cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and outcomes among patients with need for early dialysis after lung transplantation surgery.

Background With the introduction of lung allocation (LAS), increasingly sicker patients are undergoing lung transplantation (LT). The current study was conducted to determine the time trends in need of dialysis after LT, identify variables independently associated with need of dialysis and evaluate its association with one and five-year mortality. Methods We queried the UNOS database for adult patients undergoing LT between 1994 and 2014. We excluded patients with simultaneous dual organ transplantation and where data regarding the need of dialysis was not available. Results Time trends in the yearly incidence of the need of dialysis showed a gradual increase (p=0.012). In the post-LAS era, ethnicity, underlying diagnosis, estimated GFR 35 mm Hg, ventilator or ECMO support at LT and >20% increase in serum creatinine between listing and match were independently associated with the need of dialysis. Patients with need of dialysis had significantly increased hazard of one year (n=13849; adjusted hazard ratio, 95%CI:7.23, 6.2-8.4, p<0.001) and five-year mortality (n=7287; adjusted hazard ratio, 95%CI:3.96, 3.43-4.56, p<0.001). Conclusions There is a gradual increase in the incidence of the need of early dialysis after LT and these patients have significantly worse early and late survival. Several pre-transplant recipient characteristics are independently associated with the need of dialysis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Executive Attention as a Predictor of Distracted Driving Performance

The present study empirically examines the role of executive attention as a predictor of distracted driving performance. As ADHD is an attention-related disorder, we hypothesized that ADHD individu...
Lack of herbaceous layer community recovery in postagricultural forests across three physiographic regions of New York1

Agricultural land-use legacies remain persistent determinants of plant-community composition, despite extended periods of recovery in postagricultural forests of New York. We surveyed the composition of vascular plant species for 33 paired residual (unconverted) and secondary (postagricultural) forest sites across three physiographic regions in New York to assess the recovery of residual forest species in secondary successional stands. There were 169 vascular plant species recorded among the 33 study sites. The residual stands exhibited slightly greater mean (± SE) species richness (26.8 ± 1.7 species per site) than secondary-interior (21.4 ± 1.2, P = 0.001) and secondary-edge (24.1 ± 1.6, P = 0.02) zones. Plant communities differed across the three physiographic regions (P = 0.001) and by stand history within regions (P = 0.004). Of the vascular plant species occurring at our sites, 22 (13%) were indicators of residual forest stands and 27 (16%) were indicators of secondary, postagricultural forest stands. Within 10 to 25 m of the historic field-forest ecotones, the relative frequencies of many residual woodland indicator species fell to 0–20% of the maxima they attained in the residual stands. Ant-dispersed (myrmecochorous) taxa represented 23% of residual and 0% of secondary forest indicators and exhibited lower migration rates (P < 0.001) than plants possessing other diaspore dispersal modes (anemochory, zoochory, barochory). In addition to plant dispersal mode, we found pH and forest-floor depth to be important determinants of plant species. Our results indicate that impoverishment of plant communities in postagricultural forests represent a regionally pervasive phenomenon with important resource management implications in the eastern USA. Residual woodlands remain important source populations for recovery of herbaceous species in postagricultural landscapes. However, given the slow historic recovery rates that we and others have observed in postagricultural secondary forests, in addition to other contemporary factors potentially inhibiting dispersal and establishment (e.g., herbivory, pollinator disruptions, invasive species), it seems likely that active restoration efforts are needed to promote full recovery of diverse, native temperate-forest herb communities.
Theory of the disordered ν = 5 2 quantum thermal Hall state: Emergent symmetry and phase diagram

Fractional quantum Hall (FQH) system at Landau level filling fraction $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ has long been suggested to be non-Abelian, either Pfaffian (Pf) or antiPfaffian (APf) states by numerical studies, both with quantized Hall conductance ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{xy}=5{e}^{2}/2h$. Thermal Hall conductances of the Pf and APf states are quantized at ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}=7/2$ and ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}=3/2$, respectively, in a proper unit. However, a recent experiment shows the thermal Hall conductance of $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ FQH state is ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}=5/2$. It has been speculated that the system contains random Pf and APf domains driven by disorders, and the neutral chiral Majorana modes on the domain walls may undergo a percolation transition to a ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}=5/2$ phase. In this paper, we do perturbative and nonperturbative analyses on the domain walls between Pf and APf. We show the domain wall theory possesses an emergent SO(4) symmetry at energy scales below a threshold ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{1}$, which is lowered to an emergent $U(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U$(1) symmetry at energy scales between ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{1}$ and a higher value ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{2}$, and is finally lowered to the composite fermion parity symmetry ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}^{F}$ above ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{2}$. Based on the emergent symmetries, we propose a phase diagram of the disordered $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ FQH system and show that a ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}=5/2$ phase arises at disorder energy scales $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}g{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{1}$. Furthermore, we show the gapped double-semion sector of ${N}_{D}$ compact domain walls contributes nonlocal topological degeneracy ${2}^{{N}_{D}\ensuremath{-}1}$, causing a low-temperature peak in the heat capacity. We implement a nonperturbative method to bootstrap generic topological $1+1\mathrm{D}$ domain walls (two-surface defects) applicable to any $2+1\mathrm{D}$ non-Abelian topological order. We also identify potentially relevant spin topological quantum field theories (TQFTs) for various $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ FQH states in terms of fermionic version of $U{(1)}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8}$ Chern-Simons $\mathrm{theory}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbb{Z}}_{8}$-class TQFTs.
Metabolic activity to predict clinical response and prognosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients treated with bimodality.

