cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Walking While Dialyzing: A Retrospective Observation of Early Mobility and Ambulation for Patients on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy.

Objectives To describe the practice of physical therapy for patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy and assess data related to the safety and feasibility of physical therapy interventions. Design A retrospective observational cohort study. Patients Surgical and cardiovascular patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy during a 2-year period from December 2016 to November 2018. Setting Two ICUs at a single academic medical center. Intervention Physical mobility and ambulation while on continuous renal replacement therapy. Measurements and main results Therapy data including ICU Mobility Scale score, number of physical therapy sessions with and without ambulation and gait distance, along with safety data including filter life, safety events, and mortality were analyzed. The cohort of patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy during the 2-year period was 206. Of these, 172 (83.49%) received simultaneous physical therapy. The median ICU Mobility Scale was 5 (interquartile range, 4-7) over a total of 1,517 physical therapy sessions. Ambulation with concomitant continuous renal replacement therapy connected was achieved in 78 patients (37.86%). There were 377 ambulation sessions (24.85% of all sessions) with a mean of 4.83 (sds 4.94) ambulation sessions per ambulatory patient. Patients walked an average of 888.53 feet (sd 1,365.50) while on continuous renal replacement therapy and a daily average of 150.61 feet (sd 133.50). In-hospital mortality was lowest for patients who ambulated (17.95%) and highest for patients who received no therapy (73.53%). Continuous renal replacement therapy filter life was longest for patients who ambulated (2,047.20 min [sd 1,086.50 min]), and shortest in patients who received no therapy (1,682.20 min [sd 1,343.80 min]). One safety event was reported during this time (0.0007% of all physical therapy sessions). Conclusions Ambulation while on continuous renal replacement therapy was not associated with an increased risk of safety events and was feasible with the use of nonfemoral catheters and dialysis equipment with internal batteries.
Comprehensive private schooling for low-income children: Experimental case-study evidence from Mexico

Abstract We use first-grade lottery-based admissions to estimate impacts and cost-effectiveness of a subsidized comprehensive private school for low-income children in Mexico City, part of a philanthropic organization supporting and operating similar schools worldwide. Relative to students who did not win the lottery, CHM lottery winners gain additional 0.18 SD in literacy and 0.09 SD in numeracy over the first three years of elementary school. Parents of lottery winners are more likely to report children’s school is academically demanding, rate the school higher and have greater expectations of children’s college completion. Achievement gains come at an increased cost relative to counterfactual public schools of $1000/pupil-year, which suggests low cost-effectiveness. Higher cost is explained by greater array of services and few economies of scale. Despite the high per student cost, this robust case study suggests philanthropic private schools have great potential to improve achievement amongst the region’s most vulnerable students and reduce longstanding learning and opportunity gaps.
Transportation Among Returning Citizens: "You Just Want to Stay Down and Get High".

The United States is releasing more individuals from prisons than ever before. However, returning citizens face numerous challenges transitioning back into community life and many communities remain ill-equipped in successfully supporting them. This study focuses on transportation as in integral component to the success of returning citizens. Rapid and rigorous qualitative data analysis (RADaR technique) is applied to interviews (n = 15) with individuals having returned to their community about the impact of transportation on their reentry. Analysis resulted in three primary themes; interviewees reinforced existing knowledge of the issues with transportation disadvantage, transportation is an extension of freedom, and transportation is directly connected to reentry success. These findings suggest a tiered structure of transportation freedom for returning citizens. This model of transportation will aid future researchers and policymakers in considering how to better resource returning citizens to maximize their success.
SB 1953: The Law, the Program, and the Implementation Challenge

SB 1953 was introduced and enacted quickly following the Northridge Earthquake, but its basic elements had been developed over more than a decade before the earthquake. The legislature did not develop the law in haste in response to the Northridge Earthquake, nor was the law developed without substantial input from technical experts on building performance, State agencies, hospital owners, and others. SB 1953 is, essentially, a minor rewrite of OSHPD’s response to the Milestone 4, Initiative 1.2 in the California Seismic Safety Commission’s report entitled A Recommended Program to Seismically Strengthen Pre-Hospital Act Hospital Facilities (Seismic Safety Commission, California at Risk: Reducing Earthquake Hazards 1987 to 1992. State of California, Sacramento, 1986). There is one noteworthy difference between what the Seismic Safety Commission and OSHPD proposed and what was finally enacted. Whereas both the Seismic Safety Commission and OSHPD indicated the need for some kind of financial assistance and flexible compliance methods for hospitals to meet the compliance deadlines, SB 1953 did not provide financial assistance, financial incentives, or compliance flexibility for hospitals to help them comply. It simply provided hard milestones for compliance without enabling funding or access to funding. This would prove to be a serious obstacle to implementation.
Pattern avoidance in circular permutations

