cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing noun phrasing techniques for use with medical digital library tools

In an effort to assist medical researchers and professionals in accessing information necessary for their work, the A1 Lab at the University of Arizona is investigating the use of a natural language processing (NLP) technique called noun phrasing. The goal of this research is to determine whether noun phrasing could be a viable technique to include in medical information retrieval applications. Four noun phrase generation tools were evaluated as to their ability to isolate noun phrases from medical journal abstracts. Tests were conducted using the National Cancer Institute's CANCERLIT database. The NLP tools evaluated were Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT's) Chopper, The University of Arizona's Automatic Indexer, Lingsoft's NPtool, and The University of Arizona's AZ Noun Phraser. In addition, the National Library of Medicine's SPECIALIST Lexicon was incorporated into two versions of the AZ Noun Phraser to be evaluated against the other tools as well as a nonaugmented version of the AZ Noun Phraser. Using the metrics relative subject recall and precision, our results show that, with the exception of Chopper, the phrasing tools were fairly comparable in recall and precision. It was also shown that augmenting the AZ Noun Phraser by including the SPECIALIST Lexicon from the National Library of Medicine resulted in improved recall and precision.
Minimizing a Quadratic Cost Function of Waiting Times in Single-Machine Scheduling

This paper deals with scheduling n jobs on a single machine in order to minimize the weighted sum of squared waiting times of the jobs. We present a powerful decomposition mechanism, based on a precedence relation concept, that easily handles problems of the size n = 50 and 100 where the processing times and penalties are independently drawn from a uniform distribution. This mechanism is incorporated along with new branching rules in a branch-and-bound scheme that efficiently handles tough problems of the size 20 and 50.
Prospective comparative study of ability of MR imaging and other imaging modalities to localize tumors in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

The role of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in patients with pancreatic endocrine tumors such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is controversial. In the present study we have examined the ability of current MR imaging compared with other imaging modalities, to localize gastrinomas in 43 patients with ZES. All results were subsequently assessed at exploratory laparotomy (N=34) or by liver biopsy (N=9). For the 18 patients with metastatic gastrinoma in the liver, MR imaging had a sensitivity of 83%, ultrasound 50%, CT 56%, and angiography 61%. The combination of MR imaging, ultrasound, and CT were the same as MR imaging alone. For MR imaging, both T1 and STIR sequences had equal sensitivity, although tumors were more easily seen with STIR sequences. Specificity of MR imaging was slightly lower (88%) than the other modalities (96–100%) because MR imaging incorrectly identified small hemangiomas as possible tumors in four patients. MR imaging was better than CT in identifying metastatic lesions in the liver. For the localization of primary gastrinoma, assessed in 32 patients, MR imaging had a sensitivity of 25%, ultrasound 19%, CT 28%, all three together 38%, and angiography 59%. Localization of metastatic gastrinoma in the liver or primary gastrinomas in 16 patients was assessed before and after gadolinium-DTPA (0.1 mmol/kg). The sensitivity and specificity of MR imaging was unchanged but bolus injection and rapid MR acquisition techniques were not used. These results indicate that recent advances in MR imaging have greatly improved its sensitivity for the detection and assessment of the extent of metastatic gastrinoma. MR imaging is now the imaging study of choice to assess metastatic pancreatic endocrine tumors in the liver. In contrast, the detection of primary tumors by MR imaging has not improved; therefore, angiography remains the study of choice.
Differentiated structure and function of cultures from human tracheal epithelium

Here we describe the conditions which allow cultured human tracheal epithelial cells to retain the ion transport properties and ultrastructure of the original tissue. The order of potency of growth supports and media additives in elevating baseline short-circuit current (Isc) and responses to mediators were vitrogen gel (VIT) greater than extracellular matrix from bovine corneal endothelial cells (ECM) greater than human placental collagen (HPC), and 2% Ultroser G serum substitute (USG) greater than 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) greater than defined growth factors (GF). For all combinations of medium and growth supports, an air interface (AIR) gave better electrical properties than immersion feeding (IMM). As opposed to our earlier conditions (HPC/FCS/IMM), the best new combination (VIT/USG/AIR) produced higher baseline Isc (58.0 +/- 10.6 vs. 5.1 +/- 1.0 microA/cm2) and increased Isc responses to isoproterenol (6.1 +/- 1.5 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.3 microA/cm2) and bradykinin (9.6 +/- 2.0 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.2 microA/cm2), while retaining high transepithelial resistance (227 +/- 5 omega.cm2). VIT/USG/AIR led to the appearance of cilia, an increase in the depth of the cell sheets (50 vs. 10 microns), longer and more frequent apical microvilli, and increased interdigitations of the basolateral membrane. Protein and DNA content were also significantly increased. Secretory granules were present which stained with antibody to goblet cells, but not to serous or mucous gland cells. CF cells grown in VIT/USG/AIR showed high baseline Isc (69 +/- 18 microA/cm2) and a proportionately larger inhibition of Isc by amiloride (70 +/- 10 vs. 34 +/- 3%). Isc did not respond to isoproterenol, and the response to bradykinin was 22% normal.
Pyrrolo- and pyrido[1,2-a]indoles via an intramolecular wittig reaction

