cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionic Photoacid Generators Containing Functionalized Semifluorinated Sulfonates for High Resolution Lithography

To meet the challenges for resist materials raised by high resolution lithography technologies, tailor-made photoacid generators (PAGs) with controlled acid diffusion and improved miscibility with polymers are very important. We have developed new ionic PAGs containing functionalized semifluorinated sulfonates. These PAGs have excellent solubility in polymer matrices and common organic solvents, high thermal stability, high acid strength and low volatility of the generated acids, and make them attractive PAGs for high resolution lithography. In this contribution, the preparation and characterization of several new ionic PAGs, the influence of the host matrix on PAG properties, and a comparison of their lithographic performance are presented. Specifically their lithographic performance at EUV wavelength is discussed.
Electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the stomach of the squid Loligo pealii (Lesueur).

Abstract 1. 1. The response given by the smooth muscle of the squid stomach to stretch was peristalsis accompanied by bursts of propagated electrical spikes. 2. 2. Muscle electrical activity and peristalsis were not blocked by potent nerve-blocking drugs. 3. 3. Short-duration electrical potentials, of apparent nervous origin, were abolished by nerve-blocking agents. 4. 4. ACh was inhibitory. Epinephrine and 5-HT were excitatory. Evidence for intrinsic inhibitory neurons within the stomach wall is presented.
Cytophotometric study of nuclear proteins and nucleic acids in parenchymatous tissue of the orchid embryo

Abstract Quantitative changes in DNA, nuclear RNA and nuclear proteins were investigated during early phases of degeneration in the parenchymatous region of the Vanda embryo by cytophotometric techniques. The results show that the increase in nuclear size which occurs with aging is accompanied by an increase in specific dye binding by DNA, RNA, total nuclear protein, non-histone protein, histones and protein-bound sulfhydryl groups. DNA-Feulgen per nucleus was found to increase in whole-number multiples of the 2C value to 8C; beyond this level the amount of dye bound by DNA increases in unequal fractional multiples of the 2C value. A number of large nuclei were found whose density, in terms of the molecular constituents measured, is greater than would be predicted on the basis of their nuclear volume. These are tentatively interpreted as polyploid nuclei showing incipient pycnosis in which the nucleic acids and nuclear proteins are highly concentrated.
Modeling of Simultaneously Continuous and Stochastic Construction Activities for Simulation

AbstractConstruction operations have been modeled and simulated using discrete-event simulations with effectiveness and fidelity that have continuously increased over the past four decades. Today, it is possible to model construction operations so that its discrete components are represented very faithfully. However, construction operations often include activities that are simultaneously continuous and stochastic in nature. These continuous activities have typically been modeled by discretization and in some cases using combined discrete-continuous simulation. The current literature does not discuss the series of important statistical issues, such as divisibility of fitted distributions and a significant possibility of the discretized activities not being independent and identically distributed, which are brought along by discretization and can significantly impact the results of the simulation study. Combined discrete-continuous simulations have treated the continuous portion dynamically (i.e., based on...
Comparison of mitochondrial pro-oxidant generation and anti-oxidant defenses between rat and pigeon: possible basis of variation in longevity and metabolic potential

Non-passerine birds and mammals of similar body weight have a roughly comparable metabolic rate, but the life span and the metabolic potential, i.e. the total amount of energy consumed per unit of body mass during life, is several times higher in the birds. The objective of this study was to explore the possible basis of this characteristic in the context of the predictions of the free radical hypothesis of aging. Accordingly, pigeon and rat, which have a similar body weight, were compared by examining the mitochondrial rates of O2- and H2O2 generation and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and concentration of glutathione in the brain, heart and kidney. Compared with the rat, the rate of mitochondrial O2- generation in the pigeon ranged between 50 and 67%, and H2O2 production between 31 and 77%. Activity of superoxide dismutase was uniformly higher and catalase activity consistently lower in the tissues of the pigeon compared with the rat. Glutathione peroxidase activity and glutathione concentration were higher in the pigeon in two out of the three organs studied, and comparable in the third organ. The magnitude of the differences between the two species was greater in the rates of O2- and H2O2 generation than in anti-oxidant defenses. Results indicate that the relatively greater longevity and metabolic potential of the pigeon may be related to significantly lower rates of O2- and H2O2 generation and higher overall level of anti-oxidant defense.
War and Culture: A Neglected Relation:

