cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Force method formulations based on hamilton's principle

Abstract Formulations of force methods based on energy principles are presented. Hamilton's principle, constitutive relations and equations of motion in continuum are used for the development of general formulations for dynamic, static and buckling analyses. Based on these formulations, element matrices for the different types of analyses are derived for general 3-D beam elements. Some examples are solved using simple beam problems, to demonstrate the application and the accuracy of these formulations.
Synthesis and fast-atom-bombardment-mass spectrometry of N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (MDP)

Abstract N -Acetylmuramoyl- l -alanyl- d -isoglutamine (MDP) was synthesized by a series of condensations of appropriate reagents, followed by hydrogenolysis. Each intermediate step resulted in a stable, crystalline product. d -Isoglutamine 4-benzyl ester was condensed with N -( tert -butoxycarbonyl)- l -alanine N -hydroxysuccinimide ester, to give N -( tert -butoxycarbonyl)- l -alanyl- d -isoglutamine benzyl ester. Condensation of l -alanyl- d -isoglutamine benzyl ester with N -acetyl-1- O -benzyl-4,6- O -benzylidenemuramic acid, followed by hydrogenolysis, gave MDP. The synthetic scheme was shown to be capable of producing gram quantities of highly pure MDP, as well as a few of its analogs. The synthetic MDP was characterized by analytical and biological methods, and it was found that the use of fast-atom-bombardment-mass spectrometry may greatly simplify the characterization process.
First report of powdery mildew of Nandina domestica caused by Microsphaera berberidis (Erysiphe berberidis) in the Pacific Northwest.

Nandina domestica is a bamboo-like landscape plant grown widely in the Pacific Northwest. In 2000 through 2002, powdery mildew was observed on landscape plants of N. domestica in cities in the Puge...
Design for Affordability in Complex Systems and Programs Using Tradespace-based Affordability Analysis

Abstract With growing emphasis on affordability, the conceptual design of complex systems and programs is no longer confined to maximizing technical performance, but also to minimizing cost and schedule related attributes. By defining affordability as the property of becoming or remaining feasible relative to resource needs and resource constraints over time, Multi-Attribute Tradespace Exploration and Epoch-Era Analysis can be used to find affordable solutions. Single-epoch, multi-epoch and single- era analysis were conducted for a Space Tug program case study to demonstrate the application of these tradespace-based methods and a design with the best tradeoffs among performance, cost and schedule factors was obtained.
Modeling nonlinear wave–wave interactions with the elliptic mild slope equation

Abstract An approach is developed to simulate wave–wave interactions using nonlinear elliptic mild-slope equation in domains where wave reflection, refraction, diffraction and breaking effects must also be considered. This involves the construction of an efficient solution procedure including effective boundary treatment, modification of the nonlinear equation to resolve convergence issues, and validation of the overall approach. For solving the second-order boundary-value problem, the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) scheme is employed, and the use of approximate boundary conditions is supplemented, for improved accuracy, with internal wave generation method and dissipative sponge layers. The performance of the nonlinear model is investigated for a range of practical wave conditions involving reflection, diffraction and shoaling in the presence of nonlinear wave–wave interactions. In addition, the transformation of a wave spectrum due to nonlinear shoaling and breaking, and nonlinear resonance inside a rectangular harbor are simulated. Numerical calculations are compared with the results from other relevant nonlinear models and experimental data available in literature. Results show that the approach developed here performs reasonably well, and has thus improved the applicability of this class of wave transformation models.
Is Na/Ca Exchange during Ischemia and Reperfusion Beneficial or Detrimental?

Cytosolic calcium increases to approximately 3 micro M after 15 min of global ischemia. Manipulations that attenuate this increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) reduce myocyte death and dysfunction. The increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) during ischemia is dependent on an increase in intracellular Na(+), suggesting a role for Na/Ca exchange. Typical ischemic values for ionized intra- and extracellular Na(+), Ca(2+), and membrane potential are consistent with the Na/Ca exchanger operating near equilibrium during ischemia. Studies were undertaken using hearts from mice that overexpress the Na/Ca exchanger to determine if Na/Ca exchanger overexpression enhances or reduces ischemic injury. These studies suggest that overexpression of the Na/Ca exchanger enhances injury in males, but females are protected by a gender-related mechanism.
Portable software tools for 3d radiation therapy planning

Abstract Purpose : Produce a collection of software tools (computer programs) that support three-dimensional (3D) radiation therapy planning. The tools are not a complete 3D planning system. Instead, they work with any 3D planning system that meets certain minimal specifications. The tools assist in deriving anatomic data from images, generating target volume contours, evaluating treatment plans, and verifying accurate treatment delivery. The tools are portable: they can run without source code changes in any computing environment that provides a library of functions and data definitions called the Foundation. The Foundation couples the portable tools to the (usually nonportable) file system and dose calculation associated with a particular 3D planning system. Methods and Materials : Tools were written at three different (geographically separated) institutions. Software developers from all three sites specified the Foundation. The programmers' interface to the Foundation is portable, but a Foundation implementation need not be portable. Each group implemented a Foundation adapted to the (different) 3D planning system used at their site. Results : All tools run at all three sites without source code changes. Each Foundation was implemented in a few person-months of programming effort. The program text and documentation for the tools have been placed in the public domain. Conclusions : It is practical and economical to produce portable radiotherapy treatment planning tools. Providers of 3D planning programs should offer Foundations for their systems, so they can be used with tools. Researchers considering new computer programs should write them as tools, so they can work with any 3D planning system.
Smart electric vehicle charging infrastructure overview

