cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Making” Progress in the Classroom and Beyond

This chapter presents a historical overview of digital and material multimodality in composition studies and discusses the role of materiality in activism and education. It argues for the value of digital and non-digital work and provides sample teaching materials.
Philosophy and Temporality from Kant to Critical Theory

Introduction 1. The historicity of time 2. Modern temporality 3. Two responses to the time of modernity 4. Hegel's temporalization of the absolute 5. Schopenhauer and transcendence 6. Time and myth in early Nietzsche 7. Recurrence and authenticity: the later Nietzsche 8. Heidegger on boredom and modernity 9. A modernist critique of postmodern temporality Conclusion.
Enhancing the Remote Variable Operations in NPSS/CCDK

Many scientific applications in aerodynamics and solid mechanics are written in Fortran. Refitting these legacy Fortran codes with distributed objects can increase the code reusability. The remote variable scheme provided in NPSS/CCDK helps programmers easily migrate the Fortran codes towards a client-server platform. This scheme gives the client the capability of accessing the variables at the server site. In this paper, we review and enhance the remote variable scheme by using the operator overloading features in C++. The enhancement enables NPSS programmers to use remote variables in much the same way as traditional variables. The remote variable scheme adopts the lazy update approach and the prefetch method. The design strategies and implementation techniques are described in details. Preliminary performance evaluation shows that communication overhead can be greatly reduced.
Imaging of Engine Flow and Combustion Processes

The authors used the planar imaging of laser induced fluorescence from OH to mark the position of the propagating flame front in the engine. These results are compared to similar data obtained using a Mie scattering technique employed in an earlier study. In additional, they used laser induced fluorescence imaging of nitrogen dioxide to observed the intake valve flow in a flow stand and schlieren flow visualization to observe liquid fuel sprays, valve flow, and flame propagation. Both planar imaging of Mie scattering and schlieren photography were used to observe liquid fuel sprays and the qualitative aspects of fuel-air mixing during intake valve flow.
Recent solar car technology developments including Australian World Solar Challenge results

The results of the GM Sunrayce USA and 1990 World Solar Challenge are presented. Solar array measurements, performance data, and vehicle specifications, as well as highlights of the two events, are given. Plans for the next intercollegiate solar car race sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), called Sunrayce '93, are updated. Results of an economic assessment of PV-assisted electric cars are summarized. >
“Double-Dose” Algebra as an Alternative Strategy to Remediation: Effects on Students' Academic Outcomes

Abstract Expanded instructional time has become increasingly popular as a strategy to improve the academic outcomes of low-skilled students, particularly in the 9th grade. We evaluate the efficacy of a double-period algebra policy initiated in the Chicago Public Schools in 2003. This policy required all students with 8th-grade test scores below the national median to enroll in a support algebra course in addition to regular algebra in the 9th grade. Using regression discontinuity combined with interrupted time series designs, and instrumental variable models, we show the effects of the policy on students' grades, failure rates and test scores in 9th-grade algebra and 10th-grade geometry. Providing support courses improved algebra test scores for the target population but only modestly affected grades and failure rates. Students with very low initial abilities benefited less than students close to the national median. The policy also led schools to track algebra classes by students' entering math skills. A...
The Search for Synthesis Transpersonal Psychology and the Meeting of East and West, Psychology and Religion, Personal and Transpersonal

The article outlines reasons why the field of transpersonal psychology arose and some of its current theoretical and experimental frontiers. These frontiers include full-spectrum models of development that encompass transconventional stages, possible integrations among different psychological schools, new understandings of contemplative practices and altered states of consciousness, and research on meditation. Finally, some of the current limitations and problems of transpersonal psychology are examined.
Postmortem Sperm Retrieval: The Effect of Instituting Guidelines

ABSTRACTPurpose: Postmortem sperm retrieval (PMSR) raises serious medical and ethical concerns. In this study we report the effect of intra-institutional guidelines developed for the permissibility of the procedure on the number of procurement procedures performed.Materials and Methods: The family members of 22 men who died suddenly sought PMSR. We performed an institutional review board approved chart review of the requests for PMSR from 1994 to 2002. A set of guidelines addressing PMSR was developed by a panel of experts at our institution. Key elements included 1) evidence of intended paternity for the deceased man, 2) next of kin/legal consent (ie only the wife can give consent for PMSR), 3) the death was sudden (permitting retrieval less than 24 hours post mortem) and 4) consent to a 1-year waiting period for bereavement and assessment of recipient.Results: Of the 22 families who sought PMSR 18 were not candidates for retrieval based on the criteria established by the guidelines. Four men 29 to 36 ye...
Chronic Hepatitis B and Adenine Arabinoside Monophosphate (Ara-AMP)

Excerpt To the editor: The study by Garcia and colleagues (1) of adenine arabinoside monophosphate (Ara-AMP) with or without leukocyte interferon compared with placebo as antiviral therapy for chro...
The effects of vitamin D metabolites on phospholipase A2 activity of growth zone and resting zone cartilage cells in vitro

