cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of negative pressure wound therapy during intercontinental aeromedical evacuation of combat casualties

Objective The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of utilizing negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for the treatment of wartime soft-tissue wounds during intercontinental aeromedical evacuation. Background Attempts to use NPWT during early phases of overseas contingency operations resulted in occasional vacuum system failures and potentially contributed to wound complications. These anecdotal episodes led to a perception that NPWT during aeromedical evacuation carried a high risk of wound complications and limited its use. As a result, NPWT was not frequently applied in the management of soft-tissue wounds before US casualty arrival in the continental United States (CONUS) for wounds sustained in the combat theaters. Concurrently, early NPWT on the traumatic wounds of host nation casualties not requiring aeromedical evacuation seemed to provide many benefits typically associated with the therapy such as decreased infection rates, earlier wound closure, and improved pain management. Methods On a daily basis, study investigators reviewed the trauma in-patient census at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Germany, to identify patient candidates with soft-tissue extremity or torso wounds that required packing. Patient demographics, injuries, and previous wound treatments were recorded. Surgeons inspected wounds in the operating room and applied a NPWT dressing if deemed appropriate. NPWT was continued throughout the remainder of the patient's hospitalization and also during aeromedical evacuation to CONUS. A study investigator escorted the patient during aeromedical evacuation to educate the flight crews, to record the impact on crew workload, and to troubleshoot the system if necessary. Results Thirty enrolled patients with 41 separate wounds flew from Germany to CONUS with a portable NPWT system (VAC Freedom System; Kinetic Concepts Incorporated, San Antonio, TX). All 30 patients arrived at the destination facilities with intact and functional systems. No significant in-flight complications were identified, impact on flight crew workload was negligible, and subjective feedback from both flight crews and patients was uniformly positive. For 29 patients, the NPWT dressing was replaced (frequently with serial exchanges) during initial surgical treatment in CONUS; the 30th patient underwent delayed primary closure of his right forearm fasciotomy. Receiving care teams reported no complications attributable to NPWT during aeromedical evacuation. Conclusions NPWT is feasible during intercontinental aeromedical evacuation of combat casualties without an increase in wound complications or a significant impact on air crew workload. Further studies are indicated to evaluate the efficacy of NPWT in combat wounds compared with other wound care techniques.
Adipocyte Hypoxia Increases Hepatocyte Hepcidin Expression

Hepcidin plays a key role in regulating iron metabolism by blocking iron efflux from macrophages and enterocytes. Hepcidin is synthesized primarily in the liver, and its expression is increased by iron overload and inflammation. Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation as well as poor iron status. Central obesity causes adipocyte hypoxia resulting in chronic inflammation. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine if adipocyte hypoxia and associated inflammation signal hepatocyte hepcidin expression. The effect of adipocyte hypoxia on hepcidin expression was modeled using a 3T3-L1 adipocyte/Huh7 hepatocyte co-culture model. Adipocytes were cultured at either standard conditions (19% O2) or hypoxic conditions (1% O2). Compared to standard conditions, hypoxic 3T3-L1 cells had significantly higher IL-6 and leptin expression. Treatment of Huh7 cells with media from hypoxic or LPS-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes significantly increased hepcidin promoter activity and mRNA compared to cells treated with normoxic 3T3-L1 media or control media. When the hepcidin STAT3 binding site was mutated, promoter activation by hypoxic media was abrogated. These data suggest that adipocyte hypoxia (a feature of central obesity) may increase hepcidin expression and plays a role in the association between obesity and poor iron status.
Extended superposed quantum-state initialization using disjoint prime implicants

Extended superposed quantum-state initialization using disjoint prime implicants is an algorithm for generating quantum arrays for the purpose of initializing a desired quantum superposition. The quantum arrays generated by this algorithm almost always use fewer gates than other algorithms and in the worst case use the same number of gates. These improvements are achieved by allowing certain parts of the quantum superposition that cannot be initialized directly by the algorithm to be initialized using special circuits. This allows more terms in the quantum superposition to be initialized at the same time which decreases the number of gates required by the generated quantum array.
An empirical bayes approach to a variables acceptance sampling plan problem

An empirical Bayes approach to a variables acceptance sampling plan problem is presented and an empirical Bayes rule is developed which is shown to be asymptotically optimal under general conditions. The problem considered is one in which the ratio of the costs of accepting defective items and rejecting non-defective items is specified. Sampling costs are not considered and the size of the sample taken from each lot is fixed and constant. The empirical Bayes estimation of the Bayes rule is shown to require the estimation of a conditional probability. An estimator for conditional probabilities of the form needed is derived and shown to have good asymptotic properties.
Bodyscapes, Biology, and Heteronormativity

