cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retinal ganglion cell response to axotomy and nerve growth factor antiserum treatment in the regenerating visual system of the goldfish (Carassius auratus): an in vivo and in vitro analysis

In vitro nerve growth factor (NGF) antiserum (anti-NGF) treatment was found to significantly depress retinal ganglion cell neurite outgrowth in goldfish explant culture. Goldfish retinas, conditioned by a 14-day prior optic nerve crush, demonstrated a significant dose response inhibition of neurite outgrowth if incubated with various concentrations of the antiserum (i.e. concentrations from full strength to 1:100) before explantation for tissue culture. NGF added to the incubation medium containing antiserum partially eliminated the inhibition of neurite outgrowth during the first 4 days of explant culture. Antiserum treatment at the higher concentrations (i.e. full strength and 1:1.5 dilution) caused a cessation of nerve growth from explants between culture days 3 and 4. However, controls at this time still exhibited vigorous neurite outgrowth. In vivo treatment with anti-NGF administered intraocularly at 7 days after optic nerve crush (i.e. 7 DPA) was found to significantly reduce the size and complexity of retinal ganglion cell nucleoli when analyzed morphometrically at 14 DPA. No other cell parameters measured (i.e. cell size, nuclear size, cell/nuclear ratios and mitochondrial, Golgi and RER densities) were found to be affected by the single antiserum treatment.
Retail payments: New contributions, empirical results, and unanswered questions

Abstract We offer a selected survey of retail payments and suggest areas where additional research would prove useful. After summarizing eight papers presented at a recent Norges Bank (Central Bank of Norway) payment conference and published in this volume, we show how they, and many of the other papers presented there, have contributed to the payments literature. We also illustrate how institutional and other differences across countries led to different payment arrangements historically which now, due to technological innovation affecting bank costs, have made payment arrangements across countries more homogeneous.
The speed of sound in an interacting pion gas

Abstract We calculate the speed of sound in a pion gas including interactions between pions using the results of chiral perturbation theory as well as a relativistic virial expansion with experimental phase shifts. Our result is that the speed of sound is considerably less than that for the corresponding ideal, relativistic gas. The ramifications of this result in the description of heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies are noted.
THE INHIBITION OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE RAT SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS1

EVIDENCE has been presented by various workers which indicates a relationship between the function of certain endocrine organs and maintenance of normal structure and physiological activity of both the rat and mouse submaxillary salivary gland. French investigators (1-7) studied the effects of administration or deprivation of various sex hormones on the size and appearance of the serous or “granular” tubules in the mouse submaxillary salivary glands as well as the role of the thyroid gland and hypophysis in maintaining these tubular submaxillary structures. Other investigators (8-10) have carried out similar studies in the rat. The changes occurring in these submaxillary gland tubules following gonadectomy, hypophysectomy or the administration of sex hormones recently have been corroborated (11-16).
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Risk of Cholecystectomy in Women

Abstract Purpose Many constituents of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk for gallstones, but prospective data relating fruit and vegetable intake to gallstone disease are sparse. Methods We prospectively studied fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to the risk of cholecystectomy in a cohort of 77,090 women in the Nurses' Health Study, 37 to 64 years of age, who had no history of gallstone disease. Women reported on follow-up questionnaires both their consumption of fruits and vegetables and whether they had undergone cholecystectomy. Results During 1,060,033 person-years of follow-up from 1984 to 2000, participants reported 6608 cases of cholecystectomy. After adjusting for established or suspected risk factors, the relative risk for women in the highest quintile of overall consumption of fruits and vegetables was 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.87, P for trend Conclusions Our findings suggest a protective role of greater fruit and vegetable consumption against risk of cholecystectomy in women.
Sharp bounds on the Hp means of the derivative of a convex function for p=-1 ∗

We prove that if f maps the unit disk D onto a convex domain with F(0)=0, then with equality holding for each f that has the prupeiiy that the left and right-nana tangents at each point w∊∂(D) are tangent to the circle This verifies the conjecture which we made in the early 1980's, which arose of our work on omitted value problems for classes of univalent functions. This conjecture was announced at the Purdue Symposium on the Occasion of the Proof of the Bieberbach Conjecture in 1985 and published in the article “Open Problems and Conjectures in Complex Analysis” (Computational Methods and Function Theory Lecture Notes in Math. #1435, 1990 pp. 1-26). The proof employs the Julia variation and properties of convexity and subordination. Also, we obtain, using this integral means estimate, a sharp bound for the convex case of Brennan's conjecture on the integral means with respect to area measure for the derivative of a univalent function.
OFIRMEV: an old drug becomes new again.

