cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Female Sufi Leaders in Turkey: Signals of a New Social Pattern Emerging in Secular Side

Two sufi women take part in activities related to sufism and create an attraction point in the secular side in Turkey. The most striking point is that both women do not wear headscarves although they are muslim women. This article attempts to show how sufi women Cemalnur Sargut and Hayatnur Artiran have idealized a Muslim woman's identity, the work they are doing to achieve this ideal, their attidue toward Rebublic values, and the effects of these attitudes on their followers. This article was created from my doctoral thesis and based on Qualitative research which has been established on the basis of 2-year long participant observation and data obtained from in-depth and focus interviews. 31 women and 20 men were interviewed in depth and focus interviews. The main conclusions of my qualitative research are that the influence of theese sufi women is related with process of modernization by accelerating the establishment of the republic in Turkey. It seems that a perception has established concerning that “public apparency’’ of woman will disappear if the “apparency of body’’ disappears and the woman will return to its role which had relapsed into silence for centuries. Besides not using the headscarf, religious conversation has been created by these sufi women in the balance of religion, philosophy and science and the fact that they are conducting their works under secular institutions such as foundations and associations have also been observed to have a very important effect on secular side.
A New Day : Empowering Groundwater Conservation Districts to Manage Groundwater in Texas

The social and economic effects of water scarcity are well known and beginning to become more prevalent in many communities. More and more frequently, Texas citizens are experiencing severe and prolonged drought, and often supplement lacking surface water resources with available groundwater. Additionally, as populations increase, municipalities rely on groundwater resources to fill their growing needs. Citizens of Texas have always recognized the importance of groundwater management and conservation and created a regulatory structure designed to manage groundwater resources at the local level through Groundwater Conservation Districts (GCDs). Although challenged in the past, Texas's unique approach to groundwater management, the rule of capture, looks as though it is here to stay with the Texas Supreme Court's decision in Edwards Aquifer Authority v. Day. However, the Court's decision to recognize ownership in place of groundwater limits GCDs' resource management abilities. In the aftermath of Day, GCDs are required to compensate landowners for their loss of property through pumping curtailment practices. However, most GCDs do not possess the requisite funding to accomplish any conservation goals, effectively stripping them of the right to implement any conservation practices within the State. Without legislative action, Texas’s groundwater resources will remain unmanaged, further depleting one of the State’s most precious resources. This article proposes several new conservation mechanisms the Legislature and GCDs can implement to more effectively preserve groundwater resources in Texas, as well as sources of financing to accomplish those goals. The Texas Legislature must take action to restore the managerial capabilities of GCDs and empower them to conserve groundwater resources in the State.
The Creator Economy: Managing Ecosystem Supply, Revenue-Sharing, and Platform Design

Many digital platforms give users a bundle of goods sourced from numerous creators, generate revenue through consumption of these goods, and motivate creators by sharing of revenue. This paper studies the platform’s design choices and creators’ participation and supply decisions, when users’ (viewers’) consumption of goods (content) is financed by third-party advertisers. The model specifies the platform’s scale: number of creators and content supplied, and magnitudes of viewers, advertisers, and revenues. I examine how the distribution of creator capabilities affects market concentration among creators, and how it can be influenced by platform design. Tools for ad management and analytics will be more impactful when the platform has sufficient content and viewers but has low ad demand. Conversely, reducing viewers’ distaste for ads through better matching and timing—which can create win-win-win effects throughout the ecosystem—is important when the platform has strong demand from advertisers. Platform infrastructure improvements that motivate creators to supply more content (e.g., development toolkits) must be chosen carefully to avoid creating higher concentration among a few powerful creators. Investments in first-party content are most consequential when the platform scale is small and when it has greater urgency to attract more viewers. I show that revenue-sharing is (only partly) a tug of war between the platform and creators, because a moderate sharing formula will strengthen the overall ecosystem and profits of all participants. However, revenue-sharing tensions indicate a need to extend the one- rate-for-all creators approach with richer revenue-sharing arrangements that can better accommodate heterogeneity among creators.
Impact of resilience on college student mental health during COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted college student mental health and alcohol use and to determine how resilience could alleviate negative outcomes. PARTICIPANTS: Students attending an Appalachian university during spring 2020 were surveyed shortly after on-campus activities stopped. METHODS: Survey items included resilience, demographics, self-rated health, and depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and alcohol use before and since COVID-19. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in prevalence of severe depression, severe anxiety, and high stress, and a significant decrease in prevalence high risk for problem drinking before and since COVID-19. Four separate standard least squares regression models were conducted with each of the dependent variables. Self-rated health was the strongest predictor for changes in depression, anxiety, and stress in each of the models, displaying a negative relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Universities should prepare students using resilience training and provide employment and other resources to mitigate effects of stressful situations.
Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections reveal limited infectious virus shedding and restricted tissue distribution

