cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined Surgical Dislocation and Proximal Femoral Osteotomy for Correction of SCFE-Induced Femoroacetabular Impingement

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a common adolescent hip disorder. Its cause is not fully understood but is likely multifactorial involving both biological and biomechanical factors. The current management of SCFE is focused on stabilizing the proximal femoral epiphysis as it translates along the physis. In significant deformities, the epiphysis remains in a posterior, inferior, and retroverted position after fixation. Some patients undergo osseous remodeling to resolve the deformity, but most will have residual deformity into adulthood. Residual deformity of the proximal femur frequently leads to a cam-type femoroacetabular impingement, which can expedite the process of degenerative osteoarthritis. Many approaches to surgically address post-SCFE femoroacetabular impingement have been described, including femoral neck osteoplasties to remove the impinging lesion and proximal femoral osteotomies to realign the femoral head within the acetabulum. Below, we describe a combined approach involving surgical hip dislocation with open osteoplasty followed by an intertrochanteric osteotomy. This operation addresses both aspects of the proximal femoral deformity associated with SCFE and is an optimal approach for correcting severe deformities.
Gauge calibration system based on piston manometer

An unbaked calibration system is described that permits absolute calibration with a piston manometer in the range 0.0002 to 6 Pa, with a probable error of 5 μPa+0.8%, or in the range 0.00008 to 0.02 Pa, with a probable error of 2 μPa+1%. Procedures and techniques that permit this performance are detailed. For hot‐cathode ion gauges, the magnitudes of systematic corrections for envelope temperature and grid current are also indicated.
Measurement of the fluorine chemical-shift tensor in MgF2

The components of the fluorine chemical-shift tensor in Mg${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ have been measured using the recently developed multiple-pulse NMR techniques. Relative to HF the three principal values of the chemical-shift tensor are - 26, - 11, and +4 ppm.
Spectroscopy and Acronomy of O2 on Mars

Abstract High-dispersion photoelectric spectra have been taken of four oxygen A band lines. Synthetic spectra have been calculated, and ratios of the Martian spectra with the synthetic spectra have been taken to enhance any possible Martian lines. The noise level of the spectra is equivalent to about 20 cm-atm of O2. No features this size appear consistently at the expected locations. A simple model including the extra oblateness of the planetary surface and a higher albedo for the polar cap region, results in an effective air factor of 4. This places an upper limit of 5 cm-atm on the abundance of O2 and of 7×10−4 on the mixing ratio. Comparison with recent positive detections by others suggests that the O2 abundance may be variable; and the O3 abundance has been shown to vary by Mariner 9. An aeronomical model incorporating water vapor accounts for the ozone data and qualitatively supports the possibility of variable O2. Large amounts of H2O2 are predicted, and its photolysis provides a copious source of...
Identification of children's and adults' vowels: intrinsic fundamental frequency, fundamental frequency dynamics, and presence of voicing

Abstract Three experiments investigated the role of fundamental frequency ( F 0 ) in the perception of vowels produced by children and adults. The stimuli were based on a set of American English vowels recorded in /hVd/ syllables by three groups of children (ages 3, 5, and 7 yr) and adult males and females. Experiment 1 presented natural and synthesized vowels to adult listeners for identification. To determine whether vowel-specific differences in F 0 (intrinsic F 0 ) contribute to the accuracy of vowel identification, listeners identified stimuli in which F 0 was held constant at the mean value across the entire vowel set for a given talker. These manipulations had no effect on identification accuracy, either when F 0 conditions varied from trial to trial (Experiment 1) or were blocked within a set of trials (Experiment 2). Holding F 0 constant over the duration of the vowel did not lower accuracy, suggesting that time-varying changes in F 0 make little contribution to vowel identification. Experiment 3 assessed whether the presence of F 0 per se provides benefits for vowel identification. This was achieved by replacing the pulsed excitation source of the synthesized voiced vowels with white noise to simulate whispered speech. Identification accuracy was lower for noise-excited than pulse-excited vowels for all talker groups. Differences between noise-excited and voiced vowels were larger for adult males than for children, suggesting that the benefits of F 0 are not due simply to improved specification of the spectrum envelope. Taken together, the results suggest that (1) F 0 plays a small but complex role in vowel identification in isolated words; (2) the periodicity or harmonicity contributed by F 0 carries more perceptual weight than either vowel-inherent F 0 dynamics or a vowel's intrinsic F 0 , and (3) F 0 characteristics (dynamic patterns and intrinsic F 0 ) provide a relatively small contribution to the reduced intelligibility commonly noted for children's vowels.
A method for rapidly computing windbreak flow field variables

