cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opportunities for Electricity and Hydrogen Production in Bioelectrochemical Systems

Abstract Ethanol production operations have potential to generate aqueous waste streams, which are amenable to valorization via bioelectrochemical systems (BESs). Production of electricity, hydrogen, and/or other value-added products is possible using BESs. Waste streams produced during sugar to ethanol conversion from starchy feedstocks or grains and lignocellulosic biomass can serve as a candidate for BES application. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and electrolysis cells have been developed using residual organics and byproducts present in fermentation effluents. Lignocellulosic biomass–derived aqueous streams contain inhibitory compounds such as furans and phenolic compounds; however, microbial systems have also been developed for conversion of those streams, although there is a certain threshold above which inhibition can occur. Use of continuous feeding versus batch-fed systems can solve some of these issues. Further work is necessary to understand the mechanisms of the reactions involved in biological conversion of inhibitory molecules. Current density above 25 A/m2 and hydrogen productivity above 20 L/L-day have been reported to be key for practical feasibility of the MFC and microbial electrolysis cell technology. Recent work has shown these targets are within reach, thus, driving further research into achieving the performance targets for BESs in the biorefinery.
Reputational penalties for environmental violations: A pure and scientific replication study

Abstract Our pure replication of Karpoff et al. (2005) confirms their findings of negative abnormal returns and insignificant reputational penalties following the announcement of environmental violations in the last two decades of the twentieth century. A scientific replication using more recent data finds a decrease in the magnitude of negative abnormal returns but similarly insignificant reputational penalties on average. While mean legal penalties for violations are higher in the more recent period, these penalties have decreased relative to firms’ market valuations.
Diversity of Pythium spp. associated with soybean damping-off, and management implications by using foliar fungicides as seed treatments

Soybean (Glycine max) seedlings with symptoms of Pythium damping-off were collected in northeastern Iowa soybean fields and processed for isolation of the causal agents on both potato dextrose agar (PDA) and pimaricin-, ampicillin-, rifampicin-, and pentachloronitrobenzene (PARP)-containing media. Isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics, growth rates, along with sequence data for the nuclear rDNA ITS1–5.8S-ITS2 region (ITS barcode). Nine isolates were identified via NCBI BLASTn search of sequences available in GenBank: one isolate of Pythium orthogonon; three isolates of P. inflatum; two isolates of P. ultimum var. ultimum; one isolate of P. torulosum; and two isolates of P. ultimum var. ultimum or P. ultimum var. sporangiferum. Pathogenicity of all the nine isolates, along with a positive control (P. irregulare), was tested in greenhouse conditions on soybean variety Pioneer 22T61R. Soybean seeds were planted in potting mixture inoculated with Pythium inoculum fermented on sterilized proso millet grains. The Pythium spp. were subsequently re-isolated from symptomatic plants. Average incidence of Pythium damping-off across isolates was 27.4% but varied among isolates, ranging from 1.2 to 79.8%. Among the Pythium spp. collected in this single location, the most aggressive isolate was selected to test the efficacy of seed treatments using foliar fungicides in artificially-inoculated field conditions. Out of the eight tested foliar fungicides, six of them significantly suppressed damping-off compared with the untreated control. The average yield advantage of foliar fungicides as seed treatments was 0.23 mt (metric ton)/ha (ranged from 0.15 to 0.31 mt/ha) over the untreated control, with a corresponding economic advantage of $90.69 (range $60.5 to $123.9/ha) based on soybean price at $397/mt as of September 30, 2017. Our findings suggest a potential for using foliar fungicides as seed treatments to control Pythium damping-off, and provide an alternative solution for managing resistance to metalaxyl/mefenoxam seed treatments in soybean production.
Diagnosis and Imaging of Optic Nerve Head Drusen

The presence of optic nerve swelling in pediatric patients is a frequent cause for referral to pediatric ophthalmologists and neuro-ophthalmologists because this finding can be the harbinger of serious neurologic disease including brain tumor, demyelinating disease, infiltrative disease of the optic nerve, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) are common and can be particularly difficult to distinguish from true optic nerve swelling in pediatric patients because the ONHD are typically buried beneath the substance of the optic nerve. Correct identification of ONHD is relevant because of the visual morbidity associated with this condition and because of the need to distinguish pseudopapilledema secondary to ONHD from true optic nerve swelling. A variety of imaging modalities may be employed to evaluate for the presence of ONHD, including ultrasound, optical coherence tomography (OCT), enhanced depth imaging-OCT, fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography angiography. To date, there is no consensus as to which of these techniques is most accurate and which should be part of a standardized evaluation for children suspected of ONHD. This review examines the recent literature analyzing these diagnostic tools and summarizes data regarding best practices for identifying ONHD.
Modifiable, Postoperative Risk Factors for Delayed Discharge Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: The Influence of Hypotension and Opioid Use.