Several pyrrolo- and pyrido[1,2-a]indoles were prepared via an intramolecular Wittig reaction in good yields. This reaction sequence represents a facile entry into the mitosene ring system.
Characteristics of Precipitating Convective Systems in the Premonsoon Season of South Asia

Abstract Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) data obtained over South Asia during eight premonsoon seasons (March–May) show that the precipitation is more convective in nature and more sensitive to synoptic forcing than during the monsoon. Over land areas, most rain falls from medium-sized systems (8500–35 000 km2 in horizontal area). In continental regions near the Himalayas, these medium-sized systems are favored by 500-mb trough conditions and are of two main types: 1) systems triggered by daytime heating over high terrain and growing to reach maximum size a few hours later and 2) systems triggered at night, as moist upstream flow is lifted over cold downslope flow from the mountains, and reaching maximum development upstream of the central and eastern Himalayas in the early morning hours. Systems triggered by similar mechanisms also account for the precipitation maxima in mountainous coastal regions, where the diurnal cycles are dominated by systems triggered in daytime...
Ultrasound findings in gestations destined for unanticipated fetal demise.

There are few reports of ultrasound findings in the second and third trimesters preceding intrauterine fetal demise. To describe these findings, the ultrasound assessments of 36 structurally normal singleton fetuses with subsequent intrauterine fetal demise were compared to gestational age-matched controls. Compared to controls, it was found that biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length and estimated fetal weight were all decreased, abnormalities of amniotic fluid volume were more frequent, but the cephalic index was not different. Upon delivery, the group with subsequent intrauterine fetal demise was not found to have any major anomalies, but had a high incidence of abnormal umbilical cord position, abruptio placentae, chorioamnionitis and meconium aspiration. Copyright © 1991 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Muscle Injury Attenuates BMP-2 Mediated Tissue Regeneration in a Novel Rat Model of Composite Bone and Muscle Injury

Musculoskeletal diseases and injuries are a major burden on society, representing the most common cause of pain and impaired function worldwide. Composite injuries involving bone and the surrounding soft tissue comprise one of the most challenging musculoskeletal conditions to return to normal function. During repair of these injuries there is a loss of the synergistic interactions between adjacent tissues resulting in impaired bone regeneration. Additionally, local soft tissue ischemia may also be a contributing factor to increased infection rates observed in severe composite tissue injuries. Muscle has been implicated as a source for re-vascularization, osteoprogenitor cells and osteogenic factors, as well as a contributor to the biomechanical stimuli; however, associated studies have mostly been qualitative in nature, offering little insight into the mechanistic nature of the relationship of soft tissue to bone regeneration. Small animal models of critically sized bone defects are an efficient means to test engraftment strategies of novel constructs and therapeutics particularly in terms of functional restoration of a limb. Our lab previously developed a critically-sized rat segmental defect model with which we have quantitatively assessed bone regeneration using numerous constructs and therapeutic treatments [1]. Our objective was to develop a composite injury model by combining this segmental defect model with a muscle injury adjacent to the bone defect. We hypothesized that animals with a composite injury would have attenuated BMP-2 mediated tissue regeneration as compared to animals with a single tissue injury.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Premature termination from treatment among children referred for antisocial behavior.

Abstract The present study examined differences between children and families who complete treatment versus those who terminated prematurely. Children (N=81, ages 7–13 years) referred to outpatient treatment for severe antisocial behavior and their families participated. It was predicted that families who terminate treatment prematurely would show greater dysfunction in four domains: child severity and breadth of antisocial behavior, maternal stress, maternal psychopathology, and socioeconomic disadvantage. The results indicated that among cases who terminate treatment prematurely children evinced more severe conduct disorder symptoms and more delinquent behaviors; mothers reported greater stress from their relations with the child, their own role functioning, and life events; and families were at greater socioeconomic disadvantage than those who remained in treatment. The implications of the present findings for the design and implementation of treatment of antisocial children and their families are discussed.
Visualization of large terrains made easy

