cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Online Clustering Algorithm That Ignores Outliers: Application to Hierarchical Feature Learning from Sensory Data

Surveillance sensors are a major source of unstructured Big Data. Discovering and recognizing spatiotemporal objects (e.g., events) in such data is of paramount importance to the security and safety of facilities and individuals. Hierarchical feature learning is at the crux to the problems of discovery and recognition. We present a multilayered convergent neural architecture for storing repeating spatially and temporally coincident patterns in data at multiple levels of abstraction. The bottom-up weights in each layer are learned to encode a hierarchy of over complete and sparse feature dictionaries from space- and time-varying sensory data by recursive layer-by-layer spherical clustering. This density-based clustering algorithm ignores outliers by the use of a unique adaptive threshold in each neuron's transfer function. The model scales to full-sized high-dimensional input data and also to an arbitrary number of layers, thereby possessing the capability to capture features at any level of abstraction. It is fully-learnable with only two manually tunable parameters. The model was deployed to learn meaningful feature hierarchies from audio, images and videos which can then be used for recognition and reconstruction. Besides being online, operations in each layer of the model can be implemented in parallelized hardware, making it very efficient for real world Big Data applications.
Electrospray Quadrupole Travelling Wave Ion Mobility Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Plasma Metabolome Changes Caused by Xanthohumol in Obese Zucker (fa/fa) Rats

This study reports on the use of traveling wave ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometry for plasma metabolomics. Plasma metabolite profiles of obese Zucker fa/fa rats were obtained after the administration of different oral doses of Xanthohumol; a hop-derived dietary supplement. Liquid chromatography coupled data independent tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSE) and LC-ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)-MSE acquisitions were conducted in both positive and negative modes using a Synapt G2 High Definition Mass Spectrometry (HDMS) instrument. This method provides identification of metabolite classes in rat plasma using parallel alternating low energy and high energy collision spectral acquisition modes. Data sets were analyzed using pattern recognition methods. Statistically significant (p 1.5) features were selected to identify the up-/down-regulated metabolite classes. Ion mobility data visualized using drift scope software provided a graphical read-out of differences in metabolite classes.
Switching and jamming transistor effect for vortex matter in honeycomb pinning arrays with ac drives

We show that a remarkable variety of dynamical phenomena, including switching, polarization, symmetry locking, and dynamically induced pinning, can occur for vortices in type-II superconductors in the presence of a honeycomb pinning array and an ac or combined ac and dc drive. These effects occur at the second matching field where there are two vortices per pinning site, and arise due to the formation of vortex dimer states in the interstitial regions of the honeycomb array. The orientation of the pinned and moving vortex dimers can be controlled externally by the application of a drive. We term this a polarization effect and demonstrate that it can lock or unlock the vortex motion into different symmetry directions of the underlying pinning lattice. If the moving vortices are locked into one direction, the motion can be switched into a different direction by applying an additional bias drive, producing sharp jumps in the transverse and longitudinal velocities. Further, the dc vortex motion in one direction can be controlled directly by application of a force in the perpendicular direction. When the moving dimers reorient, we find a remarkable dynamical pinning effect in which the dimers jam when they become perpendicular to the easy flow direction of the pinning lattice. Since application of an external field can be used to switch off the vortex flow, we term this a jamming transistor effect. These effects do not occur in triangular pinning arrays due to the lack of the n-merization of the vortices in this case. The switching and dynamical pinning effects demonstrated here may be useful for the creation of new types of fluxtronic devices.
Maximum-information data processing: application to optical signals

We are investigating a new approach to the problem of estimating an unknown signal—use of the criterion of maximum information (MI). Given a set of data describing the signal (say, its noisy detected values or its autocorrelation), that signal is sought that would have relayed a maximum of Shannon information about itself into the data. This constitutes a maximally optimistic, unexpected, or detailed estimate, as is discussed. The MI principle is shown to be applicable to optical problems when enough photons are present to characterize the optical signals as probability laws. The image-restoration, image- or signal-smoothing, and missing-phase problems are so addressed. Sufficiently high signal levels are assumed present that noise of the additive type dominates in the image data. We analytically show that (a) under certain conditions the MI estimate is asymptotic to the maximum entropy estimate, and (b) with small noise in the data, the maximized information can be estimated immediately from the data without having to solve explicitly for the unknown signal. Numerical examples are given.
Tryptophan and Suicide

A measure of tryptophan intake in 30 nations was not associated with their 1980 suicide or homicide rates.
The honey bee way of death: Necrophoric behaviour in Apis mellifera colonies

Abstract Within a honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) colony there are individuals who specialize in the removal of the dead (necrophoresis). Necrophoric behaviour is an essential adaptation to social life in enclosed nests, and the rapidity of corpse removal distinguishes it from general nest-cleaning behaviour. In recognition of a corpse within the nest, worker bees probably use chemical cues appearing very rapidly after the death of a bee; thoroughly extracted or paraffin-coated bees are removed slowly. The bees specializing in necrophoric behaviour comprise one or two per cent of the colony population.
Traveling With the Ball Club: A Code of Conduct for Wives Only

When they accompany their husbands on road trips, the wives of major league baseball players must follow an unwritten code of conduct, a code socially constructed and enforced by men. This code is reflected in the way wives and ballplayers interact on airplanes and buses, and most strikingly, in the requirement that wives stay out of hotel bars where the team is staying. These interactions within a code reflecting female conformity to male dominance, and preserving male privileges, provide a lens through which we can inspect gender inequity and marital inequity, including what can fairly be called institutionalized adultery. We always talk about the unwritten rule book of being a baseball wife. We have our own rules. There's these unwritten rules that you do and you don't do. That's why everybody thinks that every wife should have to go into the minor league system, and not straight into the big leagues. —Marsha
Auracarboranes with and without Au−Au Interactions: An Unusually Strong Aurophilic Interaction

The auracarboranes 1,2-(AuPPh3)2-1,2-C2B10H10 (1) and 1,1‘-(AuPPh3)2-[2-(1‘,2‘-C2B10H10)-1,2-C2B10H10] (2) have been synthesized. Both compounds were characterized by NMR and X-ray crystallography. Compound 2 was found to contain an aurophilic interaction between the gold centers. A variable-temperature NMR investigation indicated that the energy barrier separating the gold−gold bonded state and the nonbonded state is 11 ± 1 kcal/mol. Compound 1 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 18.3380(9) A, b = 14.1037(6) A, c = 19.4716(8) A, β = 112.003(2)°, V = 4669 A3, and Z = 4. Data were collected using Mo Kα radiation, to a maximum 2θ = 50°, giving 8865 unique reflections, and the structure was solved by heavy atom methods. The final discrepancy index was R = 0.047, Rw = 0.055 for 3423 independent reflections with I > 3σ(I). Compound 2 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 14.058(6) A, b = 18.365(8) A, c = 20.387(9) A, β = 109.22(1)°, V = 4970 A3, and Z = 4. Data were co...
Domain-Specific Knowledge Systems in the Brain: The Animate-Inanimate Distinction

We claim that the animate and inanimate conceptual categories represent evolutionarily adapted domain-specific knowledge systems that are subserved by distinct neural mechanisms, thereby allowing for their selective impairment in conditions of brain damage. On this view, (some of) the category-specific deficits that have recently been reported in the cognitive neuropsychological literature—for example, the selective damage or sparing of knowledge about animals—are truly categorical effects. Here, we articulate and defend this thesis against the dominant, reductionist theory of category-specific deficits, which holds that the categorical nature of the deficits is the result of selective damage to noncategorically organized visual or functional semantic subsystems. On the latter view, the sensory/functional dimension provides the fundamental organizing principle of the semantic system. Since, according to the latter theory, sensory and functional properties are differentially important in determining the meaning of the members of different semantic categories, selective damage to the visual or the functional semantic subsystem will result in a categorylike deficit. A review of the literature and the results of a new case of category-specific deficit will show that the domainspecific knowledge framework provides a better account of category-specific deficits than the sensory/functional dichotomy theory.
Volume holographic imaging for surface metrology at long working distances.

We present an imaging scheme that takes advantage of the superior lateral resolution of volume holographic imaging (VHI)[1] and a-priori surface information about the object to build a profilometer that can resolve 50µm longitudinal features at a working distance of ≈ 50 cm with a single VHI camera. We discuss the scheme and present experimental results of surface profiles of MEMS devices.
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and distress in a community-based sample

Background: Numerous studies have found Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) to be useful for a wide range of problems including anxiety, pain and coping with a medical illness. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an 8-week MBSR programme in relieving distress in a community based sample. Methods: Subjects (n = 14) were participants in the MBSR programme at a major academic medical center and completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) prior to starting the class and at the end of the 8-week course. Means and standard deviations were computed for the pre-and post-POMS total and subscale measures and the MAAS. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was conducted. Results: There were significant reductions on multiple dimensions of distress on the POMS as well as a significant increase in mindful awareness as measured by the MAAS. Conclusion: These results suggest that MBSR appears to be associated with a reduction of distress and increased awareness of everyday life experiences in a sample of residents living in a large urban community. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: • Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) appears to be an acceptable modality for mild to moderate psychological distress in a community sample. • Mindfulness training is associated with reduction in psychological distress. • Mindful Attention Awareness scale scores improved following an 8-week MBSR course.
Visual navigation and obstacle avoidance using a steering potential function

Abstract Humans have a remarkable ability to navigate using only vision, but mobile robots have not been nearly as successful. We propose a new approach to vision-guided local navigation, based upon a model of human navigation. Our approach uses the relative headings to the goal and to obstacles, the distance to the goal, and the angular width of obstacles, to compute a potential field over the robot heading. This potential field controls the angular acceleration of the robot, steering it towards the goal and away from obstacles. Because the steering is controlled directly, this approach is well suited to local navigation for nonholonomic robots. The resulting paths are smooth and have continuous curvature. This approach is designed to be used with single-camera vision without depth information but can also be used with other kinds of sensors. We have implemented and tested our method on a differential-drive robot and present our experimental results.
Autonomic and Neurohumoral Control of Postprandial Blood Pressure in Healthy Aging

Background. Postprandial hypotension (PPH) is a common and morbid problem in elderly people that is associated with an impaired vascular response to meal digestion. Healthy aging in the absence of blood pressure elevation is associated with autonomic and neurohumoral changes that may influence the vascular response to meal ingestion. However, it is not known whether these age-related changes are associated with the development of PPH. Methods. We measured hemodynamic (blood pressure, heart rate, and forearm vascular resistance), autonomic (power spectral analysis of heart rate and blood pressure variability), and neurohumoral (plasma norepinephrine, renin, aldosterone, and endothelin) responses to a mixed 425 kilocalorie (kcal) meal in 89 rigorously screened healthy subjects aged 20‐39, 40‐59, and 60‐83 years. Results. After the meal, supine mean arterial blood pressure fell significantly only in the middle-aged group by 5.4 6 7.9 mm Hg at 30 minutes ( p 5 .02). Forearm vascular resistance fell after the meal in all age groups ( p 5 .0001). Older groups had higher plasma norepinephrine ( p 5 .02), lower heart rate ( p 5 .03), lower cardiovagal activity ( p 5 .0001), and lower sympathetic vasomotor ( p 5 .0001) activity, but there was no difference in the response of these variables to a meal. Conclusion. Healthy aging, in the absence of blood pressure elevation, alters the level of autonomic activity without further impairing the ability to maintain blood pressure during meal digestion. Hemodynamic, autonomic, and neurohumoral responses to meal ingestion remain unchanged in very healthy, normotensive elderly adults.
Robustness of a gene regulatory circuit

Complex interacting systems exhibit system behavior that is often not predictable from the properties of the component parts. We have tested a particular system property, that of robustness. The behavior of a system is termed robust if that behavior is qualitatively normal in the face of substantial changes to the system components. Here we test whether the behavior of the phage lambda gene regulatory circuitry is robust. This circuitry can exist in two alternative patterns of gene expression, and can switch from one regulatory state to the other. These states are stabilized by the action at the O(R) region of two regulatory proteins, CI and Cro, which bind with differential affinities to the O(R)1 and O(R)3 sites, such that each represses the synthesis of the other one. In this work, this pattern of binding was altered by making three mutant phages in which O(R)1 and O(R)3 were identical. These variants had the same qualitative in vivo patterns of gene expression as wild type. We conclude that the behavior of the lambda circuitry is highly robust. Based on these and other results, we propose a two-step pathway, in which robustness plays a key role, for evolution of complex regulatory circuitry.
Alphas1-casein, milk composition and coagulation properties of goat milk

Amounts of alphas1-casein (αs1-CN), protein, fat, SNF and total solids were measured in 125 goat milk samples. Coagulation time, coagulation rate and curd firmness were measured in 75 goat milk samples by dynamic mechanical analysis using a Bohlin VOR Rheometer. After adjustments were made for month, time of milk collection and animal age, it was confirmed that goat milk with high percent total solids, SNF, fat and protein coagulated faster (high coagulation rate) and formed a firmer curd than milk that had lower levels of milk components. Coagulation was delayed (long coagulation time) in milk with high protein but resulting curds were firmer than curds made from low protein milks. Amount of αs1-CN was positively correlated with milk components and coagulation time. Goat milk that lacked αs1-CN had lower percentages of milk components and poorer coagulation properties than milk that contained αs1-CN, suggesting that the presence of αs1-CN in milk should improve coagulation properties. However, percent total solids, SNF and protein were more highly correlated with coagulation properties than αs1-CN. Thus, measuring total solids, SNF or protein may be more practical in predicting cheese-making potential of goat milk than measuring αs1-CN, which is more tedious and expensive. Milk from Nubians and Nubian×Alpine crosses contained a higher amount of αs1-CN and other milk components, and exhibited higher coagulation rate and curd firmness than milk from Toggenburgs and Saanen×Alpine crosses. Selection of goats with high solids, particularly Nubians, is recommended if cheese-making is the objective.
Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (CD223) Regulates the Size of the Expanding T Cell Population Following Antigen Activation In Vivo

Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a CD4-related, activation-induced cell surface molecule that binds to MHC class II with high affinity. In this study, we used four experimental systems to reevaluate previous suggestions that LAG-3(-/-) mice had no T cell defect. First, LAG-3(-/-) T cells exhibited a delay in cell cycle arrest following in vivo stimulation with the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B resulting in increased T cell expansion and splenomegaly. Second, increased T cell expansion was also observed in adoptive recipients of LAG-3(-/-) OT-II TCR transgenic T cells following in vivo Ag stimulation. Third, infection of LAG-3(-/-) mice with Sendai virus resulted in increased numbers of memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Fourth, CD4(+) T cells exhibited a delayed expansion in LAG-3(-/-) mice infected with murine gammaherpesvirus. In summary, these data suggest that LAG-3 negatively regulates T cell expansion and controls the size of the memory T cell pool.
A novel apoptosis pathway activated by the carboxyl terminus of p21

Delivery of biologically active peptides into cells may help elucidate intracellular signal transduction pathways, identify additional in vivo functions, and develop new therapeutics. Although p21 was first identified as a major regulator of cell cycle progression, it is now clear that p21 subserves multiple functions. The amino terminus of p21 interacts with cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, while the carboxyl terminus interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), growth arrest and DNA damage–inducible gene 45 (GADD45), calmodulin, SET, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α). A chimeric peptide, p21-IRS, consisting of the carboxyl terminal domain of p21 conjugated to a pentapeptide (RYIRS) rapidly enters lymphoid cells and activates apoptosis. In the present study, we investigate the molecular events involved in p21-activated apoptosis. Comparison of p21-IRS with other known proapoptotic agents demonstrates that p21-IRS activates a novel apoptotic pathway: mitochondria are central to the process, but caspases and a decrease in Δψ m are not involved. Targeting the p21 peptide to specific cell populations may allow development of novel therapies to eliminate aberrant cells in human diseases.
Dogs don't bark at parked cars

Well, our term is up and it is time to move on. The owners have selected a new bench and we slowly fade into that good night. As I reflect on my 6 years as editor-in-chief, there are many highpoints in reporting new discoveries, but none compares with sharing the complexity of publishing with
Power Allocation with Outage Probability Constraints in Lognormal Fading Wireless Channels: A Relaxation Approach

This paper concerns stochastic power allocation in lognormal fading wireless channels. We consider an outage-based quality of service (QoS) specification which requires that, for each transmitter/receiver pair, the outage probability is kept below a given level. We show that the problem of finding a minimal power allocation to achieve this QoS goal over log-normal fading wireless channels (with statistically independent fadings) can be relaxed as a posynomial program, which can be furthered solved by the very efficient interior-point method.
Stochastic response of nonlinear structures with parameter random fluctuations

The random response of a nonlinear structural system is examined when its parameters are experiencing random fluctuations with time. The treatment is based on the recent developments in the mathematical theory of stochastic differential equations. These include the Ito stochastic calculus and the Fokker-Planck equation approach to derive a general differential equation that describes the evolution of the statistical moments of the response coordinates. The differential equation is found to constitute an infinite coupled set of differential equations that are closed via two different closure schemes. The system response is determined in the neighborhood of internal resonance condition and for various random intensities of the system parameters. It is found that the random modal interaction is governed mainly by the internal resonance ratio and the stiffness fluctuation intensity. The effect of the random damping fluctuation on the system response is found to be very small compared to the stiffness fluctuation effect.
Reduction in Learning Rates Associated with Anterograde Interference Results from Interactions between Different Timescales in Motor Adaptation

Prior experiences can influence future actions. These experiences can not only drive adaptive changes in motor output, but they can also modulate the rate at which these adaptive changes occur. Here we studied anterograde interference in motor adaptation – the ability of a previously learned motor task (Task A) to reduce the rate of subsequently learning a different (and usually opposite) motor task (Task B). We examined the formation of the motor system’s capacity for anterograde interference in the adaptive control of human reaching-arm movements by determining the amount of interference after varying durations of exposure to Task A (13, 41, 112, 230, and 369 trials). We found that the amount of anterograde interference observed in the learning of Task B increased with the duration of Task A. However, this increase did not continue indefinitely; instead, the interference reached asymptote after 15–40 trials of Task A. Interestingly, we found that a recently proposed multi-rate model of motor adaptation, composed of two distinct but interacting adaptive processes, predicts several key features of the interference patterns we observed. Specifically, this computational model (without any free parameters) predicts the initial growth and leveling off of anterograde interference that we describe, as well as the asymptotic amount of interference that we observe experimentally (R 2 =0.91). Understanding the mechanisms underlying anterograde interference in motor adaptation may enable the development of improved training and rehabilitation paradigms that mitigate unwanted interference.
Toward trustworthy adjustable autonomy in KAoS

