cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children in the Delivery Room

Abstract The presence of children at delivery is discussed. This includes the universal taboo, children's reactions to trauma due to exposure to delivery, the children's emotional abuse, and possible parental pathology in requesting children's presence at delivery. Prevention of emotional abuse is stressed.
Controlling Optoelectronic Behavior in Poly(fluorene) Networks Using Thiol–Ene Photo-Click Chemistry

Thiol–ene photo-click chemistry is used to cross-link poly(fluorene) derivatives incorporating varying length alkene side-chains into conjugated thin film networks with tunable network architecture, offering a systematic handle on network architecture in cross-linked conjugated polymers. Newly reported poly(fluorene)s with 5- and 11-carbon length thiol–ene compatible side-chains are cross-linked using difunctional and tetra-functional thiol cross-linkers to afford networks of varying connectivity which are tracked by FTIR, contact profilometry, and photo calorimetry. Fluorenone “defects” are additionally incorporated into the poly(fluorene) networks and act as a uniquely effective colorimetric indicator of electronic communication within the conjugated network. This provides a novel method for the systematic investigation of the effects of network architecture on cross-linked conjugated polymer films, which opens the door for controlling the optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductor networks as d...
Epidemiology and etiology of hand foot and mouth disease outbreaks in Shenzhen,2009- 2013

Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease( HFMD) outbreaks in Shenzhen,Guangdong province,and provide scientific evidence for HFMD prevention and control.Methods The incidence data of HFMD outbreaks in Shenzhen were collected from national public health emergency information system and Shenzhen communicable disease information system for descriptive epidemiological analysis. Results From January 2009 to December 2013,365 HFMD outbreaks were reported in Shenzhen,accounting for 21. 1% of total communicable disease outbreaks( 365 /1727),in which 16 were classified as public health emergencies,accounting for6. 8% of total public health emergencies( 16 /236). The annual incidence peak of HFMD occurred during March-June,but sub-peak occurred in November 2011 and in September 2012. Up to. 93. 7% of outbreaks( 342 /365) occurred in child care settings,and 68. 2% of outbreaks( 249 /365) were reported in urban area,but the outbreaks which were identified as public health emergencies mainly occurred in suburban area( 68. 8%,11 /16). Totally 141 outbreaks( 38. 6%) were reported within 1 day. The attack rate ranged from 0. 59% to 100%( median: 10. 3%),and the durations of outbreaks ranged from 1 to 41 days( median: 3 days). Correlation analysis indicated that non-timely reporting was positively related with the duration and cases number of the outbreak significantly( P 0. 05),with r of 0. 621 and 0. 416 respectively.EV71 was predominant in 2009 and 2010( 39. 5%,48. 4%),while EV71,Cox A16 and other enteric viruses shared similar proportion in 2011( 27. 6%,23. 5%,22. 4%),and other enteroviruses became predominant in 2012 and 2013( 39. 4%,28. 2%). Conclusion Early response to HFMD outbreak could effectively decrease public health emergency.Child care settings were the major places where HFMD outbreaks occurred in Shenzhen. The reporting management should be strengthened in suburban area,and timely reporting and response are essential for the control of HFMD outbreak.
Effect of Qiuxie Recipe in Treatment of Children Diarrhea in Autumn

Objective:Based on the research of Qiuxie Recipe in treating children diarrhea in autumn,it is to explore the effective prescription in treating children diarrhea in autumn.Methods:One hundred and forty diarrhea cases were randomly divided into two groups.Results:The total effective rate was 95.7% in the treatment group and 64.3% in the control group.The clinical efficacy in the treatment group was better than that in the control group.Conclusion:The clinical efficacy of Qiuxie Recipe is accurate,and it is worthy of popularization and application.
Can we modify the number of adipose cells

Obesity is a function of both number and fat content of adipocytes. In adults with juvenile-onset obesity, the number of adipocytes is increased in comparison with average nonobese persons. By weig...
Liquid chromatographic and spectroscopic characterization of pentamidine isethionate and impurities in bulk drug and injectables.

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for evaluating purity of pentamidine isethionate (PI), a life-saving drug used in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which is a leading cause of death in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Six potential impurity compounds were synthesized to test the selectivity of the chromatographic system and to permit quantitation of impurities in various lots of PI products. The drug and impurities were separated with gradient elution on a cyano-bonded LC column. The analytic system provided information on the identities and levels of impurities in early experimental lots of PI. These results assisted the manufacturer in altering reaction conditions and purification procedures to ensure that succeeding lots were within the specification limits, i.e., no more than 0.4% of any single impurity or 0.7% of total impurities found in the final product.
Bottle Size and Weight Gain in Formula-Fed Infants

BACKGROUND: Formula-fed infants may be at greater risk for overfeeding and rapid weight gain. Different size bottles are used for feeding infants, although little is known about whether bottle size is related to weight gain in bottle-fed infants. METHODS: Data from the Greenlight Intervention Study, a cluster randomized trial to prevent childhood obesity at 4 pediatric resident clinics, were used to analyze the exposure to regular ( RESULTS: Forty-five percent (n = 386; 41% black, 35% Hispanic, 23% white, 2% other) of infants at the 2-month visit were exclusively formula-fed, and 44% used large (≥6 oz) bottles. Infants whose parents fed with large bottles had 0.21 kg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05 to 0.37) more weight change, 0.24 U (95% CI: 0.07 to 0.41) more change in WAZ, and 0.31 U (95% CI: 0.08 to 0.54) more change in WLZ during this period than infants fed with regular bottles. CONCLUSIONS: Using a large bottle in early infancy independently contributed to greater weight gain and change in WLZ at the 6-month visit. Although growth in infancy is complex, bottle size may be a modifiable risk factor for rapid infant weight gain and later obesity among exclusively formula-fed infants.
Computer-Assisted Medical Literature Searching

At present any physician with the interest and relatively inexpensive hardware can access large data bases of medical literature citations from home or office. This article describes some data bases of interest to dermatologists and gives examples of search strategies. Computer-assisted medical literature searching is of inestimable value for patient care, research, and teaching.
The Effect of Capitate Position on Coronal Plane Wrist Motion After Simulated 4-Corner Arthrodesis.

Purpose The objective of this study was to examine the effect of altering the capitolunate relationship on coronal-plane wrist motion after scaphoidectomy and simulated 4-corner arthrodesis. Two positions of different capitolunate alignments were compared: “anatomic” (unchanged from pre-fusion) and “lunate-covered” (capitate translated to cover the lunate). We hypothesized that wrist resting posture would be altered and radial-ulnar motion would diminish after 4-corner arthrodesis in the lunate-covered position when compared with normal wrists. Methods Six human cadaveric limbs were disarticulated at the elbow and mounted on a custom jig. The resting position of the wrist was recorded with no load applied, followed by a load of 44 N applied to the flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi radialis brevis tendons to simulate radial deviation and to the flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris tendons to simulate ulnar deviation. Scaphoidectomy was performed and 2 methods of 4-corner arthrodesis with different capitolunate coronal alignments were studied in random order. Range of motion was compared using one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni correction. Results The “lunate covered” wrist demonstrated significantly greater radial resting posture than that of the preoperative wrist. Under a 44 N load, the lunate-covered position had significantly greater radial motion than the preoperative radial motion. Wrists fused in the “anatomic” position did not differ significantly from the preoperative wrists in posture or range of motion. Conclusions In this cadaveric model, complete covering of the capitate head by the lunate placed the wrist in increased radial deviation compared with the anatomic posture. Changes induced in the resting tension of the extrinsic wrist ligaments serve as a reasonable explanation for the increased radial posture and motion. In a clinical setting, these changes may affect postoperative wrist posture and function. Clinical relevance Maintaining anatomic lunate position leads to preservation of greater wrist motion and anatomic alignment in a patient undergoing 4-corner arthrodesis.
Management, analysis, and visualization of experimental and observational data — The convergence of data and computing

Scientific user facilities — particle accelerators, telescopes, colliders, supercomputers, light sources, sequencing facilities, and more — operated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science (SC) generate ever increasing volumes of data at unprecedented rates from experiments, observations, and simulations. At the same time there is a growing community of experimentalists that require real-time data analysis feedback, to enable them to steer their complex experimental instruments to optimized scientific outcomes and new discoveries. Recent efforts in DOE-SC have focused on articulating the data-centric challenges and opportunities facing these science communities. Key challenges include difficulties coping with data size, rate, and complexity in the context of both real-time and post-experiment data analysis and interpretation. Solutions will require algorithmic and mathematical advances, as well as hardware and software infrastructures that adequately support data-intensive scientific workloads. This paper presents the summary findings of a workshop held by DOE-SC in September 2015, convened to identify the major challenges and the research that is needed to meet those challenges.
Sirtuin 7 is decreased in pulmonary fibrosis and regulates the fibrotic phenotype of lung fibroblasts

Pulmonary fibrosis is a severe condition with no cure and limited therapeutic options. A better understanding of its pathophysiology is needed. Recent studies have suggested that pulmonary fibrosis may be driven by accelerated aging-related mechanisms. Sirtuins (SIRTs), particularly SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT6, are well-known mediators of aging; however, limited data exist on the contribution of sirtuins to lung fibrosis. We assessed the mRNA and protein levels of all seven known sirtuins in primary lung fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) in comparison with lung fibroblasts from healthy controls. These unbiased tests revealed a tendency for all sirtuins to be expressed at lower levels in fibroblasts from patients compared with controls, but the greatest decrease was observed with SIRT7. Similarly, SIRT7 was decreased in lung tissues of bleomycin-challenged mice. Inhibition of SIRT7 with siRNA in cultured lung fibroblasts resulted in an increase in collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Reciprocally, overexpression of SIRT7 resulted in lower basal and TGF-β-induced levels of COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, and α-SMA mRNAs, as well as collagen and α-SMA proteins. Induced changes in SIRT7 had no effect on endogenous TGF-β mRNA levels or latent TGF-β activation, but overexpression of SIRT7 reduced the levels of Smad3 mRNA and protein. In conclusion, the decline in SIRT7 in lung fibroblasts has a profibrotic effect, which is mediated by changes in Smad3 levels.
Differences in Symptom Clusters Identified Using Ratings of Symptom Occurrence vs. Severity in Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy

Context An important question in symptom clusters research is whether the number and types of symptom clusters vary based on the specific dimension of the symptom experience used to create the clusters.
Acute Kidney Injury Impairs Postnatal Renal Adaptation and Increases Morbidity and Mortality in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants.

Objective This study aims to estimate the impact of acute kidney injury (AKI) on postnatal renal adaptation, morbidity, and mortality in very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. Design We conducted a retrospective study of 457 VLBW infants admitted to a tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) between July 2009 and April 2015. We compared patient characteristics, risk factors, serum creatinine trends, and adverse outcomes in infants with and without AKI using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Incidence of AKI was 19.5%. On multivariate analysis, postnatal risk factors such as patent ductus arteriosus and vancomycin use were significantly associated with AKI. Infants with AKI had significantly higher mortality; 25/89 (28%) versus 15/368 (4%) (p Conclusion Presence of AKI was associated with impaired postnatal renal adaptation, BPD, significantly longer stay in the NICU and higher mortality.
Maximum Strength, Rate of Force Development, Jump Height, and Peak Power Alterations in Weightlifters across Five Months of Training

The purpose of this monitoring study was to investigate how alterations in training affect changes in force-related characteristics and weightlifting performance. Subjects: Seven competitive weightlifters participated in the study. Methods: The weightlifters performed a block style periodized plan across 20 weeks. Force plate data from the isometric mid-thigh pull and static jumps with 0 kg, 11 kg, and 20 kg were collected near the end of each training block (weeks 1, 6, 10, 13, 17, and 20). Weightlifting performance was measured at weeks 0, 7, 11, and 20. Results: Very strong correlations were noted between weightlifting performances and isometric rate of force development (RFD), isometric peak force (PF), peak power (PP), and jump height (JH). Men responded in a more predictable manner than the women. During periods of higher training volume, RFD was depressed to a greater extent than PF. JH at 20 kg responded in a manner reflecting the expected fatigue response more so than JH at 0 kg and 11 kg. Conclusions: PF appears to have been more resistant to volume alterations than RFD and JH at 20 kg. RFD and JH at 20 kg appear to be superior monitoring metrics due to their “sensitivity.”
Relative impact of H2O and O2 in the oxidation of UO2 powders from 50 to 300 °C

Abstract The reaction of water and molecular oxygen with stoichiometric uranium dioxide (i.e. UO2) powder at elevated temperature was studied by high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Oxidation resulting from the dissociative chemisorption of the adsorbing molecules and subsequent incorporation into the oxide lattice was observed and quantified. Molecular oxygen was found to be a stronger oxidation agent than water at elevated temperatures but not at ambient.
Podemos’ Twofold Assault on Hegemony: The Possibilities of the Post-Modern Prince and the Perils of Passive Revolution

In this chapter I examine theoretical and practical elements of the discourse of Spanish political party Podemos as a lens through which I make sense of competing understandings of hegemony that propel its project and envisioning, namely Gramscian and Laclau–Mouffian ones. On the one hand, Podemos draws on Gramsci in the combination of two forms of political realm in the “integral state”; the involvement of the masses in a national popular movement; and the expansion of the struggle on multiple fronts such as political, economic, cultural, and social. On the other, Podemos has also incorporated Laclau and Mouffe’s precepts on the need to go beyond class and politico-economic essentialism; the understanding of a contingent, unstable, and rhetorically/discursive hegemony; on the replacement of a well-defined ideology with transversalism;and finally on aggregating empty signifiers. After a review of those elements, I try to make sense of their combination in terms of two different emphases on 'unity'and 'difference,'and of possible outcomes of their coexistence via the notions of a post-modern prince and passive revolution.
Descartes and Hobbes on the Passions

