cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of the Boston Keratoprosthesis Type II

Purpose To report the long term outcomes of Boston keratoprosthesis type II implantation in the management of severe ocular surface disease and corneal blindness. Methods A retrospective review of medical records of patients after Boston keratoprosthesis type II implantation at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary from January, 1, 2000 through December 31, 2009. Main outcome measures included visual acuity, device retention, and postoperative complications. Results A total of 29 eyes of 26 patients received a Boston keratoprosthesis type II during the study period. Operated patients had corneal blindness due to mucous membrane pemphigoid (51.7%), Stevens Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (41.4%), or other ocular surface disease (6.9%). Visual acuity after surgery improved to at least 20/200 in 23 eyes (79.3%), and to 20/30 or better in 10 eyes (34.5%). In patients with at least 1 year of follow-up (n=21), visual acuity of 20/200 or better was maintained in 14 eyes (66.7%). Of these 14 eyes, 6 eyes (42.9%) retained visual acuity of 20/200 or better for more than 5 years. Overall, visual acuity of 20/200 or better was maintained for at least 5 years in 6 of 23 eyes (26.0%). Eyes that failed to improve to 20/200 or lost vision during follow-up were found to have end stage glaucoma, previous retinal detachment, or age related macular degeneration. Of the total of 29 eyes, 17 devices (58.6%) were retained without extrusion or replacement during a total follow-up time of 107.9 person-years. Conclusion The Boston keratoprosthesis type II is a viable option for corneal blindness from severe autoimmune ocular surface diseases. Complications require prompt recognition and management to promote retention of the device and preservation of vision.
Verbal learning meets psycholinguistics: Modality effects in the comprehension of anaphora ☆

Abstract Understanding an anaphor like “the latter approach” requires that the reader or listener remember the tempral order of the potential antecedents. According to Glenberg and Swanson's temporal distinctiveness theory, the representation of temporal order is more accurate with auditory presentation than with visual presentation, and this difference is the basis for the modality effect (recently presented auditory information is better recalled than recently presented visual information). We tested this account of modality effects by having subjects listen to or read paragraphs which contained two types of anaphors. Consistent with temporal distinctiveness theory, the resolution of temporal anaphors (e.g., “the latter approach”) showed the modality effect, whereas the resolution of semantically based anaphors (e.g., “the medical approach”) did not. We discuss the implications of this result for understanding the modality effect, the interface between psycholinguistic and memory research, and differences between comprehension of spoken and written language.
Dosimetric effects of abutting extended source to surface distance electron fields with photon fields in the treatment of head and neck cancers

Abstract Purpose : In the management of head and neck cancer, it is often necessary to junction photon and electron fields. When patients are treated supine, electron cones or applicators may have to be positioned at source to surface distance (SSD) greater than the standard 100 cm because of the patient's shoulders. We have studied the dosimetric effects of abutting 6 MV photon fields with 9 MeV electron fields at extended SSDs to assess changes in the 90% isodose width, dose uniformity in the target, and the extent of hot and cold spots in the junction region. Methods and Materials : Four independent film studies were conducted, in a polystyrene phantom, for evaluation of the dose distribution in the junction region. Measured distributions were also compared with computer generated distributions using a treatment planning computer system. Results : At the junction line between photon and extended SSD electron beams, hot and cold spots were observed. A 20% hot spot occurred on the photon side because of the electron scatter from the adjoining field. The width of this hot spot increased in dimension but not in magnitude as electron SSDs were increased. The cold spot occurred on the electron side due to the decrease in 90% isodose width at extended electron SSDs. This cold spot was minimal (less than 10%) at shorter electron SSDs, but increased as electron SSDs approached 120 cm. Computer dosimetry underestimated these results because of limitations of the electron beam treatment planning algorithm. Conclusion : These hot and cold spots may be clinically acceptable compared to the loss of treatment accuracy and the added possibility of more extensive hot or cold spots if the patient were to be removed from the original supine position and repositioned on his/her side.
Dose dependent effects of cardiac β2 adrenoceptor gene therapy1

