cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-term retention of response outcome as a determinant of serial reversal learning

Abstract The correlation between short-term retention of the outcome of the preceding response and overall learning proficiency was investigated for serial reversal learning. Pigeons were trained to asymptote on a serial reversal problem and then were presented a percentage reinforcement schedule where only some correct trials were rewarded. Nonrewarded correct trials were treated exactly as incorrect trials. The difference in error probability following the two types of correct trials was then used as a measure of short-term retention. When intertrial intervals (ITI) were short (6 sec), substantial differences occurred. When the ITI's were increased, the difference in accuracy declined regularly to no difference at an ITI of 60 sec. This demonstration of a short-term retention gradient, coupled with the finding that overall reversal learning was much better with the shorter ITI's, suggests that a primary mechanism of improvement in serial reversal learning is the acquisition of a conditional discrimination based on the outcome of the preceding response.
A cost and time analysis of laryngology procedures in the endoscopy suite versus the operating room.

Objectives/Hypothesis To assess the costs, charges, reimbursement, and efficiency of performing awake laryngology procedures in an endoscopy suite (ES) compared with like procedures performed in the operating room (OR). Study Design Retrospective review of billing records. Methods Cost, charges, and reimbursements for the hospital, surgeon, and anesthesiologist were compared between ES injection laryngoplasty and laser excision procedures and matched case controls in the OR. Time spent in 1) the preoperative unit, 2) the operating or endoscopy suite, and 3) recovery unit were compared between OR and ES procedures. Results Hospital expenses were significantly less for ES procedures when compared to OR procedures. Reimbursement was similar for ES and OR injection laryngoplasty, though greater for OR laser excisions. Net balance (reimbursement–expenses) was greater for ES procedures. A predictive model of payer costs over a 3-year period showed similar costs for ES and OR laser procedures and reduced costs for ES compared to OR injection laryngoplasty. Times spent preoperatively and the procedure were significantly less for ES procedures. Conclusions For individual laryngology procedures, the ES reduces time and costs compared to the OR, increasing otolaryngologist and hospital efficiency. This reveals cost and time savings of ES injection laryngoplasty, which occurs at a similar frequency as OR injection laryngoplasty. Given the increased frequency for ES laser procedures, total costs are similar for ES and OR laser excision of papilloma, which usually require repeated procedures. When regulated office space is unavailable, endoscopy rooms represent an alternative setting for unsedated laryngology procedures. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2015
ZD0870 treatment of murine candidiasis caused by fluconazole resistant isolates of Candida albicans

Mice were infected intravenously with three fluconazole susceptible and ten fluconazole resistant isolates of Candida albicans then treated with escalating doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 10 and 40 mg/kg/day of the new antifungal triazole, ZDO870, for 10 days. A minimum protective dose of 40 mg/kg/day for the remainder. Thus, infections caused by fluconazole resistant C. albicans may be successfully treated with ZDO870, though higher doses than those used to treat infections due to susceptible yeast may be required.
Use of Terbinafine in Mouse and Rat Models of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia

Terbinafine, an allylamine used to treat onychomycosis, has been reported to be active against rat Pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in vivo. By contrast, our in vitro data showed that the 50% inhibitory concentration of terbinafine against rat P. carinii is 3.7 μg/ml, a level that cannot be clinically achieved in serum. In the present study, terbinafine administered orally at doses of 20 to 400 mg/kg/day and 50 to 250 mg/kg/day was ineffective therapy for mouse and rat models of pneumocystosis, respectively. These results emphasize the complexities of P. carinii drug testing and the need for caution before considering studies in humans.
Investigation of plasma effects on plastic packages delamination and cracking

This paper investigates the use of a non-reactive plasma formed in a radio frequency discharge as a treatment to various substrates to reduce or eliminate the organic and inorganic contamination which prevents intimate interfacial contact. Argon was investigated as the plasma gas. The effect of time, chamber pressure, and power were studied. A goniometer was utilized to measure wetting contact angles as a quantitative measure of the cleaning effectiveness of the surface treatment. ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) data are correlated to substrate hydrophilicity, delamination and package cracking. The results show the argon plasma treatment to be an effective mean of reducing interfacial organic and inorganic contamination and improving the polyimide to mold compound adhesion. The improvement in package cracking performance brought about the argon plasma treatment is significant. >
Implementing a real-time scheduling system for VLSI production

Classical scheduling theory has been far from successful in solving practical needs of the factory management. Management objectives are often many, ill-defined and changing. In general, the management is interested in a decision-support tool, facilitating specification of their objectives as they change, so that it can react to a constantly changing shop floor, making short-term and long-term planning decisions. The authors describe ReDS, which is a dynamic, intelligent and real-time factory scheduling environment. ReDS combines both artificial intelligence and operations research techniques, finding solutions which are not always optimal but acceptable to the changing needs of management. >
Exact Interpolation and Learning in Quadratic Neural Networks

