cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Veterinary student and veterinarian attitudes toward veterinary public health and epidemiology.

Objective—To identify predictors of veterinary students and veterinarians having an interest in veterinary public health and epidemiology (PH&E). Design—Cross-sectional study. Sample Population—Veterinary students enrolled in the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Texas A&M University and veterinarians with membership in a Texas veterinary professional organization. Procedures—2 questionnaires were designed and administered to investigate hypothesized predictors of PH&E interests among veterinary students and veterinarians. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables from both questionnaires. Prevalence ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and χ2 tests were used to evaluate bivariate associations between variables and an interest in PH&E. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for the effects of multiple variables on the outcome. Results—70% (215/305) of students believed that a course in PH&E was necessary, and 46% (140/304) believed that more courses in PH&...
A nanoimprinted strain-induced reconfigurable polymer micro-optical grating

We have developed a micro-optical grating made of an organic elastomer, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which exhibits profile reconfigurability controlled by programmed mechanical strain. The whole device structure incorporates a nanoimprinted PDMS grating integrated with electrostatic MEMS actuators on a silicon chip by a new fabrication method named "multi-level soft-lithographic lift-off and grafting (ML-SLLOG)". The ML-SLLOG process allows soft lithographically molded PDMS micro-structures to be integrated together with silicon micromachined device patterns. The developed PDMS/silicon hybrid device varies the diffraction angle of incident visible light with fast response by taking advantage of the mechanical compliance of PDMS structures. The demonstrated PDMS-based grating device can be used to miniaturize current grating-based instruments while retaining their original functionality.
EPICS: recent applications and future directions

The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) is being used as the platform for the Swiss Light Source (SLS) and the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). We will look at the use of commercial companies as a way to outsource the labor required during the construction phase of a project. I will discuss the tools that were developed and the issues in having a commercial company provide EPICS applications.
From Sport Culture to the Social World of the “Good PT”: Masculinities and the Career Development of Physical Therapists

This research explores the career development of men who cross over into the historically female occupation of physical therapy, drawing from a critical feminist perspective on sport, work, and the gender order. Data gathered from thirty-two semistructured interviews with early- and mid-career men indicate that a traditional emphasis on athleticism shaped men's career entry and early specialty choices. Men in physical therapy described a “good physical therapist” as displaying both stereotypically masculine and feminine traits. Although athleticism shaped men's abilities to comfortably accept alternative masculinities in the form of caring work, early-career specialty choices reinforced hegemonic patterns of occupational segregation. Implications for gender equality at work are discussed and limitations to feminist perspectives are noted.
Leader Levity: The Effects of a Leader's Humor Delivery on Followers' Positive Emotions and Creative Performance

In this paper, a leader’s style of humor delivery is proposed to have an influence on followers’ positive emotions (e.g., joy, contentment, pride in one’s work), and subsequent creative performance. Extant literature is also presented in support of the proposition that humor delivery will have a positive effect on followers’ creativity and innovation. Positive emotions are proposed to mediate the relationship between humor and creative performance.
International interdependence of national growth rates: A structural trends anakysis

Abstract This paper identifies two structural trends responsible for growth in per capita industrial production in the US, the UK and Japan. First, using Johansen's multivariate cointegration approach, the number of common trends in the three industrial production series and the real price of oil is estimated to be two. Next, long-run restrictions are used to separate structural errors with temporary effects from those with permanent effects. Finally, it is assumed that the oil price is affected by only a single structural trend. This identifies a trend, which has a structural interpretation as a natural resource constraint, and another trend with positive drift, interpreted as productivity.
The Voices of School Counselors: Essential Characteristics of School Counselor Leaders.

The majority of school counselor leadership studies focus on quantitative data. The current study contributes to the limited qualitative research surrounding school counselor leadership. The analysis of an open-ended statement from a national study gives voice to school counselor perceptions about leadership characteristics pertinent to the profession. Five themes emerged from the findings: leadership attributes, relationship attributes, communication and collaboration, exemplary program design, and advocacy. The themes align with characteristics previously identified in the school counseling literature.
Three dimensional structure and fluid flow through the hydrospires of the blastoid echinoderm, Pentremites rusticus

The fluid flow through the complex hydrospires of the spiraculate blastoid Pentremites rusticus was analyzed using the first high-resolution three-dimensional digital image (and animation) of the hydrospires taken from a serially sectioned specimen. Measurements of the cross-sectional areas within the hydrospires, in conjunction with the Principle of Continuity, were used to infer the relative water velocity throughout the structures. Even though the calyx narrows adorally, the hydrospires expand in size, keeping pace with the increasing volume of water that entered through the hydrospire pores. Thus, the water maintained a relatively constant velocity within the hydrospire canals, 3.4 to 4.5 times the incurrent velocity. The spiracular openings are sufficiently large that no substantial increase in the exit velocity of the seawater would have been achieved unless the spiracular cover plates were used to reduce the size of the spiracular openings, which we infer was probably the case. The three-dimensional images underscore the fact that the two hydrospires that lie under each ambulacrum do not share the same spiracle and are not connected. Thus, we here redefine the term “hydrospire set” to refer to the pair of hydrospires that are connected. A number of anomalous accessory pores and canals were identified in the digital images. This initial study is based on a single specimen, and thus we were unable to determine the full range of variation present in Pentremites rusticus. Nonetheless, the digital image and the application of the Principle of Continuity offer new insights into the form and function of these remarkable respiratory structures.
Using Stem Cells to Promote Wound Healing: An Emerging Solution for a Clinical Problem

Wound healing is a multi-faceted and tightly regulated process by which tissues and cells both proximal and distal to the site of injury collaborate to bring about effective closure and a restoration of normal tissue function. The roles of various cellular populations in the healing process often vary with the location and nature of the injury. Defects that result in ineffective or impaired wound closure/healing can have significant and deleterious effects on both the short and long-term health of the individual. Chronic slow healing or non-healing wounds represent a significant cause of morbidity, mortality and costs. Treatment and management options for these types of difficult-to-heal wounds are limited; however there is a growing interest in the use of stem cell based treatment strategies. In addition to giving rise to specialized healthy new tissue, the intrinsic trophic and paracrine actions, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties of these cells have been shown to facilitate the recruitment and mobilization of endogenous progenitor cells, to promote tissue regeneration and to attenuate dysregulated cellular and humoral immune-mediated responses within various inflammatory niches. In recent years, both pre-clinical animal models as well as clinical studies have shown promising results for the development of new and effective treatment strategies using a variety of non-embryonic or adult tissue-derived stem/progenitor cell populations. In this chapter we review the in vivo role of stem cells and the stem cell niche during the wound healing process, so as to provide a context for potential exogenous stem cell therapeutic applications, as well as explore some of the recent evidence that supports improved healing and tissue regeneration.
"Exploration, Adaptation and Expression: Women’s Identity Work Across Career and Family Transitions"

Although identity has become an increasingly prevalent theme in work-family research, the majority of work/family studies that apply an identity lens categorize women as "career-oriented" or "famil...
Oral Anticoagulants in Thromboembolic Disease

The acute and long-term management of venous thrombosis and thromboembolism remain controversial. Oral anticoagulant therapy and its risks, evolving indications, and various methods of laboratory monitoring are discussed. Although some studies of the efficacy of oral anticoagulants in thromboembolic disease have shown the therapy to be highly effective, others have found its efficacy questionable. This is the second article in a four-part series on hematology. Other articles focus on the antiphospholipid thrombosis syndromes, heparin therapy, and thrombolytic therapy.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Four Way-Coupled Gas-Solid Flow and Deposition in a Turbulent Channel Flow

This study was concerned with the effects of particle-particle collisions and two-way coupling on the dispersed and carrier phase turbulence fluctuations in a channel flow. The time history of the instantaneous turbulent velocity vector was generated by the two-way coupled direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the Navier-Stokes equation via a pseudospectral method. The particle equation of motion included the drag and the shear induced lift forces. The effect of particles on the flow was included in the analysis via a feedback force that acted on the computational grid points. Several simulations for different particle relaxation times and particle mass loadings were performed, and the effects of the inter-particle collisions and two-way coupling on the particle deposition velocity, fluid and particle fluctuating velocities, particle normal mean velocity, and particle concentration profiles were determined. It was found that, when particle-particle collisions were included in the computation but two-way coupling effects were ignored, the particle normal fluctuating velocity increased in the wall region causing an increase in the particle deposition velocity. When the particle collisions were neglected but the particle-fluid two-way coupling effects were accounted for, the particle normal fluctuating velocity decreased near the wall causing a decrease in the particle deposition velocity. For the physical case that both inter-particle collisions and two-way coupling effects are present, a series of four-way coupling simulations was performed. It was found that the particle deposition velocity increased with mass loading. The results for the particle concentration profile indicated that the inclusion of either two-way coupling or inter-particle collisions into the computation reduced the accumulation of particles near the wall. Comparisons of the present simulation results with the available experimental data and earlier numerical results were also presented.© 2009 ASME
GROUP SELECTION: THE GENETIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC BASIS FOR THE PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENTIATION OF SMALL POPULATIONS OF TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM.

