cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Women, Children, and Families: Gender, Representation, and Public Funding for the Arts

Objectives. Research on the impact of female legislators has found that in their voting records women in elective office tend to be more liberal and more supportive of issues of concern to women, children, and families than are men, differences that conform to gender stereotypes held by voters. This article examines another well-established gender stereotype that is not linked to the traditional concerns of women as conventionally defined by scholars: that women in public office will be more supportive of the arts. Method. The 40 votes taken on arts legislation in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1983–2002, are examined using negative binomial regression in a model that includes district and personal characteristics. Results. Democratic Party membership and support, citizen ideology, urban residence, and gender are significant factors in explaining support for public funding for the arts. Female representatives are more likely than their male colleagues to support the arts, a finding that primarily reflects the greater support of Republican women for the arts in comparison with their male counterparts. Conclusion. This study suggests that substantive representation of women by female elected officials may extend to more policy issues than previous research has documented. Research on issues that are recognized as gendered (e.g., arts policy) but are not traditionally defined as women's issues is an area for further exploration.
Low temperature acoustically measured specific heats and elastic constants of four technical polymers

Abstract The velocity of longitudinally and transversely polarized 10 MHz sound waves has been measured in four technical polymers (nylon, Teflon, and two epoxy resins) between 4 and 100K. The values of the specific heat divided by T 3 calculated from these measurements is considerably less than the values measured calorimetrically below 4 K. This discrepancy is due to the existence of localized modes which make the extrapolation of specific heat measurements in amorphous materials extremely dangerous. Low temperature values of the bulk and shear moduli well as Poisson's ratio are also presented.
MASSED AND SPACED PRACTICE IN ALPHA ENHANCEMENT

Spaced practice (20 min. work, 24 hr. rest) was more efficient for 4 trials than massed practice (20 min. work, 90 sec. rest) in the learning of alpha enhancement by undergraduate women (Ns = 10) While the spaced group doubled their production of alpha, the massed group demonstrated almost no improvement.
Hyperglycinemia and propionyl coA carboxylase deficiency and episodic severe illness without consistent ketosis.

Propionyl CoA carboxylase deficiency was found in a 7-month-old boy who presented with attacks of vomiting,anorexia, weight loss, weakness, and hypotonia. He failed to thrive and had generalized seizures. He had propionic acidemia and hyperglycinemia; these are the manifestations of the ketotic hyperglycinemia syndrome. However, ketonuria was not a consistent part of his clinical picture, and he had at least two episodes of acute overwhelming illness, the latter one fatal, in which ketones were never found in the urine. Large amounts of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid were found in body fluids.
Electronic states and wave functions associated with orbital energy crossing

A simple two-electron, two-orbital model is used to discuss the electronic states and wave functions in molecules where orbital energies corresponding to different symmetries cross. According to this model, it is predicted that the triplet state has the lowest energy in the crossing region. If configuration interaction is used, the crossing of singlet total energy curves is avoided. It is also shown that the major features of the configuration interaction treatment can be reproduced by single-determinant wave functions provided that the molecular orbitals are permitted to be complex.
Temperature variation of indentation damage in (100) GaAs single crystals

Abstract Indentation damage of (100) single crystal GaAs by a Vickers pyramid diamond is strongly dependent on temperature. Median cracks increase in length and reach a maximum at 150 and 250°C for the [110] and [ 1 10] respectively. The crack length decreases to zero at 300°C for the [ 1 10]. Slip, which occured at 300°C, propagates beyond the contact zone in the [011] and [101]. Debris was found to “stick” to the indented region as well as the median cracks. This indicates that electrostatic forces play a role in the interaction between the debris and the damage region.
Models of cognitive performance based on home monitoring data

Modeling cognitive performance using home monitoring data is a new approach to managing neurologic conditions and for monitoring the effects of cognitive exercise interventions. The data consists of activity monitoring from motion sensors and specific cognitive metrics embedded within our adaptive computer games. The frequency and continuity of data collection allows us to analyze within subject trends of cognitive performance and to assess day to day variability. This approach provides a framework for clinicians and care managers to have the potential of detecting patients' cognitive problems early and to have timely feedback on treatment interventions.
Post-Processing Electrospun Fibers

