cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SOME ENZYMES OF ISOLATED NUCLEI

THE COMPOSITION OF ISOLATED NUCLEI AND CELL PREPARATIONS FROM TISSUES OF CALF, BEEF, HORSE, AND FOWL WAS STUDIED WITH RESPECT TO THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS: 1. Liver and kidney arginase, catalase, and uricase; pancreatic lipase and amylase; cardiac muscle myoglobin; erythrocyte hemoglobin; intestinal alkaline phospharase. These are referred to as "special" components in view of their characteristically restricted distribution reflecting the differentiated nature of the tissues in question. 2. Esterase, beta-glucuronidase, alkaline and nucleotide phosphatases, adenosine deaminase, guanase, and nucleoside phosphorylase. These are enzymes of general distribution. The differences in nuclear composition noted with respect to the "special" components, together with the broad variability in nuclear activity found for enzymes of general distribution, led to the conclusion that nuclei are differentiated structures. The following distribution was observed: 1. "Special" components: Hemoglobin was found to be present in fowl and goose erythrocyte nuclei, but myoglobin was entirely absent from heart muscle nuclei; of the special enzymes listed, only catalase and arginase appeared to be concentrated in some of the nuclei. There was no significant nuclear concentration of lipase, amylase, uricase, or alkaline phosphatase. No simple relationship was found between the concentration of a special enzyme in a tissue and its activity in the corresponding nuclei. For example, arginase activity, which is high in mammalian liver and in fowl kidney, was found in liver, not kidney, nuclei. Similarly, catalase activity was demonstrated only in mammalian liver nuclei, although, in mammals, both liver and kidney are rich sources of this enzyme. 2. Enzymes of general distribution fell into three classes: (a) Those present in low concentrations, if at all, in the nuclei-alkaline phosphatase, the nucleotide phosphatases) and beta-glucuronidase. (b) Those present in nuclei in varying concentrations-esterase. (c) Those present in high proportions in most nuclei-adenosine deaminase, nucleoside phosphorylase, and guanase. The exceptionally low nuclear activity of intestinal mucosa with respect to these enzymes was discussed in relation to physiological considerations. The response of nuclei to changes in physiological state was demonstrated by experiments on starvation. The outstanding aspect of this response was a change in nuclear enzymatic activity opposing that observed in the cytoplasm. A comparison of fetal and adult mucosa cells led to the following tentative interpretation of the observed intracellular enzyme distribution: In cells tending to moribundity, as in those subjected to starvation, relative nuclear enzymatic activity falls. The occurrence of special enzymes in nuclei was considered in terms of differentiation, and the high nuclear concentration of the nucleoside-specific enzymes was interpreted in terms of general nuclear metabolic activity.
Chip Morphology and Forces in End Milling of Elastomers

This paper describes chip morphology and forces in end milling of elastomers. A classification system that identifies elastomer chips based on their size and morphology is described. Optical pictures and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs were used to examine and classify chips. A four-step examination procedure is developed to specify seven types of chips. Serrated chip formation with apparent adiabatic shear bands was observed for one end milling condition. The low thermal conductivity of elastomer is a possible cause for the observed shear band formation. Another type of serrated chip was found with surface wavy marks due to vibration of the workpiece. End milling force components were also recorded and analyzed. It was found that end milling of solid carbon dioxide cooled elastomers generated higher forces than the room temperature workpiece. A correlation of the maximum uncut chip thickness on averaged peak cutting force components is identified for different spindle speeds. This has indicated the potential for modeling elastomer machining processes.
Predicting adolescent risk behaviors based on an ecological framework and assets

The objectives were to examine the relationship between an aggregate risk score (smoking drinking and number of sex partners) and measures of youth assets in a sample of 3439 youth aged 14–18 years. Linear regression models for African American and white males and females predicted an aggregate risk score. After adjustments the youth asset most predictive of risk was self / peer values regarding risk behaviors. Perceived school support was also predictive. Taking an ecological approach to the measurement of adolescent health behaviors contributes to our understanding of these risk behaviors. (authors)
Developmental Changes in the Internal Structure of Semantic Categories.

Abstract The present experiment was designed to examine the development of the cognitive representation of semantic categories. Response latencies on a classification task were compared for second, fourth, and sixth graders (8, 10, and 12 years of age, respectively) and college students. On each trial the subjects were presented with two pictures that represented either typical or atypical category exemplars. The two pictures were physically identical, nonidentical pictures from the same category, or pictures from different categories. One half of the trials were primed by presenting a category name in advance of the stimuli. In addition, stimulus degradation was manipulated in order to assess the locus of priming effects. A significant interaction of age × priming × typicality was found for physically identical stimuli. This interaction indicated that the nature of the internal representation of categories changed from the second graders to the adults. It was suggested that the second graders might weigh features inappropriately in generating semantic prototypes. The fact that stimulus degradation and priming did not interact at any age level for any of the match types indicates that priming affected a conceptual encoding stage rather than a perceptual encoding stage.
Copolymers of 1,3-butadiene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene†

