cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal stress: The role of body size and the giant major claw in survival and heat transfer of a fiddler crab (Leptuca pugilator)

Abstract Mobile intertidal crabs are often exposed to the sun while displaying outside of moist and cooler breeding burrows, which imposes increased heat stress and water. Individuals of a field population in mid-summer of the fiddler crab Leptuca pugilator had body temperatures that declined with increasing body size. All crabs were cooler than the sediment surface. Laboratory experiments simulated a male leaving its burrow and standing on hot sand heated by the sun. Smaller crabs succumbed to thermal stress sooner than larger crabs. Incapacitation keyed to field sediment temperatures occurred usually in about 30 min. Water loss ranged 1–8% at incapacity Small crabs heated up as fast as large crabs. Males with a major claw gained body heat more than clawless males and succumbed sooner. The major cheliped loses water proportionally more slowly than the body, which is likely explained by the more impervious surface of the claw, suggesting the claw might be a heat sink. I hypothesized that heat may be accumulated in the relatively impermeable major cheliped and transferred to the body, increasing thermal stress in the body where crucial organs must function. Several experiments were done to attempt to demonstrate body part differences in heating or heat transfer between cheliped and body. Thermal images demonstrated a temperature excess in the manus, and a lower temperature of the dactyl, consistent with the impermeability of the manus and its larger surface area intercepting heat, and perhaps radiation from the dactyl. Immersion of major claws in warm and cold water demonstrated heat transfer between cheliped and body. If claws are painted black, they heat up faster than unpainted claws, but there was no evidence of the transfer of increased heat to the body when claws were darkened. Thus the potential for heat transfer between claw and body is probably quite limited, which is further suggested by the very narrow connection at the basal ischium segment of the cheliped.The results suggest that smaller male fiddler crabs may have reduced success in the upper intertidal partially because of their higher vulnerability to thermal stress. Smaller males may choose to avoid the hotter upper intertidal until they become larger. Experimental results show no evidence for the role of the major claw in alleviating thermal stress to the fiddler crab carapace.
Case Study: How Design Students Tailor Their Crowdfunding Presentation to Different Audiences.

Popular crowdfunding websites such as Kickstarter and IndieGogo have transformed the practice of Industrial Design and have had a significant impact on Industrial Design education as well. Students and professionals use these online platforms to communicate their ideas and to crowdfund their own projects. The goals are to launch new product campaigns and to test new ideas.
Education Reform in Ontario: Building Capacity Through Collaboration

The education system of the province of Ontario, Canada ranks among the best in the world and has been touted as a model of excellence for other countries seeking to improve their education system. In a system-wide reform, leaders used a political and professional perspective to improve student performance on basic academic skills. The school system rose to renown after this reform which moved Ontario from a “good” system in 2000 to a “great” one between 2003 and 2010 (Mourshed M, Chijioke C, Barber M. How the world’s most improved school systems keep getting better, a report McKinsey & Company. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/social-sector/our-insights/how-the-worlds-most-improved-school-systems-keep-getting-better, (2010)). Premier Dalton McGuinty arrived in office in 2003 with education as his priority and was dubbed the “Education Premier” because of this mandate. His plan for reform had two primary goals: to improve student literacy and numeracy, and to increase secondary school graduation rates. McGuinty also wanted to rebuild public trust that had been damaged under the previous administration. The essential element of Ontario’s approach to education reform was allowing educators to develop their own plans for improvement. Giving responsibility and freedom to educators was critical in improving professional norms and accountability among teachers (Mourshed M, Chijioke C, Barber M. How the world’s most improved school systems keep getting better, a report McKinsey & Company. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/social-sector/our-insights/how-the-worlds-most-improved-school-systems-keep-getting-better, (2010)) and the sustained political leadership throughout the entire reform concluding in 2013 provided an extended trajectory for implementing and adjusting learning initiatives. The Ministry of Education’s Student Achievement Division, which was responsible for designing and implementing strategies for student success, took a flexible “learning as we go” attitude in which the reform strategy adapted and improved over time (Directions Evidence and Policy Research Group. The Ontario student achievement division student success strategy evidence of improvement study. Retrieved from http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/research/EvidenceOfImprovementStudy.pdf, (2014)).
Infalling Faint [O II] Emitters in Abell 851. II. Environment, Kinematics, and Star Formation History

We report on the local environment, kinematics, and star formation history of [O II]-selected objects in the z ≈ 0.4 galaxy cluster Abell 851, using Keck optical spectra. A large fraction (≈55%) of cluster [O II] emitters show strong Balmer absorptions (4 A in Hδ equivalent width). These e(a)-type spectra have been attributed to dusty starburst galaxies by Poggianti & Wu, an interpretation supported by our reddening measurements, which show a high frequency of very reddened [E(B - V) 0.5] galaxies. Our spectral modeling requires starburst ages of 1 Gyr, which is shorter than the cluster crossing timescale. We argue that this starburst phase occurs during cluster infall on the basis of the radial velocity distribution of the [O II] emitters, which present a deficit of systems near the cluster systemic velocity when compared to a virialized population (or a backsplash population). The spatial segregation of some redshifted and blueshifted groups strongly indicates that the accretion was recent. Throughout the cluster, the presence of [O II] emitters is strongly suppressed in dense environments. Our analysis supports previous suggestions that dusty starburst galaxies arise at the expense of gas-rich spiral galaxies [i.e., the e(c) type; Dressler and coworkers]. In addition, we describe a fainter population comprised largely of dwarf galaxies (Martin and coworkers) and find an even stronger suppression of [O II] emitters in high-density environments, indicative of more effective destruction by harassment and/or gas stripping. Comparison to previous morphological studies, limited to the cluster core, suggests that galaxy-galaxy interactions may trigger the starbursts. The high e(a) galaxy fraction in Abell 851 as compared to that in the field, however, suggests that some cluster-specific mechanism, likely related to the dynamical assembly of the cluster, also contributes to the high number of starbursts.
Modeling of An Enhanced Three-phase Continuously Variable Reactor

The traditional technology of magnetic amplifier, where a DC bias controls the saturation of a ferromagnetic core, has recently received increased attention from power system engineers. Possible applications have been considered for addressing different problems in the power system. Still, there has not been much work toward the improvement and modification of the original design according to the system needs. This paper presents a three-phase variant of the magnetic amplifier-based continuously variable series reactor (CVSR) with improved reactance modeling. A magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC), a computationally efficient yet sufficiently accurate analytical circuit for the CVSR is presented. The accuracy of the MEC is validated by comparing the average differential inductance from the MEC with the one obtained from a 3-D finite element analysis (FEA) model of the reactor for a range of DC bias current variations. In addition, a heterogeneous ferromagnetic core material mix is proposed to improve the reactance characteristic of the CVSR for smoother and better control.
Semiconductor electrochemical study of the passivity limits of austenitic stainless-steel in H2S-containing brines

The objective of the study is to correlate the effects of temperature, H2S and Cl− concentration on the passivity limits and the onset of localised corrosion in UNS S31603 stainless steel by evalua...
London: a city of humanism and power

This article explores the ethos of London through a mixture of public history and personal memoir. London has long been dominated by a broadly humanist culture, with a blend of wit, tolerance, and ...
A Framework for Maintaining a Fully Operational Autopsy Service at a Large Academic Teaching Institution During a Global Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic created new challenges in health care, and pathology departments have led with innovations in testing and education. While the medical community and public showed great intere...
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Elective Inpatient Surgical Admissions: Evidence From Maryland.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to large-scale cancellation and deferral of elective surgeries. We quantified volume declines, and subsequent recoveries, across all hospitals in Maryland. Materials and Methods Data on elective inpatient surgical volumes were assembled from the Maryland Health Service Cost Review Commission for years 2019-2020. The data covered all hospitals in the state. We compared the volume of elective inpatient surgeries in the second (Q2) and fourth quarters (Q4) of 2020 to those same quarters in 2019. Analysis was stratified by patient, hospital, and service characteristics. Results Surgical volumes were 55.8% lower in 2020 Q2 than in 2019 Q2. Differences were largest for orthopedic surgeries (74.3% decline), those on Medicare (61.4%), and in urban hospitals (57.3%). By 2020 Q4, volumes for most service lines were within 15% of volumes in 2019 Q4. Orthopedic surgery remained most affected (44.5% below levels in 2019 Q4) and Plastic Surgery (21.9% lower). Conclusions COVID-19 led to large volume declines across hospitals in Maryland followed by a partial recovery. We observed large variability, particularly across service lines. These results can help contextualize case-specific experiences and inform research studying potential health effects of these delays and cancellations.
Intracardiac Cement Embolism.

Intracardiac Cement Embolism A 56-year-old man with recent kyphoplasty presented with pleuritic chest pain. Imaging showed an intracardiac foreign body. During cardiothoracic surgery, a foreign bod...
Evaluation of Pre-operational Factors Contributing to a Dorsal Column Stimulator Explantation

