we address the impact of vectorial amino acid addition on the burial of nonpolar surface area and on the free energy of native-like structure formation in the absence of the ribosomal machinery. We focus on computational predictions on proteins bearing the globin fold, which is known to encompass the 3/3, 2/2, and archaeal subclasses. We find that the burial of nonpolar surface increases progressively with chain elongation, leading to native-like conformations upon addition of the last C-terminal residues, corresponding to incorporation of the last two helices. Additionally, the predicted folding entropy for generating native-like structures becomes less unfavorable at nearly complete chain lengths, suggesting a link between the late burial of nonpolar surface and water release. Finally, the predicted folding free energy takes a progressive favorable dip toward more negative values, as the chain gets longer. These results suggest that thermodynamic stabilization of the native structure of newly synthesized globins during translation in the cell is significantly enhanced as the chain elongates. This is especially true upon departure of the last C-terminal residues from the ribosomal tunnel, which hosts ca., 30–40 amino acids. Hence, we propose that release from the ribosome is a crucial step in the life of single-domain proteins in the cell. Proteins 2014; 82:2318–2331. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk-Based Policies for Airport Security Checkpoint Screening

Passenger screening is an important component of aviation security that incorporates real-time passenger screening strategies designed to maximize effectiveness in identifying potential terrorist attacks. This paper identifies a methodology that can be used to sequentially and optimally assign passengers to aviation security resources. An automated prescreening system determines passengers' perceived risk levels, which become known as passengers check in. The levels are available for determining security class assignments sequentially as passengers enter security screening. A passenger is then assigned to one of several available security classes, each of which corresponds to a particular set of screening devices. The objective is to use the passengers' perceived risk levels to determine the optimal policy for passenger screening assignments that maximize the expected total security, subject to capacity and assignment constraints. The sequential passenger assignment problem is formulated as a Markov decision process, and an optimal policy is found using dynamic programming. The general result from the sequential stochastic assignment problem is adapted to provide a heuristic for assigning passengers to security classes in real time. A condition is provided under which this heuristic yields the optimal policy. The model is illustrated with an example that incorporates data extracted from the Official Airline Guide (Official Airline Guide. 1998. OAG Business Travel Planner: North American Edition. Official Airline Guides, Bedfordshire, UK).
VEPTR Instrumentation in Early Onset Scoliosis

VEPTR has been developed for the treatment of thoracic insufficiency syndrome in cases of congenital scoliosis with or without rib fusions but quickly evolved as an alternative for the treatment of many types of early onset scoliosis. The efficacy of VEPTR instrumentation in controlling complex congenital spine deformities, the relative ease of application, and the spine-sparing approach have been factors to stimulate this conversion. VEPTR in non-congenital cases has been shown to be effective in correcting loss of balance and pelvic obliquity, control scoliosis, and moderately improve it. However, it requires periodic lengthening and thus has a high complications rate, and usually after a certain time lengthenings become less effective. VEPTR instrumentation remains a viable alternative to other methods of management of early onset scoliosis.
Step-Indexed Normalization for a Language with General Recursion

The Trellys project has produced several designs for practical dependently typed languages. These languages are broken into two fragments-a_logical_fragment where every term normalizes and which is consistent when interpreted as a logic, and a_programmatic_fragment with general recursion and other convenient but unsound features. In this paper, we present a small example language in this style. Our design allows the programmer to explicitly mention and pass information between the two fragments. We show that this feature substantially complicates the metatheory and present a new technique, combining the traditional Girard-Tait method with step-indexed logical relations, which we use to show normalization for the logical fragment.
Toward clarity of management options in spinal synovial cysts.

Synovial cysts represent an uncommon cause of spinal stenosis. However, their frequent association with back pain and radicular symptoms and the relative ease of diagnosis via magnetic resonance imaging make them an increasingly prevalent diagnosis for many patients. The current article in this issue of WORLD NEUROSURGERY by Bydon et al., entitled “Treatment of Synovial Cysts,” provides a thorough review of treatment options for patients with synovial cysts. The authors’ description of conservative treatment covers both observation and steroid injections. A case can certainly be made for observation in patients with mild symptoms and is clearly appropriate in patients with small, asymptomatic, incidentally discovered cysts. Although reliable data regarding the overall incidence of spontaneous cyst regression are lacking (there are case reports, but no higher-level evidence regarding the true frequency of cyst regression), most of us in the field have observed this phenomenon in our patients now and then. Whatever the exact percentagesmightbe,wecanreliablycounselourpatientsthatarelatively
Neovasculature in bone marrow stem cell mobilization for treating myocardial infarction

