cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cefdinir-induced hepatotoxicity: potential hazards of inappropriate antibiotic use

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is well recognized but can cause some diagnostic problems, particularly if not previously reported. The present case involves a 22-year-old male who presented with jaundice and elevated liver enzymes after a course of cefdinir (Omnicef®) for streptococcal pharyngitis. A diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury was suspected but a liver biopsy was required after his jaundice worsened despite cessation of the presumed offending agent. A short course of steroids was initiated and eventually the jaundice resolved. This case highlights the need to suspect medication-induced liver injury in cases of jaundice, even if not previously reported. In addition, it illustrates the potential for adverse outcomes in situations where antibiotics are used inappropriately or where first line antibiotics are not used for routine infections. We report a case of a young male who developed jaundice associated with cefdinir use with pathological confirmation of moderate cholestasis with portal and lobular mixed inflammation and focal bile duct injury consistent with drug-induced liver injury.
Serum inorganic phosphorus determination using p-phenylenediamine as a reducing agent

Abstract A method, novel yet simple, is described for the determination of inorganic phosphorus in serum. The molybdic acid solution is combined with the trichloracetic acidasone reagent in order to save technical steps. A new reagent, p -phenylenediamine dihydrochloride, is used for color development resulting in a very stable molybdenumblue complex obeying Beer's Law. The reproducibility and the accuracy of the proposed method are good. A mean recovery of 98.4% was obtained.
Quick response improves returns on business intelligence investments

Abstract Getting the timing right for presenting offers to customers can improve returns on business intelligence (BI) investments for marketing applications. Specifically, by tracking and managing customer transactions and interactions to identify the right offer to a customer at the right time, firms can capture a greater share of their customers' wallets. A key component of this BI strategy is a data management infrastructure that enables companies to recognize in real-time the changes in a customer's behavior that signal when there is a high probability that the customer will respond positively to an offer.
Bistability caused by Substrate Inhibition of Peroxidase in an Open Reaction System

SEVERAL, authors have suggested that more than one stable stationary state exists in an open homogeneous reaction system, and this suggestion has served as a basis for speculative explanations of various biological phenomena1–4. Although bistability is well known in open heterogeneous chemical reaction systems, as for example an electrolysis cell with a passivable electrode6, it seems that bistability has never been observed in an open homogeneous system. This communication describes such a case.
Chronic and sublethal toxicities of surfactants to aquatic animals: A review and risk assessment

Surfactants are one of the major components (10–18%) of detergent and household cleaning products and are used in high volumes. Several are commonly found in natural waters and consequently, their impact on the environment has been, and continues to be, discussed in the U.S.A., Western Europe and Japan. The chronic and sublethal toxicities of commercially important surfactants to aquatic animal life have not been summarized in the available scientific literature. Based on the summary provided here scientific understanding of the chronic and sublethal toxicities of cationic surfactants is less than that for the other surfactant groups. Chronic toxicity of anionic and nonionic surfactants occurs at concentrations usually greater than 0.1 mg/l. Effects of these same surfactants on several behavioral and physiological parameters range from 0.002 to 40.0 mg/l. The available toxicity data base is largely comprised of laboratory-derived toxicity data for a few surfactants, predominantly LAS, and single freshwater planktonic species such as Daphnia magna and the fathead minnow and a benthic midge. Community effect levels have been reported only for linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and effects on single freshwater and saltwater test species and on natural biotic communities are largely unknown for many commercially important surfactants. Based on a comparison of the reported chronic toxicity data and measured environmental levels in rivers, the aquatic safety of the anionic LAS is indicated, more so than for any other surfactant. Safety assessments for other major surfactants in saltwater and freshwater should be considered preliminary and limited until validated with corresponding exposure measurements and additional laboratory and field-derived chronic toxicity data for animal test species.
Behavioral and nerve cell membrane effects of an epileptic agent (Metrazol) in a mollusk

(1) The nerve cell membrane effects produced by the epileptogenic drug, Metrazol, were studied in isolated brains and in whole animal preparations of the nudibranch mollusk, Tritonia. Reversible changes in intracellular electrical activity and correlated behavioral abnormalities were observed. (2) Metrazol produced marked changes either in the firing frequency, the membrane potential stability, or the bursting properties of most neurons studied, which are comparable to those reported for other invertebrate neurons. (3) A commonly observed effect was an increased firing rate. During these periods of increased activity, intervals of several minutes of complete inhibition were sometimes observed. During these periods of inhibition, the input impedance of the neuron was substantially reduced. (4) With 6–10 min of Metrazol contact in some neurons, the normal impulse activity was changed to recurrent bursts on depolarizing waves. Each burst was terminated by an abrupt hyperpolarizing wave followed by an inter-burst interval during which no impulses occurred. (5) The behavior of the animal was profoundly affected by the drug. The usual sequence of changes included an increase in tonus in dorsal longitudinal muscles and then a series of spasmodic contractions in the local musculature of the skin and various extremities.
Conflict in the Workplace: Social Workers as Victims and Perpetrators

