cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of acylation-stimulation protein (ASP) in lean and obese Pima Indians compared to Caucasians.

WEYER, CHRISTIAN AND RICHARD E. PRATLEY. Fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of acylation-stimulation protein (ASP) in lean and obese Pima Indians compared to Caucasians. Obes Res. Objective: ASP stimulates the clearance of free fatty acids (FFA) from the circulation and the synthesis of triglycerides (TG) in adipose tissue. We tested whether fasting and post-prandial plasma ASP concentrations are increased in Pima Indians, a population with a very high prevalence of obesity, but a remarkably low prevalence of dyslipidemia. Research Methods and Procedures: Plasma concentrations of ASP, TG, FFA, total cholesterol (CHOL), and insulin (INS) were measured in 15 Pima Indians (P) and 15 Caucasians (C) closely matched for age, sex, and body weight [7 lean and 8 obese subjects, body mass index (BMI) cut-off 30 kg/m2], before and for 4 hours after a standard mixed meal (20% of daily caloric requirements, 41% carbohydrate, 44% fat, 15% protein). Results: Fasting ASP was positively related to percent body fat (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; r=0. 49, p<0. 01) and to TG and FFA, independently of percent body fat (partial r = 0. 42 and 0. 46, respectively, both p <0. 05). There were no differences in fasting TG, FFA, CHOL, INS, or ASP between lean C and lean P. In contrast, obese P had lower TG, lower CHOL, higher INS and, on average, 27% lower ASP compared to obese C. The ethnic difference in ASP remained after adjustment for TG, FFA, and percent body fat. ASP decreased in response to the meal in all four groups with no differences between groups. There was a significant inverse correlation between preprandial ASP and the change in FFA 60 minutes after the meal (r = −0. 56, p<0. 001). Discussion: Pima Indians do not have higher plasma ASP concentrations than Caucasians. Whether other alterations in the ASP-pathway, such as increased sensitivity of adipocytes to ASP, contribute to the high prevalence of obesity and low prevalence of dyslipidemia in Pima Indians, remains to be elucidated.
Fluorocarbon combustion studies—The combustion of perfluoroethane, perfluoropropane and perfluorocyclobutane with chlorine trifluoride

Abstract An exploratory investigation of fluorocarbon-chlorine trifluoride flame speeds and quenching distances is described. Perfluoroethane burns much more weakly than perfluoropropane. The combustion of Perfluorocyclobutane is extremely vigorous. The effective ‘activation energy’ for combustion involving compounds having secondary CF bonds is apparently lower than that of compounds having no such bonds. Perfluoyinated hydrocarbons give Promise of being a family of compounds which can be of value in studies of effects of molecular structure and reaction rates in combustion phenomena.
Arrest of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice impairs single- but not multiple-trial contextual fear conditioning

The role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in contextual fear conditioning (CFC) is debated. Several studies demonstrated that blocking adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents impairs CFC, while several other studies failed to observe an impairment. We sought to determine whether different CFC methods vary in their sensitivity to the arrest of adult neurogenesis. Adult neurogenesis was arrested in mice using low-dose, targeted x-irradiation, and the effects of irradiation were assayed in conditioning procedures that varied in the use of a discrete conditioned stimulus, the number of trials administered, and the final level of conditioning produced. We demonstrate that irradiation impairs CFC in mice when a single-trial CFC procedure is used but not when multiple-trial procedures are used, regardless of the final level of contextual fear produced. In addition, we show that the irradiation-induced deficit in single-trial CFC can be rescued by providing preexposure to the conditioning context. These results indicate that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is required for CFC in mice only when brief training is provided.
Steroid-induced final maturation in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) oocytes in vitro: the effects of forskolin and phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

The effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors and forskolin on steroid -induced germinal vesicle breakdown (G VBD) were investigated in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) oocytes using an in vitro incubation technique. Follicles were first treated with a collagenase solution to remove the follicle wall. Denuded oocytes were examined, using scanning electron microscopy. In all experiments GVBD was induced by the use of 17a,20Pdihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. Cyclic adenosine 3:5’-monophosphate (CAMP) levels were measured (by pro tein-binding assay) in control and forskolin -treated oocytes. Collagenase treatment removed a majority of the follicle wall, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Partially denuded (PD) oocytes were slightly more sensitive to steroid treatment than intact follicles (IF), as shown by ED50 values; but PD oocytes did not respond to gonadotropin (GTH) stimulation. Both 3-isobutyl-1 -methyl-xanthine (IBMX) and SQ20,006 (Squibb) blocked GVBD, but IBMX was more inhibitory. Forskolin also blocked steroid-induced G VBD. Kinetics of inhibition studies were performed using IBMX, forskolin, and cycloheximide. IBMX and cycloheximide inhibited GVBD if added during the first 18 h following steroid stimulation, whereas forskolin blpcked GVBD if added within 12 h after steroid treatment. Forskolin, at levels that block GVBD in vitro, significantly increased CAMP in both IF and PD oocytes, but the response of IF was greater than that of PD oocytes.
Original article: Algebraic combinatorics of diametric magic circles

Abstract: We provide a definition of a diametric magic circle of order n. In this paper, we use techniques in computational algebraic combinatorics and enumerative geometry to construct and to count d-magic circles. We also provide a description of its minimal Hilbert basis and determine the symmetry operations on d-magic circles. Finally, we give an algorithm for writing a natural d-magic circle in terms of the minimal Hilbert basis.
Effects of selective inhibition of type A and type B monoamine oxidase on intraocular pressure in the cat and the rabbit.

