cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium isotopic ratios and rare earth element abundances in refractory inclusions from the Allende CV3 chondrite

Abstract Refractory inclusions in primitive meteorites are the oldest objects formed in the Solar System. They exhibit large mass-dependent isotopic effects in many elements, including Si, Mg and Ca, indicative of their complex origin. We report data for both mass-dependent (δ) and mass-independent (e) Ca isotopic effects, and rare earth element (REE) abundances in six refractory inclusions from the Allende CV3 meteorite. Our data reveal large mass-dependent Ca isotopic effects in these refractory inclusions, with δ 44/40 Ca ranging from −5.60 to +0.35 (relative to NIST SRM 915a), which are significantly lower than that of the bulk silicate Earth (δ 44/40 Ca = 1.05 ± 0.04). Importantly, δ 44/40 Ca is correlated with REE patterns: refractory inclusions with Group II REE patterns have lighter Ca isotope compositions compared to those with Group I REE patterns. Specifically, the studied refractory inclusions form negative 44 Ca/ 40 Ca–Tm/Er and 44 Ca/ 40 Ca–Nd/Er trends, implying segregation of up to 3% of an ultrarefractory evaporation residue from a chondritic reservoir prior to the formation of refractory inclusions. This residue would have to be characterized by high 44 Ca/ 40 Ca and low Tm/Er and Nd/Er. At 2 σ levels of ±0.5 and ±1.5 for e 40/44 Ca and e 43/44 Ca, respectively, the six refractory inclusions studied show no detectable 40 Ca or 43 Ca anomalies relative to the terrestrial standards. However, five out of the six refractory inclusions do show a 48 Ca excess of several e-units, clearly resolvable from the terrestrial standards.
The action of GABAB antagonists in the trigeminal nucleus of the rat.

Abstract The iontophoretic administration of the GABAB antagonists (P-(3-aminopropyl)-P-diethoxymethylphosphinic acid (CGP 35348) and 2-hydroxy-saclofen blocked the action of iontophoretically applied L -baclofen on neurons in the trigeminal nucleus of rats, anesthetized with halothane. The substance CGP 35348 appeared to be more potent than 2-hydroxy-saclofen. The iontophoretic administration of GABA resembled L -baclofen in depressing excitatory transmission and facilitating segmental inhibition in the trigeminal nucleus. The depression of excitatory transmission was also blocked by CGP 35348 and the facilitation of segmental inhibition produced by GABA was partially blocked. These observations indicate that CGP 35348 is not only a baclofen antagonist but actually a GABAB receptor antagonist and the baclofen was acting at GABAB receptors in the trigeminal nucleus. The portion of the effect of GABA, not blocked by CGP 35348, was probably mediated by GABAA receptors, since it was previously found that segmental inhibition in the trigeminal nucleus could be modulated by GABAA agonists and antagonists as well.
The policy opinions of British nonvoters; a research note

. Using data from the British Election Studies of 1974 and 1979, patterns of nonvoting among the British public are explored. Nonvoters are much like voters in specific issue opinions and in social class. They do not have a strong ideology or a markedly different attitudinal structure than their fellow citizens. Implications of this for British democracy are discussed.
Neonatal exposure to short days and low temperatures blunts stress response and yields low fluctuating asymmetry in Siberian hamsters.

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) refers to small, non-directional deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry in morphological characters. Individuals with low FA presumably either developed in a relatively stable environment and/or were better able to buffer against developmental stressors. The present study investigated the effects of seasonal factors measured by day length and ambient temperature manipulations on the development of bilateral characters and concomitant changes in stress responses. Siberian hamsters were exposed to either long days (16 h of light per day) or short days (8 h of light per day) combined with either standard temperatures (21 ± 2°C) or low temperatures (8 ± 2°C) on the day of birth until weaning. Cortisol concentrations at baseline and following acute restraint stress, and FA values were measured in adulthood. Females reared in winter-like conditions with short day lengths and low temperatures had low FA and low cortisol concentrations following restraint stress compared to other females. Females reared in long day lengths and standard temperatures had the highest rate of increase in cortisol concentrations after restraint among other female groups. No group effects were observed in males regarding day length and temperature manipulations. Baseline and post-restraint cortisol concentrations were higher in females than males for all groups except in animals reared in short day lengths and low temperatures. Our results suggest that winter-like conditions during neonatal period evoke hyposensitivity to stress in adult females and this blunted response to stress is a key factor in achieving ideal growth patterns.
The Eagles of Romanticism

