cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypertension as a clinical problem: the hospital based population.

Abstract A practical first step in our attack on hypertension would be the incorporation of recording blood pressure into the routine of every examination for every patient who goes to any hospital for any reason. If an elevated blood pressure is found and verified and no complications are present, antihypertensive therapy (a thiazide diuretic) should be instituted and the patient discharged to be followed as an outpatient. Patients with congestive heart failure or accelerated phase hypertension should remain in the hospital until these complications have been cleared.
Should Advanced Standing Programs be Abolished? No!

Why would we want to abolish ad vanced standing? By any standard, it has proven successful. When my university first began its ad vanced standing program over a decade ago, I was far from enthusiastic. My re sponse was that of many educators at the time: How can a graduate of a one-year MSW program possibly be prepared for MSW-level practice? What about the so cialization issue, the maturity level re quired for professional practice? After having taught advanced standing students both as a group and in classes with "traditional" master's students in the
Sliding charge density waves and zero-resistance states in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures

Mani et al. have observed [1] zero-resistance states (ZRS) and energy gaps in a surprising setting: ultrahigh-mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures that contain a two dimensional electron Landau system (2DELS) exhibit vanishing diagonal resistance without Hall resistance quantization at low temperatures and low magnetic fields when the specimen is subjected to electromagnetic wave excitation. Zero-resistance-states occur about magnetic fields B = 4/5 Bf and B = 4/9 Bf, where Bf = 2fm*/e, m* is the electron mass, e is the electron charge, and f is the electromagnetic-wave frequency. Activated transport measurements on the resistance minima also indicate an energy gap at the Fermi level. The results suggest an unexpected radiation-induced, electronic-state-transition in the GaAs/AlGaAs 2DELS. The authors have explained the general features of their data as possibly arising from superconductivity through exciton exchange. Here we show that there is another plausible mechanism based on self-organized sliding charge density waves that does not require superconductivity to exist in the presence of a very strong magnetic field.
Distinctly different parental magmas for calc-alkaline plutons and tholeiitic lavas in the central and eastern Aleutian arc

Abstract Cenozoic calc-alkaline plutons that comprise the middle crust of the central and eastern Aleutians have distinct isotopic and elemental compositions compared to Holocene tholeiitic lavas in the same region, including those from the same islands. Therefore the Holocene lavas are not representative of the net magmatic transfer from the mantle into the arc crust. Compared to the lavas, the Eocene to Miocene (9–39 Ma) intermediate to felsic plutonic rocks show higher SiO2 at a given Fe/Mg ratio, and have higher eNd–eHf values and lower Pb–Sr isotope ratios. However, the plutonic rocks strongly resemble calc-alkaline Holocene volcanics with more “depleted” isotope ratios in the western Aleutians, whose composition has been attributed to significant contributions from partial melting of subducted basaltic oceanic crust. These data could reflect a temporal variation of central and eastern Aleutian magma source compositions, from predominantly calc-alkaline compositions with more “depleted” isotope ratios in the Paleogene, to tholeiitic compositions with more “enriched” isotopes more recently. Alternatively, the differences between central Aleutian plutonic and volcanic rocks may reflect different transport and emplacement processes for the magmas that form plutons versus lavas. Calc-alkaline parental magmas, with higher SiO2 and high viscosity, are likely to form plutons after extensive mid-crustal degassing of initially high water contents. This conclusion has overarching importance because the plutonic rocks are chemically similar to bulk continental crust. Formation of similar plutonic rocks worldwide may play a key role in the genesis and evolution of continental crust.
National Culture and Entrepreneurial Orientation

This article examines the current research trends and future research directions related to national culture and firm-level entrepreneurial orientation. The key current research trends explored are (i) the impact of national culture on the individual dimensions of EO and (ii) the impact of institutions that are reflective of national culture on EO. The directions for future research highlight (i) the need for further research assessing the impact of cultural differences on the measurement of EO and (ii) The need for research assessing the impact of national culture and institutions on the relationship between EO and performance. Taken together, future research studies should examine possible cross-cultural measurement issues related to EO, as well as the impact of national culture and institutions on the relationship between EO and other organizational variables, in order to further refine our understanding of the EO construct. Keywords: entrepreneurial orientation; national culture; institutions
Impact of Intrauterine Growth Restriction on Cardiac Surgical Outcomes and Resource Use

Background We sought to evaluate outcomes of congenital heart operations and resource use in patients with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Methods This was a retrospective matched case-control study of 41 consecutive patients with IUGR matched 1:2 with a comparison cohort of 82 contemporaneous patients without IUGR who underwent congenital heart operations during the interval from January 1, 2000 to January 1, 2012. Matching was based on the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS)-1 risk category, diagnostic category, age at operation, and gestational age. Results Operative mortality (6 of 41 cases [14.6%] for the study group versus 5 of 82 cases [6.1%] for controls) and any major adverse event (14 of 41 cases [34.2%] for the study group versus 23 of 82 cases [28%] for controls) occurred in a higher percentage of study patients, with insignificant p values. Important differences in secondary outcomes included the following: mean total length of stay (56.3 days versus 28.0 days for controls; p Conclusions IUGR is associated with a substantially increased length of hospital stay, postoperative morbidity, and resource use. These findings are relevant to risk stratification, prognosis, and potentially to contracting and reimbursement. IUGR merits further attention as an important risk factor in congenital heart operations.
NDN and CD1A are novel prognostic methylation markers in patients with head and neck squamous carcinomas