Abstract Background We sought to identify independent modifiable risk factors for delayed discharge after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) that have been previously underrepresented in the literature, particularly postoperative opioid use, postoperative laboratory abnormalities, and the frequency of hypotensive events. Methods Data from 1033 patients undergoing TKA for primary osteoarthritis of the knee between June 2012 and August 2014 at an academic orthopedic specialty hospital were reviewed. Patient demographics, comorbidities, inpatient opioid medication, postoperative hypotensive events, and abnormalities in laboratory values, all occurring on postoperative day 0 or 1, were collected. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for a prolonged length of stay (LOS) >3 days. Results The average age of patients undergoing primary TKA in our cohort was 65.9 (standard deviation, 9.1) years, and 61.7% were women. The mean LOS for all patients was 2.64 days (standard deviation, 1.14; range, 1-9). And 15.3% of patients had a LOS >3 days. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, nonmodifiable risk factors associated with a prolonged LOS included nonwhite race (odds ratio [OR], 2.01), single marital status (OR, 1.53), and increasing age (OR, 1.47). Modifiable risk factors included every 5 postoperative hypotensive events (OR, 1.31), 10-mg increases in oral morphine equivalent consumption (OR, 1.04), and postoperative laboratory abnormalities (hypocalcemia: OR, 2.15; low hemoglobin: OR, 2.63). Conclusion This study identifies potentially modifiable factors that are associated with increased LOS after TKA. Doubling down on efforts to control the narcotic use and to use opioid alternatives when possible will likely have efficacy in reducing LOS. Attempts should be made to correct laboratory abnormalities and to be cognizant of patient opioid use, age, and race when considering potential avenues to reduce LOS.
Creating a culture of improvement for better care

Improvement and innovation is extremely important in the health care field. Being able to respond both to shifts in the industry, and the changing needs of patients, is critical for a health care organization to be successful. Southcentral Foundation (SCF), an Alaska Native customer-owned health care system, has implemented major reforms to both its improvement and innovation practices, and its overall system; these reforms have led to national and international recognition for health care quality, with SCF twice winning the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, the United States’ highest presidential honor for performance excellence, in 2011 and 2017. At SCF, change is driven by patients (who are called “customer-owners” at SCF). SCF constantly solicits their input, and engages with the community in a variety of ways on a regular basis, to gather their feedback and determine the changes and improvements they want to see made. Once the customer-owners have given direction for what to do, SCF implements change on an organizational level. SCF’s leadership encourages calculated risk-taking, innovation, and creativity on the part of employees to help bring about needed change. SCF takes several measures to manage change and create a culture of improvement at the organization. SCF maintains the Functional Committee Structure, which allows for decision-making and responsibilities to be shared among the workforce rather than resting solely with leadership. Two of the four committees are devoted to improvement—the Process Improvement and Quality Improvement committees (the other two being Operations and Quality Assurance). The committees provide a mechanism for ongoing feedback across the organization, and help secure employee buy-in for needed change and innovation. They also ensure that all change made is in alignment with SCF’s mission and vision. Each employee is also encouraged to find opportunities to innovate as part of their jobs. At SCF, each employee is evaluated based on four core competencies, one of which is improvement and innovation. Employees are encouraged to build an understanding of how their job duties contribute to SCF’s corporate goals and objectives, and look for ways to make meaningful improvements to services, programs, and processes that create new value for customer-owners and employees. SCF has also built a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis into our strategic planning cycle to aid leadership in making educated decisions about organizational direction. And SCF maintains the Organizational Development department, which has improvement specialists and advisors who work with every division at SCF to continually improve performance. In part due to its improvement and innovation practices, SCF has achieved a 97 percent customer satisfaction rate, as well as 95 percent employee satisfaction. This session will detail the methods SCF uses to foster a culture of continuous improvement, and the ways in which SCF supports improvement on an organizational level.
Identification of T cell clones without the need for sequencing

The brainbow recombination fluorescent protein system has been used for a multitude of applications in fate and lineage tracking. Here, we use a mouse with a ubiquitously expressed brainbow construct, termed the Confetti mouse, to perform T lymphocyte cell lineage tracking. We demonstrate that antigen-specific T lymphocyte clonotypes can be identified and phenotyped using flow cytometry instead of performing expensive and time-consuming methods of single cell sequencing.
Advocating Cultural Competence in College Students as a Component of Moral and Civic Development

This article encourages the application of cultural competency as a factor in the development of character in college students. Student affairs practitioners can help students explore cultural comp...
Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Instrument: Assessing Barriers to Dietary Practices.

Background and purpose Poor dietary practices are linked to many chronic diseases. The purpose of this validation study was to develop a psychometrically sound instrument that can be administered by health practitioners to measure dietary barriers. Methods The Dietary Health Status (DHS) instrument, designed to measure dietary barriers is comprised of items in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-What We Eat in America datasets. Content validity was established for DHS using an expert review process. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then used to assess validity and reliability as determined by Cronbach's alpha values. Results The PCA supported a 10-component solution, explaining 61% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha was .67 for the entire instrument, ranging from .55 to .87 for the 10 subscales. Conclusion Results suggest the instrument had sufficient construct and internal validity. This exploratory study is an important first step in validating the DHS instrument.
A Reconfigurable Architecture for Continuous Double-Sided Swept-Laser Linearization

This paper reports a reconfigurable architecture to generate and maintain the linearity of frequency-swept semiconductor lasers for both current rising (up-sweep) and falling (down-sweep) edges, respectively. This method combines both passive and active controls to achieve a high frequency-sweep linearity using an integrated digital architecture. Both the passive and active control utilize the same feedback—the interferometric signal of the laser's output—which has a frequency proportional to laser frequency-sweep velocity. This architecture is highly reconfigurable, allowing key parameters to be changed, including sweep velocity, tuning range, and sweep duration, making it a highly versatile and flexible approach suitable for a range of semiconductor lasers and a variety of applications. This architecture was implemented on an FPGA to validate the concept and evaluate its performance. By precisely tracking the interferometric feedback signal, it was found that this approach allowed a semiconductor laser to generate and maintain a phase error of less than $\frac{\pi }{2}$ within the regions of interest at different sweep velocities for both up-sweep and down-sweep cycles. Given that the delay length of the interferometer is 226 ns, the instantaneous optical frequency error is within 0.12% at 1552 nm.
Promoting Safe Injection Practices, Substance Use Reduction, Hepatitis C Testing, and Overdose Prevention Among Syringe Service Program Clients Using a Computer-Tailored Intervention: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Syringe service programs (SSPs) are safe, highly effective programs for promoting health among people who inject drugs. However, resource limitations prevent the delivery of a full package of prevention services to many clients in need. Computer-tailored interventions may represent a promising approach for providing prevention information to people who inject drugs in resource-constrained settings. Objective: The aim of this paper is to assess the effect of a computer-tailored behavioral intervention, called Hep-Net, on safe injection practices, substance use reduction, overdose prevention, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing among SSP clients. Methods: Using a social network–based recruitment strategy, we recruited clients of an established SSP in Wisconsin and peers from their social networks. Participants completed a computerized baseline survey and were then randomly assigned to receive the Hep-Net intervention. Components of the intervention included an overall risk synthesis, participants’ selection of a behavioral goal, and an individualized risk reduction exercise. Individuals were followed up 3 months later to assess their behavior change. The effect of Hep-Net on receiving an HCV screening test, undergoing Narcan training, reducing the frequency of drug use, and sharing drug equipment was assessed. The individual’s readiness to change each behavior was also examined. Results: From 2014 to 2015, a total of 235 people who injected drugs enrolled into the Hep-Net study. Of these, 64.3% (151/235) completed the follow-up survey 3-6 months postenrollment. Compared with the control group, individuals who received the Hep-Net intervention were more likely to undergo HCV testing (odds ratio [OR] 2.23, 95% CI 1.05-4.74; P=.04) and receive Narcan training (OR 2.25, 95% CI 0.83-6.06; P=.11), and they shared drug equipment less frequently (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.55-0.65; P<.001). Similarly, individuals who received the intervention were more likely to advance in their stage of readiness to change these 3 behaviors. However, intervention participants did not appear to reduce the frequency of drug use or increase their readiness to reduce drug use more than control participants, despite the fact that the majority of the intervention participants selected this as the primary goal to focus on after participation in the baseline survey. Conclusions: Implementing computer-based risk reduction interventions in SSPs may reduce harms associated with the sharing of injection equipment and prevent overdose deaths; however, brief computerized interventions may not be robust enough to overcome the challenges associated with reducing and ceasing drug use when implemented in settings centered on the delivery of prevention services. Clinical Trial: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02474043; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02474043
Experimental validation of solid oxide fuel cell polarization modeling: An LSM-YSZ/YSZ/Ni-YSZ case study

Abstract Polarization modeling based on the measured I-V curves is a useful tool for analyzing SOFC performance and diagnosing performance limitations. Using the polarization model, the overpotential of a cell is usually separated into different polarization contributions, including area specific ohmic polarization, activation polarization, and anodic and cathodic concentration polarizations. In this study, we aim to experimentally validate the accuracy of the polarization model. As a case study, anode-supported cells with LSM-YSZ/YSZ/Ni-YSZ configuration are used. By curve-fitting the I-V curves of a cell tested under different cathode oxygen partial pressures into the polarization model, the contributions of different polarization losses are quantified. To validate the polarization model, independent experiments/studies including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cathode kinetics study, ex-situ diffusivity measurement, and tortuosity measurement using 3D reconstructed anode are conducted. The results from polarization modeling and from validation studies are in good agreement, thereby validating the polarization model for SOFC performance analysis.
CURRENT AND FUTURE IN SITU TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR THE REMEDIATION OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN SOIL, SEDIMENTS, AND GROUNDWATER

