cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time and frequency-domain measurement of ground-state recovery times in red fluorescent proteins.

The field of bioimaging and biosensors has been revolutionized by the discovery of fluorescent proteins (FPs) and their use in live cells. FPs are characterized with rich photodynamics due to the presence of nonfluorescent or dark states which are responsible for fluorescence intermittency or “blinking”, which has been exploited in several localization-based super-resolution techniques that surpass the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional microscopy. Molecules that convert to these dark states recover to the ground states either spontaneously or upon absorption of another photon, depending on the particular FP and the structural transition that is involved. In this work, we demonstrate time- and frequency-domain methods for the measurement of the ground-state recovery (GSR) times of FPs both in live cells and in solutions. In the time-domain method, we excited the sample with millisecond pulses at varying dark times to obtain percent-recovery. In the frequency-domain method, dark-state hysteresi...
Responses of primate spinomesencephalic tract cells to intradermal capsaicin.

Abstract The responses of 32 spinomesencephalic tract cells to intradermal capsaicin were examined in anesthetized monkeys. Wide dynamic range (n=20) and nociceptive specific (n=6) cells showed two types of excitatory responses to intradermal injection of capsaicin. The first excitatory response shown by the majority of wide dynamic range (n=13) and nociceptive specific (n=4) cells was consistent with their sensitization by capsaicin. The cells showed an acute and prolonged increase in ongoing activity with capsaicin injection. Responses to mechanical stimuli were substantially increased after capsaicin and an expansion of receptive field was often observed. The responses of the same cells to excitatory amino acid agonists applied locally by iontophoresis also increased. All cells showing sensitization were antidromically activated from periaqueductal gray regions dorsal to the sulcus limitans. Electrical stimulation at these sites did not affect the ongoing or evoked discharges of these cells. The second excitatory response of wide dynamic range (n=5) and nociceptive specific (n=1) cells was a novel pattern not consistent with sensitization. These cells nevertheless showed an acute and prolonged increase in background activity after capsaicin injection. Yet, there was no change or a decrease in responses to cutaneous stimuli, no evidence for change in receptive field size and no increase in responses to locally released excitatory amino acids. These cells projected to regions in the periaqueductal gray ventral to the sulcus limitans. Electrical stimulation at these sites produced a decrease in spontaneous activity of the same cell. Low threshold mesencephalic-projecting neurons (n=6) showed a single inhibitory pattern (n=4) of responses to capsaicin. The injection produced an acute decrease in spontaneous activity that was sustained for at least 30 min after injection. The responses to cutaneous stimuli and to excitatory amino acids were also substantially reduced. Low threshold cells were found that projected to both dorsal-lateral and ventral-lateral regions of the periaqueductal gray. In summary, three patterns of responses shown by primate spinomesencephalic tract cells to intradermal capsaicin appear dependent on the functional regions of the periaqueductal gray to which they project. These results suggest that inputs of spinomesencephalic tract neurons to the periaqueductal gray may evoke important components of the systemic response to the neurogenic hyperalgesia produced by intradermal capsaicin.
Unexpected Benzylic Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage by Transfer Epizirconation: Indications of an SET Pathway and Implications for Alkane Metathesis

In addition to the zirconation of benzylic hydrocarbons, Ar−CH3, by di-n-butylzirconium diethoxide and the ensuing C−C bond formation from (Ar−CH2)2Zr(OEt)2 to yield Ar−CH2−CH(ZrH(OEt)2)−Ar, it has now been found that Bu2Zr(OEt)2 in ethers can also cleave the C−C bond in bibenzylic hydrocarbons, Ar−CH2−CH2−Ar‘, into benzylic zirconium fragments, (Ar−CH2)(Ar‘−CH2)Zr(OEt)2, as fostered by LiOEt and donor solvents. The role of SET processes in such C−C bond cleavages and the potential relevance to practical alkane metathesis are considered.
Zebrafish N-cadherin, encoded by the glass onion locus, plays an essential role in retinal patterning.

Genetic screens in zebrafish identified several loci that play essential roles in the patterning of retinal architecture. Here, we show that one of them, glass onion, encodes the N-cadherin gene. The glom117 mutant allele contains a substitution of the Trp2 residue known for its essential role in the adhesive properties of classic cadherins. Both the glom117 and pactm101b mutant N-cadherin alleles affect the polarity of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet and, unexpectedly, both result in cell-nonautonomous phenotypes in retinal patterning. The late onset of mutant N-cadherin phenotypes may be due to the ability of classic cadherins to substitute each other’s function.
Topical application of Azone analogs to hairless mouse skin: A histopathological study

