cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRYPANOSOMIASIS IN RACCOONS FROM GEORGIA

Trypanosoma cruzi frequently infects wild mammals in the southern United States but little is known about the effect of the parasite on reservoir hosts such as the raccoon (Procyonlotor). To investigate this issue, 30 raccoons trapped on St. Catherine's Island (Georgia, USA) during September, 1994 were tested for T. cruzi infection by examination of wet mounts of fresh blood and by culturing blood in liver infusion tryptose medium. Thirteen animals (43%) were found to be infected with T. cruzi. Heart tissues from 10 of the infected raccoons and 4 uninfected raccoons were fixed, sectioned, stained and examined for the presence of parasites and evidence of tissue damage. One T. cruzi pseudocyst was found in cardiac tissue from the left ventricle of a female raccoon. In addition, Sarcocystis sp. sarcocysts and schizonts of Hepatozoon sp. were observed in heart tissue from seven of the T. cruzi-infected raccoons. Mild, multifocal and interstitial inflammation was observed in the heart tissues of all 10 of the...
Unraveling the Genetics of Autoimmunity

The chronic autoimmune diseases include multiple complex genetic disorders. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a large number of major loci, with many associations shared between various autoimmune diseases. These associations highlight key roles for lymphocyte activation and prioritize specific cytokine pathways and mechanisms of host-microbe recognition. Despite success in identifying loci, comprehensive models of disease pathogenesis are currently lacking. Future efforts comparing association patterns between autoimmune diseases may be particularly illustrative. New genomic technologies applied to classic genetic studies involving twins, early onset cases, and phenotypic extremes may provide key insights into developmental and gene-environment interactions in autoimmunity.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of organic nitrates

The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of organic nitrates are discussed, with particular emphasis on the 3 major organic nitrates currently in use, nitroglycerin (NTG), isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide-5-mononitrate. After intravenous administration, both NTG and isosorbide dinitrate exhibit large systemic clearances and both nitrates appear to be extensively distributed in vascular and other peripheral tissues. Two pharmacokinetic features appear particularly notable for NTG: there is a significant arteriovenous extraction of the drug, and its systemic clearance is related to cardiac output. Both of these features, plus other evidence, suggest that organic nitrates may be substantially removed from the systemic circulation by the vasculature itself. During nitrate tolerance, plasma drug concentrations remain elevated, but vascular activity is diminished. This apparent paradox might be explainable by a unifying hypothesis of reduced nitrate metabolism during vascular tolerance; thus, in the tolerant state, reduced systemic clearance of the intact drug brought about elevated plasma concentrations, whereas reduced cellular metabolism at the smooth muscle brought about a decrease in vascular activity. The complex relations among plasma kinetics, vascular metabolism and pharmacologic action of organic nitrates are still poorly understood.
Fluorescence of polymers: A probe of polymer assemblies

n this paper we discuss, some general aspects of the use of fluorescence spectroscopy in the characterization of polymers and processes involving polymers. In particular we focus on the use of probes to detect formation of hydrophobic domains or to detect environmental changes because of solvation or pH changes, fluorescence quenching to determine the accessibility of the probe to solution phase small molecules, the use of fluorescence depolarization to characterize segmental motions and the use of energy transfer to characterize morphologies on the length scale of 1-5 nm. We also will compare direct energy transfer (DET) with down-chain electronic energy transfer (EET).
Large Time-Bandwidth Sezawa Wave MZOS Convolvers and Correlators

A prototype Sezawa Wave MZOS convolver has been developed which clearly demonstrates the impressive signal processing capability of monolithic MZOS parametric devices. Observed values of electro-mechanical coupling and time-bandwidth product represent a significant improvement over those obtained from conventional devices operated on the Rayleigh mode. Our prototype device displays a 3 dB bandwidth of 30 MHz at an input frequency of 225 MHz with a terminal bilinear efficiency of ?57 dBm. The observed transducer electro-mechanical coupling (?v/v) is 0.019. Device performance as a surface state memory correlator is also described. Design considerations for convolvers and correlators possessing time-bandwidth products of 1000 or more are presented.
Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Synthesis and spectral properties of 3β-hydroxy-24-dimethylamino-5α-chol-8(14)-en-15-one and its effects on HMG-CoA reductase activity in CHO-K1 cells

Abstract A simple, three-step synthesis of the 25-aza analog of 3β-hydroxy-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one (I) is described. Treatment of 3β-acetoxy-24-hydroxy-5α-chol-8(14)-en-15-one (III) with 1.75 equivalents of tosyl chloride in pyridine for 24 h at 5°C gave 3β-acetoxy-24-tosyloxy-5α-chol-8(14)-en-15-one (IV). In contrast, treatment of III with 3.95 equivalents of tosyl chloride in pyridine for 12 h at 48°C gave 3β-acetoxy-24-chloro-5α-chol-8(14)-en-15-one (V). Treatment of IV with dimethylamine in dioxane yielded 3β-acetoxy-24-dimethylamino-5α-chol-8(14)-en-15-one (VI). Hydrolysis of VI with LiOH · H2O in methanol gave 3β-hydroxy-24-dimethylamino-5α-chol-8(14)-en-15-one (VII). 1H- and 13C-NMR assignments are presented for compounds IV–VII. The 25-aza analog (VII) of the 15-ketosterol (I), at a concentration of 1.0 μM, caused a 47% lowering of the level of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Assessing traumatic brain injuries using EEG power spectral analysis and instantaneous phase

