cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Benefits of Vaccinating With the First Available COVID-19 Coronavirus Vaccine.

Introduction During a pandemic, there are many situations in which the first available vaccines may not have as high effectiveness as vaccines that are still under development or vaccines that are not yet ready for distribution, raising the question of whether it is better to go with what is available now or wait. Methods In 2020, the team developed a computational model that represents the U.S. population, COVID-19 coronavirus spread, and vaccines with different possible efficacies (to prevent infection or to reduce severe disease) and vaccination timings to estimate the clinical and economic value of vaccination. Results Except for a limited number of situations, mainly early on in a pandemic and for a vaccine that prevents infection, when an initial vaccine is available, waiting for a vaccine with a higher efficacy results in additional hospitalizations and costs over the course of the pandemic. For example, if a vaccine with a 50% efficacy in preventing infection becomes available when 10% of the population has already been infected, waiting until 40% of the population are infected for a vaccine with 80% efficacy in preventing infection results in 15.6 million additional cases and 1.5 million additional hospitalizations, costing $20.6 billion more in direct medical costs and $12.4 billion more in productivity losses. Conclusions This study shows that there are relatively few situations in which it is worth foregoing the first COVID-19 vaccine available in favor of a vaccine that becomes available later on in the pandemic even if the latter vaccine has a substantially higher efficacy.
Paper towel test as independently self-administered to quantify cough-related urine loss: Compliance and comparisons with survey-only data in SWAN.

Aims The epidemiologic Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) includes urinary incontinence (UI) questionnaire items. We introduced an independently self-administered paper towel test (PTT-ISA; invention disclosure #2021-347) to objectively demonstrate UI. Aims were to determine: (1) PTT-ISA compliance and (2) relationship to questionnaire results. Methods 276 community women were invited to complete both SWAN questionnaire and PTT-ISA. For PTT-ISA, a woman holds a trifold brown paper towel against her perineum while coughing hard three times. She checks the towel for wetness and compares it with pictorial showing wetted area gradations (dry towel through >6 ml/saturated). She then selects the best photo match for her towel. A newly conceptualized variable constructed as PTT-ISA plus questionnaire results was formed. Results Of 276 women, noncompliance with PTT-ISA was 2.2% (6 women). Four others (1.5%) were missing questionnaires. For the remaining 266 women, conceptual cohesiveness between questionnaire-only and PTT-ISA + questionnaire was demonstrated in 165 (62.0%). Lack of cohesiveness occurred in 101 (38.9%), including 41 women who said "no" to the questionnaire item indicative of stress UI and had leakage on PTT-ISA; leakage degree varied across the full pictorial spectrum from drops to saturated. Conclusion PTT-ISA demonstrates high compliance, with rate comparable to survey compliance. It is a novel measure for objective sign of urine loss when independently self-administered by community women outside of a clinic environment. Further research comparing PTT-ISA with clinician-observed cough test is warranted. As independently self-administered, PTT-ISA is simple, noninvasive, inexpensive, and an acceptable test that adds value to otherwise survey-dependent research.
Generational chronotopes and accounting for unethical medicine: Bill Clinton’s apologies for radiation research and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Rhetoricians have theorized about temporality since the Sophists. In this essay, I argue that issues of rhetorical temporality can be understood by turning to the chronotope. I examine Bill Clinton...
Impacts of Flexible Routing in Control Architectures for Material Flow Systems

The degree to which routing flexibility can influence manufacturing system performance is the focus of this chapter. Of special interest is the performance of material flow control architectures which integrate flexible routing concepts (e.g., the conduct of fabrication/assembly operations in alternate sequences) with flexibility in the determination of product mix or machine level sequencing. The manufacturing context is that of diverse mixed technology circuit boards assembled using a cellular approach. The research methodology is that of simulation using the SIMAN language. Results indicate that the incorporation of flexible routing concepts into material flow architectures can significantly affect system performance, especially when integrated with other operational control mechanisms.
THE VIEW FROM THE NORTH: AN ANASAZI PERSPECTIVE ON THE MOGOLLON

I was asked to evaluate Mogollon from the perspective of the Colorado Plateau. Historically, Mogollon was disengaged from the original Basketmaker-Pueblo paradigm of Southwestern prehistory only with difficulty. In these days of Mogollon Conferences, we tend to forget that many eminent scholars vigorously resisted the concept of Mogollon. Many considered it to be Anasazi either diluted or enriched by contact with the Hohokam. Haury, Martin, and their colleagues labored for a quarter century to achieve for Mogollon a status comparable to that of Anasazi and Hohokam. That equality emerged in the 1960s as a result of the painstaking accumulation of data that revealed an archaeological pattern distinct from those patterns that characterized Hohokam and Anasazi.
Control of Nucleotide Metabolism and Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis During Nitrogen Starvation of Escherichia coli

