cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic Spectroscopy for Simulated Plastic IC Packages

Failure analysis of integrated circuit (IC) packages is a critical element for in house quality control and for problems encountered in service. Plastic IC packages are routinely inspected for delaminations, voids, cracks, and corrosion using the C-mode acoustic microscopy (C-AM). Plastic IC packages are hygroscopic and can absorb moisture subjected to environmental cycling depending on the quality of the plastic chemical compound used to encapsulate the IC chip. The new advanced ultrasonic interference spectroscopy (UIS) technique used by the author elsewhere to detect presence of moisture in adhesively bonded joints is applied to the problems of the plastic IC packages in this research work. The new UIS technique was used on manually fabricated simulated plastic packages with thin water film trapped between two layers of plastic material (Lexan) and the silicon wafer. The technique successfully detected the presence of an extra water layer in the assembly inspected and estimated its thickness accurately to be 110 μm. At present the technique is under development for detection of water films thinner than 110 μm in actual plastic IC packages.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Student Teachers' Preactive and Postactive Curricular Thinking

In this study, the researcher examined preactive and postactive curricular thinking of student teachers in elementary general music. Student teaching experiences were chosen for study since would-b...
Is it really fragrance-free?

Abstract Background : Fragrance allergy is the most common cause of cosmetic contact dermatitis. Many occult sources of fragrance exist. Those which cause the most concern are some “fragrance-free” products that contain fragrance raw ingredients. Thus, the very patients requiring fragrance-free items may be exposed to potential perfume allergens or cross-reactors in seemingly safe products. Additionally, medications dermatologists recommend, both prescription and over-the-counter, sometimes contain fragrance. Objective : This report describes a patient with chronic hand dermatitis sensitized to multiple fragrance ingredients including rose oil, present in the “fragrance-free” soap she used. Additionally, the tar soaks recommended to her also contained fragrance. Conclusion : It is no longer sufficient to recommend the use of products labeled fragrance-free to fragrance-sensitive patients. These patients must be educated to read labels and look for plant extracts that are potential perfume sensitizers and cross-reactors. Rose oil, which has been felt to be a rare sensitizer, may be a more common allergen than previously recognized, perhaps because of its existence in a popular “fragrance-free” soap and, conceivably, in many “all-natural” products. Further testing with rose oil should be conducted in the future. Finally, manufacturers need to be more forthright in the labeling of their products.
Land use Controls: Can Landowners Force Governmental Bodies to Pay?

A governmental body has the right to regulate owners' use of their land by exercising police powers. However, when such regulation substantially deprives an owner of the use of land, the owner can argue that a taking has occurred. Traditionally, a landowner could seek a declaration that the governmental regulation was unconstitutional and should be enjoined. At times an alternative remedy available to the landowner has been to sue for monetary damages. This latter action is called inverse or reverse condemnation. This article examines two recent United States Supreme Court cases that address whether or not an inverse condemnation action is a permissible means by which a landowner can challenge the excessive nature of a zoning regulation. Although these cases have not directly answered this question, this article concludes that such a remedy would be beneficial and should be allowed.
Defense reaction and hemocytic changes in Heliothis virescens in response to its habitual parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps

Abstract Parasitism of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens by the braconid Cardiochiles nigriceps resulted in a reduction of the total hemocyte count 3 days after parasitism. A reduction occurred in the number of spherule cells associated with an increase in prohemocytes. There was a slight reduction in phagocytic ability of hemocytes in parasitized hosts. However, the reduction in phagocytic ability could not account for the ability of the parasite to avoid the defensive reaction on the part of the host. The observed changes in hemocyte numbers did not prevent encapsulation of injected brush chips. Therefore, the ability of C. nigriceps to avoid the cellular defensive reaction on the part of the host does not appear to be due to hemocyte suppression or blockage of the ability of these hemocytes to encapsulate certain foreign material.
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Is Synthesized in Anterior Pituitary Tissue

Previous studies have suggested that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is involved in regulation of PRL secretion within the pituitary gland. In order to determine whether VIP is synthesized in anterior pituitary tissue, we performed three experiments. In all experiments, anterior pituitaries were obtained from male rats. The tissue was then labeled by incubation in leucine-free minimum essential medium containing [3H]leucine, 14 μCi/ml In Exp I, the labeled tissue was homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatant was chromatog-raphed on Sephadex G-50F. The fractions indicated a large peak of counts near the void volume and another peak coeluting with VIP. These latter fractions were pooled and subjected to reverse phase HPLC. Fractions from the HPLC indicated 1) a protein peak, 2) VIP immunoreactivity, and 3) maximum counts im-munoprecipitated by anti-VIP serum at the retention time of synthetic porcine VIP. Exp II consisted of perifusion of labeled pituitary quarters over a 120-min period followed...
catena -Poly[[bis(α-thenoyltrifluoroacetonato-κ 2 O,O')copper(II)]-μ-1,4-di-3-pyridyl-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene-κ 2 N:N']

The title compound, [Cu(C8H4F3O2S)2(C12H10N4)]n or [Cu(tta)2(L2)2]n (L2 = 1,4-di-3-pyridyl-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene and tta = α-thenoyltrifluoro­acetonate), consists of undulating chains containing two crystallographically distinct CuII centers that are each located on inversion centers. Each CuII center exhibits distorted octa­hedral coordination provided by two pyridyl N atoms from two equivalent L2 ligands and four O atoms from two equivalent tta ligands. The chains inter­act through weak C—F⋯H—C contacts.
A Review of: “Benjamin Cashore, Graeme Auld, and Deanna Newsom. Governing Through Markets: Forest Certification and the Emergence of Non-State Authority.”