Although mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) occurs commonly, little is known about how multiple mTBI incidents accumulate over time to produce serious morbidity or how the extent of injury can be quantified. This work presents a rat model that uses deceleration-induced brain trauma and an implantable EEG system for recording injury-induced changes in brain activity. Specifically, we present an analysis method to assess and quantify mTBI by combining information derived from EEG power spectral analysis and EEG phase shifts. We found that in different frequency bands, both EEG power spectra and the instantaneous phases of the two EEG channels before the impact were different from those measured after the impact. This study shows that EEG analysis can be used as a tool to identify and assess brain related injuries.
Time scales of pluton construction at differing crustal levels: Examples from the Mount Stuart and Tenpeak intrusions, North Cascades, Washington

Deciphering the magmatic history of continental magmatic arcs, in general, and the growth history of individual intrusions, in particular, is key to understanding the complex history of magma generation, segregation, and transport that define the dynamics of crustal growth. We utilize high precision U-Pb geochronology to resolve a detailed magmatic history from two composite intrusions, the 2–4 kbar Mount Stuart batholith and the 7–10 kbar Tenpeak pluton, emplaced in the Cretaceous North Cascades arc. This temporal framework provides a way to evaluate models of pluton growth that explain common features of intrusions such as concentric compositional zoning and internal magmatic contacts. U-Pb zircon crystallization ages were obtained from 12 samples of the Mount Stuart batholith and 8 samples of the Tenpeak intrusion, representing the range of compositional diversity and geographical extent. These dates indicate that the Mount Stuart batholith was constructed over a ∼5.5 m.y. time period that was punctuated by four intervals of high magma flux. The durations of the high-flux periods are short (a few hundred thousand years) relative to the duration of the batholith. The consistent pattern of magmatic fabrics and the lack of distinct contacts in the batholith may be explained by the juxtaposition of melt-rich and mush zones with subtle contacts between mineralogically and texturally similar tonalite and time-transgressive magma fabrics. In contrast, the Tenpeak intrusion was constructed over a ∼2.6 m.y. time period, with magma influx distributed throughout the intrusive history and texturally distinct magma bodies. The Tenpeak intrusion lacks distinct age domains, which suggests that any magma reservoir was smaller in size and potentially more ephemeral. Although the distinct age domains and discrete compositional and textural phases indicate that pluton growth occurred incrementally, neither pluton bears resemblance to a purely end-member incremental growth model whereby a pluton is constructed from hundreds to thousands of discrete magma pulses that have little, if any, interaction. In particular, ages from the youngest domain of the Mount Stuart batholith indicate that a melt-rich magma reservoir of ≥520 km 3 existed over a 170 ± 90 k.y. time span.
Chronic toxicity of thiomerin compared to other mercurial diuretics.

SummaryData presented on the comparative toxicity of Thiomerin, Mercuhydrin and Mercurophylline indicate that the compound containing the thiol group definitely is more toxic in rats. Other reports, both clinical and laboratory, have indicated such a possibility. Sodium Thioglycollate potentiates the chronic toxicity of Mercurophylline when combined with it and given by either the subcutaneous or intravenous route. There is, however, elimination of the acute cardiac effect with intravenous administration. Studies of the distribution of mercury in the rat and its excreta following subcutaneous administration of two of the drugs failed to indicate the mechanism of potentiation of toxicity.
BALLOON OBSERVATIONS OF INFRARED AND X-RAY INTENSITIES IN THE AURORAL ZONE

Abstract Simultaneous observations of infrared emissions and auroral zone X-rays from a series of high altitude balloon flights are reported. In addition to infrared nightglow from OH, fluctuations of the infrared intensity due to aurora were observed. In general, the correlations between the optical emissions and the X-rays was poor, indicating a loose coupling between the low and high energy portions of the auroral electron spectrum.
Distributed approaches to S-CSCF selection in an IMS network

The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a generic open-systems architecture offering converged multimedia services over IP. A function in the signaling plane of an IMS network is the interrogating Call/Session Control Function (I-CSCF) choosing the serving CSCF (S-CSCF) for a request. In this paper, we investigate distributed S-CSCF selection by considering four schemes: uniform random allocation, round robin, shortest expected delay, and least response time with network feedback. Through our study, we found that the shortest expected delay gives the best performance when the message size is one. However, when the message size of a request is higher, the shortest expected delay and the round robin scheme perform similarly in most cases while they are both better than uniform random allocation and least response time with network feedback schemes.
On the representation of certain digit sequences in memory

