cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normalized parameter relating the spherical aberration of a thin lens to the diffraction limit and fiber coupling efficiency.

In this paper, we calculate the transverse spherical aberration TA of a thin lens and defines a normalized aberration Y equal to TA divided by the theoretical resolution limit. As a rule of thumb, (a) a thin lens that suffers only from spherical aberration may be considered effectively diffraction-limited as long as Y 1.6, and, specifically, (c) the lens need be diffraction-limited only over a radius approximately equal to the radius (to the 1/e-point) of the Gaussian beam.
Acro-osteolysis occurring in a patient with idiopathic multicentric osteolysis.

The first report of acro-osteolysis occurring in a patient with idiopathic multicentric osteolysis is presented. In addition to lysis of the shafts and tufts of the distal phalanges, erosions developed in the interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal joints. Acroosteolysis can be part of the spectrum of bony erosions present with idiopathic multicentric osteolysis. A modification of a previous classification of idiopathic multicentric osteolysis is presented based upon a review of the literature.
A fast 512-element ring array photoacoustic imaging system for small animals

A 512-element photoacoustic tomography system for small animal imaging using a ring ultrasound array has been developed. The system features a 5 MHz piezocomposite transducer array formed into a complete circular aperture. Custom receiver electronics consisting of dedicated preamplifiers, 8:1 multiplexed post-amplifiers, and a 64-channel data acquisition module provide full tomographic imaging at up to 8 frames/second. We present details of the system design along with characterization results of the resolution, imaging volume, and sensitivity. Small animal imaging performance is demonstrated through images of mice brain vasculature at different depths and real-time spectroscopic scans. This system enables real-time tomographic imaging for functional photoacoustic studies for the first time.
Dehydration‐induced weakening and fault slip in gypsum: Implications for the faulting process at intermediate depth in subduction zones

[1] High-pressure fluids generated by metamorphic dehydration reactions can have profound effects on both rock strength and the stability of faults. A decrease in effective pressure so produced could induce earthquakes at intermediate depth in the subducting slab, either by embrittlement of an intact rock mass or by the reactivation of preexisting faults. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate both processes using gypsum as an analog material. Constant strain rate, relaxation, and friction tests were performed on both intact cylindrical samples and saw cut aggregates. Both room temperature and dehydration conditions were investigated for comparison. The maximum confining pressure and temperature were 50 MPa and 150°C, respectively and the strain rate was varied between 1.5 × 10−6 and 1.5 × 10−5 s−1. This investigation shows that dehydrating gypsum is an excellent analog material for studies on reaction-induced weakening. However, the lack of important brittle features like shear fractures and stress drops implies that intact gypsum aggregates do not show dehydration embrittlement. In contrast, this study demonstrates that depending on both the level of fault normal stress and the strain history, dehydration-induced unstable slip on preexisting faults is possible. Although some of the observations might be particular to gypsum, the results also indicate that strong mechanical locking of the fault may continue to promote ductile flow unless new, more favorably oriented faults are formed.
Impact of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Photoproduction of Hydrogen Peroxide in Lake Ontario

Using a solar spectral irradiance model, the clear-sky ground-level ultraviolet irradiance spectra over Lake Ontario on the vernal/autumnal equinox and the summer solstice were calculated for two concentrations of stratospheric ozone. Using these UV spectra in conjunction with apparent spectral quantum yield values appropriate for UV-generated hydrogen peroxide from all aquatic photoreactions, the total photoproduction of H2O2 in Lake Ontario was estimated for clear sky conditions. It was determined that for a dramatic reduction of 37.5% in stratospheric ozone concentration, a) total photoproduction of H2O2 in Lake Ontario would only increase by 3.5%, b) spectral photoproduction of H2O2 dramatically increases by over a factor of 200 at 290 nm falling to about a factor of 6 at 300 nm, c) the enhanced ground-level UV-B radiation results in a 33% increase in its contribution to the total photoproduction of H2O2 in Lake Ontario, and d) although the increased UV-B irradiance is the primary energy source for increased formation of H2O2, the essentially non-impacted UV-A irradiance remains the dominant factor in the total formation of H2O2. Therefore, current reductions in stratospheric ozone concentrations will have minimal effect on the photoproduction of H2O2 in Lake Ontario.
From Opportunity Insight to Opportunity Intention: The Importance of Person‐Situation Learning Match

Within the context of opportunity development as a learning process, this paper explores the intentionality that drives the early stages of this process, from the initial occurrence of an idea to its further exploration and elaboration by a potential entrepreneur. It establishes that the specific situations that induce opportunity insights also affect the roles that individuals' prior knowledge and learning approaches play for the formation of opportunity intentions. The likelihood of acting on their initial opportunity insights depends not only on how much prior knowledge individuals have of the opportunity domain, but also on whether their learning style matches the situation at hand. The results from an experiment show that domain-specific knowledge enables action when there is a person–situation match and impedes it when such a match is lacking.
Molecular mechanisms of node of Ranvier formation.

