cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Gail model in a cohort of women with atypical hyperplasia.

5371 Background: Understanding an individual woman’s risk of developing breast cancer is of high importance if we are to tailor clinical management properly. We sought to evaluate the performance of the Gail model1 in a cohort of women with atypical hyperplasia, and to determine if other histopathological features might contribute to enhanced risk prediction in this cohort. Methods: The Mayo Clinic Benign Breast Disease (BBD) Cohort includes 9343 women who had an open breast biopsy between 1967 and 1991.2 Of these, 336 women had atypical hyperplasia, a group with significantly increased risk of a later breast cancer (RR∼4.0). Gail model risk factors, and others, were obtained via survey and medical record review. Lifetime risk (thirty-year probability) of breast cancer was computed for each woman. Logistic regression was used to assess the concordance between the predicted and observed lifetime risk. Proportional hazards regression, with bootstrap model selection, was used to identify a potential risk prediction model for this high-risk group of women. Results: In this atypia sub-cohort, 64 women experienced a breast cancer with an average follow-up of about 15 years. This number of events was slightly lower than the number predicted by the 30-year Gail model probabilities (rate ratio [95% CI] = 0.94 [0.74 - 1.20]). At the individual level, the concordance between observed breast cancer events and predicted lifetime probabilities of breast cancer was 0.59. This did not reach statistical significance (p=0.13), however, the number of events was low. The model selection process identified one covariate that was associated with breast cancer risk in this sub-cohort: the number of foci of atypia. Conclusions: Averaging risks across this atypia cohort, the Gail model prediction was on target, but the per-individual concordance between observed and predicted breast cancer was low. Knowledge of the number of foci of atypia provided additional information about breast cancer risk. The development of alternative risk models in this group, and in the entire BBD cohort, are in process. References: 1. Gail MH, Brinton LA, Byar DP, Corle DK, Green SB, Schairer C, Mulvihill JJ. Projecting individualized probabilities of developing breast cancer for white females who are being examined annually. JNCI 1989, 81(24):1879-1886 2. Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Frost MH, Lingle WL, Degnim AC, Ghosh K, Vierkant RA, Maloney SD, Pankratz VS, Hillman DW, Suman VJ, Johnson J, Blake C, Tlsty T, Vachon CM, Melton LJ, Visscher DW. Benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005, 353(3):229-237.
Claudin 4 overexpression in serous ovarian cancer is mediated by promoter hypomethylation and is a potential therapeutic target.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5504 Objectives: Microarray analysis demonstrated that claudin 4 ( CLDN4 ) was significantly overexpressed in serous ovarian cancers (SOC). This study sought to validate the overexpression of CLDN4 , determine the mechanism behind its overexpression, and demonstrate that CLDN4 is a potential therapeutic marker for targeted treatment of SOC. Methods: CLDN4 overexpression in SOC tissue and cell lines was compared to normal ovarian surface epithelium (NOSE) using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR ), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Western blotting. The methylation status of the CLDN4 promoter was identified using methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR). Cell cultures not expressing CLDN4 were treated with 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (AZA) (a demethylating agent) and CLDN4 expression was compared to non-treated cultures. Five SOC cell lines were treated with purified CPE ( clostridium perfringens enterotoxin - a specific ligand for CLDN4) alone and in combination with paclitaxel, and dose-response curves and IC50 values were generated. Results: CLDN4 was significantly overexpressed in SOC tissue (p=0.02) and cell lines (p=0.02). qRT-PCR expression correlated with Western blot intensity (r=0.71, p=0.003) and with IHC scores (p=0.03). MS-PCR demonstrated that the CLDN4 promoter was unmethylated in all eight OC cell cultures expressing CLDN4. Similarly, the CLDN4 promoter was unmethylated in 12 OC tissue samples, all of which overexpressed CLDN4. Conversely, the CLDN4 promoter was methylated in all three NOSE and in all five SOC cell cultures not expressing CLDN4. Furthermore, treatment with AZA increased CLDN4 expression in cell lines not expressing CLDN4. CPE exhibited rapid cytotoxic activity in cell cultures expressing CLDN4. The degree of its cytotoxic effect is inversely related to the level of CLDN4 expression. Conclusions: CLDN4 is overexpressed in serous ovarian cancer and this has promising potential for targeted therapy using CPE. As in other cancers, CLDN4 overexpression in SOC is due to promoter hypomethylation, another potential treatment target. Ongoing investigation is examining the activity of CPE in xenograft mice with SOC. Additional work is focusing on the ability of C-CPE (the non-cytotoxic receptor-binding terminus of CPE) to behave as a chemosensitizing agent in SOC cell lines.
STABILITY FROM THE BIFURCATION FUNCTION

