cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social interaction, relationships, and the development of causal discourse and conflict management

Links between the development of social understanding and social processes are considered, in the context of data on the development of causal reasoning and argument in conflict, drawn from a longitudinal study of 50 children observed in conversation with their mothers, siblings, and friends at 33 and 47 months of age. Children showed powers of causal reasoning before they were 3 years, capabilities that showed rapid developmental change; their interest in cause was particularly focussed on psychological causality and social action. The contexts of disputes were especially important. Differences were found in children’s arguments with their mothers, siblings, and friends, with more ‘other-oriented’ reasoning shown with friends. It is argued that the data support Vygotskyan ideas on the significance of social interaction in developmental advance, that the pragmatics of what children and their partners are trying to do must be taken into account in considering what children may be learning in interactions, and that ‘social competence’ should not be treated as an individual within-child trait, but that we should move towards a ‘relationships’ approach to the development of social understanding.
Radiative transfer through an isotropically scattering finite medium- Approximate solution

The influence of substrate reflectance on the radiative intensity and flux distribution and on the apparent reflectance and transmittance of an isothermal, isotropically scattering medium has been examined by using an exponential kernel approximation to obtain a simple, closed-form, approximate solution for the governing radiative transport equation. The approximate method provides one simple algebraic expression from which the bidirectional, directional hemispherical, hemispherical directional, and hemispherical reflectances can be evaluated with reasonable accuracy (better than 20%) over a wide range of optical parameters. The intensity and flux distribution also have been investigated for both conservative and nonconservative cases.
Public support for policy initiatives regulating alcohol use in Minnesota: a multi-community survey

Public support for policies to control alcohol sales and consumption was surveyed in seven Minnesota communities. A total of 438 women and 383 men were asked to indicate their level of support of or opposition to nine different proposals designed to regulate alcohol. There was general support for all policies, which was strongly related to characteristics of respondents and type of policy proposed. Women were significantly more supportive of all items than were men. Marriage, older age and low alcohol consumption were also associated with support. Education and voter status generally were not. Policies and activities that serve primarily to protect youth received the strongest support. Restrictions and prohibitions such as limiting advertisements were less popular. The least support was expressed for increases in taxes on alcohol and for measures that would eliminate an existing practice such as prohibiting wine-cooler sales at convenience stores. The majority of respondents also indicated that they felt ...
Aggregation Response of Human Platelets Stored at 22 C as Platelet‐Rich Plasma

The aggregating response of human platelets stored at 22 C for 72 hours has been studied. Platelets were stored as platelet-rich plasma in order to maintain the plasma pH essentially constant. The response to ADP and collagen decreased with time, but the decrease was less with relatively high concentrations of the aggregating agents. The response to the ionophore A23187 was essentially unaltered during the storage period. Synergistic aggregation with combinations of ADP, collagen and ionophore A23187 was observed with platelets stored for 72 hours under conditions where singly each of the stimuli caused little or no effect. Stored platelets underwent reversible aggregation over a wide range of ADP concentrations but irreversible aggregation was observed in the presence of nonaggregating concentrations of collagen or ionophore A23187. The inhibition of aggregation by PGE1 or cyclic AMP was facilitated as a result of storage. It is suggested that the decreased response toward ADP and collagen reflects a reduced ability on the part of the platelets to mobilize calcium.
The Influence of Ozone and Aerosols on the Brightness and Color of the Twilight Sky

The radiance and color of the twilight sky are calculated for single scattered radiation with the use of spherically symmetric models of the earth's atmosphere. Spherical geometry is used throughout the calculations with no plane parallel approximations. Refraction effects are taken into account through fine subdivision of the atmosphere into spherical shells of fixed index of refraction. Shell's law of refraction is used to calculate a direction of travel each time that a photon traverses the interface between layers. Five different models of the atmosphere were used: a pure molecular scattering atmosphere; molecular atmosphere plus ozone absorption; and three models with aerosol concentrations of 1, 3, and 10 times normal together with molecular scattering and ozone absorption. The results of the calculations are shown for various observation positions and local viewing angles in the solar plane for wavelengths in the range of 0.40 microns to 0.75 microns.
Altered regulation of Toll-like receptor responses impairs antibacterial immunity in the allergic lung

The lung is colonized by commensal bacteria, some of which are associated with asthma exacerbations. Using the intranasal house-dust mite–sensitized mouse model of allergic airway disease, we show an imbalance in novel antibacterial pathways that culminates in a reduction in neutrophil recruitment to the airspaces and leads to bacterial invasion and dissemination. The expression of TREM (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells)-1 that amplifies Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and TREM-2 that inhibits this process is reversed. Furthermore, endogenous TLR inhibitors (A20, Tollip, SOCS1, and IRAK-M) and proteins involved in receptor recycling (TRIAD3) are raised. Consequently, the production of neutrophil chemoattractants is reduced. Intranasal administration of either chemokine restores the ability to recruit neutrophils, which prevents bacterial invasion. A background of allergic airway disease therefore exacerbates bacterial infection by altering key antibacterial innate immune pathways that are amenable to therapeutic intervention.
Copper-based ATRP catalysts of very high activity derived from dimethyl cross-bridged cyclam