Ocular tension of conscious cats and rabbits was measured after topical application of clorgyline, a selective inhibitor of type A monoamine oxidase, or deprenyl, a selective inhibitor of type B of the enzyme. Eyes treated with clorgyline (1,4 and 12%) showed a dose-related reduction of intraocular pressure, with maximal lowerings amounting to 6 to 7 mm Hg. Pretreatment of eyes with clorgyline, 1%, markedly potentiated the pressure lowering response to epinephrine, 0.1%, applied topically. Sympathetic denervation almost completely abolished the effect of clorgyline. In contrast, deprenyl (2 to 8%) did not lower intraocular pressure after topical application to cat or rabbit eyes. β-Phenylethylamine (2 to 16%) a specific substrate for the B form of monoamine oxidase, likewise did not lower ocular tension when given either alone or after pretreatment wjth deprenyl. These findings suggest that the intraocular pressure lowering effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors is due primarily to inhibition of the A for...
The effect of insurance benefit changes on use of child and adolescent outpatient mental health services

Use of outpatient mental health services by dependent children younger than 18 years of age enrolled in the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Federal Employees Plan (FEP) is examined in 1978 and 1983 focusing on a cut in benefits and a shift from high- to low-option plan enrollment between those years. Whi
Computer generated reaction networks: on-the-fly calculation of species properties using computational quantum chemistry

Abstract An algorithm for the translation of the chemically rich two-dimensional molecular graph into a three-dimensional internal coordinate representation of the relative positions of the atoms in space is described. This enables on-the-fly calculations of species properties during the computer generation of reaction networks. The algorithm systematically species bond distances, bond angles and dihedral angles. Geometric parameters for atoms belonging to cycles required the specification of predefined geometrical templates. Templates for six-membered rings of the types aromatic, cyclohexadienyl, cyclohexenyl and cyclohexyl were therefore developed and optimized. An algorithm was also developed for the identification of tight cycles and their member atoms. This was critical to categorize atoms as noncyclic or cyclic.
Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: an exception to the rule of homing in anadromous fishes.

Anadromous fishes are believed to make regular circuits of migration in the sea before homing to their natal rivers. Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus is an anadromous fish that is an exception to this life-history pattern. It also differs from other anadromous fishes in that its adult phase is parasitic, a feeding strategy that should make homing problematic for lamprey cohorts that become widely dispersed through transport by the diverse hosts they parasitize. We sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region from sea lampreys collected from 11 North American east coast rivers to test for genetic evidence of homing. There were no significant differences (Χ2=235.1, p=0.401) in haplotype frequencies among them, with almost 99 per cent of haplotypic diversity occurring within populations. These findings, together with concordant genetic results from other geographical regions and ancillary information on pheromonal communication, suggest that sea lamprey does not home but rather exhibits regional panmixia while using a novel ‘suitable river’ strategy to complete its life cycle.
CYTOGENETICALLY ABNORMAL CELL S IN VITRO IN ACUTE LEUKÆMIA

Abstract Twenty patients with previously identified direct cytogenetic abnormalities were examined for persistence of the abnormality in both direct bone-marrow preparations and in-vitro methylcellulose cultures. Of seven patients with persistent direct abnormalities, four had these same cytogenetic abnormalities identified in cells from culture. In three patients with acute myelocytic leukaemia or a variant, these abnormalities had been previously associated with leukaemic cell lines. Cytogenetic markers in the cultured cells indicate that leukaemic cells from some patients can be grown in vitro.
Trade, Development, and Nonproliferation: Multilevel Counterterrorism in Central Asia

This article was presented in its original form in October 2005 at the Conference on Central Asian Security in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. This article seeks to add to the discourse on counterterrorism by looking at the challenges posed by sub-state radicalism to development and regionalization. Specifically, adequate counterterror campaigns require addressing socioeconomic feeders of radicalism while simultaneously dealing with the threat of political violence itself. In terms of development, this means advocating increased trade volumes and export oriented growth while concurrently controlling for illicit trade (which often finances terrorist movements) and trade in strategic goods (which could serve to undermine the security of the state). The authors use the case study of Uzbekistan and Central Asian insecurity to illustrate the utility of customs modernization, border security, and export control legislation as integral components in wider counterterror campaigns. The study addresses circumstances specific...
Very high-pressure mercury porosimetry as a tool in reservoir characterization

