cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Situation Understanding Based on Heterogeneous Sensor Networks and Human-Inspired Favor Weak Fuzzy Logic System

Humans use multiple sources of sensory information to estimate environmental properties and has innate ability to integrate information from heterogeneous data sources. How the multi-sensory and multimodal information are integrated in human brain? There is consensus that it depends on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC has top-down control (favor weak) and rule-based mechanisms, and we propose to incorporate the favor weak mechanism into rule-based fuzzy logic systems (FLS) via using upper and lower membership functions. The inference engine of favor weak fuzzy logic system is proposed under three different categories based on fuzzifiers. We observe that the favor weak FLS is a special type-1 FLS which is embeded in an interval type-2 FLS, so it's much simpler in computing than an interval type-2 FLS. We apply the favor weak FLS to situation understanding based on heterogeneous sensor network, and it shows that our favor weak fuzzy logic system has clear advantage comparing to the type-1 FLS. The favor weak FLS can increase the probability of threat detection, and provides timely indication & warning (I&W).
On tunneling at finite energies and temperatures

Abstract The rate of vacuum transitions for a system at finite temperature has contributions from both classical thermal fluctuations and quantum tunneling. The first is given in terms of the free energy of a sphaleron configuration by Γβ≈exp(−βFsphaleron), while the latter, Γħ, is a complicated function of finite energy tunneling rates. It is usually assumed that Γħ is always negligible at temperatures greater than the order of the mass of the lowest excitation. We show that models exist in which, even at large temperatures, Γ h ⪢Γ β . We examine the issue in the (1 + 1) abelian Higgs model, as well as in the case of electroweak (B + L) violating processes. We show how the persistence of the cosmological baryon asymmetry yields a bound on the inclusive two particle cross section σ2→all(E) as a function of center of mass energy.
Water sprays in space retrieval operations

Experiments were conducted in a ground based vacuum chamber to determine physical properties of water-ice in a space-like environment. Additional ices, alcohol and ammonia, were also studied. An analytical analysis based on the conservation of angular momentum, resulted in despin performance parameters, i.e., total water mass requirements and despin times. The despin and retrieval of a disabled spacecraft was considered to illustrate a potential application of the water spray technique.
Geminga: A cooling superfluid neutron star

We compare the recent temperature estimate for Geminga with neutron star cooling models. Because of its age (approximately 3.4 x 10(exp 5) yr), Geminga is in the photon cooling era. We show that its surface temperature (approximately 5.2 x 10(exp 5) K) can be understood by both types of neutrino cooling scenarios, i.e., slow neutrino cooling by the modified Urca process or fast neutrino cooling by the direct Urca process or by some exotic matter, and thus does not allow us to discriminate between these two competing schemes. However, for both types of scenarios, agreement with the observed temperature can only be obtained if baryon pairing is present in most, if not all, of the core of the star. Within the slow neutrino cooling scenario, early neutrino cooling is not sufficient to explain the observed low temperature, and extensive pairing in the core is necessary to reduce the specific heat and increase the cooling rate in the present photon cooling era. Within all the fast neutrino cooling scenarios, pairing is necessary throughout the whole core to control the enormous early neutrino emission which, without pairing suppression, would result in a surface temperature at the present time much lower than observed. We also comment on the recent temperature estimates for PSR 0656+14 and PSR 1055-52, which pertain to the same photon cooling era. If one assumes that all neutron stars undergo fast neutrino cooling, then these two objects also provide evidence for extensive baryon pairing in their core; but observational uncertainties also permit a more conservative interpretation, with slow neutrino emission and no pairing at all. We argue though that observational evidence for the slow neutrino cooling model (the 'standard' model) is in fact very dim and that the interpretation of the surface temperature of all neutron stars could be done with a reasonable theoretical a priori within the fast neutrino cooling scenarios only. In this case, Geminga, PSR 0656+14, and PSR 1055-52 all show evidence of baryon pairing down to their very centers.
Induced innovation and land degradation in developing country agriculture

With few exceptions, induced innovation theories give little consideration either to the role of distortions as determinants of the factor biases of innovations, or to the in£uence of technical progress ^ with or without distortions ^ on the sectoral structure of production. This analysis identi¢es demand for innovations as a function of a speci¢c policy setting which both conditions and is conditioned by the structure of production. In this context, when some sectors contribute more than others to environmental externalities, private and social optima in the allocation of research resources may diverge. In some circumstances it may be optimal to use research budget allocations as second-best substitutes for Pigouvian taxes.
THE INITIAL MASS FUNCTIONS OF FOUR EMBEDDED STELLAR CLUSTERS

We present near-infrared J, H, and K images of four embedded stellar clusters in the Galaxy. We find a significant fraction of pre-main-sequence stars present in at least one of the clusters. For the clusters dominated by main-sequence stars, we determine the initial mass function (IMF) both by using the K luminosity function and a global extinction correction and by deriving individual extinction corrections for each star based on their placement in the K versus H - K color-magnitude diagram. Based on our IMFs we find a significant discrepancy between the mean IMF derived via the different methods, suggesting that taking individual extinctions into account is necessary to correctly derive the IMF for an embedded cluster.
Intracoronary glucagon-like peptide 1 preferentially augments glucose uptake in ischemic myocardium independent of changes in coronary flow.