The strategic thinking that inevitably followed the end of the Cold War's bipolar rivalry has spawned some interesting theories about war in the twenty-first century. However, these do not adequately address the factor of culture, which probably offers the best insights on emerging regional and intrastate conflicts. We should not assume that the rationale for war or the means of war-making are one and the same for Hutus, Arabs, Russians, Chechens, Afghanis, and Kashmiris. In this regard, Adda Bozeman's older theory of war and culture deserves a second look. Although that theory primarily addresses the philosophy of war, it also lends itself to a comparative study of the ways of war. A cursory case study of conflict in the Levant demonstrates the potential merit of the cultural-historical method that Bozeman advocates. The full application of this method to all areas of strategic interest would be an extensive undertaking, but a valid effort nonetheless.
A Fractal Made of Golden Sets

which is called the golden ratio [5] or its reciprocal [4], depending on the author. Almost any discussion oftthe golden rectangle will include the image in figure 1, which is constructed by starting with a golden rectangle, partitioning it into a square and a smaller golden rectangle, and then repeating the process indefinitely. We will refer to any such set as a golden set. Authors occasionally include the golden set in discussions of self-similarity [5, 6], because it is the union of a square and a smaller copy of itself, scaled by a factor of y. Some popularizations of the golden ratio [4, 7] also include examples of truly self-similar, planar fractals to illustrate properties of y. Now the golden set is not truly self-similar, because it is not a union of smaller copies of itself, but it suggests a problem: Can we construct a self-similar fractal made of golden sets?
Enhancement of contextual fear-conditioning by putative (±)-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor modulators and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists in DBA/2J mice

Abstract Previous studies demonstrated that DBA/2J (DBA) mice performed poorly while C57BL/6J (C57) mice performed normally on a number of complex learning and memory tasks. Chronic oxiracetam treatment dramatically improved the performance of DBA mice but not that of C57 mice on the Morris water task and in contextual fear conditioning. The present study demonstrates that acute treatment with nootropics, oxiracetam (10–1000 mg/kg) or aniracetam (10–100 mg/kg), and N-methyl- d -Aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, (+)-MK-801 (0.1–3 μg/kg), CPP (0.01–0.3 mg/kg), and (+)-HA-966 (0.1–3 mg/kg), administered prior to training and testing, reversed the contextual learning impairment in DBA mice in a dose-dependent manner without affecting auditory cue conditioning. These effects appeared to be independent of testing order (context vs. auditory cue tests) and were not due to state-dependent learning. The inactive stereoisomers, (−)-MK-801 and (−)-HA-966, were incapable of increasing contextual freezing in DBA mice. In DBA mice, the effects of 30 mg/kg oxiracetam and 100 mg/kg aniracetam were inhibited by the (±)-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonists, NBQX, and GYKI-52466. The combined administration of 30 mg/kg oxiracetam and 1 μg/kg (+)-MK-801 produced an additive response. None of the pharmacological treatments altered performance in C57 mice at doses that were effective in DBA mice. These results suggest that DBA mice may be learning impaired due to altered glutamatergic receptor function.
Laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair, a challenging operation: medium-term outcome of 116 patients.

Abstract Laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repairs performed in 116 patients between 1992 and 2001 were prospectively analyzed. Perioperative outcomes were assessed and follow-up was performed under protocol. There were 85 female and 31 male patients who had a mean (± SD) age of 65 ± 13 years and an American Society of Anesthesiology score of 2.3 ± 0.6. All but two patients underwent an antireflux procedure. Gastropexy was performed in 48 patients, an esophageal lengthening procedure in six patients, and prosthetic closure of the hiatus in six patients. Major complications occurred in five patients (4.3%) with two postoperative deaths (1.7%). Mean follow-up was 30 ± 25 months; 96 patients (83%) have been followed for more than 6 months. Among these patients, 73 (76%) are asymptomatic, 11 (11%) have mild symptoms, and 12 (13%) take antacid medications. Protocol barium esophagograms were obtained in 69% of patients at 6 to 12 months' follow-up. Recurrence of hiatal hernia was documented in 21 patients (22% overall and in 32% of those undergoing contrast studies). Reoperation has been performed in three patients (3%). When only the patients with recurrent hiatal hernias are considered, 13 (62%) are symptomatic but only six (28%) require medication for symptoms. Laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair is generally safe, even in this high-risk group. This study confirms a relatively high incidence of recurrent hiatal abnormalities after paraesophageal hernia repair; however, most recurrent hiatal hernias are small and only 3% have required reoperation. Protocol esophagograms detect recurrences that are minimally symptomatic. Improved techniques must be devised to improve the long-term outcomes of laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair. ( J Gastrointest Surg 2003;7:59–67)
Characterization of psychiatry residency training programs.

Psychiatry residency training programs were characterized on four dimensions in a pilot study of seven West Coast schools. Residents and faculty rated their programs on academic versus clinical, community-based versus institution-based, private versus public practice, and biological versus psychological orientation. Faculty and residents from the same schools differed only on the academic-clinical dimension. Significant differences existed between schools on each axis. Variation in ratings on the biological-psychological axis suggests that claims to a “biopsychosocial” orientation may be too broad to be meaningful. This method of dimensional ratings appears appropriate for program assessment and deserves further development.
Expectation values of p1