Circular permutations on {1,2,...,n} that avoid a given pattern correspond to ordinary (linear) permutations that end with n and avoid all cyclic rotations of the pattern. Three letter patterns are all but unavoidable in circular permutations and here we give explicit formulas for the number of circular permutations that avoid one four letter pattern. In the three essentially distinct cases, the counts are as follows: the Fibonacci number F_{2n-3} for the pattern 1324, 2^{n-1}-(n-1) for 1342, and 2^{n}+1-2n-{n}choose{3} for 1234.
Towards cross-platform cloud computing

Cloud computing is becoming increasingly popular and prevalent in many domains. However, there is high variability in the programming models, access methods, and operational aspects of different clouds, diminishing the viability of cloud computing as a true utility. Our ADAPAS project attempts to analyze the commonalities and differences between cloud offerings with a view to determining the extent to which they may be unified. We propose the concept of dynamic adapters supported by runtime systems for environment preconditioning, that help facilitate cross platform deployment of cloud applications. This vision paper outlines the issues involved, and presents preliminary ideas for enhancing the executability of applications on different cloud platforms.
The Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Methotrexate and Folic Acid

Abstract A pseudomonad has been isolated from soil which can utilize glutamate derived from the hydrolysis of folate or methotrexate (4-amino-N10-methylpteroylglutamic acid) as a source of carbon and nitrogen. During growth of the organism on folate, large quantities of pteroic acid accumulate in the growth medium. The enzyme responsible for the deamidation has been partially purified. It has a pH optimum of 7.3 and a Km toward methotrexate of 2.4 x 10-4 m. The reactivity of the enzyme toward a number of folate analogues has been studied.
An Assessment of Principals' Technology Leadership: A Statewide Survey

AN ASSESSMENT OF PRINCIPALS’ TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP: A STATEWIDE SURVEY By Jeffrey A. Duncan, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Director: Gary M. Sarkozi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor VCU/School of Education The purpose of this study was to collect data about engagement and involvement around technology issues by principals in Virginia. Virginia public school administrators were surveyed using the Principals Technology Leadership Assessment (PTLA) instrument and results compared to the National Educational Technology Standards for Administrators (NETS-A) (ISTE, 2002). This study, though limited in scope, provided meaningful data for research. The study reflects that despite 10 years of having NETSA in place, Virginia public school administrators are barely meeting minimum standards in five out of the six dimensions. The study correctly looked at the old NETS-A
Implementation and test of a partial array shunt system for two Small Explorer spacecraft

A power system which utilizes a partial array shunt has been designed and built for two new Small Explorer (SMEX) scientific satellites. The power system topology is significantly changed from earlier SMEX spacecraft which carried full array shunt systems. The first application of the new SMEX power system is for the Transition Region And Coronal Explorer (TRACE) mission. This new power system development included higher fidelity solar array hardware and software to allow integrated ground testing that more closely matches actual on-orbit operating modes. Also, existing airborne support equipment for use on the L1011 Pegasus launch platform has been modified to provide full spacecraft power system functional testing just prior to launch. The implementation and test of the new SMEX power system and associated electrical ground/airborne equipment for the TRACE mission is presented in this paper. Results of functional tests on the TRACE spacecraft have demonstrated robust control stability of the new SMEX power system design under varying spacecraft power profiles and good fidelity in the new test system.
Detecting Deception in Intelligent Systems I: Activation of Deception Detection Tactics

The continued research, development and acceptance of intelligent systems for diagnosis and decision support has uncovered many practical considerations for the interaction of intelligent, autonomous agents. One such consideration is the possibility of an agent intentionally transmitting misinformation to other agents or to a human decision maker to achieve its own goals. Most intelligent, knowledge-based systems to date have assumed all experts involved in system development operate toward a shared goal and operate in good faith. We wish to challenge these assumptions and consider cases where agents in the system are not assumed to operate in good faith and therefore misinformation is a possibility. Most literature devoted to deception in agent systems focuses on building trust relationships through a history of interaction. We apply models of deception and deception detection from psychology and cognitive science to intelligent multi-agent systems. We focus on a model for deception detection in which the detection and analysis of deception are decoupled. Finally, we introduce a novel method for the detection of deception in multi-agent systems based on correlations between the agents in the system.
Basal channels on ice shelves

[1] Recent surveys of floating ice shelves associated with Pine Island Glacier (Antarctica) and Petermann Glacier (Greenland) indicate that there are channels incised upward into their bottoms that may serve as the conduits of meltwater outflow from the sub-ice-shelf cavity. The formation of the channels, their evolution over time, and their impact on ice-shelf flow are investigated using a fully-coupled ice-shelf/sub-ice-shelf ocean model. The model simulations suggest that channels may form spontaneously in response to meltwater plume flow initiated at the grounding line if there are relatively high melt rates and if there is transverse to ice-flow variability in ice-shelf thickness. Typical channels formed in the simulations have a width of about 1–3 km and a vertical relief of about 100–200 m. Melt rates and sea-water transport in the channels are significantly higher than on the smooth flat ice bottom between the channels. The melt channels develop through melting, deformation, and advection with ice-shelf flow. Simulations suggest that both steady state and cyclic state solutions are possible depending on conditions along the lateral ice-shelf boundaries. This peculiar dynamics of the system has strong implications on the interpretation of observations. The richness of channel morphology and evolution seen in this study suggests that further observations and theoretical analysis are imperative for understanding ice-shelf behavior in warm oceanic conditions.
On the Cyberinfrastructure for GIS-Enabled Historiography

From a historian's perspective, the use of GIScience and technology in the study of history holds the promise of an integration of historical and geographic modes of analysis. The national geograph...
Hydrocarbon binding inside a hexameric pyrogallol[4]arene capsule.

Pyrogallol[4]arene forms discrete hexameric capsules in neat normal, branched, and cyclic alkanes. These hydrocarbon guests fill the available space and show chemical exchange that is slow on the NMR time scale.
A note on the relation between local power and robustness to misspecification

Abstract A simple example is provided that shows that one test can strictly dominate another test in both local power and its robustness to asymptotic size distortion under local model misspecification, with both tests having asymptotic size equal to nominal size under correct model specification. Robustness of the asymptotic size to model misspecification is therefore an alternative criterion to choosing among competing tests that can offer additional discriminatory insight over local power.
Recent Developments at the Federal Level in Ocean Policymaking in the United States

U.S. ocean policy is managed by 24 agencies, applying approximately 147 separate laws, many of which have been amended over time. This presents a complex, cumbersome, sometimes redundant and cumulatively ineffective patchwork of rules governing ocean policy. In response, many recent alternative policy structures and approaches have been proposed. The genesis of efforts to reform U.S. ocean policy has been two national commissions—one privately sponsored and the other established by Congress and appointed by the president. These two approaches include ecosystem-based management applied to certain specific sectors such as fisheries and marine sanctuaries, and integrated ecosystem assessments that require assimilation of information and coordination of management across multiple agencies. The most recent initiative, established by Executive Order, directs the adoption of coastal and marine spatial planning. This article focuses on efforts to develop a comprehensive, ecosystem-based, scientifically sound nati...
Evaluation of glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and mutagen sensitivity as risk factors for the development of second primary tumors in patients previously diagnosed with early-stage head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of polymorphisms in 2 genes in the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family and the mutagen-sensitivity phenotype on the risk of second primary tumors (SPTs) in patients with previously diagnosed early-stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Data were available for 303 patients who were enrolled in a placebo-controlled chemoprevention trial of low-dose 13-cis-retinoic acid to reduce the occurrence of SPTs. METHODS A Cox proportional hazards model and survival tree analysis were used to evaluate the association between specified genetic variations and the development of SPTs. The average number of bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks per cell was used to quantify mutagen sensitivity as an individual patient's degree of sensitivity to genotoxicity. RESULTS The GST-M1 null genotype was associated with an increased risk for any SPTs (hazard ratio [HR], 1.99; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.11-3.56) and for tobacco-related SPTs (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.01-4.62) after adjusting for covariates. The GST-T1 null genotype and bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks were not associated with a statistically significant increased risk for SPTs or tobacco-related SPTs after similar adjustment. Simultaneous nonnull status for both GST genotypes was associated with a decreased risk for any SPTs (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28-0.96) and tobacco-related SPTs (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.22-1.11) compared with null status for GST-M1 accompanied by nonnull status for GST-T1. CONCLUSIONS An association was observed between the development of SPTs and the GST-M1 null genotype after successful treatment for early-stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The GST-T1 null genotype and bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks were not associated with an increased risk, and no significant interactions were identified. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Three-Dimensional Effects in the Plate Element Analysis of Stitched Textile Composites

