cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heidegger on Logic

Why should one write on Heidegger’s understanding of logic? After all, Heidegger was not a logician, nor did he do philosophy of logic. Indeed, there is no justification for expecting of any great philosopher whatsoever that he should have views, and reasonably plausible views, about the nature of logic or on specific themes belonging to the domain of logic. A moral philosopher may totally bypass any concern with logic, without detriment to his thinking. As an existentialist philosopher, Heidegger could have done that, and much of his Dasein-analytic would yet have retained its value. But Heidegger was also an ontologist, and was deeply concerned, all his philosophical career, with metaphysics and with the various questions about the nature of thought and being. These concerns, to say the least, bring him to the proximity of logic as it had been understood in the tradition going back to Aristotle. And, as a matter of fact, Heidegger’s own access to the problems of ontology and metaphysics has been determined by his reflections on logic. Two claims may therefore be advanced. First, it is not unreasonable, and what is more important, not unfair to Heidegger, to enquire into his understanding of logic. Secondly, his reflections on logic may help us to gain a better understanding of his overall philosophical interests than would be possible otherwise. Even if he was not a logician he was concerned with the nature of logic, and with some central problems belonging to the domain of logic. This concern begins with his doctoral work on the problem of psychologism in the theory of judgment,1 continues in the habilitation work on the semantic categories in Duns Scotus2, and reaches its maturity in the Marburg lectures of 1925–28.3
Space radiation effects on erbium-doped fibers

The effect of (gamma) and proton radiation on the optical attenuations at 980, 1300, and 1550 nm has been measured in two Lucent Technologies erbium-doped fibers (EDFs) designed for use in amplifiers pumped at 980 nm. Growth of the induced loss at the 3 wavelengths followed a power law of dose with an exponent of approximately 0.8 independent of fiber, radiation type or dose rate. The incremental attenuation was found to have only a weak dependence on dose rate. The recovery could be described by the sum of 3 exponential decay terms, but simple color center models overestimated the effect of dose rate.
Individual Genomes Instead of Race for Personalized Medicine

The cost of sequencing and genotyping is aggressively decreasing, enabling pervasive personalized genomic screening for drug reactions. Drug-metabolizing genes have been characterized sufficiently to enable practitioners to go beyond simplistic ethnic characterization and into the precisely targeted world of personal genomics. We examine six drug-metabolizing genes in J. Craig Venter and James Watson, two Caucasian men whose genomes were recently sequenced. Their genetic differences underscore the importance of personalized genomics over a race-based approach to medicine. To attain truly personalized medicine, the scientific community must aim to elucidate the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to drug reactions and not be satisfied with a simple race-based approach. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2008); 84, 3, 306–309 doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.114
Clerking for Justice Souter

Adam Gopnik once observed that “Paris is a struggle between its pompous official culture and its matchless … commonplace civilization.” The aphorism applies even more clearly to the Supreme Court. It is an institution cloaked in formality, from the ceremonies of First Monday to the grand generalities it invokes in its ruling. It is also an institution that takes itself extremely seriously, with its strongest opinions penned when it thinks another institution—Congress in passing Commerce Clause legislation or the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, the Florida supreme court during Bush v. Gore—is treading on the Court's privileges. The Court's pompous officious culture contributes to the studied cynicism lawyers exhibit whenever they talk about judges.
Understanding the contributions of normal-fatigue and static loading to the dwell fatigue in a near-alpha titanium alloy

This article presents the results of a recent study of the response of an α/β-forged Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alloy during static, normal-fatigue, and dwell-fatigue loading. The plastic-strain accumulation under different loading conditions is reported. The failure modes and associated fractographic features under static, normal-fatigue, and dwell-fatigue loading conditions are also discussed. These results are used to obtain a better understanding of the relative contributions of the cyclic and creep processes to the overall damage under dwell-fatigue conditions.
Workplace giving: A case study of the Combined Federal Campaign

The Combined Federal Campaign gives federal workers an opportunity to contribute to local charities by payroll deduction. This article provides an overview of the size and scope of this program.
Decision-making about the use of hormone therapy among perimenopausal women.

Objectives. Women reaching menopause must make a controversial decision about whether to use hormone therapy (HT). The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was the organizing framework. The objectives were to determine if (1) influence of different TPB constructs varied with stage of menopause and HT use, (2) women with diabetes were influenced in significantly different ways from women without, (3) the overall perceived behavioural control (PBC) and self-efficacy (SE) have independent effects on intention, and (4) physician influence was mediated by subjective norm (SN). Design. Cross-sectional survey of women from a managed care organization. Methods. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse 765 responses (230 from women with diabetes) and separately four main subgroups: (1) early menopause stage and never used HT, (2) late menopause stage and never used HT, (3) late menopause stage and previously used HT, and (4) late menopause stage currently using HT. Results. For the entire sample, the model explains 68% of variance in intention, where SE, physicians' influence, self-identification with menopause as a natural part of ageing, self-identification as someone who wants to delay menopause, HT status, menopause status, and diabetes were added to the TPB. For the entire sample, SE added 2% to the explained variance and the physician determinant added 7%. Conclusions. An augmented TPB is useful for understanding women's HT use decisions. The theory explains more variance in intention before a behaviour is enacted than after, and decision structure changes over time. PBC and SE have independent effects on intention.
Inverse Kinematic Solution for Universal-Jointed Hyper-Redundant Robots

