cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimizing redundant dependencies and interprocessor synchronizations

Run-time synchronization overhead is a crucial factor in limiting speedup for parallel computers. In this paper, we present a new two-phase algorithm for removing redundant dependencies and minimizing interprocessor synchronizations when scheduling an acyclic task graph onto a multiprocessor system. The first phase removes redundant dependencies before scheduling; the second phase eliminates interprocessor synchronizations after scheduling. In a simulation using randomly generated task graphs, on the average, 98.28% of the dependencies are eliminated in the first phase, and 65.86% of the remaining dependencies are eliminated during the second phase, for a total of 99.41% removed. The approach has also been applied to some benchmark task graphs. The two-phase algorithm, which hasO(n3) time complexity andO(n2) space complexity, utilizes a new algorithm which computes the transitive closure and reduction at the same time, storing results in a single matrix.
Modeling the effects of weathering on bedrock-floored channel geometry

[1] Field and modeling studies suggest that bedrock channels equilibrate to base‐level change through geometry and slope adjustment to imposed discharge, sediment supply, and substrate erodibility conditions. In this study we model the influence of bedrock weathering on channel geometry and slope as mean peak discharge (Qm) and uplift rate (U) vary. We find that channels in which weathering is allowed to increase erodibility are wider, deeper, and less steep than nonweathering channels with the same initial conditions. While fixed erodibility channels maintain similar width/depth ratios regardless of Qm or U, the width/depth ratio of weathering channels is sensitive to uplift rate. At low uplift rates, weathering outpaces erosion, and channels obtain similar width/depth ratios but are wider and less steep than fixed erodibility channels with equal initial conditions. At high uplift rates, erosion outpaces weathering and erodibility remains near the unweathered value, with channel shape and slope nearly identical to a fixed erodibility channel with equal initial conditions. Weathering channels differ most from fixed erodibility channels at intermediate uplift rates, with greater width/depth ratios and lower slopes than fixed erodibility channels with the same initial conditions. Our results support the hypothesis that cross‐channel variations in erodibility created by weathering may be an important control on channel geometry and provide guidance for further testing of this hypothesis in natural systems.
Effect of intravenous flow rate and injection site on in vitro delivery of chloramphenicol succinate and in vivo kinetics

The delivery rates of chloramphenicol succinate from a standard pediatric intravenous infusion set were studied in vitro at varying flow rates and injection sites of the infusion set. The pharmacokinetic properties of CAPS and chloramphenicol were then studied in 15 children given intravenous injections of CAPS via the infusion set at the flashball and Buretrol sites in a crossover fashion on successive days. In vitro, the actual times required for 95% delivery of CaPS from the infusion set were two-to fourfold longer than the predicted infusion times at flow rates of 5, 15, and 29 ml/min and at all three available injection sites. In vivo, flashball injections vs Buretrol injections resulted in significantly higher mean peak serum concentrations of CAPS and CAP, with peaks occurring significantly sooner after the beginning of the intravenous infusion. These results suggest a need for considering characteristics of CAPS infusion when monitoring and interpreting serum concentration values.
Internal context and top-down processing

Recent experimental work suggests that the concept of contextual fields should be generalized to allow the modulation of local information extraction by both external and internal context. The external context relates to the coherent information of the stimulus; the internal context refers to the parts of this information which are relevant for behavior. This dual interaction, present at every level of the hierarchy, requires a fundamental unit of processing more complex than a single neuron appears today. We argue that the cortical column supplies the required mechanisms for a separate top-down and bottom-up processing and allows for interaction without destructive cross-talk. This flexibility might explain why the same basic architecture of a cortical column is used in the whole isocortex.
Heart rate conditioning in the newborn infant.

Abstract In an attempt to condition heart rate in newborns, 21 infants were assigned to Conditioning, Random Control, and Backward Conditioning Groups. During training trials, the Conditioning Group received an eight-second tone (CS), a six-second ISI, and a ten-second presentation of glucose via nipple (UCS) that overlapped the last two seconds of tone. The Random Control Group received tones at the same intertrial intervals as the Conditioning Group, but glucose varied randomly. The Backward Conditioning Group received glucose during the ten seconds immediately preceding tone onset. The response to both CS and UCS during base trials was HR acceleration. The response to tone habituated in all groups, but the acceleration to glucose was maintained throughout conditioning. Although no conditioned response to the tone developed over trials, a large HR deceleration appeared during extinction to the absence of the UCS in the Conditioning Group only. This deceleration was interpreted as an orienting response to the absence of an expected event.
Pd overlayer growth on InP(110), GaAs(110), and InSb(110): Comparisons of anion surface segregation