Action potential propagation along myelinated nerve fibers requires high-density protein complexes that include voltage-gated Na + channels at the nodes of Ranvier. Several complementary mechanisms may be involved in node assembly including: (1) interaction of nodal cell adhesion molecules with the extracellular matrix; (2) restriction of membrane protein mobility by paranodal junctions; and (3) stabilization of ion channel clusters by axonal cytoskeletal scaffolds. In the peripheral nervous system, a secreted glial protein at the nodal extracellular matrix interacts with axonal cell adhesion molecules to initiate node formation. In the central nervous system, both glial soluble factors and paranodal axoglial junctions may function in a complementary manner to contribute to node formation.
Kinetics of Intermittent and Continuous Peritoneal Dialysis

Relations were developed for clearance under both intermittent and continuous flow peritoneal dialysis. The theoretical prediction was compared with data from other investigators. A mass transfer characteristic of 52 ml/min per 1.85 liters of dialysate was determined for urea from Boen's single batch experiment. This number was used to calculate the value of clearance for intermittent dialysis versus rate of dialysate exchange. The calculated clearances are in good agreement with Boen's experimental results.The calculated urea clearances for continuous flow dialysis were compared with Shinaberger's data. The predicted curve is in reasonable agreement with the data although there is a rather large scatter of the points. Some possible explanations for the scatter are provided as a caviat for future experimental research.A theoretical comparison between intermittent and continuous flow clearances shows that the latter is more efficient, particularly at higher flow rates.
Clarification and Application of Erik Erikson's Eighth Stage of Man.

Erik Erikson used the film character of Dr. Borg from Wild Strawberries to flesh out his life cycle conception of ego integrity versus despair in old age. The present application of Erikson is to three women: Augusta Turnley (fiction), Florida Scott-Maxwell, and Arie Carpenter--three distinctly different lifestyles and educational backgrounds. Both the dialectical struggle contained in Erikson's model of old age and the specific concepts of ego integrity, despair and wisdom are made concrete in this theoretical exploration.
Skeletal deformities in smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui, from southern Appalachian reservoirs.

Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) populations in two of five reservoirs sampled in the southern Appalachian Mountains contained high percentages of individuals with lordosis, kyphosis, or scoliosis. Deformities of the vertebral column occurred in several year classes and varied with fish size; they were absent in small fish, present in 25–30% of the fish 241–300 mm long, and then decreased in occurrence with increased length. Because environmental contamination is often responsible for high occurrences of deformed fish, whole-body concentrations of contaminants, bone development characteristics, and blood plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in normal and deformed fish were measured and compared the results with those for fish from reservoirs where no deformities were found. Vertebrae were significantly weaker and more elastic in deformed than in normal fish, but biochemical properties of vertebrae were similar among the groups tested. Concentrations of pesticides and metals were not elevated in deformed fish, and concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in blood plasma were similar in normal and deformed groups. Most environmental contaminants that have been shown to cause fish deformities could be discounted as causative agents on the basis of these results; however, the exact cause was not determined. Further attempts to diagnose the cause of the deformities were limited by the lack of background information on relationships among bone development processes, types of stresses that cause deformities, and types of bone tissue in fish.
The importance of an invasive aphid species in vectoring a persistently transmitted potato virus: Aphis glycines is a vector of Potato leafroll virus.

Experiments were undertaken to determine soybean aphid (i) landing rates in potato fields, (ii) population dynamics on potato, (iii) feeding behavior compared with green peach aphid on potato using the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG), (iv) acquisition, retention, and transmission of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), and (v) if soybean aphid-infested crop borders could increase PLRV spread in seed potato. Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) landed on potato but failed to establish colonies. EPG showed no significant differences between the aphid species in preprobe, xylem phase, sieve element salivation, and phloem sap ingestion durations on potato. Soybean aphid acquired PLRV 78% of the time, and 75 and 70% of individual aphids retained infectivity after 72 and 144 h, respectively. Soybean aphid transmitted PLRV to susceptible potato with 6 to 9% efficiency. Prior to the invasion of this exotic pest, soybean borders were commonly used in Minnesota and North Dakota to protect seed potato against spread of Potato virus Y. In 2002 and 2004, PLRV incidence was not different in potatoes with soybean borders whether treated with insecticide or not. In 2005, with extreme soybean aphid pressure, potatoes with untreated (no insecticide) borders had significantly greater PLRV spread. This is the first report of soybean aphid transmitting PLRV.
Quadricuspid aortic valve with ascending aortic aneurysm: report of a case and discussion of embryological mechanisms

Congenital quadricuspid aortic valves (QAVs) are rare phenomena. They are often associated with aortic insufficiency and significant morbidity. A QAV with an associated ascending aortic aneurysm is extremely rare, and these conditions might have a shared embryonic etiology. We describe the case of a patient with a QAV associated with aortic aneurysm. Pertinent literature on the QAV is reviewed, and embryological factors that may contribute to its pathogenesis are discussed.
Turbulence phenomena in a multiple normal shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction

An experimental investigation of a Mach 1.61 multiple normal shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction in a rectangular, nearly constant area duct is discussed with an emphasis on the turbulence phenomena. The two-component laser Doppler velocimeter measurements reveal a large amplification of the turbulence kinetic energy and Reynolds stress through the interaction. The leading shock in the multiple shock pattern causes a significant distortion of the turbulent stress tensor. Partial recovery occurs immediately downstream of the first shock. The trailing shocks in the system are much weaker than the first shock and tend to maintain the nonequilibrium turbulence structure, with complete recovery occurring well downstream of the interaction.
Justice for All? Offenders with Mental Retardation and the California Corrections System

California correctional agencies handle an estimated 22,000 adults and juveniles with mental retardation (MR)—or 2% of all probationers and 4% of all those in custody. MR inmates in California are ...
Gender Bias in Predicting College Academic Performance: A New Approach Using Item Response Theory.

The possibility of differential prediction of college academic performance for men and women is, at present, an issue of concern both to measurement specialists and to the general public. In prior studies, the use of a single equation to predict grade point average (GPA) from preadmissions measures has generally led to the systematic underprediction of women's college grades. In the following study, Item Response Theory (IRT) was used to develop a form of adjusted cumulative GPA, called the IRT-based GPA. Significant underprediction for women occurred using a version of the cumulative GPA as the outcome measure. In contrast, the use of the IRT-based GPA indicated no significant underprediction for men or women. A single regression equation worked best in predicting both men's and women's IRT-based GPA. In addition, the IRT-based GPA was substantially more predictable from preadmissions measures than the cumulative GPA.
Spatial and Nonspatial Consistency in Design Systems

This paper is concerned with problems that arise from attempts to integrate the components of a building model in a database that reflects the current status of a design. It is based on work that b...
God as Matchmaker: A Reading Of Malamud's “The Magic Barrel”

Abstract Bernard Malamud's stories possess uncommon staying power. Many are still as vivid as when we first encountered them; the best of them remain continual surprises that compel rereading for their sheer fictional resourcefulness. Like Hawthorne, Malamud achieved, as Robert Alter expresses it, “a whole distinctive style of imagination and, to a lesser degree, a distinctive technique of fiction, as well” (30). Such a combination ineluctably entices us to new readings and new insights. In recent years, for example, no character in the Malamudian canon has enjoyed closer scrutiny than Pinye Salzman, a figure Sidney Richman found almost “too gross to be believed” (119) and Theodore Solotaroff regarded as one of Malamud's “semi-hallucinatory demons” (241).
CARBOXYL-CARBOXYL HYDROGEN BONDS IN THE STABILIZATION OF THE POLY-L-GLUTAMIC ACID HELIX.

Abstract The optical rotatory dispersion of polyglutamic acid (PGA) was measured in the presence of high concentrations of formic acid and acetic acid. The Moffitt-Yang b 0 parameter indicated that the helical form was maintained. This suggests that carboxyl-carboxyl hydrogen bonds are not important in stabilizing the α-helix in PGA.
An algorithm for the electromagnetic scattering due to an axially symmetric body with an impedance boundary condition

Abstract Let B be a body in R3 and let S denote the boundary of B. The surface S is described by S = {(x, y, z): (x 2 + y 2 ) 1 2 = f(z), −1 ⩽ z ⩽ 1} , where f is an analytic function that is real and positive on (−1, 1) and f(±1) = 0. An algorithm is described for computing the scattered field due to a plane wave incident field, under Leontovich boundary conditions. The Galerkin method of solution used here leads to a block diagonal matrix involving 2M + 1 blocks, each block being of order 2(2N + 1). If, e.g., N = O(M2), the computed scattered field is accurate to within an error bounded by Ce −cN 1 2 , where C and c are positive constants depending only on f.
A study of inhalation of pentachlorophenol by rats III. Inhalation toxicity study

An LD50 study of inhaled pentachlorophenol has been conducted. Seven groups of rats, consisting of 12 animals each, were exposed to the aerosol of sodium pentachlorophenate. The LD50 was 11.7 mg/kg body weight as shown on a probit curve.
Design of resilient processing plants—I Process design under consideration of dynamic aspects

Abstract Rising costs of natural resources have forced designers to seek more efficient processing schemes, but practical applications have been limited because of operational difficulties. A design approach is proposed which considers economic and dynamic aspects simultaneously. Optimisation of dynamic behaviour is achieved by a bounding technique based on Lagrangian theory taking advantage of the typical modular structure of processing installations. The theoretical derivation of the new approach is followed by a case study of heat-integrated distillation columns, whose results demonstrate the utility of the method.
Hair cell regeneration after streptomycin toxicity in the avian vestibular epithelium