The representation in memory of digit strings such as dates was examined by observing the delays produced in color naming in a discrete-trial Stroop task when these sequences were used as carriers for the color. In Experiment I, subjects were presented on each trial with either a four-digit sequence in color, or a patch of color, and required to name the color as quickly as possible. Digit sequence trials produced significantly longer color-naming latencies. In Experiment II, five different types of four-digit sequences were used: dates, odd or even series, ascending sequences, descending sequences and repetitions. Trials using a double row of dashes in color served as the control. Only two types of digit series produced color-naming latencies significantly longer than those observed for dashes: dates, e.g., 1776, and odd or even series, e.g., 2468. It was argued that the significant delays over dash-trial color-naming latencies produced by these digit sequences indicated their functioning as cohesive units in memory, much like those hypothesized for letter sequences that form words.
Characteristics and trends in applied behavior analysis1

Characteristics and trends in applied behavior analysis were examined by evaluating the contents of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) from 1968 to 1974. Investigations were categorized according to the settings, populations, target behaviors, and research methodology employed. The analyses, completed separately for each dimension, revealed a relatively high proportion of investigations conducted in classrooms, with children and adolescents, and for problematic-disruptive behaviors. Although research in each of these areas did not constitute the majority of JABA investigations, only two categories across each content dimension were required to constitute the majority. The majority of JABA research has been conducted in classrooms and institutional settings, with children and adolescents and retardates of all ages, and for problematic-disruptive and academic behaviors. Despite the relatively restricted focus, the proportion of investigations conducted in naturalistic or open-field settings (e.g., movie theaters, parks, zoos, busses) and, to a lesser extent, day-care facilities has increased in recent years. Also, the focus upon academic responses, training individuals to employ behavior modification, and community relevant behaviors (e.g., employment, littering) has increased. As expected, examination of research design and evaluation techniques revealed extensive reliance upon intrasubject replication designs. Indeed, the majority of investigations have employed reversal (ABAB) designs. Interestingly, the use of multiple-baseline and between-group designs has increased in recent years. Finally, the use of statistical tests, not at all a rarity in JABA investigations, has not systematically increased since the inception of JABA.
Using birth weights to chart the spatial distribution of urban poverty

Investigation of the dynamic geography of urban poverty is complicated by the shortage of data on household situations at the neighbothood level. This paper suggests that institutional data on poverty-related factors such as welfare receipt, unemployment, school-leaving, and crime be used for such study. The approach is illustrated by studying the changing geographic incidence of low birth weights and homicides in Oakland, California.
Hemolymph volume determination in the tomato fruitworm, Heliothis zea.

The hemolymph volume ofHeliothis zea larvae was determined by the amaranth dye method and found to vary from 28 to 288 μl. It averaged 30.6% of b.wt, a value comparable to that obtained with C14 inulin. Amaranth became evenly distributed in the hemocoele in 3–5 min.
Lower Extremity Fat Mass Is Associated With Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese Individuals: The CARDIA Study

Lower extremity fat mass (LEFM) has been shown to be favorably associated with glucose metabolism. However, it is not clear whether this relationship is similar across varying levels of obesity. We hypothesized that lower amounts of LEFM is associated with higher insulin resistance (IR) and this association may vary according to weight status. Participants with available measures were examined from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (CARDIA), a multi-center longitudinal study of the etiology of atherosclerosis in black and white men and women aged 38–50 years old in 2005–2006 (n = 1,579). The homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMAIR) was calculated to estimate IR, regional adiposity was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and weight status was defined according to BMI categories. Obese and overweight participants exhibited higher IR, total fat mass (FM), trunk FM (TFM), and LEFM compared to normal weight participants. After controlling for age, height, race, study center, education, smoking, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), greater LEFM was significantly associated with higher IR only in normal weight men and women. Further adjustment for TFM revealed that lower LEFM was significantly associated with higher IR in overweight and obese men and women and the positive association in normal weight individuals was attenuated. These results suggest that excess adiposity in the lower extremities may attenuate the metabolic risk observed at a given level of abdominal adiposity in overweight and obese individuals. Weight status presents additional complexity since the metabolic influence of adipose tissue may not be homogenous across anatomic regions or level of obesity.
A bootstrap based space–time surveillance model with an application to crime occurrences