Rene Descartes (1596–1650) and Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) were contemporaries who met briefly but not amicably, who engaged in an acerbic published debate on issues raised by Descartes’ Meditations, and who were openly critical of one another’s fundamental premises. Descartes said of Hobbes’ moral philosophy in De Cive that it was very dangerous, because it supposed all human beings to be wicked, and thus gave them occasion to be so.1 Hobbes retorted that Descartes might well be the best geometer in the world, but that he had no knack for philosophy.2 Leo Strauss nevertheless calls attention to their common disdain for the unscientific and impractical character of the ancient treatises on morality, and even observes that “... Hobbes’ own system of morals corresponds better to Descartes’ deepest intention than does the morality of Les passions de l’âme.”3 In the same spirit, Richard Kennington claims that Descartes shared with Hobbes the modern conviction that reason serves the passions, and that what distinguishes humans from animals is the more malleable instrumentality of human reason, rather than some specifically different end.4 On this interpretation, we ought to construe Descartes’ treatise on the passions in the light of his fundamental project, i.e., to develop a universal method designed to promote the mastery of nature.
Beyond Playing 'Banker': The Role of the Regulatory Agency in Emissions Trading

Emissions "cap and trade" programs have the potential to redefine the environmental compliance roles of regulatory agencies and regulated entities. Regulatory agencies theoretically become the "bankers" or "accountants," responsible almost exclusively for tracking program data necessary to determine compliance status and imposing sanctions. Regulated entities become "strategic planners" or "entrepreneurs," who have the flexibility to find the most effective and efficient manner of complying. Through an empirical examination of the RECLAIM (Regional Clean Air Markets) program in Los Angeles, this Article shows that agencies and program participants were not able to effectively assume these roles. The Article argues that the agency may need to take on the additional roles of "market maker," "technical consultant," and "contingency planner" in order to enable program participants to adequately plan for compliance and achieve program goals. The need for these additional roles underscores the importance of the governmental role in cap and trade programs and the raises the possibility that cap and trade regulation may require more administrative resources than traditional command and control regulation.
The role of community structures in sparse feedback control

The effect of network topological features, specifically the modularity or the existence of communities in the network, on the control performance, remains an unexplored problem. In this work, we investigate the role of communities in feedback control in the framework of sparsity-promoting control and structured optimal control of a Laplacian dynamics defined on a network. We find that for modular networks, the community structures in the network correspond to feedback channels necessary for maintaining control performance, and result in an advantage in total control cost over non-modular networks as the cost of feedback channels becomes significant. For decentralized control, the best control performance is approached with a decomposition according to the communities. Thus, the communities act as the “core” of sparse feedback control. We then discuss the significance of this conclusion in understanding the behavior and evolution of networks as well as guiding the design of control strategies for large-scale and complex systems.
Rigosertib (RIG) in combination with azacitidine (AZA) to modulate epigenetic effects and to overcome clinical resistance to hypomethylating agents (HMA) in myelodsyplastic syndromes (MDS).

7020Background: MDS is a challenging disease to treat due to intricate complexities at the molecular and epigenetic levels. AZA is the standard of care for patients (pts) with higher-risk disease, ...
Converging on Emergence: Reconnoitering to Optimally Adapt to Changes in System Environment

Emergence in complex systems can result in dynamic and unpredictable changes in the optimal operating state of deployed systems. This paper considers the implications of emergence from the perspective of a continuously changing objective function within a real-time systems optimization problem. To account for potential changes due to emergence, an algorithm and numerical operator are presented which facilitate detection of changes in the environment and adjustment to altered conditions, with the goal of minimizing the time to re-converge to optimal system operation. A numerical case study is performed to demonstrate the approach and validate its statistical effectiveness.
Predicting Teacher Effectiveness Based on Various Preservice Factors: Implications for Higher Education and the Evaluation of Teacher Preparation:

The purpose of this study was to investigate a set of teacher-level factors that educator preparation providers (EPPs) may be examining to anticipate how effective teachers might be in the classroo...
Development and validation of risk stratification trees for incident slow gait speed in persons at high risk for knee osteoarthritis

Objectives Disability prevention strategies are more achievable before osteoarthritis disease drives impairment. It is critical to identify high-risk groups, for strategy implementation and trial eligibility. An established measure, gait speed is associated with disability and mortality. We sought to develop and validate risk stratification trees for incident slow gait in persons at high risk for knee osteoarthritis, feasible in community and clinical settings. Methods Osteoarthritis Initiative (derivation cohort) and Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (validation cohort) participants at high risk for knee osteoarthritis were included. Outcome was incident slow gait over up to 10-year follow-up. Derivation cohort classification and regression tree analysis identified predictors from easily assessed variables and developed risk stratification models, then applied to the validation cohort. Logistic regression compared risk group predictive values; area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) summarised discrimination ability. Results 1870 (derivation) and 1279 (validation) persons were included. The most parsimonious tree identified three risk groups, from stratification based on age and WOMAC Function. A 7-risk-group tree also included education, strenuous sport/recreational activity, obesity and depressive symptoms; outcome occurred in 11%, varying 0%–29 % (derivation) and 2%–23 % (validation) depending on risk group. AUCs were comparable in the two cohorts (7-risk-group tree, 0.75, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.78 (derivation); 0.72, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.76 (validation)). Conclusions In persons at high risk for knee osteoarthritis, easily acquired data can be used to identify those at high risk of incident functional impairment. Outcome risk varied greatly depending on tree-based risk group membership. These trees can inform individual awareness of risk for impaired function and define eligibility for prevention trials.
AR HMD Guidance for Controlled Hand-Held 3D Acquisition