Background Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) achieves efficient myocardial transgene expression. The optimal vector dose required to produce not only increased β adrenoceptor (βAR) density but, more importantly, enhanced left ventricular (LV) function is unknown. In addition, it is unclear if absent extracardiac expression in preliminary studies represented cardiac specific, as opposed to selective gene delivery, as a consequence of low vector doses. Materials and methods Adenoviral vector encoding the human β 2 adrenoceptor (Adeno-β 2 AR) was delivered to cardioplegic arrested hearts of neonatal piglets during CPB in three doses ranging from 5 × 10 11 total viral particles (tvp) to 2 × 10 12 tvp. Control animals received adenoviral vector encoding β galactosidase (Adeno-βgal) or PBS (PBS). LV and liver βAR density and in vivo LV function were assessed 5 days later. Results Elevated LV βAR density was present after delivery of Adeno-β 2 AR at all doses. Piglets which received 5 × 10 11 tvp and 1 × 10 12 tvp Adeno-β 2 AR demonstrated enhanced LV dP/dt max but in those receiving 2 × 10 12 tvp LV dP/dt max was unchanged. Moreover, at this higher dose of adenoviral vector the detrimental effects of cardiac inflammation and extracardiac gene overexpression became apparent. Conclusions Although the highest increase in cardiac βAR density occurred after high-dose Adeno-β 2 AR, LV dP/dt max was not enhanced. Moreover, significant extracardiac gene expression was present at this dose, emphasizing the need for careful dose response studies in gene therapy. However, cardiac selective β 2 AR overexpression does occur following adenoviral vector delivery during CPB and cardioplegic arrest resulting in enhanced LV dP/dt max .
How Christian nurses converse with patients about spirituality

Aims and objectives To describe the experience of conversing with clients to provide spiritual care from the perspective of Christian nurses identified as exemplary spiritual caregivers. More specifically, findings presented here describe the goals and strategies of these nurses when conversing with patients about spirituality. Background Although verbal communication is pivotal to most spiritual care interventions recognised in the nursing literature, there is scant empirical evidence to inform such spiritual care. There is evidence, however, that many nurses have discomfort and difficulty with conversations about spirituality. Design Cross-sectional, descriptive, qualitative design framed by phenomenology. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 southern California registered nurses working in varied clinical settings. Data were coded and thematically analysed by three researchers who established equivalency. Methods to support the trustworthiness of the findings were employed. Results Themes providing structure to the description of how nurses converse with patients about spirituality included assessing and establishing connection, overt introductions of spirituality, finding spiritual commonality, self-disclosure, spiritual encouragement, spiritual advice or religious teaching, and prayer. Requisite to any spiritual care conversation, however, was ‘allowing them (patients) to talk’. Informants tread ‘gently and softly’ in approaching spiritual discourse, assessing for any patient resistance, and not pushing further if any was met. Conclusion Findings illustrate compassionate nursing with specifiable goals and strategies for conversations about spirituality; they also raise questions about how nurse religious beliefs are to ethically inform these conversations. Relevance to clinical practice The Invitation, Connection, Attentive care, Reciprocity mnemonic is offered as a means for nurses to remember essentials for communication with patients about spirituality.
Evolutionary Distance: Estimation

Estimation of evolutionary distances between proteinand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences is impor-tant for constructing phylogenetic trees, dating spe-cies’s divergences and understanding the mechanismsof evolution of genes, proteins and populations.Many estimators of evolutionary distances havebeen developed in the past 30 years. They are basedon different models of sequence evolution and areused for different types of genes and proteins underdifferent conditions. The assumptions, estimationmethods and utilities of these estimators are described.
Response of Young Chicks to Raw, Defatted, Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor Variant Soybeans as Sources of Dietary Protein

Two trials, using 264 8-day-old male crossbred chicks, were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of two trypsin-inhibitor (Kunitz) variant soybeans. These two variants, designated PI 157440 (PI) and number 661, have lower trypsin-inhibitor activities than do US commercially grown soybean cultivars such as Amsoy 71. Raw PI, 661, and Amsoy 71 soybeans were defatted and then compared to a commercially processed solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) using purified diets with soybeans or SBM as the sole source of protein. Trials 1 and 2, respectively, were of 6 and 7 days duration. SBM was superior to each of the raw meals. In Trial 1, gain/feed was higher from PI than from Amsoy 71. In Trial 2, gain and gain/feed were higher (P < .05) from PI and 661 than from Amsoy 71. Pancreas weight as a percent of body weight reflected the trypsin-inhibitor intake. The addition of .3% DL-methionine to each diet improved (P < .05) gain and gain/feed. In Trial 2 gain and gain/feed from PI plus methionine was greater (P < .05) than from 661 plus methionine. In both trials, raw PI plus 3% methionine produced gain and gain/feed comparable to SBM without added methionine.
Hormones in synergy: regulation of the pituitary gonadotropin genes

The precise interplay of hormonal influences that governs gonadotropin hormone production by the pituitary includes endocrine, paracrine and autocrine actions of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), activin and steroids. However, most studies of hormonal regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the pituitary gonadotrope have been limited to analyses of the isolated actions of individual hormones. LHβ and FSHβ subunits have distinct patterns of expression during the menstrual/estrous cycle as a result of the integration of activin, GnRH, and steroid hormone action. In this review, we focus on studies that delineate the interplay among these hormones in the regulation of LHβ and FSHβ gene expression in gonadotrope cells and discuss how signaling cross-talk contributes to differential expression. We also discuss how recent technological advances will help identify additional factors involved in the differential hormonal regulation of LH and FSH.
Automatic identification of common and special object-oriented unit tests

