cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Coolant Electrolysis in Composite Plate PEM Fuel Cell Stacks

Two- and three- dimensional numerical models of a PEM fuel cell have been developed to investigate the effects of shunt current within the coolant channel. The model accounts for the electrostatic equation solved for a ten cell fuel stack for idealized and realistic coolant channels including varying conductivities of the solution. The electrostatic equation was solved in the coolant channel for the fully insulated, non-insulated, and incremental lengths of insulation on the channels. The model results found that the length of the insulation on the coolant channel plays an important role in shunt current reduction and fuel cell performance. The case of insulating the coolant channels was found to show that current density propagated further into the channels as increased lengths of insulation were used. However, the strength of the current density from the ending point of the insulation was found to decrease with increasing insulation lengths. Furthermore, a simple experiment was conducted idealizing the fuel cell as batteries connected in series and then submerged in a low conductivity solution. A camera was used to capture the current potential in the different “stacks” and to validate the numerical model.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
On the mechanical role of smectite in subduction zones

Smectites, a group of hydrated phyllosilicate minerals, are often a main component of sediments entering a subduction zone. They are common in hemipelagic sediments and consist of an authigenetic component that arises from the alteration of volcanic ash intercalated in the sediment and a detrital component. Smectite-rich strata are structurally weak, retain water, and are highly porous. A review of sediment lithology in subduction zones around the world suggests that decollement zones may preferentially form in smectite-rich horizons. One consequence of this observation is that the assignment of high frictional resistance to materials in a decollement may be unwarranted. At deeper structural levels smectite is transformed to illite, a mechanically stronger mineral. Estimates of the depth of this transition coincide with the depth at which earthquakes are first detected along plate interfaces. I speculate that the smectite-illite transition in subduction zones may be an important component of sediment consolidation processes that trigger interplate seismicity.
Nb atoms on the surface of Ag, an unexpected Kondo system

Recently Lang et al. [P.Lang et al., Solid State Commun. 92, 755 (1994)] predicted that 4d and 5d atoms may become magnetic when they occupy a surface position on a Ag (100) surface. In this paper we investigate the properties of Nb atoms on the surface of Au and Ag, a particularly interesting choice, because Nb is a good bulk superconductor. Our experimental method is quantum interference or weak localization, which is extremely sensitive to magnetic scattering. Our results are that Nb on the surface of Au is nonmagnetic while on the surface of Ag it behaves as a Kondo impurity with a Kondo temperature considerably above 20 K.
EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION EFFECTS ON HYDROGEN-AIR COMBUSTION

The effects of residence and micro mixing time scales on NOx formation in hydrogen combustion are modeled, using idealized Partially Stirred Reactors (PaSR), with stochastic Monte-Carlo simulations...
An XUV laser generated planar plasma microwave reflector

Summary form only given. Agile microwave reflectors are of interest as a potential replacement of phased arrays in radar applications. Microwave reflection from an XUV (/spl lambda/=193 nm) excimer laser (Wmax=20 mJ, r=17 ns) produced rectangular Tetrakis(dimethyl-amino)ethylene (TMAE) plasma column of dimensions 2.2 cm wide, 0.7 cm thick and up to 40 cm long has been demonstrated. This work demonstrates reflection of X-band microwaves at normal incidence by a planar TMAE plasma sheet of dimensions 7.8 cm wide, 0.7 cm thick and up to 40 cm long generated with the same excimer laser. Suprasil XUV lenses coated for 98% transparency at /spl lambda/=193 nm are used to generate the sheet beam profile. The plasma is in the far field of an X-band rectangular aperture antenna used to launch the microwaves. Amplitude and phase measurements of the reflected and transmitted microwave signal is achieved with microwave interferometers utilizing magic-tees. Three dimensional plasma density and temperature profiles as a function of time are obtained with Langmuir probes and compared with a measurement based on microwave transmission through the plasma. Langmuir triple probe measurements indicate that the peak plasma temperature is about 1 eV and densities are on the order of 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/.
Chronic pain disability exaggeration/malingering and submaximal effort research.

Abstract:Objective:This is the first review of chronic pain (CP) malingering/disease simulation research. The purpose of this review was to determine the prevalence of malingering within CP patients (CPPs), whether evidence exists that malingering can be detected within CPPs, and to suggest some ave
The dynamics of H2 elimination from ethylene

Abstract The dynamics of H 2 elimination in the photodissociation of ethylene at 193 nm were investigated through measurements of the translational energy distribution and rovibrational state distribution of H 2 products. Using 1,1-D 2 C=CH 2 and 1,2-HDC=CDH, it was shown that both four-centered and three-centered elimination of H 2 could take place with an acetylene to vinylidene formation ratio of approximately two-thirds. Limited 1,2 hydrogen atom migration occurred during the fragmentation, presumably through an ethylidene-type structure. The relatively high rotational excitation of the H 2 fragment suggests that the transition is not symmetric; as the two ethylene hydrogen atoms approach each other and reach the transition state, one CH bond should be significantly longer than the other. The vibrational energy distributions can be roughly characterized by a vibrational temperature of 4800 K and an average translational energy, which is dependent on the rovibrational state of H 2 , exceeding 20 kcal mol −1 .
Correlation of body weight with hatchling blood glucose concentration and its relationship to embryonic survival

