cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The "Crumple Zone" hypothesis: Association of frontal sinus volume and cerebral injury after craniofacial trauma.

Abstract Purpose: The paranasal sinuses are complex anatomical structures of unknown significance. One hypothesis theorizes that the sinuses, in the event of a traumatic injury, function as a crumple zone to distribute and absorb energy to protect the brain and other critical structures. The current study investigates the association between frontal sinus (FS) volume and the severity of cerebral insults following craniofacial trauma. Methods: All patients with FS fracture admitted to a level 1 trauma center from 2011 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. FS volumes were measured from computed tomography (CT) on admission using a proprietary region growing segmentation tool. Head injuries were classified based on the presence of specific types of intracranial pathology and their corresponding Marshall Score. Results: FS fracture was identified on the admission CT in 165 patients. Male patients had significantly larger FS volume compared to females (8.4 ± 6.3 vs. 4.0 ± 2.9 cm3, p Conclusion: FS volume is inversely correlated with the severity of intracranial pathology following craniofacial trauma. Our findings are consistent with the "crumple zone" hypothesis and suggest that the FS likely plays a role in mitigating intracranial injury. Furthermore, FS volume is significantly different between male and female patients. This is a novel finding that warrants further validation.
A research note: The informational benefits of CEO attendance-by-invitation at audit committee meetings

Abstract This study contributes to the policy debate about independent audit committees by examining the occurrence and consequences of CEO attendance-by-invitation at audit committee meetings. We investigate whether this is a way for powerful CEOs to exert their influence over audit committee matters or an informal channel for information sharing between management and audit committees. We find that CEO attendance-by-invitation at audit committee meetings is positively related to firm complexity and firm governance practices, and is associated with lower earnings opacity. These results are consistent with CEO attendance-by-invitation at audit committee meetings enhancing information sharing between firm management and audit committees. Thus, this study identifies significant benefits from allowing CEOs to act as informal advisors at audit committee meetings.
Image Creators and Image Consumers

International trade in tourist crafts is now a billion dollar industry. Recent figures have placed the worldwide demand for handicraft exports at approximately U. S. $2,600 million, with 37% of this demand met by Third World countries (M. Benjamin, 1981a:58). The United States is one of the largest single consumers of curio exports, not including the purchases of individual American tourists abroad. Nevertheless, serious sociological research on the tourist and ethnic arts, including objects found in the airports of the Third World, is relatively new.’ Often these objects are not considered to be art at all. Art historians point to these items as inauthentic, shoddy fakes that are unworthy of extensive study. At best, these arts are considered social signs of their authors’ unwitting acculturation and the demise of tradition. The African artist today who is working outside of a continuing tradition is considered to have been corrupted by commercialism and seduced by Western standards of success. This myth distorts the individual’s reasons for participating in the tourist art market in terms of personal aspirations, rewards, and responses to changing social and economic realities.
SQUELLA, Agustín: ¿Es usted liberal? Yo sí, pero…. Lolita Editores, Santiago de Chile, 2012, 273 páginas.

SQUELLA, Agustin: ?Es usted liberal? Yo si, pero…. Lolita Editores, Santiago de Chile, 2012, 273 paginas.
Chapter 13 – Correlation and Other Concepts You Should Know

This chapter provides an in-depth discussion on correlations—what they do and do not mean, how to derive them, and how to use them properly. We then discuss popular methods to analyze how one or more independent variables relate to the outcome(s) observed in an experiment. Regression methods, including linear regression, multiple regression, and logistic regression, are workhorses of data analysis. We then briefly survey other machine-learning methods including clustering, decision trees, support vector machines, and deep learning. The prospects and problems of handling Big Data are mentioned, and finally, we touch on methods that are designed to simplify high-dimensional data sets by reducing the number of dimensions to a small handful.
Hysteroscopic Myomectomy of a Large Submucosal Leiomyoma with Novel Use of Fluid Warming

Abstract Uterine myoma size is often considered a limiting factor when choosing the surgical approach to myomectomy. In this case, a 35-year-old woman presented with heavy menstrual bleeding and desire for fertility. Ultrasound performed 3 months earlier could not assess the endometrium and suggested leiomyoma. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis identified a fundal submucosal myoma measuring 6.8 × 7.1 × 3.5cm. A planned staged hysteroscopic resection of the large submucosal myoma with intramural component was achieved. Unassisted conception occurred 2 months later. She delivered by cesarean section at term without complications. This case demonstrates that hysteroscopic mechanical tissue removal device combined with ultrasound guidance and a fluid warming system can complete myomectomy for very large uterine myomas without the need for laparoscopy or laparotomy.
The Importance of Optimizing Corneal Penetration

The extent of absorption occurring from the instillation of drugs topically to the eye is severely limited by physiological constraints. Consequently, it is important to consider optimizing corneal penetration in the development of a new ophthalmic drug. For some drugs an increase in the penetration rate results in a dramatic increase in effect. However, for certain drugs other pharmacokinetic processes, i.e. distribution, may be more critical to increased effectiveness. Examples are presented.
Complications Associated with Radiotherapy

