cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Electron-Beam Welded Hollow Balls for High-Speed Ball Bearings

An experimental investigation was performed with two series (115 and 215) of 75 mm bore ball bearings using hollow balls as the rolling elements. The bearings were tested at 500 and 1000 pounds thrust loads at shaft speeds up to 24000 rpm. The 115 series bearings with 1/2-in. SAE 52100 steel balls showed very little difference in torque, outer-race temperature, or rolling-element fatigue life when compared to similar data for a solid ball bearing. The 215 series bearings with 11/16-in. AISI M-50 steel balls showed only slight differences in torque and outer-race temperature but a very significant decrease in rolling-element fatigue life compared to a solid ball bearing. The balls failed in flexure fatigue, due to a stress concentration in the weld area.
Baryons and dark matter from the late decay of a supersymmetric condensate

Abstract The possibility that both the baryon asymmetry and dark matter arise from the late decay of a population of supersymmetric particles is considered. If the decay takes place below the LSP freeze out temperature, a nonthermal distribution of LSPs results. With conserved R parity these relic LSPs contribute to the dark matter density. A net asymmetry can exist in the population of decaying particles if it arises from coherent production along a supersymmetric flat direction. The asymmetry is transferred to baryons if the condensate decays through the lowest order nonrenormalizable operators which couple to R odd combinations of standard model particles. This also ensures at least one LSP per decay. The relic baryon and LSP number densities are then roughly equal. The ratio of baryon to dark matter densities is then naturally Ω b Ω LSP ∼ O ( m b m LSP ) . The resulting upper limit on the LSP mass is model dependent but in the range O (30–140) GeV. The total relic density is related to the order at which the flat direction which gives rise to the condensate is lifted. The observed density is obtained for a direction which is lifted by a fourth order Planck scale suppressed operator in the superpotential.
Comment on “Modeling non-monotone risk aversion using SAHARA utility functions” [J. Econ. Theory 146 (2011) 2075–2092]

Abstract We correct the results in Proposition 2.2 (p. 2078) of Chen et al. (2011) [1] and the part on comparison of prudence levels on p. 2081.
The macroeconomic consequences of disasters

Natural disasters have a statistically observable adverse impact on the macro-economy in the short-run and costlier events lead to more pronounced slowdowns in production. Yet, interestingly, developing countries, and smaller economies, face much larger output declines following a disaster of similar relative magnitude than do developed countries or bigger economies. A close study of the determinants of these adverse macroeconomic output costs reveals several interesting patterns. Countries with a higher literacy rate, better institutions, higher per capita income, higher degree of openness to trade, and higher levels of government spending are better able to withstand the initial disaster shock and prevent further spillovers into the macro-economy. These all suggest an increased ability to mobilize resources for reconstruction. Financial conditions also seem to be of importance; countries with more foreign exchange reserves, and higher levels of domestic credit, but with less-open capital accounts appear more robust and better able to endure natural disasters, with less adverse spillover into domestic production.
Optimal Border Policies for Invasive Species under Asymmetric Information

This paper analyzes the problem faced by a border protection agency if endogenous exporter abatement activities affect invasive species risk, allowing for unobservable differences in abatement cost. We show how the optimal inspection/penalty regime differs from the symmetric information case. Departing from previous literature, we allow for technical assistance, a policy instrument specifically permitted and commonly employed under Article 9 of the World Trade Organization Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement. We find the information asymmetry can make it optimal for the importing country to provide technical assistance grants for exporter risk abatement, even if it would otherwise be inefficient. Further, we show that fungibility of technical assistance with inputs in other sectors of the exporting economy affects the qualitative nature of optimal policy. If technical assistance has no outside value in the exporter’s country, optimal policy is characterized by a menu of contracts balancing higher tariffs with lower penalties for being caught with an invasive. If technical assistance can be used in other sectors of the exporter’s economy, it can introduce countervailing incentives making a uniform tariff/penalty combination optimal.
Renal infection in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Upper urinary tract (renal) infections have been reported to be frequent and difficult to treat in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. This study examined renal infections and responses to therapy in this patient population. Fifteen cyst infections and 11 parenchymal infections occurred during the study. Eighty-seven percent of the cyst and 91 percent of the parenchymal infections occurred in women. Gram-negative enterics were the causative organisms in 92 percent of the cyst and 100 percent of the parenchymal infections. All of the parenchymal but only one of the cyst infections responded to therapy with ampicillin and an aminoglycoside despite favorable sensitivities. Eighty-three percent of the cyst infections were eradicated with use of lipid-soluble antibiotics. It is concluded that Cyst infections are refractory to therapy with the antibiotics commonly used to treat urinary infections; Female preference and enteric organism predominance suggest that these renal infections are acquired retrograde from the urinary bladder.
Lletz is an acceptable alternative to diagnostic cold-knife conization

