cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confirmation of predicted polymer blend morphologies from bulk specimens

The morphologies of polymer blends predicted by simulation of spinodal decomposition were compared to bulk blends made by compositional quenching. After selective staining with ruthenium and osmium tetroxide, the experimental blends were investigated microscopically using a 1.2 MeV electron microscope. Due to the penetration power of megavolt electrons, thick specimens, 0.75 μm, were examined and allowed the blend structures to be studied in all three spatial dimensions. The simulation model was successful in the prediction of the gross morphology but did not predict details such as micelle formation. With the model, it is possible to produce a desired morphology with a minimal amount of experimentation.
Contemporary practice of percutaneous nephrolithotomy: review of practice in a single region of the UK.

INTRODUCTIONMost series of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) from single specialised centres represent optimum results achievable and may not reflect outcomes of everyday practice. We analysed the practice in our region. PATIENTS AND METHODSMedical records of 178 patients undergoing PCNL in 2002 in 12 participating hospital trusts were retrospectively analysed. RESULTSEven outside the tertiary referral centres, there was a 6-fold difference between trusts in the frequency of PCNL. In 28% of cases, another stone-removing modality had been tried first. Failed renal puncture was a major cause of abandoning surgery (9%). An indication of the difficulty in obtaining complete stone clearance is that only 107 (60%) operation notes recorded complete clearance, while 75 (42%) patients required a subsequent procedure (13% a secondary PCNL). Use of supra 12th rib punctures was small (6%) as was the rate of ‘tube-less’ PCNL (4%). Some 22% had simultaneous ureteric stent insertion. Approximately 8% of cases required...
Innervation of substantia nigra neurons by cholinergic afferents from pedunculopontine nucleus in the rat: neuroanatomical and electrophysiological evidence

Abstract Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta are excited by nicotine and acetycholine, and possess both high-affinity nicotine binding sites and intense acetylcholinesterase activity, consistent with a cholinoceptive role. A probable source of cholinergic afferents is the pedunculopontine nucleus, which forms part of a prominent group of cholinergic perikarya located caudal to the substantia nigra in the tegmentum. Although pedunculopontine efferents, many of them cholinergic, project to the substantia nigra pars compacta, it has not been established whether they terminate in this structure. In the first experiment, which combined retrograde tracing with immunohistochemical visualization of cholinergic neurons, cholinergic cells in and around the pedunculopontine nucleus were found to send projections to the substantia nigra. This projection was almost completely ipsilateral. Subsequent experiments employed anaesthetized rats; kainate was microinfused into tegmental sites in order to stimulate local cholinergic perikarya, and concurrently, extracellular recordings were made of single dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Consistent with our anatomical findings, unilateral microinfusion of kainic acid in or near the pedunculopontine nucleus increased the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons situated remotely in the ipsilateral substantia nigra. The kainate-induced excitation of nigral dopaminergic neurons was dose-related and was prevented by intravenous administration of the centrallyacting nicotinic cholinergic antagonist mecamylamine. These results suggest that cholinergic perikarya in the vicinity of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus innervate dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta via nicotinic receptors.
Concordance between medical records and interview data in correctional facilities.

Background Self- administered questionnaires or interviews and medical records are often used as sources of research data; thus it is essential to evaluate their concordance and reliability. The aim of this paper was to assess the concordance between medical and behavioral data obtained from medical records and interview questionnaires in two correctional facilities.
Online search Orthogonal Matching Pursuit

The recovery of a sparse signal x from y= Φx, where Φ is a matrix with more columns than rows, is a task central to many signal processing problems. In this paper we present a new greedy algorithm to solve this type of problem. Our approach leverages ideas from the field of online search on state spaces. We adopt the “agent perspective” and consider the set of possible supports of x as the state space. Under this setup, finding a solution is equivalent to finding a path from the empty support set to the state whose support has both the desired cardinality and the capacity to explain the observation vector y. An empirical investigation on Compressive Sensing problems shows that this new approach outperforms the classic greedy algorithm Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) while maintaining a reasonable computational complexity.
Homocysteine, Iron and Cardiovascular Disease: A Hypothesis

Elevated circulating total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations (hyperhomocysteinemia) have been regarded as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, several large clinical trials to correct hyperhomocysteinemia using B-vitamin supplements (particularly folic acid) have largely failed to reduce the risk of CVD. There is no doubt that a large segment of patients with CVD have hyperhomocysteinemia; therefore, it is reasonable to postulate that circulating tHcy concentrations are in part a surrogate marker for another, yet-to-be-identified risk factor(s) for CVD. We found that iron catalyzes the formation of Hcy from methionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and cystathionine. Based on these findings, we propose that an elevated amount of non-protein-bound iron (free Fe) increases circulating tHcy. Free Fe catalyzes the formation of oxygen free radicals, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein is a well-established risk factor for vascular damage. In this review, we discuss our findings on iron-catalyzed formation of Hcy from thioethers as well as recent findings by other investigators on this issue. Collectively, these support our hypothesis that circulating tHcy is in part a surrogate marker for free Fe, which is one of the independent risk factors for CVD.
Multiple Oppositions: Case Studies of Variables in Phonological Intervention

