cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SNe Ia: Can Chandrasekhar mass explosions reproduce the observed zoo?

Abstract The question of the nature of the progenitor of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is important both for our detailed understanding of stellar evolution and for their use as cosmological probes of the dark energy. Much of the basic features of SNe Ia can be understood directly from the nuclear physics, a fact which Gerry would have appreciated. We present an overview of the current observational and theoretical situation and show that it not incompatible with most SNe Ia being the results of thermonuclear explosions near the Chandrasekhar mass.
Protein production and release by dispersed rat submandibular gland cells in vitro after adrenergic stimulation

Abstract Enzymatically dispersed cell aggregates were prepared from rat submandibular glands. Cells were responsive to α- and β-adrenergic agonists, as measured by net K + release and radiolabeled protein secretion, respectively. Protein production by submandibular gland cells was constant during the 90 min experimental period. Specific agonist and antagonist experiments demonstrated that both α- and β-adrenergic receptor stimulation were required for maximum secretion of newly synthesized protein. Proteins were radiolabeled with [ 35 S] methionine and both soluble cell and secreted proteins examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autofluorography. A broad size range of newly synthesized proteins was detected (Mr∼10 4 −5 × 10 5 ). Adrenergic stimulation (1-epinephrine) specifically increased the secretion of certain radiolabeled proteins and, in addition, resulted in both cellular and secreted proteins with electrophoretic characteristics distinct from that of control preparations.
Gastric secretion in enterectomized dogs

1. A continuous hypersecretion of highly acid gastric juice was observed in dogs following either removal of the small intestine, or exclusion of gastric, pancreatic, and biliary secretions from the small intestine. 2. This hypersecretion appears to be related mainly to the stimulatory effects of the surgical intervention and post-operative care, rather than to a possible release from the inhibitory effects of enterogastrone.
Solution thermodynamics for “reactive” components

Abstract A unifying mathematical analysis is presented for the thermodynamic properties of a system of components which undergo chemical transformations (reaction, association, solvation, ionization) or are modelled as such (“chemical theory”, “solutions of groups”) in terms of the properties of the resultant species. Several examples are given.
Ion-induced adhesion enhancement of Ni films on polyester: Si intermediate layer and 84Kr+ implantation

Abstract The influence of a 7 nm Si intermediate layer and 84Kr+ implantation on the adhesion of 30 nm Ni films on poly[ethylene terephthalate] (PET) substrates was examined. The objective was to determine if the large (a factor of 20) adhesion increases previously observed for 28Si+ implanted Ni/PET could be duplicated using a Si intermediate layer and inert gas ion mixing. Ni/Si/PET specimens were implanted with 84Kr+ at substrate temperatures below 100°C to avoid polymer degradation. Substantial bubble and void formation was observed in the implanted specimens. After 1 × 1016 Kr/cm2 implantation, a buildup of oxygen in the Si intermediate layer was observed. The Ni that was originally present in the Si layer diffused out of the oxidized Si into the Ni overlayer, leaving a SiOx layer. This oxidized Si layer formed sharp interfaces with both the Ni films and PET substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis shows that the Ni/PET interfacial region consisted of a mixture of Ni2Si and SiO before ion mixing and a discrete SiO2 layer after mixing. Adhesion testing of the as-deposited and ion mixed films showed no ion-induced adhesion enhancement. It was concluded that in order to enhance the adhesion of Ni films on PET (or other oxygenated polymers) that the reactive species (Si) must be implanted into both the Ni film and the PET substrate.
Carbon post-microarrays for glucose sensors

A novel design and fabrication method of glucose sensors based on high aspect ratio carbon post-microarrays is reported in this paper. Apart from the fact that carbon has a wide electrochemical stability window, a major advantage of using carbon post-microarrays as working electrodes for an amperometric glucose sensor is the large reactive surface per unit footprint substrate area, improving sensitivity of the glucose sensor. The carbon post-microarrays were fabricated by carbon-microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) technology. Immobilization of enzyme onto the carbon post-electrodes was carried out through co-deposition of glucose oxidase (GOx) and electrochemically polymerized polypyrrole (PPy). Sensing performance of the glucose sensors with different post-heights and various post-densities was tested and compared. The carbon post-glucose sensors show a linear range from 0.5 mM to 20 mM and a response time of about 20 s, which are comparable to the simulation result. Sensitivity per unit footprint substrate area as large as 2.02 mA/(mM cm 2 ) is achieved with the 140m high (aspect ratio around 5:1) carbon post-samples, which is two times the sensitivity per unit footprint substrate area of the flat carbon films. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the number of reaction sites scales with the reactive surface area of the sensor. Numerical simulation based on enzymatic reaction and glucose diffusion kinetics gives the optimum geometric design rules for the carbon post-glucose sensor. Glucose sensors with even higher sensitivity can be achieved utilizing higher carbon post-microarrays when technology evolution will permit it. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Lagrange’s Equations for Complex Bond Graph Systems

