cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety considerations in learning new procedures: a survey of surgeons.

Abstract Background There exists a tension between surgical innovation and safety. The learning curve associated with the introduction of new procedures/technologies has been associated with preventable patient harm. Surgeon's perceptions regarding the safety of methods for learning new procedures/technologies are largely uncharacterized. Materials and methods A survey was designed to evaluate surgeons' perceptions related to learning new procedures/technologies. This included clinical vignettes across two domains: (1) experience with an operation (e.g., colectomy) and (2) experience with a technology (e.g., laparoscopy). This study also focuses on a surgeon's perceptions of existing credentialing/privileging requirements. Participants were faculty surgeons ( n = 150) at two large Midwestern academic health centers. Results Survey response rate was 77% (116/150). 69% of respondents believed the processes of credentialing/privileging is “far too relaxed” or “too relaxed” for ensuring patient safety. Surgeons most commonly indicated a mini-fellowship is required to learn a new laparoscopic procedure. However, that requirement differed based on a surgeon's prior experience with laparoscopy. For example, to learn laparoscopic colectomy, 35% of respondents felt a surgeon with limited laparoscopic experience should complete a mini-fellowship, whereas 3% felt this was necessary if the surgeon had extensive laparoscopic experience. In the latter scenario, most respondents felt a surgeon should scrub in cases performed by an expert (38%) or perform cases under a proctor's supervision (33%) when learning laparoscopic colectomy. Conclusions Many surgeons believe existing hospital credentialing/privileging practices may be too relaxed. Moreover, surgeons believe the “one-size-fits-all” approach for training practicing surgeons may not protect patients from unsafe introduction of new procedures/technologies.
Samples and Populations

Very often the data we see is a small part of the data we could have seen. The data we could have observed, if we could have seen everything, is the population . I will write populations like random variables with capital letters to emphasize we don’t actually know the whole population. The data we actually have is the sample (lower case, as usual). We would like to know the population mean , which we write popmeanX. We must estimate this using the sample.
Adrienne Rich’s “Collaborations”: Re-vision as Durational Address

(2017). Adrienne Rich’s “Collaborations”: Re-vision as Durational Address. Women's Studies: Vol. 46, Adrienne Rich, pp. 646-662.
Perspectives of cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy for complex oxide physics

Abstract Complex oxide heterostructure interfaces have shown novel physical phenomena which do not exist in bulk materials. These heterostructures can be used in the potential applications in the next generation devices and served as the playgrounds for the fundamental physics research. The direct measurements of the interfaces with excellent spatial resolution and physical property information is rather difficult to achieve with the existing tools. Recently developed cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (XSTM/S) for complex oxide interfaces have proven to be capable of providing local electronic density of states (LDOS) information at the interface with spatial resolution down to nanometer scale. In this perspective, we will briefly introduce the basic idea and some recent achievements in using XSTM/S to study complex oxide interfaces. We will also discuss the future of this technique and the field of the interfacial physics.
Single agent anti PD-1 inhibitors in esophageal cancer-a first step in a new therapeutic direction.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas have proven to be inherently resistant to systemic treatments as a result of histological, molecular and etiological heterogeneity, with limited responses seen after first line therapy. The promise of immunotherapy in esophagogastric cancer has been suggested for a long time due to the recognized link between infection, chronic inflammation, and malignancy.
Advanced glycation end products alter steroidogenic gene expression by granulosa cells: an effect partially reversible by vitamin D.

STUDY QUESTION Does vitamin D attenuate the adverse effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on steroidogenesis by human granulosa cells (GCs)? SUMMARY ANSWER AGEs alter the expression of genes important in steroidogenesis while 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vit D3) in vitro attenuates some of the actions of AGEs on steroidogenic gene expression, possibly by downregulating the expression of the pro-inflammatory cell membrane receptor for AGEs (RAGE). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Vitamin D attenuates the pro-inflammatory effects of AGEs in non-ovarian tissues. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Women who were undergoing IVF were enrolled. Follicular fluid samples (n = 71) were collected and cumulus GCs (n = 12) were treated in culture. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Follicular fluid levels of the anti-inflammatory soluble RAGE (sRAGE), AGEs and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were quantified for possible correlations. GCs of each participant were split equally and treated with either media alone (control) or with human glycated albumin (HGA as a precursor for AGEs) with or without vit D3 after which RT-PCR and immunofluorescence were performed and cell culture media estradiol (E2) levels were compared. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In follicular fluid, sRAGE levels were positively correlated with 25-OHD levels. HGA treatment (i) increased CYP11A1 (by 48%), 3β-HSD (by 38%), StAR (by 42%), CYP17A1 (by 30%) and LHR (by 37%) mRNA expression levels (P < 0.05 for all) but did not alter CYP19A1 or FSHR mRNA expression levels; and (ii) increased E2 release in cell culture media (P = 0.02). Vit D3 treatment (i) downregulated RAGE mRNA expression by 33% and RAGE protein levels by 44% (P < 0.05); (ii) inhibited the HGA-induced increase in CYP11A1, StAR, CYP17A1 and LHR mRNA levels, but not the increase in 3β-HSD mRNA levels; and (iii) did not inhibit the HGA-induced E2 release in cell culture media. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION This study used luteinized GCs that were collected from women who received gonadotropins thus the results obtained may not fully extrapolate to non-luteinized GCs in vivo. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study suggests that there is a relationship between AGEs and their receptors (RAGE and sRAGE) with vitamin D. Understanding the interaction between AGEs and vitamin D in ovarian physiology could lead to a more targeted therapy for the treatment of ovarian dysfunction. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Funding was received from NIH (R01 NS045940), American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc., and University of Vermont College of Medicine Bridge Funds. All authors have nothing to disclose.
Lasting and Outmoded Concepts in the Caseworker's Heritage:

The fundamental goal of social casework, expressed differently over the years, essentially is to improve the circumstances in which people find themselves
Estimation of the Degree of Crystallinity of Cefazolin Sodium by X-Ray and Infrared Methods

The pentahydrate (α form) of cefazolin sodium (CEZ) exhibited sharp X-ray diffraction peaks, while the dehydrated α form showed weak but distinct diffraction peaks. As expected the amorphous form exhibited a diffuse and halo diffraction pattern. The X-ray procedure to estimate the degree of crystallinity of CEZ was based upon the measurement of the total scattering and the scattering from the crystalline region of the drug. The major difference in the infrared (IR) spectra among the three forms of CEZ was the absence of a spectral band at 1542 cm−1 in the amorphous form. The IR procedure was based upon the measurement of the peak percentage area ratio between the bands at 1542 and 1760 cm−1, where the latter was used as a normalizing peak. The degree of crystallinity of CEZ samples, obtained by either freeze-drying aqueous CEZ solutions or storing the crystalline forms under different humidity conditions, was determined by these two methods. Although the correlation of results by the two methods was good, the X-ray procedure appears to be superior since it can differentiate among the three solid CEZ forms, whereas IR could distinguish between only crystalline and amorphous CEZ, reproducibly.
A method to predict patient-specific table coordinates for quality assurance in external beam radiation therapy.

Purpose While external beam radiotherapy treatment planning determines nearly every mechanical and dosimetric parameter of the linear accelerator (LINAC), the table coordinates in all three dimensions are generally unknown until initial patient setup at the LINAC. Knowing these parameters in advance could help verify the direction of patient shifts and prevent wrong-site errors. This study aims to determine the feasibility and accuracy of table coordinate prediction for indexed immobilization devices. Methods A total of 303 table coordinates were predicted for patients on Varian and Elekta linear accelerators with immobilization devices including Orfit mask with baseplate, wingboard, breastboard and BodyFix. Predictions were made for all three spatial dimensions except for Body Fix setups due to the lack of a radiographically apparent indexing-related landmark. Coordinates were predicted by measuring baseline table coordinates in all dimensions at specified landmark positions. Results Predictions were accurate within 2 cm for 86% of coordinates (71% within 1 cm). Table coordinates were predicted most accurately for head and neck patients with a base plate and the most difficult prediction was in the lateral direction for breastboard patients. Conclusions With proper indexing, table coordinates can be predicted with reasonable accuracy. The data suggest an action of level of 2 cm with certain exceptions for specific immobilization devices and directions.
Synthesis and biological activity investigation of azole and quinone hybridized phosphonates

Phosphonates, azoles and quinones are pharmacophores found in bioactive compounds. A series of phosphonates conjugated to azoles and quinones with variable carbon chain lengths were synthesized in 3-4 steps with good yield. Antifungal assay of these compounds showed that ethyl protected phosphates have excellent inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, and the free-base phosphates have good activity against human pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. Structure- activity relationship (SAR) studies showed activity increases with longer carbon chain length between phosphonate and anthraquinone analogs consisting of azole and quinone moieties. These newly synthesized compounds also have mild antibacterial activities to Gram positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Cytotoxicity analysis of these compounds against HeLa cells reveals that the phosphoric acid analogs are less toxic compared to ethyl protected phosphonates. Three leads compounds have been identified with prominent antifungal activity and low cytotoxicity.
Generalized familial benign chronic pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease) treated successfully with low-dose naltrexone