Publisher Summary Recently, de Oliveira and Hale presented a relationship between the bifurcation function obtained by the method of Liapunov–Schmidt and the flow on the center manifold for periodic n-dimensional systems for which the linear approximation has one characteristic multiplier equal to one and the remaining ones inside the unit circle. This chapter presents a more elementary proof of this result and presents an application to stability for autonomous systems in the critical case of one zero root. This allows the extension and simplification of the classical results of Liapunov to the case of C-vector fields. The approach used by Liapunov cannot be extended to this case as he employs the theory of transformations to approximate the vector fields by simpler vector fields.
Chapter 21 The Relation between Ca2+ and Cyclic GMP in Rod Photoreceptors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relation between Ca 2+ and cyclic guanosine 3´,5´-monophosphate (cGMP) in rod photoreceptors. Ca 2+ and cGMP may act as interrelated second messengers in the rod photoreceptors of the toad Bufo marinus . Lowering extracellular Ca 2+ or increasing intracellular levels of cGMP by the superfusion of the retina with the phosphodiesterase (PDE)-inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) causes a qualitatively similar sequence of effects on the intracellularly recorded responses of the rods to light. The chapter discusses the sequence of events that might occur in the rod on illumination. With lower Ca 2+ , the cGMP levels in the rod increase, thereby resulting in a feed-forward cascade that may serve to enhance the rate of membrane potential recovery. The principal role of cGMP in the rod is to regulate cytosol Ca 2+ levels.
Regenerated hair cells can originate from supporting cell progeny: evidence from phototoxicity and laser ablation experiments in the lateral line system

The mechanisms that lead to the production of sensory hair cells during regeneration have been investigated by using 2 different procedures to ablate preexisting hair cells in individual neuromast sensory epithelia of the lateral line in the tails of salamanders, then monitoring the responses of surviving cells. In one series of experiments, fluorescent excitation was used to cause the phototoxic death of hair cells that selectively take up the pyridinium dye DASPEI. In the other experiments, the ultraviolet output of a pulsed neodymium-YAG laser was focused to a microbeam through a quartz objective lens in epi- illumination mode and used to selectively kill individual unlabeled hair cells while the cells were simultaneously imaged by transmitted light DIC microscopy. Through observation of the treated neuromasts in vivo, these experiments demonstrated that mature sensory epithelia that have been completely depleted of hair cells can still generate new hair cells. Preexisting hair cells are not necessary for regeneration. Immediately after the ablations the only resident cells in the sensory epithelia were supporting cells. These cells were observed to divide at rates that were increased over control values, and eventually those cell divisions gave rise to progeny that differentiated as hair cells, replacing those that had been killed. Macrophages were active in these epithelia, and their phagocytic activity had a significant influence on the standing population of cells. The first new hair cells appeared 3–5 d after the treatments, and additional hair cells usually appeared every 1–2 d for at least 2 weeks. We conclude that the fate of the progeny produced by supporting cell divisions is plastic to a degree, in that these progeny can differentiate either as supporting cells or as hair cells in epithelia where hair cells are missing or depleted.
Adult Science Learning in the Internet Era

Abstract This article outlines a different view of the changing nature of adult learning in the Internet era. The old model of learning—the warehouse—is being replaced by a “just-in-time” system of information acquisition. The NRC report focuses too heavily on finding missions for existing institutions and pays too little attention to the pervasive changes in information acquisition and adult learning in all areas. An analysis of existing data demonstrates the relative impact of formal and informal learning and points to opportunities for enhanced adult science learning in the future. In a just-in-time world, museums and similar informal learning institutions will need to be less dependent on their physical setting and more focused on learning as the end product. It will also be necessary to find a viable revenue model to support this emerging mission.
Insulin for glycaemic control in acute ischaemic stroke.

Background People with hyperglycaemia concomitant with an acute stroke have greater mortality, stroke severity, and functional impairment when compared with those with normoglycaemia at stroke presentation. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2011. Objectives To determine whether intensively monitoring insulin therapy aimed at maintaining serum glucose within a specific normal range (4 to 7.5 mmol/L) in the first 24 hours of acute ischaemic stroke influences outcome. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (September 2013), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 8), MEDLINE (1950 to September 2013), EMBASE (1980 to September 2013), CINAHL (1982 to September 2013), Science Citation Index (1900 to September 2013), and Web of Science (ISI Web of Knowledge) (1993 to September 2013). We also searched ongoing trials registers and SCOPUS. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing intensively monitored insulin therapy versus usual care in adults with acute ischaemic stroke. Data collection and analysis We obtained a total of 1565 titles through the literature search. Two review authors independently selected the included articles and extracted the study characteristics, study quality, and data to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), mean difference (MD) and standardised mean difference (SMD) of outcome measures. We resolved disagreements by discussion. Main results We included 11 RCTs involving 1583 participants (791 participants in the intervention group and 792 in the control group). We found that there was no difference between the treatment and control groups in the outcomes of death or dependency (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.23) or final neurological deficit (SMD -0.09, 95% CI -0.19 to 0.01). The rate of symptomatic hypoglycaemia was higher in the intervention group (OR 14.6, 95% CI 6.6 to 32.2). In the subgroup analyses of diabetes mellitus (DM) versus non-DM, we found no difference for the outcomes of death and disability or neurological deficit. The number needed to treat was not significant for the outcomes of death and final neurological deficit. The number needed to harm was nine for symptomatic hypoglycaemia. Authors' conclusions After updating the results of our previous review, we found that the administration of intravenous insulin with the objective of maintaining serum glucose within a specific range in the first hours of acute ischaemic stroke does not provide benefit in terms of functional outcome, death, or improvement in final neurological deficit and significantly increased the number of hypoglycaemic episodes. Specifically, those people whose glucose levels were maintained within a tighter range with intravenous insulin experienced a greater risk of symptomatic and asymptomatic hypoglycaemia than those people in the control group.
Some New Techniques For Imaging Through Inhomogeneities

