cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of CO and N 2 with the Cu(111) surface

The electronic structure of the Cu(111) surface changes upon adsorption of CO or ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. Comparing the results for both adsorbates, we are able to differentiate between changes in the electronic structure induced by a change in the potential at the surface or by a chemical bond. The ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{1}$ surface state is involved in the chemical bond of CO. On the other hand, a surface resonance at the top of the $d$ bands and an adsorbate-induced surface state at the bottom of the $d$ bands are caused by changes in the potential.
Analysis of CuIn x Ga 1−x Se 2 solar cells using admittance spectroscopy under light bias

We report on the application of a new approach to admittance spectroscopy conducted with simultaneous white light bias to the analysis of several CuIn x Ga 1−x Se 2 solar cells fabricated at the University of Delaware. Admittance spectroscopy in the dark shows the typical behavior for most CIGS devices including constant capacitance at lower temperatures across a wide range of measurement frequencies from 225 to 71100 Hz. Then, as the temperature increases, an admittance step is observed, consistent with carrier capture and emission involving a ∼250 meV deep acceptor state within in the depletion region. A significant change in behavior is observed upon exposure of the device to light during such measurements; namely, the capacitance is greatly increased at low temperatures but this decreases linearly with increasing temperature back to the dark values. The admittance step appears unaffected except to the extent that it is masked by the photo-induced capacitance change at low temperatures. Higher light levels result in a greater increase in capacitance at low temperatures. The observed photo-induced enhancement of capacitance is also frequency dependent with the greatest changes occurring at the lowest frequencies. We interpret the results in terms of a population of photogenerated carriers trapped in band tail states at the lower temperatures, which escape if given a sufficient time at a given temperature. At low light levels the rise in photocapacitance is limited by the available photocarriers and so the photo-induced behavior is reduced. The results offer some new insights for understanding the operation of solar cells.
Perioperative Care of the Pregnant Surgical Patient

Abstract Successful perioperative management of the pregnant surgical patient requires a multidisciplinary nursing approach to decrease perinatal morbidity and mortality. A comprehensive perioperative patient care plan and coordination with obstetric and neonatal team members enhance the surgical outcome for both the mother and her child. AORN J 60 (August 1994) 205–216.
Overall degradation of conductive solids with mesocracks

Abstract A continuum damage model for heat conduction is proposed in this work to account for the degradation of the bulk thermal conductivity due to the formation of subscale defects in the solid. Specifically, defects in the form of cracks, or mesocracks, have been considered. A field theory is developed analytically which isolates the effects of mesocracks in an added matrix of the thermal resistance. Followed by a general formulation, the concept of mesocrack damage in the process of heat transport is further illustrated by considering a three-dimensional and isotropic medium transferring the thermal energy according to Fourier's law of heat conduction. It is found that the amount of degradation of the bulk thermal conductivity increases linearly with the mesocrack density. In the case that the solid is saturated with mesocracks, a limiting value of thermal conductivity K being one-ninth of the intact value is obtained. A detailed discussion on this limiting value is then provided with emphasis placed on the identification of the damage parameters in the temperature-gradient model proposed earlier for assessing the mesocrack damage from a different point of view.
Orphanin FQ has an inhibitory effect on the guinea pig ileum and the mouse vas deferens

The activity of the recently isolated endogenous opioid-like peptide orphanin FQ (OFQ) was measured in two classical bioassays of opioid action. OFQ potently and concentration-dependently suppressed the electrically stimulated contractions of the guinea pig ileum (GPI) and the mouse vas deferens (MVD) with EC50 values of 1.82 +/- 0.16 and 2.97 +/- 0.01 nM, and Emax values of 56 +/- 3% and 96 +/- 4%, respectively. This effect of OFQ, in both the GPI and MVD, was insensitive to the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. OFQ competed with [3H]diprenorphine binding to mu-, delta- or kappa-opioid receptors stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines with IC50 values of 2.1 +/- 0.4, 2.2 +/- 0.3, 0.75 +/- 0.3 microM, respectively. Low affinity for the classical opioid receptors together with the inability of naloxone to antagonize its effect suggest that the inhibitory action of OFQ is mediated via a distinct OFQ receptor in the GPI and MVD. Consequently, the MVD could serve as a valuable bioassay of potential OFQ receptor antagonists.
Maternal Behavior: Neural Circuits, Stimulus Valence, and Motivational Processes

