cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Candidate Sexual Orientation Didn't Matter (in the Way You Might Think) in the 2015 UK General Election

Does sexual orientation and gender identity matter at election time? While previous literature has explored the effect of candidate gender and ethnicity on electoral results, this is the first study to quantitatively investigate the impact of sexual orientation. We build an original dataset combining individual-level data on more than 3,000 candidates in the 2015 UK election with sociodemographic indicators at the constituency level. In addition to sexual orientation and other demographic characteristics, we include candidate education, political experience, and campaign spending. We find that LGBT candidates generally do not have a negative impact on party vote share. Even in more conservative environments, LGBT candidates perform at least as well as their straight counterparts. This work is important to understand the consequences of descriptive representation and, relatedly, how rapid social change happens.
The Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum of 235 U(n,f) below 2.5 MeV for Incident Neutrons from 0.7 to 20 MeV

Abstract New prompt fission neutron spectrum measurements are reported for 235U( n , f ) reactions induced by neutrons with energies from 0.7 to 20 MeV. These measurements cover outgoing neutron energies from 2.5 MeV down to 10 keV, using an array of 6Li-glass scintillators for neutron detection and a double time-of-flight technique. The neutrons were produced at the Weapons Neutron Research facility of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. A detailed MCNP® model of the experimental equipment and the surrounding room was used to interpret the experimental results. Backgrounds were measured in situ, making use of the time-dependent singles rates of the various detectors with asynchronous readout from waveform digitizers. The results presented here have been included in a re-evaluation of the fission neutron spectra for this fissioning system, a description of which is presented elsewhere in this issue.
Antenatal Synthetic Glucocorticoid Exposure at Human Therapeutic Equivalent Doses Predisposes Middle-Age Male Offspring Baboons to an Obese Phenotype That Emerges With Aging.

Introduction Women threatening premature delivery receive synthetic glucocorticoids (sGC) to accelerate fetal lung maturation, reducing neonatal mortality and morbidity. Few investigations have explored potential long-term offspring side effects. We previously reported increased pericardial fat and liver lipids in 10-year-old (human equivalent 40 years) male baboons exposed to 3 antenatal sGC courses. We hypothesized middle-aged sGC male offspring show obesity-related morphometric changes. Methods Pregnant baboons received courses of 2 betamethasone injections (175 μg·kg-1·d-1 intramuscular) at 0.6, 0.64, and 0.68 gestation. At 10 to 12.5 years, we measured morphometrics and serum lipids in 5 sGC-exposed males and 10 age-matched controls. We determined whether morphometric parameters predicted amount of pericardial fat or lipids. Life-course serum lipids were measured in 25 males (7-23 years) providing normal regression formulas to compare sGC baboons' lipid biological and chronological age. Results Birth weights were similar. When studied, sGC-exposed males showed a steeper weight increase from 8 to 12 years and had increased waist and hip circumferences, neck and triceps skinfolds, and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Triceps skinfold correlated with apical and midventricular pericardial fat thickness, hip and waist circumferences with insulin. Conclusions Triceps skinfold and waist and hip circumferences are useful biomarkers for identifying individuals at risk for obesity and metabolic dysregulation following fetal sGC exposure. Prenatal sGC exposure predisposes male offspring to internal adiposity, greater body size, and increased serum lipids. Results provide further evidence for developmental programming by fetal sGC exposure and call attention to potential emergence of adverse life-course effects.
The Practice of Bioarchaeology

This chapter introduces the reader to the discipline and practice of modern bioarchaeology. Bioarchaeology is the study of ancient and historic human remains in a richly configured context. Situated within the parent discipline of anthropology, bioarchaeology shares the major goal of anthropology—to explain human behavior. Bioarchaeology is inherently interdisciplinary, and it seeks to frame research questions in a way that link the past to the present. Bioarchaeology is integrative (relies on multiple and cross-disciplinary data sets), engaged (uses robust theories to explore human problems in the past and the present), and ethical (considers all of the implications of scientific research using human remains). One invaluable tool to bioarchaeologists is the biocultural model that integrates environmental, cultural, biological, and ideological factors in a way that clarifies causal relationships.
The First United States Computer Chess Championship (New York, 1970)

This chapter describes a report of the first United States computer chess championship held in New York City, in 1970. The three-round Swiss-system tournament was held in the Rhinelander Room in the New York Hilton Hotel on the evenings of August 31–September 2. Computers were connected to the Rhinelander Room via telephones from Illinois, Texas, New Jersey, and two New York City locations; the IDIOM system was at the site of the tournament. It was a rare event throughout the tournament when all three games were simultaneously in progress. The tournament began with considerable speculation regarding who was the best.
Demographic and survivorship disparities in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in the United States