Some experiments on the polymerization of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and its copolymerization with butadiene are reported. This monomer requires very little modifier as compared to butadiene.
A new class of evolutionary methods based on the concept of transferred force for structural design

The concept of Transferred Force through certain parts of the structure to its supports is explained. Methods for topology design of linearly elastic structures based on the concept of Transferred Force are studied. The methods do not require any formal optimization techniques, and so they are quite simple to use. A nondimensional parameter that indicates overall performance of the structure is defined and monitored during the re-design process. The methods are applied to truss structures and 2-D plates. Improved shapes and topologies are obtained from the viewpoint of force transfer. Final designs have larger Transferred Forces, implying that the remaining members or elements of the structure contribute optimally to force transfer. It is concluded that the concept of Transferred Forces for redesign of structures is a viable approach and should be developed further for practical applications.
Some recent technical advances in dental materials

Recent noteworthy technological ad­ vances in dentistry include: the Eames technic of using equal parts of mercury and alloy in dental amalgam; a method for fusing a porcelain directly to a gold casting; the development of phosphate bonded investments, and refinements in casting procedures. Present luting and sealing cements are inadequate. The most promising solution would be a material which would adhere to the tooth struc­ ture. A second best solution would be a cement which would seal the margins without dissolution. Eventually, such ma­ terials may be developed.
Interaction of zinc and vitamin E in the chick.

SummaryChicks fed a low zinc diet (5 ppm) based on soybean protein, cornstarch, and corn oil developed severe skin lesions on the toes and foot pads as well as gross joint abnormalities that severely impaired locomotion. Incubation of foot skin in a peroxidative buffer containing 5 ppm Cu resulted in the release of malon-dialdehyde or other thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The rate of release from skin or zinc deficient chicks was 4-5 times as great as from skin of controls fed adequate zinc. Supplementation of the zinc deficient diet with fat soluble antioxidants, particularly vitamin E, decreased the severity of the skin and joint pathology. High levels of dietary vitamin E also decreased the rate of release of peroxidative products from zinc-deficient skin but had no effect on control skin. The results show a significant physiological interaction between dietary vitamin E and zinc. It appears that cells from zinc-deficient chicks can benefit from incorporating higher than normal levels of vitam...
Golmoo: providing a seamless interaction between various devices

As compatibillity between devices such as smartphones, tablets, PC and TV increases, users may choose the optimal device to watch various contents. Due to technologies such as HDMI mirroring, Wi-Fi Display and DLNA, users can extend their viewing experience to other devices. Mirroring a smartphone screen to a large TV screen and playing multi-play phone games on a TV are some examples.
Symbiosis of hydra and algae—III. Extracellular products of the algae

Abstract 1. 1. Green algae symbiotic with Chlorohyra viridissima when isolated from the host and incubated with NaHC14O3 converted 85 per cent of the CP14 to maltose which was liberated to the medium. 2. 2. Other C14 compounds detected in the medium were glucose, glycolic acid, alanine and an oligosaccharide. 3. 3. It is suggested that the algae provide Chlorohydra viridissima with maltose.
Are Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Para-aortic Contouring Guidelines for Pancreatic Neoplasm Applicable to Other Malignancies—Assessment of Nodal Distribution in Gynecological Malignancies

Purpose Intensity modulated radiation therapy is used to reduce dose to adjacent critical structures while maintaining adequate target coverage, but it requires precise target localization. We report the 3-dimensional distribution of para-aortic (PA) lymph nodes (LN) in pelvic malignancies. We propose a guideline to accurately define the PA LN by anatomic landmarks and compare our data with published guidelines for pancreatic cancer. Methods and Materials A retrospective analysis was performed on 46 patients with pelvic malignancies and positive PA LNs. Positive LNs were defined based on size and morphology or fluorodeoxyglucose avidity. All PA LNs were characterized into 3 groups based on location: left PA (between aorta and left psoas muscle), aortocaval (between aorta and inferior vena cava), and right paracaval (between inferior vena cava and right psoas muscle). Patients with retrocrural LNs were also analyzed. Results One hundred thirty-three positive PA LNs were evaluated. The majority of the PA LNs were in the left PA (59%) and aortocaval (35) regions, and only 8% were in the right paracaval region. All patients with positive right paracaval LNs also had involved left PA LNs, with only 1 exception. The highest PA LN involvement was at the level of the renal vessels and was seen in 28% of patients. Of these patients with disease extending to renal vessels, 38% had retrocrural LN involvement. Conclusions The nodal contouring for the PA region should not be defined by a fixed circumferential margin around the vessels. The left PA and aortocaval spaces should be covered adequately because these are common locations of PA LNs. For microscopic disease superiorly, contouring should extend up to renal vessels rather than a fixed bony landmark. For patients who have nodal involvement at renal vessels, one can consider including retrocrural LNs. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Para-aortic Contouring Guidelines for Pancreatic Neoplasm are not applicable to gynecological malignancies.
The virtual work principle and linear complementary method for coupling analysis of elasto-plastic damage structure

The virtual displacement principle of elasto-plastic damage mechanics is presented. A linear complementary method for elasto-plastic damage problem is proposed by using FEM technique. This method is applicable to solving the damage structure analysis of hardened and softened nonlinear material.
Performance of females heterozygous for deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase.