SYNOPSIS This article summarizes research on the brain circuits underlying maternal responsiveness. The research shows how a female mammal's physiological state primes and activates neural and neurochemical mechanisms that promote maternal responsiveness. A dysregulation of such mechanisms would lead to inadequate maternal behavior. Neural models are described to show how hormones and oxytocin might cause a functional rewiring of neural circuits so that infant stimuli that initially provoke antisocial defensive responses can come to evoke prosocial acceptance responses. Similarly, genetic, experiential, and cognitive factors might also influence maternal behavior by affecting the operation of the critical neural circuits.
SEP-class genes in Populus tremuloides and their likely role in reproductive survival of poplar trees

One of the most important processes to the survival of a species is its ability to reproduce. In plants, SEPALLATA-class MADS-box genes have been found to control the development of the inner whorls of flowers. However, while much is known about floral development in herbaceous plants, similar systems in woody trees remain poorly understood. Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen) is a widespread North American tree having important economic value, and its floral development differs from that of well-studied species in that the flowers have only two whorls and are truly unisexual. Sequence based analyses indicate that PTM3 (Populus tremuloides MADS-box 3), and a duplicate gene PTM4, are related to the SEPALLATA1-and 2-class of MADS-box genes. Another gene, PTM6, is related to SEP3, and each of these genes has a counterpart in the poplar genomic database along with additional members of the A, B, C, D, and E-classes of MADS-box genes. PTM3/4 and 6 are expressed in all stages of male and female aspen floral development. However, PTM3/4 is also expressed in the terminal buds, young leaves, and young stems. In situ RNA localization identified PTM3/4 and 6 transcripts predominantly in the inner, sexual whorl, within developing ovules of female flowers and anther primordia of male flowers. Tree researchers often use heterologous systems to help study tree floral development due to the long juvenile periods found in most trees. We found that the participation of PTM3/4 in floral development is supported by transgenic experiments in both P. tremuloides and heterologous systems such as tobacco and Arabidopsis. However, phenotypic artifacts were observed in the heterologous systems. Together the results suggest a role for poplar SEP-class genes in reproductive viability.
Dynamic neuro-fuzzy estimation of the weld penetration in GTAW process

The weld pool contains abundant information about the welding process and can thus be utilized to accurately monitor the weld penetration. This paper addresses the dynamic estimation of the weld penetration in GTAW process. A machine vision based weld pool sensing system is utilized and the 3D weld pool surface is reconstructed in real-time. Various dynamic experiments under different welding conditions are conducted to acquire data pairs for establishing the correlation between the front-side weld pool characteristic parameters and the weld penetration specified by its back-side bead width. Due to the substantial inertia of the welding process, the weld penetration can be more accurately estimated if the adjacent weld pools are used. Hence, a nonlinear dynamic Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model is developed to estimate the weld penetration in real-time. It is found that the weld penetration can be estimated with satisfactory accuracy by the proposed online monitoring system.
Studies of the initial oxidation of Fe-Si alloys by AES, XPS and EELS

Thin oxide layers on polycrystalline Fe-8.75at%Si alloys were investigated by various surface spectroscopies, i.e., AES (including Ar+ depth profiling), EELS, and XPS during the initial oxidation stage at room temperature under very low oxygen pressure. It was observed that a very thin “SiO2”-rich external layer is formed, as predicted by others, and established preferentially at the first stage of oxidation. A Si-depletion zone ∼5 A deep was found in the alloy with about 25% Si-depletion at the alloy/oxide interface. The formation of an Fe silicate-like structure just benath the Si oxide-rich top layer down to the alloy/oxide interface was also observed. Although this Fe-silicate layer was determined to be predominantly in the form of Fe2SiO4, gradual changes of the oxidation state of Fe from its highest oxidation state (“Fe2O3”-like) at the top to the lowest (“FeO”-like) at the bottom are also observed. The rates of oxydation of these alloys were determined to be retarded to approximately half the rate of pure Fe after exposure to 200 L of O2. The retardation involves the blocking of outward diffusion of Fe, reduction in the inward arrival rate of O by the top two network-forming oxide layers (the Si oxide-rich layer and the underlying mixed layer of trivalent Fe oxide and Fe-silicate), and, work of other, blocking of the alloy grain boundaries by the entire Fe-silicate layer with grains of very small size. Various comparative experiments were performed to support the interpretations.
Explorations in statistics: standard deviations and standard errors

Learning about statistics is a lot like learning about science: the learning is more meaningful if you can actively explore. This series in Advances in Physiology Education provides an opportunity to do just that: we will investigate basic concepts in statistics using the free software package R. Because this series uses R solely as a vehicle with which to explore basic concepts in statistics, I provide the requisite R commands. In this inaugural paper we explore the essential distinction between standard deviation and standard error: a standard deviation estimates the variability among sample observations whereas a standard error of the mean estimates the variability among theoretical sample means. If we fail to report the standard deviation, then we fail to fully report our data. Because it incorporates information about sample size, the standard error of the mean is a misguided estimate of variability among observations. Instead, the standard error of the mean provides an estimate of the uncertainty of the true value of the population mean.
Estimation of Pharmacokinetic Parameters Based on the Patient-Adjusted Population Data

