cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smart polymers and nanocomposites for 3D and 4D printing

Abstract Smart materials, also known as intelligent materials, which are responsive to the external stimuli including heat, moisture, stress, pH, and magnetic fields, have found extensive applications in sensors, actuators, soft robots, medical devices and artificial muscles. Using three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques for fabrication of smart devices allows for complex designs and well-controlled manufacturing processes. 4D printing is attributed to the 3D printing of smart materials that can be significantly transformed over time. Herein the smart materials including hydrogels and polymeric nanocomposites used in 4D printing were reviewed and the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the functionalities were discussed in detail. In this report, 4D printing of smart systems and their applications in sensors, actuators and biomedical devices were reviewed to provide a deeper understanding of the current development and the future outlook.
Impact of Social Media Marketing on Business Performance: A Hybrid Performance Measurement Approach Using Data Analytics and Machine Learning

This article systematically applies machine learning and data envelopment analysis (DEA) to analyze Twitter messages, Twitter metrics, and organizational financial metrics to gain insights into impactful messaging typology on social media network. Automated machine learning is employed for the classification of tweets of select US Furniture Retail Stores while various DEA models are utilized to analyze multiple input metrics to obtain an efficiency ranking for the selected brands. Based on these analyses, the article discusses the implications of the findings for small and medium-sized enterprise marketing managers at the industry level. Recommendations for industry practice are also provided in addition to the directions regarding future research.
Jubilate: a conversation about Prayer Book revision and the language of our prayer:

These essays were presented at the Jubilate conference at Christ Church Cathedral in the Diocese of Southern Ohio on 2 November 2019. Meyers urges the expansion of images and metaphors used to spea...
Caremark's Irrelevance

In re Caremark Int’l Inc. Derivative Litig. is commonly held out as the iconic corporate law case on liability for a failure of legal compliance, but the true source of corporate law as to legal compliance is the higher standard established by other sources of law. The expected cost of liability, both criminal and civil, for violations of federal healthcare regulations, for example, is a far stronger determinant of corporate compliance systems than potential liability under Caremark. Other areas of industry-specific regulation, such as for financial services, telecommunications and energy, similarly play a greater role than state corporate law in the design and operation of corporate compliance systems, as do regulations in the form of federal sentencing guidelines and employment and environmental law. The common exaggeration of Caremark’s significance illustrates a flawed pedagogical overemphasis on state corporate law as a legal determinant of corporate compliance and a broader misconception about the influence of regulatory law in corporate affairs. This article shows that federal regulatory law is a far more determinative source of law than Caremark in the design and operation of corporate compliance systems. Part II of this article compares Caremark to the parallel federal criminal prosecution of the firm to illustrate the influence of federal law in the design and operation of corporate compliance systems. Part III further discusses the determinative role of healthcare regulation in corporate compliance systems and regulatory trends, and uses recent litigation involving Pfizer Inc. to further elucidate the role of healthcare regulation. Part IV broadens the discussion by considering the role of prosecutorial and sentencing guidelines in corporate compliance generally. Part V suggests that corporate law pedagogy would be well-served by reducing its focus on state corporate law and giving greater prominence to the actual legal determinants of corporate conduct. Part VII concludes.
Circular Bioeconomy Concepts—A Perspective

Circular economy concepts—including a circular bioeconomy—aim to transition the current, essentially linear, economic system to a more sustainable one. However, organizations and researchers currently define the circular economy concept differently, resulting in inconsistencies and difficulty in effectively implementing the framework. In this paper, we provide our perspective on the conceptual definitions of the circular economy, bioeconomy, and circular bioeconomy, outlining potential overlaps and differences and proposing a harmonized interpretation that stresses the importance of the carbon cycle. We conclude that the key goal of a circular economy is to slow down and close material resource loops, built on the foundation of renewable energy and non-toxic materials. Further, a sustainable bioeconomy goes beyond simply switching fossil resources with renewable, biological resources. It requires low-carbon energy inputs, sustainable supply chains, and promising disruptive biorefining technologies for the sustainable transformation of renewable bioresources to high-value bio‐based products, materials, and fuels. The bio-based circular carbon economy, in particular, stresses capturing atmospheric carbon via photosynthesis and exploiting this unique feature to the fullest extent possible. It sits at the intersection between the circular economy and the bioeconomy concept, resulting in a framework that focuses on closing the carbon cycle and stressing the opportunity to create an additional carbon sink capability in the technosphere by utilizing biogenic carbon for products and materials that are circulated in same or improved use cycles. Lastly, a sustainable circular bioeconomy transition will necessitate a set of consistent metrics that fit all products and industries.
Patent Submission Policies