Abstract Computationally inexpensive numerical models for determining components of the mean and fluctuating velocity fields through and around windbreaks are developed for fast and routine calculations such as the estimation of the impact of windbreaks in land management applications. The mean velocity model utilizes the previously-developed QUIC Dispersion Modeling System platform and methodology, which relies on empirical parameterizations together with the principle of mass-conservation to achieve results that are comparable to traditional computational fluid dynamics models, but with far less computational cost. The fluctuating velocity field is an implementation of a similarity solution presented previously. Both the mean and fluctuating velocity models are applicable upwind and downwind of windbreaks having varying thicknesses and optical porosities. Simulations of both wind tunnel and field study experiments show excellent agreement with the data for windbreaks of varying optical porosity (0–0.7) and upstream roughness ( 1 / 30 – 1 / 600 of windbreak height). Results are presented for windbreaks composed of a single row, under neutral atmospheric stratification, and subject to orthogonal winds.
Genomic and Cellular Complexity from Symbiotic Simplicity

The more that biologists study symbiotic microorganisms and their vast influence on animals, the more nature's networkism unfolds in a continuum at different biological scales. In this issue, Van Leuven et al. illuminate how a stable and longstanding animal-microbe mutualism increased its intergenomic network without gaining any new genomes.
Switching Behavior in a Problem Solving Task

(1960). Switching Behavior in a Problem Solving Task. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 349-354.
URBAN JUSTICE, RURAL INJUSTICE? URBANIZATION AND ITS EFFECT ON SENTENCING

Using a sample of felons convicted in Georgia between 1976 and June 1982, this study examines rural-urban diyerences in sentencing. Consistent with previous research, it is found that ostensibly similar oflenders are punished diflerently, depending on whether they were convicted in urban rather than rural counties. Diyerences in outcomes are based both on social background and on factors of explicit legal relevance. They occur for decisions about the type and duration of punishment. Finally, they persist even when selected correlates and consequences of urbanization are controlled. Unlike earlier research, however, this study finds that urbanization usually intensijes rather than reduces differential treatment. The paper concludes with possible explanations for the particularism that appears to characterize urban rather than rural courts. Also considered are the theoretical and empirical implications of the findings.
TeraGrid GIScience Gateway: Bridging cyberinfrastructure and GIScience

Cyberinfrastructure (CI) represents the integrated information and communication technologies for distributed information processing and coordinated knowledge discovery, and is promising to revolutionize how science and engineering are conducted in the twenty-first century. The value of bridging CI and GIScience is significant to advance CI and benefit GIScience research and education, particularly in distributed geographic information processing (DGIP). This article presents a holistic framework that bridges CI and GIScience by integrating CI capabilities to empower GIScience research and education and establish generic DGIP services supported by CI. The framework, the TeraGrid GIScience Gateway, is based on a CI science gateway approach developed on the National Science Foundation (NSF) TeraGrid-a key element of US and world CI. This gateway develops a unifying service-oriented framework with respect to its architecture, design, and implementation as well as its integration with the TeraGrid. The functions of the gateway focus on enabling parallel and distributed processing for geographical analysis, managing the complexity of TeraGrid software environment, and establishing a Web-based GIS for the GIScience community to gain shared and collaborative access to TeraGrid-based geospatial processing services. The gateway implementation uses Web 2.0 technologies to create a highly configurable and interactive multiuser environment. Two case studies, Bayesian geostatistical modeling and a spatial statistic [image omitted] for detecting local clustering, are used to demonstrate the gateway functions and user environment. The service transformation for these analyses is applied to create a shared, decentralized, and collaborative geographical analysis environment in which GIScience community users can contribute new analysis services and reuse existing gateway services.
Influence of hydrodynamic environment on composition and macromolecular organization of structural polysaccharides in Egregia menziesii cell walls

To test whether secondary and tertiary structures of marine-algal structural polysaccharides may be altered during adaptive responses to hydrodynamic stresses, juvenile Egregia menziesii (Turn.) Aresch. sporophytes were cultured under three different regimes: (i) low-energy (LE) specimens were subjected to water motion produced by standard bubbling and circulation of tank water; (ii) high-energy (HE) specimens received additional movement in pumped streams of water; and (iii) stretched (STR) specimens were grown under low-energy conditions but also were subjected to constant, longitudinal tension (0.7 N). After 6–10 weeks growth, cell-wall structural polysaccharides from specimen blades were isolated by solubilizing less-ordered matrix polysaccharides. Neutral-sugar and uronic acid contents of these isolates were measured, and samples were analyzed by x-ray diffraction and by Raman and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. On average, structural polysaccharides formed about 7.2% of dry-weight biomass. The portion of isolated mass accountable to neutral sugars ranged from an average of 85% for STR sporophytes to 94% for both LE and HE specimens. For all specimens, glucose composed an average of 99% of this fraction. Uronic acids could not be detected in isolates from any treatment group. Cellulose dominance in each isolate was indicated clearly in x-ray diffraction patterns and in Raman and 13C-NMR spectra. These data further demonstrated that both the cellulose I allomorph and the disordered form of the polymer were present in each isolate and that the STR isolate contained small quantities of the cellulose II allomorph. In general, the LE and HE samples had very similar crystallinity; lateral order was slightly more developed in LE samples. However, the STR treatment produced cellulose with lowest crystallinity and least lateral order. Results suggest that mechanical stress modified cellulose crystallinity in these kelps by altering levels of disordered cellulose and lateral dimensions of cellulose crystallites and, in one instance, changed the crystallinity qualitatively. Physical disturbances to cell plasma membranes may have instigated these trends. In the STR specimens in particular, such disturbances might have been supplemented by fundamental changes to kelp physiology, affecting both substantial decreases in crystallinity and production of the cellulose II allomorph. Changes in the nature of the cellulose cannot, however, account for changes in the elastic moduli.
Hot coronae around early type galaxies

