cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of salt treatments on survival and consumer acceptability of freshwater prawn, Macrobranchium rosenbergii

Abstract Post harvest acclimation of live freshwater prawns to a mixture of water and marine salt increases the consumer acceptability of the finished product. However, the high cost of marine salts prohibits their use in commercial practice. Therefore, the identification of successful, cost effective salt alternatives to replace acclimation with marine salt could potentially lead to an economically practical method to add value to prawns. This study was conducted to evaluate the consumer acceptability of freshwater prawns that were harvested and either held and acclimated with different salt treatments or marinated with salt. Post-harvest freshwater prawns were transferred to 250-l tanks containing one of five salt treatments (10 ppt): Instant Ocean (IO; marine salt), solar salt (SS-NaCl), solar salt supplemented with KCl and CaCl 2 (SS +), fresh water (FW), and fresh water marinated postmortem (marinated). Salts were increased by increments of 5 ppt every 2 h until 30 ppt was achieved. Prawns were harvested after 18 h of salt acclimation. Survival was recorded and prawns were then chill killed, de-headed and frozen. Freshwater control samples were divided into non-marinated controls and samples that were marinated in 5% NaCl for 18 h at 2–3 °C with either shells on or off prior to freezing. Three consumer panels ( n = 60) were conducted to assess the acceptability of prawns on a 9-point hedonic scale. Survival was 67% in the SS treatment with the highest survival in the FW (95%) followed by IO (85%) and SS + (73%). Consumer acceptability studies indicated that prawns marinated post-mortem without the shell were more acceptable ( P P
Regional distribution of angiotensinogen in rat brain.

The regional distribution of angiotensinogen, the prohormone of angiotensin I, was examined in rat brain. Quantification of brain angiotensinogen concentration was difficult because of the presence of an endogenous angiotensin I degrading (i.e. angiotensinase) activity which was active at the pH of the renin-angiotensinogen incubation. This degrading activity was unequally distributed throughout the brain, and its presence in homogenates invalidated measured levels of angiotensinogen. Only following removal of the angiotensinase activity by ammonium sulfate precipitation of the prohormone could the distribution of the prohormone be determined. Angiotensinogen was widely distributed throughout 31 brain regions; however there was an approximate 12-fold variation in concentration. Highest levels of the prohormone were found in the dorsal and ventral periventricular hypothalamus, area postrema, organum vasculosum lamina terminalis, periventricular thalamus, dorsal raphe and lateral reticular formation. Significantly lower amounts were found in the parietal cortex, cerebellum, septum and pituitaries. While the majority of regions examined exhibited similar concentrations of angiotensinogen, the demonstration of regions containing either significnatly low or high amounts of prohormone is consistent with a topographical distribution of angiotensinogen in rat brain.
Optimal Resource Allocation in Random Access Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks

Cooperative cognitive radio networks (CCRNs) incorporates cooperative communication into cognitive radio networks, in which, primary users lease their spectrum to secondary users, and in exchange, the primary users leverage secondary users as cooperative relays to enhance their own throughput. Mobile operators offload their Internet traffic to privately owned Wi-Fi access points (APs), much to the inconvenience of non-cellular users served by the APs. However, by employing the CCRN scheme, the mobile operator can lease a licensed channel to the AP, effectively doubling its capacity. In this paper, we propose an implementation of the CCRN framework applied to IEEE 802.11 WLANs. The cooperation is cast as a two-player bargaining game where the two players are the primary users (users of the mobile operator) and the secondary users (users of the AP before spectrum leasing) who bargain for either throughput share or channel access time share. The optimal resource allocation that ensures efficiency as well as fairness among users is provided by the Nash solution. Simulation results show that the users achieve higher throughput via the proposed CCRN scheme, thus providing the mobile operator (e.g., AT&T) and the private Wi-Fi provider (e.g., a Starbucks coffee shop) with incentives for cooperation.
Helix–coil kinetics of two 14-residue peptides

Abstract The helix–coil transition kinetics of two 14-residue helical peptides of different stability were studied by time-resolved infrared (IR) spectroscopy coupled with laser-induced temperature-jump (T-jump) technique. The T-jump induced relaxation kinetics of both peptides show strong dependence on the final temperature, implying the existence of an enthalpic barrier for the nucleation process. In addition, the peptide with end-capping groups, which is more stable, folds faster. Together, these results suggest that the overall helical stability plays an important role in controlling the kinetics of the helix–coil transition, in agreement with results of early theoretical studies.
Approaching MSIS 2000: a new-fashioned graduate model

This column describes the background and process in creating a new graduate IS curriculum model and guidelines for the 21st Century. It also presents an overview of the MSIS program and the curriculum architecture.
Seeing with Music: The Lives of Three Blind African Musicians

Seeing with Music: The Lives of Three Blind African Musicians. Simon Ottenberg. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. xv. 216 pp., illustrations, references, discography, index.
International law before the Courts: the European Union and the United States compared