Trust is arguably the most crucial aspect of agent acceptability. At its simplest level, it can be characterized in terms of judgments that people make concerning three factors: an agent's competence, its benevolence, and the degree to which it can be rapidly and reliably brought into compliance when things go wrong. Adjustable autonomy consists of the ability to dynamically impose and modify constraints that affect the range of actions that the human-agent team can successfully perform, consistently allowing the highest degrees of useful autonomy while maintaining an acceptable level of trust. Many aspects of adjustable autonomy can be addressed through policy. Policies are a means to dynamically regulate the behavior of system components without changing code or requiring the cooperation of the components being governed. By changing policies, a system can be adjusted to accommodate variations in externally imposed constraints and environmental conditions. In this paper we describe some important dimensions relating to autonomy and give examples of how these dimensions might be adjusted in order to enhance performance of human-agent teams. We introduce Kaa (KAoS adjustable autonomy) and provide a brief comparison with two other implementations of adjustable autonomy concepts.
Musculoskeletal events associated with the management of endocrine-responsive breast cancer

Musculoskeletal symptoms have been reported in patients treated with third generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and with blockers of hypothalamic–pituitary gonadal axis. AIs act by suppressing postmenopausal estrogen biosynthesis through inhibition of the enzyme aromatase, which is responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens in many tissues. Maximal estrogen and/or androgen deprivation is beneficial for cancer growth suppression but could be associated with side effects such as accelerated bone loss and osteoporotic fractures which are extensively reported. Musculoskeletal events, another group of adverse events, have been studied to a lesser extent and are usually commonly reported as arthralgia and myalgia. Furthermore, the pathogenesis and anatomical findings of musculoskeletal symptoms have not been adequately elucidated. In this communication, we review recent information related to musculoskeletal symptoms in breast cancer and speculate on possible explanations for musculoskeletal pain related to hormone deprivation. We outline treatment options for control of arthralgia and myalgia due to hormonal therapy. More knowledge about the etiology and management of musculoskeletal adverse effects breast cancer during endocrine therapy is needed because discontinuation of the treatment due to intolerant symptomatology may result in disruption of the treatment schedule.
Escherichia coli K1 RS218 Interacts with Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells via Type 1 Fimbria Bacteria in the Fimbriated State

Escherichia coli K1 is a major gram-negative organism causing neonatal meningitis. E. coli K1 binding to and invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) are a prerequisite for E. coli penetration into the central nervous system in vivo. In the present study, we showed using DNA microarray analysis that E. coli K1 associated with HBMEC expressed significantly higher levels of the fim genes compared to nonassociated bacteria. We also showed that E. coli K1 binding to and invasion of HBMEC were significantly decreased with its fimH deletion mutant and type 1 fimbria locked-off mutant, while they were significantly increased with its type 1 fimbria locked-on mutant. E. coli K1 strains associated with HBMEC were predominantly type 1 fimbria phase-on (i.e., fimbriated) bacteria. Taken together, we showed for the first time that type 1 fimbriae play an important role in E. coli K1 binding to and invasion of HBMEC and that type 1 fimbria phase-on E. coli is the major population interacting with HBMEC.
Methods for the Design of Energy Efficient High Speed Aerospace Vehicles

This paper continues development of the fundamental analytical science, methodology and tools required for the analysis, design, and optimisation of high speed aerospace vehicles in terms of the efficient use of on-board energy. Specifically, it presents the complete second-law characterisation and related system-level energy management effectiveness for high-speed vehicles (coupling both aerodynamic and propulsive subsystems). Modelling of the fluid dynamics utilises high-level (multi-dimensional) flow-fields representative of generic configurations of interest. Capability has been recently developed which allows detailed second-law performance audits in terms of the ‘common currency’ of entropy generation for high-speed vehicles (involving complete synthesis of both internal and external flow-fields, i.e. both aerodynamic and propulsive sub-systems). This capability is now extended to encompass and utilise multi-dimensional flow-fields generated by computational fluid dynamics solvers, including Navier-Stokes solvers. Furthermore, the methodology is shown in this paper to provide insight and fundamental direction for management of onboard energy (‘price paid’) for maximum performance missions.
Multi-Paradigmatic Teaching in the World of Heterodox Economics: The Case of Bretton Woods Institutions

In recent decades, there have been concerns within the economics profession about the narrowness in both graduate and undergraduate economics programs. These concerns have been based on the view that economic phenomena can be the subject of many modes of explanation, each based on a particular worldview. The premise of this paper is that any worldview can be associated with one of the four broad paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. This paper takes the case of Bretton Woods institutions and explains it from the four different viewpoints. It emphasizes that the four explanations are equally scientific and informative; they look at the phenomenon from their specific paradigmatic viewpoint; and together they provide both graduate and undergraduate students with a more balanced understanding of the phenomenon under consideration.
The Case of the Trespassing Bees