We examined the acute dose-dependent effects of intracoronary glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 (7-36) on coronary vascular tone, cardiac contractile function and metabolism in normal and ischemic myocardium. Experiments were conducted in open chest, anesthetized dogs at coronary perfusion pressures (CPP) of 100 and 40 mmHg before and during intracoronary GLP-1 (7-36) infusion (10 pmol/L to 1 nmol/L). Isometric tension studies were also conducted in isolated coronary arteries. Cardiac and coronary expression of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) was assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. GLP-1R was present in the myocardium and the coronary vasculature. The tension of intact and endothelium-denuded coronary artery rings was unaffected by GLP-1. At normal perfusion pressure (100 mmHg), intracoronary GLP-1 (7-36) (targeting plasma concentration 10 pmol/L to 1 nmol/L) did not affect blood pressure, coronary blood flow or myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2); however, there were modest reductions in car...
Aliphatic thioacetate deprotection using catalytic tetrabutylammonium cyanide

Abstract A series of thiol-functionalized organic compounds were selected to analyze the scope and efficiency of a new thioacetate deprotection method using catalytic tetrabutylammonium cyanide (TBACN) to effect the transformation of a thioacetate group to a free thiol in the presence of a protic solvent. Particularly attractive are the mild reaction and workup conditions, reduced byproduct formation typically seen using literature methods and yields of greater than 80% for the free aliphatic thiols. This method is effective on aliphatic thiols with trityl, benzyl, p-halo-benzyl, phenethyl, phenoxyethyl, and cyclohexylethyl structural moieties, but it is not effective with thiophenols.
The leverage of hedge funds

Abstract Long–short hedge funds are often very highly levered, despite the costs of leverage that became apparent during the LTCM crisis in 1998 and the more recent episode in 2008. This note explores potential market imperfections that may explain the use of leverage.
Pitfalls in the measurement of real exchange rate effects on agriculture

Abstract Studies of the effects of real exchange rates on agriculture commonly assume that these effects can be identified as those which pertain to traded goods in the standard Australian model of an open economy. Further, it is common to assume that the indirect effects of changes in the real exchange rate have the same impact on the various production activities within agriculture. This paper discusses the extent to which these stylized facts reflect reality, focusing in particular on: the extent of tradibility in agricultural markets; the irrelevance of results based on “free trade” equilibria to policy analyses; and the importance of the characteristics of crop production functions in estimating the effects of real exchange rate changes. Ignoring these considerations can cause errors in the measurement of policy effects on agricultural incentives.
Applications of higher order QCD

In this paper we summarize some recent developments in perturbative QCD and their application to particle physics phenomenology.
Time evolution of entanglement entropy from a pulse

We calculate the time evolution of the entanglement entropy in a 1+1 CFT with a holographic dual when there is a localized left-moving packet of energy density. We find the gravity result agrees with a field theory result derived from the transformation properties of Renyi entropy. We are able to reproduce behavior which qualitatively agrees with CFT results of entanglement entropy of a system subjected to a local quench. In doing so we construct a finite diffeomorphism which tales three-dimensional anti-de Sitter space in the Poincare patch to a general solution, generalizing the diffeomorphism that takes the Poincare patch a BTZ black hole. We briefly discuss the calculation of correlation functions in these backgrounds and give results at large operator dimension.
Alkyl radical generation by reduction of a ketone tosylhydrazone

Abstract Reduction of the tosylhydrazone of ketone 2 with NaBH 3 CN / ZnCl 2 leads to a 3.5 : 1 mixture of 3 and 4 . It is suggested that this reaction by radical chain decomposition of an intermediate monoalkyl diazene.
TIME-DEPENDENT CLOSE-COUPLING CALCULATIONS OF POSITRONIUM FORMATION IN POSITRON-HYDROGEN COLLISIONS

Positronium-formation cross sections from positron-hydrogen collisions are calculated by solving a set of close-coupled, time-dependent partial differential equations. These cross sections are determined by propagating a time-evolving wave packet on a two-dimensional radial lattice and then projecting the wave function onto the stationary states of the atom. Calculations are performed through $L=8$ and are extrapolated for $Lg~9$ at energies of 30, 40, and 50 eV. Using distorted-wave calculations to determine ionization cross sections at these higher energies, we are able to extract approximate positronium-formation cross sections from the transfer ionization cross sections. Comparisons are made with experiment.
Developer Heterogeneity and Formation of Communication Networks in Open Source Software Projects

