cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population Genetics of Southern Flounder with Implications for Management

Abstract The southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma is a marine flatfish that ranges from North Carolina to the Yucatan Peninsula in the Gulf of Mexico. Management of southern flounder will be improved by proper delineation of management units based on genetic data. We used microsatellite DNA markers to determine how many populations exist across the species’ range and the geographic extent of those populations. Based on significant genetic divergence across loci (F CT = 0.035), two discrete populations of southern flounder occur. The populations inhabit the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean, with the boundary between them located in southern Florida, an area that is generally devoid of southern flounder. Within the Gulf of Mexico, there was little evidence of discrete populations but weak evidence for isolation by distance. These data indicate that specieswide management of southern flounder should account for the independent demographic entities in the Gulf and Atlantic and that local management str...
Consequences of Whole-Genome Triplication as Revealed by Comparative Genomic Analyses of the Wild Radish Raphanus raphanistrum and Three Other Brassicaceae Species

Polyploidization events are frequent among flowering plants, and the duplicate genes produced via such events contribute significantly to plant evolution. We sequenced the genome of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), a Brassicaceae species that experienced a whole-genome triplication event prior to diverging from Brassica rapa. Despite substantial gene gains in these two species compared with Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis lyrata, ;70% of the orthologous groups experienced gene losses in R. raphanistrum and B. rapa, with most of the losses occurring prior to their divergence. The retained duplicates show substantial divergence in sequence and expression. Based on comparison of A. thaliana and R. raphanistrum ortholog floral expression levels, retained radish duplicates diverged primarily via maintenance of ancestral expression level in one copy and reduction of expression level in others. In addition, retained duplicates differed significantly from genes that reverted to singleton state in function, sequence composition, expression patterns, network connectivity, and rates of evolution. Using these properties, we established a statistical learning model for predicting whether a duplicate would be retained postpolyploidization. Overall, our study provides new insights into the processes of plant duplicate loss, retention, and functional divergence and highlights the need for further understanding factors controlling duplicate gene fate.
Intestinal Calcium Transport: Vesicular Carriers, Noncytoplasmic Calbindin D 28K, and Non-Nuclear Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

The mechanisms of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2-D3] actions in intestinal epithelium and the components of the calcium transport pathway have been studied from many aspects: Uptake at the brush border membrane, movement of the divalent cation across the cell, and extrusion at the basal lateral membrane. Over the years it has become apparent that the system is complex, mingling elements of intracellular calcium homeostasis present in nearly all cell types, such as phosphoinositide metabolism (Lieberherr et al. 1989) and activation of calcium channels (de Boland et al. 1990), with vesicular trafficking systems involved in net transport (Nemere et al. 1986, 1988, 1989). The present communication will attempt to integrate past and present observations, as well as aspects of intracellular calcium homeostasis involved in signalling the transport pathway.
An evening on the hospice unit.

A volunteer describes what takes place during a typical evening in a hospital hospice unit. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Development of Real-Time Control for a Hydrogen Powered Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Hybrid electric vehicle with hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine could be an interim between current vehicles and fuel cell vehicles which are thought to be more of far term reality. This paper introduces the hydrogen engine powered parallel hybrid electric vehicle developed by Texas Tech University Advanced Vehicle Engineering Lab. It presents the innovative use of LabVIEW Real-Time controllers to develop the prototype vehicle powertrain control system. Then it discusses the hydrogen engine control issues and presents the development of the engine control unit by LabVIEW FPGA. Vehicle communication issues among the distribution management system are presented. The vehicle test results are also shown in this paper.
On the Past and Future of American Immigration and Ethnic History: A Sociologist's Reflections on a Silver Jubilee

To a historian, twenty five years may not seem like much: a span scarcely the measure of a generation, within the frame of “current affairs,” it may not yet qualify as “history”; it might even be said, paraphrasing Gertrude Stein, that there is no long duree there. But to a sociologist, it is a span that packs a wallop. This essay examines the past and future of American immigration and ethnic history in the light of rapid changes marking the 25-year period between 1981 and 2006. Although much of American sociology, led by the scholars of what came to be called the Chicago School, gained its impetus and its disciplinary identity a century ago via the empirical study of mass immigration and the adaptations in American cities of an unprecedented diversity of newcomers, twenty-five years ago there was little scholarly work being done in the sociology of immigration and ethnicity. Doctoral students at leading universities were advised by their mentors as late as the 1980s to avoid writing their dissertations on such topics, since immigration was not a “field” or even a recognized section of the American Sociological Association. There was no there there, then. On the other hand, immigration became a field of specialization in American history in the 1926-40 period, it “erupted” in the late 1960s, and by the 1970s an astounding 1,813 doctoral dissertations in history focused on immigration or ethnicity. It was when immigration became “a thing of the past” that historians surged to study it, while sociologists turned to more contemporary concerns (including what would become glossed as “race and ethnic relations”). Still, historians and sociologists alike have kindred interests in understanding and explaining the common and endlessly fascinating phenomena that delimit our respective fields. While the recovery, if not the discovery, of the past may be the historian’s raison d’etre, it is in part the social scientist’s conceit to examine the patterned present in order to predict the future. Whether our glance is backward or forward, our knowledge is ineluctably shaped by our present predicaments, so that as often as not we see through our respective prisms darkly. And history, in any case, does not obligingly repeat itself, whether as tragedy or as familiar farce. If we can learn something from the chaotic, checkered past of the last era of mass migration to the United States a century ago, it may be to harbor few illusions about crystal-ball gazing, even in increments of twenty-five years. Historians and sociologists alike, in our own Janus-faced ways, seek to contribute to human understanding, to enlightenment, and to the tolerance and humility that comes with it – and in that way we make our most important contributions to the long duree of humanity, all the more in a present suffused by a climate of fear. To bring these two disciplines together in the study of American immigration and ethnicity has been one of the pioneering contributions of the JAEH in its first quarter century.
Demonstration of a Block at an Early Stage of T-Cell Differentiation in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

