cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peripheral Nerve Lymphoma: Clinical, electrophysiological, radiographic and pathological findings. (P2.002)

BACKGROUND: Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rare presentation of lymphoma in peripheral nerves. OBJECTIVE: To determine the electrophysiological, radiographical, pathological findings and neuropathy pattern in NL. METHODS: Retrospective review of NL patients proven by nerve biopsy. RESULTS: 48 NL patients were identified (28 primary and 20 secondary NL). The most common presentations were asymmetric, painful radiculoplexus neuropathy (37.5[percnt]), polyradiculoneuropathy (23[percnt]) and multiple or single mononeuropathy (18[percnt]). Primary and secondary NL presented similarly with primary NL having longer symptom duration (10 vs. 6 months, p< 0.001), single disease episode (96[percnt] vs. 35[percnt], p< 0.001), disease remission (58[percnt] vs. 20[percnt], p = 0.056) and lower mortality (25[percnt] vs.67[percnt], p = 0.054). 11 of 42 patients had electrophysiology showing demyelination. Nerve biopsies diagnostic of lymphoma were distal cutaneous (sural; 9/11) or proximal targeted fascicular (35/35). MRI was better identifying lymphoma than CT or PET (84[percnt] vs. 46[percnt] vs. 58[percnt]). The lymphomas were B cell (46/48; only 2 T cell) with diffuse large B cell most common. Teased fibers showed increased demyelination (19/24), axonal degeneration (18/24) and empty nerve strands (9/24). Endoneurial lymphoma was common (43/48) follow by epineurial (29/33). Clinical and pathology of primary and secondary NL were similar except secondary NL having shorter neuropathic duration (8.5 vs. 4.5 months; p=0.01), more frequent with other organ involvement (39 vs. 70[percnt]; p=0.045), more axonal degeneration (31[percnt] vs. 7[percnt]; p=0.005), less favorable response to treatment and higher mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Peripheral nerve lymphoma (NL) is a multifocal painful neuropathy that causes endoneurial inflammatory demyelination. 2) Primary NL presents as single episodes. Secondary NL presents after remission suggesting that nerve may act as a “safe lymphoma haven” - most chemotherapeutic agents cannot cross the blood nerve barrier. 3) Primary NL is less severe with longer disease duration, less axonal degeneration, more favorable response to treatment and higher survival rates. Disclosure: Dr. Dyck has nothing to disclose. Dr. Suanprasert has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mauermann has nothing to disclose. Dr. Amrami has nothing to disclose. Dr. Spinner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dyck has nothing to disclose.
Dissipative Kerr solitons and microcavity frequency combs (Conference Presentation)

Dissipative Kerr soliton mode locking in high-Q silica micro cavities is reviewed including resonator dispersion optimization. Phenomena relating to soliton propagation in the micro cavity are studied including dispersive wave generation and soliton trapping. Applications of the soliton comb are described.
Using the socioecological model to explore factors affecting health-seeking behaviours of older Korean immigrants

Aims and objectives The purpose of this study was to explore multilevel factors affecting older Korean immigrants’ health-seeking behaviours. Background Although studies have documented significant issues related to healthcare access and utilisation issues among older immigrants, a noted limitation of current research is its failure to explore multiple factors related to their health-seeking behaviours. Design A qualitative study using interview data from two previous studies. Methods We performed a qualitative analysis of focus groups and individual interviews using inductive coding methods. The socioecological model provided a useful framework to guide this study. The sample included 17 community-dwelling older Korean immigrants aged ≥65 years living in the metropolitan area of Seattle, WA, USA. Results Findings revealed various factors at the individual (e.g., perception of health and illness, mistrust, cultural values and norms, length of residency in the United States, language barriers and ageing experiences), interpersonal (e.g., peers, family and primary care physicians), community (e.g., ethnic community centres and organisations, home care helpers and interpretation services) and policy (e.g., lack of affordability and health benefits coverage) levels. Each of these factors played a role as either a barrier to or facilitator of older Korean immigrants’ health-seeking behaviours. Several factors, such as language barriers and lack of available information, were intertwined. Conclusions Findings indicate the importance of considering four major areas when designing culturally appropriate, community-based interventions for older immigrants. Also, utilising peers or trusted human resources in the community is critical to the design and implementation of health promotion interventions for older immigrants. Implications for Practice Examining intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and policy level factors that affect older immigrants’ health-seeking behaviours informs the design of community-based health promotion interventions for older immigrants.
Oxidative stress in carcinogenesis

Abstract Carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving both mutation of critical genes and increased cell proliferation. Over production of oxygen species (ROS) occurs from endogenous and/or exogenous sources. Endogenous sources include both intracellular organelles as well as inflammatory sources. Exogenous sources include xenobiotics, pharmaceuticals and radiation. Important to carcinogenesis, the resulting oxidative stress can induce mutations in critical cellular genes under inhibited antioxidant defense pathways and DNA repair mechanisms. In addition, ROS can activate a number of signal transduction pathways such as HIF1a, Nrf2, AP-1, and NF-kB that transcript cell growth regulatory genes. It is clear that oxidative stress and damage participate in all stages of the cancer process. Oxidative stress has also been linked to a number of human cancers both as causing and modulating factor. Further, the susceptibility to human cancers can be modified by polymorphisms in oxidative DNA repair genes and antioxidant genes.
Incomplete prophage tolerance by type III-A CRISPR-Cas systems reduces the fitness of lysogenic hosts.