This article focuses on the early stage of commercialization communication when a third party inventor owns an invention protected by a patent that a manufacturer-commercializer may profit from producing — long before any allegation of infringement or litigation. These submission-review communications by unaffiliated third parties are covered by corporate policies known as “patent submission policies.” They are the figurative “front doors” to a company for any third party inventor, crucial to the commercialization of inventions generally. Unfortunately, patent submission policies have thus far remained unstudied in legal academic scholarship. This article collects and analyzes the current variations of patent submission policies adopted by the largest companies within four technical industries: automotive; computer hardware; computer services; and pharmaceutical. This review reveals clear inconsistencies regarding policies: some technology firms have policies that result in clear paths for third party inventors to submit patents; others have policies to effectively block submissions of inventions, block third party communications, and slam the corporate doors in the face of outside inventors. Further, the lack of submission standards are somewhat unique as compared to other types of IP submissions — notably movie screenplays and book manuscripts — and often unique and inconsistent within specific technology industries themselves. This lack of standardization across similar firms adds to the notion that patent submission policies have thus far been insufficiently analyzed and have perhaps evolved inefficiently. With this research, many questions arise regarding a potential need for large technology firms to reevaluate their patent submission policies and open their front doors to third party inventors.
Eosinophilic Gastritis/Gastroenteritis.

Eosinophilic gastritis/gastroenteritis (EG/EGE) are rare eosinophilic infiltrative disorders in children and adults that fall under the umbrella term eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs). EGIDs also include eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic colitis. In this article, we present the current literature regarding the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and management of EG/EGE. The underlying complex pathophysiology remains unknown, yet hypersensitivity response is a central component. Unlike EoE, standardized diagnostic criteria are lacking but, promising research employing tissue-based and blood-based methods of diagnosis have been reported. Non-EoE EGIDs are more challenging to treat than EoE. More than a third of patients may achieve spontaneous remission. Still, most will require dietary elimination and/or pharmaceutical interventions, mainly corticosteroids, but also biologics (monoclonal antibodies against IL-4, IL-5, TNF﻿α, integrin α4β7, and IgE), mast-cell stabilizers, leukotriene (LT)-receptor antagonists, and antihistamines. Promising research suggests the role of AK002, an anti-siglec antibody, in clinical and histological improvement. Given the rarity and underdiagnosis of EG/EGE, different natural progression compared to EoE, heterogeneous clinical manifestations, and probable normal endoscopic appearance, it is vital to maintain a high suspicion index in atopic patients, obtain at least 5–6 random biopsies from each site for gastro/duodenal eosinophilic infiltrate with the subsequent exclusion of inflammatory, allergic and infectious differential diagnoses to increase the yield of an accurate diagnosis. Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment, often requiring long-term use. Steroid-sparing agents remain experimental. Goals of therapy move beyond clinical remission but lack evidence to support histological remission.
Intimate Borders and the Sense of Never-Quite-Being: A Dystopic (Non-)Fiction:

Today’s academy is a dystopia. Many scholars of color and international scholars face the daunting challenge of navigating neoliberal state institutions that are often built on legacies of racism, ...
Alkoxylipids: IV. Synthesis and characterization of naturally occurring ethers, esters and ether esters of diols

Abstract Long-chain alkyl ethers of 1,2-ethanediol were prepared from alkyl glyceryl-(1) ethers by glycol cleavage and subsequent reduction of the resulting alkoxy-acetaldehydes. Alkyl ethers of 1,3-propanediol were synthesized by alkylation of 3-trityloxy-propanol with methanesulfonates, followed by hydrolytic removal of the trityl group. Dialkyl ethers, ether esters, as well as mono- and diesters of 1,2-ethanediol and 1,3-propanediol also were prepared. Chromatographic methods based on partition rather than on adsorption phenomena were found to be suitable for the separation of diol lipids, as classes, from the corresponding glycerol derived lipids. The critical solution temperatures of the compounds synthesized proved to be a satisfactory means of distinction.
Cyberspace Security Using Adversarial Learning and Conformal Prediction

This paper advances new directions for cyber security using adversarial learning and conformal prediction in order to enhance network and computing services defenses against adaptive, malicious, persistent, and tactical offensive threats. Conformal prediction is the principled and unified adaptive and learning framework used to design, develop, and deploy a multi-faceted self-managing defensive shield to detect, disrupt, and deny intrusive attacks, hostile and malicious behavior, and subterfuge. Conformal prediction leverages apparent relationships between immunity and intrusion detection using non-conformity measures characteristic of affinity, a typicality, and surprise, to recognize patterns and messages as friend or foe and to respond to them accordingly. The solutions proffered throughout are built around active learning, meta-reasoning, randomness, distributed semantics and stratification, and most important and above all around adaptive Oracles. The motivation for using conformal prediction and its immediate off-spring, those of semi-supervised learning and transduction, comes from them first and foremost supporting discriminative and non-parametric methods characteristic of principled demarcation using cohorts and sensitivity analysis to hedge on the prediction outcomes including negative selection, on one side, and providing credibility and confidence indices that assist meta-reasoning and information fusion.
Workers, Trade Unions, and the Mau Mau Rebellion