Electrospinning is an inexpensive and simple method of producing non-woven fiber mats. Electrostatic forces are employed to produce the mats, which intrinsically have larger specific surface to volume ratio and smaller pores than traditional fibers. Fibrous mats are typically used in a wide variety of industries such as filter media, tissue engineering, and sensors. Chitosan, theN-deacetylated derivative of chitin, is environmentally friendly, non-toxic, biodegradable, and anti-bacterial. However, due to chitosan’s solubility in aqueous acids, it is electrospun using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Modified chitosans, such as carboxymethylchitosan, are currently under investigation as a means of creating designed nanofibrous mats with specific chemistries. However, typically an entirely new set of electrospinning conditions has to be developed for each novel chemistry due to differences in solubility and viscosity. In the present study, we have electrospun chitosan mats and post-processed the fibers. Two different post-processing conditions were employed. One post-production procedure, featuring vapor-phase glutaraldehyde, effectively crosslinks the fiber mats utilizing a Schiff base imine functionality. In another post-processing procedure, the as-spun mats are solution-phase post-processed by chemically functionalizing the mats with cyano, carboxylic acids and thiol groups. While both methods maintained fiber shape and characteristics, there is a definite increase in fiber diameters due to processing. FTIR, NMR, SEM and tensile testing have been performed on the pre- or post-processed fiber mats. Investigations into the percent modification are currently underway.
Thermal propagation and stability in superconducting films

Thermal propagation and stable hot spots (normal domains) are studied in various high Tc superconducting films (Nb3Sn, Nb, NbN and Nb3Ge). The prediction of the thermal propagation velocity of the long-standing model of Broom and Rhoderick (1960) is verified quantitatively in the regime of its validity. A new energy balance model is shown to give reasonable quantitative agreement of the dependence of the propagation velocity on the length of short normal domains. The steady state (zero velocity) measurements indicate the existence of two distinct situations for films on high thermal conductivity (sapphire) substrates. For low power per unit area the film and substrate have the same temperature, and the thermal properties of the substrate dominate. However, for higher power densities in short hot spots, the coupling is relatively weak and the thermal properties of the film alone are important. Here a connection is made between the critical current stability of superconducting films and a critical hot spot size for thermal propagation. As a result efficient heat removal is shown to dominate the stabilisation of superconducting films. These models are used to explain quantitatively self-healing of hot spots and a curious switching phenomena in a superconducting film in which a hot spot grows and collapses repeatedly over a very narrow range of current. Finally there is a discussion of the potential use of the thermal propagation model in applications of superconductors, especially switches.
Myxoma of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve presenting with stroke in a young male.

A healthy 29-year-old male presented with hemiplegia. The evaluation for this stroke was inconclusive, until an echocardiogram revealed a structure on the mitral valve (Fig. 1). This mass was resected and the leaflet was repaired (Fig. 2). The postoperative course was uncomplicated and his neurologic deficits improved over the next few months. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery 26 (2004) 1040 www.elsevier.com/locate/ejcts
Wideband microstrip RFID tag: Theory and design

In this paper, we present a theory for modeling and synthesizing a wideband passive UHF RFID microstrip antenna capable of providing a nearly 10 dB return loss between 860 and 960 MHz. From the data, we can conclude that the circuit models and various transforms presented here give good insight and are capable of being used to rapidly synthesize critical antenna parameters.
Tunneling and Food Transportation Activity of Four Subterranean Termite Species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) at Various Temperatures

ABSTRACT The effect of temperature on tunneling and food transportation activity of four subterranean termite species, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann), Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks), and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), was examined. The experiment was conducted at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C and ≈ 99% relative humidity (RH) using 10- by 10-cm planar arenas. Tunneling areas excavated by termites at 12 and 48 h were analyzed using two-way analyses of variance. The number of food particles and their total linear distance 6 h after termites reached the food source were recorded. The result showed that termites reached the food faster at higher temperatures with the exception of R. virginicus. As the temperature increased, tunneling speed generally increased, though tunnel areas at some temperatures within species at 12 and 48 h were not significantly different from each other. Once they reached the food, the tunneling speed substantially slowed down. In the food transportation...
Connecting Diversification to Performance: A Sociocognitive Approach

This article develops a sociocognitive model of diversification that grounds the role of top managers' belief systems in the cognitive and behavioral attributes of corporate strategy. Its approach addresses several important questions: (a) How do top managers' belief systems reflect the ways in which they interpret their firms' business environments? (b) In what sense can we talk about the shared interpretations of the individuals that manage a diversified portfolio of businesses? (c) How do the characteristics of shared belief systems reflect the ability of the corporate management team to learn? (d) What specific predictions and prescriptions emerge from a sociocognitive theory of diversification?
EFFECT OF FUMONISIN MYCOTOXINS IN ANIMALS

AbstractFumonisins are mycotoxins produced worldwide by Fusarium fungi, principally F. moniliforme. While this fungus can be cultured from virtually all harvested corn, fumonisin production is highly variable. Fumonisin ingestion induces a number of fatal diseases in animals, with the organ specificity being species dependent. The first animal toxicoses to be characterized were leukoencephalomalacia (‘‘moldy corn poisoning’’) in equines and pulmonary edema in swine. Fumonisins additionally produce mild to fatal toxicity in liver, kidney and heart in horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, rabbits, rats and mice. Prolonged administration of high doses of fumonisin B1 causes carcinoma of hepatocytes and bile ducts in rats. In man, habitual ingestion of corn products that contain a high concentration of fumonisins is associated epidemiologically with cancer of the esophagus.The pathogenesis of injury to target organs is not understood completely. Affected kidneys and livers are characterized by individ...
Pseudo 3-way set-associative cache: a way of reducing miss ratio with fast access time