Recent reports documented the ability of the posthatch avian vestibular epithelia to produce hair cells continually at a low rate. This project was designed to investigate whether, in addition, the chicken vestibular system is capable of regenerating its sensory epithelium in response to a lesion. Aminoglycoside injections were given to young birds in order to damage the vestibular epithelium. Tritiated thymidine injections were used to label cells produced in response to the lesion. Treatment and age-matched control animals were killed at 1 day, 20 days, or 60 days after aminoglycoside injections, and vestibular organs were processed for autoradiography. Our results show that the chicken vestibular sensory epithelium is capable of regenerating hair cells after severe damage. Moreover, the epithelium is capable of complete anatomical recovery. Finally, drug damage increases the pace at which hair cells are replaced, compared to the rate of hair cell turnover in untreated tissue.
The Effects of Role Playing in a Program to Modify Attitudes Toward Black Employees.

Summary As part of a one-day management training exercise designed to modify attitudes toward race in the working environment, 2292 male and female, white and black managers completed a role playing exercise built around five statistically derived racial awareness factors. On three of the five factors those who role played supporting views on a designated factor ranked first in amount of change on that factor, as measured by pre- and postquestionnaires.
Diamond-Like Carbon Deposition for Tribological Applications at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have been deposited on silicon using two deposition techniques. Both deposition techniques used acetylene (C2H2) plasmas as the carbon/hydrogen source. One technique, that is relatively well known, employs an rf-plasma with an associated self-bias on the substrate. DLC films have also been deposited using a pulsed-bias method. Coatings of various thickness have been deposited using both deposition methods, and various combinations of gas pressure and bias. Coating characteristics, such as composition, density, and sp3 content, of selected films will be presented. For each deposition technique, the correlation between coating characteristics, mechanical properties and tribological behavior is presented.
Rapid full volume data acquisition by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for assessment of left ventricular indexes in children: a validation study compared with magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective We sought to assess the feasibility, accuracy, and reproducibility of a rapid full volume acquisition strategy using real-time (RT) 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (3DE) for measurement of left ventricular (LV) volumes, mass, stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF) in children. Methods A total of 19 healthy children (mean 10.6 ± 2.8 years, 11 male and 9 female) were prospectively enrolled in this study. RT 3DE was performed using an ultrasound system to acquire full volume 3D dataset from the apical window with electrocardiographic triggering in 8 s/dataset. The images were processed offline using software. The LV endocardial and epicardial borders were traced manually to derive LV end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume, mass, SV, and EF. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were performed on a 1.5-T scanner using a breath hold 2-dimensional cine-FIESTA (fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition) sequence. Results All RT 3DE and MRI data were acquired successfully for analysis. Measurements of LV end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume, mass, SV, and EF by RT 3DE correlated well by Pearson regression ( r = 0.86–0.97, P Conclusions This prospective study demonstrated that RT 3DE measurements of LV end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume, mass, SV, and EF in children using rapid full volume acquisition strategy are feasible, accurate, and reproducible and are comparable with MRI measurements.
The Production of Bacteriogenic Hemagglutination

lated. One was a gram-negative rod which was identified as belonging to the genus Salmonella. The other was a gram-positive rod resembling members of the genus. Corynebacterium. Morphologically and culturally it resembled closely Orla-Jensen's Corynebacterium liquefaciens,' but it differed from it by its ability to ferment rhamnose. It was suspected that one or both bacteria might be responsible for the change in the agglutinating properties of the serum. Therefore each of the 2 bacteria was inoculated into a number of serums.
Effects of prostacyclin on coronary hemodynamics at rest and in response to cold pressor testing in patients with angina pectoris.

Abstract To assess the effect of prostacyclin on the diseased coronary circulation basally and, in particular, on the coronary responses to the cold pressor test, a small dose of 4 ng/kg/min and a large dose of 8 to 10 ng/kg/min was infused in 11 patients with stable angina pectoris. Coronary blood flow was measured by coronary sinus thermodilution technique. The mean blood pressure decreased from 97 ± 5 to 89 ± 5 mm Hg during the low-dose infusion (p
Thyroid I131 metabolism in the absence of the pituitary: The untreated, hypophysectomized rat.

Hypophysectomized rats and their controls were injected with 5 μg. of iodide labeled with I131. At intervals ranging from 45 minutes to 8 days, measurements were made of the total thyroid uptake of I131 and of the chemical distribution of I131 in the thyroid gland and in the plasma. T/S ratios were also measured. Total thyroid uptake of I131 was reduced by hypophysectomy to only a few per cent of control values, and T/S ratios were also greatly reduced. Previous iodine intake, however, exerted a marked influence on the values obtained. Thyroglobulin formation inthe absence of the pituitary was reduced to very low levels. The rate was estimated in two experiments to be about one per cent that of the controls. Thyroglobulin that was formed by the thyroids of hypophysectomized rats, moreover, contained only very low percentages of I131-thyroxine and other iodothyronines, but a normal percentage of I131 diiodotyrosine and a greater than normal fraction of I131-monoiodotyrosine.
Long-range directional movement of an interphase chromosome site.

