cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Engine Oil Zinc Dithiophosphate (ZDP) Additive Type on Cam and Lifter Wear in Taxi Service

The major phosphorus-containing compounds in engine oil are zinc dithiophosphates (ZDP's), which act both as antioxidants and antiwear agents. To reduce engine oil phosphorus concentrations without compromising engine durability, and thereby reduce phosphorus poisoning of emission control devices, an optimum ZDP mixture should be used. A 160,000-km taxi test was conducted to determine the relative camshaft and lifter wear protection provided by several ZDP's and ZDP mixtures. Wear protection was poorest with aryl ZDP's (which are thermally stable, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), intermediate with long-chain primary alkyl ZDP's (which are thermally unstable), and best with short-to-medium chain secondary or short-chain primary alkyl ZDP's (which are of intermediate thermal stability). Sequence IIID test results on analogs of the field test oils correlated fairly well with taxi test results; sequence V-D test results did not correlate as well.
How would Food Markets be Affected by Liberalizing Trade in Processed Foods

This paper discusses some of the implications of liberalizing trade in processed foods in the context of the upcoming WTO trade negotiations. Simulated impacts suggest that a 30 percent reduction in farm and food tariffs would benefit U.S. farming in terms of output, net exports and income. The U.S. processed food sector would decline, but net exports of processed foods would increase. A 30 percent reduction in farm tariffs coupled with tariff de-escalation in farm-processed foods trade would strengthen further the U.S. farm economy as well as net exports of processed foods. The U.S. processed foods sector would gain the most when a 30 percent reduction in farm tariffs is coupled with elimination of tariff escalation in farm-processed foods trade.
LA GRAFÍA MANZANIANA: EL LENGUAJE ESCRITO MEDIANTE LA METÁFORA Y LA PROSOPOPEYA

Este articulo analiza la narrativa de la Autobiografia de un esclavo, escrita por Juan FranciscoManzano (1797-1853) en 1835. Se pretende mostrar a este autor como un intelectualcubano decimononico cuya escritura supone una herencia ancestral para los Afrolatinosy la diaspora africana. Para tal fin, se examinan las estrategias literarias empleadas porManzano para escribir su testimonio, se estudia la intertextualidad del genero de lapicaresca como base estetica literaria, y se examina como el narrador se desfigura enla narracion para enganar y confundir al lector privilegiado. Adicionalmente, se estudiael lenguaje metaforico manzaniano mediante el escrutinio de temas recurrentes en suautobiografia. Este analisis utiliza como base teorica las ideas de James Olney y Paul deMan, con el fin de dar cuenta de las multiplicidades del “yo” o las voces enmascaradas enel lenguaje metaforico manzaniano.
Multi-Round Sensor Deployment for Guaranteed Barrier Coverage

Deploying wireless sensor networks to provide guaranteed barrier coverage is critical for many sensor networks applications such as intrusion detection and border surveillance. To reduce the number of sensors needed to provide guaranteed barrier coverage, we propose multi-round sensor deployment which splits sensor deployment into multiple rounds and can better deal with placement errors that often accompany sensor deployment. We conduct a comprehensive analytical study on multi-round sensor deployment and identify the tradeoff between the number of sensors deployed in each round of multi-round sensor deployment and the barrier coverage performance. Both numerical and simulation studies show that, by simply splitting sensor deployment into two rounds, guaranteed barrier coverage can be achieved with significantly less sensors comparing to single-round sensor deployment. Moreover, we propose two practical solutions for multi-round sensor deployment when the distribution of a sensor's residence point is not fully known. The effectiveness of the proposed multi-round sensor deployment strategies is demonstrated by numerical and simulation results.
Quantitative measurement of O/Si ratios in oxygen-sputtered silicon using 18 O implant standards

Abstract Using an 18 O implant as an internal standard allows quantitative determination of oxygen levels in sputtered samples during a depth profile analysis, in which additional oxygen may be delivered to the surface either by an oxygen flood or by using an oxygen primary ion beam. This study has evaluated O/Si ratios in silicon samples sputtered with atomic or molecular oxygen ( 16 O ) primary ion beams at a range of energies and angles below and above the ‘critical’ angle for surface SiO2 formation (i.e. the angle for which the partial sputter yield of Si drops below 0.5). For each O/Si value, useful ion yields (ions detected/atom sputtered) have been determined for positive ions of Si+ and for a variety of elements implanted into the Si wafer.
Sheathless insertion of the percutaneous intraaortic balloon pump: An alternate method

A technique is described that allows insertion of a standard percutaneous intraaortic balloon without use of the larger 12F sheath. Standard 9.5-cm. Percor balloons were inserted in a series of patients without using the provided sheath. Elimination of the sheath reduced the potential vascular complications related to the extra bulk placed in the femoral artery by the sheath. No serious complications were noted in more than 25 patients.
The acute scrotum in childhood

