cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregation in sensor networks: an energy-accuracy trade-off

Wireless ad hoc sensor networks (WASNs) are in need of the study of useful applications that will help the researchers view them as distributed physically coupled systems, a collective that estimates the physical environment, and not just energy-limited ad hoc networks. We develop this perspective using a large and interesting class of WASN applications called aggregation applications. In particular, we consider the challenging periodic aggregation problem where the WASN provides the user with periodic estimates of the environment, as opposed to simpler and previously studied snapshot aggregation problems. In periodic aggregation our approach allows the spatial-temporal correlation among values sensed at the various nodes to be exploited towards energy-efficient estimation of the aggregated value of interest. Our approach also creates a system level energy vs. accuracy knob whereby the more the estimation error that the user can tolerate, the less is the energy consumed. We present a distributed estimation algorithm that can be applied to explore the energy-accuracy subspace for a sub-class of periodic aggregation problems, and present extensive simulation results that validate our approach. The resulting algorithm, apart from being more flexible in the energy-accuracy subspace and more robust, can also bring considerable energy savings for a typical accuracy requirement (five-fold decrease in energy consumption for 5% estimation error) compared to repeated snapshot aggregations.
Methylation array data can simultaneously identify individuals and convey protected health information: an unrecognized ethical concern

Background: Genome-wide methylation arrays are increasingly used tools in studies of complex medical disorders. Because of their expense and potential utility to the scientific community, current federal policy dictates that data from these arrays, like those from genome-wide genotyping arrays, be deposited in publicly available databases. Unlike the genotyping information, access to the expression data is not restricted. An underlying supposition in the current nonrestricted access to methylation data is the belief that protected health and personal identifying information cannot be simultaneously extracted from these arrays. Results: In this communication, we analyze methylation data from the Illumina HumanMethylation450 array and show that genotype at 1,069 highly informative loci, and both alcohol and smoking consumption information, can be derived from the array data. Conclusions: We conclude that both potentially personally identifying information and substance-use histories can be simultaneously derived from methylation array data. Because access to genetic information about a database subject or one of their relatives is critical to the de-identification process, this risk of de-identification is limited at the current time. We propose that access to genome-wide methylation data be restricted to institutionally approved investigators who accede to data use agreements prohibiting re-identification.
Distributed self-stabilizing placement of replicated resources in emerging networks

Emerging large scale distributed networking systems, such as P2P file sharing systems, sensor networks, and ad hoc wireless networks, require replication of content, functionality, or configuration to enact or optimize communication tasks. The placement of these replicated resources can significantly impact performance. We present a novel self-stabilizing, fully distributed, asynchronous, scalable protocol that can be used to place replicated resources such that each node is "close" to some copy of any object. We describe our protocol in the context of a graph with colored nodes, where a node's color indicates the replica/task that it is assigned. Our combination of theoretical results and simulation prove stabilization of the protocol, and evaluate its performance in the context of convergence time, message transmissions, and color distance. Our results show that the protocol generates colorings that are close to the optimal under a set of metrics, making such a protocol ideal for emerging networking systems.
Video microscopy of colloidal suspensions and colloidal crystals

Colloidal suspensions are simple model systems for the study of phase transitions. Video microscopy is capable of directly imaging the structure and dynamics of colloidal suspensions in different phases. Recent results related to crystallization, glasses, and 2D systems complement and extend previous theoretical and experimental studies. Moreover, new techniques allow the details of interactions between individual colloidal particles to be carefully measured. Understanding these details will be crucial for designing novel colloidal phases and new materials, and for manipulating colloidal suspensions for industrial uses.
Optimality of affine policies in multi-stage robust optimization

In this paper, we prove the optimality of disturbance-affine control policies in the context of onedimensional, box-constrained, multi-stage robust optimization. Our results cover the finite horizon case, with minimax (worstcase) objective, and convex state costs plus linear control costs. Our proof methodology, based on techniques from polyhedral geometry, is elegant and conceptually simple, and entails efficient algorithms for the case of piecewise affine state costs, when computing the optimal affine policies can be done by solving a single linear program.
A Practical Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Imides, Useful Substrates For Asymmetric Conjugate Addition Reactions

We report an improved synthesis of α,β-unsaturated imides, a class of compounds that has been identified as broadly useful in (salen)aluminum-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition reactions. An efficient, scaleable procedure for the synthesis of phosphonate imide reagent 4 is described, as well as a DBU-mediated Horner WadsworthEmmons reaction that affords the target compounds in high yield and (E)-selectivity and with good functional group tolerance.
VIOLATION OF BELL'S INEQUALITIES WITH A LOCAL THEORY OF PHOTONS

We use a local theory of photons purely as particles to model the single-photon experiment proposed by Tan, Walls, and Collett. Like Tan et al. we are able to derive a violation of Bell’s inequalities for photon counts coincidence measurements. Our local probabilistic theory does not use any specific quantum mechanical calculations.
An Outside-Inside Evolution in Gender and Professional Work

We study the process by which a professional service firm reshaped its activities and beliefs over nearly two decades as it adapted to shifts in the social discourse regarding gender and work. Anal...
Novel fluorescent biosensor for pathogenic toxins using cyclic polypeptide conjugates

This work describes a two-step conjugate synthesis of a new fluorescent analog of microcystin-LR and its subsequent utilization for the development of an optical biosensor for cyanobacteria toxins. The biosensor concept is based on the competitive binding between the native microcystin and its fluorescent analog at immobilized alkaline phosphatase enzymes.
A Map of the Ionized Component of the Intermediate-Velocity Cloud Complex K

The Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper (WHAM) Northern Sky Survey is revealing that many intermediate-velocity (|vLSR| ≤ 100 km s-1) neutral clouds and complexes have an associated ionized component. We present the first map of the Hα emission from an intermediate- or high-velocity structure: Complex K. This large, high-latitude feature stretches from l ≈ 10° to 70°, b ≈ +30° to +70° and peaks in velocity over vLSR ≈ -60 to -80 km s-1. The neutral and ionized gas generally trace each other quite well in the complex, but the detailed structure is not identical. In particular, the Hα emission peaks in brightness at slightly higher Galactic longitudes than corresponding 21 cm features. The ionized gas has a peak Hα intensity of 0.5 R, corresponding to an emission measure of 1.1 cm-6 pc. Structures in the complex are traced by WHAM down to about 0.1 R (0.2 cm-6 pc). Typical line widths of the Hα emission are ~30 km s-1, limiting temperatures in the ionized gas to less than 20,000 K. If radiation is the primary ionizing mechanism, the Lyman continuum flux required to sustain the most strongly emitting ionized regions is 1.2 × 106 photons cm-2 s-1. There appears to be no local, stellar source capable of maintaining the ionization of the gas; however, the required ionizing flux is consistent with current models of the escape of Lyman continuum radiation from OB stars in the disk and of ionizing radiation produced by cooling supernova remnants.
A Counterexample to Cover's $2P$ Conjecture on Gaussian Feedback Capacity

We provide a counterexample to Cover's conjecture that the feedback capacity CFB of an additive Gaussian noise channel under power constraint P be no greater than the nonfeedback capacity C of the same channel under power constraint 2P, i.e., CFB(P) les C(2P)
Iron‐Catalyzed Oppenauer‐Type Oxidation of Alcohols

A (hydroxycyclopentadienyl)iron dicarbonyl hydride catalyzes the Oppenauer-type oxidation of alcohols with acetone as the hydrogen acceptor. Many functional groups are tolerant to the oxidation conditions. The same complex also catalyzes the dehydrogenation of diols to lactones. A mechanism involving the formation of iron-alcohol complexes and their rapid ligand exchange with free alcohols is proposed. The trimethylsilyl groups on the cyclopentadienyl ligand of the catalyst play a critical role in stabilizing the iron hydride and increasing the catalyst lifetime.
Insulin and Sepharose-Insulin Effects on Tyrosine Transaminase Levels in Cultured Rat Liver Cells

To determine if intracellular translocation of the intact insulin molecule was necessary for insulin stimulation of enzyme synthesis, the effect of ng.tive insulin and insulin coupled to Sepharose on tyrosine transaminase levels in cultured rat liver cells was studied. After cells had been exposed to dexamethasone for 18 hr, the addition of crystalline insulin caused a marked increase in tyrosine transaminase levels over the next 2 hr. Insulin was covalently linked to Sepharose beads via the B-29 lysine group by the method of Cuatrecasas and washed extensively. Three separate preparations by three different people in two independent laboratories were made. Free insulin, measured by both immunoassay and bioassay, leaked off of the agarose beads in all three preparations, commencing shortly after the washing was completed and continuing progressively. Although Sepharose—insulin prepartions may still be useful to isolate soluble insulin binding proteins, they are not a suitable model with which to investigat...
Effect of Fracture Roughness on Seismic Source and Fluid Transport Responses

To explain how fracture roughness affects seismic source and transport response of deformed fractured rock, we developed a microscale fluid flow-geomechanics-seismicity model. The modeling method considers comprehensive grains and cement interactions. Fluid flow behavior is obtained through realistic network models of the pore space in the compacted assembly. In addition, forces and displacements in the grains involved in the bond breakage are measured to determine seismic moment tensor. The results of our work show that in addition to stress conditions in the target formation, geological properties of preexisting fractures affect volumetric deformation of the seismic source as well. The results of the model proves that roughness of fractures, applied in a Berea sample, causes deviation of source mechanism of acoustic emission events toward opening tensile part and enhances the permeability of the sample significantly during its failure even under confining pressure.
Empirical Assessment of Baseline Conservation Tillage Adoption Rates and Soil Carbon Sequestration in the Upper Mississippi River Basin

The study proposes a methodology for developing a carbon sequestration baseline attributable to the current use of conservation tillage. An integral component of the methodology is the explicit acknowledgment that there is an uncertainty in the baseline because of the uncertainty associated with the use of econometrically estimated models. The results of applying the method to a major crop production area, the Upper Mississippi River Basin in the central United States, are reported for two major crops in the region, corn and soybeans. The approach to estimation of the baseline should be readily transferable to other geographic areas and conservation practices.
Model Reduction of Systems With Localized Nonlinearities

An LDRD funded approach to development of reduced order models for systems with local nonlinearities is presented. This method is particularly useful for problems of structural dynamics, but has potential application in other fields. The key elements of this approach are (1) employment of eigen modes of a reference linear system, (2) incorporation of basis functions with an appropriate discontinuity at the location of the nonlinearity. Galerkin solution using the above combination of basis functions appears to capture the dynamics of the system with a small basis set. For problems involving small amplitude dynamics, the addition of discontinuous (joint) modes appears to capture the nonlinear mechanics correctly while preserving the modal form of the predictions. For problems involving large amplitude dynamics of realistic joint models (macro-slip), the use of appropriate joint modes along with sufficient basis eigen modes to capture the frequencies of the system greatly enhances convergence, though the modal nature the result is lost. Also observed is that when joint modes are used in conjunction with a small number of elastic eigen modes in problems of macro-slip of realistic joint models, the resulting predictions are very similar to those of the full solution when seen through a lowmore » pass filter. This has significance both in terms of greatly reducing the number of degrees of freedom of the problem and in terms of facilitating the use of much larger time steps.« less
A Stochastic Model for Analysis of Longitudinal AIDS Data

Abstract In this paper we analyze serial CD4 T-cell measurements from the Los Angeles portion of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Our emphasis is on developing a plausible and parsimonious model to describe the stochastic process underlying the patterns of CD4 measurements. The stochastic process that we use enables us to investigate the concept of derivative tracking, for which it is assumed that the rank order of the individual's slopes is maintained over time. A general model for the analysis of longitudinal repeated measures data is where Yi (tij ) is the measurement of subject i at time tij, X(tij )α represents fixed effect terms, Z(tij )bi represents random effect terms, Wi (tij ) is a stochastic process allowing correlation between measurements, and e ij is measurement error. In the simplest case, X(tij ) and Z(tij ) contain the times of measurements. For Wi (tij ), we use a two-parameter integrated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) process. The OU process is the continuous mean zero Gaussian Markov proces...
Performance evaluation of an adaptive RAM-DFE read channel

The bit error rate (BER) performance of a 54 Mbps RAM-Decision feedback equalizer (RAM-DFE) read channel for magnetic hard-disk drives is evaluated. A controlled test environment allows comparison of measured BER to the performance predicted by a model of the equalizer and channel. Implementational effects are found to degrade performance 0.6 dB in relation to theory. Measurements also show a 0.2 dB loss due to error propagation at 10/sup -8/ BER with the probability of a 30 bit burst, given a single decision error, to be less than 10/sup -5/. A simple Markov model of the error propagation process corroborates the findings. Finally, the RAM-DFE read channel is compared to a partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) detector of similar complexity on a spin-stand running with a thin-film head and media. The RAM-DFE exhibits a measured 25 fold decrease in BER over the PRML system on a wide range of densities. >
The Role of Repositories in the Future of the Journal

The UK Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings, chaired by Dame Janet Finch, report, "Accessibility, sustainability, excellence: how to expand access to research publications," helped to crystallize a long simmering debate within the open access (OA) community: should the focus for OA advocates be "green" open access - that is, the use of repositories to make research published through traditional subscription-based venues openly available - or should it be 'gold' open access - that is, through publication within venues that are themselves open access? This chapter argues that that this has never truly been an either/or proposition, and that this debate often ignores or minimizes the wide variety of roles - direct and indirect - that repositories play within the larger scholarly publishing ecosystem. Research data, funder and institutional mandates for open access to published research via repositories, and the growing role of library as publisher, are all evidence that the repository - whether institutional or disciplinary or format driven - will continue to play a role within the larger scholarly publishing environment.
Generic Magnetic Fusion Rocket Model

A generic magnetic fusion rocket model is developed and used to explore the limits of fusion propulsion systems. Two fusion fuels are examined, D-T and D-(He-3), and the D-(He-3) fuel cycle is found to give a higher specific power in almost all parameter regimes. The key findings are that (1) magnetic fusion should ultimately be able to deliver specific powers of about 10 kW/kg and (2) specific powers of 15 kW/kg could be achieved with only modest extrapolations of present technology. 9 refs.
Leveraged investor disclosures and concentrations of risk

We analyze a model where investors (e.g., hedge funds) need to borrow from lenders with heterogeneous risk-exposures and risk-management motives. Investors may obtain advantageous terms of borrowing by disclosing their investment strategy, thereby revealing its correlation to the lender’s existing risk exposure. Investors risk being ‘‘front-run’’ by their lender if they disclose, however. We show that in the presence of front-running, the ‘‘unraveling’’ result of full disclosure may not hold. In addition, disclosure regulation results in a loss of welfare since investors compelled to disclose will mitigate front-running by choosing a lender with sufficiently high correlation, thus exacerbating concentrations of risk. r 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Economic freedom and the business cycle: The Egyptian experience

Most studies that emphasize and encourage the shift towards a less regulated and financially open system rest on the premise of a prosperous growth prospect. Accordingly, interests have focused on growth models as a framework to understand and to analyze the effects of economic freedom. This paper investigates the short-run characteristics of economic freedom. Using a stochastic general equilibrium framework, it is argued that economic reforms tend to ease periods of recession, increase welfare and alleviate the burden of unemployment. Calibrated to the Egyptian economy, the model is simulated and the (robust) relationship between economic reforms and the business cycle is investigated.
Compressing sparse sequences under local decodability constraints

We consider a variable-length source coding problem subject to local decodability constraints. In particular, we investigate the blocklength scaling behavior attainable by encodings of r-sparse binary sequences, under the constraint that any source bit can be correctly decoded upon probing at most d codeword bits. We consider both adaptive and non-adaptive access models, and derive upper and lower bounds that often coincide up to constant factors. Notably, such a characterization for the fixed-blocklength analog of our problem remains unknown, despite considerable research efforts. Connections to communication complexity are also briefly discussed.
International Competition, Growth and Optimal R&D Subsidies

In this paper I examine the effects of international technological competition on innovation, growth, and optimal R&D subsidies. I focus on a particular dimension of competition: the share of industries where domestic and foreign research firms compete for innovation. In a version of the fully-endogenous quality-ladder growth model I show that the effect of competition on innovation and growth depends on the specification of the research technology. Secondly, I find that increases in foreign competition trigger a business-stealing effect that reduces income and welfare and, regardless of the innovation effect, raises the optimal domestic R&D subsidy. Intuitively, the higher the threat of international competition the more instrumental innovation subsidies will be in helping domestic incumbent firms to retain their shares of the global market. Thirdly, I perform a quantitative exercise: I first build an empirical index of international technological competition and find that in the OECD countries the share of competitive sectors increased from 35 percent in 1973 to 70 percent in 1989. Then, I use this evidence to evaluate the optimality of the U.S. R&D subsidy response to observed competition in that period. I find a welfare loss of the observed policy, relative to the optimal, ranging between 0.2 and 0.5 percentage points of quality-adjusted per-capita consumption. Finally, I extend the model to account for strategic policy complementarities and show that the positive effect of competition on the optimal subsidy is robust to this set up. In addition, I find that competition increases the benefits from R&D policy cooperation.
The Ages of Globular Clusters

We examine the luminosity levels of the main-sequence turnoffs, , and horizontal branches, Mv(HB), in 16 globular clusters. An entirely new approach of inferring the luminosity levels by utilizing high-amplitude δ Scuti variables (HADS) is introduced. When the values are compared with theoretical values inferred from models, we find all 16 clusters (metal-strong to metal-poor) are coeval with an average age of ~11.3 Gyr. A considerable scatter of Mv(HB) values of clusters at similar [Fe/H] values is found. A trend for clusters with blue horizontal branches to have brighter Mv(HB) than clusters with blue-red horizontal branches is suggested by the data. The Mv(HB) values appear to depend on another or other parameters in addition to the [Fe/H] values. In spite of this problem, we derive an equation relating Mv(HB) values of globular clusters to their [Fe/H] values. We also derive an equation relating the values of clusters to their [Fe/H] values. Both of these equations can be utilized to find cluster distances. The distance modulus of the LMC is found to be 18.66 from the VTO values of three LMC globular clusters; RR Lyrae stars in seven globular clusters yield 18.61, and RR Lyrae stars in the LMC bar yield 18.64.
Lewis base activation of Lewis acids. Vinylogous aldol addition reactions of conjugated N,O-silyl ketene acetals to aldehydes.