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and Development (ORD) is the scientific research arm of EPA. ORD conducts research on ways to prevent pollution, protect human health, and reduce risk. Much of the research related to demonstration and evaluation of innovative cleanup technologies is conducted in ORD's National Risk Management Research Laboratory. One of the mechanisms for the evaluation of innovative field -scale technologies for hazardous waste remediation is the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program. The SITE Program is currently investigating approaches for the in situ treatment of contaminated sites. The research includes innovative technologies for clean up of dense non-aqueous liquids (DNAPLs) in soils, groundwater, and fractured rock media; innovative approaches for contaminated sediment remediation; and innovative mine waste treatment technologies. Future research includes the evaluation of remediation of DNAPL source zones; treatment caps that simultaneously contain and remediate contaminated sediments; and investigation of ecological tools that serve a dual purpose of assessing the condition of sediment -contaminated water bodies and gauging the efficacy of mitigation efforts. These efforts are leading to a better understanding of soil, sediment and groundwater systems that may respond innovative treatment technologies, and more accurate information regarding the performance and cost of these innovative approaches.
Tissue reaction to novel customized calcium silicate cement based dental implants. A pilot study in the dog

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of periodontal tissue regeneration in a canine model following post-extraction placement of an implant molded from a composite material made from extracted tooth dentin and a calcium silicate cement (CSC) material. The investigation used autologous dentin in conjunction with a CSC material to form a composite implant designed for immediate tooth replacement. Two (2) beagles had a periodontal and radiographic examination performed to rule out any pre-treatment inflammation, significant periodontal disease, or mobility. Then, ination eleven (11) teeth were extracted and polyvinyl siloxane molds were made to fabricate three different types of implants: Particulate Implant (Test Group 1, n = 4), Shell Implant Alone (Test Group 2, n = 2), Shell Implant with Emdogain® (Test Group 3, n = 3). Teeth in the control group were extracted, scaled (n = 2), and then re-implanted into their respective fresh extraction sockets. At 4 weeks, a clinical, radiographic, and histologic assessment was performed. Clinical evaluation revealed no mobility in any of the test or control implants and no radiographic evidence of significant bone loss or active disease. Based on the MicroCT analysis, direct bone to implant contact was observed in some areas with an apparent periodontal ligament space. Implant-related inflammation, on average, was similar among all groups, with low numbers of infiltrates. Implant-related inflammatory reaction was generally minimal and not interpreted to be adverse. The proposed novel composite materials revealed that not only do these materials demonstrate high biocompatibility, but also their successful integration in the alveolus is likely secondary to a partial ligamentous attachment. The current investigation may lead to the use of calcium silicate-based materials as custom dental implants. Further research on this novel composite’s biomechanical properties is necessary to develop the optimal material composition for use as a load-bearing dental implant.
Macrolide antibiotics

This article is an extensive review of current information available on the macrolide antibiotics. This includes antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology, complications and side effects, and pediatric use of these drugs. These are important antibiotics, but careful selection of patients must be made and the physician must be alert for evidence of drug-drug interactions, which are not uncommon with several members of this class.
Distinguishing bulk and surface recombination in CdTe thin films and solar cells using time-resolved terahertz and photoluminescence spectroscopies

Understanding the nature of recombination and its dependence on defects and interfaces is essential for engineering materials and contacts for a higher open-circuit voltage (Voc) and power conversion efficiency in photovoltaic (PV) devices. Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) has conventionally been used to evaluate recombination, but carrier redistribution often dominates the response at short times. Here, we report on the quantification of carrier dynamics and recombination mechanisms by complementary use of both time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy and TRPL combined with numerical modeling of the continuity equations and Poisson's equation. We have demonstrated this approach using CdTe thin films. A thin-film stack with CdTe fabricated by vapor transport deposition and treated with CdCl2 exhibited a bulk lifetime of 1.7 ± 0.1 ns, a negligible CdTe/CdS interface recombination velocity, and a back surface recombination velocity of 6.3 ± 1.3 × 104 cm/s. In contrast, a film stack without CdCl2 treatment had a bulk lifetime of only 68 ± 12 ps and a higher interface recombination velocity of 4 ± 2 × 108 cm/s. By determining the locus and mechanisms of performance-limiting recombination, we can accelerate the development of thin-film PVs with higher Voc and efficiency. While the method has been demonstrated here using CdTe, it is also applicable to perovskites, Cu(InGa)Se2, Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4, and emerging technologies.
Growth and Mortality in Coastal Populations of Winter Flounder: Implications for Recovery of a Depleted Population

