cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power, Ethics, and the IRB: Dissonance Over Human Participant Review of Participatory Research

Participatory research operates in a complex, dynamic social milieu and seeks to share the power inherent in knowledge generation with community partners. Institutional review boards (IRBs), however, typically operate from a framework that assumes asymmetrical power relations, hierarchically structured. This article argues that these differing assumptions regarding power contribute to the challenges participatory researchers experience in obtaining IRB approval. Furthermore, the application of the conventional IRB framework in reviewing the ethics of participatory inquiry can itself harm human participants in such projects by limiting the participants' field of choices. This article addresses these challenges, presenting a framework that draws on the literature on power to consider the ethical questions involved in participatory research partnerships. It also describes some ways in which power imbalance might manifest within a participatory research project, and between a project and an IRB, and offers sp...
Answering queries with useful bindings

In information-integration systems, sources may have diverse and limited query capabilities. To obtain maximum information from these restrictive sources to answer a query, one can access sources that are not specified in the query (i.e., off-query sources). In this article, we propose a query-planning framework to answer queries in the presence of limited access patterns. In the framework, a query and source descriptions are translated to a recursive datalog program. We then solve optimization problems in this framework, including how to decide whether accessing off-query sources is necessary, how to choose useful sources for a query, and how to test query containment. We develop algorithms to solve these problems, and thus construct an efficient program to answer a query.
[3H]PNU‐101958, a D4 dopamine receptor probe, accumulates in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of non‐human primate brain

The D(4) dopamine receptor has been investigated for its potential role in neuropsychiatric disorders, "novelty-seeking" behaviors, and effects produced by some psychostimulants. An accurate map of D(4) distribution and density in brain is essential to clarify the role of this receptor subtype in normal brain function and in neuropsychiatric disorders. We investigated the autoradiographic distribution of D(4) receptors in non-human primate (Macaca mulatta) brain (N = 3) with the novel D(4) receptor probe [(3)H]PNU-101958. Quantification of [(3)H]PNU-101958 binding sites in 77 brain regions revealed dense levels of D(4) receptors in several cortical areas, especially in prefrontal cortex, uncus, hypothalamic median eminence, hippocampal formation, and distinct thalamic nuclei, but were significantly lower in striatum. The results correspond well with previous reports of brain distribution of D(4) receptors using other radiolabeled probes, and of D(4) mRNA localization (with some exceptions). Overall, this study reveals that [(3)H]PNU-101958 binding sites in non-human primate brain appear to reflect D(4) dopamine receptor distribution. The significance of a dense localization of D(4) receptors in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and broad distribution in other brain areas, allows for investigation of the relationship of these receptors to specific neuropsychiatric disorders and effects produced by psychostimulants.
Specificity of symbiosis between deep-sea fishes and psychrotrophic luminous bacteria

Abstract Three hundred and twenty-five bacterial clones were isolated from the luminescent organs of 12 specimens of three species of the bathyal fish family Macrouridae ( Nezumia aequalis, N. stelgidolepis , and Sphagemacrurus hirundo ) from both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and four specimens of the midwater Opisthoproctus grimaldii . All of the isolates were the luminous psychrotrophic bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum . This bacterium is the luminous species best suited to the cold temperatures of the deep-sea habitats where these fish families are encountered. On the other hand, previous studies have shown that luminous bacteria from luminescent organs of shallower water fishes of the temperate regions (Monocentridae) and tropics (Leiognathidae) contain the mesotrophic bacteria P. fischeri and P. leiognathi , respectively. The differences in luminous bacterial symbionts, the distant phylogenetic relationships, and the marked differences in the structure and location of the luminescent organ among these four fish families suggest an independent and multiple origin of each of these bacteria-fish associations.
X-radiation (E > 10keV), Hα and microwave emission during the impulsive phase of solar flares

A study has been made of the variation in hard (E⩾ 10 keV) X-radiation, Hα and microwave emission during the impulsive phase of solar flares. Analysis shows that the rise-time in the 20–30-keV X-ray spike depends on the electron hardness, i.e., trise ∼ exp (0.87 δ). The impulsive phase is also marked by an abrupt, very intense increase in Hα emission in one or more knots of the flare. Properties of these Hα kernels include: (1) a luminosity several times greater than the surrounding flare, (2) an intensity rise starting about 20–30 s before, peaking about 20–25 s after, and lasting about twice as long as the hard spike, (3) an effective diameter of 3000–6000 km for class ≤ 1 flares, representing less than 1/8-1/2 of the main flare, (4) a location lower in the chromosphere than the remaining flare, (5) essentially no expansion prior to the hard spike, (6) a position within 6000 km of the boundary separating polarities, usually forming on both sides of the neutral line near both feet of the same tube of force, (7) a shape often resembling isogauss contours of the photospheric field indicated on magnetograms and (8) total radiated energy less than l/50 that of the hard electrons. Correspondingly, impulsive microwave events are characterized by: (1) the detection of a burst at 8800 MHz for every X-ray spike ifthe number of electrons above 100 keV is greater than 1033, (2) great similarity in burst structure with 20–32 keV X-rays but only at f > 5000 MHz, (3) typical low frequency burst cutoff between 1400–3800 MHz, and (4) maximum emission at f > 7500 MHz. Finally the Hα, X-ray and microwave data are combined to present a picture of the impulsive phase consistent with the above observations.
LIBS data analysis using a predictor-corrector based digital signal processor algorithm

