cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of the IgA System in the Mammary Gland

The specificity of the IgA antibodies in milk is puzzling if the secretory immune system is viewed in strictly local terms, i.e., synthesis of antibodies by plasma cells in a secretory site in response to antigen impinging on that site. Milk is known to contain IgA antibodies directed toward antigens which do not directly contact the mammary gland but which do exist in the gastrointestinal tract (1–3). The existence of such antibodies could be explained by transport from the serum, for which evidence is lacking, or by stimulation of immunocytes resident in the mammary gland by antigens absorbed from the intestine and reaching the mammary gland via the blood. Evidence against this latter possibility has been gathered by Montgomery et al. (4) and Goldblum et al. (1), who instead proposed that immunocytes presensitized to antigens of the gastrointestinal tract might migrate to the mammary gland from the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). This could account for the, presence in milk of antibodies to such antigens. The fact that these IgA antibodies are not absorbed to any great extent from the intestinal tract of suckling infants (5–7) and must, therefore, exert their beneficial effects therein would be entirely consistent with this scheme.
A continuous power law wave equation for biomedical ultrasound

The attenuation coefficient in most biological media is a power law with respect to frequency. Measurements indicate that the power law exponent y is near or exactly one for many classes of tissue. In J. Acous. Soc. Am. [124 2861–2872 (2008)], a power law wave equation (PLWE) was proposed to model this power law dependence using Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives. The PLWE, like most other fractional calculus models for attenuation in the time-domain, is invalid for y =1 due to a discontinuity in the phase velocity. To address this problem, a continuous power law wave equation (CPLWE) is proposed that is valid for all power law exponents between zero and two. The CPLWE utilizes the recently developed Zolotarev fractional derivative of order y, which is a nonlocal operator even for y = 1. The 3D Green's function for the CPLWE that is valid for homogeneous media is derived using stable probability density functions in the Zolotarev M-parameterization. Solutions to the CPLWE that are valid for inhomoge...
All Lactase Preparations Are Not the Same: Results of a Prospective, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of three commercially available oral lactase preparations in adults with lactose intolerance. METHODS Design--Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Setting--Outpatient study in a General Clinical Research Center. Subjects--Ten lactose-intolerant healthy volunteers were challenged with ice cream containing 18 g of lactose. Lactase or placebo was given immediately prior to challenge. Measurements--Symptoms and breath hydrogen excretion were recorded for 3 h following lactose challenge. RESULTS The three products differed in their abilities to influence symptoms and breath hydrogen excretion. Only Lactaid reduced the breath hydrogen excretion with lactose (mean peak, area under the curve and cumulative breath hydrogen excretion) (p < 0.05). Lactrase and Dairy Ease influenced symptoms: Lactrase reduced pain, bloating and total symptomatic scores (p < 0.05), whereas Dairy Ease only reduced pain (p < 0.05). Lactaid administration did not reduce symptoms. CONCLUSION In lactose-intolerant subjects, the available lactase preparations differ in their ability to improve both breath hydrogen excretion and symptoms. Lactrase may be the product of choice for achieving symptomatic improvement.
Perspective on Eulerian Finite Volume Methods for Incompressible Interfacial Flows

Incompressible interfacial flows here refer to those incompressible flows possessing multiple distinct, immiscible fluids separated by interfaces of arbitrarily complex topology. A prototypical example is free surface flows, where fluid properties across the interface vary by orders of magnitude. Interfaces present in these flows possess topologies that are not only irregular but also dynamic, undergoing gross changes such as merging, tearing, and filamenting as a result of the flow and interface physics such as surface tension and phase change. The interface topology requirements facing an algorithm tasked to model these flows inevitably leads to an underlying Eulerian methodology. The discussion herein is confined therefore to Eulerian schemes, with further emphasis on finite volume methods of discretization for the partial differential equations manifesting the physical model.
Incorporating ethics into the computer science curriculum: multiple perspectives

Professional organizations in computer science demand that computer professionals adhere to a strict code of ethics. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) promulgates commitment to the ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for all its members and encourages the integration of computer ethics into the computer science undergraduate curriculum. ABET, Inc., the leading accreditor of computer science programs, highlights the importance of computer ethics in one of its criteria for all computing programs: An understanding of professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues and responsibilities. Therefore, it is imperative that graduates of computer science programs not only have a recognition of the conduct that will be expected of them as computer science professionals but also of the profound effects of computing in today's world. Computer science faculty members are aware of the necessity to engage students in vital discussions of the ethical issues that impact society but often find it difficult to find meaningful ways to do so. Consequently, many schools do not adequately address computer ethics in their curriculum. This panel will present specific initiatives to address the ethics of computing in a range of courses. Panelists will discuss student reaction and interest in the variety of methodologies presented and will assess the effectiveness of these initiatives. Audience members will be encouraged to share their own experiences with incorporating ethical issues into the computer science curriculum.
Differences in Aggressive Behaviors between Two Ant Species Determine the Ecological Consequences of a Facultative Food-for-Protection Mutualism

