cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A national set of hydrogen codes and standards for the United States

Abstract In 2003, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) initiated a project to coordinate the development of a national template of hydrogen codes and standards for both vehicular and stationary applications. The process consisted of an initial evaluation to find any gaps in the existing hydrogen codes and standards, and to define the codes and standards required to fill these gaps. These codes and standards were to be developed by several standards development organizations (SDOs). This article describes the three levels of codes and standards that address hydrogen technologies for the built environment. • Level 1—Primary adopted building and fire codes. • Level 2—Hydrogen-specific codes and standards references in primary adopted code. • Level 3—Hydrogen-specific component standards referenced in hydrogen-specific codes. Also described is the progress to date in populating these three levels with the required hydrogen codes and standards.
Security market: incentives for disclosure of vulnerabilities

A previous paper by the author proposed a model for when disclosure helps or hurts security, and provided reasons why computer security is often different in this respect than physical security. This paper examines the incentives of actors to disclose vulnerabilities. A chief point of this paper is that the incentives of disclosure depend on two, largely independent, assessments - the degree to which disclosure helps or hurts security, and the degree to which disclosure creates advantages or disadvantages for the organization competitively.The paper presents a 2x3 matrix, where disclosure for security and competition are assessed for three types of systems or software: Open Source; proprietary software; and government systems. Surprisingly, the paper finds significant convergence on disclosure between Open Source and proprietary software. For instance, Open Source security experts often do not disclose configurations and settings, and Open Source programmers often rely on trade secrets (i.e., lack of disclosure) to gain competitive advantage. Similarly, proprietary software often uses more disclosure than assumed. For security, large purchasers and market forces often lead to disclosure about proprietary software. For competitive reasons, proprietary software companies often disclose a great deal in order to seek to become a standard in a competitive space.Despite this greater-than-expected convergence of practice for Open Source and proprietary software, there are strong reasons to believe that less-than-optimal disclosure happens for government systems. The tradition of military secrecy, and the concern about tipping off attackers, leads to a culture of secrecy for government security. Competition for turf, such as the FBI's reputation for not sharing with local law enforcement, further reduces agency incentives to share information about vulnerabilities.
Reciprocal changes in interferon production and immune responses of mouse spleen cells fractionated over columns of insolubilized conjugates of histamine

Abstract Cultures of spleen cells from unimmunized and immunized BALB/c mice can support both direct and indirect anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming responses. The responsiveness of spleen cells to this thymus-dependent sheep cell antigen can be altered by fractionation of the cells over insolubilized conjugates of histamines (H-R-S). Cells that do not adhere to H-R-S (i.e., those that pass through the columns) produce a significantly greater plaque-forming cell response than do non-chromatographed cells or cells that have passed through a control column of rabbit serum albumin-Sepharose (R-S). In contrast, the direct plaque-forming cell response of the same culture to Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (a T-lymphocyte-independent antigen) was not significantly different in any of the groups of cells tested. In addition, spleen cell filtration over H-R-S also resulted in a significant increase in the blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin as well as a significantly lower production of interferon in response to phytohemagglutinin. The possibility that suppressor cells (which were shown to adhere to H-R-S) produce their inhibitory effect via interferon is discussed.
Partial Inhibition Of Glycolysis With 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Enhances EDKC Mediated Cellular Photosensitization.

The effects of depleting glytolytic ATP on EDKC mediated cellular phototoxicity has been investigated using squamous carcinoma cells (FaDu) in vitro. Cells were pretreated with a non-metabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (5 mM) for 13-15 hr that resulted in 40-45 % decrease of cellular ATP. Subsequent exposure of the cells to EDKC resulted in twice as much dye uptake compared to control cells and upon radiation induced 4-5 fold more killing. Pretreatment with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) alone did not have any effect on cell survival. We conclude that if cellular glycolytic ATP is lowered prior to their exposure to EDKC and radiation, cells become more vulnerable to the dye mediated photosensitization.
Detecting glaucoma progression from localized rates of retinal changes in parametric and nonparametric statistical framework with type I error control.

