cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical education meets pharma: moving ahead.

Over recent years, organized medicine and the public at large have increasingly scrutinized how relationships between physicians and industry, predominantly the pharmaceutical industry (“Pharma”), affect all levels of medical education from medical students to practitioners. This commentary reviews how Pharma’s marketing efforts have affected medical education, how some academic programs help learners comprehend and cope with marketing biases, and further steps that the profession and its learners might undertake to better understand and deal with influences that marketing biases exert on the medical database. We appreciate that Pharma provides many important and valuable contributions, enhancing public wellbeing and professional knowledge in multiple ways that might not otherwise occur. However, the marketing-cum-education activities that result from Pharma companies’ pursuits of market share and profits are concerning. These actions are especially prominent in the increasingly Darwinian world of “me too” drugs, where similarities in effectiveness and adverse effect profiles often outweigh differences. In these efforts, marketing interests and tactics color the information on which contemporary evidencebased medicine is presumably practiced. For all intents and purposes, the debate about whether Pharma marketing biases affect medical education has been settled. A steady flow of detailed, analytic reporting has appeared in major journals, books written by distinguished former editors of the New England Journal of Medicine (1–3) and JAMA (4), among many others, and books written by highly regarded investigative reporters (5–7). Conflicts of interest among academic physicians with Pharma ties and Pharma’s influence on continuing medical education (CME) have been scrutinized by Senators Charles Grassley and Herbert Kohl. Their inquiries are premised on the likelihood that Pharma slants the dissemination of information concerning the safety and effectiveness of treatments and consequently adversely affects prescribing behavior and drives up the costs of health care (8, 9). Medical students have recognized that their faculty’s industry ties may bias what they are taught in key aspects of therapeutics, resulting in the American Medical Student Association developing national scorecards for grading medical schools on policies regarding faculty-industry ties. The 11 dimensions assessed in these scorecards include policies governing disclosures, transparency, and limits to gifts and honoraria for off-campus CME, purchasing, curriculum, consulting, medication samples, speaking, on-campus CME, and access of pharmaceutical sales representatives to physicians and trainees. As of June 2009, of 149 U.S. medical schools, nine received As (6%), 36 Bs (24%), 18 Cs (12%), 17 Ds (11%), and 35 Fs (23%), 23 because they failed to submit policies or declined to respond. Another 27 schools were awaiting assessment of their newly designed policies (10).
Synthesis and structural characterization of Re2(μ-chp)2(η2-chp)Cl3: a new coordination mode of hydroxypyridinate around dimetallic centres

Abstract The title complex (1) was synthesized through the reaction between Re2(OAc)4Cl2 and molten 6-chloropyridinol (Hchp). The green complex co-crystallizes with CH2Cl2 in space group P21/c with a = 8.723(6), b = 18.172(7), c = 16.717(7) A, β = 100.28(5)°, V = 2613(2) A3 and Z = 4. The molecular structure determined has two chp− ligands in the bidentate bridging mode, and an additional chp− in a chelating mode, which is unprecedent among all known hydroxypyridinate complexes of dimetallics.
Reflectance spectra of two solvated uranium 8-hydroxyquinolates

Abstract On precipitation of uranyl 8-hydroxyquinolate from homogeneous solution, two different chelates are obtained. UO 2 (C 9 H 6 NO) 2 ·C 9 H 6 NOH is dark red whereas [UO 2 (C 9 H 5 NO) 2 ] 2 ·C 9 H 6 NOH is orange. On grinding, the dark-red chelate becomes orange. Reflectance spectra are used to explain the initial colour difference as well as the change in colour of the dark-red compound to orange on grinding.
Influencing and being influenced: Local acts across large distances

(1995). Influencing and being influenced: Local acts across large distances. Social Epistemology: Vol. 9, Boundary Rhetorics and the Work of Interdisciplinarity, pp. 189-199.
Assembly of Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complexes by AU-rich Element RNA-binding Protein 1 (AUF1) Requires Base-dependent and -independent RNA Contacts

AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 (AUF1) regulates the stability and/or translational efficiency of diverse mRNA targets, including many encoding products controlling the cell cycle, apoptosis, and inflammation by associating with AU-rich elements residing in their 3′-untranslated regions. Previous biochemical studies showed that optimal AUF1 binding requires 33–34 nucleotides with a strong preference for U-rich RNA despite observations that few AUF1-associated cellular mRNAs contain such extended U-rich domains. Using the smallest AUF1 isoform (p37AUF1) as a model, we employed fluorescence anisotropy-based approaches to define thermodynamic parameters describing AUF1 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex formation across a panel of RNA substrates. These data demonstrated that 15 nucleotides of AU-rich sequence were sufficient to nucleate high affinity p37AUF1 RNP complexes within a larger RNA context. In particular, p37AUF1 binding to short AU-rich RNA targets was significantly stabilized by interactions with a 3′-purine residue and largely base-independent but non-ionic contacts 5′ of the AU-rich site. RNP stabilization by the upstream RNA domain was associated with an enhanced negative change in heat capacity consistent with conformational changes in protein and/or RNA components, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assays demonstrated that these contacts were required for p37AUF1 to remodel local RNA structure. Finally, reporter mRNAs containing minimal high affinity p37AUF1 target sequences associated with AUF1 and were destabilized in a p37AUF1-dependent manner in cells. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the diverse population of AUF1 target mRNAs but also suggest how AUF1 binding could regulate protein and/or microRNA binding events at adjacent sites. Background: AUF1 post-transcriptionally regulates mRNA targets. Results: Short AU-rich sequences nucleate AUF1 ribonucleoproteins but require non-ionic contacts with flanking RNA to stabilize complexes and manipulate local RNA structure. Conclusion: AUF1 uses several molecular determinants to bind and remodel RNA targets. Significance: This model explains AUF1 interactome diversity and predicts allosteric effects on protein and microRNA trans-factor binding to proximal sites.
The effect of fruit in different forms on energy intake and satiety at a meal.

Consuming whole fruit reduces ratings of satiety more than fruit juice, but little is known about the effects of different forms of fruit on subsequent energy intake. This study tested how consuming preloads of apples in different forms prior to a meal (apple, applesauce, and apple juice with and without added fiber) influences satiety and energy intake at meal. Preloads were matched for weight, energy content, energy density, and ingestion rate. Once a week for 5 weeks, 58 adults consumed one of four preloads (266 g; 125 kcal [523 kJ]), or no preload (control), followed by a test meal consumed ad libitum 15 min later. Results showed that eating apple reduced lunch energy intake (preload + test meal) by 15% (187 ± 36 kcal [782 ± 151 kJ]) compared to control (p applesauce > both juices > control). Overall, whole apple increased satiety more than applesauce or apple juice. Adding naturally occurring levels of fiber to juice did not enhance satiety. These results suggest that solid fruit affects satiety more than pureed fruit or juice, and that eating fruit at the start of a meal can reduce energy intake.
Immune response after neonatal transfer of a human factor IX-expressing retroviral vector in dogs, cats, and mice

Abstract Introduction Gene therapy could prevent bleeding in hemophilia. However, antibodies could inhibit coagulation, while cytotoxic T lymphocytes could destroy modified cells. The immaturity of the newborn immune system might prevent these immune responses from occurring after neonatal gene therapy. Materials and methods Newborn dogs, cats, or mice were injected intravenously with a retroviral vector expressing human Factor IX. Plasma was evaluated for antigen and anti-human Factor IX antibodies. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses were evaluated indirectly by analysis of retroviral vector RNA in liver. Lymphocytes were evaluated for cytokine secretion and the ability to suppress an immune response to human Factor IX in mice. Results and conclusions Hemophilia B dogs that achieved 942 ± 500 ng/ml (19% normal) or 5 ± 0.4 ng/ml (0.1% normal) of human Factor IX in plasma only bled 0 or 1.2 times per year, respectively, and were tolerant to infusion of human Factor IX. Normal cats expressed human Factor IX at 118 +/− 29 ng/ml (2% normal) in plasma without antibody formation. However, plasma human Factor IX disappeared at late times in 1 of 4 cats, which was probably due to a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response that destroyed cells with high expression. C3H mice were tolerant to human Factor IX after neonatal gene therapy, which may involve clonal deletion of human Factor IX-responsive cells. These data demonstrate that neonatal gene therapy does not induce antibodies to human Factor IX in dogs, cats, or mice. The putative cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in one cat requires further study.
Progress toward the clinical application of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated by epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells through the exogenous expression of transcription factors. These cells, just like embryonic stem cells, are likely to have a major impact on regenerative medicine, because they self-renew and retain the potential to be differentiated into all cell types of the human body. In this Review, we describe the current state of iPS cell technology, including approaches by which they are generated and what is known about their biology, and discuss the potential applications of these cells for disease modeling, drug discovery, and, eventually, cell replacement therapy.
Parallel generation of uniform fine droplets at hundreds of kilohertz in a flow-focusing module.

Droplet-based microfluidic systems enable a variety of biomedical applications from point-of-care diagnostics with third world implications, to targeted therapeutics alongside medical ultrasound, to molecular screening and genetic testing. Though these systems maintain the key advantage of precise control of the size and composition of the droplet as compared to conventional methods of production, the low rates at which droplets are produced limits translation beyond the laboratory setting. As well, previous attempts to scale up shear-based microfluidic systems focused on increasing the volumetric throughput and formed large droplets, negating many practical applications of emulsions such as site-specific therapeutics. We present the operation of a parallel module with eight flow-focusing orifices in the dripping regime of droplet formation for the generation of uniform fine droplets at rates in the hundreds of kilohertz. Elevating the capillary number to access dripping, generation of monodisperse droplets of liquid perfluoropentane in the parallel module exceeded 3.69 × 105 droplets per second, or 1.33 × 109 droplets per hour, at a mean diameter of 9.8 μm. Our microfluidic method offers a novel means to amass uniform fine droplets in practical amounts, for instance, to satisfy clinical needs, with the potential for modification to form massive amounts of more complex droplets.
Synthesis of Degradable Miktoarm Star Copolymers via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Both nondegradable and degradable miktoarm star copolymers were synthesized via ATRP using the “in−out” method. The synthesis consisted of three steps: synthesis of a linear macroinitiator (MI) using the first monomer, a core-forming reaction with a divinyl compound, and then further chain extension with the second monomer. Various characterization methods, including GPC, NMR, and GC, were used to analyze the initial star polymers and to identify the optimal experimental conditions for the synthesis of the multifunctional star initiators and the miktoarm star copolymers. During the synthesis of miktoarm star copolymers, both interstar and intrastar arm−arm couplings were observed. The initiating efficiency of the alkyl bromide sites in the core of the star polymers was determined by analysis of the linear block copolymers, obtained after cleavage of the degradable star and miktoarm star copolymers. The results confirmed that the initiation efficiency was reduced by the highly cross-linked star core. In t...
The Effects of Obstructions on Film Cooling Effectiveness on the Suction Side of a Gas Turbine Vane

The effects of obstructions on film cooling performance on a scaled-up 1st stage turbine vane will be discussed. Experimental results show that obstructions located upstream or inside of a film cooling hole will degrade adiabatic effectiveness up to 80% of the levels found with no obstructions. Downstream obstructions had little effect on performance. The location where the upstream obstructions ceased to degrade adiabatic effectiveness was determined and temperature profiles were constructed to determine how the upstream obstructions were affecting the mainstream and coolant flow.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Growth factors: potential for the management of solid epithelial tumours.

Abstract At present we are on the threshold of an enormous change in clinical practice. The application of molecular medicine has already started and the area of growth factor biology is particularly relevant to this endeavour (Figure 6) ( Jankowski and Polak 1996 ). Perhaps the major limitation to this process is the rate at which the clinician can comprehend and then undertake carefully designed molecular studies in gastroenterology. In time monographs that specifically address the issue of molecular medicine in clinical gene analysis and manipulation may perhaps replace standard text books (see Jankowski and Polak, 1996 ).
Temperature fronts and pulses on catalytic ribbons

Abstract Infrared temperature images show that standing and moving temperature fronts and moving temperature pulses exist on the surface of an electrically heated thin catalytic ribbon on which a chemical reaction occurs. The dynamic behavior when the electrical current maintains a constant resistance differs from that under constant current heating. A mathematical model shows that when the reaction leads to activation-deactivation of the catalytic surface four qualitatively types of pulse motions exist in addition to chaotic temperature patterns.
Optical Properties of Zinc Sulfide in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

The reflectance and optical constants of films of zinc sulfide vacuum deposited onto glass have been measured for the wavelength region extending from 2200 to 584 A. The effects of different deposition conditions and aging in normal and dry air were studied. In the wavelength range from 2200 to 1100 A the reflectance is relatively high (≈33%) and uniform. Beyond 1100 A it decreases and at 584 A is only 3.8%. The refractive index, n, decreases rapidly from a value of 3.13 at 2200 A to a minimum of 0.64 at 735 A. The absorption coefficient, k, has a maximum value of 1.75 at 1800 A and decreases with decreasing wavelength to a value of 0.23 at 584 A. In contrast to many other materials the variation of deposition conditions has very little effect on the reflectance of zinc sulfide. The films also show almost no aging in normal or dry air. Under the best conditions these films are durable enough to stand washing with cotton and detergent many times without damage.
Lidar depolarization studies of the atmosphere at the South Pole

Some examples of lidar backscatter and depolarization profiles obtained at the South Pole during the austral summer period 1976–77 are presented. The examples illustrate the variety of data obtainable from various meteorological conditions as well as how this kind of lidar can help determine cloud layer structures in the polar atmosphere. Clear sky ice crystal precipitation and light ice precipitation under overcast sky conditions produced volume backscatter coefficients in the 2–4 × 10−3-km−1 range and depolarization values up to 0.46, while mixed phase and supercooled water drop layers were also observed with maximum backscatter coefficients ranging from 5 × 10−2 to 2.4 × 10−1 km−1 and depolarization values from a few to ∼20%. Some of these layers may have contained aligned plates which resulted in enhanced backscatter values and lower depolarization values, therefore, the identification is sometimes ambiguous.
Theoretical Model For The Image Formed By A Spherical Particle In A Coherent Imaging System: Comparison To Experiment

