cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multilateral development aid for Africa

Abstract Inequities and inefficiencies in development aid arise from donor–recipient motivational conflicts, agency problems, and institutional deficiencies. Recent thinking on reforming official aid recommends technocratic solutions including recipient ownership, selectivity, budgetary grants, and multilateralization of aid management. Locating persistent policy failure in Africa primarily in its political institutions, this paper explores three alternative models of multilateral aid for reconciling need and effectiveness. They are the European Union's (EU's) model of regional aid, the International Development Association's (IDA's) model of concessional loans, and a synthesis model (S-model). Implications are drawn for redesigning aid to Africa that would adequately account for the peculiarities of the world's most prominent development challenge.
Charged-current events in the K2K near detectors

The K2K long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment is using the detectors near the neutrino production target to study neutrino interactions on nuclei. We present preliminary results for charged current interactions. In our data we observe a deficit of muons in the forward direction, which also corresponds to a deficit of events with low q2. We also present the preliminary results of the analysis of axial vector mass parameter using the shape of the q2 distribution observed by the Scintillating Fiber detector.
The Belize Barrier Reef: Status and prospects for conservation management

Abstract The Belize Barrier Reef ecosystem is composed of the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere, numerous patch reefs, faroes, fringing reefs, cays, extensive mangrove swamps, and an abundance of reef and associated biota. It is one of the few remaining examples of a flourishing and nearly pristine reef environment in the Caribbean. Endowed with this unique global treasure, yet faced with new pressures resulting from recently gained independence, the task of maintaining the integrity of such a diverse and extensive ecosystem will be a vital challenge for Belizeans. It is a challenge deserving of modern management methods and international assistance.
Monoclonal antibodies to human brain acetylcholinesterase: properties and applications

1. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was purified 20,000-fold in a 43% yield from 90 g of human cerebellum by combined immunoaffinity and ligand affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme migrated as a 68,000-dalton band during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing and reducing conditions. 2. Balb/c mice were immunized with multiple 10-micrograms injections of this material in order to raise monoclonal antibodies to human brain AChE. Three such antibodies were obtained and characterized. 3. Each antibody cross-reacted distinctively with AChEs from other mammals. No antibody recognized human plasma butyrylcholinesterase but all reacted with AChE from human red blood cells. 4. Antibodies HR5 and HR3 performed well in two-site immunoassays for AChE. With these assays we compared autopsy samples of cortical region A9 from six controls (nonneurological cases) and five patients with Alzheimer's disease. The latter showed a highly significant 60% deficit of AChE protein. 5. The present antibodies will permit additional immunochemical studies of cholinergic systems in dementia.
Estimation of Charge-Transfer Resistivity of Pt Cathode on YSZ Electrolyte Using Patterned Electrodes

YSZ Electrolyte discs with patterned LSM electrodes having different three phase boundary (TPB) lengths but the same electrode-electrolyte interface area, were prepared using photomicrolithography. Impedance spectra for half-cells were obtained under oxygen partial pressures, ranging from 10-3 to 1 atm and temperatures from 650 to 800oC. Area specific charge transfer resistance was found to vary inversely. While the charge transfer resistance is inversely proportional to consistent with the charge transfer reaction occurring mainly at the TPB, at 800oC some transport through LSM also appears to occur. The estimated value of charge transfer resistivity corresponding to the charge transfer reaction occurring at TPB, in air at 800oC is in good agreement with that estimated from actual fuel cell tests using quantitative stereological analysis of LSM-YSZ composite electrodes and were found to decrease with increasing and with increasing temperature. The activation energy for the overall charge transfer reaction was estimated to be ~1.5 eV.
Linear Programming Applications in Water Resources

Applications of linear programming to water quality and water quantity problems are discussed, and a fairly comprehensive sample of recent literature in these areas is reviewed. Basic elements of linear programming are also discussed. Emphasis is placed on the elements of linear programming that make it a useful tool for analyzing water resource problems and the basic features of various water resource problems that render them amenable to meaningful analysis by linear programming.
Comparison of two dimensional and three dimensional radiotherapy treatment planning in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy weekend less.

Abstract Background and purpose Patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer being treated with continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy weekend less (CHARTWEL) were planned and treated with a three dimensional (3D) conformal protocol and comparison made with two dimensional (2D) planning, as used previously, to compare past practice and methods. Patients and methods Twenty-four patients were planned initially using 3D and then replanned using a 2D system. The 2D plans were transferred onto the 3D system and recalculated. Dose volume histograms could then be constructed of planning target volumes for phases 1 and 2 (PTV 1 and 2, respectively), lung and spinal cord for the 2D plans and compared with the 3D plans. Results There was a significantly lower absolute dose to the isocentre with 2D compared to 3D planning with dose reductions of 3.9% for phase 1, 4.4% for phase 2 and 4.7% for those treated with a single phase. Maximum dose to spinal cord was greater in 17 of the 24 2D plans with a median dose reduction of 0.82Gy for 3D ( P =0.04). The percentage volume of whole lung receiving ≥20Gy ( V 20 ) was greater in 16 of the 24 2D plans with a median reduction in V 20 of 2.4% for 3D ( P =0.03). Conclusions A lower dose to tumour was obtained using 2D planning due to the method of dose calculation and spinal cord and lung doses were significantly higher.
Attenuation of cyclophosphamide-induced taste aversions in mice by prochlorperazine, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, nabilone and levonantradol