Third passage confluent cultures of cartilage cells, initially derived from the growth zone (GC) and resting zone (RC) of rat costochondral cartilage, were incubated with either 10-11-10-8M 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] or 10-9-10-6 M 24,25-(OH)2D3. Plasma membranes and extracellular matrix vesicles were isolated, and specific activities of phospholipase A2 and alkaline phosphatase were determined. The results demonstrate that the response to hormone is both cell and membrane specific. 1,25-(OH)2D3 produces an increase in GC matrix vesicle alkaline phosphatase and phospholipase A2 specific activities at 10-9 and 10-8 M, but has no effect on these enzyme activities in RC membranes. RC cultured in 24,25- (OH)2D3 exhibit increased matrix vesicle alkaline phosphatase but decreased phospholipase A2 activities at 10-7 and 10-6 M hormone. No effect on the RC plasma membrane enzymes or on GC plasma membrane or matrix vesicle enzymes was observed. The data suggest that changes in membrane fluidity due to...
Toward an objective phenomenological vocabulary: how seeing a scarlet red is like hearing a trumpet’s blare

Nagel’s challenge is to devise an objective phenomenological vocabulary that can describe the objective structural similarities between aural and visual perception. My contention is that Charles Sanders Peirce’s little studied and less understood phenomenological vocabulary makes a significant contribution to meeting this challenge. I employ Peirce’s phenomenology to identify the structural isomorphism between seeing a scarlet red and hearing a trumpet’s blare. I begin by distinguishing between the vividness of an experience and the intensity of a quality. I proceed to identify further points of structural isomorphism (a) between the experience of seeing a scarlet red and of hearing a trumpet blare and (b) between the qualities of those experiences. Lastly, I gesture towards how these distinctions can be an aid in describing what it is like to be a bat.
Remote sensing of suspended sediment concentration and hydrologic connectivity in a complex wetland environment.

Abstract Maintaining the ecological diversity and hydrologic connectivity of freshwater delta systems depends on regular recharge of floodplains with river water, which can be difficult to observe on the ground. Rivers that form deltas often carry large amounts of suspended sediment, but floodplain lakes and wetlands usually have little sediment in suspension. Remote observation of high sediment water in lakes and wetlands therefore often indicates connectivity with the river network. In this study, we use daily 250-m MODIS imagery in band 1 (620–670 nm) and band 2 (841–876 nm) to monitor suspended sediment transport and, by proxy, hydrologic recharge in the Peace–Athabasca Delta, Canada. To identify an appropriate suspended sediment concentration (SSC)-reflectance model, we compare 31 published empirical equations using a field dataset containing 147 observations of SSC and in situ spectral reflectance. Results suggest potential for spatial transferability of such models, but success is contingent on the equation meeting certain criteria: 1) use of a near infrared band in combination with at least one visible band, 2) development based on SSCs similar to those in the observed region, and 3) a nonlinear form. Using a highly predictive SSC-reflectance model (Spearman's ρ = 0.95), we develop a twelve-year time series of SSC in the westernmost end of Lake Athabasca, observe the timing and sources of major sediment flux events, and identify a threshold river discharge of ~ 1700 m3/s above which SSC in Lake Athabasca is clearly associated with flow in the Athabasca River. We also track the influx of Athabasca River water to floodplain lakes, and in three of the lakes identify distinct discharge thresholds (1040 m3/s, 1150 m3/s, and 1850 m3/s) which result in lake recharge. For each of these lakes, we find a statistically significant decline in the threshold exceedence frequency since 1970, suggesting less frequent recharge during the summer.
Proteomic identification of activin receptor‐like kinase‐1 as a differentially expressed protein during hyaloid vascular system regression

The hyaloid vascular system (HVS) is a transient network of capillaries that nourishes the embryonic lens and the primary vitreous of the developing eye. We used proteomic analysis and immunohistochemical staining to identify activin receptor-like kinase-1 (ALK1), a type I receptor for transforming growth factor-β1, during the HVS regression phase. In addition, we overexpressed ALK1 in corneas implanted with bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) pellets and observed that ALK1 overexpression resulted in inhibition of bFGF-induced corneal neovascularization in vivo. Our data suggest that ALK1 may play a role in HVS regression during ocular development.
Photo Quiz: A Child with Fever after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

A 23-month-old girl with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was admitted in partial remission for matched-unrelated donor umbilical cord stem cell transplantation. She received intense pretransplant conditioning with cytarabine (on day 11 pretransplant [here referred to as day −11] to day −6
The Ulama of Jabal 'Amil in Safavid Iran, 1501-1736: Marginality, Migration and Social Change*

(1994). The Ulama of Jabal ‘Amil in Safavid Iran, 1501–1736: marginality, migration and social change. Iranian Studies: Vol. 27, No. 1-4, pp. 103-122.
Relationships between computational system performance and recognition system performance