Abstract This was judged to be the first place winning submission for the American Dental Society of Anesthesiology Student Essay Award. Acetaminophen is an old drug that is now available in an intravenous formulation. Its advantages and disadvantages are reviewed, including its potential role in multimodal postoperative pain therapy.
Effects of Anoxia on the Vascular Resistance of the Dog's Hind Limb

In anesthetized dogs, the inhalation of 5 per cent oxygen caused vasoconstriction of perfused hind limb but vasodilatation occurred during reoxygenation. The vasoconstriction during anoxia amounted to a mean increase of vascular resistance of +12 per cent if blood from the same anoxic dog was used for perfusion, and to +35 per cent if blood from a nonanoxic donor was used. This vasoconstrictor response was almost entirely the outcome of anoxemic stimulation of chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies. The vasodilatation during reoxygenation persisted after chemoreceptor denervation, but was eliminated by either spinal cord transection or denervation of the limb. The nervous pathways responsible for this postanoxic vasodilatation were resistant to bretylium but were partially blocked by either atropine or hexamethonium.
An EMG-based model to estimate lumbar muscle forces and spinal loads during complex, high-effort tasks: Development and application to residential construction using prefabricated walls

Abstract Residential building construction is moving toward more industrialized construction methods (e.g., use of prefabricated wall or “panels”), yet remains one of highest risk sectors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The centralized design process inherent in the use of wall panels offers the potential for proactive control of musculoskeletal risks, consistent with the prevention-through-design (or PtD) philosophy. As part of an ongoing effort to incorporate ergonomics into panel design, estimates of low back loading and injury risk were needed over a range of tasks performed during panelized construction. Here, a free-dynamic, three-dimensional, electromyography-based model was developed to provide such estimates, which was a modification of an earlier, relatively coarser model. Specific modifications included a more detailed representation of lumbar muscle anatomy and contraction dynamics, high-pass filtering of electromyograms to better represent muscle activation levels, and an enhanced calibration procedure through which five model parameters are specified on an individual basis and used to estimate lumbar muscle forces. With these enhancements, the predictive ability of the model was assessed over a wide range of simulated panel erection tasks. Predicted model parameters corresponded well with values reported earlier. Reasonable levels of correspondence were found between measured and predicted lumbosacral moments, though predictive ability varied between tasks and rotation planes. Relevance to industry Wall panels are representative of the current trend toward increasing use of industrialized methods in residential construction. Model-based estimates can be used as part of a larger project to facilitate proactive design of residential construction using panelized walls in order to reduce musculoskeletal exposures and spine injury risks.
Biliary endogenous inorganic phosphate, D-glucose, IgA and transferrin are differentially altered by hydrostatic pressure

Our objective was to determine the effects of hydrostatic biliary pressure on excretion patterns of endogenous solutes which reflect various pathways of bile formation. A stable in vivo model was developed using anesthetized rats intraduodenally infused with taurocholate to maintain bile flow. Bile was collected during a 2-h basal period, a 4-h pressure period where elevation of the bile duct cannula decreased bile flow to 1/3 the basal rate, and a 2-h period after release of hydrostatic biliary pressure. During pressure treatment, bile salt concentration gradually increased ∼3-fold, biliary inorganic phosphate concentrations rapidly rost ∼5-fold, and biliary glucose concentration progressively rose ∼17-fold. Concentrations of proteins in bile were affected differently with extreme decreases in IgA, moderate decreases in total protein and leucine aminopeptidase, and minimal change in transferrin. By 2 h after pressure release, only the alterations in biliary glucose and IgA persisted. The observed striking and persisting increases in biliary glucose are tentatively explained as an impaired reabsorption of glucose by the biliary tract.
Polarization Properties of Ince-Gaussian Beams

Longitudinal and cross polarization properties of vector Ince-Gaussian light beams are studied when the light beams are linearly and circularly polarized by using the solutions of scalar paraxial wave equation in elliptical cylindrical coordinates.
Relationship between single-unit activity and the electroencephalogram in a neocortical, cobalt-induced epileptogenic focus

Abstract Although the importance of neuronal synchrony in epilepsy has not been disputed, few attempts have been made to examine quantitatively the relationship between this parameter and seizure occurrence. The specific objective of the present investigation was to determine how the amount and type of synchrony between EEG and single-unit activity in an experimental model of focal epilepsy are related to the occurrence of seizures. This was accomplished by examining EEG/single unit relationships in two types of cobalt-induced epileptogenic focus: (1) foci that initiated seizures, and (2) foci that exhibited only interictal spike activity. These relationships were examined during slow-wave sleep, a time when synchronous neuronal activity is thought to be augmented. In control rats and rats that had seizures, the majority of units exhibited a non-random relationship between unit discharge and the EEG. In cobalt-treated rats that were not observed to have seizures, however, the percentage of units exhibiting EEG/single unit relationships was significantly less than that in either controls or rats that had seizures. This observation, paired with observations of the details of the EEG/single unit relationships, led to the hypothesis that cobalt treatment produces a shift from an inhibition dominated synchrony (observed in controls) to an excitation dominated synchrony (observed in rats that had seizures). Intermediate between these two types of synchrony is a less synchronized state (observed in seizure-free, cobalt-treated rats), which probably results from a loss of inhibition dominated synchrony without a concomitant increase in excitation dominated synchrony.
Photopsias are related in part to perceived stress and positive mood in retinitis pigmentosa

Photopsias are related in part to perceived stress and positive mood in retinitis pigmentosa
Applications and development of spread spectrum technology

