cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Characterization of Evolutionarily Conserved DNA Regions in Forkhead Box F1 Gene Locus

The Forkhead Box f1 (Foxf1) transcription factor (previously known as HFH-8 or Freac-1) is expressed in the septum transversum and splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm and is required for proper development of gut-derived organs. Sequence comparisons of mouse and human Foxf1 genes have revealed highly conserved DNA sequences located within the −5.3-kb Foxf1 promoter region and the 400-nucleotide regulatory element located 1 kb 3′ to the Foxf1 gene (3′RE). To examine their transcriptional activity during mouse embryonic development, we generated transgenic mice in which the expression of the β-galactosidase transgene was controlled by the −2.7-kb Foxf1 promoter region, the −5.3-kb Foxf1 promoter region, or the −5.3-kb Foxf1 promoter region fused to the 3′RE. The −5.3-kb Foxf1 promoter sequences induced appropriate transgene expression in the midgut and developing intestine, whereas the −2.7-kb Foxf1 promoter region was transcriptionally inactive. Addition of 3′RE to the −5.3-kb Foxf1 promoter restored proper transgene expression in the foregut, liver, and lung mesenchyme and prevented ectopic transgene expression in the developing nervous system. Cotransfection studies demonstrated that FoxA2 protein bound to the 3′RE region (+4506/+4529 bp) and was sufficient to inhibit expression of the −5.3-kb Foxf1 promoter. Furthermore, C/EBPβ and HNF-6 proteins bound to the 3′RE region (+4647/+4694 bp) and provided synergistic transcriptional activation of the −5.3-kb Foxf1 promoter in cotransfection assays. These studies demonstrated that the conserved Foxf1 3′RE region is essential for proper tissue-specific regulation of the Foxf1 promoter region during mouse embryogenesis.
An impedance cardiography system: a new design.

An IBM compatible impedance cardiac output monitoring prototype system has been developed for use at the bedside on patients in the ICU, CCU, ER, Cath. Lab, and OR, etc. This impedance cardiography (ICG) system, whose operation is completely technician-free, provides a continuous display with digital results and four channel color waveforms on an Enhanced Graphics Display screen. The software is written in C language with several special segments in assembly code where speed is essential. In this prototype system, a real-time algorithm was introduced to modify the ensemble averaging technique so that it averages nonperiodic signals such as: ECG, dZ/dT, ΔZ, etc. Also, a real-time algorithm was developed to adaptively detect R spikes from conventional ECG signals. A signal preprocessor was developed to process signals digitally before any further work is done. This procedure reduces muscle noise, 60 Hz interference, and ventilatory movement. A special digital filter was designed to cope with the cases in which pacemakers are used. A special algorithm was also developed to further reduce the ventilation artifacts so that a period of apnea is unnecessary during the performance of the measurements. An anatomically specified electrode configuration has been defined enabling precise and reproducible positioning of the electrodes—hopefully leading to electrode standardization. At the present time, this prototype system has been compared with standard hand calculation and correlated with the clinical “gold standard,” the Swan-Ganz thermodilution cardiac output. Using 144 sets of data from 10 healthy volunteers, 4 critically ill patients, and 8 healthy exercising volunteers, calculations of cardiac output were made using our system and the standard hand calculation of stroke volume, based upon Kubicek's equation; there was a relatively high and stable correlation: r=0.93, p<0.005 (healthy); r=0.94, p<0.002 (ill); r=0.95, p<0.002 (exercise). From 20 patients at two different hospitals all with Swan-Ganz catheters in their hearts 65 correlation studies between our system and the standard thermodilution technique were performed; the results were encouraging in terms of accuracy and consistency (r1=0.84, p<0.01, n=10 CCU patients), and (r2=0.93, p<0.01, n=ICU, patients). These results along with a growing body of data from other investigators indicate that this noninvasive and technician-free system for measuring cardiac output could have a significant role in patient care.
The Payoff to Leadership in Teams

In a recent paper estimating the wage premium to leaders in the NHL, Duetscher (2009) has made what I feel are measurement and specification errors in the estimation of the wage premium to leaders in the NHL. Here I lay out my views as to the problems and possible remedies to the solution.
Price and income elasticities of demand for hospital care free of quality bias

Abstract Our estimates based on a cross-section of time-series for the individual states over 1965–1977 indicate that the elasticity of bed-day demand with respect to net price is -0.20 in the long run and the same with respect to income is 0.40. The variation in the quality of care has been modeled in terms of unobserved error components, correlated with a sub-set of regressors.
Training Evaluation: Knowing More Than Is Practiced:

The problem and the solution. Training program evaluation is an important and culminating phase in the analysis, design, develop, implement, evaluate (ADDIE) process. However, evaluation has often been overlooked or not implemented to its full capacity. To assess and ensure the quality, effectiveness, and the impact of systematic training, this article emphasizes the importance of summative evaluation at the last phase of ADDIE and presents developments toward a summative evaluation framework of training program effectiveness. The focus is the connection of final summative evaluation to the direction provided by the analysis phase and the concerns of the host organization.
Meaningful learning, reasoning ability, and students' understanding and problem solving of topics in genetics

The purpose of this study was to explore relationships among school students' (N = 189) meaningful learning orientation, reasoning ability and acquisition of meaningful understandings of genetics topics, and ability to solve genetics problems. This research first obtained measures of students' meaningful learning orientation (meaningful and rote) and reasoning ability (preformal and formal). Students were tested before and after laboratory-based learning cycle genetics instruction using a multiple choice assessment format and an open-ended assessment format (mental model). The assessment instruments were designed to measure students' interrelated understandings of genetics and their ability to solve and interpret problems using Punnett square diagrams. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the predictive influence of meaningful learning orientation, reasoning ability, and the interaction of these variables on students' performance on the different tests. Meaningful learning orientation best predicted students' understanding of genetics interrelationships, whereas reasoning ability best predicted their achievement in solving genetics problems. The interaction of meaningful learning orientation and reasoning ability did not significantly predict students' genetics understanding or problem solving. Meaningful learning orientation best predicted students' performance on all except one of the open-ended test questions. Examination of students' mental model explanations of meiosis, Punnett square diagrams, and relationships between meiosis and the use of Punnett square diagrams revealed unique patterns in students' understandings of these topics. This research provides information for educators on students' acquisition of meaningful understandings of genetics. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of Spatial Luminance Nonuniformities on Visual-Task Performance and Subjective Uniformity.

Abstract The objectives of the experiment described in the paper were the determination of the effects of nonuniformities on operator performance and perception, and the validation of current recommended standards. Subjects performed two tasks in the presence of nonuniformities: an objective visual search task, and a subjective magnitude-estimation task for the determination of perceived uniformity. The results indicated that the nonuniformities did not appreciably affect search performance, and that current recommendations are appropriate, although the magnitude-estimation task results indicated that the subjects were sensitive to the nonuniformities. The subjective impressions of perceived uniformity results follow the contrast threshold function of the visual system.
Architecture of the Immediate: Steven Holl's Addition to the Cranbrook Institute of Science

(2006). Architecture of the Immediate: Steven Holl's Addition to the Cranbrook Institute of Science. The Senses and Society: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 255-258.
Antigen 85C-mediated acyl-transfer between synthetic acyl donors and fragments of the arabinan

Antigen 85 (ag85) is a complex of acyltransferases (ag85A-C) known to play a role in the mycolation of the D-arabino-D-galactan (AG) component of the mycobacterial cell wall. In order to better understand the chemistry and substrate specificity of ag85, a trehalose monomycolate mimic p-nitrophenyl 6-O-octanoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1) containing an octanoyl moiety in lieu of a mycolyl moiety was synthesized as an acyl donor. Arabinofuranoside acceptors, methyl alpha-D-arabinofuranoside (2), methyl beta-D-arabinofuranoside (3), and methyl 2-O-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-alpha-D-arabinofuranoside (9) were synthesized to mimic the terminal saccharides found on the AG. The acyl transfer reaction between acyl donor 1 and acceptors 2, 3, and 9 in the presence of ag85C from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) resulted in the formation of esters, methyl 2, 5-di-O-octanoyl-alpha-D-arabinofuranoside (10), methyl 5-O-octanoyl-beta-D-arabinofuranoside (11), and methyl 2-O-(5-O-octanoyl-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-O-octanoyl-alpha-D-arabinofuranoside (12) in 2 h, 2 h and 8 h, respectively. The initial velocities of the reactions were determined with a newly developed assay for acyltransferases. As expected, the regioselectivity corresponds to mycolylation patterns found at the terminus of the AG in M. tuberculosis. The study shows that D-arabinose-based derivatives are capable of acting as substrates for ag85C-mediated acyl-transfer and the acyl glycoside 1 can be used in lieu of TMM extracted from bacteria to study ag85-mediated acyl-transfer and inhibition leading to the better understanding of the ag85 protein class.
Administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Effects on indexes of cellular immune status and serum rheumatoid factor levels.

We have previously reported that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIAs) stimulate cellular immune responses and inhibit production of IgM rheumatoid factor in cultures of lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We had 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis stop taking NSAIAs for two weeks and then take piroxicam, a new NSAIA, for an additional ten weeks to assess the in vivo effects of NSAIAs on cellular immunity and rheumatoid factor levels. In each case, serum rheumatoid factor levels rose and phytohemagglutinin response fell when placebo was substituted for NSAIAs. Piroxicam administration was associated with a fall in rheumatoid factor levels to approximately 62% of the baseline level and with an increase in phytohemagglutinin response. The action of NSAIAs in rheumatoid arthritis may be mediated to a degree by partial correction of the disordered immunoregulation in this disease. ( JAMA 1983;250:2485-2488)
Is diversity gain worth the pain: A delay comparison between opportunistic multi-channel MAC and single-channel MAC

In this paper we analyze the delay performance of an opportunistic multi-channel medium access control scheme and compare it to that of the corresponding single channel MAC scheme. In the opportunistic multi-channel MAC scheme, we assume that the pair of sender/receiver is able to evaluate the channel quality after a certain amount of channel sensing delay and to choose the best one for data communication. We consider three settings: (1) an ideal scenario where no control channel is needed and no sensing delay is incurred, (2) a more realistic scheme where users compete for access on a control channel using random access, and (3) a scheme similar to (2) but with a Time Division Multiplex (TDM) based access scheme on the control channel. Our analysis show that in terms of delay performance, the random access overhead on the control channel almost always wipe out the channel diversity gain, which is the main motivation behind an opportunistic multi-channel MAC. Using a TDM based access scheme on the control channel can help remove this bottleneck, but only when channel sensing can be done sufficiently fast.
Vocal Hygiene Perceptions of Experienced and Preservice Music Teachers

The purpose of this study is to compare perceptions of vocal hygiene at different levels of music teaching experience. The following survey information from 659 music teachers with various levels of teaching experience forms the basis of the analysis: voice use in teaching, perceived risk of voice disorders in teaching, ratings of vocal behaviors, personal voice problems, and ratings of perceived vocal stress in teaching activities. The teachers are grouped according to level of experience: late career, early career, or preservice. Majorities in all groups believe (a) teaching equals high voice disorder risk, (b) vocal problems affect the career, and (c) career change to preserve voices would be unlikely. Using Likert-type scales, the teachers rated the healthiness of selected vocal behaviors and perceived vocal stress in selected teaching activities. Overall, they rate drinking water the healthiest behavior and smoking the unhealthiest. For teaching activities, they rate speaking over noisy classroom con...
High-Q Gallium Nitride Nanowire Resonators With Piezoresistive Readout

We report on the fabrication and piezoresistive readout of doubly-clamped c-axis GaN nanowire (NW) mechanical resonators. As-grown GaN-NW resonators have demonstrated exceptional mechanical quality factors (Q, defined as resonance frequeny over full width at half maximum power) in the range of 104 –105 [1]. This work confirms the NWs can retain this high Q even after removal from the growth substrate and placement on lithographically-defined test structures, with a highest Q to date of 26,000 at 10−5 Pa and 8 K. Wires range from 100–500 nm in diameter and 15–18 micrometers in length. We fabricate the devices using a combination of lithographic patterning and dielectrophoresis to suspend NWs over 8 or 10 micrometer gaps. We deposit an electrostatic gate ∼1 micrometer away from the NW to induce vibration, with readout utilizing the piezoresistivity of GaN. Observed resonances range from 9–36 MHz, consistent with a Young’s modulus of roughly 300 GPA. At room temperature and under vacuum, Q for these fabricated devices is typically around 103 , significantly lower than the 104 –105 range of the as-grown wires. However, the larger Q can be recovered by cooling the substrate. We find that by ∼10 K, Q increases by an order of magnitude to above 104 . We will discuss the temperature dependence, as well as fabrication and processing effects, on the NW resonance and Q.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Conductive Molecular Silicon

Bulk silicon, the bedrock of information technology, consists of the deceptively simple electronic structure of just Si–Si σ bonds. Diamond has the same lattice structure as silicon, yet the two materials have dramatically different electronic properties. Here we report the specific synthesis and electrical characterization of a class of molecules, oligosilanes, that contain strongly interacting Si–Si σ bonds, the essential components of the bulk semiconductor. We used the scanning tunneling microscope-based break-junction technique to compare the single-molecule conductance of these oligosilanes to those of alkanes. We found that the molecular conductance decreases exponentially with increasing chain length with a decay constant β = 0.27 ± 0.01 A–1, comparable to that of a conjugated chain of C═C π bonds. This result demonstrates the profound implications of σ conjugation for the conductivity of silicon.
Seakeeping computations using double-body basis flows

Abstract Three-dimensional, time-domain, ship–wave interactions are studied in this paper for problems with forward speed. Free surface boundary conditions are derived based on a double-body linearization and the mixed Euler–Lagrange time stepping technique. The boundary integral equations are solved at each time step by distributing desingularized sources above the calm water surface and employing constant-strength panels on the body surface. Radiation, diffraction, and free motion results for a Wigley hull and a Series 60 hull are presented and systematically compared with the experiments and other numerical solutions using the Neumann–Kelvin approach with simplified m -terms, linearized free surface boundary conditions with double-body m -terms, and the time-domain body-exact strip theory. By comparing the present results to experiments and other numerical solutions, it is found that the present computational model using double-body linearization gives improved results. It is also demonstrated that the m -terms are very important to obtain accurate hydrodynamic coefficients, while the leading-order terms included in the free surface boundary conditions of the present model can also improve the computational accuracy of the cross-coupling radiation damping.
PERTs: the support side solution to residential computing

