cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum treatment of protons with the reduced explicitly correlated Hartree-Fock approach.

The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach treats select nuclei quantum mechanically on the same level as the electrons and includes nonadiabatic effects between the electrons and the quantum nuclei. The practical implementation of this approach is challenging due to the significance of electron-nucleus dynamical correlation. Herein, we present a general extension of the previously developed reduced NEO explicitly correlated Hartree-Fock (RXCHF) approach, in which only select electronic orbitals are explicitly correlated to each quantum nuclear orbital via Gaussian-type geminal functions. Approximations of the electronic exchange between the geminal-coupled electronic orbitals and the other electronic orbitals are also explored. This general approach enables computationally tractable yet accurate calculations on molecular systems with quantum protons. The RXCHF method is applied to the hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and FHF− systems, where the proton and all electrons are treated quantum mechanically. For the HCN system, only the two electronic orbitals associated with the CH covalent bond are geminal-coupled to the proton orbital. For the FHF− system, only the four electronic orbitals associated with the two FH covalent bonds are geminal-coupled to the proton orbital. For both systems, the RXCHF method produces qualitatively accurate nuclear densities, in contrast to mean field-based NEO approaches. The development and implementation of the RXCHF method provide the framework to perform calculations on systems such as proton-coupled electron transfer reactions, where electron-proton nonadiabatic effects are important.
X-Ray Variability in M 87: 1992-1998

Beginning in 1995 June, we have obtained an observation of M 87 with the ROSAT High Resolution Imager (HRI) every 6 months. We present the measurements of X-ray intensity for the core and knot A through 1998 January. We find significant changes in both components. For the core, intensities measured in June 1995, December 1996, and December 1997 are roughly 30% higher than values obtained at three intervening times. For knot A, a secular decrease of approximately 15% is interrupted only by an intensity jump (3 σ) in December 1997. Because the background used for subtraction is probably undeestimated, we suspect the actual variation is somewhat greater than these values indicate.
Back transport of neonates: effect on hospital length of stay.

In a regionalized perinatal system, recovering neonates may be back transported from a regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) to community hospitals closer to their residence to convalesce prior to hospital discharge. This study evaluates the practice of neonatal back transport for growth and the duration of total hospitalization. We conducted a retrospective study comparing length of stay (LOS) for infants back transported from a regional NICU to a level II nursery for convalescent care (BT), with LOS for infants eligible for back transport discharged home from the Regional Center (RC). A total of 221 infants were studied. BT infants (n=104) had lower birth weights (median; 1955 vs 2700 g, p=0.001), more frequently needed mechanical ventilation (84 vs 65%, p=0.002) and parenteral nutrition (71 vs 55%, p=0.013), less frequently were evaluated by subspecialists (20 vs 59% p=0.0001), and had longer total LOS (median; 20 vs 11 days, p<0.0001) compared to infants discharged home from the RC (n=117). However, in the subgroup with birth weights ≤1500 g (very low birth weight (VLBW)), BT (n=25) infants had similar birth weight (median; 1160 vs 1215 g, p=0.9) compared to those discharged home from the RC (n=24) and did not have a statistically different total LOS (median; 50 vs 56 days, p=0.1). Almost all infants who had major surgeries, treatment for retinopathy of prematurity, seizures, or had severe intra-ventricular hemorrhages were discharged home from the RC. The rates of hospital readmissions or emergency room visits acutely after their discharge to home from the RC or the community hospital were similar. BT Infants differed based on clinical features compared to premature infants discharged from the RC. VLBW infants, back transported for growth, had similar total LOS compared to similar weight infants discharged home from the RC.
Differences in the retinal GABA system among control, spastic mutant and retinal degeneration mutant mice

Immunocytochemical methods were used to compare the GABA system in control mice and two mutant strains: spastic which has reduced glycine receptors and retinal degeneration mutant in which the photoreceptors degenerate and reportedly have increased GABA and GAD levels. We found that the spastic mutant retina had reduced GABA-immunoreactivity (IR) in the proximal retina, reduced staining for GAD-1440 in the OPL, and reduced GABA A receptor staining in the OPL, compared to control. The retinal degeneration mutant retinas had enhanced GABA-IR throughout the retina, particularly in Muller cells, bipolar cells and IPL, and enhancement of GABA A receptor staining in the OPL, compared to control. The distributions of GABA-IR, GAD1440-IR and GABA A receptor-IR in retinas of spastic mutant mice that also expressed the retinal degeneration phenotype resembled those found in retinas of mice that expressed only the retinal degeneration phenotype rather than those that expressed only the spastic mutation. No differences were observed among the conditions for GAD-65, GAD-67 or GABA-T. Our results with the spastic and retinal degeneration mutant mice demonstrate that attenuation in the glycinergic system and photoreceptor degeneration, respectively, is accompanied by alterations in different aspects of the GABA system, giving impetus for caution in the interpretation of experiments involving genetic manipulation of complex phenotypes.
Assessment of nicotine dependence among adolescent and young adult smokers: a comparison of measures.

