cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An implementation model for reducing resistance to technological change

The process of implementing advanced manufacturing technologies in an organization can impact the way in which individuals adjust to the new technology. The acceptance of or resistance to new technologies by individuals in the organization ultimately impacts the success of advanced technologies in achieving the organization's objectives. A framework model is presented for guiding managers and implementation teams through the implementation process with the objective of facilitating positive individual adjustment to new technologies and minimizing resistance to change. Five major stages are proposed in the model: initial decision, introduction, initialization, early job experiences, and institutionalization. Major factors that impact individual adjustment to technological change in each stage are discussed.
Rules for the misdirection of the mind

Author's Note: These thoughts were composed for a panel of educators hoping to clarify the roots of their unease about the present condition of their art. My approach is to suggest that all grounds for unease will vanish like a dream if our students will only adopt the following highly teachable and broadly applicable method. I venture to say that in light of its great promise of effectiveness, it is truly a wonder that nothing like this method has hitherto been adopted by any educational system.
Racial Differences in Hemodynamic Responses to Environmental Thermal Stress Among Adolescents

Background—Previous studies by our laboratory and others have shown that blood pressure (BP) responses to many short-term laboratory stressors are greater in black than in white children. We sought to determine the cardiac and vascular contributions to these differences in BP reactivity and whether racial differences in vascular reactivity involve excessive vasoconstriction or deficient vasodilation. Methods and Results—We evaluated BP, heart rate, and impedance cardiographic measures of preejection period (PEP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) in healthy black (n=76) and white (n=60) adolescents (mean age, 14.8 years) during passive exposure to a vasoconstrictive cold chamber (8°C to 10°C) and a vasodilatory heat chamber (40°C to 42°C). Results indicated greater decreases in PEP and increases in TPR in blacks than whites during cold exposure (P<0.05) but no group differences during heat exposure. Covariance analyses indicated that the racial differences during cold exposure probably reflected greate...
Development of an Insole System for Real-time Capture of Ground Reaction Forces in Lower-limb Amputees

Current insole systems often require costly equipment and additionally exhibit large form factors and are often of limited in their range of activities that they can measure. These problems can be addressed if spatial resolution in the insole is sacrificed. In this study, a low-resolution smart insole system was designed and developed for the real-time determination of several gait parameters. Tekscan flexi-force sensors were selected to meet the required sensor properties: durability, sensitivity, precision and sensing-area. F-Scan system and PressureStat film were used to accurately position the sensors on the insole to capture the heel and metatarsals. Sensor data from the insole were acquired and wirelessly transmitted to a PC using an Arduino microcontroller with XBee radio. The insole was calibrated for pressure with a Kistler force plate system. Captured ground reaction forces were analyzed for symmetry in external work and gait phase transitions in unilateral lower-limb amputees on both anatomical and prosthetic feet in multiple ambulation tasks, including level-ground and ramp walking. The developed wireless instrumented insole system has the advantages of broadcasting real-time insole forces with minimal computational resources as well as being durable and portable.
A note on finite deflections of circular ring plates

We solve the problem of the symmetrically deforming edge loaded polar-orthotropic circular ring plate for the case of large deformations of a radially rigid plate, and compare the results with the corresponding solutions in accordance with the small finite deformation equations of von Karman.
Validation of an Output-Adaptive, Tetrahedral Cut-Cell Method for Sonic Boom Prediction

A cut-cell approach to computational fluid dynamics that uses the median dual of a tetrahedral background grid is described. The discrete adjoint is also calculated for an adaptive method to control error in a specified output. The adaptive method is applied to sonic boom prediction by specifying an integral of offbody pressure signature as the output. These predicted signatures are compared to wind-tunnel measurements to validate the method for sonic boom prediction. Accurate midfield sonic boom pressure signatures are calculated with the Euler equations without the use of hybrid grid or signature propagation methods. Highly refined, shock-aligned anisotropic grids are produced by this method from coarse isotropic grids created without prior knowledge of shock locations. A heuristic reconstruction limiter provides stable flow and adjoint solution schemes while producing similar signatures to Barth―Jespersen and Venkatakrishnan limiters. The use of cut cells with an output-based adaptive scheme automates the volume grid generation task after a triangular mesh is generated for the cut surface.
The Katrina Hurricane Spectacle and Crisis of the Bush Presidency

The August 2005 Hurricane Katrina media spectacle put on display the glaring inequities of race and class that define the United States in the new millennium. The inability of the federal governmen...
Technical advances in total aortic arch replacement.

