cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drainage of late Wisconsin glacial lakes and the morphology and late quaternary stratigraphy of the New Jersey–southern New England continental shelf and slope

Abstract We propose that late Wisconsin deposition and erosion (Hudson Shelf and Block Island valleys) on the shelf and slope from New Jersey to southern New England were a consequence of the catastrophic drainage of glacial lakes behind terminal moraine systems and the huge volume of water stored beneath the Laurentian ice sheet and subsequent erosion of the lake sediments by flash floods. The morphology imparted by glaciation regulated the discharge associated with the ablation of the glaciers. Associated with the deposits west of Hudson Shelf Valley are the remains of mammoth and mastodon which were transported from their living habitats along the lake shores to their present burial sites on the shelf. The floods also triggered gravity flows on the upper continental slope which made possible the transportation of coarse debris over hundreds of km into the deep-sea. That these catastrophic flood morphologies can still be recognized on the middle to outer shelf suggest that much of its surface was little modified during the late Pleistocene/Holocene transgression. Thus the late Pleistocene/Holocene transgression may have been characterized by short periods when sea level rose rapidly allowing for the preservation of relict features.
Control of the yeast cell cycle is associated with assembly/disassembly of the Cdc28 protein kinase complex

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene CDC28 encodes a protein kinase required for progression from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle. We present evidence that the active form of the Cdc28 protein kinase is a complex of approximately 160 kd containing an endogenous substrate, p40, and possibly other polypeptides. This complex phosphorylates p40 and exogenous histone H1 in vitro. Cell cycle arrest during G1 results in inactivation of the protein kinase accompanied by the disassembly of the complex. Furthermore, assembly of the complex is regulated during the cell cycle, reaching a maximum during G1. Partial complexes thought to be intermediates in the assembly process phosphorylate histone H1 but not p40. Addition of soluble factors to these partial complexes in vitro restores p40 phosphorylation and causes the complex to increase to the mature size. A model is presented in which p40 phosphorylation is required during G1 for cells to initiate a new cell cycle.
Functional activities of monomeric and dimeric forms of the chloroplast cytochrome b6f complex

A monomeric form of the isolated cytochrome b6f complex from spinach chloroplast membranes has been isolated after treatment of the dimeric complex with varying concentrations of Triton X-100. The two forms of the complex are similar as regards electron transfer components and subunit composition. In contrast to a previous report (Huang et al. (1994) Biochemistry 33: 4401–4409) both the monomer and dimer are enzymatically active. However, after incorporation of the respective complexes into phospholipid vesicles, only the dimeric form of the cytochrome complex shows uncoupler sensitive electron transport, an indication of coupling of electron transport to proton translocation. The absence of this activity with the monomeric form of the cytochrome complex may be related to an inhibition by added lipids.
Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on iron utilization in the rat

Abstract The effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on iron metabolism in rat dams and pups were studied. Sperm-positive nulliparous dams were assigned to groups on the third day of gestation (G3): ET rats were fed a liquid diet containing 9% ethanol (v/v); PC rats were pair-fed a non-ethanol, isocaloric liquid diet; FC rats were fed the same nonethanol diet ad libitum. All animals were individually housed in stainless steel metabolic cages from G3 to G18 and transferred to polypropylene cages to await delivery. Food intake and dam body weight were significantly less in the ET and PC groups compared to the FC control group. Water intake was significantly greater in the ET dams than in controls. Gestation length was significantly increased in the ET rats only. Pup body weight was significantly decreased in the ET rats only compared to controls. Apparent absorption of iron in the ET dams was significantly greater than in the PC and FC dams. The in utero ethanol exposure resulted in a significant increase in liver and femur iron concentrations in the newborn pups when compared to the PC and FC control pups. The marked increase clue to understanding presence of liver pathology that has been reported to occur in children with fetal alcohol syndrome.
Chromosome Studies in two Species of Pill-Millipedes. (Diplopoda-Myri Apoda)

SUMMARYThe present study on the chromosome cytology of two species of Diplopoda which are commonly called pill-millipedes, is a continuation of a similar study for the group (CHOWDAIAH 1965). They present two diploid chromosome numbers of 26 and 30, and the highest chromosome number (2n = 30) is recorded for the group. In the species studied, all the chromosomes are acrocentric. The sex-chromosome mechanism is of the XY type. The sex bivalent (XY) is the largest pair in the complement. An attempt has been made to gain some evidence on the probable numerical relationship of the various Karyotypes and their role in the evolution of the group as a whole.
On occurrence of patterns in Markov chains: Method of gambling teams

A new martingale technique is developed to find formulas for the first two moments and generating function of the waiting time until one observes an element of a finite collection of patterns in a finite multi-state Markov chain.
Blood pressure augmentation in acute ischemic stroke