Author(s): Balasubramanian, Madhusudhanan; Arias-Castro, Ery; Medeiros, Felipe A; Kriegman, David J; Bowd, Christopher; Weinreb, Robert N; Holst, Michael; Sample, Pamela A; Zangwill, Linda M | Abstract: PurposeWe evaluated three new pixelwise rates of retinal height changes (PixR) strategies to reduce false-positive errors while detecting glaucomatous progression.MethodsDiagnostic accuracy of nonparametric PixR-NP cluster test (CT), PixR-NP single threshold test (STT), and parametric PixR-P STT were compared to statistic image mapping (SIM) using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph. We included 36 progressing eyes, 210 nonprogressing patient eyes, and 21 longitudinal normal eyes from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study. Multiple comparison problem due to simultaneous testing of retinal locations was addressed in PixR-NP CT by controlling family-wise error rate (FWER) and in STT methods by Lehmann-Romano's k-FWER. For STT methods, progression was defined as an observed progression rate (ratio of number of pixels with significant rate of decrease; i.e., red-pixels, to disk size) g 2.5%. Progression criterion for CT and SIM methods was presence of one or more significant (P l 1%) red-pixel clusters within disk.ResultsSpecificity in normals: CT = 81% (90%), PixR-NP STT = 90%, PixR-P STT = 90%, SIM = 90%. Sensitivity in progressing eyes: CT = 86% (86%), PixR-NP STT = 75%, PixR-P STT = 81%, SIM = 39%. Specificity in nonprogressing patient eyes: CT = 49% (55%), PixR-NP STT = 56%, PixR-P STT = 50%, SIM = 79%. Progression detected by PixR in nonprogressing patient eyes was associated with early signs of visual field change that did not yet meet our definition of glaucomatous progression.ConclusionsThe PixR provided higher sensitivity in progressing eyes and similar specificity in normals than SIM, suggesting that PixR strategies can improve our ability to detect glaucomatous progression. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine whether nonprogressing eyes identified as progressing by these methods will develop glaucomatous progression. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00221897).
An in vitro Method for Making Repeated pH Measurements on Human Dental Plaque

A combination pH micro-electrode inserted into human plaque centrifuged to the base of a closely-fitting fine-mesh wire "basket" has been used to make continuous recordings of the pH responses produced by exposure to various carbohydrate substrates. The pH depressions given by continued immersion in sugar and starch solutions resemble, both in depth and duration, those obtained by telemetric pH measurements of approximal plaque samples. In contrast, brief exposure to sugar solutions will produce a Stephan type of pH curve.Measurements of pH can be made using a succession of different substrates if, after each substrate is tested, the electrode-plaque assembly is washed with water and its acidity neutralized in circulating saliva. It is suggested that this in vitro pH method could be used instead of the telemetric measurements of approximal plaque for comparing acid production from foods or for other purposes.
Teaching sustainability: Course, program and degree considerations

In recent years within the United States, sustainability has gained importance in higher education, government agencies, business and industry, and in the general public's consciousness. The goal of meeting today's needs without harming future generations' ability to realize their potential is the hallmark of sustainable practices, and there is widespread interest from many disciplines and sectors in developing, enhancing, and integrating sustainability into aspects of products, services, and solutions. Thus, the need to equip students with the knowledge, skills, and perspectives to make contributions to sustainability initiatives and processes has never been greater. Sustainability can be taught in many disciplines, including, but not limited to: design, engineering, manufacturing, technology, and management. This paper outlines how sustainability can be taught in these areas, and how sustainability might be integrated into the curriculum from three perspectives: course, program and degree. At the course level, examples of how to integrate the concepts and applications of sustainability into existing material will be discussed. Program-level considerations for teaching sustainability will also be examined. The current situation and the demand for a sustainable knowledge in the workplace and how that might lead to a sustainable degree will be addressed. An inventory of green jobs and careers will be investigated and how sustainable courses, programs and degrees can support the future global workforce and address stakeholder's needs wants and expectations in a sustainable, low carbon world.
Fabric-Caused Changes in Human Skin: In Vivo Stratum Corneum Water Content and Water Evaporation

In vivo water content in the surface layers of human stratum corneum and water evaporation from its surface due to placement of fabric on skin for different time periods were studied. A focused mic...
To Wait for the Law to Change or not to Wait, That is the Question A Guide for Same-Gender Couples and Clergy on the Necessity of Using Private Law to Protect the Rights of Same-Sex Relationships

Due to the serious issues same-gendered couples living in states that do not legally recognize their relationships face, this article examines the very real need for same-sex couples to use private law, in the form of specific legal documents, to protect their rights. Moreover, the authors take the position that clergy who solemnize same-sex relationships should require these couples, as a precondition, to execute such documents as enumerated in this article. Clergy, by facilitating the assistance of legal counsel and integrating the execution of legal agreements, will help provide same-sex couples with a level of legal, emotional and financial well-being that may not currently be attainable without private legal agreements. The article begins by examining the current state of the laws governing same-sex relationships at both the federal and state level. Specifically, we will examine two cases that have substantially impacted the landscape of rights for same-sex couples. The paper will then examine four areas of the law where uncertainty for same sex couples lies and the legal agreements that can be effectively utilized to reduce this uncertainty. These areas include: 1) medical/end of life decisions; 2) financial welfare of both parties and distribution of assets upon dissolution of the relationship; 3) distribution of the couple’s property in the event of death; and 4) parental rights. The paper will conclude with recommendations for clergy in counseling same-sex couples prior to performing marriage and commitment ceremonies.
Respiratory Source Control Using Surgical Masks With Nanofiber Media