We examine expectation values of p/sub 1/xp/sub 2/ in ground states of He and H/sup -/, the singly and doubly excited states of He, and the ground and low-lying valence states of the alkaline-earth-metal atoms. A simple commutator relation derived by Froese Fischer and Smentek-Mielczarek (J. Phys. B 16, 3479 (1983)) can be used to explain the sign and relative magnitudes of in the ground states of He and H/sup -/ and singly excited states of He. In the doubly excited states of He and in the ground and low-lying valence states of the alkaline-earth metals, the molecular model, which treats the electron--core-electron system as a floppy, linear triatomic ''molecule,'' correctly predicts signs and general trends for . These results represent an important test of the molecular model. The ability of this model to make intuitive predictions about quantities like is a strong confirmation of its validity and utility.
A randomized controlled trial of smartphone-based mindfulness training for smoking cessation: a study protocol

Tobacco use is responsible for the death of about 1 in 10 individuals worldwide. Mindfulness training has shown preliminary efficacy as a behavioral treatment for smoking cessation. Recent advances in mobile health suggest advantages to smartphone-based smoking cessation treatment including smartphone-based mindfulness training. This study evaluates the efficacy of a smartphone app-based mindfulness training program for improving smoking cessation rates at 6-months follow-up.
Intergenerational transmission of maternal rejection rates among free-ranging rhesus monkeys

Abstract This paper describes evidence for the intergenerational transmission of one aspect of maternal style, rejection rates, among free-ranging rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta. Rejection rates for individual mothers were both reasonably consistent from infant to infant and similar to those of their own mothers. Although rates differed significantly between matrilines, those of individual females more closely resembled those of their mothers than those of other maternal kin. Preliminary data suggest that adult daughters' scores were more similar to those they observed their mothers apply to their younger siblings than those they experienced directly as infants. Association with the mother after infancy may play an important role in the transmission of rejection rates from mothers to daughters.
pGLO mutagenesis: A laboratory procedure in molecular biology for biology students

A five-session laboratory project was designed to familiarize or increase the laboratory proficiency of biology students and others with techniques and instruments commonly used in molecular biology research laboratories and industries. In this project, the EZ-Tn5 transposon is used to generate and screen a large number of cells transformed with mutagenized pGLO plasmid. EZ-Tn5 carries the kanamycin resistance (Kan(R)) gene, and the pGLO plasmid carries the β-lactamase gene for ampicillin resistance (Amp(R)), the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the arabinose operon repressor (araC). Insertion of the Tn5 transposon into pGLO occurs randomly, and any gene into which it inserts is knocked out. By screening cells transformed with mutagenized pGLO with kanamycin, ampicillin, arabinose and/or for GFP expression in different combinations, pGLO plasmids with mutations in different genes are identified. The locations of these insertions are then mapped approximately by restriction fragment analysis and precisely by sequence analysis of the pGLO plasmid.
Stellar Wind Paleontology: Shells and Halos of Planetary Nebulae

The structures of PN shells and halos are studied in order to find clues to the history of mass ejection in the AGB stage. Data are presented which show that the emission measure profiles of shells of PN share several common observational properties. Constraints are placed on the form of the mass ejection that formed the shell, the external pressure that forces its postejection hydrodynamic evolution to the present, and the evolutionary timescales. Hydrodynamical simulations conducted to model the emission measure distribution of the shells and halos of PN show that mass is ejected in pulses whose duration is short compared to the AGB-PN evolutionary timescale, and that the linear form of the emission measure occurs about 5000 yr after the superwind ejection ceases. 31 refs.
Alkaline Earth Elements and the Avoidance Reaction in Paramecium multimicronucleatum

SYNOPSIS. Normal swimming behavior of Paramecium multimicronucleatum in an essential mineral element solution with 0.0002 M calcium changed into continuous avoidance reactions upon replacement by equimolar strontium; equimolar barium produced a less pronounced similar effect. In equivalent pure SrCl2 and BaCl2 solutions, avoidance reactions were less frequent than in the balanced solutions. P. multimicronucleatum inoculated into autoclaved calcium- or strontium-containing cultures of the alga Protosiphon botryoides (ultimate food source) multiplied greatly and essentially equally, but died in barium. Accelerated avoidance reaction rates were observed in strontium up to and at 32 days after inoculation.
Quarks and reggeons

We propose a new algebra which will hopefully contribute to the joint understanding of electromagnetic and weak structure functions and of Regge couplings. It involves an infinite number of form factors of arbitrary complex spin J (with Re(J−1) > 0) and definite signature. The algebra holds exactly in a quark-gluon model when quantized canonically on equal light fronts. If all form factors have k = 0 and J = 1, the algebra closes and becomes U(6) × U(6), with the connecting subgroups being associated with pure quarks and pure antiquark currents, respectively. This doubling of the group leads to exact exchange degeneracy if baryons and mesons consist of qqq and qq wave functions only. To some lowest approximation, Regge couplings can be calculated by representing U(6) × U(6) on properly mixed quark wave functions. With the mixing parameters fixed by the chiral subgroup, these couplings are determined up to an overall normalization. As an illustration, the coupling of the trajectories ϱ, ω; A2, f; A1, D; Z, Zsg; π, η; B, H trajectories are estimated for the meson resonances ϱ, ω; π, η; A2, f; A1, D; B, H; A0, σ. The trajectories π, η; B, H are not in the algebra initially but can be inferred from an extension of PCAC to the bilocal currents (“PCBC”).
Synthesis of 2′-o-nitro-9-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine and 2′-o-nitro-9-β-d-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine

Abstract Nitration of 9-[3,5-0-(tetraisopropyldisiloxany)-β-D-arabinosyl]adenine, followed by removal of the protecting function, affords 2′-O-nitro-9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine. The latter has been deaminated enzymatically to give 2′-O-nitro-9-β-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine.
On kinetic treatments of enzyme-antienzyme reactions

Abstract Antibodies against enzymes usually bind tightly to their antigens, and under such conditions Michaelis-Menten or steady-state kinetics are not applicable. This paper points out some of the misinterpretations which arise when reversible kinetics are applied to tight-binding or essentially irreversible systems. The antiserum against yeast adenylate kinase (ATP:AMP phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.4.3) was used for the purposes of illustration. Several criteria for evidence of a reversible tight-binding system are given. One of the most useful methods is a plot of initial velocities as a function of enzyme concentrations in the presence and absence of antienzyme.
Visualizing Multiple Measures of Forecast Quality

Abstract A method for visually representing multiple measures of dichotomous (yes–no) forecast quality (probability of detection, false alarm ratio, bias, and critical success index) in a single diagram is presented. Illustration of the method is provided using performance statistics from two previously published forecast verification studies (snowfall density and convective initiation) and a verification of several new forecast datasets: Storm Prediction Center forecasts of severe storms (nontornadic and tornadic), Hydrometeorological Prediction Center forecasts of heavy precipitation (greater than 12.5 mm in a 6-h period), National Weather Service Forecast Office terminal aviation forecasts (ceiling and visibility), and medium-range ensemble forecasts of 500-hPa height anomalies. The use of such verification metrics in concert with more detailed investigations to advance forecasting is briefly discussed.
Benefits of Prolonged Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Congestive Heart Failure

Normal individuals have time-dependent variations in cardiovascular function, most of which are circadian (once daily). They include changes in heart rate, systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac ou
Adsorption and decomposition of ethylene and acetylene on Fe(100)

Abstract The adsorption of C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 2 on the clean, C- and O-covered Fe(100) surface was studied using HREELS, with additional information provided by TPD, AES and LEED. On the clean surface, C 2 H 4 adsorbed molecularly on this surface in a di-σ-bonded configuration at 100 K. The di-σ-bonded C 2 H 4 desorbed at 240 K or decomposed to form the methylidyne (CH) and ethynyl (CCH) species below 260 K. Hydrogen is the only desorption product of C 2 H 4 decomposition. Acetylene adsorbs on the clean Fe(100) surface in a structure with hybridization of ∼ sp 3 . At lower exposure ( 2 H 2 decomposes to form CH and CCH at 253 K. At higher exposure (>0.2 L), C 2 H 2 partially dehydrogenates and hydrogenates to form CH, CCH and CHCH 2 at the adsorption temperature of 100 K. When the surface is warmed to 393 K, a CCH 2 species is formed by the dehydrogenation of CHCH 2 . The final decomposition product of ethylene is a c(2 × 2)-C surface, formed by heating the adsorbate to 523 K. A ( 1 1 −1 2 ) -C surface with 0.81 ML coverage is obtained by heating the acetylene adsorbed layer to 553 K. Preadsorbed carbon and oxygen block the chemisorption of di-σ-bonded C 2 H 4 and induce physisorption of C 2 H 4 at 100 K. Preadsorbed oxygen appears to inhibit the dehydrogenation of di-σ-bonded C 2 H 4 and induces the adsorption of π-bonded C 2 H 4 . A carbon precovered surface shows a site-blocking effect for the adsorption of C 2 H 2 .
Product Placement: How Brands Appear on Television

(2006). Product Placement: How Brands Appear on Television. Journal of Advertising: Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 65-86.
SENSITIVITY OF HUMAN PANCREATIC CARCINOMA CELL LINE (MIA PaCa-2) TO BISANTRENE AND THEPRUBICIN IN VITRO

We tested the effect of Bisantrene (BS) and Theprubicin (THP-ADR) on cell growth of a human pancreatic carcinoma cell line (MIA PaCa-2). After 1 h exposure ID50 of BS or THP-ADR was 3×10−7 and 5×10−8 M, respectively. Increasing the exposure time from 1 h to continuous exposure for 5d resulted in 11-fold decrease in ID50 for BS and a 6-fold decrease for THP-ADR. Both drugs inhibited [14C]thymidine incorporation to the same extent and caused an accumulation of cells into G2+M phase of the cell cycle.
Applications of TM polarized illumination

