cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colitis cystica profunda in pygmy goats.

Abstract Colitis cystica profunda was diagnosed in an aged Pygmy goat involved in a long-term progesterone study. This condition was characterized by an extension of mucosal glandular epithelium into the submucosa. Mucin-containing cysts were often observed in the submucosal area. The lesion was considered non-neoplastic and must be differentiated from adenocarcinoma.
Differences in superoxide production by nonmigrating and migrating human monocyte subpopulations.

Abstract Human peripheral blood monocytes comprise two subpopulations. Whereas one subpopulation migrates to a variety of chemoattractants in vitro , the remaining subpopulation fails to respond to chemoattractants. The subpopulations were isolated with a chemotaxis separation chamber and their superoxide generation was studied. Superoxide production was continuously monitored during monocyte exposure to phorbol myristate acetate, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and N-formyl-norleucyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Superoxide production by nonmigrating monocytes was less than 33% of the migrating subpopulations' production. Thus, the subpopulation of monocytes which fails to migrate to chemoattractants also demonstrates defective superoxide production.
File arrangement and maintenance executive (FAME). A general purpose schema driven file maintenance system

Abstract FAME is a data base maintenance system featuring dictionary driven access to items, handling of repeating groups, and a compression scheme. FAME can create and update files and utilities are provided to give programmers total access to these files through the dictionary. Other utilities aid the programmer in writing reports. In addition, there is a linkage to general retrieval and reporting packages and the statistical package SPSS which make these systems usable on a FAME data base by a non-programmer.
Disassembly problem in rapid prototyping

Multiple parts can be built simultaneously in one RP cycle, reducing significantly the build time for clients--an important issue for time compression technologies. Common to all the RP approaches is that they are based on sliced 3D, solid CAD-model, and they all add material layer by layer on the part being built. As in any manufacturing process, batch formation is important for increased production. Concurrently with rapid prototyping, a critical issue is the need for disassembly or unpacking of the job mix of multiple parts, after the rapid prototyping cycle. Ikonen et. al. have discussed a bin-packing algorithm based on a genetic algorithm, called GARP. In GARP, the CAD-files of the job mixes are used to evaluate the potential for being packed into the RP production volume. This paper addresses the generic unpacking issues for the SLS and other related RP technologies. The paper suggests an object-oriented framework for the development of heuristics and algorithms for evaluating the quality of packing obtained by GARP for the unpacking problem.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Overexpression of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Prevents Alcohol-induced Liver Injury in the Rat

Mitochondria are thought to play a major role in hepatic oxidative stress associated with alcohol-induced liver injury. Thus, the hypothesis that delivery of the mitochondrial isoform of superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) via recombinant adenovirus would reduce alcohol-induced liver injury was tested. Rats were given recombinant adenovirus containing Mn-SOD (Ad.SOD2) or β-galactosidase (Ad.lacZ) and then fed alcohol enterally for 4 weeks. Mn-SOD expression and activity of Ad.SOD2 in liver mitochondria of infected animals was increased nearly 3-fold compared with Ad.lacZ-infected controls. Mitochondrial glutathione levels in Ad.lacZ-infected animals were decreased after 4 weeks of chronic ethanol, as expected, but were unchanged in Ad.SOD2-infected animals. Alanine aminotransferase was elevated significantly by ethanol, an effect that was prevented by Ad.SOD2. Moreover, pathology (e.g. the sum of steatosis, inflammation, and necrosis) was elevated dramatically by ethanol in Ad.lacZ-treated rats. This effect was also blunted in animals infected with Ad.SOD2. Neutrophil infiltration was increased about 3-fold in livers from both Ad.lacZ- and Ad.SOD2-infected rats by ethanol treatment. Moreover, ESR-detectable free radical adducts in bile were increased about 8-fold by ethanol. Using13C-labeled ethanol, it was determined that nearly 60% of total adducts were due to the α-hydroxyethyl radical adduct. This increase in radical formation was blocked completely by Ad.SOD2 infection. Furthermore, apoptosis of hepatocytes was increased about 5-fold by ethanol, an effect also blocked by Ad.SOD2. Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA was elevated to the same extent in both Ad.lacZ- and Ad.SOD2-infected animals follows ethanol exposure. These data suggest that hepatocyte mitochondrial oxidative stress is involved in alcohol-induced liver damage and likely follows Kupffer cell activation, cytokine production, and neutrophil infiltration. These results also support the hypothesis that mitochondrial oxidant production is a critical factor in parenchymal cell death caused by alcohol.
Age of onset of aggressive conduct disorder: a pilot study.