Three methodological considerations critical to the use of mercury porosimetry for reservoir characterization are the analytical pressure ranges which should be covered, sampling density, and the effects of variation in sample weight. Of these, the analytical pressure range is most likely to be inappropriately scaled. Mercury porosimetry analyses should be carried out to very high pressures for two reasons: first, although mercury-air capillary pressure corresponding to subsurface conditions at a given depth varies greatly depending on fluid densities, viscosities, and interfacial tensions, and on rock wettability, hydrostatic gradients yield capillary pressures equivalent to 10,000 PSIA (Hg-air) at 4,600 feet (1.4 km) or less. To evaluate the range of conditions likely to be encountered at subsurface depths where hydrocarbon production is economically feasible, mercury porosimetry should attain pressures of at least 10,000 PSIA. Second, substantial amounts of mercury intrusion occur at capillary pressures greater than 10,000 PSIA (Hg-air): up to 41% in the studied samples.
PREFERRED STOCK ARBITRAGE OF MUNICIPAL BOND MARKET SEGMENTATION

This paper discusses how tax and regulatory constraints in the municipal bond market can affect preferred stock yields and give rise to arbitrage opportunities in the preferred stock market. The potential for profit is illustrated with an example that also serves to highlight the unique characteristics of recently developed forms of preferred stock.
The Necessity of Feedback in Minimal Monotone Combinational Circuits

We present a specific n-input 2n-output positive unate Boolean function which can be realized with 2n two-input gates if feedback is used, but which requires 3n-2 gates if feedback is not used.
Genetic toxicology of mitomycin C, actinomycins, daunomycin and adriamycin.

Abstract Mitomycin C (MMC), actinomycins (ACMs), daunomycin (DNM) and adriamycin (ADR) are antineoplastic, antibiotics, with the anthracyclines (DNM and ADR) being more promising that the others. All these chemicals interact with DNA. MMC brings about cross-linking of the DNA strands and acts as mono-, as well as, bifunctional alkylating agent. The other three intercalate with the DNA molecule. ACMs, especially ACM-D, inhibits RNA synthesis preferentially and discriminates between different species of RNA. At high concentrations, DNA, RNA and protein synthesis are all inhibited by any of these antibiotics. The agents effect the cell cycle traverse at various stages; MMC being most unspecific of all. Mitotic cells at post-G2 stages are the least effected by any of these chemicals. All these chemicals induce chromosome aberrations of chromatid type. The anthracyclines, in addition, produce chromosome-type aberrations perhaps by affecting the single stranded G1 chromosome. Rejoining occurs, but MMC creates a high frequency of quadriradial configurations by utilizing the analogous nucleotide sequences in the repetitive DNA. At other points, it mostly creates free fragments. The mechanisms of action appear to be different for induction of chromosome aberrations by MMC, ACT and the anthracyclines. Both in vitro and in vivo aberration induction has been reported. The associated phenomenon of sister chromatid exchanges is strongly potentiated by these agents. MMC has been a known mutagen in both akaryotes and eukaryotes, and it also increases the frequency of meiotic recombination. ACM-D does not appear to strongly effect these phenomena while sufficient data with the anthracyclines are not available, and perhaps, will turn out to be generally negative. MMC and ACM-D also induced somatic recombination and somatic mosaicism; the former is a potent recombinogen. Correlation between genetic effect and the information available on the binding of ACM-D to chromatin is discussed and some space has been allocated to the discussion of resistance and cross resistance induced by the four chemicals. The data point to a strong need for testing of chemicals for genetic toxicology; particular attention must be given to the subject of co-mutagenicity.
Coitus Interruptus: Considerations as a Method of Birth Control

Coitus interruptus generally is considered an ineffective form of contraception. No current data exist, however, on the use effectiveness of this method in the United States. This article supports the argument that information on how to use coitus interruptus should he a part of contraceptive counseling, especially for individuals prone to using this method (i.e., individuals inexperienced with contraceptive use and those who have exhausted all other contraceptive choices).
Effects of aminoethylation of cysteine residues on the structural and functional activities of the Escherichia coli 30 S ribosomal proteins.