Over the past few years, open source software OSS development has gained a huge popularity and has attracted a large variety of developers. According to software engineering folklore, the architecture and the organization of software depend on the communication patterns of the contributors. Communication patterns among developers influence knowledge sharing among them. Unlike in a formal organization, the communication network structures in an OSS project evolve unrestricted and unplanned. We develop a non-cooperative game-theoretic model to investigate the network formation in an OSS team and to characterize the stable and efficient structures. Developer heterogeneity in the network is incorporated based on their informative value. We find that there may exist several stable structures that are inefficient and there may not always exist a stable structure that is efficient. The tension between the stability and efficiency of structures results from developers acting in their self-interest rather than the group interest. Whenever there is such tension, the stable structure is either underconnected across types or overconnected within type of developers from an efficiency perspective. We further discuss how an administrator can help evolve a stable network into an efficient one. Empirically, we use the latent class model and analyze two real-world OSS projects hosted at SourceForge. For each project, different types of developers and a stable structure are identified, which fits well with the predictions of our model. Overall, our study sheds light on how developer abilities and incentives affect communication network formation in OSS projects.
A constructive proof of Ky Fan's generalization of Tucker's lemma

We present a proof of Ky Fan's combinatorial lemma on labellings of triangulated spheres that differs from earlier proofs in that it is constructive. We slightly generalize the hypotheses of Fan's lemma to allow for triangulations of Sn that contain a flag of hemispheres. As a consequence, we can obtain a constructive proof of Tucker's lemma that holds for a more general class of triangulations than the usual version.
Photochemical formation of primidone from 2-thiophenobarbital

The photodegradation of 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-2-thiobarbituric acid (1) in alcoholic medium was investigated. The irradiation of 1 in secondary alcohols yielded 5-ethyl-2-dihydro-5-phenyl-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione, a well known antiepileptic drug – Primidon. Photochemische Bildung von Primidon aus 2-Thiophenobarbital Photochemischer Abbau von 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-2-thiobarbitursaure (1) in alkoholischem Medium wurde untersucht. Die Belichtung von 1 in sekundaren Alkoholen gab 5-Ethyl-2-dihydro-5-phenyl-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidindion, das antiepileptische Arzneimittel Primidon.
Product differentiation, cost‐reducing mergers, and consumer welfare

Cost synergies are an explicitly recognized justification for a two-firm merger, and empirical techniques are now widely used to assess the impact of cost- reducing mergers on prices and welfare in the post-merger market. We show that if the merger occurs in a vertically product differentiated market, then the merger will lead to a reduction in product offerings that limits the usefulness of pre-merger empirical estimates. Indeed, we further show that in such markets, two-firm mergers will typically lead to higher prices regardless of the merger's cost savings. JEL classifica- tion: L10, L41 Differentiation des produits, fusions pour reduire les couts, et bien-etre du consommateur. Les synergies de couts sont une justification explicitement reconnue pour la fusion de deux firmes, et il existe des techniques empiriques vastement utilisees pour mesurer l'impact des fusions visant areduire les couts sur les prix et le niveau de bien-etre dans le marcheapres la fusion. On montre que si la fusion se produit dans un marchede produit differencieintegreverticalement, alors la fusion reduit l'even- tail de produits, ce qui limite l'utilitedes estimations empiriques faites avant la fusion. De plus on montre que dans de tels marches, les fusions de deux firmes finissent par engendrer des prix plus eleves quelles que soient les reductions de couts auxquelles on en arrive.
SYNTHESIS OF 2-HETEROSUBSTITUTED QUINAZOLINONE ATROPISOMERIC PHOSPHINE LIGANDS BY DIRECT LITHIATION OF A 2-UNSUBSTITUTED QUINAZOLINONE SYSTEM

Abstract The syntheses of 2-heterosubstituted atropisomeric quinazolinone phosphine ligands 7e – g have been achieved in good yield by the straightforward direct lithiation of the 2-unsubstituted quinazolinone ligand 7d followed by electrophilic substitutions.
Syntheses, Structure, Magnetism, and Optical Properties of the Ordered Interlanthanide Copper Chalcogenides Ln2YbCuQ5 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm; Q = S, Se): Evidence for Unusual Magnetic Ordering in Sm2YbCuS5

Ln2YbCuQ5 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm; Q = S, Se) have been prepared by direct reaction of the elements in Sb2Q3 (Q = S, Se) fluxes at 900 °C. All compounds have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods and are isotypic. The structure of Ln2YbCuQ5 consists of one-dimensional ∞1[YbCuQ5]6− ribbons extending along the b-axis that are connected by larger Ln3+ ions. Each ribbon is constructed from two single chains of [YbQ6] octahedra with one double chain of [CuQ5] trigonal bipyramids in the middle. All three chains connect with each other via edge-sharing. There are two crystallographically unique Ln atoms, one octahedral Yb site, and two disordered Cu positions inside of distorted Q5 trigonal bipyramids. Both Ln atoms are surrounded by eight Q atoms in bicapped trigonal prisms. The magnetic properties of Ln2YbCuQ5 have been characterized using magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity measurements, while their optical properties have been explored using UV−vis−NIR diffuse reflectance spec...
Heelys and street gliders injuries: a new type of pediatric injury.