HPV-associated HNSCCs have a distinct etiologic mechanism and better prognosis than those with non-HPV associated HNSCCs. However, even within the each group, there is heterogeneity in survival time. Here, we test the hypothesis that specific candidate gene methylation markers (CCNA1, NDN, CD1A, DCC, p16, GADD45A) are associated with tumor recurrence and survival, in a well-characterized, prospective, cohort of 346 HNSCC patients. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate survival time distributions. Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to test associations between each methylation marker and OST/RPFT after adjusting for known or identified prognostic factors. Stratified Cox models included an interaction term between HPV and methylation marker to test for differences in the associations of the biomarker with OST or RPFT across HPV status. Methylation markers were differentially associated with patient characteristics. DNA hypermethylation of NDN and CD1A was found to be significantly associated with overall survival time (OST) in all HNSCC patients (NDN hazard ratio (HR): 2.35, 95 % CI: 1.40-3.94; CD1A HR: 1.31, 95 % CI: 1.01-1.71). Stratification by HPV status revealed hypermethylation of CD1A was associated with better OST and recurrence/persistence-free time (RPFT) (OST HR: 3.34, 95 % CI: 1.88-5.93; RPFT HR: 2.06, 95 % CI: 1.21-3.49), while hypomethylation of CCNA1 was associated with increased RPFT in HPV (+) patients only (HR: 0.31, 95 % CI: 0.13-0.74). This study is the first to describe novel epigenetic alterations associated with survival in an unselected, prospectively collected, consecutive cohort of patients with HNSCC. DNA hypermethylation of NDN and CD1A was found to be significantly associated with increased overall survival time in all HNSCC patients. However, stratification by the important prognostic factor of HPV status revealed the immune marker, CD1A, and the cell cycle regulator, CCNA1 to be associated with prognosis in HPV (+) patients, specifically. Here, we identified novel methylation markers and specific, epigenetic molecular differences associated with HPV status, which warrant further investigation.
Values and Ethical Beliefs Regarding Agricultural Drainage in Central Illinois, USA

ABSTRACT While agriculture in the midwestern United States has often been associated with deleterious effects on stream ecology and geomorphology, identifying appropriate mitigation strategies requires an understanding of the values and ethical beliefs motivating such behavior. Fifty-five open-ended interviews with farmers in central Illinois reveal that environmental modifications such as agricultural drainage can be seen as a rational expression of local environmental valuation. Personal definitions of progressive or successful farming, aesthetic characteristics of the farm such as neatness and order, and ethical understandings of environmentally responsible behavior all drive farming decisions affecting the environment. Debate and dissent create a rich constellation of environmental values, which are constantly renegotiated. Illustrating the complex ways in which farmers perceive and interact with environmental systems allows for a better understanding of these important agents of change in agricultura...
Some highly weathered soils of Puerto Rico, 3. Chemical properties☆

Some chemical properties of 11 soils developed in highly weathered regoliths in Puerto Rico have been recorded. Particular attention has been given to properties which reflect the extent to which weathering has progressed and to properties which may be most useful for developing valid soil management practices. If the Pina soil were excluded the saturation extracts of Oxisols generally contained less Si than the Ultisols. The saturation extract of Pina soil, which was 89% quartz sand, contained 10 ppm Si, a value out of keeping with highly weathered soils. Phosphate solubility was greatest in the Pina soil also. Phosphate adsorption by the Puerto Rico soils, when corrected for dilution by sand, was approximately that of highly weathered soils of Hawaii, North Carolina or Colombia. Most of the soils contained more than 4000 kg S/ha in the 120-cm profiles. The most striking difference between the Oxisol and Ultisol groups was in extractable aluminum. In general, these Oxisols have been weathered beyond the point where aluminum is readily extracted with a neutral salt. The pH at which net charge of the soils was zero was lower than the soil pH usually encountered in the field. The soils were poorly buffered at low pH. As a group, the Oxisols contained less exchangeable K than the Ultisols. In 6 of the 11 soils both calcium and magnesium were < 1 meq./100 g in some horizon. In most soil samples, the balance among exchangeable cations was appropriate for reasonable potassium nutrition. Even so, the quantity of exchangeable nutrient cations was low in most cases. Mineralization of organic nitrogen tended to stop with NH4+ in the acid soils.
Preparation of Carbosilane Dendrimers and Their Characterization Using 1H/13C/29Si Triple Resonance 3D NMR Methods