The study of gas in early type galaxies began at least as early as 1957 when SANDAGE [1] estimated that during the course of normal stellar evolution, the stars of a bright elliptical galaxy would shed ~5×109 M ⊙ of gas. Over the last 25 years, limits on various forms of gas in early type galaxies became increasingly stringent. Models for a galactic wind, like that of MATHEWS and BAKER [2], were developed to explain the absence of gas. However NORMAN and SILK [3] and SARAZIN [4] argued that galaxies with massive halos could maintain gaseous coronae over cosmological times and could overcome the heating from supernovae.
Temporal Analysis and Stimulus Fluctuation in Listeners With Normal and Impaired Hearing

The first experiment investigated the effects of mild to moderate sensorineural hearing impairment on temporal analysis for noise stimuli of varying bandwidth. Tasks of temporal gap detection, ampl...
Water-Soluble Anisotropic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Dextran-Coated Crystalline Nanoplates and Nanoflowers

We report a simple phase transfer based synthesis route for two novel anisotropic water soluble iron oxide nanoparticle shapes, namely, nanoplates and nanoflowers. The nanoplates and nanoflowers are initially prepared in an organic solvent via a modified “heat-up” method. Then, the crystalline nanoparticles are rendered hydrophilic via sonication in the presence of dextran and water. These nanoparticles are highly monodisperse and superparamagnetic at room temperature. High resolution transmission electron microscopy indicates that the iron oxides cores are not affected by the phase transfer. Dextran coating is confirmed by dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The obtained dextran coverage was 26 wt% for the nanoplates and 37 wt% for the nanoflowers. The nanoplates and nanoflowers were not only water soluble, but also remained stable at different pH (4–7) and in common aqueous buffer solutions. Thorough characterizations of the nonspherical iro...
Tadpole Edema Virus: A Viscerotropic Pathogen for Anuran Amphibians

Lunger (1966) has most recently reviewed the amphibian viruses. The amphibian viruses that have been biologically isolated have come from adult Rana pipiens from either Vermont or the Wisconsin-Minnesota area, and in one case from a newt (Triturus viridescens). The newt, however, had been injected previously with kidney tumor material from a Vermont R. pipiens. Morphologically, frog viruses are of 2 types: nuclear forms with herpes viruslike morphology and polyhedral cytoplasmic forms. The nuclear forms occur in and may be the cause of renal adenocarcinoma, the Lucke tumor, while the disease-producing ability of the polyhedral cytoplasmic viruses is uncertain (Lunger, 1966). We have isolated a polyhedral cytoplasmic virus from grossly edematous Rana catesbeiana tadpoles from West Virginia. We have named the agent tadpole edema virus and report here its characteristics, including disease production.
Amplitude-invariant fast light in a semiconductor optical amplifier for microwave photonics

We experimentally demonstrate tunable fast light in a semiconductor optical amplifier based on cross-gain modulation. Up to 60 ps amplitude-invariant time delay is achieved on a 500 MHz microwave signal.
Do You Want Your Students to Be Job-Ready with 21st Century Skills? Change Pedagogies: A Pedagogical Paradigm Shift from Vygotskyian Social Constructivism to Critical Thinking, Problem Solving and Siemens’ Digital Connectivism

As Michael Fullan (2001) so cogently asserts, the moral purpose of education is to equip students with the skills that will enable them to be productive citizens when they finish school. Whereas pre-21st century learning paradigms catered reasonably well for the pursuit of this moral purpose in turning out school leavers with specialized skills that were applicable in highly compartmentalized and specialized Industrial Age economies, 21st century skills require a new paradigm. In their seminal book entitled 21 st Century Skills: Learning for Life in Our Times, Trilling and Fadel (2009) eloquently elaborate on the essential skills for 21st century learning and occupations. I call the adoption of these essential skills the pedagogical paradigm shift. According to these leaders in the field, the essential skills for 21 st century learning and occupations fall into four domains. First are the core subjects and skills such as the orthodoxy 3Rs that every educated person should have mastery of. Second is the learning and innovations skills domain requiring skills such as critical thinking and problem solving. The third is the career and life skills domain, calling for skills such as collaboration, teamwork and leadership. Fourth, is the digital literacy skills domain, requiring skills such as computer literacy and digital fluency. While computers and digital technologies play a central role in the development and utilization of the skills, the more essential skills for 21st century learning and occupations relate not just to the application of technology but more importantly, to the ability to engage in independent critical thinking, and a high level of problem solving, often using technology. This paper reviews the learning paradigms that have guided pedagogy over the centuries and argues that a shift is needed in pedagogy and curriculum towards a paradigm that emphasizes critical thinking and problem solving as proposed by Trilling and Fadel (2009) within the social connectivist paradigm as well articulated by Siemens rather than the dominant Vygotskyian social constructivist paradigm.
Morbidity of medical therapy for ulcerative colitis: what are we really saving?

