cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorine in aluminosilicate systems: Phase relations in the system NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8-F2O−1

Abstract The liquidus phase equilibria of 0.9 NaAlSi3O8-0.1CaAl2Si2O8-F2O−1 was determined to 10 kbar for a composition with molar F (F + O) = 0.095 . The temperature of the liquidus is depressed by ~200°C at 1 bar, 2 kbar, and 10 kbar, relative to the volatile-free liquidus. Additional experiments were carried out at 2 kbar to examine the effects of increasing F content on phase equilibria. Increasing molar F (F + O) to 0.156 at fixed pressure decreases the temperature of the liquidus ~350°C from the temperature of the volatile-free liquidus. At constant F (F + O) (=0.095), XAn of the plagioclase coexisting with the liquid decreased from An30 at 1 atm to An22 at 2 kbar and to An17 at 10 kbar. Increasing fluorine content of the liquid at 2 kbar decreased the An content of the feldspar to a value of An13 in equilibrium with the liquid with F (F + O) = 0.156 . Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that the activity of NaAlSi3O8 in the liquid decreases with increasing fluorine content and concomitant decreasing temperature, but to a lesser extent than would be expected by the magnitude of the decrease in temperature. In contrast, the activity of CaAl2Si2O8 decreases to a greater extent than is attributable solely to the effect of temperature. The effect of fluorine is in marked contrast to that of H2O, which has little effect on the composition of the plagioclase in equilibrium with a melt of given (anhydrous) composition. Because of this, the degree of plagioclase fractionation in a fluorine-bearing, anhydrous system would be in considerable excess of estimates based solely on the fluorine-free anhydrous albite-anorthite system or the H2O-saturated albite-anorthite-H2O system. Rigorous application of these results to fractionation in late-stage, felsic systems will require additional experiments on the combined effects of H2O and F in Ca-bearing granitic systems.
Neuropsychiatry and neuroscience milestones for general psychiatry trainees.

For nearly 50 years, psychiatric thought leaders have suggested that advances in our understanding of the brain should lead psychiatry training to include more clinical neuroscience [1–13]. The importance to psychiatric training of a foundation in neurology has been acknowledged since at least 1939, when the predecessor of the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), the American Medical Association (AMA) Council on Medical Education and Hospitals, established the requirement that “a program of graduate studies should run concurrently with clinical instruction, covering the fundamentals of neuroanatomy, neuropathology, neurophysiology, psychobiology, and psychopathology [14].” In 1987, the ACGME and American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) initiated the current two-month neurology experience requirement. The 2007 ACGME ProgramRequirements in Psychiatry included little guidance as to the content or goals of this experience beyond “supervised clinical experience in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with neurological disorders/conditions” and the competencies and didactic components listed in Table 1. A number of trends in recent years argue strongly for increased attention to clinical neuroscience in psychiatric training:
Current techniques in surgical correction of congenital ptosis

Ptosis refers to vertical narrowing of the palpebral fissure secondary to drooping of the upper eyelid to a lower than normal position. Ptosis is considered congenital if present at birth or if it is diagnosed within the first year of life. Correction of congenital ptosis is one of the most difficult challenges ophthalmologists face. Multiple surgical procedures are available including, frontalis sling, levator advancement, Whitnall sling, frontalis muscle flap, and Mullerectomy. Selection of one technique over another depends on the consideration of several factors including the surgeon experience, the degree of ptosis in the patient, as well as the degree of levator muscle function. Current recommendations for the correction of congential ptosis vary based on clinical presentation. Advantages and disadvantages of each of these procedures are presented with recommendations to avoid complications.
Human genetics of GPR54

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a condition characterized by absence of sexual maturation in the setting of low sex steroids and low/normal gonadotropins. Despite its rarity, considerable genetic heterogeneity and phenotypic variability exists in this disorder. Loss of function mutations in a G protein coupled receptor, GPR54, have been shown to cause IHH. Although mutations in GPR54 are not a common cause of this condition, patients bearing mutations are critical to explore genotype-phenotype correlations and gene function. In this review, we will examine the human genetics studies of GPR54, the phenotypic implications of mutations in this gene, and the emerging roles of the kisspeptin/GPR54 pathway.
The Lattice Parameter and Density of Pure Tungsten

Because of the importance of knowing the values of these constants as accurately as possible, x-ray diffraction patterns were made for several samples differently treated as follows, (1) W plus 10 parts flour in comparison with NaCl in the other end of specimen tube; (2) the same in comparison with Au plus 10 parts flour, and (3) W plus 10 parts NaCl. The results agree within the reproducibility of the results,.001 to.003A, with the values previously obtained for lattice parameter ($\ensuremath{\alpha}=3.155\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}.001$) and density ($D=19.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}.02$).
Pregnancy-associated, lymphocyte-derived suppressor factor inhibits protein kinase C activity