OBJECTIVES. Our goals were to highlight an increasing trend in orthopedic injuries in children as a result of “heeling” or “street gliding,” to describe injuries sustained by children using Heelys (HSL, Carrollton, TX) and Street Gliders (Glowgadgets Ltd, Bristol, United Kingdom), and to increase public awareness and prevent such injuries. PATIENTS AND METHODS. We prospectively recorded the data of all roller shoes injuries referred to our department during the summer school holiday. Using a data-collection sheet, we recorded demographic data, type of injury, mechanism and place of injury, heeling or street-gliding experience, use of safety equipment, methods of treatment, and intention to continue heeling or street gliding after recovery from injury. RESULTS. Over a 10-week period, 67 children suffered orthopedic injuries while using Heelys or Street Gliders. There were 56 girls and 11 boys with a mean age of 9.6 years. Upper limbs were the most common location of injury. Distal radius fractures were the most prevalent, followed by supracondylar fractures, elbow dislocations, and hand fractures. The majority of children suffered the injury while heeling or street gliding outdoors. Interestingly, 20% of the injuries happened while trying Heelys or Street Gliders for the first time, and 36% of the injuries occurred while learning (using 1–5 times) how to use them. None of the children used any sort of protective gear at the time of the injury. The majority of the injured children expressed their intention to continue heeling or street gliding after complete recovery from their injury. CONCLUSIONS. Our study shows that the majority of children with injuries from heeling or street gliding are girls. We recommend close supervision of children using Heelys or Street Gliders during the steep learning curve and usage of protective gear at all times. These new types of injuries have a serious impact on child health and constitute a burden for the pediatric orthopedic service.
Oxygen in unevolved stars

Abstract We have measured O in 24 unevolved stars with Keck HIRES observations of the OH lines in the ultraviolet spectral region at high spectral resolution and high signal-to-noise, typically 60–110. The O abundance from OH has been computed by spectrum synthesis techniques for all 24 stars plus the sun. For these cool, unevolved stars we find that O is enhanced relative to Fe with a completely linear relation between [O/H] and [Fe/H] over three orders of magnitude with very little scatter and a slope of +0.66±0.02. The relation between [O/Fe] and [Fe/H] is robustly linear and shows no sign of a break at metallicities between −1.0 and −2.0, as has been discussed by others; [O/Fe]=−0.35 (±0.03) [Fe/H]. These same results are found whether we use the OH lines from the (0,0) band alone or combine that with the lines from the (1,1) band. We have determined Fe abundances from our UV spectra for the nine stars with [Fe/H]
Revealed group preferences on non-convex choice problems

This paper studies the conditions under which the basic results of the revealed preference theory can be established on the domain of choice problems which include non-convex feasible sets; the exercise is closely related to the works of Peters and Wakker (1991) and Bossert (1994). We show that while no continuous choice function can satisfy strong Pareto optimality over the class of all compact and comprehensive choice problems, strong Pareto optimality, Arrow's choice axiom, upper hemicontinuity and a weak compromisation postulate turn out to be necessary and sufficient to represent choice correspondences by continuous, strictly increasing and quasiconcave real-valued functions. Some applications of our main findings to axiomatic bargaining theory are also studied.
On the cost of uniform protocols whose memory consumption is adaptive to interval contention

Recently, we introduced a novel term, memory-adaptive, whose goal it is to capture what it means for a distributed protocol to most efficiently make use of its shared memory. We proved three results that relate to the memory-adaptive model in the uniform setting. We considered a store/release protocol where processes are required to store a value in shared MWMR memory so that it cannot be overwritten until it has been released by the process. We showed that there do not exist uniformly wait-free store/release protocols using only the basic operations read and write that are memory-adaptive to point contention. We further showed that there exists a uniformly wait-free store/release protocol using only the basic operations read, write, and read-modify-write that is memory-adaptive to interval contention and time-adaptive to total contention. This left a significant gap - it remained open as to whether there exists a uniform, memory adaptive to interval contention store/release protocol that only uses read/write (no read-modify-write) registers. In this paper, we close this gap by showing that no such protocol can exist. We furthermore illustrate the validity and practicality of the concept of memory adaptiveness by providing a uniform, memory-adaptive to interval contention store/release protocol for Network Attached Disks.
Participation in Universal Prevention Programs.