Against the background of a broadly shared perception of the US and the EU as very different kinds of international actors, and a related assumption that the approaches of the US Supreme Court and the European Court of Justice towards the internalization of international law are also very different, this article takes a systematic look at the approaches of the European Court of Justice and the US Supreme Court to the internalization of international law over the decade 2002-2012. The perception of the US in recent decades has been as a frequently unilateralist and exceptionalist actor in international relations, with the Supreme Court remaining resistant to law which emanates from outside the American legislative process, or which lacks a clear domestic imprimatur as applicable US law. The EU, by comparison, is seen as having a greater commitment to multilateralism and to the development and observance of international law, and the case-law of the Court of Justice has until recently been broadly viewed – with WTO jurisprudence seen as an exception – as actively contributing to shaping that image through its embrace and internalization of international law norms. The analysis over a ten-year period of the case law of the two courts dealing with international law suggests that, rather than a simplified picture of the Supreme Court as the skeptical judicial arm of an internationally exceptionalist United States and the CJEU as the embracing judicial arm of an open and internationalist European Union, there are many more commonalities between the approaches of the two courts than conventional depictions acknowledge.
Real-time error recovery utilizing layered media multicast control (LMMC)

In this paper, we present an optimal solution to the problem of error control in layered and replicated media systems satisfying real-time delay constraints. In doing so, we rely on an a priori estimate of loss along with a hybrid proactive FEC-ARQ scheme to statistically guarantee the quality of service for receivers. Our optimal layered media multicast control (LMMC) solution to a formulation of the error control problem analytically determines the redundancy assignment of individual groups associated with a layered media system minimizing a cost metric defined over wasted bandwidth of redundancy.
Evidence for the Involvement of a Labile Protein in Stimulation of Adrenal Steroidogenesis under Conditions Not Inhibitory to Protein Synthesis

Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that synthesis of a labile protein is required for stimulation of steroidogenesis in rat adrenocortical cells. Amino acids L-canavanine and L-s-aminoethylcysteine, at concentrations as high as 5 mM, each inhibited steroidogenesis to a much greater extent than they inhibited protein synthesis. s-Aminoethylcysteine caused a 50% decrease in the stimulated rate of corticosterone production under conditions where incorporation of [35S]methionine into protein was unchanged. Both amino acids block stimulation of steroid synthesis at a step subsequent to the formation of cAMP and before the synthesis of progesterone. The onset of this effect, after the addition of the amino acids, on corticosterone production is quite rapid. These results provide support, that is not dependent on inhibition of protein synthesis, for the hypothesis that a labile protein mediates stimulation of steroidogenesis. Reversal of canavanine and s-aminoethylcysteine inhibition of steroidogene...
Macroinvertebrates associated with submerged macrophytes : sample size and power to detect effects

When planning and conducting ecological experiments, it is important to consider how many samples are necessary to detect differences among treatments with acceptably high statistical power. An analysis of statistical power is especially important when studying epiphytic macroinvertebrate colonization of submerged plants because they exhibit large plant-to-plant variability. Despite this variability, many studies have suggested that epiphytic macroinvertebrates preferentially colonize plants based on plant architecture type (broad versus dissected leaves). In this study, we calculated the power and number of samples necessary to detect differences in epiphytic macroinvertebrate abundance (numbers and biomass) among five species and two architecture types of macrophytes in a lake in MI, U.S.A. Using power analysis, we found that we had very high power to detect the differences present between macroinvertebrate abundance by architecture type and by macrophyte species (power = 1.000 and 0.994; effect sizes = 0.872 and 0.646, respectively. However, to detect very small differences between the two architecture types and the five plant species, we determined that many more samples were necessary to achieve similar statistical power (effect size = 0.1–0.3, number of samples = 60–527 and 36–310, respectively; power = 0.9). Our results suggest that macroinvertebrate abundance does in fact vary predictably with plant architecture. Dissected-leaf plants harbored higher abundances of macroinvertebrates than broad-leaf plants (ANOVA, density p = 0.001, biomass p < 0.001). This knowledge should allow us to better design future studies of epiphytic macroinvertebrates.
An interagency collaboration toward the Integrated Ocean Observing System

The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (NAVMETOCCOM) intend to collaborate on software architectures used to enable the processing and dissemination of scientific data and products for their respective missions. This collaboration supports the goals of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). This paper explores some potential areas and approaches for collaboration, enabled by the Service Oriented Architecture model.
Normally occurring intersexuality and testosterone induced plasticity in the copulatory system of adult leopard geckos