Abstract Milk orotate concentration was tested for 1451 registered and grade Holsteins from 23 herds. Cows with milk orotate concentration exceeding 200 μ g/ml were blood-tested for uridine monophosphate synthase activity. Thirty-four cows were diagnosed as deficient in this enzyme, which is necessary for the metabolic conversion of orotate to uridine 5′-monophosphate. To control for genetics, a subset of 33 deficient cows and their 145 normal paternal half-sisters were also analyzed. Milk yield at 305 d, adjusted for age and milking frequency, was significantly affected by the stage of lactation at which the test was done, by the parity of the cow, and by the interaction of the parity of the cow with its diagnosis of uridine monophosphate synthase in both analyses. Twenty-five older, deficient cows yielded the most milk (8118); 8 first-calf, deficient cows the least milk (6810); and 1386 normal cows intermediate amounts. Deficiency effect and interaction of parity with deficiency were not significant for fat. Interaction of parity with deficiency was significant for calving interval. Older, deficient cows had the longest calving intervals; first calf, deficient cows had the shortest calving intervals; and normal cows had intermediate calving intervals. However, deficiency was not associated with milk yield in analysis that considered calving interval as a covariate for milk.
Performance of Coated Reinforcing Bars in Cracked Bridge Decks

The presence of cracks in bridge decks that are reinforced with epoxy-coated reinforcing (ECR) bars has raised some concerns among bridge and maintenance engineers in the state of Iowa. To study the effects of deck cracking on the performance of ECR bars, several concrete cores that contained reinforcing bars were collected from 80 bridges that are located in different counties throughout the state of Iowa. These samples were collected from cracked and uncracked areas of the bridge decks. Concrete powder samples were collected from these cores and were analyzed in the laboratory to determine the diffusion of the chloride in the bridge decks. This study revealed that no sign of corrosion was detected for the ECR rebars that were taken at the uncracked bridge deck locations. In addition, no delamination or spalling was observed for the bridge decks where bars in the core samples, which were taken at the cracked bridge deck locations, exhibited signs of corrosion. The collected ECR rebars samples were rated according to the degree of the corrosion that was observed on each bar. These ratings were used to develop condition/age relationships that were utilized to estimate the functional service life of bridge decks that are reinforced with ECR bars.
Background and Mass Extinctions: The Alternation of Macroevolutionary Regimes

Comparison of evolutionary patterns among Late Cretaceous marine bivalves and gastropods during times of normal, background levels of extinction and during the end-Cretaceous mass extinction indicates that mass extinctions are neither an intensification of background patterns nor an entirely random culling of the biota. During background times, traits such as planktotrophic larval development, broad geographic range of constituent species, and high species richness enhanced survivorship of species and genera. In contrast, during the, end-Cretaceous and other mass extinctions these factors were ineffectual, but broad geographic deployment of an entire lineage, regardless of the ranges of its constituent species, enhanced survivorship. Large-scale evolutionary patterns are evidently shaped by the alternation of these two macroevolutionary regimes, with rare but important mass extinctions driving shifts in the composition of the biota that have little relation to success during the background regime. Lineages or adaptations can be lost during mass extinctions for reasons unrelated to their survival values for organisms or species during background times, and long-term success would require the chance occurrence within a single lineage of sets of traits conducive to survivorship under both regimes.
Laplace operators of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras and theta functions

Abstract Until recently, the generalized Casimir operator constructed by Kac [Kac, V. G. (1974) Funct. Anal. Appl. 8, 68-70] has been the only known element of the center of a completion of the enveloping algebra of a Kac-Moody algebra. It has been conjectured [Deodhar, V. V., Gabber, O. & Kac, V. G. (1982) Adv. Math. 45, 92-116], however, that the image of the Harish-Chandra homomorphism contains all theta functions defined on the interior of the complexified Tits cone and hence separates the orbits of the Weyl group. Developing the ideas of Feigin and Fuchs [Feigin, B. L. & Fuchs, D. B. (1983) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 269, 1057-1060], I prove this conjecture. Another application of this method is the Chevalley type restriction theorem for simple finite-dimensional Lie superalgebras.
Comparative study of the efficacies of nine assay methods for the dextransucrase synthesis of dextran.