We present an elegant and simple to implement framework for performing out-of-core visualization and view-dependent refinement of large terrain surfaces. Contrary to the recent trend of increasingly elaborate algorithms for large-scale terrain visualization, our algorithms and data structures have been designed with the primary goal of simplicity and efficiency of implementation. Our approach to managing large terrain data also departs from more conventional strategies based on data tiling. Rather than emphasizing how to segment and efficiently bring data in and out of memory, we focus on the manner in which the data is laid out to achieve good memory coherency for data accesses made in a top-down (coarse-to-fine) refinement of the terrain. We present and compare the results of using several different data indexing schemes, and propose a simple to compute index that yields substantial improvements in locality and speed over more commonly used data layouts.Our second contribution is a new and simple, yet easy to generalize method for view-dependent refinement. Similar to several published methods in this area, we use longest edge bisection in a top-down traversal of the mesh hierarchy to produce a continuous surface with subdivision connectivity. In tandem with the refinement, we perform view frustum culling and triangle stripping. These three components are done together in a single pass over the mesh. We show how this framework supports virtually any error metric, while still being highly memory and compute efficient.
Minimum Distance of Codes and Their Branching Program Complexity

The branching program is a fundamental model of (nonuniform) computation, which conveniently captures both time and space restrictions. Recently, an interesting connection between the minimum distance of a code and the branching program complexity of its encoder was established by Bazzi and Mitter. Here, we establish a relationship between the minimum distance of a linear code C and the branching program complexity of computing the syndrome function for C and/or its dual code Cperp. Specifically, let C be an (n, k, d) linear code over Fq, and suppose that there is a branching program B that computes the syndrome vector with respect to the dual code Cperp in time T and space S. We prove that the minimum distance of C is then bounded by d les 2T(S+log2T)/klog2q + 1. We also consider the average-case complexity in the branching program model: we show that if B computes the syndrome with respect to Cperp in expected time T and expected space S, then d les 12T(S+log2T + 6)/klog2q + 1. Since there are trivial branching programs that compute the syndrome vector with time-space complexity ST = O(n2 log q), the bound in (2) is asymptotically tight. Furthermore, with the help of the bounds in (1) and (2), we prove the conjecture of Bazzi and Mitter that a sequence of codes whose encoder function is computable by a branching program with time-space complexity ST = o(n2) cannot be asymptotically good, for the special case of self-dual codes. Our proof of these results is based on the probabilistic method developed by Borodin-Cook and Abrahamson
A planar bandpass filter design with wide stopband using double split-end stepped-impedance resonators

In this paper, we propose a compact planar bandpass filter design with wide stopband. The double split-end quarter-wave-length (/spl lambda//4) resonator is introduced to reduce the resonator size while providing additional transmission zeros. Optimal split-end length is determined to provide transmission zeros that attenuate the two lowest spurious resonance frequencies. The singly loaded quality factor (Q/sub si/) of the optimal-length /spl lambda//4 stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) is also analytically derived. Using the proposed technique to design an Nth-order filter, N+1 controllable transmission zeros are generated and used to suppress spurious frequency responses. The experimental design shows that the sixth-order filter can provide a very broad stopband of 8.5 times the fundamental frequency with at least 37.8 dB of attenuation using the SIRs with a stepped-impedance ratio (R) of 0.528.
Ion annotation-assisted analysis of LC-MS based metabolomic experiment

Analysis of multiple LC-MS based metabolomic studies is carried out to determine overlaps and differences among various experiments. For example, in large metabolic biomarker discovery studies involving hundreds of samples, it may be necessary to conduct multiple experiments, each involving a subset of the samples due to technical limitations. The ions selected from each experiment are analyzed to determine overlapping ions. One of the challenges in comparing the ion lists is the presence of a large number of derivative ions such as isotopes, adducts, and fragments. These derivative ions and the retention time drifts need to be taken into account during comparison. We implemented an ion annotation-assisted method to determine overlapping ions in the presence of derivative ions. Following this, each ion is represented by the monoisotopic mass of its cluster. This mass is then used to determine overlaps among the ions selected across multiple experiments. The resulting ion list provides better coverage and more accurate identification of metabolites compared to the traditional method in which overlapping ions are selected on the basis of individual ion mass.
Glycoprotein D-Independent Spread of Pseudorabies Virus Infection in Cultured Peripheral Nervous System Neurons in a Compartmented System

The molecular mechanisms underlying the directional neuron-to-epithelial cell transport of herpesvirus particles during infection are poorly understood. To study the role of the viral glycoprotein D (gD) in the directional spread of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection, a culture system consisting of sympathetic neurons or epithelial cells in different compartments was employed. We discovered that PRV infection could spread efficiently from neurons to cells and back to neurons in the absence of gD, the viral ligand required for entry of extracellular particles. Unexpectedly, PRV infection can also spread transneuronally via axo-axonal contacts. We show that this form of interaxonal spread between neurons is gD independent and is not mediated by extracellular virions. We also found that unlike PRV gD, HSV-1 gD is required for neuron-to-cell spread of infection. Neither of the host cell gD receptors (HVEM and nectin-1) is required in target primary fibroblasts for neuron-to-cell spread of HSV-1 or PRV infection.
Biochemical Analysis of the eIF2βγ Complex Reveals a Structural Function for eIF2α in Catalyzed Nucleotide Exchange