CRISPR–Cas systems offer an immune mechanism through which prokaryotic hosts can acquire heritable resistance to genetic parasites, including temperate phages. Co-transcriptional DNA and RNA targeting by type III-A CRISPR–Cas systems restricts temperate phage lytic infections while allowing lysogenic infections to be tolerated under conditions where the prophage targets are transcriptionally repressed. However, long-term consequences of this phenomenon have not been explored. Here we show that maintenance of conditionally tolerant type III-A systems can produce fitness costs within populations of Staphylococcus aureus lysogens. The fitness costs depend on the activity of prophage-internal promoters and type III-A Cas nucleases implicated in targeting, can be more severe in double lysogens, and are alleviated by spacer-target mismatches which do not abrogate immunity during the lytic cycle. These findings suggest that persistence of type III-A systems that target endogenous prophages could be enhanced by spacer-target mismatches, particularly among populations that are prone to polylysogenization. CRISPR-Cas systems, such as type III-A CRISPR-Cas, provide an immune mechanism for prokaryotic hosts to resist parasites, including phages. Here, the authors show that maintenance of conditionally tolerant type III-A systems can affect the fitness of Staphylococcus aureus lysogens.
Protein Sorting at the Membrane of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a brief discussion on protein sorting at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. After targeting, the cell often must direct the facilitated transport of polypeptides across a membrane bilayer. The focus of this chapter is on the protein translocation across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the first step in the cellular secretory pathway in eukaryotic cells. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a ribonucleoprotein complex that is responsible for signal sequence recognition. In post-translational translocation, a secretory protein is completely synthesized by the ribosome in the cytoplasm before the translocation process begins. Independent confirmation that the nascent chain occupies an aqueous pore through the membrane during translocation was obtained using iodide ions as hydrophilic collisional quenchers of fluorescence. As a more complete picture of the various functions performed by the translocon emerges, global issues of regulation and cross-talk between functional pathways that use the translocon machinery will be of further interest.
Using ducted fuel injection to attenuate or prevent soot formation in mixing-controlled combustion strategies for engine applications

Abstract Ducted fuel injection is a strategy that can be used to enhance the fuel/charge-gas mixing within the combustion chamber of a direct-injection compression-ignition engine. The concept involves injecting the fuel through a small tube within the combustion chamber to make the most fuel-rich regions of the micture in the autoignition zone leaner relative to a conventional free-spray configuration (i.e., a fuel spray that is not surrounded by a duct). This study is a follow-on to initial proof-of-concept experiments that also were conducted in a constant-volume combustion vessel. While the initial natural luminosity imaging experiments demonstrated that ducted fuel injection lowers soot incandescence dramatically, this study adds a more quantitative diffuse back-illumination diagnostic to measure soot mass, as well as investigates the effects on performance of varying duct geometry (axial gap, length, diameter, and inlet and outlet shapes), ambient density, and charge-gas dilution level. The result is that ducted fuel injection is further proven to be effective at lowering soot by 35–100% across a wide range of operating conditions and geometries, and guidance is offered on geometric parameters that are most important for improving performance and facilitating packaging for engine applications.
Displays and controls

Abstract This chapter examines the various types of displays and controls, as well as the design characteristics that make them effective or less so. Since there are many types of displays and controls already in existence, an overview is presented in this chapter to assist the practicing ergonomist in the selection of displays and controls. Important distinctions are made between quantitative and qualitative displays as well as discrete and continuous controls. Population stereotypes are also discussed as they affect the design of displays and controls.
Implementing design principles for collaborative ERP systems

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems are notoriously difficult for users to operate. We present a framework that consists of a data model and algorithms that serve as a foundation for implementing design principles presented in an earlier paper for improving ERP usability. The framework addresses the need for providing user, task and process context of each system-user interaction. It is intended to form an integral part of the system's data model, which can be queried in real time to produce the information required for a variety of user interface enhancements. We have implemented the framework within an ERP prototype and used it in a laboratory emulation of ERP usage. Using the log data from this laboratory emulation, we present examples demonstrating how the framework meets its design goal of providing contextual and historical information.
The Antifungal Properties of Epidermal Fatty Acid Esters: Insights from White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) in Bats