Photogrammetry is a popular method of 3D reconstruction that uses conventional photos as input. This method can achieve high quality reconstructions so long as the scene is densely acquired from multiple views with sufficient overlap between nearby images. However, it is challenging for a human operator to know during acquisition if sufficient coverage has been achieved. Insufficient coverage of the scene can result in holes, missing regions, or even a complete failure of reconstruction. These errors require manually repairing the model or returning to the scene to acquire additional views, which is time-consuming and often infeasible. We present a novel approach to photogrammetric acquisition that uses an AR HMD to predict a set of covering views and to interactively guide an operator to capture imagery from each view. The operator wears an AR HMD and uses a handheld camera rig that is tracked relative to the AR HMD with a fiducial marker. The AR HMD tracks its pose relative to the environment and automatically generates a coarse geometric model of the scene, which our approach analyzes at runtime to generate a set of human-reachable acquisition views covering the scene with consistent camera-to-scene distance and image overlap. The generated view locations are rendered to the operator on the AR HMD. Interactive visual feedback informs the operator how to align the camera to assume each suggested pose. When the camera is in range, an image is automatically captured. In this way, a set of images suitable for 3D reconstruction can be captured in a matter of minutes. In a user study, participants who were novices at photogrammetry were tasked with acquiring a challenging and complex scene either without guidance or with our AR HMD based guidance. Participants using our guidance achieved improved reconstructions without cases of reconstruction failure as in the control condition. Our AR HMD based approach is self-contained, portable, and provides specific acquisition guidance tailored to the geometry of the scene being captured.
Family homelessness, subsequent CWS involvement, and implications for targeting housing interventions to CWS-involved families.

Abstract Background Homelessness is a risk factor for family involvement with child welfare services (CWS). Housing interventions are promising—but reasons for this are not well understood, and housing resources could be better targeted to families at risk of increased CWS involvement. Objective We sought to better understand the relationship between homelessness and CWS involvement and examine whether homeless shelter data could combine with CWS data to enhance intervention targeting. Participants and setting For 4 years, we followed 2063 families investigated by the San Francisco Human Services Agency in 2011. Methods Matching CWS data to homeless shelter data, we fit Cox models to examine the relationship between shelter use and subsequent CWS outcomes and produced ROC curves to judge model accuracy with and without shelter information. Results Absent CWS covariates (family demographics, CWS history, and family safety and risk), past shelter entry predicted repeat maltreatment referral (HR = 1.92, p Conclusions We find mixed evidence that shelter use independently leads to CWS involvement. Housing interventions might help by addressing present housing problems and family experiences correlated with past shelter use. However, we find no evidence that data matches with shelter systems could enhance targeting.
Creating a Metabolic Syndrome Research Resource using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is multifaceted. Risk factors include visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension and environmental stimuli. MetS leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke. Comparative studies, however, have identified heterogeneity in the pathology of MetS across groups though the etiology of these differences has yet to be elucidated. The Metabolic Syndrome Research Resource (MetSRR) described in this report is a curated database that provides access to MetS-associated biological and ancillary data and pools current and potential biomarkers of MetS extracted from relevant National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999-2016. Each potential biomarker was selected following the review of over 100 peer-reviewed articles. MetSRR includes 28 demographics, survey and known MetS-related variables, including 9 curated categorical variables and 42 potentially novel biomarkers. All measures are captured from over 90 000 individuals. This biocuration effort provides increased access to curated MetS-related data and will serve as a hypothesis-generating tool to aid in novel biomarker discovery. In addition, MetSRR provides the ability to generate and export ethnic group-/race-, sex- and age-specific curated datasets, thus broadening participation in research efforts to identify clinically evaluative MetS biomarkers for disparate populations. Although there are other databases, such as BioM2MetDisease, designed to explore metabolic diseases through analysis of miRNAs and disease phenotypes, MetSRR is the only MetS-specific database designed to explore etiology of MetS across groups, through the biocuration of demographic, biological samples and biometric data. Database URL: http://www.healthdisparityinformatics.com/MetSRR.
Inaugural Editorial- Evidence-based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health is Flourishing!