The global effort to vaccinate people against SARS-CoV-2 in the midst of an ongoing pandemic has raised questions about the nature of vaccine breakthrough infections and the potential for vaccinated individuals to transmit the virus. These questions have become even more urgent as new variants of concern with enhanced transmissibility, such as Delta, continue to emerge. To shed light on how vaccine breakthrough infections compare with infections in immunologically naive individuals, we examined viral dynamics and infectious virus shedding through daily longitudinal sampling in a small cohort of adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 at varying stages of vaccination. The durations of both infectious virus shedding and symptoms were significantly reduced in vaccinated individuals compared with unvaccinated individuals. We also observed that breakthrough infections are associated with strong tissue compartmentalization and are only detectable in saliva in some cases. These data indicate that vaccination shortens the duration of time of high transmission potential, minimizes symptom duration, and may restrict tissue dissemination.
Morey, Leslie (b. 1956)

Leslie C. Morey (b. 1956) is a clinical psychologist best known for his contributions to the field of psychopathology and assessment, including development of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), a widely used self-report inventory of psychopathology and personality traits. Keywords: personality; teaching and research in psychology; assessment
Noncontact diffuse correlation tomography of human breast tumor.

Our first step to adapt our recently developed noncontact diffuse correlation tomography (ncDCT) system for three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of blood flow distribution in human breast tumors is reported. A commercial 3-D camera was used to obtain breast surface geometry, which was then converted to a solid volume mesh. An ncDCT probe scanned over a region of interest on the mesh surface and the measured boundary data were combined with a finite element framework for 3-D image reconstruction of blood flow distribution. This technique was tested in computer simulations and in vivo human breasts with low-grade carcinoma. Results from computer simulations suggest that relatively high accuracy can be achieved when the entire tumor is within the sensitive region of diffuse light. Image reconstruction with a priori knowledge of the tumor volume and location can significantly improve the accuracy in recovery of tumor blood flow contrasts. In vivo imaging results from two breast carcinomas show higher average blood flow contrasts (5.9- and 10.9-fold) in the tumor regions compared to the surrounding tissues, which are comparable with previous findings using diffuse correlation spectroscopy. The ncDCT system has the potential to image blood flow distributions in soft and vulnerable tissues without distorting tissue hemodynamics.
Theory‐of‐Mind in Two‐Person Experiments

The theory of mind or folk psychology is appealed to by game theoretic concepts and explains behavior in a variety of bargaining environments. Keywords: trust; reciprocity; theory of mind; common knowledge; bargaining; intentionality detection
Symmetry breaking and nonlinear electrodynamics in the ceramic superconductor YBa2Cu3O7.

For bulk samples of the ceramic superconductor Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ in a radio-frequency magnetic field and in a dc magnetic field ${H}_{0}$ we observe novel nonlinear behavior including very-high-order odd-harmonic generation if ${H}_{0}=0$. If ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\ne}0$, there is additional even-harmonic generation. The even-harmonic power displays a very sharp dip at ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}0$, of width \AA{} 100 \ensuremath{\mu}G. This and related behavior can be semiquantitatively understood by modeling the system as a suitably averaged collection of flux-quantized supercurrent loops containing Josephson junctions.
The possible effects of translationally excited nitrogen atoms on lower thermospheric odd nitrogen

In the quiet lower thermosphere, photolysis of N2 produces translationally excited N(4S) and N(2D) atoms. A fraction of these N(4S) atoms may react rapidly with O2 while still translationally hot. This results in substantially larger calculated NO densities than those obtained if translational excitation is not considered. The sensitivity of the calculated NO density in the lower thermosphere to this process is examined.
TRITON CALCULATIONS WITH PHASE EQUIVALENT NUCLEON--NUCLEON INTERACTIONS.

Abstract Haftel and Tabakin have recently generated a series of potentials by applying a unitary transformation to the Reid potential. The new potentials have a short-range non-locality but reproduce exactly the two-body observables calculated with the Reid potential. We have used several of these potentials to calculate the triton binding energy, rms radius, S-, D- and S'-state admixture probability and charge form factor. We find that these triton observables are sensitive to the short-range part of the nucleon-nucleon interaction, and we conclude that the triton can be used confidently to test phenomenological and field-theoretically derived models of the short range portion of the nucleon-nucleon interaction.
Caveolin-associated Filamentous Actin (Cav-actin) Defines a Novel F-actin Structure in Adipocytes

Dynamic actin remodeling has been implicated in the translocation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane in adipocytes. Here we show that fully differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes have unique cortical filamentous actin structure, designated Cav-actin (caveolae-associated F-actin). During 3T3L1 adipocyte differentiation, rhodamine-phalloidin staining demonstrated the formation of a cortical actin cytoskeleton that is composed of small dot-like F-actin spikes lining the inside of the plasma membrane. Double labeling with a caveolin antibody indicated that these F-actin spikes emanate from organized rosette-like clusters of caveolae/lipid raft microdomains. In contrast, there was no obvious relationship between F-actin and caveolin localization and/or organization in 3T3L1 preadipocytes (fibroblasts). Treatments of differentiated adipocytes with latrunculin B, Clostridium difficile toxin B or a dominant-interfering TC10 mutant (TC10/T31N) disrupted the Cav-actin structure without significantly affecting the organization of clustered caveolae. Similarly, disruption of the clustered caveolae with methyl-β-cyclodextrin also dispersed the Cav-actin structure. These data demonstrate that this novel Cav-actin structure is organized through clustered caveolae but that the formation of caveolae-rosettes are not dependent upon F-actin.
Recovery of tritium from lithium-sintered aluminum product (SAP) and lithium-aluminum alloys

Abstract The tritium release rates of irradiated samples of lithium-containing aluminum (LiAl) and sintered aluminum product (Li-SAP) were investigated to evaluate the potential application of both materials in fusion reactors. The observed release rates followed the pattern expected for bulk diffusion of tritium in a solid. Therefore, diffusion coefficients for tritium in Li-SAP were determined over a temperature range of 383 and 500°C and tritium in LiAl at 450°C. At 450°C, the diffusion coefficients of tritium in Li-SAP and LiAl are 2.988 × 10−10 cm2 sec−1 and 1.462 × 10−6 cm2 sec−1, respectively.
Evidence for Resetting the Directional Component of Path Integration in the House Mouse (Mus musculus)

Path integration is the animal's running computation of its position relative to a starting point based on recording all displacements. This process is known to be prone to cumulative errors and hence must somehow be corrected with the help of local spatial cues. In the reported experiments, the relative role of local spatial cues at two target locations was appraised. These two targets were the peripheral box of a female house mouse (Mus musculus) and a central box from where she retrieved her pups over a distance of 50 cm. The experimental conditions required the mouse to navigate between the two targets solely by means of path integration. To find out whether the mice continued integrating at the two target locations, directional misinformation was fed into their path integrating system. Hence, passive rotation of 90° proved to be sufficient to decide unambiguously whether the mice were misdirected. Such experimental interference consistently documented ongoing path integration at the target location outside the residential nest. In contrast, the same interference when the mouse was in the residential nest documented discontinuation of path integration in most cases. It is inferred that mice, when departing from residential nests, initially direct themselves by means of local guiding stimuli.
Psychotherapy: The humanistic (and effective) treatment.

Although it is well established that psychotherapy is remarkably effective, the change process in psychotherapy is not well understood. Psychotherapy is compared with medicine and cultural healing practices to argue that critical aspects of psychotherapy involve human processes that are used in religious, spiritual, and cultural healing practices. A model of psychotherapy is presented that stipulates various aspects that involve uniquely human characteristics. Central to this model is patient acquisition of an adaptive explanation of his or her difficulties. Finally, the research evidence for this model is presented.
Serum specifically potentiates the mitogenic response of Nb2 lymphoma cells to rat prolactin.

Previous observations in our laboratory indicated that rat serum samples being bioassayed for PRL with the use of Nb2 lymphoma cells produced mitogenic responses greater than maximally effective doses of purified rat PRL. The present studies were conducted to confirm these observations and to determine the possible serum factor or factors responsible for the potentiated response of serum. Twenty five rat serum pools prepared from blood samples obtained from lactating, ovariectomized, and steroid-treated rats were assayed in duplicate aliquots of 0.3–50 μI against NIDDK-RP-1 rat PRL (11 IU/mg) by the Nb2 bioassay in Fischer’s Medium containing 10% horse serum and by conventional double antibody RIA. The mitogenic responses of 18 of the 25 pools were clearly greater than the response to standard rat PRL when included in the bioassay at 10–50 μ/ml of cells. When less than 10 μl serum pools were assayed, parallelism to the standard was observed; but the concentrations of PRL determined by bioassay were 82 ± (...
Dissipation fluctuations and the structure and propagation of turbulent flames in premixed gases at high reynolds numbers

At high Reynolds numbers turbulent fine structure is not uniformly distributed but concentrated in small isolated regions, whose entire volume is a small fraction of the total volume of a flow field. The concentrated fine structure can be modeled by a permanent, random distribution of vortex tubes of the Kolmogorov microscale. A simplified model of this concentrated vortex structure-flame interaction showing a strong coupling of these phenomena through a vortex bursting mechanism has been developed and used for prediction of flame propagation velocity, flame dispersion and structure. Good agreement between experimental data and those predicted by this model over a range of turbulence parameters, gas temperatures, pressures and mixture composition has been obtained giving an explanation of some poorly understood features of the turbulent flames.
Interference of electron donors in the measurement of the proton gradient and membrane potential by flow dialysis

Abstract The three most commonly used electron donors for flow dialysis measurements of membrane potential lead to the development of an apparent but artifactual membrane potential with the interior negative in the presence or absence of membrane vesicles. The same three electron donors used in flow dialysis determinations of ΔpH in the presence or absence of membrane vesicles lead to the development of an apparent but artifactual ΔpH with the interior acidic. These artifacts have been evaluated using two probes for membrane potential, namely, TPP + and rubidium in the presence of valinomycin and for two probes of ΔpH, namely, acetate and DMO. Measurements were made over a range of ionic strengths.
Using psychophysical techniques to design and evaluate multimodal interfaces: psychophysics and interface design