The multiple oppositions approach (Williams, 1992; 2000) was incorporated as the beginning point of intervention for 10 children who exhibited moderate-to-profound phonological impairments. Several...
Retrospective Study of Diseases in a Captive Lemming Colony

Fifty-four ill or nonproductive lemmings (Dicrostonyx spp.) were evaluated for signs, lesions and causes of disease for 5 yr in a domestic colony. Parasitic granulomas caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi were the most common finding and were seen in 22 lemmings. The disease was characterized by circling and torticollis with granulomas in many tissues, especially the central nervous system. Suppurative otitis occurred in 12 lemmings and was associated with Klebsiella pneumonia infection; circling was the common sign. Hepatic microabscesses were present in seven lemmings but a cause was not identified. Five lemmings had neoplasms and 14 had either suppurative processes, aspermia, or ovarian cysts.
THE EFFECT OF SCAFFOLDED VIGNETTE INSTRUCTION ON STUDENT MASTERY OF SUBJECT MATTER

Vignettes have long been used as a tool to model, teach, and research behavior and understanding as well as to stimulate discussion and problem solving in learning situations. The growing body of research on vignettes as an instructional and assessment tool to enhance recognition, recall, and transfer of subject matter knowledge suggests that the effectiveness of vignettes is due in part to its use as a scaffolding tool during instruction. This article summarizes an analysis of the effects of vignette instruction on vignette quiz performance in three sections of a blended graduate educational psychology course. Eight instructional vignettes administered to two sections and eight traditional scaffolding activities completed by the third section represented the only difference in the intervention. Study results suggest that vignette instruction provides efficient near-transfer opportunities and richer scaffolding experiences on student mastery of subject matter than does instruction without vignettes, regar...
PTL-1, A CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS GENE WHOSE PRODUCTS ARE HOMOLOGOUS TO THE TAU MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS

The τ microtubule-associated proteins are axonal proteins that have been implicated in axonal outgrowth, microtubule spacing, and microtubule bundling. Moreover, τ is the major structural component...
Surface Synthetic Jet Actuators for Flow Control Applications in Internal Combustion Engines

Charge motion in internal combustion engines is controlled by valves located near the engine ports in the intake path. The valve bodies are obstructions in the air-flow path and are a source of inefficiencies in the engine over its entire operating load. In order to achieve charge motion control without the use of valves, this research investigates the use of synthetic jet actuators to perform swirl and tumble of the air mass entering the cylinder. The purpose of this research is to design, test, and characterize a synthetic jet actuator, and determine the feasibility of using synthetic jet actuators in automotive air-intake systems. The accomplished work to date has led to geometrical optimization, fabrication of a prototype, and experimental investigation for determining jet velocities. The geometrical optimization of synthetic jets has led to a device with a thinner profile that allows it to be embedded in structures with thin (< 5mm) cross-sections and hence we refer to our synthetic jets as surface synthetic jets. It is shown here that air exiting the surface synthetic jets achieves sustained peak velocities well above 125 m/s. A variational principles-based approach is used to model the frequency response of the piezoelectric diaphragm, coupled with the lumped-parameter model for the surface synthetic jets and simulated using MATLAB Simulink®. The results of this model are validated with experimental results and extended to design charge motion control devices. From these results, it is anticipated that these surface synthetic jet actuators can achieve charge motion control using a radial array of surface synthetic jet actuators distributed around the intake runner.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A Lagrangian mean theory of wave, mean‐Flow interaction with applications to nonacceleration and its breakdown

A review is given of new Lagrangian mean theory of wave transport. Attention is focused on the so-called 'nonacceleration' theorem, and it is shown that such a theorem arises naturally in the Lagrangian mean framework. Also discussed is a simple example of the Stokes drift, a concept which is central to nonacceleration. The Lagrangian mean theory substantially simplifies and unifies the understanding of wave driving in cases where nonacceleration is violated because of wave transience and dissipation. Moreover, the theory has given new insights in one particular case, that of Rossby gravity wave, mean-flow interaction. These insights have successfully explained some hitherto unresolved paradoxes in the theory of the quasi-biennial oscillation of zonal wind in the equatorial stratosphere. Some brief remarks are also made concerning some of the outstanding difficulties of the theory in need of future investigation.
Multiple deletions reveal the essentiality of the DedA membrane protein family in Escherichia coli