There are many accepted sensor technologies for generating spectra for material classification. Once the spectra are generated, communication bandwidth limitations favor local material classification with its attendant reduction in data transfer rates and power consumption. Transferring sensor technologies such as Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) require effective material classifiers. A result of recent efforts has been emphasis on Partial Least Squares - Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Implementation of these via general purpose computers is difficult in small portable sensor configurations. This paper addresses the creation of a low mass, low power, robust hardware spectra classifier for a limited set of predetermined materials in an atmospheric matrix. Crucial to this is the incorporation of PCA or PLS-DA classifiers into a predictor-corrector style implementation. The system configuration guarantees rapid convergence. Software running on multi-core Digital Signal Processor (DSPs) simulates a stream-lined plasma physics model estimator, reducing Analog-to-Digital (ADC) power requirements. This paper presents the results of a predictorcorrector model implemented on a low power multi-core DSP to perform substance classification. This configuration emphasizes the hardware system and software design via a predictor corrector model that simultaneously decreases the sample rate while performing the classification.
An Electron Microscopic Cytochemical Study on Concanavalin A Binding Sites and Their Mobility in Normal and Cystic Fibrosis Fibroblasts In Vitro

An Electron Microscopic Cytochemical Study on Concanavalin A Binding Sites and Their Mobility in Normal and Cystic Fibrosis Fibroblasts In Vitro
Circulatory Effects of Carotid Sinus Nerve Stimulation in Dogs with Reference to Coronary Flow and Resistance

The effects of electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerves upon heart rate, myocardial function, circulatory dynamics, and coronary flow were studied in the anesthetized, open-chest dog. Carotid sinus nerve stimulation produced a transient profound bradycardia, which was abolished by vagotomy, and a more sustained, less marked, slowing of the heart, which became less marked after propranolol. The effects on cardiac output were variable. Significant drops in aortic pressure and systemic resistance were observed. Anterior descending coronary arterial flow also decreased significantly, but the changes in calculated coronary vascular resistance were variable. A disproportionate reduction in coronary blood flow was observed relative to the decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption. Under the conditions of our experiment, carotid sinus nerve stimulation significantly decreased cardiac work, arterial pressure, and myocardial contractility, and probably produced some coronary vasoconstriction secondary to the reduction in myocardial oxygen demand.
The massively bleeding patient

Massive bleeding occurs when one or more blood volumes is lost in a 24-hour period. The general objective in treating the massively bleeding patient, in the setting of trauma or in elective surgery, is to restore and maintain adequate oxygen delivery to the tissues. Simultaneous with establishing adequate oxygen delivery to the tissues, the clinician must be attentive to the complications that may develop from the administration of large volumes of blood products and fluids. This article describes relevant clinical endpoints and monitoring methods.
An analytical performance model for parallel production systems

An analytical model for parallel production systems is developed, where rule firing is modeled as a transaction. Both resource contention and data contention are modeled in detail, and the performance of locking-based and optimistic approaches is analyzed. It is shown that significant speedup can be gained in parallel rule execution. The main contribution is the insight into parallel rule firing provided by the parametric model. >
Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Discharge Circuit of Caltech Spheromak Experiment

The Caltech spheromak experiment uses a size A ignitron in switching a 59-?F capacitor bank (charged up to 8 kV) across an inductive plasma load. Typical power levels in the discharge circuit are ~200 MW for a duration of ~10 ?s. This paper describes the setup of the circuit and the measurements of various impedances in the circuit. The combined impedance of the size A ignitron and the cables was found to be significantly larger than the plasma impedance. This causes the circuit to behave like a current source with low energy transfer efficiency. This behavior is expected to be common with other pulsed plasma experiments of similar size that employ an ignitron switch.
The Effects of School-wide Positive Behavior Support on Middle School Climate and Student Outcomes

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of school-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) on middle school climate and student outcomes. Data consisted of more than 300 teacher responses and 10,000 student responses in two middle schools in the western United States. This study used a quasi-experimental (non-equivalent two-group, pretest-posttest) design. One school implemented a SWPBS intervention over a period of four years, while the other served as a control. The SWPBS intervention included school-wide teaching of social skills, praise notes from teachers to students, posting of school rules, proactive screening for students at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders, and referrals of at-risk students for targeted interventions. The treatment school showed statistically significant improvements in teacher ratings of school climate, while the control school tended to stay the same or worsen. Statistically significant decreases were also evident in students’ tardiness, unexcused absences, and off...
Interactive numerical and symbolic simulation: a new paradigm for teaching circuits