Ant-hemipteran mutualisms are widespread interactions in terrestrial food webs with far-reaching consequences for arthropod communities. Several hypotheses address the behavioral mechanisms driving the impacts of this mutualism, but relatively few studies have considered multiple ant species simultaneously as well as interspecific and intraspecific variation in ant behavior. In a series of field experiments that manipulated ant diet, this work examines the role of induced behaviors of forest ant species actively engaged in mutualism with Hemiptera. Based on other work in ant mutualisms, we predicted a higher frequency of aggressive behaviors towards prey and competitors by ants in the presence of honeydew-producing Hemiptera. We specifically compared Camponotus chromaoides and Formica neogagates (Formicidae), two abundant species in temperate forests of the northeastern U.S.A. After manipulating ant diet and interactions with sap-feeders experimentally, we observed 494 one-on-one interactions between ants and competitors, ladybird beetles and caterpillar prey. We found that C. chromaoides, exhibited behavioral dominance over F. neogagates, and C. chromaoides was more likely to attack ladybird beetles, competing ants, and caterpillar prey. However, contrary to other work in ant-Hemipteran mutualisms, we observed no evidence that food rewards provided by sap-feeders induced changes in ant behavior for either ant species examined. These results reveal the importance of considering interspecific differences in behavior as a mechanism underlying the ecological impacts of ant-Hemipteran protection mutualisms.
Current and Future Pharmacologic Therapies for Diabetic Retinopathy.

Background Currently, diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of permanent visual loss in workingage adults in industrialized nations. The chronic microangiopathic changes associated with diabetic retinopathy lead to the most common causes of severe permanent visual loss: diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Multiple studies have evaluated different pharmacotherapies for different levels of retinopathy. Methods A review of the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy and current and emerging pharmacotherapies for diabetic retinopathy. Results Historically, DME has been the primary focus of treatment in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Due to the rapidly increasing number of agents and treatment options, management algorithms for DME have become increasingly complex. Furthermore, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) has allowed unparalleled sensitivity and specificity for detecting macular edema. All available intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of patients with DME and PDR. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide has also proven beneficial in diabetic retinopathy. Most recently, various corticosteroids have been designed as sustained-release intraocular implants in order to reduce the burden and risks associated with retreatment. Current research is focused on providing new agents that target alternate pathways and signaling molecules to provide patients with additional therapeutic tools, especially in patients who have an incomplete response to the current medications. Conclusion Anti-VEGF therapy has revolutionized the medical management of diabetic retinopathy. The most important existing challenges in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy are improving visual outcomes and decreasing the treatment burden associated with repeated intravitreal injections. Combination therapy with anti-VEGF and corticosteroids with other previously available treatments, such as panretinal photocoagulation, may be a reasonable clinical strategy to reduce the intravitreal injections burden. Many exciting novel drugs that target newly discovered pathways hold clinical promise. The results of ongoing randomized clinical trials will answer the important concerns surrounding new drugs and delivery devices: safety and visual outcomes.
Structurally stable families of periodic solutions in sweeping processes of networks of elastoplastic springs

Abstract Networks of elastoplastic springs (elastoplastic systems) have been linked to differential equations with polyhedral constraints in the pioneering paper by Moreau (1974). Periodic loading of an elastoplastic system, therefore, corresponds to a periodic motion of the polyhedral constraint. According to Krejci (1996), every solution of a sweeping process with a periodically moving constraint asymptotically converges to a periodic orbit. Understanding whether such an asymptotic periodic orbit is unique or there can be an entire family of asymptotic periodic orbits (that form a periodic attractor) has been an open problem since then. Since suitable small perturbation of a polyhedral constraint seems to be always capable to destroy a potential family of periodic orbits, it is expected that none of potential periodic attractor is structurally stable. In the present paper we give a simple example to prove that even though the periodic attractor (of non-stationary periodic solutions) can be destroyed by a little perturbation of the moving constraint, the periodic attractor resists perturbations of the physical parameters of the mechanical model (i.e. the parameters of the network of elastoplastic springs).
Inhibitory cytokine circuits involving transforming growth factor-beta, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-2 in human monocyte activation

