cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraints on the magnitude of alpha in dynamo theory

We consider the backreaction of the magnetic field on the magnetic dynamo coefficients and the role of boundary conditions in interpreting whether numerical evidence for suppression is dynamical. If a uniform field in a periodic box serves as the initial condition for modeling the backreaction on the turbulent EMF, then the magnitude of the turbulent EMF and thus the dynamo coefficient $\a$, have a stringent upper limit that depends on the magnetic Reynolds number $R_M$ to a power of order -1. This is not a dynamic suppression but results just because of the imposed boundary conditions. In contrast, when mean field gradients are allowed within the simulation region, or non-periodic boundary are used, the upper limit is independent of $R_M$ and takes its kinematic value. Thus only for simulations of the latter types could a measured suppression be the result of a dynamic backreaction. This is fundamental for understanding a long-standing controversy surrounding $\alpha$ suppression. Numerical simulations which do not allow any field gradients and invoke periodic boundary conditions appear to show a strong $\alpha$ suppression (e.g. Cattaneo & Hughes 1996). Simulations of accretion discs which allow field gradients and allow free boundary conditions (Brandenburg & Donner 1997) suggest a dynamo $\alpha$ which is not suppressed by a power of $R_M$. Our results are consistent with both types of simulations.
Preemptible queues with advance reservations: Strategic behavior and revenue management

Abstract Consider an M / G / 1 queuing system that supports advance reservations. In this system, strategic customers must decide whether to reserve a server in advance (thereby gaining higher priority) or forgo reservations. Reserving a server in advance bears a cost. The provider can further impact the customers’ reservation decisions via implementation of one of several priority-based preemption policies: (i) one in which any customer is subject to service preemption by a higher priority customer (PR); (ii) one in which service preemption does not occur (NP); and (iii) a hybrid policy in which only customers without a priority reservation are subject to service preemption (HPR). In this work, we characterize the strategic behavior of customers, equilibrium outcomes, and provider’s revenue maximization under each of these policies. In all the cases, we prove that (i) the only possible type of Nash equilibria is a threshold one based on the customers’ priorities; and (ii) the system load impacts both the structure and number of Nash equilibria. We also prove that HPR is the only policy in which (i) an equilibrium where all customers make reservations may exist; and (ii) the second moment of service impacts the equilibria. Finally, we prove that for any system load and any service distribution, the HPR policy yields the highest maximum revenue, followed in turn by the PR policy and the NP policy. We further show that the relative difference in the performance of the HPR and PR policies is greatest at low system load and under low service variance.
Development and Characterization of PLGA‐Based Multistage Delivery System for Enhanced Payload Delivery to Targeted Vascular Endothelium

Vascular-targeted drug delivery remains an attractive platform for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in human diseases. This work focuses on the development of a poly-lactic-co-glycolic-acid (PLGA)-based multistage delivery system (MDS). MDS consists of two stages: a micron-sized PLGA outer shell and encapsulated drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with average diameters of 76, 119, and 193 nm are successfully encapsulated into 3-6 µm MDS. Sustained in vitro release of nanoparticles from MDS is observed for up to 7 days. Both MDS and nanoparticles arebiocompatible with human endothelial cells. Sialyl-Lewis-A (sLeA ) is successfully immobilized on the MDS and nanoparticle surfaces to enable specific targeting of inflamed endothelium. Functionalized MDS demonstrates a 2.7-fold improvement in endothelial binding compared to PLGA nanoparticles from human blood laminar flow. Overall, the presented results demonstrate successful development and characterization of MDS and suggest that MDS can serve as an effective drug carrier, which can enhance the margination of nanoparticles to the targeted vascular wall.
An Armed Oncolytic Vector (OV1203) expressing E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) combined with Fludara™ shows increased efficacy