Conflict and violence in the workplace have emerged as a real but inadequately explored concern in the social work profession. The present study surveyed a national random sample of 1029 NASW members about their experiences with client violence and with physical and psychological assault in relationship to practice setting, age, gender, and experience. Although results cannot be generalized due to response bias in the sample, 62 percent of social workers in the study reported they had been victims of physical or psychological assault and 14 percent reported they had committed such an assault on a client within the past year. Most incidents were psychological in nature (primarily verbal aggression), although physical violence was also documented. Male social workers were more likely to be both victims and perpetrators of aggression, and these conflicts were more common in inpatient, correctional, and school settings. Training implications are discussed.
Sensor placement for flexible wing shape control

In a series of recent papers, shape control of a flexible plate through piezoceramic actuation has been presented. In that work, full-state feedback was assumed. In this paper, we move to sensor placement for design of an observer. Piezoceramic actuators and sensors for strain and velocity will be used. We will compare the performance of three systems: one with a distribution of sensors based on predictions of high strain regions based on elasticity theory; another with sensors placed manually based on bending gain features; and a third with sensors placed using the centroidal Voronoi tesselation with functional gains as placement weights. We compare the effectiveness of the systems in achieving a desired tip position in the presence of disturbances.
Nonlinear growth of the shock-accelerated instability of a thin fluid layer

Richtmyer–Meshkov instability causes spatially periodic perturbations initially imposed on a shock-accelerated, thin gas layer to develop into one of three distinct flow patterns. Planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of the evolving layer, produced by a perturbed SF6 planar jet in air, shows an apparent flow bifurcation that is observed as mushroom-shaped or sinuous-shaped interfacial patterns. Analysis of this nonlinear instability growth, accomplished by modelling the flow field as a row of line vortices, predicts that the layer thickness grows logarithmically at later times and compares well with our measurements. Because the row of vortices is unstable, the model also provides an explanation for the appearance of the three observed interfacial patterns.
FinFET SRAM - device and circuit design considerations

The quasi-planar double-gate FinFET has emerged as one of the most likely successors to the classical planar MOSFET for ultimate scalability. Unlike planar devices, its channel width is in the vertical direction; hence it is possible to increase effective channel width (and hence drive current) per unit planar area by increasing fin-height (SOI thickness). This translates directly to improved performance in interconnect-dominated circuits. In this paper we explore the joint V/sub dd/-fin-height-V/sub t/ design space for a 65 nm FinFET SRAM. We report that 69% taller fins can accommodate 18% (140 mV) lower V/sub dd/ as well as 35 % (70 mV) higher V/sub t/ to deliver iso-performance at 87% lower sub-threshold leakage, 50% lower gate leakage, 25% lower dynamic energy, 13% higher static noise margin and 38% higher critical charge for soft-error immunity.
Adolescent identification and academic achievement: Reporting the awareness of similarity to role models.

Individualized identification grids were administered to 16–18-year-old males (N=49) in order to chart the complex of identification they have established with their parents, peers, and school personnel. It was hypothesized that patterns of identification with particular acquaintances would vary as a function of individuals' level of academic achievement. The results of this study indicated that high achievers identified more often with their liked school personnel than did low achievers, and more often with their peers and school personnel than with their parents. Low achievers were shown to most often identify with their mothers and peer. Arguments for viewing identification as a cognitive process based upon reciprocal interpersonal involvement and mediated by situation-specific competence are presented.
MTDH-SND1 Interaction Is Crucial for Expansion and Activity of Tumor-Initiating Cells in Diverse Oncogene- and Carcinogen-Induced Mammary Tumors

The Metadherin gene (MTDH) is prevalently amplified in breast cancer and associated with poor prognosis; however, its functional contribution to tumorigenesis is poorly understood. Using mouse models representing different subtypes of breast cancer, we demonstrated that MTDH plays a critical role in mammary tumorigenesis by regulating oncogene-induced expansion and activities of tumor-initiating cells (TICs), whereas it is largely dispensable for normal development. Mechanistically, MTDH supports the survival of mammary epithelial cells under oncogenic/stress conditions by interacting with and stabilizing Staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing 1 (SND1). Silencing MTDH or SND1 individually or disrupting their interaction compromises tumorigenenic potential of TICs in vivo. This functional significance of MTDH-SND1 interaction is further supported by clinical analysis of human breast cancer samples.
Measured performance of an 1-persistent CSMA on the bus based on the discrete space-time model

A study of 1-persistent carrier-sense multiaccess (CSMA) on the bus topology is reported. The discrete space-time model, which is represented by a spatial distribution of stations and a sequence of packet arrival time and its propagation delay is used. The throughput of the system with a finite number of stations is evaluated. Numerical results show that the throughput is much higher than for the time-domain result when the ratio between the medium propagation delay and the packet transmission time is large.
The effect of AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 5164 on the time from Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia diagnosis to antiretroviral initiation in routine clinical practice: a case study of diffusion, dissemination, and implementation.

