cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping a New Geography of Space and Power

In this paper, I analyze the ways in which MST-Bolivia (Movimiento Sin Tierra) forged a national-level movement through one counter-hegemonic event: the Fifth Indigenous March for Land and Territory, which originated in Santa Cruz de la Sierra in October 2006. This march enacted a powerful performance of pan-indigenous solidarity and nationalistic sentiment which led to a public declaration by president Evo Morales to approve the New Agrarian Reform Law. I focus in particular on the organizational and spatial structure of the march, and on the significance of seizing public space in protest.
Where (and whether) to draw the line

Eviatar Zerubavel's new book, like his previous ones, dizzies the reader with the brilliance of its juxtapositions, the breadth of its scholarship, and the ambition of its theme. Not since Erving Goffman, with whom Zerubavel studied, has sociology had a practitioner so sensitive to human practices in all their particular forms. Zerubavel accomplishes what others try but rarely achieve: to make the reader see the ordinary world in extraordinary ways. In the beginning, goes the argument, there were no distinctions. Not only is the act of creation, as in the book of Genesis, a process of separating one thing from another, but all human activity-and most especially cognition-is a product of carving some infinite void into chunks that make action possible. Space and time in particular are carved up into discrete units without which it would be impossible to know who or where we are. To talk of identity is always to mark off one thing from another. Yet if distinctions are necessary, they are also, according to Zerubavel, arbitrary. Zerubavel insists in The Fine Line, as he also did in his other books, that distinctions are social products. Because maps are drawn the way they are, the city of Malmo (Sweden), which is near Copenhagen (Denmark), is less likely to be part of the daily consciousness of local residents than the city of Stockholm, which is much further away. We similarly call people 25 on the day before their 26th birthday, even though they are much closer to the latter than the former. The difference between a body temperature of 98.6 and 100?F is less than the one between 100 and 104?F, but in the former case a line is crossed-"the baby has a tempera-
Comparison of projected and actual outcomes of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Malawi, 1990-2000.

BACKGROUND: In 1992 Liomba et al used HIV-AIDS prevalence data from 1980 to 1990 and projected the adult HIV prevalence and the impact of AIDS for the years 1991 to 2000 under high and low HIV incidence scenarios using EpiModel DemProj and the AIDS Impact Model. This report compares the actual outcomes of the HIV-AIDS epidemic in Malawi from 1991 to 2000 with projections made by Liomba et al. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Due to the lack of data on rural HIV prevalence in 1992 the prevalence estimates for the years 1980 to 1990 used by Liomba et al were higher than the now published prevalence. We re-estimated the projections for 1991 to 2000 based on more recent estimates of 1980 to 1990 HIV-AIDS prevalence using the Spectrum modeling software and compared the old and new projections with the actual epidemic figures reported by NAC. The original projections made by Liomba et al and the adjusted projections made in this report are both very similar to the observed course of the AIDS epidemic reported by National AIDS Commission. Unfortunately for Malawi the epidemic seems to have followed the high scenario of HIV incidence. CONCLUSION: The course of the epidemic in Malawi and the social and economic devastation caused by it despite the presence of reasonably good projections and prevention recommendations by Liomba et al highlights the need for better co-ordination between research and practice. It also emphasizes the need to examine the difficulties faced by countries like Malawi to act more rapidly and implement effective prevention measures in the face of an epidemic.
Genetic differences in the tail-suspension test and its relationship to imipramine response among 11 inbred strains of mice

Abstract Background: The tail suspension test (TST) is a simple screening test for the behavioral effects of antidepressants in rodents. This experiment investigated the interindividual differences in responses to stressful situations measured by duration of immobility in the TST and the effects of imipramine (30 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in reducing immobility among 11 inbred strains of mice. The 11 inbred strains were 129S6/SvEvTac, A/J, AKR/J, Balb/cJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, NMRI, SencarA/PtJ, and SWR/J. Methods: All mice underwent two trials of TST: 1) spontaneous, basal TST and 2) imipramine or saline TST. The duration of immobility was the trait measured during a 6-min test. Results: In the four strains tested, female mice had longer duration of immobility than male mice in basal TST duration of immobility. For male mice ( n = 11 strains), significant strain differences in immobility duration were found for both basal TST and imipramine response TST, with heritability estimates of .31 and .60, respectively. Immobility duration for the DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, and NMRI strains were significantly reduced by imipramine, relative to saline. Surprisingly, this reduction of immobility by imipramine was independent of the basal immobility. Conclusions: These results suggest that the responses on basal TST and the imipramine-mediated responses on TST are mediated by separate genetic pathways.
Ion transport through cell membrane

Abstract A theory of the ion transport through the cell membrane was presented on the basis of the thermodynamics of irreversible process. The excess free energy was taken into account for the expression of the total chemical potential, and no assumption was made for the distribution of the electrical potential. The equation of the iron flux and that of the membrane potential were in the same form as that presented by Parlin & Eyring (1954) and that presented by Goldman (1943) and Eyring (1960) , respectively. The membrane permeability to an ion, however, was defined differently in the present paper. The membrane conductance was expressed by the geometrical mean of the conductances for the inward and outward electric currents. It was shown that the expressions of the present theory could be reduced to those of theories presented by several other authors, by introducing appropriate assumptions. The relationship between the membrane permeability defined in this paper and that defined in the other theories was discussed.
Thermal cycling reliability of SnAgCu solder joints in WLCSP