Abstract Background We compared the effects of using hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) alone, HCA combined with selective cerebral perfusion (SCP), and use of SCP with a trifurcated graft (T) on outcome after aortic arch repair. Methods One hundred fifty patients, median age 66 years (range, 27 to 85), underwent total arch replacement between 1988 and 2002; 75 were female. We retrospectively compared the results of three patient groups roughly comparable with regard to preoperative risk factors: 45 patients using HCA beginning in 1988; 67 patients using HCA/SCP beginning in 1994; and 38 patients utilizing a trifurcated arch graft in conjunction with SCP through the axillary artery (HCA/SCP/T) since 2000. The groups were well matched with regard to median age (66, 68, and 66 years), urgency (emergent 11%, 13%, 5%; urgent 24%, 9%, 18%; and elective 64%, 78%, 76%), and several other known risk factors ( p = not significant). Results An adverse outcome—hospital death or permanent stroke—occurred in 14%: in 16% with HCA, in 16% with HCA/SCP, and in 8% with HCA/SCP/T. Transient neurologic dysfunction among patients surviving without stroke was lower with HCA/SCP/T (11%) than with HCA (33%) or HCA/SCP (17%). Mean duration of HCA was 52 ± 16 minutes with HCA alone versus 45 ± 10 minutes with HCA/SCP and 31 ± 7 minutes with HCA/SCP/T ( p p = not significant). Comparison of the groups of patients who had comparable preoperative risk factors for adverse outcome showed a trend toward lower adverse outcome and transient neurologic dysfunction rates using HCA/SCP/T; a significant reduction in respiratory ( p p = 0.015) and cardiac ( p = 0.005) complications in HCA/SCP/T compared with the earlier groups; and significantly shorter durations of intensive care ( p p = 0.004). Conclusions Our results suggest that HCA/SCP is superior to HCA alone for preventing cerebral injury during operations on the aortic arch. By further reducing embolic risk as well as duration of HCA, HCA/SCP/T with axillary artery cannulation may be the optimal technique for averting adverse outcomes, reducing complications, and shortening hospital stay after aortic arch repair.
An Aceto-Osmium Method for Demonstrating Nematodes in Citrus Roots

Difficulties are encountered in observing nematodes in citrus feeder roots because of the presence of suberin and other unsaturated compounds. To obviate these difficulties, infected citrus roots, either fresh or preserved, are immersed in a covered jar for 2 hr at 52° C in a solution composed of distilled water, 16 parts; 10% acetic acid, 10 parts; and 2% aqueous osmium tetroxide, 2 parts. The stained, blackened roots are washed in running water for at least 1 hr and then bleached in 10-30% hydrogen peroxide at 32°C for a few seconds until the color of the roots lightens perceptibly. After several washings in water to stop the oxidation reaction, roots are dehydrated in 70, 95, and absolute ethanol held at 52 °C for 30 min at each concentration. After dehydration, roots are cleared in methyl salicylate at 52°C. Examination for nematodes in most cases, can be made after 30 min.
Recurrent gallstone ileus: third time is the charm.

We report herein the case of a 57-year-old man who presented after the third occurrence of gallstone ileus. The patient underwent successful enterolithotomy, partial cholecystectomy, and repair of choledochoduodenal fistula. Although recurrent gallstone ileus is relatively rare, its occurrence is an indication for definitive management of the biliary-enteric fistula.
Groups at Work: A Sociotechnical View

The semi-autonomous work group and the quality circle are examined as sociotechnical systems in regard their purposes, specific functions carried out for themselves and the organization, their relationships to relevant technical systems and the organization's culture.
Debris Basin and Deflection Berm Design for Fire-Related Debris-Flow Mitigation

Debris flows are hazardous because of their poor predictability, high impact forces, and ability to deposit large quantities of sediment in inundated areas. To minimize the risk to developments on alluvial fans, debris-flow mitigation structures may be required. This study reviewed the state of practice for the design of two types of debris-flow mitigation structures: basins and deflection berms. Published guidelines for these structures are rare, and there appears to be little standardization. Recommended design improvements, particularly for fire-related debris flows, include incorporating several recent developments in debris-flow mitigation design, reducing subjectivity, and enhancing the technical basis for the designs. Specific shortcomings of existing design methodologies include techniques for predicting debris-flow volume, specifications for berm geometry, impact loading considerations, and lack of flexibility in outlet works design, among others. Proposed solutions and guidelines for these issues are presented.
UNIFORM ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS APPLIED TO SEQUENTIAL t ‐ and t2‐TESTS

summary Using some uniform asymptotic expansions for parabolic cylinder functions recently developed by Olver (1959), various integrals associated with the sequential t- and t2 -tests are evaluated asymptotically in terms of the sample size. Then the continuation region inequalities for these tests are inverted and expressed in terms of well known test criteria. It should be pointed out that the inversion of the continuation regions in terms of the well known statistics yields forms for the sequential tests that are more easily applicable by the practitioner than the forms yielded by the method of Rushton. Furthermore, using these inequalities and the asymptotic normality of the test criteria, finite sure termination of sequential t- and t2-test procedures readily follow. Based on simulation studies, power comparisons of the two approximations are also made.
SURGICAL APPROACHES TO THE ACETABULUM

