cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer Acceptance of a Ready-to-Eat Meal during Storage as Evaluated with a Home-Use Test.

A home-use test (HUT) is one method that provides a measure of ecological validity as the product is consumed in home under common daily use circumstances. One product that benefits from being evaluated in-home are ready-to-eat (RTE) meals. This study determined consumer acceptance of microwave-thermally-pasteurized jambalaya, a multi-meat and vegetable dish from American Cajun cuisine, and a control (cooked frozen jambalaya) through an on-line home-use test (HUT) over a 12-week storage period. Paralleling the HUT, an online auction determined consumers’ willingness to pay. The study also explored how the social environment may impact the liking of the meals when a partner of the participants joined the sensory evaluation of the meals. Consumers (n = 50) evaluated microwave-processed jambalaya stored at 2 °C and a control (cooked frozen jambalaya stored at −31 °C) after 2, 8 and 12 weeks of storage. Consumer liking of different sensory attributes was measured. Participants could choose to share the meals with a partner as a way to enhance ecological validity. The responses from 21 partners to the sensory-related questions were collected. After the sensory evaluation, the participants bid on the meal they had just sampled. Results showed that processing method (microwave vs. control) did not significantly influence the measured sensory attributes. Only flavor liking decreased over storage time (p < 0.05). The inclusion of partners significantly increased (p = 0.04) the liking of the appearance of the meals. The mean values of the bids for the meals ranged from $3.33–3.74, matching prices of commercially available jambalaya meals. This study found suggests that the shelf- life of microwave-processed meals could be extended up to 12 weeks without changing its overall liking. The study also shows the importance of exploring HUT methodology for the evaluation of consumers’ acceptance of microwave-processed jambalaya and how including a partner could contribute to enhance ecological validity.
LINGUISTIC MEANS OF REPRESENTING COGNITIVE STRUCTURES IN A TEXT (BASED ON ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASES IN THE TEXT OF AN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE PATENT)

В статье исследуется роль языковых структур в организации когнитивных процессов. Текст рассматривается в когнитивном аспекте как способ передачи, формирования и хранения знания. В качестве источников материала выбран патентный текст, как наиболее яркий представитель текстов, связанных с формированием нового знания. Утверждается, что формой репрезентации когнитивных структур являются языковые структуры, при этом существует реальная связь между конкретными элементами знания и конкретными языковыми средствами. Основным объектом исследования стали атрибутивные словосочетания, которые являются характерным признаком текста патента, что объясняется способностью данной языковой единицы служить удобной формой номинации элементов сложного понятия, формирование которого является основной коммуникативно-прагматического задачей автора патентного текста. В статье рассматриваются базовые когнитивные структуры и исследуются основные структурные типы атрибутивных словосочетаний, которые служат для репрезентации указанных когнитивных структур. Для анализа выбранного материала использован аргументно-предикатный аппарат, который обеспечивает простоту и удобство формы упорядочения материала. В самую большую группу выделены словосочетания, которые представляют когнитивную структуру, образованную соотнесением предмета и признака, которым данный предмет проявляет себя в реальной действительности, то есть служит его атрибутом. В рамках большой группы выделяется несколько подгрупп. При анализе характерных для технических текстов конструкций с существительным в роли определения рассматривается особая роль логико-предметных отношений. Отмечается, что положение объекта в логико-предметной области влияет на то, каким образом употребляется обозначающее его словосочетание – как расчлененная номинация или цельнономинативно. При анализе словосочетаний, в состав которых входят причастия, внимание уделено объектно-субъектным отношениям. Отдельно рассматриваются словосочетания, в которых определение выражено предложным оборотом. На основе анализа базовых структур исследованы случаи усложнения конструкций. Делается вывод о том, что в словосочетании, представляющем сложную конфигурацию признаков, наблюдается иерархичность структуры, причем более высокий уровень в иерархии занимают признаки, реализующие ядро информационного потенциала.
Potential impact of oral flora dispersal on patients wearing face masks when undergoing ophthalmologic procedures.

Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of oral flora dispersion towards the ocular surface in relation to various face mask scenarios. Methods and analysis Thirty participants were recruited for this prospective cross-sectional study. Each participant was seated and instructed to hold a blood agar plate perpendicular to the bridge of their nose and facing downward. Participants then partook in three unique face mask scenarios: no face mask, surgical face mask and surgical face mask with tape securing the superior edge. During each scenario, participants were instructed to forcefully exhale for 5 s three times. The primary outcome measure was the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) grown on each face mask scenario-specific plate. Results Thirty participants were recruited for the study, and a total of 90 chocolate agar plates were successfully incubated. The proportion of detecting any CFU was 6.67% (95% CI: 0.818% to 22.1%) for no mask scenario, 0% (95% CI: 0% to 11.6%) for mask scenario and 3.33% (95% CI: 0.0844% to 17.2%) for mask-taped scenario. The mean differences in proportion of detecting any CFU were 3.33% (95% CI: 0% to 10%, p=0.309) for no mask versus mask taped, 3.35% (95% CI: 0% to 10%, p=0.307) for mask taped versus mask and 6.68% (95% CI: 0% to 16.7%, p=0.142) for no mask versus mask. Conclusion This study showed no difference in bacterial dispersion towards the ocular surface when comparing no face mask, a surgical face mask without tape or a surgical face mask with tape.
Two New Unbiased Point Estimates Of A Population Variance

