cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constructing an idealized model of the North Atlantic Ocean using slippery sacks

Abstract This paper documents the continued development and testing of a new Lagrangian oceanic general circulation model. The slippery sacks ocean model (SSOM), which represents a body of water as a pile of conforming parcels, is improved and is used to simulate circulations in homogeneous oceans and in an idealized model of the North Atlantic Ocean. A method for including horizontal mixing in the SSOM is presented. A given sack’s nearest neighbors are identified in the positive and negative x- and y-directions, and the sack exchanges momentum and/or tracers with these neighbors. This formulation of mixing is straightforward to implement, computationally efficient, and it produces results similar to a standard Eulerian finite-difference representation of diffusion. The model’s ability to reproduce the Stommel and Munk solutions to the classical western boundary current problem is tested. When steps are taken to reduce the potential energy barrier to sacks crossing one another, the model generates circulations that are consistent with linear theory. In moderately non-linear regimes the model produces appropriate departures from linear solutions including a boundary current that continues along the northern boundary for a time. Taking advantage of the new mixing scheme and lessons learned from simulations of homogeneous oceans, the authors construct an idealized model of the North Atlantic Ocean. They compare simulations conducted with the SSOM to similar simulations conducted with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm). The SSOM and the MITgcm produce similar wind-forced gyres, thermocline structure, and meridional overturning. The SSOM is also used to explore how circulations change in the limit when tracer diffusion goes to zero.
Blockade of enkephalinergic and GABAergic mediated locomotion in the nucleus accumbens by muscimol in the ventral pallidum.

Abstract The mu-opioid agonist, DAGO, and the indirect GABAA antagonist, Picrotoxin, produced a dose-dependent increase in horizontal motor activity following injection into the nucleus accumbens that was independent of dopamine release. Injection of muscimol into the ventral pallidum antagonizes the motor stimulant effect of dopamine agonists. It was shown that muscimol abolished the locomotor stimulant effect of DAGO microinjection into the nucleus accumbens, and partially antagonized the effect of Picrotoxin.
Sustaining Culture Change: Experiences in the Green House Model.

Objective To describe conditions that influence how Green House (GH) organizations are sustaining culture change principles and practices in a sample of GH skilled nursing homes. Data Sources/Study Setting Primary data were collected at 11 skilled nursing GH organizations from 2012 to 2014. These organizations have adopted the comprehensive and prescriptive GH model of culture change. Study Design To develop an understanding of sustainability from the perspective of staff who are immersed in GH daily work, grounded theory qualitative methods were used. Data Collection Methods Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 166 staff and observation of house meetings and daily operations. Data were analyzed using grounded dimensional analysis. Principal Findings Organizations varied in their ability to sustain GH principles and practices. An organization's approach to problem solving was central to sustaining the model. Key conditions influenced reinforcement or erosion of GH principles and practices. Conclusions Reinforcing the GH model requires a highly skilled team of staff with the ability to frequently and collaboratively solve both mundane and complex problems in ways that are consistent with the GH model. This raises questions about the type of human resources practices and policy supports that could assist organizations in sustaining culture change.
Comparison between Current Industry Methods and an Energy Simulation Model for Quantifying Energy Service Projects

AbstractDifferent techniques and guidelines are available to select and quantify the savings from energy service projects. In this article, a comparison is presented between the engineering algorithms supported by energy service performance contract technical reference manuals and an as-built, calibrated whole-building energy simulation model. A lighting energy retrofit measure was selected to demonstrate the methodologies. The results show that the industry methods of quantifying the total savings for the lighting energy retrofit measure underreported the savings as compared with the as-built, calibrated whole-building energy simulation model. In particular, the breakdown of savings (e.g., electricity savings, adjustments to energy savings, and demand savings) was inconsistent between the various industry methods that are currently in use. The differences identified in this study were location specific and weather driven, and also included agreements with the local utility companies to quantify the deman...
Covalent Surface Modification of Prions: A Mass Spectrometry-Based Means of Detecting Distinctive Structural Features of Prion Strains.

Prions (PrPSc) are molecular pathogens that are able to convert the isosequential normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a prion. The only demonstrated difference between PrPC and PrPSc is conformational: they are isoforms. A given host can be infected by more than one kind or strain of prion. Five strains of hamster-adapted scrapie [Sc237 (=263K), drowsy, 139H, 22AH, and 22CH] and recombinant PrP were reacted with five different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, and 20 mM) of reagent (N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of acetic acid) that acetylates lysines. The extent of lysine acetylation was quantitated by mass spectrometry. The lysines in rPrP react similarly. The lysines in the strains react differently from one another in a given strain and react differently when strains are compared. Lysines in the C-terminal region of prions have different strain-dependent reactivity. The results are consistent with a recently proposed model for the structure of a prion. This model proposes that prions are composed of a f...
Near-field scanning optical microscopy enables direct observation of Moiré effects at the nanometer scale.

