cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Involvement of the Anopheles gambiae Nimrod gene family in mosquito immune responses

Insects fight infection using a variety of signaling pathways and immune effector proteins. In Drosophila melanogaster, three members of the Nimrod gene family (draper, nimC1 and eater) bind bacteria, and this binding leads to phagocytosis by hemocytes. The Nimrod gene family has since been identified in other insects, but their function in non-drosophilids remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify the members of the Nimrod gene family in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and to assess their role in immunity. We identified and sequenced three members of this gene family, herein named draper, nimrod and eater, which are the orthologs of D. melanogaster draper, nimB2 and eater, respectively. The three genes are preferentially expressed in hemocytes and their peak developmental expression is in pupae and young adults. Infection induces the transcriptional upregulation of all three genes, but the magnitude of this upregulation becomes more attenuated as mosquitoes become older. RNAi-based knockdown of eater, but not draper or nimrod, decreased a mosquito's ability to kill Escherichia coli in the hemocoel. Knockdown of draper, eater, or any combination of Nimrod family genes rendered mosquitoes more likely to die from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Finally, knockdown of Nimrod family genes did not impact mRNA levels of the antimicrobial peptides defensin (def1), cecropin (cecA) or gambicin (gam1), but eater knockdown led to a decrease in mRNA levels of nitric oxide synthase. Together, these data show that members of the A. gambiae Nimrod gene family are positive regulators of the mosquito antibacterial response.
Heme Oxygenase 1-Mediated Neurogenesis Is Enhanced by Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761®) After Permanent Ischemic Stroke in Mice

Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in stroke survivors. Studies have underlined the importance of repair mechanisms in the recovery phase of stroke. Neurogenesis in response to brain injury is one of the regeneration processes that, if enhanced, may offer better stroke treatment alternatives. Previously, we have demonstrated antioxidant, neuritogenic, and angiogenic properties of Ginkgo biloba/EGb 761® (EGb 761) in different mouse models of stroke. In the present study, we were interested to study whether EGb 761 could protect mice from permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and enhance neurogenesis. EGb 761 pre- and posttreated mice had lower infarct volume and improved motor skills with enhanced proliferation of neuronal stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) at 24 h and 7 days posttreatment. Netrin-1 and its receptors (DCC and UNC5B) that mediate axonal attraction and repulsion were observed to be overexpressed in NSPCs only, implying that netrin-1 and its receptors might have partly played a role in enhanced neurogenesis. Interestingly, in heme oxygenase 1 knockout mice (HO1−/−), neurogenesis was significantly lower than in vehicle-treated mice at day 8. Furthermore, EGb 761 posttreated mice also demonstrated heme oxygenase 1 (HO1)-activated pathway of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 α/β (p-GSK-3 α/β), collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2), semaphorin3A (SEMA3A), and Wnt, suggesting probable signaling pathways involved in proliferation, differentiation, and migration of NSPCs. Together, these results propose that EGb 761 not only has antioxidant, neuritogenic, and angiogenic properties, but can also augment the repair and regeneration mechanisms following stroke.
Construction and characterization of a bacterial clone containing the hemagglutinin gene of the WSN strain (H0N1) of influenza virus

Abstract A synthetic dodecadeoxynucleotide primer has been used to prepare a double-stranded DNA form of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of a human influenza virus (WSN strain, HON1). This DNA has been inserted in plasmid pBR322 and cloned in bacterial cells. The insert contains nearly the complete hemagglutinin gene. A restriction map of this insert has been determined and structurally important areas of the HA gene have been sequenced. Amino acid sequences of several regions of the HA protein were deduced from the DNA sequences and compared to the known amino acid sequences of other influenza A viruses. WSN HA shows extensive homology to all influenza A viruses in a few regions, namely the first 17 amino acids of the N-terminus of HA1 (N-terminal polypeptide of HA) and the first 24 amino acids of the N-terminus of HA2 (C-terminal polypeptide of HA). The sequence diverges extensively from other influenza A viruses in most other areas. The sequence of WSN virus HA is similar to that of other H0N1 viruses with the exception of the C-terminus of the HA1 peptide. The change in this area may contribute to some of the unique properties of WSN virus among the HON1 viruses. In addition, WSN HA contains a 17-amino-acid precursor before the N-terminus of HA1 and a single amino acid, arginine, connecting HA1 and HA2.
ION EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF THE SODIUM PHLOGOPITE AND BIOTITE

ABSTRACT The ion exchange behavior of three sodium micas (phlogopite, Ward's Sci.; phlogopite, Suzorite Inc., biotite, Ward's Sci.) towards Li+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+. Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+ Hg2+, Co2+, Cu2+ Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions has been studied. The ion exchange isotherms of alkali, alkaline earth and some other divalent cations were determined and concentration equilibrium constants as a function of metal loading and temperature were analyzed. Sodium micas exhibit high affinity for heavy alkali metals with the selectivity order Rb+ > Cs+ > K+. By studying the cesium uptake in the presence of NaNO3, CaCl2, NaOH, NaOH+KOH, HNO3 electrolytes (in the range of 0.01–6 M) it was found that sodium micas could remove cesium efficiently in neutral and alkaline media, which make them promising for certain types of nuclear waste treatment.
Third-body wear of highly cross-linked polyethylene in a hip simulator.