Abstract The purified 30 S ribosomal proteins from Escherichia coli strain Q13 were chemically modified by reaction with ethyleneimine, specifically converting cysteine residues to S-2-aminoethylcysteine residues. Proteins S1, S2, S4, S8, S11, S12, S13, S14, S17, S18 and S21 were found to contain aminoethylcysteine residues after modification, whereas proteins S3, S5, S6, S7, S9, S10, S15, S16, S19 and S20 did not. Aminoethylated proteins S4, S13, S17 and S18 were active in the reconstitution of 30 S ribosomes and did not have altered functional activities in poly(U)-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis, R17-dependent protein synthesis, fMet-tRNA binding and Phe-tRNA binding. Aminoethylated proteins S2, S11, S12, S14 and S21 were not active in the reconstitution of complete 30 S ribosomes, either because the aminoethylated protein did not bind stably to the ribosome (S2, S11, S12 and S21) or because the aminoethylated protein did not stabilize the binding of other ribosomal proteins (S14). The functional activities of 30 S ribosomes reconstituted from a mixture of proteins containing one sensitive aminoethylated protein (S2, S11, S12, S14 or S21) were similar to ribosomes reconstituted from mixtures lacking that protein. These results imply that the sulfhydryl groups of the proteins S4, S13, S17 and S18 are not necessary for the structural or functional activities of these proteins, and that aminoethylation of the sulfhydryl groups of S2, S11, S12, S14 and S21 forms either a kinetic or thermodynamic barrier to the assembly of active 30 S ribosomes in vitro.
Fisheries By‐Catch and By‐Product Meals as Protein Sources For Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract— Fisheries by-catch and by-product meals are portrayed as ingredients having a great potential as ingredients in aquaculture feeds. The present study was designed to evaluate the nutritional value of shrimp by-catch meal, shrimp processing waste meal, and two fish meals made from Pacific whiting (meal with and without solubles) for rainbow trout by determining apparent digestibilityof these ingredients and conducting a 12-wk feeding trial with juvenile fish (average initial weight 20 g/fish). Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for protein in diets containing by-catch and processing by-products were 76% for shrimp by-catch meal, 79% for shrimp processing waste meal, 88% for Pacific whiting meal without solubles, and 92% for Pacific whiting meal with solubles. ADCs for lipid were higher than 94% for all the diets. ADCs for energy were 57% for shrimp by-catch meal, 73% for shrimp processing waste meal, 70% for Pacific whiting meal without solubles, and 73% for Pacific whiting meal with solubles. Growth performance was significantly affected by dietary protein source. Fish fed the shrimp by-catch meal diet had weight gain and feed conversion ratios similar to that of fish fed the control diet with anchovy fish meal. Fish fed diets containing shrimp processing waste and Pacific whiting meal with solubles had significantly lower weight gain and higher feed conversion ratios than the control diet. Growth was significantly lower in fish fed the Pacific whiting meal diet compared to fish fed the anchovy fish meal. The lower growth of fish fed diets containing Pacific whiting meal appeared to be a result of lower feed intake, indicating perhaps a lower palatability of this ingredient. Additional research addressing processing methods, nutritional manipulations, and palatability enhancement is needed to improve potential of some fisheries byproduct meals as ingredients in the diets of rainbow trout.
Nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitors possessing excellent antiviral activities and therapeutic indices. PD 178390: a lead HIV protease inhibitor.

Abstract With the insight generated by the availability of X-ray crystal structures of various 5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones bound to HIV PR, inhibitors possessing various alkyl groups at the 6-position of 5,6-dihydropyran-2-one ring were synthesized. The inhibitors possessing a 6-alkyl group exhibited superior antiviral activities when compared to 6-phenyl analogues. Antiviral efficacies were further improved upon introduction of a polar group (hydroxyl or amino) on the 4-position of the phenethyl moiety as well as the polar group (hydroxymethyl) on the 3-(tert-butyl-5-methyl-phenylthio) moiety. The polar substitution is also advantageous for decreasing toxicity, providing inhibitors with higher therapeutic indices. The best inhibitor among this series, (S)-6-[2-(4-aminophenyl)-ethyl]-(3-(2-tert-butyl-5-methyl-phenylsulfanyl)-4-hydroxy-6-isopropyl-5,6-dihydro-pyran-2-one (34S), exhibited an EC50 of 200 nM with a therapeutic index of >1000. More importantly, these non-peptidic inhibitors, 16S and 34S, appear to offer little cross-resistance to the currently marketed peptidomimetic PR inhibitors. The selected inhibitors tested in vitro against mutant HIV PR showed a very small increase in binding affinities relative to wild-type HIV PR. Cmax and absolute bioavailability of 34S were higher and half-life and time above EC95 were longer compared to 16S. Thus 34S, also known as PD 178390, which displays good antiviral efficacy, promising pharmacokinetic characteristics and favorable activity against mutant enzymes and CYP3A4, has been chosen for further preclinical evaluation.
Smaller prostate gland size and older age predict Gleason score upgrading

Abstract Objectives Gleason score is important for prostate cancer (CaP) risk stratification and prognostication but has a significant rate of upgrading. We examined the effect of prostate size and age on upgrading of Gleason 6 CaP. Materials and methods A retrospective review was performed of patients with Gleason 6 CaP who underwent radical prostatectomy from 2001 through 2010. Preoperative clinical and pathologic variables were assessed to determine association with risk of upgrading at prostatectomy. Results A total of 1,836 patients were identified with Gleason 6 on prostate biopsy. Upgrading was observed in 543 (29.6%) patients with a final Gleason score of 3+4 in 463 (25.2%), 4+3 in 49 (2.7%), and 8–10 in 31 (1.7%). On univariate logistic regression, age, prostate weight, and PSA were significant predictors of Gleason score upgrading and remained significant on multiple logistic regression. Prostate weight was inversely related to risk of upgrading. To further explore this effect, we performed multiple logistic regression to examine risk of Gleason 6, 7, or 8–10 disease in 2,493 patients with Gleason 6–10 at prostatectomy. After controlling for age and PSA, there was a progressively increased risk of Gleason 6, 7, and 8–10 disease with decreasing prostate weight. Conclusions Older age, higher PSA, and smaller prostate gland size are associated with increased risk of Gleason score upgrading. The inverse relationship of prostate weight to risk of Gleason upgrading may be related to increased high-grade disease in smaller glands.
A Test of General Ability in Fiji