This work reports probing the Moire effect directly at the nanometer scale via near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). Periodic metal nanostructures of Au and Cu have been produced sequentially using particle lithography, and the overlapped regions serve as Moire patterns at nanometer scale. The Moire effect in these regions can be directly visualized from NSOM images, from which periodicity and structural details are accurately determined. In addition, the near-field Moire effect was found to be very sensitive to structural changes, such as lateral displacement and/or rotations of the two basic arrays with respect to each other. Further, nanostructures of Cu exhibited higher photon transmission than Au from NSOM images. Collectively, NSOM enables direct visualization of the Moire effect at nanoscale levels, from optical read out, and without enhancements or modification of the structures. The results demonstrate the feasibility to extend applications of the Moire effect-based techniques to nanometer levels.
Retained Lumbar Bullet: A Case Report of Chronic Lead Toxicity and Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Lead toxicity from retained bullet fragments is difficult to both predict and diagnose, but important to treat early, given the potential severity of disease. Blood lead levels > 25 μg/dL and 40 μg/dL are considered toxic in children and adults, respectively. Symptoms may range from nonspecific constitutional symptoms to seizures and coma. Chelation is the mainstay therapy for lead poisoning and levels to treat depend on patient age, blood lead levels, and the presence of symptoms. Case Report We present the case of a woman with symptoms of severe lead toxicity from 20-year-old retained bullet fragments. She had been seen by multiple providers for evaluation of each symptom, but a unifying diagnosis had not been found. After identifying this complication, she was treated appropriately and more serious complications were prevented. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? We present this case to increase awareness among emergency physicians of lead toxicity in patients with a seemingly unrelated constellation of symptoms and a history of a previous gunshot wound with retained bullet or bullet fragments.
Computation of Aerodynamic Sound around Complex Stationary and Moving Bodies

Aerodynamic sound generation at low Mach numbers around complex stationary and moving bodies is computed directly with an immersed-boundary method-based hybrid approach. The complex flow field is solved by the immersed-boundary incompressible Navier-Stokes flow solver and the sound generation and propagation are computed by the linearized perturbed compressible equations with a high-order immersed boundary method, on a non-body conformal Cartesian grid. The present method is applied to the prediction of noise generated by turbulent flow over a tandem cylinder arrangement as well as a rudimentary landing gear noise. For a moving body problem, the aerodynamic sound generated by modeled flapping wings is computed.
Play, Games and Cognitive Development: Late Nineteenth-Century and Early Twentieth-Century Physicians, Neurologists, Psychologists and Others Already Knew What Researchers Are Proclaiming Today

‘Exercise and Children’s Intelligence, Cognition, and Academic Achievement’, which appeared in the Educational Psychology Review in 2008, is only one of a growing number of recent studies that support the assertion that physical activity is important for cognitive development. Most people today are probably unaware that more than 100 years ago, numerous physicians, neurologists, psychologists and physical educators already knew this. In 1876 neurologist James J. Putman (who had studied in England with the noted neurologist John Hughlings Jackson) had advocated the initiation of public school physical education. At the same American Social Science Association meeting physician David F. Lincoln stated that both manual training (the more ‘applied’ form of motor activity) and gymnastics (the ‘more pure kinetic’ form) are essential parts of a child’s education. Many of their contemporaries expressed similar views. One of these was the noted turn-of-the century psychologist G. Stanley Hall, who wrote often abou...
Demonstration Platform for Trajectory Planning of an Autonomous Nonholonomic Skid-Steer System for Investigating Spatial Phenomena

This paper presents a platform built to demonstrate the functionality of a trajectory planning algorithm intended for optimal sampling of spatial phenomena. The installation of this algorithm on a rover is the first step in a series of integration instances with various autonomous vehicles. The platform, consisting of a mobile unit (a skid-steer rover equipped with an autopilot module, onboard computer, radio frequency (RF) sensing unit, and a GPS/Magnetometer sensor) and static RF transmission modules frequently emitting empty packets, simulates expected implementation on larger-scale systems. Using the “Received Signal Strength Indication” (RSSI) from the broadcast packets received by the mobile platform from the arbitrarily placed static RF transmitters, a software recreation of the data field takes place, and a global maximum is sought by the trajectory planning algorithm to go towards during the course of traversal. Recreation of the rover’s traversal demonstrates the tendency of the trajectories towards the global maximum in an efficient manner.
Isomer production ratios and the angular momentum distribution of fission fragments