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2 is a heterotrimer that binds and delivers Met-tRNA(i)(Met) to the 40 S ribosomal subunit in a GTP-dependent manner. Initiation requires hydrolysis of eIF2-bound GTP, which releases an eIF2.GDP complex that is recycled to the GTP form by the nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B. The alpha-subunit of eIF2 plays a critical role in regulating nucleotide exchange via phosphorylation at serine 51, which converts eIF2 into a competitive inhibitor of the eIF2B-catalyzed exchange reaction. We purified a form of eIF2 (eIF2betagamma) completely devoid of the alpha-subunit to further study the role of eIF2alpha in eIF2 function. These studies utilized a yeast strain genetically altered to bypass a deletion of the normally essential eIF2alpha structural gene (SUI2). Removal of the alpha-subunit did not appear to significantly alter binding of guanine nucleotide or Met-tRNA(i)(Met) ligands by eIF2 in vitro. Qualitative assays to detect 43 S initiation complex formation and eIF5-dependent GTP hydrolysis revealed no differences between eIF2betagamma and the wild-type eIF2 heterotrimer. However, steady-state kinetic analysis of eIF2B-catalyzed nucleotide exchange revealed that the absence of the alpha-subunit increased K(m) for eIF2betagamma.GDP by an order of magnitude, with a smaller increase in V(max). These data indicate that eIF2alpha is required for structural interactions between eIF2 and eIF2B that promote wild-type rates of nucleotide exchange. We suggest that this function contributes to the ability of the alpha-subunit to control the rate of nucleotide exchange through reversible phosphorylation.
Influence of nitric oxide in the chronic phase of two-kidney, one clip renovascular hypertension.

Abstract—Chronic two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertension is characterized by a largely angiotensin-independent elevated blood pressure (BP). We hypothesized that the long-term effect ...
Parametrization of an orthogonal matrix in terms of generalized eulerian angles

Formulas are derived which express an arbitrary orthogonal matrix T in terms of N(N - 1)/2 independent parameters γpq (p = 1, 2, …, N; q = 1, 2, …, N; p < q). The parameters have angular character and can be considered as generalized Eulerian angles in N dimensions. Expressions for the first derivatives of the matrix elements Tij with respect to these parameters are also given. Practical applications, in particular for variational problems, are discussed.
Extending l-Diversity for Better Data Anonymization

The notions of l-diversity provides a strong privacy guarantee for generalization. However, existing l-diversity algorithms may force users to choose between publishing no data or scarifying privacy if the data have a skewed distribution of SA values. In this paper, we solve this problem by extending l-diversity in two ways. First, we allow the generalization of SA values and second, we use a simple function to constraint frequencies of SA values. The resulting (τ, l)-diversity is more flexible and elaborate. We present an efficient heuristic algorithm that uses a novel order of quasi-identifier values to achieve (τ, l)-diversity. We compare our algorithm with two state-of-the-art algorithms based on existing l-diversity measures. Our preliminary experimental results indicate that our algorithm cannot only effectively deal with data with skewed SA distributions but also result in better utility of anonymous data in general.
Impaired GAPDH‐induced mitophagy contributes to the pathology of Huntington's disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In order to maintain a healthy population of functional mitochondria in cells, defective mitochondria must be properly eliminated by lysosomal machinery in a process referred to as mitophagy. Here, we uncover a new molecular mechanism underlying mitophagy driven by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) under the pathological condition of Huntington’s disease (HD) caused by expansion of polyglutamine repeats. Expression of expanded polyglutamine tracts catalytically inactivates GAPDH (iGAPDH), which triggers its selective association with damaged mitochondria in several cell culture models of HD. Through this mechanism, iGAPDH serves as a signaling molecule to induce direct engulfment of damaged mitochondria into lysosomes (micro-mitophagy). However, abnormal interaction of mitochondrial GAPDH with long polyglutamine tracts stalled GAPDH-mediated mitophagy, leading to accumulation of damaged mitochondria, and increased cell death. We further demonstrated that overexpression of inactive GAPDH rescues this blunted process and enhances mitochondrial function and cell survival, indicating a role for GAPDH-driven mitophagy in the pathology of HD.
Pooling Dietary Data Using Questionnaires With Open-ended and Predefined Responses: Implications for Comparing Mean Intake or Estimating Odds Ratios