Abstract Dimethyl cross-bridged cyclam (DMCBCy) forms a very reducing CuI complex that possesses the highest known catalytic activity to date in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) reactions. The value of the ATRP equilibrium constant in a reaction with methyl chloroacetate for CuICl/DMCBCy is 30-fold larger than for the very active catalyst CuICl/Me6TREN. The activation rate constant for the DMCBCy-based complex was also determined and is about 1.5 times larger than for CuICl/Me6TREN. The ATRP of n-butyl acrylate mediated by CuIBr/DMCBCy was fast even at 30 °C and yielded well-defined polymers when a sufficient amount (about 10 mol% of the total catalyst) of deactivator (CuIIBr2/DMCBCy) was added to the reaction mixture. Side reactions such as electron transfer from the very reducing CuIBr/DMCBCy to the electrophilic acrylate radicals most likely account for the observed limited conversions.
Does string theory solve the puzzles of black hole evaporation

We point out that the massive modes of closed superstring theories may play a crucial role in the last stages of black hole evaporation. If the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy describes the true degeneracy of a black hole — implying loss of quantum coherence and the unitary evolution of quantum states-it becomes entropically favorable for an evaporating black hole to make a transition to a state of massive string modes. This in turn may decay into massless modes of the string (radiation) avoiding the naked singularity exposed by black hole evaporation in the semiclassical picture. Alternatively, quantum coherence may be maintained if the entropy of an evaporating black hole is much larger than that given by the Bekenstein-Hawking formula. In that case, however, the transition to massive string modes is unlikely. String theories might thus resolve the difficulty of the naked singularity, but it appears likely that they will still involve loss of quantum coherence.
Psychometric vs. attentional correlates of early onset alcohol and substance abuse.

Adolescent inpatients with a diagnosis of alcohol abuse (n=28), nonalcohol substance abuse disorders (n=15), or psychiatric disorders without substance abuse (n=46) were examined on measures of attentional, intellectual, and personality functioning. High scores on a personality measure, the Substance Abuse Proclivity Scale (SAP), was the best predictor of substance abuse in general. Alcohol abusers were differentiated from other substance abusers by their increased impairment on the Continuous Performance Test. Adolescents with alcohol abuse did not manifest the types of cognitive impairments associated with chronic alcoholism. These data suggest that certain attentional impairments may be associated with early onset alcohol abuse and that earlier conceptions of the role of attentional impairments in risk prediction for alcohol abuse are supported.
Forum. Stratigraphic Fit to Phylogenies: A Proposed Solution

Three measures intended to assess the fit of stratigraphic age to the fossil record have been suggested previously: the Spearman Rank Correlation (SRC), the Stratigraphic Consistency Index (SCI) and the Relative Completeness Index (RCI). The original formulation of SRC is intractable to all but pectinate trees and the corrective pruning procedure that circumvents this precludes whole-tree estimates of fit. SCI, though it has been claimed otherwise, is strongly biased by tree shape, particularly as one adds more information. RCI is a measure of the amount of gap in the fossil record but has awkward consequences for evolutionary biology when it is maximized. A new approach, the Manhattan Stratigraphic Measure, uses the Manhattan distance between stratigraphic ages to determine fit to a tree. It is not biased by tree shape, it is sensitive to the magnitude of age discrepancy and there is an obvious significance test.
Development of a fabric preference test.

Sunzmary.-A paired-choice test is described by means of which preferences for color, design, and texture in clothing fabrics can be measured. The test consists of 78 35-mm. colored slides of apparel fabrics, differing with respect to chroma and value of color, figure-ground color value contrasts, warm versus cool colors, design size, and rough versus smooth textures. The Compton Fabric Preference Test (CFPT) was constri~cted for the purpose of conducting research dealing with relationships among individuals' color, design and texture preferences in clothing fabrics and their physical and personality characteristics. Preliminary research with the test indicates that the self is expressed in one's selection of clothing fabrics (Cornpton, 1962a, 1962b, 1963, 1964). Development of the CFPT began in 1961 (Compton, 1962a) and has since been expanded in terms of variables measured. It has also been converted from its original fabric swatch form to reproducible 35-mm. colored slides. It is being released, not as a finished product, but as a useful tool for teaching and research and is still subject to modification. It is designed primarily for use with girls enrolled in junior high, high school, and college and women participating in Extension Service programs.
Context-independent sensitization to the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine

After repeated intermittent exposure to psychostimulants, an increase in the behavioral response to the drug is observed. The development of this sensitized response is greatly influenced by environmental cues. For example, when the pretreatments are administered in an environment distinct from the test, a sensitized response is often not observed. This finding has led some investigators to suggest that sensitization is completely context dependent. The present experiment established context-independent sensitization by administering pretreatments in an environment distinct from the test and measured the effects of pretreatment on potency and/or efficacy of subsequent cocaine administrations. Separate groups of rats received single or multiple daily injections of cocaine (10.0 mg/kg) or the saline vehicle in the home cage during a 5-day pretreatment phase. Ninety-six hours following the last of the pretreatment injections the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine (0.0, 5.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mg/kg) were measured. For control rats, a significant increase in motor activity was obtained following administration of the 20.0 mg/kg dose. Rats that received the cocaine pre-treatment became sensitized to cocaine's motor activating effects. For these rats, cocaine pretreatment produced a leftward shift in the dose-effect curve, consistent with an increased potency. The maximum locomotor response was not altered by pretreatment, suggesting that drug efficacy was not effected by preexposure. Thus, context-independent sensitization to cocaine reflects an increased potency, but not efficacy, of the drug.
Response of wheat to sulfur fertilization

Abstract Coker 7473 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown on Keo silt loam (coarse‐silty, mixed, thermic Dystric Fluventic Entrochrepts) with four S sources applied at various rates for two years. The innate S level of this soil was not adequate for optimum grain yield; therefore, additional S significantly increased grain yield and S concentration and decreased N/S ratios in wheat tissue. Minimum S concentration and N/S ratios in plant tissue for maximum yield ranged from 1.3 to 2.73 g S/kg and 9.5 to 19.2, respectively.
P300 cognitive evoked potentials before and after liver transplantation.

P300 cognitive evoked potentials have been shown to be effective for the assessment of mild hepatic encephalopathy but no investigations of their use with liver transplantation has been conducted. In this pilot study 12 subjects (7 male, 5 female, average age 43.9-years-old) underwent recording of auditory and visual P300 cognitive evoked potentials prior to liver transplantation and again 3–6 months subsequent to transplantation. Significant increases (p < 0.01) in P300 visual amplitude, as well as significant decreases in visual (p < 0.01) and auditory latencies (p < 0.01) were observed following transplantation. Auditory amplitudes increased but not to a statistically significant degree. P300 cognitive evoked potentials may provide a useful tool for monitoring the cerebral status of liver transplantation patients if combined with established methods such as cognitive testing and EEG. Further research of their usage with these patients is warranted.
Localized enlargement of the frontal cortex in early autism

Background Evidence from behavioral, imaging, and postmortem studies indicates that the frontal lobe, as well as other brain regions such as the cerebellum and limbic system, develops abnormally in children with autism. It is not yet clear to what extent the frontal lobe is affected; that is, whether all regions of frontal cortex show the same signs of structural maldevelopment. Methods In the present study, we measured cortical volume in four subregions of the frontal cortex in 2-year-old to 9-year-old boys with autism and normal control boys. Results The dorsolateral region showed a reduced age effect in patients when compared with control subjects, with a predicted 10% increase in volume from 2 years of age to 9 years of age compared with a predicted 48% increase for control subjects. In a separate analysis, dorsolateral and medial frontal regions were significantly enlarged in patients aged 2 to 5 years compared with control subjects of the same age, but the precentral gyrus and orbital cortex were not. Conclusions These data indicate regional variation in the degree of frontocortical overgrowth with a possible bias toward later developing or association areas. Possible mechanisms for these regional differences are discussed.
High Electrical Conductivity and Transparency in Deoxycholate-Stabilized Carbon Nanotube Thin Films

Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly was used to generate transparent, highly conductive thin films containing carbon nanotubes. Three different types of nanotubes were used, (1) multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), (2) a mixture of single, di-, and triwalled nanotubes, also known as few-walled carbon nanotubes, and (3) purified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Thin films, less than 100 nm thick, were created by alternately exposing a substrate to aqueous suspensions of nanotubes stabilized by deoxycholate (DOC) and a solution of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) [PDDA]. SWNTs produced the most transparent (>85% visible light transmittance) and electrically conductive (∼ 150 S/cm) 20 bilayer films with a 41.6 nm thickness. With just two bilayers of PDDA/(SWNT+DOC), these films have an electrical conductivity of 40 S/cm (3.8 nm thick with a sheet resistance of 65 kΩ/sq) and transmittance greater than 97% at 550 nm. MWNT-based films are much thicker and more opaque as a function of PDDA/(MWNT+DOC) bil...
FoxM1 regulates re-annealing of endothelial adherens junctions through transcriptional control of β-catenin expression