Background. Diffusion, dissemination, and implementation of scientific evidence into routine clinical practice is not well understood. The Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) Protocol 5164 showed that early antiretroviral therapy (ART; ie, within 14 days) after diagnosis of an opportunistic infection improved clinical outcomes, compared with later initiation. Subsequently, the San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH) HIV/AIDS Service performed the SFGH 5164 Initiative to disseminate and implement the findings of ACTG 5164. Methods. We evaluated patients who received a diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) from 1 January 2001 through 30 March 2011. Survival analyses were used to assess changes in the time to initiation of ART after PCP, and logistic regression was used to evaluate changes in the odds of early ART (ie, within 14 days) because of ACTG 5164 and SFGH 5164 Initiative. Results. Among 162 patients, the adjusted hazard of ART initiation increased by 3.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.86‐5.02) after ACTG 5164 and by 4.89 (95% CI, 2.76‐8.67) after the SFGH Initiative, compared with before ACTG 5164. When compared with before ACTG 5164, the proportion of patients who received ART within the 14 days after PCP diagnosis increased from 7.4% to 50.0% (P , .001) after ACTG 5164 and from 50.0% to 83.0% (P 5 .02) after the SFGH 5164 Initiative. Conclusions. Diffusion of findings from of a randomized trial changed practice at an academic medical center, but dissemination and implementation efforts were required to establish early ART at acceptable levels. Early ART initiation can be achieved in real-world patient populations.
Food Volatiles: Gas Chromatographic Determination of Partition Coefficients in Water-Lipid Systems

SUMMARY– The distribution of volatile solutes between two immiscible solvents can be determined by a study of the vapor pressures in the corresponding single solvent systems, since the partition coefficient is related to the Henry's constants: Kp= k2k12. Application of this principle makes possible the gas chromatographic determination of partition coefficients involving nonvolatile solvents. The method was applied to a solvent pair consisting of paraffin oil and aqueous sodium sulfate. An approximate semilogarithmic relationship exists between the partition coefficient and number of carbon atoms within each homologous series of aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and esters. Saturation with sodium sulfate increased the partial pressure of volatiles from 12 to 20 times. The partial heat of vaporization of volatiles in paraffin oil decreased with increasing temperature and was appreciably smaller than that of the pure compound at its boiling point. These observations may be utilized in quantifying food volatiles in operations involving extraction and gas stripping prior to analysis.
Performance Adaptation: A Theoretical Integration and Review

Stability and routine are two words that can rarely be used to describe the present-day workplace. Instead, individuals, teams, and organizations are required to respond to dynamic and changing situations. As a result, researchers have become increasingly interested in understanding performance adaptation, evident in the substantial growth in research over the past two decades. However, what researchers mean when they study adaptation is often broad, vague, and inconsistent—especially at the organizational level—such that drawing solid conclusions is challenging. To move toward integration, we focused the review on individual and team performance adaptation, where the mechanisms of adaptation can be observed. We developed a conceptual taxonomy to map extant research, provide insights for synthesis, and identify directions for future theory building and research. Specifically, we identify four theoretical approaches: (a) a performance construct, (b) an individual difference construct, (c) a change in perfo...
Role of angiogenesis in bladder response to partial outlet obstruction

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a disease that has its etiology in the abnormal growth of the adult human prostate gland that accompanies the aging process in men. The symptomatic presentation of this disease, however, is related largely to degenerative changes in the bladder that occur as a result of the increasing urethral resistance and partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) caused by the growing prostate gland. BPH is characterized by bladder hypertrophy, significant decreases in urinary flow and compliance, presence of residual urine after voiding, voiding urgency and incontinence (). Obstructed bladder dysfunction secondary to BPH is a slow, progressive disease that is so strongly associated with human aging that it is an expected occurrence of the male aging process. Although the symptoms of BPH are usually not life threatening, they effect an extremely negative quality of life for men who suffer from them. However, many men delay seeking medical treatment for early BPH since bladder function can remain relatively normal as the hypertrophying bladder initially compensates for the progressive increase in urethral resistance caused by prostatic obstruction. The limited changes in micturition pressure and flow characteristics that occur during compensated function are not usually disabling enough to motivate seeking medical attention, which, often, is not sought until the symptoms become typical of advanced disease. Recent advances in detection methods enable identification of patients with significant BPH during compensation before the bladder becomes dysfunctional (decompensated). A more complete understanding of the disease processes that underlie the loss of bladder function associated with BPH might enable the development of treatments that better protect these early-stage BPH patients from the more debilitating aspects of the disease. This review updates the understanding of obstructive bladder dysfunction via the use of animal models.
Nothing in Genetics Makes Sense Except in Light of Genomic Conflict