Abstract Spread spectrum technology has emerged into the commercial marketplace for improving business transactions by providing accurate data, rapid response time, and productive workers. This article analyzes the development of spread spectrum technology and its applications in business and society.
Environmental, mechanical, and handleability perform- ance of single blowable fiber units

The installation of optical fiber units using a compressed gas was first described by British Telecommunications Research Laboratories (BTRL).1 Installation distances of up to 600 m (Ref. 2) in a single operation, with greater distances achievable using multiple installation devices, make this technique attractive in many networking and communication scenarios. Unspliced, point to point links, deferred fiber deployment, future upgradeability, and system flexibility are advantages of this approach. The blown fiber system developed by BTRL was designed for use in the U.K. The environmental requirements in the U.K. result in a low temperature specification of only −10°C for the multifiber unit.
Utilizing the MODIS 1.38 μm channel for cirrus cloud optical thickness retrievals: Algorithm and retrieval uncertainties

The cloud products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) on Terra and Aqua have been widely used within the atmospheric research community. The retrieval algorithms, however, oftentimes have difficulty detecting and retrieving thin cirrus, due to sensitivities to surface reflectance. Conversely, the 1.38 micron channel, located within a strong water vapor absorption band, is quite useful for detecting thin cirrus clouds since the signal from the surface can be blocked or substantially attenuated by the absorption of atmospheric water vapor below cirrus. This channel, however, suffers from nonnegligible attenuation due to the water vapor located above and within the cloud layer. Here we provide details of a new technique pairing the 1.38 micron and 1.24 micron channels to estimate the above/in-cloud water vapor attenuation and to subsequently retrieve thin cirrus optical thickness (tau) from attenuation-corrected 1.38 p.m reflectance measurements. In selected oceanic cases, this approach is found to increase cirrus retrievals by up to 38% over MOD06. For these cases, baseline 1.38 micron retrieval uncertainties are estimated to be between 15 and 20% for moderately thick cirrus (tau > 1), with the largest error source being the unknown cloud effective particle radius, which is not retrieved with the described technique. Uncertainties increase to around 90% for the thinnest clouds (tau < 0.5) where instrument and surface uncertainties dominate.
Polyamine Metabolism I: Synthesislof Dansyl Derivatives of N-(Monoaminoalkyl)- and N-(Polyaminoalkyl)acetamides and Elucidation in Urine of a Cancer Patient

Abstract The dansyl derivatives of N -(monoaminoalkyl)- and N - (polyaminoalkyl)acetamides were synthesized and unequivocally characterized. TLC of the dansyl derivatives obtained from human urine indicated the presence of N -[3-[(4-aminobutyl)amino]propyl]acetamide ( N 1 -acetylspermidine), N -[4-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]butyl]acetamide ( N 8 -acetylspermidine), and N -(4-aminobutyl)acetamide ( N -acetylputrescine) in appreciable amounts. The dansyl derivatives of N 1 -acetylspermidine, N 8 -acetylspermidine, and N -acetylputrescine were isolated and purified using various chromatographic methods. The mass spectra of these compounds were similar to those of authentic samples, which confirmed the identity of these compounds and established the presence of N 8 -acetylspermidine as well as N 1 -acetylspermidine and N -acetyloutrescine in human urine.
A new model linking atmospheric methane sources to Pleistocene glaciation via methanogenesis in sedimentary basins

Methane (CH 4 ) is an important greenhouse gas and amplifier of climate change. However, the causes of atmospheric CH 4 variations over glacial-interglacial cycles remain unresolved. We propose that microbial methanogenesis along the shallow margins of sedimentary basins provides a source of atmospheric CH 4 temporally connected with both advance and retreat of continental ice sheets. Extensive biodegradation of hydrocarbons in the Antrim Shale Formation, Michigan, United States, is associated with an active subsurface consortium of fermentative and methanogenic microorganisms. This activity was initially stimulated when saline formation waters were diluted by meltwater derived from overriding Pleistocene ice sheets. During glaciation, CH 4 produced by this community accumulated in the shale at a rate of 1 Tg CH 4 per 1000 yr as a result of ice coverage and increased hydrostatic pressure. We estimate that at present the Antrim Shale contains only 12%–25% of the cumulative mass of CH 4 generated in the shale over the Pleistocene, indicating that CH 4 that had accumulated during glaciation was subsequently released following ice-sheet retreat. While release from the Antrim Shale represents only a small part of the global CH 4 budget, when extended to other glaciated sedimentary basins, subsurface methanogenesis may generate a substantial, previously unrecognized source of atmospheric CH 4 during deglaciation.
Structure and energy of (110) twist boundaries in the Ag/Ni system

Abstract Low-energy (110) twist boundaries have been studied in the Ag/Ni system. Four low-energy orientations were observed in the experiments using the particle rotation method (PRM) with (110)Ag crystallites sintered on the (110) surface of a single crystal Ni substrate. These are characterized by twist angles of 0, 35, 55 and 70°, measured between the two close-packed direction of the crystals at the boundary. The determination of the orientation of the samples was made by transmission electron microscopy. The reorientation of the particles was achieved in two ways: continuous rotation, and twinning. In samples with initial twist angles of 3, 35, and 49°, a progressive rotation of the particles was observed. The silver particles in the sample with 70° initial twist were reoriented to 0° by the nucleation and growth of twins which had parallel crystallographic directions with the Ni substrate. Samples with initial twist angles of 58 and 65° showed both types of reorientation. While the particles underwent a continuous rotation, twins nucleated and grew in the particles. The results of the experiments are compared with calculations with the embedded-atom method and with geometrical models of interfaces.
Surgical options for recalcitrant carpal tunnel syndrome with perineural fibrosis

Surgical release of the transverse carpal ligament for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is, in general, a very successful procedure. Some patients, however, fail this standard release and have persistent or recurrent symptoms. Such recalcitrance may relate to incomplete release but more often relates to perineural or intraneural fibrosis of the median nerve. While there is no good treatment for intraneural fibrosis, numerous procedures have evolved in an attempt to treat perineural fibrosis which restricts nerve gliding. These include procedures to isolate the nerve from scar as well as procedures to bring neovascularization to the median nerve. This review describes the various surgical treatment options for recalcitrant CTS as well as their reported outcomes.
Interactions of 2-methoxyestradiol, an endogenous mammalian metabolite, with unpolymerized tubulin and with tubulin polymers.

2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is an endogenous mammalian catabolite of estradiol with antimitotic activity. Although it is a competitive inhibitor of the binding of colchicine to tubulin, it has unusual effects on glutamate-induced tubulin polymerization. Polymer that was little changed in morphology assembled at a reduced rate and was relatively cold stable. We have now examined interactions of [4-3H]2ME with unpolymerized tubulin and polymer. The [3H]2ME binds avidly to tubulin even on ice, and it is readily displaced by other colchicine site drugs. An association rate constant on ice of 1.9 × 102 M-1s-1 was obtained. Scatchard analysis indicated a single class of binding site and an association equilibrium constant of 5.7 × 105 M-1. These values lead to a calculated dissociation rate constant of 3.3 × 10-4 s-1. In glutamate-induced tubulin assembly, a reaction that requires GTP and leads to the formation of sheets of parallel protofilaments, increasing amounts of [3H]2ME were incorporated into polymer, reac...
Ambivalence and the politics of knowledge: The struggle for change in German higher education

This article argues (a) that universities are profoundly ambivalent institutions; (b) that this ambivalence explains a great deal about their behavior that would otherwise remain inexplicable; (c) that one of the most striking manifestations of this ambivalence can be found in universities’ attitudes towards change; and (d) that this ambivalence has its roots in a fundamental tension in modern society about the university’s purposes. There is good reason to believe that this set of observations holds true for universities everywhere, albeit to different degrees and in different ways. As a case in point, this article focuses on the process of change (and non-change) in German higher education over the past ten years.
An IC for automatic sequencing of flash-bulb firing in cameras

A flash-firing monolithic IC capable of automatic sequencing and skipping previously fired or open bulbs will be described. Device consists of five power cells, each containing a pair of Darlington-connected power transistors operating in the emitter-follower mode.
Synthesis of Y-junction single-wall carbon nanotubes

Abstract Y-junction single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are synthesized using controlled catalysts by chemical vapor deposition. Mo-doped Fe nanoparticles supported by aluminum oxide particles are used as catalysts for growing Y-junction single-wall carbon nanotubes. Distribution of Mo-doped Fe particles plays an important role in Y-junction formation. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of single-walled structures of Y-junctions with diameters of 2–5 nm. Radial breathing mode peaks in Raman spectra show that our sample has both metallic and semiconducting nanotubes, indicating the possible formation of Y-branching with different electrical properties. The different electrical properties of branch and stem can be utilized in nanoscale three terminal electronic devices. The growth mechanism of Y-junction SWNTs is proposed.
Engineering liver tissue spheroids with inverted colloidal crystal scaffolds

Multicellular spheroids provide a new three-dimensional (3D) level of control over morphology and function of ex vivo cultured tissues. They also represent a valuable experimental technique for drug discovery and cell biology. Nevertheless, the dependence of many cellular processes on the cluster diameter remains unclear. To provide a tool for the systematic evaluation of such dependences, we introduce here inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) scaffolds. Uniformly sized pores in ICC cell matrixes afford a high yield production of controlled size spheroids in standard 96 well-plates. Transparent hydrogel matrix and ship-in-bottle effect also allows for convenient monitoring of cell processes by traditional optical techniques. Different developmental stages of 46.5-151.6 microm spheroids from HepG2 hepatocytes with vivid morphological similarities to liver tissue (bile canaliculi) were observed. The liver-specific functions of HepG2 cells were systematically investigated and compared for spheroids of different diameters as well as 2D cultures. Clear trends of albumin production and CYP450 activity were observed; diffusion processes and effect of cellular aggregation on metabolic activity were identified to be the primary contributors to the size dependence of the liver functions in HepG2 spheroids in ICC scaffolds. Since the aggregation of cells into clusters is a universal biological process, these findings and scaffolds can be applied to many other relevant cell types.
A Simplified Overlay Plaque Technic for Evaluating Responses of Small Free‐Living Amebae in Grassland Soils*

SYNOPSIS. The responses of amebae and bacteria in a grassland soil were investigated by an overlay plaque technic developed in this laboratory. This procedure, using Aerobacter aerogenes as the food source, allowed convenient assay of significant changes in ameba populations which resulted from additions of nutrient and water. In comparison with controls, when water was added an initial increase occurred in bacterial counts followed by an increase in the numbers of amebae. Upon addition of glucose, ameba populations increased initially and then decreased with time, while populations of bacteria remained constant. The addition of hay resulted in significant increases in populations of bacteria and amebae. Plaque appearance on enumeration plates was most rapid with inocula from nutrient-treated soils. Predominant amebae recovered by this technic were species of Acanthamoeba and Hartmannella. They were estimated to be present in untreated soils at 3.2 × 103/gram. Ameba feeding experiments were used to evaluate the possible suitability of other bacteria as food. The results indicated that nonpigmented laboratory strains of bacteria were preferred, while pigmented grassland isolates were more rapidly utilized. Small soil amebae appear to be sensitive to minor soil perturbations, and the enumeration procedure developed in this study should aid in following their responses to environmental stresses.
International Relations Theory and Internal Conflict: Insights from the Interstices

The presumption that international relations theory can help explain internal conflict is widely shared and accounts for the hubris of many who came late to the topic of domestic violence and civil war from the study of international politics.' There has been some useful arbitrage with theories of interstate war providing insights into the causes of intrastate war. But the belief that international relations theory has something uniquely important to contribute to the study of internal violence is wrong-or at least misstated. Rather, we are approaching a single, unified theory of political violence of which interstate and intrastate war may be particular forms. I emphasize approaching because this general theory has not yet been fully worked out and may because the particular forms of violence and the relationships between them have not yet been defined. Nonetheless, considerable progress has been made. The real question is what does this general theory tell us about violence? What are the commonalities between interstate and intrastate war? What are the differences? How can the study of one help inform our understanding of the other? If so far scholars have arbitraged from international relations to civil war, it is important to recognize that trade is a two-way process; we should seek to exploit opportunities for gain in both directions. Doing so highlights the irrelevance of some analytic boundaries long taken for granted in the field of political science and focuses our attention for future research on the role of extremists within both domestic groups and states.
Production Ecology of the Non-indigenous Seagrass, Dwarf Eelgrass (Zostera japonica Ascher. & Graeb.), in a Pacific Northwest Estuary, USA

The non-indigenous seagrass Zostera japonica Ascher. & Graeb. (dwarf eelgrass) was first identified in central Oregon (USA) estuaries about 30 years ago. The autecology of this species is poorly described at the southern end of its non-native range although several process oriented studies have been conducted. I examined the production ecology of Z. japonica in the Yaquina Bay estuary. Strong seasonal patterns in light and temperature appeared to control the seasonal variations in biomass and growth. Above- and below-ground biomass ranged between 40–100 and 70–170 gdw m−2 respectively and seasonal changes in the root:shoot ratio were controlled by above-ground biomass dynamics. Shoot density ranged between 4000 and 11 000 shts m−2. Areal leaf growth ranged between 0.1 and 1.7 gdw m−2 d−1 and annual production was about 314 ± 60 gdw m−2 y−1 (mean ± SD). Nutrients were not limiting in this system as a result of coastal upwelling and watershed inputs. The Z. japonica population studied in Oregon exhibited different patterns of persistence, phenology and flowering intensity relative to other populations along its native and non-native range. These differences suggest that management policies developed for one site may not be appropriate for other sites. The data presented here greatly expands our knowledge base on Z. japonica and provides insight to the processes controlling the dynamics and spread of this non-indigenous seagrass.
The enzymatic conversion of p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime to p-hydroxymandelonitrile.

Abstract 2-Hydroxy( p -hydroxyphenyl)-acetaldoxime, the alternative precursor to p -hydroxyphenylacetonitrile in dhurrin biosynthesis, was synthesized and its effectiveness as a substrate was examined in a microsomal enzyme system from sorghum seedlings. The hydroxyaldoxime was slowly converted to p -hydroxymandelonitrile when compared with p -hydroxyphenylacetonitrile and p -hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime. Moreover, radioactivity from [U- 14 C]tyrosine was efficiently incorporated by trapping experiments into both the nitrile and aldoxime, but not into the hydroxyaldoxime. The reaction products formed on hydroxylation of the nitrile by the microsomal enzyme were identified as p -hydroxybenzaldehyde, HCN, and H 2 O. Under anaerobic conditions, the nitrile was produced from the aldoxime and accumulated without undergoing hydroxylation. These results establish p -hydroxyphenylacetonitrile and not 2-hydroxy( p -hydroxyphenyl)-acetaldoxime as the intermediate in the conversion of p -hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime to p -hydroxymandelonitrile in dhurrin biosynthesis.
The Incident Command System: High-Reliability Organizing for Complex and Volatile Task Environments

The incident command system (ICS) is a particular approach to assembly and control of the highly reliable temporary organizations employed by many public safety professionals to manage diverse reso...
Differential susceptibility and resistance of immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice to fatal Hantaan virus infection.