Abstract Eight dermal penetration enhancers were evaluated for irritancy potential on hairless mice. The enhancers included propylene glycol and isopropyl myristate as controls. Novel enhancers included: Azone or 1-dodecylhexahydro-2 H -azepin-2-one (1); N -dodecyl-2-pyrrolidinone (2); N -dodecyl-2-piperidinone (3); N -dodecyl- N -(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide (4); N -(2,2-dihydroxyethyl)dodecylamine (5); and 2-(1-nonyl)1,3-dioxolane (6). The analogs were tested at concentrations of 10% (approx. 0.4 M) in the vehicle propylene glycol and at 100%. Plastic cups containing the solutions were attached to the dorsal side of the animals ( n = 3) for 24 h. A biopsy technique was used and the treated skin and adjacent untreated skin were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Histological examination coupled with visual observation allowed for assessment of damage to the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. Propylene glycol and isopropyl myristate were found to have no discernible effects on the skin even at 100%. Enhancers 1 and 6 were found to have virtually no effect on the skin at 10% in propylene glycol. Enhancers 2, 3, and 5 at 10% were found to have some effects on the skin and are considered to be mild-to-moderate irritants. Enhancer 4 at 10% and enhancers 1, 2, 3, and 6 at 100% were found to cause severe irritation to the skin.
The Effects of Modelling on Log Bucking Solution Techniques

Log bucking is an industrial problem of subdividing longer logs into smaller logs such that potential revenue is maximized. The model has been solved using dynamic programming predominately, and branch-and-bound to a lesser extent. This research considers the effect of modelling assumptions that have been used to accommodate the solution techniques. Three levels of increasing model detail are considered. An examination of the nature and amount of error is made by using a model of lesser detail instead of a more precise model. The main experiment is used to show the differences in solution accuracy for the three dynamic programming strategies when compared with the accuracy of solutions generated by using branch-and-bound. The final analysis considers the cost in terms of time to solution for each solution technique to produce highly comparable solution accuracy.
PKA RIα Homodimer Structure Reveals an Intermolecular Interface with Implications for Cooperative cAMP Binding and Carney Complex Disease

The regulatory (R) subunit is the cAMP receptor of protein kinase A. Following cAMP binding, the inactive PKA holoenzyme complex separates into two active catalytic (C) subunits and a cAMP-bound R dimer. Thus far, only monomeric R structures have been solved, which fell short in explaining differences of cAMP binding for the full-length protein as compared to the truncated R subunits. Here we solved a full-length R-dimer structure that reflects the biologically relevant conformation, and this structure agrees well with small angle X-ray scattering. An isoform-specific interface is revealed between the protomers. This interface acts as an intermolecular sensor for cAMP and explains the cooperative character of cAMP binding to the RIα dimer. Mutagenesis of residues on this interface not only leads to structural and biochemical changes, but is also linked to Carney complex disease.
Sources of Religious Authority in Liberal Protestantism

Against the background of the classical Protestant understanding of the sources of religious authority, the essay first indicates the changes called for in this classical understanding by the typical approach and method of liberal Protestantism and then outlines the understanding of the sources of authority required of an adequate Christian theology today. Sustaining this historico-systematic argument is the conviction that there is an essential continuity between the theological position required today and that typically developed by liberal Protestantism. This liberal position is represented as significantly different from the classical position of the Reformers, as well as from Protestant orthodoxy, for two basic reasons: (1) its thoroughgoing historical approach relativizes the classical Protestant claim for the unique authority of Scripture (sola scriptura); and (2) its characteristic method as a systematic theology entails the insistence, directly counter to classical Protestantism, on two ultimate sources of religious authority not only specifically Christian experience of God as decisively revealed in Jesus Christ but also universally human experience of ultimate reality as originally revealed in our existence as such. The issues thus raised by liberal Protestantism can be settled today only by maintaining: (1) that it is not Scripture as such but the earliest stratum of Christian witness the so-called Jesuskerygma of the Synoptic tradition that is the real canon of the Christian community; and (2) that the only sufficient warrant for the truth, as distinct from the Christianness, of theological claims is our universal experience and reason simply as human beings. SCHUBERT M. OGDEN is Professor of Theology in Perkins School of Theology and Director of the Graduate Program in Religion at Southern Methodist University. The present essay was commissioned for the centennial discussions of Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinatti, Ohio, October 1975. Copyright ? 1976 American Academy of Religion This content downloaded from 207.46.13.166 on Thu, 07 Jul 2016 04:14:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 404 SCHUBERT M. OGDEN
Spatial scale influence on longterm temporal patterns of a semi-arid grassland

