cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Interseeding Legumes into Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Pastures on Forage Production and Steer Performance

Grazing and subsequent finishing performances of steers (Bos taurus) (n=135) that grazed high-endophyte [Neotyphodium coenophialum Glen, Bacon, Price, and Hanlin (formerly Acremonium coenophialum)] tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.) pastures interseeded with lespedeza (Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim.), ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.), or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were evaluated during 1995, 1996, and 1997. Nine 5-acre established pastures of Kentucky 31' tall fescue with approximately 70% endophyte infection were used in a randomized complete block design containing three replications of each legume treatment. Pastures were seeded with legumes each year in late winter, and steers grazed continuously from early spring to mid-fall. At the end of the grazing phase, steers were finished for slaughter. Legume cover, available forage dry matter, grazing and subsequent feedlot performances of steers, and carcass parameters were measured. Total available forage dry matter was similar among legume treatments. A significant (P 0.05) among legume treatments in 1995 and 1996. In 1997, steers grazing ladino clover pastures gained 36% more (P< 0.01) and 28% more (P < 0.01) than those grazing lespedeza and red clover pastures, respectively. Gains by steers grazing red clover and lespedeza pastures were similar. Legume treatment during the grazing phase had no effects on subsequent finishing performance. Total gains (grazing + finishing) were similar among legume treatments in 1995 and 1996; however, in 1997, steers that grazed ladino clover had higher (P < 0.01) overall gains than those that grazed red clover or lespedeza.
Fluorescing macerals from wood precursors

Abstract A preliminary investigation into the origin of wood-derived macerals has established the existence of autofluorescent maceral precursors in the secondary xylem of swamp-inhabiting plant species. The optical character and fluorescent properties of microtomed thin-sections of modern woods from the Florida Everglades and Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia are compared to the character and properties of their peatified equivalents from various Everglades and Okefenokee peat horizons and their lignitic equivalents from the Brandon lignite of Vermont and the Trail Ridge lignitic peat from northern Florida. The inherent fluorescence of woody cell walls is believed to be caused by lignin though other cell wall components may contribute. The fluorescence spectra for several wood and cell types had a λ max of 452 nm and Q value of 0.00. The color as observed in blue light and the spectral geometry as measured in UV light of peatified and lignitic woody cell walls (potential textinites) may change progressively during early coalification. Cell wall-derived maceral material is shown to maintain its fluorescing properties after being converted to a structureless material, perhaps a corpohuminite or humodetrinite precursor. Fluorescing xylem cell contents, such as condensed tannins or essential oils, can maintain the fluorescent character through early coalification. Xylem cell walls and xylem cell contents are shown to provide fluorescing progenitor materials which would not require subsequent infusion with “lipid” materials to account for their fluorescence as phytoclast material or as macerals in coal.
Health, Human Capital, and African American Migration Before 1910

Abstract Using both IPUMS and the Colored Troops Sample of the Civil War Union Army Data, I estimate the effects of literacy and health on the migration propensities of African-Americans from 1870 to 1910. I find that literacy and health shocks were strong predictors of migration and the stock of health was not. There were differential selection propensities based on slave status—former slaves were less likely to migrate given a specific health shock than free blacks. Counterfactuals suggest that as much as 35% of the difference in the mobility patterns of former slaves and free blacks is explained by differences in their human capital, and more than 20% of that difference is due to health alone. Overall, the selection effect of literacy on migration is reduced by one-tenth to one-third once health is controlled for. The low levels of human capital accumulation and rates of mobility for African-Americans after the Civil War are partly explained by the poor health status of slaves and their immediate descendants.
Measuring transversity densities in singly polarized hadron-hadron and lepton-hadron collisions

Abstract We show how the transverse polarization of a quark initiating a jet can be probed by the azimuthal distribution of two hadrons (of large z) in the jet. This permits a twist-2 asymmetry in hard processes when only one of the initial particles is polarized transversely. Applications to hadron-hadron and lepton-hadron scattering are discussed.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Propargyl Claisen Rearrangement

Homoallenic alcohols are prepared from propargyl vinyl ethers using a trinuclear gold(I)−oxo complex, [(Ph3PAu)3O]BF4, as a catalyst for propargyl Claisen rearrangement at room temperature. The gold(I)-catalyzed reaction is effective for a diverse collection of propargyl vinyl ethers, including substrates containing aryl and alkyl groups at the propargylic position, and hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl substituents at the alkyne terminus. Tertiary propargyl vinyl ethers can be employed in the reaction, at slightly elevated temperatures, to afford tetrasubstituted allenes. Importantly, the rearrangement of 1,2-disubstituted vinyl ethers proceeds with excellent diastereoselectivity, and the rearrangement of chiral nonracemic propargyl vinyl ethers proceeds with excellent chirality transfer to furnish enantioenriched allenes.
Sections and extensions of concave functions

Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are given that a collection ϕi, 1≦i≦l, of continuous, non-negative, concave functions on R n+ can all be realized as parallel sections of a single continuous, non-negative, concave function ψ on R m+, for some m≧n. This result shows at least the mathematical possibility of defining fundamental preferences in the sense of Kolm. An analogous result for quasi-convex functions is also proved.
TAML Oxidant Activators: A New Approach to the Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide for Environmentally Significant Problems

In the Institute for Green Oxidation Chemistry, we develop oxidation catalysts with useful lifetimes via an iterative design process in which oxidation-sensitive ligand groups are identified and replaced. The process has led to catalysts with greatly enhanced stability toward oxidative and hydrolytic degradation. The iron catalysts described herein can be comprised exclusively of biochemically common elements. They are efficient and selective peroxide activators for many areas of technology. They are water-soluble and are effective in minute quantities (nanomolar to low micromolar) over a broad pH range. Various green chemistry applications are sketched.
Using Indicators in Finite Termination Procedures

Early identification of the zero variables in a constrained optimization problem can be used to computational advantage. Is there a similar gain in identification of variables at their upper bounds? In this context, we study finite termination procedures in interior-point methods for linear programs with bounded variables. To prevent the computed solution from violating the bound constraints, one approach incorporates nearest bound information into a projection model through an affine scaling transformation. Using Tapia indicators, we identify variables in the active set, remove them from the subproblem, and solve a lower dimensional projection problem. Numerical evidence suggests that identifying and removing the variables at their upper bounds from the optimal face identification problem plays a more important role in finite termination procedures than the choice of affine scaling transformation.
High-order algorithms for compressible reacting flow with complex chemistry

In this paper we describe a numerical algorithm for integrating the multicomponent, reacting, compressible Navier–Stokes equations, targeted for direct numerical simulation of combustion phenomena. The algorithm addresses two shortcomings of previous methods. First, it incorporates an eighth-order narrow stencil approximation of diffusive terms that reduces the communication compared to existing methods and removes the need to use a filtering algorithm to remove Nyquist frequency oscillations that are not damped with traditional approaches. The methodology also incorporates a multirate temporal integration strategy that provides an efficient mechanism for treating chemical mechanisms that are stiff relative to fluid dynamical time-scales. The overall methodology is eighth order in space with options for fourth order to eighth order in time. The implementation uses a hybrid programming model designed for effective utilisation of many-core architectures. We present numerical results demonstrating the conver...
CBT for Insomnia in Patients with High and Low Depressive Symptom Severity: Adherence and Clinical Outcomes

Study Objectives: To evaluate whether depressive symptom severity leads to poorer response and perceived adherence to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) and to examine the impact of CBTI on well-being, depressive symptom severity, and suicidal ideation.
Formation of an unusual product in the reaction of a 1,2,5‐thiadiazolidine 1,1‐dioxide‐derived thioether with sulfuryl chloride

The treatment of a 1,2,5-thiadiazolidine 1,1-dioxide-derived phenylthiomethyl ether with sulfuryl chloride yielded an unexpected dimeric product whose structure was determined using X-ray crystallography. A plausible mechanism for the formation of this product is proposed. J. Heterocyclic Chem. (2009).
Curvature in the scaling relations of early-type galaxies

We select a sample of about 50 000 early-type galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), calibrate fitting formulae which correct for known problems with photometric reductions of extended objects, apply these corrections and then measure a number of pairwise scaling relations in the corrected sample. We show that, because they are not seeing corrected, the use of Petrosian-based quantities in magnitude-limited surveys leads to biases, and suggest that this is one reason why Petrosian-based analyses of brightest cluster galaxies have failed to find significant differences from the bulk of the early-type population. These biases are not present when seeing-corrected parameters derived from deVaucouleur fits are used. Most of the scaling relations we study show evidence for curvature: the most luminous galaxies have smaller velocity dispersions, larger sizes and fainter surface brightnesses than expected if there were no curvature. These statements remain true if we replace luminosities with stellar masses; they suggest that dissipation is less important at the massive end. There is curvature in the dynamical to stellar mass relation as well: the ratio of dynamical to stellar mass increases as stellar mass increases, but it curves upwards from this scaling both at small and at large stellar masses. In all cases, the curvature at low masses becomes apparent when the sample becomes dominated by objects with stellar masses smaller than 3 x 10 10 M ⊙ . We quantify all these trends using second-order polynomials; these generally provide significantly better description of the data than linear fits, except at the least luminous end.
Suicide-related discussions with depressed primary care patients in the USA: gender and quality gaps. A mixed methods analysis