Abstract For successful allogenic pregnancy to occur, suppression of maternal defense responses toward the fetus are vital. Suppressor factors elaborated by decidual cells or immune cells may facilitate this suppression. In order for appropriate cellular responses to occur an intact signal transduction/second messenger system must be present. The calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, Pk-C, plays an important role in regulating immune responses, and may also be important in regulating uterine cell responses and implantation events. Pk-C activation is necessary for IL-2 synthesis and IL-2 receptor synthesis through activation of the proto-oncogenes c- jun and c- fos . These proto-oncogene gene products combine to form the heterodimer AP-1 which then activates IL-2 gene transcription for both peptide and receptor. If Pk-C activity becomes abrogated then appropriate cell responsiveness is diminished. We have shown that Pk-C activity is decreased in the particulate fraction of 4–7 day pregnant spleen, thymus and draining lymph node (DLN) cells. Spleen cells did not exhibit any change in cytosolic Pk-C activity, the thymus was found to have a decrease in both cytosol and particulate fractions, and the DLN cells exhibited a translocation effect whereby particulate Pk-C decreased and cytosolic Pk-C activity increased. Supernatant from 3-day cultures of DLN cells from pregnant animals was shown to inhibit proliferation of spleen cells. In addition, the supernatant was able to directly lower Pk-C activity. We hypothesize that DLN cells secrete a factor(s) that is able to suppress immune response through abrogation of Pk-C activity, thereby decreasing AP-1 formation resulting in decreased IL-2 synthesis and IL-2 receptor synthesis.
Nepalese Migrants in the United States of America: Perspectives on their Exodus, Assimilation Pattern and Commitment to Nepal

The migration of Nepalis to the United States of America is a recent phenomenon that has not received serious academic attention to date. This paper sheds light on this migration flow by analysing data gathered through a survey of 61 Nepalese migrants in the US. There are five major conclusions to be drawn. First, the migration of Nepalis to the US has escalated over the last decade. Second, the migrants tend to be highly skilled. Third, a lack of educational and career opportunities, along with increased migrant networks and political instability in Nepal, are the major factors driving the surge. Fourth, survey data suggest a rapid assimilation of these migrants into the American mainstream. Finally, although skilled Nepalese migrants are less likely to remit to their families, they contribute significantly towards the development of Nepal through personal initiatives and participation in transnational organisations.
Management of a patient with Möbius syndrome: a case report.

Mobius syndrome is a rare congenital disorder with the primary diagnostic criteria of congenital facial and abducent nerve palsy. Orofacial anomalies and limb malformations may be associated with the disorder. Involvement of other cranial nerves also is common. Occasionally, the V, X, XI, and XII cranial nerves are involved, resulting in difficulty of chewing, swallowing, and coughing, which often leads to respiratory complications. Mental retardation and autism have been reported in some cases. An 18-year-old Hispanic male came to the General Practice Residency clinic at the University of Illinois at Chicago for dental treatment. The patient had a history of Mobius syndrome, mental retardation, and behavioral problems. Because of acute situational anxiety and violent behavior, we arranged for the patient to have general anesthesia while we provided complete oral rehabilitation. This article discusses the treatment of a patient, including special considerations taken during anesthesia and dental management. A review of the special challenges concerning patients with such a condition are reviewed.
Solution Medium Control of the Ru(bpy)32+/Methyl Viologen/EDTA Photochemical System

Abstract The value of φ(MV+·) from the photolysis of the Ru(bpy)32+/MV2+/EDTA system depends on the pH of the solution and the concentrations of the three components. The pairing of cations with EDTA in alkaline solution, and the formation of large aggregates at high substrate concentrations, affects the yields of redox products from the excited-state electron-transfer reaction. The degree of linearity of Stern-Volmer luminescence quenching plots, and the values of the quenching rate constants, are functions of solution medium.
Structural Polysaccharides In Molecular Architecture of Plant Cell Wallsfrom Algae to Hardwoods

The structural polysaccharides are a family of polymers of hexoses and pentoses that occur in all plant cell walls. The distinguishing characteristic of these polymers is a β-1,4-linked backbone. The most common among these is cellulose, which is the linear homopolymer of anhydroglucose. These polysaccharides are capable of aggregating into highly ordered structures that are the primary determinants of the mechanical and physical properties of cell walls. An overview of the variations in patterns. of structural-polysaccharide aggregation within cell walls is presented here. Among the majority of the algae cellulose is the dominant structural polysaccharide; thus the habit of aggregation is dominated by the patterns of cellulose. Among primitive plants, other structural polysaccharides represent a larger fraction of cell-wall mass and cellulose is less dominant. In woody tissues of higher plants, structural polysaccharides are the major components of the cell wall, and the patterns of aggregation are again dominated by the characteristic habits of cellulose. Within tile phylogenetic framework, higher levels of morphological development apparently involve greater complexity in the molecular architecture of the cell walls and a finer level of blending of the components of aggregates at the molecular level.
Application of an empirical dispersion potential to van der Waals binding in nitromethane, pentaerythritol, and pentaerythritol tetranitrate