Abstract A series of experiments were performed with adult CD-1 male mice to evaluate the antiemetic effects of several compounds using the conditioned taste aversion procedure. The antiemetics were administered IP immediately prior to a 30-min conditioning trial in which a novel tasting solution (0.3% saccharin) was presented to the subjects. The emetics, apomorphine and the cancer chemotherapeutic drug cyclophosphamide, were given IP immediately after the conditioning trial at doses that induced taste aversions. Three days later the mice received a two bottle preference test (saccharin vs. water) and the percent saccharin consumed of the total fluid intake was calculated. Doses of the phenothiazine antiemetic prochlorperazine (1 and 3 mg/kg) attenuated the aversions produced by 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg apomorphine. Doses of drugs currently approved or under clinical investigation as antiemetics in conjunction with cancer chemotherapy, i.e., prochlorperazine (1.0 mg/kg), Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) and nabilone (0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg), significantly attenuated the taste aversions induced by cyclophosphamide. Levonantradol at doses of 0.03 and 0.06 mg/kg, however, did not attenuate cyclophosphamide-induced taste aversions. Conditioned taste aversions produced by emetic drugs warrants investigation as a model for evaluating potential antiemetics.
Annual Reports: Preserving and Disseminating a Source for Business History

SUMMARY Lippincott Library'ss Historical Corporate Annual Reports Collection contains useful primary sources of information for several disciplines, including applied accounting and business history. They also are reflections of the societal and cultural mores of the times. Unfortunately, these reports are fragile, difficult to locate, and hard to access. The creation of a digital collection preserves images of the reports and makes them easily accessible for anyone with access to the Internet. This paper details the efforts of Lippincott Library at the University of Pennsylvania to create an electronic collection of historical annual reports based on a large print collection owned by the library. The challenges of electronic “preservation” are discussed, as well as possible solutions.
Lattice theory of three‐dimensional cracks

The problem of the stability of a three‐dimensional crack will be analyzed within a lattice‐statics approximation. Hsieh and Thomson employed a similar approach for a two‐dimensional crack. In that work the force was taken to be linear up to an arbitrary displacement and set equal to zero for larger displacements. This paper will investigate the consequence of introducing a jog into the crack face as well as the effects of various nonlinear‐force laws. The phenomenon of lattice trapping (upper and lower bounds on the applied stress for an equilibrium crack of given length) is again obtained. By looking at various force laws, it is possible to obtain some physical insight into which aspects of the force law are critical for crack stability. In particular, the inadequacy of a thermodynamic approach (which relates the critical stress to a surface energy corresponding to the area under the cohesive‐force–vs–displacement curve) will be demonstrated. Surface energy is a global property of the cohesive‐force law. Crack stability is sensitive to much more refined aspects of the cohesive‐force law. Crack healing is sensitive to the long‐range portion of the cohesive force. It occurs when an applied load leads to a pair of atoms, whose bond had been broken, acquiring a net displacement such that the cohesive force is non‐negligible (about 5% of peak value) and increasing with decreasing displacment. Crack expansion normally occurs when an increment in a net atomic displacement leads to a change in slope in the cohesive‐force law: a positive spring constant becoming negative. Hence crack expansion is sensitive to the position of the maximum in the cohesive‐force relation.
Theory of a double polarization modulated Martin-Puplett interferometer

We present a formal Jones matrix analysis of a new far-infrared spectrometer design based on the Martin-Puplett interferometer. The new spectrometer utilizes double polarization modulation and eliminates problems due to source fluctuations, instrumental drift, and reduced dynamic range in studies of materials with small absorptivities. The spectrometer has successfully extended the reflection-absorption technique of thin-film spectroscopy into the far-infrared and millimeter wave region.
Healthy cartoons? The nutritional implications of digital video recorders on children's television