Although control of hypertension is established as an important factor in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke, management of blood pressure in the setting of acute ischemic stroke remains controversial. Given limited data, the general consensus is that there is no proven benefit to lowering blood pressure in the first hours to days after acute ischemic stroke. Instead, there is concern that relative hypotension may lead to worsening of cerebral ischemia. For many years, the use of blood pressure augmentation ("induced hypertension") has been studied in animal models and in humans as a means of maintaining or improving perfusion to ischemic brain tissue. This approach is now widely used in neurocritical care units to treat delayed neurological deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage, but its use in ischemic stroke patients remains anecdotal. This article reviews the cerebral physiology, animal models and human studies of induced hypertension as a treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Although there has not been a large, randomized clinical trial of this treatment, the available clinical data suggests that induced hypertension can result in at least short-term neurological improvement, with an acceptable degree of safety.
Maternal behavior and clutch manipulation in the ring-legged earwig (Dermaptera: Carcinophoridae)

The expression and maintenance of maternal behavior in the earwig,Euborellia annulipes, was examined through manipulation of clutch size, age, and species and through observations of interactions between brooding females. Females underwent discrete gonadotrophic cycles culminating in oviposition of first clutches that were highly variable in size. Neither the head capsule width nor the age of the mother was correlated with clutch size. Maternal care extended through embryogenesis and for the week following hatching. Clutch removal significantly shortened the interclutch interval, indicating that the presence of brood inhibited the onset of the second gonadotrophic cycle. Brooding females readily accepted replacement clutches of the same age. Thus, mothers did not appear to distinguish their own eggs from those of other females. Experimental doubling of clutch size did not significantly reduce the proportion hatching or fledging. In contrast, reducing clutch size diminished the percentage successfully fledging. Manipulation of clutch age resulted in reduced hatching/fledging success. Placing two females, each with newly laid clutches, in the same cage usually resulted in egg transfer from the nest of one female to that of the other within 12 h. Nests of females with larger forceps were significantly more likely to contain both clutches. When mothers with first clutches were paired with mothers with third clutches, eggs were more likely to be transferred to the nest of the older female.E. annulipes females with newly laid clutches appeared to accept as replacement clutches eggs of the earwigDoru taeniatum. Alien clutches were maintained for the typical duration of embryogenesis; however, noD. taeniatum hatchlings were observed.
Effect of muscular exercise on circulating thyroid hormone.

SummaryMuscular exercise in human subjects produced no alteration in peripheral utilization of thyroid hormone as measured by concentration of circulating hormone and by rate of disappearance of injected radio-thyroxine.
Bending induced tuning of the resonant response of a flexible THz metamaterial device

The effects of bending a 2-dimensional planar array of rectangular split-ring resonators (SRRs) is observed by mounting the array to varying diameter HDPE cylinders. By studying the transmission of pulsed THz light through the SRR-cylinder system, it shown that the resonant frequency and response of the arrays are tunable as a function of the radius of curvature.
Inference methods for saturated models in longitudinal clinical trials with incomplete binary data.

In the longitudinal studies with binary response, it is often of interest to estimate the percentage of positive responses at each time point and the percentage of having at least one positive response by each time point. When missing data exist, the conventional method based on observed percentages could result in erroneous estimates. This study demonstrates two methods of using expectation-maximization (EM) and data augmentation (DA) algorithms in the estimation of the marginal and cumulative probabilities for incomplete longitudinal binary response data. Both methods provide unbiased estimates when the missingness mechanism is missing at random (MAR) assumption. Sensitivity analyses have been performed for cases when the MAR assumption is in question. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paleocene and early Eocene woods of the Denver Basin, Colorado

Silicified woods are common in the upper D1 (Paleocene – Puercan and Torrejonian) and D2 (Eocene – Wasatchian) sequences of the Denver Basin. Almost all derive from angiosperms. Woods from the upper D1 sequence are the second set of angiosperm woods described from Paleocene strata of the Rocky Mountain region. Wood assemblages from the upper D1 sequence differ from Paleocene wood assemblages of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and the Big Bend region of Texas, indicating variation within the Western Interior. Lauraceous woods with oil cells are common in the Denver Basin assemblages while they are not known from the San Juan Basin or Big Bend. This initial survey suggests that the early Paleocene D1 (7 wood types) and early Eocene D2 (5 wood types) wood assemblages differ. Lauraceous woods with oil cells apparently are not common in the D2 sequence. The early Eocene Denver Basin wood assemblages differ from the early Eocene Yellowstone Fossil Forest wood assemblages in which conifers are common and phyllanthoid woods are rare. Growth rings are present but not well defined in the D1 and D2 sequence woods. The Denver Basin angiosperm woods are neither semi-ring porous nor ring porous, features that are common in present-day northern temperate forests and in angiosperm woods from the late Eocene Florissant Fossil Beds.
Long-term complications of conduit urinary diversion.

Purpose: We evaluated long-term surgical complications and clinical outcomes in a large group of patients treated with conduit urinary diversion.Materials and Methods: We identified 1,057 patients who underwent radical cystectomy with conduit urinary diversion using ileum or colon at our institution from 1980 to 1998 with complete followup information. Patients were followed for long-term clinical outcomes and analyzed for the incidence of diversion specific complications.Results: A total of 844 patients died at a median of 4.1 years (range 0.1 to 28.1) following cystectomy. Median followup of the surviving 213 patients was 15.5 years (range 0.3 to 29.1). There were 643 (60.8%) patients with 1,453 complications directly attributable to the urinary diversion performed with a mean of 2.3 complications per patient. Bowel complications were the most common, occurring in 215 patients (20.3%), followed by renal complications in 213 (20.2%), infectious complications in 174 (16.5%), stomal complications in 163 (1...
SU-GG-T-467: Extended Gamma Criteria in Proton Patient QA Using MatrixX and MLIC

Purpose:Proton patient QA requires measurement of output and verification of range compensator for the field specific spread‐out Bragg peak. Matching dose profiles and depth dose between measurement and treatment planning is desirable. Method and Materials: A calibrated detector array can measure absolute output cGy/MU, verify field shape and detect range compensator errors. Multi‐Layer‐Ionization‐Chamber (MLIC) can measure the field's percent depth dose (PDD) without compensator. IBA MatrixX and Omnipro IMRT are used to collect and analyze profiles on three planes per patient field. Dose planes at mid SOBP, distal 90% and 50% are chosen to verify cGy/MU and field shape, steep depth gradient around field edges and thickness accuracy of the compensator, respectively. The Gamma criteria of 3 mm/3% perpendicular to the beam path are extended to along the beam direction because of the steep proton distal dose gradient. MatrixX and MLIC results are compared with PPC05's in‐water measurement regarding absolute output cGy/MU and PDD, respectively. Results: For ten patient fields, the outputs of MatrixX agree with PPC05 within 2%. Shorter range compensator thickness and milling defects are detected by the 2 mm criteria along the beam path. Gamma criteria of 3 mm/3% are met on more than 98% pixels of all depths for properly milled compensators of high energy beams. Penumbra mismatches cause failure of 3 mm/3% criteria at d90 and d50 for low energy beams. This is because Eclipse does not model compensator scattering, however, 98% pixels still pass 4 mm/4% criteria. MLIC agree with PPC05 measurements within 2 mm of distal 90% range and 2% of proximal 90% range of PDD. Lower surface dose (<2% difference on the first cm) was observed between MLIC and PPC05.Conclusion: Gamma criteria are extended for proton patient QA to quantitatively measure dose matching along and perpendicular to the beam direction.
Enzymatic fragmentation of tetanus toxin. Identification and characterization of an atoxic, immunogenic fragment

Purified filtrate tetanus toxin was subjected to limited digestion with papain and the resulting fragments were separated by gel exclusion chromatography and characterized. One atoxic fragment was shown to react with antiserum against tetanus toxoid and was capable of inducing antibodies in rabbits that neutralized native tetanus toxin. The fragment had an estimated molecular weight of 56,000 by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 62,000 by sedimentation equilibrium. In the presence of a reducing agent, the fragment yielded two components with approximatec molecular weights of 23,000 and 32,000. Thus, it appears that the atoxic, immunogenic fragment is composed of two peptides joined by at least one disulfide bond. The fragment was examined by circular dichroism and data analysis indicated the presence of considerable β-structure, but little, if any, α-helicity. This is significantly different from the estimates for filtrate toxin, 29% α-helicity and 23% β-structure. Above 250 nm, the circular dichroic spectrum of the fragment was also distinct from that of intact toxin.
Corrosion behavior of a ferritic/martensitic steel HCM12A exposed to harsh environments

Abstract The corrosion behavior of a 12%Cr ferritic/martensitic steel, HCM12A, exposed separately in supercritical water (SCW) and lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) was evaluated focusing on the microstructure of the corrosion products that develops in the first 333–1000 h. The effect of an yttrium-coating layer on the corrosion resistance of the steel was also studied. Detailed comparison of the corrosion results, including oxide scale layer structure, oxide grain morphology, texture development, and distribution of phases and alloying elements, between as-heat treated and Y-coated samples, and between SCW- and LBE-exposed environments, are reported. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were employed for these analyses. The outer oxide scale, magnetite, was detached/dissolved into LBE but not in SCW. Exposure results indicate that the Y-coating improved the corrosion resistance, as represented by a smaller weight gain, thinner oxide scale, and prevention of the oxide scale from detachment into LBE compared as compared to that which occurred on the non-Y treated samples.
Island Formation During Kinetic Rate Oscillations in the Oxidation of CO over Pt/SiO2: A Transient Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Study

Abstract Transient Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy were used in tandem to study CO adsorption and kinetic rate oscillations in the oxidation of CO at intermediate pressure (1–10 Torr) on a series of silica gel-supported platinum catalysts of varying dispersion and preparation. FTIR shows that the stretching frequency of linearly bonded CO decreases as the dispersion of the platinum particles increases (2076 cm−1 for D=25% to 2058 cm−1 for D=99%), but CO bonded to electron-deficient platinum (CO–Ptδ+) results in a frequency of ∼2080 cm−1 for all particle sizes. Isotope-mixing experiments and dipole coupling simulations were performed in order to determine the dipole and chemical components of the coverage-dependent IR peak shift on supported platinum. The results compare favorably to single-crystal studies and show a chemical shift of 10 cm−1 and a dipole shift of 25 cm−1 that are independent of particle dispersion. Reaction studies at T=180–300°C and O2 : CO=0.5–4.0 suggest that the oxidation/reduction model and the carbon deposition model cited in the literature are both inadequate to explain the observed oscillations over these catalysts. A mechanism is suggested in which densely packed islands of CO block a portion of the active sites during the reaction. Differences in catalyst precursor (chloroplatinic acid or tetraammine platinum(II) nitrate) affect the amplitude of the oscillations observed in this study. The feedback mechanism driving the oscillations remains unclear but is most likely related to the Pt(100) or Pt(110) surface-phase transition or chlorine impurities supporting the formation of islands through electrostatic interaction.
Sympathetic reinnervation of peripheral targets following bilateral axotomy of the adult superior cervical ganglion

The ability of adult injured postganglionic axons to reinnervate cerebrovascular targets is unknown, yet these axons can influence cerebral blood flow, particularly during REM sleep. The objective of the present study was to assess quantitatively the sympathetic reinnervation of vascular as well as non-vascular targets following bilateral axotomy of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) at short term (1 day, 7 day) and long term (8 weeks, 12 weeks) survival time points. The sympathetic innervation of representative extracerebral blood vessels [internal carotid artery (ICA), basilar artery (BA), middle cerebral artery (MCA)], the submandibular gland (SMG), and pineal gland was quantified following injury using an antibody to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Changes in TH innervation were related to TH protein content in the SCG. At 7 day following bilateral SCG axotomy, all targets were significantly depleted of TH innervation, and the exact site on the BA where SCG input was lost could be discerned. Complete sympathetic reinnervation of the ICA was observed at long term survival times, yet TH innervation of other vascular targets showed significant decreases even at 12 weeks following axotomy. The SMG was fully reinnervated by 12 weeks, yet TH innervation of the pineal gland remained significantly decreased. TH protein in the SCG was significantly decreased at both short term and long term time points and showed little evidence of recovery. Our data demonstrate a slow reinnervation of most vascular targets following axotomy of the SCG with only minimal recovery of TH protein in the SCG at 12 weeks following injury.
The effects of different presentation modalities on a person identification task: A study of wireless multimedia PDA use in a security context

The convergence of affordable multimedia capabilities with local and wide area wireless data networking on handheld devices is a particularly important trend. Using off-the-shelf technology, we conducted a simple experiment that required participants to engage in a person-identification task while posing as security agents in a field setting. Participants attempted to identify a target person in a public setting under different conditions with or without the aid of video information distributed to them via wireless-enabled multimedia PDAs. We developed a research framework and expectations based on previous research in the areas of the dual processing theory of working memory, information richness theory, and the role of video in grounding. Our findings suggest that dual modes of presentation (i.e., phonological and visuospatial information) simultaneously incorporated by a specific presentation significantly influence user perception and enhance task performance.
Implications of brand communities for rival brands: Negative brand ratings, negative stereotyping of their consumers and negative word-of-mouth

The importance of understanding competitive influences in the marketplace is well understood, but most prior brand community research has focused on the positive ramifications for the focal brand rather than on the negative repercussions for competing brands. This research introduces a conceptual model that uses Social Identity Theory and the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) as theoretical frameworks for investigating negative word-of-mouth (NWOM) about out-group brands, negative ratings of out-group brands and negative stereotyping of out-group brand consumers by brand community members. Using a Macintosh User Group (MUG) as the research context, the results of the study demonstrate that as MUG members more strongly identify with the community they perceive themselves to be more prototypical members. Higher levels of prototypicality are then shown to lead to lower out-group brand ratings that, in turn, lead to increased negative stereotyping of out-group brand consumers along both dimensions of the SCM (warmth and competence) and to increased NWOM about out-group brands. Based on the support found for the conceptual model, theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Butanediol induced cerebral protection from ischemic-hypoxia in the instrumented Levine rat.