Background Potentially infected individuals ('source') are sometimes encouraged to use face masks to reduce exposure of their infectious aerosols to others ('receiver'). To improve compliance with Respiratory Source Control via face mask and therefore reduce receiver exposure, a mask should be comfortable and effective. We tested a novel face mask designed to improve breathability and filtration using nanofiber filtration. Methods Using radiolabeled test aerosols and a calibrated exposure chamber simulating source to receiver interaction, facepiece function was measured with a life-like ventilated manikin model. Measurements included mask airflow resistance (pressure difference during breathing), filtration, (mask capture of exhaled radiolabeled test aerosols), and exposure (the transfer of 'infectious' aerosols from the 'source' to a 'receiver'). Polydisperse aerosols were measured at the source with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 0.95 µm. Approximately 90% of the particles were Results Airflow resistance [ΔP, cmH2O] across sealed surgical masks (means: 0.1865 and 0.1791 cmH2O) approached that of the N95 (mean: 0.2664 cmH2O). The airflow resistance across the nanofiber face mask whether sealed or not sealed (0.0504 and 0.0311 cmH2O) was significantly reduced in comparison. In addition, 'infected' source airflow filtration and receiver exposure levels for nanofiber face masks placed on the source were comparable to that achieved with N95 placed on the source; 98.98% versus 82.68% and 0.0194 versus 0.0557, respectively. Compared to deflection within and around the conventional face masks, Schlieren optical imaging demonstrated enhanced airflow through the nanofiber mask. Conclusions Substituting nanofiber for conventional filter media significantly reduced face mask airflow resistance directing more airflow through the face mask resulting in enhanced filtration. Respiratory source control efficacy similar to that achieved through the use of an N95 respirator worn by the source and decreased airflow resistance using nanofiber masks may improve compliance and reduce receiver exposure.
Cantilever actuated by piezoelectric Parylene-C

We developed the first MEMS cantilever resonator actuated by piezoelectric Parylene-C, which is a new piezoelectric material for its integration into/with MEMS because it can be deposited at room temperature and electrically poled at 200°C with 400V of DC bias. After our first report on Parylene-C as a new piezoelectric material, we demonstrated here the first MEMS cantilever resonator actuated by piezoelectric PA-C.
Dynamic response of some ion-selective electrodes

The dynamic responses of five electrodes were measured by pulse testing. The electrodes were three pH electrodes a calcium-ion electrode, and a chloride-ion electrode. Measurements were made at temperatures from 1° to 50°C. The responses of their electrodes were analyzed to give the transfer function containing first- and second-order time constants and a dead time.
Identity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNA(Trp) is not changed by an anticodon mutation that creates an amber suppressor.

Abstract A C35-->T mutation in an Escherichia coli tRNA(Trp) gene creates an amber suppressor which efficiently inserts glutamine in response to UAG codons in vivo (Soll, L., and Berg, P. (1969) Nature 223, 1340-1342). We have introduced the same change in a yeast tRNA(Trp) gene and demonstrated that the tRNA acts as an efficient amber suppressor in vivo. Amino acid sequence analyses were performed on chitinase produced by cells carrying the corresponding gene with a UAG codon at position 8 of the mature protein plus the mutant tRNA(Trp) gene. In contrast to comparable experiments with E. coli, tryptophan is inserted at a frequency > or = 80% by the yeast suppressor tRNA(Trp). Furthermore, in vitro charging experiments with the mutant tRNA(Trp) reveal no detectable increase in glutamine acceptor activity results from the C35-->T transition. The identity elements in E. coli tRNA(Gln) are well characterized (Jahn, M., Rogers, J., and Soll, D. (1991) Nature 352, 258-260). Sequence comparisons of the tRNA(Trp) and tRNA(Gln) molecules from E. coli reveal that the amber suppressor tRNA(Trp) has four of five identity elements required for glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase recognition. A similar comparison in the yeast system shows only two of the five potential identity elements are present. We conclude that, in spite of substantial structural similarities between yeast and E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, fundamental differences can exist with regard to tRNA recognition.
P81 Facteurs associés à un accouchement par césarienne chez 209 nullipares ayant un diabète de type 1