N,O-Silyl dienyl ketene acetals derived from unsaturated morpholine amides have been developed as highly useful reagents for vinylogous aldol addition reactions. In the presence of SiCl4 and the catalytic action of chiral phosphoramide (R,R)-3, N,O-silyl dienyl ketene acetal 8 undergoes high-yielding and highly site-selective addition to a wide variety of aldehydes with excellent enantioselectivity. Of particular note is the high yields and selectivities obtained from aliphatic aldehydes. Low catalyst loadings (2−5 mol %) can be employed. The morpholine amide serves as a useful precursor for further synthetic manipulation.
Toric duality, Seiberg duality and Picard‐Lefschetz transformations

Toric Duality arises as an ambiguity in computing the quiver gauge theory living on a D3-brane which probes a toric singularity. It is reviewed how, in simple cases Toric Duality is Seiberg Duality. The set of all Seiberg Dualities on a single node in the quiver forms a group which is contained in a larger group given by a set of Picard-Lefschetz transformations. This leads to elements in the group (sometimes called fractional Seiberg Duals) which are not Seiberg Duality on a single node, thus providing a new set of gauge theories which flow to the same universality class in the Infra Red.
La semiótica en el Perú

En el transcurso de los mas de treinta anos de estudios semioticos realiza dos en el Peru, pueden distinguirse tres etapas en secuencia mas o menos clara: una primera, que va de los anos 1970 a 1975, que se caracteriza por la implantacion de la disciplina en los centros de estudios superiores peruanos; la segunda, comprendida entre 1975 y 1990, de afianzamiento investigatorio y difusion intemacional; por ultimo, la tercera etapa que abarca la decada final del pasado siglo y la proyeccion futura de estos estudios cada vez mas adecuados a la comprension de los objetos de conocimiento semiotico pro pios de la multilingue y pluricultural sociedad peruana
Microvascular reconstruction of the pharyngoesophagus with free jejunal graft

Free jejunal graft reconstruction of the pharyngoesophagus has become reliable one-stage technique, but the microsurgeon must be aware of numerous pitfalls. Forty-two patients were retrospectively reviewed. There were four graft failures for a success rate of 90.5%. When harvesting the graft the thick fatty mesentery may make dissection difficult, and injuries to the mesenteric artery and vein can occur. Neck preparation can be tedious because of previous radiation, and size discrepancies with the carotid branches and the mesenteric artery are seen. Intimal dissection of the mesenteric artery can present as an isolated flap or a circumferential "rosette," despite the most careful preparation of the vessels; and great care must be taken in the microvascular anastomosis. The end-to-end arterial anastomosis to a branch of the external carotid and an end-to-side venous anastomosis to the internal jugular were preferred. Vein grafts are occasionally necessary.
Supramolecular gels formed from multi-component low molecular weight species

Low molecular weight supramolecular gels consist of small molecules (gelators) that in an appropriate solvent self-assemble into nano- or micro-scale network structures resulting in the formation of a gel. Most supramolecular gels consist of two parts, namely the solvent and the gelator. However, the concept of multi-component supramolecular gels, in which more than one compound is added to the solvent, offers a facile way (e.g. by changing the ratio of the different components) to tailor the properties of the gel. The simplest multi-component gels consist of two components added to the solvent and are the most widely studied to date. There are three general classes of such multi-component gels that have been investigated. The first class requires all the added components to access the gel; that is, no component forms a gel on its own. A second class uses two (or more) gelators which can either co-assemble or self-sort into distinct assemblies and the final class consists of one (or more) gelator and one (or more) non-gelling additive which can impact the assembly process of the gelator and therefore the gel's properties.
Immune response to a malaria infection: properties of a mathematical model

We establish some properties of a within host mathematical model of malaria proposed by Recker et al. [M. Recker et al., Transient cross-reactive immune responses can orchestrate antigenic variation in malaria, Lett. Nature 429 (2004), pp. 555-558; M. Recker and S. Gupta, Conflicting immune responses can prolong the length of infection in Plasmodium falciparum malaria, Bull. Math. Biol. 68 (2006), pp. 821-835.], which includes the role of the immune system during the infection. The model accounts for the antigenic variation exhibited by the malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum). We show that the model can exhibit a wide variety of dynamical behaviours. We provide criteria for global stability, competitive exclusion and persistence. We also demonstrate that the disease equilibrium can be destabilized by non-symmetric cross-reactive responses.
Design optimization for an X-ray free electron laser driven by SLAC linac

I present a design study for an X-ray Free Electron Laser (FEL) driven by the SLAC linac. The study assumes the FEL is based on Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) and lasing is achieved in a single pass of a high current, high brightness electron beam through a long wiggler. Following a brief review of the fundamentals of SASE, I provide without derivation a collection of formulas relating SASE performance to the system parameters. These formulas allow quick evaluation of FEL designs and provide powerful tools for optimization in multidimensional parameter space. Optimization is carried out for the SLAC FEL over all independent system parameters modeled, subjected to a number of practical constraints.
Viscous Shock Capturing in a Time-Explicit Discontinuous Galerkin Method

We present a novel, cell-local shock detector for use with discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods. The output of this detector is a reliably scaled, element-wise smoothness estimate which is suited as a control input to a shock capture mechanism. Using an artificial viscosity in the latter role, we obtain a DG scheme for the numerical solution of nonlinear systems of conservation laws. Building on work by Persson and Peraire, we thoroughly justify the detector's design and analyze its performance on a number of benchmark problems. We further explain the scaling and smoothing steps necessary to turn the output of the detector into a local, artificial viscosity. We close by providing an extensive array of numerical tests of the detector in use.
Expanding Proteostasis by Membrane Trafficking Networks