Beekeepers are not particularly litigious people and yet there has developed a remarkably large body of case law pertaining to honey bees. This is separate from the statutes regarding apiaries that one can find codified in many of the states. It is, instead, the substantive law derived from a long series of judicial decisions. Legal purists go so far as to maintain that such case law is the only real authority since the interpretation of a statute is rendered only through a judicial decision. However this may be, in reviewing the reported Anglo-American cases on bees it is evident that the issues have changed over the years, and thereby reflect the social and economic evolution of the western world. Controversies which drove the litigants into court a century or more ago would seldom, if ever, arise in our modern life. Similarly, many disputes which reach the courts today would have been meaningless to our ancestors. The early cases have an especially rural flavor, and the ownership of a bee tree or the title to a swarm of bees would be hotly and bitterly contested in the courts. One judge has said that, “We moderns may wonder at the completeness of the law of bees, and at the attention and time that has been expended upon what we regard as a trivial subject. Nothing is trivial that involves human rights. Besides, it may be remembered that, in the days of those whom we term the ancients, the bee occupied a much more important place in the economy of the state than it does now. In Greece, in Egypt, in Judea, and to somewhat less extent in the Roman provinces, honey was a most important article of eommerce.”
Correlates of physicians' task delegation in primary care.

Empirical evidence does not support the claim that task delegation to nonphysicians is greater in large medical organizations than in small office practices. Can the behavior of physicians in these organizations be explained through reference to professional attitudes? This paper reports a study which examined simultaneously two sets of variables as predictors of physicians' delegation behavior: (I) paramedical resources available in the organization, and (2) physicians' professional attitudes. A comparison of multiple regression analyses of delegation behavior in traditional work settings and in modern, formally organized settings is presented. In modern settings, in contrast to traditional settings, physicians' delegation behavior was found to be only weakly related to paramedical resources, and it was unrelated to professional attitudes.
Predation on Horse Flies by Two Bembicine Wasp Species in Certain Areas of Southern Louisiana

The effect of two wasp species. Stictia carolina (F.) and Bembix texana Cresson, predators of horse flies in some areas of Louisiana, on tabanid populations in South Louisiana was studied in 1965. Weekly counts of fly and wasp populations on and around cattle, respectively. indicated that population densities of 2 or more wasps per animal noticeably reduced the tabanid population. During 3 consecutive days in July 9 S. carolina females carried an average of 3.1 tabanids daily to their burrows. No other prey was captured by this species during the study period. Seven B. texana females carried an average of 3.9 flies per day to their burrows during 2 consecutive days in August, however 92.3% of the flies was composed of species of Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, and Syrphidae.
Philology and Freedom

If as many observers believe the very survival of philology is in doubt across much of the globe, what are appropriate responses? Answering that question requires answering two others: what is philology, after all, and why should it be preserved? A new definition is offered here for the disciplinary form of philology: its distinctive subject is making sense of texts, its distinctive theoretical concept is interpretation, and its distinctive research methods include text-critical, rhetorical, hermeneutic and other forms of analysis. The point of preserving philology is to preserve the core values it encourages us to cultivate: commitments to truth, human solidarity, and critical self-awareness. The redefinition is meant to help free philology from itself, and identifying core values is meant to help us understand how philology can free us, both as scholars and as citizens.
Equitable Access for Secondary English Learner Students: Course Taking as Evidence of EL Program Effectiveness.

Purpose: English learner (EL) education policy has long directed schools to address EL students’ linguistic and academic development without furthering inequity or segregation. The recent Every Student Succeeds Act reauthorization expresses a renewed focus on evidence of equity, effectiveness, and opportunity to learn. We propose that high school course taking patterns provide evidence of program effectiveness and equity in access. Research Design: Using data from the nationally representative Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002, we employ multinomial regression models to predict students’ likelihood of completing two types of high school coursework (basic graduation, college preparatory) by their linguistic status. Findings: Despite considerable linguistic, sociodemographic, and academic controls, marked disparities in high school course taking patterns remain, with EL students experiencing significantly less academic exposure. Implications for Policy and Practice: Building on McKenzie and Scheurich’s...
Prevention of atherosclerosis in childhood.

Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease begin in childhood. Elevated risk factor levels are related to development of fatty streaks and fibrous plaques during adolescence. This article summarizes findings from the Bogalusa Heart Study, a longitudinal survey of children and adolescents, and outlines methods pediatric health professionals can use to prevent adult cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.
RNA therapeutics – The potential treatment for myocardial infarction

RNA therapeutics mainly control gene expression at the transcript level. In contrast to conventional gene therapy which solely increases production of a protein, delivered RNAs can enhance, reduce or abolish synthesis of a particular protein, which control its relevant activities in a more diverse fashion. Thus, they hold promise to treat many human diseases including myocardial infarction (MI). MI is a serious health burden that causes substantial morbidity and mortality. An unmet clinical need for treating MI is the recovery of cardiac function, which requires regeneration of the functional tissues including the vasculature, nerves, and myocardium. Several classes of RNA therapeutics have been investigated in preclinical MI models, and the results have demonstrated their benefits and encourage their future development. In this review, we summarize the common RNA therapeutic approaches and highlight their application in MI therapy.
Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica Treated with Osteochondral Allograft: A Case Report.

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH), or Trevor's disease, is a developmental disorder of the pediatric skeleton characterized by asymmetric osteochondral overgrowth.We present the case of a five year old boy with a two year history of right knee pain and evidence of DEH on imaging who underwent initial arthroscopic resection of his lesion with subsequent recurrence. The patient then underwent osteochondral allograft revision surgery and was asymptomatic at two year follow-up with a congruent joint surface.To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a DEH lesion treated with osteochondral allograft and also the youngest reported case of osteochondral allograft placement in the literature.Osteochondral allograft may be a viable option in DEH and other deformities of the pediatric knee.Level V.
SPECT: Quality Improvement Program

This chapter focuses on quality issues related to SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging, emphasizing the appropriate use of this technology and reinforcing the use of known performance metrics and standards to improve daily practice. The chapter will provide specific examples in the areas of appropriate use criteria, image acquisition, radiation exposure, intra-modality and image interpretation quality improvement initiatives.
Nonsimilar Solutions of Unsteady Mixed Convection Along a Moving Cylinder

This paper describes the nonsimilar solutions of unsteady mixed convection along a moving cylinder. The problem is formulated in a more general fashion by using the parameter $$\lambda $$ . When $$\lambda =0$$ , we have the case of stationary cylinder in a moving stream, whereas when $$\lambda =1$$ we have the case of moving cylinder with no external motion imposed on the free stream. For the intermediate values of $$\lambda $$ we have the case of simultaneous motion of the cylinder and the free stream. The governing unsteady boundary layer equations (nonlinear coupled PDEs) are solved by the quasilinearization technique. Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for a variety of accelerating and decelerating situations are presented graphically and discussed.
State of emerging technologies for assessing aquatic condition in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River system

Abstract A survey of institutions that operate emerging technologies used to monitor water quality and environmental conditions in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence system was conducted in 2015. Data were summarized with the aim to provide insight into the current status of these aquatic environment observing systems at a time when these technologies are recognized to have great value but full implementation of observing systems is not yet in place. Fifty-three emerging technology observing platforms were described; over half of the systems were operated by institutions with multiple systems. Most emerging technology operators were from academic institutions and the largest (most expensive) emerging technology observing platforms were operated by government agencies. Physical properties were the most common water qualities measured. Lake Erie had the greatest number of emerging technology platforms making observations whereas the rivers connecting and draining the system had the least. Most observations were made in ice-free seasons. Data from these observing platforms were primarily used for sharing with other end-users. Emerging technologies can help resource managers make more informed decisions to meet the objectives of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and improve dissemination of public information. Technological and non-technological innovation is necessary for successful establishment of cost-effective system-wide observatory that can support bi-national obligations to monitor ecosystem restoration and protect water quality throughout the Great Lakes system.
Healthy Brain Boosts Education Outcomes

Cortisol is a stress hormone and exaggerated release of cortisol harms the brain and learning ability. When students have stress, they can not learn efficiently. When teachers have stress, they can not produce a positive learning environment and emotion, along with low-quality instruction and teaching capacity. This chapter focuses on the translational work of brain-based training IBMT in learning and education, and how a healthy brain is indispensable in school performance and daily life.
Abstract 27: Caregiver Task Difficulty and Life Changes among Stroke Family Caregivers: Comparing Caregivers with no Depressive Symptoms to those with Mild or Greater Depressive Symptoms

