cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motor paralysis in rats after repeated electroconvulsive shock: Comparison between aural and corneal stimulation

Daily transaural electroshock treatment of rats results in a reversible hindlimb paralysis. Assuming there is a relationship between current pathway and the route of electroshock administration we compared both the type of convulsive behavior and the incidence of paralysis produced by transcorneal shock with that of transaural stimulation. Both transaural and transcorneal stimulation induced clonic and tonic convulsions, whereas, only transaural stimulation induced a body flexion (twisting and writhing). The use of transaural electrodes induced a higher incidence of paralysis than the use of corneal electrodes. These data demonstrate that both (1) the type of convulsive behavior produced and (2) the incidence of paralysis is related to electrode placement suggesting that paralysis is a function of current pathway.
Interdisciplinary Meandering in Science

Iwas a graduate student in mathematics at Princeton immediately following World War II, 1945-1947. In those days, with veterans of the war inundating universities, there was no option but to earn a Ph.D. within two years. My thesis research was in functional analysis, an area of abstract mathematics. My mentor was Professor S. Bochner, a distinguished contributor to harmonic analysis. My classmates included Richard Bellman (who later nurtured the method of dynamic programming), Kai Lai Chung (of Markov chain lore), Ted Harris (who developed broadly branching stochastic processes and their applications), Gil Hunt (who set the foundations of strong Markov processes, now commonly called Hunt processes), and Paul Meier (an applied statistician, known as the pioneer of the nonparametric Kaplan-Meier test). When I completed my degree in 1947, Professor S. Lefschetz, chairman of the Princeton mathematics department, selected me for the job of becoming the first Cal Tech Bateman Fellow. I was the youngest Ph.D. that year and did as I was told, although secretly I was happy to go to California. So, in September 1947, I got married and moved to Cal Tech. I labored that first year on mathematical problems of Banach spaces (e.g., bases in Banach spaces, normed rings), continuing my abstract mathematical education. During 1948, economic inflation was rampant in the country and I needed a second job. Henri Bohnenblust, chairman of the Cal Tech mathematics department, arranged a consulting job for me at the RAND Corporation. RAND at that time was sponsored by the Air Force and was engaged in matters of strategic planning for the cold war.
PLOT SHOWING CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INCLUSIVE PROCESS IN MANY LORENTZ FRAMES.

A two-dimensional plot is suggested for the study of an inclusive process. In this plot, the characteristics of particle spectra in all Lorentz frames translated along the incident beam direction can be visualized.
Embracing the digital humanities: a course on computing in the humanities for undergraduate computer science minor students (abstract only)

A review of literature in the Digital Humanities field reveals ongoing research on curriculum development. Case studies highlight projects as a means of teaching humanities computing. From a computing perspective, a literature review reveals studies on building successful programming curricula across disciplines; implementing project-based learning ; the role of Computer Science departments in inter-disciplinary studies and the role of teaching web programming to non-majors. Students must fulfill two pre-requisites in order to attend our class: at least one semester each in web design and programming in a high-level language (e.g. Python or Java). CS majors are welcome to take this as an elective. This course was given for the fourth time in the fall, 2012 term. Topics in this course focus on the following subjects and projects: textual analysis by writing programs in Python; a text encoding project using XML with adherence to current Text Encoding Initiative standards (see TEI - http://www.tei-c.org/index.xml); building an on-line archive from primary source materials using xHTML/CSS, XML, XSLT and JavaScript; and creating works of software art using Processing /Java (http://processing.org/). Students are exposed to current research throughout the Digital Humanities by a series of guest lectures given by NYU faculty from the departments of English, History, Museum Studies, and Classics.
Systematic distortions in water vapor mixing ratio and aerosol scattering ratio from a Raman lidar

The purpose of this study is to estimate the errors due to several systematic distortions which occur in the procedure of computing water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR) and aerosol scattering ratio (ASR). For WVMR, the systematic distortions are encountered during the following processes: gluing, omission of temperature dependent molecular backscatter coefficient (temperature dependent lidar equation), incomplete overlap correction, and calibration while for ASR during the gluing and omission of temperature dependent molecular backscatter coefficient. The data analyzed are taken with Howard University Raman Lidar (HURL) during WAVES 2006 field campaign. The HURL system operates at the third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser and acquires data within three channels (354.7 nm, 386.7 nm and 407.5 nm). The study shows the relative errors in computing WVMR and ASR when considering different combinations of the systematic distortions (15 cases for WVMR and 3 cases for ASR) with respect to the case as considered true. The analyses were performed over a time series of WVMR and ASR of about 6 hours and over the altitude range up to 5 km. The range of the relative errors is between ~ 1 % and ~ 18 % for WVMR and between ~ 1 % and ~ 8 % for ASR.
Evolutionary Capacitance May Be Favored by Natural Selection

