cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acceptability of mesquite as a flavoring agent among Native Americans in Arizona

Mesquite (Prosopis sp.) is a fast-growing tree that produces abundant amounts of pods. Although these pods were once part of the diet of Southwest Native Americans, little is known today regarding the acceptability of mesquite flour. We standardized a recipe using mesquite flour with a commercially available ready-to-eat cereal product and tested the acceptance of the product with Native American participants (n=84). Participants were asked to complete a food acceptability survey and a food action rating survey to determine taste sensory perception and expected frequency of consumption. Although participants were significantly more likely (P = 0.008) to prefer the cereal without mesquite than with the mesquite added, participants reported favorable acceptability with the cereal, both with and without mesquite flour added. The results of the FACT food frequency survey were positive for both the product with mesquite added and without, with no significant difference (P = 0.07) between the two. These data support the potential for mesquite to be reincorporated as an acceptable ingredient in modern diets of Native Americans.
Zamolodchikov's c -theorem reexamined

We present an alternative proof of Zamolodchikov's {ital c}-theorem using finite-size field-theory methods. We find that although the existence of a {ital c} function which decreases along renormalization-group flows and coincides with the conformal anomaly at the fixed points is independent of the renormalization scheme, the relationship between the {ital c} function and the beta function is scheme dependent. We discuss some of the consequences of our proof.
Media Exposure and Attitudes Toward Drug Addiction Spending, 1975–2004

In this article we examine the relationships between media exposure (television and newspaper) and drug addiction spending attitudes. Theory and research suggest the critical role of media for shaping views and influencing public opinion. However, no studies have considered media's impact for individual-level drug-related attitudes. We examine this using General Social Survey and other data from 1975 to 2004. Results from logistic regression analyses indicate that greater frequency of television viewing and of newspaper reading are associated with higher likelihoods of saying too little money is spent to address addiction. These findings are robust even when accounting for other factors.
Nineteenth century US religious crisis and the sociology of music

Abstract This study argues that, in the US, key forms of studying music as a social and cultural phenomenon emerged during the nineteenth century—particularly salient were the social dimensions that surrounded the music making of slaves in the decades that encompassed the Civil War. Critical reflection on slave music was rooted in the religious debates that coincided with the abolitionist movement. This critical reflection yielded, first, a hermeneutical approach to the music making of slaves and, later, a formalistic approach to slave songs (i.e., spirituals). From religious crisis and critical reflection, then, came the first fully modern sociology of music in the US.
Quantification of microstructural features in α/β titanium alloys

Abstract Mechanical properties of α/β Ti alloys are closely related to their microstructure. The complexity of the microstructural features involved makes it rather difficult to develop models for predicting properties of these alloys. Developing predictive rules-based models for α/β Ti alloys requires a huge database consisting of quantified microstructural data. This in turn requires the development of rigorous stereological procedures capable of quantifying the various microstructural features of interest imaged using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs. In the present paper, rigorous stereological procedures have been developed for quantifying four important microstructural features in these alloys: thickness of Widmanstatten α laths, colony scale factor, prior β grain size, and volume fraction of Widmanstatten α laths.
Amphibian embryo protease inhibitor. II. Biological properties of the inhibitor and its associated protease

Abstract A protease purified from amphibian ovaries and young embryos is highly localized in yolk platelets. The inhibitor appears to be variably associated in yolk platelets with relatively non-polar materials. In a given tissue, the inhibitor is no longer present at exactly the time when yolk depletion is complete. Trypsin inhibitors are widely distributed in eggs and embryos of both vertebrates and invertebrates. We have also demonstrated the presence of a trypsin-like protease in oocytes and embryos capable of activating the tyrosine oxidase zymogen. The protease is strongly inhibited by yolk platelet protease inhibitor. A model for cellular differentiation with respect to tyrosine metabolism (based on this paper and several others from this laboratory) is presented.
Registration of SJ-U86 Cotton Germplasm Line with High Yield and Excellent Fiber Quality

Cotton germplasm SJ-U86 (Reg. no. GP-868, PI 642414 and NSSL 441398.01), released in California, USA in 2006, was derived from the cross between cultivars FiberMax 958 and SG 248. SJ-U86 has superior lint yield, fibre length and competitive fibre strength under heat stress environments compared to the Acala cottons of California.
Cofactor-directed inactivation by nucleophilic amines of the quinoprotein methylamine dehydrogenase from Paracoccus denitrificans