Introduction Le taux de cesariennes est 2 a 4 fois plus eleve chez les femmes ayant un diabete de type 1 (DT1) par rapport aux femmes non diabetiques. Un uterus cicatriciel est associe a un risque ulterieur accru de cesariennes et de complications maternelles severes. L'objectif de cette etude etait d'identifier les facteurs associes a la realisation d'une premiere cesarienne chez des nullipares ayant un DT1. Patients et Methodes Nous avons realise une etude cas-temoins chez 209 femmes nullipares ayant un DT1 afin d'identifier les facteurs associes a la realisation d'un cesarienne programmee avant travail, d'une part, et en cours de travail lors d'une tentative d'accouchement par les voies naturelles, d'autre part. Les facteurs independants et les odds ratio (OR) ont ete identifies par regression logistique. Resultats Une cesarienne programmee avant travail a ete realisee chez 94 patientes (45 %). La suspicion de macrosomie etait le seul facteur associe a un risque de cesarienne avant travail (79 % vs. 21 % ; OR 15,5, IC-95 % 5,9–40,8). Cependant, 64 % de ces enfants pesaient moins de 4 000 g. Parmi les 115 patientes ayant eu une tentative d'accouchement par les voies naturelles, une cesarienne en cours de travail a ete realisee chez 54 (47 %) ; le taux de dystocie des epaules etait de 3 %. Un indice de masse corporelle preconceptionnel > 25 kg/m 2 (84 % vs. 39 % ; OR 6,3, IC 95 % 1,5–26,1) et un score cervical de Bishop ≤ 3 (66 % vs. 25 % ; OR 5,9, IC 95 % 2,1–16,7) etaient associes a un risque de cesarienne en cours de travail. La prise en charge preconceptionnelle, la presence d'une nephropathie, une prise de poids excessive pendant la grossesse, les taux d'HbA1c pendant la grossesse, la survenue d'une pre-eclampsie et l'accouchement premature n'etaient pas des facteurs de risque de cesarienne. Les taux d'endometrite et d'abces de paroi etaient respectivement de 0,7 % et 3 %. Conclusion Le taux de cesariennes est tres eleve chez les nullipares ayant un DT1 (71 % dans cette etude). Une meilleure precision du diagnostic prenatal de macrosomie et le poids preconceptionnel sont des facteurs de risque potentiellement modifiables.
An Acute Care Physical Therapy Clinical Practice Database for Outcomes Research

Clinical practice databases are frequently used to assess outcomes in various medical specialties. Formulating a computerized physical therapy medical record requires standardization of clinical assessments among the users. The purpose of this article is to describe an acute care physical therapy database system that emphasizes high-quality measures of function The logic underlying the development of a physical therapy computerized medical record is described. Selected uses of the database are demonstrated by projects that assess data quality, generate clinical hypotheses, manage clinical data, develop clinical measures, and generate pilot data on patient variability. Patients seen in physical therapy for total joint replacement, pain, and decreased ambulation were studied to demonstrate some of the present capabilities of the database. Clinical practice databases contribute to the overall research mission, provided the data are of high quality. The use of databases in conjunction with randomized clinical trials may serve an important role in determining effective physical therapy interventions to reduce disability.
Simple and Efficient Purely Functional Queues and Deques

We present purely functional implementations of queues and double-ended queues (deques) requiring only O(1) time per operation in the worst case. Our algorithms are considerably simpler than previous designs with the same bounds. The inspiration for our approach is the incremental behavior of certain functions on lazy lists. Capsule Review This paper presents another example of the ability to write programs in functional languages that satisfy our desire for clarity while satisfying our need for efficiency. In this case, the subject (often-studied) is the implementation of queues and dequeues that are functional and exhibit constant-time worst-case insertion and deletion operations. Although the problem has been solved previously, this paper presents the simplest algorithm so far. As the author notes, it has a strange feature of requiring some laziness – but not too much!
Quantal Encoding of Information in a Retinal Ganglion Cell

A retinal ganglion cell receives information about a white-noise stimulus as a flickering pattern of glutamate quanta. The ganglion cell reencodes this information as brief bursts of one to six spikes separated by quiescent periods. When the stimulus is repeated, the number of spikes in a burst is highly reproducible (variance < mean) and spike timing is precise to within 10 ms, leading to an estimate that each spike encodes about 2 bits. To understand how the ganglion cell reencodes information, we studied the quantal patterns by repeating a white-noise stimulus and recording excitatory currents from a voltage-clamped, brisk-sustained ganglion cell. Quanta occurred in synchronous bursts of 3 to 65; the resulting postsynaptic currents summed to form excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). The number of quanta in an EPSC was only moderately reproducible (variance = mean), quantal timing was precise to within 14 ms, and each quantum encoded 0.1-0.4 bit. In conclusion, compared to a spike, a quantum has similar temporal precision, but is less reproducible and encodes less information. Summing multiple quanta into discrete EPSCs improves the reproducibility of the overall quantal pattern and contributes to the reproducibility of the spike train.
The Dynamic Properties of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle

The dynamic characteristics of the rat gracilis anticus muscle at 17.5°C have been determined by isotonic and isometric loading. For a fixed initial length these characteristics were represented either as a family of length-velocity phase trajectories at various isotonic afterloads or as a series of force-velocity curves at different lengths. An alternate method of viewing these data, the length-external load-velocity phase space, was also generated. When the muscle was allowed to shorten from different initial lengths, the velocity of shortening achieved at a given length was lower for longer initial lengths. The amount of departure was also dependent upon the isotonic load, the greater the load the greater the departure. The departures were not caused by changes in the elastic elements of the muscle or fatigue in the ordinary sense. When the behavior of the muscle was investigated at different frequencies of stimulation, the shortening velocity was a function of the number of stimulating pulses received by the muscle at a given frequency. The shortening velocity of the rat gracilis anticus muscle is, therefore, not only a function of load and length, but also of an additional variable related to the time elapsed from onset of stimulation.
The MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling pathway promotes compensated cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice.