Two new unbiased point estimates of an unknown population variance are introduced. They are compared to three known estimates using the mean-square error (MSE). A computer program, which is available for download at http://program.20m.com, is developed for performing calculations for the estimates.
Digital Dossiers and the Dissipation of Fourth Amendment Privacy

In this article, Professor Solove examines the increasing information flow from the private sector to the government, especially in light of the response to September 11, 2001. In today's Information Age, private sector entities are gathering an unprecedented amount of personal information about individuals, and the data is increasingly being accessed by government law enforcement officials. This government information gathering takes place outside the bounds of the Fourth Amendment, since the Supreme Court held in Smith v. Maryland and United States v. Miller that the Fourth Amendment does not apply to records held by third parties. Law enforcement officials can, with little restriction or judicial oversight, assemble what amounts to a digital dossier about a person by obtaining the personal details aggregated by various banks, businesses, websites, employers, ISPs, and other entities. On the other hand, access to information held by third parties is often critical to effective law enforcement. In light of the growing amount of personal data held by the private sector in the Information Age, to what extent should the government be restricted in its gathering of personal data from the private sector? In the void left by the Fourth Amendment, a series of statutes regulate government access to third party records, but this regime is woefully inadequate and ineffective. Reversing Smith and Miller will not work; the problem is far too complicated. Professor Solove explains why these solutions fail, and he proposes a new and far-reaching solution.
Deformation twinning in DO3-ordered Fe3Al alloys

Deformation twins in DO[sub 3]-ordered Fe[sub 3]Al alloys have been observed. The observed twin bands are identified as the 2.2[sup T] pseudotwin mode with K[sub 1] = ([bar 2][bar 1][bar 1]), [eta][sub 1] = [[bar 1]11], K[sub 2] = ([bar 2]11), [eta][sub 2] = [[bar 1][bar 1][bar 1]]. The possible deformation twinning modes for the DO[sub 3] superlattice are tabulated, and the 2.2[sup T] pseudotwin mode is shown to be the most likely twinning mode to be operative.
Induction of Cellular Morphogenesis in Myxococcus xanthus I. General Description

Dworkin, Martin (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis), and William Sadler. Induction of cellular morphogenesis in Myxococcus xanthus. I. General description. J. Bacteriol. 91:1516–1519. 1966.—The details of a process for converting vegetative rods of Myxococcus xanthus to microcysts rapidly (120 min), quantitatively, and synchronously are presented. The conversion is induced by 0.5 m glycerol. On the basis of a number of morphological and physiological parameters, the microcysts thus produced are identical with those produced within fruiting bodies. Microcyst formation requires Mg++ or Ca++ and aeration, and is considerably stimulated by the presence of the growth medium. The process is reversible, by the removal of the inducer, and will take place only with exponentially growing cells. Mutants unable to form microcysts have been isolated. These are also deficient in their ability to form fruiting bodies.
Enumerating Markov Equivalence Classes of Acyclic Digraph Models

Graphical Markov models determined by acyclic digraphs (ADGs), also called directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), are widely studied in statistics, computer science (as Bayesian networks), operations research (as influence diagrams), and many related fields. Because different ADGs may determine the same Markov equivalence class, it long has been of interest to determine the efficiency gained in model specification and search by working directly with Markov equivalence classes of ADGs rather than with ADGs themselves. A computer program was written to enumerate the equivalence classes of ADG models as specified by Pearl & Verma's equivalence criterion. The program counted equivalence classes for models up to and including 10 vertices. The ratio of numbers of classes to ADGs appears to approach an asymptote of about 0.267. Classes were analyzed according to number of edges and class size. By edges, the distribution of number of classes approaches a Gaussian shape. By class size, classes of size 1 are most common, with the proportions for larger sizes initially decreasing but then following a more irregular pattern. The maximum number of classes generated by any undirected graph was found to increase approximately factorially. The program also includes a new variation of orderly algorithm for generating undirected graphs.
Factors Affecting Bilirubin Excretion in Patients With Cholesterol Or Pigment Gallstones

To identify factors affecting bilirubin excretion, the effects of bile flow and bile salt excretion on bilirubin output into bile have been examined in normobilirubinemic, cholecystectomized patients with balloon-occludable, reinfusion T-tubes, 8 patients with cholesterol (CS) and 2 with pigment (PS) gallstones. Another patient with pigment gallstones, sickle cell disease (SS), and stable jaundice was studied to examine the mechanism by which an increased bilirubin load was excreted. Total bilirubin was almost entirely conjugated and excretion was related linearly to bile salt excretion in PS and CS subjects; one-third of bilirubin excretion was bile salt independent and two-thirds was bile salt associated. In the SS patient 90% of the bilirubin excretion was independent of bile salt output. In PS and CS patients, bilirubin output was linearly related to bile flow, but the SS patient showed significant bilirubin excretion at low flow rates. CS and PS patients had similar patterns of bilirubin excretion, but the increased bilirubin load in the SS patient was excreted entirely independently of bile salts. In the SS patient, unconjugated bilirubin output was hyperbolically related to bile salt output and represented a maximum of 3% of the total bilirubin output. The bile salt-independent excretion of conjugated bilirubin suggests that micelles were not required for transport into bile; whereas the hyperbolic relationship for unconjugated bilirubin and bile salt output, similar to that of the micellar lipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids, suggests interaction with micelles.
Plato on the rhetoric of philosophers and sophists