Phenylhydrazine, semicarbazide, aminoguanidine, hydrazine, and hydroxylamine each irreversibly inactivated methylamine dehydrogenase from Paracoccus denitrificans and caused changes in the absorbance spectrum of the protein-bound tryptophan tryptophylquinone [TTQ] prosthetic group. Different spectral perturbations were observed on reaction with each of these inactivators. In each case a stoichiometry of 2 mol per mol of enzyme (1:1 per cofactor) was required to observe complete modification of the absorbance spectrum. Identical changes were observed in the presence and absence of oxygen. The reactions of hydrazine and hydroxylamine were very rapid, with stoichiometric inactivation occurring in less than 30 s. Inactivation by phenylhydrazine and semicarbazide exhibited apparent bimolecular kinetics and second order rate constants for inactivation, respectively, of 25 min−1 mM−1 and 39 min−1 mM−1. In contrast, inactivation by aminoguanidine exhibited saturation behavior and kinetic parameters of K1 = 2.5mM and kinact = 0.5min−1 were obtained. Ammonium salts did not inactivate the enzyme, but were reversible competitive inhibitors with respect to methylamine. A Ki of 20 mM was obtained for ammonium chloride. A mechanism for the reactions of these compounds with the TTQ cofactor of methylamine dehydrogenase is proposed, and the relationship of these data to the mechanisms of interaction of these compounds with o-quinones and other quinoproteins which possess TTQ and other quinone cofactors is discussed.
Relationship between 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate and the renal organic base transport system.

Abstract At concentrations which did not alter tissue oxygen consumption, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4,5-T) increased the rate of tetraethylammonium (TEA) efflux from renal slices by 35–130 per cent. The efflux of N 1 -methylnicotinamide (NMN) was unaffected by 2,4,5-T. The steady-state transport of 2,4,5-T by renal slices was not altered by competitive or irreversible inhibitors of the base transport system. These data and others indicate that, despite 2,4,5-T-TEA interaction, 2,4,5-T is not transported totally or even to a great extent by the renal organic base secretory mechanism. A model is presented that is consistent with all the observations.
Flaxseed Treatments to Reduce Biohydrogenation of α-Linolenic Acid by Rumen Microbes in Cattle

Enrichment of beef muscle with n-3 fatty acids (FA) is one means to introduce these FA into the diet, but ruminal biohydrogenation limits their bioavailability. To address this problem, we evaluated the ability of condensed tannin (quebracho), in the presence or absence of casein, to protect 18:3n-3 in flaxseed from hydrogenation by ruminal microbes in cattle using an in vitro fermentation approach coupled with evaluation in cattle in vivo. Treated and untreated flaxseed was incubated with bovine rumen fluid for 0 and 24 h. With tannin treated flaxseed, hydrogenation of 18:3n-3 was limited to only 13% over 24 h compared to 43% for untreated flaxseed, while addition of casein to the tannin added no additional protection. To determine if a similar level of protection would occur in vivo, we used two groups of five steers fed either a grain-based or forage-based diet. Five steers were given a grain-based diet during the trial and were fed either ground flaxseed or tannin treated flaxseed for 15 days prior to blood collection for plasma lipid fatty acid analysis. The forage fed steers followed the same regimen. Ingestion of tannin-treated flaxseed did not increase 18:3n-3 and 20:5n-3 in plasma neutral lipids as compared to non-treated flaxseed. Thus, we demonstrated that treating ground flaxseed with quebracho tannin is not useful for increasing 18:3n-3 in the neutral lipid of bovine blood plasma, and suggest caution when interpreting results from in vitro trials that test potential treatments for protecting fatty acids from hydrogenation by ruminal microbes.
Wing Geometry and Dynamic Similarity in Insect Flight

The study of insect and bird flight has always been a curiosity, but it is yet to be described as plentifully as fixed wing aerodynamics. The United States military has expressed an interest in this topic, providing some institutions with funding. The main intention for this type of research is to develop small robots resembling insects or birds for use in exploration, surveillance and intelligence. While conceptually these applications could be accomplished with fixed-wing aircraft, there is a tremendous lack of stealth in these vehicles. The velocities associated with the required lift forces for small flapping-wing insect flights are significantly smaller than for insect-size fixed-wing aircraft. Therefore, it is more feasible and practical to aim for flapping wing flight.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Semismoothness and decomposition of maximal normal operators

Abstract A function is semismooth if and only if its subdifferential is semicontinuous. All the semicontinuous operators form a big linear subspace of the maximal normal operator space. By “big,” we mean that this subspace includes all the continuous operators and all the maximal monotone operators. All the decomposable maximal normal operators form another big subspace.
Parental legacy determines methylation and expression of an autosomal transgene: A molecular mechanism for parental imprinting

We have created a transgenic mouse strain in which an autosomal transgene bearing elements of the RSV LTR and a translocated c-myc gene obeys very unusual rules. If the transgene is inherited from the male parent, it is expressed in the heart and no other tissue. If it is inherited from the female parent, it is not expressed at all. This pattern of expression correlates precisely with a parentally imprinted methylation state evident in all tissues. Methylation of the transgene is acquired by its passage through the female parent and eliminated during gametogenesis in the male. These observations provide direct molecular evidence that autosomal gene expression can depend upon the sex of the parent from which the gene is inherited. They also provide a plausible mechanism for understanding parental imprinting that may be relevant to the failure of parthenogenesis in mammals, the apparent non-Mendelian behavior of some autosomal genes, and the role of methylation in gene regulation.
Detection thresholds of nonocclusive intestinal hypoperfusion by Doppler ultrasound, photoplethysmography, and fluorescein.

Abstract Because clinical assessment of bowel viability is unreliable, other methods of determining intestinal perfusion have been recommended. Since none of these quantifies intestinal blood flow, we measured flow at the detection thresholds of Doppler ultrasound, photoplethysmography, and intravenously administered fluorescein, perfused the intestines at these threshold levels, and assessed histologic evidence of ischemic damage. The intestines of five anesthetized dogs were perfused for 4 hours via an in-line pulsatile extracorporeal circuit assembled between the iliac and superior mesenteric arteries at either relatively physiologic (approximately 20 ml/min/kg body weight) levels or reduced levels representing the flow detection thresholds of Doppler ultrasound or photoplethysmographic probes (approximately 4 ml/min/kg). Intravenously administered fluorescein was detected at even lower perfusion levels (approximately 2.1 ml/min/kg). Clear-cut ischemic changes were documented histologically in all subjects perfused at Doppler/PPG flow detection thresholds but in none of those perfused at normal levels. We conclude that threshold blood flow detection by any one of these methods, especially fluorescein, occurs at levels inadequate to guarantee tissue viability. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:28-32.)
U.S. FGGE special data sets and special effort

Abstract Three topics are considered, all resulting from the desire to maximize the utilization and overall quality of the FGGE data sets. First, the production of Level III-b oceanographic and meteorological analyses in the FGGE format has been undertaken by the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center. The oceanographic data, in particular the sub-surface oceanographic data, is a unique addition to the FGGE data base. Next, the FGGE Level II-b data set is the most comprehensive set of synoptic-scale meteorological data ever assembled to date. Under development is a program aimed at compacting and restructuring the Level II-b data according to observing systems, so that the data will be more readily usable and more economical for users interested in smaller and/or different portions of the total FGGE Level II-b data set. Lastly, as a result of the United States pre-FGGE Data Systems Tests, a need was indicated for a special effort to edit and enhance satellite soundings and cloud motion wind data during FGGE. A formal program to carry out such an effort has been established jointly by NASA, NOAA, and the University of Wisconsin.
Ingredients in Fruit Juices Interact with Dasatinib Through Inhibition of BCRP: A New Mechanism of Beverage-Drug Interaction

Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are a group of highly novel and target-specific anticancer drugs. Recently, most TKIs are found to be substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP). However, little information is available regarding the Pgp- or BCRP-mediated interaction of TKIs with coadministered drugs/food/beverage. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of the major ingredients of grapefruit juice (GFJ), orange juice (OJ), apple juice (AJ), and green tea on P-gp and BCRP-mediated dasatinib efflux. Among the 14 ingredients screened, only tangeretin and nobiletin moderately inhibited P-gp-mediated dasatinib efflux. In contrast, four ingredients in GFJ [i.e., bergamottin, 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB), quercetin, and kaempferol], two ingredients in OJ (tangeretin and nobiletin), and one ingredient in AJ (i.e., hesperetin) greatly inhibited BCRP-mediated dasatinib efflux at the concentration of 50 μM (p < 0.001). Further concentration-dependent studies revealed that bergamottin, DHB, tangeretin, and nobiletin are potent BCRP inhibitors, with IC₅₀ values 3.19, 5.2, 1.19, and 1.04 μM, respectively. Further in vivo investigations are warranted to evaluate the BCRP-mediated FJ-TKI interaction. Literature reports only documented the modulatory effect of FJ and green tea on CYP3A, P-gp, and OATP. Our novel finding that FJ ingredients strongly inhibit BCRP may represent a new mechanism of beverage-drug interaction.
On the interpretation of ‘‘ripple’’ polymer interdiffusion experiments in terms of models for bulk single‐chain dynamics

The short‐time ripple in the deuterium fraction profile observed during interdiffusion of deuterium‐labeled polystyrenes, reported by Russell et al. [Nature (London) 365, 235 (1993)] and Agrawal et al. [Macromolecules 27, 4407 (1994)] has been called ‘‘direct evidence of reptation.’’ We suggest that this may overstate the present case. Models of polymer motion which lack the essential features of reptation, in particular the Rouse and polymer mode‐coupling models, are shown here to also predict the qualitative results of these ‘‘ripple’’ interdiffusion experiments. We suggest that for ripple interdiffusion experiments to be able to place stringent restrictions on models for bulk polymer dynamics they must be done with higher resolution of the ripple, and be combined with a more detailed understanding of the equilibrium structure of polymer fluids near interfaces.
Effects of social problem solving, goal setting, and parent training on children's peer relations

Abstract Sixteen boys participated in an 8-week intervention designed to improve peer relations. The intervention evolved from a social-cognitive perspective and incorporated two treatment components, goal setting (GS) and problem solving (PS). Children were assigned to one of four conditions: (a) GS, (b) PS, (c) PS-GS combined, or (d) no treatment. In addition, nine parents of children participated in a parent-training (PT) program designed to improve their understanding of children's friendship problems. Children's and parents' sessions were conducted for 45 to 60 min, once a week. Effectiveness of GS, PS, and PT components was evaluated on the basis of pre- and posttreatment measures, self-monitoring, and direct observations. Children receiving both PS and GS components evidenced the greatest change on measures of beliefs about friendships and friendship behaviors. Parents showed improved understanding of children's friendships after their participation in the program. Resultsvalidate a social-cognitive perspective of friendship interaction and underscore the importance of involving parents in interventions for children's social behaviors.
Paracentric inversions in man