Latest generation fission experiments provide an excellent testing ground for theoretical models. In this contribution we compare the measurements for ${}^{235}$U(${n}_{\mathrm{th}}$,f), obtained with the Detector for Advanced Neutron Capture Experiments (DANCE) calorimeter at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), with our full-scale simulation of the primary fragment de-excitation, using the recently developed cgmf code, based on a Monte Carlo implementation of the Hauser-Feshbach theoretical model. We compute the isomer ratios as a function of the initial angular momentum of the fission fragments, for which no direct information exists. Comparison with the available experimental data allows us to determine the initial spin distribution. We also study the dependence of the isomer ratio on the knowledge of the low-lying discrete spectrum input for nuclear fission reactions, finding a high degree of sensitivity. Finally, in the same Hauser-Feshbach approach, we calculate the isomer production ratio for thermal neutron capture on stable isotopes, where the initial conditions (spin, excitation energy, etc.) are well understood. We find that with the current parameters involved in Hauser-Feshbach calculations, we obtain up to a factor of 2 deviation from the measured isomer ratios.
School Nurses on the Front Lines of Medicine: A Student With Fever and Sore Throat.

Fever and sore throat are common chief complaints encountered by school nurses. This article explains the etiology of both fever and sore throat in children, describes the office assessment, and de...
THE GEAR PARAMETRIZED DESIGNING BY USING PRO/ENGINEER

In order to design the model of gear in Pro/ENGINEER ,the evolute's equation of gear tooth figure was deduced in this paper,and base on it,the program and relation equation of alterable parameter were designed,in the end the alterable design of a parameter model of gear was finished.
Training-related improvements in musculoskeletal health and balance: a 13-week pilot study of female cancer survivors

Cancer survivors often experience poor post-treatment musculoskeletal health. This study examined the feasibility of combined aerobic and resistant training (CART) for improving strength, skeletal health and balance. Cancer survivors (n = 24) were identified by convenience sampling in Los Angeles County with 11 survivors consenting to 13 weeks of CART. Pre- and post-intervention assessments of bone mineral density (BMD), strength, flexibility and biomarker analysis were performed. Paired t-test analysis suggested increases in lower and upper body strength. The average T-score for BMD at the femoral neck improved from -1.46 to -1.36 and whole body BMD improved from -1.65 to -1.55. From baseline to follow-up, participants also displayed decreases in sway velocity on the eyes open (7%) and eyes closed (27%) conditions. Improvement in lower body strength was associated with increases in lean body mass (LBM) (r = 0.721) and an inverse association was observed between sway velocity and LBM (r = 0.838). Age and time since last treatment were related with biomarkers of anabolic growth (IGF-1, IGFbp-3) and bone (DPD, BAP). In summary, observed physiological changes were consistent with functional improvements, suggesting that isometric and dynamic exercise prescription may reduce the risk for falls and fall-related fractures among survivors.
Redefining eusociality : concepts, goals and levels of analysis

Introduction argument became a discussion of fundamental conceptual issues in evolutionary research. A decade ago, we contributed to a series of pubAs is evident from the commentaries in this lications that explored the terminology used to issue, the passage of time has not produced a characterize the social systems of cooperatively consensus. Conceptual analyses of social behav breeding animals (Crespi & Yanega 1995, Keller ior remain divided among schema that attempt to & Perrin 1995, Sherman et al. 1995, Reeve et differentiate eusociality from other cooperative al. 1996, Wcislo 1997). Ostensibly, this was a societies (e.g., Crespi & Yanega 1995), those that semantic debate that focused on the definition view eusociality as part of a spectrum of cooper of "eusociality," a term coined by Batra (1966) ative social systems (e.g., Sherman et al. 1995), to describe the social systems of bees that (1) and those that rely on phylogenetic relationships live in multi-generational groups and (2) engage to delineate social structure (e.g., Wcislo 1997). in alloparental care of young, and in which (3) As a result, the terms used to characterize animal reproduction is restricted to a few individuals societies remain diverse and largely unchanged per group. For the next 20 years, these crite(Costa & Fitzgerald 2005). Concomittantly, the ria remained unchallenged and the term "eusoproposed development of a lexicon that encom cial" was applied only to insects in the orders passes all cooperative societies (Costa & Fitzger Hymenoptera and Isoptera (e.g., Wilson 1971, aid 2005) promises to expand the range of social Holldobler & Wilson 1990). During the 1980s, systems under consideration, thereby adding new however, the array of species characterized as complexities and points of disagreement to an eusocial began to increase, leading to confusion already contentious issue, regarding the exact nature and phylogenetic disWe believe that terminological unification tribution of this type of social system. The muland simplification are needed. We were — and tiple reviews of eusociality published in the midstill are — proponents of the eusociality con 1990s revealed markedly divergent viewpoints tinuum, a conceptual framework that unites all regarding not only terminology, but also the occurrences of group living and alloparental care goals and processes of comparative studies of under a single terminological umbrella (Sherman animal societies. Thus, what began as a semantic et al. 1995). Here, we review the foundations
Effects of surface coating character and interactions with natural organic matter on the colloidal stability of gold nanoparticles

