cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption/desorption of sulfonates by reservoir rock minerals in solutions of varying sulfonate concentrations

In micellar flooding, reservoir rocks are exposed to surfactant solutions of varying concentrations as the surfactant slug advances through the reservoir. Therefore, the attachment and detachment of sulfonates with rocks that are already exposed to surfactant solutions of higher or lower concentrations is of major interest. In this study, the abstraction behavior of purified Na-dodecylbenzenesulfonate on Na-kaolinite by stepwise increase in surfactant concentration is determined. Deabstraction* occurring after reductions in surfactant concentrations at various stages also is determined. Most importantly, the results of incremental abstraction, individual abstraction, and deabstraction showed the system to exhibit hysteresis or memory effects. Also, abstractions obtained at various pH values and during stepwise changes in pH exhibited marked differences. The deabstraction isotherms showed the presence of maximum in certain cases, indicating the occurrence of maximum on the abstraction isotherms to be a real phenomenon. Possible reasons for the hysteresis are considered, and the practical implications of these memory effects on micellar flooding and depletion experiments using cores are discussed.
Spatial scale mediates the influence of habitat fragmentation on dispersal success: Implications for conservation

Abstract Increasingly, conservationists are seeking insights from ecological theory to choose strategies of habitat management that will best maintain threatened species. Often, these questions revolve around ways of mitigating the dangers posed by habitat fragmentation. Problems involving the scale of both animal movement and spatial heterogeneity inexorably arise when assessing the effects of fragmentation. We present results from a simple spatial model that simulates the dispersal of animals in a landscape of stochastically clustered habitat fragments. Varying the number of clusters and the spatial scale at which clustering occurs illustrates that heterogeneity has different and conflicting effects on animal movement when it occurs at different scales. Indeed, the scale of clustering is the most important feature in determining disperser performance in our model. Seeking to compare our modeling results with actual data, we review empirical studies of fragmented populations and habitats. Surprisingly, we conclude that very few studies have addressed the mechanisms by which fragmentation will influence population dynamics or, in particular, the ways in which spatial scale mediate these effects. We conclude that the explicit consideration of scale is essential in discussions of habitat fragmentation and of optimal conservation strategies.
Stimulus-related and movement-related single-unit activity in rabbit cingulate cortex and limbic thalamus during performance of discriminative avoidance behavior

Neuronal discharges related to acoustic conditional stimuli and locomotive behavioral responses of 152 anterior and medial dorsal (MD) thalamic and cingulate cortical single-units sorted from multi-unit activity were recorded as rabbits performed in a discriminative avoidance task. The goals were: (1) to document the single-unit constituents of multi-site, multi-unit activity recorded previously in response to the conditional stimuli used for avoidance training; and (2) to document neuronal activity related to the onset of the behavioral avoidance response. Ninety-five units showed discriminative discharges: significantly different firing rates 90-700 ms after a foot shock-predictive conditional stimulus (CS+) than to a safety-predictive conditional stimulus (CS-). In accord with the multi-unit data, a majority of these units discharged at higher rates after the CS+ than after the CS-. The discharge rates of 87 units were greater during the 2-s period preceding the onset of avoidance responses than during comparable trial periods after CS-presentations followed by no response. Fifty-six of the 87 avoidance-related units exhibited a progressive ramp-like firing increase 2 s before the avoidance response, with the maximal discharge rate occurring 200 ms before the response. These dynamic pre-avoidance discharges occurred first in limbic thalamus then in cingulate cortex, suggesting that cortical pre-motor processing may confer temporal specificity upon a more generalized command volley relayed from thalamus. Unlike the multi-unit data, 24 neurons exhibited inverse discrimination, i.e., significantly greater discharges in response to the CS-than to the CS+. Also 27 neurons showed significantly more firing in the 2-s period before the end of CS-trials in which no behavioral response occurred, than in the 2-s pre-avoidance period on CS+ trials with responses. This "inverse' CS-related and pre-avoidance activity occurred at low incidence (< 15%) in all areas except the MD nucleus, wherein it was exhibited by 45% of the recorded units. The inverse activity may reflect the operation of local inhibitory neurons which suppress the discharges of other neurons in response to the CS-. The prevalence of inverse activity in the MD nucleus suggested an involvement of this area in behavioral inhibition.
The development of emitter materials for use in the noble gas plasma diode