As discussed elsewhere in this textbook, radiotherapy has numerous applications in the treatment of lip cancers. However, there are also numerous toxicities associated with the use of radiotherapy in this setting. There are few series evaluating the toxicities incurred specifically by patients with lip cancer treated with radiotherapy, but many of the toxicities incurred by patients treated for lip cancer are similar to those incurred during treatment for other head and neck malignancies. In this chapter, we will discuss the common acute and late toxicities associated with lip cancer radiotherapy, as well as the general management approaches to both prevent and control the severity of these toxicities.
The Interrelations of Drug Testing with Other Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Characteristics

This chapter examines drug testing of employees and applicants for employment by work organizations, specifically as it is interrelated with other human resource management practices and organizational characteristics. A model is presented incorporating drug testing into the overall realm of human resource functions, and data from a research project involving a diverse sample of work sites in the state of Georgia are presented to illustrate further the role of drug testing in human resource management. In particular, the beliefs and attitudes of human resource managers toward drug testing as a human resource tool and the prevalence and form of drug testing over the variety of work-site types represented in the sample will be discussed. In addition, rates of positive drug tests are presented for the various types of testing programs present at these work sites.
Nonexcretory Functions of the Kidney

The kidney contributes to body homeostasis not only through its excretory functions but also through important metabolic activities of the tubular epithelial cells. The latter are related not only to tubular transport mechanisms (e.g., reabsorption of sodium, chloride, glucose, and amino acids; secretion of hydrogen, potassium, organic acids, and bases) but also to synthesis of hormones, degradation of low-molecular-weight proteins and peptides, and metabolic interconversions aimed at the conservation of energy and the regulation of the composition of body fluids (e.g., maintenance of normal blood concentration of substrates and hydrogen ion activity). This chapter reviews the nonexcretory functions of the kidney, their role in the homeostasis of body fluids, and the changes in these functions brought about by disease.
Linear and Nonlinear Transient Problems of Thermomechanics by BEM

The development of a general boundary element method (BEM) for transient problems of thermomechanics is discussed. The new formulation operates directly in the time domain. These formulations are implemented in a general purpose BEM system which includes higher-order conforming elements, self-adaptive integration, and multi-region capability. A number of detailed examples are presented to illustrate the accuracy and suitability of this boundary element approach for linear and nonlinear thermomechanical analyses.
Extinguishing the Backfire Effect: Using Emotions in Online Social Collaborative Argumentation for Fact Checking

Controversial or complex topics often exhibit the backfire effect, where users' opinions harden in the face of facts to the contrary. We present initial work towards developing an online social collaborative argumentation system to verify alternative facts and misinformation by also including users' emotional associations with those stances. Our goal is to help users more effectively explore and understand their possibly subconscious biases in an effort to overcome the backfire effect and formulate more varied insights into complex and controversial topics. In order to aid this process, we model their emotional profile on such topics and combine it with a proposition profile, based on the semantic and collaborative content of propositions. We develop an algorithm to generate sentiment-based models of claims and propositions which we can filter based on users' inferred beliefs and the strength of those beliefs.
Use of Medical Countermeasures in Small-Scale Emergency Responses

It is well documented that long-standing focus on public health emergency preparedness medical countermeasures (MCMs) distribution and mass dispensing capabilities for mitigation of bioterrorism incidents and a lack of real-world opportunities to test national preparedness for large-scale emergencies has hindered development of a body of evidence-based practices in the United States. To encourage jurisdictions seeking innovative opportunities for continuous improvement, we describe instances when the MCM capabilities were used to address smaller-scale, more-frequent public health emergencies such as disease outbreaks, natural disasters, or routine influenza vaccination. We argue that small-scale events represent a critical opportunity that state, local, tribal, and territorial entities can utilize for greater gains in MCM operational readiness than through exercises or planned reviews. By using and evaluating MCM capabilities during a real response, jurisdictions can advance preparedness science and support the translation of research into practice, thereby increasing their capacity to scale up for larger, rarer, higher-consequence emergencies.
Thick Subcategories of the Relative Stable Category

Let G be a finite group and k an algebraically closed field of characteristic \(p > 0\). Let \({\mathcal H}\) be a collection of p-subgroups of G. We investigate the relative stable category \(\mathbf{stmod}_{\mathcal H}(kG)\) of finitely generated modules modulo \({\mathcal H}\)-projective modules. Triangles in this category correspond to \({\mathcal H}\)-split sequences. Hence, compared to the ordinary stable category, there are fewer triangles and more thick subcategories. Our interest is in the spectrum of the category and its relationship to the induction functor. In some cases, the spectrum is not noetherian.
Capturing Expertise from Experts: The Need to Match Knowledge Elicitation Techniques with Expert System Types