We present results from synchrotron-radiation and x-ray-photoemission studies of the reaction, atomic redistributions, and Schottky-barrier formation for Pd/InP(110), Pd/GaAs(110), and Pd/InSb(110) interfaces. These systems exhibit adatom-induced substrate disruption and the release of both anions and cations, with an estimated amount of substrate disruption of \ensuremath{\sim}6A\r{} for InP and GaAs and \ensuremath{\sim}5 A\r{} for InSb. The low-coverage results (6 A\r{}) show a core-level photoemission feature that arises from a transition layer representing the true interface between the substrate and evolving overlayer. The distribution of the released semiconductor atoms changes with Pd deposition, exhibiting a characteristic profile after \ensuremath{\sim}10 A\r{} corresponding to preferential anion segregation. Detailed line-shape analysis of anion core levels shows two chemically shifted components due to anions segregated to the free Pd surface and, at higher binding energy, dissolved in the Pd matrix. In contrast, the cation core-level spectra reveal a single component at high coverages which reflects cations expelled from the initially disrupted substrate and distributed in the growing overlayer. The anion segregation, which is most pronounced for Pd/InSb(110) and is smallest for Pd/InP(110), can be correlated with atomic size (3.12 A\r{} for Sb and 2.67 A\r{} for P). X-ray-photo- emission--spectroscopy sputter depth profiles obtained after the growth of 100 A\r{} of Pd show a higher concentration of surface segregated anions for GaAs compared to InP. Measurements of the Fermi-level positions with respect to the conduction-band minimum show continuous changes in band bending for n-type InP and GaAs, reaching 0.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 and 1.01\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 eV, respectively, after 7 A\r{} deposition.
In vitro effects of an acyltripeptide, FK565, on antitumor effector activities and on metabolic activites of human monocytes and granulocytes

Abstract In vitro effects of an immunostimulatory acyltripeptide, FK565, on antitumor and metabolic activities of human leukocytes were studied. Monocyte cytotoxicity against A375 melanoma targets was significantly increased following pretreatment with FK565 at concentrations of 1 μg/ml or more. The tripeptide also up-regulated anti-tumor cytostasis by monocytes and showed a strong stimulatory effect on superoxide generation by resting monocytes over a wide range of FK565 concentrations after 18 h preincubation. The monocyte preparations contained an average of 76% LeuM3 + HLA-DR + , 12% LeuM3 + HLA-DR − and 10% LeuM3 − HLA-DR + cells, and this phenotype distribution was not altered after incubation with FK565. At concentrations above 1 μg/ml and after 2 h preincubation, FK565 also increased superoxide generation by resting but not stimulated granulocytes. Pre-exposure of cultured bovine endothelial cells to the peptide resulted in a significant inhibition of fMLP-stimulated granulocyte adherence to these cells. These data indicate that in vitro incubation of human monocytes and granulocytes with FK565 (0.1–100 μg/ml) had resulted in simultaneous up-regulation of several anti-tumor functions mediated by these cells.
A proof of the existence of the minimax point of a strategic game

Abstract We present some proofs of the existence of the minimax point of a strategic game that does not seem to be available in the literature. The existence of the minimax point plays an important role in the theory of games.
Functioning Modeling Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Integrative Analysis

Research on entrepreneurship and especially corporate entrepreneurship has been fragmented and lacks accepted definitions. This study develops an objective definition of corporate entrepreneurship from two areas of entrepreneurial research. Using a statewide sample of savings and loans, this research classifies organizations as entrepreneurial and conservative and empirically tests hypotheses relating to the notion of corporate entrepreneurship. MANOCOVA analysis, controlling for size, supported the hypotheses that in entrepreneurial organizations, (a) decision making is more participative, (b) decision making relies more on specialized personnel, (c) performance objectives are developed from shared participation, and (d) managers will not be penalized if risky projects fail. It was not found that managers of entrepreneurial organizations rely less on integration processes to assist in implementing decisions.
Opinion: Interventional vascular neurology An ability acquired through training

Simultaneously published in the Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases and the Journal of Neurosurgery ,1,2 “Performance and training standards for endovascular ischemic stroke treatment” by Meyers et al. proposes guidelines for training requirements to achieve cognitive and technical qualifications in interventional treatment of acute stroke patients, thus ensuring quality of care and safety. Recommendations for cognitive training include at least 6 months of documented training in cerebrovascular disease within an ACGME approved residency program (neurology, radiology, or neurosurgery) and additional experience in a 1-year endovascular surgical neuroradiology fellowship. The cognitive part of the latter training was undefined and will likely vary among fellowships. Technical requirements focus on the minimum quantity of cases. They were defined as documented training in 100 diagnostic cerebral arteriograms, training in intracranial microcatheter and microguidewire navigation (or 30 cases as primary operator with supervision by a neurointerventionalist), and 10 endovascular stroke procedures. A grandfathering option was proposed for all endovascular specialists not specifically trained and not yet credentialed in the clinical neurosciences, and recommends 6 months of cognitive training and documentation of supervised cerebral angiography in the aforementioned amount. No recommendation was made as to how the …
Severe perineal laceration during operative vaginal delivery: the impact of occiput posterior position.

Severe perineal laceration during operative vaginal delivery: the impact of occiput posterior position
Alteration in catecholamines in local cerebral cortex lesions.