Large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) provides a pathologic specimen similar to a cold-knife cone (CKC) biopsy of the cervix. One hundred twenty women with indications for a cone biopsy were evaluated with LLETZ to determine if this procedure is an acceptable alternative to traditional cold-knife conization of the cervix. All patients had LLETZ performed in the clinic under local anesthesia. An average of 2.1 slices was required to remove the transformation zone. Coagulation artifact interfered with histologic diagnosis in only 1.8% of specimens. The number of slices taken during the LLETZ procedure significantly correlated with the amount of heat artifact in the pathology specimen (P = 0.02) and interfered with the ability of the pathologist to determine complete excision of dysplasia (P = 0.03). LLETZ is an acceptable alternative to diagnostic CKC and can offer a substantial cost savings. To facilitate histopathologic interpretation, every effort should be made to minimize the number of slices and to maintain orientation of the LLETZ specimen. Endocervical curettage performed after LLETZ can identify a group of patients who are at high risk for CIN recurrence.
Supergravity instantons for N=2 hypermultiplets

Abstract The dimensional reduction of eleven-dimensional supergravity on a Calabi–Yau manifold gives N=2 supergravity in five dimensions with h 1,1 vector and h 2,1 +1 hypermultiplets. In this paper instanton solutions are constructed which are responsible for non-perturbative corrections to the hypermultiplet moduli spaces. These instantons are wrapped Euclidean membranes and fivebranes. For vanishing fivebrane charge the BPS conditions for these solutions define a flow in the hypermultiplet moduli space and are isomorphic to the attractor equations for four-dimensional black holes.
The synthesis and optical properties of the first quinone-linked porphyrin dimer

Abstract The quinone-linked porphyrin dimer 2 was prepared by the coupling of dipyrrolic intermediates. Compound 2 , as a dilute solution in toluene, shows no detectable fluorescence when irradiated at 407 nm.
Statistical Distribution of Tapered Roller Bearing Fatigue Lives at High Levels of Reliability

The original two-parameter Weibull distribution used for rolling element fatigue tends to under-estimate life at high levels of reliability. This is due to the fact that a finite life value for which 100% of the population will survive cannot be considered with this method. However, empirical evidence of a minimum life at 100% reliability has been shown for through hardened ball and spherical roller bearings, linear ball bearings, and tapered roller bearings (TRB), however for TRB’s there is no mention as to the heat treatment nor is there a method put forth to approximate the data. Therefore, an experimental data set of 9702 TRB’s, 98% case carburized (CC), and another data set of 280 through hardened (TH) TRB’s were collected and utilized to provide evidence of a finite life at 100% reliability. The current data for both heat treatments appeared to follow that previously published for TRB’s, however varied from published work on other bearing types. Next, a three-parameter Weibull distribution was fit to the CC data and found to be equally applicable to the TH data set. Use of this three-parameter Weibull distribution reduced the overall RMS error over both data sets by at least half, and at very high reliability levels by at least one-third compared to the two-parameter Weibull, both conservatively underestimating. However, as there is still some error in the three-parameter Weibull fit and differences in the results based upon bearing type and date of study, more investigation should be conducted in this area to identify the proper variables and the true statistical distribution for all rolling bearing constructions.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Diagonal approximation of the form factor of the unitary group

The form factor of the unitary group U(N) endowed with the Haar measure characterizes the correlations within the spectrum of a typical unitary matrix. It can be decomposed into a sum over pairs of 'periodic orbits', where by periodic orbit we understand any sequence of matrix indices. From here the diagonal approximation can be defined in the usual fashion as a sum only over pairs of identical orbits. We prove that as we take the dimension N to infinity, the diagonal approximation becomes 'exact', that is converges to the full form factor in the interval ? [0, 1].
On the Nonlinear Dynamics of Electromagnetically Transduced Microresonators

This paper investigates the dynamics of electromagnetically actuated and sensed microresonators. These resonators consist of a silicon microcantilever and a current-carrying metallic wire loop. When placed in a permanent magnetic field and an alternating current is supplied, the devices vibrate due to Lorentz interactions. These vibrations, in turn, induce an electromotive force, which can be correlated to the dynamic response of the device. The nature of this transduction process results in an intrinsic coupling between the system's input and output, which must be analytically and experimentally characterized to fully understand the dynamics of the devices of interest. This paper seeks to address this need through the modeling, analysis, and experimental characterization of the nonlinear response of electromagnetically transduced microcantilevers in the presence of inductive and resistive coupling between the devices' input and output ports. A complete understanding of this behavior should enable the application of electromagnetically transduced microsystems in practical contexts ranging from resonant mass sensing to micromechanical signal processing.
Galaxy evolution from halo occupation distribution modeling of deep2 and sdss galaxy clustering