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis and ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism were studied in cultures of Escherichia coli subjected to starvation for inorganic nitrogen. In a strain that was under stringent control, a 50-fold reduction in the formation of both 16S and 23S RNA was accompanied by a severe restriction on nucleotide biosynthesis. These inhibitions were relieved in part by incubating the starved cells with amino acids. This result suggests that regulation by the functional RNA control (RC) gene is involved in the effect. This suggestion was confirmed by showing that the effector of the stringent response, guanosine-5′-diphosphate-2′- or 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp), accumulated at the onset of starvation and disappeared immediately when the amino acids were added. Ribosomal RNA synthesis was severely restricted and the same nucleotide, ppGpp, accumulated at the onset of nitrogen starvation of a relaxed mutant too. These findings suggest that a control mechanism other than the one provided by the functional rel gene might operate to regulate RNA synthesis and that this mechanism is expressed through the synthesis of ppGpp.
Studies on the respiratory chain-linked reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase. XIV. Location of the sites of inhibition of rotenone, barbiturates, and piericidin by means of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract On the addition of NADH to submitochondrial particles in which NADH oxidase is blocked by rotenone, piericidin A, or Amytal, the g = 1.94 signal of NADH dehydrogenase appears in essentially the same manner as in untreated preparations. However, the appearance of the NADHinduced iron signal of succinate dehydrogenase and of cytochromes b and c1 is inhibited by these agents. It is concluded that Amytal, rotenone, and piericidin block NADH oxidation on the O2 side of the non-heme iron of NADH dehydrogenase.
A Cognitive Bias Approach to Feature Selection and Weighting for Case-Based Learners

Research in psychology, psycholinguistics, and cognitive science has discovered and examined numerous psychological constraints on human information processing. Short term memory limitations, a focus of attention bias, and a preference for the use of temporally recent information are three examples. This paper shows that psychological constraints such as these can be used effectively as domain-independent sources of bias to guide feature set selection and weighting for case-based learning algorithms. We first show that cognitive biases can be automatically and explicitly encoded into the baseline instance representation: each bias modifies the representation by changing features, deleting features, or modifying feature weights. Next, we investigate the related problems of cognitive bias selection and cognitive bias interaction for the feature weighting approach. In particular, we compare two cross-validation algorithms for bias selection that make different assumptions about the independence of individual component biases. In evaluations on four natural language learning tasks, we show that the bias selection algorithms can determine which cognitive bias or biases are relevant for each learning task and that the accuracy of the case-based learning algorithm improves significantly when the selected bias(es) are incorporated into the baseline instance representation.
Irreversible Effects of Cycloheximide During the Early Period of Vaccinia Virus Replication

Abstract The presence of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, during the period 30 to 60 min after vaccinia infection produced an irreversible block in virus replication. In contrast (i) cycloheximide given at earlier or later times, even for prolonged periods, did not prevent continuation of the infectious cycle after removal of the drug, and (ii) treatment with cycloheximide during the first 2 hr did not prevent virus growth when the early stages of replication proceeded more slowly due to infection with a low multiplicity of virus. These findings were interpreted as an indication that protein synthesis is required at a critical time in the virus growth cycle. Under the conditions in which brief cycloheximide treatment prevented virus growth, ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis continued at an undiminished rate for at least 2 hr after removal of the drug. Although this RNA appeared identical by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to “early” viral messenger RNA, it was not found associated with ribosomes or polyribosomes. Failure to observe viral protein synthesis was consistent with the latter finding. It appeared unlikely that the translational block resulted from inadequate removal of cycloheximide, since the effects of the drug were shown to be reversible at earlier or later times in infection or even at the same time when a lower multiplicity of virus was used. Interference with the normal synthesis of specific viral protein factors required for translation was postulated to explain the results.
Making Intellectual Property Work for Global Health

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are often conceived narrowly from the vantage point of offering incentives for private sector investment in research and development (R&D), but the legal regime of IPRs can also work to improve access to public goods for global health, particularly for those disadvantaged by destitution and disease. The WHO Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property (GSPOA), adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2008, calls for an “enhanced and sustainable basis for needs-driven, essential health research and development relevant to diseases that disproportionately affect developing countries.” How knowledge is generated, owned, and harnessed to support pro-poor development is at the heart of this effort. New approaches to tiering, pooling, and open-source collaboration have resulted from the struggle to deliver affordable treatments for AIDS and neglected diseases. In examining how intellectual property rights can most effectively and strategically support developing countries in implementing this ambitious and potentially catalytic agenda in enabling innovation for global health, this paper seeks to outline a coherent and strategic approach to address human development needs and to facilitate the harnessing of innovation and the sharing of knowledge for global health.
Development of Neural Network Based Hysteretic Models for Steel Beam-Column Connections Through Self-Learning Simulation