We analyse family decisions to participate in community-based universal substance-abuse prevention programmes through the framework of expected utility theory. Family functioning, which has been shown to be a good indicator of child risk for substance abuse, provides a useful reference point for family decision making. Our results show that well-functioning families (with children at low risk for substance use) should have the lowest incentive to participate, but that high-risk families may also opt out of prevention programmes. For programmes that are most effective for high-risk youth, this could be a problem. Using data from the Strengthening Families Programme (SFP) and the Washington Healthy Youth Survey (HYS), we empirically test the implications of our model and find that at least for one measure of family functioning those families with children most likely to be at risk for substance use are opting out of the programme.
Synthesis of C-Protected α-Amino Aldehydes of High Enantiomeric Excess from Highly Epimerizable N-Protected α-Amino Aldehydes

A new procedure for the preparation of C-protected α-amino aldehydes of high enantiomeric excess is illustrated using five differently substituted α-(N-Fmoc)amino aldehydes as starting materials. Highly epimerization-prone substrates were converted to the corresponding morpholino nitrile-protected α-amino aldehydes with minimal racemization (products ≥ 89% ee). Morpholino nitrile derivatives of phenylglycinal were crystallized and subjected to X-ray structural analysis, allowing for definitive determination of the stereochemistry of amino nitrile formation. A rationale for the stereoselectivity of amino nitrile formation is presented.
Transverse Jet Break-up and Atomization with Rapid Vaporization along the Trajectory.

Experiments for transverse injection of chilled Freon-12 into the Virginia Tech 23 x 23 cm blowdown wind tunnel were run at a freestream Mach number of 0.44 and freestream stagnation pressure and temperature of 2.5 atm and 298 K, respectively. The spray plume was documented with photographs and droplet measurements. The results showed a clear picture of the mechanisms of jet decomposition in the presence of rapid vaporization. Immediately after injection, a vapor cloud was formed in the jet plume, which then dissipated downsteam leaving droplets on the order of 8-10 microns in diameter. This represented a substantial reduction compared to baseline tests run at the same conditions with water, which had little vaporization. A simulation approach to studying hot-flow subsonic cross-stream fuel-injection problems in a less complex and costly cold-flow facility is proposed. The simulation parameters were developed and refined with the aid of a numerical solution for the simpler case of a rapidly evaporating laminar jet in a coaxial airstream. The experimental case was transformed (through two new similarity parameters involving injection and freestream properties) to a simulated case of a typical ramjet-combustion-chamber fuel-injection problem where ambient-temperature fuel (kerosene) is injected into a hot airstream. 18 references.
Design of the e-beam transport line for the AFEL

Abstract The advanced free-electron laser (AFEL) currently under construction at Los Alamos National Laboratory is a compact high-performance free-electron laser (FEL). The design of the AFEL integrates our most advanced accelerator and wiggler components. The 1.2 m long accelerator is designed to produce a high-brightness electron beam (e-beam) of 200 to 300 A peak current with an energy of 20 MeV. The beamline incorporates variable permanent-magnet quadrupoles and dipoles for electron beam transport. The AFEL will ultimately use 10 to 20 cm long slotted-tube pulsed microwigglers having a period of 3 mm to 1 cm. In this paper we present the design of the e-beam transport line and discuss the various design considerations.
Solving the two-body problem by geometric construction

Since geometric analogs exist for algebraic relations that define the solution to the two-body problem, all of the normalized orbital and dynamical elements in the two-body problem can be determined with geometric construction without numerical computation. The use of double-precis ion computer drafting programs will generally mean no loss of numerical accuracy compared with digital computer solutions. The normalized velocity hodograph and position ellipse can be combined conveniently on the same graph. The method is illustrated for an initial orbit specified by velocity components or by the semimajor and semiminor axes. Normalized time is also computed as a function of true anomaly using geometric constructions. The standard two-body equations can be derived by using the geometric constructions in an algebra manipulation program such as MACSYMA.
Memory effects in complex materials and nanoscale systems

Memory effects are ubiquitous in nature and are particularly relevant at the nanoscale where the dynamical properties of electrons and ions strongly depend on the history of the system, at least within certain time scales. We review here the memory properties of various materials and systems which appear most strikingly in their non-trivial, time-dependent resistive, capacitative and inductive characteristics. We describe these characteristics within the framework of memristors, memcapacitors and meminductors, namely memory-circuit elements with properties that depend on the history and state of the system. We examine basic issues related to such systems and critically report on both theoretical and experimental progress in understanding their functionalities. We also discuss possible applications of memory effects in various areas of science and technology ranging from digital to analog electronics, biologically inspired circuits and learning. We finally discuss future research opportunities in the field.
Spitzer, Near-Infrared, and Submillimeter Imaging of the Relatively Sparse Young Cluster, Lynds 988e

We present Spitzer images of the relatively sparse, low-luminosity young cluster L988e, as well as complementary near-infrared (NIR) and submillimeter images of the region. The cluster is asymmetric, with the western region of the cluster embedded within the molecular cloud, and the slightly less dense eastern region to the east of, and on the edge of, the molecular cloud. With these data, as well as with extant Hα data of stars primarily found in the eastern region of the cluster, and a molecular 13CO gas emission map of the entire region, we investigate the distribution of forming young stars with respect to the cloud material, concentrating particularly on the differences and similarities between the exposed and embedded regions of the cluster. We also compare star formation in this region to that in denser, more luminous and more massive clusters already investigated in our comprehensive multiwavelength study of young clusters within 1 kpc of the Sun.
Legal abortion levels and trends by woman's age at termination.

Context Assessments of abortion levels and trends by women's age at termination can be used to monitor trends in unintended pregnancy by age and can inform relevant programs and policies. Methods Legal abortion incidence data were compiled from national statistical offices and nationally representative surveys of more than 40 countries where legal abortion is generally available. Age-specific abortion rates and percentage distributions of abortions by age were computed, and trends since 1996 and 2003 were examined. Subregional and regional estimates were developed for geographic areas where the majority of the population was represented by the data. Results The median year for the most recent estimates of abortions by woman's age was 2009. Adolescents accounted for a smaller share of abortions than their share of the population in the majority of eligible countries with data. In most countries, the highest age-specific abortion rates and proportions of abortions were among women aged 20-29. Since 1996, adolescent abortion rates have increased the most in Belgium, the Netherlands and Scotland (22-42%), and have decreased the most in Estonia, Hungary, Iceland, Slovakia and Slovenia (40-55%). The proportion of abortions obtained by adolescents was higher in North America (18%) than in Europe overall (11%), although the proportion in Northern Europe (18%) was the same as that in North America. Conclusions Higher abortion rates in particular age-groups probably reflect higher-than-average levels of unmet need for contraception or difficulty using methods consistently and effectively, and a stronger desire to avoid childbearing. Each of the patterns observed has implications for service and information needs within countries.
Reactivity of acyclic (pentadienyl)iron(1+) cations with weak carbon nucleophiles

The reaction of acyclic tricarbonyl(pentadienyl)iron(1 + ) cations with allyl trimethylsilane or with excess furan leads to (E,E-diene)iron complexes. Attack of these weak nucleophiles on the transoid form of the pentadienyl cation is presumably faster than attack on the more stable cisoid form. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Advances in the theoretical understanding of photon upconversion in rare-earth activated nanophosphors

Photon upconversion in rare earth activated phosphors involves multiple mechanisms of electronic transitions. Stepwise optical excitation, energy transfer, and various nonlinear and collective light–matter interaction processes act together to convert low-energy photons into short-wavelength light emission. Upconversion luminescence from nanomaterials exhibits additional size and surface dependencies. A fundamental understanding of the overall performance of an upconversion system requires basic theories on the spectroscopic properties of solids containing rare earth ions. This review article surveys the recent progress in the theoretical interpretations of the spectroscopic characteristics and luminescence dynamics of photon upconversion in rare earth activated phosphors. The primary aspects of upconversion processes, including energy level splitting, transition probability, line broadening, non-radiative relaxation and energy transfer, are covered with an emphasis on interpreting experimental observations. Theoretical models and methods for analyzing nano-phenomena in upconversion are introduced with detailed discussions on recently reported experimental results.
Estimating Third-Order Moments for an Absorber Catalog

Thanks to the recent availability of large surveys, there has been renewed interest in third-order correlation statistics. Measures of third-order clustering are sensitive to the structure of filaments and voids in the universe and are useful for studying large-scale structure. Thus, statistics of these third-order measures can be used to test and constrain parameters in cosmological models. Third-order measures such as the three-point correlation function are now commonly estimated for galaxy surveys. Studies of third-order clustering of absorption systems will complement these analyses. We define a statistic, which we denote , that measures third-order clustering of a data set of point observations and focus on estimating this statistic for an absorber catalog. The statistic can be considered a third-order version of the second-order Ripley K-function and allows one to study the abundance of various configurations of point triplets. In particular, configurations consisting of point triplets that lie close to a straight line can be examined. Studying third-order clustering of absorbers requires consideration of the absorbers as a three-dimensional process, observed on QSO lines of sight that extend radially in three-dimensional space from Earth. Since most of this three-dimensional space is not probed by the lines of sight, edge corrections become important. We use an analytical form of edge correction weights and construct an estimator of the statistic for use with an absorber catalog. We show that with these weights, ratio-unbiased estimates of can be obtained. Results from a simulation study also verify unbiasedness and provide information on the decrease of standard errors with increasing number of lines of sight.
Synthesis of optically active 1-fluoroalkyl benzenes