We model the luminosity-dependent projected two-point correlation function of DEEP2 (z ~ 1) and SDSS (z ~ 0) galaxies within the HOD framework. At both epochs, there is a tight correlation between central galaxy luminosity and halo mass, with the slope and scatter decreasing for larger halo masses, and the fraction of satellite galaxies decreases at higher luminosity. We find little evolution in the relation between mass scales of host halos for central galaxies and satellite galaxies above the same luminosity threshold. Combining these HOD results with theoretical predictions of the typical growth of halos, we establish an evolutionary connection between the galaxy populations at the two redshifts by linking z ~ 0 central galaxies to z ~ 1 central galaxies that reside in their progenitor halos. We find that the stellar mass growth of galaxies depends on halo mass. On average, the majority of the stellar mass in central galaxies residing in z ~ 0 low-mass halos (~5 × 1011 h-1 M☉) and only a small fraction of the stellar mass in central galaxies of high-mass halos (~1013 h-1 M☉) result from star formation between z ~ 1 and z ~ 0. In addition, the mass scale of halos where the star formation efficiency reaches a maximum is found to shift toward lower mass with time. Future work that combines HOD modeling of the clustering of galaxies at different redshifts with the assembly history and dynamical evolution of dark matter halos can lead to an understanding of the stellar mass growth due to both mergers and star formation as a function of host halo mass and provide powerful tests of galaxy formation theories.
How Close are We to Having Structure-Modifying Drugs Available?

This review describes the potential of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs), distinguishing between preventing, retarding, stopping, and reversing disease and what might be clinically meaningful. The authors also describe whether there is any evidence to suggest that one can modify disease, and whether the current tissue that is predominantly focused on, namely, cartilage, is an appropriate target. The methodologic approaches and other obstacles to demonstrating efficacy of these agents in clinical trials are considered. This discussion is a narrative review in a field that is rapidly evolving. It is hoped the reader appreciates the complexity of the field and the likely road ahead to DMOAD development.
Cavity-enabled self-electro-optic bistability in silicon photonics

We propose a new type of bistable device for silicon photonics, using the self-electro-optic effect within an optical cavity. Since the bistability does not depend on the intrinsic optical nonlinearity of the material, but is instead engineered by means of optoelectronic feedback, it appears at low optical powers. This bistable device satisfies all the basic criteria required in an optical switch to build a scalable digital optical computing system.
Mean stochastic comparison of diffusions

Stochastic bounds are derived for one dimensional diffusions (and somewhat more general random processes) by dominating one process pathwise by a convex combination of other processes. The method permits comparison of diffusions with different diffusion coefficients. One interpretation of the bounds is that an optimal control is identified for certain diffusions with controlled drift and diffusion coefficients, when the reward function is convex. An example is given to show how the bounds and the Liapunov function technique can be applied to yield bounds for multidimensional diffusions.
Venture capital financing and the growth of startup firms

Abstract This study examines the association between the presence of venture capital (VC) and the employee growth of startups. Grounded in signaling theory, it investigates the impact, if any, of VC financing events upon the growth of these companies and whether the amount of funding affects the intensity of the signal. It further explores whether VC leads to growth or, alternatively, whether growth signals the need for VC. Finally, it documents the relationship between growth in startup financial valuation and changes in the number of employees over successive rounds of financing.
Deiodination of iodolactones by transfer hydrogenolysis using raney nickel and 2-propanol

Raney nickel in refluxing 2-propanol is an effective catalytic system for reducing iodolactones into their corresponding lactones.
On Nonshearing Magnetic Configurations in Differentially Rotating Disks

A new class of disk MHD equilibrium solutions is described, which is valid within the standard local (shearing sheet) approximation scheme. These solutions have the following remarkable property: velocity streamlines and magnetic lines of force rotate rigidly, even in the presence of differential rotation. This situation comes about because the Lorentz forces acting upon modified epicycles compel fluid elements to follow magnetic lines of force. Field line (and streamline) configurations may be elliptical or hyperbolic, prograde or retrograde. These structures have previously known hydrodynamical analogs: the planet solutions described by Goodman, Narayan, & Goldreich. The primary focus of this investigation is configurations in the disk plane. A related family of solutions lying in a vertical plane is briefly discussed; other families of solutions may exist. Whether these MHD structures are stable is not yet known, but could readily be determined by three-dimensional simulations. If stable or quasi-stable, these simple structures may find important applications in both accretion and galactic disks.
Modeling the Hydrodesulfurization Reaction at Nickel. Unusual Reactivity of Dibenzothiophenes Relative to Thiophene and Benzothiophene

The nickel hydride dimer [(dippe)NiH]2 (1) was found to react with a variety of organosulfur substrates under mild conditions leading to C−S bond insertion adducts. The transition-metal insertions ...
When the State Tries to See Like a Family: Cultural Pluralism and the Family Group Conference in New Zealand