Objectives To examine survivorship disparities in demographic factors and risk status for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which accounts for more than 75% of all urinary bladder cancers, but is highly curable with early identification and treatment. Methods We used the US National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries over a 19-year period (1988-2006) to examine survivorship disparities in age, sex, race/ethnicity, and marital status of patients and risk status classified by histologic grade, stage, size of tumor, and number of multiple primary tumors among NMIBC patients (n=29 326). We applied Kaplan-Meier (K-M) and Cox proportional hazard methods for survival analysis. Results Among all urinary bladder cancer patients, the majority of NMIBCs were in male (74.1%), non-Latino white (86.7%), married (67.8%), and low-risk (37.6%) to intermediate-risk (44.8%) patients. The mean age was 68 years. Survivorship (in median life years) was highest for non-Latino white (5.4 years), married (5.4 years), and low-risk (5.7 years) patients (K-M analysis, pl0.001). We found significantly lower survivorship for elderly, male (female hazard ratio [HR], 0.96), Latino (HR, 1.20), and unmarried (married HR, 0.93) patients. Conclusions Survivorship disparities were ubiquitous across age, sex, race/ethnicity, and marital status groups. Non-white, unmarried, and elderly patients had significantly shorter survivorship. The implications of these findings include the need for a heightened focus on health policy and more organized efforts to improve access to care in order to increase the chances of survival for all patients.
Brevican "nets" voltage-gated calcium channels at the hair cell ribbon synapse.

During hearing in mammals, “sensorineural” inner hair cells convert sound wave-generated mechanical input into electrical activity, resulting in glutamate release onto type I spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) at specialized synapses known as “ribbon synapses”. New findings published here in BMC Biology by Sonntag and colleagues indicate a role for the proteoglycan Brevican in forming perineurounal net (PNN) baskets at these synapses and controlling the spatial distribution of presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels that regulate glutamate release. These findings may provide insight into the mechanism by which individual ribbon synapses within a single hair cell can function in an independent manner to facilitate hearing within a broad dynamic range.
“Safe” and “At-Risk”: Cyberbullying Victimization and Deviant Health Risk Behaviors in Youth:

This study explores the links between cyberbullying victimization and a set of health risk behaviors associated with juvenile delinquency (cigarette smoking, marijuana usage, alcohol usage, and sex...
Ergonomic hazards in otolaryngology.

Objectives/hypothesis To evaluate the presence of postural-related strain and musculoskeletal discomfort, along with the level of ergonomics training and the availability of ergonomic equipment among otolaryngology surgeons. Study design Intraoperative observations and survey study. Methods Using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment score system to identify ergonomic hazards, we conducted intraoperative observations assessing operating room personnel during different otolaryngological subspecialty procedures. Based on these findings, otolaryngology surgeons at a single academic institution in the United States were sent a survey that evaluated ergonomic practice, environmental infrastructure, and prior ergonomic training or education. Results A response rate of 69% was obtained from 70 surgeons, with 72.9% of responding surgeons suffering from some level of back pain, with cervical spine pain being the most common. Interestingly, residents were equally affected when compared to more senior surgeons both in subjective survey reports and from observational risk analysis. Furthermore, 43.8% of surgeons reported suffering from the highest level of pain when standing, whereas only 12.5% experienced pain when sitting. Importantly, 10% stated that pain impacted their work. Only 24% of surgeons had any prior ergonomic training or education. Conclusions Our data suggest that pain and disability induced by poor ergonomics are widespread among the otolaryngology community and confirm that surgeons rarely receive ergonomic training in the surgical context. Additionally, intraoperative observational findings identified that the majority of observed surgeons display poor posture, particularly a poor cervical angle and use of ergonomic setups, both of which increase ergonomic risk hazard. These data provide guidance for future interventional studies. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 129:370-376, 2019.
Sibling Recurrence Risk and Cross-aggregation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Importance Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are believed to partially share genetic factors and biological influences. As the number of children with these diagnoses rises, so does the number of younger siblings at presumed risk for ADHD and ASD; reliable recurrence risk estimates within and across diagnoses may aid screening and early detection efforts and enhance understanding of potential shared causes. Objective To examine within-diagnosis sibling recurrence risk and sibling cross-aggregation of ADHD and ASD among later-born siblings of children with either disorder. Design, Setting, and Participants Using data extracted from medical records of 2 large health care systems in the United States, estimates of recurrence risk and cross-aggregation in later-born siblings of children with ADHD or ASD were compared with later-born siblings of children without these diagnoses. One data set included children seen between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2013; the other included children born between January 1, 1998, and May 17, 2010. Participants included 15 175 later-born siblings of children with ADHD, ASD, and no known diagnosis. The study was conducted from October 2, 2017, to August 14, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Diagnoses of ASD or ADHD in the later-born sibling, ascertained from medical records, were the primary outcomes of interest; moderators included sex, gestational age, and maternal age. Results A total of 15 175 later-born siblings were classified by familial risk status based on the older child’s diagnostic status: ADHD risk (n = 730; male [51.92%]), ASD risk (n = 158; male [48.10%]), and no known risk (n = 14 287; male [50.73%]). Compared with later-born siblings of children without ADHD or ASD, later-born siblings of children with ASD were more likely to be diagnosed with ASD (odds ratio [OR], 30.38; 95% CI, 17.73-52.06) or ADHD in the absence of ASD (OR, 3.70; 95% CI, 1.67-8.21). Compared with later-born siblings of children without a diagnosis, later-born siblings of children with ADHD were more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD (OR, 13.05; 95% CI, 9.86-17.27) or ASD in the absence of ADHD (OR, 4.35; 95% CI, 2.43-7.79). Conclusions and Relevance Later-born siblings of children with ASD or ADHD appear to be at elevated risk for the same disorder, but also of being diagnosed with the other disorder. These findings provide further support for shared familial mechanisms underlying ASD and ADHD, which may be useful for genetic and prospective developmental studies. Later-born siblings of children with ADHD or ASD should be monitored for both conditions.
Ocular Complications of Targeted Therapy