Aim: The true morbidity, cost and disability of medical therapy for ulcerative colitis are seldom delineated and are even less frequently compared to analogous parameters associated with surgical therapy. Therefore, we sought to assess and contrast medical versus surgical therapy for patients hospitalized due to severe ulcerative colitis. Materials and methods: Patients were matched for age, duration and severity of disease based upon Truelove and Witts' activity index, colonoscopic and histologic appearance and APACHE (Acute Psychological and Chronic Health Evaluation) II scores. Morbidity, cost and disability of 20 medically treated patients who required at least one hospital admission were compared to 20 patients treated by a three stage restorative proctocolectomy. Demographic data, number of hospital admissions, length of stay, total hospital charges including consultant's, surgeon's, and anesthesiologist's fees, morbidity of each approach and disability were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney and Fisher exact tests. Significance was considered as P<0.05. Results: The mean age was 53.6 years in the medical group and 48.1 years in the surgical group (P = NS) and the average duration of disease was 10.5 years and 9.5 years, respectively (P = NS). The same severity of pancolitis was noted in both groups; APACHE scores of 13 and 14 in the medical and surgical groups, respectively, were noted. The total number of hospital admissions and total combined length of stay per patient in each group were not significant. Total mean hospital cost for the medical group was $ 28,477.00 per patient versus $ 33,041.00 for the three stage restorative proctocolectomy (P = NS). The mean duration of disability in the medical group was 6.4 months per patient versus 5.0 months in the surgical group (P = NS). However, patients in the medical group required more transfusions (25%) than did those in the surgical group (0%) (P<0.05) and significant weight loss was more common in the medical group (45%) compared to the surgical group (5%) (P<0.01). All patients in the surgical group were permanently weaned from steroids. Furthermore, while 65% of patients in the medical group had significant steroid-related complications, the major surgical complication rate was only 15% (P<0.01). Conclusion: Medical treatment was associated with a significantly higher overall morbidity than surgical therapy. Additionally, a three stage restorative proctocolectomy was performed at no additional hospital cost or subsequent disability in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. The value of prolonged medical therapy in this select group of patients is questionable.
Vapor deposition of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite thin-films for photovoltaic applications

In this work, we developed CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite films using sequential vapor deposition technique for photovoltaic applications. For thin PbI 2 films vacuum-deposited on different substrates (e. g. Si, PEDOT/PSS/ITO/ glass), the complete conversion to perovskite on exposure to the CH 3 NH 3 I vapor was confirmed based on X-ray diffraction data. For perovskite films prepared under these vapor deposition conditions, planar heterojunction solar cells were fabricated using PEDOT:PSS and PCBM as the hole and electron transport layer, respectively (glass/ITO/ PEDOT:PSS/CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /PCBM/Ag). Under simulated one sun illumination, a high open-circuit voltage of 970 mV with an average efficiency of 4.5% was obtained. While the efficiency of the device with sequential vapor deposited perovskite films needs to be further improved through process optimization, we demonstrated that sequential vapor deposition has a potential to produce high-quality perovskite absorbers for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells.
Factors associated with small head circumference at birth among infants born before the 28th week.

Objective We sought to identify risk factors for congenital microcephaly in extremely low gestational age newborns. Study Design Demographic, clinical, and placental characteristics of 1445 infants born before the 28th week were gathered and evaluated for their relationship with congenital microcephaly. Results Almost 10% of newborns (n = 138), rather than the expected 2.2%, had microcephaly defined as a head circumference >2 SD below the median. In multivariable models, microcephaly was associated with nonwhite race, severe intrauterine growth restriction, delivery for preeclampsia, placental infarction, and being female. The risk factors for a head circumference between 2 SD below the median were similar to those of microcephaly. Conclusion Characteristics associated with fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia are among the strongest correlates of microcephaly among children born at extremely low gestational ages. The elevated risk of a small head among nonwhites and females might reflect the lack of appropriate head circumference standards.
Calcium‐phosphate magnesium‐aluminate osteoceramics

Ceramic materials for permanent implantation in osseous tissue, called osteoceramics, were based on an equimolar mixture of Ca3(PO4)2 and MgAl2O4. Tooth roots with dense regions and with regions of controlled porosity for tissue ingrowth were made from the material. They were implanted submucosally in the mandible and maxilla of dogs. Tissue response was aceptable and strong attachment occurred. Thin sections are presented showing the interface of the alveolar bone and the prosthesis.
Electron spectroscopy of the diamond surface

The diamond surface is studied by ionization loss spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. For surfaces heated to temperatures not exceeding 900 C, the band gap was found to be devoid of empty states in the absence of electron beam effects. The incident electron beam generates empty states in the band gap and loss of structure in the valence band for these surfaces. A cross section of 1.4 x 10 to the -19th sq cm was obtained for this effect. For surfaces heated to temperatures exceeding 900 C the spectra were identical to those from surfaces modified by the electron beam. The diamond surface undergoes a thermal conversion in its electronic structure at about 900 C.
Clinical significance of gastrin radioimmunoassay.