Population pharmacokinetic data, adjusted for patient characteristics, are recommended for the design of initial dosage regimens of some therapeutically monitored drugs in patients for whom patient-specific data are not available. However, despite widespread use by clinicians such as pharmacists, a clear understanding of the principles of population pharmacokinetics, including data collection and analysis and its limitations, is often lacking. This article describes the 2 main methods of obtaining population kinetic data, namely the two-stage method and nonlinear mixed effect model, and their applications to the pharmacokinetic-based design of dosage regimens. Additionally, some numerical examples are provided to assist the reader in understanding the material. The author uses these tools in a pharmacokinetics course taught to PharmD students.
What is a marmoset

Callitrichid primates typically give birth to twin offspring that are somatic chimeras of cells derived from two products of conception. Each individual is thus the phenotype of two sibling genotypes, one of which may be more closely related to the germ line of the individual's parents than to the individual's own germ line. Chimerism could therefore help to explain the evolution of alloparental care and social suppression of reproduction in callitrichids. Placental chimerism may also have important implications for understanding kin interactions within the womb: on one side of the coin, the intimate juxtaposition of genotypes provides unique opportunities for antagonistic interactions between embryos; on the other side, chimerism could facilitate cooperation between sibling genotypes.
Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave: A revised compilation

[1] A compilation of the spectral absorption coefficient of ice Ih is presented for temperatures near the melting point, superseding the compilation of Warren (1984). Significant changes are made to nearly all spectral regions. The blue and near-ultraviolet absorption is much weaker than the prior estimates, which were already very small. The near-infrared absorption coefficient differs by as much as a factor of 2 from the prior compilation at some wavelengths. The midinfrared absorption coefficient is rather uncertain in the weakly absorbing regions near 9 and 20 μm. New far-infrared measurements at low temperatures are extrapolated to higher temperatures, which shifts the peak positions. New microwave measurements find absorption much weaker than previously reported, by factors of 2–5. The real part of the index of refraction is computed using Kramers-Kronig analysis; it differs from the prior compilation only in the far infrared. Tables of the revised optical constants are available on a website.
A method for numerical computation of the cofactors of a matrix

Abstract A polynomial expansion method is given for the numerical determination of the cofactors of a square matrix of rank r. These cofactors are important quantities for working out hamiltonian matrix elements between determinantal functions involving non-orthogonal orbitals.
Cognitive profiles differ in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and AD.

Background: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is currently distinguished from AD primarily on the basis of behavioral features because studies of cognition have shown negligible or inconsistent differences. However, the poor discriminability of cognitive measures may relate to reliance on imprecise clinically diagnosed groups. Therefore, a retrospective examination of neuropsychological test performance in autopsy-confirmed patients is warranted. Objective: To compare the pattern of cognitive deficits exhibited by patients with autopsy-confirmed FTD and AD. Methods: The profiles of cognitive deficits exhibited by patients with neuropathologic diagnosis of FTD (n = 14) or AD (n = 28) were compared. The Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), letter and category fluency tests, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Revised block design test, Boston naming test, and clock drawing test were administered. Results: Multivariate analysis of covariance controlling for age, education, and level of dementia revealed that patients with FTD performed significantly worse than patients with AD on letter and category fluency tests but significantly better on the MDRS memory subscale, block design test, and clock drawing test. A logistic regression model, validated in an independent clinical sample, used letter fluency, MDRS memory, and block design scores to correctly classify 91% of AD patients and 77% of FTD patients. Conclusions: A double dissociation in the pattern of cognitive deficits exhibited by FTD and AD patients was demonstrated. The FTD patients were more impaired than AD patients on word generation tasks (i.e., verbal fluency) that are sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction but less impaired on tests of memory and visuospatial abilities sensitive to dysfunction of medial temporal and parietal association cortices.
Is Teenage Sexual Behavior Rational