Research over several decades has established definitively that children's television consumption has negative nutritional consequences for its young viewers. However, nearly all studies in this area have focused either on the advertisements interspersed with children's programs or on the overall act of television viewing. The few studies that have looked directly at the content of children's programs themselves with respect to nutrition were limited to prime-time programming. As a result, the question remains whether children's television programs themselves carry negative nutritional implications, or whether the problems appear exclusively in the advertisements and the general act of watching television. This distinction becomes important in light of the growth of digital video recorder (DVR) usage. DVRs enable viewers to record programs for future playback, with the additional capability of easily skipping past the advertisements. Although many children will certainly continue to watch television unimpeded by DVRs, the availability of the new technology has introduced the option for guardians to pre-record programs, and to show those programs without the advertisements. If the nutritional problems of children's programming do in fact reside primarily in the advertisements, DVRs could theoretically decrease the harmful consequences of children's television programming. A preliminary content analysis of non-prime-time children's television programming evaluated the extent to which the actual content presents negative (or positive) nutritional messages. The implications of the findings form the basis of recommendations for additional research.
Fire-regime complacency and sensitivity to centennial- through millennial-scale climate change in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests, Colorado, USA

Summary 1. Key uncertainties in anticipating future fire regimes are their sensitivity to climate change, and the degree to which climate will impact fire regimes directly, through increasing the probability of fire, versus indirectly, through changes in vegetation and landscape flammability. 2. We studied the sensitivity of subalpine forest fire regimes (i.e. fire frequency, fire severity) to previously documented climate variability over the past 6000 years, utilizing pollen and macroscopic charcoal from high-resolution lake-sediment records in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. We combined data from the four lakes to provide composite records of vegetation and fire history within a 200 km 2 study area. 3. Rates of forest burning were relatively complacent to millennial-scale summer cooling and decreased effective moisture. Mean return intervals between fire episodes, defined over 500-year periods, generally varied between 150 and 250 years, consistent with tree-ring-based estimates spanning recent centuries. Variability around these long-term means, however, was significantly correlated with variability in summer moisture (i.e. more burning with drier summers), inferred from existing lake-level and supporting palaeoenvironmental records. 4. The most pronounced change in fire regimes was in response to decreased subalpine forest density ca. 2400 cal. year BP, itself a response to regional cooling. This indirect impact of climate was followed by a decrease in charcoal production per fire, a proxy for crown-fire severity, while the long-term rate of burning remained unchanged. Over the last 1500 years, increased summer evaporation and drought frequency were associated with increased fire severity, highlighting a direct link between fire and climate. 5. Synthesis. Subalpine forest fire history reveals complacency and sensitivity of fire regimes to changing vegetation and hydroclimate over the past 6000 years. Complacency is highlighted by non-varying fire frequency over millennia. Sensitivity is evident through changes in biomass burned per fire (and inferred fire severity), in response to climate-induced changes in forest density and, more recently, increased summer drought. Overall, the palaeo record suggests that (i) fire severity may be more responsive to climate change than fire frequency in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests and (ii) the indirect impacts of climate on vegetation and fuels are important mechanisms determining fire-regime response to climate change.
1712 GLUCOSE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT ACCENTUATE HYPOXICISCHEMIC BRAIN DAMAGE IN IMMATURE RATS: BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS

Previous investigations from our laboratory have shown that hyperglycemia during the course of hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) does not increase brain damage in immature animals as occurs in adults (Voorhies et al 1982). To clarify biochemical mechanisms responsible for this age specific paradox, we subjected 7-day postnatal rats to unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by the hypoxia produced by the inhalation of 8% oxygen for 2hr (Rice et al, 1981). Experimental animals received 0.1 ml. 50% glucose sc 15 min prior to onset of hypoxia, which increased blood glucose to 350 mg/dl for 2 hr. Glucose in the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to the carotid occlusion was exhausted by 20 min of H-I in control (saline injected) rats but not until 2 hr in glucosetreated animals. Brain lactate and puruvate increased to a greater extent in the glucose-treated animals but only at 20 and 60 min, such that L/P ratios were comparable at 2 hr. Declines in ATP and P-creatine occurred earlier in control animals, but by 2 hr low levels were seen in both groups. Total adenine nucleotides also were depleted to the same degree. The findings indicate that despite an early protective influence of glucose on brain glycolytic intermediates & high energy reserves during cerebral H-I, the effect is short lived even with continuing hyperglycemia. Limited glucose entry into the immature brain at any blood glucose level retards anaerobic metabolism during H-I; which, in turn, leads to a disruption of the energy state of the tissue and ultimate brain damage. (NIH #HD-15738).
Multiple antioxidants protect against heme protein and lipid oxidation in kidney tissue

Abstract The effect of antioxidant nutrients in rat kidney homogenates was studied by measuring the formation of oxidized heme proteins (OHP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) during spontaneous oxidation at 37°. OHP were analyzed using a modified spreadsheet protocol; the Heme Protein Spectra Analysis Program (HPSAP). Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a basal diet fortified with vitamin E, selenium, or β-carotene, or a combination of all three antioxidants. A second group of male SD rats received a basal diet fortified with Trolox, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, β-carotene, coenzyme Q10 coenzyme Q0, and (+)-catechin. A control group of rats was given a vitamin E- and selenium-deficient basal diet. The amount of TBARS production during a 1 h reaction decreased as the relative antioxidant effectiveness of the dietary treatments increased. Dietary treatments providing nine antioxidants significantly reduced the formation of OHP and methemoglobin during the 1 h reaction compared to the dietary treatment providing only two antioxidant nutrients. These data suggest that increasing the diversity and quantity of antioxidants in the diet provides significantly more protection for heme proteins and lipids in kidney tissue than individual antioxidants or a combination of vitamin E and selenium.
Possible three-dimensional models for the polypeptide backbone structure of alamethicin

