cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ziporyn, Brook, Being and Ambiguity: Philosophical Experiments with Tiantai Buddhism

Being and Ambiguity is quite possibly a revolutionary book, and consequently I write this review with great trepidation. As anyone reading these words well knows, you cannot escape an academic journal without hearing about some “remarkable treatise that ranks among the most significant and impressive works of modern philosophy of language,” or another “outstanding contribution with major implications for the field of comparative ethics.” With every tempting accolade I run the risk of making this book sound like one more skillfully executed scholarly study, and that is precisely what it is not. Of course, like all philosophical innovation, Being and Ambiguity grows out of rigorous scholarship, to which the Introduction is a testament. Essentially a usefully condensed version of Ziporyn’s previous book (Evil and/or/as the Good: Omnicentrism, Intersubjectivity, and Value Paradox in Tiantai Buddhist Thought (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), it provides a thirty-five page crash course in Tiantai Buddhist thought, as expressed definitively in the works of Zhiyi, Zhanran, and Zhili. A brief exposition of early Buddhist philosophical concepts yields to a detailed examination of Nagarjuna and the Two Truths. On Ziporyn’s reading, Tiantai Buddhism offers a desirable alternative to traditional theories of conventional and ultimate truth. By filtering the Lotus Sutra through Nagarjuna’s category of Emptiness, Tiantai arrives at a new set of Three Truths: Emptiness (which corresponds to ultimate truth), Provisional Positing (conventional truth), and Centrality (a new Tiantai category). Previous Buddhist thinkers, Nagarjuna among them, assert the superiority of ultimate truth to the conventional variety. Tiantai Buddhism postulates that the Two Truths “are exactly equivalent in value and ultimacy,” and this equivalence entails the third Truth, namely that all Truths are part of an endless continuum of reversible, interfused, and ultimately equivalent possibilities. For those unfamiliar with Buddhist thought, this section might prove somewhat difficult. Tiantai doctrine is filled with apparent paradoxes and intricate philosophical maneuvers; to offer a unique reading of it in so short a space will inevitably leave some struggling to get their bearings. Fortunately, as Ziporyn points out in his Preface, the introduction serves as an acknowledgement more than a foundation. While the remaining four hundred pages are Dao (2009) 8:357–360 DOI 10.1007/s11712-009-9124-y
Predicting secondary structure of all-helical proteins using hidden markov support vector machines

Our goal is to develop a state-of-the-art secondary structure predictor with an intuitive and biophysically-motivated energy model through the use of Hidden Markov Support Vector Machines (HM- SVMs), a recent innovation in the field of machine learning. We focus on the prediction of alpha helices and show that by using HM-SVMs, a simple 7-state HMM with 302 parameters can achieve a Qα value of 77.6% and a SOVα value of 73.4%. As detailed in an accompanying technical report [11], these performance numbers are among the best for techniques that do not rely on external databases (such as multiple sequence alignments).
Correlation between light transmission aggregometry, VerifyNow P2Y12, and VASP-P platelet reactivity assays following percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background:High on-treatment platelet reactivity is an established risk factor for adverse cardiac events in patients taking clopidogrel following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods:Two hundred patients underwent platelet reactivity testing with VerifyNow P2Y12, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation (VASP), and light transmission aggregometry (LTA) with both 5 and 20 μM of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) following PCI. High on-treatment platelet reactivity was defined as a maximum platelet aggregation ≥46% for LTA ADP 5 μM or ≥60% for 20 μM; platelet reactivity index (PRI) ≥50% for VASP; and platelet reactivity units ≥235 for VerifyNow. Correlation between assays was tested using Spearman coefficients (ρ); agreement among tests in regards to high on-treatment platelet reactivity was evaluated with Kappa statistics (κ). Results:All Spearman correlations had P values <0.001, although ρ ranged from 0.60–0.86. The incidence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity was 39.3% with VASP, 27.3% with VerifyNow, 23.1% with LTA ADP 5 μM, and 16.2% with LTA ADP 20 μM. The strongest correlation was between LTA ADP 5 μM and LTA ADP 20 μM (κ= 0.53, 95% CI 0.37–0.68); the weakest was between VASP and LTA ADP 5 μM (κ= 0.33, 95% CI 0.19–0.47). Overall, the level of agreement between assays was in the moderate to poor range. Conclusion:Despite evidence that the most commonly used tests are correlated, agreement among tests is modest at best and demonstrates they are not interchangeable. (J Interven Cardiol 2011;24:529–534)
Stroke-induced progenitor cell proliferation in adult spontaneously hypertensive rat brain: effect of exogenous IGF-1 and GDNF.

Progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus (DG) and the subventricular zone of lateral ventricles (SVZ) generate new neurons throughout the life of mammals. Cerebral ischemia increases this basal progenitor cell proliferation. The present study evaluated the time frame of proliferation, length of survival and the phenotypes of the new cells formed after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats. Compared to sham controls, ischemic rats showed a significantly higher number of newly proliferated cells (as defined by BrdU immunostaining) in both the DG (by fourfold, p < 0.05) and the SVZ (by twofold, p < 0.05). DG showed increased proliferation only in the first week of reperfusion and 49% of the cells formed in this period survived to the end of third week. Whereas, SVZ showed a continuous proliferation up to 3 weeks after MCAO, but the cells formed survived for less than a week. In both DG and SVZ, at the end of the first week of reperfusion, majority of the BrdU-positive (BrdU+) cells were immature neurons (DCX positive). In the DG, 28% of the cells formed in the first week after MCAO mature into neurons (NeuN positive). The ischemic cortex and striatum showed several BrdU+ cells which were ED-1 positive microglia/macrophages. At 1 week of reperfusion, MCAO-induced progenitor cell proliferation in the ipsilateral DG was significantly increased by i.c.v. infusion of IGF-1 (by 127 ± 14%, p < 0.05) and GDNF (by 91 ± 5%, p < 0.05), compared to vehicle. In the growth factor treated rats subjected to transient MCAO, several BrdU+ cells formed in the first week survived up to the third week.
Multiple atrioventricular nodal pathways in humans: electrophysiologic demonstration and characterization.

Multiple AV Nodal Pathways. Introduction: Multiple AV nodal pathway physiology can be demonstrated in certain patients with clinical AV reentrant tachycardia. Methods and Results: Evidence suggesting multiple AV nodal pathway conduction was present in seven (two males; age range 15 to 75 years) of 78 patients (9%) who underwent electrophysiologic studies for AV nodal tachycardia. The presence of two discrete discontinuities in the AV nodal conduction curves suggested triple AV nodal pathway conduction. Detailed mapping of their retrograde atrial activation sequence was performed along the tricuspid annulus from the coronary sinus ostium to the His-bundle electrogram recording site. Three zones (anterior, middle, and posterior) correspond to the upper, middle, and lower third of the triangle of Koch, respectively. The fast pathway exits were determined as anterior (4/7) or middle (3/7), the intermediate pathway exits as middle (4/7) or posterior (3/7), and the slow pathway exits as middle (1/7) or posterior (6/7). Other evidence suggesting multiple AV nodal pathway conduction includes: (1) triple ventricular depolarizations from a single atrial impulse; (2) sequential dual ventricular echoes; (3) spontaneous transformation between the slow-fast and fast-slow forms of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia; and (4) persistent cycle length alternans during AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. In four patients, all three pathways were shown to be involved in AV nodal echoes or reentrant tachycardia. Conclusion: Multiple AV nodal pathways are not uncommon and can be identified by careful electrophysiologic elucidation and mapping technique.
Paradigms, Processes, and Values in Family Research

In research on the family, considerable amounts of scholarship have occurred with respect to central domains of theory, methodology, and substantive content. In contrast, attention to philosophy, another domain whose influence is arguably just as central, appears noticeably scant. Considering philosophical issues reveals important yet frequently unrecognized values, beliefs, and modes of inquiry that underlie and inform research endeavors. The present article offers an accessible overview of important philosophical and paradigmatic issues that arise in family research, specifically describing different modes of social inquiry as well as cultural ideals and values embedded in family research. In doing so, implications for current and future family research are highlighted and discussed.
Valvular heart disease in patients exposed to pergolide: insights from the clinical presentation.

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of symptoms would aid in the detection of valvular heart disease (VHD) in those exposed to pergolide. Methods Utilizing a prospective, cross-sectional study design, patients with an exposure to pergolide were asked regarding the presence or absence of chest pain, shortness of breath or lower extremity edema through a questionnaire. Echocardiograms were obtained on the same day as the questionnaire and were blinded to all staff involved in the study. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the reported symptoms towards the outcome moderate or severe valvular regurgitation were obtained. Using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, we also ascertained whether a relationship existed between symptoms, pergolide dose and presence of VHD. To understand the associations between symptoms and echocardiographic covariates, a logistic regression analysis was performed adjusted for age and gender. Results The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of symptom presentation and total dose was sufficiently low that it did not aid in the determination whether significant valvular regurgitation was present. Multivariable analysis noted a significant association with indexed left atrial volume (p = 0.011), estimated pulmonary artery pressure (p = 0.047) and shortness of breath. Conclusions The presence or absence of symptoms does not help guide whether valvular regurgitation is present or absent in individuals exposed to pergolide. Therefore, echocardiography is needed to confirm or refute pergolide-associated VHD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Native banded collagen fibrils in the glomerular mesangial matrix of normal human and laboratory animals.

