cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic motions of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in interdigitated C(18):C(10)phosphatidylcholine bilayers

This study investigates the dynamic behavior of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in C(18):C(10)phosphatidylcholine [C(18):C(10)PC] bilayers. C(18):C(10)PC is an asymmetric mixed-chain phosphatidylcholine known to form mixed-interdigitated structures below the transition temperature and form partially interdigitated bilayers above the transition temperature. The rotation of DPH in C(18):C(10)PC has been described in terms of the thermal coefficient of rotation using the modified Y-plot method which takes into account the limiting anisotropy value. During the phase transition of C(18):C(10)PC, DPH exhibits a thermal coefficient b2M=0.41 - 0.51 degrees C-1 which is similar to the b2M values obtained with noninterdigitated phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Differential polarized phase-modulation fluorometry has also been employed to study the dynamic behavior of DPH in C(18):C(10)PC in real time. The data show that DPH contains considerable motion in the highly ordered mixed interdigitated bilayers. The DPH motion steadily increases with an increase in temperature as shown by the rotational correlation time, and the wobbling diffusion constant. However, the limiting anisotropy, the order parameter, and the width of the lifetime distribution undergo an abrupt decrease, and a corresponding abrupt increase in the cone angle, at approximately 16 degrees C. This temperature range is near the onset temperature of the phase transition as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The rotational parameters show strong hysteresis on heating and cooling. All the rotational parameters derived from DPH fluorescence in mixed interdigitated C(18):C(10)PC exhibit magnitudes similar to those obtained from noninterdigitated gel phases of symmetric diacylphosphatidylcholines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Puzzling over Saturn's internal heat

One of the most interesting things to come out of the Voyager experiments, according to Voyager scientist Andrew Ingersoll of Caltech, is the measurement of Saturn's internal heat. Before the Voyager 1 experiments, Saturn didn't fit with science's view of the solar system, he noted. ‘Early ground-based observations and Pioneer spacecraft observations indicated that Saturn had too much internal heat,’ said Ingersoll. ‘One outrageous possibility is that Saturn is only 2 billion years old and therefore has not lost the expected amount of heat. Such a possibility, if true,’ he continued, ‘would shatter our understanding of solar system formation.’
Vehicle speed control algorithms for eco-driving

Given the rise in fuel prices and the harmful environmental consequences of excessive fuel consumption, we address a new problem in eco-driving, which examines how the upcoming V2V/V2I technology can be harnessed to improve fuel-efficiency. Unlike most of the existing studies in this area where the focus of control is on infrastructure side (i.e., signal timing plans), we present a new approach to eco-speed control at a microscopic level. We use a concept of platoon of vehicles to reduce fuel consumption in a journey covering multiple intersections in a multiple vehicle setting. Three heuristic algorithms are proposed and numerical results from simulations are also presented.
The S++ MAC protocol

Abstract In this paper we describe the S++ protocol, a new protocol designed for Gbit/s LANs. The S++ protocol has evolved from our experience with an earlier protocol, called S, which was implemented as part of a Gbit/s LAN project. Our experience with S enabled us to identify ways by which the performance could be significantly improved while retaining the inherent elegance and ease-of-implementation of the original protocol. We present simulation results for S++ which show how the protocol provides these characteristics. In addition we compare the performance of S++ to that of a well known MAC protocol, DQDB.
Self-report and polysomnographic measures of sleep in women with irritable bowel syndrome

Background:Women who report chronic gastrointestinal symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) frequently report sleep disturbances.Objectives:The purposes of this study were to (a) compare self-reported and polysomnographic indicators of sleep quality in women with IBS
Hemodynamic and clinical significance of the pulmonary vascular response to long-term captopril therapy in patients with severe chronic heart failure

Exercise capacity in patients with left heart failure is closely related to the performance of the right ventricle and the pulmonary circulation. To determine the significance of changesin pulmonary resistance during longterm vasodilator therapy, hemodynamic studies were performed before and after 1 to 3 months of treatment with captopril in 75 patients with severe chronic left heart failure. Patients were grouped according to the relative changes in pulmonary and systemic resistances during long-term therapy: patients in Group I (n = 24) showed greater decreases in pulmonary arteriolar resistance (PAR) than in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (% Δ PAR/% Δ SVR>1.0), whereas patients in Group II showed predominant systemic vasodilation (% Δ PAR/% Δ SVR 1.0). Despite similar changes in systemic resistance, patients in Group I showed greater increases in cardiac index, stroke volume index and left ventricular stroke work index (p These findings indicate that changes in the pulmonary circulation modulate alterations in both right and left ventricular performance during the treatment of patients with left heart failure. Hyponatremic patients are likely to experience symptomatic hypotension with captopril because they are limited in their ability to increase cardiac output as a result of an inadequate pulmonary vasodilator response to the drug.
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase prevents α7 nicotinic receptor-mediated restoration of inhibitory auditory gating in rat hippocampus