Familial benign chronic pemphigus or Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD) is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis with complete penetrance that was initially described by dermatologists and brothers Howard and Hugh Hailey.1 This disorder results from mutations in the ATP2C1 gene on chromosome 3q21, which encodes the Golgi-associated Ca2+ ATPase. Mutations in this gene lead to abnormal intracellular Ca2+ signaling leading to impaired processing of junctional proteins needed for cell-cell adhesion. The generalized or disseminated form of HHD is rarely documented, but appears to typically be induced by microbial colonization and secondary infections. In particular, Staphylococcal infection can potentiate acantholysis and may lead to severe widespread blistering.2, 3, 4, 5 Other articles suggest that the generalized condition can be triggered by a Koebner-like reaction or even sensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.3 Treatment for generalized HHD varies.2, 3, 4, 5 Oral corticosteroids are most commonly recommended for treatment; however, alternative interventions include oral retinoids, including etretinate,4 cyclosporine, methotrexate, dapsone, and topical tacrolimus.3 In nongeneralized HHD, there are a few published case reports of HHD treated successfully with low-dose naltrexone (LDN).6, 7, 8, 9
Confronting Biological Reductionism From a Social Justice Agenda: Transformative Agency and Activist Stance:

This article draws attention to contemporary research and theorizing that counters and resolutely dispels biological determinism laden with a plethora of mythic racial, gender, dis/ability and othe...
Overview of pharmacogenomic testing in clinical practice

Abstract Introduction: Pharmacogenomic tests relevant to neuropsychiatric medications have been clinically available for more than a decade, but the utility of regular testing is still unknown. Tests available include both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic targets. The potential practice benefits vary with each target. Methods: A 10-year literature review was completed utilizing the PubMed database to identify articles relating to the specific pharmacogenomic targets discussed. Further article selection was based on author review for clinical utility. Results: The clinical dosing guidance available for neuropsychiatric medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants with varying genotypes is useful and has strong evidence to support testing, but it is limited to mainly pharmacokinetic application. Pharmacodynamic targets are gaining additional evidence with increased research, and although the mechanisms behind the potential interactions are scientifically sound...
Online Model-Free n -Step HDP With Stability Analysis

Because of a powerful temporal-difference (TD) with $\lambda $ [TD( $\lambda $ )] learning method, this paper presents a novel $n$ -step adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) architecture that combines TD( $\lambda $ ) with regular TD learning for solving optimal control problems with reduced iterations. In contrast with a backward view learning of TD( $\lambda $ ) that is required an extra parameter named eligibility traces to update at the end of each episode (offline training), the new design in this paper has forward view learning, which is updated at each time step (online training) without needing the eligibility trace parameter in various applications without mathematical models. Therefore, the new design is called the online model-free $n$ -step action-dependent (AD) heuristic dynamic programming [NSHDP( $\lambda $ )]. NSHDP( $\lambda $ ) has three neural networks: the critic network (CN) with regular one-step TD [TD(0)], the CN with $n$ -step TD learning [or TD( $\lambda $ )], and the actor network (AN). Because the forward view learning does not require any extra eligibility traces associated with each state, the NSHDP( $\lambda $ ) architecture has low computational costs and is memory efficient. Furthermore, the stability is proven for NSHDP( $\lambda $ ) under certain conditions by using Lyapunov analysis to obtain the uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) property. We compare the results with the performance of HDP and traditional action-dependent HDP( $\lambda $ ) [ADHDP( $\lambda $ )] with different $\lambda $ values. Moreover, a complex nonlinear system and 2-D maze problem are two simulation benchmarks in this paper, and the third one is an inverted pendulum simulation benchmark, which is presented in the supplemental material part of this paper. NSHDP( $\lambda $ ) performance is examined and compared with other ADP methods.
Improving Prediction Efficacy through Abnormality Detection and Data Preprocessing.

Abnormal testing data can severely reduce model performance if not processed properly. In this paper, we propose a preprocessing system to handle different types of commonly seen abnormal testing data. The system consists of an aberrant data detector and an aberrant data corrector. The aberrant data detector is responsible for classifying the type of incoming data. Based on the data type, the aberrant data corrector will take different actions to amend testing data. Users can then apply their preferred prediction methods on the corrected testing data. Specifically, corrupted and adversarial images are used as examples of abnormal data. We show that corrupted data can be reconstructed through a Gaussian locally linear mappings method, and the prediction performance of adversarial samples can be improved by using the nearest neighbors as a surrogate. We compare the proposed aberrant data detector and corrector with existing and well-recognized alternatives. These approaches are published individually and do not put two components together as a pre-processing system. The numerical outcomes show that our proposed components, standing alone, are competitive. The proposed system is a generic method that can be applied to different downstream predictive models. We use three existing prediction methods to illustrate the general usage of the proposed system and its capability of improving prediction efficacy.
Complete Eats: Summer Meals Offered by the Emergency Department for Food Insecurity.

