cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pertussis: Old foe, persistent problem

Although a safe and effective vaccine is available, pertussis continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Immunity acquired from natural infection or vaccination wanes within 5 years, making older children, adolescents, and adults important reservoirs of infection. Many neonates and infants contract pertussis from older people with mild symptoms and are at risk for developing severe, life-threatening illness. Immunization programs are being considered for adolescents and for adults who live with or care for infants.
Integrating a scalable and effcient semi-Lagrangian multi-tracer transport scheme in HOMME

Abstract With the inclusion of a scalable spectral-element-based version of the High-Order Method Modeling Environment (HOMME) in NCAR's Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) and the need for on the order of 100 prognostic tracers in next generation climate modeling efforts, there is an urgent need for a scalable, monotonic, and conservative multitracer advection scheme in HOMME. To address this, we integrate a Conservative Semi-LAgrangian Multi-tracer transport scheme (CSLAM) into HOMME. The algorithm is specifically re-designed for multiple processors and the cubed-sphere grid with the element-wise domain decomposition as employed by HOMME. Based on these spectral elements, we create a finite volume mesh and add a halo zone of cells since a higher-order CSLAM needs a patch of tracer values for a reconstruction that extend the element. Therefore, we extend HOMME to also be capable of communicating cell center data. Our data structures and design allow us to provide a numerical scheme that still conserves mass locally to machine precision and is also monotone on multiple processor systems, but reduces the communication of tracer values by one for each time step. This is based on the idea that we calculate the reconstruction coeffcients redundantly, in a cell of an element and in the corresponding cell in the halo zone. Our algorithm of CSLAM in HOMME is the first one for multiple processor systems and multi-tracers that is highly scalable and effcient.
Understanding Complex Natural Language Explanations in Tutorial Applications

We describe the Why2-Atlas intelligent tutoring system for qualitative physics that interacts with students via natural language dialogue. We focus on the issue of analyzing and responding to multi-sentential explanations. We explore an approach that combines a statistical classifier, multiple semantic parsers and a formal reasoner for achieving a deeper understanding of these explanations in order to provide appropriate feedback on them.
A clinical pathologic classification of acute appendicitis and peritonitis complicating perforative appendicitis

Abstract A reduction of the excessively high mortality of spreading peritonitis complicating acute perforative appendicitis will occur if and when symptoms, signs and gross changes found at operation are correlated with what happens to the patient. It is not what is found at postmortem, that is important in the recovery of patients. Local tissue and general immunity play an important role. A clinical pathologic classification of acute appendicitis and peritonitis complicating perforative appendicitis embodying these essential features is presented.
Abnormal trace metals in man: Lead

Abstract 1. 1. The concentrations of lead in a variety of foods, tissues, vegetation, and manufactured products were measured by a microanalytic chemical method and data on human tissues obtained by spectrographic methods were analyzed statistically. 2. 2. Lead seems to be ubiquitous. 3. 3. Lead accumulates with age in the American human kidney, liver, lung, bone, pancreas, and aorta up to the fifth or sixth decade. 4. 4. No obvious increase in exposure from foods or fluids during the past 20 years was demonstrated, although airborne lead has probably increased. This latter increment to the total body burden is usually small. 5. 5. Wild animals and birds are exposed to lead. 6. 6. Lead is probably not an essential element. 7. 7. Lead in human tissues appears to come both from natural sources and from industrial contaminants, although the proportions from each source could not be estimated.
Multileaf collimator leaf sequencing algorithm for intensity modulated beams with multiple static segments

The “stop and shoot” method of producing intensity modulation using combinations of static multileaf collimator(MLC) segments has a number of advantages including precise dose delivery, easy verification, and general availability. However, due to the potential limitation of prolonged treatment time, it is essential to keep the number of required segments to a reasonable number. We propose an algorithm to minimize the number of segments for an intensity modulated field. In this algorithm, the sequence of delivery intensity is proposed to be a series of powers of 2, depending on the maximum intensity level in the matrix. The MLC leaf position sequence is designed directly on the two-dimensional intensity matrix to irradiate the largest possible area in each segment. The algorithm can be applied directly to MLC systems with different motion constraints. This algorithm has been evaluated by generating 1000 random 15×15 cm intensity matrices, each having from 3 to 16 intensity levels. Five clinical intensity modulated fields generated from the NOMOS CORVUS planning system for a complex clinical head and neck case were also tested with this and two other algorithms. The results of both the statistical and clinical studies showed that for all the intensity matrices tested, the proposed algorithm results in the smallest number of segments with a moderately increased monitor units. Thus it is well-suited for use in static MLC intensity modulation beam delivery. For MLC systems with interleaf motion constraint, we prove mathematically that this constraint reduces the tongue and groove effect at the expense of an increase of 25% in the number of segments.
Anhydrocannabisativine, a new alkaloid from Cannabis sativa L