Renal cortical tissue blocks were removed from normal freshly harvested rat, rabbit, sheep, monkey, and human kidneys. The tissues were made acellular by extraction with distilled water and detergents. The resultant extracellular matrices and associated basement membranes (BMs) were observed by transmission electron microscopy. BMs and noncellular components of the interstitium maintained their in vivo histoarchitectural arrangements. Glomerular BMs were particularly striking in this regard and exhibited capillary loops radiating from centrolobular zones that contained a fibrillogranular mesangial matrix of medium electron density. An unexpected finding was the presence of bundles of banded collagen fibrils (45-nm repeat periods) embedded in the glomerular mesangial matrix in each of the species studied. These fibrils were morphologically indistinguishable from those seen in the general renal connective tissue space. Our data suggest that interstitial collagens may be present in substantial quantities in normal renal centrolobular zones. Furthermore, they may contribute to the unique intrinsic structural rigidity exhibited by isolated glomerular BMs.
888 ACUTE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AS THE FIRST HEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATION IN A PATIENT WITH FANCONI ANEMIA

888 ACUTE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AS THE FIRST HEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATION IN A PATIENT WITH FANCONI ANEMIA
Contrasting Parental Tasks Influence Parental Roles for Paired and Single Biparental Cichlid Fish

Biparental care of young occurs when both parents provide some sort of care for offspring and can include a wide variety of behaviors, yet often studies focus on single aspects of parental care when trying to determine how each parent contributes. Here, we presented the biparental convict cichlid fish (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) with two conflicting parental behaviors: retrieval of non-swimming offspring that have been displaced from the nest and defense against a conspecific intruder, a potential brood predator. We examined single males, single females, and pairs of parents to determine how males and females each contributed to overall parental care. Traditionally in this species, parents exhibit a division of labor (in which each parent contributes to all parental activities), but also exhibit a division of roles (in which males tend to favor the role of defense and females tend to favor more direct care, spending more time with offspring). We hypothesized that single parents would compensate for their absent mate, but that males and females would still favor preferred roles. Additionally, we hypothesized that there would be an asymmetrical expansion of roles, with females being more flexible. Our results show that the preferred roles of both parents were evident even when parents were without their mates and that males and females differed in their compensatory levels, at least when compared to the behaviors of the intact pair. Contrary to our prediction, females seem unable to fully compensate for the defensive behaviors usually exhibited by males, while males shifted completely to retrieve displaced offspring.
Active Target Tracking and Cooperative Localization for Teams of Aerial Vehicles

This paper studies the active target-tracking problem for a team of unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with 3-D range-finding sensors. We propose a gradient-based control strategy that encompasses the three major optimum experimental design criteria, and we use the Kalman filter for estimating the target's position both in a cooperative and in a noncooperative scenario. Our control strategy is active because it moves the vehicles along paths that minimize the uncertainty about the location of the target. In the case that the position of the vehicles is not perfectly known, we introduce a new and more challenging problem, termed active cooperative localization and multitarget tracking (ACLMT). In this problem, the aerial vehicles must reconfigure themselves in the 3-D space in order to maximize both the accuracy of their own position estimate and that of multiple moving targets. For ACLMT, we derive analytical lower and upper bounds on the targets' and vehicles' position uncertainty by exploiting the monotonicity property of the Riccati differential equation arising from the Kalman-Bucy filter. These bounds allow us to study the impact of the sensors' accuracy and the targets' dynamics on the performance of our coordination strategy. Extensive simulation experiments illustrate the proposed theoretical results.
An introduction to synthetic-aperture radar

One way of achieving fine-resolution terrain imagery using airborne, side-looking radar is to boost frequency; another is to decrease along-track tracking. Neither is attractive. But they would have had to do were it not for coherent wave radar?upon which synthetic-aperture radar is premised. Using coherent radar, resolution can depend, not on the width of the beam, but on Doppler frequency shift. The azimuthal resolution of side-looking radar can therefore be of the same order of magnitude as that for range resolution. The key to converting the theoretical groundwork into a ``full-bodied'' system is an appropriate data-processing scheme. And the simplest scheme for working, processing, and deciphering the data is optical.
Love, knowledge and transformation

What do we learn about eras from examining Plato’s Symposium? Eros is presented as a divine madness. The object of the lover is a transformation. Plato’s characterization of this transformation is variously translated as a ‘birth in beauty’, ‘breeding in the beautiful’, or ‘the conception and generation that the beautiful effects’. It is elucidated in the following way: Eros is a divine madness which brings the lover to a final ecstatic vision of the Beautiful, the Good. This is ‘birth’ is viewed as the culmination of the lover’s pregnancy of soul. It is the expression of, and union with the divine. What actually transpires in the Symposium? Socrates describes himself as a midwife, one who will help others to bring forth the Beautiful, to achieve the ecstatic bearing of the divine. (One would think that no one could overlook the envy of women and women’s functions [pregnancy and midwifery] that pervades this work, but that assumption does not reckon with the ingenuity of male commentators.) Given Socrates’ self-proclaimed role as midwife, one would expect to see him gently and deftly helping to deliver at least one of his cohorts into enlightenment, or at least to
Pathogenesis of type 2 turkey astroviruses with variant capsid genes in 2-day-old specific pathogen free poults.