Three-dimensional effects related to the analysis of stitched textile composites are discussed. The method of calculation is based on the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT), and models that model the upper and lower surface of the delamination or debond with two-dimensional (2D) plate elements rather than three-dimensional (3D) solid elements. The major advantages of the plate element modeling technique are a smaller model size and simpler geometric modeling. Details of the modeling of the laminated plate and the stitching are discussed.
Reactive oxygen species via redox signaling to PI3K/AKT pathway contribute to the malignant growth of 4-hydroxy estradiol-transformed mammary epithelial cells.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 17-β-estradiol (E2)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the induction of mammary tumorigenesis. We found that ROS-induced by repeated exposures to 4-hydroxy-estradiol (4-OH-E2), a predominant catechol metabolite of E2, caused transformation of normal human mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells with malignant growth in nude mice. This was evident from inhibition of estrogen-induced breast tumor formation in the xenograft model by both overexpression of catalase as well as by co-treatment with Ebselen. To understand how 4-OH-E2 induces this malignant phenotype through ROS, we investigated the effects of 4-OH-E2 on redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways. During the malignant transformation process we observed that 4-OH-E2 treatment increased AKT phosphorylation through PI3K activation. The PI3K-mediated phosphorylation of AKT in 4-OH-E2-treated cells was inhibited by ROS modifiers as well as by silencing of AKT expression. RNA interference of AKT markedly inhibited 4-OH-E2-induced in vitro tumor formation. The expression of cell cycle genes, cdc2, PRC1 and PCNA and one of transcription factors that control the expression of these genes – nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) was significantly up-regulated during the 4-OH-E2-mediated malignant transformation process. The increased expression of these genes was inhibited by ROS modifiers as well as by silencing of AKT expression. These results indicate that 4-OH-E2-induced cell transformation may be mediated, in part, through redox-sensitive AKT signal transduction pathways by up-regulating the expression of cell cycle genes cdc2, PRC1 and PCNA, and the transcription factor – NRF-1. In summary, our study has demonstrated that: (i) 4-OH-E2 is one of the main estrogen metabolites that induce mammary tumorigenesis and (ii) ROS-mediated signaling leading to the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway plays an important role in the generation of 4-OH-E2-induced malignant phenotype of breast epithelial cells. In conclusion, ROS are important signaling molecules in the development of estrogen-induced malignant breast lesions.
Percutaneous antegrade collagen injection therapy for urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy

Abstract Objectives To determine the potential utility of glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen (GAX-collagen) administered in an antegrade fashion into the submucosa of the bladder neck in patients who present with post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. Methods Twenty-four men aged 59 to 76 years (mean 69.0) with stress type urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy were evaluated in this study. All patients had previously received retrograde collagen (mean number of treatments 4.33; amount of collagen was 25.72 mL) and had failed to develop further improvement by this approach alone. These patients subsequently received antegrade collagen via a suprapubic approach. An average of 7.1 mL of GAX-collagen was used for the procedure. Results Minimal follow-up was 12 months (range 12 to 15). Patients were considered cured if they were dry and wore no pads or were socially continent with less than one pad per day. Eighteen of 24 patients (75%) were dry at the 6-month follow-up. With longer follow-up at 12 months, however, only 9 of 24 patients (37.5%) were totally dry. All patients experienced symptomatic improvement as manifested by lower pad usage. Conclusions With proper patient selection, antegrade administration of GAX-collagen in patients who have failed standard retrograde collagen injection may salvage many patients from eventual failure of the conservative treatment approach. As newer injectables become available, the overall results may improve.
Ribonuclease activity in human plasma.

Summary 1. Utilizing a simple, rapid and inexpensive fluorometric method, the normal levels of ribonuclease (RNase) activity in human blood plasma were determined. 2. An increase in RNase activity in a group of subjects over 30 years of age was found to occur in males, but not in females when compared to a group of subjects under 30 years of age.
Mouse transcobalamin II metabolism: The effects of antibiotics on the clearance of vitamin B12 from the serum transcobalamin II-vitamin B12 complex and the reappearance of the free serum transcobalamin II in the mouse

Abstract The mechanism of the clearance of vitamin B12 from the serum transcobalamin II-vitamin B12 (Tc-II-B12) complex and the reappearance of free Tc-II in mouse have been studied. When a saturating dose of vitamin B12 is given parenterally to normal mice, a portion of the Tc-II-bound vitamin B12 is rapidly cleared and free Tc-II promptly reappears until it reaches a constant level in 6–8 h. The remaining vitamin B12 is cleared slowly from the rest of the Tc-II-B12 complex. In cycloheximide or puromycin-treated mice, free Tc-II fails to reappear and the bound Tc-IIdecreases. Treatment with actinomycin D has no effect on the reappearance of free Tc-II. The probable mechanism of this inhibition is discussed. The results suggest that mouse serum Tc-II has a stable messenger RNA template and a fast turnover. The free Tc-II which reappears in the serum after Tc-II has been saturated with vitamin B12, appears to be newly synthesized.
A hermite CVBEM model of two-dimensional, steady-state, soil-water phase change

Abstract A linear trial function CVBEM model of a steady-state, two-dimensional freezing front is extended to the Hermite cubic polynomial trial function. The utility of this extension is demonstrated by the reduction in effort needed (over the linear trial function model) to develop an approximate boundary for error analysis, due to the derivative terms being included in the Hermite model. The modeling approach can be used not only for simple field problems, but also for the calibration of more sophisticated soil-water phase change models based on the more popular finite element and finite difference techniques.
The Behavior of Kasner cosmologies with induced matter