The author is a former World Wildlife Foundation staff member whose work in the past largely centered on fostering the growth of forest certification through the Forest Stewardship Council and has, therefore, an inherent bias in favor of the FSC over other certification systems.
Gambling Habits of Athletes and Nonathletes Classified as Disordered Gamblers

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to determine the forms of gambling that were the most prevalent in those having problems with their gambling. High-risk individuals who were experiencing difficulties with their gambling were examined. Specifically, the gambling behaviors of current athletes, former athletes, and nonathletes were investigated. Only members of these 3 groups with elevated scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) were tested. Specifically, only those classified as disordered gamblers (SOGS score ≥ 3) were recruited. Among these individuals with high SOGS scores, former athletes were more likely to participate in skill-based forms of gambling such as sports gambling and poker card playing, whereas nonathletes were more likely to partake in gambling games that were based predominately on chance factors. Also, former athletes were more likely to wager on the sport they had once played. Findings suggest that a competitive spirit may lead athletes to involvement in skill-bas...
Age-dependent effectiveness of exogenous abscisic acid in height control of bell pepper and jalapeño transplants

Abstract Height control of vegetable transplants is important for improving their adaptability to shipping and transplanting operations. Abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits stem elongation but can also induce undesirable growth modification. To optimize its application timing for effective height control, we examined age-dependent sensitivity of various growth variables to ABA in two pepper cultivars ( Capsicum annuum L.). Bell pepper ‘Excursion II’ seedlings were sprayed once with 3.8 mM ABA at 25, 18, or 11 days before transplanting (DBT), or twice with 1.9 mM ABA at 25 and 18 DBT. Jalapeno ‘Colima’ seedlings were sprayed once with 3.8 mM ABA at 22, 15, or 8 DBT, or twice with 1.9 mM ABA at 22 and 15 DBT. For all treatments, the application rate was 0.71 mg ABA per plant with the spray volume of 0.61 L m −2 (0.71 ml/plant). Only ‘Excursion II’ maintained significantly shorter plant height in all ABA treatments until the transplanting stage, ranging from 80% to 88% of the control. By contrast, leaf chlorosis and overall growth delay were induced by ABA in ‘Colima’. Age-dependent sensitivity to ABA was evident in leaf area of both cultivars, and in stem diameter and shoot and root biomass of jalapeno ‘Colima’, all of which showed maximal reductions when 3.8 mM ABA was applied at the cotyledon stage (first application). These results suggest that ABA is effective in height control for bell pepper ‘Excursion II’, and that it should be applied at least one week after the emergence of first true leaf to minimize the negative side effects. Importantly, subsequent field evaluations demonstrated that the growth modulation by ABA was only transient with no negative impact on marketable yield.
Parallel costimulatory pathways promote myelin basic protein-stimulated proliferation of encephalitogenic rat T cells.

Activation pathways responsible for myelin basic protein (MBP)-stimulated proliferation of encephalitogenic T cells were studied by derivation of new monoclonal antibodies against rat T cell surface proteins. These monoclonal antibodies were derived by immunization of Balb/c mice with THYB-2 T cell hybrids or with the GP2.E5 line of encephalitogenic T-helper cells. The LRTC1 mAb inhibited MBP-stimulated IL-2 production by THYB-2 hybrids but not by THYB-1 hybrids and did not inhibit the alternative response of MBP-induced growth inhibition by either hybrid subset. Although LRTC1 labeled virtually all rat leukocytes, it selectively inhibited proliferative responses to T cell mitogens but not to B cell mitogens. LRTC1 inhibited MBP-stimulated IL-2 production by GP2.E5 T cells but did not effectively block MBP-stimulated proliferation. Rather, LRTC1 acted in synergy with a second mAb (LRTC2) to effectively inhibit MBP-stimulated proliferation by GP2.E5 T cells. The observation that LRTC1 did not exhibit synergy with a third biologically active mAb (LRTC3) supported the hypothesis that LRTC1 and LRTC2 represented a specific combination of synergistic mAb. In contrast to the inhibitory activity on GP2.E5 T cells, LRTC1 and LRTC2 synergistically stimulated antigen-independent IL-2 production by the THYB-1 hybrid LSS-A1. These results support the hypothesis that GP2.E5 T cells respond to parallel costimulatory pathways that are respectively inhibited by LRTC1 and LRTC2 mAb. Furthermore, these synergistic mAb exhibited inhibitory or stimulatory activities that may be diagnostic of distinct T-helper cell subsets. These novel mAb may thereby facilitate studies of costimulatory pathways and T-helper cell subsets in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.
Selection of alternative genetic sources of large-seed size in Virginia-type peanut: evaluation of sensory, composition, and agronomic characteristics.