AbstractWe studied growth, mortality, and settlement distributions of juvenile Winter Flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus in two bays of Long Island, New York, to better understand localized population dynamics of a species experiencing a protracted population decline. Juvenile mortality in Long Island bays ranged between 0.02 and 0.04 per day and was as high as or higher than values reported for other systems. Settlement distributions had multiple peaks (cohorts) occurring between March and late July in 2007 and between February and May in 2008. The presence of multiple cohorts limited the usefulness of field-derived, length-based estimates of growth, resulting in unrealistic values compared with otolith-based measures (field based: −0.05 to 0.25 cm/d; otolith based: 0.05–0.06 cm/d). Thus, we recommend the use of otolith methods or the repeated measurement of individuals to estimate growth of juvenile Winter Flounder. Otolith-based growth rate was significantly higher for Port Jefferson Harbor during ...
Programmable picosecond pulse generator in CMOS

In this paper, a scalable and reconfigurable architecture is presented for digitally programmable sub-THz waveform generation in CMOS. The architecture allows individual control of both amplitudes and phases of harmonic frequencies beyond f max to achieve waveform shaping. This is enabled through controlled interference of multiple traveling-waves with rich harmonic components and delays. As an example, inspired from mode-locked laser, picosecond pulse generation is demonstrated in CMOS with a measured pulse-width of 2.6ps and 0.46 mW output power for the pulse train. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the smallest pulse width demonstrated in integrated circuit technology with additional capability of dynamic reconfiguration. The chip is fabricated in 65nm LP CMOS process.
Neuronal Apoptosis Associated with Morphine Tolerance: Evidence for an Opioid-Induced Neurotoxic Mechanism

Tolerance to the analgesic effect of an opioid is a pharmacological phenomenon that occurs after its prolonged administration. Activation of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) has been implicated in the cellular mechanisms of opioid tolerance. However, activation of NMDARs can lead to neurotoxicity under many circumstances. Here we demonstrate that spinal neuronal apoptosis was induced in rats made tolerant to morphine administered through intrathecal boluses or continuous infusion. The apoptotic cells were predominantly located in the superficial spinal cord dorsal horn, and most apoptotic cells also expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase, a key enzyme for the synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Consistently, increased nociceptive sensitivity to heat stimulation was observed in these same rats. Mechanistically, the spinal glutamatergic activity modulated morphine-induced neuronal apoptosis, because pharmacological perturbation of the spinal glutamate transporter activity or coadministration of morphine with the NMDAR antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo [a,d] cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate affected both morphine tolerance and neuronal apoptosis. At the intracellular level, prolonged morphine administration resulted in an upregulation of the proapoptotic caspase-3 and Bax proteins but a downregulation of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Furthermore, coadministration with morphine of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (a pan-caspase inhibitor) or acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspart-1-aldehyde (a relatively selective caspase-3 inhibitor) blocked morphine-induced neuronal apoptosis. Blockade of the spinal caspase-like activity also partially prevented morphine tolerance and the associated increase in nociceptive sensitivity. These results indicate an opioid-induced neurotoxic consequence regulated by the NMDAR-caspase pathway, a mechanism that may have clinical implications in opioid therapy and substance abuse.
Molecular characterization of phycobilisome regulatory mutants of Fremyella diplosiphon.

Abstract Three classes of pigment mutants were generated in Fremyella diplosiphon in the course of electroporation experiments. The red mutant class had high levels of phycoerythrin in both red and green light and no inducible phycocyanin in red light. Thus, this mutant behaved as if it were always in green light, regardless of light conditions. Blue mutants exhibited normal phycoerythrin photoregulation, whereas the inducible phycocyanin was present at high levels in both red- and green-light-grown cells. Furthermore, the absolute amount of allophycocyanin was increased threefold in comparison with our wild-type strain. Green mutants lost the capacity to accumulate phycoerythrin in green light but showed normal photoregulation of phycocyanin. Analyses of transcript abundance in these mutants demonstrated that changes in the levels of the different phycobilisome components correlated with changes in the levels of mRNAs encoding those components. The characterization of these mutants supports hypotheses previously discussed concerning molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the phycobiliprotein gene sets during chromatic adaptation.
A Quantitative Approach for Architecture-Invariant Parallel Workload Characterization

