cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Specific Treatment: Just for Broca's aphasia?

Background: Several studies have documented the efficacy of Linguistic Specific Treatment (LST) for addressing sentence production deficits associated with agrammatism (e.g., Ballard & Thompson, 1999; Thompson, Shapiro, Kiran, & Sobecks, 2003). LST is based on the proposition that training production of complex, noncanonical sentence structures should produce generalisation to syntactically related, and less complex, sentence structures. Because empirical support for LST has been established via research that has exclusively involved patients with agrammatic production with or without asyntactic comprehension, it is not yet known whether this treatment is suitable for patients with other clinical aphasia types. Aims: Four adults who represented a variety of clinical aphasia types were provided with LST to determine whether (a) these patients would show acquisition of trained sentences with generalisation to untrained but syntactically related sentence forms; (b) LST would enhance written sentence producti...
The Effect of Molybdenum on the Creep Behavior of Orthorhombic Titanium Aluminides

The effect of molybdenum additions on the creep properties of two orthorhombic titanium aluminide materials, Ti-22Al-26Nb and Ti-22Al-24.5Nb-1.5Mo (% atomic fraction), has been investigated. Heat treatments below the beta transus temperature followed by a 16-hour ageing treatment produced similar microstructures. Using the similar microstructures (consisting of O laths in a B2 matrix with α2 dispersed at B2 grain boundaries) for the two compositions, tensile creep testing was conducted under stresses of 68 MPa, 160 MPa, and 197 MPa at temperatures of 590 °C and 760 °C. The creep results demonstrated the favorable effects of Mo on creep resistance in these orthorhombic titanium aluminides. Due to similar microstructures, results also suggested that improvements have been substructural, rather than purely microstructural, in nature.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Laplace approximations to posterior moments and marginal distributions on circles, spheres, and cylinders

We extend recent work on Laplace approximations (Tierney and Kadane 1986; Tierney, Kass, and Kadane 1989) from parameter spaces that are subspaces of Rk to those that are on circles, spheres, and cylinders. While such distributions can be mapped onto the real line (for example, a distribution on the circle can be thought of as a function of an angle θ, 0 ⩽ 0 ⩾ 2π), that the end points coincide is not a feature of the real line, and requires special treatment. Laplace approximations on the real line make essential use of the normal integral in both the numerator and the denominator. Here that role is played by the von Mises integral on the circle, by the Bingham integrals on the spheres and hyperspheres, and by the normal-von Mises and normal-Bingham integrals on the cylinders and hypercylinders, respectively. We begin with a brief introduction to Laplace approximations and to previous Bayesian work on circles, spheres, and cylinders. We then develop the theory for parameter spaces that are hypercylinders, since all other shapes considered here are special cases. We compute some examples, which show reasonable accuracy even for small samples. Des travaux recents sur les approximations de Laplace (Tierney et Kadane 1986; Tierney, Kass et Kadane 1989) dans le contexte d'espaces parametriques qui sont des sous-espaces de Rk, sont generalises a des espaces parametriques circulates, spheriques ou cylindriques. Měme si les lois considerees peuvent ětre transposees sur la droite reelle (par exemple, une loi definie sur le cercle peut ětre consideree comme une fonction d'un angle θ, 0 < 0 < 2π), le fait que les extremites coincident n'est pas une caracteristique de la droite reelle et demande un traitement particulier. Les approximations de Laplace sur la droite reelle utilisent l'integrate de la densite d'une loi normale (au numerateur et au denominateur). Ici ce rǒle est joue par les integrates de la densite de von Mises sur le cercle, de Bingham sur les spheres et les hyperspheres et les combinaisons normale-von Mises, normal-Bingham sur les cylindres et hypercylindres respectivement. Une courte revue sur les approximations de Laplace et les travaux anterieurs en statistique bayesienne dans le contexte des cercles, des spheres et des cylindres, est presentee. La theorie pour des espaces parametriques hypercylindriques est developpee; toutes les autres formes sont des cas particuliers de celle-ci. Des calculs effectues pour quelques exemples indiquent que la precision est raisonnable, měme pour de petits echantillons.
Teachers working together: A dialogue on organizational and cultural perspectives of Chinese teachers

Abstract This chapter is a dialogue between two scholars — one Chinese and one North American. Each from her own perspective draws on field research and professional experience to analyze practices of teacher collaboration in China. The chapter considers how Chinese teachers work together as a matter of both formal organization and informal relations. The underlying cultural assumptions which support these practices are also discussed. Much of what is perceived to be dichotomous in the West (such as group vs. individual, hierarchy vs. equality, and control vs. commitment) is perceived to be reconciled within the complex historical, cultural, and political patterns which embed Chinese thinking and practice.
Is the fertility treatment itself a risk factor for early pregnancy loss

PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the recent advancements in reproductive medicine, many infertile couples now have the opportunity to conceive their own biological children. Although some medication protocols, such as clomiphene citrate, have been utilized for decades, other treatment modalities have evolved over the recent years. It therefore becomes imperative to assess the outcomes of these modalities and be critical regarding their safety. Pregnancy loss is one outcome that can affect many couples who conceive both spontaneously and with assistance via fertility treatment. In this review, several of the most commonly used fertility treatments will be discussed and the impact, if any, they may have in early pregnancy loss will be addressed. RECENT FINDINGS Current data do not support that notion that infertility treatments or assisted reproductive techniques contribute to early pregnancy loss. However, more studies are needed to eliminate the confounding variables that make data interpretation difficult to generalize to the infertile population. SUMMARY An early pregnancy loss can cause emotional distress and grief, particularly for couples already dealing with an infertility diagnosis. Therefore, knowledge regarding the relationship between infertility and early pregnancy loss is vital in order to properly counsel the couple prior to starting treatment.
A Woodland “Mummy” from Salts Cave, Kentucky

A mummy, or rather, a dessicated body, from Salts Cave, Kentucky, has been subjected to a comprehensive analysis. Radiocarbon analysis of internal body tissue placed the individual in the Woodland cultural period. A careful dissection of the body cavity revealed the presence of all internal organs but, due to dehydration, in a collapsed form. The diet of the individual, and indirectly of the population, was determined from the contents of the fecal material in the lower intestine and colon. Examination of the external side of the body revealed the individual to be a male, and radiographic and dental evidence indicated that he was around nine years of age. Blood group studies are still somewhat inconclusive, but tests are being conducted to clarify that problem. This paper was originally presented at the 35th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico, D.F.
Predictors of school psychologist satisfaction with school system policies/practices and advancement opportunities

Previous research investigating the job satisfaction of school psychologists has consistently identified two major sources of dissatisfaction: school system policies and practices, and advancement opportunities. This study utilized a modified form of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and a demographic data form to identify predictors of satisfaction with these two aspects of the school psychologist's job. Regression analyses identified six predictors of satisfaction with school system policies/practices, which accounted for 22% of the variance, and five predictors of satisfaction with advancement opportunities, which accounted for 17% of the variance. Discriminant function analyses indicated that the identified predictors could correctly classify 66.37% and 64.56%, respectively, of school psychologists as satisfied or dissatisfied with policies/practices and advancement opportunities. Results are discussed in terms of their practical significance for school psychologists.
Electrocorticographic activity over sensorimotor cortex and motor function in awake behaving rats.

Sensorimotor cortex exerts both short-term and long-term control over the spinal reflex pathways that serve motor behaviors. Better understanding of this control could offer new possibilities for r...
An examination of pharmacists' labor supply and wages.

Abstract Background For the last decade, there has been a shortage of pharmacists for most of the United States. This shortage is in part because of demand-side phenomena (eg, increasing prescription drug use, increases in the complexity of drug regimens, and an aging population). However, there also may be supply-side causes. Although the number of pharmacy school graduates has increased, most graduates are women, many of whom may choose to work part-time. Because of the change in sex composition of the workforce, some researchers conclude that pharmacist shortages will be even more critical in the future. Objectives The goals of this article are to model pharmacists’ decisions to work, estimate pharmacists’ wages, and identify influences on the number of hours worked by pharmacists in the United States. Methods Pharmacist labor supply is examined using a static, 3-step, empirical labor supply model that estimates the decision to work, hourly wages, and number of hours worked for U.S. pharmacists. Results Pharmacists have high starting wages but flat wage trajectories. Although many pharmacists are working part-time, this is true for women and men. Income effects do not dominate substitution effects, even at the high level of compensation found here. Conclusions Results indicate that previous predictions brought about by the changing sex composition of the pharmacist labor force might not come to pass, and additional pharmacists may be attracted to the profession by higher wages and flexible schedules.
Nitrogenated organic aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei

[1] One important role of anthropogenic aerosol particles is their influence on climate by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. However, these particles are diverse in composition and mixing state, and our knowledge of which particle types act as cloud condensation nuclei is incomplete. Here we present direct measurements of individual organic particles that nucleated cloud droplets in the atmosphere. These results indicate that nitrogenated organic aerosol particles can act as cloud condensation nuclei without being mixed with inorganic material, and thus influence climate through cloud formation.
The Changing Role of Knowledge in Education.

