cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fraction I Protein and Other Products from Tobacco for Food

Depending on the point of view, the tobacco plant is either extolled for the solace it brings to those who smoke and/or for the secure economic rewards from its cultivation and manufacture, or branded a weed of unmitigated evil for its effect on health. The latter view now seems to be the more popular. However, there is another possibility. Tobacco plants can be used as a source of high-grade protein for human consumption. The exploitation of this possibility could turn tobacco into an agricultural commodity of undeniable value. Since the idea of using leaf protein is not new, the purpose of this paper is to present reasons for thinking that tobacco plants could be a superior source of supplemental protein in the human diet compared with leaf proteins from other plants.
Hydrologic Design of Bridges and Culverts: A Historical Review

In the 19 th and early 20 th centuries, American civil engineers sized bridges and culverts by empirical methods based on the observed performance of existing structures during floods. Most of these early methods provided a direct estimate of the required waterway area rather than a design discharge. No particular recurrence intervals were associated with the designs. The shortcomings of these early design methods stemmed more from a shortage of useful hydrologic data than from an inadequate understanding of the relevant factors. The first reliable rainfall frequency maps for durations shorter than 24 hours were published in 1935. Advances in frequency analysis in the 1940s led to the development of regional flood-frequency methods for ungaged streams. The 1950s marked the transition to modern frequencybased hydrologic methods in design practice. U.S. PRACTICE IN THE 19 th AND EARLY 20 th CENTURIES
Stellar interferometer for figure sensing of orbiting astronomical telescopes.

An interferometric device designed to be located in the focal plane of a large astronomical telescope is presented. The prime application is for the forthcoming large space telescope. The device is to perform interferometry on the optical wavefront arising from a single star after it has propagated through the telescope. The concept of a focal plane figure sensor has been experimentally verified by fabricating and testing an operating laboratory breadboard figure sensor. A set of linear independent control equations are derived that define the operations for utilizing a focal plane figure sensor in the control loops for the positioning of the secondary mirror and for the active control of the primary mirror optical figure. A number of scientific experiments that could be performed with the interferometer are also briefly discussed.
On external mutual coupling between waveguide-fed slots

Several techniques for calculating mutual coupling between waveguide-fed slots are discussed. It is assumed that slot lengths are close to their resonant values at the operating frequency. Particular attention is given to spatial domain computations, spectral domain techniques, and the multiple expansion technique. The methods considered are applicable to slots in a ground plane, microstrip patches, and dipole arrays. >
Planetary Scale Selection of the Madden–Julian Oscillation*

Numerical experiments with a 2.5-layer and a 2-level model are conducted to examine the mechanism for the planetary scale selection of the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO). The strategy here is to examine the evolution of an initial perturbation that has a form of the equatorial Kelvin wave at zonal wavenumbers of 1 to 15. In the presence of a frictional boundary layer, the most unstable mode prefers a short wavelength under a linear heating; but with a nonlinear heating, the zonal wavenumber 1 grows fastest. This differs significantly from a model without the boundary layer, in which neither linear nor nonlinear heating leads to the long wave selection. Thus, the numerical simulations point out the crucial importance of the combined effect of the nonlinear heating and the frictional boundary layer in the MJO planetary scale selection. The cause of this scale selection under the nonlinear heating is attributed to the distinctive phase speeds between the dry Kelvin wave and the wet Kelvin‐Rossby wave couplet. The faster dry Kelvin wave triggered by a convective branch may catch up and suppress another convective branch, which travels ahead of it at the phase speed of the wet Kelvin‐Rossby wave couplet if the distance between the two neighboring convective branches is smaller than a critical distance (about 16 000 km). The interference between the dry Kelvin wave and the wet Kelvin‐Rossby wave couplet eventually dissipates and ‘‘filters out’’ shorter wavelength perturbations, leading to a longwave selection. The boundary layer plays an important role in destabilizing the MJO through frictional moisture convergences and in retaining the in-phase zonal wind‐pressure structure.
Recruitment of Brd4 to the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 DNA Replication Complex Is Essential for Replication of Viral DNA

Replication of the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA genome relies on viral factors E1 and E2 and the cellular replication machinery. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (Brd4) interacts with viral E2 protein to mediate papillomavirus (PV) genome maintenance and viral transcription. However, the functional role of Brd4 in the HPV life cycle remains to be clearly defined. In this study, we provide the first look into the E2-Brd4 interaction in the presence of other important viral factors, such as the HPV16 E1 protein and the viral genome. We show that Brd4 is recruited to actively replicating HPV16 origin foci together with HPV16 E1, E2, and a number of the cellular replication factors: replication protein A70 (RPA70), replication factor C1 (RFC1), and DNA polymerase δ. Mutagenesis disrupting the E2-Brd4 interaction abolishes the formation of the HPV16 replication complex and impairs HPV16 DNA replication in cells. Brd4 was further demonstrated to be necessary for HPV16 viral DNA replication using a cell-free replication system in which depletion of Brd4 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing leads to impaired HPV16 viral DNA replication and recombinant Brd4 protein is able to rescue viral DNA replication. In addition, releasing endogenous Brd4 from cellular chromatin by using the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1(+) enhances HPV16 DNA replication, demonstrating that the role of Brd4 in HPV DNA replication could be uncoupled from its function in chromatin-associated transcriptional regulation and cell cycle control. Our study reveals a new role for Brd4 in HPV genome replication, providing novel insights into understanding the life cycle of this oncogenic DNA virus.
Probability Theory Should be Based on Fuzzy Logic — A Contentious View