Abstract Based on an empirical procedure of predicting polypeptide backbone structures of proteins, an attempt was made to construct possible three-dimensional models for the secondary structure of alamethicin. Two chemical properties were used to limit the number of possible models: the presence of seven to eight α-aminoisobutyric acid residues whose conformations were quite restricted, and a covalent bond between the proline residue at position 1 and the glutamic acid residue at position 17. The predicted structures appear very compact and show features in agreement with circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion results, nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, and compressed monolayer studies.
Modeling a new technique for accessing shared buses

Consider a queueing system in which customers (or jobs) arrive to one of Q separate queues to await service from one of S identical servers (Figure 1). Once a job enters a queue it does not leave that queue until it has been selected for service. Any server can serve any job from any queue. A job selected for service cannot be preempted. In this paper we consider jobs to be in a single class; for the multiple class result see [AFSH81a]. We assume once a queue has been selected, job scheduling from that queue is fair. In particular, our results hold for first come first serve as well as random selection [SPIR79] and, for that matter, any fair nonpreemptive scheduling policy within a queue. We assume that arrivals to each queue follow a Poisson process with the mean arrival rate to queue q being lq. The S identical exponential servers are each processing work at a mean rate of m.This system is general enough to be adaptable for modeling many different applications. By choosing the policy employed for queue selection by the servers, we can model multiplexers, channels, remote job entry stations, certain types of communication processors embedded in communication networks, and sets of shared buses. In this paper we will use the latter application to discuss a realistic situation. The elements (“jobs”) in the queues are messages to be sent from modules connected to the shared bus of the system. The servers are the buses; their service times are equal to the message transmission times. The queues are in the interface modules connected to and sharing the buses.
Effects of different volumes of autologous blood instilled into the airways of horses on pulmonary function during treadmill exercise

Summary Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage has been associated with reduced performance in racing horses. However, it is unclear what volume of blood loss into the lungs impairs performance. The purpose of the present study was to determine the minimal volume of autologous blood instilled into the airways that significantly affects performance and pulmonary function in exercising horses. Six Thoroughbred horses performed 2 exercise bouts on each of 4 treatment test days. Each exercise bout consisted of a 2 min warm-up at 4 m/s followed by running at a speed equivalent to 115% VO2max, until fatigued. For the first run of each testing day there was no treatment (baseline run). Prior to the second run either there was no treatment (control) or 100, 50 or 25 ml of autologous blood was instilled into the airways on the right hand side. During each test, arterial and mixed venous blood was sampled, and VO2, VCO2 and breathing mechanics measured. The results of this study indicate that unilateral instillation of 100 ml of blood or less into the airways of horses does not significantly affect pulmonary function, breathing mechanics or performance during supramaximal exercise. The results of this study may be helpful in determining the significance of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage on racing performance.
Changing the Face of Hockey: A Study of the Half-Visor's Ability to Reduce the Severity of Facial Injuries of the Upper-Half of the Face among East Coast Hockey League Players

Objective: The purpose of the study was to identify the effectiveness of half-visors by qualitatively comparing the severity, location, and mechanism of facial injuries involving the upper-half of the face among an equal number of East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) players with and without half-visors. Full visors were not included in the study because ECHL players do not wear full visors. Design: A stratified sample was retrospectively collected from 5 seasons of ECHL players who suffered facial injuries to the upper-half of the face with and without half-visors. The upper-half of the face is the region purported to be protected by the half-visor. A total of 186 injuries were identified to the upper-half of the face (93 wore half-visors and 93 wore no protection). Setting: Johnstown Cambria County War Memorial Arena, Johnstown, PA. Results: High-sticking was the most common mechanism of injury. Injury severity scores for lacerations with standard deviations by injury location (ie, forehead, cheek) were statistically significant in the half-visor group when compared with the no-visor group. The injury severity scores for contusions due to collisions were statistically higher in the no-visor group compared with the half-visor group. Conclusions: Most injury mechanisms occur from an upward trajectory, which could easily slip under the half-visor and strike the upper-half of the face and eye region. The half-visor may not adequately protect the upper-half of the face from common injury mechanisms. Language: en
Perturbation techniques for detecting domain errors