Abstract A comparative study of nine assay methods for dextransucrase and related enzymes has been made. A relatively widespread method for the reaction of dextransucrase with sucrose is the measurement of the reducing value of d -fructose by alkaline 3,5-dinitrosalicylate (DNS) and thereby the amount of d -glucose incorporated into dextran. Another method is the reaction with 14 C-sucrose with the addition of an aliquot to Whatman 3MM paper squares that are washed three times with methanol to remove 14 C- d -fructose and unreacted 14 C-sucrose, followed by counting of 14 C-dextran on the paper by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). It is shown that both methods give erroneous results. The DNS reducing value method gives extremely high values due to over-oxidation of both d -fructose and dextran, and the 14 C-paper square method gives significantly low values due to the removal of some of the 14 C-dextran from the paper by methanol washes. In the present study, we have examined nine methods and find two that give values that are identical and are an accurate measurement of the dextransucrase reaction. They are (1) a 14 C-sucrose/dextransucrase digest in which dextran is precipitated three times with three volumes of ethanol, dissolved in water, and added to paper and counted in a toluene cocktail by LSC; and (2) precipitation of dextran three times with three volumes of ethanol from a sucrose/dextransucrase digest, dried, and weighed. Four reducing value methods were examined to measure the amount of d -fructose. Three of the four (two DNS methods, one with both dextran and d -fructose and the other with only d -fructose, and the ferricyanide/arsenomolybdate method with d -fructose) gave extremely high values due to over-oxidation of d -fructose, d -glucose, leucrose, and dextran.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase: subcellular localization in caudate following selective interruption of striatal afferents.

Abstract This study reports the subcellular localization of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity at sites postsynaptic to the degenerating terminals of corticostriate and thalamostriate projections. The neurotransmitter content of these pathways is unknown. Visualization of phosphodiesterase activity at synaptic sites other than the dopaminergic endings of the nigroneostriatal pathway precludes the use of this cytochemical method to identify indirectly the “dopamine receptor” in the caudate nucleus.
Cartography without ‘Progress’: Reinterpreting the Nature and Historical Development of Mapmaking

This paper extends the current critique of cartography's empiricist presuppositions to the nature of cartography as a practice. After exploring the relevant aspects of empiricist cartography - the manner in which geographic data are treated as constituting a single, monolithic database and the reliance upon a linear and progressive view of cartographic history - a new interpretation of cartography's nature and of its history are presented. Cartography should be seen as a complex amalgam of cartographic modes rather than as a monolithic enterprise. Each mode comprises a set of cultural, social, and technological relations which determine cartographic practices. This conception is applied to modern European cartography in the period between 1500 and 1850, when mapmaking appeared to progress from being an art to being a science (the 'cartographic reformation'). Approaching this period without prior assumptions of progress reveals that cartography's reformation is a myth created by our misunderstanding of the...
Caffeine dissociates complexes between DNA and intercalating dyes: application for bleaching fluorochrome-stained cells for their subsequent restaining and analysis by laser scanning cytometry.

Background Removal of the nucleic acid-bound fluorochrome is desirable when stained cells have to be reanalyzed using other fluorochromes. It is also often desirable to remove DNA-bound antitumor drugs from drug-treated cells, to improve cell staining. We have previously observed that in aqueous solutions, the methylxanthine caffeine (CFN) decreases interactions between planar aromatic molecules such as intercalating dyes or antitumor drugs and nucleic acids. The aim of this study was to explore whether this property of CFN can be utilized to remove the DNA-bound intercalating dyes propidium iodide (PI) or 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) from the cells and whether the bleached cells can be restained and reanalyzed. Methods HL-60 cells were fixed in 70% ethanol and their DNA was stained with PI or 7-AAD. The cells were then rinsed with a 0.05 M solution of CFN in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or with PBS alone. The decrease in intensity of cell fluorescence during rinsing was measured by laser scanning cytometry (LSC) to obtain the bleaching kinetics of individual cells. The bleached cells were then restained with PI, 7-AAD, or the protein-specific fluorochrome sulforhodamine 101(S101). Their fluorescence was measured again by LSC. In addition, free DNA was subjected to gel electrophoresis, DNA bands in the gels were stained with ethidium bromide (EB), and the gels were rinsed with a solution of CFN or PBS to bleach the DNA band's fluorescence. Results Rinsing the PI or 7-AAD–stained cells with solutions of CFN led to nearly complete removal of PI and a more than 75% decrease in 7-AAD fluorescence after 10 min. The rinse with PBS decreased the PI cell fluorescence intensity by less than 30% and the 7-AAD fluorescence by about 50%. The differences in kinetics of PI or 7-AAD removal by CFN from G2/M versus G1 cells suggest that these intercalators bind more strongly to DNA in chromatin of G2/M than G1 cells. The CFN-bleached cells were then successfully stained with S101 and again with PI or 7-AAD. The bivariate analysis of the LSC merged files of the cells sequentially stained with PI and S101 revealed typical DNA/protein distributions. The fluorescence of EB-stained DNA bands in gels was also nearly completely removed by rinsing gels in 0.05 M CFN; PBS alone had a distinctly lesser effect. Conclusion Solutions of CFN can dissociate the DNA-bound PI, 7-AAD, EB, and possibly other intercalating fluorochromes. The bleached cells can be restained and reanalyzed by LSC. This approach can also be used to remove such fluorochromes from nucleic acids immobilized in gels and perhaps in other solid matrices. Analysis of the kinetics of fluorochrome removal from cells can possibly be used to study their binding affinities to nucleic acids in situ. Cytometry 43:38–45, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
IL‐8/IL‐8 receptor expression in psoriasis and the response to systemic tacrolimus (FK506) therapy