Objective: To characterise suicide-risk discussions in depressed primary-care patients. Design: Secondary analysis of recordings and self reports by physicians and patients. Descriptive statistics of depression and suicide-related discussion, with qualitative extraction of disclosure, enquiry and physician response. Setting: 12 primary-care clinics between July 2003 and March 2005.
The Mass Mixing Length in Convective Stellar Envelopes

The scale length over which convection mixes mass in a star can be calculated as the inverse of the vertical derivative of the unidirectional (up or down) mass flux. This is related to the mixing length in the mixing length theory of stellar convection. We give the ratio of mass mixing length to pressure scale height for a grid of three-dimensional surface convection simulations, covering from 4300 K to 6900 K on the main sequence, and up to giants at log g = 2.2, all for solar composition. These simulations also confirm what is already known from solar simulations that convection does not proceed by discrete convective elements, but rather as a continuous, slow, smooth, warm upflow and turbulent, entropy deficient, fast down drafts. This convective topology also results in mixing on a scale comparable to the classic mixing length formulation, and is simply a consequence of mass conservation on flows in a stratified atmosphere.
Safety in numbers: Gravitational Lensing Degradation of the Luminosity Distance-Redshift Relation

Observation of the expansion history of the universe allows exploration of the physical properties and energy density of the universe's various constituents. Standardizable candles such as Type Ia supernovae remain one of the most promising and robust tools in this endeavor by allowing for a direct measure of the luminosity distance-redshift curve and thereby producing detailed studies of the dark energy responsible for the universe's currently accelerating expansion. As such observations are pushed to higher redshifts, the observed flux is increasingly affected by gravitational lensing magnification due to intervening structure along the line of sight. We simulate and analyze the non-Gaussian probability distribution function of deamplification and amplification due to lensing of standard candles, quantify the effect of a convolution over many independent sources (which acts to restore the intrinsic average [unlensed] luminosity due to flux conservation), and compute the additional uncertainty due to lensing on derived cosmological parameters. We find that, in the case of large numbers of sources, the lensing distribution along any particular line of sight can be approximated by a Gaussian with standard deviation given by σeff = 0.088z as a function of redshift z. The resulting "degradation factor" due to lensing is a factor of 3 reduction in the effective number of usable supernovae at z = 1.5 (for sources with intrinsic flux dispersion of 10%).
A comparison of superposition coding schemes

There are two variants of superposition coding schemes. Cover's original superposition coding scheme has code clouds of identical shape, while Bergmans's superposition coding scheme has code clouds of independently generated shapes. These two schemes yield identical achievable rate regions in several scenarios, such as the capacity region for degraded broadcast channels. This paper shows that under optimal decoding, these two superposition coding schemes can result in different rate regions. In particular, it is shown that for the two-receiver broadcast channel, Cover's scheme achieves a larger rate region than Bergmans's scheme in general.
On genericity of pseudo-Anosovs in the Torelli group

We show that, for any (symmetric) finite generating set of the Torelli group of a closed surface, the probability that a random word is not pseudo-Anosov decays exponentially in the length of the word.
A GRAPH THEORETICAL APPROACH TO STRUCTURE‐PROPERTY AND STRUCTURE‐ACTIVITY CORRELATIONS

The structure similarity and dissimilarity implied in many structure-property and structure-activity relationships has been examined from the graph theoretical point of view. The approach outlined is fundamentally different from generally used schemes in that, rather than seeking a new parametrization which will quantitatively fit observed data and trends,similarities among the skeletal forms and connectivities of the compounds of interest are studied quantitatively. The basis of the method is the assumption that skeletal forms of apparent similarity will yield similar enumerations for a number of graph theoretical invariants. In particular, allpaths within molecular skeletons are enumerated and sequences of path numbers (i.e., the number of paths of different length) are compared. The degree of similarity between molecules is proportional to the distance between points in the corresponding “structure space” obtained by interpreting the entries in molecular path sequences as coordinates inn-dimensional space. As anexample of the use of the concept of structural similarity, structure-activity data relating cerebral dopamine agonist properties for a series of N-substituted 2-aminotetralins are considered. The analysis suggests that the method may find wide application in the field of structure-activity correlations and structure-property studies. The data could be mass spectra, the “fingerprint” regions of infrared spectra, optical rotation and circular dichroism measurements, or any of many not fullyunderstood complex experimental findings suspected of having an inherent structural basis.
Numerical issues affecting LDPC error floors

Numerical issues related to the occurrence of error floors in floating-point simulations of belief propagation (BP) decoders are examined. Careful processing of messages corresponding to highly-certain bit values can sometimes reduce error floors by several orders of magnitude. Computational solutions for properly handling such messages are provided for the sum-product algorithm (SPA) and several variants.
Dilepton-tagged jets in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC

The properties of the matter created at RHIC will be further investigated at the LHC. High transverse momentum jets will play a key role in these studies. In this paper, we discuss a jet observable newly accessible at the LHC: decays of high transverse momentum γ* and Z0 to lepton pairs in association with quark or gluon jets. Semileptonic and decays to dileptons, the main backgrounds, are investigated at next-to-leading order using HVQMNR, an exclusive next-to-leading order calculation. By comparing the γ*/Z0 +jet signal to the heavy flavor + jet background rate, we determine whether this new jet observable is viable.
Tropical Intraseasonal Variability in Version 3 of the GFDL Atmosphere Model

AbstractTropical intraseasonal variability is examined in version 3 of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Atmosphere Model (AM3). In contrast to its predecessor AM2, AM3 uses a new treatment of deep and shallow cumulus convection and mesoscale clouds. The AM3 cumulus parameterization is a mass-flux-based scheme but also, unlike that in AM2, incorporates subgrid-scale vertical velocities; these play a key role in cumulus microphysical processes. The AM3 convection scheme allows multiphase water substance produced in deep cumuli to be transported directly into mesoscale clouds, which strongly influence large-scale moisture and radiation fields. The authors examine four AM3 simulations using a control model and three versions with different modifications to the deep convection scheme. In the control AM3, using a convective closure based on CAPE relaxation, both MJO and Kelvin waves are weak relative to those in observations. By modifying the convective closure and trigger assumptions to inhibit deep c...
Chiral catalysts for the enantioselective addition of organometallic reagents to aldehydes

Abstract A mechanistic model for the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde with chiral tridentate lithium complexes as catalysts correctly predicts the observed direction of enantioselectivity which occurs at levels of 85–95% ee.
Analysis of hyperspectral and lidar data: Remote optical mineralogy and fracture identification

Karst systems are widely recognized as highly complex and often extremely productive reservoirs of water as well as petroleum. They are also often associated with mineralization. The availability of a large (several tens of square kilometers), well-preserved paleokarst outcrop is rare; therefore, maximizing the information that we can extract from examples like the Franklin Mountains is critical to the study of karst-related fluid flow. The mapping process is confounded by the need to map very large areas to find relatively small and somewhat unpredictable zones of extreme deformation. Moreover, the brecciated regions interpreted to be of karst origin are often composed of the same lithology as the surrounding rock and thus make traditional remote sensing data such as multispectral satellite imagery or photographic data inadequate to delineate such systems. The Franklin Mountains in El Paso, Texas, expose lower Paleozoic carbonates deposited over a giant carbonate platform referred to as the Great Ordovician Bank. The limestone-dominated bank was subsequently modified by surface karst and several large, vertically extensive caves that occupy up to 70,000 m2 of outcrop each. The breccia bodies are preferentially dolomitized within the limestone host rock. The size of these features is ideal for testing dolomite-calcite identification with high-elevation hyperspectral imagery at 20-m × 20-m pixel size. Terrestrial-based lidar (light detection and ranging) data were also utilized to identify collapse brecciation highlighted by hyperspectral image analysis. Results of this study delineate the distribution of dolomite and calcite in natural, passive light, well outside the visible spectrum, and combine active (lidar) and passive remote-sensing technologies to conduct remote mineralogical mapping linked to diagenetic alteration of carbonates. Through the combination of hyperspectral image processing and shape/texture analysis of terrestrial lidar data, a quantitative, multiscale facies map was generated in three-dimensional, geographically rectified space.
Simplified solution for stresses and deformations

A shortcut is presented to the classical Hertzian solution for local stress and deformation of two elastic bodies in contact, which employs simplified forms for the ellipticity and for the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds as a function of the geometry. Unlike previously proposed simplified formulas whose range of applicability was limited to ellipticities equal to, or greater than one, the present method extends the range of validity to include ellipticities less than one; in which the semimajor axis in the elliptical contact lies in a direction parallel to the rolling, rather than being perpendicular, as in previous studies. An auxiliary shear stress parameter is also expressed in simplified form as a function of the geometry, permitting a shortcut calculation to be made for the location and magnitude of the maximum subsurface shear stress.
OBSERVATION OF ANTIPROTONS

One of the striking features of Dirac's theory of the electron was the appearance of solutions to his equations which required the existence of an antiparticle, later identified as the positron.
A fast parallel algorithm for the maximal independent set problem

A parallel algorithm is presented that accepts as input a graph G and produces a maximal independent set of vertices in G. On a P-RAM without the concurrent write or concurrent read features, the algorithm executes in O((log n)4) time and uses O((n/(log n))3) processors, where n is the number of vertices in G. The algorithm has several novel features that may find other applications. These include the use of balanced incomplete block designs to replace random sampling by deterministic sampling, and the use of a “dynamic pigeonhole principle” that generalizes the conventional pigeonhole principle.
Comparison of neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and histamine-releasing properties of doxacurium and pipecuronium