To determine if 1,3-Butanediol (BD), which protects mice from hypoxia, would extend the tolerance of rats to ischemic-hypoxia, the Levine rat (unilateral carotid ligation and conscious hypoxic exposure) was modified to record mean arterial pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), spontaneous respiration and EEG. Age and weight matched, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized under halothane (1-2%), ligated, instrumented, and recovered 2 hrs before hypoxia (4.5% oxygen). Thirty minutes prior to hypoxia, groups of rats received, BD (47 mmoles/kg i.v.; n = 7), equal volumes of saline (S) (n = 6) or no-infusion (NI) (n = 7). Since no significant difference was observed between S and NI they were combined into a single control group (C). In a parallel group administered BD, resultant beta- hydroxybutarate ( BHB ) levels increased from 0.13 +/- 0.02 to 0.84 +/- 0.03 mM and temperature declined only 1.5 degrees C. The EEG of all ischemic-hypoxic rats invariably became isoelectric before cessation of spontaneous respiration and eventual loss of BP. BD significantly (p less than 0.01, Student's t) increased ischemic-hypoxic tolerance (time to isoelectric EEG) from 875 +/- 56 for the control group to 1338 +/- 67 seconds for the BD group, without changing the interval from isoelectric EEG to loss of BP. Further, EEG activity persisted at a lower mean BP (p less than 0.01) in the BD group (44 +/- 5 mm Hg) than in the control group (66 +/- 4 mm Hg). In summary, isoelectric EEG invariably precedes ventilatory failure and cardiovascular collapse. BD increases ischemic-hypoxic tolerance in the conscious rat by extending, at a lower mean BP, the time to isoelectric EEG.
Intrahepatic arterioportal fistula: Gadolinium-enhanced 3D magnetic resonance angiography findings and angiographic embolization with steel coils

We describe a case of a 59-year-old patient with intrahepatic arterioportal fistula secondary to blunt trauma sustained by a motor vehicle accident 36 years earlier. The fistula was demonstrated 36 years after the accident in a clinical work-up for diarrhea of 1 month's duration, using contrast enhanced three-dimensional breath-hold MRA. A communication between the dilated portal vein and dilated hepatic artery was shown at the level of distal branches. After subsequent demonstration by conventional angiography, the fistula was embolized using steel coils. Following the therapeutic intervention, the patient's diarrhea ceased.
Neonatal iron overload and tissue siderosis due to gestational alloimmune liver disease

Background & Aims Gestational alloimmune liver disease is the main cause of the neonatal hemochromatosis phenotype, wherein severe neonatal liver disease is associated with iron overload and extrahepatic tissue siderosis. How fetal liver disease produces extrahepatic siderosis is not known. We hypothesized that fetal liver injury causes deficient hepcidin production and poor regulation of placental iron flux. Under the resulting conditions of iron overload, the tissue pattern of extrahepatic siderosis is determined by the normal expression of proteins involved in the import of non-transferrin-bound iron and the export of cellular iron. Methods Liver and extrahepatic tissues from infants with gestational alloimmune liver disease were examined and compared to normal age-appropriate tissues. Results Serum iron indices indicate iron overload and excess non-transferrin bound iron in gestational alloimmune liver disease. The diseased liver showed significantly reduced hepcidin, hemojuvulin, and transferrin gene expression compared to the normal fetal and neonatal liver. Those extrahepatic tissues that are typically involved in pathological siderosis in neonatal hemochromatosis, whether from normal or diseased newborns, consistently expressed solute carrier family 39 (zinc transporter), member 14 (ZIP14) for non-transferrin-bound iron uptake and expressed little ferroportin for iron export. Conclusions Excess non-transferrin-bound iron in gestational alloimmune liver disease may result from fetal liver injury that causes reduced synthesis of key iron regulatory and transport proteins. Whereas, the pattern of extrahepatic siderosis appears to be determined by the normal capacity of various tissues to import non-transferrin-bound iron and not export cellular iron.
Extensive Cardiac Metastases Secondary to Uterine Leiomyosarcoma

Uterine leiomyosarcoma metastatic to multiple cardiac chambers occurs infrequently. Over the past 4 decades, there have been only 11 reported cases of cardiac metastasis secondary to uterine leiomyosarcoma. Metastatic cardiac tumors are commonly diagnosed postmortem, although it may be possible to diagnose them during life. The authors report a rare case of a 48-year-old woman with uterine leiomyosarcoma who was diagnosed with extensive cardiac metastases (in the left atrium, right and left ventricles, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary vein). Although extensive cardiac metastases are suggestive of imminent death, aggressive treatment resulted in survival for >1 year for this patient, which underscores the importance of treatment in select patients.
Automatic keyword extraction for learning object repositories

The paper describes experiments in metadata generation for learning object repositories. Specifically, we present several methods for automatic keyword extraction and evaluate them on a collection of learning objects from an undergraduate history course. The results suggest that automatic keyword extraction is a viable solution for suggesting terms and phrases for metadata annotation.
Functional studies on goosefish (Lophius americanus) hemoglobin

Abstract 1. 1. The single stripped, Hb of Lophius americanus (goosefish) has a P50 of approximately 1–2 mm Hg at neutral pH and exhibits cooperativity in oxygen binding. 2. 2. The hemoglobin exhibits a Bohr effect. The P50 is essentially independent of pH above 7.5, increases slightly between pH 7.5 and 7.0, and exhibits the largest increase between pH 7.0 and 6.5. 3. 3. ATP, and temperatures over 18°C decrease oxygen affinity. 4. 4. The P50 is essentially independent of chloride ion, hemoglobin concentration and temperatures below 18°C. No Root effect was observed. 5. 5. The amino acid composition of the two subunits indicates a minimum of six cysteines per tetramer with at least one on each alpha chain.
Dialectical Thinking in Consumer Decision Making

In this article, we examine the four processes of dialectical thinking: interconnection, development and change, transformation of quantitative into qualitative, and unity and struggle of opposites. We argue that the decisions of some consumers reflect dialectical thinking, at least some of the time.
Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and vasopressin concentrations predict pituitary response in the CRF stimulation test: a multiple regression analysis.