In this paper we show the utility of 1H/13C/29Si triple resonance, 3D, and pulse field gradient (PFG) NMR techniques for characterizing organosilicon based polymers. The dendrimers studied are first generation Si(CH2CH2SiHMe2)4 and second generation Si[CH2CH2SiMe(CH2CH2SiHMe2)2 ]4 polycarbosilanes. The signals from one-bond and two-bond connectivities among 1H atoms coupled to both 13C and 29Si at natural abundance have been selectively detected. The spectral dispersion and the atomic connectivity information present in the 3D NMR spectra provide resonance assignments and a definitive structure proof.
Variability of tundra fire regimes in Arctic Alaska: millennial-scale patterns and ecological implications

Tundra fires have important ecological impacts on vegetation, wildlife, permafrost, and carbon cycling, but the pattern and controls of historic tundra fire regimes are poorly understood. We use sediment records from four lakes to develop a 2000-yr fire and vegetation history in a highly flammable tundra region and compare this history with previously published fire records to examine spatial and temporal variability of tundra burning across Arctic Alaska. The four sites span a modern climatic gradient in the Noatak National Preserve, from warmer, drier down-valley locations to cooler, generally moister up-valley locations. Modern vegetation varies from herb- to shrub-dominated tundra from down- to up-valley sites, and pollen data suggest that this spatial pattern in vegetation persisted over the past two millennia. Peaks in macroscopic charcoal accumulation provide estimates of fire-event return intervals (FRIs), which did not vary significantly at millennial time scales but did vary across space. Down-valley sites burned relatively frequently over the past two millennia, with median FRIs of 150 years (95% CI 101–150) and FRI distributions statistically similar to those from ancient shrub tundra and modern boreal forest. At up-valley sites FRIs were significantly longer than those at down-valley sites, with a median FRI of 218 years (95% CI 128–285). These differences likely reflect the cooler growing-season temperatures and lower evaporative demand at up-valley sites, but local-scale variability in vegetation may have also shaped tundra fire regimes. Comparisons with other long-term fire records in Alaska reveal that the tundra biome can sustain a wide range of burning, with individual FRIs from as low as 30 years to more than 5000 years. These records together indicate that frequent tundra burning has occurred under a range of climatic and vegetation scenarios. The variety of tundra fire histories within Alaska suggests that the ecological impacts of tundra burning likewise vary widely, with important implications for wildlife-habitat maintenance and for the responses of tundra biophysical and biogeochemical processes to climatic change.
The evolution of microcrystalline structures in supercooled metal powders

A numerical model has been developed to study the relative effects of nucleation and growth kinetics on the evolution of ultrafine grain structures observed in some supercooled metal powders. The thermal history during solidification is analyzed using a Newtonian heat transfer formulation coupled to classical models for homogeneous nucleation and continuous growth with a diffuse interface. The results indicate that decreasing particle size increases both the supercooling prior to solidification and the thermal excursion beyond the nucleation temperature. After the first nucleus appears, a compctition is established between the formation of new nuclei and the growth of the existing one(s). There is a range of particle sizes in which the achievable supercoolings are high enough to produce massive nucleation before any significant growth—and the ensuing recalescence—can take place. The probability of multiple nucleation may be evaluated from a dimensionless parameter combining the characteristic frequencies of the nucleation, growth, and heat transfer processes at the moment of nucleation. Calculations for Al and Ni model systems confirm the experimental observation that the latter has a stronger tendency to supercool and develop microcrystalline structures.
Seven-year tracking of dietary factors in young adults: the CARDIA study

Abstract Objectives: This report determines the extent to which young adults in the highest and lowest intake quintiles of 13 nutrients remain in the same or adjacent quintiles (i.e., “tracked”) relative to each other, over 7 years. Methods: Data from baseline and year 7 of the CARDIA study were divided into race/gender-specific quintiles for each nutrient and cross-tabulated. Results: For most nutrients, over 60% of those in the lowest absolute intake quintile at year 0 remained in the lowest or second-lowest quintile at year 7. A similar pattern was seen with highest absolute intake quintiles at years 0 and 7. Tracking was attenuated when nutrient density, rather than absolute intake, was examined. Conclusions: Ingrained dietary habits may cause high- or low-intake groups to retain relative ranking, even in the face of secular, age-, or lifestyle-related trends in dietary intake.
The Evaluation of a Biologically Inspired Engineered MAV Wing compared to the Manduca Sexta Wing under Simulated Flapping Conditions

In recent years, researchers have expressed a vested interest in the concepts surrounding flapping wing micro air vehicles (FWMAVs) that are capable of both range and complex maneuvering. Most research in this arena has found itself concentrated on topics such as flapping dynamics and the associated fluid-structure interactions inherent in the motion; however there still remain a myriad of questions concerning the structural qualities intrinsic to the wings themselves. Using nature as the template for design, FWMAV wings were constructed using carbon fiber and Kapton and tested under simplified flapping conditions by analyzing ‘frozen’ digital images of the deformed wing by methods of photogrammetry. This flapping motion was achieved via the design and construction of a flapper that emulates several of the kinematic features that can be seen in naturally occurring flyers. The response to this motion was then compared to the inspiring specimen's wings, the North American Hawkmoth (Manduca Sexta), under the...
Seeing Kali's City as "Insiders": Religious Diversity, Gender, Class, and Culture as "Textured" Learning for American Students

A new Virginia Tech undergraduate course, "Exploring and Engaging a Multi-Religious Word," requires instructors to take students on a two-week study abroad trip. Under the auspices of the Department of Religion and Culture, this course intends to offer an "insider" experience outside the United States. The first trip (December 2011 to January 2012) was to Kolkata, India, to experience the city's (and country's) religious diversity. An integral and required component of the course was a short stint of volunteering at one of Mother Teresa's projects in that city. The trip was co-led by a scholar of Biblical studies and myself, a cultural anthropologist.
Characterization of the fugitive mercury emissions at a chlor-alkali plant: overall study design

Abstract In February 2000, a detailed measurement campaign was conducted over a 9-day period within a mercury (Hg) cell chlor-alkali plant in the southeastern United States (US). The principal focus of this study was to determine the fugitive (non-ducted) airborne Hg emissions from the main production equipment located in the “cell building” during extended period operations, including maintenance events. Other Hg monitoring conducted in and around the plant also included surveys of process areas surrounding the cell building, measurement of Hg fluxes from soil and other exposed surfaces, and speciated Hg measurements of ambient air both “upwind” and “downwind” of the production area as well as the determination of Hg contained in output products and wastes. The study was a collaborative effort among scientists from the US Environmental Protection Agency, the US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the University of Michigan. This paper provides a description of the facility, the rationale and design of the study, and an introduction to companion papers containing the observational data.
463 HYPOPHOSPHATBMIC RICKETS IN BREAST MILK FED PREMATURE

Breast milk has been the universal standard of infant nutrition; the appropriateness of this in the very small infant has been recently questioned. A case of hypophosphatemic rickets in a 595 gm premature will be presented. The infant was begun on breast milk at 12 d. of age and nourished solely on breast milk until diagnosed at 5 mos. at which time x-rays showed marked rachitic changes and fractures in the long bones. Hyper-parathyroidism, Vit D deficiency, dependency and resistence, copper deficiency and inadequate Ca intake were excluded as etiologies. Inorganic phosphate content of maternal milk was normal. At time of diagnosis the pt. was hypercalcemic, hypercalcuric (3.2 gm Ca/gm Cr.), hypophosphatemia (1.6 mg/dl) and had normal alk phos. The tubular reabsorption of phosphate was > 99%. The hypercalcemia, hypercalcuria and hypophosphatemia conrected and the radiologic changes resolved with phosphate supplementation. This is the first reported case of hypophosphatemic rickets in a premature fed breast milk. We propose it has not been seen in infants fed proprietary formula because these have from 3 to 7 times as much inorganic phosphate as breast milk. With increased emphasis placed on feeding breast milk to small prematures this condition may become more common unless anticipated.
Internal tides measured with multisatellite altimetry

Ocean tides flowing over rough topography generate internal tides, which may transport the tidal energy more than 2000 kilometers away from the generation sites. Eventual breaking of these waves produces turbulence and influences the mixing of heat and chemicals, ocean circulation, and global climate. However, mapping internal tides from their generation to dissipation over such great distances poses a significant challenge. Satellite altimeters, with nearly global coverage, can capture the approximately 2-centimeter sea surface height deflection caused by an internal tide (corresponding to tens of meters of subsurface displacements).
Activation of dopamine D1-like receptor causes phosphorylation of α1-subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase in rat renal proximal tubules

Abstract Dopamine causes inhibition of Na + ,K + -ATPase activity via activation of dopamine D 1 -like receptors. It is the phosphorylation of Serine 18 of the α 1 -subunit of Na + ,K + -ATPase which results in the inhibition of the enzyme activity; however, such a phosphorylation by dopamine D 1 -like receptor agonist has not been demonstrated in the proximal tubules. We show here by immunoprecipitation and detection with phosphoserine antibody that SKF 38393, a dopamine D 1 -like receptor agonist, causes phosphorylation of the α 1 -subunit of Na + ,K + -ATPase. The effect of (±)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1 H )-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrochloride, SKF 38393, is blocked by R (+)-7-choro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H -benzazepine hydrochloride, SCH 23390, a dopamine D 1 -like receptor antagonist, and staurosporin, a protein kinase C inhibitor. The phosphorylation is also increased by phorbol 12–13 dibutyrate ester. However, Rp-cAMP triethylamine, an inhibitor of protein kinase A, does not affect the SKF 38393-mediated phosphorylation of Na + ,K + -ATPase. Therefore, these results provide the evidence that dopamine D 1 -like receptor activation causes phosphorylation of the α 1 -subunit of Na + ,K + -ATPase in renal proximal tubules via protein kinase C pathway.
Approximate boundary-flux calculations☆