Ethanol extracts of the leaves and roots of a Mexican variant of Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana) afforded, after partitioning and chromatography, the new spermidine alkaloid, anhydrocannabisativine. The structure was determined by spectral analysis and semisynthesis.
p38 MAPK Is an Early Determinant of Promiscuous Smad2/3 Signaling in the Aortas of Fibrillin-1 (Fbn1)-null Mice

Excessive transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling characterizes the progression of aortic aneurysm in mouse models of Marfan syndrome, a systemic disorder of the connective tissue that is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the extracellular matrix protein fibrillin-1. Fibrillin-1 mutations are believed to promote abnormal Smad2/3 signaling by impairing the sequestration of latent TGF-β complexes into the extracellular matrix. Here we report that promiscuous Smad2/3 signaling is the cell-autonomous phenotype of primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) explanted from the thoracic aortas of Fbn1 mutant mice with either neonatal onset or progressively severe aortic aneurysm. This cellular phenotype was characterized in VSMC isolated from Fbn1-null (mgN/mgN) mice, which recapitulate the most severe form of Marfan syndrome. We found that loss of fibrillin-1 deposition promotes the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and abnormal accumulation of phosphorylated TGF-β-activated kinase 1 and p38 MAPK, in addition to increasing the levels of endogenous phospho-Smad2. We showed that improper Smad2/3 signaling in Fbn1-null VSMC is in part stimulated by phospho-p38 MAPK, which is in turn activated in response to signals other than those mediated by the kinase activity of the ALK5 receptor. Consistent with these cell culture data, in vivo analyses documented that phospho-p38 MAPK accumulates earlier than phospho-Smad2 in the aortic wall of mgN/mgN mice and that systemic inhibition of phospho-p38 MAPK activity lowers the levels of phospho-Smad2 in this tissue. Collectively, these findings indicate that improper activation of p38 MAPK is a precursor of constitutive Smad2/3 signaling in the aortic wall of a mouse model of neonatal lethal Marfan syndrome.
Detecting digital image forgeries using sensor pattern noise

We present a new approach to detection of forgeries in digital images under the assumption that either the camera that took the image is available or other images taken by that camera are available. Our method is based on detecting the presence of the camera pattern noise, which is a unique stochastic characteristic of imaging sensors, in individual regions in the image. The forged region is determined as the one that lacks the pattern noise. The presence of the noise is established using correlation as in detection of spread spectrum watermarks. We proposed two approaches. In the first one, the user selects an area for integrity verification. The second method attempts to automatically determine the forged area without assuming any a priori knowledge. The methods are tested both on examples of real forgeries and on non-forged images. We also investigate how further image processing applied to the forged image, such as lossy compression or filtering, influences our ability to verify image integrity.
Development of a Beef Appetizer Concept for Casual Dining Restaurants: Application of Focus Group Interviews and Consumer Sensory Evaluation:

An alliance of beef-related groups has been formed to investigate the feasibility of developing a beef appetizer for casual dining restaurants. Focus groups were employed to gather qualitative information from casual dining restaurant consumers and kitchen managers. A consumer sensory evaluation was conducted in a restau rant environment to quantitatively test the perceptions gleaned in the focus group interviews on a larger scale. The alliance has made significant progress in develop ing the beef appetizer concept for the foodservice market.
MeshMon: a multi-tiered framework for wireless mesh network monitoring

Monitoring and troubleshooting a large wireless mesh network (WMN) presents several challenges. Diagnosis of problems related to wireless access in these networks requires a comprehensive set of metrics and network monitoring data. Collection and offloading of a large amount of data are infeasible in a bandwidth constrained mesh network. Additionally, the processing required to analyze data from the entire network restricts the scalability of the system and impacts the ability to perform real-time fault diagnosis. To this end, we propose MeshMon, a network monitoring framework that includes a multi-tiered method of data collection. MeshMon, dynamically controls the granularity of data collection based on observed events in the network, thereby achieving significant bandwidth savings and enabling real-time automated management. Our evaluation of MeshMon on a real testbed shows that we can diagnose a majority (87%) of network faults with a 66% savings in bandwidth required for network monitoring. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of kinship in field interactions among juvenile gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis)

Adult eastern gray squirrels influence recruitment into local populations by directing aggression at juveniles and nonresidents. However, the role of juveniles in the social dynamics of squirrel po...
Synthesis and characterization of the oxidized dGTP lesions spiroiminodihydantoin-2'-deoxynucleoside-5'- triphosphate and guanidinohydantoin-2'-deoxynucleoside-5'- triphosphate.

Two convenient synthetic routes to the oxidized guanosine triphosphate lesions spiroiminodihydantoin-2‘-deoxynucleoside-5‘-triphosphate (dSpTP) and guanidinohydantoin-2‘-deoxynucleoside-5‘-triphosphate (dGhTP) are reported. Both two-electron oxidation of 2‘-deoxy-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanosine-5‘-triphosphate (dOGTP) using SO4•- generated photolytically from K2S2O8 or four-electron oxidation of 2‘-deoxyguanosine-5‘-triphosphate (dGTP) from singlet oxygen provide either dSpTP or dGhTP at pH 8.0 or 4.4, respectively. Highly purified triphosphates are obtained by ion pair reversed-phase HPLC.
High speed optical modulator for application in instrumentation

For high speed frequency domain instrument applications, a large bandwidth, efficient, and calibrated modulation source is required. Our primary interest was in developing a modulation source for a 20-GHz lightwave component analyzer (HP8703A). The use of a lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder external modulator for this application has the advantages of large modulation bandwidth, narrow linewidth, operation over a large wavelength range, and the ability to self-calibrate the modulation frequency response.
Application of Laser Interferometry for Transient Film Thickness Measurements

A laser interferometry technique for making transient measurements of film thickness of the order of 10 to more than 1000 µm is described. The basis for these measurements was reported previously [1] but the technique was applied to solid glass slides and a slowly thinning silicone oil film. The current work describes an adaptation of the technique for the measurement of rapidly changing film thickness, as occurs with evaporating films. A beam from a helium-neon laser is focused on the film at an oblique angle. Some of the laser light is reflected off of the top surface of the film and some is reflected off of the bottom surface. The light reflected from the two surfaces forms a concentric interference fringe pattern which is projected onto a screen and recorded by a high-speed camera. The film thickness is directly related to the spacing of the fringes. To demonstrate the technique, measurements of the time-varying thickness of three evaporating films are presented and experimental considerations are discussed.
Impact of hard macro size on FPGA clock rate and place/route time

Hard macros are completely placed/routed elements that are treated as primitives and that are relatively placed as a single element. A system composed of such macros consists of many fewer effective primitives and nets and as such can be placed and routed much more quickly. Prior work in this research area dealt with small, general-purpose macros such as 16-bit registers, adders, etc., and demonstrated that place/route time could be reduced by an order of magnitude with a corresponding 3-4X reduction in clock rate. In this work, much larger hard macros are developed such as mixers, softcore processors, FFTs, etc., and the use of these larger macros is shown to further reduce place/route time by an additional 2.5-4X, for a total of a 30-40X reduction in compile time. Clock rate is also improved, relative to earlier work, by an additional 60-70%.
Postoperative analgesia in children undergoing myringotomy and placement equalization tubes in ambulatory surgery.

UNLABELLED: We enrolled 120 children undergoing bilateral myringotomy and tube placement in this prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study. Patients were randomized into one of four groups: Group 1 (control) was plain acetaminophen 10 mg/kg orally, Group 2 was acetaminophen 10 mg/kg with 1 mg/kg of codeine orally, Group 3 was transnasal butorphanol 25 micro g/kg given immediately after the induction of anesthesia, and Group 4 was ketorolac 1 mg/kg given IM immediately after the induction of anesthesia. All children received oral midazolam (0.6 mg/kg) before surgery. A nurse blinded to the analgesic technique used assessed the child's behavior at the induction of anesthesia and in the postanesthesia care unit using a 4-point scale. Analgesic effectiveness was determined by assessing the child's pain at 5-min intervals using a modified 10-point objective pain scale. In the postanesthesia care unit, rescue pain medication was administered for an objective pain scale >or=4 or a behavior score >or=3. Our data suggest that IM ketorolac is a promising analgesic to be used in this surgical population. Time to first rescue analgesic was longest in the ketorolac group, and there was no associated postoperative vomiting or nausea. IM ketorolac given during surgery was the best analgesic regimen for these procedures. IMPLICATIONS: We compared four different analgesics in the management of pain after placement of pressure equalization tubes during myringotomy in children and demonstrated that ketorolac or butorphanol provided superior analgesia when compared with acetaminophen with codeine or plain acetaminophen. Children who received ketorolac versus butorphanol had less vomiting in the 24 h after surgery.
The Consociational Model and Question Time in the Northern Ireland Assembly: Policy Issues, Procedural Reforms and Executive Accountability, 2007–2011

Little is known about comparative innovations in question time procedure in Northern Ireland. This research provides an exploratory analysis of 1,999 oral questions to the First Minister and Deputy First Minister, and 31,664 questions posed to other ministers in the four legislative sessions from 2007 to 2011. The theoretical framework focuses on how the practice of parliamentary questions reflects the consociational model of governance taking shape in the Stormont Assembly. The study accentuates a decline in the number of questions posed to the dual executive and other ministers over time – a dynamic that represents a purposeful effort on the part of the Assembly to decrease the number of questions through procedural reform, with the objective of obtaining more substantive answers. The findings also show that parliamentary questions on economic issues increased, but community issues remained a dominant policy concern across time. Finally, the analysis shows substantive responses were the norm among both ...
The time of origin of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat hippocampal formation