Expert systems still constitute a growing segment of computer-based information systems. Much has been written about their usefulness (2, 41) as well as general guidelines given for their development (42). However, little has been written to address the crucial initial development stage of knowledge acquisition. For those considering developing an expert system for their own organizational needs, it is important to recognize the various knowledge elicitation techniques available to capture this knowledge. Failure to recognize 1) the existence of different types of human knowledge used in systems, 2) the ways this knowledge can be represented in the system, and 3) the knowledge elicitation techniques appropriate to elicit that knowledge, can result in what is known as “representational mismatch” in the system (19).
Reinforcement Learning-Based Linear Quadratic Regulation of Continuous-Time Systems Using Dynamic Output Feedback

In this paper, we propose a model-free solution to the linear quadratic regulation (LQR) problem of continuous-time systems based on reinforcement learning using dynamic output feedback. The design objective is to learn the optimal control parameters by using only the measurable input–output data, without requiring model information. A state parametrization scheme is presented which reconstructs the system state based on the filtered input and output signals. Based on this parametrization, two new output feedback adaptive dynamic programming Bellman equations are derived for the LQR problem based on policy iteration and value iteration (VI). Unlike the existing output feedback methods for continuous-time systems, the need to apply discrete approximation is obviated. In contrast with the static output feedback controllers, the proposed method can also handle systems that are state feedback stabilizable but not static output feedback stabilizable. An advantage of this scheme is that it stands immune to the exploration bias issue. Moreover, it does not require a discounted cost function and, thus, ensures the closed-loop stability and the optimality of the solution. Compared with earlier output feedback results, the proposed VI method does not require an initially stabilizing policy. We show that the estimates of the control parameters converge to those obtained by solving the LQR algebraic Riccati equation. A comprehensive simulation study is carried out to verify the proposed algorithms.
Radiation Enhanced Adhesion of Thin Films

It has been shown that dramatic thin-film adhesion enhancement can be produced by irradiating the film/substrate interface with ion beams, electron beams or photons. The origin of this interface bonding has been the subject of much experimental study, notably in systems remarkable for their lack of bulk chemical affinity or interaction. In this paper, many of these studies are reviewed, with special attention directed to understanding the mechanisms of adhesion enhancement, the effects of interface contaminants, and the scope for future optimization of interface chemistry and bonding.
CORPORATE CHAMPIONS OF EARLY-STAGE PROJECT PROPOSALS AND THE INSTITUTIONALISATION OF ORGANISATIONAL INERTIA

This study looks at the role of champions in the early stages of the product development process, when employees try to secure initial funding for project proposals. Project proposals that fail to ...
Challenges for the Future of Educational Data Mining: The Baker Learning Analytics Prizes

Learning analytics and educational data mining have come a long way in a short time. In this article, a lightly edited transcript of a keynote talk at the Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference in 2019, I present a vision for some directions I believe the field should go: towards greater interpretability, generalizability, transferability, applicability, and with clearer evidence for effectiveness. I pose these potential directions as a set of six contests, with concrete criteria for what would represent successful progress in each of these areas: the Baker Learning Analytics Prizes (BLAP). Solving these challenges will bring the field closer to achieving its full potential of using data to benefit learners and transform education for the better.
Waveform Window #49: Detection of Compromised Limb Perfusion with Neuromuscular Junction Testing, Transcranial Evoked Potentials, and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials.

Typically, neuromuscular junction testing (NMJ)/train of 4 (To4) testing during surgical procedures is used to evaluate neuromuscular transmission when neuromuscular blocking agents are used. A To4...
More medications, more problems: results from the Sedation Level after Emergent Exlap with Packing for TRAUMA (SLEEP-TRAUMA) study.

Sedation management of trauma patients after damage control laparotomy (DCL) has not been optimized. We evaluated if shorter sedation exposure was associated with increased proportion of delirium-free/coma-free (DF/CF-ICU) days and change in time to definitive fascial closure (DFC). We reviewed trauma DCL patients at an ACS-verified level I center over 5 years as shorter (SE) or longer than median (LE) sedation exposure. We compared demographics, injury patterns, hemodynamic parameters, and injury severity between groups. We calculated the propensity for each patient to achieve DFC using age, gender, ISS, red blood cell transfusion, bowel discontinuity, abdominal vascular injury, and time to first takeback; we then determined the effect of sedation exposure on rate of DFC by multivariate Cox regression, adjusted for propensity to achieve DFC. We used linear regression adjusted for age, ISS, head-AIS, bowel discontinuity, and vascular injury to determine the effect of sedation exposure on the proportion of DF/CF-ICU days. 65 patients (33.8% penetrating) had mean age 41.8 ± 16.0, ISS 27.1 ± 14.2, Head-AIS 1.2 ± 1.6 and median sedation exposure of 2.2 [IQR 0.78, 7.3] days (35 SE and 30 LE). Pattern and severity of solid organ injuries and proportion of small and large bowel and vascular injuries were similar between groups. LE had more abdominal sepsis (23.3% vs 0%, p = 0.003) and enterocutaneous fistula (16.7% vs 0%, p = 0.016), and more ventilator (17.3 ± 12.7 vs 6.1 ± 6.8, p < 0.001), ICU (20.8 ± 14.2 vs 7.2 ± 7.6, p < 0.001), and hospital days (29.6 ± 19.6 vs 13.9 ± 9.0, p < 0.001). DFC was achieved more rapidly in the SE group (2.0 ± 1.5 days vs 3.9 ± 3.7 days [unadjusted], p = 0.023) and SE had a higher proportion of unadjusted DF/CF-ICU days (33.0 ± 32.0% vs 18.1 ± 16.4%, p = 0.020). SE was associated with an increased proportion of adjusted DF/CF-ICU days by multivariate linear regression (13.1% [95% CI 1.4–24.8%], p = 0.029) and with faster adjusted rate of DFC by multivariate Cox regression (RR 2.28 [95% CI 1.25–4.15, p = 0.007]). Shorter sedation exposure is associated with increased proportion of DF/CF-ICU days and more rapid DFC after DCL for trauma.
Automated optimal control in energy systems: the reinforcement learning approach