The folding biology common to all three kingdoms of life (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya) is proteostasis. The proteostasis network (PN) functions as a "cloud" to generate, protect, and degrade the proteome. Whereas microbes (Bacteria, Archaea) have a single compartment, Eukarya have numerous subcellular compartments. We examine evidence that Eukarya compartments use coat, tether, and fusion (CTF) membrane trafficking components to form an evolutionarily advanced arm of the PN that we refer to as the "trafficking PN" (TPN). We suggest that the TPN builds compartments by generating a mosaic of integrated cargo-specific trafficking signatures (TRaCKS). TRaCKS control the temporal and spatial features of protein-folding biology based on the Anfinsen principle that the local environment plays a critical role in managing protein structure. TPN-generated endomembrane compartments apply a "quinary" level of structural control to modify the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures defined by the primary polypeptide-chain sequence. The development of Anfinsen compartments provides a unifying foundation for understanding the purpose of endomembrane biology and its capacity to drive extant Eukarya function and diversity.
Dynamical and Observational Constraints on Additional Planets in Highly Eccentric Planetary Systems

Long time coverage and high radial velocity precision have allowed for the discovery of additional objects in known planetary systems. Many of the extrasolar planets detected have highly eccentric orbits, which raises the question of how likely those systems are to host additional planets. We investigate six systems which contain a very eccentric (e > 0.6) planet: HD 3651, HD 37605, HD 45350, HD 80606, HD 89744, and 16 Cyg B. We present updated radial velocity observations and orbital solutions, search for additional planets, and perform test-particle simulations to find regions of dynamical stability. The dynamical simulations show that short-period planets could exist in the HD 45350 and 16 Cyg B systems, and we use the observational data to set tight detection limits, which rule out additional planets down to a few Neptune masses in the HD 3651, HD 45350, and 16 Cyg B systems.
Analytical solutions to a guidance problem

Analytical solutions to the nonlinear equations of relative motion of a constant-velocity target and an interceptor that uses a form of proportional navigation as a guidance law are obtained for navigation gains of 3 and 4. The solutions, in terms of elliptic functions and integrals, are new closed-form solutions to a much investigated guidance problem and, although relatively complicated, may be readily evaluated. An additional result is a condition for intercept that is based on the initial conditions. Numerical results for an exoatmospheric intercept example are included.
Preparation and Structures of Crystalline Aromatic Cation-Radical Salts. Triethyloxonium Hexachloroantimonate as a Novel (One-Electron) Oxidant

Triethyloxonium hexachloroantimonate [Et3O+SbCl6-] is a selective oxidant of aromatic donors (ArH), and it allows the facile preparation and isolation of crystalline paramagnetic salts [ArH+•, SbCl6-] for the X-ray structure determination of various aromatic cation radicals. The mechanistic relationship between the Meerwein salt [Et3O+SbCl6-] and the pure Lewis acid oxidant SbCl5 is based on a prior ethyl transfer from oxygen to chlorine within the ion pair.
Defective cell cycle induction by IL-2 in naive T-cells antigen stimulated in the presence of refractory T-lymphocytes.

CD4 1 T cells enter a transient refractory period after stimulation. Upon re-stimulation the refractory cells produce little IL-2 and show diminished proliferation. We previously demonstrated that refractory T cells can also, like anergic and CD4 1 CD25 1 regulatory T cells, suppress in trans the proliferation of antigen-stimulated naive T cells. The suppressed T cells up-regulate high-affinity IL-2R but do not produce IL-2. This IL-2 deficit could potentially explain the proliferation failure, but does not appear to do so. Supplementation of refractory-naive co-cultures with exogenous IL-2 fails to alleviate both the proliferation suppression and IL-2 production defects. This does not result from a failure of IL-2 to stimulate its receptor. Proximal IL-2 signaling into suppressed T cells through STAT5 and Akt is intact. However, refractory cell-co-cultured T cells fail to up-regulate cyclins and c-myc and incompletely down-regulate p27 kip1 in response to IL-2, and the downstream consequences of this signaling are therefore dissociated. IL-2 signaling is not fully disabled as IL-2 up-regulates the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL to control levels. This up-regulation correlates with enhanced survival of refractory cell-co-cultured T cells placed in IL-2 when compared with cells cultured without IL-2. Thus, refractory T cells are able to suppress naive T-cell proliferative responses in part by blocking both IL-2 production and the mitogenic but not anti-apoptotic effects of IL-2. These results have implications for how activation-refractory T cells may influence nascent immune responses.
Tweets and Crumpets: Examining U.K. and U.S. Regulation of Athlete Endorsements and Social Media Marketing

