cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endodontic problems in an overdenture population

in one bruxist in our library of more than 300 natural dentition subjects, suggesting that flat occlusion over extended time may lead to increased side shift in the TMJ. 4. Articulators for constructing dentures should be capable of large side shift settings. 5. Nonworking-side side shift was greater on the left than on the right side for the denture wearers. 6. In the denture wearers, the working-side condylar movements were greater with a more lateral protrusive component than in the natural dentition subjects. The working-side movements were relatively limited, sometimes with a slightly lateral retrusive component.
Effects of zinc toxicity on thyroid function and histology in broiler chicks.

Abstract Mechanisms of zinc (Zn) toxicity are incompletely understood and data regarding potential endocrine alterations in Zn toxicity are scarce. To examine mechanisms of Zn toxicity, day-old chicks were pair-fed diets containing 5280 ppm (Hz) or 73 ppm (CON) Zn. Impaired postnatal growth, independent of feed consumption, and multiple endocrinopathies were observed following short-term (1–2 weeks) exposure to the high Zn diet. Reduced levels of serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and growth hormone were associated with HZ feeding. Depressed levels of circulating thyroid hormones and histological evidence that follicle area of thyroids from HZ birds was 63% less than CON indicated that impaired growth of HZ birds may be caused, in part, by reduced thyroidal function.
WAIS factor pattern for neuropsychiatric inpatients.

The current study examines the factor pattern of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale for a sample of 151 neuropsychiatric inpatients (97 men, 54 women). As expected, these patients performed less well on all 11 of the subtests and ranged from .60 to 1.54 SD below normative standards. These patients were neither more variable nor were the intercorrelations among the subtests lower than those of the normative group. As in previous research, maximum likelihood factor analyses revealed the presence of a Verbal Comprehension dimension and a Perceptual Organization dimension, factors that were moderately correlated (.60). The stability of a two-factor solution for the WAIS in this population and its implications for the inclusion of the WAIS as a component of a neuropsychological assessment paradigm are discussed.
Reactivity and pH dependence of thiol conjugation to N-ethylmaleimide: detection of a conformational change in chalcone isomerase

The reactivity of simple alkyl thiolates with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) follows the Bronsted equation, log kS- = log G + beta pK, with G = 790 M-1 min-1 and beta = 0.43. The rate constant for the reaction of the thiolate of 2-mercaptoethanol with NEM is 10(7) M-1 min-1, whereas the rate constant for the reaction of the protonated thiol is less than 0.0002 M-1 min-1. The intrinsic reactivity of the protonated thiol (SH) is over (5 X 10(10]-fold less than the thiolate (S-) and makes a negligible contribution to the reactivity of thiols toward NEM. The rate of NEM modification of chalcone isomerase was conveniently measured by following the concomitant loss in enzymatic activity. The pseudo-first-order rate constants for inactivation show a linear dependence on the concentration of NEM up to 200 mM and yield no evidence for noncovalent binding of NEM to the enzyme. Evidence is presented demonstrating that the modification of chalcone isomerase by NEM is limited to a single cysteine residue over a wide range of pH. Kinetic protection against inactivation and modification by NEM is provided by competitive inhibitors and supports the assignment of this cysteine residue to be at or near the active site of chalcone isomerase. The pH dependence of inactivation of the enzyme by NEM indicates a pK of 9.2 for the cysteine residue in chalcone isomerase. At high pH, the enzymatic thiolate is only (3 X 10(-5))-fold as reactive as a low molecular weight alkyl thiolate of the same pK, suggesting a large steric inhibition of reaction on the enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Breastfeeding intentions and practices among the different vegetarian groups in the United States (1016.8)

The study assessed the breastfeeding (BF) intentions and practices among the different types of vegetarian women in the United States. This was a cross-sectional online survey. The survey was email...
Specification and analysis of system architecture using Rapide

Rapide is an event-based, concurrent, object-oriented language specifically designed for prototyping system architectures. Two principle design goals are: (1) to provide constructs for defining executable prototypes of architectures and (2) to adopt an execution model in which the concurrency, synchronization, dataflow, and timing properties of a prototype are explicitly represented. This paper describes the partially ordered event set (poset) execution model and outlines with examples some of the event-based features for defining communication architectures and relationships between architectures. Various features of Rapide are illustrated by excerpts from a prototype of the X/Open distributed transaction processing reference architecture. >
New Approach to Bottleneck Capacity Analysis: Final Report

This report describes the development and evaluation of a new approach to capacity analysis for freeway bottlenecks that is intended as an alternative to the traditional Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) method. One- and two-stage models of pre-queue and queue discharge flow (PQF and QDF) were valuated by comparing their performance with each other and with the bottleneck capacities estimated using the HCM method. While the one- and two-stage models were better able to predict PQF and QDF better than the HCM method at the sites used to develop the models, neither type of model was successful in explaining variations in capacity flows at additional sites used for verification. The report recommends that bottleneck capacity analyses continue to be based on existing HCM modes. However, these methods should be supplemented through using a look-up table based on the means and standard deviations of PQF and QDF for sites with particular numbers of lanes.
Curvilinear associations between benefit finding and psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer

Two previously studied cohorts of women with nonmetastatic breast cancer (Ns = 230 and 136) were reexamined. Participants were assessed during the year after surgery and 5-8 years later. Associations were examined between benefit finding (BF) and several indicators of psychosocial adjustment (e.g., perceived quality of life, positive affect, negative affect, social disruption, and intrusive thoughts). Significant curvilinear relations between BF and other outcomes were observed cross-sectionally during initial assessment and at long-term follow-up in both samples. Compared with the intermediate BF group, low and high BF groups had better psychosocial adjustment. Further analyses indicated that the high BF group reported higher optimism and more use of positive reframing and religious coping than the other BF groups. Discussion highlights the need to examine nonlinear as well as linear relationships.
An important first step A standard curriculum for the neurology clerkship

This issue of Neurology includes as a Special Article a consensus paper on the Neurology Clerkship Core Curriculum by Gelb et al.1 Approved by the American Academy of Neurology, the American Neurological Association, and the Association of University Professors of Neurology, the article is the work of the Consortium of Neurology Clerkship Directors and the Undergraduate Education Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. It is a landmark publication. Building on earlier recommendations concerning the neurology clerkship,2-6⇓⇓⇓⇓ Gelb et al.1 present the broad consensus of virtually every leading neurologist teaching medical students. It is remarkable for its focus on neurologic symptoms as the starting point for patient evaluation and the emphasis on the most common neurologic symptoms, signs, and diseases. Equally noteworthy is that it targets skills, the actual deployment of knowledge, in the clinical setting. Gelb et al.1 address the education of all future physicians: the common knowledge base and skill set that should be required. Before its acceptance for publication, the paper also was extensively peer-reviewed by the Neurology editorial office. National leaders of neurology in the United States and other countries, as well as leaders of family medicine and emergency medicine, were asked to review the curriculum and the framework of its presentation. The result is an article that can help in curricular planning by neurologists in the open forum of medical school-wide curriculum planning. Gelb …
A novel theory of SAR image restoration and enhancement with ICA

Active radar sensing is an important method of obtaining inventory information about remote and cloud-covered areas of the world. However, automatic interpretation of SAR images is often difficult due to speckle noise. Appearing as a random granular pattern, speckles seriously degrade the image quality and affect the task of human interpretation and scene analysis. For this kind of speckle removal problem, one of the difficulties is to overcome the tradeoff between noise reduction and preserving significant image details. In this paper, a novel theory of SAR image restoration and enhancement with independent component analysis (ICA) is proposed. We assume that the speckle noise in SAR images comes from a different signal source, which accompanies but is independent (their statistical characteristics are not same.) of the "true signal source" (image details). Thus the speckle removal problem can also he described as "signal source separation" problem. Then in order to enhance the "true signal source", we classify the basis images and span them into two different signal subspaces, namely "true signal subspace" and "speckle subspace". Finally we build different nonlinear estimators in each signal subspace to recover the original image. In our experiments, the SAR images consist of nine channels of images. We compare our method with two other well known speckle reduction approaches (Kuan filter and Lee filter). The results show that with our method the speckle noise is efficiently removed while at the same time important details (edges in particular) are retained without introducing artificial structures. We further calculate the ratio of standard deviation to mean (SD/Mean) for each image and use it as a criterion for image quality and find that the improvement with our method is more evident for images with ''high level speckle noise"
Mixed ruminal microbes of cattle produce isopropanol in the presence of acetone but not 3-D-hydroxybutyrate.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the ability of mixed rumen microbes to synthesize isopropanol from acetone or 3-d-hydroxybutyrate. Rumen fluid from seven mature, nonpregnant, dry Holstein cows was incubated with starch or cellulose and additions of acetone, 3-d-hydroxybutyrate, or saline. Rumen fluid was analyzed for isopropanol after 0, 3, 6, and 9h. No isopropanol was present in any sample at 0h, and none was present in incubations containing saline or 3-d-hydroxybutyrate at any subsequent time. Incubations that included acetone produced small amounts of isopropanol from 0 to 3 and 3 to 6h and significantly larger amounts from 6 to 9h. With starch as the energy substrate, production from 6 to 9h was 3.8 μ mol/min per liter of rumen fluid and 3.7 μ mol/min per liter with cellulose as the energy substrate; however, these values did not differ significantly. Mixed rumen microbes could synthesize isopropanol from acetone but not from 3-d-hydroxybutyrate, and rumen microbial metabolism of acetone was the likely source of plasma isopropanol seen in ketotic ruminants.
Path based routing algorithm for ad hoc networks

