cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular co-localization of protein phosphatase 5 and glucocorticoid receptors in rat brain

Glucocorticoid receptors are widely expressed in brain, where they are thought to play a role in controlling neurogenesis and to mediate many of the central nervous system effects of stress. In non-neuronal cells, protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) has been found in complexes with heat shock protein 90 and glucocorticoid receptors and may be a negative modulator of glucocorticoid receptor function. In the present study, we used co-immunofluorescence analysis to examine whether PP5 and glucocorticoid receptors are co-expressed at the cellular level in rat brain. In several regions containing major populations of glucocorticoid receptor expressing neurons, PP5 and glucocorticoid receptors were co-localized at the cellular level. These include pyramidal cells of the hippocampal CA1 and CA2 regions and dentate gyrus granule cells, cerebellar Purkinje neurons, cortical pyramidal neurons, neurons of the central nucleus of the amygdala and parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. There are also neuronal populations that are stained strongly for glucocorticoid receptors, such as cerebellar granule cells, where PP5 is either absent or below detection limits. Likewise, numerous neuronal populations contain PP5, but not glucocorticoid receptors. Whereas glucocorticoid receptors are expressed in both neurons and glial cells throughout the brain, PP5 appears to be primarily expressed in neurons. These studies suggest that glucocorticoid receptors may be differentially regulated by phosphatase action in different populations of central nervous system cells. Co-localization of PP5 and glucocorticoid receptors in brain regions involved in feedback control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis suggests that PP5 may be an important modulator of glucocorticoid receptor responses in this pathway.
Pb-207 NMR Spectroscopy Reveals that Pb(II) Coordinates with Glutathione (GSH) and Tris Cysteine Zinc Finger Proteins in a PbS3 Coordination Environment

Abstract 207Pb NMR spectroscopy can be used to monitor the binding of Pb(II) to thiol rich biological small molecules such as glutathione and to zinc finger proteins. The UV/visible (UV/Vis) absorption band centered at 334 nM and the observed 207Pb signal in 207Pb NMR (δ ~ 5750 ppm) indicate that glutathione binds Pb(II) in a trigonal pyramidal geometry (PbS3) at pH 7.5 or higher with a 1:3 molar ratio of Pb(II) to GSH. While previous studies using UV/Vis and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy were interpreted to show that the zinc binding domain from HIV nucleocapsid protein (HIV-CCHC) binds Pb(II) in a single PbS3 environment, the more sensitive 207Pb NMR spectra (at pH 7.0, 1:1 molar ratio) provide compelling evidence for the presence of two PbS3 structures (δ - 5790 and 5744 ppm), one of which is more stable at high temperatures. It has previously been proposed that the HIV-CCHH peptide does not fold properly to afford a PbS2N motif, because histidine does not bind to Pb(II). These predictions are confirmed by the present studies. These results demonstrate the applicability of 207Pb NMR to biomolecular structure determination in proteins with cysteine binding sites for the first time.
Testosterone Effects on Renal Norepinephrine Content and Release in Rats With Different Y Chromosomes

Abstract—The Y chromosome in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone rats has been shown to contain a locus that contributes to the hypertensive effect; both the sympathetic nervous ...
High-speed data converters

High-speed data converters have become an integral part of wide-band wireless, wireline and networking applications with ever increasing data rates. In such systems reducing the power consumption of the A/D converter while increasing its sampling rate and linearity has remained a challenge. This fact has motivated many research groups to investigate potential solutions, which some of these efforts are highlighted in the following papers.
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Tin at the Bismuth Film Electrode Using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide

A sensitive anodic stripping voltammetric procedure at the bismuth film electrode (BiFE) is presented for analysis of Sn(IV) in the presence of Pb(II). For the first time Sn(IV) and Pb(II) signals are resolved at the BiFE allowing quantification of Sn(IV) in the absence and presence of Pb(II) and in simultaneous determination of both trace metals. The optimised oxalic acid – CTAB method produced a detection limit for Sn(IV) of 1.9 μg L−1 (S/N=3) and generated linear calibration data (minimum R2 of 0.991) between 25–250 μg L−1 and 5–50 μg L−1 with deposition times of 45 s and 120 s respectively. A 25 μg L−1 Sn(IV) signal was clearly resolved in the presence of a 20 fold excess of Pb(II) and the successful determination of tin in the presence of lead was performed in a fruit juice matrix.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces a dose-dependent activation of neuroglia and loss of basal forebrain cholinergic cells in the rat brain

In a rat model of neuroinflammation induced with a low-dose infusion lipopolysaccharide (5.0 ng/hr, LPS), we reported that brain arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4 n-6), but not docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), metabolism is increased compared to control rats. To further characterize the impact LPS has on the induction of injury in this model, we quantified the dose-dependent activation of neuroglia and the loss of cholinergic cells in rats subjected to increasing doses of LPS. In this study, we found that LPS produced a statistically significant and linear dose-dependent increase in the percentage of activated CD11b-positive microglia ranging from 26% to 82% following exposure to doses ranging between 0.05 and 500 ng/hr, respectively. The percentage of activated GFAP-positive astrocytes also increased linearly and significantly from 35% to 91%. Significant astroglial scaring was evident at the lateral ventricular boarder of rats treated with 50 and 500 ng/hr LPS, but not evident in control treated rats or rats treated with lower doses of LPS. A dose-dependent decrease in the numbers of ChAT-positive cells in the basal forebrain of LPS-treated rats was found at higher doses of LPS (5, 50, and 500 ng/hr) but not at lower doses. The numbers of ChAT-positive cells within individual regions of the basal forebrain (medial septum and diagonal bands) and the composite basal forebrain were similar in their response. These data demonstrate that extremely low doses of LPS are sufficient to induce significant neuroglia activation while moderate doses above 5.0 ng/hr are required to induce cholinergic cell loss.
Activation of Alternate Prosurvival Pathways Accounts for Acquired Sunitinib Resistance in U87MG Glioma Xenografts

