cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viability of Rickettsia prowazekii after Rickettsia-Mediated Killing of Gamma Interferon-Pretreated, Macrophage-Like RAW264.7 Cells

Rickettsia prowazekii, the bacterium that causes epidemic typhus, mainly grows within endothelial cells and can also infect macrophages. Previous studies showed that pretreatment of cultured, murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells with gamma interferon, followed by R. prowazekii infection, leads to the death of many of the macrophages within several hours after infection. The present study examined the fate of the rickettsiae after macrophage death. Rickettsiae released from gamma interferon-pretreated, infected macrophage cultures, in which 83 ± 4% (mean ± standard deviation) of the macrophages were trypan blue-positive (dead), remained viable, as judged by their ability to infect and grow in untreated Vero cells (originally established from the kidney of an African green monkey). The growth of these rickettsiae was comparable to the growth of rickettsiae released from untreated, infected macrophage cultures, in which 1 ± 1% of the macrophages were trypan blue-positive. These data raise the possibility that gamma interferon, which is known to be an anti-rickettsial host defense, may, in some instances, contribute to the spread of R. prowazekii infection within a host.
Quantum Confinement of Surface Electrons by Molecular Nanohoop Corrals.

Quantum confinement of two-dimensional surface electronic states has been explored as a way for controllably modifying the electronic structures of a variety of coinage metal surfaces. In this Letter, we use scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS) to study the electron confinement within individual ring-shaped cycloparaphenylene (CPP) molecules forming self-assembled films on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces. STM imaging and STS mapping show the presence of electronic states localized in the interiors of CPP rings, inconsistent with the expected localization of molecular electronic orbitals. Electronic energies of these states show considerable variations correlated with the molecular shape. These observations are explained by the presence of localized states formed due to confinement of surface electrons by the CPP skeletal framework, which thus acts as a molecular electronic “corral”. Our experiments suggest an approach to robust large-area modification of the surface electronic structure v...
Conspiracy theories as stigmatized knowledge

Most conspiracy theories exist as part of “stigmatized knowledge” – that is, knowledge claims that have not been accepted by those institutions we rely upon for truth validation. Not uncommonly, be...
A Corporate Culture Channel: How Increased Shareholder Governance Reduces Firm Value

I show corporate culture is an important channel through which shareholder governance affects firm value. I develop a novel data set to measure aspects of corporate culture and use a regression discontinuity strategy to demonstrate stronger shareholder governance significantly changes aspects of culture. I find greater results-orientation but less customer-focus, integrity, and collaboration. Consistent with a positive link between governance and value, shareholders initially realize financial gains: increases in sales, profitability, and payout occur. However, over time, I find intangible assets associated with customer satisfaction and employee integrity deteriorate, which partly reverses the gains from greater results-orientation. These findings are consistent with a model of multitasking where stronger governance incentivizes managers to concentrate on easy-to-observe benchmarks at the expense of the harder-to-measure intangibles, even though such actions are not in the firm's best long-term interest. On average, I find firm value declines 1.4% through this corporate culture channel. I use an instrumental variable design and interventions by activist hedge funds to test the external validity of the inferences. Across these complementary research designs, I consistently find strong support for the economic importance of a corporate culture channel.
What Makes a Good Experiment? Reasons and Roles in Science

Classification is an arduous and sometimes controversial undertaking because of its inherent cultural particularity. One famous literary example is the fictitious nomenclature of animals found in J...
Linking Socio-Economic Factors with Technology Adoption in Three Emerging Economies of Sub-Saharan Africa

Extant literature on technology adoption and diffusion has generally focused on understanding the adoption and diffusion patterns of new technologies in developed countries (Irwin & Paul, 2003). However, there is a need to understand the influence of economic status on the adoption of technology in less developed countries. Our overall objective is to investigate the antecedents of communications technology adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, based on a representative sample of individual respondents from Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria, we investigate the influence of economic status, which we define as the ability to meet the physiological or basic needs for food and shelter, on technology adoption. We identify positive attitudes, which we define as individuals’ optimistic feelings how their standard of life is improving, as a process through which economic status influences the decision to adopt technology. Additionally, because infrastructure development affects individuals’ quality of life and thus their feelings about how their standard of life is improving, we posit that the influence of economic status on both positive attitudes and technology adoption will be contingent upon perceptions about the extent of current infrastructure development. This study will also shed light on pertinent factors that global firms willing to tap into LDC markets will find invaluable in evaluating market opportunities for transferring and introducing innovative technologies into such markets.
The Effect of Warmed Hysteroscopic Fluid-Distention Medium on Postoperative Core Body Temperature: A Randomized Trial

Abstract Objective: Operative hysteroscopy is considered a minimally invasive and effective treatment approach for submucosal uterine leiomyoma, endometrial polyps, Mullerian anomalies, and other c...
The Effect of Remote Masking on the Reception of Speech by Young School-Age Children.