In the current era of diet-gene analyses, large sample sizes are required to uncover the etiology of complex diseases. As such, consortia form and often combine available data. Food frequency questionnaires, which commonly use 2 different types of responses about the frequency of intake (predefined responses and open-ended responses), may be pooled to achieve the desired sample size. The common practice is to categorize open-ended responses into the predefined response categories. A problem arises when the predefined categories are noncontiguous: possible open-ended responses may fall in gaps between the predefined categories. Using simulated data modeled from frequency of intake among 1,664 controls in a lung cancer case-control study at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, Texas, 2000–2005), the authors describe the effect of different categories of open-ended responses that fall in between noncontiguous, predefined response sets on estimates of the mean difference in intake and the odds ratios. A significant inflation of false positives appears when comparing mean differences of intake, while the bias in estimating odds ratios may be acceptably small. Therefore, if pooling data cannot be restricted to the same type of response, inferences should focus on odds ratio estimation to minimize bias.
Time‐Modulated Combinatorially Developed Optical Sensors for Determination of Non‐Volatile Analytes in Complex Samples

We have demonstrated rapid determination of non-volatile analytes in multiple complex liquid-phase samples such as those created in combinatorial chemistry and other experiments. The method utilizes analyte-enhanced fluorescence of a combinatorially selected pair of a solvatochromic reagent bound to a solid support matrix. Our method involves an evaporation step that removes volatile sample components that otherwise interfere with analyte quantification. By applying this time-modulated analysis of optical signature of a support-bound solvatochromic reagent after the contact with a liquid sample and interference removal, our method improves selectivity of chemical determinations of liquid samples. The porous nature of the solid support and its packing geometry along with the optical illumination strategy of the sensor permitted volume-independent analyte determinations over the 30-40-μL sample volume, typical for the robotic delivery systems. Using our detection method and bisphenol A (BPA) as a model analyte, we were able to provide rapid selective determinations of BPA over 880 ppm-25 wt.-% concentration range without interferences from phenol, acetone, acetonitrile, and water.
Conversations about medical marijuana between physicians and their patients.

Sarah meets with Dr. Jones 1 in his office Tuesday after yet another chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer. She has endured six months of pain from this treatment and is at her wit's end. Sarah ...
Combining Information from Similar Experiments: II. Quantifying Qualitative Results

Suppose that independent experiments each indicate general qualitative results, such as higher than normal incidence rates of tumors for exposed populations. This paper suggests methods for amalgamating the qualitative results from several such experiments into a more quantitative form, such as a dose-response relationship. The methods are designed to be robust both to systematic bias in one of the experiments and also to procedural variability across experiments. Data from four rodent experiments with tolazamide are used to illustrate the methods.
How social perception can automatically influence behavior

Do we always know the reasons for our actions? Or is our behavior sometimes unknowingly and unintentionally influenced by what we have recently perceived? It has been traditionally assumed that the automatic influence of knowledge in memory is limited to people's interpretation of the world, and stops short of shaping their actual behavior. Researchers in experimental social psychology have begun to challenge this assumption by documenting how people's behaviors can be unknowingly influenced by knowledge that is incidentally activated in memory during social perception. We review findings that suggest that the social knowledge that is incidentally activated while reading words or imagining events subsequently affects participants' behaviors across a range of ostensibly unrelated domains.
Studies on Materials Under Ultrahigh P-T at the Advanced Photon Source

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) is a third-generation synchrotron now in operation at Ar-gonne National Laboratory. A national user facility for research in the Earth sciences is being constructed by the GeoSoilEnviro group of the Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources (GSECARS). One component of this effort is the program for diamond anvil cell (DAC) research, to study materials at ultrahigh pressure and temperature conditions using a variety of techniques. In this paper, we describe the DAC facility that is being developed at the GSECARS. Recent progress in developing a laser heating system is presented.
Multi-section gain-lever quantum dot lasers

The modulation characteristics of multi-section gain lever quantum dot lasers are investigated in this paper. A 20-dB enhancement in the amplitude modulation efficiency is observed in a two-section quantum dot laser. Based on rate equation analysis a novel modulation response equation is derived to describe the device dynamics. In addition the dependence of the modulation efficiency enhancement and 3-dB bandwidth on the length of the modulation section is discussed. A conservative estimate of the gain lever value of 33 is derived from the measured results.
Eyes on the Horizon

A review of Karen Eltis, Courts, Litigants and the Digital Age, Law, Ethics, and Practice, (Irwin Law, 2012).
Cytochrom-c-oxidase measured in near-infrared spectroscopy - real signal or an artifact?

The validity of measured Cytochrome-c-oxidase changes during physiological activation of the cerebral cortex using near-infrared light has been questioned by us in a previous theoretical study. Here, we use differential activation of visual areas rich and poor in Cytochrome-c-oxidase to further clarify this issue.
Relationship of Antibody Content of Normal and Malignant Lymphocytes.