RESUMELes masses urbaines ont joue un role etonnamment important lors de la revolte mau-mau au Kenya, et le mouvement ouvrier a ete aussi profondement implique. Cependant, a la fois dans la classe ouvriere et dans le mouvement ouvrier, il y eut des differences de perception politique. Les vues du role politique des travailleurs en Afrique, comme celles de Hodgkin, Woddis ou Fanon, ne cernent pas toute la complexite de la situation au Kenya.Alors que le mouvement nationaliste etait scinde entre une aile moderee et l'aile militante mau-mau, les travailleurs Kikuyu de Nairobi appuyaient pleinement la rebellion. Les travailleurs Kikuyu non specialises formaient un contingent important ou se recrutaient les combattants mau-mau alors que les travailleurs specialises appuyaient passivement la revolte. Ceux qui ne l'appuyaient pas avaient tendance a etre des collets blancs. Ces divergences dans le statut economique des travailleurs se revelaient politiquement significatives. Dans les unions ouvrieres, qui represe...
Simulated hydroclimatic impacts of projected Brazilian sugarcane expansion

[1] Sugarcane area is currently expanding in Brazil, largely in response to domestic and international demand for sugar-based ethanol. To investigate the potential hydroclimatic impacts of future expansion, a regional climate model is used to simulate 5 years of a scenario in which cerrado and cropland areas (~1.1E6 km2) within south-central Brazil are converted to sugarcane. Results indicate a cooling of up to ~1.0°C during the peak of the growing season, mainly as a result of increased albedo of sugarcane relative to the previous landscape. After harvest, warming of similar magnitude occurs from a significant decline in evapotranspiration and a repartitioning toward greater sensible heating. Overall, annual temperature changes from large-scale conversion are expected to be small because of offsetting reductions in net radiation absorption and evapotranspiration. The decline in net water flux from land to the atmosphere implies a reduction in regional precipitation, which is consistent with progressively decreasing simulated average rainfall for the study period, upon conversion to sugarcane. However, rainfall changes were not robust across three ensemble members. The results suggest that sugarcane expansion will not drastically alter the regional energy or water balance, but could result in important local and seasonal effects.
an instrument for assessing children's attitudes toward physical activity.

Abstract A multidimensional semantic differential scale was constructed based on Kenyon's conceptual model for physical activity. Although the format and content of Kenyon's attitudes toward physical activity scales were closely adhered to, substantial changes in wording were made. Subjects were 992 4th—6th grade elementary school children. Testing was conducted in a collective manner during half-hour classroom sessions; approximately 6 wk. later, 407 subjects participated in a retest. Hoyt reliability coefficients for each subdomain ranged from .80 to .89 indicating an acceptable degree of internal consistency for each dimension. Also, although significant, correlation coefficients between subdomains were quite low, demonstrating the necessity of the 6 dimensions as a composite measure of children's attitudes toward physical activity. In regard to between day reliability, Pearson correlations ranged from .44 to .62; in addition, a comparison of initial and retest group mean scores revealed identical subd...
Comparison of Elastic Velocity Models for Gas‐Hydrate‐Bearing Sediments

One of the distinct physical properties of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments is elevated seismic velocities. A number of velocity models and equations have been presented to describe the effect of gas hydrate on the seismic velocities; e.g., pore-filling model, cementation model, effective medium theory, a weighted equation, and time-average equation. The data set from Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well drilled in northern Canada provided us a unique opportunity to test the velocity models for gas-hydrate-bearing sediments. Velocities predicted from an effective medium theory and those from a weighted equation are compared with observed well log velocities. In the case where there is no gas hydrate in the pore space, P-wave velocities predicted from the effective medium theory are lower than those from the weighted equation when porosity is less than about 30% and higher when porosity is higher than about 30%. For S-waves, effective medium theory predicts generally higher velocities than those from the weighted equation. Both theories predict similar increases in P- and S-wave velocities when gas hydrate occupies the pore space. Even though gas hydrate concentration in the pore space is not known accurately, analyses using both P- and S-wave velocities and their ratios enable us to test the validity of velocity models. Considering only P-wave velocities, there is not much difference between the effective medium and weighted equation. However, considering both P- and S-wave velocities and their ratios, the weighted equation is preferred to the effective medium theory in predicting elastic wave velocities for gas-hydrate-bearing sediments at the Mallik 2L-38 well.
An Introduction to Pattern Classification

Pattern classification is the field devoted to the study of methods designed to categorize data into distinct classes. This categorization can be either distinct labeling of the data (supervised learning), division of the data into classes (unsupervised learning), selection of the most significant features of the data (feature selection), or a combination of more than one of these tasks.
Dare We Not Teach 9/11 Yet Advocate Citizenship Education?