Members of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade such as extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 are implicated as important regulators of cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth in culture. However, the role that individual MAPK pathways play in vivo has not been extensively evaluated. Here we generated nine transgenic mouse lines with cardiac‐restricted expression of an activated MEK1 cDNA in the heart. MEK1 transgenic mice demonstrated concentric hypertrophy without signs of cardiomyopathy or lethality up to 12 months of age. MEK1 transgenic mice showed a dramatic increase in cardiac function, as measured by echocardiography and isolated working heart preparation, without signs of decompensation over time. MEK1 transgenic mice and MEK1 adenovirus‐infected neonatal cardiomyocytes each demonstrated ERK1/2, but not p38 or JNK, activation. MEK1 transgenic mice and MEK1 adenovirus‐infected cultured cardiomyocytes were also partially resistant to apoptotic stimuli. The results of the present study indicate that the MEK1–ERK1/2 signaling pathway stimulates a physiologic hypertrophy response associated with augmented cardiac function and partial resistance to apoptotsis.
The UBV Orbital Phase Curves of Rhea, Dione, and Tethys

Abstract Orbital phase curves are reported for Rhea (SV), Dione (SIV), and Tethys (SIII). Variations of 0.2 mag. and 0.8 mag. were found for Rhea and Dione respectively, while no variation of Tethys was detected. Some color variations are also reported.
Rats maintain a binocular field centered on the horizon

In this letter, we attempt to correct a potentially serious misperception arising from the paper “Rats maintain an overhead binocular field at the expense of constant fusion”. While the authors repeatedly emphasize that the animal’s binocular field is overhead, the authors’ own data show that the truth is quite different, even orthogonal: the binocular field is in fact centered dead-ahead in front of the animal, tapering to a sliver both above and below the animal. We predict that this paper will be widely cited for something that it does not demonstrate, a concern that is borne out by the paper’s earliest citation.
Body motion for powering biomedical devices

Kinetic energy harvesting has been demonstrated as a useful technique for powering portable electronic devices. Body motion can be used to generate energy to power small electronic devices for biomedical applications. These scavengers can recharge batteries, extending their operation lifetime or even replace them. This paper addresses the generation of energy from human activities. An axial flux generator is presented using body motion for powering miniature biomedical devices. This generator presents a gear-shaped planar coil and a multipole NdFeB permanent magnet (PM) ring with an attached eccentric weight. The device generates energy by electromagnetic induction on the planar coil when subject to a changing magnetic flux due to the generator oscillations produced by body motion. A 1.5 cm3 prototype has generated 3.9 µW of power while walking with the generator placed laterally on the ankle.
Fully integrated CMOS phase-locked loop with 30 MHz to 2 GHz locking range and 35 ps jitter

A fully integrated phase-locked loop (PLL) fabricated in a 0.24 /spl mu/m, 2.5 V digital CMOS technology is described. The PLL is intended for use in multi-gigabit-per-second clock recovery circuits in fiber-optic communication chip. This PLL achieved a very large locking range measured to be from 30 MHz up to 2 GHz in 0.24 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Also it has very low peak-to-peak jitter less than /spl plusmn/35 ps at 1.25 GHz output frequency.
Care and Conditions of the Uncircumcised Phallus

Understanding of the natural history of separation of the inner surface of the intact prepuce from the glans is paramount to the care of the uncircumcised penis. As emphasized by the authors, all too often, the child (and over anxious parent) is referred to specialists by even the most knowledgeable medical practitioner for circumcision due to inability to retract, residual adhesions, infection of cyst (almost always smegma). In Western countries like the USA, where historically circumcision has been the norm, educating the families about this natural process of prepucial separation right from birth, and essentially reassuring them that time and a hands-off approach for the foreskin is all that is necessary in the long run, should be reinforced. Whether families and referring physicians will concur, is conjecture.
Cystic ovarian disease in cattle on dairies in central and western Ohio: ultrasonic, hormonal, histologic, and metabolic assessments

ii Dedication iv Acknowledgments v Vita vii List of Tables xi List of Figures xiii Chapters:
The Theory of Quantized Fields. III

In this paper we discuss the electromagnetic field, as perturbed by a prescribed current. All quantities of physical interest in various situations, eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, and transition probabilities, are derived from a general transformation function which is expressed in a non-Hermitian representation. The problems treated are: the determination of the energy-momentum eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for the isolated electromagnetic field, and the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for the field perturbed by a time-independent current; the evaluation of transition probabilities and photon number expectation values for a time-dependent current that departs from zero only within a finite time interval, and for a time-dependent current that assumes non-vanishing time-independent values initially and finally. The results are applied in a discussion of the infrared catastrophe and of the adiabatic theorem. It is shown how the latter can be exploited to give a uniform formulation for all problems requiring the evaluation of transition probabilities or eigenvalue displacements.
Eschewing the Luddite: Does Technology Make for a More Civic Culture?