The applicability of a rational choice decision making model to the sexual and contraceptive behavior of adolescents was assessed in a 1988 survey of 1032 Philadelphia girls 14-18 years of age. 42% of respondents had had intercourse at least once while 21% had been sexually active in the 4 weeks preceding the interview. Of those who were sexually active 44% reported use of a birth control method at 1st intercourse and 67% used the same method the last time they had intercourse. Items aimed at measuring the 4 major determinants of sexual behavior according to the decision making model--attitude toward sex attitude toward pregnancy. attitude toward birth control and birth control beliefs/information--were employed in the survey questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that most of these variables were related to sexual activity and contraceptive use in the expected direction. The most significant predictive variables for premarital sexual activity were: whether the teenager felt it was better to just say no to sex perceived sexual activity of friends level of embarrassment regarding the purchase of birth control and current age; also significant were: perceived best age to begin sexual activity religiosity fraction of peers who have had babies and knowledge of birth control. Increasing age was the most powerful predictor of use of birth control at first intercourse while the perception of whether birth control detracts from sexual pleasure was most significant for use at last intercourse. the only notable deviation from the decision making model was the weak association between use of birth control and belief in its efficacy. Also unexpected was the absence of relationship between demographic factors such as race welfare status or educational achievement and the study variables. These findings suggest a need for strategies to help teenagers identify a contraceptive method that interferes minimally with sexual pleasure and spontaneity and to increase access to low-cost methods of pregnancy prevention.
Acceptance speech for the V. M. Goldschmidt Medal

Weiss were able uniquely to establish that nitrous oxide, another of man’s gifts to the environment, is indeed increasing in the air. Some have been concerned that this increasing trend may represent an environmental hazard, but they wouldn’t know how much to worry without these measurements. Craig has even pitted radon and other rare gas studies against the power of the earthquake and if these properties do indeed act as precursors. to at least some types of earthquakes, he will be one of the people who will have helped to establish it. I understand, however, that none of these benevolences matches his recent contribution to the solution of the energy crisis. As you may know. there has been renewed interest in the possibility of an abiogenic methane source from the earth’s interior. I understand that Harmon Craig has sent to the highest scientific authority in the Federal Administration the first vial of pure abiogenic methane---extracted from the thermal waters gushing from the submarine vent at 21 North on the East Pacific Rise! The reason he is not here to receive the medal in person is that he has gone back there to get some more of the stuff. Harmon, as all generals do. has had one secret weapon that has virtually guaranteed success in all his ventures. That secret weapon. of course, is his wife, Valerie. She not only has put up with all her husband’s impossible geochemical friends who have occupied the dining room late into the night; she has been an aide-de-camp on countless expeditions and she has collaborated with him in another one of his activities-the geochemical approach to solving problems in the arts and archaeology. We have therefore a double pleasure today, Mr President: to commend to you Harmon Craig on whom the Society asks you to bestow the GoldSchmidt medal and to present to you Valerie Craig as the recipient for him.
Physical and chemical controls on the composition of waters in sedimentary basins

Abstract The composition of subsurface waters is determined not only by diagenetic reactions but also by physical processes of fluid convection and hydrodynamic dispersion. The south-west Louisiana Gulf Coast provides an instructive field example of the net effects of diagenetic reaction and solute transport on pore water compositions in a regional siliciclastic sequence. Most formation waters here have compositions totally unlike the compositions of the connate meteoric and marine fluids that were buried with their host sediments at the time of deposition. Dissolved chloride has been generated by the subsurface dissolution of salt domes and has been pervasively transported by fluid flow throughout most of the upper 3 km of the sedimentary section. The simultaneous systematic variation in dissolved Na, K, Mg, Ca and alkalinity with chloride in these waters supports the hypothesis that metastable thermodynamic buffering by silicate-carbonate mineral assemblages is a first-order control on fluid compositions. The chemical potential of chloride, or alternatively, total anionic charge, appears to be a master variable which ranks in importance with such other variables as pressure and temperature in driving diagenesis in this region. This variable is controlled largely by physical processes of advection and dispersion in the upper 3 km of the section and by dehydration reactions in deeper, mudstone-dominated sediments. Where the composition of the fluid is largely rock-buffered, the ultimate origin of the fluid and its pathway of chemical evolution may be obscured, at least in terms of major solute composition. Non-buffered components, such as Cl and Br, or isotopic compositions are more likely to retain information on original end-member fluid compositions and reaction pathways.
Internal consistency of manual muscle testing scores.

