cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stellar Chromospheric Activity

The Sun, stars similar to it, and many rather dissimilar to it, have chromospheres, regions classically viewed as lying above the brilliant photosphere and characterized by a positive temperature gradient and a marked departure from radiative equilibrium. Stellar chromospheres exhibit a wide range of phenomena collectively called activity, stemming largely from the time evolution of their magnetic fields and the mass flux and transfer of radiation through the complex magnetic topology and the increasingly optically thin plasma of the outer stellar atmosphere. In this review, I will (1) outline the development of our understanding of chromospheric structure from 1960 to the present, (2) discuss the major observational programs and theoretical lines of inquiry, (3) review the origin and nature of both solar and stellar chromospheric activity and its relationship to, and effect on, stellar parameters including total energy output, and (4) summarize the outstanding problems today.
Studies on engineered autocrine systems: requirements for ligand release from cells producing an artificial growth factor.

Transplantation of artificial ligand-secreting cells is envisioned as a promising technology in tissue engineering. To achieve practical control of these systems, sufficiently high levels of ligand...
Interventional palliative strategies for malignant bowel obstruction

Malignant bowel obstruction is the luminal narrowing of the small bowel or colon due to direct or indirect cancer growth. Small bowel obstruction usually occurs at the level of the duodenum. Interventional, nonoperative strategies for palliation of malignant bowel obstruction include endoscopic and radiologic techniques. The latter are performed by interventional radiologists. Palliation of luminal small bowel and colonic obstruction primarily is achieved through the use of endoscopically or radiologically placed self-expandable metal stents. Gastrostomy and jejunal tubes also may be placed to provide palliative decompression when other palliative methods are not possible.
Effects of electric fields on fibroblast contractility and cytoskeleton

We used silicone rubber substrata and fluorescent staining of cytoskeletal components to study the mechanisms by which electrical voltage gradients cause reorientation of embryonic chick fibroblasts in tissue culture. No evidence was found for a direct stimulation of cell contractility, either parallel or perpendicular to the voltage gradient. Instead, there was a gradual weakening in cell contractility in the axis parallel to this gradient, accompanied by progressive retraction of lamellae oriented along this axis, apparently due to selective weakening of cell-substratum adhesions. The cells then elongated perpendicular to the electric field, and strengthened their contractility in that axis. Fluorescence microscopy showed that cytoplasmic actin stress fibers and microtubules oriented perpendicular to the imposed voltage gradient. Many more cases were observed in which cell morphology had reoriented, but the actin fibers had not, as compared to the converse (cytoskeleton oriented, but not morphology). This disparity further supports the interpretation that the redirection of cell contractility is a consequence of morphological reorientation, rather than its cause. We also studied the effects of reversing the polarity of the electric fields at constant intervals (of as long as 1 minute). Fibroblasts failed to orient in response to such alternating fields, even after long exposure, but these same cells did reorient in response to pulsed currents in a consistent direction separated by “rest periods” (with no current). This combination of results is more consistent with an electrophoretic mechanism than with one depending on voltage-induced changes in membrane permeabilities.
THE PRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE OF THE TRIRADIATE FORM IN COSMARIUM TURPINII

AtLTHOUGH THE placoderm desmids have been grown in culture for almost 50 years, taxonomists of the desmids have ignored the possible use of cultures in their studies, instead relying on natural populations as a source of material. An overwhelming number of species, varieties, and forms of desmids have been described but many are highly suspect as environmental variants which have been recognized as taxonomic entities. One of the more common variants among desmid genera is an increase in the amount of radiation shown by a cell. Teiling (1950), in his discussion of desmid form, defines radiation in desmids as "that element of structure which is decisive in the shape of the desmids according to their vertical symmetry-planes." Thus a Cosmarium cell is said to be biradiate in end view; a simple Staurastruim, triradiate in end view. Although the genus Cosmarium is defined as bein,g biradiate, forms which are triradiate on end view have been described both from natural collections and from cultures. Fritsch (1953) pointed out the confusion among taxonomists as to the proper disposition of such triangular forms. In some cases they have been described as species of the triradiate genus Staurastrum; other specimens have been considered as forma triquetra of biradiate species of Cosmarium. Fritsch's suggestion to group such problematical forms under a separate genus to be called Cosmostaurastrum indicates the highly subjective foundations on which the taxonomy of desmids rests. Heterothallic strains of Cosmarium turpinii Br6b.2 were isolated in 1953 by the writer and since that time have been used in studies of the sexual process, germination of the zygospore, and the inheritance of mating type and a zygotic lethal factor (Starr, 1954a, b, 1955). The appearance of triradiate cells in the biradiate populations of Cosmarium turpinii provided material for the present investigation of the production of the triradiate form and its inheritance in sexual as well as asexual reproduction. The heterothallic strains of C. turpinii (no. 3, 4) are identical morphologically. A typical semicell (fig. 1, 11) in front view is angular, being broad at
Effect of marginal zinc deficiency on the apolipoprotein-B content and size of mesenteric lymph chylomicrons in adult rats.