This case study explored one teacher's understanding of knowledge using an adaptation of the Approach to Knowledge Scheme. By using this Scheme it was possible to see how this teacher's views impacts what knowledge Mrs. Smith (a pseudonym is used) found valuable and how she transmits these values to students and in so doing, provided an opportunity to see how knowledge objectification and knowledge work translated into classroom practices. Content analysis of interviews and classroom discourse revealed that the majority of the teacher's utterances (67.8%) focused around Approach III where knowledge is perceived as a tool, a conceptual artifact, and can be improved upon. She had a deep understanding of her subject matter and expected the same from her students. Previous research is extended by illustrating the applicability of the Scheme in a classroom setting from the teacher's perspective. Future research could explore its taxonomic utility.
A hybrid wafer level packaging technique for multi-chip interconnect using low loss organic layers

This paper presents a new wafer level packaging (WLP) technique that combines thin, low cost organic layers with high performance MMICs. More specifically, we present a GaAs-based single stage amplifier covered with layers of a low loss Liquid Crystal Polymer organic material. It was observed that the RF performance of the MMIC is virtually unaffected by this technique unlike conventional packaging processes that degrade the RF performance due to the overlay of the dielectric material on the MMIC. The insertion loss for the laser ablated 50 micron vias was minimal up to 20 GHz. These results show that the hybrid WLP can be successfully implemented with virtually no performance degradation.
Classical (type I) lissencephaly and Miller-Dieker syndrome.

A 2-month-old girl presented for neurologic evaluation secondary to mild facial dysmorphism, feeding difficulties, and failure to thrive. She was born at 39 weeks gestation following an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery, with a birth weight of 2155 grams (small for gestational age). Documented at physical examination were a large anterior fontanel, a prominent and wrinkled forehead, a wide nasal bridge, low-set ears, upturned nares, and a sacral dimple. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral plexus was consistent with a low-lying conus and a tethered spinal cord. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (Fig 1) showed complete absence of sulcation with a smooth brain surface consistent with classical (Type I) lissencephaly. Electroencephalography indicated low-amplitude background activity over the posterior head regions, also consistent with lissencephaly. Chromosomal analysis revealed a deletion of the terminal region of the short arm of chromosome 17 (17p13.3), which contains the LIS1 gene (HGNC gene symbol PAFAH1B1) gene (alias LIS1), consistent with Miller-Dieker syndrome. Parental chromosomal findings were normal, indicating a de novo deletion. Transthoracic echocardiography yielded normal findings. She developed problems with gastroesophageal reflux, aspiration, and partial complex seizures by 3 months of age. By 6 months of age, she was noted to have distended forehead veins, central hypotonia, global developmental delay, and clusters of seizures suggestive of infantile spasms. Electroencephalography indicated frequent multi-
Challenges of satellite rainfall estimation over mountainous and arid parts of east Africa

Different satellite rainfall products are used in different applications over different parts of the world. These products are particularly important over many parts of Africa, where they are used to augment the very sparse rain-gauge network. However, the quality of the different satellite products varies from one product to another and from one climatic region to another. The climate over eastern Africa varies from wet coastal and mountainous regions to dry arid regions. Significant variations could be observed within short distances. The different climates will pose different challenges to satellite rainfall retrieval over this region. This study explores the effect of mountainous and arid climates on four different satellite rainfall-estimation (RFE) algorithms. The mountainous climate is located over the Ethiopian highlands, while the arid region covers parts of Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. One infrared-only product, African rainfall climatology (ARC), one passive-microwave-only product (the Clima...
Typing by sequencing the slpA gene of Clostridium difficile strains causing multiple outbreaks in Japan

Previous reports have documented that a surface layer protein (SlpA) varies among Clostridium difficile isolates. The typing system by sequencing the variable region of the slpA gene was applied to typing C. difficile strains belonging to one PCR ribotype, type smz, which has been identified as frequently causing outbreaks in Japan. The PCR ribotype smz strains recovered from patients at different hospitals in Japan were examined. Among 10 type smz strains tested, three subtypes, smz-1, -2 and -3, were identified that differed from each other by one nucleotide. slpA sequence typing was also applied to direct typing on DNA extracted from stool specimens. Of 22 stool specimens examined, 17 were PCR positive for slpA; eight were typed as slpA sequence type smz-1 and nine as type smz-2. C. difficile was cultured from 12 of these 17 stool specimens, and the sequence results of the recovered isolates were compared with those from the DNA extracted from the stool specimens. In all 12 of these stool specimens, the sequence results of DNA from recovered C. difficile isolates completely agreed with those of DNA extracted directly from stool specimens. The remaining five stool specimens were culture-negative for C. difficile. Sequence typing has the advantage of enabling easy comparison of typing results among multiple laboratories via the Internet without exchanging reference strains as is required in typing systems which depend on banding-pattern analyses. slpA sequence typing appears to be a reproducible and reliable typing system for C. difficile as well as being useful for the typing of C. difficile when stool specimens contain only small numbers of C. difficile or are inappropriate for culturing.
The physiology of incretin hormones and the basis for DPP-4 inhibitors.