The copulatory neuromuscular system of lizards is highly sexually dimorphic. Adult males possess bilateral penises called hemipenes, which are independently controlled by two muscles, the retractor penis magnus (RPM) and transversus penis (TPN). These structures are not obvious in adult females. However, in adult female leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius), testosterone induces hemipene growth. We investigated whether these structures develop de novo in adulthood or are histologically present as rudimentary structures in the female leopard gecko. We also investigated the extent of sexual dimorphisms and plasticity in the associated neuromuscular components. To do this, we compared copulatory morphology (sizes of hemipenes, RPM and TPN muscle fibers, and associated motoneurons, as well as motoneuron and RPM fiber number) in adult females treated with testosterone, control females, and control males. All of the geckos possessed hemipenes, RPMs and TPNs, but these structures were indeed vestigial in control females. Testosterone induced striking increases in hemipene and copulatory muscle fiber size in females, but not to levels equivalent to control males. In parallel, males with increased levels of androgenic activity had larger hemipenes, suggesting naturally occurring steroid-induced plasticity. Copulatory motoneurons were not sexually dimorphic in size or number, and these measures did not respond to testosterone. The data demonstrate that the copulatory system of leopard geckos, in which gonadal sex is determined by egg incubation temperature, differs from that of many species (both reptilian and mammalian) with genotypic sex determination. Indeed, the system is remarkable in that adult females have normally occurring intersex characteristics and they exhibit substantial steroid-induced morphological plasticity in adulthood.
The Relationship between Water Pollution and Economic Growth Using the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Case Study in South Korea

The relation between economic growth and two key water quality indicators is assessed for South Korea’s four principal rivers. The growth of the national economy accompanied a shift in environmental and industrial policy that fostered improved water quality. The relations between biochemical oxygen demand and GDP in the Geum and Nakdong Rivers and between chemical oxygen demand and GDP in the Yeongsan and Nakdong Rivers support the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. In general, the turning point for improved water quality occurred at later economic development stages for industrial pollution than for biological pollution.
THE MANAGEMENT OF PERFORATION OF THE DUODENUM FOLLOWING ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY: A PROPOSAL FOR SELECTIVE THERAPY

The successful non-surgical management of retroduodenal perforation following endoscopic sphincterotomy is reported and the literature reviewed. Two patients are described who developed gas in the retroperitoneum following endoscopic sphincterotomy. One patient developed retroperitoneal emphysema and cervical emphysema, while the second patient developed retroperitoneal emphysema and a pneumothorax following endoscopic sphincterotomy. Both patients were treated conservatively and made uneventful recoveries. An algorithm for assessment and treatment is proposed based on the authors' experience and a literature review. Patients with confirmed ongoing duodenal leakage, sepsis or collection should have expeditious surgery.
Multi-user Multi-service Random Access and Channel Assignment for mm Wavelength Uplink Broadband Wireless System

Multi-carrier OFDMA-CDM has a range of advantages that make it ideal for high data rate wireless access system. In this paper, we propose a multi-user multi-service random access and channel assignment approach for the uplink communication of the mm wavelength multi-carrier OFDMA-CDM BWA system. The OFDMA-CDM solution and the iterative interference cancellation and detection are applied at the system's physical layer to support multi-user multi-service capabilities and to improve the robustness against the flat and frequency selective fading. The proposed scheme grants the uplink random access connections and allocates the radio resources to the active multi-service subscriber stations by using the cooperation between base station and subscriber stations, as well as the diversities in spreading codes, subcarriers, time in OFDM symbols, and time division multiplex. A MAC protocol and its connection and channel assignment procedures are described. Numeric simulations of the uplink BWA system are carried out to evaluate the system's performance.
A model for flow regime transitions in cocurrent down-flow trickle-bed reactors

A study of the nature of interstitial flows within trickle-bed reactors is presented. Based on physical concepts, a theory is developed to predict the transition boundaries for various flow regimes for nonfoaming liquids. The effects of factors such as bed porosity, size of monodispersed spherical catalyst particles, interfacial tension, viscosity, density, and the gas and liquid flow rates, on flow transitions are considered. Experimental data in the literature are used to confirm the theory and the agreement is good.
Memory for previous recall: A comparison of free and cued recall

Case studies of individuals who claimed to have recovered previously repressed memories of abuse during situations that involved memory cueing revealed that some individuals had discussed abuse with others during an earlier time period. Termed the ‘forgot-it-all-along’ effect, this phenomenon has legal implications for statutes of limitations. Two experiments provide evidence for differences between free recall and more directed (recognition or cued recall) test conditions in the accuracy of memories for previous recall. Participants more often erred by claiming they had not previously remembered recognized (Experiment 1) or cued (Experiment 2) sentences than freely recalled sentences, and this difference was obtained even when the number of remembered sentences was equivalent across conditions (Experiment 2). These studies document that memory for previous recollection is less accurate for cued memories even when remembered events do not produce feelings of shock or surprise. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antifolate Polyglutamylation and Competitive Drug Displacement at Dihydrofolate Reductase as Important Elements in Leucovorin Rescue in L1210 Cells

