cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyberspace: The New Battlefield-An Approach via the Analytics Hierarchy Process

The transition of the warfare mentality from the conventional domains of engagement air, land, maritime, and space to the cyberspace domain has not been an easy one for established organizations and institutions. The battlefield, in which now speed and stealth instead of size and budget are the determining factors that provide an edge have not well for many, especially those in the military. Now they do not clearly dictate who amongst combatants have the 'upper hand' and represent a significant paradigm shift from factors that were very good predictors of a potential outcome of military conflicts. The battles of the past were largely over territories and resources Landscape Metrics, 2015. We see outcomes now being influenced by a broader range of factors, including politics, culture, economy, religion, and ethnicity. These new 'pivot points' for conflict require a very different understanding and approach to achieve desired outcomes. Technology continues to be the main enabler that has transformed the battlefield and the rules of engagement from the conventional domains to cyberspace. The issue of attribution has been a huge differentiator and looms very large in cyberspace conflicts because it is very difficult to determine within a sufficient timeframe the source of an attack and to be able to respond to or prevent attacks. Now conflicts have expanded in such a way that combatants now cross all prospective levels of society from targets to attackers or perpetrators. The low cost required to provide significant damage to a desired target environment in cyberspace has been a game changer. As a result, the rules of engagement which were much clearer in conventional domains on military fronts are much more blurred due to the new realm of combatants, and as such, has changed many of the approaches and methodologies that were standard practices in traditional campaigns. In this paper, we focus on cyber conflicts and how the cultural differences of these three communities have plagued the ability to achieve a simple and coherent response against attackers and perpetrators. We pursue the relevance of trust and deterrence and their influence on 'warfare' tactics in the cyberspace domain. We also look at culture and the 'new norm' and how they have required consideration of new and unconventional approaches. We see how data can better inform decision makers and those responsible for designing and implementing campaigns in this new era of conflict. Our results indicate the need for a different model to work through the differences in culture if better are to be obtained by the combatants. In addition, we see that an approach that includes cyber deterrence framed in the context of active defense provides optimism on future outcomes.
Cylindrical overbounding for quadratic integrity monitors with non-Gaussian inputs

We develop tools for conservatively approximating the missed-detection probability of quadratic integrity monitors, commonly used for safety-critical navigation, for example, in the signal deformation monitor for global positioning system satellites. A derivation is presented that guarantees that a cylindrical overbounding approach conservatively approximates the true worst-case missed-detection probability for a quadratic monitor. A simulation study demonstrates that the cylindrical overbound is a relatively accurate bound, with mild overconservatism, within 5% of the correct answer for two-dimensional vector spaces with moderate-sized faults. Overconservatism increases somewhat for high-dimensional vector spaces and large fault-induced biases.
Supply of Healthcare Providers in Relation to County Socioeconomic and Health Status

Non-physician clinicians now constitute nearly one-quarter of the US primary care workforce, and as such are expected to play a significant role in offsetting projected physician shortfalls.1, 2 It has long been recognized that the per capita availability of physicians varies substantially across regions,3 and that physicians tend to locate in more affluent locales rather than areas of greatest need.4 Less is known about the practice location of non-physician clinicians and whether they exhibit similar patterns to those of physicians. Therefore, we examined the relationship of nurse practitioner and physician assistant supply with local socioeconomic and health status. As an example of a healthcare profession that operates outside the traditional medical system, 80% of whom operate as small business owners, we also examined the distribution of US chiropractors.
Testicular toxoplasmosis in a 26-year-old immunocompetent man

Testicular toxoplasmosis is a very rare presentation of Toxoplasma gondii A 26-year-old immunocompetent man presented to us with right testicular pain and a right epididymal mass. Ultrasound was concerning for malignancy and a radical orchiectomy was performed. Surgical pathology revealed chronic granulomatous inflammation which stained positive for T. gondii.
Implementation and Preliminary Clinical Experience with the Use of Ceiling Mounted Mobile High Field Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Between Two Operating Rooms

Objective Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (ioMRI) provides immediate feedback and quality assurance enabling the neurosurgeon to improve the quality of a range of neurosurgical procedures. Implementation of ioMRI is a complex and costly process. We describe our preliminary 16 months experience with the integration of an IMRIS movable ceiling mounted high field (1.5T) ioMRI setup with two operating rooms.
ENTRAINMENT, DETRAINMENT AND MIXING IN ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION

Only a small portion of the air in the troposphere is in turbulent motion, but turbulent motions associated with atmospheric convection have an enormous impact on regional and global circulations, principally through their contribution to vertical transports of heat, moisture, momentum, and the formation of clouds and precipitation. To understand and quantify these effects, we must recognize the penetrative nature of the turbulence; eddies ‘entrain’ air into the boundary layer or within a cumulus cloud. We follow Morton’s definition of entrainment in Chapter 6-the incorporation of ambient air into a localized circulation (e. g., a convecting boundary layer or convective cloud) as it penetrates its environment. This definition depends upon being able to clearly define the boundary, or ‘contact surface’ of the localized circulation, which can be ambiguous in practice. For most atmospheric flows, this boundary can often be thought of as dividing turbulent flow within the localized circulation from nonturbulent flow in the ambient air.
Teachers and Teaching in Africa

Teaching is the process of giving someone systematic instruction on the appropriate knowledge, values, habits, attitudes and behavioral patterns that he or she needs to function as a useful and acceptable member of the community. Teaching is a cultural universal or one of those things all humans share in common. Through teaching, human beings are able to transfer a posteriori knowledge, as opposed to a priori knowledge, onto their offspring, thus, helping them to adapt better to their environment and to enjoy life to the fullest. Teaching is a big part of everyone’s life experience. From birth to death, we spend most of our time either receiving instructions from others, or giving instructions to others. This analysis is an evolutionary account of teaching and education in Africa from pre-colonial times, through the colonial period, to the contemporary era. It focuses on teaching and education from primary to high school level, or from level K-1 to level K-12. It represents a synthesis of the works of outstanding scientists with respect to the state of teaching and education in Africa across the ages. The analysis makes many recommendations for the improvement of African teaching and education, most of which are addressed particularly to the classroom teacher, generally considered the first steward of education. The exposition examines teaching and education in Africa under the following broad headings: (a) The state of pre-colonial teaching and education in Africa, (b) The state of colonial or Western European teaching and education in Africa, (c) The state of post-colonial or contemporary teaching and education in Africa, (d) General recommendations for the improvement of teaching and education in contemporary Africa, and (e) General conclusion. TEACHERS AND TEACHING IN AFRICA
Cellular Electrophysiological and Genetic Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias

. Arrhythmias Caused by Abnormal Impulse Initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  .. Automaticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ... Normal Automaticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ... Abnormal Automaticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ... Some Clinical Characteristics of Arrhythmias Caused by Automaticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  .. Afterdepolarizations and Triggered Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ... Early Afterdepolarizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ... Delayed Afterdepolarizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
SLAUGHTER-LINE OPERATION | Cattle

The objective of the slaughter process is to efficiently convert live animals into carcasses, and to harvest dress-off items and offals. The commercial slaughter process for live cattle generally is uniform across the industry. Discussion in this article will focus on those processes that occur between receipt of live cattle and carcass evaluation and grading.
Markers in Human Lymphoid Tumors

The search for antigens that are truly specific for tumors has been going on for many years. Much of the early work was thought to provide models for specific immunologic attack on tumor cells but had to be reinterpreted because the investigators were later found to have been studying transplantation antigens rather than tumor antigens. More recently, virus-induced tumors were found to carry antigens coded for by the viral genome, and later similar antigens were discovered on spontaneously occurring tumors, giving credence to the theory that some spontaneously occurring tumors might be virus-induced. This work also has had to be reinterpreted in view of recent data that suggest that viral antigens may be expressed on the surface of tumors that are clearly carcinogen-induced. The role of the virus in the etiology of these tumors is not clear. Most recently, organ-specific and developmental antigens are being described. Some of these had also been thought to be tumor antigens prior to their more sophisticated elucidation in normal tissues. Pamfili, in this volume, has outlined the recent elegant work in the area of murine lymphoid differentiation antigens. Much of this dissection of cell type has been possible only because of the availability of inbred strains of mice, which allowed scientists to develop antisera by immunizing mice congenic for the specific locus under investigation.
On the steady state fractionation of multicomponent and complex mixtures in an ideal cascade: Part 1—Analytic solution of the equations for general mixtures

Abstract The equations for the steady state rectification of mixtures which obey a rather general vapour-liquid equilibrium law in an ideal cascade are solved in closed form. Various kinds of mixtures are examined. From the mathematical standpoint the problem presents some interesting features, first, because it may be linearized and, second, it can be reduced to an eigenvalue problem which in turn can be solved by a new transform, the transform being finite or infinite depending upon the number of components in the mixture. Methods for the numerical evaluation of the formulae as well as applications to practice will be reported elsewhere. The calculation of the minimum reflux will be presented in Part II.
Online Model-Based Thermal Prediction for Flexible Control of an Air-Cooled Hydrogenerator