What is the relationship between probability theory and fuzzy logic? This is an issue which has been an object of discussion and debate for close to four decades, starting with the paper by Loginov [2]. Where do we stand today? On the extreme right, we have the position of Professor Dennis Lindley, an eminent Bayesian. In his words [1], “The only satisfactory description of un­certainty is probability. By this I mean that every uncertainty statement must be in the form of a probability; that several uncertainties must be combined using the rules of probability; and that the calculus of probabilities is adequate to handle all situations involving uncertaintyprobability is the only sensible description of uncertainty and is adequate for all problems involving uncer­tainty. All other methods are inadequateanything that can be done with fuzzy logic, belief functions, upper and lower probabilities, or any other alternative to probability can better be done with probability.”
InFoRMS - Interactive FM Radio Messaging System

This paper describes the design of a prototype system that uses HD Radio™ technology: Interactive FM Radio Messaging System (InFoRMS). The InFoRMS system can send real-time digital messages to remote and mobile LED marquees. In addition to its broadcasting capabilities, InFoRMS uses an addressing scheme that enables the display of messages in selected offices, floors, or rooms in a building. Thus, not only can the InFoRMS system be helpful in emergency situations, it can also be highly valuable as a method of informing people of everyday news.
Comparative efficacy of experimental anthrax vaccine candidates against inhalation anthrax in rhesus macaques.

Abstract The authors examined the efficacy of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) combined with adjuvants as vaccines against an aerosol challenge of virulent anthrax spores in rhesus macaques. Adjuvants tested included i) aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogel), ii) saponin QS-21 and iii) monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) in squalene/ lecithin/Tween 80 emulsion (SLT). Animals were immunized once with either 50 μg of recombinant PA plus adjuvant, or with Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA), the licensed human anthrax vaccine. The serological response to PA was measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Lymphocyte proliferation and serum neutralization of in vitro lethal toxin cytotoxicity were also assayed. In all vaccine groups, anti-PA IgM and IgG titers peaked at 2 weeks and 4–5 weeks postimmunization, respectively. Five weeks postimmunization, animals in all vaccine groups demonstrated PA-specific lymphocyte proliferation and sera that neutralized in vitro cytotoxicity. Six weeks after immunization, the animals were challenged by aerosol with approximately 93 LD 50 of virulent anthrax spores. Animals were bled daily for 1 week to monitor bacteremia, and deaths were recorded. Anti-PA ELISA titers in all groups of immunized animals were substantially increased 2 weeks after challenge. One dose of each vaccine provided significant protection ( > 90%) against inhalation anthrax in the rhesus macaques.
INFLUENCE OF QUANTITATIVE THYROPROTEIN TREATMENT OF HENS ON LENGTH OF INCUBATION PERIOD AND THYROID SIZE OF CHICKS

Previous work in this laboratory has shown that chicks hatched from eggs laid by thyroprotein-fed hens have greatly enlarged thyroids (Wheeler and Hoffman, 1948a). The presence of goiters suggested that the chicks might be hypothyroid and therefore, might exhibit reduced rate of embryonic development. A preliminary study of this aspect of the problem established that eggs of hens fed thyroprotein at a dietary level of 0.02% required 6 to 12 hours longer to hatch (Wheeler and Hoffman, 1948b). Both of these findings have recently been confirmed by the independent studies of McCartney and Shaffner (1948). The present study was designed to determine the interrelationships between degree of goiterogenicity, increase in length of incubation period, and level of thyroprotein fed with the view of attempting to explain the mechanisms involved. materials and methods To secure eggs for hatching, 60 year-old New Hampshire hens were divided at random into four groups of 15 birds. The hens were kept on littercovered fl...
An automated multispectral pixel and image classification system using texture analysis and neural networks

An automated pixel and image classification system has been developed to identify texture patterns within images after training with representative texture patterns. Multispectral analysis is applied to ultrasound images to form hyperspaces in which texture patterns are clustered. The clusters in the space are produced using run-length and Markovian texture statistics. Several neural network models can be selected to classify patterns. The system is implemented in C on a Sun workstation in a window environment. It is highly automated and has potential for clinical applications. Texture patterns found in a series of cardiac ultrasound images of a tumor are used to train the system. The tumor is correctly identified through a series of consecutive, closely spaced tomographic images. >
PINK BOLLWORM, PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA (DIPTERA: GELECHIIDAE), SUPPRESSION WITH GOSSYPLURE, A PYRETHROID, AND PARASITE RELEASES