We dreamt up Evidence-based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health (EPCAMH) in Hawaii (what a great place for dreaming!), at the August, 2013 American Psychological Association (APA) meetin...
The effects of voluntary adolescent alcohol consumption on alcohol taste reactivity in Long Evans rats

The relationship between age, ethanol intake, and the hedonic value of ethanol is key to understanding the motivation to consume ethanol. It is uncertain whether ethanol drinking during adolescence changes ethanol’s hedonic value into adulthood. The current study compared voluntary intermittent ethanol consumption (IAE; 2-bottle choice; 20%v/v) among adolescent and adult Long-Evans rats to examine the effects of age and IAE on taste reactivity in adulthood. For taste reactivity, orally infused fluids included water, ethanol (5, 20, and 40%v/v), and sucrose (0.01, 0.1, 1M). IAE results indicate that adolescents drank more ethanol during IAE but had a lower rate of change in ethanol consumption across time than adults due to initially high adolescent drinking. During taste reactivity testing for ethanol, IAE rats had greater hedonic responding, less aversive responding, and a more positive relationship between hedonic responses and ethanol concentration than water-receiving control rats. Hedonic responses had positive, while aversive responses had negative relationships with ethanol concentration and total ethanol consumed during IAE. Adolescent+IAE rats displayed less hedonic and more aversive responses to ethanol than Adult+IAE rats. Sucrose responding was unrelated to ethanol consumption. These results suggest that ethanol consumption influences the future hedonic and aversive value of ethanol in a way that makes ethanol more palatable with greater prior consumption. However, it appears that those drinking ethanol as adolescents may be more resistant to this palatability shift than those first drinking as adults, suggesting different mechanisms of vulnerability to consumption escalation for adolescents and adults.
Developmental defects and impaired network excitability in a cerebral organoid model of KCNJ11 p.V59M-related neonatal diabetes

The gene KCNJ11 encodes Kir6.2 a major subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) expressed in both the pancreas and brain. Heterozygous gain of function mutations in KCNJ11 can cause neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM). In addition, many patients exhibit neurological defects ranging from modest learning disorders to severe cognitive dysfunction and seizures. However, it remains unclear to what extent these neurological deficits are due to direct brain-specific activity of mutant KATP. We have generated cerebral organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) possessing the KCNJ11 mutation p.Val59Met (V59M) and from non-pathogenic/normal hiPSCs (i.e., control/WT). Control cerebral organoids developed neural networks that could generate stable synchronized bursting neuronal activity whereas those derived from V59M cerebral organoids showed reduced synchronization. Histocytochemical studies revealed a marked reduction in neurons localized to upper cortical layer-like structures in V59M cerebral organoids suggesting dysfunction in the development of cortical neuronal network. Examination of temporal transcriptional profiles of neural stem cell markers revealed an extended window of SOX2 expression in V59M cerebral organoids. Continuous treatment of V59M cerebral organoids with the KATP blocker tolbutamide partially rescued the neurodevelopmental differences. Our study demonstrates the utility of human cerebral organoids as an investigative platform for studying the effects of KCNJ11 mutations on neurophysiological outcome.
BX-795 inhibits neuroblastoma growth and enhances sensitivity towards chemotherapy.

Abstract High-risk neuroblastoma (NB) represents a major clinical challenge in pediatric oncology due to relapse of metastatic, drug-resistant disease, and treatment-related toxicities. An analysis of 1235 primary NB patient dataset revealed significant increase in AKT1 and AKT2 gene expression with cancer stage progression. Additionally, Both AKT1 and AKT2 expression inversely correlate with poor overall survival of NB patients. AKT1 and AKT2 genes code for AKT that drive a major oncogenic cell signaling pathway known in many cancers, including NB. To inhibit AKT pathway, we repurposed an antiviral inhibitor BX-795 that inhibits PDK1, an upstream activator of AKT. BX-795 potently inhibits NB cell proliferation and colony growth in a dose-dependent manner. BX-795 significantly enhances apoptosis and blocks cell cycle progression at mitosis phase in NB. Additionally, BX-795 potently inhibits tumor formation and growth in a NB spheroid tumor model. We further tested dual therapeutic approaches by combining BX-795 with either doxorubicin or crizotinib and found synergistic and significant inhibition of NB growth, in contrast to either drug alone. Overall, our data demonstrate that BX-795 inhibits AKT pathway to inhibit NB growth, and combining BX-795 with current therapies is an effective and clinically tractable therapeutic approach for NB.
ERCP in Post-Surgical Patients

Pancreatobiliary problems in patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy present a special challenge. The difficulties are distributed across all the relevant clinical domains including diagnosis, endoluminal access (as a result of the altered length), technical modifications of the procedure and aftercare. Indications for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients who are post-surgical encompass all the indications for the procedure in patients with native gastrointestinal anatomy. Some conditions are more common in patients who have undergone weight loss surgery. Rapid weight loss increases bile lithogenicity and thus the likelihood of gallstone formation in those patients with intact gallbladders.
From Conception to Commercial Success

This is the first chapter of a book intended to explain how international agreements impact public health by mandating certain patent rights in individual countries. This chapter sets the stage for those without prior knowledge of drug development. In particular, the chapter provides an overview of drug discovery, development, and marketing, including relevant patent and regulatory laws that provide market protection to the manufacturers of such drugs.
Conceptos modernos sobre la fisiología del riñón