Longterm (45 years) temporal data were used to assess the influence of spatial scale on temporal patterns of a semi-arid west Texas grassland. Temporal basal area dynamics of common curlymesquite (Hilaria belangeri (Steud.) Nash) collected from permanent plots within two areas that were released from disturbance (longterm overgrazing and drought), were evaluated at two spatial scales (quadrat, site). Wiens (1989) proposed hypotheses to characterize the influence of scale on variability, predictability, and equilibrium. These hypotheses were tested for this grassland and temporal patterns observed were different for each spatial scale. The large scale (site) was characterized by low variation between units, high variation within units, high potential predictability, and possible movement toward a fluctuating but relatively stable or equilibrial state. At the small scale (quadrat), variation between units was high, predictability low, and there was no indication of movement toward a stable state; chaotic behavior may be expressed at this scale although the length of the temporal record may not be sufficient to evaluate this phenomenon.
Designing a mobile system for public safety using open crime data and crowdsourcing

With more cities opening up crime data and the proliferation of participatory sensing, we explore ways to improve public safety of a local community by using open crime data and crowdsourcing. We first conducted an online survey to better understand the public safety needs of the Syracuse University (SU) community. Inspired by the survey results, we developed and deployed an Android mobile app in collaboration with the Department of Public Safety (DPS) at SU; the app integrates published safety incidents on a Google Map and SU campus alerts. We present our experience of co-designing this system with the DPS, challenges and experience of our initial app release. To design effective crowdsourcing of public safety information, we conducted a lab experiment to investigate what factors affect people's sharing decisions. The results suggest that both time of day and type of location significantly affect people's sharing decisions. These insights inform a re-design of our system to "nudge" people to report safety related information timely.
African-Americans in public housing: a traditional social work approach to substance abuse treatment.

In recent years, an increased and special emphasis on family issues of public housing residents emerged among social service professionals in northeast Georgia. This emphasis was launched because o...
Profiling glycoprotein n-linked oligosaccharide by capillary electrophoresis.

A method for analysis of N-linked oligosaccharides derived from glycoproteins including sialic acid-containing species is presented. It is based on the combination of specific chemical and enzymatic conversions coupled with capillary electrophoretic (CE) separation and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. Glycoproteins were heat-denatured in the presence of a reducing agent and the N-linked oligosaccharides were released by peptide N-glycosidase (PNGase F; EC3.5.1.52)-catalyzed hydrolysis. The released N-linked oligosaccharides were derivatized with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (APTS) under mild reductive amination conditions in which desialylation and loss of fucose residues are minimized. A model N-linked oligosaccharide, desialylated, galactosylated biantennary, core-substituted with fucose (A2F) was tested for APTS-based derivatization chemistry with excellent recovery of the adduct without losing fucose and neuraminic acid residues. The profiles of heavily sialylated N-linked oligosaccharides derived from fetuin, recombinant human erythropoietin and kallikrein are reported and the data show that the present method produces a high resoluton of the N-linked oligosaccharide profile for fingerprinting glycans derived from glycoproteins.
Economic (dis)integration in the presence of evolutionary learning

We use a two-factor, two-sector model to study the effects of economic integration and its reversal in the presence of input-generated external economies in one of the sectors. The equilibrium selection problem that arises is solved by applying a simple trial-and-error learning rule. Economic integration can take individual economies ridden with coordination failures to better equilibria, i.e., can solve the coordination problem. We show that integration (and disintegration) may generate cycles in wages, rentals and the sectoral allocation of factors.
Simulation of fusion-mediated nanoemulsion interactions with model lipid bilayers

Perfluorocarbon-based nanoemulsion particles have become promising platforms for the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents to specific target cells in a non-invasive manner. A “contact-facilitated” delivery mechanism has been proposed wherein the emulsifying phospholipid monolayer on the nanoemulsion surface contacts and forms a lipid complex with the outer monolayer of target cell plasma membrane, allowing cargo to diffuse to the surface of target cell. While this mechanism is supported by experimental evidence, its molecular details are unknown. The present study develops a coarse-grained model of nanoemulsion particles that are compatible with the MARTINI force field. Simulations using this coarse-grained model have demonstrated multiple fusion events between the particles and a model vesicular lipid bilayer. The fusion proceeds in the following sequence: dehydration at the interface, close apposition of the particles, protrusion of hydrophobic molecules to the particle surface, transient lipid complex formation, absorption of nanoemulsion into the liposome. The initial monolayer disruption acts as a rate-limiting step and is strongly influenced by particle size as well as by the presence of phospholipids supporting negative spontaneous curvature. The core-forming perfluorocarbons play critical roles in initiating the fusion process by facilitating protrusion of hydrophobic moieties into the interface between the two particles. This study directly supports the hypothesized nanoemulsion delivery mechanism and provides the underlying molecular details that enable engineering of nanoemulsions for a variety of medical applications.
Adhesion of a Rigid Punch to an Incompressible Elastic Film

The adhesion between a rigid flat-end cylindrical punch and an incompressible elastic film deposited on a rigid substrate is studied. The contact interfaces between the punch and the elastic film and between the elastic film and the rigid substrate are either free to slide over one another (frictionless or slip boundary condition) or locked together (perfectly bonded or stick boundary condition). The solutions for these cases are the upper and lower bounds for the real situation in which the contact interfaces are neither frictionless nor perfectly bonded. By use of a thermodynamic method with the assumption that the detachment starts at the periphery so that the contact area remains circular all the time, the pull-off force to separate the rigid cylindrical punch from the elastic layer is obtained. The results show that the pull-off force strongly depends on the contact conditions at the interfaces.
Unsupervised root locus gain selection

This paper describes an algorithm for the unsupervised selection of gains for a Root Locus analysis. This algorithm includes breakaway point gains, critical gains, and additive increments.
The relationship between decision-making and perfectionism in obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders.

