cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strain of MFI crystals in membranes: An in situ synchrotron X-ray study

Temperature-resolved in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction is used for the first time to study the microstructure evolution of a preferentially oriented zeolite membrane (siliceous ZSM-5) during calcination of the organic structure directing agent (tetrapropyl ammonium, TPA). Use of transmission sample geometry allowed us to discriminate in-plane from out-of-plane reflections and to calculate strain imposed on the zeolite layer along the in-plane (parallel to the support) as well as the out-of-plane (perpendicular to the support) direction over the entire calcination process. The results strongly suggest that the zeolite crystals of the membrane are under compressive in-plane stress and that their thermal behavior is quite different from free standing powder.
Time as a cause of phonological irregularities

Abstract Borrowing has often been invoked as an explanation for the existence of exceptions to phonological change. It will, however, be argued here that such exceptions can sometimes be more reasonably interpreted as due to incomplete and competing sound changes. A case in point is the numerous irregular reflexes of Middle Chinese (MC) short tone syllables in modern Pekinese. Previous solutions to this problem have all had recourse to borrowing. The author, however, proposes to solve this problem by assuming five successive incomplete changes. The author claims that MC forms undergoing the full cycle of the changes have become regular reflexes in Pekinese, all other MC forms which skip the operation of one or more rules have become irregular reflexes.
The Determinants of Tying Litigation, 1961–2001

The idea that changes in Supreme Court decision rules should have measurable effects on the volume of cases litigated has a compelling plausibility, and several models of litigation predict this result. The prediction is a fragile one, however, because it implies very restrictive assumptions about the probability distributions of the cases subject to dispute. The period studied includes four Supreme Court decisions widely regarded as changing the rules and altering the level of uncertainty surrounding the legality of the anti-tying provisions of the antitrust laws. Broad trends in antitrust activity generally and changes in firm profitability statistically explain over three-quarters of the observed variation in tying litigation. Changes in legal precedent have only modest effects upon litigation.
A method for quantifying vertical forest structure

Vertical forest structure is an attribute of forests that is of interest to many disciplines and is consistently discussed in the context of ecosystem management. The vertical stratification of tree crowns is a forest attribute that influences both tree growth and understory community structure. Therefore, it should be considered when making management decisions that affect the structure of stands. However, current methods of quantifying vertical structure are either arbitrarily-defined and do not represent natural stratification patterns of stands or forests, or are too time consuming for landscape analyses. The program, TSTRAT, was developed to place trees into vertical strata in a structural classification of forest vegetation developed for the Inland Northwest (USA). The primary classification criteria were cover types and classes of stand development described by structural criteria. The TSTRAT algorithm defines strata on the basis of an assumption related to a competition cut-off point among tree crowns in a given area. The predicted strata assignments of trees closely approximated vertical strata that were visually identified, in addition to those identified through cluster analysis. TSTRAT assigns each tree to a stratum, produces various descriptive statistics by vertical stratum, and quantifies overstory tree species diversity and inequality of tree heights. Because TSTRAT simulates the natural vertical arrangement of tree crowns, it is potentially useful in identifying strata that are biologically-related to processes that determine natural vertical stratification patterns.
Testing the New Deal: The General Textile Strike of 1934 in the American South

In September 1934 two-thirds of the southern textile labor force walked off their jobs, inspired by Roosevelt's New Deal to protest employer harassment and massive industry restructuring. After three weeks, the union that led the strike called it off in return for government promises that remained unfulfilled. Thousands of workers were blacklisted and conditions in the southern mills deteriorated rapidly. Humiliated and demoralized, strike participants maintained a sixty-year silence that virtually eliminated the event from historical memory.Janet Irons steps into this historical vacuum to explore the community and workplace dynamics of southern mill towns in the years leading up the strike, as well as the links among worker insurgency, organized labor, and governmental policy in the New Deal's crucial first years. Drawing on industry and union records, newspaper sources, oral histories, records of the New Deal bureaucracy, and thousands of letters written by southern laborers to President Roosevelt about their working conditions, Irons reveals the dual nature of the New Deal's impact on the South. While its rhetoric mobilized the poor to challenge local established authority, the New Deal's political structure worked in the opposite direction, reinforcing the power of the South's economic elite. A powerful rendering of a pivotal event, "Testing the New Deal" stands as a major reassessment of southern labor in the 1930s.
Iron uptake by rabbit intestinal mucosal membrane vesicles.