Serum gastrin radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a sensitive and specific method suitable for measurement of circulating concentrations of this peptide hormone, which is a major regulator of gastric acid secretion. When performed under optimal conditions this RIA permits measurement of low and normal serum gastrin levels and changes that occur after physiologic stimulation. Hypergastrinemia may be secondary to atrophy of the acid-secreting gastric mucosa. This form of hypergastrinemia is appropriate and leads to no serious consequences. Hypergastrinemia associated with gastric acid hypersecretion is inappropriate. The major cause is a gastrinsecreting tumor (gastrinoma) that produces the clinical picture of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The differential diagnosis of inappropriate hypergastrinemia includes antral G-cell hyperplasia and isolated retained antum. Accurate diagnosis of these conditions may be aided by ancillary studies including feeding, secretin, and calcium stimulation tests. Distinction among these conditions is important in planning appropriate surgical treatment.
Flexor tendon repair, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.

Background Flexor tendon injury is a common problem that plastic surgeons are called on to treat. Despite their common nature, they present a challenge, not necessarily in the surgical treatment per se but in the ability to achieve a "normal" finger as the end result. Because of the difficulty in attaining good outcomes, much continues to be studied and written about flexor tendon injury. Methods The current literature on flexor tendon repair, rehabilitation, and reconstruction is reviewed. Results Aspects reviewed include type of anesthesia, suture material and configuration, repairs in the different flexor tendon zones, types of tendon rehabilitation, complications of flexor tendon surgery, and flexor tendon reconstruction. Conclusion This review provides an update on the current standards in the treatment of flexor tendon injury.
American Indian Historical Trauma: Community Perspectives from Two Great Plains Medicine Men

The field of community psychology has long been interested in the relations between how community problems are defined, what interventions are developed in response, and to what degree power is distributed as a result. Tensions around these issues have come to the fore in debates over the influence of historical trauma (HT) in American Indian (AI) communities. After interviewing the two most influential medicine men on a Great Plains reservation to investigate how these tensions were being resolved, we found that both respondents were engaging with their own unique elaboration of HT theory. The first, George, engaged in a therapeutic discourse that reconfigured HT as a recognizable but malleable term that could help to communicate his “spiritual perspective” on distress and the need for healing in the reservation community. The second, Henry, engaged in a nation-building discourse that shifted attention away from past colonial military violence toward ongoing systemic oppression and the need for sociostructural change. These two interviews located HT at the heart of important tensions between globalization and indigeneity while opening the door for constructive but critical reflection within AI communities, as well as dialogue with allied social scientists, to consider how emerging discourses surrounding behavioral health disparities might be helpful for promoting healing and/or sociostructural change.
Dominant Mutations of the TREX1 Exonuclease Gene in Lupus and Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome

TREX1 is a potent 3′→5′ exonuclease that degrades single- and double-stranded DNA (ssDNA and dsDNA). TREX1 mutations at amino acid positions Asp-18 and Asp-200 in familial chilblain lupus and Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome elicit dominant immune dysfunction phenotypes. Failure to appropriately disassemble genomic DNA during normal cell death processes could lead to persistent DNA signals that trigger the innate immune response and autoimmunity. We tested this concept using dsDNA plasmid and chromatin and show that the TREX1 exonuclease locates 3′ termini generated by endonucleases and degrades the nicked DNA polynucleotide. A competition assay was designed using TREX1 dominant mutants and variants to demonstrate that an intact DNA binding process, coupled with dysfunctional chemistry in the active sites, explains the dominant phenotypes in TREX1 D18N, D200N, and D200H alleles. The TREX1 residues Arg-174 and Lys-175 positioned adjacent to the active sites act with the Arg-128 residues positioned in the catalytic cores to facilitate melting of dsDNA and generate ssDNA for entry into the active sites. Metal-dependent ssDNA binding in the active sites of the catalytically inactive dominant TREX1 mutants contributes to DNA retention and precludes access to DNA 3′ termini by active TREX1 enzyme. Thus, the dominant disease genetics exhibited by the TREX1 D18N, D200N, and D200H alleles parallel precisely the biochemical properties of these TREX1 dimers during dsDNA degradation of plasmid and chromatin DNA in vitro. These results support the concept that failure to degrade genomic dsDNA is a principal pathway of immune activation in TREX1-mediated autoimmune disease.
Efficacy of soft drink filling room wastewater as an energy supplement for beef heifers