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4022 Oncolytic adenoviruses are currently being developed as biologically active therapies for the treatment of cancer. These oncolytic adenoviruses have been modified to specifically target their replication to tumor cells by the use of tumor-selective promoters to drive E1A expression. Several strategies have been utilized in order to increase the potency of these vectors including the arming of oncolytic adenovirus vectors with various anticancer transgenes. One class of anticancer transgenes includes the chemosensitizer transgenes such as E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). PNP converts purine nucleoside analogs to highly toxic purine bases that are membrane-permeable and do not rely on gap junctions for cell-to-cell spread, therefore increasing the potential for a potent bystander effect. To determine if PNP can increase the potency of adenoviral oncolytic vectors, a vector was constructed (OV1203) that uses the human E2F promoter to drive E1A expression and has PNP inserted in the E3 14.7 region. Data will be presented showing that insertion of transgenes into this region does not affect the viral growth or cytotoxicity of these vectors. Also, as E3 14.7 is expressed at late time points in adenovirus infection, insertion of transgenes into this locus allows for high levels of tumor-selective expression. In vitro cytotoxicity data from a panel of cancer cell lines demonstrated that when OV1203 is used in combination with the purine nucleoside analog 6-methylpurine-2’-deoxyribose (MeP-dR), the cytotoxicity of OV1203 is increased several logs compared to OV1203 alone or to the combination of control vector OV1165 + MeP-dR, indicating that arming of these vectors with PNP can enhance their potency. Using a subcutaneous human D54 glioma xenograft in vivo model, high levels of PNP expression were observed 10 days after intra-tumoral injection, whilst no PNP expression was observed in the liver, demonstrating the tumor-selective expression of the transgene from these vectors. In the same model, the clinically approved chemotherapy agent Fludara™ (fludarabine monophosphate) had no efficacy when compared to vehicle control as both groups reached a median tumor weight of 2500mg by day 40. OV1203 alone reduced the rate of tumor progression on its own, delaying the growth of the tumor so that the median tumor weight of 2500mg was reached by day 70. However, when OV1203 was used in combination with Fludara™, no tumor progression was observed and the median tumor weight remained at ∼300mg for up to 70 days (duration of study), indicating that the combination of PNP-armed oncolytic vector and Fludara™ chemotherapy treatment was more potent than drug or vector alone in treating the D54 tumors. These studies demonstrate the potential for the use of chemosensitizer genes to enhance the efficacy of oncolytic vectors when used in combination with chemotherapy agents.
The switching characteristics of sub-micron memory elements with synthetic anti-ferromagnetic (SAF) free-layers

In this paper, we have studied the switching characteristics of patterned synthetic anti-ferromagnetic (SAF) element for application as a free layer in magnetic random access memory (MRAM).
The Right to be Heard: Voicing the Due Process Right to Counsel for Unaccompanied Alien Children

Every year, the Department of Homeland Security detains thousands of unaccompanied alien children who have crossed the border into the United States. The framework set out in Lassiter v. Department of Social Services and Gideon v. Wainwright for all civil litigants creates a stumbling block in recognizing a constitutional right to counsel in the immigration context, but this Article argues that unaccompanied alien children do, in fact, have a constitutional right to counsel. Unaccompanied alien children are in unique circumstances and their right to counsel is three-fold. First, immigration law and procedure are complex and an unaccompanied child can effectively pursue claims for relief before the immigration courts only with the assistance of counsel. Second, pending the outcome of immigration proceedings, a child may have the right to reunification with family members in the United States. Third, the conditions in detention facilities are often horrendous and appointed counsel would ensure that a child is not subjected to inhumane treatment while his or her case is pending. This three-fold necessity, in addition to the unique circumstances of unaccompanied alien children, gives rise to a constitutional right to counsel.
An Exploratory Study of Undergraduate Students' Referral Preferences.

We surveyed undergraduate college students from the psychology subject pool (N = 73) about where they would refer a depressed friend for help. Students from this sample were most likely to refer friends to the counseling center followed by social support options. Students were comparatively least likely to refer to other professionals, indicating that these students view the counseling center as their primary access point for mental health care. Implications of these findings for counseling centers include the continued importance of on-campus care, outreach geared at generating appropriate referrals from social support, fostering relationships with students' parents, and providing access to psychiatric care.
Cardiogenic Shock: Thrombolysis or Angioplasty?:

Cardiogenic shock (CGS) occurs in 3 to 20% of patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (MI), and it generally involves dysfunction of at least 40% of the total myocardial mass. Prior to the advent of balloon angioplasty and thrombolysis, in-hospital mortality was greater than 75%. This mortality rate has been consistent in reported series despite the advent of cardiac intensive care units, vasopressor, inotropic, and vasodilator therapy. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation therapy provides hemodynamic improvement, and it may provide some mortality benefit when used in conjunction with appropriate revascularization. Survival studies have shown that patency of the infarct-related artery is a strong predictor of survival. No randomized trials have been completed to examine which reperfusion therapy best treats this emergent situation. Subgroup analysis of large scale, multicenter trials, although underpowered, has shown no improvement in mortality with use of thrombolytic agents, leading many to advise use of mechanical intervention. In patients who present with acute MI with contraindications to thrombolysis, primary angioplasty is the treatment of choice. At selected centers, primary angioplasty is comparable to or better than thrombolytic therapy for patients presenting with acute MI, with or without CGS. Studies examining angioplasty in patients with CGS have shown high procedural success rates (75%) and reduced in-hospital mortality (44%), particularly in those patients with successful revascularization. Emergency bypass surgery may improve survival, but it is costly, unavailable to many, and often leads to excessive delays in therapy. If available, we believe that primary angioplasty is the treatment of choice for patients with CGS.
Abstract MP12: Dietary Fatty Acids and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation in the Women’s Health Study