Abstract A technique for determining derivatives (fluxes or stresses) from finite element solutions is developed. The approach is a generalization to higher dimensions of a procedure known to give highly accurate results in one dimension. Numerical experiments demonstrate that certain difficulties are associated with corners in the higher-dimensional extensions and two variants of the method are examined. We consider both triangular and quadrilateral elements and observe some interesting differences in the numerical rates of convergence. Finally, this post-processing scheme is tested for nonlinear problems.
Prostate-specific human kallikrein (hK2) as a novel marker for prostate cancer

BACKGROUND. Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has aided significantly in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, more sensitive and accurate assays are needed. Presently, we are developing a sensitive immunoassay for hK2 protein for the detection of prostate cancer. METHODS. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for hK2 were produced and used for Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry for detection of hK2 protein in serum and human tissues. The reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was utilized to detect hK2 mRNA from patient blood samples. RESULTS. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the antibodies used are monospecific for hK2. Immunohistochemistry showed that hK2 is expressed only in prostatic epithelia. An RT-PCR study showed that hK2 mRNA would be a useful candidate for early detection of prostatic micrometastasis. CONCLUSIONS. Monospecific antibodies for hK2 have been developed for detecting hK2 protein. Our studies indicate that hK2 may be a useful marker for prostate cancer.
A note on the numerical assignment of scores to ranked categorical data

Several authors recently have discussed the use of interval level statistics with ranked categorical data. Labovitz (1970) and O'Brien (1979) examined the effects via simulation, while Mayer (1971) recommends using robust procedures. Here we show how to score categories in order to facilitate such robust analysis. The RIDIT scoring technique widely used in epidemiology is presented and characterized in this framework, as are conditional mean and median scoring. The relationship between the presented scoring technique, and ordinal ranking procedures are discussed.
A technique for measuring stresses in small spatial regions using cube-corner indentation: Application to tempered glass plates

Abstract Vickers indentation cracks have been used to estimate residual stress in materials; however, a high threshold load for cracking limits the smallest spatial region for stress measurement. Cube-corner indenters have a lower included angle, and their sharpness leads to lowered cracking thresholds enabling stress measurement in small spatial regions. Cube-corner indentations on tempered glass plate and on annealed soda-lime-silica glass revealed that crack surface traces on the tempered material were significantly smaller. Cracks were found to be quarter-penny shaped as opposed to half-penny/radial for Vickers indentation. Using an appropriate stress-intensity factor and a stress-intensity factor superposition approach, surface stresses in the tempered plate were calculated. The stresses were in good agreement with those determined using well-established Vickers indentation approach; however, the spatial region sampled is 6–10 times smaller. An estimate of the smallest spatial region at which a particular stress may be measured using this technique is presented.
Zip codes and spatial analysis: Problems and prospects

Abstract The use of zip codes for spatial, demographic, and socio-economic analysis is growing. As of August 2005, 193 articles were indexed by “zip code” in the Social Sciences Citation Index, while 386 were indexed in PubMed. All of these articles were published since 1989. While the treatment of zip codes as units of analysis varies widely in epidemiology, marketing, geography, and the socio-economic planning sciences, there are a number of common “errors” that could be avoided if analysts retained a better understanding of zip code characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to outline the problems and prospects of utilizing zip codes for spatial analysis. Issues associated with spatial contiguity, data aggregation, and boundary definitions are addressed. Results suggest that, although zip codes are not the most robust spatial units of analysis available, they retain a modest degree of utility for specialized applications. Recommendations for future research regarding zip codes and their use in socio-economic applications are offered.
APPLICATION OF TURBULENCE FUNDAMENTALS TO REACTOR MODELLING AND SCALEUP

Abstract Applications of the fundamentals of turbulent mixing become clear once those fundamentals are understood. The first article in this series presented those fundamentals, in order to show how to apply turbulent mixing fundamentals modelling and scaleup, this article covers the following topics: 1. reaction types and their interaction with mixing; 2. closure of the Reynolds equations for mixing and reactions; 3. application to complex geometries; 4. random coalescence-dispersion modelling; 5. application to complex chemistry. The most difficult problem in applying our knowledge of turbulence to mixer modelling and scaleup is the choice of model complexity. The levels of model complexity available and how to apply them to various problems are presented following the introduction.
Comparing perceived self-efficacy among adolescent Bosnian and Croatian refugees with and without posttraumatic stress disorder

To examine the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and perceived self-efficacy (PSE), 98 Bosnian and Croatian refugees, ages 13–18, completed Bandura's Children's Multidimensional Scales of Perceived Self-Efficacy, which measure self-predicted social functioning in 9 areas. Through interviews, participants were categorized according to DSM–IV criteria as traumatized PTSD-positive, traumatized PTSD-negative, and nontraumatized. ANCOVAs showed PTSD-positive participants exhibit higher PSE than nontraumatized participants in 5 of 9 areas. No significant differences among 3 female groups were observed; however, nontraumatized boys demonstrated lower PSE than the 2 traumatized groups in 7 of 9 areas. Thus, PTSD did not have a negative impact on PSE in this cultural context. Furthermore, surviving traumatic experience and preserving social support networks may be protective factors for maintaining high levels of PSE.
Origin of Transitions between Metallic and Insulating States in Simple Metals.