Abstract Study Objectives: To determine the neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and histamine-releasing properties of doxacurium and pipecuronium at three times effective ED 95 doses (3XED 95 ). Design: Prospective, randomized clinical trial of adult patients. Setting: University teaching hospital. Patients: 20 ASA status I and II adult patients. Interventions: Subjects were anesthetized with thiopental sodium, fentanyl, and nitrous oxide and oxygen (N 2 O:O 2 ). Plasma samples were taken preoperatively, after thiopental, and 2 and 5 minutes after doxacurium 75 μg/kg or pipecuronium 123 μg/kg were given for the determination of histamine levels. The ulnar nerve was stimulated via surface electrodes using train-of-four stimulation at 0.1 Hz. The force of contraction of adductor pollicis was recorded using a mechanomyograph. Recovery of the twitch response, was followed and, if necessary, neuromuscular block was antagonized with neostigmine and glycopyrrolate. Measurements and Main Results: Three patients in the doxacurium group and one patient in the pipecuronium group exhibited a marked increase in plasma histamine levels. In both groups statistically significant changes were seen in heart rate (HR) measurements ( p vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 min ( p vs. 723 ± 9 min ( p Conclusion: Neither drug caused a clinically significant change in HR or histamine release. In the doses chosen for this study, the rate of onset of block is slower with doxacurium while recovery is more rapid. Histamine release in three patients was caused by thiopental, while in a fourth patient it may have been due to doxacurium.
To Guide or Not to Guide? Causes and Consequences of Stopping Quarterly Earnings Guidance*

In recent years, quarterly earnings guidance has been harshly criticized for inducing “managerial short-termism” and other ills. Managers are, therefore, urged by influential institutions to cease guidance. We examine empirically the causes of such guidance cessation and find that poor operating performance — decreased earnings, missing analyst forecasts, and lower anticipated profitability — is the major reason firms stop quarterly guidance. After guidance cessation, we do not find an appreciable increase in long-term investment once managers free themselves from investors’ myopia. Contrary to the claim that firms would provide more alternative, forward-looking disclosures in lieu of the guidance, we find that such disclosures are curtailed. We also find a deterioration in the information environment of guidance stoppers in the form of increased analyst forecast errors and forecast dispersion and a decrease in analyst coverage. Taken together, our evidence indicates that guidance stoppers are primarily troubled firms and stopping guidance does not benefit either the stoppers or their investors.
Weaving worldsheet supermultiplets from the worldlines within

Using the fact that every worldsheet is ruled by two (light-cone) copies of worldlines, the recent classification of off-shell supermultiplets of N-extended worldline supersymmetry is extended to construct standard off-shell and also unidextrous (on the half-shell) supermultiplets of worldsheet (p,q)-supersymmetry with no central extension. In the process, a new class of error-correcting (even-split doubly-even linear block) codes is introduced and classified for $p+q \leq 8$, providing a graphical method for classification of such codes and supermultiplets. This also classifies quotients by such codes, of which many are not tensor products of worldline factors. Also, supermultiplets that admit a complex structure are found to be depictable by graphs that have a hallmark twisted reflection symmetry.
Encapsulating objects with confined types

Object-oriented languages provide little support for encapsulating objects. Reference semantics allows objects to escape their defining scope, and the pervasive aliasing that ensues remains a major source of software defects. This paper presents Kacheck/J, a tool for inferring object encapsulation properties of large Java programs. Our goal is to develop practical tools to assist software engineers, thus we focus on simple and scalable techniques. Kacheck/J is able to infer confinement—the property that all instances of a given type are encapsulated in their defining package. This simple property can be used to identify accidental leaks of sensitive objects, as well as for compiler optimizations. We report on the analysis of a large body of code and discuss language support and refactoring for confinement.
The impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on distribution networks: A review and outlook

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are the next big thing in the electric transportation market. While much work has been done to detail what economic costs and benefits PHEVs will have on consumers and producers alike, it seems that it is also important to understand what impact PHEVs will have on distribution networks nationwide. This paper finds that the impact of PHEVs on the distribution network can be determined using the following aspects of PHEVs: driving patterns, charging characteristics, charge timing, and vehicle penetration. The impacts that these aspects of PHEVs will have on distribution networks have been measured and calculated by multiple authors in different locations using many different tools that range from analytical techniques to simulations and beyond. While much work has already been completed in this area, there is still much to do. Areas left for improvement and future work will include adding more stochasticity into models as well as computing and analyzing reliability indices with respect to distribution networks.
Space Object Imaging Through The Turbulent Atmosphere