Abstract The use of an empirical dispersion potential to accurately represent the van der Waals interaction in molecular crystals is discussed. Results for nitromethane, pentaerythritol (PE), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) are presented for equilibrium volumes using a variety of basis sets ranging in quality in the Crystal program. Agreement with experiment for equilibrium volumes is found to be within a few percent when the Grimme potential and a high-quality basis set is used.
Gel electrophoretic studies of photochemical cross-linking of type I collagen with brominated 1,8-naphthalimide dyes and visible light

Insoluble Type I collagen from bovine Achilles tendon (Sigma C9879) was suspended in a 3 mM solution of the dye diEd66Br dissolved in Cremophor ELR (BASF) to give a molecular concentration ratio. Fifty-microliter aliquots in 5-mm-diameter wells were exposed to 458 J/cm2 (225 mW/cm2, 1800 sec) of 457.9-nm light from an argon ion laser; similar aliquots with and without dye were kept in the dark to serve as controls. Following pelleting of the collagen by centrifugation and 3x washing in phosphate-buffered saline, aliquots of light-treated and control sample pellets were (1) digested in collagenase (Sigma C9891) or (2) extracted in 0.5 M acetic acid, followed by centrifugative ultrafiltration (10-kd cutoff) in 0.01 M acetic acid. Aliquots of the supernatant of the acid-extracted collagen also were digested in pepsin. Electrophoretic protein migration in 8% to 25% gradient polyacrylamide gels following SDS solubilization disclosed numerous, densely packed, essentially contiguous protein bands. These studies indicate that the dye and light treatment of insoluble Type I collagen (1) results in cross-linking of collagen molecules and (2) does not denature the trimer conformation sufficiently to enable significant digestion by pepsin.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanism of the effect of alkalosis on maximum oxygen uptake in hypoxic exercise.

Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) of rats is increased in alkalosis; this increase is larger in hypoxic than in normoxic exercise (Gonzalez et al. (1991b). J. Appl. Physiol., 71: 1050-1056). The objective of the present experiments was to determine the mechanism of this phenomenon. NaHCO3 (0.3 M, 9 mmol/kg) was given 15 min before exercise to rats acclimated to PB 380 Torr for 3 weeks (HxBic) and to normoxic rats (NxBic). Additional groups of acclimated and normoxic rats received 0.3 M NaCl (HxNaCl and NxNaCl, respectively). Hx rats exercised at PIO2 approximately 70 Torr; Nx rats at PIO2 approximately 140 Torr. VO2max was higher after NaHCO3 than after NaCl; this effect was larger in hypoxia. The increase in VO2max was mediated through an increased arterio-venous oxygen concentration difference ((Ca - Cv)O2), due, in turn, to a higher CaO2 without changes in CvO2. (Ca - Cv)O2 after NaHCO3 was larger in hypoxia because a change in pH results in a larger change in HbO2 saturation at the values prevalent in arterial blood of the hypoxic rats (i.e. PO2 approximately 40-50 Torr, SO2 50-60%), than at either the values of normoxic arterial blood or of venous blood during maximum exercise. These results suggest that an increase in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity improves oxygen uptake in the lungs during hypoxia, without hindering its release in the tissues, and therefore has a beneficial effect in hypoxic exercise.
Olfaction in Drosophila: genetic and molecular analysis

Drosophila melanogaster has a sophisticated yet relatively simple olfactory system, the function of which can be studied in vivo by either physiological or behavioral methods. Several genetic and molecular approaches have been applied to isolating and characterizing genes required for the function or development of the olfactory system. Recent analysis of some of these genes is beginning to provide insight into their functions.
Cesium uptake from dilute solutions by young wheat seedlings as affected by selected cations

Experiments were conducted with young wheat seedlings to determine the effects of selected cations on Cs-uptake by roots and on transport to shoots. The experiments were conducted in dilute, slowly stirred solutions. Uptake by roots was reduced by prior K treatment and simultaneous presence of K, Rb, and NH4. Addition of Ca at pH 4 increased Cs-uptake by roots. Transport to shoots was reduced by Ca at pH 6, by NH4, and by K and Rb when the K-content of the tissue was high. when the K-content of the tissue was low, little Cs transport occurred and solution concentrations of K up to 0.01 me per liter increased Cs-transport.
Famotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist. Effect on parietal, nonparietal, and pepsin secretion in man.

We studied pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion with three doses (5, 10, and 20 mg) of a new H2-receptor antagonist (famotidine) administered orally to normal male volunteers. A dose response was identified: 2 hr after oral dosing, 5 mg famotidine suppressed stimulated acid secretion to 60% of control and was comparable to 300 mg cimetidine (55% suppression). Higher doses of famotidine yielded significantly more suppression of acid secretion (10 mg yielding 70% and 20 mg, 90%). Pentagastrinstimulated acid secretion remained decreased (50% of control) 12 hr after oral dosing with 20 mg famotidine. The reduction in pepsin output paralleled the reduction in acid secretion and was primarily due to a reduction in the volume of secretion and not to a change in pepsin concentration. We calculated the components of gastric secretion (acid from parietal cells) and bicarbonate secretion (from nonparietal cells) and found that the primary effect of the H2-receptor antagonists was a dramatic reduction in parietal cell output without a significant decrease in nonparietal secretion. Famotidine proved to be a potent inhibitor of both the parietal component of gastric acid and pepsin output. Famotidine was significantly more potent than cimetidine; 5 mg of famotidine was comparable to 300 mg of cimetidine.
Identification of C-terminal residues in peptides and proteins through formation of thiohydantoins.