The negative correlation between selection for rapid growth and embryonic survival was investigated. Embryonic growth was assessed with hatchling weights of a closed population of commercial turkey breeders. Hatchling weights were highly significantly (P < 0.0001) and positively correlated with blood glucose concentrations at hatching. This relationship existed for both tom and hen poults. Significant differences among dams for hatchling blood glucose were observed. Further experiments examined dams selected for producing poults hatching with high (High) or low (Low) blood glucose concentrations. The High embryos were in larger-sized eggs with the same eggshell conductance but with significantly lower conductance constants than the Low embryos, suggesting that Low had longer incubation periods. High embryos grew faster than Low embryos with elevated organ glycogen concentrations. Organic acid analysis indicated elevated plasma alpha-ketoglutarate, urate, and beta-hydroxy butyrate concentrations, suggesting a greater reliance on gluconeogenesis for the High group. Posthatch growth was significantly positively correlated with hatchling blood glucose concentrations in toms but not in hens. Tom poults hatching with elevated glucose were heavier than low glucose hatch mates until 22 wk of age, but hen poults displayed no differences until 16 wk when High hens weighed less than Low hens. These data suggest that the negative correlation between rapid growth and embryonic survival is related to egg-shell conductance constants and embryonic energy metabolism.
Divisorial ideals and invertible ideals in a graded integral domain

Let R = Oapr R, be an integral domain graded by an arbitrary torsionless grading monoid Z. In this paper we study v-ideals and invertible ideals of R. In Section 3 we determine necessary and sufficient conditions for an integral v-ideal of R to be homogeneous whenever it contains a nonzero homogeneous element. This condition is equivalent to each integral v-ideal Z of R of finite type being equal to xJ for some x E R,, the homogeneous quotient field of R, and some homogeneous integral v-ideal J of R. Either condition holds if R is integrally closed (but not conversely). In the special case that R is a Z ‘-graded integral domain, each integral u-ideal Z of R is equal to x.Z for some x E R, and some homogeneous integral v-ideal .Z of R if and only if R is integrally closed with respect to homogeneous x E R, of positive degree. These results are then applied to the semigroup ring R [X; r]. Our results generalize work of Querre [ 181 in the polynomial ring case. In Section 4 we show that many of the results in Section 3 on u-ideals carry over to invertible ideals. In Section 5 we study the relationship between invertible ideals or v-ideals of R, to invertible ideals or v-ideals of R. If R, c R is an inert extension, we show that the natural homomorphism $: Pic(R,) -+ HPic(R) is an isomorphism, where HPic(R) is the homogeneous Picard group of homogeneous invertible ideals of R. We investigate the natural homomorphism 4: Pic(R,) + Pit(R) and give sufficient conditions for
Assessment of a simple partial LTE model for semi-quantitative ICP-OES analysis based on one single element calibration standard

A semi-quantitative ICP-OES analysis method for 66 elements, based on a simple pLTE collisional-radiative model and a single element calibration standard, is described. One experimentally determined temperature, calculated using the pLTE model with an experimentally measured ion/atom intensity ratio, is used to characterize the plasma in the observation volume. The pLTE temperatures determined from different elements and different ion/atom line pairs are much more similar (8100 ± 300 K) for the nine line pairs tested than temperatures based on LTE. The pLTE model is used to calculate relative sensitivities for all emission lines used. The sensitivity of only one emission line from one element is determined empirically from a single standard solution. The semi-quantitative concentration accuracy is within a factor of 3x for 85% of 227 emission lines from 66 elements studied.
The Effect of Processing Method and Certain Supplements on a Lysine Deficiency in Cottonseed Meal for Chicks

Abstract IN THE processing of cottonseed meal, the preservation of or the improvement of protein quality and also detoxification has long been an important factor. Milligan and Bird (1951), have reviewed the literature on this subject. Among the variables tested in processing cottonseed meat, the temperature of processing had the greatest effect on the quality of the protein (Milligan, Machlin, Bird and Heywang, 1951). Richardson and Blaylock (1950) and Blaylock and Richardson (1950) showed that a cottonseed meal of low gossypol content, when supplemented with both lysine and vitamin B12 concentrate, was satisfactory as the sole source of protein for the growth of chicks to 6 weeks of age. Almquist (1945), Blaylock and Richardson (1950) reported that soybean oil meal could be used to correct the lysine deficiency in cottonseed meal. German and Couch (1951) suggested that lysine was probably made more available to chicks when properly heated. Milligan and Bird …
Neurologic and Musculoskeletal Complications of Burn Injuries

As more people survive burn injuries, there is an increasing focus on managing the complications of burn injuries with the ultimate goal of improving survivors' quality of life. Musculoskeletal and neurologic sequelae are significant complications of burn injury. Electrical injury is a subcategory of burns with multiple musculoskeletal and neurologic complications. Knowledge of these complications helps clinicians provide optimal long-term care for burn survivors and enables survivors to attain maximal recovery.
Position paper on: personal computers for science in the 1980's