We explored parents' reports on the ages at which aggressive conduct disorder (ACD) started in their children. The hypothesis that both the parents of younger children with ACD and the parents of older, date the onset of the behavior problems to the same early period, was not confirmed. Instead, the reported ages of onset ranged widely. However, the interesting finding emerged that early presentation was associated with a high prevalence of antisocial personality and substance abuse among the parents.
Thermogenic action of catecholamines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Abstract Isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) increase metabolic rate after bolus injections of noradrenaline or adrenaline (final concentrations ranging from 10 −5 to 10 −4 mol/l). This effect can be blocked by KCN. No autooxidation of catecholamines occurs under experimental conditions used. It is concluded that PBMC can be used as a model system for studying the mode of thermogenic action of catecholamines in human tisssues.
Workflow authorisation in mediator-free environments

WorkFlow Management Systems (WFMS) coordinate and streamline business processes. Acquiring workflow authorisations and managing workflow authorisation constraints is a challenging problem. Current WFMSs assume a centralised global workflow authorisation model. In this paper, we propose a distributed workflow authorisation model with no central authorisation manager for a mediator-free environment. We provide an on-demand task discovery protocol that enables domains to discover tasks available in other domains. We formulate the workflow authorisation problem as a constraint satisfaction problem to select access paths that satisfy all the workflow authorisation constraints. We propose the Workflow Minimal Authorisation Problem (WMAP), which selects minimal authorisations required to execute the workflowtasks. In addition, we investigate access path overlaps to allow tasks in the same session to share authorisations and we present the Workflow Minimal Authorisation Problem with path Overlaps (WMAPO). Finally, we formulate integer programmes to solve both the WMAP and WMAPO.
Melting in Microgravity

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment constituted a series of three NASA-supported microgravity experiments (USMP-2, -3, and -4), which flew aboard the space shuttle Columbia. These space flight experiments grew and recorded dendrites in the absence of gravity-induced convective heat transfer. USMP-4, for the first time, allowed streaming of near-real-time video data. Using 30-fps video data, we studied both freezing and melting sequences for pivalic acid (PVA) at different supercoolings. We report on the melting process of a PVA dendritic mushy zone, observed for the first time under convection-free conditions. Conduction-limited melting processes are of importance in orbital melting of materials, meteoritic genesis, mushy-zone evolution, and in fusion weld pools where the length scales for thermal buoyancy are highly restricted. Microgravity video data show that PVA dendrites melt into fragments that shrink at accelerating rates to extinction. The melting paths of individual fragments follow a characteristic time dependence for the diminishing length scales within the mushy zone. The theoretical melting kinetics against which the experimental observations are compared is based on the conduction-limited quasi-static process of melting under shape-preserving conditions. Good agreement between theory and experiment was found for the melting of a selected needle-shaped prolate spheroidal PVA crystal fragment with an aspect ratio of C/A = 12.
Is sleep hygiene a sufficient treatment for sleep-maintenance insomnia?

This study compared the effectiveness of meditation, stimulus control, and sleep hygiene treatments for sleep-maintenance insomnia. Subjects were 65 adults who participated in a four-week treatment program. Subjective estimates of wake time after sleep onset (WASO) were obtained at pretest, posttest, and at six-weeks follow-up. Results demonstrated that all three treatments produced comparable reductions in WASO as well as in number and duration of arousals. Despite comparable rates of improvement, subjects in the sleep hygiene condition rated treatment less favorably and, at follow-up, were more likely to consider themselves still insomniac in comparison to subjects in the stimulus control and meditation treatments.
A conceptual framework for ASIC design

An attempt is made to gain a better understanding of the nature of ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) design. This is done from a decision-making perspective, in terms of three knowledge frames: the design process, the design hyperspace, and the design repertoire. The design process frame emphasizes the hierarchical design approach and presents the methodology as a formalization of the design process. The design hyperspace concept relates to the recognition of design alternatives. Analysis techniques for evaluating algorithmic and architectural alternatives are collected and classified to form the design repertoire. This conceptual framework is an effective instrument for bridging the widening gap between system designers and VLSI technology. It also provides a conceptual platform for the development of tools for high-level architectural designs. >
Imaging of the pelvis in the traumapatient

Abstract Pelvic trauma can be a source of significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis is often made on physical examination, but radiographic imaging is essential for rapid and adequate treatment of the patient with suspected pelvic injury. Plain radiographs of the pelvis remain the benchmark of diagnosis because they are, so easily obtainable and provide early valuable information regarding pelvic injuries. Several other imaging techniques now exist for visualizing the pelvis, and the treating physician must determine which additional diagnostic studies should be obtained. Imaging of the patient with pelvic trauma should be obtained when more information is needed for diagnosis, treatment, or postoperative management. Timely but judicious use of diagnostic radiographic imaging of the pelvis should be the rule.
Judgment tasks in clinical psychiatric mental health nursing.

problem. What are the cognitive tasks involved in making judgments in psychiatric nursing? methods. Fifteen nurses with varied educational preparation provided 36 in-depth interviews. A comparative content analysis was done to determine the underlying structure of judgment tasks. findings. Nurses use clients’presenting behaviors as a basis for making judgments, with judgments being multiple, multidimensional, overlapping, and holistic. conclusions. Understanding judgment tasks delineates the kind of information needed to provide the best possible care.
Effects of Acoustic Softening and Hardening in High-Frequency Vibration-Assisted Punching of Aluminum