Beam-column connections are zones of highly complex actions and deformations interaction that often lead to failure under the effect of earthquake ground motion. Modeling of the beam-column connections is important both in understanding the behavior and in design. In this article, a framework for developing a neural network (NN) based steel beam-column connection model through structural testing is proposed. Neural network based inelastic hysteretic model for beam-column connections is combined with a new component based model under self-learning simulation framework. Self-learning simulation has the unique advantage in that it can use structural response to extract material models. Self-learning simulation is based on auto-progressive algorithm that employs the principles of equilibrium and compatibility, and the self-organizing nature of artificial neural network material models. The component based model is an assemblage of rigid body elements and spring elements which represent smeared constitutive be...
Surface segregation and ordering in III-V semiconductor alloys

Using the first-principles total-energy pseudopotential method, we have studied the formation energy of the (001) ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$P alloy surface as a function of composition and reconstruction. The results are presented as T=0 surface stability diagrams that show the lowest energy reconstruction and cation occupation pattern as functions of the chemical potentials. Slightly different stability diagrams emanate depending on whether or not there is equilibrium between the surface and the bulk. The stability diagrams show a pronounced asymmetry between the Ga- and In-rich regions. The asymmetry is interpreted in terms of the size difference between In and Ga and the effect of this size difference on the bonding geometry. For surfaces in equilibrium with the bulk, we find a strong dependence of surface segregation on the surface reconstruction, and we predict a Ga enrichment of the surface in the moderate cation-rich limit and In enrichment in the anion-rich region. This result suggests a way to achieve abrupt interfaces in semiconductor heterostructures. For surfaces not in equilibrium with the bulk, we identify regions in the stability diagram where surface-induced CuPt ordering (both type A and type B) occurs. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Cyclometallierte Pd- UND Pt-komplexe der (o-lithiobenzyl)diorganophosphine

Abstract The ( o -lithiobenzyl)diorganophosphine o -LiC 6 H 4 CH 2 PR 2 (R  Ph, Me, t-Bu) form the corresponding cyclometalated complexes when allowed to react with MCL 2 · 2Et 2 S (M  Pd, Pt). Under our reaction conditions they appear to be formed in the cis -form only. Mixed cyclometalated species are described as well as the behaviour of some cyclometalated compounds towards HCL, Br 2 and HgBr 2 reactions with n-BuLi. the Ir and MNR spectra of the prepared complexes are discussed.
Solar energy technologies and stabilizing atmospheric CO2 concentrations

In this analysis, we explore the role of solar energy, specifically utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) technology, in supplying the world's growing demand for energy while limiting the impact of climate change by reducing carbon dioxide emissions. We present a range of cost paths for the technology and examine the role of solar energy in the global energy system under these paths and a reference scenario. We also assess the impacts of these cost paths on the role of solar power under carbon constraint scenarios designed to stabilize the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide over the next century. Our analysis shows that solar energy can play a significant role in the future global energy system, and that the benefit of the solar energy option increases as the limitation on carbon emissions becomes more stringent. But, lowering the cost of power production to the point at which solar is competitive with other options is critical if solar power is to become a core generation technology. Aggressively lowering the cost of solar energy in the next few decades will ensure that solar energy technologies are a prominent part of any global energy system, so the potential value of research in solar energy is great. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation Of A Core In SDS Denatured States Of Rhodopsin

A general understanding of the folding pathway of helical membrane proteins has remained elusive due to the limited number of membrane proteins investigated to date. In order to begin to establish conditions under which the folding pathway of the mammalian membrane protein rhodopsin, a prototypic G protein coupled receptor with primary function in vision, can be studied, we have measured its secondary and tertiary structure changes under chemical denaturing conditions. A significant decrease in ellipticity at 222nm of maximally 40% is observed on adding sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a denaturant suggesting unfolding of the native helices. Tertiary structure is disrupted already at very low SDS concentrations of 0.05%, as evidenced by the loss of retinal chromophore, increase in tryptophan fluorescence and increase in cysteine accessibility. However, at intermediate SDS concentrations (0.1% to 3%), there is a decrease in tryptophan fluorescence accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in cysteine reactivity indicating formation of a compact intermediate. Light-scattering confirms that this decrease is not due to unspecific aggregation of the protein. Site-directed mutagenesis indicates that the reactive cysteines in this intermediate are located in the cytoplasmic domain of rhodopsin. At high SDS concentrations, between 7% and 15%, where a large amount of additional helix is disrupted, there is an increase in tryptophan fluorescence and cysteine reactivity. However, with further increase in SDS concentration up to 30%, there is a drop in fluorescence and cysteine accessibility suggesting formation of a core in this largely unfolded state. Existence of a folding core during early stages of folding of rhodopsin has also been postulated by the long-range interaction model and has been predicted by earlier computational experiments.
GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS.

Conditions for the gas chromatography of local anesthetics and related materials were investigated. Flexol on Chromosorb W and SE 30 on glass bead columns were preferred for the low and high melting compounds, respectively.
The ultraviolet light and photosensitized inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus.