The syndrome of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) represents a group of congenital lethal disorders, characterized by defects of both T- and B-cell systems (Hitzig et al., 1971; Giblett et al., 1972; Gatti et al., 1969; Pyke et al., 1975; Hong et al., 1978; Gelfand et al., 1977; Pahwa et al., 1979). Although the ultimate immunological expression of these disorders is quite similar, the defect of lymphoid development may vary. Studies using thymic extracts, thymic epithelial monolayers, and thymic hormones have revealed that the differentiation of precursor cells may be abnormal in SCID (Touraine et al., 1974; Pahwa et al., 1977, 1979). Most of the previously reported studies on T-lymphocyte differentiation have employed mainly rosette formation with SRBC (E-rosettes) as a differentiation marker for T cells. In this communication, we have investigated the differentiation of T-cell surface antigens using mouse monoclonal antibodies on two patients’ blood and bone marrow lymphocytes using cultured thymic epithelial monolayers and thymosin fraction 5 (TF5) as inducing agents.
Modified irinotecan and infusional 5-fluorouracil (mFOLFIRI) in patients with refractory advanced pancreas cancer (APC): a single-institution experience.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer death. Recently, MM-398 (nanoliposomal irinotecan) was shown to be associated with significant improvement in outcome measures with acceptable toxicities when combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin (LV) compared to 5-FU/LV alone in patients failing one line of gemcitabine-based therapy. There is a paucity of data evaluating the role of irinotecan in combination with 5FU in advanced pancreas cancer (APC). We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who received mFOLFIRI (minus bolus 5FU and LV). All patients with metastatic disease who had failed at least one line of gemcitabine-based therapy prior to receiving mFOLFIRI were included in this study. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the continuous variables and adverse events (AEs), and Kaplan–Meier methods were used to calculate the median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Forty patients were included in this analysis. Patients received 1–5 lines of prior therapy (25 % with more than 3 lines of prior therapy). The mean age at diagnosis was 60, and 98 % had ECOG of 1. The mean CA 19-9 at the start of therapy was 33,169 U/ml. The median PFS was 2.59 months [95 % confidence interval (CI) (1.90, 3.54)], and OS was 4.75 months [95 % CI (3.14, 8.98)]. The most common AEs included fatigue (98 %), neuropathy (83 %), anorexia (68 %), nausea (60 %) and constipation (55 %). Grade 3 toxicities included fatigue (13 %) and rash (3 %). There were no observed grade 4 toxicities. In this single-institution retrospective analysis, mFOLFIRI was found to be both tolerable and relatively effective in a heavily pretreated patient population with APC. Future prospective studies should consider evaluating the role of mFOLFIRI in refractory APC.
Chemical Characters of Thermally Oxydized Trilinolein

Using synthesized trilinolein, the relations between the foaming tendency after heated and the chemical characteristics were studied. Trilinolein after heated for 5 and 9hr. at 200°C, showed slight and severe foaming tendencies respectively. From trilinolein heated for 5 and 9hrs., monomeric, dimeric and secondary product fractions of fatty acids were separated, and chemical, infrared and thin-layer chromatographic analyses were carried out there of. The number of functional groups in their mean molecular weight were also calcurated.From these results, it was concluded that the substances formed by heating are different in both quantity and nature by the lapse of heating time.
Sex chromatin, body-masculinity and smoking behavior.