Perturbation testing is an approach to software testing which focuses on faults within arithmetic expressions appearing throughout a program. This approach is expanded to permit analysis of individual test points rather than entire paths, and to concentrate on domain errors. Faults are modeled as perturbing functions drawn from a vector space of potential faults and added to the correct form of an arithmetic expression. Sensitivity measures are derived which limit the possible size of those faults that would go undetected after the execution of a given test set. These measures open up an interesting view of testing, in which attempts are made to reduce the volume of possible faults which, were they present in the program being tested, would have escaped detection on all tests performed so far. The combination of these measures with standard optimization techniques yields a novel test-data-generation method called arithmetic fault detection. >
Interferometry in the Infrared

Operating under the condition of energy-limited resolution in the infrared, the Fabry-Perot interferometer is shown to have a theoretical advantage by a factor of about 5 in. resolving power over the diffraction grating. Tellurium films which have a high index of refraction in the infrared are shown to absorb little energy from 5 to 20 microns. Multilayer films of tellurium and potassium bromide show high reflection and low absorption, appearing to be well suited for interferometer films. Tellurium is also shown to be suitable for filters for use in the region 5 to 25 microns.
Radiopaque polymers based on acrylated phosphonate esters derived from polyols

A number of miscible metal salt–polymer systems of acrylated phosphonates derived from various polyols such as glycerol, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, pentaerythritol, and dipentaerythritol are described. The salt–monomer systems could be polymerized radically to form homogeneous transparent glassy polymers. Incorporation of heavy metal salts in polymers imparts radiopacity on otherwise radiolucent materials rendering them useful for X-ray imaging. The polymer–salt systems have been characterized with the aid of infrared spectroscopy and thermal and radiographic analyses. In these salt–polymer systems, salts are bonded to the polymers predominantly through the phosphoryl's oxygen. The results indicate that about 11 wt % of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate and 12.5 wt % of bismuth bromide impart a radiopacity equivalent to that of aluminum. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the salt-containing polymers are substantially higher than the salt-free polymers. The Tg values seem to depend on the chemical nature of the polymers, concentration of metal salts, and the extent of crosslinking induced through chelation. The analysis indicated complete solubility in the polymer matrices. No melting point endotherms of free salt crystals were detected. Some preliminary adhesion measurements revealed that acrylated phosphonates are excellent adhesion promoters for hard tissues.
Mechanism and kinetics of the inhibition of dopamine-β-hydroxylase by 2-mercaptoethylguanidine

Abstract The inhibition of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) by 2-mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG) was studied using a partially purified DBH preparation. The MEG-induced inhibition of DBH decreased progressively with increasing Cu2+ concentration; equal concentrations of MEG and Cu2+ were without effect, supporting the hypothesis that the mechanism of inhibition is through binding of enzymic Cu. It was shown kinetically that MEG inhibits purified DBH by a two-inhibitor molecule interaction. Since MEG inhibits DBH by binding enzymic Cu, two Cu ions must be available at the active site for binding with the two MEG molecules. Several congeners of MEG and other compounds were used to study the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the MEG inhibition of DBH. The SAR correlated with a hypothetical model of the enzyme active site based on the information obtained from the kinetic studies of the MEG inhibition of DBH. The structure-activity relationship suggested that the intramolecular distance between the anionic site and the site of β-hydroxylation of the substrate, dopamine (DA), was coincident with the intramolecular distance between the positive charge of the inhibitor and the site of binding of the Cu of DBH.
Synthesis and characterization of per/polyfluorophenoxy derivatives of octachlorocyclotetraphosphazenes

Abstract Octachlorocyclotetraphosphazene was treated with various fluorinated phenols to form partially and completely substituted cyclotetraphosphazenes. The mono-substitution reactions were carried out using a base in benzene while for complete substitution sodium salts of the corresponding phenoxides were used. All compounds were characterized by 1 H, 19 F, and 31 P NMR, IR and mass spectroscopic methods. A crystal structure was obtained for N 4 P 4 (OC 6 F 5 ) 8 , and shows that the phosphazene ring is puckered. The angle of the planes N2P2N1P1N4 to N4P4N3P3N2 is 45.5° and the angle of the planes N1P1N4P4N3 to N3P3N2P2N1 is 43.8°.
Minimal resolution of Atkin–Lehner quotients of X0(N)

Abstract Let X 0 ( N ) be the classic modular curve of level N over Z . Let W M be the Atkin–Lehner involution of X 0 ( N ) associated to a divisor M with ( M , N / M ) = 1 . In this paper an explicit description is given for the minimal resolution over Z [ 1 / 6 ] of the Atkin–Lehner quotient X 0 ( N ) / W M . As an application a new proof of Deuring's formula on the number of supersingular j-invariants in F p is given. In certain cases it is also shown that the action of Hecke operators on the component group of the Jacobian of the Atkin–Lehner quotient is Eisenstein.
Antioxidant activity of oat extract in soybean and cottonseed oils