Abstract With the development of smart grid technologies an increasing number of new devices and participants have joined modern energy systems and are inevitably making them more complicated and interdependent than ever. Optimally controlling such a complex energy system and maintaining its operation in a high-efficient, secure, and resilient manner are challenging tasks to the system operators. Fortunately, the revolution in deep learning and artificial intelligence (AI), both from hardware and algorithms perspectives, has provided new ideas and solutions to many previously intractable problems. As a result, this advance in computer science also sparked great research interests in utilizing AI in solving engineering problems related to the modern energy systems. Among many AI techniques, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has demonstrated great potential for solving sequential optimization problems, which are very common in the engineering domains. Its ability to handle nonlinearity and stochasticity in controlled systems has out-competed many traditional optimal control algorithms. Therefore in this chapter, we focus on the state-of-the-art of DRL concepts and related algorithms, compare their pros and cons with traditional optimal control approaches and discuss the typical workflow for leveraging RL in solving complex problems in modern energy systems.
Imaging spectrum of adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), a form of immunotherapy, are increasingly used for a variety of malignancies and have been linked to numerous treatment-related side effects known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). IrAEs can affect multiple organ systems and are important to recognise in order to avoid misinterpretation as progressive tumour and to ensure appropriate management. In this pictorial review, we will briefly discuss radiological response criteria of immunotherapy and describe the imaging appearances of the wide spectrum of these ICI-associated toxicities.
‘Embracing the Whole Gambit of Physical Exercise’: Interwar Military Physical Culture

This chapter discusses military and policing physical culture in the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland during the 1920s and 1930s. Taking this period in its entirety, the chapter explores the symbolic importance of these institutions. More than that, the chapter discusses the identities attached to the strong male body in the police force and the military. This is done with reference to debates surrounding eugenics, nationalism, modernity and religion. Additionally, parallels are drawn between domestic Irish debates and those found elsewhere in Europe.
Race, Social Justice, and Higher Education Financial Aid in the United States: The Case of African Americans

The chapter examines the effects of access and distribution of financial aid on college access and retention of African Americans. Traditionally, higher education has been touted as the most viable means of upward social mobility for those below the middle class. In particular, many African Americans embraced college education as a critical credential to middle-class status. By examining structural inequities in federal policies, the authors reveal the social injustice impacts of financial aid policies on the educational aspirations of African Americans.
Gold Price Analysis and Prediction based on Pearson Correlation Analysis

The impact of global trade frictions and the outbreak of COVID-19 around the world have contributed to a sharp rise in the international gold price. As gold is both a currency asset and a commodity, its price is influenced by multiple factors complicated. Pearson correlation coefficient is widely used to measure the degree of correlation between two variables and ARIMA is used to predict time series problems. Selecting data from 2000 to 2020, this paper aims to examine the main factors affecting the gold price with Pearson correlation analysis and ARIMA model. Based on the conclusion that gold price is significantly affected by oil, the S&P 500 and the DXY, the Federal Reserve's monetary policy is also considered as an important factor which will cause gold price fluctuation in the forecast analysis.
Cyclic Guanosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate in Mammalian Tissues and Urine

Abstract The occurrence of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (3',5'-cGMP) as a natural constituent of mammalian tissues was established, and details of a method for its quantitative determination in milligram amounts of liver, kidney, and brain or in microliter samples of urine are presented. In the analytical procedure 3',5'-cGMP partially purified from tissue extracts by thin layer chromatography or in urine samples (not subjected to any purification) was converted to 5'-GMP with the aid of cyclic nucleotide 3',5'-phosphodiesterase and then to GTP by the combined actions of ATPGMP phosphotransferase and pyruvate kinase. An enzymic cycling system composed of succinate thiokinase and pyruvate kinase was then used to generate proportionate concentrations of pyruvate equivalent to several thousand times the guanine nucleotide present. By measuring the pyruvate fluorometrically it was possible to detect 10-13 to 10-14 mole of 3',5'-cGMP in biological samples. Results are presented showing that 3',5'-cGMP excretion rates were constant in dogs during the infusion of hypertonic and hypotonic NaCl solution in spite of the fact that urinary concentrations of the cyclic nucleotide and urine volume varied almost 100-fold. Exogenous 3',5'-cGMP administered intravenously was rapidly cleared by the kidney and recoverable in the urine. Tissue levels of 3',5'-cGMP ranged from 4 x 10-8 mole per kg, wet weight, in rat kidney and liver to 1 to 2 x 10-7 mole per kg in cerebral tissue. Theophylline treatment of animals led to a 2-fold elevation of renal 3',5'-cGMP but produced no measurable alteration of hepatic levels. Glucagon, epinephrine, and alloxan-induced diabetes elevated concentrations of cyclic 3',5'-adenylate (3',5'-cAMP) in liver but had no effect on those of 3',5'-cGMP. Insulin administration (6 min) also had no influence. It was concluded that the formation of 3',5'-cAMP and 3',5'-cGMP is under separate hormonal and metabolic control and that specific enzymes (cyclases) are probably involved in their biosynthesis.
Empirical Tests of the Fundamental-Value Hypothesis in Land Markets