The DedA family is a highly conserved, ancient family of membrane proteins with representatives in most sequenced genomes. A characteristic of prokaryotic DedA family genes is extensive gene duplication, with most bacterial genomes carrying two or more homologues. The Escherichia coli genome carries eight DedA genes, each individually nonessential. We previously described an E. coli mutant (BC202; ΔyghB : : kan(R), ΔyqjA : : tet(R)) with in-frame deletions of two DedA genes encoding proteins with 61 % amino acid identity. BC202 fails to complete cell division or grow at elevated temperatures. Here, we report that restoration of normal growth and cell division of BC202 is possible by overexpression of a subset of the eight E. coli DedA genes (yabI, yohD, yqjA and yghB) but not others (dedA, ydjX, ydjZ and yqaA), suggesting the existence of two functional groups within the family. We have constructed individual E. coli strains in which all eight DedA genes are deleted in a nonpolar manner, and growth is supported by a single DedA family gene under control of an inducible promoter. Strain BAL801 (with growth supported by cloned dedA) and BAL802 (with growth supported by cloned yqjA) exhibit slow growth that is absolutely dependent upon the presence of the arabinose inducer. Growth in the presence of glucose results in cell death. These results indicate that while not individually essential, the E. coli DedA family proteins are collectively essential. These observations suggest important functions for the E. coli DedA protein family.
Dynamic Model Predictive-Based Energy Management of DG Integrated Distribution Systems

This paper presents a new dynamic control strategy to control active and reactive power in distributed-generation integrated distribution systems. The distribution system comprises several microgrids that have a local energy-management system. The proposed method improves voltage and frequency profile in the distribution system by applying control action ahead of time. Moreover, the proposed method can operate with minimal topology information of the microgrid as it directly balances generation and consumption of power in the microgrid. Another advantage of the proposed method is that it can use fast and expensive sources, such as gas turbine generators, to balance power during transients and let slower and cheaper generators gradually take over after the transients are damped out. The proposed method can be implemented online. Therefore, it can efficiently use the time-variant reactive capabilities of the DGs to compensate reactive power needs of the system.
Computation of stiffness and stiffness bounds for parallel link manipulators

Parallel link spatial mechanisms in general, and Stewart Platforms in particular, are increasingly being studied for possible use in multi-axis machine-tools. An important consideration in the design of such machines is their stiffness. For a given design, stiffness varies with the direction in which it is computed, the posture (or configuration) of the mechanism and the direction of the actuation or disturbing force. This paper addresses the problem of finding the minimum and maximum stiffnesses and the directions in which they occur for a manipulator in a given posture. In addition, the computation of stiffness in an arbitrary direction is also discussed. Since engineers are often interested in the response of the mechanism in the direction of perturbation (called single-dimensional or engineering stiffness in this paper), this paper proves the computed bounds (maximum and minimum) are tight for such a definition. Stiffness computed using the algebraic formulae derived are compared to those obtained from a Finite Element Analysis model to demonstrate correctness of formulation. Finally, minimum, maximum, arbitrary direction and single-dimensional stiffness maps, are produced for a Stewart Platform and their use in machine tool design is discussed.
Capital market reaction to defective IT products: The case of computer viruses

Studies in various industries indicate that market reaction to recall announcements is used as a catalyst to control the creation of substandard products. In the IT industry, flawed software is being blamed for the increasing numbers of computer viruses that plague information systems and the escalating costs to repair these viruses. This paper examines whether the market penalizes firms that produce substandard IT products. We use the event study methodology to assess the impact of public virus announcements on the stock prices of responsible IT vendors between 1988 and 2002. The results show that the market reacts negatively to the production of flawed Information Technology in approximately 50% of the cases. However, this negative market reaction is not statistically significant over extended periods and is limited to announcements involving certain types of defects (i.e., IT products that contain computer viruses). There was no statistically significant negative market reaction for announcements involving IT products that are susceptible to computer viruses. Our analysis implies that unlike in other industries, market forces alone cannot be used as an effective control mechanism for the production of substandard IT products. The study concludes that under these present conditions, IT vendors have little economic incentives to invest in defect-free computing.
Options for Acetabular Component Fixation

Selection of an acetabular component for total hip arthroplasty that can achieve initial stability and then remain stable for long-term fixation to occur requires specific implant design features. In this work, the authors describe the stages of implant fixation for cemented and cementless components, identify the key design characteristics of an acetabular component that will ensure stability as bone remodeling or osseointegration occurs, and review the clinical results of various cup designs. The authors recommend an acetabular component that offers good initial fixation, limits migration during the intermediate stage, provides a mechanism for osseointegration, and resists tensile loads.
Towards a complete real-time electricity market design