Stem cell therapy offers a potential venue with which autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMDSC) have the potential to regenerate functioning myocardial tissue in situ soon after myocardial infarction (MI). When they migrate to sites of MI, they can differentiate into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and nerve cells. We have developed a method to substantially increase the small amounts of circulating BMDSC following MI. Rebuilt myocardium must include a vascular network able to nourish it under diverse metabolic demands. We intend to quantify the viability and functionality of the microvasculature 1-4 weeks post MI with or without BMDSC mobilization to assess the ability of this neovasculature to deliver oxygen to the tissue. Fluorescent staining is used to visualize perfused and nonperfused neovasculature, and immunohistochemical staining is used for quantification of tissue hypoxia. Our preliminary results indicate that the decrease in the number of anatomical and perfused vessels after MI, is accompanied by a progressive increase in the distance to the nearest perfused blood vessel and the level of hypoxia in the infarcted tissue. These preclinical studies may aid in design of BMDSC mobilization strategies to treat humans with MI.
Levamisole-induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis and neutropenia in a patient with cocaine use: An extensive case with necrosis of skin, soft tissue, and cartilage

Levamisole-induced vasculitis is a relatively new entity in people who use cocaine. We describe a 44-year-old woman with a history of cocaine use who presented with a complaint of a painful rash of 2-3 month’s duration on her extremities, cheeks, nose, and earlobes. She had not experienced fever, weight loss, alopecia, dry eyes, oral ulcers, photosensitivity, or arthralgia. Examination revealed tender purpuric eruptions with central necrosis on her nose, cheeks, earlobes, and extremities. Laboratory investigations revealed neutropenia, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), presence of lupus anticoagulant, low complement component 3 (C3), and presence of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA). A urine toxicology screen was positive for cocaine, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was positive for levamisole. Skin biopsy showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis and small vessel thrombosis. Necrotic lesions of the nose led to its self-amputation. Large bullae on the lower extremities ruptured, leading to wound infection and extensive necrosis that required multiple surgical debridements. When necrosis progressed despite debridement, bilateral above-knee amputation of the legs was performed. Once new lesions stopped appearing, the patient was discharged home. Two months later, she had a recurrence related to cocaine use. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of levamisole-induced vasculitis that required above-knee amputation.
Defect Formation in Surface Modified TiO2 Nanostructures

The defect formation in surface modified TiO 2 has been studied. Anatase TiO 2 structures in the 3-20 nm range formed by a wet chemical technique were surface modified and nitridation of the highly reactive TiO 2 nanocolloid surface was achieved by a quick and simple treatment in alkyl ammonium compounds. The nitriding process was also accompanied by a metal surface coating process using electroless plating techniques, resulting in a thin metal surface layer on the modified TiO 2 nanostructures. The crystal structure of the resultant TiO 2-x N x nano-colloids remained anatase and the freshly prepared samples exhibited a strong light emission near 560nm (2.21 eV), which red shifted to 660 nm (1.88 eV) and dropped in intensity with aging in the atmosphere. This behavior was also evident in some of the combined nitridized and metal coated TiO 2 nano-colloids. Electron Spin Resonance performed on these samples identified a resonance at g = 2.0035, which increased significantly with nitridation. This resonance is attributed to an oxygen hole center created near the surface of the nanocolloid, which correlates well with the observed optical activity.
Preparation of Microindentations In Cross-Section

The increased usage of indentation testing for the determination of the toughness of brittle materials has raised many questions about the nature and extent of plastic deformation in these materials. Of particular interest is the behavior of single crystal silicon in indentation (hardness) testing. Recent studies point to some interesting properties of silicon under indentation loading and unloading. The least understood of these properties is the apparent phase change and subsequent cracking that the crystalline silicon experiences upon indentation. The pressure induced phase transformation is thought to proceed by crystalline Si changing to metallic and then changing to amorphous. Accompanying this phase transformation is usually a characteristic cracking pattern. p]It is the goal of a larger study to characterize the deformation process during indentation. This can be best achieved by producing an electron transparent cross section of a microindentation which is suitable for structural characterization using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The various conventional and unconventional methods we have attempted to employ to produce suitable samples, the problems we have encountered, preliminary results, and proposed modifications are discussed.
Transcutaneous electroporation mediated delivery of doxepin–HPCD complex: A sustained release approach for treatment of postherpetic neuralgia