Jenkins Jumbo, the ancestral source of large-seed size in the Virginia market type (Arachis hypogaea L.), has been shown to have a deleterious effect on flavor of peanut. The pervasiveness of Jenkins Jumbo in the ancestry of large-seeded germplasm contributes to the generally less intense roasted peanut flavor of U.S. cultivars of the Virginia market type. As a remedy to this problem, alternative sources of large-seed size were sought. Nine large-seeded selections, with NC 7 and Florunner as checks, were tested in replicated trials in North Carolina and Florida from 1996 to 1998. Pod yield, grade, weight of 100 seeds, and oil, sugar, and starch contents were measured. A descriptive sensory panel evaluated flavor attributes of a roasted sound mature kernel (SMK) sample from each plot. NC 7 scored low for sweet sensory attribute, high for bitter, and median for roasted peanut. UF714021, a multiline incorporating the Altika cultivar with several sister lines, had the best flavor profile of the large-seeded s...
A simple and inexpensive method for calibration of large magnetic field sweeps

Abstract This paper describes simple and inexpensive techniques for the calibration of magnetic field sweeps in constant wave and pulsed-field-swept NMR experiments.
Measurement of urinary tryptophan metabolites by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract Rapid, sensitive separation and determination of tryptophan, N′ -for-mylkynurenine, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, trigonelline, kynurenic acid, and xanthurenic acid in untreated and extracted urine were achieved using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Accuracy of the measurements is 5% or better and 50 pmole of each compound can be reliably measured. Determination of quinolinic acid was not possible with the conditions used. The method was found to be suitable for the analysis of urinary metabolites in a normal human subject under basal conditions and after tryptophan loading.
3,3-Diindolylmethane Induces G1 Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Acute T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells

Certain bioactive food components, including indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) from cruciferous vegetables, have been shown to target cellular pathways regulating carcinogenesis. Previously, our laboratory showed that dietary I3C is an effective transplacental chemopreventive agent in a dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC)-dependent model of murine T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. The primary objective of the present study was to extend our chemoprevention studies in mice to an analogous human neoplasm in cell culture. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that I3C or DIM may be chemotherapeutic in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells. Treatment of the T-ALL cell lines CCRF-CEM, CCRF-HSB2, SUP-T1 and Jurkat with DIM in vitro significantly reduced cell proliferation and viability at concentrations 8- to 25-fold lower than the parent compound I3C. DIM (7.5 µM) arrested CEM and HSB2 cells at the G1 phase of the cell cycle and 15 µM DIM significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in all T-ALL lines. In CEM cells, DIM reduced protein expression of cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4, CDK6) and D-type cyclin 3 (CCND3); DIM also significantly altered expression of eight transcripts related to human apoptosis (BCL2L10, CD40LG, HRK, TNF, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF25, TNFSF8, TRAF4). Similar anticancer effects of DIM were observed in vivo. Dietary exposure to 100 ppm DIM significantly decreased the rate of growth of human CEM xenografts in immunodeficient SCID mice, reduced final tumor size by 44% and increased the apoptotic index compared to control-fed mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate a potential for therapeutic application of DIM in T-ALL.
The migration of liquid drops in a vertical temperature gradient

Abstract Results are reported from experiments conducted on liquid drops migrating in a vertical temperature gradient. Drops of pure ethyl salicylate, which were observed to sink in diethylene glycol under isothermal conditions, were seen to migrate upward toward warmer regions in the experiments. Control experiments, in which small amounts of Triton X-100, a common surface-active chemical, were added to both phases, revealed that the drops sank in the presence of the surfactant even in steep upward temperature gradients. This provides good confirmation that the observed migration is of thermocapillary origin. The thermocapillary contribution to the drop velocities was found to scale correctly with both the drop radius and the applied temperature gradient as predicted by Young et al. (1). However, the interfacial tension gradient inferred from the data was substantially smaller than that obtained from equilibrium interfacial tension measurements reported by Lacy et al. (12). A tentative reason for this discrepancy is suggested.
Purification of acid phosphomonoesterase from the human prostate gland.