The general design for the real-time electricity market presented in this paper optimizes and prices both real and reactive power simultaneously in an AC setting, where all assets—generation, load and transmission—are allowed to bid and are financially settled at the locational price times energy consumed or produced. The result is that transmission lines are compensated for both capacity and admittance, providing incentives for efficient operation of transmission-related assets such as FACTS devices, if price-taking behavior is assumed. Losses are incorporated into the design and become an operating cost for transmission. The market design is shown to be revenue neutral and, under some assumptions, nonconfiscatory.
A general apparatus for the investigation of complex learning in children.

Abstract In a long term experimental project the author has been working with complex learning in children. One of the goals of the research has been the development of an apparatus and reinforcement procedure which is easy to construct and apply, is ‘generally’ applicable to various types of complex learning, and which will maintain the participation and learning of children of various ages and types over long periods of time while engaged in arduous learning tasks. The apparatus which the author developed and tested has been used with normal children of various ages down to 2 yr, with educable and trainable mental retardates, with children with emotional and behavior problems, with culturally deprived children. Reading, writing, number concept learning, concept formation, complex discrimination learning, and speech acquisition have been investigated using this type of apparatus.
Cerebral pressure autoregulation in traumatic brain injury.

An understanding of normal cerebral autoregulation and its response to pathological derangements is helpful in the diagnosis, monitoring, management, and prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pressure autoregulation is the most common approach in testing the effects of mean arterial blood pressure on cerebral blood flow. A gold standard for measuring cerebral pressure autoregulation is not available, and the literature shows considerable disparity in methods. This fact is not surprising given that cerebral autoregulation is more a concept than a physically measurable entity. Alterations in cerebral autoregulation can vary from patient to patient and over time and are critical during the first 4–5 days after injury. An assessment of cerebral autoregulation as part of bedside neuromonitoring in the neurointensive care unit can allow the individualized treatment of secondary injury in a patient with severe TBI. The assessment of cerebral autoregulation is best achieved with dynamic autoregulation...
A statistical array processing approach for elastic wavefield data

Three-component seismic array data provide a multidimensional, spatially and temporally unaliased sampling of the seismic wavefield and the potential for a nearly comprehensive decomposition and characterization of the observed wavefield based on its frequency, wavenumber, and polarization characteristics. In this paper I outline a statistical array processing approach for three-component seismic array data that allows us to exploit and fully utilize the abundance of information provided by these unique data. My approach entails a succession of principal component analysis, factor analysis, and principal component analysis. The initial principal component analysis is conducted in an effort to separate the coherent and random components of the wavefield into orthogonal subspaces. The ensuing factor analysis allows us to isolate superimposed signals and estimate their frequency-wavenumber characteristics. The final principal component analysis provides estimates of the signals' polarization characteristics. This adaptive formulation provides high-resolution estimates of the signals' frequency, wavenumber, and polarization characteristics.
The circadian variation of cardiovascular stress levels and reactivity : Relationship to individual differences in morningness/eveningness

Two studies assessed the circadian variation of cardiovascular responses to stress in healthy and coronary artery disease (CAD) populations. In within-subjects designs, stressors were administered to healthy male subjects and male CAD patients both in the morning and afternoon, and subjects were classified as either morning or evening types using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (Horne & Ostberg, 1976, International Journal of Chronobiology, 4, 97-110). No consistent circadian variation in blood pressure or heart rate responses was observed in the aggregate sample of either healthy subjects or CAD patients. However, there were significant interactions between circadian type and time of day. In both populations, morning subjects exhibited higher cardiovascular levels during the morning session, and evening subjects exhibited higher levels during the afternoon session. Analyses of cardiovascular reactivity revealed less consistent evidence for this interaction. Self-reports of stress revealed interactions between time of day and morningness/eveningness only in the CAD sample. In CAD patients, preliminary analysis of myocardial wall function, an index of myocardial ischemia, did not reveal a significant interaction between morningness/eveningness and time of day, perhaps due to small sample size. The presence of differing circadian patterns in stress response based on individual differences in morningness/eveningness is discussed in terms of its methodological implications for psychophysiological research and in terms of the role of stress as an acute trigger of CAD.
A Method for Determining and Expressing the Size of Feed Particles by Sieving