A previously published method for extracting antioxidants from Noble oats with methanol was modified to improve the antioxidant activity. The extract was tested in soybean and cottonseed oils held at 30 and 60°C in the dark and at 30°C in the light. During storage, the peroxide values (PV) of the oils were generally significantly lower (P≤0.05) with the addition of the extract than was the control (no additives), and the PV were slightly higher than for oils containing TBHQ. In addition, the extract was added to emulsions of the same oils and held at 30°C in the light and at 60°C in the dark. The PV of the emulsions containing the extract were significantly lower (P≤0.05) than were the PV of those containing tertiary butylhydroquinone and the control.
A review of drillstring vibration modeling and suppression methods

Abstract Drilling is one of the most costly and risky activities in oil and gas reservoir exploration and field development. A portion of this high cost is related to unwanted vibrations of the drillstring. With the advancement of “Measurement While Drilling” (MWD) tools and their real-time implementation, vibration models are still a valuable tool for pre-drilling analyses, designing the “bottomhole assembly” (BHA) and sensitivity analyses of the input parameters. In the last 70 years, a wide variety of models has been developed for design and analysis of drilling structures. Due to the complexity of downhole interactions and excitations a variety of modeling simplifications and assumptions is typically made. This paper presents a broad survey of the drillstring vibration modeling literature. The state-of-the-art of models for predicting axial, torsional and bending vibrations (uncoupled and coupled), boundary condition assumptions, equation formulation methods, and applications to vibration mitigation is reviewed. Moreover, the challenges of drillstring vibration modeling in the presence of modern drilling techniques such as deviated drilling and use of vibrating downhole tools are discussed. This survey is intended to organize and summarize the vast amount of literature in the field, and to aid engineers in both industry and academia in developing, choosing, or critically assessing the limitations of drillstring vibration models.
Kinetics of the cellular reaction in oriented bicrystals of Pb-7 at.% Sn

Abstract The rate of growth, interlamellar spacing and proportion of the equilibrium amount of precipitate phase formed were measured as a function of temperature (−13° to 45°C) and misorientation about 〈001〉 (θ = 15° to 25°) in oriented bicrystals of Pb-7 at.% Sn. These data were analyzed on the basis of the Turnbull and the Cahn theories of the cellular reaction and of certain modifications of these theories. The cell boundary diffusivities (DB) calculated at θ = 25° from the modified Turnbull theory fell closest to the radiotracer grain boundary diffusivity data of Pb in Pb-1.55 at.% Sn reported by Stark and Upthegrove. The forms of the dependence of DB upon θ obtained from all theoretical approaches were compatible with the Stark-Upthegrove boundary diffusivity data in pure Pb. The activation energy of the cell boundary mobility, as determined from the Cahn theory, was 5–6 kcal/mole, in remarkably good agreement with published data on grain boundary migration in zone-refined Pb; this result is qualitatively consistent with Cahn's impurity drag theory of boundary migration. Both the Turnbull and the Cahn theories gave thoroughly unsatisfactory results for the interfacial energy of the broad faces of the cell lamellae. The cellular structure failed to develop when θ was reduced from 15° to 13°, in support of C.S. Smith's mechanism of this reaction.
A covalently stabilized lipid-polycation-DNA (sLPD) vector for antisense oligonucleotide delivery.

Antisense oligonucleotide G3139 is designed for Bcl-2 downregulation and is known to induce toll-like receptor activation. Novel stabilized lipid−polycation−DNA (sLPD) nanoparticles were constructed and evaluated for the delivery of G3139 to human carcinoma KB cells and for bioactivity in vivo. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was incorporated as a DNA condensing agent. The lipid composition used was DOTAP/DDAB/Chol/TPGS/linoleic acid/hexadecenal at molar ratios of 30/30/34/1/5/0.2. The nanoparticles were stabilized by the formation of a reversible covalent bond between the aldehyde group on the cis-11-hexadecenal and amines on the PEI. When sLPDs were used to transfect KB cells, 90.4% Bcl-2 downregulation was observed, compared to no significant downregulation by free G3139 and 54.6% downregulation by nonstabilized LPD-G3139. The sLPDs were then evaluated for therapeutic efficacy in mice bearing KB subcutaneous tumors and were found to trigger a strong antitumor response, inhibiting tumor growth and prolonging sur...
Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation in Contraction of Gastric Antral Smooth Muscle from Neonate and Adult Rabbits