Abstract A simple synthesis of optically active 1-fluoroalkyl benzenes bearing electron withdrawing substituents is developed. Optically active 1-hydroxyalkyl benzenes are converted into the methanesulfonates and subsequently converted into the optically active 1-fluoroalkyl benzenes 1 by use of the fluorinating agent cesium fluoride/N-methyl-formamide.
A Simulation Model for Flexible Rotating Equipment

Lumped parameter simulation model for flexible turbine rotor dynamics in nonspinning coordinate system, discussing bearing constraints modeling methods and eigenanalysis applicability
Effective-range description of a Bose gas under strong one- or two-dimensional confinement

We point out that theories describing s-wave collisions of bosonic atoms confined in one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) geometries can be extended to much tighter confinements than previously thought. This is achieved by replacing the scattering length by an energy-dependent scattering length which was already introduced for the calculation of energy levels under 3D confinement. This replacement accurately predicts the position of confinement-induced resonances in strongly confined geometries.
Physics from Fisher Information: A Unification

This book defines and develops a unifying principle of physics, that of 'extreme physical information'. The information in question is, perhaps surprisingly, not Shannon or Boltzmann entropy but, rather, Fisher information, a simple concept little known to physicists. Both statistical and physical properties of Fisher information are developed. This information is shown to be a physical measure of disorder, sharing with entropy the property of monotonic change with time. The information concept is applied 'phenomenally' to derive most known physics, from statistical mechanics and thermodynamics to quantum mechanics, the Einstein field equations, and quantum gravity. Many new physical relations and concepts are developed, including new definitions of disorder, time and temperature. The information principle is based upon a new theory of measurement, one which incorporates the observer into the phenomenon that he/she observes. The 'request' for data creates the law that, ultimately, gives rise to the data. The observer creates his or her local reality.
On the internal absorption of galaxy clusters

A study of the cores of galaxy clusters with the Einstein Solid State Spectrometer (SSS) indicated the presence of absorbing material corresponding to 1012 M☉ of cold cluster gas, possibly resulting from cooling flows. Since this amount of cold gas is not confirmed by observations at other wavelengths, we examined whether this excess absorption is present in the ROSAT PSPC observations of 20 bright galaxy clusters. For of the clusters, successful spectral fits were obtained with absorption due only to the Galaxy, and therefore no extra absorption is needed within the clusters, in disagreement with the results from the Einstein SSS data for some of the same clusters. For of the clusters, none of our spectral fits was acceptable, suggesting a more complicated cluster medium than the two-temperature and cooling-flow models considered here. However, even for these clusters, substantial excess absorption is not indicated.
Behavior of CdS thin film transistors

Abstract The behavior of a number of experimental CdS thin film transistors has been studied. The fabrication procedure for these devices is discussed and data illustrating the variation of device behavior with temperature and with frequency are presented. It is shown that these observations are in accord with the notion that the carrier mobility as well as the carrier concentration is altered by the gate voltage. All of the devices which were studied exhibit a frequency dependence which can be understood in terms of slow traps. The evidence suggests that these traps are located on the surface of the CdS layer.
Precision Cutting and Drilling with the Nd-YAG Laser

The capability of focusing large amounts of energy onto a very small area makes the laser a useful tool for cutting and drilling materials. With the aid of appropriate aperture, lens, and careful selection of laser parameters, we have been successful in cutting slots 0.001 inches (0.025 millimeters) in width and drilling holes 0.00015 inches (0.0038 millimeters) in diameter. Examples of these applications are shown. Cutting and drilling of foil thicknesses (less than 0.010 inches thick) poses a special problem. Despite careful selection of operating parameters there is normally some small amount of dross adhering to the bottom surface of the foil. We have found that various surface coatings can be used to protect the foil from damage both during processing and cleanup. Several examples illustrate the surface quality of cuts achieved with coated foils.
Efficient Sequential Aggregate Signed Data

The concept of sequential aggregate signatures (SAS), proposed by Lysyanskaya, Micali, Reyzin, and Shacham at Eurocrypt 2004, is generalized to a new primitive called sequential aggregate signed data (SASD) that tries to minimize the total amount of transmitted data, rather than just signature length. New SAS and SASD schemes are presented that offer numerous advantages over the scheme of Lysyanskaya Most importantly, the schemes can be instantiated with uncertified claw-free permutations, thereby allowing implementations based on low-exponent RSA and factoring, and drastically reducing signing and verification costs. The schemes support aggregation of signatures under keys of different lengths, and the SASD scheme even has as little as 160 bits of bandwidth overhead. Finally, a multi-signed data scheme is presented that, when compared to the state-of-the-art multi-signature schemes, is the first scheme with noninteractive signature generation not based on pairings. All of the constructions are proved secure in the random oracle model based on families of claw-free permutations.
THE COMPLETE SURVEY OF OUTFLOWS IN PERSEUS