In 1989 New Zealand legislators revised their child welfare legislation, partially in response to Māori and Pacific Island critiques that the previous state-centered regime had failed to take into account their culturally distinctive techniques for being a family and had failed to support culturally specific practices of decision making and conflict resolution. Legislators instituted a new and increasingly popular form of alternative dispute resolution—the family group conference—in an attempt to create a bureaucratic response to family dysfunction that was capacious enough to allow for any and every family's involvement. In the process, however, they continued to understand what counts as a family along nuclear family lines. Against the New Zealand lawmakers’ assumptions, this article illustrates how, in the context of transnational migration, Samoan families experience tensions between the nuclear family unit that lawmakers envision and their lived extended kinship groups. As extended families, Samoan migrant families’ goal is not to produce socially productive citizens for the nation-state, but rather to produce a transnational family reputation. Thus, despite the legislators’ efforts to create culturally sensitive forms for family conflict resolution, Samoan social workers and community counselors had to translate the legislative act for Samoan families, negotiating and managing the conflicting presuppositions of what it means to be a nuclear family embedded in the act and what it means to be an extended family for Samoans.
Bodies Having Minimum Pressure Drag in Supersonic Flow: Investigating Nonlinear Effects

T HE life cycle of engineering design involves innovating to introduce a product, and when that is done, looking for ways to make itwork better. Supersonic aerodynamics can be looked atwith a similar perspective. Man has always wanted to fly faster. While the basicmechanics of supersonic flightwas laid out in the 1950s, people are yet to find ways in which to make Supersonic flight more efficient. One of the classic research problems in supersonic flight has been that of finding two-dimensional and axisymmetric profiles that have minimum pressure drag in supersonic flow. The two-dimensional sections are used as wing-profile sections, and the axisymmetric profiles are useful in that the distribution of the cross-sectional area is made to follow the optimumdistribution (the area rule). This problem becomes redundant without suitable constraints. The minimum drag shape is a flat plate in two-dimensional flow and a needle-like profile in axisymmetric flow. This, however, is not a meaningful result. To make the problem more meaningful, the enclosed area/volume should be kept constant. The ends should also be kept pointed. This is to anchor the shocks firmly to the leading and trailing edges. This problem has been solved in the fifties using a linear flow model. However, recent advances in computational fluid dynamics and aerodynamic shape optimization have made it possible for this problem to be analyzed using a nonlinear flow model. The results of this exercise are discussed in this paper.
Mid- and far-infrared spectroscopic studies of the influence of temperature, ultraviolet photolysis and ion irradiation on cosmic-type ices

Infrared (IR) studies of laboratory ices can provide information on the evolution of cosmic-type ices as a function of different simulated space environments involving thermal, ultraviolet (UV), or ion processing. Laboratory radiation experiments can lead to the formation of complex organic molecules. However, because of our lack of knowledge about UV photon and ion fluxes, and exposure lifetimes, it is not certain how well our simulations represent space conditions. Appropriate laboratory experiments are also limited by the absence of knowledge about the composition, density, and temperature of ices in different regions of space. Our current understanding of expected doses due to UV photons and cosmic rays is summarized here, along with an inventory of condensed-phase molecules identified on outer solar system surfaces, comets and interstellar grains. Far-IR spectra of thermally cycled H2O are discussed since these results reflect the dramatic difference between the amorphous and crystalline phases of H2O ice, the most dominant condensed-phase molecule in cosmic ices. A comparison of mid-IR spectra of products in proton-irradiated and UV-photolyzed ices shows that few differences are observed for these two forms of processing for the simple binary mixtures studied to date. IR identification of radiation products and experiments to determine production rates of new molecules in ices during processing are discussed. A new technique for measuring intrinsic IR band strengths of several unstable molecules is presented. An example of our laboratory results applied to Europa observations is included.
Diverse supernova sources for the r-process

We present a simplified analysis using equations for the charge flow, which include ν_e capture, for the production of r-process nuclei in the context of the recent supernova hot bubble model. The role of ν_e capture in speeding up the charge flow, particularly at the closed neutron shells, is studied together with the β flow at freezeout and the effect of neutrino-induced neutron emission on the abundance pattern after freezeout. It is shown that a semiquantitative agreement with the gross solar r-process abundance pattern from the peak at mass number A ~ 130 through the peak at A ~ 195 and up to the region of the actinides can be obtained by a superposition of two distinctive kinds of r-process events. These correspond to a low frequency case L and a high frequency case H, which take into account the low abundance of ^(129)I and the high abundance of ^(182)Hf in the early solar nebula. The lifetime of ^(182)Hf (τ_(182) ≈ 1.3 × 10^7 yr) associates the events in case H with the most common Type II supernovae. These events would be mainly responsible for the r-process nuclei near and above A ~ 195. They would also make a significant amount of the nuclei between A ~ 130 and 195, including ^(182)Hf, but would make very little ^(129)I. In order to match the solar r-process abundance pattern and to satisfy the ^(129)I and ^(182)Hf constraints, the events in case L, which would make the r-process nuclei near A ~ 130 and the bulk of those between A ~ 130 and 195, must occur ~10 times less frequently but eject ~10-20 times more r-process material in each event. Assuming that all of the supernovae producing r-process nuclei represent a similar overall process, we speculate that the usual neutron star remnants, and hence prolonged ejection of r-process material, are associated with the events in case L. We further speculate that the more frequently occurring events in case H have ejection of other r-process material terminated by black hole formation during the neutrino cooling phase of the protoneutron star. This suggests that there is now an inventory of ~5 × 10^8 black holes with masses ~1 M_☉ and ~5 × 10^7 neutron stars resulting from supernovae in the Galaxy. This r-process model would have little effect on the estimates of the supernova contributions to the non-r-process nuclei.
The ABCs of Charitable Solicitation