The study of the physiology of the kidney may be, in my opicion of great interest for clinical and aid in the understanding and treatment of patients with conditions that compromise, directly or indirectly to the kidney. Most of my dissertation, however, depart from any immediate application to clinical practice, but I hope that may be of some value for understanding nosological processes.
The effect of fiber architecture on the inelastic response of metal matrix composites with interfacial and fiber damage

Abstract The effects of fiber shape and fiber arrangement on the overall inelastic behavior of unidirectional metal matrix composites in the presence of interfacial and fiber damage are investigated using a recently extended version of the generalized method of cells ( Aboudi, 1993 ). This version accommodates the possibility of an imperfect interfacial bond between any two adjacent subcells within the repeating unit cell used to model composites with periodic microstructures. The imperfect interfacial bond is characterized by a flexible interface model and the inelastic behavior of the matrix is modeled using the Bodner-Partom viscoplasticity theory. Numerical results indicate a strong dependence of the composite's response on both fiber geometry and fiber spacing for transverse normal and axial shear loading. The effects of fiber architecture are either enhanced or suppressed by the presence of imperfect fiber/matrix bond and partial diametral splits in fibers with cores such as the silicon carbide fiber, depending on the applied loading.
On the peak points

The paper clarifies some classical results on the peak points of uniform algebras. For a compact set with connected complement, we consider the well-known uniform algebra of complex continuous on functions that are analytic in the interior of . By a classical result of E. Bishop, each boundary point of is a peak point for We present a brief survey of some classical theorems (mainly due to Bishop) which directly imply this result on the peak points of .
Methods for the isolation and characterization of constitutents of natural products

Abstract A two-phase column procedure for the quantitative oxidation of saturated secondary alcohols to the corresponding ketone is described. Aqueous chromic acid on a column of Celite and a CCl 4 solution of the alcohol comprise the system. The method is well-suited for the oxidation of secondary alcohols at the micro- and even submicromole level.
Hydrolysis of proteins with p-toluenesulfonic acid. Determination of tryptophan.

Abstract A new procedure for analyses for tryptophan in proteins and glycoproteins is described. The method utilizes p-toluenesulfonic acid as the catalyst for hydrolysis and the amino acid analyzer for the quantitative estimation of tryptophan. The hydrolysis of proteins is carried out in 3 n p-toluenesulfonic acid containing 0.2% 3-(2-aminoethyl)-indole in evacuated sealed tubes at 110° for 22, 48, and 72 hours. The values of tryptophan obtained were close to the expected integral values and the recoveries of all other amino acids were comparable to those observed after hydrolysis with 6 n HCl. Since the hydrolysate can be placed on the ion exchange column, without the prior removal of the solvent which is required when 6 n HCl is used for the hydrolysis, the present procedure is more convenient than the use of 6 n HCl. This procedure, however, is not designed for the analyses of proteins that are grossly contaminated with carbohydrates such as feeds. The limit of carbohydrate content that the present procedure can tolerate is 2.0 mg when 2 to 4 mg of protein are being hydrolyzed with 1.0 ml of the acid.
Peptide Signals Sense and Destroy Target Cells

It is well established that bacteria secrete signals enabling them to communicate with other members of the same species and also with other bacterial populations. In an illuminating Perspective, [Garsin][1] discusses a cytolysin signal produced by a human pathogen, Enterococcus faecalis , that enables the bacterium to sense host target cells from afar and to ramp up production of cytolysin such that target cells are efficiently lysed ([ Coburn et al .][2]). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5705/2202 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/306/5705/2270
A Review of “D.A. Pennebaker”

Few filmmakers nowadays have as long and as varied a career as D.A. Pennebaker. Nearing sixty years of filmmaking, Pennebaker continues to produce and direct documentaries that do not easily fit in...
The Cost of Post‐Harvest Forward Contracting in Corn and Soybeans

This study estimates the cost of forward contracting corn and soybeans for January and March delivery from 1980 through 2009. Both corn and soybeans exhibited a downward trend in the cost of forward contracting for January delivery, in contrast to previous pre-harvest results, and the March delivery cost of forward contracting is slightly downward sloped. The cost of post-harvest forward contracting corn and soybeans averaged 2 cents and 6 cents respectively; this was much less than the cost of pre-harvest forward contracting in recent years. We did not find an increase in cost associated with income shifting associated with January delivery. We conclude that January forward contracts offer a relatively inexpensive means of smoothing income across years.
Are deep‐ocean‐generated surface‐wave microseisms observed on land?