ABSTRACT The term bodyscape encourages thinking about representation of bodies at multiple scales—from different bodies as they move through space to the microlandscape of individual bodily differences. A hegemonic bodyscape's representations tend to idealize and essentialize bodies’ differences to reinforce normative ideas about a society's socioeconomic organization. But, a dominant bodyscape is never absolute. Bodyscapes that depart from or subvert hegemonic representations may simultaneously exist. In Western society, the biomedical bodyscape predominates in scientific understandings of bodily difference. Its representation of sex differences conveys heteronormative notions about gender and sexuality. Because the biomedical bodyscape frames studies of ancient bodies, investigators need recognize how their considerations of labor divisions, familial organization, and reproduction may situate modern (hetero)sexist representations deep within antiquity. To innovate analyses of socioeconomic relations, queer theory allows scholars to interrogate human nature. Doing so produces alternative bodyscapes that represent the diversity of past peoples’ social and sexual lives. [Keywords: bodyscape, heteronormativity, queer theory, bioarchaeology, paleoanthropology]
Plating and maintenance of epithelial tumor cells in primary culture: interacting roles of serum and insulin.

Abstract We have attempted to define the best conditions for primary culture of epithelial cells from mouse mammary tumors. Both fetal calf serum and insulin increase the rate of cell attachment to the culture substratum in dose-dependent ways. Under suboptimal conditions, epithelial cells begin to detach again from culture dishes after 2 days; this allows us to calculate the maintenance of cultures by comparing the amount of DNA in the monolayer at an early and a late time (‘maintenance ratio’). The cells are better maintained when more serum is used, up to about 4%. At low serum doses, maintenance is also responsive to the amount of insulin in the medium; insulin has little effect when more than 3% serum is present. However, the maintenance of the cells is responsive to the serum dose, regardless of the insulin dose. Furthermore, the optimum insulin concentration decreases as more serum is added to the medium. We conclude: that epithelial cells of mammary tumors require insulin to function properly in culture; that as little as 4% serum supplies an adequate dose of insulin-like activity for cell maintenance; and that fetal calf serum also supplies additional compounds which the cells need to survive.
Liquid-crystal waveguides for integrated optics

Liquid-crystal optical waveguides may be modulated or switched with high sensitivity by electrooptic, magnetooptic or acoustooptic effects. Such guides, however, have relatively slow response times and relatively high scattering losses so that they currently appear limited to special-purpose applications. A review is given on a variety of liquid-crystal optical switches or modulators. Specific work is then described on the analysis and experiment on thin-film nematic liquid-crystal guides with propagation constant controlled by means of an applied voltage across the films. A dynamic scattering switch is also demonstrated. Recent results show switchable grating directions in films having mixtures of nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals. The controlling variable is the frequency of the applied electric field.
Immune response of mallard ducks treated with immunosuppressive agents: antibody response to erythrocytes and in vivo response to phytohemagglutinin-P.

The ability of two in vivo tests to assay immune competence of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) treated with various immunomodulatory agents was examined. Skin responses to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) injected intradermally and serum antibody levels produced in response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were measured. As measured by the skin response to PHA-P, ducks injected intramuscularly with cyclophosphamide or cyclosporine did not respond differently from control-injected ducks. Dexamethasone injected intramuscularly significantly suppressed the skin response to PHA-P. As measured by antibody levels in response to SRBC, ducks injected intramuscularly with cyclophosphamide responded with antibody titers similar to controls. Cyclosporine injected intramuscularly reduced the level of immunoglobulin (Ig) G significantly in one of two experiments. Dexamethasone injected intramuscularly reduced peak total and IgG titers. These experiments provide information on the viability of these two in vivo tests to ...
Recolonization of gravel habitats on Georges Bank (northwest Atlantic)

Abstract Gravel habitats on continental shelves around the world support productive fisheries but are also vulnerable to disturbance from bottom fishing. We conducted a 2-year in situ experiment to measure the rate of colonization of a gravel habitat on northern Georges Bank in an area closed to fishing (Closed Area II) since December 1994. Three large (0.25 m 2 ) sediment trays containing defaunated pebble gravel were deployed at a study site (47 m water depth) in July 1997 and recovered in June 1999. The undersides of the tray lids positioned 56 cm above the trays served as settlement panels over the same time period. We observed rapid colonization of the gravel substrate (56 species) and the settlement panels (35 species), indicating that colonization of gravel in this region is not limited by the supply of colonists. The species composition of the taxa found in the trays was broadly similar to that we collected over a 10-year period (1994–2004) in dredge samples from gravel sediments at the same site. The increase in abundance of animals in the gravel colonization trays was rapid and reached a level in 2 years that took 4.5 years to achieve in the surrounding gravel sediments once fishing had stopped, based on data from dredge sampling at this site. The increase in biomass of animals found in the sediment trays paralleled the trend of biomass increase observed in dredge samples over the same period (1997–1999) but was lower in value. These data suggest that after rapid initial increase in abundance of organisms, succession proceeded by increasing individual body size. A comparison of settlement panel and tray faunas revealed that the mean biomass of structure-forming epifauna (sponges, bryozoans, anemones, hydroids, colonial tube worms) on the panels was 8 times that found on the trays. Structure-forming taxa constituted 29% of the mean biomass of the panel fauna but only 5.5% of the tray fauna. By contrast, the mean biomass of scavengers (crabs, echinoderms, nudibranchs, gastropods) in the trays was 32 times that on the panels. Colonization of the tray gravel was more rapid for free-living species (many of which are prey for fish) than for structure-forming epifauna, though colonists of the latter species were present. The reduced success of structure-forming species in colonizing the tray gravel possibly is related to factors such as intermittent burial of the gravel by migrating sand and low survival of new recruits due to the presence of high numbers of scavengers on the gravel. These two factors might explain, to varying degree, the slow recolonization of gravel habitats by structure-forming species in Closed Area II of the northern part of Georges Bank.
Adsorption and reactions of chitinase and lysozyme on chitin.