Abstract The operating characteristics of the noble gas plasma diode thermionic converter require that the emitter contain a high surface concentration of enriched uranium. The emitter materials have been limited to uranium carbide of both ceramic and cermet systems. The ceramic materials investigated were pure UC and the mixed carbide UC-ZrC. The cermet materials investigated were UC-Nb, UC-Mo, UC-W and UC-Re. The chemical reactivity between the uranium carbide and the metal in the four-cermet systems varied quite markedly; the UC-Re system appearing to be the most stable one at 2000°K. A reference emitter material composed of 80 v/o UC-20 v/o Re was selected. The emitter discs were fabricated by the gas pressure bonding process. This process can be utilized to densify the core and simultaneously clad and bond the core into an integral assembly in a one-step operation. Results of the fabrication studies as well as some thermodynamic considerations for the cermet systems are presented.
Processing: programming for the media arts

Processing is a programming language and environment built for the media arts communities. It is created to teach fundamentals of computer programming within the media arts context and to serve as a software sketchbook. It is used by students, artists, designers, architects, and researchers for learning, prototyping, and production. This essay discusses the ideas underlying the software and presents its relationship to open source software and the idea of software literacy. Additionally, Processing is discussed in relation to education and online communities.
The Soundtrack of Recklessness: Musical Preferences and Reckless Behavior among Adolescents

Adolescents with various musical preferences were compared. Adolescents who preferred hard rock or heavy metal music reported higher rates of reckless behavior, including driving while intoxicated, driving over 80 miles per hour, sex without contraception, sex with someone known only casually, drug use, shoplifting, and vandalism. Preferences for hard rock or heavy metal music were also associated with higher levels of sensation seeking, negative family relationships, and, among girls, low self-esteem. In regression analyses, sensation seeking was related to reckless behavior, whereas the relation between reckless behavior and musical preferences was no longer significant, except for sex without contraception. It was concluded that adolescents who are high in sensation seeking are attracted to hard rock and heavy metal music as well as to reckless behavior perhaps because of the high intensity of sensadon provided by these ewperiences.
Development of a tunnelling model of charge-density-wve depinning

Abstract The tunneling model of transport by charge-density waves in quasi-one-dimensional metals has been developed from a close interaction between theory and experiment. Depinning by coherent Zener tunneling of electrons in the CDW condensate in many parallel chains, first applied to NbSe 3 ,and TaS 3 , was suggested by the field dependence of the dc current. In 1981, a program initiated at Illinois to study detection, mixing and harmonic generation was successful in showing that photon-assisted tunneling theory accounts for a wide range phenomena. The only inputs are a scaling parameter and the dc I-V characteristic. Recent measurements by Gruner, Reagor baret al. of ϑ(ω) in the range 1–100 Ghz suggested a modification to account for CDW metals with high pinning frequencies, such as (TaSe 4 ) 2 I and the alloys Ta 1−x Nb x S 3 . The dc and low-frequency ac response can be derived from parameters measured at high frequencies. The theory accounts for the “narrow band” noise that accompanies dc current flow and the subharmonic steps of constant current in the dc I-V characteristic measured in the presence of an applied ac.
Trends in racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination coverage among adults during the 2007-08 through 2011-12 seasons.

Background Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months. The objective of this study was to assess trends in racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination coverage among adults in the United States. Methods We analyzed data from the 2007-2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to assess influenza vaccination coverage by age, presence of medical conditions, and racial/ethnic groups during the 2007-08 through 2011-12 seasons. Results During the 2011-12 season, influenza vaccination coverage was significantly lower among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites among most of the adult subgroups, with smaller disparities observed for adults age 18-49 years compared with other age groups. Vaccination coverage for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic adults increased significantly from the 2007-08 through the 2011-12 season for most of the adult subgroups based on the NHIS (test for trend, P Conclusions Influenza vaccination coverage among most racial/ethnic groups increased from the 2007-08 through the 2011-12 seasons, but substantial racial and ethnic disparities remained in most age groups. Targeted efforts are needed to improve coverage and reduce these disparities.
Attenuation of methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice by systemic administration of naltrexone

Repeated intermittent exposure to psychostimulants was found to produce behavioral sensitization. The present study was designed to establish a mouse model and by which to investigate whether opioidergic system plays a role in methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. Mice injected with 2.5 mg/kg of methamphetamine once a day for 7 consecutive days showed behavioral sensitization after challenge with 0.3125 mg/kg of the drug on day 11, whereas mice injected with a lower daily dose (1.25 mg/kg) did not. Mice received daily injections with either 1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg of methamphetamine showed behavioral sensitization after challenge with 1.25 mg/kg of the drug on days 11, 21, and 28. To investigate the role of opioidergic system in the induction and expression of behavioral sensitization, long-acting but non-selective opioid antagonist naltrexone was administrated prior to the daily injections of and challenge with methamphetamine, respectively. Our results show that the expressions of behavioral sensitization were attenuated by pretreatment with 10 or 20 mg/kg of naltrexone either during the induction period or before methamphetamine challenge when they were tested on days 11 and 21. These results indicate that repeated injection with methamphetamine dose-dependently induced behavioral sensitization in mice, and suggest the involvement of opioid receptors in the induction and expression of methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization.
Comparison between the measured and modeled hydrogen-evolution activity of Ni- or Pt-coated silicon photocathodes