This paper examines the problems involved in the development of an inexpensive personal computer for use by scientific researchers in a variety of disciplines. Since the term "personal computer" (PC) is ill-defined, we begin by describing what it is intended to mean here and the special requirements imposed by the context of use in scientific research. Subsequently there will be much more detailed examination of the reasons behind the assertions that follow.
Treating Thin Stillage and Condensed Distillers Solubles with Phytase for Production of Low-Phytate Coproducts

ABSTRACT Fuel ethanol production from grains is mainly based on dry-grind processing, during which phytate is concentrated about threefold in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a major coproduct. To reduce phytate in DDGS, Natuphos and Ronozyme industrial phytase preparations were used to treat commercially made thin stillage (TS). Changes in phosphorous (P) profile were monitored, and effects of reaction temperature, time, and enzyme concentration were investigated. Results showed that at a temperature ≤60°C for Natuphos phytase (≤70°C for Ronozyme phytase) and a concentration ≤4.8 FTU/mL of TS for Natuphos phytase (≤48 FYT/mL for Ronozyme phytase), a complete phytate hydrolysis (phytate P decreased to 0) could be achieved within 5–60 min of enzymatic treatment. Reduction in phytate P was generally accompanied by increase in inorganic P, whereas total P remained relatively unchanged. When condensed distillers solubles (CDS), the concentrated form of TS, was used as the substrate, phytate hydro...
Polymorphism in THBS1 Gene Is Associated with Post-Refractive Surgery Chronic Ocular Surface Inflammation

Purpose To determine the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the thrombospondin 1 ( THBS1) gene with development of chronic ocular surface inflammation (keratoconjunctivitis) after refractive surgery. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants Active duty U.S. Army soldiers (n = 143) who opted for refractive surgery. Methods Conjunctival impression cytology samples collected from participants before the surgery were used to harvest DNA for genotyping 5 THBS1 SNPs (rs1478604, rs2228262, rs2292305, rs2228262, and rs3743125) using the Sequenom iPLEX Gold platform (Sequenom, San Diego, CA). Samples collected after surgery were used to harvest RNA for gene expression analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Participants were followed for 1 year after surgery to monitor the status of keratoconjunctivitis. Main Outcome Measures Genetic basis of the development of chronic keratoconjunctivitis after refractive surgery. Results Carriers of minor alleles of 3 SNPs each were found to be more susceptible to developing chronic keratoconjunctivitis (rs1478604: odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41–4.47; P = 2.5×10 −3 ; rs2228262 and rs2292305: OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.05–3.51; P = 4.8×10 −2 ). Carriers of the rs1478604 minor allele expressed significantly reduced levels of thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) ( P = 0.042) and increased levels of an inflammatory cytokine associated with keratoconjunctivitis, interleukin-1β ( P = 0.025), in their ocular surface epithelial cells compared with homozygous major allele controls. Conclusions Genetic variation in the THBS1 gene that results in decreased expression of the encoded glycoprotein TSP1 in ocular surface epithelial cells significantly increases the susceptibility to develop chronic ocular surface inflammation after refractive surgery. Further investigation of THBS1 SNPs in a larger sample size is warranted.
Scattered surface wave energy in the seismic coda

One of the many important contributions that Aki has made to seismology pertains to the origin of coda waves (Aki, 1969; Aki and Chouet, 1975). In this paper, I revisit Aki's original idea of the role of scattered surface waves in the seismic coda. Based on the radiative transfer theory, I developed a new set of scattered wave energy equations by including scattered surface waves and body wave to surface wave scattering conversions. The work is an extended study of Zeng et al. (1991), Zeng (1993) and Sato (1994a) on multiple isotropic-scattering, and may shed new insight into the seismic coda wave interpretation. The scattering equations are solved numerically by first discretizing the model at regular grids and then solving the linear integral equations iteratively. The results show that scattered wave energy can be well approximated by body-wave to body wave scattering at earlier arrival times and short distances. At long distances from the source, scattered surface waves dominate scattered body waves at surface stations. Since surface waves are 2-D propagating waves, their scattered energies should in theory follow a common decay curve. The observed common decay trends on seismic coda of local earthquake recordings particular at long lapse times suggest that perhaps later seismic codas are dominated by scattered surface waves. When efficient body wave to surface wave conversion mechanisms are present in the shallow crustal layers, such as soft sediment layers, the scattered surface waves dominate the seismic coda at even early arrival times for shallow sources and at later arrival times for deeper events.
The ultrastructure of spindle microtubules after freeze-etching and negative staining in situ

The ultrastructure of spindle microtubules in crane-fly spermatocytes was investigated with negative staining and freeze-etching techniques. Negative staining of microtubules in situ was accomplished with tannic acid, which infiltrates the intersticial spaces of the microtubule wall and, in combination with osmium, stains those regions, leaving the subunits of the microtubule relatively unstained. Microtubules are constructed of 13 protofilaments and a comparison of microtubules at several different stages of the first meiotic division shows that they do not undergo any changes of internal structure and therefore do not contract. These results and results obtained by freeze-etching monolayers of cells are consistent with earlier findings that the basic unit of microtubules has a cross-sectional diameter of about 40 and is about 80 long.
Chemical sympathectomy has no effect on the severity of murine AIDS: murine AIDS alone depletes norepinephrine levels in infected spleen.