Northwest Missouri State University has provided a computer in each residence hall room for almost 20 years. Northwest started with terminals in each room and later progressed to personal computers with Internet connectivity. As Northwest evolved its network and Internet connectivity, the technology and Internet services available to individuals in their homes was also growing. As a result, students are bringing more personal computers and other equipment to campus for use in their residence hall rooms on the Northwest network along with an attitude of "I did it at home. Why can't I do it here?" With the changes in equipment, needs and attitudes of the students, supporting the computing environment in residence halls has become far more challenging. In the fall of 2003, Northwest developed a plan to address the current computing support needs of students living on campus.The PERT (Peer Educator in Residence for Technology) program is the primary component of the plan. The PERT program was implemented in the spring of 2004 and covers many areas of residential computing. The PERTs provide technical and educational support to residence hall students for both personal and university equipment. Additionally, the PERTs act as educators and enforcers with respect to campus computing policies.The authors of this paper will discuss the PERT program in depth including PERT responsibilities, partnering with Residential Life, supervision challenges and ongoing evaluation and development of the program.
Women, men, and osteoarthritis

Objectives and Methods. Gender differences in the prevalence and impact of arthritis are discussed, using data and analytic results from national health surveys. Results. Most cases of arthritis are osteoarthritis, an ancient disease that causes pain, physical dysfunction, and social disability, but not death. Arthritis prevalence rates rise sharply with age; it is the leading chronic condition in mid and late life. Women's rates exceed men's at all ages. Women's higher rates of disability and medical services for arthritis in the population are due mainly to higher prevalence. Among persons with arthritis, women are only a little more likely than men to be disabled or receive medical services. Persons with arthritis often have other chronic conditions as well (called comorbidity). Combining arthritis and visual problems gives a strong exacerbating push to disability. Conclusions. Because biomedical research emphasizes pathogenesis and therapies for fatal conditions, Americans' health future will become dominated by nonfatal ones, especially arthritis. I recommend a better balance and new orientation for arthritis research that stays true to older persons' health and disability experience.
DNA binding site specificity of the Neurospora global nitrogen regulatory protein NIT2: Analysis with mutated binding sites

NIT2, a positive-acting regulatory protein in Neurospora crassa, activates the expression of a series of unlinked structural genes that encode nitrogen catabolic enzymes. NIT2 binding sites in the promoter regions of nit3, alc and lao have at least two GATA sequence elements. We have examined the binding affinity of the NIT2 protein for the yeast DAL5 wild-type upstream activation sequence UASNTR, which contains two GATA elements, and for a series of mutated binding sites, each differing from the wild-type site by a single base. Substitution for individual nucleotides within 5′ or 3′ sequences that flank the GATA elements had only modest effects upon NIT2 binding. In contrast, nearly all substitutions within the GATA elements almost completely eliminated NIT2 binding, demonstrating the importance of the GATA sequence for NIT2 binding. Four high-affinity binding sites for the NIT2 protein were found within a central region of the nit-2 gene itself.
Changes in fox squirrel anti-predator behaviors across the urban-rural gradient.

Predator stimuli created by humans in the urban environment may alter animals’ anti-predator behaviors. I hypothesized that habituation would cause anti-predator behaviors to decrease in urban settings in response to humans. Additionally, I hypothesized that populations habituated to humans would show reduced responses to other predator stimuli. I observed three populations of squirrels (urban, suburban and rural) responses to human approaches, red-tailed hawk vocalizations (Buteo jamaicensis) and coyote (Canis latrans) vocalizations. Mahalanobis distances of anti-predator behaviors in response to human approaches were consistent with the urban–rural gradient. Flight initiation distances (X 2 = 26.33, df = 2, P < 0.001) and amount of time dedicated to anti-predator behavior (X 2 = 10.94, df = 2, P = 0.004) in response to human approaches were also consistent with the urban–rural gradient. Supporting the habituation hypothesis, naive juvenile squirrels increased flight initiation distances (X 2 = 35.89, df = 1, P < 0.001) and time dedicated to anti-predator behaviors (X 2 = 9.46, df = 1, P = 0.002) relative to adult squirrels in the same urban environment. Time dedicated to anti-predator behaviors differed among all three sites in response to both coyote (X 2 = 9.83, df = 2, P = 0.007) and hawk (X 2 = 6.50, df = 2, P = 0.035) vocalizations. Responses to both vocalizations on rural sites (coyote = 45%, hawk = 55%) greater than twice that found on the urban sites (coyote = 11%, hawk = 20%). This is possibly the first case of a transfer of habituation demonstrated under field conditions.
COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS OF BIO-ALLOYS: PHASE SEPARATION MECHANISM