Abstract The thiohydantoin method has been applied to the stepwise degradation of peptide chains from the carboxyl end. In the present procedure, the thiohydantoin intermediate formed from the peptide, ammonium thiocyanate, and acetic anhydride, was deacylated with barium hydroxide; the thiohydantoin was separated from other substances by means of a double extraction and then hydrolyzed to form the C-terminal amino acid. In some cases the once degraded peptide chain was subjected again to the procedure in order to reveal the C-penultimate residue of the original peptide. Through application of the method to proteins the C-terminal residues of insulin, ovomucoid, ovalbumin, and bacillomycin B have been revealed. The limitations of the method have been discussed.
Neutrino-proton elastic scattering: Implications for weak-interaction models

We test the predictions of various gauge models for weak-neutral-current interactions by comparing them with experimental results on inclusive and elastic neutrino interactions. The Weinberg--Salam model is in fair agreement with the data; however, vectorlike theories can be ruled out. We also consider certain gauge models with five or six quarks and one or two right-handed doublets, and find that they fit the data rather well. (AIP)
Insulin Stimulates pp120 Endocytosis in Cells Co-expressing Insulin Receptors

pp120, a substrate of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that is expressed in the hepatocyte as two spliced isoforms differing by the presence (full-length) or absence (truncated) of most of the intracellular domain including all phosphorylation sites. Co-expression of full-length pp120, but not its phosphorylation-defective isoforms, increased receptor-mediated insulin endocytosis and degradation in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. We, herein, examined whether internalization of pp120 is required to mediate its effect on insulin endocytosis. The amount of full-length pp120 expressed at the cell surface membrane, as measured by biotin labeling, markedly decreased in response to insulin only when insulin receptors were co-expressed. In contrast, when phosphorylation-defective pp120 mutants were co-expressed, the amount of pp120 expressed at the cell surface did not decrease in response to insulin. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis revealed that upon insulin treatment of cells co-expressing insulin receptors, full-length, but not truncated, pp120 co-localized with α-adaptin in the adaptor protein complex that anchors endocytosed proteins to clathrin-coated pits. This suggests that full-length pp120 is part of a complex of proteins required for receptor-mediated insulin endocytosis and that formation of this complex is regulated by insulin-induced pp120 phosphorylation by the receptor tyrosine kinase. In vitro GST binding assays and co-immunoprecipitation experiments in intact cells further revealed that pp120 did not bind directly to the insulin receptor and that its association with the receptor may be mediated by other cellular proteins.
Prognostic Factors in Children With Extragonadal Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: A Pediatric Intergroup Study

Purpose To investigate prognostic factors for pediatric extragonadal malignant germ cell tumors (PEMGCT). Materials and Methods Between 1990 and 1996, patients with stage I through IV PEMGCT were eligible for a trial of cisplatin dose intensity. We retrospectively investigated prognostic factors for PEMGCT, including age, stage, primary site, treatment, and elevated alfa fetoprotein by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results The 165 patients had a median age of 1.9 years (range, 3 days to 18.5 years); 109 were female; and 99 had alfa fetoprotein ≥ 10,000. There were 30 stage I/II, 61 stage III, and 74 stage IV tumors; primary sites included 88 sacrococcygeal, 39 thoracic, and 38 others. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates with standard deviations were 83.4% ± 3.7% and 79.0% ± 4.1%, respectively. Univariate analysis identified age ≥ 12 years as a highly significant prognostic factor for EFS (5-year EFS, 48.9% ± 15.6% v 84.1% ± 3.9%; P < .0001) and for OS (5-year OS, 5...
Genetic Association Between Ca2+-ATPase Activity and Audiogenic Seizures in Mice

: Ca2+ -ATPase activity was studied in fresh brain stem homogenates of the audiogenic seizure (AGS)-resistant C57BL/6 and AGS-susceptible DBA/2 inbred strains and in 21 B6 χ D2 recombinant inbred strains. A highly significant negative correlation was found between Ca2+ -ATPase activity and AGS susceptibility among these strains. In general, strains with low Ca2+-ATPase activities were more AGS-susceptible than strains with high activities. Further, Ca2+ -ATPase activity appears to be influenced by a major gene associated with the Ah locus. This gene is designated Caa for Ca2+ -ATPase activity and is different from las, which is closely linked to the Ah locus. las influences AGS spread by a yet unknown biochemical mechanism, whereas Caa may influence AGS susceptibility by regulating Ca2+-ATPase activity in brain tissue.
Determinants of Latina Obesity in the United States The Role of Selective Acculturation

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Hispanic American women in particular have higher rates of obesity than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. In this article, the authors review the existing literature on acculturation as it relates to obesity and health behaviors among U.S. Hispanic women. In addition, a conceptual framework is proposed to examine factors contributing to obesity through “selective acculturation.” This concept challenges traditionally held unilateral assumptions that underscore Hispanic women's unhealthful behavioral patterns by explaining a process whereby Hispanic women both maintain some older health-related behaviors and acquire new ones once they settle in a new culture.
Lipid geochemistry of surficial sediments from the coastal environment of Egypt I. Aliphatic hydrocarbons — characterization and sources

Samples of surficial bottom sediments collected from six main zones along the Alexandria coast (Egypt) have been analyzed and characterized in terms of their contents of biogenic and anthropogenic hydrocarbon biomarkers. The distributions, structures, and applicability of these compounds in determining sample sources are discussed using the biomarker multi-tracer approach. By means of multivariate statistical analyses (Q-mode cluster analysis, extended Q-mode factor analysis, and linear programming technique), the hydrocarbon tracers were grouped according to their probable input sources and the sampling stations according to the relative importance of each source contribution. Homologous long chain n-alkanes (C15C38), CPI, UCM, and biomarkers such as pristane, phytane, tricyclic (C19C29) and tetracyclic (C24, C28 and C29) terpanes, 17α(H),21β(H)-hopanes (C27C35), 5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-steranes (C27C29) with minor amounts of 5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-steranes and 13α(H),17β(H)-diasteranes were found to be the most suitable indicators to differentiate between sewage/industrial pollution and natural background sources. Several ratios of the terrestrial and anthropogenic biomarkers were calculated for every station in each zone. These ratios, the aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations (relative to TOC), and the statistical findings from the multivariate techniques indicate strong signals of petroleum/industrial and biogenic/terrestrial aliphatic hydrocarbons in the Alexandria coastal region.
Air Pollution An Insidious and Pervasive Component of Cardiac Risk

It has long been appreciated that fine particulate air pollution contributes to the pathology of respiratory disease and cancer.1,2⇓ The more elusive link to cardiovascular disease, however, has been recognized only in the last decade. Epidemiological1–5⇓⇓⇓⇓ and experimental laboratory6 evidence has been mounting that supports the postulate that elevated concentrations of particulate air pollution contribute to cardiovascular morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality. See p 933 A major challenge to systematic study in this field is the complexity of the particulate components of air pollution. Ambient air particulate matter (PM) consists of a mixture of combustive byproducts and resuspended crustal materials, as well as biological materials such as pollen, endotoxins, bacteria, and viruses. Regulated airborne particulates are generally classified by aerodynamic diameter, as coarse (PM10, 2.5 to 10 μm), fine (PM2.5, <2.5 μm), or ultrafine (PM0.1, <0.1 μm). Ultrafine particles come directly out of smokestacks and tailpipes and grow rapidly into the fine size range. Thus, fine particles result primarily from combustion sources, whereas coarse particles result primarily from mechanical crushing, grinding, or abrasion of surfaces. Particles <10 μm in diameter4 and, especially, finer particles <2.5 μm in diameter1,2,5⇓⇓ have been most commonly associated with cardiovascular risk. Every geographic region has a unique blend of particulate air pollution. Health risks due to ambient air particles have been documented not only in cities that are considered among the most heavily polluted, such as Los Angeles, Houston, and Steubenville, Ohio,1,4⇓ but also in cities that are considered to have relatively clean air, including Boston,1,5⇓ Seattle, and Minneapolis.4 Current data from the Environmental Protection Agency project that, nationwide, as many as 60 000 deaths annually are related to particulate air pollution.7 …
The effect of temperature on the coupling between phosphorus and growth in lacustrine bacterioplankton communities

Phosphorus (P) routinely limits microbial growth in freshwater ecosystems. The growth rate hypothesis (GRH) relates growth to biomass P content mechanistically through changes in ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA). Although the GRH has been shown in cultured bacteria, less well understood is how GRH relationships are affected by interactions with environmental parameters such as temperature. To address this, we evaluated the relationship between bacterial biomass P, RNA : deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ratio, and growth rate in 47 northern temperate lakes. Although RNA : DNA ratio was positively correlated with bacterial biomass P : carbon (C), we found no correlation between growth rate and RNA : DNA or between growth rate and biomass P : C. There was, however, a significant effect of temperature on biomass P : C. We investigated the effect of temperature more directly using filter-separated bacterial communities from two lakes during two seasons while experimentally manipulating temperature and resources. For the summer communities, bacterial production (BP) and biomass P were positively correlated, and the slope of that relationship increased with increasing temperature. In winter communities, BP and biomass P were again positively correlated; however, the slope of that relationship decreased with increasing temperature. The slope of the relationship between BP and biomass P is a metric of nutrient use efficiency and was strongly influenced by temperature. More importantly, bacterioplankton demonstrated seasonal acclimation or adaptation to in situ temperature, suggesting that studies evaluating multiple communities in time and space fail to find a clear relationship between temperature and bacterial metabolism because bacterial communities are locally adapted to in situ temperature.
Nonenzymatic Polymerization of Ubiquitin: Single-Step Synthesis and Isolation of Discrete Ubiquitin Oligomers