Numerous studies have shown that alterations in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) function produced by beta-adrenergic receptor blockade or chemical sympathectomy can produce changes in T and B lymphocyte function and both innate and acquired immune responses. However, fewer studies have investigated changes in immune response following SNS alterations in animal models of disease. We tested whether blocking SNS activity using 6-OHDA or the beta-receptor antagonist nadolol alters the typical pattern in production of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines seen in cultures of spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice infected with murine AIDS (MAIDS). We found that neither method of sympathetic blockade affected cytokine response to MAIDS. We also found that the norepinephrine concentration and content of the spleen were reduced dramatically by the MAIDS infection itself at 3 and 6 weeks after LP-BM5 inoculation. This finding has not been previously reported in mice with MAIDS and suggests that the viral infection itself produces a functional sympathectomy in the spleen, a target of that infection.
Sudden cardiac death complicating newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in the setting of subclinical hyperthyroidism

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice and a predictor of all-cause mortality. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is an independent risk factor for developing AF but its clinical significance in younger patients has not been established. We describe a clinical case of a 44-year-old female with newly diagnosed AF, degenerating to ventricular fibrillation in the setting of subclinical hyperthyroidism.
Numerical Study of the Interaction of Fast Chemistry and Diffusion

A model problem which contains the essential features of most combustion processes has been formulated and is used to characterize the efficiency of five numerical solution procedures. Chemistry is modeled by both one and two-step Arrhenius-type reactions which allow the effect of stiffness on the efficiency of the methods to be parametrically assessed. The numerical schemes evaluated include two method of lines techniques, two methods that integrate reaction terms point-by-point, and a linearized block tridiagonal, implicit procedure. The latter technique with fourth order Pade' spatial differences has been found to be most efficient over a wide range of reaction rates including cases with considerable stiffness. Combination of this method with adaptive gridding schemes and extension of the method to two-dimensional problems of combustion in a gaseous medium are discussed qualitatively.
The electron foreshock

An overview of the observations of backstreaming electrons in the foreshock and the mechanisms that have been proposed to explain their properties will be presented. A primary characteristic of observed foreshock electrons is that their velocity distributions are spatially structured in a systematic way depending on distance from the magnetic field line which is tangent to the shock. There are two interrelated aspects to explaining the structure of velocity distributions in the foreshock, one involving the acceleration mechanism and the other, propagation from the source to the observing point. First, the source distribution of electrons energized by the shock must be determined along the shock surface. Proposed acceleration mechanisms include magnetic mirroring of incoming solar wind particles and mechanisms involving transmission of particles through the shock. Secondly, the kinematics of observable electrons streaming away from a curved shock with an initial parallel velocity and a downstream perpendicular velocity component due to the motional electric field must be determined. This is the context in which the observations and their explanations will be reviewed.
Severe Restrictive Pulmonary Defect in a Patient with Adult-Onset Still's Disease

Adult-onset Still's disease is characterized by serognegative arthritis, fever, and an evanescent skin rash. Earlier reports have described pneumonitis and pleuritis as manifestations of this disease. We report a patient with adult-onset Still's disease with severe restrictive ventilatory impairment and evidence of respiratory muscle weakness who responded to corticosteroid and aspirin therapy.
Innovation among suppliers to automobile manufacturers: an exploratory study of barriers and facilitators1

This paper reports on an exploratory study of the barriers and facilitators that affect technological innovation by suppliers to the automotive industry and the adoption of such innovations by the industry. The specific focus in the study was on key decision and action points in the life of specific innovations or potential innovations (ideas for new products) which may affect their successful development and marketing. The major source of data for this study was in the form of brief cases obtained from interviews of managers and technical personnel in suppliers to the automotive industry. These cases related to specific projects engaged in or ideas proposed by the responding firms or others in their sector of the industry which were aimed at the introduction of new or improved products, components, systems, materials, designs, etc., to the automotive industry. The information and data for this study were collected by means of structured interviews with 15 managers in 13 first level supplier firms to the automotive industry. A total of 32 innovations were investigated and a corresponding number of 32 cases and additional information on barriers and facilitators were generated for these 32 innovations. In general it was found that the most important barriers and facilitators to innovating were federal laws and regulations. Overall, the two types of decisions that are made in the automotive supplier's environment which appear consistently throughout these cases are (1) the automotive customer's decision to accept, encourage development of, or adopt innovations, and (2) the government's decision to mandate changes in safety, environment or energy-relatedregulations or legislation. The policy implications of the results of this study are discussed as they relate to an evolving model of the effects of potential federal intervention in the R&D/innovation process.
Eimeria dispersa and Eimeria gallopavonis: Infectivity, Survival, and Development in Primary Chicken and Turkey Kidney Cell Cultures