127Background: Patients with localized esophageal adenocarcinoma (L-EAC) who are not suitable for surgery receive definitive chemoradiation. However, there are no biomarkers or imaging variables to...
Human Clinical Exposure Studies: Body Box or Pandora’s Box?

The development of air quality standards or assignment of risk for acute and/or chronic inhalation of low-level environmental air pollutants is complex. Typically, the database for these exercises arises from three separate arenas: the epidemiologic study, animal exposures, and human inhalation studies. Each possesses unique advantages but also carries significant limitations. For example, the epidemiologic study examines the “real world” but then struggles with real-world problems: such important confounders as cigarette smoking, socioeconomic status, and occupational factors, as well as the difficulties in characterizing exposure. This is contrasted with inhalation studies in animals which allow remarkable precision in quantifying exposure duration and concentration, a wide variety of physiological, biochemical, and histological endpoints, and the opportunity to examine extremes of the exposure-response relationship. Often, however, consideration of these studies in the standard-setting process is constrained by difficulty in extrapolating from animals to humans, and occasionally exclusion results from unrealistic exposure design.
Like Boiled Frogs

Today’s children may well be the first generation of Americans whose life expectancy will be shorter than that of their parents.1,2 The culprit, public health experts agree, is obesity and its associated health problems.
Are Animal Models Useful in Determining if All Beta-Blocking Agents are the Same?

Sudden cardiac death remains the major cause of death in most western societies. A number of studies have suggested that administration of beta blocking drugs can decrease the incidence of sudden cardiac death (1,2,3). The large Norwegian trial in which timolol was administered 7 to 28 days following myocardial infarct has provided the strongest evidence to date that a beta blocking drug can significantly decrease the indicence of sudden cardiac death following myocardial infarction as well as decrease the rate of reinfarction (2). The recent studies with metoprolol administered as early as one hour following myocardial infarction also indicates that beta blocking drugs can significantly decrease the mortality from heart attack (3).
Hydrogen Detection Using a Single Palladium Nano-Aperture on a Fiber Tip

This chapter discusses the development of fiber optic hydrogen sensors. A motivation for these sensors is given followed by an explanation of the underlying physics of the palladium-hydrogen system. Research results and the strengths and weaknesses of several different fiber optic hydrogen sensor types are discussed. Specifically, the Pd fiber mirror, tapered fiber, Fabry–Perot interferometer, Fiber Bragg grating, and long period grating sensor architectures are reviewed. Next, a new sensor topology that uses a nano-aperture patterned onto the tip of a Pd coated fiber is presented. The nano-aperture enhances sensitivity because it not only confines light tightly to the Pd surface, but it also creates a Fabry–Perot resonant structure. Thus, the power shifts in transmission and reflection due to hydrogen induced optical and mechanical changes to the Pd film are amplified. Finally, some conclusions and suggestions for future work are given.
Forest age improves understanding of the global carbon sink.

One-fifth of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are sequestered by the terrestrial biosphere, where forests serve as an important “natural solution” to climate change (1). Forests are expected to persist as a substantial carbon sink, dampening future rises in atmospheric CO2 levels (2⇓–4). However, a significant part of this carbon uptake occurs in forests regrowing from past land-use changes or natural disturbances. A clear example is the landscape history of central New England in the United States, where significant transformations have occurred: from pristine old-growth forests to clear-cut areas giving way to agriculture, to old-field succession, and to expansion of regrowth forests (Fig. 1). As more forests approach old-growth conditions, their rate of carbon uptake may begin to decline. To anticipate the future of the global carbon sink, Pugh et al. (5) show that it is necessary to account for forest regrowth and demography and to consider the broader issue of the terrestrial biosphere’s ultimate capacity to sequester carbon. Fig. 1. History of changing forests in New England. ( A ) Presettlement forests in 1700 consisted of old-growth stands dominated by conifers and broadleaf trees. ( B ) At the height of agriculture in 1830, most of the forests were cleared for tillage and pasture. ( C ) Farming advanced to the Midwest and declined in New England, setting the stage for regrowth forests; this started with conifers in 1910, followed by hardwoods. ( D ) The modern forest landscape is characterized by an expanse of maturing trees in a state of regrowth. The historical perspective shows that forests carry … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: kai.zhu{at}ucsc.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The Role of Attentional Control in the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Anxiety.