Isotherms for adsorption of chitinase on chitin and lysozyme on chitin have been determined at two temperatures and rates of hydrolysis of chitin catalysed by these enzymes have been measured at three temperatures and at several enzyme concentrations for each. Ribonuclease, not an enzyme for chitin, and heat-denatured lysozyme and chitinase show reduced or no adsorption to this substrate. Initial hydrolysis rates of chitin by both enzymes are proportional to total enzyme concentrations in the range of concentrations studied. These kinetics cannot, however, be related to the adsorption isotherms because of the non-equilibrium nature of the isotherms.
Navier-Stokes calculations for 3D gaseous fuel injection with data comparisons

Results from a computational study and experiments designed to further expand the knowledge of gaseous injection into supersonic cross-flows are presented. Experiments performed at Mach 6 included several cases of gaseous helium injection with low transverse angles and injection with low transverse angles coupled with a low yaw angle. Both experimental and computational data confirm that injector yaw has an adverse effect on the helium core decay rate. An array of injectors is found to give higher penetration into the freestream without loss of core injectant decay as compared to a single injector. Lateral diffusion plays a major role in lateral plume spreading, eddy viscosity, injectant plume, and injectant-freestream mixing. Grid refinement makes it possible to capture the gradients in the streamwise direction accurately and to vastly improve the data comparisons. Computational results for a refined grid are found to compare favorably with experimental data on injectant overall and core penetration provided laminar lateral diffusion was taken into account using the modified Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model.
Heterochronic Genes Turn Back the Clock in Old Neurons

Although some neuron types regenerate better than others, all neurons lose the ability to regenerate with age. This intrinsic decline is the primary cause of regeneration failure even in permissive environments. This was shown in 1995 by comparing the regeneration ability of retinal neurons from different aged retinas growing into tectums of different ages ( 1 ). Embryonic retinal axons regrew into tectum of any age, including older tectum with an inhibitory glial environment, whereas postnatal day 2 or older retinal axons failed to regrow even into embryonic tectum. This indicated a “programmed” loss of axon regeneration ability with neuron age. Similarly, young hindbrain neurons transplanted into older spinal cords could regenerate axons into a normally inhibitory myelinated environment ( 2 ). Despite the clear therapeutic implications of these observations, the underlying molecular mechanisms controlling age-dependent regenerative capacity were unclear. On page 372 in this issue, Zou et al. ( 3 ) report that the highly conserved let-7 –LIN-41 heterochronic signaling pathway is responsible for part of the age-related decline in axon regeneration in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans .
Low-energy photoemission from single-crystal silver faces

Abstract The photoemission-into-electrolyte technique has been utilized to obtain low-energy (3.4 to 4.8 eV) photoyield spectra on single crystal faces [(111), (110), and (100)] of Ag. The results, which demonstrate non-local field effects, show striking crystallographic anisotropy, even below the interband transition threshold, and suggest strongly the importance of evanescent final states.
The Development of the Mood-Inhibiting Effects of Crowding During Adolescence

Abstract Prior research on the effects of crowding on human behavior has concentrated on aggression and negative affect. The present study centered on the possible inhibiting effects of crowding on the development of positive mood states. Males (n = 72) and females (n = 72) representing early, middle, and late adolescence were examined under conditions of high and low spatial density. Subjects were provided with positive mood-inducing stimuli or neutral stimuli during density conditions. Crowding produced neither positive nor negative moods on groups beyond young adolescence. Effectiveness of positive mood producing stimuli was inhibited for late adolescent males and females.
Ion/Ion Reactions: New Chemistry for Analytical MS

Gas-phase ion/ion reactions are emerging as flexible means for probing and manipulating analyte ions with particular utility in bioanalysis.
Mitochondrial Aconitase Is a Source of Hydroxyl Radical: AN ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE INVESTIGATION