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and a major risk factor for stroke, heart failure and mortality. Dietary fats may have effects on biologic pathways involved in inflammation, fibrosis, and cellular electrophysiology that influence the development and maintenance of AF. Prior studies evaluating the relationship between N-3 polyunsaturated fats and total AF events have had inconsistent results. Furthermore, few studies have reported the association between other dietary fats and incident AF or whether associations might differ by AF pattern. Methods: We followed 33,041 initially healthy women from the Women9s Health Study, who were >45 years and free of AF at baseline in 1993. Intake of individual fats was calculated from a food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline. Self-reported AF was confirmed by EKG and medical record review. We defined AF patterns as paroxysmal (self-terminating for 7 days and/or required cardioversion) and chronic (cardioversion failed / not attempted). Patterns were classified according to the most severe pattern within 2 years of AF onset and we combined persistent and chronic AF for analysis. We used isocaloric multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for diet, lifestyle and clinical CVD risk factors, with a competing risk framework to evaluate whether dietary fats share equal associations across various AF patterns. Results: We documented 1286 cases of AF (821 paroxysmal & 423 persistent/chronic) over a median follow-up of 17.4 years. There was no significant association between any dietary fat and risk of incident AF. Saturated fat was associated with higher risk, and monounsaturated fat with lower risk of persistent/chronic AF. The RR (95%CI) for a substitution of 5% of energy from saturated fat for an equal percentage of energy from carbohydrates was 1.47 (1.02, 2.12) for persistent/chronic AF and 0.84 (0.64, 1.10) for paroxysmal AF (p, diff = 0.01). For monounsaturated fat, the RR for a 5% increment was 0.67 (0.45, 0.98) for persistent/chronic AF and 0.86 (0.73, 1.27) for paroxysmal AF, although the difference between patterns did not reach significance (p, diff = 0.12). Intake of N-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fat and trans fat were not differentially associated with risk of paroxysmal or persistent/chronic AF. Conclusions: We observed no association between subclasses of dietary fat intake and total AF risk. Saturated fat was positively and monounsaturated fat was inversely associated with risk of persistent/chronic AF. Thus, improving dietary fat quality may help in the prevention of sustained forms of AF, which are often less amenable to treatment and associated with higher rates of morbidity. These results support AHA dietary guidelines to decrease intake of saturated fat for overall cardiovascular health.
Alternative splicing of G6PC2, the gene coding for the islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP), results in differential expression in human thymus and spleen compared with pancreas.

Aims/hypothesis Autoimmunity to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase and the tyrosine-phosphatase-like protein IA-2 is associated with type 1 diabetes. The production of self-molecules in thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues is critical for self-tolerance; reduced levels may impair tolerance and predispose to autoimmunity, as shown for insulin. Alternative splicing causes differential expression of IA-2 gene (PTPRN) transcripts and IA-2 protein in human thymus and spleen compared with pancreas. IA-2 sequences not present in lymphoid tissues become autoimmune targets in type 1 diabetes. The beta cell molecule islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) is an autoantigen in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a model of type 1 diabetes. IGRP is a candidate autoantigen in the human disease, but robust assays for IGRP autoantibodies and/or autoreactive T cells are not available. Both full-length and IGRP splice variants encoded by the G6PC2 gene are expressed in the pancreas. In this study we tested the hypothesis that IGRP splice variants could be differentially expressed in thymus and spleen compared with the pancreas.
Untangling the web: A close look at diagnosis disclosure among HIV-infected adolescents

As children living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) survive into adolescence and young adulthood, attention to the relationship of diagnosis disclosure to psychological functioning, interpersonal relationships, and HIV prevention is needed. This exploratory study describes the level of adolescents' diagnosis disclosure to family, friends, and potential sexual partners, and the relationship between disclosure and psychosocial variables.
A nonparametric method for estimating the joint probability density of BOD and DO

Abstract A nonparametric probability estimator, having a uniform biochemical-oxygen demand kernel, is utilized to obtain the joint probability density function of (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) along the stretch of a stream when the pollutant is discharged over an interval and the velocity is distance-dependent. Furthermore, probabilistic confidence bounds for BOD and DO are derived. An example and computations are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the model.
Claiming Uncertainty in Recollection: A Study of Kke-Marked Utterances in Japanese Conversation

As part of a growing body of conversation analytic research on epistemics in social interaction, this study explores various uses of the Japanese sentence-final particle kke, which conveys the speaker's claim that she or he has some degree of uncertainty in recalling something from the past. The study aims to demonstrate how “mental” concepts like remembering and forgetting are grounded in, and bound to, communicative actions produced by interactants under the contingencies of everyday situations. To that end, the analysis shows how the act of claiming a particular mental state (i.e., uncertainty in recollection) is, in fact, motivated by such interactional concerns as acknowledging one's own responsibility for knowing something, invoking a particular social relationship with the recipient in bringing up a new conversational topic, and minimizing social disaffiliation when disagreeing with the previous speaker's assertion.
Neuropsychological functioning in migraine: Clinical and research implications:

Aim: We review the research literature examining neuropsychological performance in migraine. Findings were organized by neuropsychological construct assessed and results were reported using effect ...
Internal Friction in Solids III. Experimental Demonstration of Thermoelastic Internal Friction

In order to demonstrate the presence of thermoelastic internal friction, the authors measured the internal friction of a copper reed over a wide frequency range (50 to 4000 cycles/sec.). They obtained a maximum precisely at the predicted frequency. The observed variation of internal friction with frequency proves that, over a wide frequency range, the internal friction due to the flow of heat back and forth across a reed is of a larger order of magnitude than that due to all other causes. Independent experiments of Bennewitz and R\"otger on wires of silver, aluminum, brass, steel, and glass are shown to furnish an equally striking demonstration of thermoelastic internal friction.
The distribution of urban population and income: explorations using six Asian cases.