The decreased contractility of gastric antral smooth muscle in the neonate has been attributed to reduced levels of activator calcium. It is generally accepted that calcium-dependent myosin light chain phosphorylation (MLCP) is the key step in the initiation of force development in smooth muscle. In this study, we investigated the relationship between MLCP and force development in gastric antral smooth muscle from neonatal (4-6 d old) and adult rabbits. We tested the hypothesis that the reduced force development of circular smooth muscle from the neonate would be accompanied by decreased levels of MLCP, as compared with data from adult animals. Full thickness muscle strips oriented parallel to the circular muscle layer were examined for their contractile response to acetylcholine (ACh) (10-8 M to 10-3 M) or 10-4 M ACh only. In the latter study, tissues were rapidly frozen in a dry ice-acetone slurry for subsequent MLCP determination. MLCP was determined at times corresponding to 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 s of stimulation. For each age group, maximal active force developed at an ACh concentration of 10-4 M and was significantly greater in tissues from adults (1.86 ± 0.24 N/m2, adult; 0.95 ± 0.05 N/m2, neonate; p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant differences were observed with respect to basal or agonist-stimulated levels of MLCP. The data suggest that factors other than levels of MLCP contribute to the reduced force-generating capacity of antral smooth muscle from the neonate.
Development of woody vegetation in treefall gaps in a beech‐sugar maple forest

Treefall gaps sampled for size, age, and woody vegetation in 1977 were resampled in 1981. Large gaps had more and larger stems than did small gaps; however, basal area and number of stems per unit area remained fairly constant over the range of gap sizes encountered. Overall, most species showed little change in their relative importance values in gaps of different sizes or ages. However, the four main canopy species differed in their responses. Acer saccharum Marsh, reached maximum importance in small gaps, Liriodendron tulipifera L. and Fraxinus americana L. in large ones. As gaps aged, Fraxinus decreased in importance while Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. gained in importance for all gap sizes. For about half the gaps studied, some new adjacent disturbance had occurred between 1977 and 1981.
COTTON LINT YIELD ACCUMULATION RATE AND QUALITY DEVELOPMENT

Abstract Crop production management during the period of boll setting and maturation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is critical in determining lint yield and quality. A field investigation conducted at Lubbock, Texas, during 1977–1980 included three cultivars to study the effect of temperature on factors that influence the rate of cotton yield accumulation and the development of lint quality parameters. A linear regression of physiological days (heat units) explained 93% of the variation in prebloom period expressed in days. The number of physiological days needed to complete the prebloom period was negatively related to average daily temperature in a linear manner and included a significant cultivar effect. The length of the boll setting period was determined by temperature and plant moisture stress. In the absence of plant water stress, 20–25 physiological days were needed to complete boll setting. The length of time to fully mature bolls was related to air temperature in a negative exponential manner (r2 = 0.85) with little direct influence of plant water stress or effect of cultivars. Average boll weight of crop increments fluctuated, but the only trend across years was for the mean boll weight of the last two crop increments to be smaller than the average for the total crop. However, there was a direct correlation between the percentage of total bolls set and percentage of final yield. Fiber micronaire was correlated with temperature in a positive linear manner. In the absence of significant plant water stress, temperature explained 80–90% of the micronaire values of individual cultivars compared with 60% when moisture stress conditions were included. An average crop boll temperature of 27°C appears adequate to achieve maximum development of fiber micronaire. Fiber strength also displayed a linear increase as boll period temperature increased, with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.60 to 0.77 among cultivars. Plant water stress significantly reduced micronaire values but had little effect on fiber strength. Fiber length was not affected by the range of environmental conditions during the four-year period of the study.
Altered localization of gene expression in both ectoderm and mesoderm is associated with a murine strain difference in retinoic acid–induced forelimb ectrodactyly

BACKGROUND: Defects in digit number or fusion as a teratogenic response are well documented in humans and intensively studied in various mouse models. Maternal exposure to excess levels of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) at gestational day 9.5 induces postaxial ectrodactyly (digit loss) in the murine C57BL/6N strain but not in the SWV/Fnn strain. METHODS: Whole-mount in situ hybridization was used to examine the differential expression of limb patterning genes at the transcriptional level between the two mouse strains following the maternal exposure to a teratogenic level of RA. The detection of a gene with altered expression was followed by either the evaluation of other genes that were synexpressed or with an assessment of downstream genes. RESULTS: In the C57BL/6N limb bud following maternal RA administration, gene-specific perturbations were observed within hours of the RA injection in the posterior pre-AER (apical ectodermal ridge) (Fgf8, Dlx3, Bmp4, Sp8, but not Dlx2 or p63), whereas these genes were normally expressed in the SWV/Fnn limb bud. Furthermore, although RA caused comparable reductions of Shh expression between the strains in the 12 h after administration, some Shh downstream genes were differentially expressed (e.g., Gli1, Ptc, and Hoxd13), whereas others were not (e.g., Fgf4, Bmp4, and Gremlin). CONCLUSIONS: It is proposed that altered gene expression in both pre-AER and mesoderm is involved in the pathogenesis of postaxial digit loss, and that because the alterations in the pre-AER occur relatively early in the temporal sequence of events, those changes are candidates for an initiating factor in the malformation. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interventional psychiatry: how should psychiatric educators incorporate neuromodulation into training?