It has been widely reported in the literature that for packages that are required to pass thermal cycling test, the SnAgCu solder joints should have high Ag content. In this study, thermal cycling performance of a wafer level chip-scale package was evaluated with different combinations of high Ag solder (Sn3.9Ag0.6Cu) and low Ag solder (Sn1.2Ag0.5Cu) with thick and thin PCB. It was found that with the low Ag solder ball the package mounted on a thin PCB had better performance. Metallurgical analysis of solder joints, mechanical modeling of the package mounted on boards, and coplanarity measurement of the printed circuit boards were performed to understand the results. Because of the CTE mismatch between PCB and die, PCB warpage resulted in high tensile stress in solder joints in the central area, causing cracking of re-distribution layer Cu. The softer solder alloy Sn1.2Ag0.5Cu helped reduce the stress, leading to better performance in thermal cycling test.
Higher Education Finance Reform in the Czech Republic

Throughout Europe and especially the former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, universities and governments are evaluating ways to finance higher education other than the current dominant model of almost total government support. With government pressure to use limited funds in other areas (e.g., health care, environment, and the like) higher education institutions are being encouraged to become more economically self-sufficient. Some of these reforms have included establishing closer ties with regional businesses and introducing tuition and user fees to offset some of the costs of university operations. The particular focus of this report is on the new methods of financing higher education in the Czech Republic.
Management of idiopathic pediatric syringohydromyelia.

OBJECT Syringohydromyelia is frequently identified on spinal imaging. The literature provides little guidance to decision making regarding the need for follow-up or treatment. The purpose of this study was to review the authors' experience in managing pediatric syringohydromyelia of unknown cause. METHODS A single-institution retrospective review of all cases involving pediatric patients who underwent spinal MRI from 2002 to 2012 was conducted. Patients with idiopathic syringohydromyelia (IS) were identified and categorized into 2 subgroups: uncomplicated idiopathic syrinx and IS associated with scoliosis. Clinical and radiological course were analyzed. RESULTS Ninety-eight patients (50 female, 48 male) met the inclusion criteria. Median age at diagnosis of syrinx was 11.9 years. Median maximum syrinx size was 2 mm (range 0.5–17 mm) and spanned 5 vertebral levels (range 1–20 vertebral levels). Thirty-seven patients had scoliosis. The most common presenting complaint was back pain (26%). Clinical follow-up...
Focus issue: Adding math to the signaling toolkit

This issue of Science Signaling, which complements the 13 April issue of Science, showcases the application of computational approaches to signal transduction research. Research and commentary highlight how mathematical modeling combined with experimental data can yield new insights into how cells interpret, process, and respond to external and internal cues.
Two-Component Vortex Flow Studies of the Colloid Core Nuclear Rocket

Experiments with highly loaded solid-gas vortex flows are described. By application of end wall gas injection, solid to gas mass density ratios of the order of 100:1 have been obtained in the vortex with very small particle loss rates. Particle density distributions within the vortex were measured by x-ray absorption. Experimental data suggest a rotating fluidized bed model for the particle containment process. This concept is used to extrapolate present results to the aeromechanical design of a colloid core reactor suitable as a nuclear rocket engine. Nomenclature cf = coefficient of friction D = particle diameter h = axial length of chamber hc = heat-transfer coefficient for fluidized bed M = total powder mass in vortex m = total gas flow rate into chamber rnew = gas flow rate into end wall injection system R = outer radius of vortex r = radius T = temperature / = time a = cfT0pR/R2p p = cfT0/Rh Ta = circulation of injected gas at periphery Fr = vortex circulation at r e = void fraction A = particle loss rate coefficient /z — gas viscosity p = powder density p — average powder density in fluidized bed pg — gas density pp = material density of particle o> = angular velocity
Production of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (interleukin 12) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF), or interleukin 12 (IL-12), is a 70-kD heterodimeric cytokine composed of two covalently linked chains, p40 and p35. NKSF/IL-12 has multiple effects on T and NK cells and was originally identified and purified from the supernatant fluid of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed human B lymphoblastoid cell lines. We have produced a panel of monoclonal antibodies against both chains of NKSF/IL-12. Some of these antibodies have neutralizing activity, and several combinations of them have been used to establish sensitive radioimmunoassays detecting the free p40 chain, the free p35 chain, or the p70 heterodimer. Using these reagents, we have determined that most EBV-transformed human B lymphoblastoid cell lines constitutively produce low levels of the p70 heterodimer and an excess of the free p40 chain, whereas Burkitt lymphoma-derived, T, myeloid, and many solid tumor-derived cell lines produce neither. Production of both p40 and p70 is increased several-fold upon stimulation of the EBV-transformed cell lines with phorbol diesters. The ability of supernatant fluids from unstimulated and phorbol diester-stimulated cell lines to induce interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production from T and NK cells, one of the effects of NKSF/IL-12, parallels the levels of production of the p70 heterodimer, known to be the biologically active form of NKSF/IL-12. Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain (SAC) and other stimuli induce accumulation of p40 mRNA and production of both p40 and p70 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The producer cells appear to include both adherent cells and nonadherent lymphocytes, possibly B cells. The supernatant fluids from SAC-stimulated PBMC mediate the typical functions of NKSF/IL-12 (i.e., IFN-gamma induction, mitogenic effects on T/NK blasts, enhancement of NK cell cytotoxicity) at concentrations of p70 similar to those at which recombinant NKSF/IL-12 mediates the same functions. Moreover, these activities are significantly inhibited by anti-NKSF/IL-12 antibodies. The neutralizing anti-NKSF/IL-12 antibodies also inhibit 85% of the IFN-gamma production in response to SAC, an NKSF/IL-12 inducer, and approximately 50% of the IFN-gamma production in response to non-NKSF/IL-12-inducers such as IL-2, phytohemagglutinin, and anti-CD3 antibodies. These results indicate that induced or constitutively produced NKSF/IL-12 has a major role in facilitating IFN-gamma production by peripheral blood lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Human Airway Eosinophils Exhibit Preferential Reduction in STAT Signaling Capacity and Increased CISH Expression