Nachweis, dass corticale Lasionen eine Akkumulation von Noradrenalin an der Lasionsstelle hervorrufen.
S100β Induction of the Proinflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-6 in Neurons

Levels of the neurotrophic cytokine S100beta and the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) are both elevated in Alzheimer's brain, and both have been implicated in beta-amyloid plaque formation and progression. We used RT-PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay to assess S100beta induction of IL-6 expression and the role of kappaB-dependent transcription in this induction in neuron-enriched cultures and in neuron-glia mixed cultures from fetal rat cortex. S100beta (10 or 100 ng/ml x 24 h) increased IL-6 mRNA levels two- and fivefold, respectively (p<0.05 in each case), and S100beta (100-1,000 ng/ml) induced increases in medium levels of biologically active IL-6 (30-80%). Combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry preparations localized IL-6 mRNA to neurons in these cultures. S100beta induction of IL-6 expression correlated with an increase in DNA binding activity specific for a KB element and was inhibited (75%) by suppression of kappaB binding with double-stranded "decoy" oligonucleotides. The low levels of S100beta required to induce IL-6 overexpression in neurons, shown here, suggest that overexpression of S100beta induces neuronal expression of IL-6 and of IL-6-induced neurodegenerative cascades in Alzheimer's disease.
Insights from Placing Photosynthetic Light Harvesting into Context

Solar-energy conversion through natural photosynthesis forms the base of virtually all food chains on Earth and provides fiber, materials, and fuels, as well as inspiration for the design of biomimetic energy-conversion systems. We summarize well-known as well as recently discovered feedback loops between natural light-harvesting systems and whole-organism function in natural settings. We propose that the low effective quantum yield of natural light-harvesting systems in high light is caused by downstream limitations rather than unavoidable intrinsic vulnerabilities. We evaluate potential avenues, and their costs and benefits, for increasing the maximal rate and photon yield of photosynthesis in high light in plants and photosynthetic microbes. By summarizing mechanisms observable only in complex systems (whole plants, algae, or, in some cases, intact leaves), we aim to stimulate future research efforts on reciprocal feedback loops between light harvesting and downstream processes in whole organisms and t...
Papillary cystadenoma of kidney

Abstract A case of symptomatic benign adenoma of the kidney is presented. Preoperative differentiation between this entity, benign cyst, and carcinoma is difficult. The pathologic aspects of renal adenoma are discussed. Most authors regard symptomatic adenomas as premalignant lesions and feel that radical nephrectomy is the treatment of choice.
Genetic linkage in Pseudomonas aeruginosa of algT and nadB: Mutation in nadB does not affect NAD biosynthesis or alginate production

Abstract The 68-min region of the chromosome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) contains the gene algT, encoding a putative alternate sigma factor similar to σE in Escherichia coli, that is required for the expression of several genes in the alginate biosynthetic regulon. Sequences immediately upstream from algT were found to contain a divergently expressed open reading frame encoding a 60-kDa protein with 64 and 36% identity to the nadB gene products of E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. The nadB gene encodes L-aspartate oxidase and has been shown in several bacteria to be essential for de novo nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis. Pa nadB complemented the growth requirement for nicotinic acid in a nadB mutant strain of E. coli, suggesting that this gene encodes a functional homologue of l -aspartate oxidase. A nadB::Tn501 mutant was constructed by gene replacement in the alginate-producing strain, Pa FRD. This NadB− mutant still produced alginate and appeared normal with respect to the regulation of alginate synthesis. Interestingly, the NadB− mutant did not have an auxotrophic phenotype for nicotinic acid, indicating that this nadB was not essential for NAD biosynthesis in Pa. These results suggest the possibility that Pa has an alternate mechanism for de novo NAD biosynthesis.
Training future physicians in the era of genomic medicine: trends in undergraduate medical genetics education

Training future physicians in the era of genomic medicine: trends in undergraduate medical genetics education
Cluster synthesis. 31. The preparation and structural characterization of Ru3Mo2(CO)11Cp2(μ4-C2Ph)(μ3-S)(μ-H)

The reaction of Cp2Mo2(CO)4 with [Ru3(CO)8(μ3-HC2Ph)(μ4-S)]2,1 has yielded the new pentanuclear mixed metal cluster complex Ru3Mo2(CO)11Cp2(μ4-C Ph)(μ3-S)(μ-H),2 in 25% yield. Compound2 was characterized by single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis and was shown to consist of a bow-tie cluster of two molybdenum and three ruthenium atoms. The sulfido ligand bridges the Mo2Ru triangular group. The HC2 Ph ligand in1 was converted to a μ4-C2 Ph ligand that bridges an Ru3 triangular group but extends its bridging to one of the molybdenum atoms of the Mo2Ru triangular group. Crystal data for2: space group =\(P\bar 1\),a=11.868(1) A,b=15.992(2) A,c=9.248(1) A, α=105.67(1)°, β=105.70(1)°, γ=76.10(1)°,Z=2, 4982 reflections,R=0.023.
Formation and properties of lithium neodymium silicate glasses