The quantum yield for the inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus has been determined at 253.7 mµ and found to be 4.3 x 10–6. The possible significance of the observed one-hit process of inactivation has been discussed in terms of the kinetics and the rupture of model substances including nucleic acid. The ultraviolet light inactivation, which proceeds independent of oxygen, occurs without change in physicochemical properties, with the possible exception of an enhanced sensitivity to thermal denaturation. The photosensitized inactivation of virus by acriflavine has been found to proceed parallel with the destruction of the dye. The action was found to be dependent upon adsorbed dye, and the inactivation is enhanced by the presence of oxygen.
3D Imaging of Oxygen in Tissue by Diffuse Near Infra-Red Light

Hypoxia in tissue can be imaged by combining phosphorescence quenching method with optical near infra-red tomography. We present a comprehensive theoretical treatment of the 3D oxygen image reconstruction problem and experimental validation of the technique.
A service modeling approach to service requirements in SOA and cloud computing — Using a u-Healthcare system case

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Cloud Computing are becoming ubiquitous nowadays. However, applications deployed in the environment are required to meet many time critical as well as functional requirements. In this paper, we aim to provide a service-modeling approach to model the requirement and design of different SOA based services by using Service Oriented Modeling and Architecture (SOMA) and employing Service Oriented Modeling Framework (SOMF) modeling styles and assets [6]. The paper work also includes the development of a u-Healthcare web based software system, which uses the service model as a foundation to ensure secure provisioning of health services to its prospective clients.
On the Interaction between Electroencephalogram Bands of Normal Elderly Women and Demented Elderly Women

[Purpose] This study investigated the potential of quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis for dementia diagnosis by examining the correlation between each frequency band of EEG using a sample of normal and demented elderly women. [Subjects] Thirty-three elderly women (17 normal, 16 demented) without history of brain disease were participated in this study. [Methods] EEGs of the subjects were measured continuously for 5 minutes while subjects' eyes were closed. The AT index was defined as the ratio of the theta wave to the SMR wave; the AC index was defined as the ratio of the low beta wave to alpha wave; and the ST index was defined as the ratio of the high beta wave to the alpha wave. The differences in brain activity between normal and demented elderly women were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and the SPSSWIN (ver. 12.0) program. [Results] All areas showed a lower AT index among normal elderly women compared to demented elderly women. In the P4 area, the AC index and the ST index were significantly higher in normal than in demented elderly women, indicating there is a difference in brain activity between normal and demented elderly women. [Conclusion] These results show that quantitative EEG analysis can be used for dementia diagnosis.
The controversial role of serum uric acid in essential hypertension: relationships with indices of target organ damage.

The controversial role of serum uric acid in essential hypertension: relationships with indices of target organ damage
Elastic anomalies at the charge density wave transition in TaS3

Abstract Vibrating reed measurements of the Young's modulus and internal friction of orthorhombic TaS3 at its charge density wave transition (222K) are presented. The modulus has a large dip (≈2%) and the internal friction increases (ΔQ−1 ≈ 5 × 10−5) at the transition; the latter anomaly is sample dependent and is attributed to the motion of domains in the CDW state. Estimates of the specific heat and expansivity anomalies are made. The qualitative characteristics of the anomalies are compared to those previously observed at CDW transitions in other materials.
Impairment of afferent arteriolar myogenic responsiveness in the galactose-fed rat.

Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated impaired afferent arteriolar responsiveness to pressure in rats 4-6 weeks after the induction of diabetes mellitus. Although the responsible mechanisms mediating this renal autoregulatory defect have not been fully defined, increased polyol metabolism has been implicated as a possible factor involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. We there- fore investigated the possible role of this metabolic disturbance in renal autoregula- tion using the galactose-fed rat, a model characterized by increased polyol pathway activity independent of hyperglycemia or insulin deficiency. Hydronephrosis was in- duced to permit direct visualization of renal microvessels. Pressure-induced vaso- constriction of afferent arterioles was assessed by quantitating vessel diameter fol- lowing stepwlse increments of renal perfusion pressure (RAP; from 80 to 180 mm Hg) in the hydronephrotic kidneys from control rats and rats fed a 50% galactose diet for 2 or 4 weeks. Vessel diameters were measured from video images by computer- assisted image processing. Control rats exhibited progressive afferent arteriolar va- soconstriction when RAP was increased from 80 to 180 mm Hg (-17.3% f 1.0%; P < 0.001). In contrast, myogenic responses to increases in pressure were absent in the afferent arterioles of rats fed a 50% galactose diet for either 2 (-4.1% f 1.9%; not significant) or 4 weeks (-2.9 f 3.4%; not significant). Our demonstration that the impairment of afferent arteriolar responsiveness to increasing RAP in the normogly- cemic galactose-fed rat was identical to that observed in the STZ-diabetic rat suggests that increased polyol accumulation may contribute to the impairment of renal auto- regulation in the diabetic rat. (P.S.E.B.M. 1994, Vol2061
Synthesis of (8Z,14Z)-13,13-dimethyleicosa-8,14-dien-11-ynoic acid as an inhibitor of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase

As a continuation of our program to prepare (82,112,14Z)-8,11,14eicosatrienoic acid analogs 1 with potential prostaglandin synthetase inhibitory activity, (8Z,14Z)-13,13-dimethyleicosa-8,14-dien-ll-ynoic acid (11) was synthesized. This analog, which was envisioned as an inhibitor of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase, was readily prepared in a 3 + 10 step convergent synthesis using the two intermediates 1-bromo-9-chloro-2-nonyne (4) and (42)-3,3-dimethyldec-4-en-1-yne (2). Displacement2 of iodide from 1-chloro-6-iodohexane 3 by the lithium salt of tetrahydro-2-(prop-2'-ynyloxy)pyran4 (2) (THF/NH3, 8 hr) afforded 2 (77% yield).5 Acid-catalyzed removal of the tetrahydropyranyl protecting group (Q-TsOH, MeOH, 5 hr reflux, 88% yield) and PBr3 treatment ' (Et20, pyridine, O', 30 min PBr3 addition, 3-hr reflux, 65% yield) gave the intermediate l-bromo-9-chloro-2nonyne (2).
Method for validating human search and target acquisition performance models to a specified accuracy

Search and target acquisition (STA) is a complex task involving the ability of a human, using unaided eye or aided optics, to search an area of interest and ultimately discriminate a target from its background. As the backbone of many system performance and force-on-force models, the STA process must be tested and validated to some degree of accuracy. The Army STA modeling community has conducted a model improvement program and is in the process of validating the new models. Standard statistical techniques, which test for perfection (e.g., H0: a equals b), are inappropriate for validating these models which do not claim perfection. This paper proposes a nonparametric (rank based) method for validating models to a specified accuracy [e.g., H0: (b - .1) < a < (b + .1)]. The interaction between the power-of-the-test and sample size is explored, and an example using a thermal sensor target acquisition model is used to illustrate the technique.
The Agnes Rainstorm of June 1972: Surface Feature Evolution Culminating in Inland Storm Redevelopment

Abstract The passage of Tropical Storm Agnes through the eastern United States on 21–23 June 1972 was marked by a swath of exceptionally heavy rainfall amounting to 15–35 cm. The heaviest rains fell in a narrow band from eastern Virginia northward through the Susquehanna Valley of Pennsylvania along and to the west of a slow-moving frontal boundary. The frontal boundary formed in situ to the east of the Appalachian Mountains on 21 June as warm, moist air ahead of Agnes from the Atlantic was drawn westward against somewhat cooler air along the eastern slopes of the mountains. Air was forced to flow down the pressure gradient east of the Appalachians, analogous to cold air damming situations, with comparatively low pressure along the coast. The north-south frontal zone marked the transition region between the two regimes. An analysis of all available surface observations disclosed that this boundary marked a locus of frontogenesis, moisture convergence, and cyclonic vorticity generation. The frontal boundar...
Direct observations of the magnetic structure in thin films of Pb, Sn, and In

Direct, high-resolution observations of magnetic structures in evaporated films of the type I superconductors lead, tin, and indium are presented for a range of applied fields. The films are polycrystalline and range in thickness from 200 to 20,000 A. the transition from the intermediate state to the mixed state is observed. The observation of the single-fluxoid vortex mixed state in the thin films with Ginzburg-Landau parameter κ less than\(1/\sqrt 2\) confirms theoretical prediction by Tinkham, Maki, and Lasher. No ordered array of vortices is observed and this is shown to be caused by the effects of the grain boundaries on the magnetic structures.
Solving simultaneous linear equations using recurrent neural networks

Abstract Simultaneous linear algebraic equations can be found in many mathematical model formulations. In monitoring and control of dynamic systems, there is often a need for solving simultaneous linear algebraic equations in real time. In this paper, recurrent neural networks for solving simultaneous linear algebraic equations are proposed. The asymptotic stability of the proposed neural networks and solvability of simultaneous linear equations by using the neural networks are substantiated. A circuit schematic for realizing the neural networks is described. The results of numerical simulations are discussed via illustrative examples. An extension of the recurrent neural networks for solving quadratic programming problems subject to equality constraints is also discussed.
Toxoplasmosis in Cold‐Blooded Hosts*