Experiments utilizing a combination of [3H]thymidine autoradiography and immunohistochemistry were conducted to determine the time of origin of somatostatin-immunoreactive (SSIR) neurons in the hippocampal formation of the rat. A quantitative and topographic description of neurogenesis in this peptide-containing neuronal system was generated using a computer-aided system to plot the position of labeled cells. Dissected and ‘flattened’ hippocampal preparations were used to facilitate the analysis of spatial gradients of SSIR cell development. The results indicate that most SSIR hippocampal cells are generated during a short embryonic period which extends from the 12th through the 15th day of gestation (E12–E15). Within this period of development, the distribution of SSIR cells follows a spatial gradient along the transverse or subiculo-dentate axis of the hippocampus. The earliest formed SSIR neurons, generated on E12 and E13, are preferentially distributed to the subiculum, those generated on E14 are most commonly observed throughout the CA1–CA3 fields of the hippocampus and SSIR neurons which become postmitotic on E15 are more heavily represented in the hilar region of the dentate gyrus than cells born at other stages of development. There was no clear-cut neurogenic gradient along the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus. These results indicate that somatostatin cells in the rat hippocampal formation are generated during the same prenatal period when glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-positive neurons become postmitotic. These studies also suggest that quantitative developmental analyses of chemically specific cell types can reveal prominent features of cortical ontogeny that are not readily apparent in standard [3H]thymidine preparations.
Evidence for dilution of deep, confined ground water by vertical recharge of isotopically heavy Pleistocene water

New analyses of the isotopic composition of water, {sup 14}C-dating of dissolved inorganic carbon, and order-of-magnitude Darcy calculations suggest that a dilute body of water, trending north-south in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer of Iowa, was emplaced as vertical recharge of Pleistocene-age water from the base of the Des Moines lobe of late Wisconsin time. The recharge occurred through more than 300 m of overlaying Silurian to Mississippian age rocks. The {delta}{sup 18}O values range from {minus}10{per thousand} to {minus}9{per thousand} for the dilute water body and are consistent with a mixture of Des Moines lobe meltwater and precipitation found today in the north-central US. These results suggest that (1) the climate at the end of the last glaciation was mild and (2) a ground-water stable isotope signature similar to that of modern precipitation in an aquifers recharge area is not a priori evidence for relatively recent recharge.
Testing the provenance of Patayan pottery at Las Colinas: chemical and petrographic analyses of phyllite-temper fragments

Abstract Mobile Patayan foragers of the interior desert of southwestern Arizona were makers of Lower Colorado Buff Ware ceramics. These containers were sometimes traded to Hohokam irrigation agriculturalists at the western margin of the Hohokam territory. By A.D. 1100, the distribution of Patayan Buff Wares shifted to the east, penetrating the Hohokam heartland. Some theorists have suggested the ceramic distribution implies a migration of Patayan people, who joined agricultural communities in the Hohokam core area. One way to assess this idea is to identify the production of Patayan material culture within the Hohokam territory. We test for the local manufacture of Lower Colorado Buff Ware at the Hohokam village of Las Colinas, where Patayan pottery was found in abundance, and a Patayan enclave has been inferred. Using petrographic analysis and SEM-EDS assays of the phyllite temper fragments in the Patayan wares, we conclude that the Patayan pottery was made elsewhere and was not fabricated with local materials at Las Colinas.
Abstract 4975: Dynamicin vivointeractions of the eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia protein (ELL) in the mammalian nucleus

The eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia protein (ELL) is an elongation factor that increases the processivity of RNA polymerase II during transcription. ELL forms a fusion protein with the histone-methyltransferase mixed lineage leukemia protein (MLL) via a chromosomal translocation t(11;19)(q23;p13.1), often associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in both adults and children. This chromosomal translocation alters both proteins, eliminating the carboxyl-terminal methyltransferase domain of MLL and the amino-terminal elongation inhibitory domain of ELL. The biological and regulatory role of normal ELL and ELL in the MLL-ELL fusion protein during transcription is not understood. Transcription is a multi-step process that can be separated into a series of events which involve proteins that form transient and stable complexes with the DNA template at various times during the transcription process. Using the Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) approach allows for the dissection of these events in transcription. Transcription in living cells has been examined by photobleaching fluorescently tagged RNA polymerase II, revealing its binding kinetics and quantifying the residency times associated with the different phases of transcription, with shorter residency times correlating with recruitment and initiation and longer residency times with elongation. We have used FRAP to examine the dynamic kinetics of ELL and pol II and other transcriptional elongation factors, including P-TEFb during active transcription in living cells in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors of transcription elongation and initiation. Our results suggest that there is a hierarchy of interactions between elongation factors and pol II during the transcription cycle that is orchestrated through specific interactions with ELL and gives general insights into how disruption of ELL function through its fusion to MLL may selectively influence transcriptional elongation events and gene expression in rapidly growing cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4975.
Irredentas and Secessions: Adjacent Phenomena, Neglected Connections