1. Introduction 2. Elements of Gorgianic rhetoric and the forensic genre in Plato's Apology 3. The rhetoric of socratic questioning in the Protagoras 4. The competition between philosophy and rhetoric in the Gorgias 5. The dialectical development of the philosopher and sophist in the Republic 6. Philosophers, sophists, and strangers in the Sophist 7. Love and rhetoric in Plato's Phaedrus.
Book review: Natural Language Generation in Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics Edited by Cecile L. Paris, William R. Swartout, and William C. Mann (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht,1990)

This book is a selection of papers presented at the Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Generation, held in Catalina, California in July of 1988. If there is a central theme to this compilation of articles, it is that natural language generators are no longer relatively straightforward, mechanistic translators which produce text from an internal representation language. Rather, state-of-the-art theories of generation look very much like theories of planning. Many analogies can be made between the generation process and hierarchical planning. The first level of planning in most systems corresponds to the selection of an overall discourse structure. As planning continues, lexical selection is analogous to the task of operator selection. Each lexical choice imposes constraints on the rest of the "plan" which restrict further choices.
Integrating Nominal and Structural Subtyping

Nominal and structural subtyping each have their own strengths and weaknesses. Nominal subtyping allows programmers to explicitly express design intent, and, when types are associated with run time tags, enables run-time type tests and external method dispatch. On the other hand, structural subtyping is flexible and compositional, allowing unanticipated reuse. To date, nearly all object-oriented languages fully support one subtyping paradigm or the other. In this paper, we describe a core calculus for a language that integrates the key aspects of nominal and structural subtyping in a unified framework. We have also merged the flexibility of structural subtyping with statically typechecked external methods, a novel combination. We prove type safety for this language and illustrate its practical utility through examples that are not easily expressed in other languages. Our work provides a clean foundation for the design of future languages that enjoy the benefits of both nominal and structural subtyping.
The abdominal approach to cystourethrocele repair.

Abstract A technique for repairing real or potential cystoceles and urethroceles from above at the time of otherwise necessary abdominal exploration has been described and discussed. The application of this technique and its surgical indications are commented upon. The surgical failures are described in detail and the limitations of the technique defined.
Individual differences in restrained eaters

This research examines three major research questions: 1) the role of impulsivity and emotional intelligence in restrained eaters’ behaviors, 2) if menu calorie labeling will be utilized by restrained eaters to make healthier eating decisions, and 3) if mindful eating can effectively alter a restrained eater’s behavior. Specifically study one examines the role of impulsivity and emotional intelligence in restrained eaters’ behavior. Previous research has found restrained eaters to have less healthy eating behaviors than unrestrained eaters. Emotional intelligence has been shown to result in healthier eating behaviors, whereas impulsivity negatively impacts eating behavior. Results show impulsivity does not moderate the relationship between restraint and unhealthy eating behaviors in this data. More restraint was associated with higher BMI. Restrained eaters are characterized as having episodes of disinhibited eating, which result in weight gain despite constant dieting. Increased emotional intelligence was associated with higher BMI and a higher number of calories selected. Further, increased impulsivity was associated with a higher number of calories selected as well. Results also indicate that the three commonly used measures of restraint yielded similar results when used separately in the model, indicating they measure the same construct. The Herman and Polivy (1980) restraint scale showed two interaction effects that the Eating Inventory (formerly Three Factor Eating Questionnaire) and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire did not.
Implementation of digital fixed-point approximations to continuous-time IIR filters

An analytical framework for the implementation of digital infinite impulse response filters in fixed-point hardware on FPGAs is presented. It presumes that a continuous-time filter with the desired response is given. Within the framework, the constant coefficient bit widths are determined by accounting for the sensitivity of the filter's pole and zero locations with respect to the coefficient perturbations. The internal signal bit widths are determined by calculating theoretical bounds on the ranges of the signals, and on the errors introduced by truncation in the fixed-point hardware. The bounds form the basis for a methodology for the fixed-point digital implementation of a given continuous-time filter. The methodology avoids overflow, and guarantees a prescribed degree of accuracy in the filter output. The methodology is applied to a second-order filter used as a compensator in a magnetic bearing control system.
Phosphorylation of platelet myosin increases actin-activated myosin ATPase activity.