The standard means of imposing causality to extract state equations for bond graph models of physical systems can be inconvenient when algebraic loops and derivative causality in combination with nonlinear constraints are present. This paper presents an alternative means of writing system differential equations using energy and coenergy state functions and Lagrange’s equations. For certain types of systems, particularly mechanical and electromechanical systems, this indirect means of finding state equations turns out to be very convenient. In this technique, causality is used in a new way to establish generalized coordinates and generalized efforts for nonconservative elements. Finally, it is shown that in some cases in which a Lagrangian can be written by inspection for a complex mechanism, a detailed bond graph for this component is unnecessary and yet the equations of the mechanism can be easily coupled to the bond graph equations for the remainder of the system.
The Cissia confusa species‐group in Costa Rica and Trinidad (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae)

The generic names Euptychia, Cissia and Argyreuplychia are reviewed in relation to the Cissia confusa species-group in Costa Rica and Trinidad, for which the generic name Cissia Doubleday is formally resurrected. Three new species of Cissia are described, C. confusa itself is resurrected from synonymy, three neotypes and three lectotypes are designated, and six new combinations established. On the basis of early instar morphology three subgroups are recognized and the general biology of the confusa species-group is summarized. A key to species in Costa Rica is provided and the ecology of the adults is reviewed.
Glass fibre sizing/matrix interphase formation in liquid composite moulding: effects on fibre/matrix adhesion and mechanical properties

Abstract The glass fibre sizing/matrix interactions in a liquid composite moulding environment have been investigated to develop an understanding of the effect of wetting between sized fibre surfaces and the reacting liquid matrix, the structure of the resulting interphase and its effect on fibre/matrix adhesion and composite properties. The overall research objectives in this programme are to develop an experimental protocol for measurement of the key wetting parameters of the fibre and matrix; to quantify the effect of wetting on the mechanical properties of the composites formed by liquid composite moulding; and to formulate a time-, temperature- and geometry-dependent model of the liquid composite moulding process which incorporates the surface properties of the fibre, its finish and the reactive polymer matrix. Results are presented for a series of sized glass fibres consisting of incompatible and compatible sizings, studied with a reacting vinyl ester matrix system. Surface free energy analysis was conducted to characterize the fibre surfaces. Axial and transverse wicking rates were measured to quantify the change in total surface free energy of the fibre/matrix systems. The sizing surface free energy and its solubility in the matrix strongly affected the fibre/matrix interphase formation and consequently the fibre/matrix adhesion and composite shear and flexural strengths.
Software evolution through rapid prototyping

Rapid prototyping is defined, and its role in software evolution is examined. Software evolution refers to all activities that change a software system. It differs from maintenance in that the latter is done after the initial development, whereas evolution activities are interleaved with the initial development and continue after the delivery of the initial version of the system. In the author's approach to rapid prototyping, software systems are delivered incrementally and requirements analysis continues throughout the process, interleaved with implementation and evolution. The focus is on reducing requirements errors through prototyping before undertaking the incremental implementation effort for each deliverable version of the system. The evolution of a hyperthermia system is considered as an example. >
Prior stimulation and the masking-level difference.

Signal detection in diotic (NoSo) and dichotic (NoSπ) conditions was measured as a function of the stimulus parameters of the noise that preceded the signal‐plus‐masker. When the signal and masker were both pulsed, dichotic signal detection was worse than when the masker was continuous or when the onset of the masker preceded the signal‐plus‐masker by at least 500 ms. The dichotic detection thresholds decreased as the duration of the pulsed signal plus pulsed masker was increased. The level, spectrum, interaural configuration, duration, and temporal proximity of the prior noise (forward fringe) relative to the masker and/or signal and masker were all investigated. Almost any difference between the parameters of the fringe and the masker resulted in poorer signal detection in the dichotic conditions. These same stimulus conditions produced small (less than 2.2 dB) changes in the diotic detection thresholds. The various models of the Masking‐Level Difference (MLD) may be modified to qualitatively describe some of these results.
LOW LEVELS OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA

There are many biochemical and clinical findings in patients with anorexia nervosa to suggest altered thyroid hormone activity but laboratory tests of thyroid gland function are generally normal or low normal. TSH, total T4, total T3 and the response to TRH were determined in 6 patients with anorexia nervosa in an effort to evaluate discriminately thyroid hormone activity at the physiologic levels of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland and peripheral tissue. The results, expressed as the mean value ± SEM, are summarized in the following table: The most striking finding was the markedly depressed T3 levels. Animal studies suggest that in acute starvation, peripheral deiodination of thyroxine is increased. Our data suggest that during chronic starvation, peripheral deiodination of T4 to T3 is diminished. Sullivan et al have suggested that severely ill but euthyroid patients have decreased deiodination and decreased intracellular T3. Teleologically, decreased deiodination may be a protective mechanism during chronic stress.
Methods for measuring tissue protein breakdown rate in vivo.