With the rising prevalence of diabetes, new therapies that provide glucose control are needed. Although many medications are available, tight glucose control is still a challenge. In this article, the physiology of glucose home-ostasis is explored with respect to type 2 diabetes. The incretin effect is explained in detail, and the incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide 1, are investigated as well as their contribution to type 2 diabetes therapy. Studies involving dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are summarized as to their effects on glucose homeostasis. Specifically, vildagliptin (Galvus®; Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland) and sitagliptin (Januvia™; Merck & Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ) are described. The use and efficacy of the currently available incretin mimetic, exenatide (Byetta®; Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc and Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, Calif, and Indianapolis, Ind), are briefly discussed. Throughout this article, t...
Involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, a G protein coupled receptor, in melanoma development

Melanoma is the aberrant proliferation of melanocytes, the cells in the skin responsible for pigment production. In the United States the current lifetime risk of melanoma development is 1 in 57 in males and 1 in 81 in females [1]. In its early stages melanoma can be surgically removed with great success; however, advanced stages of melanoma have a high mortality rate due to the lack of responsiveness to currently available therapies. The development of animal models to be used in the studies of melanoma will provide the means for developing improved and targeted treatments for this disease. This review focuses on the recent report of a mouse melanoma model, TG-3, which has implicated the ectopic expression of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (Grm1), a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), in melanomagenesis and metastasis [2]. The involvement of other GPCRs in cellular transformation, particularly GPCRs in melanoma biology, and signaling of Grm1 are also discussed.
Gestational trophoblastic tumor after medical abortion

Abstract Background Nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic tumor occurring after early elective medical abortion using mifepristone and misoprostol is unusual. Case A young woman at 6 to 7 weeks’ gestation presented with brown spotting requesting medical abortion. Pretreatment ultrasound was consistent with an abnormal pregnancy. Passage of tissue ensued after mifepristone–misoprostol administration. Recovery was normal, with a postabortion ultrasound on day 16 showing a reduction in intracavitary contents. The patient declined surveillance with serial β–human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels and was lost to follow-up. Sixty days after initial treatment, she presented to a hospital with a history of intermittent bleeding and underwent curettage, revealing a complete hydatidiform mole. Chemotherapy was instituted when levels of hCG plateaued. Complete hCG regression occurred after three weekly injections of methotrexate, and postmolar surveillance is uneventful to date. Conclusion Gestational trophoblastic tumor may occur after early medical abortion.
Medical management of metastatic skeletal disease.

All patients with metastatic disease involving the skeleton require thoughtful medical management, regardless of whether or not they undergo surgical intervention. Patients are managed optimally by a team approach; this team generally includes an orthopedic surgeon or orthopedic oncologist, a radiation oncologist, and a medical oncologist, although input from radiologists and pathologists experienced in evaluating these lesions is critical. Most patients also have a general internist or family physician, who may oversee and coordinate the overall medical care, unless that has been delegated to the oncologists. The medical management of patients undergoing operative intervention for metastatic disease can be quite complex. There are many factors to consider, such as the metabolic alterations, complications, and conditions that commonly are associated with metastatic disease. More commonly encountered factors include hypercalcemia, pulmonary or hepatic insufficiency, hypercoagulability, depression, irritability, pain, and motivational issues. The patient that does not require specific medical management is the exception rather than the rule. This article outlines and discusses the three main goals in the care of the patient with metastatic disease of the skeleton: (1) pain relief, (2) functional preservation, and (3) quality life extension.
Water deterioration in rural Honduras: an examination of three communities.

In the article ‘Water sanitation, access, use and self-reported diarrheal disease in rural Honduras’ a questionnaire completed by 263 randomly selected adults attending a June 2011 medical brigade revealed differences in the examined variables between the geographically distinct communities of Coyoles, La Hicaca, and Lomitas located in the rural Department of Yoro area of Honduras. Unpublished data from this same study was analyzed to evaluate the sanitation of containers for water transport and storage, use of lids on containers, and hand washing prior to container filling between these same communities. P values were computed to determine significant differences both between variables (when all responses from all surveyed individuals were considered) and communities using the three-way χ and Fisher’s exact tests.
Adam Smith's Industrial Organization of Religion: Explaining the Medieval Church's Monopoly and Its Breakdown in the Reformation