Abstract We estimate the effect of a marginal personal solicitation after receiving two to four non-personal solicitations using observational data on alumni giving at an anonymous research university, which we refer to as Anon U. At Anon U, volunteers use lists provided by the Development Office to telephone classmates and solicit them for donations. The names on these lists are always in alphabetical order. The volunteers who do the soliciting often run out of time before they reach the end of their lists. These observations suggest a simple strategy for testing whether personal solicitation matters, viz ., examine whether alumni with names toward the end of the alphabet are less likely to give than alumni with names toward the beginning, ceteris paribus . If so, then a marginal personal solicitation matters. Our main finding is that the location in the alphabet — and hence, a marginal personal solicitation — has a strong effect on the probability of making a gift. A rough estimate of the elasticity of the probability of giving with respect to the probability of receiving a personal solicitation is 0.15. However, there is no statistically discernible effect on the amount given, conditional on donating.
Semiconducting black phosphorus: synthesis, transport properties and electronic applications

Phosphorus is one of the most abundant elements preserved in earth, and it comprises a fraction of ∼0.1% of the earth crust. In general, phosphorus has several allotropes, and the two most commonly seen allotropes, i.e. white and red phosphorus, are widely used in explosives and safety matches. In addition, black phosphorus, though rarely mentioned, is a layered semiconductor and has great potential in optical and electronic applications. Remarkably, this layered material can be reduced to one single atomic layer in the vertical direction owing to the van der Waals structure, and is known as phosphorene, in which the physical properties can be tremendously different from its bulk counterpart. In this review article, we trace back to the research history on black phosphorus of over 100 years from the synthesis to material properties, and extend the topic from black phosphorus to phosphorene. The physical and transport properties are highlighted for further applications in electronic and optoelectronics devices.
LES of spatially developing turbulent boundary layer over a concave surface

We revisit the problem of a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer over a concave surface. Unlike previous investigations, we simulate the combined effects of streamline curvature as well as curvature-induced pressure gradients on the turbulence. Our focus is on investigating the response of the turbulent boundary layer to the sudden onset of curvature and the destabilising influence of concave surface in the presence of pressure gradients. This is of interest for evaluating the turbulence closure models. At the beginning of the curve, the momentum thickness Reynolds number is 1520 and the ratio of the boundary layer thickness to the radius of curvature is δ0/R = 0.055. The radial profiles of the mean velocity and turbulence statistics at different locations along the concave surface are presented. Our recently proposed curvature-corrected Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model is assessed in an a posteriori sense and the improvements obtained over the base model are reported. From the large ...
Purification of Polyhydroxybutyrate Synthase from Its Native Organism, Ralstonia eutropha: Implications for the Initiation and Elongation of Polymer Formation in Vivo

Class I polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthase (PhaC) from Ralstonia eutropha catalyzes the formation of PHB from (R)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, ultimately resulting in the formation of insoluble granules. Previous mechanistic studies of R. eutropha PhaC, purified from Escherichia coli (PhaC(Ec)), demonstrated that the polymer elongation rate is much faster than the initiation rate. In an effort to identify a factor(s) from the native organism that might prime the synthase and increase the rate of polymer initiation, an N-terminally Strep2-tagged phaC (Strep2-PhaC(Re)) was constructed and integrated into the R. eutropha genome in place of wild-type phaC. Strep2-PhaC(Re) was expressed and purified by affinity chromatography from R. eutropha grown in nutrient-rich TSB medium for 4 h (peak production PHB, 15% cell dry weight) and 24 h (PHB, 2% cell dry weight). Analysis of the purified PhaC by size exclusion chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and gel permeation chromatography revealed that it unexpectedly copurified with the phasin protein, PhaP1, and with soluble PHB (M(w) = 350 kDa) in a "high-molecular weight" (HMW) complex and in monomeric/dimeric (M/D) forms with no associated PhaP1 or PHB. Assays for monitoring the formation of PHB in the HMW complex showed no lag phase in CoA release, in contrast to M/D forms of PhaC(Re) (and PhaC(Ec)), suggesting that PhaC in the HMW fraction has been isolated in a PHB-primed form. The presence of primed and nonprimed PhaC suggests that the elongation rate for PHB formation is also faster than the initiation rate in vivo. A modified micelle model for granule genesis is proposed to accommodate the reported observations.
Corrective Repair of Complete Atrioventricular Canal Defects and Major Associated Cardiac Anomalies