We present a study on the impact of molecular outflows in the Perseus molecular cloud complex using the COMPLETE Survey large-scale 12CO(1-0) and 13CO(1-0) maps. We used three-dimensional isosurface models generated in right ascension-declination-velocity space to visualize the maps. This rendering of the molecular line data allowed for a rapid and efficient way to search for molecular outflows over a large (~16 deg2) area. Our outflow-searching technique detected previously known molecular outflows as well as new candidate outflows. Most of these new outflow-related high-velocity features lie in regions that have been poorly studied before. These new outflow candidates more than double the amount of outflow mass, momentum, and kinetic energy in the Perseus cloud complex. Our results indicate that outflows have significant impact on the environment immediately surrounding localized regions of active star formation, but lack the energy needed to feed the observed turbulence in the entire Perseus complex. This implies that other energy sources, in addition to protostellar outflows, are responsible for turbulence on a global cloud scale in Perseus. We studied the impact of outflows in six regions with active star formation within Perseus of sizes in the range of 1-4 pc. We find that outflows have enough power to maintain the turbulence in these regions and enough momentum to disperse and unbind some mass from them. We found no correlation between outflow strength and star formation efficiency (SFE) for the six different regions we studied, contrary to results of recent numerical simulations. The low fraction of gas that potentially could be ejected due to outflows suggests that additional mechanisms other than cloud dispersal by outflows are needed to explain low SFEs in clusters.
Vacuum ambiguity in de Sitter space at strong coupling

It is well known that in the weak coupling regime, quantum field theories in de Sitter space do not have a unique vacuum, but a class of vacua parametrized by a complex parameter α, i.e., the so-called α-vacua. In this article, using gauge/gravity duality, we calculate the symmetric two-point function of strongly coupled \( \mathcal{N} \) = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory on dS3. We find that there is a class of de Sitter invariant vacua, parametrized by a set of complex parameters {αν}.
A blue resonant cavity light-emitting diode

Summary form only given. High brightness InGaN quantum well (QW) blue and green light-emitting diodes have become dominant components for display applications at short visible wavelengths, with a large presently existing manufacturing basis. Their excellent radiative efficiency suggests that other device configurations might also be able to take advantage of the fundamentally robust performance of the nitride LEDs. We report the fabrication and study of a simple resonant cavity blue light emitting diode (RCLED), fabricated by enclosing the InGaN/GaN QW light emitting pn-junction within a rudimentary, but effective optical cavity. The cavity was formed by a high reflectivity dielectric DBR mirror (SiO/sub 2/-HfO/sub 2/) and a composite metallic mirror.
Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of GPS Carrier Phase for Spacecraft Relative Navigation

Models of GPS carrier phase measurements have been derived, analyzed, and used to develop an off-line simulator. This work is being carried out to support the development of Carrier phase Differential GPS (CDGPS) systems for relative navigation of formations of spacecraft that orbit in GEO and HEO. Carrier phase models are built up by considering signal generation on the GPS satellite and signal processing in the user receiver. An analysis of measured carrier phase has been used to develop receiver design guidelines which guarantee that a receiver's outputs can be used by CDGPS algorithms that resolve carrier phase ambiguities as exact integers. The carrier phase simulation includes errors such as incorrect GPS ephemerides, thermal noise, multi-path, circular-polarization-induced phase wind-up, and altitude-dependent ionospheric delay. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy and limitations of CDGPS for use in relative navigation of spacecraft formations.
Positioning of retail stores in Central and Eastern European accession states: Standardization versus adaptation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the retail store decision criteria of customers in founder member states of the European Union and customers in Central and Eastern European (CEE) accession member states.Design/methodology/approach – Based on the literature review we theorize that significant differences will exist between founder member state customers and CEE accession member customers and that retailers would be wise to forego a standardized retail mix in favour of strategies more precisely adapted to individual national markets. Utilizing a well‐established retail customer decision criteria scale, the authors collected data from 1,221 Eastern and Western EU customers.Findings – It was found that CEE shoppers hold very high expectations of what they desire in a retail store. Indeed, their expectations were higher than those of founder member state customers on 21 of the 22 dimensions measured.Research limitations/implications – Because of the convenience nature of the data collection m...
Rotational invariance of quadromer correlations on the hexagonal lattice

Abstract In 1963 Fisher and Stephenson (Phys. Rev. (2) 132 (1963) 1411) conjectured that the monomer–monomer correlation on the square lattice is rotationally invariant. In this paper we prove a closely related statement on the hexagonal lattice. Namely, we consider correlations of two quadromers (four-vertex subgraphs consisting of a monomer and its three neighbors) and show that they are rotationally invariant.
Water-Nafion equilibria. absence of Schroeder's paradox.

Water−Nafion phase equilibria and proton conductivities were measured in two ways. First, Nafion was in contact with saturated water vapor. Second, Nafion was in contact with liquid water at the sa...