We extend the induced matter model, previously applied to a variety of isotropic cases, to a generalization of Bianchi type-I anisotropic cosmologies. The induced matter model is a 5D Kaluza-Klein approach in which assumptions of compactness are relaxed for the fifth coordinate, leading to extra geometric terms. One interpretation of these extra terms is to identify them as an ``induced matter'' contribution to the stress-energy tensor. In similar spirit, we construct a five dimensional metric in which the spatial slices possess Bianchi type-I geometry. We find a set of solutions for the five dimensional Einstein equations, and determine the pressure and density of induced matter. We comment on the long-term dynamics of the model, showing that the assumption of positive density leads to the contraction over time of the fifth scale factor.
The Presence of Interior Design Content in K‐12 Curriculum Materials

To assess the presence of interior design content in the elementary and secondary education (K-l 2) curriculum, a study was conducted to ascertain the amount and type of interior design curriculum materials available to K-l 2 teachers, curriculum specialists, and students. It was the first in a two-part funded study titled The K-12 Interior Design Education Project, to assist in the community's understanding of interiors as a part of the built environment and to promote interior design as a career choice. A framework reported by Marshall-Baker (2000) was used to develop initial key words for research on available databases. In addition, the researcher and a secondary education teacher developed a second set of key words related to the interior design profession. A qualitative methodology known as content analysis was used to analyze the findings from this three-month project (Solomon, 1993], Database resources were extensively searched to assess the presence of interior design curriculum and textbook materials available for use by K-l 2 teachers. These included Internet web sites (n = over 1,000), the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), professional organizations for K-l 2 (n = 33), professional foundations [n = 27), museums [n = 75), and design institutes (n = 7). Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the results. Findings indicate that: 1) little information concerning interior design was available within the K-l 2 arena and 2) if present, that information appeared within the context of the architectural profession. Other relevant areas, though related to interior design, did not offer any information about interior design within the context of K-l 2 education.
How journal entries aid the teaching of taxation

Abstract Journal entries can greatly aid the teaching of taxation by: (a) providing an analytical framework, (b) providing a visual aid, and (c) minimizing errors and omissions. The purpose of this note is to demonstrate how journal entries can aid the teaching of taxation in these three ways. Specific examples from the individual, corporate, and partnership tax areas are used to demonstrate the technique. In addition to the selected examples, other tax topics that would or would not benefit from the journal entry teaching technique are identified. The practicality of using journal entries in the classroom is examined on the basis of the time required to cover the needed material and the background of tax professors.
Self-focusing and self-phase modulation in a parabolic graded-index optical fiber.

The spatial profile and the spectral distribution of a pulse propagating in a parabolic graded-index optical fiber are derived. Effects due to the χ(3) nonlinearity (self-focusing and self-phase modulation), diffraction (finite beam-waist effects), and the graded-index waveguiding are incorporated in the theoretical analysis. The fiber graded index generates a periodicity in the beam diameter. Waveguiding, self-focusing, and diffraction determine the minimum magnitude of the beam-waist diameter. The pulse phase, amplitude shape, and spectral distribution are shown to differ from conventional self-phase modulation results.
Improved detection of MP3 double compression using content-independent features

With the booming of smartphone and high-speed wireless networks in recent years, audio streaming and sharing become convenient and inexpensive, so that digital media is gradually replacing physical media. This trend has also led to more attacks to digital audio and its application. MP3 double compression, achieved by decompressing and recompressing audio to a different compression ratio, is a typical manipulation of audio for malicious purposes. In this paper, we propose an approach for detecting both up-transcoded and down-transcoded MP3 audio files and revealing the real compression quality based on statistical patterns extracted from quantized MDCT coefficients and their derivatives. To minimize the false prediction caused by individual characteristics of diversified audio clips, we generated reference audio signals by recompressing and calibrating the audio, and measured the differences between signal-based and reference-based features. Support vector machines and dynamic evolving neural-fuzzy inference systems were applied for binary and multi-class classifications. The experimental results show that our approach effectively detects MP3 double compression and exposes the audio processing history for digital forensics.
X-ray diffuse scattering of one-dimensional tetracyanoplatinate salts

Abstract We have observed and measured the X-ray diffuse scattering from several new partially oxidized tetracyanoplatinate, TCP, complexes. In all cases it is found that the superlattice associated with the diffuse sheets correponds to the 2kF wavevector derived from the chemical formula. The compounds which were prepared and studied are the cation deficient salts M1.75[Pt(CN)4]·xH2O,M(rmdef)TCP (M = K, Rb, Cs), where the Rb+ and Cs+ salts are newly synthesized, and the anion deficient guanidinium salt [C(NH2)3]2[Pt(CN)4] Br0.23·H2O, GCP (Br).
Optical fiber design considerations for fiber optic sensors