This is a study of the ecological and genetic processes underlying the phenotypic differentiation in the population growth rate of two populations of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. It is well known that in the absence of selection the subdivision of a large population into isolated demes will result in the genetic differentiation of the subunits owing to random genetic drift. However, the relationship between the genetic differentiation of the demes and the differentiation of the demes with respect to a populational phenotype, such as population density or rate of increase, is less well understood. For ex
Observations on Predation of Hippelates colluso and Distribution in Southern California of Associated Fauna

Predatory and scavenger arthropods were surveyed in Hippelates collusor (Townsend) breeding habitats in southern California by using 3 collection methods. A total of 117 different species was collected. The importance of potential predatory species is discussed, and various intensities of natural predation are recorded. There was considerable heterogeneity in predatory activity as influenced by locality, habitat, and seasonal and hourly differences. Eggs and 1st-stage larvae sustained the highest predation, with a substantial amount being associated with teneral adults after pupal eclosion.
An Engineered Kinetic Amplification Mechanism for Single Nucleotide Variant Discrimination by DNA Hybridization Probes

Even a single-nucleotide difference between the sequences of two otherwise identical biological nucleic acids can have dramatic functional consequences. Here, we use model-guided reaction pathway engineering to quantitatively improve the performance of selective hybridization probes in recognizing single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Specifically, we build a detection system that combines discrimination by competition with DNA strand displacement-based catalytic amplification. We show, both mathematically and experimentally, that the single nucleotide selectivity of such a system in binding to single-stranded DNA and RNA is quadratically better than discrimination due to competitive hybridization alone. As an additional benefit the integrated circuit inherits the property of amplification and provides at least 10-fold better sensitivity than standard hybridization probes. Moreover, we demonstrate how the detection mechanism can be tuned such that the detection reaction is agnostic to the position of the SNV within the target sequence. in contrast, prior strand displacement-based probes designed for kinetic discrimination are highly sensitive to position effects. We apply our system to reliably discriminate between different members of the let-7 microRNA family that differ in only a single base position. Our results demonstrate the power of systematic reaction network design to quantitatively improve biotechnology.
116 THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR ZINC-FINGER E-BOX BINDING PROTEIN TARGETED BY HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1a IN RESPONSE TO STROKE REPRESSES A NUMBER OF PROAPOPTOTIC GENES.

We have recently discovered that a transcriptional repressor protein called ZEB (zinc-finger E-box binding protein), thought to be involved in regulating the timing and spatial boundaries of neurogenic determination/differentiation programs, can function to promote neuronal cell survival against a number of proapoptotic insults, including hypoxia-ischemia (H-I). ZEB protein levels increase dramatically in pyramidal cells of the rat cerebral cortex in response to experimentally administered unilateral focal cerebral ischemia [FCI: 15-fold (postnatal day 7) and 30-fold (8 week adult), compared to the contralateral control]. We show that not only is ZEB a HIF-1a transcriptional target, but in response to H-I, it represses several classes of genes involved in either mediating neuronal apoptosis or in inhibiting HIF-1a-induced survival pathways. Further, we present evidence that, for a subset of these proapoptotic genes, notably PUMA, BMF, etc, ZEB is acting through TAp73 and its truncated isoform, DNp73. Lastly, we show that immunostained paraffin sections derived from archived samples of cortical brain taken at autopsy from human perinatal stroke patients give nearly identical results, with respect to intensity and staining pattern, of ZEB protein induction as seen in our experimental model of permanent FCI. Funded through the Emory Goddard Scholar Award (A.S.) and the United Cerebral Palsy Research Foundation (T.G.).
Why Design Method Development is Not Always Carried Out as User-Centered Design

In a series of interviews and observations conducted over the past two years, we examined how designers have created, adopted, and evolved design methods into practice. These studies have led us to question the processes used and assumptions held by those who have been involved in developing new design methods. Our studies have shown that even though user-centered design is advocated by most researchers and practitioners, when it comes to their own way of developing design methods for others, it is not done using a user-centered approach. However, we found interesting differences among the three categories of interviewees; practitioners, researchers and practitioner/researchers.
Incentivizing Impact – Privately Financed Public Health in Rwanda

There is effectively universal agreement that clean air and clean water are human rights. Yet there is not universal agreement on effective ways of ensuring these rights. In environmental health interventions addressing water and indoor air quality, multiple determinants contribute to adoption. These may include technology selection, technology distribution and education methods, community engagement with behavior change, and duration and magnitude of implementer engagement. In Rwanda, while the country has the fastest annual reduction in child mortality in the world, the population is still exposed to a disease burden associated with environmental health challenges. Rwanda relies both on direct donor funding and coordination of programs managed by international non-profits and health sector businesses working on these challenges. In this chapter, a program in Rwanda illustrates the potential of public-private partnerships, combined with objective measurement tools and metrics, to deliver a sustained impact in poor households.
Simulation of liquid drop impact on dry and wet surfaces using SPH method

Abstract Spray–wall interactions occur in many combustion devices and have significant effects on mixture distribution and combustion quality. This paper describes an advanced numerical method, based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), for predicting the detailed outcomes of drop–wall interactions. SPH is a Lagrangian mesh-free method suitable for capturing the surface evolution of a deforming liquid. In simulating the drop impact on a dry surface, the present model was able to predict the spread of the drop on the wall, and the evolution of the predicted wall film diameter agreed with the experimental data. In simulating the drop impact on a wet surface with an existing liquid film, the model captured the formation of the crown, the generation of secondary droplets, and the eventual receding of the crown. Results show that as the impact velocity increased, both the maximum crown height and the time to reach the maximum crown height increased. These predictions agreed with the measurements for various operating conditions. This agreement indicates that the present numerical method has the potential to accurately predict the details of spray–wall interactions in combustion system environments.
Incidence and Risk for Mood and Anxiety Disorders in a Representative Sample of Ohio Army National Guard Members, 2008-2012.

Objective.We investigated the incidence of first-onset psychiatric disorders among Ohio Army National Guard members and the sociodemographic and military factors associated with these incident disorders. We aimed to identify potential risk factors and mitigating factors for a range of psychiatric disorders in a representative military sample.Methods.We analyzed data on a representative sample of 528 Ohio Army National Guard members who were assessed in person annually for first-onset psychiatric disorders from 2008 through 2012 using structured clinical interviews. We used a multivariable discrete-time Cox proportional hazard model to determine risk factors of first-onset anxiety or mood disorders.Results.The annualized incidence rate of any first-onset psychiatric disorder was 9.8 per 100 person-years at risk. Alcohol use disorder and major depressive disorder had the highest incidence rates among the unique disorders under study (5.0 and 4.2 per 100 person-years at risk, respectively). We found an assoc...
Latino Youth Substance Use in States with Emerging Immigrant Communities

While immigrants typically arrive in the U.S. in the hope of building a better life for themselves and their families, many encounter circumstances upon their arrival that make reaching such a goal difficult. The process of adapting to a culture that is different from that in the country of origin, or “acculturating,” can be extremely stressful in general, with acculturative stressors varying by the contexts within which immigrants settle. Social structure characteristics of the geographic areas in which Latino families reside impact the nature, complexity, and magnitude of potential contextual stressors, including those related to cultural adaptation (Vega and Gil 1999), which in turn can have unique and profound effects for behavioral outcomes. In states that historically have been centers of Latino settlement, longer residence in the U.S. and greater acculturation have been linked to heightened risks for adolescent substance use initiation and abuse, and other deleterious health outcomes, such as depression (Gil et al. 2000). However, for the past several decades, a substantial number of Latino immigrants have settled outside of these states, and little has been written about the impact of acculturative and other contextual stressors on these new arrivals.
Routing Protocols Configuration

This chapter starts by explaining the configuration of static and default routing. This chapter also shows how to combine the use of default routes with changes to the administrative distance. Then, a simplified configuration of multicast routing is explained. This chapter moves afterward to explaining dynamic routing starting from RIPv1, RIPv2, and EIGRP to single-area OSPF for IPv4 and IPv6. Finally, HSRP, GLBP, and VRRP redundancy protocols’ configuration is explained. This chapter includes 12 training scenarios.
Saudi Arabia: Oil for Water

In 2014, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia faced a freshwater shortage. Despite the global financial crisis, Saudi Arabia experienced modest economic expansion and increasing stress on its water infrastructure due to expanding agricultural production. The major investments in desalinization plants that the country expected to see had not yet materialized, furthering the strain on resources. This case, used in Darden's "Economics of Water" elective, examines what policy reforms should be explored in bringing Saudi Arabia's water use and agricultural production into balance. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0129 Rev. May 29, 2015 Saudi Arabia: Oil for Water Saudi Arabia was facing a chronic water crisis. A desert country in the Middle East with virtually no permanent rivers or lakes and an average of 59 millimeters (mm) of rain annually, Saudi Arabia was in terms of natural renewable water resources one of the poorest countries in the world. To quell its thirst for water, the kingdom was banking on a vast and growing desalination infrastructure. It was, however, an open question whether building more desalination plants would suffice. According to many experts, Saudi Arabia had tough policy choices to make. International investors were following the situation closely, albeit with some skepticism, especially in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. In the words of Global Water Intelligence (GWI), a water expert group from the United Kingdom: “Saudi Arabia is in many ways a very mature market for water and wastewater services—in particular for desalination. In other ways, there is a huge amount of development still to be done…What remains to be seen is whether the opportunities for investors and operators will develop as much as hoped for.” The Saudi Society and Economy The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was the largest country in the Arabian Peninsula, roughly one-quarter the size of the United States. It bordered Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, the United Emirates, Yemen, and Oman (see Exhibit 1). Founded in 1932 after a long struggle to unite local tribes, Saudi Arabia had experienced dramatic changes, especially since the 1960s. It had become a well-off nation whose per capita income in 2013—the equivalent of $ 25,000—was comparable to that of the European Union average (see Exhibit 2). Reflecting its climb up the income ladder, life expectancy had steadily increased from barely more than 50 years in 1960 to around 75 in 2013; child mortality had also dropped significantly. Saudi Arabia was a country of young people; its median age was 25 years. Its population had increased about seven times since the 1960s and reached 30 million in 2013, which amounted to an average annual population growth rate of around 3.4%. Driving this rapid growth was, on one hand, the high fertility rate (seven children per woman in 2006, and still three per woman in 2011) and, on the other hand, immigration. Saudi Arabia had been a magnet for citizens from other countries: in 2013, no less than 32% of its population was non-Saudi. . . .
Predisposing Factors in Suicide Attempts: Life Stressors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the stressful life events that can trigger a suicidal act, only in individuals who already possess a vulnerability to suicide. The presence of stressful events may help explain when a suicidal crisis is likely to occur, but may not clarify why the individual acts in a suicidal manner. The individual as reflecting their loss, humiliation, shame, or failure may perceive the events that trigger a suicidal act. Thus, the stressful event itself serves as a trigger to push the individual toward suicidal behavior as a desperate attempt to cope with these intense emotional reactions. The risk of suicide increases after the onset of puberty, and the biological, psychological, and social changes associated with adolescence may increase the degree of stress experienced by most adolescents. Recent stressors in the individual's life often trigger suicidal acts. However, many stressors build up gradually over time. Whereas precipitants refer to those events that immediately precede a suicidal act, stressors refer to the events that occur weeks or months prior to the suicidal behavior. Thus, stressful life events should be evaluated as potential triggers for suicidal thoughts and suicidal acts. When evaluating stressful events, it is useful to examine the number of stressors, different types of events, the perceived controllability of the events, and temporal factors involved in the stress-suicide relationship.
Optical gain in an optically driven three-level system in atomic Rb vapor

AbstractIn this work, we report experimentally achieved optical gain of a weak probe beam in a three-level Λ system in a low density Rubidium vapor cell driven by a single pump beam. The maximum measured gain of the probe beam was about 0.12%. This work could lead to new approaches for enhancing molecular spectroscopy applications.
Determination of the Masses of the Moon and Venus, and the Astronomical Unit from the Radio Tracking of Mariner II

Doppler data from the Mariner II space probe to Venus are used to obtain independent determinations of the masses of the Moon and Venus and the astronomical unit.
Heat/Mass Transfer in 1:4 Rectangular Passages With Rotation

The paper presents an experimental study of heat/mass transfer coefficient in 1:4 rectangular channel with smooth or ribbed walls for Reynolds number in the range of 5000 to 40000 and Rotation numbers in the range of 0–0.12. Such passages are encountered close to the mid-chord sections of the turbine blade. Normal ribs (e/Dh = 0.3125, and P/e = 8) are placed on the leading and the trailing sides only. The experiments are conducted in a rotating two-pass coolant channel facility using the naphthalene sublimation technique. For purposes of comparison, selected measurements are also performed in a 1:1 cross-section. The local mass-transfer data in the fully developed region is averaged to study the effect of the Reynolds and the Rotation numbers. The span-wise mass transfer distributions in the smooth and the ribbed cases are also examined.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
On one method of proving inequalities in automated way

The paper describes proving geometric inequalities in automated way without cell decomposition. Firstly an overview of known methods of proving inequalities is given including the method which is based on reduction of a conclusion polynomial to the canonical form modulo a hypotheses ideal. Then a parametrization method of proving geometric inequalities is introduced. Further a method of proving geometric inequalities which introduces an auxiliary polynomial is described.
Plasticity of the developing synapse.

“Plasticity” is a term that describes the anatomical, cellular, and molecular reorganizations of the nervous system that occur in response to experience. It serves as a useful rubric to distinguish processes that are environmentally regulated from those that unfold from a rigidly programmed read-out of the genome. Thus, some connections might be termed “plastic” and others “hard-wired”. The experience that modifies connections is, of course, ultimately enforced at the molecular level, often through modification of neuronal activity. However, the experimental paradigm may utilize manipulations at a site distant from the actual neurons of interest. Analysis of changes in connections to the cortex during visual deprivation provide one elegant example of the power of this approach1. Plasticity of the nervous system is prominent in developing animals, where even transient deprivation may have permanent sequelae.
The Association of External Locus of Control, Nonverbal Processing Difficulties, and Emotional Disturbance:

The purpose of the present study was to test assumptions derived from Nowicki and Duke that suggest an association among external control expectancies, nonverbal processing deficits, and emotional ...
Prescribing physical activity in primary care.