For telescopes operating at optical wavelengths, the turbulence of the atmosphere limits the resolution of space objects to about one second of arc, although the diffraction limit of the largest telescopes is many times as fine. We discuss an image processing technique that uses interferometer data (the modulus of the Fourier transform) to reconstruct diffraction limited images. Data from a stellar speckle interferometer or from an amplitude interferometer can be used. The processing technique is an iterative method that finds a real, non-negative object that agrees with the Fourier modulus data. For complicated two-dimensional objects, the solutions found by this technique are surprisingly unique. New results are shown for simulated speckle interferometer data having realistic noise present.
A Thermodynamic Basis for Predicting Falling-Film Mode Transitions

Abstract Horizontal-tube, falling-film heat exchangers are used in many air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. Depending on the tube diameter and spacing, the flow rate, and fluid properties, when a liquid film falls over a series of horizontal tubes three distinct flow patterns can be manifested. These flow patterns are the droplet mode, the jet mode, and the sheet mode. A thermodynamic analysis is undertaken to predict the transitions between these modes. By seeking the condition corresponding to thermodynamic equilibrium between two neighboring modes, a scaling relation is developed for the transitional Reynolds number. This theoretical framework is used to provide the first explanation for the relationship between the transitional Reynolds number and modified Galileo number which has been previously based solely on experimental observations. This approach offers insight into the prevailing physics, and it suggests a tube-spacing effect on the mode transitions which has not previously been anticipated. Using limited data and prior results from the literature it is found that this effect is likely to exist. The implications of this thermodynamic approach to predicting two-phase flow patterns are discussed in terms of entropy generation minimization and transition hysteresis, as is its incompleteness.
$DG$-models of projective modules and Nakajima quiver varieties

Associated to each finite group $\Gamma$ in $SL_2(C)$ there is a family of noncommutative algebras which deforms the coordinate ring of the Kleinian singularity corresponding to that group. These algebras were defined by W. Crawley-Boevey and M. Holland, who also suggested a conjectural correspondence between the set of isomorphism classes of rank one projective modules over these algebras and associated Nakajima quiver varieties. In \cite{BGK}, V.Baranovski, V.Ginzburg and A.Kuznetsov proved the Crawley-Boevey-Holland conjecture using the methods of noncommutative projective geometry. In this paper we will state a refined ($G$-equivariant) version of this conjecture and, in the case of cyclic groups, give a new construction of this correspondence based on the notion of DG-model of a rank one projective module. This construction leads to a completely explicit description of ideals of the Crawley-Boevey-Holland algebras.
Additive bases arising from functions in a Hardy field

A classical additive basis question is Waring’s problem. It has been extended to integer polynomial and non-integer power sequences. In this paper, we will consider a wider class of functions, namely functions from a Hardy field, and show that they are asymptotic bases.
The Dawn project's transition to mission operations: On its way to rendezvous with (4) Vesta and (1) Ceres

Abstract Dawn launched on 27 September 2007 on a mission to orbit main belt asteroids (4) Vesta in 2011–2012 and (1) Ceres in 2015. The operations team conducted an extensive set of assessments of the engineering subsystems and science instruments during the first 80 days of the mission. A major objective of this period was to thrust for one week with the ion propulsion system to verify flight and ground systems readiness for typical interplanetary operations. Upon successful conclusion of the checkout phase, the interplanetary cruise phase began, most of which will be devoted to thrusting. The flexibility afforded by the use of ion propulsion enabled the project to accommodate a launch postponement of more than three months caused by a combination of launch vehicle and tracking system readiness, unfavorable weather, and then conflicts with other launches. Even with the shift in the launch date, all of the science objectives are retained with the same schedule and greater technical margins. This paper describes the conclusion of the development phase of the project, launch operations, and the progress of mission operations through the conclusion of deterministic thrusting in October 2008.
Report of nitropatch explosions complicating defibrillation.

Abstract Reports of complications associated with the use of electrical defibrillators have been relatively rare. In two patients, defibrillation performed over a nitroglycerin skin patch resulted in electrical arcing with a resultant flash of light and thermal injuries. Skin burns as a complication of defibrillation over nitropatches has not been previously reported. Such burn injuries respond to standard therapeutic measures. Healthcare protessionals who may perform defibrillation should be aware of this potential complication.
Overview of High Temperature Structural Silicides