We have previously reported that transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) induction by IL-2 and IL-1 in fresh human monocytes. We investigated the effects of TGF-beta 1 on the expression of tumoricidal activity induced by IL-2 or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in human monocytes. We showed that TGF-beta 1 specifically inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, IL-2-induced but not IFN-gamma-induced monocyte tumoricidal activity. The inhibitory effects of TGF-beta 1 on IL-2-activated monocytes were not caused by down-modulation of the IL-2 receptor beta (IL-2R beta) because the treatment of monocytes with IL-2 and TGF-beta 1 increased IL-2R beta mRNA expression. However, we found that TGF-beta 1 down-modulated IL-2-induced IL-2R gamma mRNA, which may be responsible for the TGF-beta 1 inhibition of monocyte activation by IL-2. The resistance of the IFN-gamma-induced activation to the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta 1 could be caused by the ability of IFN-gamma to decrease TGF-beta 1 receptor expression, as shown by cross-linking experiments. Overall, these results showed that TGF-beta 1 is a powerful inhibitor of IL-2- but not of IFN-gamma-induced activation of monocytes to a cytotoxic stage. This differential effect may be attributed to modulation of cytokine receptor expression.
Discrimination in the veterinary profession.

Vet Record’s recent news article ‘“Shocking” levels of discrimination found’ ( VR , 13 July 2019, vol 185, p 34) on the findings of the BVA’s discrimination report stated that ‘almost 30 per cent of vet professionals have experienced or witnessed some sort of discrimination’. The figure is incorrect – it should have reported 24 per cent. This figure of 24 per …
Electrochemical Characterization of Isolated Nitrogenase Cofactors from Azotobacter vinelandii

The nitrogenase cofactors are structurally and functionally unique in biological chemistry. Despite a substantial amount of spectroscopic characterization of protein-bound and isolated nitrogenase cofactors, electrochemical characterization of these cofactors and their related species is far from complete. Herein we present voltammetric studies of three isolated nitrogenase cofactor species: the iron-molybdenum cofactor (M-cluster), iron-vanadium cofactor (V-cluster), and a homologue to the iron-iron cofactor (L-cluster). We observe two reductive events in the redox profiles of all three cofactors. Of the three, the V-cluster is the most reducing. The reduction potentials of the isolated cofactors are significantly more negative than previously measured values within the molybdenum-iron and vanadium-iron proteins. The outcome of this study provides insight into the importance of the heterometal identity, the overall ligation of the cluster, and the impact of the protein scaffolds on the overall electronic structures of the cofactors.
A turn for the worse: Turning performance in Parkinson's disease and Essential tremor.

Abstract Background Turning is an activity of daily living known to elicit falls in older adults and particularly in persons with movement disorders. Specifically, those with Parkinson's disease have marked impairments in forward walking and turning. Although recent work has identified gait impairment in those with Essential tremor, turning has not been extensively evaluated. As the cerebellum is key in the pathophysiology of Essential tremor, complex tasks like turning, may be impaired for this population. The purpose of this study was to investigate turning behavior and falls in those with Essential tremor and Parkinson's disease. Methods 15 persons with Essential tremor and 15 persons with Parkinson's disease performed forward walking and turns on an instrumented walkway. t-tests compared groups and a regression was performed to predict fall frequency. Findings During turning, those with Essential tremor had lower cadence (p = .042) and took more time (p = .05). No other variables, including forward walking variables, differed between groups. When pooling groups, the significant fall frequency predictor model (p = .003) included decreased forward cadence, increased turning cadence, and female sex. Overall, the model explained 40.7% of the variance. Interpretation While forward gait performance was similar between groups, those with Essential tremor had increased turn time, a measure often associated with turning impairment. Together, these results suggest overall gait impairment in Essential tremor is more prevalent than recognized. Walking performance, both turning and forward, and sex were predictive of fall frequency. Therapeutic interventions in these populations should include both forward walking and turns to mitigate fall risk.
Alpha-defensin 5 differentially modulates adenovirus vaccine vectors from different serotypes in vivo

Adenoviral vectors have shown significant promise as vaccine delivery vectors due to their ability to elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses. α-defensins are effector molecules of the innate immune response and have been shown to modulate natural infection with adenoviruses, but the majority of α-defensin-adenovirus interactions studied to date have only been analyzed in vitro. In this study, we evaluated the role of α-defensin 5 (HD5) in modulating adenovirus vaccine immunogenicity using various serotype adenovirus vectors in mice. We screened a panel of human adenoviruses including Ad5 (species C), Ad26 (species D), Ad35 (species B), Ad48 (species D) and a chimeric Ad5HVR48 for HD5 sensitivity. HD5 inhibited transgene expression from Ad5 and Ad35 but augmented transgene expression from Ad26, Ad48, and Ad5HVR48. HD5 similarly suppressed antigen-specific IgG and CD8+ T cell responses elicited by Ad5 vectors in mice, but augmented IgG and CD8+ T cell responses and innate cytokine responses elicited by Ad26 vectors in mice. Moreover, HD5 suppressed the protective efficacy of Ad5 vectors but enhanced the protective efficacy of Ad26 vectors expressing SIINFEKL against a surrogate Listeria-OVA challenge in mice. These data demonstrate that HD5 differentially modulates adenovirus vaccine delivery vectors in a species-specific manner in vivo.
SULFATED DEXTRAN-COATED IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES DETECT INFLAMMATION IN THE PERI-INFARCT REGION POST-ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