Abstract Twelve yearling Angus heifers, averaging 230 kg initially, were used in a randomised design to study the efficacy of soft drink filling room wastewater (SDFRW) as an energy supplement for beef heifers. Heifers were individually penned and fed the same basal ration. The treatments were ad libitum consumption of liquid in the form of (1) water, (2) water and SDFRW and (3) SDFRW. There was no treatment effect on weight gain or feed efficiency. There was no treatment effect on plasma glucose or ruminal acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, isovalerate and acetate to propionate ratio. Ruminal valerate was higher for heifers receiving SDFRW only. The SDFRW used in this study was not an efficacious energy supplement for beef heifers. The SDFRW contained a lubricant from canning machinery. It is possible that this lubricant had a deleterious effect on ruminal bacteria, thus contributing to the ineffectiveness of SDFRW as a feed.
Propagation of optical radiation through nonperiodic media

Results are presented of a numerical analysis of the propagation of light through a nonperiodic one-dimensional structure made of layers of dielectric material. In particular, for a Fibonacci sequence of quarter-wave layers, we examine the ratio of the optical reflectivity to the transmission [R/(1 − R), which is the analog of the Landauer resistivity for electrons] as a function of the number of layers, the optical reflectance spectrum, and the spatial distribution of the electric field. We compare the results with those for an ordinary periodic quarter-wave stack and a random quarter-wave stack. For the Fibonacci sequence the observations are consistent with analyses showing that the allowed states form a Cantor set with a Lebesgue measure of zero.
THE IMPACT OF NON–FIBROATHEROMA LESION PHENOTYPE ON LONG–TERM CLINICAL OUTCOMES: A SUBSTUDY ANALYSIS FROM PROSPECT

While fibroatheromas (FA) are known to be clinically unstable, the impact of non–FA lesion phenotype on clinical outcomes has not been studied. In the PROSPECT, pts presenting with acute coronary syndrome underwent 3–vessel grayscale and virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH–IVUS)
Migration of same‐sex couples

The trailing wife literature finds that migration harms the employment of married women for at least several years following a move. The bulk of empirical evidence also suggests that this is due to the social construction of gender roles within the family. This research tests the gender role argument by examining the effect of moving on a family type in which those heterosexual married couple gender roles are assumed to be absent: gay and lesbian same-sex couples. The hypothesis is that, in the absence of traditional gender roles, the effect of moving on men and women will be the same. The empirical analysis uses data from the Public Use Microdata Sample of the 1990 US Census, identifies a sample of same-sex couples, and estimates models of labour-market status and hours worked. The results indicate that the migration of same-sex couples has no effect on the labour-market status and hours worked of men and women in gay and lesbian couples. This provides indirect evidence in support of the gender role argument. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Sea Level Rise on the Intertidal Oyster Crassostrea Virginica by Field Experiments

ABSTRACT Solomon, J.A.; Donnelly, M.J., and Walters, L.J., 2014. Effects of sea level rise on the intertidal oyster Crassostrea Virginica by field experiments. Sea level rise predictions for the next century range from 20 to 200 cm. Coupled with climate change-related increases in storm activity and associated alterations to sediment transport, estuaries and the organisms that live in them may be impacted. Along the eastern seaboard and gulf coast of the United States, Crassostrea virginica is an economically and ecologically important estuarine shellfish species. In an effort to understand potential effects of climate change on intertidal Crassostrea virginica, a novel method for manipulating inundation time of intertidal oysters was developed to examine effects of altering daily inundation time on sedimentation, predation, and competition. Called the oyster ladder, this method consists of suspending oyster shell as recruitment substrate at different elevations within the intertidal zone between mean low...
RChord: an enhanced Chord system resilient to routing attacks

In this paper, we propose a variant of Chord system that is resilient to routing attacks. By routing attacks, we mean the attacks which detour the looking up messages, aiming to disrupt the performance of data look-up systems by increasing the path length of queries. Chord routes messages unidirectionally and has no bidirectional edges. While its performance in the absence of routing attacks is acceptable, it degrades dramatically under routing attacks. Following this observation, we introduce the concept of reverse edges to the Chord system. We named the new Chord system as RChord. We propose several deterministic and randomized algorithms to construct reverse edges. We design a routing algorithm for the new system, which is simple, efficient and backward compatible with the original system. We then analyze the performance of the RChord under routing attacks. We find that its performance is significantly improved in terms of average path length, even by adding very few reverse edges.
Thermophysical Properties of Laser‐Sintered Zr–ZrB2 Cermets

