cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mean changes versus dichotomous definitions of improvement.

In recent years, when reporting the results of clinical trials for chronic disease, including rheumatologic conditions, use has been made of dichotomous definitions of improvement, but it is to be expected that continuous definitions would offer improved discrimination between treatment groups. Nevertheless, a well-constructed dichotomous outcome (usually a composite) has advantages of clinical sense and specificity and may, under a variety of realistic conditions, have power that closely approximates that of standard continuous outcome measures. This has been seen for established dichotomous outcome definitions for two rheumatologic conditions, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Simulation studies performed using multivariate normal generated data that approximates actual trial data for each of RA and AS patients demonstrate the relative power of several dichotomous and continuous outcomes in realistic situations for each of RA and AS. Although the continuous outcomes are typicall...
MyD88 is dispensable for cerebral amyloidosis and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice.

Activated microglia are associated with amyloid plaques in transgenic mouse models of cerebral amyloidosis and in human Alzheimer disease; yet, their implication in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis remains unclear. It has been suggested that microglia play dual roles depending on the context of activation, contributing negatively to disease pathogenesis by secreting proinflammatory innate cytokines or performing a beneficial role via phagocytosis of amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits. Toll-like receptors, most of which signal through the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), have been suggested as candidate Aβ innate pattern recognition receptors. It was recently reported that MyD88 deficiency reduced brain amyloid pathology and microglial activation. To assess a putative role of MyD88 in cerebral amyloidosis and glial activation in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice, we crossed MyD88-deficient (MyD88−/−) mice with APP/PS1 mice, interbred first filial offspring, and studied APP/PS1 MyD88+/+, APP/PS1 MyD88+/−, and APP/PS1 MyD88−/− cohorts. Biochemical analysis of detergent-soluble and detergent-insoluble Aβ1-40 or Aβ1-42 in brain homogenates did not reveal significant between-group differences. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed on amyloid plaque load or soluble fibrillar Aβ by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, neither activated microglia nor astrocytes differed among the three groups. These data suggest that MyD88 signaling is dispensable for Aβ-induced glial activation and does not significantly affect the nature or extent of cerebral β-amyloidosis in APP/PS1 mice.
Characterizing the vertical diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance in coastal waters: Implications for water penetration by high resolution satellite data

To characterize the water column, the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance, Kd(z, λ )( m −1 ) is one of the most important optical properties of seawater. The purpose of this research was to determine the downwelling diffuse attenuation coefficient of water around Roatan Island, Honduras. In situ Kd analysis showed low attenuation coefficient values in green and blue and increased exponentially after 570 nm. The blue, green and red portion of the spectrum showed a Kd value of 0.138, 0.158, and 0.503 m −1 , respectively. Error analysis revealed a significantly high uncertainty in the red region (600–700 nm) and, as expected, low estimation uncertainty in blue and green. When compared with IKONOS derived Kd (490 nm), it was observed that the differences were negligible, being 0.0084 and 0.0054 m −1 for station #1 and #2, respectively. Based on the fact that 90% of the diffused reflected light from a water body comes from a surface layer of water of depth 1/Kd, the results showed that a typical satellite sensor (such as IKONOS) can penetrate up to 8 m in the blue band, 6 m in green, and 2 m in the red region. © 2005 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Tumor glycolysis as a target for cancer therapy: progress and prospects.

Altered energy metabolism is a biochemical fingerprint of cancer cells that represents one of the “hallmarks of cancer”. This metabolic phenotype is characterized by preferential dependence on glycolysis (the process of conversion of glucose into pyruvate followed by lactate production) for energy production in an oxygen-independent manner. Although glycolysis is less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation in the net yield of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cancer cells adapt to this mathematical disadvantage by increased glucose up-take, which in turn facilitates a higher rate of glycolysis. Apart from providing cellular energy, the metabolic intermediates of glycolysis also play a pivotal role in macromolecular biosynthesis, thus conferring selective advantage to cancer cells under diminished nutrient supply. Accumulating data also indicate that intracellular ATP is a critical determinant of chemoresistance. Under hypoxic conditions where glycolysis remains the predominant energy producing pathway sensitizing cancer cells would require intracellular depletion of ATP by inhibition of glycolysis. Together, the oncogenic regulation of glycolysis and multifaceted roles of glycolytic components underscore the biological significance of tumor glycolysis. Thus targeting glycolysis remains attractive for therapeutic intervention. Several preclinical investigations have indeed demonstrated the effectiveness of this therapeutic approach thereby supporting its scientific rationale. Recent reviews have provided a wealth of information on the biochemical targets of glycolysis and their inhibitors. The objective of this review is to present the most recent research on the cancer-specific role of glycolytic enzymes including their non-glycolytic functions in order to explore the potential for therapeutic opportunities. Further, we discuss the translational potential of emerging drug candidates in light of technical advances in treatment modalities such as image-guided targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics.
Polarographic studies of 1,4-dibromoalkanes*