Abstract The electroporation mediated transdermal delivery (Protocol — 120 V, 10 ms, 30 pulses at 1 Hz with post pulse waiting period of 20 min) of doxepin using pure drug solution (PDS) and doxepin-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) complex solution (CDS) was studied using porcine epidermis model. The stoichiometry of drug-HPCD inclusion complex was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The amount of doxepin retained in the epidermis following electroporation did not differ significantly between PDS and CDS. When the drug loaded epidermis was subjected to “Release studies”, doxepin release attained a plateau within ∼ 2.5 days in case of PDS, whereas in case of CDS, doxepin release was prolonged up to 5 days. Mechanistic studies across the nonbiological barriers demonstrated that the slow dissociation of complex was responsible for sustained release of drug from the epidermis. Pharmacodynamic studies were carried out by electroporation mediated delivery of CDS and PDS in hairless rats. The analgesic effect of doxepin was prolonged in case of CDS as compared to PDS.
Detecting Malicious Beacon Nodes for Secure Location Discovery in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors' locations play a critical role in many sensor network applications. A number of techniques have been proposed recently to discover the locations of regular sensors based on a few special nodes called beacon nodes, which are assumed to know their locations (e.g., through GPS receivers or manual configuration). However, none of these techniques can work properly when there are malicious attacks, especially when some of the beacon nodes are compromised. This paper introduces a suite of techniques to detect and remove compromised beacon nodes that supply misleading location information to the regular sensors, aiming at providing secure location discovery services in wireless sensor networks. These techniques start with a simple but effective method to detect malicious beacon signals. To identify malicious beacon nodes and avoid false detection, this paper also presents several techniques to detect replayed beacon signals. This paper then proposes a method to reason about the suspiciousness of each beacon node at the base station based on the detection results collected from beacon nodes, and then revoke malicious beacon nodes accordingly. Finally, this paper provides detailed analysis and simulation to evaluate the proposed techniques. The results show that our techniques are practical and effective in detecting malicious beacon nodes
Successful treatment of malar dermal melasma with a fractional ablative CO₂ laser in a patient with type V skin.

AbstractBackground/Objective: Melasma is a common disorder of hypermelanosis, and although numerous treatment modalities have been employed, many cases are refractory to treatment or the improvement after therapy is temporary. Methods: The clinical files, treatment parameters, and photographs of a 59-year-old female with black skin with refractory malar dermal melasma treated using a fractionally ablative CO2 laser (Affirm 10 600 nm) for seven sessions were carefully reviewed. Results: After treatment, clinical improvement was achieved. Conclusion: The fractional ablative CO2 laser is a potentially safe and effective modality for the treatment of dermal melasma in Fitzpatrick type V skin.
NADPH diaphorase (nitric oxide synthase)‐containing nerves in the enteropancreatic innervation: Sources, co‐stored neuropeptides, and pancreatic function

Pancreatic ganglia are innervated by neurons in the gut and are formed by precursor cells that migrate into the pancreas from the bowel. The innervation of the pancreas, therefore, may be considered an extension of the enteric nervous system. NADPH-diaphorase is present in a subset of enteric neurons. We investigated the presence of NADPH-diaphorase in the enteropancreatic innervation, the contribution of extrinsic nerves to the NADPH-diaphorase-containing fibers of the gut and pancreas, and the coincident expression of NADPH-diaphorase in intrinsic neurons of these organs with neuropeptides. The possible role of nitric oxide in the neural regulation of pancreatic secretion was studied in isolated pancreatic lobules. Neuronal perikarya with NADPH-diaphorase activity were found in both Dogiel type I and type II neurons of the myenteric plexus of the stomach and duodenum. All galanin (GAL)-immunoreactive neurons and a small subset of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive neurons contained NADPH-diaphorase activity. NADPH-diaphorase activity was also found in a subset of VIP and NPY-immunoreactive pancreatic neurons. Retrograde tracing with FluoroGold established that NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in the bowel project to the pancreas. NADPH-diaphorase-containing fibers were also found to be provided to both organs by neurons in dorsal root ganglia. Secretion of amylase was evoked by L-arginine. This effect was prevented by NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), which also inhibited VIP-stimulated secretion of amylase; however, L-NNA had no effect on amylase secretion stimulated by carbachol. These results provide support for the hypo-thesis that nitric oxide plays a role in the neural regulation of pancreatic secretion. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aeroelastic Response of a Rigid Wing Supported by Nonlinear Springs

Nonlinear aeroelastic behavior is examined. This research extends the efforts of several recent investigations that address freeplay or piecewise nonlinearities in aeroelastic systems; however, in the studies described herein the authors address continuous nonlinearities such as those found in structural systems that exhibit spring hardening or softening effects. The authors describe a unique e utter test apparatus designed to permit experimental investigations of prescribed nonlinear response. The results of complementary analytical and experimental studies are presented for a nonlinear aeroelastic system limited to two degrees of freedom. Nomenclature
Statistical Reanalysis of a Randomized Trial of Acupuncture for Pain Reveals Positive Effects As Well As Adverse Treatment Interactions on Pain, Attrition, and Mortality

Objective The aim of this study was to determine, using analysis of covariance, whether a statistical reanalysis of a previously published study on neuropathic pain would reveal undetected significant effects of acupuncture and amitriptyline on pain, attrition, and mortality in HIV-infected patients. Background Shlay et al published an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association (1988) reporting that neither acupuncture nor amitriptyline had effects on pain in HIV-infected patients. However, they failed to perform a factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) or covariance (ANCOVA) reflective of their core research design. Instead, research design problems necessitated the use of a relatively insensitive statistic. Methods The originally planned study employed a completely crossed 2 × 2 design involving acupuncture and amitriptyline and their controls. Reanalyses performed on the raw data involved ANCOVA and Pearson chi-square tests. Subjects and Setting The factorial option consisted of 125 HIV-infected men with peripheral neuropathic pain, being treated at health clinics in 10 different cities. Outcome Measures Outcome measures were pain intensity, global pain relief, attrition, and mortality. Results In contrast to the originally reported findings, the interactions of amitriptyline and acupuncture over time on pain intensity and pain relief were statistically significant. There were also significant effects for acupuncture and amitriptyline on attrition and mortality, particularly when baseline health was poor. Acupuncture by itself was associated with greater pain relief, whereas the combination of acupuncture and amitriptyline was associated with a reduced level of pain relief. Acupuncture without amitriptyline was associated with substantially reduced attrition and, importantly, decreased mortality. Effects involving acupuncture tended to be magnified in patients in poor health. The combination of acupuncture and amitriptyline resulted in an adverse treatment interaction on mortality, especially in patients in poor health (53% death rate for the combination of acupuncture and amitriptyline vs 11% death rate for acupuncture only). Conclusions Trials of acupuncture and other treatments should use efficient statistical techniques to assure detection of significant effects. Interactions involving various combinations of acupuncture and amitriptyline, which were undetectable in the original analytical approach, revealed previously undetected beneficial, as well as adverse, effects.
In vitro studies of functionalized magnetic nanospheres for selective removal of a simulant biotoxin

Abstract In this study, the simulant biotoxin (biotinylated horseradish peroxidase) was efficiently removed from simple electrolyte solutions and blood using a highly selective complexation reaction (biotin–avidin). Sequestration of the biotoxin is realized with streptavidin-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles that selectively capture the biotoxin. Quantitative removal of the model toxin is achieved using an external magnetic field to trap the toxin-bound particles.
Vitamin B12 regulates photosystem gene expression via the CrtJ antirepressor AerR in Rhodobacter capsulatus

The tetrapyrroles haem, bacteriochlorophyll and cobalamin (B12 ) exhibit a complex interrelationship regarding their synthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that AerR functions as an antirepressor of the tetrapyrrole regulator CrtJ. We show that purified AerR contains B12 that is bound to a conserved histidine (His145) in AerR. The interaction of AerR to CrtJ was further demonstrated in vitro by pull down experiments using AerR as bait and quantified using microscale thermophoresis. DNase I DNA footprint assays show that AerR containing B12 inhibits CrtJ binding to the bchC promoter. We further show that bchC expression is greatly repressed in a B12 auxotroph of Rhodobacter capsulatus and that B12 regulation of gene expression is mediated by AerR's ability to function as an antirepressor of CrtJ. This study thus provides a mechanism for how the essential tetrapyrrole, cobalamin controls the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll, an essential component of the photosystem.
Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Single Oral Doses of Trovafloxacin

