cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attributional influences on consumers' desires to communicate about products

Three studies examined attributional antecedents of selected consumer communications about products. Study One used the critical incident technique to examine the types of attributions consumers make about product performance when they want to complain to or compliment a firm. Studies Two and Three systematically manipulated causal inferences to determine their effects on consumer desire to complain to a firm, compliment a firm, warn against, or recommend a product to other consumers. Results indicate that attributional locus (buyer-related versus seller-related), controllability (under volitional control versus uncontrolled), and stability (fluctuating versus stable) influence consumers' desires to communicate about products.
Noise in an acousto-optic-modulated laser source

This paper considers the measurement of amplitude modulation (AM) and phase modulation (PM) noise in a tunable CO2 laser source. Theoretical and experimental heterodyned output power spectrums are used to evaluate the quality of the acousto-optically tuned source.
Insulin-receptor cDNA sequence in NIDDM patient homozygous for insulin-receptor gene RFLP.

Resistance to insulin action is a well-established feature of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and is believed to contribute to the etiology of this condition. A strong genetic contribution to the etiology of NIDDM exists, and we previously identified an insulin-receptor gene restriction-fragment–length polymorphism (RFLP) associated with the NIDDM phenotype. In an attempt to elucidate whether structural defects in the insulin receptor could be a primary cause of insulin resistance in NIDDM, we analyzed the insulin-receptor cDNA sequence in a subject with NIDDM who is also homozygous for this RFLP. The insulin-receptor cDNA was sequenced with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). mRNA from transformed lymphocytes was reverse transcribed and amplified with five overlapping sets of primers that span the coding sequence of both α- and β-subunits. No difference was found in the predicted amino acid sequence of the subject9s insulin receptor compared with the normal insulin receptor. At nucleotide positions 831 and 2247, the subject is heterozygous for silent nucleotide polymorphisms that do not affect the amino acid sequence. Exon 11 encodes a 12–amino acid insert in the α-subunit, which, due to alternate splicing, is not expressed in lymphocyte insulin-receptor mRNA. Consequently, exon 11 was amplified from genomic DNA by PCR; the sequence of exon 11 was found to be normal. In addition, when this patient9s transformed lymphocytes were maintained in culture, no abnormalities in insulin binding were observed. We conclude that the insulin resistance seen in this NIDDM subject is not due to a structural alteration in the insulin receptor itself. Consequently, the RFLP for which this patient is homozygous is not associated with a coding-sequence abnormality in the insulin-receptor gene.
Inferring Attitudes From Mindwandering

Self-perception theory posits that people understand their own attitudes and preferences much as they understand others’, by interpreting the meaning of their behavior in light of the context in which it occurs. Four studies tested whether people also rely on unobservable “behavior,” their mindwandering, when making such inferences. It is proposed here that people rely on the content of their mindwandering to decide whether it reflects boredom with an ongoing task or a reverie’s irresistible pull. Having the mind wander to positive events, to concurrent as opposed to past activities, and to many events rather than just one tends to be attributed to boredom and therefore leads to perceived dissatisfaction with an ongoing task. Participants appeared to rely spontaneously on the content of their wandering minds as a cue to their attitudes, but not when an alternative cause for their mindwandering was made salient.
Increased Diagnostic Value of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale by Use of Response Latency

30 undergraduate students were presented both stimulus items from the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and their reversals randomly with a Hunter Cardmaster and Printout counter. High-anxiety and low-anxiety cutoff groups were formed using the 10 highest and 10 lowest MAS scores. Latency-weighted responses ranged from 6 (highest MAS score) to 1 (lowest MAS score). Four anxiety scores on specific dimensions, hysteria, psychasthenia, depression, and social introversion, were selected for study. The latency-weighted scores are felt to be more valid than paper-and-pencil scores because latency-weighting qualifies each verbal response in terms of 1 to 6.
it's not who you are but how you give that counts: the role of exchange in a Melanesian society

Exchange, rather than descent, can be seen as the primary organizing principle in Melanesian societies. The means by which exchange functions to organize cultural concepts, social relationships, and individual experience is illustrated by reference to the society of Bun in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea. Here, exchange is central to the way in which the people conceptualize themselves and conceptualize being human, as well as to the definition of social relationships, to communication processes, and to the way in which the society is shaped and formed over generations. [Melanesia, exchange, ideology]
Cylindrical members in offshore structures

Abstract This paper presents several simplified methods of determining the strength and behavior of offshore cylindrical members and simple frames subjected to monotonic and reversed loading conditions. The important factors such as the effects of the external hydrostatic pressure, the local buckling, the residual stresses, and the initial geometrical imperfections on the member behavior and strength are all considered in the analysis. Typical results for the ultimate strength and behavior of these members and simple frames are given. Ultimate strength-design interaction equations recommended and proposed in the United States for different categories of beam-columns are also presented. The first part of the paper deals with the monotonic loading behavior and strength, and the latter part deals with the reversed and one-cycle loading behavior. Directions of further research are also indicated. In addition to an extensive citation of references in the paper, a Bibliography containing general references relevant to the subject area and reported recently in the North American literature is also included.
Finding the exact top event unavailability mean and variance expressions of fault trees having correlated jointly lognormal component failure probabilities