Objectives Implantation of a dorsal column stimulator (DCS) for axial spine and radicular pain is a commonly performed procedure. Despite the benefits of this device to reduce pain and improve quality of life, some patients elect to have the device explanted. The purpose of this study is to describe pre-operational factors among patients who elected to have their DCS explanted and how these factors are associated with reason for explantation. Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective descriptive study using the database of a private outpatient orthopedic clinic. We included all patients who had a dorsal column stimulator explanted between January 1, 2007 and June 19, 2014. Data was collected on patient demographics, past medical and back surgery history, as well as details of implantation, permanent device implantation, and subsequent explantation. Reasons for explantation were categorized as: inadequate pain control using three categories (with no device-related pain/discomfort, with device-related pain/discomfort, or inadequate pain control and patient wants MRI), or pain resolved. Results A consecutive sample of 100 subjects who underwent explantation of a DCS was identified for review. Of these 100 subjects, 14 were excluded. Based on our data, we hypothesize that sex (57% female, 43% male) degenerative disc disease (72%), previous back surgery (70%), BMI classified as overweight (subject average = 28.3), history of tobacco usage (57%), and history of narcotic use (80%) may be potential risk factors for explantation. Conclusions With respect to clinical evaluation of patients as candidates for spinal cord stimulator implantation, we cannot recommend that any of the evaluated variables be considered a contraindication to proceeding with a trial procedure. Future studies are planned to compare these data to a control group of subjects to establish risk factors predisposing individuals to explantation of a DCS. Key words: DCS, neurostimulator, spine, pain, explantation
Viscous Flow in Binary Borate Melts

The Theological properties and structure of vitreous B2O3 and borate glasses have been the subject of several investigations because of their unusual behavior. For example, the isothermal viscosity of alkali borate glasses has been found to decrease to a minimum and subsequently increase to a maximum as a modifier oxide is added to B2O3 (1,2). The effect has been termed the “boron anomaly” and attempts have been made to explain this from a group theory approach or by phase separation.
Using our Brains: What Cognitive Science and Social Psychology Teach us About Teaching Law Students to Make Ethical, Professionally Responsible, Choices

Throughout our lives, below the level of our consciousness, each of us develops values, intuitions, expectations, and needs that powerfully affect both our perceptions and our judgments. Placed in situations in which we feel threatened, or which implicate our values, our brains, relying on those implicitly learned, emotionally weighted, memories, may react automatically, without reflection or the opportunity for reflective interdiction. We can "downshift," to primitive, self-protective problem solving techniques. Because these processes operate below the radar of our consciousness, automatic, "emotional" reaction, rather than thoughtful, reasoned analysis may drive our responses to stressful questions of ethics and professional responsibility.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF HERDING ON THE INTERNET: THE CASE OF SOFTWARE DOWNLOADING

Online shopping often requires consumers to choose among multiple products without detailed information about the quality. Herding is common in such situations which require consumers to infer product quality from other consumers’ choices and incorporate that information into their own decision-making process. The Internet affects the herding phenomenon in two ways. On the one hand, it provides more information about other consumers’ choices, making herding more feasible. On the other hand, the Internet provides more details about product quality, thus making herding less desirable. In this paper, we empirically examine those two effects in the context of online software downloading. We collected data on daily software downloads and studied how the daily download market share is related to the cumulative number of downloads and to the professionals’ and users’ ratings. We find significant herd behavior in our analysis of customers’ software choices. Surprisingly, the provision of professional product reviews or user reviews does not have a significant influence on the herding phenomenon. Our results suggest that consumers are in favor of information inferred from others’ behavior, but choose to ignore other sources of information. Such results are consistent with the predictions of the informational cascades literature. Our results also indicate that the vast amount of information provided on the Internet may not have as great an impact on consumer decision-making as previously expected. This paper contributes to e-commerce and Internet marketing research by investigating and offering a more in-depth understanding of online consumer behavior. This paper also contributes to the emerging literature on the impact of virtual communities.
Resurgent Sodium Current and Action Potential Formation in Dissociated Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons

Voltage-dependent sodium channels were studied in dissociated cerebellar Purkinje neurons from rats. In whole-cell recordings, a tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive inward current was elicited when the membrane was repolarized to voltages between -60 and -20 mV after depolarizations to +30 mV long enough to produce maximal inactivation. At -40 mV, this "resurgent" current peaked in 8 msec and decayed with a time constant of 30 msec. With 50 mM sodium as a charge carrier, the resurgent current was on average approximately 120 pA. CA3 pyramidal neurons had no such current. The current may reflect recovery of inactivated channels through open states, because in Purkinje neurons (but not CA3 neurons) there was partial recovery from inactivation at -40 mV, coinciding with the rise of resurgent current. In single-channel recordings, individual channels gave openings corresponding to resurgent and conventional transient current. Action potentials were recorded from dissociated neurons under current clamp to investigate the role of the resurgent current in action potential formation. Purkinje neurons fired spontaneously at approximately 30 Hz. Hyperpolarization to -85 mV prevented spontaneous firing, and brief depolarization then induced all-or-none firing of conglomerate action potentials comprising three to four spikes. When conglomerate action potentials were used as command voltages in voltage-clamp experiments, TTX-sensitive sodium current was elicited between spikes. The falling phase of an action potential is similar to voltage patterns that activate resurgent sodium current, and thus, resurgent sodium current likely contributes to the formation of conglomerate action potentials in Purkinje neurons.
Is Acquired Tolerance to Hypothermia Susceptible to Extinction

