cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embedding Evaluation Into a Military Veteran Entrepreneurial Training Program

The aim of this chapter is to examine an entrepreneurial training program using a theoretical foundation to assess pedagogical and programmatic outcomes. First, the chapter begins by reviewing military veteran entrepreneurship. Next, key constructs previously shown to impact entrepreneurial capabilities and intentions are reviewed. Subsequently, the case used in this study of an entrepreneurial education program is shared, along with how the program impacted a cohort of military veterans. Finally, we provide a discussion about how these results should influence thinking about entrepreneurial training programs for veterans.
First Record of Panoquina panoquin (Salt Marsh Skipper) Ovipositing on Spartina alterniflora (Smooth Cordgrass)

Panoquina panoquin (Salt Marsh Skipper) is an understudied butterfly that resides primarily in coastal salt marshes throughout the southern Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Based on our review of online databases and published literature, this species may use several different host plants, though Distichlis spicata (Saltgrass) is most commonly cited. While surveying salt marsh butterfly communities in southeastern Virginia in 2019, we observed 25 oviposition events from female Salt Marsh Skippers, all of which laid their eggs exclusively on Spartina alterniflora (Smooth Cordgrass). This is the first conclusive record of the Salt Marsh Skipper using this species of grass for egg laying. Our observations broaden the understanding of Salt Marsh Skipper habitat requirements and therefore inform conservation efforts for this species in the face of degradation of salt marshes throughout its range.
State medical malpractice laws and utilization of surgical treatment for rotator cuff tear and proximal humerus fracture: an observational cohort study

How much does the medical malpractice system affect treatment decisions in orthopaedics? To further this inquiry, we sought to assess whether malpractice liability is associated with differences in surgery rates among elderly orthopaedic patients. Medicare data were obtained for patients with a rotator cuff tear or proximal humerus fracture in 2011. Multivariate regressions were used to assess whether the probability of surgery is associated with various state-level rules that increase or decrease malpractice liability risks. Study results indicate that lower liability is associated with higher surgery rates. States with joint and several liability, caps on punitive damages, and punitive evidence rule had surgery rates that were respectively 5%-, 1%-, and 1%-point higher for rotator cuff tears, and 2%-, 2%- and 1%-point higher for proximal humerus fractures. Conversely, greater liability is associated with lower surgery rates, respectively 6%- and 9%-points lower for rotator cuff patients in states with comparative negligence and pure comparative negligence. Medical malpractice liability is associated with orthopaedic treatment choices. Future research should investigate whether treatment differences result in health outcome changes to assess the costs and benefits of the medical liability system.
Corticosteroid Therapy for Chronic Subdural Hematomas

Chronic inflammation and neovascularization are associated with the pathogenesis of chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH). Corticosteroids are known mediators of these pathways and have been used as both monotherapy as well as adjunctive therapy for treatment of CSDH. Patients successfully treated with corticosteroid monotherapy often have fewer symptoms and smaller collections on initial presentation. Adjunctive corticosteroids throughout the perioperative period have been associated with lower rates of recurrence compared to surgical treatment alone; however they may be associated with higher rates of complications such as infection, hyperglycemia, and altered mental status.
An emic perspective on silence: Experiences of an adult Mexican migrant in the U.S. social setting

This qualitative case study explores the personal experience of Daniela, a Spanish-speaking adult immigrant from Mexico, who lived and worked in the United States, as she navigates her ways through an everyday social context distinct from her own cultural origin. The article presents Daniela’s view on the silent practice of herself and others whereby her perception takes shape through a process of constant adaptation and struggle with challenges such as anxiety, separation due to language, and ways of communicating. Amidst all these emerges the question of language choice as Daniela moves between English and Spanish for contextual reasons that unpredictably reproduce various degrees of social isolation, power disparity, and economic pressures. With insights from such anecdotal accounts, the discussion argues for the importance of comprehending silence by situating the topic in its immediate social circumstances rather than as a stand-alone construct; and eventually draws implications for second-language acquisition (SLA) in a real-world context.
Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity: INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND AEROELASTICITY, SECOND EDITION

This text provides an introduction to structural dynamics and aeroelasticity, with an emphasis on conventional aircraft. The primary areas considered are structural dynamics, static aeroelasticity, and dynamic aeroelasticity. The structural dynamics material emphasizes vibration, the modal representation, and dynamic response. Aeroelastic phenomena discussed include divergence, aileron reversal, airload redistribution, unsteady aerodynamics, flutter, and elastic tailoring. More than one hundred illustrations and tables help clarify the text, and more than fifty problems enhance student learning. This text meets the need for an up-to-date treatment of structural dynamics and aeroelasticity for advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate aerospace engineering students.
Electrophysiology and Pragmatic Language Comprehension

