cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micromechanical response of two-dimensional transition metal carbonitride (MXene) reinforced epoxy composites

Abstract MXenes have attracted much attention as fillers in polymer composites due to their superior electrical and mechanical properties making them ideal for creating multifunctional composites. In this work, Ti3CN-epoxy composites were prepared via solvent processing and cured with amine-based hardener. The effects of Ti3CN content in the epoxy system on the thermal degradation behavior and micromechanical properties were investigated. The extent of intercalation of epoxy between MXene flakes was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Nanoindentation analysis of MXene-epoxy composites exhibited improved mechanical properties with increasing MXene content with highest increase to 12.8 GPa Young's modulus for 90 wt% Ti3CN. An increase in creep resistance of composites was observed at maximum loading of Ti3CN by 46% compared to neat epoxy.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Blinatumomab in Pediatric and Adult Patients with Hematological Malignancies

Blinatumomab (BLINCYTO®) is a novel bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) approved in the USA for the treatment of relapsed or refractory B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and adults, as well as minimal residual disease ALL in adults. This analysis characterized the population pharmacokinetics of intravenous blinatumomab in pediatric and adult patients. A total of 2417 serum concentrations of blinatumomab from 674 patients, including adult (n = 628) and pediatric patients (n = 46), from eight clinical studies were analyzed. The impact of covariates on pharmacokinetic parameters were explored, and significant covariates were further evaluated using a simulation approach. Blinatumomab pharmacokinetics were described by a one-compartment linear model with first-order elimination, a clearance (CL) of 2.22 L/h, and a central volume of 5.98 L. A statistically significant effect of body surface area (BSA) on CL was observed. The smallest BSA of 0.37 m2 in the pediatric population was associated with a 63% reduction in blinatumomab systemic CL, relative to an adult patient with the median BSA (1.88 m2), supporting the use of BSA-based dosing in patients of lower bodyweight. The BSA effect was minimal, with a ≤ 25% change in CL over the range of BSA in adults, supporting no need for BSA-based dosing. Blinatumomab pharmacokinetics were adequately described by a one-compartment linear model with first-order elimination. No covariates other than BSA on CL were identified as significant. BSA-based dosing should be considered for lightweight patients to minimize inter-subject variability in blinatumomab exposure.
Effects of high-fat diet and intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor deletion on colon carcinogenesis

Consumption of a high-fat diet has been associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the effects of the interaction between dietary fat content and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) on colorectal carcinogenesis remain unclear. Mainly known for its role in xenobiotic metabolism, AhR has been identified as an important regulator for maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Although previous research using whole body AhR knockout mice has revealed an increased incidence of colon and cecal tumors, the unique role of AhR activity in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and modifying effects of fat content in the diet at different stages of sporadic CRC development are yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we have examined the effects of a high-fat diet on IEC-specific AhR knockout mice in a model of sporadic CRC. Although loss of AhR activity in IECs significantly induced the development of premalignant lesions, in a separate experiment, no significant changes in colon mass incidence were observed. Moreover, consumption of a high-fat diet promoted cell proliferation in crypts at the premalignant colon cancer lesion stage and colon mass multiplicity as well as β-catenin expression and nuclear localization in actively proliferating cells in colon masses. Our data demonstrate the modifying effects of high-fat diet and AhR deletion in IECs on tumor initiation and progression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Through the use of an intestinal-specific aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) knockout mouse model, this study demonstrates that the expression of AhR in intestinal epithelial cells is required to reduce the formation of premalignant colon cancer lesions. Furthermore, consumption of a high-fat diet and the loss of AhR in intestinal epithelial cells influences the development of colorectal cancer at various stages.
Gen-3 PRESiCE™ Technology for Manufacturing SiC Power Devices in a 6-inch Commercial Foundry

This paper describes a third-generation technology, named PRESiCE™, for manufacturing SiC power devices in a 6 inch commercial foundry. 1200 V JBS rectifiers and power MOSFETs have been fabricated using this process technology with excellent yield and parametric distributions. Three process qualification lots were run to demonstrate tight distributions in device parameters within each wafer, from wafer-to-wafer within a lot, and wafer-to-wafer from three lots. The performance of the JBS rectifiers, power MOSFETs, and JBSFETs manufactured using this process is competitive with commercially available products.
Fooled by Chance

In the play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern by Tom Stoppard, a streak of 76 consecutive heads occur in a coin tossing game. The loser remarks that “A weaker man might be moved to re-examine his faith, if in nothing else than in the laws of probability”. And, later, “the equanimity of your average tosser of coins depends on a tendency which ensures he will not upset himself by losing too much nor upset his opponent by winning too often.”
Effect of interfacial viscosities on droplet migration at low surfactant concentrations