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), has become increasingly important as a primary pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the Lower Colorado Desert of western North America. New species of natural enemies have not become established although annual parasite releases have shown some favorable results (Legner and Medved 1979). The effects of a pyrethroid, female sex pheromone, and annual parasite releases on pink bollworm suppression were studied and compared.
Improved Management of Acute Asthma Among Pregnant Women Presenting to the ED

BACKGROUND A multicenter study in the late 1990s demonstrated suboptimal emergency asthma care for pregnant women in US EDs. After a decade, follow-up data are lacking. We aimed to examine changes in emergency asthma care of pregnant women since the 1990s. METHODS We combined data from four multicenter observational studies of ED patients with acute asthma performed in 1996 to 2001 (three studies) and 2011 to 2012 (one study). We restricted the data so that comparisons were based on the same 48 EDs in both time periods. We identified all pregnant patients aged 18 to 44 years with acute asthma. Primary outcomes were treatment with systemic corticosteroids in the ED and, among those sent home, at ED discharge. RESULTS Of 4, 895 ED patients with acute asthma, the analytic cohort comprised 125 pregnant women. Between the two time periods, there were no significant changes in patient demographics, chronic asthma severity, or initial peak expiratory flow. In contrast, ED systemic corticosteroid treatment increased significantly from 51% to 78% across the time periods (OR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.27-7.60; P = .01); systemic corticosteroids at discharge increased from 42% to 63% (OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 0.97-6.37; P = .054). In the adjusted analyses, pregnant women in recent years were more likely to receive systemic corticosteroids, both in the ED (OR, 4.76; 95% CI, 1.63-13.9; P = .004) and at discharge (OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.05-9.61; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Between the two time periods, emergency asthma care in pregnant women significantly improved. However, with one in three pregnant women being discharged home without systemic corticosteroids, further improvement is warranted.
Collection development for new librarians: Advice from the trenches

There are many challenges facing new librarians in the academic environment, including collection development. This article analyzes the topic of collection development and how it relates to new professionals in the field of librarianship. The article contains a literature review of papers discussing the collection development curriculum in library and information science programs, expected skills required of collection development offices, and library training programs for new librarians. The article also provides practical advise by recent graduates and their collection development experiences. Topics of discussion include acclimation to a new environment, collection development policies and procedures, liaison work, resource selection, and time management.
Glomalin, a newly discovered component of soil organic matter: Part II—Relationship with soil properties

Soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the most important components of soil when evaluating soil structure and its impact upon the environment. The discovery of a unique glycoprotein, glomalin, in 1996 challenged what was known about the composition of SOM. In an effort to better understand the presence of glomalin in SOM, the current research focused on glomalin concentrations in soils as it relates to the key soil properties, such as pH, clay (%), total C (%), C/N ratio, organic C/N ratio, inorganic C (%), and soil organic matter (%). Twenty soils collected from undisturbed rangelands throughout the United States, representing a wide range of the aforementioned soil properties, were analyzed for easily extractable glomalin (G1) and for total glomalin (G2). The G1 and G2 extracts were analyzed for protein content using the Bradford assay, and their respective immunoreactive fractions (IR-G1 and IR-G2) were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical correlations indicated that pH, total C, and SOM were the best predictors of glomalin in soils (R2 values of 0.43, 0.42, and 0.46, respectively). Inorganic carbon and C/N ratio were determined to be the best predictors of the immunoreactive fractions of soil glomalin (R2 values of 0.63 and 0.55, respectively). Multiple regression analysis revealed that 75% of variation in the G2 fraction and 73% of variation in the IR-G2 fraction could be explained by the collective soil properties. Overall, the results indicate that G1 and IR-G1 measurements may be ambiguous and that G2 and IR-G2 are the most accurate representation of total glomalin and immunoreactive glomalin in soils.
The Comprehensive Muscular Activity Profile (CMAP): Its Clinical Utility in Objectively Differentiating Between Low Back Pain Patients and Normals1

Earlier findings demonstrated that the comprehensive muscular activity profile (CMAP) system was a powerful clinical method for evaluating lumbar range of motion (ROM) and lifting capacity (LC) while also documenting participant effort. A subsequent study also reported the CMAP’s clinical utility for patients with musculoskeletal pain claims. Building upon these studies, the present investigation evaluated the CMAP’s ability to reliably differentiate between healthy individuals versus those with low back pain (LBP). Twenty LBP patients and 20 demographically matched healthy subjects were administered the CMAP protocol (measuring ROM and LC). For ROM, there were no significant differences between the groups for overall performance and for degree of effort. However, for the LC, there were significant differences between groups: the LBP patients displayed lower performance relative to normals. Results demonstrate the clinical utility of the CMAP for the objective quantification of functional differences between the two groups.
Switching-Type Servosystems in an Elementary Undergraduate Curriculum