Purpose Psychoacoustic data indicate that infants and children are less likely than adults to focus on a spectral region containing an anticipated signal and are more susceptible to remote masking ...
CD36 initiates the secretory phenotype during the establishment of cellular senescence

Abstract Cellular senescence is a unique cell fate characterized by stable proliferative arrest and the extensive production and secretion of various inflammatory proteins, a phenomenon known as the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The molecular mechanisms responsible for generating a SASP in response to senescent stimuli remain largely obscure. Here, using unbiased gene expression profiling, we discover that the scavenger receptor CD36 is rapidly upregulated in multiple cell types in response to replicative, oncogenic, and chemical senescent stimuli. Moreover, ectopic CD36 expression in dividing mammalian cells is sufficient to initiate the production of a large subset of the known SASP components via activation of canonical Src–p38–NF‐κB signaling, resulting in the onset of a full senescent state. The secretome is further shown to be ligand‐dependent, as amyloid‐beta (Aβ) is sufficient to drive CD36‐dependent NF‐κB and SASP activation. Finally, loss‐of‐function experiments revealed a strict requirement for CD36 in secretory molecule production during conventional senescence reprogramming. Taken together, these results uncover the Aβ–CD36–NF‐κB signaling axis as an important regulator of the senescent cell fate via induction of the SASP.
Multilevel Homotopic Adaptive Finite Element Methods for Convection Dominated Problems

A multilevel homotopic adaptive finite element method is presented in this paper for convection dominated problems. By the homotopic method with respect to the diffusion parameter, the grids are iteratively adapted to better approximate the solution. Some new theoretic results and practical techniques for the grid adaptation are presented. Numerical experiments show that a standard finite element scheme based on this properly adapted grid works in a robust and efficient manner.
Commercial Vehicle Aerodynamic Drag Reduction: Historical Perspective as a Guide

The aerodynamics development of commercial vehicles has evolved over many years. Sixty-five years ago, the Labatt Brewing Company developed a streamlined truck for advertising purposes and to provide larger capacity and higher cruising speeds, Figure 1. The success of this effort is demonstrated by the fact that while trucks of the day travelled at 35 mi/h, the Labatt truck could cruise at 50 mi/h with a fifty percent larger load. The focus today is no longer on speed, but on energy conservation. It is beneficial for a country to minimise its energy utilisation and equally beneficial for its trucking industry to make money while doing so.
Reproduction, Events and Management | Estrous Cycles: Postpartum Cyclicity

Initiation of ovulatory ovarian cycles following parturition is a prerequisite for the establishment of pregnancy. Following parturition, waves of ovarian follicular growth usually begin within 10–14 days. The developing follicles undergo one of three fates. The selected follicle may (1) continue its growth to normal ovulatory size and ovulate, (2) grow to less than ovulatory size, fail to ovulate, and undergo atresia, or (3) surpass ovulatory size and develop into an ovarian follicular cyst. Follicular growth is stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses acting synergistically with insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). At parturition, pulses of LH and concentrations of IGF-I in blood are low. Blood growth hormone (GH) concentrations are elevated and GH drives nutrient partitioning for milk synthesis. Most of the IGF-I in blood is derived from the liver and is released in response to GH. In early postpartum cows, the GH/IGF-I axis is uncoupled; high GH concentrations do not lead to elevated blood IGF-I. Negative energy balance, undernutrition, disease, and aging increase the amount of uncoupling and reduce IGF-I synthesized and secreted from the liver. The GH/IGF-I axis is recoupled postpartum and IGF-I in the blood increases. Pulses of LH increase postpartum and stimulate follicular growth. The greatest LH pulsatility is found in cows with better body condition and less negative energy balance. Collectively, low IGF-I and low LH pulsatility may not provide adequate stimulation for development of a preovulatory follicle.
Interventions Supporting the Social Integration of Refugee Children and Youth in School Communities: A Review of the Literature: A Review of the Literature

Schools function as a primary driver of integration and as a link to resources and assets that promote healthy development. Nevertheless, most research studies on school-based programs are conducted on mainstream students, and school professionals looking to deliver interventions serving refugee students are forced to choose between evidence-based programs designed for the mainstream and developing new programs in the cultural framework of their students. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a summary of recent research on successful, evidence-based programs as well as promising interventions and practice recommendations in five core practice areas in schools: school leadership and culture, teaching, mental health, after-school programming, and school-parent-community partnerships. These findings are presented drawing from theoretical frameworks of ecological systems, social capital, segmented assimilation, resilience, and trauma, and describe how such theories may be used to inform programs serving refugee children and youth. Additionally, this review describes the core components of successful programs across these practice areas to inform researchers and practitioners as they select and develop programs in their own school communities. Finally, this review concludes with a discussion of human rights in the education of refugee children and youth.
Effect of Substrate Stiffness on Mechanical Coupling and Force Propagation at the Infarct Boundary