-An hypothesized relationship between smoking behavior, body masculinity (Masc) , and amount of sex chromatin was investigated using 6 samples of California college students ( n = 437 ) and 1 of 80 Indiana adults. Ratings of Masc were positively correlated with the amount smoked by smokers of both sexes in all samples. Amount of chromatin in both buccal smears and blood neutrophils was higher for smokers in all samples tested. The amount smoked was negatively correlated for male and positively correlated for female smokers with amount of chromatin. Amount of chromatin is related to Marc in females but not in males.
Slater's Exchange Parameters α for Analytic and Variational Xα Calculations

Recently, we formulated a fully analytical and variational implementation of a subset of density functional theory using Gaussian basis sets to express orbital and the one-body effective potential. The implementation, called the Slater-Roothaan (SR) method, is an extension of Slater's Xα method, which allows arbitrary scaling of the exchange potential around each type of atom in a heteroatomic system. The scaling parameter is Slater's exchange parameter, α, which can be determined for each type of atom by choosing various criteria depending on the nature of problem undertaken. Here, we determine these scaling parameters for atoms H through Cl by constraining some physical quantity obtained from the self-consistent solution of the SR method to be equal to its exact value. Thus, the sets of α values that reproduce the exact atomic energies have been determined for four different combinations of basis sets. A similar set of α values that is independent of a basis set is obtained from numerical calculations. These sets of α parameters are subsequently used in the SR method to compute atomization energies of the G2 set of molecules. The mean absolute error in atomization energies is about 17 kcal/mol and is smaller than that of the Hartree-Fock theory (78 kcal/mol) and the local density approximation (40 kcal/mol) but larger than that of a typical generalized gradient approximation (∼8 kcal/mol). A second set of α values is determined by matching the highest occupied eigenvalue of the SR method to the negative of the first ionization potential. Finally, the possibility of obtaining α values from the exact atomization energy of homonuclear diatomic molecules is explored. We find that the molecular α values show much larger deviation than what is observed for the atomic α values. The α values obtained for atoms in combination with an analytic SR method allow elemental properties to be extrapolated to heterogeneous molecules. In general, the sets of different α values might be useful for calculations of different properties using the analytic and variational SR method.
Advances on the horizon.

Advances and improvement in the study of the fetus in utero will depend upon a greater understanding of fetal and placental physiology and the development of additional methodology to assess fetoplacental function. The author offers a look at the cutting edge of the field in its physiologic aspects, in fetal heart rate and intrauterine behavioral states, and in the promising technique of systolic time intervals of fetal cardiac cycle.
The training of the internist

A critical situation surrounds Internal Medicine and the training of internists. The crucial role of Internal Medicine as an integrating discipline in clinical medicine and its relationship with primary care medicine and the specialties is analyzed. The goals of a training program for general internists and specialists are described. The scope of knowledge, skills and attitudes as well as the general training necessary to become an internist are summarized.
A Model of Deinstitutionalization of Psychiatric Care across 161 Nations: 2001–2014

Abstract:Deinstitutionalization has been ongoing since the 1950s and is a trend that has been molded by diverse sociocultural conditions and competing ideologies. Key questions from the literature include its extent and the drivers motivating it, political and financial dimensions, and consequences in such domains as homelessness, nursing home care, and the criminalization of the mentally ill. This study specifically addresses questions about the extent of deinstitutionalization internationally, and the salience of competing explanations of this trend for understanding the extent of availability of psychiatric beds.This study employs a secondary analysis of data from the four editions of the World Health Organization’s Mental Health Atlas, as well as supplemental international databases. It uses a regression methodology to examine rates of change of psychiatric beds during 2001–2014 in 161 nations. Predictors include key geographic, demographic, socioeconomic, political, cultural, and service system condi...
A novel instrument for rapid measurement of temperature-dependent thermal properties of conduction-heated food up to 140 °C

Abstract Estimating thermal properties for thick or solid foods at temperatures greater than 100 °C is challenging for two reasons: the long time needed to reach a constant temperature, and the pressure needed to be maintained in the sealed container. An instrument (“Thermal Properties Cell”, or “TPCell”) was developed based on a rapid non-isothermal method to estimate the temperature-dependent thermal properties within a range of commercial food processes (20–140 °C). The instrument design consists of a custom sample holder and special fittings to accommodate the heater within a pressurized environment. The total time of the experiment is less than 1min., compared to existing isothermal instruments requiring 5–6 h to cover a similar temperature range. Thermal conductivities of different food materials were estimated for the temperature range of commercial food processes. The novelty of the instrument lies in its ability to analyze transient temperature data using a nonlinear form of the two-dimensional heat conduction equations.
Ureteral stents. Indications, variations, and complications

Indwelling ureteral stents offer the urologist an enormous arsenal against a host of urologic diseases. No stent is ideal, and as such it is incumbent on the surgeon to be familiar with the various indications for usage, selection, modes of insertion, and potential for complications. With such information, the surgeon will optimize the efficacy and safety of this device in the care of patients.
An experimental study on violent geysers in vertical pipes

This paper reports a laboratory study on violent geysers in a vertical pipe. Each geyser produced consists of a few consecutive violent eruptions within a time frame of a few seconds with heights t...
Rapid recovery from aphasia after infarction of Wernicke's area