The implementation of computational systems to perform intensive operations often involves balancing the performance specification, system throughput, and available system resources. For problems of automatic target recognition (ATR), these three quantities of interest are the probability of classification error, the rate at which regions of interest are processed, and the computational power of the underlying hardware. An understanding of the inter-relationships between these factors can be an aid in making informed choices while exploring competing design possibilities. To model these relationships we have combined characterizations of ATR performance, which yield probability of classification error as a function of target model complexity, with analytical models of computational performance, which yield throughput as a function of target model complexity. Together, these constitute a parametric curve that is parameterized by target model complexity for any given recognition problem and hardware implementation. We demonstrate this approach on the problem of ATR from synthetic aperture radar imagery using a subset of the publicly released MSTAR dataset. We use this approach to characterize the achievable classification rate as a function of required throughput for various hardware configurations.
Digestive carbohydrases of Balanus nubilis (Darwin, 1854).

Abstract 1. 1. Four digestive carbohydrases, laminarinase, maltase, chitinase and amylase, have been demonstrated in Balanus nubilis (Darwin, 1854). 2. 2. The tissues showing highest enzyme activity were as follows: laminarinase; last half of the midgut: maltase, foregut: amylase, glandulae pancreaticae; and chitinase, foremost part of the midgut.
Analytic model for electrostatic fields in surface-electrode ion traps

The design of surface-electrode ion traps is studied analytically. The classical motion of a single ion in such a trap is described by coupled Mathieu equations. An analytic boundary-value solution for the Laplace equation in three dimensions with a piecewise-constant Dirichlet boundary condition is described. This solution is used to model the electrostatic potential field generated by a series of electrodes lying in a single plane. The model is applied to the problem of designing surface-electrode ion traps, including calculating important trap design parameters such as the center position of the trapped ion, trap depth, and stability parameters. The model is used to determine optimized dimensions for trap electrodes in various cases.
DFT study of the glutathione peroxidase-like activity of phenylselenol incorporating solvent-assisted proton exchange.

Modeling of the glutathione peroxidase-like activity of phenylselenol has been accomplished using density-functional theory and solvent-assisted proton exchange (SAPE). SAPE is a modeling technique...
Partner sensitivity to communication behavior of young children with developmental disabilities.

Aspects of partner sensitivity to communication behaviors of 24 presymbolic children with developmental disabilities were examined. The children were grouped according to their movement abilities (normal vs. abnormal patterns) and communication status (intentional vs. preintentional). Participating communication partners were those with whom the children interacted on a regular basis and included their mothers, early childhood special educators, and speech-language pathologists. Procedures were developed whereby the partners served as informants in order to provide information regarding (a) recognition of the children's communicative cues and (b) consistency of cue recognition and descriptions across partners. Results indicated wide individual variability in the partners' basic recognition abilities as well as their consistency with each other. Further, the observed variations could not be attributed to the children's movement and communication abilities. It was concluded that sensitivity, as measured in ...
A Companion Galaxy to the Poststarburst Quasar UN J1025−0040

UN J1025-0040 is a quasar at z = 0.6344 that shows an extremely bright post starburst population of age ~400 Myr (Brotherton et al.). Images of UN J1025-0040 show a nearly stellar object 42 south-southwest of the quasar. We present imaging and spectroscopy that confirm that this object is a companion galaxy at redshift z = 0.6341. We estimate an age of ~800 Myr for the dominant stellar population in the companion. The companion appears to be interacting with the quasar host galaxy, and this interaction may have triggered both the starburst and the quasar activity in UN J1025-0040.
Transit assistance allocation: Further research findings

Abstract Earlier work by the author published in this journal on the allocation of transit operating assistance at the state level in the U.S. is extended. As before, available resources are first distributed to three categories of transit systems: large urban, small urban and rural. The intra-category allocation now considers ridership and revenue miles using a multiplicative (Cobb-Douglas) function, rather than an additive relationship. The result is that systems which score high on one measure but low on the other receive less funds than systems with output more in line with specified weights for the measures. A comparative application of the two versions to data on small urban systems within the State of Iowa illustrates the advantage of the multiplicative model.
Evaluation of Antibody Parameters as Potential Correlates of Protection or Enhancement by Experimental Vaccines to Equine Infectious Anemia Virus