A quadratic matrix mapping scheme is presented where exact interpolation for a set of input vectors is achieved. Analogies are drawn with radial-basis function (RBF) neural networks. The environment of definition is the complex domain, with the real domain being a special case. The network is further defined for the integers where it acts as a perfect hashing function. This network can be trained with gradient descend, the perceptron algorithm and a novel matrix pseudoinverse method. The XOR problem is solved in a variety of ways. The weights of the output neuron are fixed; they are the inputs themselves.
Looking Back and Looking Forward: Lessons Learned from Early Reading First

(2010). Looking Back and Looking Forward: Lessons Learned from Early Reading First. Childhood Education: Vol. 87, Some Legacies of No Child Left Behind, pp. 8-16.
Russia and the CIS in 2011: Uncertain Economic Recovery

Abstract During 2011, Russia made progress in recovering from the global financial crisis and moved toward further political centralization. Moscow also continued to prepare for an uncertain new world by pursuing pragmatic relations with Western and non-Western powers and by seeking to increase its influence among the states of the Commonwealth of Independent States. 1
Straining to justify strain measurement.

When thus the heart is in a vein Of tender thought, the simplest strain Can touch it with peculiar power.—Sir Thomas Moore ([1][1]) A broad array of cardiac imaging research and technique development has been deployed in the quest to define the earliest myocardial changes of cardiomyopathy so
" A Critical Imbalance in U.S. Trade, The U.S. Balance of Payments, International Indebtedness, and Economic Policy, No. 23, 1995"

According to Godley, the significance of the deficit in the U.S. balance of payments has been underestimated in both public policy and academic discussions despite the fact that U.S. markets are increasingly dominated by foreign manufacturers and the main cause of the 20-year deterioration in the U.S. balance of trade is that domination. Godley analyzes the problem posed by the U.S. balance of payments deficit. Breaking down the current account into its component parts, he traces the cause of the deficit. He refutes the arguments of other economists that the balance of payments deficit is self-correcting, unimportant, or the result of other domestic forces (namely, too low a level of national saving) and outlines policy approaches to solving the problem. Godley notes that although the strategic problems posed are specific to this country and the United States may have to take unilateral action to solve them, the problems have arisen because there is no significant international regulation of the system as a whole. Inherent flaws have developed in the system of international production, trade, and payments as that system has expanded and become increasingly deregulated. "All the difficulties that exist, or that are foreshadowed in this brief, would be best resolved by energetic international cooperation, of which there is at present little sign."
TOWARDS FUTURE ECONOMIC RESEARCH IN THE BASIN OF MEXICO

Ongoing archaeological site destruction will limit future opportunities to conduct field research in the Basin of Mexico. Preparing for this future requires assessment of the resources that may be lost and the research that might be accomplished. Developing priorities to assist future studies of ancient economies is complicated by the evolving nature of this research. Nonetheless, trends in this research over the past few decades highlight the increasingly heavy data requirements associated with addressing economic issues. Much future research will be undercut if the required data are neither gathered nor collectable. Furthermore, many unresolved issues should be addressed while opportunities for further research remain available. The examples presented here focus on the development of the regional economy and generally reflect the author's concerns with the subsistence economy. Among these issues are characterizing more clearly the role of the site of Coapexco within the Early Formative economy, clarifying Teotihuacan's relationship with the rest of the basin when the city first achieved hegemony, and obtaining a more complete picture of the economic concerns and internal economic organization of the city. These examples represent a broader set of research issues than can be discussed in a single paper, but they illustrate the kind of work archaeologists must consider completing while they can.
Overview and Current Status of Analyses of Potential LEU Design Concepts for TREAT

Neutronic and thermal-hydraulic analyses have been performed to evaluate the performance of different low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel design concepts for the conversion of the Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) from its current high-enriched uranium (HEU) fuel. TREAT is an experimental reactor developed to generate high neutron flux transients for the testing of nuclear fuels. The goal of this work was to identify an LEU design which can maintain the performance of the existing HEU core while continuing to operate safely. A wide variety of design options were considered, with a focus on minimizing peak fuel temperatures and optimizing the power coupling between the TREAT core and test samples. Designs were also evaluated to ensure that they provide sufficient reactivity and shutdown margin for each control rod bank. Analyses were performed using the core loading and experiment configuration of historic M8 Power Calibration experiments (M8CAL). The Monte Carlo code MCNP was utilized for steady-state analyses, and transient calculations were performed with the point kinetics code TREKIN. Thermal analyses were performed with the COMSOL multi-physics code. Using the results of this study, a new LEU Baseline design concept is being established, which will be evaluated in detail in a future report.
Universal Features of Counting Statistics of Thermal and Quantum Phase Slips in Nanosize Superconducting Circuits