Repair of the injured vascular intima requires a series of coordinated events that mediate both endothelial regeneration and reannealing of adherens junctions (AJs) to form a restrictive endothelial barrier. The forkhead transcription factor FoxM1 is essential for endothelial proliferation after vascular injury. However, little is known about mechanisms by which FoxM1 regulates endothelial barrier reannealing. Here, using a mouse model with endothelial cell (EC)-restricted disruption of FoxM1 (FoxM1 CKO) and primary cultures of ECs with small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of FoxM1, we demonstrate a novel requisite role of FoxM1 in mediating endothelial AJ barrier repair through the transcriptional control of beta-catenin. In the FoxM1 CKO lung vasculature, we observed persistent microvessel leakage characterized by impaired reannealing of endothelial AJs after endothelial injury. We also showed that FoxM1 directly regulated beta-catenin transcription and that reexpression of beta-catenin rescued the defective AJ barrier-reannealing phenotype of FoxM1-deficient ECs. Knockdown of beta-catenin mimicked the phenotype of defective barrier recovery seen in FoxM1-deficient ECs. These data demonstrate that FoxM1 is required for reannealing of endothelial AJs in order to form a restrictive endothelial barrier through transcriptional control of beta-catenin expression. Therefore, means of activating FoxM1-mediated endothelial repair represent a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory vascular diseases associated with persistent vascular barrier leakiness such as acute lung injury.
A semi-analytical model of microsegregation and coarsening in a binary alloy

On making suitable approximations for the redistribution of solute in the solid and the nature of coarsening a semi-analytical microsegregation and coarsening model for the analysis of the solidification of a constantly cooled binary eutectic alloy is developed. This model is calibrated by matching results with a limiting case microsegregation model and the standard t(1@3) coarsening model. Predictions — arm spacing and eutectic fractions — are in close agreement with experimental values and predictions obtained with a complete numerical solution of microsegregation with coarsening. ( 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Modeling Discontinuous Axisymmetric Active Optical Membranes

An active optical membrane is modeled as a laminate of ine atable structural material and piezopolymer sheets. Etching theelectrodesurfacesofeach layerallowsforselectiveactuationareas,whichcanbeusedto controlsurface regions independently. The analytical solution to a simplie ed axisymmetric system is discussed. The method of integralmultiplescalesisapplied totheaxisymmetricactivemembranemodeland isstudied.Resultsforboth static and dynamic formulations are presented and indicate such a laminate can effectively dee ect an optical membrane.
Left-right pattern of cardiac BMP4 may drive asymmetry of the heart in zebrafish

The first evident break in left-right symmetry of the primitive zebrafish heart tube is the shift in pattern of BMP4 expression from radially symmetric to left-predominant. The midline heart tube then ‘jogs’ to the left and subsequently loops to the right. We examined 279 mutations, affecting more than 200 genes, and found 21 mutations that perturb this process. Some cause BMP4 to remain radially symmetric. Others randomize the asymmetric BMP4 pattern. Retention of BMP4 symmetry is associated with failure to jog: right-predominance of the BMP4 pattern is associated with reversal of the direction of jogging and looping. Raising BMP4 diffusely throughout the heart, via sonic hedgehog injection, or the blocking of its action by injection of a dominant negative BMP4 receptor, prevent directional jogging or looping. The genes crucial to directing cardiac asymmetry include a subset of those needed for patterning the dorsoventral axis and for notochord and ventral spinal cord development. Thus, the pattern of cardiac BMP4 appears to be in the pathway by which the heart interprets lateralizing signals from the midline.
BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE STRAIGHT-BILLED WOODCREEPER

Abstract We studied the breeding biology of the Straight-billed Woodcreeper (Dendroplex picus) (Dendrocolaptinae) from eight nests in Hato Masaguaral, Venezuela and reviewed current literature for all woodcreeper species. Straight-billed Woodcreepers nested in PVC nest-boxes (n = 6) and in wooden fence posts (n = 2). Mean ± SE clutch size was 2.50 ± 0.19 eggs (n = 8) and egg mass was 5.41 ± 0.12 g (n = 17). Egg mass and clutch mass represented 12.4% and 31% of adult mass, respectively. Both males and females incubated, but average incubation nest attentiveness (percent of time on the nest) was only 63.2 ± 8.2% (n = 8). The relatively low nest attentiveness was associated with an incubation period of 17 days (n = 1). The nestling period was 17–18 days (n = 2), and both parents provisioned the young. Nestling growth rate constants (K) for mass, tarsus, and wing chord were 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.34 ± 0.03, and 0.27 ± 0.02, respectively. Three of eight nests were successful and five were lost to predati...
MAPPING TRANSPARENT CONSULTATIONS WITH HEALTH AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES TEAMS