The land-price boom of the 1970s followed by the bust of the 1980s generated considerable interest in the determination of land prices and the study of whether those prices reflect fundamental value. In this article, three techniques are used to examine the fundamental-value hypothesis in Iowa and Nebraska agricultural land markets. Duration dependence tests indicate that land markets are not affected by rational expectations bubbles. Conversely, Markov chain and time-reversibility tests suggest that land prices depart from fundamental value due to the existence of nonrandom price changes and asymmetric land price patterns. The results of this research should be viewed as a complement to the existing body of knowledge in our quest to enhance our understanding of agricultural land-price movements.
Anti-recipient cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors are present in the spleens of mice with acute graft versus host disease due to minor histocompatibility antigens.

A model for bone marrow transplantation across minor histocompatibility barriers was developed by using mouse strains that were H-2 identical and mutually non-reactive in MLC. Acute graft-vs-host disease was induced only when donor lymphoid cells were included in the marrow inoculum, in both C57BL/6 recipients of LP cells and BALB/c recipients of B10.D2/nSN cells. GVHD was prevented by treating the lymphoid cells with anti-Thy 1.2 and C before transplantation. Spleen cells from mice with acute GVHD were not directly cytotoxic to recipient strain target cells. However, when spleen cells from mice with GVHD were boosted in vitro to recipient strain stimulator cells they generated a specific anti-recipient cytotoxic response. Spleen cells from mice without GVHD did not generate a cytotoxic response in vitro. The cytotoxic effector cells and their precursors were shown to be T lymphocytes. This model and the in vitro method described may be useful in further studies of the immunobiology of GVHD due to minor histocompatibility antigens and of transplantation tolerance.
Enabling the refinement of a software architecture into a design

Software architecture research has thus far mainly addressed formal specification and analysis of coarse-grained software models. The formality of architectural descriptions, their lack of support for downstream development activities, and their poor integration with mainstream approaches have made them unattractive to a large segment of the development community. This paper demonstrates how a mainstream design notation, the Unified Modeling Language (UML), can help address these concerns. We describe a semi-automated approach developed to assist in refining a high-level architecture specified in an architecture description language (ADL) into a design described with UML. To this end, we have integrated DRADEL, an environment for architecture modeling and analysis, with Rational Rose®, a commercial off-the shelf (COTS) UML modeling tool. We have defined a set of rules to transform an architectural representation into an initial UML model that can then be further refined. We believe this approach to be easily adaptable to different ADLs, to the changes in our understanding of UML, and to the changes in UML itself.
Snatching Defeat from the Jaws of Victory: Uniform Rule 202:48

Uniform Rule 202.48 requires the submission of certain proposed orders or judgments for signature by the judge within 60 days from the decision. Even if a party is entitled to relief, the victory can be snatched away for failure to comply with Uniform Rule 202.48. However, the rule has an exception where “good cause” exists for a delay beyond the 60 days. This article tracks the development of the “good cause” defense for failing to comply with Uniform Rule 202.48 by analyzing the decisions beginning with Feldman v. New York City Transit Authority and carries through to the 2008 Court of Appeals decision in Farkas v. Farkas. The analysis shows division in application of the rule and many unresolved issues that continue to linger and must be addressed.
Therapeutische Hypothermie und Säure-Basen-Management