Several processes of image formation through inhomogeneities are compared: double-pass phase conjugation, single-pass phase conjugation, and superresolution. The phase conjugation processes can each be combined with the superresolution process, giving rise to more generalized methods of image formation through inhomogeneities.
SU-FF-T-13: A Generalized Biologically Equivalent Dose (gBED) Model and Its Application for Radiosurgery and Hypofractionated Body Radiotherapy

Purpose: Vastly different dose fractionation and dose prescription schemes exist for radiosurgery and body radiotherapy of intracranial and extracranial tumors. A generalized biological equivalent dose (gBED) model has been developed to account for variations in dose fractionations and non‐uniform dose distributions for both targets and critical structures of such treatments. Method and Materials: Assuming cell survival fraction (S) can be expressed as S = e −α gBED , we derived gBED = ∑ i w i BED i where w i = v i S(d i / ∑ i S(d i ), BED i = nd i [1+d i /(α/β)] of the linear‐quadratic model, and vi is the ith voxel receiving the dose of di as in the calculation of the dose volume histogram. In the above gBED formula, wi is the probability‐weighted volume unit which is analogous to the voxel mass (density×volume). As a result, we derived a new histogram by plotting accumulative BEDi versus accumulative wi and we called it Dose Unit Histogram (DUH). To study DUH model, analyses were applied to a group of >20 radiosurgery and body radiotherapy cases of varying fractionations and dose volume histograms. The dependence of gBED on α/β values (ranging from 2–20) and other physical dose parameters were also investigated. Results: The normalized DUH fell consistently below the normalized DVH curves regardless of α/β values. This indicates a decreased effect to target and increased tolerance of the normal structure. For high α/β values such as 20, gBED approached to the conventional BED calculated from the mean dose of a volume. For low values of α/β such as 2, gBED was significantly different, particularly for non‐uniform target dose distributions. Conclusion: A generalized BED formula was developed and used for radiosurgery and body radiotherapy planning analysis. The formula yielded different histogram plots from conventional DVH by accounting for the variations in dose fractionation and non‐uniformity of the dose distributions.
NOVEL TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE VIBRATIONAL RELAXATION OF SH- IN A TWO-STATE HOPPING SYSTEM

Abstract Vibrational saturation measurements of the SH − molecule doped in KBr are performed from 1.7 to 78 K. If a single relaxation time is fit to the saturation curves, it is found to increase with increasing temperature, in contrast to theoretical expectations. However, KBr:SH − has recently been shown to possess two distinct elastic configurations between which interconfigurational hopping has been identified. If the vibrational lifetimes are different in these two states, an increasing effective decay time for the system as a whole can be obtained even when the two individual times remain constant or even decrease with rising temperature.
Microsporidial Keratoconjunctivitis in a Patient without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Purpose To describe a case of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in a patient without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods Case report. An epithelial corneal scraping from a woman with chronic bilateral keratoconjunctivitis was evaluated by Giemsa stain. Results Giemsa stain of an epithelial corneal scraping disclosed intracellular and extracellular spores characteristic of microsporidia. An HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was negative. The signs and symptoms of the bilateral keratoconjunctivitis resolved after treatment with albendazole. Conclusion Microsporidia may cause a chronic epithelial keratoconjunctivitis in the absence of HIV infection.
Formaldehyde-induced and spontaneous alterations in human hprt DNA sequence and mRNA expression.

Abstract Human lymphoblast mutants at the X-linked hprt locus have been examined by Southern blot, Northern blot and DNA sequence analysis. A previous study had shown that approximately a third of the spontaneously-arising mutants and half those induced by formaldehyde showed no alteration in restriction fragment pattern and thus were classified as point mutationns. In this report, Northern blot analysis was used to show that these point mutants fall into 4 categories; normal size and amount of RNA, normal size but reduced amounts, reduced size of RNA or no RNA. Sequence analyses of cDNAs prepared from hprt mRNAs were performed on 1 spontaneous and 7 formaldehyde-induced mutants with normal Northern blots. The spontaneous mutant was caued by an AT→GC transition. 6 of the formaldehyde-induced mutants were base substitutions, all of which occurred at AT base-pairs. There was an apparent hot spot, in that 4 6 independent mutants were AT→CG transversions at one specific site. The remaining mutant had lost exon 8.
Pattern recognition analysis in complex molecule synthesis and the preparation of iso-Diels–Alder motifs