This article presents a concise outline of the indications, surgical techniques, and approaches to the acetabulum: Kocher-Langenbeck approach, ilioinguinal approach, iliofemoral approach, combined approaches, extended iliofemoral approach, and the triradiate approach. No one surgical appproach is ideal for all fractures of the acetabulum. The type of approach used is determined by the fracture pattern and condition of the soft tissues in the area under consideration.
The Approval of Over-the-Counter HIV Tests: Playing Fair When Making the Rules

This paper looks at some of the ethical concerns regarding a recent application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval of the sale of HIV tests over-the-counter (OTC) directly to consumers. The concept of at-home HIV testing is not new, but OraSure Technologies Inc., a U.S. manufacturer of rapid HIV tests, is now seeking FDA approval to take at-home testing one step further to enable consumers to test themselves and interpret the results without the assistance of an outside party. This paper reviews some of the purported benefits and potential risks of at-home HIV testing, and looks at the way one Canadian company is attempting to address the potential risks. In doing so, this paper brings to the fore concerns regarding corporate involvement in the regulatory approval of biotech products.
Electronic structure and phase stability: Effect of a Bain transformation on the thermodynamic properties of substitutional alloys

Abstract In the general context of alloy phase stability, we study the effect of a tetragonal distortion or Bain strain in the b.c.c. crystalline structure onto the thermodynamic properties of substitutional transitions metal alloys. In particular, we show that the tight-binding-coherent potential approximation-generalized perturbation method-cluster variation method approach is able to explain the occurrence of a structural transformation from b.c.c. to b.c.t., the so-called martensitic transformation, at decreasing temperature. The results are analyzed in terms of a competition between the major components of the free energy, for specific values of the electronic parameters which characterize a given alloy system.
Histopathology of Fish: II. The Salmon-Poisoning Fluke

(1956). Histopathology of Fish: II. The Salmon-Poisoning Fluke. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 22-25.
Relations between Plasma Physics and Astrophysics. Comment about Comet Tails

Some speculations are given regarding a possible mechanism for the production of comet tails by ionization of the molecules CO and N/sub 2/ by charge exchange with solar protons. (L.T.W.)
Analysis of monocular optokinetic nystagmus in normal and visually deprived kittens.

Summary The asymmetry of monocular OKN was assessed in normal, monocularly deprived (non-deprived eye) and strabismic cats. No significant differences were observed between the responses of these 3 groups. In young kittens, the gain of OKN for nasalward stimulus was larger than that for temporalward. This asymmetry declined to a low residual level by about one year of age. Neurophysiological recordings indicated that the symmetry of OKN is not related to cortical binocularity.
Abstract 590: Enhancing effect of resveratrol on the antileukemic effects of arsenic trioxide.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of APL, in which it has major clinical activity. However, the requirement of high doses to generate antileukemic effects has been a limitation for As2O3‘s potential use in other subtypes of AML. Given As2O3‘s potent antileukemic properties in vitro, approaches to enhance its effects are of clinical and translational relevance. Resveratrol (RSV), a phytoalexin found naturally in grapes and other plants, has wide-ranging health benefits, and in leukemias, has been shown to induce apoptosis and act synergistically with other agents. In studies to examine the influence of RSV on As2O3‘s antileukemic effects, we found that RSV enhances As2O3-induced cell death in KT1 cells as shown by flow cytometric and MTT analyses to assess apoptosis and cell viability. Our studies demonstrate that combined As2O3 and RSV treatment significantly reduces leukemic progenitor colony formation in a dose dependent manner by K562, KT1, and U937 cell lines. It also results in enhanced suppressessive effects on primary leukemic progenitors from patients with myeloid leukemias. Altogether, our results suggest that use of RSV may provide an approach to enhance the antileukemic effects of As2O3 treatment by potentiating the effects of lower As2O3 doses. Citation Format: Edward J. Wu, Dennis J. Goussetis, Leonidas C. Platanias. Enhancing effect of resveratrol on the antileukemic effects of arsenic trioxide. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 590. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-590
Double-layer effects on simple electrode reactions II. The effects of specifically adsorbed anions and ion-pairing on the reduction of Eu3+ and Cr3+☆

Abstract The kinetics of the reduction of Eu 3+ and Cr 3+ at mercury electrodes have been studied in various mixed perchlorate electrolytes containing iodide, bromide, and p -toluene-sulfonate as adsorbing anions. Specific adsorption data were obtained by means of the constant ionic strength approach due to Hurwitz and Parsons. The rate enhancements observed in the presence of the first two (monatomic) anions were in good agreement with the predictions of the simple Frumkin model only when the experimental, rather than calculated diffuse-layer capacitances were employed in the data analysis. It was demonstrated that the effects of ion-pairing and ligand-bridging of the reactants with the adsorbing anions were negligible under the experimental conditions chosen. From experiments with these systems and also with weakly adsorbing chloride electrolytes it was concluded that ion-pairing did not enhance the electrochemical reactivity of either Eu 3+ or Cr 3+ . The value of the analyses described in separating various contributions to the catalytic effects of adsorbing anions is emphasized.
Human lymphocyte subpopulations: suspension-sheep red-blood-cell rosettes.