Eimeria dispersa (turkey strain) and Eimeria gallopavonis sporozoites were inoculated into primary cultures of chicken kidney (CK) and turkey kidney (TK) cells. Eimeria dispersa sporozoites were more infective in either cell type than those of E. gallopavonis: at 4 hr, the percentage of infection was 67-98 for E. dispersa but only 23-56 for E. gallopavonis. E. dispersa also survived better in culture: at 2 days, losses of E. dispersa in both cell types were only 4-19%, whereas losses of E. gallopavonis were 35-47% IN TK cells and 60-95% CK cells. However, E. gallopavonis developed further than E. dispersa. Location and increase in numbers of intracellular stages at 4 days indicated that E. dispersa proceeded through 2 schizogonic generations before development stopped.
The solvent extraction of zinc with dithizone

Abstract The extraction of 10 -5 M zinc ion from aqueous solution into an organic solvent 1.8 . 10–3m in dithizone has been investigated. The effects of pH, other ions in the aqueous phase including ions which complex with zinc, and various organic solvents have been investigated. Ions which complex with zinc (citrate, oxalate, nitrilotriacetate, ethylenediaminetetracetate) change the position and/or shape of the extraction curve. Changes in the organic solvent alter the position of the curve, this alteration being qualitatively related to the solubility of dithizone in the organic solvent. Spectra for dithizone and for zinc dithixonate in several organic solvents have also been determined.
Recognition of an unnatural difluorophenyl nucleotide by uracil DNA glycosylase.

The DNA repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) utilizes base flipping to recognize and remove unwanted uracil bases from the genome but does not react with its structural congener, thymine, which differs by a single methyl group. Two factors that determine whether an enzyme flips a base from the duplex are its shape and hydrogen bonding properties. To probe the role of these factors in uracil recognition by UDG, we have synthesized a DNA duplex that contains a single difluorophenyl (F) nucleotide analogue that is an excellent isostere of uracil but possesses no hydrogen bond donor or acceptor groups. By using binding affinity measurements, solution 1 9 F NMR, and solid state 3 1 P{ 1 9 F} rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR measurements, we establish that UDG partially unstacks F from the duplex. However, due to the lack of hydrogen bonding groups that are required to support an open-to-closed conformational transition in UDG, F cannot stably dock in the UDG active site. We propose that F attains a metastable unstacked state that mimics a previously detected intermediate on the uracil-flipping pathway and suggest structural models of the metastable state that are consistent with the REDOR NMR measurements.
Three-dimensional interactive graphics for displaying and modelling microscopic data.

Abstract EUCLID is a three-dimensional (3D) general purpose graphics display package for interactive manipulation of vector, surface and solid drawings on Evans and Sutherland PS300 series graphics processors. It is useful for displaying, comparing, measuring and modelling 3D microscopic images in real time. EUCLID can assemble groups of drawings into a composite drawing, while retaining the ability to operate upon the individual drawings within the composite drawing separately. EUCLID is capable of real time geometrical transformations (scaling, translation and rotation in two coordinate frames) and stereo and perspective viewing transformations. Because of its flexibility, EUCLID is specially useful for fitting models into 3D microscopic images.
What patients don’t know may hurt them: knowledge and the perception of knowledge among patients with CKD

It is generally accepted that informed patients have better health outcomes. Wright Nunes et al. report low levels of perceived chronic kidney disease (CKD) knowledge among patients treated in a nephrology clinic and describe a low–to–moderate association between perceived and objective CKD knowledge. Association of these two types of knowledge with health behaviors and clinical outcomes should be further explored to inform the development and evaluation of CKD educational interventions as well as communication between nephrologists and patients.
17-Ketosteroids via a base induced cleavage of C-17-dihydroxy acetone side chains

Abstract A new, base-catalyzed cleavage of C 21 -steroids to give 17-ketosteroids is described. This reaction is specific for those steroids containing the C-17-dihydroxy acetone side chain. In the presence of oxygen, these same reaction conditions readily degrade corticosterone to the 17β-carboxylic acid.
A chloro(2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde)(2,2':6',2"-terpyridine)ruthenium(II) complex.

The aldehyde moiety in the title complex, chloro(2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde-N,O)(2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine-κ3N)ruthenium(II)–chloro­(2-pyridine­carboxyl­ic acid-N,O)(2,2′:6′,2′′-ter­pyridine-κ3N)­ruthenium(II)–perchlorate–chloro­form–water (1.8/0.2/2/1/1), [RuCl­(C6H5NO)­(C15H11N3)]1.8[RuCl­(C6H5­NO2)(C15H11N3)]0.2­(ClO4)2·­CHCl3·­H2O, is a structural model of substrate coordination to a transfer hydrogenation catalyst. The title complex features two independent RuII complex cations that display very similar distorted octahedral coordination provided by the three N atoms of the 2,2′:6′,2′′-ter­pyridine ligand, the N and O atoms of the 2-pyridine­carbox­aldehyde (pyCHO) ligand and a chloride ligand. One of the cation sites is disordered such that the aldehyde group is replaced by a 20 (1)% contribution from a carboxyl­ic acid group (aldehyde H replaced by carboxyl O—H). Notable dimensions in the non-disordered complex cation are Ru—N 2.034 (2) A and Ru—O 2.079 (2) A to the pyCHO ligand and O—C 1.239 (4) A for the pyCHO carbonyl group.
Effect of cholesterol nanodomains on monolayer morphology and dynamics