In reactive routing protocols for ad hoc networks, the network wide flooding generates a significant amount of traffic overhead. The goal of This work is to reduce this overhead. We propose a path based route discovery scheme which can find a route to the destination with lower overhead than flooding-based route discovery. We also showed that the probability of finding a path to the destination by using path based routing request is not negligible. The path obtained through path based routing request may be far from optimal. Thus, we propose a route expanding scheme which can discover a better path based on the path discovered in path based routing discovery phase. By simulation, we showed that integrating these two schemes has better performance than existing reactive routing protocols like DSR.
Wellness without fairness: The missing link in psychology

To promote human welfare, psychologists must advance two important goals: wellness and fairness. Hitherto, research on wellness or well-being has discovered connections among overall satisfaction with life and important facets of life, such as relationships, income, and physical health, but the connections among various types of wellness and specific aspects of fairness remain obscure. Research on justice in psychology, in turn, has focused largely on the impact of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice on job performance and not so much on wellness outcomes. I argue that psychologists must explore in depth the association among various types of wellness, such as interpersonal, occupational, physical, and psychological, and diverse kinds of fairness, such as distributive, procedural, interpersonal, cultural, developmental, retributive, and intrapersonal. The pursuit of wellness without fairness will not yield the outcomes individuals and communities need. We must make more explicit the relati...
Natural selection vs. random drift: evidence from temporal variation in allele frequencies in nature.

We have obtained monthly samples of two species, Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis, in a natural population from Napa County, California. In each species, about 300 genes have been assayed by electrophoresis for each of seven enzyme loci in each monthly sample from March 1972 to June 1975. Using statistical methods developed for the purpose, we have examined whether the allele frequencies at different loci vary in a correlated fashion. The methods used do not detect natural selection when it is deterministic (e.g., overdominance or directional selection), but only when alleles at different loci vary simultaneously in response to the same environmental variations. Moreover, only relatively large fitness differences (of the order of 15%) are detectable. We have found strong evidence of correlated allele frequency variation in 13-20% of the cases examined. We interpret this as evidence that natural selection plays a major role in the evolution of protein polymorphisms in nature.
Reasons for Choosing a Correction Officer Career

Correction officers represent a growing segment of the U.S. workforce, with more job openings today than there are applicants. However, there is scant scholarship on this subgroup of law enforcement personnel. In this study, 256 correction officer candidates completed a brief measure regarding their reasons for choosing a correctional career. We sought to (a) identify the reasons for choosing a correction career and determine whether these reasons differed from those identified in studies of police recruits, (b) determine whether race or gender played a role in career choice for correction officer candidates, and (c) evaluate the factor structure and psychometric validity of a scale that was previously used with police samples. Our results indicated that correction and police officer candidates diverge in terms of their reasons for seeking careers in law enforcement. Correction officer candidates placed greater importance on financial motivators, whereas police recruits indicated service as a primary factor in career choice. The scale demonstrated good initial estimates of psychometric validity, and the factor structure in the current sample differed from those found in studies with police recruits.
Targeted radionuclide therapy: proceedings of a joint workshop hosted by the National Cancer Institute and the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

The growing interest in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) for a broad range of applications is shared by a diverse group of medical professionals, including but not limited to physicians and basic scientists in several fields, as well as members of industry, regulatory bodies, and patients.
Can anthropometric measurements and diet analysis serve as useful tools to determine risk factors for insulin-resistant diabetes type 2 among white and black Americans?

Abstract Objective Central obesity is implicated in the development of insulin resistance by increasing insulin demand and eventually leading to hyperinsulinemia. Anthropometric measurements have been helpful in determining the risk factors in developing diabetes mellitus type 2. In this study we investigated whether anthropometric measurements differ among diabetics of different races. We also evaluated whether nutrient intake of these individuals was related to anthropometric measurement changes. Methods Subjects were recruited from four groups: white control ( n = 10), black control ( n = 10), white diabetic ( n = 5), and black diabetic ( n = 10). The diabetic subjects had type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance on insulin monotherapy (age and sex matched). The following determinations were made: diet analysis, body mass index (kg/m 2 ), the ratio of waist (umbilical level) to hip (maximum at buttocks) circumference, the ratio of waist to thigh (mid-thigh), and body fat percentage. Results The micronutrient consumption was fairly similar in all groups with the exception of vitamin A (greatest consumption in the white control group, P P Conclusion The type of fat consumed may be as important as the total fat consumption in the development of insulin resistance. The diet analysis can provide valuable information about the dietary habits of an individual and the possible causes of metabolic problems leading to a disease state. However, genetic factors must be considered when looking at diabetes incidence in different ethnic groups. For example, even though the black diabetic group consumed less fat in comparison with the other groups, their body fat percentages were higher. Therefore, we cannot conclude that high fat intake is primarily responsible for increased body fat percentage. Although anthropometric measurements are a useful tool in risk assessment, researchers should consider anatomic differences among different racial groups as covariables. Diet analysis when used in conjunction with anthropometric measurements can serve as a useful tool to detect whether metabolic alterations are related to dietary habits.
Four Gates to Castle Neos: A Native Framework for Architectural Inquiry