Punching operations contain high shear stress gradients which can exhibit adiabatic strain rate effects in certain materials at higher speeds due to a localized reduction of thermal lattice vibrations. Ultrasonic forming is known to soften material undergoing plastic deformation by direct application of lattice vibrations. Punching speed and ultrasonic vibration amplitude effects are investigated in sheets of 1100-O aluminum. Ultrasonic vibration more than negated adiabatic strain rate effects at high speeds with reductions in punching force of up to 30%. At lower speeds, a competing effect from acoustoplastic hardening resulted in a smaller effect on punching force, but increased ductility.
Bearing Failure of Bolted Composite Joints. Part II: Model and Verification:

An investigation was performed to study the bearing failure and response of a mechanically fastened laminated composite joint. The experimental work of the study was presented in Part I, and this paper summarizes the analytical work.An accumulative damage model based on the damage mechanisms observed from the experimental study was developed to simulate the bearing failure in the laminated composite joints. The model consists of two parts: damage prediction and constitutive modeling. Damage accumulation criteria by modifying Hashin criteria were proposed to predict the mode and extent of bearing damage as a function of the stress state, and the relationships between material properties and bearing damage were established based on failure mechanisms.A nonlinear finite element analysis based on the model was developed. Data obtained from this study and existing literature were used to validate the model. Overall, the predictions agreed with the data very well.
Skeletal Muscle-Specific Ablation of γcyto-Actin Does Not Exacerbate the mdx Phenotype

We previously documented a ten-fold increase in γcyto-actin expression in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle and hypothesized that increased γcyto-actin expression may participate in an adaptive cytoskeletal remodeling response. To explore whether increased γcyto-actin fortifies the cortical cytoskeleton in dystrophic skeletal muscle, we generated double knockout mice lacking both dystrophin and γcyto-actin specifically in skeletal muscle (ms-DKO). Surprisingly, dystrophin-deficient mdx and ms-DKO mice presented with comparable levels of myofiber necrosis, membrane instability, and deficits in muscle function. The lack of an exacerbated phenotype in ms-DKO mice suggests γcyto-actin and dystrophin function in a common pathway. Finally, because both mdx and ms-DKO skeletal muscle showed similar levels of utrophin expression and presented with identical dystrophies, we conclude utrophin can partially compensate for the loss of dystrophin independent of a γcyto-actin-utrophin interaction.
Fetal phallic growth and penile standards for newborn male infants

No appreciable difference in size of the fetal clitoris versus the fetal penis was noted until 14 weeks gestation, which is after the period of masculine differentiation of the extermal genitals. However, significant differences in the rate of penile and clitoral growth were evident in second trimester fetuses. The majority of the prenatal growth of the penis occurs after 14 weeks gestation at an almost linear rate. The penile stretched length of the full-term infant was 3.5 cm±0.7 cm and the diameter was 1.1 cm±0.2 cm.
Low-Temperature Grüneisen Parameters for Silicon and Aluminum

From measurements of the inertial thermoelastic stress produced by pulse heating a portion of a sample, the Gr\"uneisen parameters of silicon and aluminum as a function of temperature were obtained directly between 5 and 290 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Pulses of 1.5-MeV average-energy electrons, lasting approximately 40 nsec, were used as the heating agent, and the stresses were recorded with a quartz gauge bonded to the back face of the sample. For silicon, the low-temperature stress measurements indicated a limit of the Gr\"uneisen parameter of about 0.2, which is lower than the value calculated from thermal-expansion data but in agreement with that calculated from pressure derivatives of elastic constants. For aluminum (6061 alloy-97% Al), the low-temperature limit of the lattice Gr\"uneisen parameter was found to be 1.7 and the electronic contribution was estimated to be 1.7 as well, agreeing within experimental uncertainty (approximately 25%) with published values based on thermal-expansion measurements on pure aluminum.
MACROPHAGE-DIGESTED ANTIGEN AS INDUCER OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

Sheep erythrocytes ingested by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages in vitro, and permitted to undergo digestion for various periods, were found after some hours to lose the capacity to induce antibodies while gaining the ability to invoke delayed hypersensitivity. These observations may be related to the known predilection of small molecular immunogens to act as good inducers of delayed reactivity and poor stimulators of antibody. They may be related also to the activity of mycobacterial adjuvant as a vehicle for the induction of delayed hypersensitivity on the basis that this melange activates macrophages to phagocytose and enzymatically degrade macromolecular antigens rapidly. The thesis that small fragments of antigenic molecules may preferentially invoke hypersensitivity can be interpreted on the basis of current concepts of multicellular involvements in immune responses.
Mineralization of Dental Calculus.