A simple theoretical model is presented that allows calculation of the image produced by a spherical absorbing particle illuminated by monochromatic, coherent laser light. Results presented in this paper are restricted to a single-lens imaging system, although generalization to more complex imaging system configurations would be straightforward. The method uses classic Lorenz-Mie scattering theory to obtain the electro-magnetic field external to an absorbing spherical particle and a Fourier optics approach to calculate the intensities in the image plane. Experimental results evaluating focus characteristics are examined for 50 um diameter water droplets using an N2 laser imaging system in conjunction with a digital image processor, and the experimental images are compared to the results of the theoretical model. Comparative focus criteria results are particularly useful in aerosol science research involving dynamic particle size measurements in which criteria for focus and depth of field must be established.
Optimized Dose Distribution of a High Dose Rate Vaginal Cylinder

Abstract Purpose: To present a comparison of optimized dose distributions for a set of high-dose-rate (HDR) vaginal cylinders calculated by a commercial treatment-planning system with benchmark calculations using Monte-Carlo–calculated dosimetry data. Methods and Materials: Optimized dose distributions using both an isotropic and an anisotropic dose calculation model were obtained for a set of HDR vaginal cylinders. Mathematical optimization techniques available in the computer treatment-planning system were used to calculate dwell times and positions. These dose distributions were compared with benchmark calculations with TG43 formalism and using Monte-Carlo–calculated data. The same dwell times and positions were used for a quantitative comparison of dose calculated with three dose models. Results: The isotropic dose calculation model can result in discrepancies as high as 50%. The anisotropic dose calculation model compared better with benchmark calculations. The differences were more significant at the apex of the vaginal cylinder, which is typically used as the prescription point. Conclusion: Dose calculation models available in a computer treatment-planning system must be evaluated carefully to ensure their correct application. It should also be noted that when optimized dose distribution at a distance from the cylinder surface is calculated using an accurate dose calculation model, the vaginal mucosa dose becomes significantly higher, and therefore should be carefully monitored.
Going Pro? Political Campaign Consulting and the Professional Model

Does the sociological model of professionalism apply to the occupation of political campaign consulting? Using survey data from consultants involved in U.S. Congressional campaigns as well as in-person interviews, this article describes how consultants see their role in shaping campaigns and appraises their degree of consensus regarding appropriate campaign strategy and occupational behavior. Although consultants face some structural barriers to professionalization, the results suggest that they have the key components for a successful professional project: occupational institutions, a base of applied knowledge, and a service ethic. This consultant professionalization has important implications for the structure and content of modern campaigns.
EXAFS investigation of the binuclear cupric site in met T2D Rhus laccase and its azide bound derivative

Abstract EXAFS analysis of met T2D Rhus laccase and its azide bound derivative indicates an average of 0.33 S at 2.09 A and 3–4 N (or O) atoms at 2.00 A per copper atom for the three copper centers. Using the plastocyanin Cu(II) EXAFS spectrum to model the type 1 site in laccase, a difference EXAFS spectrum for the type 3 site is generated; this spectrum enables assignment of the one S ligand in met T2D to the type 1 site and indicates no evidence of a detectable copper scatterer for the coupled binuclear copper site. Implications regarding type 3 optical features and related studies on the hemocyanins are also discussed.
Fine, nickel-poor Fe-Ni grains in the olivine of unequilibrated ordinary chondrites

Nickel-poor Fe-Ni grains smaller than 2.0 microns are common inclusions in ordinary, unequilibrated chondrites' porphyritic chondrule olivine, where the olivine grains seem to be relicts that survived chondrule formation without melting. This 'dusty' metal, whose most common occurrence is in the core of olivine grains having clear, Fe-poor rims, appears to be the product of the in situ reduction of FeO from the host olivine, with H2 or carbonaceous matter being the most likely reductants. H2 may have been implanted by solar wind or solar flare irradiation, but this requires the dissipation of nebular gas before the end of the chondrule formation process. Carbonaceous matter may have been implanted by shock. The large relict olivine grains may be nebular condensates or fragments broken from earlier chondrule generations.
Comment on a "fluctuation and cross correlation analysis of protein motions observed in nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations".

Long range positive correlations in the internal atomic motions have been observed in molecular dynamics simulations of the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Since the results depend on the removal of overall translation and rotation (which is not unique), some care is required. It is pointed out that original use of all of the Cαatoms as a frame of reference is more appropriate than the selection of a particular subset. The former comes closest to reflecting the zero rotation condition in a normal mode analysis, which also shows the existence of long range correlations.
Tuberculin testing in a pediatric outpatient clinic.

The results of studies aimed at improving the efficiency of reporting of tuberculin tests in an outpatient clinic are presented. The rate of reporting of test results was significantly increased by introducing a system whereby mothers could report the absence of reaction by postcard. The rate of reporting was independent of the individual performing the test.
Learning mode: Adapting and innovating is crucial for teams

Teams in the modern organizational world are awash in change and confronted by continually shifting opportunities and threats. Those that do not learn and adapt are bound to fail. There are four general practices teams can engage in to ensure they are learning as they work: establishing a climate for learning, continually assessing team members' work together, working with a team coach, and managing knowledge effectively. The team leader plays a central role in all of these efforts.
Two cases of isolated cleft mitral valve with presentation in adulthood.