Trovafloxacin, a new fluoronaphthyridone derivative related to fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drugs, has demonstrated the following characteristics: significant gram-positive and gram-negative activity; significant activity against anaerobes and atypical respiratory pathogens; approximately 11-hour elimination half-life, permitting once-daily administration; and good tissue penetration. Because <10% of an orally administered dose is recovered in urine as unchanged drug, the predominant route of trovafloxacin elimination appears to be nonrenal. The two studies described in this review examined the metabolism and excretion of trovafloxacin and compared the time course and concentrations of trovafloxacin and its metabolites in bile to those in serum. In the first study, four healthy male volunteers received a single, oral 200-mg dose of radiolabeled trovafloxacin. In the second study, three patients with indwelling nasobiliary tubes received a single 200-mg dose of trovafloxacin. Samples of blood, urine, bile, and feces were collected. Trovafloxacin in urine and serum was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection and in bile by HPLC-mass spectroscopy (MS). Levels of the N-acetyl metabolite in bile were determined by HPLC/UV/MS. Metabolites in serum, urine, and feces were determined by reverse-phase HPLC/MS, and radioactivity in these samples was assayed by liquid scintillation counting. In the first study, 63.3% and 23.1% of total radioactivity were recovered in feces and urine, respectively, with most of the radioactivity in urine in the form of the ester glucuronide metabolite (12.8%) and unchanged trovafloxacin (5.9%). Unchanged drug, the N-acetyl metabolite, and the N-sulfate of trovafloxacin accounted for 43.2%, 9.2%, and 3.9%, respectively, of the radioactivity in feces. In the second study, biliary trovafloxacin concentrations were highest between 1.5 and 10 hours postdose, and the maximum concentrations ranged from 18.9 to 37.9 microg/mL. The mean bile:serum ratio of trovafloxacin was 14.9, and the biliary concentration of parent drug was higher than that of its N-acetyl metabolite. In both studies, trovafloxacin was well tolerated, with no discontinuations due to adverse events. The pharmacokinetic profile of trovafloxacin in serum was consistent in healthy subjects and in individuals who had undergone recent hepatobiliary surgery. Trovafloxacin is metabolized primarily by the liver, through phase II metabolism (glucuronidation 13.2%, N-acetylation 10.4%, and N-sulfoconjugation 4.1%); minimal oxidative metabolism was detected. Renal elimination accounted for <10% of the administered dose. The high bile to serum ratio and higher trovafloxacin concentrations relative to metabolite concentrations are consistent with nonrenal elimination. These pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results, together with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, long 11-hour elimination half-life, and low drug-interaction potential, suggest that trovafloxacin may be particularly appropriate for use in the surgical setting.
Role of angiotensin II in glomerulotubular balance.