The flexible generation of electrical energy is heavily dependent on hydropower. Advanced control systems may offer an enhanced operational security. During power system disturbances, a generator may need to operate beyond its limits to maintain a stable operation. This increased performance can be obtained if the total thermal capacity of the generator is exploited by applying optimal control theory in the automatic voltage regulator. A low-order model is required for online implementation and prediction of critical thermal stresses in the machine. Periodic extension of the generator capability diagram has been historically overlooked. In this paper, a thermal network for air-cooled hydrogenerators for use in real-time monitoring and optimal control is proposed and validated. The thermal model is extended with a heat exchanger model. The dynamic model is developed from an energy balance of the system and verified through finite-element method (FEM) simulations and temperature measurements in a case study. Transient simulation results of the online low-order model are in good agreement with measurements. Finally, a satisfactory simulator speed is obtained which confirms the feasibility of this approach in real-world applications.
Introduction: Overview of Current Molecular Diagnostic Testing on Cytology Samples

This era of precision medicine has been marked by an accelerating pace of our understanding of the underlying biology that drives a variety of malignancies. This has been enabled by advances in our ability to screen for and detect cancers and obtain cytologic and small biopsy samples for the diagnosis of these malignancies and technological advances in the laboratory medicine sector to identify molecular genetic aberrations that drive these cancers. As the discovery of molecular biomarkers, clinical trials, and therapeutic treatment options continue to evolve, pathologists are being increasingly tasked to leverage cytology and small biopsy samples for diagnostic purposes as well as downstream molecular ancillary testing. This serves to provide guidance and information to their clinical colleagues for prognostication and appropriate clinical management. Molecular testing has been successfully applied to these samples, and this introductory chapter serves to highlight various contexts in which molecular diagnostics and cytology are closely intertwined.
Logical spreadsheets

Logical spreadsheets are spreadsheets in which formulas are written as logical constraints rather than function definitions. Allowing logical constraints in spreadsheets substantially increases their utility. At the same time, it poses interesting technical challenges, notably the representation of logical constraints (both static and dynamic), query and update in the face of data incompleteness and inconsistency, and support for collaborative work on distributed spreadsheets. In this presentation, we describe logical spreadsheets in detail and offer some approaches to dealing with these underlying challenges. While logical spreadsheet technology is useful in specialized applications, it is even more useful as a general technology for the World Wide Web, turning ordinary Web forms into logical forms (sometimes called websheets). Moreover, the concept and technology of collaborative websheets can be further generalized to collaborative management of arbitrary logical databases. We close with thoughts about how this generalized technology can be used to produce a key component of the Semantic Web, viz. a World Data Web in which concepts and relationships replace documents and links, in which rules replace code, and in which query and update replace keyword search and file management.
Allocating Power and Bandwidth in Multibeam Satellite Systems using Particle Swarm Optimization

In recent years, communications satellites' payloads have been evolving from static to highly flexible components. Modern satellites are able to provide four orders of magnitude higher throughput than their predecessors forty years ago, going from a few Mbps to several hundreds of Gbps. This enhancement in performance is aligned with an increasing highly-variable demand. In order to dynamically and efficiently manage the satellite's resources, an automatic tool is needed. This work presents an implementation of a new metaheuristic algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to solve the joint power and bandwidth allocation problem. We formulate this problem as a multi-objective approach that considers the different constraints of a communication satellite system. The evaluation function corresponds to a full-RF link budget model that accounts for adaptive coding and modulation techniques as well as multiple types of losses. We benchmark the algorithm using a realistic traffic model provided by a satellite communications operator and under time restrictions present in an operational environment. The results show a fast convergence of the PSO algorithm, reaching an admissible solution in seconds. However, the PSO tends to get stuck in local optima and often fails to reach the global optimum. This motivates the creation of a hybrid metaheuristic combining the presented PSO with a Genetic Algorithm (GA). We show that this approach dominates the PSO-only both in terms of power consumption and service rate. Furthermore, we also show that the hybrid implementation outperforms a GA-only algorithm for low run-time executions (10-second executions). The hybrid provides up to an 85% power reduction and up to 10% better service rate in this case.
Soft-Tissue Myoepithelioma of the Retroperitoneal Space Mimicking a Pancreatic Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review

Soft-tissue myoepithelioma (STM) is an extremely rare benign tumor with predominant occurrence in head, neck, pelvic girdle and limbs. These tumors lack specific clinical and morphological features and can easily be confused with more common neoplasms. It may lead to incorrect diagnosis and management. Here, we present a clinical case of a young man with retroperitoneal STM which simulated a pancreatic tumor and required a distal pancreatectomy. Performed literature review highlights current data about clinical, morphologic, immunohistochemical and genetic evaluation, treatment and prognosis of STM. J Med Cases. 2020;11(1):16-21 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3407
Using Social Network Analysis to Understand Sobriety among a Campus Recovery Community