Various dimensions of architectural investigation are inherently hindered by the lack of a native framework. Consequently, what counts as disciplinary advancement in architecture has seldom risen to the towers of novel truth-value or the ramparts of reliability as in other disciplines. Architectural knowledge as a whole seems to be mired in a treacherous moat of crocodiles where sharp teeth are often what matters most. This paper proposes a new framework wherein four separate gates of investigation lead to the citadelof new wisdom, Castle Neos. Those gates are named Research, Design, Forensics, and Education. Each mode of investigation constitutes a worthy activity that opens a gate to significant architectural contributions. Each mode is also articulated by its own methods, strategies, settings, and tactics; as well as its own measures of truth value, novelty, and generalizability. The inclusive term “inquiry” is used here to both distinguish and integrate the equal bases of the four investigations. Formulation of that proposed framework for architecture constitutes a descriptive and normative theory because it explains the unique nature of architectural inquiry and offers a coherent means for incorporating it into current disciplinary knowledge. One pair of castle gates opens to the north and to the south: Design and Research. The short but broad connecting street between them crosses at Analysis Lane and Synthesis Court, but along the way, Philosophers Row and Method Way vary as to your right and left according to your gate of arrival. Another primary road connects the West Forensic Gateway to the East Education Portal. Spread across the four quadrants of the castle, the intersecting alleys and by-ways abound with a variety of productive investigations.
Increase in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children Associated With Shortage of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

The authors investigated the impact of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) shortage on the rate of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Vaccination status and number of doses delivered was determined. Regression analysis using an exponential decay model was used to predict the expected rate of IPD in the shortage period if IPD continued to decline at the same rate as in the availability period. The rate of IPD decreased from 15.5 to 6.5 with vaccine availability (P < .00001) and increased to 7.2 with shortage (P = .69). Based on the model, IPD rate would have been 3.6 if the decrease continued at the same rate when there was no shortage; this was statistically significant (95% prediction interval, 2.7-4.1). The rate of IPD correlated directly with the number of PCV7 doses delivered, r = -.98. Continuous availability of the PCV7 would have resulted in a statistically significant lower IPD rate compared to the measured IPD rate in the vaccine shortage period.
Regulation by GDI of RhoA/Rho-kinase-induced Ca2+sensitization of smooth muscle myosin II

We characterized the role of guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) in RhoA/Rho-kinase-mediated Ca2+ sensitization of smooth muscle. Endogenous contents (∼2–4 μM) of RhoA and RhoGDI were n...
Pseudorabies Virus Infection Alters Neuronal Activity and Connectivity In Vitro

Alpha-herpesviruses, including human herpes simplex virus 1 & 2, varicella zoster virus and the swine pseudorabies virus (PRV), infect the peripheral nervous system of their hosts. Symptoms of infection often include itching, numbness, or pain indicative of altered neurological function. To determine if there is an in vitro electrophysiological correlate to these characteristic in vivo symptoms, we infected cultured rat sympathetic neurons with well-characterized strains of PRV known to produce virulent or attenuated symptoms in animals. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made at various times after infection. By 8 hours of infection with virulent PRV, action potential (AP) firing rates increased substantially and were accompanied by hyperpolarized resting membrane potentials and spikelet-like events. Coincident with the increase in AP firing rate, adjacent neurons exhibited coupled firing events, first with AP-spikelets and later with near identical resting membrane potentials and AP firing. Small fusion pores between adjacent cell bodies formed early after infection as demonstrated by transfer of the low molecular weight dye, Lucifer Yellow. Later, larger pores formed as demonstrated by transfer of high molecular weight Texas red-dextran conjugates between infected cells. Further evidence for viral-induced fusion pores was obtained by infecting neurons with a viral mutant defective for glycoprotein B, a component of the viral membrane fusion complex. These infected neurons were essentially identical to mock infected neurons: no increased AP firing, no spikelet-like events, and no electrical or dye transfer. Infection with PRV Bartha, an attenuated circuit-tracing strain delayed, but did not eliminate the increased neuronal activity and coupling events. We suggest that formation of fusion pores between infected neurons results in electrical coupling and elevated firing rates, and that these processes may contribute to the altered neural function seen in PRV-infected animals.
Additive Effects of Anxiety and Depression on Body Mass Index among Blacks: Role of Ethnicity and Gender