Abstract This paper describes related extensions to two methods. One method is given by Apostolakis and Lee 1 and uses minimal cut-sets and Taylor Series expansions to estimate the mean and variance of the top-event unavailability (probability of being unavailable) of fault trees. The other method is given by Zhang 2 for estimating the mean and variance with Monte Carlo when the component unavailability distributions are correlated and the correlations are decomposable. The extensions produce analysable expressions that handle correlated component unavailability probabilities. The expressions are exact when, as is often done, 1,3 the component unavailability probabilities are modeled using jointly lognormal distributions. For Zhang, an added condition for exactness is that the decomposition is in terms of products of exponentiated underlying lognormal random variables.
Field-induced vibrational frequency shifts of CO and CN chemisorbed on Cu(100).

Analysis of ab initio cluster wave functions show that the shifts in the vibrational frequencies of CO/Cu and CN/Cu due to an applied electric field arise dominantly from a Stark effect. The CN bonding is largely ionic while CO has a dative covalent \ensuremath{\pi} bond. Consequently the Stark effect mechanisms are significantly different.
A High Performance 8 TO 12 μm (Hg,Cd)Te 72-Element Detector Array

A high performance 8 to 12 µm 72-element (Hg,Cd)Te detector array has been built for an advanced difffaction-limited serial-scanned FLIR system. The avelzage peak detect it for the array is 1.7 x 1011 cm Hz 1/2 /W which results in a cumulative detectivity (~ rn D avg.) of 1.4 x 1012 cm Hz 1/2 /W . The cumulative detectivity controls system sensitivity. The cumulative D* for this array is over 2.3 times higher than a modular FLIR array with 180 elements and a better than average peak detectivity of 4.5 x 1010 cm Hz 1/2 /W or a cumulative detectivity of 0.6 x 1010 cm Hz ½/W.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Simultaneous induction and repression of nitrate reductase and TPNH cytochrome c reductase in Neurospora crassa

Summary 1. Amino acid, pyrimidine, and purine-requiring mutants of Neurospora all require their respective supplements for the induction of TPNH cytochrome c reductase (TPNH: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.3) and nitrate reductase (TPNH : nitrate oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.3). The level of this requirement in at least one case was the same as that for growth. Growth inhibitors inhibited the induction of the two activities in question. 2. TPNH cytochrome c reductase and nitrate reductase were both induced by nitrate, but isocitrate lyase (L 8 -isocitrate glyoxalate-lyase, formerly known as iso-citratase, EC 4.1.3.1) was not. 2-Methylalanine repressed the above reductases, but had no effect on the induction of isocitrate lyase. 2-Methylalanine did not inhibit either of the reductases in question in vitro . 3. The ratio of the activity of TPNH cytochrome c reductase to nitrate reductase remained reasonably constant throughout a 90% heat inactivation at 42.3° and during a greater than 50% heat inactivation at 31.1°. 4. The following hypothesis is proposed to account for the above and for previously made observations : nitrate reductase is an aggregate of two polypeptides. One transports electrons from TPNH to FAD and from there to cytochrome c and another accepts electrons from the reduced FAD in the first polypeptide, passes them to molybdate, and from there to nitrate.
Cytotoxic chemotherapy for castration resistant prostate cancer: 2010 and beyond

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth most common cause of cancer deaths in men worldwide. Before docetaxel chemotherapy, no single agent demonstrated a survival advantage for men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, 2010 has proven to be a landmark year for prostate cancer therapy, with the results of several phase III trials demonstrating improvements in survival with novel therapies. In this review, we examine promising front-line docetaxel combination therapies for chemotherapy naive patients and novel cytotoxic chemotherapies for patients with progressive disease. We will also highlight a clinical trial utilizing a genome based approach to evaluate the efficacy of a fourth generation platinum, satraplatin, in patients with sporadic BRCA deficient prostate cancers.
Protection from adverse myocardial remodeling secondary to chronic volume overload in mast cell deficient rats

Mast cells have diverse roles throughout the body as evidenced by their heterogeneous nature. In the heart, cardiac mast cells have been implicated in left ventricular (LV) remodeling in response to elevated myocardial stress. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to use mast cell deficient rats (Ws/Ws) to delineate the interaction between cardiac mast cell activation and LV remodeling. LV matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, fibrillar collagen, TNF-alpha levels, and LV diameter were compared in Ws/Ws and wild type (WT) rats subjected to 5 d (n=3/group) and 8 weeks (n=4/group) of aortocaval fistula-induced volume overload. In contrast to attenuation of myocardial remodeling in the Ws/Ws group: 1) MMP-2 activity was significantly increased in the WT group at 5 days; 2) there was marked degradation of the extracellular collagen matrix in WT at 5 days and 8 weeks; 3) the percent increase in LV diameter from baseline was significantly greater in WT at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-fistula; and 4) myocardial TNF-alpha levels were markedly elevated in the WT group at 5 days post-fistula. These results underscore the importance of cardiac mast cells in mediating MMP activation, collagen degradation and LV dilatation and suggest that mast cell-derived TNF-alpha plays a role in early myocardial remodeling.
9/11 Montage: Professors Remember

Presents the stories and memories of management professors about the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S. Responses of the professors to the terrorist attacks; Effects of the terrorist ...
Continuous-flow single-molecule CE with high detection efficiency.