Two new cases of familial paracentric inversions, 46,XY,inv(3)(p21.1p25) and 46,XY,inv(7) (q22.3q36.1) are presented. A review of published cases suggests that prenatal diagnosis for carriers of paracentric inversions is not warranted. However, care must be exercised in eliminating the possibility of insertions.
The adaptor protein Crk in immune response

The adaptor proteins Crk (CT10 (chicken tumor virus number 10) regulator of kinase), including CrkI, CrkII and Crk-like, are important signal molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the roles of the Crk family proteins in signal transduction, with a focus on cellular transformation and differentiation. However, since Crk was identified in 1988, very few studies have addressed how Crk regulates the immune response. Recent work demonstrates that Crk proteins function as critical signal molecules in regulating immune cell functions. Emerging data on the roles of Crk in activation and inhibitory immunoreceptor signaling suggest that Crk proteins are potential immunotherapeutic targets in cancer and infectious diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize recent key findings regarding the role of Crk in immune responses mediated by T, B and natural killer (NK) cells. In particular, the roles of Crk in NK cell functions are discussed.
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity induced in resting lower limb cortex persists during subsequent walking

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of human lower limb motor cortex paired with common peroneal nerve electrical stimulation produces a lasting modulation of motor cortex excitability following the principles of spike-timing-dependent plasticity. We previously demonstrated that this "paired associative stimulation" (PAS) protocol applied during walking induced a bidirectional modulation of cortical excitability. The present study tested the hypothesis that the excitability of lower limb motor cortex assessed during walking is increased when PAS is applied to the resting cortex. PAS was delivered as a block of 120 pairs at 0.5 Hz to healthy subjects (n=13) in three separate sessions. TMS intensity was related to the active threshold obtained in tibialis anterior (TA) during the late swing phase of walking. Therefore, intensities used were below resting thresholds. When PAS using TMS intensities above active threshold was applied to the resting cortex, the normalized amplitude of potentials evoked in TA during subsequent walking increased to 124%. Using the same parameters and applying PAS during the late swing phase of walking, response amplitude increased to 114% of baseline. When the TMS intensity was set to active threshold, PAS applied to the resting cortex did not significantly modulate cortical excitability.
Implicit Large-Eddy Simulations of Zero-Pressure Gradient, Turbulent Boundary Layer

A set of direct simulations of zero-pressure gradient, turbulent boundary layer flows are conducted using various span widths (62-630 wall units), to document their influence on the generated turbulence. The FDL3DI code that solves compressible Navier-Stokes equations using high-order compact-difference scheme and filter, with the standard recycling/rescaling method of turbulence generation, is used. Results are analyzed at two different Re values (500 and 1,400), and compared with spectral DNS data. They show that a minimum span width is required for the mere initiation of numerical turbulence. Narrower domains ((is) less than 100 w.u.) result in relaminarization. Wider spans ((is) greater than 600 w.u.) are required for the turbulent statistics to match reference DNS. The upper-wall boundary condition for this setup spawns marginal deviations in the mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles, particularly in the buffer region.
Inactivation of virus by mustard at varying hydrogen ion concentrations.

SummaryA more complete destruction of virus occurred at acid reactions (pH 6.2) as opposed to alkaline reactions. The results with 5 × 10−3 M mustard also indicated that at alkaline reactions destruction of viral infectivity was completed during the first half minute of mustard-virus interaction. In contrast, at pH 6.2 the action of mustard upon virus extended beyond this half minute and led to complete inactivation of virus which survived the initial period of reaction. 2. A comparison of the interfering capacity of virus inactivated with 5 × 10−3 M mustard at pH 8.0 with that of virus treated with 5 × 10−4 M mustard at pH 6.2 revealed a marked interfering effect for the latter. This observation would appear to suggest a convenient procedure for preparation of interfering suspensions of virus for studies of the interference phenomenon.
Maar-diatreme phreatomagmatism at Hopi Buttes, Navajo Nation (Arizona), USA