More than 21 million low-income children rely on free or reduced-price meals during the school year. The US Department of Agriculture Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) provides meals to children during the summer months, but these programs are underused. The emergency department (ED) of urban medical centers is 1 of the few establishments that children access during the summer months, and as such, it may be a prime point of entry for such programs. This advocacy case study describes the implementation and evaluation of situating an SFSP in the pediatric ED and explores the impact on participant intention to connect with community resources after the ED visit. In this 7-week pilot, we partnered with a community agency to provide free lunch to all children ages 2 to 18 during their ED visit at an urban, freestanding children’s hospital. After patient rooming and clarification of nil per os status, boxed meals were delivered to patients and siblings along with information regarding the SFSP and how to access community program sites. Parents completed a survey about the experience with the meal program in the ED, previous knowledge of the SFSP, and intention to use community SFSP sites in the future. This case study demonstrates that situating the SFSP in the acute-care clinical setting is acceptable and has strong potential to improve the historically poor connection between families and critical community resources. Additionally, this project highlights the potential of community-clinical partnerships to improve family resources and enhance the reach of established programs.
A Generic Virtual Reality Training Simulator for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Cell microinjection is a well-known procedure where a fine tip micropipette is used to deliver a precise amount of substance into the cell. The procedure requires extremely high precision, depth perception and hand-eye coordination for maneuvering the micro-pipette especially when performed using a micro-robotic system. To train users on procuring these skills, we have introduced a VR training simulator with basic training modules in our preceding paper, which is developed using a generic open-source physics engine called the Simulation Open Framework Architecture (SOFA). In this paper, we produce one advanced training module which trains the users on complete cell injection procedures. We have also introduced evaluation mechanism to evaluate learning rate of a user, which consists of important evaluation metrics, i.e., (i) trajectory, (ii) positioning accuracy, (iii) and injection force. Based on our development, we noticed that a VR training simulator for training on cell injection procedures can be very effective and feasible to facilitate independent and unsupervised learning.
Refining a great idea: the consolidation of PECS I, PECS II and serratus blocks into a single thoracic fascial plane block, the SAP block

The popularity of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks has impacted the practice of regional anesthesia in profound ways, improving some techniques and introducing new ones. Some of these new nerve blocks are based on the concept of fascial plane blocks, in which the local anesthetic is injected into a plane instead of around a specific nerve. Pectoralis muscles (PECS) and serratus blocks, most commonly used for post op analgesia after breast surgery, are good examples. Among the nerves targeted by PECS/serratus blocks are different branches of the brachial plexus that traditionally have been considered purely motor nerves. This unsubstantiated claim is a departure from accepted anatomical knowledge and challenges our understanding of the sensory innervation of the chest wall. The objective of this Daring Discourse is to look beyond the ability of PECS/serratus blocks to provide analgesia/anesthesia of the chest wall, to concentrate instead on understanding the mechanism of action of these blocks and, in the process, test the veracity of the claim. After a comprehensive review of the evidence we have concluded that (1) the traditional model of sensory innervation of the chest wall, which derives from the lateral branches of the upper intercostal nerves and does not include branches of the brachial plexus, is correct. (2) PECS/serratus blocks share the same mechanism of action, blocking the lateral branches of the upper intercostal nerves, and so their varied success is tied to their ability to reach them. This common mechanism agrees with the traditional innervation model. (3) A common mechanism of action supports the consolidation of PECS/serratus blocks into a single thoracic fascial plane block with a point of injection closer to the effector site. In a nod to transversus abdominus plane block, the original inspiration for PECS blocks, we propose naming this modified block, the serratus anterior plane block.
Can Inositol Pyrophosphates Inform Strategies for Developing Low Phytate Crops

Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are an emerging class of "high-energy" intracellular signaling molecules, containing one or two diphosphate groups attached to an inositol ring, that are connected with phosphate sensing, jasmonate signaling, and inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) storage in plants. While information regarding this new class of signaling molecules in plants is scarce, the enzymes responsible for their synthesis have recently been elucidated. This review focuses on InsP6 synthesis and its conversion into PP-InsPs, containing seven and eight phosphate groups (InsP7 and InsP8). These steps involve two types of enzymes: the ITPKs that phosphorylate InsP6 to InsP7, and the PPIP5Ks that phosphorylate InsP7 to InsP8. This review also considers the potential roles of PP-InsPs in plant hormone and inorganic phosphate (Pi) signaling, along with an emerging role in bioenergetic homeostasis. PP-InsP synthesis and signaling are important for plant breeders to consider when developing strategies that reduce InsP6 in plants, as this will likely also reduce PP-InsPs. Thus, this review is primarily intended to bridge the gap between the basic science aspects of PP-InsP synthesis/signaling and breeding/engineering strategies to fortify foods by reducing InsP6.
Between nativism and displacement: Citizens, strangers, and surplus status in the contemporary age:

After noting similarities between 1930s Europe and the Western political climate today, this article probes the looming surplus status of migrants fleeing crises in their countries of departure who...
Ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide release from pig manure in under-floor deep pits.