Abstract The wear performance of a radiation cross-linked melted ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) articulating against 28-mm cobalt chrome femoral heads in the presence of third-body particulate debris was investigated in a hip simulator and compared with the wear of conventional UHMWPE. Particles of aluminum oxide or bone cement containing barium sulfate were added to the serum. In the presence of aluminum oxide particles, the incremental wear rates of conventional UHMWPE averaged as high as 149 ± 116 mg/million cycles compared with 37 ± 38 mg/million cycles for the highly cross-linked components. The difference in the average weight loss was statistically significant at P
The Advanced Light Source

The Advanced Light Source (ALS) is a new synchrotron radiation source which has been proposed by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The ALS will be a key component in a major new research facility, the National Center for Advanced Materials. The ALS will consist of an electron linear accelerator, a "booster" synchrotron, a 1.3-GeV electron storage ring, and a number of photon beam lines. Most or all photon beam lines will originate from wiggler and undulator magnets placed in the 12 long straight sections of the ALS. A very low electron beam emittance will provide photon beams of unsurpassed spectral brilliance from specially-designed undulators, and a high radiofrequency will produce very short pulse lengths.
In-Cabin Commuter Exposure to Ultrafine Particles on Los Angeles Freeways

Worldwide people are exposed to toxic ultrafine particles (UFP, with diameters (dp) less than 100 nm) and nanoparticles (NP, dp < 50 nm) under a variety of circumstances. To date, very limited information is available on human exposure to freshly emitted UFP and NP while traveling on major roads and freeways. We report in-cabin and outdoor measurements of particle number concentration and size distributions while driving three vehicles on Los Angeles freeways. Particle number concentrations and size distributions were measured under different vehicle ventilation settings. When the circulation fan was set to on, with substantial external air intake, outside changes in particle counts caused corresponding in-cabin changes approximately 30−60 s later, indicating an maximal air exchange rate of about 120−60 h-1. Maximum in-cabin protection (∼85%) was obtained when both fan and recirculation were on. In-cabin and outdoor particle size distributions in the 7.9−217 nm range were observed to be mostly bimodal, wi...
Opto-acoustic characterization of chitosan based gold nanoparticles (GNPs) synthesized in the presence of monovalent salt

Several studies, over recent years, focus on the use of chitosan, a biocompatible macromolecule, to form gold nanoparticles (GNPs). In this study, gold nanoparticles were synthesized using chitosan and Chloroauric acid, under stirring which cause micro/nano-gels to form. Ultraviolet (UV) light is used to reduce solution into gold nanoparticles, in which the resulting nanoparticles are biocompatible after this reduction. In effort to obtain nanoparticles of different shape and size using the chitosan, different concentrations of monovalent salt, were added to the chitosan solution. The different signatures of the particles based on the concentration of the salt in the solution are observed using an optoacoustic setup to detect morphological changes in the particles due to shifts in the absorption resonance. The optoacoustic measurements are compared to the absorption spectra of the gold nanoparticles. The overall goal of this study is to investigate the influence of chitosan, with the addition of the monovalent salt, on the formation of the biocompatible gold nanoparticles. This characterization will aid in the preparation of measurements to take on these particles in other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum such as radio frequencies.
Experiments with network security threats in a safe, easy sandbox (abstract only)

Computer and network security are important topics discussed in many places in the Computer Science curriculum. Security issues are difficult to experiment on in experiential based courses. Attacks on system security cannot be demonstrated on live campus networks. This workshop will demonstrate and experiment with several security attacks in a safe, sandbox-based virtual environment. We will begin two easy demonstrations and allow each participant to choose from six laboratory experiments. We will wrap up with an ethics discussion. Each experiment includes discussion of the area involved and tips on how to protect against the particular exploit under scrutiny. Each participant will be given a DVD with all exercise materials on it as a takeaway. This workshop is designed for instructors from all levels who want to add security experiments to classes. A laptop is mandatory. Each participant will receive copies of all experiments in the series. These experiments include discussion materials -- introduction to the subject area, exploitation methods, and ways to avoid exploitation -- as well as the procedures used to experience each activity
Some comments on central component nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation rates in ionic conductors

Abstract We consider a variety of mechanisms for the NMR relaxation rates of the central component of a quadrupole split line in ionic conductors. These mechanisms suggest an explanation for recently observed frequency independent T 1 minima, associated structure in T 2 , and predict some behavior that should and should not be seen in specific types of experiments.
Next-generation high-density self-assembling functional protein arrays

To date, the only way to array proteins with high density and high content has been to print purified proteins on a microarray surface. The next generation of nucleic acid programmable protein arrays (NAPPA) now allows thousands of proteins to be produced in situ on a microarray. We developed a high-density self-assembling protein microarray, based on the nucleic acid programmable protein array (NAPPA) concept, to display thousands of proteins that are produced and captured in situ from immobilized cDNA templates. We arrayed up to 1,000 unique human cDNAs and obtained high yields of protein expression and capture with minimal variation and good reproducibility. This method will enable various experimental approaches to study protein function in high throughput.
Joint distraction magnitude is associated with different behavioral outcomes and substance P levels for cervical facet joint loading in the rat.