Summary Increasing evidence suggests functional compartmentalization of interphase nuclei [1]. This includes preferential interior localization of gene-rich and early replicating chromosome regions versus peripheral localization of gene-poor and late replicating chromosome regions [2, 3], association of some active genes with nuclear speckles [4, 5] or transcription "factories" [6], and association of transcriptionally repressed genes with heterochromatic regions [7]. Dynamic changes in chromosome compartmentalization [7–9] imply mechanisms for long-range interphase chromatin movements. However, live cell imaging in mammalian cells has revealed limited chromatin mobility [10], described as "constrained diffusion" [11]. None of these studies, though, have examined a chromosome locus undergoing an inducible repositioning between two different nuclear compartments. Here we demonstrate migration of an interphase chromosome site from the nuclear periphery to the interior 1–2 hr after targeting a transcriptional activator to this site. Spot redistribution is perturbed by specific actin or nuclear myosin I mutants. Extended periods of chromosome immobility are interspersed with several minute periods in which chromosomes move unidirectionally along curvilinear paths oriented roughly perpendicular to the nuclear envelope at velocities of 0.1–0.9 μm/min over distances of 1–5 μm. Our results suggest an active mechanism for fast and directed long-range interphase chromosome movements dependent directly or indirectly on actin/myosin.
A thundercloud electric field sounding: Charge distribution and lightning

An instrumented free balloon measured electric fields and field changes as it rose through a thundercloud above Langmuir Laboratory, New Mexico. The variation of the electric field with altitude implied that the cloud contained negative space charge of density -0.6 to -4 nC/cu m between 5.5 and 8.0 km MSL. The environmental temperature at these levels ranged from -5 to -20 C. The measurements imply that the areal extent of this negative charge center was significantly greater than that of the cloud's intense precipitation shafts. At altitudes greater than 8 km, the instrument ascended past net positive charge. In addition, positive space charge adjacent to the earth's surface (concentration 0.6 nC/cu m and in the lowest portion of the cloud (1.0 nC/cu m) is inferred from the measurements. Electric field changes from intracloud lightning were interpreted by using a simple model for the developing streamer of the initial phase. Thunder source reconstructions provided estimates for the orientation of lightning channels. Seven 'streamers' so analyzed propagated on the average, at 50,000 m/s and carried a current of 390 A. The mean charge dissipated during a flash was 30 C.
Visually evoked responses in the rat, guinea pig, cat, monkey, and man

Abstract Visually evoked responses were recorded, before and after enucleation of one eye, from the visual cortex of rats, guinea pigs, and cats, and from the scalp of stump-tailed monkeys and human subjects selected from a population of men who had lost one eye. The evoked response of each species was unique with certain distinguishing characteristics. However, the visually evoked responses of the the rat and guinea pig were similar as were those of monkey and man, although the monkey generally lacked the late afterdis-charge activity often seen in the human response. Changes in the waveform of the visually evoked responses recorded from each hemisphere following ocular enucleation varied among species. These changes could be related to the proportion of nondecussating optic fibers and anatomical differences of the visual systems of the various species.
Parathyroid carcinoma in secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism1

Parathyroid carcinoma occurs most commonly in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. It is quite uncommon in individuals with secondary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid carcinoma in patients with secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism has been reported in only 17 cases in the English literature. This article offers a collective review of these patients and illustrates many of the diagnostic and therapeutic problems associated with an 18 th patient with this disease whom we treated recently.
Hospital Mortality in Women and Men With Acute Cardiac Ischemia: A Prospective Multicenter Study

Abstract Objectives. This study sought to determine gender differences in hospital mortality in patients with acute cardiac ischemia. Background. It is unclear why women experience higher mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than men and whether this applies to all patients with acute ischemia. Methods. We analyzed data from a prospective multicenter study involving patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms suggestive of acute ischemia. Results. Of 10,783 patients, 5,221 (48.4%) were women. Mean age was 60.5 years for women and 56.9 for men (p Conclusions. Among patients presenting to the ED with acute cardiac ischemia, gender does not appear to be an independent predictor of hospital mortality. The trend for higher mortality in women from AMI can be explained by their older age, greater frequency of diabetes and higher Killip class on presentation. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1490–6)
Resolving the mantle He/Ne and crustal 21Ne/22Ne in well gases