∗ Arthur J. Schmitt Professor of Chemical Engineering, E-mail: avarma@nd.edu + Graduate Student, Department of Chemical Engineering × Research Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering The synthesis of materials using combustion phenomena is an advanced approach in powder metallurgy to synthesize a wide variety of materials, including alloys and near-net shape products of ceramics, composites and functionally graded materials. The process is characterized by unique conditions involving extremely fast heating rates (up to 10 K/s), high temperatures (up to 3500 K), and short reaction times (on the order of seconds). Specifically, the combustion of thermite type systems (i.e. metal oxide-reducing metal) is a promising method for synthesis of alloys (e.g. Co-based), which are widely used in a variety of orthopaedic implants, such as total hip and knee replacements. Combustion of reduction systems typically involves formation of two liquids (oxide and product metal alloy), followed by their phase separation. The latter process is critical for product purity, and is generally believed to be controlled solely by gravity-driven buoyancy. By conducting a fundamental study of phase separation phenomena in such systems, it is important to examine this hypothesis. Combustion synthesis (CS) in three thermite systems (i.e. Co3O4Al; MoO3-Al and V2O5-Al) was studied under different gravity conditions (in the range 10–1.7G). The experiments conducted in microgravity allowed us to eliminate the buoyancy-driven processes, and determine if buoyancy is indeed the major mechanism that controls phase segregation. Based on the results obtained, the following two general conclusions were made: (i) different systems possess different gravitational sensitivity of combustion characteristics, such as velocity and temperature; (ii) non-gravity driven mechanisms play an important role in phase separation processes in such systems. Finally, analysis of microstructure transformations in the quenched samples allowed us to reveal the true reaction and phase separation mechanisms taking place in the combustion wave.
Ethno-religious ‘unmixing’ of ‘Turkey’: 6–7 September riots as a case in Turkish nationalism*

. This article examines the structural and ideological factors that paved the way for the eruption of violence against non-Muslims in Turkey on 6 September 1955. I argue that the conventional explanations that treat this instance of collective violence either as spontaneous rioting caused by over-excited masses or as a government conspiracy that eventually got out of control are insufficient in that they fail to answer how and why so many people participated in these riots when we know that nothing on this scale ever took place in the history of the republic. In order to adequately understand the dynamics behind these riots one first needs to situate them in the broader historical context of the emergence, development and crystallisation of Turkish nationalism and national identity that marked the non-Muslim citizens of the republic as the ‘others’ and potential enemies of the real Turkish nation. This historical analysis constitutes the first part of the article. Since ethno-national riots do not always occur whenever there are conflicting identities, one also needs to explain the processes through which ethno-national identities become radicalized and polarized. Thus, in the second part of the article, I focus on the economic, political and social conditions of the post-single-party era (post-1950) that helped to radicalise the sentiments of the growing urban populace against the non-Muslim ‘others’. I argue that it was the socio-economic, ideological and political transformations of the Democrat Party era that made it possible for ethnic entrepreneurs and state provocateurs to mobilise the masses against a fictitious enemy.
An investigation of Toyota's social‐technical systems in production leveling

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze Toyota's production levelling process in an attempt to understand the various social and technical factors required to produce to a changing market. Unfortunately, most outsiders who explore production levelling do not realize that it involves various departments outside of manufacturing. Consequently, due to the dynamic nature of production levelling many unintended social and management factors between departments makes cooperation difficult.Design/methodology/approach – This paper conducts a case study at one of Toyota's automobile plants to examine the level of departmental and social integration that is applied when implementing production levelling. Based on observations, the problems of production levelling are analyzed and, accordingly, possible solutions are explored.Findings – The findings of this work show that Toyota achieves production levelling because it is viewed as a company‐wide activity that cuts across many departments in promoting manu...
Projections of medial terminal accessory optic nucleus, ventral tegmental nuclei, and substantia nigra of rabbit and rat as studied by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase

Projections of the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system, the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, and the substantia nigra of the rabbit and the rat have been studied by the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The data show that MTN projections are remarkably similar in the rabbit and rat. The MTN projects heavily to the ipsilateral nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system and to a portion of the contralateral ventral tegmental area of Tsai that we have termed the visual tegmental relay zone (VTRZ). Further, the MTN sends projections to the ipsilateral mesencephalic (deep mesencephalic nucleus, pars medialis) and pontine (nucleus reticularis pontis oralis) reticular formations; the contralateral dorsolateral division of the basal pontine complex; the superior and lateral vestibular nuclei (contralateral in rat; bilateral in rabbit); and the ipsi- and contralateral interstitial nucleus of Cajal, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and supraoculomotor-periaqueductal gray. The findings also indicate that the MTN has a small bilateral, but mainly ipsilateral, projection to the dorsal cap, its ventrolateral outgrowth, and the B division of the inferior olivary complex. This study further reveals that ventral tegmental nuclei (n. parabrachialis pigmentosus and n. paranigralis) and subdivisions of the substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) project to many brain stem targets of the MTN. Thus, the VTRZ projections are similar to those of the MTN in both distribution and density except that the VTRZ projection to the inferior olive is substantially stronger. The nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus sends a small contralateral projection to the VTRZ and a moderate-sized bilateral projection to the supraoculomotor-periaqueductal gray. The nucleus paranigralis sends a moderate number of axons to the ipsilateral deep mesencephalic nucleus, pars medialis, and the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and provides a strong bilateral projection to the supraoculomotor-periaqueductal gray. The pars compacta of the substantia nigra provides a sparse input to the ipsilateral deep mesencephalic nucleus, pars medialis, and nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, and to the contralateral VTRZ and sends a moderate number of axons, bilaterally, to the supraoculomotor-periaqueductal gray. The pars reticulata of the substantia nigra sends an ipsiateral projection of moderate size to the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, sparse ipsilateral projections to the deep mesencephalic nucleus, pars medialis, and nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, and a sparse bilateral projection to
Spatial filtering and resampling of multi-resolution microwave sounder observations

Spatially oversampled radiometric measurements of the Earth's surface and atmosphere can be reprocessed to optimize various performance metrics. These metrics include resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and accuracy of retrieved environmental data. In this study, we explore several strategies for two-dimensional image processing for microwave sounder observations and assess the performance using several metrics. Simulated measurements of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS), the Microwave Imager/Sounder (MIS), and the Geostationary Microwave Array Spectrometer (GeoMAS) are used in the evaluation. We examine spatial filtering (a modification of the effective spatial resolution of the measurements), and in the ATMS case, resampling (a modification of the effective boresight of the composite footprint).
An Invitation to Pillage: Witness Relocation's Heaven on Earth

Playwright Charles Mee invites artists to pillage his texts, and in their production of Heaven on Earth Witness Relocation and Ildi! Eldi do just that. Under Dan Safer's direction, the companies bombard the audience with their exuberant encounter with the existential question, "What happens after the world ends?"
Mass spectrometric study of the binary approximation in scattering of low energy ions from solid surfaces

Abstract The validity of the binary collision approximation (in a “single scattering” event) when low energy inert gas ions are scattered from the surface of a copper target was investigated. He and Ne ions of energies 20–1000 ev were incident on the surface of a polycrystalline target at 45°; ions scattered at 90° with respect to the incident beam direction were analyzed using a magnetic sector mass spectrometer. The scattered ions were identified and their energies measured. The binary collision approximation was found to be valid for primary ion energies as low as 40 ev for the HeCu system, and 20 ev for the NeCu system. No evidence of an increased “effective mass” of the target atoms was found.
Bilateral Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia After Intrathecal Chemotherapy and Cranial Irradiation

A 26-year-old man developed transient bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia with exotropia after cranial irradiation and intrathecal administration of methotrexate for lymphoma. Resolution of the ophthalmoplegia and the decrease in abnormally high levels of cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein after discontinuation of intrathecal medication suggested demyelination from chemotherapy and irradiation.
Non-Newtonian flow past a sphere☆

Abstract Drag coefficients for spheres moving through five aqueous solutions of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were measured. With the assumption that the behaviour of these fluids could be approximated by the Ellis model, two dimensionless correlations for the drag coefficient in terms of a modified Reynolds number and two other dimensionless groups were prepared. The Ellis model is easy to use and provides a much better description of non-Newtonian behaviour than the more commonly used Ostwald-de Waele model. The correlation is of value for the prediction of the settling time of a sphere in a non-Newtonian fluid. The results seem to indicate that the behaviours of the CMC solutions studied are independent of the third invariant of the rate of deformation tensor.
The plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebral spinal fluid penetration of intravenous topiramate in newborn pigs.