Due to more college students recovering from addictions, institutions are implementing collegiate recovery communities (CRCs). CRCs provide academic and social support needed for recovering student...
Single shot single antenna path discovery in THz networks

THz communication has the potential to realize an order of magnitude increase in data rates due to the availability of wide THz-scale spectral bands. Unfortunately, establishing and managing highly directional beams in THz networks is challenging as links lack the "pseudo-omni" reception capability of lower bands and the product of AP-client beam resolution is high due to narrow beams of only a few degrees. In this paper, we present One-shot Path discovEry with a THz RAinbow (OPERA), a novel system that identifies dominant paths between the AP and all clients in order to efficiently steer directional beams. The key idea is to embed path direction into the inherent characteristics of signals traveling along each path. To do so, we exploit a single leaky wave antenna and create a THz Rainbow. A THz Rainbow transmission consists of distinct signals with unique spectral characteristics across the angular domain. Leveraging the spatial-spectral signatures in the THz Rainbow, all receivers can correlate the measured signal with the known transmission signatures to discover the sender's path directions in one-shot. Our experiments demonstrate that OPERA achieves average direction estimates within 2° of ground truth for LOS and reflected paths.
Scenario-Based Training for Sexual Harassment Prevention

Although laws have been enacted both to prevent sexual harassment (SH) and to prosecute those who engage in it, the issue remains a matter of concern in the workplace. A variety of training programs have been developed to address SH, but their effectiveness has been called into question. Using a scenario-based activity, we directly assessed the impact of various training approaches on undergraduate and graduate students’ perceptions of SH. A comparison of pre- and post-measures indicated that the scenario and associated activities yielded post-session shifts in awareness of SH. Differences were found between undergraduate men and women and between undergraduates and graduates, with no gender differences observed among the latter.
Liquid Waste Handling Facilities for a Conceptual Light Water Reactor Spent Fuel Reprocessing Complex

One alternative for closing the nuclear fuel cycle is efficient, high decontamination separation of uranium and plutonium and fabrication of a Pu-U mixed-oxide fuel Detailed flowsheets were prepare...
Utilization and procedural adverse outcomes associated with Watchman device implantation.

Aims The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the Watchman device [percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO)] has resulted in the widespread use of this procedure in many centres across the USA. We sought to estimate the nationwide utilization and frequency of adverse outcomes associated with Watchman device implantation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Watchman device implantation peri-procedural complications and comparison of the results with the previous studies. Methods and results The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried for all hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter during the year 2016 with percutaneous LAAO during the same admission (ICD-10 code-02L73DK). The frequency of peri-procedural complications, including mortality, procedure-related stroke, major bleeding requiring blood transfusion, and pericardial effusion, was assessed. We compared the complication rates with the published randomized controlled trials and the European Watchman registry. An estimated 5175 LAAO procedures were performed in 2016. The majority of procedures was performed in males (59.1%), age ≥75 years (58.7%), and White (83.1%). The overall complication rate was 1.9%. The in-hospital mortality was 0.29%. Pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis was the most frequent complication (0.68%). Bleeding requiring transfusion was noted in 0.1% of device implants. The rates of post-procedure stroke and systemic embolism were 0% and 0.29%, respectively. Conclusion Percutaneous LAAO with the Watchman device in the USA is associated with low in-hospital complications and a similar safety profile to a recently published EWOLUTION cohort. The complication rates were lower than those reported in the major randomized clinical trials (RCTs). We report the frequency of peri-procedural complications of the LAAO using the Watchman device from the NIS database. We also compare the frequency of peri-procedural complications with the previously published RCTs and EWOLUTION cohort. Our findings are in concordance with findings from EWOLUTION cohort and compare favourably with RCTs.
"Here's the 'kicker': School factors associated with opioid misuse among US African American Youth.

Recent evidence has suggested that African Americans are at higher risk for opioid misuse, compared to their relative counterparts. However, school factors have largely been ignored. Given that the...
Robotic Diaphragmatic Plication

Diaphragmatic plication restores thoracic domain and allows for more effective mechanical expansion of the lungs in patients with symptomatic diaphragmatic dysfunction. The focus of this chapter is to explain to our readers our robotic approach to this particular problem. In addition to the focus, we also describe how we diagnose diaphragmatic paralysis, what factors we use to decide when to operate on these patients, and a description of different treatment modalities to choose from.
Measures to Protect Cloud Data: A Survey