Physical activity is a powerful weapon for individuals interested in health maintenance. Many benefits of regular physical activity are well known to the medical community including improved weight control, healthier cardiovascular system, and tighter diabetic control. Less recognized benefits of physical activity may include stronger bones, better sleep, lower blood pressure, improved mood, opportunities for personal enjoyment, cancer prevention, and even a longer lifespan. Despite these numerous incentives, less than a quarter of the U.S. population is active enough to gain the rewards (13). West Virginians are among the least physically active; more than 40% of state residents engage in no leisure time physical activity at all (15), so it is critical that physicians in the state take a much more active role in prescribing physical activity for their patients. Although more research is needed, data exists to suggest counseling by physicians does result in increased physical activity (20-23). Attention to risk factors and specific red flags can help decide when formal pre-exercise stress testing is necessary. An organized approach includes development of the mode, frequency, duration, intensity and progression of exercise by a physician who knows the patient's interests and limitations (28). The most current consensus guidelines suggest 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity daily (12). Physicians need to encourage this goal during office visits and there appears to be benefit in putting specific physical activity advice in the form of a written prescription (21).
Nonlinear and Linear Elastodynamic Transformation Cloaking

In this paper we formulate the problems of nonlinear and linear elastodynamic transformation cloaking in a geometric framework. In particular, it is noted that a cloaking transformation is neither a spatial nor a referential change of frame (coordinates); a cloaking transformation maps the boundary-value problem of an isotropic and homogeneous elastic body (virtual problem) to that of an anisotropic and inhomogeneous elastic body with a hole surrounded by a cloak that is to be designed (physical problem). The virtual body has a desired mechanical response while the physical body is designed to mimic the same response outside the cloak using a cloaking transformation. We show that nonlinear elastodynamic transformation cloaking is not possible while nonlinear elastostatic transformation cloaking may be possible for special deformations, e.g., radial deformations in a body with either a cylindrical or a spherical cavity. In the case of classical linear elastodynamics, in agreement with the previous observations in the literature, we show that the elastic constants in the cloak are not fully symmetric; they do not possess the minor symmetries. We prove that elastodynamic transformation cloaking is not possible regardless of the shape of the hole and the cloak. It is shown that the small-on-large theory, i.e., linearized elasticity with respect to a pre-stressed configuration, does not allow for transformation cloaking either. However, elastodynamic cloaking of a cylindrical hole is possible for in-plane deformations while it is not possible for anti-plane deformations. We next show that for a cavity of any shape elastodynamic transformation cloaking cannot be achieved for linear gradient elastic solids; similar to classical linear elasticity the balance of angular momentum is the obstruction to transformation cloaking. We finally prove that transformation cloaking is not possible for linear elastic generalized Cosserat solids in dimension two for any shape of the hole and the cloak. In particular, in dimension two transformation cloaking cannot be achieved in linear Cosserat elasticity. We show that transformation cloaking for a spherical cavity covered by a spherical cloak is not possible in the setting of linear elastic generalized Cosserat elasticity. We conjecture that this result is true for a cavity of any shape. It should be emphasized that in this paper we do not consider the so-called metamaterials [70, 72].
Electrodeposited Gold on Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes for Enhancing Amperometric Detection of Dopamine Release from Pheochromocytoma Cells

Exocytosis is an ultrafast cellular process which facilitates neuron–neuron communication in the brain. Microelectrode electrochemistry has been an essential tool for measuring fast exocytosis events with high temporal resolution and high sensitivity. Due to carbon fiber’s irreproducible and inhomogeneous surface conditions, however, it is often desirable to develop simple and reproducible modification schemes to enhance a microelectrode’s analytical performance for single-cell analysis. Here we present carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) modified with a thin film of electrodeposited gold for the detection of exocytosis from rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12), a model cell line for neurosecretion. These new probes are made by a novel voltage-pulsing deposition procedure and demonstrate improved electron-transfer characteristics for catecholamine oxidation, and their fabrication is tractable for many different probe designs. When we applied the probes to the detection of catecholamine release, we found that...
A dissolution kinetic model for metals in solutions

A kinetic model for the batch leaching of various metals using different lixiviants was developed. The overall material balances for the reactants and products at the solid/liquid interface were formulated for various types of heterogeneous reactions at the interface. The solutions to these mass balances are identified analytically, as well as numerically. Applications of these numerical solutions to various leaching systems using rotating discs or powders are discussed. The metal-dissolution systems addressed include cobalt, nickel and copper in acid, cyanide and ammoniacal solutions.
Tuning charge transport dynamics via clustering of doping in organic semiconductor thin films.