SYNOPSIS. The existence of naturally acquired toxoplasmosis in cold-blooded animals, tho sometimes claimed, has always been regarded as extremely doubtful, and tests of susceptibility to experimental infection have usually given negative results. Using a strain of human origin (RH), we attempted infection of 7 species of reptiles (red-eared turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans, horned toad Phrynosoma cornutum, coal skink Eumeces anthrospinus, blue spiny lizard Sceloporus cyanogenys, chamaeleon Anolis carolinensis carolinensis, spectacled caiman Caiman sclerops, iguana Iguana iguani), and 3 species of amphibia, (American toad Bufo americanus, leopard frog Rana pipiens pipiens, newt Diemectylus viridescens viridescens). The horned toads, chamaeleons, and toads were kept both at room temperature and 37 C, and the skinks only at 37 C; other species were kept only at room temperature. Inoculation was by intrapcritoneal injection of parasitecontaining ascitic fluid from infected mice. Results were measured by the finding of parasites microscopically and by infection of mice. In toads, infection persisted 7 days: in red-eared turtles, chamaeleons and the blue spiny lizard 7-8 days; skinks had a fulminating infection which was fatal in a week or less. Actual reproduction of parasites occurred in both homed toads and skinks kept at 37 C, showing that there was true infection and not simply survival of organisms. These results suggest that natural infections could occur under suitable environmental conditions in horned toads and some other species of lizards.
The asymptotic forms of the fano function: The representation functions and wigner coefficients of SO(4) and E(3)

Abstract The Fano function, or Wigner (9 − j ) symbol, which is the Wigner coefficient of SO (4), is shown to have an asymptotic limit in which it approaches the form of the SO (4) representation function. Application of the known symmetries of the (9 − j ) symbol to this asymptotic form gives us a set of identities which relate the coupling of SO (3) representation functions of different arguments. The representation functions and Wigner coefficients of E (3) are obtained from the corresponding structures of SO (4) by an Inonu-Wigner contraction. Thus the E (3) Wigner coefficient is also an asymptotic form of the Fano function. Hence an even further asymptotic limit exists in which the E (3) Wigner coefficient approaches the form of an E (3) representation function.
Effects of inhomogeneous line broadening on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and slow group velocity

We show for the first time an explicit expression of the linewidth of an EIT resonance in an inhomogeneously broadened three-level (Lambda) system, and the conditions for the dependence of the linewidth on a driving field strength. Both gaseous systems with the Doppler effect and solid media in which inhomogeneity of the crystalline field results in a broad distribution of atomic center frequencies are considered. We find two extreme cases: in one extreme the linewidth of EIT resonance is proportional to the intensity of a drive laser. And in the other it is proportional to the Rabi frequency of a drive laser, which recovers the result obtained by Feld and Javan. The dispersive properties of EIT, leading to slow group velocity of light, in an inhomogeneously broadened system are also considered.
Long-term patency of experimental magnetic compression gastroenteric anastomoses achieved with covered stents

Abstract Background: Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of a prototype "YO-YO"-shaped covered stent for keeping experimental magnetic compression gastroenteric fistulas patent for 6 months. Methods: Magnets were introduced perorally with endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance and were mated across the gastric and jejunal walls of 5 dogs. After a mean of 5.5 days a 12-mm diameter YO-YO stent was placed perorally in the resulting fistula. The gastroenteric anastomosis (GEA) with stent was observed endoscopically and gastrographically at 1- to 2-month intervals. Results: There was no morbidity and there were no significant weight changes. The GEA was widely patent at necropsy at 6 months (n = 4); partial membrane separation occurred at 5 months in the fifth dog. There was minor breakage of the stent prongs in 2 animals. Conclusion: Peroral creation of a stented magnetic compression GEA is safe and provides long-term patency. This technique may be potentially useful for managing gastric outlet obstruction caused by malignancy.
Effect of moisture on copolymer fibers based on 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl)- benzimidazole

Abstract In recent years, there has been concern in the soft body armor community that copolymer fibers based on 5-amino-2-( p -aminophenyl)-benzimidazole can release hydrochloric acid, which is present in these fibers as a by-product of the manufacturing process. The presence of acids could potentially be detrimental to other fibers that might come in contact with these materials. In an effort to examine this issue, a study was designed to investigate the release of acid in different environments from these fibers. During the first phase of the study, fibers were exposed to water and pH decreases were observed. While immersed in deionized water, two of the fiber samples studied released a sufficient amount of acid to drop the pH of the solution from approximately pH 6.0 to approximately pH 3.0 in less than 10 d at room temperature. Further ion-selective electrode studies of chloride ion released from these fibers indicated that hydrochloric acid may not be the species responsible for this pH reduction. In a second phase of the investigation, fibers were exposed to water vapor in an elevated temperature environment (conditions were 65 °C, 80% RH). While the pH reduction released by the water vapor exposure was substantially less than observed in the submersion phase, a reduction in the yarn tensile strength of some of the fibers was observed during this phase of the study. In a third phase, fibers were exposed in a dry oven (less than 5% RH) at 65 °C. Almost no pH reduction or strength reduction was observed. Molecular spectroscopy was also performed to better understand the effect of elevated temperature and moisture environments on these fibers.
Spontaneous wrist fusion: an unusual complication of Kienböck's disease.