Introduction Tobacco use often starts in adolescence, yet assessment of dependence among adolescent smokers remains a challenge, particularly given the potential discord between self-reports of smoking behavior and actual use. We could find no prior study, among adolescents, that directly compares the association between objective biomarkers of tobacco exposure (e.g., cotinine) and multiple measures of dependence. This study examined the concurrent validity of two common dependence measures: the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC). We further examined the FTND by removing the one item on cigarettes smoked per day.
Adult lifetime prevalence of firesetting behaviors in a state hospital population.

Hospital records of all patients under age 65 years old on the census of Worcester State Hospital (WSH) on October 25, 1988 (n=279) were reviewed for indications of firesetting behaviors during the individuals' adult lifetime. The prevalence of firesetting behaviors was found to be 27.2%. The prevalence of firesetting episodes, a subset of firesetting behaviors, was found to be 17.6%. A stepwise discriminant function analysis was used to determine whether any factors significantly differentiated the members of the firesetting behavior group from the remainder of the population. This analysis revealed that the number of WSH admissions, the number of admissions to other inpatient facilities, and a history of injurious behavior to self are significant positive predictors of membership in the firesetting behaviors group. The results of the WSH analysis are very similar to those found at Northampton State Hospital in 1983. These high prevalence rates have implication for treatment, education, record keeping, and liability.
Lymphoblastoid cell-produced immunoglobulins: preparative purification from culture medium by hydroxylapatite chromatography

Hydroxylapatite (HA) is a chromatography matrix capable of separating nucleic acid as well as protein species. HA adsorbs biomolecules as a function of the extent and distribution of their surface charge. HA has been evaluated for its ability to differentially retain immunoglobulin molecules, which are planar relative to the generally globular serum proteins, particularly albumin, contained in tissue culture medium. HA chromatography provides a single-step method to purify and concentrate immunoglobulin proteins secreted by lymphoblastoid cells into culture medium from the vast excess of serum proteins used to supplement the medium. A human lambda light-chain protein was recovered in 5% of the applied volume of medium, and was separated from 95% of the total protein. More than 75% of a hybridoma-produced complete immunoglobulin was recovered essentially free of serum protein contamination. HA appears to provide a valuable alternative chromatographic medium for the purification of immunoglobulin proteins secreted by lymphoblastoid cells.
The stability of intramolecular DNA G-quadruplexes compared with other macromolecules.

Abstract DNA quadruplexes are often conceived as very stable structures. However, most of the free energy of stabilization derives from specific ion binding via inner sphere coordination of the GO6 of the guanine residues comprising the basic quartet. When compared with other nucleic acid structures such as DNA or RNA duplexes and hairpins, or proteins of the same number of atoms, metal-coordinated intramolecular quadruplexes are found to be of comparable or lower thermodynamic stability under similar solution conditions. Furthermore, intramolecular quadruplexes are actually less stable kinetically, than DNA duplexes or hairpins of the same size. Although the literature is incomplete, it is clear that polyelectrolyte ion effects, the influence of solvation and steric crowding on stability are qualitatively different between intramolecular quadruplexes and DNA duplexes. For example, decreasing water activity destabilizes DNA duplexes, whereas quadruplexes are stabilized. The variety of folded conformations accessible to a single sequence further implies strong sensitivity of the conformational ensemble to the solution conditions, compared with DNA duplexes or small single domain proteins. These considerations may have relevance to the conditions prevailing inside cell nuclei and therefore the structures that potentially might form in vivo.
Clear-Sky Albedo Measured at Seven Rangeland Sites in Southwest Idaho

As a component of the energy budget, albedo is used in the calculation of evapotranspiration in many natural resource and hydrologic models. There are few measurements of albedo over sagebrush-dominated rangelands, so albedo was measured at seven sites on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwest Idaho during 1989–1993. For all sites, the average albedo measured during midday under clear skies was 0.14 during the growing season. Albedo varied from a low of 0.11 during June at the Mountain big sagebrush site to a high of 0.17 at the low-elevation Wyoming big sagebrush site. Albedo varied little between about 2 h after sunrise and 2 h before sunset.
Assessment of Bilingual Children for Identification of Language Impairment: Current Findings and Implications for Practice

Children from bilingual backgrounds are sometimes overidentified with language impairment (LI) because educators do not have appropriate developmental expectations. At other times bilingual children are underidentified because educators wait to identify difficulties while children learn the second language. In this review we discuss data on language acquisition from several sources including cross-linguistic studies of typical first language acquisition and LI in monolingual and bilingual children. Based on this literature we discuss problems with current assessment approaches. We then propose a decision-making framework for identification of bilingual children who are at risk for LI. A key feature of this proposal is the importance of clinical markers for identification of LI.
Solution Phase Behavior and Solid Phase Structure of Long-Chain Sodium Soap Mixtures