The internal consistencies of manual muscle test scores of the actions of three upper and three lower extremity muscles were examined among 37 home care patients. The correlations between scores of specific pairs of actions ranged from .01 to .88. Cronbach alphas ranged from .59 to .88. Manual scores of limb muscle strength, therefore, appear to possess suitable internal consistency.
The prediction of borate mineral equilibria in natural waters: Application to Searles Lake, California

Abstract The chemical equilibrium model of Harvie et al . (1984) has been extended to include borate species. The model is based upon the semi-empirical equations of pitzer (1973) and coworkers and is valid to high ionic strength (≈14 m) and high borate concentration. Excellent agreement with the existing emf, isopiestic and solubility data in the system (Na-K-Ca-Mg-H-Cl-SO 4 -CO 2 -B(OH) 4 -H 2 O) is obtained. Calculated mineral solubilities are in general within 10% of their experimental values, even at high ionic strengths. The model was applied to the multicomponent, high ionic strength (I ~ 10) and high borate concentration (B T ~ 0.5 m) Searles Lake evaporite deposit. Utilizing the chemical composition of the interstitial brine, the model predicts equilibrium between the brine and only those minerals which are known to be in contact with the brine. These calculations clearly demonstrate the applicability of the model to high ionic strength, high borate concentration natural waters. The model was also utilized to calculate the mineral sequences which should result from evaporation of the major source of water for Searles Lake, the Owens River. The geochemical conditions necessary for the formation of the most recent mud and saline units are examined. The final results indicate that the mineral sequences found in the most recent saline unit in Searles Lake can be produced by evaporation of a water close in composition to present Owens River water, provided primary dolomite formation is delayed and back reaction between the Parting Mud and the Upper Salt is inhibited.
Rhesus Rotavirus Trafficking during Entry into MA104 Cells Is Restricted to the Early Endosome Compartment

Endocytosis has recently been implicated in rotavirus (RV) entry. We examined the role of Rabs, which regulate endosomal trafficking, during RV entry. Several structural proteins of neuraminidase-sensitive and -insensitive RVs colocalized with Rab5, an early endosome marker, but not Rab7, a late endosome marker. Dominant-negative and constitutively active mutants demonstrated that Rab5 but not Rab4 or Rab7 affects rhesus RV (RRV) infectivity. These data suggest that early RRV trafficking is confined to the early endosome compartment and requires Rab5.
SDQuery DSI: integrating data management support with a wide area data transfer protocol

In many science areas where datasets need to be transferred or shared, rapid growth in dataset size, coupled with much slower increases in wide area data transfer bandwidths, is making it extremely hard for scientists to analyze the data. This paper addresses the current limitations by developing SDQuery DSI, a GridFTP plug-in that supports flexible server-side data subsetting. An existing GridFTP server is able to dynamically load this tool to support new functionality. Different queries types (query over dimensions, coordinates and values) are supported by our tool. A number of optimizations, like parallel indexing, performance model for data subsetting, and parallel streaming are also applied. We compare our SDQuery DSI with GridFTP default File DSI in different network environments, and show that our method can achieve better efficiency in almost all cases.
Antisense Oligonucleoside Methylphosphonates and Their Derivatives

Abstract The effects of psoralen derivatized oligo-2′-deoxyribonucle-oside methylphosphonates on VSV-infected cells and the interaction of a oligo-2′-O-methylribonucleoside methylphosphonate with a complementary oligoribonucleotide are described.
Creating new consultation programs in community mental health centers: Analysis of a case study

A primary prevention program, initiated in a community mental health center, never became fully operational. Analysis suggests that failure to include recipients in initial planning, an unrealistic time table, insufficient institutional support for innovation, the project leader's organizational marginality, and the institutional constraints created by commitment to direct treatment of troubled individuals were factors that contributed to the project's failure. Several recommendations are presented. The most novel and important one is that systems-oriented, preventive mental health work should be based in a separate, distinct institution.
Increased production of lipoxygenase products by cholesterol-rich mouse macrophages

Abstract The metabolism of arachidonic acid by cholesterol-enriched resident mouse peritoneal macrophages was investigated. The amounts of monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (mono-HETE) produced by the cholesterolrich macrophages were 2.5-fold greater when compared to control macrophages. The major lipoxygenase product, identified by high-performance liquid chromatography in both macrophages was 12-HETE. Since macrophages are important participants in the formation of atheromatous lesions, the increased metabolism of arachidonic acid to HETE products by cholesterol-rich macrophages could contribute to the initiation and progression of the atherosclerotic process.
The administrative face of natural and historic preservation

Abstract This paper treats the impact of bureaucratic biases on public preservation programmes. To do so it first examines the course of specific American and Canadian programmes established to preserve natural and historic areas through public acquisition. It then matches these cases to public administration theory in order to identify consistent patterns of bureaucratic behaviour which can be expected to arise when public officials administer preservation programmes. Thirdly, it discusses the way in which each pattern can distort preservation ideas by allocating resources to the wrong places or the wrong problems. The paper closes by suggesting steps which can be taken to reduce these distortions of preservation ideas as they pass through the administrative instruments of the public's business.
Initial Mean Length of Utterance Predicts the Relative Efficacy of Two Grammatical Treatments in Preschoolers with Specific Language Impairment.