Susceptibility and resistance to fatal Hantaan virus meningoencephalitis were studied in immunocompetent (nu/+) and congenitally T-cell deficient (nu/nu) CD-1 mice of different ages. Susceptibility of nu/+ mice to fatal infection was age-dependent, as evidenced by 100 percent mortality in mice inoculated intracerebrally with Hantaan virus (strain 76–118) during the first week of life, 60 percent mortality in mice inoculated at 9 days of age, and no disease or death in mice inoculated at 14 to 42 days of age. Deaths occurred significantly earlier in nu/+ mice inoculated at 5 and 7 days of age than in nu/+ mice less than 24 hours old. Nu/nu littermates of the same age did not exhibit a similar inverse relationship between age and survival times. Moreover, nu/nu mice 14 days or older remained susceptible, albeit with delayed onset of illness and time of death. Virus titers in brain tissues of nu/+ mice inoculated at 7 days and of nu/nu nice inoculated at 7, 9 and 14 days of age were nearly identical. In older nu/+ mice, peak virus titers were comparatively lower, but they did not seem to be influenced by the magnitude of the neutralizing antibody response. The more rapidly fatal course in nu/+ mice inoculated at a week of age than at birth, and the differential resistance between weanling nu/+ and nu/nu mice to Hantaan virus meningoencephalitis suggest that cell-mediated immunity may be responsible for both enhancement of disease and recovery from infection.
Patterns of development among mosaics in Habrobracon juglandis.

Abstract Ebony females of Habrobracon produced about 5% genetic mosaics among progeny from fertilized eggs. This property of the ebony mutant was used to look for patterns of mosaicism. In Habrobracon mosaics, two genetically different nuclei were present in the egg at the start of cleavage. This is comparable to Drosophila when gynandromorphs are produced by X-chromosome elimination. As in Drosophila, the variety in mosaic pattern shown in adults indicates that the cleavage pattern is indeterminate. Also as in Drosophila there was a marked bilateral mosaicism of legs and wings and a high concordance in genotype between legs and wings on the same side of the body and in the same thoracic segment. The incidence of intramosaicism was markedly different for the different ectodermal structures that were investigated. The chances that an intraeye mosaic would occur are 0.18, in contrast to 0.04 for a wing, 0.01 for a leg, 0.005 for an ocellus, and 0.004 for an antenna. Among gynandromorphs with mosaic abdomens, normal testes, and ducts may be found internally along with a normal female poison reservoir, poison gland, and sting. There appears to be an autonomous development of internal and of external structures. There is considerable mosaicism involving the head. Different combinations of antennae, eye, and ocellar mosaicism appear. When this is correlated with mating behavior, it seems that there is also brain mosaicism. It may be possible in haploid-diploid mosaics to localize the area of the brain related to sex behavior.
Simple and fast optimistic protocols for fair electronic exchange

Assume each of two parties has something the other wants. Then, a fair exchange is an electronic protocol guaranteeing that either both parties get what they want, or none of them does. Protocols relying on traditional trusted parties easily guarantee such exchanges, but are inefficient (because a trusted party must be part of every execution) and expensive (because trusted parties want to be paid for each execution).In this paper we• Quickly review fair exchanges that are optimistic, that is, relying on a trusted party that (1) does not participate at all in an honest execution, and yet (2) guarantees the fairness of all executions; and• Present some older and surprisingly simple optimistic protocols for fair certified e-mail and contract signing that never appeared in the scientific literature.
Assembly of a Two-dimensional Cobalt-iron Cyanide Grid Network at an Air-water Interface

Reaction of an amphiphillic pentacyanoiron(III) complex with aqueous cobalt(II) ions at the air-water interface yielded a two-dimensional (2D) cobalt(II)-iron(III) cyanide network. The Langmuir monolayers were characterized by pressure vs. area isothenns. The cyanide-bridged networks were transferred to solid supports by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. Multilayer films were structurally characterized by FT-IR and UV-VIS spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction and SQUID magnetometry.
Changes in the coupling between accommodation and vergence eye movements induced in human subjects by altering the effective interocular separation.

It has usually been thought that the coupling between accommodation and convergence of the eyes is fixed and not modifiable by experience. Experiments are reported which show that the ratio of accommodative vergence to the accommodation stimulus, the stimulus AC/A ratio (one measure of the coupling), is elevated by brief periods (∼30 min) of experience of viewing the world through periscopic spectacles which increase the effective interocular separation. Experience of viewing through ‘cyclopean’ spectacles, which superimpose the line of sight of the two eyes, reduced the stimulus AC/A ratio in one subject and increased it in another, while it remained hardly affected in a third.
Holographic Scanning - Principles And Applications

The basis principles of holographic scanning will be reviewed. Topics will include - zone plate analysis, aberrations, scan multiplication, scan line straightening, recording media and manufacturing methods. Several applications will be discussed, with particular emphasis on bar code scanning.
Oocyte differentiation in Urechis caupo (echiura): A fine structural study