* Accepted for publication by L. M. Terman of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office on July 25, 1938.
THE DUAL ABSORPTIVE MODEL AND UNITARITY

Abstract The unitarity content of amplitudes whose parameter profile is peripheral is shown to be dominated by contributions of inelastic intermediate states. This explains the approximate equality of elastic cross sections for ab → ab and a b → a b at rather low energies.
Rights, review, and spending: Policy outcomes with judicially enforceable rights

This paper posits that countries with a constitutional right to social security that can be enforced by courts via judicial review will show patterns of spending on social security that are distinct from countries with other constitutional and judicial arrangements. Governments in countries with enforceable rights will be constrainedto spend more on transfer programs to avoid censure from the courts. The hypotheses are tested using data from 22 OECD countries using time-series cross-section analysis.The results show that enforceable rights are associated with higher growth rates in social security spending and lower fluctuation in expenditures on social programs, although the amount of GDP spent on social transfers is unaffected by rights. These results are consistent with the idea that governments' spending habits are constrained by positive rights, but rebutthe argument that rights lead to economic distortions.
First-principles study of the structural, defect, and mechanical properties of B 2 FeCo alloys

$\mathrm{B}2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{FeCo}$ has the highest saturation magnetization of any material, but has zero room temperature ductility in the ordered state that somewhat increases in the disordered state. Brittleness of $\mathrm{FeCo}$ has long been a puzzle given its high-symmetry $\mathrm{B}2$ structure, $1∕2⟨111⟩{110}$ slip, and low ordering temperature---all features of intrinsically ductile intermetallics. Employing first-principles calculations and statistical mechanics, we study the structural stability, point defects and order-disorder transition of $\mathrm{B}2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{FeCo}$, and suggest a mechanism potentially leading to its intrinsic brittleness. We find that $\mathrm{B}2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{FeCo}$ is marginally stable, weakly ordered with a high density of antisite defects, and low anti-phase boundary energies for $⟨111⟩$ slip on ${110}$ and ${112}$ planes. Most importantly, this system is very sensitive to the change in local atomic environment: structural instability and transformation into low-symmetry $\mathrm{L}{1}_{0}$ structure or sheared $\mathrm{L}{1}_{0}$ structure can be caused by reduced dimensionality or applied shear stress, respectively. We suggest that the internal stress (e.g., near the dislocation cores) may be closely connected with the $\mathrm{B}2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{FeCo}$ intrinsic brittleness, since it is likely to induce local $\mathrm{B}2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{L}{1}_{0}$ structural transformations.
Oxidation and reduction of lithium-containing MgO at high temperatures

The effect of oxidation and reduction on Li-containing MgO crystals at temperatures up to 1600 K is reported. Heating in oxidizing atmospheres followed by fast cooling produces stable [Li]\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} defects, whereas similar treatment in a reducing atmosphere does not. Annealing rates of these defects also depend on whether the crystals are in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. A short-range diffusion mechanism is proposed to describe the atmospheric dependence of [Li]\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-defect production. Heating to \ensuremath{\sim} 1500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, regardless of the ambient atmosphere, gives rise to a broad optical absorption band at \ensuremath{\sim} 5.3 eV, which we believe to be associated with lithium. Optical excitation of this band produces a luminescence which peaks near 2.7 eV.
Frequency-Variant Optical Signal Processing

By their basic two-dimensional nature, coherent optical systems provide an additional degree of freedom for the processing of one-dimensional signals (e.g., speech, radar, and general communication signals). This second degree of freedom has been used in the past to increase substantially the information throughput of optical processors for one-dimensional signals. We describe here how it can be exploited to increase the kinds of operations that can be performed optically, concentrating on signal processing operations that are frequency-variant. One example considered is the frequency-variant spectral analysis of signal waveforms, a specific case being a log-frequency constant proportional bandwidth spectrum analyzer. Also discussed are applications of the basic concepts, combined with optical heterodyne techniques, to linear and nonlinear bandwidth compression. Analytical and experimental results are presented.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hydraulic interpretation of grain-size distributions using a physical model for bedload transport