The field of oncology is a rapidly enhancing one, with transition from traditional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents to molecularly targeted therapies for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Novel targeted therapies are selected and designed through cellular signaling pathways necessary for growth and survival of neoplastic cells to provide maximal antitumor effect with minimal alteration of normal cellular function. However, the complexity of cellular pathways proves difficult to design therapeutic agents that do not overlap with the physiologic activities of normal human cellular function. As novel molecularly targeted therapies continue to emerge in the clinical setting, defining prevalence and characteristics of their side effects becomes important for the ophthalmologist to recognize and effectively manage in this patient population when presented with ocular complaints.
Racial differences of heart failure with midrange ejection fraction (HFmrEF): a large urban centre-based retrospective cohort study in the USA.

Objectives We aimed to study the racial differences in clinical presentations, survival outcomes and outcome predictors among patients with heart failure (HF) with midrange ejection fraction (HFmrEF, EF 40%–49%). Design This is a retrospective study. Setting Adults with HF diagnosis at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York between 2008 and 2012, with an inpatient echocardiogram showing left ventricular ejection fraction of 40%–49% were included as HFmrEF population. Participants 1,852 HFmrEF patients are included in the study (56% male, mean age 67 years). There were 493 (26.5%) non-Hispanic whites, 541 (29.2%) non-Hispanic black, 489 (26.4%) Hispanics and 329 (17.8%) other racial populations. Outcome measures Cumulative probabilities of all-cause mortality among different racial groups were estimated and multivariable adjusted Cox proportional regressions were performed to assess predictors of mortality. Results Among the HFmrEF patients, white patients were older and were less likely to be on guideline-directed medications. Blacks had a lower prevalence of prior myocardial infarction comparing to other groups. Hispanics had more chronic diseases and yet better survival comparing to whites and blacks after adjustment for age, sex and comorbidities. Distinct sets of survival predictors were revealed in individual racial groups. Baseline use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) was associated with lower mortality among HFmrEF patients in general (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.99). Conclusions There are significant racial/ethnic differences in clinical phenotypes, survival outcomes and mortality predictors of HFmrEF. Furthermore, the use of MRA predicted a reduced mortality in HFmrEF patients.
Election Integrity in Ensuring Accuracy

Current concerns regarding the integrity of elections and ensuring accurate ballot counts and outcomes are addressed. The chapter specifically focuses on the federal policies and variations in state policy that contribute to an environment in which ensuring confidence in the accuracy of election outcomes presents a challenge for election administrators. This discussion begins with the adoption of the Help America Vote Act in 2002 and traces the intricacies and tools utilized in ensuing election accuracy and citizen confidence in a system that is highly decentralized.
ADVERSITY, MENTAL HEALTH, AND SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS AS PREDICTORS AND MEDIATORS OF RULE VIOLATIONS IN U.S. PRISONS.

This study explores how typologies of adversity and mental health/substance use disorders impact rule violations during incarceration. Data come from the 2004 cross-sectional Survey of Inmates in S...
A Meta-Analysis of Executive Dysfunction and Antidepressant Treatment Response in Late-Life Depression.

