cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three predictions of the economic concept of unit price in a choice context.

Economic theory makes three predictions about consumption and response output in a choice situation: (a) When plotted on logarithmic coordinates, total consumption (i.e., summed across concurrent sources of reinforcement) should be a positively decelerating function, and total response output should be a bitonic function of unit price increases; (b) total consumption and response output should be determined by the value of the unit price ratio, independent of its cost and benefit components; and (c) when a reinforcer is available at the same unit price across all sources of reinforcement, consumption should be equal between these sources. These predictions were assessed in human cigarette smokers who earned cigarette puffs in a two-choice situation at a range of unit prices. In some sessions, smokers chose between different amounts of puffs, both available at identical unit prices. Individual subjects' data supported the first two predictions but failed to support the third. Instead, at low unit prices, the relatively larger reinforcer (and larger response requirement) was preferred, whereas at high unit prices, the smaller reinforcer (and smaller response requirement) was preferred. An expansion of unit price is proposed in which handling costs and the discounted value of reinforcers available according to ratio schedules are incorporated.
An Evangelical Paul: A Response to Francis Watson’s Paul and the Hermeneutics of Faith:

A quick glance at Paul and the Hermeneutics of Faith tells anyone that Francis Watson is both learned and thorough. Mere reading goes on to reveal a witty stylist and a masterful exegete. But I wou...
More on the recall of nominalizations

Previous research suggests that complexity of underlying syntactic structure is the best predictor of ease of recall of certain nominalizations. Two experiments demonstrated that transitive verbs and inanimate nouns in isolation were more difficult to recall than intransitive verbs and animate nouns. Thus, explanations of recall differences based on node counting indices are questionable. It is suggested that lexical representations will account for the recall differences observed in single items. However, the relation between syntactic complexity and lexical representation is still unresolved.
Burn Intensive Care

As a result of continuous development in the treatment of burns, the LD50 (the burn size lethal to 50% of the population) for thermal injuries has risen from 42% total body surface area (TBSA) during the 1940s and 1950s to more than 90% TBSA for young thermally injured patients. This vast improvement in survival is due to simultaneous developments in critical care, advancements in resuscitation, control of infection through early excision, and pharmacologic support of the hypermetabolic response to burns. This article reviews these recent advances and how they influence modern intensive care of burns.
Reduction, Donaldson invariants and quantum cohomology ring

By considering a (partial) topological twisting of supersymmetric Yang-Mills compactified on a 2d space with 't Hooft magnetic flux turned on we obtain a supersymmetric σ-model in 2 dimensions. For N = 2 SYM this maps Donaldson observables on products of two Riemann surfaces to quantum cohomology ring of moduli space of flat connections on a Riemann surface.
It pays to be picky: an evaluation of thread retrieval in online forums

Online forums host a rich information exchange, often with contributions from many subject matter experts. In this work we evaluate algorithms for thread retrieval in a large and active online forum community. We compare methods that utilize thread structure to a naive method that treats a thread as a single document. We find that thread structure helps, and additionally selective methods of thread scoring, which only use evidence from a small number of messages in the thread, significantly and consistently outperform inclusive methods which use all the messages in the thread.
Role Playing, Collective Bargaining, and the Measurement of Attitude Change.

Using what scholars have identified as the major explanations of industrial unrest in the United States, Lloyd measures changes in attitudes of students engaged in mock collective bargaining negotiations. By testing before and after the bargaining sessions, he is able to show the influence of role playing upon perception.
Impulsivity and risk-taking in borderline personality disorder with and without substance use disorders

Impulsivity and risk taking propensity were assessed in participants with borderline personality disorder (BPD-only; n = 19), BPD and a current or past substance use disorder (BPD-SUD; n = 32), and a matched comparison group (MC; n = 28). Participants were administered behavioral measures of two facets of the multidimensional construct of impulsivity [GoStop, delay discounting task (DDT)], one measure of risk-taking propensity [Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART)], and two self-report measures of impulsivity (i.e., Barrett Impulsiveness Scale, Eysenck Impulsiveness Scale). The BPD-SUD group, but not the BPD-only group, discounted delayed rewards faster than the MC group on the DDT, suggesting that the BPD-SUD/MC group difference may be because of the SUD rather than BPD. In contrast, both the BPD-SUD and BPD-only groups exhibited poorer behavioral response inhibition compared with the MC group, but the two BPD groups did not differ from one another. This finding suggests that the differences in behavioral response inhibition may be because of BPD rather than SUD and that behavioral response disinhibition may be a core feature of BPD. None of the groups differed on the measure of risk-taking propensity (i.e., BART). On self-report questionnaires, the BPD-SUD group reported more impulsivity than the BPD-only group and both BPD groups reported more impulsivity than the MC group. Data from the DDT and self-report measures provide partial support for the hypothesis that BPD individuals with a SUD are more impulsive than BPD individuals without a SUD on some facets of impulsivity (e.g., desire to obtain a smaller immediate reward rather than wait to obtain a larger reward in the future). Results suggest that behavioral response inhibition may be a novel treatment outcome variable for BPD treatment studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Migration, households, and agrarian reform in the Baltic provinces of Russia: 19th and 20th centuries