Long-chain soaps are generally applied in industrial products as mixtures. For example, photothermographic materials often use a mixture of silver soaps consisting of silver stearate, arachidate, and behenate. Little phase information is available on long-chain soaps and none on soap mixtures, although the phase behavior and microstructure often have a direct effect on product properties. In the present study the Krafft solubility boundaries of sodium stearate, arachidate, and behenate in water were measured for low soap weight fractions. Data for the cmc showed that the observed Krafft boundary lies above the cmc in its entirety for each of the soaps. Therefore, the knee in the Krafft boundary cannot be identified with the formation of micelles. The Krafft temperature of mixtures of these three soaps was observed to have a minimum value at a high content of the shortest-chain soap. The nonlinear relationship between the soap solubility and the mixture composition can be fitted to a mixing rule based on t...
Microstrain and Defect Analysis of CL-20 Crystals by Novel X-Ray Methods

ABSTRACT Microstrains and defects are introduced during synthesis and crystal-growth stages of energetic particles and increase during processing stages such as grinding, mixing, and extrusion. The detection and quantification of these microstrains and defects in a given particle population is a difficult task that requires highly sensitive techniques. In this study a novel X-ray diffraction technique (XAPS) based on simultaneous rocking-curve analysis of individual particles was successfully applied to CL-20 powders. The effects of synthesis, grinding, and static loads on the extent of microstrain and defect development in CL-20 particles were quantitatively determined as frequency versus half-width of rocking curves. The greater half-width values observed for the samples subjected to grinding and static loads indicated greater microstrain and defect density in comparison to the as-received samples of CL-20. It may be possible to relate the findings of such analysis to combustion calculations for energet...
High temperature oxidation behavior of Ti5Si3-based intermetallics

Abstract The isothermal oxidation behavior of binary and ternary Ti5Si3 alloy was investigated at 1000 °C in oxygen and nitrogen-containing atmospheres. Several critical issues regarding oxidation of Ti5Si3 at elevated temperatures, including effect of Si, N, and C contents, were examined. Although Ti5Si3 within the homogeneity range can form silica-containing scale in pure oxygen upon high temperature exposure, only Si-rich composition is oxidatively stable in air. Presence of N2 in the atmosphere alters the oxidation behavior of Ti5Si3 at elevated temperature by nucleation and growth of nitride subscale, which prevents the formation of protective silica layer and leads to an accelerated degradation. The initial formation of silica by either pre-oxidation or employing Si-rich composition (i.e. Ti5Si3.2) inhibits the nucleation and growth of nitride subscale, and enhance the oxidation resistance of Ti5Si3 in nitrogen-containing atmosphere at elevated temperatures. C-doped alloys (i.e. Ti5Si3C0.5 and Ti5Si2.8C0.5) possess excellent oxidation resistance in both pure oxygen and in nitrogen-containing atmospheres partially due to increased activity of Si relative to Ti which favors the formation of SiO2 and inhibits the nitride formation beneath the oxide scale.
Effective seat-to-head transmissibility in whole-body vibration: Effects of posture and arm position

Abstract Seat-to-head transmissibility is a biomechanical measure that has been widely used for many decades to evaluate seat dynamics and human response to vibration. Traditionally, transmissibility has been used to correlate single-input or multiple-input with single-output motion; it has not been effectively used for multiple-input and multiple-output scenarios due to the complexity of dealing with the coupled motions caused by the cross-axis effect. This work presents a novel approach to use transmissibility effectively for single- and multiple-input and multiple-output whole-body vibrations. In this regard, the full transmissibility matrix is transformed into a single graph, such as those for single-input and single-output motions. Singular value decomposition and maximum distortion energy theory were used to achieve the latter goal. Seat-to-head transmissibility matrices for single-input/multiple-output in the fore-aft direction, single-input/multiple-output in the vertical direction, and multiple-input/multiple-output directions are investigated in this work. A total of ten subjects participated in this study. Discrete frequencies of 0.5–16 Hz were used for the fore-aft direction using supported and unsupported back postures. Random ride files from a dozer machine were used for the vertical and multiple-axis scenarios considering two arm postures: using the armrests or grasping the steering wheel. For single-input/multiple-output, the results showed that the proposed method was very effective in showing the frequencies where the transmissibility is mostly sensitive for the two sitting postures and two arm positions. For multiple-input/multiple-output, the results showed that the proposed effective transmissibility indicated higher values for the armrest-supported posture than for the steering-wheel-supported posture.
A Discriminant Validity Study of Aggregate-Level Constructs and Measures of Local Union Formalization, Centralization, and Innovation

Abstract Aggregate-level constructs and measures of local union structure pertaining to centralization, formalization, and innovation were developed and evaluated with ratings by local officers (N = 153) representing 56 locals. Officers exhibited high agreement with respect to the structure of their local. Confirmatory factor analyses performed with LISREL (K. G. Joreskog & D. Sorbom, 1991) on the aggregate covariance matrix (N = 56) provided support for a 3-factor model and discriminant validity. Correlational analyses indicated that local formalization was negatively related to local centralization and that local centralization was negatively related to local innovation. An important finding was that local formalization was positively related to local innovation, suggesting that union and nonunion organizations may differ in terms of this structural relationship.
Ab initio molecular orbital study of adsorption of atomic hydrogen on graphite: Insight into hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes

Ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations are performed to study the adsorption of H atoms on three faces of graphite: (0001) basal plane, (1010) zigzag edge and (1121) armchair edge. The relative energies of adsorption (or C-H bond energies) follow the order: zigzag edge.armchair edge.basal-plane edge, in agreement with previous semi-empirical MO results. However, it is found that adsorption on the basal plane sites is exothermic and stable, in contrast to previous semi-empirical results. On the edge sites, the C-H bond energy decreases by nearly 30 kcal / mol when two H atoms are adsorbed on the same site. On the basal plane, the C-H bond energy decreases from 46 kcal / mol when two H are adsorbed on alternating sites to 27 kcal / mol when they are adsorbed on two adjacent sites. Literature MO results of H adsorption on the exterior wall of SWNT are in fair agreement with that on the basal plane of graphite. The value 27 kcal / mol agrees well with experiment (23 kcal / mol) of TPD of hydrogen from MWNT. Three common features exist in the reported experiments on hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes: slow uptake, irreversibly adsorbed species, and the presence of reduced transition metals (Fe, Co or Ni). Combined with the MO results, a mechanism that involves H dissociation (on metal catalyst) 2 followed by H spillover and adsorption (on nanotubes) is proposed for hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Force deflection characterization of series arrays of piezoelectric C-block actuators

C-blocks are novel piezoelectric actuators that allow for a variety of different architectural configurations that will directly address application requirements without external leveraging. A very useful architecture is a series in which C-blocks are connected end-to-end. Serial architectures increase the deflection of the actuation system without impacting the force output. This paper presents the derivation of an theoretical model that accurately predicts the quasi-static force-deflection behavior of a generic C- block serial actuator configuration. This model is verified with five experimental case studies. In these case studies, the effects of changes in geometry, material, and configuration parameters were investigated using a variety of prototypes fabricated from polymeric and piezoceramic materials.
Kinetics of [14C-5] 8-methoxypsoralen distribution in rabbits.

Distribution, kinetics and localization of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) was determined in rabbits over 24 h following i.v. administration of [14C-5] labeled and carrier 8-MOP at respective concentration of 50 μCi and 5 mg/kg. Peak levels were reched by kidneys at 1 h (18,500 ng/g) at 2 h by liver (2,470 ng/g) and at 8 h by bile (64,000 ng/g). Muscles, lymphatic tissues and brain showed low drug uptake (800 ng/g). Endocrine organs also had low drug concentration. In gastrointestinal tract the maximum level of 8-MOP was 1,500 mg/g at 1 h in jejunum. Plasma 8-MOP concentration was 3,700 ng/ml at 5 min post injection with 100 ng/ml still detectable at 24 h. Urine label concentration peaked at 1 h (4×105 cpm/ml) and was 2×102 cpm/ml at 24 h. The intact skin concentration was at the maximum during the first 30 min (1,958 ng/g) declining progessively thereafter to 155 ng/g at 24 h. The UVA irradiated skin (320–380 nm at the rate of 14.2 mW/cm2×s-1 for 1 h) had a higher 8-MOP concentration (2,834 ng/g at 1 h and 280 ng/g at 24 h).
Effects of glaucoma on Chrna6 expression in the retina.

Purpose: Recent advances in technology now provide tools capable of tracking genome-wide expression changes occurring in progressive pathological processes. The present experiments were carried out to determine if acetylcholine receptor α 6 subunit (Chrna6) is a reliable retinal ganglion cell (RGC) marker in adult mouse eyes and if Chrna6 expression can be used to track progressive loss of RGCs, such as is observed in the DBA/2J glaucoma model.Methods: Data sets derived from the BXD strains were used to extract gene expression signatures for RGCs. Pooled retinas from DBA/2J or C57BL/6J cases at 1–3 months, 12 months, and 16–17 months were prepared for gene-array and RT-PCR analysis. Globes were fixed in paraformaldehyde and sectioned for immunofluorescence with antibodies against Chrna6.Results: Chrna6 has a cellular expression signature for RGCs with high correlation to Thy1 (r = 0.65), a recognized RGC marker. Immunofluorescence experiments confirm that in the young and adult mouse retina, Chrna6 is pre...
The inhibition of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione metabolism of isolated rat kidney cells by L-(αS, 5S)-α-amino-3-chloro-4, 5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid (AT-125; NSC-163501)

Metabolism of extracellular GSH, GSSG, the mixed disulfide of cysteine and GSH (CYSSG) and cystinyl-bis-glycine (CYS-GLY)2 to cysteine and cystine by freshly isolated kidney cells has been examined with and without the presence of a potent γ-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor, L-(αS, 5S)-α-amino-3-chloro-4, 5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid (AT-125). Irreversible inactivation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase occurred rapidly which prevented both the conversion of GSH to GSSG and removal of γ-glutamyl moieties from GSH, GSSG and CYSSG by kidney cells. The rapid conversion of cystinyl-bis-glycine to cystine was not affected by AT-125 indicating that this agent had no effect upon cysteinylglycine dipeptidase activity. GSH and GSSG degradation intermediates were sufficiently different to suggest that important thiol disulfide interchange reactions may occur during GSH but not GSSG degradation by kidney cells.
Grass carp status in the United States: A review

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) were introduced into the United States in 1963 as potential biological control agents for nuisance aquatic weeds. Since that time an oftentimes bitter controversy has raged over its effects on sportfishing, and its possible natural reproduction and naturalization in North America. This review considers the history, ecology, and present status of grass carp in the United States in light of the voluminous scientific research conducted since its importation. Particular attention is given to the role of grass carp in the fisheries management plans of Arkansas. Recent development of a sterile, triploid grass carp hybrid may lead to widespread use of grass carp to control nuisance aquatic weeds in culturally eutrophicated waters of the United States.
Minimum variance control for repetitive disturbances with application to active noise control

Using minimum variance control theory, a controller is designed to reduce noise that contains a repetitive component of measurable time-varying frequency. The particular application for which the controller is designed is the active cancellation of both road and engine noise in a vehicle passenger compartment. The controller is appropriate for this case because engine noise can be shown to be expressed as a summation of harmonically related sine waves whose frequency is determined by the engine rotational speed. An example is presented where a controller is developed for active noise control in a station-wagon with road noise caused by striking a tyre and engine noise represented by the noise spectrum of a diesel engine. Computer simulations show that the developed controller significantly reduces the noise from both sources.
Spatial correlation of gamma-prime precipitates in a NiSi alloy

The Ni-Si system is one of the few Ni-based binary alloys that shows negative lattice mismatch between the gamma-prime precipitates and the disordered matrix. The precipitates remain coherent and spherical until their size exceeds 80nm. Recent work has demonstrated that the precipitation kinetics shows a clear transition from the growth period to coarsening in accordance with the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner (LSW) theory of Ostwald ripening. Only two previous reports have shown the preferred alignment of precipitates in Ni-Si at high temperatures after long annealling when precipitates are incoherent and nonspherical. The current work has been undertaken to search for the possible presence of nonrandom arrangement of spherical and coherent precipitates at lower temperatures by a combination of high resolution diffraction using synchrotron radiation, small-angle neutron scattering, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Diffraction methods are chosen because the modulated and arrangement of coherent precipitates is characterized by diffraction side bands (satellites) in the vicinity of the fundamental Bragg peaks including the forwardly diffracted beam.
A variable step-size lmp algorithm for heavy-tailed interference suppression in phased array radar

A new variable step-size Least Mean p-norm (VSS-LMP) algorithm is proposed for phased array radar application with space-time adaptive processing to combat heavy-tailed non-Gaussian clutters. The algorithms automatically change the step size according to the estimated p-th and (2p - 2)-th moments of the error, where 1 ≤ p ≤ 2. The algorithm is evaluated via a space-slow-time STAP example and the excess Mean Square Error (MSE) and misadjustment results show that the proposed VSS-LMP converges fast and reaches lower steady-state error than the fixed stepsize LMP. It also provides a better compromise between convergence speed and low steady state error than existing VSS Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithms in both Gaussian and Compound K clutter environments.
Acid production in sucrose by oral bacteria as means of estimating caries activity (Rickles test).

Acid production in glucose or sucrose by the bacteria in saliva has been described by several authors 1-4 as a means of estimating caries activity. These tests are all alike, in that a specimen of saliva and the carbohydrate of choice are incubated 4 hours, after which the amount of acid formed is measured. They differ only in the volume and concentration of the specimen or substrate and the method of measurement. Thus Fosdick, Hansen, and Epple' determined the amount (milligrams) of powdered enamel dissolved by the acid; Dewar2 measured the pH change in the same test; Wach, Kesel, Hine, and O'Donnell3 titrated the acid directly with standard alkali; and Rickles4 utilized pH changes in a double indicator system. Acid formation in sucrose as described by Rickles4 was selected as representative of these procedures for inclusion in a longitudinal program for the evaluation of laboratory tests, using saliva as the test material, for prediction of clinical change. This choice was made on the grounds of (a) the reported high correlation between in vitro reactions and in vivo clinical change occurring in a year and (b) ease of routine performance. The present paper deals with the results obtained by us in a study essentially duplicating that of Rickles, with the exception of age and sex of the subjects. Clinical correlations for Lactobacillus counts5 and Snyder test reactions6 recorded from the respective specimens of saliva are also included.
Debugging methodology: session summary