Abstract Iron uptake by brush border membrane vesicles isolated from rabbit small intestine was studied using a rapid filtration technique. Special attention was directed at avoiding hydrolysis of iron at Fe(III) and oxidation of iron at Fe(II). Uptake of Fe(III) was studied from media containing ferric citrate with a 1000-fold molar excess of citrate to iron, calculated to be sufficient to prevent simple hydrolysis and polynuclear complex formation. Fe(III) bound to the mucosal membranes in a temperature-dependent and saturable fashion. Transport into the intravesicular space, however, could not be demonstrated. Fe(III) uptake was almost identical after heat denaturation of membrane proteins, which probably rules out the involvement of a specific protein receptor. Membrane binding of Fe(III) was higher when media with a lower pH were used and when there was only a 20-fold molar excess of citrate to iron. The major part of the 55Fe(III) is bound to the membranes very strongly, and cannot be removed by washing with excess unlabeled Fe(III). Under similar experimental conditions uptake of Fe(II), from a medium with a 20-fold molar excess of ascorbate to iron, was several hundred times higher than that of Fe(III). Again, there was no difference between the uptake of Fe(II) by normal or boiled vesicles. In contrast to results with Fe(III), however, uptake of Fe(II) into an osmotic space could be demonstrated. The large amount of Fe(II) transported may be explained by assuming an intravesicular iron trap, possibly provided by oxidation and hydrolysis in the vesicular lumen. Our findings indicate that the uptake of iron by microvillous membrane vesicles probably entails both binding and simple diffusion.
Imaging by target‐oriented wave‐equation inversion: 3‐D field data results

Wave-equation inversion is a powerful technique able to build clean images with balanced amplitudes in complex subsurface areas relative to migration alone. This paper illustrates how to perform wave-equation inversion in image space without making any velocity model or acquisition geometry approximations. The method explicitly computes the least-squares Hessian matrix, defined from the modeling/migration operators, and uses an iterative solver to find the solution of the resulting system of equations. This technique can handle 3-D data in a target-oriented fashion. The inversion in the presence of a complex overburden leads to an ill-conditioned system of equations that needs to be regularized to obtain a stable numerical solution. Regularization can be implemented in the poststack image-domain (zero subsurface offset), where the options for a regularization operator are limited to a customary damping, or in the prestack image-domain (subsurface offset), where a physically-inspired regularization operator (differential semblance) can be applied. Though the prestack imagedomain inversion is more expensive than the poststack imagedomain inversion, it can improve the reflectors continuity into the shadow zones with an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate the utility of both these methods by improving the subsalt-sediment images of a 3-D Gulf of Mexico field data set.
Vibration Control Using Parametric Excitation

A simple pendulum whose pivot executes harmonic motion in the vertical direction is a prototype for systems subjected to parametric excitation. Forced excitation of this system is represented as a harmonically varying torque wnose frequency is taken to be arbitrary. The investigation explores whether, for specified values of the natural frequency and the excitation frequency, it is possible to select an amplitude and frequency for the parametric excitation such that the pendulum's vibratory rotation is reduced. The analysis supplements numerical integration of the equation of motion with a Fourier series analysis suitable to situations where the parametric frequency is a multiple of the forcing frequency. Studies of the behavior for excitation frequencies close to, and far from, the natural frequency lead to a general guideline for selecting the parametric excitation. It is shown that, with judicious selection of the parametric amplitude, a parametric frequency that is very high relative to the highest contemplated excitation frequency can substantially reduce the forced response at any lower excitation frequency.
Probability description of fluorescent and phosphorescent signal generation in tissues and other random media

The origin of fluorescent or phosphorescent signals re-emitted from highly scattering media (such as tissues) is investigated using a simple probability analysis developed earlier by Seveck et al. and adapted for incorporation of excited state probe kinetics. Results show that the lifetime of a uniformly distributed phosphorescent or fluorescent optical probe will profoundly affect the volume interrogated by a noninvasive, reflectance measurements. When the lifetime is greater than photon migration times, the origin of the re-emitted signal is confined closest to the surface. Our computations suggest that noninvasive measurements of tissue oxygen concentration may not necessarily interrogate deep tissues when systemically administered phosphorescent dyes are used. Instead, our results point to the development of short- lived probes and the successful deconvolution of nanosecond photon migration times for sensing subsurface conditions.
Norepinephrine Pools in Rat Brain: Differences in Turnover Rates and Pathways of Metabolism

The rate of disappearance of intracisternally administered [3H]norepinephrine from rat brain gradually declines as a multiphasic exponential function of time. Conversion to [3H]normetanephrine accounts for a larger fraction of the [3H]norepinephrine released in the brain shortly after its intracisternal injection than that released at later times. Pools of norepinephrine in the brain thus appear to differ in their turnover rates and pathways of metabolism. The pool of norepinephrine with a rapid rate of turnover and an appreciable conversion to normetanephrine, identified by the techniques reported here, may correspond to a pool of newly synthesized norepinephrine in the brain.
Defective assembly and trafficking of mutant HERG channels with C-terminal truncations in long QT syndrome

Mutations in the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) cause long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2). HERG encodes a voltage-gated potassium channel consisting of four subunits. Tetrameric assembly is required for the formation of functional HERG channels. In the present work, we studied the role of assembly in HERG channel dysfunction of LQT2 mutations Q725X and R1014X, both of which cause truncations of the C-terminus of HERG channels. When expressed in HEK293 cells, Q725X did not generate HERG current, while R1014X generated HERG current with markedly reduced amplitude. Western blot analysis showed that both mutations caused defective trafficking of HERG channel proteins. Using sucrose gradient centrifugation we showed that wild type HERG and R1014X formed a tetrameric structure, whereas Q725X was expressed as a monomer. When coexpressed with wild type HERG, R1014X, but not Q725X, caused dominant negative suppression of wild type HERG current. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that the lack of dominant negative effect by Q725X was due to failure of mutant subunits to coassemble with wild type subunits. These results suggest that the Q725X mutation causes HERG channel dysfunction by disruption of tetrameric assembly of HERG channels. In contrast, the R1014X mutation is capable of forming tetrameric structure, and it causes HERG channel dysfunction by defective trafficking of the mutant protein.
Book Review, The Science of Biological Specimen Preparation for Microscopy by M. Malecki and G. M. Roomans

Advance in our knowledge of the molecular organization of living material rests on two kinds of technological development: (1) microscope instrumentation and (2) specimen preparation. This includes new techniques appropriate for a specific mode of microscopy, and information on any structural alterations produced during such specimen preparation.
The formation of filamentary sublimate residues (FSR) from mineral grains

The significant interparticle forces observed between solar system dust grains upon desorption or sublimation of excess volatiles in simulated Martian or cometary environments are presently investigated, in order to more precisely define these mechanisms and to simulate the types of deposits thereby formed. Some classes of phyllosilicate mineral grains are noted to bond together to form a highly porous filamentary sublimate residue (FSR) exhibiting an exceptionally high tensile strength for its density; this may be important in its control of erosion and sublimation in Martian and cometary environments. It is concluded that FSR formation from clean mineral grains in water ice may be important in the formation of the Martian polar layered terrain.
Dynamics in adsorbed homopolymer layers: Understanding complexity from simple starting points

Abstract Now more than ever, smart material interfaces in a variety of applications demand control over complex interfacial processes, often involving adsorbed polymers. To this end, this opinion article addresses the dynamic complexity in homopolymer layers adsorbed at liquid–solid interfaces, summarizing some of the simplest examples and examining the potential impact of specific complicating mechanisms: The distinction between diffusion limited (in free solution) and surface-controlled chain release is made, and then for the latter, several different cases of single-exponential desorption, self-exchange, and displacement are compared: Though the systems present great chemical variety, they have either a limited number of or a weak energy of segment–surface contacts. Increasing the strength and/or numbers of these contacts complicates dynamics, as does increasing molecular weight which can introduce chain pinning.
TH‐C‐ValB‐06: Thoracic Proton Treatment Planning Strategies Based On the 4D CT Information

Purpose: Particularly in the case of thoracic radiation therapy, there are substantial inter‐ and intra‐fractional variations in shape, volume and position of treatment targets and the intervening and surrounding normal tissues. The purpose of this work is to develop protontreatment planning strategies for mobile tumors with and without mobile intervening structures based on 4D CT, and to assess the planning strategies using 4D CT data and daily in‐room CT information. Method and Materials: Five treatment planning strategies were evaluated based on (1) free breathing CT with small smearing, (2) free breathing CT with large smearing, (3) average CT with small smearing, (4) average CT with CT numbers inside the tumor volume replaced by higher CT numbers, and (5) maximum intensity projection CT. For a lung patient with large, 1.6 cm, tumor motion and immobile surrounding tissues,treatment plans were designed using strategies 1, 2 and 4. Each treatment plan was recalculated on five daily CTimages using bony structure alignment. For an esophagus patient with 3.5 cm tumor motion and large cardiac, liver and spleen motion, treatment plans were designed using strategies 1, 2, 3 and 5. Each treatment plan was recalculated in all 10 phases of the 4D CT.Results: For the lung patient, the tumor coverage evaluated using the five daily CT's is superior when using strategies 2 and 4 as compared to strategy 1. However, the lung sparing is superior using strategy 4 compared to strategy 2. For the esophagus patient, the treatment plans using strategy 2 and 5 covered the targets for each 4D CT phase while the plan using strategy 1 and 3 caused significant under‐dosing. Conclusion: With the strategies developed using 4D CT data, good tumor coverage was achieved for the thoracic patients with large tumor and surrounding tissue motion using proton therapy.
Earthling dreams in black and white: space, representation and US racial politics in ‘The space traders’