HUMAN platelet myosin, which is similar to other myosins isolated from non-muscle cells, has a molecular weight of 460,000 and is composed of two heavy chains (200,000) and two different light chains (20,000 and 15,000)1–3. The 20,000 light chain can be phosphorylated by a kinase endogenous to human platelets3. This enzyme, which has been isolated and partially purified4, transfers 32P from γ-32P-ATP to the 20,000 light chain of platelet myosin in the presence of Mg2+. So far, the biological significance of this phosphorylation has been unknown, but we report here that phosphorylation of platelet myosin results in an increase in the actin-activated myosin ATPase activity measured at low ionic strength. Dephosphorylation of phosphorylated myosin results in a decrease in the actin-activated ATPase activity.
Development and evaluation of bend‐testing techniques for flexible‐display applications

Abstract— Two different approaches to automated bend testing of flexible substrates for display applications were implemented and characterized: a conventional collapsing radius geometry and a novel technique called the “X-Y-θ” geometry. Indium tin oxide (ITO) coated polymer substrates were used to compare the performance of the two automated systems by in-situ electrical-resistance measurements. Manual bending on fixed-diameter mandrels was used to help interpret the results. The advantages and drawbacks of the two systems for providing information of practical use to flexible display R&D are discussed.
Transaxillary gasless robotic thyroid surgery with nerve monitoring: initial two experince in a North American center.

AbstractMinimally invasive thyroid surgery using various techniques is well described. The present study reviews our initial experience with the technique with added intraoperative monitoring to assess its safety and feasibility. The study group consisted of ten consecutive patients with suspicious thyroid nodules who were candidates for thyroid lobectomy from September to December 2009. All patients underwent intraoperative nerve integrity monitoring and postoperative direct laryngoscopy. The patients' demographic information, operative times, learning curve, complications, and postoperative hospital stay were evaluated. All procedures were successfully completed with intraoperative nerve monitoring. No cases were converted to an open procedure. The median age was 38.5 years (σ = 13.5) and nine of the ten patients were females. The mean operating time was 131 minutes (range 101–203 minutes) and the mean operating time with the da Vinci system was 55 minutes. All patients were discharged home after an ove...
Distance-regular graphs with girth 3 or 4: I

We study the structure of a distance-regular graph Γ with girth 3 or 4. First, we find some relationships among the intersection numbers of Γ when Γ contains a cycle {u1, u2, u3, u4} with ∂(u1, u3) = ∂(u2, u4) = 2. These relationships imply the diameter d, valency k, and intersection numbers a1 and cd of Γ are related by d ≤ (k + cd)(a1 + 2). Next, we show subgraphs induced by vertex neighbourhoods in distance-regular graphs where cycles mentioned above do not exist are related to certain strongly regular graphs.
Magnetic Design Aspects of the Trans-Rotary Magnetic Gear

This paper studies several magnetic design aspects of the trans-rotary magnetic gear (TROMAG). The TROMAG is a magnetic device that converts linear motion to rotation, and vice versa, through magnetic field while doing a gearing action. This means that a high-force, low-speed translation can be converted to a high-speed low-torque rotation. Once coupled with a conventional rotary machine, the resultant system may be used as a compact electromechanical motion system for high-force linear-motion applications, such as wave energy conversion. The paper investigates the magnetic design of the TROMAG by means of either two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA), or an accurate analytical model. The impact of nonideal discretized helix and dimensions of magnets and air gap are investigated, as well as scaling rules of the TROMAG and the possibility of demagnetization. Experimental results obtained from a lab prototype are also presented to verify the concept and analysis.
Job search, wage offers, and unemployment insurance☆

Abstract Several previous studies have estimated that unemployment insurance (UI) causes an increase in the duration of unemployment and have concluded from this that UI raises reservation wages. However, job-search theory implies that UI can also affect duration through its impact on job offer arrival rates and/or through an impact on wage offers. In this paper we attempt to identify these possible additional effects using survey data on a sample of unemployed individuals. Like previous studies, we find that UI significantly increases unemployment duration. However, part of this effect is estimated to stem from a decrease in the offer arrival rate as well as from a higher reservation wage.
Tribological and dry machining evaluation of superhard TiB2/TiC multilayer coatings deposited on Si(001), M2 steel, and C3 WC cutting tool inserts using magnetron sputtering

Abstract TiB 2 /TiC multilayer coatings were synthesized in a dual-cathode unbalanced magnetron sputter–deposition system with substrate rotation. Our previous research has demonstrated that all coatings on M2 steel are polycrystalline with TiB 2 (001) preferred orientation and have a layer structure. Compressive stress in these coatings is less than 2 GPa, with hardness up to 60 GPa, which corresponds to 100% hardness enhancement over the rule-of-mixture value. This paper concentrates on the tribological and dry machining evaluation of these coatings. Coatings were deposited on Si(001), polished M2 steel, and C3 WC cutting tool inserts. From dry block-on-ring tribotesting, the 3:0.5 multilayer (i.e., the layer thickness is 3.0 nm for TiB 2 and 0.5 nm for TiC) coating provides four times improvement in wear resistance over the uncoated M2 steel substrate. In addition, dry machining was performed using AISI 1018 steel and 319 aluminum alloy cylindrical workpieces. Monolithic TiB 2 and 3:1 multilayer coatings (i.e., the layer thickness is 3.0 nm for TiB 2 and 1.0 nm for TiC) have the best performance: the flank wear was reduced by about a factor of ten compared with the uncoated tool after a cutting distance of 600 m. Results from cutting force measurements demonstrate that as far as dry machining is concerned, there is no direct correlation among cutting forces, room-temperature hardness, and flank wear. In dry machining of aluminum, the carbide tool deposited with the 3:1 multilayer, unlike other tools, has negligible buildup on the rake face. This results in better and more consistent surface finish of the final workpiece and less likelihood for premature tool breakage.
Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy

Complications during laser lithotripsy include optical fiber bending failure resulting in endoscope damage and low irrigation rates leading to poor visibility. Both problems are related to fiber diameter and limited by the Holmium:YAG laser (λ = 2120 nm) multimode beam profile. This study exploits the Thulium fiber laser (λ = 1908 nm) beam profile for higher power transmission through smaller fibers. Thulium fiber laser radiation with 1-ms pulse duration, pulse rates of 10-30 Hz, and 70-μm-diameter spot was coupled into silica fibers with 100, 150, and 200 μm core diameters. Fiber transmission, bending, and endoscope irrigation tests were performed. Damage thresholds for 100, 150, 200 μm fibers averaged 40 W, 60 W, and > 80 W. Irrigation rates measured 35, 26, and 15 ml/min for no fiber, 100, and 200 μm fibers. Thulium fiber laser energy of 70-mJ delivered at 20 Hz through a 100 μm fiber resulted in vaporization and fragmentation rates of 10 and 60 mg/min for uric acid stones. The Thulium fiber laser beam profile provides higher laser power through smaller fibers than the Ho:YAG laser, potentially reducing fiber failure and endoscope damage and allowing greater irrigation rates for improved visibility.
Reductive Dechlorination of Trichloroethene Mediated by Humic−Metal Complexes

Experiments were conducted to determine if transition metal−humic acid complexes can act as e- transfer mediators in the reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene (TCE) using Ti(III) citrate as the bulk reductant. In the presence of Ni−Aldrich humic acid (AHA) complexes, TCE reduction was rapid, with complete removal of TCE in less than 23 h. Cu−AHA complexes were less effective as e- mediators than Ni−AHA complexes; only 60% of TCE was reduced after 150 h. Partially dechlorinated intermediates were observed during TCE reduction; however, they were transitory, and at no time accounted for more than 2% of the initial TCE mass on a mole C basis. Ethane and ethene were the primary end products of TCE reduction; however, a suite of other non-chlorinated hydrocarbons consisting of methane and C3 to C6 alkanes and alkenes were also observed. The results suggest that humic−metal complexes may represent a previously unrecognized class of electron mediators in natural environments.
Application of pattern evoked potential techniques for evaluating infant perceptual systems.

Abstract An eyoked potential (EP) test was developed to aid in the diagnostic evaluation of a 16-week-old infant of initially unknown pathology and degree of perceptual deficit. Patterned stimuli were presented at two repetition rates to challenge the infant's visual and auditory information processing capabilities. The data were compared to those obtained from a “normal” infant of the same age and sex and, where possible, to normative population data. The EP data indicated the following: (1) the “suspect” infant's occipital response to visual pattern was abnormal in terms of waveform characteristics and in the relationship of its amplitude to spatial frequency of pattern; (2) in comparing brain response to 1 Hz and 6 Hz stimulation rates, the “suspect” infant's occipital EPs were abnormally attenuated for the faster presentation rate when a patterned visual display was part of the stimulus complex; (3) an auditory speech sound produced equivalent EP effects in both infants. These data indicated that the ...
Asymptotic Behavior of Two-Sample Tests Based on Powers of Ranks for Detecting Scale and Location Alternatives

Abstract Two-sample tests based on powers of ranks are considered. These tests are asymptotically optimum against either scale or location alternatives for distributions presented in this article. Specific cases among the classes of tests considered here include the Wilcoxon, sum of squared ranks, median, Ansari-Bradley and Mood two-sample rank tests. The quality of the normal approximation for these tests is indicated by obtaining each test statistic's approximate large sample skewness and kurtosis. Asymptotic comparisons are made between selected tests and best tests for detecting scale alternatives, given particular one-sided distributions commonly used in statistics.
On the atomic structure of {001} W

Abstract Results of a field ion microscope study of the clean surface structure of the {001} surface plane of tungsten are presented. The major conclusions are that {001}W is reconstructed over the temperature range 15–580 K, and that the reconstructed surface contains an alternating vertical component to the displacements of the W surface atoms. There are two magnitudes of verticaldisplacement, each arrayed with p(2 × 2) symmetry, and if the differences in the magnitude are neglected, the vertical displacements are arrayed in the well known (√2 × √2) R 45° configuration. Details of this newly developed experimental approach for the study of surface reconstruction are reported, along with a number of control experiments which exclude the possibility that these results are artifacts due to the experimental technique. The discussion includes a comparison of the present results with those drawn from other experimental techniques, primarily low energy electron diffraction.
Analysis of growth-phase regulated genes in Streptococcus agalactiae by global transcript profiling