Abstract The acute scrotum is the most urgent of urological emergencies. A torted testis may show signs of atrophy after six hours and viability is compromised after this time. Testicular torsion can occur at any age. Surgery can be avoided only if testicular torsion can be confidently and completely excluded from the differential diagnosis. Conditions where urgent surgical exploration is not indicated include torsion of an appendix testis, idiopathic scrotal oedema or epididymo-orchitis. Investigations (e.g. Doppler ultrasonography, isotope scintigraphy) should not delay exploration and are used to provide reassurance if testicular torsion has been excluded. The principles of surgical management are to explore the affected hemiscrotum for evidence of testicular torsion. If the testis appears viable, it must be manually detorted and secured in the scrotum in order to prevent recurrence. In post-pubertal boys where the testis is clearly non-viable, the testis should not be excised. In all cases of intravaginal testicular torsion, prophylactic fixation of the contralateral side is strongly recommended.
Engineered phase-matching for quantum photonics

We demonstrate Gaussian-shaped quasi-phase matching of a nonlinear optical crystal via custom duty-cycle modulation on its grating structure. Our analysis shows this crystal can generate heralded single photons with 97% spectral purity.
Novel Double-Parallelogram Motion Constraining Mechanisms for Vibration Isolation Systems

Vibration isolation devices are used to attach various systems to their base structure to reduce the transmission of vibration from and/or to the base structure. Vibration isolation devices allow relative motion between the isolated system and the base platform. This relative motion is critical to the effective operation of vibration isolation devices and is used to absorb or divert vibration energy using spring and viscous damping or dry friction elements. In general, larger the allowed relative motion, more effective will be the performance of the isolation system. In certain applications, the introduced relative motion by the vibration isolation device introduces unavoidable and unwanted motion of the isolated system and can significantly degrade its performance, particularly in terms of positioning precision, or limit the range of allowable relative motion, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the isolation system. In this paper, a novel method is presented that uses appropriate linkage mechanisms to constrain relative motions that are introduced by the vibration isolation system that are not necessary for the proper operation of the vibration isolation system but their presence would degrade the performance of the entire system. As an example, a novel double-parallelogram based motion constraining mechanism is presented, which is used to constrain rotational (rocking) motion of an isolation system without hindering its relative translational motion used for vibration isolation. The design of a prototype of such a linkage mechanism used to isolate payloads from launch vehicles during the launch and the results of its successful testing are presented. Other applications of the present method are discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Serum antimüllerian hormone predicts ovarian reserve in a monkey model.

OBJECTIVE A monkey model of the menopausal transition (perimenopause) would facilitate efforts to understand better the effect of hormonal fluctuations during this life phase on the initiation of chronic diseases associated with the postmenopausal years. Antimullerian hormone (AMH) is a promising marker of ovarian reserve (primordial follicle number) in women. Here, we describe the relationship between AMH and ovarian reserve in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) estimated to be 12 to 15 years of age (approximately 36-45 y in women). METHODS AND RESULTS The results of daily vaginal swabbing (to detect menses) and thrice weekly blood sampling for 12 weeks indicate that AMH is relatively stable across the menstrual cycle (intraclass correlation, approximately 0.80), with a slight although significant (P < 0.02) reduction (approximately 1.4-fold) on days 2 to 5 postovulation. Substantial interindividual variation in AMH concentrations were observed between monkeys, with values ranging from 4.46 +/- 0.17 to 18.80 +/- 0.71 ng/mL (mean +/- SE). Antimullerian hormone concentrations were reduced by approximately 63% after the removal of one ovary (7.6 +/- 0.77 vs 2.75 +/- 0.37 ng/mL; P < 0.001; n = 19) and were below the level of detection after the removal of both ovaries (5.8 +/- 0.42 to <0.05 ng/mL; P < 0.001; n = 84), suggesting that the ovary is likely to be either the major or the sole source of AMH in the monkey. Finally, we examined the association between AMH and primordial, primary, and secondary follicles in 29 monkeys and found significant associations with all follicle types (r = 0.78, r = 0.66, and r = 0.80, respectively; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The relationship between AMH and ovarian reserve in the monkey is similar to that in women, suggesting that monkeys may be a useful model for studying hormonal fluctuations across the menopausal transition.
PREHISTORY AND THE TRADITIONS OF THE O’ODHAM AND HOPI

The oral traditions and ceremonial practices of the O’Odham and Hopi people suggest the outlines of a reconstruction of events in the Southwest in late prehistory, and offer insight into the processes that influenced important changes during this period. For many decades anthropologists have attempted to identify ties between prehistoric and historic populations in the Southwest. In central and southern Arizona, the material culture and social and economic organization of the late prehistoric populations and those found by the Spanish in the 1500s differ markedly. As a consequence, archaeologists have disagreed about relationships between the prehistoric and historic people of the region. The O’Odham and Hopi oral traditions are consistent with other forms of evidence available to us, including archaeological and linguistic data, and provide insight into processes that might have influenced the profound changes in social and economic organization that are apparent at that time.
General astrophysics with the optical terrestrial planet finder mission