This paper describes the use of two-beam line-confocal detection geometry for measuring the total mobility of individual molecules undergoing continuous-flow CE separation. High-sensitivity single-molecule confocal detection is usually performed with a diffraction limited focal spot (∼500 nm in diameter), which necessitates the use of nanometer-sized channels to ensure all molecules flow through the detection volume. To allow for the use of larger channels that are a few micrometers in width, we employed cylindrical optics to define a rectangular illumination area that is diffraction-limited (∼500 nm) in width, but a few micrometers in length to match the width of the microchannel. We present detailed studies that compare the performance of this line-confocal detection geometry with the more widely used point-confocal geometry. Overall, we found line-confocal detection to provide the highest combination of signal-to-background ratio and spatial detection efficiency when used with micrometer-sized channels. For example, in a 2 μm wide channel we achieved a 94% overall detection efficiency for single Alexa488 dye molecules when a 2 μm×0.5 μm illumination area was used, but only 34% detection efficiency with a 0.5 μm-diameter detection spot. To carry out continuous-flow CE, we used two-beam fluorescent cross-correlation spectroscopy where the transit time of each molecule is determined by cross-correlating the fluorescence registered by two spatially offset line-confocal detectors. We successfully separated single molecules of FITC, FITC-tagged glutamate, and FITC-tagged glycine.
Will branch for food—nutrient‐dependent tracheal remodeling in Drosophila

Mammalian vasculature, and the analogous tracheal system in Drosophila, can respond dynamically to hypoxic conditions to maintain a constant supply of oxygen to peripheral tissues. In a recent study published in Cell, Linneweber et al (2014) reveal that tracheal plasticity can also be regulated by nutrient availability, through both systemic and local insulin signaling. They also show that specific neurons ennervating the intestine can respond to nutrient cues and direct long-lasting changes in tracheal morphology that provide metabolic benefits for the organism.
Prilocaine-phenylephrine and bupivacaine-phenylephrine topical anesthetics compared with tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine during repair of lacerations

Abstract The effectiveness of two new topical anesthetics that do not contain cocaine (prilocaine-phenylephrine and bupivacaine-phenylephrine) was compared with that of tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine (TAC) during laceration repair in children. This study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial conducted in the emergency department of a large children's hospital. Participants were 180 children 1 year of age or older with a laceration 5 cm or less in length that required suturing. Pain felt during suturing was scored by suture technicians, research assistants, parents, and patients 5 years of age and older using a visual analogue scale (VAS). There was no statistical difference demonstrated between the effectiveness of prilocaine-phenylephrine and that of TAC for any of the observer groups. A statistically significant difference was seen among anesthetics when comparing VAS scores of research assistants ( P = .002), suture technicians ( P = .006), and parents ( P = .03), but not when comparing VAS ratings of patients ( P = .07). Based on Tukey's post hoc test, these statistically significant differences were between TAC and bupivacaine-phenylephrine. When power analyses were performed using α = 0.05 and β = 0.20, it was possible to detect a difference of 1.3 VAS units for each rater group. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of prilocaine-phenylephrine and bupivacaine-phenylephrine. Prilocaine-phenylephrine statistically outperformed bupivacaine-phenylephrine and offers an effective alternative to TAC during laceration repair in children.
MIMO transmission subspace tracking with low rate feedback

The paper describes a low rate feedback algorithm for conveying partial channel state information - specifically, the dominant row subspace of the channel matrix - from the receiver to the transmitter in a continuously time-varying multiple-antenna environment. Since subspaces are points on a complex Grassmann manifold, variations in subspaces are treated as a piecewise geodesic process on the manifold. The receiver feeds back one bit to indicate the preferred sign of a random velocity matrix of the geodesic. Numerical results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than the Grassmannian subspace packing approach at low-to-medium Doppler frequency and always better than the previously proposed gradient sign feedback scheme.
From the shards of a shattered genome, diversity.

Ionizing radiation (IR) poses a severe threat to genome stability, inducing base changes, cross-links, and double-stranded breaks (DSBs). Improper repair of IR damage has severe consequences, frequently resulting in formation of chromosomal translocations leading to gene dysregulation at translocation breakpoints and/or oncogenic fusions. Moreover, cancer genomes are very severely rearranged. Thus, there is great interest in determining the origins of spontaneous genome rearrangement. Homologous recombination (HR) has long been implicated in the recovery from irradiation, as evidenced by the sensitivity of rad52 yeast strains to irradiation (1, 2). In this issue of PNAS, Argueso et al. (3) demonstrate not only that HR is the primary mechanism by which DSBs are repaired in diploid yeast cells recovering from IR, but also that chromosomal aberrations (CAs) are generated by recombination between nonallelic repeats and that this process profoundly reshapes the genome of surviving cells.
Treatment of telangiectases and other benign vascular lesions with the 577 nm pulsed dye laser.

Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the 577 nm pulsed dye laser in the treatment of various vascular lesions of the face. Objective: Our purpose was to make observations on the effects of different variables that could affect response. Methods: Ninety-two adults with telangiectases of the face were sequentially selected for treatment according to a protocol previously established. Evaluation consisted of visual inspection by two investigators, and before and after photographs at 2-month intervals. A few patients with other vascular lesions were also treated and reported. Results: Ninety-one percent of the patients (84 of 92) showed good to excellent response after a single treatment. Recurrence occurred in 2%. Atrophy of the skin occurred in 2%. Venous lakes, pyogenic granulomas, and mucosal vascular malformations showed significant improvement. Conclusion: The 577 nm pulsed dye laser is effective and safe for vascular lesions of the face.
South Africa: a physician's view

My first trip to Africa was nearly 50 years ago when, as a schoolboy, I trekked from Nairobi to the Cape. I did not have the chance to visit again until the early 1970s, when many east Africans came to South London and there was a rise in the incidence of tuberculosis. This gave me an excuse for a second visit to Africa to obtain first-hand experience of the disease. I spent a year at Jane Furse, a small mission hospital in the Northern Transvaal. The hospital was founded in 1921 by Michael Furse, the Anglican Bishop of Pretoria, and named after his only daughter who died of scarlet fever. A small town has grown up around the hospital and has taken its name. It is remote in the vast open high veld. In 1974, tuberculosis was common at Jane Furse. Patients were treated in hospital for 2–3 months followed by self-medication at home, but many did not collect their tablets and the relapse rate was around 20%. 1 Rifampicin was not available, so a 6-month regimen of supervised chemotherapy with streptomycin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide was introduced. The east African trials in 1972 2 had shown that this regimen rapidly eliminated tubercle bacilli from the sputum, with a relapse rate of 8% during the first year after treatment. At Jane Furse the sputum conversion rates were similar, but the scheme lapsed after I returned to the UK and there was no follow-up.
Image guidance based on prostate position for prostate cancer proton therapy.

Purpose To determine the target coverage for proton therapy with and without image guidance and daily prebeam reorientation. Methods and Materials A total of 207 prostate positions were analyzed for 9 prostate cancer patients treated using our low-risk prostate proton therapy protocol (University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute 001). The planning target volume was defined as the prostate plus a 5-mm axial and 8-mm superoinferior extension. The prostate was repositioned using 5- and 10-mm shifts (anteriorly, inferiorly, posteriorly, and superiorly) and for Points A–D using a combination of 10-mm multidimensional movements (anteriorly or inferiorly; posteriorly or superiorly; and left or right). The beams were then realigned using the new prostate position. The prescription dose was 78 Gray equivalent (GE) to 95% of the planning target volume. Results For small movements in the anterior, inferior, and posterior directions within the planning target volume (≤5 mm), treatment realignment demonstrated small, but significant, improvements in the clinical target volume (CTV) coverage to the prescribed dose (78 GE). The anterior and posterior shifts also significantly increased the minimal CTV dose (Δ +1.59 GE). For prostate 10-mm movements in the inferior, posterior, and superior directions, the beam realignment produced larger and significant improvements for both the CTV V 78 (Δ +6.4%) and the CTV minimal dose (Δ +8.22 GE). For the compounded 10-mm multidimensional shifts, realignment significantly improved the CTV V 78 (Δ +11.8%) and CTV minimal dose (Δ +23.6 GE). After realignment, the CTV minimal dose was >76.6 GE (>98%) for all points (A–D). Conclusion Proton beam realignment after target shift will enhance CTV coverage for different prostate positions.
The Puzzle of Human Sociality

Human cooperation may have evolved as a consequence of genetic relatedness, culture, or language within groups.
GENTRIFICATION AND THE RIGHT TO THE CITY: COMMUNITY CONFLICT AND CASINOS

ABSTRACT:Henri Lefebvre’s right to the city concept is increasingly used to challenge the development prerogatives associated with neoliberal development. These challenges are more common as gentrification becomes a global urban strategy. This article is an empirical investigation that examines competing claims to community legitimacy and authenticity in a conflict over gentrification in a Philadelphia neighborhood. This conflict emerged in Fishtown when long-time established residents went head to head with upper-income gentrifiers over the location of a casino in the neighborhood. Place-based identities and the temporal connection individuals had to Fishtown contributed to the differences in perspectives on the costs and benefits of the casino and on the legitimacy of long-time residents versus newcomers to be representative voices on behalf of Fishtown. The findings illuminate problems in applying the right to the city to neighborhood struggles when communities are divided over what constitutes a benef...
Decreasing temperature shifts hippocampal function from memory formation to modulation of hibernation bout duration in Syrian hamsters