Abstract Releases of ammonia (NH 3 ), hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from deep manure pits were investigated in two overnight tests to minimize the influence of solar radiation and sudden outdoor temperature changes using two pig fattening buildings. The rooms of the buildings had been emptied and cleaned between groups of pigs. The identical buildings had tunnel and pit ventilation fans and 2·4 m deep under-floor pits with a surface area of 800 m 2 each. The first test was conducted in Building 3A. A new manure additive was applied in the pit to reduce gas and odour emission. The pit ventilation mode was used and the building was heated for about 1 h with one direct-fired propane space heater. The second test was conducted in Building 3B, in which the pit did not receive the additive application. The tunnel ventilation mode was used and the building was heated for about 2 h with two space heaters. Gas concentrations, ventilation, temperatures and differential pressure were continuously measured overnight. Gas release rates in the tests were compared with the gas release rates in the same buildings when they were fully occupied. Ammonia release rates during heating were 167±11 g/h (mean±95% confidence interval) in the first test and 46±2 g/h in the second test, equivalent to 65·5 and 24·9% of the rates from fully occupied buildings, respectively. The maximum H 2 S release rates measured after 1 h of heating were 9·6 g/h in the first test and 3·1 g/h in the second test, equivalent to 80 and 41% of the full buildings, respectively. The maximum CO 2 release rates after heating were 3·4 kg/h in the first test and 7·0 kg/h in the second test. Heating immediately increased NH 2 , H 2 S and CO 2 concentrations and release rates in the under-floor pits in both tests. Ventilation modes and rates affected the indoor gas concentrations at different locations. Higher ventilation rate was related to higher gas release rate in the first test. A peculiar behaviour of H 2 S characterized by burst releases was found in the two tests. It was a new phenomenon not yet reported in the literature and might be related to some unexpected incidents involving acute H 2 S concentrations in animal facilities.
Angry Birds vs. Sudoku: How Different Types of Tasks in Multitasking Affect Ad Memory and Mind Wandering

The rise of mobile usage, as well as increasing amount of information, contributes to the individual’s inattention to ads and multitasking behavior. In many situations, multitasking has taken atten...
Radiotherapy clinical trial enrollment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused profound changes in radiation oncology practices, including delays to treatment and reductions in patient volume, staff, and practice revenue....
Submandibular Gland Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma with Osseous Metastasis: A First Reported Case and Review of the Literature

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) is a low grade tumor that comprises 1% of all salivary tumors. Local recurrence is not uncommon, but rarely does this tumor demonstrate distant metastasis. We describe a case of a 53-year old female presenting with an asymptomatic, slowly enlarging left submandibular neck mass. Excision of the left submandibular gland (SMG) revealed epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma with extensive perineural invasion and microscopically positive margins. A subsequent left supraomohyoid neck dissection demonstrated no residual tumor. The patient was stable for one year until a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) workup for low back pain revealed multiple sclerotic lesions in the iliac crest and lumbar spine, with an iliac crest biopsy demonstrating metastasis. 2.5 year post-operative positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) revealed increased [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity in the right iliac crest, pubic symphysis, thoracic and lumbar spine, 9th rib, and sternum concerning for local recurrence and further osseous metastasis. We report the first known case of a submandibular gland EMC with osseous metastasis and highlight the need for prolonged tumor surveillance.
Identification of Epstein-Barr Virus Related Risk Factors for the Occurrence of Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in Lung Transplant Recipients

Purpose Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is the second most common malignancy in solid organ transplantation. Based on recent registry data, ≈ 1.1% of lung transplants (LTx) develop PTLD within the first year. PTLD confers significant morbidity and mortality and has been associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The threshold for EBV viremia predictive of PTLD is unknown. In the current study we examined risk factors for PTLD development and the relationship between EBV viremia and PTLD in LTx was assessed. Methods A single-center, retrospective review of all LTx recipients from 1/1/2009 - 7/31/2019 with EBV viremia was conducted. All patients (pts) with at least one positive EBV PCR test were reviewed for EBV viremia progression and PTLD occurrence. PTLD was confirmed by review of oncology notes, biopsy results, computed tomography and positron emission tomography scans. Results One hundred and forty-seven pts were included. Thirty-four (24.8%) underwent work-up for PTLD, of whom ten were diagnosed with PTLD. Median time from transplant to EBV viremia was 368 days (IQR 111-1201) with PTLD diagnosis occurring at a median of 521 days (IQR 150-741) after LTx. The PTLD(+) group had a higher baseline median EBV PCR of 2613 copies/mL (IQR 680-6099) vs 528 copies/mL (IQR 369-930) in PTLD(-) pts and an increased number of positive PCRs; 3.5 (IQR 2-10) vs 1 (IQR 1-2). In patients with EBV IgG data available, (n=66), Donor(+)/Recipient(-) pts were more likely to develop PTLD than other groups, RR = 18.3 (95% CI 3.93, 85.32); p 1930 copies/mL had a significantly higher risk of PTLD development, RR = 31.03 (95 %CI 9.44, 102.02); p Conclusion EBV mismatch, higher viral loads, and persistence of viremia may be indicative of PTLD development. Patients with an EBV viral load >1930 copies/ml may benefit from closer surveillance.
Coarsening mechanism of LiAlO2 in acidic and basic molten carbonate salts