A significant challenge in the rational design of organic thermoelectric materials is to realize simultaneously high electrical conductivity and high induced-voltage in response to a thermal gradient, which is represented by the Seebeck coefficient. Conventional wisdom posits that the polymer alone dictates thermoelectric efficiency. Herein, we show that doping — in particular, clustering of dopants within conjugated polymer films — has a profound and predictable influence on their thermoelectric properties. We correlate Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of iodine-doped poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly[2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-3,6-diyl)-alt-(2,2′;5′,2′′;5′′,2′′′-quaterthiophen-5,5′′′-diyl)] films with Kelvin probe force microscopy to highlight the role of the spatial distribution of dopants in determining overall charge transport. We fit the experimental data to a phonon-assisted hopping model and found that the distribution of dopants alters the distribution of the density of states and the Kang–Snyder transport parameter. These results highlight the importance of controlling dopant distribution within conjugated polymer films for thermoelectric and other electronic applications. Designing organic thermoelectric materials with high electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient is challenging due to the direct relationship between these two properties. Here, the authors explore the role of dopant spatial distribution on thermoelectric performance in conjugated polymers.
Ethical Considerations in Therapeutic Clinical Trials Involving Novel Human Germline-Editing Technology

Much of the international community opposes editing the human germline. Yet, given enough experience to become better acquainted with strengths and limitations, prominent international figures are cautiously optimistic about using CRISPR-like novel technologies for clinical applications. Not only might such applications be morally (ethically) permissible, but clinical trials for therapeutic aims could be necessary. Here, we assess critical dimensions of early-phase trials deploying germline-editing technologies for "bench-to-bedside" translation. While assuming no overarching position favoring or opposing such research, our discussion primarily focuses on normative considerations. First, we evaluate the imperative of conducting trials to produce reliable, reproducible knowledge and advancement, if possible, for human diseases that are incurable and/or whose treatments are deficient. Second, we address complexities in assessing risk and potential-benefit profiles. Third, we review the moral foundations of trial participation through well-established and accepted bioethical principles: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and distributive justice. Finally, we raise critical questions about the scope of regulatory authority and investigator and funder accountability for these applications that could have everlasting impacts.
Red Cell Transfusion and Thrombotic Risk in Children.

* Abbreviations: RBC — : red blood cell VTE — : venous thromboembolism Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in children who are hospitalized represents an important cause of morbidity and resource use. In the general population, VTE in children is rare, but hospitalization increases this incidence 100- to 1000-fold to 30 to 58 events per 10 000 admissions.1 Pediatric VTE is associated with numerous poor outcomes, including congestive heart failure, limb ischemia, all-cause mortality, and increased length of hospital stay.1–3 For reasons not totally understood, rates of pediatric VTE have been increasing in recent years.1,4 Some risk factors for pediatric VTE are frequently reported in the literature. These include a central venous catheter, infection, age 15 years, illness severity, and sepsis.5–7 In this issue of Pediatrics , Goel et al8 present evidence for another risk factor in the pediatric surgical population: red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. This report parallels other pediatric studies of thrombosis risk associated with transfusion3,7 and a previous adult study by the same group.9 The role of RBCs in coagulation and thrombosis is an … Address correspondence to Brian S. Donahue, MD, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology, Monroe Carell Jr Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232. E-mail: brian.donahue{at}vumc.org
Bacterial community composition and functional potential associated with a variety of urban stormwater sources

Pathogens and chemical contaminants in stormwater are major environmental and public health concerns. Characterizing the variability in composition and bioremediation functions of the microbial community from different sources of stormwater will help with efforts to properly manage water after it rains. To improve understanding of the variability and composition of the microbial community in run-off from different sources, we sampled stormwater over time from an outfall and receiving stream, along with run-off from different locations (rooftop, roadway) to identify microbial components associated with these urban waters. Community composition was variable in space and time for water samples from the same source. Even with this variability, we found taxonomic and functional groups differentially distributed in water samples collected during wet or dry weather or collected from different sources. The differentially distributed taxonomic and functional groups represent the unique characteristics of the source, such as when communities are exposed to iron in pipe material from the outfall or hydrocarbons flushed from various surfaces during rain events. Additionally, fecal indicator sequences from Clostridiales and Bacteroidales taxa made up a larger fraction of the microbial community from water collected under dry conditions. Our work characterizes the variability in microbial community composition and functions from a variety of urban water sources, with specific attention to communities from sources where water might be collected or treated with green infrastructure systems (e.g. rain gardens or biofilters). This will aid our understanding of the impact of human activities in urban environments on the surrounding water system.
Construct a Fortress Against the Devil: John Chrysostom’s Plea to Build Churches in the Countryside