Isolated cleft mitral valve (MV) is a rare disorder– predominantly involving the anterior MV leaflet–that is usually associated with mitral regurgitation (MR) in the presence of an intact atrioventricular (AV) septum. More commonly, the cleft occurs as part of a congenital syndrome associated with endocardial cushion defect (ECD), atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), or transposition of the great arteries. The majority of series describing isolated mitral cleft have been reported on small numbers of pediatric patients. Accordingly, descriptions of the echocardiographic diagnosis, operative treatment, and outcomes of this entity in adults are limited. We hereby describe two patients with isolated cleft MV who presented in adulthood with symptoms of heart failure. We review the diagnosis, clinical implications, and potential treatment options of isolated cleft MV in the adult population.
Factors affecting radiation injury.

Introduction During the past several decades, the number of diagnostic tests and procedures that require the administration of radiation has increased dramatically. Understanding which factors affect radiation injury and how to mitigate these to protect patients has become critical for physicians to understand. Informed consent for these procedures has to include a discussion of the risks of radiation. Methods Factors that affect radiation injury, as well as ways to mitigate these, are discussed. Informed consent is also reviewed. Results Technical factors of the radiation delivery and patient factors both influence the dose of radiation received. Minimizing exposure is critical, and close examination of the patient is warranted to diagnose radiation injury. True informed consent includes a frank discussion of the radiation risks as well as the benefits of the procedure. Conclusion Minimizing patient radiation exposure and accurately diagnosing radiation injury are key skills with which any physician ordering or performing tests or procedures requiring the use of radiation needs to be familiar. Informed consent includes a discussion of the risks as well as the benefits of the proposed radiation exposure.
Carbohydrate sparing of fatty acid oxidation. I. The relation of fatty acid chain length to the degree of sparing. II. The mechanism by which carbohydrate spares the oxidation of palmitic acid.

Abstract 1. I. Carboxyl-labeled fatty acids of the even series (C 8 C 16 ) and the triglycerides of carboxyl-labeled palmitic and capric acids were injected into fasted and carbohydrate-fed rats. The expired CO 2 was collected at various intervals for 24 hr., and the cumulative C 14 O 2 and the specific activity-time curves were derived for each rat. 1.1. 1. The conversion of the C 14 of the injected fatty acids to CO 2 was lower in the fed than in the fasted rat. This sparing action of carbohydrate was more pronounced in the case of the longer-chain fatty acids. Administered carbohydrate failed, under the conditions employed, to spare the oxidation of acetate to CO 2 . 1.2. 2. The sparing action of carbohydrate lasted several hours, and was followed by a secondary rise in the specific activity of the expired CO 2 . This secondary rise, suggestive of an increased breakdown of labeled fatty acid, was more pronounced in the case of the longer-chain fatty acids. 2. II. To study the mechanism of the action of carbohydrate in sparing the oxidation of palmitic acid to CO 2 , the triglyceride and the nonlipide fractions were isolated from carbohydrate-fed and fasted rats 5 hr. after the injection of palmitic acid-1-C 14 . The C 14 contents of the carboxyl carbon and decarboxylated moieties of the triglyceride 16-` and 18-carbon fatty acids and the C 14 contents of the nonlipides were determined. 2.1. 1. The results obtained indicate that the extent of utilization of acetyl-S-CoA, derived from palmitic acid breakdown, for fatty acid synthesis is far greater in the carbohydrate-fed than in the fasted rat. But diversion of the acetyl-S-CoA from an oxidative to a synthetic fate can account for only a small part of the difference in the C 14 O 2 recoveries observed in the fed and fasted rats. 2.2. 2. The results obtained for the C 14 nonlipides in the carbohydrate-fed and fasted rats indicate that carbohydrate feeding did not bring about a diversion of C 14 into this fraction. 2.3. 3. The conclusion was drawn that the principal action of carbohydrate in sparing the oxidation of palmitic acid is in restricting its breakdown. 2.4. 4. In both the carbohydrate-fed and fasted rats, the injected palmitic acid was recovered after 5 hr. chiefly as 16-carbon fatty acids. It was found, however, that a much greater proportion of the unoxidized palmitic acid was converted to 18-carbon fatty acids in the carbohydrate-fed than in the fasted rats. 2.5. 5. It is suggested that the degree of sparing, by carbohydrate, of the oxidation of fatty acids of chain lengths less than 16 carbons is related to the capacity of the organism to convert a particular fatty acid directly to 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids.
The pseudomeningocoele that wasn't: case report of an adult who presented with a late infection of an implant.