Inhibition of angiotensin II activity reduces reabsorption of both bicarbonate and chloride predominantly in the S1 subsegment of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). Because the S2 PCT is intrinsically better able to compensate for the increased delivery of bicarbonate compared with chloride under normal conditions, we reasoned that angiotensin II inhibition might selectively raise the amount of sodium chloride emerging from the PCT. Free-flow micropuncture techniques were used in normal and alkalotic Munich-Wistar rats that were euvolemic or plasma volume depleted. In the normal volume-depleted animals, saralasin caused a small rise in single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (29.5 +/- 0.6 to 31.5 +/- 0.6 nl/min, P less than 0.025) and fall in bicarbonate and chloride reabsorption in the 1st mm (S1) PCT (387 +/- 22 to 348 +/- 23 peq.mm-1.min-1, P less than 0.05, and 341 +/- 27 to 217 +/- 57 peq.mm-1.min-1, P less than 0.05, respectively). Reabsorptive compensation by the S2 PCT maintained the end-PCT delivery of bicarbonate unchanged (76 +/- 4 to 78 +/- 3 peq.mm-1.min-1, NS), but end-PCT chloride delivery increased significantly (2,014 +/- 41 to 2,248 +/- 29 peq.mm-1.min-1, P less than 0.01). Early distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and urinary bicarbonate excretion were unchanged, but DCT chloride delivery increased associated with a chloruresis. When metabolic alkalosis was present, however, S2 compensation for increased bicarbonate delivery was attenuated so that end-PCT, DCT, and urinary bicarbonate as well as chloride delivery rates increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Should children with isolated premature adrenarche be routinely evaluated for non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Background Current clinical practice is to evaluate children presenting with premature adrenarche (PA) for non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NC-CAH). Our main objective was to assess the prevalence of NC-CAH among children presented with PA. Additional objectives were to ascertain whether subpopulations were prone to NC-CAH, and therefore justified to be tested, and if obesity is a factor that can exclude the need for CAH testing. Methods A retrospective chart review of all children ≤11 years, who presented to our clinic with PA between January 2012 and May 2015 (n=103) was conducted. PA was defined based on commonly accepted clinical criteria. Results We did not identify any subjects with NC-CAH but one was affected with previously undiagnosed classical simple virilizing CAH (SV-CAH). The subject was born prior to the implementation of CAH newborn screening in the state of birth. The affected subject was of Middle Eastern origin and also obese (BMI >95 percentile for age and sex). Conclusions Undiagnosed CAH is an uncommon cause of PA, and therefore routine screening for NC-CAH in every case of PA may not be justified, although, perhaps, should still be considered in high risk ethnicities. Obesity does not appear to exclude the possibility of being affected with mild or NC-CAH.
Otherness in Contemporary Political Theory

Acknowledgement of the importance of identity to politics and widespread concern about responding adequately to marginalized groups have made otherness a salient concept in contemporary political thought. Yet, there has not appeared in the literature any attempt to clarify the distinctive forms utilized in contemporary political theory. This is problematic because otherness is especially prone to mistranslation within and between the disparate political discussions its various forms are pertinent to. A vocabulary that can express the nuances in the different concepts is needed. With that goal in mind, this paper distinguishes four concepts of otherness salient in contemporary political thought, the areas of political life each is pertinent to, and it discusses several confusions produced by lack of attention to their differences.
Novel Synthetic Approach to Charge-Compensated Phosphonio- nido-Carboranes. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Neutral Mono and Bis(Phosphonio) nido-ortho-Carboranes

A number of monosubstituted n-(triphenylphosphonio)-7,8- dicarba-nido-undecaboranes (2a, n =1 ;2b, n =3 ;2c, n =5 ;2d, n = 9) were prepared via a cross-coupling reaction between the tetrabutylammonium iodo-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborates (1ad) and PPh3 in the presence of a Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst. The substitution rate was found to depend on the iodine position in the carborane cage. Under similar conditions, the reaction of 5,6-diiodo- (3) and 9,11-diiodo-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborate (5) anions exclusively yielded the monosubstitution products 5-iodo-6-(triphenylphos- phonio)-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborane (4) and 9-iodo-11-(triphenylphos- phonio)-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborane (6), respectively. The reaction of tetrabutylammonium 6,9-diiodo-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborate (7) exclusively produced the phosphine substitution product in the open face of the nido-carborane, 6-iodo-9-triphenylphosphonio-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborane (8). The addition of a base (Cs2CO3, NaH) to the reactions of 3 and 5 with PPh3 afforded the corresponding bis(triphenylphosphonio)-7,8-dicarba-nido- undecaboranes, 9 and 10. Compound 10 was also prepared from 6 using the general procedure. The reaction of the triiodocarborane tetrabutylammonium 5,6,9-triiodo-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborate (11) with excess PPh3 in the presence of Cs2CO3 and Pd(PPh3)4 only produced neutral 5-iodo-6,9-bis(triphenylphosphonio)-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborane (12); no positively charged tris(phosphonio) species formed. The compositions of all prepared compounds were determined by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The structures of compounds 2c, 6, 8, 9, and 12 were established by the X-ray diffraction analysis of single crystals.
Basic Principles of Working with Older Patients

Abstract This article presents essential principles of how to work successfully with older patients. The approach is an interdisciplinary one and the principles are relevant to a broad range of health care professionals including gerontologists, geriatricians, family physicians, social workers, nurses, and allied health personnel. The principles include a synthesis of some of the unique aspects influencing the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of health care issues in older patients. It is recommended that trainees in geriatrics and gerontology have these principles presented and discussed by knowledgeable faculty members at the outset of their training experience.