Summary Several 1,4-dibromoalkanes have been reduced polarographically and a mechanism is presented. The importance of water or other proton sources in a reduction scheme is clearly demonstrated. It is suggested that the rate-controlling step in the reduction process is the reaction of the carbanion with a proton in the vicinity of the electrode surface. Polarographic evidence, as well as results of controlled potential electrolyses, confirm this mechanism.
Numerical Solution of Fully Developed Flow with Vegetative Resistance

This paper presents a numerical solution of the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes and the near-wall \ik- (turbulent kinetic energy) and \Iω\N- (specific dissipation or dissipation per unit kinetic energy) transport equations, which are modified to include vegetative drag terms. For similar treatment of the model coefficients, the use of the near-wall \Ik-ω\N model produces similar results to previous models that employed the standard \Ik-e\N models with wall functions. The study shows that reasonable predictions of streamwise velocity and Reynolds stress profiles can be achieved by adopting universal values for all model coefficients, but the calculated energy gradient can have significant error. The study also indicates that predictions of streamwise turbulence intensity are significantly improved by adopting the universal values of \IC\Dfk\N\N = 0.05 and \IC\Dfω\N\N = 0.16 rather than the theoretically based values, \IC\Dfk\N\N = 1.0 and \IC\Dfω\N\N = \Iβ/αβ*C\Dfk\N\N.
A collaborative model to promote career success for students with disabilities

Many young people entering the workforce are not well pre-pared to meet the demands of a dynamic work environment.Students with disabilities beneﬁt from work-based learningactivities as much as, if not more than, their non-disabledpeers. Unfortunately, many school-to-work programs in highschool and cooperative education and internship programsin college do not fully include students with disabilities, agroup that represents an increasing proportion of today’sschool population. The University of Washington conducteda three-year project to help students with disabilities headtoward successful careers by using a holistic and collabora-tive approach. Besides the students served, the team includesstaff from precollege and postsecondary educational institu-tions, parents, mentors, employers, and community serviceproviders. A post-work-experience survey was developed toanswer the question “What impact do work-based learningexperiences have on career-related attitudes, knowledge, andskills for students with disabilities?” Participants reportedconsiderable beneﬁt from their work-based learning expe-riences. They gained motivation to work toward a career,learned about careers and the workplace, gained job-relatedskills, learned to work with supervisors and co-workers, anddeveloped accommodation strategies.Keywords: Disability, work, careers, internships, technology,college, parents, mentors, Internet
A Case Study of Learner Interaction in Technology-Enhanced Language Learning Environments:

One research perspective that has been overlooked in studies on technology in foreign language education is that offered by qualitative research. This study, focusing on learner interaction, aims t...
Normal-Mode Analysis of a Baroclinic Wave-Mean Oscillation

The stability of a time-periodic baroclinic wave-mean oscillation in a high-dimensional two-layer quasigeostrophic spectral model is examined by computing a full set of time-dependent normal modes (Floquet vectors) for the oscillation. The model has 72 62 horizontal resolution and there are 8928 Floquet vectors in the complete set. The Floquet vectors fall into two classes that have direct physical interpretations: wave-dynamical (WD) modes and damped-advective (DA) modes. The WD modes (which include two neutral modes related to continuous symmetries of the underlying system) have large scales and can efficiently exchange energy and vorticity with the basic flow; thus, the dynamics of the WD modes reflects the dynamics of the wave-mean oscillation. These modes are analogous to the normal modes of steady parallel flow. On the other hand, the DA modes have fine scales and dynamics that reduce, to first order, to damped advection of the potential vorticity by the basic flow. While individual WD modes have immediate physical interpretations as discrete normal modes, the DA modes are best viewed, in sum, as a generalized solution to the damped advection problem. The asymptotic stability of the time-periodic basic flow is determined by a small number of discrete WD modes and, thus, the number of independent initial disturbances, which may destabilize the basic flow, is likewise small. Comparison of the Floquet exponent spectrum of the wave-mean oscillation to the Lyapunov exponent spectrum of a nearby aperiodic trajectory suggests that this result will still be obtained when the restriction to time periodicity is relaxed.
ZBTB32 Is an Early Repressor of the CIITA and MHC Class II Gene Expression during B Cell Differentiation to Plasma Cells