Abstract The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) mission is being designed to directly detect terrestrial planets in the habitable zones around nearby FGK stars, and to spectrally characterize them for the presence of biomarkers. TPF is now planned as two missions: a ∼ × 3.5 m optical coronagraphic telescope (TPF-C) to fly circa 2014; and a formation-flying infrared nulling interferometer (TPF-I) to follow several years later. While high contrast performance and planet-finding will remain the primary science drivers for both missions, the project has begun to consider possible extensions to their capabilities that would enable progress in other important areas of astrophysics. For example, deep extragalactic surveys could be enabled by adding a camera with a several arcminute field of view to TPF-C. Here, we give an overview of the TPF-C project, and offer initial suggestions for its application to general astrophysics.
Affective regulation of implicitly measured stereotypes and attitudes: Automatic and controlled processes

Abstract Three experiments indicate that affective cues regulate expression of implicitly measured stereotypes and attitudes. In Experiment 1, negative mood led to less stereotypic bias on the weapon-identification task [Payne, B. K. (2001). Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 , 181–192] than positive mood. In Experiment 2, negative mood led to less implicitly measured racial prejudice than positive mood. In Experiment 3, negative, relative to positive, mood decreased women’s implicitly measured preference for the arts over math. Process–dissociation analyses suggested that affect regulated automatic attitude and stereotype activation rather than controlled influences on attitude expression. The results show that mood can shape even rudimentary forms of cognition.
Hamiltonian Embedding in Crossed Cubes with Failed Links

The crossed cube is a prominent variant of the well known, highly regular-structured hypercube. In [24], it is shown that due to the loss of regularity in link topology, generating Hamiltonian cycles, even in a healthy crossed cube, is a more complicated procedure than in the hypercube, and fewer Hamiltonian cycles can be generated in the crossed cube. Because of the importance of fault-tolerance in interconnection networks, in this paper, we treat the problem of embedding Hamiltonian cycles into a crossed cube with failed links. We establish a relationship between the faulty link distribution and the crossed cube's tolerability. A succinct algorithm is proposed to find a Hamiltonian cycle in a CQn tolerating up to n-2 failed links.
Attributable mortality of central line associated bloodstream infection: systematic review and meta-analysis

To identify the attributable mortality of central line associated blood stream infections (CLABSI) through meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of case control and cohort studies, matched and unmatched, that reported on mortality of patients with and without CLABSI was performed. MEDLINE, CENTRAL, CINAHL were searched. Non-interventional studies of all languages that reported mortality in patients with CLABSI were included. Data were extracted on patient population, study setting, design, diagnostic criteria for CLABSI, and mortality. Results from studies comparing mortality due to CLABSI were pooled using a random effects model with assessment of heterogeneity. Heterogeneity of studies was assessed with an I 2 statistic and a funnel plot was generated to assess for publication bias. Eighteen studies were included with 1,976 CLABSI cases. Of the included studies, 17 took place in intensive care unit settings, most involved a mixed population of medical and surgical patients, and ten were matched using an illness severity index. Our findings show an odds ratio of in hospital death associated with CLABSI as 2.75 (CI 1.86–4.07) and 1.51 (CI 1.08–2.09) in the subgroup of the ten matched studies. Those studies where greater than 30 % of CLABSI were attributed to coagulase-negative Staphylococcus had an odds ratio of death of 1.64 (95 % CI 1.02–2.65) compared with 4.71 (95 % CI 1.54–14.39). CLABSI is associated with a significantly increased risk of death supporting the use of extensive efforts to reduce these infections.
A source activation theory of working memory: cross-task prediction of performance in ACT-R

Over the decades, computational models of human cognition have advanced from programs that produce output similar to that of human problem solvers to systems that mimic both the products and processes of human performance. In this paper, we describe a model that achieves the next step in this progression: predicting individual participants' performance across multiple tasks after estimating a single individual difference parameter. We demonstrate this capability in the context of a model of working memory, where the individual difference parameter for each participant represents working memory capacity. Specifically, our model is able to make zero-parameter predictions of individual participants' performance on a second task after separately fitting performance on a preliminary task. We argue that this level of predictive ability offers an important test of the theory underlying our model.
Traumatic injury to rat brain upregulates neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and L-[3H]nitroarginine binding

ABSTRACT Overstimulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is felt to precipitate the neuronal damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI). NMDA receptor-mediated, glutamate-induced excito...
Angle Cover Class: A Variable Plot Technique for Estimating Shrub Quantities in Rangeland Areas