Objective Depressed older adults with executive dysfunction (ED) may respond poorly to antidepressant treatment. ED is a multifaceted construct and different studies have measured different aspects of ED, making it unclear which aspects predict poor response. Meta-analytic methods were used to determine whether ED predicts poor antidepressant treatment response in late-life depression and to determine which domains of executive functioning are responsible for this relationship. Methods A Medline search was conducted to identify regimented treatment trials contrasting executive functioning between elderly responders and nonresponders; only regimented treatment trials for depressed outpatients aged 50 and older were included. Following the most recent PRISMA guidelines, 25 measures of executive functioning were extracted from eight studies. Six domains were identified: cognitive flexibility, planning and organization, response inhibition, selective attention, verbal fluency, and the Dementia Rating Scale Initiation/Perseveration composite score (DRS I/P). Hedge's g was calculated for each measure of executive functioning. A three-level Bayesian hierarchical linear model (HLM) was used to estimate effect sizes for each domain of executive functioning. Results The effect of planning and organization was significantly different from zero (Bayesian HLM estimate of domain effect size: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.32–1.58), whereas cognitive flexibility, response inhibition, selective attention, verbal fluency, and the DRS I/P composite score were not. Conclusion The domain of planning and organization is meaningfully associated with poor antidepressant treatment response in late-life depression. These findings suggest that therapies that focus on planning and organization may provide effective augmentation strategies for antidepressant nonresponders with late-life depression.
Coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder that is associated with excess cardiovascular risk. Inflammation is a key mediator in the onset and progression of these cardiometabolic abnormalities; however, the excess cardiovascular risk conferred by psoriatic disease remains understudied. We investigated the prevalence and severity of CMD in patients with psoriasis and determined whether CMD is a result of CV risk factors and atherosclerotic burden. This was a consecutive retrospective cohort study of patients with psoriasis, normal myocardial perfusion, and LV ejection fraction (EF) > 50% (N = 62) and matched controls without psoriasis (N = 112). Myocardial perfusion and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) were quantified using PET imaging. Atherosclerotic burden was determined by semi-quantitative computed tomography (CT) coronary calcium assessment. The prevalence of CMD (defined as MFR < 2) was 61.3% in patients with psoriatic disease, compared to 38.4% in a matched control population (P = .004). Furthermore, patients with psoriasis had a more severe reduction in adjusted MFR (2.3 ± .81 vs 1.92 ± .65, respectively, P = .001). The degree of atherosclerotic burden, as assessed by qualitative calcium score, was similar between psoriasis and controls. Patients with psoriasis without overt CAD demonstrated a high prevalence of coronary vasomotor abnormalities that are not entirely accounted for by the commonly associated coronary risk factors or the burden of atherosclerosis.
Concomitant Hip and Knee Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Periprosthetic Fracture: Diagnostic Utility of Serum and Synovial Fluid Markers.

Abstract Background Diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in patients with a periprosthetic fracture can be challenging due to concerns regarding the reliability of commonly used serum and synovial fluid markers. This study aimed at determining the diagnostic performance of serum and synovial fluid markers for diagnosing PJI in patients with a periprosthetic fracture of a total joint arthroplasty. Methods A total of 144 consecutive patients were included: (1) 41 patients with concomitant PJI and periprosthetic fracture and (2) 103 patients with periprosthetic fracture alone. Serum markers erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and synovial markers white blood cell (WBC) count and polymorphonuclear percentage were assessed. Results ESR demonstrated 87% sensitivity and 48% specificity at the Musculoskeletal Infection Society threshold, area under the curve (AUC) of 0.74, and optimal threshold of 45.5 mm/h (76% sensitivity, 68% specificity). CRP showed 94% sensitivity and 40% specificity, AUC of 0.68 with optimal threshold of 16.7 mg/L (84% sensitivity, 51% specificity). Synovial WBC count demonstrated 87% sensitivity and 78% specificity, AUC of 0.90 with optimal threshold of 4552 cells/μL (86% sensitivity, 85% specificity). Polymorphonuclear percentage showed 79% sensitivity and 63% specificity, AUC of 0.70 with optimal threshold of 79.5% (74% sensitivity, 63% specificity). The AUC of all combined markers was 0.90 with 84% sensitivity and 79% specificity. Conclusion The diagnostic utility of the serum and synovial markers for diagnosing PJI was lower in the setting of concomitant periprosthetic fracture compared to PJI alone. Using the Musculoskeletal Infection Society thresholds, ESR, CRP, and WBC count showed high sensitivity, yet low specificity, thus higher thresholds and utilizing all serum and synovial markers in combination should be considered.
Cardiac MRI and Myocardial Injury in COVID-19: Diagnosis, Risk Stratification and Prognosis