ABSTRACT Grain-size distributions of bedload sediment are modelled by considering the time variation of sediment transport in a unidirectional turbulent flow. A frequency distribution of instantaneous bed shear stress is divided into a large number of shear stress ranges with mean values of oi. Each oi is capable of transporting a range of sediment sizes as bedload; the maximum size is just at its entrainment threshold, the minimum size is just too large to be suspended. Rates of bedload transport are calculated for each size range using a theoretical bedload function, and the proportion of time that these rates occur is obtained by integrating the frequency distribut on between the boundaries of each shear stress range. The relative weights of sediment transported in particular size ranges, determined for all oi values, constitutes the grain-size distribution obtained from bedload sampling at a fixed point on the bed. Cumulative grain-size curves have been simulated using the model in order to demonstrate the effects of the various model parameters (e.g., mean bed shear stress, viscosity). All curves show a distinct "break" in slope, which represents the maximum grain size transportable in suspension when the shear stress attains its maximum fluctuating value. Examination of many natural bedload distributions shows close qualitative and quantitative agreement with the model, and reasons for discrepancies can be fully explained. Typical grain-size distributions of deposited sediments can be obtained by mixing of different flow-related bedload distributions in various proportions. Thus although deposited sediments may primarily result from bedload transport during a steady flood flow, flow unsteadiness also plays a part. The effects of some deposition directly from suspended load can also be surmised.
Interprofessional Involvement Provides Educational Experience to Pharmacy Students

To the Editor: In order for advances to occur in drug therapy and discovery, a team-based effort is essential. The focus of the 2010 AACP Teacher's Seminar was the development and educational experiences that relate to interdisciplinary interprofessionalism in the pharmacy school environment. In fact, an article recently published in this Journal demonstrated a positive impact in student attitudes during an interdisciplinary experience.1 However, many challenges are faced by pharmacy schools when incorporating interprofessionalism into a curriculum. Here we describe 2 opportunities through which we as students have found the importance of interprofessionalism. The stories that we relate emphasize that classroom activities might not be the most proficient context to develop interprofessionalism, but working with other disciplines in real world activities can be a way to overcome this challenging obstacle.
Regulation of Tobacco Acetolactate Synthase Gene Expression

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of isoleucine, leucine, and valine. The previous cloning of two tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) ALS genes (SurA and SurB) has allowed transcript accumulation from these genes to be monitored. mRNA blot analysis of ALS transcripts showed a message size of 2.2 kb. Quantitation of the levels of ALS messages in tobacco organs indicated that there was a 3- to 4-fold variation in the levels of expression of the ALS genes in different organs. This variability correlated with the developmental stage of the samples, with the highest levels of expression found in developing organs. In situ hybridizations of anti-mRNA probes to plant sections established that ALS messages are most prevalent in metabolically active and dividing cells of roots, stems, and floral tissue. Using RNase protection assays, the transcriptional start sites of the ALS genes were determined, and the expression levels of the two tobacco ALS genes were then followed separately. Both tobacco ALS genes are expressed in a coordinated manner in all tobacco organs examined, with the SurB gene being consistently expressed at higher levels than the SurA gene.
Mainstream turbulence effect on film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient of a gas turbine blade with air and CO2 film injection

Abstract Effect of grid-generated mainstream turbulence on the film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient of a turbine blade model was investigated at a chord Reynolds number of 3 × 10 5 . The blade model had three rows of film holes in the leading edge region and two rows each on the pressure and suction surfaces. CO 2 and air, with density ratios (DRs) of about 1.5 and 1.0, respectively, were used as film injectants. Results indicate that an increase in mainstream turbulence causes an increase in Nusselt numbers and a decrease in film effectiveness, over most of the blade surface, for both density ratio injectants at all blowing ratios.
Abstract 2155: Achieving complete response to locoregional disease without toxicity using temperature-sensitive liposomes and ultrasound-mediated hyperthermia.

By stabilizing doxorubicin within temperature-sensitive liposomes and repeating delivery twice per week for four weeks, extended survival and complete response were obtained in syngeneic murine breast tumors. Further, with the stabilized formulation, cardiac toxicity and leukopenia were not detected. Liposomes composed of DPPC:MPPC:DSPE-PEG2k, 86:10:4 were prepared in the presence of copper(II) gluconate and triethanolamine and extruded with 100 nm membrane filters. Cu-liposomes were loaded with Dox at 0.2 mg-drug/mg-lipid with 100% loading. We studied the efficacy of CuDox liposomes (CuDox-LTSLs) using the highly invasive neu deletion (NDL) tumor. Treatment began when the tumor diameter reached 4 mm. The fluorescence of circulating doxorubicin in blood was quenched after the digestion of liposomes with Triton X-100, indicating that the circulating drug remained associated with copper. Dox fluorescence was restored upon reducing the pH using a citrate-saline buffer. Over the 28 days of the study, CuDox-LTSLs were administrated intravenously two times per week at a therapeutic level of 6 mg-drug/kg-body weight. The entire tumor was insonified with a peak ultrasound pressure of 1.1 MPa at a frequency of 1.5 MHz at 42°C for 5 min prior to and 20 min post drug injection. A total of 30 mice were studied, including groups spanning drug treatment with ultrasound, ultrasound, drug treatment and no treatment. Although a single dose administration of CuDox-LTSLs combined with insonation of the entire tumor suppressed the tumor growth, complete response was achieved only upon repeated treatment over a period of 28 days. At 30 days after the last administered dose, none of the mice from the other groups survive; however, 100% of mice treated with ultrasound combined with CuDox-LTSLs survive and the remaining tumor is undetectable. In conclusion, repeated treatment of stabilized temperature sensitive doxorubicin liposomes is highly effective in the treatment of aggressive murine tumors. Acknowledgement: NIHR01CA134659 and NIHR01CA103828 Citation Format: Azadeh Kheirolomoom, Chun-Yen Lai, Sarah M. TAM, Lisa M. Even, Elizabeth S. Ingham, Brett Z. Fite, Katherine D. Watson, Katherine W. Ferrara. Achieving complete response to locoregional disease without toxicity using temperature-sensitive liposomes and ultrasound-mediated hyperthermia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2155. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2155
Dynamic interconversion of amorphous microparticles and crystalline rods in salen-based homochiral infinite coordination polymers.