This study proposes a bootstrap-based space–time surveillance model. Designed to find emerging hotspots in near-real time, the bootstrap based model is characterized by its use of past occurrence information and bootstrap permutations. Many existing space–time surveillance methods, using population at risk data to generate expected values, have resulting hotspots bounded by administrative area units and are of limited use for near-real time applications because of the population data needed. However, this study generates expected values for local hotspots from past occurrences rather than population at risk. Also, bootstrap permutations of previous occurrences are used for significant tests. Consequently, the bootstrap-based model, without the requirement of population at risk data, (1) is free from administrative area restriction, (2) enables more frequent surveillance for continuously updated registry database, and (3) is readily applicable to criminology and epidemiology surveillance. The bootstrap-based model performs better for space–time surveillance than the space–time scan statistic. This is shown by means of simulations and an application to residential crime occurrences in Columbus, OH, year 2000.
Dynamic In Situ Measurements of Frictional Heating on an Isolated Surface Protrusion

Problems in the subject of frictional heating have been studied extensively, yet their complexity remains a barrier to further understanding. This study simplifies the frictional heating problem by examining the temperature rise due to a heat source of prescribed geometry. A single positive feature on the sliding face of the countersurface causes a local temperature rise. The cylindrical feature has a diameter of 150 µm and aspect ratio of 0.1 and slides under the larger contact area whose contact width is ~600 to ~750 µm. An infrared camera, acquiring at 870 Hz, observed the temperature rise at the contact interface between the feature and the rubber pin. The applied force for all tests was 200 mN, and the sliding velocity was varied from 10 to 200 mm/s. Maximum temperature rises of ~1–17 °C and average temperature rises of ~1–8 °C were measured. Measured values were compared to the Jaeger’s frictional heating models for sliding contacts.
Comparison of coronary stenosis quantitation results from on-line digital and digitized cine film images

Abstract To examine the effects of digital image acquisition mode and subtraction techniques on the results of coronary stenosis quantitation, 100 discrete lesions from 45 patients undergoing routine diagnostic angiography were analyzed in each of 3 image types: direct on-line digital, electrocardiogram-gated digital subtraction and digitized cine film images. For the geometric measurements (minimal lumen diameter and percent diameter stenosis) correlation coefficients for 2-way comparisons among the image types ranged from 0.90 to 0.96. Linear regression slopes ranged from 0.93 to 1.00, with intercepts from 0.03 to 0.07 mm for minimal diameter and −0.5 to 4.4% for percent diameter stenosis. For the videodensitometric percent area stenosis data, the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.80 to 0.89, with linear regression slopes from 0.84 to 0.89 and intercepts from 8.3 to 12.8%. Thus, the results of quantitative geometric measurements of coronary stenosis severity were not strongly affected by image acquisition mode (on-line versus cine film digitization) or by electrocardiogram-gated digital subtraction, while densitometric data correlated less well when on-line digital and digitized cine film acquisition methodology were compared.
Image Processing, Of Digitized Diffractographic Profile Data

A two dimensional diffractographic technique has been developed, the purpose of which is to determine exactly the displacement and profile changes of the test object as a function of time To illustrate this process we have mapped continuously until failure the profile of a cylindrical rock sample. The resulting diffraction patterns have been recorded on film and processed digitally. It is shown that under certain conditions the interpretation of the two dimensional patterns is a spatial Fourier transform in the small dimension, amplitude modulated by Fresnel diffraction of the large one. This interpretation results in efficient and simple digital processing using conventional interpolation and filtering techniqueso thus reconstructing the profile and time history of the event with a typical strain resolution of 10-5.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relative toxicity of pyrolysis gases from materials: Effects of chemical composition and test conditions

Relative toxicity test data on 270 materials are presented, based on test procedures developed at the University of San Francisco. The effects of chemical composition, using data on 13 types of synthetic polymers and eight types of fabrics, are discussed. Selected materials were evaluated using nine test conditions with the USF method, and using methods developed at the FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute, Douglas Aircraft Company and San Jose State University.
Micro- and macro- signatures of energetic charged particles in planetary magnetospheres

Satellites orbiting within the magnetospheres of the giant planets are effective absorbers of trapped radiation, forming the characteristic and dominant structure of the radiation belts. The study of satellite absorption signatures observed by charged particle detectors involves simulating the detector response to particle distributions that include the effects of the time- and longitude-dependent absorption, guiding center drifts, and diffusion. The calculations are most easily carried out by separating solutions of the transport equation into time-dependent and -independent parts, that typically lead to small and large scale features called micro- and macro- signatures respectively. In this paper, methods for calculating the two types of signatures are described, and applied to the case of electron absorption by Saturn's satellite Mimas. The results are compared with data from Pioneer 11 and Voyager 2.
Antagonism of the response rate-decreasing effects of meperidine and morphine by β-funaltrexamine and naltrexone in squirrel monkeys