ABSTRACTBackground: Aphasia following infarction of Wernicke’s area typically resolves to some extent over time. The nature of this recovery process and its time course have not been characterised in detail, especially in the acute/subacute period.Aims: The goal of this study was to document recovery after infarction of Wernicke’s area in detail in the first 3 months after stroke. Specifically, we aimed to address two questions about language recovery. First, which impaired language domains improve over time and which do not? Second, what is the time course of recovery?Methods & Procedures: We used quantitative analysis of connected speech and a brief aphasia battery to document language recovery in two individuals with aphasia following infarction of the posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG). Speech samples were acquired daily between 2 and 16 days post stroke, and also at 1 month and 3 months. Speech samples were transcribed and coded using the CHAT system in order to quantify multiple language domain...
The Role of α-Thalassemia and Iron Deficiency in the Difference between Hemoglobin Levels of African-Americans (AA) and Whites.

The fact that the average hemoglobin concentration (Hb) of AA is lower than that of whites has been documented extensively. Several investigations have shown that this difference of approximately 0.8 g/dL is due neither to iron deficiency nor to socioeconomic status. Its cause remains unknown. We compared the Hb of 1,493 AA and 31,029 white anonymized patients attending a Health Appraisal Clinic and confirmed the known difference in Hb, both for females and males (0.79 and 0.47 g/dL) respectively. The difference persisted when a subset of the subjects were paired by age and narrowed slightly in females when those with serum ferritin levels of 9 ng/ml and a transferrin saturation of >16%. Excluding subjects with sickle trait had no effect. As shown in the table, the average Hb of non-iron deficient AA females and males who had 4 normal α loci (aa/aa) was 0.43 and 0.34 g/dL lower respectively than those of whites, the difference being significant with p
Interferon gamma modulation of disease manifestation and the local antibody response to alphavirus encephalomyelitis

Infection of mice with Sindbis virus (SINV) produces encephalomyelitis and provides a model for examination of the central nervous system (CNS) immune response to alphavirus infection. Clearance of infectious virus is accomplished through a cooperative effort between SINV-specific antibody and IFN-γ, but the regulatory interactions are poorly understood. To determine the effects of IFN-γ on clinical disease and the antiviral immune response, C57BL/6 mice lacking IFN-γ (Ifng-/-) or IFN-γ receptor (Ifngr1-/-) were studied in comparison to WT mice. Maximum production of Ifng mRNA and IFN-γ protein in the CNS of WT and Ifngr1-/- mice occurred 5-7 days after infection, with higher levels of IFN-γ in Ifngr1-/- mice. Onset of clinical disease was earlier in mice with impaired IFN-γ signalling, although Ifngr1-/- mice recovered more rapidly. Ifng-/- and Ifngr1-/- mice maintained body weight better than WT mice, associated with better food intake and lower brain levels of inflammatory cytokines. Clearance of infectious virus from the spinal cords was slower, and CNS, but not serum, levels of SINV-specific IgM, IgG2a and IgG2b were lower in Ifngr1-/- and Ifng-/- mice compared to WT mice. Decreased CNS antiviral antibody was associated with lower expression of mRNAs for B-cell attracting chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL13 and fewer B cells in the CNS. Therefore, IFN-γ signalling increases levels of CNS pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to clinical disease, but synergistically clears virus with SINV-specific antibody at least in part by increasing chemokine production important for infiltration of antibody-secreting B cells into the CNS.
An assessment of gains and losses from international trade in the forest sector

The importance of international trade for the welfare of actors in the forest sector was estimated by comparing the current state of the world with a world in pure autarky with zero imports and exports of roundwood and manufactured wood products. The analysis was done with a comparative statics application of the Global Forest Products Model. The model was first calibrated to replicate observations in the base year 2013, and then solved under autarky conditions. The results showed much variation in the effects of international trade on production, consumption, and prices across countries and sub sectors. Globally international trade did have a positive effect on the economic welfare of the sector. This was due mostly to the positive effect on the surplus of consumers, and to a lesser extent on the increase in value added in forest industries. But value added profited manufacturers in developed countries much more than in developing. Furthermore, while wood producers in developed countries increased their profits with trade, those in developing countries incurred heavy losses that negated any incentive to invest in forest conservation, management and new plantations.
Flutter of a Butterfly

…porque fue como el aleteo de la mariposa […because it was like the flutter of a butterfly] (Perez-Reverte, El pintor de batallas, Alfaguara, Madrid, 2006, 55).
Data Science in the Research Domain Criteria Era: Relevance of Machine Learning to the Study of Stress Pathology, Recovery, and Resilience.