SummaryExperimental studies have been made of mineralization in developing human dental calculus, formed in vivo on polyester strips attached to the teeth. The findings suggest a close parallelism ...
Education Renewal: A Path Less Trod A Conversation With Dr. John I. Goodlad

John I. Goodlad is president of the nonprofit Institute for Educational Inquiry in Seattle and a founder of the Center for Educational Renewal at the University of Washington. He held professorships at Agnes Scott College and Emory University in Georgia, the University of Chicago, and UCLA (where he was dean of the Graduate School of Education from 1967 to 1983) before coming to the University of Washington in 1984. Dr. Goodlad is the author of over thirty books on education (several of which have been translated into foreign languages), including the highly acclaimed A Place Called School (McGraw-Hill, 1984), Teachers for Our Nation's Schools (Jossey-Bass, 1990), and In Praise of Education (Teachers College Press, 1997). He has received numerous national awards in recognition of his work, including the prestigious Harold T. McGraw Prize in Education in 1999, the James Bryant Conant Award for Outstanding Service to Education from the Education Commission of the States in 2000, the first Brock Internationa...
Design of parallel hardware neural network systems from custom analog VLSI 'building block' chips

Hardware to implement feedforward neural networks has been developed for the evaluation of learning algorithms and prototyping of applications. To allow the construction of networks with arbitrary architectures, CMOS VLSI building-block components (e.g. arrays of neurons and synapses) have been designed. These can be cascaded to form networks with hundreds of neurons per layer. A 64-channel multiplexer input neuron chip serves to buffer stored charges for injection into the first synaptic layer. A 32*32 synapse chip design uses multiplier circuits to generate a conductance from stored analog charges representing weights. A 32-channel variable-gain neuron chip applies an adjustable-gain sigmoidal activation function to the sum of currents from the previous synaptic layer. Learning is performed by a host computer that can download weights and inputs onto the feedforward hardware, and read resultant network outputs. Weights and input values are stored as charges on on-chip capacitors; these are serially and invisibly refreshed by off-chip circuits that convert values stored in digital memory into analog signals. >
Enhanced non-viral gene delivery to human embryonic stem cells via small molecule-mediated transient alteration of the cell structure

Non-viral gene delivery into human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is an important tool for controlling cell fate. However, the delivery efficiency remains low due in part to the tight colony structure of the cells which prevents effective exposure towards delivery vectors. We herein report a novel approach to enhance non-viral gene delivery to hESCs by transiently altering the cell and colony structure. (R)-(+)-trans-4-(1-aminoethyl)-N-(4-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (Y-27632), a small molecule that inhibits the rho-associated protein kinase pathway, is utilized to induce transient colony spreading which leads to an increased transfection efficiency by 1.5 to 2 folds in a spectrum of non-viral transfection reagents including Lipofectamine 2000 and Fugene HD. After removal of Y-27632 post-transfection, cells can revert back to their normal state and do not show alteration of pluripotency. This approach provides a simple, effective tool to enhance non-viral gene delivery into adherent hESCs for genetic manipulation.
Warping effects in transverse bending of thin-walled beams

A beam theory which accounts for cross-sectional warping caused by transverse shearing is presented. A stress resultant theory is formulated for elastic beams, and examples are provided to assess the effects of warping restraint. The ideas are extended to the case of elastoplastic warping. A numerical formulation for the analysis of the inelastic problem is presented and examples of elastoplastic warping are given.
Mapping of expressed sequence tags from a porcine early embryonic cDNA library.

Summary The goal of this study was to identify and map genes expressed during the elongationphase of embryogenesis in swine. Expressed sequence tags were analysed from a pre-viously described porcine cDNA library prepared from elongating swine embryos.Average insert length of randomly selected clones was approximately 600 bp, with arange from 2500 bp. Single-pass, coding strand sequences from 1132independent clones were compared with the GenBank non-redundant (nr) database viaBLASTN analysis to identify potential porcine homologous of known genes. Amongthese sequences, 781 (69%) showed signiﬁcant (score >300) homology to non-mitochondrial sequences previously deposited in GenBank. Sequences matchinginterleucin 1 b and thymosin b 10 were most frequently observed (24 and 18 clones,respectively), in addition to matches with 310 other distinct genes. No signiﬁcantmatch in the GenBank nr database was obtained for 303 sequences. Analysis dem-onstrated that 151 (50%) had open reading frames (ORF) extending at least 50 codonsfrom the ﬁrst base of the clone insert. Genetic markers were developed and used to mapa subset of 17 genes, selected on the basis of function or of the ability to design primersthat successfully ampliﬁed porcine genomic DNA, to 10 different porcine chromo-somes, providing a set of mapped markers corresponding to genes expressed duringconceptus elongation.Keywords expressed sequence tag, mapping, porcine blastocyst.
Crypt loss is a marker of clinical severity of acute gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease.