Level pressing by squirrel monkeys was maintained under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food presentation. The response rate-decreasing effects of meperidine and morphine were examined alone and in combination with several doses of the irreversible, mu-selective opioid antagonist beta-funaltrexamine and the reversible, opioid antagonist naltrexone. beta-Funaltrexamine alone decreased response rates to greater than 50% of control at all doses in two of the four monkeys and at the highest dose in one monkey. In the monkeys in which beta-funaltrexamine decreased rates, beta-funaltrexamine either did not shift the meperidine or the morphine dose-effect curve or it shifted these curves to the left. In the monkeys in which beta-funaltrexamine alone did not decrease rates, it shifted the meperidine and the morphine dose-effect curves to the right. Naltrexone also shifted both the meperidine and morphine dose-effect curves rightward, although not in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that the rate-decreasing effects of meperidine and morphine in squirrel monkeys are altered by beta-funaltrexamine and naltrexone in a similar manner, providing additional evidence that the rate-decreasing effects of both meperidine and morphine are mediated by mu-opioid receptors.
Parents’ Fathering Identity Standards and Later Father Involvement

Based on propositions from identity theory, this study used a sample of 1,596 coresident couples from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study to examine whether parents’ fathering role centrality standards and fathers’ status centrality at the time of their child’s birth were associated with mother and father reports of father involvement 1 and 3 years later. Mothers and fathers who rated fathering roles as more important reported greater father involvement at both Years 1 and 3; centrality of the father status was associated with father reports of involvement at both years, and mother-reported involvement at Year 3. Interactions between fathers’ and mothers’ role centrality standards, and between parents’ role centrality standards and father status centrality, were found for mother reports of involvement at Year 3. Implications for research, practice, and theory are discussed.
Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: current status, techniques, and future directions

Open partial nephrectomy for the treatment of small renal masses (SRMs) concerning for renal cell carcinoma has been increasingly utilized with the increased incidental detection of SRMs and the growing recognition of the benefits of renal preservation. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) is a minimally invasive technique that achieves comparable oncologic and improved morbidity outcomes when compared to the open procedure. However, LPN is a technically demanding procedure resulting in a long learning curve and a lack of widespread adoption. Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) overcomes many of the technical hurdles of the LPN and is now coming to the forefront for the minimally invasive surgical management of SRMs. To date, the short-term oncologic outcomes of RAPN have been comparable to the open operation while providing the improved morbidity outcomes of LPN. Although encouraging, we await the long-term oncologic results of this new and promising procedure. The current bottleneck is an issue of cost and reliance on a patient-side surgeon. Future developments in instrumentation, newer robots, cost reduction, more streamlined training, increased robotic experience, and adoption by more centers will lead to greater benefit for patients with SRMs requiring nephron-sparing surgery. This review will discuss techniques for RAPN and then delve into the current status of RAPN using parameters such as warm ischemia time, blood loss, hospital stay, oncological outcomes, complications, learning curve, and quality of life. There will be an exploration of potential disadvantages associated with RAPN followed by a look at evolving techniques in regard to this groundbreaking procedure.
Metabolic risk factors for stone formation in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Purpose: Cystic fibrosis is characterized by chronic pulmonary disease, insufficient pancreatic and digestive function, and abnormal sweat concentrations. Patients with cystic fibrosis also have an increased incidence of nephrolithiasis. We compared the results of metabolic evaluation in patients with cystic fibrosis with and without nephrolithiasis.Materials and Methods: A total of 496 patients were evaluated at our center, including 98 with a mean age of 25 years who had cystic fibrosis and complete metabolic evaluation available between 1996 and 2000. Of these patients 13 (13%) had a history of nephrolithiasis. The records were reviewed for clinical characteristics and all patients underwent metabolic evaluation, including serum electrolyte measurement and 24-hour urine collection. Statistical analysis was done to compare the stone versus nonstone groups.Results: The incidence of nephrolithiasis in our study was 3%. We identified 13 patients 16 to 41 years old (mean age 27) with nephrolithiasis, of who...
Quantitative identification of antimony, barium, cadmium, and tin during controlled combustion of plastics

Abstract Demand for plastic resins in the United States is expected to hit 76 billion pounds by the year 2000 [1]. Consumers like the convenience, strength, and design flexibility that plastics provide. The US currently generates about 320 billion pounds of municipal solid waste (MSW), or postconsumer waste, with about 85 % of this disposed of in landfills. Projections by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimate that MSW will reach 380 billion pounds by the year 2000 while a third of the landfills are expected to close in the next 5 years [2]. While plastics make up only about 7% of solid wastes, they are a very visible 30% of MSW. Although recycling efforts may affect the EPA projection for year 2000—especially for metals, glass, and paper in the MSW stream, with only 1 % of plastics recovered in 1989—considerable progress is needed with plastics. With projected throw-away plastics waste of 38 billion pounds for year 2000 (up from 22 billion pounds of plastics waste in 1987) and an expected ...
The effect of post-mortem aging on meat flavor quality in Brangus beef. Correlation of treatments, sensory, instrumental and chemical descriptors

The flavor of muscle foods is dependent upon factors such as the animal's age, breed, sex, nutritional status and manner of cooking. Most important to the final flavor of the meat is relative age in the post-mortem aging process as it is during this time that many chemical flavor components are formed (Spanier et al., 1990). These components serve either directly as flavor components or as a pool of reactive flavors and intermediates that form many of the characteristic meat flavors after cooking. The post-mortem aging process is identified with enhancement of beef sensory quality due to enhanced tenderization. While this is true for beef texture, it is not true for the overall flavor of meat. Data is shown indicating that, during post-mortem aging, desirable flavors such as beefy, brothy, browned-caramel, and sweet decline while off-flavors such as bitter and sour increase.
MULTIPLE AUTHORSHIP TRENDS IN SCIENTIFIC PAPERS.