To investigate the mechanisms underlining the impaired intestinal absorption of lipids in zinc deficiency, the apo-B content and chemical composition of chylomicrons from marginally zinc-deficient rats fed 2.8 ppm of dietary zinc (ZD) were compared with those from pair-fed (PF) and ad libitum control (CT) groups fed an adequate level (30.8 ppm) of zinc. Chylomicrons, obtained by cannulating the mesenteric lymph, were isolated by ultracentrifugation at 1.3×106 g/min at 12 C and purified by 2% agarose column chromatography. Apolipoprotein- (apo) B was separated by the method of isopropanol precipitation. The apo-B concentration of chylomicrons was lowered significantly in ZD group. The apo-B contents of chylomicrons in ZD, PF and CT rats, as expressed as % chylomicron protein, were 8.7±0.1, 11.5±0.5 and 10.7±0.7%, respectively. No significant differences were noted between ZD and PF groups in total protein (TP), phospholipid (PL), triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CH), although there was a slight decrease in TG and an increase in CH in CT rats compared with ZD and PF groups. The ratio of the core to surface constituents, as determined by TG/(TP+PL), was significantly higher in ZD group relative to the controls, suggesting that chylomicrons from ZD rats were larger. This finding was consistent with the appearance of larger chylomicron particles in the lacteal of the intestinal mucosa following lipid ingestion. These findings suggest that the intestinal synthesis of apo-B may be defective in zinc-deficient rats and may explain in part the impaired absorption of dietary lipids observed in zinc deficiency.
The shift in sales organizations in business‐to‐business services markets

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to examine shifts in sales organizations utilized to sell services to business‐to‐business customers. The paper also examines the changes expected in personal selling and sales management.Design/methodology/approach – Extant academic literature and emerging practices are examined to determine trends.Findings – The paper suggests that the traditional service‐focused sales organization is evolving in two distinct directions. First, enhanced sales automation is resulting in a reduction in salespeople's contact with customers. Second, an enhancement in the level of customer contact is leading to a growth of customer‐focused sales organizations and an increase in global account management teams.Research limitations/implications – Additional research is needed in this area.Practical implications – Changes are required in the manner in which personal selling and sales management is practiced in organizations. Firms need to make these changes or their sales forces will be les...
Are climate-related changes to the character of global-mean precipitation predictable?

The physical basis for the change in global-mean precipitation projected to occur with the warming associated with increased greenhouse gases is discussed. The expected increases to column water vapor W control the rate of increase of global precipitation accumulation through its affect on the planet's energy balance. The key role played by changes to downward longwave radiation controlled by this changing water vapor is emphasized. The basic properties of molecular absorption by water vapor dictate that the fractional rate of increase of global-mean precipitation must be significantly less that the fractional rate of increase in water vapor and it is further argued that this reduced rate of precipitation increase implies that the timescale for water re-cycling is increased in the global mean. This further implies less frequent precipitation over a fixed period of time, and the intensity of these less frequent precipitating events must subsequently increase in the mean to realize the increased global accumulation. These changes to the character of global-mean precipitation, predictable consequences of equally predictable changes to W, apply only to the global-mean state and not to the regional or local scale changes in precipitation.
A mechanism for early branching in lung morphogenesis

The lung is a highly branched fluid-filled structure, that develops by repeated dichotomous branching of a single bud off the foregut, of epithelium invaginating into mesenchyme. Incorporating the known stress response of developing lung tissues, we model the developing embryonic lung in fluid mechanical terms. We suggest that the repeated branching of the early embryonic lung can be understood as the natural physical consequence of the interactions of two or more plastic substances with surface tension between them. The model makes qualitative and quantitative predictions, as well as suggesting an explanation for such observed phenomena as the asymmetric second branching of the embryonic bronchi.
Mechanical relaxation phenomena in polyimide and poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide) from 100°K to 700°K

Existing dynamic mechanical relaxation data on two polymers containing aromatic groups in the backbone chain, viz., polyimide PI, and poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide), PDMPO, are reviewed and new data bearing on specimen purity and water content are presented. It is demonstrated that three separate relaxation processes are normally present in both polymers in the temperature range from about 100–400°K. The lowest temperature relaxation, designated γ, occurs in the 100–180°K range and is considered to arise from limited rotational oscillation of some phenylene rings about the 1,4 axis. Another relaxation process, designated β arises from the presence of water in the polymer. Its strength increases with increase of water content, its activation energy is about 10–12 kcal/mole, and it occurs in the 180–190°K range at 1 Hz. A higher strength secondary glass relaxation process, designated β*, occurs in the 280–400°K range at usual measuring frequencies (1 Hz to 104 Hz). This relaxation is thought to be associated with the combined reorientational motion, of rings and connecting atoms of the monomer unit in “defect” regions, or regions of poor chain packing. As such, its position is affected by sample history. Both polymers also show a rise in damping in the high temperature region indicative of additional main chain motions. In addition to the above relaxations, PDMPO shows a δ-relaxation below liquid nitrogen temperatures, associated with onset of Me rotation and PI shows an additional small relaxation near 500°K.
New Algorithm For Detection And Classification Of Targets