A new and efficient kinematic position and velocity solution scheme for spatial hyper-redundant manipulators is presented. The manipulator’s arm has discrete links and universal joints. Backbone curve concepts and a modal approach are used to resolve the manipulator’s redundancy. The effects of the mode shapes and the slope of backbone curve at the starting point on the workspace are studied. It is shown that the usage of conventional mode shapes limits the workspace of the hyper-redundant arm. By introducing new mode shapes, an improved workspace is obtained. A simple and efficient recursive fitting method is introduced to avoid complications involved with solving systems of nonlinear algebraic equations. This method also guarantees the existence of solutions for the inverse kinematic problem at the velocity level. Velocity properties of the backbone curve are investigated and the inverse velocity propagation is solved for the spatial hyper-redundant arm. The velocity propagation scheme is recursive and is efficiently applicable to any number of links.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Cancer and Noncancer Mortality Among American Seafood Workers

Background: Few studies have investigated mortality in seafood workers worldwide, and no such study has been conducted in the United States. The objective of this study was to investigate mortality in American seafood workers.Methods: The study population was derived from 4 states and consisted of 4116 subjects who worked mainly in seafood processing plants. They were followed up from 1966 to 2003. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) were estimated, using the US general population for comparison.Results: About 45% of the cohort was born after 1949. A total of 788 deaths were recorded; 53% of the decedents were female, and 88% were white. The SMRs for stomach cancer and disorders of the thyroid gland in the cohort as a whole were 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–3.8) and 6.1 (95% CI 1.3–18.0), respectively. The SMRs for breast cancer, and occlusion/stenosis of the pre-cerebral/cerebral arteries in the cohort as a whole were 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3–0.9) and 0.5 (95% CI, 0.2–0.8), respectively. The SMR for ischemic heart disease in white females was 0.8 (95% CI, 0.6–0.9).Conclusions: This cohort had excess deaths from stomach cancer and disorders of the thyroid gland, and deficit of deaths from breast cancer, stroke and ischemic heart disease. The significance of these findings is unknown, especially as less than 20% of the cohort were deceased. Nevertheless, the cohort is unique and important, and further follow-up may shed more light on mortality patterns in this occupational group.
Predicting Midsagittal Pharynx Shape From Tongue Position During Vowel Production

The shape of the pharynx has a large effect on the acoustics of vowels, but direct measurement of this part of the vocal tract is difficult. The present study examines the efficacy of inferring mid...
Fragmentation of a novel marine peptide, plicatamide, involves an unusual gas-phase intramolecular rearrangement

During our characterization of plicatamide 1, a modified octapeptide: Phe-Phe-His-Leu-His-Phe-His-dcΔDOPA (where dcADOPA = decarboxy-(E)-α,β-dehydro-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) from the blood cells of the ascidian Styela plicata, we noted a series of fragment ions from the [M + H]+ ion which could not be assigned. There was no evidence in the 1H NMR spectrum to support an alternative molecular structure and the series of fragment ions were not present in the tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the [M + Na]+ ion. In addition, there was no evidence that the sample was a mixture of isobaric compounds. We propose that an unusual C-terminal to N-terminal rearrangement is responsible for the series of fragment ions from the [M + H]+ ion. This rearrangement was not observed in peptide analogs of plicatamide which did not contain the dcΔDOPA at the C-terminus suggesting that this moiety is critical for the rearrangement. The proposed reaction is analogous to that recently reported by Vachet et al. involving a fragment ion formed from leucine enkephalin.
Load and Pi Control Flux through the Branched Kinetic Cycle of Myosin V

Myosin V is a processive actin-based motor protein that takes multiple 36-nm steps to deliver intracellular cargo to its destination. In the laser trap, applied load slows myosin V heavy meromyosin stepping and increases the probability of backsteps. In the presence of 40 mm phosphate (Pi), both forward and backward steps become less load-dependent. From these data, we infer that Pi release commits myosin V to undergo a highly load-dependent transition from a state in which ADP is bound to both heads and its lead head trapped in a pre-powerstroke conformation. Increasing the residence time in this state by applying load increases the probability of backstepping or detachment. The kinetics of detachment indicate that myosin V can detach from actin at two distinct points in the cycle, one of which is turned off by the presence of Pi. We propose a branched kinetic model to explain these data. Our model includes Pi release prior to the most load-dependent step in the cycle, implying that Pi release and load both act as checkpoints that control the flux through two parallel pathways.
Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy of Cr2H and Cr2D