Die moderate Hypothermie hat in der letzten Dekade als Therapieoption bei akut neurologischen Krankheitsbildern eine Renaissance erfahren. Bei eindeutigen Therapieerfolgen ist es allerdings ein personal- und kostenintensives Therapieverfahren, das fur eine erfolgreiche Anwendung umfangreiche physiologische Kenntnisse und klinische Erfahrung verlangt. Gerade das Erkennen und Beherrschen von Nebeneffekten, die mit fallender Temperatur und steigender Kuhldauer zunehmen, entscheiden oftmals uber den endgultigen Therapieerfolg. Eine weitere Besonderheit liegt in der Adaptierung von Homoostaseparametern an eine grundlegend pathophysiologische Temperaturkonstellation. Dies gilt insbesondere fur die Steuerung des Saure-Basen-Haushalts. Grundsatzlich kommen dabei zwei Therapieregime zur Anwendung, die sich dahingehend unterscheiden, dass unter Hypothermie in einem Fall der pH (pH-stat) oder aber der H+/OH−-Quotient (α-stat) konstant bleibt. Beim Fehlen vergleichender klinischer prospektiver Daten hinsichtlich eines neurologischen Gesamtergebnisses erscheint es unter evidenzbasierten Kriterien schwierig, die beiden Regime einer klinischen Wertung zu unterziehen. Allerdings sprechen sowohl experimentelle Daten als auch pathophysiologische Uberlegungen fur ein entsprechend differenziertes Vorgehen beim Einsatz der therapeutischen Hypothermie. Eine endgultige Bewertung kann allerdings erst beim Vorliegen prospektiver klinischer Studien vorgenommen werden.
"Undergraduate electromagnetics for the future: discrete, numeric, and analytic"

For the past six years the first course in engineering electromagnetics at Rose-Hulman has focused on the standard lumped elements of circuits - resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The course coverage is limited to quasi-static, 2D Cartesian geometries with no leakage flux - conditions that are descriptive of many ideal, lumped circuit elements with which the students are already familiar. These limitations reduce the complexity of the field expressions, yet retain the essential features of multi-dimensional fields. In addition, spatial discretization and numeric methods provide the foundation from which the properties and behavior of electromagnetic vector fields are developed. Most importantly, the duality of the fields in these lumped elements enables the use of Laplace's equation to describe the fields in all three elements. A powerful, PC-based, interactive, real-time, electromagnetic computation engine, VEM2.0, has been developed that empowers students to experiment with the geometry and material properties of 2D electromagnetic problems. Our observations indicate that students find this approach more "connected" with the physical world than the traditional approach.
Leaching of lead from zinc leach residue in acidic calcium chloride aqueous solution

A process with potentially reduced environmental impacts and occupational hazards of lead-bearing zinc plant residue was studied to achieve a higher recovery of lead via a cost-effective and environmentally friendly process. This paper describes an optimization study on the leaching of lead from zinc leach residue using acidic calcium chloride aqueous solution. Six main process conditions, i.e., the solution pH value, stirring rate, concentration of CaCl2 aqueous solution, liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio, leaching temperature, and leaching time, were investigated. The microstructure and components of the residue and tailing were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). On the basis of experimental results, the optimum reaction conditions were determined to be a solution pH value of 1, a stirring rate of 500 r·min−1, a CaCl2 aqueous solution concentration of 400 g·L−1, a liquid-to-solid mass ratio of 7:1, a leaching temperature of 80°C, and a leaching time of 45 min. The leaching rate of lead under these conditions reached 93.79%, with an iron dissolution rate of 19.28%. Silica did not take part in the chemical reaction during the leaching process and was accumulated in the residue.
A Positive Theory of Legal Negotiation

The legal negotiation literature emphasizes the numerous tactical issues facing negotiators without providing a clear theoretical construct that can serve as an organizing principle. Professor Korobkin proposes a descriptive theory of legal negotiation centered on what he identifies as the two strategic imperatives of the process: defining the range of possible agreements ("zone definition") and agreeing on a single deal-point within that range ("surplus allocation"). Using a variety of examples, the article argues that all negotiation tactics can be understood as serving one of these two strategic goals.
Relative age effect in youth soccer: analysis of the FIFA U17 World Cup competition

This investigation sought to determine if a relative age effect exists in the FIFA U17 World Cup competition. Birthdates of players competing in the most recent six competitions, from 1997 to 2007 were examined. For all competitions, the distributions of birth months were significantly different than expected with more players born in the early months of the year compared with the later months. For the entire cohort of players, 40% were born in the first quarter of the year while only 16% were born in the last 3 months. A small portion of this effect seems to be due to physical stature of the players. This relative age effect held for all FIFA-designated geographical zones except for Africa. The African region displayed a reverse relative age effect with a relatively large portion of players born in the later part of the year, particularly in December of the age appropriate year. The results of this investigation show that at the highest level of youth soccer, there is a strong bias toward inclusion of players born early in the selection year.
Hydrodynamics and collective behavior of the tethered bacterium Thiovulum majus

The ecology and dynamics of many microbial systems, particularly in mats and soils, are shaped by how bacteria respond to evolving nutrient gradients and microenvironments. Here we show how the response of the sulfur-oxidizing bacterium Thiovulum majus to changing oxygen gradients causes cells to organize into large-scale fronts. To study this phenomenon, we develop a technique to isolate and enrich these bacteria from the environment. Using this enrichment culture, we observe the formation and dynamics of T. majus fronts in oxygen gradients. We show that these dynamics can be understood as occurring in two steps. First, chemotactic cells moving up the oxygen gradient form a front that propagates with constant velocity. We then show, through observation and mathematical analysis, that this front becomes unstable to changes in cell density. Random perturbations in cell density create oxygen gradients. The response of cells magnifies these gradients and leads to the formation of millimeter-scale fluid flows that actively pull oxygenated water through the front. We argue that this flow results from a nonlinear instability excited by stochastic fluctuations in the density of cells. Finally, we show that the dynamics by which these modes interact can be understood from the chemotactic response of cells. These results provide a mathematically tractable example of how collective phenomena in ecological systems can arise from the individual response of cells to a shared resource.
Stromal inactivation of BMPRII leads to colorectal epithelial overgrowth and polyp formation