He and Ne isotope data from 48 mantle-rich well gases (3He/4He>0.1Ra) in 6 different regions of crustal extension around the world are used to derive both the average mantle He/Ne elemental ratio beneath the extensional systems, and the regional average crustal 21Ne/22Ne nucleogenic production ratio, (21Ne/22Ne)crust. Assuming a mantle with R/Ra=6.0–8.0Ra, on a plot of measured 3He/4He vs. air-corrected 21Ne/22Ne, 44 of the 48 data points fall within error of a well- defined mixing line between mantle and crust isotopic end-member values. The mixing line requires a mantle 3He/22Ne range of 0.6–1.9 and is less than half that estimated for the upper mantle, assuming steady state and a Solar-like lower mantle [1, 2]. The derived (21Ne/22Ne)crust is 0.47–0.76. This is significantly smaller than the theoretical value of 3.5 [3]. The low (21Ne/22Ne)crust confirms that mineral scale preferential siting of U and Th with respect to O and F controls the regional (21Ne/22Ne)crust [4]. The difference between the derived well-gas mantle He/Ne and estimated upper-mantle values can be reconciled by a gas/melt solubility fractionation process. This requires that the gas/melt volume ratio is small (<0.001) in all of the rifting environments in order to produce the observed magnitude of He/Ne fractionation. These small gas/melt volume ratios can only be produced in the lithospheric mantle. Furthermore, this requires that the mantle He/Ne composition is similar to or less than models invoking a Solar-like upper mantle, with (3He/22Ne)≤4.4. These results are consistent with a model in which small melt fraction asthenospheric melts are emplaced into the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. These melts partially degas, to a similar magnitude in all regions, lose a maximum of ∼15% of their He content by gas/melt phase partitioning, and form the dominant source of mantle-derived volatiles in regions of crustal extension. During migration of the magmatic volatiles through the crust the fractionated mantle-derived gases mix with crustal radiogenic noble gases on a regional scale, at or near their elemental production ratios.
Sad-and-social is not smart: The moderating effects of social anticipation on mood and information processing

We examined if anticipating working collectively, rather than individually, moderates the effects of mood on information processing through (a) distraction, (b) loafing, and/or (c) task engagement. When participants anticipated working collectively, rather than individually, those in sad moods became distracted by the social elements of the task, resulting in a reduced information focus. In contrast, those in happy moods became engaged in the collective task, increasing their intended effort, raising their information focus, and improving their performance on the task. Social loafing effects did not occur. Mediation analyses revealed that these effects were due to changes in information focus, not social focus or intended effort.
Phantom spike-waves and the fourteen and six per second positive spike pattern: a consideration of their relationship ☆

Abstract Two-thousand records were reviewed for the presence of 14 and 6/sec positive spikes and 6/sec phantom spike-waves. Sixteen EEGs were found with phantom spike-waves and 126 with 14 and 6/sec positive spiking. On careful review, most records (106) were found to contain both patterns: there remained only 6 with “pure” phantom spike-waves and 30 with “pure” 14 and 6/sec positive spikes. It is concluded that most phantom spike-waves are a part of the 14 and 6/sec positive spike phenomenon and the differences previously noted are due to the maturational sequence of the 14 and 6/sec positive spike pattern.
Asymmetric synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene-1,8-diol and callosobruchusic acid

Both enantiomers and regioisomers of (E)- and (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene-1,8-diol and callosobruchusic acid, which have important biological activity were synthesized by enzymatic transesterification of primary alcohols (E)- and (Z)-10.
Antiviral actions of interferon interferon-regulated cellular proteins and their surprisingly selective antiviral activities

Considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular biology of the human interferon system. The genes encoding the interferons, their receptors, and the proteins that mediate many of their biological effects have been molecularly cloned and characterized. The availability of complete cDNA clones of components of the interferon systems has contributed significantly to our understanding of both the biology and the biochemistry of the antiviral actions of interferons. At the biological level, the antiviral effects of interferon may be viewed to be virus-type nonspecific. That is, treatment of cells with one type or even subspecies of interferon often leads to the generation of an antiviral state effective against a wide array of different RNA and DNA animal viruses. However, at the biochemical level, the antiviral action of interferon is often virus-type selective. That is, the apparent molecular mechanism which is primarily responsible for the inhibition of virus replication may differ considerably between virus types, and even host cells. For example, the IFN-regulated Mx protein selectively inhibits influenza virus but not other viruses when constitutively expressed in mouse cells. The IFN-regulated 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase selectively inhibits EMC and mengo viruses, two picornaviruses, but not viruses of other families when constitutively expressed in transfected cells. Some viruses are typically insensitive to the antiviral effects of interferon, both in cell culture and in intact animals. This lack of sensitivity to IFN may result from a virus-mediated direct antagonism of the interferon system. For example, in the case of adenovirus, the activation of the IFN-regulated RNA-dependent P1/elF-2 protein kinase is blocked by the virus-associated VA RNA. The relative sensitivity to interferon of different animal viruses varies appreciably. All three of the basic components required to measure an antiviral response may play a role in determining the relative effectiveness of the antiviral response: the species of interferon administered; the kind of cell treated; and, the type of virus used to challenge the interferon-treated host cell. Thus, the relative sensitivity to interferon observed for a particular interferon-cell-virus combination is likely the result of the equilibrium between the many agonists and antagonists which contribute to the overall response. That is, the relative sensitivity of a virus to the inhibitory action of IFN is governed by the qualitative nature and quantitative amount of the individual IFN-regulated cell proteins that may collectively contribute to the inhibition of virus replication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
THE RISE AND FALL OF CATASTROPHE THEORY APPLICATIONS IN ECONOMICS: WAS THE BABY THROWN OUT WITH THE BATHWATER?