Abstract Human thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vitro . Optimum formation occurs when the two types of cells are first put into close contact by centrifugation and then incubated at 4°C for 1 to 20 hr. No rosettes were formed when the cells were not centrifuged but maintained in a suspension by rocking the tubus continuously, unless the lymphocytes were first activated by mitogens. These rosettes also differed from the conventional T rosettes in having an optimum temperature of 37 instead of 4°C, although, similar to the conventional rosettes, they were inhibited by 10 −3 M sodium azide or 2,4-dinitrophenol. 5 μg/ml of cytochalasin B, and a 1:5000 dilution of anti-lymphocytic sera. The percentages of these cells after 72 hr of culture with PHA, Con A, and PWM were 34.2 ± 6.4, 31.6 ± 5.6, and 6.3 ± 1.0, respectively ( n = 6, 3, 3). Percentages in samples 48 hr after stimulation with sodium periodate. neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase, and galactose oxidase alone were 0 ± 0, 34.5 ± 2.8, and 13 ± 2.1, respectively ( n = 3, 15, 3). With each mitogen, the percentages of rosettes depended on the concentrations of mitogen in a manner closely parallel to that of tritiated thymidine ([ 3 H] TdR) incorporation. However, the rosette-forming cells appeared as early as the 24th hr of culture, while [ 3 H]TdR incorporation did not increase significantly until 44–48 hr. Further, the generation of rosette-forming cells was not inhibited by concentrations of mitomycin C which completely inhibited [ 3 H]TdR incorporation or by puromycin and cycloheximide which completely inhibited tritiated leucine incorporation. In conclusion, these rosette-forming cells represented a group of activated lymphocytes. This assay constitutes an additional investigative tool for assessing lymphocyte response to mitogens. It has the advantages of being independent of the usual DNA and protein synthesis and also allows direct enumeration of activated cells.
THE POET, THE PRACTITIONER, AND THE BEHOLDER: REMARKS ON PHILIP HEFNER'S “CREATED CO‐CREATOR”

Abstract Philip Hefner's notion of the created co-creator is treated here as a concept in its procedural sense. The concept as a theoretical construct offers a substantial account of human capabilities, their ingenuity to transcend the intrinsic and bring about a new order of growth and development. However, the limitation of this concept is its neatness. It suppresses that which cannot be suppressed. This otherwise straightforward concept fails to give a realistic description of the human in situations of being on the edge that points to an end where there are no alternatives or negotiations. What is promising in the created co-creator is that it is able to incorporate elements of the Western philosophical and theological anthropology. I propose that the created co-creator reflects and elaborates the Aristotelian human attributes of theoria, praxis, and poiesis.
A visual tool for ontology alignment to enable geospatial interoperability

In distributed geospatial applications with heterogeneous databases, an ontology-driven approach to data integration relies on the alignment of the concepts of a global ontology that describe the domain, with the concepts of the ontologies that describe the data in the distributed databases. Once the alignment between the global ontology and each distributed ontology is established, agreements that encode a variety of mappings between concepts are derived. In this way, users can potentially query hundreds of geospatial databases using a single query. Using our approach, querying can be easily extended to new data sources and, therefore, to new regions. In this paper, we describe the AgreementMaker, a tool that displays the ontologies, supports several mapping layers visually, presents automatically generated mappings, and finally produces the agreements.
Ion extraction capabilities of closely spaced grids

The ion extraction capabilities of accelerator systems with small screen hole diameters (less than 2.0 mm) are investigated at net-accelerating voltages of 100, 300, and 500 V. Results show that the impingement-limited perveance is not dramatically affected by reductions in screen hole diameter to 1.0 mm, but impingement-limited performance was found to be dependent on the grid separation distance, the discharge-to-total accelerating voltage ratio, and the net-to-total accelerating voltage ratio. Results obtained using small hole diameters and closely spaced grids indicate a new mode of grid operation where high current density operation can be achieved with a specified net acceleration voltage by operating the grids at a high rather than low net-to-total acceleration voltage. Beam current densities as high as 25 mA/sq cm were obtained using grids with 1.0 mm diameter holes operating at a net accelerating voltage of 500 V.
Employment as a Community Psychologist in a University-Based Research Institute

SUMMARY The present paper describes the educational background and current role of a community psychologist conducting tobacco control studies at a research institute affiliated with a university medical school. This includes how the author originally became interested in community psychology as an undergraduate, chose a graduate training program and postdoctoral fellowship, and how this training was instrumental in obtaining the current position.
Potentiation of Contraction of Glycerol-Extracted Muscle by Deoxycholate