The problem of automatically recognizing targets in FLIR imagery has been limited by the inability of algorithms to accurately segment the target pixels from the clutter pixels. A new approach to target recognition is presented which uses a priori information about the targets of interest to aid in segmenting target pixels.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
McCarthyism: A Personal Account

The history of McCarthyism in the 1950s is reviewed. The author's experience in testimony under subpoena before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee and his blacklisting for ten years as a potential consultant to the National Institute of Mental Health are described, drawing in both cases on documents made available through the Freedom of Information Act.
Pegasus, a workflow management system for science automation

Modern science often requires the execution of large-scale, multi-stage simulation and data analysis pipelines to enable the study of complex systems. The amount of computation and data involved in these pipelines requires scalable workflow management systems that are able to reliably and efficiently coordinate and automate data movement and task execution on distributed computational resources: campus clusters, national cyberinfrastructures, and commercial and academic clouds. This paper describes the design, development and evolution of the Pegasus Workflow Management System, which maps abstract workflow descriptions onto distributed computing infrastructures. Pegasus has been used for more than twelve years by scientists in a wide variety of domains, including astronomy, seismology, bioinformatics, physics and others. This paper provides an integrated view of the Pegasus system, showing its capabilities that have been developed over time in response to application needs and to the evolution of the scientific computing platforms. The paper describes how Pegasus achieves reliable, scalable workflow execution across a wide variety of computing infrastructures. Comprehensive description of the Pegasus Workflow Management System.Detailed explanation of Pegasus workflow transformations.Data management in Pegasus.Earthquake science application example.
The Geometric Organizer: A Study Technique

LD students can read, organize, and study information in content subject textbooks using a multisensory technique-a Geometric Organizer.
Damage identification for structural health monitoring using fuzzy pattern recognition

Uncertainty abounds with in situ structural performance assessment and damage detection in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). Most research in SHM focuses on statistical analysis, data acquisition, feature extraction and data reduction. We introduce a method to improve pattern recognition and damage detection by supplementing Intelligent Structural Health Monitoring (ISHM) with fuzzy sets. Intuitively we know that damage does not occur as a Boolean relation (one of two values, true or false) but progressively. Bayesian updating is used to demarcate levels of damage into fuzzy sets accommodating the uncertainty associated with the ambiguous damage states. The new techniques are examined to provide damage identification using data simulated from finite element analysis of a prestressed concrete bridge without a priori known levels of damage.
Comparison of Types of Imagery for Photogeomorphic Studies: ABSTRACT

This discussion is limited strictly to photogeomorphic, End_Page 635------------------------------ not bedrock mapping, applications of airborne imagery. Two factors control the value of a particular image in a particular study--scale and type of imagery. Small scale imagery, less than 1:40,000, is particularly useful in broad, regional studies of structural trends, regional drainage pattern analysis, and lineament mapping. The larger scale imagery is more useful in fracture trace studies, local drainage pattern and single channel feature studies, and local tonal anomaly studies. Large-scale imagery may, of course, be compiled into a mosaic. A wide variety of image types are available today. The most commonly available are black and white photography with many possible filter combinations, black and white infrared photography, color and color infrared (false color) photography, and thermal infrared and radar imagery. These images have a large range in cost and applicability. As a tool of the photogeomorphologist, color aerial photography appears to be the most generally useful for a basic study. Black and white, and black and white infrared, photography are the least expensive and quite useful. The other types of imagery have special, and sometimes very useful, applications. Of value in some cases is sequential imagery showing, for example, variations of vegetation throughout the year. Such time-dependent changes in terrestrial features may have significance in photogeomorphic exploration. End_of_Article - Last_Page 636------------
PERINEPHRIC URINOMA SECONDARY TO NEUROGENIC BLADDER IN MYELODYSPLASIA

We report on a girl with infected perinephric urinoma and myelodysplasia who presented with a febrile urinary tract infection. A complex perinephric fluid collection with internal echoes was found on renal ultrasound, necessitating placement of a percutaneous drainage tube. Initial urodynamic testing after treatment of the infection revealed a noncompliant bladder with an elevated detrusor leak point pressure. Neurovesical dysfunction with elevated leak point pressure is believed to be the cause of urinoma. Clinical presentation, treatment and pathophysiology of this entity are discussed.
Impact of Special Care Unit for Patients with Advanced Alzheimer's Disease on Patients' Discomfort and Costs