Studies examining adaptation to thermoregulatory challenges have shown that tolerance to hypothermia is mediated, in part, by associative (Pavlovian) learning mechanisms. This study examined whether acquired tolerance to deep body cooling (hypothermia) could be extinguished by conditions in which presentations of the environmental cues were presented in the absence of hypothermia treatment. The results of Experiment 1 indicate that five extinction exposures in which the context was presented alone were not sufficient to extinguish established hypothermia tolerance in rats. Experiment 2 demonstrated that tripling the number of daily extinction exposures from 5 to 15 also did not disrupt adaptation to cold, and further demonstrated that the presentation of a challenge condition (heat exposure) over the 15-day extinction phase of the experiment had no effect on established cold tolerance. Furthermore, Experiment 2 confirmed associative control of tolerance by demonstrating a context shift effect in resistance to cold. The lack of an extinction effect in these two experiments suggests that the environmental context may be acting as an occasion setter.
Prescribing Trends of Antiepileptic Drugs for Epilepsy within the Veterans Health Administration (P4.265)

OBJECTIVE: Identify trends in the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for Veterans with epilepsy within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), including whether age influences the choice or number of AEDs prescribed. BACKGROUND: The VHA is a large healthcare organization in which AEDs were prescribed to approximately 74,000 Veterans with a seizure diagnosis during Fiscal Year 2011 (FY11), October 1, 2010 to September 30, 2011. Understanding which AEDs are prescribed to which populations of Veterans is useful in guiding the care of Veterans. For example, it is hypothesized that older AEDs are still being used by older Veterans, who may have been taking these AEDs for years. DESIGN/METHODS: Demographic characteristics, including age and gender, were collected for Veterans within the VHA with a seizure diagnosis, seizure on their problem list and who were prescribed an AED for at least 30 days during FY11. AEDs were divided between older (first-generation) and newer. Veteran ages were grouped by decades, e.g., twenties, thirties, etc. The frequencies of each AED within each age group and in total were measured. RESULTS: The majority of Veterans were prescribed either one (66%) or two (27%) AEDs during FY11. Also, 43% of Veterans were taking only older AEDs and 20% took both older and newer AEDs. The age groups with the highest percentages of using only older AEDs were in their 60’s (44%), 70’s (51%) and 80’s (53%). Phenytoin (36%), levetiracetam (27%), gabapentin (20%) and valproate (15%) were the most commonly prescribed AEDs. CONCLUSIONS: Older Veterans use older medications more than younger Veterans. Phenytoin is still the most prescribed AED within the VHA. Study Supported by: Epilepsy Centers of Excellence Disclosure: Dr. Tran has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma as a speaker. Dr. Rehman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Husain has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma, Jazz Pharma, Upsher-Smith Laboratories, and Sage Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Husain has received royalty payments from editing a book on Intraoperative Monitoring and EEG. Dr. Husain received research support from UCB Pharma.
Stimuli-Responsive Polymers and their Potential Applications in Oil-Gas Industry

Polymers with properties well-controlled by minor environmental variations have been widely utilized in nanoscience, nanotechnology, and nanomedicine. Herein, the classification of stimuli-responsive polymers will be discussed and related to some possible applications in the oil-gas industry. Current studies of stimuli-responsive polymers in the oil-gas production are mainly focused on enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Still, their potential applications in various aspects of the oil-gas industry from upstream, midstream, and downstream processes are found to be promising.
Constructive Thought Strategies and Job Satisfaction: A Preliminary Examination

In order to examine the potential of constructive thought strategies for enhancing employee job satisfaction, an existing dispositional model of job satisfaction was expanded and tested. Structural equation modeling techniques indicated significant relationships among constructive thought strategies, dysfunctional thought processes, subjective well-being, and job satisfaction. In addition, two competing models were examined to test for the full or partial mediation of the effects of constructive thought strategies on job satisfaction. The implications of these findings for constructive thought strategy training interventions are discussed, along with directions for future research efforts.
The Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment Study II: rationale, design and methods