Urban concentration (or primacy) and inequality (in size distribution of income) are expected to follow bell shaped curves through the development process. Spatial convergence (through investments in transportation etc.) is expected to precede income convergence. Using longitudinal data from six Asian countries (Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and India) this paper shows that (i) the bell shapes for urban concentration and income inequality generally hold, and (ii) the temporal relationship between the curve peaks is determined by geographical factors (for urban concentration); income inequality is seen to be more policy amenable.
Use of aerological soundings in determining the sources of moisture for precipitation

Meteorologists today recognize various distinct types of air-bodies that in general are characterized by a great horizontal homogeneity in physical properties. This uniformity in properties obtains through a development of a thermodynamic and hydrodynamic equilibrium at certain critical or source regions within the general atmospheric-circulation system. Eventually, after these bodies of air attain a certain potential energy of mass-distribution, polar currents begin to migrate toward the equator and tropical currents toward the pole. The character of the moisture- and temperature-modifications that occur during these migrations depends upon whether the paths of these air-bodies lie over continental or marine areas.
Interactions of NO2 with sewage sludge based composite adsorbents.

Abstract Interactions of NO 2 present in most air were analyzed at room temperature on composite sewage sludge-derived adsorbents. They consist of carbonaceous and inorganic phases with the majority of the latter. The adsorption capacity was evaluated using the dynamic breakthrough experiments. The materials before and after NO 2 exposure were characterized using adsorption of nitrogen, thermal analysis and FTIR. The results showed differences in the surface activities of sludge-derived materials towards immobilization and reduction of nitric dioxide. Nitrates and nitrite are the main products of surface reactions. This is linked to the presence of active oxides and hydroxides, which are formed when the surface is exposed to water. The highest activity of the sample pyrolyzed at 650 °C is owing to the high content of those species formed as a result of decomposition of inorganic salts (likely chlorides, sulfates and phosphates) during thermal treatment. When sludge is pyrolyzed at 950 °C those oxides are engaged in stable mineral phases formed in solid-state reactions, which limits the surface activity towards NO 2 retention. The reactivity of the high temperature pyrolyzed samples can be linked to the physical adsorption of water. In a water film nitrous and nitric acid can be formed and they can further react with inorganic and carbonaceous phases to the limited extent.
Cytokine-Induced Stabilization of Newly Synthesized IκB-α

Abstract NF-κB activation is triggered by the degradation of inhibitory proteins, such as IκB-α. IκB-α levels are only transiently lowered since one gene activated by NF-κB is IκB-α. We found that IκB-α was replenished rapidly in a human colon cell line (HT-29), even in the presence of degradation-inducing phosphorylation (at serine-32). This finding lead us to hypothesize that posttranscriptional mechanisms were also in place to facilitate IκB-α replenishment. Expression of IκB-α from the constitutive, non-NF-κB regulated cytomegalovirus promoter in HT-29 cells showed that TNF-α or IL-1β treatment increased IκB-α levels in the absence of transcriptional activation. The TNF-α-induced increase in transgenic IκB-α appeared to result from the stabilization of newly synthesized IκB-α, since this increase was effectively preempted by a proteasome inhibitor (MG132) or by IκB-α stabilization through the deletion C-terminal destabilizing elements (without additive or synergistic effects). Analysis of a hepatoma cell line (Hepa 1-4C7) indicated that the IκB-α stabilization may be constitutive in these cells. NF-κB stimuli therefore appear to trigger negative feedback pathways in some cells that terminate a NF-κB response by increasing the stability of newly synthesized IκB-α.
Josephson vortex between two atomic Bose-Einstein condensates