Mindfulness has been robustly associated with psychological health, predicting greater well-being, and lower levels of anxiety, depression, and stress across samples. Attentional control is the abi...
Telling the Diagnosis

One of the most important aspects of cancer care is to establish communication between medical care personnel the health care team), the patient, and the patient’s family. Physicians, nurses, dieticians, social workers, and the entire gamut of professional and support personnel all interact with the cancer patient. This communication system is crucial to the patient’s concept of well-being and, if effective and appropriate for the patient, may make a meaningful contribution to the actual duration of life.
Huron: hybrid false sharing detection and repair

Writing efficient multithreaded code that can leverage the full parallelism of underlying hardware is difficult. A key impediment is insidious cache contention issues, such as false sharing. False sharing occurs when multiple threads from different cores access disjoint portions of the same cache line, causing it to go back and forth between the caches of different cores and leading to substantial slowdown. Alas, existing techniques for detecting and repairing false sharing have limitations. On the one hand, in-house (i.e., offline) techniques are limited to situations where falsely-shared data can be determined statically, and are otherwise inaccurate. On the other hand, in-production (i.e., run-time) techniques incur considerable overhead, as they constantly monitor a program to detect false sharing. In-production repair techniques are also limited by the types of modifications they can perform on the fly, and are therefore less effective. We present Huron, a hybrid in-house/in-production false sharing detection and repair system. Huron detects and repairs as much false sharing as it can in-house, and relies on its lightweight in-production mechanism for remaining cases. The key idea behind Huron's in-house false sharing repair is to group together data that is accessed by the same set of threads, to shift falsely-shared data to different cache lines. Huron's in-house repair technique can generalize to previously-unobserved inputs. Our evaluation shows that Huron can detect more false sharing bugs than all state-of-the-art techniques, and with a lower overhead. Huron improves runtime performance by 3.82× on average (up to 11×), which is 2.11-2.27× better than the state of the art.
Enhanced electro-optic beam deflection of relaxor ferroelectric KTN crystals by electric-field-induced high permittivity

Most applications of a ferroelectric-based electro-optic (EO) beam deflector have been limited by the high applied voltage. In this Letter, we report a dramatically increased EO beam deflection in relaxor ferroelectric potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) crystals by using the electric-field-enhanced permittivity. Due to the existence of the electric-field-induced phase transition in relaxor ferroelectric materials, the dielectric permittivity can be substantially increased by the applied electric field at a certain temperature. Both the theoretical study and the experimental verifications on the enhanced beam deflection and EO effect in the case with the electric-field-induced high permittivity were conducted. The experimental results confirmed that there was a three-fold increase in the deflection angle, which represented a dramatic increase in the deflection angle. By offering a wider deflection range and a lower driving voltage, such a largely enhanced beam deflection is of great benefit to the KTN deflector.
Envisioning queer curricula: A systematic review of LGBTIQ + topics in teacher practitioner literature

AbstractGiven the current political and social climate, teaching children about sexual orientation and gender identity is more important than ever. The present literature review seeks to address th...
Analysis of vowel production in Mandarin/Hindi/American- accented English for accent recognition systems

Abstract With globalization and emerging voice-activated systems, accent recognition systems have gained more importance. Foreign-accented English shows different acoustical characteristics from native English pronunciation. It varies based on native language of speakers. This work investigated the similarities and differences between spectral and time-domain characteristics of vowel production for English /hvd/ words spoken by native Mandarin, Hindi, and American English speakers. Fundamental frequency, the first four formants, mel-cepstral coefficients, linear predictive coefficients, harmonicity, spectral centroid, spectral spread, tonality, spectral flatness, pitch range coefficients, and zero crossings rate were examined for male and female speakers of English. One-way ANOVA was performed to find the significant correlations. Lindblom’s perceptual distance of the corner vowels was calculated for further analysis. Our preliminary findings indicated that the vowel spaces of the male L2 speakers were smaller than the male L1 speakers’ vowel space. The F1-F2 space of the corner vowel /ɑ/ presented the most variance among L1 and L2 speakers. The vowel space of the female Hindi-accented English was found to be nearly triangular shaped. For the vowels /i/ and /ɪ/, Mandarin- and Hindi-accented English showed similar characteristics. Short-time energy had significant means between L1 and L2 speakers (p
Evaluating Shunt Survival Following Ventriculoperitoneal Shunting with and without Stereotactic Navigation in Previously Shunt-Naïve Patients