Abstract Despite the large glass formation region in the lithium neodymium silicate system, most compositionsexhibit either stable or metastable immiscibility. The properties of these glasses are primarily controlled by the microstructure of samples. Tie-lines in this system follow lines of constant Nd/Li ratio. Addition of neodymium oxide to lithium silicate glasses results in increases in density, glass transformation temperature and electrical conductivity. Results of this study are adequately explained on the basis of existing understanding of the effect of phase separation of glasses on their properties.
Early inflammatory changes in the skin of SENCAR and C57BL/6 mice following exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

Abstract Tumor-promoting phorbol esters are potent inflammatory agents. Inflammation has long been associated with carcinogenesis, particularly the promotion phase. SENCAR mice have been bred for their sensitivity to the promotion of skin tumors by phorbol esters whereas C57BL/6 mice have been shown to be resistant. When 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) was applied to the skin of SENCAR and C57BL/6 mice, SENCAR mice had a much more intense inflammatory response than the C57BL/6 animals. There was more edema formation at the site of application and vascular permeability was also greatly enhanced in the SENCAR strain. When samples of skin were examined microscopically, a fulminant, acute inflammatory cellular infiltrate was observed in SENCAR mice. Very few inflammatory cells migrated into the skin of C57BL/6 mice. At higher doses and multiple exposures to TPA there was a hyperplastic response of the keratinocytes in C57BL/6 mice, but it was less intense than in SENCAR mice. These data demonstrate that enhanced inflammatory responses in TPA in the skin correlate with the sensitivity to the promotion of skin tumors by TPA.
On theta dependence of glueballs from AdS/CFT

We study the theta dependence of the glueball spectrum in a strongly coupled cousin of large N gluodynamics defined via the AdS/CFT correspondence. By explicitly diagonalizing the 10d gravity equations in the presence of the RR 3-form and 1-form fluxes we found a mixing pattern for the lowest-spin lightest glueballs. The mixing between the scalar and pseudoscalar states is not suppressed, suggesting that the CP-odd effects persist in the large N theory. As a consequence, the lightest mass eigenstate ceases to be a parity eigenstate. We found the former as a linear combination of a scalar and pseudoscalar glueballs. On the other hand, the mass eigenvalues in a theory with and without the theta term remain equal in the large N limit.
Resurfacing or Reverse Arthroplasty: Forward or Backward Thinking?

The reverse shoulder arthroplasty has evolved as a form of management for cuff tear arthropathy. This technique however sacrifices a significant amount of bone stock, is technically demanding, has been associated with multiple complications, has a relatively short track record and is significantly more expensive than most other implants. Resurfacing using a cup arthroplasty, however, provides a smooth "seamless" articular surface for the upper humerus under the coracoacromial arch and if needed can be augmented with a fascial arthroplasty. This technique provides substantial pain relief, functional range of motion, preserves bone stock, is readily revisable and is substantially less expensive. For cuff tear arthropathy with a captured humeral head, well maintained beneath coracoacromial arch, resurfacing using a seamless cup arthroplasty placed over the entire humeral head in a valgus orientation, has proven to provide a satisfactory outcome in the majority of patients. Reverse arthroplasty utilizing state-of-the-art surgical technique to ensure appropriate implant positioning, soft tissue tensioning and avoidance of glenoid impingement and notching should be reserved for cases of severe "pseudo-paralysis" with significant superior escape, in patients with adequate bone stock and a well preserved deltoid.
MEMORY, MIGRATION AND THE AUTHORITY OF HISTORY IN SOUTHERN TANZANIA, 1860–1960

According to their ethnographers, the Bena of the Rivers in colonial Tanganyika emerged ‘from the shadows into the light of day’ when they undertook a great migration from the forested hills of the Iringa highlands to the treeless floodplain of the Kilombero valley in the late 1800's. The phrase had two meanings – on one level, it described the physical relocation of the Bena from the shadows of the forest to the open floodplain. On another level, ‘light of day’ was a metaphor for the remembered cohesion of a distinct Bena tribal identity, distinguishable from the ‘shadows’ of prior ethnic obscurity. The Culwicks considered the chief or mtema of this period, Ndaliwali, to be the founding ancestor of a new political lineage.The defining moment for the emergence of the Bena of the Rivers was the Battle of Mgodamtitu in 1874, when neighboring Hehe attacked Bena settlements in the foothills and forced the Bena permanently out of the highlands and into the valley. Once they had taken up their new residence, the Bena absorbed the existing settlements of the western end of the valley into their kingdom. They did this initially ‘under the guise of protector’, wrote the Culwicks, but their goal was political control of the region. By 1890, they wrote, most of the Ndamba as well as several smaller valley groups had become subjects of the Bena chief.The Battle of Mgodamtitu caused a ‘sudden and wholesale change’, according to the Culwicks, because Bena were forced to give up cattle keeping and take up rice cultivation; to learn the ways of the river and skillful use of canoes. They had previously looked down upon ‘rice and fish-eaters’, but after their migration they found that ‘there is but one crop really worth growing, and that is rice’.
Evidence of dopaminergic processing of executive inhibition

