cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lysis of neuroblastoma cell lines by human natural killer cells activated by interleukin-2 and interleukin-12

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial, solid tumor in children. Despite intensive chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation, the 5-year projected survival rate is 20% to 25%. In vitro studies have shown enhanced natural killer cell (NK) lysis of tumor cells after exposure of NK cells to interleukin-2 (IL-2). In vivo studies have demonstrated similar immunologic effects but have also revealed severe toxicities associated with the use of IL-2. IL-12 is a newly described cytokine that has several properties, including the ability to act synergistically with IL-2 in generating lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK) against known tumor targets. We investigated the role of IL-12 in the generation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) lysis of neuroblastoma cell lines. PBMC were activated with IL-12 alone and in combination with IL-2. Whereas IL-12 alone produced only modest enhancement of NK cell cytotoxicity, the combination of IL-2 and IL-12 was most effective in activating NK cell lysis of neuroblastoma cell lines. Further, we showed that large granular lymphocytes were the effector cells involved in target cell lysis. Finally, the CD18 molecule was shown to be critical in the lysis of neuroblastoma cells by activated PBMC.
Buying Witness Silence: Evidence-Suppressing Settlements and Lawyers' Ethics

Lawyers frequently draft settlements that impede other parties' access to relevant evidence through clauses that prohibit the plaintiff from disclosing information to anyone with a claim against the defendant or forbid all discussion of the facts underlying the dispute. This Article argues that lawyers who negotiate these "noncooperation" agreements violate Rule 3.4(f) of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, which prohibits requesting someone other than the lawyer's own client to withhold relevant information from another party, and Model Rule 8.4(d), which prohibits conduct "prejudicial to the administration of justice." The conventional wisdom among practitioners and legal ethics scholars has been that lawyers may ethically negotiate any settlement terms that serve their clients' interests and are not criminal or fraudulent. (Some recent critics of settlement secrecy have argued that noncooperation settlements violate obstruction of justice statutes or other criminal laws, but the illegality argument is largely unconvincing.) This Article argues that the conventional view has looked at the problem through the wrong lens. In the ethos of the ethics codes, third party and societal interests generally take a back seat to client service, but certain types of conduct deemed especially harmful to the justice system have long been placed off-limits to lawyers because of their special role as "officers of the court." This Article traces the history of one such duty, the principle that lawyers must not ask nonclients to refrain from voluntarily disclosing relevant information to other parties or their attorneys, and shows the important function that it plays in safeguarding the integrity of adversary adjudication. After providing a theoretical justification for liberally construing ethics rules that limit client advocacy for the sake of the adversary system's effective functioning, this Article explores what the rules mean for settlement practices. The Conclusion addresses the critique that prohibiting lawyers from negotiating agreements that their clients could lawfully enter into on their own is either futile or paternalistic, and shows that it is neither.
Studies on the Protein Portion of Thyroglobulin AMINO ACID COMPOSITIONS AND TERMINAL AMINO ACIDS OF SEVERAL THYROGLOBULINS

Amino acid analyses have been performed on the thyroglobulins from calf, sheep, pig, and man. These proteins contain approximately one-fifth of their amino acid residues in the form of dicarboxylic amino acids, almost one-half of these being in the amide form. The basic amino acids account for about 10% of the total amino acids. Other prominent amino acids in the thyroglobulins are serine, leucine, alanine, and glycine, and there is a substantial amount of half-cystine present, representing approximately 250 moles per mole of protein. The amino acids, which number close to 5500 per molecule, account for 87 to 91% of the weight of the proteins, the remainder being made up of 8 to 10% of carbohydrate (approximately 300 monosac-charide residues per molecule) and iodine. The terminal amino acids of the four thyroglobulins have been investigated. Amino-terminal amino acid analysis by the fluorodinitrobenzene method has indicated the presence of 2 residues of dinitrophenyl-aspartic acid per molecule. A third terminal position appears to be occupied by leucine in the sheep and calf proteins, by glycine in the pig, and by serine in the human. Each protein, in addition, has partial residues of several dinitrophenyl-amino acids which account for another mole of terminal residues per mole of protein. These findings would be consistent with the presence of four peptide chains in the thyroglobulin molecule. Carboxyl-terminal amino acid analyses, performed by hydrazinolysis, resulted in the release of 2 to 3 moles of amino acids per mole of protein after 8 hours of treatment. These amino acids included serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and leucine. Longer exposure to hydrazine was not possible because of the considerable hydrolytic cleavage of amino acid hydrazides or of peptide bonds which occurred, as evaluated by hydrazine treatment of the methylated protein. Carboxypeptidase digestion led to the release of a limited number of amino acids, most prominent among them being leucine and serine.
A coliphage lambda vector with enhanced biological containment: lambda gtALO.lambda B.