Abstract THERE has long been a need for a method of measuring and expressing the size of feed particles. General terms such as “coarse”, “medium” or “fine” are ill-defined at best and subject to variation in usage. References to hammermill screen size are relatively descriptive, but the resulting particle size varies widely because of factors such as hammer speed, extent of wear on hammer and screen, screen area, air flow, method of discharge, kind of grain, moisture content of grain and other variables (Baker and Farrell, 1961; Stevens and Pfost, 1962). A direct measure of the feed particles is obviously more practical than attempting to stabilize the factors that influence the fineness of grind. Two previous measures of feed particle size have been adopted by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (1961) and the American Society of Animal Science. The method given in this paper is a refinement of the previous…
High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of the Microstructural Development of a Silicon Carbonitride Nanocomposite

Nanocrystalline ceramics are expected to possess enhanced superplasticity over their microcrystalline counterparts. In this effort of producing nanocomposites of silicon nitride and silicon carbide, amorphous Si-C-N derived from pyrolysis of a polysilazane precursor was sintered with yttria as an additive. High-pressure sintering at different temperatures resulted in sintered materials ranging from amorphous to nanocrystalline. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was conducted to characterize the development and grain-boundary features of the nanocrystalline microstructure. The results provide a preliminary understanding of the process of the formation of the nanocrystalline structure from an amorphous matrix, under the condition of high pressure and relatively low temperature. The wide variation in the thickness of grain-boundary phases observed in this material suggests a nonequilibrium state of the grain boundary, which might be related to the processing conditions.
An Effective Method of Preparing Sections of Bacillus polymyxa Sporangia and Spores for Electron Microscopy

Bacillus polymyxa sporangia and spores were prepared for examination in the electron microscope by methods whose critical features were apparently: judicious use of vacuum, to encourage complete penetration of the embedding medium; the use of epoxy resins as embedding media; and cutting of the thin sections with a diamond knife. Electron micrographs of material prepared in this manner exhibit undeformed sporangial sections. Some of the structures revealed have been shown before, though perhaps less distinctly; other structures are revealed here for the first time. While this single study does not pretend to elucidate all the complexities of sporulation in bacteria, these and similar images should make this possible, and some mention of the preparatory techniques that lead to them seems advisable at this time.
Theory and Contrastive Explanation in Ethnography

We propose three interlinked ways that theory helps researchers build causal claims from ethnographic research. First, theory guides the casing and re-casing of a topic of study. Second, theoretica...
The Genus Haplorhynchites (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae) in America North of Mexico

There are 14 species of Pselaphorhynchites Schilsky north of Mexico. These weevils were formerly part of the genus Rhynchites Schneider 1791. Three names are newly synonomized: micans (Voss), delectus (Fall), and sanguinipes (Voss). Lectotypes are designated for macrophthalmus (Schaeffer), aureus (LeConte), and cyanellus (LeConte), and 3 new species are described, dilatarostris, lindae, and striafrons . A neotype was selected for aeratus (Say). A generic key to North American rhynchitids and a key to species of Pselaphorhynchites are included. A description, host data when known, head and rostrum illustrations, and distribution data are given for each species. Male genitalia were photographed for 13 species and a line drawing is included for striafrons .
Splitting the Husk: The Day Novel and Storm Jameson's A Day Off

The genre of the circadian or one-day novel, of which James Joyce's Ulysses (1922) and Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway (1925) are the most famous examples, relies on John Locke's theory of individual identity composed of memories over time. The modernist writer and critic Storm Jameson published a day novel in 1933 that draws attention to the paucity of memories in the time-starved working poor and challenges the implicit class distinction in identity formation in this genre. Jameson's A Day Off draws on Ulysses and Mrs. Dalloway to demonstrate the class assumptions made by the high modernists. By expanding the scope of the day novel to include the working poor, Jameson proposes a revised theory of memory and identity that takes into consideration the realities of class and the scarcity of time for the majority of people in modernity.
Synthesis and conformational analysis of isomeric 3-propananilidotropanes

The isomeric 3-anilino and 3-propananilidotropanes have been synthesized and obtained in isomerically pure form. The configurations and solute conformations of these isomers were studied via glc and nrar analysis. The 3β-isomers have been shown to exist in the normal piper-idine chair conformation whereas the 3α-anilino tropane exists in a flattened piperidine chair conformation and the 3α-propananilidotropane isomer preferentially exists in a conformation in which the piperidine ring system is a boat.
Origin of double melting peaks of α‐form isotactic polypropylene: Recrystallization and lamellar thickness hierarchy

Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) shows both double melting peaks and single melting peak depending on cooling rates and crystallization temperatures. This manuscript reviews the related studies. These melting behaviors can be explained based on two types of spherulite structures. Type I Spherulites have predominant cross-hatched lamellae with same thickness in both tangential and radial directions. They form at low crystallization temperatures and show one melting peak at fast heating rates, while double melting peaks at low heating rates because of recrystallization. Type II Spherulites have thinner cross-hatched lamellae in center and thicker radial lamellae in peripheral part. They form at high crystallization temperatures and show double melting peaks that can not be eliminated by fast heating rates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Left Posterior Fascicular Block Due to High-Dose Interleukin-2