Purpose of reviewTo describe the latest innovations in measuring protein breakdown in vivo, particularly in muscle.Recent findingsThe traditional method of using 3-methylhistidine excretion to measure muscle protein breakdown has been updated to include arteriovenous or microdialysis measurements, w
X-ray diffraction study of the mineralization of turkey leg tendon.

X-ray diffraction studies were conducted on calcified turkey leg tendon to establish the effect of mineralization on some of the structural properties of collagen. The principal finding was that the first equatorial reflection of collagen in freshly-excised calcified tendon had a d-spacing intermediate between the values for dried collagen and fresh unmineralized collagen. Since this spacing is a sensitive monitor of moisture levels in collagen, the data suggest that mineralization reduces the amount of water than can associatein vivo with the collagen component in tissue. It was also found that the presence of mineral appears to increase the resistance of collagen to permanent thermal denaturation.
Rape Flashbacks: Constructing a New Narrative

This article offers an approach to the dissolution of rape flashbacks when the usual treatment of talk and group support doesn't work. The client, with her family, constructs a new rape scenario to replace her abusive story. In the new story, the client introduces a chosen protective figure into the flashback, which has the effect of interrupting the old scenario so that it cannot take place in the same way again. This approach relies on the client finding a new or freed voice in the treatment conversations in order to tell her story differently. The new, repopulated story eventually has the effect of altering her memory and renewing her life direction and belief in herself.
A sequential method for removing the inelastic loss contribution from Auger electron spectroscopic data

Abstract A method for removing the contribution of inelastically scattered Auger electrons from an Auger electron spectrum is presented. Each spectral data point is defined as a delta function which is convolved with an inelastic scattering function. The total observed loss contribution at any point in the spectrum is treated as a composition sum of the inelastic loss functions from all spectral data points at higher kinetic energies. The functional form of the individual contributors to the total loss contribution is obtained by utilizing the inelastic portion of electron backscatter spectra taken using primary electron beam energies close to the energy of the spectral feature under consideration. Data treated by this method are shown to be useful for quantification of surface composition and for line shape analysis. The method presented herein offers an alternative to the Van Cittert deconvolution of the entire electron backscatter function from AES data.
Dental requirements of the hospitalized alcoholic patient

A 16-month survey to determine the dental needs of 341 male patients admitted to a three-month alcoholic rehabilitation program shows that these patients have a permanent tooth loss three times higher than the national average for corresponding ages.
Application of low temperature GaAs to GaAs/Si

Low Temperature grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) was incorporated as a buffer layer for GaAs on Si (GaAs/Si) and striking advantages of this structure were confirmed. The LT-GaAs layer showed high resistivity of 1.7 × 107 ω-cm even on a highly defective GaAs/Si. GaAs/Si with the LT-GaAs buffer layers had smoother surfaces and showed much higher photoluminescence intensities than those without LT-GaAs. Schottky diodes fabricated on GaAs/Si with LT-GaAs showed a drastically reduced leakage current and an improved ideality factor. These results indicate that the LT-GaAs buffer layer is promising for future integrated circuits which utilize GaAs/Si substrates.
Antiferromagnetic ordering in CeHg3

CeHg3 was found to undergo an antiferromagnetic phase transition at 1.6 K. This was indicated by the λ-type peak in its heat capacity and a negative paramagnetic Curie temperature. The electronic specific heat coefficient γ of 52 mJ/mol K2 suggested that CeHg3 is not a heavy fermion material contrary to its isostructural counterpart CeAl3.
An ionicity-modified pair potential model analysis of the sigma phase structure

Abstract Comparison of observed lattice parameters with those predicted by an ionicity-modified pair potential model yields the conclusion that stable sigma phases must contain an element that can undergo a stabilizing crystal field distortion when occupying E-type sites; conversely, sigma phases that do not contain such a component will not be stable. It is proposed that only “exotic” elements belonging to the Ti, Cr, V, and Mn columns of the periodic table can be stabilized by such crystal fields. Consequently, such “exotic” elements should be present as components in other TCP structures having D2d point symmetry. Indeed, every known phase of such structures contains at least one such “exotic” element. A positive excess entropy also contributes to the stability of some sigma phases at elevated temperatures. A crystal field-, ionicity-modified pair potential model has been developed which yields values of lattice parameters, site positioning parameters, site order parameters, and energy of formation which are in good agreement with observed values.
Macrofollicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with minor insular component