Summary This case report describes an unusual case of a 55-year-old male, who presented with what appeared to be a pseudomeningocoele. The patient suffered a skull fracture secondary to a direct blow almost 30 years prior, and had been repaired with a calvarial implant at that time. He had been symptom free for most of that time, until he presented to our institution with a bulging cyst in his left frontal region. Computed tomography revealed a calvarial defect at the site of the cyst and a presumptive diagnosis of pseudomeningocoele was made. As part of his treatment, the patient underwent a lumbar puncture and lumbar peritoneal shunt. These procedures, although temporarily beneficial, ultimately proved unsuccessful in permanently decreasing the size of the cyst. After all conservative measures were exhausted, the team surgically explored the patient: while no communication between the cerebrospinal fluid and cyst could be found, which would be expected in a pseudomeningocoele, there was fibrinous exudates on the implant surface. Tissue cultures showed Staphylococcus epidermidis . This case emphasises the importance of surgical exploration to make a correct diagnosis, as in this case of a sub-clinical calvarial implant infection 30 years after insertion of the implant.
A Possible Role of Indoleacetic Acid Oxidase in Crown Gall Tumour Induction

THE necessity of auxin for the transformation of incipient tumour cells to fully altered tumour cells has been demonstrated by Braun and Laskaris1 and by Klein and Link2. Both groups demonstrated that decapitated plants inoculated with an avirulent strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens would develop crown gall tumours if their cut surfaces were smeared with a lanolin paste containing a plant growth hormone (indole-3-acetic acid), but not if these cut surfaces were smeared with lanolin alone. The action of indole-3-acetic acid was demonstrated to be on the tissues and not on the bacteria, as the latter did not become virulent as a result of exposure to indole-3-acetic acid.
Improved equation of state for the classical one-component plasma

We compute the internal energy of the classical one-component plasma, for values of the Coulomb coupling parameter $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ between 1 and 300, by using converged Monte Carlo chains and a more accurate potential approximation than that used by Hansen. The liquid data are fitted to a simple, very accurate four-parameter formula from which the Helmholtz free energy is derived. The solid data are likewise fitted to a one-parameter formula. The intersection of the two free-energy curves gives an estimate of the fluid-solid transition at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=168\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$.
Digging and biting induced by pinch stimuli and lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation.

Abstract Eight of 15 tail pinched rats displayed sand digging responses similar to those reportedly elicited during electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ESLH); however, pinched subjects also engaged in a vigorous biting that was directed at the sand. Hypothalamically stimulated rats failed to display such a strong biting response; and while a majority of animals examined during both pinch and ESLH displayed consistent digging activity, some subjects failed to respond identically to the two treatments. The results of this investigation present some support and some interpretative complexities for the hypothesis that pinch and stimulation activate a unitary nonspecific motivational system.
Lying Reconsidered: A Gendered History of Conversion Disorders and the Erosion of Patients' Agency

Kanaan (2010) is correct in writing that hysteria has a long, often pejorative history. Yet he leaves unsaid that this is largely a gendered history. Its legacy continues to influence the lives of ...
A shift-based sequencing method for twin-shuttle automated storage and retrieval systems

The continuing need for high-throughput Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS) has lead to the introduction of storage/retrieval machines that can carry more than one unit-load. However, this technology involves a large capital investment so careful operating methods are desired to make the most of its capabilities. In this paper, we study a shift-based sequencing problem for twin-shuttle AS/RS, where depletion (retrieval operations) and replenishment (storage operations) of items occur over different shifts. For example, certain warehouses or distribution depots deplete their items in stock during morning shifts and replenish during later shifts. We show that this problem can be transformed into the minimum-cost perfect matching problem and present an efficient polynomial-time optimum method that can achieve a large throughput gain over other methods. We also provide average-case and lower bound analyses for this problem.
Combining environmental and individual weight management interventions in a work setting: results from the Dow chemical study.

Objective—To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of environmental weight loss interventions alone versus in combination with an individual intervention. Methods—A quasiexperimental design compared with outcomes for two levels of environmental interventions and for participants who did or did not simultaneously self-select into an individually focused weight loss intervention (YW8). ANCOVA and logistic regression techniques were used to examine risk outcomes. Results—Employees who participated in YW8 were no more successful at losing weight than those exposed to only the environmental interventions. Approximately, 13.5% of each group lost at least 5% of their body weight; overall changes in mean body weight and body mass index were negligible in both groups. Conclusions—Simple worksite environmental modifications may help with weight maintenance, but are not likely to result in substantial weight reductions even when combined with low-intensity individual interventions.
Protein kinase C modulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 tyrosine phosphorylation requires serine 612.