Although many are hopeful that technology can improve the quality of American democracy, others cite technology’s downside and are much more cautious about its role in society. Information technologies offer a skewed view of the world (Putnam 1995), but they can also make government more responsive by connecting candidates with voters (Shea 2011). With the prevalence of information technology and its use, this article systematically analyzes whether or not technology consumption has a measurable effect on attitudes towards political “out-groups.” Using the 2006 Social Capital Community Survey, I find that television and internet usage have a negligible effect on respondents’ attitudes. I conclude by arguing that the effects of technology are benign, but research should progress by delving deeper into the content of what respondents watch on television and surf on the internet.
Forecasting Weather-Impacted Airport Capacities for Flow Contingency Management: Advanced Methods and Integration

ne goal of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is to develop strategic decision-making capabilities, which facilitate allocation of traffic management initiatives (TMIs) across the United States National Airspace System (NAS) over a full-day look-ahead horizon. In recent years, several promising concepts and methodologies for such strategic traffic management have been advanced, including our team's flow contingency management (FCM) solution. A key thrust of these strategic traffic management solutions, including FCM, is the development of stochastic forecasts of weather impact in both the en route and terminal area airspace. FCM, in particular, requires forecast scenarios (possible futures) of weather-constrained capacities, including sector capacities and airport arrival and departure rates (AARs and ADRs), over a full day forecast horizon. Several recent studies have introduced promising techniques for forecasting weather impacts and generating impact scenarios 1–3 , however many challenges remain in developing and validating useful and accurate models. The work presented here contributes to the research effort on strategic forecasting of weather-impacted airport capacities (specifically, AARs). Although AAR and ADR forecasting has been extensively studied, most efforts have focused on shorter time horizons (up to four hours 4 ) or are terminal-specific (e.g., the stratus forecast for San Francisco International Airport 5 ). However, FCM requires a generic probabilistic methodology for AAR prediction, albeit one that only needs to predict significant capacity reductions rather than detailed trends in runway configurations and capacity. Recently, Buxi and Hansen introduced two methodologies for probabilistic forecasting of AAR scenarios over a full-day horizon from terminal-area forecasts 6 . These approaches are promising for FCM, but depend on the presence of similar full-day TAF profiles in the historical record, and also do not account for convective weather. In our previous works, we introduced alternative regression-based approaches for prediction in the context of several case studies, and studied the incorporation of convective-weather forecasts in terminal capacity prediction. However, these initial studies stopped short of introducing a generic prediction algorithm, and also did not consider the wide range of forecast products that could be leveraged in AAR prediction. In this study, we introduce a multinomial-logistic-regression-based methodology for full-day AAR prediction for arbitrary airports, for use in the FCM solution. The paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we introduce the proposed regression methodology in generality, including both regression-model construction and model deployment for FCM. In Section III, we present two case studies for Boston Logan International Airport (KBOS)
ID: 80: IMPACT OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 DELETION ON ADIPOSE TISSUE INFLAMMATION AND SYSTEMIC METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS IN OBESITY

Objective Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation characterized by macrophage accumulation and secretion of inflammatory mediators is considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of obesity-linked metabolic disorders, in particular, insulin resistance. Although an intimate relationship exists between inflammation and metabolism, there is a lack of consistent therapeutic success in targeting inflammatory pathways to treat obesity-linked metabolic diseases suggesting that certain immunoregulatory genes can exert differential effects on metabolic regulation. The objective of this study is to determine the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible inflammatory gene, abundantly upregulated in macrophages upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli, in modulating AT inflammation and systemic metabolic homeostasis in obesity. Methods Wild type (WT) and COX-2 knock-out (COX-2-/-) mice were fed a standard chow diet (CD) or a high fat (HF, 45% fat calories) diet for 13 wk. The expression of macrophage and inflammatory markers were determined in visceral AT and macrophage-rich stromal cells collected from visceral AT. In addition, various metabolic tests including insulin and glucose tolerance tests and energy expenditure measurements were performed to determine the impact of COX-2 deletion in modulating metabolic homeostasis. Results Consistent with its role in inducing an inflammatory response, deletion of COX-2 resulted in a decrease in markers of AT inflammation. For example, the markers of M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages were reduced and that of M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages were increased in the visceral AT of COX-2−/− compared to WT mice on a HF diet. Moreover, the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes such as MIP1α and TNFα was significantly lower (P Conclusion Taken together, deletion of COX-2 attenuated AT inflammation but increased adiposity and impaired metabolic homeostasis in a state of nutrient excess. Although inflammation is intricately linked to metabolism, our study suggests that a considerable discordance exists between these two processes and that COX-2 derived eicosanoids can exert differential effects in modulating inflammatory and metabolic processes.
Effect of quadriceps contraction on tangential patellar radiography.