Acquired drug resistance represents a major obstacle to using sunitinib for the treatment of solid tumors. Here, we examined the cellular and molecular alterations in tumors that are associated with acquired brain tumor resistance to sunitinib by using an in vivo model. U87MG tumors obtained from nude mice that received sunitinib (40 mg/kg/day) for 30 days were classified into sunitinib-sensitive and -resistant groups based on tumor volume and underwent targeted gene microarray and protein array analyses. The expression of several angiogenesis-associated genes was significantly modulated in sunitinib-treated tumors compared with those in control tumors (p 0.05). Tumor vasculature based on microvessel density, neurogenin 2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan density, and α-smooth muscle actin density was also similar in sunitinib-treatment groups (p>0.05). The moderate increase in unbound sunitinib tumor-to-plasma area-under-the-curve ratio in sunitinib-resistant mice was accompanied by up-regulated ATP-binding cassette G2 expression in tumor. The most profound difference between the sunitinib-sensitive and -resistant groups was found in the expression of several phosphorylated proteins involved in intracellular signaling. In particular, phospholipase C-γ1 phosphorylation in sunitinib-resistant tumors was up-regulated by 2.6-fold compared with that in sunitinib-sensitive tumors (p<0.05). In conclusion, acquired sunitinib resistance in U87MG tumors is not associated with revascularization in tumors, but rather with the activation of alternate prosurvival pathways involved in an escape mechanism facilitating tumor growth and possibly insufficient drug uptake in tumor cells caused by an up-regulated membrane efflux transporter.
Extracting the windows clipboard from physical memory

When attempting to reconstruct the events leading up to a cyber security incident, one potentially important piece of information is the clipboard (Prosise et al., 2003). The clipboard has been present in Windows since Windows 3.1 and is the mechanism for transferring information from one application to another through copy and pasting actions. Being able to retrieve the last file copied or the last password used may provide investigators with invaluable information during a forensic investigation. This paper describes the Windows clipboard structure and the process of retrieving copy/paste information from Windows XP, Vista, and Windows 7 (both 32 bit and 64 bit) memory captures with data from applications including Notepad, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel.
The Hazard Rates of First and Second Defaults

This article examines hazards of repeated mortgage default, conditional on reinstating out of an initial default episode. Results indicate that subsequent default risk for reinstated borrowers is significantly greater than the risk of first default, especially during the first two years after a default episode. In addition, economic factors helpful in predicting first defaults are not helpful in predicting subsequent default episodes. This has important implications for mortgage investors and servicers as industry foreclosure avoidance efforts intensify.
A rapid procedure for the separation and analyis of metabolites of the sterol and dolichol pathways

Abstract We have previously shown that of several methods examined, the maximum yield of dolichyl phosphate (Dol-P) from rat liver was achieved by saponification of the tissue and subsequent extraction with diethyl ether (R.K. Keller et al. (1985) Anal. Biochem. 147, 166–173). In the present report, we have developed a rapid procedure using non-toxic solvents which resolves the ether extract on a C18 cartridge column into four major fractions: (1) fatty acids; (2) squalene and sterols; (3) dolichol; (4) Dol-P. The utility of the new procedure was demonstrated by preparign the four fractions from liver slices which had been incubated with [ 3 H]acetate. HPLC analysis of the sterol, dolichol and Dol-P fractions yielded well resolved elution profiles, thereby allowing determination of radioactivity incorporated into the major isoprenoids and their metabolites.
Mixing at the front of gravity currents

Abstract Observations made with the help of a movable-bed tank designed and operated to freeze the motion of gravity current fronts indicate that both the scale of the apparatus and the magnitude of the current Reynolds number have a strong influence on mixing rates. Low mixing rates are associated with fronts in relatively shallow fresh water depths and low Reynolds numbers. Mixing rates increase more rapidly as the ratio of current thickness to fresh water depth increases. For the deepest fresh water flow conditions, when scale effects can be expected to be negligible, the dimensionless mixing rate is approximately equal to three times the relative current thickness and has an upper limit of about 0.3. Lower mixing rates are observed as the current Reynolds number decreases, suggesting that viscous effects can still exist even for deep fresh water conditions. Application of the experimental results to estimate some parameters of a hypothetical gravity current on the continental shelf yield reasonable values. However, it is clear that, owing to the scale and Reynolds number effects that might be present in laboratory experiments, particular care should be exercised when trying to extrapolate results to gravity currents in nature.
Treatment of Chronic Dermatophytosis and Chronic Oral Candidosis with Itraconazole

Itraconazole was evaluated in patients with forms of superficial fungal infection that were previously unresponsive to treatment. