cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzalutamide in Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer

Historically metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), a lethal disease phenotype with disease progression despite androgen deprivation, was thought to be truly “hormonal refractory.” However, recent approval of novel of androgen receptor signaling inhibitors based on definitive survival benefit provides proof of the principle that prostate cancer growth and progression remains critically dependent on this pathway. One such therapy is enzalutamide. Formerly known as MDV3100, enzalutamide was selected for development specifically because of its ability to induce tumor death in castration resistant prostate cancer in preclinical models. After demonstrating favorable clinical efficacy and safety profiles in two large randomized phase III studies, enzalutamide is now approved for treatment of patients with mCRPC, either in docetaxel-naive or -resistant disease. Despite its effectiveness, resistance ultimately develops for most, and several resistance mechanisms involving the androgen-signaling pathway have been identified. Moreover, the optimal use of enzalutamide therapy is yet undefined. Continued investigation of enzalutamide resistance pathways will be key in the development of novel treatments in this lethal disease.
The diagnostic utility of sonographic carotid flow time in determining volume responsiveness

Abstract Objective We aimed to predict volume responsiveness and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of carotid flow time (FTc) with the change in hydration status before and after a passive leg raise (PLR) maneuver. Methods Participants who presented at a community health fair in a dehydrated state following a prolonged fast while observing the month of Ramadan were recruited. Sonographic FTc measurements were obtained in the semi-Fowler position and after a PLR maneuver while participants were in a fasting state and repeated approximately 3 hours after breaking their fast. Results In total, 123 participants with mean age of 47±14 years, 55% male, were enrolled. Participants had fasted for an average of 16.9 hours and consumed an average of 933 mL between the 2 ultrasound measurements. Mean FTc values were significantly lower in the fasting state compared with the nonfasting state (312±22 vs 345±25milliseconds, P value Conclusions The use of point-of-care ultrasound to measure FTc may provide a noninvasive alternative to determine fluid status. Percentage change in FTc of ≥5% provides a reliable diagnostic accuracy for predicting fluid status.
Delayed Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) Infection Following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT).

Patients undergoing HCT are at an increased risk of developing primary and reactivated VZV infection, with the majority of reactivations occurring within the first year post-HCT. Short term use of acyclovir as prophylaxis has been shown to be effective in reducing VZV risk, however prolonged use of acyclovir as prophylaxis is controversial, and the long term incidence of delayed VZV infection, and hence the recommended duration of antiviral prophylaxis is not clear. To assess the incidence and risk factors associated with delayed VZV infection (occurring one or more years after HCT), we conducted a retrospective chart review of 1578 consecutive patients undergoing HCT at City of Hope Cancer Center between 1976 and 1998, and surviving one or more years after HCT. Diagnosis of VZV was based on the clinic note dictated by the physician, with validation using appropriate laboratory tests in those individuals diagnosed with VZV. Information on pre-transplant therapeutic exposures and post-transplant health complications was obtained via medical record abstraction. The median age at HCT was 35 years (range, 0.6–71.5), median length of follow-up 6.4 years, and the cohort included 934 males (59.2%). In total, 178 patients (11.3%) developed VZV infection after surviving at least one year after HCT (19 patients (1.2%) had primary VZV (chickenpox), 138 patients (8.7%) localized herpes zoster, and 21 patients (1.3%) disseminated herpes zoster). The overall cumulative incidence was 13.9% (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 11.6–16.2%) at 15 years from HCT for the first reported VZV infection developing one or more years after HCT. (autologous HCT: 10.2% [7.2–13.3%] at 10 years); allogeneic sibling donor HCT survivors: 14.2% [11.6–16.8%]; unrelated donor HCT: 21.5% [12.3–30.7%]). Multivariate analysis of the allogeneic transplant cohort showed that prophylaxis/treatment of GvHD with prednisone (Relative risk (RR), 2.14; 95% CI, 1.27 to 3.61) and Mycophenolate Mofetil (RR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.08 to 3.45) were associated with increased risk. No risk factors were identified for the development of VZV among autologous HCT recipients by multivariate analysis. VZV infection is a frequent and significant source of morbidity after HCT (bacterial superinfection, scarring, post-herpetic neuralgia), and can be potentially fatal if disseminated. This study describes the magnitude of risk of delayed VZV infection in autologous and allogeneic HCT recipients and identifies the use of immunosuppressive agents such as Prednisone and Mycophenolate Mofetil as risk factors, suggesting the possible use of acyclovir as prophylaxis during prolonged periods of immune suppression. ![Figure][1] Incidence of Delayed Varicella Zoster in 1+ Year Survivors of HCT ![Figure][1] Delayed Varicella Zoster Infection in 1+ Year Survivors of HCT (by Type of Transplant) [1]: pending:yes
The Difference Between Instability and Uncertainty: Comment on Young and Holsteen (2017):