Earlier research has shown that migration flows affect household size and that these measures in turn are affected by local and regional legal systems that seek to regulate migration. This article explores these connections in those areas of the 19th century Russian Baltic provinces of Livland and Kurland that in the 20th century became the country of Latvia. Different data bases are used to link variables during the decades after the agrarian reforms of the 1816–1819 period, in the decades after the 1860s reforms that made possible the purchase of farmland by peasants, and in the decades after 1920 when the new country of Latvia nationalized land heretofore owned by estates and redistributed it to landless peasants and small farmers. The findings are tentative because the data sources differ substantially from period to period, but the present analysis suggests strong enough connections between agrarian reform, migration, and household size and structure to require a more thorough project.
Urinary elimination of saxitoxin after intravenous injection

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is a serious public health concern throughout the world. An analytical method with diagnostic potential was used to isolate and measure saxitoxin, the most potent and studied paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin, in the urine of rats injected i.v. with sublethal doses (2 micrograms/kg) of saxitoxin. Urine was collected at intervals between 4 and 144 hr after injection. Saxitoxin was isolated from urine with an ion-exchange procedure, identified, and measured with a precolumn-oxidation-HPLC procedure coupled with fluorescence detection. The identity of oxidized saxitoxin was confirmed with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Four hours after injection, approximately 19% of the injected saxitoxin dose was excreted. By 24 hr, approximately 58% of the administered dose was excreted. Average total urinary excretion of administered saxitoxin was approximately 68% for the full study period. These results demonstrate that small quantities of unmetabolized saxitoxin can be detected in rat urine up to 144 hr after i.v. administration, and that the analytical method may have diagnostic potential for saxitoxin intoxication and paralytic shellfish poisoning.
Bloodstream infections: the problem and the challenge

Bloodstream infections (BSI) are an indisputable cause of morbidity and mortality. These infections may originate in the community setting among healthy individuals or among patients actively receiving healthcare as on dialysis, chemotherapy, etc. The largest numbers of BSI, however, are nosocomial. Rates of nosocomial BSI are highest in ICU's but the greatest numbers of cases occur in non-ICU settings. Many are catheter related. Application of simple principles of intravenous catheter placement and maintenance can markedly reduce nosocomial BSI. Although treatment of BSI can be difficult, the greatest challenge is preventing these infections.
Persistence of levels for risk factor variables during the first year of life: The Bogalusa Heart Study☆

The changes in cardiovascular disease risk factor variables during the first year of life were studied in a cohort of 440 children in Bogalusa, Louisiana. Statistically significant correlations were most evident for risk factor variable levels between 6 months and 1 yr of age with correlation coefficients of 0.81 for length, 0.87 for weight, 0.28 for systolic blood pressure, 0.42 for serum total cholesterol and 0.53 for β-lipoprotein cholesterol (all p < 0.0001). In a multiple-regression analysis in which the value of the risk factor variable at 1 yr of age is the dependent variable, only the value of that variable at 6 months of age yielded regression coefficients that were consistently statistically significant. For those children who were in the upper or lower deciles for a risk factor variable at 6 months of age, the distributions at 1 yr of age indicated a persistence in ranks. Some 32% of those in the top decile at 6 months for systolic blood pressure were also in the top decile at 1 yr of age. Similarly 30% of those in the top decile for serum total cholesterol, and 40% for β-lipoprotein cholesterol, remained at 1 yr in the top decile for total and β-lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively. Tracking can be detected in infants even with the dramatic changes occurring during the first year of life. These considerations are important for the study of the early natural history of coronary artery disease and hypertension and may help us to determine the earliest age for prediction of those children who will be prone to have heart disease as adults.
Overview of Epidemiologic Studies of Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy has been an important cause of blindness in young and middle age adults in the United States. Epidemiologic studies have quantitated the risk and have described potentially causal factors associated with many ocular complications of diabetes and other facets of this disease. A review of recent advances in diagnosis, treatment, temporal trends, and health care for diabetic retinopathy was conducted. Since the early 1980's, there have been studies of the variability of diabetic retinopathy in populations around the world and subpopulations in the United States which have demonstrated the high prevalences and incidences of this condition. Observational studies and clinical trials have documented the importance of glycemic and blood pressure control in the development and progression of this disease. There are some differences in the importance of confounders in different populations. Epidemiologic data have helped understand the importance of health care and health education in preventio...
Risk assessment in the selection of countries for market entry

Assessment of corporate strategic risk is difficult and very complex. Therefore, it is not uncommon that gross assessments are made in lieu of utilising a methodology to define risk and its degree of acceptability, especially when selecting a country for market entry. It is the objective of this paper to present a methodology which incorporates a quantifiable approach to risk assessment. It is based on conducting a thorough evaluation of the cultural, political and economic factors as well as other relevant criteria and prioritising their degree of importance and relative risk thereby generating a numerical score which is then compared with the scores of two alternative country choices. This simple tool aids in the decision making process but is dependent on the arbitrary values assigned to each pivotal criteria. The last section of the paper offers guidance on the organisational issues arising from the process of implementation of an emerging market strategy.
A New Mathematical Theory of Simple Materials

The original theory of simple materials was formulated by me in 1958 in reference [N2]. I proposed this theory in an attempt to unify and clarify the confusing variety of theories of mechanical behavior of materials that had been proposed in the literature up to that time. One can perhaps say that the attempt was moderately successful, considering that this first theory of simple materials has served as a foundation for a large part of the research in continuum physics since 1958, and considering that the concepts and even the notations of [N2] are now used routinely and without reference in textbooks on continuum mechanics.
Collision strengths and oscillator strengths for inner-shell excitation of Na-like ions

Abstract Collision strengths are given for the fine-structure transitions involving 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 l −1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 5 3 l ′3 l ″ and 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 l −1 s 2 2 s 2 p 6 3 l ′3 l ″ in 10 Na-like ions with nuclear charge number Z in the range 22 ⩽ Z ⩽ 62. Electric dipole oscillator strengths obtained with various methods are also given. Neither l ′ nor l ″ need equal l because both configuration mixing and mixing of intermediate-coupling type among all states with the same set of n values, parity, and J value are included in the calculations. For each transition the results for the collision strength are given for the five impact-electron energies in threshold units X = 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 6.0, and 15.0. The upper levels of these transitions can radiatively decay, which produces satellite lines to those due to the n = 3 to n = 2 transitions in neon-like ions, or they can autoionize, which populates the 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 1 S 0 ground level of neon-like ions.
Mood and Ad Processing: Examining the Impact of Program-Induced Moods on Subsequent Processing of an Antismoking Public Service Advertisement

This study examined the effect of program-induced moods on subsequent processing of an antismoking ad. Participants were induced to experience a happy/sad mood by watching a 5-minute segment of a sitcom/crime drama. They were then shown an antismoking ad and asked about their processing of the ad and attitude toward the ad. Results found those who watched the sitcom report greater heuristic and less cognitive processing of the ad than those who watched the crime drama. All participants reported a positive attitude toward the ad. Findings were consistent with previous research and highlight the importance of appropriate ad placement.
Optical and chemical properties of atmospheric organic aerosols

Abstract In the light of recent field and laboratory measurements we developed a structural and chemical model for organic atmospheric aerosols. The model organic aerosol consists of an aqueous core surrounded by a hydrophobic organic layer of biological origin. The role of organic aerosols is to concentrate organic materials at the surface and transport these organic molecules in the atmosphere. The nascent hydrophobic organic aerosol is not expected to nucleate clouds efficiently. Processing by atmospheric radicals creates hydrophilic sites on the surface. The processed, aged organic aerosol is expected to accommodate water and form cloud condensation nuclei. Processing of organic atmospheric aerosols implicates them in atmospheric radiative transfer.
New ferrocenophanes containing a hydrophobic, aromatic ‘pocket’

Five novel ferrocenophanes which incorporate a hydrophobic, aromatic ‘pocket’ derived from α,α′-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-diisopropylbenzene or α,α′-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,4-diisopropylbenzene are synthesized. CFour of the new ferrocenophanes have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. Solid-state structures of lipophilic ferrocenophane diamide 5, which has an aromatic ‘pocket’, and of the reactant 1,1′-di(hydroxymethyl)ferrocene (13) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and are compared with those for other ferrocenophanes and 1,1′-disubstituted ferrocenes respectively. 13 crystallizes in the space group P2l/c with a = 13.395(12) A, b = 7.714(5) A, c = 10.497(11) A, β = 105.76(8)°, V = 1043.9 A3, Z = 4, and R(Rw) = 0.0323 (0.0354) for 999 reflections (F > 4.0σ(F)). 5 crystallizes in the space group P2l/n with a = 10.948(2) A, b = 12.387(2) A, c = 30.425(4) A, β = 90.49(1)°, V = 4126.2 A3, Z = 4, and R(Rw) = 0.0611(0.0723) for 3499 reflections (F > 4.0σ(F)). For 13, the structure consists of chains of molecules connected by hydrogen bonds with ferrocene units on the outside of the chains and a hydrogen-bonded network on the interior.
Bayesian computer-aided experimental design of heterogeneous scaffolds for tissue engineering