Bacteria employ multiple mechanisms to control gene expression and react to their constantly changing environment. Bacterial growth in rich laboratory medium is a dynamic process in which bacteria utilize nutrients from simple to complex and change physical properties of the medium, as pH, during the process. To determine which genes are differentially expressed throughout growth from mid log to stationary phase, we performed global transcript analysis. The S. agalactiae transcriptome is dynamic in response to growth conditions. Several genes and regulons involved in virulence factor production and utilization of alternate carbon sources were differentially expressed throughout growth. These data provide new information about the magnitude of plasticity of the S. agalactiae transcriptome and its adaptive response to changing environmental conditions. The resulting information will greatly assist investigators studying S. agalactiae physiology and pathogenesis.
Adiabatic Invariants for Linear Hamiltonian Systems

n independent adiabatic invariants in involution are found for a slowly varying Hamiltonian system of order 2n × 2n. The Hamiltonian system considered is ϵu = A(t)u as ϵ → 0+, where A(t) is a 2n × 2n real matrix with distinct, pure imaginary eigen values for each t ϵ [−∞, ∞], and d(j)Adt(j) ϵ Lj(−∞, ∞), for all j > 0. The adiabatic invariants Is(u, t), s = 1,…, n are expressed in terms of the eigen vectors of A(t). Approximate solutions for the system to arbitrary order of ϵ are obtained uniformly for t ϵ [−∞, ∞].
Origin of giant spin-lattice coupling and the suppression of ferroelectricity in EuTiO 3 from first principles

We elucidate the microscopic mechanism that causes a suppression of ferroelectricity and an enhancement of octahedral rotations in EuTiO${}_{3}$ from first principles. We find that the hybridization of the rare-earth Eu 4$f$ states with the B-site Ti cation drives the system away from ferroelectricity. We also show that the magnetic order dependence of this hybridization is the dominant source of spin-phonon coupling in this material. Our results underline the importance of rare-earth $f$ electrons on the lattice dynamics and stability of these transition metal oxides.
MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM AND DYNAMICS AFTER PRACTOLOL DURING LIGHT HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA

SUMMARY In intact, steady-state, closed chest dogs, the effect of 0.625 and 1.25 mg/kg of the selective cardiac beta-adrenergic blocking drug, practolol, was tested during 1.2 m.a.c. halothane anaesthesia. Increases in the rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (dp/dt), left ventricular stroke work, mean aortic pressure, heart rate, and myocardial blood flow were observed. Myocardial oxygen, lactate and non-esterified fatty acid uptake increased also. In contrast to the effect of propranolol 0.25 mg/kg in a similar study, no evidence of cardiac depression was seen with practolol. It would appear that practolol is a more suitable beta-adrenergic blocking drug for use during halothane anaesthesia.
Ordering processes in the 2,6‐hydroxynaphthoic acid (HNA) rich copolyesters of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and HNA

The nature of the microstructure of several copolyesters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid (HNA) with compositions of 20/80, 24/76, and 30/70 was studied. Annealing the compositions at 50–80 °C below the crystal nematic transition resulted in a physical ordering process, whereas heating the polymers at the crystal nematic transition resulted in a more highly ordered phase. The ordered phases could be randomized by heating to a temperature at or above the transition of the more highly ordered phase.
The advanced photon source X-ray transmitting beam-position-monitor tests at the national synchrotron light source X-25 beamline

Abstract A synthetic-diamond-based X-ray transmitting beam-position monitor has been studied using focused white beam at the National Synchrotron Light Source X-25 wiggler beamline. Of particular interest are the possibilities to design an integral window and filter/photon beam-position monitor for the Advanced Photon Source high-heat-flux insertion-device beamlines. The preliminary measurements were taken using two synthetic-diamond blade samples with different thicknesses and cooling configurations. The monitor (consisting of a vacuum vessel, an ion pump, a water-cooling base, a blade mounting block, and electric feedthroughs) was mounted on a three-dimensional ( x , y , φ ) stepping-motor-driven stage with a 0.064-μm stepping size and a 0.1-μm linear encoder resolution. An infrared camera system was used to monitor and record the diamond blade surface temperature field through a sapphire window and test results are presented.
Effects of cold pressor pain on the abuse liability of intranasal oxycodone in male and female prescription opioid abusers.

Abstract Background Approximately 1.9 million persons in the U.S. have prescription opioid use disorders often with concomitant bodily pain, but systematic data on the impact of pain on abuse liability of opioids is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pain alters the intranasal abuse liability of oxycodone, a commonly prescribed and abused analgesic, in males and females. Methods Sporadic prescription opioid abusers (10 females, 10 males) participated in this mixed (between and within-subject), randomized inpatient study. Experimental sessions ( n = 6) tested intranasal placebo, oxycodone 15 or 30 mg/70 kg during cold pressor testing (CPT) and a warm water control. Observer- and subject-rated drug effect measures, analgesia, physiologic and cognitive effects were assessed. Results The CPT significantly increased blood pressure, heart rate, pain, stress, and “opiate desire” compared to the no-pain control but did not alter opioid liking, high or street value. Intranasal oxycodone produced effects within 10 min, significantly decreasing pain and significantly increasing subjective measures of abuse liability (e.g., high). Females had higher ratings of street value, high, and liking for one or both active doses. Conclusions The CPT was a reliably painful and stressful stimulus that did not diminish the abuse liability of intranasal oxycodone. Females were more sensitive to oxycodone on several abuse liability measures that warrant further follow-up. Snorting oxycodone rapidly produced psychoactive effects indicative of substantial abuse liability.
The reaction sequence of the Na+/K(+)-ATPase: rapid kinetic measurements distinguish between alternative schemes.