Since 1946 biomedical writers have shown no marked trend toward multiple authorship; the average number of authors per paper remains steady at about 2.3. This is in strong contrast tothe conclusion of Price from a study of Chemical Abstracts that the chemists9 trend toward four or more authors per paper has been during this period, and continues to be, steeply exponential.
Large magnetocaloric effects due to the coincidence of martensitic transformation with magnetic changes below the second-order magnetic phase transition in Mn1−xFexCoGe

Abstract The magnetic properties, phase transitions, and related magnetocaloric effects in Mn1−xFexCoGe (x=0.12, 0.13) have been studied using magnetization and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Instead of single first-order magnetostructural transition, two-step transitions have been detected in our studied system: one is second-order character followed by a first-order phase transition at lower temperature. The observed first-order phase transition as dominated by the crystallographic transition arises due to the coincidence of martensitic transformation with magnetic changes below the second-order magnetic phase transition in Mn1−xFexCoGe. Large magnetic entropy changes (−ΔSM) have been observed in our studied system due to a first-order phase transition between two high magnetization states. The estimated value of −ΔSM for x=0.12 (−ΔSM=16.5 J/kg K for ΔH=5 T around 242 K) is comparable to the giant-magnetocaloric materials, such as Gd5Si2Ge2 and MnFeP0.45As0.55, which undergo a disorder-to-order magnetostructural transition.
Stripe order of holes and spins in oxygen-doped nickelates

Abstract We present a detailed neutron-scattering study of the ordering of spins and holes in oxygen-doped La2NiO4.133. The temperature dependence of the stripe spacing, the width of the stripes and the extent of their pinning to the lattice are investigated.
ANNEALING OF RADIATION DAMAGE IN ZnSe

Electron bombardment of ZnSe at 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K results in the production of two fluorescence bands at 5460 and 5850 \AA{}. The threshold for damage at 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is 240 keV. When the sample is cooled to 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K following bombardment at 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the fluorescence spectrum changes, reflecting the temperature dependence of the fluorescence; the peak at 5460 \AA{} disappears, a new one at 6400 \AA{} appears, and the peak at 5850 \AA{} shifts slightly to a shorter wavelength. When the crystals are bombarded at 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, fluorescent peaks at 6100 \AA{} and 6400 \AA{} are produced. The threshold for radiation damage at 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is 195 keV. The radiation damage at high energies at 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K anneals in three stages, one at about 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, another at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and the final one at 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The fluorescence spectrum changes following each of the first two annealing stages and disappears completely after the third annealing stage. With equal bombardment times, the fluorescence spectrum at 10 and at 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is identical, whether the crystal has been bombarded at 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and annealed at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, or bombarded at 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K without annealing. A Meecham and Brinkman plot has been used to determine the activation energies and the order of reaction of the three annealing stages.
Formation of hexagonal close packing at a grain boundary in gold by the dissociation of a dense array of crystal lattice dislocations

We analyze a thin (~1 nm) hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) intergranular layer at a 29° 〈110〉 tilt grain boundary in gold. Our analysis, which is based on HRTEM observations and atomistic calculations, shows that this boundary consists of a dense array of 60° 1/2〈110〉 crystal lattice dislocations that are distributed one to every two {111} planes. These dislocations dissociate into paired Shockley partial dislocations, creating a stacking fault on every other plane and thereby producing the …abab…, or HCP, stacking sequence. This distribution of dislocations is consistent both with the measured intergranular misorientation and with the calculated rigid-body translation along the tilt axis. By establishing the interfacial dislocation arrangement, we also show how the HCP layer at the 29° boundary observed here is geometrically related to that found previously at the 80.6° Σ = 43 〈110〉 boundary. This result helps to link dislocation-based descriptions for boundary structures between the high- and low-angle misorientation regimes.
A lignan and four terpenoids from Brucea javanica that induce differentiation with cultured HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells

A novel lignan, guaiacylglycerol-beta-O-6'-(2-methoxy)cinnamyl alcohol either, three known simaroubolides, brusatol, dehydrobrusatol, yadanziolide C, and the known terpenoid, blumenol A, were obtained as active compounds from an ethyl acetate-soluble extract of Brucea javanica, using a bioassay based on the induction of cell differentiation with human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. Also obtained were the known coumarinolignan, cleomiscosin A, and the known quassinoid glycoside, bruceoside B, which were inactive in the HL-60 cell test system. The structure of the new lignan was determined by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR techniques.
A feasibility study of wind turbine blade surface crack detection using an optical inspection method