Evolutionary capacitors phenotypically reveal a stock of cryptic genetic variation in a reversible fashion. The sudden and reversible revelation of a range of variation is fundamentally different from the gradual introduction of variation by mutation. Here I study the invasion dynamics of modifiers of revelation. A modifier with the optimal rate of revelation mopt has a higher probability of invading any other population than of being counterinvaded. mopt varies with the population size N and the rate θ at which environmental change makes revelation adaptive. For small populations less than a minimum cutoff Nmin, all revelation is selected against. Nmin is typically quite small and increases only weakly, with θ−1/2. For large populations with N > 1/θ, mopt is ∼1/N. Selection for the optimum is highly effective and increases in effectiveness with larger N ≫ 1/θ. For intermediate values of N, mopt is typically a little less than θ and is only weakly favored over less frequent revelation. The model is analogous to a two-locus model for the evolution of a mutator allele. It is a fully stochastic model and so is able to show that selection for revelation can be strong enough to overcome random drift.
The orphaned colony Orphanage, child and authority in British India

This article examines British encounters with Indian, Andamanese, white and African orphans in colonial India in the second half of the nineteenth century. It argues that orphans provided colonial administrators with opportunities to articulate increasingly scientific constructions of race, which might undergird contemporary imperialism, and simultaneously to explore the limits of colonial authority. The absence of parents was doubly helpful to these discoveries. At one level, the removal of the parent isolated the child from the contamination of culture. This left it available to experts, who wished to study the nature of the biological material or to leave their own impressions. At another level, it eliminated a source of political interference in the relationship between the child and the unrelated adult, which could now be interpreted largely in terms of scientific, bureaucratic or political necessity, including the language of savage-repression that constitutes a part of the prose of counter-insurgen...
Innocence, Self‐Defense and Killing in War

OST of us believe that there are conditions in which war is justified and M thus that there are conditions in which the individual soldier is morally permitted, and nearly as often morally required, intentionally to attack and even to kill other human beings. Many people, indeed, accept this quite uncritically, often assuming that war is a special condition in which morality, if it applies a t all, is radically transformed. But consider the perspective of the morally scrupulous soldier who is ordered to kill. To what considerations may he appeal for justification ? What I will refer to as the Orthodox View among moral theorists is that, while it is normally or even always wrong intentionally to attack or kill the innocent, people may, because of what they do, render themselves relevantly noninnocent, thereby losing their moral immunity to intentional attack and instead becoming liable, or morally vulnerable, to attack. To be innocent, on this view, is to be harmless; correspondingly, one ceases to be innocent if one poses an imminent threat of harm to, or is engaged in harming, another person. To the modern mind this may seem a curious understanding of the notions of innocence and noninnocence. Yet there is etymological warrant for the use. To be “innocent” is not to be nocentes-a Latin term that refers to one who is harmful or who injures. To distinguish this sense of innocence from the more familiar notion of moral innocence, some writers have stipulated that a person who is harmless is “materially innocent,” while one who is threatening or causing harm is said to be “materially noninnocent.” On the Orthodox View, it is assumed that all those who are, to use Michael Walzer’s phrase, “currently engaged in the business of war” are ips0 fact0
Neurologic Music Therapy in Stroke Rehabilitation

Based on insights from brain research in music, neurologic music therapy (NMT) has been established as a new model for music in therapy and medicine. Standard- ized clinical interventions are based on clusters of research evidence and established learning principles in motor, speech/language, and cognitive training. The research support for NMT in stroke rehabilitation has been growing rapidly over the past 20 years. This paper will review research data and clinical applications for neurorehabili- tation in the speech/language, cognitive and sensorimotor domains.
LMS and matched digital filters for optical clutter suppression.

Methods of computing impulse-response weights of 1- and 2-D matched filters and LMS filters for suppressing clutter in an electrooptic sensor’s output are developed and illustrated with examples. The methods are applicable to signals from scanning or staring sensors viewing point or extended sources against variable backgrounds, provided signal shape and orientation are known. The matched-filter design technique is based on isotropic power-spectral clutter models whose parameters also must be known. Images of sensor output are assumed to provide the requisite information about signals and backgrounds. The LMS design technique is based on deterministic polynomial clutter models. An LMS filter estimates signal amplitude explicitly and local clutter parameters implicitly by performing a least-squares fit of a signal-plus-clutter model to the sensor output at every point of the scene. Thus clutter parameters need not be known for LMS design, although qualitative knowledge of the background may facilitate choice of the clutter model.
Effects of predation risk on foraging behavior: mechanisms altering patch choice☆