Mitochondrial aconitase (m-aconitase) contains a [4Fe-4S](2+) cluster in its active site that catalyzes the stereospecific dehydration-rehydration of citrate to isocitrate in the Krebs cycle. It has been proposed that the [4Fe-4S](2+) aconitase is oxidized by superoxide, generating the inactive [3Fe-4S](1+) aconitase. In this reaction, the likely products are iron(II) and hydrogen peroxide. Consequently, the inactivation of m-aconitase by superoxide may increase the formation of hydroxyl radical ((*)OH) through the Fenton reaction in mitochondria. In this work, evidence for the generation of (*)OH from the reaction of m-aconitase with superoxide is provided using ESR spin trapping experiments with 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide and alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone. Formation of free ( small middle dot)OH was verified with the (*)OH scavenger Me(2)SO, which forms methyl radical upon reacting with (*)OH. The addition of Me(2)SO to incubation mixtures containing m-aconitase and xanthine/xanthine oxidase yielded methyl radical, which was detected by ESR spin trapping. Methyl radical formation was further confirmed using [(13)C]Me(2)SO. Parallel low temperature ESR experiments demonstrated that the generation of the [3Fe-4S](1+) cluster increased with increasing additions of superoxide to m-aconitase. This reaction was reversible, as >90% of the initial aconitase activity was recovered upon treatment with glutathione and iron(II). This mechanism presents a scenario in which (*)OH may be continuously generated in the mitochondria.
Applying military grade security to the Internet

Abstract The explosive growth witnessed in the Internet over the last few years has encouraged companies to connect to it and to offer services to their customers over it. Concerns about security are holding them back from all but the most restrictive connectivity. This paper explores the use of a military development, the Compartmented Mode Workstation in a commercial setting, as a platform that is secure enough to implement services that are accessed over the Internet. Two applications have been investigated in detail, a firewalled Domain Name System and a World Wide Web service with enhanced authentication. Finally, there is discussion of how other Internet-based services might benefit from the application of CMW technology.
Passenger Car Technology—Thirty Years of Advance:

Describes a personal view of the advances in passenger car technology in the UK through the last thirty years, and considers some present and future trends in the application of electronic control and data systems to passenger vehicles.
Another development training programme? Education for practical engagement in extension and development work

Abstract Current development education in the United Kingdom usually offers participants from developing countries studies of what development is or should be. These programmes are well suited to the needs of higher-level planners or policy researchers. They contrast markedly with the urgent need for the knowledge of and skills in how to undertake planned economic and social changes. This paper suggests a possible route towards a practical, professional training for middle-and lower-level personnel engaged in managing development and extension services. Briefly, the paper notes the lack of educational programmes aimed at practical training and middle-level staff in Britain; and the role of education in the process of development. Current difficulties for locating these programmes in the developing countries themselves are discussed, and the outline for a suitably practical programme, initially based in Britain, is proposed.
Time-discrete networks

In this letter, the authors pose an interesting area of study which, it is felt, will lead to a clarification of the relationship between network theory and system theory. Specifically, it is proposed that a formal study be made of networks of RLC components characterised by difference relations rather than differential relations. The main contribution is a set of definitions which preserve stability, passivity and other energy relations in the discrete-time case and which pass to the continuous time relations as the step size becomes small. The formalism introduced shows promise of providing a foundation for digital-computer network simulators.
Multilayer Adsorption of Slightly Soluble Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions

Adsorption isotherms are analyzed for slightly soluble organic components from water for a wide range of reduced concentrations. It is shown that the behavior of these systems can be modeled by an equation of the forma = Ac/[(1 +Bc)(1 −c/c0)d] over the range ofc/c0from about 0.05 to 0.9. Hereais the adsorption amount,cis the concentration of organic compound in the water,c0is a solubility limit for the organic compound, andA,B, anddare adjustable parameters. Comparison is made with experimental data for the adsorption ofn-caproic acid,n-valeric acid,n-amyl alcohol,n-butyl alcohol, aniline, cyclohexanol, and phenol from aqueous solutions on carbon adsorbents.
Comparison of the efficiency of synthesis past single bulky DNA adducts in vivo and in vitro by the polymerase III holoenzyme