The Josephson vortex (JV) between two long parallel coupled atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) is considered analytically and numerically in the quasi-one-dimensional limit. Its closed analytical solution is presented. It is found that, upon increasing the Josephson coupling, the JV transforms spontaneously into a dark soliton and vice versa. We suggest how the JV and its transformation can be detected. We also propose that the JV can be utilized for controlled and coherent transfer of atomic BECs and as a possible mobile qubit.
Histologic Parameters Predictive of Disease Outcome in Women with Advanced Stage Ovarian Carcinoma Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by tumor reduction surgery, also called interval debulking surgery (IDS), is considered an alternative therapeutic regimen for selected patients with advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Although minimal residual disease has been proven to be a prognostic factor in traditional cytoreduction for advanced stage EOC, predictive factors after IDS still remain unexplored. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of post-neoadjuvant histologic changes with clinical outcome. Three pathologists evaluated 67 cases for the following parameters: fibrosis, necrosis, residual tumor, and inflammation. The Cohen's kappa statistic was used to measure agreement among pathologists. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the association between histologic parameters and recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). There was substantial to almost perfect agreement among the three pathologists in all four histologic parameters (k ranged from 0.65 to 0.97). Fibrosis was associated with longer RFS (P = 0.0257) with a median of 20 months for tumors with fibrosis (3+) versus 12 months for tumors with fibrosis (1+, 2+) and longer OS (P = 0.0249) with a median of 51 months for tumors with fibrosis (3+) versus 32 months for tumors with fibrosis (1+, 2+). Our results revealed that patients with tumors exhibiting fibrosis (1+, 2+), as well as necrosis (0, 1+), had significant shorter RFS and OS (P = 0.059 and P = 0.0234, respectively). We suggest that the assessment of fibrosis and necrosis should be implemented in pathologic evaluation and prospectively validated in future studies.
Factors affecting marine growth of Bristol bay sockeye salmon

Abstract The growth of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon in freshwater and in the last few months at sea is dependent on their abundance (a negative correlate) and the prevailing water temperature (a positive correlate). In 1990 and 1991, the returning sockeye salmon to Bristol Bay were unusually small relative to their abundances and temperatures and this raised a concern for limited ocean carrying capacity because other stocks of salmon were also very numerous in those years. However, the inclusion of other stocks of sockeye salmon and the abundant runs of Asian chum salmon in a multiple regression analysis did not provide a better predictor of the body size of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon. Growth increments of Nushagak Bay sockeye salmon in their first and second years at sea (from scale measurements) were correlated with temperatures but not with the abundances since 1975. The growth increment in the third year of sea life was uncorrelated with temperature and abundance but was correlated with final adult length. This suggests that concerns for carrying capacity limitations should be placed on the migratory routes of returning adults when the fish are probably most concentrated and their growth most limited by their food supply.
Social Inequalities in Happiness in the United States, 1972 to 2004: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis

This study conducts a systematic age, period, and cohort analysis that provides new evidence of the dynamics of, and heterogeneity in, subjective well-being across the life course and over time in the United States. I use recently developed methodologies of hierarchical age-period-cohort models, and the longest available population data series on happiness from the General Social Survey, 1972 to 2004. I find distinct life-course patterns, time trends, and birth cohort changes in happiness. The age effects are strong and indicate increases in happiness over the life course. Period effects show first decreasing and then increasing trends in happiness. Baby-boomer cohorts report lower levels of happiness, suggesting the influence of early life conditions and formative experiences. I also find substantial life-course and period variations in social disparities in happiness. The results show convergences in sex, race, and educational gaps in happiness with age, which can largely be attributed to differential exposure to various social conditions important to happiness, such as marital status and health. Sex and race inequalities in happiness declined in the long term over the past 30 years. During the most recent decade, however, the net sex difference disappeared while the racial gap in happiness remained substantial.
Observation of Cluster Waves and Their Lifetime

Using the molecular-dynamics technique we have studied a linear chain with quartic anharmonicity. Particular solutions of the equation of motion, representing clusters (domains), are shown to be relevant for a statistical description of the dynamics. A new excitation branch and the associated central-peak phenomenon are traced back to traveling cluster waves and their lifetime.
The value of the shortest loop covering all work centers in a manufacturing facility layout

In this study we develop mathematical models to design circular material flow systems. We first develop a tight formulation to find the shortest loop covering all work centers within a manufacturing facility layout. The shortest loop is an attractive solution for most types of conveyors and power-and-free systems, where the length of the flow path is the major driver of the total cost. We develop a primal as well as a dual graph formulation and discuss their one-to-one correspondence in node-edge as well as in connectivity constraints. Our solution times outperform other optimization models available for the facility layout shortest loop design problem. We then approach trip-based material handling, such as automated guided vehicle systems, where the total loaded and empty trip distance is the major driver of the total cost. The problem in these systems evolves into concurrent design of the loop, pickup and dropoff station, and the empty vehicle dispatching policies. On the foundation of the shortest loop...
Nearly stigmatic toroidal grazing-incidence spectrometer in the 100–300-Å range: design

We have performed an initial design study on a single-element aberration-corrected holographic toroidal spectrometer for use in diagnosing extreme ultraviolet laser amplifiers that we plan to study as part of ourtabletop extreme ultraviolet laser project at MIT. The spectrometer is designed to be 7 m long from source to image with an incidence angle of 80 degrees and a 450-line/mm holographic grating. The instrument isdesigned to be nearly stigmatic between 100 and 300 A to sufficient precision to allow two-dimensional imaging with a 10-microm resolution. As a spectrometer the ideal resolution (with a zero slit width and a 25-microm spatial resolution at the image) is designed to be lambda/Deltalambda asymptotically equal to 5000.
On univalent polynomials