The identification of synthesizable substructural domains within more complex structural targets is of significant value in designing a workable plan of synthesis. We term this process “pattern recognition analysis” (PRA). In this paper we continued to build on the theme of PRA as a potential resource in retrosynthetic blueprints to reach highly challenging targets. The paper operates at two levels. First, there is provided a clear sense of definitions of categories by which patterns are related to hypothetical reaction types. Although the required reaction type may for the moment not exist, we believe that this method of analysis is likely to promote innovation that identifies unmet needs and opportunities to advance the cause of complex target synthesis. In addition, we describe reductions to practice in expanding the menu of achievable patterns. It is likely that the future value of PRA will be associated with its utility in leading the way to new and exploitable chemical innovation.
E. coli Serotype D433: Occurrence in Intestinal and Respiratory Tracts, Cultural Characteristics, Pathogenicity, Sensitivity to Antibiotics.∗

Summary and ConclusionsA study of the cultural characteristics and sensitivity to antibiotics of E. coli serotype D433 and its occurrence in infants and in patients suffering from various E. coli infections revealed the following: (1) Serotype D433 was recovered from 5 sporadic cases of infantile diarrhea; it was present in the feces of all, in the nasopharynx of 2 and in the throat of 1 of these patients. The presence of this microorganism in the upper respiratory tract renders air-borne transmission, particularly in nurseries, a distinct possibility. (2) Serotype D433 was found neither in 33 additional patients suffering from diarrheal disease nor in 23 premature normal infants harboring E. coli during the first week of life, nor was it recovered from 28 patients suffering from various E. coli infections of organs other than the intestinal tract. (3) Ingestion of serotype D433 of E. coli resulted in diarrhea and weight loss in a 2-months-old infant, whereas a similar exposure to the patient's own strain...
Influence of androgens on plasma concentrations of growth hormone in growing castrated and intact chickens.

Abstract Castrated chicks implanted with testosterone or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) had circulating concentrations of the respective androgen similar to or less than in shamoperated chicks. In castrated chicks, 5α-DHT or 19-nortestosterone (19-NorT) inhibited growth as indicated by body weight, while testosterone and 5β-dihydrotestosterone (5β-DHT) were without effect. In intact male or female chicks, growth was inhibited by either testosterone or 5α-DHT but was unaffected by 5β-DHT or estradiol-17β. Plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) were reduced in castrated chicks receiving implants of either testosterone or 19-NorT. Only the highest dose of 5α-DHT depressed the circulating concentration of LH; lower doses of 5α-DHT being without effect. During the first 6 weeks of growth, plasma concentrations of GH were unaffected by most steroid treatments (5α-DHT, 5β-DHT, low doses of testosterone, estradiol-17β) in castrated or in intact male or in female chicks. Similarly, 19-NorT did not affect plasma concentrations of GH in castrated chicks. The high dose of testosterone, however, depressed plasma concentrations of GH in castrated chicks between 2 and 6 weeks of age. Between 8 and 12 weeks of age, all steroids tested, except 5α-DHT, were without effect on plasma concentrations of GH. Plasma concentrations of GH were increased in 5α-DHT-treated chickens. This effect was observed irrespective of dose of 5α-DHT or whether the androgen was administered to castrated or to intact male or to female chicks.
A nonmagmatic origin of group-IIE iron meteorites

New neutron activation data on 10 elements in 12 IIE and IIE-related irons lead to a reclassification of several irons. Seymchan and Lonaconing are removed from IIE, and Leshan added. Four IIE members are designated IIE-An to call attention to some anomalous properties. The eight normal IIE members define element-Ni trends generally similar to those in the nonmagmatic group IAB; the small negative slopes on W-Ni and Ir-Ni diagrams are strongly indicative of a nonmagmatic origin of the IIE irons. It is proposed that IIE irons like IAB irons originated as individual pools of impact-produced melt in the near-surface region of a chondritic parent body. The positive As-Ni and Au-Ni trends are the only evidence suggesting fractional crystallization, but their slopes are lower than those in magmatic group IIIAB, and only slightly higher than those of Cu and Sb in IAB. It is suggested that the S and C contents of the IIE precursor materials were much lower than those of the IAB precursors, thus higher temperatures were required to generate enough metallic melt to segregate into pools. These higher temperatures are also reflected in the nonchondritic compositions of the silicate inclusions.
Development of Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) diffusion barrier coatings for mitigation of Fuel–Cladding Chemical Interactions