Young and Holsteen (YH) introduce a number of tools for evaluating model uncertainty. In so doing, they are careful to differentiate their method from existing forms of model averaging. The fundame...
Unidirectional thermal radiation from a SiC metasurface

Emission of thermal radiation from periodically patterned surfaces that support surface phonon polaritons has always been into two symmetric emission angles. This is because of the nature of randomness in the thermal spectrum of a hot body that symmetrically distributes the heat into counterpropagating surface waves. Here we demonstrate the design method of metasurfaces with unconventional unit cell dimension and internal structure to direct the thermal radiation into a single specific emission angle. We utilize a combination of diffraction order engineering and numerical optimization techniques for the design process of an ultra-thin metasurface to couple counterpropagating surface waves into a single emission direction. In addition, we compute the near-field incoherent thermal emission intensity from the metasurface by combining the concepts of fluctuation dissipation theorem with solutions of Maxwell’s equations based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis and demonstrate unidirectional phaseless thermal radiation emission. The developed approach serves as a tool to design metasurfaces for manipulation of light sources with more complex nature than a plane wave.
Estimation of Simultaneous Equations Systems

A certain class of estimators for the parameters of a simultaneous equations (S.E.) system can be shown to have an interpretation as an ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. In view of this fundamental unity of estimation procedures, it would be desirable at this stage to review carefully the estimation problem in the context of the general linear model and some of its (straightforward) extensions.
Preceptor confidence and engagement in providing leadership activities to students in advanced pharmacy practice experiences.

Abstract Introduction Preceptor perceptions about providing leadership activities during the fourth year of the doctor of pharmacy curriculum were examined. Methods An anonymous questionnaire was sent electronically to 610 preceptors of fourth year doctor of pharmacy students in August 2015 inquiring about confidence in leadership ability, extent of student engagement in leadership activities, and preceptor support needed. Differences based on leadership background, such as formal training, were examined using independent t-test. Continuous data are presented as mean (standard deviation). P-value Results Survey response rate was 28% (n = 171). Preceptor confidence in ability to provide leadership activities was 7.38 + /−1.66 [0–10 Likert scale; 0 = cannot do at all, 10 = highly certain can do]. Preceptors were most confident teaching that leadership comes from those with and without titles (8.48 + /−1.64) and least confident engaging students in advocacy (5.41 + /−3.02). Preceptors were most likely to engage students in collaboration [3(1–4)] and least likely to involve them in advocacy [1(1–4)] (measured from 1–4 with 1 = never and 4 = very often). Preceptors with formal leadership training demonstrated higher confidence and more engagement with involving students in leadership activities than those without training (p Conclusion Preceptors were overall confident about their ability to provide leadership activities, were involving students in some leadership activities, and had the least confidence and engagement in involving students in advocacy. Preceptors may consider increasing engagement in teaching student leadership skills by utilizing examples in this study. Colleges of pharmacy and organizations may collaborate to increase preceptor access to formal leadership training programs and offer preceptor development programs designed to enhance preceptors’ abilities to facilitate student leadership experience, reflection on experience, and feedback.
Sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound for detection of trisomy 18

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate the sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound (US) for trisomy (T18) diagnosis and describe US findings in a large tertiary care institution in the USA.Materials and method...
Management of Pediatric Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis, Part I: Antimicrobial Stewardship Approach and Review of Therapies for Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Kingella kingae

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO), often occurring in young children, is the most frequently diagnosed type of osteomyelitis in pediatric patients. Optimizing antibiotics is essential as delays to receipt of appropriate therapy can lead to chronic osteomyelitis, as well as impairments in bone growth and development. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are in a key position to help improve the care of patients with AHO as they contain a pharmacist with expertise in antibiotic drug selection, optimization of dosing, and microbiologic test review. A literature search of the MEDLINE database was conducted from initiation through January 2018. Articles selected for the review focus on pathogen identification, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety in children, transition from intravenous to oral therapy, duration of treatment, and antimicrobial stewardship interventions. This review will highlight the potential roles ASPs can have in improving the management of AHO in pediatric patients. These roles include the creation of clinical pathways, improving testing algorithms, antibiotic choice and dosing, intravenous to oral transitions, duration of treatment, and therapy monitoring. Overall, patients are most effectively treated by focusing treatments on age, presentation, local sensitivities, and directed therapy with pathogen identification.
A Brief Overview of Mathematica

Mathematica is a powerful tool for computing, programming, data analysis, knowledge representation, and visualization of information. Although our focus in this text will be on the programming capabilities of the Mathematica language, these other features should not be viewed as unrelated. We often need to write programs that carry out complex computations and represent data in a graphical manner to help us visualize a problem we are working on. In this chapter we introduce the elementary operations available in Mathematica. We will give a hint of the richness of the Mathematica programming language.
New synthesis and structure of a polar manganese coordination polymer