Abstract Responses of foraging young-of-year black surfperch Embiotoca jacksoni Agassiz to benthic predators, kelp bass Paralabrax clathratus (Girard) and grass rockfish Sebastes rastrelliger (Jordan and Gilbert), were investigated in laboratory and field experiments. Young-of-year black surfperch fed on crustacean prey from a variety of benthic algal substrata. In laboratory experiments using uniform patches of a favored alga, black surfperch avoided kelp bass or grass rockfish by reducing time spent feeding in a patch containing a predator, although no effect on the feeding rate of the surfperch was observed. Surfperch showed no difference in their response to kelp bass or grass rockfish. Field experiments indicated that, under conditions of safety, the low-growing alga Zonaria farlowii Setchell and Gardner was the most highly favored substratum. As risk of predation increased, preference for Zonaria declined sharply and the tall, bushy alga Sargassum palmeri Grun became the most highly favored feeding substratum. The mechanisms producing the shift in preference involved an increased number of visits to Sargassum and a longer duration foraging bout per visit. The responses of young-of-year black surfperch to piscivorous fishes appear to enable the surfperch to reduce mortality risk while still continuing to feed actively.
Heterogeneous wafer-scale integration of 250nm, 300GHz InP DHBTs with a 130nm RF-CMOS technology

The performance advantages of InP based devices over silicon devices are well known, but the ability to fabricate complex, high transistor count ICs is limited both by the relative immaturity of the material system and a limited commercial market. Silicon based devices have made significant advances in device performance, but have not yet matched compound semiconductor device performance. A large commercial market, however, has allowed the silicon system to mature and produce billion transistor count ICs in high volume. It would be advantageous to combine the merits of both of these technologies in order to enable a new class of high performance ICs. This work demonstrates the wafer scale integration of an advanced 250 nm, 300 GHz fT/fMAX InP DHBT technology with IBM's 130 nm RF-CMOS technology (CMRF8SF). Such integration allows the rapid adoption of more advanced CMOS and InP DHBT technology generations.
Microarrays of lentiviruses for gene function screens in immortalized and primary cells

Here we describe lentivirus-infected cell microarrays for the high-throughput screening of gene function in mammalian cells. To create these arrays, we cultured mammalian cells on glass slides 'printed' with lentiviruses pseudotyped as vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, which encode short hairpin RNA or cDNA. Cells that land on the printed 'features' become infected with lentivirus, creating a living array of stably transduced cell clusters within a monolayer of uninfected cells. The small size of the features of the microarrays (300 μm in diameter) allows high-density spotting of lentivirus, permitting thousands of distinct parallel infections on a single glass slide. Because lentiviruses have a wide cellular tropism, including primary cells, lentivirus-infected cell microarrays can be used as a platform for high-throughput screening in a variety of cell types.
Prorenin in diabetes mellitus

A rise in plasma prorenin often precedes the onset of vascular injury in patients with diabetes mellitus. Plasma prorenin measurements may be useful for predicting which patients will develop vascular injury and for monitoring the progression of the disease. A hypothesis is presented that accounts for these relationships and for the cosecretion of prorenin and renin into the circulation.
Lasers in historical perspective

During the past century, advances in physics have interacted with the needs of technology to permit new devices and opportunities in electronics. A persistent theme through most of this time has been the growth of methods of generating and controlling electromagnetic waves, and the extension of these techniques to shorter wavelengths. The discoveries in quantum physics led up to the use of atoms and molecules as resonators, and eventually as active devices such as lasers, for wavelengths too short for electron tubes. More recently accelerator technology, developed for nuclear physics, has made possible free-electron lasers in the optical wavelength regions.
Clampage suprarénal trans-péritonéal ou rétropéritonéal pour le traitement des anévrismes de l aorte abdominale à collet sous-rénal hostile

Les anevrismes aortiques abdominaux sous-renaux (AAA) avec un collet aortique sous-renal hostile non accessible a au traitement endovasculaire (EVAR) relevent d'une chirurgie directe avec clampage aortique sus-renal. Nous avons compare les resultats de la voie trans-peritoneale et de la voie retroperitoneale pour la cure des AAA sous-renaux necessitant un clampage sus-renal, et la frequence relative de ces techniques apres l'introduction d'EVAR dans notre pratique clinique. De janvier 1998 a septembre 2005, 478 anevrismes aortiques sous-renaux ont ete repares de maniere elective. Il y avait 160 (33%) chirurgies directes (71% trans-peritoneales et 29% retroperitoneales) et 318 (67%) reparations endovasculaires. Dans 38 cas (24%) un clampage sus-renal a ete utilise (47% des voies trans-peritoneales et 53% des voies retroperitoneales) en raison d'un collet sous-renal hostile. Un collet aortique hostile etait defini comme un collet dont l'angulation etait importante (>60°), un collet court ( p = 0,04) tandis que la chirurgie directe diminuait de 40% a 29% ( p = 0,01). La voie retroperitoneale a double de 19% a 39%, alors que l'approche transperitoneale diminuait de 81% a 61% ( p = 0,02). Le clampage sus-renal a augmente de 11% apres 2002. Il n'y avait aucune difference significative d'âge, de sexe, de taille des anevrismes, ou de comorbidites entre les groupes trans-peritoneal et retroperitoneal avec clampage sus-renal. La mortalite a 30 jours etait de 2/38 (5%) et observee seulement dans le groupe trans-peritoneal. L'abord trans-peritoneal etait associee a des pertes sanguines sensiblement plus importantes et a une plus grande duree de clampage sus-renal (2.400 contre 1.800 mL et 38 contre 29,5 min ; p = 0,03), mais sans difference significative des complications postoperatoires a 30 jours. Dans notre experience de 7 ans, il y a eu une augmentation progressive de l'utilisation d'EVAR pour les AAA sous-renaux. Parallelement, plus d'AAA sous-renaux avec un collet aortique hostile necessitant un clampage aortique sus-renal ont ete traites. Dans de tels cas, l'abord retroperitoneal est plus sur, avec moins de pertes sanguines perioperatoires et une duree de clampage sus-renal plus courte. Ceci est probablement attribuable a une meilleure exposition de l'aorte abdominale sus-renale, permettant une anastomose proximale plus sure.
A standard model of Peano arithmetic with no conservative elementary extension