Choosing the best optical fiber for a fiber-optic sensor application is a formidable task. There are many types of fiber sensors and a similar number of commercially available fiber types from which the sensor designer must choose. The task is made more difficult by the fact that no general guidelines have been established for selecting and designing fibers for fiber-optic sensors. In this paper, we propose a general approach as the first step toward developing practical guidelines for sensor designers. Our approach emphasizes the interaction between the sensor designer and the fiber supplier in the fiber selection/design process. We have developed the term, Application-Specific Optical Fiber, to highlight the importance of the linkage between application requirements and fiber design attributes. Several design tradeoffs are considered as examples of how to apply our approach.
Investigation of time-domain response of microstrip quasi-horn antennas for UWB applications

The time-domain response of a microstrip quasi-horn antenna was investigated to confirm its suitability for ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse applications. Results show that antenna performance is enhanced using 130 Ω, instead of the usual 377 Ω, for the antenna aperture. The antenna exhibits good impulse return losses of around 13 and 17 dB at the feed-point and aperture, respectively, and high signal fidelity in radiating and receiving UWB signals. Good impulse response with minimum waveform distortion and small reflection together with a planar structure make the microstrip quasi-horn antenna a very good candidate not only for UWB impulse applications but also for direct integration with UWB integrated-circuit transmitters and receivers.
Enhanced polymeric lithography resists via sequential infiltration synthesis

Etch resistance of two commonly used lithography resists is increased significantly by sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS). Exposing films to trimethyl-aluminum and water with long dosage times infiltrates the bulk of the film with alumina, which renders them dramatically more resistant to plasma etching with no degradation to the patterns. Enhanced etch resistance eliminates the need for an intermediate hard mask and the concomitant costs and pattern fidelity losses. Moreover, by allowing for thinner resist films, this approach can improve the final pattern resolution.
Characterization of polysaccharides of the eggs and adults of Hymenolepis diminuta

Polysaccharides and other complex carbohydrates were released by proteolysis of the chloroform-methanol insoluble residue of 10 day-old worms and eggs of Hymenolepis diminuta. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of alditol acetate derivatives of monosaccharides released from the polysaccharides by hydrolysis revealed that in the 10 day-old worm, glucose was the most abundant sugar, followed by galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, fucose and possibly rhamnose. Mannose was least abundant and xylose was absent. In the egg, glucose and galactose were equally abundant, followed by the same sugars found in 10 day-old worms, and xylose was present. Uronic acid was detected in both fractions by specific chemical tests. None of the saccharide material from eggs and worms was susceptible to degradation by Streptomyces hyaluronidase, chondroitinase AC, and slightly susceptible to chondroitinase ABC, as shown by electrophoretic analysis on composite 2.2% acrylamide-agarose slab gels and 4.5/12.5% polyacrylamide gels before and after enzymatic treatment. One of the gel-separable bands, however, was degradable by both nitrous acid and Flavobacterium heparinase. Both bands from eggs were degradable by nitrous acid. These results suggest that eggs contain heparin and/or heparan sulfate and perhaps dermatan sulfate and that 10 day-old worms also have these polyglycans but possibly not chondroitin sulfate or hyaluronic acid.
Abstract 1684: 2-Methoxyestradiol reverses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Barrett's adenocarcinoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) is a novel anti-cancer agent because of its ability to potentiate apoptotic cell death and inhibit cancer cell growth and angiogenesis. In our study, we have investigated whether 2-ME2 is able to modulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma cell (OE33), which has been postulated as an absolute requirement for tumor invasion and metastasis. Expression of epithelial (E-cadherin, β-catenin, Keratin-19) and mesenchymal markers (Oct-4, Vimentin) and stem cell markers (CD44, CD24) were studied at mRNA and protein levels in OE33 cells that were treated with 5µmolar/L of 2-ME2 for 24 h and 48 h. Our results indicate expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin is activated in a 2-ME2 dependent fashion in OE33 cells. Expression of Vimentin and Oct-4 is significantly down-regulated in 2-ME2 treated OE33 cells. Altogether, these results provide new insights into the role of 2-ME2 in EMT modulation, which may facilitate development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent the tumor invasion and metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1684. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1684
Hemodynamic effects of nifedipine in primary pulmonary hypertension

Progressive dyspnea and syncope occurred in a young woman with primary pulmonary hypertension despite therapy with hydralazine. Abnormal pulmonary artery reactivity was documented by an additional increase in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance during exercise and after an episode of hydral-azine-induced hypotension. Nifedipine reduced rest and exercise pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular stroke work, and increased cardiac output and markedly improved exercise capacity. Reevaluation after 6 months showed persistence of the favorable hemodynamic and clinical effects. Vasodilator therapy, potentially hazardous because of effects on systemic vascular resistance, can be evaluated safely only with hemodynamic monitoring. Nifedipine may be a useful drug in selected patients with primary pulmonary hypertension.
Purification and crystallization of recombinant Escherichia coli malate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Malate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli has been crystallized with polyethylene glycol and citrate buffer at pH 5·7. The enzyme was obtained from an E. coli strain in which the chromosomal malate dehydrogenase gene was contained on a pBR322 vector. Two types of crystals have been observed; a monoclinic C2 form and an orthorhombic C222 1 form, which is found infrequently. Monoclinic crystals were used as seeds in several rounds of crystallization until large crystals suitable for diffraction analysis were available. A complete X-ray data set to 2·0 A has been collected.
Morphological alterations in dorsal root ganglion neurons and supporting cells of organotypic mouse spinal cord-ganglion cultures exposed to taxol

Explants of 14-day fetal mouse spinal cord with attached dorsal root ganglia, which had become differentiated over 2-3 weeks in culture, were exposed to 1-2 microM taxol for up to 6 days. The culture medium was supplemented with nerve growth factor (300 units/ml) during exposure to the drug. By 3-6 days in taxol, unusually numerous microtubules were seen in peripheral perikaryal and proximal neuritic regions of ganglion neurons. Microtubules also engirdled massive aggregations of pleomorphic vesicular/cisternal elements in many neurons. These aggregates were visible as unusual 'clear' spheroidal regions in the living cells, and were often as large as the nuclei. Some of the elements comprising these striking vesicular/cisternal accumulations appeared to be portions of disrupted Golgi complexes normally polarized around the cytocentrum, as well as hypertrophied smooth endoplasmic reticulum formations. In other neuronal areas, Golgi complexes and other organelles were altered or disrupted to lesser degrees. Ordered microtubular arrays occurred along endoplasmic reticulum cisternae both in neuron somata and neurites. Over time, a plethora of microtubules assembled throughout the perikarya in various orientations apparently unrelated to microtubule organizing centers. Unlike the effects of other plant alkaloids that interact with tubulin, there was no discernible increase in filaments, although their distribution appeared altered. Concentric ordered microtubular-macromolecular lamellated complexes were seen only in neurites. Neuronal nuclei were misshapen, often displaced, and displayed fine structure reminiscent of chromatolysis. Satellite and Schwann cells contained atypically abundant microtubules, abnormal cisternae, disrupted Golgi complexes, and increased lysosomes. Some nuclei displayed abnormal chromatin, and in rare cases even microtubules. We suggest that taxol alters the distribution, integrity, and/or organization of organelle systems in dorsal root ganglion cells by engendering unusually abundant microtubules in abnormal groupings and aberrant locations in these cells.
WKB analysis of asymmetric directional couplers and its application to optical switches

For an optical asymmetric directional coupler with graded-index profile, quasi-even and quasi-odd mode eigenvalue equations are derived using WKB approximation through connection formulas. Analysis of the guiding structures is based on a combination of the effective index approach and the derived quasi-even and odd mode eigenvalue solutions. Two-dimensional isotropic diffusion is assumed throughout. Excellent agreement is obtained when the results are compared with those of the finite difference method. Calculation of the normal mode approach is applied to a uniform directional coupler switch and the design parameters are illustrated for this case. >
The Adoption of Sustainable Development Policies and Techniques in U.S. Cities How Wide, How Deep, and What Role for Planners?

In this article, sustainable development is defined in terms of thirty-nine policies and techniques. In October 2001, a survey was sent to U.S. cities that (1) measures the extent to which actions are being taken relative to these policies and techniques and to local planning offices being involved in the taking of such actions and (2) identifies the principal impediments to the taking of action. Among the findings were that communities of all sizes and in all parts of the country are active in a wide range of policies and techniques, planning offices are playing an important leadership role with respect to the adoption of such policies and techniques, and impediments to such adoption are less related to politics and institutional capacity and more to motivation and knowledge.
Olfactory Responses of Anaphes iole (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) to Volatile Signals Derived from Host Habitats