We investigated whether the negatively-charged sulfated dextran-coated iron oxide (SDIO) nanoparticles with higher affinity with macrophages can detect inflammation more efficiently compared to non-sulfated dextran-coated iron oxide (DIO) nanoparticles in mice LAD ligation model. After mice were
Phototherapy and photochemotherapy.

The beneficial and adverse effects of nonionizing radiation in the treatment of certain skin diseases may involve immunologic mechanisms. The most recent and direct evidence for this comes from studies of the effects of oral psoralen photochemotherapy (psoralen plus UVA radiation, PVA), which show that immune function is affected by this treatment. Furthermore, the immune system is involved in the pathophysiology of most diseases found to respond to PUVA therapy. Thus, suppression of various skin diseases by this treatment may be produced by alteration or suppression of the immune responses that mediate them. Some of the adverse effects of this treatment (in particular, skin cancer) also could be due in part to alterations of immune function. UVB phototherapy has been used in the treatment of skin disease for many years, but there has been little interest in its potential immunologic effects. However, further study is warranted because various specific alterations of immune responses have been observed in animals exposed to UVB radiation.
Generational Differences in Faculty and Student Comfort With Technology Use.

BackgroundNavigating through online education courses continues to be a struggle for some nursing students. At the same time, integrating technology into online courses can be difficult for nursing...
Leveraging human-centered design to implement modern psychological science: Return on an early investment

Although classic models of implementation emphasized the importance of innovation characteristics in their adoption and sustained use, contemporary implementation research and practice have deprioritized these variables. Human-centered design (HCD) is an approach that grounds product development in information collected about the people and settings that will ultimately use those products. HCD has strong roots in psychological theory, but its application is typically limited to the development of digital technologies. HCD is rarely applied to the design of psychosocial innovations-including both service-recipient-facing interventions and implementation strategies-within the applied psychological disciplines. The current article reviews the psychological origins of HCD and details pathways through which HCD theories and methods can be leveraged to advance the "core tasks" of contemporary implementation research and practice in psychology. These include (a) identification of multilevel implementation determinants through specification of user needs and contexts; (b) tailoring of implementation strategies, such as contextually driven intervention redesign; and (c) evaluating implementation mechanisms and outcomes, including disentangling how the core HCD focus on usability relates to closely associated implementation variables such as acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness. Collectively, these applications provide directions through which to leverage the mature field of HCD, maximize psychology's return on its early theoretical investment, and promote the large-scale impact of findings from across the applied fields of psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Leveling Up: Connected Mentor Learning in a Digital Media Production After-School Space

This article introduces mirrored practice of leveling up as a model for educator learning grounded in connected learning and the connected mentor framework. Our purpose is to introduce this model and share examples of how it can be enacted. We argue that the model is a rich and successful way for youth development professionals to expand their capacities as educators and to support expansive possibilities for young people’s learning. The model supports all educators’ learning and growth, but it is particularly applicable to mentors working in interest-driven, informal learning environments like makerspaces and YOUmedia learning labs. The model is drawn from our analysis of 2 years of ethnographic observations in an after-school digital design studio housed in an urban public high school in Chicago. We describe mirrored practice as the mentors using the same principles and tools to learn that their students utilized. In the model, leveling up means that both students and mentors are supported in constantly moving towards progressively complex tasks, knowledge, and understanding. Methods of data collection include video- and audio-taped observations and interviews with digital media mentors.
Pack size effects on retail store inventory and storage space needs

Due to constraints on pack sizes in which products are shipped to retail stores, excess inventory can accumulate in stores. In order to optimize the allocation of store space between storage and cu...
The SpliZ generalizes “Percent Spliced In” to reveal regulated splicing at single-cell resolution

Abstract To date, detecting robust single-cell-regulated splicing is viewed as out of reach from droplet based technologies such as 10x Chromium. This prevents the discovery of single-cell-regulated splicing in rare cell types or those that are difficult or impossible to sequence deeply. Here, we introduce a novel, robust, and computationally efficient set of statistics, the Splicing Z Score (SpliZ) and SpliZVD, to detect regulated splicing in single cell RNA-seq including 10x Chromium. The SpliZ(VD) provides annotation-free detection of differentially regulated, complex alternative splicing events. The SpliZ generalizes and increases statistical power compared to the Percent Spliced In (PSI) and mathematically reduces to PSI for simple exon-skipping. We applied the SpliZ to primary human lung cells to discover hundreds of genes with new regulated cell-type-specific splicing. The SpliZ has wide application to enable biological discovery of genes predicted to have functionally significant splicing programs including those regulated in development.
Scottish education through Norwegian eyes: Hartvig Nissen’s report from his study trip to Scotland in 1853

The article presents and analyses the first part of Norwegian educator Hartvig Nissen’s (1815–1874) comprehensive report from his study tour to Scotland in 1853. Nissen occupies an important place ...
Supplemental Cancer Screening for Women With Dense Breasts: Guidance for Health Care Professionals

Mammography is the standard for breast cancer screening. The sensitivity of mammography in identifying breast cancer, however, is reduced for women with dense breasts. Thirty-eight states have passed laws requiring that all women be notified of breast tissue density results in their mammogram report. The notification includes a statement that differs by state, encouraging women to discuss supplemental screening options with their health care professionals (HCPs). Several supplemental screening tests are available for women with dense breast tissue, but no established guidelines exist to direct HCPs in their recommendation of preferred supplemental screening test. Tailored screening, which takes into consideration the patient's mammographic breast density and lifetime breast cancer risk, can guide breast cancer screening strategies that are more comprehensive. This review describes the benefits and limitations of the various available supplemental screening tests to guide HCPs and patients in choosing the appropriate breast cancer screening.
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

This chapter discusses the use of the second derivative in curve sketching and linear motion. It presents certain exercises on the slope and concavity sense of a given curve. In general, the derivative of a function of x is itself a function of x. As such, it too may be differentiated. This derivative of the first derivative is called the second derivative. The second derivative, in turn, may be differentiated to yield the third derivative and so on. The chapter presents an equation that represents the second derivative when f(x) is represented by a single symbol. It further represents the form in which the nth derivative may be expressed.
Expression of CD39 and CD73 as a means of evading anti-tumor immune reponses in lung cancer

A major hurdle for cancer immunotherapy is the ability of tumors to inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. CD39 and CD73 are ectonucleotidases that promote the generation of extracellular adenosine from ATP. In light of the ability of adenosine to inhibit T cell responses by activating the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) we wanted to explore the expression of these two molecules on the surface of cancer cells. We investigated CD39 and CD73 expression and function utilizing murine and human tissues. In vitro studies revealed that Murine Lewis Lung Carcinoma cells did not express ectonucleotidases. However, upregulation of CD39 was found in vivo at multiple time points after injection into C57BL/6 mice. This expression was not T or B cell mediated as injection into RAG knockout mice produced the same expression patterns. Interestingly, characterization of multiple human lung cancer cells lines in vitro revealed near universal expression of CD73 and no CD39 expression. To determine if the upregulation of adenosine could have consequences in vivo, we injected Lewis lung carcinoma cells into A2aR knock out mice or wild-type mice treated with an adenosine receptor antagonist. In both cases improvements in tumor free and overall survival were observed. Overall our data suggests that CD39 and CD73 expression on the surface of lung cancer cells may contribute to their resistance to immunotherapy and that successful immunotherapy in lung cancer might include A2aR antagonists.
Cataloging Practices and Access Methods for Videos at ARL and Public Libraries in the United States

Libraries may vary in the level and fullness of cataloging they give to video recordings and in the methods they use to provide access to them. This paper reports the results of a survey exploring the level of cataloging and access methods applied to videos, the degree to which catalogers view screen credits, and how often various credit information is included and used to create access points in catalog records in selected U.S. public and Association of Research Libraries member libraries. Resources for cataloging videos also were examined. Results showed that most libraries cataloged videos at the full level and provided access points to similar types of information in catalog records. Academic librarians reported viewing videos and providing access points to certain information to a greater extent than public librarians did. This study offers a general picture of the credit information libraries include or omit in video catalog records.
Molecular cloning of genes related to aflatoxin biosynthesis by differential screening.

A differential hybridization strategy was used to clone genes associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis. A genomic library, formed between nuclear DNA and the pUC19 plasmid, was screened with three different cDNA probes by the colony hybridization procedure. Nineteen clones were selected; all were positively correlated with and presumably enriched with genes associated with aflatoxin production. Some of these clones were further characterized by using them as probes in Northern (RNA blot) hybridizations. Five clones hybridized strongly with some polyadenylated RNAs formed during the transition to or during idiophase when aflatoxin was produced. However, little or no corresponding hybridization occurred with polyadenylated RNAs formed in early and mid-log growth phase. Two of the clones were further used as probes to hybridize with polyadenylated RNAs formed under aflatoxin-permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. Hybridization occurred with RNA species formed under the permissive temperature only. Images
Cellular Competition and the Weighted Spectrum Screen

If one or two cellular carriers gain control of enough spectrum, they may be able to prevent current and potential rivals from getting the spectrum needed to compete effectively. Thus, regulators typically attempt to protect competition through some form of limit on how much spectrum any one carrier can hold in the form of a spectrum cap or a spectrum screen. The amount of spectrum a carrier holds in a given market has been determined by simply adding the bandwidths of all licenses held in that market, and ignoring the frequency associated with each license. However, the physical properties of spectrum depend on frequency, and this greatly affects the costs a carrier must incur for infrastructure and the quality of its coverage. Thus, a policy that considers bandwidth but not frequency is problematic, and likely to become more so as spectrum at higher and higher frequencies become available to cellular carriers. This paper proposes the idea of measuring the amount of spectrum held by a carrier in a given market with a weighted sum of the bandwidths of all licenses held, where weights are a function of frequency. The motivation for adopting such an approach is explored from both a technical and economic perspective. Engineering-economic analysis shows that frequency has a tremendous impact on infrastructure cost in regions where population density is low, and a more modest impact in regions where population density is greater. The importance of frequency is also reflected in spectrum auction prices. Today, an appropriate weighting scheme would give significantly higher weights to lower frequencies. Should radios ever become sufficiently flexible that the number of bands in which a device operates has negligible impact on cost, regulators might consider establishing different weighting functions for different markets.
Mechatronic design of a ball-on-plate balancing system

This paper discusses the conception and development of a ball-on-plate balancing system based on mechatronic design principles. Realization of the design is achieved with the simultaneous consideration towards constraints like cost, performance, functionality, extendibility, and educational merit. A complete dynamic system investigation for the ball-on-plate system is presented in this paper. This includes hardware design, sensor and actuator selection, system modeling, parameter identification, controller design and experimental testing. The system was designed and built by students as part of the course Mechatronics System Design at Rensselaer.
Effect of Movement and Vision on Visual-Motor Adjustment to Optical Rearrangement:

This study examined the effects of three conditions of movement (active, passive, and eye movement only) combined with two conditions of vision (sight and no sight of the body) on visual-motor adjustment to a familiar but optically rearranged environment. A total of 175 male college students were subjects. Each subject wore a pair of 25-diopter prism glasses while performing one of seven possible tasks. Visual-motor adjustment was measured by means of a mirror-box test administered prior to, and immediately following, performance of a 15-min. treatment session. Analysis of covariance indicated significant main effects for vision and a significant interaction between conditions of movement and vision. The actively moving subjects with sight of their bodies made significantly greater visual-motor adjustment to the optically rearranged environment than those in any of the other conditions investigated. The fact that non-moving subjects made small but significant adjustment was unexpected and remains unexplained.
Effects of manipulating cholinergic tone upon the activity-stress ulcer

Abstract Eighty rats were housed in standard activity wheel cages and fed for only 1 hr per day. The animals were divided into 10-animal drug groups that received either 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 mg/kg of scopolamine methylbromide, or 0.06, 0.125, 0.250 mg/kg of carbachol, 3 times a day. Two separate 10-animal saline control groups accompanied each drug series. All animals died within 6 days and most demonstrated significant gastric lesions in the glandular fundus of the stomach. All dosages of scopolamine methylbromide significantly reduced the number and severity of gastric lesions and in some cases abolished all signs of stomach pathology. None of the dosages of carbachol significantly affected either the number or degree of gastric ulceration noted in the body of the stomach. These results were interpreted to suggest that the secretion of gastric acid may be an important contributing factor in the formation of gastric ulcers in animals subjected to the activity-stress procedure.
Developing an approach for first-principles catalyst design: application to carbon-capture catalysis.

An approach to catalyst design is presented in which local potential energy surface models are first built to elucidate design principles and then used to identify larger scaffold motifs that match the target geometries. Carbon sequestration via hydration is used as the model reaction, and three- and four-coordinate sp2 or sp3 nitrogen-ligand motifs are considered for ZnII metals. The comparison of binding, activation and product release energies over a large range of interaction distances and angles suggests that four-coordinate short ZnII—Nsp3 bond distances favor a rapid turnover for CO2 hydration. This design strategy is then confirmed by computationally characterizing the reactivity of a known mimic over a range of metal–nitrogen bond lengths. A search of existing catalysts in a chemical database reveals structures that match the target geometry from model calculations, and subsequent calculations have identified these structures as potentially effective for CO2 hydration and sequestration.
Measurements of the wall pressure field at the surface of a smooth-walled pipe containing turbulent water flow