Purpose We sought to confirm predictions based on past findings that pretreatment mean length of utterance (MLU) would predict which of 2 grammatical treatments would best facilitate generalized and maintained grammatical development in preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI). Method The participants were 57 preschoolers with SLI. A randomized group experiment was used. The 2 grammatical treatments were broad target recasts (BTR) and milieu language teaching (MLT). MLU was assessed at Time 1 in 2 conversational language samples. Growth rate of productive grammar was quantified using growth curve modeling on the Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn) from 2 conversational language samples at each of 6 measurement periods. Results Predictions were confirmed for children with initially low MLU but not for children with initially high MLUs. MLT facilitated growth of grammar better than BTR in children who were initially in Brown’s stage I. Effects maintained 5 months after treatment ended.
Bioluminescence Imaging Serves as a Dynamic Marker for Guiding and Assessing Thermal Treatment of Cancer in a Preclinical Model

Bioluminescence has been harnessed as a dynamic imaging technique in research. This is a proof of principle study examining feasibility of using bioluminescent proteins as a marker to guide therapeutic ablation. Mesothelioma cancer cells (MSTO-Td) were transfected with a retroviral vector bearing firefly luciferase gene, plated in serial dilutions, and imaged to compare bioluminescence signal to cell number, determining threshold of bioluminescence detection. MSTO-Td cells were subjected to thermal treatment in a heated chamber; the bioluminescence signal and number of remaining live cancer cells were determined. Mice with MSTO-Td xenografts underwent electrocautery tumor ablation guided by bioluminescence imaging; bioluminescence signal and tumor size were monitored for 3 weeks. MSTO-Td cells emitted a bright, clear, bioluminescence signal that amplified with the cell number (P < .001) and was detectable with as few as 10 cells in cell culture. Bioluminescence decreased in a dose-dependent fashion upon thermal treatment as temperature increased from 37 to 70 °C (P < .001) and as treatment duration increased from 5 to 20 min (P < .001). This correlated with the number of remaining live MSTO-Td cells (Pearson coefficient = 0.865; P < .001). In mice, the bioluminescence signal correlated with tumor size posttreatment and effectively guided the ablation procedure to completion, achieving 0 % tumor recurrence. Bioluminescence imaging is a sensitive, real-time imaging approach; bioluminescence reporters such as firefly luciferase can assess and guide thermal treatment of cancer. This encourages research into bioluminescence imaging as a molecular technique with potential to target tumors via biomarkers and optimize thermal treatment procedures in a clinical setting.
A New Subspecies of The Fringe-Tailed Bat, Myotis Thysanodes, from The Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming

A new subspecies of Myotis thysanodes , possibly representing a disjunct population, is described from the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. The new race is compared with M. t. thysanodes and also with Myotis evotis evotis , which it superficially resembles.
Are inputs sometimes outcomes? Some thoughts on definition in distributive justice

This paper argues that the central concepts of justice theory (e.g., inputs and outcomes) have not been well defined and that this lack of precision in definition has led to subsequent ostensible inconsistencies in empirical findings. We offer definitions of both inputs and outcomes in a manner that facilitates more formal theoretical formulations and specifies a functional relationship between the two. In addition, the concept of relevance is discussed. This discussion highlights the difference in determinations of what is relevant to an outcome and the moral desirability of the distribution rule producing those outcomes. We suggest that the perception of what is relevant to the production of an outcome and how much it should be weighted is a source of potential conflict and/or disagreement between groups who are allocators or recipients of resource distributions. The potential disjuncture between what is considered relevant and what is considered moral in terms of allocation decisions is a potential source of dissatisfaction and feelings of injustice across groups. The discussion also suggests that it is not simply a difference in rule preference across groups that may lead to negative feelings regarding allocations but even when groups agree on the rule they may not agree on either the factors to be included in the assessment of relevance or on the morality of the distribution resulting from such assessments. Finally we introduce the concept of exchange domain as a mechanism for facilitating theoretical development.
National e-ID card schemes: A European overview

Across Europe electronic identity (e-ID) card schemes are emerging. The motivation for their deployment varies from country to country, and hence also their ability to interoperate. National schemes are defined by government agencies and application usage by non-government entities has been limited. Changes are occurring, however, both in terms of secondary use by the private sector as well as various activities to enable more interoperability across national e-ID card schemes.
An optimal battery energy storage charge/discharge method

Implementing electric energy storage in distribution networks requires that the input and output of the storage units be controlled in a manner to achieve maximum economic benefit. This paper outlines an algorithm that ensures that the battery operate near or at its highest economic potential given predictions of Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) and the time profile of demand. This is accomplished by using the application of the dynamic programming algorithm. This algorithm is increasingly accurate with complexity and is best coupled with computer simulation.
Molecular mapping of the physiological cell death process. Mitochondrial events may be disordered.