The pathogenicity of three different type 2 turkey astroviruses (TAstV-2) was studied in specific pathogen free turkeys. These viruses differ based on sequence analysis of the capsid gene. Poults were inoculated at 2 days of age and examined during 14 days for clinical signs and virus shedding. All inoculated poults presented signs of enteric disease including diarrhoea and growth depression. Virus presence and shedding was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from intestinal contents and cloacal swabs collected at 3, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation. Viraemia was also confirmed by this method. Common lesions observed at necropsy were dehydration; distended intestines filled with watery contents and undigested feed, and dilated caeca with foamy contents. Microscopic lesions present in the intestines consisted of mild crypt hyperplasia, villous atrophy and lymphocytic infiltration, and were most common in the jejunum. Presence of the viruses was demonstrated by immunohistoche...
Observation of interaction dynamics in finite-temperature Bose condensed atom clouds

We present measurements of finite-temperature atom clouds cooled below the transition temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation. We study the dynamics of the interface region between the Bose condensed and noncondensed components of the atom clouds, where the time-dependent density profile is highly sensitive to interactions between the two components. We observe directly the effects of repulsion from the condensate on the dynamics of noncondensed atoms. The measurements are compared to calculations based on Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mean-field theory. We infer a value for the spatial second-order correlation function for noncondensed atoms of g0,NC (2)(r = 0) = 1.8 ± 0.3.
The influence of a deep-storage and an underground reservoir on the physicochemical limnology of a permanent central Texas river

This study was undertaken to determine the influence of a deep-storage reservoir and a downstream underground reservoir on the physicochemical limnology of a 98-km segment of a permanent river in central Texas. Seventeen parameters were studied. In general, impoundment in the deep-storage reservoir improved whereas inflow from the underground reservoir deteriorated water quality of the parent river. Overall combined effect of impoundment and inflow showed an improved water quality downstream from the study area from that found upstream of the study area.
Lattice statics Green's function method for calculation of atomistic structure of grain boundary interfaces in solids: Part II. Anharmonic theory

A lattice statics Green’s function method is described for calculating the atomistic structure of a solid near a grain boundary interface. First, a reference state is defined which is ‘near’ the equilibrium state. The Green’s function for the reference state is obtained in terms of the perfect lattice Green’s function by mapping the lattice sites of the reference state to the perfect lattice sites and solving the Dyson’s equation within a supercell. This Green’s function gives the response of the reference state which determines the atomic relaxations under the net forces which would be present in the reference state. The specific case of a ∑5 tilt boundary in a fec lattice has been considered, assuming the validity of the harmonic approximation.
Platelet response to acute blood loss: An experimental study

The platelet changes associated with acute blood loss were studied in dogs and baboons. The circulating platelets decreased and aggregability increased in response to hemorrhage. Intrinsic ATP and ADP concentrations and ultrastructural morphology did not change significantly. These results explain, in part, the coagulopathy that occurs in the trauma victim in hemorrhagic shock. Based upon these observations, the authors describe a resuscitative program that includes whole blood and platelet administration.
Emerging Medical and Nonsurgical Interventions in Cystic Lesions of the Spine

Cystic lesions of the spine are represented by congenital, infectious, posttraumatic, and neoplastic processes and can be stratified according to their anatomical location within the spine. Their locations can be intraosseus, extradural, intradural and extramedullary, intramedullary, or mixed. Although the definitive treatment of symptomatic spinal cystic lesions is primarily surgical, some of these lesions are treated medically and by minimally invasive techniques. We present an overview of the medical and minimally invasive alternatives for management of those lesions which are amenable to this nonsurgical treatment.
Comparison of Standard Methods of Measuring Holding Time in H.T.S.T. Pasteurizers

Summary Three tests for the determination of holding time were compared; namely, the nickel chloride—dimethylglyoxime chemical method, the sodium nitrite—Griess-Ilosvay chemical method, and the salt conductivity method. Tests were carried out, under field conditions, on five commercial plate-type, high-temperature, short-time pasteurizers, the capacities of which ranged from 3,935 to 16,525 lb. per hour. The size of holding tubes on these units was from 1½- to 2½-in. nominal size sanitary piping, whereas one of the units had a plate-type holder section. The methods were compared under conditions as nearly identical as circumstances would permit. Results of tests, carried out in accordance with these methods, were compared on the basis of the same flow rate, with the same type of injection being used. The point of injection of the solution used as a tracer was the same in all tests in relation to the flow of liquid entering the holding section. The results indicate that the sodium nitrite test was more sensitive as a method of determining holding time than either the nickel chloride test or the salt conductivity test. This was more apparent in high-capacity units, using larger-sized holding tubes, and in lower-capacity units with a low holding-tube efficiency. The nickel chloride test and the salt conductivity test were shown to be of comparable sensitivity on low- and medium-capacity units, but on higher-capacity units the nickel chloride test appeared more sensitive than the salt conductivity test.
Terminal Repeller Unconstrained Subenergy Tunneling (TRUST) for fast global optimization