We perform measurements of phase-slip-induced switching current events on different types of superconducting weak links and systematically study statistical properties of the switching current distributions. We employ two types of devices in which a weak link is formed either by a superconducting nanowire or by a graphene flake subject to proximity effect. We demonstrate that independently of the nature of the weak link, higher moments of the distribution take universal values. In particular, the third moment (skewness) of the distribution is close to $\ensuremath{-}1$ both in thermal and quantum regimes. The fourth moment (kurtosis) also takes a universal value close to 5. The discovered universality of skewness and kurtosis is confirmed by an analytical model. Our numerical analysis shows that introduction of extraneous noise into the system leads to significant deviations from the universal values. We suggest using the discovered universality of higher moments as a robust tool for checking against undesirable effects on noise in various types of measurements.
Resonance Raman Spectra of Individual Excitonically Coupled Chromophore Aggregates

We report resonance Raman spectra of individual porphyrin nanotubular aggregates of meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TSPP) deposited on glass. Using a novel internal/external standard method, we show that absolute Raman cross sections of low-frequency vibrational modes are greatly enhanced by J-band excitation. We report single-aggregate resonance Raman spectra obtained without surface enhancement. Variations in the relative intensities of low- and high-frequency Raman modes of different aggregates and images of the resonance light scattering in epi-illumination reveal variations in aggregate structure and allow the possible correlation between Raman intensity and coherence to be explored. Polarized Raman spectra of individual aggregates confirm that the J-band is a composite of two closely spaced vibronically coupled transitions polarized parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the aggregate, in accordance with our structural model of a hierarchical helical nanotube. The evolution of the Ra...
Polyphosphazenes Containing Vitamin Substituents: Synthesis, Characterization, and Hydrolytic Sensitivity

Novel polyphosphazenes containing various vitamin substituents were synthesized and characterized, and their sensitivity to hydrolysis and pH behavior was investigated. Vitamins L1, E, and B6 were ...
Having our say: African-American and Latina mothers provide recommendations to health and mental health providers working with new mothers living with postpartum depression

ABSTRACTAlthough the research on postpartum depression has grown substantially within the past 20 years, very little research has focused on mothers of color. This article draws on first-person accounts of 30 (19 African-American and 11 Latina) mothers who experienced postpartum depression and links their experiences to existing research to guide health and mental health care providers to render culturally relevant services. The mothers were interviewed regarding their perspectives on postpartum depression, the informal and formal services they used, and their recommendations for service providers. Informal social networks offering emotional and instrumental support partially relieved the mothers of childcare burdens, but were absent or even detrimental for other mothers. Formal services offering responsive and accommodating services were identified as helpful. In contrast, rigid formal mental health treatment and antidepressant medications were identified as unhelpful.
Multi-flight unconstraining method considering strategic customer behavior in revenue management

Traditional multi-flight unconstrianing methods in revenue management assume that customers make one-time purchase decisions at their time of arrival,which can not reflect the inter-temporal substitution behavior of strategic customers.Using only observed historical bookings,product availability data and market share information,a nonparametric discrete choice model considering strategic customer behavior was developed based on the customer rank-based preference lists.For the incompleteness of the historical sales data,the EM algorithm was applied to jointly estimate the arrival rate of customers and the probability mass function of the nonparametric discrete choice model.After that,the unconstraining calculating method for primary demand considering historical strategic customer behavior was proposed.Numerical examples are given to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method.Through the comparison with other methods in the existing literatures,the results show the proposed multi-flight method can reflect the impact of product price changing on customer choice behavior,and is more effective to prevent overestimating of future customer primary demand in the procedure of demand forecasting.
Investigation of basic characteristics and treatment status of pulmonary tuberculosis in the floating population in Zhangjiagang County

Objective To study the basic features and treatment status of tuberculosis of the floating population in zhangjiagang city,to provide direction and focus for prevention and control of TB in the floating population. Methods A total of 123 confirmed tuberculosis cases in the floating population were randomly sampled in Zhangjiagang county from 2011 to 2012. A questionnaire survey was carried out. Results The overall awareness rate of TB basic knowledge was 22.76%, and the awareness rate of cure for tuberculosis patients, symptoms, the policy of free treatment were higher, which was 89.43%, 86.99% and 83.74% respectively. The floating objects were lack of health insurance, of which 43.09% had no health insurance, and 34.96% had new rural cooperatives medical insurance. Medical and diet fee accounted for about 60.56% of the whole income. 35.77% of patients returned home for treatment when got illness. Conclusion It should pay attention to health education of the floating population. The government should further increase the intensity of medical insurance of the floating population, and improve the reimbursement proportion of the new rural cooperatives medical insurance. Treatment is still a prominent problem for TB in the floating population. The informationbased method is important for TB management.
Flight speed and directional responses to wind by migrating Canada geese