Abstract A method has been developed for the purification of acid phosphomonoesterase isolated from human prostate gland. The preparation is devoid of any appreciable amount of diesterase. The method is based on preparation of a crude extract, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, extraction at pH 4.0, and chromatography and rechromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The homogeneity of the preparation was checked by means of zone electrophoresis in low-percentage agar gel with addition of Hyflo Super-Cel and by means of starch gel electrophoresis in acid and alkaline medium. In all cases the enzyme was found to be homogeneous, migrating in the form of a sharply defined band. The enzyme splits off terminal phosphate from ribonucleic acid without giving rise to its depolymerization. Spectral properties of the enzyme, relation of activity to pH, and the effect of heat denaturation are also described.
Ten Ways that Culture Affects Negotiating Style: Some Survey Results

A survey of 310 persons of different nationalities and occupations asked respondents to rate their negotiating styles with respect to ten factors involved in the negotiation process. These factors included a preference for: a written contract in contrast to relationship-building as a negotiating goal; an integrative (win-win) as opposed to a distributive (win-lose) bargaining approach; and high rather than low tolerance for risk-taking. Reporting on the responses of persons from 12 countries and eight different occupations, this study finds that, in many instances, persons from the same cultures and occupations tended to respond to these negotiating ele ments in a similar fashion. Survey responses were also examined with respect to the respondents' gender. The study would appear to support the proposition that culture, occupational background, and gender can influence negotiating style.
Empirical Choice Weighting Under "Guess" and "Do Not Guess" Directions

This study investigated reliability and validity of scores resulting from empirical choice-weighting under two conditions: (1) examinees were told not to guess when unable to eliminate any choice and (2) they were told their scores would be the number of right responses. Unlike other choice-weighting studies which have reported disappointing results under one or the other of these two conditions, the present study used a predictor and criterion which were obtained independently yet had a substantial logical relationship. The results indicated that choice-weighting resulted in substantial increases in score reliability and predictive validity over number-right and corrected-for-guessing scores. Moreover, the validity coefficients associated with choice-weighted scores obtained under "Guess" directions were comparable to coefficients obtained under "Do Not Guess" directions. This latter result led to a recommendation against instruction to restrict guessing under choice-weighted scoring.
Stiffness Measurement for Pressure-Loaded Brush Seals

Brush seals are widely used as flexible seals for rotor-stator and stator-stator gaps in power generation turbo-machinery like steam turbines, gas turbines, generators and aircraft engines. Understanding the force interactions between a brush seal bristle pack and the rotor is important for avoiding overheating and rotor dynamic instabilities caused by excessive brush seal forces. Brush seal stiffness (i.e. brush seal force per unit circumferential length per unit incursion of the rotor) is usually measured and characterized at atmospheric pressure conditions. However, the inter-bristle forces, the blow-down forces and the friction forces between the backplate and the bristle pack change in the presence of a pressure loading, thereby changing the stiffness of the brush seal in the presence of this pressure loading. Furthermore, brush seals exhibit different hysteresis behavior under different pressure loading conditions. Understanding the increased brush seal stiffness and the increased hysteresis behavior of brush seals in the presence of a pressure loading is important for designing brush seals for higher pressure applications. In this article, we present the development of a test fixture for measuring the stiffness of brush seals subjected to a pressure loading. The fixture allows for measurement of the bristle pack forces in the presence of a pressure loading on the seal while the rotor is incrementally pushed (radially) into the bristle pack. Following the development of this test fixture, we present representative test results on three sample seals to show the trends in brush seal stiffness as the pressure loading is increased. Specifically, we study the effect of different brush seal design parameters on the stiffness of brush seals over a wide range of pressure loadings. These test data can be used for developing predictive models for brush seal stiffness under pressure loading. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of this fixture in studying the hysteresis exhibited by brush seals along with the importance of the backplate pressure balance feature present in several brush seal designs. The test results validate the bilinear force-displacement curves previously reported in the literature.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
First-year measurements of stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment III/meteor

The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III/Meteor Instrument was launched from Baikonur, Kazakhstan on December 10, 2001. After initial commissioning phase activities, it began routine solar occultation measurements by March 2002. During the first year of operation, additional measurement capabilities such as lunar occultation and limb scattering were successfully implemented with the SAGE III instrument. This paper will present a summary of the various data sets gathered from the SAGE III instrument during the first year of operation. Measurements of ozone, aerosol, and nitrogen dioxide from solar occultation, lunar occultation, and limb scattering techniques will be presented and discussed.
Identification and characterization of 1,25D3-membrane-associated rapid response, steroid (1,25D3-MARRS) binding protein

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) operates through pharmacologically distinct nuclear receptor-mediated and plasma membrane-initiated mechanisms. The nuclear receptor is well described, but the membrane receptor identity remains unproven. A 66 kDa protein from chick intestinal basolateral membranes was isolated previously and identified as a candidate receptor (now termed 1,25D(3)-MARRS). A chicken cDNA library was screened for clones encoding the N-terminal sequence of 1,25D(3)-MARRS. An exact match was found with an insert containing an open coding region for the full-length candidate 1,25D(3)-MARRS protein. Analysis reveals a 5' untranslated region, a precursor translation product with methionine start site, a signal peptide and a translation product of 505 amino acids prior to translation termination site. Prosite analysis predicts potential sites for phosphorylation by casein kinase II cAMP-dependent kinase, protein kinase C, and tyrosine kinase and an N-myristoylation site with high probability of occurrence. Additionally, two conserved domains capable of interacting with Rel homology domains (RHD) are present. Oligonucleotide primers sets designed to amplify unique regions of the sequence produced amplimers of the predicted size from both chicken and rat intestinal cells. Transcription-translation produced a protein that was recognized in Western blot analysis by Ab099, a polyclonal antibody recognizing the N-terminus of the 66 kDa MARRS protein.
16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2 modulation of endothelial monolayer paracellular barrier function