We report a method based on thiol-ene chemistry that enables the synthesis and purification of ubiquitin oligomers with ≥ 4 units. This is the first time in which a free-radical polymerization is used to construct oligomers that functionally mimic natural biopolymers. This approach can be applied towards the synthesis of 6-linked ubiquitin oligomers currently inaccessible by enzymatic methods. Using these chains, one can study their roles in the ubiquitin proteasome system and the DNA damage response pathway.
Regulation of Food Intake, Energy Balance, and Body Fat Mass: Implications for the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obesity

Context: Obesity has emerged as one of the leading medical challenges of the 21st century. The resistance of this disorder to effective, long-term treatment can be traced to the fact that body fat stores are subject to homeostatic regulation in obese individuals, just as in lean individuals. Because the growing obesity epidemic is linked to a substantial increase in daily energy intake, a key priority is to delineate how mechanisms governing food intake and body fat content are altered in an obesogenic environment. Evidence Acquisition: We considered all relevant published research and cited references that represented the highest quality evidence available. Where space permitted, primary references were cited. Evidence Synthesis: The increase of energy intake that has fueled the U.S. obesity epidemic is linked to greater availability of highly rewarding/palatable and energy-dense food. Obesity occurs in genetically susceptible individuals and involves the biological defense of an elevated body fat mass, ...
Some new or noteworthy fungi on Ericaceous hosts in the Pacific Northwest.

(1934). Some New or Noteworthy Fungi on Ericaceous Hosts in the Pacific Northwest. Mycologia: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 291-304.
Resistance to high-fat diet-induced obesity but exacerbated insulin resistance in mice overexpressing preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1): a new model of partial lipodystrophy

OBJECTIVE—White adipose tissue is a critical regulator of whole-body glucose metabolism. Preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1) is a secreted protein that inhibits adipocyte differentiation, both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we have investigated the effects of Pref-1 overexpression on whole-body glucose homeostasis and its contribution to the development of insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—To gain insight into the role of Pref-1 on the onset of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, we measured body composition and whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in Pref-1 transgenic and wild-type control mice fed a high-fat diet. RESULTS—Mice overexpressing Pref-1 were resistant to high-fat diet–induced obesity, as reflected by a marked reduction in adipose tissue mass. However, Pref-1–overexpressing mice were severely insulin resistant, mainly because of a reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. The aggravated insulin resistance was associated with impaired insulin signaling and increased diacylglycerol content in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS—Mice overexpressing Pref-1 are insulin resistant despite being protected from diet-induced obesity and may provide a new rodent model for the study of lipodystrophic disorders.
Effects of voids on the response of a rubber poker chip sample. III

The effects of voids on the response of a rubber poker chip sample are examined. A theoretical estimation of the diametral contraction of the sample was performed, using the linear theory of stress analysis. Experimental measurements of the lateral contraction at the middle plane of the poker chip elastomer specimen have shown that the testing rubber is not incompressible. By comparing the experimental data with the theoretical predicted equation, the value of the Poisson's ratio veff was found to be 0.487, for a given aspect ratio a* of the sample. A theoretical equation for the volume dilatation of the poker chip rubber sample was developed. Using the given aspect ratio, the value of veff, and the experimental stress/strain curve of the sample, an estimation of the volume dilatation was formed. The effective Poisson's ratio was also found using the linear stress analysis, by comparing the developed mathematical equations for an incompressible rubber with voids with a compressible one.
Role of APC and DNA mismatch repair genes in the development of colorectal cancers

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in both men and women in the western hemisphere. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 105,500 new cases of colon cancer with 57,100 deaths will occur in the U.S. in 2003, accounting for about 10% of cancer deaths. Among the colon cancer patients, hereditary risk contributes approximately 20%. The main inherited colorectal cancers are the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers (HNPCC). The FAP and HNPCC are caused due to mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. The focus of this review is to summarize the functions of APC and MMR gene products in the development of colorectal cancers.
Mutations in the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin that affect secretion

Pertussis toxin is a member of the AB5 family of toxins and is composed of five subunits (S1 to S5) present in a 1:1:1:2:1 ratio. Secretion is a complex process. Each subunit has a secretion signal that mediates transport to the periplasm, where processing and assembly occur. Secretion of the assembled 105-kDa toxin past the outer membrane is mediated by the nine proteins encoded in the ptl operon. Previous studies have shown that S1, the catalytically active A subunit of pertussis toxin, is necessary for efficient secretion, suggesting that a domain on S1 may be required for interaction with the secretion apparatus. Previously, recombinant S1 from four different mutants (serine 54 to glycine, serine 55 to glycine, serine 56 to glycine, and arginine 57 to lysine) was shown to retain catalytic activity. We introduced these mutations into Bordetella pertussis and monitored pertussis toxin production and secretion. No pertussis toxin was detected in the serine 54-to-glycine mutant. The other S1 mutants produced periplasmic pertussis toxin, but little pertussis toxin secretion was observed. The arginine 57-to-lysine mutant had the most dramatic secretion defect. It produced wild-type levels of periplasmic pertussis toxin but secreted only 8% as much toxin as the wild-type strain. This phenotype was similar to that observed for strains with mutations in the ptl genes, suggesting that this region may have a role in pertussis toxin secretion.
Equation-free/Galerkin-free POD-assisted computation of incompressible flows

We present a Galerkin-free, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-assisted computational methodology for numerical simulations of the long-term dynamics of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The approach is based on the ''equation-free'' framework: we use short, appropriate initialized bursts of full direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the Navier-Stokes equations to observe, estimate, and accelerate, through ''projective integration'', the evolution of the flow dynamics. The main assumption is that the long-term dynamics of the flow lie on a low-dimensional, attracting, and invariant manifold, which can be parametrized, not necessarily spanned, by a few POD basis functions. We start with a discussion of the consistency and accuracy of the approach, and then illustrate it through numerical examples: two-dimensional periodic and quasi-periodic flows past a circular cylinder. We demonstrate that the approach can successfully resolve complex flow dynamics at a reduced computational cost and that it can capture the long-term asymptotic state of the flow in cases where traditional Galerkin-POD models fail. The approach trades the overhead involved in developing POD-Galerkin and POD-nonlinear Galerkin codes, for the repeated (yet short, and on demand) use of an existing full DNS simulator. Moreover, since in this approach the POD modes are used to observe rather than span the true system dynamics, the computation is much less sensitive than POD-Galerkin to values of the system parameters (e.g., the Reynolds number) and the particular simulation data ensemble used to obtain the POD basis functions.
A mid-twentieth century reduction in tropical upwelling inferred from coralline trace element proxies

Abstract The Cariaco Basin is an important archive of past climate variability given its response to inter- and extratropical climate forcing and the accumulation of annually laminated sediments within an anoxic water column. This study presents high-resolution surface coral trace element records (Montastrea annularis and Siderastrea siderea) from Isla Tortuga, Venezuela, located within the upwelling center of this region. A two-fold reduction in Cd/Ca ratios (3.5–1.7 nmol/mol) is observed from 1946 to 1952 with no concurrent shift in Ba/Ca ratios. This reduction agrees with the hydrographic distribution of dissolved cadmium and barium and their expected response to upwelling. Significant anthropogenic variability is also observed from Pb/Ca analysis, observing three lead maxima since 1920. Kinetic control of trace element ratios is inferred from an interspecies comparison of Cd/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios (consistent with the Sr/Ca kinetic artifact), but these artifacts are smaller than the environmental signal and do not explain the Cd/Ca transition. The trace element records agree with historical climate data and differ from sedimentary faunal abundance records, suggesting a linear response to North Atlantic extratropical forcing cannot account for the observed historical variability in this region.
Saturday Reading Club: A Literature Based Project in an Urban School Setting.

Abstract A Saturday Reading Club was implemented in an urban school for early elementary school children for the purpose of promoting literacy. This literature based project using trained university volunteers had a positive influence on children's interest in books, reading comprehension, and home reading experiences.
Development of III-Sb metamorphic DBR membranes on InP for vertical cavity laser applications

Abstract Sb-based metamorphic DBR membranes are developed for InP-based vertical cavity laser applications. The reflectivity of the metamorphic DBR membrane is compared to the reflectivity of a lattice-matched DBR to characterize the optical quality of the DBR membrane. The metamorphic interface between InP and the III-antimonides is found to degrade the reflectivity of the DBR. Therefore, the growth temperature for the metamorphic DBR is optimized in order to obtain highly reflective (>99.8%) III-Sb thin-film membranes.
Piperazine Oxadiazole Inhibitors of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a target of interest for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Starting from a biphenyloxadiazole screening hit, a series of piperazine oxadiazole ACC inhibitors was developed. Initial pharmacokinetic liabilities of the piperazine oxadiazoles were overcome by blocking predicted sites of metabolism, resulting in compounds with suitable properties for further in vivo studies. Compound 26 was shown to inhibit malonyl-CoA production in an in vivo pharmacodynamic assay and was advanced to a long-term efficacy study. Prolonged dosing with compound 26 resulted in impaired glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL6 mice, an unexpected finding.
Governing the Tap: Special District Governance and the New Local Politics of Water. By Megan Mullin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009. 280p. $44.00 cloth, $22.00 paper.