Examples of genomic conflict were apparent soon after the inception of the field of modern genetics. Despite these early discoveries, the relevance of genomic conflict to the core principles of genetics has been largely unappreciated. In this synthetic review I will describe why knowledge of the logic and diverse forms of genomic conflict is essential to understanding all subfields of genetics. Because there are so many ways in which some parts of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes can evolve to gain a reproductive advantage at the expense of other parts, the prevalence of genomic conflict is universal, and it influences all aspects of genetic form and function.
The Performance of the Endangered Species Act

Arguably the most notable success of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is that listed species improve in status through time. More species are downlisted than the converse; more species transition from stable to improving status than the converse. Although some listed species have gone extinct, this number is smaller than expected. Given modest recovery funding, the fraction of listed species responding positively is remarkable. Several factors have been linked to improving species status including recovery expenditures, critical habitat listing, and time spent under protection. The inability of government to fully empower the agencies to implement the law has been the most notable failure of the ESA. Listing of species has not matched need, recovery expenditures do not match need or agency-set priorities, and critical habitat determinations have lagged. Alternative protection strategies to listing may be having a positive effect, but are difficult to assess because of sparse data.
Recent materials problems relating to catastrophic balloon failures

Balloons fabricated of thin polyethylene materials have provided relatively inexpensive and reliable scientific research platforms for approximately three decades. Reliability of the modern day balloon, as launched by the U.S.A. National Scientific Balloon Facility (NSBF), has been approximately 85 percent. Recent balloon failures, coupled with an increased ocurrence of catastrophic failures, created grave concern over the integrity of the present balloon inventory of the U.S.A. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). An investigative team was established by NASA to review the circumstances surrounding the catastrophic balloon failures, determine the cause and to make recommendations to correct the problem and to prevent its reoccurrence. The most probable cause of failure as determined by the investigation was the polyethylene balloon film, although the film had passsed the established standard quality control measures of the film manufacturer. The approach, findings, and conclusions of the investigation are presented along with planned procedures to assure future quality balloon film for NASA balloons.
Recent life events in schizophrenia and depression.

Depressives and matched first admission schizophrenics were compared with respect to life events experienced in the six months before the onset of illness. Depressives reported more events than schizophrenics, but this excess involved only certain types of events. Depressives reported more exits from the social field, and a variety of undesirable events, particularly those involving interpersonal arguments. They reported no more events in some other classes. These findings support previous work involving life events, particularly exits and undesirable events in the genesis of depression, and indicate that qualitative implications of events influence their effects.
Agility = change + coordination

In this paper we introduce a new interpretation of business and IT agility - a calculus of business change and the resultant IT change. We argue that business agility, the ability to respond with "smooth and dexterous performance", derives from a coordination structure for the business with strong implications for day to day operations. We relate the argument to an operational modeling approach that we have developed as well as with other contemporary concepts on complexity in business. Our modeling approach is distinguished by the concept of "business artifacts" and artifact-centered thinking. We have had considerable success with operational business modeling and we will draw on some examples to illustrate our arguments.
Chronic alcohol exposure inhibits biotin uptake by pancreatic acinar cells: possible involvement of epigenetic mechanisms

Chronic exposure to alcohol affects different physiological aspects of pancreatic acinar cells (PAC), but its effect on the uptake process of biotin is not known. We addressed this issue using mous...
Effects of RNase L Mutations Associated with Prostate Cancer on Apoptosis Induced by 2′,5′-Oligoadenylates

The RNASEL gene, a strong candidate for the hereditary prostate cancer 1 allele (HPC1), encodes a single-stranded specific endoribonuclease involved in the antiviral actions of IFNs. RNase L is activated enzymatically after binding to unusual 5'-phosphorylated, 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A). Biostable phosphorothioate analogues of 2-5A were synthesized chemically and used to study the effects of naturally occurring mutations and polymorphisms in RNASEL. The 2-5A analogues induced RNase L activity and caused apoptosis in cultures of late-stage, metastatic human prostate cancer cell lines DU145, PC3, and LNCaP. However, DU145 and PC3 cells were more sensitive to 2-5A than LNCaP cells, which are heterozygous for an inactivating deletion mutation in RNase L. The RNase activities of missense variants of human RNase L were compared after expression in a mouse RNase L(-/-) cell line. Several variants (G59S, I97L, I220V, G296V, S322F, Y529C, and D541E) produced similar levels of RNase L activity as wild-type enzyme. In contrast, the R462Q variant, previously implicated in up to 13% of unselected prostate cancer cases, bound 2-5A at wild-type levels but had a 3-fold decrease in RNase activity. The deficiency in RNase L(R462Q) activity was correlated with a reduction in its ability to dimerize into a catalytically active form. Furthermore, RNase L(R462Q) was deficient in causing apoptosis in response to 2-5A consistent with its possible role in prostate cancer development. Our findings support the notion that RNASEL mutations and some variants allow tumor cells to escape a potent apoptotic pathway.
Parameter estimation in flexural plate motion; elastic, plastic-elastic and thermo-elastic models applied to the Chukchi Basin, Alaska