"Psychophysics" is a an approach to evaluating human perception and action capabilities that emphasizes control over the stimulus environment. Virtual environments provide an ideal setting for psychophysical research, as they facilitate not only stimulus control but precise measurement of performance. In my research I have used the psychophysical approach to inform the design and evaluation of multi-modal interfaces that enable action in remote or virtual worlds or that compensate for sensory-motor impairment in the physical environment of the user. This talk will describe such projects, emphasizing the value of behavioral science to interface engineering.
InP photonic integrated circuits for high efficiency pluggable optical interfaces

InP PIC integration platforms enable high efficiency pluggable transceivers. Design and performance of widely tunable and fixed wavelength PICs with electro-absorption and Mach-Zehnder modulators for 100 Gb/s datacom and telecom applications will be reviewed.
Clonal selection by fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP)--a "fast" lateral mobility fibroblast mutant (E7G1).

Abstract Fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP) was utilized to select a “fast” lateral mobility clone from Kirsten murine sarcoma virus-transformed 3T3 (KMSV-3T3) fibroblasts. The clone, E7G1, demonstrated a lateral mobility for membrane wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and succinylated concanavalin A (sCon A) receptors of (2.1 ± 1.6) × 10−9 cm2/s and (2.7 ± 2.3) × 10−9 cm2/s, respectively. These mobilities were approximately equivalent to phospholipid mobility (2.8 ± 1.9 × 10−9 cm2/s). The fast mobility phenotype is observed when the cells are unattached and spherical. Upon attachment, the mobility decreases to (0.19 ± 0.19) × 10−10 cm2/s. In addition, the ability of Con A to initiate global modulation was completely lost in spread as well as spherical cells in the E7G1 fast mobility clone. A comparison of F-actin patterns between untransformed Balb/c fibroblasts and the E7G1-transformed line suggests a correlation between well-developed stress fiber assemblies and the ability to induce global modulation. The fast mobility clone was stable for at least 23 passages.
The type and Australian species of the red algal genera Liagora and Ganonema (Liagoraceae, Nemaliales)

The type and Australian species of the liagoraceous genera Liagora and Ganonema (Rhodophyta: Nemaliales) are described. Twenty-one species are included, comprising 15 of Liagora and six of Ganonema. Five new species, Liagora walkerae, L. kraftii, L. izziae, L. delicatula and Ganonema borowitzkae are described. The new combinations Ganonema pinnatum (Harv.) Huisman, Ganonema samaense (Tseng) Huisman, Ganonema clavatum (Yamada) Huisman and Ganonema megagynum (Borgesen) Huisman are proposed. Liagora cladonioides Borgesen is shown to be a member of the genus Stenopeltis Itono & Yoshizaki. A key to the world's species of Liagora and Ganonema is provided.
On the Definition of X0 and XP

In this article, an underdetermined theory of phrasality is presented, in which bar level plays no role with respect to the rest of the grammar. Evidence for this comes from mismatches in bar level and behavior in Irish and Tagalog nonverbal predication structures, Irish construct state nominals, and Persian nominals.
Generation and Insertion Reactivity of Cationic Palladium Complexes That Contain Halogenated Alkyl Ligands

The generation of cationic palladium complexes that contain halogenated alkyl ligands (RX) and their reactivity with vinyl chloride, ethylene, and CO are described. {(nHex)HC(mim)2}Pd(CHCl2)Cl (1; nHex = n-hexyl, mim = N-methylimidazol-2-yl) reacts with 0.5 equiv of [Li(Et2O)2.8][B(C6F5)4] to form [{{(nHex)HC(mim)2}Pd(CHCl2)}2(μ-Cl)][B(C6F5)4] as a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers (3a,b). 3a,b do not react with vinyl chloride. The reaction of 1 with 1 equiv of [Li(Et2O)2.8][B(C6F5)4] in the presence of ethylene or CO yields [{(nHex)HC(mim)2}Pd(CHCl2)(L)][B(C6F5)4] adducts (L = ethylene (4), CO (5)). The reaction of (dppp)Pd(nC3F7)Me (7; dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) with [HNMePh2][B(C6F5)4] yields [(dppp)Pd(nC3F7)(NMePh2)][B(C6F5)4] (8). 8 does not react with vinyl chloride or ethylene but does react with CO to form [(dppp)Pd(nC3F7)(CO)][B(C6F5)4] (9). 4, 5, and 9 do not undergo insertion under mild conditions. The reaction of (tBu2bipy)Pd(CH2Cl)Cl (10; tBu2bipy = 4,4‘-di-tert-butyl-2,2‘-bipyridin...
Effects of decapitation and ovariectomy on the regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata

Corpora allata from Diploptera punctata females at adult ecdysis or at the end of the last-larval stadium, when implanted into decapitated females, underwent a cycle of juvenile hormone synthesis similar in timing and magnitude to that of glands implanted into control animals which had been starved and allatectomized. Starvation did not alter the cycle in rates of juvenile hormone synthesis of sham-operated animals. Decapitation of ovariectomized animals resulted in no cycle in rates of juvenile hormone synthesis by implanted adult corpora allata; however, implantation of an ovary along with the corpora allata into decapitated, ovariectomized hosts resulted in a cycle of juvenile hormone synthesis. In control animals, which retained their heads but were starved and allatectomized as well as ovariectomized, the implanted corpora allata showed a cycle of juvenile hormone synthesis only when implanted with an ovary. The maximal rates of juvenile hormone synthesis by the corpora allata in both experimental and control conditions were lower than normal, likely due to the repeated trauma of surgery. However, at no time from eclosion to the end of the first gonotrophic period was the brain necessary for the cyclic response of the corpora allata to the presence of the ovary.
The Recruitment and Retention of African American Women as Public School Superintendents

This qualitative study was based on a phenomenological narrative design that specifically addresses the issues of recruitment and retention of African American women in the public school superinten...
Metal Insulated Semiconductor (MIS) Radiation Effects Considerations For Infrared Focal-Plane Arrays

Flatband voltage shifts on ther order of -2 volts/104 rad (Si) are observed for all MOS devices with 1000 R thick oxides irradiated at temperatures below 100°K. For example, the radiation hardness of "process optimized" oxides, which are radiation hard at room temperature with threshold shifts of -1V/106 rad (Si) for 1000 A oxides, is degraded by two orders of magnitude when irradiated below 100°K. Flatband voltage shifts as small as0-1 volt per 106 rad (Si) have been measured on thin oxide MNOS capacitors irradiated at 80 K. The threshold shift in a p-buried channel CCD linear shift register, fabricated with an oxide/ nitride dual gate insulator and double-level polysilicon gates and irradiated with the device operating, was -1 volt after 10° rad (Si) dose at 80°K. The CCDs were operational using the preirradiation bias conditions after 10° rad (Si) at 80°K, and the CCD transfer efficiency was essentially unchanged at 0.9999.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantifying Viral Propagation in Vitro: Toward a Method for Characterization of Complex Phenotypes

For a eukaryotic virus to successfully infect and propagate in cultured cells several events must occur: the virion must identify and bind to its cellular receptor, become internalized, uncoat, synthesize viral proteins, replicate its genome, assemble progeny virions, and exit the host cell. While these events are taking place, intrinsic host defenses activate in order to defeat the virus, e.g., activation of the interferon system, induction of apoptosis, and attempted elicitation of immune responses via chemokine and cytokine production. As a first step in developing an imaging methodology to facilitate direct observation of such complex host/virus dynamics, we have designed an immunofluorescence-based system that extends the traditional plaque assay, permitting simultaneous quantification of the rate of viral spread, as indicated by the presence of a labeled viral protein, and cell death in vitro, as indicated by cell loss. We propose that our propagation and cell death profiles serve as phenotypic read-outs, complementing genetic analysis of viral strains. As our virus/host system we used vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) propagating in hamster kidney epithelial (BHK-21) and murine astrocytoma (DBT) cell lines. Viral propagation and death profiles were strikingly different in these two cell lines, displaying both very different initial titer and cell age effects. The rate of viral spread and cell death tracked reliably in both cell lines. In BHK-21 cells, the rate of viral propagation, as well as maximal spread, was relatively insensitive to initial titer and was roughly linear over several days. In contrast, viral plaque expansion in DBT cells was contained early in the infections with high titers, while low titer infections spread in a manner similar to the BHK-21 cells. The effect of cell age on infection spread was negligible in BHK-21 cells but not in DBTs. Neither of these effects was clearly observed by plaque assay.
Fatigue of Extruded Steel/Nial Composites

Fatigue tests were performed on a novel, extruded, stainless steel/NiAl composite having good impact and tensile properties. A high fatigue limit was observed to occur at approximately 67% of the σ UTS . The fracture surface showed a distinct change in morphology between the fatigued and fast fracture areas and the formation and growth of microcracks was postulated as the initial fatigue mechanism. The microcrack development was monitored by intermittent measurement of the elastic modulus and associated hysteresis. Microstructural characterization by means of SEM, TEM and EDS revealed the existence of approximately 100nm diameter Al 2 O 3 particles decorating the interface between the NiAl and the stainless steel tubes.
Experimental chiroptical verification of linkage flexibility in methyl 3‐O‐(α‐D‐mannopyranosyl)‐α‐D‐mannopyranoside

Vacuum UV CD spectra of methyl 3-O-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-D- mannopyranoside in D2O and as a cast film were obtained in the 145-200 nM region. The disaccharide solution CD per residue is nearly identical to that of the monosaccharide solution CD, and to the monosaccharide film CD. Conversely, the disaccharide film spectrum exhibits a strong positive CD linkage contribution in the 160-170 nm range, which is consistent with the known crystal conformation under the aegis of previously determined sector rules. The close similarity between the monosaccharide and disaccharide solution spectra, therefore, reflects conformational averaging in which the net linkage contribution is approximately zero. The present observation of significant solution linkage flexibility confirms previous conclusions based on optical rotation, as well as conclusions of others based on nmr data. Moreover, when combined with those earlier results, the present work demonstrates the population of at least three distinct potential energy wells on the disaccharide phi,psi potential energy surface.
Prices as factors: Approximate aggregation with incomplete markets