To think about something makes it necessary to identify and isolate it, to ﬁx upon it and, in ﬁxing upon it, to reify it. Even before conscious conceptualization occurs, even in the selection of phenomena for study, concepts creep in. The more careful the thinking, the more precise the identiﬁcation of the phenomena for study, the greater the isolation of one phenomenon from its neighbours, even its near neighbours. When the careful thinker says, ‘I mean to include this and to exclude that’ the precision that makes any careful thinking possible may come at a price. Less careful but perhaps more nimble thinkers – namely, those actors whose behaviour forms the subject of social-science thinking – have a way of putting back together what careful thinkers pull apart. Secessions and irredentas are near neighbours that can be pulled apart for analysis, properlyin my view, but with points of contact and even, at times, a degree of interchangeability that might permit groups to choose one or the other and that also makes it necessary to treat the two phenomena together, in order to have a full view of each, By and large, the two have not been treated together. They have either been treated in isolation or mentioned in the same breath without an appreciation of their connections. When, however, secessions and irredentas are considered together, some rather startling conclusions emerge. Since the two phenomena are sometimes alternatives to each other, the frequency of each is, in part, a function of the frequency of the other. Furthermore, the strength of a given movement may be, in part, a function of the possibility that the alternative movement may arise. Indeed, the fate of a movement, at least in the sense that it manages to extract concessions from a central government, may depend on which course it takes.
Previous Involuntary Commitment is Associated With Current Perceptions of Coercion in Voluntarily Hospitalized Patients

Involuntary psychiatric treatment is sometimes necessary and beneficial, but may also exert negative effects. The impact of involuntary commitment on subsequent mental health treatment experience is poorly understood. We examined whether history of involuntary commitment was associated with current perceptions of coercion in a sample of voluntarily hospitalized veterans (N = 205). In adjusted analyses, perceived coercion during the voluntary admission was significantly associated with prior history of involuntary commitment (Rate Ratio = 1.60, p = .05). Perceived coercion was also higher among participants who were married/cohabiting (Rate Ratio = 1.83, p = .01) and among those with greater functional impairment (Rate Ratio = 0.97, p = .04). Although frequently unavoidable, the current results underscore the potential negative effects of coercive practices such as involuntary commitment, and support the importance of policies that aim to minimize coercive treatment experiences among psychiatric patients.
A magnetic-tape-to-paper-tape converter

Within the last DECADE digital computation has evolved from the scientific computer with simple input-output devices to the present-day-electronic data processors with their myriad of peripheral devices. This development is continuing with the addition of facilities to provide intercommunication between the central processor and remote points. Such a device has been developed by Honeywell for use with the DATA matic 1000 System.
Concentration fluctuations in miscible polymer blends: Influence of temperature and chain rigidity

In contrast to binary mixtures of small molecule fluids, homogeneous polymer blends exhibit relatively large concentration fluctuations that can strongly affect the transport properties of these complex fluids over wide ranges of temperatures and compositions. The spatial scale and intensity of these compositional fluctuations are studied by applying Kirkwood-Buff theory to model blends of linear semiflexible polymer chains with upper critical solution temperatures. The requisite quantities for determining the Kirkwood-Buff integrals are generated from the lattice cluster theory for the thermodynamics of the blend and from the generalization of the random phase approximation to compressible polymer mixtures. We explore how the scale and intensity of composition fluctuations in binary blends vary with the reduced temperature τ ≡ (T − Tc)/T (where Tc is the critical temperature) and with the asymmetry in the rigidities of the components. Knowledge of these variations is crucial for understanding the dynamic...
The Origins of Gun Culture in the United States, 1760–1865

An astoundingly high level of personal violence separates the United States from every other industrial nation. In 1993, when the number of murders in Canada reached a high of 630, the United States (with nearly ten times the population) experienced 24,526 murders, out of a total of nearly two million violent crimes. The weapon of choice in 69.6 percent of those murders was a gun, and thousands more are killed by firearms every year in accidents and suicides.1 More people are killed with guns in the United States in a typical week than in all of western Europe in a year. It is now thought normal and appropriate for American urban elementary schools to use metal detectors to check students for firearms. We are familiar with the manifestations of American gun culture; the sincere love and affection with which our society views its weapons pours forth daily from the television and movie screens. Every form of the media reinforces the notion that the solution to your problems can be held in your hand and provide immediate gratification. Since the United States does not register guns, we have no idea how many there are or who actually buys them. The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) estimates that there are 250 million firearms in private hands; an additional 5 million are purchased every year. The National Sporting Goods Association estimates that 92 percent of all rifles are bought by men (94 percent of the shotguns). Most of those men fall into the 25to 34-year-old age group, make between $35,000 and $50,000 annually, and do not need to kill animals for their survival.2 The consequence of this culture is also very familiar. To select just a few more statistics as indicators: The chief of police and mayor of New York City were nearly euphoric that the number of murders in the city dropped below two thousand (to 1,995) in 1993; it reached a contemporary low of 1,581 in 1994. Yet the total
DSM-5: a fatal diagnosis?