The use of transverse electric (TE) polarization has dominated illumination schemes as selective polarization is used for high-NA patterning. The benefits of TE polarization are clear - the interference of diffracted beams remains absolute at oblique angles. Transverse magnetic (TM) polarization is usually considered less desirable as imaging modulation from interference at large angle falls off rapidly as the 1/cosθ. Significant potential remains, however, for the use of TM polarization at large angles when its reflection component is utilized. By controlling the resist/substrate interface reflectivity, high modulation for TM polarization can be maintained for angles up to 90° in the resist. This can potentially impact the design of illumination away from most recent TE-only schemes for oblique imaging angles (high NA). We demonstrate several cases of TM illumination combined with tuned substrate reflectivity for 0.93NA, 1.20NA, and 1.35NA and compare results to TE and unpolarized cases. The goal is to achieve a flat response through polarization at large imaging angles. An additional application of TM illumination is its potential use for double patterning. As double patterning and double exposure approaches are sought in order to meet the needs of 32nm device generations and beyond, materials and process engineering challenges become prohibitive. We have devised a method for frequency doubling in a single exposure using an unconventional means of polarization selection and by making use of the reflective component produced at the photoresist/substrate interface. In doing so, patterns can be deposited into a photoresist film with double density. As an example, using a projection system numerical aperture of 1.20, with water as an immersion fluid, and a conventional polyacrylate 193nm photoresist, pattern resolution at 20nm half-pitch are obtainable (which is 0.125lambda/NA). The process to transfer this geometry into a hardmask layer uses conventional materials, including the photoresist layer and thin film silicon oxide based materials.
Design of tunable directional couplers and array waveguide couplers in photonic crystal structures

We present a systematic method for the design of tunable directional couplers and arrayed waveguide couplers in photonic crystals. Two methods for controlling the coupling length are proposed. Bending of coupled waveguide is considered and optimum frequency of operation to get efficient waveguide coupling and bending is presented.
Planar Cell Polarity: Coordinating Morphogenetic Cell Behaviors with Embryonic Polarity

Planar cell polarization entails establishment of cellular asymmetries within the tissue plane. An evolutionarily conserved planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling system employs intra- and intercellular feedback interactions between its core components, including Frizzled, Van Gogh, Flamingo, Prickle, and Dishevelled, to establish their characteristic asymmetric intracellular distributions and coordinate planar polarity of cell populations. By translating global patterning information into asymmetries of cell membranes and intracellular organelles, PCP signaling coordinates morphogenetic behaviors of individual cells and cell populations with the embryonic polarity. In vertebrates, by polarizing cilia in the node/Kupffer's vesicle, PCP signaling links the anteroposterior to left-right embryonic polarity.
Streptomycin as an Adjunct to the Therapy of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Long Term Study

1)Streptomycin when administered with pneumothorax to a group of 13 patients with acute exudative and pneumonic tuberculosis caused a decrease in complications, accelerated improvement, and better end results than expected from pneumothorax alone. Three died of progressive tuberculosis in whom an effective pneumothorax could not be obtained. 2)In a group of 17 patients for whom surgery was contra-indicated because of fever, type and extent of disease or contralateral disease, 16 improved to the point where surgery became feasible following streptomycin administration. Twelve of these had surgery begun and 10 had surgery completed. 3)Within two and one-half years after streptomycin was administered to the first of 16 patients for whom no collapse therapy was possible, 13 had died and one remained frankly active, unimproved. Two of these patients reached a status of apparently arrested or better. 4)The optimum time for the administration of streptomycin in conjunction with pneumothorax would appear to be prior to or in conjunction with the initiation of pneumothorax. 5)In preparing patients for major chest surgery, the optimum time is at the point of maximum improvement or as soon as surgery becomes feasible. This is because of the possibility of subsequent progression of disease with or without streptomycin.
Regulation of energy metabolism by long-chain fatty acids

In mammals, excess energy is stored primarily as triglycerides, which are mobilized when energy demands arise. This review mainly focuses on the role of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in regulating energy metabolism as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPAR-alpha expressed primarily in liver is essential for metabolic adaptation to starvation by inducing genes for beta-oxidation and ketogenesis and by downregulating energy expenditure through fibroblast growth factor 21. PPAR-delta is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and induces genes for LCFA oxidation during fasting and endurance exercise. PPAR-delta also regulates glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis by inducing FOXO1 and PGC1-alpha. Genes targeted by PPAR-gamma in adipocytes suggest that PPAR-gamma senses incoming non-esterified LCFAs and induces the pathways to store LCFAs as triglycerides. Adiponectin, another important target of PPAR-gamma may act as a spacer between adipocytes to maintain their metabolic activity and insulin sensitivity. Another topic of this review is effects of skin LCFAs on energy metabolism. Specific LCFAs are required for the synthesis of skin lipids, which are essential for water barrier and thermal insulation functions of the skin. Disturbance of skin lipid metabolism often causes apparent resistance to developing obesity at the expense of normal skin function.
The evolutionary context of human economics