In English, German, French, and Russian poetry of 1750 to 1850 the eagle surpasses the nightingale and the lark as a symbol of the poet, the poetic genius, or the creative imagination. They flock so thickly in that period, and were seen so seldom before and after, that they can be taken as definitive of Romanticism. Pindar likened himself to an eagle, but the modern trend gets its main boost, it seems, from Gray, who calls Pindar “the Theban eagle” for the sovereign flight of his odes. This essay surveys dozens of poets in seven languages who adopted the image. Sometimes, notably with Victor Hugo, the image stands for the supreme command of genius; among others it represents the helpless “rapture” of enthusiasm – hence the Ganymede theme. Some poets, particularly women, modestly compare themselves to lesser winged things unable to fly like eagles (recycling Horace’s poem on Pindar the swan); yet others see the poet as an eagle caged, wounded, or ill. All this on the face of it is odd, since eagles, unlike nightingales and larks, are not songbirds; traditionally they are the lords of the avian world, and dangerous predators. But Romantic poets plume themselves as the new sovereigns of the imaginative skies.
Evidence for a nicotinic component to the actions of acetylcholine in cat visual cortex

Radioligand binding assays, receptor autoradiography and iontophoresis have been used to look for evidence of a nicotinic component to the actions of acetylcholine in cat visual cortex. [3H]Nicotine bound to a uniform population of high affinity binding sites in cat primary visual cortex. This binding was inhibited by nicotine agonists and antagonists but not muscarinic antagonists. The concentration of nicotinic binding sites was about 10% of that of muscarinic binding sites measured with [3H]N-methylscopolamine. The muscarinic sites were resolved into M1 and M2 subtypes. Quantitative receptor autoradiography showed that there were muscarinic sites in all layers, although they were least abundant in layer IV of area 17. In contrast, the nicotinic sites were most concentrated in layer IV in area 17. The concentration of this labelling was reduced at the 17/18 border and also at the 18/19 border. Layer I of the cingulate and suprasylvian gyri were also labelled. Electrolytic lesions of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) led to a loss of nicotinic binding sites in layer IV of area 17, indicating that these sites are most likely located on the LGN terminals. Iontophoresis of mecamylamine, a nicotinic antagonist, decreased evoked responses in visual cortex, providing evidence that the [3H]nicotine binding sites are functional receptors and suggesting that the release of acetylcholine onto these receptors on the LGN terminals facilitates the input of visual information into visual cortex.
Computer use in agriculture: an analysis of Great Plains producers.

Computers have changed a great deal in the past decade, yet the last survey of computer use in agriculture was performed in 1991. Furthermore, previous computer use surveys are not very extensive in coverage. In the summer and fall of 1996, we conducted a random survey of Great Plains producers. The purpose of the survey was to examine three questions: (1) who adopts computers and what are they and their farms like; (2) what are the characteristics of non-adopters; and (3) what tasks do producers want computers to perform? Our results confirmed that most of the variables earlier studies identified as influential on computer adoption still had an impact. These included farm size (acres and sales), ownership of livestock, farm tenure, and off-farm employment exposure to computer use. We found some question as to whether age or experience is a better predictor of computer adoption. Moreover, there also appears to be reason to question whether education has a significant impact on adoption.
AN ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-BURST PROGENY OF BACTERIA SINGLY INFECTED WITH A BACTERIOPHAGE HETEROZYGOTE.

Abstract The segregation of nine genetic markers among the phages produced by individual, HET-infected bacteria has been examined. In the majority of cases, markers located near the end of the terminating strand in the heterozygous region appeared infrequently among the progeny. In five of these bacterial bursts, heterozygosity among the progeny phages was investigated. The majority of heterozygous progeny produced in HET-infected bacteria do not segregate markers in the polarized manner observed in the parent HETs. Progeny heterozygotes segregate both alleles for markers that were centrally located in the parental heterozygous region more frequently than for terminal markers. The average frequency of heterozygosity for a marker is not strikingly different among the progeny of a HET infection from that among progeny of a mixed infection. The data are consistent with a persisting overlap HET model, in which the overlap is not reproduced as such in the progeny.
Energy Decay in Superconducting Josephson-Junction Qubits from Nonequilibrium Quasiparticle Excitations

(Received 14 April 2009; published 26 August 2009) We calculate the energy decay rate of Josephson qubits and superconducting resonators from nonequilibrium quasiparticles. The decay rates from experiments are shown to be consistent with predictions based on a prior measurement of the quasiparticle density nqp ¼ 10=� m 3 , which suggests that nonequilibrium quasiparticles are an important decoherence source for Josephson qubits. Calculations of the energy-decay and diffusion of quasiparticles also indicate that prior engineered gap and trap structures, which reduce the density of quasiparticles, should be redesigned to improve their efficacy. This model also explains a striking feature in Josephson qubits and resonators—a small reduction in decay rate with increasing temperature.
Endothelin-1 increases intracellular calcium mobilization but not calcium uptake in rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells.

Abstract Conflicting evidence has been reported regarding the role of endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, in stimulating extracellular calcium influx in rabbit vascular smooth muscle. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of endothelin-1 on transmembrane 45 Ca 2+ influx and intracellular calcium mobilization in cultured rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells. In calcium containing buffer, endothelin-1 induced a concentration-dependent 45 Ca 2+ efflux response over the range of 10 pM to 100 nM with an EC 50 of approximately 60 pM. Maximum endothelin-stimulated 45 Ca 2+ efflux was not affected by the absence of extracellular calcium or the presence of 1 μM verapamil. Endothelin-1 did not induce transplasmalemmal 45 Ca 2+ uptake at times up to 30 min. These findings suggest that an alteration in intracellular calcium handling, rather than extracellular calcium influx, is responsible for the endothelin-stimulated increase in intracellular calcium concentration in rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells.
Controlling kinesin motor proteins in nanoengineered systems through a metal-binding on/off switch.

