cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Database design practices for inverted files

Abstract Database research literature has proposed many procedures, both manual and automated, for database design; selection of secondary indexes for inverted file type database management systems (DBMS) has been repeatedly addressed. The empirical study reported here indicates that practical inverted file design has been relatively unaffected by this research. This paper characterizes the actual database design process used at inverted file DBMS installations along such dimension as: types of secondary keys constructed, the individuals who make index design decisions, the decisions that are changed (and when) after the initial database implementation, the factors that are considered in indexing decisions, and the literature which is used in the process. The study shows that key selection (as one example of a design decision) is addressed by ad hoc procedures and well conceived procedures are not used. Further, the results indicate that database design is dominated by users and systems analysts, indexes are frequently changed and a wide range of database performance and convenience factors are influential in practice. The paper concludes with some recommendations for database design support tools.
Acute hepatotoxicity and lethality of CCl4 in chlordecone-pretreated rats

In a subchronic dietary pretreatment protocol chlordecone (CD) is a powerful potentiator of CCl4 hepatotoxicity, as indicated by biochemical, hepatofunctional, histopathological, and lethality parameters. The purpose of this investigation is to further explore the CD + CCl4 interaction in an acute CD pretreatment protocol and to compare the two pretreatment protocols in terms of their effect upon quantitative histopathology, serum enzymes, and lethality. Groups of four male rats received one of the following four pretreatments: chlordecone (10 mg/kg; single po), mirex (10 mg/kg; single po), phenobarbital (PB) (80 mg/kg/day for 2 successive days; ip in 0.9% saline), or corn oil vehicle (1 ml/kg; single po). Twenty-four hours later, the rats were given a single ip injection of CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg). Twenty-four hours after CCl4 administration, serum enzymes (SGPT, SGOT, and ICD) were measured and the livers removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histological evaluation. The LD50 were determined by the method of moving averages. CD + CCl4 was the most hepatotoxic combination, in terms of serum enzyme elevations and lethality followed by PB + CCl4. The PB + CCl4 combination caused a greater degree of hepatocyte necrosis. These findings indicate that the acute pretreatment with CD enhances hepatotoxicity and the lethality of CCl4 in a fashion qualitatively similar to the subchronic pretreatment protocol.
A Human Herpesvirus 7 Glycoprotein, U21, Diverts Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules to Lysosomes

All members of the herpesvirus family persist in their host throughout life. In doing so, herpesviruses exploit a surprising number of different strategies to evade the immune system. Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is a relatively recently discovered member of the herpesvirus family, and little is known about how it escapes immune detection. Here we show that HHV-7 infection results in premature degradation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. We identify and characterize a protein from HHV-7, U21, that binds to and diverts properly folded class I molecules to a lysosomal compartment. Thus, U21 is likely to function in the normal course of HHV-7 infection to downregulate surface class I molecules and prevent recognition of infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Biosynthetic Precursors of Cartilage Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan

Early steps in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) and collagenous cartilage matrix molecules were examined by the comparison of products translated in mRNA-directed cell-free reactions and those synthesized by intact cartilage cells. RNA isolated from embryonic chicken sterna was used to direct cell-free translation reactions. Chicken sternal chondrocytes in culture were pulse-labeled with [35S]-methionine. The CSPG core protein was identified by immunoprecipitation. The Mr of the cartilage cell-synthetized core protein was determined to be 370K, approximately 10-15K greater than that of the comparable cell-free translation product. Experimental results strongly support the view that the observed difference in Mr reflects the cotranslational addition of mannose-rich, N-asparagine-linked oligosaccharides to the cell-synthesized core protein: 1) the cell-synthesized product was labeled with [3H]-mannose and precipitated by concanavalin A-sepharose beads; 2) the incorporated [3H]-mannose could be subsequently removed by digestion with endoglycosidase H (Endo H); 3) the Mr of the cell-synthesized core protein was reduced by Endo H digestion to that of the comparable cell-free translation product; 4) the core protein synthesized by tunicamycin-treated chondrocytes (inhibited in their ability to add N-asparagine-linked mannose-rich oligosaccharides to proteins) was comparable in electrophoretic mobility to that of the core protein cell-free translation product; and 5) the core protein translated in microsome-coupled cell-free reactions had an Mr 8-10K greater than that of the core protein translated in the absence of microsomes. For the purpose of examining biosynthetic intermediates, chondrocytes were labeled continuously or pulse-chase labeled for varying times. No biosynthetic CSPG intermediates migrating between the core protein and the CSPG monomer were detected. However, a band of 355Kdal appeared to share certain characteristics with the 307Kdal core protein (including its immunoprecipitability with CSPG antibodies), and a 340Kdal band was noted. Type II procollagen and other collagenase-sensitive products of 205Kdal and 110Kdal were observed among translation and chondrocyte-synthesized products. In chondrocytes, all three products exhibited labeling or chase time-dependent increases in Mr which were accelerated by ascorbate supplements and inhibited by the addition of alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl. These results suggest that the observed time-dependent increases in Mr are a consequence of collagen hydroxylation. The 110Kdal and 205Kdal collagenous proteins may be related to the minor collagens recently described in cartilage.
What a Business Plan Must Show