The role of consultant is different from that of being a supervisor or a therapist, even though the relational consultant uses similar skills. Experienced psychotherapists have the privilege of consulting with teams of professionals. This brief article offers a stage model to organize a collaborative, participatory, and transparent form of consultation in complex organizational settings, like child protective services and community health care agencies. Staging is not a normative process to the consultation process. However, offering a clear sense of the stages that occur in a collaborative consultation may make facilitators more accountable to the consultation practice and thus start construing evidence about these activities. The stages described in this brief attempt at systematizing the consultation practice with teams working with families are: Introductions → Meaning-Making → Resonances → Alternatives Meaning → Planning and Implementation → Evaluating. Usually, by the time a system seeks consultation, true dialogue has stopped; system members are caught in repetitive “monologing,” endlessly restating their positions (Anderson & Goolishian, 1988). Variety in thinking has dried up, leaving them with relatively flat, anemic ideas about themselves and one another. A marvelously ingenious aspect of the eliciting stance is that the therapist invites greater variety in system members’ thinking, not by countering their ideas or by suggesting alternatives, but by simply asking individuals to focus their attention on constructs that may have received only scant attention before. (Real, 1990, pp. 260–261) Transparency as a concept is a complex and difficult process to grasp in the predominantly expert position adopted by professionals in human services and health care. Transparency encompasses a wealth of relational discourses (Roberts, 2005), from pragmatics to discursive intentions; behaving transparently requires thinking
Mediating Effects of Peripheral Vision in the Life Event Stress/Athletic Injury Relationship

The mediating effect of peripheral narrowing in the negative life event stress (N-LES)/athletic injury relationship was investigated. LES and other psychosocial variables were measured, and peripheral vision was assessed in nonstressful (practice day) and stressful (game day) sport situations. Results showed that total LES, N-LES, and psychological coping skills significantly contributed to the prediction of the occurrence of athletic injury. Additionally, psychological coping skills buffered the N-LES/athletic injury relationship. Peripheral narrowing during stress significantly mediated 8.1% of the N-LES/athletic injury relationship. The findings support the predictions of the model of stress and injury, provide evidence for peripheral narrowing as a mechanism in the LES/athletic injury relationship, and suggest directions for future research examining mediating effects in the model of stress and injury.
Robotic assisted biliary pancreatic diversion with duodenal switch

Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch is considered a technically more demanding bariatric operation. We endeavor to demystify this procedure by reviewing the technical points of the operation. In addition, we will discuss the history and evolution of the BPD-DS as well as detail our perioperative management. A better understanding of this procedure may help surgeons interested in developing their skill set or aid surgeons who will care for BPD-DS patients after surgery.
Economic Impact of Taxes On Financial Characteristics of the Natural Resources Industry

The objective of this article is to investigate the effects of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) on financial characteristics of firms in the natural resources industry. Financial characteristics ...
Moisture absorption modeling using design of experiments

The effect of temperature and humidity on equilibrium moisture content of laminates was studied by response surface design. Two glass fabric-reinforced laminated composite materials with different epoxy matrix resins, laminates A and B, were studied. Laminates A and B used are cyanate ester and polyphenylene oxide modified epoxy based laminate, respectively. The results show that the response surface profiles of moisture absorption for the two laminate materials are similar though their amounts of moisture absorption are different. The temperature-humidity interaction effect and the quadratic effect of temperature are significant for laminate A. However, only the linear effects of temperature and humidity are significant for laminate B. Predictive models relating the important factors to the equilibrium moisture content were proposed in the article. The models developed can be used to predict and assess the reliability of the laminates for moisture related failures.
An order(N) tight-binding molecular dynamics study of intrinsic defect diffusion in silicon

We present calculations of the intrinsic vacancy and interstitial diffusivities, DV and DI, in silicon using order(N) tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations. Vacancy diffusion was found to occur rapidly, with a diffusivity of around 10 ˇ4 cm 2 /s in the temperature range 900‐ 12008C. Interstitial diffusion was found to be a factor of 10‐100 times slower than vacancy diffusion, being on the order of 10 ˇ5 cm 2 /s for the same temperature range. These diffusivities have the same order of magnitude as previous molecular dynamics calculations performed with both classical and Car-Parrinello models. The interstitial diffusion was found to occur via two different paths, one involving motion of a single interstitial down the open (110) channels in the lattice, and another involving an intermediate h110i split interstitial which facilitates the interstitial crossing from one (110) channel to another. Within the tight-binding model we use, the split interstitial path is more important than drift of a single interstitial at higher temperatures (here, above around 10008C). The reverse is true below this temperature, with few, if any, formations of split interstitials and a diffusion dominated by traversal down the open channels of the lattice. New LDA data shows that the energetic advantage of the split interstitial over the tetrahedral interstitial is smaller than previously calculated, lending credence to the tight-binding results. The split interstitials were found to be relatively long-lived (in some cases, lifetimes in excess of 15 ps), even in a potential that favors tetrahedral interstitial formation. In order to perform these calculations, we developed a constant Nelec version of the forces in the Goedecker and Colombo O(N) tight-binding algorithm originally written for systems with a constant chemical potential. Omission of this correction can lead to errors approaching 40% in the forces. # 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
The Trouble with Compliance: Dependence and Foreign Policy in Ecuador

The compliance model of dependent foreign policy argues that dependent states will implement the foreign policy preferences of their dominant economic partners. Despite its failure to deliver strong empirical results, compliance remains dominant within the study of dependent foreign policy. This article examines compliance's problems and explains its endurance within the subfield of international relations. Six cases drawn from the Hurtado and Febres Cordero administrations in Ecuador during the 1980s are analyzed to evaluate compliance's three critical assumptions about the dependent foreign policy process: the unitary actor, core-periphery bargaining, and divergent preferences between core and periphery. In only one of the cases do compliance's assumptions hold true and does compliance account for Ecuador's foreign policy. Flaws in the bargaining assumption and the divergent preferences assumption account for the model's poor description of the process behind many dependent states' foreign policies.
Logic diagnosis-diversion or necessity?