This paper presents the rationale, design, and methods of the Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment Study II (POTS II), which investigates two different cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) augmentation approaches in children and adolescents who have experienced a partial response to pharmacotherapy with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor for OCD. The two CBT approaches test a "single doctor" versus "dual doctor" model of service delivery. A specific goal was to develop and test an easily disseminated protocol whereby child psychiatrists would provide instructions in core CBT procedures recommended for pediatric OCD (e.g., hierarchy development, in vivo exposure homework) during routine medical management of OCD (I-CBT). The conventional "dual doctor" CBT protocol consists of 14 visits over 12 weeks involving: (1) psychoeducation, (2), cognitive training, (3) mapping OCD, and (4) exposure with response prevention (EX/RP). I-CBT is a 7-session version of CBT that does not include imaginal exposure or therapist-assisted EX/RP. In this study, we compared 12 weeks of medication management (MM) provided by a study psychiatrist (MM only) with two types of CBT augmentation: (1) the dual doctor model (MM+CBT); and (2) the single doctor model (MM+I-CBT). The design balanced elements of an efficacy study (e.g., random assignment, independent ratings) with effectiveness research aims (e.g., differences in specific SRI medications, dosages, treatment providers). The study is wrapping up recruitment of 140 youth ages 7–17 with a primary diagnosis of OCD. Independent evaluators (IEs) rated participants at weeks 0,4,8, and 12 during acute treatment and at 3,6, and 12 month follow-up visits. NCT00074815
Sub-natural-linewidth quantum interference features observed in photoassociation of a thermal gas

By driving photoassociation transitions, we form electronically excited molecules $({\mathrm{Na}}_{2}^{*})$ from ultracold $(50--300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K})$ Na atoms. Using a second laser to drive transitions from the excited state to a level in the molecular ground state, we are able to split the photoassociation line and observe features with a width smaller than the natural linewidth of the excited molecular state. The quantum interference which gives rise to this effect is analogous to that which leads to electromagnetically induced transparency in three-level atomic $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ systems, but here one of the ground states is a pair of free atoms while the other is a bound molecule. The linewidth is limited primarily by the finite temperature of the atoms.
Ring-necked pheasant hens select managed Conservation Reserve Program grasslands for nesting and brood-rearing.

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has provided critical wildlife habitat for many species since 1985. However, the quality of this habitat for early successional species, such as ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), may decrease with field age. Late successional grasslands may lack valuable vegetative and structural diversity needed by pheasants, especially during nesting and brood-rearing stages. Since 2004, the United States Department of Agriculture has required new CRP contracts to include plans for mid-contract management, which could include discing and interseeding. The benefits of such practices have not been assessed, and continuation of current policy could be affected by the lack of information to support such practices. During 2005–2006 we evaluated nesting and brood-rearing habitat used by radio-marked hen pheasants in areas of northeastern Nebraska where portions of CRP fields had been recently disced and interseeded with legumes. Pheasant hens selected managed portions of CRP fields for both nesting and brood-rearing. Hens selected nest sites with greater forb cover and vertical density. Hens with broods also selected sites with greater forb composition. Discing and legume interseeding appeared to be an effective strategy for increasing pheasant use of CRP fields. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
N-Chloro-N,N′,N′-tris(ethoxycarbonyl)hydrazine and N,N-dichloro-N′,N′-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)hydrazine: synthesis, stability and reactions with nucleophiles

N-Chloro-N,N′,N′-tris(ethoxycarbonyl)hydrazine (1b) was prepared in 27% yield by chlorination of N,N,N′-tris(ethoxycarbonyl)hydrazine anion with t-BuOCl. The reaction of 1b with CN(−) gave the product of N-substitution. Attempts at chlorination of N,N-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)hydrazine (2a) with t-BuOCl did not yield the expected N,N-dichloro-N′,N′-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)hydrazine (1a), and led to the exclusive formation of ClCOOEt. The mechanism of the decomposition and the relative stability of 1a and 1b are assessed using DFT calculations and compared to those for the parent chlorohydrazine (3).
Model Assessments of the Optimal Design of Nature Reserves for Maximizing Species Longevity

Using a computational model for the population growth and dispersal of a model species in a fluctuating environment, we test three nature reserve geometries (one large, many small, and a self-similar distribution of reserve sizes) to determine which geometry maximizes species longevity. The self-similar distribution is a close approximation to the distribution of managed areas in the conterminous United States. We consider models with and without migration from or between reserve fragments and both short- and long-range dispersal mechanisms. The optimal geometry depends on the type of dispersal and on the relative probability of survival in protected and non-protected areas. When no migration is allowed from or between reserve fragments of the three geometries, many small equally sized reserves are the optimal geometry. When migration is allowed, the optimal geometry is a single large reserve when the survivability in non-protected areas is low and a self-similar distribution when the survivability is high.
Fe-Ti basalts and propagating-rift tectonics in the Josephine Ophiolite