Inhibition of unwanted response is an important function of the executive system. Since the inhibitory system is impaired in patients with dysregulated dopamine system, we examined dopamine neurotransmission in the human brain during processing of a task of executive inhibition. The experiment used a recently developed dynamic molecular imaging technique to detect and map dopamine released during performance of a modified Eriksen's flanker task. In this study, young healthy volunteers received an intravenous injection of a dopamine receptor ligand (11C-raclopride) after they were positioned in the PET camera. After the injection, volunteers performed the flanker task under Congruent and Incongruent conditions in a single scan session. They were required to inhibit competing options to select an appropriate response in the Incongruent but not in the Congruent condition. The PET data were dynamically acquired during the experiment and analyzed using two variants of the simplified reference region model. The analysis included estimation of a number of receptor kinetic parameters before and after initiation of the Incongruent condition. We found increase in the rate of ligand displacement (from receptor sites) and decrease in the ligand binding potential in the Incongruent condition, suggesting dopamine release during task performance. These changes were observed in small areas of the putamen and caudate bilaterally but were most significant on the dorsal aspect of the body of left caudate. The results provide evidence of dopaminergic processing of executive inhibition and demonstrate that neurochemical changes associated with cognitive processing can be detected and mapped in a single scan session using dynamic molecular imaging.
Effect of Density and Extra Dung on Brood Parasitism in the Dung Beetle, Onthophagus Taurus

Kleptoparasitism has not been well documented in insects and intraspecific brood parasitism is even less well known. This study examines the effect of extra resources and density on the probability of kleptoparasitism in the bull headed dung beetle Onthophagus taurus. A high level (>60 %) of kleptoparasitism was found across all treatments and suggest that although density may not affect the probability to kleptoparasitize, it may influence brood ball production. This study also documents for the first time that male O. taurus kleptoparasitize.
CT colonography: does improved z resolution help computer-aided polyp detection?

Multislice helical CT offers several retrospective choices of longitudinal (z) resolution at a given detector collimation setting. We sought to determine the effect of z resolution on the performance of a computer-aided colonic polyp detector, since a human reader and a computer-aided polyp detector may have optimal performances at different z resolutions. We ran a computer-aided polyp detection algorithm on phantom data sets as well as data obtained from a single patient. All data were reconstructed at various slice thicknesses ranging from 1.25 to 10 mm. We studied the performance of the detector at various ranges of polyp sizes using free-response receiver-operating characteristic analyses. We also studied contrast-to-noise ratios(CNR) as a function of slice thickness and polyp size. For the phantom data, reducing the slice thickness from 5 to 1.25 mm improves sensitivity from 84.5% to 98.3% (all polyps), from 61.4% to 95.5% (polyps in the range [0, 5) mm) and from 97.7% to 100% (polyps in the range [5, 10) mm) at a false positive rate of 20 per data set. For polyps larger than 10 mm, there is no significant improvement in detection sensitivity when slice thickness is reduced. CNRs showed expected behavior with slice thickness and polyp size, but in all cases remained high (> 4). The results for the patient data followed similar patterns to that of the phantom case. Thus we conclude that for this detector, the optimal slice thickness is dependent upon the size of the smallest polyps to be detected. For detection of polyps 10 mm and larger, reconstruction of 5 mm sections may be sufficient. Further study is required to generalize these results to a broader population of patients scanned on different scanners.
Pharmacotherapy in the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit

An understanding of the basic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of medications is paramount in the management of the critically ill neuroscience patient. Furthermore, the influence or alterations a neurologic disease process or injury may exert on these basic and specific drug principles must be considered when designing pharmacotherapy regimens and monitoring plans. Known potential adverse medication reactions, such as the potential for elevation in intracranial pressure with hydralazine, may be of little clinical concern in the average medical or surgical intensive care unit patient but of more severe consequence in the neurologically injured patient. The critical care pharmacist is a key member of the interdisciplinary team and a valuable resource in navigating the many medication issues or needs of the neuroscience patient.
The prevalence and impact of defensive medicine in the radiographic workup of the trauma patient: a pilot study

Abstract Background Defensive medicine is estimated to cost the United States $210 billion annually. Trauma surgeons are at risk of practicing defensive medicine in the form of reflexively ordering computed tomography (CT) scans. The aim of this study is to quantify the monetary impact and radiation exposure related to the radiographic workup of trauma patients. Methods We conducted a prospective, observational study involving 295 trauma patients at Level I trauma center. Physicians were surveyed regarding specific CT scans ordered, likelihood of significant injuries found on scans, and which scans would have been ordered in a hypothetical, litigation-free environment. Results Four hundred sixteen of 1,097 CT scans (38%) were ordered out of defensive purposes. Nine CT scans (2.2%) that would not have been ordered resulted in a change in management. Defensively ordered CT scans resulted in nearly $120,000 in excess charges and 8.8 mSv of unnecessary radiation per patient. Conclusion Defensively ordered CT scan in the workup of trauma patients is a prevalent and costly practice that exposes patients to potentially unnecessary and harmful radiation.
Taxonomy of Costa Rican Toads Referred to Bufo melanochlorus Cope, with the Description of a New Species