CIITA and MHC class II expression is silenced during the differentiation of B cells to plasma cells. When B cell differentiation is carried out ex vivo, CIITA silencing occurs rapidly, but the factors contributing to this event are not known. ZBTB32, also known as repressor of GATA3, was identified as an early repressor of CIITA in an ex vivo plasma cell differentiation model. ZBTB32 activity occurred at a time when B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), the regulator of plasma cell fate and suppressor of CIITA, was minimally induced. Ectopic expression of ZBTB32 suppressed CIITA and I-A gene expression in B cells. Short hairpin RNA depletion of ZBTB32 in a plasma cell line resulted in re-expression of CIITA and I-A. Compared with conditional Blimp-1 knockout and wild-type B cells, B cells from ZBTB32/ROG-knockout mice displayed delayed kinetics in silencing CIITA during ex vivo plasma cell differentiation. ZBTB32 was found to bind to the CIITA gene, suggesting that ZBTB32 directly regulates CIITA. Lastly, ZBTB32 and Blimp-1 coimmunoprecipitated, suggesting that the two repressors may ultimately function together to silence CIITA expression. These results introduce ZBTB32 as a novel regulator of MHC-II gene expression and a potential regulatory partner of Blimp-1 in repressing gene expression.
Neuroborreliosis During Relapsing Fever: Review of the Clinical Manifestations, Pathology, and Treatment of Infections in Humans and Experimental Animals

The spirochetal disease relapsing fever is caused by different Borrelia species. Relapsing fever is well recognized as an infection of the blood, but little is known about its predilection for the nervous system and the eyes. To investigate neurological and ocular involvement during relapsing fever, we reviewed the clinical manifestations, pathology, and treatment of relapsing fever of humans and experimental animals. The results indicate that Borrelia turicatae and Borrelia duttonii, the agents of tick-borne relapsing fever in southwestern North America and sub-Saharan Africa, respectively, cause neurological involvement as often as Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme disease. Evidence of this is the frequent occurrence of lymphocytic meningitis and peripheral facial palsy in human disease; the identification of spirochetes in the brain and other nervous tissues of humans, animals, and arthropod vectors; and the persistence of brain infection after treatment with antibiotics that do not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
A dominant connexin43 mutant does not have dominant effects on gap junction coupling in astrocytes.

Dominant mutations in GJA1, the gene encoding the gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43), cause oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), a syndrome affecting multiple tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). We investigated the effects of the G60S mutant, which causes a similar, dominant phenotype in mice (Gja1Jrt/+). Astrocytes in acute brain slices from Gja1Jrt/+ mice transfer sulforhodamine-B comparably to that in their wild-type (WT) littermates. Further, astrocytes and cardiomyocytes cultured from Gja1Jrt/+ mice showed a comparable transfer of lucifer yellow to those from WT mice. In transfected cells, the G60S mutant formed gap junction (GJ) plaques but not functional channels. In co-transfected cells, the G60S mutant co-immunoprecipitated with WT Cx43, but did not diminish GJ coupling as measured by dual patch clamp. Thus, whereas G60S has dominant effects, it did not appreciably reduce GJ coupling.
Which should we try first? ranking information resources through query classification

Users seeking information in distributed environments of large numbers of disparate information resources are often burdened with the task of repeating their queries for each and every resource. Invariably, some of the searched resources are more productive (yield more useful documents) than others, and it would undoubtedly be useful to try these resources first. If the environment is federated and a single search tool is used to process the query against all the disparate resources, then a similar issue arises: Which information resources should be searched first, to guarantee that useful answers are streamed to users in a timely fashion. In this paper we propose a solution that incorporates techniques from text classification, machine learning and information retrieval. Given a set of pre-classified information resources and a keyword query, our system suggests a relevance ordering of the resources. The approach has been implemented in prototype form, and initial experimentation has given promising results.
An approach to the modeling and analysis of software production processes

We propose an approach to the analysis and design of software production processes that is based on a new paradigm which we coin ‘PETAN’. It is a blend of concepts from Petri nets theory and activity nets theory. The paper reviews the relevant concepts from activity nets and demonstrates the applicability of the new paradigm by a sample implementation to real life software production processes through simulation using SLAM II language.
On the Effects of Non-planar Geometry for Blind Thrust Faults on Strong Ground Motion

We quantify the effects of complex fault geometry on low-frequency (< 1 Hz) strong ground motion using numerical modeling of dynamic rupture. Our tests include the computation of synthetic seismograms for several simple rupture scenarios with planar and curved fault approximations of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. We use the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) to compute the dynamic rupture process, which includes the normal stress effects along the curved fault geometries. The wave propagation and computation of synthetic seismograms are modeled using a fourth-order finite-difference method (FDM). The near-field ground motion is significantly affected by the acceleration, deceleration and arrest of rupture due to the curvature of the faults, as well as the variation in directivity of the rupture. For example, a 6-km-long hanging-wall or footwall splay with a maximum offset of 1 km can change 1-Hz peak velocities by up to a factor of 2-3 near the fault. Our tests suggest that the differences in waveform are larger on the hanging wall compared to those on the footwall, although the differences in amplitude are larger in the forward rupture direction (footwall). The results imply that kinematic ground motion estimates may be biased by the omission of dynamic rupture effects and even relatively gentle variation in fault geometry, and even for long-period waves.
SEASAT sees the winds with SAR