In this paper, we theoretically investigate the migration of a surfactant covered droplet in a Poiseuille flow by including the surface viscosities of the droplet. We employ a regular perturbation expansion for low surface Peclet numbers and solve the problem up to a second-order approximation. We represent the drop surface as a two-dimensional homogeneous fluid using the Bousinessq–Scriven law and employ Lamb's general solution to represent the velocity fields inside and outside the droplet. We obtain an expression for the cross-stream migration velocity of the droplet, where the surface viscosities are captured by the Bousinessq numbers for surface shear and surface dilatation. We elucidate the influence of the surface viscosities on the migration characteristics of the droplet and the surfactant redistribution on the droplet surface. Our study sheds light on the importance of including the droplet surface viscosities to accurately predict the migration characteristics of the droplet.
Inference of thermodynamic state in the asthenosphere from anelastic properties, with applications to North American upper mantle

Abstract Inference of thermodynamic state and full-spectrum mechanical behavior of the lithosphere and asthenosphere is a central problem in geophysics, implicating our understanding of the convection patterns, transient responses and chemical composition of the planet. Anelasticity is responsible for significant relaxation of stress associated with seismic wave propagation in the asthenosphere, while irreversible transient creep may be important in the lithosphere. This paper focuses on the processes that may act at the time scales of seismic wave propagation, and current questions in the effort to determine the dependence of these effects on thermodynamic state. We introduce a free code library, the “Very Broadband Rheology calculator” (VBRc), designed to calculate frequency-dependent mechanical properties and easily compare different constitutive models favored by different laboratories. The methods operate only in the forward sense, starting with arrays of models of thermodynamic state, proceeding to arrays of mechanical properties. These calculations are incorporated into a Bayesian framework to infer variation in mantle thermodynamic state from Vs and Q, applied here to four locations in Western North America. The results demonstrate how well we can constrain the state, given the input models and the measurements. Results for sites in the Basin and Range, Colorado Plateau and interior craton east of the Rio Grande separate into distinct state variable ranges consistent with their tectonic environments.
Quantifying Delivered Dose with Jet and Mesh Nebulizers during Spontaneous Breathing, Noninvasive Ventilation, and Mechanical Ventilation in a Simulated Pediatric Lung Model with Exhaled Humidity

Acutely ill children may transition between spontaneous breathing (SB), noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and mechanical ventilation (MV), and commonly receive the same drug dosage with each type of ventilatory support and interface. This study aims to determine the aerosol deposition with jet (JN) and mesh nebulizers (MN) during SB, NIV, and MV using a pediatric lung model. Drug delivery with JN (Mistymax10) and MN (Aerogen Solo) was compared during SB, NIV, and MV using three different lung models set to simulate the same breathing parameters (Vt 250 mL, RR 20 bpm, I:E ratio 1:3). A heated humidifier was placed between the filter and test lung to simulate exhaled humidity (35 ± 2 °C, 100% RH) with all lung models. Albuterol sulfate (2.5 mg/3 mL) was delivered, and the drug deposited on an absolute filter was eluted and analyzed with spectrophotometry. Aerosol delivery with JN was not significantly different during MV, NIV, and SB (p = 0.075), while inhaled dose obtained with MN during MV was greater than NIV and SB (p = 0.001). The delivery efficiency of MN was up to 3-fold more than JN during MV (p = 0.008), NIV (p = 0.005), and SB (p = 0.009). Delivered dose with JN was similar during MV, NIV, and SB, although the delivery efficiency of MN differs with different modes of ventilation.
Abstract 16584: Abnormal Right Ventricular Strain by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Preclinical Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Introduction: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited cardiomyopathy characterized by regional wall motion abnormalities of the right ventricle (RV) that have not previously been quantified, resulting in challenges / errors in diagnosis of the disease. RV strain is poorly assessed with tagged cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) due to the thin RV wall. We applied novel feature tracking analysis to assess RV strain in patients with ARVC. Methods: 106 subjects (30 controls, 37 preclinical ARVC [mutation+], and 39 overt ARVC [mutation+, Task Force+] patients) underwent 4 chamber and axial cine imaging using SSFP sequences. The RV was divided into subtricuspid (ST), anterior wall (AW), and apical (Ap) regions. Each region was analyzed to determine peak longitudinal strain and strain-rate using Multimodality Tissue Tracking (MTT) software (MTT Version 6.0.4725, Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Results: Average age was 33.6 ± 16.1 years (48.2% women); there were no...
Structure in the Universe and Fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background

The very important work of Peebles (1981a and references therein) and his collaborators over the past decade tells us how luminous matter is distributed in the Universe now. On scales below ~ 1015 Mθ, it is clearly clumped. The question we are faced with is how it acquired the structure it now has. Quite a number of theoretical suggestions have been made, in terms of both the physics and the philosophy invoked, these differ widely. All authors agree, however, that the structure we now see evolved. It follows immediately that any observation of the state and distribution of matter at an earlier epoch would be of great value in answering questions about the origin and evolution of galaxies — and, of course, of larger systems.
Directional growth of pearlite in iron-carbon eutectoid alloys