Objective Interventional psychiatry is an emerging subspecialty that uses a variety of procedural neuromodulation techniques in the context of an electrocircuit-based view of mental dysfunction as proximal causes for psychiatric diseases.
Studies of multiphoton production of vacuum-ultraviolet radiation in the rare gases

Measurements of the vacuum-ultraviolet (<80-nm) radiation produced by intense ultraviolet (248-nm) irradiation (1015–1016 W/cm2) of rare gases have revealed the copious presence of both harmonic radiation and fluorescence from excited levels. The highest harmonic observed was the seventeenth (14.6 nm) in Ne, the shortest wavelength ever produced by that means. Strong fluorescence was seen from ions of Ar, Kr, and Xe, with the shortest wavelengths observed being below 12 nm. Furthermore, radiation from inner-shell excited configurations in Xe, specifically the 4d95s5p → 4d105s manifold of Xe7+ at ~17.7 nm, was detected. These experimental findings, in alliance with other studies concerning multielectron processes, give evidence for a role of electron correlations in a direct nonlinear process of inner-shell excitation.
Emergency medicine resident clinical hours: a national survey.

Abstract Background Emergency medicine (EM) residency programs have significant scheduling flexibility. As a result, there is potentially significant variation in scheduling practices. Few studies have previously sought to describe this variation. It is unknown how this affects training time in the emergency department. Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe the current variation in clinical training practices through clinical hour, shift length, and rotation survey data. Methods A 21-item questionnaire was distributed to all allopathic EM training programs utilizing an online survey during the 2011–2012 academic year. Questions included demographic data, number of EM rotations per year, shifts, average hours, shift length, and scheduling practices. Results A total of 122 responses were received and 82 programs were analyzed (51.6% of 159 allopathic programs). EM residents work, on average, 45.50 h per week. Postgraduate year 1–3 programs utilizing 28-day schedules averaged two additional EM rotations and 338.2 more clinical EM hours compared with calendar-month rotations. The residents of 4-year programs work approximately 1300 additional hours during residency, with an average of 1279.26 h and 7.9 clinical EM rotations in the fourth year. Clinical hour ranges of 2670–5112 and 4248–6113 were observed for 3-year and 4-year programs, respectively. Conclusions There are different scheduling modalities used to create resident schedules. This flexibility results in a large amount of diversity in scheduling practices, with certain patterns allowing for significantly more clinical time. This may result in a vastly different training experience for EM residents.
IS LIVING PROTOPLASM PERMEABLE TO IONS

The experiments indicate that under normal conditions little or no H2S enters the cell sap of Valonia macrophysa except as undissociated molecules.
Multiformat T-Cell-Engaging Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Human Breast Cancers†

Four different formats of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) were generated that consist of anti-Her2 IgG or Fab site-specifically conjugated to anti-CD3 Fab using the genetically encoded noncanonical amino acid. These bsAbs varied in valency or in the presence or absence of an Fc domain. Different valencies did not significantly affect antitumor efficacy, whereas the presence of an Fc domain enhanced cytotoxic activity, but triggered antigen-independent T-cell activation. We show that the bsAbs can efficiently redirect T cells to kill all Her2 expressing cancer cells, including Her2 1+ cancers, both in vitro and in rodent xenograft models. This work increases our understanding of the structural features that affect bsAb activity, and underscores the potential of bsAbs as a promising therapeutic option for breast cancer patients with low or heterogeneous Her2 expression.
Premenstrual Syndrome and Locus of Control

Seventy-six women completed a three-month prospective evaluation for premenstrual syndrome (PMS). As a part of the evaluation, they completed Rotter's Locus of Control (LOC) form in the follicular phase and premenstrually. It was found that the LOC scores of women meeting criteria for PMS rose significantly (became more "external") premenstrually, while scores of women without PMS did not show significant change. In addition, the premenstrual LOC scores of women meeting criteria for PMS were significantly higher than were scores of the non-PMS women. The results are consistent with the idea that cycle related changes in self-perception occur in women demonstrating PMS symptomatology.
The Triangulation Effects of Family Structure and Attachment on Adolescent Substance Use

Travis Hirshi’s control theory hypothesizes that weak attachment to social control mechanisms increase the likelihood of crime and delinquency commission. The current study examined the effect of family structure and attachment on adolescent substance use, specifically hard liquor and drug use. Youth respondents between the ages of 15 and 18 years from the National Survey of Youth were included in the analyses (N = 1,036). The sample on which analyses were conducted comprised female (n = 498) and male (n = 538) respondents. For both male and female respondents, findings revealed that the family attachment variable emerged as a more significant predictor of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use (p < .05) when compared with the family structure variable.
Retrenchment from a Queer Ideal: Class Privilege and the Failure of Identity Politics in AIDS Activism:

In the decade following the 1969 Stonewall Riots, identity politics in New York City enabled the construction of a socially and recreationally defined homogeneous gay identity. But contrary to comm...