Activation of the endogenous protein kinase Cs in human kidney fibroblast (293) cells was found in the present study to inhibit the subsequent ability of insulin to stimulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of an expressed insulin receptor substrate-1. This inhibition was also observed in an in vitro phosphorylation reaction if the insulin receptor and its substrate were both isolated from cells in which the protein kinase C had been activated. To test whether serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 was contributing to this process, serine 612 of this molecule was changed to an alanine. The insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and the associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity of the expressed mutant were found to be comparable to those of the expressed wild-type substrate. However, unlike the wild-type protein, activation of protein kinase C did not inhibit the insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the S612A mutant nor its subsequent association with phosphatidylino...
Basement-cover relations, Sevier orogenic belt, northern Utah

Precambrian crystalline basement and sedimentary cover rocks were deformed within a regional anticline in the Wasatch Range of northern Utah during the Cretaceous to early Tertiary Sevier orogeny. This regional fold had a complex uplift and deformation history and is an imbricated ramp anticline that marks the transition to basement-involved deformation. Large-scale thrusting and folding within the basement-cored anticline produced about 60% shortening, and most of the slip on thrusts within the anticline was transferred into slip on frontal thrusts of the Idaho-Utah-Wyoming thrust belt. A network of ductile deformation zones (DDZ9s) accommodated heterogeneous internal deformation of the basement, and cleavage, minor folds, and vein arrays accommodated internal deformation of the sedimentary cover. Kinematics of internal deformation are consistent between basement and cover rocks in most areas and vary systematically with structural position, recording early layer-parallel shortening, localized layer-parallel shear and minor detachment of the cover, and later fanning of structures during large-scale folding. DDZ sets with opposite shear senses accommodated bulk coaxial flattening perpendicular to cleavage away from major thrust faults, and DDZ9s with consistent shear sense produced simple shear near major thrusts. Cleavage intensifies and refracts and minor folds tighten in the cover near major thrusts and glide horizons. Vein arrays record principal extension down the dip of cleavage, minor extension parallel to the regional fold axis, and differential displacements at high angles to fold axes. Slip on basement DDZ9s produced about 5% to 20% bulk shortening subparallel to the basement-cover contact. Shortening in the cover ranges from about 5% to 30% in most areas but reaches 65% near imbricate thrusts and along glide horizons, reflecting heterogeneous simple shear. Principal extension is down the dip of cleavage, and minor extension parallels local fold axes, consistent with the geometry of mesoscopic structures.
An electrical defectivity characterization of wafers imprinted with step and flash imprint lithography

For the first time, electrically testable snake and comb structures were used to quantitatively characterize the defectivity associated with imprint lithography, specifically with Step and Flash Imprint Lithography. Whereas the overall yield for quarter micron optically-patterned snakes was found to be approximately 95%, the corresponding value for imprinted snakes was about 84%. The yield of imprinted snakes was found to fall rapidly with decreasing feature size. For example, the yield of 1:5 50 nm short snakes was only about 55%. Complementary optical inspection suggested feature pullout (release agent failure and mechanical layer separation) was a prevailing occurrence. Qualitatively, defects were binned into four primary, broad categories: self-cleaning template defects; non self-cleaning template defects; imprint-impeding defects; and template damaging defects. Additionally, the template cleaning process employed was found to be fairly efficient at removing particles, particularly when considering defects at the larger feature sizes. There is no doubt that the control of defectivity will be the next large hurdle that will challenge imprint lithography as it strives to make inroads in manufacturing arenas. Finally, a future study is planned with improved etch barrier and transfer layers.
Optimal sensor deployment for distributed detection in the presence of channel fading

The problem of optimal (fixed) wireless sensor network (WSN) design for distributed detection of a randomly-located target is addressed. This is an extension of the previous work reported in [1] where the problem was addressed for a one-dimensional (1D) network assuming wireless channels between sensors and the fusion center undergo only the path-loss attenuation. In this paper we consider both one and two-dimensional (2-D), equi-spaced WSN models in the presence of short-term fading in addition to path-loss attenuation. The target is assumed to be exponentially distributed with a known mean. The optimal inter-node spacing is derived by optimizing the Bhattacharya bound on the error probability of the Bayesian detector. In the presence of fading, it is shown that the optimal node placement depends on the channel SNR, path loss exponent and the mean target location. However, we show that for low channel SNRpsilas, the optimal spacing obtained for no fading case, which is only a function of path-loss exponent and the mean target location, is a good approximation to that with fading. In particular, it is not a function of the channel SNR. It is shown that in many cases the deviation from optimal inter-node spacing can cost significant performance penalty. From numerical results, it is verified that the optimal inter-node spacing obtained based on the Bhattacharya bound holds true if the performance measure were to be the exact fusion error probability.
The Cell Cycle Control Element of Histone H4 Gene Transcription Is Maximally Responsive to Interferon Regulatory Factor Pairs IRF-1/IRF-3 and IRF-1/IRF-7