Models are presented of flexural plate basement motion (elastic, plastic-elastic and thermo-elastic) due to: (1) compressive or extensional stress; (2) variation of lithospheric basement density along the flexural plate; (3) spatial variations of plate rigidity; and (4) variations of initial plate angle, hinge point position, plate length, initial end load and plate curvature. A non-linear inverse method determines parameters. Synthetic test results and a case history from the Central Chukchi Basin illustrate the accuracy and resolution of the inversion procedure. The Central Chukchi Basin has an unloaded geometry mainly controlled by a Palaeozoic fault system. Plastic or thermal effects produce a narrow unloaded basin geometry not conforming to the Paleozoic fault distribution or to the isopach map of the Upper Ellesmerian sediments. Inverse elastic model results agree with both the known fault system development (from seismic data) and the direction of the Brooks Range motion.
Recent insights into HIV-1 Vif.

Abstract The lentiviruses, including HIV-1 (but excluding equine infectious anemia virus), encode a viral infectivity factor (Vif) protein. Circumstantial evidence suggested that Vif acts to neutralize an inhibitory host defense mechanism, but progress in the field was limited because the identity of the cellular target was unknown. The recent identification of the elusive host cell factor let loose a flood of advances. These findings have revealed a novel innate defense mechanism against retroviruses. In infected cells, the cellular cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G, a relative of the activation-induced deaminase (AID), is encapsidated into assembling virions. The enzyme lies in the virion, waiting to wreak havoc on the viral genome in the next round of virus replication – unless it is first caught by Vif.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Production and Characterization: An Overview of Somatic Cell Reprogramming

Since the seminal description of somatic cell reprogramming by Takahashi and Yamanaka, there have been astounding advances in the protocols to produce induced pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, the derivation of iPSC has provided an important and useful model to study the critical molecular events necessary to re-establish and maintain self-renewal and pluripotency in cells. This article provides a broad review of the technologies and approaches used to generate iPSC by examining protein factors used for reprogramming, methods of genetic material delivery to cells, and the trend in the field to eliminate the use of genetic materials to reduce the risk of insertional mutagenesis. Additionally, this article reviews the molecular markers and physiological properties used to characterize and evaluate iPSC to verify their full reprogramming to an embryonic stem cell-like state. Lastly, the emerging trend to generate cells using transdifferentiation, the conversion of one somatic cell type directly to another somatic cell type, is discussed.
Missed fractures in paediatric trauma patients

Missed fractures and other occult musculoskeletal injuries are common in paediatric trauma patients despite the thorough evaluation with standard trauma protocols. Several factors have been identified that contribute to the risk of failing to identify these injuries during the initial resuscitation and assessment of the paediatric trauma patient. These include patient-related, clinical, technical, and radiological causes. Preventive strategies have been proposed to minimize these overlooked injuries and their potential long-term consequences. A timely review of this problem is appropriate to continually improve the quality of care delivered to paediatric trauma patients.
Generation of Neuronal Architecture: Ionic Regulation of Growth Cone Behavior

A wealth of knowledge has developed from studies of ion channels on single cells ranging from Paramecium to identified snail neurons. Such studies have given rise to the concept of the single cell as a systems integrator, responsive to environmental change, and capable of precise effector behavior. Recent years have seen the extension of this view to developing systems and we have begun to ask “To what extent are mechanisms employed in the normal coding processes of adult neurons also used in developing and regenerating neurons to influence differentiation and final connectivity patterns?” This line of investigation has disclosed a high degree of parallelism between developing neurons and their adult counterparts.
Resurrecting embryos of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, to resolve vertebrate phallus evolution

The breadth of anatomical and functional diversity among amniote external genitalia has led to uncertainty about the evolutionary origins of the phallus. In several lineages, including the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, adults lack an intromittent phallus, raising the possibility that the amniote ancestor lacked external genitalia and reproduced using cloacal apposition. Accordingly, a phallus may have evolved multiple times in amniotes. However, similarities in development across amniote external genitalia suggest that the phallus may have a single evolutionary origin. To resolve the evolutionary history of amniote genitalia, we performed three-dimensional reconstruction of Victorian era tuatara embryos to look for embryological evidence of external genital initiation. Despite the absence of an intromittent phallus in adult tuataras, our observations show that tuatara embryos develop genital anlagen. This illustrates that there is a conserved developmental stage of external genital development among all amniotes and suggests a single evolutionary origin of amniote external genitalia.
Chromosomal Instability (CIN) in Cancer