Woody species have a discontinuous influence on their immediate vicinity and beyond. Most sampling methods record mean values over the area being sampled, not accounting for information at the scale of pattern created by individual woody plants. This article outlines development and testing of a field technique to quickly assess woody plant influence at a single point or small herbaceous vegetation sample area. The angle cover class method (ACC) is plotless. At each sampling point, woody plants were judged within quadrants by species as nondominant (0), dominant (1), or highly dominant (2), resulting in total scores ranging from 0 to 8 per sample point. The communities sampled were dominated by mesquite alone or by mesquite and juniper trees together, ranging from low growing, sparsely populated forms to mixed species old growth. Total aerial cover ranged from 2 to 75%. Seven evaluators were used to test for repeatability between evaluators. The ACC method was highly correlated to woody plant quantities o...
INHALED NITRIC OXIDE (I-NO) DELAYS THE HYPEROXIA-INDUCED CONVERSION OF LARGE SURFACTANT AGGREGATES TO SMALL VESICLES IN PRETERM RABBITS. † 1291

I-NO decreases the high pulmonary vascular resistance at birth, and may affect other structures in the lung, particularly the lining of the airspaces. NO has been shown to act variably as a pro- and antioxidant in vitro. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether I-NO alters the surfactant in the epithelial lining fluid of premature rabbits during oxidant stress. Preterm rabbits (gestation 29 d, term 31 d) were nose-only exposed to NO (14 ppm) and 95% O2 for 20 hrs. The controls were exposed to either 95% O2 or to room air. The animals received intragastric formula, and the breathing zone was monitored for NO and NO2. After the exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and the large surfactant aggregate fraction isolated. The total phosphatidylcholine (PC) in BAL and in the large aggregate surfactant fraction were measured. Surfactant protein B(SP-B) was quantitated using ELISA, and SP-A by Western blot. The cellular fraction of BAL was analyzed for differential cell count, and respiratory burst activity; the acellular fraction of BAL for nitrotyrosine and malondialdehyde. Altogether 144 animals were studied. There was no difference in mortality between the groups. The cellular fraction of BAL revealed no differences between the groups. I-NO was not associated with increased nitrotyrosine or malondialdehyde in BAL. There was no difference in PC or saturated PC content in BAL. The concentrations of SP-B and the amount of large aggregates (% of total PC in BAL) were as follows:Table Exposure to O2 decreased the distribution of large surfactant aggregates. I-NO delayed the conversion of large to small surfactant aggregates that are not surface active and that are deficient in surfactant proteins. Inhaled NO tended to increase SP-B and SP-A in BAL. According to present results oxidant stress increases the conversion of large surfactant aggregates to small vesicles in the premature. The present data suggests I-NO at a low dose maintains the surface activity in the epithelial lining of the airspaces.
The cytoplasmic ribosomes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Characterization of antibiotic sensitivity and cycloheximide-resistant mutants

In vitro protein synthesis was used to characterize the antibiotic sensitivity of cytoplasmic ribosomes from wild-type and antibiotic-resistant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cytoplasmic ribosomes from two cycloheximide-resistant mutants, act-1 and act-2, were resistant to the antibiotic in vitro. The alteration effected by the act-1 mutation, which was dominant in diploids, was localized to the large subunit of the cytoplasmic ribosomes, but no ribosomal protein alterations were detected using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The act-2 mutation, which was semidominant in diploids, was frequently associated with a charge alteration in the large subunit ribosomal protein (r-protein) cyL38 that segregated independently from the antibiotic-resistant phenotype in crosses.
Incomplete information and the relational model of data

A scheme for representing incomplete information in a relational database is presented. Also given are algorithms for performing relational algebra operations, inference rules for data dependencies and conditions for lossless decompositions in the context of the representation scheme introduced here.
Energy detection technique for ultra-low power high sensitivity wake-up receiver

An energy detection technique for improving the sensitivity of an ultra-low power wake-up receiver is presented. This technique uses an envelope detector, an integrator and a comparator to reduce the excess noise introduced by wide bandwidth of IF gain stage. Theoretical analysis shows that with 10us integration time, it can effectively remove more than 15 dB of excess noise, bring the minimum required SNR for 10-3 energy detection error rate down as low as -4dB. With an expected 18dB noise figure due to low current budget, the receiver could achieve -85dBm sensitivity. The performance can be further improved to -95dBm by increasing integration time to 1000us which leads to a trade-off between achievable sensitivity and wake-up latency.
Punitive and non-punitive discipline and subsequent rule-following in young children

Responding to the needs of parents and child care workers for reliable guidelines, social learning theorists have offered a new perspective on the effectiveness of various disciplinary techniques in encouraging rule-following in young children. While punishment may be of limited value in consistently influencing rule-related behavior, non-punitive techniques have been found to have greater impact on children who have begun to master their native language.
Hydrolysis of Bradykinin by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

Two dipeptides, phenylalanylarginine (Phe-Arg) and serylproline (Ser-Pro), are released sequentially from bradykinin by angiotensin-converting enzyme purified from hog lungs; chloride increases the rate of release of both dipeptides. Using an automated ninhydrin-reagent method, we studied the kinetics of bradykinin hydrolysis. The reaction proceeded in the absence of chloride; however, the addition of chloride increased the rate of hydrolysis by decreasing Km and increasing Vm. The Km values for bradykinin were 3.9 x 10-6M in the absence of chloride and 0.85 x 10-6M in the presence of 0.01m NaCl (optimal concentration). Both of these Km values were well below the value of 30 x 10-6M determined for angiotensin I at its optimal chloride concentration of 0.1M. Hydrolysis of bradykinin had a pH optimum of 7 and was inhibited by low concentrations (10-6M) of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or the nonapeptide pyroglutamyl (Pyr)-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro. It is concluded that one enzyme, acting as a dipept...
PHYTIC ACID AND MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF TRITICALES