Almost everything is stored in the cloud, from personal photos, and documents, to corporate files, health records, top secret government data and other sensitive information. People rely on this data to be kept safe and protected; This paper presents the measures that are in place to protect this data. Cloud platform is great for dealing with our such data. Although the cloud is great it has also got to have protection if anything should go awry, that is where the incident response comes into play, gauging the risks and vulnerabilities and coming up with solutions on how to respond to them.
Institutional Pressures to Provide Social Benefits and the Earnings Management Behavior of Nonprofits: Evidence from the U.S. Hospital Industry

This study examines the relationship between institutional pressures to provide social benefits and the discretionary accrual behavior of nonprofit firms. I examine this issue within the context of U.S. nonprofit hospitals, an economically significant and politically rich setting where firms face considerable institutional pressure to provide an important social benefit: charity care. I argue that institutional pressures on nonprofits to provide higher levels of social benefits imply that lower profits should be reported. I develop theory and provide evidence which suggests that, due to competing private incentives to report higher profits, nonprofit managers strategically use discretionary accruals to increase accounting earnings when the social benefits their firms have provided in the current period exceed external stakeholders' normative expectations. The findings from this study inform the ongoing political debate regarding the appropriateness of tax exemptions for U.S. nonprofit hospitals and should therefore be of interest to both regulators and policymakers. In addition, this study provides timely insights for researchers regarding how institutional pressures can affect managers' reporting behaviors in other settings where similar competing reporting incentives exist between managers' private benefits and stakeholder expectations related to social benefits.
Wrestling with Killer Robots: The Benefits and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence for National Security

Countries around the world are increasingly turning to artificial intelligence (AI) for national security tasks ranging from intelligence analysis to identifying and attacking targets without human input. This proliferation of AI-enabled military technologies has significant implications for international security. Supplementing or replacing humans with algorithms and machines has the potential to change the character of warfare, but it also raises vexing strategic, ethical, and legal questions. How might states use AI on the battlefield? What are the ethical objectives to its use? What happens when things go awry? This case study provides a background on the use of AI for national security, introduces key debates surrounding the use of these technologies, and presents a scenario-based exercise that allows students to engage with the complicated ethical and political questions that policymakers will increasingly confront as AI-enabled systems become more common on the modern battlefield.
GPR39 localization in the aging human brain and correlation of expression and polymorphism with vascular cognitive impairment.

Introduction The pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is not fully understood. GPR39, an orphan G-protein coupled receptor, is implicated in neurological disorders but its role in VCI is unknown. Methods We performed GPR39 immunohistochemical analysis in post mortem brain samples from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and control subjects. DNA was analyzed for GPR39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and correlated with white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden on pre mortem magnetic resonance imaging. Results GPR39 is expressed in aged human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, localized to microglia and peri-capillary cells resembling pericytes. GPR39-capillary colocalization, and density of GPR39-expressing microglia was increased in aged brains compared to young. SNP distribution was equivalent between groups; however, homozygous SNP carriers were present only in the MCI group, and had higher WMH volume than wild-type or heterozygous SNP carriers. Discussion GPR39 may play a role in aging-related VCI, and may serve as a therapeutic target and biomarker for the risk of developing VCI.
Categories of Computer Use and Their Relationships with Attitudes Toward Computers

AbstractA comprehensive questionnaire consisting of attitude and use items was administered to the entire student body of a 4-year undergraduate university. A response rate of 38% resulted in 1,444 completed surveys. A principal component factor analysis supported the a priori assumption that there were 5 independent categories of computer use. Respondents indicated different levels of computer use. Word processing was the application used most frequently. Other uses included e-mail for task and nontask activities and mathematical and statistical computations. Moreover, significant differences were observed between the mean attitudes of the low and high users of all the different categories of use. Respondents who reported higher use of computers indicated a more positive attitude toward computers on all the different attitude scales. Finally, significant correlations were observed between the attitude items and the categories of use. The results suggest that computers are used for several different activ...
Sleep in a Sleepless Age

In this paper, I explore the social dimensions of sleep as it relates to high-tech work and its cultural contexts. I discuss the implications of sleep, and its cultural vilification, for the families of high-tech professionals. In particular, I develop the notion of sleep as care, and of women as (still) the de facto care givers, and the ways in which these two persisting social facts interact with sleep’s denigration in the high-tech social world. I consider the emerging trend of what proponents call ‘co-sleeping’ in light of these concepts. My aim here is to develop a working theory of sleep as cultural venue for gendered expressions about autonomy, dependence, care, and need within a context of corporate capitalism in general, and information technology in particular.
Wayne Manufacturing: A Teaching Case On The Detection Of Misappropriation Of Assets