A new synthesis of [N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylaldiminiato)((4-pyridylthio)acetate)] manganese(III) (Mn(Salen) polymer) has been developed, and the structure of a methanol adduct of the compound has been determined at 293 K. The compound crystallizes as an infinite chain polymer, where the Mn metal center is bridged by the (4-pyridylthio)acetate ligand. The Mn center is octahedrally coordinated with the equatorial positions being occupied by the Salen ligand. The axial positions are occupied by a pyridyl nitrogen and a carboxylate oxygen. The iteration of this bonding pattern gives the polymer a head-to-tail backbone. The major structural difference between this compound and the one previously reported occurs on the nonmetalated oxygen of the carboxylate functionality (W. Chaing, D.M. Ho, D. Van Engen, M.E. Thompson, Inorg. Chem.1993, 32, 2886; W. Chaing, Doctoral Thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, 1994). In the original structure, H2O is hydrogen bonded to the nonmetalated oxygen; however, in the structure reported here methanol is intercalated between chains without any hydrogen bonding. This indicates that this polymer can be viewed as host–guest system and that solvent plays no role in the formation of the structure.
The NMR Spectra of Flavonoids

NMR spectra are presented in order of increasing oxidation and substitution of the flavonoid nucleus for flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, dihydroflavonols, flavanones, chalcones and aurones.
New Hispaniola locality record for the endemic beetle Nicrophorus hispaniola Sikes & Peck, 2000 (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorinae)

The endemic Hispaniolan beetle Nicrophorus hispaniola Sikes & Peck, 2000, is reported from the locality of Zapoten, Sierra de Bahoruco, Dominican Republic, a national park outpost near the border with Haiti. This species appears restricted to Sierra de Bahoruco and Sierra de Neiba in the southwestern corner of the Dominican Republic.
Fecal microbiota transplantation provokes systemic host immune changes that drive the clearance of lethal disseminated pathogens

After several iterations across medical disciplines, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is now widely and effectively used to treat recurrent C. difficile infection. FMT normalizes the composition of the gut microbiota and is widely thought to mediate its protective effects by displacing pathogens in the context of the gut. We have previously shown that the microbiome of patients with severe sepsis consists of a low-diversity pathobiome dominated by multi-drug resistant pathogens. To test the hypothesis that treatment with FMT would protect against sepsis, we employed a gut-derived sepsis model that involves inoculation of a pathogen community (PC) into the gut of surgically-stressed mice. Septic mice receiving FMT derived from healthy mice via enema exhibited a dramatic increase in survival accompanied by restoration of gut microbial diversity. Intriguingly, we observed that treatment with FMT led to alterations to the host transcriptome in extra-intestinal tissues. Given the systemic effects of FMT administration, we next investigated whether FMT could influence survival in a model in which the PC was acutely disseminated via i.p. injection. Remarkably, administration of FMT in the gut markedly increased survival and drove the systemic clearance of pathogens. This suggests that the effects of FMT are not merely mediated by gut-confined colonization resistance, but also through the modulation of systemic host physiology in a way that is detrimental to pathogens. Comparative transcriptomics suggested that in both models the FMT rescue effect depends on the upregulation of the IRF3/Type I IFN signaling pathways, and using knockout mice we demonstrated that IRF3 is required for FMT-mediated protection and pathogen clearance.
Witnessing change: Dynamic norms help resolve diverse barriers to personal change.

Abstract Recent research has found that dynamic norms—information about collective change in behavior—can promote meaningful personal behavior change, even if that behavior is not currently the norm. Through what psychological processes do dynamic norms operate? We theorized that, when others change, it can lead observers to infer that whatever factors had loomed large as barriers to change do not, in fact, prevent change. If so, dynamic norms may alter diverse salient mechanisms of personal change, and encourage behavior change in diverse contexts. Investigating four domains—smokers' intention to quit, dietary choice, sleep-related behavior, and men's identification as feminist—Experiments 1–4 found that dynamic norms affected three well-established mechanisms of personal behavior change across contexts: the belief that personal change is possible (increased self-efficacy), the belief that change is important to others (injunctive norms), and the belief that change is compatible with one's social identity. In each case, change in the psychological process also statistically mediated change in personal interest and intentions to change. Experiment 5 tested our hypothesis that psychological barriers that loom large would be remedied most. Manipulating the salience of all three barriers within a single context, we found that dynamic norms had a larger impact on salient than less salient barriers. The results suggest that dynamic norms can help resolve diverse psychological barriers to encourage personal change, especially salient barriers. They may thus be a particularly robust source of social influence across contexts.
Differences among diagnostic testing algorithms in the time from HIV diagnosis to care.