A significant challenge in utilizing kinesin biomolecular motors in integrated nanoscale systems is the ability to regulate motor function in vitro. Here we report a versatile mechanism for reversibly controlling the function of kinesin biomolecular motors independent of the fuel supply (ATP). Our approach relied on inhibiting conformational changes in the neck-linker region of kinesin, a process necessary for microtubule transport. We introduced a chemical switch into the neck-linker of kinesin by genetically engineering three histidine residues to create a Zn2+-binding site. Gliding motility of microtubules by the mutant kinesin was successfully inhibited by ≥10 µM Zn2+, as well as other divalent metals. Motility was successfully restored by removal of Zn2+ using a number of different chelators. Lastly, we demonstrated the robust and cyclic nature of the switch using sequential Zn2+/chelator additions. Overall, this approach to controlling motor function is highly advantageous as it enables control of individual classes of biomolecular motors while maintaining a consistent level of fuel for all motors in a given system or device. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 478–486. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High-throughput quantification of bioactive lipids by MALDI mass spectrometry: application to prostaglandins.

Analysis and quantification of analytes in biological systems is a critical component of metabolomic investigations of cell function. The most widely used methods employ chromatographic separation followed by mass spectrometric analysis, which requires significant time for sample preparation and sequential chromatography. We introduce a novel high-throughput, separation-free methodology based on MALDI mass spectrometry that allows for the parallel analysis of targeted metabolomes. Proof-of-concept is demonstrated by analysis of prostaglandins and glyceryl prostaglandins. Derivatization to incorporate a charged moiety into ketone-containing prostaglandins dramatically increases the signal-to-noise ratio relative to underivatized samples. This resulted in an increased dynamic range (15–2000 fmol on plate) and improved linearity (r2 = 0.99). The method was adapted for high-throughput screening methods for enzymology and drug discovery. Application to cellular metabolomics was also demonstrated.
Calcium‐, voltage‐ and osmotic stress‐sensitive currents in Xenopus oocytes and their relationship to single mechanically gated channels

1. Patch recordings from Xenopus oocytes indicated that mechanically gated (MG) channels are expressed at a uniform surface density ( approximately 1 channel microm-2) with an estimated > 3 x 106 MG channels per oocyte that could generate microamps of current at +/-50 mV. 2. Removal of external Ca2+ induced a membrane conductance that differed from MG channels in ion selectivity, pharmacology and sensitivity to connexion-38. 3. Depolarization to +50 mV activated a Na+-selective, a Cl--selective and a non-selective conductance. Hyperpolarization to -150 mV activated a non-selective conductance. None of these conductances appeared to be mediated by MG channels. 4. Hypotonicity (25 %) failed to evoke any change in membrane conductance in the majority of defolliculated oocytes. Hypertonicity (200 %) evoked a large non-selective (PK /PCl approximately 1) membrane conductance that was not blocked by 100 microM Gd3+. 5. Although the above stimuli could activate a variety of whole-oocyte conductances, including three novel conductances, they did not involve MG channel activation. Possible mechanisms underlying the discrepancy between observed conductances and those anticipated from patch-clamp studies are discussed.
Water Potential Components, Stomatal Function, and Liquid Phase Water Transport Resistances of Four Arctic and Alpine Species in Relation to Moisture Stress

Transpiration measurements of two alpine tundra species, Deschampsia caespitosa and Geum rossii, and two arctic tundra species, Dupontia fischeri and Carex aquatilis, were conducted under varying atmospheric and soil moisture stress regimes to determine if the stomatal response to water stress may play a role in the local distributions of these species. Under low soil moisture stress, stomata of the species restricted typically to wet meadow areas, Deschampsia and Dupontia, did not exhibit closure until leaf water potential declined. However, when soil moisture stress was low and atmospheric stress increased, Geum and particularly Carex exhibited partial stomatal closure before leaf water potential dropped, suggesting a direct response of the stomata to the vapor pressure gradient between the leaf and the atmosphere. Lower liquid phase water transport resistance from the soil to the leaves may also reduce the development of leaf moisture stress in Geum. Furthermore, Geum and possibly Carex appeared to undergo less of a loss of leaf turgor when leaf water potential decreased. This response may serve to maintain leaf cell turgor and to abate the reduction in leaf enlargement.
Transient photoconductivity in the ferromagnetic semiconductor CdCr2Se4

The transient photoconductive response time of the ferromagnetic semiconductor CdCr2Se4 was measured to be smaller than 90 ps, the response time of the scope. The measurements were performed at room temperature (300 K) for 0.53 and 1.06 μm excitations using a mode locked frequency-doubled YAG laser.
Analysis and optimization design of proton-exchange-membrane electrolysis cell