Unifying principles that underlie recently discovered transitions between metallic and insulating states in elemental solids under pressure are developed. Using group theory arguments and first-principles calculations, we show that the electronic properties of the phases involved in these transitions are controlled by symmetry principles. The valence bands in these systems are described by simple and composite band representations constructed from localized Wannier functions centered on points unoccupied by atoms, and which are not necessarily all symmetrical. The character of the Wannier functions is closely related to the degree of $s\text{\ensuremath{-}}p(\text{\ensuremath{-}}d)$ hybridization and reflects multicenter chemical bonding in these insulating states. The conditions under which an insulating state is allowed for structures having an integer number of atoms per primitive unit cell as well as reentrant (i.e., metal-insulator-metal) transition sequences are detailed, resulting in predictions of behavior such as phases having band-contact lines. The general principles developed are tested and applied to the alkali and alkaline earth metals, including elements where high-pressure insulating phases have been reported (e.g., Li, Na, and Ca).
Computerized flow field analysis: oriented texture fields

An approach to the solution of signal-to-symbol transformation in the domain of flow fields, such as oriented texture fields and velocity vector fields, is discussed. The authors use the geometric theory of differential equations to derive a symbol set based on the visual appearance of phase portraits which are a geometric representation of the solution curves of a system of differential equations. They also provide the computational framework to start with a given flow field and derive its symbolic representation. Specifically, they segment the given texture, derive its symbolic representation, and perform a quantitative reconstruction of the salient features of the original texture based on the symbolic descriptors. Results of applying this technique to several real texture images are presented. This technique is useful in describing complex flow visualization pictures, defects in lumber processing, defects in semiconductor wafer inspection, and optical flow fields. >
Effects of chronic intracameral injections of chondroitin sulfate on cat eyes

The effect of chondroitin sulfate on the metabolism of trabecular meshwork was studied by repeatedly injecting a chondroitin sulfate solution into the anterior chamber of cat (experimental) eyes for 28-29 weeks. The aqueous humor of the opposite (control) eyes were similarly replaced with a phosphate-buffered saline-glucose solution. The intraocular pressure of the experimental eyes was increased 4-7 mm Hg above that of the control eyes for a prolonged period of time. In addition, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and basement membrane-like material were moderately increased in the trabecular meshwork of experimental eyes. Three forms of thickened basement membranes of endothelial cells were observed. The compact multilaminated basement membrane was formed concentrically around some of the trabecular beams. The discontinuous, thin basement membrane was seen among bundles of coarse collagen in association with long spacing collagen fibers. Also, fine filaments were noted streaming from the plasma membrane and basement membrane of endothelial cells of angular aqueous veins. Chondroitinase ABC was able to remove ground substance in the elastic fiber of the trabecular meshwork. Biochemically, the chamber angle tissues from these eyes showed a higher synthetic activity of glycosaminoglycans and proteins. Chondroitin sulfate appears to have a direct effect on trabecular meshwork and can influence the physiologic function of these cells.
Müllerian inhibiting substance preferentially inhibits stem/progenitors in human ovarian cancer cell lines compared with chemotherapeutics

Cancer stem cells are proposed to be tumor-initiating cells capable of tumorigenesis, recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance, and, like somatic stem cells, are thought to be capable of unlimited self-renewal and, when stimulated, proliferation and differentiation. Here we select cells by expression of a panel of markers to enrich for a population with stem cell-like characteristics. A panel of eight was initially selected from 95 human cell surface antigens as each was shared among human ovarian primary cancers, ovarian cancer cell lines, and normal fimbria. A total of 150 combinations of markers were reduced to a panel of three—CD44, CD24, and Epcam—which selected, in three ovarian cancer cell lines, those cells which best formed colonies. Cells expressing CD44, CD24, and Epcam exhibited stem cell characteristics of shorter tumor-free intervals in vivo after limiting dilution, and enhanced migration in invasion assays in vitro. Also, doxorubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel increased this enriched population which, conversely, was significantly inhibited by Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) or the MIS mimetic SP600125. These findings demonstrate that flow cytometry can be used to detect a population which shows differential drug sensitivity, and imply that treatment of patients can be individualized to target both stem/progenitor cell enriched and nonenriched subpopulations. The findings also suggest that this population, amenable to isolation by flow cytometry, can be used to screen for novel treatment paradigms, including biologic agents such as MIS, which will improve outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer.
On interfacial waves over random topography

Abstract In this paper, we investigate effects of a weak and slowly varying random topography on interfacial long wave propagation near the critical depth level, where the cubic nonlinearity is comparable to the quadratic nonlinearity. The evolution equation is derived from the Euler equations for two fluid layers. This equation is completely integrable and can be transformed into the modified KdV equation. Hirota's method is used to find two-soliton and soliton-shock-like solutions. For a steady-wave propagating over a random topography with zero-mean Gaussian distribution, all its moments satisfy the same convection-diffusion equation. The randomness of the topography causes an averaged solitary wave to deform into a spreading Gaussian wavepacket with its height decreasing and width increasing at the same rate determined by the correlation function of the topography. The front of an averaged shock wave also increases at the same rate. Asymptotic behaviours of an averaged two-solitary wave and solitary-shock wave are also discussed and the results are generalized to an averaged N-solitary wave and N-solitary-shock wave.
Best Sellers and Pulitzer Prize Winners: Core or Not?

The debate over quality versus demand in public libraries has been argued for some time, largely without resolution. In 1981 Nora Rawlinson wrote, “A book of outstanding quality is not worth its price if no one will read it.” The view espoused by Rawlinson and others gives a great deal of attention to best sellers, since it is demand which makes a book a best seller. This is not a new issue; Rawlinson quotes John Cotton Dana, writing nearly a century ago.
Mandibular growth following Le Fort I osteotomy in adolescent monkeys

Le Fort I osteotomy with anterior and superior repositioning of the maxilla was performed on adolescent Macaca fascicularis monkeys to study its effect on the subsequent growth and remodeling changes of the mandible. Six adolescent Macaca fascicularis monkeys were randomly divided into two surgical groups and eight others served as controls. Group I animals underwent a Le Fort I advancement and Group II animals experienced a Le Fort I advancement and impaction. All monkeys received tantalum implants in the anterior part of the cranial base, on opposite sides of craniofacial sutures and in multiple sites of the maxilla and mandible. The immediate postsurgical occlusion of all experimental animals was a Class II molar relationship. The animals were followed for up to 12 months postoperatively. Analysis of cephalometric head films taken at monthly intervals showed that both the maxilla and the mandible of all experimental monkeys grew in a coordinated fashion, although the amount, rate, and direction of growth varied between control and experimental animals as well as between Group I and Group II animals. The largest increments and rates of growth were observed in the control animals, Group I animals, and Group II animals, respectively. This study indicates that the growth changes in both maxilla and mandible are related to the extent of injury caused by maxillary surgery. The results also showed that although the surgical procedures were performed in the maxilla, mandibular growth was significantly modulated by the surgically changed maxillary environment.
Development and Characterization of Nonpeptidic Small Molecule Inhibitors of the XIAP/Caspase-3 Interaction

Elevated expression of inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family members in various types of cancers is thought to provide a survival advantage to these cells. Thus, antiapoptotic functions of IAPs, and their potential as novel anticancer targets have attracted considerable interest. Among the IAPs, the X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is regarded as the most potent suppressor of mammalian apoptosis through direct binding and inhibition of caspases. A high-throughput biochemical screen of a combinatorial chemical library led to the discovery of a novel nonpeptidic small molecule that has the ability to disrupt the XIAP/caspase-3 interaction. The activity of this nonpeptidic small molecule inhibitor of the XIAP/caspase-3 interaction has been characterized both in vitro and in cells. Molecules of this type can be used to conditionally inhibit the cellular function of XIAP and may provide insights into the development of therapeutic agents that act by modulating apoptotic pathways.
Stimulus-set location does not affect orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility

In two-choice tasks for which stimuli and responses vary along orthogonal dimensions, one stimulus-response mapping typically yields better performance than another. For unimanual movement responses, the hand used to respond, hand posture (prone or supine), and response eccentricity influence this orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) effect. All accounts of these phenomena attribute them to response-related processes. Two experiments examined whether manipulation of stimulus-set position along the dimension on which the stimuli varied influences orthogonal SRC in a manner similar to the way that response location does. The experiments differed in whether the stimulus dimension was vertical and the response dimension horizontal, or vice versa. In both experiments, an advantage of mapping up with right and down with left was evident for several response modes, and stimulus-set position had no influence on the orthogonal SRC effect. The lack of effect of stimulus-set position is in agreement with the emphasis that present accounts place on response-related processes. We favor a multiple asymmetric codes account, for which the present findings imply that the polarity of stimulus codes does not vary across task contexts although the polarity of response codes does.
Response to Letter by Holloway and Benesch

Response: Drs Holloway and Benesch express concern that the current American Heart Association (AHA) policy of disclosure of potential conflicts of interest may be insufficient. It is unfortunate that the disclosures were distracting, and although their comments on appearance of conflict cannot be directly addressed, for completeness we would like to clarify the process used in the case of this update to the recommendations for prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack1: First, the need for an update was determined by the Scientific Statement Oversight Committee of the Stroke Council, not by the Secondary Prevention Writing Panel itself. Second, in both the topic areas, antiplatelet agents and statins, 2 committee members without expressed conflicts were asked to …
Review article: anti‐diarrhoeal pharmacology and therapeutics

SUMMARY Anti-diarrhoeal drugs reduce the symptoms of diarrhoea (loose stool consistency, frequency of defecation and excessive stool weight) by effects on intestinal transit, mucosal transport or luminal contents. Opiates and opioids are the most useful anti-diarrhoeal agents. Opiates have major effects on intestinal transit; pro-absorptive and anti-secretory effects are less well documented, but may be important for some of these drugs. Alpha-adrenergic agonists, somatostatin analogues and several other agents have had limited clinical use; these drugs may modify mucosal transport in addition to slowing transit. Adsorbents, bismuth and stool texture modifiers are used frequently by the public, but their efficacy is largely unproven. Oral rehydration solutions have had the greatest impact in saving lives and continue to be improved. Many new approaches to the treatment of diarrhoea are yet to be exploited.
Coronary arteriolar dilation to acidosis : Role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins

Background—We previously demonstrated that coronary arteriolar dilation in response to acidosis is mediated by the opening of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. However, the signal transducti...
A family of beta 7 integrins on human mucosal lymphocytes.

The heterodimeric protein complex recognized by the human mucosal lymphocyte 1 (HML-1) monoclonal antibody is expressed on 95% of intraepithelial lymphocytes but on only 1-2% of peripheral blood lymphocytes [Cerf-Bensusson, N., Jarry, A., Brousse, N., Lisowska-Grospierre, B., Guy-Grand, D. & Griscelli, C. (1987) Eur. J. Immunol. 17, 1279-1285]. We purified the smaller HML-1 subunit (105 kDa under nonreducing conditions) from hairy-cell leukemia cells and determined the N-terminal amino acid sequence of this chain. The 17 residues determined were identical to the deduced amino acid sequence encoded by an integrin beta 7 cDNA clone [Yuan, Q., Jiang, W.-M., Krissansen, G.W. & Watson, J.D. (1990) Int. Immunol. 2, 1097-1108]. Biochemical analysis of the larger HML-1 subunit (175 kDa under nonreducing conditions) suggested that it was a distinct member of the cleaved group of integrin alpha chains, which we designated alpha E. The beta 7 chain also was associated with the integrin alpha 4 subunit, suggesting that the HML-1 antigen (alpha E beta 7) and alpha 4 beta 7 constitute a beta 7 integrin family on mucosal lymphocytes. Interestingly, regulation of the expression of the HML-1 antigen was reciprocal to that of lymphocyte function-associated molecule 1 in the presence of transforming growth factor beta 1. We suggest that these beta 7 integrins may play a specific role in mucosal localization or adhesion and that the expression of the HML-1 antigen might be regulated by transforming growth factor beta 1 produced at or near epithelial tissues.
The Preparation of α,ω-Bis-Para-Anisylalkanes

Abstract An improved method for the preparation of a homologous series of α,ω-bis-para-anisylalkanes is described.
Effect of transforming growth factor-beta on insulin-like growth factor 1- and dexamethasone-induced proliferation and differentiation in primary cultures of pig preadipocytes.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a known inhibitor, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) versus the known stimulators insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1
Diffusion MRI: Precision, accuracy and flow effects

After a decade of evolution and application of diffusion imaging, a large body of literature has been accumulated. It is in this context that the accuracy and precision of diffusion-weighted and quantitative diffusion MRI are reviewed. The emphasis of the review is on practical methods for clinical human imaging, particularly in the brain. The requirements for accuracy and precision are reviewed for various clinical and basic science applications. The methods of measuring and calculating diffusion effects with MRI are reviewed. The pulse gradient spin echo (PGSE) methods are emphasized as these methods are used most commonly in the clinical setting. Processing of PGSE data is reviewed. Various PGSE encoding schemes are also reviewed in terms of the accuracy and precision of isotropic and anisotropic diffusion measurements. The broad range of factors impacting the accuracy of the PGSE methods and other encoding schemes is then considered. Firstly, system inaccuracies such as background imaging gradients, gradient linearity, refocusing RF pulses, eddy currents, image misregistration, noise and dynamic range are considered. A second class of inaccuracies is contributed by the bulk effects of the imaged object, and include sample background gradients, subject motion of cerebrospinal fluid and organs, and aperiodic organ motion. A final category of potential inaccuracies is classified as being contributed by microscopic, biophysical tissue properties and include partial volume effects, anisotropy, restriction, diffusion distance, compartmentation, exchange, multiexponential diffusion decay, T2 weighting and microvascular perfusion. Finally, the application of diffusion methods to studies of blood flow in the microvasculature (i.e. the arterioles, capillaries and venules) are reviewed in detail, particularly in terms of feasibility and the stringent accuracy and precision requirements. Recent provocative studies examining the use of PGSE approaches to suppress microvascular signals in brain functional MRI (fMRI) are also reviewed.