The authors advocate for systematic teaching of 9/11 within the social studies curriculum (K-16). The examination of the issues and impact of 9/11 illustrate the power of civic education in a democ...
On the usefulness of basic colour coding in an information display

Abstract Basic colours segregate well in displays, but no better than non-basic ones equally well separated in colour space. Basic colour coding was compared with an individual's preferred code made up of a personal choice of colours. These codes yielded equally good segragation when assessed in a visual search task. However, when tested on another person's codes, with which they had had no previous experience, there was a suggestion that subjects were quicker to learn the basic than the idiosyncratic code. When coding qualitative data in a crowded display the authors advocate a code made up of the user's internally-generated set of basic colours. This code is easy to generate and obviates the need for complicated colour calibration procedures.
Synthesis of Coinage-Metal Nanoparticles from Mesityl Precursors

An anhydrous route for the synthesis of amine-capped coinage-metal nanoparticles (NP) has been developed using coinage-metal mesityl (mesityl = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) derivatives. Under an argon atmosphere, crystalline [Cu(μ-mesityl)]5, [Ag(μ-mesityl)]4, and [Au(μ-mesityl)]5 were readily dissolved in octylamine (0.3 M solution) and subsequently injected into a heated hexadecylamine solution (300 °C), generating the corresponding metal nanoparticles. After washing with methanol and extracting with toluene, oxide-free coinage NPs were isolated and characterized by UV−vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Under these conditions, the spherical NPs were found to be 8−9 nm in size for Cu° (no surface oxide present), 9 nm for Ag°, and 8−80 nm for Au°. Reducing the concentration of the precursor solution, the temperature of the solution, and the time of reaction led to the synthesis of Au° NPs that were 12 ± 1 nm in size.
In situ localization of ATPase activity in cells of plants infected by maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus

Cells of healthy maize plants as well as those infected by maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus were examined by electron microscopy for the location of ATPase activity. In healthy and virus infected plants, ATPase activity was found in plasma membranes, chloroplast thylakoid membranes, nuclear membranes and in mitochondria. In virus-infected cells, ATPase activity was also observed in cytoplasmic vesicles which were found in close proximity to the virus-specific cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (CI), at the ends of the arms of the CI and in plasmodesmata.
Differences between embryos and adults in the plasticity of somatosensory afferents to the axolotl tectum.

Abstract The plasticity of somatosensory afferents in the adult axolotl tectum was studied in two ways. First, normal adult axolotls were monocularly enucleated, and second, adult animals which had been monocular since embryogenesis had the tectum contralateral to the remaining eye excised. After a survival time of about one year the brains of these animals were studied electrophysiologically and histochemically. In the enucleated adults, the deprived tectum lacked visual activity, and the acetylcholinesterase staining, dense in the superficial neuropil of the normally innervated tectum, was much reduced. Somatosensory units remained deep in the tectal neuropil, as in normally innervated tecta. Serotonergic terminals associated with somatosensory responses were correspondingly largely restricted to the deeper tectal neuropil in these animals. This result is in contrast to that of embryonic enucleation where somatosensory activity and serotonergic terminals are found in the superficial tectal neuropil of the adult. Autoradiographic results from the tectal excision experiments showed that retinal axons in adults regrew to innervate the ipsilateral tectum when deprived of their normal targets. Associated with the ipsilateral innervation both visual units and acetylcholinesterase staining were found in the superficial tectum. In spite of this change in the visual innervation of the tectum, there was little difference in the distribution of somatosensory responses or serotonergic terminals; both remained relatively superficial and appeared to be unaffected by the late ingrowing retinal axons. This results is in contrast to the findings from embryonic transplants to genetically eyeless embryos which, as adults, show somatosensory responses and serotonergic endings restricted to the deeper tectal neuropil
Effect of a light impurity on the dynamic structure of a monatomic fluid

We have studied by inelastic coherent thermal-neutron scattering the many-body effects introduced into a fluid by the presence of a light nearly invisible second component. We have observed this effect over a range of wave vectors and frequencies from where the effect is pronounced to where it is no longer experimentally observable.
2-D Simulation of Non-Isothermal Fate and Transport of a Drip-Applied Fumigant in Plastic-Mulched Soil Beds. II. Sensitivity Analysis and Model Application

Temperature dependence of selected parameters was defined and illustrated. The order of sensitivity among tested model parameters (sorption coefficient, KD; diffusion coefficient, Dg; vapor pressure, P; degradation rate, k; Henry’s constant, H) was k > P > KD > H > Dg for 1-day simulations and k > P and KD > Dg > H for 2-day simulations. The most sensitive parameter for both days was k. Mass balance errors were calculated using NRMSE (normalized root mean square error) to evaluate the level of agreement. The numerical model was applied to predict fumigant movement in the soil bed.
Influence of cigarette smoking on human autonomic function.

BACKGROUND. Although cigarette smoking is known to lead to widespread augmentation of sympathetic nervous system activity, little is known about the effects of smoking on directly measured human sympathetic activity and its reflex control. METHODS AND RESULTS. We studied the acute effects of smoking two research-grade cigarettes on muscle sympathetic nerve activity and on arterial baroreflex-mediated changes of sympathetic and vagal neural cardiovascular outflows in eight healthy habitual smokers. Measurements were made during frequency-controlled breathing, graded Valsalva maneuvers, and carotid baroreceptor stimulation with ramped sequences of neck pressure and suction. Smoking provoked the following changes: Arterial pressure increased significantly, and RR intervals, RR interval spectral power at the respiratory frequency, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity decreased. Plasma nicotine levels increased significantly, but plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and neuropeptide Y levels did not change. Peak sympathetic nerve activity during and systolic pressure overshoots after Valsalva straining increased significantly in proportion to increases of plasma nicotine levels. The average carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex relation shifted rightward and downward on arterial pressure and RR interval axes; average gain, operational point, and response range did not change. CONCLUSIONS. In habitual smokers, smoking acutely reduces baseline levels of vagal-cardiac nerve activity and completely resets vagally mediated arterial baroreceptor-cardiac reflex responses. Smoking also reduces muscle sympathetic nerve activity but augments increases of sympathetic activity triggered by brief arterial pressure reductions. This pattern of autonomic changes is likely to influence smokers' responses to acute arterial pressure reductions importantly.
Predictive optimal control for seismic analysis of non‐linear and hysteretic structures

In this paper, an effective active predictive control algorithm is developed for the vibration control of non-linear hysteretic structural systems subjected to earthquake excitation. The non-linear characteristics of the structural behaviour and the effects of time delay in both the measurements and control action are included throughout the entire analysis (design and validation). This is very important since, in current design practice, structures are assumed to behave non-linearly, and time delays induced by sensors and actuator devices are not avoidable. The proposed algorithm focuses on the instantaneous optimal control approach for the development of a control methodology where the non-linearities are brought into the analysis through a non-linear state vector and a non-linear open-loop term. An autoregressive (AR) model is used to predict the earthquake excitation to be considered in the prediction of the structural response. A performance index that is quadratic in the control force and in the predicted non-linear states, with two additional energy related terms, and that is subjected to a non-linear constraint equation, is minimized at every time step. The effectiveness of the proposed closed-open loop non-linear instantaneous optimal prediction control (CONIOPC) strategy is presented by the results of numerical simulations. Since nonlinearity and time-delay effects are incorporated in the mathematical model throughout the derivation of the control methodology, good performance and stability of the controlled structural system are guaranteed.
Effect of Ambient Pressure on an Airblast Spray Injected into a Crossflow

The injection of a fuel spray into a cross stream was studied for its application in rapid fuel ‐air mixing for lean combustion processes. The fuel is injected as either a discrete stream or as a partially to fully atomized jet of droplets. Of particular interest was the penetration of the outer and inner edges of the spray of liquid fuel into the gaseous airstream. The experiment focused on exploring the effect of e ow conditions on the spray surface trajectories from the point of injection to a downstream distance of z/Dfuel = 35. Tests were conducted under ambient pressures of 1, 3, and 5 atm at atomizing air pressure drops varying from 0 to 4.8% for a jet-A fuel e ow of 0.18 g/s and a baseline crosse ow airvelocity of 38 m/s. A modie ed dee nition of the jet-to-crosse owmomentum-e ux ratioq2 wasdeveloped to accommodatea two-phasejetandwassubsequentlyused to obtaina relationshipbetween the e ow conditions and thespray surface trajectories. The effect of the degree of atomization in thespray resulting from the change in operating conditions was incorporated by implementing a pressure ratio correction factor into the correlating equation. Nomenclature Aairbl = area associated with the airblast air, assumed as the difference between Aspray and Aliquid Aliquid = area associated with the fuel injection orie ce Aspray = area associated with the spray injection orie ce Cd = orie ce discharge coefe cient cn = correlation constants, n D0;1;2;3 Dfuel = fuel injection orie ce diameter Dspray = spray injection orie ce diameter q1 = single-phase jet-to-crosse ow momentum-e ux ratio q2 = two-phase jet-to-crosse ow momentum-e ux ratio V = velocity Wecross = crosse ow-associated Weber number ΩairV 2 crossDfuel=ae x = penetration distance z = downstream distance Ω = density
Assessing mobility at home in people with early Parkinson's disease using an instrumented Timed Up and Go test.