The major objectives of a business plan are to test feasibility, gather resources, act as a guide to action, and provide a standard to review progress. The plan must deal with three key issues to satisfy its several audiences: the market and its nature, the management of the venture, and financial feasibility. The remaining issues are primarily ones of strategy. The purpose of this article is to examine the three issues in some depth. Particular attention is paid to the keys to venture success from the customers' standpoint, the competition, venture management's functions and qualifications, and testing financial attractiveness.
Weighted inverse chi-square method for correlated significance tests

Fisher's inverse chi-square method for combining independent significance tests is extended to cover cases of dependence among the individual tests. A weighted version of the method and its approximate null distribution are presented. To illustrate the use of the proposed method, two tests for the overall treatment efficacy are combined, with the resulting test procedure exhibiting good control of the type I error probability. Two examples from clinical trials are given to illustrate the applicability of the procedures to real-life situations.
Improving Layered 3D Displays with a Lens

We enhance layered 3D displays using a lens placed in front of or in between attenuation layers, which improves resolution or field-of-view of the display. In addition, we significantly reduce memory requirements for layer calculations.
STABILITY OF ANNULAR FLOW IN HORIZONTAL TUBES

Abstract A model for transition between stratified and annular two-phase flows in horizontal tubes has been developed, based upon a momentum balance and energy transfer between the two phases. Without specifying the mechanisms involved in the transition, a criterion has been put forth which requires that the mechanical energy change experienced by the gas be greater than the work done by the interfacial forces in bringing about the transition. In this sense, the proposed criterion is “global” and concerns itself only with the states of the two-phase flow before and after the transition. The criterion predicts a region of stability for annular flow which is in reasonable agreement with the Baker plot as well as other transition maps. It has been demonstrated that the transition depends upon the void-fractions in stratified and annular flows and thus helps to explain the wide discrepancies in the observed data from several sources.
Women’s exposure to phthalates in relation to use of personal care products

Several phthalates, particularly diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di-n-butyl phthalate, can be used in personal care products (PCPs) to fix fragrance and hold color. We investigated associations between women’s reported use of PCPs within the 24 h before urine collection and concentrations of several urinary phthalate metabolites. Between 2002 and 2005, 337 women provided spot urine samples and answered questions regarding their use of 13 PCPs at a follow-up visit 3–36 months after pregnancy. We examined associations between urinary concentrations of several phthalate metabolites and use of PCPs using linear regression. Use of individual PCPs ranged from 7% (nail polish) to 91% (deodorant). After adjusting for age, education, and urinary creatinine, women reporting use of perfume had 2.92 times higher (95% CI: 2.20–3.89) concentration of monoethyl phthalate (MEP; the primary metabolite of DEP) than other women. Other PCPs that were significantly associated with MEP concentrations included: hair spray, nail polish, and deodorant. MEP concentrations increased with the number of PCPs used. PCP use was widespread in this group of recently pregnant women. Women’s use of PCPs, particularly of perfumes and fragranced products, was positively associated with urinary concentration of multiple phthalate metabolites.
Effect of Amiodarone on Serum Lipids, Lipoprotein Lipase, and Hepatic Triglyceride Lipase*

We have determined the effects of chronic amiodarone treatment on lipid metabolism and compared them with those of hypothyroidism in the rat. Serum triglyceride was lower in both amiodarone-treated and hypothyroid rats; total cholesterol was higher in hypothyroid rats, and serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol remained unchanged. Amiodarone increased adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. Hepatic triglyceride lipase activity was decreased in both hypothyroid and amiodarone-treated groups: The effects of amiodarone on serum triglyceride and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase were reversed by concomitant administration of T3. The activity of hepatic triglyceride lipase, however, was not increased. Our findings indicate that amiodarone causes marked changes in lipid metabolism which are similar to those found in hypothyroidism. (Endocrinology 120: 1991–1995, 1987)
Mass spectra and doubly charged ions in photoionization at 30.4 nm and 58.4 nm

Abstract Doubly charged ion abundances and photoionization mass spectra produced by He(I)α and He(Il)α radiation are reported for molecules from several classes of compound, and are compared to data from previous electron and photon impact investigations. More doubly charged ions relative to singly charged ions are produced by photon impact than by electron impact at the same energy, the contrast being most marked for small polyatomic molecules. Lifetimes of double charged ions are reported for CO 2 2+ , COS 2+ , CS 2 2+ , and DI 2+ . A compilation of existing data on doubly charged ions is presented, and an empirical formula for estimating the appearance potentials of doubly charged ions is proposed. It is concluded that at 30.4 nm initial double ionization is a substantial fraction of total ionization for all large molecules, and must appear in the photoelectron spectra.
Effects of Being Observed on Learning Following Success and Failure Experiences