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that the addition of leucovorin to tumor cells dissociates methotrexate, but not methotrexate polyglutamates, from dihydrofolate reductase (L. H. Matherly, D. W. Fry, and I. D. Goldman, Cancer Res., 43: 2694-2699, 1983). To further assess the importance of these interactions to leucovorin rescue, antifolate growth inhibition toward L1210 cells in the presence of leucovorin was correlated with the metabolism of (6S)-5-formyl tetrahydrofolate to dihydrofolate as a measure of dihydrofolate reductase activity. Growth inhibition (greater than 95%) by methotrexate (5-10 microM) following its intracellular polyglutamylation during a 3-h preexposure, or by continuous treatment with high levels of the lipophilic antifolate, trimetrexate (1 microM), was only slightly diminished by 10 microM leucovorin (15-25%). High-pressure liquid chromatographic analyses of the derivatives formed from radiolabeled (6S)-5-formyl tetrahydrofolate under these conditions showed an incomplete conversion to dihydrofolate and metabolism to predominantly 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate. Neither of the antifolates interfered appreciably with the metabolism of the folate derivatives to polyglutamates. Growth inhibition in the presence of leucovorin correlated with the accumulation of dihydrofolate (1.5-2.2 nmol) from radiolabeled (6S)-5-formyl tetrahydrofolate, reflecting continued suppression of dihydrofolate reductase activity at these drug concentrations. With lower equitoxic levels of the trimetrexate (7.5 nM), the provision of leucovorin allowed for a restoration of cell growth to a level greater than 90% of control. Under these conditions, control levels of dihydrofolate (0.2 nmol) were formed from radiolabeled cofactor, consistent with sustained dihydrofolate reductase activity. These findings support a role for the activation of dihydrofolate reductase as an important component of the reversal of the effects of diaminoantifolates by leucovorin, presumably by a competitive displacement of drug from the enzyme. Since no displacement occurs in cells which have accumulated methotrexate polyglutamates, or in the presence of high levels of trimetrexate, it appears that the concentration of unbound drug within cells is a significant determinant of the extent of this competitive binding interaction. From these considerations, the high levels of methotrexate polyglutamates that accumulate in sensitive tumors relative to bone marrow and gastrointestinal cells would appear to represent an important factor for the selectivity of leucovorin rescue in vivo.
Current diagnosis and treatment algorithms for anal incontinence

[14]. These occult lacerations also result in AI symptoms. Caesarean delivery does not provide complete protection, because AI symptoms can occur after planned Caesarean delivery without accompanying labour [15]. Some symptoms might be due to pregnancy itself; 8–42% of women have mild AI symptoms before their first vaginal delivery during pregnancy [13,16]. Risk factors for AI in women over reproductive age include increasing age, medical comorbidities, poor health, UI and bowel-related symptoms. Table 1 provides a comprehensive list of conditions commonly associated with AI symptoms.
Predicting oxygen uptake from treadmill testing in normal subjects and coronary artery disease patients

In order to evaluate the clinical practice of estimating oxygen uptake from treadmill time, patients with coronary heart disease and normal subjects had their oxygen uptake measured during treadmill testing. Continuous expired gas analysis was performed in order to see if the gas exchange anaerobic threshold could explain the difference between measured and estimated oxygen uptake. Below the gas exchange anaerobic threshold, normal subjects and patients had similar oxygen uptakes for a given workload. However, at workloads above this threshold, patients had approximately 1 MET lower oxygen uptake than normal subjects. Regression equations relating treadmill time to oxygen uptake are specific to groups of patients or individuals due to differences in anaerobic threshold. In addition, the use of standard workloads to predict aerobic capacity depends on the rate at which oxygen uptake obtains a steady state value. These findings must be considered in clinical practice when attempting to estimate aerobic capacity from treadmill testing.
The global short-period wavefield modelled with a Monte Carlo seismic phonon method

SUMMARY At high frequencies (∼1 Hz), much of the seismic energy arriving at teleseismic distances is not found in the main phases (e.g. P, PP, S, etc.) but is contained in the extended coda that follows these arrivals. This coda results from scattering off small-scale velocity and density perturbations within the crust and mantle and contains valuable information regarding the depth dependence and strength of this heterogeneity as well as the relative importance of intrinsic versus scattering attenuation. Most analyses of seismic coda to date have concentrated on S-wave coda generated from lithospheric scattering for events recorded at local and regional distances. Here, we examine the globally averaged vertical-component, 1-Hz wavefield (>10 ◦ range) for earthquakes recorded in the IRIS FARM archive from 1990 to 1999. We apply an envelopefunction stacking technique to image the average time‐distance behavior of the wavefield for both shallow (≤50 km) and deep (≥500 km) earthquakes. Unlike regional records, our images are dominated by P and P coda owing to the large effect of attenuation on PP and S at high frequencies. Modelling our results is complicated by the need to include a variety of ray paths, the likely contributions of multiple scattering and the possible importance of P-to-S and S-to-P scattering. We adopt a stochastic, particle-based approach in which millions of seismic phonons are randomly sprayed from the source and tracked through the Earth. Each phonon represents an energy packet that travels along the appropriate ray path until it is affected by a discontinuity or a scatterer. Discontinuities are modelled by treating the energy normalized reflection and transmission coefficients as probabilities. Scattering probabilities and scattering angles are computed in a similar fashion, assuming random velocity and density perturbations characterized by an exponential autocorrelation function. Intrinsic attenuation is included by reducing the energy contained in each particle as an appropriate function of traveltime. We find that most scattering occurs in the lithosphere and upper mantle, as previous results have indicated, but that some lower-mantle scattering is likely also required. A model with 3 to 4 per cent rms velocity heterogeneity at 4-km scale length in the upper mantle and 0.5 per cent rms velocity heterogeneity at 8-km scale length in the lower mantle (with intrinsic attenuation of Q α = 450 above 200 km depth and Q α = 2500 below 200 km) provides a reasonable fit to both the shallow- and deep-earthquake observations, although many trade-offs exist between the scale length, depth extent and strength of the heterogeneity.
Minimum probability of error of many-user CDMA without power control