Abstract The facet joint is a common source of pain in both the neck and low back, and can be injured by abnormal loading of the spinal joints. Whereas a host of nociceptive changes including neuronal activation, neuropeptide expression, and inflammatory mediator responses has been reported for rat models of joint pain, no such responses have been explicitly investigated or quantified for painful mechanical injury to the facet joint. Two magnitudes of joint loading were separately imposed in a rat model of cervical facet joint distraction: Painful and nonpainful distractions. Behavioral outcomes were defined by assessing mechanical hyperalgesia in the shoulders and forepaws. Substance P (SP) mRNA and protein levels were quantified in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord at days 1 and 7 following distraction. Painful distraction produced mechanical hyperalgesia that was significantly greater (P Perspective SP mRNA and protein in the DRG and spinal cord are quantified at 2 time points after cervical facet joint distractions that separately do or do not produce mechanical hyperalgesia. Studies describe a role for SP to contribute to pain produced by mechanical joint loading.
Geometric Embeddings for Faster and Better Multi-Way Netlist Partitioning

We give new, effective algorithms for k-way circuit partitioning in the two regimes of k ≪ n and k = ⊝(n), where n is the number of modules in the circuit. We show that partitioning an appropriately designed geometric embedding of the netlist, rather than a traditional graph representation, yields improved results as well as large speedups. We derive d-dimensional geometric embeddings of the netlist via (i) a new "partitioning-specific" net model for constructing the Laplacian of the netlist, and (ii) computation of d eigenvectors of the netlist Laplacian; we then apply (iii) fast top-down and bottom-up geometric clustering methods.
Psychosomatic aspects of obstetrics and gynecology.

Abstract This paper reviews some of the psychosomatic aspects of obstetrics and gynecology in the light of current data and in the context of changing views of femininity. Several conditions for which earlier concepts have changed are considered in more detail. These are premenstrual and menstrual responses, pregnancy and childbirth, nurturing behavior, postpartum reactions, menopause, pelvic pain, and hysterectomy. Biologic and psychiatric factors and reciprocal psychobiologic interactions are described, where possible.
Símbolos, sinais e normas sociais na política e no direito

THIS ARTICLE USES A SIGNALING MODEL TO EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF SYMBOLS IN PEOPLE 'S BEHAVIOR AND BELIEFS , WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO LEGAL MANIPULATION OF SYMBOLS. IT IS ARGUED THAT CERTAIN ACTIONS BECOME SYMBOLIC BECAUSE THEY HAVE THE PROPER COST STRUCTURE AND BECAUSE THEY ARE, FOR HISTORICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL REASONS, FOCAL. THE GOVERNMENT CAN IN THEORY USE STANDARD LEGAL INSTRUMENTS (WHICH MAINLY AFFECT THE COST OF THE SIGNAL ) TO CHANGE EQUILIBRIUM BEHAVIOR AND BELIEF. THE USE OF THE LAW IN THIS WAY IS LIKELY TO HAVE UNPREDICTABLE EFFECTS BECAUSE OF MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA AND OF THE SENSITIVITY OF BEHAVIOR TO PARAMETERS , BUT IT OCCURS FREQUENTLY BECAUSE LOBBYING AND OTHER ACTIONS THAT INFLUENCE LAWMAKING CAN BECOME SIGNALS THEMSELVES , AND THE LAW IS SIMPLY AN EQUILIBRIUM OUTCOME. THE ANALYSIS IS USED TO DISCUSS FLAG DESECRATION, CENSORSHIP, VOTING, AND ANTIDISCRIMINATI ON LAWS .
Swallowing Function Outcomes Following Nonsurgical Therapy for Advanced-Stage Laryngeal Carcinoma

The purposes of this study were to (1) evaluate swallowing function using both subjective and objective measures in patients treated nonsurgically for stages III and IV laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, (2) assess the effect of time from treatment completion on swallowing function, and (3) assess sequelae associated with modality of treatment. To achieve these objectives, a retrospective study of 14 patients was conducted. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) was performed and evaluated by three independent judges for seven functional criteria: standing secretions, valleculae spillage, valleculae residue, postcricoid residue, laryngeal penetration, aspiration, and cough. Patient interviews were performed to establish patient perception of swallowing and his/her current posttreatment diet. Results revealed that each patient exhibited swallowing abnormalities in at least one of the seven objective functional categories studied. Ten patients suffered from variable degrees of dysphagia, ranging from mild to severe, on all measures. No significant differences were noted between those patients with less than or greater than 12 months posttreatment. Common treatment sequelae included PEG tube placement for nutritional supplementation, tracheostomy placement for airway security and/or pulmonary toilet, repeated episodes of aspiration pneumonia requiring hospital admission, and radiation-induced oropharyngeal stricture. Further studies using subjective and objective swallowing function measures for patients treated with alternative chemoradiation regimens versus surgery (with or without adjuvant therapies) for advanced stage laryngeal cancer are needed.
Particle Backtracking Algorithm for Water Distribution System Analysis