There is considerable evidence that stress-related psychiatric disorders, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are associated with hypersecretion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) within the central nervous system (CNS). One line of evidence that is consistent with central CRF hypersecretion in these disorders is the blunted adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) response to intravenous CRF administration, likely a consequence, at least in part, of downregulation of anterior pituitary CRF receptors. The present study tests the hypothesis that elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of CRF and a secondary ACTH secretagogue, arginine vasopressin (AVP), are associated with diminished adenohypophyseal responses in a standard CRF stimulation test. CSF concentrations of CRF and AVP, and plasma ACTH responses to the administration of 1 μg/kg ovine CRF (oCRF) were measured in healthy adult women with and without current major depression and/or a history of significant childhood abuse. The primary outcome measure was ACTH area under the curve (AUC) in the CRF stimulation test. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify the impact of CSF CRF and AVP concentrations upon the pituitary response to CRF stimulation. The regression model explained 56.5% of the variation in the ACTH response to CRF stimulation. The relationship of CSF concentrations of CRF to ACTH responses to CRF were best described by a third-order function that was inversely correlated over most of the range of studied values. The association of ACTH response with CSF concentration of AVP and the dose of oCRF followed second-order kinetics. These findings support the hypothesis that central CRF hypersecretion is associated with a blunted ACTH response to exogenously administered CRF, explaining almost 60% of the variation in the ACTH response to CRF.
A hybrid multi-fidelity approach to the optimal design of warm forming processes using a knowledge-based artificial neural network

In this paper, a hybrid multi-fidelity optimization approach based on a knowledge-based artificial neural network (KBNN) was used to determine the optimal heating strategy in warm forming processes. First, a less costly, but less accurate isothermal finite element analysis (FEA), which neglected the complex heat transfer between the part and tooling elements, was performed to obtain overall knowledge about the effect of temperature on forming performance. Then, a small number of more accurate and expensive (i.e., longer computational time) non-isothermal FEA results were utilized in an artificial neural network (ANN), along with the prior knowledge from the isothermal FEA, to improve the accuracy in defining the non-linear relationship between the design variables (i.e., regional temperatures on the tooling) and the response (i.e., part depth value before failure). The accuracy of the non-isothermal FEA was validated by comparing its prediction results to the experimental findings. This approach was demonstrated for forming a rectangular cup, where it offered a rapid and accurate recommendation of the optimal temperature distribution on the tooling elements for improved formability. The individual and interaction effects of the regional temperatures on formability were also evaluated in detail by constructing the response surfaces near the optimal design point using the multi-fidelity system developed. Finally, a comparison of the temperature and thickness strain distributions on the formed parts was made under various operating conditions, to acquire detailed information on the deformation characteristics of the material.
VIRGO: Virtual Identity Resolution on the Go

We present here the design, development and testing of an open-source software system supporting on-the-fly identity resolution, VIRGO: Virtual Identity Resolution on the Go. The system implements the open source Choice Maker algorithms and it was developed using a service oriented architecture (SOA) approach, which allows its use either as a standalone service or integrated in any SOA workflow. The system performance in our test case achieves the following merit figures, accuracy: 0.992, sensitivity: 0.981 and specificity: 0.992, and it shows linear scaling with the number of records considered. To demonstrate integration into a SOA framework we show how to incorporate VIRGO into the Open Further framework to perform record linkage when federating health records from multiple sources to identify cohorts for clinical research.
Experimental design and statistical analysis of an in-use test of germicidal detergents.

Present methodology for the in-use testing of germicidal detergents is too time-consuming for routine use by a hospital environmentalist. A simplified experimental design and statistical analysis, amenable to routine use, is presented for the inuse testing of germicidal detergents against water alone. As an illustration of our methodology we evaluated two germicidal detergents versus water alone. Under our conditions of use, it was found that water alone was equally and significantly as effective (p<0.001) as the two germicidal detergents in reducing microbial contamination of floors.
The Language of Flowers in the Victorian Knowledge Age