BACKGROUND The macrofollicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma that is the subject of this study has only recently been characterized. Information about its morphologic spectrum and biologic behavior is limited. METHODS The authors reviewed 29 examples, including 17 previously reported cases. The clinical and pathologic features of five patients who had the macrofollicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with a minor insular component were analyzed in detail. The insular component in thyroid carcinomas has been associated with aggressive clinical behavior. RESULTS The ages of the 5 patients ranged from 31 to 70 years; the mean age was 40 years. Three patients presented with a palpable thyroid nodule and two with a large thyroid mass of long duration. The latter two tumors, which metastasized, were the largest (8 and 11 cm) and showed extrathyroidal and blood vessel invasion. All five tumors were composed predominantly of macrofollicles (>50%) and had a minor insular component that comprised less than 5% of the tumor mass. In most tumors, the macrofollicles were lined by cells with large, clear, grooved nuclei, and all five contained areas of conventional follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. In the two that metastasized, however, the lining of many macrofollicles consisted of cuboidal cells with small, hyperchromatic, follicular-type nuclei. Only the macrofollicular component was identified in the metastatic deposits in these two patients. All five patients were alive at last follow-up, two with metastases; but follow-up for this study is limited. CONCLUSIONS A minor insular component is an additional feature of the macrofollicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma that may aid in diagnosis and does not appear to have an adverse effect on the excellent prognosis of patients with these tumors. Cancer 1997; 80:1110-6. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
The multirate method for simulation of power system dynamics

In this paper, the multirate method is introduced to analyse power system behavior for systems with widely varying time constants. Estimates for computational speed-up are derived based on a linear system approach. The method is applied to a small power system example and the results, both in terms of accuracy and computation time, are compared to traditional simulation methods. >
Petri net scheduling of FMS using branch and bound method

In this paper, Petri net models for flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are constructed. A firing sequence of the Petri net from an initial marking to a final one can be seen as a schedule of the modeled FMS. By using the branch-and-bound algorithm, an optimal schedule of the FMS can be obtained. Timed marked graphs, a special class of timed Petri nets, are then used to analyze the long-term performance of the job-shop systems. For a job shop system, a procedure is proposed to derive the marked graph from the initial Petri net model after the schedule is determined. The branch and bound algorithm and proposed procedure are illustrated through a job-shop system.
Evaluating the Effects of Placement of Students with Severe Disabilities in General Education versus Special Classes

This program evaluation study was designed to investigate the effects of the placement of students with severe disabilities in general education versus special education classes. Sixteen elementary education programs in California participated. Eight represented the “full inclusion” model of integration, and eight represented the special class model. Two students were selected from each program, with one of the students experiencing more disability and the other student experiencing less disability. A number of key program quality and student outcome variables were measured and, except for an analysis of the individualized education plans (IEPs) of participating students, all measures were based on observations of students in their school programs. The data were analyzed within disability levels. The results indicated that there were differences for the students who were fully included and those who attended special education programs on measures of IEP quality and in the emphasis given to various curricu...
Perlocutions: The Achilles' heel of speech act theory

Abstract This paper criticizes previous approaches to perlocutions and previous formalizations of perlocutionary effects of communicative actions by showing that some of their fundamental assumptions are inconsistent with data from communication studies, psychology, and social studies of persuasion. Consequently, it argues for a data-driven approach to pragmatics, one that permits pragmatic theories to be falsified and improved. The paper also offers an introductory account of a formal theory that can explain the difference in persuasiveness between messages that are characterized by the same set of locutionary and illocutionary acts; and the difference in persuasiveness of the same message with respect to different hearers. The formal theory is developed using the language of situation calculus.
How much homophony is normal

This paper argues that neutralizing phonological alternations are sensitive to how much homophony they create among distinct lexical items: neutralizing rules create fewer homophones than expected. Building on a case study of Korean by Silverman (2010), I compare the neutralizing rules of Korean to a large number of hypothetical alternatives generated by Monte Carlo simulations. The simulations reveal that the actual rules of Korean frequently create far fewer homophones than similar (but unattested) rules, even when the rules that are compared are controlled for the number of phonemic contrasts they eliminate. These results suggest that phonological patterns are sensitive not only to high-level contrasts among phonemes but also to contrasts among individual lexical items. The effect is most pronounced when homophones are not weighted by frequency, a result that adds to evidence in the literature that the relevant measure of lexical frequency for many lexicon-sensitive phonological patterns is type frequency, not token frequency.
CROSS‐REACTIVITY OF ANTIBODIES TO HUMAN ANTIGENS WITH TISSUES OF THE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN, TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS, USING IMMUNOPEROXIDASE TECHNIQUES

Cross-species reactivity of 53 antibodies developed against human antigens was evaluated in the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, using immunoperoxidase techniques, Strong cross-reactivity was demonstrated with antibodies against intermediate filaments, most hormones, but few leukocyte antigens. S100, NSE, F8RA, Factor XIIIa, and lactalbumin antibodies reacted, while HMB45, EMA, PLAP, and PSA did not. Polyclonal antibodies are much more likely to cross-react than are monoclonal antibodies. Twenty-four of 30 (80%) of polyclonals cross-reacted, while only 10 of 23 (43.5%) monoclonals cross-reacted. Some antigens are demonstrated only after using a special technique to unmask the antigen.
Fast algorithms for linear least squares smoothing problems in one and two dimensions using generalized discrete Bellman-Siegert-Krein resolvent identities