Stromal-epithelial interactions play a central role in development and tumorigenesis. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the intestine is involved in both of these processes. Inactivation of BMP pathway genes in the epithelium is known to cause intestinal polyposis. However, the role of the intestinal stroma in polyp initiation is incompletely understood. We observed that conditional inactivation of the BMP type II receptor (BMPRII) in the stroma leads to epithelial hyperplasia throughout the colon with increased epithelial cell proliferation. Mutant mice developed rectal bleeding and hamartomatous polyps in the colorectum. The polyps demonstrated increased proliferation of epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the mucosa with an expansion of the myofibroblast cell population. These results demonstrate that genetic mutations altering the BMP signaling pathway in the stromal microenvironment can lead to epithelial tumors in the colon.
T lymphocyte dynamics during Listeria monocytogenes infection

Infection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes results in a robust T lymphocyte response that clears the pathogen and provides long term immunity from reinfection. The number of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells increases during primary and recall infection with L. monocytogenes, however the proportional increase is greatest for CD8+ T cells. The proportion of CD8 T cells expressing low levels of CD62L, a sign of activation, was increased among immune splenocytes, suggesting a substantial expansion of L. monocytogenes specific CTL. Analysis of CTL specific for the immunodominant LLO 91-99 epitope showed that essentially all were CD62Llo during the primary response, but that many upregulated expression of CD62L during the memory phase. Interestingly, the antigen specificity of nearly all additional CD62Llo CTL detected in spleens during recall L. monocytogenes infection can be accounted for with MHC class I tetramers complexed with four different epitopes. These studies demonstrate the complex T lymphocyte dynamics during infection with intracellular pathogens.
GE-Miner: integration of cluster ensemble and text mining for comprehensive gene expression analysis

Generating high quality gene clusters and identifying the underlying biological mechanism of the gene clusters are the important goals of clustering gene expression analysis. Based on this consideration, we design and develop a unified system Gene Expression Miner (GE-Miner) by integrating cluster ensemble, text clustering and multidocument summarisation and provide an environment for comprehensive gene expression data analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that our systems can obtain high quality clusters and provide concise and informative textual summary for the gene clusters.
Existence and asymptotic behavior of blow-up solutions to weighted quasilinear equations

Abstract Given a bounded domain Ω we consider local weak blow-up solutions to the equation Δpu=g(x)f(u) on Ω . The non-linearity f is a non-negative non-decreasing function and the weight g is a non-negative continuous function on Ω which is allowed to be unbounded on Ω . We show that if Δpw=−g(x) in the weak sense for some w∈W 1,p 0 (Ω) and f satisfies a generalized Keller–Osserman condition, then the equation Δpu=g(x)f(u) admits a non-negative local weak solution u∈W 1,p loc (Ω)∩C(Ω) such that u(x)→∞ as x→∂Ω . Asymptotic boundary estimates of such blow-up solutions will also be investigated.
Effects of 5‘ Leader and 3‘ Trailer Structures on Pre-tRNA Processing by Nuclear RNase P†

Eukaryotic transfer RNA precursors (pre-tRNAs) contain a 5' leader preceding the aminoacyl acceptor stem and a 3' trailer extending beyond this stem. An early step in pre-tRNA maturation is removal of the 5' leader by the endoribonuclease, RNase P. Extensive pairing between leader and trailer sequences has previously been demonstrated to block RNase P cleavage, suggesting that the 5' leader and 3' trailer sequences might need to be separated for the substrate to be recognized by the eukaryotic holoenzyme. To address whether the nuclear RNase P holoenzyme recognizes the 5' leader and 3' trailer sequences independently, interactions of RNase P with pre-tRNA(Tyr) containing either the 5' leader, the 3' trailer, or both were examined. Kinetic analysis revealed little effect of the 3' trailer or a long 5' leader on the catalytic rate (k(cat)) for cleavage using the various pre-tRNA derivatives. However, the presence of a 3' trailer that pairs with the 5' leader increases the K(m) of pre-tRNA slightly, in agreement with previous results. Similarly, competition studies demonstrate that removal of a complementary 3' trailer lowers the apparent K(I), consistent with the structure between these two sequences interfering with their interaction with the enzyme. Deletion of both the 5' and 3' extensions to give mature termini resulted in the least effective competitor. Further studies showed that the nuclear holoenzyme, but not the B. subtilis holoenzyme, had a high affinity for single-stranded RNA in the absence of attached tRNA structure. The data suggest that yeast nuclear RNase P contains a minimum of two binding sites involved in substrate recognition, one that interacts with tRNA and one that interacts with the 3' trailer. Furthermore, base pairing between the 5' leader and 3' trailer hinders recognition.
Radionuclides in redistributed sediments and ash from the Las Conchas fire in Northern New Mexico