At the outset of their book Relevance, Sperber and Wilson (1986/1995) remind the reader: ‘In writing this book, we have not literally put our thoughts down on paper. What we have put down on paper are little dark marks, a copy of which you are now looking at. As for our thoughts, they remain where they always were, inside our brains.’ With these witty remarks, they note that while we often think and speak as if language were a conduit for thought, this is only a metaphor, and a deceptive one at that. It is deceptive because it implies that language comprehension can be reduced to a decoding process (Reddy, 1979). Another, perhaps more appropriate, metaphor involves a portrait of the language user as a paleontologist who constructs theories about extinct animals based on linguistic fossil input. But regardless of one’s favourite metaphor for the relative import of coded and inferential aspects of language comprehension, recent advances in the study of language suggest that the many-headed beast we call meaning depends importantly on electrical activity in the brains of the speakers and hearers who construct it.
Conceptual Product Planning

Semiconductor products have long lead times and complicated Bills of Material, requiring a robust method of planning both capacity requirements and mask builds. Concept Product Planning enables the existing production systems to reserve capacity for new parts prior to completion of the final design using an attributes based system to create representative planning inputs.
Prevalence of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 on Hides and Preintervention Carcass Surfaces of Feedlot Cattle at Harvest.

Abstract Cattle hides are a main source of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) contamination of beef carcasses. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the prevalence of “top 6” non-O157 plus O157:H7 EHEC (EHEC-7) on feedlot cattle hides and their matched preintervention carcasses; (2) assess the agreement among detection methods for these matrices; and (3) conduct a molecular risk assessment of EHEC-7 isolates. Samples from 576 feedlot cattle were obtained at a commercial harvest facility and tested for EHEC-7 by a culture-based method and the polymerase chain reaction/mass spectrometry–based NeoSEEK™ STEC Detection and Identification test (NS). Prevalence data were analyzed with generalized linear mixed models. The cumulative prevalence of EHEC-7 in hide samples as detected by NS was 80.7%, with a distribution of 49.9%, O145; 37.1%, O45; 12.5%, O103; 11.0%, O157; 2.2%, O111; 2.0%, O121; and 0.2%, O26. In contrast, the cumulative prevalence of EHEC-7 in hide samples by culture was 1.2%, ...
Wire explosion with 0–1kA per wire

Explosions of fine wires driven by a 4.5kA peak current peak were studied. The formation of a plasma shell around the wire core was observed. Mass density distributions as a function of time were measured, which provided more quantitative information about wire expansion. Combining these measurements with refractive index measurements from interferometry the phase state of the wire core was determined.
Optimal offset averaging for flash and folding A/D converters

Resistive networks can be used as spatial filters to average the random errors in arrays of analog cells, specifically for decreasing the offsets in flash and folding A/D converters. In this communication the critical conditions the averaging networks have to satisfy are pointed out and the optimal topology, order, and parameters of the resistive grids are identified for each of the two ADC architectures.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH—OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT: A Methodology Study to Develop and Validate a Screener for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Postmenopausal Women

ABSTRACT Introduction Current methods for diagnosing hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) can be complicated and time‐consuming. A previous study reported validity and reliability of a structured diagnostic method created for clinical trials that can be performed in approximately 1 hour. Methods A more succinct tool is needed for incorporation into busy physician practices. Therefore, a brief HSDD screening tool was developed consisting of four self‐report questions with an interpretable cut‐score and concise confirmatory physician interview. Main Outcome Measures Accuracy of the HSDD screener cut‐score alone, and in combination with physician interview, was then separately evaluated when compared with in‐depth interview diagnosis. Results The results showed good agreement between the two diagnoses (kappa of 0.669 and 0.562 for cut‐score alone and cut‐score in combination with physician interview, respectively). Conclusions The HSDD screener can reliably detect the likely presence of HSDD in postmenopausal women. Leiblum S, Symonds T, Moore J, Soni P, Steinberg S, and Sisson M. A methodology study to develop and validate a screener for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in postmenopausal women. J Sex Med 2006;3:455–464.
Emergency bedside cesarean delivery: lessons learned in teamwork and patient safety.

Background Maternal cardiovascular and pulmonary events during labor and delivery may result in adverse maternal and fetal outcome. Potential etiologies include primary cardiac events, pulmonary embolism, eclampsia, maternal hemorrhage, and adverse medication events. Remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia is an alternative when conventional neuraxial analgesia for labor is contraindicated. Although remifentanil is a commonly used analgesic, its use for labor analgesia is not clearly defined.
Early vascularization of the embryonic cerebral cortex: Golgi and electron microscopic studies

Two developmental aspects in the establishment of the vasculature of the embryonic cerebral cortex have been analyzed: the vascular perforation of the external basal lamina and marginal glia by leptomeningeal capillaries and their early intracortical angiogenesis. Electron microscopic and rapid Golgi preparations have been used in this study. Four phases have been identified in the vascular perforation of the cortex. First, the leptomeningeal capillary approaches and establishes direct contact with the external basal lamina and marginal glia of the cerebral cortex. Second, the leading endothelium of the glia-touching capillary undergoes considerable membrane activity forming many filopodia and pseudopodia. Some filopodia of this activated endothelium perforate the vascular and cortical basal laminae and penetrate into the neural tissue. This filopodial perforation is accompanied by swelling and disintegration of the subadjacent marginal glial endfeet. Third, the original perforation enlarges progressively and allows an entire endothelial cell (or cells) to penetrate into the neural tissue. Fourth, proliferation and progressive canalization of penetrated endothelial cells result in the formation of a new cortical capillary in situ. Its proximal wall becomes surrounded by perivascular glial processes which appear to replace the degenerated ones. Thus a vasculoglial barrier is formed around the growing capillary, isolating it from the neural tissue, while the filopodia at its leading edge are still growing among the neural elements without recognizable basal lamina. The formation of a shallow pial-funnel at the capillary entrance can also be recognized at this time. This funnel contains the fine processes of leptomeningeal cells, a few collagen fibers, and the basal laminae of the penetrating vessel and of the perivascular glia. It represents an early stage in the formation of the Virchow-Robin space. The intracortical embryonic vasculature is characterized by both capillary angiogenesis and regression and by the formation of anastomotic plexuses. While capillary angiogenesis and reabsorption are found everywhere and appear as random phenomena, the location of the anastomotic plexuses is specific and always associated with actively growing cortical regions.
Analysis and Impact of Surface Acoustic Wave Filter in-Band Ripple on Testing and Measurement of High Data Rate Communications

In this paper, we present a background and theory of the effect of Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Filter Module (SFM) in-band ripple on high data rate communications parameters such as the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). In addition, we present analyses and statements for the choice of unbalanced S-parameters set of the SFM over balanced S-parameters set of the SFM in measurements and Agilent’s Advance Design System (ADS) Ptolemy simulations. A test and measurement setup using Agilent’s equipment will be presented.
Orbital sarcoma with metastases at diagnosis: a report from the Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee of the Children's Oncology Group.

Abstract We reviewed clinicopathologic features and treatment outcomes in 7 patients diagnosed withStage 4/Group IV orbital sarcoma and treated on IRSG protocols I-III. Three patients hadembryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), and 2 patients each had alveolar RMS or unclassifiedsarcoma. Median age at diagnosis was 1.8 years (range 0.2 – 6.9 years). All patients had bonemarrow involvement, including 6 with normal CBC at diagnosis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) wasnormal in 6 patients. Three patients survived > 5 years, including one with local recurrence. Conclusion— Further study is needed to determine necessity of bone marrow and CSFexamination in orbital sarcoma patients. Keywords orbit; rhabdomyosarcoma; sarcoma; metastasis; pediatric Introduction Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood, and RMSof the orbit constitutes approximately 10% of all RMS cases. 1 - 2 Fortunately, most patientswith orbital RMS (ORMS) present with localized disease, and the overall prognosis forlocalized ORMS is excellent.
THE IMPACT OF RADIATION DOSE IN COMBINED EXTERNAL BEAM AND INTRALUMINAL IR-192 BRACHYTHERAPY FOR BILE DUCT CANCER

Abstract Purpose: To examine the impact of radiation dose on both survival and morbidity in combined modality treatment of bile duct cancer. Methods and Materials: Forty-eight patients with cancer of the extrahepatic bile ducts were treated at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital from 1984–1990. Twenty-four patients received radiation as part of a combined modality approach using external beam radiation, brachytherapy implant and chemotherapy. Twenty-four patients received no radiation in the course of their treatment. Radiation was delivered via high energy photons at standard fractionation, 5 days/week, for an average of 46 Gy. The implant used Ir-192 ribbon sources (average activity was 29 mCi, active length was 6 cm) for a mean dose of 25 Gy at 1 cm. Chemotherapy consisted of 5-FU alone or combined with adriamycin or mitomycin-C. Results: Two-year survival for all 48 patients was 18% (median 9 months). Patients treated with radiation had a 2-year survival of 30% (median 12 months) vs. the no-radiation group, 17% (5.5 months, median), p = 0.01. Those treated to > 55 Gy experienced an extended 2-year survival of 48% (24 months, median), vs. those receiving p = 0.0003. This benefit was also seen when patients were stratified by T-stage. A dose response is further suggested by a lengthening of the median survival with increasing radiation dose (4.5 months, 9 months, 18 months and 25 months for Conclusion: A dose response is shown with more than double the 2-year and median survival for doses > 55 Gy. A brachytherapy dose of 25 Gy, plus 44–46 Gy external beam is well tolerated. High dose combined brachytherapy and external beam radiation (60–75 Gy) appears to be the most effective modality for extrahepatic bile duct cancer.
Self-reference spatiotemporal image-restoration technique

The restoration of space-variant imagery requires more information than the restoration of shift-invariant imagery. A selective rejection and piecewise resummation method that does not rely on a priori information is given; this method extracts the needed information from a time sequence of distorted imagery, using the time-averaged low-spatial-frequency image content as a self-reference to reorganize the high-spatial-frequency image content of individual frames. Experimental results to support this self-reference image restoration are given for a two-dimensional gray-scaled object moving underneath and imaged through a water wave tank.
Contemporary issues in thermal gasification of biomass and its application to electricity and fuel production.

Abstract Gasification technology has been investigated to effectively and economically convert low-value and highly distributed solid biomass to a uniform gaseous mixture mainly including hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). This gaseous mixture can be further used as an industrial feedstock for heat and power generation, H 2 production and synthesis of liquid fuels. Significant advances have been made in the technology of biomass gasification and syngas utilization. This review was conducted to introduce the recent advances in biomass gasification and syngas utilization. The critical technical issues and perspectives of biomass gasification were discussed.
Learning a word processing system with training wheels and guided exploration

A Training Wheels interface creates a reduced functionality system intended to prevent new users from suffering the consequences of certain types of common errors when they exercise system functions and procedures. This has been shown to be an effective training system design for learning basic text editing functions [4]. We extend this result by examining the extent to which training wheels learners can transfer their skills to interaction with the full-function system. The experiment reported here indicates that training wheels subjects were better able to perform advanced full-system editing functions than subjects who were trained on the full system itself.
Particle Trajectories in Field-Flow Fractionation and SPLITT Fractionation Channels

Abstract The need for particle trajectory determination within field-flow fractionation and SPLITT fractionation channels is discussed. In the case of steric or steric/hyperlayer FFF, the trajectory followed by a particle determines its elution time. With hydrodynamic relaxation, the determination of a representative set of trajectories can also provide information on the band spreading inherent to the technique. In the simplest case of SPLITT fractionation where a binary separation is the objective, the trajectories determine the point at which a separative cut is made, as well as the sharpness of the cut. The influence of hydrodynamic lift forces, applied transverse and longitudinal fields, and secondary crossflow on particle migration are discussed, as well as the perturbing influence of the presence of the channel walls. Finally, a computer program is used to generate sets of particle trajectories to illustrate certain aspects of the preceding discussion.
Provision of pharmaceutical care services in North Carolina: A 1999 survey

Objective To describe the extent of and factors associated with the provision of pharmaceutical care services (PCS) and value-added pharmaceutical services (PS) by pharmacists in North Carolina, the physical changes made in pharmacies to accommodate these services, the nature and extent of prior consent or collaborative practice arrangements between North Carolina pharmacists and prescribers, and the frequency of reimbursement for PCS. Design Descriptive study based on a mail survey. Participants Pharmacist– managers at each of the 2,048 licensed pharmacy sites in North Carolina; a list of licensed pharmacies provided by the North Carolina Board of Pharmacy was used as the sampling frame. Main Outcome Measures Pharmacists' reports of PCS and pharmacy demographics. Results Response rate was 40%. More than 30% of respondents provided PCS at their site, although only 20% met our more stringent definition of PCS (i.e., ensuring appropriate pharmacotherapy, ensuring patient understanding and adherence, and monitoring and reporting patient outcomes). Services were more frequently offered by university-affiliated (35%) or independent (32%) pharmacies. The median number of patients receiving PCS across all sites was 10 per week. Diabetes was the most common health problem for which PCS were offered. Three variables—weekly prescription volume (positive correlation); number of staff pharmacists with advanced training, specifically fellowship training; and medical clinic/health maintenance organization setting—were significant predictors of the numbers of patients provided PCS. Independent community pharmacies were most likely to have private counseling areas and to bill for and receive payment for PCS. Conclusion In North Carolina, a substantial number of pharmacists provided PCS in 1999 or planned to do so in the near future. However, the number of patients receiving PCS was relatively low. Practice setting, pharmacist education level, and prescription volume were weakly predictive of the number of patients receiving PCS. Pharmacists commonly used prior consent arrangements with physicians in their practices, but primarily to facilitate generic substitution. Relatively few pharmacists billed for PS or PCS.
CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN METHODS OF SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS

Writing in 1950, in the aftermath of the voluminous work on The American Soldier, Kendall and Lazarsfeld commented that, despite advances in many aspects of survey procedures, "there is very little discussion of the art of analyzing material once it has been collected" (Merton and Lazarsfeld, 1950:133).' This situation has changedsubstantial shifts have occurred in the attention to statistical methods applied to survey data. Preceded by developments in survey sampling, questionnaire design, and interviewing techniques, methods of survey analysis have acquired greater diversity, complexity, and statistical power. Modern survey researchers pay considerable attention to the analysis of data. Methods of statistical analysis are well known among social scientists and have even become institutionalized aspects of graduate curricula in the social and behavioral sciences. These changes are due in part to the increased capacities and efficiency of the modern highspeed computer, but changes in the quantitative orientations of contemporary social scientists have also contributed to this trend. In any event, the past 50 years are witness to fundamental changes in the nature of survey analysis and the development and application of statistical techniques.
Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase: Solubilization and stabilization in beef adrenal gland preparations