Heterogeneous intercellular coupling plays a significant role in mechanical and electrical signal transmission in the heart. Although many studies have investigated the electrical signal conduction between myocytes and nonmyocytes within the heart muscle tissue, there are not many that have looked into the mechanical counterpart. This study aims to investigate the effect of substrate stiffness and the presence of cardiac myofibroblasts (CMFs) on mechanical force propagation across cardiomyocytes (CMs) and CMFs in healthy and heart-attack-mimicking matrix stiffness conditions. The contractile forces generated by the CMs and their propagation across the CMFs were measured using a bio-nanoindenter integrated with fluorescence microscopy for fast calcium imaging. Our results showed that softer substrates facilitated stronger and further signal transmission. Interestingly, the presence of the CMFs attenuated the signal propagation in a stiffness-dependent manner. Stiffer substrates with CMFs present attenuated the signal ∼24-32% more compared to soft substrates with CMFs, indicating a synergistic detrimental effect of increased matrix stiffness and increased CMF numbers after myocardial infarction on myocardial function. Furthermore, the beating pattern of the CMF movement at the CM-CMF boundary also depended on the substrate stiffness, thereby influencing the waveform of the propagation of CM-generated contractile forces. We performed computer simulations to further understand the occurrence of different force transmission patterns and showed that cell-matrix focal adhesions assembled at the CM-CMF interfaces, which differs depending on the substrates stiffness, play important roles in determining the efficiency and mechanism of signal transmission. In conclusion, in addition to substrate stiffness, the degree and type of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, affected by the substrate stiffness, influence mechanical signal conduction between myocytes and nonmyocytes in the heart muscle tissue.
II-11 Siglec-1 macrophages and the contribution of IFN to the development of autoimmune congenital heart block

Background Given that diseases associated with anti-Ro such as SLE and Sjogren’s syndrome associate with an upregulation of type I interferons, recent attention has focused on a potential role for IFN in the pathogenesis of congenital heart block (CHB). Based on the consistent demonstration of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells in areas of injury, it is relevant that Sialic Acid Binding Ig Like Lectin 1 (SIGLEC1), a receptor on monocytes/macrophages is upregulated by IFN. Functionally, Siglec-1 expressing macrophages might play an important role as effector cells in fibrosis. Accordingly, this study leveraged both autopsy tissue and freshly isolated macrophages from a fetal heart dying with CHB to address whether IFN-α contributes to the pathogenesis of CHB by regulating activated macrophages in affected cardiac tissue. Methods Three approaches were taken to evaluate Siglec-1 expression. Transcriptomic analysis was performed on macrophages freshly isolated from a fetal heart dying with CHB at 19 weeks and a heart from an otherwise healthy electively terminated fetus using (DAPI negative cells with isolation by flow using antibodies to CD45). Immunohistochemistry was performed on another fetal heart dying with CHB. In vitro experiments utilized cultured healthy human macrophages transfected with anti-SSA/Ro- associated ssRNA as a proxy for the in vivo conditions. Results Transcriptomes of the two hearts for each isolated leukocyte fraction were compared. By following 213 IFN inducible genes, there was enrichment of targeted transcripts in CHB vs control (p=0.0001) and SIGLEC1, which was 200-fold more abundant in CHB vs control and ranked among the top three differentially expressed candidates. In another fetal heart dying with CHB, Siglec1 staining as detected by antibody HPA053457 was prominent in areas of injury. By morphology, the two cell types expressing Siglec 1 were macrophages and dendritic cells. In vitro experiments were performed in accordance with previous laboratory work, in which a model of anti-SSA/Ro-associated injury exploits macrophages stimulated with the ssRNA component (hY3) of the SSA/Ro immune complex. IFN inducible genes (15 transcripts) were among the 30 most highly upregulated genes in hY3 stimulated conditions and SIGLEC1 was two-fold more abundant in CHB vs control. Given the enrichment of type I IFN-responsive genes in the macrophage transcriptome, a WISH cell line was selected to evaluate supernatants from macrophages transfected with hY3. IFIT1 MX1, and EIF2AK2 transcripts were significantly increased in the WISH cells treated with hY3 macrophage supernatants, but not macrophage supernatants alone (n=7, p=0.02). Conclusion These data now provide a link between IFN and the inflammatory and possibly fibrosing component of CHB and position Siglec-1 positive macrophages as integral to the process.
Televisual Emotional Pedagogy: AIDS, Affect, and Activism on Vito Russo’s Our Time:

Starting in New York City in the 1970s, gay men and lesbians created public access television programs to shine a spotlight on their experiences, communities, concerns, and businesses. This article...
Total-Ionizing-Dose Response of MoS 2 Transistors With ZrO 2 and h-BN Gate Dielectrics

The total-ionizing-dose response of few layer MoS2 transistors with ZrO2 or h-BN gate dielectrics is investigated under various bias conditions. Defects in MoS2 and surrounding dielectric layers significantly affect radiation-induced trapping. For devices with ZrO2 dielectrics, much larger negative Vth shifts and peak transconductance degradation are observed for irradiation under negative and ground bias than under positive bias. The h-BN devices exhibit positive threshold voltage shifts under negative-bias irradiation. For both ZrO2 and h-BN passivated devices, the peak transconductance degradation results from charge trapping at the surface of the MoS2 or in nearby oxides. Changes in defect energy distributions of MoS2 FETs during X-ray irradiation are characterized via temperature-dependent low-frequency noise measurements. Density functional theory calculations are performed to provide insight into the pertinent defects.
Cardiovascular protection in females linked to estrogen-dependent inhibition of arterial stiffening and macrophage MMP12

Arterial stiffening is a consequence of aging and a cholesterol-independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Arterial stiffening and CVD show a sex bias, with men more susceptible than premenopausal women. How arterial stiffness and sex interact at a molecular level to confer risk of CVD is not well understood. Here, we used the sexual dimorphism in LDLR-null mice to show that the protective effect of female sex on atherosclerosis is linked to reduced aortic stiffness and reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP12) by lesional macrophages. Deletion of MMP12 in LDLR-null mice attenuated the male sex bias for both arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis, and these effects occurred despite high serum cholesterol. Mechanistically, we found that oxidized LDL stimulates secretion of MMP12 in human as well as mouse macrophages. Estrogen antagonizes this effect by downregulating MMP12 expression. Our data support cholesterol-independent causal relationships between estrogen, oxidized LDL-induced secretion of macrophage MMP12, and arterial stiffness that protect against atherosclerosis in females and emphasize that reduced MMP12 functionality can confer atheroprotection to males.
EVALUATION OF CHEST PAIN IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: REAL WORLD COMPARISON BETWEEN ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL IMAGING MODALITIES

The evaluation of chest pain (CP) in the emergency department (ED) frequently employs a non-invasive strategy, which includes coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), stress echocardiography (SE) or myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). We sought to report the real-world experience and
Waterless fluids in hydraulic fracturing – A review

Abstract Unconventional resources such as shale gas have attracted increasing global attention with great potential to bridge the energy supply chain. Yet the technical challenges and ecological concerns arise in the attempts to increase resource recovery. Shale reservoirs feature a low permeability water-sensitivity, and geological complexity, which call for more effective stimulation techniques to both reduce water use and boost production. It is believed that technology innovation such as waterless fracturing is the key to effectively improving unconventional resources recovery, while addressing the issue in reducing water consumption and environmental footprints. This paper investigates the development of two major waterless fracturing fluids, foams and liquid N2/CO2, including the advantages and challenges faced with waterless fracturing, fracturing mechanisms, and fluid properties such as stability and rheology. Based on literature review, it is believed that foam has a great potential to be a promising fracturing fluid in improving productivity and long-term production with benefits such as fast cleanup, improved proppant transport, and minimal environmental footprint. Foam properties such as stability and rheology have been continuously improved with technological advances in the stabilizing agents. Foams stabilized by nanoparticles are reported to significantly improved foam stability and rheology under reservoir conditions over conventional surfactants. Other fracturing fluids such as liquid CO2/N2 and gas fracturing fluids are designed to clear formation damage near the wellbore or for scenarios where long fractures are not desired, and both are faced with various technical challenges. This review provides readers with the state-of-the-art research progress regarding the technological advances of waterless fracturing fluids and sheds light on future research areas that can benefit a greener and more effective shale gas development.
Prospective Evaluation of HIV Testing Technologies in a Clinical Setting: Protocol for Project DETECT.