This article examines Trey Ellis's re-adaptation of Derrick Bell's ‘The space traders’ and argues that contrasting philosophy and aesthetics in the literary and visual works reveal what Houston Baker has termed ‘generational shift’. The varying versions of ‘The space traders’ are examined for their distinct approaches to challenging racism and for theorising about whether it is even possible to end racial oppression in the United States. That both the fiction and teleplay imagine the prospect of whites trading blacks to space aliens as a solution to ending America's social and economic ills reflects the scholars' and artists' indictments of white supremacy in the United States. However, the divergences in plot, character and dialogue suggest intergenerational rifts. The contrasting effect is that Ellis's aesthetic choice to highlight complexion centres audiences' focus on intra-racial divisions of African Americans based on colour. Ellis's focus on black intra-racial conflicts moves the critique away from...
Pharmacogenetic analysis of sex differences in opioid antinociception in rats

Sex differences in opioid antinociception have been reported in rodents and monkeys, with opioids being more potent in males than females. In the present study, the influence of rat strain on sex differences in opioid antinociception was examined in a warm water tail-withdrawal procedure. Antinociceptive tests were conducted with the high-efficacy micro-opioid morphine, and the less efficacious opioids buprenorphine, butorphanol and nalbuphine. Baseline nociceptive latencies were consistently higher in males than their female counterparts. Sex differences in opioid antinociception were observed in all strains tested, with the opioids being more potent and/or effective in males. The magnitude of the sex differences was related to the relative efficacy of the opioid, with morphine, buprenorphine, butorphanol and nalbuphine being on average 2.2-, 2.6-, 15.9- and 11.9-fold more potent in males. Sex differences also varied markedly across strains, with large differences consistently obtained in the F344 and F344-Sasco strains, moderate differences in the ACI, DA, Lewis, Sprague Dawley, Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto strains, and small differences in the Long Evans-Blue Spruce, Long Evans, Brown Norway and Holtzman strains. When compared across strains, there was no relationship between sex differences in nociceptive sensitivity and opioid sensitivity. These findings provide strong support for the role of genetic factors in determining sex differences in opioid antinociception, and suggest that the use of low-efficacy opioids, coupled with the use of rat strains that display small and large sex differences in opioid antinociception, may provide a sensitive tool to investigate the mechanisms underlying sex differences in opioid antinociception.
Food at home production and consumption: implications for nutrition quality and policy

The production and consumption of food at home is one of the most frequent and ubiquitous of all human activities and yet little is known about some of the basic economic constructs of this activity. Increasing our knowledge of food at home economics is important for improving the nutritional quality of diets and nutritional policies of the United States. This paper reviews the empirical literature on food at home production and consumption and food away from home consumption, demonstrates how the effectiveness of some nutrition policies depends on the magnitudes of a few key parameters, and identifies numerous areas in need of further research.
Attitude change as a function of the inducement for espousing a proattitudinal communication

Subjects read a proattitudinal communication five times in order to try to convince others of the position. They received either no pay or $7.50 for doing so. Paid subjects demonstrated significant attitude change, relative to no pay subjects, away from the position in the communication. The results were predicted using both a “change in perceived locus of causality process” and a “self-perception process”, and were contrasted with seemingly discrepant results from an earlier study by Kiesler and Sakumura. The apparent difference is mostly likely due to the fact that the induction in the present study was belief-relevant, whereas it was belief-irrelevant in the Kiesler and Sakumura study.
General form of learning algorithms for neuromorphic hardware implementation

The DARPA Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics (SyNAPSE) initiative aims to create a new generation of high-density, low-power consumption chips capable of replicating adaptive and intelligent behavior observed in animals. To ensure fast speed, low power consumption, and parallel learning in billions of synapses, the learning laws that govern the adaptive behavior must be implemented in hardware. Over the past decades, multitudes of learning laws have been proposed in the literature to explain how neural activity shapes synaptic connections to support adaptive behavior. In order to implement as many of these laws as possible on the hardware, some general and easily parameterized form of learning law has to be designed and implemented on the chip. Such a general form would allow instantiation of multiple learning laws through different parameterizations without rewiring the hardware. From the perspectives of usefulness, stability, homeostatic properties, and spatial and temporal locality, this project analyzes four categories of existing learning rules: 1. Hebb rule derivatives with various methods for gating learning and decay; 2. Threshold rule variations including the covariance and BCM families; 3. Error-based learning rules; and 4. Reinforcement rules For each individual category a general form that can be implemented in hardware was derived. Even more general forms that include multiple categories are further suggested.
First Impressions: Exploring the Structure of Titles for Nonformal Public Interpretive Programs