In this paper the class P n of the polynomials which are univalent in the unit disk as well as classes of nonunivalent polynomials containing P n are investigated. For |ζ|=1 a retraction R ζ from P n+1 to the subclass of P n characterized by is constructed. With the aid of this retraction it can be proved for some suitable functionals that they take their maximum w.r.t. P n or even P n+1 in the subclass of P n defined by |a n|=1/n. For instance, |a m| takes its maximum w.r.t. P n in for n=m+1, n=2m-1 and m2.
Quantum dots for electrical stimulation of neural cells

The use of semiconductor quantum dots (qdots) as optical imaging agents is well established; however, the use of these nanoparticles to form interfaces that interact directly with cells has proved more challenging. Our goal has been to create specific nanoparticle-neuronal receptor interfaces that can be optically excited to elicit an action potential. Our preliminary calculations showed the possible feasibility of this approach, even in the presence of Debye screening. We therefore have developed several methods of nanoparticle-directed binding to cell surfaces. These methods can produce either nonspecific or directed interfaces, only nanometers from the receptor of interest. These techniques are versatile and have allowed us to achieve a variety of nanoparticle-neuron interfaces; however, they are also subject to inherent limitations at the cell surface, including endocytosis. To address this concern, we have developed tethered nanoparticle films, which may be able to interact nonspecifically with receptors of nerve cells cultured on their surfaces. These films were found to be extremely stable in cell culture media, but degraded within 3-5 days in primary neuron cultures. Here, we discuss the initial development of tethered quantum dot films produced in our laboratory and their compatibility with cell culture conditions.
WINTER ECOLOGY OF SPECTACLED EIDERS: ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AND POPULATION CHANGE

Abstract We described characteristics of the wintering area used by Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) in the Bering Sea, Alaska, and evaluated these characteristics in relation to long-term population trends. Remoteness, limited daylight, and extreme weather conditions precluded direct observations, so we derived the location of the wintering area from satellite telemetry, ice conditions from remotely sensed data, weather conditions from archived data sets, and benthic communities from the literature. Based on analyses of two indices spanning 1957–2002 and 1988–2002, we identified no single environmental parameter that explained the precipitous decline in nesting populations in western Alaska. In general, we found that the number of days with extreme sea ice in winter, extreme winds, and winds in spring explained the greatest variability in annual indices. These analyses support the conclusion that annual population estimates on the breeding grounds can be negatively impacted by extended periods of d...
Pediatric hospitalists' influences on education and career plans.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric hospitalist (PH) presence is rapidly increasing, yet little is known about pediatric resident exposure to hospitalists, or how this affects resident education/career decisions. OBJECTIVES: To determine resident exposure to pediatric hospitalists; examine resident opinions regarding hospitalists' roles; examine resident opinion of hospital medicine career training needs; explore how resident exposure to hospitalists affects career choices. METHODS: Survey of random sample of 300 residents from the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Residents database. RESULTS: Two-hundred seventy-nine pediatric residents surveyed; 120(43%) responded with variance by question; 90% work with hospitalists during residency. Of this national sample, 82% cite hospitalists as enhancing education. A majority (64%) believe pediatric hospitalists are better than primary care physicians at caring for complex inpatients; 28% felt PH provided better care for routine admissions. Over one-third surveyed are considering a career in Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM); 7% plan to enter the field upon graduation. Residents cited opportunities to participate in education, flexible hours, and better salaries as the top 3 reasons to become a hospitalist. Ten percent felt there was no difference between resident and hospitalist positions; 21% see PHM as a short-term job without long-term potential. Of residents entering Primary Care, a majority (59%) stated that the availability of hospitalists would positively influence their choice of a practice position; 7% said they were “less likely to choose to practice Primary Care Pediatrics because of hospitalists.” CONCLUSIONS: PH have a role in physician training. While PHM has become a career consideration for trainees, more work needs to be done to improve the perception of PHM as a viable long-term career. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Reconnecting Communications Studies with Communications Policy.

L'A. analyse les relations entre la recherche en communication et l'environnement exterieur des medias aux Etats-Unis. Il considere que l'avenir de la discipline se situe dans une plus grande connexion de ces deux spheres entre elles. Les etudes en communication n'ont joue jusqu'a present qu'un role mineur dans les changements considerables dans le traitement public des systemes de communication aux Etats-Unis
Kinetics of the disproportionation of complexes of di-μ-oxo-bis[oxomolybdate(V)] in the presences of cyanide ion

Abstract Complexes of [Mo 2 O 4 ] 2+ - [Mo 2 O 4 (EDTS)] 2− , [Mo 2 O 4 (CYS) 2 ] 2− , [Mo 2 O 4 (HIS) 2 ], [Mo 2 O 4 (CIT) 2 ] 4− and [Mo 2 O 4 (HP 3 O 10 ) 2 ] 6− - ract with CN − in aqueous solution to produced molybdate and [Mo(O)(OH)(CN) 4 ] 3− . The rate law for these reactions is rate = k[Mo 2 O 2+ 4 -complex][OH − ], where k = 0.020 M −1 s − for the EDTA complex, 77 M −1 s − for the cysteine (CYS) complex, and about 150 M −1 s − for the complexes at 25°C. A mechanism for these reactions is proposed which is consistent with the observed rate law ansd the known chemistry of Mo(V) in solution.
Sharpness of Lid Edges