The multiple-access cache is a direct-mapped cache that may be accessed more than once, each time with a different hash function, to satisfy a memory request. A fast access time can be achieved when the requested data is found at the direct-mapped location, while a high overall hit ratio can be accomplished with the additional cache access. To prevent long delays in accessing the alternative location, the multiple-access cache generally accesses the cache at most twice. Thus, the hit ratio of the multiple-access cache has a limitation of that of 2-way set-associative cache. In this paper, a pseudo 3-way set-associative cache is proposed. The pseudo 3-way set-associative cache searches the direct-mapped location and one alternative location, if necessary, to find a match. The pseudo 3-way set-associative cache can overcome the limitation of the hit ratio of 2-way set-associative cache with at most two searches from a fast direct-mapped cache. To achieve this goal, the pseudo 3-way set-associative cache uses small tables indicating different hash functions to search the alternative location. With additional 1.5 bits per cache line, we can achieve a hit ratio approaching that of a 4-way set-associative cache.
50 Years of General Surgery at the Southwestern Surgical Congress

The proceedings of the Southwestern Surgical Congress (SWSC) clearly document the breadth and development of the specialty of general surgery over the last 50 years. Even excluding the areas of abdominal surgery, thoracic and cardiac surgery, vascular surgery, breast/endocrine/oncologic surgery, and trauma/burns/surgical critical care reviewed elsewhere in this supplement, the modern history of general surgery can be traced through the programs from 1949 to the present. Because of the variety of topics presented, the 6 general areas to be reviewed herein are as follows: Diagnosis, operation, response to operation, postoperative management and complications, surgical infections, and special addresses.
Use of brodalumab for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disease that affects 2-3% of the population worldwide. Over the past two decades new data on the physiopathology of psoriasis have opened the door for novel therapeutic options. The IL-23-Th17 axis has been shown to play a key role in the inflammatory cascade central to this disease. IL-17 inhibitors are a new group of drugs that have shown excellent clinical effectiveness for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis in current clinical trials. Brodalumab is an antibody against IL-17 receptor subunit A (IL-17RA). This article reviews the available published data on brodalumab for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
Individual Relationships with Technology

In this paper, we explore the nature of the relationships that people develop with technology. In particular, we examine social exchange theory, the norm of reciprocity, and attachment theory to begin to explain how individuals develop, or do not develop, relationships with computers and technology. The theories are summarized, hypotheses are presented, proposed methods for empirical work are presented, and brief discussion is offered suggesting that the reference theories identified provide a novel way to examine the relationship between people and the technologies they interact with.
Periprosthetic Propionibacterium granulosum Joint Infection After Direct Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Report.

We report a case of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) caused by Propionibacterium granulosum less than one year after primary total hip arthroplasty performed through the modified Hueter direct anterior approach. A related species, Propionibacterium acnes , has notoriety as a cause of periprosthetic shoulder infection but is seldom a source of lower-extremity PJI1,2. Because of the similarities in bacterial skin flora between the groin and the axilla, there may be an association between the direct anterior approach and Propionibacterium - species infection. The patient was informed that data concerning her case would be submitted for publication, and she provided consent. A seventy-year-old woman with a body mass index of 36.1 kg/m2 and type-2 diabetes mellitus presented to our clinic with a painful right hip in August 2010. She had undergone a primary cementless total hip arthroplasty through a direct anterior approach at an outside institution in July 2009. After the index procedure, she had progressed well until about three months postoperatively, at which time she noted the insidious onset of pain in the proximal part of the right thigh with weight-bearing and hip movement. A cortisone injection for presumed greater trochanteric bursitis provided no relief. The symptoms continued for several months. A subsequent workup revealed an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and a loose femoral stem suggestive of failure of bone ingrowth was seen on radiographs. An attempted hip aspiration resulted in an insufficient quantity of aspirate for a cell count, although cultures were negative. She subsequently underwent revision arthroplasty due to a loose femoral component in May 2010. The diagnosis of a loose implant was confirmed intraoperatively, and the femoral stem was revised to a cemented implant by the original surgeon through the same surgical approach. All intraoperative cultures were negative. There were no …
Echo Cancellation in Speech and Data Transmission

This tutorial paper reviews echo cancellation techniques as applied to both voice and data transmission applications. The echo control problem in telephone voice transmission is described, and the several measures taken to counteract echo are outlined. The problem of full-duplex data transmission over two-wire lines is described, with application to both digital subscriber loop and voiceband data transmission. The unique characteristics of each of these applications, more advanced methods recently proposed, and approaches to implementation are described.
Effects of Epiphyte Load on Optical Properties and Photosynthetic Potential of the Seagrasses Thalassia Testudinum Banks ex König and Zostera Marina L