We previously demonstrated in trials of a variety of experimental vaccines to equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) a remarkable spectrum of efficacy ranging from sterilizing protection to severe enhancement of virus replication and disease, depending on the immunization strategy used. This range of vaccine efficacy observed in vivo offers a unique opportunity for evaluating potential in vitro immune correlates of protection and enhancement. We describe here a comprehensive analysis and comparison of EIAV envelope-specific antibody responses elicited by attenuated, inactivated whole virus and envelope subunit vaccines to EIAV, and we evaluate the potential of in vitro antibody assays as correlates of protection or enhancement. Thus vaccine-induced serum antibody responses in experimentally immunized ponies at the day of challenge were assayed using a panel of quantitative, qualitative, and functional in vitro assays, including end-point titer of total and isotypic IgG, serum antibody avidity, conformational dependence, and serum neutralization. The results of these studies revealed substantial differences in the EIAV envelope-specific antibody responses elicited by the different vaccines, indicating the importance of envelope glycoprotein antigen presentation in determining the specificity of vaccine immunity. Although no single in vitro parameter provided a statistically significant correlate of protection or enhancement, the use of multiple parameters (titer, avidity index, and conformation ratio) could be used as a reliable correlate of vaccine protection and that the level of vaccine protection was closely associated with the development of mature antibody responses. These studies demonstrate the importance of using multiple antibody assays to evaluate lentiviral vaccine responses and emphasize the need for the development of new in vitro antibody assays that may provide more insight into vaccine protection and enhancement.
Evolving approaches in managing radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer.

ABSTRACT Objective To discuss the approach to care of patients with advanced differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), in particular those with radioactive iodine (RAI)-refractory disease, and the transition to systemic treatment. Methods A PubMed search was conducted using the search terms “radioactive iodine-refractory, differentiated thyroid cancer and treatment” restricted to a 2000-2012 timeframe, English language, and humans. Relevant articles were identified from the bibliographies of selected references. Four patient cases are presented to illustrate the clinical course of RAI-refractory DTC. Results The current standard of care for early stage DTC could include surgery, RAI in some cases, and thyroid hormone suppression. For advanced RAI-refractory DTC, clinical practice guidelines established by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the American Thyroid Association recommend, as one option, the use of systemic therapy, including kinase inhibitors. Numerous trials are underway to evaluate the clinical benefit of these targeted therapies. Conclusion Preliminary results are encouraging with respect to the clinical benefit of targeted systemic therapies. However, at present there is no consensus on the criteria that define RAI-refractory disease and the optimal timing for transition to systemic therapy. There remains a need to establish common criteria to enhance patient care and enable better comparison across clinical studies. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20:263-275)
Early Intervention for Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Early intervention for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involves characterization of the stage of HIV disease, institution of therapy to prevent associated infections and postpone deterioration of immune function, and assistance in preventing transmission of the virus. This review examines the available data on the efficacy of current recommendations regarding the evaluation and management of persons with early HIV infection. Existing evidence supports the efficacy of physical examination, monitoring of the CD4 + cell count, tuberculin testing (with chemotherapy for persons who test positive), anergy testing, Papanicolaou testing and screening for gonorrhea and chlamydial infection (for high-risk women), screening for syphilis, antiretroviral therapy (for symptomatic patients), and guidance in reducing the transmission of HIV. Recommended measures for which evidence of clinical efficacy is less certain include immunization against infections due to influenza virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and hepatitis B virus as well as antiretroviral therapy for asymptomatic persons. Quantitative measurement of viral titers appears promising for the monitoring of HIV disease and antiretroviral therapy; the correlations of these titers with clinical end points need to be confirmed
Three-dimensional computed tomographic cranial base measurements for improvement of surgical approaches to the petrous carotid artery and apex regions.

Objective The bony and vascular anatomic features in the region of the petrous apex can vary significantly. These variations affect the operative view obtained via extended subtemporal or anterior transpetrosal approaches to cranial base lesions for individual patients. The goal of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional computed tomography as a means of obtaining detailed preoperative anatomic information regarding bony and vascular landmarks and spatial relationships in the region of the petrous carotid artery and petrous apex. Methods We radiographically studied 15 patients (30 sides), using 0.8- to 1-mm-thick, reconstructed, computed tomographic images. Special attention was given to the course of the petrous carotid artery. Results The petrous carotid artery was located lateral to the trigeminal impression. The size of the petrous apex medial to the horizontal petrous carotid artery was observed to be variable. The width of bone from the trigeminal impression to the wall of the internal auditory canal averaged 9.6 mm (range, 5.2-16.1 mm). A variable amount of bone overlying the internal auditory canal (4.5 mm) was also present. Multiple other relationships among key landmarks were quantified. Conclusion There is significant variability in the anatomic features of the petrous apex among patients. For each patient, detailed preoperative information regarding the amount of bone to be removed during a cranial base procedure can be obtained using three-dimensional computed tomography. This information may be critical for determination of the amount of extra exposure that can be achieved via an anterior petrosectomy for each patient.
Information transmission in slowly adapting mechanoreceptor fibers.