The minimum-probability-of-error (optimal) detector of multiuser CDMA is shown to be equivalent to a conditional mean estimator which finds the mean value of the stochastic output of a so-called Bayes retrochannel. The equivalence of the Bayes retrochannel to a spin glass allows the optimal bit-error-rate to be determined exactly in the large-system limit by studying macroscopic properties of the spin glass using tools developed in statistical mechanics. It is found that all users, regardless of their individual received energies, enjoy the same multiuser efficiency, which is directly related to the mean-square error of the conditional mean estimator.
Jointly Optimal Sensing Selection and Power Allocation for Cognitive Communications

In this paper we develop the jointly optimal sensing-channel selection and power control scheme for cognitive communications over time-varying fading wireless channels. With judicious formulation, it is shown that this joint design can become a convex optimization problem. Optimal scheme is then derived in closed-form under the constraints of average power budget and maximum allowable probability of collisions with the primary communications. A stochastic optimization algorithm is further developed to dynamically learn the statistics of the wireless channels on-the-fly to approach the optimal policy. Simulation results demonstrate the merit of the proposed scheme.
Serotonin and acetylcholine: further analysis of praziquantel-induced contraction of magnesium-paralysed Schistosoma mansoni.

The nature of stimulus-induced flaccid paralysis produced in Mg 2+ -paralysed Schistosoma mansoni was investigated. Serotonin induced a dose-dependent, heterologous flaccid paralysis with an IC 50 of 600 nm. This flaccid paralysis was a function of the extracellular Mg 2+ :Ca 2+ ratio and was reversible. Tonic contractions produced by phorbol-12,13- dibutyrate or 60 mM K+ were reversed by the application of serotonin and flaccid paralysis was induced. These actions of serotonin were mimicked by forskolin and synergized by IBMX but the potassium channel blocker, 3,4-DAP, did not produce flaccid paralysis. When Mg 2+ -paralysed parasites were stimulated with 3,4-DAP, IBMX produced a dose- dependent flaccid paralysis with an IC 50 of 11 μm. Membrane permeable analogues of cAMP and cGMP did not synergize with IBMX. Cholinergic agonists, but not other inhibitory substances, prevented the serotonin- and forskolin-induced and the IBMX-synergized flaccid paralysis but not that produced by praziquantel. The possible interactions of these agents with the muscle are discussed.
Equalization of synaptic efficacy by activity- and timing-dependent synaptic plasticity

In many neurons, synapses increase in strength as a function of distance from the soma in a manner that appears to compensate for dendritic attenuation. This phenomenon requires a cooperative inter...
Navaids testing risks and their mitigation

Aircrews use several methods to determine the status of navigational aids ("navaids"), including NOTAMs, broadcast messages (e.g., automatic terminal information service or ATIS), and communications with air traffic control (ATC) personnel. However, some navaids testing activities can confuse or mislead aircrews or result in radiating hazardous misleading information (HMI) which cannot be detected by monitoring systems onboard aircraft. Given the possibility of these conditions, additional precautions are necessary to ensure that aircrews do not use the misleading signals, and to minimize the number and duration of such conditions. This article identifies activities known to result in HMI and reviews anecdotal evidence of inadvertently using test signals by aircraft making normal revenue flights. It presents an analysis of the risks and describes current International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) activities to mitigate the risks of such testing.
Calpains mediate acute renal cell death: role of autolysis and translocation.