Thermophysical properties between 293 and 1863 K were investigated for laser-sintered Zr-ZrB{sub 2} cermets containing 30, 50, and 70 wt% Zr. The measured values of coefficient of thermal expansion of Zr-ZrB{sub 2} cermets were larger than the predicted values due to the effect of Zr-O solid solution, which was formed during laser sintering. The order-disorder phase transition of Zr-O solid solution resulted in the sharp increase in heat capacity between 625 and 675 K. Thermal conductivities were calculated from measured densities, heat capacities, and thermal diffusivities. Thermal diffusivities at 473 K were 14.0, 12.2, and 8.0 mm{sup 2}/s for 30Zr-ZrB{sub 2}, 50Zr-ZrB{sub 2}, and 70Zr-ZrB{sub 2}, respectively. Thermal conductivities at 473 K were 38, 31, and 20 W {center_dot} (m {center_dot} K){sup -1} for 30Zr-ZrB{sub 2}, 50Zr-ZrB{sub 2}, and 70Zr-ZrB{sub 2}, respectively. Electron contribution to thermal conductivity of the 70Zr-ZrB{sub 2} cermet was determined using electrical resistivity measurements, which shows that total thermal conductivity mostly came from the electron contribution at high temperatures (1073-1473 K) while the phonon contribution was very small.
Scalable Kernel Clustering: Approximate Kernel k-means.

Kernel-based clustering algorithms have the ability to capture the non-linear structure in real world data. Among various kernel-based clustering algorithms, kernel k-means has gained popularity due to its simple iterative nature and ease of implementation. However, its run-time complexity and memory footprint increase quadratically in terms of the size of the data set, and hence, large data sets cannot be clustered efficiently. In this paper, we propose an approximation scheme based on randomization, called the Approximate Kernel k-means. We approximate the cluster centers using the kernel similarity between a few sampled points and all the points in the data set. We show that the proposed method achieves better clustering performance than the traditional low rank kernel approximation based clustering schemes. We also demonstrate that its running time and memory requirements are significantly lower than those of kernel k-means, with only a small reduction in the clustering quality on several public domain large data sets. We then employ ensemble clustering techniques to further enhance the performance of our algorithm.
Effects of training operators on situation-specific automation reliability

Decision support automation's reliability can vary predictably according to situation, resulting in inappropriate trust in automation, and possible performance decrements. Training might ameliorate these problems. In a realtime simulation, air traffic controllers detected aircraft conflicts, assisted by an automated tool which was very reliable in normal situations, but less so in Free Flight (FF) scenarios where certain aircraft deviated from their flight plans. One group of participants was given a small amount of pre-experiment training, being informed that the automation reliability would suffer in these scenarios. As hypothesized, subjective trust was lower in FF for the trained participants. Overall performance did not differ, but the trained group were more likely to detect both real and perceived conflicts (bias shift). Also, they were more likely in general to unquestioningly accept the automation's judgments (which in general was appropriate), as assessed by a new experimental scale of self-reported use-of-information. Only the non-trained group showed a relationship between subjective trust and unquestioning acceptance of the automation's judgments on the new scale.
Conducting polymer nanowires for chemiresistive and FET-based bio/chemical sensors

Conducting polymer nanostructures are emerging materials with tremendous potential for conductometric/field effect transistor (FET) bio/chemical sensors because of their chemical sensitivity and biocompatibility. Herein, we review recent developments in conducting polymer nanowire-based sensors and discuss the impact of several milestones and continuing challenges. Particular attention is given to device fabrication, nanostructure performance enhancement, and functionalization schemes. Several assembly and integration techniques have been developed for single nanowire devices but significant progress is still needed to improve scalability and manufacturability. Future work should focus on high throughput approaches that enable combinatorial screening of conducting polymer nanowires and heterogeneous, high density arrays of conducting polymer nanostructures, deterministically tailored for targeted analytes. The spatial and temporal resolution of conducting polymer nanowires is addressed along with the origin of the sensitivity enhancement. Functionalization routes add another degree of complexity for biosensors and are discussed in the context of nanosensor performance and device fabrication.
On the value of political legitimacy

Theories of political legitimacy normally stipulate certain conditions of legitimacy: the features a state must possess in order to be legitimate. Yet there is obviously a second question as to the value of legitimacy: the normative features a state has by virtue of it being legitimate (such as it being owed obedience, having a right to use coercion, or enjoying a general justification in the use of force). I argue that it is difficult to demonstrate that affording these to legitimate states is morally desirable, and that obvious alternative conceptions of the value of legitimacy (notably epistemic and instrumental) are not without problems of their own. The intuitive triviality of establishing the value of normative legitimacy may mask a serious problem.
Towed array shape estimation using frequency-wavenumber data

Towed array beamforming algorithms require accurate array shape information in order to perform properly. Very often, these algorithms assume the array is linear. Unfortunately, the mechanical forces on the array due to ship motion and sea dynamics can change the shape of the array, which degrades the performance of the beamforming algorithm. A data-driven approach to estimating the relative shape of a nominally linear array is presented. The algorithm is robust in that it optimally combines information contained in a wide band of frequencies and source bearings. At the heart of the algorithm is a maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation scheme. The Cramer-Rao lower bound is derived and compared to the performance of the ML estimator. The utility of the algorithm is verified using both simulated and actual towed array data experiments. >
Anomalous fluid sorption in polymeric composites and its relation to fluid-induced damage