SummaryStaphylococcus antitoxin titers have been obtained from extracts of lymphocytes secured from a rapidly growing mouse lymphosarcoma. Comparison of these titers with those of the sera and normal lymphocytes of the same animals suggested that tumor tissue had a slightly higher antibody content. Tumor cells were capable of obtaining antibody from some other source in the body, presumably normal lymphocytes. The growth of an antibody-containing tumor transplant in normal mice was accompanied by the development of antibody-containing malignant cells. The normal lymphocytes of the host animal receiving this transplant contained antibody. There is a reversible exchange of antibody protein between normal and malignant lymphocytes.
A Relation between Environment to Two Weeks of Age and Mortality from Lymphomatosis in Adult Fowls

Abstract IT IS now generally recognized that there are two distinctly different means of reducing mortality in fowls from lymphomatosis and related diseases. One of these is to breed strains that are comparatively resistant. The feasibility of doing so has been demonstrated by Hutt et al. (1941) and by Taylor et al. (1943), but the utilization of this method is limited by the fact that few poultrymen are in a position to maintain the necessary exposure to the disease and to carry out over a period of years the progeny testing, with its inevitable record keeping, that is required in breeding of this kind. The other method is to rear the chicks in complete isolation from adult fowls during the growing period. The efficacy of this procedure was demonstrated experimentally by Kennard and Chamberlin (1936) and by Johnston and Wilson (1937). It has been confirmed in practice by many poultrymen. Disadvantages . . .
Semiotic Remediation: Afterword

What should we understand by ‘Semiotic Remediation,’ the title and theme of this work? This was the first question that came to mind when I was asked to write an afterword for the present collection of essays. The title reminded me of a volume that appeared a generation ago, Semiotic Mediation (Mertz and Parmentier, 1985). While that volume’s concerns are still relevant, it seemed to me that enough time had elapsed, and enough additional intellectual work had been done, to make room for a new collection representing a new intellectual move. The starting point for the move, however, is the groundwork laid in the earlier book. Although some scholars might now take that ground-work for granted, in 1985 it was necessary to argue for the importance of a broad conception of semiosis — for a theory of signs and sign-functions that would bring context, both social and material, into the analysis of the ways signs mediate between the world and our understanding of it. Such a theory, argued Mertz in her editorial introduction, should draw heavily on the work of Peirce and his conception of the sign as grounded in the world. Peircean semiotic, with its tripartite set of sign-functions, contrasted with views dominant in other fields 25 years ago — fields that conceived of the ‘symbol’ (in then current symbolic anthropology) and the linguistic sign solely in terms of decontextualized referential meaning. The crucial argument in 1985, then, was to show how semiosis mediates among psychology, culture, and experience.
Bacterial assessment of phage magnetoelastic sensors for Salmonella enterica Typhimurium detection in chicken meat

Abstract Salmonella is one of the most common pathogens associated with foodborne illness in chickens. Food outbreaks from this pathogen haven’t declined in the past 15 years according to the data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It is our goal to improve food safety monitoring in this area by developing a real time Salmonella detection sensor on food surfaces. Previously, we demonstrated the use of phage C4-22 immobilized onto a rapid magnetoelastic (ME) biosensor for use as a front-line detection ligand to detect all Salmonella enterica serotypes in Tris Buffer Saline (TBS). In this study, by using fluorescent imaging, the phage peptide binding to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium cells is again confirmed. Moreover, we constructed two detection models to evaluate the detection of Salmonella on/in chicken meat using the phage coated ME sensors. In the chicken surface detection method, phage C4-22 sensors demonstrated more than 12 times higher Salmonella binding capacity than the control sensors with no phage for the Salmonella spiked at the concentration of 7.86 × 105 cfu/mm2. In the second model, phage sensors were placed at different depths inside the chicken breast (0.1 cm; 0.5 cm; 1.0 cm below the meat surface) after surface inoculation of Salmonella. The second detection system showed that 23.27%–33% of the inoculated Salmonella cells absorbed inside the chicken breast fillets below 0.1 cm of the surface. The data for direct detection on chicken showed that phage C4-22 ME biosensors bind ultimately when there are high concentrations of Salmonella on the chicken surface. The results also suggest that the phage sensors can detect Salmonella effectively when the bacterial contaminants are absorbed into the chicken, and are not detectable by the surface detection method.
Association Between Train-of-Four Values and Gas Exchange Indices in Moderate to Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with a mortality rate of approximately 40%. Neuromuscular blockade is associated with an improvement in oxygenation and a reduction in mortality in ARDS. Objective: The goal of this evaluation was to determine if the depth of paralysis, determined by train-of-four (TOF) monitoring, correlates with gas exchange in moderate to severe ARDS. Methods: This was a retrospective review of moderate to severe ARDS patients who were prescribed >12 hours of continuous infusion cisatracurium between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2014, with a PaO2:FiO2 ratio <150 and documented TOF and arterial blood gases. Patients were evaluated for inclusion at 12, 24, and 48 hours after initiation of neuromuscular blockade. Results: A total of 378 patients were screened for inclusion, with 107 evaluable patients meeting criteria at baseline. Poor correlation existed between TOF and oxygenation index (OI) at 12 (τ = 0.03), 24 (τ = 0.15) and 48 hours (τ = 0.08)....
[Fe ii] jets from intermediate-mass protostars in Carina