Aggregation is one of the dominant processes controlling the environmental fate of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in aquatic systems. Engineered coatings and coronas obtained through interactions with natural organic matter (NOM) and other macromolecules are known to play a significant role in controlling these processes. However, our ability to predict environmental fate on the basis of nanoparticle properties and the properties of the surrounding medium is still developing. To better understand the interplay between ENM surface coatings and their interaction with NOM, the aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with four different surface coatings—polyethylene glycol of varying molecular weight (PEG-AuNPs), carboxylated PEG-AuNPs (PEG-COOH-AuNPs), aminated PEG-AuNPs (PEG-amine-AuNPs), and branched polyethylenimine (bPEI-AuNPs)—was investigated as a function of pH, ionic strength and the presence of a model organic matter (Suwannee River NOM, SRNOM). Time-resolved dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic mobility titrations were used to investigate how changes in the solution chemistry affect the ability of the different AuNPs to resist aggregation. Under the conditions investigated, the PEG-AuNPs and PEG-COOH-AuNPs remained stable across a range of conditions and in the presence of SRNOM due to steric and/or electrosteric stabilization. In contrast, the PEG-amine-AuNPs and bPEI-AuNPs were destabilized in the presence of SRNOM at circumneutral pH. It is hypothesized that aggregation of these AuNP types occurs via adsorption and interparticle bridging that is strongly dependent on pH and the concentration of SRNOM. At mass ratios of NOM to ENMs expected in natural systems, all the AuNP types investigated here are expected to be stable with respect to homoaggregation in the presence of SRNOM. These findings provide a foundation to investigate more complex systems where competing interactions between NOM, ENMs and natural colloids are expected to control ENM environmental fate.
Information thresholds, habitat loss and population persistence in breeding birds

The combination of spatial structure and non-linear population dynamics can promote the persistence of coupled populations, even when the average population growth rate of the patches seen in isolation would predict otherwise. This phenomenon has generally been conceptualized and investigated through the movement of individuals among patches that each holds many individuals, as in metapopulation models. However, population persistence can likewise increase as the result of individuals moving among sites (e.g. breeding territories) within in a single patch. Here I examine the latter: individuals making small-scale informed decisions with respect to where to breed can promote population persistence in poor environments. Based on a simple algebraic model, I demonstrate information thresholds, and predict that greater information use is required for population persistence under lower spatial heterogeneity in habitat quality, all else equal. Second, I implement an individual-based model to explore prior experience and prospecting on conspecific success within a more complex, and spatially heterogeneous environment. Uniquely, I jointly examine the effects of simulated habitat loss, spatial heterogeneity prior to habitat, and variation in information gathering on population persistence. I find that habitat loss accelerates population quasi-extinction risk; however, information use reduces extinction probabilities in proportion to the level of information gathering. Per capita reproductive success declines with number of breeding sites, suggesting that information-mediated Allee effects may contribute to extinction risk. In conclusion, my study suggests that populations in a changing world may be increasingly vulnerable to extinction where patch size and spatial heterogeneity constrain the effectiveness of information-use strategies.
Blackness in Post-Bankruptcy Detroit: Racial Politics and Public Discourse

Public discourse narrative positions Detroit's post-bankruptcy revitalization as a rapid process of business and investment descending upon the city. In spite of this narrative, Detroit today remains a city of intense poverty and inequality. Between 2009 and 2013, an estimated 39 percent of Detroit residents were living below the Federal Poverty Line. This figure renders Detroit as statistically the poorest city in the country. In addition to a mythical narrative of rapid-fire investment, popular media representations of Detroit are peppered with racialized references to white business investment. These references position whiteness as “saving” Detroit and center whiteness in the urban process. This racialized narrative is false and divisive in a city that is upwards of 83 percent African American. In this paper, we map the disparity between the racial politics of Detroit and the anti-black public discourse narrative currently surrounding the city. We demonstrate that the public discourse valorization of a profit-driven urban process results in an anti-black prioritization of whiteness in Detroit's post-bankruptcy redevelopment process. This narrative, if unchecked, will have serious consequences in the city's present and future. As such, we propose a re-centering of the blackness of the city and the racial politics of generations that have shaped current conditions, toward a more equitable recovery process.
Acute management of the psychiatric patient presenting to the emergency department

P problems account for at least 5.4% of all emergency department (ED) visits, and the rate of psychiatric-related visits has increased 15% since 1992. The World Health Organization ranks major depression as one of the most prevalent and disabling diseases in the world, and the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorders in the United States is 16.2%. Depressed patients also have associated anxiety disorders (almost 60%), substance use disorders (24%), and impulse control disorder (30%). There are over 33,000 suicides in the US yearly and the number is climbing with war veterans. These patients present to ED’s with a myriad of complaints and it is up to the clinician to identify the risk. The specific diagnosis for patients presenting to the ED with psychiatric complaints and the common clinical presentations are a mandatory knowledgebase for emergency care providers and nurses. The safety of providers when encountering these often volatile patients is pertinent and how to maintain that safety will be discussed. And in context to management of the patient to offset their exacerbation medication regime will be determined. Most importantly the world wide epidemic of psychiatric illness and its ramifications if not managed will be elaborated upon with hope for a healthier future. Elda G. Ramirez, J Nurs Care 2013, 2:3 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-1168.S1.002
Poison in the Well: Creating Reasonable Expectations for Compensation after Scottsdale Indemnity Co. v. Village of Crestwood

In 2007 it came to light that town officials in Crestwood, Illinois had intentionally caused residents to use contaminated well water for more than twenty years. A group of residents sued the town and its officials and alleged that the contaminated water had caused illness (and in some cases death) to themselves and their relatives. In response, the town sought indemnification from its insurer, Scottsdale Indemnity Co. The insurance company refused to provide coverage on the grounds that the contamination had triggered the “pollution exclusion” included in Crestwood’s insurance contract. This Comment argues that when analyzing the applicability of a pollution exclusion, courts should adopt a “reasonable expectations” test. This test requires a court to look beyond the plain meaning of an insurance policy. Instead, courts should consider the reasonable expectations of the policyholder at the time the insurance policy was purchased. This test vindicates the rights of policyholders and ensures that victims of pollution harms are compensated for damage to their health and environment.
Spectrum of the QCD Dirac operator and chiral random matrix theory.

We argue that the spectrum of the QCD Dirac operator near zero virtuality can be described by random matrix theory. As in the case of the classical random matrix ensembles of Dyson we have three different cases: the chiral orthogonal ensemble, the chiral unitary ensemble, and the chiral symplectic ensemble. They correspond to gauge groups SU(2) in the fundamental representation, SU(${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$), ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\ge}3 in the fundamental representation, and non-Abelian gauge groups SU(${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$) for all ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ with fermions in the adjoint representation, respectively. The joint probability density reproduces Leutwyler-Smilga sum rules.
Long-term complications after staging laparotomy for Hodgkin lymphoma.

e20007 Background: There are over 164,000 long-term survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma in the US. Awareness of the potential for preventable high risk late complications is critical for avoiding early m...
Dietary zinc deficiency affects blood linoleic acid: dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (LA:DGLA) ratio; a sensitive physiological marker of zinc status in vivo (Gallus gallus).

Zinc is a vital micronutrient used for over 300 enzymatic reactions and multiple biochemical and structural processes in the body. To date, sensitive and specific biological markers of zinc status are still needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate Gallus gallus as an in vivo model in the context of assessing the sensitivity of a previously unexplored potential zinc biomarker, the erythrocyte linoleic acid: dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (LA:DGLA) ratio. Diets identical in composition were formulated and two groups of birds (n = 12) were randomly separated upon hatching into two diets, Zn(+) (zinc adequate control, 42.3 μg/g zinc), and Zn(−) (zinc deficient, 2.5 μg/g zinc). Dietary zinc intake, body weight, serum zinc, and the erythrocyte fatty acid profile were measured weekly. At the conclusion of the study, tissues were collected for gene expression analysis. Body weight, feed consumption, zinc intake, and serum zinc were higher in the Zn(+) control versus Zn(−) group (p < 0.05). Hepatic TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression were higher in the Zn(+) control group (p < 0.05), and hepatic Δ6 desaturase was significantly higher in the Zn(+) group (p < 0.001). The LA:DGLA ratio was significantly elevated in the Zn(−) group compared to the Zn(+) group (22.6 ± 0.5 and 18.5 ± 0.5, % w/w, respectively, p < 0.001). This study suggests erythrocyte LA:DGLA is able to differentiate zinc status between zinc adequate and zinc deficient birds, and may be a sensitive biomarker to assess dietary zinc manipulation.
Reliability and Utility of Manual and Automated Estimates of Total Intracranial Volume.