New fast algorithms for linear least square smoothing problems in one and two dimensions are derived. These are discrete and multidimensional generalizations of the Bellman-Siegert-Krein resolvent identity, which has been applied to the continuous, one-dimensional stationary smoothing problem by T. Kailath (1969). The new equations relate the linear least squares prediction filters associated with discrete random fields to the smoothing filters for those fields. This results in new fast algorithms for deriving the latter from the former. In particular, used in conjunction with recently developed generalized one-(two-) dimensional split Levinson and Schur algorithms for covariances with (block) Toeplitz-plus-Hankel structure, these algorithms can be used to compute smoothing filters for random fields defined on a polar raster, using fewer computations than those required by previous algorithms. >
Sensory Characteristics and Thiamin Content of Frozen-Stored and Unfrozen Cured-Cooked Pork and Turkey

Abstract Unfrozen and frozen-stored (6 to 8 weeks) turkey and pork hams were heated to an internal temperature of 55 C. Cooking losses, thiamin content, and percentages of fat and moisture were determined. Slices were evaluated by two separate panels: a rating panel and a flavor profile panel. Frozen-stored hams had greater cooking losses, slightly less thiamin, greater stale flavor, less meaty flavor, and were less juicy and tender than unfrozen ones. Pork hams had greater cooking losses, more thiamin, and sensory characteristics different from turkey hams.
Differential Gene Expression Patterns Revealed by Oligonucleotide Versus Long cDNA Arrays

DNA microarrays can be classified into oligonucleotides (Affymetrix) or long cDNAs (IncyteGenomics) based on the arrayed probes. Unfortunately, data are lacking on the comparison of these two popular global screening array systems. The present study was designed to assess the reliability of datasets generated by the two platforms from the same samples. We have already established a model for upregulation of a cluster of antioxidant responsive element (ARE)-driven genes in a human neuroblastoma cell line by treatment with tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) for 8 and 24 h. HuGene FL (Affymetrix), U95 Av2 (Affymetrix), and UniGem V 2.0 (IncyteGenomics) were chosen to do the comparative study on 8- and 24-h samples. The Affymetrix data generated from U95Av2 chips demonstrated that the mRNA of 218 (2.3% of total clones) genes was increased after 8 h of tBHQ treatment. This list included most of the known ARE-driven genes, and nine selected genes showed a high consistency with RT-PCR results. IncyteGenomics called four genes increased and no genes were decreased. These same four genes were also called by the Affymetrix microarray. The sensitivity (fluorescence intensity) and specificity (fold) were very different for selected genes when comparing the two platforms. Cross-hybridization was shown to partially contribute to the discrepancies of the data generated by the two platforms. According to our results, the data generated from oligonucleotide microarrays is more reliable for interrogating changes in gene expression than data from long cDNA microarrays.
The Farm Loss Deduction: A Reply

In the May, 1967, issue of the Journal, there was an article which suggested amendment of the Internal Revenue Code as a cure for the "loophole" whereby wealthy people may obtain substantial tax savings by owning farms which they operate at a loss. Professor Dickinson argues that the proposal would place a severe burden on many farmers who already have serious economic problems. He also disputes the idea, which seems to be inherent in the position of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, that a taxpayer cannot have a genuine intention to make a profit if his enterprise is speculative or experimental.
Longitudinal depressive symptoms and state anxiety among women using assisted reproductive technology

We examined the relationship between infertility treatment and psychosocial health through a longitudinal analysis. Women who underwent FSH-IUI or IVF had higher levels of depressive symptoms and state anxiety at baseline compared with those who attempted conception naturally, and this difference persisted over time.
THERMAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE SURVIVAL OF PRIMITIVE BLOBS IN THE LOWER MANTLE