Obective:To report a case of reversible left posterior fascicular block (LPFB) associated with high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy.Case Summary:A 50-year-old white, nonsmoking male with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and hypothyroidism had been recently diagnosed with metastatic clear cell-type renal cell carcinoma. He was started on high-dose IL-2 therapy (600,000 IU/kg/dose by 15-min intravenous infusion every B h for up to 14 consecutive doses over 5 days, as tolerated). He developed new-onset LPFB after the second dose of IL-2, which was diagnosed electrocardiographically with right axis deviation; deep S waves in lead I; and qR waves in leads II, III, and aVF. He denied chest pain, palpitations, or syncope. The LPFB resolved 18 hours after discontinuation of IL-2 without any potential complications or delay of hospital discharge. The patient completed 9 of 14 doses of IL-2 therapy. Similar electrocardiogram changes were noticed during 2 subsequent cycles...
The Actuarial Turn in the Science of Learning Disabilities

In the mid-1970s, Donald Hammill and his colleagues authored three scathing critiques of the two most trusted scientific traditions of learning disability treatment — movement education and psycholinguistic training (Hammill, 1972; Hammill & Larsen, 1974; Hammill, Goodman, & Wiederholt, 1974). These critical reviews of research rejected the older model of clinical science that had served as the foundation of the field of learning disabilities and celebrated an actuarial form of research. Was Hammill actually proclaiming a change in the orientation toward scientific research, a paradigm shift involving philosophical commitments and methodological practices? This article explores the history of both the foundational clinical science and the new actuarial science that rose to prominence in the field of learning disabilities in the 1970s.
Successful treatment of hairy cell leukemia with β-ser interferon

Twelve patients with hairy cell leukemia underwent treatment with beta-ser interferon, a type I interferon with potent antiproliferative activity. Ten of the 12 patients had had prior therapy and the median time from diagnosis to initiation of treatment was 8.5 months (range 1 month to 18 years). Bone marrow involvement ranged from 90-100% hairy cells. Beta-ser interferon was administered as an intravenous injection of 90 million units per dose, three times weekly. Dose reductions were by dose and by frequency in individual patients. Ten of 12 patients (83%) responded, including 7 complete (CR) and 3 partial (PR) responses. The median time to at least PR was 6 months and the median time to CR was 12 months. The median duration of overall response (PR + CR or PR) is 31+ months (range 26(+)-40+ months). Of the 6 patients who underwent dose reductions due to toxicity or poor tolerance, 4 CR patients reverted to PR, and 2 PR patients have increased the number of hairy cells in the marrow, while maintaining normal peripheral blood counts. One each of these has regained CR and PR status after an increase in dose.
Clinical Malignant Hematology

Mayo Clinic Proceedings receives an average of 50 books each month complimentary from various publishers. Selected books are chosen for review, as space permits. All other books received will be listed on the Mayo Clinic Proceedings Web site (www.mayoclinicproceedings.com). Concepts and Practice of Humanitarian Medicine, edited by S. William A. Gunn and Michele Masellis, 324 pp, with illus, $69.95, New York, NY, Springer (telephone: 800-777-4643), 2008, ISBN 978-0-387-72263-4
Latchup and the domino effect

CMOS latchup can be initiated in semiconductor chips from minority carrier injection sources. Injection sources occur from both circuit, chip and system level phenomena as well as single event particles. The paper discusses the problem of external CMOS latchup from minority carrier injection in a substrate region, and the initiation of CMOS latchup in integrated circuits. The paper proposes an analytical model to address the injection from a primary injection source, the CMOS latchup stability condition of a circuit from the primary injection source, and the successive propagation of CMOS latchup in adjacent circuitry initiated by the primary source and subsequent secondary injections. The focus is on the physical understanding, and the analytical development for quantification of the external latchup problem.
Accomplishments and Disappointments of the Division 17 Committee on Women, 1970-1987:

We reviewed events establishing the Women's Committee of the Division of Counseling Psychology (Division 17) of the American Psychological Association. We organized a historical record of our founding, the context surrounding it, and the reasons we believe the Women's Committee was successful. We discuss our disappointment at some unintended consequences of the women's movement of the early 1970s, and indicate issues which concern us and which constitute unfinished work for those who are committed to equality for women.
Coefficient and Data Quantization in Matched Filters for Detection