Background: Crypt loss is a histological finding in acute gastrointestinal Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GI-GvHD) of undefined clinical significance. Methods: Colonic crypt loss was graded in twenty-three patients treated for GI-GvHD following stem cell transplantation and then correlated with clinical parameters of disease severity and mortality. Results: Crypt loss was present in 17/23 cases, and in 11/23 cases crypt loss was deemed severe by the presence of contiguous areas of crypt loss. Nine of 11 patients with severe crypt loss had daily stool volumes in excess of 1000 ml/day, while only 3/12 of those with minimal or no crypt loss had this level of severe diarrhea. All 11 patients with severe crypt loss had a pathologic appearance at endoscopy and 10/11 had steroid refractory disease. Diarrhea resolved in only 3/9 patients with severe crypt loss. Five out of 10 patients (50%) with severe crypt loss expired within 15 months of diagnosis. All five deaths were attributable to the progression of GvHD itself or infection in the presence of continued GI-GvHD. Conversely, only 1 of 12 patients (8%) with mild or no crypt loss had a death attributable to GvHD or infection. Conclusions: This study shows that severe colonic crypt loss predicts severe clinical GI-GvHD that is more likely to be refractory to steroid treatment. In addition, crypt loss severity appears associated with higher mortality related to GvHD. Crypt loss can serve as a tool to predict clinically severe GI-GvHD. Am. J. Hematol. 82:881–886, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Slice Is Right (An Exercise in CT Windowing)

Abstract This article was adapted from a poster display presentation and is offered in the form of a workbook exercise. Its object is to teach students and other novices the fine art of CT windowing. When asked how window widths and levels work, I invariably use the analogy of the Range Finder Game from the game show The Price is Right for demonstration purposes. I employ the comparison from the popular game show to demonstrate what window widths and window levels are, and how they work in unison. This exercise employs two minor differences from the TV game. Number one, the monetary scale has been replaced by a CT number scale. Number two, the movable range finder that has a fixed scale on the game show, is replaced by a range finder (WW) scale, which can alter its range.
Pediatric osteogenic sarcoma.

Purpose of reviewOsteogenic sarcoma, also known as osteosarcoma, is a primary malignancy of the bone in which spindle cells produce osteoid. Although rare in the general population, these tumors are the most common primary malignancies of bone and the fifth most common primary malignancy of adolesce
Large eddy simulation for predicting turbulent heat transfer in gas turbines.

Blade cooling technology will play a critical role in the next generation of propulsion and power generation gas turbines. Accurate prediction of blade metal temperature can avoid the use of excessive compressed bypass air and allow higher turbine inlet temperature, increasing fuel efficiency and decreasing emissions. Large eddy simulation (LES) has been established to predict heat transfer coefficients with good accuracy under various non-canonical flows, but is still limited to relatively simple geometries and low Reynolds numbers. It is envisioned that the projected increase in computational power combined with a drop in price-to-performance ratio will make system-level simulations using LES in complex blade geometries at engine conditions accessible to the design process in the coming one to two decades. In making this possible, two key challenges are addressed in this paper: working with complex intricate blade geometries and simulating high-Reynolds-number ( Re ) flows. It is proposed to use the immersed boundary method (IBM) combined with LES wall functions. A ribbed duct at Re =20 000 is simulated using the IBM, and a two-pass ribbed duct is simulated at Re =100 000 with and without rotation (rotation number Ro =0.2) using LES with wall functions. The results validate that the IBM is a viable alternative to body-conforming grids and that LES with wall functions reproduces experimental results at a much lower computational cost.
Substance P immunoreactivity identifies a projection from the cat's superior colliculus to the principal tectorecipient zone of the lateral posterior nucleus

Cells in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus innervate multiple visual regions within the pulvinar-lateral posterior complex of the cat. To characterize these neurons we have examined their immunocytochemical properties in conjunction with their projection patterns. In the present study, we show that a monoclonal antibody for substance P recognizes a morphologically diverse population of neurons, which can be classified as granular, stellate, angular, and horizontal or nonhorizontal fusiform cell types. These neurons are distributed throughout the superficial layers of the colliculus, with a peak density corresponding to sublayer 2 of the stratum griseum superficiale. Injections of rhodamine latex micropheres into the pulvinar-lateral posterior complex demonstrate that a substantial proportion of these collicular cells (at least 35%) project to this region of the posterior thalamus. The overall population of substance P-containing cells, as well as the immunoreactive projection neurons, is composed of the same proportions of cell classes, with the exception that granular cells were not found to be projection neurons. A distinct wedge of substance P immunoreactivity, consisting of fiber and diffuse extracellular labeling, was discovered in the pulvinar-lateral posterior complex. This staining was demonstrated to be confined entirely within the medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus, which is considered to be the principal tectorecipient zone of the extrageniculate visual thalamus. Lesions of the superior colliculus largely abolished the substance P immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral tectorecipient zone. These results are consistent with the view that substance P plays a role in the functional organization of the principal tectothalamic pathway of the cat's extrageniculate visual system.
Pilot plant studies on extracting cottonseed with methylene chloride