Geochemical models have frequently divided the mantle into depleted upper and undepleted lower mantle reservoirs, usually taken as indication for a layered style of convection. This is difficult to reconcile with seismological and geodynamical evidence for substantial mass flux between lower and upper mantle. Various models have been proposed to jointly interpret the evidence, including that of G.F. Davies [J. Geophys. Res. 89 (1984) 6017‐6040] in which the author suggested that lumps of primitive material may exist in the lower mantle, representing reservoirs for undepleted basalts. Mixing calculations have suggested, however, that such blobs could not survive 4 Ga of convection. Calculations by M. Manga [Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 (1996) 403‐406] on the other hand showed that high-viscosity blobs could persist in convective cells for geologically long times without being substantially deformed and mixed with the surrounding flow. We investigate a blob model of convection based on these ideas and consider dynamical, thermal, geochemical and rheological consequences. The radiogenic heat production in the primitive blobs would lead to higher temperatures. However, these would be modest (1T < 300 K) for sufficiently small blobs (radius<800 km). The resulting thermal buoyancy can be offset by a small intrinsic density excess (<1%) so that blob material is hidden from the ridges but sampled by rising plumes. To satisfy geochemical constraints, blobs would have to fill 30% to 65% of the mantle (less if they are taken to be enriched rather than primitive). Thermal considerations require that they be surrounded by depleted material of lower viscosity that would convectively transport heat to the surface. The thermal decrease in blob viscosity would be about one order of magnitude but constrained to the interior; the stiffer ‘shell’ can then be expected to control the dynamical mixing behavior. On average, the viscosity of the lower mantle would be increased by the presence of the blobs; if they were 100 times more viscous than the surrounding mantle the net effect would be to increase the effective viscosity approximately
Introduction: Thinking through Urban Renewal

Recent scholarly interest in urban renewal has established its place in the social and political history of the postwar United States. The contributors to this special section argue that equal atte...
Individual attitudes and perceived social norms: Reports on HIV/AIDS-related stigma among service providers in China

This study examined HIV/AIDS-related stigma among Chinese service providers by comparing their personal attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS with their perception of social norms related to people living with HIV/AIDS. We randomly selected three provincial hospitals, four city/prefecture hospitals, 10 county hospitals,18 township health clinics, and 54 village clinics from Yunnan, China. Doctors and nurses were randomly sampled proportionally to the doctor–nurse ratio of each hospital or clinic. Lab technicians were over-sampled in order to include an adequate representation in the analysis. A total of 1,101 service providers participated in a voluntary,anonymous survey where demographic characteristics, individual attitude and perceived social norms toward people living with HIV/AIDS, discrimination intent at work, general prejudicial attitude and knowledge on HIV/AIDS were measured. A majority of the sample demonstrated a similarity between their personal views and what they thought most people in society believe. Multiple logistic regressions revealed that participants who were younger or reported personal contact with people living with HIV/AIDS were significantly more likely to report personal attitudes toward the population that were more liberal than their perceived social norms. Holding a more liberal personal attitude toward people living with HIV/AIDS than perceived social norms was significantly and negatively related to the level of discrimination intent at work, perceived discrimination at interpersonal level and the level of general prejudicial attitude toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Results underscored the importance of understanding social norms and personal attitudes in studying HIV-related stigma and called for the incorporation of existing human capital into future HIV stigma reduction programs.
Infectious exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: diagnosis and management

Chronic bronchitis is an increasing cause of significant morbidity and mortality. Despite treatment, respiratory tract infection is the most common identifiable cause of death for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Repeated infectious exacerbations may ultimately cause acute and chronic lung injury. The most common bacterial aetiologies of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) include Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is often a nosocomial pathogen and is becoming more prevalent in patients with severe underlying disease. Viruses are responsible for approximately one-third of acute exacerbations overall. Atypical pathogens are causative pathogens in 65 years) or have recurrent exacerbations. In patients who do not have these risk factors (i.e. those with simple chronic bronchitis), agents such as co-trimoxazole remain useful.
New Simple Capacity Estimation Method for Multiuser Block Diagonalization Transmission

The multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technique enables the application of spatial multiplexing as a way of increasing the spectrum efficiency. However, only a few antenna branches are allowed at a simple mobile terminal (MT) and the MIMO effect is limited for those MTs. Multiuser (MU)-MIMO techniques were proposed to support such simple terminals to overcome such problems. Among them, the block diagonalization algorithm is well known as a practical linear precoding technique for downlink in the MU-MIMO systems. Because the number of users supported by the access point is limited and the improvement in the spectrum efficiency greatly depends on the combination of spatially multiplexed user, a simple transmission performance estimation method is needed. In this paper, we propose a new capacity estimation method for MU-MIMO systems. The proposed method estimates the achievable bit rate in MU-MIMO while significantly reducing the calculation load compared to that for direct estimation in the block diagonalization algorithm. Theoretical analysis and the simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed method.
Uncovering Hidden In Vivo Resonances Using Editing Based on Localized TOCSY

A novel single-shot spectral editing technique for in vivo proton NMR is proposed to recover resonances of low-concentration metabolites obscured by very strong resonances. With this new method, editing is performed by transferring transverse magnetization to J-coupled spins from selected coupling partners using a homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn polarization transfer with adiabatic pulses. The current implementation uses 1D-TOCSY with single-voxel localization based on LASER to recover the H1 proton of β-glucose at 4.63 ppm from under water and the lactate methyl resonances from beneath a strong lipid signal. The method can be extended to further spin systems where conventional editing methods are difficult to perform.
The pydA–pydB fusion gene produces an active dioxygenase–hydrolase that degrades 3-hydroxy-4-pyridone, an intermediate of mimosine metabolism