We report a case of spontaneous wrist fusion occurring in a patient with magnetic resonance image (MRI)-proven stage 1 Kienbock's disease. The purpose of this case report is to make hand surgeons aware of this potential finding and to alert hand surgeons and radiologists that diffuse MRI changes of the lunate may not necessarily be pathognomonic for Kienbock's disease.
Femoral Head Shape Differences During Development May Identify Hips at Risk of Degeneration

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common cause of elevated contact stress and early onset osteoarthritis (OA). We hypothesized that adaptation to focal loading during postnatal development would result in signature changes to the shape of the femoral head secondary center of ossification (SCO). SCO shape was evaluated in a canine model of DDH at ages 14 and 32 weeks. The evolving 3D morphology of the SCO was captured using serial quantitative computed tomography. A discrete medial representation shape model was fit to each SCO and served as the basis for quantitative thickness and bending measurements. Shape measurements were tested for associations with hip subluxation and degeneration. At 32 weeks, the SCO was thinner (flatter) in the perifoveal region, the site of focal loading; a greater bend to the SCO was present lateral to the site of thinning; SCO thinning and bending were associated with less femoral head coverage and with a higher probability of degeneration. Shape changes were not detected at 14 weeks. Measurement and visualization of SCO shape changes due to altered loading may provide a basis for identifying hips at risk of early onset OA and a tool for surgical planning of hip restructuring.
From Gardeners to Tour Guides: The Epistemological Struggle Revealed in Teacher-Generated Metaphors of Teaching

This study examines the relationship between epistemological beliefs and perceptions of practice through the analysis of teacher-generated metaphors. In a multilevel qualitative examination of the self-descriptive metaphors of 32 working teachers, the authors uncovered a dissonance between teachers’ metaphors and their epistemological positions. Metaphor topics initially seemed oriented toward participation-based instructional models, but deeper analysis revealed an overall defaulting to acquisition-based teaching models. Sharing these findings with participant focus groups resulted in the identification of a set of challenges to which teachers attributed these epistemological schisms. The results of this study call into question whether education is in fact making a move from the more traditional acquisition-based models of teaching and learning to more participation-based models, and more important, the discussion considers how the valuing of both models can be translated into the valuing of both practices.
Olfactory discrimination learning is blocked by leupeptin, a thiol protease inhibitor.

Abstract Rats were trained on successive two-odor discriminations with the cues randomly located in an 8-arm radial maze. After several days of training using different odor pairs, the thiol protease inhibitor leupeptin was infused into the ventricles and testing continued. Leupeptin caused a pronounced, dose-dependent and reversible deficit in performance in this task. Previous studies have shown that these drug concentrations do not influence spontaneous activity, feeding and drinkin, or the acquisition and retention of avoidance conditioning. The results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that a calcium-sensitive proteinase is involved in certain forms of memory that require modification of telencephalic circuitries.
On advection in phytoplankton models

Abstract Scale analysis is used to deduce a new non-dimensional number, S = C [(A H τ) 1 2 V m ] which defines the importance of advection of phytoplankton by organized fluid motion in spatial models of marine food chains. When S ⪢ 1, advection greatly affects biological productivity; when S ⪡ I, advection may be neglected. When S is order one, advection and biological productivity play competing roles in determining the spatial configuration of the plankton biomass.
Tamoxifen-Associated Polyps (Basalomas) Arising in Multiple Endometriotic Foci: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We present a case of a 62-year-old G0P0 Caucasian woman who developed endometrial adenocarcinoma, FIGO grade 2, endometrioid type, after receiving tamoxifen for 2 years following a diagnosis of invasive carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. An incidental finding in the hysterectomy specimen was numerous endometriotic foci involving the submucosa, subserosa, and serosa of the cervix; lower uterine segment serosa; and bilateral ovaries. Polypoid structures, similar to the endometrial polyps occurring in tamoxifen-treated patients, were observed to arise from endometriotic foci in the serosa of the cervix and bilateral ovaries. We have found only one similar report in the literature. Since these structures do not fit the definition of "polyp," we suggest "basaloma" as an alternative. We also review all cases of tamoxifen-associated endometriosis reported in the world literature and cases of polypoid endometriosis occurring in non-tamoxifen-treated patients. Of 12 reported cases of tamoxifen-associated endometriosis, 4 occurred in premenopausal women, 1 in a perimenopausal women, and 7 in postmenopausal women, of whom none had a known history of endometriosis. The endometriotic foci gave rise to a spectrum of lesions which included epithelial metaplasias, simple and complex hyperplasias, polypoid lesions, and 2 cases of endometrioid carcinomas.
Neuron/glia relationships observed over intervals of several months in living mice