The biological containment of the lambda gt family of cloning vectors has been enhanced by conditionally blocking DNA replication as well as head and tail morphogenesis. The vector, lambda gtALO.lambda B, was constructed by crossing the Oam29, Aama1 and Lam439 mutations into lambda gt.lambda B. The mutation blocking phage DNA replication, Oam29, is suppressed by suII+ or suIII+. The head gene mutation, Aama1, is suppressed by suIII+ but not by suII+ and the tail gene mutation, Lam439, is suppressed by suII+ but not by suIII+. This allows the option of increasing the biological containment by producing heads when a large amount of cloned DNA is being prepared from an individual isolate. A model recombinant, lambda gt Aama1 Lam439 Oam29.KmR' (lambda gtALO.KmR') was constructed and the containment of the vector was evaluated by the series of standardized experiments required for EK2 certification.
The spatial dependence of SOA nonlinearities relevant to all-optical switching

Counter-propagating pump-probe measurements in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) are reported. As well as providing information on the device temporal dynamics these also show the signature of spatially localised effects, namely, gain depletion and saturation along the waveguide. In switching configurations with co-propagating control and data pulses, only the control pulse duration dictates the sharpness of the switching window edge. However, counter-propagating schemes exhibit slow switch on/off, due to the device finite length. Since the results in the counter-propagating geometry relate to the shape of the switching window in the mentioned schemes, the measurements reported in this work demonstrate how the systems operation could be optimised by adjusting parameters such as electrical bias and pump pulse energy. This may provide a method of overcoming some of the limitation imposed by device length.
Extreme Environment Potential of Diamond Derived Devices

Diamond is an excellent material from which to fabricate field emission devices due to its low electron affinity, high mechanical hardness, chemical inertness and highest thermal conductivity. Diamond D-VFETs (diamond vacuum field effect transistors) offer an interesting alternative to "beyond silicon" solid state semiconductor devices. They can operate unchanged in a variety of harsh environments including radiation and extreme temperatures. We have developed micro-patterned diamond pyramidal tips and edge emitters. In this paper, we report the high temperature behavior of these diamond emitters. The polycrystalline diamond films were grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The effect of high temperature was investigated by measuring current-voltage from test devices at various temperatures. The turn-on voltage of diode type configurations for both types of emitter geometries (tips and edges) was not affected by increasing temperature. The emission current and forward and reverse characteristics were unaffected by temperature to > 400 °C. Fowler-Nordheim emission was confirmed for all temperatures. Diamond power resistors have the advantage of rapid dissipation of Joule heating, assured by the high thermal conductivity of the material and accommodating temperature cycling (extremely small TCE). Thin film diamond resistors of various sizes were fabricated on insulative AIN substrates, boron doped with trimethylboron (TMB) gas and patterned by direct reactive ion etching. Resistors with different device geometry and doping concentration were examined for power density response. Arrays of microstructure resistors were exposed to pulsed voltage to examine their thermal response.
Comet Nucleus: Some Characteristics and a Hypothesis on Origin and Structure

In this report I will give a brief discussion of some spectroscopic properties of comets to supplement Whipple’s excellent summary of the nature of comets. These points will be followed by presentation of the problem of cosmic ray irradiation of comets in the long time they survive in the Oort Cloud. A more detailed discussion of this phenomenon, including an experimental investigation of ice irradiation by 1 MV proton, will be given by Marla Moore. The concluding section is a hypothesis on the origin and structure of cometary nuclei.
A New Mouse Tumor Model System (RIF-1) for Comparison of End-Point Studies

Abstract A new tumor model system (RIF-1) was developed that is very suitable for studies in which clonogenic survival is compared with growth delay and control probability following various forms of treatment. The tumor was a radiation-induced sarcoma in the inbred female C3H/Km mouse. It had a low median tumor dose, had a satisfactory plating efficiency direct from in vivo to in vitro, was nonimmunogenic or minimally immunogenic, and metastasized only at a relatively advanced stage of growth. The cell line grew either as a monolayer on plastic dishes, as tumor spheroids in spinner culture, as lung nodules following injection of a single-cell suspension into the tail veins of syngeneic mice, or as a solid tumor. Both diploid and tetraploid clonogenic cells were found in monolayer cultures of the RIF-1 line.
Refraction of the monkey eye under general anesthesia

Abstract Twenty-six pig-tailed monkeys were refracted by two refractionists under atropine and Cyclogyl with no anesthesia, ether, halothane, thiopental sodium, and Sernyl. Twenty-two chimpanzees were refracted with and without thiopental sodium. Ether and halothane but not pentothal sodium or Sernyl resulted in significant increases in negative refraction. The increase in negative refraction was greater in females with atropine and in males with Cyclogyl. Sernyl, which had the highest reliability between refractionists (0.98) and the least effect on refraction, was also the easiest to administer and control. A close agreement between no-anesthesia values under atropine and Cyclogyl was found for all age groups.
DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL TARGET VALUE FOR A PROCESS WITH UPPER AND LOWER SPECIFICATIONS

This article develops two solutions (tabular and graphical) to determine the optimum target mean for a production process with both lower and upper quantity specifications. An example problem is presented for rolled aluminum sheet metal production...
Thermal structure of the accreting earth