Anaphes iole Girault is a frequent parasitoid of Lygus spp. eggs in the United States, and has potential as a biological control agent against Lygus hesperus Knight in different crops. Feeding and oviposition by L. hesperus induce emission of plant volatiles, but studies to date do not address the role of plant volatiles in the host-searching behavior of A. iole. In this study, a four-arm olfactometer was used to test the responses of female parasitoids to odors emanating from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., Malvaceae) plants damaged by L. hesperus females, L. hesperus males, larvae of the nonhost Spodoptera exigua Hubner, or mechanically, or to odors from L. hesperus females alone. In addition, various plants damaged by L. hesperus females were evaluated in the olfactometer: cotton, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., Fabaceae), common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L., Asteraceae), annual ragweed (Ambrosia artemisifolia L., Asteraceae), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthaceae). In all olfactometry bioassays, treatment odors were compared against three controls (humidified air). Results showed that A. iole females were consistently attracted to odors derived from different plant–L. hesperus complexes, while odors from plants subjected to nonhost (S. exigua) or mechanical damage and L. hesperus females alone were not attractive or only variably attractive. These findings suggest that while searching for hosts A. iole females use specific volatiles induced by L. hesperus feeding and oviposition to locate hosts inhabiting a wide variety of plants, including annual and perennial species from four plant families. It was suggested that future research should seek to identify the chemical elicitors involved in the release of plant volatiles attractive to A. iole females.
The Ecological Significance of the Color Phases of Colias Chrysotheme in North America

In North America, two major races of Colias chrysotheme can be distinguished. These races are not differentiated by morphological characters, but primarily by physiological ones (Hovanitz, '42, '43c). Correlated with these physiological traits, there is the presence of orange pigment on the upper surface of the fore wings in the orange race, and the absence of this pigment in that place in the yellow race. Very occasionally "sports" or genic recombinations occur within the orange race which will prevent the appearance of orange pigment in the wings. Such individuals are exceedingly rare (Hovanitz, '43b, c). This color difference of the fore wing has been shown by genetic tests (Hovanitz, '43b, c) to be of significant accuracy in the segregation of specimens into the major "orange" and "yellow" races. It is by means of this color difference that the segregation of museum specimens was made, the data of which are considered in this paper. Within the wild populations of each of these physiological races, a dominant gene occurs in varying frequencies. This gene controls the substitution of a whitecolored pigment for the normally predominant yellow or orange pigment upon the surface of the wings in the female sex. The white females of the two major races are phenotypically indistinguishable in long established populations of the two races in the same area. Consequently, no segregation has been made between white females of the races in the museum material. According to the zoogeographic " rule" suggested in a previous paper (Hovanitz, '41), the pterine pigments of the Pierid butterflies (Group III) should follow a definite distributional sequence with respect to correlations with the environment. The orange-pigmented varieties should be found in warmer locations as compared with the yellow or white varieties. The yellow-pigmented varieties should be found in warmer locations as compared with the white varieties. "Rules" such as these are found to be true in a general way when otherwise similar animals are being considered. That is, when a yellow physiological race is compared with an orange race, the yellow one should be found in the colder or the more northern locations. This is found to be true in the case of Colias chrysotheme. However, the white-female form is a single genetic mutant occurring in each race. The comparison is therefore made with the normal yellow or orange variety segregating with it in the same population. When this comparison is made, it is found to be true that the white forms are more abundant in the northern or colder areas than the normal orange or yellow forms. The ecological reasons for the different geographical distributions of these color forms are considered in this paper.
Threshold production of heavy top quarks: QCD and the Higgs boson.

We calculate the threshold cross section for ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} to leading-logarithmic order in QCD, using a nonrelativistic approximation suggested by Fadin and Khoze. We study the mass range 100\ensuremath{\le}${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{t}}$\ensuremath{\le}250 GeV, and show that the cross section is an excellent measure of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{s}}$ for the lower portion of the mass range, while for a heavier top quark it is sensitive to the mass and couplings of the Higgs boson. We argue that a precise determination of ${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{t}}$ and a measurement of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathit{t}}$ are possible. We also show that nonperturbative effects are small, confirming that the tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} threshold is a detailed perturbative test of the standard model.
Fused teeth: a multidisciplinary approach to treatment

The multidisciplinary treatment of bilateral fusion of permanent maxillary central incisors with anterior crowding and palatal displacement of a permanent lateral incisor is described.
Short-term storage in the processing of text

Three sets of experiments are presented. They show, first, that the subject during the course of either hearing or reading text retains approximately two simple sentences in short-term storage. Second, they show that the operations developed for the elimination of information from short-term storage impair performance when applied to reading comprehension tasks. The results support a simple relation between short-term storage in memory tasks and reading comprehension tasks.
Debunking Common Misconceptions and Myths

Few words strike fear into the hearts of college faculty and administrators like copyright infringement. Misunderstandings and misinformation about copyright run rampant on college campuses today, and these can lead to restricting classroom teaching or even liability for copyright infringement. In this column, I begin with a short overview of copyright and fair use followed by a discussion of some of the more common copyright myths I have encountered over the past few years. The purpose of this column is to explore some of the common copyright myths and misconceptions regularly seen on college campuses. Conversations with librarians and faculty around the country indicate that these seem to be fairly universal misconceptions. All of the examples presented are actual, real-life scenarios that I have seen over the past few years.