Background HIV testing guidelines provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are continually changing to reflect advancements in new testing technology. Evaluation of existing and new point-of-care (POC) HIV tests is crucial to inform testing guidelines and provide information to clinicians and other HIV test providers. Characterizing the performance of POC HIV tests using unprocessed specimens can provide estimates for the window period of detection, or the time from HIV acquisition to test positivity, which allows clinicians and other HIV providers to select the appropriate POC HIV tests for persons who may be recently infected with HIV. Objective This paper describes the protocols and procedures used to evaluate the performance of the newest POC tests and determine their sensitivity during early HIV infection. Methods Project DETECT is a CDC-funded study that is evaluating POC HIV test performance. Part 1 is a cross-sectional, retrospective study comparing behavioral characteristics and HIV prevalence of the overall population of the Public Health-Seattle & King County (PHSKC) Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Clinic to Project DETECT participants enrolled in part 2. Part 2 is a cross-sectional, prospective study evaluating POC HIV tests in real time using unprocessed whole blood and oral fluid specimens. A POC nucleic acid test (NAT) was added to the panel of HIV tests in June 2018. Part 3 is a longitudinal, prospective study evaluating seroconversion sensitivity of POC HIV tests through serial follow-up testing. For comparison, HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1/HIV-2 antigen/antibody tests are also performed for participants enrolled in part 2 or 3. A behavioral survey that collects information about demographics, history of HIV testing, STD history, symptoms of acute HIV infection, substance use, sexual behaviors in the aggregate and with recent partners, and use of pre-exposure prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy is completed at each part 2 or 3 visit. Results Between September 2015 and March 2019, there were 14,990 Project DETECT-eligible visits (part 1) to the PHSKC STD Clinic resulting in 1819 part 2 Project DETECT study visits. The longitudinal study within Project DETECT (part 3) enrolled 27 participants with discordant POC test results from their part 2 visit, and 10 (37%) were followed until they had fully seroconverted with concordant positive POC test results. Behavioral survey data and HIV test results, sensitivity, and specificity will be presented elsewhere. Conclusions Studies such as Project DETECT are critical for evaluating POC HIV test devices as well as describing characteristics of persons at risk for HIV acquisition in the United States. HIV tests in development, including POC NATs, will provide new opportunities for HIV testing programs. International registered report identifier (irrid) RR1-10.2196/16332.
Age-dependence of mortality from novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in highly exposed populations: New York transit workers and residents and Diamond Princess passengers

Abstract Background Populations heavily exposed to the novel coronavirus provide an opportunity to estimate the mortality from COVID-19 in different age groups. Methods The mortality reported by May 13 from COVID-19 among Diamond Princess cruise ship passengers, and New York residents and Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) workers was estimated based on publicly available information. Results The mortality among children (age 0 to 17 yrs) in New York City was 1 in 172,692. The mortality in New York state was 1 in 322,217 for ages 10-19 yrs., and 1 in 36,725 for ages 20-29 yrs. The mortality among New York transit workers was estimated to be 1 in 7,329 for ages 30-39 years; 1 in 1,075 for ages 40-49 yrs.; 1 in 343 for ages 50-59 yrs.; and 1 in 178 for ages 60-69 yrs. Among Diamond Princess passengers, the mortality was estimated to be 1 in 145 for ages 70-79, and 1 in 54 for ages 80-89. Conclusions Mortality among populations exposed to the novel coronavirus increases with age, ranging from about 1 in 170,000 below the age of 18 years, to 1 in 54 above the age of 80 years.
Isolation and characterization of a novel bacterial strain from a Tris-Acetate-Phosphate agar medium plate of the green micro-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that can utilize common environmental pollutants as a carbon source

Background: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , a green micro-alga can be grown at the lab heterotrophically or photo-heterotrophically in Tris-Phosphate-Acetate (TAP) medium which contains acetate as the sole carbon source. When grown in TAP medium, Chlamydomonas can utilize the exogenous acetate in the medium for gluconeogenesis using the glyoxylate cycle, which is also present in many bacteria and higher plants. A novel bacterial strain, LMJ, was isolated from a contaminated TAP medium plate of Chlamydomonas . We present our work on the isolation and physiological and biochemical characterizations of LMJ. Methods: Several microbiological tests were conducted to characterize LMJ, including its sensitivity to four antibiotics. We amplified and sequenced partially the 16S rRNA gene of LMJ. We tested if LMJ can utilize cyclic alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, poly-hydroxyalkanoates, and fresh and combusted car motor oil as the sole carbon source on Tris-Phosphate (TP) agar medium plates for growth. Results: LMJ is a gram-negative rod, oxidase-positive, mesophilic, non-enteric, pigmented, salt-sensitive bacterium. LMJ can ferment glucose, is starch hydrolysis-negative, and is very sensitive to penicillin and chloramphenicol. Preliminary spectrophotometric analyses indicate LMJ produces pyomelanin. NCBI-BLAST analyses of the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of LMJ showed that it matched to that of an uncultured bacterium clone LIB091_C05_1243. The nearest genus relative of LMJ is an Acidovorax sp. strain. LMJ was able to use alkane hydrocarbons, fresh and combusted car motor oil, poly-hydroxybutyrate, phenanthrene, naphthalene, benzoic acid and phenyl acetate as the sole carbon source for growth on TP-agar medium plates. Conclusions: LMJ has 99.14% sequence identity with the Acidovorax sp. strain A16OP12 whose genome has not been sequenced yet. LMJ’s ability to use chemicals that are common environmental pollutants makes it a promising candidate for further investigation for its use in bioremediation and, provides us with an incentive to sequence its genome.
The shock index, pediatric age-adjusted (SIPA) enhanced: Prehospital and emergency department SIPA values forecast transfusion needs for blunt solid organ injured children