Abstract An experimental study has been made of the statistical properties of the wall pressure field generated by the passage of fully-developed turbulent water flow in a smooth-walled pipe. A pump-driven water flow facility capable of producing Reynolds numbers of 2 × 10 6 in a 20 ft long, 6 in. diameter pipe test section was designed and constructed for this investigation. Noise reduction techniques were employed to minimize the transmission of pump noise to the test section. Wall-mounted miniature pressure transducers were fabricated to record the pressure fluctuations in the longitudinal and circumferential directions of the pipe wall. The statistical properties of the wall pressure field determined from these recordings included the power spectral density, space-time correlations, and convection speeds embracing both broad and narrow (third-octave) frequency bands. It was found that the wall pressure field data exhibit many properties similar to those reported from independent studies in subsonic boundary layer and pipe flows. The results indicate that the frequencies of the pressure fluctuations scale with the flow speed. It was also found that the narrow-band filtered space correlation functions depend not only on the Strouhal number but also vary with the frequency.
A Review of the Empirical Literature on the Relationships Between Indoor Environment and Stress in Health Care and Office Settings Problems and Prospects of Sharing Evidence

A conceptual framework linking indoor environment and stress is provided. The framework suggests that, in many cases, indoor environments may set forth a process leading to stress by affecting individual and/or workplace needs. The framework also suggests that because any direct causal relation between indoor environment and stress may be difficult to establish, researchers should focus more on the evidence that links indoor environment to individual and/or workplace needs. This review focuses primarily on the evidence that relates indoor environment to individual and/or workplace needs in health care and office settings. It shows a growing body of literature addressing these relationships in both settings. However, because the available evidence is uneven, there is a great need for the sharing of knowledge among researchers of these settings. In this regard, differences in organizational factors, user and workplace needs, and physical settings are some issues that need to be carefully considered.
Osler, Lyman, and Page: a tale of three texts.

Excerpt During the organizational period of internal medicine in the United States, no person and no work had greater influence than William Osler and his 1892 masterpieceThe Principles and Practic...
An unusual voltage-gated anion channel found in the cone cells of the chicken retina

Using the whole-cell patch clamp technique, we have examined the voltage-gated currents present in adult chicken cone cells. When calcium and calcium-gated currents are blocked, hyperpolarizing voltage steps elicit slowly increasing inward currents as has been shown for photoreceptors in other species. Unlike the case for other species, chicken cones appear to lack the inward-rectifying cationic current Ih that contributes to the shaping of the photovoltage. Instead of Ih, these cones possess an anionic inward-rectifying current that in kinetics, activation range and probably function is remarkably similar to Ih. This anion channel is unusual in that both nitrate and acetate are more permanent than chloride ions.
The VHL protein recruits a novel KRAB‐A domain protein to repress HIF‐1α transcriptional activity

The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) is a component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase and targets hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) for ubiquitylation and degradation under normoxic conditions. pVHL also directly inhibits HIF-1α transactivation by recruiting histone deacetylases. Here, we report a novel pVHL-interacting protein that functions as a negative regulator of HIF-1α transactivation. This protein, generated from the ZnF197 locus by alternative splicing, contains a Kruppel-associated box (KRAB)-A domain and a SCAN domain, but lacks the 22 C2H2-type zinc fingers present in ZnF197. Therefore, we named this protein pVHL-associated KRAB-A domain-containing protein (VHLaK). We demonstrate that the KRAB-A domain in VHLaK mediates pVHL binding and functions as a transcriptional repression module. The SCAN domain mediates VHLaK homo-oligomerization, which enhances VHLaK repressive activity. pVHL can recruit VHLaK to repress HIF-1α transcriptional activity and HIF-1α-induced VEGF expression. Finally, we demonstrate that pVHL, VHLaK and KAP1/TIF-1β can be recruited into a single complex, indicating that KAP1/TIF-1β may participate in pVHL-mediated transcriptional repression of HIF-1α. Our findings provide a novel mechanism for the modulation of HIF-1α transactivation by pVHL.
Battery switch array system with application for JPL's rechargeable micro-scale batteries

A battery switch array system is developed for solid-state rechargeable micro-scale lithium batteries, designed and developed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, for aerospace applications. The heart of the system is a topology unique in its dynamic reconfiguration ability by providing selective connection and isolation and versatile in its core design by incorporating passive, active or energy storage elements. It allows up to N-batteries to be connected in any desired configuration; providing maximum voltage, maximum capacity and a voltage/capacity ratio. This battery switch array system is part of a power management system that is developed to utilize these features and provide for multiple charging algorithms, real time status information and fault tolerant capabilities. A two microbattery prototype circuit is built using a microprocessor-based controller for verification of the system design and its features. The topology and its features will be explored in this paper to provide methods for modular and scalable energy storage system design.
Comparison of tethered star and linear poly(ethylene oxide) for control of biomaterials surface properties