Abstract Background The association between the type of diagnostic testing algorithm for HIV infection and the time from diagnosis to care has not been fully evaluated. Here we extend an earlier analysis of this association by controlling for patient and diagnosing facility characteristics. Study design Descriptive analysis of HIV infection diagnoses during 2016 reported to the National HIV Surveillance System through December 2017. Algorithm type: traditional = initial HIV antibody immunoassay followed by a Western blot or immunofluorescence antibody test; recommended = initial HIV antigen/antibody immunoassay followed by HIV-1/2 type-differentiating antibody test; rapid = two CLIA-waived rapid tests on the same date. Results In multivariate analyses controlling for patient and diagnosing facility characteristics, persons whose infection was diagnosed using the rapid algorithm were more likely to be linked to care within 30 days than those whose infection was diagnosed using the other testing algorithms (p Conclusions The time from HIV diagnosis to care varied with the type of testing algorithm. The median time to care was shortest for the rapid algorithm, longest for the traditional algorithm, and intermediate for the recommended algorithm. These results demonstrate the importance of choosing an algorithm with a short time between initial specimen collection and report of the final result to the patient.
THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS AS PERCEIVED BY ASSISTED LIVING ADMINISTRATORS

The importance of communities in disasters has been well established since Hurricane Katrina. Smit and Wandel’s bottom-up approach to assess risks during a disaster involves community stakeholders. Administrators of assisted living (AL) environments increasingly have to assess the risks of hurricane evacuation for vulnerable older adults. The current study examines intersections between social networks, communication and preparedness during a hurricane for AL administrators. We conducted focus groups and interviews with AL administrators (N=60) in Florida about communication patterns with community associations, emergency management officials, AL staff, residents and their families during Hurricane Irma (2017) and about their perceptions of preparedness. A content analysis approach was used. Atlas.ti v7 was used for initial and axial coding. Co-occurrences were found among communication and preparedness themes. Some prevalent themes included “social capital”, “high versus low tech strategies” and “leadership effectiveness”. Themes intersected with individual administrator and AL organizational characteristics.
The Charlie Hebdo Affair in Turkey: Balancing Human Rights and Religious Rites

This chapter is concerned with how the Charlie Hebdo Mohammed cartoons affair was conceptualized and regulated in Turkey, an Islamo-secular country. It explores how the journalistic field of Turkey, which is ensconced in an increasingly militant Islamist religious field, juggled the tension between the human right of freedom of expression and Turkish expectations of respect for the sacred in the context of the Charlie Hebdo affair. It analyzes the contradictory actions of the Turkish government in attending the marches republicaines in Paris, in support of Freedom of expression, while at the same time, banning Charlie Hebdo’s Je Suis Charlie Mohammed cartoon and prosecuting Turkish journalists who republished it. We also explore the collective action undertaken by Turkish magazines to show solidarity with Charlie Hebdo, as well as the censorious prosecution of cartoonists and journalists from the Turkish newspaper, Cumhuriyet, for republishing the Je Suis Charlie cartoon.
Early initiation of marijuana use, education, and earnings of young adults

We estimate the relationships between early initiation of marijuana use (i.e., during middle school or high school), educational attainment and performance, and earnings as a young adult. Grounded ...
Streptococcus mutans SpxA2 relays the signal of cell envelope stress from LiaR to effectors that maintain cell wall and membrane homeostasis

Streptococcus mutans is a major etiologic agent of dental caries, which is the most common chronic infectious disease worldwide. S. mutans is particularly adept at causing caries due to its exceptional capacity to form biofilms and its ability to survive acidic conditions that arrest acid production and growth in many more benign members of the oral microbiota. Two mechanisms utilized by S. mutans to tolerate acid are: modulation of the membrane fatty acid content and utilization of the F1 F0 -ATPase to pump protons out of the cytosol. In this study, the role of the spxA2 transcriptional regulator in these two pathways, and overall cell envelope homeostasis, was examined. Loss of spxA2 resulted in an increase in the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the S. mutans membrane and altered transcription of several genes involved in the production of these membrane fatty acids, including fabT and fabM. Furthermore, activity of the F1 F0 -ATPase was increased in the ∆spxA2 strain. Transcription of spxA2 was elevated in the presence of a variety of membrane stressors, and highly dependent on the liaR component of the LiaFSR system, which is known to sense cell envelope stress in many Gram-positive bacteria. Finally, deletion of ∆spxA2 led to altered susceptibility of S. mutans to membrane stressors. Overall, the results of this study indicate that spxA2 serves a crucial role in transmitting the signal of cell wall/membrane damage from the LiaFSR sensor to downstream effectors in the SpxA2 regulon which restore and maintain membrane and cell wall homeostasis.
Recognizing Allogenic Controls on the Stratigraphic Architecture of Ancient Alluvial Fans in the Western US