Previous studies from our laboratory revealed that site-specific and stereospecific styrene oxide (SO) lesions in M13 DNA were readily bypassed when transfected into Escherichia coli cells, but these same lesions blocked the progress of several purified polymerases in vitro when situated in oligodeoxynucleotide templates (Latham, G. J., et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 23427-23434; Latham, G. J., et al. (1995) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 8, 422-430). To resolve this apparent discrepancy, we constructed single-stranded M13 genomes containing single SO adducts and compared their replication efficiencies in E. coli cells to the extent of bypass synthesis in vitro using three different complexes of the purified E. coli polymerase III (Pol III) holoenzyme. The transformation efficiencies of the SO-adducted M13 templates were comparable to those of the nonadducted controls, indicating facile bypass in E. coli. When the identical adducted M13 vectors were replicated in vitro with the reconstituted complexes of the Pol III holoenzyme, the results were consistent with the in vivo data: Synthesis past two of the three SO adducts in M13 was unhindered relative to synthesis on the unadducted M13 control template. Since our previous in vitro assays indicated that SO adducts in 33-mer templates largely blocked polymerases other than Pol III, we repeated these studies using reconstituted Pol III. Significantly, Pol III replication was poorly processive and strongly terminated by SO lesions in 33-mer templates. This result was in stark contrast to the efficient bypass in vitro of the same adducts in M13 DNA. In fact, Pol III-mediated bypass was enhanced to > 75-fold on adducted circular M13 templates as compared to adducted linear oligodeoxynucleotides. The implications of the effects of polymerase processivity and template-primer structure upon lesion bypass are discussed.
A method for preparing skeletal muscle fiber basal laminae

Previous attempts to prepare skeletal muscle basal laminae (BL) for ultrastructural analyses have been hampered by difficulties in successfully removing skeletal muscle proteins and cellular debris from BL tubes. In the present study the authors describe a two phase method which results in an acellular muscle preparation, the BL of which are examined by light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy. In the first phase, excised rat extensor digitorum longus muscles are subjected to x-radiation and then soaked in Marcaine to inhibit muscle regeneration and to destroy peripheral muscle fibers. The muscles are then grafted back into their original sites and allowed to remain in place 7-14 days to allow for maximal removal of degenerating muscle tissue with minimal scar tissue formation. In the second phase, the muscle grafts are subjected sequentially to EDTA, triton X-100, DNAase, and sodium deoxycholate to remove phagocytizing cells and associated degenerating muscle tissue. These procedures result in translucent, acellular muscle grafts which show numerous empty tubes of BL backed by endomysial collagenous fibers. These preparations should be useful for morphological analyses of isolated muscle BL and for possible in vitro studies by which the biological activity of muscle BL can be examined.
Detailed diagnosis of double shell collision using X-ray radiography under realistic implosion conditions

In this work we will present the first measurement of the time history of a collision of two shells in a double shell capsule. Double shell implosions provide a non-cryogenic path to inertial confinement fusion [ICF]. In the double shell target the laser energy is absorbed in an outer shell that is accelerated inward which then, after the laser is off, collides with an inner shell. The inner shell then implodes against the deuterium fuel. We use radiography to diagnose the symmetry and the hydrodynamics of the implosion. At the OMEGA laser at LLE, we point 40 beams in an offset geometry to implode the doube shell target and use the remaining 20 beams to perform radiography from two different directions. This is the first measurement of such a collision in a spherical geometry and is of great interest to the verification of the code we used. In this work we will present the first measurement of the time history of a collision of two spherical shells in a double shell capsule.
Pulse-shaping in low-noise nuclear amplifiers: A physical approach to noise analysis☆

Analysis of the relative noise performance of many types of pulse-shaping systems is discussed in terms of recent work on noise analysis. The simplicity of the method, and its direct connection to physical processes, is stressed. Applications of the technique to time-variant as well as time-invariant systems are illustrated.
Librarianship, education and service

Abstract Virtually all aspects of all library functions are going through a period of change, but a few contrasts between and among Western countries persist. First, decentralization to allow for regional initiatives and traditions persists at the risk of inhibiting growth of integrated national systems, especially in Europe. However, coordinating agencies to affect national and international exchanges are growing, and education for professional staff is receiving more attention in Europe. Second, library staff are more often bureaucratic than professional on the continent, as compared with the United States and the United Kingdom. Third, technology is adapted and adopted most often and most intensively in libraries serving medicine, science, and technology in all countries. Fourth, information privacy and sharing information continue to be major policy issues for all. There are other problems explored in this paper that affect the status of libraries everywhere and underlie the contrasts found at all levels of technological development across national boundaries and across types of libraries: 1. (1) The need for national and international levels of information policies. 2. (2) The need to identify the components of information science that are library-related. 3. (3) The identification of the role of libraries in the changing information environment. Resolution of these three problems will enhance national and regional distinctions, which should allow for more effective library services on all political levels.
Immunolocalization of proliferating cells in the rabbit iliac artery after balloon angioplasty.