Recently, the keratinocyte IL-8/IL-8 receptor (IL-8R) pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and there is evidence that the potent macrolide immune suppressant tacrolimus (formerly FK506) can inhibit this pathway in vitro. In this study, determination of the expression of cytokine mRNAs in lesional skin of patients with active disease by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed transcripts for IL-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, IL-8, IL-8R, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-2R and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), but not IL-2 or IL-4. IL-8 was the only cytokine expressed in affected skin of all patients but not in clinically normal skin of healthy subjects. In seven CD4+ T cell clones propagated from the lesional skin of an untreated psoriasis patient, IL-8 was expressed by the skin-derived T lymphocytes and not by feeder cells (irradiated autologous blood lymphocytes); IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 were also expressed by some or all of the T cell clones. IL-8 mRNA was not detected in the skin of any patient after the start of systemic tacrolimus therapy; IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IFN-gamma transcripts were also reduced. By 12 weeks, the mean psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) had decreased from 18.8 to 3.8, a reduction of 80%. In the same post-treatment biopsies, however, message for IL-8R persisted. Estimation of circulating IL-8 levels by enzyme immunoassay showed that all patients with detectable IL-8 before treatment had decreased levels in response to treatment with tacrolimus; reductions in PASI scores were accompanied by decreases in IL-8 levels, that varied both in rate and extent. Partial relapse, which in a minority of patients followed the initial period of remission, and was precipitated by drug dose reduction, was accompanied by an increase in circulating IL-8. These findings add credence to the view that the IL-8/IL-8R autocrine/paracrine pathway may be important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. They further suggest that interference with IL-8 production and/or that of other key chemokines may be an important mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of tacrolimus, and other agents such as cyclosporin A, with similar molecular actions.
TOURMALINE-BEARING QUARTZ VEINS IN THE BARABOO QUARTZITE, WISCONSIN: OCCURRENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF FOITITE AND "OXY-FOITITE"

The alkali-deficient tourmaline, foitite [(Fe 2+ 2Al)Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)], and associated hematite occur in quartz veins that cut the geon 17 Baraboo Quartzite in south-central Wisconsin. The bluish green prismatic crystals of tourmaline are chemically zoned from core to rim, with the cores being very aluminous, highly alkali-deficient and, in one sample, relatively magnesian. Electron-microprobe analyses demonstrate that the tourmaline has a prevailing alkali-deficiency in the X site, which ranges from 49 to 87%, with a mean of 73%, making this the most alkali-deficient tourmaline reported to date. In one sample, hi gh contents of Al (up to 7.7 Al apfu) and high cation-charge excess demonstrate the likely existence of a dominant “oxy-foitite” component [(Fe 2+ Al2)Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3(O)], which is the first recognition of such in a natural occurrence. The wide range of chemical zoning in the tourmaline is most consistent with substitutions represented by the Al(NaR)–1, AlO[R(OH)]–1, FeAl–1 and MgFe–1 exchanges, where R symbolizes Fe + Mg. The alkali-deficient character of the Baraboo tourmaline largely reflects the alkali-depleted and chemically mature composition of the host Baraboo Quartzite, but core-to-rim compositional variation in the tourmaline records the evolving nature of the attendant hydrothermal fluid, from a Na-poor, relatively alkalin e early stage to a more sodic, acidic later stage.
Cytopathology of “double-hit” non-Hodgkin lymphoma

BACKGROUND: B-cell lymphomas with concurrent IGH-BCL2 and c-MYC rearrangements (so-called “double-hit lymphomas” [DHL]) are a relatively rare, recently described category in the 2008 World Health Organization classification of hematopoietic neoplasms. Response to chemotherapy and survival are poor. METHODS: The authors reviewed files of cytogenetically documented DHL to identify cytologic features that would allow its possible recognition. RESULTS: Twelve fine-needle aspirates (FNAs), 2 pleural fluids, and 1 touch imprint of cytogenetically proven DHL were uncovered. Primary DHL was correctly recognized in 3 of 12 FNA cases using Ki-67 staining coupled with a positive bcl-2 result as the basis for performing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of c-MYC and IGH-BCL2 rearrangements. Remaining FNAs and non-FNA cases were diagnosed as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, or atypical lymphocytosis. Ten cases had cell block material available. All cases had high cellularity with a dissociated smear pattern and background lymphoglandular bodies. Cell size ranged from intermediate to large. Nuclei were predominantly rounded or slightly irregular in contour; 4 FNAs had markedly cleaved nuclei. Some nuclei harbored discrete but small nucleoli, whereas in others coarse chromatin and indistinct or multiple small nucleoli existed. A variable number of mitotic figures, tingible body macrophages, and background apoptotic cells were also present. CONCLUSIONS: No specific cytomorphologic feature(s) were found to reliably identify DHL using FNA or exfoliative cytology. A high Ki-67 proliferation index and positive bcl-2 staining (on cytospin slides or cell block material) of cases not conforming to typical Burkitt lymphoma morphology should prompt FISH analysis for c-MYC and/or IGH-BCL2 rearrangements to identify DHL, particularly if tissue biopsy is not expected. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society
Fourier Encoded Data Searching of Infrared Spectra (FEDS/IRS)