Objective: To compare outcomes in patients with the clinical diagnosis of probable dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) cared for in a Dementia Special Care Unit (DSCU) with those in traditional long-term care (TLTC). Design: Two-year prospective cohort study. Setting: Two Veterans Administration Hospitals. The DSCU concentrated on assuring patients' comfort instead of promoting maximal survival; in some patients this excluded transfer to acute medical settings, the use of antibiotics, and tube feeding. Measurements: Data were collected regarding disease severity, patient discomfort, use of medical resources, and mortality rate. Results: Patients at both settings were similar on baseline measures, and most were severely demented. The monthly levels of observed discomfort were lower in DSCU than in TLTC patients. The costs of medications, radiology, and laboratory procedures were lower in DSCU than in TLTC patients. DSCU patients were also transferred less frequently to an acute medical setting. The average 3-month cost for a DSCU patient was $1477 less than the cost of care for a TLTC patient. However, DSCU patients with lower severity of DAT had a higher mortality rate then TLTC patients. Conclusions: These results suggest that management of patients with advanced DAT on a DSCU using a palliative care philosophy may result in less patient discomfort and lower costs than management on a TLTC.
TWO FLUID MODELS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY WITH APPLICATION TO ISOTOPE EFFECTS

A general form of the two-fluid model of a superconductor, which includes all previous forms, is set up and the underlying assumptions examined in the light of the lattice vibration theory of superconductivity. Thermodynamic relations are derived and their consistency with the observed isotope effects indicated. Specialization to the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ model of Casimir and Gorter permits fitting recent precise critical field data and evaluation of the parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ characterizing different superconductors. Comparison is made with Koppe's form of the two-fluid model, which is shown not to fit all the data, and simplified and limiting forms of his equations are given.
Post-ischemic myocardial fibrosis occurs independent of hemodynamic changes

Objectives: Myocardial fibrosis is a major component of ventricular remodeling after large myocardial infarction (MI). The present study tests the hypothesis that post-ischemic myocardial fibrosis can occur independent of hemodynamic changes. Methods: A mouse model of distal left coronary artery ligation was established to induce a small infarct (less than 15% of the left ventricle) in order to avoid significant mechanical overload after permanent myocardial ischemia. Left heart catheterization was performed to evaluate the post-infarct hemodynamics. Tissues from both ischemic and non-ischemic myocardium were examined for mRNA and protein expression at 24, 72 h and 7 days after ligation. Results: Heart/body weight ratio after ligation was increased by approximately 10% over sham control although there is no statistically significant difference in hemodynamic parameters between the two groups. Non-ischemic myocardium distant from the infarct site showed molecular evidence of myocardial fibrosis 72 h and 7 days after ligation. There was marked up-regulation of mRNAs for extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and their cross-linking enzyme, such as collagens type I, III and VI, and lysyl oxidase. Immunohistochemical study confirmed that the expression of these ECM proteins was significantly increased in the non-ischemic myocardium after 7 days. TGF-β1 was up-regulated after 72 h in both ischemic and non-ischemic myocardium. Conclusions: Molecular and histopathological findings demonstrate that abnormal myocardial fibrosis can be induced by a small infarct independent of secondary hemodynamic changes.
Connectivity among semantic associates: An fMRI study of semantic priming

Semantic priming refers to a reduction in the reaction time to identify or make a judgment about a stimulus that has been immediately preceded by a semantically related word or picture and is thought to result from a partial overlap in the semantic associates of the two words. A semantic priming lexical decision task using spoken words was presented in event-related fMRI and behavioral paradigms. Word pairs varied in terms of semantic relatedness and the connectivity between associates. Thirteen right-handed subjects underwent fMRI imaging and 10 additional subjects were tested in a behavioral version of the semantic priming task. It was hypothesized priming would be greatest, reaction time fastest, and cortical activation reduced the most for related word pairs of high connectivity, followed by related word pairs of low connectivity, and then by unrelated word pairs. Behavioral and fMRI results confirmed these predictions. fMRI activity located primarily in bilateral posterior superior and middle temporal regions showed modulation by connectivity and relatedness. The results suggest that these regions are involved in semantic processing.
A robust neural network classifier for infrasound events using multiple array data

An integral part of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty International Monitoring System is an infrasound monitoring network. This network has the capability to detect and verify infrasonic signals-of-interest, e.g., nuclear explosions, from other unwanted infrasound noise sources. The paper presents classification results of infrasonic events using a robust neural network.
Tracking of a reference particle size distribution trajectory in semi-batch emulsion polymerization

This paper describes a method to solve the problem of tracking a particle size distribution (PSD) trajectory in semi-batch emulsion polymerization. The definition of a suitable objective function, for the development of an optimal recipe, in terms of the full PSD, is a challenging problem. A method is proposed to circumvent this problem. The process of the evolution of the full PSD is decomposed into the sub-processes of nucleation, growth and coagulation. A technique is proposed to control these individual mechanisms separately, and hence produce the desired overall PSD. The multiobjective optimization problem that results is solved using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. Also, the experimental implementation of these results is discussed.
Summary of the panel discussion on opportunities and needs