Too little time is made available in modern four-year electrical engineering and computer science curricula to teach introductory electric circuits and electronics in the traditional manner. The best way to improve the outcome of what can be done is to base it strictly on computer methods including especially the newly developed symbolic circuit simulators as Analog Insydes. Some insight is offered on how the complexity of expression barrier is overcome followed by three examples intended to show the proposed method at work. A concluding section argues that the time spent teaching circuit analysis by computer simulation, numerical and symbolic, is a sound investment It too can be learned in graded steps, and what is learned integrates immediately and seamlessly into everything that follows.
Synthesis and structural studies of perfluoroalkyl-rhodium and iridium(III) compounds containing tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands

Oxidative addition of perfluorobenzyl iodide to TpRh(C2H4)2 [Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)borate] affords TpRh(CF2C6F5)(C2H4)I, from which the ethylene ligand can be displaced by CO to afford TpRh(CF2C6F5)(CO)I. Similar reaction of perfluorobenzyl iodide with TpIr(CO)2 or Tp*M(CO)2 [Tp* = tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate; M = Rh, Ir] affords Tp*M(CF2C6F5)(CO)I. Displacement of CO from the carbonyl complexes using PMe3 is not clean and yields a mixture of compounds. However, displacement of ethylene from TpRh(CF2C6F5)(C2H4)I using PMe3 cleanly affords TpRh(CF2C6F5)(PMe3)I. Similar oxidative addition reactions of perfluoro-n-propyl iodide afford TpIr(C3F7)(CO)I, TpRh(C3F7)(CO)I, Tp*Rh(C3F7)(CO)I, Tp*Rh(C3F7)(PMe3)I, and TpM(C3F7)(C2H4)I [M = Rh, Ir]. While displacement of ethylene from TpRh(C3F7)(C2H4)I by PMe3, to give TpRh(C3F7)(PMe3)I is facile, the corresponding reaction of the iridium analogue affords the salt [TpM(C3F7)(C2H4)(PMe3)]+I−. Ethylene rotation barriers and Co stretching frequencies in these compounds are discussed. The molecular structures of TpIr(CF2C6F5)(CO)I, TpRh(CF2C6F5)(PMe3)I, and TpRh(C3F7)(PMe3)I have been determined, and are also discussed in detail.
Systematic review of acupuncture to control hot flashes in cancer patients

Hot flashes (HFs) are a common side effect of cancer treatment. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate evidence related to the use of acupuncture for HFs in cancer patients. EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane (all databases), PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus were searched from their inception through December 2014. Included studies had to be randomized controlled trials with a usual-care and/or placebo comparison group that investigated acupuncture to treat HFs in cancer patients. No language limits were applied. The risk of bias (ROB) was rated as low, high, or unclear according to Cochrane criteria. Both within-group and between-group changes were evaluated. Four hundred two items were identified, and 192 duplicates were omitted; this left 210 publications to be screened. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, and all involved women with breast cancer. All studies showed significant within-group improvement from the baseline for true acupuncture (TA). One study showed significant improvement in favor of TA over sham acupuncture (SA; P < .001), 1 study found in favor of TA over SA for nighttime HFs only (P = .03), and 1 study found in favor of TA over SA or untreated controls (P < .01 and P < .001, respectively). Between-group (TA vs SA) effect size (ES) estimates for daytime and nighttime HFs were calculated (ES range, 0.04-0.9) whenever possible. No studies were rated with a low ROB. In conclusion, the current level of evidence is insufficient to either support or refute the benefits of acupuncture for the management of HFs in cancer patients. Future studies should provide within-group and between-group ES estimates in addition to P values.
Phosphatase Under-Producer Mutants Have Altered Phosphorus Relations