The original justification for the inclusion of an L-band synthetic aperture radar on Seasat was for the measurement of ocean surface wave spectra. Indeed, the initial research on ocean wave measurement from Seasat evolved to the point where SAR imagery from the subsequent ERS-1, ERS-2, and ENVISAT satellite SARs are routinely combined with wave model estimates to produce ocean surface wave spectra. The scatterometer on Seasat was the primary means of measuring ocean surface wind speed direction. Nonetheless, patterns of SAR-measured normalized radar cross section clearly showed spatial structures associated with variations in wind speed and direction. In the last five years, it has become more apparent that SAR imagery can be used to make high spatial resolution estimates of wind speed. In this paper, we trace the evolution of SAR wind speed measurement capabilities from Seasat to the present.
Learning explanation-based search control rules for partial order planning

This paper presents SNLP+EBL, the first implementation of explanation based learning techniques for a partial order planner. We describe the basic learning framework of SNLP+EBL, including regression, explanation propagation and rule generation. We then concentrate on SNLP+EBL's ability to learn from failures and present a novel approach that uses stronger domain and planner specific consistency checks to detect, explain and learn from the failures of plans at depth limits. We will end with an empirical evaluation of the efficacy of this approach in improving planning performance.
Seasonal Variation and Infestation Incidence by Marmara gulosa (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on Grapefruit in the Coachella Valley, California

The population dynamics of citrus peelminer, Marmara gulosa Guillen and Davis, were investigated in 1996–1999 in commercial grapefruit groves in the Coachella Valley, CA. The first generation of the peelminer on new fruit was observed in early June 1998; larval densities of peelminer increased at the beginning of summer and peaked in late July to early August in most years, then decreased, remaining low by the end of the summer and rest of the year. Three parasitoids were identified, with Cirrospilus coachellae Gates in highest numbers in all groves and years. Numbers of larvae parasitized by C. coachellae increased by midsummer in most groves, coinciding with the decline in densities of the citrus peelminer. Miners continued to develop on fruit left from previous harvest in June. Miners preferred the lower half canopy of the trees. Parasitism and availability of fruit for development are major components in the dynamics of the citrus peelminer.
Self, Identity, and Interaction in an Ecology of Identities

Arguably, one of the most significant theoretical accomplishments of the 1960’s was Sheldon Stryker’s (1968, 1980) linking of symbolic interactionist ideas with mainstream sociological concerns about social structure. In a sense, Stryker rescued the study of symbolic interaction from a somewhat counterproductive fascination with idiosyncratic, creative, atypical behavioral productions in ill-defined, unconstraining behavioral settings. He reasserted the ability of the basic symbolic interactionist principle—that society shapes self which then shapes social behavior—to inform a powerful theoretical view of how social structure and the individuals that exist within it effect and constitute one another. Following role theory in concentrating on the stable, reoccurring interactions in our social system, Stryker once again made social psychology relevant to the mainstream concerns of our discipline. By linking the role patterns with the internalized meanings that roles had for individuals, he provided the connection between social structure, meaning and action that drives structural symbolic interaction today.
Learning local features using boosted trees for face recognition

Face recognition is fundamental to a number of significant applications that include but not limited to video surveillance and content based image retrieval. Some of the challenges which make this task difficult are variations in faces due to changes in pose, illumination and deformation. This dissertation proposes a face recognition system to overcome these difficulties. We propose methods for different stages of face recognition which will make the system more robust to these variations. We propose a novel method to perform skin segmentation which is fast and able to perform well under different illumination conditions. We also propose a method to transform face images from any given lighting condition to a reference lighting condition using color constancy. Finally we propose methods to extract local features and train classifiers using these features. We developed two algorithms using these local features, modular PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and boosted tree. We present experimental results which show local features improve recognition accuracy when compared to accuracy of methods which use global features. The boosted tree algorithm recursively learns a tree of strong classifiers by splitting the training data in to smaller sets. We apply this method to learn features on the intrapersonal and extra-personal feature space. Once trained each node of the boosted tree will be a strong classifier. We used this method with Gabor features to perform experiments on benchmark face databases. Results clearly show that the proposed method has better face recognition and verification accuracy than the traditional AdaBoost strong classifier.
NUCLEAR IMPORT OF DNA IN DIGITONIN-PERMEABILIZED CELLS

DNA can enter intact mammalian nuclei with varying degrees of efficiency in both transfected and microinjected cells, yet very little is known about the mechanism by which it crosses the nuclear membrane. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of fluorescently labeled DNA was studied using a digitonin-permeabilized cell system. DNA accumulated in the nucleus with a punctate staining pattern in over 80% of the permeabilized HeLa cells. Nuclear localization of the labeled DNA was energy dependent and occurred through the nuclear pore, but did not require the addition of soluble cytoplasmic protein factors necessary for protein import.
Plasma lenses