Finite-bit representation of the coefficients and quantization of input data are studied in digital matched filters for weak-signal detection. An algorithm for optimum coefficients and equations for the optimum input quantizer are obtained for the known signal in additive noise problem. Some numerical performance results are given.
System architecture for guided herd of robots exploring Titan

This paper describes a system architecture for an aerobot blimp guiding and controlling a herd of sondes on Titan's surface. Options for inertial navigation are proposed that make use of a direct communication link to Earth. A potential field controller is used for autonomous tracking of terrain features on the surface, and hazard avoidance. The result of distributed simulation studies demonstrate that the method used for control is feasible even if significant uncertainty exists in the dynamics and environmental models.
Impact of Pretransplant Hepatic Encephalopathy on Liver Posttransplantation Outcomes

Patients with cirrhosis commonly experience hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a condition associated with alterations in behavior, cognitive function, consciousness, and neuromuscular function of varying severity. HE occurring before liver transplant can have a substantial negative impact on posttransplant outcomes, and preoperative history of HE may be a predictor of posttransplant neurologic complications. Even with resolution of previous episodes of overt or minimal HE, some patients continue to experience cognitive deficits after transplant. Because HE is one of the most frequent pretransplant complications, improving patient HE status before transplant may improve outcomes. Current pharmacologic therapies for HE, whether for the treatment of minimal or overt HE or for prevention of HE relapse, are primarily directed at reducing cerebral exposure to systemic levels of gut-derived toxins (e.g., ammonia). The current mainstays of HE therapy are nonabsorbable disaccharides and antibiotics. The various impacts of adverse effects (such as diarrhea, abdominal distention, and dehydration) on patient's health and nutritional status should be taken into consideration when deciding the most appropriate HE management strategy in patients awaiting liver transplant. This paper reviews the potential consequences of pretransplant HE on posttransplant outcomes and therapeutic strategies for the pretransplant management of HE.
Equity and Status in Group Collaboration: Learning Through Explanations Depends on Task Characteristics

Although many instructors use collaborative group work as one tool in their repertoire, much research remains to be done on how learning occurs within collaborative learning environments. The present study contributes to this goal by finding that giving explanations during collaborative group work contributes to learning on single-answer group tasks, while task-related participation contributes to learning on variable-answer group tasks. Furthermore, the present study found that European–American students showed higher achievement than African–American students after working on a single-answer group task. Importantly, this race-based difference in achievement was tied to a race-based difference in giving explanations. These results reveal modest, but important support for the hypothesis that variable-answer group tasks provide a more equitable environment for participation than single-answer group tasks.
Exercise and insulin resistance in youth: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of obesity and diabetes is increasing among children, adolescents, and adults. Although estimates of the efficacy of exercise training on fasting insulin and insulin resistance have been provided, for adults similar estimates have not been provided for youth. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a quantitative estimate of the effectiveness of exercise training on fasting insulin and insulin resistance in children and adolescents. METHODS: Potential sources were limited to peer-reviewed articles published before June 25, 2013, and gathered from the PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Physical Education Index, and Web of Science online databases. Analysis was limited to randomized controlled trials by using combinations of the terms adolescent, child, pediatric, youth, exercise training, physical activity, diabetes, insulin, randomized trial, and randomized controlled trial. The authors assessed 546 sources, of which 4.4% (24 studies) were eligible for inclusion. Thirty-two effects were used to estimate the effect of exercise training on fasting insulin, with 15 effects measuring the effect on insulin resistance. Estimated effects were independently calculated by multiple authors, and conflicts were resolved before calculating the overall effect. RESULTS: Based on the cumulative results from these studies, a small to moderate effect was found for exercise training on fasting insulin and improving insulin resistance in youth (Hedges’ d effect size = 0.48 [95% confidence interval: 0.22–0.74], P P CONCLUSIONS: These results support the use of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.
A new high pressure and temperature equation of state of fcc cobalt

The high pressure and temperature equation of state of cobalt metal in the face-centered cubic phase was measured up to 57 GPa and 2400 K using the laser heated diamond anvil cell in conjunction with synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The measured region is bisected by a ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition across the Curie temperature necessitating use of an equation of state that incorporates a 2nd order phase transition within its formalism. A third order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state with a Mie-Gruneisen-Debye thermal correction and a Hillert-Jarl magnetic correction is employed to describe the data above and below the Curie temperature. We find best fit parameters of V0 = 6.753 (fixed) cm3/mol, K0 = 196 (3) GPa, K′ = 4.7 (2), γ0 = 2.00 (11), q = 1.3 (5), and θ0 = 385 K (fixed).
Computer System Organization for Pictorial Data