Abstract The principal result of this paper answers a long-standing question in the model theory of arithmetic [R. Kossak, J. Schmerl, The Structure of Models of Peano Arithmetic, Oxford University Press, 2006, Question 7] by showing that there exists an uncountable arithmetically closed family A of subsets of the set ω of natural numbers such that the expansion N A ≔ ( N , A ) A ∈ A of the standard model N ≔ ( ω , + , × ) of Peano arithmetic has no conservative elementary extension, i.e., for any elementary extension N A ∗ = ( ω ∗ , … ) of N A , there is a subset of ω ∗ that is parametrically definable in N A ∗ but whose intersection with ω is not a member of A . We also establish other results that highlight the role of countability in the model theory of arithmetic. Inspired by a recent question of Gitman and Hamkins, we furthermore show that the aforementioned family A can be arranged to further satisfy the curious property that forcing with the quotient Boolean algebra A / FIN (where FIN is the ideal of finite sets) collapses ℵ 1 when viewed as a notion of forcing.
Microbial manipulation of metabolism

Humans coexist in commensality with a variety of microorganisms: there are roughly 100 trillion microorganisms in the intestine alone. Changes in gut microbiota composition are known to contribute to the development of metabolic disease by promoting inflammation, weight gain, and reduced insulin sensitivity. Now, Koren et al . show that host-microbial interactions during pregnancy are similar to those associated with metabolic syndrome. To address how pregnancy affects the composition of gut microbiota, the authors characterized the microbial communities in stool samples from 91 pregnant women of varying body mass indices (BMIs) and gestational diabetes statuses. Bioinformatic analyses revealed a dramatic remodeling of the gut microbiota composition over the course of pregnancy. In the first trimester (T1), the gut microbiota was comparable with that of nonpregnant healthy control women. However, by the third trimester (T3) the authors noted an increase in bacterial diversity between pregnant women and a decrease in bacterial richness within each pregnant individual relative to T1 samples. The magnitude of these changes was unrelated to prepregnancy BMI, development of gestational diabetes, or previous number of births. Some of the features of the T3-related microbial community reflected those of the inflammatory disease–associated microbiome. Because the later stages of pregnancy were characterized by a diabetogenic state (including hyperglycemia and reduced insulin sensitivity), the alterations in the gut microbiota might be related to these pregnancy-induced metabolic changes. To investigate the potential for pregnancy-associated microbiota to promote inflammation and alter host metabolism, the authors introduced human T1 or T3 microbiota into the guts of female germ-free mice. Transfer of T3 microbiota into the mouse model caused an increase in adiposity and a decrease in insulin sensitivity compared with T1, indicating that the T3 microbiota has the capacity to induce metabolic changes in the host that resemble those that occur in both pregnancy and the metabolic disease context. Metabolic changes are necessary to support a healthy pregnancy, and this study suggests that gut microbiota play a role in this important transition. More surprising was the observation that gut microbiota in late pregnancy displays features that overlap with those associated with metabolic diseases in which altered host-microbial interactions influence host metabolism. This study provides another step toward the understanding of reproductive biology and its connection to obesity-related metabolic diseases. O. Koren et al ., Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy. Cell 150 , 470–480 (2012). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(12)00829-X
Psychological impact of abortion: Methodological and outcomes summary of empirical research between 1966 and 1988

A systematic "roadmap" through the medical literature that empirically examines the incidence of psychological sequelae of induced abortion is presented. Because outcome incidence rates and methodological profiles vary substantially across studies, selective use of articles from this literature without an accompanying rationale for that selectivity could foster erroneous conclusions. Information compiled here can facilitate a rapid methodological critique of citations in abortion-related materials. Investigations published in English between January 1966 and April 1988 that quantitatively examined psychological sequelae using prospective, retrospective, or comparative methodologies are summarized in tables to produce a synopsis of the demographics, methodological limitations, and gross statistical features of each article. This quantitative guide is designed to facilitate appropriate use of the current literature, provide needed background to assess positions arising from the currently available data, and provide methodological focus for planning better studies in the future.
Further reflections on actuarial recognition of nuclear holocaust hazard

In a paper presented to the Twenty-Second Actuarial Research Conference, held in 1987 at the University of Toronto, a notation and mathematical model were developed to explore the impact of nuclear holocaust hazard on actuarial mathematics. The purpose of the present paper is to consider this hazard in relation to long-term income maintenance systems such as Social Security and retirement plans. The paper begins with a brief recollection of the notations used in the Toronto paper. It then highlights the actuarial projections of the 1988 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of U.S. Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds. This is a very large system with current annual outgo of $220 billion, and rapidly growing assets. Under the less optimistic of two intermediate projections, the combined trust funds are estimated to reach a level of $12 trillion by the end of 2030. Thereafter, the funds are projected to decline rapidly to exhaustion by 2050. A simple difference equation, in the notation of the Toronto paper, is examined as a possible means of controlling the upward and downward changes in the trust funds if Congress periodically adjusts OASDI financing to satisfy the equation. Next sections of the paper consider what recognition of nuclear holocaust hazard would mean for pension mathematics. The easiest situation to discuss is in regard to reserves for retired members and beneficiaries. A second matter is the calculation of optional retirement annuities, and could entail much numerical work. The funding for active members will bring up many questions, in particular, in regard to the actuarial assumptions. In concluding sections, the paper attempts to measure the scientific worth of recognizing nuclear holocaust hazard in our actuarial mathematics, and the consequences thereof. One keeps coming back to the idea that the only practical way to recognize such hazard is by a specific component of the interest rate. Thereby, long-term financial transactions can proceed quite logically even in the presence of the hazard. But one essential step for world progress is to minimize nuclear holocaust hazard. To aid this process, actuarial science should seek its truths, and communicate them widely.
Being the ‘Other’: Teaching U.S. History as a Fulbright Professor in Egypt

If for Russell Johnson the experience of teaching the Gilded Age and Progressive Era in Turkey was that of being in a "not so strange land," my four months as a Fulbright professor at the University of Alexandria in Egypt were often quite the opposite. There I was truly a stranger in a strange land. But it is important to note right from the start that by strange I mean foreign in the sense that American history of any sort is not part of the Egyptian university curriculum. So much so that before I arrived in Egypt I had been given only a hazy idea of what I might be teaching. Once there I quickly found that I had to jettison the proposal that I had submitted for the Fulbright competition to teach about the processes and ideas of democracy in U.S. history, most especially in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. The reasons for my inability to teach what I had proposed help explain much about the place of U.S. history, indeed all of "western" history, in Egyptian universities, and how the situation differs enormously from those described for Canada, Mexico, and Turkey. In these "post-eleventh September" days, it seems to me especially important to understand that while in the U.S. we seek to expand our university history curricula into a world vision, in Egypt exactly the opposite has been happening. Why this should be so in the age of globalization, and what lessons it has for U.S. historians, I think are among the valuable insights that can be gained from a Fulbright teaching fellowship in the Arab world. The University of Alexandria is the second oldest public university in Egypt. The faculty of arts, to which I was attached, has approximately 15,000 students in history, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, political science and foreign languages. With the exception of those enrolled in the English curriculum, the majority of the students speak little or no English. Language was thus the first hurdle that I encountered upon my arrival. The request for an American Fulbright professor to teach at the university had originated with one of the senior professors in the history department whose career in U.S.
Latent transition analysis to the stages of change for smoking cessation

A key construct of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is the stage of change (Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance) (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983, 1986). This study applies Latent Transition Analysis (LTA; Collins & Wugalter, 1992; Collins, Wugalter, & Rousculp, 1991) to movement through the stages of change for smoking cessation. LTA is an alternative method of assessing categorical outcome that is sensitive to change, diagnostic, and allows for the comparison of alternative models of change. The sample consisted of 545 reactively recruited smokers and former smokers who were assessed five times over a two year period. LTA was used to compare three specified models. The model that fit the data best indicates that in a six month time frame both progression and regression among the stages takes place as well as two stage progression. Examination of the probability of movement among the stages revealed three findings consistent with the Transtheoretical Model. First, movement through the stages is not always linear. Second, the probability of forward movement was greater than backward movement. Third, the probability of moving to adjacent stages was greater than the probability of two stage progression.
An ECR Heavy Ion Source for the LBL 88-Inch Cyclotron

An Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) heavy-ion source is under construction at the LBL 88-Inch Cyclotron. This source will produce very high charge state heavy ions, such as o8+ and Ar12+, which will increase cyclotron energies by a factor of 2-4, up to A = 80. It is a two-stage source using room temperature coils, a permanent magnet sextuipole, and a 6-9 GHz microwave system. Desiqn features include adjustable first to second staqe plasma coupling, a variable second stage mirror ratio, high conductance radial pumpino of the second stage, and a beam diagnostic system. A remotely movable extraction electrode will optimize extraction efficiency. The project includes construction of a transport line and improvernents to the cyclotron axial injection system. The construction period is expected to be two years.
Cardiorespiratory Reactivity During the Brazelton Scale in Term and Preterm Infants

Determined the relationship between behavior measured with the Brazelton Scale and simultaneously recorded cardiorespiratory activity. The Brazelton Scale was administered and videotaped in a sample of 22 term and 22 preterm infants at term conceptional age. The videotapes were coded off line with a computer interface to time lock behavior and physiological activity for the duration of four alert, non-crying conditions. Term infants showed increases in heart rate and breathing rate when unswaddled and cuddled following cry and increases in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during orientation and swaddling. Preterm infants showed the same general trend as term infants in heart rate and breathing rate. However, RSA decreased during orientation in preterm infants. On behavioral scores, preterm infants showed lower scores on self-regulation and a higher cost of attention. Correlations between behavior and physiological activity showed lower RSA associated with enhanced behavioral scores for the preterm infants. Results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that attentional responsivity in the preterm infant may be at the expense of physiological stability.
Minimization of the Partially-Developed Transfer Tree

A transfer tree is a particular type of multiterminal network having a single input which may be connected to any one of a number of outputs. An n-relay transfer tree is partially developed if it has less than the 2n possible output terminals. Rearrangement of a partially-developed tree can lead to a reduction in the total number of transfers required. This paper presents a method of obtaining a required partially-developed transfer tree with the minimum number of transfers.
Ion Transport by Heart Mitochondria VIII. ACTIVATION OF THE ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE-SUPPORTED ACCUMULATION OF Mg++ BY Zn++ AND BY p-CHLOROMERCURIPHENYLSULFONATE

Abstract The energy-linked accumulation of Mg++ by isolated heart mitochondria has been studied with the use of exogenous adenosine triphosphate as the source of energy. In common with the substrate-supported accumulation of Mg++, the ATP-supported reaction is activated by the addition of Zn++, Cd++, and certain other heavy metal cations under the appropriate conditions. In sharp contrast with the substrate reaction, however, it was found that the ATP-supported reaction is also strongly activated by p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate (CMS). The combination of Zn++ and CMS strongly inhibits the substrate-dependent accumulation of Mg++, but produces a remarkable enhancement of Mg++ uptake in the presence of ATP. The increased accumulation of Mg++ and the increased ATPase activity which accompanied the accumulation are both inhibited by oligomycin. The accumulation of Mg++ by this pathway is much less sensitive to low levels of dinitrophenol than is the substrate-dependent reaction. When both substrate and ATP are available as energy sources for Mg++ accumulation, and the reaction is activated by Zn++, the uptake of Mg++ is sensitive to dinitrophenol and insensitive to oligomycin. Addition of CMS under these conditions reverses this pattern of inhibition so that the accumulation becomes sensitive to oligomycin but insensitive to dinitrophenol. The available evidence indicates that Zn++ may act directly on the process responsible for the uptake of Mg++, perhaps by altering the permeability of the membrane. The mercurial (CMS), however, appears to have its primary effect on the energy transfer process. Evidence is presented that this reagent blocks energy transfer between the dinitrophenol-sensitive site and the site which energizes the Mg++ uptake process. In addition, CMS may activate mitochondrial ATPase in such a way that more energy is available for the accumulation of Mg++.
Efficiently Detecting All Dangling Pointer Uses in Production Servers

In this paper, we propose a novel technique to detect all dangling pointer uses at run-time that is efficient enough for production use in server codes. One idea (previously used by Electric Fence, PageHeap) is to use a new virtual page for each allocation of the program and rely on page protection mechanisms to check dangling pointer accesses. This naive approach has two limitations that makes it impractical to use in production software: increased physical memory usage and increased address space usage. We propose two key improvements that alleviate both these problems. First, we use a new virtual page for each allocation of the program but map it to the same physical page as the original allocator. This allows using nearly identical physical memory as the original program while still retaining the dangling pointer detection capability. We also show how to implement this idea without requiring any changes to the underlying memory allocator. Our second idea alleviates the problem of virtual address space exhaustion by using a previously developed compiler transformation called Automatic Pool Allocation to reuse many virtual pages. The transformation partitions the memory of the program based on their lifetimes and allows us to reuse virtual pages when portions of memory become inaccessible. Experimentally we find that the run-time overhead for five unix servers is less than 4%, for other unix utilities less than 15%. However, in case of allocation intensive benchmarks, we find our overheads are much worse (up to 11x slowdown).
How Can Generative Theories of the Effects of Punishment be Tested