Chromosomal instability (CIN) represents a common feature in the majority of cancers. Despite that the search for specific molecular mechanisms linked to the causation or consequences of cancer has become very popular in cancer research, there is no general conceptual framework that unifies the observed diverse molecular findings. By applying the genome theory of cancer evolution, we briefly define and clarify CIN, synthesise its importance in macro-cellular evolutionary selection, unify diverse molecular mechanisms under the evolutionary mechanism of cancer and discuss its potential implications. Understanding the relationship of stress, CIN and genome-mediated cancer evolution offers clarity and direction to researchers, and monitoring CIN within an evolutionary context can provide valuable clinical information for determining treatment administration and patient prognosis. Key Concepts Chromosomal aberrations exist in the majority of cancers, suggesting the importance of understanding CIN in cancer. Cancer genome evolution exists in two cyclical phases: a genome replacement mediated punctuated (macro-cellular) phase and a gene/epigene-mediated stepwise (micro-cellular) phase; triggering CIN is the key to entering the macro-cellular evolutionary phase. CIN represents the key driver of cancer, as high levels rapidly produce wide varieties of new genome systems, providing necessary heterogeneity (and ample opportunity) for evolutionary selection. Understanding the relationship among CIN, different genetic level dynamics and macro-cellular evolution can be accomplished using multiple level landscape models. Application of the evolutionary mechanism of cancer in understanding CIN offers clarity by unifying the wide variety of involved genetic and non-genetic mechanisms and factors. The consequences of high stress-induced CIN (e.g. genome chaos, adaptation and accelerated macro-cellular evolution) hold high implications in cancer treatment and drug resistance. Fuzzy inheritance, which also reflects as elevated CIN at the genome level, represents a major mechanism of cancer evolution. Monitoring CIN within an evolutionary context can provide valuable information for both cancer research and treatment. Keywords: cancer evolution; chromosomal instability (CIN); clonal chromosome aberration (CCA); fuzzy inheritance; genome chaos; genome heterogeneity; genome theory; non-clonal chromosome aberration (NCCA); system inheritance
Composite Fuel Cell Membranes from Dual-Nanofiber Electrospun Mats

Nafion and poly(phenyl sulfone) are simultaneously electrospun into a dual-fiber mat. Follow-on processing of the mat produces two distinct membrane structures: (1) Nafion reinforced by a poly(phen...
Inflammation and Mediators of Lung Injury

This article covers the major pathways involved in acute inflammation in mammals with a particular emphasis on their relevance to the bovine species. It focuses on the potential and proven contributions of these systems to pulmonary defense mechanisms and lung pathology. The article also points out what is known and where gaps in our information exist as well as promising areas for research in the coming years.
The role and status of Nautilus in its natural habitat: evidence from deep-water remote camera photosequences

Bottom site remote camera photosequences at depths of 73-538 m on forereef slopes in Palau show that Nautilus belauensis is a highly mobile, chemosensitive, epibenthic scavenger and opportunistic predator. The overall depth range of this species is ca. 70-500 m, but photosequences indicate a preferred range of 150-300 m. Nautilus is active both nocturnally and diurnally, locating bait sites within 1-2 h. Associated macrofauna includes caridean shrimps, crabs, and eels; teleosts are rare below 100 m, but sharks are recorded in most photosequences below 250 m. Summarily, Nautilus exhibits a combination of characters that typify deep-sea strategy, including reproductive tactics, growth rate, and population dynamics. This and other evidence suggest that fossil Nautilidae may have been deep-water forms, in contrast to the typically shallower water ammonoids, and that Nautilus is a normal component of the deep forereef rather than a late Cretaceous refugee from shallow water.
Concurrent and longitudinal associations of peers' acceptance with emotion and effortful control in kindergarten.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate bidirectional associations between peer acceptance and both emotion and effortful control during kindergarten (N = 301). In both the fall and spring semesters, we obtained peer nominations of acceptance, measures of positive and negative emotion based on naturalistic observations in school (i.e., classroom, lunch/recess), and observers’ reports of effortful control (i.e., inhibitory control, attention focusing) and emotions (i.e., positive, negative). In structural equation panel models, peer acceptance in fall predicted higher effortful control in spring. Effortful control in fall did not predict peer acceptance in spring. Negative emotion predicted lower peer acceptance across time for girls but not for boys. Peer acceptance did not predict negative or positive emotion over time. In addition, we tested interactions between positive or negative emotion and effortful control predicting peer acceptance. Positive emotion predicted higher peer acceptance for children ...
Receptance Based Normalization of Operational Mode Shapes