Common and special test inputs can be created to exercise some common and special behavior of the class under test, respectively. Although manually created tests are valuable, programmers often overlook some special test inputs. If programmers write down specifications, special or common tests can be automatically generated and selected by tools. However, specifications are not commonly written in practice. This research develops a novel approach for automatically identifying common and special unit tests for a class without requiring any specification. Given a class, our approach automatically generates test inputs and identifies common and special tests among the generated tests. Programmers can inspect these identified tests and use them to augment existing (manual) tests. Our approach is based on statistical algebraic abstractions, program properties (in the form of algebraic specifications) dynamically inferred from test executions. We use statistical algebraic abstractions to characterize program behavior. A test is identified to be common if the test exercises a behavior that is universally or commonly exercised by generated tests, or to be special if the test violates a behavior that is commonly exercised by generated tests.
In Situ Detection of PHIP at 48 mT: Demonstration Using a Centrally Controlled Polarizer

Presented here is a centrally controlled, automated parahydrogen-based polarizer with in situ detection capability. A 20% polarization, corresponding to a 5 000 000-fold signal enhancement at 48 mT, is demonstrated on 2-hydroxyethyl-1-13C-propionate-d2,3,3 using a double-tuned antenna and pulsed polarization transfer. In situ detection is a refinement of first-generation devices enabling fast calibration of rf pulses and B0, quality assurance of hyperpolarized contrast agents, and stand-alone operation without the necessity of high-field MR spectrometers. These features are essential for biomedical applications of parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization and for clinical translation. We demonstrate the flexibility of the device by recording 13C signal decay due to longitudinal relaxation of a hyperpolarized contrast agent at 48 mT corresponding to 2 MHz proton frequency. This appears to be the longest recorded T1 (101 ± 7 s) for a 13C hyperpolarized contrast agent in water.
Estimating hidden Markov model parameters so as to maximize speech recognition accuracy

The problem of estimating the parameter values of hidden Markov word models for speech recognition is addressed. It is argued that maximum-likelihood estimation of the parameters via the forward-backward algorithm may not lead to values which maximize recognition accuracy. An alternative estimation procedure called corrective training, which is aimed at minimizing the number of recognition errors, is described. Corrective training is similar to a well-known error-correcting training procedure for linear classifiers and works by iteratively adjusting the parameter values so as to make correct words more probable and incorrect words less probable. There are strong parallels between corrective training and maximum mutual information estimation; the relationship of these two techniques is discussed and a comparison is made of their performance. Although it has not been proved that the corrective training algorithm converges, experimental evidence suggests that it does, and that it leads to fewer recognition errors that can be obtained with conventional training methods. >
SILT: integrated logging management for security-enhanced Linux

Security-enhanced Linux offers a robust mandatory access control protection scheme that enhances standard Unix-based permissions, and allows for greater overall system security. While a wide array of configuration tools are currently available, system administration of SELinux is still cumbersome. One area that could ease some of the configuration burdens is kernel event logging, specifically for security-enhanced Linux generated events. This paper proposes a tool, called SILT, designed to enhance SELinux logging. A flexible interface supports command-line and graphical logging configuration. Backend scripts tune the logging facility, according to user direction.
State space abstraction for parameterized self-stabilizing embedded systems

Self-stabilizing systems are systems that automatically recover from any transient fault. Proving the correctness of a parameterized self-stabilizing system, i.e., a system composed of an arbitrary number of processes, is a challenging task. For the verification of parameterized systems the method of control abstraction has been developed. However, control abstraction can only be applied to systems in which each process has a fixed number of observable variables. In this article, we propose a technique to abstract a parameterized self-stabilizing system, whose processes have a parameterized number of observable variables, to a system with fixed number of observable variables. This enables the use of control abstraction for verification. The proposed technique targets low-atomicity, shared-memory, asynchronous systems. We establish the completeness of the method under reasonable conditions and demonstrate its effectiveness by applying it on a number of self-stabilizing distributed systems.
A model of multivessel coronary artery disease using conscious, chronically instrumented dogs