The focusing of particles by a thin plasma lens is analyzed with physical, linearized fluid, and PIC (particle-in-cell) computational models. For parameters similar to those of the next-generation linear colliders, the plasma lens strength can exceed 100 MG/cm and the luminosity can be enhanced by an order of magnitude by passing each beam through an appropriate plasma slab. Both overdense and underdense plasma lenses are described (plasma density greater or less than beam density). The former case applies equally well to e/sup +/ and e/sup -/ beams, while the latter has distinct advantages for e/sup -/ beams (including smaller aberrations and background). The effects of spherical and longitudinal aberrations and beam-beam disruption are discussed.,. >
Investigation of the Cas9 Mediated DNA Cleavage using Time-Lapse AFM Imaging

Bacteria and archaea have a defense mechanism for the viral DNA invasion that is facilitated by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and the CRISPR associated (Cas) proteins. The viral infections trigger their adaptive immune system by insertion the foreign DNA segments into the CRISPR loci followed by transcribing the small RNAs with Cas proteins. In particular, type II system cas protein (cas9) associates with the guide RNA to target and silence the viral infections by cleaving the both strands of DNA. The ability of substituting the viral specific RNA with another desired guide RNA makes cas9:RNA system an interest of not only bacterial immunity, but also genetic engineering. Recently, several reports demonstrated the successful repression of genes by means of cas9 enzyme when the target sequence is closer to the promoter site. Despite rapidly increasing number of studies related to the cas9 application, kinetics of cas9 based cleavage mechanism is weakly understood. Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), we monitored the cas9 cleavage activity of the target DNA upon introducing the cas9:RNA complexes to the aqueous environment. We will present our kinetic analysis of cas9 nuclease activity. Our approach may shed light on the possible single-turnover kinetic feature of the cas9 enzyme and help improve cas9-mediated gene editing and therapeutic developments.
Nuclear envelope organization in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) have characteristic nuclear shape changes compared to fo lli cular-type thyroid epithelium. We tested the hypothesis that the altered nuclear shape results from altered distribution or expression of the major structural proteins of the nuclear envelope. Lamin A, lamin Bl, lamin C, lamin B receptor (LBR), lami na-associated polypeptide 2 (LAP2), emerin, and nuclear pores were examined. PTC's with typical nuclear features by H&E were compared to non-neoplastic thyroid and follicular neoplasms using confocal microscopy, and semiquantitative immunoblotting. Lamin A/C, lamin Bl, LAP2, emerin, and nuclear pores all extend throughout the grooves and intranuclear inclusions of PTe. Their distribution and fl uorescent intensity is not predictably altered relative to nuclear envelope irregularities. By immunoblotting, the abundance (per ce ll) and electrophoretic mobilities of lamin A, lamin Bl, lamin C, emerin, and LAP2 proteins do not distinguish PTC, normal thyroid, or follicular neoplasms. These results do not support previously published predictions that lamin A /C exp ression is related to a loss of proliferative activity. At least three LAP2 isoforms are identified in normal and neoplastic thyroid. LBR is sparse or undetectable in all the thyroid samples. The results suggest that the irregular nuclear shape of PTC is not determined by these nuclear envelope structural proteins per se. We review the structure of the nuclear envelope, the major factors that determine nuclear shape, and the possible functional consequences of its alteration in PTe.
A phrase-frame approach to investigating phraseology in learner writing across proficiency levels

Findings from corpus-based and psycholinguistic research have highlighted the importance of acquiring productive knowledge of English phraseology for L2 learners. Many studies exploring this facet of language learning have investigated the use of predominantly fixed multi-word sequences by advanced learners in academic settings and compared their use against that of native-speaking writers. More recent studies have attempted to explore the differences between learners’ use of multi-word sequences across proficiency levels. The current study aims to add to this growing body of literature. It examines the use of phrase-frames by L1 German learners of English as a Foreign Language at five different proficiency levels represented in the EF-Cambridge Open Language Database (EFCAMDAT). The most frequent phrase-frames in each level are analyzed according to both quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The results revealed that, at higher proficiency levels, p-frames in learner texts are more variable, less predictable, and more functionally complex.
Phosphorylation of Farnesoid X Receptor at Serine 154 Links Ligand Activation With Degradation

Comparison of 11 human nuclear receptor amino acid sequences revealed a conserved phosphorylation motif within their DNA-binding domains as an intramolecular signal that regulates proteolytic degradation. Nuclear receptors use this signal to either degrade or proscribe degradation through either the proteasome or nonproteasome pathways. A phosphomimetic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) S154D mutant neither bound to nor trans-activated an FXR-response element-driven reporter gene and was rapidly degraded in COS-1 cells. Ectopically expressed FXR had increased Ser154 phosphorylation in COS-1 cells after ligand treatment, and knock-down of the nuclear vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) greatly reduced this phosphorylation. FXR was phosphorylated at Ser154 in the nucleus of centrilobular hepatocytes only in ligand-treated mice. Thus, FXR Ser154 phosphorylation is a rheostat for activation and subsequent degradation that controls receptor levels and activity.
Head Size, IQ and Birth Weight

Head growth and IQ were correlated at ages 2, 5 and 8 years in children grouped according to birth weight in the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia, and the Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne.
Forgotten memories of a social justice education: Difficult knowledge and the impossibilities of school and research

ABSTRACTThis paper is about memory, the elusive process of remembering and of an encounter between a researcher and a participant who after five years reunited to remember. The object under study is a high school social justice curriculum with a central focus on the development of social action projects. Grounded in Pitt and Britzman's work on difficult knowledge, this paper asks: What do 10th grade students who spent four years attending a school committed to the Freirian principles of political engagement remember about their high school experience? Past and recent interviews are woven together to surface three emergent lines of thinking: the failure to secure knowledge as unitary and in agreement; education as deferred in time; and research as relational dilemmas and unconscious desire. The aim is to complicate teaching and learning by illuminating its difficulties and unseating our reliance on evidentiary accountability, production and outcome. Throughout, the positionality of the researcher is discus...
Coverage of Rosenhan’s “On Being Sane in Insane Places” in Abnormal Psychology Textbooks:

The present study examined 12 abnormal psychology textbooks to determine whether Rosenhan’s classic study, “Being sane in insane places,” was covered, and if so, the nature of that coverage. Only 5...
Regulation of muscle growth and regeneration by the immune system

Diseases of muscle that are caused by pathological interactions between muscle and the immune system are devastating, but rare. However, muscle injuries that involve trauma and regeneration are fairly common, and inflammation is a clear feature of the regenerative process. Investigations of the inflammatory response to muscle injury have now revealed that the apparently nonspecific inflammatory response to trauma is actually a complex and coordinated interaction between muscle and the immune system that determines the success or failure of tissue regeneration.
Morphologic features of normoblasts in a case of myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia.

![Figure][1] A 17-year-old girl with a history of hypoplastic anemia that required transfusions twice resolved during infancy presented with fatigue and muscle pain with exertion. A complete blood count revealed normocytic anemia (hemoglobin, 10.0 g/dL) and leukopenia (white blood cell count
The Story Behind the Approval of the First Bt Maize Product

One of the first products of agricultural biotechnology to be brought to market was a maize (corn) product that had built in protection against an insect pest. This was achieved by inserting a bacterial gene encoding a protein toxin into the corn genome. This product represented all the promise biotechnology brings to sustainable agriculture (lower inputs for farmers, less pesticide use, higher yields, etc.) as well as the uncertainty associated with the safety (when used as food or feed and to the environment) of genetically engineered crops. Many scientific and technical hurdles had to be overcome to create and identify the event that would bring value to the grower and be commercially viable. Demonstration of the safety of this product together with political, ethical, and economic issues all stood in the path between scientific success and global market acceptance. This was an exciting and challenging time. This is the inside story.
P-wave spectra for ML 5 foreshocks, aftershocks, and isolated earthquakes near Parkfield, California

abstract Wood-Anderson seismograms recorded at Mount Hamilton (MHC, 185 km, 327°), Santa Barbara (SBC, 180 km, 158°), and Tinemaha (TIN, 240 km, 56°) provide data for comparing P -wave spectra for two immediate (17-min) foreshocks, one early (55-hr) foreshock, two aftershocks, and two “isolated” Parkfield earthquakes. All are M L 5.0 shocks with epicenters within 7 km of the common epicenter of the 1934 and 1966 Parkfield main shocks. The set of events is well suited for testing the hypothesis that foreshocks are high-stress-drop sources. Calculated stress drops are controlled by source directivity at azimuths aligned with the fault break (at MHC and SBC). P -wave radiation from the three foreshocks is focused along one fault trace azimuth, suggesting that foreshock sources are characterized by pronounced unilateral rupture expansion. At TIN, broadside to the fault where directivity has minimum effect on calculated relative stress drop, the two immediate foreshocks are higher stress-drop sources. The early foreshock is a low-to-average stress-drop source, indicating the possibility that stress concentration is a rapidly occurring phenomenon in rupture nucleation. Alternatively, the stress field is highly variable on the scale of 2 to 3 km in the focal region of an impending earthquake with a rupture length of 20 to 30 km.
Change in Pattern of Secondary Cancers After Kaposi Sarcoma in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy.