Adam Smith characterized the medieval Roman Catholic Church as a force impeding Europe’s process of development. The Church was, in Smith words, “the most formidable combination that ever was formed against the authority and security of civil government, as well as against the liberty, reason, and happiness of mankind.” In many ways, the Church’s survival seems — as it probably did to Smith — “miraculous” (Minowitz 1993,176). How did the Church maintain this position, especially as the monopoly provider of religious services for several centuries; and how did that monopoly break down in the Reformation? Further, given that the secular lords had a comparative advantage in violence relative to the Church, how did the Church survive and maintain its power? And why did it prevent development? Smith developed a rich and systematic approach to the incentives, institutions, and competition surrounding the medieval Church. To understand the relationship between the secular and ecclesiastic lords, Smith raises the importance of a third group, the masses. According to Smith, the secular lords were unable to pacify the masses; but the Church could do so. The ability to influence the masses granted the Church a credible threat over the secular lords: were the latter to challenge the Church and attempt to appropriate some of its revenue, assets and control, the Church would turn against them. Given this setting, each of the two sets of elites had incentives to cooperate to exploit the masses. To maintain this equilibrium, the Church had to prevent economic growth. Growth would have granted the masses wealth, power, and independence, undermining the Church’s ability to mobilize the masses in times of threat from the secular lords. It therefore suppressed growth and liberty in order to maintain the peasants’ dependency.As to the Reformation, Smith argues that the masses gradually became less dependent on the Church. Independence meant that they were less responsive to the Church’s direction. This change, in turn, removed the Church’s credible threat over the secular lords, allowing them to force considerable concessions from the Church or to remove the Church altogether in favor of newly established sects. I develop a simple game theoretic model to demonstrate the logic of Smith’s equilibrium and comparative static claims.
The Effect of Family Ownership and Control on Disclosure Policies of Public Firms

This paper examines the effect of family ownership on firm voluntary disclosure and the associated capital market consequences. I use a randomly assigned family trait, the gender of the firstborn child of the firm’s family owner, as an instrument and find that family ownership of a firm decreases its voluntary disclosure and stock liquidity. The effect is moderated by the existence of growth opportunities. Results suggest that control considerations affect disclosure policies for family firms, and exemplify why some firms stay opaque despite the potential capital market benefits of improved disclosure. Robustness tests show that the negative effect of family ownership on firm voluntary disclosure holds across different firm generations, ages of the firstborn child, local economic development, and cultural settings.
Elimination of Turbine Erosion in the T56 Turboprop Engine

Turbine erosion was encountered in service operation with the T56 turboprop engine. Combustor carboning was suspected to be the cause of the problem. No direct evidence of carboning had been observed during development or in more than one million hours of service operation. An accelerated investigation was initiated to establish a quantitative measure of carbon particles in the combustor exhaust gases. A unique test method was developed to collect carbon particles on a component combustor test rig. Evaluations were conducted with the carbon collector to determine the effects of fuel nozzles, fuel type, operating conditions, and combustor configuration on carbon particle output. The combustor configuration was found to be the most important factor in the control of the problem. Combustor carboning was established as the cause of turbine erosion and a combustion liner modification was developed for service release. Service tests were conducted to correlate development test results and to verify that turbine erosion was eliminated with the modified combustion lines.Copyright © 1965 by ASME
Balancing the Books on Orthodontic Treatment: An integrated Analysis of Change

A method of cephalometric analysis is presented in which molar and overjet corrections are seen as the algebraic sum of facial skeletal growth and tooth movement relative to basal bone. The steps o...
Evaluation of PIV Uncertainties Using Multiple Configurations and Processing Techniques

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) data have been acquired using three different experimental configurations in the far-field of the interaction created by a transverse supersonic jet exhausting from a flat plate into a transonic crossflow. The configurations included two-component PIV in the centerline streamwise plane at two overlapping downstream stations, as well as stereoscopic PIV in both the same streamwise plane and in the crossplane. All measurement planes intersected at a common line. Data from both twocomponent measurement stations and the stereoscopic streamwise configuration agreed to within the estimated uncertainty, but data from the crossplane exhibited reduced velocity and turbulent stress magnitudes by a small but significant degree. Subsequent reprocessing of the data in nominally the same manner using a newer software package brought all values into close agreement with each other, but produced turbulent stresses substantially higher than those from the first software package. The error source associated with the choice of software was traced to the use of image deformation in the newer software to treat velocity gradients, which synthetic PIV tests show yields a more accurate result for turbulence measurements even for gradients within the recommended limits for classical PIV. These detailed comparisons of redundant data suggest that routine methods of uncertainty quantification may not fully capture the error sources of an experiment.
Particle Growth and Development During the In-Situ Precipitation of Silica in a Polymeric Matrix

The hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane much used in the sol-gel approach to ceramics can be studied in a matrix isolation technique in which the silica thus formed precipitates within a polymeric material. This technique was applied here in the in-situ precipitation of silica particles in an elastomeric matrix of poly(dimethylsiloxane). Transmission electron microscopy and mechanical property measurements were carried out as a function of time over a period of 60 days. The equilibrium amount of silica precipitated was obtained relatively quickly, after approximately one day, but reorganization of the particles continued for several days thereafter. This “aging” process resulted in particles that are better defined and more uniform in size, but their ability to reinforce the elastomeric materials was only marginally increased. Scattering techniques are also being used to obtain additional information on this interesting process.
Reflections of Low-Income, Second-Generation Latinas About Experiences in Depression Therapy

Depression is higher among second-generation Latinas compared with immigrants, but mental health treatment is stigmatized. Therefore, second-generation Latinas were interviewed after completing an eight-session depression treatment program to gain insight on what they found valuable about their therapy experiences. Constructivist grounded theory guided data collection and analysis which showed that women valued treatment more when they recognized their needs were being met, the therapist was a worthy copilot, and the program's structure had flexibility. Four processes were considered important to their work in therapy: understanding feelings about past events, seeing patterns, accepting self, and changing family patterns but still being "family." Post therapy, women valued their enhanced confidence and a "toolbelt" of techniques they gained for self-treatment. These findings have implications for designing future depression treatment programs that are more likely to be desirable and effective for the growing subgroup of underserved second-generation Latinas in the United States.
Investigation on Health Supervision and Occupational Environment Factors among Traffic Police in Yangquan City

[Objective]To investigate the effect of occupational environment factors on the health of traffic police and provide evidence for occupational protection.[Methods]Occupational health survey was performed on traffic posts of urban Yangquan ,186 traffic policemen and 164 persons in control group were examined physically,the results were analyzed comparatively. [Results]The results showed that 12 kinds of diseases such as chronic pharyngitis,small bronchial ventilation dysfunction,hyperlipidemia and hyperlipoproteinemia,etc were common diseases of traffic policemen; compared with control group,except for hypertension,the differences of other diseases were different; environmental monitoring was performed on 5 traffic posts simultaneously,the levels of dust,nitrogen dioxide and noise in air were all over the national standards.[Conclusion]The common diseases of traffic police relate closely with occupational environment factors. It is suggested to enhance the urban environmental governance and to improve the personal protection awareness simultaneously.
Evaluating Length: The Use of Low-dose Biplanar Radiography (EOS) and Tantalum Bead Implantation.

BACKGROUND Low-dose biplanar radiography (EOS) is an appealing imaging modality for use in children given its low radiation and ease of use. The goal of this study was to determine the accuracy and reliability of EOS compared with CT scanogram for measurement of leg length and to assess interrater and intrarater reliability of measured interbead distances for EOS and CT scanogram after insertion of tantalum beads into lamb femurs. METHODS Tantalum beads (0.8 mm) were inserted into the cortex on both the medial and lateral sides of 10 skeletally immature lamb femurs. CT scanogram and EOS imaging were obtained. Measurements of total length and distance between bead pairs were recorded on anteroposterior and lateral views by 2 orthopaedic surgeons on 2 separate occasions. Pearson correlations were performed for statistical comparisons. RESULTS EOS measurements showed near-perfect correlation to those of CT scanogram (r>0.96, P 0.98, P 0.99, P 0.98, P 0.99, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS EOS is comparable with CT scanogram in the assessment of limb length and the distance between 2 radiopaque markers. Reliability was excellent for all measurements. The combination of EOS imaging and tantalum bead implantation may be an effective way to evaluate physeal growth following procedures such as epiphysiodesis and physeal bar resection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II—diagnostic
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

Formed in 1865 as a “secret lodge” by former Confederates in Pulaski, Tennessee, the Invisible Empire or Ku Klux Klan (KKK) has been and remains committed to white supremacy in America. Klansmen, beside other diehard groups, violently resisted Reconstruction. Still defending the South, they fought Union Army occupation, Republican governments, and blacks’ freedom. Donning hoods and using secret titles, they took an oath to defend Christianity, the Constitution, and the white race, especially their women's purity. Loyal to the Democratic Party, the Klan enlisted men and women from all classes. Targeting Union Leagues (freedmen's political clubs), night riders harassed and often killed black and Republican voters and officeholders, burned black churches and schools, intimidated teachers, and stole elections. In the 1868 elections, alongside Knights of the White Camellia, they murdered 1,000 black and white Republicans in Louisiana alone. After its investigation, Congress passed the Ku Klux Act (1871). But undermanned Union garrisons rarely stopped the Klan's plunder. Its terrorism during the election of 1876 hastened Reconstruction's end. Between 1877 and 1910 the KKK fueled Democrats’ push to establish one-party rule and Jim Crow. A coalition of Democrats, Klansmen, Red Shirts, Rifle Clubs, and White Leagues targeted freedmen and their allies, utilizing ballot fraud, intimidation, and murder. Some 1,751 blacks were lynched in southern and border states ca. 1882–1900 as black and white farmers’ alliances and the Populist Party coalesced for reform. Defeat of populists by ballot-rigging and terror enabled Democrats, as the Supreme Court instituted the “separate but equal” rule, to enact Jim Crow. The system disfranchised and terrorized blacks; it also persecuted Jews, Catholics, and nonwhite immigrants. Klan people promoted white racism in the twentieth century. Early on they enlisted members with The Birth of a Nation (1915), a film glorifying the Klan's bloody defeat of Reconstruction. By the mid-1920s, the second KKK claimed several million members in more than a dozen states. Affiliates were strong in the Midwest (being more anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant there) than in the South. State and local Klans frequently attacked progressives prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which ensured the right to vote.
Reward Systems in Human Computation Games