WINSmartEV™ is a smart electric vehicle charging system that has been built and is currently in operation. It is a software and network based EV charging system designed and built around the ideas of intelligent charge scheduling, multiplexing (connecting multiple vehicles to each circuit) and flexibility. This paper gives an overview of this smart charging system with an eye toward its unique features and capabilities.
Design of high-fidelity haptic display for one-dimensional force reflection applications

This paper discusses the development of a virtual reality platform for the simulation of medical procedures which involve needle insertion into human tissue. The paper's focus is the hardware and software requirements for haptic display of a particular medical procedure known as epidural analgesia. To perform this delicate manual procedure, an anesthesiologist must carefully guide a needle through various layers of tissue using only haptic cues for guidance. As a simplifying aspect for the simulator design, all motions and forces involved in the task occur along a fixed line once insertion begins. To create a haptic representation of this procedure, we have explored both physical modeling and perceptual modeling techniques. A preliminary physical model was built based on CT-scan data of the operative site. A preliminary perceptual model was built based on current training techniques for the procedure provided by a skilled instructor. We compare and contrast these two modeling methods and discuss the implications of each. We select and defend the perceptual model as a superior approach for the epidural analgesia simulator.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Paradox Principles: How High-Performance Companies Manage Chaos, Complexity, and Contradiction to Achieve Superior Results

The article reviews the book ‘The Paradox Principles: How High-Performance Companies Manage Chaos, Complexity, and Contradiction to Achieve Superior Results,’ by Price Waterhouse Change Integration Team.
Tissue Stem Cells: New Tools and Functional Diversity

The detailed understanding of adult tissue stem cells has significance for both regenerative medicine and oncology. This perspective will discuss how major advances in our ability to identify and monitor these cells, which include genetic lineage tracing, FACS purification, and robust in vitro clonogenic assays, have changed our view of their roles in many organs. Label retention and quiescence are no longer considered obligatory stem cell features. Furthermore, some tissues have more than one type of stem cell, each used in only particular situations of regenerative stress. Thus, there is no "one size fits all" adult tissue stem cell paradigm.
Binding and distribution characteristics of curcumin solubilized in CTAB micelle

Abstract Curcumin (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione), a phytochemical isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. that has been found to possess important pharmacological properties is practically insoluble in water. Its solubility is enhanced in micellar systems. Fluorometric quenching method, developed by Encinas and Lissi, was used to determine the solubility parameters of this compound solublized in a CTAB micellar system. A partition coefficient, K X , for the distribution of curcumin between the micellar pseudophase and aqueous phase of 3.66×10 5 was obtained with a binding constant, K S , of 6.59×10 3 M −1 . A free energy change for the observed binding, Δ G b , of −21.79 kJ/mol was determined. Additionally, a free energy of transfer, μ t , from the aqueous phase to the micellar pseudophase for this compound was estimated to be −13.74 kJ/mol. Curcumin solubilized in CTAB micelles remained isotropically clear for extended period of time. This visual observation, together with the above parameters, suggests a favorable thermodynamic stability of curcumin in the micellar system used.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Myopathy

Twenty-five patients with thyroid myopathy were referred to our Strabismus Clinic for treatment of diplopia. Prism treatment was effective in only three. When the remaining 22 patients' ocular motility problems and thyroid states were stable, surgical management was undertaken. The preoperative evaluation included visual fields, iris angiograms, binocular diplopia fields, intraocular pressures in different positions of gaze and A-scan echography. The goal of surgery was to produce as large a binocular visual field from primary as possible. Supramaximal recessions of the involved muscles were often needed and adjustable sutures were an important part of the surgical management. The complications encountered included limitation of movement into the field of the recessed muscle, inducement of an A-pattern in downgaze, and postoperative instability.
DIRECT DETECTION OF OXYGEN FREE RADICAL GENERATION DURING INUTERO HYPOXIA IN THE FETAL GUINEA PIG BRAIN. |[utrif]| 364

Previous studies have shown that hypoxia is associated with lipid peroxidation in the brain of guinea pig fetuses. The present study tests the hypothesis that the hypoxia-induced increase lipid peroxidation is related to increase of oxygen free radical generation. Free radical generation was documented by measuring the signal of spin adducts using electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Fourteen pregnant guinea pigs of 16 days gestation (term=63 days) were divided into normoxic (n=7) and hypoxic (n=7) groups and exposed to 21% or 7% oxygen for 60 min., respectively. Fetal brain hypoxia was documented biochemically by decreased levels of ATP and phosphocreatine. Following anesthesia, fetal cerebral cortical tissue was excised and homogenized in a N2 bubbled ice-cold 100 mMα-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) to trap oxygen free radicals generated in brain tissue. Trapped PBN spin adducts were extracted in toluene and ESR measurements were performed at -20°C. Peak height of the spin adduct signal spectrum was used as an index of the intensity of free radical formation and expressed as units/g dry tissues. Cortical tissue from hypoxic fetuses showed a significant increase in spin adducts (normoxic: 33.8±9.3 units/g tissue vs. hypoxic: 57.9±9.2 units/g tissue, 71% increase. p<0.01). The results demonstrate an increased production of oxygen free radicals in the guinea pig fetal brain during hypoxia, suggesting that hypoxia-induced oxidation of cell components, such as cell membrane lipids, proteins, (enzymes and receptors) and nucleic acids follows increased generation of oxygen free radicals, therefore it is a primary mechanism of hypoxic cellular dysfunction. (This study was supported by NIH HD-20337; MOD#94-135 and UCP#R-506-93;WUH).
Physicochemical properties of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobials VI. Effect of metal-ion complexation on octan-1-ol-water partitioning

Abstract The effects of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and aluminum chloride on the octan-1-ol-water partition coefficients of lomefloxacin and fleroxacin were studied at 25°C and pH 5.0 with an ionic strength of 0.35. Only part of the reduction of the partition coefficients of the quinolones following the addition of those salts could be attributed to complexation with the metal ions. The addition of metal ions also appeared to decrease the partitioning of ion-pairs formed between the cationic forms of the quinolones and the chloride and acetate ions present in the buffer solution.
An incremental constraint solver

An incremental constraint solver, the DeltaBlue algorithm maintains an evolving solution to the constraint hierarchy as constraints are added and removed. DeltaBlue minimizes the cost of finding a new solution after each change by exploiting its knowledge of the last solution.
Endoscopic Topical Placement of Formalin Soaked Pledgets to Control Localized Hemorrhage Due to Radiation Cystitis

AbstractPurpose: A useful technique for treating localized bladder hemorrhage secondary to radiation cystitis is described.Materials and Methods: Cotton pledgets soaked in 5% formalin are placed endoscopically onto bleeding foci of the bladder for 15 minutes and then removed.Results: There was immediate cessation of prolonged bleeding refractory to intravesical saline, alum, prostaglandin E1 and estrogen. No subsequent bleeding was noted during 16 months of followup.Conclusions: Topical application of formalin soaked pledgets is an effective method of controlling localized bleeding secondary to radiation cystitis.
Open Circuit Repair Using Thermal Exchange Deposition of Copper

We describe a two step method that uses thermally driven exchange plating to repair open copper circuits with local heating produced by ac Joule losses. The first step utilizes a non-acid copper sulfate solution to grow copper dendrites across the open circuit. This electrical “bridge” is then strengthened using additional plate-up in acid copper sulfate.
Echolocation, figuration and tellings: rhetorical strategies in Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet has often been considered one of Shakespeare’s most self-conscious explorations into language and how it signifies. This article explores what three specific rhetorical strategies imply about how language communicates. First, it looks at the logical power of figuration and how it breaks down language into ambivalence, ambiguity and double-meaning. Second, it introduces the term ‘echolocation’ to allow for a study of the way patterns of repetition of identical or similar sounds and words within different figures can convey argument, and follows the indications of crisis, balance and stasis in the language of the text, and third it examines tellings, retellings and foretellings, as they expose language attempting to determine and simultaneously destabilize significance. While the focus of the study is on the action of language, some consideration is made of the way that identity and language are open to analogous patterns of construction and limitation, and how the reader, audience and thea...
Developmental selection and self-organization

Developmental selection is the differential survival and proliferation of developmental units, such as cellular lineages. This type of internal selection has been proposed as an explanation for diverse examples of self-organization, from the wiring of brains to the formation of pores on leaf surfaces. A general understanding of developmental selection has been slowed by failure to understand its relationship to familiar forms of genetical selection and evolution. I show the formal analogies between models of developmental selection and genetical selection. The general method I outline for the analysis of selective systems partitions self-organizing selective systems into generative rules that create variation and selective filters that move the population toward a target design. The method also emphasizes aggregate statistical measures of evolving systems, such as the covariance between particular traits and fitness. The identification of useful aggregate measures is a crucial step in the analysis of selective systems. I apply these concepts to a model of self-organization in ant colonies.
Protective effects of adenosine in the reversibly injured heart