The energy associated with the accretion of the earth and the segregation of the core is more than sufficient to melt the entire earth. In order to understand the thermal evolution of the early earth it is necessary to study the relevant heat transfer mechanisms. In this paper we postulate the existence of a global magma ocean and carry out calculations of the heat flux through it in order to determine its depth. In the solid mantle heat is transferred by the upward migration of magma. This magma supplies the magma ocean. The increase in the mantle liquidus with depth (pressure) is the dominant effect influencing heat transfer through the magma ocean. We find that a magma ocean with a depth of the order of 20 km would have existed as the earth accreted. We conclude that the core segregated and an atmosphere was formed during accretion.
What should a wildebeest say? Interactive nature films for high school classrooms

Nature documentaries play an important role in high school biology classrooms, yet they deliver a passive and biased account of the behavior of organisms. To engage students in more active problem solving around behavioral topics, we created an interactive video system called Animal Landlord. Part of a week-long curriculum designed to introduce concepts in behavioral ecology, Animal Landlord presents film clips of the Serengeti lion hunting its prey. Students select and annotate video frames with explanations of their significance to the hunt, compare annotations across films, and ultimately generalize a qualitative model of predation behaviors. This paper discusses the motivations for changing the nature of documentary use in the classroom, the ways in which we change the form of traditional narration for pedagogical purposes, and the interactivity that emerges in the social context of the classroom.
Association of severity of coexisting patellofemoral disease with increased impairments and functional limitations in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Objective To evaluate the association between severity of coexisting patellofemoral (PF) disease with lower extremity impairments and functional limitations in patients with tibiofemoral (TF) osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Radiographic views of the TF and PF compartments, knee extension strength, and knee range of motion were obtained for 167 patients with knee OA. Additionally, knee-specific symptoms and functional limitations were assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADLS). Results Moderate/severe PFOA was associated with lower knee extension strength (mean ± SD 1.4 ± 0.5 Nm/body weight [BW]) compared to no PFOA (mean ± SD 1.8 ± 0.5 Nm/BW). Additionally, total knee range of motion was significantly lower for patients with moderate/severe PFOA (mean ± SD 120.8° ± 14.4°) compared to no PFOA (mean ± SD 133.5° ± 10.7°) and mild PFOA (mean ± SD 125.8° ± 13.0°). Moderate/severe PFOA and mild PFOA were also associated with less pain while standing (odds ratio [OR] 0.2, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.1–0.7 and OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1–0.6, respectively) on the WOMAC, and moderate/severe PFOA was associated with greater difficulty with going downstairs (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.0–8.1) on the ADLS. Conclusion It appears that knees with more severe coexisting PF disease demonstrate features distinct from those observed in TFOA in isolation or in combination with mild PF disease. Treatment strategies targeting the PF joint may be warranted to mitigate the specific lower extremity impairments and functional problems present in this patient population.
High myopia associated with retinopathy of prematurity is primarily lenticular.

Purpose: To determine which of the eye's refractive components are responsible for the high myopia in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), as compared with highly myopic eyes in full-term patients. Methods: The study included 53 highly myopic eyes in 34 patients with a history of ROP, and 66 highly myopic eyes in 37 full-term patients. Measurements included refraction, keratometry, and A-scan values for axial length, lens thickness, lens position, anterior chamber depth, anterior segment depth, and lens power calculations. Comparisons were also made with published age-matched, full-term normal controls. Results: Refractions ranged from a spherical-equivalent of −5.0 to −20.75, and from −5.0 to −22.0 diopters in ROP and full-term eyes, respectively. For ROP eyes, increasing myopia was most associated with lens thickness and lens power ( P P Conclusions: High myopia associated with ROP appears pathophysiologically distinct from high myopia in full-term patients. The increased lens thickness seen in ROP eyes was accompanied by shallower anterior chamber depth and maintenance of the anterior segment depth, similar to the normal neonatal eye, suggesting a mechanism of altered anterior segment development in ROP leading to high myopia.
Partial melting beneath a Mid‐Atlantic Ridge Segment detected by teleseismic PKP delays

An array of six ocean-bottom seismometers deployed across a segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge recorded PKP phases from four teleseismic earthquakes. After correcting for normal moveout and elevation differences, there is a systematic variation of anomalous travel time with distance from the ridge. Stations at the ridge-axis are slowest. The average anomaly at a station 16 km from the axis is −0.36 s relative to the axial stations. Most of this anomaly is probably caused by the presence of partial melt beneath the ridge axis, perhaps concentrated primarily in the upper 30 km of the mantle. The rapid variation across-axis suggests that the melt is either associated with a narrow zone of buoyant upwelling or a region of veins and dikes forming a narrow transport zone connecting a deep melt-production region to the crust.
Getting Started With Electronic Reference Statistics: Case Studies and Best Practices for Collection and Analysis