Experimental design of parallel computers calls for quantifiable methods to compare and evaluate the requirements of different workloads within an application domain. Such metrics can help establish the basis for scientific design of parallel computers driven by application needs, to optimize performance to cost. In this work, a parallelism-based framework is presented for representing and comparing workloads, based on the way they would exercise parallel machines. This method is architecture-invariant and can be used effectively for the comparison of workloads and assessing resource requirements. Our workload characterization is derived from parallel instruction centroid and parallel workload similarity. The centroid is a workload approximation which captures the type and amount of parallel work generated by the workload on the average. The centroid is an efficient measure which aggregates average parallelism, instruction mix, and critical path length. When captured with abstracted information about communication requirements, the result is a powerful tool in understanding the requirements of workloads and their potential performance on target parallel machines. The parallel workload similarity is based on measuring the normalized Euclidean distance (ned), which provides an efficient means of comparing workloads, between workload centroids. This provides the basis for quantifiable analysis of workloads to make informed decisions on the composition of parallel benchmark suites. It is shown that this workload characterization method outperforms comparable ones in accuracy, as well as in time and space requirements. Analysis of the NAS Parallel Benchmark workloads and their performance is presented to demonstrate some of the applications and insight provided by this framework. The parallel-instruction workload model is used to study the similarities among the NAS Parallel Benchmark workloads in a quantitative manner. The results confirm that workloads in NPB represent a wide range of non-redundant benchmarks with different characteristics.
FROM AUSTRIA TO SACCO AND VANZETTI: THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRANKFURTER'S "FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS" THEORY

On the morning of July 1, 1949, three Los Angeles County dep­ uty sheriffs stormed into the home of Antonio Richard Rochin who, they believed, was selling narcotics.1 They forced their way into Rochin's bedroom where they found him and his wife half­ dressed on the bed.2 Two cellophane-wrapped pills sat in plain view on a nearby nightstand.3 When one of the officers asked, "Whose stuff is this?," Rochin grabbed the pills and swallowed them.4 All three officers jumped on him and tried to pry the capsules from his mouth.s Officer Jack Jones throttled Rochin's neck and shoved his fingers down Rochin's throat, but to no avai1.6 Rochin was then placed in handcuffs and taken to a hospital where, at the officers' direction, a doctor forced a tube in Rochin's mouth and adminis­ tered an emetic solution, causing vomiting.? The officers retrieved the capsules and subsequent testing revealed them to contain mor­ phine.8 In Rochin's trial for possessing "a preparation of mor­
Luminosity Functions and Mass Functions for Massive Stars: Associations in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds

UBV CCD photometry has been obtained for 14 OB associations in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. The data have been used to construct color-magnitude diagrams for the purpose of investigating the massive-star content of these extragalactic associations.
A simplified stochastic model for the aeronautical mobile radio channel

The aeronautical mobile radio channel is analyzed. A stochastic model for the channel is proposed in terms of the transmission coefficient. The power spectrum and the correlation functions are derived for cases of practical interest. The model is useful for predicting the error rate performance of digital modulation techniques. The results from a flight test showed the validity of the proposed model. >
Activation of Coeruleospinal Noradrenergic Inhibitory Controls during Withdrawal from Morphine in the Rat

We previously reported that withdrawal from morphine induces the expression of Fos, a marker of neuronal activity, in spinal cord neurons, particularly in laminae I and II of the superficial dorsal horn, and that the magnitude of Fos expression is increased in rats with a midthoracic spinal transection. We suggested that loss of withdrawal-associated increases in descending inhibitory controls that arise in the brainstem underlie the increased Fos expression after spinal transection. Here, we addressed the origin of the supraspinal inhibition. We injected rats intracerebroventricularly with saline or anti-dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-saporin, a toxin that destroys noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus. Eleven days later, we implanted rats with morphine or placebo pellets, and after 4 d, we precipitated withdrawal with naltrexone. One hour later, the rats were killed, their brains and spinal cords were removed, and transverse sections of the brains and spinal cords were immunoreacted with an antibody to Fos. In placebo-pelleted rats, the toxin injection did not alter behavior and did not induce expression of the Fos protein. However, compared with saline-injected withdrawing rats, the toxin-treated rats that underwent withdrawal demonstrated an intense withdrawal behavior rarely seen in the absence of toxin, namely forepaw fluttering. The rats also had significantly increased Fos-like immunoreactivity in all laminae of the cervical cord and in laminae I and II and the ventral horn of the lumbar cord. No differences were recorded in the sacral cord. We conclude that the effects of spinal transection in rats that withdraw from morphine in part reflect a loss of coeruleospinal noradrenergic inhibitory controls.
Vehicle health monitoring for AVCS malfunction management

Vehicle health monitoring as related to malfunction management is discussed. The needs and the functions for vehicle inspection, performance monitoring and failure detection/diagnosis are addressed. The safety critical functions of an Advanced Vehicle Control System (AVCS) and the major functions using failure mode effects and critically analysis are identified. The requirements for a monitoring system regarding detection time, fail-safe characteristics and self diagnosis capability for monitoring devices are examined. Potential monitoring techniques are investigated. It is concluded that health monitoring is a vitally important function for a safety-critical system of components.
The Unrealistic Rossellini