Pearlite was transformed directionally by passing a zone of austenite through high purity Fe--C alloy bars of eutectoid composition. Using a small embedded thermocouple, the temperature gradient at both the austenitizing edge and the pearlite transformation edge of the austenitic zone was recorded. A sharp change in gradient occurred due to the change in thermal conductivity between the phases at each interface. The point of change in gradient enabled the temperature of both interfaces to be determined as a function of velocity. It was found that the undercooling of the pearlite transformation interface below the eutectoid temperature was quadratically dependent on the velocity of transformation. No superheating at the austenitizing interface was observed. Interlamellar spacing measurements of pearlite showed an inverse quadratic dependence of spacing on velocity. These two results are compared with theory. Volume diffusion of carbon through austenite adequately describes the kinetics of the decomposition of austenite to pearlite although extrapolated carbon diffusivities from high temperature austenite data are a factor of 2 to 4 too small. The interlamellar spacing of pearlite and the pearlite transformation interface temperature as a function of velocity are compared to other constant velocity transformation studies as well as isothermal investigations. Results ofmore » these comparisons indicate that pearlite forms via the same kinetics either isothermally or at constant velocity. The maximum rate at which pearlite can be forced to grow continuously under forced velocity conditions is shown to be approximately 100 ..mu..m/sec.« less
RACK1 and β-arrestin2 attenuate dimerization of PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterase PDE4D5

PDE4 family cAMP-selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases are important in the regulation of cAMP abundance in numerous systems, and thereby play an important role in the regulation of PKA and EPAC activity and the phosphorylation of CREB. We have used the yeast 2-hybrid system to demonstrate recently that long PDE4 isoforms form homodimers, consistent with data obtained recently by structural studies. The long PDE4 isoform PDE4D5 interacts selectively with β-arrestin2, implicated in the regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors and other cell signaling components, and also with the β-propeller protein RACK1. In the present study, we use 2-hybrid approaches to demonstrate that RACK1 and β-arrestin2 inhibit the dimerization of PDE4D5. We also show that serine-to-alanine mutations at PKA and ERK1/2 phosphorylation sites on PDE4D5 detectably ablate dimerization. Conversely, phospho-mimic serine-to-aspartate mutations at the MK2 and oxidative stress kinase sites ablate dimerization. Analysis of PDE4D5 that is locked into the dimeric configuration by the formation of a trans disulfide bond between Ser261 and Ser602 shows that RACK1 interacts strongly with both the monomeric and dimeric forms, but that β-arrestin2 interacts exclusively with the monomeric form. This is consistent with the concept that β-arrestin2 can preferentially recruit the monomeric, or "open," form of PDE4D5 to β2-adrenergic receptors, where it can regulate cAMP signaling.
Conductance and canonical paths for directed non-lazy walks

We show two Conductance-like theorems for mixing time of finite non-reversible non-lazy Markov Chains, i.e. when the Markov kernel is neither self-adjoint nor positive definite. The first holds for walks with small holding probability, while the second theorem holds even for walks with no holding probability. These are used to derive two canonical path theorems for such non-reversible non-lazy walks. As an application we show that a known bound for mixing time of walks on undirected Cayley graphs applies to all finite directed Cayley graphs.
Recognizing the intended message of line graphs

Information graphics (line graphs, bar charts, etc.) that appear in popular media, such as newspapers and magazines, generally have a message that they are intended to convey. We contend that this message captures the high-level knowledge conveyed by the graphic and can serve as a brief summary of the graphic's content. This paper presents a system for recognizing the intended message of a line graph. Our methodology relies on 1)segmenting the line graph into visually distinguishable trends which are used to suggest possible messages, and 2)extracting communicative signals from the graphic and using them as evidence in a Bayesian Network to identify the best hypothesis about the graphic's intended message. Our system has been implemented and its performance has been evaluated on a corpus of line graphs.
Equivalence of conditional and marginal regression models for clustered and longitudinal data

Certain statistical models specify a conditional mean function, given a random effect and covariates of interest. On the other hand, one may instead model a marginal mean only in terms of the covar...
How Highway Safety Regulations and Enforcement Activities Affect Subcategories of Motor Vehicle Fatalities

This paper uses seemingly unrelated regression analysis and annual Ohio data for 1975-2000 to estimate a model for six different types of motor vehicle fatalities: car occupants, light truck occupants, large truck occupants, motorcyclists, pedestrians, and pedalcyclists. It finds that while certain government highway safety regulations (e.g., speed limits) and enforcement activities (e.g., drunk driving arrests) have life-saving effects, not all groups are beneficiaries.
Assessing the Effectiveness and Public Health Impact of Rotavirus Vaccines after Introduction in Immunization Programs