The goals of this study were to determine1) the expression of calpain isoforms in rabbit renal proximal tubules (RPT); 2) calpain autolysis and translocation, and calpastatin levels during RPT inju...
Paying Attention to the Margins

There has been an unwavering and unifying philosophy guiding Don's work both on and off campus. He has continually created new dialogues by letting others see the possibilities, and in the process, created a deep sense of community and continuity within the Asian American Studies family. Don has never been dogmatic. His brand of an activist politics has made him both thorn and rose but it is why Asian American Studies at UCLA has been so fully embraced by supporters everywhere in the United States and beyond—to the thousands of people Don has supported and mentored, and with whom he has shared knowledge in the margins.
Estimating Large Integrals: The Bigger They Are, The Harder They Fall

Ira Rosenholtz (cfir@eiu.edu) graduated from Brandeis University and received his Ph.D. in topology from the University of Wisconsin under the supervision of Joseph M. Martin. In addition to loving his terrific family and the teaching and learning of Mathematics, he enjoys reading mysteries and playing slow pitch softball and chess. Along with estimating big integrals, he also likes solving the wonderful logic problems of the late E. R. Emmet.
Pharmacotherapy, current and potential, for the treatment of cocaine dependence

Summary:Before the 1980s, cocaine was viewed as producing a psychological, rather than physiological, dependence. Treatment of cocaine addiction was concentrated primarily on psychological intervention. There is now an improved understanding of the impact of long-term cocaine use on neurophysiologic
Nonmedical prescription stimulant use for suppressing appetite and controlling body weight is uniquely associated with more severe eating disorder symptomatology.

Objective Nonmedical prescription stimulant use (NPS; i.e., use without a prescription or in ways other than prescribed) to suppress appetite or control weight appears to be associated with eating disorder (ED) symptomatology among college students. However, it remains unknown if this relationship is motive-specific and uniquely related to ED symptomatology. This research examined whether engaging in NPS specifically for appetite/weight-related purposes is associated with ED symptomatology and a unique indicator of more severe symptomatology. Method A nonclinical sample of college students (N = 668; 79% female) reported eating disorder symptoms via the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory and Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire, and lifetime history of NPS and corresponding motives. Results Binge eating, body dissatisfaction, negative attitudes towards obesity, restricting, purging, and cognitive restraint were reported more frequently by students who endorsed NPS for weight/appetite-related purposes than by those who used for other purposes or denied lifetime NPS. Additionally, NPS for appetite/weight-related purposes was uniquely associated with ED symptomatology after adjusting for gender, lifetime NPS, and past-month binge eating and purging. Discussion Engaging in NPS for appetite/weight-related purposes is a unique indicator of ED symptomatology, highlighting the need to query for this behavior among individuals with an ED. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016)
Cloud-point Extraction with Triton X-114 for Extraction and Preconcentration of Biphenol A from Environmental Water Samples

Objective To explore the experimental process of cloudpoint extraction(CPE) based on nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 in preconcentration of biphenol A(BPA) from aqueous solutions,and the parameters affecting the CPE(such as concentration of TX-114,equilibrium time and temperature,pH). Methods The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Under the optimized conditions,its detection limit was 0.05 μg/L.The calibration curve was linear between 0.4 to 100 μg/L,the correlation coefficient was 0.9987,and the spiking recoveries ranged from 97.96% to 100.42%. Conclusions This method has proven to be an efficient,green environmental,rapid and inexpensive approach for extraction and determination of BPA from water samples.
Analysis of Phytosterol Content in Pterocypsela laciniata (Houtt.) Shih by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Objective: To establish a method for determining phytosterol content in Pterocypsela laciniata(Houtt.) Shih by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).Methods: The contents of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol at different harvest times and different parts of Pterocypsela laciniata(Houtt.) Shih were determined.Samples were extracted with petroleum ether by reflux extraction,and β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in the extract were separated by an Acquity BEH C18UPLC column,with methanol and 1% acetonitrile as mobile phase.Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was applied for MS analysis in the positive ion mode,and quantification was performed under the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode.Results: Good linearity was observed for β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in the concentration range of 0.2 to 25 μg/mL,with correlation coefficients of 0.9990 and 0.9997,respectively.The average recovery rates were between 93.45% and 104.23%,with relative standard derivations less than 7%.Pterocypsela laciniata(Houtt.) Shih was rich in phytosterol.Different positions of the plant harvested at different stages of growth were ranked in decreasing order of the contents of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol as follows: basal leaves,leaves on the stem,roots at the early stage of growth and roots at the later stage of growth.Conclusion: The method is sensitive,simple,convenient,accurate and efficient,and it can be used for determining phytosterol.
Secretory diarrhea in ulcerative colitis

Severe secretory diarrhea developed in a 15-year-old girl with ulcerative colitis restricted to the distal 30 cm of the colon. No known hormonal or pathologic cause for the secretory diarrhea was discovered. Since the diarrhea subsided after colectomy, it appeared to be secondary to a factor(s) in the inflamed bowel. We believe this is the first report of secretory diarrhea secondary to ulcerative colitis restricted to the distal portion of the large bowel.
Movements of the Hindlimb During Locomotion of the Cat