Tag Gallagher _The Adventures of Roberto Rossellini: His Life and Films_ New York: Da Capo Press, 1998 ISBN 0306808730 802 pp.
Erectile dysfunction in the elderly: epidemiology, etiology and approaches to treatment.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Erectile dysfunction is experienced at least some of the time by most men who have reached 45 years of age, and it is projected to affect 322 million men worldwide by 2025. The prevalence of erectile dysfunction is high in men of all ages and increases greatly in the elderly.Materials and Methods: This paper reviews the epidemiology of erectile dysfunction with an emphasis on the experience of older men, normal age related changes in the structure and function of the penis that may contribute to increased risk with age, how the accumulation of risk factors with age may contribute to the high prevalence of the disease in older men, and established and emerging therapies. The normal aging process and age related risk factor accumulation contribute to the increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction in the elderly.Results: Remarkable progress has been made in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. At present inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 with oral agents such as sildenafil would appear t...
Oestrogen regulates male aggression in the non-breeding season.

Extensive research has focused on territorial aggression during the breeding season and the roles of circulating testosterone (T) and its conversion to 17β–oestradiol (E2) in the brain. However, many species also defend territories in the non–breeding season, when circulating T–levels are low. The endocrine control of non–breeding territoriality is poorly understood. The male song sparrow of Washington State is highly territorial year–round, but plasma T is basal in the non–breeding season (autumn and winter). Castration has no effect on aggression in autumn, suggesting that autumnal territoriality is independent of gonadal hormones. However, non–gonadal sex steroids may regulate winter territoriality (e.g. oestrogen synthesis by brain aromatase). In this field experiment, we treated wild non–breeding male song sparrows with a specific aromatase inhibitor (fadrozole, FAD) using micro–osmotic pumps. FAD greatly reduced several aggressive behaviours. The effects of FAD were reversed by E2 replacement. Treatment did not affect body condition or plasma corticosterone, suggesting that all subjects were healthy. These data indicate that E2 regulates male aggression in the non–breeding season and challenge the common belief that aggression in the non–breeding season is independent of sex steroids. More generally, these results raise fundamental questions about how sexual and/or aggressive behaviours are maintained in a variety of model vertebrate species despite low circulating levels of sex steroids or despite castration. Such nonclassical endocrine mechanisms may be common among vertebrates and play an important role in the regulation of behaviour.
Loss of extracellular matrix from articular cartilage is mediated by the synovium and ligament after anterior cruciate ligament injury

Summary Objective Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) occurs after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. PTOA may be initiated by early expression of proteolytic enzymes capable of causing degradation of the articular cartilage at time of injury. This study investigated the production of three of these key proteases in multiple joint tissues after ACL injury and subsequent markers of cartilage turnover. Methods ACL transection was performed in adolescent minipigs. Collagenase (MMP-1 and MMP-13) and aggrecanase (ADAMTS-4) gene expression changes were quantified in the articular cartilage, synovium, injured ligament, and the provisional scaffold at days 1, 5, 9, and 14 post-injury. Markers of collagen degradation (C2C), synthesis (CPII) and aggrecan synthesis (CS 846) were quantified in the serum and synovial fluid. Histologic assessment of the cartilage integrity (OARSI scoring) was also performed. Results MMP-1 gene expression was upregulated in the articular cartilage, synovium and ligament after ACL injury. MMP-13 expression was suppressed in the articular cartilage, but upregulated 100-fold in the synovium and ligament. ADAMTS-4 was upregulated in the synovium and ligament but not in the articular cartilage. The concentration of collagen degradation fragments (C2C) in the synovial joint fluid nearly doubled in the first five days after injury. Conclusion We conclude that upregulation of genes coding for proteins capable of degrading cartilage ECM is seen within the first few days after ACL injury, and this response is seen not only in chondrocytes, but also in cells in the synovium, ligament and provisional scaffold.
Financial Reforms Push Capital to the Countryside

In the past, rural finance was neglected. Now China has utilized its abundant capital to recapitalize rural credit cooperatives, increase financing for agricultural commodity procurement, and promote microlending on an unprecedented scale. It has begun experiments in creating new village banks, loan guarantee companies, and formalizing informal lenders. Restructuring of institutions appears to have addressed some of the most egregious problems that existed in earlier decades, but the basic structure of the rural financial system is unchanged. The overarching theme of reforms appears to be to push more capital into rural areas.
Applications of higher order corotational stretch theories to nonlinear finite element analysis

Abstract A higher order corotational finite formulation which accounts for initial curvature and moderate variations of rigid body rotation within an element is developed. This formulation is applied to several shallow arches loaded by a concentrated load. It is shown that this formulation converges to the exact solution more rapidly than a lower order corotational formulation as the mesh is refined, at little additional computational cost. However, as the mesh is refined, the difference between low order and higher order corotational formulations diminishes. An elastic plastic shallow arch solution with a limit point is also presented.
PHYLOGENY OF AUREOCOCCUS ANOPHAGEFFERENS AND A MORPHOLOGICALLY SIMILAR BLOOM‐FORMING ALGA FROM TEXAS AS DETERMINED BY 18S RIBOSOMAL RNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS1