This paper is a teaching case intended for use in an undergraduate auditing or fraud examination course. Students are introduced to Wayne Manufacturing, a medium-sized firm in the Midwestern U.S.A. that manufactures parts for companies such as General Motors (GM) and Ford. Wayne Manufacturing has some conditions present that put it at risk for misappropriation of assets. Since it is not infrequent that such misappropriations are concealed in the accounting records, these conditions also increase the risk of fraudulent financial reporting. Section One presents the facts of the case. Section Two presents decision-guiding questions for students to consider. Section Three provides teaching notes. Section Four provides a summary of the paper.
Three-Axis Drag-Free Control and Drag Force Recovery of a Single-Thruster Small Satellite

A drag-free spacecraft uses a gravitational reference sensor to shield an internal free-floating test mass from all external disturbances and disturbances caused by the spacecraft itself. Since the test mass is completely freed from nongravitational disturbances, it and its “tender” spacecraft follow a pure geodesic. The next generation of drag-free space systems will provide autonomous precision orbit determination, more accurately map the static and time-varying components of the Earth’s mass distribution, aid in the understanding of the fundamental force of gravity, and ultimately open up a new window to the universe through the detection and observation of gravitational waves. In this paper, a simple and cost-effective design for a drag-free nanosatellite for autonomous Earth observation and in situ atmospheric studies is explored. The nanosatellite is composed of a single thruster to compensate for drag and an attitude control system to orient the satellite in the direction of the external disturbanc...
Effect of BDM, verapamil, and cardiac work on mitochondrial membrane potential in perfused rat hearts.

The biochemical link providing effective coordination between the mitochondrial ATP synthetic machinery and the contractile apparatus following transitions in cardiac work remains enigmatic. Studie...
Search for parity and time reversal violations in hindered gamma-decay

We discuss various possibilities to improve the sensitivity of parity and time reversal asymmetry measurements in gamma decaying nuclei. We compare the best known parity violating case180mHf to a similar isotope178mHf. Although the parity violation may not be as large, the 178 isomer is better suited to eliminate experimental systematic problems. We introduce a new detector to enhance the sensitivity of such measurements. Our first experiments indicate applicability of these detectors to P symmetry tests.
Size frequency distributions of key epibenthic organisms in the eastern Chukchi Sea and their correlations with environmental parameters

Abstract Epibenthic communities play a key role in ecosystem functioning in Arctic shelf Seas, such as in the Chukchi Sea in the Pacific Arctic. These communities, however, are patchily distributed and are influenced by various environmental parameters. Along with taxonomic composition, another community aspect that may vary spatially and be influenced by the environment is the distribution of organism sizes. This study presents the first size frequency distributions of nine epifaunal taxa that were determined to be dominant in the eastern Chukchi Sea in July/August 2009 and 2010, including male, female and gravid Chionoecetes opilio and Hyas coarctatus crabs , the gastropods Neptunea spp., Plicifusus spp. , Colus spp., and Cryptonatica spp., and the echinoderms Gorgonocephalus spp. , Leptasterias spp., and Echinarachnius parma. Some abundant taxa exhibited a wide range of sizes (i.e. C. opilio , Neptunea spp., and Leptasterias spp.), while others had a much smaller size range (i.e. Cryptonatica spp. and E. parma ). We also found that size distributions of these taxa correlated with various combinations of the environmental parameters that have been shown to be important in structuring the general distribution patterns for the epibenthic invertebrate communities in the study area, including percent total sediment organic carbon, sediment chlorophyll a , temperature, latitude, sediment grain size 2 and 4 phi, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Our findings present benchmark information that is needed to detect future alterations in body-size frequency distributions that are likely to happen in response to the predicted climate and environmental changes in the Chukchi Sea region.
Designing a Data-Driven Tutor Authoring Tool for CS Educators

Intelligent Tutoring Systems are highly effective at helping students learn, but have required intensive amounts of development time in the past, keeping teachers from making their own. Data-driven tutoring has made it possible to build these tutors more efficiently. For my thesis work, I intend to build an authoring tool for data-driven tutors that is designed to be used by computer science teachers. I plan to design this system based on data gathered in interviews with CS educators and evaluate it on its usability for new users.
Group Polarization and 12 Angry Men

Deliberating groups, including juries, typically end up in a more extreme position in line with their predeliberation tendencies. A jury whose members are inclined, before deliberation, to find a defendant not guilty will likely render a verdict of not guilty; a jury whose members want to award punitive damages will likely produce an award higher than that of the median juror. The phenomenon of group polarization, found in many domains, stems from a combination of information pooling and peer pressure. The events portrayed in the film 12 Angry Men seem to defy the logic of group polarization, but the film nonetheless shows an acute psychological sense.
Monitoring linked epidemics: the case of tuberculosis and HIV.