Four different poly(ethylene oxide) [PEO] molecules were compared as grafted polymer layers for biomaterials' substrates: two linear polymers and two star polymers. Conditions maximizing surface coverage for each molecule were employed with the aim of inhibiting protein adsorption and increasing the density of end groups. Neutron reflectivities of the grafted layers immersed in deuterium oxide (heavy water) were measured and used to calculate volume fraction profiles of the polymer as a function of distance from the surface. These density profiles were combined with protein adsorption data on the grafted layers to compare with recent theoretical and experimental studies of protein resistance by PEO at surfaces. We found that the grafting density is maximized by coupling the linear PEO from a K2SO4 salt buffer, which is a poor solvent for PEO. However, the grafting density of star PEO was maximized when no K2SO4 was used and the stars were dissolved near the overlap concentration. Concentration profiles obtained from the reflectivity data show that the hydrated polymers swell to ∼ 10 times the dried layer thickness and exhibit a low density (maximum volume fractions < 0.4 PEO) throughout the layer. The PEO surfaces obtained with both the star and linear polymers resisted adsorption of cytochrome-c and albumin except for a small amount of cytochrome-c adsorption on the short, many-armed star polymer surface. A hypothesis of adsorption on the star polymer layer is presented and criteria for controlling receptor-mediated cell–substrate interactions by ligand-modified chain ends are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 40, 498–509, 1998.
Parallel Pursuit of Near-Term and Long-Term Climate Mitigation

It is well accepted that reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is the lynchpin of any long-term climate stabilization strategy, because of the long lifetime of CO2 in the atmosphere ( 1 ). However, a focus on CO2 may prove ineffective in the near term without comparable attention to pollutants with shorter lifetimes ( 2 ).
Expression of IgG memory response in vitro to thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens.

Abstract A model is described in which expression of IgG secondary antihapten responses of large magnitude can be initiated in vitro without resorting to in vivo boosting prior to culture. The number of IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) is frequently as much as 100-fold greater than that of IgM PFC. Spleen cells from mice primed with trinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP-KLH) several months earlier are stimulated in vitro to produce an anti-TNP plaque-forming cell response 7–10 days later. The in vitro IgG response can be elicited with either a thymus-dependent antigen (TNP-KLH) or thymus-independent antigens (TNP-T4 bacteriophage or DNP-dextran). The kinetics of the responses to these two forms of antigen differ in that the thymus-independent response peaks two days earlier. The IgG response to both forms of antigen requires the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) even though macrophages are not depleted prior to culture. In the absence of the reducing agent both thymus-dependent and thymus-independent IgG responses were diminished ≥90%. The magnitude of the response to thymus-independent antigens emphasizes the ability of these materials to elicit IgG expression in memory B cells provided optimal conditions for memory development and in vitro expression exist.
Mixed convection heat and surface mass transfer between power-law fluids and rotating permeable bodies

Mixed thermal convection analyses of rotating porous bodies placed in power-law fluids are important for the basic understanding and improved design of various chemical and mechanical engineering systems. Of interest are the coupled effects of steady, laminar free-forced convection heat transfer, body spin, wall heating/cooling mode, wall mass transfer, and the type of fluid on the local skin friction and heat transfer coefficient. Concentrating on a rotating sphere with fluid injection/suction at the wall, the uniquely transformed boundary-layer equations are solved using an implicit finite difference method. The validated computer simulation results indicate the following. Depending on the magnitude of the body surface temperature, the buoyancy force may reverse the roles of injection and suction effects on the skin friction group. Shear-thickening fluids and body spin accelerate boundary-layer separation. Body rotation, fluid withdrawal, and high Prandtl numbers all enhance heat transfer. The unique behavior of the heat transfer group near the stagnation point for different power-law fluids (ng1) in conjuction with body rotation is discussed. The velocity overshoot in buoyancy aiding flow and flow retardation in opposing flow with early boundary-layer separation are analyzed.
Methodology for preliminary seismic design of extended pile‐shafts for bridge structures

Seismic design of extended pile-shafts requires a careful consideration of the influence of the surrounding soil on the overall response of the soil-pile system. In this paper, a procedure that incorporates soil properties into the process is developed for preliminary seismic design of extended pile-shafts. The method follows the well-accepted approach of using a force reduction factor to determine the lateral strength of the structure. The procedure involves an iterative process to arrive at the required amount of longitudinal reinforcement. Other outcomes of the procedure include the appropriate lateral stiffness and strength, as well as an estimation of the local curvature demand and ultimate drift ratio that can be used to ensure a satisfactory lateral response. The design procedure is capable of providing reliable results for a practical range of structural and soil properties. The versatility of the procedure is illustrated using two numerical examples of extended pile-shafts constructed in different soil sites.