Abstract Fuel–Cladding Chemical Interactions (FCCIs) in a nuclear reactor occurs due to thermal and radiation enhanced inter-diffusion between the cladding and fuel materials. This can have the detrimental effects of reducing the effective cladding wall thickness and the formation of low melting point eutectic compounds. Deposition of thin diffusion barrier coatings in the inner surface of the cladding can potentially reduce or delay the onset of FCCI. This study examines the feasibility of using nanofluid-based electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process to deposit coatings of Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) as the diffusion barrier coating. The deposition parameters, including the nanofluid solvent, additive, particle size, current, and voltage were optimized using test flat substrates of T91 ferritic–martensitic steel. A post deposition sintering step was also conducted and optimized to improve the bonding and mechanical integrity of the coating. Diffusion characteristics of the coatings were investigated by diffusion couple experiments using cerium as a fuel fission product responsible for solid state FCCI. These diffusion couple studies performed at 575 °C for 100 h showed that the YSZ coatings significantly reduced the solid state inter-diffusion between cerium and steel. A heat transfer model was developed to simulate the changes in temperature profile inside the fuel cladding by addition of YSZ coating. It was found that even though the temperature can increase in the coated cladding, the temperature falls below the melting point of uranium and eutectic temperature in Fe–U phase diagram. Using a co-axial configuration in conjunction with the EPD process, YSZ was successfully deposited uniformly on the inner surfaces of 12″ length sections of cladding with 4 mm inner diameter. Such a coating is extremely hard to make by conventional coating technologies like thermal spray or vapor deposition.
Biography of a "Feathered Pig": The California Condor Conservation Controversy

In the early 20th century, after hundreds of years of gradual decline, the California condor emerged as an object of intensive scientific study, an important conservation target, and a cultural icon of the American wilderness preservation movement. Early condor researchers generally believed that the species' survival depended upon the preservation of its wilderness habitat. However, beginning in the 1970s, a new generation of scientists argued that no amount of wilderness could prevent the condor's decline and that only intensive scientific management - including captive breeding - could save the species from certain extinction. A bitter and highly politicized battle soon developed over how to best preserve the condor. For 5 years the condor was extinct in the wild; however, by the time that officials released the first captive-bred birds the condor recovery program had garnered widespread public support, even among its former critics. Today, condor advocates from the scientific and activist communities work together to manage the species and protect its habitat. The condor's story illustrates some of the tensions, problems, and successes that have accompanied the rise of conservation biology as a scientific field and environmental movement in the United States.
Building a digital teaching commons to enhance teaching, learning and research: The MERIC experience and challenges

This panel is designed 1) to share with the ASIST community the development of an innovative project, MERIC, the Metadata Education and Research Information Center, 2) to discuss MERIC's potential for improving and enhancing cataloging and metadata education for LIS students, cataloging practitioners and others involved in metadata projects, and 3) to explore with the audience various issues and challenges related to educating a diverse community of metadata creators and turning MERIC into a virtual teaching commons and research center. MERIC originated from an action plan of the Library of Congress to prepare future information professionals to control digital resources in the 21st century. Initially conceived as a digital information clearinghouse (Hsieh-Yee, 2003), the MERIC Advisory Board recognized the value of a “teaching commons” as recommended by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (Huber and Hutchings, 2005), the need to provide users with the knowledge, skills and tools to process digital resources (Soergel, 2002), and the benefits of collaborative research in this emergent field. The vision and scope of MERIC have evolved beyond a repository for teaching and learning objects to embrace the concept of a collaborative research center and to expand the target audience beyond information professionals to include anyone interested in increasing their metadata knowledge. The project is a joint initiative of the Association for Library Collections and Technical Services and the Association for Library and Information Science Education. As a portal-based information center, the initial objectives of MERIC were to promote understanding of metadata within the LIS community, integrate metadata into LIS education, and encourage metadata research. The next foci of the MERIC project are building a diverse community of users and collaborators and providing fora and tools for collaboration in metadata teaching and research among these communities. As the co-chair of the MERIC Advisory Board, Ingrid Hsieh-Yee will facilitate the discussions. Sherry Vellucci, co-chair of the MERIC Board and a highly respected metadata expert and educator, will present the background and development of MERIC. William E. Moen, a well-known researcher who specializes in metadata, interoperability, and system design, will present the beta version of MERIC and the lessons learned from working with students to develop the prototype. Francis Miksa, a historian of library cataloging and a cataloging educator for more than 30 years, will discuss the challenges of teaching cataloging and metadata and MERIC's potential in enhancing such education. Diane Hillmann, another expert in metadata implementation and an experienced educator in building curriculum and materials for metadata education, will discuss the needs of students and practitioners and suggest ways for MERIC to make its resources more readily accessible to users. We will reserve 20 minutes to discuss issues and questions raised by the panel.
Muon spin relaxation mechanisms in ternary rare-earth rhodium borides

Abstract Comparison of muon spin relaxation rates λ( T ) in GdRh 4 B 4 and HoRh 4 B 4 reveals a strong effect of the rare-earth crystal-field splitting in the latter compound. The absence of a critical divergence in λ( T ) at zero field is consistent with a mean-field Ising model. The effect of re-entrant superconductivity on λ( T ) in Ho 0.7 Lu 0.3 Rh 4 B 4 is suppressed by applied fields ≈ 5 kOe.
Preparation and characterization of [99mTc(DMPE)2X2]+, X = Cl, Br (DMPE = 1,2-bis (dimethylphosphino)ethane)