ABSTRACTVisitors considering attending an interpretive program open to the public at a zoo, historic site, park, or museum may have no more information available to them than the title of the program and its location and date. This research investigated how the structure of a program title helped or hindered people from inferring the topic of the program, whether it is for adults or children, level of formality, and interestingness. Ninety-six college students at 2 universities rated 18 titles for interpretive programs on 4 dimensions. Interestingness of the program topic was related to reported intention to attend the program. Being able to infer whether the program was for adults or children and whether it was formal or informal was related to interestingness. Program titles should be strategically constructed as potential program participants make inferences about the program from the title.
Analyzing the activity of large populations of neurons: how tractable is the problem?

Understanding how the brain performs computations requires understanding neuronal firing patterns at successive levels of processing—a daunting and seemingly intractable task. Two recent studies have made dramatic progress on this problem by showing how its dimensionality can be reduced. Using the retina as a model system, they demonstrated that multineuronal firing patterns can be predicted by pairwise interactions.
N-Type Conjugated Materials Based on 2-Vinyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazoles and Their Use in Solar Cells

The high-yield syntheses of a new class of n-type conjugated materials based on the Heck coupling of 2-vinyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole with selected dibromoaromatics is reported. The resultant materials have tunable HOMO−LUMO levels and photoluminescence ranging from deep blue to red. Solution-processed organic solar cells with external quantum efficiencies exceeding 14% could be prepared by blending selected novel materials with poly-(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT).
Analysis of protein fractions by micropreparative capillary isoelectric focusing and matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Abstract In this study, the use of capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) as a micropreparative tool for protein analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) is demonstrated. A newly designed, automated, collection interface equipped with a fiber-optic UV detector and a sheath flow connection was employed for collection of protein fractions. Multiple fractions were collected during a single cIEF run and further analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS for mass assignment. The feasibility of the method was tested with a mixture of model proteins with different isoelectric points and molecular masses, and with variants of human hemoglobins differing in pI, but with negligible difference in Mr. Some practical considerations of the collection procedure and subsequent TOF analysis are presented.
Toward Integrated Career Assessment: Using Story to Appraise Career Dispositions and Adaptability

This study examined the validity of using stories to appraise career dispositions and problems associated with career adaptability. Premedical students (63 women, 37 men) wrote narratives about Thematic Apperception Test cards (TAT) and responded to the Strong Interest Inventory (SII). Independent raters identified identical career adaptability dimensions from TAT stories more than 47% of the time. RIASEC codes derived from TAT responses matched measured codes on at least one theme 82% of the time. Results provided modest support for the reliability of using TAT card responses to derive a RIASEC personality type consistent with measured vocational interests. Further study to increase interrater reliability and hone the scoring scheme for deriving RIASEC codes might bolster the validity of using story to assess vocational personality dispositions and career problems. Ultimately, constructivist approaches could augment differential methods for appraising and fostering career exploration and choice in an int...
Tropomyosin and Troponin Are Required for Ovarian Contraction in the Caenorhabditis elegans Reproductive System

Ovulation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is coordinated by interactions between the somatic gonad and germ cells. Myoepithelial sheath cells of the proximal ovary are smooth muscle-like cells, but the regulatory mechanism of their contraction is unknown. We show that contraction of the ovarian muscle requires tropomyosin and troponin, which are generally major actin-linked regulators of contraction of striated muscle. RNA interference of tropomyosin or troponin C caused sterility by inhibiting ovarian contraction that is required for expelling mature oocytes into the spermatheca where fertilization takes place, thus causing accumulation of endomitotic oocytes in the ovary. Tropomyosin and troponin C were associated with actin filaments in the myoepithelial sheath, and the association of troponin C with actin was dependent on tropomyosin. A mutation in the actin depolymerizing factor/cofilin gene suppressed the ovulation defects by RNA interference of tropomyosin or troponin C. These results strongly suggest that tropomyosin and troponin are the actin-linked regulators for contraction of ovarian muscle in the C. elegans reproductive system.
Host ontogeny determines parasitoid use of a forest caterpillar