At the NIST workshop on modeling electron transport for applications in electron and X-ray analysis and metrology, there was a final panel discussion on the opportunities and needs in this area. A summary of the points made by some of the contributors in this session is given. Published in 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasmin induces the formation of multicellular spheroids of breast cancer cells

MCF7 and ZR75-1 breast cancer cells grow as adherent monolayers in tissue culture. Treatment with the serum serine protease plasmin causes them to detach and to grow as floating multicellular spheroids. Two plasmin activators, urokinase plasminogen activator and streptokinase, induce the same growth pattern changes in the presence of plasminogen. Serum contains also plasminogen activator inhibitors. Aged serum, deficient in plasminogen activator inhibitors, converts spontaneously monolayer breast cancer cells into multicellular spheroids which readily revert to monolayer growth after addition of fresh serum. Urokinase blocks the reversion. The formation of multicellular spheroids does not affect the proliferative rate of breast tumor cells but endows tumor cells with increased resistance to the chemotherapeutic drugs, doxorubicin and paclitaxel.
NR2F1 and IRE1β Suppress Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Expression and Lipoprotein Assembly in Undifferentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Objective— Our aim was to elucidate mechanisms involved in the acquisition of lipid transport properties during enterocyte differentiation. Methods and Results— We show that lipid mobilization via apolipoprotein B lipoproteins is dependent on the expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) during differentiation of Caco-2 cells into enterocyte-like cells. Mechanistic studies showed that binding of the nuclear receptor family 2 group F member 1 (NR2F1) to the DR1 element in the MTTP promoter suppresses MTTP expression in undifferentiated cells. During cellular differentiation, NR2F1 expression and its binding to MTTP promoter decline and MTP induction ensues. Moreover, undifferentiated cells express inositol-requiring enzyme 1β (IRE1β), a protein that posttranscriptionally degrades MTP mRNA, and its expression substantially decreases during differentiation, contributing to MTP induction. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a significant negative relationship between the expressions of MTP and NR2F1/IRE1β in undifferentiated and differentiated Caco-2 cells, as well as in crypt–villus and jejunum–colon axes of mouse intestine. Conclusion— We propose that transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms involving NR2F1 and IRE1β ensure low MTP expression in undifferentiated intestinal cells and avoid apolipoprotein B lipoprotein biosynthesis.
A mechanism for a sustained ball lightning glow discharge plasma at one atmosphere pressure

Summary form only given. One aspect of ball lightning physics which has been very difficult to understand is how their long duration of existence-up to 90 seconds or more-can be reconciled with the very high electron collision frequencies (several terahertz) and corresponding rapid energy loss associated with operation at one atmosphere. An insight into the sustained existence of ball lightning at one atmosphere may be afforded by the recently discovered ion-trapping mechanism responsible for the one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma (OAUGDP). In the laboratory, trapping is effected by the application of high RF voltages between two parallel or co-planar electrodes, with a frequency which traps ions but not the electrons between the electrodes. Trapping the electrons leads to polarization of the plasma and to the development of filamentary instabilities. In ball lightning, this RF electrostatic trapping may be replaced by other mechanisms which preferentially trap ions, but not electrons, on magnetic field lines.
A RETURN TO LOVE IN WILLIAM JAMES AND JEAN‐LUC MARION

Abstract: In this essay Samuel Rocha primarily addresses, and challenges, the modern conception of reason and the lowly place of intuition, feeling, and love in what has become traditional philosophy and education. Drawing upon the rich thought of William James and Jean-Luc Marion, Rocha introduces the reader to a certain harmony between their ideas, most evident in their mutual appeal to philosophy to return to a broader understanding of reason that celebrates the role of intuition and, above all, love. Rocha concludes by relating the philosophical critiques of modern rationalism offered by James and Marion to the current state of education, especially in the United States.
Increasing Reliability of a Small 2-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine for Dynamically Changing Altitudes

Remotely piloted aircraft typically use commercial internal combustion engines as their power sources. These engines are designed to run at sea level, but these aircraft are often pressed into service at higher altitudes where the performance characteristics deteriorate. The performance characteristics of a Brison 5.8 in.3 two-stroke engine at altitude were investigated using a test facility that can measure these characteristics over a range of pressures and temperatures. With its stock carburetor tuned to sea-level standard conditions, the engine created 5.5 peak horsepower, and brake-specific fuel consumption ranged from 1.2 to 4.0 lb/(hp·h). At an altitude of 10,000 ft, the peak horsepower decreased by 40%, whereas the off-peak horsepower decreased by more than 90%. Furthermore, the carburetor caused operation at high altitudes to be unreliable. Specifically, if the engine was tuned at sea-level standard, it would not operate above 10,000 ft. To increase reliability, a throttle body fuel injection...
New Stability Diagrams of some Phyllosilicates in the SiO2—Al2O3—K2O—H2O System