The paper discusses how the concept of switchingtype servosystems can be introduced into an undergraduate curriculum without requiring a more advanced background in mathematics on the part of the student than is ordinarily expected. A differential equation approach is used to study the response of a second-order system which is excited with a step function input. The system starts to respond in a linear mode of operation with an over-all positive feedback and switches into a different linear mode with an over-all negative feedback at a predetermined instant. The system is designed so as to respond with no overshoot. The response time is shorter than that of a conventional critically-damped linear negative feedback system with the same major physical components. The results of a rigorous study by means of a phase-space representation are also given.
Approach to the Patient with Hematuria

An 83-year-old man presents with painless gross hematuria. The patient’s history is notable for a 50 pack-year history of smoking. He is afebrile with a blood pressure of 128/64. Physical examination is notable for an enlarged prostate but shows no rash, edema, or abnormal abdominal findings. Serum creatinine is within normal limits. A dipstick urinalysis shows 3+ blood and trace proteinuria.
Leptin Receptor Promotes Adipogenesis and Reduces Osteogenesis by Regulating Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Adult Bone Marrow

Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) that are the major source of osteoblasts and adipocytes in adult bone marrow express leptin receptor (LepR). To test whether LepR regulates SSC function, we conditionally deleted Lepr from limb bone marrow stromal cells, but not from the axial skeleton or hypothalamic neurons, using Prx1-Cre. Prx1-Cre;Lepr(fl/fl) mice exhibited normal body mass and normal hematopoiesis. However, limb bones from Prx1-Cre;Lepr(fl/fl) mice exhibited increased osteogenesis, decreased adipogenesis, and accelerated fracture healing. Leptin increased adipogenesis and reduced osteogenesis by activating Jak2/Stat3 signaling in bone marrow stromal cells. A high-fat diet increased adipogenesis and reduced osteogenesis in limb bones from wild-type mice, but not from Prx1-Cre;Lepr(fl/fl) mice. This reflected local effects of LepR on osteogenesis and adipogenesis by bone marrow stromal cells and systemic effects on bone resorption. Leptin/LepR signaling regulates adipogenesis and osteogenesis by mesenchymal stromal cells in the bone marrow in response to diet and adiposity.
Monte Carlo Hauser-Feshbach predictions of prompt fission γ rays: Application to n th + 235 U, n th + 239 Pu, and 252 Cf (sf)

The prompt neutron and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ emission from primary fission fragments are calculated for thermal neutron induced fission of ${}^{235}$U and ${}^{239}$Pu and for spontaneous fission of ${}^{252}$Cf using a Monte Carlo Hauser-Feshbach approach for the evaporation of the excited fission fragments. Remaining free model parameters, such as excitation energy sharing and initial spin distribution, are determined by comparison of the neutron emission characteristics with experimental data. Using the obtained parameters the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray characteristics, e.g., $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ spectrum, multiplicity distribution, average multiplicity and energy, and multiplicity distribution, are calculated and compared with available experimental data.
House officer interviewing techniques: impact on data elicitation and patient perceptions.

The relationships among physicians’ interviewing techniques, the amount and type of data gathered, and patients’ perceptions of the interviewing process were studied. Thirty-one Internal Medicine house officers each interviewed one of three standardized patients. The house officers’ thoroughness of data collection was assessed by the patients and by a trained evaluator. A videotape of each interview was analyzed at the National Board of Medical Examiners using the interaction analysis system for interview evaluation, ISIE-81, to define house officers’ interviewing techniques. From the physicians’ problem-solving perspective, data elicitation was positively related to the length of the interview, asking psychosocial questions, the use of narrow questions, and the amount of time the patient talked. The patients’ assessments of house officers’ data-gathering thoroughness were also positively influenced by interview length, the use of narrow questions, and inquiries about their psychosocial histories. The use of broad questions by the house officer was positively related to the patient’s feelings about and reaction to the interaction. This study potentially explains some of the differences that appear to exist between patients’ and physicians’ judgments about and perceptions of the medical interviewing process.
A protocol to recover needles lost during minimally invasive surgery