This notable book on a little-studied but central aspect of American water politics addresses analytical issues important to a range of political science fields. It is, for example, of considerable relevance to scholars working in areas of American federalism and community politics, as well as to those who are interested in cross-cutting issues of public administration and policy fragmentation, public and private stakeholder participation and democracy, and multilevel governance. In Governing the Tap, Megan Mullin analyzes the institutional context and means through which local public services are provided, the governance structures that shape policy outcomes and how they are able to meet developing community goals, and the ways in which specialized structures fit into the complex political landscape of city, county, state, and federal policymaking. Because of both its broad appeal and its own qualities, this book deserves a wide readership.
Surface Propensities of the Self-Ions of Water

The surface charge of water, which is important in a wide range of chemical, biological, material, and environmental contexts, has been a subject of lengthy and heated debate. Recently, it has been shown that the highly efficient LEWIS force field, in which semiclassical, independently mobile valence electron pairs capture the amphiproticity, polarizability and H-bonding of water, provides an excellent description of the solvation and dynamics of hydroxide and hydronium in bulk water. Here we turn our attention to slabs, cylinders, and droplets. In extended simulations with 1000 molecules, we find that hydroxide consistently prefers the surface, hydronium consistently avoids the surface, and the two together form an electrical double layer until neutralization occurs. The behavior of hydroxide can largely be accounted for by the observation that hydroxide moving to the surface loses fewer hydrogen bonds than are gained by the water molecule that it displaces from the surface. At the same time, since the o...
The Role of Orthopaedic Device Registries in Improving Patient Outcomes

Recent failure of metal-on-metal bearing surfaces utilized in total hip replacement has once again led to renewed interest in joint replacement registries. The current mechanisms that are in place to monitor hip and knee device performance are clearly inadequate and do not serve the interest of patients, surgeons, or device manufacturers. Failure to adequately monitor implant performance and provide feedback to surgeons and hospitals is unfortunately not a new problem. There was widespread discussion of this issue after the Sulzer hip replacement recall (December 2000), leading Kenneth Chang from The New York Times to write “No one keeps complete track of who has what.”1 Unfortunately, not much has changed since that time. As the great philosopher Yogi Berra once said, “It's like deja vu, all over again.” It was clear then and it is clear now that we need high-quality, real-time data to identify poorly performing technologies and techniques. Institutional registries continue to exist; however, they are not designed to tell us what is happening in real time or in the orthopaedic community at large. National registries like the Australian …
CT three-dimensional reconstruction of congenital hip dislocation in Children

Objective: To investigate the application of 16-slice CT three-dimensional reconstruction of congenital hip dislocation in children.Methods: MPR,SSD and VR technologies were used in workstations for the reconstruction of congenital hip dislocation in 28 children patients,which were scanned using PHILIPS16 CT.Results: Radiographies of spiral CT and reconstruction can clearly show the degree of dislocation of the femoral head and its concrete space location;multi-directional and multi-angle three-dimensional visual images may obtain by clinicians.Conclusion: The spiral CT and three-dimensional reconstruction provides an imaging means for the comprehensive assessment of congenital hip dislocation.
Consumer Health Informatics: Past, Present, and Future of a Rapidly Evolving Domain

Objectives: Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) is a rapidly growing domain within the field of biomedical and health informatics. The objective of this paper is to reflect on the past twenty five years and showcase informatics concepts and applications that led to new models of care and patient empowerment, and to predict future trends and challenges for the next 25 years. Methods: We discuss concepts and systems based on a review and analysis of published literature in the consumer health informatics domain in the last 25 years. Results: The field was introduced with the vision that one day patients will be in charge of their own health care using informatics tools and systems. Scientific literature in the field originally focused on ways to assess the quality and validity of available printed health information, only to grow significantly to cover diverse areas such as online communities, social media, and shared decision-making. Concepts such as home telehealth, mHealth, and the quantified-self movement, tools to address transparency of health care organizations, and personal health records and portals provided significant milestones in the field. Conclusion: Consumers are able to actively participate in the decision-making process and to engage in health care processes and decisions. However, challenges such as health literacy and the digital divide have hindered us from maximizing the potential of CHI tools with a significant portion of underserved populations unable to access and utilize them. At the same time, at a global scale consumer tools can increase access to care for underserved populations in developing countries. The field continues to grow and emerging movements such as precision medicine and the sharing economy will introduce new opportunities and challenges.
SVMC: single-class classification with support vector machines

Single-Class Classification (SCC) seeks to distinguish one class of data from the universal set of multiple classes. We present a new SCC algorithm that efficiently computes an accurate boundary of the target class from positive and unlabeled data (without labeled negative data).
Comment on “The Chaebol and Industrial Policy in Korea” by Wohnyuk Lim

There can be no denying Korea’s remarkable industrial prowess sustained almost without interruption from the mid-1960s onwards. It is the stuff of legend and the subject of countless articles and book-length publications. Other developing countries, many of which were on a par with Korea in the 1960s and now lag far behind, have sought to learn from Korea’s experience and to adapt the policies it followed — thus far with limited success. But the interest has not waned and in recent years it has risen to a new pitch as a number of middle-income countries find that their industrial momentum is faltering and conventional market-based incentives are proving less effective in the post-financial crisis environment.