Myocardial injury is a common complication of the COVID-19 illness and is associated with a worsened prognosis. Systemic hyperinflammation seen in the advanced stage of COVID-19 likely contributes to myocardial injury. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is the preferred imaging modality for non-invasive evaluation in acute myocarditis, enabling risk stratification and prognostication. Modified scanning protocols in the pandemic setting reduce risk of exposure while providing critical data regarding cardiac tissue inflammation and fibrosis, chamber remodeling, and contractile function. The growing use of CMR in clinical practice to assess myocardial injury will improve understanding of the acute and chronic sequelae of myocardial inflammation from various pathological etiologies.
Elucidating the Location of Cd2+ in Post-synthetically Treated InP Quantum Dots Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization 31P and 113Cd Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QD) are a promising alternative to traditional QD materials that contain toxic heavy elements such as lead and cadmium. However, InP QD obtained from colloidal synthesis are often plagued by poor photoluminescence quantum yields (PL-QYs). In order to improve the PL-QY of InP QD, a number of post-synthetic treatments have been devised. Recently, it has been shown that InP post-synthetically treated with Lewis acid metal divalent cations (M-InP) exhibit enhanced PL-QY; however, the molecular structure and mechanism behind the improved PL-QY are not fully understood. To determine the surface structure of M-InP QD, dynamic nuclear polarization surface-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DNP SENS) experiments were employed on a series of InP magic size clusters treated with Cd ions, InP QD, cadmium phosphide (Cd₃P₂) QD, and Cd-treated InP QD (Cd–InP QD). With the use of DNP SENS, we were able to obtain the 1D ³¹P and ¹¹³Cd NMR spectra, ¹¹³Cd{³¹P} rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR spectra, and ³¹P{¹¹³Cd} dipolar heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (D-HMQC) sequence. Changes in the phosphide ³¹P chemical shifts after Cd treatment provide indirect evidence that some Cd alloys into the sub-surface regions of the particle. DNP-enhanced ¹¹³Cd solid-state NMR spectra suggest that most Cd ions are coordinated by oxygen atoms from either carboxylate ligands or surface phosphate groups. ¹¹³Cd{³¹P} REDOR and ³¹P{¹¹³Cd} D-HMQC experiments confirm that a subset of Cd ions are located on the surface of Cd–InP QD and coordinated with phosphate groups.
Facial coloration influences social approach-avoidance through social perception.

Perceptions of others’ social characteristics are essential for guiding social behaviour and decision making. Recent research has demonstrated that increased facial redness facilitates both positiv...
Plafond Malreduction and Talar Dome Impaction Accelerates Arthrosis After Supination-Adduction Ankle Fracture:

Background:Supination-adduction (SAD) type II ankle fractures can have medial tibial plafond and talar body impaction. Factors associated with the development of posttraumatic arthritis can be intr...
Validation of a Subjective Caries Risk Assessment Tool

ABSTRACT Objective : The objective was to evaluate the predictive validity of the American Dental Association's caries risk assessment (CRA) tool, adapted with permission, and used by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs dental services within their electronic dental record. Methods : This analytic epidemiologic study with a retrospective longitudinal design included Veterans who had a minimum of three years of available data. The primary outcome was caries-related treatment during the twelve-month predictive period following the CRA category identification. Results : The sample included 57,675 Veterans; 50.1% classified as low, 33.2% as moderate and 16.8% as high caries risk. During the twelve-month predictive period, both teeth/person and teeth with caries-related treatment rose sequentially from low to high CRA categories. However, poor sensitivity (0.34–0.58) and better specificity (0.53–0.78) values were observed. Similarly, better negative predictive values (0.72–0.79) compared to positive predictive values (0.28–0.34) were found. Adjusted logistic regression models showed that current treated caries (caries detected at the time of the CRA exam) was more strongly associated with future caries-related treatment than the subjective CRA determination. Conclusions : The subjective CRA tool evaluated in this study is better at identifying patients at low risk of requiring future caries-related treatment versus those at higher risk. This makes it difficult to target the most caries susceptible patients with preventive measures. Furthermore, we found that the amount of caries treatment required at the time of the CRA exam had the strongest association with caries-related treatment during the subsequent twelve-month predictive period. Clinical Significance : The amount of caries-related treatment required at the time of the caries risk classification is the strongest predictor of future caries.
A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF USERS, VENDORS, AND GOVERNMENTS IN THE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Existing literature on IT standards focuses on the role of technical factors such as network effects and competitive behavior on the creation of standards. However, the role of users and vendors in initiating the standards definition and ratification process is less well understood. Given the advantages associated with standards, all users and vendors of IT products would be expected to be glad to participate in the standards definition and ratification process. However, if that were the case, many fewer proprietary technologies would compete. This paper explains qualitatively why users, vendors, and government bodies choose (or don’t choose) to participate in the standards definition and ratification process. A better understanding of their motivations for participating or not in the process should help to attract more participants to the process. The paper concludes by analyzing strategies to recover the cost of standards definition and ratification process, and their impact on the standards adoption rate.
A Randomized Trial of Lesson Study with Mathematical Resource Kits: Analysis of Impact on Teachers’ Beliefs and Learning Community