The biomass and optical properties of seagrass leaf epiphytes were measured to evaluate their potential impact on the photosynthetic performance of the seagrasses Thalassia testudinumBanks ex Konig (turtlegrass) andZostera marina L. (eelgrass). Turtlegrass was obtained from oligotrophic waters near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas; eelgrass was collected from a eutrophic environment in Monterey Bay, California. Leaf-epiphyte loads were characterized visually and quantified using measurements of their phospholipid biomass. Light absorption and reflectance of the intact epiphyte layer were determined spectrophotometrically. Turtlegrass epiphytes from the oligotrophic site ab- sorbed a maximum of 36% of incident light in peak chlorophyll absorption bands, whereas higher epiphyte loads on eelgrass from the more eutrophic Monterey Bay absorbed 60% of incident light in peak chlorophyll absorption bands. The combination of intact epiphyte-leaf complexes and spectral measurements enabled us to construct a quantitative relationship between epiphyte biomass and light attenuation, and, by extension, between epiphyte bio- mass and seagrass photosynthesis. The model yielded a robust, positive relationship between epiphyte biomass and the absorption of photons in photosynthetically important wavelengths, and it generated a strong negative relation- ship between epiphyte biomass and spectral photosynthesis of their seagrass hosts. Furthermore, the calculations of photosynthesis highlighted the significant differences between PAR and spectral models of photosynthesis, illus- trating that the spectral quality of the incident flux must be considered when evaluating the effects of epiphyte load on seagrass leaf photosynthesis. Verification of the model—using direct measurements of photosynthesis and a variety of epiphyte and macrophyte combinations from different locations—is warranted.
Implanting inequality: empirical evidence of social and ethical risks of implantable radio-frequency identification (RFID) devices.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess empirically the social and ethical risks associated with implantable radio-frequency identification (RFID) devices. Methods: Qualitative research included observational studies in twenty-three U.S. hospitals that have implemented new patient identification systems and eighty semi-structured interviews about the social and ethical implications of new patient identification systems, including RFID implants. Results: The study identified three primary social and ethical risks associated with RFID implants: (i) unfair prioritization of patients based on their participation in the system, (ii) diminished trust of patients by care providers, and (iii) endangerment of patients who misunderstand the capabilities of the systems. Conclusions: RFID implants may aggravate inequalities in access to care without any clear health benefits. This research underscores the importance of critically evaluating new healthcare technologies from the perspective of both normative ethics and empirical ethics.
“Cultural” vs. “Ecological” Factors in the Expression of Values, Attitudes, and Personality Characteristics

MY ROLE in the "Culture and Ecology Project" was first, to provide a systematic, objective investigation of values, attitudes, and personality characteristics among both the farming and herding sectors of all 4 tribes, and, second, to determine the extent to which differences in these matters might be accounted for by ecological variation. It was obvious from the outset that if legitimate comparisons between tribal groups were to be made, that the data involved would have to be collected under rigorously standardized circumstances, and that further, these data must be at least minimally quantifiable. As all anthropologists are acutely aware, satisfying such conditions in field research is difficult in the extreme. However, following a series of conferences between project personnel and consultations with persons skilled in sundry interviewing and projective testing techniques, an interviewing program was decided upon that, with luck, had a chance to be successful.
In Vitro and In Vivo Imaging of Peptide-Encapsulated Polymer Nanoparticles for Cancer Biomarker Activated Drug Delivery

Gelatin nanoparticles coated with Cathepsin D-specific peptides were developed as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of the cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) to treat breast malignancy. Cathepsin D, a breast cancer cell secretion enzyme, triggered the release of DOX by digesting the protective peptide-coating layer of nanoparticles. Fabricated nanoparticles were successfully detected with ultrasound imaging in both in vitro conditions and in vivo mouse cancer models. Cell viability experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of biomarker activation specific to breast cancer cell lines. These experimental results were compared with the outcome of a viability experiment conducted on noncancerous cells. Viability decreased in human MCF7 mammary adenocarcinoma and mouse 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells, while that of noncancerous 3T3 fibroblast cells remained unaffected. Next, a real-time video of nanoparticle flow in mouse models was obtained using in vivo ultrasound imaging. The fluorescent profile of DOX was used as a means to examine nanoparticle localization in vivo. Results show the distribution of nanoparticles concentrated primarily within bladder and tumor sites of subject mice bodies. These findings support the use of biomarker coated nanoparticles in target specific therapy for breast cancer treatment.
Chemical approaches to oriented protein immobilization