The electrocatalytic behavior of Ni and Pt nanoparticles for the hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER) on p-type Si photocathodes was measured experimentally and the current density vs. potential (J–E) characteristics of a general metal catalyst on p-Si was modeled as a combination of a Si photodiode in series electrically with metal electrocatalysts. Relative to the rest potential, the J–E characteristics produced by the model showed an increase in total overpotential required to reach a specified current density for the metallized photoelectrodes relative to that of a metal electrode. This prediction was in accord with the experimentally observed behavior of Pt on p-Si, but was in contrast to the behavior observed for Ni on p-Si. Properly accounting for junction energetics and kinetics of the HER is critical to accurate predictions of the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) energy-conversion efficiency of metallized integrated photoelectrochemical systems. Further, models that accurately predict the performance of metal catalysts on semiconductor light absorbers are required to optimize the catalytic performance of metallized photoelectrodes.
MRI-guided targeted blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound: Histological findings in rabbits

Abstract Focused ultrasound offers a method to disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) noninvasively and reversibly at targeted locations. The purpose of this study was to test the safety of this method by searching for ischemia and apoptosis in areas with BBB disruption induced by pulsed ultrasound in the presence of preformed gas bubbles and by looking for delayed effects up to one month after sonication. Pulsed ultrasound exposures (sonications) were performed in the brains of 24 rabbits under monitoring by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (ultrasound: frequency = 1.63 MHz, burst length = 100 ms, PRF = 1 Hz, duration = 20 s, pressure amplitude 0.7 to 1.0 MPa). Before sonication, an ultrasound contrast agent (Optison®, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) was injected IV. BBB disruption was confirmed with contrast-enhanced MR images. Whole brain histologic examination was performed using haematoxylin and eosin staining for general histology, vanadium acid fuchsin-toluidine blue staining for ischemic neurons and TUNEL staining for apoptosis. The main effects observed were tiny regions of extravasated red blood cells scattered around the sonicated locations, indicating affected capillaries. Despite these vasculature effects, only a few cells in some of the sonicated areas showed evidence for apoptosis or ischemia. No ischemic or apoptotic regions were detected that would indicate a compromised blood supply was induced by the sonications. No delayed effects were observed either by MRI or histology up to 4 wk after sonication. Ultrasound-induced BBB disruption is possible without inducing substantial vascular damage that would result in ischemic or apoptotic death to neurons. These findings indicate that this method is safe for targeted drug delivery, at least when compared with the currently available invasive methods.
Synthesis of 3′-Thioribouridine, 3′-Thioribocytidine, and Their Phosphoramidites

Abstract 3′-Thio-3′-deoxyribonucleosides (U and C) have been synthesized via Vorbruggen-type glycosylation with 3-S-benzoyl-5-O-toluoyl-1,2-O-diacetylfuranose, which was obtained from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-O-toluoyl-3-O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-α-D-xylofuranose. 3′-Thio-3′-deoxyuridine has been converted to its phosphoramidite.
Impairment in Long-Term Retention of Preference Conditioning in Schizophrenia

Background Schizophrenia illness is characterized by significant impairments in long-term episodic memory, which are associated with hippocampal abnormalities. This study assessed long-term memory for preference conditioning, which is believed to be more strongly based in the basolateral amygdala, to determine whether abnormalities in biological systems supporting long-term memory are specific to the hippocampus or shared across brain regions involved in different types of memory. Methods Eighteen schizophrenia (SC) and 24 healthy control (HC) subjects, matched on age, sex, and years of education, participated in the study. All subjects completed an implicit preference conditioning task that associated different patterns with different frequencies of reward. Subjects were then tested for their preference for the patterns both immediately after training, and following a 24-hour delay. Results Both SC and HC subjects demonstrated a preference for the more frequently rewarded pattern immediately after training. Following a 24-hour delay, HC subjects continued to prefer the more rewarded pattern in contrast to the less rewarded pattern, but SC subjects did not maintain this differentiation. Conclusions These data suggest a significant deficit in the ability to maintain stimulus–reward relationships in memory over long delay periods (24 hours) in individuals with schizophrenia. These data are consistent with prior research indicating normal response to emotional stimuli during learning, but impaired long-term memory for the stimuli, and suggest that there may be a common abnormality in biological systems supporting consolidation of long-term memory across multiple types of memory in individuals with schizophrenia.
Macro-effects of resputtering due to negative ion bombardment of growing thin films