Abstract Background The elevated shock index, pediatric age-adjusted (SIPA) has been found to accurately predict the need for blood transfusion in severely injured children. We sought to determine the utility of monitoring sequential SIPA values from the prehospital setting through the emergency department to identify children with a blunt liver or spleen injury who will require a blood transfusion. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of children 1 to 18 years old admitted to a level-1 pediatric trauma center with any grade blunt liver or spleen injury between 2009 and 2019. Cohorts were stratified into those who received a blood transfusion within the first 24 hours after injury and those who did not. Results A total of 477 children had a blunt liver or spleen injury during the study period, of which 20% (95 of 477) received a blood transfusion within 24 hours of trauma center arrival. Of those who received a blood transfusion, 75% (71 of 95) were transfused within 6 hours of arrival at our center. Nearly 90% (84 of 95) of patients who received blood had at least 1 elevated SIPA score in either setting (prehospital or emergency department). Based on multivariable regression, an elevated SIPA score in either setting was significantly associated with blood transfusion (odds ratio 7.8 (confidence interval 4.7–12.9, P = .002). Conclusion Elevated SIPA values in the prehospital setting and on emergency department arrival are associated with early blood transfusion. The importance of this finding is that after serial SIPA values may assist in the early identification of children with blunt liver or spleen injury who will require a blood transfusion.
682j 400V Polyester Film Metal Foil Capacitor

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Valacyclovir in Pain Management of Acute Apical Abscesses: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Pilot Study.

Abstract Introduction The acute (symptomatic) apical abscess is characterized by pulp necrosis, rapid onset, spontaneous pain, percussion pain, pus formation, and tissue swelling. The etiopathology of acute apical abscesses includes active (lytic) herpesviruses and gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. The present study examined the potential of valacyclovir, an anti-herpesvirus agent, and systemic amoxicillin to manage the pain of acute apical abscesses. Methods Twenty emergency patients with moderate to severe apical abscess pain received randomly either amoxicillin (1 g immediate dose followed by 500 mg, 4 times a day, totally 7 days) + valacyclovir (2 g immediate dose followed by 500 mg, twice a day, totally 3 days) (“valacyclovir” group, 10 patients) OR amoxicillin (1 g immediate dose followed by 500 mg, 4 times a day, totally 7 days) + placebo (“placebo” group, 10 patients). Daily telephone calls during the 6-day follow-up period assessed pain level on a numeric rating scale and analgesic intake. The Mann-Whitney and the Friedman statistical tests analyzed the outcome data. Results At the baseline examination, all 10 valacyclovir and 9 placebo patients exhibited moderate to severe pain and 18 patients needed pain medication. On the first day after baseline, the valacyclovir group showed 2 patients with moderate/severe pain and 1 patient on pain medication, but the placebo group revealed as many as 8 patients with moderate/severe pain and 9 patients on pain medication. The difference in pain level and analgesic usage between the valacyclovir and the placebo group remained statistically significant during the entire post-baseline study period (P Conclusion The present study points to valacyclovir as a promising adjunctive agent in pain control with acute apical abscesses.
Short-term and intermediate-term readmission after esophagectomy.

Background The objective of this study was to characterize short- and intermediate-term readmissions following esophagectomy and to identify predictors of readmission in these two groups. Methods Patients who underwent esophagectomy in the National Readmissions Database (2013-2014) were grouped according to whether first readmission was "short-term" (readmitted <30 days) or "intermediate-term" (readmitted 31-90 days) following index admission for esophagectomy. Predictors of readmission were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression modeling. Results Of the 3,005 patients who underwent esophagectomy, 544 (18.1%) had a short-term readmission and 305 (10.1%) had an intermediate-term readmission. The most frequent reasons for short-term readmission were post-operative infection (7.5%), dysphagia (6.3%) and pneumonia (5.1%). The most common intermediate-term complications were pneumonia (7.2%), gastrointestinal stricture/stenosis (6.9%) and dysphagia (5.9%). In multivariable analysis, being located in a micropolitan area, increasing number of comorbidities and higher severity of illness score were associated with an increased likelihood of having a short-term readmission while being discharged to a facility (as opposed to directly home) was associated with increased likelihood of both short- and intermediate-term readmission (all P<0.05). Conclusions In this analysis, postoperative infection was the most common reason for short-term readmission. Dysphagia and pneumonia were common reasons for both short- and intermediate-term readmission of patients following esophagectomy. Interventions focused on reducing the risk of postoperative infection and pneumonia may reduce hospital readmissions. Gastrointestinal stricture and dysphagia were associated with increased risk of intermediate readmission and should be examined in the context of morbidity associated with pyloric procedures (e.g., pyloromyotomy) at the time of esophagectomy.
Pediatric Pain Management in the Acute Surgical Setting – Assessment and Treatment Modalities