Allergic asthma, a chronic respiratory disorder marked by inflammation and recurrent airflow obstruction, is associated with elevated levels of IL-5 family cytokines and elevated numbers of eosinophils (EOS). IL-5 family cytokines elongate peripheral blood EOS (EOS(PB)) viability, recruit EOS(PB) to the airways, and, at higher concentrations, induce degranulation and reactive oxygen species generation. Although airway EOS (EOS(A)) remain signal ready in that GM-CSF treatment induces degranulation, treatment of EOS(A) with IL-5 family cytokines no longer confers a survival advantage. Because the IL-5 family receptors have common signaling capacity, but are uncoupled from EOS(A) survival, whereas other IL-5 family induced endpoints remain functional, we tested the hypothesis that EOS(A) possess a JAK/STAT-specific regulatory mechanism (because JAK/STAT signaling is critical to EOS survival). We found that IL-5 family-induced STAT3 and STAT5 phosphorylation is attenuated in EOS(A) relative to blood EOS from airway allergen-challenged donors. However, IL-5 family-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation is not altered between EOS(A) and EOS from airway allergen-challenged donors. These observations suggest EOS(A) possess a regulatory mechanism for suppressing STAT signaling distinct from ERK1/2 activation. Furthermore, we found, in EOS(PB), IL-5 family cytokines induce members of the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) genes, CISH and SOCS1. Additionally, following allergen challenge, EOS(A) express significantly more CISH and SOCS1 mRNA and CISH protein than EOS(PB) counterparts. In EOS(PB), long-term pretreatment with IL-5 family cytokines, to varying degrees, attenuates IL-5 family-induced STAT5 phosphorylation. These data support a model in which IL-5 family cytokines trigger a selective downregulation mechanism in EOS(A) for JAK/STAT pathways.
Interval between surgery and radiotherapy: effect on local control of soft tissue sarcoma.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the clinical significance of the interval between surgery and postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for patients with soft tissue sarcoma. Methods and materials The records of 799 patients who underwent postoperative RT for soft tissue sarcoma between 1960 and 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the potential impact of the timing of postoperative RT on the rate of local control (LC). Results The actuarial overall LC rate was 79% at 10 years and 78% at 15 years. Univariate analysis indicated that the factors associated with an inferior 10-year LC rate were positive resection margins ( p p p 64 years ( p p = 0.01); tumor size >10 cm ( p = 0.02); postoperative radiation dose p = 0.03); and high histologic grade ( p = 0.05). On multivariate analysis, all these factors remained statistically significant, except for high histologic grade and large size. A delay between surgery and the start of RT of >30 days was associated with a decreased 10-year LC rate, but this association was not statistically significant (76% vs. 83%, p = 0.07). The potential association between RT delay and inferior LC could be explained by an imbalance in the distribution of other prognostic factors. Conclusion The interval between surgery and RT did not significantly impact the 10-year LC rate. These findings indicate that an RT delay should not be viewed as an independent adverse factor for LC and that treatment intensification may not be necessary for patients in whom a treatment delay has already occurred.
The Effect of Evaluation on Teacher Performance

observable teacher characteristics like graduate education and experience (beyond the first few years) are not typically correlated with increased productivity. Many researchers and policymakers have suggested that, under these conditions, the only way to adjust the teacher distribution for the better is to gather information on individual productivity through evaluation and then dismiss low performers. This paper offers evidence that evaluation can shift the teacher effectiveness distribution through a different mechanism: by improving teacher skill, effort, or both in ways that persist long-run. We study a sample of mid-career math teachers in the Cincinnati Public Schools (CPS) who were assigned to evaluation in a manner that permits a quasi-experimental analysis. All teachers in our sample were evaluated by a year-long classroom observation–based program, the treatment, between 2003–2004 and 2009–2010; the timing of each teacher’s specific evaluation year was determined years earlier by a district planning process. To this setting we add measures of student achievement, which were not part of the evaluation, and use the within-teacher over-time variation to compare teacher performance before, during, and after their evaluation year. We find that teachers are more productive during the school year when they are being evaluated, but even more productive in the years after evaluation. A student taught by a teacher after that teacher has been through the Cincinnati evaluation will score about 10 percent of a standard deviation higher in math than a similar student taught by the same teacher before the teacher was evaluated. Under our identification strategy, these estimates may be biased by patterns of student assignment that favor previously evaluated teachers, or by preexisting positive
Policy approach to nutrition and physical activity education in health care professional training

Nutrition and physical activity are key risk factors for a host of today's most prevalent and costly chronic conditions, such as obesity and diabetes; yet, health care providers are not adequately trained to educate patients on the components of a healthy lifestyle. The purpose of this article is to underscore the need for improved nutrition and physical activity training among health care professionals and to explore opportunities for how policy can help support a shift in training. We first identify key barriers to sufficient training in nutrition and physical activity. Then, we provide an overview of how recent changes in the government and institutional policy environment are supporting a shift toward prevention in our health care system and creating an even greater need for improved training of health care professionals in nutrition and physical activity. Last, we outline recommendations for additional policy changes that could drive enhanced training for health care professionals and recommend future directions in research.
Efficiency-guided method for traveling-salesman-like resource allocation problems

In resource allocation problems, it is possible to define the local efficiency of a small change, namely the ratio of change in value to marginal cost. This efficiency can be used to "guide" the exploration of an otherwise stochastic method like simulated annealing. An algorithm embodying this idea, termed efficiency-guided addition, subtraction, and permutation, (EGASP), is described for problems akin to the traveling salesman problem.
Effects of Temperature, Environment, and Orientation on the Fracture Toughness of Single‐Crystal YAG

The fracture toughness of single-crystal YAG was measured as a function of temperature in air and under vacuum using the SENB technique up to 1600°C. The measured K IC was 2.2 MPa.m 1/2 at room temperature and it increased with temperature above 1200°C, reaching a value of 4.5 MPa.m 1/2 at 1600°C in air. The effects of crystallographic orientation and oxygen partial pressure on toughness were studied at 1600°C. The toughness increased further to 5.5 MPa.m 1 /2 when tested under vacuum (10 -5 torr) at 1600°C. Both temperature and testing environments were found to influence the fracture toughness, but there was no significant effect of crystallographic orientation.
Airway management in prone position with an intubating Laryngeal Mask Airway

The prone position impairs the ability for endotracheal intubation by direct laryngoscopy. We describe the airway management of a 25-year-old woman with an extensive open wound over her back and fractured pelvis. She was treated in the prone position and was scheduled for debridement of her wound with skin grafting during general anesthesia. Her trachea was successfully intubated on the first attempt using an intubating Laryngeal Mask Airway while she was in the prone position.
Laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy does not completely mitigate increased perioperative risks in elderly patients.

Background Elderly patients undergoing open pancreatoduodenectomy (OPD) are at increased risk for surgical morbidity and mortality. Whether totally laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (TLPD) mitigates these risks has not been evaluated.
Income instability and consumption-savings in South Korean farm households, 1965–1970

Abstract This paper describes the sources and extent of income instability among a representative sample of South Korean farm households during 1965–1970. An index of income instability is included in a consumption function to estimate its effects on saving-consumption behaviour. Authors conclude that the households studied saved large amounts and that part of this saving was due to unstable incomes.
ROLE OF THE THYROID IN THE CYTOLOGIC RESPONSE OF THE PITUITARY TO LOW INTAKE OF IODINE11

THE ro1e of iodine in the physiology of the thyroid gland has been studied extensively, but the pituitary factor, which selectively alters the activity of the thyroid, presents new problems in the interpretation of the r61e of the pituitary as well as of the thyroid in the metabolism of iodine. The effect of iodine on the relation of the thyroid to the pituitary in the intact animal has been studied. Kuschinsky (1933) found that iodine administered in large doses apparently increased the thyrotropic content of the pituitary glands of animals as indicated by the response of the thyroid that the pituitary glands evoked when implanted into recipient animals. He concluded that iodine acts directly on the pituitary gland. Loeser and Thompson (1935) concluded that the pituitary is involved in the response of the thyroid to iodine, for they were unable to produce a cytologic change of the thyroid glands of hypophysectomized animals by the injection of amounts of iodine which gave a satisfactory response in intac...
Characteristics of the unsteady motion on transversely sheared mean flows

An explicit representation for the unsteady motion on a transversely sheared mean flow is obtained which corresponds to the gustline motion on a uniform mean flow. The important features of this motion are discussed. It is shown that its velocity, pressure and vorticity are all induced by a certain disturbance field that is a linear combination of the vorticity and particle-displacement fields and is everywhere frozen in the mean flow. The general ideas are illustrated by considering the scattering of a gust by a half-plane embedded in a shear flow.
ENAMEL FILM STRENGTH AS AFFECTED BY PROPERTIES OF ENAMEL BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER DRYING *

Abstract The effect of soluble salts in porcelain enamel mill liquors was investigated, particularly relating to the enamel film strength and tearing tendency. The mechanism of tearing is discussed from the standpoint of the properties of the enamel slip and of dried enamel film. The related data are presented, and the application of the results of recent extensive studies of clay, water, and electrolyte systems to enamel slips is given. Summary The results of this investigation may be summarized in a flow sheet in which the various properties and conditions governing these properties are related to the characteristics studied. Figure 9 lists each variable in the sequence considered logical in this study.
CPU cache prefetching: Timing evaluation of hardware implementations

Prefetching into CPU caches has long been known to be effective in reducing the cache miss ratio, but known implementations of prefetching have been unsuccessful in improving CPU performance. The reasons for this are that prefetches interfere with normal cache operations by making cache address and data ports busy, the memory bus busy, the memory banks busy, and by not necessarily being complete by the time that the prefetched data is actually referenced. In this paper, we present extensive quantitative results of a detailed cycle-by-cycle trace-driven simulation of a uniprocessor memory system in which we vary most of the relevant parameters in order to determine when and if hardware prefetching is useful. We find that, in order for prefetching to actually improve performance, the address array needs to be double ported and the data array needs to either be double ported or fully buffered. It is also very helpful for the bus to be very wide (e.g., 16 bytes) for bus transactions to be split and for main memory to be interleaved. Under the best circumstances, i.e., with a significant investment in extra hardware, prefetching can significantly improve performance. For implementations without adequate hardware, prefetching often decreases performance.
Male llama choice between receptive and nonreceptive females

Abstract To test if male llamas ( Lama glama ) discriminate between receptive and nonreceptive females, males were allowed indirect (nine males, three trials; n =27) or direct (seven males, one trial) contact with a receptive and a nonreceptive female. In the test of indirect contact as a basis for male choice of female, males were allowed 15 min to choose between a receptive and a nonreceptive female by means of visual, auditory and olfactory signals only. The male was placed into a pen between two pens, each containing either a receptive female or a nonreceptive female. In the test of direct contact as a basis for male choice, males were allowed to indicate choice during 2 h of full contact. In these trials, the male was placed into a pen containing both a receptive and a nonreceptive female. Males initially contacted receptive females no more often than nonreceptive females (indirect: 13/27 vs. 14/27; direct: 4/7 vs. 3/7). Males did not contact receptive females more often than nonreceptive females (indirect: 9.6±1.4 vs. 11.1±2.8 contacts in 15 min; direct: 4.3±1.0 vs. 4.3±0.9 contacts in 120 min [mean±SE]). When allowed indirect contact, males did not spend more total time with receptive vs. nonreceptive females (4.9±0.6 of 15 vs. 5.0±0.7 of 15 min). However, males spent more total time (44.4±11.1 of 120 min) in direct contact with receptive females than with nonreceptive females (20.9±3.6 of 120 min; p =0.03), although the number and duration of mounts did not differ by female status (16.6±7.9 vs. 15.1±3.9 mounts lasting 39.4±8.9 vs. 18.1±5.4 min). In conclusion, male llamas did not appear to discriminate between receptive and nonreceptive females under these testing conditions.
Rate‐dependent constitutive equations for carbon fiber‐reinforced epoxy

A rate-dependent constitutive model for carbon fiber-reinforced polymers was developed by assuming that the rate-dependent characteristics of the composite could be described by stress relaxation of the polymer matrix. Relaxation functions in longitudinal, transverse, and in-plane shear modes were derived in terms of separate matrix and fiber properties and the rules of mixture. The epoxy was represented as two Maxwell elements in parallel with a linear elastic spring, while the carbon was modeled as a linear elastic spring. The rate-dependent, laminate stiffness matrix for a unidirectional IM6G/3501–6 carbon/epoxy laminate was found by fitting the rate-dependent constitutive equations to material test data at constant strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 2,500 s−1. The transient deformation response of a [(08/908)2/08]s IM6G/3501–6 carbon/epoxy composite laminate under dynamic in-plane loading could be predicted within 5% of experimental data using this laminate stiffness matrix. The rate-dependent constitutive equations were also incorporated into LS-DYNA3D via a user-defined material subroutine and used to predict the transient response of a 32 ply AS4/3501–6 carbon/epoxy laminate under projectile loading. The maximum contact force between the projectile and laminate was found to be 7% higher than the experimental data. POLYM. COMPOS. 27:513–528, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
The molecular basis of NMDA receptor subtypes: native receptor diversity is predicted by subunit composition