Non-human animals are faced with intricate choices demanding rational decisions in order to ensure that they gross energetic and nutritional returns sufficient to cover the costs of movement, predator defense, reproduction, and physiological maintenance. The study of these complex relationships (ecology) is similar in many ways to the study of human economics, and the similarity perhaps reflects underlying common mechanisms relevant to the origins of human economy. In the behavioral sciences, extrapolating from non-human primates to humans is potentially hazardous—one runs the risk of excessively anthropomorphizing non-human species, of implying hard-wired genetic control for humans, or of making up “just so” stories to explain human attributes by facile analogy to non-humans. Despite these problems, there is growing recognition that an ability to make intricate, rational, economic-type decisions predicated on context is an attribute shared by many non-human and human beings alike. Palaeoanthropology illuminates the unique evolutionary and cultural history of human beings, which when integrated with ecological and behavioral studies, may allow us to generate hypotheses about origins and distinctive attributes of human economy.
Abnormal Kainate Receptor Expression in Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia

Abnormalities of molecules associated with the glutamate synapse have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Of the many glutamate receptors, those most commonly suggested to be involved in schizophrenia are the ionotropic subtypes, the NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors. Both the NMDA and AMPA subtypes have been extensively studied in postmortem brains of individuals with schizophrenia, but relatively little is known about the expression of the kainate subtype of glutamate receptor. In this study, we have determined cortical and striatal kainate receptor expression in brains from persons with schizophrenia and a comparison group, using both in situ hybridization and receptor autoradiography. At the level of subunit mRNA expression, a shift in subunit stoichiometry was evident in multiple regions of the prefrontal cortex, with increased expression of gluR7 mRNA and decreased expression of KA2 mRNA. Decreased kainate receptor binding was also observed in the subjects with schizophrenia, but was restricted to infragranular laminae of the prefrontal cortex. No differences in kainate receptor binding or subunit mRNA levels were found in striatum or occipital cortex, suggesting that these findings may be restricted to association cortex. These data add to the growing literature implicating ionotropic glutamate receptor disturbances in schizophrenia, and indicate that in addition to AMPA and NMDA receptors, the kainate receptors are also abnormally expressed in this illness.
Cultural Values Underlying Psychometric Cognitive Testing

It is proposed that culture (values, beliefs, styles of behavior) can affect neuropsychological testing. Cognitive testing represents a social situation that-as any social situation, it is one governed by implicit cultural rules. At least eight different culture-dependent values underlie cognitive testing: (1) One-to-one relationship, (2) Background authority, (3) Best performance, (4)Isolated environment (5) Special type of communication, (6) Speed, (7) Internal or subjective issues, and (8) The use of specific testing elements and strategies. In addition, it is proposed that"the distance" (e.g., gender, age, ethnicity) between the examiner and the examinee may potentially impact the testing situation. A special analysis regarding the function of instruction in cognitive tests is also presented emphasizing that test instruction interpretation is also culture-dependent. Some potential avenues of research are finally proposed.
Cholecystokinin activation of central satiety centers changes seasonally in a mammalian hibernator.

Abstract Hibernators that rely on lipids during winter exhibit profound changes in food intake over the annual cycle. The mechanisms that regulate appetite changes in seasonal hibernators remain unclear, but likely consist of complex interactions between gut hormones, adipokines, and central processing centers. We hypothesized that seasonal changes in the sensitivity of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) to the gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) may contribute to appetite regulation in ground squirrels. Spring (SPR), late summer (SUM), and winter euthermic hibernating (HIB) 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) were treated with intraperitoneal CCK (100 μg/kg) or vehicle (CON) for 3 h and Fos expression in the NTS was quantified. In CON squirrels, numbers of Fos-positive neurons in HIB were low compared to SPR and SUM. CCK treatment increased Fos-positive neurons in the NTS at the levels of the area postrema (AP) and pre AP during all seasons and at the level of the rostral AP in HIB squirrels. The highest absolute levels of Fos-positive neurons were found in SPR CCK squirrels, but the highest relative increase from CON was found in HIB CCK squirrels. Fold-changes in Fos-positive neurons in SUM were intermediate between SPR and HIB. Thus, CCK sensitivity falls from SPR to SUM suggesting that seasonal changes in sensitivity of NTS neurons to vagally-derived CCK may influence appetite in the active phase of the annual cycle in hibernating squirrels. Enhanced sensitivity to CCK signaling in NTS neurons of hibernators indicates that changes in gut–brain signaling may contribute to seasonal changes in food intake during the annual cycle.
Letter to the editor: pelvic fractures in women of childbearing age.