Recent developments in intertemporal asset pricing theory focus on two sets of fundamental determinants of asset returns. Models with complete markets emphasize aggregate variables such as per capita consumption. Such models have not performed well empirically. Models with incomplete markets emphasize disaggregate variables such as the distribution of wealth. These models have shown empirical promise, but their lack of parsimony has led many to question their usefulness. Indeed, most empirical applications, as well as the best practice in the financial industry, ignore much of what theory has to say altogether. Practitioners favor factor models and, in particular, models in which asset returns serve as factors that explain other asset returns. This paper attempts to rationalize these very different approaches. We show that in an incomplete-markets economy—an economy in which the true pricing kernel is high dimensional and difficult to measure—a low-dimensional pricing kernel that depends on returns, as in the CAPM or the APT, can accurately price assets. In this sense, theory based on fundamentals admits an approximate aggregation that is consistent with practical application. Theory and practice, therefore, may not be as disparate as they might seem.
ESTROGEN, TESTOSTERONE AND GROWTH HORMONE IN THE PRODUCTION OF ATYPICAL EPITHELIAL GROWTHS IN THE HUMAN CERVICAL MUCOSA

IN PREVIOUS COMMUNICATIONS (1–4) physiological effects of the ovarian hormones on the histological components of the human cervical mucosa were reported, and also observations made on the atrophic cervical mucosa of castrated women following ovarian hormonal treatment. It was shown that estrogen has a specific growth stimulating effect on the columnar epithelial elements, which can be depressed by the simultaneous administration of progesterone. Estrone and progesterone, when given simultaneously, produce a markedly increased growth in the squamous epithelium of the cervix. In all of my cases the proliferation of the two epithelial ele-ments was found to be orderly under ovarian hormonal stimulation. When estrone is given in suf-ficient amounts to a castrated woman, the atrophic cervical mucosa is changed into a structure which presents the typical picture of glandular hyperplasia. The clinical and histological picture of socalled endocervicitis and erosion can be produced in dry, atrophic cervices by lon...
Genetic Manipulation of Genes and Cells in the Nervous System of the Fruit Fly

Research in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has led to insights in neural development, axon guidance, ion channel function, synaptic transmission, learning and memory, diurnal rhythmicity, and neural disease that have had broad implications for neuroscience. Drosophila is currently the eukaryotic model organism that permits the most sophisticated in vivo manipulations to address the function of neurons and neuronally expressed genes. Here, we summarize many of the techniques that help assess the role of specific neurons by labeling, removing, or altering their activity. We also survey genetic manipulations to identify and characterize neural genes by mutation, overexpression, and protein labeling. Here, we attempt to acquaint the reader with available options and contexts to apply these methods.
The Streptococcus mutans irvA Gene Encodes a trans-Acting Riboregulatory mRNA

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, insight into gene function is typically obtained by in silico homology searches and/or phenotypic analyses of strains bearing mutations within open reading frames. However, the studies herein illustrate how mRNA function is not limited to the expression of a cognate protein. We demonstrate that a stress-induced protein-encoding mRNA (irvA) from the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans directly modulates target mRNA (gbpC) stability through seed pairing interactions. The 5' untranslated region of irvA mRNA is a trans riboregulator of gbpC and a critical activator of the DDAG stress response, whereas IrvA functions independently in the regulation of natural competence. The irvA riboregulatory domain controls GbpC production by forming irvA-gbpC hybrid mRNA duplexes that prevent gbpC degradation by an RNase J2-mediated pathway. These studies implicate a potentially ubiquitous role for typical protein-encoding mRNAs as riboregulators, which could alter current concepts in gene regulation.
Influence of carbon on oxygen behavior in silicon

The influence of carbon on thermal donor generation and on oxygen precipitation is investigated for Czochralski silicon. The results confirm the fact that carbon inhibits thermal donor generation at 450°C and accelerates the rate of oxygen precipitation at higher temperature. New and very interesting results are found on the influence of carbon in the generation of thermal donors at 750°C. From the results it is deduced that the stable donor complexes generated at 750°C involve carbon and oxygen atoms. Nous avons etudie l'influence du carbone sur la generation de donneurs thermiques et sur la precipitation de l'oxygene dans le silicium Czochralski. Nos resultats confirment le fait que le carbone inhibe la generation de donneurs thermiques a 450°C et accelere la precipitation de l'oxygene a plus haute temperature. Des resultats nouveaux et interessants ont ete obtenus sur l'influence du carbone sur la generation des donneurs thermiques a 750°C. D'apres ceux-ci, on peut penser que les complexes donneurs stables generes a 750°C contiennent a la fois des atomes de carbone et d'oxygene.
Coprocessing coal with hydrogenated vacuum pyrolyzed tire oil