Collecting reference statistics is an important facet of academic librarianship. Having accurate, shareable data about the services a library provides is key to understanding the needs of users and highlighting the importance of the library within the overall institution. While many libraries collect reference statistics on paper, gathering this data using an electronic statistics system is an efficient and customizable way to track and analyze reference service trends. By detailing Neumann University Library and Harrell Health Sciences Library’s experiences with two different but equally effective systems, this article will explore the complexities of implementing, customizing, and analyzing the data from an electronic reference statistics system. The authors also discuss challenges encountered and offer recommendations and best practices for others wishing to explore electronic reference statistic collection.
Interlaboratory Verification of Silicon Nitride Tensile Creep Properties

Five laboratories tested NIST-supplied, pin-loaded, 76-mm-long tensile creep specimens at 1400°C under a 150 MPa load using flag-based, laser extensometry. The laboratories reported failure time and strain and supplied the individual creep curves. Only one of the laboratories produced failure times that were significantly less than the others. It is likely that their reduced failure times resulted from small load calibration and test temperature errors. After steps were taken to ameliorate these problems, three additional tests yielded failure times that agreed with those of the other four laboratories. Although the times to failure from the four laboratories that initially agreed were statistically indistinguishable, their creep curves exhibited subtle differences. These differences probably arose because the laboratories used different gage length definitions. When we recalculated the creep curves to the same gage length definition, the differences between the four laboratories whose times to failure agreed, vanished. Although a number of the specimens exhibited edge chips, creep cracks, and obvious chemical interactions with the flags, the presence of these defects did not reduce the time or strain to failure. Two additional creep tests in our laboratory, using specimens that were grossly misaligned, yielded failure times and strains that were commensurate with those from well-aligned specimens.
Angular Correlation of Successive Gamma-Rays*

The angular correlation of successive gamma-rays emitted by six even-even nuclei has been investigated and found to be anisotropic in every case, and of the magnitude expected theoretically. Effects of external magnetic fields and of chemical binding on the correlations are found to be smaller than the experimental uncertainty for some exploratory experiments. Interpretation of the results in terms of the nuclear states involved is in general possible by use of additional evidence such as relative transition probabilities.
On the possibility of ion-acoustic instability in Titan's ionosphere

Abstract Heavy negatively charged ions have recently been detected at relatively high altitudes in the ionosphere of Titan, and it has been suggested that perhaps they are supported by electric fields. In this short communication, we discuss the possibility of ion-acoustic instability in this environment.
The effect of relative humidity and evaporation rate on electrospinning: fiber diameter and measurement for control implications

This paper presents an experimental study of the influence that relative humidity and evaporation rate have on the electrospinning process in terms of fiber diameter, process measurements, and selection of operating regime (applied voltage and flow rate) for polyethylene oxide/water (aqueous) solutions and poly(vinylpyrrolidone)/alcohol (non-aqueous) solutions. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) alcohol solutions are studied to understand the separate influence of relative humidity and evaporation rate. Correlations are developed that relate measurable process parameters (jet diameter, charge density) as well as relative humidity and evaporation rate to fiber diameter. In addition, the influence that relative humidity has on selection of operating regime to achieve desired fiber diameter and maximum production rate is presented.
Body Parts and Whole Women

same time as she acknowledges that no woman should have to tolerate persistent pain and bleeding. In contrast to many women's health advocates, she therefore validates the choices of her respondents. Like so many other U.S. women every year, they chose to undergo elective hysterectomies. At the same time, Elson strongly demonstrates the need for alternatives that preserve our bodily and psychosocial integrity. References Blum, Linda M. 1999. At the Breast. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Alphas and taus of tryptophan fluorescence in membranes.

Two recent articles by Clayton and Sawyer in BiophysicalJournal (1999b, 2000) address the structural and dynamicorganization of class A amphipathic helical peptides at aphospholipid bilayer interface. Dynamics along the helixwere probed by means of fluorescence, using a series of fivesingle-tryptophan mutants. The results were compared witha recent structural model from our laboratory, which wasobtained from x-ray structural data and molecular dynamicssimulations (Hristova et al., 1999). Although the papers byClayton and Sawyer contain interesting observations, wequestion their assignments of fluorescence parameters tospecific molecular species or processes. Specifically, ourquestions concern (1) the uniqueness of the proffered inter-pretation of fluorescence lifetimes as being attributable torotameric states of tryptophan; (2) the quality of data col-lection and analysis, which affect the apparent number ofdecay components; and (3) the justification of applyingglobal analysis to an entire family of peptides. These ques-tions arise mainly from the heterogeneous nature of themembrane interface and the experimental challenges offluorescence measurements in membrane systems.
Lexical processing and affix ordering: cross-linguistic predictions