Gait and mobility problems are prominent features of Parkinson’s Disease (PD), and are difficult to observe clinically in early stages of PD. We previously reported that gait changes were measurable in early to mid-stage PD subjects, when we used inertial sensors during an instrumented Timed Up and Go test (iTUG). With the advent of wearable inertial sensors, home assessment of mobility has become possible. We tested six people with early PD and eight control subjects using the iTUG in the home and laboratory. Our objectives were to 1) investigate the feasibility of testing subjects at home, and 2) compare performance at home versus laboratory. We found that home iTUG testing is feasible and the patients with PD were more affected than the healthy control subjects when tested at home.
The evolution of democratic civil‐military relations in Bulgaria

This article proposes a two‐level framework for analyzing the reforms of civil‐military relations in post‐Communist Bulgaria. The first level of analysis (legal/institutional), or the formal basis for civilian control, includes the new laws, procedures, and institutions that were established after the fall of Communism in 1989. Second‐level analysis (or the level of political behavior) goes beyond legal analysis and focuses on civilian and military decision‐makers and their interactions. The main second‐level variables are the attitudes and values of civilian and military officials, their conception of civilian control and their knowledge and expertise in national security. Only a two‐level analysis can account for the complexities in the civil‐military relationship and show that, while legal and institutional issues are largely solved, there are still problems related to the consolidation of democratic civilian control, some of which stem from the lack of civilians with expertise in military matters.
A Comparison of Dentin Cutting Efficiency of 4 Round-tipped Ultrasonic Instruments

Abstract Introduction Ultrasonic instruments are available for a variety of endodontic uses. Few published evaluations exist that compare the dentin cutting efficiency of endodontic ultrasonic tips. Furthermore, previous comparison studies often did not take into account 2 critical factors: clinically relevant downward forces and linear movement during use. Methods Four different round-tipped ultrasonic tips were compared ( n = 5 per tip group): BUC-1 (Obtura Spartan, Fenton, MO), BL-2 (BL no difference was found between the BUC-1 and the BL-2. Conclusions Within the limits of this study, the BUC-1 showed the greatest dentin removal. Adding a linear movement and a clinically relevant axial force allows better generalization to clinical applications.
Wave propagation in linear viscoelastic composites modelled as interpenetrating solid continua

Abstract This work concerns the behavior of shock waves and higher order discontinuities which propagate in a viscoelastic composite which is modelled as a mixture ot two interpenetrating solid continua. The response of the composite is assumed to be linear. The propagation conditions for shock and higher order waves are derived and it is shown that, in general, six waves of any order may propagate in any direction. It is shown that the amplitudes of all waves decay as they propagate. Detailed results are presented for isotropic composites.
Mdm2 overexpression and p73 loss exacerbate genomic instability and dampen apoptosis, resulting in B-cell lymphoma

Many human tumors express high levels of the p53 inhibitor Mdm2, resulting from amplification of the Mdm2 locus or aberrant post-translational regulation of the Mdm2 protein. While the importance of Mdm2 in regulating p53 is clear, Mdm2 also has p53-independent roles. For example, overexpression of Mdm2 results in genomic instability in a p53-independent manner. In addition, Mdm2 has many additional binding partners, some of which, such as the tumor suppressor p73, have also been implicated in genomic instability. In this study, cells and tumors with Mdm2 overexpression and p73 loss exhibit increased genomic instability as compared with either alteration alone and cooperate in development of B-cell lymphomagenesis. Cytogenetic analysis of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and pre-malignant B cells demonstrates that loss of p73 exacerbates the chromosome breaks and fusions observed in Mdm2(Tg) cells. B-cell lymphomas from Mdm2(Tg);p73(+/-) mice retain the remaining p73 allele, exhibit elevated levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl2 and thus dampen apoptosis. In summary, Mdm2 overexpression and p73 loss cooperate in genomic instability and tumor development, indicating that the oncogenic function of Mdm2 is a combined effect of inhibiting p53 and p73 functions. Given that p73 is lost or silenced in human B-cell lymphomas, the Mdm2(Tg);p73(+/-) mouse serves as a model for human disease and may provide additional insight into the pathways that contribute to B-cell lymphomagenesis.
Analysis and prediction of microstructural effects on long-term fatigue performance of an aluminum aerospace alloy

Abstract A program of experimental and analytical tasks has been conducted to define the linkage(s) between microstructural characteristics and fatigue performance in an aluminum alloy typically used for airframe structural applications. The first goal was to develop data for quantitatively linking measurable characteristics of material microstructure with long-term fatigue performance. The second goal was to develop models to predict fatigue performance based on the microstructural characteristics. The work focused on several process variants of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 plate. This material was chosen because of its widespread use for flight-critical airframe structural components, and the particular characteristics associated with the manufacturing, service and maintenance of thick section components. Within the framework of this objective, life-limiting microstructural features have been identified and ranked by severity, and models to quantitatively describe the evolution and growth of macrostructural cracks from those features have been developed. The modeling framework has been applied to predict the cyclic lifetime of the 7050 alloy process variants based on the populations of life-limiting microstructural features. In addition, the models have been used to show how changes in the material characteristics may affect the fatigue performance. This includes predictions of the effect of changing the life-limiting microfeature size and shape distributions, and the effect of changing material strength properties. The use of this modeling approach to probabilistically describe the implications of changes in the microstructure has been demonstrated, thereby allowing the effects of material pedigree to be predictively linked with the structural integrity of end components. The modeling framework has potential applications in airframe design support processes, and as a tool for use in material and product form selection processes.
Directional eutectoid decomposition in Cu-11.8 wt % Al