-We monitored headings, flight speeds, and time of flight of nine transmittertagged giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) during 10 different autumn migration flights during which data on wind directions and speeds were also available. Destination of these individuals was known because of previous observations of the same birds. This enabled us to evaluate their headings with respect to wind drift. As the magnitude of the following component of the wind increased, air speeds of migrating geese declined while ground speeds were not significantly changed. Therefore, the cost of transport over the ground, and probably metabolic rate, were minimized. Headings of migrant geese varied systematically and significantly with wind direction, but track directions did not deviate significantly from the goal direction. Thus, the geese compensated for wind drift. Visual reference to landmarks may have been the cue used to correct for drift, as weather conditions were such that geese could see the ground. Received 1 March 1983, accepted 5 December 1983. THE ability of migrating birds to detect and adjust to winds is variable; migrants either maintain a constant air speed (Blokpoel 1974; Alerstam 1978a, b) or vary it in relation to wind conditions (Bellrose 1967, Bruderer and Steidinger 1972, Pennycuick 1975, Able 1977, Larkin 1980, Larkin and Thompson 1980, Bellrose and Crompton 1981, Block and Bruderer 1982). Relying on assumed migration routes and destinations based on the knowledge of a species' distribution, researchers have documented apparent compensation (partial or complete) or the lack of it for lateral displacement caused by cross winds (Drury and Nisbet 1964; Lack 1969; Parslow 1969; Bergman and Donner 1971; Evans 1972; Gauthreaux 1972; Williams et al. 1972, 1977; Alerstam 1975a, b, 1976; Richardson 1976; Bingman et al. 1982). In our study, the destination of individual, migrating Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) tagged with transmitters was known because of previous observations of the same marked birds. This allowed us to monitor headings of experienced migrants with respect to wind drift because of our precise knowledge of their migratory destination.
Atmospheric constituents and surface-level UVB: Implications for a paleoaltimetry proxy and attempts to reconstruct UV exposure during volcanic episodes.

Abstract Chemical and morphological features of spores and pollens have been linked to changes in solar ultraviolet radiation (specifically UVB, 280–315 nm) at Earth's surface. Variation in UVB exposure as inferred from these features has been suggested as a proxy for paleoaltitude; such proxies are important in understanding the uplift history of high altitude plateaus, which in turn is important for testing models of the tectonic processes responsible for such uplift. While UVB irradiance does increase with altitude above sea level, a number of other factors affect the irradiance at any given place and time. In this modeling study we use the TUV atmospheric radiative transfer model to investigate dependence of surface-level UVB irradiance and relative biological impact on a number of constituents in Earth's atmosphere that are variable over long and short time periods. We consider changes in O 3 column density, and SO 2 and sulfate aerosols due to periods of volcanic activity, including that associated with the formation of the Siberian Traps. We find that UVB irradiance may be highly variable under volcanic conditions and variations in several of these atmospheric constituents can easily mimic or overwhelm changes in UVB irradiance due to changes in altitude. On the other hand, we find that relative change with altitude is not very sensitive to different sets of atmospheric conditions. Any paleoaltitude proxy based on UVB exposure requires confidence that the samples under comparison were located at roughly the same latitude, under very similar O 3 and SO 2 columns, with similar atmospheric aerosol conditions. In general, accurate estimates of the surface-level UVB exposure at any time and location require detailed radiative transfer modeling taking into account a number of atmospheric factors; this result is important for paleoaltitude proxies as well as attempts to reconstruct the UV environment through geologic time and to tie extinctions, such as the end-Permian mass extinction, to UVB irradiance changes.
Integrating International, National and Regional Science into Global Science

What builds effective intergovernmental science organizations? They need to reflect the priorities of their member nations as well as the interests of their scientists, while working towards a unified vision. A fundamental requirement is to effectively communicate these ideas. The organization must encourage member countries to commit to, participate in, and benefit from its activities, and yet it does not have any authority to require them to do so. Though intergovernmental organizations require continuing support of their contracting countries, they must withstand political, economic, and social changes to fulfill their missions. If the organization fails to be responsive to its members’ interests, it risks losing government commitment and ability to achieve its goals. It may even risk its existence and the benefits that such arrangements can bring. Each organization must continually build and reassess its collaborations across countries, institutions and programs to make the most of initiatives and expertise.
Conflict and Terrorism in South Asia Since 9/11

Zubeda Jalalzai and David Jefferess, eds. Globalizing Afghanistan: Terrorism, War, and the Rhetoric of Nation Building. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011. x + 217 pp., $22.95 paperback. ISBN ...
Abstract PR12: Selective targeting of MYC mRNA by chemically stabilized antisense oligonucleotides