A procedure has been developed for converting 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole-modified agarose to activated agarose capable of coupling protein in an oriented fashion. This procedure is based on replacing the imidazole groups with orthonitrophenyl derivatives containing ionic and/or hydrophobic groups. The degree of orientation of immobilized chymotrypsin and trypsin was estimated by comparing the activity of both proteases toward low- and high-molecular-weight substrates. The differences in these activities were greater in the case of enzymes immobilized on agarose gel containing hydrophobic activating agents such as 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzophenone and 2-nitro-4-benzylphenol than in those immobilized on gels containing ionic activating agents.
Health status profile and health-related quality of life of veterans attending an out-patient clinic

BACKGROUND There is paucity of data concerning the self-perceptions of health status and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of veterans with multiple chronic medical conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Veterans who attended an out-patient power wheelchair clinic at a tertiary VA Medical Center were assessed. Health status and HRQoL were measured by using the EuroQol (EQ-5D) questionnaire. The EuroQol (ED-5D) visual analogue scale (EQ-5DVAS) measured their health state, and average values of the (EQ-5D) questionnaire for mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain or discomfort, and anxiety or depression (EQ-5Dprofile), and the EQ-5Dutility measured their HRQoL. RESULTS Of the 170 veterans who attended the out-patient clinic, the mean (±SD) age was 69.6±10.7 years, male/female ratio was 163/7, and 88% were non-Hispanic whites. Fifty-four percent were retired, 39% had a registered disabled, and only 3% were employed. Thirty-three percent were current smokers. More than 64% of the veterans had 4 or more co-morbid conditions for which they were receiving treatment. The mean (±SD) initial EQ-5Dprofile, EQ-5Dutility, and EQ-5DVAS scores were 10.3±1.5, 0.75±0.05 and 45.3±18.9, respectively. The social-demographic variables studied (age, gender, education, marital status, employment, co-morbid conditions, and current smoking history) were only able to predict the mobility and anxiety/depression domains of the EQ-5D. CONCLUSIONS Veterans who considered themselves disabled had multiple chronic medical conditions. Age, employment state, and number of chronic medical conditions were associated with poor health state and HRQoL. No relationship was found between health state and HRQoL in this sample of veterans.
Parallel Array InAs Nanowire Transistors for Mechanically Bendable, Ultrahigh Frequency Electronics

The radio frequency response of InAs nanowire array transistors on mechanically flexible substrates is characterized. For the first time, GHz device operation of nanowire arrays is demonstrated, despite the relatively long channel lengths of ∼1.5 μm used in this work. Specifically, the transistors exhibit an impressive maximum frequency of oscillation, f(max) ∼ 1.8 GHz, and a cutoff frequency, f(t) ∼ 1 GHz. The high-frequency response of the devices is due to the high saturation velocity of electrons in high-mobility InAs nanowires. The work presents a new platform for flexible, ultrahigh frequency devices with potential applications in high-performance digital and analog circuitry.
Deformation along oblique and lateral ramps in listric normal faults: Insights from experimental models

Listric growth faults in passive margin settings such as the Gulf of Mexico and Niger Delta are commonly characterized by lateral and oblique ramps related to preexisting structural or stratigraphic discontinuities. Clay experiments have been used to model the geometry, orientation, density, and connectivity of secondary faults formed along lateral and oblique ramps. Extension results in the formation of an expanding set of synthetic faults tied to the fixed footwall and a corresponding set of antithetic faults tied to a moving hanging wall. Some of the synthetic fault strands eventually connect to form the master fault, whereas antithetic faults continue to develop, with progressive transfer of slip to newly formed faults. Characteristics such as fault orientation, fault density distribution, and shape, size, and distribution of connected fault clusters vary with (1) ramp offset angles, (2) structural position, and (3) total extension. In map view, secondary antithetic and synthetic faults mimic the geometry of the main fault, but the orientations of secondary faults are approximately 25–33% of the offset angle of the oblique or lateral ramps. Fault densities and connectivities are initially higher along the frontal ramps. With increasing extension, the maximum cluster size of connected faults increases dramatically in the oblique and lateral segments due to the intersection of fault sets of different orientations. These observations regarding fault orientations, densities, and connectivities provide important insights on the structural geometry and mechanisms of formation of faults as well as the configuration of fault networks for fluid flow in passive margin settings.
Modulation of auditory brainstem responses by serotonin and specific serotonin receptors

The neuromodulator serotonin is found throughout the auditory system from the cochlea to the cortex. Although effects of serotonin have been reported at the level of single neurons in many brainstem nuclei, how these effects correspond to more integrated measures of auditory processing has not been well-explored. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the effects of serotonin on far-field auditory brainstem responses (ABR) across a wide range of stimulus frequencies and intensities. Using a mouse model, we investigated the consequences of systemic serotonin depletion, as well as the selective stimulation and suppression of the 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors, on ABR latency and amplitude. Stimuli included tone pips spanning four octaves presented over a forty dB range. Depletion of serotonin reduced the ABR latencies in Wave II and later waves, suggesting that serotonergic effects occur as early as the cochlear nucleus. Further, agonists and antagonists of specific serotonergic receptors had different profiles of effects on ABR latencies and amplitudes across waves and frequencies, suggestive of distinct effects of these agents on auditory processing. Finally, most serotonergic effects were more pronounced at lower ABR frequencies, suggesting larger or more directional modulation of low-frequency processing. This is the first study to describe the effects of serotonin on ABR responses across a wide range of stimulus frequencies and amplitudes, and it presents an important step in understanding how serotonergic modulation of auditory brainstem processing may contribute to modulation of auditory perception.
Introduction to Transportation Planning and Policy