Phosphorus (P) acquisition and partitioning are essential for plant homeostasis. P is available for plant uptake when in its inorganic form (H2PO4−, or Pi), but Pi is often limiting in soils. Plants secrete acid phosphatases (APases) into the apoplastic space, which may be important for obtaining Pi from organic P sources; however, the relative importance of these enzymes for plant P nutrition has yet to be determined. We demonstrate that the root-associated APase pool is increased in Arabidopsis when Pi is limiting and document five APase isoforms secreted from Arabidopsis roots. Previously, we presented the identification of the phosphatase under-producer (pup) mutants, which have decreased in vivo root APase staining when grown under low P conditions. Here, we present the characterization of one of these, pup3, and further studies with pup1. pup3 has 49%, 38%, and 37% less specific APase activity in exudates, roots, and shoots, respectively. Root-associated APase activity is decreased by 16% in pup1 and 25% in pup3, regardless of P treatment. Two APase activity isoforms are reduced in pup3 exudates, and root and shoot isoforms are also affected. One of the two exudate isoforms is recognized by a polyclonal antibody raised to an Arabidopsis purple APase recombinant protein (AtPAP12); however, AtPAP12 transcript levels are unaffected in the mutant. The pup3 mutation was mapped to 68.4 ± 6.0 centimorgans on chromosome 5. Although P concentrations were not altered in pup1 and pup3 tissues when grown in nutrient solution in which Pi was the sole source of P, the mutants had 10% (pup1) and 17% (pup3) lower shoot P concentrations when grown in a peat-vermiculite mix in which the majority of the total P was present as organic P. Therefore, the pup defects, which include secreted APases, are functionally important for plant P nutrition.
Proactive process-level live migration in HPC environments

As the number of nodes in high-performance computing environments keeps increasing, faults are becoming common place. Reactive fault tolerance (FT) often does not scale due to massive I/O requirements and relies on manual job resubmission. This work complements reactive with proactive FT at the process level. Through health monitoring, a subset of node failures can be anticipated when one's health deteriorates. A novel process-level live migration mechanism supports continued execution of applications during much of processes migration. This scheme is integrated into an MPI execution environment to transparently sustain health-inflicted node failures, which eradicates the need to restart and requeue MPI jobs. Experiments indicate that 1-6.5 seconds of prior warning are required to successfully trigger live process migration while similar operating system virtualization mechanisms require 13-24 seconds. This self-healing approach complements reactive FT by nearly cutting the number of checkpoints in half when 70% of the faults are handled proactively.
Quantitative trait loci for physical activity traits in mice.

The genomic locations and identities of the genes that regulate voluntary physical activity are presently unknown. The purpose of this study was to search for quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are...
Ubureetwa and Thangata: Catalysts to Peasant Political Consciousness in Rwanda and Malawi

RESUMEL'article examine l'impact politique de deux institutions traditionnelles de requisition du travail au Rwanda et au Malawi. Au Rwanda, les chefs indigoenes, dont le pouvoir fut renforce par l'Etat colonial, ont utilise ubureetwa pour imposer de nouvelles demandes du travail a leurs subordonnes ou pour accroitre les demandes anciennes. Au Malawi, les colons europeens se sont tournees vers une institution precoloniale appelee thangata en la transformant en un efficace instrument d'exploitation. Malgre les differences substantielles des contextes politiques et sociaux, les effets polarisants de ces transformations ont ete similaires. Les ruraux dans les deux pays sont arrives a l'epoque coloniale, a considerer les institutions de requisition du travail comme les symboles haissables de leur perte d'autonomie. Leur utilisation abusive a conduit a l'accroissement de l'exploitation et a l'affaiblissement de la securite des cultivateurs. Les chefs rwandais et les colons malawiens se sont servis du pouvoir e...
Language Matters A Dyslexic Methodology

How are ways of knowing legitimized and delegitimized in higher education? Dyslexic ways of knowing stem from the process of being institutionally disciplined out of certain ways of knowing and the...
Leucocytozoon sp. from Turkeys in California

Abstract Recently, while examining .some blood smears made from turkeys from Tehama County, California, a species of Leucocytozoon was discovered. These smears were made during June, 1938, on four ranches during a field investigation of outbreaks of hexamitiasis. The smears were turned over at the time to a WPA worker who stained and filed them without examination, and without reporting them as unexamined to the writers. Smears from all four ranches showed heavy infections of Leucocytozoon sp., and from two of the ranches, the parasites were found in smears made from both poults and adults. No smears from adults were examined from the other two ranches. This is believed to be the first report of Leucocytozoon in turkeys in Western United States. The infected ranches are all located in the vicinity of the Thomas River in the northern part of the Sacramento Valley, and within a radius of 25 miles. The . . .
Inadequate Needle Thoracostomy Rate in the Prehospital Setting for Presumed Pneumothorax: An Ultrasound Study

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of inadequate needle chest thoracostomy in the prehospital setting in trauma patients suspected of having a pneumothorax (PTX) on the basis of physical examination. Methods. This study took place at a level I trauma center. All trauma patients arriving via emergency medical services with a suspected PTX and a needle thoracostomy were evaluated for a PTX with bedside ultrasound. Patients too unstable for ultrasound evaluation before tube thoracostomy were excluded, and convenience sampling was used. All patients were scanned while supine. Examinations began at the midclavicular line and included the second through fifth ribs. If no sliding lung sign (SLS) was noted, a PTX was suspected, and the lung point was sought for definitive confirmation. When an SLS was noted throughout and a PTX was ruled out on ultrasound imaging, the thoracostomy catheter was removed. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Results. A total of 57 patients were evaluated over a 3-year period. All had at least 1 needle thoracostomy attempted; 1 patient underwent 3 attempts. Fifteen patients (26%) had a normal SLS on ultrasound examination and no PTX after the thoracostomy catheter was removed. None of the 15 patients were later discovered to have a PTX on subsequent computed tomography. Conclusions. In this study, 26% of patients who received needle thoracostomy in the prehospital setting for a suspected PTX appeared not to have had a PTX originally, nor had 1 induced by the needle thoracostomy. It may be prudent to evaluate such patients with bedside ultrasound instead of automatically converting all needle thoracostomies to tube thoracostomies.
Do changes in light direction affect absorption profiles in leaves