Abstract We report the 488 nm photoelectron spectra of the mass-selected Cr2H− and Cr2D− anions. The electron affinity of Cr2H is 1.474 ± 0.005 eV. Frequencies are reported for all three vibrational modes in both the neutral molecules and the anions, and their structures and bonding properties are discussed.
Enhanced Pool Boiling Using Carbon Nanotube Arrays on a Silicon Surface

Progress in integrated circuit technology has caused device density and power dissipation to increase, resulting in significant cooling challenges. Pool boiling is an attractive cooling option because of its unique combination of passive fluid circulation and high heat flux capability. Having no mechanical pumps, pool boiling hardware is less complex, easier to seal, and free of pump-induced fluid pulsations that are present with many alternative approaches. One of the main obstacles for improvements in pool boiling technology is the limiting factor of critical heat flux (CHF), which limits cooling capacity. The present experimental work considers the introduction of carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays on the chip surface to delay CHF and to enhance boiling heat transfer. Pool boiling curves for a smooth silicon surface and a silicon surface coated with CNTs were obtained. Tests were conducted in which power was input in 1 W increments to the respective silicon surfaces immersed in FC-72 fluid. These experiments reveal significant boiling enhancement. Testing reveals a measured CHF of approximately 15 W/cm2 for a CNT-coated silicon wafer and a CHF of approximately 10 W/cm2 for bare silicon wafers. Further, superheat at fully developed boiling is reduced on CNT-coated surfaces by up to 60%, and effective heat transfer coefficients are enhanced by approximately 400% by the presence of CNTs.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Global analysis reveals families of chemical motifs enriched for HERG inhibitors.

Promiscuous inhibition of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel by drugs poses a major risk for life threatening arrhythmia and costly drug withdrawals. Current knowledge of this phenomenon is derived from a limited number of known drugs and tool compounds. However, in a diverse, naive chemical library, it remains unclear which and to what degree chemical motifs or scaffolds might be enriched for hERG inhibition. Here we report electrophysiology measurements of hERG inhibition and computational analyses of >300,000 diverse small molecules. We identify chemical ‘communities’ with high hERG liability, containing both canonical scaffolds and structurally distinctive molecules. These data enable the development of more effective classifiers to computationally assess hERG risk. The resultant predictive models now accurately classify naive compound libraries for tendency of hERG inhibition. Together these results provide a more complete reference map of characteristic chemical motifs for hERG liability and advance a systematic approach to rank chemical collections for cardiotoxicity risk.
c‐erbB‐2 and p53 expression in fallopian tube carcinoma

Background. Carcinoma of the fallopian tube is a rare gynecologic malignancy. Its histologic appearance and patterns of spread are similar to those of epithelial ovarian cancer. Alterations in the gene products of c-erbB-2 (HER-2/neu) and p53 are found commonly in ovarian tumors and may have prognostic relevance. The authors sought to determine whether tubal cancers are biologically similar to ovarian cancer with respect to the expression of these two molecular markers. Methods. A cohort of 43 patients with fallopian tube cancer was studied. Immunohistochemical staining for c-erbB-2 and p53 was performed on pretreatment tissue blocks. Clinical information was available for all patients, with a median follow-up of 9 years. Clinicopathologic correlations were made. Results. Nine patients had Stage I disease, 11 had Stage II disease, 18 had Stage III disease, and 5 had Stage IV disease, with a median survival was 65 months. c-erbB-2 overexpression was found in 11 cases (25.6%), and p53 positivity was noted in 26 cases (60.5%). Log rank survival curves showed no association between staining for c-erbB-2 or p53 expression and clinical outcome. A multivariate analysis identified patient age older than 65 years (P = 0.05) and Stage III or IV disease (P = 0.0065) as the only variables that predicted poor outcome. Conclusions. Fallopian tube cancers are similar to ovarian cancer with respect to the proportion of tumors with abnormal expression of c-erbB-2 and p53. The authors could not demonstrate that these two molecular markers had prognostic relevance in this disease, but the size of their cohort was limited. However, the potential prognostic relevance of c-erbB-2 and p53 expression in tubal cancers should be pursued in a larger cohort.
Simulating land-use decisions in the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve buffer zone in Costa Rica and Panama.

Human demand for agricultural products leads to land degradation, deforestation, habitat destruction, and loss of biodiversity. Effective management of land for both agricultural and conservation purposes remains central to sustainable development efforts. We describe development of a preliminary model that integrates ecological, economic, and social factors affecting land-use decisions in the buffer zone of the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve in Costa Rica and Panama. The model simulates potential shifts in the distribution of land among six alternative uses and the resulting impacts on the finances of rural families living within the buffer zone over the next decade. The output of interest is changes in land use as measured by the number of hectares in each of the six land-use classes. In baseline simulations, farmers tended to convert land, particularly forested hectares, into agricultural land uses. Sensitivity analysis showed that model results appeared more sensitive to economic and social factors than they did to ecological factors. Given the relatively short 10-year simulations, changes in topsoil-loss rates had no effect on final land-use distributions. Of four management strategies simulated, decreasing production costs by 25% yielded the largest final amount of cash on hand after 10 years. Generally, increasing tourism profit by 50% yielded the next-highest financial benefits, followed by increasing conservation subsidy by 50% and decreasing annual interest rate by 50%. We consider the primary contribution of the present model to be examination, at the individual farm level, of the relative influence of ecological, economic, and social factors on land-use decisions and distribution. Ideally, such studies will have the potential to influence management interventions that enable buffer zone farmers to achieve financial security and, as a by-product, balance land-use distribution in buffer-zone agroecosystems, which may help to maintain biodiversity.
Economic and Life-Cycle Analysis of Forest Carbon Sequestration and Wood-Based Bioenergy Offsets in the Central Hardwood Forest Region of United States

This study investigates the combined impact of carbon and bioenergy markets on upland oak dominated mixed hardwood forests in the Central Hardwood Forest Region (CHFR) of the United States. A modification of the Hartman model was used for the economic analysis of carbon sequestration and using wood-based biomass for bioenergy. A life-cycle assessment was used to determine the amount of carbon sequestered due to stand growth and emitted during harvesting and decay of wood products. Two scenarios were taken, one where additionality of carbon is considered and the other where it is not. Sensitivity analysis was done with the range of carbon and bioenergy prices. The results show that net carbon payments have more impact on land expectation value (LEV) when additionality is not considered; in contrast, bioenergy payments have more impact on LEV when additionality is considered. Carbon and bioenergy prices also influenced the amount of stand level supply of forest products and carbon in both scenarios. In gene...
Biogenic structure and foraging by five species of shorebirds (Charadrii)

Abstract Observations were made of the location and duration of foraging by five species of shorebirds in relation to the tubes of Diopatra cuprea (Polychaeta). Infaunal abundances in sites with D. cuprea tubes exceeded those in surrounding tubefree areas (120 individuals vs 29 individuals per 0·01 m 2 , respectively). Of 112 shorebird foraging episodes observed only 4 were in the vicinity of D. cuprea tubes. Despite a greater abundance of prey items around worm tubes, shorebirds avoided feeding in such areas. D. cuprea tubes appear to provide an effective refuge for macrofauna from shorebird predation.
Dopant compensation mechanism and leakage current in Pb(Zr0.52, Ti0.48)O3 thin films

Abstract The dopant compensation mechanism in 2–5 mol.% niobium (Nb)-doped Pb(Zr 0.52 ,Ti 0.48 )O 3 (PZT) thin films was studied to obtain single phase compositions. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the Nb-doped composition batched according to the Ti vacancy model, was single phase. This indicated that niobium donors were compensated by titanium vacancies at the B site. The beneficial effect of donors in single phase composition and detrimental effects of grain boundary second phases and acceptors on the leakage currents are reported. The single-phase Nb-doped (5%) PZT thin film exhibited a low leakage current of 1 × 10 −7 A cm −2 at 1.2 MV cm −1 .
Are small greening areas enhancing bird diversity? Insights from community-driven greening projects in Boston

Abstract Green space is an important component of the urban landscape, providing ecosystem services for city dwellers and supporting biodiversity. In many cities, green space is concentrated in large areas, while the rest is dispersed in small patches like pocket parks, gardens or street trees. Such small-scale green space is often the target of greening initiatives but little is known about their value for supporting and conserving biodiversity. To assess the value of such initiatives for biodiversity, we used birds as an indicator. We examined bird communities at small greening projects ( n = 12), nearby randomly chosen urban sites ( n = 12), and large parks ( n = 6) in Boston, MA, in relationship to underlying landscape patterns. Our results show that large parks harbor a distinct and rich bird community. The other sites, regardless of the presence of greening projects, were very similar to each other. However, most sites with greening projects had higher species richness than the random urban site in their vicinity. The main factor associated with this appears to be the patch size of green space and to a lesser extent, tree cavities. Even small increases of a few hundred square meters were associated with an increase in bird richness. Having more trees with cavities was also beneficial for species richness. Small greening projects appear to be most valuable for urban biodiversity if they target preserving, increasing and connecting existing green space. This may represent a tradeoff with environmental justice criteria for new green space.
LIGHT-INDUCED CHARGE SEPARATION ACROSS BIO-INORGANIC INTERFACE