A new method for unconstrained global function optimization, acronymed TRUST, is introduced.
A threshold criterion for phase-lock demodulation

An analytical threshold criterion has been developed for the general phase-lock receiver utilizing Booton's quasi-linearization technique. This criterion is established for arbitrary information and noise spectral densities. The information is assumed phase- or frequency-encoded on the received signal. Explicit results are centered around the case of additive white Gaussian noise. The principal nonlinearity is assumed to be the phase detector which is represented as a product device. Threshold curves are derived for three types of signals: 1) Bandlimited phase-encoded white Gaussian signals, optimal receiver; 2) Bandlimited phase-encoded white Gaussian signals, second-order receiver; 3) Frequency-encoded white signals, optimal receiver. The phase-encoded white Gaussian signal threshold is then compared with Shannon's results. It was found that the optimal receiver threshold occurs 10 log 10 (e) or 4.34 db above Shannon's limit. The second-order receiver was found to threshold 2 to 3 db above the optimal receiver in the region of normally encountered output signal-to-noise power ratios. Frequency-encoded white signals represent the character of residual noise in a communication link oscillator system. Residual frequency noise is induced by the ever present thermal noise in oscillator circuits. This particular thermal-induced noise cannot be removed entirely. For this fundamental noise process maximum receiver sensitivities are derived. An interesting result of quasi-linearization is that, for the signals considered, previous solutions of the Wiener-Hopf equation may be applied with only slight modifications.
Characterization of ibrutinib-sensitive and -resistant mantle lymphoma cells

Ibrutinib inhibits Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), a key component of early B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling pathways. A multicentre phase 2 trial of ibrutinib in patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) demonstrated a remarkable response rate. However, approximately one-third of patients have primary resistance to the drug while other patients appear to lose response and develop secondary resistance. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying ibrutinib sensitivity is of paramount importance. In this study, we investigated cell lines and primary MCL cells that display differential sensitivity to ibrutinib. We found that the primary cells display a higher BTK activity than normal B cells and MCL cells show differential sensitivity to BTK inhibition. Genetic knockdown of BTK inhibits the growth, survival and proliferation of ibrutinib-sensitive but not resistant MCL cell lines, suggesting that ibrutinib acts through BTK to produce its anti-tumour activities. Interestingly, inhibition of ERK1/2 and AKT, but not BTK phosphorylation per se, correlates well with cellular response to BTK inhibition in cell lines as well as in primary tumours. Our study suggests that, to prevent primary resistance or to overcome secondary resistance to BTK inhibition, a combinatory strategy that targets multiple components or multiple pathways may represent the most effective approach.
Current status of gene therapy for rheumatoid arthritis

Gene therapy offers great possibilities for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Traditional surgical and pharmaceutical methods of treating RA have met with limited therapeutic success and have failed to produce a cure, but the past several years have seen extensive progress toward development of a gene therapy for arthritis. Numerous vectors and therapeutic genes have been investigated in animal models of arthritis, and the potential of gene therapy to treat or manage RA has been demonstrated in several clinical studies. Gene therapy offers the possibility of overcoming many of the limitations of current biologic therapies by providing long-term, high-level localized expression of therapeutic genes, potentially in as little as a single dose. In this review, we explore the advances in gene therapy for RA and summarize the recent preclinical and clinical data. In addition, we provide an overview of vectors and targets for RA gene therapy.
Electrophoresis of mammalian aldehyde dehydrogenase

Abstract The diphosphopyridine-dependent, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in a fraction precipitated from a bovine liver supernatant solution at 50–55% saturation with ammonium sulfate was electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gel. Dehydrogenase activity was detected by the formation of blue formazan bands on the gel when a phenazine methosulphate-nitro blue tetrazolium staining technique was used with diphosphopyridine nucleotide as coenzyme. Only one band of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was detected. The activity at this site was demonstrated with a wide variety of aldehyde substrates including synthetic preparations of the naturally occurring aldehydes, indoleacetaldehyde, p -hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. Formazan bands were found also at the sites of the lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes. However, these bands appeared even in the absence of the aldehydes. These findings are discussed.
Precipitation in solution-treated aluminium–4 wt% copper under cyclic strain