Leaf anatomy plays a functional role in propagating light through the leaf; palisade mesophyll has been shown to facilitate the channelling of collimated light deeper into the spongy mesophyll. Direct measurements of the propagation of diffuse light into the leaf, however, are absent. Using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of leaf cross-sections, we measured light absorption profiles in leaves under direct (collimated), diffuse and low-angle monochromatic light. Low-angle and diffuse light was absorbed closer to the irradiated surface than direct light perpendicular to the surface. The shapes of internal absorption profiles indicated that leaves were influenced by the directional quality of the incident light. In addition, absorption profiles revealed that leaves were not simple light absorbing objects and that cellular anatomy influences the direction of light travelling into the mesophyll. These findings also suggest a mechanism for previously measured differences in leaf level photosynthesis under opposing light regimes.
Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis: Anatomic and Technical Considerations

In the first of this two-part cadaver investigation, we inserted a specially designed, pointed device (simulating a 12-mm nail) in an antegrade fashion in each of eight fresh-frozen cadaver tibial ...
On the reliability of lithospheric constraints derived from models of outer-rise flexure

SUMMARY We evaluate the common practice of utilizing elastic models of outer-rise flexure to constrain lithospheric parameters, such as mechanical thickness and ambient in-plane force. We numerically compute ‘synthetic’ flexural profiles consistent with empirically determined constraints on lithospheric rheology and representative trench-type boundary conditions, and misfit minimization is utilized to determine the analytical solution to elastic-plate flexure that most closely resembles each synthetic profile. We then determine if it is possible to use the best-fitting elastic solutions to recover the lithospheric mechanical thickness and level of in-plane force that were assumed during the numerical computation of the synthetic profiles. This methodology is analogous to the common practice of estimating lithospheric parameters by modelling bathymetric profiles with analytical descriptions of elastic-plate flexure. Our results unequivocally indicate that in-plane force cannot be reliably constrained in this manner. Such an approach does not even allow the qualitative nature of in-plane force to be distinguished (i.e. compressional versus tensional). Although, in principle, elastic-plate models may provide reliable constraints on the mechanical thickness of oceanic lithosphere, in practice uncertainties associated with bathymetric noise and the level of in-plane force may, in some instances, render such constraints unreliable.
Effectiveness of holistic mental model confrontation in driving conceptual change

Prior research on conceptual change has identified multiple kinds of misconceptions at different levels of representational complexity including false beliefs, flawed mental models, and incorrect ontological categories. We hypothesized that conceptual change of a mental model requires change in the system of relations between the features of the prior model. To test this hypothesis, we compared instruction aimed at revising knowledge at the mental model level called holistic confrontation e in which the learner compares and contrasts a diagram of his or her flawed mental model to an expert model e to instruction aimed at revising knowledge at the false belief level e in which the learner is prompted to self-explain the expert model alone. We found evidence that participants who engaged in holistic confrontation were more likely to acquire a correct mental model, and a deeper understanding of the systems of relations in the model than those who were prompted to self-explain the expert model. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for science instruction.
Acquired circulating anticoagulants in systemic collagen disease; auto-immune thromboplastin deficiency.

1. A circulating anticoagulant was demonstrated in three patients with "collagen disease." In all cases it was associated with a false positive blood serology and a four plus cephalin cholesterol flocculation. 2. In one instance, the anticoagulant was transferred to a newborn infant where it persisted for seven weeks. The infant also demonstrated the abnormal serologic and turbidimetric tests during the first six months of life. 3. The anticoagulant probably acted as anti-thromboplastin. 4. The occurrence of a clotting inhibitor in association with other manifestations of hypersensitivity and its transplacental transfer strongly suggest that the mechanism of development is immunologic in type. 5. This study included a total of thirty patients with lupus erythematosus disseminatus and associated conditions conventionally grouped under the term "collagen disease." The incidence of circulating anticoagulants was 10 per cent.
Prediction of lung tumor motion extent through artificial neural network (ANN) using tumor size and location data