Background. There is substantial evidence that the nucleoside adenosine reduces postischemic ventricular dysfunction (ie, myocardial stunning). Studies performed in our laboratory have attempted to address the mechanism of adenosine-mediated protection of the reversibly injured heart. Methods. Experiments were performed in isolated perfused rat and rabbit hearts and in in situ canine and porcine preparations. The role of adenosine A 1 receptors was assessed by using adenosine A 1 receptor agonists and antagonists, and by measuring interstitial fluid purine levels with the cardiac microdialysis technique. Results. In isolated perfused hearts, treatment immediately before ischemia with adenosine and adenosine A 1 receptor analogues significantly improved postischemic ventricular function, effects that were blocked by a selective adenosine A 1 receptor antagonist. In in situ canine and porcine preparations, pretreatment with adenosine and an adenosine deaminase inhibitor increased preischemic interstitial fluid adenosine levels and attenuated regional myocardial stunning. Adenosine treatment was also associated with improved myocardial phosphorylation potential in isolated guinea pig hearts and in the in situ porcine preparation. Conclusions. These results suggest that adenosine-induced attenuation of myocardial stunning is mediated via adenosine A 1 receptor activation and enhancement of postischemic myocardial phosphorylation potential.
PHENOLOGY, GROWTH, AND YIELD OF FIELD-GROWN SOYBEAN AND BUSH BEAN AS A FUNCTION OF VARYING MODES OF N NUTRITION

Abstract In field trials conducted at four sites in Hawaii, soybean (Glycine max) and bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were either inoculated with homologous rhizobia, fertilized at high rates with urea, or left unamended. Crop phenology was assessed every few days. Rates of biomass and N accumulation and components of yield were measured five times during each crop cycle to assess the extent to which: (i) crops relying on soil, symbiotic, or fertilizer N differed in their growth characteristics; (ii) mode of N nutrition affected the timing of developmental stages; and (iii) effects of N nutrition on crop growth and development were related to final yield. While all measured variables differed significantly between sites, the effect of changing N source on these variables, in N limited environments, was consistent across sites. Rate and extent of node production, crop growth and yield were increased in symbiotic and N-fertilized crops as compared to unamended, non-fixing crops, while reproductive development was protracted. Extended time required to reach reproductive maturity was attributable to an increase in seed fill duration as time to flowering was not affected. Development and yield of N2-fixing crops were similar but not equivalent to those of N-fertilized crops. To produce reliable yield estimates, legume growth simulation models must be able to accurately simulate crop growth and phenology. The present data indicate that information relating to source and supply of N must be incorporated before such models can be used to generate reliable yield estimations. Results of these trials also provide a valuable dataset for calibrating model subroutines for inorganic nitrogen uptake and nitrogen fixation in soybean and bush bean growth under field conditions and adjusting model coefficients for tropical environments.
Probability and Computing: Randomized Algorithms and Probabilistic Analysis

(2006). Probability and Computing: Randomized Algorithms and Probabilistic Analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 101, No. 473, pp. 395-396.
A comparison of the treatment effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device and the Twin Block appliance in patients with class II malocclusions.

Objectives We evaluated the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device (FRD) and the Twin Block appliance (TB) in comparison with nontreated controls in the treatment of patients with class II division 1 malocclusion. Materials and methods THIS RETROSPECTIVE STUDY INCLUDED THREE GROUPS: TB (n=37; mean age, 11.2 years), FRD (n=30; mean age, 12.9 years), and controls (n=25; mean age, 12.6 years). Lateral cephalograms were evaluated at T1 (pretreatment) and at T2 (postappliance removal/equivalent time frame in controls). Cephalometric changes were evaluated using the Clark analysis, including 27 measurements. Results Sagittal correction of class II malocclusion appeared to be mainly achieved by dentoalveolar changes in the FRD group. The TB was able to induce both skeletal and dentoalveolar changes. A favorable influence on facial convexity was achieved by both groups. Significant upper incisor retroclination occurred with the TB (-12.42°), whereas only -4° was observed in the FRD group. The lower incisors proclined more in the FRD group than the TB group. Incisor overjet reduction was 62% in the TB group versus 56% in the FRD group. Molar relation was corrected in both functional groups, resulting in a class I relation, although no change appeared in the control sample. Conclusion Both appliances were effective in correcting the class II malocclusion. Both the FRD and the TB induced significant maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar changes; skeletal changes were induced by TB but not FRD therapy.
The Deletion of 14 Amino Acids in the Seventh Transmembrane Domain of a Naturally Occurring Calcitonin Receptor Isoform Alters Ligand Binding and Selectively Abolishes Coupling to Phospholipase C