Numerous free fatty acids (FFAs) are known to have potent antifungal effects. The mammalian epidermis contains both FFAs and multiple classes of fatty acid esters, including 1-monoacylglycerols and wax esters. We thus hypothesized that wax esters and 1-monoacylglycerols composed of antifungal fatty acids would also have antifungal properties. We tested this hypothesis by examining the effects of 1-monoacylglycerols, 1,3-diacylglycerols, and wax esters on the growth of Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), the fungus that causes White-nose Syndrome (WNS) in North American bats by invading their epidermis. Laboratory experiments with Pd cultures demonstrated that: (a) three 1-monoacylglycerols (1-monopalmitolein, 1-monoolein, and 1-monolinolein), as well as, (b) two wax esters, behenyl oleate and behenyl palmitoleate, profoundly inhibit Pd growth. The normal growth cycle of Pd was interrupted by addition of two cholesterol esters to the media as well. A bat species resistant to cutaneous Pd infections has these 1-monoacylglycerols in the epidermis, and another Pd resistant bat species has these wax esters in the sebum, thus cutaneous lipid composition is one factor which enables some bats to avoid WNS. Our experiments also revealed that the fatty acid esters which inhibit Pd growth are not hydrolyzed by the lipases secreted by this fungus, whereas the esters that do not inhibit Pd growth are hydrolyzed.
Homicidal abuse of young children: A historical perspective

The past 50 years has seen a heightened awareness of abusive injury patterns and increased concern for the plight of children victimized by their caregivers. Murder of the young, however, has been embedded in society since the beginning of recorded time. Indeed, nature provides abundant examples of infanticide in lower animals, raising the question of whether exploitation, apathy, and violence toward children are on some level evolutionarily conserved. In human antiquity, selective killing of females, the illegitimate, and the malformed, killing by ritualistic sacrifice or to conserve resources was carried out with impunity. The middle ages and later saw a decline in these practices albeit limited. One hundred years into the industrial revolution, with harsh child labor in public view, legal remedies were sought to protect children but with little effect. The domestic abuse of children was not addressed until a pivotal 19th-century case, in which the rights of animals were invoked to intervene on behalf of a child. In the 20th century, physicians began to look closely at anatomical findings; patterns due to trauma, especially inflicted trauma, began to emerge. “Battered child syndrome” was followed by “shaken baby syndrome,” the latter prompted by the recurrent findings of subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhages, and brain injury with the absence of impact injuries and no plausible accidental or natural disease explanation. In the 21st century, high-quality studies and an emphasis on evidenced-based medicine substantiated the existence of injury patterns resulting from homicidal violence. However, progress has been uneven. A case of child abuse that reached the US Supreme Court resulted in an ill-cited dissent that seems to have amplified an already toxic medicolegal environment, perhaps unjustifiably. The difficulties in balancing the welfare of society with that of caregivers in the aftermath of homicidal abuse will no doubt continue.
A Surgical Approach to Treat Painful Neuromas of the Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Nerves with Implantation of the Proximal Stump into the Orbit

Frontal neuralgia causally related to trauma to the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves remains a difficult problem to resolve. A peripheral nerve approach to this problem would involve neuroma resection and relocation of the proximal nerve stump to a location away from the vulnerable supraorbital ridge. A retrospective chart review was done to identify patients with frontal pain related to supraorbital trauma who underwent operative interventions to solve this problem by neuroma resection and relocation of the proximal stumps into the orbit. Eight patients were identified for inclusion in this study. At a mean of 16 months after surgery, there was a significant change in the visual analog score from a mean of 9.4 to 2.8 (p 50% reduction in pain postoperatively. There was one treatment failure. There were no postoperative complications. The strategy of relocating the proximal end of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves into the posterior orbit after resecting the painful neuromas can successfully manage posttraumatic craniofacial pain related to these injured nerves.
Rapid and Selective in situ Reduction of Pyridine-N-oxides with Tetra­hydroxydiboron

Pyridine-N-oxides are often used as reactive precursors in the syntheses of substituted pyridines. Isolation and subsequent reduction of the associated pyridine-N-oxide intermediates can be challenging. We have discovered that tetrahydroxydiboron functions as a mild, versatile, and remarkably selective reducing agent for pyridine-N-oxides and may be used in an in situ fashion, thus ­obviating the isolation of N-oxide-containing intermediates
Gclc deletion in surface-ectoderm tissues induces microphthalmia

Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) is the catalytic subunit for the glutamate-cysteine ligase (Gcl) enzyme. Gcl catalyzes the rate limiting step in glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Gclc is highly expressed in the developing eye. To define the regulatory role of Gclc in eye development, we developed a novel, Le-Cre transgene-driven, Gclc knockout mouse model. Gclcf/f/Le-CreTg/- mice present with deformation of the retina, cornea, iris, and lens, consistent with a microphthalmia phenotype. Controlling for the microphthalmia phenotype of Gclcwt/wt/Le-CreTg/- mice revealed that Gclcf/f/Le-CreTg/- mice have a more severe microphthalmia phenotype. Thus, the loss of Gclc expression exacerbates the microphthalmia phenotype in Le-Cre mice. Gclcf/f/Le-CreTg/- eyes present with reduced retinal and lens epithelium proliferation and increased lens cell death. Imaging mass spectrometry of ocular tissues revealed changes in the intensity and distribution of several lipid species and proteins in the retina and corneas of Gclcf/f/Le-CreTg/- eyes. Lastly, using splice-blocking morpholinos and CRISPR/Cas9, we created two gclc knockdown zebrafish models, both of which display a microphthalmia phenotype. Combined, the mouse and zebrafish results indicate that, in chordates, Gclc has a conserved role in regulating eye development. In summary, these novel animal models are useful tools for elucidating the mechanisms involved in microphthalmia development.
Rare Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells Are Stem Cells Regulated by Rb, p53, and Notch

Pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) cells are neurosensory cells sparsely distributed throughout the bronchial epithelium, many in innervated clusters of 20-30 cells. Following lung injury, NE cells proliferate and generate other cell types to promote epithelial repair. Here, we show that only rare NE cells, typically 2-4 per cluster, function as stem cells. These fully differentiated cells display features of classical stem cells. Most proliferate (self-renew) following injury, and some migrate into the injured area. A week later, individual cells, often just one per cluster, lose NE identity (deprogram), transit amplify, and reprogram to other fates, creating large clonal repair patches. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumor suppressors regulate the stem cells: Rb and p53 suppress self-renewal, whereas Notch marks the stem cells and initiates deprogramming and transit amplification. We propose that NE stem cells give rise to SCLC, and transformation results from constitutive activation of stem cell renewal and inhibition of deprogramming.
Learning unsupervised contextual representations for medical synonym discovery

Objectives An important component of processing medical texts is the identification of synonymous words or phrases. Synonyms can inform learned representations of patients or improve linking mentioned concepts to medical ontologies. However, medical synonyms can be lexically similar ("dilated RA" and "dilated RV") or dissimilar ("cerebrovascular accident" and "stroke"); contextual information can determine if 2 strings are synonymous. Medical professionals utilize extensive variation of medical terminology, often not evidenced in structured medical resources. Therefore, the ability to discover synonyms, especially without reliance on training data, is an important component in processing training notes. The ability to discover synonyms from models trained on large amounts of unannotated data removes the need to rely on annotated pairs of similar words. Models relying solely on non-annotated data can be trained on a wider variety of texts without the cost of annotation, and thus may capture a broader variety of language. Materials and methods Recent contextualized deep learning representation models, such as ELMo (Peters et al., 2019) and BERT, (Devlin et al. 2019) have shown strong improvements over previous approaches in a broad variety of tasks. We leverage these contextualized deep learning models to build representations of synonyms, which integrate the context of surrounding sentence and use character-level models to alleviate out-of-vocabulary issues. Using these models, we perform unsupervised discovery of likely synonym matches, which reduces the reliance on expensive training data. Results We use the ShARe/CLEF eHealth Evaluation Lab 2013 Task 1b data to evaluate our synonym discovery method. Comparing our proposed contextualized deep learning representations to previous non-neural representations, we find that the contextualized representations show consistent improvement over non-contextualized models in all metrics. Conclusions Our results show that contextualized models produce effective representations for synonym discovery. We expect that the use of these representations in other tasks would produce similar gains in performance.
Hookah Susceptibility and Transitions Over the First Year of College.

Objective:There has been a growth in popularity of hookah (or waterpipes) among American college students, despite the health risks. This study investigated factors that predict hookah susceptibili...
AdaNS : Adaptive Non-Uniform Sampling for Automated Design of Compact DNNs

This paper introduces an adaptive sampling methodology for automated compression of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) for accelerated inference on resource-constrained platforms. Modern DNN compression techniques comprise various hyperparameters that require per-layer customization. Our objective is to locate an optimal hyperparameter configuration that leads to lowest model complexity while adhering to a desired inference accuracy. We design a score function that evaluates the aforementioned optimality . The optimization problem is then formulated as searching for the maximizers of this score function. To this end, we devise a non-uniform adaptive sampler that aims at reconstructing the band-limited score function. We reduce the total number of required objective function evaluations by realizing a targeted sampler. We propose three adaptive sampling methodologies, i.e., AdaNS-Zoom , AdaNS-Genetic , and AdaNS-Gaussian , where new batches of samples are chosen based on the history of previous evaluations. Our algorithms start sampling from a uniform distribution over the entire search-space and iteratively adapt the sampling distribution to achieve highest density around the function maxima. This, in turn, allows for a low-error reconstruction of the objective function around its maximizers. Our extensive evaluations corroborate AdaNS effectiveness by outperforming existing rule-based and Reinforcement Learning methods in terms of DNN compression rate and/or inference accuracy.
Integration of Sugar Metabolism and Proteoglycan Synthesis by UDP-glucose Dehydrogenase:

Regulation of proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis is critical throughout development, and to maintain normal adult functions in wound healing and the immune system, among others. It has become increasingly clear that these processes are also under tight metabolic control and that availability of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolite precursors has a role in the control of proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan turnover. The enzyme uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) produces UDP-glucuronate, an essential precursor for new glycosaminoglycan synthesis that is tightly controlled at multiple levels. Here, we review the cellular mechanisms that regulate UGDH expression, discuss the structural features of the enzyme, and use the structures to provide a context for recent studies that link post-translational modifications and allosteric modulators of UGDH to its function in downstream pathways.
Is Treating Patients With Stage 4 Pressure Ulcers With Vitamins A and C, Zinc, and Arginine Justified?

Introduction Management of patients with pressure wounds often may entail the administration of vitamins A and C, zinc, and arginine. Supplementing these nutrients as part of a standard wound care protocol may increase the risk for toxicity and unnecessarily increase the cost of health care. Objective This study aimed to correlate the nutritional status represented by albumin and prealbumin levels with aforementioned nutrient levels. This understanding would determine whether albumin and prealbumin levels have good predictive value in identifying patients with vitamin deficiencies in this population. Materials and methods Twenty patients aged 18 to 90 years were included, patients had to be admitted in the acute hospital setting with stage 4 pressure ulcers on their sacrum, hips, or heels. Patients already on vitamin supplements were excluded from the study. An odds ratio (OR) was used to assess the association between vitamin deficiency and albumin/prealbumin status. Fisher exact test was performed to test the significance of the association. Results The OR of vitamin A deficiency vs albumin deficiency was 0.27, but the association was not significant (95% CI, 0.004-3.68; P = .34). The OR of zinc deficiency vs albumin deficiency was 25.67 (95% CI, 1.2-568.9), and the association was significant (P = .01). The odds of a patient with vitamin C deficiency also having albumin deficiency was 0.62 times greater than that for patients without vitamin C deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency was more likely to be associated with prealbumin deficiency. Zinc deficiency was more likely to be associated with albumin deficiency. While arginine deficiency was more likely to be associated with albumin deficiency, and less likely to be associated with prealbumin deficiency, the results were not statistically significant. Conclusions This study showed that routine treatment with vitamins A and C, zinc, and arginine in patients with stage 4 pressure ulcers is not justified.
SU-E-T-187: Collimation Methods in Spot Scanning Proton Therapy: A Treatment Plan Comparison Between a Fixed Aperture and a Dynamic Collimation System

Purpose: Low-energy treatments during spot scanning proton therapy (SSPT) suffer from poor conformity due to increased spot size. Collimation devices can reduce the lateral penumbra of a proton therapy dose distribution and improve the overall plan quality. The purpose of this work was to study the advantages of individual energy-layer collimation, which is unique to a recently proposed Dynamic Collimation System (DCS), in comparison to a standard, fixed aperture that allows only a single shape for all energy layers. Methods: Three brain patients previously planned and treated with SSPT were re-planned using an in-house treatment planning system capable of modeling collimated and un-collimated proton beamlets. The un-collimated plans, which served as a baseline for comparison, reproduced the target coverage of the clinically delivered plans. The collimator opening for the aperture based plans included a 0.6 cm expansion of the largest cross section of the target in the Beam’s Eye View, while the DCS based plans were created by optimizing the collimator position for beam spots near the periphery of the target in each energy layer. Results: The reduction of mean dose to normal tissue adjacent to the target, as defined by a 10 mm ring, averaged 9.13% and 3.48% for the DCS and aperture plans, respectively. The conformity index, as defined by the ratio of the volume of the 50% isodose line to the target volume, yielded an average improvement of 16.42% and 8.16% for the DCS and aperture plans, respectively. Conclusion: Collimation reduces the dose to normal tissue adjacent to the target and increases dose conformity to the target region for low-energy SSPT. The ability of the DCS to provide collimation to each energy layer yields better conformity in comparison to fixed aperture plans. This work was partially funded by IBA (Ion Beam Applications S.A.).
Steady-State Optimization of a Continuous Pharmaceutical Process

Continuous Pharmaceutical Manufacturing can foster the production of key molecules, because it has a strong potential to improve product quality and suppress operating cost. Novel pharmaceutical production lines are thus ideal for exploring this paradigm shift, by introducing systematic process design, modern analytics and advanced control. Microreactor and microseparator engineering appears particularly advantageous in this high-value and low-capacity context, both at a pilot-plant and a full-production scale, and it can be combined with a plethora of proven continuous downstream technologies, facilitating the reduction of total organic waste emission and environmental footprint. The present paper focuses on flowsheet synthesis and optimization of an upstream process which is targeted at the production of a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient. The process flowsheet comprises four organic synthesis reactions and three separations, considering microsystems (microreactors and microseparators) for the respective steps. Conceptual synthesis allows for efficient separation and solvent integration, and indeed improves process economics, in contrast to wasteful batch pharmaceutical processing. Steady-state mass balances have been determined for the desired throughput and purity.
Uniqueness of positive radial solutions for Δu−u+up=0 on an annulus