The aim of this study is to assess the possibility of developing novel predictive models based on data mining algorithms which would provide an automatic tool for the calculation of the extent of lung tumor motion characterized by its known location and size. Data mining is an analytic process designed to explore data in search of regular patterns and relationships between variables. The ultimate goal of data mining is prediction of the future behavior. Artificial neural network (ANN) data-mining algorithm was used to develop an automatic model, which was trained to predict extent of the tumor motion using the data set obtained from the available 4D CT imaging data. The accuracy of the designed neural network was tested by using longer training time, different input values and/or more neurons in its hidden layer. An optimized ANN best fit the training and test datasets with a regression value (R) of 0.97 and mean squared error value of 0.0039 cm2. The maximum error that was recorded for the best network performance was 0.32 cm in the craniocaudal direction. The overall prediction error was largest in this direction for 70% of the studied cases. In this study, the concepts of neural networks were discussed and an ANN algorithm is proposed to be used with clinical lung tumor information for the prediction of the tumor motion extent. The results of optimized ANN are promising and can be a reliable tool for motion pattern calculation. It is an automated tool, which may assist radiation oncologists in defining the tumor margins needed in lung cancer radiation therapy.
Gilles Deleuze: The Aesthetics of Force

L'A. explore le probleme commun des arts a travers l'analyse des reflexions deleuziennes sur la peinture, la musique et le cinema. Son but est de faire un premier pas vers le trace dans l'oeuvre de G.Deleuze d'une esthetique de force et d'un systeme ouvert des arts.
The Server Side of Psychology Web Experiments

Publisher Summary The World-Wide Web (WWW) is a rich tool for the presentation of psychological stimuli and the automated collection and screening of data. The Web offers a unified interface for data collection, regardless of a subject's geographical location or computer operating system. An important part of Internet-related data collection depends upon the execution of programs on the server side of a Web session. This chapter discusses the the client-server relationship and highlights the features of the WWW client-server interaction that can afford psychologists with more control in the delivery of experiments on the Web. Whenever the server is involved in receiving and recording data or in making decisions based upon participant-submitted responses, server-side programming is required. Server-side programming can be used to improve the quality of data collected, control and identify the participants sampled, and guard against tampering. If experimenters are to avoid placing technological requirements on potential participants then server-side programming is the only alternative to client-side solutions such as Java and JavaScript. Heavy processing jobs, such as averaging the results of thousands of subjects, data can be time-consuming. Server-side programs should take measures to accomplish such tasks in a computationally efficient manner. Another server-side issue that is discusses in the chapter is the problem of file collisions that results when two running versions of a program attempt to access a file simultaneously. The chapter emphasizes that placing more computations on the server-side allows all people with Web access to participate regardless of technological sophistication.
Finite difference method for electromigration analysis of multi-branch interconnects

Electromigration (EM) in VLSI chips has become a major reliability issues in nanometer VLSI design. Traditional compact EM models cannot give accurate predictions about the stress evolution over all stress conditions for complicated multi-branch interconnect structures. In this paper, we try to mitigate this problem by performing finite difference method (FDM) for the EM effects in multi-branch interconnects based on the kinetics of the first principle of EM physics. We start with the partial differential equations that describe the fundamental hydrostatic stress evolution for both the void nucleation and void growth phases with proper boundary and initial conditions for typical multi-branch metal wires: the single 2-terminal wire, and the straight-line 3-terminal wires. The new FDM for EM analysis approach can easily accommodate existing non-uniformly distributed residual stress, while existing compact EM models cannot. Time varying temperature and current, which are also difficult to model with existing methods, can also be considered with this method. Numerical results show that the proposed FDM EM analysis method agrees with the COMSOL based finite element method in terms of accuracy.
Embracing Change: Adapting and Evolving Your Distance Learning Library Services to Meet the New ACRL Distance Learning Library Services Standards

ABSTRACTThis article examines the update and revision of the current Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) Distance Learning Standards that has been proposed and submitted to the ACRL Standards Committee. An in-depth analysis of the update is included, along with some comparisons between the old and new. Practical advice detailing initiatives and strategies implemented by a mid-sized regional university to meet the new standards is offered in conjunction with a forecast of the future of distance learning library services and impact the new changes will have for academic libraries.
Effect of anticipatory stress on placebo alcohol consumption in a bar laboratory

ABSTRACTBackground: Only one laboratory study has examined the relation between stress and alcohol use in an ecologically valid drinking context. In that prior study, drinking was measured after the stressful situation. Objective: To examine the effect of an anticipatory stressor, and trait social anxiety on “alcohol” consumption in a bar laboratory. Methods: College students aged 18 and older (N = 127) in same-sex groups of two or three participants took part in a study that ostensibly examined alcohol’s effect on language fluency. Using a between-subjects design, participants were randomly assigned to a stress or control condition. Participants in the stress condition anticipated giving a stressful speech for the fluency procedure, whereas those in the control group anticipated a nonstressful activity. Before the alleged fluency task, groups could order and consume mixed drinks ad lib in a bar laboratory. No beverages actually contained alcohol, but we used a validated procedure to ensure that participa...
Channel-planform evolution in four rivers of Olympic National Park, Washington, USA: the roles of physical drivers and trophic cascades