We review the taxonomic status of populations of toads referred to Bufo melanochlorus Cope, 1877, that occur in the wet forests on both Atlantic and Pacific versants of Costa Rica. Populations from Pacific versant of Costa Rica and adjacent Panama are qualitatively diagnosable from all other populations and are described herein as a new species. The taxon B. melanochlorus is restricted to populations in the Atlantic and Montane Slopes and Cordillera Central faunal areas of Costa Rica.
Broad‐scale reciprocity in an avian seed dispersal mutualism

Aim Coevolved relationships between individual species of birds and plants rarely occur in seed dispersal mutualisms. This study evaluates whether reciprocal relationships may occur between assemblages of bird and plant species. Location Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada (48°50′-N, 125°22′-W). Methods The distribution and fruiting phenologies of seven shrub species were compared to seasonal changes in habitat selection and seed dispersal by six fruit-eating bird species. Results Shrub species inhabiting forest understorey habitat had earlier fruiting phenologies than shrub species inhabiting forest edge habitat along lake and bog margins. Birds showed a parallel pattern in habitat selection, being more abundant in the forest understorey early in the fruiting season, and more abundant in the forest edge later in the season. Rates of seed deposition covaried with avian habitat selection, in such a way that birds directed seed dispersal into habitats preferred by shrubs. Conclusions These results depict a broad-scale pattern in the abundance of birds and fruits indicative of reciprocal interactions. Seasonal changes in seed dispersal to each habitat appear to reinforce the relationship between shrub habitat affinities and fruiting phenologies. Phenological differences between habitats may also reinforce seasonal changes in avian habitat selection. Therefore, although reciprocal interactions between pairs of bird and plant species are rare, broad-scale reciprocal relationships may occur between assemblages of bird and plant species.
The Role of Deception in Decision Theory

A decision maker must select one of a set of alternatives. The payoff will depend upon the state chosen by a malevolent opponent. This opponent might use deception to cause the decision maker to misperceive the likelihood that the specific state was chosen. The value of this deception is defined in terms of the payoff matrix and these misperceived likelihoods. An example, based on a simplified description of the deception planning surrounding the Normandy invasion in 1944 is included to illustrate the concepts.
Lesion Detection in Dynamic FDG-PET Using Matched Subspace Detection

We describe a matched subspace detection algorithm to assist in the detection of small tumors in dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) images. The algorithm is designed to differentiate tumors from background using the time activity curves (TACs) that characterize the uptake of PET tracers. TACs are modeled using linear subspaces with additive Gaussian noise. Using TACs from a primary tumor region of interest (ROI) and one or more background ROIs, each identified by a human observer, two linear subspaces are identified. Applying a matched subspace detector to these identified subspaces on a voxel-by-voxel basis throughout the dynamic image produces a test statistic at each voxel which on thresholding indicates potential locations of secondary or metastatic tumors. The detector is derived for three cases: using a single TAC with white noise of unknown variance, using a single TAC with known noise covariance, and detection using multiple TACs within a small ROI with known noise covariance. The noise covariance is estimated for the reconstructed image from the observed sinogram data. To evaluate the proposed method, a simulation-based receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study for dynamic PET tumor detection is designed. The detector uses a dynamic sequence of frame-by-frame 2-D reconstructions as input. We compare the performance of the subspace detectors with that of a Hotelling observer applied to a single frame image and of the Patlak method applied to the dynamic data. We also show examples of the application of each detection approach to clinical PET data from a breast cancer patient with metastatic disease.
Health Care and Counseling Skills

This article describes how persons working in health care settings can learn basic counseling and empathic listening skills through a special course/workshop. The description includes the rationale for introducing such counseling to medical professionals and an outline of the instructional model that the authors have developed.
Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), a heterogeneous cell population, are critical in orchestrating immunity and inflammation in the intestine, but whether ILCs influence immune responses or tissue homeostasis at other mucosal sites remains poorly characterized. Here we identify a population of lung-resident ILCs in mice and humans that expressed the alloantigen Thy-1 (CD90), interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor a-chain (CD25), IL-7 receptor a-chain (CD127) and the IL-33 receptor subunit T1-ST2. Notably, mouse ILCs accumulated in the lung after infection with influenza virus, and depletion of ILCs resulted in loss of airway epithelial integrity, diminished lung function and impaired airway remodeling. These defects were restored by administration of the lung ILC product amphiregulin. Collectively, our results demonstrate a critical role for lung ILCs in restoring airway epithelial integrity and tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus.
Return to work of individuals with arthritis: A review of job performance and retention