Prostaglandins prevent gastrointestinal mucosal injury and promote healing following mucosal injury by various noxious agents. Preservation or repair of microvascular function appears to be crucial in these processes. The processes involved in prostaglandin-mediated repair and preservation of endothelial function are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of prostaglandins on endothelial paracellular barrier function using the filter-grown bovine aortic endothelial cell monolayers. Endothelial paracellular barrier function as assessed using a paracellular marker, mannitol. Prostaglandin analogs 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (DMPGE2) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) caused an enhancement of endothelial monolayer paracellular barrier function as evidenced by a dose-dependent decrease in endothelial paracellular permeability. DMPGE2 induced enhancement of endothelial paracellular barrier function correlated directly with increasing intracellular cAMP levels. Agents which increase intracellular cAMP levels at different stages of cAMP amplification cascade including phosphodiesterase inhibitor (3-isobutyl-1 methylxanthine [IBMX]), membrane permeable cAMP (8-bromo cAMP), and adenylate cyclase activators (isoproterenol and forskolin) also produced enhancement in endothelial paracellular barrier function. DMPGE2 enhancement of paracellular barrier function correlated with dense accumulation of actin microfilaments near the intercellular junctions. IBMX, isoproterenol, forskolin, and 8-bromo cAMP also produced similar changes in endothelial actin microfilaments. Cytochalasin B prevented the DMPGE2 enhancement of paracellular barrier function. Indomethacin (INDO), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, caused a dose-dependent increase in endothelial paracellular permeability. Pharmacologic doses of INDO resulted in condensation and disruption of actin microfilaments with formation of large paracellular openings or gaps between the adjacent cells. Pretreatment of endothelial monolayers with DMPGE2 prevented INDO-induced disturbance of actin microfilaments and paracellular barrier function. IBMX, isoproterenol, forskolin, and 8-bromo cAMP also prevented INDO-induced changes in actin microfilaments and paracellular barrier function. These findings indicate that DMPGE2 has a paracellular barrier enhancing effect on filter-grown endothelial monolayers. This effect appears to be mediated through intracellular cAMP and actin microfilaments.
Three New Magnetic White Dwarf Stars

The discovery of strong magnetic fields on three isolated white dwarf stars, G111-49, G183-35, and G256-7, is reported. Effective field strengths of +6.8 ± 0.5 MG (1 MG = 106 G) in G183-35, +4.9 ± 0.5 MG in G256-7, and approximately -220 MG in G111-49 were measured with the aid of circular spectropolarimetry. These stars, none of which were ever part of previous magnetic field searches, were found as part of a polarization survey of DC white dwarf stars in search of magnetic fields greater than 500 kG.
The US postmarketing surveillance study of adult osteosarcoma and teriparatide: study design and findings from the first 7 years.

The Osteosarcoma Surveillance Study, an ongoing 15-year surveillance study initiated in 2003, is a postmarketing commitment to the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration to evaluate a potential association between teriparatide, rhPTH(1–34), a recombinant human parathyroid hormone analog (self-injectable medication to treat osteoporosis), and development of osteosarcoma in response to a finding from preclinical (animal) studies. Incident cases of primary osteosarcoma diagnosed in adults (aged ≥40 years) on or after January 1, 2003, are identified through population-based state, regional, and comprehensive cancer center registries in the US. Information on possible prior treatment with teriparatide, on demographics, and on risk factors is ascertained by patient or proxy telephone interview after patient consent. Between June 2004 and September 30, 2011, 1448 cases (diagnosed 2003 to 2009) were identified by participating cancer registries (estimated to be 62% of all adult cases in the US for that time period); 549 patients or proxies were interviewed. Interviewed patients were similar to noninterviewed patients with regard to mean age, sex, race, and geographical distribution and tumor type and site of tumor. Mean age of those interviewed was 61 years, 46% were female, 86% were white, and 77% were alive when the case was reported to the study investigators. Data collected in the study provide descriptive information on a large number of adults with osteosarcoma, an uncommon malignant bone tumor. After 7 years of the study, there were no osteosarcoma patients who had a prior history of teriparatide treatment. Thus, approximately halfway through this 15-year study, the study has not detected a pattern indicative of a causal association between teriparatide treatment and osteosarcoma in humans. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A VIRUS CAUSING PNEUMONIA IN CATS AND PRODUCING ELEMENTARY BODIES

From a contagious respiratory disease of cats an agent has been transmitted to mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, and embryonated eggs. When inoculated intranasally into cats, it produces a disease like that seen in the naturally infected animals. Parenteral injection causes only a mild fever. From cats killed during acute illness, the agent was demonstrated regularly in the discharges from the eyes and nose and in the pneumonic lung but not in other organs. The agent can be demonstrated in the nasal mucosa of cats 1 to 2 months after injection. Cultures of egg yolk sac containing the agent showed no growth, and cultures of active lung suspensions were usually negative, such positive findings as were obtained being due to respiratory contaminants. Attempts to pass the agent through Berkefeld N filters were generally unsuccessful. Stained preparations of egg yolk sac membranes and of infected mouse or hamster lungs showed typical elementary bodies. Centrifuge experiments showed that the agent and the bodies sedimented at the same rate. Complement fixation experiments using a suspension of partially purified bodies as antigen were negative with control sera and positive with sera from recovered cats. It is concluded that the respiratory disease of cats is due to a virus that forms elementary bodies.
Effect of Temperature Variation on the Incubation and Development of Brook Trout Eggs