Abstract The present investigation was undertaken to develop a reproducible model of multivessel coronary artery disease including a total occlusion of one vessel and a stenosis of an adjacent vessel in chronically instrumented dogs. Utilizing sterile techniques, we surgically prepared dogs for measurement of heart rate, arterial pressure, left ventricular pressure, and blood flow velocity in the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCCA) coronary arteries. A hydraulic occluder and Ameroid constrictor were implanted around the LAD and LCCA, respectively. Pairs of piezoelectric crystals were implanted within the subendocardium of the LAD and LCCA perfusion territories to measure regional contractile function (segment shortening). A catheter was placed in the left atrial appendage for injection of radioactive microspheres to measure regional myocardial perfusion. Beginning on the second day following implantation, 25, 50, and 100 μg bolus injections of adenosine were administered daily via the left atrium to evaluate LAD and LCCA coronary reserve. Although LAD reserve remained intact, the hyperemic response of the LCCA was progressively attenuated as stenosis severity increased during slow closure of the Ameroid constrictor. When the LCCA vasodilator response to adenosine was reduced by 50% (moderate stenosis; no change in resting flow velocity) or 70% (severe stenosis; 20% reduction in resting flow velocity), the LAD was acutely occluded (via inflation of the hydraulic occluder) to simulate multivessel coronary artery disease. After a hemodynamic steady state was established during coronary occlusion, radioactive microspheres were administered to compare regional perfusion within normal myocardium to flow in myocardium supplied by the occluded or stenotic coronary arteries. In dogs with a stenosis of moderate severity, transmural myocardial blood flow was significantly decreased (− 83%) only in the occluded zone. However, in dogs with a severe coronary artery stenosis, reductions in perfusion in both stenotic (−31%) and occluded (− 87%) regions were demonstrated. Subendocardial/subepicardial flow ratios were significantly reduced in both stenotic and totally occluded regions in the presence of severe stenosis, but this occurred only in the occluded (LAD) zone of dogs with a moderate LCCA stenosis. This preparation provides a model whereby the vasodilator reserve of a progressively constricted coronary artery can be quantified and simultaneously compared to the reserve of a normal vessel. With acute occlusion of the normal artery, a multivessel disease
Analysis of a commercial dimethyl‐sulfoxide‐stabilized frozen canine platelet concentrate by turbidimetric aggregometry

Objectives – To assess platelet function of a commercial dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO)-stabilized frozen platelet concentrate (PC) using turbidimetric aggregometry. Design – In vitro analysis. Setting – Research laboratory in a school of veterinary medicine. Animals – Five units of frozen PC in 6% DMSO were studied. Fresh platelet-rich plasma (PRP), with and without 6% DMSO, from 6 healthy dogs were used as controls. Interventions – Turbidimetric platelet aggregation was measured after initiation of platelet aggregation by addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, or thrombin at concentrations of 30 μM, 20 μg/mL, and 0.5 U/mL, respectively. Measures were performed at thaw and repeated 2 hours after thaw for the frozen PC. Measurements and Main Results – Compared with PRP, the frozen PC showed decreased aggregation in response to thrombin (amplitude of 84% versus 25%, P=0.01), and collagen (amplitude of 13% versus 3%, P=0.05) but not ADP (6.5% versus 18%, P=0.2). Compared with frozen PC at thaw, the frozen PC at 2 hours after thaw showed decreased aggregation in response to thrombin, collagen, and ADP (P<0.05). There was no difference in aggregation between PRP in 6% DMSO and frozen PC. Conclusions – These in vitro data suggest there is a decrease in platelet response to agonists associated with the freeze-thaw process in the commercially available 6% DMSO canine frozen PC.
Should Reasoning Embarrass the Determinist

In a recent article published in this journal, Charles Ripley argues that determinism cannot be true because it is self-defeating. According to Ripley, the determinist “holds determinism to be objectively true and supports his claim by appealing to justifying reasons” but unfortunately “it is a logical consequence of determinism that appeals to justifying reasons and also the very concept of objective truth must be abandoned.” On this view, if determinism is true, there can be neither true nor justified belief, or if there can be such things, we can never know when we have them.
The AAPT1 gene of soybean complements a cholinephosphotransferase-deficient mutant of yeast.

Aminoalcoholphosphotransferases (AAPTases) utilize diacylglycerols and cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-aminoalcohols as substrates in the synthesis of the abundant membrane liplds phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. A soybean cDNA encoding an AAPTase that demonstrates high levels of CDP-choline:sn-l,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity was isolated by complementation of a yeast strain deficient in this function and was designated AAPn. The deduced amino acid sequence of the soybean cDNA showed nearly equal similarity to each of the two characterized AAPTase sequences from yeast, cholinephosphotransferase and ethanolaminephosphotransferase (CDP4hanolamine:sn1,2-diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase). Moreover, assays of soybean AAPT1-encoded enzyme activity in yeast microsomal membranes revealed that the addition of CDP-ethanolamine to the reaction inhibited incorporation of 14C-CDP-choline into phosphatidylcholine in a manner very similar to that observed using unlabeled CDP-choline. Although DNA gel blot analysis suggested that AAPTT-like sequences are represented in soybean as a small multigene family, the same AAPn isoform isolated from a young leaf cDNA library was also recovered from a developing seed cDNA library. Expression assays in yeast using soybean AAPTT cDNAs that differed only in length suggested that sequences in the 5'leader of the transcript were responsible for the negative regulation of gene activity in this heterologous system. The inhibition of translation mediated by a short open reading frame located 124 bp upstream of the AAPTT reading frame is one model proposed for the observed down-regulation of gene activity.
Submicrometre elevated source and drain MOSFET technology using E-beam evaporated silicon