Twenty-nine patients with balanced forms of complete atrioventricular (AV) canal defects and tetralogy of Fallot in 12, double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) in 10, and additional anomalies associated with atrial isomerism in 7 underwent corrective repair. Age ranged from 39 days to 24 years (median, 3.7 years). Repair included reconstruction of the common AV valve in 25 patients and prosthetic valve replacement in 4. Construction of an intraventricular tunnel connecting the left ventricle with the aorta was accomplished in 23 of 25 patients with ventriculoarterial concordant or double-outlet connections. In 2 patients with situs inversus and associated DORV and in 4 patients in the isomerism group who had ventriculoarterial discordant connections, repair included intraatrial venous diversion by a modified Senning procedure in 2, a modified Mustard venous switch in 1, and a tailored atrial baffle in 3. A valved extracardiac conduit was required for repair in 4 patients. Partial anomalous systemic venous connection was repaired in 7 patients and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, in 5. There was 1 hospital death (3%) and 3 late deaths (11%). There was 1 (3.6%) reoperation to replace an incompetent right (systemic) AV valve 17 months postoperatively, and each of the 25 surviving patients was in New York Heart Association Functional Class I (80%) or II (20%) at follow-up.
A Semidefinite Approach for Truncated K-Moment Problems

A truncated moment sequence (tms) in n variables and of degree d is a finite sequence y=(yź) indexed by nonnegative integer vectors ź:=(ź1,ź,źn) such that ź1+ź+źn≤d. Let K⊆źn be a semialgebraic set. The truncated K-moment problem (TKMP) is: How can one check if a tms y admits a K-measure μ (a nonnegative Borel measure supported in K) such that $y_{\alpha}= \int_{K} x_{1}^{\alpha_{1}}\cdots x_{n}^{\alpha_{n}}\,\mathrm{d}\mu$ for every ź? This paper proposes a semidefinite programming (SDP) approach for solving TKMP. When K is compact, we get the following results: whether a tms admits a K-measure or not can be checked via solving a sequence of SDP problems; when y admits no K-measure, a certificate for the nonexistence can be found; when y admits one, a representing measure for y can be obtained from solving the SDP problems under some necessary and some sufficient conditions. Moreover, we also propose a practical SDP method for finding flat extensions, which in our numerical experiments always found a finitely atomic representing measure when it exists.
Optical Constant Determination of Thin Polymer Films in the Infrared

Thin films of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(styrene) were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The interference fringes present in the transmission spectra of these samples were used to determine film thickness and average refractive index. Subsequent Kramers-Kronig analysis of these transmission spectra provided the dispersion of the refractive index and the absorption index across the entire mid-infrared region. Interference fringes were absent in the optical constant spectra, and good agreement was obtained between our optical constant spectra and those of other authors.
Will reliability limit moore's law?

Up to the present time reliability has not limited the rapid evolution of Si process technologies. However, the near future will bring a continual stream of innovations in transistor architecture and gate dielectric and interconnect materials. Maintaining historical high levels of reliability in this environment will be challenging. In this paper we discuss the reliability issues that have the potential to limit the future pace of technology progress.
Intramolecular photocycloaddition and retro-mannich fragmentation of acyclic tertiary vinylogous amides

Abstract The intramolecular photocycloaddition/fragmentation of tertiary vinylogous amides, in which stabilization of the chromophore by intramolecular hydrogen bonding is not possible, and the selective conversion of the derived zwitterionic intermediate to either ketoenamine, aminal or ketoiminium products is described.
All-optical networks with sparse wavelength conversion

Unlike broadcast-and-select networks, wavelength-routing networks offer the advantages of wavelength reuse and scalability and are thus suitable for wide-area networks (WANs) We study the effects of topological connectivity and wavelength conversion in circuit-switched all-optical wavelength-routing networks. A blocking analysis of such networks is given. We first propose an analytical framework for accurate analysis of networks with arbitrary topology. We then introduce a model for networks with a variable number of converters and analyze the effect of wavelength converter density on the blocking probability. This framework is applied to three regular network topologies that have varying levels of connectivity: the ring, the mesh-torus, and the hypercube. The results show that either a relatively small number of converters is sufficient for a certain level of performance or that conversion does not offer a significant advantage. The benefits of conversion are largely dependent on the network load, the number of available wavelengths, and the connectivity of the network. Finally, the tradeoff between physical connectivity, wavelength conversion, and the number of available wavelengths is studied through networks with random topologies.
The Limits to Planning Causal Impacts of City Climate Action Plans

If planning is to matter for urban development and policy, it is not sufficient for plans to be implemented. Plans and planning must also have a causal role—they must lead to outcomes that would no...
On the embedded primes of the Mayr–Meyer ideals