A novel input-output model of water quality in water distribution systems is presented as a particle (water parcel) backtracking algorithm (PBA). The PBA is a simpler and more efficient version of that described by Zierolf et. al. in 1998 and is extended to allow storage tanks and multiple water sources and quality inputs. For simplicity the algorithm details are described for networks with a single water quality input at the water source, and the necessary extensions to allow multiple water sources and quality inputs are described separately. The PBA provides information that is not available using traditional simulation approaches: the various paths that water takes between a particular input source and output node, and their associated time delays and impact on output node water quality. Such information constitutes a complete description of the input-output behavior under typical assumptions of first-order chemical decay or production reactions. Thus the output behavior can be calculated for any source quality input, and the explicit mathematical form of the input-output behavior is useful information for certain applications such as feedback control. More generally, the PBA is a tool to understand flow-path-dependent water quality processes in distribution systems, since those paths and their characteristics are made explicit and thus available for analysis. The potential utility of input-output analysis is illustrated by several examples.
Potential profiles in the crystalline lens of the frog.

Abstract When fine-tipped 3 m -KCl-filled glass capillary microelectrodes are continuously lowered into the frog lens by a remotely driven hydraulic micromanipulator, transient voltage changes occur between the microelectrode and a reference electrode in the bath. The positions in the lens at which these voltage changes occur correlate very well with the expected positions of lens fiber membranes. Two distinct voltage compartments are identified. The conclusion is reached that each fiber membrane maintains a potential difference across itself.
Built in Test - coverage and diagnostics

Idealy, everyone would like to embed test into their products today, whether it's to reduce costs, build in support capabilities, ensure better quality, reduce dependacy on expert technicians, or for one of many other intelligent motivations. However, it seems the technology of Built in Test (BIT) has not taken off or been adopted like many believed it would. The reasons for this poor adoption are diverse: some blame it on design, others fault product specifications and even others blame it on the fundementals of the technology itself.
The Impact of Sudden Hearing Loss Secondary to Heroin Overdose on Fitting Outcomes

Purpose There are few cases in the literature that report the auditory effects of heroin overdose. Follow-up and rehabilitation in these cases are unreported. In the case reported here, a 29-year-o...
Reproduction in an invasive exotic catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus in Volusia Blue Spring, Florida, U.S.A.

Morphology and reproductive strategies of a population of invasive loricariid catfish, Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, in Volusia Blue Spring, Florida, were examined using morphological characters, gonado-somatic indices and batch fecundity. This species has cystovarian ovaries, a left ovary that is significantly larger than the right ovary, and is highly fecund. Ovaries contained multiple oocyte size classes and completely spent females were not found, both of which indicate that this species is a multiple spawner. Reproductive patterns changed significantly between the first (2005) and the last (2007) years of this study; female fish became capable of spawning at a smaller size, a greater proportion of the captured population were capable of spawning each year and female batch fecundity increased, as did male and female gonado-somatic indices. Plasticity of P. disjunctivus reproductive patterns is discussed in relation to resource availability and environmental stability.
Failed Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Spectrum of CT Findings in the Frontal Recess

Since its introduction over 2 decades ago, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has revolutionized the surgical management of chronic sinusitis. Performed over 200,000 times annually in the United States to treat medically refractory sinusitis, FESS has success rates as high as 98%. When surgical failure occurs, it is typically due to postoperative scarring or unaddressed outflow tract obstruction in the region of the frontal recess. The most common causes of surgical failure in the frontal recess include remnant frontal recess cells, a retained uncinate process, middle turbinate lateralization, osteoneogenesis, scarring or inflammatory mucosal thickening, and recurrent polyposis. Computed tomography (CT) of the paranasal sinuses has become indispensable in evaluation of patients with FESS failure, particularly in the frontal recess, a location that can be difficult to visualize at endoscopy. Familiarity with the complex anatomy of the frontal recess and knowledge of the most common causes of surgical failure are essential for proper interpretation of sinus CT images obtained in patients being considered for revision FESS of the frontal sinus.
Aspects of the Relation between Cyanophora paradoxa (Korschikoff) and Its Endosymbiotic Cyanelles Cyanocyta korschikoffiana (Hall & Claus). III. Characterization of Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acids

Analysis of ribosomal RNA from Cyanophora paradoxa (Korschikoff) demonstrated the existence of four species. Two species, 25S and 18S r-RNA, are characteristic of the host, while two other species, 23S and 16S, are characteristic of the endosymbiotic cyanelles, Cyanocyta korschikoffiana (Hall & Claus). The 23S r-RNA from C. korschikoffiana was found to be labile and yielded degradation patterns resembling those seen in some chloroplast r-RNA preparations.
Self-consistent shielding in atoms and molecules

The orbital exponents of trial wave functions for simple systems can be found from the potential energy terms alone. Shielding of the nuclear charge by one electron on another is determined by the relative values of the nuclear–electron attraction and the electron–electron repulsion. For two electrons in the same orbital, the shielding is divided equally. For different orbitals, only the inner electron shields the outer. The systems tested are first-row atoms, using Slater orbitals. It appears that if this approach can be generalized, it may not be necessary to calculate kinetic energies in chemical systems, since they will be determined by the orbital exponents. This would be useful if trial wave functions were not available, but trial electron density functions were. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Targeting NFĸB mediated breast cancer chemoresistance through selective inhibition of sphingosine kinase-2.