Conformational changes between E1 and E2 enzyme forms of a dog kidney Na+/K(+)-ATPase preparation labeled with 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein were followed with a stopped-flow fluorimeter, in terms of the rate constant, kobs, and the steady-state magnitude, % delta F of fluorescence change. On rapid mixing of enzyme plus Mg2+ plus Na+ with saturating (0.5 mM) ATP in the absence of K+, kobs varied with Na+ concentration in the range 0-155 mM, with a K1/2 of 10 mM, while % delta F was relatively insensitive to Na+, with a K1/2 of 0.5 mM. Oligomycin reduced kobs by 98-99% for Na+ greater than or equal to 10 mM, but only by 50% for Na+ = 1 mM; % delta F was reduced at most by 20%. At 155 mM Na+, both kobs and % delta F changed if K+ was present with the enzyme. kobs decreased by 50% when K+ was increased from 0 to 0.2 mM, but increased when K+ was varied in the range 0.2-5 mM. K+ increased % delta F by a factor of 3 with a K1/2 of 0.3-0.5 mM as measured in both stopped-flow and steady-state experiments. These data are considered in terms of the derived presteady-state equations for two alternate schemes for the enzyme, with the E1P to E2P conformational change either preceding (Albers-Post) or following (Norby-Yoda-Skou) Na+ transport and release. The analysis indicates that: (i) Na+ must be released before the conformational transition, from an E1 form; (ii) the step in which the second and/or third Na+ is released is rate-limiting, but this release is accelerated by Na+; and (iii) the release is also accelerated by K+ acting with low affinity (possibly at extracellular sites).
An Experimental Investigation of Biodiesel Injection Characteristics Using a Light-Duty Diesel Injector

The objective of this research was to experimentally evaluate the effects of two biodiesel fuels with different viscosities on fuel injection characteristics using a light-duty, common-rail, diesel injection system. A pure biodiesel (B100) and a 50/50 blend of pure biodiesel and refined, bleached, and deodorized vegetable oil (B50V50) were compared with a laboratory diesel fuel equivalent (D100). The fuel viscosity ranged from 2.6 cSt (D100) to 10.9 cSt (B50V50). Three injection pressures and two injector nozzle geometries and surface finishes were also investigated. Measurements of the injected fuel quantity showed that as fuel viscosity increased, the injected volume decreased and the variability in the injected volume tended to increase. This effect was more significant in an injector nozzle with converging, highly hydro-ground holes than one with straight, lightly hydroground holes. The rate-of-injection (ROI) data were quite similar for D100 and B100 when using the straight, lightly hydro-ground nozzle. There is a marked reduction in peak injection rate for the B100, compared to D100, when the highly hydro-ground nozzle was utilized. With both nozzles, the B50V50 blend produced narrower ROI curves with peak injection rates equal to or exceeding those of D100 fuel. For all three fuels, the start-of-injection delay increased as fuel viscosity increased. The end-of-injection time was very similar for D100 and B100 but was advanced for the B50V50 blend.Copyright © 2007 by UChicago Argonne LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory
George N. papanicolaou living memories, monuments, and archives

This paper describes selected events in the life of Dr. George N. Papanicolaou and his wife Mary, as witnessed by the author. It includes a written version of a talk on endometrial cytology by Dr. Papanicolaou, and serves as a posthumous publication of that paper. It tells the story how one of Dr. Papanicolaou's sculptures gradually came to resemble him. Information related to his memorabilia and archives is included. The sources of information are documented by 30 references and 6 illustrations.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Self-Assembled Dimers of 3-Fold Symmetric Donor−Acceptor Molecules Based on Perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide)

The influence of π-stacking on photoinduced electron transfer in a series of donor−acceptor molecules attached to a 3-fold symmetric scaffold was studied. The donor−acceptor unit is a DEA−PDI pair (DEA = N,N-diethylaniline; PDI = perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide)), in which the 4-position of DEA is covalently attached to the nitrogen atom of one imide of PDI. One, two, or three DEA−PDI units are attached to the para position of one of the phenyl groups of 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, using the other PDI imide group to form mono-, bis-, and tris(DEA−PDI). These molecules demonstrate an increasing tendency to self-assemble into π-stacked dimers in solution in the order mono(DEA−PDI) ≪ bis(DEA−PDI) < tris(DEA−PDI). Photoinduced electron transfer in both the monomers and self-assembled dimers was studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The charge separation (CS) and charge recombination time (CR) constants are found to be independent of π-stacking aptitudes, while the transient spectral featur...
The Ratios of Functions of Random Variables