: The mitochondrion plays a central role in BCL-2-Inhibitable physiological cell deaths. the detailed order of mitochondrial and other events during cell death in vivo remains ambiguous, however. as part of an effort to explore this issue, we have asked whether mitochondrial dissolution during physiological cell death occurs in an orderly and concerted process. here, we describe the characterization of two elements of mitochondrial disintegration on the level of individual cells. using a novel cytofluorimetric approach, we have assessed simultaneously the release of cytochrome c (specifically a fluorescently tagged transfected construct) from mitochondria and the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential. our results indicate that mitochondrial disintegration does not follow a strictly ordered process and is not concerted. we are extending these studies to further characterize mitochondrial events in the context of bcl-2 family members and place them definitively within the context of the caspase cascade.
Learning Multivariate Distributions by Competitive Assembly of Marginals

We present a new framework for learning high-dimensional multivariate probability distributions from estimated marginals. The approach is motivated by compositional models and Bayesian networks, and designed to adapt to small sample sizes. We start with a large, overlapping set of elementary statistical building blocks, or “primitives,” which are low-dimensional marginal distributions learned from data. Each variable may appear in many primitives. Subsets of primitives are combined in a Lego-like fashion to construct a probabilistic graphical model; only a small fraction of the primitives will participate in any valid construction. Since primitives can be precomputed, parameter estimation and structure search are separated. Model complexity is controlled by strong biases; we adapt the primitives to the amount of training data and impose rules which restrict the merging of them into allowable compositions. The likelihood of the data decomposes into a sum of local gains, one for each primitive in the final structure. We focus on a specific subclass of networks which are binary forests. Structure optimization corresponds to an integer linear program and the maximizing composition can be computed for reasonably large numbers of variables. Performance is evaluated using both synthetic data and real datasets from natural language processing and computational biology.
A multicenter clinical trial of endovascular stent graft repair of acute catastrophes of the descending thoracic aorta.

Objective Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is applicable to a spectrum of thoracic aortic pathology with half of the procedures performed world-wide for indications other than degenerative aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta (DTA). This multicenter, prospective study queried perioperative and one-year results of TEVAR using the commercially available GORE TAG device, in the treatment of acute complicated Type B dissection (cTBD), traumatic aortic tear (TT), and ruptured degenerative aneurysm (RDA) of the DTA. Methods This prospective, non-randomized, literature controlled study included 59 patients; cTBD, n=19; RDA, n=20; TT, n=20. The primary end-point was the composite of death and total paraplegia in subjects at ≤ 30 days post-treatment compared with a cohort from current literature. Secondary end-points included adverse events related to device, procedural and systemic complications, and one-year survival. Results All 59 patients had successful endoprosthesis deployment. Fifteen of 19 (79%) patients in the cTBD group had either rupture or malperfusion syndromes at presentation. Combined 30-day mortality/paraplegia rate was 13.6% (8/59), with seven (11.9%) deaths (cTBD [3], RDA [3] and TT [1]) and 1 (TT, 1.7%) case of paraplegia. The primary end-point for the TEVAR cohort was significantly lower ( P = .008) when compared with a composite literature control of 800 patients (combined 30-day mortality/paraplegia of 29.6%). Thirty-day complications of any nature occurred in 48 (81%) patients; 11 (18.6%) were device related, and 43 (73%) experienced one or more systemic adverse events. Six (10%) patients required additional TEVAR implantations and 3 (5%) patients (one in each pathology group) required conversion to open surgery. Seventeen (29%) patients had endoleaks of any kind or degree through 30 days; cTBD (7), TT (2), RDA (8). Nine patients (15.3%) had perioperative strokes with two resultant deaths. During mean follow-up time of 409 ± 309 days, an additional 12 patients died, one patient required open conversion (cTBD), and two patients had major device related events. Actuarial survival at one year was 66% (range, 52%-77%) for the entire cohort; (cTBD) 79% (range, 53%-92%), (TT) 79% (range, 53%-92%) and (RDA) 37% (range, 16%-59%). On regression analysis, age at treatment (1.05 [range, 1.01-1.09]; P = .008) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (4.3 [range, 1.3-14.4]; P = .02) were predictive of death at one year. Conclusion This study confirmed treatment advantages for TEVAR for thoracic aortic catastrophes when compared with literature-based results of open repair. One-year treatment results indicate a low incidence of graft-related complications. TEVAR is the preferred initial treatment for the DTA catastrophes studied herein.
Forest sampling combining fixed- and variable-radius sample plots