Abstract The presence in beef adrenal gland of Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase that converts pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione to progesterone is demonstrated. The enzyme is unstable, difficult to solubilize, and appears to be associated with the particulate material of the cell. A procedure for solubilizing and concentrating Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase from beef adrenal cortex is described. This involved extraction of the tissue with hypertonic buffer, and resolubilization of the enzyme activity. A tenfold enriched isomerase preparation was obtained that was stable for three weeks. It is concluded that, in the adrenal cortex, two enzymes, a Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and a Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase, are required for the conversion of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroids to Δ4-3-ketosteroids.
Reliability and Justified Belief

(1984). Reliability and Justified Belief. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 103-114.
The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its strength against attacks

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) was developed by an IBM team around 1974 and adopted as a national standard in 1977. Since that time, many cryptanalysts have attempted to find shortcuts for breaking the system. In this paper, we examine one such attempt, the method of differential cryptanalysis, published by Biham and Shamir. We show some of the safeguards against differential cryptanalysis that were built into the system from the beginning, with the result that more than 10 15 bytes of chosen plaintext are required for this attack to succeed.
Ca2+ -activated nonselective cation channels in rat neonatal atrial myocytes.

A nonselective cation channel activated by intracellular Ca2+ was identified in inside-out membrane patches taken from cultured rat atrial myocytes. Ca2+ (0.01-1.00 mM) reversibly activated the channel in a concentration-dependent manner. The channel often showed a quick and irreversible rundown within a few minutes after patch excision. The I-V relationship of the channel was linear between-100 and +100 mV. The single channel conductance was 26.0 ± 0.5 pS and its open probability was weakly voltage-dependent. Ion-substitution experiments showed that the channel was permeable to monovalent cations (P x /P Cs : Li+ (1.5) = K+ (1.5)> Na+ (1.2) > Rb+ (1.1) > Cs+ (1.0)) but not to Cl- (PCl/PCs < 0.01) and Ca2+ (PCa/PCs =0.02 ± 0.01).
The Design of Shared Social Spaces in Assisted Living Residences for Older Adults

Objective: This study addressed older adults' psycho-social needs in relation to assisted living shared spaces. It examined part of a Social Space Attachment Model that hypothesized that assisted living designs that match residents' previous homes lead to greater life satisfaction. Research Design: Residents at 11 assisted living facilities were interviewed. Information about demographics, psychological and physical status, ratings and use of social spaces, and previous homes was gathered. Lobbies, lounges, and dining rooms at each site were assessed. Analysis: Means and percentages were used to compare furnishing styles, colors, and accessories at previous homes and assisted living facilities. Regression and correlation analyses were used to determine relationships for private, personal and homelike ratings, formality match, use of spaces, and psycho-social variables with residents' life satisfaction scores. Key Findings: Assisted living interiors were more formal and used different colors and less personal accessories than previous homes. Residents rated social spaces as not private, not personal, and not homelike. Residents with higher life satisfaction scores were more likely to live in facilities where formality was similar to their previous homes, spend time in the lobbies, and rate them as personal. Conclusions: For older adults to become attached to and use assisted living social spaces, interior designs must relate to past experiences. Designs should usually include semi-formal or informal traditional styles, more familiar colors, personal accessories, and opportunities for privacy.
Dynamics of nonspecific adsorption of insulin to erythrocyte membranes

Molecules may arrive at targets (receptors, enzymes, etc.) localized on a membrane surface by first adsorbing onto the surface and then surface diffusing to the targets. The flux rate of molecules arriving at targets via this mechanism depends on the surface diffusion coefficient of the molecules and, in some circumstances, on the adsorption/desorption kinetics. The technique of total internal reflection with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (TIR-FRAP) was used here to study these rate parameters of fluorescein-labeled insulin (f-insulin) interacting with erythrocyte ghosts. Ghosts were adhered to polylysine coated slides for TIR illumination. Some ghosts became flattened and unsealed on the polylysine so that both extracellular and cytoplasmic sides of the membrane were openly exposed to the solution. An aluminum thin film between the polylysine and the fused silica of a slide quenched ‘background’ fluorescence from f-insulin adsorbed directly onto the polylysine. An interference fringe pattern from two intersecting and totally internally reflecting laser beams provided surface-selective excitation with a spatial variation of illumination intensity across a ghost for surface diffusion measurements. Measured characteristic values of desorption rate constants ranged from 0.043 to 270 s−1. According to a preexisting theoretical model, the largest desorption rate constant in this range would result in some increase in the total flux rate to a perfect sink target due to capture from the surface, provided that the surface diffusion coefficient was ≥ about 10−8 cm2/s. However, based on TIR-FRAP measurements on our system, we estimate that the surface diffusion coefficient is less than about 5×10−10 cm2/s. The combination of novel techniques presented here may prove valuable to other workers seeking to make diffusive and chemical kinetic rate parameter measurements of biomolecules at biological cell membranes.
The use of rewards and punishments in psychotherapy.