This study examined whether the addition of quadriceps contraction to standard Merchant views provides additional useful information in the evaluation of patients with extensor mechanism malalignment. Fifteen patients (23 knees) with anterior knee pain due to lateral patellar compression syndrome and 22 control patients (44 knees) underwent standard Merchant views with the quadriceps relaxed and with an isometric isotonic contraction. Congruence and lateral patellar angles were measured for all groups. Although the congruence angle differed significantly between the control and symptomatic groups with the quadriceps contracted (P< or = .001), this difference also was seen without quadriceps contraction. There was also no significant difference within each group on addition of quadriceps contraction. No significant difference existed between the two groups for lateral patellar angle with quadriceps contraction. The addition of a controlled isometric quadriceps contraction did not add to the diagnostic yield of the standard Merchant view in terms of a predictable change in measured radiographic parameters.
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy and Interventional Endoscopic Ultrasonography: Emerging Technologies

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has been shown to be useful in the detection and staging of gastrointestinal and pancreatic malignancies. However, EUS has some limitations including suboptimal specificity in lymph node staging. This is one factor that has curtailed its widespread use. The emergence of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and other interventional applications of EUS appear likely to increase the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of this modality. This article reviews recent literature describing the role of EUS in guiding FNA, detecting choledocholithiasis and assisting in interventions such as pseudocyst drainage.
Influence of timing of gain on growth and reproductive performance of beef replacement heifers

Our objective was to determine whether beef heifers could be developed by delaying the majority of weight gain until the last third of the developmental period before the onset of the breeding season. Spring-born Angus x Hereford heifers were used in each of two consecutive years and were allotted at weaning to gain either .45 kg/d for the entire developmental period (yr 1 = 159 d, n = 40; yr 2 = 168 d, n = 40; EVENGAIN) or to gain .11 kg/d from d 0 to 112, followed by .91 kg/d from d 112 to 159 (yr 1, n = 40) or d 168 (yr 2, n = 40; LATEGAIN). Body weights and condition scores were determined at d 0, 112, and 159 (yr 1) or d 0, 112, and 168 (yr 2). Heifers were subjected to a 60-d breeding season. Frame scores and pelvic areas were determined at the conclusion of the breeding season. Actual daily gains for EVENGAIN heifers for yr 1 and yr 2 were .60 and .51 kg/d, respectively. LATEGAIN heifers gained .25 and .05 kg/d during the restricted phases from d 0 to 112, followed by 1.14 and 1.32 kg/d during the accelerated growth phases for yr 1 and 2, respectively. Body weight at the onset of the breeding season and weight at puberty were not different between treatments in either year. Age at puberty did not differ in yr 1, but, age at puberty in yr 2 was delayed (P < .01) in LATEGAIN (406.9 d) compared to EVENGAIN (386.3 d) heifers. The LATEGAIN and EVENGAIN heifers had similar pelvic areas, frame scores, and body condition scores in each year. First-service conception rates of both groups were similar in yr 1 (55.5 vs 55.3%). In yr 2, LATEGAIN heifers tended (P = .18) to have an increase in first-service conception rate compared to EVENGAIN heifers (71.1 vs 56.4%). No treatment differences occurred in either average age of conception or overall pregnancy rates at the conclusion of the breeding season for either year. The LATEGAIN heifers were developed to a similar BW on 12 (P < .01) and 2.5% (not statistically significant) less feed for yr 1 and 2, respectively, compared to EVENGAIN heifers. We interpret these data to indicate that delaying the majority of weight gain until late in heifer development may decrease costs without detrimental effects on reproductive performance.
Hepatic pathological changes due to hydroxyalkenals.

The nonenzymatic autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is known to cause increased formation of alkenals, alk-2-enals, malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals (1–3). A number of alkenals are formed during microsomal lipid peroxidation and some of these alkenals, such as the hydroxyalkenals, are effective nonradical products which could be responsible for part of the effects associated with lipid peroxidation (4–10). Esterbauer et al and Benedetti et al have demonstWed that alkenals are produced during stimulated (ADP-Fe+2 or NADPH-Fe+2) microsomal lipid peroxidation and that these alkenals (in particular 4-hydroxyalkenals) could be responsible for part of the destructive effects caused by lipid peroxidation on cells and cell constituents (5,6). Cytotoxic alkenals originating due to lipid peroxidation were shown to damage cellular membranes of red blood cells, inhibit protein synthesis, and decreased the activity of membrane bound enzymes such as microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase, cytochrome P-450, and aminopyrine N-demethylase (7–13). Further investigations have determined that alkenal compounds may play an important role in liver injury caused by CC14 and BrCC13 (14,15). Alkenal groups are formed in phospholipids of liver microsomas as a consequence of the peroxidative cleavage of phospholipid-bound unsaturated fatty acids after in vivo intoxication with CC14 and BrCC13 (14).
A practical view of prognostic factors for staging, adjuvant treatment planning, and as baseline studies for possible future therapy.