In two experiments female subjects performed a task either alone or while being observed by a female experimenter, after which they were told that they had performed well or poorly. On a paired-associates (PA) learning task that followed, subjects who performed in the presence of the observing experimenter required more trials to criterion and committed more errors than those who worked alone only if they had supposedly done poorly on the preceding task. Subjects who had done well on the prior task performed better on the PA task when observed than when alone provided that the preliminary task had also measured verbal learning. A measure of skin conductance indicated increased arousal under conditions of observation on the PA task only after a poor performance on the preceding task. The results are discussed in terms of the drive theory of social facilitation and the conditions under which being observed produces evaluation apprehension.
Defining the spatial patterns of historical land use associated with the indigenous societies of eastern North America

Aim To review and synthesize multiple lines of evidence that describe the spatial patterns of land use associated with prehistoric and early historical Native American societies in eastern North America in order to better characterize the type, spatial extent and temporal persistence of past land use. Location Temperate forests of eastern North America, and the Eastern Woodlands cultural region. Methods Ethnohistorical accounts, archaeological data, historical land surveys and palaeoecological records describing indigenous forms of silviculture and agriculture were evaluated across scales ranging from local (10 0 km) to regional (10 2 km) to produce a synthetic description of land-use characteristics. Results Indigenous land-use practices created patches of distinct ecological conditions within a heterogeneous mosaic of ecosystem types. At all scales, patch location was dynamic, and patches underwent recurrent periods of expansion, contraction and abandonment. Land-use patches varied in their extent and persistence, and are broadly categorized as silvicultural (management of undomesticated woodland taxa) or agricultural (cultivation of domesticated taxa). Silvicultural patches persisted for centuries and extended kilometres to tens of kilometres around settlements and travel corridors. The dynamics of agricultural patches varied among groups, with persistence ranging from decades to centuries and extent ranging from less than a kilometre to tens of kilometres around settlements. Beyond patch boundaries, human impacts on ecosystems become indistinguishable from other drivers of environmental heterogeneity. These characteristics of patches are evident across scales and multiple lines of evidence. Main conclusions Our findings challenge the view that prehistoric human impacts on vegetation were widespread and ubiquitous, and build on previous work showing these impacts to be more localized and heterogeneous by providing quantitative descriptions of land-use patch characteristics. Collaborative efforts that combine multiple data sources are needed to refine these descriptions and generate more precise measures of land-use pattern to further investigate the history of human impacts on the Earth system.
Reply [to “Snowbird II: Global catastrophes comment: Meteorite impact, mass extinction and Deccan volcanism”]

I did not intend my report on the Global Catastrophes meeting to rule out a contributing role for volcanism in the history of terrestrial mass extinctions. Nor did I suggest that there was necessarily no relationship between impacts and some volcanism. Indeed, I reported on evidence that might link periodic impacts with periodic terrestrial volcanism, an idea that Hooper advocates. But Hooper's argument that Deccan volcanism was integrally responsible for the K-T extinctions is not compelling.
Are Your Data Nonindependent? A Practical Guide to Evaluating Nonindependence and Within-Group Agreement

The purpose of this article is to outline the importance of nonindependence to the design of research studies and interpretation of research results. Nonindependence can influence the validity of research results at any level of analysis (i.e., individual, dyadic, group; Kenny & Judd, 1986). We define specifically what nonindependence is, suggesting some sources of nonindependence based on Kenny and Judd. Additionally, we contrast the issue of nonindependence with what James, Demaree, and Wolf (1984) referred to as within-group agreement. Each approach offers a unique advantage in specific situations. We provide an explanation of the steps involved in the tests of nonindependence and within-group agreement from a practical perspective. Finally, we provide a 2-step process for using both data analytic techniques in individual-, dyadic-, and group-level research.
P17: Mucosal and serosal ischemia after gastric stapling as determined by a new ‘real time' non-invasive tissue surface probe measuring tissue oxygenation

Background: Although tissue ischemia at surgical anastomoses may cause leak, stricture, and ulceration, surgeons rely on nonquantitative measures of detecting ischemia (e.g. color change, pulsation), not likely to detect transient or small degrees of ischemia. A microvascular tissue oximeter probe (T-STAT, Spectros, CA) provides non-invasive real-time measurement of tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2). We measured local gastric StO2 during stapling for transection/pouch creation to assess the reproducibility of measurements, sensitivity of the mucosa versus serosa to ischemia, and the impact of proximity to the staple line. Methods: Anesthetized adult swine (n 8) underwent laparotomy to transect gastric tissue in vivo with measurements made in 2 locations using 4.8 mm staple height cartridges (Endo-GIA, Covidien, Connecticut). Results: Mucosal and serosal gastric StO2 measurements (Table, n 24 at each location) were compared. Mucosal baseline StO2 was lower than serosal baseline (t test, #p 0.05). Both mucosal and serosal StO2 decreased significantly in adjacent to the staple line, but not at 2 cm distance (ANOVA, *p 0.05). No color or pulsation changes were observed. Conclusion: Although significant reproducible mucosal and serosal decreases in StO2 were seen in proximity to gastric staple lines, the fall in mucosal StO2 was dramatic in the absence of any visible changes. Persistence of tissue ischemia with gastric stapling or in the creation of an anastomosis may contribute to complications. Utilization of a real-time, non-invasive tissue probe may ultimately assist surgeons in identifying patients at risk for complications.
Attentional window in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality: Insight from negative priming studies