Importance Studies performed in the 1980s and early 1990s have shown that people who develop Kaposi sarcoma (KS) are at higher risk of developing other cancers. The demographics of those affected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS and KS have changed, and individuals with HIV/AIDS and KS now live longer. Objectives To test the hypothesis that the secondary cancers developing in patients with KS have changed in recent years and to assess the risk of secondary cancers after KS in different periods. Design, Setting, and Participants Longitudinal data from 9 cancer registries in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were used to identify cases of KS diagnosed from January 1973 to December 2013. The dates of the analysis were November 2016 to February 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the development of secondary cancers in individuals with KS. Secondary cancers were considered only if diagnosed 2 months after a diagnosis of KS. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for the development of new secondary cancers in the pre-AIDS era (1973-1979), pre–highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era (1980-1995), and HAART era (1996-2013). Stratified analysis was then performed on a subset of the cases diagnosed from 1996 to 2013 based on age at diagnosis ( 5 to 10 years, and >10 years), and registries with higher vs lower reported rates of HIV/AIDS. Results Among 14 905 individuals with diagnosed KS, 13 721 (92.1%) were younger than 65 years at the time of diagnosis, and 14 356 (96.3%) were male. From 1980 to 1995, SIRs were 2.01 (95% CI, 1.00-3.60) for cancer of the rectum, 49.70 (95% CI, 33.53-70.94) for cancer of the anus, 4.98 (95% CI, 2.79-8.22) for cancer of the liver, 13.70 (95% CI, 2.82-40.03) for cancer of the cervix, 6.40 (95% CI, 2.76-12.60) for Hodgkin lymphoma, and 48.97 (95% CI, 44.85-53.36) for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. From 1996 to 2013, cancer of the anus, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cancer of the liver remained associated with KS, with the addition of the following significant SIRs: 6.99 (95% CI, 3.20-13.27) for cancer of the tongue, 10.28 (95% CI, 1.24-37.13) for cancer of the penis, and 17.62 (95% CI, 3.63-51.49) for acute lymphocytic leukemia. The SIR of developing any tumor after KS decreased significantly from 3.36 to 1.94 from the pre-HAART era to the HAART era. Conclusions and Relevance There has been a significant decline in the overall risk of secondary cancers after KS. Certain cancers, including acute lymphocytic leukemia, cancer of the tongue, and cancer of the penis, are increasingly becoming more common in the HAART era compared with the pre-HAART era. Close monitoring and screening for these secondary cancers is desirable in patients with KS.
Embodying Climate Change: Renarrating Energy Through the Senses and the Spirit

The refusal of liberal capitalist societies effectively to regulate ­greenhouse gas emissions reflects the underlying Cartesian assumptions that persist in the culture of these societies. Merleau-Ponty, Karl Bohm and others have sought since the 1950s to unsettle the Cartesian legacy by recovering a more embodied and sensual account of human cognition and consciousness. This philosophical repair finds significant echoes in the narrativist turn in theology, and both recall approaches to knowing and action that may be found in the theology of Saint Paul, and in traditional Christian ritualisation of relationships between past, present and future action and being. The enduring and embodied character of such inter-temporal beliefs and rituals represents a sensitivity to inter-generational relations concerning energy use and climate change which is needful if modern perceptions about the consequences of energy use for the planetary future are to change.
A dominant coalition and policy change: an analysis of shale oil and gas politics in India

This paper identifies the coalitions involved in the topic of shale oil and gas development in India and identifies the circumstances surrounding a change in policy in 2013 by the Ministry of Petro...
Design of Experiment Methods in Manufacturing: Basics and Practical Applications

This chapter discuses fundamentals and important practical aspects of design of experiments (DOE) in manufacturing. Starting with the basic terminology involved in DOE, it walks a potential reader through major types of DOE suitable for manufacturing testing. Particular attention is paid to the pre-process decisions and test preparation. The most common DOE as the full and fractional factorial including response surface analysis as well as special DOE as the Taguchi DOE sieve DOE, split-plot DOE, and group method of data handling (GMDH) are discussed. The adequate examples are given for some special DOE. The chapter ends with detailed description of the strategy and principal steps in DOE.
Pancreaticojejunostomy (Puestow Procedure)

Symptomatic chronic pancreatitis with pancreatic ductal obstruction and/or dilated pancreatic duct (≥5 mm).
RNA interference screening identifies clathrin-B and cofilin-1 as mediators of MT1-MMP in endometrial cancer.

Abstract The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis. Given their multiple tumor promoting roles, MMPs are promising targets for the treatment of metastatic cancer. Using a siRNA library screen of 140 membrane trafficking genes, we identified 41 genes in HEC-1B and 36 in Ishikawa cancer cells that decreased metalloproteinases activity. The 16 genes common in both cancer cell lines that decreased MMPs activity are involved in cargo sorting, vesicle formation and vesicle recycling. The top two genes clathrin-B and cofilin-1 were chosen for post hoc functional studies. Higher expression of both genes was confirmed in cancer cells and knockdown with respective siRNAs inhibited their invasive potential and matrix metalloproteinases activity. Membrane Type 1- Matrix Metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a master switch proteinase and regulator of invasion and metastasis. A marked decrease in MT1-MMP expression and activity was seen in clathrin-B and cofilin-1 knockdown cancer cells which was associated with a marked decreased expression of invadopodia formation proteins. Our results suggest that the decreased expression of clathrin-B and cofilin-1 decreases the expression of MT1-MMP and results in attenuation of MT1-MMP at the cell surface, thus inhibiting tumor cell invasion and metastasis.
Noncentral Nervous System Normal Structures