Background: Most studies on mental health associates of obesity have focused on depression and less is known about the role of anxiety in obesity. Objectives: This study compared the additive effects of General Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) on Body Mass Index (BMI) across subpopulations of Blacks based on the intersection of ethnicity and gender. Methods: Data came from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 2001 - 2003. The participants consisted of 3,570 African Americans and 1,621 Caribbean Blacks. Twelvemonth MDD and GAD were determined using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Levels of BMI were categorized based on being equal to or larger than 25, 30, 35, and 40 kg/m 2 . We fitted linear regression models specific for our groups, which were defined based on the intersection of ethnicity and gender. Additionally, age, education, marital status, employment, and region were controlled. Results: Among Caribbean Black men and African American women, lifetime GAD, but not MDD, was associated with high BMI. Among Caribbean Black women, lifetime MDD, but not GAD, was associated with high BMI. Conclusions: Intersection of ethnicity and gender may determine how anxiety and depression are associated with BMI among Blacks. Sub-populations of Blacks (e.g. based on ethnicity and gender) may have specific mental health determinants or consequences of obesity. Future research should investigate how and why the additive effects of anxiety and depression on obesity vary across ethnic and gender groups of Blacks. ►Implication for health policy/ practice/ research/ medical education: Anxiety and depression should be evaluated among Blacks who are obese. Yet, screening of anxiety and depression among Blacks with obesity should be tailored based on their ethnicity and gender. Among Caribbean black men and African American women, anxiety but not depression may be linked to body mass index. Among Caribbean black women, depression but not anxiety may be associated with high body mass index.
Neotropical nymphoides (Menyanthaceae): Meso-American and west indian species

Studies ofNymphoides (Menyanthaceae) in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies indicate that three species are present in this region, all of which are members of theNymphoides indica complex. White-flowered plants of Meso-America, the Antilles, and South America traditionally have been referred toN. humboldtiana but are identical to the otherwise Old WorldN. indica and must be called by the latter name. The Mexican and GuatemalanNymphoides fallax, described in this paper, differs fromN. indica in having winged yellow petals with a stipitate basal tuft of hairs, consistently yellow anthers, larger seeds, and higher altitudinal occurrence. Yellow-flowered plants of the Bahamas and Cuba are considered to represent a third species,N. grayana, which resembles plants of southern Brazil and southern Africa in flower color and morphology. However, because of the geographic distribution and unique ultraviolet-light emittance characters ofN. grayana and the still uncertain relationships of the Brazilian and African populations, this third taxon is provisionally retained at the specific level pending further study of those populations.
Taxation in a Lockean World

'Tis true governments cannot be supported without great charge, and it is fit everyone who enjoys a share of the protection should pay out of his estate his proportion for the maintenance of it. But still it must be with his own consent, i.e., the consent of the majority giving it either by themselves or their representatives chosen by them. For if any one shall claim a power to lay and levy taxes on the people, by his own authority, and without such consent of the people, he thereby invades the fundamental law of property and subverts the end of government. For what property have I in that which another may by right take when he pleases to himself.
Correlation between physicochemical characteristics and binding capacities of chitosan products

: Physicochemical characteristics (molecular weight, nitrogen, ash, degree of deacetylation, bulk density, viscosity, and residual amino acids) of 6 commercial chitosans differed with products. Significant correlations were observed between molecular weight and viscosity and between nitrogen and degree of deacetylation. Binding capacities of water, fat, and three different dyes also varied depending on the products. Results of correlations between binding capacities and physicochemical characteristics indicated that both water and fat binding capacities were significantly negatively correlated with bulk density. In addition, fat binding capacity showed a significant correlation with viscosity. Significant negative correlations were observed between dye binding capacities of three red, yellow, and blue dyes and ash.
Performance analysis of resilient dynamic feedback H 2 controllers for discrete-time systems

In this work, a procedure is presented for performance analysis intended to evaluate the resilience and H 2 norm bound of discrete-time systems controlled by full-order dynamic feedback compensators. Acceptable performance is specified by disks in the complex plane within which the eigenvalues of the controller and the observer remain in the presence of perturbations in the controller and observer gains. Maximum gain perturbation bounds can be obtained based on the designer's choices of controller and observer eigenvalue regions and the resulting H 2 -norm bound is calculated. The linear matrix inequality technique is used throughout the analysis process. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Z-axis optomechanical accelerometer

We demonstrate a z-axis accelerometer which uses waveguided light to sense proof mass displacement. The accelerometer consists of two stacked rings (one fixed and one suspended above it) forming an optical ring resonator. As the upper ring moves due to z-axis acceleration, the effective refractive index changes, changing the optical path length and therefore the resonant frequency of the optical mode. The optical transmission changes with acceleration when the laser is biased on the side of the optical resonance. This silicon nitride “Cavity-enhanced OptoMechanical Accelerometer” (COMA) has a sensitivity of 22 percent-per-g optical modulation for our highest optical quality factor (Q 0 ) devices.
Effect of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose on gastrointestinal transit and luminal viscosity in dogs