The relationship between four pharmacologically distinct NMDA receptor subtypes, identified in radioligand binding studies, and the recently identified NMDA receptor subunits (NR1a-g, NR2A-D) has not been determined. In this report, we demonstrate that the anatomical distribution of the four NMDA receptor subtypes strikingly parallels the distribution of mRNA encoding NR2A-D subunits. The distribution of NR2A mRNA was very similar to that of “antagonist-preferring” NMDA receptors [defined by high-affinity 3H-2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl-propyl- 1-phosphonic (3H-CPP) binding sites; correlation coefficient = 0.88]. Agonist-preferring NMDA receptors localized to brain regions expressing both NR2B mRNA and NR1- mRNA (NR1 splice variant lacking insert 1). NR2C mRNA was largely restricted to the cerebellar granule cell layer, a region that displays a unique pharmacological profile. NR2D mRNA localized exclusively to those diencephalic nuclei that have a fourth, distinct pharmacological profile (typified by the midline thalamic nuclei). The pharmacology of native NMDA receptors was compared to that of heteromeric NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes (NR1/NR2A, NR1/NR2B, NR1/NR2C). The oocyte-expressed NR1/NR2A receptor displayed a higher affinity for antagonists and a slightly lower affinity for agonists than the NR1/NR2B receptor. These patterns are analogous to those found for radioligand binding to native receptors in the lateral thalamus and medial striatum, respectively. NMDA receptors in the lateral thalamus (with a high density of NR2A subunit mRNA) displayed higher affinity for antagonists and a lower affinity for agonists than did NMDA receptors of the medial striatum (a region rich in NR2B mRNA). Relative to the NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B receptors, oocyte-expressed NR1/NR2C receptors had a lower affinity specifically for both D-3-(2- carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid (D-CPPene) and homoquinolinate (HQ). This pattern was identical to that observed for cerebellar (NR2C-containing) versus forebrain (NR2A- and NR2B- containing) NMDA receptors. Taken together, the data in this report suggest that the four previously identified native NMDA receptor subtypes differ in their NR2 composition. Furthermore, the NR2 subunits significantly contribute to the anatomical and pharmacological diversity of NMDA receptor subtypes.
Messenger RNA profile analysis deciphers new Esrrb responsive genes in prostate cancer cells

Orphan nuclear receptor estrogen related receptor β (Esrrb or ERRβ) is well known in stem cells and early embryonic development. However, little is known about its function in cancer. We investigated the mRNA profile alterations induced by Esrrb expression and its synthetic ligand DY131 in human prostate cancer DU145 cells via RNA-Seq analysis. We distinguished 67 mRNAs differentially expressed by Esrrb alone. Although DY131 alone did not change any gene, treatment of DY131 in the presence of Esrrb altered 1161 mRNAs. These observations indicated Esrrb had both ligand-independent and ligand-dependent activity. When Esrrb was expressed, DY131 treatment further regulated 15 Esrrb-altered mRNAs. DY131 acted as an antagonist for 11 of 15 mRNAs (wdr52, f13a1, pxdn, spns2, loc100506599, tagln, loc441454, tkel1, sema3f, zcwpw2, sdc2) and as an agonist for 4 of the 15 mRNAs (rarres3, oasl, padi2, ddx60). Gene ontology analyses showed altered genes are related to transcription and translation regulation, cell proliferation and apoptosis regulation, and cellular metabolism. Our results characterized mRNA profiles in DU145 prostate cancer cells driven by Esrrb expression and Esrrb ligand DY131, and provided multiple markers to characterize Esrrb’s function in Esrrb research.
Women and the Vote: a world historyJAD ADAMS

Historian Jad Adams, in Women and the Vote: a world history, offers an account of women's enfranchisement that includes women's suffrage movements, but one that is not limited to them. Adams acknow...
Mammalian glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase: kinetic mechanism and associated de novo purine biosynthetic activities

Abstract Glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase catalyzes the conversion of glycinamide ribonucleotide and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to formylglycinamide ribonucleotide and tetrahydrofolate. The enzyme purified from the murine lymphoma cell line L5178Y also catalyzes two other de novo purine biosynthetic activities, glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase and aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase. The transformylase reaction shows a 1:1 stoichiometry for substrate utilization and an optimum rate between pH 7.9 and 8.3. Initial velocity and dead-end inhibition patterns indicate that the kinetic mechanism of the transformylation reaction is ordered-sequential, with 10-formyltetrahydrofolate binding first. alpha, beta-Hydroxyacetamide ribonucleotide (alpha, beta-N-(hydroxyacetyl)-D-ribofuranosylamine) is shown to be an inhibitor of the transformylase, competitive against glycinamide ribonucleotide.
Abstract TP327: Are We Really That Noncompliant? Identifying Barriers to Documenting Patient Education

Background/Purpose: Patient education impacts stroke recovery and prevention. Certification as a Joint Commission Primary Stroke Center (JC PSC) requires consistent performance in patient education...
Presenting the Problem of Physical Fitness for Girls

(1943). Presenting the Problem of Physical Fitness for Girls. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 204-235.
Depressive Symptoms and Risk of Postoperative Delirium.