A new image processing technique was investigated to assess its ability to detect surface flaws on an on-tower wind turbine blade (WTB). The method was tested by varying the parameters of the surface flaws as well as the parameters of the method. It was found that detecting and quantifying cracks as small as hair thickness with computer-based optical inspection is feasible and the orientation of a crack was not sensitive to image processing so that the inspection camera does not need to be set up at a specific angle to detect cracks. It was also found that uneven background illumination was significantly reduced by optimizing the threshold value using the Canny method. In addition, the accuracy of quantifying a crack was improved by reducing noise with the intersection of two processed images from Sobel and Canny methods.
The effect of hematocrit alterations on cerebral vascular CO2 reactivity in newborn baboons.

ABSTRACT: To evaluate whether baseline hematocrit affects cerebral vascular reactivity to CO2, we studied the cerebral blood flow velocity in the internal carotid artery of newborn baboons, using a pulsed Doppler technique with direct imaging. Velocity responses to varying arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) levels were first tested under baseline hematocrit (mean ± SD, 35.9 ± 4.7%), after hemodilution (hematocrit 20.3 ± 2.7%), and after hemoconcentration (hematocrit 52.7 ± 5.2%). The data were analyzed using multiple regression models, in which blood flow velocity values were the dependent variables, and PaCO2, hematocrit, and their interaction terms (product) were the independent variables. Models for the maximum systolic velocity, time-averaged mean velocity, and the end-diastolic velocity revealed a highly significant PaCO2 effect; with each mm Hg Paco2 increase, the velocities increased between 2.9 and 3.6% (21.8–27% per 1 kPa). Paco2 and hematocrit interaction terms were also highly significant and inversely related to velocity (negative slopes) in the maximum systolic velocity and time-averaged mean velocity models, suggesting that when the hematocrit is high, the PaCO2-induced increase in flow velocity would be attenuated, and when the hematocrit is low, such a response would be accentuated. The hematocrit effect on PaCO2 reactivity was maximal on maximum systolic velocity and least on end-diastolic velocity. Systolic velocity acceleration slope was significantly reduced when the hematocrit was high, and increased when the hematocrit was low. Based on these findings, we conclude that hematocrit is an important variable affecting the rate of kinetic energy change in the large vessels, thereby influencing cerebral vascular PaCO2 reactivity as assessed in Doppler studies. Therefore, to avoid errors in the calculated resistance indices and PaCO2 reactivity, hematocrit values should be included in the statistical analysis.
Queer Masculinities of Straight Men A Typology

Many straight men experience and demonstrate “queer masculinity,” defined here as ways of being masculine outside hetero-normative constructions of masculinity that disrupt, or have the potential t...
A penetrated human ovum studied by electron microscopy.

UNTIL the present time, only two unequivocally penetrated human ova have been recovered and studied morphologically. Both of these were in the pronuclear stage. The first was recovered by Khvatov in 19591, and the second was recently described by Dickmann, Clewe, Bonney and Noyes2. These ova were studied by light and phase microscopy. A penetrated human ovum in the pronuclear stage has been recovered in our laboratory and studied by electron microscopy.
Application of the Flory–Rehner equation and the Griffith fracture criterion to paint stripping

Chemical paint stripping is a part of paint technology that is very necessary but for which quantitative understanding has been comparatively unexplored. Traditional paint strippers were based on very effective solvents, such as dichloromethane, that are now recognized as being dangerous for people and the environment. Optimal replacement by environmentally sound, and effective, paint strippers requires a better understanding of the action of the traditional materials. This communication links the stripping of cured paint films by aggressive solvents to the effect that swelling has on the cohesive and adhesive properties of a crosslinked polymer network. Swelling, described by the well-known Flory–Rehner equation, can be used to estimate the reduction in strength of the coating film. Thus, its resistance to fracture, described by the Griffith equation, is decreased so that the swelling stresses cause severe weakening and sometimes spontaneous removal. The equations lead to a description that fits well with common experience and so may be useful in selecting materials for future, less toxic, and more easily disposed, stripping formulations.
History of Geophysics Fellowship awarded

Inspired by an article in an issue of Eos from April 1970, Gabe Henderson discovered a legacy of correspondence from former AGU president Helmut Landsberg detailing his views in the early days of the climate science debate. Thanks to AGU donors and the creation of a new fellowship by AGU's History of Geophysics Committee, Henderson, a Ph.D. candidate at Michigan State University, is conducting research on Landsberg's papers at the University of Maryland, College Park, continuing his study of the broad history of geophysics and the link between the past and future of climate science. In April 1970, Henderson says, AGU president Helmut Landsberg called for S. Fred Singer to lead a special committee on environmental quality to evaluate the geophysical aspects of environmental problems, dispassionately (H. E. Landsberg,Eos Trans. AGU, 51, 243, doi:10.1029/EO051i004p00243). Because environmental problems were hardly given a second thought at that time, Landsberg's request could have faded from the consciousness of geoscientists and from the pages of history.
An Adaptive End-to-End Delay Assurance Algorithm with DiffServ Architecture in IEEE 802.11e/IEEE 802.16 Hybrid Mesh/Relay Networks