Abstract The hippocampus rapidly inhibits its response to repetitive auditory stimulation, an example of an auditory sensory gating mechanism involved in human psychopathology. The neuronal basis of this inhibitory gating mechanism has been investigated in rats. Activation of the α7 nicotinic receptor is required. α7 nicotinic receptor activation also releases nitric oxide in the hippocampus and blockade of nitric oxide synthase reduces inhibitory gating of auditory response. There has not been a direct demonstration that blockade of nitric oxide synthase specifically prevents α7 nicotinic receptor activation of the inhibition of auditory response. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to determine whether this functional effect of α7 receptor activation requires release of nitric oxide. Lesions of the fimbria–fornix disrupt auditory gating by preventing cholinergic stimulation of the hippocampus. Following recovery from this surgery, rats were administered 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene) anabaseine (DMXB-A; 10 mg/kg, sc), an agonist at the α7 receptor. DMXB-A restored auditory gating in the fimbria–fornix-lesioned rats, indicating that activation of the α7 nicotinic receptor alone is sufficient to restore auditory gating following lesions of the fimbria–fornix. However, intracerebroventricular infusion of Nω-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, blocked the DMXB-A-mediated restoration of auditory gating; infusion of the inactive d -enantiomer did not. Restoration of auditory gating by DMXB-A in the fimbria–fornix-lesioned rats was blocked by intracerebroventricular infusion of α-bungarotoxin, but not by mecamylamine or dihydro-β-erythroidine. Together, these data support the hypothesis that nitric oxide mediates α7 nicotinic receptor activation of gating of auditory response in rat hippocampus.
Initial experience with a computational thinking course for computer science students

Experience with the first offering of a computational thinking course for computer science (CT4CS) students is reported. The course is grounded in student interaction with fundamental, recurring concepts suggested by comparison with two sets of computer science principles. By using specialized, freely available tools and physical simulations it is possible to provide concrete, tangible learning experiences that neither require knowledge of nor the overhead of programming. Student end-of-term reflections indicate that the course deepened and broadened their understanding of computer science even when they had previously encountered a topic, and improved their computer science vocabulary.
Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity on Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated either by a direct effect of salicylic acid on the pathogen or by SA‐dependent, NPR1‐independent host responses

*Summary Staphylococcus aureus is a ubiquitous gram-positive bacterium that can cause superficial to serious systemic infections in animals and humans. Here we report the development of a plant infection model to study the pathogenesis of this bacterium. Three global regulatory mutants, RN6911 (agr- ), ALC 488 (sarA - ) ALC 842 (sarA - /agr - ) and an alpha-toxin mutant defective in biofilm formation (DU1090) which are attenuated in animal pathogenesis, were also attenuated in their ability to infect plants, suggesting that these regulators that mediate synthesis of virulence factors essential for animal pathogenesis are also required for plant pathogenesis. Further, using Arabidopsis plants altered in defense responses such as the transgenic lines NahG [defective in salicylic acid (SA) accumulation], and 35S-LOX2()) (defective in jasmonic acid production and hyper-accumulator of SA), and mutants ics1 (depleted in SA accumulation), and npr1-1 (non-expressor of pathogenesis-related protein) we show that resistance of Arabidopsis to typical plant pathogens and the animal pathogen S. aureus is conserved and is mediated by SA. The data presented here suggest that Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to S. aureus is mediated either by a direct effect of SA on the pathogen, specifically one that affects the attachment/aggregate formation on the root surface and reduces the pathogen’s virulence, or by SA-dependent, NPR1-independent host responses.
Insecticide Use and Crop Rotation under Risk: Rootworm Control in Corn

The economic threshold concept is extended to a combination of two pest controls, insecticide and crop rotation, in a corn-soybean farm model. Effect of risk attitudes on the optimal combination of controls is explored, using a stochastic simulation with random crop prices, yields, and rootworn damage. Crop insurance may cause a risk-averse farmer to adopt a riskier cropping program. Reduced risk aversion causes the farmer to specialize in the more profitable corn crop. The insecticide and rotation thresholds both increase with reduced risk aversion. Depending on pest densities on individual fields, insecticide use may increase or decrease.
Environmental protection: applying the precautionary principle and proactive regulation to biotechnology

Biotechnology is a broad field encompassing diverse disciplines from agriculture to zoology. Advances in research are occurring at a rapid pace, and applications that have broad implications socially, economically, ecologically and politically are emerging. Along with notable benefits, environmental consequences that affect core quality-of-life issues for present and future generations are materializing. The precautionary principle should be applied to biotechnology research, activities and products, and a strengthened, enforceable and proactive regulatory framework is needed. The environmental impacts of agriculture, aquaculture, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and even pharmaceuticals are raising public concerns and demonstrate the need for guidance from a variety of social, economic and scientific disciplines to insure the benefits of biotechnology are enjoyed without unacceptable and irreversible environmental costs.
Acceptability of Flavor, Texture, and Appearance in Mutton Processed Meat Products Made by Smoking, Curing, Spicing, Adding Starter Cultures and Modifying Fat Source

Mutton meat was tested as the main ingredient, in different processed meat items to obtain prototype products lacking objectionable mutton off-flavors. Four consumer-preference sensory panel sessions were conducted to rate these products against beef or pork controls. Sensory panel results indicated that compared to texture and appearance parameters, flavor had more effect on overall acceptability of these products. Objectionable mutton flavor was apparently reduced by: (1) reducing mutton fat to a level of 10% or less, and (2) using spices, smoking, and/or curing.
Air motion intercomparison flights during Transport and Chemical Evolution in the Pacific (TRACE‐P)/ACE‐ASIA

[1] Intercomparisons of chemical, aerosol, and meteorological measurement systems were conducted in the spring of 2001 between the NASA Wallops P3-B and the NCAR EC-130Q aircraft during overlapping portions of the concurrent tropospheric missions: the Global Tropospheric Experiment's (GTE) Transport and Chemical Evolution in the Pacific (TRACE-P) and Aerosol Characterization Experiment's ACE-ASIA mission, respectively. Both aircraft were equipped with similar air-motion measurement systems and in situ meteorology sensors designed to measure the eddy-correlation fluxes of momentum, heat, and water vapor. This paper presents the results of the informal intercomparison flight legs at two altitudes within the marine boundary layer performed over the Sea of Japan. The variances and spectra of the three-dimensional winds and temperature are presented along with the cospectra of the vertical velocities and various parameters. The results show good agreement between the measurements obtained from the two aircraft. Discrepancies in the data are analyzed and discussed.
Spin relaxation of a diffusively moving carrier in a random hyperfine field

Relaxation, $\ensuremath{\langle}{S}_{z}(t)\ensuremath{\rangle}$, of the average spin of a carrier in a course of hops over sites hosting random hyperfine fields is studied theoretically. In low dimensions, $d=1,2$, the decay of average spin with time is nonexponential at all times. The origin of the effect is that for $d=1,2$ a typical random-walk trajectory exhibits numerous self-intersections. Multiple visits of the carrier to the same site accelerates the relaxation since the corresponding partial rotations of spin during these visits add up. Another consequence of self-intersections of the random-walk trajectories is that, in all dimensions, the average, $\ensuremath{\langle}{S}_{z}(t)\ensuremath{\rangle}$, becomes sensitive to a weak magnetic field directed along $z$. Our analytical predictions are complemented by the numerical simulations of $\ensuremath{\langle}{S}_{z}(t)\ensuremath{\rangle}$. The scenario of acceleration of spin relaxation due to returns applies also to the non-Markovian decoherence of a qubit surrounded by multiple fluctuators.
On the low-temperature threshold for cubic boron nitride formation in energetic film deposition

Abstract The sharp threshold in substrate temperature below which cubic boron nitride (cBN) cannot be formed in energetic film-deposition processes was investigated. We found that cBN could be synthesized below the threshold temperature on top of cBN that had been previously formed above the threshold temperature. That the initial nucleation of cBN is more strongly dependent on temperature than its subsequent growth is suggested. How the structure of the sp 2 -bonded BN that accompanied cBN growth changed with temperature was also investigated. Lowering the substrate temperature decreased the local ordering within the graphitic planes, and below the threshold temperature the separation of the graphitic planes increased dramatically. How these structural changes may influence the nucleation of cBN is discussed.
Long-term effects of microgravity on the swimming behaviour of young rats.

The postnatal development of sensory systems has been shown in studies over the last four decades to be influenced by experience during critical periods of development. We report here that similar experience-dependent development can be observed in the swimming behaviour of young rats reared from postnatal day 14 (P14) to P30 in the reduced gravitational field of low earth orbit. Animals flown in space when placed in the water on the day of landing maintained their head and forelimbs in a balanced posture. However, until the animals began to swim, their hindquarters showed little lateral postural control resulting in rotation about the longitudinal axis (60°± 4 deg). Such results suggest an ‘unlinking’ of postural control of the forequarters from the hindquarters in the early hours after landing. Similar instability seen in animals age-matched to the day of launch (97 ± 7 deg) and in ground control animals (9 ± 3 deg) was corrected within one or two rotations, even in the absence of swimming. Animals flown in space began to swim sooner after being placed in the water, and the duration of swimming strokes was shorter than in control animals. Motion analysis revealed a difference in the swimming style on landing day. In flight animals, the knee joint was more flexed throughout the stroke, there was a narrower range of movement, and the linear velocity of the tip of the foot was faster throughout most of the stroke than in age-matched control animals. Thus, posture in the water as well as swimming speed and style were altered in the animals flown in space. Some of these characteristics persisted for as long as the animals were followed (30 days). These included the short pre-swimming interval and short stroke duration in flight animals. These findings clearly show that an altered gravitational field influences the postnatal development of motor function. The nature of the differences between animals reared in space for 16 days and those remaining on the ground reflects an adaptation of the flight animals to the microgravity environment. The data suggest that the most fundamental of these adaptations is a resetting of the basic motor rhythm to a higher frequency.
Hyaluronan Polymer Length, Grafting Density, and Surface Poly(ethylene glycol) Coating Influence in Vivo Circulation and Tumor Targeting of Hyaluronan-Grafted Liposomes

Hyaluronan-grafted liposomes (HA-liposomes) preferentially target CD44-overexpressing tumor cells in vitro via receptor-mediated endocytosis. We investigated the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of HA-liposomes with various sizes of HA (MW 5–8, 50–60, and 175–350 kDa) in mice. Incorporation of negatively charged HA on the liposome surface compromised its blood circulation time, which led to decreased tumor accumulation in CD44+ human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 xenografts compared to PEGylated liposomes (PEG-5000). Clearance of HA-liposomes was HA polymer length-dependent; high MW (175–350 kDa, highest ligand binding affinity) HA-liposomes displayed faster clearance compared to low MW (5–8, 50–60 kDa) HA-liposomes or PEGylated liposomes. Surface HA ligand density can also affect clearance of HA-liposomes. Thus, HA is not an effective stealth coating material. When dual coating of PEG and HA was used, the PEG-HA-liposomes displayed similar blood circulation time and tumor accumulation to that of the PEGyl...
Human Cytomegalovirus Gene UL21a Encodes a Short-Lived Cytoplasmic Protein and Facilitates Virus Replication in Fibroblasts

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene UL21a was recently annotated by its conservation in chimpanzee cytomegalovirus. Two large-scale mutagenic analyses showed that mutations in overlapping UL21a/UL21 resulted in a severe defect of virus growth in fibroblasts. Here, we characterized UL21a and demonstrated its role in HCMV infection. We mapped a UL21a-specific transcript of ∼600 bp that was expressed with early kinetics. UL21a encoded pUL21a, a protein of ∼15 kDa, which was unstable and localized predominantly to the cytoplasm during HCMV infection or when expressed alone. Interestingly, pUL21a was drastically stabilized in the presence of proteasome inhibitor MG132, but its instability was independent of a functional ubiquitin-mediated pathway, suggesting that pUL21a underwent proteasome-dependent, ubiquitin-independent degradation. A UL21a deletion virus was attenuated in primary human newborn foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) and embryonic lung fibroblasts (MRC-5), whereas a marker-rescued virus and mutant viruses lacking the neighboring or overlapping genes UL20, UL21, or UL21.5-UL23 replicated at wild-type levels. The growth defect of UL21a-deficient virus in MRC-5 cells was more pronounced than that in HFFs. At a high multiplicity of infection, the UL21a deletion virus synthesized viral proteins with wild-type kinetics but had a two- to threefold defect in viral DNA replication. More importantly, although pUL21a was not detected in the virion, progeny virions produced by the mutant virus were ∼10 times less infectious than wild-type virus, suggesting that UL21a is required for HCMV to establish efficient productive infection. We conclude that UL21a encodes a short-lived cytoplasmic protein and facilitates HCMV replication in fibroblasts.
SUBSTANTIVE MORAL THEORY

Philosophy can serve two roles in relation to moral thinking: first, to provide a meta-ethical commentary on the nature of moral thought, as the methodology or the philosophy of science provides a commentary on the nature of scientific thought; and second, to build on the common presumptions deployed in people's moral thinking about moral issues, looking for a substantive moral theory that they might support. The present essay addresses the nature of this second role; illustrates it with substantive theories that equate moral obligations respectively with requirements of nature, self-interest, benevolence, reason and justifiability; and outlines a novel competitor in which the focus is shifted to requirements of co-reasoning and respect.
A unified derivation of finite‐difference schemes from solution matching

Conventional finite-difference schemes for solving partial differential equations are based on approximating derivatives by finite-differences. In this work, an alternative method is proposed which views finite-difference schemes as systematic ways of matching up to the operator solution of the partial differential equation. By completely abandoning the idea of approximating derivatives directly, the method provides a unified description of explicit finite-difference schemes for solving a general linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients to any time-marching order. As a result, the stability of the first-order algorithm for an entire class of linear equations can be determined all at once. Because the method is based on solution-matching, it can also be used to derive any order schemes for solving the general nonlinear advection equation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 32: 243–265, 2016
Cr(III)-mediated crosslinks of glutathione or amino acids to the DNA phosphate backbone are mutagenic in human cells

Carcinogenic Cr(VI) compounds were previously found to induce amino acid/glutathione-Cr(III)-DNA crosslinks with the site of adduction on the phosphate backbone. Utilizing the pSP189 shuttle vector plasmid we found that these ternary DNA adducts were mutagenic in human fibroblasts. The Cr(III)-glutathione adduct was the most potent in this assay, followed by Cr(III)-His and Cr(III)-Cys adducts. Binary Cr(III)-DNA complexes were only weakly mutagenic, inducing a significant response only at a 10 times higher number of adducts compared with Cr(III)-glutathione. Single base substitutions at the G:C base pairs were the predominant type of mutations for all Cr(III) adducts. Cr(III), Cr(III)-Cys and Cr(III)-His adducts induced G:C-->A:T transitions and G:C-->T:A transversions with almost equal frequency, whereas the Cr(III)-glutathione mutational spectrum was dominated by G:C-->T:A transversions. Adduct-induced mutations were targeted toward G:C base pairs with either A or G in the 3' position to the mutated G, while spontaneous mutations occurred mostly at G:C base pairs with a 3' A. No correlation was found between the sites of DNA adduction and positions of base substitution, as adducts were formed randomly on DNA with no base specificity. The observed mutagenicity of Cr(III)-induced phosphotriesters demonstrates the importance of a Cr(III)-dependent pathway in Cr(VI) carcinogenicity.
An interleaved hop-by-hop authentication scheme for filtering of injected false data in sensor networks

Sensor networks are often deployed in unattended environments, thus leaving these networks vulnerable to false data injection attacks in which an adversary injects false data into the network with the goal of deceiving the base station or depleting the resources of the relaying nodes. Standard authentication mechanisms cannot prevent this attack if the adversary has compromised one or a small number of sensor nodes. In this paper, we present an interleaved hop-by-hop authentication scheme that guarantees that the base station will detect any injected false data packets when no more than a certain number t nodes are compromised. Further, our scheme provides an upper bound B for the number of hops that a false data packet could be forwarded before it is detected and dropped, given that there are up to t colluding compromised nodes. We show that in the worst case B is O(t/sup 2/). Through performance analysis, we show that our scheme is efficient with respect to the security it provides, and it also allows a tradeoff between security and performance.
Axisymmetric static and dynamic buckling of spherical caps due to centrally distributed pressures

Spherical caps axisymmetric static and dynamic buckling under load, using axisymmetric nonlinear elastic shell theory approximation and finite difference equations
The role of protein kinase-C in gonadotropin-induced ovulation in the in vitro perfused rabbit ovary.

Tumor-promoting phorbol esters are believed to affect ovarian granulosa cell progesterone and prostaglandin (PG) production and possibly ovulation by activating protein kinase-C (PKC). The effects of phorbol esters and PKC inhibitors on ovulation, progesterone, and PG production were examined in an in vitro perfused rabbit ovary. The effect of tranexamic acid, an inhibitor of the conversion of plasminogen activator to plasmin, on phorbol ester-induced ovulation was also examined. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PdBU), a PKC stimulator, induced ovulation in a dose-related manner in the absence of gonadotropins (56%, 200 nM PdBU; 0%, 0 nM PdBU; P < 0.05). Perfusate progesterone levels were increased only after 600 nM PdBU treatment, and perfusate PGF2 alpha, PGE2, and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were increased in a dose-dependent fashion (P < 0.05). Staurosporine, a potent inhibitor of the catalytic domain of PKC, and calphostin-C, a specific inhibitor of the diacylglycerol-binding region, inhibited hCG-induced ovulation i...
Femtosecond pulse spectral synthesis using coherently combined multi-channel fiber chirped pulse amplifiers

We synthesize femtosecond pulses by coherently combining spectra from three fiber chirped pulse amplifiers. Multi-channel spectral synthesis offers a way to overcome gain narrowing limitations in a single fiber amplifier.
Bioenergetics, mitochondria, and cardiac myocyte differentiation

Cardiac metabolism is finely tuned, and disruption of myocardial bioenergetics can be clinically devastating. Many cardiomyopathies that present early in life are due to disruption of the maturation of these metabolic pathways. However, this bioenergetic maturation begins well before birth, when the embryonic heart is first beginning to beat, and continues into the mature animal. Thus, the changes in energy production seen after birth are actually part of a continuum that coincides with the structural and functional changes that occur as the cardiac myocyte differentiates and the heart undergoes morphogenesis. Therefore, although bioenergetics and mitochondrial biology have not been studied in great detail in the developing heart, bioenergetic maturation should be considered an important component of normal myocyte differentiation. Although events occurring after birth will be discussed, this review will focus on the changes in bioenergetics and mitochondrial biology that coincide with myocyte differentiation and cardiac morphogenesis. The relationship of these changes to the etiology and presentation of cardiomyopathies will be used as a starting point for this discussion. Then, after reviewing cardiac development and mitochondrial biology, the published data on bioenergetics and mitochondrial structure and function in the developing heart will be presented. Finally, the case will be made that mitochondria may be critical regulators of cardiac myocyte differentiation and cardiac development.
A K‐12/University Partnership: Creating Tomorrow's Engineers*

Supported by the National Science Foundation, the GK-12 Fellows program at the University of Colorado at Boulder explores innovative ways for engineering graduate students to use engineering as the vehicle to provide K-12 classroom instruction and hands-on experiences that integrate physical sciences, mathematics, engineering and technology. Engineering “Fellows” fill a crucial gap in the two-way exchange of content and pedagogy between the College of Engineering and Applied Science and the K-12 community of learners. The active presence of real world, engineering role models in K-12 classrooms improves the quality of math and science content, and introduces engineering to teachers and young students as a potential career path. Working through the University's graduate program legitimizes K-12 outreach as a valid, and satisfying, academic endeavor for graduate students.
THE “SPECIAL NEEDS” OF PRISON, PROBATION, AND PAROLE