Despite its well-characterized properties as a proto-oncogene in numerous cancers, direct potent and selective inhibition of MYC or its protein product c-Myc with cell-permeable synthetic agents remains a significant challenge. Systemic inhibition of c-Myc activity in mice by expression of dominant negative MYC transgenes has been shown to dramatically decrease tumor burden with apparently tolerable side effects (Soucek et al, Nature 2008). In order to ultimately realize the goal of therapeutic MYC inhibition in cancer, we have initiated discovery chemistry efforts aimed at inhibiting MYC at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational level. Here we describe the application of synthetic antisense oligonucleotides designed to target specific sequences of the MYC mRNA (MYCASOs). We have incorporated several chemical features into MYCASOs, including the addition of locked nucleic acid (LNA) bases at the 59 and 39 ends, phosphorothioate linkers, and internal DNA bases in order to increase mRNA target affinity and cleavage, cellular permeability, stability, and systemic distribution in vivo. Treatment of MYC¬-expressing cancer cells with MYCASOs leads to a potent decrease in MYC mRNA and c-Myc protein levels. Cleaved MYC mRNA in MYCASO-treated cells is detected with a sensitive 59 rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) assay. MYCASO-treatment of cancer cell lines leads to significant inhibition of cellular proliferation and induces apoptosis in c-Myc-dependent myeloma and leukemia cell lines while decreasing c-Myc-mediated gene expression. In vivo administration of MYCASOs simply dissolved in saline was performed in mice by tail vein injection. MYCASOs are well tolerated up to 25 mg per kg on a twice-weekly dosing regimen. In a MYC-induced model of hepatocellular carcinoma, MYCASO treatment leads to detectable cleavage of the MYC transcript, decreases c-Myc levels within tumors, and significantly decreases tumor burden. MYCASOs represent a new chemical tool for in vitro and in vivo modulation of c-Myc activity, and promising therapeutic agents for MYC-driven tumors. Citation Format: Christopher J. Ott, Raj Bandaru, Taylor Gill, Junyan Tao, Xin Chen, Yixian Zhang, James E. Bradner. Selective targeting of MYC mRNA by chemically stabilized antisense oligonucleotides. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Myc: From Biology to Therapy; Jan 7-10, 2015; La Jolla, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2015;13(10 Suppl):Abstract nr PR12.
Discrete Barker Frailty and Warped Mortality Dynamics at Older Ages

We develop a discrete variant of a general model for adult mortality influenced by the delayed impact of early conditions on adult health and mortality. The discrete variant of the model builds on an intuitively appealing interpretation of conditions that induce delayed effects and is an extension of the discrete form of the standard frailty model with distinct implications. We show that introducing delayed effects is equivalent to perturbing adult mortality patterns with a particular class of time-/age-varying frailty. We emphasize two main results. First, populations with delayed effects could experience unchanging or increasing adult mortality even when background mortality has been declining for long periods of time. Although this phenomenon also occurs in a regime with standard frailty, the distortions can be more severe under a regime with Barker frailty. As a consequence, conventional interpretations of the observed rates of adult mortality decline in societies that experience Barker frailty may be inappropriate. Second, the observed rate of senescence (slope of adult mortality rates) in populations with delayed effects could increase, decrease, or remain steady over time and across adult ages even though the rate of senescence of the background age pattern of mortality is time- and age-invariant. This second result implies that standard interpretations of empirical estimates of the slope of adult mortality rates in populations with delayed effects may be misleading because they can reflect mechanisms other than those inducing senescence as conventionally understood in the literature.
Treatment patterns and outcome following initial relapse or refractory disease in patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis.

We analyzed the outcomes following initial relapse or refractory disease in systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) and the impact of type of therapy employed.A total of 1327 patients with AL seen at Mayo Clinic within 90 days of diagnosis, between 2006 and 2015, were reviewed. The study included 366 patients experiencing a documented hematological or organ relapse or refractory disease requiring start of second line therapy. Overall survival (OS) and time to next treatment (TTNT) were calculated from start of second line treatment.The median time to require second line treatment was 16.2 months (1-93) from the start of first line therapy. At relapse, patients received proteasome inhibitors (PI; 45.1%), immunomodulators (IMiD; 22.7%), alkylators (9%), PI and IMiD combination (4.1%), autologous transplant (3.8%), steroids and other therapies (4.9%). Among these, 124 (33.9%) required change or reinstitution of therapy. The median time to require third line treatment was 31 months (95% CI; 24, 40.5) and the median overall survival (OS) was 38.8 months (95% CI; 29.6, 52.6) from the start of second line treatment. Retreatment with same therapy at relapse significantly reduced TTNT (22 m vs 32.3 m; P = .01) as compared to different therapy; but did not have any impact OS (30.8 m vs 51.1 m; P = .5). In conclusion, this study provides important information about outcomes of patients with AL who require second line treatment for relapsed/refractory disease . Treatment with a different therapy at relapse improves time to next therapy but does not impact OS.
Long-term Survival After Surgery Compared With Concurrent Chemoradiation for Node-negative Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Objective:To determine whether surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy offers a survival advantage over concurrent chemoradiation for patients with cT1-2N0M0 small cell lung cancer (SCLC).Background:Although surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy is the recommended treatment for patients with cT1-2N0M0 SCLC
Examining the Potential of Immiscible CO2 for Gravity-assisted Enhanced Oil Recovery and Storage