A self-aligned MOSFET structure with elevated source and drain was fabricated using electron beam evaporation of silicon. This technology allows the realisation of defect-free junctions as shallow as 200 /spl Aring/ without preamorphisation, source/drain and gate regions doped in one implantation step and without a selective growth process, and source/drain regions with minimum areas and reduced junction capacitances.
Cramer-Rao lower bound on locations of sudden changes in a steplike signal

Estimation of locations of sudden changes in a steplike signal has many signal processing applications; e.g., well-log signal segmentation, ionic-channel signal classification, edge detection, and segmentation of images. In this work, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on locations of steps in one-dimensional (1-D) steplike signals is calculated. The calculation is based on the use of a sigmoidal function to model a sudden-change (step) in the signal. The introduced model has an adjustable parameter that can be used to fit the CRLB calculation to a particular class of steplike signals.
Capitals and Capabilities: A Framework for Analyzing Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihoods and Poverty

Abstract On the basis of themes emerging in current debates on rural development in Latin America, this paper develops an analytical framework for analyzing rural livelihoods in terms of their sustainability and their implications for rural poverty. The framework argues that our analyses of rural livelihoods need to understand them in terms of: (a) people’s access to five types of capital asset; (b) the ways in which they combine and transform those assets in the building of livelihoods that as far as possible meet their material and their experiential needs; (c) the ways in which people are able to expand their asset bases through engaging with other actors through relationships governed by the logics of the state, market and civil society; and (d) the ways in which they are able to deploy and enhance their capabilities both to make living more meaningful and to change the dominant rules and relationships governing the ways in which resources are controlled, distributed and transformed in society. Particular attention is paid to the importance of social capital as an asset through which people are able to widen their access to resources and other actors.
Bias in Computed Flood Risk

Flood damage computed from flood-frequency curves fitted mathematically to observed annual peak flows or estimated by regression with basin characteristics, is a biased estimator of flood risk. The inaccuracy inherent in any flood-frequency curve increases the annual premium that would have to be charged to break even over a large number of projects. For ungaged sites where the population of annual peaks can be assumed to follow a log-Pearson Type III distribution, the true risk is evaluated by relating it to the standard error of estimate of the regression used to define the flood-frequency curve. In view of this relation between bias and error, the accuracy of all procedures used in evaluating flood frequency should be appraised in terms of standard error so that the proper flood risk can be obtained.
Percutaneous therapies of hepatocellular carcinoma—an update

Percutaneous image-guided tumor therapies have proved important in the treatment of patients with primary liver cancer. The therapeutic spectrum for the management of this patient group includes ablative techniques such as ethanol ablation and radiofrequency ablation for patients with early-stage disease as well as intra-arterial approaches such as radioembolization and transarterial chemoembolization for patients with intermediate and end-stage disease. The tremendous advantage of such therapies is the reduced systemic toxicity combined with efficient local tumor control. However, specific therapeutic algorithms continue to be highly unstandardized and depend on individual experience of the operator. In this review, we will describe the rationale behind several percutaneous techniques, focusing on intra-arterial therapies of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and review the available clinical evidence. We will also discuss new developments such as the combination of intra-arterial therapies with new systemically applicable drugs.
Speech-Facilitating Conduct

Free speech doctrine generally protects only expression, leaving regulations of nonexpressive conduct beyond the First Amendment’s scope. Yet the Supreme Court has recognized that abridgments of the freedom of speech “may operate at different points in the speech process.” This notion of protection for nonexpressive conduct that facilitates speech touches on many of the most contentious issues in First Amendment law — restrictions on photography and audiovisual recording, limits on campaign contributions, putative news gathering privileges for journalists, compelled subsidization of speech, and associational rights, to name just a few. Scholars, however, have generally approached these topics in isolation, typically focusing on downstream effects on speech as the touchstone for First Amendment coverage. The usual conclusion is that the Supreme Court’s decisions are in disarray.This Article argues that key features of doctrine are easily overlooked when employing a granular focus on particular rights. Instead, the Article presents an overarching framework that brings together, descriptively and normatively, otherwise disparate strands of free speech law. The guiding principle of this framework is that First Amendment coverage for nonexpressive conduct depends on whether the government uses a rule that targets speech (e.g., a special tax on newspapers), not on whether expression is indirectly burdened by particular applications of otherwise constitutional rules (e.g., a child labor law applied to newspapers). Applications of this “anti-targeting” principle vary by context, but the general concept offers a surprisingly comprehensive account of most Supreme Court decisions. Tracing the development of the anti-targeting principle also reveals an underappreciated shift in the way that the Court has dealt with claims based on nonexpressive conduct. This historical argument shows that the reasoning in many of the Court’s foundational cases — including Buckley v. Valeo, Branzburg v. Hayes, Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, and Roberts v. United States Jaycees — is now out of step with current doctrine.
Understanding the experiences of women in jazz: A suggested model:

Jazz has long been recognized as a male-dominated field, with females traditionally having only limited acceptance, often in the roles of singer and pianist. Researchers have explored sources of the gender imbalance in the field of jazz and jazz education, but there is no theory or framework to organize such findings. This directed content analysis of the journal Jazz Changes, the official magazine of the International Association of Schools of Jazz published from 1994 to 2000, analyzed published answers to the following question posited by the journal editors, “Women in Jazz: Why aren’t there more women in jazz education?” Analysis suggests a model including three social-psychological theories to describe the female experience in jazz. The theories include Rosabeth Kanter’s theory of tokenism, which describes a learning environment that females might perceive or experience in jazz; Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson’s theory of stereotype threat, which offers insight into why female musicians might make a ...
Mobile Sensing Technologies and Computational Methods for Collective Intelligence

This book chapter is a review of mobile sensing technologies and computational methods for collective intelligence. We discuss the application of mobile sensing to understand collective mechanisms and phenomena in face-to-face networks at three different scales: organizations, communities and societies. We present an overview of the state-of-the art in individual behavior recognition from sensor data. We discuss related work on group behavior recognition such as face-to-face interaction, social signaling, conversation detection, and conversation dynamics. We also present a brief overview of pattern recognition methods in social network analysis for the automatic identification of groups and the study of social network evolution. We describe a sensor-based organizational design and engineering system for computational collective intelligence applications in organizations. We also provide two example applications of collective intelligence and modeling user behavior at the community scale. Finally, we investigate the impact that these new sensing technologies may have on the understanding of societies, and how these insights can assist in the design of smarter cities and countries.
Thomas Reid on the Moral Sense

In this paper, I state Thomas Reid's views about the moral sense and his criticism of the moral-sense theories of Francis Hutcheson and David Hume. I argue that Reid's views about the moral sense has a distinct advan tage over Hutcheson's while they offer a viable alternative to Hume's. 1. The Words "moral sense" are associated with the ethical theories of Hutcheson and Hume, and one must have some acquaintance with the con ception of a moral sense embodied in these theories to appreciate fully why Reid advances a quite different conception. These ethical theories advance accounts of the nature of some of our ethical ideas. One such is the idea of moral goodness or virtue. The precise account of the nature of moral goodness advanced by either Hutcheson or Hume is a controversial matter, but it is generally agreed that the notion of a feeling of moral approval is an essential part of any account that can plausibly be attributed to Hutcheson or Hume. The moral sense, according to Hutcheson and Hume, is our capacity to have feelings of moral approval and moral disapproval; it disposes us to approve of some things and disap prove of others. (Thus both Hutcheson and Hume thought we were innately disposed to approve benevolently motivated actions.) It is important to realize that Hutcheson especially regards the capacity to have feelings of approval and disapproval as a sense similar to the sense of sight. He posits a moral sense to solve a problem for empiricism that he did not think Locke's empiricism satisfactorily solved: the problem of ex plaining the origin of our moral ideas.
On the reaction of the anaphylactic uterus in situ. (Preliminary note.)

Strips of the anaphylactic guinea-pig uterus contract strongly when tested with the foreign proteid toward which the guinea-pig is sensitive. Our attempts thus far to record similar contractions by applying the proteid to the uterus in situ have been unsuccessful.From this it would seem that the reaction of the anaphylactic uterus while still supplied with normal nerve and blood elements is different from its reaction when isolated from the rest of the body.
Comparative Effect of the Boll Weevil on the Productivity of Coker 100 W and Deltapine 15 Cotton in North Carolina

Fruiting and yield characteristics of semideterminate Coker 100 W and nondeterminate Deltapine 15 cotton were compared under conditions of (1) heavy boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, infestation and (2) virtually no infestation. Varietal differences in the trends in fruiting and yield were similar in the presence and absence of weevils. Under each condition, Deltapine 15 produced a significantly lower yield than Coker 100 W. The decreased yields of Deltapine 15 were due to greater square and boll abscission and the production of smaller bolls, rather than to greater susceptibility of this variety to weevils. Deltapine 15 fruited as early as Coker 100 w, and its nondeterminate growth was not expressed. Hence, the boll weevil did not limit the productivity of Deltapine 15 any more than it limited the productivity of Coker 100 W.
Water Use and Growth of Hibiscus acetosella 'Panama Red' Grown with a Soil Moisture Sensor-controlled Irrigation System