Diverse environmental and biological systems interact to influence individual differences in response to environmental stress. Understanding the nature of these complex relationships can enhance th...
Development of a preclinical humanized mouse model to evaluate acute toxicity of an influenza vaccine

Safety evaluation of a human vaccine is critical for vaccine development and for preventing an unexpected adverse reaction in humans. Nonetheless, to date, very few systems have been described for preclinical studies of human adverse reactions in vivo. Previously, we have identified biomarker genes expressed in the lungs for evaluation of influenza vaccine safety, and their usefulness in rodent models and for adjuvant-containing vaccines has already been reported. Here, our purpose was to develop a novel humanized mouse model retaining human innate-immunity-related cells to assess the safety of influenza vaccines using the previously identified biomarker genes. In the present study, we tested whether the two humanized models, a short-term and long-term reconstitution model of NOD/Shi-scid IL2rγnull mice, are suitable for biomarker gene-based safety evaluation. In the short-term model, human CD14+ cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and B cells were retained in the lungs. Among these cells, human CD14+ cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were not detected in the lungs of the long-term model. After the vaccination, the expression levels of human biomarker genes were elevated only in the short-term model when the toxicity reference vaccine was inoculated. This phenomenon was not observed in the long-term model. The levels of human cytokines and chemokines in the lungs increased in response to the toxicity reference vaccine in the short-term mouse model. According to these results, the short-term model provides a better platform for evaluating vaccine safety in terms of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-mediated initial reactions in vivo.
Vesicles and Bullae

Vesicles and bullae, when intact, are easily recognized primary lesions ( Table 10.1 ). Crusts (dried serum and blood) are secondary lesions that should lead one to suspect a preceding vesicle/bulla or pustule. The etiology of vesicular and bullous diseases includes viral and bacterial infections, allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, and autoimmune, genetic, and metabolic diseases. Pathogenesis of the blister formation is helpful in understanding the location of the lesion within the skin. The blister may occur within the epidermis (intraepidermal) or beneath it (subepidermal).
The Bisexual Identity: An Idea Without Social Recognition

Theories of sexuality reflect popular notions by treating sexual identity as a simple dichotomy. There is research evidence for the coexistence of homosexual and heterosexual interest and behavior in a significant portion of the population. This paper examines how various conceptualizations of human sexuality have failed to adequately deal with bisexuality. The lack of acknowledgement by both the larger heterosexual society and the emerging lesbian/gay community, and its impact on the individual bisexual is examined by using the sociological concept of marginality. Some of the differences in self-labeling by women and men are noted in the light of social sex-roles. Finally, the implications of society's acceptance of bisexuality for evolving forms of relationships are suggested.
Hydro-Seq enables contamination-free high-throughput single-cell RNA-sequencing for circulating tumor cells

Molecular analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) at single-cell resolution offers great promise for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics from simple liquid biopsy. Recent development of massively parallel single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides a powerful method to resolve the cellular heterogeneity from gene expression and pathway regulation analysis. However, the scarcity of CTCs and the massive contamination of blood cells limit the utility of currently available technologies. Here, we present Hydro-Seq, a scalable hydrodynamic scRNA-seq barcoding technique, for high-throughput CTC analysis. High cell-capture efficiency and contamination removal capability of Hydro-Seq enables successful scRNA-seq of 666 CTCs from 21 breast cancer patient samples at high throughput. We identify breast cancer drug targets for hormone and targeted therapies and tracked individual cells that express markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) as well as of epithelial/mesenchymal cell state transitions. Transcriptome analysis of these cells provides insights into monitoring target therapeutics and processes underlying tumor metastasis.
Behavioral Health Care And Firearm Suicide: Do States With Greater Treatment Capacity Have Lower Suicide Rates?

Firearms account for most self-harm deaths, and many more Americans kill themselves with a firearm each year than are murdered with one. Mental illness is an important risk factor for firearm suici...
Intermittent Boluses of Local Anesthetic Through Quadratus Lumborum Catheters for Analgesia in a Living Donor Hepatectomy.

The demand for liver transplants in the United States far exceeds the supply of organs. As need has increased, so has use of living donors. Coagulopathy and various side effects often preclude the use of neuraxial regional techniques and opioids for postoperative analgesia in patients with large “J” incisions. Here, we present a 25-year-old male undergoing a living donor hepatectomy who received quadratus lumborum catheters placed percutaneously after closure of incision and prior to emergence to provide excellent analgesia and a viable opioid-sparing approach. Quadratus lumborum catheters are a safe option for a multimodal, opioid-sparing approach to analgesia.
Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra above 50 GeV.

Differential energy spectra of cosmic-ray protons and He nuclei have been measured for the first time by an ionization spectrometer flown at balloon altitudes. The energy range extended from 50 to g 1000 GeV. The observed differential intensities can be represented with power-law spectra with a slope of -2.75 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.03 for protons and of -2.77 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.05 for He nuclei. The proton-to-He ratio is 26 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3 at 40 GeV/nucleon and is constant within errors up to 400 GeV/nucleon.
Online processing and offline judgments of L2-English articles