Abstract This paper investigates the effectiveness of gravity-assisted immiscible CO2 injection for enhanced oil recovery and CO2 storage with three-phase heterogeneous reservoir simulation. Two types of immiscible injection are considered: constant, uninterrupted CO2 injection, and alternating CO2 injection, the latter of which entails interchanging periods of CO2 injection with periods of well inactivity. These injection strategies are applied to four different oil types to evaluate recovery and storage potentials. Enhanced oil recovery is very effective with 40° API oil, achieving ultimate field recoveries of 80.63 percent for constant CO2 injection and 63.77 percent for alternating CO2 injection. CO2 injection is far less effective for heavier oils. Constant CO2 injection generally produces more oil than alternating injection, given the greater amount of CO2 injected. When controlling for total CO2 injected, however, the two injection methods produce oil equally well. The alternating injection method is more efficient at storing CO2 than the constant injection method for the same quantity of CO2 injected across all oil types. For 40° API oil, the alternating method is as high as 16 percent more efficient, the best of all four oils examined. The increased storage efficiency coupled with the lack of additional oil production indicates that CO2 is finding space for storage by displacing water accumulated during an initializing water-flood. Evidence of significant water displacement by CO2 supports the legitimacy of the long term goal of CO2 sequestration into saline aquifers.
Should an LDL-Cholesterol Target-Based Approach Be Readopted?

Objective:To review clinical trials driving the evolution of hyperlipidemic guidelines, discuss whether low-density lipoprotein (LDL) targets and adjunctive therapy on top of statins should be used...
From Visual Maps to Installation Art: Visualizing Client Pathways to Social Services in Los Angeles

This chapter details our process of creating a three-dimensional art installation to represent research findings from a visual mapping project. After collaborating with 27 undergraduate student interns who interviewed clients at various non-profit organizations and used visual mapping methodology to represent their clients’ pathways to services, we represented our research findings through installation art. In this chapter, we illustrate: our process of choosing this art medium and the symbolic representations that made up our three-dimensional art piece; the power of installation art as a multi-sensual experience that allows for new ways of seeing and experiencing; and the significance of providing opportunities for meaningful audience engagement beyond academia by creating new understandings of pathways, barriers, and access to services.
Benchmarking a 2016 Honda Civic 1.5-liter L15B7 Turbocharged Engine and Evaluating the Future Efficiency Potential of Turbocharged Engines.

As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) continuing assessment of advanced light-duty automotive technologies to support the setting of appropriate national greenhouse gas standards and to evaluate the impact of new technologies on in- use emissions, a 2016 Honda Civic with a 4-cylinder 1.5-liter L15B7 turbocharged engine and continuously variable transmission (CVT) was benchmarked. The test method involved installing the engine and its CVT in an engine dynamometer test cell with the engine wiring harness tethered to its vehicle parked outside the test cell. Engine and transmission torque, fuel flow, key engine temperatures and pressures, and onboard diagnostics (OBD)/CAN bus data were recorded. This paper documents the test results for idle, low, medium and high load engine operation, as well as motoring torque, wide-open throttle torque and fuel consumption during transient operation using both EPA Tier 2 and Tier 3 test fuels. Particular attention is given to characterizing enrichment control during high load engine operation. Results are used to create complete engine fuel consumption and efficiency maps and estimate CO2 emissions using EPA’s ALPHA full vehicle simulation model, over regulatory drive cycles. The design and performance of the 1.5-liter Honda engine are compared to several other past, present, and future downsized-boosted engines and potential advancements are evaluated.
Habitable Zone Around Binary Star Systems

In a binary star system, a planet may in principle exist in an orbit around either of the stars or in an orbit that surrounds both stars of the binary. In the latter case, we refer to the planet as a▶ circumbinary planet. The corresponding habitable zone (HZ) may be assumed to be an annulus around the binary where an Earth-like planet (with similar atmospheric composition to that of Earth) with a sufficient amount of water can permanently maintain liquid water on its solid surface.
White matter pathways and social cognition