Failure diagnosis is resource intensive, frustrating, and often impossible. However, it is also critical and necessary for aggressive designs and manufacturing processes. Research in this area is making rapid progress, but the challenges are also rapidly growing in magnitude and importance.
Tinnitus in hamsters following exposure to intense sound

Hamsters were trained with a conditioned suppression/avoidance procedure to drink in the presence of a broadband noise and/ or a tone and to stop drinking in the absence of sound. A variety of tones and loudspeaker locations were used during training so that the animals would respond to a sound regardless of its frequency or location. Four groups of animals then had their left ears exposed to a 10-kHz tone at 124 or 127 dB for 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 h. They were then tested for tinnitus by comparing their performance with that of unexposed animals to determine if they behaved as if they perceived a sound when no external sound was present. The groups exposed for 2 and 4 h tested positive for tinnitus whereas those exposed for 0.5 and 1 h did not. The degree of hearing loss produced by the tone exposure was assessed using behavioral and auditory brainstem response (ABR) procedures. A partial dissociation was found between the hearing loss, as estimated by the ABR, and the results of the tinnitus test in that animals exposed for 1 h had the same hearing loss as the 2- and 4-h exposed animals, but did not test positive for tinnitus. This suggests that the positive scores on the tinnitus test were not due to hearing loss. These results are discussed along with those of previous behavioral studies of tinnitus in animals. 2 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Location estimation of mobile user in wireless sensor network based on Unscented Kalman Filter

A strength prediction algorithm based on unscented Kalman filter (SPKF) is proposed to fuse the mobile localization estimation obtained from received signal strength in wireless sensor network. The algorithm is particularly suitable for indoor applications where the presence of furniture, objects, walls and the induced diffraction, reflection and multi-path effects. The unscented Kalman filter is used to predict the tendency of received signal strength, and cooperates with dynamic triangular location algorithm achieves an improved accuracy and provides a lower fluctuation of received signal strength than the grey prediction when mobile user is moving. It is also proved to grey prediction when mobile user is moving. It is also proved to be able to dramatically outperform and reduce the fluctuation of received signal strength when mobile user is moving.
High-precision measurement of phenylalanine δ15N values for environmental samples: a new approach coupling high-pressure liquid chromatography purification and elemental analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE Compound-specific isotope analysis of individual amino acids (CSI-AA) is a powerful new tool for tracing nitrogen (N) source and transformation in biogeochemical cycles. Specifically, the δ15N value of phenylalanine (δ15NPhe) represents an increasingly used proxy for source δ15N signatures, with particular promise for paleoceanographic applications. However, current derivatization/gas chromatography methods require expensive and relatively uncommon instrumentation, and have relatively low precision, making many potential applications impractical. METHODS A new offline approach has been developed for high-precision δ15N measurements of amino acids (δ15NAA), optimized for δ15NPhe values. Amino acids (AAs) are first purified via high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), using a mixed-phase column and automated fraction collection. The δ15N values are determined via offline elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS). RESULTS The combined HPLC/EA-IRMS method separated most protein AAs with sufficient resolution to obtain accurate δ15N values, despite significant intra-peak isotopic fractionation. For δ15NPhe values, the precision was ±0.16‰ for standards, 4× better than gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS; ±0.64‰). We also compared a δ15NPhe paleo-record from a deep-sea bamboo coral from Monterey Bay, CA, USA, using our method versus GC/C/IRMS. The two methods produced equivalent δ15NPhe values within error; however, the δ15NPhe values from HPLC/EA-IRMS had approximately twice the precision of GC/C/IRMS (average stdev of 0.27‰ ± 0.14‰ vs 0.60‰ ± 0.20‰, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that offline HPLC represents a viable alternative to traditional GC/C/IMRS for δ15NAA measurement. HPLC/EA-IRMS is more precise and widely available, and therefore useful in applications requiring increased precision for data interpretation (e.g. δ15N paleoproxies). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Religious Music, the Public Schools, and the Establishment Clause: A Review of Federal Case Law.