SummaryTreatment with the detergent deoxycholate potentiates the rate and extent of the ATP-induced contraction of both thick (485 μ) glycerol-extracted arterial muscle and thick (700 μ) skeletal muscle fiber bundles. Deoxycholate does not affect the ATP-induced contraction of thin glycerol-extracted fiber bundles (180 and 135 μ for arterial muscle and skeletal muscle fiber bundles, respectively) . It does not affect the Ca-induced contraction of arterial muscle fiber bundles pre-equilibrated with 5 mM MgATP, and inhibits the ATPase activity of skeletal muscle actomyosin. It thus appears that the potentiating action of deoxycholate on the contraction of thick glycerol-extracted fiber bundles is due to its ability to enhance the diffusion of ATP through the fiber bundle.
Laboratory implementation of a rapid three‐stain technique for detection of microorganisms from lower respiratory specimens

A rapid, cost-effective method for the evaluation of lower respiratory specimen has become increasingly important in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases in immunocompromised patients. In the past, the technically demanding, time-consuming, and expensive Gomori-methenamine-silver (GMS) stain was the principal means for the evaluation of these specimens. In this study, we compared the GMS stain with a new rapid, three-stain protocol for the evaluation of lower respiratory specimens. Lower respiratory specimens were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Conventional Wright/Giemsa and Gram stains were utilized, as well as a contemporary strain, calcofluor white (CW). A cell count was performed on the BAL specimens, and cytospins were stained by the three stains. The calcofluor white-stained slides were examined with an epi-fluorescent microscope, whereas the other stains were evaluated with a conventional light microscope. Gomori-methenamine-silver (GMS), acid-fast bacillus (AFB), and Papanicolaou (PAP) stains were performed as controls. Thirty-two BAL procedures were performed in 20 (63%) male patients and 12 (37%) female patients. The clinical diagnosis was pneumonia in 31% of the patients, malignant hematologic disease in 28%, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 9%, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 28%. Of these specimens, 78% were adequate for interpretation and 22% were inadequate. Bacteria were found in 50% (16/32) of all BALs, fungi were found in 9% (3/32), and Pneumocystis carinii was found in 9% (3/32). Gram-positive bacteria were most frequently found in patients with pneumonia (80%, 4/5), whereas P. carinii was identified in patients with AIDS. There were no false-positive results. One CW stain was equivocal for P. carinii due to high fluorescent background. Laboratory implementation of the rapid, three-staining technique was accomplished without difficulty in microbiology and hematology laboratory sections. Specimen evaluation with the rapid staining protocol was technically easy to perform; however, experience in ultraviolet fluorescent microscopy was crucial for interpretation of CW stain. All results were available in 2 hr, cost was reduced by 30%, and the assays were available 7 days/week. Further studies are ongoing to substantiate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of this technique, as well as clinical guidelines for its optimal utilization. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Trends in computing-system architecture

The evolution of general-purpose computing-systems architecture has been strongly influenced by the emergence of new technologies, the demand for new system applications, and the identification of significant architectural concepts. It is argued that today's architecture is primarily the product of this evolutionary process rather than the result of a deliberate design process. Current architectural structures age examined in terms of their ability to fully exploit forthcoming hardware technologies, particularly in the memory and data management areas, and also their potential for resolving the serious problems which currently exist in the area of software development.
Lagrangian block diagonalization

Relative equilibria, i.e., steady motions associated to specified group motions, are an important class of steady motions of Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems with symmetry. Relative equilibria can be identified by means of a variational principle on the tangent space of the configuration manifold. We show that relative equilibria can also be found by means of a variational principle on the configuration manifold itself. Formal stability of a relative equilibrium corresponds to definiteness of the second variation of the energymomentum functional, which is a specified combination of the total energy and the group momentum, on an appropriate subspace. We decompose this subspace into three subspaces by means of the Legendre transformation and the group action and show that the second variation block diagonalizes with respect to these subspaces. The techniques employed here are a generalization of the reduced energy-momentum method of Simoet al. (1991), which applies only to simple mechanical systems, to a more general class of conservative systems, including systems on which the symmetry group does not act freely. We briefly discuss a generalization of a result due to Patrick (1990) that provides conditions under which formal stability implies nonlinear orbital stability. Several simple examples, including natural mechanical systems, are used to illustrate the block diagonalization procedure.
An aphidicolin-resistant mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cell with altered DNA polymerase and 3′ exonuclease activities