Introduction—Pre-clinical studies suggest that the anticonvulsant topiramate confers neurologic protection against ischemia. An intravenous formulation of topiramate has been developed for administration during conditions such as hypoxia-ischemia when enteral absorption may be unpredictable. The plasma pharmacokinetics, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration and pharmacodynamics of intravenous topiramate were studied in an established piglet model of hypoxia-ischemia. Methods—The plasma pharmacokinetics of topiramate were studied in a group of chronically instrumented conscious piglets (n = 8), and in a group of piglets following an episode of hypoxia-ischemia (n = 8). These groups were divided into equal dose cohorts in which two doses of intravenously administered topiramate, 5 and 40 mg/kg, were studied. The animals' heart rate, arterial pressure and EEG were monitored. Plasma for topiramate concentration was sampled for up to 26 h. A single CSF topiramate concentration was determined 1 h following drug administration. Topiramate was quantified using a specific LC/MS assay. Results—The animals tolerated intravenous topiramate well, with no significant changes in physiologic and neurologic parameters. Plasma topiramate concentrations following an intravenous dose were best described by a bi-exponential equation, with a mean clearance of 39±18 ml/h/kg, and a terminal half-life of 14.3 (range 7.5–48.1) h. A dose of 5 mg/kg was sufficient to maintain plasma drug concentrations greater than 10 µM for 24 h. CSF topiramate concentration at 1 h was 12±1 µM and 109±26 µM at the 5 and 40 mg/kg doses, respectively. Conclusion—Topiramate administered intravenously was well tolerated. Slow clearance of the drug allowed for maintenance of potential neuroprotective concentrations following a single dose of drug for 24 h. High drug penetration into the CSF is an ideal pharmacologic characteristic of any potential neuroprotective agent. The pharmacokinetic profile of intravenously administered topiramate, including its penetration into the CSF, appears to achieve this goal. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CDRK and DRK1 K+ channels have contrasting localizations in sensory systems

Abstract Molecular cloning of mammalian potassium channels has revealed an extensively heterogeneous superfamily of potassium channels derived from four basic subfamilies, Shaker, Shaw, Shal and Shab , each With multiple member. 3–5,10,13,18,19,22,23,25,26,29,31,33 The families were first identified in Drosophila , in which subfamily heterogeneity is derived by alternative spiking, while hi mammals mainly distinct genes give rise to channel subtypes. Further diversity of mammalian potassium channels is demonstrated by the identification of some which do not belong to any of the four main subfamilies. 9,30 Although potassium channels are differentiated into fast-inactivating and delayed rectifier types, differential functions of the many mammalian potassium channels are unclear. Moreover, potassium channels function as homotetramers, though in principal heterotetramers might have a physiological role as is the case with heteromers of neurotransmitter receptor submits. 6 Insight into differential functions of potassium channels may be provided by their-regional and subcellular localizations. In the rat brain in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry have revealed distinct regional localizations for various subfamilies. 3,9,12,13,28,32 In one instance a particular subfamily predominated in cell bodies and another in axons. 28 We demonstrated dramatically different localizations for two members of the Shab subfamily, circumvallate papilla delayed rectifler K + channel (CDRK) and delayed rectifier potassium channel 1 (DRK1), which in major portions of their sequences display more than 90% amino add identity. 12 In a number of brain regions they occur im distinct neuronal cell types or subcellular compartments, with CDRK predominantly localized diffusely over soma and in fibers and DRK1 most evident im soma and dendritic process.
Biofiltration: An Innovative Air Pollution Control Technology For VOC Emissions

Biofiltration is a relatively recent air pollution control (APC) technology in which off-gases containing biodegradable volatile organic compounds (VOC) or inorganic air toxics are vented through a biologically active material. This technology has been successfully applied in Germany and The Netherlands in many full-scale applications to control odors, VOC and air toxic emissions from a wide range of industrial and public sector sources. Control efficiencies of more than 90 percent have been achieved for many common air pollutants. Due to lower operating costs, biofiltration can provide significant economic advantages over other APC technologies if applied to off-gases that contain readily biodegradable pollutants in low concentrations. Environmental benefits include low energy requirements and the avoidance of cross media transfer of pollutants. This paper reviews the history and current status of biofiltration, outlines its underlying scientific and engineering principles, and discusses the applicability of biofilters for a wide range of specific emission sources.
The Paf1 Complex Has Functions Independent of Actively Transcribing RNA Polymerase II

The yeast Paf1 complex, minimally composed of Paf1, Ctr9, Cdc73, Rtf1, and Leo1, was originally isolated in association with RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Paf1 complex components are abundant and colocalize with Pol II on chromatin at promoters and in the coding regions of actively transcribed genes. Loss of Paf1 results in severe phenotypes and reduced amounts of other Paf1 factors, with little effect on abundance or chromatin distribution of Pol II, proteins important for transcriptional elongation (Spt5, Spt16), or RNA processing (Sub2). Loss of Paf1 factors causes a reduction of Pol II Ser2 phosphorylation and shortened poly(A) tails, suggesting that the complex facilitates linkage of transcriptional and posttranscriptional events. Surprisingly, loss of Rtf1 or Cdc73, with little phenotypic consequence, results in loss of Paf1 factors from chromatin and a significant reduction in Paf1/Pol II association. Therefore, the major functions of Paf1 can be independent of actively transcribing Pol II.
Direct observation of triplet state energy transfer from guest to host in mixed organic crystals

Temperature dependence of the delayed emission of phenanthrene-d10 in benzophenone was studied. The thermally activated transfer of triplet state energy from phenanthrene-d10 guest to benzophenone host was directly demonstrated by the change of the delayed emission spectra and the the analysis of intensity and decay of emission. The observations provide confirmatory support for the model of energy transfer in mixed organic crystals previously proposed by Hirota and Hutchison.
Cognitive ethology and applied philosophy: The significance of an evolutionary biology of mind.