Two sessions were held on the general topic of debugging methodology. Both were moderated by R. Stockton Gaines. During the first session five speakers presented short talks on their workshop submissions. Each talk was followed by a brief question and answer period. The format of the second session was that of an open discussion. The talks presented in the first session have been briefly summarized. The remaining notes of these two sessions have been arranged topically rather than chronologically.
Temporal and spatial dynamics of coarse woody debris in harvested and unharvested lodgepole pine forests

Abstract Coarse woody debris (CWD) biomass was measured and mapped in burned, clearcut, and intact lodgepole pine forests in two areas of the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming: the Medicine Bow National Forest (MBNF) and Yellowstone National Park (YNP). In addition, the amount of CWD consumed or converted to charcoal by fire was estimated in a recently burned stand in YNP. A spatially explicit simulation model (DEADWOOD) was then created to simulate the effects of various clearcutting and fire regimes on CWD over a 1000-yr period. Approximately 8% of downed CWD were consumed during a single fire and an additional 8% was converted to charcoal. After 1000 yr of simulation, 100-yr fire-return intervals produced CWD that occupied more of the forest floor than did 200- or 300-yr intervals. The time required for 100% occupancy of the forest floor by CWD was 1125, 1350, and 1300 yr for 100-, 200-, and 300-yr fire-return intervals, respectively. Simulations suggest that current harvest and post-harvest slash treatment regimes will require at least four centuries longer for 100% of the forest floor to be occupied by CWD (1800–3600 yr) than under fire regimes. This may have important effects on soil characteristics. Only when post-harvest CWD slash was doubled over the current amounts did clearcutting leave sufficient CWD to maintain forest floor CWD within the historic range of variability for naturally developing post-fire stands.
The Effect on Dental Caries of Weekly Rinsing with a Neutral Sodium Fluoride or an Acidulated Phosphate-Fluoride Mouthwash

Three groups of schoolchildren in Portland, Ore, rinsed weekly with a placebo mouthwash, a neutral sodium fluoride rinse containing 0.3% fluoride, or an acidulated phosphate-fluoride rinse containing 0.3% fluoride. After two years, the children who had rinsed with the fluoride mouthwashes had lower incremental caries scores than did the control children.
Delegated Performance: Outsourcing Authenticity

OCTOBER 140, Spring 2012, pp. 91–112. © 2012 October Magazine, Ltd. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Let’s begin with a generalization: one of the most conspicuous manifestations of the “social turn” in contemporary art since the 1990s has been the hiring of nonprofessionals to do performances. This stands in sharp contrast to a tradition of performance from the late 1960s and early 1970s in which work is undertaken by the artists themselves; think of Vito Acconci, Marina Abramovic, Chris Burden, and Gina Pane. If this tradition valorized live presence and immediacy via the artist’s own body, in the last two decades this presence is no longer attached to the single performer but instead to the collective body of a social group.1 Although this trend takes a number of forms, some of which I will describe below, all of this work maintains a comfortable relationship to the gallery, taking it either as the frame for a performance or as a space of exhibition for the photographic and video artifacts that result. I will refer to this tendency as “delegated performance”: the act of hiring nonprofessionals or specialists in other fields to undertake the job of being present and performing at a particular time and a particular place on behalf of the artist, and following his or her instructions. This strategy differs from a theatrical and cinematic tradition of employing people to act on the director’s behalf in the following crucial respect: the artists I discuss below tend to hire people to perform their own socioeconomic category, be this on the basis of gender, class, ethnicity, age, disability, or (more rarely) profession. Much of this work has not been addressed or analyzed in depth by art historians or critics, so the position outlined below forms a response not so much to existent writing but to the reactions that this work repeatedly elicits—both from the general public and specialist art world—at conferences, panel discussions, and symposia. One of the aims of this essay is to argue against these dominant responses and for a more nuanced way to address delegated performance as an artistic practice engaging with the ethics and aesthetics of contemporary labor, and not simply as a micro-model of reification. I will begin by outlining three dif-
Continuous Determination of High-Vapor-Phase Concentrations of Tetrachloroethylene Using On-Line Mass Spectrometry

A method was developed to determine the vapor concentration of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) at and below its equilibrium vapor-phase concentration, 168 000 μg/L (25 °C). Vapor samples were drawn by vacuum into a six-port sampling valve and injected through a jet separator into an ion trap mass spectrometer (MS). This on-line MS can continuously sample a vapor stream and provide vapor concentrations every 30 s. Calibration of the instrument was done by creating a saturated stream of PCE vapor, sampling the vapor with the on-line MS and with thermal desorption tubes, and correlating the peak area response from the MS with the vapor concentration determined by automated thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Dilution of the saturated stream provided lower concentrations of PCE vapor. The method was developed to monitor the vapor concentration of PCE that was sparged from a two-dimensional flow chamber and for determination of the total PCE mass removed during each sparge event. The method has ...
TRANSFORMATION OF FIBROBLASTS BY ALLOGENEIC AND XENOGENEIC TRANSPLANTS OF DEMINERALIZED TOOTH AND BONE