The cDNA that encodes the rabbit calcitonin receptor was cloned by screening a rabbit osteoclast library. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplification of calcitonin receptor sequences from rabbit osteoclast RNA yielded cDNAs that encode two isoforms of the calcitonin receptor. One isoform is homologous to the C1a isoform previously identified in multiple cell types and species, while the second, designated CTRΔe13, is a previously unidentified isoform that is apparently generated by alternative splicing during mRNA processing that deletes exon 13, resulting in the absence of 14 amino acids in the predicted seventh transmembrane domain. Expression of mRNA transcripts encoding the two isoforms varies in a tissue-specific manner, with CTRΔe13 accounting for less than 15% of the total calcitonin receptor mRNA in osteoclasts, kidney, and brain, but comprising at least 50% of the transcripts in skeletal muscle and lung. The two isoforms were expressed, and the ligand binding and signal transduction properties were characterized. Deletion of the residues in the seventh transmembrane domain in CTRΔe13 reduced the binding affinity for salmon and human calcitonin by more than 10-fold and approximately 2-fold, respectively, resulting in a receptor that failed to discriminate between the two forms of calcitonin. Both isoforms activated adenylyl cyclase, with EC50 values consistent with the difference in ligand affinities. In contrast, only the C1a isoform, but not the CTRΔe13 isoform, activated phospholipase C. Thus, while the CTRΔe13 remains active despite the deletion of a significant portion of its seventh transmembrane domain, it has significantly altered ligand recognition and signal transduction properties.
Fiscal Externality, Rent Sharing and Equalisation Transfers in Japan

This article describes a quantitative analysis of Japanese equalisation transfers based on the fiscal externality models of Hartwick, Boadway and Flatters. In particular, it examines whether the actual level of equalisation transfers matches the theoretically optimal level from the efficiency point of view. Although the purpose of interregional fiscal transfer is not necessarily in the pursuit of an efficient allocation of resources, equalisation transfer surely affects it. It is often said in Japan that the equalisation transfer may distort efficiency too much and that it is one of the causes of serious fiscal conflict between the metropolitan area and local (rural) prefectures. The quantitative results show that the actual amount of transfers from resource-rich to resource-poor prefectures was below the optimal level in the 1980s. However, the resource-poor prefectures have received an excessive transfer after 1990. Specifically, the direction of the optimal transfer might change in the second half of t...
Comprendiendo la aparición de los protocolos sociales en MySpace: impacto y ramificaciones

En los ultimos anos, MySpace ha sido crucial para promover el aumento de los seguidores de musicos independientes y ha representado un papel muy importante a la hora de ayudar a artistas populares a mantener las comunidades de fans. La popularidad de MySpace ha ido acompanada del establecimiento de protocolos sociales que han permitido a los musicos establecer vinculos entre ellos de una manera eficaz y exitosa. Estos protocolos han servido de inspiracion para publicar varios libros (como «MySpace Music Profit Monster!: Proven Online Marketing Strategies!» de Nicky Kalliongis) con consejos y estrategias para los musicos. Si bien, algunos de estos protocolos pretenden conocer el aspecto tecnologico de MySpace, otros protocolos estan directamente relacionados con el aprendizaje de una manera particular de conexion en red a traves de MySpace. Ademas, estas practicas son consideradas un trabajo serio, ya que requieren mucho tiempo y habilidades de conexion en red para lograr un cierto nivel de exito, es decir, aumentar el numero de amigos en la red personal. Asi que, en este articulo, se analizan los protocolos sociales emergentes en MySpace como una forma de trabajo afectivo e inmaterial. La autora sostiene que la implementacion de algunos consejos, como los proporcionados por expertos en MySpace, posiblemente pueda tener un efecto regresivo en las practicas de los musicos en redes sociales, ya que podrian estandarizarizarse y volverse repetitivas. En conjunto, este articulo describe la evolucion de My - Space, sobre todo en lo que respecta a la decreciente popularidad del sitio como una tendencia actual.
Linear-work greedy parallel approximate set cover and variants

We present parallel greedy approximation algorithms for set cover and related problems. These algorithms build on an algorithm for solving a graph problem we formulate and study called Maximal Nearly Independent Set (MaNIS)---a graph abstraction of a key component in existing work on parallel set cover.We derive a randomized algorithm for MaNIS that has O(m) work and O(log2m) depth on input with m edges. Using MaNIS, we obtain RNC algorithms that yield a (1+e)Hn-approximation for set cover, a (1 - 1/e -e)-approximation for max cover and a (4 + e)-approximation for min-sum set cover all in linear work; and an O(log* n)-approximation for asymmetric k-center for k ≤ logO(1)n and a (1.861+e)-approximation for metric facility location both in essentially the same work bounds as their sequential counterparts.
Reconstruction of complex single-particle images using charge-flipping algorithm

An iterative algorithm is developed to retrieve the complex exit-face wavefunction for a two-dimensional projection of a nanoparticle from a measurement of the oversampled modulus of its Fourier transform in reciprocal space. The algorithm does not require the support (boundary) of the object to be known. A loose support for the complex object is gradually found using the Oszlanyi–Sutő charge-flipping algorithm, and a compact support is then iteratively developed using a dynamic Gerchberg–Saxton–Fienup algorithm. At the same time, the complex object is reconstructed using this compact support. The algorithm applies to the reconstruction of complex images with any distribution of phase values from 0 to 2π. Modification of the algorithm by using real-value constraints for a complex object in the charge-flipping algorithm leads to faster reconstruction of the object whose phase value is smaller than π/2.
Secondary Structure Content of the HDV Ribozyme in 95% Formamide

The Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) ribozyme self-cleaving activity in 20 M formamide solutions is unique. Does this catalytic activity result from the conservation of its tertiary structure in 20 M formamide? We followed the ribozyme structure in formamide solutions by monitoring the amount of bound Ethidium Bromide (EB). We were able to measure the quantity of dye bound using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, as an estimate of the ribozyme double helical content. This method, calibrated by using oligonucleotides with defined tertiary structure and denaturing solvents, parallels NMR and UV measurements as a function of temperature. Measurements with the HDV ribozyme lead to three conclusions: (a) both the precursor and product RNAs are structured to 24 M (95% w/w) formamide or 4 M H2O solutions which is equivalent to 4 M H2O; (b) the HDV ribozyme is the only RNA sequence investigated in this study that retains so much structure in formamide; and (c) DNA analogs of formamide resistant HDV ribozyme sequences lose their structure at less than 15 M formamide. Thus, the structural integrity of the HDV ribozyme is an intrinsic property of the RNA molecule and its sequence.
PraCiMA: A Training System for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Procedure

The cardiopulmonary arrest is responsible for a large amount of deaths. It is imperative that the resuscitation procedure gets performed promptly and efficiently. Such procedure is known as CPR. If the CPR procedure is not applied correctly it may aggravate the patient condition, which easily leads to death. CPR training is, henceforth, extremely important in order to ensure a proper CPR procedure that always improves the patient condition. Nowadays, CPR training is performed in custom built manikins, which allows one to get used to the right pressure to be performed. The system also requires an experienced instructor, which monitors and observes the individual under training. Such instructor keeps track of the frequency of thorax compression performed, as well as the proper posture adopted. Such setup gets expensive and slow-growing, as there must be one instructor for each and every student, as it is not possible for a student to self-evaluate his/her performance. Aiming at improving this scenario we developed PraCIMA, a training system for CPR procedure which allows a student to get automatic and precise feedback. The system uses a Wii Fit Balance Board to keep track of frequency, pressure as well as the angle in which the user performs the pressure. The system them parses all the information and plots a graphical output that intuitively shows how the user is performing, allowing for on-the-fly posture correction and self-evaluation, allowing him/her to improve his skills. An instructor now can follow several students at once. This work introduces the PraCiMA system, it components, the way it works as well as its contribution to CPR training.
Triploid mosaicism in a 45,X/69,XXY infant

We report on an infant referred for chromosome analysis during the neonatal period due to ambiguous genitalia. The genitalia appeared male with bilaterally palpable testes, penoscrotal hypospadias, chordee, and a bifid scrotum. Chromosome analysis and interphase FISH analysis of lymphocytes showed a 45,X karyotype and no evidence for SRY in 200 nuclei examined, respectively. Subsequent chromosome analysis of fibroblasts revealed a 69,XXY karyotype. Molecular studies were carried out to determine the etiology of the chromosome findings. Results indicated that the two cell lines are mosaic rather than chimeric and that the triploidy resulted from delayed dispermy rather than delayed polar body inclusion. To our knowledge this is the first reported living individual with (near) diploid/triploid mosaicism for 45,X/69,XXY.
A comparative study of the effect of hydrocortisone injection on tyrosine transaminase activity of different vertebrates

Vertebrates above the evolutionary level of amphibians respond to hydrocortisone injections with an increase in liver tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase (E.C.-2.6.1.5). Animals showing this response include the rat, guinea pig, chick, pigeon, horned toad ( Phrynosoma cornatum ), and painted turtle ( Chrysemys picta ). In contrast, vertebrates at the amphibian level or below failed to show this response. Animals failing to show this response include the bull frog ( Rana catesbeiana ), grass frog ( Rana pipiens ), marine toad ( Bufo marinus ), tiger salamander ( Ambystoma trigrinum ), mud puppy ( Necturus ), white bass ( Roccus chrysops ), and black crappie ( Promoxis nigromaculatus ).
Liver acyl CoA-O-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in the presence of long chain branched fatty acids

Abstract The synthesis of cholesteryl oleate by acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol-O-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1) from rat liver mitochondria and microsomes in the presence of long chain branched fatty acids was investigated. These acids neither inhibit the formation of cholesteryl oleate, nor do they serve as substrate for the enzyme. In addition, under the conditions of the experiment, they were not incorporated into any of the lipid classes to any appreciable extent.
Autocrine activation of PDGFRα promotes the progression of ovarian cancer