Objective Previous studies have shown that elevated depressive symptoms are associated with increased risk of postoperative delirium. However, to our knowledge no previous studies have examined whether different components of depression are differentially predictive of postoperative delirium. Methods One thousand twenty patients were screened for postoperative delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method and through retrospective chart review. Patients underwent cognitive, psychosocial, and medical assessments preoperatively. Depression was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale–Short Form. Results Thirty-eight patients developed delirium (3.7%). Using a factor structure previously validated among geriatric medical patients, the authors examined three components of depression as predictors of postoperative delirium: negative affect, cognitive distress, and behavioral inactivity. In multivariate analyses controlling for age, education, comorbidities, and cognitive function, the authors found that greater behavioral inactivity was associated with increased risk of delirium (OR: 1.95 [1.11, 3.42]), whereas negative affect (OR: 0.65 [0.31, 1.36]) and cognitive distress (OR: 0.95 [0.63, 1.43]) were not. Conclusion Different components of depression are differentially predictive of postoperative delirium among adults undergoing noncardiac surgery.
Density functional study of Ge 1 − x Mn x Te

Unlike GaAs, Mn impurities in GeTe do not create holes, making it possible to independently study the effect on the magnetization of the Mn and hole densities. Using a $\mathrm{GGA}+\mathrm{U}$ density functional we found that the magnetization increases monotonically with hole density and that the magnetization peaks at about $x=0.31$ (per Mn) or $x=0.47$ (total magnetization). In every case the magnetic moment of any Mn atom was between $4.15{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ and $4.27{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$, so that the large variation found in the total magnetization (as a function of hole and Mn density) is due to variation in the collinearity of the Mn spins.
Nanophase segregation in supercooled aqueous solutions and their glasses driven by the polyamorphism of water

We use large-scale molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the phase transformation of aqueous solutions of electrolytes cooled at the critical rate to avoid the crystallization of ice. Homogeneous liquid solutions with up to 20% moles of ions demix on cooling producing nanophase segregated glasses with characteristic dimensions of phase segregation of about 5 nm. The immiscibility is driven by the transformation of water to form a four-coordinated low-density liquid (LDL) as it crosses the liquid-liquid transformation temperature T(LL) of the solution. The ions cannot be incorporated into the tetrahedral LDL network and are expelled to form a solute-rich water nanophase. The simulations quantitatively reproduce the relative amounts of low and high-density liquid water as a function of solute content in LiCl glasses [Suzuki and Mishima, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 85, 1322-1325] and provide direct evidence of segregation in aqueous glasses and their dimensions of phase segregation.
A model of triple friction pendulum bearing for general geometric and frictional parameters

Summary Current models describing the behavior for the triple friction pendulum (TFP) bearing are based on the assumption that the resultant force of the contact pressure acts at the center of each sliding surface. Accordingly, these models only rely on equilibrium in the horizontal direction to arrive at the equations describing its behavior. This is sufficient for most practical applications where certain constraints on the friction coefficient values apply as a direct consequence of equilibrium. This paper presents a revised model of behavior of the TFP bearing in which no assumptions are made on the location of the resultant forces at each sliding surface and no constraints on the values of the coefficient of friction are required, provided that all sliding surfaces are in full contact. To accomplish this, the number of degrees of freedom describing the behavior of the bearing is increased to include the location of the resultant force at each sliding surface and equations of moment equilibrium are introduced to relate these degrees of freedom to forces. Moreover, the inertia effects of each of the moving parts of the bearing are accounted for in the derivation of the equations describing its behavior. The model explicitly calculates the motion of each of the components of friction pendulum bearings so that any dependence of the coefficient of friction on the sliding velocity and temperature can be explicitly accounted for and calculations of heat flux and temperature increase at each sliding surface can be made. This paper presents (a) the development of the revised TFP bearing model, (b) the analytic solution for the force–displacement relations of two configurations of the TFP bearing, (c) a model that incorporates inertia effects of the TFP bearing components and other effects that are useful in advanced response history analysis, and (d) examples of implementation of the features of the presented model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sports Hernia with Adductor Tendonitis

Sports hernias, or athletic pubalgia, encompass injuries to the tendons and muscles of the rectus abdominis and adductor longus at their respective insertions along the pubic bone. Although not a true hernia, this term was adopted to describe chronic groin pain in athletes. These injuries are actually micro-tears in the tendinous insertions and aponeurotic sheaths of the rectus abdominis or adductor longus muscles. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the optimal test to diagnose sports hernias. Initially, a trial of nonoperative management is recommended, and includes several weeks of physical therapy while refraining from strenuous activity. If pain persists, surgical intervention is offered and has a high success rate. Commonly, both the rectus and adductor insertions are involved; therefore, both injuries should be treated simultaneously. An overlying tenotomy (fasciotomy) of both aponeurotic sheaths and tendons usually resolves the underlying edema and inflammation. This chapter reviews the clinical presentation and diagnosis of sports hernias with adductor tendonitis, and illustrates the surgical management.
Cathepsin L mediates intracellular ileal digestion of gastric intrinsic factor

Although acidic proteases of lysosomal origin are implicated in the degradation of intrinsic factor (IF) during cobalamin (cbl) transport across enterocytes and proximal renal tubule cell lines, th...
Proteins of the rat prostate. III. Effect of testosterone on protein synthesis by the ventral prostate of castrated rats.