Abstract Information transmission was studied in two types of first-order slowly adapting mechanoreceptor afferent fibers of the hind limb of cat and caiman. Graded stimuli, consisting of rectangular-pulse mechanical displacements applied to the point of maximum sensitivity within a cutaneous receptive field, were applied over the dynamic range for each receptor fibe. The wide range of stimulus uncertainty required to approach channel capacity was achieved by alinear sampling and a large number of stimulus categories. Maximum measured information transmission (i.e., less than channel capacity), for type I and II fibers of reptile hind limb receptors and receptors on both glabrous and hairy skin of cat fell within the range of 4.0–5.4 bits, values higher than previous estimates. These maximum measured values of information transmission correspond to approximately 16–42 identifiable discrete levels of stimulus intensity, employing a code based on the number of impulses, although channel capacity (saturated information transmission) can rarely be accurately estimated and may approach a theoretical maximum imposed by the number of impulses. The present findings indicate that cutaneous receptors signaling stimulus magnitude can transmit more information than indicated by commonly accepted unidimensional subjective magnitude judgments in human subjects. The statistical procedures currently employed in information theory may not provide and accurate estimate of the sensory capacity of cutaneous receptor systems and previously inferred correlations between psychophysical and afferent impulse data constitute fortuitous tallies.
Can solar powered circulation control Prymnesium parvum blooms and toxicity in fish hatchery ponds

Abstract The harmful alga Prymnesium parvum can be controlled with chemicals that also can kill non-target organisms including fish. Currently, there is no ecologically safe and sustainable method for controlling this alga. Therefore, we evaluated SolarBee ® solar powered water circulation (SPC) for efficacy in controlling P. parvum blooms and ichthyotoxicity. We hypothesized that SPC can alter the ecological niche that promotes P. parvum blooms and toxicity, and thereby control this alga. Ecological niche variables considered were inorganic phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), conductivity, pH, temperature, and cations. The effects of SPC on total algal biomass and community structure and zooplankton were also investigated. The study was conducted in six 0.4 ha plastic-lined fish hatchery ponds from September 2007 to March 2008. Three ponds received SPC and another three without SPC served as control. Variables tested were P. parvum cell density and ichthyotoxicity, total algal density, algal population diversity, chlorophyll a , P, N, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. The algal community consisted of 69 taxa (genera and species) from eight divisions, including Haptophyta and Chlorophyta, and two unidentified algae. The SPC suppressed the chlorophytes population and otherwise had no effect on any of the tested variables. The SPC was unable to alter water quality and nutrient levels in hatchery ponds and thus failed to control P. parvum .
Do silver-impregnated dressings limit infections after lumbar laminectomy with instrumented fusion?

Background: Silver has been used to reduce infection for centuries. This study retrospectively analyzed whether the introduction of silver-impregnated dressing (SD; Silverlon, Argentum Medical, LLC, Lakefront, GA) rather than RD (iodine- or alcohol-based swab and dry 4 × 4 gauze) would reduce the risk of superficial or deep infection after lumbar laminectomy with instrumented fusion. Methods: The first 128 patients had RD applied postoperatively, whereas the second population of 106 patients received SD. These dressings were used for the first 2 weeks after surgery. Other clinical, surgical, and outcome data were comparable for both groups. Results: Three of 128 patients who underwent multilevel laminectomies with instrumented fusions receiving RD developed deep postoperative wound infections (culture confirmed). All were successfully managed with 6 weeks of postoperative antibiotics, and none required secondary surgery. In addition, 11 patients who had RD developed superficial infection/irritation; 7 required oral antibiotics (7-10 days) alone, whereas 4 were referred to plastic surgeons for superficial wound revision. Alternatively, there were neither deep nor superficial wound infections/irritation among the 106 patients who received SD. Although the number of cases in each series was small, there appeared to be a positive trend toward a reduction in postoperative wound infection using SD. Conclusions: Use of SD for application on lumbar wounds after laminectomies with instrumented fusions appeared to limit/reduce the incidence of both postoperative deep and superficial wound infections.
THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL MARKETING

Reviewing the pre‐ and post‐1970 global environment, the author discusses the implications of changes for international marketers. The discussion is organised around the topical categories of international financial system, international trade patterns, commercial policy, technological changes, and global competition. The author also elaborates on the likely future developments in international marketing.
Managed care, quality of care, and patient rights

The growth of managed care has been accompanied by calls for increased government regulation because HMOs and other forms of managed care are seen by the public as more concerned about controlling costs than with protecting the rights of patients to quality care. This paper applies a theory of health care rights and clinical evidence of managed care quality in an analysis of public opinion about managed care. The paper concludes that there is no persuasive evidence that managed care has resulted in a general deterioration in the quality of care and that, with one exception, restrictions imposed by managed care plans are consistent with a theory of health care rights. The paper concludes with the recommendation that public policy should dispense with attempts to fine tune managed care and address an unquestionable violation of health care rights, the failure to guarantee a minimum standard of care to some 43 million Americans.
Theiler's virus-induced demyelination in mice immunosuppressed with anti-IgM and in mice expressing the xid gene.