We report on a randomized, controlled trial of an intervention that had a significant impact on teachers’ and students’ mathematical knowledge: lesson study supported by mathematical resource kits (Lewis & Perry, under review). In lesson study, teachers engage in collaborative study-plan-act-reflect cycles centered around classroom research lessons. This report focuses on outcomes related to teachers’ beliefs and learning community, potentially important mediators of teachers’ continued effort to improve instruction. Groups of 4–9 educators (87 % elementary teachers) were randomly assigned to the intervention (lesson study with fractions resource kit) or one of two control conditions; resource kits were mailed out to groups, who locally managed their lesson study in scattered locations across the USA. HLM analyses indicate that the intervention significantly increased two of the six measures of teachers’ beliefs and teacher learning community–Expectations for Student Achievement and Collegial Learning Effectiveness. When examined as mediators of knowledge change in the overall sample, increases in Collegial Learning Effectiveness and Professional Community both significantly predicted teachers’ gain in fractions knowledge and increase in teachers’ collegial learning effectiveness significantly predicted students’ gain in fractions knowledge. Findings suggest the power of lesson study supported by mathematical resources to impact teachers’ beliefs likely to support teachers’ continued learning from practice over time. Findings also suggest the potential of scale-up strategies that couple high-quality mathematical resources with practice-based learning strategies such as lesson study, as a solution to the conundrum of faithful implementation of high-quality materials versus teacher “ownership” of professional learning.
Eternal Life in Schleiermacher's The Christian Faith

This article advocates that some form of personal immortality is not only taught in F.D.E. Schleiermacher's Glaubenslehre but is also necessary for the coherence of the same work. The combination of a naturalized account of redemption, a commitment to universal salvation and the realist observation that some never know Christ in this life causes Schleiermacher to posit a certain but content-free afterlife to account for the discrepancy.
Genome-wide transposon mutagenesis in yeast.

This unit provides comprehensive protocols for the use of insertional libraries generated by shuttle mutagenesis. From the basic protocol, a small aliquot of insertional library DNA may be used to mutagenize yeast, producing strains containing a single transposon insertion within a transcribed and translated region of the genome. This transposon-mutagenized bank of yeast strains may be screened for any desired mutant phenotype. Alternatively, since the transposon contains a reporter gene lacking its start codon and promoter, transposon-tagged strains may also be screened for specific patterns of gene expression. Strains of interest may be characterized by vectorette PCR (protocol provided) in order to locate the precise genomic site of transposon insertion within each mutant. A method by which Cre/lox recombination may be used to reduce the transposon in yeast to a small insertion element encoding an epitope tag is described. This tag serves as a tool by which transposon-mutagenized gene products may be analyzed further (e.g., localized to a discrete subcellular site).
Temperature transitions of lipid mixtures containing cholesterol esters: Relevance to the structural problem of serum high density lipoprotein

Abstract X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on lipids extracted from human serum high density lipoprotein-2 and on mixtures of commercial lipids containing varying proportions of lecithin, free cholesterol and cholesterol esters (palmitate, oleate and linoleate). Some of the mixtures were also studied after sonic irradiation in either the presence or the absence of the protein of high density lipoprotein-2 (high density apolipoprotein-2), or of its major polypeptide component (Fraction III). In the absence of protein (high density apolipoprotein-2 or Fraction III), there was no detectable mixing of cholesterol esters with the lamellar phase made of phospholipids, free cholesterol and water. This was observed irrespective of temperature. On the other hand, in the presence of high density apolipoprotein-2 (or Fraction III) there was incorporation of cholesterol esters into a water-soluble lipoprotein complex. This process occurred at the temperature of melting of the alkyl chains of the cholesterol ester mixtures, and required both protein and phospholipids.
Aldosterone enhances urine flow in mice on a low Na, high K diet (892.7)

Mice on a low Na, high K diet (LNaHK) are able to excrete excess K and maintain K homeostasis by increasing tubular fluid flow in the distal nephron of the kidney. High tubular fluid flow increases...
RELATIVE STRENGTH PREDICTS FUNCTION EVEN IN THE OBESE

Purpose: Older patients waiting for joint replacement surgery in many western countries experience lengthy waits for their surgery. Although these patients suffer with mobility problems the nature of the disability associated with waiting for surgery is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine health-related quality of life and symptoms of depression in persons waiting for their initial orthopaedic consultation following referral for total knee or total hip replacement surgery. Methods: All patients who were waiting for an initial orthopaedic consultation for lower-limb joint replacement as at 25 August 2005 were surveyed. Participants were mailed questionnaires concerning demographic information, medical history, health-related quality of life (the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) instrument), and symptoms of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression (CES-D) Scale). Results: The 84 respondents (response rate 64%) had a mean age of 68.3 (SD 11.5 years), and 60% or respondents were women. Respondents reported an average of 1.6 (SD 0.9) medical conditions, and 85% reported osteoarthritis.} The average health-related quality of life was low (mean AQoL 0.38; SD 0.27), and near death-equivalent or worse than death-equivalent health-related quality of life (AQoL 16 of a maximum possible 60) were reported by 35% of the sample. There was a strong correlation between health-related quality of life and depression (r=–0.6). Conclusions: Almost a third of patients waiting to see an orthopaedic surgeon about joint replacement surgery for their hip or knee had symptoms of depression. Geriatric rehabilitation services often provide interventions to these patients. The very poor quality of life reported suggests that more than exercise and strengthening will be needed to reduce disability.
Problems encountered in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension: A point of view☆