Aluminum is treated as a mobile, reactive component in newly designed stability diagrams for the SiO2-AI203-K20-H20 system. The diagrams show that the stability field of kaolinite is strongly dependent on pH at or below 6.7 but at 6-7 or greater the stability field is independent of pH, and also that in present sea water, K-mica is a stable phase with respect to kaolin minerals. Natural waters from present-day, kaolin-forming localities in Mexico and Kentucky are consistent with theoretical interpre- tations from these stability diagrams.
A computational framework for predicting drug Mode-of-Action

The problem of large scale computational drug screening is considered in this paper. A computational framework is developed for microarray profile of drug treatment from the Connectivity Map (cMap) project. The framework is proposed to address the deficiency of cMap prediction. This scheme includes construction of drug Mode-of-Actions (MoA) and subsequently Mode-of-Action (MoA) network, or MoANet and a MoA prediction algorithm based on MoAs. The scheme is tested on the cMap data and an independent data set. The result shows significant improvement over cMap.
Predation and protection in the macroevolutionary history of conifer cones

Conifers are an excellent group in which to explore how changing ecological interactions may have influenced the allocation of reproductive tissues in seed plants over long time scales, because of their extensive fossil record and their important role in terrestrial ecosystems since the Palaeozoic. Measurements of individual conifer pollen-producing and seed-producing cones from the Pennsylvanian to the Recent show that the relative amount of tissue invested in pollen cones has remained constant through time, while seed cones show a sharp increase in proportional tissue investment in the Jurassic that has continued to intensify to the present day. Since seed size in conifers has remained similar through time, this increase reflects greater investment in protective cone tissues such as robust, tightly packed scales. This shift in morphology and tissue allocation is broadly concurrent with the appearance of new vertebrate groups capable of browsing in tree canopies, as well as a diversification of insect-feeding strategies, suggesting that an important change in plant–animal interactions occurred over the Mesozoic that favoured an increase in seed cone protective tissues.
Novel Magnet-Retained Prosthetic System for Facial Reconstruction

Traumatic facial defects negatively impact speech, mastication, deglutition, dental hygiene, and psychosocial well-being. Reconstruction must address restoration of function and aesthetics to provide quality of life. This report describes soft-tissue reconstruction using a novel magnet-retained facial prosthesis without osseointegrated abutments, performed in a patient after traumatic loss of the entire left lower part of the face, including lips, commissure, and mentum. This reconstructive technique successfully addressed the cosmetic defect while also restoring function with respect to speech and oral nutrition. For this reason, magnet-retained facial prosthesis should be added to free tissue transfer and regional flaps as a reasonable option in the reconstructive algorithm for complex soft-tissue defects of the lower face.
Sensitivities of Simulated Convective Storms to Environmental CAPE

AbstractA set of 225 idealized three-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations is used to explore convective storm behavior in environments with various values of CAPE (450, 800, 2000, and 3200 J kg−1). The simulations show that when CAPE = 2000 J kg−1 or greater, numerous combinations of other environmental parameters can support updrafts of at least 10 m s−1 throughout an entire 2-h simulation. At CAPE = 450 J kg−1, it is very difficult to obtain strong storms, although one case featuring a supercell is found. For CAPE = 800 J kg−1, mature storm updraft speeds correlate positively with strong low-level lapse rates and reduced precipitable water. In some cases, updrafts at this CAPE value can reach speeds that rival predictions of parcel theory, but such efficient conversion of CAPE to kinetic energy does not extend to all storms at CAPE = 800 J kg−1, nor to any storms in simulations at lower or higher CAPE. In simulations with CAPE = 2000 or 3200 J kg−1, the strongest time-averaged mature updrafts, while ...
Structural Estimation of Family Labor Supply with Taxes: Estimating a Continuous Hours Model Using a Direct Utility Specification

This paper proposes a new method for estimating family labor supply in the presence of taxes. This method accounts for continuous hours choices, measurement error, unobserved heterogeneity in tastes for work, the nonlinear form of the tax code, and fixed costs of work in one comprehensive specification. Estimated on data from the 2001 PSID, the resulting elasticities for married males are consistent with those found elsewhere in the literature but female wage elasticities are substantially smaller than those found in most of the literature. Simulations of recent tax acts predict small effects on the labor supply of married couples.
Functional roles of aggregation-promoting-like factor in stress tolerance and adherence of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM.