Normalization of modes obtained from operational modal analysis has received significant attention since the seminal paper on the use of mass perturbations by Parloo et.al., in 2002. The present paper presents a formulation where the square of the scaling constants are obtained from an over-determined linear system of equations. The formulation is exact for arbitrary changes in the modal model when the modal basis is complete, as well as for all conditions where existing uncoupled solutions are exact, independently of truncation. The approach is designated as the Receptance Based Normalization (RBN) scheme because the coefficients in the system of equations are obtained from evaluations of the modal series expression for the Receptance matrix.
The ‘Hyperactive’ Child

A new, more apt designation, attentional deficit disorder (ADD), may help dispel some of the myths that have surrounded the “hyperactive” child. An abnormally high level of physical activity is a common but not universal finding in these children but is not their central problem. In most affected children, early diagnosis and specific drug treatment can ward off the often disastrous psychiatric and social consequences of ADD.
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Probably Arising in the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: A Case Report

AbstractA patient with widely disseminated mucinous adenocarcinoma had polypoid tumors in the left renal pelvis and ureter. While no certain primary site was determined, either clinically or at postmortem examination, microscopic examination of the left renal pelvis and ureter revealed atypical glandular metaplasia adjacent to the tumors and made the upper urinary tract a likely site of origin for the adenocarcinoma.
Extraventricular Drains and Ventriculostomy

An external ventricular drain (EVD) or ventriculostomy is the temporary drainage of CSF from the ventricles of the brain and serves as a diagnostic tool to monitor ICP and a therapeutic tool to drain excess CSF and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and reduce ICP in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative setting. Sustained elevation of ICP is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Conditions like SAH, rupture of AVM, AVF or aneurysm, brain tumors, meningitis, TBI, Chiari malformation, and pseudotumor cerebri increase ICP and warrant an EVD to drain CSF and monitor ICP. While there are only a few absolute contraindications for insertion of an EVD, the relative contraindication such as coagulopathies can be rapidly reversed prior to insertion of the EVD. Some of the new generation anticoagulants may need dialysis for reversal due to the lack of proven antidote. Kocher’s point on the right is the most common site since it is the nondominant hemisphere in majority of the population and lies anterior to the motor strip.
Single-beam heterodyne FAST CARS microscopy

We demonstrate, for the first time, single-beam heterodyne FAST CARS imaging without data post-processing and with nonresonant background subtraction in a simple setup via the real-time piezo modulation of the probe delay. Our fast signal acquisition scheme does not require a spatial light modulator in the pulse shaper, and is suitable for high-resolution imaging and time-resolved dynamics. In addition, the spectral detection of the back-scattered FAST CARS signal is incorporated into the pulse shaper, allowing for a compact and more efficient design. Such epi-detection capability is demonstrated by imaging Si and MoS2 microstructures.
VLF Emission Substorm

Watts (1957) and Ellis (1957, 1959) were among the first to recognize atmospheric radio noise at kilocycle frequencies, which is closely associated with strong auroral and magnetic activity. Ellis (1959) showed that noise appears as bursts and that some of the bursts were well correlated with an enhancement of the red oxygen line (λ 6300) in airglow. He found that the duration of most of such bursts is of order 3 hours, although some lasted for 15 hours. These facts strongly suggest that VLF emissions are associated with polar substorms.
Variables Affecting Pharmacy Students’ Patient Care Interventions during Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences

Objective. To identify the temporal effect and factors associated with student pharmacist self-initiation of interventions during acute patient care advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPE).Methods. During the APPE, student pharmacists at an academic medical center recorded their therapeutic interventions and who initiated the intervention throughout clinical rotations. At the end of the APPE student pharmacists completed a demographic survey.Results. Sixty-two student pharmacists were included. Factors associated with lower rates of self-initiated interventions were infectious diseases and pediatrics APPEs and an intention to pursue a postgraduate residency. Timing of the APPE, previous specialty elective course completion, and previous hospital experience did not result in any significant difference in self-initiated recommendations.Conclusion. Preceptors should not base practice experience expectations for self-initiated interventions on previous student experience or future intentions. Additional...
Methods for reducing microwave resonance asymmetry in coherent population trapping based frequency standards

The paper discusses the theory of microwave resonance-line asymmetry in coherent population trapping (CPT) based frequency standards. Frequency errors caused by the asymmetry, and techniques for reducing the errors are described (patent pending).
Interactions between the MJO, Aerosols, and Convection over the Central Indian Ocean