Various issues relating to education and religion continue to appear in federal court. One issue that is most relevant to music educators is the use of religious music in school music curriculum. Although no federal guidelines exist as to what is acceptable usage, a number of federal cases have addressed the various issues, from the use of religious music as a teacher tool to the performance of music in a religious setting, such as a church. This article seeks to inform readers of previous federal case decisions and provide some guidance for teachers in making music selections, based on those decisions and an analysis of current district policies.
Preeclampsia and SGA are characterized by low concentrations of a novel factor involved in angiogenesis and endothelial cell function: sVEGFR-2

A NOVEL FACTOR INVOLVED IN ANGIOGENESIS AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL FUNCTION: SVEGFR-2 TINNAKORN CHAIWORAPONGSA, JIMMY ESPINOZA, JYH KAE NIEN, LUIS GONCALVES, SAMUEL EDWIN, KARINA RICHANI, ELEAZAR SOTO, JOAQUIN SANTOLAYA, CHONG JAI KIM, YEON MEE KIM, ROBERTO ROMERO, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Detroit, Michigan OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia (PE) is considered to be an anti-angiogenic state. A role for soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) has been proposed (JCI 2003 and NEJM 2004). Recently, sVEGFR-2 has been detected in plasma (Mol Can Res 2004;2:315). The recombinant form of this protein has anti-angiogenic activity. There is no information on plasma sVEGFR-2 concentration in PE. This study was conducted to determine if PE and small-for-gestational age (SGA) neonates without PE are associated with changes in the maternal plasma concentration of sVEGFR-2. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included normal pregnant women (n=135), patients with SGA (n=53), and women with PE (n=112). SGA was defined as an ultrasound-estimated fetal weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age, confirmed by neonatal birthweight. Plasma concentrations of sVEGFR-2 were determined by ELISA. Parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS: 1) Patients with PE and those with SGA without PE had a lower mean plasma concentration of sVEGFR-2 than normal pregnant women (PE mean G SD: 8.3G3.3 ng/ml vs. normal pregnancy mean G SD: 11.4G4.2 ng/ ml and SGA mean G SD: 7.7G1.7 ng/ml vs. normal pregnancy mean G SD: 11.4G4.2 ng/ml; p!0.001 for both); and 2) There was no significant difference in the mean plasma concentration of sVEGFR-2 in patients with PE and those with SGA (p=0.9). CONCLUSION: 1) PE and SGA are associated with decreased plasma concentrations of sVEGFR-2; and 2) One interpretation of the findings is that plasma sVEGFR-2 concentration could be a marker of endothelial cell function in maternal circulation because the transmembrane isoform of this protein is essential for endothelial cell survival.
Androgen receptor-mediated repression of novel target genes.

BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression. To date, studies have focused disproportionately on androgen-stimulated genes such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), while repressed genes have gained little attention, even though they too may be involved in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. METHODS ChIP Display was used to identify putative AR target genes in the ablation-resistant human PCa cell line, C4-2B. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis was used to measure gene expression in cells subjected to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) timecourse and dose–response, as well as AR knock-down and bicalutamide-treatments. RESULTS We report on three genes, KIAA1217, CHRM1, and WBSCR28, which were newly identified in a screen for AR-occupied regions in C4-2B PCa cells, and which were repressed by treatment with DHT. AR knock-down resulted in increased KIAA1217, CHRM1, and WBSCR28 mRNA, indicating that, like PSA stimulation, AR represses these three genes even in the absence of added ligand. DHT decreased KIAA1217 and CHRM1 pre-mRNA levels, suggesting AR-mediated transcriptional inhibition. Cycloheximide attenuated DHT-mediated repression of CHRM1, suggesting the requirement of new protein synthesis. Furthermore, bicalutamide treatment did not mimic, but rather antagonized DHT-mediated KIAA1217 repression. Unlike the handful of androgen-repressed genes studied thus far, AR occupancy at KIAA1217, CHRM1, and WBSCR28 was mapped outside their respective 5′-promoter regions. CONCLUSIONS Many more genes likely share AR-mediated gene repression through distal regulatory elements. Further study of such targets and their transcriptional regulation may help explain the receptor's tumorigenicity in PCa. Prostate 67: 1371–1383, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Folding propensities of peptide fragments of myoglobin