A new library searching technique is reported that relies on Fourier transforms of infrared (IR) absorbance spectra. Searching in the time domain is shown to be more tolerant to noise than searches in the spectral domain and fewer points are required to encode the unique characteristics of the individual spectrum. This decreases both search time and library storage requirements. Additionally, time-domain classification of IR spectra is demonstrated and the possibility of indexing the library for a binary search is discussed.
Therapeutic footwear: Enhanced function in people with diabetes and transmetatarsal amputation

Abstract Objective: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and a trans-metatarsal amputation (TMA) have considerable deficits in function compared with age-matched controls. The purpose of this study was to determine if therapeutic footwear could improve the functional mobility of patients with DM and TMA. Study Design: Repeated-measures design. Setting: Academic medical center. Patients: Thirty subjects (10 women, 20 men) with DM and a TMA, with a mean age of 61.7 = 4.0yrs. Interventions: Six types of footwear evaluating the following components: length of shoe (full-length or short shoe), a rigid rocker-bottom sole, and an ankle-foot-orthosis. Outcome Measures: Physical Performance Test (PPT), functional reach, and walking speed. Measurements in each footwear condition occurred after a 1-month adjustment period. Results: Patients wearing full-length custom-made shoes with a total-contact insert, a rigid rocker-bottom sole or a short shoe with a rigid rocker-bottom sole (with or without an ankle-foot-orthosis) had similar and significantly higher scores in the PPT and faster walking speed than when wearing regular shoes with a toe filler ( p Conclusion: Although there are individual exceptions, we recommend the full-length shoe, total-contact insert, and a rigid rocker-bottom sole for most patients with DM and a TMA.
The transmission properties of an RF-only quadrupole mass filter

Abstract The performance of a quadrupole mass filter operated in the RF-only mode was investigated. Data are presented which demonstrate that the transmission properties of such devices deviate markedly from that which would be predicted from the Mathieu stability diagram. Discussion of the factors influencing the transmission efficiency of ions through an RF-only quadrupole is presented. The transmission efficiency of ionic species through an RF-only quadrupole is primarily influenced by three factors. The first of these is the formal stability of the ion trajectory as summarized by the coordinates of the particle in a, q space. The second factor is the acceptance aperture of the quadrupole in combination with the emittance of the ion source. The final factor is shown to be spatial focusing conditions which arise due to the nature of the frequency components that are contained within the trajectory of an ion as it traverses the quadrupole electrode structure. The theory of such spatial focusing conditions is reported. The measurement of naturally occurring isotope abundance ratios is used to demonstrate the magnitude of errors which may result due to the non-ideal transmission properties of the RF-only quadrupole. Suggestions are provided to minimize such mass discrimination effects.
Corporate Ethics Programs as Control Systems: Influences of Executive Commitment and Environmental Factors

Our study asked why corporations introduce formal programs to manage ethics and why those programs display varying characteristics. We used control theory to delineate an ethics program's scope and...
A limping 6 year old child with no history of illness or trauma

Answers on p 182 . A 6 year old Asian-American boy was taken to a paediatrician by his parents because they noticed that he had been limping for the past week and had begun to complain of pain in his right knee. He had never previously experienced any episodes of leg pain or limping. The patient denied a history of trauma within the previous month. The history was also negative …
Compensatory responses of CO2 exchange and biomass allocation and their effects on the relative growth rate of ponderosa pine in different CO2 and temperature regimes.

Increases in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide may have a fertilizing effect on plant growth by increasing photosynthetic rates and therefore may offset potential growth decreases caused by the stress associated with higher temperatures and lower precipitation. However, plant growth is determined both by rates of net photosynthesis and by proportional allocation of fixed carbon to autotrophic tissue and heterotrophic tissue. Although CO2 fertilization may enhance growth by increasing leaf-level assimilation rates, reallocation of biomass from leaves to stems and roots in response to higher concentrations of CO2 and higher temperatures may reduce whole-plant assimilation and offset photosynthetic gains. We measured growth parameters, photosynthesis, respiration, and biomass allocation of Pinus ponderosa seedlings grown for 2 months in 2×2 factorial treatments of 350 or 650μ bar CO2 and 10/25° C or 15/30° C night/day temperatures. After 1 month in treatment conditions, total seedling biomass was higher in elevated CO2, and temperature significantly enhanced the positive CO2 effect. However, after 2 months the effect of CO2 on total biomass decreased and relative growth rates did not differ among CO2 and temperature treatments over the 2-month growth period even though photosynthetic rates increased ≈7% in high CO2 treatments and decreased ≈10% in high temperature treatments. Additionally, CO2 enhancement decreased root respiration and high temperatures increased shoot respiration. Based on CO2 exchange rates, CO2 fertilization should have increased relative growth rates (RGR) and high temperatures should have decreased RGR. Higher photosynthetic rates caused by CO2 fertilization appear to have been mitigated during the second month of exposure to treatment conditions by a ≈3% decrease in allocation of biomass to leaves and a ≈9% increase in root:shoot ratio. It was not clear why diminished photosynthetic rates and increased respiration rates at high temperatures did not result in lower RGR. Significant diametrical and potentially compensatory responses of CO2 exchange and biomass allocation and the lack of differences in RGR of ponderosa pine after 2 months of exposure of high CO2 indicate that the effects of CO2 fertilization and temperature on whole-plant growth are determined by complex shifts in biomass allocation and gas exchange that may, for some species, maintain constant growth rates as climate and atmospheric CO2 concentrations change. These complex responses must be considered together to predict plant growth reactions to global atmospheric change, and the potential of forest ecosystems to sequester larger amounts of carbon in the future.
ISOBAR PRODUCTION AND ELASTIC SCATTERING IN p--p INTERACTIONS FROM 6 TO 30 GeV/c.