Abstract The preparation of “no-carrier-added” [99mTc(DMPE)2X2]+ (X = Cl, Br) in greater than 95% radio-chemical purity, suitable for in vivo evaluation as a myocardial imaging agent, is described. Reaction parameters that lead to the formation of the desired products, as well as those that lead to the formation of the major impurities, are delineated. The 99mTc species are characterized by HPLC using the known 99Tc analogs as standards. Myocardial images obtained in mongrel dogs with [99mTc(DMPE)2X2]+ (X = Cl, Br) are briefly discussed.
Solubility of anthracene in binary alkane + ethanol solvent mixtures at 298.15 K

Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene in six binary alkane + ethanol solvent mixtures at 298.15 K. The alkane solvents studied were hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Results of these measurements were used to test a mathematical representation based on the combined nearly ideal binary solvent (NIBS)/Redlich–Kister equation. For the six systems studied, the combined NIBS/Redlich–Kister equation was found to accurately describe the experimental data, with an average absolute deviation between measured and back-calculated values being approximately ±0.5%.
Current technologies for the in vivo diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas

The rising incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma has been observed in the past decades. Currently, there is no cure for metastatic melanoma; only early diagnosis followed by prompt excision of cutaneous lesions ensures a good prognosis. The clinical ABCD rule is created as a framework for differentiating melanomas from benign pigmented skin lesions, and it serves as the basis for current clinical diagnosis. The ABCD rule relies on four simple clinical morphologies of melanoma: 1) Asymmetry, 2) Border irregularity, 3) Color variegation, and 4) Diameter greater than 6 mm. Although it is valuable, it has its limitations. Currently, the diagnostic accuracy for physicians is about 65%. This statistic implies that 1) melanomas with subtle signs are missed as benign lesions, and 2) benign lesions are over diagnosed as melanomas, which lead to unnecessary biopsies.
Procedures and comments vs. the banker's algorithm

A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was performed to compare the effects of modularity (using internal procedures) and comments on the readability of the Banker's Algorithm. The readability of 4 editions of the program, each having a different combination of these factors, was inferred from the accuracy with which students could answer questions about the program after reading its text. Results of the experiment suggest that the Banker's Algorithm is more readable with in-line code than with internal procedures, and that the author's comments improve its readability.
Dorsal surgical approaches to the proximal interphalangeal joint: a comparative anatomic study.

Purpose Adequate exposure of the articular surface of the head of the proximal phalanx is essential for reduction of intra-articular fractures of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. We compared the articular exposure obtained by a dorsal extensor–tendon splitting (Swanson), an extensor tendon–reflecting (Chamay), and an extensor mechanism–sparing approach. Methods The PIP joints of 24 digits from 6 fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dorsal surgical exposures: an extensor tendon–splitting, extensor tendon–reflecting, or extensor mechanism–sparing approach. The exposed surface was painted with methylene blue and the PIP joints were disarticulated to reveal the distal articular surface of the proximal phalanx. Using 3-dimensional digital mapping, we calculated the percentage of the exposed dyed surface area to the total surface area and compared the 3 approaches. Results The mean percent exposed joint surface area for the extensor tendon–splitting, extensor tendon–reflecting, and extensor mechanism–sparing approaches were 41%, 52%, and 16%, respectively. Each approach provided a significantly different percentage of articular PIP joint surface area from the other 2. Conclusions The amount of articular surface visualized using 3 dorsal approaches to the PIP joint must be weighed against the amount of extensor mechanism violated. Exposure of the articular surface by the extensor mechanism–sparing approach to the PIP joint allowed nearly a third of the exposure gained by the extensor tendon–reflecting exposure. Although the extensor tendon–reflecting technique revealed the greatest amount of surface, nearly 50% of the proximal phalanx articular surface remained inaccessible as long as the collateral ligaments were intact. Clinical relevance Understanding the limitations inherent in dorsal exposure of the PIP joint may help guide the surgical approach for the individual patient.
Live cycles, drift, and standing stocks of some stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) from streams in Minnesota, U.S.A.

From analyses of monthly length frequency distributions of stonefly (Plecoptera) nymphs from stream riffles, two types of univoltine life cycles (Hynes 1961, classification) were observed: slow seasonal forIsoperla transmarina, Isoperla signata, Isogenoides olivaceus, andAllocapnia rickerii, and fast seasonal forProstoia similis. The Perlodidae stoneflies (Isoperla andIsogenoides) showed greatest propensities to drift near the end of their life cycles. Drift rates of the other two species of stoneflies were correlated to standing stock estimates.
Does Parental Conflict Explain Why Divorce Is Negatively Associated with Child Welfare