One of the core deficits that characterizes schizophrenia is an increase in distractibility and disinhibition at all levels of information processing. Patients with schizophrenia seem unable to focus attention on the relevant events while ignoring the irrelevant stimuli. This pattern of behavior is also observed in unmedicated schizotypal individuals who may carry liability for schizophrenia. In this review, we focus on studies of attentional inhibition, as assessed by the negative priming paradigm, to elucidate the relationships among deficits in inhibition, clinical symptoms and medication effects. We then consider models of the etiology of deficits in negative priming in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality. Finally, we discuss the potential power of utilizing hypothesis-driven cognitive paradigms in psychiatric research.
Development Economics: A Foundation for HRD Policy Studies in Developing Countries:

The problem and the solution . Theoretical work in development economics has had a significant impact on the development process of nations, including national policies for human resource development (HRD) in developing countries.As an important component of an overall economic development system, HRD can benefit from the insights provided by development economics—especially in developing countries. At the national policy level, HRD should identify and pursue opportunities for economic development by engaging in policy analysis and comparative studies, as well as contributing to policy recommendations and implementation based on development economics.
The role of approximate entropy in predicting ventricular defibrillation threshold.

Background: The role of myocardial tissue mass on ventricular defibrillation threshold (DFT) is unclear. We hypothesized that changes in tissue mass modulate DFT by changing ventricular fibrillation (VF) wavefront regularity (entropy).Methods and Results: The right ventricles (RV) of seven farm pigs were isolated, superfused and perfused through the right coronary artery with oxygenated Tyrode's solution at 37 The epicardial surface was stained with the voltage sensitive dye, di-4-ANEPPS, and activation wavefront numbers (AWN) during VF were determined from the optical maps using a CCD camera (96 x 96 pixels over a 3.5 x 3.5 cm area). The RV mass was progressively reduced by sequential cutting of 1 to 2 g of tissue (approximately 12 cuts in total) distal to the perfusion site. After each cut, VF was reinduced, optical maps obtained, and the 50% probability of successful DFT50 determined using an up-down algorithm. After each cut, the approximate entropy (ApEn) was also computed using 5 seconds of VF data ...
Joint Energy and Location Optimization for Relay Networks with Differential Modulation

The optimum resource allocation in communication systems is critical to enhance their performance and efficiency. In wireless networks, relay transmissions can enable cooperative diversity by forming virtual antenna arrays. In this paper, we consider resource allocation which minimizes the average system error rate not only by the power optimization, but also by the location optimization for systems with arbitrary number of relays. Differential modulation which bypasses the channel estimation at the receiver is investigated using the decode-and-forward protocol. Analytical and simulated comparisons confirm that the optimized systems provide considerable improvement over un-optimized ones, and that the minimum error rate can be achieved via joint energy-location optimization.
Transport studies near phase transitions in NbSe3

The non-Ohmic transport properties of Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ are studied near the two phase transitions at ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$. From the non-Ohmic data a parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is obtained which provides information on the fraction of Fermi surface affected by the phase transitions. By relating $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to a BCS-type gap and modifying the calculations of Fedders and Martin on the spin-density-wave state in Cr we have obtained a theoretical curve for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ which agrees well with the experimental data. This good agreement provides new indirect evidence for the charge-density-wave (CDW) state in Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$. The derivative of the low-field resistivity versus temperature has also been measured and is shown to be divergent at ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$. The index of this divergence is presented and its significance to the dimensionality of the system is discussed. Finally, we briefly discuss the possibility of explaining the non-Ohmicity below ${T}_{1}$ in terms of nonlinear excitations in a CDW condensate.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Abnormal Ion Transport in the Airway Epithelium in Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disease reflecting mutations in the gene coding for the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein, which normally functions as a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated chloride (Cl−) channel. Functional abnormalities include thick airway secretions resulting from defective cAMP-mediated Cl− (liquid) secretion and a related defect, excessive sodium (Na+) (liquid) absorption. Novel pharmacologic agents are being tested as therapy for these ion transport defects. Aerosolized amiloride inhibits excessive Na+ absorption, and pilot studies in adult patients with CF show slowing of the disease-associated decline in lung function. Clinical trials of amiloride are currently underway in adults and adolescents, and short-term safety studies have been initiated in children. Aerosolized uridine triphosphate (UTP) induces Cl− (and liquid) secretion in CF airway epithelia via non-CFTR Cl− channels. Short-term aerosolized UTP is well tolerated by normal subjects and patients with CF, and pilot studies in normal subjects show that aerosolized UTP is an effective stimulator of mucociliary clearance. Pharmacotherapy that modifies airway epithelial ion transport may provide new opportunities for treatment of CF lung disease.
Vasoconstrictors: 2-Amino Derivatives of Certain Alkoxyalkanes