Although government searches generally must be supported by warrant and probable cause, the Supreme Court rarely has applied this requirement in penal contexts such as prison, probation, and parole. In order to justify the government's broad search authority in those contexts, the Court has created a patchwork of categorical rules and skewed balancing tests based on search targets' diminished expectations of privacy. This Note argues that the Court's current approach is unsound: Broad government search authority is justified in certain penal settings, but only because those settings create compelling government needs, not because the search targets have diminished privacy interests. Penal searches should therefore be analyzed under the "special needs" doctrine, which was designed for just this type of situation--where the government has compelling interests above and beyond those found in typical law enforcement contexts. A special needs analysis would allow courts to address the government's unique interests without devaluing the strong privacy interests at stake. Most importantly, it would impose an additional safeguard to cabin discretion and protect against harassment: Warrantless penal searches could be performed only with individualized suspicion of wrongdoing or through a neutral, nondiscretionary plan.
Röntgenbestrahlung zur Prophylaxe heterotoper Ossifikationen nach operativen Eingriffen am Hüftgelenk

Das Auftreten heterotoper paraartikularer Ossifikationen als Komplikation nach konservativ und operativ behandelten Gelenkverletzungen ist in der Chirurgie seit Jahrhunderten bekannt. Eine der ersten Beschreibungen der „Myositis ossificans posttraumatica“ stammt von Heister [13], der die bei diesem Krankheitsbild auftretenden Einsteifungen der Gelenke auf den „austretenden Beinsaft“ zuruckfuhrt und von der immobilisationsbedingten Gelenksteife unterscheidet. Eine der fruhen histologischen Beschreibungen findet sich in Rindfleischs „Gewebelehre“ [18]. In der Zwischenzeit sind allerdings die fruher als kuriose Exerzier- und Reitknochen beschriebenen Ossifikationen zu einem Problem geworden, weil sie insbesondere in der Huftprothetik und Hufttraumatologie primar erzielte exzellente Ergebnisse durch zunehmende Gelenkeinsteifung bis hin zur Ankylose zunichte machen konnen.
Next Generations of Road Pricing: Social Welfare Enhancing

This paper offers a broad overview of road pricing from a social welfare perspective. I first examine two common objectives of road pricing: congestion management and profit making. My goal is to provide a guideline explaining how to promote a social-welfare-enhancing road pricing scheme. To this end, we should: (i) consider and improve public transportation systems by providing more environment-friendly transport options; (ii) include tolling profits in our welfare analysis (as opposed to what economists suggest) since residents are the real owners of roads not users, and since some users are from outside the region and so might not be excluded from analysis; and (iii) search for a holistic approach that takes into account system-wide impacts, disutility to users who change their travel behavior (i.e., switch to public transportation, shift their travel, or do not travel at all), and the impacts on land use, employment, and residents.
International perceptions of US nuclear policy.

The report presents a summary of international perceptions and beliefs about US nuclear policy, focusing on four countries--China, Iran, Pakistan and Germany--chosen because they span the spectrum of states with which the United States has relationships. A paradox is pointed out: that although the goal of US nuclear policy is to make the United States and its allies safer through a policy of deterrence, international perceptions of US nuclear policy may actually be making the US less safe by eroding its soft power and global leadership position. Broadly held perceptions include a pattern of US hypocrisy and double standards--one set for the US and its allies, and another set for all others. Importantly, the US nuclear posture is not seen in a vacuum, but as one piece of the United States behavior on the world stage. Because of this, the potential direct side effects of any negative international perceptions of US nuclear policy can be somewhat mitigated, dependent on other US policies and actions. The more indirect and long term relation of US nuclear policy to US international reputation and soft power, however, matters immensely to successful multilateral and proactive engagement on other pressing global issues.
Deciding who’s in charge Factors driving the choice of decision rights in professional service contracts

This research derives testable hypotheses from property rights theory regarding the allocation of decision authority in contracts. Government-based professional service contracts provide the contex...
Inherited Differences in Weight and Conformation of Bronze Turkeys

Abstract QUANTITATIVE characters such as body weight, width of breast, length of shank and length of keel vary considerably within strains and varieties. Various strains of Bronze turkeys also differ significantly from each other in these characters (Asmundson 1944). The differences between varieties and strains are inherited (Knox and Marsden 1944, Asmundson 1945) and at least in the case of breast width there is some variation which is independent of weight of bird, although here, as in the case of length of keel and shank, there is correlation with weight (Asmundson 1944). For length of shank Jaap (1938) has estimated that 25.3 percent of the male and 39.0 percent of female variance is caused by heredity. The present series of experimental matings was started to obtain data on the mode of inheritance of weight and conformation by using strains of Bronze turkeys that differ widely in weight and width of breast. . . .
Flow Features of the Near Wake of a Flat Plate With Turbulent Separating Boundary Layers