Major features of the traditional transportation systems planning process, official policy directed at attaining desirable goals and objectives through transportation actions, and the resulting impacts that help to define the success of the plans are briefly described in this chapter. Also, the distinction between long-range transportation planning and shorter-range transportation demand management actions and the characteristics of transportation corridors are outlined to establish a perspective on the scale and nature of the projects described in the ensuing chapters in Parts 2 and 3.
Mast cell deficiency exacerbates inflammatory bowel symptoms in interleukin-10-deficient mice.

AIM: To test the role of mast cells in gut inflammation and colitis using interleukin (IL)-10-deficient mice as an experimental model. METHODS: Mast cell-deficient (KitW-sh/W-sh) mice were crossbred with IL-10-deficient mice to obtain double knockout (DKO) mice. The growth, mucosal damage and colitis status of DKO mice were compared with their IL-10-deficient littermates. RESULTS: DKO mice exhibited exacerbated colitis compared with their IL-10-deficient littermates, as shown by increased pathological score, higher myeloperoxidase content, enhanced Th1 type pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory signaling, elevated oxidative stress, as well as pronounced goblet cell loss. In addition, deficiency in mast cells resulted in enhanced mucosal damage, increased gut permeability, and impaired epithelial tight junctions. Mast cell deficiency was also linked to systemic inflammation, as demonstrated by higher serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interferon γ in DKO mice than that in IL-10-deficient mice. CONCLUSION: Mast cell deficiency in IL-10-deficient mice resulted in systematic and gut inflammation, impaired gut barrier function, and severer Th1-mediated colitis when compared to mice with only IL-10-deficiency. Inflammation and impaired gut epithelial barrier function likely form a vicious cycle to worsen colitis in the DKO mice.
Waving the Red Flag: FTC Regulation of Deceptive Weight-Loss Advertising 1951–2009

This article documents the historical role of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in regulating deceptive weight-loss advertising, which the commission began to prioritize in the 1990s after a dramatic rise in complaints. It also includes the results of a content analysis of more than 150 FTC complaints filed between 1951 and 2009, which were used to analyze trends in advertising content, liability for deceptive practices, and outcomes. Regulatory efforts may not have curbed the use of bogus weight-loss claims, which have only increased over time. The FTC has made attempts to apply broad liability, but advertisers and corporate leaders continue to be named most frequently over other respondents, including advertising agencies, media outlets, and product endorsers. Although the number of complaints that result in financial penalties is increasing, the FTC lacks systematic and specific policies to adequately deter advertisers and address what continues to be a growing problem.
Biological Markers of Atherogenesis Correlate With Both Shear and Mural Stress in Perfused Arterial Segments Exposed to Cyclic Axial Stretching Ex Vivo

While documented risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, etc.) for atherosclerosis are systemic in nature, atherosclerotic plaques appear in a heterogeneous distribution in the vasculature [1]. Certain arteries (e.g., coronary arteries) are exposed to cyclic deformations such as stretching, bending, and twisting due to their being tethered to surrounding tissue beds [2]. Such stimuli likely results in spatially-varying biomechanical stresses and may be a key modulator of atherosclerotic lesion localization [3]. We have developed a unique methodology for combining ex vivo experimental perfusion of arterial segments with computational modeling. Using this methodology we examined the hypothesis that local variations in shear and mural stress associated with cyclic axial stretch of arterial segments influence the distribution of endothelial permeability and the expression of various genes associated with atherogenesis.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Properties of Some Forest Soils on Barro Colorado Island, Panama

Eight surface soils from lowland tropical moist forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, were evaluated for: (1) NH4+-N, N03-N, PO43--P, and SO42--S concentrations in 10-mM CaCI2 extractions; (2) N, P, and S mineralization potentials in laboratory incubations; and (3) total N, P, and S concentrations. Concentrations of NH4+-N, NO3--N, and PO,3--P prior to incubation were similar among the soils despite significant differences in total C, N, and P concentrations. Initial concentrations of SO42--S generally were greater in basalt-derived soils than in sediment-derived soils, although a similar pattern in total S concentrations among these sites was not observed. The net mineralization potentials of the eight soil types had three characteristics in common: (1) most of the mineralized N was nitrified, and N03--N accumulated at an approximately linear rate over a 32-day incubation period; (2) PO43--P decreased between days 0 and 16, then increased more than ten times between days 16 and 32; and (3) SO42--S did not change over time. The striking consistency in the patterns of net mineralization among the eight soils was unexpected because of differences in the total element contents of the soils and in the parent materials, vegetation on the site, and history of disturbance to the vegetation.
Self-Protection in Rural America A Risk Interpretation Model of Household Protective Measures