With so many people affected by arthritis and the significant impact it has on themselves and on their families, employers as well as on society, employment of individuals with arthritis is an important topic to consider. A review of literature was conducted to examine the issues that arise from arthritis, factors that influence work disability and employment retention, and interventions and services that are available to promote and retain employment for individuals with arthritis. In recent years, employers have begun to proactively intervene in terms of both prevention activities as well as provision of accommodation. Work disability is a common occurrence for individuals with arthritis and factors that influence work disability for those with arthritis include employment factors, employee factors, disease factors, and other factors such as access to health care and vocational rehabilitation. It is critical to consider the complex interaction of these factors in order for individuals with arthritis to remain productive and future research must consider all of these aspects when developing and implementing interventions.
Differential regulation of E2F1, DP1, and the E2F1/DP1 complex by ARF

The tumor suppressor protein ARF inhibits MDM2 to activate and stabilize p53. Recent studies provided evidence for p53-independent tumor suppression functions of ARF. For example, it has been shown that ARF induces proteolysis of certain E2F species, including E2F1. In addition, ARF relocalizes E2F1 from the nucleoplasm to nucleolus and inhibits E2F1-activated transcription. Because DP1 is a functional partner of the E2F family of factors, we investigated whether DP1 is also regulated by ARF. Here we show that DP1 associates with ARF. Coexpression of ARF relocalizes DP1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleolus, suggesting that DP1 is also a target of the ARF regulatory pathways. Surprisingly, however, the E2F1/DP1 complex is refractory to ARF regulation. Coexpression of E2F1 and DP1 blocks ARF-induced relocalization of either subunit to the nucleolus. The E2F1/DP1 complex localizes in the nucleoplasm, whereas ARF is detected in the nucleolus, suggesting that ARF does not interact with the E2F1/DP1 complex. Moreover, we show that E2F1 is more stable in the presence of ARF when coexpressed with DP1. These results suggest that ARF differentially regulates the free and heterodimeric forms of E2F1 and DP1. DP1 is a constitutively expressed protein, whereas E2F1 is mainly expressed at the G1/S boundary of the cell cycle. Therefore, the E2F1/DP1 complex is abundant only between late G1 and early S phase. Our results on the differential regulation E2F1, DP1, and the E2F1/DP1 complex suggest the possibility that ARF regulates the function of these cell cycle factors by altering the dynamics of their heterodimerization during progression from G1 to S phase.
One-Time Password Access to Any Server without Changing the Server

In this paper we describe a service that allows users one-time password access to any web account, without any change to the server, without changing anything on the client, and without storing user credentials in-the-cloud. The user pre-encrypts his password using an assigned set of keys and these encryptions are sent as one-time passwords to his cell phone or carried. To login he merely enters one of the encryptions as prompted, and the URRSA service decrypts before forwarding to the login server. Since credentials are not stored (the service merely decrypts and forwards) it has no need to authenticate users. Thus, while the user must trust the service, there are no additional passwords or secrets to remember. Since our system requires no server changes it can be used on a trust-appropriate basis: the user can login normally from trusted machines, but when roaming use one-time passwords. No installation of any software or alteration of any settings is required at the untrusted machine: the user merely requires access to a browser address bar.
Immunological Method to Differentiate Between Antigens of Tubercle Bacilli, Other Mycobacterial Species, and Non-Acid-Fast Bacteria

Sera from rabbits immunized with sonicates of Mycobacterium bovis BCG were passed through an immunoadsorbent made of a soluble BCG extract to make partially purified antibodies to BCG. These antibodies were in turn used to prepare an immunoadsorbent through which the BCG extract was passed. The partially purified antigenic material was radiolabeled and subjected to electrophoresis in acrylamide gels. One of the radiolabeled fractions isolated (BCG-C) was found to bind to antibodies to BCG and H37Rv, but not to antibodies in sera from rabbits immunized with other mycobacterial species or Nocardia asteroides. The reaction between BCG-C and the partially purified antibodies to BCG was inhibited by small amounts of different BCG antigens. Cultures obtained from 25 patients with tuberculous diseases, other bacterial cultures, and various bacterial extracts were tested for their capacity to inhibit this reaction. Each of 13 mycobacteria identified as M. tuberculosis inhibited this reaction. Equivalent numbers of 12 strains of mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis and high concentrations of other bacterial extracts did not inhibit, indicating that determinants of BCG present in M. tuberculosis were not detected in the other mycobacteria or in non-acid-fast bacteria. The use of sequential purification procedures could be of potential clinical value in quickly differentiating between M. tuberculosis and a variety of other mycobacteria.
Disparities in outcomes for Hispanic patients undergoing endovascular and open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Background Previous studies have demonstrated racial and ethnic disparities associated with the outcomes of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair, although little is known about the influence of race and ethnicity on the costs associated with these disparities. The current study was undertaken to examine the influence of race and ethnicity on the outcomes of endovascular (EVAR) and open repair (open AAA) of unruptured AAA and its effect on costs in contemporary practice. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2005 to 2008) was queried using ICD-9-CM codes for unruptured AAA (441.4). The primary outcomes were mortality and total hospital charges. Multivariate analyses were performed adjusting for age, gender, race, comorbidities (Charlson index), year, insurance type, and hospital characteristics. Results A total of 62,728 patients underwent EVAR and 24,253 patients underwent open AAA. White patients (72%) were more likely to undergo EVAR than Hispanic (69%) or black patients (69%; P = 0.02). On univariate analysis, in-hospital mortality after EVAR was increased in Hispanic patients compared with white patients (1% vs 2%; P = 0.02). There were no differences in mortality after EVAR between white and black patients, and there were no racial or ethnic differences in mortality after open AAA. Hispanic ethnicity remained an independent risk factor for increased mortality after AAA repair on multivariate analysis (RR 1.64; 95% CI [1.05 to 2.57]; P = 0.03). Hispanic ethnicity was associated with increased hospital charges compared with white ethnicity after both EVAR ($108,886 vs $77,748; P P P = 0.04). Conclusions Hispanic ethnicity is an independent risk factor for mortality after AAA repair independent of insurance type or hospital characteristics. There were dramatic disparities in hospital costs for Hispanic patients undergoing either EVAR or open AAA and for black patients after open AAA compared with white patients. This observation seems unrelated to length of stay, postoperative complications, and admission status. Further studies are needed to determine whether these disparities extend beyond the primary hospitalization.
Institutional Mission and Identity: How Do We Carry the Culture to the Electronic Forum?