Differential cross sections have been measured for nucleon-isobar production and elastic scattering in $p\ensuremath{-}p$ interactions from 6.2 to 29.7 $\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$ in the laboratory angle range $8l{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{sc}}l265$ mrad. ${N}^{*}$' s at 1236, 1410, 1500, 1690, and 2190 MeV were observed. Computer fits to the mass spectra under varying assumptions of resonance and background shapes show that conclusions on $t$ and $s$ dependence are only slightly affected despite typical variations in absolute normalization of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 35%. Logarithmic $t$ slopes in the small- $|t|$ range are $\ensuremath{\sim}15 {(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ for the ${N}^{*}(1410)$, $\ensuremath{\sim}5 {(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ for the ${N}^{*}$'s at 1500, 1690, and 2190 MeV, and $\ensuremath{\sim}9 {(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ for elastic scattering. Also for the small- $|t|$ data, cross sections for ${N}^{*}$'s at 1410, 1500, 1690, and 2190 MeV and for elastic scattering vary only slightly with ${P}_{\mathrm{inc}}$ consistent with the dominance of Pomeranchuk exchange and with diffraction dissociation. A fit of ${N}^{*}(1690)$ total cross sections to the form ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{\propto}}{P}^{\ensuremath{-}n}$ gives $n=0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$, while for elastic scattering $n=0.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$. For the ${N}^{*}(1690)$ the effective Regge trajectory has the slope ${{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{eff}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(0)=0.38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.17$. When compared with ${N}^{*}$ production in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and $\overline{p}$ beams these data also agree with approximate factorization of the Pomeranchuk trajectory. ${N}^{*}(1236)$ cross sections are consistent with other measurements at similar momenta. For $\ensuremath{-}tg1 {(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, elastic scattering cross sections decrease approximately as ${{P}_{\mathrm{inc}}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, and they and ${N}^{*}(1500)\ensuremath{-}$ and ${N}^{*}(1690)\ensuremath{-}$ production cross sections have $t$ slopes consistent with 1.6 ${(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$.
O referendo na Venezuela: um ato em um drama inacabado

O artigo enfoca o referendo revogatorio realizado na Venezuela em agosto de 2004, que confirmou a permanencia de Hugo Chavez na Presidencia do pais ate o fim de seu mandato. Apontam-se o contexto politico que nele culminou, no qual o governo Chavez foi alvo de intensas contestacoes por parte de seus opositores, e seus conturbados desdobramentos, com acusacoes de fraude e de atuacao imparcial da autoridade eleitoral. A autora destaca a rigida polarizacao que permeou o processo, dividindo a sociedade venezuelana e impondo ao governo e a propria oposicao o desafio de reconstituir o consenso nacional em torno dos interesses coletivos.
ATP's impact on the conformation and holoenzyme formation in relation to the regulation of brain glutamate decarboxylase.

To investigate ATP as a potential factor in the regulation of brain glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the impact of ATP on the enzyme conformation and holoenzyme formation was investigated. ATP at 100 microM quenches fluorescence emission intensity of the holoenzyme of GAD (holoGAD) by 18% after a correction for the inner filter effect and enhances fluorescence steady-state polarization from 0.158 to 0. 183 when excited at 280 or 295 nm. These findings suggest that ATP moderately changes the microenvironment of one or more tryptophan or tyrosine residues in holoGAD and alters these residues from a more mobile state to a less mobile one. A moderate ATP-induced conformational change in holoGAD is also supported by the observations that ATP increases the thermal denaturation temperature of holoGAD by 2 degrees C, as derived from temperature-dependent fluorescence spectra, and decreases the alpha-helical content of holoGAD by 8-10%, as determined by circular dichroism. Moreover, ATP does not affect the keto-enol tautomerization of holoGAD and has little or no direct effect on its activity, implying that the ATP interacting domain in holoGAD is not at the active site. Kinetics studies, as demonstrated by stopped-flow fluorescence and UV/visible spectroscopy, demonstrate that formation of holoGAD involves two steps: a fast reaction forming an apoGAD-cofactor intermediate complex, followed by a slow reaction involving the conformational change in the intermediate complex. ATP reduces the rate constant of the fast step to one-third and decreases the rate of the slow step and the intermediate complex formation constant to 60% of their original values. The present data suggest that ATP may regulate the interconversion between apoGAD and holoGAD by interacting with apoGAD rather than holoGAD. By slowing down the rate of intermediate complex formation, ATP reduces the amount of holoGAD formed.
Structural and spectroscopic models of the manganese catalase active site. Isolation and structures of the asymmetric [(H2O)MnIII(μ-O)-(μ-O2CR)2MnIII(L)] (L Cr2O72−, CH3OH) cores: Analogs of a substrate-bound catalase active site intermediate