Abstract This study examines L1-Korean speakers’ online processing and offline judgments of L2-English articles using a self-paced task (SPRT) targeting implicit knowledge and an untimed acceptability judgment task (AJT) assessing explicit knowledge. SPRT results indicate that L1-Korean speakers exhibited targetlike online sensitivity to (in)appropriate use of articles, which provides evidence against the claim that L2-specific morphosyntactic structures cannot be utilized during online comprehension ( Jiang, 2007 ). However, the same L2 speakers showed non-targetlike judgment patterns in the AJT. The discrepancy between online and offline performance is discussed in terms of the role of task effects on L2 performance and the development of implicit and explicit knowledge for L2 articles in the acquisition process. Methodological considerations for evaluating L2 knowledge are also discussed.
Modeling Oyster Reef Reproductive Sustainability: Analyzing Gamete Viability, Hydrodynamics, and Reef Structure to Facilitate Restoration of Crassostrea virginica

The eastern oyster is a keystone species and ecosystem engineer. However, restoration efforts of wild oysters are often unsuccessful, in that they do not produce a robust population of oysters that are able to successfully reproduce. Furthermore, the dynamics of wild oyster fertilization is not yet well understood. Through conducting an experiment predicated on quantifying the influence of elementary aspects of fertilization kinetics--sperm concentration, gamete age, and success rate--we found that, as stochastic as the mating process may seem, there are correlations which fundamentally serve as the framework for assessing long-term sustainability, reef structure, and hydrodynamic parameters in relation to fertilization. We then focused on mathematically defining a procedure which simulated a concentration distribution of a single sperm and egg release where there existed conditions necessary for breeding to take place. We found a very significant impact of both gamete age and sperm concentration on fertilization rate (p < 0.0001). Our hydrodynamic model demonstrates that distance can also drastically influence broadcast spawning. This could be used as a foundation for developing a flexible model for wild oyster fertilization based on placement, initial seawater conditions, and size of the starting population. The results of this research could be implemented into a more user-friendly program which would accept multiple variables as inputs and output the probability of fertilization given arbitrary values. By accounting for environmental deviations, this generalization would increase its compatibility with the public and actualize the projects intended purpose: enhance the planning of oyster reef restoration projects.
Law and Religion – the First Amendment and the Problems of Alienation

A survey of the different patterns of the relationship between of law to religion (and vice versa) in the course of world history, in order to provide historical and legal context and argue for the notion that the United States, truly, a secular society, but rather a religiously pluralistic one.
The effects of commercially available sweeteners (sucrose and sucrose replacers) on wheat starch gelatinization and pasting, and cookie baking

A variety of sucrose replacers (SRs) are increasing in popularity for reducing sucrose usage in low moisture baked goods (cookies, biscuits, etc.). The goal of this study was to link SR physicochemical properties to their observed effects on starch thermal properties, including results from differential scanning calorimetry, rapid viscoanalysis, particle size analysis, and model wire-cut cookie baking performance. The 12 SRs examined in this study were: Truvia, Splenda, Swerve, coconut palm sugar, Monk Fruit, erythritol, Benefiber, Miralax, blue agave syrup, yacon syrup, Sukrin Fiber Gold Syrup, and date syrup. The onset gelatinization temperature (Tgel ) of wheat starch increased significantly (P 10) decreased paste viscosity (peak and final), decreased granule swelling, and increased Tgel compared to the control (water). The smaller SRs (DP < 10) increased both paste viscosity (peak and final) and granule swelling, unlike the larger SRs, and did not increase Tgel as much as larger SRs. The SRs which performed similar to sucrose in model cookie baking (fracturability, spread, color, etc.) and effects on starch properties (Tgel , paste viscosity, and granule swelling) were yacon, Sukrin, date syrups, and coconut palm sugar. The results linking sweetener physicochemical properties to their effects on starch gelatinization, pasting, and swelling can be used to guide reformulation strategies for potentially reducing sugar and/or increasing fiber content in foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Several commercially available natural sweeteners and polymers (coconut palm sugar, date syrup, yacon syrup, Sukrin Fiber Gold syrup, and Benefiber) show promise for reducing or replacing sucrose in cookies, and other low-moisture baked goods, based on their similar effects on wheat starch gelatinization, pasting, and swelling, as well as performance in cookie baking trials. Compared to sucrose, some of these ingredients have a lower glycemic response and higher dietary fiber content, and act as prebiotics, thereby providing potential health benefit.
Realizing value from shadow analytics: A case study

Abstract Despite suggestions that analytics projects have value, the literature has, at times, glossed over the obstacles organizations must overcome to realize value from analytics. This research reports on a longitudinal case study of one organization's efforts to improve its profit margins by incorporating analytics into how it generates revenue. The case describes a business unit launching the organization's analytics initiatives, which they deliberately hid from their information technology department to reduce interference. Our study finds that realizing shadow analytics value involves a 3-phase sensemaking process that redefines organizational structures and sets organizations on the path towards digital transformation. These findings offer implications to the mechanisms and structures necessary for realizing value from analytics. Practically, analytics projects may require managers to rethink project management practices and business unit’s and IT department’s roles in analytics projects.
Plasma Sheath Modelling for Computational Aerothermodynamics and Magnetohydrodynamics