Abstract The effects of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose on upper gastrointestinal transit, viscosity, and water flux were studied in six dogs fistulated at the proximal duodenum and/or mid-jejunum. Combinations of different grades of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose were prepared as 2% or 3.3% solutions to yield input viscosities of low (approximately 5000 cp at 37°C and 1 s −1 ), medium (15,000 cp), or high (30,000 cp) viscosity. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose modified intralumenal viscosity, with a linear relationship existing between input and lumenal viscosity. With regard to transit, the lag time before the onset of chyme recovery increased linearly as a function of luminal viscosity. There was also a pronounced decrease in the first-order emptying rate constant as lumenal viscosity increased from water to low-viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, but as viscosity was further increased there was little additional change. These results indicate that watersoluble fibers can exert a significant influence on both the lumenal viscosity and the transit profile in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
A 500 MHz ATE pin driver

A monolithic pin driver with a rise/fall time of 1.75 ns at 5 Vpp, fabricated on a dielectrically isolated, complementary bipolar, polysilicon emitter process, is described. This pin driver circuit consists of a switch, an output buffer, and two differential control elements. A two-stage approach, separating the switch from the output buffer, allows the speed and accuracy requirements of the switch to be decoupled from the load driving capability of the buffer. The circuit performance is discussed. >
Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment

The natural spectrum of electromagnetic variations surrounding Earth extends across an enormous frequency range and is controlled by diverse physical processes. Electromagnetic (EM) induction studies make use of external field variations with frequencies ranging from the solar cycle which has been used for geomagnetic depth sounding through the 10 $$^{-4}$$ –10 $$^4$$ Hz frequency band widely used for magnetotelluric and audio-magnetotelluric studies. Above 10 $$^4$$ Hz, the EM spectrum is dominated by man-made signals. This review emphasizes electromagnetic sources at $$\sim$$ 1 Hz and higher, describing major differences in physical origin and structure of short- and long-period signals. The essential role of Earth’s internal magnetic field in defining the magnetosphere through its interactions with the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field is briefly outlined. At its lower boundary, the magnetosphere is engaged in two-way interactions with the underlying ionosphere and neutral atmosphere. Extremely low-frequency (3 Hz–3 kHz) electromagnetic signals are generated in the form of sferics, lightning, and whistlers which can extend to frequencies as high as the VLF range (3–30 kHz).The roughly spherical dielectric cavity bounded by the ground and the ionosphere produces the Schumann resonance at around 8 Hz and its harmonics. A transverse resonance also occurs at 1.7–2.0 kHz arising from reflection off the variable height lower boundary of the ionosphere and exhibiting line splitting due to three-dimensional structure. Ground and satellite observations are discussed in the light of their contributions to understanding the global electric circuit and for EM induction studies.
Radon-Nikodym Derivatives with Respect to Wiener Measure

Let W(t;ω) denote the n-dimensional Wiener process, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, inducing the Wiener measure on C= C(0, 1) as we have indicated. Let ϕ(ω) denote a (Borel) measurable function mapping into C into C. Then ϕ(·) induces a measure on the Borel sets of C given by: $${p_\varphi }(B)\; = \;{p_W}({\varphi ^{ - 1}}(B))$$ where pW denotes the Wiener measure. For example, often ϕ(·) may be defined by means of a stochastic integral: $$x(t;\omega ) = L(t)\smallint _0^tM(s)dW(S;\omega )$$ where say the functions L(·), M(·) are continuous. Of particular importance is to determine when the induced measure is absolutely continuous with respect to Wiener measure, and then to evaluate the Radon-Nikodym derivative+. In the present volume we shall mostly be concerned with the case where ϕ(·) is a linear transformation (or affine transformation).
The role of fetal inflammatory response syndrome and fetal anemia in nonpreventable term neonatal encephalopathy.

The role of fetal inflammatory response syndrome and fetal anemia in nonpreventable term neonatal encephalopathy
Ontogenetic propulsive transitions by Sarsia tubulosa medusae

ABSTRACT While swimming in their natural environment, marine organisms must successfully forage, escape from predation, and search for mates to reproduce. In the process, planktonic organisms interact with their fluid environment, generating fluid signatures around their body and in their downstream wake through ontogeny. In the early stages of their life cycle, marine organisms operate in environments where viscous effects dominate and govern physical processes. Ontogenetic propulsive transitions in swimming organisms often involve dramatic changes in morphology and swimming behavior. However, for organisms that do not undergo significant changes in morphology, swimming behavior or propulsive mode, how is their swimming performance affected? We investigated the ontogenetic propulsive transitions of the hydromedusa Sarsia tubulosa , which utilizes jet propulsion and possesses a similar bell morphology throughout its life cycle. We used digital particle image velocimetry and high-speed imaging to measure the body kinematics, velocity fields and wake structures induced by swimming S. tubulosa with bell exit diameters from 1 to 10 mm. Our experimental observations revealed three distinct classes of hydrodynamic wakes: elongated vortex rings for 10 Re Re >30 (larger than 2 mm bell exit diameter) and elliptical vortex rings (or leading vortex rings) followed by trailing jets for most instances where Re >100 (larger than 4 or 5 mm bell exit diameter). The relative travel distance and propulsive efficiency remained unchanged throughout ontogeny, and the swimming proficiency and hydrodynamic cost of transport decreased non-linearly.
Why inner-city high-school students attend after-school physical activity clubs