PURPOSE Experiments were performed to characterize the location of proliferating cells in the balloon-dilated rabbit iliac artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Balloon angioplasty was performed on the external iliac arteries in each of four rabbits. The arteries were removed 3 days later, frozen, cryosectioned, and immunostained with Ki-67, an antibody that identifies proliferating cells. The sections were then examined to determine the patterns of cell proliferation within the arterial media and the ratio of proliferating to nonproliferating cells. RESULTS Of the 31 arterial cross-sections examined, cell proliferation was circumferential in five (16%), and focal in 26 (84%). Of the 86 foci of proliferation examined within the 31 cross-sections, proliferation was localized to the inner media in 30 (35%), to the outer media in four (5%), and was transmural in 52 (60%). The internal elastica lamina (IEL) appeared normal at 22 foci (26%), but appeared stretched or torn at 64 (74%). Proliferation was usually confined to the inner media at foci having no IEL injury (18 of 22; 82%), but was most often transmural where the IEL was stretched or torn (49 of 64; 77%). The ratio of proliferating to nonproliferating cells, which averaged 0.31 ± .20, was greater ( P CONCLUSION These results suggest that angioplasty-induced cell proliferation is typically focal rather than circumferential and is associated with stretching or tearing of the IEL.
Update on consultation-liaison psychiatry (psychosomatic medicine).

Purpose of reviewCurrent issues in consultation–liaison psychiatry, which is now labeled psychosomatic medicine as a formal subspecialty by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, are discussed.Recent findingsThere is continued interest in how to best manage depression and anxiety in a prima
Smart adaptive array antennas for wireless communcations

Smart adaptive antenna technology is considered to be the last technology frontier that has the potential of leading to large increases in systems performance. Time domain techniques have been extensively exploited. Space domain techniques, on the other hand, have not been exploited to the same extent. When applied to wireless, the benefits of smart adaptive array a antennas are as follows: (i) increased covered, which is important in the early stages of life cycle, (ii) increased capacity, which is important in the later stages of life cycle, (iii) improved link quality, (iv) reduced costs and increased return on investment, (v) lower handset power consumption, and (vi) assistance in user location by means of direction finding. This paper discusses an experimental neural network based smart antenna capable of performing direction finding and the necessary beamforming. The Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) algorithm is used for both tasks and for multiple signals. The algorithm operates in two stages. The field of view of the antenna array is divided into spatial sectors, then each network is trained in the first stage to detect signals emanating from sources in that sector. According to the outputs of the first stage, one or more networks of the second stage can be activated so as to estimate the exact location of the sources. No a priori knowledge is required about the number of sources, and the networks can be designed to arbitrary angular resolution. Some experimental results are shown and compared with other algorithms, such as, the Fourier Transform and the MUSIC algorithm. The comparisons show the superior performance of the RBFNN and its ability to overcome many limitations of the conventional and other superresolution techniques, specifically by reducing the computational complexity and the ability to deal with a large number of sources.
What is Valuable and Unique about the Educational Psychologist

This paper describes a small‐scale piece of research identifying which aspects of the EP role are considered valuable by SENCos and by EPs themselves. In addition, both groups were asked to identify whether they felt these aspects were uniquely offered by EPs or whether other professionals offered similar or identical services. The differences between responses from SENCos and from EPs were marked, with SENCos valuing ‘traditional’ EP roles while EPs themselves saw a much wider range of services as valuable to schools. Implications for the EP team in addressing these conflicting perspectives are discussed.
Ceramic/metal interface structures and their relationship to atomic- and meso-scale properties

Ceramic/metal interfaces have vast technological significance and are used in a variety of applications. This has prompted a concerted effort to develop fundamental structure/property relationships for these structures. This article critically reviews recent advances in complementary experimental and theoretical studies of ceramic/metal interfaces to provide an overview of progress made towards developing these relationships. In particular, the focus is on the structure, characterization, and modeling of non-reactive, bulk ceramic/metal interfaces. This includes determining interface atomic structure and chemistry and investigating impurity segregation to the interfaces. Additionally, the most important advances in the experimental and theoretical modeling of interfacial structure and chemistry are reviewed and comments are provided on the future outlook of this field.
English Learning Styles of Students from East Asian Countries: A Focus on Reading Strategies.

Little research has been done to investigate the influence of cultural differences on students’ second/foreign language learning styles, with a focus on comparing between East and West classroom cultures. This study investigates the differences that East Asian students may encounter when studying in the English-medium academic environment. By interviewing 20 graduate students pursuing degree in the US, some differences between East and West classroom cultures are revealed and the pedagogical implications for both teachers and researchers are provided.
The regulation of investigational drugs.

THE search for effective drugs to combat the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has focused renewed attention on the process by which the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) regulates the...
Control of IgE antibody production by suppressor substances.

The incidence of diagnosed allergies and allergic disease-related problems is certainly not decreasing by any means. Moreover, despite enormous technological advances in many areas of modem science, the therapeutic alternatives offered to allergic patients today are not that much better than those offered ten years ago. Understanding, in every detail, the controlling mechanism(s) regulating IgE antibody production is the goal that must be reached in order to permit development of new therapeutic approaches that are, at the same time, comprehensive, effective, and safe for use in a variety of human allergic diseases in which the IgE antibody system plays an important pathogenetic role. Our own involvement in studies of this system has left us with the strong impression that detailed knowledge of the regulatory phenomena controlling responses of the IgE antibody class could very well shed valuable insights on the nature of genetic, cellular, and molecular regulatory events governing the general immune system, in addition to furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology of allergic states. Moreover, it is our optimistic belief that we are rapidly approaching a new threshold in our understanding of the mechanisms controlling allergic responses such that in the very near future we may be able to offer more effective modes of therapy for alleviation of many allergic disorders. In this presentation, an overview will be given of the modem concepts of the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling IgE antibody production, at
Impaired chronotropic and vasodilator reserves limit exercise capacity in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction.