Objectives: Total intracranial volume (TICV) is an important control variable in brain–behavior research, yet its calculation has challenges. Manual TICV (Manual) is labor intensive, and automatic methods vary in reliability. To identify an accurate automatic approach we assessed the reliability of two FreeSurfer TICV metrics (eTIV and Brainmask) relative to manual TICV. We then assessed how these metrics alter associations between left entorhinal cortex (ERC) volume and story retention. Methods: Forty individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 40 non-PD peers completed a brain MRI and memory testing. Manual metrics were compared to FreeSurfer’s Brainmask (a skull strip mask with total volume of gray, white, and most cerebrospinal fluid) and eTIV (calculated using the transformation matrix into Talairach space). Volumes were compared with two-way interclass correlations and dice similarity indices. Associations between ERC volume and Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition Logical Memory retention were examined with and without correction using each TICV method. Results: Brainmask volumes were larger and eTIV volumes smaller than Manual. Both automated metrics correlated highly with Manual. All TICV metrics explained additional variance in the ERC-Memory relationship, although none were significant. Brainmask explained slightly more variance than other methods. Conclusions: Our findings suggest Brainmask is more reliable than eTIV for TICV correction in brain-behavioral research. (JINS, 2018, 24, 206–211)
Entity based Q&A Retrieval

Bridging the lexical gap between the user's question and the question-answer pairs in the Q&A archives has been a major challenge for Q&A retrieval. State-of-the-art approaches address this issue by implicitly expanding the queries with additional words using statistical translation models. While useful, the effectiveness of these models is highly dependant on the availability of quality corpus in the absence of which they are troubled by noise issues. Moreover these models perform word based expansion in a context agnostic manner resulting in translation that might be mixed and fairly general. This results in degraded retrieval performance. In this work we address the above issues by extending the lexical word based translation model to incorporate semantic concepts (entities). We explore strategies to learn the translation probabilities between words and the concepts using the Q&A archives and a popular entity catalog. Experiments conducted on a large scale real data show that the proposed techniques are promising.
Large Scale Problems

As has been pointed out occasionally in the previous chapters, one of the primary applications of continuation methods involves the numerical solution of nonlinear eigenvalue problems. Such problems are likely to have arisen from a discretization of an operator equation in a Banach space context, and involving an additional “eigenvalue” parameter. Some examples were touched upon in Chapter 8. As a result of the discretization and the wish to maintain a reasonably low truncation error, the corresponding finite dimensional problem H(u) = 0 where H : RN+1 → R N , may require that N be quite large. This then leads to the task of solving large scale continuation problems.
Self-Narrative Profiles of Elite Athletes and Comparisons on Psychological Well-Being.

Further research is needed on factors related to the emotional health of elite athletes. Previous research has linked self-narratives of people or their narrative identities to their psychological ...
The pH of Animal Cells

From the physicochemieal point of view protoplasm has been defined as a colloidal solution of amphoteric electrolytes. To understand the behavior of such a solution it is necessary to know the hydrogen ion concentration. This, beyond doubt, is one of the most important variables. Changes in hydrogen ion concentration can have serious effects on the behavior of protoplasm; for example, on enzymatic activity, and on the state of aggregation of proteins.
Flow Cytometric Analysis and Sorting of Somatic Hybrid and Transformed Protoplasts

Considerable interest has developed in the potential of techniques of flow cytometry and cell sorting for providing insight into the processes of plant growth and development (Brown 1984; Galbraith 1984a, b; Petit et al. 1986; Glimelius 1987). The initial technical advance that culminated in the application of flow cytometry to plant cell systems was the development of procedures for the isolation of protoplasts from a wide variety of plant tissues. This is because a fundamental requirement for the operation of flow cytometers is the availability of suspensions of cells having isometric shapes. As detailed below, flow cytometry involves the analysis of the fluorescence and light-scattering properties of single cells during their passage within a narrow, precisely defined liquid stream through the focus of an intense light source. With the exception of pollen and microspores, protoplasts remain the sole example, within higher plant genera, of single-cell suspensions that are suitable for flow cytometric analysis.
Spatial Proliferation of Epithelial Cells Is Regulated by E-Cadherin Force.

Abstract Cell proliferation and contact inhibition play a major role in maintaining epithelial cell homeostasis. Prior experiments have shown that externally applied forces, such as stretch, result in increased proliferation in an E-cadherin force-dependent manner. In this study, the spatial regulation of cell proliferation in large epithelial colonies was examined. Surprisingly, cells at the center of the colony still had increased proliferation as compared to cells in confluent monolayers. E-cadherin forces were found to be elevated for both cells at the edge and center of these larger colonies when compared to confluent monolayers. To determine if high levels of E-cadherin force were necessary to induce proliferation at the center of the colony, a lower-force mutant of E-cadherin was developed. Cells with lower E-cadherin force had significantly reduced proliferation for cells at the center of the colony but minimal differences for cells at the edges of the colony. Similarly, increasing substrate stiffness was found to increase E-cadherin force and increase the proliferation rate across the colony. Taken together, these results show that forces through cell-cell junctions regulate proliferation across large groups of epithelial cells. In addition, an important finding of this study is that junction forces are dynamic and modulate cellular function even in the absence of externally applied loads.
Kissing Bugs Harboring Trypanosoma cruzi, Frequently Bite Residents of the US Southwest But Do Not Cause Chagas Disease