At low mole fractions, cholesterol segregates into 10- to 100-nm-diameter nanodomains dispersed throughout primarily dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) domains in mixed DPPC:cholesterol monolayers. The nanodomains consist of 6:1 DPPC:cholesterol “complexes” that decorate and lengthen DPPC domain boundaries, consistent with a reduced line tension, λ. The surface viscosity of the monolayer, ηs, decreases exponentially with the area fraction of the nanodomains at fixed surface pressure over the 0.1- to 10-Hz range of frequencies common to respiration. At fixed cholesterol fraction, the surface viscosity increases exponentially with surface pressure in similar ways for all cholesterol fractions. This increase can be explained with a free-area model that relates ηs to the pure DPPC monolayer compressibility and collapse pressure. The elastic modulus, G′, initially decreases with cholesterol fraction, consistent with the decrease in λ expected from the line-active nanodomains, in analogy to 3D emulsions. However, increasing cholesterol further causes a sharp increase in G′ between 4 and 5 mol% cholesterol owing to an evolution in the domain morphology, so that the monolayer is elastic rather than viscous over 0.1–10 Hz. Understanding the effects of small mole fractions of cholesterol should help resolve the controversial role cholesterol plays in human lung surfactants and may give clues as to how cholesterol influences raft formation in cell membranes.
Monitoring drinking: A method compatible with the recording of electrophysiological phenomenal

The Hill-Stellar method of monitoring drinking behavior has proven effective in many applications. Because of the introduction of electrical artifacts, however, it is incompatible with certain procedures for recording electrophysiological phenomena. An alternative method is described that avoids such artifacts but still permits the lick-by-lick monitoring of drinking behavior.
Routing amid Colluding Attackers

We propose the first practical solution to the longstanding problem of secure wireless routing in the presence of colluding attackers. Our secure routing protocol, Sprout, continuously tries new routes to the destination. Routes are probabilistically generated, with complete disregard for performance metrics. This makes Sprout uniquely resilient to attack: it cannot be tempted by shortcuts. In order to avoid compromised routes, and to ensure good overall performance, the quality of each active route is monitored by means of signed end-to-end acknowledgments. The amount of traffic sent on each route is adjusted accordingly. Sprout effectively mitigates the vast majority of known routing layer attacks, even when under assault from a large number of colluding attackers. Experiments on our 31-node testbed demonstrates the real-world performance of Sprout in terms of packet delivery ratio, round-trip times and TCP throughput. Our security analysis and simulation results show that Sprout is able to quickly find working paths in networks of hundreds of nodes and dozens or more attackers. For example, in a network of 200 nodes and an astounding 64 attackers, Sprout, on average, found a successful route within less than 10 attempts. Yet, in benign settings, Sprout provides TCP throughput within 15% of the shortest path throughput Overall, Sprout consistently delivers high, reliable performance in benign as well as hostile environments.
Metachronal Limb Movements by Artemia salina: Synchrony of Male and Female during Coupling

Studies of the metachronal rhythms of Artemia salina reveal that limb movements of the male and female are synchronous during precopulatory coupling. Synchrony is an adaptation which maintains efficiency in locomotion, respiration, and feeding. The male acts as the pacemaker for the pair and drives the female at a higher rate than she exhibits when alone.
Optical properties of deep centers in semi-insulating ZnSe

Abstract Properties of deep levels in vapor-deposited ZnSe on GaAs have been investigated using transient photocurrent and steady state photocapacitance measurements. A metal/insulator/semiconductor structure was used in the study in which ZnSe formed the insulator. A single dominant deep level in the ZnSe having an energy of E c − 1.2 eV was observed over the spectral region 0.5–3.0 eV. The photoionization cross section of the trap at 1.5 eV and 295 K is 7 x 10 16 cm 2 . Trap concentrations in the range 10 16 −10 17 cm −3 were measured in the as-grown material.
Molecular dynamic simulations of the α-β phase transition in silica cristobalite

Abstract The phase transformation between the α- and β-cristobalite modifications of SiO 2 was studied using molecular dynamic simulations. The transformation was induced in two ways: (a) thermally using constant pressure simulations, and (b) isothermally at room temperature by controlling the pressure within the structure through an externally applied constant stress or by changing the simulation box volume. The atomic scale mechanisms of the transformation have been observed by means of a time-correlation function describing the spatial orientation of the planes that contain the SiOSi bonds. These planes undergo cooperative rotations by 90 ° in the course of the transition. One can distinguish two groups of bonds for which rotations occur independent of one another. Bonds belonging to both groups are aligned in the 110 directions. Both, the bulk modulus, calculated for static structures, as well as the vibrational spectra of the SiOSi planes reflect the softening of phonon modes in the midst of the transition, which is characteristic of displacive phase transformations. Although the aperiodic shift of atomic positions upon passage of the transformation front could be held responsible for a momentary softening of the structure, this is not the only reason, since the behavior persists when maintaining the structure at intermediate densities, which correspond neither to α-, nor to β-cristobalite.
Determination of relative antigen-antibody avidities by radial immunodiffusion☆