Abstract I examined the effects of temperature variation during the incubation of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) on duration of embryonic development, survival to hatching, incidence of deformities, and alevin length at hatching. Brook trout eggs were incubated in five water-recirculation tanks in which the temperature was varied when the eggs had completely developed eye pigmentation (eyed stage). A computer system was used to monitor and regulate temperature. The time, t (d), from fertilization to the hatching of 50% of the eggs depended upon the mean incubation temperature (°C) from fertilization to the eyed stage, T 1, and the mean temperature (°C) from the eyed stage to hatching, T 2, in the following manner: t = 176 – 14.7T 1 – 9.67T 2 + 0.800T 1 2 + 0.367T 2 2. Survival of eggs to hatching was affected only by T 1, which also determined the percentage of eggs that survived to the eyed stage. Neither T 1 nor T 2 had any effect on the incidence of physically deformed alevins. Alevin length at ha...
Murine immunosuppression with mycoviral dsRNA

The effect of three different size molecular weight species of mycoviral dsRNA on the immune response to sRBC was tested in C57Bl/6 mice. The various dsRNA species were extracted from electrophoresis polyacrylamide-agarose slab gels. Their molecular weights ranged from 1.0 × 106 daltons to 3.5 × 106 daltons. All three sizes of mycoviral dsRNA significantly (p < 0.0001) suppressed the hemolytic antibody titer of mice 8 days after immunizations with 15 μg dsRNA/mouse and 108 sRBC when compared to control mice which received only sRBC. No immune suppression was observed in any of the mice challenged with a second sRBC immunization 60 days after the first inoculations. Hemagglutination titers at this time were typical of a secondary antibody response to sRBC. In conclusion these three molecular weight mycoviral dsRNA species appeared to be potent immunosuppressors when approximately 15 μg/mouse were used.
Evaluation of the Performance of Distributed Temperature Measurements With Single-Mode Fiber Using Rayleigh Backscatter up to 1000 $^{\circ}{\rm C}$

In this paper, inexpensive single-mode silica optical fibers were interrogated with Luna Innovations' optical backscatter reflectometer to perform distributed temperature measurements at temperatures up to 1000 °C. Measurements of the Rayleigh backscattered signal were taken continuously to determine the amount of light that is backscattered as a function of temperature and position along the length of the fiber. These data were post-processed to determine the spectral shift in the Rayleigh backscatter signature. The spectral shift data were then calibrated to a change in temperature. This paper determines an upper operational temperature limit of 650 °C for the distributed measurement technique based on Rayleigh backscatter using Corning's SMF-28e+ commercially available single-mode fiber.
Downloading New Identities: Ethnicity, Technology, and Media in the Global Greek Village

This article addresses the ways in which new media and technology contest how Greek ethnic communities in Canada are organized and structured. New technologies allow Greeks to go beyond their physical community and interface, via computer, television, or periodicals with Greeks on a global scale. I argue that current uses in media and technology signal the creation of new dimensions to Greek diasporic identity and imply stronger ties with the homeland and other diasporic communities, thus contesting traditional assimilation paradigms indicating that European ethnic groups are in the twilight of their existence. These findings suggest an increase in the application of new technologies among the first and second generations with interesting implications for our understanding of ethnic identity. I propose that the advent of high-tech forms of media in the last fifteen years has created new outlets for expressing ethnicity among those who already have some Greek ethnic consciousness. The means of acquiring so...
Oscillations of Leaves of Abutilon theophrasti (Velvetleaf) and their Sensitivity to Bentazon in Relation to Low and High Humidity

The upper leaf surfaces of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) contain trichomes which facilitate the adhesion of droplets of solution, even when the leaves are oriented in a vertical (night) position. Leaves of plants subjected to conditions of high relative humidity were more injured by bentazon (3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide) than leaves under low soil moisture and relative humidity. Although a significant 24-h oscillation in the sensitivity of leaves to bentazon was sometimes evident under both high and low humidity conditions, it was definitely more evident in the latter. Generally, the second leaves of plants in the three leaf stage were more consistent for displaying oscillations in sensitivity than the first. The youngest leaves were the most sensitive to bentazon but generally did not display pronounced daily oscillations. The abscission of cotyledons appeared to have possible merit as a bioassay for monitoring leaf injury.
Advances In Display And Pick-Up Devices For Visual Training Systems