Rich cross-linguistic variability in the strictness of affix ordering raises questions about how universal and language-specific factors interact to determine affix combinability patterns. While focus has been primarily on the interaction of semantic scope and language-specific formal factors, in this paper we take a first step towards a cross-linguistic, typological perspective on a different potential influencing factor: lexical processing. Based on a corpus study, we show that derivational suffix ordering is less constrained in Russian than in English. And significantly, statistical-distributional evidence also suggests that Russian words are overall more likely to be decomposed during lexical access. This hints that the balance between whole-word storage and decomposition in a given language may partly determine freeness of derivational affix ordering, with more decomposition leading to more freedom of combination. This is consistent with an interpretation of the complexity-based ordering hypothesis (Hay 2003).
Self-characterizing ultrafast pulse shaper for rapid pulse switching

We use an acousto-optic modulator at the input to a two-dimensional, Fourier-domain pulse shaper to achieve built-in characterization of the output pulses with spectral interferometry. The device is capable of rapid switching between pulse shapes.
Origin and age of phosphorite from the south-central Florida Platform: Relation of phosphogenesis to sea-level fluctuations and δ13C excursions

Abstract Francolite (carbonate fluorapatite) from predominantly peloidal phosphorite grains in the Miocene Hawthorn Group from the Babcock Deep core (southwestern Florida) is highly substituted with an average composition of (Ca4.61Na0.22Mg0.14K0.05Sr0.02) (PO4)2.23(CO3)0.62(SO4)0.12(F)1.04. δ13C values of −1.0–−7.8 %. PDB of the francolite CO3 indicate a substantial contribution of C from an organic source. The sulfur isotopic composition of francolite SO4 is depleted to slightly enriched relative to Miocene seawater and suggests that phosphogenesis occurred during early burial diagenesis in organicrich sediments above or in the zone of sulfate reduction. The uniformly high Sr, Na, Mg, SO4, and CO3 contents of the francolite, the δ18O values of the francolite CO3 (−0.2–−4.2%. PDB), and the inclusion of pyrite and organic matter in phosphorite grains suggest that the francolite has had minimal chemical alteration since its formation. Phosphorite from the Babcock Deep core has Sr( 87 86 ) ratios that range from 0.708148-0.708880 and Sr-derived ages that range from late Oligocene (25.6 ± 0.7 Ma) to early late Miocene (9.2 ± 1.4 Ma). The Sr-derived ages of relatively fragile calcareous benthic foraminifers are consistently younger than associated hard, tightly cemented phosphorite and support textural evidence of extensive reworking. The age of the host sediment ranges from early Miocene to Pliocene and its depositional history is related to sea-level fluctuations. Approximately three-quarters of the total phosphorite in the Babcock Deep core formed during or within 2 my before the major early to mid-Miocene positive δ13Cshift as recorded at DSDP Site 588 (southwest Pacific). One-third of the total phosphorite formed just prior to the carbon shift in the short interval between 21.9 and 20.4 Ma. These results indicate that reworked phosphorite deposits may provide a proxy of organic carbon cycling on continental shelves that correspond to sealevel fluctuations and to variations in the δ13Crecord.
RNA double-helical fragments at atomic resolution. II. The crystal structure of sodium guanylyl-3',5'-cytidine nonahydrate.

Abstract The crystal structure of sodium guanylyl-3′,5′-cytidine (GpC) nonahydrate has been determined by X-ray diffraction procedures and refined to an R value of 0.054. GpC crystallizes with four molecules per monoclinic unit cell, space group C2, with cell dimensions: a = 21.460, b = 16.297, c = 9.332 A and β = 90.54 ° . Two molecules of GpC related by the 2-fold axis of the crystal form a small segment of right-handed, anti-parallel double-helical RNA in the crystal. Guanine is paired to cytosine through three hydrogen bonds of lengths 2.91, 2.95 and 2.86 A. The bases along each strand are heavily stacked at a distance of about 3.4 A. The fragments form skewed flattened rods within the lattice by the inter-molecular stacking of guanines with each other and the stacking of cytosine with the guanosine Ol′atom. The sodium cations are bound only to the ionized phosphate groups in this structure and exhibit face-sharing octahedral co-ordination. The sodium cations serve to bridge the rods of GpC fragments and organize them into sheets within the crystal. There are 18 water molecules per double-helical fragment which are all part of the first co-ordination shell of nitrogen, oxygen or sodium atoms.
Diversity and democracy in Ethiopia

Abstract This paper, which sees democracy as an incremental habituation of a political culture that societies with modern economy entertain, argues that Ethiopia's current politics can only be understood as a transition from a totalitarian to a democratic culture. However, the transition to full-fledged liberal democracy is struggling to overcome two hurdles: the absence of a formidable middle class and the prevalence of a tenuous national identity. Even if liberal democracy appears a distant dream, the current hybrid political culture will not allow the country to backpedal to a blatant authoritarianism. The political culture, which is undergoing a permanent change, is en route to liberal democracy, albeit incrementally.
Heterogeneity and time dependence in 3D spherical mantle convection models with continental drift