The latest trend of using athlete endorser social media accounts as advertising mediums has caused apprehension in both the United Kingdom and the United States regarding a consumer’s ability to distinguish advertisements from non-advertisements. Many of the athlete messages are not easily identifiable as marketing communications, and the trepidation is that consumers may be misled by the promotional nature of the messages. As a result, there have been several legal decisions associated with the regulation of the content of an advertiser’s messages through social media and the need for disclosure of the advertiser-endorser relationship to consumers. This article focuses on a legal decision in the United Kingdom against Nike regarding the use of endorsers to distribute marketing communications through social media. The article also discusses the potential legal issues that may occur in the United States and abroad from either non-compliance and/or the misinterpretation of regulations.
Representation theoretic patterns in three dimensional Cryo-Electron Microscopy I: The intrinsic reconstitution algorithm

In this paper, we reveal the formal algebraic structure underlying the intrinsic reconstitution algorithm, introduced by Singer and Shkolnisky in [9], for determining three dimensional macromolecular structures from images obtained by an electron microscope. Inspecting this algebraic structure, we obtain a conceptual explanation for the admissibility (correctness) of the algorithm and a proof of its numerical stability. In addition, we explain how the various numerical observations reported in that work follow from basic representation theoretic principles.
Florence nightingale as statistician

(1916). Florence Nightingale as Statistician. Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 15, No. 116, pp. 388-404.
Probing lepton number violating couplings of doubly charged Higgs bosons at an e- e- collider

The doubly charged Higgs bosons Δ−− that are present in exotic Higgs representations can have lepton-number-violating couplings to e−e−. We discuss general constraints and phenomenology for the Δ−− and demonstrate that extremely small values for the e−e−→Δ−− coupling-squared (some 8 orders of magnitude smaller than the current limit) would produce observable signals for Δ−− production in direct s-channel production at an e−e− collider.
Husbandry: a (feminist) reclamation of masculine responsibility for care

While extremely important and revolutionary, much feminist work on the economics of care has risked reinforcing an association of care with only women and with only womenâs traditional activities. This essay revives the image of âhusbandry,â understood as careful cultivation, tending, and management, as a complement to the image of mothering. A rich masculine prototype of care may be helpful in re-awakening male responsibility for care, and revitalizing the recognition of the necessity of concern and carefulness in all of economic life. The ''good husbandman'', in stark contrast to âeconomic man,â lives a fuller life, acting responsively and responsibly. This essay lays out the need for such a rich image; suggests applications to the environment, carework, and business management; and addresses some possible drawbacks.
Resection of Clinically Localized Segments of Painful Retinaculum in the Treatment of Selected Patients with Anterior Knee Pain

We reviewed the long-term results of 25 patients who had localized soft tissue resections for refractory anterior retinacular knee pain. Patients completed visual analog scales to determine their activity and pain level changes, subjective assessment of their results, and whether they would have the surgery again under the same circumstances. Five of the 25 patients (20%) had had no knee surgery before the soft tissue excision, with the rest having had an average of two prior operations (range, 1 to 6). Subjectively, 22 patients (88%) noted moderate-to-substantial improvement after surgery; 3 patients (12%) declared no long-term benefit. All 25 patients stated that they would repeat the surgery under the same circumstances. Five patients (20%) noted a decrease in their results over time, but only two patients (8%) decreased their job level after surgery because of their knee pain. The average activity level dropped 60% after knee symptoms developed and increased 40% after surgery. Pain levels decreased 50% after surgery. The patients with the best overall results had lesions that were in the medial, inferomedial, or inferolateral retinaculum. The histologic results of the specimens included fibrosis, vascular proliferation, and small nerves with decreased myelin (neuromata). Our results show that specific soft tissue excision of painful tissue can often lead to successful clinical outcomes.
Restricted likelihood ratio tests for linearity in scalar-on-function regression

We propose a procedure for testing the linearity of a scalar-on-function regression relationship. To do so, we use the functional generalized additive model (FGAM), a recently developed extension of the functional linear model. For a functional covariate $$X(t)$$X(t), the FGAM models the mean response as the integral with respect to $$t$$t of $$F\{X(t),t\}$$F{X(t),t} where $$F(\cdot ,\cdot )$$F(·,·) is an unknown bivariate function. The FGAM can be viewed as the natural functional extension of generalized additive models. We show how the functional linear model can be represented as a simple mixed model nested within the FGAM. Using this representation, we then consider restricted likelihood ratio tests for zero variance components in mixed models to test the null hypothesis that the functional linear model holds. The methods are general and can also be applied to testing for interactions in a multivariate additive model or for testing for no effect in the functional linear model. The performance of the proposed tests is assessed on simulated data and in an application to measuring diesel truck emissions, where strong evidence of nonlinearities in the relationship between the functional predictor and the response are found.
The general coset orbifold action

Recently an action formulation, called the general WZW orbifold action, was given for each sector of every WZW orbifold. In this paper we gauge this action by general twisted gauge groups to find the action formulation of each sector of every coset orbifold. Connection with the known current-algebraic formulation of coset orbifolds is discussed as needed, and some large examples are worked out in further detail.
Efficiency and Equilibrium with Dynamic Increasing Aggregate Returns due to Demand Complementarities