High temperature structural silicides represent an important new class of structural materials, with significant potential applications in the range of 1200-1600 °C under oxidizing and aggressive environments. Silicides, particularly those based on MoSi2, are considered to be promising due to their combination of high melting point, elevated temperature oxidation resistance, brittle-to-ductile transition, and electrical conductivity. Possible structural uses for silicides include their application as matrices in structural silicide composites, as reinforcements for structural ceramic matrix composites, as high temperature joining materials for structural ceramic components, and as oxidation-resistant coatings for refractory metals and carbon-based materials. The historical development of structural silicides, their potential applications, and important issues related to their use are discussed.
Determining Competencies for Frontline Sales Managers in For-Profit Organizations

The ProblemWith sales models evolving in response to the changing marketplace, knowing the skills required for sales effectiveness is key to organizational competitive advantage. Frontline sales ma...
Monte Carlo simulations of the random-field Ising model

Abstract Ising Monte Carlo simulations of the random-field Ising system Fe 0.80 Zn 0.20 F 2 are presented for H =10 T. The specific heat critical behavior is consistent with α ≈0 and the staggered magnetization with β ≈0.25±0.03.
A stochastic model for chemosensory cell movement: application to neutrophil and macrophage persistence and orientation

Abstract Two central features of leukocyte chemosensory movement behavior demand fundamental theoretical understanding. In uniform concentrations of chemoattractant, these cells exhibit a persistent random walk, with a characteristic “persistence time” between significant changes in direction. In chemoattractant concentration gradients, they demonstrate a biased random walk, with an “orientation bias” characterizing the fraction of cells moving up the gradient. A coherent picture of cell-movement responses to chemoattractant requires that both the persistence time and the orientation bias be explained within a unifying framework. In this paper we offer the possibility that “noise” in the cellular signal perception/response mechanism can simultaneously account for these two key phenomena. In particular, we report on a stochastic mathematical model for cell locomotion based on kinetic fluctuations in chemoattractant receptor binding. This model proves to be capable of simulating cell paths similar to those observed experimentally for two cell types examined to date: neutrophils and alveolar macrophages, under conditions of uniform chemoattractant concentrations as well as chemoattractant concentration gradients. Further, this model can quantitatively predict both cell persistence time and dependence of orientation bias on gradient size. The model also successfully predicts that an increase in persistence time is associated with a decrease in orientation for typical system parameter values, as is observed for alveolar macrophages in comparison to neutrophils. Thus, the concept of signal “noise” can quantitatively unify the major characteristics of leukocyte random motility and chemotaxis. The same level of noise large enough to account for the observed frequency of turning in uniform environments is simultaneously small enough to allow for the observed degree of directional bias in gradients. This suggest that chemosensory cell movement behavior may be based on a “usefully” imperfect integrated signal response system, which allows both random and directed searches under appropriate conditions.
Quantum computing and quantum simulation with group-II atoms

Recent experimental progress in controlling neutral group-II atoms for optical clocks, and in the production of degenerate gases with group-II atoms has given rise to novel opportunities to address challenges in quantum computing and quantum simulation. In these systems, it is possible to encode qubits in nuclear spin states, which are decoupled from the electronic state in the 1S0 ground state and the long-lived 3P0 metastable state on the clock transition. This leads to quantum computing scenarios where qubits are stored in long lived nuclear spin states, while electronic states can be accessed independently, for cooling of the atoms, as well as manipulation and readout of the qubits. The high nuclear spin in some fermionic isotopes also offers opportunities for the encoding of multiple qubits on a single atom, as well as providing an opportunity for studying many-body physics in systems with a high spin symmetry. Here we review recent experimental and theoretical progress in these areas, and summarise the advantages and challenges for quantum computing and quantum simulation with group-II atoms.
Cleveland's EcoVillage: green and affordable housing through a network alliance

This article presents a case study of the inter-organizational network that formed to produce four housing projects in Cleveland's EcoVillage designed to integrate social equity and ecological stewardship as the basis for neighborhood redevelopment. Our paper builds on concepts of community development and housing production through inter-organizational networks spanning nonprofit, public, and private organizations that developed and supported four “green” and affordable housing projects. We are interested in understanding how development of the housing projects changed and connected traditional neighborhood development and ecologically-oriented organizations and how their interaction changed the practice of housing production and environmental and sustainability advocacy locally and regionally. The results of the study reveal that the marriage of green and affordable housing in Cleveland, despite some challenges, was viewed as important and beneficial by the organizations involved, and resulted in a rang...
Constructing comprehensive summaries of large event sequences

Event sequences capture system and user activity over time. Prior research on sequence mining has mostly focused on discovering local patterns appearing in a sequence. While interesting, these patterns do not give a comprehensive summary of the entire event sequence. Moreover, the number of patterns discovered can be large. In this article, we take an alternative approach and build short summaries that describe an entire sequence, and discover local dependencies between event types.We formally define the summarization problem as an optimization problem that balances shortness of the summary with accuracy of the data description. We show that this problem can be solved optimally in polynomial time by using a combination of two dynamic-programming algorithms. We also explore more efficient greedy alternatives and demonstrate that they work well on large datasets. Experiments on both synthetic and real datasets illustrate that our algorithms are efficient and produce high-quality results, and reveal interesting local structures in the data.
Theoretical Challenges Posed by the Data from RHIC