NASA from the Space Telescope Science Institute [AR-12155, GO-13390, GO-13391]; NASA [NAS 5-26555]
Sustainability Measurement for Technology and Business Systems: Use of Currently Available Tools for Quantification

This chapter provides a review of the current state of the art in sustainability indicators or metrics for business and technology scales. These are the two scales at which the scientists and engineers have the most control over sustainability performance. At the business scale the purpose is to ensure investments to be secure and profitable, and for business to provide adequate support for the environment and the society. Three measurement systems are analyzed: the Global Reporting Initiative, the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, and an emerging method developed by the American Institute of Chemical engineers (AIChE), the first two being widely used. Of the technology systems, we cover the ones provided by the professional societies. The indicator system suggested by the Institution of Chemical Engineering (UK) explicitly lists the indicators under environmental, societal, and economic categories, but the AIChE system lists the most important technical indicators. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Life Cycle Assessment techniques are also presented to provide the context and tools needed for sustainability assessment at these scales.
A Woman in Her 60s With Fever and Altered Mental Status in a Psychiatric Hospital

A woman in her 60s with a history of hepatitis C with cirrhosis and major depressive disorder with psychotic features was admitted to the inpatient psychiatric unit for suicidal ideation. She was initially treated with a combination of sertraline and paliperidone. The paliperidone was subsequently changed to risperidone and ultimately to olanzapine. She developed worsening mental status and was then treated for catatonia with benzodiazepines. Over 2 days, her mental status continued to worsen and she developed fever and tachycardia. She was transferred to the ICU and endotracheally intubated for inability to protect her airway. She was started on lactulose via orogastric tube but showed no improvement in her mental status after 2 days despite having two or three bowel movements per day.
Adaptive Thresholding and Reweighting to Improve Domain Transfer Learning for Unbalanced Data with Applications to EEG Imbalance

Domain adaptation methods can be highly sensitive to class balance, particularly the usually unknown balance of the unlabeled test set. In this work, we analyze the effect of imbalance on a well-known algorithm, ARTL (Adaptation Regularization Transfer Learning) and propose four approaches for mitigating the adverse effects of imbalance. These include (1) balancing the training set for pseudo-label calculation, (2) applying adaptive thresholding to pseudo-label calculation, (3) using class reweighting in the optimization objective, and (4) applying adaptive thresholding to the output objective. We tested these methods with the UCI newsgroup dataset and on three types of imbalanced EEG (electroencephalogram) classification problems. We observed significant improvements, particularly for cases of extreme imbalance, which are not well addressed by standard classification techniques.
Treating Eating Disorders at Higher Levels of Care: Overview and Challenges

Higher levels of care (HLC)-including inpatient hospitalization, residential treatment, partial hospitalization, and intensive outpatient treatment-are frequently utilized within routine care for eating disorders. Despite widespread use, there is limited research evaluating the efficacy of HLC, as well as clinical issues related to care in these settings. This review describes the different levels of care for eating disorders and briefly reviews the most up-to-date guidelines and research regarding how to choose a level of care. In addition, as HLC approaches for ED continue to be developed and refined, pragmatic and conceptual challenges have emerged that provide barriers to clinical efficacy and the execution of high-quality treatment research. This review includes a discussion of various issues specific to HLC, as well as a summary of recent literature addressing them.
Crusades in Literature