Objective:The population of young people most vulnerable to low levels of physical activity (e.g. urban/minority/low socio-economic status/female/non-athletes) often has the least access to physical activity opportunities and resources. It has been suggested that a comprehensive, school-based approach, including prudent use of time before, during and after the school day may be an effective way to increase overall physical activity, but little is known about why urban students voluntarily participate in these extracurricular programmes. Using social cognitive theory as a framework, this study examines urban high-school students’ rationale for attending after-school physical activity clubs designed to provide fun, safe, supportive places to do physical activities with friends.Design and setting:Qualitative study in an urban school district.Method:Over a 2-year period, adult leaders within 14 inner-city schools in a large urban district in the Midwest USA held 938 physical activity club sessions targeting t...
From a Duty to Retreat to Stand Your Ground: The Race and Gender Politics of Do-It-Yourself-Defense

This article explores the historical and ideological roots of the recent proliferation of Stand Your Ground laws (through more than half the states) and their disproportionately devastating effects...
Effectiveness of Injection of Different times and Doses of HBIG on Preventing Mother-to-Child HBV Transmission During Pregnancy

Objective To observe the effectiveness of different immunization procedures and different doses of hepatitis B immune globulin(HBIG) on blocking HBV intrauterine transmission.Methods One hundred and thirty-five pregnant women,who were diagnosed with positive hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) in Department of Obstetrics,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Xiangtan City from June 2008 to June 2011,were selected as the study objects.They were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group and two HBIG blocking groups(groups A and B),(each n=45).Blood specimens of all neonates were tested for HBsAg and HBeAg by enzyme immunoassay.Results The rate of HBV intrauterine infection in groups A and B(14.4%) was significantly lower than that in control group(37.8%),(P0.05).The rate of HBV intrauterine infection of newborns from HBsAg and HBeAg double-positive mother in group A(35.7%) was lower than that of control group(100%),and the rate of group B(64.5%) was also lower than that of control group,but no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups.Conclusions HBV infection in the uterus may be interrupted by injecting intramuscular HBIG injections before delivery,and more efficacy may be found using various HBIG doses according to different HBV viremia.
Point of Care Measurement of Lactate

Lactate is generated as a consequence of anaerobic glycolysis by all tissues of the body. Increased l-lactate, the isoform produced by most mammals, reflects increased anaerobic metabolism secondary to tissue hypoperfusion or tissue hypoxia in most clinical situations, and is called type A lactic acidosis. The utility of lactate measurement and serial lactate monitoring in veterinary patients has been demonstrated in multiple studies. Blood lactate concentration is significantly elevated in many disease processes including septic peritonitis, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, Babesiosis, trauma, gastric dilation and volvulus, and intracranial disease. Lactate clearance can be used to assess response to fluid therapy, cardiovascular therapeutics, and blood product transfusion in patients affected by type A lactic acidosis. Lactate concentration in peritoneal, pericardial, and synovial fluid can also be used as a diagnostic tool. Point of care analyzers such as the Lactate Pro, Lactate Scout, Accutrend, iSTAT, and Lactate Plus have been shown to be accurate lactate measurement instruments in small animal patients.
The Architecture of the Roman Triumph: Monuments, Memory, and Identity

This book offers the first critical study of the architecture of the Roman triumph, ancient Rome's most important victory ritual. Through case studies ranging from the republican to imperial periods, it demonstrates how powerfully monuments shaped how Romans performed, experienced, and remembered triumphs and, consequently, how Romans conceived of an urban identity for their city. Monuments highlighted Roman conquests of foreign peoples, enabled Romans to envision future triumphs, made triumphs more memorable through emotional arousal of spectators, and even generated distorted memories of triumphs that might never have occurred. This book illustrates the far-reaching impact of the architecture of the triumph on how Romans thought about this ritual and, ultimately, their own place within the Mediterranean world. In doing so, it offers a new model for historicizing the interrelations between monuments, individual and shared memory, and collective identities.
Industrial Co-operation