Assessment of pain, an aversive sensory and emotional experience, is more challenging in children with self-reports and objective pain measures. Subjective nature of pain, the maturity of the child, parental presence and influence, and inability to relate to pain as an experience complicate pediatric pain assessment and eventual treatment. The commonly used age-appropriate subjective and objective pain assessment tools are discussed in this chapter. Multiple treatment modalities including regional analgesia, opioids, non-opioid analgesics, analgesic adjuncts, use of intravenous ketamine and lidocaine, and evidence-based multimodal analgesia in relieving pain and enhancing recovery after surgery are discussed in this chapter.
Studies in the diabetic mutant mouse: I. Light microscopy and radioautography of pancreatic islets

Light microscopic and radioautographic studies were performed in normal (C 57 BL/KsJ) and in diabetic mutant (C 57 BL/Ks-db/db) mice following thymidine-3H administration. The pancreatic islets of normal mice were small, beta cells well granulated and a rare islet cell incorporated thymidine-3H. In prehyperglycemic mutants (blood glucose < 120 mg/100 ml) beta cells were also well granulated but incorporated thymidine-3H with greater frequency than observed in normal mice. With the onset of early hyperglycemia (blood glucose 130–200 mgm/100ml) and hyperinsulinemia, the islets were normal in size, however beta cells were partially degranulated and numerous islet cells were labeled with thymidine-3H. With established hyperglycemia (blood glucose < 200 mg/100 ml) serum IRI was greatly increased, beta cell degranulation pronounced, labeled islet cells numerous, and islet enlargement noteworthy. The terminal phase of the syndrome was characterized by a decrease in the number of beta cells and a unique proliferation of small ductal structures. Labeled ductal cells were numerous, labeled endocrine islet cells infrequent and the animals succumbed in a state of relative insulin insufficiency.
Saving for a Bleaker Tomorrow: iOMe Challenge 2010

The Millennial generation in the U.S. faces greater expected retirement needs, yet it has come of age in a period of declining household savings. A combination of reduced defined benefit availability, threats to Social Security and Medicare, increasing public debt, rising taxes, reduced expectations of economic growth and asset yields, and increasing longevity suggest that Millennials need to save more than prior generations. Evidence from nationally representative surveys suggests that 20‐somethings are saving less now than in the recent past, and may have fallen even further behind during the Great Recession after loading up on housing debt. There is also ample evidence that individual investors in general do not have the knowledge or patience to make effective investment decisions within discretionary retirement accounts. Perhaps of even more concern is the widening disparity in saving among the Millennials due to greater individual responsibility for funding retirement income coupled with low financial literacy and an increasingly complex financial marketplace. To increase savings rates, we suggest an emphasis on improving financial knowledge and marketing that highlights the consequences of low retirement savings to help young people visualize the trade-off from the choices they make today. In addition to generating increased awareness of the benefits from saving, the entire system of retirement saving in the U.S. needs to be simplified in order to improve participation rates, tax efficiency and investor performance. We propose improved disclosure that allows investors to see how their savings translates into an annuity stream at retirement, simplified investment options that allow the average investor to make better choices and more realistic employer participation rates that will lead to a more progressive, portable retirement savings system that is more likely to provide an adequate retirement income for a greater proportion of today's young investors.
Investigation of lysine acetylation and autophagy in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (737.3)

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa that chronically infects approximately one-third of the world’s population. In particular, T. gondii is a...
Iso-splatting: a point-based alternative to isosurface visualization

We present a new approach to isosurface visualization that we call "iso-splatting." We use point primitives for representing and rendering isosurfaces. The method consists of two steps. In the first step, point samples are generated throughout the volumetric domain of a scalar function. In the second step, these points are projected onto the isosurface of interest. We render the resulting point set using a surface splatting algorithm. The method can be extended to out-of-core or parallel environments. Our results show that this method can offer much greater time and space efficiency when compared with standard triangle-based methods, thereby supporting higher levels of interactivity. Parts of the algorithm can be accelerated using graphics hardware. One key advantage of this approach is that, since extraction computations are divided into two smaller phases, work can be distributed to exploit all available resources.
An Overview of Social Tagging and Applications