Remnants of an extensive maar-diatreme volcanic field are magnificently exposed at various depths of erosion in the Hopi Buttes volcanic field of northeastern Arizona. Field and petrographic studies of both the maar and diatreme elements of a selection of volcanoes within the field show that: (1) lower sections of the maar rim sequences are typically rich in sandy mudrock derived from the pre-eruptive Mio-Pliocene Bidahochi Formation, and the muddy Bidahochi sediment was soft and wet at the time of maar eruptions; (2) beds higher within the rims contain generally increased proportions of sandstone clasts from the Triassic Wingate Formation. In the diatremes, late-emplaced breccia has deeper-seated lithics than more marginal breccia emplaced earlier; and (3) many vents are topped by megacryst-enriched scoria and spatter, and deep-seated xenoliths are known only from upper diatreme and craterfilling tephra. These observations show that: (1) eruptions at Hopi Buttes involved interaction of magma with unconsolidated mudrock at shallow levels, and the phreatomagmatic processes that provided the bulk of the energy involved in the violent eruptions were driven by the interaction of magma and wet sediment; (2) the locus of explosive activity migrated downward as eruptions progressed; and (3) the closing stage of many eruptions was characterized by rapid magma rise and relative depletion of water.
Glycogen Phosphorylase Sequences from the Amitochondriate Protists, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mastigamoeba balamuthi, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis1

Glycogen phosphorylase genes or messages from four amitochondriate eukaryotes, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mastigamoeba balamuthi, Entamoeba histolytica (two genes) and Giardia intestinalis, have been isolated and sequenced. The sequences of the amitochondriate protist enzymes appear to share a most recent common ancestor. The clade containing these sequences is closest to that of another protist, the slime mold (Dictyostelium discoideum), and is more closely related to fungal and plant phosphorylases than to mammalian and eubacterial homologs. Structure-based amino acid alignment shows conservation of the residues and domains involved in catalysis and allosteric regulation by glucose 6-phosphate but high divergence at domains involved in phosphorylation-dependent regulation and AMP binding in fungi and animals. Protist phosphorylases, as their prokaryotic and plant counterparts, are probably not regulated by phosphorylation.
Comparison of FSGO, Hartree–Fock–Roothaan and pseudopotential calculations for Li2

Plots of the pseudopotentials, valence orbitals and their differences for FSGO, large-basis Hartree–Fock–Roothaan and pseudopotential calculations on Li2 are presented. In agreement with earlier arguments, it is concluded that the success of the FSGO procedure depends upon a balanced description of core and valence orbitals. If the description of the core is improved compared to the simple FSGO single-Gaussian characterization, the use of simple FSGO for the valence density is not well attuned to the (more structured) core, and poor results are obtained. Conversely, a proper FSGO pseudopotential yields highly satisfactory FSGO valence orbitals, but is not successful if applied in a large-basis ab initio calculation.
Complementation Mapping in Microcell Hybrids: Localization of XRCC4 to 5q15–q21

Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) offers a unique method for introducing tagged individual human chromosomes from mouse/human monochromosomal hybrids into cell lines displaying recessive mutant phenotypes. Functional analysis of the resultant microcell hybrids bearing different tagged individual human chromosomes permits identification of the complementing chromosome. Using this approach, a number of human DNA repair genes that complement DNA repair defects in Xeroderma pigmentosum, Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom's syndrome, and rodent mutant cells have been mapped to specific chromosomes. In this paper, we present experiments performed to map a DNA double-strand break (dsb) repair gene, XRCC4, to human chromosome 5q15-q21. The introduction of human chromosome 5 into Chinese hamster mutant XR-1 cells corrected their X-ray sensitivity and DNA dsb repair deficiency. Loss of chromosome 5 and concomitant reversion to the radiosensitive phenotype confirmed the presence of XRCC4 on this chromosome. Analysis of DNA markers in radiation-resistant and -sensitive clones bearing different segments of chromosome 5 placed this gene in the region 5q15-q21. These studies demonstrate the application of MMCT technology to the genetic analysis of mutations that escape other experimental approaches.
Nonexistence for the Kassoy problem in dimensions 1 and 2

Modele d'ignition pour l'explosion thermique, a grande energie d'activation, d'un combustible solide
Cloning of a retinally abundant regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS-r/RGS16): genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene

Abstract Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) constitute a family of GTPase-activating proteins with varying tissue-specific expression patterns and G-protein alpha subunit specificities. Here, we describe the molecular cloning of the human RGS-r/RGS16 cDNA, encoding a predicted polypeptide of 23 kDa that shows 86% identity to mouse RGS-r. Northern blot analysis shows that, like the mouse Rgs-r message, hRGS-r mRNA is abundantly expressed in retina, with lower levels of expression in most other tissues examined. Characterization of the genomic organization of the hRGS-r gene shows that it consists of five exons and four introns. We have also mapped the human RGS-r /RGS16 gene to chromosome 1q25–1q31 by fluorescence in situ hybridzation. Analysis of human ESTs reveals that at least five members of the RGS gene family map to chromosome 1q, suggesting that at least part of the RGS family arose through gene duplication. The chromosomal location, retinal abundance, and presumed function of the human RGS-r protein in desensitizing photoreceptor signaling make the RGS-r/RGS16 locus a candidate for mutations responsible for retinitis pigmentosa with para-arteriolar preservation of retinal pigment epithelium (RP-PPRE or RP12), an autosomal recessive disorder previously mapped to 1q31.
Nature Wars: People vs. Pests