Previous studies in hibernating species have characterized two forms of neural plasticity in the hippocampus, long-term potentiation (LTP) and its reversal, depotentiation, but not de novo long-ter...
Probability of late rectal morbidity in 125I prostate brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose: Rectal toxicity is a concern in prostate brachytherapy because it is difficult to avoid delivering a dose equal to, or greater than, the prescription dose to the anterior surface of the rectum. The purpose of this study was to define the probability that a patient will experience Grade 2 (bleeding/ulceration) late rectal morbidity after 125 I prostate brachytherapy according to the rectal dosimetry. Methods and Materials: Ninety-eight consecutive patients who received monotherapy 125 I prostate implants for treatment of Stage T1-T2, favorable-risk adenocarcinoma of the prostate were evaluated for Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 2 late rectal morbidity. All reported incidences of late morbidity were retrospectively confirmed by colonoscopy. All patients had at least 15 months follow-up after implantation. The median follow-up was 32 months (range 15–54). The rectal dosimetry was based on a CT scan obtained at 3–9 weeks after implantation. The rectum was contoured on each CT image between the base and apex of the prostate. A dose-surface histogram was compiled for each implant, and the relative surface area that received a dose ≥100, ≥150, ≥200, ≥300, ≥400, and ≥500 Gy was recorded. The probability of developing late rectal toxicity was calculated by logistic regression analysis as a function of dose and the percentage of the rectal surface that received that dose. Results: Of the 98 patients, 10 developed Grade 2 late rectal morbidity. The percentage of the rectal surface that received 100, 150, 200, and 300 Gy was significantly greater ( p ≤0.02) for patients who experienced late rectal morbidity. The probability of late rectal morbidity increased with both the dose and the percentage of the rectal surface that received that dose. The probability was ≤1% when 20%, 7%, and 0% of the rectal surface received 100, 150, and 200 Gy, respectively. The probability increased to ≤5% when 31%, 19%, and 9% of the rectal surface received these doses. The probability of late rectal morbidity can also be expressed in terms of the maximal rectal dose. The probability of late morbidity was 0.4%, 1.2%, and 4.7% when the maximal rectal dose was 150, 200, and 300 Gy, respectively. Conclusion: The percentage of the rectal surface that receives a dose ≥100 Gy is predictive of Grade 2 (bleeding/ulceration) late rectal morbidity after 125 I prostate brachytherapy. The probability of late morbidity depends on both the dose and the percentage of the rectal surface that received that dose. Our results indicate that the rectum can tolerate doses of 100, 150, and 200 Gy to approximately 30%, 20%, and 10% of the rectal surface with a ≤5% risk of late morbidity. Our results also indicate that the practical guideline for limiting the incidence of late morbidity to 1%, 3%, or 5% is to keep the maximal rectal dose to
RFWD3-Dependent Ubiquitination of RPA Regulates Repair at Stalled Replication Forks

We have used quantitative proteomics to profile ubiquitination in the DNA damage response (DDR). We demonstrate that RPA, which functions as a protein scaffold in the replication stress response, is multiply ubiquitinated upon replication fork stalling. Ubiquitination of RPA occurs on chromatin, involves sites outside its DNA binding channel, does not cause proteasomal degradation, and increases under conditions of fork collapse, suggesting a role in repair at stalled forks. We demonstrate that the E3 ligase RFWD3 mediates RPA ubiquitination. RFWD3 is necessary for replication fork restart, normal repair kinetics during replication stress, and homologous recombination (HR) at stalled replication forks. Mutational analysis suggests that multisite ubiquitination of the entire RPA complex is responsible for repair at stalled forks. Multisite protein group sumoylation is known to promote HR in yeast. Our findings reveal a similar requirement for multisite protein group ubiquitination during HR at stalled forks in mammalian cells.
Prostate Cancer Grade Assignment: The Effect of Chronological, Interpretive and Translation Bias

ABSTRACTPurpose: Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data reveal an increasing incidence in the detection of moderately differentiated prostate cancer and a stable or decreasing incidence in well and poorly differentiated cancer. Plausible reasons for this phenomenon include the decrease in transurethral resections performed and an increase in the number of prostate specific antigen triggered ultrasound guided needle biopsies. We examined additional explanations for the grade shift with time and addresses the impact of this grade shift on clinical end points.Materials and Methods: Archived slides from 100 patients (82 needle biopsy specimens and 18 transurethral resection specimens) treated for prostate cancer between 1975 and 1985 were reexamined. Current grades were assigned using the WHO and the Gleason grading systems, and they were compared with the original grade assignments. Current Gleason score was translated to WHO grade by operational SEER criteria (2 to 4—well, 5 to 7—moderately ...
Toxicity of the herbicides bromacil and simazine to the aquatic macrophyte, Vallisneria americana Michx.