Background/Purpose: Identifying caregivers at risk for negative outcomes is an important part of the discharge process for stroke survivors. Screening caregivers for depressive symptoms may be one method to assess caregivers at risk for difficulty with tasks and negative life changes. The purpose of this study was to test for differences in task difficulty and life changes in caregivers with no depressive symptoms versus those with mild or greater depressive symptoms, screened with the PHQ-9 within 8 weeks after discharge. Methods: Telephone interviews were conducted with 176 stroke caregivers enrolled in an ongoing caregiver intervention study. Baseline data were analyzed to determine differences in Task Difficulty (OCBS) and Life Changes (BCOS) based on PHQ-9 cutoff scores (PHQ-9 5 mild or greater depressive symptoms, n = 86). Differences in total OCBS and BCOS scores were analyzed using ANOVA. Response differences for individual OCBS and BCOS items were tested using exact-likelihood ratio Chi-square (Bonferroni adjusted for significance at p = .003). Results: There were significant differences in task difficulty (OCBS) [F(1,174) = 24.46, p Conclusions: Findings support the need for assessment and treatment of stroke caregiver depressive symptoms during the early discharge period. The PHQ-9 is a useful screening tool to identify at risk caregivers. For those who score in the mild or greater depressive symptom range, assistance with the behavior problems of the survivor and helping the caregiver to manage household tasks, energy levels, emotions, and finances may be priority areas for further intervention.
A Technique for Determing Closure in Semantic Tableaux

The author considers the model-theoretic character of proofs and disproofs by means of attempted counterexample constructions, distinguishes this proof format from formal derivations, then contrasts two approaches to semantic tableaux proposed by Beth and Lambert-van Fraassen. It is noted that Beth's original approach has not as yet been provided with a precisely formulated rule of closure for detecting tableau sequences terminating in contradiction. To remedy this deficiency, a technique is proposed to clarify tableau operations.
Wheat Bran: Composition and Digestibility

Studies have shown that feeding wheat bran to humans often results in therapeutic improvement in lower alimentary tract disorders (10, 26, 27). The actual component(s) of bran responsible for these clinical observations has not been determined, although the indigestible constituents (or dietary fiber) presumably play an important role. Little is known of the chemistry of the many cellular layers that comprise bran. Studies relating to the various components of bran and their fate during digestion are reviewed.
Pre- and postnatal brain development in neonates with congenital hypothyroidism.

Patients with early treated congenital hypothyroidism (CH) often develop subnormally and display subtle neurological defects. Can optimal treatment fully prevent these abnormalities, especially in patients with severe CH? This question was addressed by examining 61 patients (27 severe, 34 mild CH) aged 10-30 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, a developmental test appropriate for this age. According to age at start of treatment (Early or = 13 days) and levothyroxine dose at the onset of treatment (High > or = 9.5 microg/kg/day, Low <9.5 microg/kg/day), four treatment groups were formed: Early/High, Early/Low, Late/High and Late/Low. Within the severe group, only the Early/High-treated patients reached normal developmental scores. Within the mild group, the Late/Low-treated infants had lower scores than the other patients with mild CH. The results suggest that if patients are treated early with a relatively high dosage of levothyroxine, normal psychomotor development can be expected, irrespective of the type of CH. When treated later on with a lower dose, suboptimal development is likely in infants exhibiting both types of CH. These cerebral abnormalities can originate during the pre- or postnatal period. The most important argument for a prenatal origin of the abnormalities is the relationship between bone age at diagnosis and subsequent developmental scores. We found, however, that this relationship can also be the result of late and inadequate treatment. In a series of 21 infants with CH (10 severe, 11 mild), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were used to assess neurological maturation at diagnosis and after 12 months of treatment. At diagnosis, which was late (21 days after birth), SEP values were significantly less retarded than bone age (3.1 versus 6.5 weeks of delay, p < 0.001), measured using Senecal's method. At 21 days, SEP and bone age values did not correlate, but they did correlate at 12 months (r = 0.47, p = 0.012). Therapy was inadequate in the whole group (mean initial dosage of levothyroxine 6.2 microg/kg/day), and in the severe group hypothyroidism persisted longer than in the mild group. The results suggest that the relationship between bone age and SEP values at 12 months was caused by late and inadequate hormone substitution more than intrauterine thyroid hormone deficiency.
Conducting Curriculum-Based Measurement with Computerized Data Collection: Effects on Efficiency and Teacher Satisfaction.

This study assessed the efficiency of and teacher satisfaction with curriculum-based measurement (CBM) when student performance data are collected by teachers or by computers. Participants were 20 ...
Cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate modulates vascular endothelial cell migration in vitro

Abstract Using a modified Boyden chamber assay, we have examined the effect of cyclic nucleotides on bovine aortic endothelial cell migration in vitro . Dibutyrl cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (5mM) inhibited endothelial cell random migration by 67% and inhibited fibronectin-induced chemotaxis by 75%. Agents which signicantly stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in endothelial cell membranes were also effective inhibitors of endothelial cell migration. Timolol blocked both the isoproterenol-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase and the ability of isoproterenol to inhibit endothelial cell migration. Caffeine and isoproterenol together had a greater inhibitory effect on endothelial cell motility than either alone. These data suggest that cAMP may modulate vascular endothelial cell migration in an inhibitory fashion.