Due to the high cost of construction and maintenance of infrastructure, engineers and researchers have focused their investigations on wireless mesh/relay networks with lower cost and high scalability. For current wireless mesh/relay networks, the end-to-end QoS guarantee is an important functionality because the demand for real-time multimedia communications has recently been increasing. Therefore, We propose an adaptive end-to-end delay assurance algorithm with the differentiated services architecture of hybrid mesh/relay networks with IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.11e to support a QoS guarantee for the mesh/relay networks. By simulating the mesh/relay networks using OPNET Modeler and analyzing the traffic of applications with different QoS requirements, we show that the proposed algorithm with the differentiated services architecture provides excellent end-to-end QoS support.
Alternator power conditioning for launchers

A high-energy pulse-discharge is needed to drive an electromagnetic (EM) or an electrothermal-chemical (ETC) launcher. Various pulse power generators have been examined and used. Capacitor-based power supplies are convenient for laboratory launchers, but supplies based on rotating machines-alternators and homopolar generators-are generally more weight efficient and practical for storing, generating and shaping pulses for multi-shot, fieldable launchers. Alternators are the most flexible of the rotating machines, are better matched to the variable impedance of the launcher and avoid the use of opening switches which are difficult to implement for repetitive and reliable operation. Also, a single pulse generator can be used to power several lethality and survivability platforms. Several alternator configurations are possible, each involving different pole geometries, numbers of poles and output phases. These configurations are in turn associated with a power converter system. The switch requirements can be met for small-caliber EM railguns and for ETC guns of all caliber by near-term silicon thyristors. For large caliber EM railguns, triggered vacuum switches are viable, although they may have to be augmented with diodes or other devices to ensure their recovery after each cycle. In the long term, thyristors based on silicon carbide offer the most promise for all applications because they can operate at 3 to 5 times the current density and electric field intensity of silicon devices.
Shattering the Myth of Separate Worlds: Negotiating Nonwork Identities at Work

How much of our self is defined by our work? Fundamental changes in the social organization of work are destabilizing the relationship between work and the self. As a result, parts of the self traditionally considered outside the domain of work—that is, nonwork identities—are increasingly affected by organizations and occupations. Based on an interdisciplinary review of literature on identity and work, we develop a model of how people negotiate nonwork identities (e.g., national, gender, family) in the context of organizational/occupational pressures and personal preferences regarding this identity. We propose that the dual forces of pressures and preferences vary from inclusion (e.g., incorporating the nonwork identity within the work identity) to exclusion (e.g., keeping the identities separate). We suggest that the alignment or misalignment of these pressures and preferences shapes people's experience of the power relationship between themselves and their organization/occupation and affects how they ma...
Grain‐Boundary Migration in Nonstoichiometric Solid Solutions of Magnesium Aluminate Spinel: II, Effects of Grain‐Boundary Nonstoichiometry

The grain-boundary chemistry of magnesium aluminate spinel solid solutions MgO·nAl2O3 in which grain growth measurements were reported in part I has been investigated in order to understand the mechanism of grain-boundary migration. It is found that although segregation of impurity Ca and Si is common, much larger deviations in grain-boundary stoichiometry are present. There is an excess of Al and O relative to Mg at grain boundaries in all compositions. Grain-boundary migration appears to be rate-limited by solute drag from intrinsic defects accommodating lattice nonstoichiometry, rather than by extrinsic solutes, consistent with the observed impurity tolerance of grain-boundary mobility. Different rate-limiting defects are proposed for magnesia-rich and alumina-rich spinels.
Protease activity of the API2–MALT1 fusion oncoprotein in MALT lymphoma development and treatment

Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a prototypical cancer that occurs in the setting of chronic inflammation and an important model for understanding how deregulated NF-κB transcriptional activity contributes to malignancy. Most gastric MALT lymphomas require ongoing antigenic stimulation for continued tumor growth, and Stage I disease is usually cured by eradicating the causative microorganism, Helicobacter pylori, with antibiotics. However, in a subset of MALT lymphomas, chromosomal translocations are acquired that render the lymphoma antigen-independent. The recurrent translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) is associated with failure to respond to antibiotic therapy and increased rate of dissemination. This translocation creates the API2–MALT1 fusion oncoprotein, which comprises the amino terminus of inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (API2 or cIAP2) fused to the carboxy terminus of MALT1. A common characteristic of chromosomal translocations in MALT lymphoma, including t(11;18), is that genes i...