The Jurassic Josephine Ophiolite of northwest California and southwest Oregon is one of the largest and most complete ophiolites in North America and clearly formed in a suprasubduction-zone setting. The geochemistry of lavas and dikes is highly variable because of a range in magma types and different degrees of fractionation. Basalts rich in Fe and Ti occur in the uppermost part of the extrusive sequence and as late dikes cutting oceanic serpentinite. They have MORB (mid-oceanic-ridge basalt) affinities and appear to be unrelated to the rest of the ophiolite that has affinities dominantly transitional between IAT and MORB (IAT = island-arc-tholeiite). This late Fe-Ti-MORB suite was erupted while the ophiolite was undergoing the last half of ∼50° of tilting of the entire crustal sequence and after widespread serpentinization of ultramafic cumulates and uppermantle peridotite related to freezing of the axial magma chamber. Fe-Ti basalts are characteristic of propagating spreading centers on mid-ocean ridges and in at least one backarc basin. Geochemical, structural, stratigraphic, and regional geologic constraints suggest formation of the Josephine Ophiolite by propagation of a spreading center into rifted island-arc lithosphere that is preserved along the margin of the ophiolite. Another possible indication of propagating-rift tectonics is the presence of off-axis metalliferous sedimentary rocks that may have been deposited as hydrothermal plume fall-out from a second propagating spreading center. The Lau Basin provides modern analogues, including spreading centers propagating into rifted arc lithosphere, into older backarc ocean crust, and across the arc into the forearc.
It's timely and time for the change: comments on Peck and Ranaldi.

Substance abuse poses a significant financial burden on soci-ety in terms of health care cost and other economic indices—an argument made by many engaged in basic translationalbehavioral/psychopharmacological animal research that tar-gets chemical addiction (e.g., Peck and Ranaldi 2014; Troisi2013). A recent theoretical paper by Peck and Ranaldi (2014)addressed clinical translations of basic behavioral treatmentstrategies for drug abuse, challenged their clinical efficacy,and suggested improvements. Their publication is timely be-cause similar arguments, conclusions, and suggestions haverecently been proposed (Troisi 2013). This author, therefore,felt compelled to comment.Among several treatments noted in P and R’s paper,Pavlovian-based cue-exposure therapy (CET) and operant-based contingency management (CM) were highlighted. In-deed, it is well established that CET has evidenced littleclinical efficacy because of at least three common observa-tions reported in the Pavlovian and operant animal learningliteratures: Spontaneous recovery (the return of the responsefollowing a delay after extinction), reinstatement (the conse-quent increase in responding due to non-contingent presenta-tion of the drug reinforcer/US or stressor following extinc-tion), and context renewal (the return of the response follow-ing extinction in a novel context) are culprits of relapse(Bouton and Swartzentruber 1991;Boutonetal.2012;Conklin and Tiffany 2002; Troisi 2013). In regard to CET,several points that follow were not made by P and R thatwould have augmented their argument. First, extinction inCET is incomplete. Users do not self-administer a placebothereby leaving the self-administration response intact. Fur-thermore, only one to nine sessions have been reported(Conklin and Tiffany 2002). Second, as previously discussed(Troisi 2013), drug-associated CSs can evoke cue-reactivity/craving and promote relapse; however, individuals often re-lapse without craving, and many who crave do not relapse—and might actually benefit from craving (Drummond 2001;Niaura et al. 1988; Rohsenow and Monti 1999; Tiffany andCarter 1998; Tracy 1994). Finally, operant discriminativestimuli (S
Effect of diaspirin crosslinked and stroma-reduced hemoglobin on mean arterial pressure and endothelin-1 concentration in rats

Abstract The effect of unmodified stroma reduced (SRHb) and modified diaspirin crosslinked (DCLHb ™ ) hemoglobin solutions on the mean arterial pressure and endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentration in blood plasma and various tissues was studied. Infusion of DCLHb or SRHb increased mean arterial blood pressure by 96 % and 39 %, respectively. Heart rate was not significantly affected by DCLHb or SRHb. A significant increase (P
Transition metal complexes of o-mercaptobenzamides☆

Abstract The metal ions Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(I), Pt(II), Pd(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) have been complexed with the ligands o-mercapto-N-methylbenzanilide and o-mercapto-N-benzyl-N-methylbenzamide. Coordination appears to occur through the mercapto and amide oxygen groups in all cases except the benzanilide-Pt(II) complex, in which case mercapto and amide nitrogen bonding occurs. A dimeric Cu(I) complex has been isolated which suggests a possible mechanism for the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) by organic sulfides. The effect of metal ions coordinated to an amide group on the hindered rotation about the CN amide bond has been studied at room and elevated temperatures. The metal ions appear to increase the barrier to rotation.
Effects of ischemic preconditioning and adenosine pretreatment on myocardial function and energetics in a clinically relevant model.