Abstract Long-term corrosion behaviors of molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) electrolyte matrix with LiAlO2 particle coarsening are evaluated in eutectic Li-Na carbonate melts with different pCO2. In low pCO2 (basic), the rapid growth of LiAlO2 particles by Ostwald ripening is observed. TEM analysis verifies the continued process of dissolution and precipitation of LiAlO2 nanocrystals that promotes LiAlO2 crystal growth. It is revealed that this growth process is accompanied by α–γ phase transition through a Li5AlO4 intermediate phase. In high pCO2 (acidic) conditions, oriented attachment, primarily between the (003) and (012) planes of α-LiAlO2 crystals, leads to interparticle coalition and growth.
Mission Design for the 2020 Mercury Lander Decadal Survey

This paper presents the mission design for a Mercury Lander concept in support of NASA’s 2020 Planetary Science Decadal Survey. We evaluated both chemical and solar electric propulsion trajectory options for the interplanetary and orbital phases. Like previous missions, our solution uses a series of Venus and Mercury gravity assists to reduce the total delta-V needed to capture at Mercury. Solar electric propulsion offers significant propellant savings for the interplanetary phases, but results in unreasonably long flight times during the orbital lowering phase. Based on these trades, we selected a trajectory that uses a NEXT-C electric propulsion system with a baseline power of 9 kW to orbit match with Mercury. Upon arrival at Mercury, the electric propulsion stage is jettisoned, and a chemical system performs orbit insertion and lowering to the final orbit. Descent and landing are performed using a solid rocket motor and liquid propulsion system, respectively. The arrival is phased so that the lander can operate in local nighttime for up to 13 weeks, with direct-to-Earth communication availability for up to 7 weeks.
Empowering Evolving Social Network Users with Privacy Rights.

Considerable concerns exist over privacy on social networks, and huge debates persist about how to extend the artifacts users need to effectively protect their rights to privacy. While many interesting ideas have been proposed, no single approach appears to be comprehensive enough to be the front runner. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive and novel reference conceptual model for privacy in constantly evolving social networks and establish its novelty by briefly contrasting it with contemporary research. We also present the contours of a possible query language that we can develop with desirable features in light of the reference model, and refer to a new query language, {\em PiQL}, developed on the basis of this model that aims to support user driven privacy policy authoring and enforcement. The strength of our model is that such extensions are now possible by developing appropriate linguistic constructs as part of query languages such as SQL, as demonstrated in PiQL.
Solution of Nonlinear Least Squares Problems on a Multiprocessor

In this paper we describe algorithms for solving nonlinear least-squares problems on a message-passing multiprocessor. We demonstrate new parallel algorithms, including an efficient parallel algorithm for determining the Levenberg-Marquardt parameter and a new row-oriented QR factorization algorithm. Experimental results obtained on an Intel iPSC hypercube are presented and compared with sequential MINPACK code executed on a single processor. These experimental results show that essentially full efficiency is obtained for problems where the row size is sufficiently larger than the number of processors. These algorithms have the advantage of involving only simple data movements and consequently are not constrained to the hypercube architecture.
Annihilating host defense.

Over time, bacteria have evolved mechanisms to enable them to outwit the efforts of their host to destroy them. New studies have uncovered a hitherto unknown mechanism of defense used by one of the commonest bacteria to infect humans, and a major pathogen, group A Streptococcus ( pages 1298–1305 )
Six alternatives to mixed methods in qualitative research

Mixed methods are becoming more common in qualitative research, to the extent that they may come to dominate the field. In this article, I argue that there are at least six viable alternatives to mixed methods within the domain of qualitative research proper that qualitative researchers can use to collect, organize and analyse their findings. These six alternatives are juxtaposing, appropriating, prospecting, data grading and the examination of ingredients and presence. These alternatives are introduced and illustrated using formal and informal research examples from my own work.
The steric effect in lysogenization by bacteriophage λ: IV. Superinfection of nonimmune lysogens

Abstract A strain of Escherichia coli diploid for the λ attachment site was made lysogenic for the heteroimmune hybrid phage λ imm434 or the deletion-defective prophage λ cryptic. When these strains were superinfected with wild-type λ, most of the double lysogens produced carried the superinfecting phage at the initially unoccupied site ( trans to the original prophage). This contrasts with superinfection by λ of λ-immune lysogens, where all addition is cis . In mixed superinfection of imm434 lysogens with wild-type λ and λ imm434 , the presence of the λ phage allows trans addition of the λ imm434 , which would otherwise go cis to its homoimmune prophage. This suggests that immunity blocks the production of some diffusible factor that promotes integration rather than rendering the phage genome an unsuitable substrate for the integration process. This factor is equated with the phage-specific “integrase” because an int mutant is unable to promote trans addition of λ imm434 in an imm434 lysogen. Of the λ-21 hybrid phages tested, only the one which attaches at the λ site complements λ int . This indicates that the int function is site specific.
Quantification of myocardial blood flow using non-ECG-triggered MR imaging.