In Experiment 1, 15 plexiglass lids were constructed, using all combinations of 3 diameters (32, 70, 82.5 mm) and 5 edges (having a radius of curvature of 0, .8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2 mm). The lids were inserted into a torquemeter and held vs 2.3 kg-m of torque. The 44 adult subjects (18 M; 26 F) indicated their discomfort. Gender significantly affected discomfort, with female discomfort values about 70% greater than male values. For the same radius of curvature, discomfort was highest at 32 mm dia, intermediate at 82.5 mm and least at 70 mm.In Experiment 2, 82.5 mm dia lids with edges of .8, 1.6 and 2.4 mm radii were used by 10 subjects (5 M, 5 F). The torques were 1.1, 1.7, 2.3, 2.8 and 3.4 kg-m. Female discomfort vote increased 1.9/ kg-m while male vote increased 1.2/kg-m.
An interactive cluster heat map to visualize and explore multidimensional metabolomic data

Heat maps are a commonly used visualization tool for metabolomic data where the relative abundance of ions detected in each sample is represented with color intensity. A limitation of applying heat maps to global metabolomic data, however, is the large number of ions that have to be displayed and the lack of information provided about important metabolomic parameters such as m/z and retention time. Here we address these challenges by introducing the interactive cluster heat map in the data-processing software XCMS Online. XCMS Online (xcmsonline.scripps.edu) is a cloud-based informatic platform designed to process, statistically evaluate, and visualize mass-spectrometry based metabolomic data. An interactive heat map is provided for all data processed by XCMS Online. The heat map is clickable, allowing users to zoom and explore specific metabolite metadata (EICs, Box-and-whisker plots, mass spectra) that are linked to the METLIN metabolite database. The utility of the XCMS interactive heat map is demonstrated on metabolomic data set generated from different anatomical regions of the mouse brain.
Mood and Trust in Intuition Interactively Orchestrate Correspondence Between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes

The goal of the current research was to subject the prediction that affect and trust in intuition would interactively shape implicit and explicit attitude correspondence to empirical assessment. In four experiments, either trust versus distrust in intuition was measured or manipulated and positive or negative moods were induced. The outcome of interest was correspondence between implicit and explicit academic attitudes (Experiments 1-2) and self-attitudes (Experiments 3-4). As predicted, affect served as information about chronically or temporarily accessible tendencies to trust or distrust their intuitions, with positive affect validating and negative affect invalidating such tendencies, which in turn shaped correspondence between implicit and explicit attitudes. By drawing together these two seemingly unrelated lines of research, these experiments provide important insights into the sometimes mysterious circumstances in which implicit attitudes are translated into explicit attitude reports.
Novel metal complexes containing a chiral trinitrogen isoindoline-based pincer ligand: in situ synthesis and structural characterization

The first synthesis and characterization of metal coordinated complexes containing in situ prepared chiral trinitrogen 1,3-bis(4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-ylimino)isoindoline-based pincer ligands are reported. Two zinc complexes, isolated as Zn(L)2, where L = 1,3-bis(4,5-dihydro-4-(R)-phenyloxazol-2-ylimino)isoindoline ((R,R)-5) or 1,3-bis(4,5-dihydro-4-(S)-iso-propyloxazol-2-ylimino)isoindoline ((S,S)-6), respectively, are reported. Complexes Zn((R,R)-5)2 and Zn((S,S)-6)2 were prepared in situ through the condensation of phthalonitrile with enantiopure 2-amino-4-(R)-phenyloxazoline ((R)-3) or 2-amino-4-(S)-iso-propyloxazoline ((S)-4) in the presence of ZnCl2 at 80 °C in dry toluene over 3–4 days. The characterizations of Zn((R,R)-5)2 and Zn((S,S)-6)2 in both the solid (X-ray crystallography) and solution (multinuclear NMR spectroscopy) states are reported.
On the number of generators of a finite group

1. Introduction. Let m(G) denote the minimum cardinality of a generating set for a group G. Let rv(G ) = m(P) for P a Sylow-p subgroup of G, and set r(G) = max {rp(G)}. Kov/tcs [5] showed that re(G) < r(G) + 1 for G solvable. Longobardi and Maj [6] showed that re(G) < 2r(G) for any finite group G. In this note, we show that: Theorem A. re(G) < r(G) + I for all finite groups G.
Laminar mixing of polymeric liquids: a brief review and recent theoretical developments