Two new vaccines against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis that have high efficacy in middle- and high-income countries have recently been licensed in many countries worldwide. Clinical trials in low-income countries in Africa and Asia are ongoing. Experience gained through studies of natural rotavirus infection and the clinical trials for the current and previous rotavirus vaccines indicate that, as countries begin to introduce these newly approved vaccines into routine childhood immunization programs, monitoring their performance in real world settings should be a high priority. Key epidemiological considerations in the postlicensure period include (1) how the vaccine will perform against severe rotavirus disease under routine public health use; (2) how routine vaccination will impact the epidemiology of disease with regard to the burden of severe disease and death, age distribution of cases, seasonality, and serotype distribution; (3) whether vaccination will have a sufficient impact on transmission to reduce disease burden in unvaccinated age groups; and (4) whether vaccine will confer protection through the first 3 years of life, when most severe disease and mortality associated with rotavirus occur. Monitoring of impact with focus on these public health considerations will allow parents, health care providers, and decision makers to appreciate the health benefits of vaccination in reducing the burden of severe rotavirus disease. It will also allow assessment of the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines in programmatic use and the need for modifying vaccination schedules or vaccine formulations to enhance the performance of immunization. In this article, we review data for the protective efficacy of the 2 new rotavirus vaccines, with emphasis on issues particularly important for consideration as these vaccines are introduced in routine infant immunization programs.
Calibrating Urban Residential Models 2: Empirical Results:

In part 1 of this paper (Putman and Ducca, 1978) we described a method for calibrating urban residential models in the absence of trip-interchange data (that is, the ‘trip matrix’). In part 2 we describe the empirical results of applying this method to a number of different urban areas. The results obtained are quite consistent both with theoretical expectations and from one area to another.
Ferrihydrite reactivity toward carbon dioxide

Abstract The reaction of ferrihydrite with gaseous CO2 was investigated with attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. ATR-FTIR results show that CO2 reacts with ferrihydrite resulting in surface adsorbed carbonate species. The carbonate species experimentally observed in view of theoretical calculations are shown to be in large part monodentate binuclear complexes. These carbonate complexes exist as both inner-sphere and outer-sphere hydrogen-bonded complexes. Under “dry” conditions CO2 reacts with free OH sites on the ferrihydrite surface resulting in a metastable bent CO2 (bicarbonate-like) complex. Removal of the gaseous reactant leads to the loss of this metastable surface complex. The reaction of CO2 with hydrated ferrihydrite results in only carbonate formation (no bicarbonate). In this circumstance, experiments and theoretical calculations suggest that hydrogen bound water on surface OH sites prevents the formation of the metastable bicarbonate species. Ferrihydrite that was allowed to react with atmospheric levels of CO2 and water vapor resulted in the formation of surface carbonate coordinated as both inner and outer-sphere complexes.
Prototyping of microfluidic devices in poly(dimethylsiloxane) using solid-object printing.

A solid-object printer was used to produce masters for the fabrication of microfluidic devices in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The printer provides an alternative to photolithography for applications where features of >250 μm are needed. Solid-object printing is capable of delivering objects that have dimensions as large as 250 × 190 × 200 mm (x, y, z) with feature sizes that can range from 10 cm to 250 μm. The user designs a device in 3-D in a CAD program, and the CAD file is used by the printer to fabricate a master directly without the need for a mask. The printer can produce complex structures, including multilevel features, in one unattended printing. The masters are robust and inexpensive and can be fabricated rapidly. Once a master was obtained, a PDMS replica was fabricated by molding against it and used to fabricate a microfluidic device. The capabilities of this method are demonstrated by fabricating devices that contain multilevel and tall features, devices that cover a large area (∼150 cm2),...
A photofragment spectrometer for studying photodissociation of molecules adsorbed on surfaces: The 257‐nm photolysis of CD3I on MgO(100)

A photofragment spectrometer has been developed to investigate the dissociation dynamics of molecules adsorbed on surfaces. State selective measurements of the internal and translational energy of photofragments ejected from the surface are carried out via multiphoton ionization (MPI) with mass and angle resolved time‐of‐flight detection. CD3 radicals produced by the 257 nm photolysis of multilayer coverages of CD3I adsorbed on MgO(100) are formed primarily in v‘=0, similar to the distribution observed from photolysis of gas phase CD3I. The translational energy distribution of the CD3 fragment reflects the two dissociation pathways of methyl iodide, producing methyl in concert with both I*(2P1/2) and I(2P3/2). Investigations of the iodine fragment and a possible photolysis laser induced surface reaction are underway.
Tobacco control is losing ground in the Web 2.0 era: invited commentary.