For most organisms, patterns of natural enemy-mediated mortality change over the course of development. Shifts in enemy pressure are particularly relevant for organisms that exhibit exponential growth during development, such as juvenile insects that increase their mass by several orders of magnitude. As one of the dominant groups of insect herbivores in most terrestrial plant communities, larval lepidopterans (caterpillars) are host to a diverse array of parasitoids. Previous research has described how the frequency of herbivore parasitism varies among host plants or habitats, but much less is known about how parasitism pressure changes during host development. To test whether the two major parasitoid taxa, wasps and flies, differentially attack shared hosts based on host developmental stage, we simultaneously exposed early- and late-instar Euclea delphinii Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) caterpillars to parasitism in the field. We found strong evidence that parasitoids partition hosts by size; adult female wasps preferentially parasitized small caterpillars, whereas adult female flies preferred to attack large caterpillars. Our results demonstrate that host ontogeny is a major determinant of parasitoid host selection. Documenting how shifts in enemy pressure vary with development is important to understanding both the population biology and evolutionary ecology of prey species and their enemies.
Mental Health Problems in Primary Care: Progress in North America

Research in the last decade has acknowledged that primary care plays a pivotal role in the delivery of mental health services. The aim of this paper is to review major accomplishments, emerging trends, and continuing gaps concerning mental health problems in primary care in North America. Methods: Literature from North America was reviewed and synthesized. Results: Major accomplishments include: the development and adoption of a number of clinical guidelines specifically for mental health conditions in primary care, the acceptance of the chronic care model as a framework for treating depression in primary care, and the clear adoption of pharmacologic approaches as the predominant mode for treating depression and anxiety. Emerging trends include: the use of non-physician facilitators as care managers in the treatment of depression in primary care, increasing use of technology in the assessment and treatment of mental health conditions in primary care, and dissemination and implementation of integrated mental health treatment approaches. Lingering issues include: the difficulty in moving beyond problem identification and initiation of treatment to sustaining evidence-based treatments, agreement on a common metric to evaluate outcomes, and the stigma still associated with mental illness. Conclusion: Though there now exists a solid and growing evidence base for the delivery of mental health services in primary care, there are still significant challenges which must be overcome in order to make further advances.
Impact of process monitoring in semiconductor manufacturing

Short cycle time in manufacturing leads to not only fast problem recognition and verification of solutions, reduction in partially finished product inventories and the final product costs, but most importantly, it provides a key vehicle for early market entry of the technology products. In contrast, deep-submicron CMOS usually involves processes with high complexity and tight process tolerance. By necessity, this dictates frequent process monitoring with send ahead test wafers in order to assure accelerated yield learning during early phases of manufacturing. However these send ahead test wafers, although beneficial in the overall yield improvement, will increase the total raw (theoretical) process time and decrease the equipment availabilities for real processing in the line. In this paper, we examine the impact of send ahead rest wafers on process cycle time, wafer throughput, and fab line equipment capacity requirements. Discrete Event Simulation was used to run a hypothetical fab model with an industry standard CMOS base process. Examples will be given for fab sizes ranging from early manufacturing 50 wafer starts per day to high volume 600 wafer starts per day. We will demonstrate that with careful planning in equipment capacity ramping in early manufacturing phases, send ahead process monitoring can be practised without lengthening the cycle time, decreasing the line throughput, and placing any additional burdens in the total cost of capital investment in the fab line. >
Bodies adapt orientation-independent face representations.

Faces and bodies share a great number of semantic attributes, such as gender, emotional expression, and identity. Recent studies demonstrate that bodies can activate and modulate face perception. However, the nature of the face representation that is activated by bodies remains unknown. In particular, face and body representations have previously been shown to have a degree of orientation specificity. Here we use body-face adaptation aftereffects to test whether bodies activate face representations in an orientation-dependent manner. Specifically, we used a two-by-two design to examine the magnitude of the body-face aftereffect using upright and inverted body adaptors and upright and inverted face targets. All four conditions showed significant body-face adaptation. We found neither a main effect of body orientation nor an interaction between body and face orientation. There was a main effect of target face orientation, with inverted target faces showing larger aftereffects than upright target faces, consistent with traditional face-face adaptation. Taken together, these results suggest that bodies adapt and activate a relatively orientation-invariant representation of faces.
Self-biased self-oscillating mixing receiver using metamaterial-based SIW dual-band antenna