AbstractThis study examines covariability of boundary layer cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations [estimated using the GEOS 3D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem)], convective clouds, precipitation, and lightning observed over the central equatorial Indian Ocean (CIO). Three distinct Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) episodes were observed during the recent Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO; 2011/12) field campaign. Coherent relationships between CCN, rainfall, and lightning are apparent in time series from DYNAMO and more lightning located north of the equator is noted, compared to south of the equator. More-polluted environments north of the equator contained deep convective clouds that had stronger radar reflectivities (~2–3 dB) in the mixed-phase region (5–10-km altitude) compared to south of the equator. Following discussion of the MJO episodes that occurred during DYNAMO, 22 cycles of the MJO observed during boreal cold seasons in the years 2004–11 are examined with the aid of TRMM satellite obser...
Capital Matters: “Found” Social Capital of the Sudanese Refugee Lost Boys Living in Kansas City Area

This article investigates accrual, role, and impact of social capital of the southern Sudanese formerly known as the Sudanese refugee Lost Boys living in the greater Kansas City area. Since their r...
Flexible Ureteroscopy: Holmium:YAG Laser and Optical Fibers

The holmium:YAG has become that gold standard for intracorporeal lithotripsy during flexible ureteroscopy. The combination of the wide margin of safety when working in a fluid environment coupled with its ability to urinary stones regardless of their chemical composition has led to its widespread adoption. However urologists are being offered an ever widening area of holmium:YAG lasers and laser fibers. In this chapter the clinical utility of the holmium:YAG laser as applied to flexible ureteroscopy is addressed. In addition a review of laser optical fibers and how their differing properties can impact performance and safety is presented.
Review of The Business of Slavery and the Rise of American Capitalism, 1815-1860 by Calvin Schermerhorn and The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism by Edward E. Baptist

The two books being reviewed are concerned with the importance of slavery in the antebellum US South for the economic development of the Northern states. One (Schermerhorn) deals primarily with Southern financial arrangements facilitating the sales of slaves and cotton. The other (Baptist) presents a broader picture of masters' treatment of slaves, as well as how the incomes of slaveowners spurred the demand for Northern industrial production. The review argues that both books overstate the importance of slavery and cotton production for US economic growth.
AC orbit bump method of local impedance measurement

A fast and precise technique of local impedance measurement has been developed and tested at NSLS-II. This technique is based on in-phase sine-wave (AC) excitation of four fast correctors adjacent to the vacuum chamber section, impedance of which is measured. The beam position is measured using synchronous detection. Use of the narrow-band sine-wave signal allows us to improve significantly the accuracy of the orbit bump method. Beam excitation by fast correctors results in elimination of the systematic error caused by hysteresis effect. The systematic error caused by orbit drift is also eliminated because the measured signal is not affected by the orbit motion outside the excitation frequency range. In this article, the measurement technique is described and the result of proof-of-principle experiment carried out at NSLS-II is presented.
The Amygdaloid Projection Field in the Rat as Studied with the Cupric-Silver Method

Much has been written about the connections of the amygdala, first of descriptions of normal material as stained with Weigert or Bielschowski type techniques, later of experimental material impregnated with Glees (1946) and Nauta-Gygax (1954) silver procedures. Reviews on the subject can be found in publications by Gloor (1955), Valverde (1965), Nauta and Haymaker (1969) and, in the present meeting, by Professor Lammers (1971). However, despite the pioneer value of such works, it was not until very recently that more reliable information has been produced, specifically by Heimer and Nauta (1969) who utilized the Fink-Heimer (1967) and electron microscopic methods. Further elaboration of their findings has been presented by Leonard and Scott (1971), who also employed the Fink-Heimer technique, and these contributions find strong support in additional electron microscopic observations by Raisman (1970, 1971).
Comparative effectiveness of incorporating a hypothetical DCIS prognostic marker into breast cancer screening

Due to limitations in the ability to identify non-progressive disease, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is usually managed similarly to localized invasive breast cancer. We used simulation modeling to evaluate the potential impact of a hypothetical test that identifies non-progressive DCIS. A discrete-event model simulated a cohort of U.S. women undergoing digital screening mammography. All women diagnosed with DCIS underwent the hypothetical DCIS prognostic test. Women with test results indicating progressive DCIS received standard breast cancer treatment and a decrement to quality of life corresponding to the treatment. If the DCIS test indicated non-progressive DCIS, no treatment was received and women continued routine annual surveillance mammography. A range of test performance characteristics and prevalence of non-progressive disease were simulated. Analysis compared discounted quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs for test scenarios to base-case scenarios without the test. Compared to the base case, a perfect prognostic test resulted in a 40% decrease in treatment costs, from $13,321 to $8005 USD per DCIS case. A perfect test produced 0.04 additional QALYs (16 days) for women diagnosed with DCIS, added to the base case of 5.88 QALYs per DCIS case. The results were sensitive to the performance characteristics of the prognostic test, the proportion of DCIS cases that were non-progressive in the model, and the frequency of mammography screening in the population. A prognostic test that identifies non-progressive DCIS would substantially reduce treatment costs but result in only modest improvements in quality of life when averaged over all DCIS cases.