The purpose of this paper is to review several investigations regarding anomalous fluid sorption in polymeric composites and provide a certain perspective on this subject. This article recounts various experimental weight-gain and weight-loss data recordered for polymeric composites exposed to different regimes of ambient fluid environments. These data are related qualitatively to observations of damage in the form of fiber/matrix microcracks. A coupled diffusion/damage model is discussed and shown to provide a reasonable explanation for experimental findings. It should be noted that the model discussed herein excludes chemical reactions and long-term effects where polymeric time-dependent response couples with the diffusion process.
A low cost simple RF front end using time-domain multiplexing for direction of arrival estimation of physiological signals

Doppler radar has been used for vital signs monitoring. Multiple subject monitoring and direction of arrival estimation is possible by using multiple antennas and receivers. The homodyne receiver requires a quadrature demodulator for each antenna. The complexity of the system and the number of baseband channels will increase with the number of antennas. In this paper we propose time-domain multiplexing of the RF outputs of a four element antenna array and down-conversion using a single IQ demodulator. We de-multiplex the outputs in baseband and estimate the DOA for mechanical targets and a human subject breathing in front of the radar.
RNA Secondary Structure Formation: A Solvable Model of Heteropolymer Folding

The statistical mechanics of heteropolymer structure formation is studied in the context of RNA secondary structures. A designed RNA sequence biased energetically towards a particular native structure (a hairpin) is used to study the transition between the native and molten phase of the RNA as a function of temperature. The transition is driven by a competition between the energy gained from the polymer's overlap with the native structure and the entropic gain of forming random contacts. A simplified Go-like model is proposed and solved exactly. The predicted critical behavior is verified via exact numerical enumeration of a large ensemble of similarly designed sequences.
Interactive effects of inorganic phosphate nutrition and carbon dioxide enrichment on assimilate partitioning in barley roots

The combined effects of inorganic phosphate (Pi) insufficiency and CO 2 enrichment on metabolite levels and carbon partitioning were studied using roots of 9-, 13- and 17-day-old barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Brant). Plants were grown from seed in controlled environment chambers providing 36 ± 1 Pa (ambient) or 100 ± 2Pa (elevated) CO 2 and either 1.0 mM (Pi sufficient) or 0.05 mM (Pi insufficient) Pi. When values were combined for both Pi treatments, plants grown under enhanced CO 2 showed increased root dry matter, adenylates (ATP + ADP), glutamine and non-structural carbohydrates other than starch. In contrast with shoots, enhanced CO 2 partially reversed the inhibition of root dry matter formation imposed by Pi insufficiency. The Pi-insufficient treatment also increased sucrose, glucose and fructose levels in barley roots. The Pi and CO 2 treatments were additive, so that the highest soluble carbohydrate levels were observed in roots of Pi-insufficient plants from the elevated CO 2 treatment. Pi limitation decreased dry matter formation, acid-extractable Pi, nitrate, hexose-phosphates, glutamate, glutamine and acid invertase activity of barley roots in plants grown in both ambient and elevated CO 2 Adenylate levels in roots were unaffected by the moderate Pi insufficiency described here. Thus, the reduced hexose-phosphate levels of Pi-insufficient roots were not likely to be the result of low adenylate concentrations. The above results suggest that the capacity of barley roots to utilize carbohydrates from the shoot is inadequate under both Pi-insufficient and CO 2 -enriched treatments. In addition, the Pi and CO 2 treatments used here alter the nitrogen metabolism of barley roots. These findings further emphasize the importance of avoiding nutrient stress during CO 2 enrichment experiments.
Testing for Misspecification in the Referendum Contingent Valuation Approach

Binary choice models are frequently used in the analysis of referendum contingent valuation data. Because omitted regressors, heteroskedasticity, and distribution asymmetry in these models result in inconsistent parameter estimates, it is important that misspecification tests be undertaken. In this article, conditional moment tests for these problems are presented and applied to data from two referendum contingent valuation studies. Results show that some models have misspecification problems and that these problems affect the estimation of welfare measures.
Bird song: a model complex adaptive system

Bird songs make an attractive model for studying complex systems. They may range from simple repeated sequences, to complex sequences of different phrase types, much like human language. There is probably no single way to best characterize their complexity. We should avoid saying that that "bird songs are in complexity class X". The diversity of examples suggests that the song of one bird species or another can probably be found to exemplify and model many kinds of complex systems. We suggest that the complexity classes for cellular automata distinguished by Wolfram might give some insight into the capacity of bird songs to transmit information and of the complexity needed to generate them.
Cache Performance Analysis for System References

The previous chapters laid the groundwork for accurate and efficient cache performance analysis by describing techniques for data collection and cache analysis. The next two chapters analyze cache performance using both cold-start and warm-start trace-driven simulation of the ATUM trace samples.