The practical feasibility of using methylene chloride to extract oil, aflatoxin and gossypol simultaneously from cottonseed flakes was demonstrated in a 56-hr experimental run using a pilot-scale, continuous extractor. Nine different trials varying in extraction time, solvent:flake ratio, flake preparation method and blending with 5% ethanol were evaluated. Residual oil contents were lower than typically achieved in extraction with hexane. Aflatoxin contents of the meals were reduced by 73–92% of the level in cottonseed meats, making possible the upgrading of a large portion of cottonseed meal that otherwise would exceed current action levels. Because gossypol also was extracted, it was possible to produce cottonseed meal that was well suited for use in poultry feeds, especially when a blend of 5% ethanol in methylene chloride was used. Meal desolventized easily, and residual levels of methylene chloride were generally less than 12 ppm. The oil was refined and bleached to acceptable quality standards, and no residual aflatoxin was detected in alkali-refined oil.
Pharmacokinetics and long‐term tolerance to ribavirin in asymptomatic patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of the antiviral agent ribavirin were studied in seven male, asymptomatic, human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive subjects. After a single 400 mg intravenous infusion, mean terminal plasma half-life (t½) was 27.1 hours, mean volume of distribution was 802 L, and mean total plasma clearance was 26.1 L/hr. Renal clearance was 39% of total clearance and it exceeded creatinine clearance. Oral bioavailability was 44.6%. With long-term dosing (400 mg orally twice a day) ribavirin accumulated, reaching steady state in 2 to 4 weeks in plasma and red blood cells. Red blood cell concentrations greatly exceeded plasma concentrations (60:1). Plasma concentrations at steady state (trough) were 10- to 14-fold higher than the corresponding single-dose concentrations. The terminal t½ (washout) after 16 weeks greatly exceeded the t½ observed after a single oral dose (151 versus 29.6 hours). Ribavirin-induced reductions in hemoglobin ranging from 0.8 to 3.5 gm/dl were well tolerated. There was no significant reduction in CD4 lymphocytes during treatment with ribavirin for 16 weeks in subjects who had more than 200 CD4 cells at entry and who also remained free of opportunistic infections during 24 weeks of observation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1991) 50, 442–449; doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.162
A Primate Herpesvirus Uses the Integrator Complex to Generate Viral MicroRNAs

Summary Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) is a γ-herpesvirus that expresses Sm class U RNAs (HSURs) in latently infected marmoset T cells. By deep sequencing, we identified six HVS microRNAs (miRNAs) that are derived from three hairpin structures located immediately downstream of the 3′ end processing signals of three of the HSURs. The viral miRNAs associate with Ago proteins and are biologically active. We confirmed that the expression of the two classes of viral noncoding RNAs is linked by identifying chimeric HSUR-pre-miRNA transcripts. We show that HVS miRNA biogenesis relies on cis -acting elements specifically required for synthesis and processing of Sm class RNAs. Knockdown of protein components in vivo and processing assays in vitro demonstrated that HVS does not utilize the Microprocessor complex that generates most host miRNAs. Instead, the Integrator complex cleaves to generate the 3′ end of the HSUR and the pre-miRNA hairpin. Exportin-5 and Dicer are then required to generate mature viral miRNAs.
The origin of inner planet atmospheres

A comet-impact model for Mars uses the current atmosphere with argon as the index volatile and assumes a surface pressure of about 40 mb. The model also allows for changes in surface pressure. The model is based on analysis of gases trapped in Shergottite and Nakhlite meteorites. Tests of the model include the identification of noble gases in comets and the presence of nitrogen compounds in Jupiter identified by the Galileo probe.
Application of ELISA in determining the fate of tetracyclines in land-applied livestock wastes

The potential use of a class-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in studying the occurrence and fate of tetracyclines in the environment was evaluated. Several manure samples collected from hog lagoons and cattle feedlots were screened for the presence of tetracycline residues using ELISA. The levels varied from less than the detection limit (0.5 parts per billion) to 200 parts per million. The degradation of tetracyclines in soil-applied manure was followed using ELISA to measure the decline in tetracycline concentrations. Low levels of tetracyclines remained detectable in soil for up to 28 days. The ELISA procedure also proved useful in determining the leaching potential of tetracyclines in undisturbed soil columns and in the analysis of total tetracyclines in manure, soil, and water. Based on the cross-reactivity of the antibodies employed, this ELISA method can be an important screening tool for the presence of other tetracycline compounds, such as chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline. The ELISA method also detects the epimers of tetracyclines and the corresponding dehydration by-products, anhydrotetracyclines. Analysis of selected manure extracts by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) showed lower concentrations of total tetracyclines compared to the values obtained by ELISA, indicating the presence of other structurally related compounds or transformation products of tetracyclines being detected by ELISA in the samples. Because analysis of manure and soil samples by LC-MS requires extensive clean-up procedures, ELISA provides an alternative method for conducting environmental fate and transport studies of antibiotics.
Three Comments on Writing the Book of the World