Alluvial fans are a significant part of the sediment routing system, forming distinctive steep, fan-shaped deposits of coarse-grained detritus where rivers lose flow velocity after exiting confined mountain drainages. Processes on the fan are influenced by both internal (autogenic) feedback cycles like channel avulsion and by external (allogenic) conditions such as climate and tectonics. These conditions in turn influence the stratigraphic architecture (i.e., the pattern of channel stacking and sizes) within the fan. Studying stratigraphic architecture of alluvial fans can, therefore, provide insight into controls on fan deposition. We employ UAV-based photogrammetric models to analyze the stratigraphic architecture of two well-exposed ancient alluvial fans in the western US – the Eocene Richards Mountain Conglomerate and the Cretaceous Echo Canyon Conglomerate. Both fans were deposited under relatively warm, wet climates and compressional tectonic regimes. We use a seven-fold hierarchy of bounding surfaces and associated lithosomes to describe alluvial fan architecture. First- through fourth-order surfaces and lithosomes represent bedform to channel-scale features influenced primarily by autogenic processes on the fan. Controls on fifth-order surfaces/lithosomes have historically been poorly understood, but probably represent fanhead trench migration and lobe construction. Sixth-order surfaces bound individual alluvial fans and seventh-order surfaces correspond to formation boundaries. These are controlled primarily by tectonics. The fifth-order architectural style of the deposits in our two study areas is significantly different and we use this difference to try to isolate a primary control on fifth-order alluvial architecture. Average width:height ratios of fifth-order lithosomes are nearly twice as high for Echo Canyon (112:1) than for Richards Mountain (64:1). This indicates that active channels on the Echo Canyon fan were more mobile than those on the Richards Mountain fan. We attribute this to a more seasonal climate and less vegetation during the deposition of the Echo Canyon Conglomerate. This would have increased lateral migration by destabilizing channels through increased sediment flux and flood events. Our results imply that fifth-order stratigraphic architecture of ancient alluvial fans may provide insight into allogenic processes related to paleoclimate. They also indicate risk of increased geologic hazards on alluvial fans where anthropogenic climate change increases future climate variability.
Localisation of the first eigenfunction of a convex domain

We study the first Dirichlet eigenfunction of the Laplacian in a n-dimensional convex domain. For domains of a fixed inner radius, estimates of Chiti [1,2], imply that the ratio of the L 2-norm and...
Comparing instance segmentation methods for analyzing clonal growth of single cells in microfluidic chips

Abstract Appropriately tailored segmentation techniques can extract detailed quantitative information from biological image datasets to characterize and better understand sample distributions. Practically, high-resolution characterization of biological samples such as cell populations can provide insights into the sources of variance in biomarker expression, drug resistance, and other phenotypic aspects, but it is still unclear what is the best method for extracting this information from large image-based datasets. We present a software pipeline and comparison of multiple image segmentation methods to extract single-cell morphological and fluorescence quantitation from time lapse images of clonal growth rates using a recently reported microfluidic system. The inputs in all pipelines consist of thousands of unprocessed images and the outputs are the detection of cell counts, chamber identifiers, and individual morphological properties of each clone over time detected through multi-channel fluorescence and bright field imaging. Our conclusion is that unsupervised learning methods for cell segmentation substantially outperform supervised statistical methods with respect to accuracy and have key advantages including individual cell instance detection and flexibility through model training. We expect this system and software to have broad utility for researchers interested in high-throughput single-cell biology.
Inverse probability weighted estimation for recurrent events data with missing category.

Modeling recurrent event data with multiple event types has drawn interest in recent biomedical studies due to its flexibility for understanding different risk factors for multiple recurrent event processes. However, in such data type, missing event type appears frequently because of various reasons such as recording ignorance or resource limitation. In this study, we aim to propose an inverse probability weighted estimation that is commonly used in the missing data literature to correct possibly biased estimation by a complete-case analysis. This approach is not limited to a specific form of the recurrent event model. We derive the large sample theory in a general form. We demonstrate that our approach can be applied to either multiplicative or additive rates model with practical sample size via comprehensive simulations. Nonmucoid and mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of 14 888 patients in 2016 Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry data are analyzed to show that, without including 12% events with missing event type in the analysis, several factors may be misidentified as risk factors for the nonmucoid type of infections.
Gigagauss magnetic field measurements using Zeeman broadening of Ne-like transitions in highly charged ions.

The measurement of gigagauss magnetic fields using Zeeman broadening of Ne-like transitions in highly charged ions in high energy density plasmas is investigated. The transition in Xe44+ from the (2p51/23d3/2)J=1 level to the (2p6)J=0 ground level, designated 3C and having 4.858 keV transition energy, is considered in detail. Ne-like Xe spectra were previously recorded from compressed Xe-filled capsules, and the plasma conditions were determined from spectral line ratios and atomic code modeling. Using the Paschen–Back expression for Zeeman broadening produced by strong magnetic fields and the plasma conditions from the compressed Xe-filled capsule experiments to estimate the competing Stark, Doppler, and turbulence broadenings, it is found that >0.34 GG fields can be determined from spectra recorded by a high-resolution spectrometer having 1 eV resolution (5000 resolving power). By scaling the plasma conditions to higher temperatures and densities, the minimum detectable magnetic field is determined for Zeeman broadening of the 3C transition in Ne-like ions up to U82+. Recently developed transmission-crystal spectrometers, employing a cylindrically bent crystal in the Cauchois configuration, have sufficient resolution to determine gigagauss magnetic fields from Zeeman broadening of Ne-like transitions in the 4–18 keV range in Xe44+ to U82+.
Axillary Lymphadenopathy After Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccinations in Patients With Thoracic Malignancy: Incidence, Predisposing Factors, and Imaging Characteristics.