Bombardment of a growing thin film by negative ions can lead to changes in the film through the process of resputtering. Macro-effects of resputtering (effects on the film thickness) include a slowing of the film growth rate and, in some cases, a complete suppression of the film growth as well as an etching of the substrate materials. To study this result of resputtering, rf-diode sputtering was used to deposit BaTiO3 films under a variety of conditions, varying deposition time, rf-power level, substrate-to-target distance, total gas pressure, and argon, oxygen, and hydrogen partial pressures. The effect resputtering had on the thickness was seen to be a result of the competition between deposition and etching of the thin film material. The relative influence of the various sputtering parameters and the effect each of these has on the thickness distribution were examined. It was found that the greatest influence was system geometry, followed by rf-power level. Various methods of controlling resputtering are discussed.
Auditory Nerve Excitation via a Non-traveling Wave Mode of Basilar Membrane Motion

Basilar membrane (BM) motion and auditory nerve fiber (ANF) tuning are generally very similar, but the ANF had appeared to be unresponsive to a plateau mode of BM motion that occurs at frequencies above an ANF’s characteristic frequency (CF). We recorded ANF responses from the gerbil, concentrating on this supra-CF region. We observed a supra-CF plateau in ANF responses at high stimulus level, indicating that the plateau mode of BM motion can be excitatory.
Supportive Care of the First 2 Ebola Virus Disease Patients at the Monrovia Medical Unit

We describe the first 2 patients admitted to the Monrovia Medical Unit, a facility established to treat Liberian and international response workers with suspected or known Ebola virus disease (EVD). Their recoveries illustrate the value of local point-of-care diagnostics, parenteral therapies, and electrolyte replacement in EVD supportive care.
A new construction for n-track (d, k) codes with redundancy

Digital magnetic and optical storage systems employing NRZI recording use (d, k) codes. The d-parameter specifies the minimum number of 0's occurring between 1's while the k-parameter specifies the maximum number of 0's between l's. The n-track (d,k) codes (denoted as (d,k;n) codes) are extensions of (d, k) codes for use in multiple-track systems. Instead of imposing each track to individually satisfy both constraints, (d,k;n) codes satisfy the d-constraint in each track individually while relaxing the k-constraint by allowing it to be satisfied jointly by the multiple tracks. Although (d,k;n) codes can provide significant capacity increases over (d, k) codes, they suffer from the fact that a single faulty track can cause loss of synchronization and hence, loss of the data on all tracks. Orcutt and Marcellin (see IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory, Sept., 1993) introduced n-track (d,k) codes with a redundancy of r (denoted as (d,k;n,r) codes) which allow for r faulty tracks by mandating that all subsets of n-r tracks satisfy the joint k-constraint. We propose a new method to construct (d,k; n, r) codes. These codes have simple encoding and decoding schemes, gain a large part of the capacity increase possible when using (d,k; n,r) codes, and are considerably more robust to faulty tracks. >
Stories of Suffering: Subjective Tales and Research Narratives

The following analysis addresses relationships between suffering and the self. It emphasizes subjects’ stories of experiencing chronic illness and their relationship to the construction of self. A symbolic interactionist perspective informs the analysis. Topics include forms of suffering, the moral hierarchy of suffering, relationships between gender and moral status in suffering, and meanings of subjects’ stories. The major argument is that suffering is a profoundly moral status. Placement in the moral hierarchy of suffering affects whether and how an ill person’s stories will be heard.
The Ants Go Marching Two by Two: Oligomeric Structure of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

A number of class C G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to form dimers in the plasma membrane, and mounting evidence supports the hypothesis that many, if not all, class A rhodopsin-like receptors also form dimers or higher-order oligomers. Evidence for this hypothesis has come from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, coimmunoprecipitation, resonance energy transfer, atomic force microscopy, and cross-linking studies, approaches that are reviewed in this article. Like any method, each has its strengths and limitations, and these must be kept in mind when interpreting the data for oligomerization. Recent experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that class A receptors may exist as higher-order oligomers, or even as arrays, with distinct symmetrical interfaces in both the first and fourth transmembrane segments.
Maximum likelihood diffusive source localization based on binary observations

In this paper, we construct the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator of diffusive source location based on binary observations. We utilize two different estimation approaches, ML estimation based on all the observations (i.e.. batch processing) and approximated ML estimation using only new observations and the previous estimate (i.e., real time processing). The performance of these estimators are compared with theoretical bounds and are shown to achieve excellent performance.
Employee Stock Options (ESOPs) and Restricted Stock: Valuation Effects and Consequences