Theodore Sider�s Writing the Book of the World is systematic, wide-ranging, intelligent, and interesting. It is sure to be influential, and deservedly so. Reading it and thinking about it have been a real pleasure. I am certain that I shall return to it again and again. 1. Multifaceted metaphysics Sider�s book opens with this: Metaphysics, at bottom, is about the fundamental structure of reality. Not about what�s necessarily true. Not about what properties are essential. Not about conceptual analysis. Not about what there is. Structure. (1)1 But I reply that metaphysics is not � not even �at bottom� � about only one thing, and so not � not even �at bottom� � about only the fundamental structure of reality. Consider the following claims: free actions cannot be causally determined; true propositions concerning future actions do not preclude freedom; the fundamental bearers of truth and falsity are abstract objects; some properties are universals; all properties are qualitative; persisting objects have temporal parts; a physical object can be wholly located in more than one place at the same time; no two physical objects can be entirely in the same place at the same time; composition is unrestricted; every truth has a truthmaker; propositions are sets of possible worlds; possibly, nothing exists; absences are causally efficacious; each human being is essentially not a chimpanzee. It is false that every one of these claims, at bottom, is about structure. It is likewise false that there is some other single unified topic that every one of these claims is about. Yet they all are metaphysical claims. Maybe they are all metaphysical because their content is interrelated by �family resemblances�. Or maybe they count as metaphysical not only because of their content, but also in part because of historical accident. Or maybe there is some other explanation. Here �
National Science Foundation-sponsored workshop report. Maize genome sequencing project.

In response to a mandate from the maize ( Zea mays ) genetics community, a National Science Foundation-sponsored workshop was held in St. Louis on July 2, 2001, to discuss technical approaches for a Maize Genome Sequencing Project. This workshop included academic, governmental, and industrial
Wide QRS complex tachycardia in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and cardiomyopathy: what is the mechanism?

A 32-year old woman with severe mitral regurgitation. congestive heart failure, and Wolff-ParkinsonWhite syndrome developed frequent, nonsustained episodes of a wide QRS complex tachycardia several days postpartum. Figure 1 shows an ECG with telemetry lead I and modified chest lead (MCL) recorded while the patient complained ot" palpitations. The same pattern of initiation and termination of the wide QRS complex tachycardia was seen repeatedly. An example ot" ventricular preexcitation during sinus rhythm is shown in an ECG with identical leads in Eigure 2. What is the mechanism of the wide QRS complex tachycardia?
Synovial interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1 balance in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. To quantify interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and IL-1 production and gene expression by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue (ST) cells. Methods. IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1ra protein levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in fresh and cultured ST cells, purified synovial macrophages, and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). The relative expression of the secreted form of IL-1ra (sIL-1ra) and the alternatively spliced intracellular form (icIL-1ra) was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques. Results. IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1ra were present in fresh and cultured ST cell samples of synovium from RA and osteoarthritis patients. IL-1ra:IL-1 ratios ranged from 1.2 to 3.6, which is below the 10–100-fold excess of IL-1ra needed to inhibit IL-1 bioactivity. Isolated CD14+ synovial macrophages secreted IL-1ra, but the amount was much less than that of alveolar or in vitro–derived macrophages. Cultured FLS contained intracellular IL-1ra but secreted little IL-1ra into the culture supernatants. RT-PCR showed that icIL-1ra mRNA was more abundant than sIL-1ra mRNA in FLS and unfractionated ST cells. Conclusion. IL-1ra production by RA ST cells is deficient relative to total production of IL-1.
Kant's Theses on Existence∗

Kant's alleged refutation of the ontological proof for the existence of God has long been and still is being discussed by philosophers from various traditions with various motives. One major circle...
Filaroides hirthi: Hyperinfective Lungworm Infection in Immunosuppressed Dogs

Filaroides hirthi is a pulmonary parasite found primarily in beagle dogs. The modes of transmission and the life cycle of this parasite have been described recently, and the possibility of an autoinfectious cycle has been suggested. In this paper, we report two cases of experimentally immunosuppressed beagles (4 mg/day of prednisolone for over four months) in which massive disseminated F. hirthi infections developed. Large numbers of F. hirthi adults were present in the lungs, and larvae were found in lungs, mesenteric nodes, intestinal walls, and liver. While only minimal cellular responses were associated with the adult worms, a conspicuous mononuclear cell reaction was found around the larvae in the tissues. Since our dogs were caged to minimize contact with their own feces, we suggest that autoinfection took place in these dogs. Heavy worm burdens probably were reached because the reduced immune responses against the larva facilitated their successful penetration of the intestinal wall and their recirculation within the host.
Mechanism of Failure in Women's Hosiery

Analysis of failure in women's hosiery reveals that hose durability is strongly related to the amount of stretch in the hose as well as to yarn strength. Although snagging is the major cause of hose failure, only about 1% of the total snags result in failure because the snagging force is usually removed or reduced prior to yarn breakage. At equivalent yarn breaking strength, hose from stretch yarns are more durable than nonstretch hose because longer snags develop and reduce the probability of the snagged yarn exceeding its breaking strength. Long snags occur when the hosiery structure collapses easily and there is low resistance to yarn withdrawal. A high propensity for snagging, irrespective of snag length, does not necessarily result in poor durability and evidence is presented to show this. The analysis of the above mechanism of failure is supported by wear test data with both stretch and conventional hose.
Sources of Polarization of Income and Wealth: Offshore Financial Centers

One cause of increasing polarization of income and wealth in the United States has been the shift in taxation, with corporate income tax revenues declining and individual income tax revenues rising as a share of total tax revenues. This change flows in part from a rise in the use of tax haven services by the wealthy and by corporations, as well as in innovation in the types of services tax havens provide. Available evidence shows that tax havens hold at least $10 trillion in assets, are used by a majority of large corporations, and account for lost tax revenue of hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Economic data are likely distorted by transfer pricing of activities related to tax havens, including exports and imports, value added, productivity, profit, current account balances, and the nature and size of investment flows across borders. This and other research questions should be near the top of the agenda for radical political economists.
Development of the morpholino gene knockdown technique in Fundulus heteroclitus: a tool for studying molecular mechanisms in an established environmental model.