Abstract Background Kissing bugs are common household pests in the Desert Southwest of the United States. These hematophagous bugs enter homes and suck blood from resident humans and pets. They are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, an enzootic parasite in small mammals and the cause of Chagas disease in humans. Autochthonous cases of Chagas disease are rare in the United States despite the presence of the vector and parasite. Environmental and biological factors accounting for this phenomenon need studying. Methods Homeowners in Bisbee and Tucson, Arizona captured kissing bugs inside homes during 2017-2018. Bugs were tested for presence of T. cruzi by polymerase chain reaction. Residents bitten by kissing bugs were tested for Chagas disease by serology. We evaluated invaded homes in the 2 cities. Results Three species of kissing bugs (n = 521) were collected in or near homes. Triatoma rubida was the most common triatomine in Tucson; T. recurva in Bisbee. T. protracta was uncommon. Seventeen percent of bugs captured in Bisbee and 51.1% in Tucson harbored T. cruzi. Bite victims (n = 105) recalled more than 2200 bites. Reactions to bites were common, including 32 episodes of anaphylaxis in 11 people (10.5%). Tests for Chagas disease (n = 116) were negative. Median age of houses was 91 years in Bisbee and 7 years in Tucson. Bisbee houses had pier and beam foundations. Tucson houses were built on concrete slabs. Conclusions Kissing bugs harboring T. cruzi readily entered new and old homes. Bites of humans caused severe, life-threatening reactions. There was no serological evidence of Chagas disease among those bitten.
Practical Privacy-Preserving ECG-Based Authentication for IoT-Based Healthcare

In current healthcare systems, patients use various types of medical Internet of Things devices for monitoring their health conditions. The collected information (personal health records) will be sent back to hospitals for diagnosis and quick responses. However, severe security and privacy leakages with regard to data privacy and identity authentication are incurred because the monitored health data contains sensitive information. Therefore, the data should be well protected from unauthorized entities. Unfortunately, traditional cryptographic approaches or password-based mechanisms cannot fulfill the privacy and security demands in health monitoring due to their low efficiency and knowledge-based property. Biometric authentication overcomes these deficiencies and successfully verifies the inherent characteristics of humans. Among all biometrics, the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is the most suitable one due to its medical properties. However, the security and privacy objectives of ECG-based authentication usually fail in practice due to the noise interferences in the collected ECG data and the privacy breach of the ECG database. In this paper, we propose a practical scheme that can reliably authenticate patients with noisy ECG signals and provide differentially private protection simultaneously. The effectiveness and efficiency of our scheme are thoroughly analyzed and evaluated over online datasets. We also conduct a pilot study on human subjects experiencing different exercise levels to validate our scheme.
In Situ Methods for Identifying Reactive Surface Intermediates during Hydrogenolysis Reactions: C–O Bond Cleavage on Nanoparticles of Nickel and Nickel Phosphides

Identifying individual reactive intermediates within the “zoo” of organometallic species that form on catalytic surfaces during reactions is a long-standing challenge in heterogeneous catalysis. He...
Substance use initiation and the prediction of subsequent academic achievement

Academic performance significantly influences educational advancement, career opportunities, and life outcomes. The extent to which adolescent substance use and brain morphology predict academic achievement has not been extensively explored. We examined grade point average (GPA) at the time alcohol and cannabis use often starts (7th - 9th grade) and subsequently during 11th and 12th grade in a 170 physically healthy adolescents in a longitudinal study. Covariance analysis examined predictive features from 36 metrics of middle school academic performance and initiation of alcohol and cannabis use. Using a machine learning approach, GPA from 7th, 8th, and 9th grade strongly predicted 11th and 12th grade GPA, followed in predictive power by alcohol use age of onset. A machine learning approach determined 16 (from 336) baseline neuroimaging features that reflected lower thickness, area, or volume in average high school GPA drinkers compared to nondrinkers. Features that distinguished average performing drinkers from nondrinkers suggested accelerated gray matter loss during adolescence for drinkers, while high performing drinkers compared to nondrinkers may have attenuated gray matter maturation. Additional possibilities are discussed.
Confetti illuminates the cryptic way calorie restriction protects from cancer

Calorie restriction increases intestinal stem cell competition and decreases the retention of stem cells with mutations in mice.
Abstract 4973: Comparison of tumor immune microenvironment in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) of African American versus that of white patients