Xenogeneic transplants of powdered, dehydrated, demineralized matrix of bone and tooth were well tolerated in three species of rodents. Differences between the species were found in competence of fibroblasts to be transformed into cartilage and bone in vivo by these preparations. Rat fibroblasts were most susceptible to transformation of this sort; they were transformed by demineralized dentin of guinea pig, mouse, and rat, and to a limited extent, by a specimen of decalcified human bone.
Evolving Paradigm for Imaging, Diagnosis, and Management of DCIS

Our understanding of the biology of breast cancer has dramatically expanded over the past decade, revealing that breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases. This new knowledge can generate insights to improve screening performance and the management of ductal carcinoma in situ. In this article, the authors review the current state of the science of breast cancer and tools that can be used to improve screening and risk assessment. They describe several opportunities to improve clinical screening: (1) radiologists interpreting mammograms should aim to differentiate between the risk for invasive cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ to better assess the time frame for disease progression and the need for and optimal timing of biopsy; (2) imaging features associated with low risk, slow-growing cancer versus high risk, fast-growing cancer should be better defined and taught; and (3) as we learn more about assessing an individual's risk for developing breast cancer, we should incorporate these factors into a strategy for personalized screening to maximize benefit and minimize harm.
Dominance threat display for victory and achievement in competition context

We explored whether a dominance threat display as result of victory in agonistic encounters is actually produced in real life competition settings by examining the first whole body reactions produced by winners of the medal matches from three Olympic judo competitions, one of which included a sample of athletes who were blind. Winners displayed behavioral signals that were characterized into three categories, Expansion, Aggression, and Attention. These behavioral characteristics overlapped with descriptions of dominance displays in the previous literature. Other findings have suggested that these behaviors may be labeled as triumph.
Leukotriene C stimulates prostaglandin release from rat peritoneal macrophages

Abstract Rat peritoneal macrophages when incubated with leukotriene C exhibited a dose dependent increase of PGE 2 and 6-keto-PGF 1α . Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, an inhibitor of lipoxygenase, prevented the stimulation of prostaglandin release by lipopolysaccharide, but did not affect the release of prostaglandins from non-stimulated cells. Indomethacin, in contrast to nordihydroguaiaretic acid, inhibited the release of prostaglandins from both stimulated and non-stimulated cells. These findings suggest that endogenous leukotrienes are involved in the stimulation of macrophages by lipopolysaccharide.
Ancestral ambivalence and racial self-classification change

In survey research, race is often treated as an exogenous control variable, which assumes that response instability in racial self-classification represents random response instability only (error)...
Long-term follow-up of therapy with intermittent etidronate disodium in paget's disease of bone

A long-term trial of etidronate disodium therapy in 93 patients with Paget's disease of bone yielded generally favorable results. Treatment or retreatment was initiated for symptomatic Paget's disease with elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline values. Improvement occurred in 60 percent of patients even in the presence of secondary osteoarthritis. There appeared to be three types of responses: (1) Patients with prolonged clinical and chemical improvement after a single course of therapy (40 percent); these patients tended to have less active disease on the basis of initial alkaline phosphatase and hydroxyproline values, with suppression to normal in 76 percent of patients after etidronate disodium therapy. (2) Patients with response to retreatment (45 percent); these patients had modest disease on the basis of alkaline phosphatase and hydroxyproline values and required retreatment less often than once a year. (3) Patients with response to retreatment but eventual development of resistance to etidronate disodium (15 percent); these patients had the most severe disease clinically and on the basis of alkaline phosphatase and hydroxyproline values. In this last group, resistance to etidronate disodium (5 mg/kg per day) was common and early, and patients received etidronate disodium more often than one course per year; alkaline phosphatase response was transient, often of less than three months' duration.
Food and Love: A Cultural History of East and West

Jack Goody is a thinker who enjoys subverting neat simplifications and rigid preconceptions. A leading anthropologist and comparative sociologist, he is perhaps best known for his acclaimed critique of crude historical distinctions between "West" and "East" and overblown claims for the uniqueness of the West. In Food and Love, Goody pursues his argument into the sphere of culture. The development of romantic love, the evolution of national and regional cuisines, the globalisation of Chinese food, and the histories of various taboos on certain types of food and drink, the uniqueness of the European family - such are the fascinating and diverse themes Goody addresses effortlessly ranging from Europe to Asia and to Africa. Starting with a sustained discussion of the context of such debates in the thought of classic theorists as well as contemporary historical and sociological notions of modernisation, Goody goes on to use his skill and knowledge as an anthropologist and comparative sociologist to tease out the general historical processes embedded in the most intimate recesses of our lives. In a final bracing section challenging dominant relativist conceptions, Goody considers the difficulties and complexities of cross-cultural and comparative analysis, and he picks apart the doubts involved in the very process or representation and symbolic communication. Throughout the book, Goody demonstrates that the ethnocentricity of much of Western scholarship has distorted not only the comprehension of the East but also developments in Europe's past and present. FOOD "The twelfth and thirteenth centuries saw the birth of a 'courtly' ideology of food parallel to that of courtly love (fin 'amor). What one ate became seen as constitutive of the very quality of persons, giving rise to sumptuary legislation which saw to it that people consumed the foods appropriate to their status and not those of higher groups." AND LOVE "In writing a love poem one is rarely addressing directly the loved object ...for the troubadours, courtly love, in retrospect called 'romantic', was 'l'amoor de lonh', distant love in both a physical and social sense ...one quotes rather than invents the discourse of love."
Gains from Trade with Lump‐sum Compensation