Eleven 2-aminoalkoxyalkanes have been prepared for evaluation as vasoconstrictors. These are the corresponding ether analogs of pharmacologically active 2-aminoalkanes. All of these compounds possess pressor activity. The most active compound is 2-amino-3-(2-methylpropoxy)propane, which is about one-half as active and one-half as toxic as Tuamine. The preparative methods used are described.
Influence of Race on Inpatient Treatment Intensity at the End of Life

To examine inpatient intensive care unit (ICU) and intensive procedure use by race among Medicare decedents, using utilization among survivors for comparison. Retrospective observational analysis of inpatient claims using multivariable hierarchical logistic regression. United States, 1989–1999. Hospitalized Medicare fee-for-service decedents (n = 976,220) and survivors (n = 845,306) aged 65 years or older. Admission to the ICU and use of one or more intensive procedures over 12 months, and, for inpatient decedents, during the terminal admission. Black decedents with one or more hospitalization in the last 12 months of life were slightly more likely than nonblacks to be admitted to the ICU during the last 12 months (49.3% vs. 47.4%, p <.0001) and the terminal hospitalization (41.9% vs. 40.6%, p < 0.0001), but these differences disappeared or attenuated in multivariable hierarchical logistic regressions (last 12 months adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.0 [0.99–1.03], p = .36; terminal hospitalization AOR 1.03 [1.0–1.06], p = .01). Black decedents were more likely to undergo an intensive procedure during the last 12 months (49.6% vs. 42.8%, p < .0001) and the terminal hospitalization (37.7% vs, 31.1%, p < .0001), a difference that persisted with adjustment (last 12 months AOR 1.1 [1.08–1.14], p < .0001; terminal hospitalization AOR 1.23 [1.20–1.26], p < .0001). Patterns of differences in inpatient treatment intensity by race were reversed among survivors: blacks had lower rates of ICU admission (31.2% vs. 32.4%, p < .0001; AOR 0.93 [0.91–0.95], p < .0001) and intensive procedure use (36.6% vs. 44.2%; AOR 0.72 [0.70–0.73], p <.0001). These differences were driven by greater use by blacks of life-sustaining treatments that predominate among decedents but lesser use of cardiovascular and orthopedic procedures that predominate among survivors. A hospital’s black census was a strong predictor of inpatient end-of-life treatment intensity. Black decedents were treated more intensively during hospitalization than nonblack decedents, whereas black survivors were treated less intensively. These differences are strongly associated with a hospital’s black census. The causes and consequences of these hospital-level differences in intensity deserve further study.
Thermochemistry of Oxo Transfer from Coordinated Nitrite in the Dinitro(5,10,15,20-tetrakis(o-pivalamidophenyl)porphinato)iron(III) Anion.

The thermochemistry of oxo transfer from coordinated nitrite in the dinitro(5,10,15,20-tetrakis(o-pivalamidophenyl)porphinato)iron(III) anion, ion-paired with the tetrapropylammonium ion, {[FeIIITpivPP(NO2)2]-Pr4N+}, has been evaluated in acetonitrile solution. This oxo-transfer half-reaction of {[FeIIITpivPP(NO2)2]-Pr4N+} has been assessed on the basis of the determination of the E1/2 = +0.54 V vs SHE for the reversible [FeII/IIITpivPP(NO)(NO2)]-/0 couple and the measurement of the formation constants for the association of NO and NO2- with the mononitroiron(III) porphyrin derivative. The formation constant for nitric oxide association, KNO, has the value (1.21 ± 0.08) × 103. The stability constant, K2, for association of a second nitro ligand in 0.0100 M tetrapropylammonium perchlorate medium has been estimated as 2.18 × 103. The oxo-transfer half-reaction free energy, ΔG°(X/XO), for addition of oxygen to [FeIITpivPP(NO)(NO2)]- to form {[FeIIITpivPP(NO2)2]-Pr4N+} has been found to be −50 kJ/mol.
Voltage Profile along the Permeation Pathway of an Open Channel

For ion channels, the transmembrane potential plays a critical role by acting as a driving force for permeant ions. At the microscopic level, the transmembrane potential is thought to decay nonlinearly across the ion permeation pathway because of the irregular three-dimensional shape of the channel's pore. By taking advantage of the current structural and functional understanding of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, in this study we experimentally explore the transmembrane potential's distribution across the open pore. As a readout for the voltage drop, we engineered cysteine residues along the selectivity filter and scanned the sensitivity of their modification rates by Ag+ to the transmembrane potential. The experimental data, which indicate that the majority of the electric field drops across the selectivity filter, are in good agreement with continuum electrostatic calculations using a homology model of an open CNG channel. By focusing the transmembrane potential across the selectivity filter, the electromotive driving force is coupled with the movement of permeant ions in the filter, maximizing the efficiency of this process.
Adaptive Sliding Mode Control Design for a Hypersonic Flight Vehicle