This paper describes a new class of homochiral salen-based infinite coordination polymers (ICPs) and the discovery of a novel and pseudo-reversible solvent-induced crystallization process. The solvent, methanol in this case, induces such a transformation through a change in the coordination environment around the metal bridging the metallo-salen portion of the complex. This transformation has allowed us to use X-ray methods to structurally characterize the crystalline product and through spectroscopic comparisons better understand the connectivity and structure of the amorphous ICP particles from which it is derived.
An illumination correction algorithm on Landsat-TM data

In this paper, a new illumination correction model, the rotation model, is introduced. The model is based on the empirical correlation between reflectance and the illumination condition (IL). The model eliminates the dependency of reflectance on IL through rotating the data in IL-reflectance space. This model is compared with widely used cosine model and C model over a sample forest region. We found that the newly developed rotation model consistently performs best on both atmospheric uncorrected and corrected Landsat images.
Reactive and Reversible Ionic Liquids for CO2 Capture and Acid Gas Removal

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) for CO2 capture and the removal of acid gases from natural gas and other industrial processes has been one of the foremost research applications for this unique class of non-volatile solvents. However, most of the most broadly studied ILs lack sufficient capacities for CO2 and other acid gases such as H2S, SO2, etc. to be viewed as viable replacements for aqueous amine technologies which have been used industrially for acid gas removal for nearly a century. Furthermore, many of the most well-known ILs are too viscous to be used within conventional process equipment and are likely too costly for use at large scales. As the negligible vapor pressure of ILs is an attractive property for gas separations, it is desirable to find new ILs with improved properties that can be synthesized from lower cost starting materials and/or natural products. Recently, new reactive and reversible IL solvents have emerged in efforts to improve upon the CO2 capacity, physical properties and costs ...
Synthesis of 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose O-Glycopeptides from N-Dithiasuccinoyl-Protected Derivatives1-3

2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose (β-d-GlcpNAc), in O-glycosidic linkage to the side chain hydroxyls of serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues, is often found in nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. The “active ester” approach for solid phase glycopeptide synthesis calls for the direct glycosylation of Nα-(9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl)amino acid pentafluorophenyl esters (Nα-Fmoc-AA-OPfp's). The synthesis of the required Ser(β-d-GlcpNAc) and Thr(β-d-GlcpNAc) building blocks poses special problems arising from the 2-amino substituent in the corresponding glycosyl donors. Activation of donors with a 2-N-acyl group provides relatively unreactive oxazoline intermediates, whereas the otherwise promising phthaloyl (Phth) group requires prolonged base treatment at elevated temperatures for its removal, and incomplete deprotection is often encountered. The dithiasuccinoyl (Dts) group provides bivalent protection in the same way as the Phth group, but has the advantage of being removed rapidly under mild condit...
Investigating the Importance of the Least Supported Phoneme on Visual Word Naming.

The least supported phoneme refers to the phoneme position within a word with which the fewest phonological neighbors overlap. Recently, it has been argued that the number of neighbors coinciding with the least supported phoneme is a critical determinant of pronunciation latencies. The current research tested this claim by comparing naming latencies to words that differed in terms of the number of neighbors overlapping with their least supported phoneme. The results revealed that words where many neighbors overlapped were named more rapidly than those where few neighbors overlapped. These results are explained using the dual-route cascaded model of reading aloud.
Equity of access to health care for older adults in four major Latin American cities.

Objectives. To identify if older adults have equitable access to health services in four major Latin American cities and to determine if the inequities that are found follow the patterns of economic inequality in each of the four nations studied. Methods. Data from persons age 60 and over in the cities of Sao Paulo, Brazil (n = 2 143); Santiago, Chile (n = 1 301); Mexico City, Mexico (n = 1 247); and Montevideo, Uruguay (n = 1 450) were collected through a collaboration led by the Pan American Health Organization. For our study, three process indicators of access (availability, accessibility, and acceptability) and one indicator of actual health services use (visit to a medical doctor in the past 12 months) were analyzed by wealth quintiles, health insurance type, education, health status, and demographic characteristics. Results. Each of the four cities had a different level of access to care, and those levels of access were only weakly related to per capita national wealth. Given the relatively high level of wealth inequality in Brazil and the lower level in Uruguay, older persons in Sao Paulo had better-than-expected equity in access to care, while older persons in Montevideo had less equity than expected. Inequity in Mexico City was driven primarily by low levels of health insurance coverage. In Santiago, inequity followed socioeconomic status more than it did health insurance. Conclusions. In the four cities studied, health insurance and the operation of health systems mediate the link between economic inequality and inequitable access to health care. Therefore, special attention needs to be paid to equity of access in health services, independent of differences in economic inequality and national wealth.
Differential pattern of spinal sympathetic outflow in response to stimulation of the caudal medullary raphe