The fine structure of oocytes of Urechis caupo is described for seven arbitrary stages ranging from the smallest oocytes (7 mum in diameter) in the coelom to the mature oocytes (115 mum in diameter) in the storage organs. Although most types of cytoplasmic organelles accumulate more or less continuously, yolk granules do not appear until oocytes reach a diameter of 35 mum, and there is stage-specific synthesis of cortical granules in 60-80 mum oocytes. In the nucleus a single nucleolus first appears when an oocyte is 15 mum in diameter. Then a nucleolus satellite, which is about 3 mum in diameter, forms in 30 mum oocytes; this nucleolus satellite later (60-70 mum oocytes) becomes surrounded by 750 nm dense spherical bodies. Large (2-4 mum in diameter) juxtachromosomal spherules occur only in the nuclei of mature oocytes. Microvilli become progressively more numerous and longer until the oocyte reaches a diameter of 90 mum; their tips project 1 mum beyond the fibrous surface coat, which is 2 mum thick when well developed. Near the end of oocyte growth, the microvilli retract into the surface coat leaving their pinched-off tips adhering to the outside of the coat.
The attentional control of lexical processing pathways: reversing the word frequency effect.

In two experiments, we investigated the influence of word frequency in speeded word naming and in a relatively novel regularization task in which participants were required to pronounce words on the basis of spelling-to-sound correspondences instead of giving their normal pronunciations (e.g., pronouncepint so that it rhymes withhint). Participants were presented high- and low-frequency regular words and exception words, along with a set of nonwords. The results indicated that there was a normal word frequency effect (i.e., high-frequency words faster than low-frequency words) in the standard speeded naming task, whereas, for the regularization task, the word frequency effect was reversed for regular words, even though the regular words were pronounced in an identical fashion in both the normal naming and the regularization tasks. This reversal of the word frequency effect was not obtained for the exception words. The discussion focuses on the implication of these results for attentional control models of lexical processing.
Abrikosov dislocation lattice in a model of the cholesteric-to-smectic-A transition.

The nematic--to--smectic-A transition in liquid crystals is analogous to the normal to superconducting transition in metals with the Frank director n in liquid crystals playing the role of the vector potential A in metals. The liquid-crystal analog of an external magnetic field is a field, arising, for example, from molecular chirality, leading to a nonzero \ensuremath{\nabla}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}n in the equilibrium nematic phase. The cholesteric (twisted nematic) phase is the analog of a normal metal in an external magnetic field. In type-II superconductors in an external magnetic field, the Abrikosov flux lattice phase with partial flux penetration intervenes between the low-temperature Meissner phase and the high-temperature normal-metal phase. In this paper we study the analog in liquid crystals containing chiral molecules of the Abrikosov phase in superconductors. Using a covariant form of the de Gennes free energy, we find that in mean-field theory a state, which we call the twist-grain-boundary (TGB) state, with regularly spaced grain boundaries consisting of parallel screw dislocations, intervenes between the smectic and cholesteric phases. We calculate the liquid-crystal analogs of the upper and lower critical fields ${H}_{c2}$ and ${H}_{c1}$. The properties of the TGB phase depend on the angle 2\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\alpha} between axes of dislocations in adjacent grain boundaries. \ensuremath{\alpha} can be rational or irrational. When \ensuremath{\alpha}=p/q for mutually prime integers p and q, the TGB state has a q-fold screw axis and quasicrystalline symmetry for crystallographically forbidden q. Our calculations ignore exponentially small terms favoring lock in at rational \ensuremath{\alpha}. We calculate the x-ray scattering intensities in the cholesteric phase near the TGB phase boundary and in the TGB phase for rational and irrational \ensuremath{\alpha}. We also discuss experimental difficulties in observing the TGB state and the possible effects fluctuations not included in mean-field theory might have on its existence.
Effect of lacto-N-neotetraose, asialoganglioside-GM1 and neuraminidase on adherence of otitis media-associated serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae to chinchilla tracheal epithelium.

Abstract The adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) otitis media-associated serotypes 3, 6A and 14 to ciliated chinchilla respiratory epithelium was investigated using a whole organ perfusion technique. We demonstrated that Spn adhere to chinchilla tracheal epithelium within 30 min and exhibit saturation kinetics indicating that the effect being observed is receptor mediated. Inhibition of adherence was achieved by prior incubation of Spn with lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) or asialoganglioside GM1 (aGM1), recognized by glycoconjugate analogs of known Spn receptors. Neuraminidase treatment of the tracheae increased Spn adherence in vitro and reversed the inhibition effect of LNnT suggesting that neuraminidase treatment resulted in an increase in the number of available receptors for Spn. The chinchilla trachea organ perfusion culture system used in this study imitates eustachian tube conditions more closely than isolated cell culture systems and is a useful model for investigating the role of Spn adherence in vitro in the pathogenesis of OM.
Nutrition and Chronic Disease Prevention: Priorities for US Minority Groups