Freeman's article1 on new media describes a number of vexing challenges and exciting opportunities for tobacco control. In the offline world, we have many solid ‘wins’ for tobacco control where we have strong evidence of what policies and programmes work and we have successfully put them into practice. These strategies include increasing tobacco excise taxes, passing smoke-free air laws, implementing countermarketing campaigns and offering tobacco cessation assistance.2–5 By contrast, with Internet 2.0,1 the field of tobacco control does not have a comprehensive list of effective policies and programmes to counteract the sale and promotion of tobacco products in the new media environment. We are distressed to see that with the progression of new technology, the gap between ‘pro-tobacco’ and tobacco control forces seems to be growing larger. This should be a wakeup call for a more concerted effort. For example, in the offline world, one of our greatest concerns is aggressive price discounting, which leads to cheaper cigarettes that undermine quit attempts and undercut the impact of price increases.6–8 A store might offer a carton …
Life Contentment and Mental Health Care Satisfaction

Objective: It is now well documented that satisfaction with mental health services is influenced by a variety of other factors (e.g., race, diagnosis, functioning level). Because of a generally brighter outlook, this study examined whether care satisfaction is also influenced by contentment in housing, social relations, or existence in general. Method: Data were collected from 264 individuals with schizophrenia who were discharged from psychiatric hospitals into community services (M = 37 years of age, SD = 9.41, 61% male). Results: Satisfaction with services was determined partially by satisfaction with housing and interpersonal relations even after accounting for the influence of age, gender, race, and level of functioning. The association was statistically significant in inpatient and outpatient care. Conclusion: Future satisfaction assessments in social work research and practice may need to account for contentment with other areas of life.
NMR resolution of a crystallographic controversy: nitrogen-14 single-crystal studies of silver, barium, and lead nitrates

{sup 14}N single-crystal nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the nitrates of lead, silver, and barium have shown that, in all three cases, the unit cell has a center of symmetry, thus resolving a controversial issue in the crystallographic literature. The quadrupolar coupling constants of the nitrates are relatively small and show a wide variation, attributed to near-cancellation of opposing contributions from the intramolecular and intermolecular parts of the electric field gradient tensor. The chemical shielding tensors are very similar to each other and to those of previously reported nitrates. No evidence for significant static or dynamical disorder is observed.
A model for integrated implementation of activity‐based costing and radio frequency identification technology in manufacturing

Activity‐based costing (ABC) systems require extensive data collection and often rely heavily on estimated input data because gathering the necessary information is too costly. With its remarkable capabilities, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology presents an excellent opportunity to improve the ABC cost driver data collection process, especially in manufacturing environments. Typical, individual implementation methods of these systems can involve risks and difficulties. In order to overcome these risks and difficulties to profit from the benefits by leveraging the efforts, this paper focuses on a new managerial strategy and presents an integrated implementation model for manufacturing companies. Along with detailed adoption processes, this study also identifies opportunities where RFID technology can provide ABC systems with extensive data collection and ABC systems can avoid budget overruns of RFID projects. This study shows that in addition to the benefits of integrated implementation steps...
Multidimensional ion microbeam analysis

Abstract The nuclear microprobe is an instrument used to determine the atomic composition of the near-surface region of materials. When a scanning microprobe utilizes a depth-sensitive ion-beam analysis technique such as RBS, three dimensional analyses can be performed. This paper reviews current nuclear microbeam applications with emphasis on results involving such multidimensional profiling.
The Radiosensitivity of the Bone-forming Process of Heterotopically-grafted Rat Bone-marrow

SummaryHaemopoietic tissue when grafted to a heterotopic site has bone-forming potential. The incidence of bone formation by subcutaneously-placed rat marrow was plotted as a function of the number of cells in the transplant. 48 × 106 nucleated marrow cells were then exposed in vitro to varying doses of x-radiation, transplanted subcutaneously, and the incidence of bone formation observed. By using the original curve, it was then possible to determine the fraction of cells surviving radiation. A dose–survival curve was constructed which was exponential, and from the linear part a D0 of 235 rads with an extrapolation number of 1·2 was calculated. The significance of the relative radioresistance of the bone-forming process when compared to the radiosensitivity of the haemopoietic function of bone-marrow was discussed.
Conjugated Bile Acid Hydrolase is a Tetrameric N-Terminal Thiol Hydrolase with Specific Recognition of its Cholyl But not of its Tauryl Product

Bacterial bile salt hydrolases catalyze the degradation of conjugated bile acids in the mammalian gut. The crystal structures of conjugated bile acid hydrolase (CBAH) from Clostridium perfringens a...
REPRODUCTION OF VISUAL AND AUDITORY RHYTHM PATTERNS BY CHILDREN