Systematic efforts to create and study QCD matter beyond nuclear energy density have a history of almost 35 years, beginning with the BEVALAC at Berkeley, followed by the BNL-AGS and the CERN-SPS, and culminating presently at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at BNL. In the near future, even higher energies will be explored at the CERN-LHC, and large net baryon densities will be studied at RHIC and, later, at GSI-FAIR. The theoretical basis underpinning our efforts to describe the observations made in such experiments, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), is also 35 years old. This gauge theory of SU(3)-color describes the interactions among quarks and gluon by means of the Lagrangian
Viscoelastic models of tidal heating in Enceladus

Abstract Tidal heating in Enceladus is investigated using multilayered viscoelastic models of the satellite. Dissipation in a homogeneous Maxwell model of Enceladus at the current eccentricity can be as large as 920 GW, nearly a factor of 2000 greater than previously thought, reflecting the fact that the dynamic Love number can approach unity the elastic Love number ∼10 −3 . The theoretical tidal heating maximum violates an upper bound based on Saturn's Q and models with this much heating are unreasonable. Plausible multilayered models are shown to be thermally stable at the current eccentricity with ∼10 km thick lithosphere and surface heat flow ∼5 mW m −2 ; the models require a combination of near-surface insulation, subsurface solar heating, or anomalously low lithosphere conductivity to simultaneously fit dynamic and geologic constraints. A two-layer model with a conductive lithosphere over a Maxwell mantle has mantle viscosity of about 10 13 Pa sec and mantle temperature about 210°K. A three-layer model with an internal ocean of accumulated NH 3 · H 2 O eutectic melt that decouples the lithosphere from a Maxwell core has slightly lower internal viscosity and slightly higher temperature than the two-layer model. Dissipation in the ocean layer may be significant if the tidally forced flow is turbulent. The models suggest that Enceladus' thermal and dynamical evolution may have been relatively simple, involving only Dione in a 2:1 resonance. The current eccentricity could have been maintained since resonance onset with recurring surface activity due to a thermally active interior.
Catalytic cobalt-mediated reductive carbocyclizations

Abstract The cobalt-catalyzed cyclization of certain acyclic enediene substrates proceeds stereoselectively to afford substituted divinyl cyclopentanes and cyclohexanes in good yield. A variation, involving a substrate wherein a suitably disposed alkyne separates the reacting alkene and 1,3-diene partners, affords a novel cascade cyclization product.
RNAi-mediated abrogation of cathepsin B and MMP-9 gene expression in a malignant meningioma cell line leads to decreased tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis

Malignant meningiomas are highly aggressive and frequently recur after surgical resection of the tumor. Earlier studies have reported that the cysteine protease cathepsin B and the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 play important roles in tumor progression. In the present study, we made an attempt to evaluate the roles of these proteases in the malignant meningioma tumor microenvironment and determined the effectiveness of using single or bicistronic siRNA constructs for cathepsin B and MMP-9, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Transfection of a plasmid vector expressing double-stranded RNA for cathepsin B and MMP-9 significantly inhibited mRNA and protein levels of cathepsin B and MMP-9. The migration and invasion of meningioma cells were decreased after treatment with single or bicistronic siRNA constructs for cathepsin B and MMP-9 compared to controls and vector controls. Inhibition of angiogenesis was observed when the cells were transfected with single or bicistronic constructs for cathepsin B and MMP-9, when compared to controls or empty vector controls. Our study revealed that abrogation of cathepsin B and MMP-9 expression decreased the activation of major proteins involved in MAP kinase and PI3 kinase pathways indicating that targeting these proteases may hinder intracellular signaling and thus decrease cell survival and proliferation in malignant meningiomas. In addition to the in vitro evidence, we observed a significant regression of pre-established orthotopic tumors after treatment with RNAi plasmid vectors targeting cathepsin B and MMP-9. Furthermore, these observations demonstrate that the simultaneous RNAi-mediated targeting of cathepsin B and MMP-9 has potential application for the treatment of human meningiomas.
Impact of positivity and complete positivity on accessibility of Markovian dynamics

We consider a two-dimensional quantum control system evolving under an entropy-increasing irreversible dynamics in the semigroup form. Considering a phenomenological approach to the dynamics, we show that the accessibility property of the system depends on whether its evolution is assumed to be positive or completely positive. In particular, we characterize the family of maps having different accessibilities and show the impact of that property on observable quantities by means of a simple physical model.