This point of view encountered in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension enumerates the most common problems encountered when treating the disease. These problems include: terminology, etiology and pathogenesis, known facts, failure to identify the patient, loss of life for mother and baby, complications, recognition of early disease, and treatment not uniform or individualized. The severe forms of the disease are preventable and should never occur, but once present they should yield a zero maternal mortality rate and a fetal salvage of greater than 90%. Proper therapy of severe disease is primarily the use of pharmacologic doses of magnesium sulfate given intravenously and the prevention of a cerebral vascular accident in the mother. Induction of labor and removal of the products of conception will cure the disease.
Image is everything: Reflections on the dominance of image in modern organizational life

Abstract We develop the notion of image as a “covering concept,” one that subsumes several major ideas in organization study. We draw on a number of literatures, including social psychology, marketing/branding, political science and organization studies, to make the case that “image is everything.” We consider not only the pervasiveness of image, but also the power of image including its transformational potential for altering the character of even our most fundamental concepts in personal and organizational study, including identity. We articulate two major theses: (1) image harbors the power to transform substance into image, and more radically that (2) image can itself become substantive. We therefore articulate not only a substance → image transformation, but also an image → substance transformation.
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER IN THE MEDICAL SETTING: Suggestive Behaviors, Syndromes, and Diagnoses

Borderline personality disorder is a personality dysfunction that is characterized by disinhibition and impulsivity, which oftentimes manifest as self-regulation difficulties. Patients with this disorder have always been present in medical settings, but have been described as "difficult patients" rather than patients with borderline personality disorder. According to empirical findings, a number of behaviors and medical syndromes/diagnoses are suggestive of borderline personality disorder. Suggestive behaviors in the medical setting may include aggressive or disruptive behaviors, the intentional sabotage of medical care, and excessive healthcare utilization. Suggestive medical syndromes and diagnoses in the medical setting may include alcohol and substance misuse (including the abuse of prescription medications), multiple somatic complaints, chronic pain, obesity, sexual impulsivity, and hair pulling. While not all-inclusive or diagnostic, these behaviors and syndromes/diagnoses may invite further clinical evaluation of the patient for borderline personality disorder.
Several Complex Variables With Connections to Algebraic Geometry and Lie Groups

Selected problems in one complex variable Holomorphic functions of several variables Local rings and varieties The Nullstellensatz Dimension Homological algebra Sheaves and sheaf cohomology Coherent algebraic sheaves Coherent analytic sheaves Stein spaces Frechet sheaves--Cartan's theorems Projective varieties Algebraic vs. analytic--Serre's theorems Lie groups and their representations Algebraic groups The Borel-Weil-Bott theorem Bibliography Index.
Is radioembolization (90Y) better than doxorubicin drug eluting beads (DEBDOX) for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis? A retrospective analysis

Abstract Introduction This study compares radioembolization ( 90 Y) versus doxorubicin drug eluting beads (DEBDOX) in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis. Methods Using our prospectively maintained, multi-center, non-controlled intra-arterial therapy registry, we identified 28 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal vein thrombosis (PVT) treated with DEBDOX and 20 with 90 Y. Follow-up protocol consisted of a 3-phase CT scan of the liver within 3 months post-treatment. Tumor response rates were measured according to modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) criteria. Results There were 65 and 29 treatments in the DEBDOX and 90 Y groups respectively. Median age of DEBDOX was 59.8 (35–81) and 90 Y was 66.5 (49–82) years. A defined number of lesions were seen in 78% DEBDOX and 50% 90 Y patients. Patients were similar in the remaining 8 baseline characteristics including performance status, Child Pugh and extent of PVT. There were fewer overall side effects in the DEBDOX group compared to the 90 Y group (11% vs 39%; P = 0.03). There was better disease control (mRECIST) in the DEBDOX group compared to the 90 Y group (67% vs 20%; P = 0.0014). Median survival times were 10 months in DEBDOX and 3 months in the 90 Y group respectively from first treatment (log-rank, P = 0.037). Conclusion DEBDOX is safe for patients with HCC and PVT and may have lower toxicity than 90 Y. It may also provide better disease control and survival benefit. Further studies are warranted to validate our observations and to determine if current clinical practice should be altered.
Stability region estimation for systems with unmodeled dynamics

We propose a method to compute invariant subsets of the robust region-of-attraction for the asymptotically stable equilibrium points of systems with polynomial nominal vector fields and unmodeled dynamics. The effects of unmodeled dynamics are accounted for as systems satisfying certain gain relations or dissipation inequalities. The methodology is extended to systems with parametric uncertainties and an informal branch-and-bound type refinement procedure to reduce the conservatism is discussed. We demonstrate the method on a polynomial approximation of uncertain controlled short period aircraft dynamics.
Insulin resistance complicating pregnancy in a human immunodeficiency virus–infected patient treated with protease inhibitors and corticosteroids