Aggregation-promoting factors (Apf) are secreted proteins that have been associated with a diverse number of functional roles in lactobacilli, including self-aggregation, the bridging of conjugal pairs, coaggregation with other commensal or pathogenic bacteria, and maintenance of cell shape. In silico genome analysis of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM identified LBA0493 as a 696-bp apf gene that encodes a putative 21-kDa Apf protein. Transcriptional studies of NCFM during growth in milk showed apf to be one of the most highly upregulated genes in the genome. In the present study, reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR (RT-QPCR) analysis revealed that the apf gene was highly induced during the stationary phase compared to that during the logarithmic phase. To investigate the functional role of Apf in NCFM, an Δapf deletion mutant was constructed. The resulting Δapf mutant, NCK2033, did not show a significant difference in cell morphology or growth compared to that of the NCFMΔupp reference strain, NCK1909. The autoaggregation phenotype of NCK2033 in planktonic culture was unaffected. Additional phenotypic assays revealed that NCK2033 was more susceptible to treatments with oxgall bile and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Survival rates of NCK2033 decreased when stationary-phase cells were exposed to simulated small-intestinal and gastric juices. Furthermore, NCK2033 in the stationary phase showed a reduction of in vitro adherence to Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells, mucin glycoproteins, and fibronectin. The data suggest that the Apf-like proteins may contribute to the survival of L. acidophilus during transit through the digestive tract and, potentially, participate in the interactions with the host intestinal mucosa.
Imaging of near-surface heterogeneities by scattered elastic waves

ABSTRACTWe have developed an elastic reverse time migration (RTM) approach for imaging near-surface heterogeneities, such as karst features, using scattered waves (e.g., body to P-, S-, and surface waves). Knowledge of location and strength of the scatterers helps in seismic imaging, survey planning, and geotechnical site characterization. To model seismic wave propagation for RTM, we use an elastic staggered-grid finite-difference scheme. The scattered body-to-surface waves provide optimal illumination and wavenumber coverage of the near surface as they travel horizontally along the free surface. We tested the elastic RTM approach on synthetic data simulated using a finite-difference solver and found it to be robust.
B-Cell Antigen Receptor–Induced Apoptosis Requires Both Igα and Igβ

The response of a B cell to antigen is dependent on the surface expression of a clonotypic B-cell receptor complex (BCR) consisting of membrane-bound Ig and disulfide-linked heterodimers of Igα/β. Studies of Igα or Igβ have shown that the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) found in each cytoplasmic tail is capable of inducing most receptor signaling events. However, Igα, Igβ, and most of the other receptor chains that contain ITAMs, including CD3e, CD3γ, TCRζ, and FceRIγ, are found as components of multimeric and heterogenous complexes. In such a complex it is possible that cooperativity between individual chains imparts functional capacities to the intact receptor that are not predicted from the properties of its constituents. Therefore, we developed a novel system in which we could form and then aggregate dimers, representative of partial receptor complexes, which contained either Igα alone, Igβ alone, or the two chains together and then examine their ability to induce apoptosis in the immature B-cell line, WEHI-231. Here we present evidence that heterodimers of Igα and Igβ efficiently induced apoptosis while homodimers of either chain did not. Apoptosis was associated with the inductive tyrosine phosphorylation of a very restricted set of proteins including the tyrosine kinase Syk. These findings may provide insight into the mechanisms by which the BCR, and other such multimeric receptor complexes, initiate both apoptotic and proliferative responses to antigen.
Parallel Cubature on Loosely Coupled Systems

We give a survey and results of our work on modifying global adaptive cubature algorithms for use on distributed memory systems. This is an application of a more general task pool management system for MIMD machines, which is under development. On loosely coupled systems, the pool of subregions (tasks) is distributed over the processors. The adaptive nature of the type of algorithm involved causes the grid to be progressively refined in order to meet a set error requirement. In view of a potentially different behavior of the integrand function in subregion sets assigned to different processors, the work loads of the processors may become imbalanced, with a few processors carrying out most of the work. This situation can be alleviated via dynamic load balancing. Results obtained with a simple load balancing strategy show its effects in case of a local integrand problem. An extension of the strategy is proposed, based on a model of the underlying work distribution.
The Contribution of Atomic Steps to Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction from Semiconductor Surfaces

Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is a powerful tool for the study of surface processes. Because of the glancing geometry of RHEED, the high energy electrons only interact strongly with the first few layers of material. The glancing angle makes it exceedingly sensitive to surface morphology. However, the strong scattering of the electrons by the atomic potentials causes strong dynamical (multiple) scattering events to occur. This makes the diffracted intensities difficult to interpret.
ESMO 2003

This paper illustrates the development of an interface for the simulator EMTDC/PSCAD for integrating an agent-based distributed application into the simulation. The custom device modules the EMTDC supports have been used to provide a channel for the agents to communicate (send and receive data) with the simulator. The main advantage of this interface is that the agents now can be developed independently, as separate JAVA applications. The application used to illustrate the features of the interface is a pilot protection scheme over a line.
Dislocation Core Structure and the Normal Yield Behavior of L12 Ordered Alloys