Efficient water use is becoming increasingly important for horticultural operations to satisfy regulations regarding runoff along with adapting to the decreasing availability of water to agriculture. Generally, best management practices (BMPs) are used to conserve water. However, BMPs do not account for water requirements of plants. Soil moisture sensors can be used along with an automated irrigation system to irrigate when substrate volumetric water content (u) drops below a set threshold, allowing for precise irrigation control and improved water conservation compared with traditional irrigation practices. The objective of this research was to quantify growth of Hibiscus acetosella 'Panama Red' (PP#20,121) in response to various u thresholds. Experiments were performed in a greenhouse in Athens, GA, and on outdoor nursery pads in Watkinsville and Tifton, GA. Soil moisture sensors were used to maintain u above specific thresholds (0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45 m 3 ·m L3 ). Shoot dry weight increased from 7.3 to 58.8 g, 8.0 to 50.6 g, and from 3.9 to 35.9 g with increasing u thresholds from 0.10 to 0.45 m 3 ·m L3 in the greenhouse, Watkinsville, and Tifton studies, respectively. Plant height also increased with increasing u threshold in all studies. Total irrigation volume increased with increasing u threshold from 1.9 to 41.6 L/plant, 0.06 to 23.0 L/plant, and 0.24 to 33.6 L/plant for the greenhouse, Watkinsville, and Tifton studies, respectively. Daily light integral (DLI) was found to be the most important factor influencing daily water use (DWU) in the greenhouse study; DWU was also found to be low on days with low DLI in nursery studies. In all studies, increased irrigation volume led to increased growth; however, water use efficiency (grams of shoot dry weight produced per liters of water used) decreased for u thresholds above 0.35 m 3 ·m L3 . Results from the greenhouse and nursery studies indicate that sensor-controlled irrigation is feasible and that u thresholds can be adjusted to control plant growth.
Analyzing conflicts between Clinical Trials from a patient perspective

Patients with serious long-term disease often search for clinical trial information on their own, using sites such as ClinicalTrials.gov. We are developing a patient-focused search tool for clinical trials. Since patients are often concerned that participation in one clinical trial may preclude their participation in other trials, one of the planned features of this system will be the ability to analyze whether treatments in one trial will prevent a patient from participating in another. This paper describes an approach to this task. Eligibility criteria are classified according to linguistic pattern, UMLS concepts, content, and time. The criteria are then compared with treatments and side effects in other trials relevant to a patient, in order to identify potential conflicts.
Soft tissue reconstructive choices for craniofacial reconstruction.

The choices for reconstruction of the scalp are presented. The anatomy of the scalp is described. Local as well as distant flaps are discussed as are reconstructive choices for cranial base defects.
Correlation of Serum Tumor Markers and Lymphangiography with Degrees of Nodal Involvement in Surgical Stage II Testis Cancer

AbstractThere were 60 patients at our cancer center who underwent serum tumor marker studies (beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropins and alpha-fetoprotein) and pedal lymphangiography before retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Surgical stage II cases were divided according to tumor, node and metastasis staging. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and/or alpha-fetoprotein was elevated in 9 per cent (1 of 11) of the N1 cases, 36 per cent (5 of 14) of the N2A cases, 50 per cent (13 of 26) of the N2B cases and 89 per cent (8 of 9) of the N3 cases. Lymphangiography was positive or suspicious in 9 per cent (1 of 11) of the N1 cases, 36 per cent (5 of 14) of the N2A cases, 46 per cent (12 of 26) of the N2B cases and 56 per cent (5 of 9) of the N3 cases. Serum tumor markers and lymphangiography combined suggested lymph node metastases in 18 per cent· (2 of 11) of the7 NT cases, 50 per cent (7 of 14) of the N2A cases, 73 per cent (19 of 26) of the N2B cases and 100 per cent (9 of 9) of the N3 cases. We conc...
Recent Cytogenetic Advances and Implications for Pediatric Practice