A multi-input/multi-output adaptive sliding controller is designed and analyzed for the longitudinal dynamics of a generic hypersonic air vehicle. This vehicle model is nonlinear, multivariable, and unstable and includes uncertain parameters. Simulation studies are conducted for trimmed cruise conditions of 110,000 ft and Mach 15 where the responses of the vehicle to a step change in altitude and airspeed are evaluated. The commands are 100-ft/s step velocity and 2000-ft step altitude. The controller is evaluated for robustness with respect to parameter uncertainties using simulations. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed controller is robust with respect to parametric uncertainty and meets the performance requirements with relatively low-amplitude control inputs.
Interpersonal Violence, Alcohol Use, and Acquired Capability for Suicide

Acquired capability for suicide (ACS), defined as pain tolerance and fearlessness about death, is theorized as necessary to enact suicide. This study examined the associations of interpersonal violence and alcohol use with ACS in 502 college students. General fearlessness/pain tolerance was positively associated with male gender and alcohol use. Fearlessness about death was positively associated with male gender and general physical violence perpetration. However, these risk factors did not explain variance in ACS beyond male gender and history of suicide attempts/nonsuicidal self-injury. These findings add to the understanding of ACS correlates.
Work and personal life boundary management: boundary strength, work/personal life balance, and the segmentation-integration continuum

While researchers are increasingly interested in understanding the boundaries surrounding the work and personal life domains, few have tested the propositions set forth by theory. Boundary theory proposes that individuals manage the boundaries between work and personal life through processes of segmenting and/or integrating the domains. The authors investigated boundary management profiles of 332 workers in an investigation of the segmentation-integration continuum. Cluster analysis indicated consistent clusters of boundary management practices related to varying segmentation and integration of the work and personal life domains. But, the authors suggest that the segmentation-integration continuum may be more complicated. Results also indicated relationships between boundary management practices and work-personal life interference and work-personal life enhancement. Less flexible and more permeable boundaries were related to more interference, while more flexible and more permeable boundaries were related to more enhancement.
Terahertz physics and applications with carbon nanomaterials

Carbon nanotubes and graphene possess unique properties ideally suited for fundamental terahertz studies and applications. Here we summarize results of our recent studies of these materials using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.
Pyridoxal phosphate dependency, a newly recognized treatable catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy.

Few conditions are as riveting to physicians as devastating encephalopathies that are treatable. In this issue of the Journal, Georg F. Hoffmann and colleagues describe the clinical syndrome of pyridoxal-phosphate dependent seizures with its inherent, and compelling, responsiveness to specific therapy. This story begins over fifty years ago, when Hunt and colleagues reported the successful treatment of infantile seizures with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) (Hunt et al 1954). Hence, pyridoxine-dependent seizures became the prototype of the severe but eminently treatable conditions that no clinician wants to miss. The cardinal diagnostic feature is the presence of refractory seizures, classically during the neonatorum, which cease only when pharmacological doses of pyridoxine are administered. While the condition is rare, with an estimated birth incidence between 1:400 000 and 1:750 000, the importance of early recognition is emphasized by an improved prognosis with early treatment (Baxter 2003). Patients will present with multiple seizure types in the neonatal period or even prenatally, with fetal seizures perceived by mothers as fluttering or hammering sensations beginning at 5 months_ gestation or later. Patients have an associated newborn encephalopathy which may include jitteriness, hypothermia, dystonia, and a prodrome of restlessness, irritability and emesis preceding seizures. The classic diagnostic procedure is intravenous administration of 100 mg of pyridoxine during EEG monitoring, aiming for resolution of a generalized or multifocal spike, or burstsuppression, pattern and cessation of clinical seizures. In an infant with pyridoxine dependency, the seizures and epileptiform EEG abnormalities will typically subside within 2–6 minutes after injection. However, some patients with pyridoxine dependency require up to 500 mg before clinical and electrographic responses are demonstrated. After receiving this initial treatment with pyridoxine, some neonates with pyridoxine dependency may become sleepy and hypotonic for a period of 24 hours. An alternative approach to diagnosis is to treat the patient with daily enteral doses of pyridoxine, 15 mg/kg. In pyridoxine-dependent patients, clinical seizures will resolve within a week of the initiation of this therapy. After a patient is clinically diagnosed by either the acute parenteral administration of pyridoxine or the daily enteral treatment with the vitamin, continued daily supplementation with pharmacological doses of pyridoxine is necessary, as the seizures tend to recur after a median delay of 9 days. Therefore, lifelong maintenance therapy is necessary (Gospe 2002). The classic neonatal phenotype may represent the tip of the iceberg. There are several atypical phenotypes J Inherit Metab Dis (2008) 30:2–4 DOI 10.1007/s10545-008-9974-1
Region-specific FISH probes used to identify and characterize an interstitial paracentric inv(21)(q22.1q22.3)