Summary o 1. Observations of the processes of recovery from mental illnesses without treatment show that new incentives often stimulate new and therapeutic behavioral responses in patients. 2. Incentives are widely employed in penology, industry and education and claim much support as modifiers of behavior. 3. Most psychotherapists try to make patients aware of existing immediate and remote incentives to which patients may respond with changed behavior; they do not, however, attempt to manipulate these incentives directly themselves. 4. In a small series of patients, incentives were manipulated by the therapist who provided various overt rewards and punishments as incentives to changed behavior in the patients. 5. In most of the patients for whom the incentives were provided, the desired behavioral changes occurred. 6. Direct manipulation of incentives for patients by the psychotherapist has some important disadvantages which generally make it undesirable. But occasionally, with certain patients changes in incentives provided by the therapist may accelerate changes in behavior and promote therapeutic experiences.
The biosynthesis of methionine: Partial purification and properties of homocysteine methyltransferase of jack bean meal☆

Abstract An enzyme which catalyzes the biosynthesis of methionine from homocysteine and S-methyl- l -methionine has been purified 250-fold from jack bean meal. Other active methyl donors for this enzyme are S-adenosyl- l -methionine and dimethyl-β-propiothetin. Michaelis constants of 5.5 × 10−5M and 4.1 × 10−5M were calculated for S-methyl- l -methionine and l -homocysteine, respectively. The optimum pH for enzyme activity was found to be 7.9 and an average activation energy of 16,200 calories was determined for the reaction between 30 ° and 50 °C. The enzyme is stable for at least 2 hours at 37 °C and shows very slight inhibition in the presence of high concentrations of the product, methionine. Activity is not inhibited by the chelating agent, EDTA, nor stimulated by the reducing agent, 2-mercaptoethanol. The properties of the homocysteine methyltransferase of jack bean meal differ in many respects from those of the homocysteine methyltransferase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Growth and annealing of (Bi1−xPbx)2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ single crystals

Abstract We report on the growth of (Bi1−xPbx)2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ single crystals. The crystals reach a maximum substitution level of x ≈ 0.20 accompanied by a clear increase in the wavelength of the displacive modulation along the b - axis , in agreement with the results of the polycrystalline samples. Their transition temperature can be varied from 90 K to 76 K by annealing in argon and oxygen respectively. We also introduce various modifications to the annealing procedures in order to get very narrow transitions, as small as 0.3 K for the undoped crystals.
Ulnar neuropathy and dystonic flexion of the fourth and fifth digits: Clinical correlation in musicians

Peripheral nerve lesions are sometimes associated with focal dystonia. We diagnosed ulnar neuropathy in 28 of 73 (40%) cases of occupational cramp in musicians. Focal slowing of ulnar conduction across the elbow was identified in 15 of 19 (79%) patients using the near nerve technique and in 5 of 17 (29%) patients using surface recording. Ulnar neuropathy was present in 24 of 31 (77%) cases with flexion dystonia of the fourth and fifth digits and only 4 of the remaining 42 (10%) cases with other patterns of focal dystonia. Focal dystonia improved in 13 of 14 patients whose ulnar neuropathy improved and appeared or worsened in 2 patients following ulnar nerve injury. These data, together with our recent observation of a dystonic pattern of antagonist bursting in patients with isolated ulnar neuropathy (Muscle Nerve 1995, 18:606-611), suggest that ulnar neuropathy may initiate or sustain a specific dystonia, flexion of the fourth and fifth digits, by inducing a central disorder of motor control.
On the plausibility transformation method for translating belief function models to probability models

In this paper, we propose the plausibility transformation method for translating Dempster-Shafer (D-S) belief function models to probability models, and describe some of its properties. There are many other transformation methods used in the literature for translating belief function models to probability models. We argue that the plausibility transformation method produces probability models that are consistent with D-S semantics of belief function models, and that, in some examples, the pignistic transformation method produces results that appear to be inconsistent with Dempster's rule of combination.
Comparing physical measures and mechanical cracking products of 'Nonpareil' almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D.A. Webb.) with two advanced breeding selections.