Identifying the relative contributions of physical and ecological processes to channel evolution remains a substantial challenge in fluvial geomorphology. We use a 74-year aerial photographic record of the Hoh, Queets, Quinault, and Elwha Rivers, Olympic National Park, Washington, USA, to investigate whether physical or trophic-cascade-driven ecological factors – excessive elk impacts after wolves were extirpated a century ago – are the dominant drivers of channel planform in these gravel-bed rivers. We find that channel width and braiding show strong relationships with recent flood history. All four rivers widened significantly after having been relatively narrow in the 1970s, consistent with increased flood activity since then. Channel planform also reflects sediment-supply changes, evident from landslide response on the Elwha River. We surmise that the Hoh River, which shows a multi-decadal trend toward greater braiding, is adjusting to increased sediment supply associated with rapid glacial retreat. These rivers demonstrate transmission of climatic signals through relatively short sediment-routing systems that lack substantial buffering by sediment storage. Legacy effects of anthropogenic modification likely also affect the Quinault River planform. We infer no correspondence between channel evolution and elk abundance, suggesting that trophic-cascade effects in this setting are subsidiary to physical controls on channel morphology. Our findings differ from previous interpretations of Olympic National Park fluvial dynamics and contrast with the classic example of Yellowstone National Park, where legacy effects of elk overuse are apparent in channel morphology; we attribute these differences to hydrologic regime and large-wood availability. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Laparoscopic Management of Intussusception

Ileocecal intussusception is a frequently encountered problem in pediatric surgical practice. Traditionally, the first-line treatment is pneumatic or hydrostatic reduction, but when unsuccessful, operative reduction or resection is indicated. Over the last 20 years, laparoscopic technique has evolved such that it is commonplace in the surgical management of intussusception. With proper preoperative planning and sound surgical technique, the majority of these cases can be reduced laparoscopically, improving postoperative recovery and cosmesis without the need for laparotomy or bowel resection.
The Effect of Temperature on Drosophila Hybrid Fitness

Mechanisms of reproductive isolation inhibit gene flow between species and can be broadly sorted into two categories: prezygotic and postzygotic. While comparative studies suggest that prezygotic barriers tend to evolve first, postzygotic barriers are crucial for maintaining species boundaries and impeding gene flow that might otherwise cause incipient species to merge. Most, but not all, postzygotic barriers result from genetic incompatibilities between two or more loci from different species, and occur due to divergent evolution in allopatry. Hybrid defects result from improper allelic interactions between these loci. While some postzygotic barriers are environmentally-independent, the magnitude of others has been shown to vary in penetrance depending on environmental factors. We crossed Drosophila melanogaster mutants to two other species, D. simulans and D. santomea, and collected fitness data of the hybrids at two different temperatures. Our goal was to examine the effect of temperature on recessive incompatibility alleles in their genomes. We found that temperature has a stronger effect on the penetrance of recessive incompatibility alleles in the D. simulans genome than on those in the D. santomea genome. These results suggest that the penetrance of hybrid incompatibilities can be strongly affected by environmental context, and that the magnitude of such gene-by-environment interactions can be contingent on the genotype of the hybrid.
Community Involvement and Benefits From an International Service Learning Program

Service learning (SL) is a form of experiential learning in which students are involved in community service activities that are related to academic course objectives. A key aspect that separates S...
Structural Basis for Shelterin Bridge Assembly

Telomere elongation through telomerase enables chromosome survival during cellular proliferation. The conserved multifunctional shelterin complex associates with telomeres to coordinate multiple telomere activities, including telomere elongation by telomerase. Similar to the human shelterin, fission yeast shelterin is composed of telomeric sequence-specific double- and single-stranded DNA-binding proteins, Taz1 and Pot1, respectively, bridged by Rap1, Poz1, and Tpz1. Here, we report the crystal structure of the fission yeast Tpz1475-508-Poz1-Rap1467-496 complex that provides the structural basis for shelterin bridge assembly. Biochemical analyses reveal that shelterin bridge assembly is a hierarchical process in which Tpz1 binding to Poz1 elicits structural changes in Poz1, allosterically promoting Rap1 binding to Poz1. Perturbation of the cooperative Tpz1-Poz1-Rap1 assembly through mutation of the "conformational trigger" in Poz1 leads to unregulated telomere lengthening. Furthermore, we find that the human shelterin counterparts TPP1-TIN2-TRF2 also assemble hierarchically, indicating cooperativity as a conserved driving force for shelterin assembly.
Substitution of amino acid residue V1213 in the helicase domain of the genotype 3 hepatitis E virus reduces virus replication

Genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is generally associated with mild disease. However, recently eight genotype 3 HEV isolates were identified from patients with severe hepatitis. Importantly, three mutations (S605P, I978V and V1213A) in these genotype 3 isolates were found to be typical of genotype 4 HEV, which is sometime associated with more severe hepatitis. Therefore in this study we seek to determine if these unique mutations contribute to enhanced virus replication and thus potentially severe disease. In the lack of an efficient cell culture system to study the effect of mutations on HEV replication, we developed a genotype 3 HEV replicon with Renilla luciferase (Rluc) as reporter and subsequently used it to construct numerous mutants, including swMu-1 (V1213A), swMu-2 (Q1246H), swMu-3 (V1213A and Q1246H), swMu-4 (S605P and I978V), and swMu-5 (V1213A, S605P and I978V). RNA transcripts from mutant replicons were transfected into Huh7 S10–3 liver cells to measure the effect of mutations on HEV replication efficiency. The results showed that the V1213A mutant had the highest reduction in HEV replication efficiency than other mutants. The V1213A and S605P + I978V mutations have a cumulative, if not synergistic, effect on HEV replication. The Q1246H mutant decreased HEV replication compared to the wild-type HEV Rluc replicon but replicated better than the V1213A mutant. The amino acid residue V1213 favors the replication of both genotypes 3 and 4 HEV strains, but not genotype 1 HEV. The results suggested that the V1213A mutation reduced HEV replication, but is likely not associated with the reported severe hepatitis caused by genotype 3 HEV isolates containing this mutation.
Case 6-2018: A 35-Year-Old Woman with Headache, Subjective Fever, and Anemia

A Woman with Headache, Subjective Fever, and Anemia A 35-year-old woman presented with headache, subjective fever, and anemia. She had a hematocrit of 18.1% and a reticulocyte count of less than 0.5%. Ten days before admission, her 3-year-old son had had a febrile illness. Diagnostic tests were performed.
Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy Incisions for Cancer Extirpation Prospective Cohort Trial: Perfusion, Complications, and Patient Outcomes.

Background Nipple-sparing mastectomy offers several advantages for women seeking postmastectomy breast reconstruction, but compromised skin and nipple perfusion may lead to skin and nipple necrosis. It is unclear whether the incisional approach contributes to these complications; therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the impact of incision type on outcomes in patients undergoing nipple-sparing mastectomy. Methods This is a prospective cohort study of patients undergoing nipple-sparing mastectomy with prosthetic breast reconstruction through an inframammary fold versus a lateral radial incision. Skin and nipple perfusion as represented by fluorescence intensity, mammometric parameters, patient-reported outcomes, and clinical outcomes were analyzed and compared for the two cohorts, and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the effects of covariates on outcomes. Results Seventy-nine patients were studied: 55 in the inframammary fold cohort and 24 in the lateral radial cohort. The inframammary fold group had significantly less fluorescence intensity to the inferior (21.9 percent versus 36.9 percent; p = 0.001) and lateral portions of breast skin (23.1 percent versus 40.7 percent; p = 0.003) after reconstruction. Decreased fluorescence intensity was associated with smoking, decreased mean arterial pressure, and greater specimen weight. Postreconstruction breast volumes were increased over preoperative volumes in the inframammary fold group (38.3 percent) versus the lateral radial (31.2 percent) group; however, patients with a lateral radial incision had a greater increase in satisfaction with their breasts and psychosocial well-being. Conclusions There are significant differences in patient-reported outcomes and final breast volumes based on the incisional approach to nipple-sparing mastectomy. These data can be used to guide providers and counsel patients considering nipple-sparing mastectomy with prosthetic reconstruction. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, II.
U-50,488 and the к receptor Part II: 1991–1998

This review, Part 11, follows an earlier article, Part I, published in volume 52 of this series. Part 11 is a discussion of centrally and peripherally acting K agonists which can be considered analogs of U-50,488. Included also are three classes of K agonists which fall outside of the scope of the general structure of U-50,488. These are benzodiazepines, phenothiazines and diazobicyclonanones. The discussion also covers other pertinent topics including labelled ligands and sigma receptor.
Pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals in adult total diet samples, October 1980-March 1982.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts Total Diet Studies to determine the dietary intake of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). These studies involve the retail purchase and analysis of foods representative of the diets of infants, toddlers, and adults. The individual food items are separated into a number of food groups, each of which is analyzed as a composite. This report summarizes the results for adult Total Diet samples collected in 27 cities between October 1980 and March 1982. The average concentrations, range of concentrations, and calculated average daily intake of each chemical found are presented by food group. The average daily intakes of the chemicals are similar to those found in the several preceding years and are within acceptable limits. The results for samples collected during the same period that represent the diets of infants and toddlers are reported separately.