For a number of us at this conference who have concluded on the basis of the substantial literature1-17 and their own empirical data18,19 that punishment is a serious risk for poor child and adult outcome, the relative sparsity of studies that provide unambiguous evidence of negative effects of spanking specifically, and corporal punishment as compared with noncorporal punishment,20 comes as a shock. (By unambiguous evidence we require longitudinal investigation with appropriate controls for potential confounding variables, particularly the child9s behavioral elicitation of the punishment). Dr McCord has provided a series of theoretically coherent reasons why we would expect such negative outcomes. I would like to focus on some of the reasons why research is still needed on this topic. It is hard, possibly even impossible, to study spanking or corporal punishment without contamination from the other variables with which it is moderately to strongly correlated, particularly the tendency to use punishment more frequently, and to use a greater variety of punishment methods. Current advocates of spanking propose considerable restrictions as to the age of the child and the circumstances, methods, and frequency of use that can be endorsed. Is it likely ever to be possible to determine whether punishment has positive or negative effects when used within these restrictions? It is useful to consider this question within current paradigms for determining the effects of any treatment on a particular problem. EFFICACY RESEARCH When determining the efficacy of a given medical, surgical, or other treatment on a disease or other problem, the preferred model is the randomized trial.
Spectra and structure of organophosphorus compounds. XXXV—Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability, and ab initio calculations of trivinylphosphine

The Raman spectra (3600 to 10 cm−1) of gaseous, liquid and solid and the infrared spectra (3600 to 30 cm−1) of gaseous and solid trivinylphosphine, P(CHCH2)3, have been recorded. Additonally, qualitative depolarization ratios of the Raman lines for the liquid have been obtained. From these data it is concluded that at least two and possibly as many as four conformers are present in the fluid phases; however, it has not been possible to identify specific spectral bands to individual conformers. An ab initio Hartree–Fock gradient calculation employing the 3–21G* basis set was carried out and the results indicate that there are four different conformers of low energy, i.e. with an energy difference of less than 2 kcal mol−1 among them. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed based on depolarization values, infrared band contours and group frequencies. The number of lattice modes in the Raman spectrum of the solid indicate that there are at least two molecules per primitive cell. The results of this study are compared with the corresponding data for some similar molecules.
Discontinuity preserving regularization of inverse visual problems

The method of Tikhonov regularization has been widely used to form well-posed inverse problems in low-level vision. The application of this technique usually results in a least squares approximation or a spline fitting of the parameter of interest. This is often adequate for estimating smooth parameter fields. However, when the parameter of interest has discontinuities the estimate formed by this technique will smooth over the discontinuities. Several techniques have been introduced to modify the regularization process to incorporate discontinuities. Many of these approaches however, will themselves be ill-posed or ill-conditioned. This paper presents a technique for incorporating discontinuities into the reconstruction problem while maintaining a well-posed and well-conditioned problem statement. The resulting computational problem is a convex functional minimization problem. This method is compared to previous approaches and examples are presented for the problems of reconstructing curves and surfaces with discontinuities and for estimating image data. Computational issues arising in both analog and digital implementations are also discussed. >
Comment: Medical therapy for recurrent or progressive meningiomas remains elusive

Patients with recurrent or progressive meningiomas who are no longer candidates for further surgical resection, radiation therapy, or radiosurgery have limited treatment options, with no approved medical therapies or standards of care. This well-conducted multicenter single-arm phase II study evaluated whether the long-acting somatostatin analog pasireotide LAR had any efficacy in this patient population.1 Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed in meningiomas and somatostatin analogs have antimeningioma activity in vitro and in small clinical series.
Functional network mediates age-related differences in reaction time: a replication and extension study.

Introduction A functional activation (i.e., ordinal trend) pattern was previously identified in both young and older adults during task-switching performance, the expression of which correlated with reaction time. The current study aimed to (1) replicate this functional activation pattern in a new group of fMRI activation data, and (2) extend the previous study by specifically examining whether the effect of aging on reaction time can be explained by differences in the activation of the functional activation pattern. Method A total of 47 young and 50 older participants were included in the extension analysis. Participants performed task-switching as the activation task and were cued by the color of the stimulus for the task to be performed in each block. To test for replication, two approaches were implemented. The first approach tested the replicability of the predictive power of the previously identified functional activation pattern by forward applying the pattern to the Study II data and the second approach was rederivation of the activation pattern in the Study II data. Results Both approaches showed successful replication in the new data set. Using mediation analysis, expression of the pattern from the first approach was found to partially mediate age-related effects on reaction time such that older age was associated with greater activation of the brain pattern and longer reaction time, suggesting that brain activation efficiency (defined as “the rate of activation increase with increasing task difficulty” in Neuropsychologia 47, 2009, 2015) of the regions in the Ordinal trend pattern directly accounts for age-related differences in task performance. Discussion The successful replication of the functional activation pattern demonstrates the versatility of the Ordinal Trend Canonical Variates Analysis, and the ability to summarize each participant's brain activation map into one number provides a useful metric in multimodal analysis as well as cross-study comparisons.
Imbibition temperatures affect bitterbrush seed dormancy and seedling vigor.