To the Editor: Sexual and obstetric function after a pelvis fracture has been a long-standing interest of mine. I have pursued research in this area during the past 9 years, and my colleagues and I have been fortunate to present our work at the annual meetings of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association in 2006 and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons in 2007. We currently are attempting to publish our work on dyspareunia and functional outcomes after pelvic ring injury. I was surprised to learn of the publication of an article by Cannada and Barr entitled, “Pelvic fractures in women of childbearing age” [1], as my colleagues and I had been collaborating with Dr. Cannada during the past 3 years on a multicenter project regarding childbirth after pelvic fracture, which was funded by the Ruth Jackson Orthopaedic Society in 2007. That collaborative work was presented at the annual meeting of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association in 2009, and included more than 30 women with pregnancies subsequent to pelvic fracture treated at the MetroHealth Medical Center, none of which were part of the article by Cannada and Barr. It is exciting to see research on this pertinent subject published, but it is disappointing that my colleagues and I waited to publish our data on women with pregnancy after pelvic fracture with the multicenter group, including Dr. Cannada. Our intent was to contribute to a larger (multicenter) data set and stronger findings. We were not informed that Drs. Cannada and Barr already had submitted material for publication while continuing to receive data from my colleagues and me as recently as March 2010. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Standards of Professionalism with respect to Research and Academic Responsibilities defines a code which includes honesty with colleagues, and states, “An orthopaedic surgeon shall not present ideas, language, data, graphics or scientific protocols created by another person without giving appropriate credit…..The senior author of a scientific report is responsible for ensuring that appropriate credit is given for contribution to the research described.” Although I do not contend that Drs. Cannada and Barr included our data in their manuscript, their methodology incorporated questions to patients which I developed in 2002, and Dr. Cannada raised concern about authorship of these questions, as they are part of another article my colleagues and I have submitted for consideration to another journal (Vallier HA, Cureton BA, Schubeck D. Pelvic ring injury is associated with sexual dysfunction in women. J Orthop Trauma. Submitted for publication, 2010). In an era of increased public scrutiny and skepticism of our work, we must maintain the highest standard of integrity and professionalism in our academic practices. Thus, I am drawing attention to the appropriate origin and authorship of the questionnaire material.
Ipsilateral intact fibula as a predictor of tibial plafond fracture pattern and severity.

Background:The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in fracture pattern and severity of comminution between tibial plafond fractures with and without associated fibular fractures using computed tomography (CT). We hypothesized that the presence of an intact fibula was predictive of increased tibial plafond fracture severity.Methods:This was a case control, radiographic review performed at a single level I university trauma center. Between November 2007 and July 2011, 104 patients with 107 operatively treated tibial pilon fractures and preoperative CT scans were identified: 70 patients with 71 tibial plafond fractures had associated fibular fractures, and 34 patients with 36 tibial plafond fractures had intact fibulas. Four criteria were compared between the 2 groups: AO/OTA classification of distal tibia fractures, Topliss coronal and sagittal fracture pattern classification, plafond region of greatest comminution, and degree of proximal extension of fracture line.Results...
Bone Marrow–Derived Hepatic Oval Cells Differentiate Into Hepatocytes in 2-Acetylaminofluorene/Partial Hepatectomy–Induced Liver Regeneration

Background & Aims: The ability of the bone marrow cells to differentiate into liver, pancreas, and other tissues led to the speculation that these cells might be the source of adult stem cells found in these organs. The present study analyzed whether the bone marrow cells are a source of hepatic oval cells involved in rat liver regeneration induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). Methods: Three groups of mutant F344 dipeptidyl peptidase IV–deficient (DPPIV−) rats were required for the study. Groups A and B received the mitotic inhibitor monocrotaline, followed by male F344 (DPPIV+) bone marrow transplantation. Next, group A received PHx only, while group B received the 2-AAF/PHx required for the oval cell activation. The last group C was used to analyze the effects of monocrotaline on transplanted bone marrow cells. These rats underwent transplantation with bone marrow cells and were then treated with monocrotaline. Subsequently, the animals were treated with 2-AAF/PHx. Results: In group A, DPPIV+ hepatocytes were found in the liver. Group B showed that approximately 20% of the oval cell population expressed both donor marker (DPPIV) and α-fetoprotein, and some differentiated into hepatocytes. In contrast, animals in group C failed to significantly induce oval cells with the donor DPPIV antigen. In addition, X/Y-chromosome analysis revealed that fusion was not contributing to differentiation of donor-derived oval cells. Conclusions: Our results suggest that under certain physiologic conditions, a portion of hepatic stem cells might arise from the bone marrow and can differentiate into hepatocytes.
Ectodermal influence on physiological cell death in the posterior necrotic zone of the chick wing bud

The phenomenon of "programmed cell death" in the posterior necrotic zone (PNZ) of the chick wing bud was reexamined. Prospective PNZs (pPNZs) were excised from stage 18-21 donor wings and observed for signs of necrosis in vitro. Cell death was quantified by a chromium-51 release assay. Prospective PNZs from the youngest donors (stage 18) showed no signs of death above control levels, while necrosis increased in vitro with increasing donor age. Cell death in the PNZ at stage 24 could be inhibited by removing the overlying ridge at stage 20 or 21. These results suggest that cell death in the PNZ is not rigidly determined early in development as previous studies suggest, but remains responsive to the cellular environment until shortly before the cells die.
Statistical analysis of kinetic energy entrainment in a model wind turbine array boundary layer