Abstract Feedback between continents and large-scale mantle flow through thermal blanketing has long been surmised as a mechanism for continental drift and Wilson cycles. Paleomagnetism provides evidence for extensive continental displacements (∼ 10,000 km) on time scales of 100–200 million years, comparable to an intrinsic overturn in whole mantle convection. Here we model continental motions in vigorous 3D spherical convection models, focusing on the effects of continent size, mantle heating mode, and a strong increase in lower mantle viscosity. Continents covering 30%, 10%, and 3% of Earth's surface (representative of the former supercontinent Pangea, present-day Asia, and Antarctica, respectively) are introduced into simple end member mantle convection models characterized by pure core or internal heating, and uniform or layered mantle viscosity. Supercontinents promote temperature anomalies on the largest scales (spherical harmonic degrees 1 and 2), primarily through the organization of the long-wavelength convective planform inherent in models with a high-viscosity lower mantle. Bottom heating can promote long-wavelength heterogeneity by clustering plumes beneath the continent. However, in isoviscous models small-scale structure persists away from the continent regardless of the heating mode. Supercontinents respond to long-wavelength heterogeneity by following great circle paths with variations in velocity on time scales of 1 billion years. Smaller continents are unable to promote long-wavelength structure, and the resulting motions are governed by bursts in velocity on time scales of the order of 100 million years. Continental velocities are roughly a factor of ∼ 3 smaller than those in oceanic regions, an observation that may help explain the observed difference in the speed of predominantly continental or oceanic plates.
An electron microscopic study of esophageal epithelium in the newborn and adult mouse

The stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus in the newborn and adult mouse was studied by histological, histochemical and electron microscopic methods. In the newborn, the cells located above the basal layer elaborate mucus. The relative abundance of Golgi zones and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum suggests the involvement of these organelles in the production of mucous granules. The membrane of mature mucous granules ruptures and their contents become dispersed in the cytoplasm. Mature mucous granules are not seen in the outermost cells which are about to be exfoliated. The process of exfoliation begins in the upper layer of the epithelium when the contiguous cell membranes separate and wide intercellular spaces are formed. While the cells reach the surface, the intercellular spaces widen, the cells lose contact and are shed. The distal surfaces of the cells in the upper layer are lined by a surface coat which consists of finely branched filaments. The esophageal epithelium of the adult mouse is similar to the epidermis and undergoes complete keratinization. The sequential development of differentiation products, namely the cytoplasmic filaments, membrane-coating granules (MCG) and keratohyalin granules is seen as the cells migrate toward the surface. After their formation, MCG migrate toward the cell surface where they become confluent with the plasma membrane and are secreted into the intercellular space. Keratohyalin granules are also elaborated in large numbers and become dispersed as the cells become cornified. As the horny cells are formed the cell constituents such as the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, mitochondria and the nucleus disintegrate. The fully keratinized cell has a thickened envelope and is filled with filaments embedded in an amorphous matrix.
The role of MMP-1 in breast cancer growth and metastasis to the brain in a xenograft model

Brain metastasis is an increasingly common complication for breast cancer patients; approximately 15– 30% of breast cancer patients develop brain metastasis. However, relatively little is known about how these metastases form, and what phenotypes are characteristic of cells with brain metastasizing potential. In this study, we show that the targeted knockdown of MMP-1 in breast cancer cells with enhanced brain metastatic ability not only reduced primary tumor growth, but also significantly inhibited brain metastasis. Two variants of the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line selected for enhanced ability to form brain metastases in nude mice (231-BR and 231-BR3 cells) were found to express high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). Short hairpin RNA-mediated stable knockdown of MMP-1 in 231-BR and 231-BR3 cells were established to analyze tumorigenic ability and metastatic ability. Short hairpin RNA-mediated stable knockdown of MMP-1 inhibited the invasive ability of MDA-MB 231 variant cells in vitro, and inhibited breast cancer growth when the cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of nude mice. Reduction of MMP-1 expression significantly attenuated brain metastasis and lung metastasis formation following injection of cells into the left ventricle of the heart and tail vein, respectively. There were significantly fewer proliferating cells in brain metastases of cells with reduced MMP-1 expression. Furthermore, reduced MMP-1 expression was associated with decreased TGFα release and phospho-EGFR expression in 231-BR and BR3 cells. Our results show that elevated expression of MMP-1 can promote the local growth and the formation of brain metastases by breast cancer cells.
Cytologically malignant thymoma with distant metastasis

The clinical history and autopsy findings of a patient with a cytologically malignant thymoma which metastasized widely is reviewed. The histologic structure of the primary lesion resected at thoracotomy is of prognostic significance. This patient died 5 months following thoracotomy. A significant relationship between cytologic findings in thymic tumors and subsequent clinical behavior has been denied by some observers.
Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery using a multi-functional miniature in vivo robot.