Information about vertebrate stepping has proliferated enormously in the past few years, but a comprehensive frame of reference is still lacking to describe control mechanisms for the step cycle of even one limb, let alone of the four-legged interlimb sequence. The first section of the chapter surveys previous models and data for the outputs of locomotion. The concept is justified that central, afferent input, and motor output variables are integrated over a broad domain. Events in individual afferents, muscles, and joints merge to a smooth unitary ensemble, the step cycle. From kinematics it is learned that a variety of subcomponents of the step remain relatively constant as velocity changes. These subcomponents include the duration of the swing (interval while the foot is off the surface), the flexion epoch, and the sequence of joint excursions. Under a number of environmental manipulations, these “constants” may shift their values somewhat, perhaps to smooth the cycle. More flexible are the duration of the stance (interval when the foot is on the surface), amplitude of joint angles for the limbs, and excursions of the spine. Interlimb timings and footfall patterns are even more permutable than single limb events, and the relative flexibility of all measures has made it difficult to generate enough data to determine the limits of their operating ranges. Electromyographic and kinetic data are sparse, but reinforce the concept that the electrical and mechanical activities of different muscles are summed to build an uninterrupted step cycle.
Reducing Gas Flaring in Oil Production from Shales

It is estimated that about a third of the total gas produced from the prolific Bakken Formation, amounting to about 250 million standard cubic feet (MMSCF)/day, is either vented or flared. The gas flared in the Eagle Ford formation in Texas is also of the order of 100 MMSCF/day. The main target in these plays is liquid (oil and condensate), and the associated gas is flared or vented. Any liquid production from shale will ultimately involve surface production facilities for stabilization, treatment, and transport of produced fluids. The design and operation of the surface production facilities affect the amount and quality of the liquid produced and significantly affect the amount of gas vented. In this paper, we show that using a two-stage design improves liquid quality while reducing venting rates by up to 70%. The two-stage operation will require additional infrastructure and cost upfront but will yield considerable technical and environmental benefits and move tight oil production to a more sustainable...
Current management of castration- resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)

A better understanding of the molecular biology of castration-resistant prostate cancer has led to a dramatic paradigm shift in the treatment of patients with metastatic disease where the androgen receptor becomes a central therapeutic target in the disease. Novel adrenal and engineered androgen receptor inhibitors have become the most promising agents in the disease. Novel immune therapies have been shown to improve survival in selected patients with castration-resistant disease despite the inability to impact traditional markers of response. Similarly, second-line chemotherapy with Cabazitaxel has demonstrated clinical benefit and is now the standard of care in taxane-refractory patients.
S2'-subsite variations between human and mouse enzymes (plasmin, factor XIa, kallikrein) elucidate inhibition differences by tissue factor pathway inhibitor -2 domain1-wild-type, Leu17Arg-mutant and aprotinin.

Essentials Current antifibrinolytics – aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid–can cause seizures or renal injury. KD1L17R-KT, aprotinin and tranexamic acid were tested in a modified mouse tail-amputation model. S2′-subsite variations between human and mouse factor XIa result in vastly different inhibition profiles. KD1L17R-KT reduces blood loss and D-dimer levels in mouse with unobserved seizures or renal injury. SummaryBackground Using tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-2 Kunitz domain1 (KD1), we obtained a bifunctional antifibrinolytic molecule (KD1L17R-KT) with C-terminal lysine (kringle domain binding) and P2′-residue arginine (improved specificity towards plasmin). KD1L17R-KT strongly inhibited human plasmin (hPm), with no inhibition of human kallikrein (hKLK) or factor XIa (hXIa). Furthermore, KD1L17R-KT reduced blood loss comparable to aprotinin in a mouse liver-laceration model of organ hemorrhage. However, effectiveness of these antifibrinolytic agents in a model of hemorrhage mimicking extremity trauma and their inhibition efficiencies for mouse enzymes (mPm, mKLK or mXIa) remain to be determined. Objective To determine potential differences in inhibition constants of various antifibrinolytic agents against mouse and human enzymes and test their effectiveness in a modified mouse tail-amputation hemorrhage model. Methods/Results Unexpectedly, mXIa was inhibited with ~ 17-fold increased affinity by aprotinin (Ki ~ 20 nm) and with measurable affinity for KD1L17R-KT (Ki ~ 3 μm); in contrast, KD1WT-VT inhibited hXIa or mXIa with similar affinity. Compared with hPm, mPm had ~ 3-fold reduced affinity, whereas species specificity for hKLK and mKLK was comparable for each inhibitor. S2′-subsite variations largely accounted for the observed differences. KD1L17R-KT and aprotinin were more effective than KD1WT-VT or tranexamic acid in inhibiting tPA-induced mouse plasma clot lysis. Further, KD1L17R-KT was more effective than KD1WT-VT and was comparable to aprotinin and tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss and D-dimer levels in the mouse tail-amputation model. Conclusions Inhibitor potencies differ between antifibrinolytic agents against human and mouse enzymes. KD1L17R-KT is effective in reducing blood loss in a tail-amputation model that mimics extremity injury.
The Problem of the Abstractness of Underlying Representations