Background Ventriculoperitoneal shunts are used to alleviate elevated intracranial pressure due to either hydrocephalus or idiopathic intracranial hypertension; however, shunt failure is a significant neurosurgical problem. Despite increases in intraoperative stereotactic navigation usage over the past decade, its effect on shunt survival remains unclear. Methods Shunt-naive pediatric and adult patients receiving ventriculoperitoneal shunting between 2007 and 2015 were identified in a national administrative database. Multivariable logistic and Cox regressions were used to evaluate factors affecting stereotaxy usage and shunt survival. Matched cohorts were generated by propensity score balancing. Results Of 9677 patients identified, 932 received image-guided shunt placement. Total shunt failure rate was not associated with stereotaxy use (20.3% with stereotaxy vs. 19.4% without, P = 0.4602). In the matched setting, shunt survival was not extended by use of image guidance during placement (hazard ratio = 1.134, 95% confidence interval 0.923–1.393). Late shunt failures (defined as failures occurring at least 30 days after shunt placement) caused by infection occurred more frequently in the stereotaxy cohort (hazard ratio = 2.207, 95% confidence interval 1.115–4.366), whereas late shunt failures attributable to mechanical shunt failure were more common in the nonstereotaxy cohort (hazard ratio = 1.406, 95% confidence interval 1.002–1.973). Conclusions Our findings suggest stereotaxy use during ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement does not affect shunt survival. Late shunt failures caused by infection occurred more frequently in the stereotaxy cohort, whereas late failures caused by mechanical shunt malfunction were more commonly encountered in the nonstereotaxy cohort.
Evidence of five digits in embryonic horses and developmental stabilization of tetrapod digit number.

Previous work comparing the developmental mechanisms involved in digit reduction in horses with other mammals reported that horses have only a ‘single digit', with two flanking metapodials identifi...
Computational Assessment of the Efficacy of Oxidation-Resistant Iridium Coatings for Multiple Principal Component Rhenium Substitutes

Abstract Rhenium is an advanced engineering material valued for its performance under rapid thermal cycling to high temperatures. Due to rhenium’s high cost, alternatives are actively being sought, and hexagonal close packed multiple principal component alloys consisting of Mo, W, Ta and Ru have been previously identified as a promising candidate. Here we assess whether the use of iridium coatings, a widely adopted approach to limit the oxidation of Re, can also be used with this candidate alloy. Specifically, we quantify, through atomistic computations based on density functional theory, the relative diffusion rates of the constituent elements through the protective Ir coating, which is known to be a dominant failure mechanism.
Improvement, Development, and Consumer Culture in Jane Austen and Popular Indian Cinema

Kao reads Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Emma (1815) alongside recent British Indian and Indian adaptations Bride and Prejudice (2005) and Aisha (2010), arguing that the novels and adaptations take issue with one of the fundamental assumptions of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century improvement ideology: the connection between progress and teleology. The chapter’s first section reviews the ways that improvement, as both ideology and self-directed change, has been understood in the critical history on Austen. Kao’s reading of Emma illustrates Austen’s use of non-teleological development and examines the translation of this escape from futurity into late-capitalist consumer culture in Amy Heckerling’s Clueless (1995), a film that functions as an important point of reference for both Bride and Prejudice and Aisha. The chapter ends by analyzing both films in the context of colonial and postcolonial understandings of economic and moral improvement in India.
The 20th Gray lecture 2019: health and heavy ions.

ObjectiveParticle radiobiology has contributed new understanding of radiation safety and underlying mechanisms of action to radiation oncology for the treatment of cancer, and to planning of radiat...
Can the Federal Budget Process Promote Fiscal Sustainability? Evidence from Synthetic Control Using Lasso

Can the federal budget be constrained using congressionally self-imposed rules? The Budgetary Enforcement Act of 1990 (BEA90), in effect from 1992 to 2002, is frequently held up as an example of congressional control that largely succeeded in doing so and its expiration is considered a watershed event. This paper finds supportive evidence that BEA90 constrained non-defense discretionary outlays using a synthetic control/Lasso hybrid regression methodology. The estimated effect of BEA90 is around 10 percent. However, the sampling variation suggests the probability that these results arose from chance is around 30 percent. Confronted with a common applied empirical problem of having many potential predictors (over 2,000) and a short time-series (12 years), we propose novel additional checks that successfully cross-validate the synthetic control’s counterfactual model.
Open educational resources

The websites reviewed in this column provide sources to help faculty adopt or create open educational materials in lieu of expensive textbooks and coursepacks. Many of the sites also include instru...
Diagnosing fracture related infections: Where are we now?