Intracerebral infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus produces chronic immune-mediated demyelination in susceptible strains of mice. We examined the role of Ig in the pathogenesis of demyelination. In susceptible SJL/J mice (H-2s), suppression of B cell responses with IgG fraction of goat anti-mu (anti-mu IgG) from birth resulted in increased numbers and severity of demyelinating lesions in the spinal cord 35 days after infection. In contrast, treatment of resistant C57BL/10 (H-2b), C57BL/6 (H-2b), or B10.D2 (H-2d) mice with anti-mu IgG had no apparent effect since these mice did not develop demyelination or inflammation in the spinal cord following infection. Similar results were obtained with certain strains of B-cell deficient mice that exhibit the xid gene mutation. Male CBA/NJ (xid) showed increased meningeal inflammation and demyelination compared to male CBA/J mice. However, B6.CBAN, C3.CBAN, or C.CBAn mice showed no or minimal evidence of demyelination despite the presence of the xid mutation. In the SJL/J mouse, the majority of the humoral immune response to virus antigen was restricted to the IgG2b and IgM isotypes. These data indirectly support the hypothesis that immunoglobulins protect partially against development of virus-induced demyelination in susceptible but not resistant animals. In addition, the data argue strongly against the hypothesis that TMEV-induced demyelination is mediated predominantly by humoral autoimmune or humoral viral immune mechanisms.
RETARDATION OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ACCELERATED LEAF SENESCENCE BY A CYTOKININ: N6 BENZYLADENINE

One clear evidence of u.v. injury is the manifestation of chlorosis after leaf irradiation, and such chlorosis can be photorepaired by blue light[1]. We found that such u.v.-accelerated chlorosis could be prevented in the dark by applying N6 benzyladenine (BA), a synthetic cytokinin, either before or after u.v. irradiation. Cytokinins are known to retard natural senescence of detached leaves kept in the dark [2]. The present finding suggests that u.v. damage may accelerate the natural senescence process of detached leaves kept in the dark. N. glutinosa leaves were used in this experiment, because chlorosis develops quickly (within one week) when the mature leaves are detached and incubated in the dark. The plants were grown in a glasshouse without white-wash. The light intensity at noon often reached 9000 ft-c., and the temperature ranged from 19–35°C. The leaves shown in Fig. 1 were from mature plants, i.e. plants with the terminal growing point developed into a flower bud. The floral buds were cut off several days before the leaves were detached for exposure to u.v. light.
Multi-core partitioned scheduling for fixed-priority periodic real-time tasks with enhanced RBound

This paper presents a new partitioned scheduling approach to schedule fixed-priority periodic real-time tasks on multi-core platforms under Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS) policy. We first develop a novel method to scale task periods, as well as execution times, to improve the utilization bound (i.e. RBound [7]). We further apply the task set scaling method and the enhanced utilization bound to multi-core scheduling to improve the system utilization and at the same time guarantees the satisfaction of all timing constraints. We empirically evaluate the proposed techniques and the results show clear evidence of the proposed approach outperforming earlier work existed in the literature.
Potato spraying and potato scab

For the past two years marked reduction in the percentages of potato scab have been obtained in certain fields by spraying potatoes with bordeaux mixture.
The Smirk of Emerging Market Firms: A Modification of the Dunning's Typology of Internationalization Motivations

In the past two decades, emerging market multinationals (EMMs) have been trying to catch up with developed market multinationals (DMMs) and are increasingly making their presence felt on the global competitive landscape. It is essential for DMMs to monitor the strategies and geographical footprint of EMM operations more closely, or DMMs could cede competitive advantage to EMMs. In this study, we evaluate the adequacy of the Dunning typology of multinational enterprise (MNE) internationalization motivations in classifying the international investment motives of EMMS and DMMs. While recognizing the importance of country-level determinants of international expansions, we focus on a firm-level theoretical framework (the value chain) to present a modified typology of the international investment motivations consisting of six categories namely: 1) End-Customer-Market Seeking, 2) Natural Resource Seeking, 3) Downstream and Upstream Knowledge Seeking, 4) Efficiency Seeking, 5) Global Value Consolidation Seeking, and 6) Geopolitical Influence Seeking. We discuss the implications of the modified typology as well as future research directions.
Income elasticities of household expenditures: a US cross-section perspective

Two linear Engel functions are estimated for household total expenditure and for 15 aggregated classifications of consumer durable, non-durable and service expenditures. One model contains only income as the regressor variable. The second model, incorporating a broad range of household demographic variables, introduces three new regressors: number of earners in the household; self-employment status of the reference person; and value of household financial assets. Utilizing cross-section data on annual expenditures, income elasticities are derived and compared across models. The expanded Engel model dramatically strengthens estimates for all expenditure categories and generates income elasticities generally lower than those derived from the simpler Engel function.
Indirect exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks: Does symptom structure resemble PTSD?