In the last decade, firms have increasingly turned to offering employees options and restricted stock (often with restrictions on trading) as part of compensation packages. Some of this trend can be attributed to the entry of young, cash poor technology firms into the market, many of which have to use equity because they have no choice. However, many larger market cap firms that can afford to pay cash compensation have used stock based compensation as a way of aligning managerial interests with stockholder interests. In this paper, we begin by looking at motives, good and bad, for using equity based compensation, and trends over the last few years. We then turn to the accounting rules, old and new, that govern how equity compensation is recorded and reported. Finally, we consider how best to incorporate employee options and restricted stock - both past and prospective - into discounted cash flow and relative valuation models.
Genetic relationships between milk production and type in Holsteins

Abstract Official scorecard and descriptive type data recorded by the Holstein-Friesian Association of America from 1967 through 1971 and sire summaries of production by the United States Department of Agriculture from 1968 to 1972 were used to determine genetic relationships between type and production. Daughter averages for type and predicted differences for production were from 1,095 sires that had a minimum of 20 classified daughters in at least 10 herds and a subset of 455 sires with a minimum of 100 daughters in at least 10 herds. Genetic correlations between predicted difference of milk and final score were –.14 for the 1,095 bulls and –.23 for the 455 bulls. Correlations between predicted difference of milk and scorecard traits ranged from –.14 to –.16 in the 1,095 bulls and –.22 to –.24 for the 455 bulls except for dairy character .38 and .41. Corresponding correlations for descriptive traits ranged from –.02 to –.22 for the 1,095 bulls and –.08 to –.36 in the 455 bulls. Correlations between milk and percent incomplete (proportion of daughters failing to complete the first record), predicted difference of fat, and percent milk fat were –.43, .73, and –.42 for the larger sample and –.54, .70 and –.40 for the other. Genetic relationships between production and type were consistently negative (but small).
Research of Secure Multicast Key Management Protocol Based on Fault-Tolerant Mechanism

As multicasting is increasingly used as an efficient communication mechanism for group-oriented applications in the Internet, the research of the multicast key management is becoming a hot issue. Firstly, we analyze the n-party GDH.2 multicast key management protocol and point out that it has the following flaws: lack of certification, vulnerability to man-in-the-middle attacks, and a single-point failure. In order to settle the issues mentioned above, a fault-tolerant and secure multicast key management protocol (FTS, for short) with using the fault-tolerant algorithm and the password authentication mechanism is proposed in this paper. In our protocol, legal members are able to agree on a key despite failures of other members. The protocol can also prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. Finally, we evaluate the security of FTS, and compare our protocol with the FTKM through performance analysis. The analytic results show that the protocol not only avoids the single-point failure but also improves the comprehensive performance.
Liminality as Cultural Process for Cultural Change

This paper offers a revised understanding of intentional cultural change. In contrast to prevailing accounts, we suggest that such change can take place in the absence of initiating jolts, may be infused in everyday organizational life, and led by insiders who need not hold hierarchical power. Drawing on data from field studies and in-depth interviews, we develop a model of cultural change in which everyday occurrences such as meetings or workshops are constructed symbolically as “liminal” phenomena, bracketed from yet connected to everyday action in the organization. The construction of these occurrences as liminal illuminates the symbolic realm, creating possibilities for people to experiment with new cultural resources and invite different interpretations that hold potential for altering the cultural order. Our analyses contribute to the literature on culture by developing liminality, a process that brings forward the symbolic and invites recombination, as a cultural explanation of cultural change, to complement prevailing political or social structural explanations. We discuss implications and boundary conditions for this type of intentional cultural change.
On-demand data broadcasting for mobile decision making

The wide spread of mobile computing devices is transforming the newly emerged e-business world into a mobile e-business one, a world in which hand-held computers are the user's front-ends to access enterprise data. For good mobile decision making, users need to count on up-to-date, business-critical data. Such data are typically in the form of summarized information tailored to suit the user's analysis interests. In this paper, we are addressing the issue of time and energy efficient delivery of summary tables to mobile users with hand-held computers equipped with OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing) front-end tools. Towards this, we propose a new on-demand scheduling algorithm, called STOBS, that exploits the derivation semantics among OLAP summary tables. It maximizes the aggregated data sharing between mobile users and reduces the broadcast length for satisfying a set of requests compared to the already existing techniques. The algorithm effectiveness with respect to access time and energy consumption is evaluated using simulation.
The public relations internship experience: A comparison of student and site supervisor perspectives