The 18S ribosomal RNA genes from isolates of the east coast “brown tide” alga Aureococcus anophagefferens (strain Pt-1) and the Texas “brown tide” alga (strain TBA-2) were sequenced and compared to the gene sequences of Pelagomonas calceolata, a member of the Pelagophyceae, and 10 other organisms. The genes of A. anophagefferens and strain TBA-2 consisted of 1814 and 2236 bases, respectively. The difference in length was largely due to a 423-base insert occurring in the gene of strain TBA-2. Excluding the insert, 93% of the bases of the aligned sequences were identical. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on two different alignment refinement methods (eye refinement and Gatesy refinement). Trees inferred from the Jukes-Cantor distance matrices using the neighbor-joining method were similar for both alignment methods. In both trees, A. anophagefferens, strain TBA-2, and P. calceolata formed a monophyletic group with A. anophagefferens and P. calceolata being sister taxa and strain TBA-2 occurring on a deeper-rooted branch. Bootstrap data sets for both alignment methods gave strong support for the Pelagophyceae group and the branches within that group. Parsimony analyses using the two alignments gave one tree for the eye-refined alignment and two trees for the Gatesy method. All three trees had nearly the same topology as the trees inferred from the distance method. In addition, the Pelagophyceae group and the branches within that group were supported by bootstrap analyses and decay indices. Based on the available data, A. anophagefferens and strain TBA-2 should be placed in the Pelagophyceae but not in the same order and family as P. calceolata.
Age of sexual maturation and adult spatial ability

This paper describes a study designed to provide an extensive evaluation of the potential relationship between the age of sexual maturation and adult spatial ability. Data from two previous studies were combined to provide information on reasonably large samples of adult men (n = 133) and adult women (n = 116). Variables that represented the age of sexual maturation and scores on measures that span the Spatial Orientation ability factor were used in this reanalysis. The relationship between maturational timing and performance on the measures of spatial ability was examined from three perspectives: (1) correlations between indexes of maturational timing and the spatial measures, (2) correlations between variables derived from a signal-detection analysis of performance on the spatial measures and indexes of pubertal timing, and (3) a comparison of spatial ability for groups extreme in pubertal timing. In all, no consistent relationship between the age of sexual maturation and performance on the spatial orientation measures was found. Implications for the long-term relationship between maturational timing and individual differences in spatial ability are discussed.
Resolving terrestrial ecosystem processes along a subgrid topographic gradient for an earth-system model

Abstract. Soil moisture is a crucial control on surface water and energy fluxes, vegetation, and soil carbon cycling. Earth-system models (ESMs) generally represent an areal-average soil-moisture state in gridcells at scales of 50–200 km and as a result are not able to capture the nonlinear effects of topographically-controlled subgrid heterogeneity in soil moisture, in particular where wetlands are present. We addressed this deficiency by building a subgrid representation of hillslope-scale topographic gradients, TiHy (Tiled-hillslope Hydrology), into the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) land model (LM3). LM3-TiHy models one or more representative hillslope geometries for each gridcell by discretizing them into land model tiles hydrologically coupled along an upland-to-lowland gradient. Each tile has its own surface fluxes, vegetation, and vertically-resolved state variables for soil physics and biogeochemistry. LM3-TiHy simulates a gradient in soil moisture and water-table depth between uplands and lowlands in each gridcell. Three hillslope hydrological regimes appear in non-permafrost regions in the model: wet and poorly-drained, wet and well-drained, and dry; with large, small, and zero wetland area predicted, respectively. Compared to the untiled LM3 in stand-alone experiments, LM3-TiHy simulates similar surface energy and water fluxes in the gridcell-mean. However, in marginally wet regions around the globe, LM3-TiHy simulates shallow groundwater in lowlands, leading to higher evapotranspiration, lower surface temperature, and higher leaf area compared to uplands in the same gridcells. Moreover, more than four-fold larger soil carbon concentrations are simulated globally in lowlands as compared with uplands. We compared water-table depths to those simulated by a recent global model-observational synthesis, and we compared wetland and inundated areas diagnosed from the model to observational datasets. The comparisons demonstrate that LM3-TiHy has the capability to represent some of the controls of these hydrological variables, but also that improvement in parameterization and input datasets are needed for more realistic simulations. We found large sensitivity in model-diagnosed wetland and inundated area to the depth of conductive soil and the parameterization of macroporosity. With improved parameterization and inclusion of peatland biogeochemical processes, the model could provide a new approach to investigating the vulnerability of Boreal peatland carbon to climate change in ESMs.