The purpose of this paper is to bring a number of specific advances in light valve projectors and television cameras to the attention of visual training simulator system designers and users. As a result of these advances it will be shown that there still exists a gross disparity between our ability to generate video information versus the capability to present it in the form of a large screen real-time high-brightness image. Extrapolation of the present state of the light valve art will be made on the basis of recent laboratory feasibility studies in optical and electron optical systems specifically undertaken for ultra-high resolution projection display applications.© (1969) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Epidemiology of Gingivitis and Calculus in a Marmoset Colony

Gingivitis and calculus were documented in a marmoset colony. Gingivitis was prevalent in 96% of the marmosets examined, and calculus was present in 100%. Significant interspecies differences in the severity of gingivitis and the abundance of calculus were observed.
Third‐order nonlinear optical response in polymer thin films incorporating porphyrin derivatives

The third‐order nonlinear optical properties of several porphyrin derivatives incorporated in thin films of polymethylmethacrylate have been measured by degenerate four‐wave mixing at 598 nm with 1 ps pulses. Both the magnitude and dynamics of the nonlinear response are measured, with each system exhibiting both a subpicosecond response and a more slowly decaying response (10 ps–1 ns) owing to excited‐state population. A copolymer of silicon phthalocyanine and methyl methacrylate exhibits a fast recovery time (15 ps) and no observable long‐time (∼ns) component of its nonlinear response, as well as an absorption band twice as narrow as that of guest/host samples of the same material.
Tumoral calcinosis in an infant.

Tumoral calcinosis arterior to the right knee in an infant is reported. The presence of tumoral calcinosis in young children is rare. The knee is considered to be a rare location for tumoral calcinosis.
7.1.1 Survivability Design Principles for Enhanced Concept Generation and Evaluation

Survivability is the ability of systems to minimize the impact of finite-duration disturbances on value delivery. Previous work developed and tested a set of seventeen survivability design principles spanning susceptibility reduction, vulnerability reduction, and resilience enhancement strategies. In this paper, a process is described for applying the survivability design principles to the concept generation phase of Multi-Attribute Tradespace Exploration, a system analysis methodology integrating decision theory with model-based design. Applying the design principles serves both to augment the creativity of system designers by ensuring consideration of a broad tradespace of design alternatives and to quickly screen a large number of candidate design variables before proceeding to concept evaluation.
The Influence of Education on Appropriateness Rates for CT Pulmonary Angiography in Emergency Department Patients

Rationale and Objectives To evaluate appropriate utilization rates for computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in a tertiary center emergency department (ED), before and after a health care provider educational intervention. Materials and Methods Institutional Review Board–approved retrospective study. Records for 100 consecutive CTPA studies ordered by the ED were retrieved from a radiology database. Appropriateness rates for the studies were determined using information from existing literature (clinical decision rules and society guidelines). Where pretest probability was not performed, it was calculated by the authors. After ED health care provider education regarding appropriateness guidelines through a dedicated lecture and question-and-answer session, appropriateness rates for another 100 consecutive CTPA ordered by the ED were calculated. Results In the preeducational intervention, 1% of patients had Wells scores performed, 65% were women, and 29% were age d -dimer testing, 15% of patients had a “negative” d -dimer, 17% had alternative explanations for chest pain, and 76% had low or intermediate pretest probability. Appropriateness rates for CTPA was 7%, and 8% of studies were positive. Postintervention, no Wells scores were performed, 59% were women, and 34% d -dimer, 16% had a “negative” d -dimer, 22% had alternative explanations for chest pain, and 84% had low or intermediate pretest probability. The appropriateness rate for CTPA was 6% and 10% of studies were positive. Conclusion A single educational intervention had no effect on appropriate utilization rates for CTPA. Repeated and sustained educational interventions may help improve imaging ordering pathways through the ED and other departments.
The Cyclic Relationship of Estrogen Sulfurylation to the Nuclear Receptor Level in Human Endometrial Curettings

Human endometrial curettings were selected principally from patients undergoing tubal ligations for elective sterilization. Specimens were analyzed for the metabolism of 17beta-[6,7-3H]estradiol and Na2 35SO4; assayed for the nuclear receptor content with 17beta-[6,7-3H]estradiol; and examined for the cytosol receptor content with 17beta-[2,4,6,7-3H]estradiol. The results of these experiments demonstrated that a) estrogen sulfotransferase activity is greatly stimulated during the secretory phase; b) although estrogen dehydrogenase is active throughout the menstrual cycle, the formation of estrone is elevated in concert with sulfurylation; and c) this increased metabolism of 17beta-estradiol is accompanied by a decreased nuclear uptake of the estrogen receptor complex. The importance of this endometrial estrogen metabolism in the maintenance of a secretory tissue is discussed.
General pharmaceutics--the new physical pharmacy.