This paper presents a Bayesian methodology for computer-aided experimental design of heterogeneous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. These heterogeneous scaffolds have spatial distributions of growth factors designed to induce and direct the growth of new tissue as the scaffolds degrade. While early scaffold designs have been essentially homogenous, new solid freeform fabrication (SFF) processes enable the fabrication of more complex, biologically inspired heterogeneous designs with controlled spatial distributions of growth factors and scaffold microstructures. SFF processes dramatically expand the number of design possibilities and significantly increase the experimental burden placed on tissue engineers in terms of time and cost. Therefore, we use a multi-stage Bayesian surrogate modeling methodology (MBSM) to build surrogate models that describe the relationship between the design parameters and the therapeutic response. This methodology is well suited for the early stages of the design process because we do not have accurate models of tissue growth, yet the success of our design depends on understanding the effect of the spatial distribution of growth factors on tissue growth. The MBSM process can guide experimental design more efficiently than traditional factorial methods. Using a simulated computer model of bone tissue regeneration, we demonstrate the advantages of Bayesian versus factorial methods for designing heterogeneous fibrin scaffolds with spatial distributions of growth factors enabled by a new SFF process.
Phospholipid composition of fungi mutualistic with Xyleborus ferrugineus

Abstract TLC analyses revealed a qualitative similarity in the phospholipid compositions of three fungi, Fusarium solani, Cephalosporium spp. and Graphium spp., mutualistic with the ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus ferrugineus . Major components were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). PC and PE totalled more than 60% of the phospholipids in Cephalosporium spp. and F. solani , and more than 80% in Graphium spp. The higher combined percentage in Graphium spp. was due to PE content. Phosphatidylserine was not detected in the mutualistic fungi. In terms of lipid phosphorus per unit of dry weight, there was a 2:3:4 ratio for F. solani : Cephalosporium spp. : Graphium spp.
Airway management practices in emergency medicine residencies.

The Core Content for Emergency Medicine (EM) recommends that all emergency physicians be trained to manage the airway, including administering paralytic agents for endotracheal intubation. This study analyzed compliance with the recommendations by reviewing airway management practices at EM residencies. All 96 EM residency directors were sent a 10-item survey characterizing airway management practices at residency-affiliated emergency departments (EDs). The 91 respondents (95%) represented residencies with 120 affiliated hospitals. Paralytic agents routinely were used during intubations in 114 of the EDs (95%). Forty-nine of the EDs (41%) never requested an anesthesiologist for intubations, and 8 EDs (7%) mandated anesthesiology presence during paralytic agent administration. The Department of Anesthesiology never performed quality assurance (QA) evaluations in at least 64 EDs (53%). The Department of Emergency Medicine performed QA checks less than two thirds of the time in at least 44 EDs (36%). The majority of EM residencies are complying with the Core Content recommendations by actively performing intubations using paralytic agents. Anesthesiologists are infrequently consulted in residency-affiliated EDs. Quality assurance of ED intubations is not rigorously monitored by emergency and anesthesiology departments.
Bombardment of field-emission cathodes by positive ions formed in the interelectrode region

ABSTRACT Ions formed by the electron stream close to a field-emission cathode point return to the cathode. These ions can cause emission fluctuations by local work function changes, and erode the emitting surface by sputtering. An analysis of these effects with hydrogen as the residual gas over the range of tip radii from 500 A to 5000 A. which operate at voltages from I0O to 1000 volts, shows that for a given electron current the ion current to the cathode for the smaller cathode is about 16% that of the larger. However, the sputtering rate of the smaller cathode is three orders of magnitude less than for the larger cathode, mainly due to the rapid full-off of sputtering rate with ion voltage in the region below 150 volts. The lives of the cathodes, assumed to end when the radius of the cathode has been eroded by 10%, tend to be about the same, due to the lesser volume of material that has to be removed from the smaller cathode. Cathode lives may be extended by ensuring that the residual gas is hydrogen,...
A REMARK ON A PAPER OF FUCHS AND SZELE

in subring of R and thus by hypothesis there exists a right identity for S, say e, = ~ a~ x~. i=1 Then xes=x, and if we set P~(t)= ~a~t ~-1 we have x2P~(x)=x. i=1 For each associator d=(u, v, w)ER there exists a polynomial Pe(t) such that d=d2Pa(d) and Slater's theorem implies that R is associative. At this point we could apply the result of Fuchs and Szele to finish; however we take a somewhat different route by next applying Herstein's theorem to see that R is commutative. Any ideal of R is of the form Re for some idempotent e, since it has an identity as a subring. Thus if 1 is the identity of R, R=Re| --e) and R is completely reducible and hence a finite direct sum of fields F 1 .... , F,. No F~ is of characteristic
Visualizing politics in African sport: political and cultural constructions in Zimbabwean soccer