Abstract Background and objectives Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and eating disorders (EDs) show phenotypic similarities and have been independently associated with deficits in decision-making and maladaptive perfectionism. However, research directly comparing the two disorders is sparse and the significance of observed similarities remains in question. Therefore, the present study compared decision-making in OCD and EDs in relationship to perfectionistic personality traits. Methods Sixty-one women were enrolled in the study comprising 3 mutually exclusive groups: 19 with OCD, 17 with EDs, and 21 healthy controls. Decision-making performance on the Iowa Gambling Task under two conditions, ambiguity and risk, was examined in relationship to perfectionistic traits. Results Behavioral results indicated that EDs participants, relative to both OCD and control participants, were impaired in decision-making under conditions of risk. Heightened perfectionism was associated with less risky decision-making in OCD, but more risky decision-making in EDs. Limitations Sample size was small and all participants were women, which may limit generalizability. Conclusion Results support decision-making deficits in EDs, which may be related to a dysfunctional determination of risk versus reward. This study is the first to suggest that the relationship between perfectionism and risk taking may manifest differently in these phenotypically similar disorders.
Updating regional geology of the south central Alborz mountains of Iran based on Landsat digital data

Abstract The region under investigation covers art area of approximately 3,500 square kilometers, located to the north of Tehran (the Capital of Iran), between the Karaj River to the west and the Damavand Volcano to the east. It is an area of high to moderate relief consisting of sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic ages and tertiary rocks of volcanic origin. The study evaluates the utility of using Landsat MSS data in regional geologic analyses. Conventional techniques of image interpretation as well as digital enhancement and classification techniques were investigated. This analysis is important because the presence and orientation of the structural features can have great significance, and correlations may exist between them and zones of weakness characterized by seismic activity and mineral concentrations. The structural features (lineaments) detected on computer‐enhanced imagery of the study area exhibited definite trends providing a regional view of the geological “grain”; of the area. When ...
X‐rays and gamma‐rays from active galaxies

Photon-photon pair production in active galaxies is considered, and the concept of the annihilation efficiency, the efficiency of the conversion of continuum luminosity of greater than 511 keV into positron annihilation luminosity, is introduced. Equations that give the source's annihilation luminosity and 511-keV flux as a function of its size, continuum luminosity and distance are developed. These are applied to the available X-ray and gamma-ray data on active galaxies in order to make specific predictions. Efficiencies as high as over 6 percent and fluxes up to 0.0008 ph/sq cm s result. While the latter are below present limits, they are within the reach of advanced instruments now in development.
Pain and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms during inpatient rehabilitation among operation enduring freedom/operation iraqi freedom veterans with spinal cord injury.

Abstract Objective To examine the frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain, and how PTSD symptoms were associated with pain severity ratings and the longitudinal course of pain during inpatient rehabilitation for spinal cord injury (SCI) among veterans of the Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) conflicts. Design Longitudinal analysis of data gathered from electronic medical records. Setting SCI specialty care centers within the Department of Veterans Affairs. Participants Veterans of the OEF/OIF conflicts (N=87) who received inpatient rehabilitation for SCI and disorders at Department of Veterans Affairs SCI centers between May 2003 and October 2009. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s) PTSD screening at start of rehabilitation and pain numeric rating scale measurements completed throughout rehabilitation. Cut-scores were used to categorize participants into 1 of 4 groups on the basis of scores at the start of rehabilitation: Pain and PTSD, Pain Alone, PTSD Alone, Neither Condition. Results Comorbid pain and PTSD symptoms were more common than either condition alone, and nearly as common as not having either condition. Participants with pain at the start of rehabilitation (Pain and PTSD, Pain-Alone groups) showed declines in pain ratings over the course of rehabilitation. In contrast, participants in the PTSD-Alone group showed increasing pain over the course of rehabilitation. Conclusions Pain and PTSD symptoms may be more likely to manifest as comorbidities than as isolated conditions during inpatient rehabilitation. Assessment routines and care plans should be prepared with comorbidities as a foremost concern. It is advisable to screen for pain and PTSD at multiple time points during inpatient rehabilitation to detect new or emerging concerns.
Am I A Feminist? Reflections on Feminism in Teaching and Research:

This essay exposes my personal musing about notions of feminism, their relevance to my life, ideas, ideals, teaching philosophy, and beliefs about the nature of reality.
Fast computing of some generalized linear mixed pseudo-models with temporal autocorrelation

This paper considers ways to increase computational speed in generalized linear mixed pseudo-models for the case of many repeated measurements on subjects. We obtain linearly increasing computing time with number of observations, as opposed to O(n 3) increasing computing time using numerical optimization. We also find a surprising result; that incomplete optimization for covariance parameters within the larger parameter estimation algorithm actually decreases time to convergence. After comparing various computing algorithms and choosing the best one, we fit a generalized linear mixed model to a binary time series data set with over 100 fixed effects, 50 random effects, and approximately 1.5 × 105 observations.
Reflections on Dual Regulation of Securities: A Case for Reallocation of Regulatory Responsibilities

When Congress passed the National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996 (NSMIA), it unilaterally withdrew the preexisting power of the states to require pre-sale registration disclosures by issuers, including the power to conduct pre-sale disclosure review, merit review, or any other kind of fairness review in connection with most public and private offerings of securities conducted within the various states’ respective jurisdictions. It simply rewrote the 1933 Act’s savings clause to preempt most state laws requiring registration of, or imposing conditions on, a broadly-defined and open-ended group of securities and securities transactions. The passage of NSMIA inflicted a severe, if not fatal, wound on the dual system of securities regulation that had protected investors and their marketplace since the end of the Great Depression. This essay suggests an alternative approach that might contribute to the development of a more rational reallocation of state regulatory power than presently exists in NSMIA’s aftermath. First, the author addresses the remaining scope of state regulatory power given NSMIA’s dictates and prerogatives. Then, the author suggests for consideration significant alterations to the regulatory role traditionally performed by the states. These alterations include state withdrawal from the registration process, with the consequential demise of merit review, and, in its place, the development of a notification procedure accompanied by state criminalization of violations of both federal registration and state notification requirements. The author also suggests the adoption of corollary civil remedies to ensure supportive private reinforcement of the new regime. Finally, the author concludes that this reallocation of regulatory responsibility will realign the dual system of securities regulation to better achieve NSMIA’s elusive goal of regulatory uniformity. This suggested reallocation should serve the statutory policy of the Uniform Securities Act, that its interpretation be coordinated with the federal securities laws.
Efficiently managing spatially competing water uses: new evidence from a regional recreation demand model.

In arid regions, managing water efficiently among competing demands depends critically on measuring comparable economic values of each end use. Unfortunately, it has been difficult to measure recreational values of water in the arid western U.S. These difficulties result from open spaces, few sites, and low incomes typical of the region. We examine whether water used for recreation can economically compete with agriculture. We accomplish this objective by extending the travel cost model to account for conditions unique to arid environments. We use demand systems theory to estimate a regional travel cost model which accounts for travel time, substitute sites, and discretionary travel cost. Findings from New Mexico's Pecos River Basin reveal recreational values of water which are 4040 percent higher than would result from conventional travel cost methodology. Measured recreation values of $130 per acre-foot compare with equivalent values of water in irrigated agriculture of $25–$40 per acre-foot.
Accuracy and reliability of the ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 and MedGraphics VO2000 metabolic systems

This study examined the accuracy and reliability of the MedGraphics VO2000 (VO2000) portable metabolic system and the ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 (TrueOne 2400) metabolic cart against the criterion Douglas bag (DB) method. Ten healthy males (age 20 ± 1.7 years) had their gas exchange variables measured at rest and during cycling at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 W. Each stage was 10–12 min. For half of the stage gas exchange was measured with the DB and TrueOne 2400 simultaneously and for the other half of the stage gas exchange was measured with the VO2000. The testing was performed on two separate days and the order in which the equipment was used in each stage was randomized. Reliability between days for V E (CV 7.3–8.8%) was similar among devices, however, for VO2, and VCO2 the VO2000 (CV 14.2–15.8%) was less reliable compared to the DB (CV 5.3–6.0%) and TrueOne 2400 (CV 4.7–5.7%). The TrueOne 2400 was not significantly different from the DB at rest or any work rate for V E, VO2, or VCO2 (P ≥ 0.05). The VO2000 was significantly different from the DB for V E at 50–100 W, VO2 at rest and 100–250 W, and VCO2 at rest and 200–250 W (all, P < 0.05). The TrueOne 2400 provides accurate and reliable results for the measurement of gas exchange variables. The VO2000 portable metabolic system was less reliable for measuring VO2 and VCO2 and generally overestimates VO2 at most cycling work rates. Further research is needed to confirm the results found with the VO2000.
Acute Maternal HIV Infection during Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding: Substantial Risk to Infants