Radial immunodiffusion can be used to determine relative antigen-antibody avidities in exactly the same way as demonstrated previously for quantitative immunoelectrophoresis (Birkmeyer et al., 1981). Antigen-antibody interactions of greater avidity result in a greater value of (delta Area/delta [Antigen]) in plots of immunoprecipitin circle area versus antigen concentration while interactions of equal avidity will yield equal values of (delta Area/delta [Antigen]). This was demonstrated using antigens of different weight ranging from 8000 to 66,000.
Copper toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes.

In relative excess, copper is a cytotoxic metal. The injury may be related to the process of lipid peroxidation. Isolated hepatocytes provide a suitable system for an examination of this aspect of copper toxicity. Furthermore, interactions between copper and agents that protect against its toxic effects in vivo can be examined at a cellular level by use of isolated hepatocytes. Therefore, isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated with varying cupric chloride concentrations (5–200 μm) for up to 90 min. The copper caused a concentration and time-related decrease in cell viability as assessed by loss of intracellular potassium ion (K+) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). An increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in reduced glutathione were also observed in response to copper. Of several potentially interactant compounds tested, only chromic chloride, diethyldithiocarbamate, and penicillamine were found to reduce the loss of K+. Ammonium molybdate alone and in combination with sodium sulfate were able to markedly decrease the release of AST from the hepatocytes. While the antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole and N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine decreased the lipid peroxidation attributable to copper, they had no protective effects against loss of cell viability. This suggests that lipid peroxidation is not the cause of the injurious effects of this metal in isolated rat hepatocytes.
Determination of growth rate for plant cell cultures: Comparative studies

In our study, several methods that could be used for evaluation of plant cell growth kinetics were compared using the same cell line (Pyrus communis L) medium. Based on this study, the method that was considered best for bioprocess engineering was selected
The Influences of Sociosexuality and Attachment Style on Reactions to Emotional Versus Sexual Infidelity

Although numerous studies have empirically supported the evolutionary-based prediction of sex differences in reactions to infidelity (men being more distressed by sexual infidelity and women being more distressed by emotional infidelity), little attention has been given to within-sex individual differences in the type of infidelity found to be more distressing. This article considers the effects of sociosexuality (Simpson & Gangestad, 1991 ) and attachment style (e.g., Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991 ) with data from 3,879 college students collected over 14 years. In addition to replicating the robust sex differences, some evidence that sociosexuality and attachment style were related to infidelity reactions was found. Greater sexual permissiveness (i.e., high scores on sociosexuality) was associated with greater distress to sexual infidelity. In addition, a preoccupied attachment style was found to increase men's odds of selecting emotional infidelity, whereas an avoidant attachment style was found to increase women's odds of selecting sexual infidelity.
Synthesis and Characterization of Rhenium(III) and Technetium(III) Organohydrazide Chelate Complexes. Reactions of 2-Hydrazinopyridine with Complexes of Rhenium and Technetium.

The organohydrazide chelate complexes MIII(NNpy)(PPh3)2Cl2 (1, 3) (M = Re, Tc) have been synthesized using the organohydrazine 2-hydrazinopyridine. The chelated organohydrazide is a diazenido(1−) ligand that forms a five-membered ring with the metal center. An X-ray structural analysis of 1 indicates that there is a delocalized π-system formed by the chelate ring. These octahedral, d4 metal complexes have diamagnetic 1H NMR spectra. Complex 1, C41.50H34Cl2N3O0.5P2Re, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 10.5549(7) A, b = 12.2699(8) A, c = 16.8206(12) A, α = 105.9050(10)°, β = 95.8930(10)°, γ = 111.0100(10)°, V = 1906.1(2) A3, Z = 2, and R = 0.0650 based on 5268 unique reflections. The FABMS+ in (p-nitrobenzyl alcohol) of 3 reveals a parent ion peak at m/z 799.2. The complex [Re(HNNpy)(NNpy)(PMe2Ph)2Cl]+[Cl]- (2) contains a chelated, neutral organodiazene ligand and a linear, diazenido(1−) ligand. The X-ray structural analysis of 2, C26H30Cl2N6P2Re, indicates a delocalized π-system formed...
Quality of early parent input predicts child vocabulary 3 years later

Children vary greatly in the number of words they know when they enter school, a major factor influencing subsequent school and workplace success. This variability is partially explained by the differential quantity of parental speech to preschoolers. However, the contexts in which young learners hear new words are also likely to vary in referential transparency; that is, in how clearly word meaning can be inferred from the immediate extralinguistic context, an aspect of input quality. To examine this aspect, we asked 218 adult participants to guess 50 parents’ words from (muted) videos of their interactions with their 14- to 18-mo-old children. We found systematic differences in how easily individual parents’ words could be identified purely from this socio-visual context. Differences in this kind of input quality correlated with the size of the children’s vocabulary 3 y later, even after controlling for differences in input quantity. Although input quantity differed as a function of socioeconomic status, input quality (as here measured) did not, suggesting that the quality of nonverbal cues to word meaning that parents offer to their children is an individual matter, widely distributed across the population of parents.
Video personalization for usage environment