The aim of this book is to sound the alarm against dangerous tactics for controlling the pests that are an annoying but integral part of our world. Over 30 years after the devastation wrought by DDT, chemical pesticides are as pervasive as ever. The author argues that this ongoing commitment to pesticides reflects our sense of place in nature: embattled, beleaguered and driven to aggression. Here he seeks to show how a more measured and discriminating approach to pests, one based on management rather than obliteration, might serve us and the natural world much better. Case studies are used and take the reader from lawns and kitchens to farms and orchards, from insects and weeds to rats and coyotes. These show the complex political, biological, economic, social and personal interactions that lie behind each pest management decision. The diverse instances of pest management are considered, and reveal a consistent pattern of mistakes and problems. The author uses these to lead to a realistic, workable proposal for reducing pesticide use.
Serial learning and transfer in rats: Effects of changes in stimulus-stimulus associations, pattern structure, and serial position information

Four groups of rats (n=6 per group) were trained in a runway on a serial learning task. Groups were treated identically in Phase 1, receiving two daily presentations of a five-element series consisting of decreasing numbers of .045-g food pellets over successive runs, for example, 14-7-3-1-0. All groups learned to anticipate, and run slowly to, the terminal 0-pellet element, behavior that has been attributed to learning of a less-than rule, stimulus-stimulus (S-S) associations, and knowledge of the serial position of items. In Phase 2, subjects were transferred to one of four test series: 20-14-7-3-0,20-7-3-14-0, 20-14-7-3-1-0, or 20-7-14-3-1-0. Anticipation was disrupted on the first two series, which maintained the integrity of serial position information and in the first case the less-than rule, but eliminated the terminal portion of the associative chain. Anticipation was unimpaired by transfer to either of the last two series. These series maintained the integrity of the terminal 3-1-0 portion of the associative chain but presented altered information about serial position, and in the last case also altered the less-than rule. The results, which supported the memory-discrimination model of rat serial learning, are discussed with reference to related transfer experiments in human serial learning.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Dss1p Is a DNA Damage Checkpoint Protein That Recruits Rad24p, Cdc25p, and Rae1p to DNA Double-strand Breaks

Schizosaccharomyces pombe Dss1p and its homologs function in multiple cellular processes including recombinational repair of DNA and nuclear export of messenger RNA. We found that Tap-tagged Rad24p, a member of the 14-3-3 class of proteins, co-purified Dss1p along with mitotic activator Cdc25p, messenger RNA export/cell cycle factor Rae1p, 19 S proteasomal factors, and recombination protein Rhp51p (a Rad51p homolog). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that Dss1p recruited Rad24p and Rae1p to the double-strand break (DSB) sites. Furthermore, Cdc25p also recruited to the DSB site, and its recruitment was dependent on Dss1p, Rad24p, and the protein kinase Chk1p. Following DSB, all nuclear Cdc25p was found to be chromatin-associated. We found that Dss1p and Rae1p have a DNA damage checkpoint function, and upon treatment with UV light Δdss1 cells entered mitosis prematurely with indistinguishable timing from Δrad24 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Dss1p plays a critical role in linking repair and checkpoint factors to damaged DNA sites by specifically recruiting Rad24p and Cdc25p to the DSBs. We suggest that the sequestration of Cdc25p to DNA damage sites could provide a mechanism for S. pombe cells to arrest at G2/M boundary in response to DNA damage.
Toward Developing Questionnaire Items to Measure Effectiveness of Computers in Teaching

This article reports on a longitudinal study of the effectiveness of computerizing a liberal arts university in the United States. The article uses data from the study to develop a reliable scale to measure attitudes related to four parameters of the learning process. Specifically, the scale reported here can be used to measure the climate of interaction developed by computerization, the specific communication patterns offered by computer mediated communication and the different perceived expectations about the promise of technology provided by the computerization process. It is expected that the statistically reliable scale can be used for measurements across different institutions.
A computation of Tr(−1)F in supersymmetric gauge theories with matter

Abstract We introduce “multi-twisted” boundary conditions (MTBC) for gauge theories in a finite volume. MTBC can be applied for a class of gauge theories with non-trivial centers and allow the existence of some matter multiplets which transform non-trivially under the center group. The Witten index for the supersymmetric extension of the gauge theory can be calculated when global abelian symmetries exist and turns out to be non-zero and independent of the matter representations.
Performance of Asymmetrically Heated Extended Surface With Temperature Dependent Thermal Conductivity

The effect of temperature dependent thermal conductivity on the performance of an asymmetrically heated extended surface which is commonly encountered in compact heat exchangers is studied both analytically and numerically. The surface is assumed to extend between two primary surfaces at different temperatures and to operate in a convective environment. The nonlinear differential equation governing the thermal performance of the extended surface is solved by carrying out a perturbation analysis in which the perturbation parameter is the dimensionless measure of thermal conductivity variation with temperature. Two-term analytical solutions for the temperature distribution and the convective heat dissipation are presented. The problem is also solved numerically for a range of conventional fin parameter, thermal asymmetry parameter, and thermal conductivity-temperature variation parameter to assess the accuracy of the perturbation solutions. Graphical results illustrating the effect of these parameters on the temperature distribution, heat transfer rates from the end primary surfaces, and the total heat transfer from the extended surface are provided and discussed. For the thermal conductivity variations encountered in compact heat exchangers, the two-term perturbation solutions are accurate with 2% of the numerical solutions.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Traveling Wave Excitation: A Method to Produce Consistent Experimental Results