The authors conducted confirmatory factor analyses of reports of posttraumatic stress reactions using a national probability sample of individuals indirectly exposed to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (n = 675). Reactions at three time points in the year after the attacks were best accounted for by a lower-order, 4-factor solution (Reexperiencing, Strategic Avoidance, Emotional Numbing, and Hyperarousal Symptoms). Indirect exposure to a traumatic event appears to induce a response with a similar symptom structure as responses to direct exposure.
The sorption of organic vapors by monolayers of soap

Abstract A new method for studying molecular interactions at surfaces is to expose an insoluble monolayer on water to the vapor of a volatile liquid. Some vapors produce no change in area. Others increase the area of the monolayer, those with high spreading pressure being usually most effective, some even doing so under a higher pressure than their own spreading pressure.
Resonance Raman Spectra of [M(6)X(8)Y(6)](2)(-) Cluster Complexes (M = Mo, W; X, Y = Cl, Br, I).

Resonance Raman spectra of the cubic metal−halide complexes having the general formula [M6X8Y6]2- (M = Mo or W; X, Y = Cl, Br, or I) are reported. The three totally symmetric fundamental vibrations of these complexes are identified. The extensive mixing of the symmetry coordinates that compose the symmetric normal modes expected in these systems is not observed. Instead the “group-frequency” approximation is valid. Furthermore, the force constants of both the apical and face-bridging metal−halide bonds are insensitive to the identity of either the metal or the halide. Raman spectra of related complexes with methoxy and benzenethiol groups as ligands are reported along with the structural data for [Mo6Cl8(SPh)6][NBu4]2. Crystal data for [Mo6Cl8(SPh)6][NBu4]2 at −156 °C: monoclinic space group P21/c; a = 12.588(3), b = 17.471(5), c = 20.646(2) A; β = 118.53(1)°, V = 3223.4 A3; dcalcd = 1.664 g cm-3; Z = 2.
Unexpected Stereochemical Tolerance for the Biological Activity of Tyroscherin

Here we describe the concise syntheses of the 15 diastereomers and key analogs of the natural product tyroscherin. While systematic analysis of the analogs clearly demonstrated that the hydrocarbon tail is important for biological activity, structure-activity relationship studies of the complete tyroscherin diastereoarray revealed a surprisingly expansive stereochemical tolerance for the cytotoxic activity. Our results represent a departure from the tenet that biological activity is constrained to a narrow pharmacophore, and highlight the recently emerging appreciation for stereochemical flexibility in defining the essential structural elements of biologically active small molecules.
Alternative mechanisms of nonindependent mate choice.

Aspects of the environment, including the social environment, can contribute to intrapopulation variation in mating preferences. One example of the effect of social environment on mate preferences is mate choice copying; however, other types of socially influenced (nonindependent) choice might exist. We develop a list of such alternatives based on possible physiological or psychological mechanisms, evaluate the evidence distinguishing one from another and clarify some controversial aspects of mate choice copying. This framework reveals many ways in which one female's mate choice can influence that of another, and suggests a broader array of hypotheses about the selective forces acting on such mechanisms. Because nonindependent choice can occur in a variety of ways, it could be more important for understanding patterns of mate choice than current theory suggests.
Occult papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a study of 140 cases observed in a 30-year period.

ABSTRACT Of 140 occult papillary carcinomas treated surgically at the Mayo Clinic over a 30-year period, 58 were associated with nodal metastasis and 82 were found incidental to thyroid operations for other conditions. Of the 58 patients with nodal metastasis, 4 have died from causes unrelated to thyroid carcinoma and 1 patient is untraced. The remainder are alive, without evidence of carcinoma, three to thirty-two years after operation. Of the 82 patients without metastasis, 11 are dead of known causes other than thyroid carcinoma. The remainder are living after periods ranging up to thirty years, and in none is either local or distant metastasis known to have developed, although a few differences were noted. Histologically, no clear-cut line could be drawn between those lesions associated with nodal metastasis and those discovered incidental to operation for a variety of thyroid disorders.
The Dynamic Complexity of Transitive Closure Is In DynTC0

This paper presents a fully dynamic algorithm for maintaining the transitive closure of a directed graph. All updates and queries can be computed by constant depth threshold circuits of polynomial size (TC0 circuits). This places transitive closure in the dynamic complexity class DynTC0, and implies that transitive closure can be maintained in databases using updates written in a first order query language plus counting operators, while keeping the size of the database polynomial in the size of the graph.
Side effects may include evolution.