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α expression was found in ovarian cancer cells and tumors by microarray hybridization. This led us to test whether ovarian cancers also produce ligands for this receptor, as this would demonstrate that such malignancies support their own growth and spread through autocrine activation. We assayed the expression of ligands for the PDGFR in ovarian tumors, cell lines and peritoneal fluid using RT–PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and ELISA. We detected strong mRNA expression for the PDGFRα ligands in most ovarian tumors. Receptor and ligand expressions (PDGFRα and PDGF AB) were also detected by IHC in, respectively, 34 and 32 of 47 ovarian tumors. The stainings for PDGFRα and PDGF AB were strongly correlated (P-value=0.014), suggesting that an autocrine loop is functional in ovarian cancer. PDGF AA and BB were quantified in peritoneal fluid by ELISA. Both ligands are secreted at higher levels in ovarian cancer ascites specimens (n=54) than in fluid from nonmalignant disorders (n=8). PDGF was detected in media conditioned by ovarian cancer cells. Such conditioned media induced activation of the PDGFR, Akt and MAPK and stimulated cell proliferation. A neutralizing PDGF antibody blocked these effects. Specific PDGFR inhibition by siRNA or a neutralizing antibody to the receptor inhibited PDGF-stimulated receptor activation and cell proliferation, suggesting that receptor targeting has a role in ovarian cancer treatment.
Physiological Responses during Aerobic Dance of Individuals Grouped by Aerobic Capacity and Dance Experience

Abstract This study examined the effects of aerobic capacity (peak oxygen uptake) and aerobic dance experience on the physiological responses to an aerobic dance routine. The heart rate (HR) and VO2 responses to three levels (intensities) of aerobic dance were measured in 27 women. Experienced aerobic dancers (AD) (mean peak VO2 = 42 ml·kg−1·min−1) were compared to subjects with limited aerobic dance experience of high (HI) (peak VO2 > 35 ml·kg−1·min−1) and low (LO) (peak VO2 < 35 ml·kg−1·min−1) aerobic capacities. The results indicated the LO group exercised at a higher percentage of peak heart rate and peak VO2 at all three dance levels than did either the HI or AD groups (HI = AD). Design of aerobic dance routines must consider the exercise tolerance of the intended audience. In mixed groups, individuals with low aerobic capacities should be shown how and encouraged to modify the activity to reduce the level of exertion.
Refractive Index of Arsenic Trisulfide

The refractive index of a sample of As2S3 was determined at three temperatures near 19°, 25°, and 31°C for selected wavelengths in the range 0.57 μ to 11.8 μ. A five term Sellmeier type dispersion equation was fitted to the averaged data reduced to 25°C; four of the constants were chosen to approximate an absorption continuum in the ultraviolet and visible while the fifth term was arbitrarily chosen as beyond the infrared absorption edge. The indexes of refraction in the visible region of two other samples were obtained for comparison.
Wearable Sensor Systems: Opportunities and Challenges

Sensors are pervasive - from homes to battlefields, and everywhere in-between. Examples include microwave ovens, mobile phones, automobiles, and medical equipment. They have become such an "integral" part of our daily lives that they are not only pervasive but they are also "invisible" to the end-user. These systems are facilitating information processing anytime, anywhere for anyone. While these types of sensors and networks incorporating such sensors are relatively new in the timeline of civilization, there has been one piece of "sensing" technology that has been there since the dawn of civilization. And that is textiles, which, in today's world are indeed pervasive. Textiles (clothing) were initially used for "protection" from the environment - be it from climatic conditions or from other predators as camouflage and personal privacy. This first dimension of "protection" has been complemented by the second dimension of "aesthetics," exemplified by the success of fashion houses in modern times - from Armani to Versace
Protruding aortic arch atheromas: risk of stroke during heart surgery with and without aortic arch endarterectomy.

Abstract Background Stroke occurs in 1% to 7% of heart surgery. Aortic arch atherosclerosis is a risk factor for intraoperative stroke, and endarterectomy has been proposed to prevent stroke during heart surgery in patients with arch atheromas. Methods and Results Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was performed in 3404 patients undergoing heart surgery between 1990 and 1996. Use of transesophageal echocardiography was unselected and based on equipment availability. Aortic arch atheromas (≥5 mm, or mobile) were seen in 268 (8%) patients. They were evaluated for intraoperative stroke (confirmed by a neurologist and cerebral infarction on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging). Arch endarterectomy was performed in 43 patients as an adjunct to their cardiac procedure in an attempt to prevent intraoperative stroke. The intraoperative stroke rate in all 268 patients with atheromas was high (15.3%). On univariate analysis, age, previous stroke, and arch endarterectomy were significantly associated with intraoperative stroke. On multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio 3.9, P = .01) and arch endarterectomy (odds ratio 3.6, P = .001) were independently predictive of intraoperative stroke. Mortality rate in all 268 patients was high (14.9%). These patients with atheromas also had a long recovery room, intensive care unit, and total hospital length of stay (48 days). Conclusions Patients with protruding aortic arch atheromas are at high risk for intraoperative stroke, significant and multiple morbidity, prolonged hospital stay, and death resulting from heart surgery. Aortic arch endarterectomy is strongly associated with intraoperative stroke; its use should be carefully considered in light of these results. (Am Heart J 1999;138:746-52.)
Recent Trends in State Children's Health Insurance Program Eligibility and Coverage for CSHCN