The language of flowers is typically dismissed as a subgenre of botany books that, while popular, had little if any influence on the material culture of Victorian life. This article challenges this assumption by situating the genre within the context of the professionalisation of botany at mid-century to show how efforts to change attitudes towards botany from a fashionable pastime for the gentler sex to a utilitarian practice in service of humanity contributed to the revitalisation and popularity of the language of flowers. While scientific botanists sought to know flowers physiologically and morphologically in the spirit of progress and truth, practitioners of the language of flowers – written primarily for and by women – celebrated uncertainty and relied on floral codes to curtail knowing in order to extend the realm of play. The struggle for floral authority was centred in botanical discourses – both scientific and amateur – but extended as well into narrative fiction. Turning to works by Elizabeth Ga...
The pathophysiology of hereditary angioedema.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE), characterized by recurrent episodes of angioedema involving the skin, or the mucosa of the upper respiratory or the gastrointestinal tracts, results from heterozygosity for deficiency of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin), C1 inhibitor (C1INH). The primary biological role of C1INH is to regulate activation of the complement system, the contact system, and the intrinsic coagulation system. During attacks of angioedema, together with decreasing levels of C1INH, the complement and contact systems are activated: C2 and C4 levels fall and high molecular weight kininogen is cleaved. Although previous data suggested that symptoms in HAE might be mediated via complement system activation, a combination of recent clinical data, in vitro studies, and analysis of C1INH-deficient mice all indicate that the major mediator of angioedema is bradykinin: (1) a vascular permeability enhancing factor can be generated in vitro in C1INH-depleted, C2-deficient plasma, but not from C1INH-depleted, contact system-deficient plasma; this factor was identified by sequence analysis as bradykinin; (2) bradykinin can be detected in the plasma of HAE patients during attacks of angioedema; (3) in several members of one family, expression of a C1INH variant that inhibits contact system proteases but has defective inhibition of C1r and C1s does not result in HAE; (4) C1INH-deficient (C1INH−/−) mice have a defect in vascular permeability that is suppressed by treatment with specific plasma kallikrein inhibitors and by bradykinin type 2 receptor (Bk2R) antagonists, and is eliminated in C1INH−/−, Bk2R−/− double-deficient mice.
Changes in GERD symptom scores correlate with improvement in esophageal acid exposure after the Stretta procedure.

Endoscopic radiofrequency energy delivery (Stretta) is effective for managing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in selected patients. One criticism, however, is a theory that a mechanism of action is partial desensitization of the esophageal body rather than a reduction in esophageal acid exposure. To resolve this question, this study sought to determine if there is a correlation between the improvement in GERD outcomes and esophageal acid exposure after Stretta. Subgroup analyses were performed between “responder” and “nonresponder” groups from the U.S. Stretta open label trial (n = 118), on the basis of posttreatment responses for GERD health-related quality of life (HRQL) heartburn, satisfaction, and proton pump inhibitor use. Outcomes were analyzed within and between subgroups. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was performed comparing distal esophageal acid exposure with each of the continuous outcomes (GERD-HRQL, heartburn, satisfaction). Responder subgroups had significant improvements in esophageal acid exposure, whereas nonresponders had no change or less improvement in the same. Changes in GERD-HRQL and heartburn severity were correlated with changes in acid exposure (r = 0.16, p = 0.12 and r = 0.26, p = 0.01, respectively). Changes in satisfaction were negatively correlated with changes in esophageal acid exposure (r = 0.23, p = 0.02) because satisfaction, as expected, increased as acid exposure decreased. Responders had significant improvement in esophageal acid exposure, whereas nonresponders had less or no change. There was a positive correlation between esophageal acid exposure and both GERD-HRQL and heartburn. This evidence suggests that symptomatic improvement after Stretta is attributable to a decrease in esophageal acid exposure and not to desensitization of the esophagus.
A high-performance 0.25- mu m CMOS technology. II. Technology

For Pt. I, see ibid., vol.39, no.4, pp.959-966 (1992). The key technology elements and their integration into a high-performance, selectively scaled, 0.25- mu m CMOS technology are presented. Dual poly gates are fabricated using a process where the poly and source/drain (S/D) are doped simultaneously. The critical issues related to the dual poly gate are addressed. A reduced operating voltage of 2.5 V is used which allows the application of shallow junctions with abrupt profiles (no LDD) to minimize the device series resistance as well as gate to source/drain overlap capacitance. The poly gate and the S/D sheet resistances are lowered, using a thin salicide (TiSi/sub 2/) process. The TiSi/sub 2/ thickness is reduced to maintain low leakage and low contact resistance for the shallow S/D junctions. The gate level with 0.4- mu m physical length is defined using optical lithography with a contrast enhanced layer (CEL) resist system. >
ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN SALPIGLOSSIS SINUATA