Committee walk-outs and unprecedented levels of scrutiny and criticism have marked the run-up to this week’s launch of DSM-5. Jonathan Gornall interviews key players on both sides of the debate and asks whether this mighty US psychiatric handbook has finally over-reached itself
n‐3 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiac arrhythmias

In animals and probably in humans n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are antiarrhythmic. A report follows on the recent studies of the antiarrhythmic actions of PUFA. The PUFA stabilize the electrical activity of isolated cardiac myocytes by inhibiting sarcolemmal ion channels, so that a stronger electrical stimulus is required to elicit an action potential and the relative refractory period is markedly prolonged. This appears at present to be the probable major antiarrhythmic mechanism of PUFA.
Causes and consequences of international migration: Sociological evidence for the right to mobility

Human rights declarations provide the right for any person to leave their country, yet do not provide the right to enter another country, stopping halfway in asserting a right to mobility. In this article we provide evidence that 1) state policies and actions create migration flows; 2) migrants often travel to fulfil their human rights; and 3) current restrictions on immigration curtail migrants' human rights. We argue, based on sociological evidence, that the right to mobility is a fundamental human right, and deserves a place in human rights doctrine.
Stimulated rotational Raman scattering in CO 2 -pumped para-H 2

Stimulated rotational Raman scattering in a 300 K multipass cell filled with para-H 2 with a single-mode CO 2 pump laser was studied using a single-mode OPO as a probe laser at the Stokes frequency for the S o (0) transition. Amplification and pump depletion are examined as a function of incident pump energy. For an incident CO 2 pump laser energy of 1.5 J, a photon conversion efficiency of 47 percent is observed.
Urban hypertensive African American grandparents: Stress, health, and implications of child care

Because stress is a major factor in hypertension, research on parenting stressors and lifestyle behaviors of grandparents with hypertension is important. This study describes urban African Americans caring for grandchildren and examines effects of perceived parenting stress-ors on hypertension self-management. Hypertensive African American grandparents (N = 49) residing in a large Midwestern city participated in the study. Structured interviews collected descriptive data and the Index of Parental Attitudes (IPA). Participants’ ages ranged from 30 to 82 years, were mostly female (77%), and had from 1 to 6 grandchildren. Participants were sedentary (51%), cigarette smokers (47%), and obese (67%). Mean systolic blood pressure was 157 and mean diastolic blood pressure was 89. IPA scores averaged 12.7, with scores ≥ 30, indicating high levels of parental stress. Some participants (8.4%) had clinically stressful relationships with their grandchildren. The correlation between blood pressure and parental stress was not statistically significant, with a significant negative correlation found between participants’ ages and diastolic blood pressure. The correlation between the number of hours spent caregiving and age produced a statistically significant relationship.
Fast ionic conduction in Na2S+B2S3 glasses: Compositional contributions to non-exponentiality in conductivity relaxations

Abstract Wide composition, frequency and temperature range conductivity measurements have been performed on the fast ion conducting glass series, Na 2 S+B 2 S 3 . For x Na 2 S=0.001, the relaxation is nearly exponential. As the Na 2 S concentration increases, the estimated ion-ion separation distance decreases; and so do both the dc conductivity activation energy and the β parameter in the stretched exponential. It is also found that for nearly all of the glasses studied to date, the composition dependencies of the β parameter can be cast on to a master plot of β versus average ion-ion separation distance. In this way, we provide one of the first universal trends for the compositional dependence of the non-exponentiality in glass. The frequency dependence of the isothermal conductivity was found to be sublinear. The data was found, however, to disagree with the frequency dependence predicted by the stretched exponential function. In some cases the frequency dependence was less by a factor of 3 than that predicted. This failure in the high frequency limit is used to suggest that additional relaxation mechanisms are operative in this region.
Pax-2 expression defines a subset of GABAergic interneurons and their precursors in the developing murine cerebellum.

Pax-2 is a paired box transcription factor expressed in several regions of the developing mammalian central nervous system. First found in the midbrain/hindbrain region, Pax-2 expression is later found in the cerebellum, hindbrain, and spinal cord. We have examined the expression pattern of Pax-2 from embryonic day 12 (E12) through postnatal day 35 (P35) using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Expression of Pax-2 is found in scattered cells of the cerebellar ventricular zone at E13. Pax-2–expressing cells migrate away from this germinative center to positions in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), internal granule cell layer, molecular layer, and folial white-matter tracts of the cerebellum. Immunocytochemistry of both tissue sections and primary dissociated cultures demonstrates that Pax-2 is expressed by cells of a neuronal lineage, but not by cells of either an astrocytic or oligodendrocytic lineage. Specifically, the presence of Pax-2 identifies the entire population of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons in the cerebellar cortex (Golgi II, basket and stellate cells) and in the DCN. Bromodeoxyuridase labeling and 4′,6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining of cells in M-phase reveals that Pax-2–expressing cells in the folial white-matter tracts of the cerebellum constitute an actively dividing population. We propose that these cells are migratory precursors of the molecular layer interneurons (basket and stellate cells). Our data suggest that the role of Pax-2 in cerebellar development changes after E12, shifting from the specification of an anatomical field to the marking of a specific class of cells. Our findings also suggest a previously uncharacterized relationship among GABAergic interneurons found posterior to the midbrain. Finally, our data support the hypothesis that the basket and stellate cells arise from neuronally restricted, migratory precursors located in the early postnatal cerebellar white matter. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 41: 281–294, 1999
Superconducting thallium oxide films by the electrodeposition method