Background and objectives The loss of an instrument during a surgical procedure is a potentially dangerous medical event. Retained surgical needles are reported to cause chronic pain, chronic irritation, and organ injury. Surgical needles lost during minimally invasive surgery are particularly difficult to retrieve because of their diminutive size and the camera's limited visual field, often prompting protracted recovery attempts that can add to surgical costs. Few detailed recommendations exist for the recovery of a misplaced needle. Methods A survey was administered to minimally invasive surgeons across the United States to glean observations on the incidence of lost surgical needles and recovery techniques. Survey results were incorporated into an evidence-based protocol designed to expedite the recovery of lost surgical needles. Results Three hundred five minimally invasive surgeons from 11 surgical subspecialties completed the survey. Sixty-four percent of participants reported having experienced a lost surgical needle, with a minimum of 112 needles lost during the past 1 year alone. Urologists, pediatric surgeons, and bariatric surgeons reported higher rates of needle loss than surgeons practicing other subspecialties (P = .001). Removal of a needle through a minimally invasive port and laparoscopic suturing were the 2 most common situations resulting in lost needles. A systematic visual search, abdominal radiography, fluoroscopy, and the use of a magnetic retriever were reported as the most successful strategies for needle recovery. Conclusions On the basis of survey results and current literature, our protocol incorporates a camera survey of the abdomen, intraoperative fluoroscopic radiography, port inspection, and a quadrant-based systematic visual search for the recovery of needles lost during minimally invasive surgery.
Posterior circulation ischemic stroke with aberrant vertebral artery cervical entrance at the C4 vertebral level

We describe 2 cases of recurrent ischemic stroke in the posterior circulation associated with an abnormal vertebral artery (VA) entrance into the transverse foramen. Neither patient had evidence of atherosclerotic disease, but both had arterial wall defects nearby the VA entrance at the C4 level suggestive of local arterial dissection.
State Human Rights Institution and Human Rights Education——Implications from Korean State Human Rights Commission for China

In the process of undertaking human rights education in public and private sectors,the Korean State Human Rights Commission has achieved outstanding accomplishments.Human rights courses have not only been incorporated into the course system for primary and high school but also into the course system for vocational training of civil servants,school teachers and social workers.The State Human Rights Education Plan has been compiled into the state human rights action plan,the Human Rights Education Bill has undergone heated discussions.Besides,the Commission focuses its attention on the development of teaching methods and evaluation system of human rights,which has enhanced the professionalization and professionalism of teachers in human rights.The Commission has pushed the development of the "Human Rights Education Center" project,providing effective training for human rights teachers.These have significant implications for China to activate State Human Rights Institution and human rights education.
A study of the protection against induced radioactivity from high-energy medical linear accelerator and its characteristics

[Objective]To find specific measures for protection by monitoring radiation field distribution and variation of induced radioactivity from high-energy medical linear accelerator. [Methods]Through simulating the working environment of radiotherapy technician,the induced radioactivity variation of high-energy medical linear accelerator under different conditions of energy,radiation type,dose,beam field area,distance and time. [Results] The induced radioactivity level of high-energy photons was increased with increasing dose( r = 0. 996,P 0. 05),and was decreased with time increase and significantly in first 5 minutes,decreased with beam field area increasing. The induced radioactivity was not influenced by the square of distance. The induced radioactivity of high-energy electrons disappeared rapidly after accelerator shutdown. [Conclusion]It is necessary to take measures to protect against the induced radioactivity by high-energy photons after treatment on patients with accelerator. Through shortening the positioning time,delaying entering,reasonable arrangement of high and low radiation machine and effective ventilation,the induced radioactivity can be minimized.
Would someone please explain what it means to be ethical

Definitions are offered to distinguish among behavior that is legal, charitable, professional and moral. Moral acts are especially important because that is what people do to bring about the right and the good that is mutually sought by dentists, patients and the community. Ethics is an academic discipline that teaches about appropriate behavior in an indirect fashion - what we say to justify what we do.
Chemotherapy Options for Poor Responders to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Orbital Granulocytic Sarcoma

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is a rare manifestation of myeloid proliferation, characterized by formation of a mass comprised of immature cells of myeloid origin. Orbital granulocytic sarcoma is rarer still, with only a small fraction of GS patients having orbital involvement. Given the rarity of orbital GS, no unified therapy plan has been identified, as large prospective trials are not feasible, but it is widely accepted that patients with GS ought to be treated with systemic intensive chemotherapy consistent with standard of care regimens for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Development of a treatment plan for GS in poor responders involves a systemic leukemia plan as novel therapeutics have not been investigated for treatment GS per se, but used more widely for AML. GS is most commonly associated with AML and thus will be addressed in that context in this review. Patients with GS associated with CML should receive CML-specific therapy. When conventional and traditional cytotoxic GS/AML chemotherapy regimens are insufficient, patients often require a combination of novel therapeutics, stem cell transplantation (SCT), and radiation. Much of the recent advancement in AML therapy, as well as in AML translational research, has been in targeting molecular facets of the disease and enabling more specificity with treatment. The aim of treating patients for whom conventional treatment was unsuccessful with personalized therapy has not yet been realized, but many of the novel therapeutics reviewed below have demonstrated promise and are cause for optimism. In our center, when a GS/AML patient is refractory to frontline therapy, we rely on novel chemotherapy therapeutic options as outlined below.
Dickinsonia as a polypoid organism

Dickinsonia is reconstructed as a benthic polypoid of generally cnidarian design. The oral surface was without tentacles but contained a median oral slit that probably led through a pharynx into an enteron, which was divided into digestive diverticulae by radiating mesenteries; feeding may have been via ciliary tracts. The mesenteries and body wall contained a stiff form of mesogloea. There seems to be no need to postulate a novel constructional grade for this organism, bringing the concept of the Vendozoa into question.
The Mattering of Black Lives: Octavia Butler’s Hyperempathy and the Promise of the New Materialisms