[1] Recent studies attribute land double-frequency (DF) microseism observations to deep water generation. Here we show that near-coastal generation is generally the dominant source region. This determination is based on observations at land and ocean seismic stations, buoys, gravity-wave hindcasts, and on beamforming results from continental seismic arrays. Interactions between opposing ocean wave components generate a pressure excitation pulse at twice the ocean wave frequency that excites pseudo-Rayleigh (pRg) wave DF microseisms. pRg generated in shallow coastal waters have most of their energy in the solid Earth (“elastic” pRg) and are observed by land-based and seafloor seismometers as DF microseisms. pRg generated in the deep ocean have most of their energy in the ocean (“acoustic” pRg) and are continuously observed on the ocean bottom, but acoustic pRg does not efficiently transition onto continents. High-amplitude DF signals over the [0.2, 0.3] Hz band observed on the deep seafloor are uncorrelated with continental observations and are not clearly detectable at individual continental stations or by land seismic-array beamforming. Below 0.2 Hz, modeling and some observations suggest that some deep water-generated elastic pRg energy can reach continental stations, providing that losses from scattering and transition across the continental-shelf boundary to the shore are not substantial. However, most observations indicate that generally little deep-ocean-generated DF microseism energy reaches continental stations. Effectively, DF land observations are dominated by near-coastal wave activity.
The Two-Factor Solution to Allen and Meyer’s (1990) Affective Commitment Scale: Effects of Negatively Worded Items

Affective organizational commitment is a construct important to both practitioners and researchers; thus, construct-valid measurement is needed. Allen and Meyer’s (J Occup Psychol 63:1–18, 1990) Affective Commitment Scale is a popular measure of affective organizational commitment. Although conceptualized as unidimensional, a two-factor solution sometimes emerges. Whether the two factors are substantive, reflecting AC-love and AC-joy constructs, or methodological, reflecting positively and negatively worded items, is unclear. This issue is examined in five studies. In a new approach, conditions designed to produce cognitive fatigue are manipulated. Support for the method factor interpretation would be provided if the two-factor solution emerges only when participants are fatigued and negatively worded items are present. Cross-sample analyses are also conducted. Analyses indicated that the two-factor solution fit the data well only when (a) participants were cognitively fatigued and (b) negatively worded items were present. This finding extended to both students and employees, and it held regardless of which items were negatively worded or whether negatively worded items were emphasized. Results suggest that the second factor is likely methodological and seems to result from careless responding or fatigue on negatively worded items. It is suggested that users modify the items to be positively worded or administer the scale when respondents have sufficient cognitive resources to respond. This study was the first to use experimental methodology to test whether the two-factor solution is methodological or substantive. Results provide guidance for improving the scale’s construct validity in research and in practical applications.
Uniformity in user-computer interaction languages: a compromise solution

To alleviate the user problems associated with the diverse implementations of user-computer interaction languages, the use of an intermediary processor to “uniformize” the languages is presented. Such processing is characterized in terms of required intermediary actions and logical capabilities. The supportive NBS facilities are portrayed and an example application, using a common command language to access five bibliographic retrieval systems, is described.
Toward an understanding of provenance in complex land use dynamics

Landscapes are complex adaptive spatial systems driven by biophysical and socioeconomic processes that are shaped by the cumulative behavior of interacting, but independent decision-makers. Agent-based modeling has been identified as an effective paradigm for the study of such systems because of its ability to represent behavior and interaction at the individual level. These interactions are inherently associated with cause–effect relations in the transition of land use systems through time. Elucidating specific cause and effect relations from model results, however, poses a significant challenge to the research community because of complicated model structures and the complex processes that drive system dynamics. In this article, we call for provenance-based agent-based models of land use dynamics to support the capture and tracking of complex cause–effect relations. We illustrate the importance of explicitly considering provenance in agent-based modeling through the development of a spatially explicit a...
Mechanical behavior of vessel wall: a comparative study of aorta, vena cava, and carotid artery.

We have used incremental stress-strain curves to study the mechanical behavior of porcine aorta, carotid artery, and vena cava. Elastic and viscous stress-strain curves are composed of low and high strain regions that are approximately linear. Analysis of the low strain behavior is consistent with previous studies that suggest that the behavior is dominated by the behavior of elastic fibers, and that the collagen and elastic fibers are in parallel networks. At high strain, the behavior is different than that of skin where it is dominated by the behavior of the collagen fibers. The high strain behavior is consistent with a series arrangement of the collagen and smooth muscle; however, the arrangement of smooth muscle and collagen may be different in aorta than in the other vessels studied. It is concluded that the mechanical behavior of the vessel wall differs from the behavior of other extracellular matrices that do not contain smooth muscle. Our results indicate that at least some of the collagen fibrils in the media are in series with smooth muscle cells and this collagen-smooth muscle network is in parallel with parallel networks of collagen and elastic tissue in aorta, carotid artery, and vena cava. It is concluded that the series arrangement of collagen and smooth muscle may be important in mechanochemical transduction in vessel walls and that the exact quantity and arrangement of these components may differ in different vessels. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2003: 8719Rr, 8715La, 8719Uv, 8719Ff