Abstract Internships are seen as valuable learning experiences for students by the public relations academy, including the Commission on Public Relations Education , the Public Relations Society of America, and the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. Still, with all the importance placed on experiential-learning experiences for public relations, journalism, and mass communication students, scant literature exists on the subject. Much of the literature is anecdotal or descriptive in nature. Few studies address the underlying feelings and expectations of the two major participants in the internship process: students and their site supervisors. This study focused on this interrelationship as a means of understanding underlying expectations so that internship experiences can be improved. In order to understand the underlying expectations and perspectives of the internship experience for the two groups of participants – 223 public relations interns and 183 of their site supervisors – a phenomenological method of inquiry was used. When comparing results, students wanted more skill development and hands-on training, while site supervisors saw their role as more holistic by exposing students to the public relations field.
Toward Greater Relevance in Preparation Programs for Urban School Administrators

The authors review the bases for present preparation programs for school administrators and note that these programs frequently lack relevance to the behaviors required of urban practitioners. They set forth some proposals for moving in these directions, suggesting that greater cooperation with school systems and modifications in traditional university offerings are in order.
Transition state geometry prediction using molecular group contributions

Detailed kinetic models to aid the understanding of complex chemical systems require many thousands of reaction rate coefficients, most of which are estimated, some quite approximately and with unknown uncertainties. This motivates the development of high-throughput methods to determine rate coefficients via transition state theory calculations, which requires the automatic prediction of transition state (TS) geometries. We demonstrate a novel approach to predict TS geometries using a group-additive method. Distances between reactive atoms at the TS are estimated using molecular group values, with the 3D geometry of the TS being constructed by distance geometry. The estimate is then optimized using electronic structure theory and validated using intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations, completing the fully automatic algorithm to locate TS geometries. The methods were tested using a diisopropyl ketone combustion model containing 1393 hydrogen abstraction reactions, of which transition states were found for 907 over two iterations of the algorithm. With sufficient training data, molecular group contributions were shown to successfully predict the reaction center distances of transition states with root-mean-squared errors of only 0.04 A.
The interaction of hepatitis A virus (HAV) with soluble forms of its cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1) share the physiological requirements of infectivity in cell culture

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), an atypical Picornaviridae that causes acute hepatitis in humans, usurps the HAV cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1) to infect cells. HAVCR1 is a class 1 integral membrane glycoprotein that contains two extracellular domains: a virus-binding immunoglobulin-like (IgV) domain and a mucin-like domain that extends the IgV from the cell membrane. Soluble forms of HAVCR1 bind, alter, and neutralize cell culture-adapted HAV, which is attenuated for humans. However, the requirements of the HAV-HAVCR1 interaction have not been fully characterized, and it has not been determined whether HAVCR1 also serves as a receptor for wild-type (wt) HAV. Here, we used HAV soluble receptor neutralization and alteration assays to study the requirements of the HAV-HAVCR1 interaction and to determine whether HAVCR1 is also a receptor for wt HAV. Treatment of HAV with a soluble form of HAVCR1 that contained the IgV and two-thirds of the mucin domain fused to the Fc fragment of human IgG1 (D1 muc-Fc), altered particles at 37°C but left a residual level of unaltered particles at 4°C. The kinetics of neutralization of HAV by D1 muc-Fc was faster at 37°C than at 4°C. Alteration of HAV particles by D1 muc-Fc required Ca, which could not be replaced by Li, Na, Mg, Mn, or Zn. Neutralization of HAV by D1 muc-Fc occurred at pH 5 to 8 but was more efficient at pH 6 to 7. D1 muc-Fc neutralized wt HAV as determined by a cell culture system that allows the growth of wt HAV. The interaction of HAV with soluble forms of HAVCR1 shares the temperature, Ca, and pH requirements for infectivity in cell culture and therefore mimics the cell entry process of HAV. Since soluble forms of HAVCR1 also neutralized wt HAV, this receptor may play a significant role in pathogenesis of HAV.
Is Smith Obligated That (She) Not Kill the Innocent or That She (Not Kill the Innocent): Expressions and Rationales for Deontological Constraints

Critique de l'expression propositionnelle auto-referentielle et centree-sur-l'agent des contraintes morales deontologiques du type chacun a l'obligation (envers elle) de ne pas voler. Denoncant l'incapacite des expressions fondees sur l'agent de rendre compte de l'action d'un agent seul, d'une part, et de distinguer l'intention de l'agent des consequences previsibles de son acte, d'autre part, l'A. se propose de resoudre le paradoxe de l'oubli de l'action par la deontologie, en analysant les raisons d'etre des contraintes dans la morale ordinaire
The Presence of Phage Orthologous Genes in Helicobacter pylori Correlates with the Presence of the Virulence Factors CagA and VacA.