Resistance to chemotherapy remains a significant obstacle in the treatment of hormone- independent breast cancer. Recent evidence suggests that altered sphingolipid signaling through increased sphingosine kinase activity may be an important mediator of breast cancer drug resistance. Sphingosine kinase-1 (Sphk1) is a proposed key regulator of breast cancer tumorigenesis, proliferation and resistance. There is, however, conflicting data on the role of sphingosine kinase-2 (Sphk2) in cancer biology and resistance, with some suggesting that Sphk2 has an opposing role to that of Sphk1. Here, we studied the effects of the novel selective Sphk2 inhibitor, ABC294640 (3-(4-chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl) amide), on human breast cancer. ABC294640 blocked both viability and survival at low micromolar IC50 concentrations in the endocrine therapy-resistant MDA-MB-231 and chemoresistant MCF-7TN-R cell systems. Treatment with the inhibitor significantly reduced proliferation, as seen in i...
Modular nets (MNETS): a modular design methodology for computer timers

This paper describes a modular, graphical, fully implemented CAD tool for building timers to model computer pipelines. The complete system is composed of three parts which can exist independently but have been fully integrated to provide a user-friendly CAD tool. These parts are, first, modular nets (MNETS), a new modeling concept for modular, graphical implementation of pipeline structures of any kind; second, the implementation of various MNETS modules and macros in a VHDL library similar to logic and circuit design libraries; and third, the integration of parts 1 and 2 into an existing graphical entry framework, the EDA Wizard graphical editor. A graphical model is constructed by interconnecting basic building blocks using the graphical tool, similarly to the way circuits and logic are designed. Selection of a menu option will produce a VHDL description of this graphical model, which can subsequently be simulated on a VHDL simulator. This paper concentrates on part 1, the features of MNETS which make it inherently modular and consequently graphical. The two crucial requirements, namely the construct for storing of state and a control mechanism for the passing of state, are unique to MNETS and are discussed in detail, with comparisons to other methodologies. A brief discussion of some features and macros available in the existing MNETS library is included, as well as one simple modeling example. This library can be accessed on the IBM Andrew file system, AFS. A detailed MNETS user/design manual is available which describes MNETS in detail, as well as the library, memory hierarchy design, and modeling.
A 1k-pixel CTIA readout multiplexer for far-IR photodetector arrays

Abstract SB349 is the first 32 × 32 CTIA readout multiplexer specifically designed for far-IR photodetectors and is operable at cryogenic temperatures at least as low as 1.7 K. Four of these readouts can be butted together to form a 64 × 64 mosaic array. The array is multiplexed into eight parallel outputs and features eight selectable gain settings to accommodate various background levels, auto-zero for better input uniformity, and sample-and-hold circuitry. A special, 2-micron cryo-CMOS process was adopted to prevent freeze out and ensure low noise and proper operation at deep cryogenic temperatures. The read noise of the bare device at 4.2 K and under nominal sampling conditions was measured to be about 250e− for the 106fF signal capacitor with the well capacity of 400ke−. Hybridized to a typical germanium detector, the array should achieve NEP levels in the low 10–18 W/√Hz. An overview of the design and the latest results of the test and characterization of this device are reported in this paper.
Antimalarial drugs and heme in detergent micelles: An NMR study

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times were measured for the protons of micelles formed by the detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate, dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, and polyethylene glycol sorbitan monolaureate in the presence of ferriprotoporphyrin IX and the antimalarial drugs chloroquine, 7-chloro-4-quinolyl 4-N,N-diethylaminobutyl sulfide, and primaquine. Diffusion coefficients were extracted from pulsed gradient NMR experiments to evaluate the degree of association of these drugs with the detergent micelles. Results indicate that at low or neutral pH when the quinolyl N is protonated, chloroquine does not associate with neutral or cationic detergent micelles. For this reason, chloroquine’s interaction with heme perturbs the partitioning of heme between the aqueous medium and detergent micelles.
Coulomb excitation of 106, 108, 110Pd

Abstract States in the two-phonon energy region of 106, 108, 110 Pd have been investigated via Coulomb excitation, which was effected with 9 and 10 MeV alpha particles and 42–49 MeV oxygen ions. A triplet of states of probable spin-parities 0 + , 2 + and 4 + was observed in each nucleus. Transition rates were extracted from the gamma-ray yields and angular distributions. Although the B (E2) values for transitions from these states to the first 2 + states are large compared to the single-particle estimate, they are consistently smaller than the prediction of the quadrupole-phonon model. The B (E2; 2′ → 0) values are about equal to the single-particle estimate; the B (M1; 2′ → 2) values scatter around 10 −3 × (eħ/2Mc) 2 . A third 2 + state was observed in 110 Pd at 1212.2 keV. The B (E2) value for its ground state transition is of the order of 1/10 the single-particle value. A state was also Coulomb excited in each nucleus at about 2 MeV. It is attributed to octupole vibrations of the nucleus. The values for ɛ B (E3; 3 → 0), where ɛ is the ratio for decay to the first 2 + state to the total decay, in single-particle units are 25, 19 and 17 for 106, 108, 110 Pd, respectively.
Application of chloropicrin to Douglas-fir stumps to control laminated root rot does not affect infection or growth of regeneration 16 growing seasons after treatment.