In this paper, a novel receiver consisting of both “self-biased” and “self-oscillating mixing” schemes is proposed. The receiver is self-biased since it does not require an external DC bias from a power supply but rather the DC voltage is provided through the rectifier branch of the receiver, which converts the received RF power to DC; the receiver is also integrated with a self-oscillating mixer so that it does not require an external LO source that is usually necessary in a mixer circuit. Moreover, a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) metamaterial based substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) dual-band antenna is equipped in the receiver: the lower band (2.2GHz) is used to wirelessly provide power to the system and the higher band (5.77GHz) can be used to send information.
Cost-effective constructions for nonblocking WDM multicast switching networks

Constructing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) multicast switches with inexpensive components and low complexity is an important problem in optical networking, as multicasting is one of the key requirements of emerging bandwidth-intensive applications such as video conferencing, video on demand and online gaming. In this paper we present several new cost-effective designs for constructing nonblocking WDM multicast switching networks. More specifically, we provide a wide-sense nonblocking switch architecture, which uses fewer semiconductor optical amplifiers than existing architectures. In addition, for the first time we have presented a rearrangeably nonblocking WDM switch architecture using array waveguide grating routers and wavelength converters.
Manual and Automated Interpolation of Climatic and Geomorphic Statistical Surfaces: An Evaluation

Abstract A survey of the literature reveals that many interpolation algorithms have been proposed for generating statistical surfaces of geographical phenomena from a finite set of observations and that there is no one best method for handling even a single class of phenomena. One also finds that manually-produced surfaces are often used as the standard against which computer-generated surfaces are compared, implying that the manual method yields better results. To date, little research has compared manual and computer interpolation, assessed whether expert knowledge has a consistent impact on manual interpolation, and evaluated objectively the differences between manual and computer interpolation. This study surveys expert opinion on computer interpolation, compares the metric accuracy of manual and computer-generated surfaces, and reports expert evaluations of these surfaces. Experts indicated that interpolation algorithms are in need of further development in order to produce maps that are comparable i...
Is a Personal History of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Associated with Increased or Decreased Risk of Other Cancers

Two conflicting hypotheses have been tested concerning the association between a personal history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and risk of other malignancies. One hypothesis is that as a marker of extensive sunlight exposure and hence vitamin D status, NMSC should be inversely associated with risk of other cancers. Alternatively, under the multiple primary cancer model, NMSC is postulated to be an informative first cancer to study as a marker of increased risk of subsequent primary cancer diagnoses. In this journal issue, Ong and colleagues report the results of a large-scale study in the United Kingdom with findings that NMSC was significantly associated with increased risk of a broad spectrum of other malignancies, with the associations stronger the younger the age of onset of NMSC. These results are consistent with the larger body of evidence on this topic, which is highly asymmetrical in favor of the multiple primary cancer hypothesis. Two divergent hypotheses have been tested, with the empirical evidence unequivocally indicating that NMSC is a marker of a high cancer risk phenotype. Future research is warranted to better characterize this association, to understand why NMSC is a marker of excess risk of other cancers, and to determine whether this association is clinically relevant.
A Programmable High Power Beam Damper for the Tevatron

A bunch-by-bunch beam damper has been developed for the Fermilab Tevatron. The system reduces betatron oscillation amplitudes and incorporates some useful machine diagnostics. The device is programmable via look-up tables so the output is an arbitrary function, on a bunch-by-bunch basis, of the beam displacement. We are presently using this feature to measure the betatron tune throughout the acceleration cycle.
Comparison of laser acupuncture and metoclopramide in PONV prevention in children.

Summary Background : Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are frequent side effects of general anesthesia in children. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of laser acupuncture with metoclopramide in prevention of PONV in children after sevoflurane anesthesia. Methods : A total of 120 children ASA I and II, scheduled for hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy were randomly assigned into three groups: group I, received laser acupuncture on P6 point and saline infusion; group II, metoclopramide 0.1 mg·kg−1 i.v. and sham laser; group III had sham laser and saline infusion. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and N2O/O2. Patients were monitored for any symptoms of retching and vomiting at 2, 6 and 24 h postoperatively. Results : The incidence of vomiting was higher in the control group in the first 2 h postoperatively (P < 0.001), compared with the other groups. There was no statistically significant difference between acupuncture and metoclopramide groups in occurrence and timing of vomiting (P < 0.001). Conclusion : Laser acupuncture is equally effective as metoclopramide in preventing PONV in children.
Control of global instability in a non-parallel near wake