This paper concerns 1) recent extensions of computer capabilities that relate to processing two-dimensional data, and 2) concepts of how computer technology will be applied in the future to images. The first section describes the nature of image data and the main approaches that have been taken to handle it. Image processing, computer graphics, and pattern recognition methodologies all contribute substantially to the body of techniques available today. We discuss engineering approaches used now and the potential directions for extending these approaches to take advantage of new technologies and to meet real-world needs. The newer systems discussed include 1) cellular processors, 2) conventional computers as “host” with a peripheral array processor, and 3) “supercomputers” (fast, large machines which employ pipelining and parallelism).
Learning from the past to envision the future: a five-year review 2005-2009

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the topics published in the journal in the five-year period from 2005 to 2009. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative examination of content by year identifies prevalent themes. Findings – The beginning and ending of the time period demonstrate continued interest in major figures of our field and the context of their thinking. Quality, excellence and continuous improvement were recurrent topics as were those of business in society, ethics and social responsibility. The value of historical analysis with suggested methodologies for further study was included. Research limitations/implications – The paper is limited to the topical papers within this five-year timeframe and a qualitative analysis of themes. Fewer than expected papers were published on leadership and international subjects given their important to the field. Practical implications – Aspiring authors may find the historical background for the current topics of entrepreneurship,...
Synthetic Analogues of the Active Site in Blue Copper Proteins

A number of copper-containing proteins, which are involved in electron transfer and/or oxidase activity, contain an unusual form of copper. The “blue” or “type 1” binding sites1 of such metalloproteins as azurin, plastocyanin, stellacyanin, laccase, ceruloplasmin, cytochrome oxidase, and ascorbate oxidase exhibit chemical and spectral characteristics which are unique among copper complexes. These characteristics include generally high redox potentials (i.e., the Cu(I) form is unusually stable), and for the oxidized, Cu(II) form of the proteins, intense optical absorption at ca. 600 nm (∈ = 1000–5000 M−1-cm−1) as well as unusually small copper hyperfine interaction in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra (Ay = 3.3-9.0 mK).1 The structure of the blue active site has been probed by a wide variety of techniques. On the basis of chemical,1 metal substitution (cobalt 2nickel3). sequence, resonance Raman,5 CW and pulsed EPR,6 carbon7 and proton8 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electronic srpectral2,9 circular dichroism, and magnetic circular dichroism, 2,9 infrared spectral, EXAFS, 11 and X-ray photoelectron12 spectral studies, two basic active site configurations have been proposed (A and B).
Family Forest Owners’ Familiarity with Conservation Programs in Mississippi, USA

Conservation programs such the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program (WHIP), and Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) were introduced in the USA to create financial, educational, and technical incentives to enhance conservation of natural resources. This study examined Mississippi family forest owners’ familiarity with CRP, EQIP, WHIP, WRP, and conservation easements before the programmatic reorganization brought about by the Farm Bill of 2014. The research also determined the association of selected attitudinal and socioeconomic characteristics with landowner familiarity. A mail survey was sent to 2025 randomly selected family forest owners in Mississippi and an adjusted response rate of 37.1 % was obtained. Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and five binary logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with landowner familiarity with conservation programs. Familiarity with conservation programs was positively associated with male landowners, forest land size, forest and conservation organization membership, and having a written forest management plan (p < 0.05). Findings suggest that membership in forestry- and agriculture-based organizations can help improve landowner knowledge of ecosystem services and enhance familiarity with conservation programs.
Influence of Ergotamine Tartrate Upon Peripheral Blood-Flow in Subjects with Liver Disease

SummarySingle doses of ergotamine tartrate (0.5 mg.), injected subcutaneously, produce definite vasoconstriction as indicated by a decrease in peripheral blood-flow. Less commonly, vasodilatation is produced, with increased blood-flow. No significant difference in blood-flow change after ergotamine was noted between normals and subjects with liver disease.
Coarse-Grained Simulations of Penetrant Transport in Polymer Nanocomposites

We report the results of coarse-grained simulations of the transport of penetrants in polymer nanocomposite materials. This work was motivated by recent experimental results in the context of conductivity and barrier properties of polymer nanocomposites. We adopt a coarse-grained simulation formalism which is suitable for studying issues surrounding the transport of ions, large gas molecules and probes in polymer nanocomposite systems. The results presented focuses on two issues: (i) the role of polymer interfacial layers and (ii) the influence of polymer matrix dynamics upon the transport properties of polymer–nanoparticle mixtures. Our results indicate that in our model the penetrant transport properties are dominated by the “filler” effect, in which the particles act as obstructions for the penetrant diffusion. Interfacial effects, which are driven by the polymer–particle interactions play a role, but their impact is shown to be less important than the filler effect. A second outcome of our work is a d...