A comparison was made of partially purified DNA polymerases α, δ, ϵ and from normal Chinese hamster ovary cells and mutant cells (JK3-1–2A) resistant to aphidicolin, araA, and AraC. In vitro the pol α from the mutant cells (1) was resistant to aphidicolin and araCTP but was sensitive to araATP, (2) showed a 1.6 to 2.6-fold reduced specific activity, and (3) was more sensitive to carbonyldiphosphonate, DMSO and SJK 287-38 anti-pol α antibody inhibition, but was less senstive to alkyphenyl nucleotide analogs BuPdGTP and BuAdATP. On the other hand, pol δ and pol ϵ of the mutant cells did not show increased aphidicolin-resistance but differed from the wild type enzymes with regard to their 3′ exonuclease activity. The 3′ exonuclease/DNA polymerase activity ratio was increased 6-fold for pol δ and 3.3-fold for pol ϵ for enzymes from the mutant cells in comparison to wild type values. It is suggested that these altered properties of the DNA polymerases of the α-family are responsible for in vivo aphidicolin resistance of the mutant cells. The higher 3′ exonuclease activity may explain the observed antimutator phenotype of this cell line. In view of the proficient 3′ exonuclease activities of the DNA pol δ and ϵ, the present aphr mutant is unique among all mammalian DNA polymerase mutants.
A modification of the acetic acid-urea system for use in microslab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract A modification of the S. Panyim and R. Chalkley (1969, Arch. Biochem. Biophys.130, 337) acetic acid-urea polyacrylamide gel system to include a stacking gel has been devised. The modification makes possible the use of acetic acid-urea gels in the microslab system of P. T. Matsudaira and D. R. Burgess (1978, Anal. Biochem.87, 386).
Woodpulp fines or corn silage as roughages in complete rations or a pelleted complete ration for young dairy replacements 18 through 36 weeks of age.

Abstract Twenty-eight Holstein calves were fed one of three experimental diets from 18 through 36 wk: 1) 50% woodpulp fines, 25% corn silage, and 25% concentrate; 2) 75% corn silage and 25% concentrate; and 3) a commercially available, pelleted, total calf ration. The first two rations were equivalent in roughage, vitamin, and mineral content, and all three rations were equivalent in crude protein. Average daily gain (kg), dry matter intake (% of body weight), and feed/gain for calves fed the three rations were .92, 2.42, 6.28; 1.10, 2.29, 4.07; and 1.12, 3.16, 6.73. Glucose (mg/100ml), urea nitrogen (mg/100ml), and B-hydroxybutyrate (mg/100ml) in plasma from calves at 23 wk were 72.0, 5.2, .7; 72.5, 5.1, 1.9; and 82.4, 12.3, .8. The amount of butyrate (% of total), acetate/propionate, and pH of the rumen fluid from calves at 23 wk were 6.31, 2.79, 6.99; 11.74, 2.76, 7.05; and 9.89, 2.04, 6.73. Papillae length (cm) and density/cm 2 of the rumen tissue from male calves by biopsy were: 1.83, 48.5; 2.12, 67.1; and 2.12, 27.6. Corn silage and woodpulp fines or corn silage alone can be fed to dairy calves in complete rations with satisfactory results from 18 to 36 wk of age. Additional experimentation is required to optimize quantities and proportions of these roughages in complete rations for young heifers.
Transformation of molecular nitrogen to nonmolecular phases at megabar pressures by direct laser heating

Direct laser heating of molecular ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ to above $1400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ at $120--130\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ results in the formation of a reddish amorphous phase and a transparent crystalline solid above $2000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Raman and x-ray data confirm that the transparent phase is cubic-gauche nitrogen (cg-N), while the amorphous phase could be an extension of the already known $\ensuremath{\eta}$ phase. The reddish color of the amorphous phase, however, might also indicate the presence of $\mathrm{N}\mathrm{N}$ bonds. The quenched amorphous phase is stable down to at least $70\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, analogous to cg-N. A chemophysical phase diagram is presented which emphasizes the difference between pressure- and temperature-induced transitions from molecular to nonmolecular solids, as found in other low $Z$ systems.
Teaching Mothers of Low Socioeconomic Status to Use Decontextualized Language During Storybook Reading.

This study investigated the effects of teaching mothers of low socioeconomic status (SES) to use decontextualized language during storybook reading with their preschool-age children. A multiple baseline design across behaviors and participants evaluated the effects of the intervention for five dyads. Mothers' and children's use of decontextualized language and measures of dyadic interaction during storybook reading were examined. Mothers were able to learn decontextualized language strategies, and children's use of decontextualized language covaried with mothers' use of the strategies. Changes in the content of talk during storybook reading resulted in modest increases in dyadic interaction. An implication of this study is that caregivers of low SES can be taught to use the type of language that should help prepare their children for the language demands of the classroom.
eSNR Improvement in Indirect Detection of mid-IR Signals by Wavelength Conversion in SOS Waveguides

With a transparency window up to 6 μm, sapphire can serve as a platform to support silicon photonic integrated circuit in MWIR. Planar waveguide devices based on silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) are emerging as a bridge between MWIR and SWIR through frequency band conversion process. While these devices are widely proposed to amplify MWIR signals and generate MWIR source, it can also be inversely utilized to achieve MWIR light detection. Here MWIR signals are down-converted to telecommunication wavelength (1.55 μm) through SOS waveguides and indirectly detected by SWIR detectors. Since detectors at telecommunication wavelengths exhibit superior performances in terms of speed, noise and sensitivity, the indirect detection scheme can be a promising candidate to improve the detection performance. In this report, we analyze performance of the indirect detection of MWIR signals by wavelength conversion in SOS waveguides. Particularly we modeled and compared the noise performance of the indirect detection with direct detection using state-of-the-art MWIR detectors. We show that, in addition to advantages of room temperature and high speed operation, the proposed indirect detection can improve the electrical signal-to-noise ratio up to 50dB, 23dB and 4dB compared to direct detection by PbSe, HgCdTe and InSb detectors respectively. The improvement is more pronounced in detection of weak MWIR signals.
Bound excited states within the density-functional formalism: The Levy functional