Scholarly interest in self-protective behaviors is demonstrated in studies examining victimization; these behaviors are presumed to reduce the likelihood of experiencing crime. Protective behaviors are not taken by all citizens equally, however, so it is critical to explain these behaviors within the population. The current study extends existing works, most of which were based on urban samples, by examining the determinants of protective behaviors in a sample of rural residents in the United States. Predictors are derived from a modified risk interpretation model (Ferraro, 1995) and include risk, fear, victimization experiences, and perceived collective efficacy. Results show that household protective behaviors are influenced by perceptions of risk and, indirectly through risk, by perceived collective efficacy and victimization experiences.
Acute Inflammatory Demyelination: MRI Prognostic Factors for Relapse

Initial MRI factors predictive of a second attack and disability following a first episode of acute CNS inflammatory demyelination in a cohort of 116 children seen between 1990 and 2002 were studied at the Hopital Cochin-Saint-Vincent de Paul, Paris; Hopital Bicetre, Lille; Hopital Neurologique, Lyon, France; and McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Frequency-Domain Inversion of Receiver Transfer Functions For Crustal Structure

A linearized frequency domain inversion of receiver transfer functions is investigated as a means for determining crustal structure. The forward problem is solved using a Thomson-Haskell method which includes the effects of attenuating layers. The function to be fit consists of the deconvolved radial component of teleseismic P waves (to remove source effects) which is sensitive mainly to variations in shear velocity and density. Compressional velocity and attenuation are adjusted by assuming a Poisson solid. Complex partial derivatives are computed with respect to the complex shear velocity in each layer using a finite difference approach. Thus, it is possible to simultaneously invert for shear velocity and shear attenuation. Test cases show that for short path lengths, the effects of attenuation are relatively small compared to the effects of velocity contrasts at layer interfaces. Test cases utilizing synthetic and real data demonstrate the impressive resolving power of the technique for the determination of crustal thickness and the importance of density on the calculated receiver functions. Examination of partial derivatives for the receiver transfer functions with respect to various layer parameters further demonstrates that the effect of density is nearly as important as that due to shear velocity. The test cases also bring out the importance of an accurate trial solution, especially in the presence of noise. Thus, in actual practice it is necessary to combine the inversion with trial and error calculations.
Obsidian Source Use in the Greater Yellowstone Area, Wyoming Basin, and Central Rocky Mountains

Using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis from nearly 2,300 sourced obsidian artifacts in western Wyoming, southwestern Montana, and eastern Idaho, we demonstrate regional diachronic changes in access to and preference for particular obsidian sources throughout the West. We focus on both (1) long-term patterns of obsidian use that may inform us about the timing of precontact migrations of Numic (Shoshone) speakers into the Rocky Mountains and (2) the extent to which later contact among Native inhabitants and European immigrants was a mechanism for reducing elements of precontact mobility and exchange in the postcontact era. We view indigenous responses to contact in the study area as an active, strategic process with measurable material consequences. Despite a well-documented increase in mobility among local Native groups as a result of the introduction of the horse, our study demonstrates a restriction and reduction in Historic period source use in western Wyoming. We propose that changes in obsidian source use are a reflection of ethnogenesis and development of ethnographic bands as a response to culture contact among indigenous inhabitants and with Europeans.
Differential expression of multiple glutaminase mRNAs in LLC-PK1-F+ cells.

LLC-PK1-F+ cells are porcine proximal tubule-like cells that have been used to model the renal ammoniagenic response to metabolic acidosis. A 3.2-kb porcine glutaminase (GA) cDNA (pGA201) containing 528 bp of coding sequence and 2.7 kb of 3'-untranslated region was cloned and sequenced. Probes derived from both porcine and rat GA cDNAs were used to characterize the expression of putative GA mRNAs in LLC-PK1-F+ cells. Two larger putative GA mRNAs (approximately 5.0 and 4.5 kb in length) were resolved and a smaller 2.5-kb species was also observed. The level of the 5.0-kb mRNA is detectable in freshly split LLC-PK1-F+ cells and increases as the cells reach confluence. In contrast, the amount of the 4.5-kb GA mRNA is greatest in freshly split cells and decreases gradually as the cells approach confluence. The levels of the 5.0- and 2.5-kb mRNAs are also affected by refeeding the cells, and the 2.5-kb mRNA accumulates to high levels if cells are retained in the same media for 4 days. Exposure to acidic media ...
2.06 – Dual-Energy and Spectral Imaging