The objective of this research was to construct a pydA–pydB hybrid gene that encodes a functional dioxygenase–hydrolase (PydA–PydB) fusion protein for degradation of 3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (HP). HP is an intermediate in both synthesis and degradation of mimosine, a toxic amino acid produced by the tree legume Leucaena leucocephala. Computer-generated models of the fusion proteins suggested that joining of PydA and PydB with 0, 3, or 7 glycine residues as a linker should produce a functional PydA–PydB fusion protein. Accordingly, three hybrid genes, G0, G3, and G7, were constructed in which pydA and pydB were connected with 0, 9, and 21 nucleotides, respectively, encoding the glycine residues of the linker region. When these hybrid genes were expressed in Rhizobium and Escherichia coli, only one of them, G3, produced a functional PydA–PydB fusion protein, having both the dioxygenase and hydrolase activities. The G3 hybrid gene could complement both pydA and pydB mutants of Rhizobium, and E. coli lysate containing the overexpressed G3 protein was able to degrade HP. This hybrid gene may be useful for developing mimosine-free L. leucocephala plants in the future.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF GRAPEVINE STILBENIC COMPOUNDS

Stilbenes are natural compounds occurring in a number of plant families, such as Pinaceae, Myrtaceae, Fagaceae, Liliaceae, Myraceae, Papilionaceae and Vitaceae. Within this last family, they are synthesized in several species, including V. vinifera L., which is the most important species grown worldwide for table grapes, raisins and wine production. Stilbenes are low molecular weight phenolics acting like antifungal compounds, enabling the plant to overcome pathogen attack. Grapevine stilbenes include many compounds such as trans- and cis-resveratrol, their glycosides (piceid or polydatin), viniferins, pterostilbene, astringin, piceatannol (astringinin), and other resveratrol trimers and tetramers. These substances are present in soft tissues, as induced compounds (phytoalexins), and in woody tissues, as constitutive ones.
Modelling the impact of historical land uses on surface‐water quality using groundwater flow and solute‐transport models

Groundwater age, and its influence on contemporary water chemistry, needs to be accurately described to quantify the temporally varying impacts of land use on water quality. The time lags between solute inputs at the land surface and impacts on stream chemistry can be an important factor for managing land use in regional watersheds. Our approach uses a modified groundwater flow code to simulate reverse groundwater flow, regional flow and the solute-transport model where a unit concentration of a conservative solute serves as a proxy for groundwater age. Solute-contour lines represent groundwater travel time, which can then be coupled with Geographic Information System analyses to examine the relationship between water quality and historical land-use patterns. The reverse flow and solute modelling produced a reasonable distribution of groundwater travel times across the watershed, given the hydrology of the system. These groundwater flow paths would be unexpected if surface topography or even surface hydrology were used to predict groundwater movement. Approximately 70% of the watershed has a groundwater lag of ≤ 30 years. When the temporal lags for individual drainage areas within the watershed are compared, flush times vary dramatically. This variability is related both to the size of the sourceshed and its geology. The influence of a particular land use on stream chemistry changes depending on the time scale considered, and also depending on the sourceshed in question as a result of landscape diversity. The results suggest that land-use management practices to reduce solute loading to a watershed might not result in water-quality improvements for many years, especially if implemented on land far from streams. The influence of long groundwater flow paths that integrate past and current land uses must be considered in the interpretation of land-use effects on surface-water quality.
Diagnosing learning diabilities ‐A positive view

(1971). Diagnosing learning diabilities ‐A positive view. Reading World: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 43-50.
An active nitrogen cycle on Mars sufficient to support a subsurface biosphere

Mars' total atmospheric nitrogen content is 0.2 mbar. One-dimensional (1D) photochemical simulations of Mars' atmosphere show that nitric acid (HNO_3(g)), the most soluble nitrogen oxide, is the principal reservoir species for nitrogen in its lower atmosphere, which amounts to a steady-state value of 6×10^(−2) kg or 4 moles, conditions of severe nitrogen deficiency. Mars could, however, support ∼10^(15) kg of biomass (∼1 kg N m^(−2)) from its current atmospheric nitrogen inventory. The terrestrial mass ratio of nitrogen in biomass to that in the atmosphere is ∼10^(−5); applying this ratio to Mars yields ∼10^(10) kg of total biomass – also, conditions of severe nitrogen deficiency. These amounts, however, are lower limits as the maximum surface-sink of atmospheric nitrogen is 2.8 mbar (9×10^(15) kg of N), which indicates, in contradistinction to the Klingler et al. (1989), that biological metabolism would not be inhibited in the subsurface of Mars. Within this context, we explore HNO_3 deposition on Mars' surface (i.e. soil and ice-covered regions) on pure water metastable thin liquid films. We show for the first time that the negative change in Gibbs free energy increases with decreasing HNO_3(g) (NO_3^−(aq)) in metastable thin liquid films that may exist on Mars' surface. We also show that additional reaction pathways are exergonic and may proceed spontaneously, thus providing an ample source of energy for nitrogen fixation on Mars. Lastly, we explore the dissociation of HNO_3(g) to form NO_3^−(aq) in metastable thin liquid films on the Martian surface via condensed phase simulations. These simulations show that photochemically produced fixed nitrogen species are not only released from the Martian surface to the gas-phase, but more importantly, transported to lower depths from the Martian surface in transient thin liquid films. A putative biotic layer at 10 m depth would produce HNO_3 and N_2 sinks of −54 and −5×10^(12) molecules cm^(−2) s^(−1), respectively, which is an ample supply of available nitrogen that can be efficiently transported to the subsurface. The downward transport as well as the release to the atmosphere of photochemically produced fixed nitrogen species (e.g. NO_2^−, NO and NO_2) suggests the existence of a transient but active nitrogen cycle on Mars.
Enhanced Raman scattering from aromatic dithiols electrosprayed into plasmonic nanojunctions