Although much work has been done to optimize individual components of electrolyzers and fuel cells, very little has been done to simulate and optimize the entire system. A thorough paper review has been conducted to increase the accuracy of the PEM electrolyzer model and simulation discussed in this study. Data on optimal thicknesses and electrical properties of various electrolyzer elements was collected from various sources and collated. The simulation was then implemented to optimize the current collector rib dimensions for maximum performance and efficiency over a variety of temperatures. This paper shows higher temperatures significantly improve the efficiency of the cell while also increasing the optimal rib width dimensions. The increased efficiency is most likely due to the excess heat contributing towards the threshold energy required for the electrolysis while the varying resistances of the proton exchange membrane, with respect to temperature, can explain the increased rib width.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM IN SEEDLINGS OF POPULUS DELTOIDES BARTR.

Seven seedlings ranging from 1 to 25 days old were embedded in Spurr's resin and serially sectioned at 1-2 ,um. Sectioning extended from well above the apex downward to the hypocotyl base in the 1day seedlings and to varying levels in the hypocotyl in the older seedlings. Procambial development was analyzed in its entirety for each seedling, and a composite two-dimensional diagram representing the procambial system of a 25-day-old seedling was prepared. Each cotyledon was served by a doubletrace, one-half of which was derived from each of two embryonic bundles. The central traces serving the four primary leaves were in turn derived from the four cotyledonary bundles comprising the double traces. The procambial system serving the cotyledons and the four primary leaves approximated a decussate phyllotaxy. The central traces serving the secondary leaves were arranged in a helix that conformed at first to a 1/3 and then to a 2/5 phyllotaxy. Transitions to higher phyllotactic orders were systematic and reproducible, and they occurred in an orderly sequence in both the central and lateral leaf traces. The manner in which leaf traces diverged from parent traces to serve new leaf primordia provided for vascular redundancy. Thus, the entire vascular system was integrated into a highly functional whole.
The Use of Phase Transformations in the Design of Alloy Steel

This paper is intended to describe and illustrate the use of phase transformations in the design of new alloy steels. The general method of alloy design is described. Two examples are discussed: the development of new ferritic structural steels for use at cryogenic temperature, and the development of ‘dual phase’ steels for automotive use.
Property C and closed maps

Abstract A standard theorem from dimension theory states that a closed (m+1) to 1 map defined on a finite dimensional space can raise dimension by at most m. Dimension raising maps on countable dimensional spaces and on weakly infinite dimensional spaces have been investigated by A.V. Arhangelskii, A.I. Vainstein and E.G. Sklyarenko. A typical theorem is that a closed map on such spaces raises dimension only if some point has an uncountable number of preimages. A class of infinite dimensional spaces closely related to the two types mentioned above is the class of C spaces. R. Pol's example in 1980 and work of F.D. Ancel have generated renewed interest in C spaces. We prove results about dimension raising closed maps defined on C spaces that are analogous to the results mentioned above.
Imperfect competition and import penetration

Finger-pointing has become a popular activity during the recent surge in U.S. imports. Inefficient production on the part of domestic firms has been singled out often as one significant cause of the import problem. The related remedy: mergers and joint ventures designed to enhance the international competitiveness of domestic producers. This scenario plays well before selected audiences in Pittsburgh and elsewhere, but the plot is thin. It overlooks the direct risks associated with changes in the market structure of domestic firms. While mergers may reduce production costs, they clearly do increase domestic concentration. The positive association between concentration and markups is a recurring theme in the industrial organization literature, so the possibility arises that the merger remedy to the import problem may actually be counterproductive. If the net effect of potentially lower costs and higher markups is upward pressure on prices, then the mergers may promote further import penetration, since, after all, an industry's foreign rivals take their cue from domestic prices, not from domestic costs. The professional literature blending industrial organization and international trade theories is extensive and rapidly growing, but related empirical research has not kept pace. The few empirical studies which do exist indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between industry concentration and either import penetration
Courtney Louise Young, Penn State Librarian, elected President of ALA

Courtney Louise Young, head librarian at the J. Clarence Kelly Library at Penn State Greater Allegheny, has been elected as 2014-15 president of the American Library Association (ALA).
Physiological function and behavioral genetics. I. Genetic variance for peripheral conduction velocity in mice.