Directional eutectoid decomposition in a Cu-11.8 wt % Al alloy at a rate of 7×10−5 cm/sec produced eutectoid colonies several inches in length, with lamellae parallel to the temperature gradient. Average lamellar spacing was 4000 A. Significantly faster driving speeds produced martensitic structures. The maximum rate of eutectoid decomposition and the spacing observed were in agreement with earlier data from isothermal studies.
Coalition of Networked Information: Fall 2005 Task Force Meeting

Purpose – To report on the Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) held the Fall 2005 Task Force Meeting for its Task Force representatives and other participants in Phoenix, Arizona on December 5‐6, 2005.Design/methodology/approach – Provides a concise review of the conference.Findings – The meeting offered a wide variety of timely presentations that advanced and reported on CNI’s programs, projects and issues from Task Force member institutions and emphasized significant activities on the national and international arenas.Originality/value – This paper is a useful summary of a conference of interest to library and information management professionals.
Does change in distress matter? Mechanisms of change in prolonged exposure for PTSD

Abstract Background and objectives Clinically, many individuals persist in prolonged exposure therapy (PE) for chronic PTSD despite continuing distress during recounting of the trauma memory (imaginal exposure). Theorists suggest that distress reduction is necessary for successful treatment outcome (e.g., Foa & Kozak, 1986 ), while others suggest otherwise (e.g., Craske et al., 2008 ). This study examined clinically reliable changes in distress, relations to broad clinical outcomes, and whether homework adherence affected this relationship. Method In 116 patients with PTSD, first to last imaginal exposure sessions' peak and average distress was examined, calculating reliable change in distress. Homework adherence and helpfulness were examined. At post-treatment, PTSD symptoms (re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal), depression, and functioning were examined. Results Patients exhibited a lack of reliable change in distress (64.7%) more than a reliable change in distress (35.3%). Although no difference in post-treatment PTSD diagnostic status, individuals experiencing a reliable change in distress reported lower PTSD severity (re-experiencing, hyperarousal), depression, and better functioning. Further, perceived helpfulness of imaginal homework had an indirect effect on this relationship. Limitations This study did not utilize a distress tolerance self-report measure; however, examined self-reported distress during imaginal exposure. Conclusions Results are encouraging for clinicians treating PTSD with PE, arguing that lack of reliable change in distress to the trauma memory does not result in treatment failure. Patient “buy in” to homework, rather than amount completed, was related to the process of distress reduction. Results suggest that distress reduction in imaginal exposure is not a key mechanism underlying therapeutic change in PE.
High field conduction in poly(p-phenylene vinylene)

We have shown that in polyacetylene, for electric fields above 106 V/cm polarons are dissociated because the electron or hole can move much faster than the lattice distortion. Similar results should hold for poly(p-phenylene vinylene), PPV. To determine whether the free carriers thus created can be heated by the field sufficiently to allow impact ionization, we investigated free-carrier scattering in PPV. The important scatterers are longitudinal acoustic modes, molecular vibrations, and librational torsional modes. The coupling constants and important frequencies are known approximately for the first two of these processes in PPV. Using these values, some reasonable values for librons, and the calculated band structure of PPV, we conclude that at least some of the carriers could be heated to 2 eV at a field of ∼106 V/cm, and that they could acquire energy required for impact ionization at not much higher fields.
Primary and secondary antibody responses of rabbits to bacteriophage T2: kinetic and quantitative analysis and suppression by antimacrophage globulin.

Abstract Antibody synthetic capacity of popliteal lymph node cells removed from rabbits at various times after immunization with bacteriophage T2 was assayed by radioimmunoassay of tissue culture fluid after incubation with 14 C-leucine. Antibody synthesis began on day 2; IgM synthesis peaked on day 3; IgG synthesis peaked on day 5 and again on day 14. Reinjection of T2 one month later elicited an enhanced response which peaked sharply on day 2. The primary and secondary responses, but not priming for the secondary response, were suppressed by injection of goat antimacrophage globulin (AMG), but only when AMG was injected 1 to 3 days before T2. AMG reacted strongly with rabbit peritoneal macrophages and only slightly with rabbit lymphocytes or erythrocytes. Thus, macrophages appear to participate in the induction of antibody responses of rabbit lymph nodes to T2 and their function inhibited by AMG apparently operates only during the early phase of induction.
Research on Rural Veterans: An Analysis of the Literature