Table of contents: Section 1. Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Section 2. Sixteen embedded components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Section 3. 15(d+ 1) more embedded primes (plus d − d if n = 2) . . . . . . . . 7 Section 4. (n− 1)(d − d) more embedded primes, for n > 2 . . . . . . . . . . 11 Section 5. Reduction to another family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Statistical mechanics of a cat's cradle

It is believed that, much like a cat's cradle, the cytoskeleton can be thought of as a network of strings under tension. We show that both regular and random bond-disordered networks having bonds that buckle upon compression exhibit a variety of phase transitions as a function of temperature and extension. The results of self-consistent phonon calculations for the regular networks agree very well with computer simulations at finite temperature. The analytic theory also yields a rigidity onset (mechanical percolation) and the fraction of extended bonds for random networks. There is very good agreement with the simulations by Delaney et al (2005 Europhys. Lett. 72 990). The mean field theory reveals a nontranslationally invariant phase with self-generated heterogeneity of tautness, representing 'antiferroelasticity'.
Photon emission from quark-gluon plasma: complete leading order results

Wecomputethephotonemissionrateofanequilibrated,hotQCDplasmaat zero chemical potential, to leading order in both fiEM and the QCD coupling gs(T). This requires inclusion of near-collinear bremsstrahlung and inelastic pair annihilation contri- butions, andcorrect incorporation of Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal suppressionefiects for these processes. Analogous resultsfor aQED plasmaare also included.
Obstructive sleep apnea in young infants with Down Syndrome evaluated in a Down Syndrome specialty clinic

Children with Down syndrome (DS) experience congenital and functional medical issues that predispose them to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Research utilizing stringent age criteria among samples of infants with DS and OSA is limited. This study examines clinical correlates of OSA among infants with DS. A retrospective chart review was conducted of infants ≤6 months of age referred to a DS clinic at a tertiary children's hospital over five-years (n = 177). Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression models were utilized to analyze the data. Fifty-nine infants underwent polysomnography, based on clinical concerns. Of these, 95% (56/59) had studies consistent with OSA. Among infants with OSA, 71% were identified as having severe OSA (40/56). The minimum overall prevalence of OSA among the larger group of infants was 31% (56/177). Significant relationships were found between OSA and dysphagia, congenital heart disease (CHD), prematurity, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and other functional and anatomic gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. Results indicate that odds of OSA in this group are higher among infants with GI conditions in comparison to those without. Co-occurring dysphagia and CHD predicted the occurrence of OSA in 36% of cases with an overall predictive accuracy rate of 71%. Obstructive sleep apnea is relatively common in young infants with DS and often severe. Medical factors including GI conditions, dysphagia and CHD may help to identify infants who are at greater risk and may warrant evaluation. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of OSA in infants with DS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HERA-B: physics potential and prospects

Abstract HERA-B is a hadroproduction experiment located at DESY in Hamburg, Germany. The experiment produces B mesons and baryons by inserting thin wire targets into the halo of the proton beam circulating in the HERA storage ring. The B decays are studied to search for evidence of CP violation and constrain the angle β and possibly γ and α of the CKM unitarity triangle. The experiment also produces B s mesons; these decays are studied to measure or constrain the mass difference Δ m s and width difference Δ Γ s between the two B s 0 / B s 0 mass eigenstates. Finally, the large number of B's produced allows HERA-B to search for rare and forbidden decays such as B → K (∗) l 1 + l 2 − . The experiment is scheduled to begin running in early 2000.
Vena Cava Filters in Unstable Elderly Patients with Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Abstract Background Inferior vena cava filters are associated with a reduced in-hospital all-cause case fatality rate of unstable patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Whether vena cava filters are associated with a reduced case fatality rate in adults of all ages with unstable pulmonary embolism, particularly the elderly, has not been determined. Methods Unstable patients with pulmonary embolism (in shock or ventilator dependent) 1999-2008 were identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Results Among 21,095 unstable patients with pulmonary embolism who received thrombolytic therapy, in-hospital all-cause case fatality rate was lower in every age group who received a vena cava filter in addition to thrombolytic therapy ( P = .0012 to P Conclusion Vena cava filters are associated with a reduced in-hospital all-cause case fatality rate in unstable adults with pulmonary embolism, irrespective of age.
The Structure of the Cyclohexyl Radical from State-Selective Photofragment Translational Spectroscopy of the Axial and Equatorial Conformers of Iodocyclohexane

Abstract Iodocyclohexane (C6H11I) is photodissociated and studied with state-selective photofragment translational spectroscopy. Angular, velocity, and translational energy distributions are obtained for the ground state I(2P 3 2 ) and the excited state I*(2P 1 2 ) photodissociated iodine atoms. The kinetic energy released in the photodissociation of the axial conformer is 6.0 ± 0.8 kcal/mol greater than that produced from the equatorial conformer. This suggests that the cyclohexyl radical produced from the axial iodocyclohexane has less internal energy than that formed from the equatorial conformer. The conclusion is thus reached that the ground state of the cyclohexyl radical has the hydrogen atom at its radical center in the equatorial position.
Discovery of the Coolest Extreme Subdwarf