This article uses data from the National Survey of Families and Households to examine whether parental conflict prior to divorce can explain why children with divorced parents exhibit more academic and adjustment difficulties than children with parents who stay together. Children whose parents divorce are exposed to more conflict and acrimony than children who grow up in stable marriages, and this may explain why the former do less well than the latter. The results indicate that parental conflict is partly but by no means completely responsible for the association between divorce and child welfare. The results also suggest that, for four of the sixteen measures of child well-being examined, children exposed to high levels of parental conflict are neither better off nor worse off on average, when their parents divorce, while those exposed to low levels of parental conflict appear to suffer severe disadvantages when their parents separate. This suggests that, in some areas, marital relations prior to divorce help determine when the consequences of divorce are particularly harmful for children and when the consequences of divorce are relatively benign
Measurement of intensities of multiplets in the 2ν3-band of methane at low temperatures☆☆☆

The integrated intensities of the multiplets P(1)–P(10), R(0)–R(9), and of the Q-branch in the 2ν3-band of 12CH4 have been measured at 102°K, 152°K, 202°K, 251°K, and 300°K. Comparison of our data with theoretical line strengths confirms, at all of the temperatures mentioned, the intensity anomalies observed by Margolis(5) for lines in this band. The integrated intensity of the 2ν3-band is found to be Sv = (1·76±-0·04)(300/T (°K)) cm−2 atm−1.
Defending a Vital Program: School Counselors Define Their Roles:

In response to a troubled society, the scope and function of school counseling programs have changed, leaving many, including administrators, confused as to their primary purpose. This confusion ha...
Detection of early cartilage damage using targeted nanosomes in a post-traumatic osteoarthritis mouse model.

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of pain and disability in the US. A problem with early intervention is that it is very difficult to detect OA before irreversible damage has already occurred. This study characterizes a novel method of early OA detection in a mouse model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) using fluorescent nanosomes. In this investigation, knee injury was induced in mice by compressive loading. Nanosomes encapsulating fluorescent dye and conjugated to collagen type II antibody were utilized to detect cartilage damage in vivo. Cartilage damage and OA progression were detected by the use of fluorescence-imaging (IVIS) and histopathology. Histopathology analyses showed that mild osteoarthritic changes had occurred. This corresponded with a higher fluorescence on IVIS imaging due to more nanosome binding. These results suggest that theragnostic nanosomes may be useful for detection of early PTOA as well as for targeted delivery of interventional agents. From the Clinical Editor With the aging population, osteoarthritis now poses a significant problem worldwide. Early detection may help slow the progression of the disease. In this study, the authors described the use of fluorescent nanosomes to detect early cartilage damage in a mouse model of osteoarthritis. This detection method may also prove to be useful for targeted delivery of drugs in the future.
Mobility and in situ aggregation of charged microparticles at oil-water interfaces.

Particle mobility, aggregate structure, and the mechanism of aggregate growth at the two-dimensional level have been of long-standing interest. Here, we use solid-stabilized emulsions as a model system to investigate the mobility of charged microparticles at poly(dimethylsiloxane) (oil)−water interfaces using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Remarkably, the rate of diffusion of the charged colloidal-sized polystyrene particles at the oil−water interface is only moderately slower than that in the bulk water phase. The ambient diffusion constant of solid particles is significantly reduced from 1.1 × 10-9 cm2/s to 2.1 × 10-11 cm2/s when the viscosity of the oil phase increases from 5 cSt to 350 cSt. In addition, we successfully observe the in situ structural formation of solid particles at the oil−water interface.
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and normal anti-Stokes Raman scattering due to LO phonons in GaP using cw diode lasers

a b s t r a c t Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and normal anti-Stokes Raman scattering (NARS) have been measured in (001) GaP at room temperature due to the 403 cm − 1 LO phonons using a continuous wave (CW) 785.0 nm fixed-wavelength pump laser and a CW Stokes laser tunable in the 800-830 nm wavelength range. CARS measurements are normally made using pulsed lasers. The use of CW diode lasers allows a more accurate comparison between the measured and calculated values of the CARS signal. The pump and Stokes laser beams were linearly polarized perpendicular to each other, same as the pump and normal Stokes/anti-Stokes scattered light for the GaP sample used in this work. The pump and Stokes laser powers incident upon the GaP sample, located in the focal plane of a 20 mm effective focal length lens, were <20 and 50 mW, respectively. The diameter of the laser beams in the focal plane of the focusing lens was determined to 40 ± 5 µm. The pump and Stokes laser beam intensities incident upon the 0.3 mm thick GaP sample were <2 and 5 kW cm 2 , respectively. The powers of the CARS and NARS signals were measured using a Raman spectrometer. The signal output of the Raman spectrometer was calibrated using the pump laser and several neutral density filters. The Raman linewidth (full-width at half-maximum) of the LO phonons was determined to be 0.95 ± 0.05 cm − 1 , using the variation of the CARS signal with the wavelength of the Stokes laser. The measured powers of the CARS and NARS signals are about a factor of 5 and 1.5, respectively, smaller than those calculated from the corresponding theoretical expressions.
Biomarkers for pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension - a call to collaborate.