Abstract We prove uniqueness of positive radial solutions to the semilinear elliptic equation Δ u−u+u p =0, p>1 , subject to the Dirichlet boundary condition on an annulus in R n , n⩾3 . As a by-product, our argument also provides a much simpler, if not the simplest, new proof for the uniqueness of positive solutions to the same problem in a finite ball or in the whole space R n .
Flow-Volume Relationship at Low Lung Volumes in Healthy Term Newborn Infants

To describe the maximum expiratory flow-volume relationship in newborn infants, we simulated forced expiration by transiently applying positive pressure in a chamber surrounding the infant9s body. Maximum expiratory flows were reached at any given lung volume when increases in chamber pressure failed to produce increases in flow. Maximum expiratory flows were achieved in seven of nine healthy newborn infants at lung volumes equal to functional residual capacity (FRC) and in all infants at lung volumes below FRC. The volume expired below FRC (6.4 ml/kg) was roughly equivalent to previously calculated values of expiratory reserve volume in newborn infants (7 ml/kg). The maximum expiratory flow volume curves showed that the infants were able to increase expiratory flow rates well above those achieved during tidal breathing. The convex shape of the curves at low lung volumes is compatible with flow limitation occurring in peripheral airways.
Upper Gastrointestinal Polyps in Gardner's Syndrome

Upper gastrointestinal polyps have been considered an uncommon finding in patients with Gardner's syndrome and familial polyposis coli. Investigators from Japan, however, have recently reported finding gastric and duodenal polyps in a high percentage of Japanese patients with these conditions. We endoscopically examined 11 affected members of the originally described Gardner's syndrome kindred to determine if upper gastrointestinal polyps also occurred in patients with Gardner's syndrome living in the United States. Six of the patients were found to have numerous small polyps of the gastric fundus and body. Polyp histology in 5 of the 6 patients was consistent with fundic gland hyperplasia. Biopsy specimens from the remaining patient demonstrated normal mucosa only. Another patient with no fundic polyps had a single antral polyp that was an adenoma. Eight patients exhibited small polyps of the duodenum. Biopsy specimens were obtained in 7 of the 8. All polyps biopsied were adenomas. The terminal ileum was examined by endoscopy in 9 of the 11 study patients. All 9 had ileal polyps, but the polyps were adenomas in 6 patients and lymphoid aggregates in 3 patients. The results indicate that upper gastrointestinal polyps are a common pleiotropic manifestation of the genetic defect responsible for Gardner's syndrome.
Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations across Time and Space

Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations across Time and Space. John W. Fountain and Rolf M. Sinclair, eds. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2005. 579 pp.
Stitching the Future of the AIDS Quilt: The Cultural Work of Digital Memorials

In light of a widening generational disconnect and the increasing fragility of the textile artifact itself, the cultural legacy of the AIDS Memorial Quilt is under threat. This article describes the collaborative creation of digital experiences that aim to augment and revitalize the AIDS Memorial Quilt as an artwork of continued social, cultural, and political significance. By discussing the past, present, and future of the AIDS Memorial Quilt, this article contextualizes the Quilt's technological journey, including the efforts to create digital datasets of images and metadata. This discussion will illuminate an important emergent area of design research in the digital humanities: the creation of cultural technologies for the purposes of digital memorialization.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Mind Reading and In Vivo Rehearsal for High-Functioning Children with ASD

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of a computer software (i.e., Mind Reading) and in vivo rehearsal treatment on the emotion decoding and encoding skills, autism symptoms, and social skills of 43 children, ages 7–12 years with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD). Children in treatment (n = 22) received the manualized protocol over 12 weeks. Primary analyses indicated significantly better posttest performance for the treatment group (compared to controls) on 3 of the 4 measures of emotion decoding and encoding and these were maintained at 5-week follow-up. Analyses of secondary measures favored the treatment group for 1 of the 2 measures; specifically, ASD symptoms were significantly lower at posttest and follow-up.
Reviewing Digital Scholarship: The Need for Discipline-Based Peer Review

ABSTRACT Digital scholarship connects scholarly research to students and the public in nontraditional ways. Authors present research in a digital form, which may include links to primary source material and teaching guides. In this format, design and accessibility are important, and, unfortunately, those quick to dismiss all digital work as teaching or outreach can overlook the research element. The confusion over what digital scholarship is and how to evaluate it can affect promotion and tenure decisions in academic institutions. This article will examine issues surrounding the availability of peer review for digital scholarship, especially in the field of American history. Mechanisms for peer review must be created by scholarly associations and applied to digital scholarship to ensure this form of scholarship is acknowledged and rewarded.
An evolutionary search framework to efficiently sample local minima in the protein conformational space