Developmental patterns in rhythm perception in two modalities were studied. 80 children, aged 5 to 13, were randomly assigned to either the visual or auditory task of reproducing four different rhythm patterns. Analysis was done for modality, age, and the interaction of age with modality. There were pronounced effects of modality on performance and of age on performance, with no interaction between age and modality. Results are compared with those from other studies concerned with time and rhythm perception and are discussed in terms of the developmental implications. The effect of variance within rhythm patterns and between components is also discussed.
Sexual Dimorphism in the Cranium of Infant and Juvenile Orangutans

The present study examines sexual dimorphism in the cranium of the immature orangutan. A series of 37 craniometric dimensions were measured on 56 immature crania. The total sample was divided into two subsamples: infants and juveniles. Univariate statistics and an analysis of variance were prepared for each subsample. Results indicate that the males and females in both subsamples are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) for two measures of skull length. Eight additional dimensions from the infant category also appear to differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05) between the sexes.
Understanding human variation in infectious disease susceptibility through clinical and cellular GWAS

Over the last ten years, advances in genotyping and high-throughput sequencing technologies have resulted in an explosion of genetic information. Whereas prior attempts at discovering human genetic differences affecting susceptibility to disease relied on genotyping one or a handful of candidate genetic variants, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have now become a common means of searching for susceptibility genes in an unbiased way. These studies have highlighted the relevance of particular pathways in pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune disease. Thus, GWAS of clinical phenotypes can alert host-pathogen researchers to unexpected links between their pathway of study and human disease. Complementary to this, cellular GWAS using pathogens as probes can reveal how genetic variation affects cellular processes important for disease pathogenesis.
Ultrasound of Ligaments and Bone

The development of high-frequency transducers allows excellent visualization of ligaments. Normal ligaments are hyperechoic and are 2 to 3 mm in width. Ligamentous tear may occur acutely or chronically. Tear is characterized by swelling of the ligament, discontinuity, redundancy, and retraction. Ultrasound evaluation of bone is rarely requested, but the radiologist should be aware of incidental findings in bone, particularly fracture. In the setting of biopsy and osteomyelitis, ultrasound can be very useful.
Dicinnamoylquinides in roasted coffee inhibit the human adenosine transporter.

Preliminary screening of a minor, non-xanthine constituent of roasted coffee, 3,4-diferuloyl-1,5-quinolactone (DIFEQ), showed inhibition of the adenosine transporter at low micromolar concentration. DIFEQ is a neutral derivative of the chlorogenic acids, i.e. isomeric mono- and di-substituted coumaroyl-, caffeoyl-, and feruloyl-esters of quinic acid, formed in the roasting process of coffee. Displacement of the adenosine transporter antagonist [(3)H](S)-(nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine binding by DIFEQ in cultured U-937 cell preparations, expressing the human adenosine transporter protein (hENT1), showed a K(i) of 0.96+/-0.13 microM. Extracts of regular and decaffeinated coffee showed binding activities equivalent to 30-40 mg DIFEQ per three cups of coffee. Acute administration of a high dose of DIFEQ (100 mg/kg i.p.) reduced open field locomotion in mice for 20 min in correlation with brain levels of DIFEQ. Both 3,4-dicaffeoyl-1,5-quinide and 3,4-dicoumaroyl-1,5-quinide, two close structural analogs of DIFEQ also present in roasted coffee, showed similar affinities for the adenosine transporter, while the corresponding 3- and 4-mono caffeoyl- and feruloyl-quinides were one to two orders of magnitudes less active. This suggests that 3,4-dicinnamoyl-1,5-quinides in coffee could have the potential to raise extra-cellular adenosine levels, thereby counteracting the stimulant effect of caffeine.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH) ON REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (rCBF) IN NEWBORN DOGS

THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH) ON REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (rCBF) IN NEWBORN DOGS
Assessing the Optimum Use of Androgen-Deprivation Therapy in High-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing External Beam Radiation Therapy

The optimum use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in high-risk prostate cancer patients has not been defined in the setting of dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy. A retrospective analysis of 1,290 patients with high-risk prostate cancer from June 1987 through March 2010 treated with external beam radiation therapy was performed. Median follow-up was 7.2 years, and 797 patients received ADT, with 384 patients experiencing a biochemical failure and 145 with distant metastasis. ADT was associated with lower risk of biochemical failure and distant metastasis than no ADT after adjusting for age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, year of diagnosis, tumor stage, and radiation dose. ADT was associated with a greater reduction in biochemical failure in the low-dose radiation group than in the high-dose group. Patients with >24 months of ADT had a lower risk of PSA failures than those with <24 months. ADT was associated with decreased risk of biochemical failure and distant metastasis ...
EFFECTS OF A LOW‐HEAD DAM AND WATER ABSTRACTION ON MIGRATORY TROPICAL STREAM BIOTA