A rapid increase of the yield stress with increasing temperature, often observed in L1 2 ordered alloys, is commonly called the “anomalous flow behavior”. This phenomenon is believed to result from the thermally activated transformation of the core of 1/2 screw dislocations from a glissile form to a sessile form at high temperatures. It is shown here that another class of L1 2 alloys exists in which these two forms of the screw dislocation core are not available. These are the alloys in which the APB on {111} planes is not stable and the atomistic studies of screw dislocations in such alloys show that their cores are always sessile. The yield stress of these alloys then increases with decreasing temperature and no increase at high temperatures occurs. Such behavior has been observed, for example, in Pt 3 Al. This “normal” behavior is analogous to that of b.c.c. metals and a theory of the temperature dependence of the yield stress has been developed along the same lines as in the case of b.c.c. metals. Comparison of this theory with measurements on Pt 3 Al single crystals shows a good agreement.
Protection of goats against Caribbean and African heartwater isolates by the Ball 3 heartwater vaccine.

Two groups of castrated male adult goats (three goats/group) were infected intravenously with the Ball 3 vaccine strain ofCowdria ruminantium and treated with long-acting oxytetracycline at the onset of clinical disease 10 days later. Five weeks post-vaccination one group was challenged with a Caribbean isolate (Gardel) and the other group with a West African isolate (Mali) ofC. ruminantium. Non-vaccinated controls infected with either the Gardel or Mali isolate died. All of the vaccinated animals challenged with the Gardel strain reacted and survived. The three vaccinated animals challenged with the Mali isolate also reacted and two died of heartwater.
Patterned Self-Assembled Monolayers via Scanning Probe Lithography

Scanning probes have been used to induce a variety of localized changes in the composition of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). SAMs are useful in this regard because they offer a means to present various chemical functionalities on a surface in a relatively well organized way. This chapter reviews a diverse set of methodologies. However, they all can be generally characterized as either additive (adding molecules to the surface), subtractive (removing molecules from the surface), or exchange (a replacement of one type of molecule with another on the surface. The efficacy and utility of these processes will be emphasized.
Obesity as an independent risk factor for group B streptococcal colonization.

Objective: Approximately 25% of women are colonized with group B streptococcus (GBS). We assessed whether body mass index (BMI) is an independent risk factor for GBS colonization.Study design: We p...
STRATEGISCHE RESSOURCEN VON MANAGEMENTBERATUNGS-UNTERNEHMEN UND IHRE SOZIALE EINBETTUNG

Um die Klient-Berater-Situation integrativ anhand des entwickelten Bezugsrahmens zu analysieren, wird in einem ersten Schritt die Seite der Beratungsunternehmen betrachtet. Damit sie die Dienstleistung der Managementberatung erfolgreich erbringen konnen, mussen sie das Potential fur die Leistungserbringung vorhalten. Im Sinne der Strukturationstheorie benotigen sie also Ressourcen, die ihnen die Handlungsmoglichkeit (Macht) eroffnen, Managementberatung durchzufuhren.
HIV-associated executive dysfunction in the era of modern antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

ABSTRACTObjective: While some reports suggest that HIV+ individuals continue to display executive function (EF) impairment in the era of cART, findings have been contradictory and appear to differ based on the aspect of EF being measured. To improve the understanding of how discrete executive abilities may be differentially affected or spared in the context of HIV infection, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to (a) determine whether and to what extent HIV+ adults experience deficits in EFs, and (b) understand how demographic and clinical characteristics may modify the associations between HIV infection and executive abilities.Method: Studies comparing HIV+ and HIV-uninfected groups on measures of working memory, set-shifting, inhibition, decision-making, and apathy between 2000 and 2017 were identified from three databases. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated using inverse variance weighted random effects models. Meta-regression was used to examine the moderating effect of demographi...
Thermal Evaluation of Alternate Shipping Cask for Irradiated Experiments

Results of a thermal evaluation are provided for a new shipping cask under consideration for transporting irradiated experiments between the test reactor and post-irradiation examination (PIE) facilities. Most of the experiments will be irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL), then later shipped to the Hot Fuel Examination Facility (HFEF) located at the Materials and Fuels Complex for PIE. To date, the General Electric (GE)-2000 cask has been used to transport experiment payloads between these facilities. However, the availability of the GE-2000 cask to support future experiment shipping is uncertain. In addition, the internal cavity of the GE-2000 cask is too short to accommodate shipping the larger payloads. Therefore, an alternate shipping capability is being pursued. The Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC, Research Reactor (BRR) cask has been determined to be the best alternative to the GE-2000 cask. An evaluation of the thermal performance of the BRR cask is necessary before proceeding with fabrication of the newly designed cask hardware and the development of handling, shipping and transport procedures. This paper presents the results of the thermal evaluation of the BRR cask loaded with a representative set of fueled and non-fueled payloads. When analyzed with identicalmore » payloads, experiment temperatures were found to be lower with the BRR cask than with the GE-2000 cask. Furthermore, from a thermal standpoint, the BRR cask was found to be a suitable alternate to the GE-2000 cask for shipping irradiated experiment payloads.« less