This article argues that the ethical potential of “the nonhuman turn” advanced by the new materialisms is structured by disavowed social fantasies about black female flesh. The most recent new materialist publications draw upon the techno-scientific developments of the Anthropocene, a geological epoch defined by the cumulative effects of species-level human activity, to demonstrate the supposed inadequacy of poststructuralist “identity politics” for meeting the intellectual challenges of our time. But as a close reading of Octavia Butler’s Parable duology reveals, any model of ethics that dismisses considerations of race as such, and attention to the history of racial slavery in particular, will fail to address the most fundamental questions, ethical and otherwise, of the modern world.
Transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbate in human cataract extracts: possible role of advanced glycation end products.

PURPOSE: With age, human lens crystallins become more pigmented, oxidized, modified by ascorbate oxidation and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and bind copper. The hypothesis was tested that the major AGE and ascorbylation product in the human lens, N(epsilon)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine (CML), has an EDTA-like structure, which may predispose it to bind redox active copper. METHODS: Young, old, and cataractous human lens protein fractions were glycated with ascorbic acid and tested for their ability to bind Cu(II) by atomic absorption spectroscopy and oxidize (14C1)-ascorbate by radiometric thin-layer chromatography method. AGEs were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). CML-rich proteins were immunoprecipitated from young, old, and cataractous crystallins using affinity-purified CML antibody and tested for their ability to oxidize ascorbate and generate hydroxyl radicals in the presence of H2O2 using 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) spin-trap and EPR spectroscopy. RESULTS: Ascorbate oxidizing activity at 24 hours of native crystallins was significantly increased in both the water soluble (WS; P < 0.001) and insoluble (WIS; P < 0.05) fractions from cataractous and normal lenses. The chelator DTPA completely prevented oxidation up to 24 hours of incubation but less effectively thereafter. Mean endogenous Cu content in pooled young, old, and cataract fractions increased from 0.016 to 0.026 nmol/mg protein, respectively, in WS (P < 0.05) and WIS (P < 0.001) fractions, and Cu(II) binding was 20% to 30% increased in cataractous versus old and young lenses in WS (P < 0.01) and WIS (P < 0.001) fractions. Mean levels of the AGEs, CML, and pentosidine were markedly elevated in WS and WIS fractions from cataractous versus old or young crystallins (20% to severalfold, P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). In a separate experiment, protein-bound Fe was not elevated. Crystallins ascorbylated in vitro showed an increase in CML as well as Cu(II) binding. CML-rich proteins (immunoprecipitated from cataractous lenses) oxidized ascorbate approximately 4 times faster than similar proteins from young and old normal lenses (P < 0.01) and generated hydroxyl radicals in the presence of H2O2 and DMPO. CONCLUSIONS: The association between CML formation, copper binding, and generation of free radicals by cataractous lens crystallins can be duplicated by ascorbylation in vitro. These effects are only in part attributable to CML itself, and other modifications (AGEs, conformational changes) may participate in the process. A vicious cycle between AGE formation, lipoxidation, and metal binding may exist in the aging lens, suggesting that chelation therapy could be beneficial in delaying cataractogenesis.
Specific Virus-Host Genome Interactions Revealed by Tethered Chromosome Conformation Capture

Viruses have evolved a variety of mechanisms to interact with host cells for their adaptive benefits, including subverting host immune responses and hijacking host DNA replication/transcription machineries. Although interactions between viral and host proteins have been studied extensively, little is known about how the vial genome may interact with the host genome and how such interactions could affect the activities of both the virus and the host cell. Since the three-dimensional organization of a genome can have significant impact on genomic activities such as transcription and replication, we hypothesize that such structure-based regulation of genomic functions also applies to viral genomes depending on their association with host genomic regions and their spatial locations inside the nucleus. Here, we used Tethered Chromosome Conformation Capture (TCC) to investigate viral-host genome interactions between the adenovirus and human lung fibroblast cells. We found viral-host genome interactions were enriched in certain active chromatin regions and chromatin domains marked by H3K27me3. The contacts by viral DNA seems to impact the structure and function of the host genome, leading to remodeling of the fibroblast epigenome. Our study represents the first comprehensive analysis of viral-host interactions at the genome structure level, revealing unexpectedly specific virus-host genome interactions. The non-random nature of such interactions indicates a deliberate but poorly understood mechanism for targeting of host DNA by foreign genomes.
Abstract 337: cAbl Tyrosine Kinase Increases Catalase Activity in the Catalase-Dysregulated Newborn Rabbit Heart