This paper describes the experimental framework to establish consistent, repeatable results associated with a traveling wave excitation system. The experiment is employed to ascertain the forced response and mistuning patterns for rotors. Several items attributing to existing experimental inconsistencies were identified and their effects were realized during this research. These experimental items were signal input locations, response measurement locations, and rotor alignment position. Accounting for these experimental variables, this paper develops a process which enables consistent rotor forced response results, independent of its orientation on the test stand.
Drug Release from Thermosetting Fatty Vehicles Filled into Hard Gelatin Capsules

AbstractAn initial in vitro study has been conducted to evaluate liquid filled hard gelatin capsules as potential sustained release products. Using the model compounds salicylic acid (a weak acid) and tioconazole (a weak base), release characteristics from a series of thermosetting fatty vehicles (Gelucires) have been investigated. Rapid and sustained release profiles were obtained by using different vehicles. Drug release obeyed the pH-partition theory, and a general relationship between the release rate of salicylic acid and vehicle HLB was found. However, a similar relationship could not be identified for the release of tioconazole. Drug release occurred by diffusion or erosion and diffusion processes, dependent on the vehicle employed. Diffusion release occurred relatively slowly (particularly with tioconazole) therefore for the model systems an erodible carrier would be required to achieve release rates consistent with dosing oral sustained release products.
Patient-level Medication Regimen Complexity in Older Adults With Depression

Abstract Purpose Polypharmacy and medication adherence are well known challenges facing older adults. Medication regimen complexity increases the demands of self-care in the home. Some medication regimens may be more complex than others, especially when dosage form, frequency of dosing, and additional usage directions are included in complexity along with the number of medications In older adults with depression, it is unknown what features of their medications most influence their medication regimen complexity. Methods A sample cohort of 100 adults ≥65 years old with a diagnosis of depression was randomly selected from electronic medical records (EMR) in ambulatory clinics at the University of Colorado (CU) and University of San Diego (SD). Demographic, medical history, and medication-related information was extracted from the EMR. Complexity was determined using the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI). IRB approval was obtained. Findings The cohort mean age was 74.3 years (SD) and 79.7 years (CU). The mean unweighted Charlson comorbidity index for 1.0 (SD) and 1.8 (CU). The mean number of medications was 7.1 and 8.0, with 1.1 and 1.2 depression meds, 5.4 and 4.3 non-depression prescription meds, and 0.6 and 2.4 OTC meds for the SD and CU cohorts, respectively. 66% of SD adults and 70% of CU adults took six or more meds. Individual MRCI scores were on average 17.62 (SD) and 19.36 (CU). Dosing frequency contributed to 57-58% of the MRCI score, with patients facing an average of 7–8 unique dosing frequencies in their regimen. In both cohorts, there was an average of 3 additional directions added to the regimens to clarify dosing. Implications As expected, in our older adult cohorts with depression the majority of patients took multiple medications. Using a standardized instrument, we characterized the regimen complexity and found that it was increasingly complex due to numerous dosing forms, frequencies and additional directions for use. Patient-level medication regimen complexity should go beyond depression medication to encompass the patient's entire regimen for opportunities to reduce complexity and improve ease of self-care.
Is the global carbon market working

The Clean Development Mechanism can be viewed not only as a market, but also as a subsidy and a political mechanism. Michael Wara argues that it has been most effective, so far, in achieving its political goals.
A conceptual model for claim management in construction: An ai approach

Abstract Delays are the major cause of construction disputes. Among the several dispute resolution methods, mediation has been an effective solution. The one problem which can be attributed to all dispute resolution methods is the lack of a preventive approach and the lack of a systematic and comprehensive technical evaluation of the entire problem. Given the magnitude of the problem there seem to be distinct advantages in developing a Knowledge-Based Expert System (KBES) for time-based claim management. The domain of knowledge of the KBES presented in this paper will be directed towards analyzing disputes that arise due to different types of delays (excusable/compensable, excusable/noncompensable, nonexcusable; independent, concurrent, serial) and determining the responsibility of each party. It will utilize a procedure called ‘Time Impact Analysis’ and involves the use of network-based scheduling tools to identify, quantify, and explain the cause of a schedule variance. The various modules that make up the KBES for an integrated claim management process have been clearly identified. Specific methods have been developed to perform time impact analysis and to apportion damages in different delay/acceleration situations.
A case study of nesting simulation for the Southern Oxidants Study 1999 at Nashville