The broad field of cognitive ethology, in which internal mental states are inferred from the behavior they explain, is receiving increased attention nowadays from diverse scientists and philosophers. The nature of the results and how they are presented greatly influence how humans assess their place in the natural world and how they view other animals. The attribution of consciousness and intelligence to other animals suggests that they have moral rights. The results of comparative cognitive ethological analyses and how they are presented may play a large role in defining the domain of morally permissible research, and in the development of research strategies including decisions on feeding and housing, treatment, handling, and what happens to animal subjects when the research is completed. Scientists and philosophers interested in the evolution of behavior and mental continuity can have a significant impact on how others view the world.
What is good criminal justice theory

Abstract This article assesses current work in criminal justice theory and identifies two criteria for theory—that which appeals to empirical validation, and that which appeals to historical tradition. Appeals to empirical validation are consistent with a scientific model, while appeals to historical tradition are consistent with an interpretive model of social science. Both models are described and the way in which each contributes to theory in criminal justice is discussed.
INVOLVING STAKEHOLDERS IN ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES

Who should be included in efforts to develop accountability systems for public organizations? What is the impact of involving various internal and external stakeholders in a collaborative process to determine performance indicators? Involving a variety of participants can result in information that is perceived as being more useful; however, significant groups of stakeholders may be excluded from the collaborative process. The reasons for nonparticipation range from poor timing or oversight to deliberate decisions to forego involvement. This exploratory research suggests that the benefits from a collaborative process of identifying measures of program impact are minimal and the utility of including a large number of participants is questionable. Finding more effective methods to increase the impact and utility of stakeholder involvement may become increasingly important in meeting executive and legislative mandates to determine government performance. The implications for further study are discussed.
Adolescent Medication Misuse: Results from the MUSC Inventory of Medication Experiences (MIME).

OBJECTIVES To survey a diverse high school population on current prescription and over-the-counter medication misuse behaviors and attitudes. METHODS We administered the MUSC Inventory of Medication Experiences (MIME), a newly developed self-report instrument, in demographically diverse high schools in Charleston, SC, to assess the feasibility of its administration and determine characteristics associated with medication misuse among high school students. RESULTS A total of 3182 students completed the MIME (93% completion rate). Nearly one-third (31%) reported misuse of a medication more than once a month. Analysis was conducted to evaluate associations between misuse and age ( 18=34%; p=.35), grade (9=29%, 10=32%, 11=33%, 12=30%; p=.22), race (White 34%, African-American 26%, others 30%; p college=30%; p=.12), if a participant was prescribed medication (yes=46%, no=21%; p<.001), if a family member was prescribed medication (yes=40%, no=26%; p<.001), and if a family member had ever offered their prescribed medication to the student (yes=91%, no=29%; p<.001). CONCLUSION Medication misuse may be more pervasive than originally thought, with a notably high level among those most familiar with medications.
Direct observation of tube-like motion of a single polymer chain

Tube-like motion of a single, fluorescently labeled molecule of DNA in an entangled solution of unlabeled lambda-phage DNA molecules was observed by fluorescence microscopy. One end of a 16- to 100-micrometer-long DNA was attached to a 1-micrometer bead and moved with optical tweezers. The molecule was stretched into various conformations having bends, kinks, and loops. As the polymer relaxed, it closely followed a path defined by its initial contour. The relaxation time of the disturbance caused by the bead was roughly 1 second, whereas tube-like motion in small loops persisted for longer than 2 minutes. Tube deformation, constraint release, and excess chain segment diffusion were also observed. These observations provide direct evidence for several key assumptions in the reptation model developed by de Gennes, Edwards, and Doi.
Modeling Nontraditional Career Choices: Effects of Gender and School Location on Response to a Brief Videotape

Effects of an 18-minute videotape promoting nontraditional career choices of 986 eighth-grade and 11th-grade girls and boys from rural and urban schools were examined. Models were women and men in occupations traditionally held by the opposite sex. Posttreatment realistic, investigative, and social interests of the treatment group who viewed the videotape were compared with a control group that received a minimal intervention. There was not a main effect for the brief videotape treatment. Boys in the treatment group expressed significantly higher social interests at posttest than did control group boys. Findings indicate that brief interventions promoting nontraditional careers have limited impact.