Accurate diagnosis of fracture related infection (FRI) is critical for preventing poor outcomes such as loss of function or amputation. Due to the multiple variables associated with FRI, however, accurate diagnosis is challenging and complicated by a lack of standardized diagnostic criteria. Limitations with the current gold standard for diagnosis, which is routine microbiology culture, further complicate the diagnostic and management process. Efforts to optimize the process rely on a foundation of data derived from prosthetic joint infections (PJI), but differences in PJI and FRI make it clear that unique approaches for these distinct infections are required. A more concerted effort focusing on FRI has dominated more recent investigations and publications leading to a consensus definition by the American Orthopedics (AO) Foundation and the European Bone and Joint Infection Society (EBJIS). This has the potential to better standardize the diagnostic process, which will not only improve patient care but also facilitate more robust and reproducible research related to the diagnosis and management of FRI. The purpose of this review is to explore the consensus definition, describe the foundation of data supporting current FRI diagnostic techniques, and identify pathways for optimization of clinical microbiology-based strategies and data.
Two-year-olds use past memories to accomplish novel goals.

Abstract Memory-guided planning involves retrieving relevant memories and applying that information in service of a goal. Previous studies have shown substantial development in this ability from 3 to 4 years of age. We investigated the emergence of memory-guided planning by asking whether 2-year-olds could draw on episodic memories of past experiences to generate and execute plans. In Experiments 1 and 2 (N = 32, ds > .7), 2-year-olds successfully did so, and this ability developed significantly across the third year of life. Furthermore, in Experiment 3 (N = 19, d = 0.63), 2-year-olds successfully applied episodic memories to guide plans in a novel problem context, suggesting flexibility in this ability. Together, these results suggest that some form of memory-guided planning emerges during the third year of life and may form the cognitive basis for episodic prospection later in development.
Land use and life history constrain adaptive genetic variation and reduce the capacity for climate change adaptation in turtles.

Rapid anthropogenic climate change will require species to adapt to shifting environmental conditions, with successful adaptation dependent upon current patterns of genetic variation. While landscape genomic approaches allow for exploration of local adaptation in non-model systems, most landscape genomics studies of adaptive capacity are limited to exploratory identification of potentially important functional genes, often without a priori expectations as to the gene functions that may be most important for climate change responses. In this study, we integrated targeted sequencing of genes of known function and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms to examine spatial, environmental, and species-specific patterns of potential local adaptation in two co-occuring turtle species: the Blanding’s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) and the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). We documented divergent patterns of spatial clustering between neutral and putatively adaptive genetic variation in both species. Environmental associations varied among gene regions and between species, with stronger environmental associations detected for genes involved in stress response and for the more specialized Blanding’s turtle. Land cover appeared to be more important than climate in shaping spatial variation in functional genes, indicating that human landscape alterations may affect adaptive capacity important for climate change responses. Our study provides evidence that responses to climate change will be contingent on species-specific adaptive capacity and past history of exposure to human land cover change.
Creditor Control of Environmental Activity: The Role of Liquidation Value

I study the impact of creditor control on pollution activity, focusing on the role of liquidation value. My setting exploits a law change that protects property purchasers from environmental cleanup liabilities. Using a triple-difference design and financial covenant violation to proxy for creditor control, I find that violating firms increase ground pollution by 14-25% when purchasing liability is reduced. The impact is stronger for firms with more financing friction and firms closer to default. These findings suggest reducing pollution's effect on asset value disincentivizes creditors to discipline their borrower's environmental behavior. Overall, my results indicate that the market for corporate assets has important implications on how creditors affect corporate environmental outcomes.
Laser Flash Photolysis Studies of Intersystem Crossing in Biradicals and Alkene Triplets

Photochemists interested in the mechanisms of the reactions they study labor under one disadvantage not faced by their colleagues who study ground state processes. The photochemical reactant is the excited state, a species whose precursor ground state may be isolated and characterized as any stable molecule might, but which itself is a short-lived species not readily amenable to structural and spectroscopic characterization by the conventional techniques used for stable molecules. From the forties through the seventies, techniques were developed for study of excited states, including matrix techniques, fluorescence spectroscopy, phosphorescence studies, quenching, and sensitization. None, however, proved more powerful than flash photolysis, which offered both direct spectroscopic detection of and kinetic data for fluorescent (singlet) and nonluminescent (triplet) excited states under conditions in which their chemical reactions were ordinarily conducted. The awarding of the Nobel prize in chemistry to R. G. W. Norrish and Sir George Porter attests to the value of this contribution to science.
Assessment of the Elderly