Social tagging on online portals has become a trend now. It has emerged as one of the best ways of associating metadata with web objects. With the increase in the kinds of web objects becoming available, collaborative tagging of such objects is also developing along new dimensions. This popularity has led to a vast literature on social tagging. In this survey paper, we would like to summarize different techniques employed to study various aspects of tagging. Broadly, we would discuss about properties of tag streams, tagging models, tag semantics, generating recommendations using tags, visualizations of tags, applications of tags, integration of different tagging systems and problems associated with tagging usage. We would discuss topics like why people tag, what influences the choice of tags, how to model the tagging process, kinds of tags, different power laws observed in tagging domain, how tags are created and how to choose the right tags for recommendation. Metadata generated in the form of tags can be efficiently used to improve web search, for web object classification, for generating ontologies, for enhanced browsing etc. We would discuss these applications and conclude with thoughts on future work in the area.
The lasso, persistence, and cross-validation

During the last fifteen years, the lasso procedure has been the target of a substantial amount of theoretical and applied research. Correspondingly, many results are known about its behavior for a fixed or optimally chosen smoothing parameter (given up to unknown constants). Much less, however, is known about the lasso's behavior when the smoothing parameter is chosen in a data dependent way. To this end, we give the first result about the risk consistency of lasso when the smoothing parameter is chosen via cross-validation. We consider the high-dimensional setting wherein the number of predictors p = nα, α > 0 grows with the number of observations.
Near-Optimal Conflict-Free Channel Set Assignments for an Optical Cluster-Based Hypercube Network

Recently a class of scalable multi-star optical networks is proposed. Inthis network class nodes are grouped into clusters. Each cluster employs aseparate pair of broadcast and select couplers. The clusters areinterconnected via fiber links according to a regular topology. This approachefficiently combines time and/or wavelength division with direct spacedivision. One important issue for this network class is the conflict-freechannel set assignment that maximizes spatial re-use of channels. This paperstudies the conflict-free channel set assignment for the hypercube clusterinterconnection topology. The approach in this paper is novel and isconjectured to be optimal.
Near-Earth Asteroids Close to Mean Motion Resonances: The Orbital Evolution

The results of study of orbital evolution of some real and fictitious Near-Earth asteroids close to low-order resonances with the Earth or other planets are presented. The investigations were carried out by means of a numerical integration of differential equations, taking into account of the perturbations from major planets (except Pluto) and Moon. For each investigated object an ensemble of 100 test particles with orbital elements nearby those of nominal orbit was constructed and its evolution was retraced on the time span (−3000, +3000 years).
Antacids for obstetric patients.

The aspiration of regurgitated or vomited gastric contents is the most common cause of maternal deaths associated with anesthetics, causing an estimated 2 per cent of all maternal deaths in the United States. The incidence of aspiration is estimated to be one of every 430 patients who undergo cesarean section with general anesthesia. The pulmonary complications of aspiration are improved or avoided if the pH of the gastric contents is higher than 2.50. The oral administration of 30 c.c. of magnesium trisilicate has been shown to increase the pH of the gastric contents to above 2.50 in 100 per cent of treated patients, whereas only 60 per cent of the control group were found to have a pH above 2.50. Oral preoperative or predelivery antacid therapy may help to eliminate the morbidity and deaths secondary to aspiration and as such may be an adjuvant to, but not a substitute for, the safe management of the obstetric patient.
CRL/NMSU: description of the CRL/NMSU systems used for MUC-6

This paper discusses the two CRL named entity recognition systems submitted for MUC-6. The systems are based on entirely different approaches. The first is a data intensive method, which uses human generated patterns. The second uses the training data to develop decision trees which detect the start and end points of names.
Nucleation of Iron Oxy-Hydroxide Nanoparticles by Layer-by-Layer Polyionic Assemblies

We report here the growth and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles by polyionic multilayers assembled by electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption. The polyions poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA) and polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) were used for the layer-by-layer assembly of the polyions. Nanoparticle nucleation was achieved by a cyclic repetition of Fe oxidative hydrolysis under an inert atmosphere. We employed UV−vis analysis for both monitoring the multilayer assembly process and ascertaining the influence of the Fe oxidative hydrolysis process on the integrity of the polymer film. No degradation of the multilayers due to the particle growth procedure was observed. The nucleation and growth of needle-shaped nanoparticles with a length of about 100 nm and a width of about 10 nm were detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The void volume of the polymer matrix provided an upper limit to the particle size. As shown by selective area electron diffraction (SAED), the polycrystalline...