Therapeutic approaches in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are based primarily on clinician experience, in contrast to the evidence-based approach in adults with pulmonary hypertension. There is a clear and present need for noninvasive and objective biomarkers to guide the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this disease in children. The multifaceted spectrum of disease, clinical presentation, and association with other diseases makes this a formidable challenge. However, as more progress is being made in the understanding and management of adult PAH, the potential to apply this knowledge to children has never been greater. This review explores the state of the art with regard to noninvasive biomarkers in PAH, with an eye towards those adult PAH biomarkers potentially suitable for application in pediatric PAH.
Simulation of the magnetic structure of the inner heliosphere by means of a non-spherical source surface

A new method for mapping the Sun's magnetic field B from the photosphere through the corona and interplanetary space is presented. The method entails the derivation of B from a scalar potential within a current-free annular volume bounded inside by photosphere and outside by a prescribed nonspherical source surface to which B is made (as nearly as possible) perpendicular. As usual we obtain the potential for the part of B that arises from currents inside the Sun by fitting an expansion to the observed line-of-sight component of B at the photosphere. A second least-squares fit is introduced to obtain the part of B that arises from currents outside the source surface. Comparisons are made between this model and observed coronal and interplanetary structures. There is evidence that observation data underestimate the strength of photospheric polar magnetic fields.
Identification and Characterization of Small Molecule Inhibitors of a Plant Homeodomain Finger

A number of histone-binding domains are implicated in cancer through improper binding of chromatin. In a clinically reported case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a genetic fusion protein between nucleoporin 98 and the third plant homeodomain (PHD) finger of JARID1A drives an oncogenic transcriptional program that is dependent on histone binding by the PHD finger. By exploiting the requirement for chromatin binding in oncogenesis, therapeutics targeting histone readers may represent a new paradigm in drug development. In this study, we developed a novel small molecule screening strategy that utilizes HaloTag technology to identify several small molecules that disrupt binding of the JARID1A PHD finger to histone peptides. Small molecule inhibitors were validated biochemically through affinity pull downs, fluorescence polarization, and histone reader specificity studies. One compound was modified through medicinal chemistry to improve its potency while retaining histone reader selectivity. Molecular modelin...
A specific, non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay for human plasma cortisol.

A radioimmunoassay technique has been developed for the measurement of cortisol in a single methylene chloride extract of human plasma without chromatography. The antiserum, obtained by immunizing rabbits with cortisol-3-carboxymethyl-oxime conjugated to bovine serum albumin, had a high affinity (KA = 1.8 × 109l/mole) and capacity (2.3 × 10−6 moles/L undiluted serum) for cortisol. The minimum detectable amount determined at the lower 95% confidence limit of the buffer control tubes was 8.3 ± 4.7 pg/tube and a log dose — logit response standard curve was linear between 20 pg and 20 ng/tube. The antiserum was highly specific for cortisol with only corticosterone, cortisone, 11-deoxy-cortisol and 21-deoxycortisol showing significant cross-reaction (12.4, 6.6, 3.8 and 3.1%, respectively). The cross-reaction for the other tested naturally occurring and synthetic steroids did not exceed 1%. Regression analysis of cortisol concentration estimates obtained on 20 samples before and after Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography gave a coefficient of correlation (r) of 0.995 and a regression coefficient (b) of 1.04. Recovery of cortisol added to plasma samples was quantitative. The intra-assay error was 8.5% and the inter-assay error averaged 5.7%. The method is simple requiring a single solvent extraction of plasma, therefore permitting large numbers of samples to be handled efficiently by a single technician.
The Experience of Litigation After TBI. II: Coping with Litigation After TBI

Research has noted poor psychosocial outcomes among individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who are involved in litigation. While part I of this two-part qualitative study report examined litigation-related stressors that constitute barriers to recovery, part II explores ways litigants facilitated well-being and recovery both during and after litigation. Qualitative analysis reveals overarching themes related to support from others in the form of emotional help and validation, as well as the use of compensatory strategies which assist in litigation. Statements spontaneously made about financial compensation shed light on information that may be helpful for potential litigants to consider. Findings suggest medical and legal professionals should comprehensively educate TBI litigants about the legal process to maximize informed decision-making. Further, specific compensatory strategies, education, and supports are noted to assist in minimizing negative outcome often noted among TBI litigants.
Plastic deformation of molybdenum-rhenium alloy crystals

Plastic deformation of Mo-Re single crystals produced by electron beam zone refining, investigating lattice frictional stress, activation volume temperature variation, etc
Identification of bis(agmatine)oxalamide in venom from the primitive hunting spider, Plectreurys tristis (Simon)

Abstract N, N′-bis(4-guanidinobutyl)oxalamide, a novel bis(agmatine)oxalamide, is identified as a major component (8 μg/μl) and the predominant acylpolyamine in venom from the primitive hunting spider, Plectreurys tristis. The function of this compound is unknown since it does not confer insecticidal or fungicidal activity in the systems examined.
What's so good about the absolute?

(1996). What's so good about the absolute? British Journal for the History of Philosophy: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 101-118.