Introduction: Pediatric patients undergoing corrective cardiothoracic surgery numbered in the tens of thousands annually and therefore it is necessary that pre- and post-operative strategies be employed to limit ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. We have found differences in the way the newborn (versus the adult) heart responds to IR injury. In the adult, catalase activity increases appropriately with increasing levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), conferring cardioprotection. This effect however does not occur in the newborn. Materials and Methods: Hypoxia studies were carried out using primary cardiomyocytes from adult (>8 weeks) and newborn rats. Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) studies were performed using newborn (4-5 days) rabbits. Isolated rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to 1 hour of hypoxia (95%N2,5%CO2). Immunoprecipitation and western blot analysis were done for phosphorylated and total catalase and c-Abl. In addition, catalase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the decomposition of H2O2. Newborn rabbit hearts were perfused using Langendorff method with ischemia and reperfusion periods lasting 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. DPH (200µM), a cAbl activator was injected directly into the newborn right ventricle (RV) two minutes before the reperfusion period. Results: Following hypoxia, the ratio of phosphorylated to total catalase and c-Abl in isolated newborn rat myocytes did not increase and were significantly lower (1.92- and 6.21-fold, respectively; p Conclusion: In the newborn, decreased phosphorylation of catalase by c-Abl potentially mediates IR-induced dysfunction. Activation of c-Abl may be a strategy to prevent ischemic injury associated with surgical procedures.
MATHEMATICAL LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS THROUGH COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL WITH APPROACH PROBLEM OF PROBLEMS IN CLASS XI-IPA SMA NEGERI 1 MAKASSAR

The type of this research is quasy experimental research which is aimed to find out whether the learning of mathematics through cooperative learning model with effective problem applying approach to be applied to circle material on the students of grade XI IPA in SMA Negeri 1 Makassar. The subject of this research is the students of class XI Science SMA Negeri 1 Makassar in the even semester of the school year 2008/2009. The determination of experimental unit used is Cluster random sampling with One Group Pretest-Posttest Desing research design. The number of students in the selected class (class XI IPA-2) as many as 32 people are used as experimental units in this study. Data on teacher and student activity is obtained by using observation sheet while to know the result of student learning used test result of learning. Student response data were obtained by using student response questionnaire. The data analysis used is descriptive analysis to describe the characteristics of each variable. From the analysis results obtained: (1) students are active in following the learning of mathematics through cooperative learning model with the approach of problem solving, (2) teacher activity in learning mathematics through cooperative learning model with problem solving approach very well, (3) student response to learning mathematics Through cooperative learning model with the approach of problem solving is very positive and (4) student learning outcomes after following the learning of mathematics through cooperative learning model with the approach of filing the problem meet the criteria of classical mastery
Zusammenfassung des Forschungsstands und Ableiten offener Forschungsfragen

In Kapitel 6 wurden Studien aus verschiedenen Domanen aufgefuhrt, die zeigen, dass den motivationalen Orientierungen und Uberzeugungen von Lehrkraften aufgrund der implizit angenommenen Wirkungskette von den motivationalen Orientierungen und Uberzeugungen der Lehrkrafte uber die Gestaltung des Unterrichts auf die Schuler/-innenleistungen und -motivation eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt (siehe Kapitel 6). Dabei muss berucksichtigt werden, dass motivationale Orientierungen und Uberzeugungen das Professionswissen als wichtigstes Lehrermerkmal zwar nicht ersetzen konnen, dennoch aber nicht unerheblich ihren Teil zum professionellen Lehrerhandeln und somit zum Schulerfolg der Schuler/-innen beitragen.
Application of optical frequency combs in extreme bandwidth signal processing

The application of high-count multi carrier optical sources (i.e. frequency combs) in real-time microwave/millimeter wave signal processing is discussed. The multi heterodyne sensing and classification of up to 110 GHz-wide radio frequency (RF) signals using two set of optical frequency combs is demonstrated.
Expected Precision of Europa Clipper Gravity Measurements

Abstract The primary gravity science objective of NASA’s Clipper mission to Europa is to confirm the presence or absence of a global subsurface ocean beneath Europa’s Icy crust. Gravity field measurements obtained with a radio science investigation can reveal much about Europa’s interior structure. Here, we conduct extensive simulations of the radio science measurements with the anticipated spacecraft trajectory and attitude (17F12v2) and assets on the spacecraft and the ground, including antenna orientations and beam patterns, transmitter characteristics, and receiver noise figures. In addition to two-way Doppler measurements, we also include radar altimeter crossover range measurements. We concentrate on ± 2 h intervals centered on the closest approach of each of the 46 flybys. Our covariance analyses reveal the precision with which the tidal Love number k2, second-degree gravity coefficients C ¯ 20 and C ¯ 22 , and higher-order gravity coefficients can be determined. The results depend on the Deep Space Network (DSN) assets that are deployed to track the spacecraft. We find that some DSN allocations are sufficient to conclusively confirm the presence or absence of a global ocean. Given adequate crossover range performance, it is also possible to evaluate whether the ice shell is hydrostatic.
Lipid Membrane Properties