Introduction: Although there are many possible causes, it has been observed that Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) has a worse overall outcome in African American (AA) than white patients. Recently, there is also evidence that the patients response to the tumor, or the biological response expressed as the tumor immune microenvironment, impacts outcome. The goal of this study was to compare the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) of TNBC in the two mentioned groups in order to seek molecular parameters that are different in TNBC in AA patients as compared to whites. Methods: We selected N=50 AA and N=50 white TNBC samples from the Yale Pathology archives that were matched by diagnosis date. We measured CD45, CD3, CD8, CD20, CD14, CD68, PD-L1, THY1, aSMA and Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) expression in both the tumor and stromal compartments in whole slides from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues using multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF). We also assessed the activation status of CD3-positive cells using Ki67 and Granzyme B markers. Median of each marker expression was calculated for each case by using quantitation from all Fields of View (FOV) that contained at least 10% tumor area. Results: AA tumors contained a significantly higher CD45-positive cells in overall, within tumor and stromal compartments (p = 0.0102, 0.0007 and 0.0280 respectively). Being more specific about CD45 marker, AA also showed to have a significantly higher level of overall lymphocyte population, measured by quantitating CD45+ CD14- cells (p =0.0081). AA tumors also had a significantly higher level of CD8 expression (p Conclusion: Significant differences are seen in the TME of AA vs. white TNBCs. Further characterization of macrophages, fibroblasts, regulatory T-cells and Extracellular Matrix are underway to more specifically define TME and determine the relationship between TME features and outcome. Citation Format: Vesal Yaghoobi, Vasiliki Pelekanou, Tess O9Meara, Andrea Silber, Lajos Pusztai, David Rimm, Kim Blenman. Comparison of tumor immune microenvironment in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) of African American versus that of white patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4973.
Graphene Quantum Dots for the Mobilization and Solubilization of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in Natural Porous Media

This study proposes an approach to synthesize graphene quantum dots (QDs) with remarkable physicochemical properties that allow them to effectively mobilize and solubilize nonaqueous phase liquids ...
Even in a Pandemic, Sunlight Is the Best Disinfectant: COVID-19 and Global Freedom of Expression

In times of war, the right to speak freely is often the first casualty. As global leaders have come to use the language of war to describe their efforts to stop COVID-19, it leads to natural questions on the extent to which freedom of expression might be compromised in order to protect public health. In particular, governments around the world have enacted new policies targeting misinformation as the pandemic has spread, or increased enforcement of existing rules. While the World Health Organization has warned of an “infodemic” of fake news which “spreads faster and more easily than this virus”, human rights mechanisms have expressed alarm at the impacts of the accompanying crackdown on freedom of expression. This paper discusses the global human rights implications of aggressive measures targeting the spread of COVID-19-related misinformation. Part I discusses the international human rights standards with regard to misinformation. Part II explores various regulatory responses to misinformation amongst COVID-19 thus showing the impact on international human rights. Part III explores the applicability of international human rights law, specifically the standards for derogation in key human rights documents, to the current exceptional circumstances of COVID-19. Part VI asses the measures against international human rights standards, finding significant cause for concern, particularly if these enforcement postures become normalized. Part V offers alternative solutions to the human rights challenges posed by health misinformation, particularly restrictions which are more carefully targeted and less open to abuse as well as transparency measures to promote trust and accountability in public institutions. Part VI concludes.
Comparative Accuracy of 1.5T MRI, 3T MRI, and Static Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Small Gaps in Repaired Flexor Tendons: A Cadaveric Study.

Purpose We hypothesized that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would more accurately diagnose small gaps ( tendon repair than static ultrasound (US) and that suture artifact would negatively impair accuracy. Methods A laceration of the flexor digitorum profundus was created in 160 fresh-frozen cadaveric digits and randomized to either an intact repair (0-mm gap) or repairs using a locked 4-strand suture repair with either 4-0 Prolene , Ethibond, or and gaps of 2, 4,or 6 mm; or no suture in which 2-, 4-, or 6-mm gaps were created without a suture crossing the repair site. We performed 1.5T and 3T MRI and static US studies; gap widths were estimated by radiologists blinded to suture presence and true gap widths. Results The 1.5 and 3.0T MRI had a lower mean error than US for gap sizes 0 and 2 mm. All 3 modalities performed similarly for 4- and 6-mm gaps. Documentation of imaging artifact worsened error, and odds of seeing artifacts were 1.72 higher with MRI than with US. Suture did not worsen artifact nor impair accuracy for any of the 3 modalities. When no suture was used, all 3 modalities significantly overestimated the true gap. Conclusions MRI is most accurate for small gaps less than 4 mm. Although all modalities overestimated gap sizes in specimens with a 0-mm gap (intact tendon repair), mean overestimation ( 3 mm) repairs than the 3T. Clinical relevance Accurate diagnosis of intact repairs or small gaps (