Abstract A low cost electrodeposition method is tested for the fabricating high-temperature superconducting wire or tape. Recent studies on the development of biaxially textured electrodeposited (ED) films on Ag-coated, single-crystal substrates are reported. Pole-figure measurements of electrodeposited (Tl)–Ba–Ca–Cu–O and (Tl, Bi)–(Sr, Ba)–Ca–Cu–Ag–O films on 300 A Ag/LaAlO3, with thickness between 1 and 5 μm, clearly show strong biaxial texturing. The omega scan and phi scan of (TlBi)0.9Sr1.6Ba0.4Ca2Cu3Ag0.2Ox indicate the full width half maximum (FWHM) of only 0.9° and 1.2°, respectively, which indicate a very high-quality film prepared by electrodeposition process. Transport measurements for the ED films show values of 3×105 A/cm2 at 77 K in zero field. Single-layer thallium-oxide films, with Pb, Bi, and Sr substitution, offer the potential for operation at 77 K in practical magnetic fields of 3–5 T.
The nonius horopter. I. History and theory.

Abstract A historical review of nonius horopter theory is presented, together with a new mathematical model. A reanalysis of previous data is made in preparation for a new series of experimental studies on this important problem. Some questions are raised about the definition of binocular disparity and we have reformulated the elusive concept of Hering and of Hillebrand concerning the so-called horopter deviation. The ultimate aim of horopter studies is the elucidation of the physiology of binocular correspondence. With this in mind, the most acceptable subjective criterion is that of common monocular visual directions . Thus, the true subjective horopter is more a matter of visual direction than it is of visual distance. We do not deny that externality is a primary quality of visual experience, nor do we assert that man cannot make fine judgments of relative distance, even in commonplace visual environments. But we wish to emphasize that the leap from entoptic geometry to phenomenal externality cannot be made quite so simply as the reliabilities of frontal plane and of equidistant horizon judgements might in themselves lead us to believe.
Artificial Swimmer Powered by Cardiomyocytes

We present, for the first time, a micro scale 1D swimmer powered by cardiamyocytes. It consists of a PDMS “flagella” with a head. Cardiomyocytes are plated near the head. Synchronized contraction of a small number of cells generates an elastic deformation wave in the flagella, which interacts with the fluid. Solid-fluid interaction results in a net propulsive force on the swimmer, which drives it through the fluid overcoming the drag.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Structural and functional differences between cyclooxygenases: Fatty acid oxygenases with a critical role in cell signaling

Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the first two steps in the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins (PGs). The reaction mechanism is well-defined and supported by extensive structural data. There are two isoforms of COX, which are nearly indistinguishable in structure and mechanism, however, COX-2 oxygenates neutral derivatives of AA that are poor substrates for COX-1. The best neutral substrate is 2-arachidonylglycerol, oxygenation of which produces an array of prostaglandin glyceryl esters (PG-Gs) that is nearly as diverse as the PGs. The mobilization of Ca2+ by subnanomolar concentrations of PGE2-G in RAW264.7 cells suggests the existence of a distinct receptor, and the formation of PG-Gs by zymosan-stimulated macrophages indicates that these species may be formed in vivo. These findings suggest that PG-Gs comprise a new class of lipid mediators, and that oxygenation of neutral derivatives of AA is a distinct function for the COX-2 isoform.
A mathematical model of the planar flow melt spinning process

The Planar Flow Melt Spinning Process for the Rapid Solidification of metallic materials is analyzed using a mathematical model based on the principles of capillary fluid dynamics and solidification heat transfer. The results suggest the existence of a region of slowly recirculating flow inside the melt puddle which acts as a lubricant between the nozzle and the wheel. Markedly different thermal conditions across the ribbon thickness are also predicted by the model, as are the resultant microstructural variations across such thickness. The results of the model compare well with the available experimental evidence. The model is sufficiently general as to be immediately applicable to the study of other meniscus controlled continuous casting processes.
EXPERIMENTAL CONTINGENT VALUES FOR REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM OIL SPILLS1