The culture and traditions of colleges and universities have been foci of attention by strategic planners, development officers and consultants. Developing a unique market niche to attract students and keep alumni affiliated is a constant struggle. As we build new electronic universities and add electronic courses and dimensions of existing colleges and universities, these same questions of uniqueness, attraction and affiliation will begin to crop up. This issue also has ramifications for basic education schools both public and state supported who are attempting to widen their image electronically. In this article, which is an exegetical and hermeneutical piece, the author hopes to pose some questions about culture and mission and make suggestions for extending these to the electronic environment.
Interaction-based test-suite minimization

Combinatorial Test Design (CTD) is an effective test planning technique that reveals faults resulting from feature interactions in a system. The standard application of CTD requires manual modeling of the test space, including a precise definition of restrictions between the test space parameters, and produces a test suite that corresponds to new test cases to be implemented from scratch. In this work, we propose to use Interaction-based Test-Suite Minimization (ITSM) as a complementary approach to standard CTD. ITSM reduces a given test suite without impacting its coverage of feature interactions. ITSM requires much less modeling effort, and does not require a definition of restrictions. It is appealing where there has been a significant investment in an existing test suite, where creating new tests is expensive, and where restrictions are very complex. We discuss the tradeoffs between standard CTD and ITSM, and suggest an efficient algorithm for solving the latter. We also discuss the challenges and additional requirements that arise when applying ITSM to real-life test suites. We introduce solutions to these challenges and demonstrate them through two real-life case studies.
The emerging role of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs) in HIV-1 infection

LILRs represent a group of immunomodulatory molecules that regulate the functional properties of professional APCs and influence immune activation in a variety of disease contexts. Many members of the LILR family recognize peptide/MHC class I complexes as their physiological ligands, and increasing evidence suggests that such interactions are prominently influenced by polymorphisms in HLA class I alleles or sequence variations in the presented antigenic peptides. Emerging data show that LILRs are involved in multiple, different aspects of HIV-1 disease pathogenesis and may critically influence spontaneous HIV-1 disease progression. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the role of LILR during HIV-1 infection by focusing on the dynamic interplay between LILR and HLA class I molecules in determining HIV-1 disease progression, the effects of HIV-1 mutational escape on LILR-mediated immune recognition, the contribution of LILR to HIV-1-associated immune dysfunction, and the unique expression patterns of LILR on circulating myeloid DCs from elite controllers, a small subset of HIV-1-infected patients with natural control of HIV-1 replication. Obtaining a more complete understanding of LILR-mediated immune regulation during HIV-1 infection may ultimately allow for improved strategies to treat or prevent HIV-1-associated disease manifestations.
Are motorized wheelchairs an effective method of locomotion in virtual environments

In this poster, we summarize the results of a user study that investigates the relative extent to which people are able to maintain spatial awareness when exploring a virtual environment using a motorized wheelchair. We asked 24 participants to travel through a 24′ wide, circularly symmetric virtual room, searching the contents of 16 randomly positioned and oriented boxes to locate 8 hidden targets, using each of the following four locomotion methods: real walking; virtual translation with real rotation while standing and using a body-worn joystick; real driving in a motorized wheelchair; and virtual translation with real rotation while sitting in a swivel chair with a joystick mounted on one of its arms. We computed four measures of search efficiency: distance travelled, search time, number of targets revisited, and proportion of trials with no revisits. We found that participants performed significantly better, overall, with real walking than with either of the methods that involved virtual translation, while performance with the wheelchair was intermediate. These results confirm that a mobile, motorized wheelchair interface offers some advantages over stationary joystick travel.