By use of a method due to Katriel, it is shown that the Levy formulation of the density-functional theory encompasses excited states.
Molecular markers of radiation-related normal tissue toxicity

Over the past five decades, those interested in markers of radiation effect have focused primarily on tumor response. More recently, however, the view has broadened to include irradiated normal tissues—markers that predict unusual risk of side-effects, prognosticate during the prodromal and therapeutic phases, diagnose a particular toxicity as radiation-related, and, in the case of bioterror, allow for tissue-specific biodosimetry. Currently, there are few clinically useful radiation-related biomarkers. Notably, levels of some hormones such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) have been used successfully as markers of dysfunction, indicative of the need for replacement therapy, and for prevention of cancers. The most promising macromolecular markers are cytokines: TGFβ, IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα being lead molecules in this class as both markers and targets for therapy. Genomics and proteomics are still in nascent stages and are actively being studied and developed.
Divergence in plant and microbial allocation strategies explains continental patterns in microbial allocation and biogeochemical fluxes

Allocation trade-offs shape ecological and biogeochemical phenomena at local to global scale. Plant allocation strategies drive major changes in ecosystem carbon cycling. Microbial allocation to enzymes that decompose carbon vs. organic nutrients may similarly affect ecosystem carbon cycling. Current solutions to this allocation problem prioritise stoichiometric tradeoffs implemented in plant ecology. These solutions may not maximise microbial growth and fitness under all conditions, because organic nutrients are also a significant carbon resource for microbes. I created multiple allocation frameworks and simulated microbial growth using a microbial explicit biogeochemical model. I demonstrate that prioritising stoichiometric trade-offs does not optimise microbial allocation, while exploiting organic nutrients as carbon resources does. Analysis of continental-scale enzyme data supports the allocation patterns predicted by this framework, and modelling suggests large deviations in soil C loss based on which strategy is implemented. Therefore, understanding microbial allocation strategies will likely improve our understanding of carbon cycling and climate.
Glial–Neuronal Interactions—Implications for Plasticity and Drug Addiction

Among neuroscientists, astrocytes have for long played Cinderella to their neuron stepsisters. While the importance of glia in regulating brain activity was predicted by Ramon y Cajal more than a century ago (Garcia-Marin et al., Trends. Neurosci. 30:479-787, 2007), these cells, until recently, have been thought to play mainly a passive part in synaptic signaling. Results obtained over the last decade have begun to suggest otherwise. Experiments carried out in a number of labs have shown that glial cells, especially astrocytes, directly participate in synaptic signaling and potentially regulate synaptic plasticity and network excitability. The presence of signaling pathways on astrocytes that are analogous to those at presynaptic terminals suggests a role for these cells in network plasticity. Findings that the same signaling pathways can be activated by receptors for drugs of abuse present on astrocytes suggest a role for these cells in the addictive process. In this review, we summarize current understanding of astrocytic role in synaptic signaling and suggest that a complete understanding of the process of addiction requires a better understanding of the functional role of these cells.
Mexico and the Brady plan

Mexico has throughout the 1980s been centre-stage in the debates and events shaping the sovereign debt problem. Caught between a sudden collapse of its terms of trade and rising world interest rates, Mexico suspended debt-service payments in August 1982 and ushered in what has since become known as the debt crisis. In the following years, lending to LDCs dried up and debtor countries were increasingly forced to run high trade surpluses to effect ever-growing transfers from poor back to rich countries. In the face of falling growth rates and rising inflation in the high-debt countries; then Secretary of the Treasury Baker proposed the 'Baker plan': in return for economic reforms, high-debt countries would get new access to medium-term new loans, in addition to rolling over of amortization of old loans. New loans had to come both from commercial creditors and the official lending institutions. With access to capital markets restored, the economic reforms would, it was hoped, allow the debtors to grow out of debt. But experience in the high-debt countries showed that the original hopes of the proponents of the Baker plan went unfulfilled. Net transfers out of the borrowing countries went up rather than down; as
Feasibility study of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery inguinal hernia repair