Abstract Objectives Axillary lymphadenopathy from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is an emerging phenomenon during unprecedented mass vaccinations, which can be incidentally found on computed tomography (CT) scans. This study investigated the incidence, predisposing factors, and imaging characteristics of vaccine-related axillary lymphadenopathy in patients with thoracic malignancy who underwent CT scans before and after COVID-19 vaccinations. Methods The study included patients with thoracic malignancies who received two doses of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccinations and had prevaccine and postvaccine chest CT scans. Postvaccine chest CT scan results were reviewed for increase in size of lymph nodes in the axilla and subpectoral areas, comparing with the prevaccine scan results. The cases with lymphadenopathy were further reviewed independently by two radiologists referring to clinical information to find whether lymphadenopathy was attributed to the vaccinations. Results Vaccine-related axillary lymphadenopathy was noted in 21 of 232 patients (9.0%). The median short-axis diameter of the largest node was 7 mm (range: 5–14 mm). The median number of increased nodes was 4 (range: 1–10). The median time to the postvaccine scan revealing lymphadenopathy was 1.7 weeks (range: −2.9 to 6.6) from the second dose. Vaccine-related lymphadenopathy was noted more often in women than in men (18 of 144, 12.5% versus 3 of 88, 3.4%, respectively; p = 0.019) and with mRNA-1273 vaccines than BNT162b2 vaccines (6 of 28, 21% versus 15 of 204, 7.4%, respectively; p = 0.026). Conclusions The incidence of lymphadenopathy was 9%, with a median onset time of 1.7 weeks after the second vaccine dose. Female sex and vaccine type (mRNA-1273 vaccine) were associated with higher frequency of lymphadenopathy, providing initial observations to inform further investigations in larger cohorts.
Organic molecules in space.

Examination of the question of chemical evolution. Observational evidence for the occurrence of some organic compounds in space is presented, and the likely existence of more complex molecules which are as yet undetected or unidentified is pointed out. This implies that massive solid objects, i.e., planets and asteroids, were accumulated from material which already contained a variety of organic compounds. The objects or regions of the galaxy studied are comets, interstellar space, prestellar nebulae, and cool stellar atmospheres.
Current trends in steganalysis: a critical survey

This paper presents a critical analysis of some of the current steganalysis methodologies. The pros and cons of these methods are discussed from statistical and usability perspectives. It is concluded that no single strategy works best. Depending on the amount of statistical information available at hand, a proper choice has to be made.
Memory performance of Lisp and Prolog programs

A comparison between a Lisp and Prolog architecture based on memory performance is presented. Four Lisp programs were translated into Common Lisp and Prolog abstract machine instruction sets. The translated programs were emulated and memory reference counts collected. Memory usage statistics indicate how the two languages do fundamental computations in different ways with varying efficiency. Additional measurements of commercial systems running on a conventional host are presented.
Dynamic surface tension of aqueous surfactant solutions: 2. Parameters at 1 s and at mesoequilibrium

The dynamic behavior in surface adsorption for 15 highly purified surfactants and 1 partially purified commercial surfactant has been investigated. Parameters at 1-s surface age and at mesoequilibrium, characterizing dynamic surface tension, are defined and discussed. Surfactants that are more efficient at reducing surface tension under equilibrium conditions are more efficient at reducing it in a short time. A bulk phase surfactant concentration of at least 5 × 10−4 M is required to achieve a 1-s surface tension that does not change much with increase in surfactant concentration. A fairly good correlation between the wetting time on cotton skeins and the surface tension at 1 s (γ1s) has been found for 20 commonly used industrial and 3 purified surfactants at various concentrations. For a wetting time of 25 s or less, γ1s should be <38 mN m−1; for a wetting time of 10 s or less, <34 mN m−1. The deviation of dynamic from equilibrium properties increases with increase in the surface activity of the surfactants. Compounds with larger equilibrium maximum excess surface concentration (Γmax) values appear to require more time to reach mesoequilibrium that those with smaller Γmax values in the same surfactant class.
A comparison of glycopeptides derived from soluble and insoluble collagens.