The effect of base suction on a plane wake was found to produce significant changes in wake dynamics. The wake is produced by merging two boundary layers from the trailing edge of a splitter plate in a two-stream water tunnel. A threshold suction speed exists which is approximately equal to half of the free-stream velocity. If the suction speed is below the threshold, the wake flow is unstable. If the suction speed is above the threshold, the wake becomes stable and no vortex shedding is observed. In the present experiment, the suction technique can stabilize a wake at a maximum tested Reynolds number of 2000.The suction significantly reduces the length of the absolutely unstable region in the immediate vicinity of the trailing edge of the splitter plate and produces a non-parallel flow pattern, resulting in the breakdown of global instability. The global growth rate changes from positive (unstable flow) to negative (stable flow) at the suction speed equalling 0.46 of the free-stream velocity. The threshold suction speed can be accurately predicted by the global linear theory of Monkewitz et al. (1993) with a non-parallel flow correction.
A Gip1p–Glc7p phosphatase complex regulates septin organization and spore wall formation

Sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a developmental process in which a single cell is converted into four haploid spores. GIP1, encoding a developmentally regulated protein phosphatase 1 interacting protein, is required for spore formation. Here we show that GIP1 and the protein phosphatase 1 encoded by GLC7 play essential roles in spore development. The gip1Δ mutant undergoes meiosis and prospore membrane formation normally, but is specifically defective in spore wall synthesis. We demonstrate that in wild-type cells, distinct layers of the spore wall are deposited in a specific temporal order, and that gip1Δ cells display a discrete arrest at the onset of spore wall deposition. Localization studies revealed that Gip1p and Glc7p colocalize with the septins in structures underlying the growing prospore membranes. Interestingly, in the gip1Δ mutant, not only is Glc7p localization altered, but septins are also delocalized. Similar phenotypes were observed in a glc7–136 mutant, which expresses a Glc7p defective in interacting with Gip1p. These results indicate that a Gip1p–Glc7p phosphatase complex is required for proper septin organization and initiation of spore wall formation during sporulation.
The Use of Non-Parametric Regression to Investigate the Sensitivities of High-Speed Direct Injection Diesel Emissions and Fuel Consumption to Engine Parameters:

AbstractA recently developed non-parametric regression (NPR) method, namely the component selection and smoothing operator (COSSO), was applied to a high-speed direct injection (HSDI) diesel engine optimization problem to analyse the complex correlations between NOx and soot emissions, and fuel consumption responses and control factors. Seven control factors were considered, including swirl ratio, fuel injection pressure, intake air boost pressure, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), start-of-injection timings for each pulse of two-pulse injections, and the dwell between the injections. The responses are non-linearly and non-monotonically correlated to the control factors, which feature complex interactions. The models were constructed by extracting information from an undesigned and unevenly distributed data sample, whose size is small with regard to the high dimensionality of the inputs. The models perform well, as shown by cross-validations. This success reveals the potential of NPR methods as powerful an...
The impact of severe ionospheric conditions on the GPS hardware in the Southern Polar Region

The primary objective of this paper is to present results of an experiment to determine the effects of moderate and severe ionospheric conditions on the GPS signal tracking by different L1/L2 receivers operating in the Southern Polar region. In this study, data collected by the Ohio State University (OSU) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) joint team within the TAMDEF (Transantarctic Mountains Deformation) network were used together with the IGS and UNAVCO Antarctic stations. Seventeen Antarctic stations equipped with different dual-frequency GPS hardware were selected, and data were evaluated for two 24-hour periods of severe ionospheric storm (October 29th, 2003) and active ionospheric conditions (moderate storm of November 11th, 2003).
Inside the Pyramid of Disputes: Naming Problems and Filing Grievances in California Prisons

Previous literature on disputing and legal mobilization suggests that stigmatized, self-blaming, and/or vulnerable populations often face insurmountable barriers to naming a situation as injurious and claiming redress. Contrary to what one would expect from this literature, prisoners in the United States—among the most stigmatized and vulnerable of populations—file tens of thousands of grievances annually. To explore this apparent paradox, we draw on an unprecedented data set comprised of interviews with a random sample of 120 men in three California prisons. Our data reveal that these prisoners are willing and able to name problems, and most of them have filed at least one grievance. While some expressed self-blame and most said there was retaliation for filing a grievance, the majority overcame these impediments to filing. We argue that the context of prison—a total institution in which law is a hypervisible force—enhances this form of legal mobilization by prisoners, trumping the social and psychological factors that the context otherwise produces and that in other populations tamp down claims making. The pattern of these prisoners' claims, however, reveals that they are by no means immune to the countervailing pressures. While staff disrespect was named frequently as a problem in prison, grievances against staff were relatively rare. In concluding, we note that the U.S. Supreme Court recently found California prisons violate the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment, a finding that reveals the inadequacy of the inmate appeals system despite prisoners' repeated efforts to hold the state accountable.