Abstract A regional Eulerian chemical transport model took simulations for a case of Southern Oxidants Study at Nashville from 30 June to 1 July 1999. NCAR/Penn State MM5 provided meteorological information to drive this model with a basic horizontal resolution of 20 km. Both vertical and horizontal nesting techniques were applied to the chemical simulations, and significantly improved the simulations near the ground during nighttime by enhancing the resolution. The multi-scale simulations with 20, 4 and 1.333 km resolutions were performed, and compared to the aircraft and ground-based observations. Generally, the 4 and 1.333 km simulations are similar, but differ much from the 20 km simulation. One important effect of enhancing the resolution is reducing the dilution of NO x emissions at urban sites or near power plants. The 20 km simulation underestimated the pollutant emissions near urban sites and power plants due to its coarse resolution. The high-resolution simulations generally show better agreement with the observations. Simulated results are also compared to the surface observations at Cornelia Fort, a suburban site near Nashville. The associated chemical features, including photostationary state and ozone production efficiency, were discussed through comparisons, which showed that the finest simulation yielded the most consistent results with the observations. The nesting simulations also agree with the measurements in downtown Nashville. Due to the different resolutions, these three simulations showed different aging patterns of the Nashville urban plume.
The gas phase UV absorption spectrum of CH3O2 radicals: a reinvestigation

Abstract Computational analyses of the effects of possible HO2 interferences on our earlier reported results for the CH3O2 UV spectrum and self-reaction kinetics are presented. New absorption cross-section data for CH3O2 are derived from experiments in which secondary formation of HO2 is virtually excluded. The results are discussed in terms of the literature data.
Traumatic Brain Injury: A Challenge for Educators

In this article, the authors provide information designed to enhance the knowledge and understanding of school personnel about traumatic brain injury (TBI). The authors specifically define TBI and enumerate common characteristics associated with traumatic brain injury, discuss briefly the growth and type of services provided, and offer some thoughts on ways to help ensure quality services for these students once they reenter the school environment.
Keeping It “Reals” Narratives of New Orleans Jazz History as Represented in HBO’s Treme

This article argues that David Simon’s HBO series Treme engages with scholarly debates about the historical narratives of the New Orleans jazz tradition by suggesting that there is not one authenti...
Gay/Lesbian Ordination and the Ontology of the Human Subject

: Should gay and lesbian persons be ordained? Many anthropological issues are involved in this question: human sexuality, the image of God, and the doctrine of sin. I contend that one of the central—yet unexplored—issues in this debate is the view of the human subject. This article summarizes the non-ontological anthropologies developed by Wolfhart Pannenberg, Rosemary Ruether, and Mary McClintock Fulkerson. All suggest that subjects are constitutionally related to the world and avoid predicating attributes, such as gender or rationality to supposedly autonomous subjects. These non-ontological models offer new ways to view the subject, gender, and the debate concerning ordination.
Stochastic Dynamics of Membrane Protrusion Mediated by the DOCK180/Rac Pathway in Migrating Cells

Cell migration is regulated by processes that control adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) and force generation. While our fundamental understanding of how these control mechanisms are actuated at the molecular level (signal transduction) has been refined over many years, appreciation of their dynamics has grown more recently. Here, we formulate and analyze by stochastic simulation a quantitative model of signaling mediated by the integrin family of adhesion receptors. Nascent adhesions foster the activation of the small GTPase Rac by at least two distinct signaling pathways, one of which involves tyrosine phosphorylation of the scaffold protein paxillin and formation of multiprotein complexes containing the guanine nucleotide exchange factor DOCK180. Active Rac promotes protrusion of the cell’s leading edge, which in turn enhances the rate of nascent adhesion nucleation; we call this feedback mechanism the core protrusion cycle. Protrusion is antagonized by stable adhesions, which form by myosin-dependent maturation of nascent adhesions, and we propose here a feedforward mechanism mediated by the tyrosine kinase c-Src by which this antagonism is regulated so as to allow transient protrusion at higher densities of ECM. We show that this “buffering of inhibition” mechanism, coupled with the core protrusion cycle, is capable of tuning the frequencies of protrusion and adhesion maturation events.
On the need for query-centric unstructured peer-to-peer overlays

Hybrid P2P systems rely on the assumption that sufficient objects exist nearby in order to make the unstructured search component efficient. This availability depends on the object annotations as well as on the terms in the queries. Earlier work assumed that the object annotations and query terms follow Zipf-like long-tail distribution. We show that the queries in real systems exhibit more complex temporal behavior. To support our position, first we analyzed the names and annotations of objects that were stored in two popular P2P sharing systems; Gnutella and Apple iTunes. We showed that the names and annotations exhibited a Zipf like long tail distribution. The long tail meant that over 98% of the objects were insufficiently replicated (less than 0.1% of the peers). We also analyzed a query trace of the Gnutella network and identified the popularity distribution of the terms used in the queries. We showed that the set of popular query terms remained stable over time and exhibited a similarity of over 90%. We also showed that despite the Zipf popularity distributions of both query terms and file annotation terms, there was little similarity over time (<20%) between popular file annotation terms and popular file terms. Prior P2P search performance analysis did not take this mismatch between the query terms and object annotations into account and thus overestimated the system performance. There is a need to develop unstructured P2P systems that are aware of the temporal mismatch of the object and query popularity distributions.