Solution-treated Al–4 wt% Cu was strain-cycled at ambient temperature and above, and the precipitation and deformation behaviours investigated by TEM. Anomalously rapid growth of precipitates appears to have been facilitated by a vacancy super-saturation generated by cyclic strain and the presence of continually refreshed dislocation density to provide heterogeneous nucleation sites. Crystallographic texture appears to be responsible for latent hardening in specimens tested at room temperature. Increasing temperatures lead to a gradual hardening throughout life due to precipitation. Specimens machined at 45° from the rolling direction, which exhibit rapid precipitation hardening, show greater texture hardening due to increased axial stress required to cut precipitates in specimens. In the temperature range 100–200°C, precipitation of Θ″ is suppressed by cyclic strain, and precipitation of Θ′ promoted. The rapid growth of precipitates generated by cyclic strain operates with diminishing effect at higher te...
Early Treatment of High Risk Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Alemtuzumab and Rituximab

Background CLL patients are usually only treated for progressive disease. However, the discovery of biological predictors of high risk of disease progression together with the development of newer more targeted therapies could change this paradigm. In this phase 2 study we tested the safety and efficacy of early treatment of high risk CLL patients with alemtuzumab and rituximab.
Kanamycin resistance as a selectable marker for plastid transformation in tobacco

We report on a novel chimeric gene that confers kanamycin resistance on tobacco plastids. The kan gene from the bacterial transposon Tn5, encoding neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII), was placed under control of plastid expression signals and cloned between rbcL and ORF512 plastid gene sequences to target the insertion of the chimeric gene into the plastid genome. Transforming plasmid pTNH32 DNA was introduced into tobacco leaves by the biolistic procedure, and plastid transformants were selected by their resistance to 50 micrograms/ml of kanamycin monosulfate. The regenerated plants uniformly transmitted the transplastome to the maternal progeny. Resistant clones resulting from incorporation of the chimeric gene into the nuclear genome were also obtained. However, most of these could be eliminated by screening for resistance to high levels of kanamycin (500 micrograms/ml). Incorporation of kan into the plastid genome led to its amplification to a high copy number, about 10,000 per leaf cell, and accumulation of NPTII to about 1% of total cellular protein.
Ranking indirect connections in literature-based discovery: The role of medical subject headings

Arrowsmith, a computer-assisted process for literaturebased discovery, takes as input two disjoint sets of records (A, C) from the Medline database. It produces a list of title words and phrases, B, that are common to A and C, and displays the title context in which each B-term occurs within A and within C. Subject experts then can try to find A‐B and B‐C title-pairs that together may suggest novel and plausible indirect A‐C relationships (via B-terms) that are of particular interest in the absence of any known direct A‐C relationship. The list of B-terms typically is so large that it is difficult to find the relatively few that contribute to scientifically interesting connections. The purpose of the present article is to propose and test several techniques for improving the quality of the B-list. These techniques exploit the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) that are assigned to each input record. A MesH-based concept of literature cohesiveness is defined and plays a key role. The proposed techniques are tested on a published example of indirect connections between migraine and magnesium deficiency. The tests demonstrate how the earlier results can be replicated with a more efficient and more systematic computer-aided process.
Computer architecture in the computer science curriculum

Due to several complementary technological advances related to computer systems, there has lately been an increased interest in the architecture of computers. This increased interest has forced changes in and additions to the computer science curriculum. In this paper, an academic program is described which has been found to be highly successful in terms of student interest and learning. The role of computer architecture in this program is explored, and conclusions are drawn regarding this role.
Do People Save or Spend Their Inheritances? Understanding What Happens to Inherited Wealth

Almost $4 trillion dollars of wealth is currently held by families with a life expectancy of less than 10 years. When that wealth is inherited, will it be retained or spent quickly? Results from the NLSY79, a longitudinal survey covering people in their 20s, 30s, and 40s suggest roughly half of all money inherited is saved and the other half spent or lost investing. These spending and saving decisions are made by a concentrated group with about one-fifth of all families getting an inheritance and about one-seventh expecting to receive an inheritance. Suggestions to increase savings from inheritances are discussed.
Wasting Disease of Zostera marina

IN Dr. Kathleen B. Blackburn's letter on this subject1, the conclusion seems well established, through a study of the chromosomes, that the narrow-leaved form of the eelgrass (grass wrack), which has in many of the diseased areas replaced the larger and broader type of plant, is clearly a form of Z. marina and not a hybrid of Z. marina and Z. nana, as some have believed. Miss Blackburn therefore suggests that the difference in the width of the leaves of varieties of Z. marina may be a purely ecological character. She further remarks that, in the localities examined, the width of the leaf of Z. marina was directly proportional to the depth of the water, and that the very narrow-leaved forms Were those that had been longest exposed by the fall of the tide, while the broader were those that had not been exposed at all.
Safety pharmacology requirements for the development of human cardiac/cardiovascular pharmaceuticals