Abstract Kernels of ‘Nonpareil’ almond and advanced breeding selections 23.5–16 and 23–122 were evaluated for similarities and differences in commercially important kernel characteristics. These three almond types did not differ in kernel mass, kernel length and width, nor in kernel color coordinates, luminosity and hue. ‘Nonpareil’ kernels were observed to be significantly (p ⩽ 0.05) thicker than kernels of 23.5–16 and 23–122. Chroma value of ‘Nonpareil’ kernels was significantly higher (p ⩽ 0.05) than that of 23–122, but did not differ from that of 23.5–16. Bulk in-shell samples of the three almond types were then compared after a mechanical cracking treatment using identical roller settings in a research-sized commercial cracking machine. Sticktight content varied significantly (p ⩽ 0.01) amongst the three almond types prior to cracking bulked samples. The cracking treatment significantly reduced (p ⩽ 0.01) sticktight content in each of the almond samples and a significant interaction (p ⩽ 0.01) was observed between almond types and cracking treatment with regard to sticktight content. ‘Nonpareil’ and 23.5–16 did not differ in sticktight content either prior to or after the cracking treatment. The three almond types varied significantly (p ⩽ 0.05) in the various categories of edible kernels (whole, double, scratched, broken & chipped) after the cracking treatment.
Female and Breed Associated with Seasonal Fertility Variation in Dairy Cattle

Summary Seasonal variation in breeding efficiency was studied, using breeding records of dairy cows inseminated in Arizona with semen collected in three different climatic areas (Palo Alto, California; Columbus, Ohio; and Phoenix, Arizona). Breeding records of cows inseminated outside the state of Arizona at the same time with semen from the same bulls from Palo Alto were used for comparison. Two main seasonal depressions in fertility were found to occur during the year. Pooling data from all breeds (Jerseys, Holsteins, and Guernseys were studied), fertility dropped 3.4 percentage points during the winter and 12.4 percentage points during the hot summer months. These factors point to the female as the major contributor to the summer depression: (1) Seasonal depressions in fertility are comparable for all sources of semen used in Arizona. (2) Cows bred outside of Arizona during the same period and with semen from the same bulls showed a high rate of fertility during the summer months contrasting with the lowered breeding efficiency within the state. Differences in seasonal fertility were found according to breed, also. The Jerseys show no depression during the summer months, whereas both Guernseys and Holsteins show deep declines in fertility. According to the data, the Guernseys have an equivalent low level during the winter, whereas a significant but somewhat lesser depression occurs for the Holsteins as well.
Cardiac L‐Type Calcium Channel α1‐Subunit Is Increased by Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: Messenger RNA and Protein Expression in Intact Bone

L-type calcium channels have been identified previously in both osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cell lines and primary cultures of osteoblasts using numerous techniques such as patch clamp recording, drug inhibited 45Ca2+ uptake, and Fura-2 measurements, but intact bone has not been investigated. Using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) we found that the three major isoforms of the alpha 1-subunit of L-type calcium channels, (alpha 1C, alpha 1D, and alpha 1S) are present in RNA extracted from ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells, rat femur, and rat skull. Sequencing of most of the alpha 1C-subunit from rat femur and ROS cells revealed that the splice variants in osteosarcoma cells and intact bone differ, but there are no unique sequence variations compared with those found in other tissues. Northern blot analysis of ROS cell RNA indicated that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), but not 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) of the alpha 1C-subunit. Western blot of ROS cell lysates revealed a band of more then 220 kDa, the amount of which increased in cells treated with cAMP. Using confocal microscopy combined with immunohistochemistry in ROS cells, intact bone, and cartilage, we found that the alpha 1C-subunit of this channel is expressed in osteoblasts and chondrocytes suggesting this channel may be a pathway for signal transduction in intact tissue, because it is in osteosarcoma cell lines and primary osteoblasts grown in tissue culture.
Total centromere size and genome size are strongly correlated in ten grass species.

It has been known for decades that centromere size varies across species, but the factors involved in setting centromere boundaries are unknown. As a means to address this question, we estimated centromere sizes in ten species of the grass family including rice, maize, and wheat, which diverged 60~80 million years ago and vary by 40-fold in genome size. Measurements were made using a broadly reactive antibody to rice centromeric histone H3 (CENH3). In species-wide comparisons, we found a clear linear relationship between total centromere size and genome size. Species with large genomes and few chromosomes tend to have the largest centromeres (e.g., rye) while species with small genomes and many chromosomes have the smallest centromeres (e.g., rice). However, within a species, centromere size is surprisingly uniform. We present evidence from three oat–maize addition lines that support this claim, indicating that each of three maize centromeres propagated in oat are not measurably different from each other. In the context of previously published data, our results suggest that the apparent correlation between chromosome and centromere size is incidental to a larger trend that reflects genome size. Centromere size may be determined by a limiting component mechanism similar to that described for Caenorhabditis elegans centrosomes.
Exposure of forestry ground workers to 2,4-D, picloram and dichlorprop