Phytic acid and nine elements (potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, and copper) were determined in 12 commercially available cultivars of hexaploid triticales, one octaploid triticale, one wheat and one rye. The amount of phytate phosphorus varied from 1.4–5.3 mg/g in the whole grain, from 0.5–1.9 mg/g in flours and from 0.6–2.2 mg/g in bran of triticales. There were significant variations in the amount of calcium, phosphorus, iron and zinc but not in potassium, magnesium, sodium, manganese or copper due to cultivars. The location had more pronounced effect on micro-elements (manganese, iron, copper and zinc) than on the macro-elements (potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and sodium). The predominant minerals of triticales were phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Phytic acid does not seem to have an apparent correlation with either iron or phosphorus in triticales.
Probability computations for an extension of the geometric distribution

An extension of the stochastic process associated with the geometric distribution is presented. Combinatorial arguments are used to derive probabilities for various events of interest. Probabilities are approximated by evaluating truncated series. Bounds on the errors of approximation are developed. An example is presented and some additional applications are noted.
Prediction of vapor pressures and saturated molar volumes with a simple cubic equation of state: Part II: The Van der Waals - 711 EOS

Abstract A simple cubic equation of state (EOS), the VdW-711 translation of the Van der Waals EOS is presented. It is applicable to nonpolar and slightly polar compounds. It was developed by using the reliable data base of vapor pressure, critical property, acentric factor, and saturated liquid volume values of Part I. Excellent results for vapor pressures, from 0.1 kPa to the critical, and for saturated molar volumes are obtained with errors below 5% and typically about 2 to 3%. Below 0.1 kPa, it is demonstrated that all of the cubic EOS investigated are unreliable for vapor pressure predictions. The equation has been successfully applied to compounds with acentric factors of up to 0.907, including several fossil fuel model compounds. It is shown that in the case of uncertainies in the critical properties and acentric factor values of hydrocarbons, good vapor pressure predictions are obtained with the VdW-711 EOS using estimates of these properties from the Lin and Chao correlation.
Civil-military relations

Abstract There is no crisis in American civil-military relations if crisis means the kind of collision between civil and military authority that would breed a coup d'etat or other manifestation of a breakdown of civilian control of the military, such as systematic and open disobedience of orders. But, to a remarkable degree, members of the Defense Task Force agreed that deep and pervasive difficulties plague American civil-military relations, that these problems merit attention and exploration, and that dramatic and possibly painful actions are required to resurrect the relationship between the armed forces and civil society that the Founders envisioned and that makes sense for a twenty-first-century democracy. The three core problems discussed at length were the politicization of the military, the growing divide between civil society and those who wear the uniform, and the centralization of military power in the Joint Staff and in the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS).
Continuity and Discontinuity in the History of Science

The problem which lies at the root of theories of historical continuity and discontinuity is the meaning of a “turning point“ in history, whether it be Caesar’s crossing of the Rubicon, the Fall of the Bastille, or the publication of Newton’s Principia. The theory of continuity ideally asserts that historical change proceeds gradually by small steps, and thus denies the existence of any sudden, large-scale changes or revolutions; it therefore either denies that there exist abrupt tuming points in history or asserts that they are merely convenient landmarks. There is no actual location called the equator; it is a landmark only because geographers have made it so. The approach to the equator is utterly continuous; as a landmark, the equator is a discrete, hypothetical line.
The research of thirteen students at Howard University

Abstract Results from, and problems related to, the dissertations of my Ph.D. students are discussed.
Intracranial aneurysms in Marfan's syndrome: an autopsy study.

Objective Marfan's syndrome is a heritable connective tissue disorder that has been associated with intracranial aneurysms. However, the prevalence of intracranial aneurysms in Marfan's syndrome is unknown and pathological studies of affected vessels have not been reported. We therefore examined the neuropathological findings in a group of patients with Marfan's syndrome. Methods We identified all patients with Marfan's syndrome in whom postmortem examination had been performed at the Mayo Clinic between 1969 and 1993. Results Autopsy included examination of the brain in seven patients with Marfan's syndrome (five men and two women with a mean age of 28 yr). Each of two patients had one or more intracranial aneurysms. The first patient, a 32-year-old man who died as a result of aortic dissection, was observed to have an incidental saccular supraclinoid carotid artery aneurysm (7 mm). Microscopic examination of the remainder of the cerebral arteries revealed duplication and fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina. The second patient, a 20-year-old man who died as a result of a subarachnoid hemorrhage, had ruptured saccular supraclinoid carotid artery (3 mm) and anterior cerebral artery (20 mm) aneurysms as well as unruptured fusiform middle cerebral artery (18 mm) and posterior cerebral artery (13 mm) aneurysms. Microscopic examination of the cerebral arteries revealed widespread changes consisting of intimal proliferation, medial degeneration, and fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina. Conclusion These findings confirm an association between Marfan's syndrome and intracranial aneurysms. Microscopic involvement of cerebral arteries in Marfan's syndrome may be variable, even among those with intracranial aneurysms.
The global behavior of heat kernels in exterior domains