Digestion of preparations of insoluble collagen of guinea pig skin with collagenase and trypsin led to the production of two distinct glycopeptide fractions. The lower molecular weight fraction was similar in amount and in composition to the single predominant glycopeptide fraction obtained by similar treatment of soluble collagen. The major component in this fraction had the same chemical and physical characteristics as the glycohexapeptide, Gly-Met-Hyl(-Gal-Glc)-Gly-His-Arg, which had been characterized previously in similar digests of soluble collagen. The second and higher molecular weight glycopeptide fraction (which contained no hydroxylysine) was found only in insoluble collagen. The major amino acids and carbohydrates present in this fraction were aspartic and glutamic acids, glycine, alanine, serine, proline, glucose, galactose, mannose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and sialic acid. The fraction appeared to be quite heterogeneous, and it has not yet been possible to establish whether interpeptide crosslinks were present. This fraction was, however, increased in samples of perchlorate-insoluble collagen identical with those in which Hormann reported evidence for covalent cross-links involving carbohydrate. Alkaline hydrolysis of soluble or insoluble collagen led to the isolation of closely similar quantities of both O-Hyl-(-Gal-Glc) and O-Hyl(-Gal), thus establishing the presence of limited numbers of monosaccharide side chains in both forms of collagen. These analyses, as well as studies of partial acid hydrolysates of purified hydroxylysine-containing glycopeptides, showed the presence in mammalian skin collagen of a disaccharide in which C-1 of D-glucose is linked to D-galactose, and C-1 of D-galactose to the δ-hydroxyl group of hydroxylysine. No evidence was found for the participation of this carbohydrate prosthetic group in crosslinking related to the conversion of soluble collagen to insoluble collagen.
The Sensitivity of Northern Groundwater Recharge to Climate Change: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska1

Clilverd, Hannah M., Daniel M. White, Amy C. Tidwell, and Michael A. Rawlins, 2011. The Sensitivity of Northern Groundwater Recharge to Climate Change: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1228–1240. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00569.x Abstract: The potential impacts of climate change on northern groundwater supplies were examined at a fractured-marble mountain aquifer near Nome, Alaska. Well water surface elevations (WSE) were monitored from 2004-2009 and analyzed with local meteorological data. Future aquifer response was simulated with the Pan-Arctic Water Balance Model (PWBM) using forcings (air temperature and precipitation) derived from fifth-generation European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM5) global circulation model climate scenarios for extreme and modest increases in greenhouse gases. We observed changes in WSE due to the onset of spring snowmelt, low intensity and high intensity rainfall events, and aquifer head recession during the winter freeze period. Observed WSE and snow depth compared well with PWBM-simulated groundwater recharge and snow storage. Using ECHAM5-simulated increases in mean annual temperature of 4-8°C by 2099, the PWBM predicted that by 2099 later freeze-up and earlier snowmelt will decrease seasonal snow cover by one to two months. Annual evapotranspiration and precipitation are predicted to increase 27-40% (55-81 mm) and 33-42% (81-102 mm), respectively, with the proportion of snowfall in annual precipitation decreasing on average 9-25% (p < 0.05). The amount of snowmelt is not predicted to change significantly by 2099; however, a decreasing trend is evident from 2060 in the extreme ECHAM5 greenhouse gas scenario. Increases in effective precipitation were predicted to be great enough to sustain sufficient groundwater recharge.
Further Nice Equations for Nice Groups

Nice sextinomial equations are given for unramified coverings of the affine line in nonzero characteristic p with P Ω - (2m, q) and Ω - (2m, q) as Galois groups where m > 3 is any integer and q > 1 is any power of p > 2.
Towards a spin dual of the fractional quantum Hall effect

Electromagnetic duality between the Aharonov-Bohm and the Aharonov-Casher quantum mechanical phases predicts the existence of a new collective state of matter which can be regarded as a spin dual to the fractional quantum Hall effect. The state, induced by electric fields, is driven by effective spin-spin interactions. We derive experimental and materials conditions of spin-spin interactions and electric fields under which the new state may be observed.
Clinical characteristics influencing bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements

Standardization of measurement conditions is essential for obtaining accurate, precise, and reproducible bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) data. Errors due to lack of measurement control are propagated in subsequent calculations of body composition and contribute to differences in predictive equations among investigators. Various individual and environmental factors have been shown to influence BIA. We review the factors that have been identified from the literature as being conditions requiring standardization both for healthy subjects and for those in a medical setting.
The Heat Is On! Using Particle Models to Change Students' Conceptions of Heat and Temperature

ABSTRACTElementary, middle-level, and high school science teachers commonly find their students have misconceptions about heat and temperature. Unfortunately, student misconceptions are difficult to modify or change and can prevent students from learning the accurate scientific explanation. In order to improve our students' understanding of heat and temperature, we created a three-part instructional activity designed to engage them in the development of kinetic particle models. First, the students use household materials—food coloring and water—to investigate and create particle models depicting motion at the molecular level. Second, the students complete a similar activity designed to help them visualize the connections between heat and particle motion. Third, the students build a thermometer, observe it in action, and create particle models explaining how the thermometer works. By the end of the series of activities, the students are able develop their own definitions for heat and temperature. Through t...
Invincibility Fable: Tool Development to Measure Invincibility