Vallisneria americana Michx. (tapegrass) is an ecologically important submersed, vascular aquatic plant that provides food and shelter for many aquatic and waterfowl species. This plant often occurs close to land areas where herbicides are used. Nontarget exposure of these plants to herbicides may compromise ecological structure and function. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of several endpoint measurements for determining no-observable-adverse effect concentrations (NOAECs), lowest-observable-adverse effect concentrations (LOAECs), and median effective concentration values (EC50s) for tapegrass exposed to the herbicides bromacil (0–0.092 mg/L) and simazine (0–0.592 mg/L) following a 13-d single-pulse exposure and 15-d (bromacil) or 14-d (simazine) postexposure periods. The NOAEC/LOAEC/EC50 for fresh weight gains, new leaf production, and total leaf growth after 13-d exposure to bromacil were 0.020/0.036/0.032, 0.036/0.054/0.036, and 0.036/0.054/0.043 mg/L, respectively. The same respective NOAEC/LOAEC/EC50s for simazine were 0.592, and ≥0.116 mg/L, respectively. Neither herbicide affected leaf greenness, total chlorophyll concentrations, or carbohydrate allocation. Although toxicity was shown for many endpoints, most EC50 values were greater than aquatic life benchmark values for algae used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), but less than for aquatic plants, indicating that V. americana would likely be protected by use of the algal benchmark criteria. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:201–211. © 2009 SETAC
Some Properties of the Range in Samples from Tukey's Symmetric Lambda Distributions

Abstract Tukey introduced a family of random variables defined by the transformation Z = [Uλ - (1 - U)γ]/λ where U is uniformly distributed on [0, 1]. Some of its properties are described with emphasis on properties of the sample range. The rectangular and logistic distributions are members of this family and distributions corresponding to certain values of λ give useful approximations to the normal and t distributions. Closed form expressions are given for the expectation and coefficient of variation of the range and numerical values are computed for n = 2(1)6(2)12, 15, 20 for several values of λ. It is observed that Plackett's upper bound on the expectation of the range for samples of size n is attained for a λ distribution with λ = n − 1.
Ethnocentrism among the Australian Aborigines: Some Preliminary Notes

(1963). Ethnocentrism among the Australian Aborigines: Some Preliminary Notes. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 162-167.
Incompatibility in diploid and tetraploid crosses of Cucumis sativus and Cucumis metuliferus

The African horned cucumber (Cucumis metuliferus Naud.; 2x = 2n = 24) contains genes that can confer resistance to many important cucumber (C. sativus L.; 2x = 2n = 14) pests [e.g., root-knotnematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood]. Cucumber is highly susceptible to this root-knot nematode species, and a recent screening of C. sativus accessions in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm collection did not identify sources of resistance. Thus,autotetraploids of Cucumis sativus and C. metuliferus were created to recover fertile resistant interspecific progeny. Autotetraploids were obtained at the highest rate when seeds were immersed in 0.5% colchicine for a period of 6 to 8 hrs. Treatment durations less than 6 hrs produced few tetraploids, and durations of 10 hrs or more were lethal to seeds or developing seedlings. Crosses between C. sativus and C. metuliferus were made using diploid and tetraploid lines in all possible combinations, including reciprocals. Fruit development occurred in crosses when diploid and tetraploid C. sativus were used as the female parent. However, seeds developed only in fruit of C. sativus (4n) ×C. metuliferus (2n) crossings. Seeds from these crosses, however,were flat and not viable. No fruit development occurred in crosses whereC. metuliferus was used as the female parent.
Making it in urban medicine: a career in the age of scientific medicine.

The three previous chapters, respectively on medicine in New York in 1866, the rise and fall of the dispensary, and Philadelphia's General Hospital, focus on the institutional fabric of urban medicine, one emphasizing interrelationships at a particular moment in time, the other two following institutions across time. This essay looks at the same urban setting, but employs a very different analytical strategy. It attempts to reconstruct that professional setting in terms of specific choices as perceived by a contemporary actor seeking to make his way among them. I wrote it partially because of an accident: my stumbling upon the extraordinary – and atypical – correspondence on which it is based; the letters were simply too rich and circumstantial to be ignored. But I also wrote it with the more general intent of demonstrating the relevance of biography to social and cultural history. I had heard too many comments from academic historians disparaging the conceptual deficiences of biography and the narrow vision of its practitioners. I have always thought very positively about biography and never felt that there was a necessary contradiction between the writing of an individual life and history generally. Quite the contrary in fact; a life can be construed as a sampling device – as a controlled and internally coherent batch of data, a chronologically ordered set of realities and relationships as perceived and understood by a particular actor. Biography, like the aggregated data of the historical demographer or student of voting behavior, constitutes an indispensable tool for the collective historical enterprise.
Apoptosis, Stem Cells, and Tissue Regeneration