Abstract Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilb. causes laminated root rot (LRR), a major disease affecting growth and survival of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir) and other commercially important conifer species throughout the Pacific Northwest. This disease is known to spread to a replacement stand by root contact between replacement trees and residual infected stumps and roots from the harvested stand. One strategy to manage LRR is to reduce the residual inoculum on a site through application of a fungicidal chemical to infested stumps. The first two studies in this series established that chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane), applied to infested stumps, largely eliminates P. weirii from most of the belowground biomass and determined the effective dosage to apply. This third study approximated an operational application and based treatment success on reduction of LRR in the replacement stand. The study area was an 8-ha, 65-year-old naturally regenerated second-growth stand that was predominantly Douglas-fir. The stand was surveyed preharvest and postharvest (clearcut). Each P. weirii -infected entity (standing dead or down trees and stumps) was marked, and the location of its center was mapped. Circular plots (0.04 ha) were located so as to include concentrations of infested stumps. Plots were stratified based on their estimated biomass of inoculum into eight replicate blocks of four plots each. Three chloropicrin treatments and an untreated control were assigned randomly to four plots in each of the eight blocks: (a) 100% labeled dosage to all stumps, (b) 20% labeled dosage to all stumps, (c) 100% labeled dosage to only visibly P. weirii -infected (stump-top stain or advanced decay) stumps, and (d) control (nothing done to the stumps). Holes were drilled into stump tops, a dose of chloropicrin poured in, and the holes plugged. The labeled dosage was 3.3 ml of chloropicrin per kilogram of estimated stump and root biomass. Douglas-fir seedlings were planted in the winter following treatment application. When the stand was considered established, each plot was thinned to an inter-tree spacing of 2.4 m and the trees tagged. Diameter at breast height, total height, and mortality of trees were recorded every 2–5 years. A total of 1041 tagged trees were observed for 16 growing seasons following treatment. Application of chloropicrin to stumps in the harvested stand did not influence the rate of LRR-caused mortality or growth of Douglas-fir seedlings in the replacement stand.
über Die Konstitution Eines Kondensationsproduktes Aus 4 Molekülen Butyraldehyd

Bei der wasrig-alkalischen Kondensation von Butyraldehyd in der Warme entsteht ein ungesattigtes Diol C16H30O2, fur das die Struktur VIII eines 1-Methylol-2-n-propyl-3-n-butyl-ol-(31)-3-athyl-5-methyl-cyclopentens-(4) nachgewiesen wird. Der Funfring enthalt also 5 Seitenketten. Seine Bildung erfolgt wahrscheinlich uber Butyraldol (I), das mit seinem Folgeprodukt 2-Athylhexenal (II) weiterkondensiert. Die Lage der Doppelbindung im Funfring folgt aus der Aufspaltung des Diacetylproduktes mittels Ozon zu einer Methylketocarbonsaure mit derselben Zahl von C-Atomen. — Beim weitergehenden oxydativen Abbau des Monoacetats und primaren Monoalkohols, die durch Abspaltung von Essigsaure aus der Seitenkette erhaltlich sind, entstehen α-Athyl-α′-n-propyl-bernsteinsaure und Propionsaure; fur die zuerst vermutete α-Athyl-β-n-propyl-glutarsaure wird eine einfache Synthese beschrieben. — Die Bildungsweise anderer C16-Produkte bei der alkalischen Kondensation wird diskutiert.
Influencing European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Aggregation Sites in Small Grain Crops

Reliable methods to attract European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), adults to small grain crops could be used to aggregate moths into small well-defined areas for control purposes or could be used in a resistance management program for delaying potential O. nubilalis resistance to transgenic corn. The objective of this research was to determine whether small-grain crops could be managed to influence O. nubilalis aggregation behavior. In farmer-managed oat, Atena sativa (L.), fields, more O. nubilalis adults were attracted to high-density patches of oat compared with standard patches of oat; no difference was found between patches of high-density oat and brome, Bromus spp. Numbers of O. nubilalis moths found in 6 barley, Hordeum vulgare (L.), and legume treatments (1995), and 4 oat/legume treatments (1996) were significantly different. The highest number of O. nubilalis adults were observed in barley planted with alfalfa, Medicago sativa (L.), followed by barley planted with crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum (L.), barley planted with berseem, Trifolium alexandrinum (L.), barley planted with black medic, Medicago lupulina (L.), barley alone, and barley planted with lespedeza, Lespedeza stipulacea (Maximowicz). Double-planted oat attracted the highest number of O. nubilalis adults followed by oat planted with crimson clover, oat planted with alfalfa, and single-planted oat. Each study suggests that there is a positive correlation between moth aggregation and canopy area. Suggestions are made that timing canopy closure of a small-grain crop with peak O. nubilalis flight should maximize O. nubilalis aggregation and should thereby increase the efficacy of any control measures.
Thermodynamic properties of mixed valency compounds III. Standard enthalpies of formation, Gibbs free energies of formation, and stabilities of Cs2SbBr6 and Cs2SbBr5