BACKGROUND: The tight epidemiological coupling between HIV and its associated opportunistic infections leads to challenges and opportunities for disease surveillance. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We review efforts of WHO and collaborating agencies to track and fight the TB/HIV co-epidemic and discuss modeling--via mathematical statistical and computational approaches--as a means to identify disease indicators designed to integrate data from linked diseases in order to characterize how co-epidemics change in time and space. We present R(TB/HIV) an index comparing changes in TB incidence relative to HIV prevalence and use it to identify those sub-Saharan African countries with outlier TB/HIV dynamics. R(TB/HIV) can also be used to predict epidemiological trends investigate the coherency of reported trends and cross-check the anticipated impact of public health interventions. Identifying the cause(s) responsible for anomalous R(TB/HIV) values can reveal information crucial to the management of public health. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We frame our suggestions for integrating and analyzing co-epidemic data within the context of global disease monitoring. Used routinely joint disease indicators such as R(TB/HIV) could greatly enhance the monitoring and evaluation of public health programs.
The Exercise of Jesus' Royal Power: Lent through Trinity Sunday

This article traces the theme of royal power through the lectionary readings in Matthew during the seasons of Lent and Easter, culminating in Trinity Sunday. An examination of major turning points in Matthew's story of Jesus—temptation, transfiguration, triumphal entry, passion, resurrection, and farewell—demonstrates Jesus' re-definition of kingship as obedience and service. Matthew characterizes Jesus as the perfect example of true righteousness, consistently obedient to the Father's will. As a result, Jesus possesses absolute and eternal power, and he commands his disciples to draw on that power and his presence as they make other disciples throughout the earth.
Efficacy of near neutral and alkaline pH electrolyzed oxidizing waters to control Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 from beef hides

In this study efficacy of near neutral and alkaline pH electrolyzed oxidizing waters to reduce aerobic plate counts (AC) and Enterobacteriaceae (EC) from uninoculated fresh cattle hides and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 from inoculated hides were determined. Fresh hides were cut in to 15 by 20 cm pieces and subjected to a total of eight different treatment solutions; near neutral pH EO water (NEW-pH 6.5 at room temperature, 150 mg/L available chlorine), alkaline pH EO water (AEO-pH 11.6 at room temperature), hot alkaline pH EO water at 43 °C (HAEO-pH 11.60), alkaline pH EO water spray followed by 150 mg/L available chlorine containing near neutral pH EO water spray (A-NEW-both at room temperature), Blitz™ (PAA, pH 3.02 at room temperature), 5% lactic acid (LA, pH 2.04 at room temperature), deionized water (W) and no treatment (Control). For each treatment, 60 ml treatment solution was sprayed on hide using a hand held sprayer. Similar treatment protocol was employed to treat hide pieces inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium DT 104. Five percent lactic acid spray treatment was found to be the most effective treatment and achieved 2.77, 2.74, 2.75 and 2.98 log CFU/cm2 of AC, EC, E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium DT 104 reductions, respectively. All EO water treatments were equally effective in reducing all target microorganisms, except E. coli O157:H7. HAEO and A-NEW treatments yielded significant reduction of E. coli O157:H7 compared to other EO water treatments. These results indicate that various EO water treatments could become viable options to reduce pathogens on hide during slaughter.
Sequential synthesis of an unsymmetrical two-chain disulfide peptide on solid-phase

Abstract The synthesis of an unsymmetrical cystine-derivative (Nα′-9-fluorenyl-methyloxycarbonyl-Nα″-tert.butyloxycarbonyl-cystine-O′-benzyl ester) allowed the sequential synthesis of a disulfide-linked two-chain polypeptide on solid-phase.
Clinical Experience With Linezolid at a Large Academic Medical Center: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to evaluate current patterns of use, microbiologic cure rates, and hematologic toxicities, including identification of risk factors, associated with linezolid utilization at our institution.Methods: Utilization, clinical, microbiological, and toxicity data were collected prospectively over an 8-month period (August 1, 2006 to March 31, 2007). Binary logistic and multivariate stepwise regression analyses were performed to identify potential risk factors for linezolid-associated thrombocytopenia and anemia.Results: A total of 116 linezolid courses (102 patients) were identified with a mean duration of therapy of 12.3 days. Appropriate infectious disease service approval and consults were found in 87.9% and 62.1% of the cases, respectively. Bloodstream, urinary tract, and respiratory tract infections accounted for 29%, 21%, and 16% of clinical indications, respectively. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and c...
Monte carlo simulation of polymers in steady potential flows