Individual differences for conduction velocity in the ventral and dorsal caudal nerves of 856 mice were assessed employing a rapid,in vivo procedure. Analysis of conduction velocity differences for mice of six inbred strains (A/J, BALB/cJ, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, and DBA/1J) suggests that individual differences for conduction velocity are influenced by genetic differences. Animals of the BALB/cJ and CBA/J strains displayed significantly higher speeds of conduction than those of the C3H/HeJ and A/J strains. Conduction velocities for DBA/1J and C57BL/6J animals did not differ significantly from those of the other strains. Results of three studies allowing assessment of effects of strain, female and male parent, sex, and interactions among these factors support the findings of the strain comparison with regard to genetic variance for peripheral nerve conduction velocity. In addition, these studies indicate heterosis for fast speed of conduction. More detailed genetic analyses are in progress.
Susceptibility of the gelatinized wheat product bulgur to Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)

Abstract The development of Sitophilus zeamais and Rhyzopertha dominica was studied at relative humidities of 71, 58 and 43% in bulgur and wheat. Male and female adult weevils, introduced into 6 bulgur and 6 wheat media of different particle sizes, were allowed to oviposit for 7 days. Thirty R. dominica eggs were placed in each replicate of a similar set of bulgur and wheat media. S. zeamais produced more adult progeny in whole kernels of bulgur and of wheat and in the larger-sized particles, and a high percentage of R. dominica larvae developed into adults in these media. S. zeamais progeny produced and R. dominica larvae surviving were fewer, and developmental periods for both species longer, the smaller the particles and the lower the relative humidity. Males and females collected from bulgur and wheat media of the same particle size tended to weigh the same; but the smaller the particle size, the less the weights.
Ion beam preparation of passivated copper integrated circuit structures for electron backscatter diffraction/orientation imaging microscopy analysis

Passivation layers were removed from copper interconnect lines using a broad beam ion source in preparation for electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) analysis. Results were obtained on interconnect lines with widths as small as 0.25 µm. The effects of ion beam energy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) acceleration voltage on the quality of the results obtained are examined and explained. The use of thin amorphous carbon coatings to reduce specimen charging during orientation data collection is also discussed.
Blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease: Lessons to be learned from studies of cerebrospinal fluid markers

also vary. Sample collection tubes also vary across studies. When looking at serum vs. plasma, many markers correlate highly across blood fraction; however, the link betweenAD status and biomarkers varied according towhether it wasmeasured in serum or plasma. The correlations between the same proteins in the same participants (at same blood draw) across assay platforms was poor. Conclusions: STAR-B is intended to provide the field with best practice guidelines and standards in order to move the field towards implementation (clinical and research). Initial findings by the working group are that the pre-analytic methods across current studies vary considerably, which can have a significant impact on projects aimed at cross-validation. Additionally, the choice of serumversus plasma has a significant impact on biomarker utility even when correlations across blood fractions are high. Platform considerations are also going to be very important once the pre-analytic methods have been addressed.
Intelligent systems and technologies for manufacturing

Issues as diverse as occupational safety, waste minimization, and product quality are forcing the Department of Energy (DOE) to increase the level of automation in its defense-production facilities. In this paper, we describe the development necessary to allow a specific automation technology — the standard industrial robot — to be used effectively in DOE manufacturing operations. We describe Sandia's research and development efforts on automated planning and programming, and on programming models and languages for “intelligent” manufacturing systems that use robots. We conclude by discussing the application of these concepts to machines and processes other than robots. We also mention how these technologies affect the more general manufacturing-technology base.
Study of Forming & Exfoliation Mechanism of Oxide Skin in High-Temperature Tube of Supercritical Boiler

In recent years, with the rapid development of supercritical units also brings some serious problems, for example, due to the oxide skin exfoliation of boiler tube caused many boiler tube explosion accidents. Aiming at this problem, the paper first introduced commonly used steel and its resistance to steam oxidation, and then the metal oxide skin formation and exfoliation mechanism is studied. These findings have a certain reference value for the power plant safe and economy operation.
The effects of a periodic upstream flow on nonlinear hydrostatic mountain waves

Abstract Steady, two-dimensional, hydrostatic, nonlinear mountain waves are examined within the context of Long's model. Both uniform and periodic upstream flows are considered. The well-known condition for a hydrostatic wave to break (convective instability), under uniform upstream conditions, is reviewed and a reinterpretation provided. Long's wave solution appropriate for periodic upstream conditions is introduced, and shown to satisfy the same wave-breaking condition that is appropriate for uniform upstream flow: overturning is associated with convective instability. Moreover, there is no obvious relationship between wave overturning and the upstream distribution of either the static stability or the Richardson number. In essence, the physical process of wave breaking, associated with this particular solution, is decoupled from details of the upstream profiles. However, the levels at which breaking occurs, and profiles of streamline displacements, are both affected by upstream conditions.
Oxygenation during perfluorocarbon associated gas exchange in normal and abnormal lungs.

Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange (PAGE) has been proposed for the treatment of lung diseases characterized by high alveolar surface tension. Perflubron (perfluorooctyl bromide, Liquiventtm, Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp.) is a high purity medical grade perfluorocarbon suitable for PAGE. We studied PAGE using perflubron in normal piglets and in animal models of pulmonary disease (meconium aspiration syndrome, oleic acid infusion and gastric acid aspiration as models of ARDS, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome).All animals were studied under anesthesia. PAGE was instituted by intratracheal instillation of a volume of perflubron (generally 30 ml/kg) that approximates a normal functional residual capacity of the lung. Arterial blood gases were measured at 15 minute intervals. FiO2 during PAGE was 1.0.In normal piglets, PaO2 fell from 543 torr (during conventional gas breathing) to 363 torr (during PAGE). However, in models of lung disease, PAGE significantly enhanced PaO2.
Structural deformation of the Idaho-Wyoming overthrust belt (U.S.A.), as determined by Triassic paleomagnetism

Grubbs, K.L. and Van der Voo, R., 1976. Structural deformation of the Idaho-Wyoming overthrust belt (U.S.A.), as determined by Triassic paleomagnetism. In: J.C. Briden (editor), Ancient Plate Margins, Tectonophysics, 33: 321-336. A paleomagnetic study of Triassic redbeds from fourteen sites within the IdahoWyoming overthrust belt and three sites from the adjacent stable foreland was undertaken in an attempt to decipher the origin of the arcuate shape of the thrust-fold belt in northwestern Wyoming. This belt rises from beneath the Snake River lava plain in eastern Idaho and trends east-southeast into Wyoming. South of Jackson, Wyoming, the belt swings 45 to 70 degrees to trend almost due south into west-central Wyoming. A total of 193 samples were paleomagnetically analyzed using spinner and cryogenic magnetometers. Thermal demagnetization up to 681” C reveals that the natural remanent magnetization consists characteristically of two directional components. A small secondary (chemical) magnetization is revealed at temperatures below 500” C, whereas a proportionally large characteristic magnetization appears to be primary and conforms to the expected Triassic latitudes of the North American craton. The site-mean directions have Fisher precision h ranging from 14 to 149, with confidence cones of 95%.probability ranging between 4.8” and 16.2”. The characteristic (primary) directions of magnetization indicate that the structural bend in the overthrust belt originated through tectonic rotations of the thrust sheets in the horizontal plane, as the paleomagnetic declinations show a systematic change corresponding to the structural configuration mentioned above. We propose that as overthrusting progressed from west to east in the Late Mesozoic and Early Tertiary, the thrust sheets experienced an increasing resistance to movement due to the proximity of the ancient arcuate foreland margin. The buttressing effect of the foreland hinge on the overthrust plates caused the frontal edges of the thrusts to assume the configuration of the foreland margin resulting in horizontal rotations of the thrust sheets. The easternmost Prospect-Cliff Creek-Jackson thrust sheet came into actual contact with the ancestral Teton-Gros Ventre Precambrian block on the north and the Game Hill reverse fault on the east; as a result the northern sections of the thrust sheet rotated by an amount of up to 60 degrees in a counter-clockwise sense and the southern and eastem sections rotated in a clockwise direction by an amount of up to 30 degrees.
Response to “The History in Urban Studies: A Comment”

The purpose of our paper “What is Urban Studies?” was to provide a general empirical description of the field, from its origin to the present. We sought to approach this problem as systematically a...
Kinesiology of the Hip: A Focus on Muscular Actions

Synopsis: The 21 muscles that cross the hip provide both triplanar movement and stability between the femur and acetabulum. The primary intent of this clinical commentary is to review and discuss the current understanding of the specific actions of the hip muscles. Analysis of their actions is based primarily on the spatial orientation of the muscles relative to the axes of rotation at the hip. The discussion of muscle actions is organized according to the 3 cardinal planes of motion. Actions are considered from both femoral-on-pelvic and pelvic-on-femoral perspectives, with particular attention to the role of coactivation of trunk muscles. Additional attention is paid to the biomechanical variables that alter the effectiveness, force, and torque of a given muscle action. The role of certain muscles in generating compression force at the hip is also presented. Throughout the commentary, the kinesiology of the muscles of the hip are considered primarily from normal but also pathological perspectives, suppl...
Detection and estimation for abruptly changing systems

The problem of state estimation and system structure detection for discrete stochastic dynamical systems with parameters which may switch among a finite set of values is considered. The switchings are modelled by a Markov chain with known transition probabilities. A brief survey and a unified treatment of the existing suboptimal algorithms are provided. The optimal algorithms require exponentially increasing memory and computations with time. Simulation results comparing the various suboptimal algorithms are presented.
Indirect and Direct Effects in a Tropical Agroecosystem: The Maize-Pest-Ant System in Nicaragua

This study examines the direct and indirect effects of insecticides in maize- pest-ant system in Nicaragua. Population levels of two herbivores, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith, and the corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis De Long, were monitored and compared among four insecticide treatments: (1) carbofuran, a systemic insecticide; (2) chlorpyrifos, a broad-spectrum insecticide; (3) a combination of carbofuran and chlorpyrifos; and (4) a control, where no insecticide was applied. Ant foraging activity also was monitored throughout the season for all four insecticide treatments. Predation of S.frugiperda pupae was estimated with relation to insecticide treatment and ant foraging activity. Carbofuran reduced ant foraging activity and increased population levels of the fall armyworm. Ant predation was apparently responsible for a higher pupal removal rate in the plots with no insecticides. Chlorpyrifos significantly reduced ant foraging activity as well as densities of the fall armyworm, but it resulted in higher levels of the corn leafhopper. The results of this study are discussed in light of the possibility of developing integrated pest management programs in which ants may play an important role as agents of biological control. In such a case, ant susceptibility to chemical insecticides should be taken into
First records and range extensions for two Acesta clam species (Bivalvia: Limidae) in the Gulf of California, Mexico