A significant challenge in environmental toxicology is that many genetic and genomic tools available in laboratory models are not developed for commonly used environmental models. The Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) is one of the most studied teleost environmental models, yet few genetic or genomic tools have been developed for use in this species. The advancement of genetic and evolutionary toxicology will require that many of the tools developed in laboratory models be transferred into species more applicable to environmental toxicology. Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) gene knockdown technology has been widely utilized to study development in zebrafish and has been proven to be a powerful tool in toxicological investigations through direct manipulation of molecular pathways. To expand the utility of killifish as an environmental model, MO gene knockdown technology was adapted for use in Fundulus. Morpholino microinjection methods were altered to overcome the significant differences between these two species. Morpholino efficacy and functional duration were evaluated with molecular and phenotypic methods. A cytochrome P450-1A (CYP1A) MO was used to confirm effectiveness of the methodology. For CYP1A MO-injected embryos, a 70% reduction in CYP1A activity, a 86% reduction in total CYP1A protein, a significant increase in β-naphthoflavone-induced teratogenicity, and estimates of functional duration (50% reduction in activity 10 dpf, and 86% reduction in total protein 12 dpf) conclusively demonstrated that MO technologies can be used effectively in killifish and will likely be just as informative as they have been in zebrafish.
Respiratory and pericardial lesions in turkeys infected with avian or mammalian strains of Chlamydia psittaci.

Three groups of turkeys were inoculated With strains of C. psittaci (B577, VS 1, TT3) from different restriction endonuclease groups. Turkeys were necropsied at 1 5 times through post-inoculation day 70. Birds infected with the TT3 strain were lethargic and had decreased body weight. After forced exercise, dyspnea was seen in VS 1 -infected turkeys. Pericarditis was the most severe lesion in TT3-infected birds. Airsacculitis and bronchopneumonia were the most severe lesions in VS 1 -infected turkeys. Lateral nasal adenitis was in both VS 1 - and TT3-infected birds. Only mild peribronchial pneumonia was in B577-infected turkeys. Chlamydial antigen, identified by light microscopy using an immunoperoxidase technique, was seen from post-inoculation days 9 through 50 in the lateral nasal gland and at earlier times in other tissue from VS1- and TT3-infected turkeys. No chlamydial antigen was detected in tissue from B577-infected birds. These studies showed that chlamydial strains from different restriction endonuclease groups are associated with distinct disease syndromes in turkeys. Some strains of Chlamydia pisttaci are associated with distinct syndromes in t~rkey~.~,~J~,~~ -~~ The com- parability of results and conclusions from these studies is diminished by differences in chlamydial propagation techniques, numbers of chlamydiae given, route of in- oculation, and times from infection to necropsy. The use of different turkey strains and variation in housing conditions also complicates comparison of findings. Historically, chlamydiae have been classified on the basis of their virulence patterns in laboratory animals or in animals of natural Chlamydiae used in turkey pathogenicity studies were classified accord- ing to virulence for turkeys in natural outbreaks, vir- ulence for parrots, and tropism for ovinehovine re- productive organs or joints. Although these classification schemes are useful, they are inexact and technically difficult to reproduce. Precise classification of strains of Chlamydia psittaci can be done by restriction endonuclease (RE) analy- s~s.~,~ Avian strains can be separated into two groups, virulent turkey or psittacine; each is distinct from mammalian groups. This study was done to determine if strains from the avian RE groups and a strain from a mammalian group cause specific pathologic syn- dromes in turkeys.
Assembly of large simple 1D and rare polycatenated 3D molecular ladders from t-shaped building blocks containing a new, long N, N'-bidentate ligand

Molecular ladders [Co2(nbpy4)3(NO3)4]·solvents and [Cd2(nbpy4)3(NO3)4] (nbpy4 = N,N′-bis-(4-pyridinylmethylene)-1,5-naphthalenediamine) were synthesized via self-assembly; the former is a large, simple, noninterpenetrated 1D ladder that contains guest solvent molecules between the rungs, while the latter exists as 1D ladders in a rare four-fold interlocked 3D structure.
Slavery and Technological Change

Much of the confusion in the debate on slavery and technology derives from the belief that identifies technological change with progress. Not only the Awkwrights and Seniors thought this way; Marx and, from what I have heard from my colleagues at this conference, a fair proportion of economic historians maintain that the salvation of society depends upon changes in the techniques of production.