This work presents a study of the configurational properties of bead-spring chains in steady-state potential flows. These properties are obtained from off-lattice Monte Carlo simulations. The results of our simulations compare favourably with theoretical results for phantom chains. We investigate the effects of excluded volume and hydrodynamic interaction on the configurations of the chains, and compare our results to the predictions of scaling arguments. The scaling law observed here for the latter case deviates from theoretical predictions but is in agreement with findings reported from molecular dynamics simulations.
Electrochemical and spectral studies of the reactions of aquocobalamin with nitric oxide and nitrite ion

Electrochemistry and Raman spectroscopy have shown that aquocob(III)alamin (Cbl(III)) can be reduced by nitric oxide (NO) to form Cbl(II) on an electrode surface. The Cbl(II) formed in this way can bind NO to form nitrosyl-cobalamin, Cbl(II)−NO, which is reduced to form Cbl(I) at about −1.0 V vs a KCl saturated Ag/AgCl reference electrode. In addition, nitrite was found to bind both Cbl(III) and Cbl(II) and a binding constant of 3.5 × 102 M-1 was measured for (NO2−Cbl(II))1-. UV−vis spectrophotometry and mass spectroscopy were used to show that Cbl(I) reduces NO to form Cbl(II)−NO and N2O and N2, and this reaction is involved in the cyclic voltammetry of cobalamin in the presence of excess NO where a catalytic reduction of NO occurs involving the cycling of Cbl(II)−NO/Cbl(I). This redox couple is also involved in the electrochemical catalytic reduction of nitrite. These results can be used to explain a number of physiological effects involving NO interaction in biological systems with added cobalamin or w...
RNA synthesis and aminoacyl transfer RNA activity of L-2071 cells exposed to dieldrin and DDT

In L-2071 tissue culture cells, 50 ppm (50 Μg/ml culture medium) each of dieldrin or DDT reduced total cell count and the rate of14C-leucine incorporation into protein and14C-uridine incorporation into total RNAs; this was the result of an increased rate of14C-uridine incorporation into cytoplasmic soluble and 4S RNA cellular fraction. Total amino acid acceptor activity decreased with dieldrin and DDT treatments, which suggests an actual decrease in functional tRNAs. Dieldrin reduced glutamyl- and aspartyl-tRNA activities whereas phenylalanyl-, tyrosyl-, threonyl-, leucyl-, isoleucyl-, seryl-, and prolyl-tRNA activities decreased with both pesticides. Valyl-, lysyl-, glycyl-, alanyl-, histidyl-, and arginyl-tRNA activities were only slightly changed. The effect of dieldrin was generally greater than that of DDT. In addition, there was degradation of 28S and 18S RNAs to fragments isolated with 4S RNAs. Cells treated with 0.5 and 10 ppm levels of dieldrin demonstrated decreased14C-uridine incorporation into 28S RNAs and increased incorporation into 18S and 4S RNAs after 3 hours and 3 to 6 hours, respectively. Incorporation levels returned to near control levels, thereafter, in whole cell preparations, but remained different from controls when nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions were assessed individually.
Mutant strains of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides which form photosynthetic pigments aerobically in the dark. Growth characteristics and enzymic activities.

Abstract Mutant strains of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides have been isolated which contain 5–50 times more bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids than the wild type when grown under highly aerobic conditions in the dark. Their pigment content is similar to the wild type when grown in the light. One of the mutants (TA-R) grew more slowly than its parent strain under aerobic conditions but formed pigments at about 60% of the rate observed under photosynthetic conditions. The other mutants grew at rates similar to the wild type under all conditions. Synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll by suspensions of the mutants began without delay upon transfer from conditions of high to low aeration. In contrast to the wild type, magnesium protoporphyrin-S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.11) activity in particulate preparations from the mutants was not repressed by growth under aerobic conditions in the light or dark. Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) activity was repressed by O 2 in the mutants as in the wild type. Other enzyme activities were compared in mutant TA-R and its parent strain grown under the same conditions. NADH oxidase activity in particles from aerobically grown TA-R was about one third that found in the parent strain. However, the respiration rates of the intact cells did not differ. Light inhibited the respiration of aerobically grown TA-R, indicating that the bacteriochlorophyll formed under these conditions had photochemical activity. It is concluded that the insensitivity of the mutants to O 2 repression is due to defects in the regulatory system which controls formation of the enzymes concerned in pigment synthesis.
The interface penny-shaped crack reconsidered

Abstract The penny-shaped crack at the interface between two bonded dissimilar media is reconsidered on the basis of recent developments on the elimination of oscillatory singularities. This is accomplished by assuming an annular frictionless contact zone at the crack circumference and reducing the problem to a Fredholm integral equation. Expressions for the strain energy, crack opening force and bond stresses are obtained and numerical results given for specific material combinations.