Football in Zimbabwe represents a variety of socio-economic and political interests, but has also become a means of engaging in dissent and resistance. Football has been a contested terrain – the state has tried to use the game as a means of achieving social control, but it has also been a critical medium for the expression and communication of dissent. In Zimbabwe, subordinate groups have developed forms of social and political representation in a sporting context to challenge authority. Soccer has also been a site for visualizing political contestation, where the visual becomes a means of making politics. Through soft-power discourses rooted in soccer, opposition political movements in Zimbabwe not only gained visibility but also acquired significant political and cultural capital. Football fans in Zimbabwe have used colours, signs and symbols to make political statements and to engage in political action. Football’s visual elements ensured political visibility and promoted safe and creative ways of eng...
Prevalence and Comorbidity of Mental Disorders among American Indian Children in the Northern Midwest

Abstract Purpose To investigate the prevalence of mental disorder and comorbidity among American Indian children aged 10–12 years from four U.S. reservations and five Canadian reserves in the Northern Midwest. Method Specially trained Native interviewers administered the Diagnostic Interview for Children-Revised for 11 diagnostic categories to 736 tribally enrolled children (mean age 11 years) and their female caretakers. Results Prevalence rates are reported by child self-report, female caretaker reports, and combined caretaker-child reports. Twenty-three percent (combined caretaker-child reports) of the children met criteria for one of the 11 disorders and 9% met criteria for two or more of the disorders. Externalizing disorders were more prevalent than internalizing disorders or substance abuse disorders. The strongest predictor of child mental disorder was a depressed female caretaker. Conclusions Nearly one-fourth of Native children met criteria for at least one mental disorder. The presence of early mental disorder is an important risk factor for substance use and mental health problems in later life. We need systematic research to identify risk and protective factors for early mental health problems and to identify barriers to services utilization so that we can develop empirically informed, culturally specific prevention programs that address these needs.
Preselection and response biasing in short-term motor memory

Two experiments were performed comparing preselected (subject defined) and constrained (experimenter defined) movements. In the first experiment, subjects made reproduction responses immediately or under unfilled and filled 15-sec retention intervals. Results indicated that recall of preselected movements was clearly superior until the interpolation of information processing activity. In addition, preselected movements demonstrated no forgetting over a 15-sec retention interval while constrained movements evidenced spontaneous memory lass, suggesting that preselected movements possess a stronger representation in memory. The second experiment examined this interpretation in a response biasing paradigm. Subjects made criterion responses under preselected or constrained conditions, while the interpolated movement was always in the constrained mode and ± 40 deg from the criterion. The subjects’ task was to attend to both movements and recall each when instructed. While preselected recall was clearly superior’ to constrained recall, response biasing was clearly evident in both. The failure to find differential biasing effects was discussed in terms of the relative trace strength hypothesis (Stelmach & Welsh, 1972).
Effect of crystallographic orientation on ductile scribing of crystalline silicon: Role of phase transformation and slip

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of crystallographic orientation on the mode of material removal (ductile vs. brittle) in diamond scribing of single crystal silicon (c-Si) and offers an explanation for the observed effects in terms of the combined role of phase transformation and slip generation. Single-point diamond scribing tests are performed on (1 1 1), (0 0 1) and (1 1 0) crystallographic planes in the 〈1 1 1〉, 〈1 1 0〉, 〈1 0 0〉 and 〈1 1 2〉 directions. In all cases, the material removal mechanism transitions from ductile-to-brittle fracture as the depth of scribing increases. The critical depth of ductile-to-brittle transition is found to vary considerably. Scribing on the (0 0 1) Si surface exhibits significant brittle fracture, while ductile removal is achieved on the (1 1 1) plane at scribing depths greater than 1 μm. In addition, on a given crystallographic plane, brittle fracture is found to always dominate in the 〈1 0 0〉 direction compared to the 〈1 1 1〉 direction. These results are explained by the roles of phase transformation and slip generation in the material. For a given scribing depth, orientations for which slip systems are easily activated require higher load and therefore produce higher tensile stress in the material, which leads to increased brittle fracture. This explanation is found to be consistent with the experimental data presented in this paper and those available in literature.
A new eyeglasses model for post-rhinoplasty patients

We suggest a new solution for the problem of wearing eyeglasses after rhinoplasty. We present an original eyeglasses model that enables to avoid pressure on the nasal bridge. In contrast to other tools suggested in previous reports, our device is small, very light, comfortable and pleasant for the patient, allowing at the same time a clear vision. We strongly recommended the use of our device to solve the problem of wearing eyeglasses during the post-operative period of nose surgeries.
Tetanus immunity after diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis vaccination in children with clinically stable HIV infection.