Region-specific probes, developed for the diagnosis of specific syndromes, can be adapted to elucidate the exact nature of certain chromosomal structural anomalies. We describe the use of FISH probes in characterizing a prenatally diagnosed chromosome rearrangement. An abnormal chromosome 21 was detected during amniocentesis for maternal age indication, and a similar appearing chromosome 21 was found in the mother. The exact nature of the rearrangement was not immediately evident from G-banded karyotypes. FISH was performed using a whole chromosome painting probe, as well as the region-specific probes D21S65 (21q21–22.1), D21S55 (21q22.3) and D21S1219/D21S1220 (21q22.3-qter) (Oncor). Results showed an interstitial paracentric inversion, with breakpoints in bands 21q22.1 and 21q22.3, which was identical in the mother and the fetus: 46,XX,?inv(21)(q).ish inv(21)(q22.1q22.3)(wcp+,D21S65 mv,D21S55 mv,D21S1219/D21S1220 st). In this case, FISH using region-specific probes was helpful in characterizing the inversion and aided in the genetic counselling of risk assessment for the family. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Difference between Normal and Superconducting States of a Metal

Three general theorems of statistical mechanics are used to calculate the differences, between the normal and superconducting states of a metal in (i) the mean kinetic energy of the electrons, (ii) the mean kinetic energy of the lattice, and (iii) the mean potential energy of the entire system. The word "mean" implies thermal average at a given temperature and pressure. The formal properties of these differences are established and a numerical calculation is carried out in the case of tin. The most important results of this investigation are that (a) all three differences are of the same order of magnitude (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ cal/mole for a typical superconductor) at all temperatures, (b) they all vanish at the transition temperature, (c) the mean kinetic energy of the electrons is greater in the superconducting state than in the normal state and depends strongly on the isotopic mass, (d) the mean kinetic energy of the lattice is less in the superconducting state than in the normal state and depends equally strongly on the electron mass, and (e) the mean potential energy of the entire system is also less in the superconducting state than in the normal state. In the final section these results are discussed from a physical point of view.
Transaction Processing in the Common Node of a Distributed Function Laboratory Computer System

A computer network architecture consisting of a common node processor for managing peripherals and files and a number of private node processors for laboratory experiment control is briefly reviewed. Central to the problem of private node-common node communication is the concept of a transaction. The collection of procedures and the data structures associated with a transaction are described. The common node properties assigned to a transaction and procedures required for its complete processing are discussed.
Pericarditis associated with scorpionfish (Scorpaena buttata) sting.

Abstract A male stung by a scorpionfish immediately developed the classical symptoms of envenomation: severe localized pain, swelling, and redness, followed in 24 hr by pain in the left shoulder, which spread over the left anterior chest and substernal area. Admitting diagnoses considered in addition to envenomation were: pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, and viral pericarditis. Following extensive laboratory studies a diagnosis of viral-type pericarditis was established. This study emphasizes the diversity of disease states that can be associated with but unrelated to the sting or bite of a venomous animal, and also stresses the importance of a careful clinical work-up in every case of venom poisoning.
IMAGES OF STATE SCHOOL SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION IN THE LITERATURE ON EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION: AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE

A study of the published statements of Australian school administrators revealed that two distinctive configurations of power and service relationships are projected in their publically presented images of state school administration as it relates to government and the public. A previous Traditional Centralist‐Unity configuration is now being replaced by an Emergent Devolution‐Diversity conformation. Analysis was directed to (a) understanding the significance of the two images in terms of their function as public communications, and (b) accounting for the shift in the imagery in the light of pressures for change, the way administrators are interpreting change as turbulence, and the projection of counter images incorporating critiques of government school systems. To help organise analysis, it was assumed that images of system administration have the potential to communicate: 1. information, 2. explanation, 3. judgements and value positions, 4. statements designed to advance sectional interests, and 5. themes and persuasive symbols. It was also assumed that the shift in the public images of administrators may be studied in the way their images relate to three basic sources of administrative tension: tensions which arise from problems of meaning, problems of aspiration, and problems of practice.
NMDA receptor blockade in the basolateral amygdala disrupts consolidation of stimulus-reward memory and extinction learning during reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in an animal model of relapse.

Abstract Previous research from our laboratory has implicated the basolateral amygdala (BLA) complex in the acquisition and consolidation of cue–cocaine associations, as well as extinction learning, which may regulate the long-lasting control of conditioned stimuli (CS) over drug-seeking behavior. Given the well established role of NMDA glutamate receptor activation in other forms of amygdalar-based learning, we predicted that BLA-mediated drug–cue associative learning would be NMDA receptor dependent. To test this hypothesis, male Sprague–Dawley rats self-administered i.v. cocaine (0.6 mg/kg/infusion) in the absence of explicit CS pairings (2-h sessions, 5 days), followed by a single 1-h classical conditioning (CC) session, during which they received passive infusions of cocaine discretely paired with a light + tone stimulus complex. Following additional cocaine self-administration sessions in the absence of the CS (2-h sessions, 5 days) and extinction training sessions (no cocaine or CS presentation, 2-h sessions, 7 days), the ability of the CS to reinstate cocaine-seeking on three test days was assessed. Rats received bilateral intra-BLA infusions (0.5 μl/hemisphere) of vehicle or the selective NMDA receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP-5), immediately prior to the CC session (acquisition), immediately following the CC session (consolidation), or immediately following reinstatement testing (consolidation of conditioned-cued extinction learning). AP-5 administered before or after CC attenuated subsequent CS-induced reinstatement, whereas AP-5 administered immediately following the first two reinstatement tests impaired the extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior. These results suggest that NMDA receptor-mediated mechanisms within the BLA play a crucial role in the consolidation of drug–CS associations into long-term memories that, in turn, drive cocaine-seeking during relapse.
Charge Superselection Rule