AbstractProtein synthetic activities in the ventral prostate were assessed by two-dimensional electrophoresis in either four-day or seven-day castrated rats at different intervals following subcutaneous implantation of testosterone-filled silastic tubings for a period of up to four days. Prostatic tissues were cut into one to two mm.3 pieces and incubated in tissue culture medium containing S35-methionine (100µCi/ml) at 37C under 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide for four hours. The incubated tissues were subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis and radiofluorography. Analysis of protein spots detected in the fluorograms by computer-assisted densitometry revealed temporal changes in the synthesis of individual proteins by the ventral prostate of castrated rats following androgen treatment. Changes in two groups of proteins were evaluated: castration-induced proteins and androgen-dependent proteins. The level of synthesis of three castration-induced proteins (spots G, H, and I) declined rapidly upon tes...
Secure space-time block coding via artificial noise alignment

(STBC) for MIMO Gaussian wiretap channels. It is assumed that the transmitter has the receiver's channel state information, but not that of the eavesdropper. We first propose a full-rate STBC that provides separate decoding complexity (rather than pairwise) at the intended receiver, while requiring an exhaustive search for Maximum Likelihood (ML) decoding at the eavesdropper. Next we make the code more secure by including artificial noise symbols which (for the asymptotically high SNR regime) are aligned with each other and subtracted from the information symbols at the intended receiver, but which can not be cancelled at the eavesdropper. Simulations demonstrate the enhanced physical-layer security that results.
Connecting and Communicating Effectively with Teens – An Online Survey of Teen Communication Styles

The lives of most teens are rapidly changing and involve methods of communication that are unfamiliar to many adults. An online teen communication survey was developed to assess how and why teens communicate in order to assist adult educators in developing more effective methods of communication with this audience. The survey was completed by 148 teens ranging in age from 13 to 19. The results of the survey provide insight into teen viewpoints on their preferred methods of communication and provides valuable lessons for adults who work with this age group.
Phytase dose effects in practically formulated diets that vary in ingredient composition on feed manufacturing and broiler performance

Abstract Considering approaches to efficiently produce broiler chickens, an experiment was conducted to describe the manufacturing and feeding effects of a corn, soybean meal, and wheat based diet with varying levels of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and commercial phytase. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial randomized complete block design varying in phytase (zero, 1,000, and 6,000 FTU/kg) and DDGS inclusion (zero or 5%). Phytase inclusion decreased dietary non-phytate phosphorous (nPP) and total Calcium (Ca) in formulation by 0.12 and 0.1%, respectively. Diets were steam conditioned at 82°C for 10 s, extruded through a 4.7 × 38 mm pellet die, and fed as crumbles (starter and grower) or pellets (finisher). Ten replicate pens of straight-run Hubbard × Cobb 500 chicks consumed one of 6 dietary treatments for 38 days. Phytase improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the starter period (P = 0.05), but benefits were not apparent in the grower or finisher periods. Phytase and formulation main effects interacted to affect overall FCR (P = 0.05), demonstrating a 0.05 decrease in FCR when birds were fed a diet containing a super-dose of phytase and without DDGS relative to diets containing a super-dose of phytase and DDGS. The DDGS likely provided reduced nutrient availability relative to their nutrient values used for diet formulation or provided non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) at a level that decreased bird performance. Based on tibia ash measures, performance improvement associated with the super-dose of phytase was likely associated with reducing phytate phosphorus gastrointestinal irritation rather than meeting bird phosphorus requirement.
Outcomes and Prognostic Factors for Adult Patients With Congenital Heart Disease Undergoing Primary or Reoperative Systemic Atrioventricular Valve Surgery.

Background:Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) undergoing systemic atrioventricular valve (SAVV) surgery are a complex, understudied population. We assessed midterm outcomes and prognostic factors in ACHD undergoing SAVV surgery.Methods:We performed retrospective evaluation of ACHD undergoing SAVV surgery from January 2005 to February 2016: 14 (33%) patients with congenital mitral valve stenosis/regurgitation, 15 (35%) with atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), and 14 (33%) with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) with systemic tricuspid valve regurgitation. Adverse events were defined as mortality, reoperation on SAVV, and late more-than-moderate (> moderate) SAVV regurgitation. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test and one-way analysis of variance as well as univariate and multivariate risk factor analysis.Results:Fifteen (35%) patients had preoperative systemic ventricular dysfunction, including 13 patients with ccTGA (93%, P < .001). Twent...
Discrimination-related Anger, Religion, and Distress: Differences between African Americans and Caribbean Black Americans:

The Charleston Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church (AMEC) survivors’ forgiveness of the racially motivated shootings prompted our research of the association between religion, discrimination...