Persistent disparities affecting US racial/ethnic minorities present a continuing challenge within the larger picture of chronic disease prevention, in part because of the socio-political disadvantages that affect minority populations. Many of these disparities are nutrition related. Complementary approaches to identifying priorities for nutrition assessment and intervention in minority populations include: 1) a dietary perspective that considers eating patterns in relation to current dietary guidelines, and 2) a chronic disease perspective that considers dietary implications of population risk profiles. Integrating these perspectives requires additional considerations of feasibility and relative priority for the population in question.
Systematic implications of isozymes in Halophila section Halophila

Isozymes in seven enzyme systems were studied by gel electrophoresis for clues to the taxonomic relationships of species in Halophila section Halophila. As presented in den Hartog's (1970) original treatment, the section included four species, H. ovalis (R.Br.) Hook. f. with four subspecies (ssp. bullosa (Setchell) den Hartog, ssp. hawaiiana (Doty & Stone) den Hartog, ssp. australis (Doty & Stone) den Hartog and ssp. linearis (den Hartog) den Hartog, H. ovata Gaud., H. decipiens Ostenfeld and H. stipulacea (Forsk.) Aschers. Other systematic studies have suggested that H. minor (Zoll.) den Hartog should replace H. ovata and include H. ovalis ssp. bullosa and that H. ovalis ssp. hawaiiana be recognized as a distinct species. The isozyme comparisons of three populations of H. ovalis from the Indian and Pacific Oceans showed little variation but indicated patterns that were distinct from those of H. minor, H. hawaiiana, H. decipiens and H. stipulacea. Plants from the Indian River of Florida that had been included in H. decipiens showed a difference in isozymes that support their recognition as a distinct species, H. johnsonii Eiseman. Further studies are needed to determine the status of other populations of the pantropical H. decipiens and for clarification of the status of H. ovalis ssp. bullosa and ssp. australis.
Electromagnetic field theory solution of the infinite tapered-plane transmission line

Fur den eingeschwungenen Zustand dertapered-plane transmission line wird eine neue Losungsmethode beschrieben und gezeigt, dass die Impedanztransformation direkt vom Verhaltnis der Abstande zwischen Anfang und Ende der leitenden Ebenen bestimmt wird. Die Phasendifferenz der Spannungen zwischen den Leitungsenden ist dem Offnungswinkel der beiden Ebenen proportional. Kriterien fur den Entwurf solcher Leitungen lassen sich angeben.
In situ hybridization reveals transient laminin B-chain expression by individual glial and muscle cells in embryonic leech central nervous system

Laminin, which strongly stimulates axon outgrowth in vitro, appears transiently within the central nervous system (CNS) in embryos. After CNS injury, laminin reportedly reappears along axonal pathways only in animal species in which central axon regeneration is successful, including the leech Hirudo medicinalis. Although glia have been suspected of making CNS laminin, in adult leeches glia are not required for laminin synthesis and evidently microglia, not present in the early embryo, produce laminin. To determine which embryonic cells make laminin, a 1.2 kb DNA fragment of leech laminin B1 chain, with homology to Drosophila, human, and mouse B1 laminins and rat S laminin, was isolated using reverse-transcription and degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cloning. In situ hybridization revealed that laminin expression began before embryonic day 8, and by days 8 and 9 it was seen in paired CNS muscle cells. By late day 9, the two neuropil glial cells began to express laminin. Lucifer Yellow dye was injected intracellularly and muscle cells stimulated to contract, confirming the identities of muscle and glial cells. Packet glial cells began to express B1 laminin by embryonic day 12. By day 15, the cells of the perineurial sheath expressed B1 laminin, whereas it was no longer detectable in CNS muscle and glia. The results agree with published immunohistochemistry showing laminin within the CNS among growing axons by day 8, and only later in the perineurial sheath, by which time laminin disappears from within the CNS. Therefore, different cells synthesize laminin in the embryo and during repair in adults. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
To whom should limited housing resources be directed

Abstract This paper examines the implications of varying housing needs for the design and targeting of housing programs and discusses policy issues raised by targeting options. Data from the American Housing Survey are used to identify housing problems in 1989 for all households and to track changes in problems between 1978 and 1989 for lower income renters and owners. Relative needs for rental assistance are evaluated for different types of households, including families with children and the elderly, and for various income groups. The paper then contrasts the housing situations of low‐ and middle‐income renters to appraise programs for first‐time home buyers. This assessment of the incidence and severity of housing problems demonstrates that the very poorest renters have by far the most pervasive and serious problems. Families with children are particularly disadvantaged. Therefore, recent changes that dilute past targeting of rental assistance at renters with “worst‐case needs” should be reexamined, an...
Describing metal surfaces and nanostructures with orbital-free density functional theory

Abstract Orbital-free density functional theory (OF-DFT) can be made to scale linearly with sample size, allowing thousands of atoms to be treated explicitly with quantum mechanics. State-of-the-art kinetic energy density functionals and ion–electron pseudopotentials are used to obtain accurate structural property predictions for nanoparticles, nanowires, extended surfaces, and nanoindentation of simple metals.