Background HIV infection often impairs the immune response to childhood vaccines. Objective We sought to study the ability of HIV-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to generate a booster response to immunization with a recall antigen to which they had lost humoral immunity. Methods Diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccination was given at either 16 or 36 weeks after initiation of HAART to 37 HIV-infected children 2 to 9 years of age with a history of DTaP or diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis receipt who had negative tetanus antibody titers (≤1:243) at baseline. Results There was a clear increase in tetanus titers after vaccination, with an increase of 27-fold over the baseline values at weeks 4 and 8. The effect on tetanus titers faded to a 9-fold and 3-fold increase over baseline values at weeks 18 and 32, respectively. DTaP vaccination did not affect HIV-1 RNA viral load or CD4 percentage or cell count. There was no increase in either acute or long-term adverse events associated with the DTaP vaccination. Conclusion Although children with stable HIV infection receiving HAART can mount antigen-specific responses to tetanus immunization, the durability of these responses might be limited. Long-term monitoring of specific immune function in such children is indicated.
A phase spectrum for binary fourier Representation

Corresponding to the BIFORE (Binary FOurier Representation) Power spectrum, a phase spectrum is developed. The frequency content of each of the (log2 N+1) phase spectrum points is identical to that of the corresponding power spectrum points. It is shown that the BIFORE and discrete Fourier phase spectra have several analogous properties. A fast algorithm which yields the BIFORE power and phase spectra in approximately N log2 N arithmetic operations is also developed.
Response to: ‘Injuries Incurred During Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy with the Endocatch Retrieval System’

We appreciate Dr. Helling’s very thoughtful letter (1) re-garding our recently published description of a near-catastrophic Endocatch-related injury to the kidney duringlaparoscopic donor nephrectomy. While we wholeheart-edly agree with his conclusion that the single-surgeon En-docatchtechniquecan,withappropriatecare,beusedverysafely, we would like to take this opportunity to clarify afew salient points. First, our technique does not involveplacing the kidney into the Endocatch bag prior to vesseltransection,butonlyafterboththevesselsandureterhavebeen divided (2). Second, it is critical that care be taken toensure that the entirety of the ureter is contained withinthe Endocatch bag to avoid the possibility of stripping theureter. This has previously been described in the originalseries by Ratner et al. (3). Lastly, the injury described inour case report did not occur during retraction of the metalring,butonattemptedextractionofthebaggedkidneywiththe ring still deployed. Our failure to retract the metal ringprior to bag extraction was likely the critical error. While inthe vast majority of cases the extended ring and baggedkidney can be extracted without difﬁculty, in the very rareinstance that problems arise, having the extended ring inthe abdomen with the bagged kidney is a potential sourceof serious injury.
Albumin adhesion on some biological and non-biological glasses and connection with their Z-potentials.

Abstract Evaluating the properties of absorption of albumin on the surface of biomaterials is an important matter in developing information in the field of biomatrieals, since it is the most abundant protein present in the human body and it is in any case the first protein that rapidly flows in quantity in a damaged area of a tissue. This study has taken into consideration three different biological glasses and the results were compared with those coming from three different biologically inert glasses. The values obtained were also compared with those coming from the measurements of the Z-potential of the same glasses to verify if a correlation between albumin absorption and Z-potential of the glasses exists. Both types of measurements were carried out at two different pH values: 4.5 and 7.4. These values were selected since the first may be indicative of an acid environment to simulate that of macrophagic action (other than of inflammatory states) and the second simulates the normal condition of a tissue like healthy bone.
Metallocenes as cationizing agents in the characterization of polystyrenes and polyethylene glycols by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Very little work has been done on exploring the transition metals as suitable cationizing agents for the analysis of polymers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF). This paper reports on the characterization of polystyrenes and polyethylene glycols with select metallocenes as cationizing agents. It was found that ferrocene, nickelocene and cobaltocene did indeed cationize the polymer and that, at higher molecular weights, very little if any metal clusters were observed. It was also found that the signal intensity was improved for the higher molecular weight polymers.
Enhancement of adriamycin cytotoxicity by therapeutic ultrasound in vivo

A report is presented on the enhancing effect of ultrasound upon adriamycin (Adr) antitumor action in vivo. RIF-1 tumors were insonated (F=1.733 MHz) 10 min after the intravenous injection of Adr (10 and 20 mu g/g). This resulted in an increase in the tumor doubling time and a decrease in the TCD/sub 50/ when compared to ultrasound treatment alone or to the combination of water-bath heating of the tumor and Adr. The enhancement was dependent upon the dose of Adr injected, the intensity of sonication, and the temperature of the tumor. The results suggest that nonthermal mechanisms of ultrasound action are responsible for potentiation of Adr toxicity. The lack of ultrasound enhancement of daunomycin cytotoxicity in vitro is discussed. >
An efficient class and object encoding