All membrane lipids exhibit different affinities and aversions for one another. An example of this is the strong affinity of cholesterol for sphingolipids that stabilizes lipid rafts. Cholesterol-rich lipid mixtures produce a liquid ordered phase that is midway between gel and liquid crystalline. Cholesterol–lipid affinity follows the sequence: SM > PS, PG > PC > PE and is stronger with saturated than polyunsaturated acyl chains. In addition to the conventional lipid bilayer (lamellar phase), dozens of other phases, whose functions are unknown, exist. Various lipid mixtures prefer different phases. Phase diagrams pictorially describe various lipid phases and can take a wide variety of forms. For an integral protein to achieve maximal activity, the length of its trans-membrane hydrophobic surface must match the hydrophobic length of the surrounding bilayer. The Hydrophobic Match is involved in membrane protein activity and trafficking. Lipids that normally exhibit substantial differences in their acyl chain lengths (e.g. sphingolipids) can be involved in trans-membrane coupling (interdigitation) between the inner and outer membrane leaflets.
Kennedy on How Adam Smith Negotiated Leave from Oxford: A Game-Theoretic Account

At age 17, Adam Smith accepted a Snell Fellowship to Oxford, agreeing to be ordained as a minister of the Church of England. Smith did not fulfill this obligation. Instead, Oxford officials agreed to allow him to transfer from the Ordination to the civil law tract; and, later, to leave Oxford early on a “compassionate leave.” Undoubtedly, Smith's life and writings would have been considerably different had he adhered to the terms of the Fellowship. How did this agreement come about? Until recently, Smith's biographers have not attended to this issue. In his new book, Kennedy (2017) provides the answer. Balliol College at Oxford, which housed the Snell Fellows, captured a major portion of each Fellow’s scholarship. Were Smith to abandon Oxford, Balliol would lose the funds associated with Smith's Fellowship. Hence the college officials had an incentive to make an agreement with Smith in a manner that maintained the flow of funds. To do so, they had to make accommodations with Smith. The purpose of this note is to provide a simple game theoretic exposition of Kennedy’s answer. This approach highlights both the strategic setting facing the bargaining parties as well as the gains from exchange.
Patterns of Knowledge Sharing in an Online Affinity Space for Diabetes.

Our research explores how people learn as part of everyday contexts and settings and specifically, we explore the discourse of an online affinity space for diabetics, where participants engage in knowledge sharing and storytelling around disease management. We frame the analyses by examining participants’ meaning making discourse for advancing knowledge and practices situated in everyday, practical activity. Social network analyses were conducted to visualize the structure of the community. Analyses of discourse in the affinity space revealed three primary patterns of knowledge sharing: (a) sharing information; (b) extending perspectives; and (c) communicating repertoires of practice. Our analyses describe recurring narratives, discourse patterns, and constructions, which can be seen as part of the cultural model that defines the diabetes affinity space. We found that personalized storytelling, which included sharing of personal experiences and data such as blood glucose levels, acted as a primary pattern of language use. Our results contribute to an understanding of the role of discourse in supporting personal and community practices and learning in online affinity spaces, as well as implications for the design of technology in supporting knowledge sharing in such spaces.
Nonpharmacologic Management of Patient Distress During Mechanical Ventilation

Patients on mechanical ventilators experience distress related to the endotracheal tube, the critical care environment, and the critical illness. The strategies suggested here to limit distress--therapeutic relationship building and communication, cognitive-behavioral therapies, and contracted family visiting--all can be implemented by critical care providers. A growing research base documents the success of these interventions in intubated patients.
Didactic Objects and Didactic Models in Radical Constructivism

This chapter discusses ways in which conceptual analyses of mathematical ideas from a radical constructivist perspective complement Realistic Mathematics Education’s attention to emergent models, symbolization, and participation in classroom practices. The discussion draws on examples from research in quantitative reasoning, in which radical constructivism serves as a background theory. The function of a background theory is to constrain ways in which issues are conceived and types of explanations one gives, and to frame one’s descriptions of what needs explaining.
Higher average potency across the United States is associated with progression to first cannabis use disorder symptom.

Abstract Objective To determine if higher potency cannabis is associated with earlier progression to regular cannabis use, daily cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder symptom onset. Methods Data sources were the Michigan Longitudinal Study, an ongoing prospective, high-risk family study investigating the course and predictors for substance use disorders among youth beginning prior to school entry and time-parallel national average trends in delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (i.e., psychoactive compound in cannabis). The national average trends in delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were used to estimate potency level for the individual. Only cannabis users were included in analyses (n = 527). Results Cox regression showed an increased risk of progression from cannabis initiation to cannabis use disorder symptom onset by 1.41 times (p Conclusions This study provides prospective evidence suggesting higher potency cannabis, on average in the U.S., increases risk for onset of first cannabis use disorder symptom. Development of guidelines regarding cannabis potency is critical for reducing the costs associated with negative health outcomes.