Abstract The isolation and structural characterization are reported for two new unsymmetrical (μ-oxo)bis(μ-carboxylato)dimanganese(III) complexes, [Mn2O(O2CC2H5)2(H2O)(Cr2O7)(bpy)2] (1) and [Mn2O(O2CCH2Cl)2(H2O)(CH2OH)(bpy)2]2− (2) (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) that mimic end-on substrate and/or inhibitor coordination to only one manganese atom of the dimeric active site in bacterial manganese catalases. Crystals of 1 were self assembled spontaneously in aqueous medium following treatment of equimolar Mn(II) and bpy with K2Cr2O, in propionic acid rich solution. Complex 2 was synthesized by oxidation of Mn(II) with KMnO4 in pure methanol in the presence of bpy, chloroacetic acid, and sodium chloroacetate. X-ray crystallographic studied of 1 and 2 establish the presence of a similar triply bridged dimanganese core with distinct manganese sites in which one manganese atom contains an axial water molecule and the other is bonded to a terminal oxygen atom of dichromate anion (1), or to the oxygen atom of methanol (2), a neutral substrate. Complex 1 represents the first structurally characterized instance in which the dichromate acts as a monodentate ligand, the MnO(dichromate) bond of 2.132(23) A indicating strong anion coordination. Isolation of these model complexes and their structural characteristics suggest a preference of the [Mn2O(O2CR)2(H2O)2]2− core towards a replacement of one water molecule only a feature that is suspected to operate in hydroperoxide binding to a dimanganese site of catalases. The resonance Raman signatures with visible excitation (406.7–501.7 nm) were obtained for a series of catalase model complexes containing dimanganese cores bridged by one or two μ-oxo groups, including (μ-oxo)bis(μ-carboxylato) Mn(III.III), and mixed-valent bis (μ-oxo) and bis (μ-oxo)mono(μ-carboxylato)Mn(III.IV) dimers. The two structural types, which model the oxidized Mn(III,III) and superoxidized Mn(III,IV) forms of catalase, are distinguished readily by the uniquely resonance-enhanced μ-18O-sensitive MnO(oxo) stretching bands at ≈ 560 and ≈ 700 cm, respectively.
Microelectronics Process Engineering: A Non-Traditional Approach to MS&E

Materials Science and Engineering straddles the fence between engineering and science. In order to produce more work-ready undergraduates, we offer a new interdisciplinary program to educate materials engineers with a particular emphasis on microelectronics-related manufacturing. The bachelor's level curriculum in Microelectronics Process Engineering (μProE) is interdisciplinary, drawing from materials, chemical, electrical and industrial engineering programs and tied together with courses, internships and projects which integrate thin film processing with manufacturing control methods. Our graduates are prepared for entry level engineering jobs that require knowledge and experience in microelectronics-type fabrication and statistics applications in manufacturing engineering. They also go on to graduate programs in materials science and engineering. The program objectives were defined using extensive input from industry and alumni. We market our program as part of workforce development for Silicon Valley and have won significant support from local industry as well as federal sources. We plan to offer a vertical slice of workforce development, from lower division engineering and community college activities to industry short courses. We also encourage all engineering majors to take electives in our program. All our course and program development efforts rely on clearly defined learning objectives.
Surgical Repair of Pulmonary Venous Stenosis: A Word of Caution

Background Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS), both congenital and acquired, is challenging to treat surgically with uncertain long-term results. We reviewed an 11-year surgical experience in 52 children. Methods From 2002 to 2012, 52 children age 0 days to 13 years (mean 1.9 years, median 11.7 months) weighing 2.2 to 32.5 kg (mean 9.3 kg, median 7.6 kg) had surgical relief of PVS. Based on clinical characteristics or complexity, 33 (63%) had a sutureless pericardial well repair and 19 (37%) had a more standard patch repair. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the 2 techniques. Twenty children (38%) had prior anomalous pulmonary vein repair and 8 had primary pulmonary vein stenosis; 26 (50%) had other operations at the time of PVS relief. Results There were 2 hospital deaths (10.5%) in the "standard" group and 5 (15.2%) in the sutureless group ( p > 0.99). Despite postoperative evidence of PVS relief by echocardiogram or cardiac cath in all patients, at 5 years, actuarial freedom from PVS recurrence or death in the hospital survivors was 67% in the standard group and 58% in the sutureless group. Most recurrences or deaths occurred within 6 months of operation. Heterotaxy, single ventricle anatomy, bilateral disease, and previous anomalous pulmonary vein repair were not predictors of failure. Conclusions Surgical treatment of pulmonary vein stenosis remains a challenging problem with nontrivial early mortality and ongoing risk for recurrence or death regardless of surgical technique employed. Clearly, development of methods for earlier intervention or detection and improved surgical techniques are warranted.