Migration of large-bodied “macroconsumers” (e.g., fishes, shrimps, and snails) is an important functional linkage between many tropical rivers and their estuaries. Increasingly, this linkage is being severed by dams and water abstraction. The ecological impacts of these activities are poorly understood and are largely being ignored by dam operators. We investigated the direct effects of a water intake and low-head dam on the migration of amphidromous freshwater shrimps between the headwater streams and estuary of the Rio Espiritu Santo, Puerto Rico, USA. Both downstream migratory drift of larvae and upstream migration of postlarvae had strong diel patterns, with most activity occurring at night. Unlike large dams on the island, this low-head dam did not act as a complete barrier to the upstream migration of metamorphosed postlarvae. However, the dam did cause large numbers of postlarval shrimps to accumulate directly downstream of the structure. Mortality of drifting first-stage larvae by entrainment into...
The community ecology of Aedes egg hatching: implications for a mosquito invasion

. 1. A recently introduced treehole mosquito from Asia, Aedes albopictus, is spreading throughout eastern North America, especially in tyre-refuse piles. Previous studies have identified inhibitory effects of larvae on egg hatch as a potential population regulatory mechanism within Aedes. Larva-egg interactions may also occur between species. This experiment assesses the ability of larvae of A. albopictus and two possible competitors in North America, A.triseriatus and A.aegypti, to suppress hatching of conspecific and congeneric eggs. 2. We exposed eggs of each species to varying combinations of larval species and density for 24h and assessed subsequent hatch rates. Aedes albopictus eggs exhibited the lowest level of inhibition when exposed to high larval densities; moreover, at the lowest larval density they imposed the most intense interspecific hatch inhibition. 3. Discretionary hatching in response to larval density may influence community composition by promoting the spread of A.albopictus, perhaps even leading to its dominance within North American Aedes communities.
Provider perceptions of limited health literacy in community health centers

Objective To examine techniques used by community health center (HC) providers to care for patients with limited health literacy (LHL).
Dimensions of Adjustment in Adolescent Boys: Negro-White Comparisons.

Abstract Separate factor analyses were performed on the responses of a random sample of white and Negro adolescent boys to 40 closed-end questions dealing with adjustmental states. There was apparent overlap between the two factor structures. For both the Negro and white samples, the following factors were tentatively identified: global distress, aggressive impulses, physical distress, social isolation, optimism versus pessimism, test anxiety, general anxiety, and guilt reactions. While there was comparability between the two factor structures, the factors extracted for the Negro sample exhibited less coherency and organization.
Focusing research priorities in schools of nursing.

It is critical for schools of nursing to periodically reassess their scholarly programs to ensure that their conceptual framework and approaches address current challenges and enhance productivity. This article describes the process undertaken at Columbia University School of Nursing to evaluate scholarly enterprise so that it remains relevant and responsive to changing trends and to revise our research conceptual model to be reflective of the foci of our clinicians and researchers. As part of a larger strategic initiative, a two-phase Research Excellence Planning and Implementation Workgroup was convened, consisting of a broad representation of faculty and administrative staff, with an overall goal of expanding scholarly capacity. During Phase I, members developed measurable outcomes and tactics and revised the school's conceptual research model. In Phase II, the workgroup implemented and monitored tactics and presented final recommendations to the dean. To measure progress, faculty members completed a survey to establish baseline scholarship and collaboration with results indicating room for growth in interdisciplinary and inter-institutional collaboration. Ongoing assessment of outcomes includes Web-based tracking of scholarly activities and follow-up surveys to monitor expansion of faculty collaboration. We recommend this process to other schools committed to sustainable, increasingly relevant scholarship.
Significance tests of engineering data

Probability functions are essential aids in the evaluation of data. Using them, the significance of differences between standard and observed values can be determined. Furthermore, they provide a means of checking agreement between practice and theory. Thirdly, the function known as variance will tell the engineer what factors are contributing to deviations in items that do not conform very exactly to their design.
Angle-resolved photoemission investigation of the electronic structure of Be: Surface states.

We have performed an angle-resolved photoemission investigation, using synchrotron radiation, of the surface electronic structure of Be(0001). At normal emission we observe a surface state in the I 3 -I 4. band gap with a binding energy of 2.8+0.1 eV. Away from I it disperses parabolically towards EF with an effective mass of m*/m — 1.5. For %co &40 eV, the energy dependence of the photoexcitation cross section for this state shows rapid variations caused by changes in the local electromagnetic field at the surface. For Ace &40 eV, it shows only weak structure. This highenergy behavior is quite different from the large resonances observed for surface states on other metals and is associated with the short penetration depth of the Be surface state. The dispersion of this state is measured along I ~M and I ~E in the two-dimensional surface Brillouin zone. For a small range of k~~ around M, there is evidence for ttvo surface states in the M2 -M4 gap with binding energies of 1.8+0.1 eV and 3.0+0.1 eV.
The Geographic Imperative