Two species of limid clams, Acesta sphoni and Acesta mori, were observed and sampled from seven localities in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The two species are known to occur on seamounts and escarpments along the north-eastern Pacific margin of the United States. This report provides the first records of each species in the Gulf of California and the greatest depth records for both species. Though they occasionally overlap geographically, the two species are clearly stratified by depth, with A. sphoni occupying shallower and warmer, hypoxic waters, and A. mori occupying deeper and colder, oxic waters. The species are easily distinguished morphologically. The shells of A. mori have very fine radial ribbing for a smooth appearance and are more rounded and inflated, whereas those of A. sphoni are narrower and more elongate with 31 to 77 strong radial ribs. The largest individuals sampled were A. sphoni. For each species, DNA analyses revealed arrays of mitochondrial haplotypes similar to those found previously at north-eastern Pacific localities along the California, Oregon and Washington margins, providing no evidence for geographical subdivision throughout this newly extended range.
Interference in the Vitros CREA method when measuring urine creatinine on samples acidified with acetic acid.

The addition of additives to stabilize one analyte in a sample can adversely affect the measurement of other analytes. Urine samples for homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) analysis are acidified to pH 2–4 to maintain analyte stability. This is typically done with either glacial acetic acid or HCl. In a pediatric population, we analyze random urine samples rather than 24-h collections, and report the ratio of either HVA or VMA concentration to creatinine concentration. We investigated the effects of acetic acid and HCl on the creatinine assay performed on the Vitros 950 analyzer (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics). The Vitros CREA instructions state that for urine “The following preservatives have been tested and demonstrated an effect of <2% on creatinine results … ” with glacial acetic acid and 12 mol/L HCl included in the list (1). We have verified that HCl causes negligible interference but have found significant positive interference with the use of acetic acid. For 20 urine samples, two 5-mL aliquots were apportioned and acidified to pH 3. pH was measured with colorpHast pH strips, pH range 0–6 (EMD Chemicals). One portion was acidified with 6 mol/L HCl (Fisher Scientific) and the other with 50% glacial acetic acid (Fisher Scientific). We then measured creatinine in the untreated urine and each of the acidified aliquots, using a 1:21 dilution according … [↵][1]aAddress correspondence to this author at: Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc., 100 Indigo Creek Dr., Rochester, NY 14626-5101. Fax 585-453-3368; e-mail ngreenbe{at}ocdus.jnj.com. [1]: #xref-corresp-2-1
Comparative community physiology: nonconvergence in water relations among three semi-arid shrub communities.

Summary • Plant adaptations to the environment are limited, and therefore plants in similar environments may display similar functional and physiological traits, a pattern termed functional convergence. Evidence was examined for functional convergence among 28 evergreen woody shrubs from three plant communities of the semi-arid winter rainfall region of southern California.  Both leaf and water relations traits were examined, including seasonal stomatal conductance (gs), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf specific conductivity (Kl), seasonal water potential (Ψw), stem cavitation resistance (Ψ50), and xylem density.  Species display community-specific suites of xylem and leaf traits consistent with different patterns of water use among communities, with coastal sage scrub species utilizing shallow pulses of water, Mojave Desert scrub species relying on deeper water reserves, and chaparral species utilizing both shallow and deep moisture reserves. Communities displayed similar degrees of water stress, with a communitylevel minimum Ψw (Ψwmin) of c. −4.6 Mpa, similar to other arid communities. Pooled across sites, there was a strong correlation between Ψwmin and xylem density, suggesting that these traits are broadly related and predictive of one another.  This comparative community physiology approach may be useful in testing hypotheses of functional convergence across structurally similar semi-arid communities.
Endocrine regulation of rat serum cholinesterase activity.

Enzymological and endocrine studies of rat serum cholinesterase (CHE) suggest that this enzyme is subject to a complex and specific form of regulation. Adult CHE activity levels are 3-fold higher in adult females than in males. Gonadectomy and/or hypophysectomy abolish these sex differences. Androgen and estrogen replacement to gonadectomized but not to hypophysectomized animals reverses this action. Adrenalectomy produces no significant changes in serum CHE levels in either male or female rats. An ecotpic pituitary plus the appropriate steroid cannot reverse the effect of hypophysectomy. The catalytic properties of CHE alter concurrently with isozyme changes and are reflected in the changes in the ratio of hydrolysis of the butyryl and acetyl substrates. Androgens and estrogens, acting through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis, appear to modulate the synthesis of specific CHE isozymes. (Endocrinology 108: 1737, 1981)
Capitalism in Question

Paul Adler was Program Chair for the 2013 meeting of the Academy of Management in Orlando, Florida, in August. In this capacity, he organized the “All-Academy Theme” component of the meeting progra...
Discriminative stimulus properties of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane [(+/-)DOI] in C57BL/6J mice.