Myoglobin has been studied extensively as a paradigm for protein folding. As part of an ongoing study of potential folding initiation sites in myoglobin, we have synthetized a series of peptides covering the entire sequence of sperm whale myoglobin. We report here on the conformation preferences of a series of peptides that cover the region from the A helix to the FG turn. Structural propensities were determined using circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in aqueous solution, trifluoroethanol, and methanol. Peptides corresponding to helical regions in the native protein, namely the B, C, D, and E helices, populate the alpha region of (phi, psi) space in water solution but show no measurable helix formation except in the presence of trifluoroethanol. The F-helix sequence has a much lower propensity to populate helical conformations even in TFE. Despite several attempts, we were not successful in synthesizing a peptide corresponding to the A-helix region that was soluble in water. A peptide termed the AB domain was constructed spanning the A- and B-helix sequences. The AB domain is not soluble in water, but shows extensive helix formation throughout the peptide when dissolved in methanol, with a break in the helix at a site close to the A-B helix junction in the intact folded myoglobin protein. With the exception of one local preference for a turn conformation stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, the peptides corresponding to turns in the folded protein do not measurably populate beta-turn conformations in water, and the addition of trifluoroethanol does not enhance the formation of either helical or turn structure. In contrast to the series of peptides described here, either studies of peptides from the GH region of myoglobin show a marked tendency to populate helical structures (H), nascent helical structures (G), or turn conformations (GH peptide) in water solution. This region, together with the A-helix and part of the B-helix, has been shown to participate in an early folding intermediate. The complete analysis of conformational properties of isolated myoglobin peptides supports the hypothesis that spontaneous secondary structure formation in local regions of the polypeptide may play an important role in the initiation of protein folding.
XGlycScan: An Open-source Software For N-linked Glycosite Assignment, Quantification and Quality Assessment of Data from Mass Spectrometry-based Glycoproteomic Analysis.

Mass spectrometry based glycoproteomics has become a major means of identifying and characterizing previously N-linked glycan attached loci (glycosites). In the bottomup approach, several factors which include but not limited to sample preparation, mass spectrometry analyses, and protein sequence database searches result in previously N-linked peptide spectrum matches (PSMs) of varying lengths. Given that multiple PSMs map to a glycosite, we reason that identified PSMs are varying length peptide species of a unique set of glycosites. Because associated spectra of these PSMs are typically summed separately, true glycosite associated spectra counts are lost or complicated. Also, these varying length peptide species complicate protein inference as smaller sized peptide sequences are more likely to map to more proteins than larger sized peptides or actual glycosite sequences. Here, we present XGlycScan. XGlycScan maps varying length peptide species to glycosites to facilitate an accurate quantification of glycosite associated spectra counts. We observed that this reduced the variability in reported identifications of mass spectrometry technical replicates of our sample dataset. We also observed that mapping identified peptides to glycosites provided an assessment of search-engine identification. Inherently, XGlycScan reported glycosites reduce the complexity in protein inference. We implemented XGlycScan in the platform independent Java programming language and have made it available as open source. XGlycScan’s source code is freely available at https:// bitbucket.org/paiyetan/xglycscan/src and its compiled binaries and documentation can be freely downloaded at https://bitbucket.org/paiyetan/xglycscan/downloads. The graphical user interface version can also be found at https://bitbucket.org/ paiyetan/xglycscangui/src and https://bitbucket.org/paiyetan/xglycscangui/ downloads respectively.
STAMPING RHEOLOGY OF GLASS MAT REINFORCED THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES

Glass mat reinforced thermoplastics (GMTs) offer a useful combination of mechanical properties and formability. In principle, these composites may be based on any thermoplastic matrix. In practice, matrix selection is limited because of its impact on the manufacturing and compression molding processes. In this work an isothermal squeezing flow technique is used to determine the apparent biaxial extensional viscosities of polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate, and polypropylene-based GMTs. Experimental load-deformation data are interpreted by treating the GMTs as viscous, incompressible Newtonian fluids. Two primary effects are observed: (1) the composites appear to strain harden as they are deformed, and (2) GMT apparent biaxial extensional viscosities correlate with the high rate of deformation shear viscosities of the matrices. A mechanism that explains the second result is proposed.
PhotoActive Dye Insecticide Formulations: Adjuvants Increase Toxicity to Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The efficacy of photo active dyes as insecticides depends on the ingestion of the dye by the target insect and the activity of the dye at sensitive sites or on essential chemical functions. The site of this activity in insects is not understood, but we have found that certain chemical additives enhance the toxicity of phloxine B in the Mexican fruit fly. A series of tests with commercial adjuvants was performed under laboratory conditions that demonstrated a multifold decrease in the LD50 of phloxine B concentration and a decrease in the time required for photodynamic action to kill the flies. A total of 22 commercial adjuvants was tested. Of these, six were selected for evaluation under field cage conditions in comparison with a non-insecticide control bait (no treatment) and a phloxine B check bait with no adjuvant. Mortality was estimated by counting dead flies, feeding was estimated by fly counts at feeding stations, survival was estimated by trapping flies after the treatment period. In all cases the adjuvants increased the rate of mortality and decreased numbers surviving the treatment. Significant differences between adjuvants and both check and control were observed for mortality rates and the three best adjuvants, SM-9, Kinetic, and Tween60, induced significantly more mortality than the other adjuvants, the control, or the check. Feeding rates and survival rates indicated that the adjuvants increase the effectiveness of phloxine B in a predictable manner. The adjuvants appear to be active inside the insect rather than increasing the solubility of the dye in the bait medium. We propose that the addition of 1% vol:vol of the best adjuvant, Tween60 to the proteinaceous bait with 0.5% phloxine B will enhance toxicity as well as improve mixing and other characteristics of the bait.