Recent advances in the basic sciences have led to a number of mechanistically important molecules being identified and measured in normal and neoplastic breast tissue. Although new information has potential to improve prognostic assessment of breast cancer patients, inappropriate application can be fiscally irresponsible and decrease the accuracy in the prognostic assessment of breast cancer patients.
The Fourth Amendment and Dormitory Searches: A New Truce

Commentators have noted that approximately fifteen years ago, a tentative truce existed on college and university campuses between administrative officials and campus police; administrative officials possessed discretion not to enforce regulations concerning activity viewed as "relatively harmless" and "commonly and socially acceptable," and conducted "privately and quietly."' Today, however, colleges and universities are recognizing a need for stricter enforcement of drug and alcohol regulations.2 Increasingly, they are turning to the use of dormitory searches to enforce such prohibitions. For example, in 1996, Appalachian State University ("ASU") implemented a search policy authorizing campus officials, including campus police officers, to enter a student's room without a search warrant if they had "reasonable cause" to believe a regulation was being violated. Under the policy, evidence obtained could be used only in school disciplinary proceedings and not in criminal prosecutions unless a warrant or the student's consent had been obtained.3 Several factors prompted ASU to initiate its search policy: the national trend of increasing marijuana use since the 1980s, the sharp increase in the number of reported drug violations on ASU's campus, and the difficulty in obtaining search warrants in time to apprehend students who were violat-
Natural courtship song variation caused by an intronic retroelement in an ion channel gene.

Natural variation in the courtship song of Drosophila is mapped to the intronic insertion of a retroelement at the slowpoke locus, which encodes an ion channel. An important aspect of courtship behaviour in Drosophila is the male courtship song, generated when the males vibrate their wings. The features of this courtship song and how this varies between Drosophila species have been well-characterized. David Stern and colleagues now map the genetic variation causal for natural variation in courtship song between two wild isolates of D. simulans and D. mauritiana to the insertion of a retroelement at the slowpoke (slo) locus, which encodes an ion channel. Animal species display enormous variation for innate behaviours, but little is known about how this diversity arose. Here, using an unbiased genetic approach, we map a courtship song difference between wild isolates of Drosophila simulans and Drosophila mauritiana to a 966 base pair region within the slowpoke (slo) locus, which encodes a calcium-activated potassium channel1. Using the reciprocal hemizygosity test2, we confirm that slo is the causal locus and resolve the causal mutation to the evolutionarily recent insertion of a retroelement in a slo intron within D. simulans. Targeted deletion of this retroelement reverts the song phenotype and alters slo splicing. Like many ion channel genes, slo is expressed widely in the nervous system and influences a variety of behaviours3,4; slo-null males sing little song with severely disrupted features. By contrast, the natural variant of slo alters a specific component of courtship song, illustrating that regulatory evolution of a highly pleiotropic ion channel gene can cause modular changes in behaviour.
8 – Response of Plants to Elevated Atmospheric CO2: Root Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Soil Carbon

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide in plants. Elevated CO2 enhances plant growth . Carbon dioxide is the substrate for photosynthesis and, when elevated, both carbon assimilation and water use efficiency generally increase. Stimulation of root system development associated with increased growth implies more rooting, which, in turn, implies the possibility of increased water and nutrient capture. Microbes mediate carbon and nutrient flows within the soil, and CO2-induced changes in the structure and function of plant root systems may lead to changes in the microbiology of both rhizosphere and soil. Enhanced plant growth further suggests greater delivery of carbon to soil, and thus, potentially greater soil carbon storage. Soil is a vital reservoir in the global carbon cycle. Sequestration of soil carbon is closely linked to nutrient cycling. Root growth, rhizosphere microbiology, nutrient cycling and availability, and carbon storage in soils are integrally linked and have important implications for plant health. Predicting how belowground processes respond to rising CO2 will be necessary for the management of future crop and forest systems.
Review of sigmoid volvulus: history and results of treatment.

Sigmoid volvulus is not a common disease in the United States. Thus, a good understanding of this disease can be obtained only by compiling the experiences of many physicians. The purpose of this paper has been to review the reported clinical experience with sigmoid volvulus throughout the world with sigmoid volvulus. This has revealed two clinical patterns of presentation. In Asia, Eastern Europe, and much of Africa and Brazil, sigmoid volvulus is a common cause of intestinal obstruction, frequently occurring in middle-aged men living in rural areas. In English-speaking countries, it is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction. In these countries the patient with sigmoid volvulus is typically old, male, black and institutionalized.