This chapter discusses a number of possible restrictions that might be imposed on the grammars of individual languages and that would limit the extent to which the underlying representations (UR) of a morpheme may depart from its associated phonetic representation (PR). In some cases, these restrictions have been explicitly proposed by certain linguists; in other cases, they have implicitly controlled actual linguistic analyses, without having been made explicit; in yet other cases, the restrictions are logical possibilities that have neither been explicitly stated nor implicitly accepted by anyone. The degree to which the various restrictions limit the distance between a UR and its associated PR varies. From the restrictive conditions, it follows that for any given set of phonetic realizations of a morpheme, there exists only a small class of possible underlying representations. The less restrictive conditions allow a larger set of possible URs. Evidence that certain phonetic phenomena are rule-governed is easily provided and comes from the productive extension of the rule to new forms, forms not previously encountered by the speaker and not memorized.
Enduring somatic threat perceptions and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in survivors of cardiac events.

Post-traumatic stress disorder due to acute cardiovascular events may be uniquely defined by enduring perceptions of somatic threat. We tested whether post-traumatic stress disorder at 1 month post...
Blue State vs Red State: Heterogeneity in Institutional Context and its Impact on IPO Success

This paper contributes to our understanding of the predictors of initial public offering (IPO) success using institutional theory to explore the performance impact of geographic-based political het...
Ways of being seen: surveillance art and the interpellation of viewing subjects

ABSTRACTCritical artworks about surveillance introduce compelling possibilities for rethinking the relationship of people to larger systems of control. This paper analyses a number of art projects that strive to render surveillance visible and cultivate a sense of responsibility on the part of viewers or participants. Some of the projects show the human costs of surveillance-facilitated drone violence and urge viewers to take action, others use tactics of defamiliarization to draw critical attention to everyday surveillance that has become mundane, and still others invite participation as a way of producing discomfort and reflexivity on the part of viewers. The potential of such works to engender ideological critique rests in their ability to foster ambiguity and decentre the viewing subject by capitalizing upon multiple, competing forms of interpellation.
Monte Carlo studies of anticorrelation between quantum efficiency and spin-polarization in 3-doped negative electron affinity GaAs photocathodes

The purpose of the present work is to study anticorrelation between quantum efficiency and spin-polarization, which is a characteristic feature of GaAs photocathodes. We employ the Monte Carlo techniques to simulate in detail the photo-absorption, electron transport, and tunnelling of electrons through the potential barrier at the surface of p-doped GaAs activated to negative electron affinity (NEA). In particular, we report the preliminary simulation results on the behaviour of photoemission curves as a function of different income parameters, such as photoexcitation energy, doping concentration, and the electron affinity level. Spin relaxation rates were obtained for different depolarization mechanisms. Moreover, we show that at the NEA surface of heavily p-doped GaAs photocathodes quantization of energy levels takes place.
Mitigation of near‐band balanced steady‐state free precession through‐plane flow artifacts using partial dephasing

Purpose To mitigate artifacts from through-plane flow at the locations of steady-state stopbands in balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) using partial dephasing. Methods A 60° range in the phase accrual during a TR was created over the voxel by slightly unbalancing the slice-select dephaser. The spectral profiles of SSFP with partial dephasing for various constant flow rates and during pulsatile flow were simulated to determine if partial dephasing decreases through-plane flow artifacts originating near SSFP dark bands while maintaining on-resonant signal. Simulations were then validated in a flow phantom. Lastly, phase-cycled SSFP cardiac cine images were acquired with and without partial dephasing in six subjects. Results Partial dephasing decreased the strength and non-linearity of the dependence of the signal at the stopbands on the through-plane flow rate. It thus mitigated hyper-enhancement from out-of-slice signal contributions and transient-related artifacts caused by variable flow both in the phantom and in vivo. In six volunteers, partial dephasing noticeably decreased artifacts in all of the phase-cycled cardiac cine datasets. Conclusion Partial dephasing can mitigate the flow artifacts seen at the stopbands in balanced SSFP while maintaining the sequence's desired signal. By mitigating hyper-enhancement and transient-related artifacts originating from the stopbands, partial dephasing facilitates robust multiple-acquisition phase-cycled SSFP in the heart. Magn Reson Med 79:2944-2953, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
The Life Course

The life course can provide the foundation to understand and integrate important contextual and individual factors influencing the health and healthcare of chronically ill patients. Life course principles frame human lives as embedded in relationships with significant others and consider a holistic understanding of lives over time and across changing social contexts. As a whole, the principles are (1) human development and aging as lifelong processes, (2) human agency, (3) historical time and place, (4) timing, and (5) linked lives. The concepts of trajectories, which are long-term patterns within a given area (e.g., health, family, or work situations), and transitions, or inflections and changes in direction of the trajectory, are unifying themes that can be analytically modeled.