Purpose: MR myocardial perfusion imaging is dependent on reliable electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering for accurate measurement of myocardial blood flow (MBF). A non–ECGtriggered method for quantitative first-pass imaging may improve clinical feasibility in patients with poor ECG signal. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of a non–ECG-triggered method for myocardial perfusion imaging in a single slice. Methods: The proposed non–ECG-triggered technique uses a saturation-recovery magnetization preparation and goldenangle radial acquisition for integrated arterial input function (AIF) measurement. Image based self-gating with a temporal resolution of 42.6 ms is used to generate a first-pass image series with consistent cardiac phase. The AIF is measured using beat-by-beat T1 estimation of the ventricular blood pool. The proposed technique was performed on 14 healthy volunteers and compared against a conventional ECG-triggered dual-bolus acquisition. Results: The proposed method produced MBF with no significant difference compared with ECG-triggered technique (mean of 0.63 60.22 mL/min/g to 0.73 60.21 mL/min/g). Conclusion: We have developed a non–ECG-triggered perfusion imaging method with T1 based measurement of the AIF in a single slice. In this preliminary study, our results demonstrate that MBF measured using the proposed method is comparable to the conventional ECG-triggered method. Magn Reson Med 000:000–000, 2014. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals,
Insulin rapidly induces the biosynthesis of elongation factor 2

Abstract Insulin increases the rate of overall protein synthesis in many cells and tissues, while inducing the preferential expression of individual proteins. To identify and characterize such proteins, NIH 3T3 cells stably expressing more than 10(6) human insulin receptors per cell (HIR 3.5; Whittaker, J., Okamoto, A. K., Thys, R., Bell, G. I., Steiner, D. F., and Hofmann, C. A. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84, 5237-5241) were treated with insulin in the presence of [35S]methionine, and labeled proteins were separated using ultra-high resolution ("giant") two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Overall protein synthesis was enhanced as much as 3-fold by insulin treatment; the synthesis of approximately 1% of the 2,500 proteins visible on the gel autoradiographs was further selectively increased. By using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation and comigration assays, we identified one of the rapidly induced proteins (Mr 96,000; pI 6.8) as eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EF-2), a major component of the protein translation apparatus. Insulin induced the synthesis of EF-2 within 20 min of treatment, with a half-maximal dose of 10(-11) M. It was synthesized as a precursor form that was processed to a more basic mature species within 30 min. Long term treatment with insulin led to accumulation of EF-2 within the cell and prevented the substantial decrease in EF-2 concentration that occurred during serum deprivation. Finally, we found that insulin induction of EF-2 occurred normally in the presence of the RNA-transcription inhibitor, actinomycin D. Thus, insulin rapidly induced the synthesis of EF-2 predominantly or exclusively at the level of mRNA translation.
The Impact of Accounting Conservatism on the Magnitude of the Differential Information Content of Cash Flows and Accruals

This study documents the relation between accounting conservatism and the differential response to operating accruals. Feltham and Ohlson's (1995) valuation framework predicts a positive association between the valuation multiple on operating assets and accounting conservatism. The relation between operating assets and operating accruals provides the basis for Feltham and Ohlson's (1995) further prediction of a positive association between the response coefficient to operating accruals and accounting conservatism. Stober (1996) and Ahmed, Morton, and Schaefer (2000) present evidence that the valuation multiple on operating assets is increasing in conservatism. Hence, by investigating the relation between conservatism and the differential response to operating accruals, this study extends the findings of Stober (1996) and Ahmed, Morton, and Schaefer (2000) and provides additional evidence on the agreement of the Feltham and Ohlson (1995) framework with the data.Results are presented for both cross-sectiona...
The Constrained Search Approach, Mappings to External Potentials, and Virial-Like Theorems for Electron-Density and One-Matrix Energy-Functional Theories

Quantitative predictions by means of electronic wavefunctions, within the framework of the Schroedinger equation, continues to be quite cumbersome for systems large enough to be of interest because the dimensions of wavefunctions grow spacially as three times the number or electrons. Density functional theory provides an attractive alternative to wavefunctional theory because the electron density possesses only three dimensions no matter how large the system. Similarly, the reduced spacial one-matrix possesses only six dimensions regardless the size of the system. Furthermore, a formal justification for density functional theory arises from the fact, which is by now well-known, that a ground-state electron density contains implicitly all the information embedded within its ground-state wave-function. Specifically, as proved by Hohenberg and Kohn, a ground-state electron density contains sufficient information to determine the more complicated ground-state wavefunctions.1
Gyroscopic Forces and Collision Avoidance with Convex Obstacles