Background Invincibility is a phase of social-cognitive development of the adolescent and has been associated with risk behavior involvement. Objective To determine psychometric properties of the Adolescent Invincibility Tool (AIT). Methods Reliability was assessed and validity was examined using principal components analysis. Results Internal consistency was demonstrated with a Cronbach's alpha of .88; factor analysis led to the confirmation of subscales. Criterion validity was validated with similar and opposing measures of invincibility. Discussion Initial testing suggests that the AIT is a valid and reliable tool for screening invincibility. Further testing is recommended to determine relevance for other populations of youth.
A prospective evaluation of balance, gait, and strength to predict falling in women with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Kasser SL, Jacobs JV, Foley JT, Cardinal BJ, Maddalozzo GF. A prospective evaluation of balance, gait, and strength to predict falling in women with multiple sclerosis. Objective To identify measures of balance, gait, and strength that predict falls in women with multiple sclerosis (MS). Design This prospective study followed participants for 1 year. Setting University research laboratories. Participants A convenience sample of women with MS (N=99). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Balance was assessed with the limits of stability (LOS) test and the Sensory Organization Test. Peak force, torque, and power of knee flexors and extensors as well as hip abductors and adductors were also measured. Temporal-spatial parameters of gait were measured by an instrumented walkway system. For 1 year after baseline assessments, the participants reported their falls. Participants were then classified based on the number of reported falls for use in logistic regression models to predict either people with at least 1 fall or people with at least 2 falls (recurrent fallers). Results A total of 159 falls were reported by 48% of the participants. Expanded Disability Status Scale scores, leaning forward to the LOS, and standing sway within a visually referenced surround significantly predicted people with at least 1 fall as well as recurrent fallers. Stance-phase asymmetries and base-of-support width during gait, as well as the force and power produced during leg extension or flexion additionally predicted recurrent fallers. The models' overall predictive accuracy ranged from 69% to 85%. Conclusions This prospective study confirmed the prevalence and multifactorial nature of falls in this MS sample. In addition to advancing disease status, impaired forward LOS and visually dependent sway (as well as gait asymmetries and leg flexor-extensor weakness for recurrent fallers) predict future falls in women with MS.
Isolated left upper extremity myositis and severe rhabdomyolysis in an adult with H1N1 Influenza, a case report with literature review

Acute viral myositis is a fairly rare condition and usually seen in recovery phase of illness, especially in pediatric or geriatric population. Influenza type A, specifically H1N1 may present with generalized myositis and mild elevation of creatinine kinase in addition to usual manifestations. We would like to discuss an atypical presentation of Type A Influenza (H1N1) in a middle aged male who was never immunized for influenza, presenting with fever, vomiting, anuria and acute severe left upper extremity pain. The most interesting presentation in our patient was that, it was limited to a single extremity, unlike generalized presentation, which was previously reported, acute renal failure warranting renal replacement therapy. This case serves as a reminder for clinicians about atypical manifestations of H1N1 and its threatening metabolic complications. Hence the practitioners should be aware of this rare but possible presentation of certain strains of influenza virus. It also accentuates the importance of being immunized, reminding us of the Old but Golden Adage “Prevention is better than Cure.”
THz Generation by Photomixing in Ultrafast Photoconductors

This article reviews the fundamental concepts, technology, and recent developments on the topic of THz photomixers made from low-temperature-grown GaAs, ErAs:GaAs, and ErAs:InGaAs. It is designed to be comprehensive and useful both to students and to engineers and scientists new to the THz field.
Microarray assays reveal differential expression of hippocampal and amygdalal genes during contextual fear conditioning

The hippocampus plays an important role in contextual learning. However, the gene expression alterations that subserve this function remain to be fully elucidated. We have previously shown that the levels of GAP-43 and its mRNA-binding protein, the ELAV-like protein HuD, are increased in the hippocampus during contextual fear conditioning (CFC). In this study, we sought to identify additional changes in gene expression in the hippocampus and amygdala of CFC rats. Animals were subjected to a single trial CFC paradigm involving a paired presentation of a tone and footshock in a novel environment. Both untrained (naive) rats and animals exposed to the shock followed by an unpaired presentation of the context and tone served as nonlearning controls. Twenty-four hours after training, the hippocampus and amygdala of each animal were removed, RNAs were isolated and subjected to microarray analysis. Besides GAP-43 and HuD, we found 150 neural genes in the hippocampal formation that were increased by at least 1.5 fold relative to controls. These include neurotrophic factors (e.g. BDNF), synaptic proteins (e.g. SNAP-25, syntaxin), neurotransmitter receptors and transporters (e.g. glutamate transporter), transcription factors (e.g. zif268), cytoskeletal proteins (e.g. Arc, MAP2), cell cycle proteins (cyclins D1, D3 and E), signalling molecules (e.g, PKA, ERK2) and others (ion channel Kv9.3). In addition, we found 25 genes that were down-regulated in the same tissues. Finally, a number of neuronal-specific mRNAs were found to show differential expression in the amygdala after CFC. Acknowledgements: Supported by NIH NS30255 and AA11336 to NPB.