Most metazoans have at least some ability to regenerate damaged cells and tissues, although the regenerative capacity varies depending on the species, organ, or developmental stage. Cell replacement and regeneration occur in two contexts: renewal of spent cells during tissue homeostasis (homeostatic growth), and in response to external injury, wounding, or amputation (epimorphic regeneration). Model organisms that display remarkable regenerative capacity include amphibians, planarians, Hydra, and the vertebrate liver. In addition, several mammalian organs--including the skin, gut, kidney, muscle, and even the human nervous system--have some ability to replace spent or damaged cells. Although the regenerative response is complex, it typically involves the induction of new cell proliferation through formation of a blastema, followed by cell specification, differentiation, and patterning. Stem cells and undifferentiated progenitor cells play an important role in both tissue homeostasis and tissue regeneration. Stem cells are typically quiescent or passing slowly through the cell cycle in adult tissues, but they can be activated in response to cell loss and wounding. A series of studies, mostly performed in Drosophila as well as in Hydra, Xenopus, and mouse, has revealed an unexpected role of apoptotic caspases in the production of mitogenic signals that stimulate the proliferation of stem and progenitor cells to aid in tissue regeneration. This Review summarizes some of the key findings and discusses links to stem cell biology and cancer.
Depressive Symptoms of Whites and African Americans Aged 60 Years and Older

Consistent with prior work, our hypothesis was that older African Americans are less likely to report dysphoria than are older Whites. Study subjects were 968 participants aged 60 years and older in Baltimore, Maryland, and 1,486 participants aged 60 years and older in the Durham-Piedmont region of North Carolina who identified themselves as African American or White and who had complete data on symptoms of depression active in the one month prior to interview, as well as several covariates thought to be related to depression. The effect of self-reported race on the endorsement of symptoms from the section on Major Depression in the Diagnostic Interview Schedule was estimated employing structural equations with a measurement model. Older African Americans were less likely to report dysphoria than older Whites, although this only achieved statistical significance by conventional standards at the Durham-Piedmont site. Older African Americans at both sites were significantly more likely to report thoughts of death.
Correlative studies of satellite ozone sensor measurements

Comparisons are made between total ozone measurements made by four satellite ozone sensors (TOMS, SBUV, TOVS and MFR). The comparisons were made during July 1979 when all sensors were operating simultaneously. The TOMS and SBUV sensors were observed to measure less total ozone than the MFR sensor, 10 and 15 Dobson units (DU) respectively. The MFR and TOMS sensors measured less ozone than the TOVS sensor, 19 and 28 DU, respectively. Latitudinal variability of the total ozone comparisons is discussed.
Lithium Ion Batteries, Electrochemical Reactions in

Despite their spectacular success in portable electronics applications, continued technical advances of lithium-ion batteries are crucial to establishing large-scale storage applications such as electric vehicles and enabling development of renewable intermittent energy sources, i.e., wind and solar. Paramount considerations in realizing scaled-up battery systems are safety, cost, energy density, and service lifetime. Some of these applications also require rapid charge and discharge capability. To move beyond the current generation of lithium-ion batteries, it is necessary to understand some of the outstanding materials issues of the individual components (i.e., electrodes and electrolytes) as well as the battery system as a whole where the components interact under conditions of elevated temperature and electric current flow.
An Efficient and Robust Method for Predicting Helicopter Rotor High-Speed Impulsive Noise

A new formulation for the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings quadrupole source, which is valid for a far-field in-plane observer, is presented. The far-field approximation is new and unique in that no further approximation of the quadrupole source strength is made and integrands with r to the -2 and r to the -3 dependence are retained. This paper focuses on the development of a retarded-time formulation in which time derivatives are analytically taken inside the integrals to avoid unnecessary computational work when the observer moves with the rotor. The new quadrupole formulation is similar to Farassat''s thickness and loading formulation 1A. Quadrupole noise prediction is carried out in two parts: a preprocessing stage in which the previously computed flow field is integrated in the direction normal to the rotor disk, and a noise computation stage in which quadrupole surface integrals are evaluated for a particular observer position. Preliminary predictions for hover and forward flight agree well with experimental data. The method is robust and requires computer resources comparable to thickness and loading noise prediction.
“Silent Lustration”: Public Disclosures as Informal Lustration Mechanisms in Bulgaria and Romania

Romania and Bulgaria have lagged behind other countries in Central and Eastern Europe in coming to terms with their communist pasts, thwarting or failing to implement lustration and public disclosure programs. However, starting in earnest in 2006–2008, their secret police file repository agencies began reviewing the former secret police files of tens of thousands of public and semi-public employees and publicly disclosing the findings. The disclosures cover a range of political and social positions, revealing the former regime complicity of many current bureaucrats, business leaders, office holders, and public personalities. There is evidence that the disclosures are catalyzing bureaucratic and moral changes similar to lustration, prompting preemptive employment vetting by employers, selective voluntary resignations by individuals to avoid disclosure, as well as an increase in citizen engagement with the secret police files. The breadth and transparency of the public disclosures suggest a type of informal...
Evolution of Predicted Seismic Performance for Wood-Frame Buildings

AbstractFollowing natural disasters, major changes are often adopted in design codes, provisions, and guidelines that highlight existing or perceived deficiencies in design code calibration and sometimes design philosophy. The work presented herein chronicles the evolution of seismic design for wood-frame buildings from 1959 through current state-of-the-art methodologies available as of 2015. Included in the approaches in this study were two performance-based seismic retrofit levels and a soft-story-only retrofit design that followed a recent guideline published by FEMA. A brief background on the historical significance and major changes adopted in each provision or guideline is provided. Building performance was quantified and compared using multirecord fragilities for a range of wood-frame building types for the historical seismic provisions, demonstrating that the predicted seismic performance of wood-frame buildings has improved over time. It was also demonstrated that performance-based seismic retrof...
Sea Quarks in the Proton