ABSTRACT: Context: The Veterans Health Administration (VA) provides comprehensive health care services to veterans across the United States. Recently, the VA established an Office of Rural Health to address the health care needs of rural veterans. Purpose: To review the literature on rural veterans' health care needs in order to identify areas for future research. Methods: We conducted a literature review of articles listed in the Medline, CINAHL, and BIOSIS datasets since 1950. We reviewed and summarized the findings of 50 articles that specifically examined rural veterans. Findings: The literature on rural veterans included 4 articles examining access to care, 7 evaluating distance technology, 4 examining new models of care delivery, 11 studying rural veterans' patient characteristics, 10 evaluating programs provided in a rural setting, 6 examining rural health care settings, and 8 exploring rural veterans' health services utilization patterns. Most studies were small, based on data obtained before 2000, and consisted of uncontrolled, retrospective, descriptive studies of health care provided in rural VA settings. Definitions of rural were inconsistent, and in 20% of the articles examined the rural aspect of the setting was incidental to the study. Conclusions: The literature on rural veterans' health care needs warrants expansion and investment so that policy makers can make informed decisions in an environment of limited resources and competing interests.
Anxiety and functional status in older primary care patients.

Objective:The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that anxiety in older primary care patients is associated with functional impairment after controlling for depression and medical comorbidity.Method:Primary care patients (n = 303), aged sixty or older were interviewed with a series of instruments designed to measure psychiatric symptoms including anxiety, depression, medical illness burden, and both examiner-rated and self-reported functional status. Anxiety was measured by the anxiety item of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the anxiety items of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form SF-36. Multiple regression techniques were used to examine the association of anxiety with functional status after controlling for age, gender, education, medical burden, and depression.Results:When controlled for depression and medical morbidity, increased anxiety predicted poorer social function. Anxiety was not independently associated with more basic activities of daily living.Conclusions:Further stud...
Translating genome wide association study results to associations among common diseases: In silico study with an electronic medical record

Abstract Objective To develop a map of disease associations exclusively using two publicly available genetic sources: the catalog of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the HapMap, and the catalog of Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) from the NHGRI, and to evaluate it with a large, long-standing electronic medical record (EMR). Methods A computational model, In Silico Bayesian Integration of GWAS (IsBIG), was developed to learn associations among diseases using a Bayesian network (BN) framework, using only genetic data. The IsBIG model (I-Model) was re-trained using data from our EMR (M-Model). Separately, another clinical model (C-Model) was learned from this training dataset. The I-Model was compared with both the M-Model and the C-Model for power to discriminate a disease given other diseases using a test dataset from our EMR. Area under receiver operator characteristics curve was used as a performance measure. Direct associations between diseases in the I-Model were also searched in the PubMed database and in classes of the Human Disease Network (HDN). Results On the basis of genetic information alone, the I-Model linked a third of diseases from our EMR. When compared to the M-Model, the I-Model predicted diseases given other diseases with 94% specificity, 33% sensitivity, and 80% positive predictive value. The I-Model contained 117 direct associations between diseases. Of those associations, 20 (17%) were absent from the searches of the PubMed database; one of these was present in the C-Model. Of the direct associations in the I-Model, 7 (35%) were absent from disease classes of HDN. Conclusion Using only publicly available genetic sources we have mapped associations in GWAS to a human disease map using an in silico approach. Furthermore, we have validated this disease map using phenotypic data from our EMR. Models predicting disease associations on the basis of known genetic associations alone are specific but not sensitive. Genetic data, as it currently exists, can only explain a fraction of the risk of a disease. Our approach makes a quantitative statement about disease variation that can be explained in an EMR on the basis of genetic associations described in the GWAS.
Population differentiation and hybrid success in Campanula americana: geography and genome size

Populations within a species may diverge through genetic drift and natural selection. Few studies report on population differentiation in autopolyploids where multiple gene copies and the ratio of cytoplasmic to nuclear genes differ from diploids and may influence divergence. In autotetraploid Campanula americana we created hybrids between populations that differed in geographic proximity and genome size. Differences in genome size (up to 6.5%) did not influence hybrid performance. In contrast, hybrid performance was strongly influenced by population proximity. F1 hybrids between distant populations performed poorly relative to their parents while hybrids between proximate populations outperformed their parents. Outbreeding depression was strongest for juvenile traits. The expression of outbreeding depression often differed between reciprocal hybrids indicating interactions between nuclear and cytoplasmic genes contribute to population differentiation. Because plants were grown under greenhouse conditions, the outbreeding depression was likely due to genetic (underdominance or loss of additive-by-additive epistasis) rather than ecological factors.
Prescription Drugs and the Elderly: Issues and Options

Prologue: As a population cohort, the elderly are more dependent upon prescription drugs than any other group. Yet Medicare, the federally operated health insurance program for the elderly and disa...