Advances made in clinical cytogenetics following the advent of chromosomal banding are discussed and those methods that are the most dependable and informative are described.
Emerging roles and context of circular RNAs.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a large class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that have recently emerged as regulators of gene expression. They have been shown to suppress microRNAs, thereby increasing the translation and stability of the targets of such microRNAs. In this review, we discuss the emerging functions of circRNAs, including RNA transcription, splicing, turnover, and translation. We also discuss other possible facets of circRNAs that can influence their function depending on the cell context, such as circRNA abundance, subcellular localization, interacting partners (RNA, DNA, and proteins), dynamic changes in interactions following stimulation, and potential circRNA translation. The ensuing changes in gene expression patterns elicited by circRNAs are proposed to drive key cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, that govern health and disease. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
To Stay or Not to Stay: Location Choice of Foreign Born U.S. Doctorates

Over the past few decades, foreign-born U.S. PhDs have played a crucial role in shaping the landscape of the U.S. skilled workforce. Not all foreign-born U.S. doctorates however choose to remain in the U.S. workforce. This paper uses a new set of data – the International Survey of Doctoral Recipients (ISDR) - to explore factors that are relevant for location choice of work for foreign-born individuals receiving their doctorates from the U.S. This data set is unique in a number of respects and alleviates current challenges facing the research community. Our analysis identifies a number of demographic and country specific factors having implications for the location choice. We also find that as a part of a growing trend, foreign-born U.S. PhDs who choose to emigrate are positively selected in terms of skills as measured by the quality of the programs they attended. This result deserves attention since it implies that the U.S. may be losing premium talent to global competition.
Epigenetic Combinatorial Patterns Predict Disease Variants.

Most genetic variants identified in genome-wide association studies are non-coding, and they are likely tagging nearby causal variants. Pinpointing the precise locations of disease causal variants and understanding their functions in disease are challenging. A promising approach is to integrate functional data currently available in hundreds of human tissues and cell types to improve fine mapping. Although several methods have used functional data to prioritize disease variants, they mainly used linear models or equivalent naive likelihood-based models for prediction. Here, we investigated whether the combinatorial patterns of functional data across cell types can improve the prediction accuracy of disease variants. Using functional annotation in 127 human cell types, we first introduce a Bayesian method to identify the recurring cell type specificity partitions in the genome-scale. We show that our de novo identification of the epigenome partition patterns agreed well with known cell type origins and were strongly enriched in disease variants. Using the cell type specificity patterns in addition to enrichment of functional elements, we further demonstrate that the power for predicting disease variants can be greatly improved over linear models. Our approach thus provides a new way to prioritize disease functional variants for testing.
Bike Share in Fargo, North Dakota: Keys to Success and Factors Affecting Ridership

Abstract The growing popularity of bike share programs in the United States has prompted many cities to implement bike share systems to enhance mobility and health in their communities. While many of these programs have been introduced in large cities, and existing research has tended to focus on these large systems, bike share programs are becoming increasingly popular in smaller cities as well. Great Rides Bike Share launched with 11 stations and 101 bikes in 2015 in Fargo, North Dakota. This is one of the smaller systems in the United States, but it has been very successful. This study examines the ridership data for Great Rides Bike Share during its first two years of operations, investigates it keys to success, and estimates impacts of weather, temporal, and spatial variables on bike share use. In terms of trips per bike per day, bike share usage in Fargo surpasses that of the largest programs in the country. Keys to its success were the presence of a college campus and the reduced barriers to use for college students. The ridership model showed that temperatures, wind, precipitation, and the location of stations on a college campus all have significant impacts on bikes share use.
Neuromodulation for Nausea and Vomiting in Adult Patients

Abstract Persistent nausea and vomiting, refractory to medical management, responds with effective reduction in symptoms to gastric electrical stimulation (GES). In patients with gastroparesis and gastroparesis-like syndrome, the use of low-energy, high-frequency stimulation reduces symptomology, improves quality of life (QOL), improves nutrition, improves pancreatic exocrine function, improves glycemic control in comorbid diabetics, and decreases inflammation. Physiological parameters initiated by GES are thought to be heavily influenced by stimulation of the vagus nerve to enhance motility and normal digestive functions. Recent discoveries in device modification, disease pathophysiology, implantation methods, and uses in other gastrointestinal (GI) conditions has yielded promising results.
Who finds value in news comment communities? An analysis of the influence of individual user, perceived news site quality, and site type factors

Abstract User commenting forums are a ubiquitous interactive feature offered by news organizations. Despite their popularity, research has generally failed to investigate extent to which news readers themselves find any redeeming value in news comment communities and, therein, the factors that serve as antecedents to such value perceptions. In light of this gap in the literature, this study set out to determine the factors associated with news community value. Using a sample of over 500 news consumers, we explored the impact of individual user, site quality, and site type factors. The results suggested that perceived news community value was highest among those with high levels of self-efficacy and those who use the Internet for civic purposes. The data indicated also that value perceptions were highest for those news sites that were understood to be interactive and aesthetically pleasing. Finally, perceived news community value was highest on sites that were both non-traditional and non-partisan in nature.