The proton is a composite particle in which the binding force is responsible for the majority of its mass. To understand this structure, the distributions and origins of the quark-antiquark pairs produced by the strong force must be measured. The SeaQuest collaboration is using the Drell-Yan process to elucidate antiquark distributions in the proton and to study their modification when the proton is held within a nucleus.
Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin administration at breeding on cow, conceptus, and subsequent offspring performance of beef cattle

The effects of administration of recombinant bovine ST (bST) on plasma hormone concentrations of cows, conceptus development, and postnatal calf performance were examined. Lactating beef cows ( = 190) were exposed to a fixed-time AI (TAI) protocol from d -10 to 0 (TAI on d 0). Cows were blocked by breed and stratified by days postpartum and then randomly assigned to receive, subcutaneously 1) 2 injections of saline (1 mL of 0.9% saline), 1 on d 0 at TAI and a second injection on d 14 (CTRL; = 53); 2) an injection of 325 mg of bST on d 0 and a saline injection on d 14 (bST0; = 48); 3) a saline injection on d 0 and an injection of 325 mg of bST on d 14 (bST14; = 49); or 4) 2 injections of 325 mg of bST, 1 on d 0 and a second injection on d 14 (bST0+14; = 40). Pregnancy status, crown-to-rump length (CRL) on Day 35, and crown-to-nose length (CNL) on Day 65 were determined via transrectal ultrasonography. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 35, and 65, relative to TAI, to determine plasma concentrations of progesterone (P4), IGF-1, and pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) and also on d 18 and 21 for isolation of peripheral blood leukocytes for RNA extraction and measurement of interferon-stimulated genes transcript abundance. Individual calf BW was determined at birth and every 30 d until weaning. A subset of 24 calves was randomly selected for liver biopsies at birth to determine mRNA expression of target genes. Administration of bST to cows increased ( < 0.0001) concentrations of plasma IGF-1 for 14 d after injection compared with CTRL but did not affect fetal CRL and CNL ( = 0.23). Cows receiving bST only on d 0 had a greater ( = 0.05) transcript abundance in myxovirus resistance 2 on d 21 compared with 2bST cows (2.0- and 0.8-fold for bST0 and 2bST, respectively), whereas cows receiving bST14 and CTRL were intermediate (1.2- and 0.9-fold, respectively). Calf BW did not differ ( ≥ 0.100) among treatments on d 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 relative to birth. Injection of bST only on d 0 tended ( = 0.062) to increase calf liver mRNA expression of at birth compared with the calves born to cows in other treatments. Therefore, during a TAI protocol, the administration of 1 or 2 injections of 325 mg of bST to lactating beef cows enhanced their plasma concentrations of IGF-1 but failed to improve fetal size and plasma concentrations of maternal PSPB and P4 and had no effect on postnatal calf growth performance.
Religion and Self-Identity

Comparisons of the centrality of four factors in self-identity (Spiritual, Personal/Social, Family, Identifications) were made for 226 participants according to their religious preference. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that religious preference was related to the relative centrality of those factors.
Origins of the Venn Diagram

Venn diagrams have turned out to be visual tools that are enormously popular, but diagrams to help visualize relationships between classes or concepts in logic had existed prior to those of John Venn. The use of diagrams to demonstrate valid logical arguments has been found in the works of a few early Aristotelian scholars and appeared in the works of the famed mathematicians Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Leonhard Euler. In a 1686 fragment (which remained unpublished for over 200 years), the universal genius Leibniz illustrated all of Aristotle’s valid syllogisms through circle drawings. In 1761, the much-admired master mathematician Euler used almost identical diagrams to explain the same logical syllogisms. One hundred and twenty years later, John Venn ingeniously altered what he called “Euler circles” to become the familiar diagrams attached to Venn’s name. This paper explores the history of the Venn diagram and its predecessors.
Numerical Simulation of Second Air Distribution Influence on Concentration of NO_x Distribution for Swirl Opposed Wall Firing Pulverized Coal Boiler in 660 MW Ultra Supercritical Unit

In order to investigate the influence of second air distribution on NO x formation,this paper numerically simulated the NO x formation rule by using Ansys for the swirl pulverized coal boiler in a 660 MW ultra-supercritical power plant. The numerical results agree well with actual conditions,which verify the effectiveness of the numerical simulation results. The main results are summarized as follows: the burner in furnace is the mainly region of NO x formation; the concentration of NO x between the first layer and second layer of combustion zone is higher; the concentration of NO x decreases along the furnace height; with the increasing of burnout-air,the mean concentration of NO x at each cross-section zone decreases along the height of boiler,and the mean concentration of NO x at the burner outlet decreases,but the decreasing rate is more and more slow.