This paper analyses the use of lump-sum compensation to ensure a Pareto improvement under free trade. It first shows how households, which are aware of the free-trade and compensation policy, may falsify autarkic consumption to get larger transfers. Despite consumption falsification, however, trade could still be gainful using lump-sum compensation under certain conditions. This paper also suggests a case in which an incentive-compatible lump-sum compensation scheme exists.
Asymmetrical Boundary Layer Separation at the Base of a Two Cylinder Geometry

This paper reports on the experimental description of the three-dimensional horseshoe vortex system occurring at the base of two cylinder mounted side by side on an endwall. The spacing between the two cylinders is adjusted to generate a family of viscous flows. Flow visualization performed in a water tunnel provides a qualitative understanding of the flow over a range of flow variables. A detailed wind tunnel experiment provides a quantitative description of the flow at a single test condition. At Re(D) = 2.5 x 10 to the 5th the measurements show an asymmetrical primary vortex with a wide flat cross section. A small counterrotating vortex is found between the primary vortex and the cylinder leading edge.
Reduction in Bone Volume Resection with a Newer Posterior Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty Design

Background Posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty requires an intercondylar notch to accommodate the cam housing that articulates with the tibial post to create femoral rollback required for deep flexion. The volume of bone resected for the intercondylar notch varies with implant design, and newer designs may accommodate high flexion with less bone resection.
Time of Weed Removal with Glyphosate Affects Corn Growth and Yield Components

Growers need to be aware that corn (Zea mays L.) develops leaf area slowly and competes poorly with early emerging weeds in the northeastern USA when planning a total postemergence program in glyphosate-resistant corn. We applied glyphosate at early postemergence (EPOST), third to fourth leaf stage (V3-V4) of corn growth; mid-postemergence (MPOST), V5 to V6 stage; and late postemergence (LPOST), V7 to V8 stage, in New York in 2003 and 2004 to determine how initial glyphosate timing affects growth, development, yield, and yield components of corn. The EPOST treatment, which received glyphosate when weeds were 10 cm or less in height, and a weed-free treatment silked on the same date, had similar dry matter (DM) accumulation (738 g m -2 ) and leaf area index (LAI) at silking (∼3.50), kernels per plant (528-549), and grain yield (11.1 Mg ha -1 ). The MPOST treatment, which received glyphosate when some weeds were 18 to 35 cm tall, silked 2 d later, had 35% less LAI and 39% less DM accumulation at silking, 21% less kernels per plant, and 25% less grain yield. Although the LPOST and untreated control, which had 1363 and 653 weeds m -2 at the V5-V6 stage in 2003 and 2004, respectively, had the same LAI at silking (1.75-1.87), the LPOST treatment yielded higher (6.4 vs. 3.2 Mg ha -1 ). Results from this study indicate that growers in the northeastern USA should apply glyphosate by the V3-V4 stage to avoid yield losses from early season weed competition.
On elastic moduli and elastic anisotropy in polycrystalline martensitic NiTi

Abstract A combined experimental and computational effort was undertaken to provide insight into the elastic response of B19′ martensitic NiTi variants as they exist in bulk, polycrystalline aggregate form during monotonic tensile and compressive loading. The experimental effort centered on using in situ neutron diffraction during loading to measure elastic moduli in several directions along with an average Young’s modulus and a Poisson’s ratio. The measurements were compared with predictions from a 30,000 variant, self-consistent polycrystalline deformation model that accounted for the elastic intergranular constraint, and also with predictions of single crystal behavior from previously published ab initio studies. Variant conversion and detwinning processes that influenced the intergranular constraint occurred even at stresses where the macroscopic stress–strain response appeared linear. Direct evidence of these processes was revealed in changes in texture, which were captured in inverse pole figures constructed from the neutron diffraction measurements.
Is he coming or going? On the acquisition of deictic verbs

The present study examined the acquisition of deictic verbs by asking children (5; 6–9; 5) to identify the speaker or the addressee of utterances containing come, go, bring, and take. The results showed that the youngest children appeared to understand come and bring, but not go and take. Analysis of the strategies used showed that children go through several stages: (a) they identify both speaker and addressee with the goal of the motion; (b) they identify only the addressee with the goal; (c) they identify the addressee of go with the goal, but are otherwise correct; (d) they give adult-like responses. These data provided further evidence that strategies play an important role in the acquisition of word meanings.