Abstract Preconditioning (PC) is a potential approach to myocardial protection. We hypothesize that brief ischemia or adenosine given prior to an extended period of warm ischemia may prevent myocardial stunning by altering myocardial metabolism. Using a global ischemia model, 19 dogs were subjected to no PC(control), two episodes of ischemia (2 min of global ischemia followed by 3 min of reperfusion) (IPC), or 30 min of pulmonary artery adenosine infusion (AP), to a maximum of 350 μg/kg/min, followed by 20 min of global warm ischemia on cardiopulmonary bypass. Left ventricular pressure–volume loops and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ) were measured at baseline and after 60 min of reperfusion, on right heart bypass. All data were compared between baseline and reperfusion. Load independent left ventricular function, defined as preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW), decreased in control and IPC groups (72 ± 7%, 71 ± 12%, respectively). AP blunted the decrease in PRSW (45 ± 9%, p 2 –Stroke work relationship was not significantly changed for controls (2.17 ± 0.47 to 1.84 ± 0.68) and IPC (2.99 ± 0.45 to 2.16 ± 0.65), but was for AP (1.16 ± 0.88 to 5.71 ± 1.66, p
Emotion regulation and impulsivity in young adults

Past research has linked both emotion regulation and impulsivity with the development and maintenance of addictions. However, no research has investigated the relationship between emotion regulation and impulsivity within young adults. In the present study, we analyzed 194 young adults (27.8% female; 21.3 ± 3.32 years old; 91.8% single; 85.1% Caucasian), grouping them as low, average, or high emotionally dysregulated, and compared self-reported impulsivity, impulsive behaviors (such as alcohol and substance use and gambling) and cognitive impulsivity. We hypothesized that those with high levels of emotion dysregulation would score higher on self-reported and cognitive impulsivity, and report more impulsive behaviors. Analysis indicated that compared to low, the high emotion dysregulation group scored significantly higher on two self-report measures of impulsivity, harm avoidance, and cognitive reasoning. No significant differences were found between groups in impulsive behaviors and cognitive impulsivity. Overall, this study highlights the relationship between emotion dysregulation and impulsivity, suggesting that emotion regulation may be an important factor to consider when assessing individuals at a higher risk for developing an addiction.
Relationship of socioeconomic status and ethnicity to primary grade children's self‐concept

This study provides evidence regarding the controversy about the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnicity to self-concept. Subjects were 345 first-, second-, and third-grade children of low SES (180 were black) attending inner city schools in a large metropolitan area. The Purdue Self Concept Scale was the measure of self-concept. There was a decline in self-concept with grade level (p < .01), and blacks scored higher than whites (p < .01). An analysis of black second-grade children's scores indicated that the race difference was due to the high scores of those with welfare status. Low expectations resulting from SES and ethnic segregation, effects of the black pride movement, and defensiveness are considered as possible explantions.
The fleet assignment problem: Solving a large-scale integer program

Given a flight schedule and set of aircraft, the fleet assignment problem is to determine which type of aircraft should fly each flight segment. This paper describes a basic daily, domestic fleet assignment problem and then presents chronologically the steps taken to solve it efficiently. Our model of the fleet assignment problem is a large multi-commodity flow problem with side constraints defined on a time-expanded network. These problems are often severely degenerate, which leads to poor performance of standard linear programming techniques. Also, the large number of integer variables can make finding optimal integer solutions difficult and time-consuming. The methods used to attack this problem include an interior-point algorithm, dual steepest edge simplex, cost perturbation, model aggregation, branching on set-partitioning constraints and prioritizing the order of branching. The computational results show that the algorithm finds solutions with a maximum optimality gap of 0.02% and is more than two orders of magnitude faster than using default options of a standard LP-based branch-and-bound code.
Magnetic-polaron-driven magnetoresistance in the pyrochlore Lu 2 V 2 O 7

The structural, magnetic, and transport properties of single-crystalline ${\mathrm{Lu}}_{2}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ are studied. ${\mathrm{Lu}}_{2}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ shows a ferromagnetic transition at ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}=69.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and a negative magnetoresistance (MR) as high as 50% at ${T}_{2}=75\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ with an applied field of $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$. Through various experiments, it is demonstrated that the mechanism for MR is not through double exchange, but through a polaron-mediated behavior similar to ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. This places ${\mathrm{Lu}}_{2}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ as the only other example of polaron-mediated MR among the pyrochlore oxides.
Particle Hall-MHD simulation of collisionless reconnection : Ion gyro-radius correction

Fluid-ion dynamics from a Hall-MHD calculation and test ions that are advanced in Hall-MHD fields are compared to particle-ion dynamics from a hybrid simulation of two-dimensional reconnection in a thin current sheet. These comparisons demonstrate that off-diagonal terms of the ion pressure tensor are important to correctly model the ion out-of-plane momentum transport from the X point. These effects can be efficiently modeled in Hall-MHD simulations by advancing test ions in the Hall-MHD fields, accumulating the pressure tensor onto the spatial grid, and modifying the ion momentum equation. With ion gyro-radius corrections, the “particle Hall-MHD” simulation is shown to model accurately the ion out-of-plane momentum transport from the X point and the reconnection rate comparison with the hybrid simulation is improved.
1060 Evaluation of aortic valve regurgitation by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison with echocardiography