Rational design of hybrid biomolecule — nanoparticulate semiconductor conjugates enables coupling of functionality of biomolecules with the capability of semiconductors for solar energy capture, that can have potential application in energy conversion, sensing and catalysis. The particular challenge is to obtain efficient charge separation analogous to the natural photosynthesis process. The synthesis of axially anisotropic TiO2 nano-objects such as tubes, rods and bricks, as well as spherical and faceted nanoparticles has been developed in our laboratory. Depending on their size and shape, these nanostructures exhibit different domains of crystallinity, surface areas and aspect ratios. Moreover, in order to accommodate for high curvature in nanoscale regime, the surfaces of TiO2 nano-objects reconstructs resulting in changes in the coordination of surface Ti atoms from octahedral (D2d) to square pyramidal structures (C4v). The formation of these coordinatively unsaturated Ti atoms, thus depends strongly on the size and shape of nanocrystallites and affects trapping and reactivity of photogenerated charges. We have exploited these coordinatively unsaturated Ti atoms to coupe electron-donating (such as dopamine) and electron-accepting (pyrroloquinoline quinone) conductive linkers that allow wiring of biomolecules and proteins resulting in enhanced charge separation which increases the yield of ensuing chemical transformations.
Using Pinochle to motivate the restricted combinations with repetitions problem

A standard example used in introductory combinatoric courses is to count the number of five-card poker hands possible from a straight deck of 52 distinct cards. A more interesting problem is to count the number of distinct hands possible from a Pinochle deck in which there are multiple, but obviously limited, copies of each type of card (two copies for single-deck, four for double deck). This problem is more interesting because our only concern is to count the number of distinguishable hands that can be dealt. In this note, under various scenarios, we will discuss two combinatoric techniques for counting these hands; namely, the inclusion–exclusion principle and generating functions. We will then show that these Pinochle examples motivate a general counting formula for what are called ‘regular’ combinations by Riordan. Finally, we prove the correctness of this formula using generating functions.
A student-inclusive pharmacotherapeutics textbook selection process

Abstract Objectives We set out to (1) develop a learner-centered approach to pharmacotherapeutics textbook evaluation and selection and (2) describe potential differences among students and instructors in their textbook selection preferences. Design Pharmacy practice faculty created the Textbook Evaluation and Selection Tool (TEST) to evaluate pharmacotherapeutics textbooks. Evaluator subgroups were PharmD students (third-year, fourth-year, and teaching assistants) and instructors (residents and clinical faculty). Although each evaluator used the same therapeutic topic for all four textbooks, the range of evaluators reviewed a variety of disease state topics. The Many-Facet Rasch Model (MFRM) was used to transform evaluation responses into measures of textbook preference. Results Thirty-two participants completed 241 TEST evaluations. Regarding construct validity, the TEST rating scale functioned well, while textbooks and items clearly fit the unidimensional model. The TEST separation was 4.91, with a measurement error of 0.07 for the textbooks. The TEST reliability was 0.96. Textbook preferences varied among subgroups of students and instructors. Because the number of participants/evaluations varied among subgroups, a consensus was achieved by summating subgroup preference measures from the MFRM. Conclusion This study fostered textbook evaluation and included student, resident, and faculty input. Using the TEST measure, differences were observed among evaluator subgroups. This inclusive decision-making design provided feedback in our pharmacotherapeutics textbook selection process.
The Prediction of Economic Absorption and Cultural Integration among Mexican-Americans, Negroes, and Anglos in a Northern Industrial Community

This is a report on a three-year study of immigrant labor in Racine, Wisconsin. The study has proceeded on the assumption that variations in economic absorption and cultural integration may be explained by: 1) antecedent experiences of a handicapping nature; 2) attitudes and values acquired previous to arrival in the community; and 3) present patterns of association, as well as by the attitudes and behaviors of people in the host community. The basic proposition is that measurable antecedent handicaps or indicators of these handicaps will explain a significant amount of the differences in absorption and integration within racial and ethnic groups as well as differences between racial and ethnic groups. This does not mean that discriminatory or other significant influences will be cast aside but rather that they account for only a part of the differences between groups.
A 13C spin-lattice relaxation study of dipeptides containing glycine and proline: mobility of the cyclic proline side chain.

Molecular dynamics of the cyclic dipeptides cyclo(Gly-L-Pro), cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Pro), and cyclo(L-Pro-D-Pro) and the linear dipeptides L-Pro-Gly and cis and trans Gly-L-Pro were studied in neutral aqueous solution by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Spinlattice relaxation times (T1) were determined for each individual carbon atom. The correlation times, τ, were derived from a semiquantitative analysis of the T1 data. The correlation times of the proline ring carbons, β, γ, and δ suggest that the cyclic dipeptides have more restriction of conformational freedom in the proline ring than the linear dipeptides. This effect is most pronounced on the γ carbon.
Visual event-related potentials and depression in the elderly

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a visual discrimination task from nine elderly individuals (mean=68.1 years), diagnosed as having major depressive disorder, and nine age-matched controls (mean=68.0 years). During the task, subjects pressed a switch to targets (the number 9) and ignored background (the number 6) and novel stimuli (random designs). Novel and target stimuli were both interspersed infrequently in the sequence of background stimuli. Scalp electrical activity was recorded from midline frontal (Fz), central (Cz), and parietal (Pz) sites. Depressives were characterized by lengthened response times and increased number of errors across the session. Speed of response was also found to vary directly with clinical status. Additionally, ERP correlates of depression in the elderly were found: N1 was more prolonged for target than non-target stimuli in the depressed group; P2 was larger for all conditions; N2 was uniformly small across the scalp, whereas the controls showed small N2 amplitudes only at Fz; large P3s appeared in trials following the novel stimuli in the depressed but not in the control group. These results are interpreted in terms of the symptomatology associated with depression (i.e., distractability, impaired short-term memory or concentration, indecisiveness) and possible age-related changes in the ERP scalp distribution.
Automated network analysis identifies core pathways in glioblastoma.

Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of brain tumor in humans and the first cancer with comprehensive genomic profiles mapped by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. A central challenge in large-scale genome projects, such as the TCGA GBM project, is the ability to distinguish cancer-causing “driver” mutations from passively selected “passenger” mutations. Principal Findings In contrast to a purely frequency based approach to identifying driver mutations in cancer, we propose an automated network-based approach for identifying candidate oncogenic processes and driver genes. The approach is based on the hypothesis that cellular networks contain functional modules, and that tumors target specific modules critical to their growth. Key elements in the approach include combined analysis of sequence mutations and DNA copy number alterations; use of a unified molecular interaction network consisting of both protein-protein interactions and signaling pathways; and identification and statistical assessment of network modules, i.e. cohesive groups of genes of interest with a higher density of interactions within groups than between groups. Conclusions We confirm and extend the observation that GBM alterations tend to occur within specific functional modules, in spite of considerable patient-to-patient variation, and that two of the largest modules involve signaling via p53, Rb, PI3K and receptor protein kinases. We also identify new candidate drivers in GBM, including AGAP2/CENTG1, a putative oncogene and an activator of the PI3K pathway; and, three additional significantly altered modules, including one involved in microtubule organization. To facilitate the application of our network-based approach to additional cancer types, we make the method freely available as part of a software tool called NetBox.
Treating Breast Cancer: The Age Old Dilemma of Old Age

are the implications of such bias and potential undertreatment of older women? One immediate consequence of omission of radiation may be the potential for older women to develop recurrences later in life when they may be less able to withstand intervention. This concern may be ameliorated by use of hormonal therapy among the women who are estrogen receptor positive and have small tumors because results of a recent clinical trial and a large observational study suggest that radiation may be omitted in this group. 7,8
The Use of Work Samples in the Vocational Evaluation Process

The nature of work samples and the ration for their use in philosophical guidelines related to the characteristics of work samples are presented .By attending these guidelings the reader should acq...
Epicenter estimation using erroneous crustal model(s) and skew regional networks

Abstract A simple, hybrid procedure is proposed for seismic location at regional distances when (1) the crustal model is not known, (2) the seismic network is not calibrated, and (3) the azimuthal coverage of recording stations is poor. Among all parameters related to event location, the backazimuth estimated with a skew, large-aperture network appears to be the least sensitive to the model error—under these difficult yet realistic conditions. This observation leads to a hypothesis that epicenters could be better constrained through triangulation using backazimuths derived from two skew, large-aperture subnetworks or arrays. If two subnetworks can be found such that the corresponding backazimuths are sufficiently apart (say, they intersect at an angle of 20° or larger), the resulting absolute mislocation associated with the intersection point is often less than 18 km, which is the permissible location accuracy as quoted in the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). The origin time and source depth can then be obtained from a standard location procedure with the approximate epicenter held fixed. If the network cannot be partitioned to provide two `good' backazimuths, then the conventional location procedure (which feeds on the phase picks altogether) can still be used. The proposed algorithm is tested with three events: (1) U.S. explosion Salmon of Oct. 22, 1964, (2) Kola explosion of Sept. 29, 1996, and (3) Pakistani event of April 28, 1991. The absolute location error associated with this hybrid method is typically comparable to or, in many cases, better than that of the conventional method. Furthermore, this new approach also offers a measurable quantity which positively flags when the location is more likely to be good—even for regions that are not calibrated. These features could have important implications for the CTBT implementation as the proposed algorithm can readily be used in areas previously not well studied as an ad hoc procedure on problem events while the International Monitoring System (IMS) stations are being deployed and calibrated gradually. For local seismic network operators, this algorithm could be an attractive alternative or supplementary location procedure.
The College of Forensic Sciences at NAUSS: The pioneer of Forensics in the Arab world

Naif Arab University for Security Sciences (NAUSS) has been providing training and conducting academic research in forensic sciences since its establishment. This is part of its belief in the importance of forensic science in crime investigation, and the importance of providing forensic scientists and experts with the latest knowledge and skills.
Leading on land and sea: competencies and context.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the competencies hospitality unit leaders perceived to be most critical for career development, and to determine whether perceptions of the importance of various skills and attributes/abilities varied when leaders worked in different organizational contexts. Leaders from two hospitality segments, land-based hotels and ocean-based cruise ships, participated in the study. Findings indicated notable differences between the two samples on a number of items. A background of relevant research on hospitality leadership competencies is provided. Contextual variables are examined as they contribute to better understanding differences in perceived competency requirements between land-based and ship-based leaders. Four contextual dimensions (staff composition, task requirements, organizational structure, and the external environment) are explored. A conceptual model is presented that illustrates the posited influence of organizational context on hotel and ship leadership competencies as they impact both selection processes and development activities. Results of this opinion-based study suggest that, while senior hotel and ship practitioners share a need for certain core competencies (positive attitude and effective listening), organizational context likely influences the relative importance of specific skills and attributes/abilities required for effective leadership in each industry segment. Findings support previous research and have implications for educators, practitioners, and researchers.
Effects of Thiouracil, Thyroprotein, and Estrogen upon the Basal Metabolism and Thyroid Size of Growing Chickens