OBJECTIVE: Policy makers and physicians need to understand recent trends in State Children9s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) eligibility and coverage given the ongoing debate on SCHIP. Although many studies have examined these issues, few have focused on children with special health care needs (CSHCN). With this study we aimed to fill this gap in the literature. METHODS: Data on state-specific SCHIP eligibility criteria were merged with the National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs to determine SCHIP eligibility and coverage in 2001 and 2005. In addition to descriptive analysis, a multilevel analysis was performed to identify personal and state-level factors that significantly affected uninsurance among the SCHIP-eligible CSHCN. RESULTS: Our analyses showed that there was a slight increase in SCHIP eligibility for CSHCN between 2001 and 2005 (8.44% vs 9.83%; P 2 test). Among the SCHIP-eligible CSHCN, we found a substantial decrease in the uninsurance rate from 21.15% in 2001 to 10.87% in 2005 ( P 2 test). After controlling for covariates, our analyses indicated that CSHCN in 2005 were 57% less likely to be uninsured than those in 2001. Our multilevel analysis also identified state policies that significantly affected uninsurance among the SCHIP-eligible CSHCN, including asset tests (positive effects) and presumptive eligibility (negative effects). CONCLUSION: Our results show a dramatic decrease in the uninsurance rate among SCHIP-eligible CSHCN between 2001 and 2005.
AN ALGORITHM FOR DETERMINING TENSILE PROPERTIES FROM DIGITALLY RECORDED TENSILE TEST DATA

Summary The outlined algorithm can be easily programmed to analyze tensile test data and eliminate any subjective bias introduced with graphical analysis methods. The procedure utilizes a ratio test combined with traditional numerical analysis techniques to determine Young's modulus and yield strength values. The technique represents an expanded algorithm which should be used in conjunction with the ASTM analysis method. Finally, the procedure is not effective with materials exhibiting an Sys to Srs ratio approaching unity.
A note on a result of Mahler's

In a recent paper, Maher [2] proved that for any algebraic number field K of degree n and discriminant d there exists a constant C depending only on n and d such that for any ceiling λP of K there exists a basis α 1 ..., α n of the corresponding ideal α λ such that C -(n-1) λ(q) ≤ |α k | q ≤ Cλ(q) for all q; C -n λ(τ) ≤ |α k | τ ≤ λ(τ) for all r; (k = 1, 2, ..., n).
A 0.6mW/Gbps, 6.4–8.0Gbps serial link receiver using local injection-locked ring oscillators in 90nm CMOS

This paper describes a quad-channel, 6.4–8Gbps serial link receiver testchip using a global forwarded clock distribution coupled to local injection-locked ring oscillators in 90nm CMOS. Each receiver consists of a low-power linear equalizer, four offset-cancelled quantizers for 1:4 demultiplexing, and an injection-locked ring oscillator for greater than one UI of phase deskew. Measured results show a 6.4–7.2Gbps data rate with BER ≪ 10−15 across 10cm of FR4 backplane, and 8.0Gpbs data rate with direct input. Designed in a 1.2V, 90nm CMOS process, the area of each receiver is 0.0174mm2, with a measured power efficiency of 0.6mW/Gbps.
Identification and Verification of Novel Rodent Postsynaptic Density Proteins

The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a cellular structure specialized in receiving and transducing synaptic information. Here we describe the identification of 452 proteins isolated from biochemically purified PSD fractions of rat and mouse brains using nanoflow HPLC coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting were used to verify that many of the novel proteins identified exhibit subcellular distributions consistent with those of PSD-localized proteins. In addition to identifying most previously described PSD components, we also detected proteins involved in signaling to the nucleus as well as regulators of ADP-ribosylation factor signaling, ubiquitination, RNA trafficking, and protein translation. These results suggest new mechanisms by which the PSD helps regulate synaptic strength and transmission.
Food marketing to children through toys: response of restaurants to the first U.S. toy ordinance.

Purpose: To assess how ordinance-affected restaurants changed their child menus, marketing, and toy distribution practices relative to non-affected restaurants. Methods: Children’s menu items and child-directed marketing and toy distribution practices were examined before and at two time points after ordinance implementation (from July through November 2010) at ordinance-affected fast-food restaurants compared with demographically matched unaffected same-chain restaurants using the Children’s Menu Assessment tool.
Predicting module level RF emissions from IC emissions measurements using a 1 GHz TEM or GTEM cell — A review of related published technical papers

This paper reviews some of the many published technical papers relating to the measurement of IC emissions using a 1 GHz TEM cell or GTEM cell modified to accept an IC test board and provides a basis for correlation between these IC level measurements and module level RF emissions. We will follow the development of this methodology from the early investigations through the later applications to show the viability of the technique for IC qualification. Developments over time have shown that this method of IC emission measurement is repeatable, correlatable to other methods and provides, within limits, useful prediction of module level RF emissions performance.