ABSTRACT Recently, government agencies, acting as trustees for natural resources, have sought substantial claims from potentially responsible parties for natural resource damages resulting from oil spills. Often, non-use damages, which involve losses suffered by people who never use the injured resources, constitute large components of these damage claims. To date, the only method used for measuring these non-use damages is contingent valuation (CV), which uses survey questions to elicit respondents' expressed values for non-market goods. Because CV is the only method available for measuring non-use damages, its estimates need to accurately reflect the true damages. Our results indicate that CV does not provide accurate estimates of these values, which implies that CV is not sufficiently reliable for assessing non-use damages from oil spills. (As part of the same study, we conducted another experiment on valuing different levels of protection for migratory waterfowl in the central fly way, the results of ...
Technical challenges with reliability unit commitment

The reliability unit commitment (RUC) process produces physically secure schedules. The RUC schedule reflects the RTO's responsibility to maintain physical system security. It is also important that, in creating the RUC schedule, the RTO should minimize any undue interference to market performance caused by market participant behaviors. The challenge with good RUC scheduling lies in the need to maintain physical system security without being heavy-handed tempering with natural market performance. Specifically, this translates to the following business functional requirements for RUC scheduling. 1) RUC schedule should be based on market schedules. 2) Assess supply adequacy and security of the market schedules. 2) Commit additional resource capacity, if required, to ensure supply adequacy. 4) Perform realistic analysis of next-day's transmission security.
Inhibition of lymphocyte cytotoxicity and mitogen-induced transformation of lymphocytes by human skin homogenates.

Limitation of the inflammatory cascade has been demonstrated in man by an inhibitor(s) of the prostaglandin system and by inhibitor(s) for chemotaxis of leukocytes. Other factors may exist in vivo that inhibit other inflammatory sequences. In this report, homogenates from human skin interfered with 2 standard assays of lymphocyte function, mitogen-induced transformation and cytotoxicity while homogenates of human placenta did not. Differential centrifugation studies located inhibitory factor(s) primarily in the nuclear fractions. Therefore, reversible transitory depressions of the cell-mediated immune response that are observed concomitantly with chronic dermatoses may reflect release of inhibitory material from dermatitic skin in vivo .
Physical intelligent sensors

This paper proposes the development of intelligent sensors as part of an integrated systems approach, i.e. one treats the sensors as a complete system with its own sensing hardware (the traditional sensor), A/D converters, processing and storage capabilities, software drivers, self-assessment algorithms, communication protocols and evolutionary methodologies that allow them to get better with time. Under a project being undertaken at the NASA s Stennis Space Center, an integrated framework is being developed for the intelligent monitoring of smart elements. These smart elements can be sensors, actuators or other devices. The immediate application is the monitoring of the rocket test stands, but the technology should be generally applicable to the Integrated Systems Health Monitoring (ISHM) vision. This paper outlines progress made in the development of intelligent sensors by describing the work done till date on Physical Intelligent Sensors (PIS). The PIS discussed here consists of a thermocouple used to read temperature in an analog form which is then converted into digital values. A microprocessor collects the sensor readings and runs numerous embedded event detection routines on the collected data and if any event is detected, it is reported, stored and sent to a remote system through an Ethernet connection. Hence the output of the PIS is data coupled with confidence factor in the reliability of the data which leads to information on the health of the sensor at all times. All protocols are consistent with IEEE 1451.X standards. This work lays the foundation for the next generation of smart devices that have embedded intelligence for distributed decision making capabilities.
Modeling of Latency and Saturation Phenomena in Interconnection Networks

A multiprocessor networks modeled as a ring and as a 2-dimensional toroidal lattice of nodes are considered. Each node generates messages with probability ? per clock cycle per output port. Once an output buffer is not empty, the output port sends out exactly one message every clock cycle. We derive analytical expressions for the queue length distribution, the average number of messages in buffers, and the latency. The network experiences a phase transition from equilibrium to the saturation regime, and the critical exponent is equal to 1. Simulations demonstrate an excellent agreement with theoretical predictions and validate the assumption of independent queues. A model of a ring network where the message generating rate depends on the intensity of the incoming messages is studied by simulation. The results show the emergence of dependences between queues in closely located nodes, and changes in the values of the critical load and critical exponent.
Heightened Anti-Inflammatory Interleukin-10 Cellular Response to Cardiac Troponin I Is Associated with Better Patient-Reported Health Status in Patients with Chronic Systolic Heart Failure

p50.01) and PETCO2 (b50.43; F54.1; p!0.01) and peak exercise VE/VCO2 (b50.35; F55.6; p50.02) and PETCO2 (b50.46; F54.3; p!0.01). Leptin also inversely correlated with BNP (r5 -0.46; p!0.01), and positively correlated with BMI (r5 0.49; p!0.01) and %body fat (r5 0.77; p!0.01). BNP inversely correlated with % body fat (r5 -0.48; p!0.01) and BMI (r5 -0.31; p!0.01). Conclusion: Men have significantly lower circulating leptin concentration as well as increased ventilatory drive at rest and during exercise compared to women with similar severity HF. In women with HF, higher circulating leptin concentration may attenuate increased ventilatory drive.