An object encoding translates a language with object primitives to one without. Similarly, a class encoding translates classes into other primitives. Both are important theoretically for comparing the expressive power of languages and for transferring results from traditional languages to those with objects and classes. Both are also important foundations for the implementation of object-oriented languages as compilers typically include a phase that performs these translations.This paper describes a language with a primitive notion of classes and objects and presents an encoding of this language into one with records and functions. The encoding uses two techniques often used in compilers for single-inheritance class-based object-oriented languages: the self-application semantics and the method-table technique. To type the output of the encoding, the encoding uses a new formulation of self quantifiers that is more powerful than previous approaches.
Very broadband loaded monopole antennas

A novel antenna design method is proposed and applied to overcome the narrowband characteristics of the monopole antenna by loading it with lumped elements. A genetic algorithm based optimization technique is used to determine the load values, their respective locations and the matching network elements. A bandwidth ratio of 20:1 within the frequency range of 23-460 MHz is achieved with a 2 meter long loaded monopole antenna, and by electronically switching three different matching networks a bandwidth ratio of 64:1 is obtained between 15 MHz to 960 MHz.
Femtosecond erbium-doped fiber lasers with large normal cavity dispersion

Femtosecond pulse generation by spectral filtering of a chirped pulse is demonstrated at 1550 nm. An erbium fiber laser with large normal dispersion and a spectral filter generates 200-fs and 1-nJ pulses.
Using ocean ambient noise for array self-localization and self-synchronization

Estimates of the travel times between the elements of a bottom hydrophone array can be extracted from the time-averaged ambient noise cross-correlation function (NCF). This is confirmed using 11-min-long data blocks of ambient noise recordings that were collected in May 1995 near the southern California coast at an average depth of 21 m in the 150-700 Hz frequency range. Coherent horizontal wavefronts emerging from the time derivative of the NCF are obtained across the array's aperture and are related to the direct arrival time of the time-domain Green's function (TDGF). These coherent wavefronts are used for array element self-localization (AESL) and array element self-synchronization (AESS). The estimated array element locations are used to beamform on a towed source.
Fiber surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors based on a double substrate “sandwich” structure

A new configuration was designed and tested based on ldquosandwichingrdquo target analyte molecules between two metal nanostructure substrates using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which exhibits significantly higher SERS enhancement compared to just one substrate.
BRINGING NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING TO THE MICROCOMPUTER MARKET: THE STORY OF Q&A

OVERVIEW This is the story of how one of the new natural language processing products reached the marketplace. On the surface, it is the story of one NL researcherturned-entrepreneur (yours truly) and of one product, Q&A. But this is not just my story: It is in microcosm the story of NL emerging from the confines of the academic world, which in turn is an instance of the old theme "science goes commercial."
On-line simulation in the OPS system

OPS is an interactive system designed for general use in a time-sharing environment. It includes an on-line capability for building models and running simulations. Simulation activities are scheduled, canceled, or rescheduled dynamically on an AGENDA either at a specified time or when a prescribed condition is met. Activities can be made to consume simulated time by means of a delay for a certain period or a wait until given conditions are satisfied. The AGENDA is a time-ordered list of conditionally and unconditionally scheduled activities. Working within the multi-purpose framework of the OPS system, the user may inspect the AGENDA or some index of performance without stopping the simulation. He can also interrupt the run to make unprogrammed inspections and alterations. Before resuming, he can roll the simulation back to an earlier state that has been preserved, or perturb it in some other manner. Reference to data and activities is symbolic.
A Material Momentum Balance Law for Rods

A material momentum balance law is presented in this paper where it is also specialized for a variety of rod and string theories. The local form of the law is assumed to be identically satisfied, while the jump condition provides an extra equation which is often needed to solve problems involving the application of rod and string theories. The balance law is also related to several existing conservation laws for strings and rods, including Kelvin’s circulation theorem. A novel identity for the singular sources at a discontinuity is also established.
Cholinergic activation of phosphoinositide signaling is impaired in Alzheimer's disease brain

The function of the phosphoinositide signal transduction system was compared in membranes from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and control postmortem brain. [3H]Phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis was concentration-dependently stimulated by GTP[S] and this was 40% lower than controls in AD prefrontal cortical membranes. Carbachol induced a response greater than that of GTP[S] alone, and this response was impaired in AD by 45%. Differential analysis of the receptor-coupled and G-protein contributions to the responses indicated that the G-protein deficit in AD had a predominant influence on the lowered responses to cholinergic agonists. Similar deficits were observed in AD in the responses to five additional cholinergic agonists, including acetylcholine with three different acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Deficits in stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis were regionally selective and these deficits did not correlate directly with reductions in choline acetyltransferase activity in AD tissues. These data demonstrate that in AD there is a brain region-selective, large impairment of cholinergic agonist-induced signal transduction mediated by the phosphoinositide system, which we speculate may impact on amyloid precursor protein processing.
A Wiener filter, state-space flux-optimal control against escape from a potential well