Given the joint probability density function (pdf), pX(xl, ..., xN), of the random variables x1, xN, a new method is developed for determining the pdf of the ratio f(X)lg(X) where f and g are arbitrary functions. The method is then applied to calculate the pdf of x1 lx2 where x1 and x2 are correlated Gaussians with arbitrary means and variances.
Ecological niche modeling of Black-tailed prairie dog habitats in Kansas

Abstract Black-tailed prairie dog (BTPD) (Cynomys ludovicianus) populations in Kansas have declined significantly due to both natural and human-induced threats. To minimize the risk of future population declines, it is necessary to identify existing BTPD habitats in the state as well as areas suitable for BTPD habitat. This paper presents a method for modeling BTPD habitats in Kansas using geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and ecological niche modeling with the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Prediction (GARP). Environmental variables incorporated into the ecological niche modeling process include composite biweekly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) layers derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery, slope, soil depth, and soil texture. Species occurrence training and validation data were selected from an aerial survey of BTPD colonies by the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks (KDWP). Accuracy assessment methods, including Receiv...
Nimodipine prevents transient cognitive dysfunction after moderate hypoxia in adult mice.

BACKGROUND Cognitive changes associated with moderate hypoxia may be related to the elevation of cytosolic calcium (Ca) levels which may, in turn, affect neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. We tested whether treatment with nimodipine (NIMO), an L-type Ca channel blocker, would preserve working memory after hypoxic hypoxia. METHODS We randomized 157 Swiss-Webster, 30 to 35 g mice (6 to 8 wk) to 6 groups, which were exposed to the following gas mixtures for 1 hour: (1) O2 21%; (2) O2 21% followed by 0.1 mg/kg of subcutaneous NIMO; (3) O2 21% followed by vehicle (60% polyethylene glycol/40% methanol); (4) O2 10%; (5) O2 10% then NIMO; (6) O2 10% then vehicle. The Object Recognition Test (ORT) was given once either on Day 1 or Day 7 to assess changes in short-term memory. ORT exploits the tendency of mice to prefer novel over familiar objects. Two identical objects were placed in an arena for 15 minutes of training. During the testing 1 hour later, one of the objects was replaced by a new object. Recognition Index (RI) was used to compare performance. It is defined as the time spent exploring the novel object divided by the time spent exploring both objects, the novel plus the familiar, and this ratio is converted to a percentage. RI was analyzed with analysis of variance. Tukey Honestly Significant Difference tests were used for post hoc comparisons when appropriate. P values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS RI for the control group was 68.3% (SE+/-3.6%). RI was 53.7% (SE+/-3.8%) for the 10% O2 group on the first posttreatment day. O2 saturation (SpO2) for the hypoxic group was 71.7% (SE+/-0.5%). By Day 7, RI for the 10% O2 group increased to 64.2% (SE+/-4.7%), which was not significantly different from control. On Day 1, RI was 68.6% (SE+/-5.2%) for hypoxic rodents treated with NIMO. These results were statistically significant. Low RI indicates impaired working memory and high RI indicates intact working memory. These results suggest that NIMO prevented impairment of working memory after moderate hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS NIMO reverses the disturbance of short-term working memory caused by moderate hypoxia in mice. The results may have implications for cognitive changes linked to Ca homeostasis in the postoperative period.
Off-axis aberrations and resolution in spherical-aberration-free in-line Fraunhofer holography

In line Frauhofer holography with collimated recording and spherical reconstruction beams can eliminate the primary spherical aberration. The off-axis primary aberrations with this mode are described. Rayleigh's quarter wavelength rule is then used to set the aberration limited size resolution. General solutions are obtained and the particular example of Ruby recording and HeNe reconstruction lasers is described. The problem was suggested to the author by E. N. Leith during an earlier SPIE conference presentation.
Titrimetric microdetermination of sulfur in compounds containing alkali or alkaline earth

The titrimetric dry combustion method can be employed for micro-determination of sulfur in organic compounds containing both alkali metal or alkaline earth metal and sulfur.
Alternate portraits of leaders: A contingency approach to perceptions of leadership

This study investigated members’ perceptions of appropriate leadership as contingent upon group purpose, member sex and the interaction between purpose and sex. Comparisons among groups having task, social, and both task and social purposes revealed significant differences in the importance attributed by members to three factors of leadership: task guidance, interpersonal attractiveness, and team spirit. Group purpose explained the greatest amount of difference among perceptions of appropriate leadership in varying contexts. Data suggested that leader personalities may well exist — at least in the perceptions of members. Data were also supportive of a contingency conception of the leadership process.
A Program Intervention for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Preliminary Results

The effectiveness of a behaviorally based day treatment program for young children diagnosed with Pediatric Bipolar Disorder (PBD) was evaluated using pretreatment and posttreatment mean scores from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Data were evaluated in aggregate and using the clinically significant change method for children diagnosed with PBD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Adjustment Disorder, and no diagnosis/clinical and subclinical groups. Significant effects were found for all groups except the no diagnosis/subclinical group on the Internalizing scale and for all groups on the Externalizing scale. Clinically significant change was supported for the PBD, ADHD, ODD, and Adjustment Disorder groups. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.