To date, plasma sheath effects have not been incorporated into most CFD simulations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) or aerothermodynamics due to the high computational costs involved. The accurate mo...
Why Not the “New Flexible”?: The Argument for Not Returning to “Normal” After COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a disparate impact across demographic groups, resulting in BIPOC and disabled people experiencing transmission, hospitalization, and death at higher rates than White and non-disabled populations. However, responses within the pandemic created new avenues for access to people with disabilities, including telehealth, work from home opportunities, and virtual participation, which were the very solutions and accommodations they have been requesting, but denied, for years. The call for a “return to normal” is steeped in ableist thinking. Society was made aware of the inequities for disabled people throughout the pandemic, and flexible solutions must be retained and refined to continue the access provided during this time. As a start to a discourse on reflection and action, the authors suggest four areas to target for change toward health equity: (a) messaging and communication, (b) accessibility, (c) addressing attitudinal barriers, and (d) seeking and using the input of disabled people. The following presents an overview of each factor and action steps, with resources to guide them.
A Category-Theoretic Treatment of a Parallel Algol-Like Language

Sequential Algol-like languages augment a simple imperative language with a procedure mechanism based on the λ-calculus. We consider a parallel Algol-like language combining the λ-calculus with shared-variable parallelism. This allows the design of efficient programs that take advantage of parallelism inherent in a problem. Such programs are normally designed to cooperate in solving a common task, by reading and wri ting to shared memory; but parallel commands may also interfere in unexpected ways, causing undesirable behavior such as deadlock. Local variable declarations provide a convenient way to delimit interference. Procedure de finitions provide a convenient abstraction mechanism and permit encapsulation of common parallel programming idioms such as mutual exclusion.
Electron Microscopic Analysis of Metal-Depositing Microorganisms in Surface Layers of Baltic Sea Ferromanganese Concretions

Electron microscopic analyses of ferromanganese concretions from the deep-sea have revealed in them a myriad of surface and internal structures, some of which have been identified or interpreted as being of microbiological origin (Dugolinsky et al., 1977; Greenslate, 1974; Harada and Nishida, 1976; LaRock and Ehrlich, 1975; Wendt, 1974; Xavier, 1976). These results, along with work showing the presence of manganese-oxidizing bacteria (Ehrlich, 1975; Nealson, 1978; Schutt and Ottow, 1978), indicate that microorganisms may greatly influence the growth of deep-sea concretions.
Characterization of the vls antigenic variation loci of the Lyme disease spirochaetes Borrelia garinii Ip90 and Borrelia afzelii ACAI.

Summary The vls locus of Borrelia burgdorferi B31 consists of 15 silent cassettes and one expression site (vlsE), and the presence of the encoding plasmid lp28-1 correlates with high infectivity. Recombination between the expression cassette and silent cassettes occurs in vivo, and this process may enable B. burgdorferi to evade the immune response. To determine the characteristics of the vls loci in other Borrelia strains, we have cloned and characterized the vls silent cassette loci of Borrelia garinii Ip90 and Borrelia afzelii ACAI, consisting of 11 vls silent cassettes and 14 vls silent cassettes respectively. The silent cassettes share 90–97% nucleotide sequence identity with one another within the Ip90 vls locus and 84–91% within the ACAI vls locus. In both organisms, the silent cassettes resemble the B31 Vls sequences in overall amino acid similarity (50–65%) and in the presence of six variable regions interspersed between six relatively invariant regions. The vlsE expression sites of these two strains have not been isolated, but transcripts of vlsE were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for both Ip90 and ACAI. In addition, the occurrence of sequence variation within the vlsE cassette region of these transcripts was verified. This study indicates that the vls loci present in B. garinii Ip90 and B. afzelii ACAI have characteristics similar to those found in B. burgdorferi B31.
Contemporary Applied Linguistics: Language Teaching and Learning (Volume 1) edited by COOK, VIVIAN, & LI WEI Contemporary Applied Linguistics: Language for the Real World (Volume 2) edited by WEI, LI, & VIVIAN COOK.

The article reviews the books "Contemporary Applied Linguistics: Language Teaching and Learning (Volume 1)," and "Contemporary Applied Linguistics: Language Teaching and Learning (Volume 2)," both edited by Vivian Cook and Li Wei.
Resident Attitudes on Ethical and Medical Decision-Making for Neonates at the Limit of Viability.