We report the discovery of LEHPM 2-59 as the coolest extreme M subdwarf (esdM) found to date. Optical and near-infrared spectroscopy demonstrate that this source is of later spectral type than the esdM7 APMPM J0559-2903, with the presence of strong alkali lines (including Rb I), VO absorption at 7400 ?, and H2O absorption at 1.4 ?m. Current optical classification schemes yield a spectral type of esdM8, making LEHPM 2-59 one of only two ultracool esdMs known. The substantial space velocity of this object (Vgalactic ? -180 km s-1) identifies it as a halo star. Spectral model fits to the optical and near-infrared spectral data for this and four other late-type esdMs indicate that LEHPM 2-59 is the coolest esdM currently known, with Teff = 2800-3000 K and -1.5 [M/H] -2.0. Comparison of Teff determinations for M dwarfs and esdMs based on spectral model fits from this study and the literature demonstrate a divergence in Teff scales beyond spectral types ~M5/esdM5, as large as 600-800 K by types M8/esdM8. While this divergence is likely an artifact of the underlying classification scheme, it may lead to systematic errors in the derived properties of intermediate metallicity subdwarfs. We comment on the future of ultracool subdwarf classification and suggest several ideas for addressing shortcomings in current (largely extrapolated) schemes.
Shell Shock and Cloud Shock: Results from Spatially Resolved X-Ray Spectroscopy with Chandra in the Cygnus Loop

We use the Chandra X-Ray Observatory to analyze interactions of the blast wave and the inhomogeneous interstellar medium on the western limb of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant. This field of view includes an initial interaction between the blast wave and a large cloud as well as the encounter of the shock front and the shell that surrounds the cavity of the supernova progenitor. Uniquely, the X-rays directly trace the shock front in the dense cloud, where we measure temperature kT = 0.03 keV. We find kT ≈ 0.2 keV in regions where reflected shocks further heat previously shocked material. Applying one-dimensional models to these interactions, we determine the original blast-wave velocity vbw ≈ 330 km s-1 in the ambient medium. We do not detect strong evidence for instabilities or nonequilibrium conditions on the arcsecond scales we resolve. These sensitive, high-resolution data indicate no exceptional abundance variations in this region of the Cygnus Loop.
Tidal acceleration of ultrarelativistic particles

We investigate the motion of free relativistic particles relative to the ambient medium around a gravitationally collapsed system. If the relative speed exceeds a critical value given by c/ √ 2, the gravitational tidal effects exhibit novel features that are contrary to Newtonian expectations. In particular, ultrarelativistic jet clumps moving freely outward along the rotation axis strongly decelerate with respect to the ambient medium, while ultrarelativistic particles strongly accelerate in directions normal to the jet axis. The implications of these direct consequences of general relativity for jets in microquasars and the origin of the high-energy cosmic rays are briefly mentioned.
Exact Solution of Induced Lattice Gauge Theory at Large $N$

We find the exact solution of a recently proposed model of the lattice gauge theory induced by heavy scalar field in adjoint representation at N=∞ for arbitrary dimension D. The nonlinear integral equation for the gauge invariant density of eigenvalues of the vacuum average of the scalar field is derived. In the continuum limit, the density grows as ɸα where $\alpha = 1 + \frac{1}{\pi }$ arccos $\frac{D}{{3D - 2}}$.
The Stellar Populations of Praesepe and Coma Berenices

We present the results of a stellar membership survey of the nearby open clusters Praesepe and Coma Berenices. We have combined archival survey data from the SDSS, 2MASS, USNOB1.0, and UCAC-2.0 surveys to compile proper motions and photometry for ~5 million sources over 300 deg^2. Of these sources, 1010 stars in Praesepe and 98 stars in Coma Ber are identified as candidate members with probability >80%; 442 and 61 are identified as high-probability candidates for the first time. We estimate that this survey is >90% complete across a wide range of spectral types (F0-M5 in Praesepe, F5-M6 in Coma Ber). We have also investigated the stellar mass dependence of each cluster's mass and radius in order to quantify the role of mass segregation and tidal stripping in shaping the present-day mass function and spatial distribution of stars. Praesepe shows clear evidence of mass segregation across the full stellar mass range; Coma Ber does not show any clear trend, but low number statistics would mask a trend of the same magnitude as in Praesepe. The mass function for Praesepe (τ ~ 600 Myr; M ~ 500 M_⊙) follows a power law consistent with that of the field present-day mass function, suggesting that any mass-dependent tidal stripping could have removed only the lowest mass members (<0.15 M_⊙). Coma Ber, which is younger but much less massive (τ ~ 400 Myr; M ~ 100 M_⊙), follows a significantly shallower power law. This suggests that some tidal stripping has occurred, but the low-mass stellar population has not been strongly depleted down to the survey completeness limit (~0.12 M_⊙).