GC–MS and NMR analyses of vacuum pyrolyzed tire oil (VPTO) show the presence of non-hydrogen donor polyaromatic molecules, such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and their methylated derivatives. Thus, VPTO provides weak H-donor capacity. However, partial hydrogenations of VPTO converts the polyaromatics to hydropolyaromatic compounds, which are very good H-donor molecules. In this study, hydrogenation of VPTO was done using several types of presulfided hydrogenation catalysts, including Ni/Al2O3, CoMo/Al2O3, NiMo/Al2O3, NiW/Al2O3, Ni/SiO2–Al2O3, Pd/carbon, unsulfided Pt/Al2O3 and Pt/carbon. Hydrogenation of VPTO was also investigated at different temperatures and hydrogenation pressures when the catalyst was Ni/Al2O3. The partially hydrogenated VPTO (HVPTO) products were then coprocessed with different coal ranks at several reaction temperatures and pressures with and without finely dispersed Mo naphthenate, Mo(CO)6, (NH4)2MoS4 and Mo/Fe2O3/SO4 catalysts. The coprocessing of coal with several model compounds indicated that solvent effectiveness varies in the order of (non-donor polyaromatic model compounds)<(HVPTO)<(strong H-donor model compounds). No effect of varying coal rank is observed. NiMo/Al2O3 (6.7% of NiO and 27% MoO3) and Ni/Al2O3 are the best catalysts for converting polyaromatics to hydrogen donor-rich hydroaromatics among nine tested catalysts. The best hydrogenation conditions are 325°C and 1000 psig of H2 (cold). (NH4)2MoS4 and Mo/Fe2O3/SO4 are excellent coal liquefaction catalysts when HVPTO is coprocessed with coal.
A laboratory investigation of the routes of HNO3 dry deposition to coniferous seedlings.

Abstract White pine, Norway spruce and red spruce seedlings were exposed to nitric acid vapor concentrations of 10 to 120 ppb in constant stirred tank reactors. Nitric acid dry deposition rates were determined from both the change in nitric acid concentration in the reactor flow stream and from the amount of nitrogen recovered from the seedlings. Nitric acid labeled with 15N was used to distinguish dry-deposited nitrogen in the plant from the nitrogen that was already present. It was found that dry deposition occurs via three routes: surface deposition, trans-cuticular deposition, and stomatal deposition. Resistance to surface deposition is very low (
An analysis of excellent early educational practices: Preliminary report

A substantial number of young children seem to reach age six very poorly prepared for future learning experiences, including formal education. This paper is a preliminary report of a large project designed to generate knowledge about how best to rear children during their first six years of life. The strategy has been to systematically and intensively observe how some families manage to do an unusually good job with their young children. Preliminary results are reported on (1) the details of the everyday experiences of well versus poorly developing one- and two-year-old children, (2) their developing competencies, and (3) environmental factors that appear to influence these processes of development in significant ways.
Effects of some nonionic polymeric additives on the crystallization of calcium carbonate

The effect of water-soluble, nonionic polymers on the crystallization of calcium carbonate is reported. The polymers used were poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyacrylamide, poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), and poly(ethylene oxide). In addition, several smaller molecules containing hydroxyl groups (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, dextran, and maltodextran) were also examined. Crystallization began by mixing together, with or without a polymer or other additive, calcium chloride and ammonium carbonate. The first crystals to form in all cases were vaterite, possibly with a very small amount of calcite. Subsequent behavior depended on the polymer or other additive present. With most additives, the vaterite transformed within ca. 1 h to calcite, probably by dissolution and recrystallization. However, with PVA, the formation of calcite was inhibited, and when enough PVA was added, the vaterite remained. With less PVA, aragonite formed. After ca. 9 days, aragonite was the exclu...
The role of distinctive features in the dichotic perception of vowels.

Abstract A dichotic listening experiment was conducted to determine if vowel perception is based on phonetic feature extraction as is consonant perception. Twenty normal right-handed subjects were given dichotic CV syllables contrasting in final vowels. It was found that, unlike consonants, the perception of dichotic vowels was not significantly lateralized, that the dichotic perception of vowels was not significantly enhanced by the number of phonetic features shared, and that the occurrence of double-blend errors was not greater than chance. However, there was strong evidence for the use of phonetic features at the level of response organization. It is suggested that the differences between vowel and consonant perception reflect the differential availability of the underlying acoustic information from auditory store, rather than differences in processing mechanisms.
Targeted gene modification for gene therapy of stem cells.