This chapter describes both the concept of comprehensive geriatric assessment and its components. Beginning with a definition of the process, the article then describes the history of the development of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, including its origins in the geriatric assessment units in Europe. The article then moves from this historical overview to a discussion of the basic components of the comprehensive geriatric assessment as envisioned by the author. The article then discusses in detail each of these component elements, including instruments that might be used in conducting each element of the assessment and some of the pertinent issues that need to be considered when using these instruments. The article then discusses the relationship of the assessment process to the development of the care plan for the client and the presentation of that care plan. The article concludes with a discussion of the research on the effectiveness of comprehensive assessment. Keywords: elderly; geriatric assessment; mental status; functional assessment; older adults
Judgment Proofing: A Rejoinder

Professors LoPucki and Mooney have responded to my article, The Inherent Irrationality of Judgment Proofing,' and I have been granted the opportuLity to write a short rejoinder. Given page limitations and the fact that Professor Mooney and I are in agreement on the fundamentals, I discuss only Professor LoPucki's response.2 Both that response and my rejoinder follow my analytical approach of dividing judgment proof structures into two categories: arm's length and non-arm's length.
The role of librarians in academic success

Librarians address all levels of information needs for the university: its acquisition, its production, its storage, and instruction for its safe and gainful use. Most of today’s college students have a high degree of computer literacy but are weak in their abilities to determine the quality of the information that is so readily available. Students need to be taught to find, evaluate, and use information in an academically-oriented manner in order to solve complex problems. Good library skills are integral to academic success. In conjunction with research and teaching faculty, librarians create a framework for knowledge acquisition in the evolving university education.
Inhibition of thapsigargin-induced calcium entry by microinjected guanine nucleotide analogues. Evidence for the involvement of a small G-protein in capacitative calcium entry.

Injection of mouse lacrimal acinar cells with the non-hydrolyzable analogue of GTP, GTP gamma S (guanosine 5‘-3-O-(thio)triphosphate), caused a rapid release of intracellular calcium but failed to activate calcium entry. Injection of GTP gamma S together with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor inhibitor, heparin, did not induce calcium release but blocked the activation of capacitative calcium entry by thapsigargin. Injection of GDP beta S (guanosine 5‘-O-(thio)diphosphate) produced similar effects. The inhibitor effects of GDP beta S were prevented if an equal concentration of GTP was included in the injection pipette. These findings suggest that one of the steps linking the depletion of intracellular calcium pools to calcium entry across the plasma membrane requires the hydrolysis of GTP and may involve a small G-protein.
Factors affecting invasion of HT-29 and Hep-2 epithelial cells by organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex

Organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex cause disseminated blood-borne infection in patients with AIDS, who acquire the infection mainly through the gastrointestinal tract. Prior to causing infection, M. avium must colonize and invade the intestinal mucosa. This study examined the ability of several serovars of the M. avium complex to bind to and invade the HT-29 intestinal mucosal cell line and the HEp-2 laryngeal cell line. Logarithmic-phase M. avium was more efficient in binding and invasion than organisms in the stationary phase of growth. Bacteria incubated at 37 and 40 degrees C adhered to and invaded HT-29 cells more efficiently than bacteria cultured at 30 degrees C. The ability of M. avium to invade HT-29 and HEp-2 cells was inhibited when the cells were incubated with cytochalasin B prior to exposure to the bacterium, suggesting active participation of the mammalian cell in the process of internalization. Two protein kinase inhibitors, staurosporine and H7, blocked invasion of M. avium, and a specific tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor, genistein, also blocked the internalization but not the binding of bacteria. The findings suggest that M. avium binds to a specific receptor(s) on the epithelial cells and uses the cytoskeleton of the mammalian cell to become internalized.
Staging High-Visibility Science: Media Orientation in Genome Research