Given Chrysostom’s famous concern for the poor, it is perhaps surprising that he made multiple appeals to rich, land-owning Christians to build churches in the countryside. In fact, Chrysostom preferred that the poor be helped by building churches for them rather than giving them gifts directly. However, it is clear that he was less concerned with architecture and aesthetics and more with evangelisation. Chrysostom saw church buildings, with ‘full-time’ ministers, as a way not only to bless the poor of the countryside, but as a means for Christian instruction. Thus, he appealed to rich Christians by challenging them to build more churches. Rather than building baths, or taverns, or hosting markets, why not build churches to establish an eternal legacy, constructing ‘a fortress against the devil, for that is what the church is’?
The Deterrence of Rapid Metabolic Decline within 3 Months after Teplizumab Treatment in Individuals at High Risk for Type 1 Diabetes.

Endpoints that provide an early identification of treatment effects are needed to implement type 1 diabetes prevention trials more efficiently. To this end, we assessed whether metabolic endpoints can be used to detect a teplizumab effect on rapid β-cell decline within 3 months after treatment in high-risk individuals in the TrialNet teplizumab trial. Glucose and C-peptide response curves (GCRCs) were constructed by plotting mean glucose and C-peptide values from 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests on a 2-dimensional grid. Groups were compared visually for changes in GCRC shape and movement. GCRC changes reflected marked metabolic deterioration in the placebo group within 3 months of randomization. By 6 months, GCRCs resembled typical GCRCs at diagnosis. In contrast, GCRC changes in the teplizumab group suggested metabolic improvement. Quantitative comparisons, including two novel metabolic endpoints that indicate GCRC changes, the Within Quadrant Endpoint (WQE) and the Ordinal Directional Endpoint (ODE), were consistent with visual impressions of an appreciable treatment effect at 3 and 6-month timepoints. In conclusion, an analytic approach combining visual evidence with novel endpoints, demonstrated that Teplizumab delays rapid metabolic decline, and improves the metabolic state within 3 months after treatment; this effect extends for at least 6 months.
Outcome for fetuses with a diagnosis of myelomeningocele, Hydrocephalus and Brain Anomalies

Materials and methods We will report the outcome for all 241 patients referred over the past 25 years by tertiary level Obstetricians to our Neurodevelopmental team to either explain the options for treatment of their affected foetus or to provide prognosis for their determination to terminate the pregnancy or carry to term. They include all patients in the cohort and include the following diagnoses: Major brain malformations – 22, Hydrocephalus – 45, Syndromes – 3 and Myelomeningocele (MM) – 171. All but one case with MM were delivered by caesarean section birth before the rupture of amniotic membranes. Analysis was by X2 or Fishers Exact.
Increased rate of endocytosis in calreticulin knockout MEF cells is mediated via Caevolin-1 overexpression (LB195)

Calreticulin (CRT) is a highly expressed protein in mammalian cells, with both calcium binding and chaperone activity. As an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, CRT is involved in quality control proc...
A medical early warning system.

Recent threats to the health of the public from virulent micro-organisms have illustrated blatantly how inept we are at getting critical medical information into the hands of the physicians who need it. In the days and weeks following the first case of anthrax infection in the United States that
Abstract 16190: National Trends in RSV Hospitalizations in Children With Hemodynamically Significant Heart Disease, 1997-2009

Background: Children with hemodynamically significant heart disease (HS-HD) are at risk for morbidities and mortality due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Palivizumab was approved for RSV prophylaxis in 1998. Guidelines released in December 2003 recommend palivizumab for all children Methods: The 1997, ’00, ’03, ’06 and ’09 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kids’ Inpatient Databases (KID) were used to estimate U.S. RSV hospitalizations in children Results: Our cohort included an estimated 461,491 RSV hospitalizations; 2,132 in children with HS-HD. Figure 1 depicts hospitalizations over time. There was no evident trend in number of overall RSV hospitalizations, however RSV hospitalizations in children with HS-HD declined by 39% from ’97 to ‘09. The largest decline was from ’97-’03. RSV hospitalizations in children with HS-HD relative to overall hospitalizations in children with HS-HD declined annually from ’97-’06 with a small increase in ‘09 (3.8%, 3.5%, 3.0%, 2.3% and 2.6% for successive analytic years). In 2009 mean hospital length of stay for children with HS-HD and RSV was 22.5 ± 2.1 days. Conclusions: RSV disease burden in children with HS-HD has declined since palivizumab approval. Much of this decline occurred before palivizumab was recommended for use in HS-HD, perhaps reflecting early adoption of prophylaxis, or greater awareness of alternative preventative strategies. RSV remains a significant cause of morbidity in children with HS-HD.