Background The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is associated with ulcers and the development of gastric cancer. Several genes, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), are associated with increased gastric cancer risk. Some strains of H. pylori also contain sequences related to bacteriophage phiHP33; however, the significance of these phage-related sequences remains unknown. Materials and Methods We assessed the extent to which phiHP33-related sequences are present in 335 H. pylori strains using homology searches then mapped shared genes between phiHP33 and H. pylori strains onto an existing phylogeny. Results One hundred and twenty-one H. pylori strains contain phage orthologous sequences, and the presence of the phage-related sequences correlates with the presence of CagA and VacA. Mapping of the phage orthologs onto a phylogeny of H. pylori is consistent with the hypothesis that these genes were acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Conclusions phiHP33 phage orthologous sequences might be of significance in understanding virulence of different H. pylori strains.
Work system barriers to patient, provider, and caregiver use of personal health records: A systematic review.

Abstract Objectives This review applied a human factors/ergonomics (HF/E) paradigm to assess individual, work system/unit, organization, and external environment factors generating barriers to patient, provider, and informal caregiver personal health record (PHR) use. Methods The literature search was conducted using five electronic databases for the timeframe January 2000 to October 2013, resulting in 4865 citations. Two authors independently coded included articles (n = 60). Results Fifty-five, ten and five articles reported barriers to patient, provider and caregiver PHR use, respectively. Barriers centered around 20 subfactors. The most frequently noted were needs, biases, beliefs, and mood (n = 35) and technology functions and features (n = 32). Conclusions The HF/E paradigm was effective in framing the assessment of factors creating barriers to PHR use. Design efforts should address literacy, interoperability, access to health information, and secure messaging. A deeper understanding of the interactions between work systems and the role of organization and external environment factors is required.
How Much Does the Existing Regulatory Patchwork Reduce U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

This paper offers an answer to the question, “What levels of greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions reduction do the constituent programs in the U.S.’s existing regulatory patchwork achieve?” Its answer represents an attempt to measure the same effect from eight regulatory interventions: EPA’s Prevention of Significant Deterioration program, as it is expected to operate following the Supreme Court’s UARG v. EPA decision in 2014; EPA’s Clean Power Plan; EPA’s renewable fuel standard; the federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for light, medium, and heavy duty vehicles; the renewable electricity generation Production Tax Credit and Investment Tax Credit; the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, which encompasses 9 states in the mid-Atlantic and Northeast; California’s Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, Assembly Bill 32; and state renewable portfolio standards. Notably, though it seeks to measure the same effect of diverse policies, this paper does not purport to measure the aggregated net effects of those policies on GHG emissions.Most important among its conclusions are the following. First, federal CAFE standards, the Clean Power Plan, and state renewable portfolio standards will be crucial for achieving emissions reduction goals. Second, the reductions available from the renewable fuel standard are uncertain and highly contentious. And third — an important subtext — the effectiveness (and cost-effectiveness) of this patchwork of programs is unwieldy even to measure, much less to ensure.
Making Federal Data More Useful and Accessible to Fuel Media and Democracy: A Report for the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology

As part of our participation in the December 2014 meeting of the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, Journalist’s Resource at Harvard’s Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy authored recommendations to help the principal federal statistical agencies communicate better with media and, by extension, interested citizens. A variety of ideas were generated through website analysis, testing and conversations with journalists and experts. Agencies could substantially increase their potential audience by designing more for the “broad middle” of Web users, who may not be familiar with the federal statistics landscape. Proposed ideas are as follows:1) Media-communications recommendations: Hold regular workshops with journalists of all kinds, particularly non-specialists; when journalists need help with data, provide access to expert government officials; and regularly offer media organizations the chance to articulate their needs for original data collection. 2) Data content- and presentation-related recommendations: Rethink what agencies collect with a more “citizen-centric” approach; find data that speak to the technology revolution and related changes; stay relevant and current on the Web, repurposing materials as news trends emerge and emphasizing shorter “quick hits” from large datasets and reports; and feature salient data points in large reports and design visualizations for news sites. 3) Technical and website recommendations: Consider a more standardized Web user interface (UI) across agencies — and responsive design; build an intuitive, app-like version of each site for more general users; design for better site search and search engine optimization; be clear about the quality of data; strengthen user information and metadata; offer many data formats and consider use cases and accessibility; and create more Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that are tailored to the needs of news and information companies.
COMPATIBILITY AND POPULATION STUDIES OF THREE SPECIES OF TREMELLA