A video personalization and summarization system is designed and implemented incorporating usage environment to dynamically generate a personalized video summary. The personalization system adopts the three-tier server-middleware-client architecture in order to select, adapt, and deliver rich media content to the user. The server stores the content sources along with their corresponding MPEG-7 metadata descriptions. Our semantic metadata is provided through the use of the VideoAnnEx MPEG-7 Video Annotation Tool. When the user initiates a request for content, the client communicates the MPEG-21 usage environment description along with the user query to the middleware. The middleware is powered by the personalization engine and the content adaptation engine. Our personalization engine includes the VideoSue Summarization on Usage Environment engine that selects the optimal set of desired contents according to user preferences. Afterwards, the adaptation engine performs the required transformations and compositions of the selected contents for the specific usage environment using our VideoEd Editing and Composition Tool. Finally, two personalization and summarization systems are demonstrated for the IBM Websphere Portal Server and for the pervasive PDA devices.
Tomato root transcriptome response to a nitrogen-enriched soil patch.

Nitrogen (N), the primary limiting factor for plant growth and yield in agriculture, has a patchy distribution in soils due to fertilizer application or decomposing organic matter. Studies in solution culture over-simplify the complex soil environment where microbial competition and spatial and temporal heterogeneity challenge roots' ability to acquire adequate amounts of nutrients required for plant growth. In this study, various ammonium treatments (as 15N) were applied to a discrete volume of soil containing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots to simulate encounters with a localized enriched patch of soil. Transcriptome analysis was used to identify genes differentially expressed in roots 53 hrs after treatment. The ammonium treatments resulted in significantly higher concentrations of both ammonium and nitrate in the patch soil. The plant roots and shoots exhibited increased levels of 15N over time, indicating a sustained response to the enriched environment. Root transcriptome analysis identified 585 genes differentially regulated 53 hrs after the treatments. Nitrogen metabolism and cell growth genes were induced by the high ammonium (65 μg NH4+-N g-1 soil), while stress response genes were repressed. The complex regulation of specific transporters following the ammonium pulse reflects a simultaneous and synergistic response to rapidly changing concentrations of both forms of inorganic N in the soil patch. Transcriptional analysis of the phosphate transporters demonstrates cross-talk between N and phosphate uptake pathways and suggests that roots increase phosphate uptake via the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in response to N. This work enhances our understanding of root function by providing a snapshot of the response of the tomato root transcriptome to a pulse of ammonium in a complex soil environment. This response includes an important role for the mycorrhizal symbiosis in the utilization of an N patch.
The reliability of multitest regimens with sacroiliac pain provocation tests.

Background: Studies concerning the reliability of individual sacroiliac tests have inconsistent results. It has been suggested that the use of a test regimen is a more reliable form of diagnosis than individually performed tests. Objective: To assess the interrater reliability of multitest scores by using a regimen of 5 commonly used sacroiliac pain provocation tests. Methods: Two examiners examined 78 subjects. The threshold for a positive selection was set at 3 positive tests out of 5 tests performed. The test order and the order in which the subjects were examined were randomized per patient, and the examiners were blinded from all information regarding the subjects tested. Fifty-nine of the subjects were symptomatic for low back pain, and 19 of the subjects were asymptomatic. Weighted kappa statistic, bias-adjusted kappa, prevalence-adjusted kappa, and 95% CI intervals were used to evaluate the interrater reliability of the test regimen. Results: Weighted kappa was found to be 0.70 (95% CI = 0.45-0.95). Conclusions: A multitest regimen of 5 sacroiliac joint pain provocation tests is a reliable method to evaluate sacroiliac joint dysfunction, although further study is needed to assess the validity of this test method.
Solid-State Combustion of Metallic Nanoparticles: New Possibilities for an Alternative Energy Carrier

As an alternative to conventional methods of conveying and delivering energy in mobile applications or to remote locations, we have examined the combustion of nanostructured metal particles assembled into metal clusters. Clusters containing iron nanoparticles (~50 nm in diameter) were found to combust entirely in the solid state due to the high surface-to-volume ratio typical of nanoparticles. Optical temperature measurements indicated that combustion was rapid (~500 msec), and occurred at relatively low peak combustion temperatures (1000-1200 K). Combustion produces a mixture of Fe(III) oxides. Xray diffraction and gravimetric analysis indicated that combustion was nearly complete (93-95% oxidation). Oxide nanoparticles could be readily reduced at temperatures between 673 and 773 K using hydrogen at 1 atmosphere pressure, and then passivated by the growth of a thin oxide layer. The nanostructuring of the particles is retained throughout the combustion-regeneration cycle. Modeling of the combustion process is in good agreement with observed combustion characteristics.