There is a growing consensus that social cognition and behavior emerge from interactions across distributed regions of the "social brain". Researchers have traditionally focused their attention on functional response properties of these gray matter networks and neglected the vital role of white matter connections in establishing such networks and their functions. In this article, we conduct a comprehensive review of prior research on structural connectivity in social neuroscience and highlight the importance of this literature in clarifying brain mechanisms of social cognition. We pay particular attention to three key social processes: face processing, embodied cognition, and theory of mind, and their respective underlying neural networks. To fully identify and characterize the anatomical architecture of these networks, we further implement probabilistic tractography on a large sample of diffusion-weighted imaging data. The combination of an in-depth literature review and the empirical investigation gives us an unprecedented, well-defined landscape of white matter pathways underlying major social brain networks. Finally, we discuss current problems in the field, outline suggestions for best practice in diffusion-imaging data collection and analysis, and offer new directions for future research.
Priorities in the allocation of health care resources.

Students of biomedical ethics have traditionally concentrated on issues in the patient-physician relationship. In recent years, however, they have devoted increasing attention to issues in biomedical ethics in public policy. Public policies, defined as “whatever governments choose to do or not to do” ([7], p. 1), typically involve regulation (e.g., prohibition and control of an activity) and allocation and distribution of benefits (e.g., goods and services) and burdens (e.g., taxation). Issues in the allocation of resources for and within health care are among the most difficult from the standpoint of ethics. My task is to analyze some of these issues in allocation. Although I shall argue for positions at several points, my main intention is to provide a map of several major issues. I shall emphasize the content of public policies, not the processes by which they are formulated and implemented.2 I shall also avoid some broad and important questions of social ethics regarding the structure of the health care system in the United States (e.g., whether the current mix of private and public is desirable). While some policies may imply changes in the structure of the health care system, I shall limit my attention and analysis to policies of allocation of resources for and within health care.
Therapist-client similarity on the multimodal Structural Profile Inventory as a predictor of early session impact.

Views differ concerning the importance of therapist-client similarity, but the theory underlying multimodal therapy suggests that similarity would be most advantageous for treatment outcome and client satisfaction. To explore this question, 43 therapist-client pairs were evaluated with the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ) after the second psychotherapy session. Similarity was determined by computing D"2 statistics from the Structural Profile Inventory, administered to both therapist and client. Regression analyses indicated therapist- client similarity was significantly predictive of client session rating on the SEQ. The more similar the dyad, the more "positive" and "arousing" (versus "still" or "dull") clients rated early sessions. Although there were several nonsignificant analyses, none of the results suggested that dissimilarity was positively associated with higher levels of client satisfaction and rapport.
Patterns of ribonucleic acid synthesis in T5-infected Escherichia coli. V. Formation of stable, discrete, degradation products during turnover of phage-specific ribonucleic acid.

An analysis has been made of the degradation of T5-specific RNA in the presence of rifampicin, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis. The average half-time of disappearance of either acid-precipitable labeled RNA or high molecular weight RNA bands identified by disc electrophoresis-autoradiography was 4 to 5 min at 37°. Several relatively stable degradation products between the molecular weights 8.0 x 104 and 3.1 x 104, as well as a large fraction of stable RNA fragments of 4 S size, were identified. These discrete degradation products were formed in the presence of chloramphenicol as well as in the absence of this inhibitor of protein synthesis. Therefore, at least one nuclease must be involved in the turnover of messenger RNA to specific degradation products that is not dependent on the process of protein synthesis for its activity. This nuclease is probably a host enzyme.
Genetic Analysis of Heterocyst Formation

Fogg’s observation (1) that heterocyst differentiation is regulated by the availability of fixed nitrogen has been abundantly confirmed (references in 2; see, however, 3,4). Fig. 1 summarizes what has been learned about transcriptional dependencies during the early stages of heterocyst formation. In Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, nirAand narBencode NO2 - reductase and NO3 - reductase, respectively, assimilatory genes that are activated within 1 h after nitrogen stepdown and that bracket genes of the NO2 -/NO3 - uptake apparatus (8,9). It is known from the work of Frias et al. and of Wei et al. (10,11) that for a vegetative cell growing on ammonium, the DNA binding protein NtcA, encoded by the gene ntcA,is required both for heterocyst formation and activation of nitrite reductase, and thus nitrate assimilation. After the NtcA-mediated step, the regulation of NO3 - assimilation and heterocyst differentiation divides: mutations in, or between, nirAand narBdo not prevent heterocyst formation, which is evidence (see below) that they do not prevent activation of hetR,and mutations in hetRdo not block activation of the genes required for assimilation of NO2 - and NO3 - (8,12).
Active Power Control for Wind Farms Using Distributed Model Predictive Control and Nearest Neighbor Communication