Abstract Bitterbrush first-year seedling survival is low. To determine whether imbibition temperatures affected seedling vigor, I compared post-imbibition seed weight, germination, and early growth among untreated, thiourea-treated, and cool-moist-treated seeds from three collections. Seedling axial lengths from untreated seeds averaged 28 mm among all imbibition temperatures. This compared to 31 mm from thiourea-treated seeds, 68 mm from seed held at 5°C for 14 days, and 118 mm from seeds held at 2°C for 28 days. There was no imbibition temperature for untreated or thiourea-treated seeds that compensated for the lack of a cool-moist treatment. Seed treatments or seedbed conditions which fully remove dormancy and reduce dormant-seed respiration appear likely to increase seedling survival during the first growing season.
Policing Domestic Violence in the Post-SARP Era The Impact of a Domestic Violence Police Unit

During the Spousal Assault Replication Program, the city of Charlotte, North Carolina, was identified as a site where arrest did not deter misdemeanor domestic violence. Shortly after these findings were published, the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department developed a Domestic Violence (DV) unit to combat the problem of intimate partner violence. The mission of the Charlotte DV unit is to reduce future offending through intensive investigation and victim assistance. The current study evaluates the impact of the Charlotte DV unit versus standard patrol on official accounts of offender recidivism in a random sample of 891 domestic violence cases. Controlling for offender demographics, prior criminal history, case severity, and additional criminal justice responses, suspects processed through the DV unit had significantly lower rates of re-offending across an 18- to 30-month follow-up period. Theoretical explanations for the DV unit effect are proposed.
AC harmonic filters for Konti-Skan 1 Refurbishment HVDC project

This paper summarises the customer's specification requirements, design aspects, filter configuration and special features of AC harmonic filters for Konti-Skan 1 Refurbishment HVDC project, which will be connected to the 400 kV busbars at Vester Hassing substation in Denmark, and at Lindome substation in Sweden. Study models for the harmonic performance, steady state and transient rating, are described in detail with the key data reproduced. The AC filters are robustly designed and rated in accordance with the customer's technical specification, especially with those filters at Vester Hassing, as they will be operated in coordination with the existing AC filters of Konti-Skan Pole 2 at the same substation.
A surgical investigation of the clinical physiology of the LP-pulvinar complex in man.

Abstract Cryogenic stereotactic lesions were placed in 55 pulvinar and 9 lateralis-posterior (LP) nuclei of 49 patients suffering from dystonia, athetosis, spasticity, torticollis, intractable pain, and other miscellaneous conditions. Ten of 19 cases (52.5%) of dystonia, 10 of 16 cases (62.5%) of athetosis and 7 of 10 cases (70%) of spasticity improved significantly following the cryogenic lesion. Thirteen patients with primary or secondary intractable pain were pain-free following surgery. No deleterious effects on motor, sensory, behavioral, or speech and language functions were noted. Electrophysiological studies during surgery not only helped in localisation of the pulvinar and LP nuclei but a wide distribution of evoked potentials from cortex was recorded following their stimulation. It appears that the pulvinar of man contributes to motor function. The LP-pulvinar complex is a poly-sensory data processor, contributing to a wide range of somato-sensory functions.
DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR PARTIALLY GROUTED REINFORCED MASONRY

Within the Caribbean, the traditional building design consists of a reinforced concrete (RC) moment frame infilled with hollow concrete masonry units (CMU). As a result of growing awareness of the seismic risk in the Caribbean, many engineers have begun to reinforce and partially grout the CMU walls and connect them to the RC frame to prevent them from falling out during a seismic event. This forms a hybrid concrete-masonry structure. Although there is some codified guidance for the assessment of existing structures with unreinforced masonry infills, there are no code procedures for reinforced infill to date. The best currently available method for designing or simulating the behavior of reinforced infill panels under lateral loads is the use of finite element (FE). This paper proposes a FE modeling scheme for the partially grouted reinforced infill used in these hybrid concrete masonry structures. The modeling scheme is validated against cyclic tests of partially grouted reinforced concrete masonry walls and the results from one specimen of the test series is presented here. The cracking pattern in the model is consistent with the experimentally observed failure patterns. The initial stiffness, peak capacity, and post-peak behavior of the finite element model are also in good agreement with the experimental data. The results of this study indicate that the model can successfully capture the main features of the response including the cracking patterns and timing of damages.