This work concerns itself with laminar mixing of viscous liquids. The primary focus is on mechanical mixing of immiscible fluids but mixing of diffusing and reacting fluids is also briefly considered. Operations such as thermal homogenization and reactive mixing usually not treated in the context of laminar mixing are also included here. The emphasis is on mixing of polymeric liquids and on basic experimentation and theory. Dispersion of solids, mechanisms of demixing (such as gradient coagulation), properties of mixtures, and the description of mixing equipment are not considered. There are no substantial reviews covering developments of theory and applications in laminar mixing in terms of a fundamental unifying theory and analyses relating operating variables to mixing quality. This review, although an attempt in this direction, is not self sufficient and cannot stand alone without recourse to the indicated references. The reader is assumed to have some familiarity with the literature on mixing. Thus, basic concepts are not explained but merely reviewed. Emphasis is given to recent theoretical developments; application examples are provided. The objective here is to condense results from several diverse sources, to present and extend recent developments, to point out the relation of the subject to seemingly unrelated work, and to suggest areas for further research.
Comparing Presidential Behavior: Carter, Reagan, and the Macho Presidential Style

Introduction The Macho Presidential Style Macho Presidents and Bureaucratic Politics The Reagan Administation's Advisory Activity Evaluating Macho Presidents and Presidential Greatness Evaluating the Carter Presidency Evaluating the Reagan Presidency Covering the Macho Presidential Style in the Press Conclusion: The Macho Presidential Style Appendix: Valanced Reporting Bibliography Index
Long-term effects of PO4 fertilization on the distribution of bryophytes in an arctic river

SUMMARY 1. Each year since 1983, H3PO4 has been added continuously during the ice-free season to a P-limited tundra river (Kuparuk River, North Slope, Alaska). Effects on epilithic metabolism, invertebrate community structure and fish production developed quickly. 2. In 1990, 7 years after fertilization began, we noted extensive coverage by bryophytes within the fertilized reach of the river, where very little had been noted before. Bryophyte biomass from a limited set of quadrats taken in 1990 and 1991 yielded 17 ± 9 (SE) g dry mass m−2 in control reaches and 322 ± 96 g dry mass m−2 in fertilized reaches. 3. An initial survey of macroalgal and bryophyte cover in 1991 suggested that the moss Schistidium (Grimmia) agassizii was distributed in both control and fertilized reaches of the river. No clear difference in coverage by this species was found in either reach. 4. In contrast, two species of Hygrohypnum (H. alpestre and H. ochraceum) were found almost exclusively in the fertilized reach. An extensive point transect survey done in 1992, above, within and below the fertilized reach, indicated that increased cover and biomass of Hygrohypnum spp. were confined to the fertilized reach of the river. Detrended correspondence analysis clearly separated the macrophyte and macroalgal communities in the fertilized reach from those in the control and downstream reaches. 5. A fourth bryophyte species (Fontinalis neomexicana) also occurred almost exclusively in the fertilized reach, but was much less abundant than the Hygrohypnum species. 6. Analysis of total N and P in the tissues of the Hygrohypnum spp., and estimates of average coverage (∼15%) and biomass (∼150g dry weight m−2) over an 8km fertilized reach, suggest that these species alone may have removed two-thirds of the P added in the fertilizer experiment. The bryophyte community in this river is likely to be the dominant sink for P in the fertilized reach.
Is Endovascular Therapy the Preferred Treatment for All Visceral Artery Aneurysms

Endovascular intervention can provide an alternative method of treatment for visceral artery aneurysms. We conducted a retrospective review of all patients with visceral artery aneurysms at a single university medical center from 1990 to 2003, focusing on the outcome of endovascular therapy. Sixty-five patients with visceral artery aneurysms were identified: 39 splenic (SAA), 13 renal, seven celiac, three superior mesenteric (SMA), and three hepatic. Eleven patients (16.9%) had symptoms attributable to their aneurysms, which included a total of four ruptures (6.2%): three splenic and one hepatic. Management consisted of 18 (27.7%) endovascular interventions, nine (13.9%) open surgical repairs, and 38 (58.5%) observations. Mean aneurysm diameter for patients treated expectantly was significantly less than for those who underwent intervention (p = 0.001). Endovascular interventions included 15 (83.3%) embolizations (11 SAA, three renal, one hepatic) and three (16.7%) stent grafts (two SMA, one renal). The initial technical success rate of the endovascular procedures was 94.4% (17/18). However, there were four patients (22.2%) with major endovascular procedure-related complications: one late recurrence requiring open surgical repair, two large symptomatic splenic infarcts, and one episode of severe pancreatitis. These four patients had distal splenic artery aneurysms at or adjacent to the splenic hilum. There were no endovascular procedure-related deaths. Reasons for performing open surgical repair included three SAA ruptures diagnosed at laparotomy and complex anatomy not amenable to endovascular intervention (six patients). One surgical patient had a postoperative small bowel obstruction treated nonoperatively; and there was one perioperative death in a patient operated on emergently for rupture. Endovascular management of visceral artery aneurysms is a reasonable alternative to open surgical repair in carefully selected patients. Individual anatomic considerations play an important role in determining the best treatment strategy if intervention is warranted. However, four of 11 (36.4%) patients with distal splenic artery aneurysms treated with endovascular embolization developed major complications. Based on our experience, traditional surgical treatment of SAA with repair or ligation and concomitant splenectomy when necessary may be preferred in these cases.