Background— Nearly half of patients with heart failure have a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Symptoms of exercise intolerance and dyspnea are most often attributed to diastolic dysfunction; however, impaired systolic and/or arterial vasodilator reserve under stress could also play an important role. Methods and Results— Patients with HFpEF (n=17) and control subjects without heart failure (n=19) generally matched for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy underwent maximal-effort upright cycle ergometry with radionuclide ventriculography to determine rest and exercise cardiovascular function. Resting cardiovascular function was similar between the 2 groups. Both had limited exercise capacity, but this was more profoundly reduced in HFpEF patients (exercise duration 180±71 versus 455±184 seconds; peak oxygen consumption 9.0±3.4 versus 14.4±3.4 mL · kg−1 · min−1; both P<0.001). At matched low-level workload, HFpEF subjects displayed ≈40%...
Structural Contributions to Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity

Synaptic ultrastructure is critical to many basic hypotheses about synaptic transmission. Various aspects of synaptic ultrastructure have also been implicated in the mechanisms of short-term plasticity. These forms of plasticity can greatly affect synaptic strength during ongoing activity. We review the evidence for how synaptic ultrastructure may contribute to facilitation, depletion, saturation, and desensitization.
Physical and Microscopic Characterization of Dry Whole Milk with Altered Lactose Content. 2. Effect of Lactose Crystallization

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lactose crystallization on the structural characteristics of spray-dried whole milk powders with altered lactose concentration. Two methods of powder preparation (conventional spray drying and postdrying crystallization) and four nominal lactose concentrations (0, 30, 50, and 70%) were considered. Postdrying crystallization of lactose by exposure to high relative humidity increased free fat content and particle density, reduced surface area and vacuole volume, formed new pores, and caused particle accretion.
Chromosomal aberrations and hprt mutant frequencies in long-term American thorotrast survivors.

Purpose : Patients injected with thorotrast, a radiologic contrast medium used from the 1920s to early 1950s, received chronic internal exposure to thorium-232, an α -emitter. Epidemiologic studies have observed markedly elevated risks of death from hepatic and hematologic cancers and extensive chromosomal damage among these patients. Few investigations have correlated multiple measures of genetic damage to determine whether these have independent induction kinetics. The distribution of chromosomal aberrations (CA) and mutant frequencies (MF) at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus was evaluated in eight long-term thorotrast survivors (mean exposure time = 47.4 years) and five individuals who received a nonradioactive contrast medium during the same era. Materials and methods : Peripheral blood lymphocytes were harvested from whole blood, CA were scored in 500 complete metaphases and a clonal assay was used to determine hprt MF. Symmetrical aberrations were not evaluated. Differences in...
Simulating quantum transport in nanoscale MOSFETs: ballistic hole transport, subband engineering and boundary conditions

We present a modeling scheme for simulating ballistic hole transport in thin-body fully depleted silicon-on-insulator pMOSFETs. The scheme includes all of the quantum effects associated with hole confinement and also accounts for valence band nonparabolicity approximately. This simulator is used to examine the effects of hole quantization on device performance by simulating a thin (1.5-nm) and thick (5-nm) body double-gated pMOSFET in the ballistic limit. Two-dimensional electrostatic effects such as drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) and off-equilibrium transport are emphasized as part of this study. The effect of channel orientation on the device performance is examined by simulating pMOSFETs with channels directed along and . Simulated device characteristics for identical nMOSFETs and pMOSFETs are compared in order to explore the effects of subband engineering on CMOS technology. Novel floating boundary conditions used in simulating ballistic transport are highlighted and discussed.
Flexible, Lightweight Arrays of Microcavity Plasma Devices: Control of Cavity Geometry in Thin Substrates