Urine samples from 80 forest workers applying 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] plus dichlorprop [(±)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid] or picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) by ground techniques were monitored to determine the dose of chemical absorbed. Four crews of 20 workers each were studied to compare the exposures during application by backpack, injection bar, Hypohatchet or a hack-and-squirt method. Total urine output was analyzed to compare the absorbed dose to each worker under two operational modes. In the first, designated T-1, the workers wore their usual clothing and followed the work habits they ordinarily used on the job. In the second mode, designated T-2 and conducted 6 d after the first, workers were given new leather gloves and boots and asked to take all feasible precautions to prevent herbicide exposure and to wash immediately if they come into contact with the chemical. For all application methods except that with backpacks, the T-2 treatment decreased the absorbed dose. During both T-1 and T-2 the clothing of backpack sprayers often became saturated with spray, dew or perspiration, and these workers received a higher absorbed dose of 2,4-D (0.04–0.24 mg/kg body weight) than did workers in other crews. The absorbed dose of dichlorprop ranged from undetectable to 0.18 mg/kg. Hypohatchet workers received a greater dose than did injection bar or hack-and-squirt workers. The absorbed dose of picloram ranged from undetectable to 0.02 mg/kg. If equal dermal penetration of 2,4-D and picloram is assumed, this represents much less dermal absorption than would have been predicted from the relative amounts of 2,4-D and picloram in Tordon 101-Rr.
Stochastic inflation as a time-dependent random walk

This paper exploits the ``stochastic inflation'' paradigm introduced by Starobinskii to study the evolution of long-wavelength modes for a free scalar field \ensuremath{\Phi} in an inflationary Universe. By relaxing the assumption of a ``slow roll,'' it becomes obvious that the well-known late-time infrared divergence of the vacuum for a massless field in de Sitter space may be viewed as a consequence of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. This stochastic model is also extended to allow for nonvacuum states and power-law inflation, situations where the fluctuation-dissipation theorem no longer holds. One recovers the correct late-time form for the expectation value 〈${\ensuremath{\Phi}}^{2}$〉 in these cases as well, corroborating thereby the intuitive picture that, quite generally, the long-wavelength modes of the field evolve in a thermal ``bath'' provided by the shorter-wavelength modes.
Measuring functional status in older adults with dementia.

Functional activities are paramount to preserving independence among older adults. Examples include maintaining one's finances, bathing, getting around, shopping, and preparing balanced meals. Functional decline can result in expensive direct and indirect care costs for patients, families, and h
STUDIES ON CORPUS LUTEUM METABOLISM I. EFFECTS OF INTERMENSTRUAL ADMINISTRATION OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE1

IN AN EARLIER REPORT by some members of our group (1) upon androgenic metabc lism in women, attention was called to the advisability of studying the effects of injections of testosterone propionate upon the normal ovarian function of healthy women. One of the hypotheses, upon which much of the use of androgens in gynecic therapy is founded, presupposes that these agents are capable of ‘overriding’ or ‘negating’ normal ovarian function. The present study is pertinent to this theory. A group of II young healthy women, whose examinations had indicated the non-existence of any significant endocrine disease was selected for this study. The common complaint of these patients was dysmenorrhea. Their ages ranged from 18 to 33 years; the average being 23.9 years. Levels of ovarian function prior to therapy and during therapy were judged by the following studies:
Quantum computing at the Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate (Plenary Paper)

The Air Force Research Laboratory leads the discovery, development, and integration of affordable war fighting technologies for our air and space forces. In particular, the Information Directorate’s mission is to advance and apply Information Systems Science and Technology to provide Information Dominance. This paper discusses why the Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate is concerned with researching prospective computing architectures for Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance applications. Projects addressing quantum information science and quantum computing will be discussed, highlighting where these technologies offer potential disruptive technology solutions for the Air Force.
Modification of nerve membrane sodium channels by the insecticide pyrethroids.

Abstract 1. The synthetic pyrethroids exert potent and selective actions on nerve membrane sodium channels. (+)- trans tetramethrin and (+)- trans allethrin cause repetitive discharges to be produced in the isolated crayfish and squid giant axons in response to a single stimulus as a result of an increase in depolarizing after-potential. 2. The latter effect is due to slowing of the sodium channel kinetics which causes a prolonged sodium current following the normal peak sodium current. 3. A kinetic model is proposed to account for the action of the pyrethroids in which the pyrethroid molecule binds to the sodium channels at both closed and open states to produce a modified open state. 4. (−)- trans and (−)- cis isomers of tetramethrin are ineffective in causing the effects, but prevent the active (+)- trans and (+)- cis isomers from exerting the effects. This stereospecificity provides us with an excellent opportunity for the study of binding sites of pyrethroids and other sodium channel modulators.
Safety in numbers: hyperdiploidy and prognosis.

In this issue of Blood , Dastugue and colleagues report their findings examining the impact of hyperdiploidy on the outcome of children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Since the 1980s, it has been appreciated that 25% to 30% of B-cell ALL cases have a “high” hyperdiploid