There are large number of pediatric tumors affecting the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and extremities. Often they involve a broad anatomical area with multiple vital organs in the tumor vicinity and create a major hurdle for a local control. When targeted with radiation therapy, safe dose delivery to the tumor target without damaging organs at risk can be very challenging especially when using higher doses in young children. There are multiple reports on functional impairments from radiation exposure resulting in acute and late toxicities. Chronic impairment of the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, bladder, reproductive organs, etc. can result in not only poor quality of life but even contribute to the mortality of children undergoing cancer therapy. Correct identification of organs at risk and understanding of the volume and dose constraints are paramount in the pediatric radiotherapy field. The process of target and normal tissue delineation is the subject to significant levels of inter- and intra-observer variability in both the accuracy and reproducibility of structures [1–6]. In order to report, compare, and interpret the results of radiation treatment adequately, it is extremely important to delineate OARs according to well-defined uniform guidelines. Uncertainties associated with target volumes and organs-at-risk (OAR) definitions, organ motion, and patient set-up errors stand as obstacles to achieving better outcomes in radiotherapy planning and treatment delivery.
Identification of Molecular Targets of Dietary Grape-Mediated Chemoprevention of Ultraviolet B Skin Carcinogenesis: A Comparative Quantitative Proteomics Analysis

We recently showed that dietary grape powder (GP) imparts considerable protection against ultraviolet B (UVB)-mediated skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice. To determine molecular mechanisms of this response, we employed tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative global proteomics approach on skin tumors from mice exposed to 180 mJ/cm2 UVB twice per week and fed control or 5% GP diet. We found 2629 proteins modulated by GP feeding, with 34 identified using stringent cutoffs (false discovery rate (FDR) q-value ≤ 0.1, fold change ≥ 1.2, p-value ≤ 0.05, ≥ 3 unique peptides). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis helped identify seven proteins involved in protein ubiquitination, including the deubiquitinase UCHL5 and 6 subunits of the 20S proteasome (PSMA1,3,4,6 and PSMB4,7). A second data set without the FDR q-value identified 239 modulated proteins, seven of which are involved in protein ubiquitination. Further, 14 proteins involved in acute phase response signaling were modulated >1.5-fold, including acute phase proteins APCS, FGA, FGB, HP, HPX, and RBP1. Evaluation of upstream regulators found inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and NF-κB p65, and an increase in IκBα in GP-treated tumors. Overall, our data suggested that GP consumption may mitigate tumorigenesis by enhancing protein ubiquitination and degradation caused by oxidative stress, and manipulates an otherwise tumor-promoting anti-inflammatory environment.
Design of a batch ultrasonic reactor for rapid pasteurization of juices

Abstract Juices are usually thermally pasteurized, but high temperatures negatively affect their nutritional and sensory qualities. For this reason, nonthermal pasteurization techniques with little or no heat applied have been developed to minimize the quality losses. Among them, high-intensity ultrasound has been considered as a promising technique for juice pasteurization. Despite the extensive studies, a long pasteurization time is needed to achieve the required 5-log microbial reduction when a liquid is ultrasonically processed in an existing typical ultrasonic reactor, while inactivating some bacteria with a high tolerance to ultrasound is still a challenge. This is because there exist passive zones in the reactor as revealed by numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics. This problem was successfully resolved by developing a new batch ultrasonic reactor which delivered almost uniform high intensity ultrasound throughout the reactor during processing, and therefore, substantially shortened the pasteurization time. Using this reactor to inactivate Escherichia coli at 60 °C and Staphylococcus aureus at 62 °C in peptone water, a 5-log microbial reduction was achieved in 0.38 min and 0.55 min, respectively. This was the first reported study that reached a 5-log reduction of S. aureus using ultrasonic processing. SEM images illustrated that high intensity ultrasound imposed physical lethal damages to the cell structure, resulting in microbial inactivation. The substantially shortened pasteurization time can reduce processing costs and negative effects of ultrasound treatment on organoleptic and nutritional properties of juices.
Functional Properties are Epiphenomenal

I argue for the epiphenomenality of functional properties by means of thought experiments and general principles. General principles suggest that an object’s causal powers nomologically supervene on its intrinsic properties and that its functional role does not. This implies that it is possible for an object to lose its functional role without undergoing any change to its intrinsic properties or causal powers. Nor is it difficult to conceive of such scenarios. Various thought experiments are introduced for just this purpose. But properties that can vary independently of an object’s causal powers in this way are epiphenomenal, for their instantiation by an object at a time makes no difference to the causal processes the object is involved in at that time. The same processes would have occurred even if such properties hadn’t been instantiated. The intrinsicness thesis is controversial, but it is not controversial that it is true of productive causation, and many believe that productive causation is the only form of mental causation worth having. Nevertheless, in the paper’s final section I consider dependence-based accounts of causation, which do not presuppose the intrinsicness of causal powers, and show that they too have difficulties accounting for the efficacy of functional properties.