Ideally, gene therapy would correct the specific gene defect without adding potentially harmful extraneous DNA sequences. Such correction can be obtained with homologous recombination between input DNA sequences and identical (homologous) sequences in the genomic target gene. The development of techniques for obtaining virtually pure populations of hematopoietic stem cells should permit the use of the highly efficient nuclear microinjection methods for transfer of DNA. These techniques combined with new highly sensitive methods for detecting cells with the specified genetic modification of non-expressed genes would make homologous recombination-mediated gene therapy feasible for hematopoietic stem cells. These advances are reviewed with particular emphasis on approaches to targeted gene modification of hematopoietic stem cells and speculation on directions for future research.
A Comparison of Three-dimensional Conformal Proton Radiotherapy, Three-Dimensional Conformal Photon Radiotherapy and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy for Retroperitoneal Sarcomas

Materials/Methods: 3DCRT, IMRT, and 3DCPT plans were created for 8 patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas referred for preoperative RT. The median tumor volume was 1,635 cm (range, 277 to 3476 cm). The CTV consisted of the gross tumor plus a 2-cm margin, except when the GTV approximated the bowel where a 1.5-cm margin was used. The PTV for the photon plans was a uniform expansion of 5 mm. For the proton plans, it was nonuniform and beam-specific. The prescription dose was 50.4 Gy. Plans were normalized so that 95% of the CTV received 100% of the dose. DVH goals for the organs at risk (OARs) were as follows: spinal cord, 0.1 cm \ 50 Gy; kidney, 50% \ 20 Gy; bowel, V40 \ 170 cm, V45 \ 100 cm, and V50 \ 33 cm; and liver mean dose \30 Gy and 33% \ 35 Gy.
Effect of dynamic exercise on left atrial function in conscious dogs

1. Dynamic changes in left atrial (LA) function during treadmill exercise were studied in ten conscious dogs instrumented to measure left ventricular (LV) pressure and diameter, LA pressure and diameter, and pulmonary venous blood flow (PVF, transit time flowmeter). 2. Systolic PVF volume (reservoir volume; a measure of LA reservoir function) increased from 38 +/- 4% of total PVF volume at baseline to 52 +/- 8% of total PVF volume during exercise, and diastolic PVF volume (conduit volume; a measure of LA conduit function) decreased from 62 +/- 5% at baseline to 48 +/- 8% during exercise (P < 0.005). 3. The increases in reservoir volume and the decrease in conduit volume were due not only to a greater decrease in diastolic interval than systolic interval but were also caused by a significantly greater increase (P < 0.05) in the mean systolic filling rate (93%) than in the mean diastolic filling rate (51%). 4. During exercise the pattern of LV filling derived from changes in LV diameter showed that a greater percentage of LV filling occurred during the second half of diastole at the time of atrial contraction (P < 0.05), suggesting that LA booster function was enhanced. 5. Changes in LA dimension revealed that during exercise more blood volume was reserved in the LA during systole and that this change was associated with an increase in the LA dimension at the beginning of LA contraction (r = 0.61, P < 0.05). 6. We conclude that LA reservoir and booster functions were augmented during exercise, whereas conduit function was not. Increased reservoir function may play an important role in accelerating LV filling by helping to maintain an enhanced atrioventricular pressure gradient during diastole and also by increasing LA booster function through an increase in LA preload.
Children's Health Status Instruments: Their Potential Application in the Emergency Department

Objective.—To provide an overview of child health status instruments and their potential application by emergency medicine researchers. Conclusions.—Numerous instruments have recently been developed to measure children's physical, mental, and social health using sound principles of measurement science. These instruments differ from traditional clinical benchmarks of impairment. Health is conceived to be multidimensional and is measured from the child's and/or parents' perspective. Child health status instruments can be used to broaden the evaluation of emergency care in the following ways: 1) to evaluate emergency department (ED) interventions in terms of improvements in children's everyday activities and well-being; 2) to assess the appropriateness of ED disposition and follow-up services; and 3) to detect underlying health and social problems. Using these instruments in the ED will be challenging. Methodologic issues remain regarding the measurement of children's health. The most pressing issues are the absence of a universal definition of children's health, the need to take into account the developmental and social contexts of children, and the difficulties in eliciting information from very young children. In addition, the ED presents its own set of challenges. These include the lack of pre-injury/pre-illness measures, the absence of case-mix severity instruments, and the difficulty of isolating the effect of ED treatment on patients' health. Recommendations.—Despite these challenges, it is time to use pediatric health status instruments in emergency medicine. Only with their adoption will instruments improve and advances in methodology occur. As patients, providers, and policy makers increasingly focus their attention on the nonfatal consequences of injury and illness, the broader use of these measures becomes imperative.
Measurement of radiation-induced damage to DNA at the molecular level.

(1992). Measurement of Radiation-induced Damage to DNA at the Molecular Level. International Journal of Radiation Biology: Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 175-183.
Influence of Induced Muscular Tension on a Time Estimation Motor Task

Right-handed female volunteers (N=28) participated in a study examining the inverted-U relationship between activation, as altered by various levels of induced muscular tension, and behavioral efficiency. Heart rate and skin resistance were used as measures of activation. A time-estimation task required moving a handle with the right hand across a 60-cm. track in 2 sec. while exerting tension (either 0, 25, 50, or 75% of maximum grip strength) with the left hand on stabilized hand dynamometer. There was no statistical support for the inverted U theory, but the mean performance scores indicated a trend toward the inverted U, with the most accurate mean performance occurring at the 50% induced tension level.