Three species of Tremella are examined to document their mating compatibility system, confirm their identity as biological species, and define their population structures in terms of mating type allele frequency and distribution. Confirmation of intersterility was made by pairing Ax and A2 isolates of each of the three presumptive species in all possible combinations. No detectable reaction could be observed when interspecific haploid yeast cells were paired; all isolates intermingled but remained in a budding yeast phase. Isolates of the same species produced either clamped, dikaryotic mycelium or conjugation tubes whenever pairings involved unlike A alleles. Allele frequencies at the B locus were determined from sample populations for each species. Alleles were recovered in statistically equal frequencies from T. globospora and T indecorata, but significant departure from uniform allele fre? quency was observed in T moriformis. T. moriformis was isolated from ornamental tree species in Davis, California, and was not found outside the city. B allele diversity is significantly lower in this species than in other species ofthe genus. Due to the low allele diversity, an introduction of the fungus to the Davis area may have contained most ofthe alleles ofthe parental population. B allele frequency is not uniform and selective pressures over and above those associated with self-incompatibility may be responsible for this observed nonuniformity.
Aerodynamic Control of a Pitching Airfoil by Active Bleed

The aerodynamic loads on an airfoil that is pitching beyond its static stall margin are controlled in wind tunnel experiments by regulation of surface vorticity flux using distributed bleed actuation. The airfoil model is based on a two-dimensional VR-7 configuration that is pitching time harmonically over a broad range of reduced frequencies and angles of attack (up to  = 22°). Bleed is driven by pressure differences between surface ports upstream of the pressure side trailing edge and downstream of the suction side leading edge and is regulated by integrated low-power piezoelectric louver actuators. The time-dependent evolution of the outer flow over the airfoil during the pitch cycle is investigated in the absence and presence of bleed using high-speed PIV to resolve transitory formation and shedding of vorticity concentrations during the onset and termination of dynamic stall. The timing of the dynamic stall vorticity flux into the near wake and its effect on the flow field are analyzed in the presence and absence of bleed using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). It is shown that bleed actuation alters the production, accumulation, and advection of vorticity concentrations near the surface with significant effects on the evolution, and, in particular, the timing of the dynamic stall vortex. These changes are manifested by alteration of the lift hysteresis and pitch stability during the cycle. The timeperiodic changes in lift during the upand downstroke segments of the pitch cycle are accompanied by mitigation of sharp excursions of the pitching moment in the base flow, and in complete reversal of the “negative damping” while keeping the cycle-averaged lift to within 5% of the base flow level. Such control of the pitch stability can lead to significant improvement of the stability of flexible wings and rotor blades.
Toxicity of Selected Insecticides Against Adult Striped Horse Flies in Laboratory Tests

It is a well-known fact that no practical effective control exists for tabanids. Several reports including those by Gerry (1949), Howell et al. (1949), Brown and Morrison (1955), Hansens (1956), Bruce and Decker (1957), Jamnback and Wall (1957), and others have appeared relative to various types of tabanid control under field conditions with insecticides. Hoffman (1960) evaluated several insecticides against Chrysops larvae under laboratory conditions. However, no information was available on the relative toxicity of the commonly used livestock insecticides to adult horse flies. Therefore, this study was designed to determine: (1) the relative toxicity of some selected insecticides to an adult tabanid; and (2) the period a tabanid must be in contact with a residual film of an insecticide, at a concentration recommended for application to animals for materials used on animals, to obtain a lethal dose.
A high-resolution method for assessing cellular oxidative phosphorylation efficiency: bringing mitochondrial bioenergetics into focus. Focus on "Direct real-time quantification of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in permeabilized skeletal muscle myofibers".

adenosine triphosphate, ATP, is a high-energy molecule that plays a central role for a host of fundamental cellular processes. Maintaining adequate ATP availability is paramount for cell survival during both normal physiological states and in response to stress or injury. Mitochondria are
The Chest Wall and the Respiratory Pump

The design of the respiratory pump is different from the design of the heart. The ribs carry compressive stresses that balance the pressure difference across the chest wall, and the rib cage provides a mechanism for transforming muscle shortening into chest wall expansion. The external intercostal muscles in the cranial-dorsal quadrant and the parasternal muscles have inspiratory actions and the internal intercostals in the caudal-dorsal quadrant and the triangularis sterni have expiratory actions. The diaphragm separates the pleural cavity and the abdomen, and the combined effect of diaphragm muscle tension and curvature balances the difference between abdominal pressure and pleural pressure. The inspiratory action of the diaphragm is the result of the descent of the diaphragm that accompanies muscle shortening and of the inspiratory forces that the diaphragm exerts on the lower ribs. Compartmental models provide simplified descriptions of the mechanics of the chest wall. The work of breathing is small compared to the work of the heart.
Biomechanics of lifting

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of compressive stress, shear stress, and bending moment on the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae during three methods of lifting. This site in the spine was chosen because the axis of movement in flexion and extension passes through the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs (Fick, 1904) and it is the site of the most serious lower back injuries (Chaffin, 1969).