Abstract ONE of the most recent and interesting fields of research in animal production is the study of the effects of drugs and hormones which influence growth and metabolism. Both in large animals and in poultry, there is intense interest in the fundamental and practical aspects of the use of synthetic estrogens, antithyroid drugs, and thyroactive iodinated casein. The research to be reported here was undertaken because there was little information in the literature concerning the effects of these drugs upon the basal energy metabolism of chickens. In this work, these three classes of drugs were represented, respectively, by dienestrol diacetate, thiouracil, and Protamone (an iodinated casein product having thyroxine activity). Thiouracil is highly goitrogenic when fed to growing chickens at a level of 0.1 or 0.2 percent of the diet, as shown by Astwood, Bissell and Hughes (1944); Mixner, Reineke and Turner (1944); Andrews and Schnetzler (1946); and others. It …
AM-251 and rimonabant act as direct antagonists at mu-opioid receptors: Implications for opioid/cannabinoid interaction studies

Abstract Mu-opioid and CB1-cannabinoid agonists produce analgesia; however, adverse effects limit use of drugs in both classes. Additive or synergistic effects resulting from concurrent administration of low doses of mu- and CB1-agonists may produce analgesia with fewer side effects. Synergism potentially results from interaction between mu-opioid receptors (MORs) and CB1 receptors (CB1Rs). AM-251 and rimonabant are CB1R antagonist/inverse agonists employed to validate opioid–cannabinoid interactions, presumed to act selectively at CB1Rs. Therefore, the potential for direct action of these antagonists at MORs is rarely considered. This study determined if AM-251 and/or rimonabant directly bind and modulate the function of MORs. Surprisingly, AM-251 and rimonabant, but not a third CB1R inverse agonist AM-281, bind with mid-nanomolar affinity to human MORs with a rank order of affinity ( K i ) of AM-251 (251 nM) > rimonabant (652 nM) > AM281 (2135 nM). AM-251 and rimonabant, but not AM-281, also competitively antagonize morphine induced G-protein activation in CHO-hMOR cell homogenates ( K b = 719 or 1310 nM, respectively). AM-251 and rimonabant block morphine inhibition of cAMP production, while only AM-251 elicits cAMP rebound in CHO-hMOR cells chronically exposed to morphine. AM-251 and rimonabant (10 mg/kg) attenuate morphine analgesia, whereas the same dose of AM-281 produces little effect. Therefore, in addition to high CB1R affinity, AM-251 and rimonabant bind to MORs with mid-nanomolar affinity and at higher doses may affect morphine analgesia via direct antagonism at MORs. Such CB1-independent actions of these antagonists may contribute to reported inconsistencies when CB1/MOR interactions are examined via pharmacological methods in CB1-knockout versus wild-type mice.
Unusual features of intermediate septal bypass tracts.

Intermediate Septal Bypass Tracts. Introduction: Intermediate septal (TS) AV bypass tracts, located along the tricuspid annulus between the His bundle and coronary sinus os, lie in close proximity to the AV node. Surgical or catheter ablation of IS bypass tracts incurs increased risk for development of complete heart block. We report additional unusual features of some IS bypass tracts that distinguish them from typical bypass tracts in other anatomic regions. Methods and Results: We analyzed a consecutive series of 150 patients with a history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and supraventricular tachycardia who underwent ablation of bypass tracts. We studied the incidence and characteristics of AV conduction of IS bypass tracts compared with bypass tracts in other locations. Of the 150 patients in the study, 21 had an IS bypass tract (all had anterograde AV conduction). Ten (48%) of these 21 IS bypass tracts demonstrated anterograde decremental properties with atrial pacing versus 3 (2%) of 129 non-IS bypass tracts (P < 0.001). During ablation, a change in delta wave morphology before total loss of conduction in the IS bypass tract also occurred in 3 (14%) of 21 IS bypass tracts versus 0 of 129 non-IS bypass tracts (P = 0.0004). During ablation, a change in P wave to delta wave interval occurred in 4 (19%) of 21 IS bypass tracts versus 0 of 129 non-IS bypass tracts (P < 0.0001). One IS patient exhibited retrograde Wenckebach block in the bypass tract, and two IS patients showed loss of retrograde bypass tract conduction after ablation attempts that first changed the delta wave morphology. No non-IS patient had these features (P < 0.0001) for each comparison). Conclusion: Some IS bypass tracts have unusual properties that distinguish them from bypass tracts in other locations, perhaps due to the presence of multiple ventricular insertions of the bypass tract. It is possible that some cases represent true “nodoventricular” pathways.
Backpropagation in turbid media