In urethan-anesthetized cats, frequency domain analysis was used to explore the mechanisms of differential responses of inferior cardiac (CN), vertebral (VN), and renal (RN) sympathetic nerves to e...
Spin Torque and Field-Driven Perpendicular MRAM Designs Scalable to Multi-Gb/Chip Capacity

In this paper, we present a micromagnetic analysis of two novel magnetoresistive memory designs, both of which utilize the material-intrinsic perpendicular uniaxial magnetic anisotropy for retaining memory states. The analysis shows that such perpendicular memory element design allows the utilization of thick magnetic film, thereby enabling downsize scalability of each memory element while maintaining sufficient thermal stability. One of the designs is to utilize direct current injection for switching the memory states via the effect of spin momentum transfer. The other design utilizes current-generated field for switching. The performance characteristics of both designs are reported
Comparison of Numerically Stable Methods for Implementation of a Double Porosity Model with First-Order Reaction Terms

The influence of barometric cycling on gas transport through complex media can be described using a double porosity model. Here vertical channels simulate the effect of cracks that pass through homogeneous regions of media. The cracks are coupled to the atmosphere and act as boundaries for the sections of homogeneous media. Convection–diffusion models are then used to simulate gas transport through the coupled system. This approach has been used to model soil aeration, subsurface movement of volatile compounds, and the migration of gases to the surface after below ground nuclear detonations. In the present work, we describe four stable numerical methods that can be used to implement the double porosity model when first-order reactions produce and consume the gaseous species of interest. We find that all four methods satisfy analytical crosschecks and agree to at least seven digits of precision. An iterative solver based on Newton’s method is found to be optimal as it is easily scalable to 3-D models and to multithreaded execution.
Theoretical Pulsed Ring Down Antenna Array Performance

Summary form only given. High-power transient RF transmitters are currently being developed for multiple applications. One potential high- power pulsed source being considered is the pulsed ring- down source (PRDS). In a typical PRDS, electrical energy that is stored in the device structure is discharged through a switch, generating a damped ringing radiated waveform. The magnitude of the transmitted field is limited by parameters such as the overall device geometry and switch characteristics. The potential exists to increase the radiated far field power density by utilizing an array of PRDS transmitters. The performance of such an array depends on the triggering jitter of the device switches and the design of the individual radiating elements. The application of the array concept to pulsed ring-down sources using gas spark gap switches is examined. Theoretical array performance is discussed, taking into account practical switch jitter distributions, practical switch triggering schemes, and individual element characteristics.
Efficient parallel processing with spin-wave nanoarchitectures

In this paper, we study the algorithm design aspects of three newly developed spin-wave architectures. The architectures are capable of simultaneously transmitting multiple signals using different frequencies, and allow for concurrent read/write operations. Using such features, we show a number of parallel and fault-tolerant routing schemes and introduce a set of generic parallel processing techniques that can be used for design of fast algorithms on these spin-wave architectures. We also present a set of application examples to illustrate the operation of the proposed generic parallel techniques.
FIRST-PRINCIPLES INVESTIGATION OF FERROMAGNETISM AND FERROELECTRICITY IN BISMUTH MANGANITE

We present results of local spin density approximation (LSDA) pseudopotential calculations for the perovskite structure oxide, bismuth manganite (BiMnO3). The origin of the differences between bismuth manganite and other perovskite manganites is determined by first calculating total energies and band structures of the high symmetry cubic phase, then sequentially lowering the magnetic and structural symmetry. Our results indicate that covalent bonding between bismuth cations and oxygen anions stabilizes different magnetic and structural phases compared with the rare earth manganites. This is consistent with recent experimental results showing enhancement of charge ordering in doped bismuth manganite.
Designing high-Q silicon-on-insulator optical resonators for planar device integration

Design considerations for quasi-planar, high-Q, silicon-on-insulator microphotonic resonators are presented. A figure of merit for use in comparison between microphotonic designs is presented and applied to compare existing and proposed designs.
Study of Strongly Correlated Electrons in Nanoscopic and Bulk Forms: Some Recent Results

Recent progress in the numerical study of various strongly correlated electronic systems is reviewed. The study of transport in single molecule conductors and quantum dots is addressed with a recently proposed adaptive time-dependent density-matrix-renormalization group (DMRG). Experiments involving non-local spin control and their numerical simulation are also discussed. A section is devoted to recent efforts in the study of spin-fermion models for colossal magnetoresistive manganites, where we present insights on the effect of disorder and electron–phonon coupling. Finally, using a dynamical mean field approach, we review calculations in the area of diluted magnetic semiconductors that provides guidelines on how the Curie temperature could be increased in these itinerant ferromagnetic systems.