Abstract Rationale. The drug discrimination procedure has proven to be a valuable tool for studying the mechanism of action of psychoactive drugs. Recently, mice with targeted gene mutations have been developed that may also prove useful in evaluating the role of specific receptors in mediating the actions of drugs. We were interested in studying the effects of hallucinogens in genetically modified mice using the drug discrimination procedure. Objective. To establish the training procedures and characterize the stimulus properties of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane [(±)DOI] versus saline in wild-type mice. Methods. Using a two-lever drug discrimination procedure, C57BL/6J mice were trained to discriminate (±)DOI (2.5 mg/kg) from saline on a VI 30-s schedule of reinforcement. Results. The acquisition function was orderly and similar to that found previously with rats, although the training dose required for the mice was four times higher (2.5 versus 0.75 mg/kg). The dose-response relationship indicated that percent drug lever responding was dose-dependent. Two other hallucinogens, LSD and (–)DOB, substituted fully for (±)DOI. Mice were tested for their ability to discriminate (±)DOI following pretreatment with the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL 100,907, or with 5-HT2C selective antagonists, SB 206,553 or SB 242,084. A dose of 0.25 mg/kg MDL 100,907 essentially completely blocked the discriminative stimulus effects of 2.5 mg/kg (±)DOI. Surprisingly, both SB 206,553 and SB 242,084 also attenuated the effect of 2.5 mg/kg (±)DOI. The effect of SB 206,553 was surmountable at 5.0 mg/kg (±)DOI. Conclusions. These data agree with the results from studies with rats indicating a prominent role for the 5-HT2A receptors in mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of (±)DOI but in addition, suggest a small but significant role for the 5-HT2C receptor in mice.
Shock propagation through a low-pressure glow discharge in argon

Experimental measurements recording spark-generated shock propagation characteristics within an argon glow discharge and in the afterglow region are reported here. Photoacoustic dee ection is used to measure average shock speeds and to examine the shock wave recovery downstream of the glow discharge. Radial shock proe les at several axial locations are experimentally determined by measuring the arrival time at different radial locations. These measurements are found to be in qualitative agreement with predictions from numerical simulations that considertemperaturegradients andviscouseffects,but which do not account forany effectsoftheplasma on shock propagation.
Evolutionary Conservation of Expression Profiles Between Human and Mouse Orthologous Genes

Mouse models are often used to study human genes because it is believed that the expression and function are similar for the majority of orthologous genes between the two species. However, recent comparisons of microarray data from thousands of orthologous human and mouse genes suggested rapid evolution of gene expression profiles under minimal or no selective constraint. These findings appear to contradict non-array-based observations from many individual genes and imply the uselessness of mouse models for studying human genes. Because absolute levels of gene expression are not comparable between species when the data are generated by species-specific microarrays, use of relative mRNA abundance among tissues (RA) is preferred to that of absolute expression signals. We thus reanalyze human and mouse genome-wide gene expression data generated by oligonucleotide microarrays. We show that the mean correlation coefficient among expression profiles detected by different probe sets of the same gene is only 0.38 for humans and 0.28 for mice, indicating that current measures of expression divergence are flawed because the large estimation error (discrepancy in expression signal detected by different probe sets of the same gene) is mistakenly included in the between-species divergence. When this error is subtracted, 84% of human-mouse orthologous gene pairs show significantly lower expression divergence than that of random gene pairs. In contrast to a previous finding, but consistent with the common sense, expression profiles of orthologous tissues between species are more similar to each other than to those of nonorthologous tissues. Furthermore, the evolutionary rate of expression divergence and that of coding sequence divergence are found to be weakly, but significantly positively correlated, when RA and the Euclidean distance are used to measure expression-profile divergence. These results highlight the importance of proper consideration of various estimation errors in comparing the microarray data between species.
Sputtered Cd1-xMgxTe Films for Top Cells in Tandem Devices

Cd1-xMgxTe is a potential candidate for the top cell in two-terminal tandem solar cells. The close match of the lattice constant of MgTe with CdTe and the apparent complete miscibility of MgTe in CdTe and the rapid increase in band gap with Mg content gives flexibility to prepare material with the appropriate band gap for current-matching in a tandem solar cell. We have chosen to deposit Cd 1-xMgxTe thin films by RF sputtering to maintain access to low growth temperatures. Substrate temperatures greater than 250degC produced highly adhering polycrystalline films with grain size in the range of 100-150 nm and a strong preferential (111) orientation. All the films were p-type and resistive. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that the Mg concentration in the film is significantly lower than that of the source target. Films were chloride-treated at temperatures in the range 350 to 387degC in a variety of ambients and the band gap showed narrowing at higher annealing temperature and time duration, particularly in oxygen containing ambients. XRD and AFM studies of the Cd1-xMgx Te films showed evidence of re-crystallization including grain growth and a more random crystallographic orientation of the grains. Prototype CdS/Cd1-xMgxTe solar cells were fabricated