Abstract With the publication of Geography for Life: National Geography Standards 1994 in October 1994, geography has taken a big stride forward in demonstrating to teachers the breadth and significance of its discipline. This talk focuses on three aspects of geographic reality in the lives of teachers and students, under the title of “The Geographic Imperative.” Consideration of the Imperative and three axioms is intended to support the fullness and classroom utility of the Geography Standards.
Conversion and Performance Analysis of a Small Utility Vehicle Operating on Hydrogen Fuel

Hydrogen as a combustible fuel offers great promise as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Test platforms are an important step toward the commercialization of any renewable fuel, as they can highlight more efficient means of implementing new and enhancing existing technologies. One such platform involves the conversion of gasoline fueled engines to operate on gaseous hydrogen. Traditional means for converting an engine to operate on hydrogen consists of port injection with slight modification to the spark timing. Due to stringent emissions standards, control over the production of NOx typically received precedence over volumetric efficiency and ultimately power output. This has been typically accomplished using very lean burn regimens. Through the advancement of computer control for injection systems, significant improvements have been made in the fuel delivery system resulting in better fuel mileage, emissions, and power output while using near-stoichiometric conditions. Highlighted in this paper is the conversion of a single cylinder, 2-seater utility vehicle with special emphasis on the direct injection system and performance results. The latter include operations on three fuels: gasoline, natural gas, and hydrogen. Generally the hydrogen-related components were able to be installed in the areas within the vehicle used for the original gasoline system. Experiences in designing a direct-injection system as well as the application of a computer-control system are described. Also contained are emissions comparisons to similar conversions as well as that of the pre-modified engine operating on gasoline.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Ecology of small neritic fishes in the western Gulf of Alaska. I. Geographic distribution in relation to prey density and the physical environment

Physical heterogeneity affects the geographic structure of coastal ocean ecosystems by influencing the spatial distribution of zooplankton and their nektonic predators. This was examined in the western Gulf of Alaska (GOA) during late summer (2000, 2001, and 2003) when seasonal increases in the Alaska Coastal Current flow and additions of Age-0 fishes to the nektonic commu- nity of small neritic fishes coincided with declining zooplankton abundance. The 48-site sampling grid was divided into 5 meso-scale areas based on physical condition (temperature, salinity, net cur- rent velocity). Larval crabs and fishes, and krill were the only zooplankton taxa for which the popu- lation density consistently differed by area regardless of diel period (day, night) or year. Larval crabs and fishes concentrated near shore in warm, low-salinity water. Krill concentrated in high-flow areas, which, over the shelf, were associated with sea valleys. Dominant fishes were walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma, capelin Mallotus villosus, and eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus. Few fish occurred beyond the shelf in the cold, swift-flowing Alaskan Stream boundary current. Over the shelf, Age-1+ walleye pollock and eulachon aggregated with krill in high-flow areas. Smaller fishes (Age-0 walleye pollock and capelin) were more variably distributed, and were not well associated with taxon-specific zooplankton densities. Thus, relatively high flow in proximity to sea valleys was associated with concentrations of krill and fishes that presumably were able to efficiently forage on krill in high-flow areas. The year-to-year consistency in patterns is a noteworthy indication that geo- graphic structure in the coastal GOA ecosystem may resist climate forcing.
Drinkers and Bettors: Investigating the Complementarity of Alcohol Consumption and Problem Gambling

Regulated gambling is a multi-billion dollar industry in the United States with greater than 100% increases in revenue over the past decade. Along with this rise in gambling popularity and gaming options comes an increased risk of addiction and the associated social costs. This paper focuses on the effect of alcohol use on gambling-related problems. Variables correlated with both alcohol use and gambling may be difficult to observe, and the inability to include these items in empirical models may bias coefficient estimates. After addressing the endogeneity of alcohol use when appropriate, we find strong evidence that problematic gambling and alcohol consumption are complementary activities.
Issues in Early Childhood Education: Implications and Directions for Higher Education

Young children are our most valuable resource, and influencing early development is a critically important activity. It is so critical that Goal One of the National Education Goals is that, by the year 2000, all children will start school ready to learn. This goal is designed to ensure access to high quality and developmentally appropriate preschool programs for all children. In addition, this goal intimates the importance of child development within the context of the family, recognizing that parents will be their child's first teacher and as such should having access to needed training and support. Finally, this first goal emphasizes the health needs of both children and parents. Recognition of the needs of young children at risk is not new. Meeting the needs of children in poverty and their families has been the commitment of Head Start for almost 30 years. The program design provides comprehensive services including child care, education, health care, and social services for young children and their families. More recently, the 1986 passage of Public Law 99-457 Amendment to the Education of the Handicapped Act (reauthorized as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) (IDEA) extended early intervention services to young children from birth through 5 years and their families. Part H authorizes states to address the needs of infants and toddlers with disabilities and