For large wind farms, kinetic energy must be entrained from the flow above the wind turbines to replenish wakes and enable power extraction in the array. Various statistical features of turbulence causing vertical entrainment of mean-flow kinetic energy are studied using hot-wire velocimetry data taken in a model wind farm in a scaled wind tunnel experiment. Conditional statistics and spectral decompositions are employed to characterize the most relevant turbulent flow structures and determine their length-scales. Sweep and ejection events are shown to be the largest contributors to the vertical kinetic energy flux, although their relative contribution depends upon the location in the wake. Sweeps are shown to be dominant in the region above the wind turbine array. A spectral analysis of the data shows that large scales of the flow, about the size of the rotor diameter in length or larger, dominate the vertical entrainment. The flow is less incoherent below the array, causing decreased vertical fluxes there. The results show that improving the rate of vertical kinetic energy entrainment into wind turbine arrays is a standing challenge and would require modifying the large-scale structures of the flow. Such an optimization would in the future aid recovery of the wind turbine wake towards conditions corresponding to the undisturbed atmospheric boundary layer.
Convergent evolution of sublingual salt glands in the marine file snake and the true sea snakes

1. The posterior sublingual gland of the little file snake (Acrochordus grnulatus) is a salt gland. It secretes a fluid as concentrated as 600 mM Na and 20 mM K. Cl is the anion; mean values during active secretion are 432–553 mM. 2. The location and structure of the little file snake salt gland are extremely similar to those of sea snake salt glands. This similarity is believed to have originated independently by convergent evolution since the file snakes (Acrochordidae) are not closely related to the true sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). 3. Maximum rates of electrolyte excretion from the little file snake salt gland (50–60 μmoles Cl/100 g hr) are higher than those of some sea snakes. 4. The little file snake occurs in both fresh water and marine habitats. Fasting sea water adapted snakes lose less than 0.5% of their body weight per day in 100% sea water.
A developmental model of decisions to withhold relational irritations in romantic relationships

Intimacy in romantic relationships is argued to influence both the outcomes of decisions about whether to withhold relational irritations from partners and the role of various conflict avoidance motives in these decisions. A study of college students involved in dating relationships revealed a curvilinear association between perceptions of intimacy and the frequency of decisions to withhold irritations. Specifically, intimacy was negatively correlated with the proportion of Unexpressed irritations across low and average levels of intimacy; however, intimacy was unrelated to decisions to withhold irritations across higher levels of intimacy. Length of involvement in a relationship was negatively correlated with the proportion of unexpressed irritations within relatively non intimate relationships only. Finally, the effect of three conflict avoidance motives on decisions to withhold irritations varied with the perceived intimacy of relationships. In particular, reporting a lack of intimacy in the relationship as a reason for withholding irritations was positively correlated with the proportion of unexpressed irritations when intimacy was low, but negatively correlated with the proportion of unexpressed irritations when level of emotional commitment was high. In contrast, reporting either fear of consequences or the lack of importance of the problem as motives for withholding irritations was unrelated to the proportion of unexpressed irritations when intimacy was low, but was positively Correlated with withholding when intimacy was high. These results suggest that the phenomenological experience of conflict management decisions changes in substance throughout the life of the romantic relationship.
Development of a distributed real-time air combat simulation system

The development of a distributed real-time air combat simulation system is described. The objective of the work is to provide a high-fidelity platform based on PC for air combat researches. The complete system is designed to be made up of three layers known as the data layer, the service layer, the application layer to reduce the modeling complexity and maintain the opening of the system. Precise mathematical models have been established for all critical sub-systems and processes in air combat simulation. Basic flight and air combat simulation has been tested on the system and proved its accuracy and high cost-effectiveness. The modularity of the system makes it easily adaptable to the analysis of other technologies and thus be of potential use.
Learning from the dying.

Physicians care for many dying patients but how do they learn to deal with this profound human event? Drs. Susan Block and J. Andrew Billings discuss a preclinical course designed to guide medical students toward becoming better caregivers for the dying.
Modeling of Workflow Congestion and Optimization of Flow Routing in a Manufacturing/Warehouse Facility

This paper discusses the notion of workflow congestion in the context of material handling equipment interruptions in a manufacturing or warehousing facility. Development of a combination of probabilistic and physics-based models for workflow interruptions permits evaluation of the expected link travel time. The problem is then of routing in a way that minimizes total expected travel time. The rerouting problem is modeled as a multicommodity flow problem with link capacity design. A greedy upper bounding and Lagrangean relaxation algorithm are developed to solve this efficiently. To calibrate our modeling process we develop an object-oriented simulation model that explicitly considers various workflow interruptions. Our major finding is that rerouting traffic in a congested facility can significantly alleviate congestion delays and improve the efficiency of material movement. A managerial insight derived from this work is that rerouting is most effective in medium traffic-intensity situations.
Towards low overhead provenance tracking in near real-time stream filtering

Data streams flowing from the physical environment are as unpredictable as the environment itself. Radars go down, long haul networks drop packets, and readings are corrupted on the wire. Yet the data driven scientific models and data mining algorithms do not necessarily account for the inaccuracies when assimilating the data. Low overhead provenance collection partially solves this problem. We propose a data model and collection model for near real time provenance collection. We define a system architecture for stream provenance tracking and motivate with a real-world application in meteorology forecasting.