Abstract We establish the global boundary behavior of Dirichlet heat kernels on some unbounded domains. These, combined with the interior estimate in the recent paper by Grigoryan and Saloff-Coste (Comm. Pure Appl. Math 55(1) (2002) 93), provide a complete and qualitatively sharp description of heat kernels G of Dirichlet Laplacians on some unbounded C1,1 domains D⊂ M . Here M is certain complete noncompact manifold with nonnegative Ricci curvature. For example, there exist positive constants c1,c2 depending on the unbounded domain D, M such that, for ρ(x)=dist(x,∂D), ρ(x) t ∧1 ∧1 ρ(y) t ∧1 ∧1 c 1 e −c 2 d(x,y) 2 t |B(x, t )| ⩽G(x,t;y,0)⩽ ρ(x) t ∧1 ∧1 ρ(y) t ∧1 ∧1 e − d(x,y) 2 c 2 t c 1 |B(x, t )| for all x,y∈D and t>0. Existence of these global bounds had been an unresolved problem even in the Euclidean case.
Temporal lobe epilepsy -current wisdom.

Issues related to resective surgery for patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who have mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), those with normal imaging, and the related issue of those at risk for verbal memory deficits are discussed.
Nitric Oxide Inhalation Decreases Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Preterm Lambs With Evolving Chronic Lung Disease. • 1470

Nitric Oxide Inhalation Decreases Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Preterm Lambs With Evolving Chronic Lung Disease. • 1470
Micromechanical analysis of multiple fracture and evaluation of debonding behavior for fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract Enhanced stress capacity during multiple matrix cracking in unidirectional, continuous fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composites subjected to uniaxial tension has been investigated by using the energy approach of fracture mechanics, in which the bridging stress of the fibers in the matrix crack is determined by the inclusion method. The interactions among the multiple fracture, the interfacial debonding and the frictional sliding are discussed. Theoretical predictions for the stresses at the end point of multiple cracking and the debonding lengths have been derived. To verify the validity of the theoretical model, an experimental study was conducted with cement-based composites made with different volume fractions of steel fibers. The steel fiber reinforced specimens were loaded under uniaxial tension to various pre-determined stress (deformation) magnitudes, and then the deformations in the specimen were “frozen” by gluing rigid steel blocks on the specimen. The technique of optical fluorescence microscopy was used to acquire the extent of debonding length quantitatively from thin sectioned samples obtained by cutting the “frozen” specimen. A “stable growth” of debonding was observed in the study. The theoretical predictions are compared with the experimental results and a reasonable agreement is shown.
Approach to a Positive Urine Culture in a Patient Without Urinary Symptoms

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a condition in which bacteria are present in a noncontaminated urine sample collected from a patient without signs or symptoms related to the urinary tract. ASB must be distinguished from symptomatic UTI by the absence of signs and symptoms compatible with UTI or by clinical determination that a nonurinary etiology accounts for the patient's symptoms. ABU is a very common condition that is often treated unnecessarily with antibiotics. Pregnant women and persons undergoing urologic procedures expected to cause mucosal bleeding are the only two groups with convincing evidence that screening for and treating ASB is beneficial. Randomized, controlled trials of ASB screening and/or treatment have established the lack of efficacy in premenopausal adult women, diabetic women, patients with spinal cord injury, catheterized patients, older adults living in the community, and elderly institutionalized adults. The overall purpose of this review is to promote an awareness of ASB as a distinct condition from UTI and to empower clinicians to withhold antibiotics in situations in which antimicrobial treatment of bacteriuria is not indicated.
Do Drug Prevention Effects Persist into High-School? How Project ALERT Did with Ninth Graders

Abstract Background. This article reports follow-up results during grade 9 for a multisite drug prevention program that curbed both marijuana and cigarette use during junior high. Based on the social influence model of prevention, the curriculum sought to motivate young people against drug use and to teach them skills for resisting pro-drug pressures. Methods. Thirty schools drawn from eight urban, rural, and suburban communities in California and Oregon were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions, two treatment groups and one control. Students in 20 schools received 11 lessons, 8 during grade 7 and 3 in grade 8; in 10 of the treatment schools, older teens assisted an adult teacher in program delivery. Students were pretested prior to the program (grade 7) and post-tested 24 months later (grade 9). Results. Earlier effects on cognitive risk factors (perceived consequences of drug use, normative beliefs, resistance self-efficacy, and expectations of future use) persisted through grade 9 in the teen leader schools; in the condition under which adults taught the lessons without teens, the prior beneficial effects on beliefs largely eroded. All of the earlier effects on actual use disappeared by grade 9, regardless of who taught the lessons. Conclusion. Continued reinforcement of earlier lessons may be required to sustain prevention gains through the transition to high school.
3D finite element modeling of mechanical response in nacre-based hybrid nanocomposites