We know, in theory and increasingly in practice, how to dramatically reduce rates of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1). Specifically, perinatal transmission of HIV-1 can be lowered from 40% [1, 2] to <2% [3] with the use of a combination of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and labor (with or without cesarean section); brief infant prophylaxis with antiretroviral agents; and avoidance of breast-feeding. However, this reduction can be achieved only when we are aware of the presence of maternal HIV-1 infection and are able to intervene.
ATG5 regulates plasma cell differentiation

Autophagy is a conserved homeostatic process in which cytoplasmic contents are degraded and recycled. Two ubiquitin-like conjugation pathways are required for the generation of autophagosomes, and ATG5 is necessary for both of these processes. Studies of mice deficient in ATG5 reveal a key role for autophagy in T lymphocyte function, as well as in B cell development and B-1a B cell maintenance. However, the role of autophagy genes in B cell function and antibody production has not been described. Using mice in which Atg5 is conditionally deleted in B lymphocytes, we showed here that this autophagy gene is essential for plasma cell homeostasis. In the absence of B cell ATG5 expression, antibody responses were significantly diminished during antigen-specific immunization, parasitic infection and mucosal inflammation. Atg5-deficient B cells maintained the ability to produce immunoglobulin and undergo class-switch recombination, yet had impaired SDC1 expression, significantly decreased antibody secretion in r...
Earthquake damage detection in the Imperial County Services Building I: The data and time–frequency analysis

The former Imperial County Services Building was a six-story reinforced concrete structure in the El Centro, California, severely damaged by the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake. It represents a rare case of an instrumented building that has been damaged, and thus can serve as a full-scale benchmark to evaluate and further develop structural health monitoring methods. This paper presents an analysis of inter-story drifts, and of changes in the first NS and EW system frequencies (estimated from the ridge of the Gabor transform of the relative roof displacement response) as indicators of the occurrence of damage. The detected initial decreases of system frequency, of about 28% for NS and 24% for EW motions, are not believed to be due to severe damage. The subsequent decreases, of about 44% for NS and 21% for EW motions, are attributed to damage. Near the end of shaking, increases of about 35% for the NS and 36% for EW motions were detected. (These percentage changes were computed with respect to the previous value for particular interval, rather than a fixed reference). During the most severe shaking, the inter-story drifts exceeded 0.5% for NS and 1.5% for EW motions.
Local activation of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in growth cones regulates filopodial length via protein kinase G, cyclic ADP ribose and intracellular Ca2+ release.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous messenger that has been shown to affect growth cone motility and neurite outgrowth in several model systems, but how NO brings about its effects is not understood. We have previously demonstrated that global and long-term application of NO to Helisoma trivolvis B5 neurons results in a transient increase in filopodial length, decrease in filopodial number and decrease in neurite outgrowth, all of which are mediated via soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and involve an increase in the intracellular Ca 2 + concentration [S. Van Wagenen & V. Rehder (1999) Journal of Neurobiology, 39, 168-185; K.R. Trimm & V. Rehder (2004) European Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 809-818]. The goal of the current study was twofold: to investigate the effects of short-term NO exposure on individual growth cones and to further elucidate the downstream pathway through which NO exerts its effects. Local application of the NO donor NOC-7 for 10-20 ms via puffer micropipette resulted in a transient increase in filopodial length and a small decrease in filopodial number. We show evidence that these effects of NO are mediated via sGC, protein kinase G and cyclic ADP ribose, resulting in the release of Ca 2 + from intracellular stores, probably of the ryanodine-sensitive type. These results suggest that growth cones expressing sGC are highly sensitive to local and short-term exposure to NO, which they may experience during pathfinding, and that the stereotyped response of transient filopodial elongation seen in B5 neurons in response to NO requires intracellular Ca 2 + release.
The Deus Absconditus of Scripture: An Apophatic Hermeneutic for Christian Contemplatives

The profusion of conflicting images of God in the Bible are often effectively categorized and segregated by historical-critical readings of the text in which some images are accepted at the expense...
Subjective comparison and evaluation of speech enhancement algorithms

Making meaningful comparisons between the performance of the various speech enhancement algorithms proposed over the years has been elusive due to lack of a common speech database, differences in the types of noise used and differences in the testing methodology. To facilitate such comparisons, we report on the development of a noisy speech corpus suitable for evaluation of speech enhancement algorithms. This corpus is subsequently used for the subjective evaluation of 13 speech enhancement methods encompassing four classes of algorithms: spectral subtractive, subspace, statistical-model based and Wiener-type algorithms. The subjective evaluation was performed by Dynastat, Inc., using the ITU-T P.835 methodology designed to evaluate the speech quality along three dimensions: signal distortion, noise distortion and overall quality. This paper reports the results of the subjective tests.
Reconsidering the Relationship between Race and Crime Positive and Negative Predictors of Crime among African American Youth