We describe surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) experiments in which molecular coverage is systematically varied from 3.8 × 105 to 3.8 × 102 to 0.38 molecules per μm2 using electrospray deposition of ethanolic 4,4′-dimercaptostilbene (DMS) solutions. The plasmonic SERS substrate used herein consists of a well-characterized 2-dimensional (2D) array of silver nanospheres (see El-Khoury et al., J. Chem. Phys., 2014, 141, 214308), previously shown to feature uniform topography and plasmonic response, as well as intense SERS activity. When compared to their ensemble averaged analogues, the spatially and temporally averaged spectra of a single molecule exhibit several unique features including: (i) distinct relative intensities of the observable Raman-active vibrational states, (ii) more pronounced SERS backgrounds, and (iii) broader Raman lines indicative of faster vibrational dephasing. The first observation may be understood on the basis of an intuitive physical picture in which the removal of averaging over multiple molecules exposes the tensorial nature of Raman scattering. When an oriented single molecule gives rise to the recorded SERS spectra, the relative orientation of the molecule with respect to vector components of the local electric field determines the relative intensities of the observable vibrational states. Using a single molecule SERS framework, described herein, we derive a unique molecular orientation in which a single DMS molecule is isolated at a nanojunction formed between two silver nanospheres in the 2D array. The DMS molecule is found lying nearly flat with respect to the metal. The derived orientation of a single molecule at a plasmonic nanojunction is consistent with observations (ii) and (iii). In particular, a careful inspection of the temporal spectral variations along the recorded single molecule SERS time sequences reveals that the time-averaged SERS backgrounds arise from individual molecular events, marked by broadened SERS signatures. We assign the broadened spectra along the SERS time sequence – which sum up to a SERS background in the averaged spectra – to instances in which the π-framework of the DMS molecule is parallel to the metal at a classical plasmonic nanojunction. This also accounts for Raman line broadening as a result of fast vibrational dephasing, and driven by molecular reorientation at a plasmonic nanojunction. Furthermore, we report on the molecular orientation dependence of single molecule SERS enhancement factors. We find that in the case of a single DMS molecule isolated at a plasmonic nanojunction, molecular orientation may affect the derived single molecule SERS enhancement factor by up to 5 orders of magnitude. Taking both chemical effects as well as molecular orientation into account, we were able to estimate a single molecule enhancement factor of ∼1010 in our measurements.
Timely Pain Management in the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Delivering timely pain relief remains a challenge for most emergency departments. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a policy aimed at delivering analgesics within 30 min to patients presenting to an emergency department with severe pain. Methods Subjects were aged ≥19 years, had a principal diagnosis of renal colic, hip fracture, or sickle cell disease, reported a pain score ≥8 on a scale of 0 to 10 at triage, and continued to report a score in this range until receiving analgesia. The study compared proportions of patients receiving analgesics within the 30-min target, median time to analgesic administration, and median time to relief of severe pain (decline in pain level to score Results Paradoxically, the median total waiting time to analgesic administration increased from 64 min (n = 75) to 80 min (n = 70) after policy implementation (p = 0.01), and the proportion of patients receiving analgesics within 30 min declined from 17% (13/75) to 7% (5/70) (p = 0.08). Median time to relief of severe pain did not differ significantly between periods (130.5 vs. 153 min; p = 0.31). Conclusions After implementation of the new pain management policy, the proportion of patients with severe pain receiving analgesics within 30 min actually declined. Although a 30-min target may be unrealistic, it seems reasonable to conclude that something is wrong when patients with notoriously painful conditions must typically wait 1–2 h to obtain relief. Given the millions of individuals who receive care in emergency departments nationwide each year, the suffering caused by delays occurs on a large scale, so creative approaches are clearly needed to overcome the obstacles.