This article introduces the reader to the field of study that exploits the energy-dependent nature of the x-ray attenuation coefficient applied to medical imaging. The spectral imaging methods discussed in this article allow the form, or shape, of the x-ray distribution exiting the patient to be measured, which allows for a determination of the relative contributions from the basic photon–matter interactions that took place inside the patient.
Learning4Work. Designing a New Evaluation System Based on Scenario Centered Curriculum Methodology: The Pre-test

This paper aims to provide the theoretical framework and methodology for the definition of data collection tools designed to assess the effectiveness and impact of training envisaged by the LEARNING4WORK project. This project is based on the development of learning strategies within the framework of Vocation Training, in order to improve learning processes and make them more applicable in the real working world while minimizing the number of student drop-outs. Learning methods are re-conceptualized through the use of immersive worlds and role and project-orientated-learning. Scenario Centered Curriculum (SCC) was applied to promote the acquisition and development of international cooperation skills through the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) tools and systems. The paper focuses on the design process of the evaluation initial questionnaires (or Pre-test), starting from the theoretical framework established in the field of learning in formal, informal and non-formal educational contexts, applied to an innovative vision of education and training, centered on the learner’s future professional role.
Constraining basin thermal history and petroleum generation using palaeoclimate data in the Piceance Basin, Colorado

Careful assessment of basin thermal history is critical to modelling petroleum generation in sedimentary basins. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to constraining basin thermal history using palaeoclimate temperature reconstructions and study its impact on estimating source rock maturation and hydrocarbon generation in a terrestrial sedimentary basin. We compile mean annual temperature (MAT) estimates from macroflora assemblage data to capture past surface temperature variation for the Piceance Basin, a high-elevation, intermontane, sedimentary basin in Colorado, USA. We use macroflora assemblage data to constrain the temporal evolution of the upper thermal boundary condition and to capture the temperature change with basin uplift. We compare these results with the case where the upper thermal boundary condition is based solely upon a simplified latitudinal temperature estimate with no elevation effect. For illustrative purposes, 2 one-dimensional (1-D) basin models are constructed using these two different upper thermal boundary condition scenarios and additional geological and geochemical input data in order to investigate the impact of the upper thermal boundary condition on petroleum source rock maturation and kerogen transformation processes. The basin model predictions indicate that the source rock maturation is very sensitive to the upper thermal boundary condition for terrestrial basins with variable elevation histories. The models show substantial differences in source rock maturation histories and kerogen transformation ratio over geologic time. Vitrinite reflectance decreases by 0.21%Ro, source rock transformation ratio decreases 10.5% and hydrocarbon mass generation decreases by 16% using the macroflora assemblage data. In addition, we find that by using the macroflora assemblage data, the modelled depth profiles of vitrinite reflectance better matches present-day measurements. These differences demonstrate the importance of constraining thermal boundary conditions, which can be addressed by palaeotemperature reconstructions from palaeoclimate and palaeo-elevation data for many terrestrial basins. Although the palaeotemperature reconstruction compiled for this study is region specific, the approach presented here is generally applicable for other terrestrial basin settings, particularly basins which have undergone substantial subaerial elevation change over time.
352. Functional Benefits of Systemic rAAV9-hIDS Gene Delivery in MPS II Mouse Model

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) II is an X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by defect in iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), leading to in the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cells in the CNS and peripheral organs, and profound multisystem disorders in the majority of patients. No treatment is available for the neurological disorders of MPS II. In this study, we developed 2 self-complementary (sc) AAV9 vectors expressing human IDS and tested them in MPS II mice via systemic delivery. At a dose 5e12vg/kg, an IV injection of either scAAV9-U1a-hIDS or scAAV9-mCMV-IDS, led to rapid and persistent IDS expression and the correction of lysosomal GAG storage throughout the CNS, peripheral nervous system (PNS) and periphery tissues, as well as diminishing of astrocytosis in the CNS and PNS, in MPS II mice treated at 1mo, 3mo or 6mo of age. Importantly, we demonstrate significant improvement in cognitive and motor function, and extension of survival (ongoing) in the rAAV9-treated MPS II mice. These data demonstrate substantial functional benefits of a systemic scAAV9-hIDS gene delivery for treating MPS II at early and advanced disease stages, supporting the clinical potential of the approach.
Scleral Buckling for Primary Retinal Detachment 1

The decision to proceed with scleral buckling over primary vitrectomy for primary retinal detachment repair is becoming less common with each passing year, and combining vitrectomy with scleral buckling is never performed by the authors of this chapter secondarily to combining the potential complications of both procedures without creating an additive improvement in outcomes. Primary scleral buckling is indicated for young phakic patients with anterior tears and no proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Patients also need to be counseled on the risk profile of scleral buckling versus vitrectomy before agreeing to surgery.