General Pharmaceutics is proposed as the broad study of the biopharmaceutical and physical chemical properties of each potential drug substance. When the first quality bulk lot is delivered, usually the first GMP bulk lot, an extensive profiling of the potential drug substance should commence. This profile should include solid-state characterization as well as thorough analyses of solubility, stability, and absorption properties of the drug substance that could affect the development of a viable medicine. As a result of these studies, a number of initial specifications could be developed: the preferred polymorphic or crystalline form identified, the preferred particle size to optimize absorption/development, and an initial biopharmaceutics classification with a dose limit to identify those cases in which the formulation can be expected to improve absorption and exposure. The broad topic of General Pharmaceutics is discussed in this Minireview including many advances in technology in this field as well as the rationale behind the proposed initial specifications.
Morphological changes in poly(ɛ-caprolactone) in dense carbon dioxide

Abstract Morphological changes that take place in poly(ɛ-caprolactone) upon exposure to carbon dioxide at high pressures have been explored as a function of pressure and temperature. SEM and DSC results point to a competition between CO 2 -modulated crystallization and pressure-induced phase separation which leads to unique morphologies. At 293 K, exposure to CO 2 at pressures up to 45 MPa leads to recrystallization resulting in higher level of crystallinity and higher melting temperatures. Highest crystallinity levels along with distinct crystal morphology were observed after exposure to CO 2 at 308 K and 21 MPa. At a higher pressure at this temperature (308 K/34 MPa) polymer undergoes melting, and foaming is achieved during depressurization prior to solidification. At 323 K, the polymer is found to display unique crystal morphology with concave crystal geometry as well as porous domains. The results are discussed in terms of the crystallization and phase separation paths that are followed during exposure to CO 2 and the depressurization stages.
Uptake of Cortisol by the Perfused Rat Liver: Validity of the Free Hormone Hypothesis Applied to Cortisol*

The mechanism by which cortisol in plasma enters hepatic cells was investigated using the isolated perfused rat liver. To determine whether hepatic uptake of cortisol from serum can be accounted for entirely by the pool of unbound (free) cortisol, we compared observed uptake rates with the equilibrium-free fraction of cortisol in serum and the rates of dissociation of cortisol from its serum binding proteins (determined using a rapid filtration assay based on transfer of [3H] cortisol to dextran-coated charcoal). More than 95% of the cortisol in both human and rat serum dissociated spontaneously from its binding proteins within 5 sec at 37 C. The fractional unidirectional hepatic uptakes of cortisol from pooled human serum and pooled rat serum were 59.4 ± 5.4% and 59.5 ± 1.0% (mean ± SE), respectively, at the physiological flow rate of 1 ml/ min-g liver. The corresponding free cortisol fractions in these sera were 4.53 ± 0.15% and 8.16 ± 0.23%, respectively. The fractional unidirectional hepatic uptake of...
Impact of Dialysis Dose and Membrane on Infection-Related Hospitalization and Death: Results of the HEMO Study

Infection is the second most common cause of death among hemodialysis patients. A predefined secondary aim of the HEMO study was to determine if dialysis dose or flux reduced infection-related deaths or hospitalizations. The effects of dialysis dose, dialysis membrane, and other clinical parameters on infection-related deaths and first infection-related hospitalizations were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. Among the 1846 randomized patients (mean age, 58 yr; 56% female; 63% black; 45% with diabetes), there were 871 deaths, of which 201 (23%) were due to infection. There were 1698 infection-related hospitalizations, yielding a 35% annual rate. The likelihood of infection-related death did not differ between patients randomized to a high or standard dose (relative risk [RR], 0.99 [0.75 to 1.31]) or between patients randomized to high-flux or low-flux membranes (RR, 0.85 [0.64 to 1.13]). The relative risk of infection-related death was associated (P < 0.001 for each variable) with age (RR, 1.47 [1.29 to 1.68] per 10 yr); co-morbidity score (RR, 1.46 [1.21 to 1.76]), and serum albumin (RR, 0.19 [0.09 to 0.41] per g/dl). The first infection-related hospitalization was related to the vascular access in 21% of the cases, and non-access-related in 79%. Catheters were present in 32% of all study patients admitted with access-related infection, even though catheters represented only 7.6% of vascular accesses in the study. In conclusion, infection accounted for almost one fourth of deaths. Infection-related deaths were not reduced by higher dose or by high flux dialyzers. In this prospective study, most infection-related hospitalizations were not attributed to vascular access. However, the frequency of access-related, infection-related hospitalizations was disproportionately higher among patients with catheters compared with grafts or fistulas.
Dynamics of Venous-Arterial Testosterone Transfer in the Pampiniform Plexus of the Rat

The dynamics of venous-arterial testosterone transfer in the pampiniform plexus of the rat have been studied using [3H]testosterone in controlled perfusion in the pampiniform plexus isolated from its testicle in vivo. The rate of transfer of testosterone increased in direct proportion to the testosterone concentration in spermatic vein blood over the range 0–100 ng/ml. When the venous-arterial concentration gradient was reversed by infusing [14C]testosterone into the spermatic artery proximal to the pampiniform plexus, the label was transferred from the artery to the adjacent spermatic vein. Transfer of [3H]methoxy-inulin infused concomitantly with the [14C]testosterone was relatively insignificant in either direction. The testosterone transfer rate generally increased with increasing blood flow over the range 0.01-0.36 ml/min. However, transfer rate became less dependent on blood flow at the high end of the range. A comparison of transfer rates from whole blood and dextran (6% in saline) each containing ...