Studies of race and crime have emphasized the effects of social disadvantage and discrimination on increasing crime among African Americans. The authors extend this literature by examining various beliefs and institutions that have developed within African American communities that, in contrast, decrease criminal behavior. A model of cross-canceling, indirect effects between race and crime was developed and tested with data from the National Youth Survey. The results demonstrate that some factors, such as single-parent families, lowered educational attainment, and crime-ridden neighborhoods, increase criminal behavior among African American respondents relative to Whites. However, other factors, such as increased religiosity, strong family ties, and lowered alcohol consumption, decrease crime. These findings highlight the complex effects of race on crime.
A confirmatory factor analysis of the Caregiving Appraisal Scale for caregivers of home-based ventilator-assisted individuals.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To confirm the underlying dimensions of the Caregiving Appraisal Scale (CAS) with use of data collected from caregivers of home-based ventilator-assisted individuals (VAIs). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Residences of home-based VAIs. SAMPLE: Two hundred seventy-seven primary family caregivers of VAIs. MEASURES: Twenty-eight-item CAS developed by Lawton et al. (1989), and an investigator-developed instrument to assess physical health and sociodemographic characteristics of both VAIs and their care-givers. INTERVENTION: None. ANALYSIS: Confirmatory factor analysis with principal components extraction. An oblique (oblimin) solution was used for rotation of the factor matrices. The number of common factors needed to obtain the best fit of the factor model was determined with use of maximum-likelihood estimation. Confirmatory factor analysis with linear structural equation modeling was also performed. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis did not fully replicate the factor structure proposed by Lawton et al. CONCLUSIONS: The model proposed by Lawton et al. provides a useful foundation for examining the appraisal of family caregivers of home-based VAIs. Additional development work is needed for the CAS.
Mechanisms and the Theory of Organizations

The theory in organization theory has become increasingly hard to find in recent empirical research as most current researchers identify their work in terms of the phenomena they study rather than the theoretical tradition in which they operate. This theory drought arguably flows from the limitations that 1970s-era organizational paradigms face in explaining contemporary organizations. This article argues that the greatest strength of organization theory as a field is not particular theoretical paradigms but rather the field’s non-obvious mechanisms of aggregation that generate order, in firms and elsewhere. The thoughtful use of social mechanisms, in service of problem-driven research, can provide a unifying device for the field of organization studies.
HEREDITARY ACHONDROPLASIA IN THE RABBIT : I. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND GENERAL FEATURES.

An achondroplastic condition in the rabbit has been described. It is present at birth and is characterized by size reduction, by a disproportion of bodily parts, most marked in the extremities, and by an invariably lethal effect. The animals are still-born or die very shortly after birth. In physical appearance and in the character of the skeletal changes as shown by x-ray photographs, achondroplasia in the rabbit has a remarkable resemblance to the disease in man and in cattle and dogs. The condition which first occurred in offspring of pure bred Havana rabbits is inherited. In anticipation of the later discussion of this phase of the study (13), it can be stated that the mode of inheritance is on the basis of a simple recessive unit factor and that the appearance of non-achondroplastic transmitters (heterozygotes) is that of normal animals.
Leveraging the lived experience of surrogate decision makers of the seriously ill to develop a decision support intervention.

Abstract Background Surrogate decision makers of seriously ill patients are frequently asked to make healthcare decisions without evidence-based decision support. Aims To describe the lived experiences of surrogate decision makers who have made advance care decisions and identify relevant features of a decision support intervention from their perspectives. Methods A convenience sample of surrogate decision makers (n = 10) of seriously ill patients discharged to an extended care facility within the past 6 months participated in focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Results Three salient themes were identified: (1) limited preparation, (2) decisional and emotional burden, and (3) content and features of a decision support intervention. Conclusions Surrogate decision makers of the seriously ill are not prepared for their new role, and experience decisional and emotional burden. Effective decision support interventions must address the decisional and emotional needs of surrogate decision makers to enhance the quality of their decisions.
Transference and Countertransference

For over 100 years psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapists have recognized and worked with transference and countertransference. At first seen as obstacles to treatment, they are now understood to be valuable tools. Transference is an inappropriate or exaggerated response to the therapist, often outside of the patient’s awareness. Common types of transference include idealized, negative, and sexualized transferences. Countertransference consists of the therapist’s emotional response to the patients and can often mirror the patient’s experience (concordant countertransference) or produce the opposite feeling in the therapist (complementary countertransference). When properly understood and managed, transference and countertransference provide invaluable insight into the patient’s inner world.
Parkin Modulates Endosomal Organization and Function of the Endo-Lysosomal Pathway