Background A potentially less-invasive technique, transluminal surgery, may reduce or eliminate pain and decrease time to full return of activities after abdominal operations. Inguinal hernia repair is perfectly suited to the transgastric endoscopic approach and has not been previously reported. Objective Our purpose was to evaluate the feasibility of transgastric bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy (BIH). Design Feasibility study with a nonsurvival canine model. Interventions Under general anesthesia, male mongrel dogs weighing 20 to 30 kg had a dual-channel endoscope introduced into the peritoneal cavity over a percutaneously placed guidewire. An overtube with an insufflation channel was used. Peritoneoscopy was performed, and bilateral deep and superficial inguinal rings were identified. The endoscope was removed, premounted with a 4 × 6 cm acellular human dermal implant and then readvanced intraperitoneally through the overtube. The implant was then deployed across the entire myopectineal orifice and draped over the cord structures. Bioglue was then applied endoscopically, and the implant was attached to the peritoneum. After completion of bilateral repairs, the animals were killed and necropsy performed. Results Five dogs underwent pure natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) BIH. Accurate placement and adequate myopectineal coverage was accomplished in all subjects. At necropsy no injuries to the major structures were noted but Bioglue misapplication with contamination of unintended sites did occur. Limitations Our study involved only a small number of subjects in nonsurvival experiments, and no gastric closure was used. Conclusions Many of the characteristics of inguinal hernia repair are especially well suited to the transgastric approach. The repair is in line with the transgastric endoscope vector, bilateral defects are adjacent, and the IPOM technique does not require significant manipulation or novel instrumentation.
Origins of the Children's Vaccine Initiative: The political foundations

The Children's Vaccine Initiative (CVI) was founded in 1990/91 as a means to revolutionize the way that vaccines were developed for the South. The system for the creation of vaccines was a dis-articulated one in which basic research, product development and delivery were handled by different, often insufficiently linked groups. The public sector was deeply involved in research and delivery but not the vital product development area. That area was left to the private sector which was increasingly driven by the needs to maximize profits. Potential vaccines for diseases found in the South, where a hard currency market was limited, were often left undeveloped. The CVI was designed to change that situation. The CVI hoped to exploit the discoveries of biotechnology and produce not only new and improved vaccines, but ultimately to work towards a single multi-antigen vaccine given near birth that would immunize children for life. This article deals with the events that directly led to the creation of the CVI, and to the political problems caused by organizational and national rivalries that the new venture faced from its inception.
History of depression as a predictor of adverse outcomes in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure.

Study Objective. To evaluate the prevalence and impact of depression on the risk of in-hospital death or need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure. Design. Observational single-center study. Setting. Coronary care unit and cardiac intermediate-care unit of a tertiary referral center. Patients. One hundred seventy-one patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure who were included in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Registry (ADHERE). Measurements and Main Results. The 34 patients with a history of depression had a higher likelihood of experiencing the combined end point of in-hospital death or CPR compared with the 137 patients without a history of depression (17.7% vs 6.6%, p<0.05). A history of depression (odds ratio 3.3, 95% confidence interval 1.01-10.6, p<0.05) was still predictive of in-hospital death or CPR in a multivariate analysis after adjusting for predictors of the combined end point. Conclusions. This study suggests that a history of depression is associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality or CPR in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure. Our results require confirmation in larger trials.
Product Positioning and Competition: The Role of Location in the Fast Food Industry

This paper examines optimal product positioning strategies of asymmetric firms in the context of retail outlet locations in the fast food industry. The relationships between profits and product differentiation reveal that both McDonald's and Burger King are better off avoiding close competition if the market area is large enough. However, in small market areas, McDonald's would prefer to be located together with Burger King rather than have the two outlets be only a slight distance apart. In contrast, Burger King's profits always increase with greater differentiation. Offsetting these incentives is the desirability of locating centrally to appeal to the most customers. The equilibrium depends on the market's size. In small markets, McDonald's locates near the center of the market, and Burger King locates to the side of the market. In larger markets, McDonald's and Burger King choose locations on opposite sides of the market, although McDonald's locates closer to the optimal central location than Burger King. I also show that the role of price competition on product positioning is fundamentally different under asymmetric competition than under symmetric competition. Price competition unambiguously induces symmetric firms toward differentiation. In contrast, with asymmetric firms, price competition shifts Burger King's incentives toward locating closer to McDonald's, even while price competition increases McDonald's desire for differentiation. As a result, equilibrium locations with asymmetric firms are approximately the same, regardless of whether prices adjust with location.
Reagent and Data Resources for Investigation of RNA Binding Protein Functions in Drosophila melanogaster Cultured Cells

RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are involved in many cellular functions. To facilitate functional characterization of RBPs, we generated an RNA interference (RNAi) library for Drosophila cell-based screens comprising reagents targeting known or putative RBPs. To test the quality of the library and provide a baseline analysis of the effects of the RNAi reagents on viability, we screened the library using a total ATP assay and high-throughput imaging in Drosophila S2R+ cultured cells. The results are consistent with production of a high-quality library that will be useful for functional genomics studies using other assays. Altogether, we provide resources in the form of an initial curated list of Drosophila RBPs; an RNAi screening library we expect to be used with additional assays that address more specific biological questions; and total ATP and image data useful for comparison of those additional assay results with fundamental information such as effects of a given reagent in the library on cell viability. Importantly, we make the baseline data, including more than 200,000 images, easily accessible online.