Background Existing methods used to perform laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) require multiple laparoscopic tools that are inserted into the peritoneal cavity through a single, specialized port. These methods are inherently limited in visualization and dextrous capabilities by working through a single access point. A miniature in vivo robotic platform that is completely inserted into the peritoneal cavity through a single incision can address these limitations, providing more intuitive manipulation capabilities and improved visualization. Methods The miniature in vivo robotic platform for LESS consists of a multi-functional robot and a remote surgeon interface. The robot has two arms and specialized end effectors that can be interchanged to provide monopolar cautery, tissue manipulation, and intracorporeal suturing capabilities. Results This robot has been demonstrated in multiple non-survival procedures in a porcine model, including four cholecystectomies. Conclusion This study demonstrates the effectiveness of using a multi-functional miniature in vivo robot platform to perform LESS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population genetic analyses of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus using HLA allele frequencies.

In order to try to detect heterogeneity within insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and to distinguish a mode of inheritance of IDDM, population genetic analyses were performed using HLA allele frequencies. HLA-A and -B typing performed on 231 IDDM individuals and 268 controls from the southeastern U.S. showed significant increases with IDDM in A2, B8, B15 and B18, and significant decreases in Aw23, B7, B14 and B17. The combination of HLA-B8/B15 showed a greatly increased risk (RR = 25.5). Between the 120 IDDM individuals and 123 controls HLA-DR typed, HLA-DR3 and -DR4 were significantly increased among the IDDM group and DR2 and DR7 were decreased. The risk for DR3/4 was 29.2. It appeared that the B15 association was secondary to the DR4, but the B8/DR3 association showed no difference. Using the method of Curie-Cohen, no significant increases in risk were found for the B8/B15 or DR3/DR4 heterozygotes when compared to the respective homozygotes. Using the method of Thomson and Bodmer, the dominant mode of inheritance was excluded for DR4 only. There was a significant increase in B15 and DR4 in those with onset before age 20. No significant differences were found among the DR phenotypes with respect to season.
Protein kinase C-mediated inhibition of excitatory amino acid-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the neonatal rat hippocampus

Abstract Stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis by excitatory amino acid agonists, but not cholinoceptor or adrenoceptor agonists was greater in hippocampal tissue from neonatal rats when compared to mature rats. Ibotenate (10−3 M) and quisqualate (10−4 M) stimulations of phosphoinositide hydrolysis were 3 and 7 times greater, respectively, in hippocampal tissue of the 7 day neonate than in the adult (60–65 day old) rat. The possibility that protein kinase C-mediated inhibitory regulation of the excitatory amino acid receptor might not be present early in postnatal development, and thus lead to an enhanced agonist response, was investigated. Pretreatment of neonatal tissue with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (10−6 M), an activator protein kinase C, inhibited stimulations by ibotenate and quisqualate by 80 and 84%, respectively. Staurosporine (10−5 M), an inhibitor of protein kinase C, potentiated responses to both ibotenate and quisqualate in neonatal tissue, and completely reversed the inhibitory effects of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate on both agonists. These data show that the protein kinase C isozyme(s) that mediates inhibitory feedback at excitatory amino acid receptors coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis is present early in postnatal development. Delayed ontogeny of protein kinase C enzyme cannot explain the enhanced stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the neonatal rat hippocampus.
Satisfaction and Education: A New Approach to Understanding Consumption Patterns

This study estimated the effect of education on the consumption patterns of urban families. This was done by determining education elasticities, using linear multiple regression equations with logarithmic transformations for appropriate independent variables, for total family living expenditures and for 19 different categories of expenditures for a representative group of families. The source of data was the Bureau of Labor Statistics' 1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures General Purpose Tape. Expenditure categories were classified into two groups based on the relative satisfaction derived from the consumption of the goods: (1) future-oriented-goods that create relatively more satisfaction in the future than in the present; and (2) present-oriented—goods that create relatively more satisfaction in the present than in the future. The general hypothesis of this study is that the education of the father will affect the expenditures of families differently for various categories of goods and that these expenditures will vary on the basis of whether the goods are present- or future-oriented in satisfying power. The results of this study give indication that education of the father does influence the expenditures of families, especially those for “future” goods.
A change impact analysis to characterize evolving program behaviors

Change impact analysis techniques estimate the potential effects of changes made to software. Directed Incremental Symbolic Execution (DiSE) is an intraprocedural technique for characterizing the impact of software changes on program behaviors. DiSE first estimates the impact of the changes on the source code using program slicing techniques, and then uses the impact sets to guide symbolic execution to generate path conditions that characterize impacted program behaviors. DiSE, however, cannot reason about the flow of impact between methods and will fail to generate path conditions for certain impacted program behaviors. In this work, we present iDiSE, an extension to DiSE that performs an interprocedural analysis. iDiSE combines static and dynamic calling context information to efficiently generate impacted program behaviors across calling contexts. Information about impacted program behaviors is useful for testing, verification, and debugging of evolving programs. We present a case-study of our implementation of the iDiSE algorithm to demonstrate its efficiency at computing impacted program behaviors. Traditional notions of coverage are insufficient for characterizing the testing efforts used to validate evolving program behaviors because they do not take into account the impact of changes to the code. In this work we present novel definitions of impacted coverage metrics that are useful for evaluating the testing effort required to test evolving programs. We then describe how the notions of impacted coverage can be used to configure techniques such as DiSE and iDiSE in order to support regression testing related tasks. We also discuss how DiSE and iDiSE can be configured for debugging; finding the root cause of errors introduced by changes made to the code. In our empirical evaluation we demonstrate that the configurations of DiSE and iDiSE can be used to support various software maintenance tasks.
Progressive architecture of mask supply chain and integrated operation system supporting extreme-QTAT device manufacturing