Abstract This paper discusses the mathematical origins of catastrophe theory, the various applications of it in economics, the controversy over its use, and the criticism of it as a fad, with the subsequent general disappearance of its use in economics. It presents a criticism of the criticism of the most famous application and a discussion of its current relevance and available alternatives. It concludes that indeed the baby was largely thrown out with the bathwater, and that catastrophe theory should be openly and properly used again in economics.
Logarithmic Stress Singularities Resulting From Various Boundary Conditions in Angular Corners of Plates Under Bending

This note considers the occurrence of pure logarithmic singularities in angular elastic plates under bending within the context of classical theory. By paralleling the development of requirements for logarithmic singularities for plates in extension, requirements for log singularities in bending are developed, both for homogeneous boundary conditions on plate edges and for inhomogeneous. Using these singularity requirements, some 50-odd configurations with log singularities are identified, the great majority being for inhomogeneous boundary conditions.
General survey of design automation of digital computers

A review is presented of the use of digital computers in the design and application of new digital systems. The reasons for design automation are a possible reduction in costs, increased problem analysis capabilities, an increase in man's creative ability through man-machine interaction, increased speed of design, change control and documentation, and an increase in the efficiency of available manpower. The design problems and their solutions discussed can be divided into the following three areas. 1) Preconstruction Analysis: The system characteristics can be evaluated prior to construction by using a general purpose system simulator, such as the SIMSCRIPT computer of Markowitz, the GPSS routine of Gordon, or the SOL system of Knuth. 2) Design and Implementation: Routines have been developed for doing circuit design and logic generation and simplification. Logic can be automatically checked by using logic simulators. Finally, the physical implementation processes have been almost completely automated. Some of the problems in this area the assignment of logic to cards, the assignment of cards to backboards, the placement of cards on backboards, and the routing of conductors on backboards and cards. 3) Software: Today, the importance of design automation techniques in the development of software has become apparent. One important development in this area is in the automatic generation of test routines for the detection and diagnosis of component failures.
Role of sirtuin proteins in life extension by caloric restriction

The deacetylase activity of sirtuin proteins may play a key role in the life extending action of caloric restriction in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. Recent research has been focused on the possible afferent pathway by which caloric restriction increases the deacetylase activity and on the efferent pathway by which the increased deacetylase activity extends life. Further research is needed to firmly establish the role of sirtuin proteins in life extension by caloric restriction in mammals.
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION AND NATIONAL PRODUCTION: AN IMPROVEMENT OF THE RECORD

It has become almost a cliche that measured growth in the U.S. is being overstated. The classic on the subject is by Mishan [5], who argues persuasively that the (uncounted) externalities from production in industrialized economies are overtaking the production which these economies are counting. But externalities are not the only problems in measuring economic activity and economic growth. Two other problems of equal importance, but more amenable to measurement, are the distinction between final and intermediate production, and the quantification of nonmarket productive behavior. In this paper, we concentrate on one aspect of the measurement of nonmarket behavior—the value of production at home by housewives.1 Specifically, we will present estimates of the value of home based nonmarket production by housewives. These estimates will then be used to supplement various national product aggregates in order to calculate more accurate growth rates for the U.S. economy. We find that the value of nonmarket production by married women during the 1960's has averaged approximately thirty percent of the GNP and close to 40 percent of the national income. The inclusion of the nonmarket work of housewives in GNP would reduce the measured rate of growth of real GNP per potential worker by about ten percent, the exact amount depending on how the value of nonmarket work is estimated. Our estimates indicate a reduction in the absolute rate of growth of almost 0.25 percent.
Security-Awareness in Network Virtualization: A Classified Overview

Network virtualization is a promising solution to overcoming ossification of the current Internet. With the support of Software Defined Networking components, the Service Provider can customize the network request as a virtual network, which is agilely implemented in the physical network managed by the Infrastructure Provider. In the literature, extensive works have studied the enabling technologies of network virtualization, with a focus on the virtual network embedding (VNE) problem that allocates substrate resources to instantiate the virtual network request. Very limited work, however, has taken the security aspects of network virtualization into account. In this work, we present a comprehensive overview of the security issues in network virtualization. Under different criteria, we classify possible security attacks into various categories. For security issues that are related to the VNE process, we model and define the Security-Aware Network Embedding problem, and address it with an optimal framework. We also discuss other security issues that are independent of the VNE process.
An Extremal Problem on Contractible Edges in 3-Connected Graphs