Abstract Background Protease inhibitor therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults has been associated with onset or aggravation of glucose intolerance. We report a case of a pregnant HIV-infected woman receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy who developed acute onset of severe insulin resistance during treatment for preterm labor. Case A 26-year-old multigravida with HIV infection treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy presented in preterm labor. During treatment, including corticosteroids for fetal lung maturity, severe hyperglycemia and ketonemia suggestive of diabetic ketoacidosis were detected. Aggressive intravenous fluid and insulin therapy was necessary to correct hyperglycemia. Conclusion We found that HIV-positive pregnant women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy may be at increased risk for development of glucose intolerance. The use of medications that impair glucose tolerance, for example, corticosteroids, may have a synergistic effect in aggravating insulin resistance. Additional screening for glucose intolerance later in the third trimester should be considered in these patients.
Binary text image file preprocessing to account for printer dot gain

Dot gain is a classic problem in digital printing that causes printed halftones and text to appear darker than desired. For printing of text, we propose a method to preprocess the image sent to the printer in order to compensate for dot gain. It is based on an accurate model that predicts the printed absorptance for given local neighborhood in the digital image, a cost function to penalize lack of fidelity to the desired target text image, and the use of direct binary search (DBS) to minimize the cost.
Hybrid mixture theory based moisture transport and stress development in corn kernels during drying: Coupled fluid transport and stress equations

In first part, a solution scheme for the multiscale fluid transport equation of Singh et al. (2003a) was developed, which could be easily implemented in a commercial finite elements package for solving swelling/shrinking problems. The solution scheme was applied to drying of corn kernels. Laplace transformation was used to convert the integral part of the fluid transport equation to a set of differential equations. In materials undergoing volume change during drying, a moving mesh is needed in Eulerian coordinates, which is tedious to implement. An alternate method was used that involved transforming the equation to stationary Lagrangian coordinates. Once the equations were solved, the data was transformed back to the moving Eulerian coordinates during post-processing. Corn heterogeneity was taken into account by using different coefficient of diffusivity values for various corn components. To predict stresses, it was assumed that the shape of a kernel remains geometrically similar to its initial shape during drying. Using this assumption a relation between the strain tensor and volume fraction of water was developed. The viscoelastic stress–strain constitutive equation was used to calculate the magnitude of stresses at different spatial locations inside a corn kernel. In the companion paper (part 2), the experimental validation of the solution, simulation results for various drying conditions and the practical implications are discussed.
Retained mucosa after double-stapled ileal reservoir and ileoanal anastomosis

A study was undertaken to assess the incidence of inflammation and dysplasia in retained mucosa after double-stapled ileoanal reservoir (IAR) for mucosal ulcerative colitis (MUC). Between September 1988 and February 1992, 56 patients with MUC underwent an IAR. Forty-five patients had a double-stapled IAR (DS-IAR), seven patients had a transanal pursestring stapled IAR (PS-IAR), and four patients had a PS-IAR with mucosectomy. Distal donuts obtained from the stapled IAR were submitted for pathologic review in 55 patients. Nine patients had only small bowel, connective tissue, and/or muscle noted on review. Mucosa was qualified as squamous epithelium (SE), transitional epithelium (TE), or columnar epithelium (CE). All samples were examined for evidence of inflammation and dysplasia. Four patients had SE only, one patient had TE, and 18 had CE. In addition, three patients had SE and CE, seven patients had SE and TE, two patients had CE and TE, and nine patients had all three types. The distance from the dentate line to the anastomosis ranged from 0 to 2.5 cm (mean, 1 cm). In 19 patients (35 percent), the distal donut revealed MUC. Of these 19 patients, six had persistent MUC (43 percent) at the time of subsequent biopsy. An additional four patients had MUC evident on follow-up biopsy but not on distal donuts; two of these four patients had no mucosa in their distal donuts. Only one of the patients with evidence of MUC on donuts and/or biopsy experienced any symptoms referable to active MUC (1.8 percent). None of the specimens examined had any evidence of dysplasia. In 31 patients, no MUC was present in the initial donuts or follow-up biopsies. Although the double-stapled technique appears safe, periodic monitoring is suggested.
Money Pumps and Diachronic Books

Abstract The idea that rational agents should have acyclic preferences and should obey conditionalization has been defended on the grounds that otherwise an agent is threatened with becoming a “money pump.” This essay argues that such arguments fail to prove their claims.
A technical introduction to using speakers’ eye movements to study language

Everything you wanted to know about eye movement monitoring but were afraid to ask: This is a primer for researchers new to the use of eye-tracking and particularly those with an interest in language production. It summarizes the early history of eye movement monitoring in language production research, briefly reviews the relationship between visual attention and eye movements, and details the practical concerns of collecting and analyzing gaze data. In particular, the paper discusses the features and functions of available eye-tracking software and hardware systems, as well as tools for automatically processing speech. We close with a review of dependent measures that have been derived from eye movement data as well as how they were used and interpreted.