The medialization concept was developed using differentiation theory and has been applied analytically at the level of systems. This chapter develops a complementary perspective for considering medialization that focuses on media orientation as it is expressed in interaction. How do individual scientists or science-intensive organizations manifest an orientation to the media? In what ways, and how intensely, does the media fit into their activities? To address these questions, the chapter develops a framework that conceptualizes media orientation as a specific form of what Erving Goffman calls “theatrical self-consciousness.” The tools of dramaturgical analysis are brought to the staging of science, providing a vocabulary for exploring science-media coupling not as connections between abstract systems but as strategic interaction. The focus on theatrical self-consciousness casts a spotlight on questions about precisely what actors seek to make visible to whom and when. An ethnographic study of genome research during the Human Genome Project provides data. The chapter examines interactions surrounding a specific episode: the announcement that a private firm, Celera Genomics, intended to sequence the human genome before the public project could. The analysis provides a look at the specific and varied ways in which members of a particular research community related to the media. The conclusion distinguishes among four facets of media orientation (the actor as performer, as audience, as commentator, and as builder of media relations infrastructure). Finally, it notes some possible methodological implications.
Parental Perceptions of Body Mass Index Notification: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND There is a worldwide epidemic of obesity in children. To address obesity in children, emphasis must be on factors within family, school, and community environments. Although most parents and school officials are aware of the problem of overweight children, there are few data available to guide decision making about the acceptability of school-based body mass index (BMI) screening and referral programs. Parental insight is essential to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of BMI notification. METHODS The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of parents whose school-age children received a BMI referral letter stating their child is overweight. Purposeful convenience sampling was used to obtain 21 parents. Semistructured interviews were used to collect the data. RESULTS Eight themes and corresponding subthemes emerged. The themes regarding parental perceptions were feelings about receiving the letter, causes of obesity, capabilities, barriers, role modeling, primary care provider response, school's role, and health screening process. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study can serve as the foundation and provide guidance for parents, schools, healthcare professionals, and communities when attempting to implement changes and programs to combat the epidemic of childhood obesity.
Single and Double Infections with Wolbachia in the Parasitic Wasp Nasonia Vitripennis: Effects on Compatibility

Wolbachia are cytoplasmically inherited bacteria responsible for reproductive incompatibility in a wide range of insects. There has been little exploration, however, of within species Wolbachia polymorphisms and their effects on compatibility. Here we show that some strains of the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis are infected with two distinct bacterial strains (A and B) whereas others are singly infected (A or B). Double and single infections are confirmed by both PCR amplification and Southern analysis of genomic DNA. Furthermore, it is shown that prolonged larval diapause (the overwintering stage of the wasp) of a double-infected strain can lead to stochastic loss of one or both bacterial strains. After diapause of a double-infected line, sublines were produced with AB, A only, B only or no Wolbachia. A and B sublines are bidirectionally incompatible, whereas males from AB lines are unidirectionally incompatible with females of A and B sublines. Results therefore show rapid development of bidirectional incompatibility within a species due to segregation of associated symbiotic bacteria.
Personalization in Lower Class Consumer Interaction

Lower class buyer-seller interaction is examined in 13 types of local consumer establishments to determine whether primary type relationships emerge. Of the 4,324 interactions studied, 492 or 11.4 percent are construed as Friendships. Of the three variables introduced to account for variation in Friendship, “frequency” of interaction picks up 50 percent of explained variance, “intensity” of interaction 38 percent, and locational “accessibility” of establishment four percent. Since those interactions which exhibit high intensity and low frequency occur in service relationships that involve expert others, it is hypothesized that friendship is a protective device used by the defenseless consumer to change the normative ground of interaction from universalism to particularism.
Selective modulation of PKC isozymes by inflammation in canine colonic circular muscle cells

Abstract Background & Aims: Protein kinase C (PKC) is a key signaling molecule in excitation-contraction coupling in several types of smooth muscle cells. We investigated whether the attenuated contraction in inflamed colon cells is caused by alterations in the expression, distribution, and activation of specific PKC isozymes. Methods: Kinase assays, immunofluorescence imaging, and Western immunoblotting were performed on single circular smooth muscle cells obtained from the normal dog colon as well as from colon with experimental colitis induced by mucosal exposure to ethanol and acetic acid, to determine the distribution, expression, and activation of PKC isozymes. Results: Classical (α, β, and γ), novel (δ and ϵ), and the atypical PKC (ι, λ, and ζ) isozymes were detected in colonic circular muscle cells. The expression of PKC α, β, and ϵ isozymes was down-regulated, whereas that of PKC ι and λ isozymes was up-regulated; other isozymes were not affected by inflammation. Acetylcholine (ACh) treatment translocated only the PKC α, β, and ϵ isozymes from the cytosol to the membrane in normal cells; this translocation was absent in inflamed colon cells. Immunofluorescence imaging confirmed the translocation of PKC α from the cytosol to the membrane in response to ACh in normal cells. PKC inhibitors, chelerythrine, and myristoylated peptides to α, β, and ϵ isozymes inhibited the contractile response to ACh in normal, but not in inflamed, cells. PKC ι and λ did not participate in the contractile response to ACh. Conclusions: ACh-induced contraction is mediated by PKC α, β, and ϵ isozymes in normal colonic circular muscle cells. Contractile dysfunction in inflamed colon cells is, in part, caused by decreased expression and impaired activation of specific PKC isozymes. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;122:483-494
Sumatriptan Succinate/Naproxen Sodium:

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Sumatriptan succinate 85 mg and naproxen sodium 500 mg have been formulated in a single, fast-disintegrating tablet formulation using RT Technology. RT Technology is designed to enhance dispersion and dissolution of sumatriptan, even in the presence of gastric stasis, allowing the drug to be absorbed more quickly. Naproxen sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID); the sodium salt is a more rapidly absorbed salt used primarily as an analgesic. Sumatriptan is a vascular 5-hydroxytryptamine 1 (5-HT1) receptor agonist that produces vasoconstriction and, thereby, migraine relief.
Fast modular multiplication based on complement representation and canonical recoding

Modular multiplication is the fundamental operation in implementing circuits for cryptosystem, as the process of encrypting and decrypting a message requires modular exponentiation that can be decomposed into multiplications. In this paper, a proposed multiplication method utilizes the complement recoding method and canonical recoding technique. By performing the complement representation method and canonical recoding technique, the number of partial products can be further reduced. Based on these techniques, an algorithm with efficient multiplication method is proposed. For multiplication operation, in average case, the proposed algorithm can reduce the number of k-bit additions from 1/4k+(log (k)/k)+5/2 to 1/6k+(log (k)/k)+5/2, where k is the bit length of the multiplicand and multiplier. Besides, if we perform the proposed technique to compute common-multiplicand multiplication, the computational complexity can reduce the number of k-bit additions from 1/2k+2×(log (k)/k)+5 to 1/3k+2×(log (k)/k)+5. We can, therefore, efficiently speed up the overall computing performance of the multiplication operation.
As Development Seeks to Empower: Women from Mexico and Niger Challenge Theoretical Categories

ABSTRACT Through analysis of original fieldwork conducted in Mexico and Niger, this article examines women's participation in local development initiatives. It is argued that poor women are motivated to collective action by both materialist and postmaterialist aspirations. Political participation and self-actualization are an integral part of strategizing to address poverty and material deprivation (or the satisfaction of basic needs). The realization that practical gender interests (PGI) and strategic gender interests (SGI) are mutually constitutive leads to more meaningful and effective development interventions. The conclusion draws out some of the practical implications of our findings for the empowerment of women in the low-income countries.
A decision support system for a third-party coordinator managing supply chain with demand uncertainty

Global supply chains reduce cost but increase lead times, complexities and uncertainties. Retailers in consumer products industry are getting shorter lead time to respond to market demand. To meet this challenge, many rely on third party supply chain managers (SCMs) for economically supplying required quantities of finished products quickly. However, due to shorter ‘time to market’, the SCM has to procure raw materials and start production process based on expected demand. Since SCM absorbs financial penalties associated with under- and over-estimation of demand from retailer, finding an optimal production lot size and product customisation strategy are essential to an SCM's operation. We develop a profit maximisation model and provide a close-form solution that allows an SCM to calculate optimal production lot size. The model is used to examine profitability of postponing product customisation. Finally, the effect of demand variation on SCM's profitability is explored.
Composition dependence of the effective hyperfine field in amorphous Fe-early transition metal alloys

Abstract A large number of amorphous Fe-early transition metal (Fe-EM; EM = Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W) alloys have been prepared by a high rate sputtering technique and studied by 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy. For all the magnetic samples the effective hyperfine field (Heff) at 4.2 K varies in an essentially linear way through the relation Heff(x) = mx − b where x is the Fe concentration, m is nearly independent of the EM alloying element, and b is characteristic of a particular alloy. Based on the available data, it has been found that the size of the EM element plays an important role in determining the magnitude of Heff.
Composition dependence of the infrared dielectric functions in Si-doped hexagonal Al x Ga 1 − x N films on c -plane sapphire substrates

The optical properties of hexagonal ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}$ ($x$ from 0.05 to 0.42) epitaxial films with Si doping concentrations up to ${10}^{18}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ grown on $c$-plane sapphire substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition have been investigated using infrared reflectance spectra. The dielectric functions $(\ensuremath{\epsilon}={\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}+i{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2})$ of the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}$ films are determined in the wavelength region of $1.54--50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ at room temperature. The experimental reflectance spectra are analyzed using classical harmonic Lorentz oscillators and Drude model in the transparent, reststrahlen, and free carrier absorption regions. GaN-like ${E}_{1}$ transverse-optical (TO) phonon frequency linearly decreases and its strength increases with decreasing Al composition. However, AlN-like ${E}_{1}(\mathrm{TO})$ phonon frequency shows a relatively weak composition dependence and its strength increases with increasing composition. At a wavelength of $1.54\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ varies between 4.86 and 5.2 when the composition $x$ changes from 0.05 to 0.42 and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ is close to zero. The longitudinal-optical phonon plasmon (LPP) coupled modes of $n$-type hexagonal ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}$ films are also discussed. For samples with higher concentrations beyond ${10}^{18}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ the upper LPP coupled mode frequencies increase with increasing carrier concentration indicating the transition from phononlike to plasmonlike behavior.