We extend the backpropagation algorithm of standard diffraction tomography to backpropagation in turbid media. We analyze the behavior of the backpropagation algorithm both for a single-view geometry, as is common in mammography, and for multiple views. The most general form of the algorithm permits arbitrary placement of sources and detectors in the background medium. In addition, we specialize the algorithm for the case of a planar array of detectors, which permits the backpropagation algorithm to be implemented with fast-Fourier-domain noniterative algebraic methods. In this case the algorithm can be used to reconstruct three-dimensional images in a minute or less, depending on the number of views. We demonstrate the theoretical results with computer simulations.
ms START: A random access algorithm for the IEEE 802.14 HFC network

In this paper we introduce the n-ary Multi-slot Stack Random Access Algorithm (msSTART) for use in an IEEE 802.14 hybrid fiber/coaxial (HFC) network. The msSTART random access algorithm (RAA) is an evolution of the stack-based START algorithm. It is an easy to implement, high-efficiency, free-access, robust, stable RAA optimized to operate in an environment where contention slots could dynamically change. Through a series of simulation studies, we demonstrate the performance advantages of msSTART by comparing its throughput/delay characteristics to those of other popular RAAs, including ALOHA and tree-search RAAs. For the latter RAAs, we also provide a unified stack representation of their operation.
Comparative susceptibility of neonatal rabbit skin to herpes simplex virus in vitro.

SummaryThe remarkable susceptibility of the mammalian neonate to some viral infections raises the issue of the relative importance of humoral immunity, delayed hypersensitivity, and the intrinsic resistance of cells and tissues of the host. The present studies focused on the tissue of the host and involved the interaction in vitro of herpes simplex virus with preparations of skin fragments from newborn and more mature rabbits. The cutaneous tissue from 1-2-day-old rabbits consistently synthesized 3-10-fold more virus than tissue from 1-2-month-old rabbits. Studies indicated no apparent difference in the attachment of virus to immature and mature rabbit skin. Interferon-like-substance was elaborated in equivalent, low titers by cutaneous tissue from newborn and adult rabbits. Light and electron microscopic study of rabbit skin failed to discern apparent differences in the population, morphology, or lysosomal content of cutaneous tissue. Virus-free preparations of 2-day-old rabbit skin incorporated 100% mor...
Impact of continuous renal replacement therapy on oxygenation in children with acute lung injury after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Background Acute lung injury (ALI) continues to carry a high mortality rate in children after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is often used for these patients for various indications including renal failure and fluid overload, and may have a beneficial effect on oxygenation and survival. Therefore, we sought to determine the effect of CRRT on oxygenation in mechanically ventilated pediatric allogeneic HSCT patients with ALI, and to document survival to intensive care unit discharge in this at-risk population receiving both mechanical ventilation and CRRT. Procedure Retrospective analysis of a pediatric allogeneic HSCT cohort admitted to intensive care unit of a single pediatric oncology center from 1994 to 2006 who received CRRT during a course of mechanical ventilation for ALI. Results Thirty post-HSCT mechanically ventilated children with ALI who underwent CRRT were included. There was a significant improvement in PaO2/FiO2 with median increase of 31 and 43 in the 24 and 48 hr intervals after initiation of CRRT compared with the 24 hr interval before CRRT (P = 0.0008 and 0.0062, respectively). This improvement in PaO2/FiO2 correlated significantly with reduction of fluid balance achieved after initiation of CRRT (P = 0.0001). There was a trend not reaching statistical significance in improvement in mean airway pressure 48 hr after CRRT in survivors compared to non-survivors. Conclusions CRRT improved oxygenation in mechanically ventilated pediatric allogeneic HSCT patients with ALI. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:540–545. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Filling the GAP for dynamin.

Endocytosis in eukaryotic cells involves numerous specialized protein complexes and lipid domains. One particularly intriguing protein is dynamin, a large GTPase that is very different from other GTPases. Now, phospholipase D has been identified as surprising regulator of dynamin's GTPase activity.
Extreme Thermal Sensitivity and Pain-Induced Sensitization in a Fibromyalgia Patient

During the course of a psychophysical study of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), one of the subjects with a long history of headache and facial pain displayed an extraordinarily severe thermal allodynia. Her stimulus-response function for ratings of cutaneous heat pain revealed a sensitivity clearly beyond that of normal controls and most FMS subjects. Specially designed psychophysical methods showed that heat sensitivity sometimes increased dramatically within a series of stimuli. Prior exposure to moderate heat pain served as a trigger for allodynic ratings of series of normally neutral thermal stimulation. These observations document a case of breakthrough pain sensitivity with implications for mechanisms of FMS pain.