Nacre (mother-of-pearl), the inner layer of seashells is a ceramic laminated biocomposite with exceptional mechanical properties of fracture toughness and strength. The organic layers in the composite play a significant role in the mechanical response of nacre to stresses. In this work, three dimensional finite element models of nacre (constructed in our previous work to design ‘brick and mortar’ micro-architecture of nacre) were used to study influence of nonlinear response of organic component. In this work, nonlinear elasto-plastic models for organic component are applied to model the mechanical response of nacre. Nanoscale material parameters (elastic modulus and hardness) were obtained using nanoindentation experiments. The yield stress of the organic was maintained at 40×10−6, 50×10−6, 60×10−6, 80×10−6, 120×10−6, 240×10−6, 320×10−6, and (40–400 MPa). The choice of initial value of yield stress of organic phase is the onset of nonlinearity in nacre response at that value. Tensile tests were simulated for each of these values of yield stress of organic phase under identical loading conditions of in increments of For each value of organic phase yield stress stress–strain response of nacre is plotted. The resulting yield stress of nacre was compared to experimentally obtained value. This indicates that a much higher yield stress of organic is necessary to obtain the experimentally obtained yield stress of nacre. Microstructural implications of this result are suggested.
DEMOGRAPHICS OF AN ORNATE BOX TURTLE POPULATION EXPERIENCING MINIMAL HUMAN-INDUCED DISTURBANCES

Human-induced disturbances may threaten the viability of many turtle pop- ulations, including populations of North American box turtles. Evaluation of the potential impacts of these disturbances can be aided by long-term studies of populations subject to minimal human activity. In such a population of ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) in western Nebraska, we examined survival rates and population growth rates from 1981-2000 based on mark-recapture data. The average annual apparent survival rate of adult males was 0.883 (SE = 0.021) and of adult females was 0.932 (SE = 0.014). Minimum winter temperature was the best of five climate variables as a predictor of adult survival. Survival rates were highest in years with low minimum winter temperatures, suggesting that global warming may result in declining survival. We estimated an average adult pop- ulation growth rate (X) of 1.006 (SE = 0.065), with an estimated temporal process variance (6-2) of 0.029 (95% ci = 0.005-0.176). Stochastic simulations suggest that this mean and temporal process variance would result in a 58% probability of a population decrease over a 20-year period. This research provides evidence that, unless unknown density-dependent mechanisms are operating in the adult age class, significant human disturbances, such as commercial harvest or turtle mortality on roads, represent a potential risk to box turtle populations.
Investigation of structure development in polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 tubular film extrusion

The processability of single bubble polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 films was investigated. The development of crystalline structure and chain orientation of polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 films in single bubble film blowing was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and birefringence. DSC measurements of both films revealed a spontaneous increase in glass transition temperature (T g ) and cold crystallization temperature (T c ) during aging at room conditions, with crystallinity and melting point remaining constant. Single bubble polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 films exhibited triclinic a and monoclinic γ crystals, respectively. The level of biaxial orientation was evaluated by calculating White-Spruiell biaxial orientation factors with pole figure data. We were not able to produce biaxially oriented double bubble films with either polyamide 11 or polyamide 12.
The molecular structure, vibrational force field, spectral frequencies, and infrared intensities of CH3POF2

Abstract The molecular structure of CH3POF2 has been determined by MOLCAOSCF single determinant calculations using split valence shell basis sets with polarization functions on phosphorus. Interpretation of the results was aided by similar structural calculations on CH3POH2, CH3PF2, CH3PH2 and POF3. In all cases, geometry optimization was performed by the gradient method using the TEXAS program. Comparison with experimental microwave results for CH3POF2 reveals an apparent error of interpretation in the experimental study leading to a radically incorrect angular distribution of bonds around the phosphorus atom. The vibrational force field of CH3POF2 has been determined by numerical differentiation of analytically determined energy gradients and used to compute the molecular vibrational spectrum and to provide approximate mode descriptions of the vibrational transitions. Agreement between the calculated and observed frequencies is reasonable and can be made very satisfactory by evaluation of a small number of scale factors to remove the systematic error common to vibrational frequencies calculated at this level of approximation. Dipole moment derivatives are also calculated and used to predict IR intensifies.
Binding of mercury(II) to dissolved organic matter: The role of the mercury-to-DOM concentration ratio