We examine the statistical properties of a forest sampling strategy that combines methods of fixed- and variable-radius plot sampling. Circular fixed-radius plots are established at the same locations as variable-radius plots to take advantage of their known efficiencies for unbiasedly estimating stem density and basal area, respectively. The design eliminates the need for measuring stem diameters, except to check borderline trees on variable-radius plots. Separate controls on allowable error for stem density and basal area estimates are possible. An unbiased estimator of volume (Vol) is derived that uses an existing volume equation having the form Vol = a + bd2h, where d is tree diameter at breast height, h is tree height, and a and b are model parameters. Calculation of volume requires only the measurement of heights for those trees tallied on the variable-radius plots. Properties of the estimator are demonstrated for a mixed-species hardwood forest in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolin...
Measurement of winds in Venus' upper mesosphere based on Doppler shifts of the 2.6-mm 12CO line

Venus observations conducted in 1988 at the first rotational transition of (C-12)O finely sampled this absorption line by means of a 32-channel filter bank; with this spatial and spectral resolution, it proved possible to measure Doppler shifts of the absorption line across the planet due to strong winds in Venus' upper mesosphere. The Doppler shifts change in a way that is indicative of westward horizontal winds. The radial wind speeds from the Doppler shifts were smoothed to reduce noise and then fitted in least-squares fashion to canonical forms of the lower atmosphere's westward zonal flow. The two flows exhibit a high correlation in orientation.
Three-dimensional survey techniques for large detector systems

Abstract This paper describes several novel survey techniques which have been developed for the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) [1]. These techniques include the collection and manipulation of survey data from a large multipurpose colliding beams detector.
Multi-Lingual Coreference Resolution With Syntactic Features

In this paper, we study the impact of a group of features extracted automatically from machine-generated parse trees on coreference resolution. One focus is on designing syntactic features using the binding theory as the guideline to improve pronoun resolution, although linguistic phenomenon such as apposition is also modeled. These features are applied to the Arabic, Chinese and English coreference resolution systems and their effectiveness is evaluated on data from the Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) task. The syntactic features improve the Arabic and English systems significantly, but play a limited role in the Chinese one. Detailed analyses are done to understand the syntactic features' impact on the three coreference systems.
Flow and the Engagement of Talent: Implications for Secondary Schooling

Flow Theory proposes that the quality of experience of the individual learner should be an essential criterion by which to judge the efficacy of educational challenge. It also emphasizes that our most powerful expe riences of engagement are shared, in that they draw us into transaction with activities that match our capabilities and interests, and into asso ciation with other learners who share our interests and commitments.
Characterization of Plant Damage Caused by Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The effect of feeding by the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), on growth of seedling ‘TAM W-lOl’ winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated. A primary response of the wheat plant to aphid feeding involves water imbalances expressed as a loss of turgor and reduced growth. Russian wheat aphids caused substantial reductions in biomass of all plant components measured. When aphids were removed, absolute growth rates quickly recovered as relative growth rates increased. Compared with undamaged controls, recovering plants were more efficient in terms of carbon assimilation, which resulted in higher relative growth rates and compensated for lowered leaf area ratios. Reduction in leaf area ratios results from decreases in specific leaf areas (i.e., a combination of leaf stunting and the inhibition of new-leaf unfolding). As plants recovered, stem weight ratios were substantially reduced, indicating that carbon partitioning to the stem was decreased to compensate for leaf and root growth. The cessation of growth of wheat during infestation by the Russian wheat aphid and ability of the host to recover rapidly when the aphid was removed indicate that the duration of infestation, rather than the level of infestation, may be more important to the host.
Detection of high-frequency energy level changes in speech and singing.

Previous work has shown that human listeners are sensitive to level differences in high-frequency energy (HFE) in isolated vowel sounds produced by male singers. Results indicated that sensitivity to HFE level changes increased with overall HFE level, suggesting that listeners would be more “tuned” to HFE in vocal production exhibiting higher levels of HFE. It follows that sensitivity to HFE level changes should be higher (1) for female vocal production than for male vocal production and (2) for singing than for speech. To test this hypothesis, difference limens for HFE level changes in male and female speech and singing were obtained. Listeners showed significantly greater ability to detect level changes in singing vs speech but not in female vs male speech. Mean differences limen scores for speech and singing were about 5 dB in the 8-kHz octave (5.6–11.3 kHz) but 8–10 dB in the 16-kHz octave (11.3–22 kHz). These scores are lower (better) than those previously reported for isolated vowels and some musical instruments.