Human computation games (HCGs) are games in which player interaction is used to solve problems intractable for computers. Most HCGs use simple reward mechanisms such as points or leaderboards, but in contrast, many mainstream games use more complex, and often multiple, reward mechanisms. In this paper, we investigate whether multiple reward systems and ability to choose the type of reward affects human task performance and player experience in HCGs. We conducted a study using a cooking-themed HCG, Cafe Flour Sack, which implements four reward systems, and had two experimental versions: one which randomly assigns rewards and the other which offers players the choice of reward. Players were recruited from both Amazon Mechanical Turk and university students. We report the results across these different game versions and player audiences. Our results suggest that offering players a choice of reward can yield better \emph{task completion} metrics and similarly-engaged \emph{player experiences}, and may improve these metrics and experiences for audiences that are not experts in crowdsourcing. We discuss these and other results in the broader context of exploring different rewards systems and other aspects of reward mechanics in HCGs.
Novel ternary logic design based on CNFET

As CMOS technology is scaled down, transistor density of a chip is increased dramatically, which results in the increasing of the complexity of interconnections. In this paper, a novel design of ternary logic based on carbon nanotube FETs (CNFETs) is proposed and compared with the previous CNFET-based ternary logic designs. Especially, in the proposed CNFET-based ternary logic design, different back biasing voltages and diameters of CNFETs are effectively used to achieve ultra-low power consumption. Extensive simulation results using HSPICE are reported to show that the proposed CNFET-based ternary logic gate reduces leakage current and power delay product (PDP) multiple orders of magnitude compared to the previous CNFET-based ternary logic designs.
Genomic Data Privacy Protection using Compressed Sensing

In this article, we present a privacy preserving genomic data dissemination algorithm based on compressed sensing. We participated in the challenge at the iDASH on March 24, 2014 in La Jolla, California and the result of the challenge are available online. In our proposed method, we are adding noise to the sparse representation of the input vector to make it differentially private. First, we find the sparse representation using SubSpace Pursuit and then perturb it with sufficient Laplacian noise. We also compared our method with a state-of-the-art compressed sensing privacy protection method.
Overcoming Hurdles to Development of a Vaccine against Pneumocystis jirovecii

ABSTRACT Development of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a common problem among immunosuppressed individuals. There are windows of opportunity in which vaccination would be beneficial, but to date, no vaccines have made it to clinical trials. Significant hurdles to vaccine development include host range specificity, making it difficult to translate from animal models to humans. Discovery of cross-reactive epitopes is critical to moving vaccine candidates from preclinical animal studies to clinical trials.
RapeLay and the return of the sex wars in Japan

ABSTRACTThis article considers responses to RapeLay (2006), an adult computer game that allows the player to rape virtual women. RapeLay sparked controversy when it circulated globally and this filtered back into debates in Japan, which at times explicitly retrod the ground of feminist critiques of pornography in North America from the late 1970s into the 1980s. The return of ‘the sex wars’ in Japan in the new millennium confronts us with a fundamental question that those battles left unresolved: is fantasy itself a problem? To put it another way, are adult computer games, which involve humans in the production and reception of virtual sex acts but not in the depicted sex acts, a problem? Is it all right to fantasize about sexual violence or, as some critics argue, does such fantasy normalize sexual violence against women? Critical and cultural approaches to sexual fantasy, play and harm in Japan are considered.
Immunoglobulin Free Light Chain Ratio Is an Independent Risk Factor for Progression of Smoldering Multiple Myeloma.