The 2011 Las Conchas fire burned 632 km2 of ponderosa pine forests and pinon–juniper woodlands in the Jemez Mountains in north central New Mexico. In the weeks following the fire, heavy rainfall caused extensive flooding and erosion of surface soil and ash from the affected areas. Samples from mud and ash flows were collected and analyzed for 137Cs and Pu, which were originally deposited as global fallout during the era of atmospheric nuclear testing. The mean concentrations for 238Pu, 239,240Pu and 137Cs were 0.18 ± 0.05, 4.16 ± 1.95, and 111 ± 56 mBq/g, respectively. 239,240Pu and 137Cs are significantly elevated above non-fire affected regional background levels.
STRONG VISCOUS INTERACTION WITH MASS TRANSFER IN AXISYMMETRIC HYPERSONIC FLOW.

Abstract : A theory is presented for the combined effects of mass transfer and viscous interaction on the hypersonic flow of a perfect gas in the limit where the body is vanishingly thin compared with an adjacent, single-species laminar boundary layer. The body temperature and a mass transfer parameter F must both be constant, but arbitrary body profiles are allowed. The results are applicable to porous bodies with nearly uniform mass transfer per unit length and to ablative bodies with a constant effective heat of ablation. The major boundary-layer properties are presented as analytic functions of Prandtl number, specific heat ratio, power-law viscosity power, body enthalpy ratio, and mass-transfer parameter. The theory is compared with numerical solutions for a thin body which grows as a three-quarter power law, and it is found to accurately predict the relative effects of mass transfer. (Author)
Human antibodies in cancer and autoimmune disease.

In recent years, a number of novel human autoantigens and tumorassociated antigens have been identified using patient sera. Several of these antigens have been used as diagnostic markers, but defining their role in disease pathogenesis has been hampered by the lack of cloned human antibodies and antigens. Focusing on the solid cancers of the breast and colon and on autoimmune hematologic diseases, we are studying the role of human antibodies in disease pathogenesis. We have generated several, human monoclonal autoimmune and cancer-associated antibodies, using antibody phage display technology, and have identified, cloned, and expressed their corresponding (novel) antigens. Using the monoclonal human antibodies as probes, we are elucidating the processes that lead to the generation of these antibodies and their possible pathogenic or protective effect. These studies may lead to the development of reagents for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of these important diseases.
The policy/procedure manual, part III: organizing the manual

Purpose – This article's purpose is to show how to go about developing a scheme for organizing a policy/procedure manual that will also make a good electronic and paper filing system.Design/methodology/approach – The article describes the problem of organizing large bodies of information, argues for a hierarchical format, and then shows how to formulate that kind of organizational scheme.Findings – The finding is that hierarchical schemes are useful for organizing policy and procedure manuals as well as for filing systems.Practical implications – Having policies and procedures well organized saves time each time they are subsequently used.Social implications – Efficiency and good public relations demand that libraries have well‐organized policy and procedure manuals.Originality/value – The value of the article is in offering the theoretical organizational framework for the manual.
Synthesis, structure, and solubility of carbonated barium chlor- and hydroxylapatites

Abstract Two series of carbonated barium apatites [BaApZ = Ba 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Z 2 ] were prepared in aqueous solution. Carbonated barium hydroxylapatites (CBaApOH) were prepared by mixing solutions of Ba(NO 3 ) 2 with (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 and (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 at pH 12. Carbonated barium chlorapatites (CBaApCl) could only be prepared by stirring barium chlorapatite with (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 at pH 10 for 1 week. Powder X-ray diffraction showed no evidence of the presence of BaCO 3 or other possible impurities such as BaHPO 4 in the carbonated products. Variations in carbonate content of the apatites had little effect on the width of peaks in their XRD patterns. The cell parameters determined by full pattern analysis were also relatively independent of the carbonate content of the apatites, although CBaApCl showed a slight decrease in a -axis length with increasing carbonate content. The slight decrease in the a -axis length, the amount of carbonate incorporated in the apatites, and the specific IR absorbances in the carbonate spectral regions support the mechanism of carbonate substitution for phosphate (B-type). In contrast, the barium:phosphate ratio determined for several apatites of different carbonate concentrations suggests carbonate substitution for the monovalent anion (A-type). Raman spectroscopy of CBaApOH confirmed that carbonate incorporation causes atomic disorder within the structure and that apparently carbonate-saturated CBaApOH still contains appreciable hydroxyl. Activity-based K sp values were determined for both series of carbonated apatites and show that the solubilities of both CBaApCl and CBaApOH remain almost constant at low carbonate concentrations but increase at higher carbonate values (assuming B-type substitution). The K sp values for uncarbonated BaApCl and BaApOH were determined by extrapolation to 0% carbonate (10 −103 and 10 −107 for BaApCl and BaApOH, respectively).