Certain antibiotics prompt Streptococcus pneumoniae to take up DNA from the environment, which may enable the microbe to acquire genes for antibiotic resistance.
Heats of Formation for Cyclic C4Fn, n=4-8, and their Cations

Heats of formation for cyclic C4F8 and C4F8+ are determined at the G3MP2 level. The several decomposition pathways are investigated. The calculations confirm that C4F8+ rearranges and its decomposition is responsible for both the C2F4+ and C3F5+ species observed in experiment. The heats of formation are presented for C4Fn and C4Fn+, n = 4-8.
Stereotype threat and test performance: A primer for school psychologists

Abstract Ethical guidelines require school psychologists to ensure that their assessment practices are nondiscriminatory, but typical discussions on this topic neglect the possible discriminatory effects of cultural stereotypes on assessment results. Recent research on stereotype threat shows that students' knowledge of stereotype-based negative expectations about their test performance can depress their actual test performance. This paper discusses the range of conditions that promote stereotype threat and identifies important moderators and mediators of the phenomenon. Several practical suggestions are offered for school psychologists to consider when interviewing students, interpreting assessment results, and developing programs to increase schoolwide achievement.
CELL‐MEDIATED MUTAGENESIS OF CHINESE HAMSTER V79 CELLS AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM

In the cell-mediated approach, intact cells metabolically activate the chemical and the genetic end points are measured in cocultivated or coincubated target cells. Cell-mediated systems have been used to study fundamental problems in carcinogenesis, such as organ and species specificity of carcinogen activation, and in screening for carcinogenic chemicals. In the studies discussed here, cells from various rat, hamster, or bovine tissues are used to metabolically activate the chemical, and mutation and/or SCE induction in V79 cells and mutation of S. typhimurium are measured as genetic end points. The detection of genetic activity of a chemical depends both on the cell (organ, species, type, etc.) used for metabolic activation and on the genetic end point measured. Hydrocarbons and nitrosamines are two classes of environmentally significant chemicals that are sensitively detected with cell-mediated systems. The cell-mediated approach provides a valuable metabolic activation component for short-term in vitro systems, and further studies are needed to utilize and evaluate its full potential.
Hazardous materials management and control program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory — health protection

Maintaining reasonable control of all hazardous materials used in a large research laboratory can be a formidable task. At Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a Hazardous Material Coordinator for Health Protection (HMC-Hlth) and a Hazardous Material Coordinator for Environmental Protection (HMC-Env) control hazardous materials from acquisition to disposal. The HMC-Hlth, a member of the Industrial Hygiene Department, is responsible for control of the purchase and use of hazardous materials. If the material has not had a hazard evaluation, the user is required to contact the HMC-Hlth to find out if the material is hazardous before ordering it. If the material is hazardous, the user must get permission from his divisional representative to purchase it. The user is required to fill out Part 2 of a Hazardous Material Control Card (HMCC), describing the proposed use and location of the material and to return HMCC to the HMC-Hlth. This allows the Industrial Hygiene Department to evaluate the use of the materials and ...
Variation in results from randomized, controlled trials: stochastic or systematic?

Abstract Objective Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the highest grade of research evidence, yet properly conducted trials investigating the same association often yield conflicting results. Our objective was to assess whether variability in treatment protocols of RCTs investigating the same topic could explain distinct patterns of outcomes. Study Design and Setting A review of meta-analyses identified clinical topics involving RCTs with variable pharmacologic dosing and disparate outcomes. Topics were retained if at least two pairs of trials had results suggesting contradictory yet strong exposure–outcome associations. Results The search yielded 6 clinical topics and 58 RCTs, and individual RCTs were classified into two groups, based on low and high dosages of the intervention. Aggregate odds ratios for studies in the low- and high-dose groups were often substantially discordant. For example, odds ratios were 1.76 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–3.03) for low-dose and 0.56 (95% CI = 0.31–1.03) for high-dose trials evaluating low-molecular weight heparin and pulmonary embolism. In an exploratory analysis, outcomes for low- and high-dose groups in the comparison arms of trials (including patients assigned to placebo) had statistically significant differences in four of five analyzable topics, suggesting differences in patient characteristics across trials. Conclusion Conflicting results from RCTs can represent a spectrum of “real” outcomes for specific treatments. Such trials are best evaluated by considering concurrently both the validity of study design as well as the generalizability of patients and interventions involved.
Renormalization group evolution of dimension-six baryon number violating operators

Abstract We calculate the one-loop anomalous dimension matrix for the dimension-six baryon number violating operators of the Standard Model effective field theory, including right-handed neutrino fields. We discuss the flavor structure of the renormalization group evolution in the contexts of minimal flavor violation and unification.
Study of the 2H(d, n)3He reaction between 12 and 19 MeV

Abstract The 2H(d, n)3He reaction was studied at incident energies from 12 to 19 MeV, using a neutron time-of-flight spectrometer. Angular distributions of the discrete neutron group were determined, and the c.m. distributions were fitted with a series of even Legendre polynomials in the form d σ/ d Ω = Σ 0 12 A L P L ( cos θ) . The coefficients AL were normalized to and compared with other literature values. If the main energy dependence, which lies in penetrability functions, is removed from the coefficients, they show only little energy variation above 2 MeV, which suggests that the reaction is dominated by direct processes. Only in the L = 4 coefficient a broad feature occurs which may indicate strong d-wave effects in the 4He system near 30 MeV excitation energy. The continuum spectra at 0° from the 2H(d, n)3He reaction exhibit a smooth variation with incident energy and show no evidence for a virtual state in 3He below 15 MeV excitation energy.