A B S T R A C T Measurements were made of the growth and pigment content of developing flower buds of Salpiglossis sinuata. From the time the buds were approximately 10 mm long they grew in length exponentially until they reached their final length. The logarithm of bud length increased linearly with time and served as a convenient morphological index on which to relate the progress of anthocyanin synthesis. Buds shorter than about 42 mm had no anthocyanin, but when buds reached this length, anthocyanin production was initiated and proceeded rapidly. The maximum relative pigment concentration (pigment/mg fresh weight) was attained by the buds about 17 hr after the initiation of pigment synthesis. In the mahogany-colored variety used in these studies, two anthocyanidins were found and identified as cyanidin and delphinidin. Buds excised from the plants could be cultured in vitro. Buds started in culture at a length of 30-35 mm when they contained no anthocyanins developed pigment during their growth. The amount of pigment formed increased with increasing light intensity, while only small amounts of pigment could be formed in buds cultured in darkness. The anthocyanidins of these cultured buds were the same as those of the intact flowers, but the ratio of delphinidin to cyanidin decreased with decreasing light intensity. Brief daily irradiation of dark-grown buds with red, far-red or blue light did not increase pigment synthesis nor change the anthocyanidin ratio. If buds were placed in culture at 20-25 mm and grown in darkness, they developed a third anthocyanidin, identified as malvidin, which was not present in intact flowers, light-grown buds or 30-35-mm buds cultured in darkness. IN RECENT YEARS the use of radioactive tracer compounds has revealed the broad outlines of the biosynthesis of flavonoid substances. The B ring: C3 chain is derived from shikimic acid, which is involved in the origin of many phenyl propane compounds in plants (Underhill, Watkin, and Neish, 1957). The A ring is most probably derived from the condensation of three acetate units (Grisebach, 1957; Watkin, Underhill, and Neish, 1957). However, recent reviewers agree
THE INFLUENCE OF BLACKS IN STATE AND LOCAL FAIR HOUSING POLICY-MAKING

The influence of black officials and organizations on public policy varies among political settings. Factors responsible for this variation include the relatively limited political resources still available to blacks, the size of the black population in a location, the representation of blacks in elective office, the control of political gate keepers, and prevailing ideology. The ability of blacks to influence fair housing policy is further predicated upon the level of government addressed. Black individuals and organizations were in- strumental in gaining agenda status for the passage of federal fair housing legislation in the 1960s. Experiences in Cleveland and Ohio reveal a less prominent role for blacks in state and local fair housing policy. Two major factors peculiar to this topic, inattention of traditional civil rights groups and diminished public support for civil rights policies, combine with repre- sentational issues to require a broader coalition for support of these policies. The lead in advocacy has been assumed by black/liberal white coalitions that promote managed residential integration contrary to the preferences of black-dominated interests that prefer equality of housing opportunity regardless of racial impact. The latter group, lacking the politi- cal resources of the former, usually reacts to policy rather than initiating policy. Black elected officials, who play a pivotal role in responding to the demand-protests of their constituents, may be hampered or helped by the political resources available in state and local settings. The theory of politi- cal incorporation helps to explain the incremental gains of blacks as com- pared to long-term policy responsiveness in state and local policy-making.
State Constitutional Policymaking In Criminal Procedure: A Longitudinal Investigation:

A number of scholars assert that state and federal courts are in a new relationship, labeled the "new judicial federalism," that began in the 1970s when the Burger Court started to retreat from and limit the Warren Court's expansive interpretations of federal civil liberties protections. Under this relationship, state courts have developed an independent body of state constitutional law in criminal procedure, oftentimes engaging in "state constitutional policymaking" by interpreting provisions of their state bills of rights more broadly than the U.S. Supreme Court's interpre tation of analogous provisions of the U.S. Constitution.
Mixed Levels of Uncertainty in Complex Policy Models

The characterization and treatment of uncertainty poses special challenges when modeling indeterminate or complex coupled systems such as those involved in the interactions between human activity, climate and the ecosystem. Uncertainty about model structure may become as, or more important than, uncertainty about parameter values. When uncertainty grows so large that prediction or optimization no longer makes sense, it may still be possible to use the model as a ‘‘behavioral test bed’’ to examine the relative robustness of alternative observational and behavioral strategies. When models must be run into portions of their phase space that are not well understood, different submodels may become unreliable at different rates. A common example involves running a time stepped model far into the future. Several strategies can be used to deal with such situations. The probability of model failure can be reported as a function of time. Possible alternative ‘‘surprises’’ can be assigned probabilities, modeled separately, and combined. Finally, through the use of subjective judgments, one may be able to combine, and over time shift between models, moving from more detailed to progressively simpler order-of-magnitude models, and perhaps ultimately, on to simple bounding analysis.
Shocks and particle acceleration in supernova remnants: observational features

Abstract The last 10 years a number of observational advances have substantially increased our knowledge of shock phenomena in supernova remnants. This progress has mainly been made possible by the recent improvements in X-ray and γ-ray instrumentation. It has become clear that some shell-type supernova remnants, e.g., SN 1006, have X-ray emission dominated by synchrotron radiation, proving that electrons are accelerated up to 100 TeV. This is still an order of magnitude below 3 × 1015 eV, at which energy the ion cosmic-ray spectrum at earth shows a spectral break. So one of the major goals is to test whether supernova remnants are indeed capable of accelerating ions at least up that energy. Here I review the evidence that ions and electrons are accelerated up to energies ∼100 TeV in supernova remnants, and, in addition, the recent progress that has been made in understanding the physics of collisionless shock fronts and the magnetic fields inside supernova remnants.