An edge e in a 3-connected graph G is contractible if the contraction G/e is still 3-connected. The existence of contractible edges is a very useful induction tool. Let G be a simple 3-connected graph with at least five vertices. Wu [7] proved that G has at most [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] vertices that are not incident to contractible edges. In this paper, we characterize all simple 3-connected graphs with exactly [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] vertices that are not incident to contractible edges. We show that all such graphs can be constructed from either a single vertex or a 3-edge-connected graph (multiple edges are allowed, but loops are not allowed) by a simple graph operation.
The Dynamic Response of Housing Values to a Forest Invasive Disease: Evidence from a Sudden Oak Death Infestation

“Sudden Oak Death” (Phytophthora ramorum) is a non-indigenous forest pathogen which causes substantial mortality of coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and several other oak tree species on the Pacific Coast of the United States. We estimated the time path of residential property values subject to oak mortality using a dataset that spans more than two decades—including a decade of transactions before-and-after the invasion. The findings suggest moderate, persistent property value discounts (3–6%) for homes located near infested oak woodlands subject to continuous post-invasion declines in forest health. The most severe discounts (8–15%) occurred where dying oaks were distributed both within residential neighborhoods and in nearby woodlands. Various hedonic modeling specifications were tested and compared to assess their ability to control for bias associated with unobserved spatial effects.
Carcinogen‐induced amplification of SV40 DNA inserted at 9q12‐21.1 associated with chromosome breakage, deletions, and translocations in human uroepithelial cell transformation in vitro

The fate of integrated SV40 viral genome in SV40-immortalized human uroepithelial cells (SV-HUC) during multistep chemical transformation in vitro was studied. We previously reported that exposure of SV-HUC at passage (P) 15 to the chemical carcinogens 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), or the N-hydroxy metabolites of ABP causes tumorigenic transformation and/or neoplastic progression. We report now that these same chemical carcinogens induce amplification of SV40 DNA in SV-HUC. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to show that this amplification occurs at the SV40 integration site, which was mapped near a common fragile site at 9q12-21.1 on the der(9)t(8;9) chromosome that is present in all SV-HUC at the earliest passage studied. Karyotypic analysis, along with FISH, also revealed that all carcinogen-induced tumors (T-SV-HUCs) had breaks at 9q12-21.1, deletions of 9q12-21.1pter, and new derivative chromosomes containing SV40 in the segment 9q12-21.19q34::8q228qter. Southern blot analysis, along with FISH, confirmed SV40 genome rearrangements in T-SV-HUCs. In contrast, no 9q12-21.1 breaks were observed in control SV-HUC. Thus, these results associate 9q 12-21.1pter alterations with HUC tumorigenic transformation. In addition, these results indicate for the first time that (carcinogen-induced) amplification of chromosome-integrated viral genes may create sites that are prone to breakage, deletions, and translocations. These results suggest a new mechanism by which chemical carcinogens in synergy with a DNA tumor virus could initiate a cascade of events that contribute to the genomic instability associated with tumorigenesis. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Soot surface area evolution during air oxidation as evaluated by small angle X-ray scattering and CO2 adsorption

Abstract The total surface area of two diesel engine produced soots, a high volatile content NIST standard (termed NIST) and a low volatile content soot (termed NEU), were determined with CO2 adsorption and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), as a function of the extent of oxidation. During initial volatilization of condensables of the NIST and NEU soots in a thermogravimetric analyzer, in helium at 1073 K, their CO2 surface areas increased sharply from 49 m2/g to 273 m2/g and from 96 m2/g to 367 m2/g, respectively. During oxidation, the CO2 surface area increased by an additional 100–150 m2/g, until 50% conversion was reached. Thereafter, the CO2 surface area was relatively constant with conversion for the NIST soot, but decreased to 150 m2/g for the NEU soot. Three porosity regimes were assumed for the calculation of SAXS areas; they were based on (a) constant density (shrinking core), (b) constant diameter, and (c) an observed (with a TEM) diameter variation. The best agreement between the CO2 and SAXS surfaces area occurred for the constant density assumption, in contrast to the actual measured diameter variation. By applying fractal surface analysis to the SAXS data, this discrepancy is ascribed to the opening up of internal volume to reaction volatilization of condensables and oxidation.
Atomic and electronic structure of a surface alloy - comparison with the bulk alloy

Abstract A low-energy electron diffraction intensity analysis of the c(2 × 2) structure formed by 1 2 monolayer of Au on a clean Cu {0 0 1} surface reveals a single mixed-layer structure which can be properly called an ordered surface alloy. The layer is buckled, with the Au atoms located 0.1 A outwards from the Cu atoms and the distance between the latter and the second (all Cu) layer expanded by 4.2% with respect to the bulk. This structure of the surface alloy is the same, except for the smaller lattice constant, as that of the first two layers of a {0 0 1} surface of Cu3Au. The third atomic layer is shown to have no ordered Au content. Photoemission experiments with synchrotron light show that the d band of the surface alloy is noticeably narrower than the d band of the bulk-plus-surface Cu3Au alloy.