The binding of Hg(II) to dissolved organic matter (DOM; hydrophobic acids isolated from the Florida Everglades by XAD-8 resin) was measured at a wide range of Hg-to-DOM concentration ratios using an equilibrium dialysis ligand exchange method. Conditional distribution coefficients (K(DOM)') determined by this method were strongly affected by the Hg/DOM concentration ratio. At Hg/DOM ratios below approximately 1 microg of Hg/mg of DOM, we observed very strong interactions (K(DOM)' = 10(23.2+/-1.0) L kg(-1) at pH = 7.0 and I = 0.1), indicative of mercury-thiol bonds. Hg/DOM ratios above approximately 10 microg of Hg/mg of DOM, as used in most studies that have determined Hg-DOM binding constants, gave much lower K(DOM)' values (10(10.7+/-1.0) L kg(-1) at pH = 4.9-5.6 and I = 0.1), consistent with Hg binding mainly to oxygen functional groups. These results suggest that the binding of Hg to DOM under natural conditions (very low Hg/DOM ratios) is controlled by a small fraction of DOM molecules containing a reactive thiol functional group. Therefore, Hg/DOM distribution coefficients used for modeling the biogeochemical behavior of Hg in natural systems need to be determined at low Hg/DOM ratios.
Increasing Self-Efficacy and Knowledge Through a Seizure Education Program for Special Education Teachers

Since the passage of the 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act and the 1986 PL99–457 amendment, many children aged birth to 3 years with special health care needs are enrolled in early in...
Nonresponse Rates to Organic Questionnaire Items as Evidence of Parallel Processes during Organizational Diagnosis

Using the concept of parallel processes, this study frames nonresponse rates to organic questionnaire items as indicators of authority relations within the organization. Based on information obtained during entry, an eight-person team conducting an organizational diagnosis with a state agency measured employee attitudes toward management training, their own supervisory relationship, and senior management. Consistent with the hypotheses, the study found nonresponse rates varied by respondents’ hierarchical level and questionnaire topic. There also was an interaction between employee job level and questionnaire item response rate. Highest nonresponse rates occurred among hourly employees addressing questions about senior management. In parallel fashion, higher ranking employees showed more favorable attitudes toward management training, supervision, and senior management. The findings point to the potential scientific benefit of treating nonresponses to measuring instruments as information about the organiz...
Variation Within Dialects: A Case of Cajun/Creole Influence Within Child SAAE and SWE

Purpose This study examined whether child speakers of Southern African American English (SAAE) and Southern White English (SWE) who were also perceived by some listeners to present a Cajun/Creole E...
Long-term retention of implicitly acquired learning in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract This study examined retention of procedural learning, using the serial reaction time (SRT) task, over a 1- or 2-week delay in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and elderly control (EC) subjects. The SRT task is a four-choice reaction-time task consisting of blocks of 100 trials. A 10-item repeating sequence was embedded in the first four blocks of trials in session one and the first two blocks of session two. Sequence-specific learning was assessed in session one by comparing reaction time (RT) in the fourth block with a repeating sequence to a fifth block in session one in which the stimuli were randomly arranged. After excluding subjects with deficient session one learning, there were eight AD patients and 14 EC subjects who showed robust sequence-specific learning in session one. In these subjects, retention of sequence-specific learning over the 1- to 2-week delay was examined. The AD patients and EC subjects showed an equivalent change in RT across sessions, and all the AD patients lacked an...
A Longitudinal, Multi-factor Analysis of the Research and Development Performance of Taiwan

AbstractThis paper analyses the educational, intellectual, and research and development (R&D) performance of Taiwan for 30 years from 1981 to 2010. Two input factors of the total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP) and educational expenditure per student at Taiwan universities, along with the three output factors of the total annual number of papers published in the Science Citation Index and Engineering Index, number of students receiving higher education, and per capita gross national product (GNP). The input and output are used to perform the necessary calculations of window analysis within the framework of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The consensus of the results points to the existence of multi-time periods where Taiwan's performance is technically efficient and inefficient. The major events that have affected and shaped Taiwan's educational development and performance are explored and presented. This shows that the educational system of Taiwan has made great strid...
Pricing equity-linked pure endowments via the principle of equivalent utility

Abstract We consider a pure endowment contract whose life contingent payout is linked to the performance of a risky stock or index. Because of the additional mortality risk, the market is incomplete; thus, a fundamental assumption of the Black–Scholes theory is violated. We price this contract via the principle of equivalent utility and demonstrate that, under the assumption of exponential utility, the indifference price solves a nonlinear Black–Scholes equation; the nonlinear term reflects the mortality risk and exponential risk preferences in our model. We discuss qualitative and quantitative properties of the premium, including analytical upper and lower bounds.
Lattice solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates

We systematically study the properties of lattice solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates with either attractive or repulsive atom interactions. This is done, by exactly solving the mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii equation in the presence of a periodic potential. We find new families of lattice soliton solutions that are characterized by the position of the energy eigenvalue within the associated band structure. These include lattice solitons in condensates with either attractive or repulsive atom interactions that exist in finite or semi-infinite gaps, as well as nonlinear modes that exhibit atomic population cutoffs.