The crusades – specifically those focused on the recovery of Jerusalem – had a sustained impact on the literary culture of medieval England. While medieval France, Italy, and Germany produced far greater numbers of crusaders, a significant number of Englishmen participated in a variety of crusading campaigns as well, and the idea of crusading remained deeply important to the culture of medieval England for centuries after the collapse of the Latin Kingdom in the late thirteenth century. The popularity of the subject matter pervaded a wide variety of cultural registers, and, perhaps surprisingly, seems to have gained literary traction as the frequency of crusades to Jerusalem waned in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Keywords: Britain and Britishness; chronicles and histories; crusades; crusades literature; literary history; medieval literature; medieval romance; narrative
Relationship and variation of diabetes related symptoms, sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairment in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Aim The objective of this study was to examine whether diabetes-related symptoms (e.g. fatigue, neuropathic pain, diabetes distress and depressive symptoms) were related to sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairment in adults with type 2 diabetes while controlling for potential covariates. Background In people with type 2 diabetes, sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairment are common and likely associated with diabetes-related symptoms. However, limited research has investigated the predictive ability of diabetes-related symptoms on sleep. Design A correlational, cross-sectional design was used. Methods Data were collected at a large university in the Midwestern United States from September 2013–March 2014. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationship of diabetes-related symptoms (fatigue, neuropathic pain, distress and depressive symptoms) to sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairment. The instruments included Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System instruments, Diabetes Symptom Checklist and Diabetes Distress Scale. Findings In this study of adults with type 2 diabetes (N = 90; 52.2% female, mean age 57.4 years), gender, A1C, neuropathic pain and fatigue were significantly related to sleep disturbance when age, diabetes duration, depressive symptoms and distress were controlled. Those variables collectively explained 52% of the variation in sleep disturbance. Fatigue was significantly associated with sleep-related impairment when the same covariates were controlled. Conclusion Findings suggested that diabetes-related symptoms, including neuropathic pain and fatigue, are strongly related to sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairment in adults with type 2 diabetes, underscoring the need to include detailed assessments of neuropathic pain and fatigue when evaluating sleep.
Bitumen Nanocomposites with Improved Performance

Abstract Bitumen-clay nanocomposite binders with styrene-butadienestyrene triblock copolymer, SBS, and combinations of SBS and crumb rubber (CR) with different CR/SBS ratios have been synthesized and characterized. In addition to the binder, samples containing the binder and concrete sand (with a weight ratio 1:9) were prepared. The modified binders were studied in terms of filler dispersion, storage stability, mechanical performance and water susceptibility. We demonstrate that the samples containing nanoclays consistently outperform those based only on the polymer additives. We also find that nanocomposite samples based on a combination of SBS and CR are best, since in addition to other improvements they show excellent storage stability. Our work shows that substituting CR with SBS as a bitumen additive and combining it with inexpensive nanoclays leads to new materials with enhanced performance and improved stability for practical asphalt applications.
Anatomy and Behaviour of Extinct Primates

The fossil record of primates provides our only direct evidence of the course of evolution leading to the present diversity of primate species, and about the nature of extinct forms which died without issue. Three goals of palaeoprimatological research are identifiable: (1) to identify and name extinct species and to determine their geographical and temporal distribution; (2) to analyze the associations among the species and reconstruct a picture of their phylogeny; and (3) finally, to clarify in functional and adaptive terms the observed morphology and morphological trends among the species and groups of species. Aspects of this last goal are the subject of this paper, where we outline a possible approach to the assessment of the morphology of species which allows their adaptations to be reconstructed. We can thereby provide a series of adaptive models based on living primates which can form the basis for interpreting the morphology of extinct primates.
Drawing the Color Line - Racial Identity and Antebellum Courts in New Orleans, 1840-1860

As was true throughout the antebellum South, racial identity was a fundamental organizing feature of New Orleans society. Most importantly, racial categories underpinned the institution of slavery and thus became imbricated in both labor and property relations. But racial identity also determined whether and how the law would apply to free persons. The Louisiana “Black Code,” for example, distinguished between whites and “free colored persons” with respect to: punishment for rape or attempted rape “upon the body of any white female,” arson, the destruction of crops, an “insult or assault and beat[ing of] any white person,” “carrying arms,” travel to and from the state, residency, employment upon steamboats and other vessels, practicing as an attorney, testimony in court, service on juries, participation in elections, holding office, service in the militia, and the creation of “literary, scientific, religious and charitable” corporations.
Allocation using a heterogeneous space Voronoi diagram

Spatial allocation is a fundamentally important process reflecting customer behavior, efficient service assignment, districting, etc., and is at the heart of many spatial analytical methods and processes. The Voronoi diagram has proven to be an important mathematical and geometric construct and has been widely applied in various fields because it is intuitive and efficient in the allocation and/or partitioning of space. However, existing Voronoi diagram approaches rely on the assumption that the attribute(s) of continuous space (non-generator points) is homogenous, which often is not the case for many application contexts. This paper introduces the concept of spatial heterogeneity in allocation. A new Voronoi diagram is defined—the heterogeneous Voronoi diagram. A geographic information system-based method is developed to derive the heterogeneous Voronoi diagram using discretized spatial allocation properties. Application of the heterogeneous Voronoi diagram is reported for a planning problem involving emergency drone delivery. Results show that response potential is over- and underestimated when heterogeneity and travel obstacles are disregarded. Further, feasibility, usefulness, and significance are demonstrated for incorporating geographic heterogeneity in the allocation process.