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are transcriptional mediators of interferon-responsive signaling pathways that are involved in antiviral defense, immune response, and cell growth regulation. To investigate the role of IRF proteins in the regulation of histone H4 gene transcription, we compared the transcriptional contributions of IRF-1, IRF-2, IRF-3, and IRF-7 using transient transfection assays with H4 promoter/luciferase (Luc) reporter genes. These IRF proteins up-regulate reporter gene expression but IRF-1, IRF-3, and IRF-7 are more potent activators of the H4 promoter than IRF-2. Forced expression of different IRF combinations reveals that IRF-2 reduces IRF-1 or IRF-3 dependent activation, but does not affect IRF-7 function. Thus, IRF-2 may have a dual function in histone H4 gene transcription by acting as a weak activator at low dosage and a competitive inhibitor of other strongly activating IRFs at high levels. IRF-1/IRF-3 and IRF-1/IRF-7 pairs each mediate the highest levels of site II-dependent promoter activity and can up-regulate transcription by 120-150-fold. We also find that interferon gamma up-regulates IRF-1 and site II-dependent promoter activity. This up-regulation is not observed when the IRF site is mutated or if cells are preloaded with IRF-1. Our results indicate that IRF-1, IRF-2, IRF-3, and IRF-7 can all regulate histone H4 gene expression. The pairwise utilization of distinct IRF factors provides a flexible transcriptional mechanism for integration of diverse growth-related signaling pathways.
The preparation of quinolines and related fused-ring heterocycles from the dianions of benzoylacetone, certain cyclic ketone oximes, or certain substituted hydrazones

C(α),O-Dilithiooximes, C(α),N-dilithiobenzoylhydrazones, or C(α),N-dilithiocarboalkoxyhydrazones were prepared in an excess of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) and condensed with 2-aminobenzophenones, or isatoic anhydrides to give intermediates that were treated with aqueous acid, which caused their hydrolysis, cyclodehydration and/or linear dehydration to give products which were substituted quinolines or related fused-ring heterocycles (e.g., cycloheptaquinolines). Dilithiobenzoylacetone was condensed with 2-aminobenzophenones, which was followed by acid cyclodehydration to substituted 2-phenacylquinolines.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHOICE AND SOME CORRELATES OF INDIVIDUALS' EXPECTANCIES1

This study uses expectancy theory to predict the sorority choices of 121 undergraduate students. Results show that the complete, multiplicative expectancy model is only a slightly better predictor of choice behavior than other versions of the model. Several personal and situational correlates of individuals' expectancies of entering sororities also are examined. Results show significant relationships between expectancy and subjects' self-esteem, perception of value similarity with sorority members, and number of perceived friendships with sorority members.
Resveratrol modulates gene expression associated with apoptosis, proliferation and cell cycle in cells with mutated human c-Ha-Ras, but does not alter c-Ha-Ras mRNA or protein expression

An accumulating body of evidence suggests that resveratrol can inhibit carcinogenesis through antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. One proposed mechanism for this is the modulation of genes, for example, Ras and p53, frequently associated with human cancer. To test the effect of resveratrol on gene expression, we used the WR-21 cell line because it contains a mutated human c-Ha-ras gene. Cells at > or =70% confluency were incubated with media alone or with increasing concentrations of trans-resveratrol (0.1-1000 microM) for 24 h. Resveratrol (30-100 microM) decreased cellular proliferation by 80% (bromodeoxyuridine incorporation) and increased apoptosis by 60% (TUNEL). Cells were then treated with media alone or with 50-microM resveratrol for 24 h. RNA was isolated for nylon-based macroarray analyses and protein for immunoblotting. Resveratrol increased (+) and decreased (-) gene expression associated with apoptosis (Birc5+, Cash+, Mcl-1+, Mdm2+, Rpa-like+), cellular proliferation (Ctsd+, Mdm2+, Egr1+, ODC+) and cell cycle (cyclin D+, cyclin g+, Gadd45a-, Mad2l-, Mdm2+). Resveratrol consistently increased by > or =6-fold Mdm2 expression and other downstream p53 effectors, but not p53 itself at 24 h. Subsequent cell cycle analysis indicated a significant accumulation of cells in G2/M, and a decrease in G1/G0 suggesting a G2/M blockade. Further RT-PCR and Western blot analyses indicated no differential changes in Ras mRNA expression or p21(ras) protein levels, respectively. These results suggest that resveratrol potently inhibits cellular proliferation, increases apoptosis, alters cell cycle dynamics and modulates associated gene expression. Furthermore, these effects appear mediated, in part, by p53 without direct modulation of mutant c-Ha-ras expression.
A review of experiences with reliable multicast

By understanding how real users have employed reliable multicast in real distributed systems, we can develop insight concerning the degree to which this technology has matched expectations. This paper reviews a number of applications with that goal in mind. Our findings point to tradeoffs between the form of reliability used by a system and its scalability and performance. We also find that to reach a broad user community (and a commercially interesting market) the technology must be better integrated with component and object-oriented systems architectures. Looking closely at these architectures, however, we identify some assumptions about failure handling which make reliable multicast difficult to exploit. Indeed, the major failures of reliable multicast are associated with attempts to position it within object oriented systems in ways that focus on transparent recovery from server failures. The broader opportunity appears to involve relatively visible embeddings of these tools into object-oriented architectures enabling knowledgeable users to make tradeoffs. Fault-tolerance through transparent server replication may be better viewed as an unachievable holy grail.