The potential for proarrhythmia in humans by a new medicine is currently a consideration of the scientific specialists, drug development teams, clinical research groups, and the regulatory agencies who are assessing new data or who consider clinical issues with earlier compounds. In some instances, the proarrhythmic effects are completely unexpected secondary side effects of a noncardiovascular medicine. In other cases, the potential for proarrhythmia in humans with a cardiovascular compound or antiarrhythmic per se is even more likely from a theoretical perspective, because this can often be predicted from its exacerbated primary pharmacodynamic response after high clinical exposure. Although there were some informal guidelines on how to best provide a safety assessment for a compound with the inclusion of some safety pharmacology tests, this is available in the ICH (International Conference on Harmonisation) S7A Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals (CPMP/ICH/539/00), which recently came into place worldwide (June 2001). Further guidance on in vitro aspects of ventricular proarrhythmia, and the predictive value of in vitro testing (including Torsade de pointes) is now under preparation and consultation (ICH S7B). A new chemical entity should be assessed for its side effects, initially in those physiological systems which are generally agreed to be the key systems that are essential for life; these core tests include the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and central nervous system.
Low-Reynolds-number airfoil design for the M.I.T. Daedalus prototype- A case study

The rationale used for the aerodynamic wing design of the prototype long-range human-powered aircraft Light Eagle is presented. Three different airfoils, designed for chord Reynolds numbers of 500,000,375,000, and 250,000 were used across the wingspan. The airfoil design rationale centered on minimizing the losses in the transitional separation bubbles typically occurring on airfoils at Reynolds numbers of less than 1 million. Structural and manufacturing constraints were also a consideration in the airfoil design, although to a lesser extent. Airfoil performance prediction during the design process was done entirely through numerical simulation. The numerical model employs the Euler equations to represent the inviscid flow, and an integral boundary-layer formulation to represent the viscous flow. Strong viscous-inviscid coupling and an amplification transition criterion included in the overall equation system permit calculation of transitional separation bubbles and their associated losses. Flow visualization tests performed on the Light Eagle at various lift coefficients in towed flight revealed transition occurring very near the intended position on the wing surface except within a few chords of the tip, where the flow appeared to be turbulent over most of the upper surface. Total drag aircraft polars obtained from the measured aircraft energy time history in glide contained too much scatter to be used as quantitative test data but did reproduce the basic trends of the calculations, including maximum lift coefficient levels.
Constitutive Modeling of Geomaterials

Recent advancements in computer technology have paved the way for solving boundary value problems that could not be solved in the past due to a lack of affordable computing power. However, among other things, the accuracy of boundary value predictions hinges critically on the accuracy with which the constitutive behavior of the material is modeled. While the past several decades have seen impressive progress in the area of constitutive model development, many topics still remain challenging and new methods are continually being proposed. The objective of this special issue is to provide an avenue for presenting some of the recent developments in one place. While there are differences between their behaviors, most geomaterials ~soils, concrete, rocks, etc.! have a lot in common. For example, geomaterials contain pores that are fully or partially filled with fluids, requiring poromechanical behavior to be modeled. Many of the geomaterials exhibit significant creep ~e.g., clays, cement, concrete, asphalt concrete, etc.!. Most importantly, their behaviors are pressuredependent. Concepts developed for modeling one geomaterial can be used directly or with modifications to model another geoma-
The problem of bioassay and comparative potency of diuretics. II. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as oral diuretics.

Oral diuretic agents are widely used with but little information concerning their relative diuretic and toxic effects. A method is reported here for the bioassay of oral diuretic agents so that their comparative potency may be established. Four carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are compared by this method.
Mercury Uptake Patterns of Biota in a Seasonally Anoxic Northern California Reservoir

Biotic uptake of mercury (Hg) in Davis Creek Reservoir, California increased dramatically in conjunction with the entrainment of anoxic hypolimnetic water into the mixed layer. This indicated a seasonal pulse increase of bioavailable Hg associated with thermal destratification. The effect was more pronounced in juvenile bass (70–200% seasonal increases in muscle Hg concentration), as compared to adults (15–25% increases), and was most distinct in Zooplankton, which spiked to concentrations of 3–6 mg/kg, dry weight, immediately following fall destratification (130–270% seasonal increases over pre-fall levels). In addition to the general buildup of methyl Hg in the hypolimnion under anoxic conditions, a dense layer of photosynthetic anaerobic bacteria just beneath the thermocline is implicated as a potentially important seasonal source of methyl Hg to reservoir fish. Hg increases in juvenile and adult fish correspond to late summer and fall entrainment of upper hypolimnetic water, while Zooplankton spike increases may be partially related to ingestion or adsorption of Hg-scavenging manganese oxides, which precipitate following full turnover. A simple and effective, syringe-based cold vapor atomic absorption method for total Hg is also described.
High synovial immunoglobulin E levels in eosinophilic synovitis

Eosinophilic synovitis occurred in a 7-year-old boy. Synovial fluid leukocytes were mostly eosinophils; the peripheral blood showed only mild eosinophilia. The level of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in the synovial fluid was higher than that in the serum, suggesting intraarticular eosinophil degranulation. The IgE level was also elevated in the synovial fluid (3854 ng/ml) but normal in the serum (408 ng/ml), suggesting a localized immediate hypersensitivity immune response.
Index properties and observations for design of chambers in rock