Wind plant control strategies, such as axial and wake steering control, aim to improve the performance of wind farms, including increasing energy production and decreasing turbine loads. This paper presents a linear model of wake characteristics for use with a distributed model predictive control method for the purpose of optimizing axial induction and yaw misalignment setpoints. In particular, we use an iterative, distributed control method with nearest neighbor communication to coordinate turbine control actions that account for wake interactions between turbines. Simulations of the model and controller are performed on a $2\times 3$ array of turbines using a modified version of the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady-state (FLORIS) model to dynamically track the relevant wake parameters. Preliminary results show the controller's ability to follow an arbitrary wind farm power reference signal for the purpose of providing active power control (APC) ancillary services for power grid stability. This efficient distributed control strategy can enable real-time wind farm optimization and control, even for very large scale farms.
Structure and stability of NaTa O 3 ( 001 ) and KTa O 3 ( 001 ) surfaces

We carried out first-principles slab calculations to investigate the structure, energetics, and electronic properties of the majority (001) surfaces of $\mathrm{NaTa}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (NTO), a perovskite oxide with excellent photocatalytic properties, and $\mathrm{KTa}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (KTO), a closely related but somewhat less active compound. Being polar, NTO(001) and KTO (001) require charge compensation to be stabilized. We examine a number of possible structural models for these surfaces by comparing their formation energies to those of the pure NaO/KO and $\mathrm{Ta}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ terminations. Our results show that a ``cation-exchange'' reconstruction is energetically most favorable for NTO(001) under vacuum conditions, whereas for KTO(001) this reconstruction competes with a ``striped'' phase with equally exposed KO and $\mathrm{Ta}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ terraces actually observed in recent experiments. NTO is found to exhibit enhanced structural flexibility and more effective charge compensation in comparison to KTO, which is attributed to the significantly smaller size of $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}^{+}$ relative to ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$. Upon exposure to water, a (2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 1) hydroxylated structure is by far most favorable for both NTO and KTO. This structure can thus provide a basis for the mechanistic understanding of photocatalytic processes on NTO and KTO surfaces.
Recommendation for Program-Level Practices and Future Research Agenda

This is the concluding chapter of this book. The goals and findings from the preceding chapters are revisited, based on which recommendations for program-level and classroom-level practices for the focal program in specific, and Chinese one-way immersion programs in general, are made. In addition, this chapter outlines an agenda for future research on Chinese one-way immersion programs, and advocates for an expansion of research on biliteracy development, especially studies employing different research methodologies, and a focus on academic literacy development in Chinese, in addition to examining language and literacy acquisition among atypical learners in Chinese immersion programs.
12 Behavior Genetics

The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with general information on several key features of behavior genetic investigation. The chapter starts with a general introduction of what genetic material consists of and how it is transmitted from parents to offspring. An understanding of inheritance is vital for understanding basic and commonly used statistical methods of gene-behavior association. We discuss the concept of a normal distribution of measured behavioral traits and of unmeasured (latent) genetic and environmental liability. We introduce and provide examples of models of twin resemblance commonly used to estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors on individual differences in behavior, and of models that examine the association of measured genetic variation and behavior. We discuss the importance of behavioral measurement and underscore its complexity throughout the chapter. We conclude with discussion on ethical issues in genetic research. Keywords: complex behavior; twin models; genomic models; phenotype
Do Predators Structure Wetland Macroinvertebrate Assemblages? Different Effects of Mudminnows and Dragonfly Nymphs in Field Experiments

Predation by small fish and invertebrates has been shown to influence wetland macroinvertebrates in various ways and to various degrees in different types of wetlands. I sought to determine whether predation could be a significant factor causing invertebrate-community variation along an elevation gradient in a Lake Huron coastal wetland. I conducted three month-long predator exclusion/inclusion field experiments in the wet-meadow portion of the wetland, where the water was shallow (20–30 cm) and hypoxic, and mudminnows and dragonfly nymphs were the most-abundant predators. Experiment results showed that mudminnows caused a significant decrease in abundance and diversity, but did not substantially alter relative proportions of different macroinvertebrate taxa. NMDS ordination confirmed this result. Meanwhile, dragonfly nymphs, even at high density, had no significant effects on macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity, or relative abundances of different taxa. These results suggest that, while fish are capable of reducing prey abundance, neither they nor dragonfly nymphs played a significant role in causing the wet-meadow macroinvertebrate assemblage to differ from others in this wetland.
How we approach: Training pediatric coagulationists

Unique expertise is required for the care of children, adolescents, and young adults with bleeding and clotting disorders. A number of Hemophilia Treatment Centers have developed pediatric hemostasis and thrombosis fellowship programs to facilitate subspecialty training and recruitment and retention in this field. This manuscript reviews an approach to training pediatric coagulationists including a description of current programs, sample curriculum, funding sources, and expected outcomes.