Industrial co-operation is a rapidly expanding sphere of East-West economic and technological collaboration and it is a more systematic and lasting form of inter-enterprise dealings than conventional trading relations. This association consists in reciprocally matching or joint pursuits in such fields of interest to the partner enterprises as research and development (R & D), know-how, investment, production, the construction of projects, the training of specialists and marketing.
Forecasting Turbidity during Streamflow Events for Two Mid-Atlantic U.S. Streams

Short-term streamflow forecasting is a widely used and important aspect of modern water management. In contrast, routine operational forecasting of stream water quality remains relatively limited. Turbidity is a commonly-monitored, key water-quality parameter. It can often be used to estimate other water-quality parameters and can serve as an overall indicator of stream environmental health. In this study, short-term (3-day) turbidity forecasts during streamflow events for two Mid-Atlantic U.S. streams were produced using a combination of forecast discharge, precipitation and air temperature, together with observations leading up to the issue time of the forecast. The turbidity forecast error was found to be relatively constant with lead time and significantly less than the persistence reference error for nearly all lead times. The turbidity forecast uncertainty due to streamflow forecast uncertainty was also evaluated. Potential future improvements for the example turbidity forecasts presented here are discussed. This study demonstrates for the first time that currently-available inputs (i.e., forecast discharge, precipitation and air temperature) can yield useful stream turbidity forecasts.
Etiologies of hemoptysis in children: A systematic review of 171 patients.

SummaryObjective To provide prevalence rates for the most common causes of hemoptysis in children. Data Sources A systematic review of articles from PubMed, the OVID Cochrane Reviews (1960–2015), and EMBASE (1991–2015) was undertaken. Additional articles were identified by reviewing the bibliographies of selected studies. Search terms included hemoptysis, children, and humans. Study Selection Only case studies and cohorts that examined the causes of hemoptysis in children (birth to 21 years) were included; at least 10 patients were required of each study. Data Extraction Inclusion criteria, patient number, age range, patient source, and categorical and specific etiologies of hemoptysis were recorded. Data Synthesis From the 1,858 studies identified, seven were selected for inclusion. Eighty-nine percent of participants were found to have a specific etiology for hemoptysis. Of the categorical etiologies identified, infection (37.57%), “other causes” (31.79%), heart disease (6.36%), and neoplasia (4.05%) were the most common. Pneumonia, bronchitis, and pulmonary tuberculosis were the most common specific etiologies identified. Limitations By its nature, this study was subject to selection bias and under representation of specific etiologies. Conclusions Most pediatric patients presenting with hemoptysis have a specific etiology; pneumonia is the most common. A thorough history, physical exam, and focused laboratory evaluation is recommended for such patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016; 9999:XX–XX. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predicting Protein Submitochondrial Locations Using a K-Nearest Neighbors Method Based on the Bit-Score Weighted Euclidean Distance

Mitochondria are essential subcellular organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Knowing information on a protein’s subcellular or sub-subcellular location provides in-depth insights about the microenvironment where it interacts with other molecules and is crucial for inferring the protein’s function. Therefore, it is important to predict the submitochondrial localization of mitochondrial proteins. In this study, we introduced MitoBSKnn, a K-nearest neighbor method based on a bit-score weighted Euclidean distance, which is calculated from an extended version of pseudo-amino acid composition. We then improved the method by applying a heuristic feature selection process. Using the selected features, the final method achieved a 93% overall accuracy on the benchmarking dataset, which is higher than or comparable to other state-of-art methods. On a larger recently curated dataset, the method also achieved a consistent performance of 90% overall accuracy. MitoBSKnn is available at http://edisk.fandm.edu/jing.hu/mitobsknn/mitobsknn.html.
Dietary Components and Metabolic Dysfunction: Translating Preclinical Studies into Clinical Practice

The importance of diet in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome is well acknowledged [1–3] and may be crucial in the determination of cardiovascular risk and the development of cardiovascular complications [4–7].[...]
Semiconductor integrated circuit packaging technology challenges - next five years

This paper addresses many of the IC packaging technology challenges that need to be addressed during the next five years. This is the era of communications. consumer products are driving the majority of the electronics industry growth in the next decade; these products generally prioritize power over performance. Electronic products used in automotive applications are also showing steady growth rate. This trend combined with the proliferation of other electronic end equipments has resulted in a large diversity of new IC package types, each designed to meet a specific application or market. The introduction of advanced CMOS processes, with copper interconnect and ultra-low-k dielectrics, is also presenting major challenges from a silicon-packaging integration perspective. This is resulting in new requirements for up-front development and collaboration between package engineers and IC process development organizations. The emergence of system on chip, SoC, and system in package, SiP, is driving more complexity, functionality, and heterogeneous technology integration. Power has become a key technology hurdle, both at the silicon level, as well as at the packaging and system level. Thermal challenges are driving non traditional thermal management solutions. The increased complexity in many of these package families, combined with reduced time to market requirements, has created a need for automated package and chip co-design methodologies to achieve optimum electrical and mechanical reliability performance in final products.