Abstract The in-situ methods emphasized in this paper are used to relate rock index properties to the performance of a tunnel or large chamber. The methods are carried out by exploration prior to construction and by observations during excavation. The mechanics of the deformation and the possible models of tunnel failure should provide the basis for relating the significant rock index properties to behavior. Index properties of significance in tunneling can be divided into the following categories: the average quality of the rock mass, the properties of planar discontinuities, and the properties of intact specimens. The average quality of the rock mass can be determined from quantitative estimates of rock quality, fracturing, and weathering in the rock core. Calibrated descriptive estimates may suffice. The average rock quality indices are particularly useful in the exploration stage in locating the low quality zones that may cause tunneling difficulties. Properties of planar discontinuities, have a large influence on the performance of large chambers but are more difficult to assess in the exploratory phase of a project. Loosening ground and highly stressed ground conditions and their influence on performance of large chambers are summarized. The following design aspects are discussed: (1) heading support requirements; (2) support spacing; (3) support displacements; (4) support pressures and bolt lengths; (5) compatibility of initial and final support and integration of excavation and support sequences in large chambers. The size of the chamber with respect to the wave length, continuity, and spacing of joints has an important influence on support pressures and support selection. Classification systems that directly relate rock indices to support can be used for a preliminary estimate of support requirements. However, an additional step should be included when evaluating performance: (1) Evaluate geology and determine significant index properties. (2) Outline expected ground behavior and its effect on construction. This additional step requires a knowledge of construction procedures as well as the models of rock behavior that are appropriate to the given geologic setting and excavation geometry. The geologic data should be plotted in plan and cross-section views of the proposed opening for each excavation sequence in order to identify potential problems and to check the adequacy of the proposed support systems. (3) Select support systems and construction procedures that permit the headings to be safely and economically excavated, and that provide a permanent support suitable over the intended life of the facility.
The Origins of Saramaccan Syntax: A Reply to John McWhorter's "Substratal Influence in Saramaccan Serial Verb Constructions"

L'A. propose une etude critique de l'analyse faite par John McWhorter au sujet de l'origine des constructions de series verbales en saramacca et dont il existerait des paralleles dans les langues nigerianes/kwa
Adiabatic Phase Boundary Propagation in a Thermoelastic Solid.

The dynamical aspects of solid-solid phase transformations are studied within the framework of the theory of thermoelasticity. A problem of the Riemann type for a one-dimensional bar undergoing an adiabatic process is analyzed. It is shown that by imposing a kinetic relation and a nucleation criterion, it is possible to single out a unique solution. This extends to the thermomechanical case results previously found in a purely mechanical context.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE RPI THREE-STAGE ISOTOPE SEPARATOR.

Abstract The electromagnetic isotope separator has become, increasingly, an important instrument complementing research activities in the natural and physical sciences. The early beginnings of isotope separations in the 1930's are traced to today's modern machines. The evolution of the “calutron”, which was developed because of the discovery of nuclear fission and the subsequent World War II construction of a nuclear weapon, is explained. Early work at Copenhagen, Denmark in the 1940's has led to the development of the Scandinavian-type of isotope separator which has seen widespread acceptance for laboratory and university applications. The development of this separator is reviewed. Enriched stable and radioisotopes and the separators which provide them have found many applications in diverse scientific fields. A study of some of the more common uses and anticipated uses in nuclear science, biology and medicine, environmental science, geology, and chemistry reveals the importance of separated isotopes. In many instances the quantity of material required for specific research is small, and evidence is presented to suggest that there is very substantial merit in seeking the highest possible enrichments. The general design criteria for the RPI isotope separator were selected on the basis of planning for medium ion beam currents yielding a system capable of separating microgram to milligram quantities of pure stable nuclides. The determination of design parameters is explained, and the rationale for constructing this instrument is presented. The RPI isotope separator uses a unique ion-optical system of three magnetic lenses to accomplish the goal of maximum isotopic purity.
Talking About Violence: Clustered Participles in the Speeches of Lysias

This paper explores the Greek participle and its use in the works of Lysias. I will argue that in Lysias' works, narrative descriptions of violence are characterized by the unusually frequent use of the participle. I will further show that the association of high participle density and narratives about violence are a subset of a larger pattern relating to use of the participle in Lysias' works. In this pattern, Lysias uses unusually large numbers of participles: (1) only within the narrative and argumentative sections of the speeches; (2) to structure the work and mark the conclusion of narrative arcs and lines of argument; (3) in their role as a structuring device, these passages also provide immediacy and momentum to the argument or narrative descriptions of events; and (4) to mark a return in subject matter to the case at hand and to focus the attention of the jury on the question that is before them.