Objective This study aims to identify pediatric resident knowledge and attitudes on current practices and ideal gestational age (GA) thresholds for offering and mandating resuscitation, and the role of influencing factors in decision-making. Study Design Pediatric residents were assessed via electronic survey at a large academic institution. Result A total of 62% of the residents identified 23 weeks as the lower threshold for resuscitation, despite 84 and 89% reporting that practices are inconsistent and unclear, respectively. Only 21% identified 24 weeks as the latest GA that parents may decline. The majority disagreed with our current practices, identifying older GA as appropriate for all thresholds. They reported scientific evidence as undervalued, and attending physicians' personal beliefs as overvalued in decision-making. Conclusion Our residents recognize decision-making for extremely preterm infants consistent with general guidelines for management based on population outcomes, but attribute these decisions to physicians' personal beliefs. Preferences for higher GA thresholds for resuscitation may reflect disproportionate pessimism about these patients or diverse values regarding autonomy.
Caudal lumbar vertebral fractures in California Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred racehorses.

Summary Reasons for performing study To gain insight into the pathophysiology of equine lumbar vertebral fractures in racehorses. Objectives To characterise equine lumbar vertebral fractures in California racehorses. Study design Retrospective case series and prospective case–control study. Methods Racehorse post mortem reports and jockey injury reports were retrospectively reviewed. Vertebral specimens from 6 racehorses affected with lumbar vertebral fractures and 4 control racehorses subjected to euthanasia for nonspinal fracture were assessed using visual, radiographic, computed tomography and histological examinations. Results Lumbar vertebral fractures occurred in 38 Quarter Horse and 29 Thoroughbred racehorses over a 22 year period, primarily involving the 5th and/or 6th lumbar vertebrae (L5–L6; 87% of Quarter Horses and 48% of Thoroughbreds). Lumbar vertebral fractures were the third most common musculoskeletal cause of death in Quarter Horses and frequently involved a jockey injury. Lumbar vertebral specimens contained anatomical variations in the number of vertebrae, dorsal spinous processes and intertransverse articulations. Lumbar vertebral fractures examined in 6 racehorse specimens (5 Quarter Horses and one Thoroughbred) coursed obliquely in a cranioventral to caudodorsal direction across the adjacent L5–L6 vertebral endplates and intervertebral disc, although one case involved only one endplate. All cases had evidence of abnormalities on the ventral aspect of the vertebral bodies consistent with pre-existing, maladaptive pathology. Conclusions Lumbar vertebral fractures occur in racehorses with pre-existing pathology at the L5–L6 vertebral junction that is likely predisposes horses to catastrophic fracture. Knowledge of these findings should encourage assessment of the lumbar vertebrae, therefore increasing detection of mild vertebral injuries and preventing catastrophic racehorse and associated jockey injuries.
Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in the Central Nervous System

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the muscarinic receptor, found primarily in the CNS and nonskeletal muscle. In addition to interneurons in, for example, the caudate nucleus and the cerebral cortex, there are a number of known cholinergic pathways in the brain. These include the septohippocampal pathway as well as those from the nucleus basalis of Meynert to the frontal cortex and the pathway coursing through the habenula en route to the interpeduncular nucleus–ventral tegmental area. The experimental findings suggest that muscarinic receptors are heterogeneous. Both agonists and antagonists distinguish among different subclasses of the receptor based on affinity. Whether these subtypes are distinct entities, each linked to separate effector systems, or represent different functional or conformational states of the same receptor is the central issue. The evidence for multiple muscarinic receptors and their regulation is discussed in the chapter. Muscarinic receptors are ubiquitous in the brain, in terms of receptor density and of their involvement in behavioral phenomena. Studies of the binding of radioligands to homogenized tissue, together with autoradiographic analyses of brain sections, provide detailed maps of muscarinic receptor distribution throughout the brain.
Evaluating Weeds as Hosts of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B transmits Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), which affects tomato production globally. Prompt destruction of virus reservoirs is a key component of virus management. Identification of weed hosts of TYLCV will be useful for reducing such reservoirs. The status of weeds as alternate hosts of TYLCV in Florida remains unclear. In greenhouse studies, B. tabaci adults from a colony reared on TYLCV-infected tomato were established in cages containing one of four weeds common to horticultural fields in central and south Florida. Cages containing tomato and cotton were also infested with viruliferous whiteflies as a positive control and negative control, respectively. Whitefly adults and plant tissue were tested periodically over 10 wk for the presence of TYLCV using PCR. After 10 wk, virus-susceptible tomato plants were placed in each cage to determine if whiteflies descended from the original adults were still infective. Results indicate that Bidens alba, Emilia fosbergii, and Raphanus raphanistrum are not hosts of TYLCV, and that Amaranthus retroflexus is a host.
Effects of diatomite on soil consistency limits and soil compactibility

Abstract A number of organic and inorganic soil amendments are added to soil for improving its physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics, which promote plant growth. Use of diatomite as a soil amendment is new and its effects on soil mechanical properties has not been studied. The Atterberg limits and the Proctor compaction test parameters are related to agronomy with regard to compaction hazard for soils and tillage. This laboratory study was aimed to assess effects of diatomite with different rates of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (v/v) on soil consistency limits and soil compactibility parameters in soils with different textures. The results of this study showed that diatomite application significantly enhanced soil mechanical properties and reduced soil compactibility. Diatomite applications in all experimental soils significantly (p