Identified neurons and glial cells in a parasympathetic ganglion were observed in situ with video-enhanced microscopy at intervals of up to 130 d in adult mice. Whereas the number and position of glial cells associated with particular neurons did not change over several hours, progressive differences were evident over intervals of weeks to months. These changes involved differences in the location of glial nuclei on the neuronal surface, differences in the apparent number of glial nuclei associated with each neuron, and often both. When we examined the arrangement of neurons and glial cells in the electron microscope, we also found that presynaptic nerve terminals are more prevalent in the vicinity of glial nuclei than elsewhere on the neuronal surface. The fact that glial nuclei are associated with preganglionic endings, together with the finding that the position and number of glial nuclei associated with identified neurons gradually changes, is in accord with the recent observation that synapses on these neurons are normally subject to ongoing rearrangement (Purves, D., J. T. Voyvodic, L. Magrassi, and H. Yawo. 1987. Science (Wash. DC). 238:1122-1126). By the same token, the present results suggest that glial cells are involved in synaptic remodeling.
Land warming as part of global warming

The recent warming of Earth's surface is well documented in meteorological records. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the Earth's average surface air temperature (SAT) rose about 0.6°C in the twentieth century [Jones and Moberg,2003]. Any global scale variation in SAT is accompanied by variation of the thermal state of all major climate system components including the continental landmasses. Based on worldwide meteorological and borehole temperature records, this study suggests that the twentieth century global warming has deposited a large amount of thermal energy into the continental landmasses, and has resulted in an intensified heating of rocks underground. The feedback to the global climate system and the long-term environmental consequences of the on-going subsurface warming of the land remain to be recognized.
The Effectiveness of the Geospatial Curriculum Approach on Urban Middle-Level Students’ Climate Change Understandings

Climate change science is a challenging topic for student learning. This quantitative study examined the effectiveness of a geospatial curriculum approach to promote climate change science understandings in an urban school district with eighth-grade students and investigated whether teacher- and student-level factors accounted for students’ climate change knowledge achievement. The participants included 12 science teachers and 956 eighth-grade students. Data included a pre- and posttest climate change assessment measures for both teachers and students and a teacher measure of Geospatial Science-Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Paired-sample t tests revealed statistically significant gains from pretest to posttest on their climate change knowledge (p < .001; effect sizes being large on multiple-choice items and medium on the open-ended response assessment). Both ordinary least squares (OLS) multiple regression and 2-level hierarchical linear modeling found that students’ initial climate change knowledge and gender were significant predictors for students’ posttest scores, p < .05. Students’ pretest scores were the strongest significant predictor of the posttest scores, p < .001. Neither the teachers’ climate change knowledge nor their Geospatial Science-Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge had significant association with the students’ posttest scores. Teaching years was a significant predictor for students’ posttest scores in OLS regression (p < .001). The findings provide support that a geospatial curriculum approach is an effective science curriculum approach for learners in urban middle-level education.
Involvement of ERK1/2 and p38 in Mg2+ accumulation in liver cells

Activation of PKC signaling induces Mg2+ accumulation in liver cells. To test the hypothesis that PKC induces Mg2+ accumulation via MAPKs activation, hepatocytes were incubated in the presence of PD98059 and SB202190 as specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 and p38, respectively, and stimulated for Mg2+ accumulation by addition of PMA or OAG. Accumulation of Mg2+ within the cells was measured by atomic absorbance spectrophotometry in the acid extract of cell pellet. The presence of either inhibitor completely abolished Mg2+ accumulation irrespective of the dose of agonist utilized while having no discernible effect on β -adrenoceptor mediated Mg2+ extrusion. A partial inhibition on α 1-adrenoceptor mediated Mg2+ extrusion was observed only in cells treated with PD98059. To confirm the inhibitory effect of PD98509 and SB202190, total and basolateral liver plasma membrane vesicles were purified in the presence of either MAPK inhibitor during the isolation procedure. Consistent with the data obtained in intact cells, liver plasma membrane vesicles purified in the presence of PD98509 or SB202190 lost the ability to accumulate Mg2+in exchange for intra-vesicular entrapped Na+ while retaining the ability to extrude entrapped Mg2+ in exchange for extra-vesicular Na+. These data indicate that ERK1/2 and p38 are involved in mediating Mg2+ accumulation in liver cells following activation of PKC signaling. The absence of a detectable effect of either inhibitor on β -adrenoceptor induced, Na+-dependent Mg2+ extrusion in intact cells and in purified plasma membrane vesicles further support the hypothesis that Mg2+ extrusion and accumulation occur through distinct and differently regulated transport mechanisms.
An instructive case of hypercalcemia preceding relapse of AML following allogeneic BMT.

Hypercalcemia is rarely seen in childhood malignancies and the incidence has been reported to range from 0.4 to 1.3%.1 The most common malignancies associated with hypercalcemia include AML and lymphoma, and solid tumors such as rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma. Among the hematological malignancies, hypercalcemia is an extremely rare complication of ALL.2 We report on an 18-year-old male BMT recipient who presented with profound hypercalcemia and bone pain that preceded relapse of monosomy 7-positive AML by 3 weeks.