This paper introduces gyroscopic forces as an tool that can be used in addition to the use of potential forces in the study of collision and convex obstacle avoidance. It makes use of the concepts of a detection shell and a safety shell and shows, in an appropriate context, that collisions are avoided, while at the same time guaranteeing that control objectives determined by a potential function are met. In related publications, we refine and extend the method to include flocking and swarming behavior.
Initial observations of lunar impact melts and ejecta flows with the Mini-RF radar

The Mini-RF radar on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter's spacecraft has revealed a great variety of crater ejecta flow and impact melt deposits, some of which were not observed in prior radar imaging. The craters Tycho and Glushko have long melt flows that exhibit variations in radar backscatter and circular polarization ratio along the flow. Comparison with optical imaging reveals that these changes are caused by features commonly seen in terrestrial lava flows, such as rafted plates, pressure ridges, and ponding. Small (less than 20 km) sized craters also show a large variety of features, including melt flows and ponds. Two craters have flow features that may be ejecta flows caused by entrained debris flowing across the surface rather than by melted rock. The circular polarization ratios (CPRs) of the impact melt flows are typically very high; even ponded areas have CPR values between 0.7-1.0. This high CPR suggests that deposits that appear smooth in optical imagery may be rough at centimeter- and decimeter- scales. In some places, ponds and flows are visible with no easily discernable source crater. These melt deposits may have come from oblique impacts that are capable of ejecting melted material farther downrange. They may also be associated with older, nearby craters that no longer have a radar-bright proximal ejecta blanket. The observed morphology of the lunar crater flows has implications for similar features observed on Venus. In particular, changes in backscatter along many of the ejecta flows are probably caused by features typical of lava flows.
Comparative community structure ofChamaecyparis thyoides bog forests: Canopy diversity

Chamaecyparisthyoides (L) BSP (Atlantic White Cedar), found only in acid wetlands of the eastern United States coast, dominates readily-recognized biotic assemblages that vary with latitude. This is the first of a four-part study of the literature on biota associated withC.thyoides throughout its range. The number of tree species found with cedar in each state ranges from 2 to 18. State regions with the highest canopy diversity are: east and west Florida, Massachusetts and Mississippi. States with the lowest number of associated tree species are: Alabama, Georgia and New York and Maryland. Fifty-five tree species are found growing withC.thyoides overall, with no single species in all the 17 state-regions of its range. Most trees co-occur in a narrow band: over 85% are found in 5 states or less. Species most frequently associated are:Acerrubrum,Nyssasylvatica andMagnoliavirginiana. Fire control, logging, road building, mosquito control and agricultural practices continue to alter and obliterateC.thyoides communities.
Orbital, mediastinal, and cervicofacial subcutaneous emphysema after endodontic retreatment of a mandibular premolar: a case report.

Abstract Introduction Subcutaneous emphysema (SCE) rarely occurs from endodontic treatment. Most reported cases of iatrogenic SCE occur in the cervicofacial region. Only a few cases have been reported of SCE extending into the mediastinum or orbital spaces. In the present report, we describe a concomitant occurrence of orbital, mediastinal, and cervicofacial SCE immediately after endodontic retreatment. Methods A 33-year-old woman presented to the hospital with acute swelling of the right side of her face and neck. Earlier in the day, she began experiencing rapid swelling while undergoing endodontic retreatment of a mandibular right first premolar by her general dentist. The dentist immediately referred the case to an oral surgeon who then ordered additional tests and radiographic studies at the hospital. From there, the patient received consultation and comprehensive treatment by a multidisciplinary team of medical and dental staff. Results Physical examination, laboratory tests, and computed tomographic studies confirmed a diagnosis of SCE. Extensive air pockets were detected within the orbital, mediastinum, and cervicofacial spaces. The patient was admitted to the hospital and underwent treatment and observation for massive SCE with likely secondary infection. On the fifth day, she was discharged after showing dramatic improvement. Conclusions SCE may go undetected or misdiagnosed. Complications may be fatal. Therefore, clinicians should apply preventive measures and know how to identify and manage SCE. We review reports of SCE in the last century, discuss etiology and differential diagnosis, and present recommendations for prevention and management of SCE.
Building New Water Resources Projects or Managing Existing Systems

Abstract The planning of regional water resources systems and their subsequent management has to rest firmly on three foundations: availability of water of adequate quality, demand for water expressed quantitatively for specific periods of time, and direct, indirect, and externality costs. Mathematical models of hydrosystems represent only a segment of the real world. The basic science of hydrology is an empirical discipline, and its basic law is the continuity equation. Optimization of operating rules based on this law of conservation of matter may face difficulties when the objective function is expressed in economic terms. Overcoming this obstacle requires the use of targets (for water releases and stored volumes) expressible in physical units. The optimization objective can then be expressed as the sum of the squares of the differences between the results of the analysis and the targets. An additional complexity is created by parties who are interested in regional hydrosystems for purposes other than ...