Background: Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic plasma cell proliferative disorder with a high risk of progression to symptomatic multiple myeloma. Identification of risk factors that predict progression of SMM to symptomatic MM could identify higher risk patients who might benefit from chemoprevention or more intensive surveillance. We hypothesized that increased monoclonal free kappa or lambda immunoglobulin light chains in smoldering myeloma (SMM), as detected by the serum free light chain (FLC) assay, indicates an increased the risk of progression to active myeloma. Methods: Of 276 pathologically confirmed SMM patients seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1970 to 1995, baseline serum samples obtained within 30 days of diagnosis were available in 273. Results: At a median follow-up of surviving patients of 12.4 years, transformation to active disease has occurred in 161 (59%) patients. An abnormal FLC ratio was present at baseline in 90% of patients. The best break-point for predicting risk of progression was a FLC ratio less than or equal to 0.125 or greater than or equal to 8 (hazard ratio, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.6–3.2) [Figure 1]. The extent of abnormality of FLC ratio was independent of SMM risk categories defined by number of plasma cells in the bone marrow and size of serum M-proteins (bone marrow plasma cells ≥ 10% and serum M protein ≥ 3 g/dL; bone marrow plasma cells ≥ 10% but serum M protein Conclusions: The serum immunoglobulin FLC ratio is an important additional determinant of clinical outcome in patients with SMM.
Development of Early Multisensory Perception and Communication: From Environmental and Behavioral to Neural Signatures.

Multidisciplinary research across the domains of cognitive development, speech, hearing, and educational sciences, field studies in cultural anthropology, and more recently, empirical research in a...
Fácil or A piece of cake: Does variability in bilingual language brokering experience affect idiom comprehension?

Compared to studies of the effects of formal training in translation, little is known about the psycholinguistic impact of the experience of informal translation, or language brokering. The present study examined this issue in the context of idiom comprehension. Bilingual adults differing in prior brokering experience read English idioms and judged whether target words presented in English or Spanish were related to the idiom's meaning. For brokers, relatedness judgments were not affected by whether the targets were in the same or different language as the idiom; however, non-brokers were faster for same-language than different-language idiom-target pairings. The findings suggest that language brokering experience facilitates idiom meaning comprehension even across language boundaries, with further differences related to idiom decomposability. More generally, the findings underscore the importance of considering systematic sources of variability in language practice among bilinguals, aside from differences related to proficiency, in theorizing effects associated with bilingualism.
School–University–Community Pathways to Higher Education: Teacher Perceptions, School Culture and Partnership Building

This article provides a snapshot in time of teacher perceptions, school culture, and partnership building. We delineate how teachers perceive our partnership’s purpose and its role in transforming school culture. Second, we describe how teachers express the life expectations they have and the possibilities they hope for their students and the families involved with the partnership. Finally, we outline our thoughts on moving forward with building partnership, continuing to transform school culture, and collaborating with teachers. In conclusion, we discuss the role that partnership building can have on creating pathways to higher education for students in communities of color.
Scaling Marker Position Determines the Accuracy of Digital Templating for Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Background Digital templating systems foster patient-specific measurements for preoperative planning.
Spheromak Experiment Using Separate Guns For Formation And Sustainment

An experiment is described that incorporates the use of separate magnetized plasma guns for formation and sustainment of a spheromak. It is shown that energy coupling efficiency approaches unity if the gun and spheromak are of comparable size. A large gun should be able to operate at lower current and therefore lower voltage. In addition, it is expected that a gun matched to the size of the spheromak will cause less perturbation to the equilibrium. It is proposed to use a smaller gun for spheromak formation and a large, efficient gun for sustainment. The theoretical basis for the experiment is developed, and the details of the experiment are described. A prediction of the equilibrium magnetic flux surfaces using the EFIT code is presented. 28 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Oxygen evolution on Fe-doped NiO electrocatalysts deposited via microplasma

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media was investigated on nanostructured Fe2O3, NiO, and Ni1−xFexO (Fe-doped, rocksalt NiO, x = 0.05–0.19) electrocatalysts deposited via microplasma on indium tin oxide. A detailed investigation of film morphology, structure, and chemical surface state using SEM, XRD, and XPS, respectively, was carried out to understand catalytic activity, which was assessed using cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. Iron was seen to be fully incorporated into the parent rocksalt NiO lattice during microplasma deposition, and overpotentials (η) decreased from 360 mV for NiO to 310 mV for Ni1−xFexO at 10 mA cm−2. Interestingly, overpotential did not change significantly for Fe compositions from 5–19%. The Ni1−xFexO films displayed relatively low Tafel slopes of 20–30 mV dec−1 at 0.01–1 mA cm−2, demonstrating their high activity for (OER). Turn-over-frequency (TOF, i.e., O2 molecules per Ni atom per s) at η = 350 mV revealed a continuous improvement in activity of the NiO surface with increasing Fe content, where values of 0.07 and 0.48 s−1 were measured for undoped NiO and Ni0.81Fe0.19O films, respectively. Chronopotentiometry measurements followed by SEM and XPS verified that the as-deposited Ni1−xFexO catalysts were mechanically and chemically stable for OER under alkaline conditions. This work highlights that microplasma-based deposition is a general approach to realize conformal coatings of nanostructured, doped oxides with high activity for OER.