In recent years, Quick-TAT (Turn-Around Time) in preparing masks is very important factor together with the complexity and cost in mask development and manufacturing in higher-end devices. Especially in the development phase of customer-driven devices such as SOC, MCU and so on, QTAT role of mask supply might get a larger weight in LSI business. However, overhead in workflow, system and burden of mask users (designer, etc) in mask making are significant, not to mention the increase of OPC processing time and DA cost. For responding to the efficient and precipitous manufacturing requirement even for complicated leading-edge devices, we should focus on the optimization of workflow system minimization of mask-work resources in users (designer, etc.). Therefore, new Renesas Integrated Mask Operation System (RIMOS) has been developed as making masks “Everywhen you want” supporting five key functions as follows: (1) Simple interface to input mask-making parameters on Web-based integrated system (2) Hierarchical specification system of high maintainability and capability for SEMI-P10 format (3) Easy operation to instruct build-in specification for manufacturing such as complicated CD inspection (4) Bi-directional synchronization between mask-shop and wafer-fabs MES supporting the flexible multi-pass supply of masks (5) On-line quality reporting for mask-SPC monitoring supporting. This paper shows architecture of the new system 'RIMOS' and the estimate of TAT reduction in workflow.
Relationship of queen number and worker size in polygyne colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta

We examined the relationship between queen number and worker size in colonies of the fire antSolenopsis invicta. Worker size in monogyne colonies was significantly greater than in polygyne colonies; furthermore, polygyne colonies snowed a strong negative linear relationship between queen number and worker size. Higher queen pheromone level and/or decreased food availability accompanying an increase in queen number likely play important roles in producing the observed patterns.
Compliance with Surgical Care Improvement Project for Body Temperature Management (SCIP Inf-10) Is Associated with Improved Clinical Outcomes.

Background:In an effort to measure and improve the quality of perioperative care, the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) was introduced in 2003. The SCIP guidelines are evidence-based process measures designed to reduce preventable morbidity, but it remains to be determined whether SCIP-measur
A Hematopoietic Substance in Liver

SummaryIt has been shown that bile, taurocholic acid, and nucleic acid precipitate liver material active in pernicious anemia from aqueous solution.
Cloning the δ′-subunit of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase from peas

Abstract Unlike most previously characterized mitochondrial coupling factors, F 1 -ATPases, the enzyme purified from etiolated pea ( Pisum sativum L.) contains six subunits. The additional subunit designated as δ′ has an apparent molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of 23 000 and was detected by immunoblotting. Both genomic and partial cDNA clones encoding the δ′-subunit have been isolated and sequenced. The 591 bp coding region deduced from the cDNA and genomic sequences encoded a 197 amino acid precursor protein with a calculated molecular weight of 21 274. Untranslated 5′ and 3′ regions of 132 and 177 bp, respectively, were also determined. The N-terminus of the precursor protein contained a 19 amino acid presequence homologous to signal peptides for mitochondrial targeting. The mature protein is comprised of 178 residues with a molecular weight of 18 758. The mature δ′-subunit shows 73% identity at the amino acid level with the sweet potato δ′-subunit and marked homology with the N-terminal protein sequence of the turnip δ′-subunit. Comparison of the δ′-subunit of pea with other organisms indicated that its counterparts are the δ-subunit of bovine and fungal F 1 and the ϵ-subunit of bacterial F 1 and chloroplast CF 1 . The subunit identified as δ from pea mitochondrial F 1 is the oligomycin-sensitivity-conferring protein.
THE EFFECT OF THE DILUENT ON THE EXTRACTION OF LANTHANIDE COMPLEXES OF MACROCYCLIC IONOPHORES

ABSTRACT Solvent extraction studies have been carried out on aqueous complexes of La(Ill), Eu(III) and Lu(III) with macrocyclic ligands DAPDA (1,7-diaza-4,10,13-tri-oxacyclopentadecane-N,N’-diacetic acid) and DACDA (1, 10-diaza-4,7,13,16-tetraoxacyclooctadecane-N,N’-diacetic acid) using TTA (thenoyltrifluoroacetone) as the extractant in chloroform and nitrobenzene. EDDA (ethylenediamine-N,N’-diacetic acid), a non-cyclic polyaminopolycarboxylic acid, was also included for comparison purposes These results, along with our earlier work in benzene medium, have been used to elucidate the nature of extracted species. It appears that nitrobenzene, a diluent of high dielectric constant, favors the extraction of ion pairs instead of the mixed complexes observed earlier using the relatively inert diluent, benzene.