Abstract The standard enthalpies and Gibbs free energies of formation of Cs 2 SbBr 6 and Cs 2 SbBr 5 have been determined from a combination of enthalpies of reaction and solution as: ΔH f o (Cs 2 SbBr 6 , 298.15 K) = −(268.3 ± 0.3) kcal th mol −1 , ΔG f o (Cs 2 SbBr 6 , 298.15 K) = −(253.3 ± 1.5) kcal th mol −1 , ΔH f o (Cs 2 SbBr 5 , 298.15 K) = − (264.5 ± 0.3) kcal th mol −1 , and ΔG f o (Cs 2 SbBr 5 , 298.15 K) = −(251. 4 ± 2) kcal th mol −1 . These values have been shown to accord with decomposition data provided by t.g.a. and d.s.c. techniques. Additional results have been obtained for the solution thermochemistry of CsBr that lead to ΔH f o (CsBr, 298.15 K) = −(94.64 ± 0.05) kcal th mol −1 , ΔH f o (Cs + , aq, 298.15 K) = − (59.35 ± 0.04) kcal th mol −1 , and S o (Cs + , aq, 298.15 K) = (31.5 ± 1) cal th K −1 mol −1 .
Indications for esophagectomy in nonmalignant Barrett's esophagus: A 10-year experience

Abstract Between 1978 and 1988, 88 patients were referred for the surgical treatment of nonmalignant Barrett's esophagus. Nineteen patients required esophageal resection. Male/female ratio was 13:6; age range was 13 to 84 years (mean age, 49.8 years; median age, 40 years). Preoperative studies demonstrated strictures in 11 patients and ulcers in 7. Penetrating Barrett's ulcer resistant to treatment was the indication for resection in 5 patients. Ulcers penetrated to the pericardium (1 patient), pulmonary vein (1), lung (1), and mediastinum (2). Other indications for resection included undilatable strictures (2), previous operations (4), high-grade dysplasia (3), parietal cells lining the esophagus (1), patient's refusal of long-term surveillance (2), and the inability to exclude adenocarcinoma preoperatively (2). Reconstruction was achieved by colon interposition (15) or esophagogastrostomy (4), with one postoperative death. Mean follow-up was 41 months and was 100% complete. Of the 18 patients, 3 have occasional regurgitation but none have any dysphagia or weight loss. Esophageal resection is indicated in a select group of patients with Barretts esophagus. Absolute indications include a deep penetrating ulcer confirmed intraoperatively, high-grade dysplasia, strong suspicion of cancer, and multiple previous operations. Relative indications include strictures not responding to dilation and young patients refusing long-term surveillance.
Shear stress-stimulated endothelial cells induce smooth muscle cell chemotaxis via platelet-derived growth factor-BB and interleukin-1α

Objective Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration is critical to the development of atherosclerosis and neointimal hyperplasia. Hemodynamic forces such as shear stress and cyclic strain stimulate endothelial cell signal-transduction pathways, resulting in the secretion of several factors, including SMC chemoattractants such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). We hypothesized that mechanical forces stimulate endothelial cells to secrete SMC chemoattractants to induce migration via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Methods Bovine aortic endothelial cells were exposed to shear stress, cyclic strain, or static conditions for 16 hours. The resulting conditioned medium was used as a SMC chemoattractant in a Boyden chamber. Activation of SMC extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was assessed by Western blot analysis. Pathways were inhibited with anti-PDGF-BB or anti-interleukin-1α (IL-1α) antibodies, or the ERK1/2 upstream pathway inhibitor PD98059. Results Conditioned medium from endothelial cells exposed to shear stress corresponding to arterial levels of shear stress stimulated SMC migration but lower levels of shear stress or cyclic strain did not. Both PDGF-BB and IL-1α were secreted into the conditioned medium by endothelial cells stimulated with shear stress. Both PDGF-BB and IL-1α stimulated SMC chemotaxis but were not synergistic, and both stimulated SMC ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of PDGF-BB or IL-1α inhibited SMC chemotaxis and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Conclusion Shear stress stimulates endothelial cells to secrete several SMC chemoattractants, including PDGF-BB and IL-1α; both PDGF-BB and IL-1α stimulate SMC chemotaxis via the ERK1/2 signal-transduction pathway. These results suggest that the response to vascular injury may have a common pathway amenable to pharmacologic manipulation.
Temperature dependence of binding and catalysis for the Cdc25B phosphatase.

Abstract Using a combination of steady-state and single-turnover kinetics, we probe the temperature dependence of substrate association and chemistry for the reaction of Cdc25B phosphatase with its Cdk2–pTpY/CycA protein substrate. The transition state for substrate association is dominated by an enthalpic barrier (Δ H ‡ of 13 kcal/mol) and has a favorable entropic contribution of 4 kcal/mol at 298 K. Phosphate transfer from Cdk2–pTpY/CycA to enzyme (Δ H ‡ of 12 kcal/mol) is enthalpically more favorable than for the small molecule substrate p -nitrophenyl phosphate (Δ H ‡ of 18 kcal/mol), yet entropically less favorable ( T Δ S ‡ of 2 vs. − 6 kcal/mol at 298 K, respectively). By measuring the temperature dependence of binding and catalysis for several hotspot mutants involved in binding of protein substrate, we determine the enthalpy–entropy compensations for changes in rates of association and phosphate transfer compared to the wild type system. We conclude that the transition state for enzyme–substrate association involves tight and specific contacts at the remote docking site and that phospho-transfer from Cdk2–pTpY/CycA to the pre-organized active site of the enzyme is accompanied by unfavorable entropic rearrangements that promote rapid product dissociation.
Effect on real-world depth perception from exposure to heads-down stereoscopic flight displays