Adaptation of wet chemical processing or replica molding techniques to microcavity plasma device technology has yielded lightweight and flexible arrays in the Al/Al2O3 materials system and plastic substrates, respectively. Microplasma arrays fabricated from two bonded sections of Al mesh with an integral dielectric barrier of nanoporous alumina have an overall thickness of <100 mum, resulting in lamps that are flexible and conformable to a variety of surfaces. Operating these arrays in both flat and curved configurations reveals few changes to the voltage-current characteristics but a reduction of a factor of two in the luminance of curved or bent structures relative to that for a flat array. Truncated paraboloid cavities have also been formed in 30-70-mum-thick Al foil by a sequence of wet chemical processes. Microcavities with an emitting aperture diameter as small as 50 mum have been realized, and arrays comprising 104 cavities exhibit ignition voltages of ~140-150 V (rms) for Ne pressures between 400 and 700 torr and a 20-kHz sinusoidal voltage waveform. Mixtures of Ne and Xe with Xe content up to 67% have been operated successfully. Ignition voltages of only 70-90 V (rms) have been measured for 30 times 30 arrays of 200 times 200-mum2 microcavities formed in ultraviolet curable polymer by replica molding and operating in 400-600 torr of Ne. For 3% N2/Ar mixtures at total pressures of 400-700 torr, the ignition voltages rise to ~150-220 VRMS for a driving frequency of 20 kHz, the array emission is spatially uniform, and rms currents above 85 mA can be drawn in the steady state by these plastic-based arrays.
Recognition of Left Atrial Aneurysm by Fetal Echocardiography

A fetus was noted to have a mediastinal mass on prenatal ultrasound. Fetal echocardiography at 26 weeks of gestation demonstrated a large cystic structure adjacent to the left atrium and left ventricle (Figure 1⇓). The baby was born full term. Echocardiography revealed a large, thin-walled aneurysm (3×3 cm) lateral to the left atrium and communicating with it through an orifice posterior to the base of the left atrial appendage. As determined by MRI, this aneurysm extended from the transverse aortic arch to the cardiac apex (Figure 2 …
Comparing Survey Results of Volunteer and Randomly-Selected Subjects:

Based on research on nonresponse bias summarized by Rosenthal and Rosnow in 1975, the researchers hypothesized that responses from the 43% of college students who voluntarily returned surveys of st...
Discontinuation of thyroid hormone treatment among children in the United States with congenital hypothyroidism: findings from health insurance claims data

Background: Thyroid hormone treatment in children with congenital hypothyroidism can prevent intellectual disability. Guidelines recommend that children diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism through newborn screening remain on treatment to at least 3 years of age, after which a trial off therapy can determine which children have transient hypothyroidism. The purpose of this study was to describe the rate at which children with congenital hypothyroidism in the United States discontinue thyroid hormone treatment in early childhood. Methods: Retrospective analysis of the 2002-2006 MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters research databases and the 2001-2005 MarketScan Multi-State Medicaid databases. Children were classified as having congenital hypothyroidism based on billing codes and having filled a prescription for thyroid hormone treatment. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis was used to determine discontinuation rates. Results: There were a total of 412 Medicaid-enrolled children and 292 privately-insured children with presumed congenital hypothyroidism included in this study. The overall birth prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism across both datasets was about 1 per 2,300. By 36 months, the percentage who had discontinued thyroid replacement treatment was 38% (95% Confidence Interval: 32%-44%). Medicaid-enrolled children had a more rapid decline in the first 24 months of treatment compared to those with private insurance (P = 0.02). Conclusions: More than one-third of children treated for congenital hypothyroidism discontinued treatment within 36 months, which is inconsistent with current guidelines. It is not known how many of these children required continued treatment or experience adverse effects from discontinuation. These findings emphasize the critical need for follow-up systems to monitor the outcome of newborn screening.
Sulfite-dependent mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene derivatives

Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are ubiquitous air pollutants and are also components of tobacco smoke. Although SO2 itself is not carcinogenic, concurrent administration with BP results in enhancement of respiratory tract tumorigenesis. In biological systems, SO2 exists as its hydrated form, sulfite (SO3(2-) ). Sulfite readily undergoes autoxidation, generating potent oxidant species. When 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP-7,8-diol) is included in sulfite autoxidation mixtures it is converted to more polar products, most notably 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrenes (BP tetraols). This implies the intermediacy of 7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy- 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-benzo[a]pyrenes (BPDE). We report here the sulfite-dependent conversion of BP-7,8-diol to forms highly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 98. This activation is observed at BP-7,8-diol concentrations of from 2 to 40 microM and at sulfite concentrations of from 0.5 to 10 mM. In the presence of 10 microM BP-7,8-diol, half-maximal activation is observed at 1.6 mM sulfite. Sulfite itself is neither toxic nor mutagenic to the bacteria under these conditions. The time course of the activation of BP-7,8-diol and its sensitivity to inhibition by antioxidants indicate a requirement for sulfite autoxidation. These data further support the sulfite-dependent epoxidation of BP-7,8-diol. Not only does sulfite convert this promutagen to its active mutagenic form, sulfite also enhances the mutagenic activity of BP diolepoxides toward the tester strain. The reversion frequency in response to 0.1-0.5 microM anti-BPDE is increased by up to 33% in the presence of 1 mM sulfite, and by up to 270% with 10 mM sulfite. The mechanism of this enhancement of anti-BPDE activity is not known, but could be related to inhibition of the glutathione-S-transferase system which has been previously reported for sulfite. These results are discussed in regard to the noted cocarcinogenicity of sulfur dioxide for BP.