Objectives Measuring the severity of aortic regurgitation (AR) is necessary due to the typical progression of aortic valve disease and the need for intervention before deterioration of left ventricular (LV) function. Echocardiography (ECHO) has been accepted in the past for clinical assessment of AR, but this method has limitations due to sub optimal acoustic windows, Doppler alignment, and geometric assumptions. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is a sensitive and specific tool for non invasive assessment of aortic regurgitant fraction (ARF) and left ventricular dimensions and systolic function in adults. Limited corresponding pediatric CMRI data exist for AR. This pediatric study was designed to prospectively compare ARF determined by CMRI and by ECHO measures used clinically to determine AR severity. CMRI and ECHO measures of LV size and systolic function were also prospectively compared.
Dynamical effects of successive mergers on the evolution of spherical stellar systems

Numerical investigations are carried out to study the dynamical effects of high-mass stars formed out of successive mergers among tidally captured binaries on the evolution of spherical stellar systems. It is assumed that all tidally captured systems become mergers in order to maximize these effects. Stellar systems with N greater than about 10 to the 7th are susceptible to merger instability which may lead to the formation of a central black hole. It is shown that globular clusters are likely to achieve postcollapse expansion due to three-body binary heating and stellar evolution, while galactic nuclei can easily be overcome by the merger instability in the core. 25 references.
Electric-field-induced molecular reorientation dynamics by near-field scanning optical microscopy

A new technique developed in this laboratory and based on near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is used to study the field-induced reorientation of molecules in local regions of thin film materials. A highly concentrated electric field is applied across the sample, between the metal-coated near-field probe and the sample substrate. Molecular motion induced in the sample by modulation of the electric field is observed using NSOM methods. Lock-in detection of the optical response to a sinusoidally- modulated field, recorded under cross-polarized, transmitted-light conditions allows for the recording of dynamics images. The local rate of reorientation is measured for individual locations in a sample by recording the response in either the time or frequency domains. Dynamics information is obtained with microsecond(s) ec time resolution and nanometer-scale spatial resolution. This method is applied in studies of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films. In these materials, small droplets of nematic liquid crystal are dispersed in an otherwise uniform poly(vinyl alcohol) film. The liquid crystal droplets are birefringent, forming electrically-switchable light-scattering centers. A simple forced-oscillator model for the reorientation dynamics in the liquid crystal is presented. Variations in the time scale and extent of molecular reorientation are observed as a function of field strength, droplet size, droplet shape, and position probed. The data are interpreted based on knowledge of the important intermolecular forces active in these materials.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Improvised Explosive Devices in Southern Afghanistan and Western Pakistan, 2002–2009

Homemade bombs or improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are staple weapons of conflicts in South Asia and especially Southern Afghanistan and Western Pakistan, where the Taliban, their affiliates, and other armed groups use them to undermine recognized governments and policies. This study establishes IED trends in the Afghanistan provinces of Helmand, Kandahar, and Nimroz and the Pakistani province of Balochistan between 2002 and mid-2009, using geo-referenced open source IED event information and statistical or geospatial analysis techniques. This study also furnishes assessments of specific IED technologies, techniques, and procedures (TTPs; like explosively formed projectiles or radio-controlled “spider devices”) as well as discussions of their potential causes and observable effects. There are several major trends observed: a continuous increase in volume and lethality of attacks, more expansive geographic distribution of attacks, and multiple bombing campaigns overlapping in Quetta, Balochistan provinc...
The role of computed tomography in acute head injury

Abstract Computed tomography (CT) of the head provides the ability to rapidly evaluate patients with acute head injuries. Moreover CT aids in surgical planning, prognosticating outcome and recovery time, and monstoring nonsurgical injuries. The authors review the ways in which CT is employed in a multiple trauma center.
Control of One- and Two-Column Distillation Systems with Maximum Temperature Limitations

Maximum temperature limitations are encountered in distillation columns in which thermally sensitive materials are being separated. The maximum base temperature often results in expensive refrigera...
Identification of Linear Time-Invariant Systems via Constrained Step-Based Realization

Abstract A constrained step-based realization algorithm is developed to produce linear, time-invariant, state-space system estimates. To match a priori knowledge of the system behavior, the eigenvalues of the estimate are required to be stable, real, and positive; the step response is required to have no undershoot or overshoot; and the steady-state gain is required to match a known value. The standard step-based realization method is augmented to become a convex optimization problem subject to a linear-matrix inequality that constrains eigenvalue location, and a subsequent convex optimization problem is developed to constrain time-domain behavior. Simulation results motivate the need for such constraints and are used for comparison with familiar alternative methods. Although the procedure is applied only to step-response data, it may be generalized to constrain eigenvalues to convex regions of the complex plain and is applicable to all subspace identification methods.