.When do dynamic nonconvexities at the disaggregate level translate into dynamic nonconvexities at the aggregate level? We address this question in a framework where the production of differentiated intermediate inputs is subject to dynamic nonconvexities, and we show that the answer depends on the degree of Hicks-Allen complementarity sub. stitutability between differentiated inputs. In our simplest model, a generalization of . . Judd 1985 and Grossman and Helpman 1991 among many others, there are dynamic nonconvexities at the aggregate level if and only if differentiated inputs are Hicks-Allen complements. We also compare dynamic equilibrium and optimal allocations in the presence of aggregate dynamic nonconvexities due to Hicks-Allen complementarities between differentiated inputs.
Channels that die

Given the possibility of communication systems failing catastrophically, we investigate limits to communicating over channels that fail at random times. These channels are finite-state semi-Markov channels. We show that communication with arbitrarily small probability of error is not possible. Making use of results in finite blocklength channel coding, we determine sequences of blocklengths that optimize transmission volume communicated at fixed maximum message error probabilities. A dynamic programming formulation is used to show that channel state feedback does not improve performance.
Boolean Inner-Product Spaces and Boolean Matrices

This article discusses the concept of Boolean spaces endowed with a Boolean valued inner product and their matrices. A natural inner product structure for the space of Boolean n-tuples is introduced. Stochastic boolean vectors and stochastic and unitary Boolean matrices are studied. A dimension theorem for orthonormal bases of a Boolean space is proven. We characterize the invariant stochastic Boolean vectors for a Boolean stochastic matrix and show that they can be used to reduce a unitary matrix. Finally, we obtain a result on powers of stochastic and unitary matrices.
Recent improvements to the ATLAS architecture

We examine the recent improvements that were made to the ATLAS (Architecture and Tools for Linguistic Analysis Systems) architecture. We first introduce the architecture and the historical context for this work. Next, we describe NIST's initial implementation of the framework before analyzing it. We then focus on three important improvements (relating to multi-dimensional signals, hierarchical structures and validation) we have made to the architecture to make it more usable. We conclude by summarizing the major points covered and discuss plans for future work.
Study of the fluxing agent effects on the properties of no-flow underfill materials for flip-chip applications

As one of the key requirements of the no-flow underfill materials for flip-chip applications, a proper self-fluxing agent must be incorporated in the developed no-flow underfill materials to provide proper fluxing activity during the simultaneous solder reflow and underfill material curing. However, most fluxing agents have some adverse effects on the no-flow underfill material properties and assembly reliability. In this paper, we have extensively investigated the effects of the concentration of the selected fluxing agent on the material properties, interconnect integrity and assembly reliability. Through this work, an optimum concentration window of the fluxing agent is obtained and a routine procedure of evaluating fluxing agents is established.
Stress–response pathways are altered in the hippocampus of chronic alcoholics

The chronic high-level alcohol consumption seen in alcoholism leads to dramatic effects on the hippocampus, including decreased white matter, loss of oligodendrocytes and other glial cells, and inhibition of neurogenesis. Examining gene expression in post mortem hippocampal tissue from 20 alcoholics and 19 controls allowed us to detect differentially expressed genes that may play a role in the risk for alcoholism or whose expression is modified by chronic consumption of alcohol. We identified 639 named genes whose expression significantly differed between alcoholics and controls at a False Discovery Rate (FDR) ≤ 0.20; 52% of these genes differed by at least 1.2-fold. Differentially expressed genes included the glucocorticoid receptor and the related gene FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5), UDP glycosyltransferase 8 (UGT8), urea transporter (SLC14A1), zinc transporter (SLC39A10), Interleukin 1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1), thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), and many metallothioneins. Pathways related to inflammation, hypoxia, and stress showed activation, and pathways that play roles in neurogenesis and myelination showed decreases. The cortisol pathway dysregulation and increased inflammation identified here are seen in other stress-related conditions such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder and most likely play a role in addiction. Many of the detrimental effects on the hippocampus appear to be mediated through NF-κB signaling. Twenty-four of the differentially regulated genes were previously identified by genome-wide association studies of alcohol use disorders; this raises the potential interest of genes not normally associated with alcoholism, such as suppression of tumorigenicity 18 (ST18), BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), and von Willebrand factor (VWF).
Pipelining and bypassing in a VLIW processor

This short note describes issues involved in the bypassing mechanism for a very long instruction word (VLIW) processor and its relation to the pipeline structure of the processor. The authors first describe the pipeline structure of their processor and analyze its performance and compare it to typical RISC-style pipeline structures given the context of a processor with multiple functional units. Next they study the performance effects of various bypassing schemes in terms of their effectiveness in resolving pipeline data hazards and their effect on the processor cycle time. >