Questions concerning superselection rules are considered. Two experiments are discussed. In the first, coherent superpositions of different angular-momentum states are constructed. In the second, coherent superpositions of states with different charge are constructed in complete analogy with the angular-momentum case. We suggest that, contrary to a widespread belief, interference may be possible between states with different charges.
Specific microbiome changes in a mouse model of parenteral nutrition associated liver injury and intestinal inflammation

Background Parenteral nutrition (PN) has been a life-saving treatment in infants intolerant of enteral feedings. However, PN is associated with liver injury (PN Associated Liver Injury: PNALI) in a significant number of PN-dependent infants. We have previously reported a novel PNALI mouse model in which PN infusion combined with intestinal injury results in liver injury. In this model, lipopolysaccharide activation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling, soy oil-derived plant sterols, and pro-inflammatory activation of Kupffer cells (KCs) played key roles. The objective of this study was to explore changes in the intestinal microbiome associated with PNALI.
Circadian rhythm of prohormone atrial natriuretic peptides 1-30, 31-67 and 99-126 in man.

Two peptides consisting of amino acids 1-30 and 31-67 of the N-terminal end of the prohormone of the atrial natriuretic factor (pro ANF), vasodilate aortas in vitro, lower blood pressure in vivo, and have natriuretic properties similar to the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF, amino acids 99-126 of the prohormone). It has been recently discovered that pro ANF 1-30 and pro ANF 31-67 as well as ANF circulate in man. To determine if these three peptide hormones have a circadian variation in their circulating plasma concentrations, eight housestaff volunteers were studied on a day when they were in the hospital for 24 hr. These 5 men and 3 women, ages 25 to 39 had blood samples taken at 0800, 1200, 1600, 2000, 0000, 0400 and 0800 on the following day. One-half of these house officers were up all night while the other half went to sleep from midnight to 0800 and had their 0400 plasma samples drawn while in a supine position. The peak level for all three peptide hormones was at 0400 for both supine and upright sub...
Oxygen in the Arabian Sea

Sir-Variations in the oxigen isotope content (δ^(18)O) of planktonic foraminifera from the Arabian Sea have been cited as evidence for stronger northeast monsoon current at the last glacial maximum (LGM), about 18 kyr ago, than during the present day.
Quantitative Assessment of Ventricular Function in the Fetus: A Doppler Study in Normal Fetuses and Fetuses of Diabetic Mothers 106

Quantitative Assessment of Ventricular Function in the Fetus: A Doppler Study in Normal Fetuses and Fetuses of Diabetic Mothers 106
Commentary: A Framework for Managing the Familiness and Agency Advantages in Family Firms

This article uses a family–influenced, international, new venture creation case as a platform for addressing the importance of context when exploring entrepreneurship in start–up and growth compani...
Blunted suppression of acyl‐ghrelin in response to fructose ingestion in obese adolescents: The role of insulin resistance

Objective Fructose consumption has risen alongside obesity and diabetes. Gut hormones involved in hunger and satiety (ghrelin and PYY) may respond differently to fructose compared with glucose ingestion. This study evaluated the effects of glucose and fructose ingestion on ghrelin and PYY in lean and obese adolescents with differing insulin sensitivity. Methods Adolescents were divided into lean (n = 14), obese insulin sensitive (n = 12) (OIS), and obese insulin resistant (n = 15) (OIR). In a double-blind, cross-over design, subjects drank 75 g of glucose or fructose in random order, serum was obtained every 10 minutes for 60 minutes. Results Baseline acyl-ghrelin was highest in lean and lowest in OIR (P = 0.02). After glucose ingestion, acyl-ghrelin decreased similarly in lean and OIS but was lower in OIR (vs. lean, P = 0.03). Suppression differences were more pronounced after fructose (lean vs. OIS, P = 0.008, lean vs. OIR, P < 0.001). OIS became significantly hungrier after fructose (P = 0.015). PYY was not significantly different at baseline, varied minimally after glucose, and rose after fructose. Conclusions Compared with lean, OIS adolescents have impaired acyl-ghrelin responses to fructose but not glucose, whereas OIR adolescents have blunted responses to both. Diminished suppression of acyl-ghrelin in childhood obesity, particularly if accompanied by insulin resistance, may promote hunger and overeating.