We extend the explicit local minima sampling in our previous basin hopping algorithm to a population-based evolutionary search framework to more effectively sample conformations near the protein native state.
The cardiorenal connection in heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) and renal dysfunction frequently coexist; this combination is commonly referred to as the “cardiorenal syndrome.” The intersection of cardiac and renal dysfunction has important therapeutic and prognostic implications in patients with HF. Approximately 60% to 80% of patients hospitalized for HF have at least stage III renal dysfunction; this comorbid renal insufficiency (RI) is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality risk. Comorbid RI can result from intrinsic renal disease and inadequate renal perfusion. HF and RI stimulate neurohormonal activation, increasing preload and afterload and reducing cardiac output. Inotropic agents augment this neurohormonal activation. Managing cardiorenal patients requires successful negotiation of the delicate balance between adequate volume reduction and adequate renal function. There is a compelling need for additional studies in this patient population.
Hurricanes, people, and riparian zones: controls on nutrient losses from forested Caribbean watersheds

Studies of nutrient cycling in tropical forests have shifted and broadened their focus in the past 20 years. Early research highlighted the tight retention of nutrients (primarily P) in the soil profile, and the effects of slash and burn agriculture on nutrients in soil and soil water. More recent work includes a wider variety of experimental approaches, nutrients, and disturbance types. Using examples from my own research and from the literature, I examine the impact of catastrophic natural disturbance, human land use, and landscape features near the stream channel (riparian and hyporheic zones) on nutrient losses from tropical forests. These studies show that the effects of catastrophic natural disturbance can be ephemeral, that impacts of human land use can greatly exceed those of natural disturbance, and that landscape features can play a very important role in minimizing nitrogen losses from humid tropical catchments. Future directions for research in tropical forest nutrient cycling are suggested.
Surgical Treatment of the Subelavian Steal Syndrome

From an experience with 16 patients exhibiting a symptomatic subclavian steal syndrome, the following conclusions were reached: 1. Prompt and lasting relief from transient ischemic episodes can be provided by operative intervention. 2. When the right subclavian artery is involved, endarterectomy through a cervical approach is the procedure of choice. 3. Involvement of the left subclavian artery is best handled by employing a carotid-subclavian bypass or ligating the left vertebral artery. 4. Vertebral ligation on either side is particularly effective in the poor-risk patient in whom it can be performed under local anesthesia. 5. Concurrent significant stenosis of an internal carotid artery should be repaired at the time of correction of the subclavian steal, with the latter procedure performed after the carotid endarterectomy.
Effect of long-range hydrodynamic and direct intermacromolecular forces on translational diffusion

Abstract Within the framework of recently formulated microscopic theories of macromolecular diffusion it is shown that hydrodynamic forces act always to diminish the influence of direct forces, but never to reverse the sign of the correction term due to direct forces alone. Although the correction term D ( k ) to the intrinsic diffusion coefficient may vary with scattering vector | k |, it is shown that a reversal in sigh of the correction term with increasing | k |, if it occurs, must be associated with an amplitude of less than 10% of the correction term at | k | = 0. At | k | = 0 direct repulsive forces are predicted to always increase the apparent diffusion constant, even after accounting for hydrodynamic interactions. Although experiments on polylysine (1 mg/ml) at salt concentrations above 0.01 M are in qualitative accord with the theory, below 10 −3 M salt the apparent diffusion coefficient is reduced by a factor of about 20, concomitant with a much reduced intensity of scattered light. The strong contradiction of the theory implied by this observation is attributed to a dramatic rise in Stokes friction arising from long-range interionic forces in the low-salt solutions.
Interfacial interactions between self-associated polar liquids and squalane used to test equations for solid—liquid interfacial interactions

Abstract Intermolecular interactions have been studied as the driving force of surface and interfacial tensions, and as the forces that govern solubility, heats of mixing, heats of adsorption at interfaces, as well as the chemical shifts observed in infrared and NMR spectra. In all of these studies there is much evidence for the existence of two kinds of intermolecular interactions, the ever present van der Waals interactions, and the Lewis acid-base interactions which occur only when both acidic and basic sites are present. Polar liquids are defined as self-associated acid-base complexes which are immiscible in higher hydrocarbons such as squalane because miscibility requires dissociation of the complexes. Solubilities in squalane are reported for forty three liquids, twenty seven of which are sufficiently self-associated to provide liquid-liquid interfaces and allow determination of the van der Waals and acid-base contributions to their surface tensions (γdL and γabL). Some evidence is found for acid-base self-association of fluorocarbons. Liquid-liquid interfaces between squalane and polar liquids were used to test several popular equations for predicting the surface and interfacial tensions of solid-liquid systems. These equations are based on the inadequate data of contact angles and surface tensions of test liquids. It is shown with the information available for several liquid-liquid interfaces that the predictions of Antonow's rule, Owens and Wendt's “extended Fowkes equation”, Wu's harmonic mean equations, and Neumann's “equation of state”, are erroneous and should be abandoned. It is also explained why there is little value in trying to determine the γs of solids.
On kinetics of phage adsorption.