Mutations in PARK2 (parkin), which encodes Parkin protein, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, are associated with autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). While several studies implicated Parkin in the regulation of mitophagy and proteasomal degradation, the precise mechanism leading to neurodegeneration upon Parkin loss of function remains incompletely understood. In this study, we found that Parkin modulates the endocytic pathway through the regulation of endosomal structure and function. We showed that loss of Parkin function led to decreased endosomal tubulation and membrane association of vesicle protein sorting 35 (VPS35) and sorting nexin 1 (SNX1), as well as decreased mannose 6 phosphate receptor (M6PR), suggesting the impairment of retromer pathway in Parkin-deficient cells. We also found increased formation of intraluminal vesicles coupled with enhanced release of exosomes in the presence of mutant Parkin. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of these alterations in the endocytic pathway in Parkin-deficient cells, we found that Parkin regulates the levels and activity of Rab7 by promoting its ubiquitination on lysine 38 residue. Both endogenous Rab7 in Parkin-deficient cells and overexpressed K38 R-Rab7 mutant displayed decreased effector binding and membrane association. Furthermore, overexpression of K38R-Rab7 in HEK293 cells phenocopied the increased secretion of exosomes observed in Parkin-deficient cells, suggesting that Rab7 deregulation may be at least partially responsible for the endocytic phenotype observed in Parkin-deficient cells. These findings establish a role for Parkin in regulating the endo-lysosomal pathway and retromer function and raise the possibility that alterations in these pathways contribute to the development of pathology in Parkin-linked Parkinson's disease.
Effects of Splitter Plate Length on Aerodynamic Performance & Vortex Shedding on Flatback Airfoils

A two-dimensional experimental and computational examination of the effect of splitter plate length on a flatback airfoil on both aerodynamic performance and vortex shedding behavior is presented. The FB-3500-1750 airfoil is a thick airfoil with a blunt trailing edge designed for the inboard region of wind turbine blades. Its maximum thickness is 35% of the airfoil chord, with a trailing edge thickness of 17.5%. In the present study, the FB-3500-1750 was tested in the University of California, Davis aeronautical wind tunnel at Reynolds numbers of 666,000 with fixed transition. The wind tunnel results are compared with computational predictions obtained using OVERFLOW, a Reynolds-Averaged NavierStokes solver. Drag reductions of at least 27% from the baseline were observed both experimentally and computationally with the inclusion of a splitter plate with length 50% tTE. Additionally, increasing splitter plate length was shown to continue to decrease the base drag. Maximum lift reductions and earlier stall angles were also observed with increasing splitter plate length though in the wind tunnel tests with the 50% tTE case, the loss in was limited to 5%. Examining vortex shedding behavior, increases in the nondimensional shedding frequency, Strouhal number, were seen with increasing splitter plate length.
Toward a critical forensic psychiatry.

About 20 years ago, Dr. Alan Stone stunned forensic psychiatrists when he delivered the text of “The Ethics of Forensic Psychiatry: A View from the Ivory Tower” to an annual meeting of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. In his remarks, he first questioned the coherence of the intellectual underpinnings of the ethics of forensic psychiatry. He then expressed grave misgivings about the wisdom— and by implication, the desirability—of standard forensic psychiatric practice. Furthermore, he did so not as an outsider, but rather as (by all appearances) a quintessential insider, being both a former president of the American Psychiatric Association and the Touroff-Glueck Professor of Law and Psychiatry at Harvard. He took law seriously, he took psychiatry seriously—and he took them both to task. To this day, forensic psychiatrists find themselves grappling with, and distancing themselves from, his remarks. In the ensuing years, few other insiders have put forward arguments similar in critical spirit to Dr. Stone’s. On the other hand, there are many forensic psychiatrists who may not consider Dr. Stone an insider at all. To many he appears to represent someone on the margin—someone who, because of his credentials, must be given a forum to be heard, yet someone who remains enigmatic and at times unhelpful. It is precisely this spot on the margin that I want to analyze in this article. I want to examine not only how one may define and then arrive at this position, but also what one might be able to do from there. By doing so, I hope to move toward making a place for a critical forensic psychiatry: a practice that takes seriously both law and psychiatry, yet a practice that allows for a profound questioning of the most basic assumptions of both fields. I will argue that one can only engage in critical forensic psychiatry on the margin as an insider who must forever act like—and eventually be treated as—an outsider. Yet, I will also argue that from that spot one can provide insights that, while radical, may help to invigorate forensic psychiatry, or at least keep the field fresh and reflective, in much the way that Dr. Stone’s thoughts have influenced the field for almost a quarter of a century.
Twisted hollow fiber membranes for enhanced mass transfer

Abstract Computational fluid dynamic simulations are used to examine incompressible flow through twisted elliptical and helically-coiled cylindrical fibers for typical flow Reynolds numbers employed in membrane filtration processes (Re
CO2 microdialysis in retrotrapezoid nucleus of the rat increases breathing in wakefulness but not in sleep

Central chemoreceptors are widespread within the brain stem. We suggest that their function at some sites may vary with the state of arousal. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the functi...