A stereoacuity test was used as part of the experimental protocol of a study in which eight transport pilots flew repeated simulated landing approaches using both stereo and nonstereo three-dimensional heads-down 'pathway in the sky' displays. At the decisionmaking crux of each approach, the pilots transitioned to a stereoacuity test employing real objects rather than a two-dimensional target apparatus. A statistical analysis of stereoacuity measures which compared a controlled condition of no exposure to any electronic flight display with the transition data from nonstereo and stereopsis displays indicated no significant differences for any of the conditions.
Thermal conductivity of concentrated, sterically stabilized suspensions

Abstract The effective-medium approach is used to derive expressions for the thermal conductivity of concentrated, solid-in-liquid suspensions containing varying concentrations of a third component that adsorbs on the solid surface and acts as a steric stabilizer. A novel thermal conductivity cell is designed and constructed to measure the thermal conductivity of sterically stabilized, colloidal suspensions of alumina powder in paraffin oil. Reasonable agreement is found between the semi-theoretical predictions and experimental data.
Clinical aspects of hypertension

A number of controversies concerning clinical aspects of hypertension are addressed. These include the need for out-of-the-office blood pressure readings in order not to incorrectly label the many people who have "white-coat" elevations of pressure as being hypertensive. A second issue is determining the need for antihypertensive drug therapy after institution of an appropriate program of lifestyle modifications. Emphasis is placed upon the need to go beyond the level of blood pressure and to incorporate both the degree of target organ damage and the presence of concomitant cardiovascular risk factors in deciding upon the need for drug therapy. Once therapy is begun, the choice of initial therapy should be based upon certain demographic features and, mainly, the concomitant conditions that may be either adversely or positively influenced by the agent chosen. Since a J-curve of coronary disease likely exists, caution is advised not to lower the pressure below the lower limit of coronary perfusion. Lastly, the potential for prevention of hypertension is supported. (Hypertens Res 1994; 17: 205-213)
AMPARs and Synaptic Plasticity: The Last 25 Years

The study of synaptic plasticity and specifically LTP and LTD is one of the most active areas of research in neuroscience. In the last 25 years we have come a long way in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity. In 1988, AMPA and NMDA receptors were not even molecularly identified and we only had a simple model of the minimal requirements for the induction of plasticity. It is now clear that the modulation of the AMPA receptor function and membrane trafficking is critical for many forms of synaptic plasticity and a large number of proteins have been identified that regulate this complex process. Here we review the progress over the last two and a half decades and discuss the future challenges in the field.
Development of resistance to distraction in children with and without learning disability

Abstract Performance on a test of resistance to visual distraction of learning-disabled (LD) and non-learning disabled (NLD) children from Grades 2 and 4 was assessed for evidence of developmental lag in selective attention. Multivariate measures of performance were automatically collected while the children classified shapes displayed among distractions by touching targets on a computer screen. Developmental lag for LD was evaluated through comparison with NLD in Grades K, 2 and 4. Effects of diagnosis were confined to deficits in temporal consistency and spatial accuracy of responses, rather than response time (RT) or general inattention. The pattern associated with developmental was confined to changes in RT and inattention. In the measure associated with resistance to distraction (RT) LD were similar to NLD age peers. Differences in classification performance that have previously been observed for KD, therefore, can be characterized as a deficit in temporal consistency and spatial accuracy rather than a developmental lag in selective attention.
Numbers, rules, norms, and authority … but where are the people? Some thoughts on Karpowitz, Mendelberg, and Mattioli

In their complex article “Why Women's Numbers Elevates Women's Influence, and When They Don't: Rules, Norms and Authority in Political Discussion” [Politics, Groups, and Identities 3 (1): 149–177. doi:10.1080/21565503.2014.999804] Karpowitz, Mendelberg, and Mattioli invite us to see rules and norms as conditioning the impact of numbers – and thus identify when women are likely to overcome a deficit in status and authority. Though characteristic of much research in political science, the conceptual orientation and methodological techniques used in their study eliminates from consideration what persons actually mean in social interactions given cultural contexts, and thus offer little understanding of culturally based concepts such as status and authority. Since political behavior is a joint construction of social action by people, substituting abstractions for what people are and do leaves us with a people-less social science. The only defensible political science is one that focuses on persons and meaning...
Faculty perceptions of common challenges encountered by novice doctoral writers

Although learning to write for publication is an important outcome of doctoral education, it has received surprisingly little scholarly attention. Within a socialization and supervisor pedagogy framework, this study uses narratives of faculty who regularly write with their doctoral students for publication to expose challenges students commonly encounter in the writing process. Common challenges include international students' ‘writing problem’, misconstruing the nature of disciplinary writing and not realizing that ‘public’ is part of publication.