The near and very near wake of a flat plate with a circular trailing edge, with vigorous vortex shedding is investigated with data from direct numerical simulations. Computations were performed for four different combinations of the Reynolds numbers based on plate thickness (D) and momentum thickness near the trailing edge (θ). Unlike the case of the cylinder, these two Reynolds numbers are independent parameters for the flat plate. The objectives of the study are twofold, to investigate the entrainment process when the separating boundary layers are turbulent and to obtain a better understanding of the instability of the detached shear layers. A visualization of the entrainment process, the effect of changing the ratio θ/D on entrainment and wake-velocity statistics, and a way of understanding entrainment in a phase-averaged sense via phase-averaged distributions of the turbulent transport rate are provided here. The discussion on shear-layer instability focuses on the role of log-layer eddies in the destabilization process, the effect of high-speed streaks in the turbulent boundary layer in the vicinity of the trailing edge on shear-layer vortex generation rates, and a relationship between shear-layer vortex generation and shedding phase that is a result of an interaction between the shedding process and the shear layer instability mechanism. A power-law relationship between the ratio of shear-layer and shedding frequencies and the Reynolds numbers mentioned above is obtained. A discussion of the relative magnitudes of the exponents is provided.
Advancing geographical understanding: Why engaging grand regional narratives matters

Work in contemporary human geography only occasionally addresses the grand, empirically based regional narratives that figure prominently in the public debate. Since such narratives have a powerful...
Sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps of Curaçao, with descriptions of three new species

Sixteen species of sponge-dwelling snapping shrimp in the genus Synalpheus (gambarelloides group) were collected from sites spanning the south coast of Curacao, including three new to science. Synalpheus hoetjesi sp. nov. belongs to a species complex that includes Synalpheus pandionis, S. dardeaui, S. yano, S. goodei, S. longicarpus, and S. ul. Synalpheus kuadramanus sp. nov. is a distinctive shrimp characterized by a short, square moveable finger on the major first pereopod and by brilliant turquoise embryos in females. Synalpheus orapilosus sp. nov. is a shrimp most morphologically similar to Synalpheus barahonensis—both species share the distinctive character of a tuft of setae on the distal end of the third maxilliped, instead of a distal circlet of spines—but can be distinguished from the latter by the number of carpal segments on the second pereopod. Although eusocial Synalpheus species (defined here as species that live in large colonies with strong reproductive skew) are often the most numerically abundant Synalpheus collected from sponges at other sites, only pair-bonding Synalpheus species were recorded from our collections in Curacao.
Learning to listen: : how collaborative dialogue in regulation influences landowner adoption of best management practices on unregulated lands

The emergence of new environmental policy instruments (NEPIs) has launched a debate about the continued relevance of traditional regulatory approaches. Previous research examining the relationship of regulations and NEPIs has shown that regulations can compel engagement with voluntary approaches. In this paper, we demonstrate that the linkages between regulation and voluntary approaches need not be coercive. Through a study of sediment pollution in northern California, we show that regulatory processes have facilitated learning and motivated landowners to undertake voluntary actions. We suggest three elements that are fundamental to the success of this process: (a) the voluntary action must benefit the landowner, (b) resources must be available to reduce the implementation burden, and (c) the regulatory process must involve open and respectful communication between the landowner and the regulator. While not a panacea, this process of regulatory spillover offers a promising pathway for extending the reach of existing regulations.
Quantitative Study on the Static Benefits of Pumped Storage Power Plant

In this paper,selecting the actual system load,power consumption,power installed capacity,sending and receiving power of the Guangdong power grid,simulate the power system operation.Using the with and without methods,quantitatively analyse the pumped storage power station effects on Guangzhou power supply and power output,generating income,unit generation cost of various power supply,etc.Analysis benefit allocation of various power.The results showthat,because of pumped storage power plant can cut a peak to fill valley,so can improve operation condition in coal,nuclear power unit,the static benefits of pumped storage power station is mainly to reduce system power supply side unit generation cost,increase the generating capacity of other conventional power supply and incomegeneration.
Simple Calculation Model of Heater Terminal Temperature Difference based on Operating Parameters

Detailed structural parameters and operation parameters shall be calculated based on the theory for the value of the traditional heater terminal temperature difference.But it is rather difficult to collect the structural parameters of different heaters in practical calculation.For the heater with defined structural parameters,a new kind of model of the heater terminal temperature difference calculation has been set up only considering the operating parameters based on the calculation of the effect of the parameters against heater terminal temperature difference.The results of the verification with 660MW and 300MW horizontal heater operation parameters showed the model in high precision and simple calculation,which is beneficial to fast calculation of the heater terminal temperature difference with required value.
The changes of circulating follicular regulatory T cells and follicular T helper cells in children immune thrombocytopenia

OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes and roles of follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) and follicular T helper cells (Tfh) in the pathogenesis of children immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). METHODS 32 untreated ITP patients, as well as 20 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The proportion of circulating Tfr and Tfh cells were determined by flow cytometry; real-time PCR was performed to detect the expression of transcription factors and regulatory factors of Bcl-6, c-Maf, Blimp-1 and PD-1 mRNA; ELISA was used to detect plasma concentration of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-21. RESULTS (1)The proportion of Tfh cells were significantly higher (P<0.05), while the Tfr cells and the ratio of tfr/Tfh cells in ITP patients were significantly lower than that in health controls (P<0.05); (2)Correlation analysis showed that the Tfr cells and the ratio of Tfr/Tfh were positively correlated with the platelet counts and negatively with the levels of PA-IgG, while the proportion of Tfh cells was positively correlated with the levels of PA-IgG and negatively with the platelet counts in peripheral blood; (3)Transcription levels of Bcl-6 and c-Maf mRNA in CD4(+) T lymphocytes cells were significantly elevated, the Blimp-1 mRNA in CD4(+) cells and PD-1 mRNA levels of Treg were lower in ITP patients in comparison with healthy controls; (4)The higher Plasma concentration of IL-21, and lower concentration of IL-2 were found in ITP patients. CONCLUSION (1)The lower proportion of Tfr cells and higher proportion of Tfh cells, as well as the abnormal ratio of Tfr/Tfh might account for the decreased platelet counts to be further involved in the immunological pathogenesis of children ITP; (2)The changes of plasma cytokines IL-2, IL-21 in microenvironment and the over-expression of Bcl-6 mRNA, c-Maf mRNA and the lower-expression of Blimp-1 mRNA in CD4(+) T cells, and over-expression of PD-1 mRNA in Treg cells might be account for the abnormal ratios of Tfr/Tfh cells in ITP patients.
Gelatinous transformation of the bone marrow from anorexia nervosa.

![Figure][1] A 16-year-old girl with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, anorexia nervosa, and rumination syndrome with severe malnutrition underwent bone marrow examination for leukopenia (2.03 × 109/L), mildly macrocytic anemia (hemoglobin, 106 g/L; mean corpuscular volume, 99.3 fL), and
D. Bernoulli: A pioneer of epidemiologic modeling (1760)

This chapter examines one of the earliest papers of mathematical epidemiology. Towards the end of the 18th century when Daniel Bernoulli published his famous paper, which is discussed in this chapter, smallpox was a very important public health problem, contributing significantly to childhood mortality. Bernoulli embarked on a mathematical attempt to evaluate the benefit of inoculation of people who had not yet suffered the disease with infectious material from smallpox patients. This immunization technique was a precursor to vaccination, namely inoculation with the cowpox virus which is antigenically similar, yet causes much less serious illness. Surprisingly, smallpox inoculation was highly effective and carried relatively few risks. Using calculations that were partly based on new techniques from the developing field of calculus, he showed that, under certain assumptions, the public health benefit of smallpox inoculation would be substantial, increasing life expectancy by several years. The reader is guided, step-by-step, through all relevant calculations.
The Role of Nucleophosmin In Hematopoietic Stem Cells and the Pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Abstract 95 Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is an incurable stem cell disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and an increased risk of leukemia transformation. Nucleophosmin (NPM) is directly implicated in primitive hematopoiesis, the pathogenesis of hematopoietic malignancies and more recently of MDS. However, little is known regarding the molecular role and function of NPM in MDS pathogenesis and in stem cell biology. Here we present data demonstrating that NPM plays a critical role in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and the transformation of MDS into leukemia. NPM is located on chromosome 5q and is frequently lost in therapy-related and de novo MDS. We have previously shown that Npm1 acts as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in the hematopoietic compartment and Npm1+/− mice develop a hematologic syndrome with features of human MDS, including increased susceptibility to leukemogenesis. As HSCs have been demonstrated to be the target of the primary neoplastic event in MDS, a functional analysis of the HSC compartment is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms in MDS pathogenesis. However, the role of NPM in adult hematopoiesis remains largely unknown as Npm1-deficiency leads to embryonic lethality. To investigate NPM function in adult hematopoiesis, we have generated conditional knockout mice of Npm1, using the Cre-loxP system. Analysis of Npm1 conditional mutants crossed with Mx1-Cre transgenic mice reveals that Npm1 plays a crucial role in adult hematopoiesis and ablation of Npm1 in adult HSCs leads to aberrant cycling and followed by apoptosis. Analysis of cell cycle status revealed that HSCs are impaired in their ability to maintain quiescence after Npm1-deletion and are rapidly depleted in vivo as well as in vitro. Competitive reconstitution assay revealed that Npm1 acts cell-autonomously to maintain HSCs. Conditional inactivation of Npm1 leads to an MDS phenotype including a profoundly impaired ability to differentiate into cells of the erythroid lineage, megakaryocyte dyspoiesis and centrosome amplification. Furthermore, Npm1 loss evokes a p53-dependent response and Npm1-deleted HSCs undergo apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Strikingly, transfer of the Npm1 mutation into a p53-null background rescued the apoptosis of Npm1-ablated HSCs and resulted in accelerated transformation to an aggressive and lethal form of acute myeloid leukemia. Our findings highlight the crucial role of NPM in stem cell biology and identify a new mechanism by which MDS can progress to leukemia. This has important therapeutic implications for de novo MDS as well as therapy-related MDS, which is known to rapidly evolve to leukemia with frequent loss or mutation of TRP53. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.