Escape from a potential well, often identified with system failure, is reformulated for a class of two-dimensional dynamical systems as exiting the safe region of the system state space bounded by the separatrix derived from the potential well. A control against system failure based on minimizing the state-space flux out of this safe region is considered. For systems subject to weak external forcing with available control power exceeding a certain threshold, the finite lag, state-space flux-optimal control against failure, is shown to involve a Wiener filter. A non-Wiener solution is proposed for available power below this threshold. These results hold for wide-sense stationary forcing with any statistics and any spectrum.
Computationally Derived Models of Adversary Organizations

An extension to the lattice algorithm for designing decision-making organizations subject to cultural constraints is presented. Hofstede dimensions have been used to incorporate cultural attributes in the design process in the form of constraints on the allowable interactions within the organization. An example is used to illustrate the approach.
Impact of information quality and decision-maker quality on decision quality: a theoretical model and simulation analysis

The impact of information technology (IT) on firm performance is widely studied but little understood. A common perception is that IT improves the quality of information, which, in turn, improves decision quality and performance. Several studies of IT-performance relationship have used managers' perceived as opposed to actual performance. We investigate the impact of information quality and decision-maker quality on actual decision quality using a theoretical and a simulation model. We use accuracy as the measure of quality. Our analysis shows that, depending on the decision-maker quality, decision quality may improve or degrade when information quality improves. The decision quality improves with higher information quality for a decision-maker that has knowledge about the relationships among problem variables. However, the decision quality of a decision-maker that doesn't know these relationships may degrade with higher information quality. Simultaneous improvement in information quality and decision-maker quality results in higher decision quality. The simulation model, which relaxes some of the assumptions made by the theoretical model, yields similar results. We explain how our results supplement the results of prior studies of IT-performance relationship. Our results underscore the need for including decision-maker quality in the investigation of the IT-performance relationship and the importance of developing quality decision support tools.
Computer architecture education: An integrated classroom and laboratory experience

The authors present a method by which the classroom and laboratory experience can be integrated to effectively educate the upper-division or graduate-level student. Emphasis is placed on developing problem-solving and design skills in the application of computer organizational and architectural design techniques. Specific laboratory experiences that assist this process are presented. >
Blind adaptive multiuser detection in multipath CDMA channels based on subspace tracking

A blind adaptive technique for signal demodulation in multipath code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communication channels is proposed. This technique is based on signal subspace estimation. The receiver employs a bank of linear filters (decorrelating filters or linear MMSE filters) at the front end to mitigate the multiple-access interference and the multipath interference. A channel estimator is used to estimate the channel state for diversity combining. It is shown that through the use of signal subspace estimation, both the decorrelating filterbank and the linear MMSE filterbank can be obtained blindly, i.e., they can be estimated from the received signal with the prior knowledge of only the signature waveform of the desired user. Two forms of the subspace-based linear filterbanks are developed and their equivalence in terms of the interference suppression capability is established. These subspace-based blind adaptive interference suppression techniques require, at each symbol epoch, the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of an appropriate signal subspace, which ran be obtained using computationally efficient sequential adaptive eigendecomposition (subspace tracking) algorithms. Moreover, a blind adaptive method for estimating the channel state is developed, which also produces the postcombining decision statistic as a byproduct.
THERMAL MEASUREMENT ASSOCIATED WITH MATERIAL FAILURE USING THERMOCHROMIC COATINGS

It was found from experiments that the LC specimens could be used to monitor the surface temperature change but is not satisfactory in measuring the internal temperature change with the currently available experimental facilities. As compared to standard IR techniques, the LC coating is cheaper, and convenient in measuring complicated geometry. Advanced experimental devices with better spatial and temporal resolutions are required to investigate quantitatively the applicability of the proposed procedure, and the relationship between surface and internal temperature changes in real-time.
Determinants and Development Implications of Foodgrains Prices in India, 1949–1964

A price index for foodgrains in India for the period 1949–1964 is estimated as a function of a set of real demand and supply variables and the money supply. More than 80 percent of the variation in the foodgrain price index is associated with variation in these independent variables. The upward trend in foodgrains prices is associated prmarily with expansion of the money supply. There is little evidence of government foodgrain price policy having affected the trend of relative agricultural prices. The coefficient on the lagged supply-demand variable suggests that year-to-year changes in farmers' storage stocks are an important determinant of foodgrains prices in any one year. The implications of these findings to the relation between agricultural and industrial growth, monetary and fiscal policy, and agricultural price and buffer-stock policy are discussed.