Adsorption of λ-phage on sensitive bacteria Escherichia coli is a classical problem but not all issues have been resolved. One of the outstanding problems is the rate of adsorption, which in some cases appears to exceed the theoretical limit imposed by the law of random diffusion. We revisit this problem by conducting experiments along with new theoretical analyses. Our measurements show that upon incubating λ-phage with bacteria Ymel, the population of unbound phage in a salt buffer decreases with time and in general obeys a double-exponential function characterized by a fast (τ1) and a slow (τ2) decay time. We found that both the fast and the slow processes are specific to interactions between λ-phage and its receptor LamB. Such specificity motivates a kinetic model that describes the interaction between the phage and the receptor as an on-and-off process followed by an irreversible binding. The latter may be a signature of the initiation of DNA translocation. The kinetic model successfully predicts the double exponential behavior seen in the experiment and allows the corresponding rate constants to be extracted from single measurements. The weak temperature dependence of the reversible and the irreversible binding rate suggests that phage retention by the receptor is entropic in nature and that a molecular key-lock interaction may be an appropriate description of the interaction between the phage tail and the receptor.
Pharmacokinetic Optimization of Antiretroviral Therapy in Children and Adolescents

There are over 2.1 million HIV-infected children worldwide, who are increasingly exposed to antiretroviral therapy. Given the enormous physiological changes associated with maturation, the role of individualized therapy and optimal dosing in children and adolescents is likely different than in adults. This review summarizes the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of antiretroviral therapy in children and adolescents, and it discusses the roles of these in the optimization of therapy through the practice of therapeutic drug monitoring/management. Within the pharmacodynamics section are tables and discussion about what is known of the relationships between drug concentrations, inhibitory quotients and effects — both desired and toxic. The pharmacokinetics section summarizes all reported antiretroviral pharmacokinetic data in children, divided into data from population and non-population analytic approaches. Measures of interindividual pharmacokinetic variability are reported. Sampling strategies for the measurement and the interpretation of plasma antiretroviral drug concentrations are suggested, as well as dosing with degrees of renal or hepatic failure. Relevant pharmacogenomic polymorphisms are summarized, and the role for pharmacogenomics testing is discussed. Incorporation of dose adjustment on the basis of measured serum drug concentrations is reviewed, including all such paediatric experience reported in the literature. Discussion of the influences of malnutrition and herbal remedies is also included. Finally, consideration is given to future work in this field.
New Perspectives on Historical Writing

Since its first publication in 1992, New Perspectives on Historical Writing has become a key reference work used by students and researchers interested in the most important developments in the methodology and practice of history. For this new edition, the book has been thoroughly revised and updated and includes an entirely new chapter on environmental history.Peter Burke is joined here by a distinguished group of internationally renowned historians, including Robert Darnton, Ivan Gaskell, Richard Grove, Giovanni Levi, Roy Porter, Gwyn Prins, Joan Scott, Jim Sharpe, Richard Tuck, and Henk Wesseling. The contributions examine a wide range of interdisciplinary areas of historical research, including women s history, history "from below," the history of reading, oral history, the history of the body, microhistory, the history of events, the history of images, and political history."
Functions computable with limited access to NP

It is shown for any constant c < 1 that NP multi-valued functions do not have refinements computable in polynomial time with c log n functional oracle queries to single-valued NP functions unless the polynomial-time hierarchy collapses to its second level.
Integrating wilderness within broader landscapes: the U.S. public land experience

Abstract Statutory wilderness is circumscribed by politically defined boundaries, but such boundaries do not necessarily ensure that wilderness characteristics will be preserved if activities and conditions on surrounding lands are incompatible with wilderness. Methods of coordinating resource management across boundaries is currently an area of intense study. The wilderness resource has received minimal attention, however. Due to ongoing, intense political controversy, transboundary wilderness issues in the U.S. have remained firmly under Congressional control rather than being delegated to agency discretion. Wilderness is arguably the most tightly controlled resource represented on U.S. public lands.
Surface-Related Mercury in Lunar Samples

Lunar samples contain mercury, which may be volatilized at lunar daytime temperatures. Such mercury may constitute part of the tenuous lunar atmosphere. If mercury can escape from the atmosphere by a nonthermal mechanism, an interior reservoir or exterior sources (such as meteorite infall or solar wind, or both) are required to replenish it. Core samples exhibit an increase in surface-related mercury with depth, which suggests that a cold trap exists below the surface. The orientation of rocks on the lunar surface may be inferred by differences in the amounts of surface-related mercury found on exterior and interior samples.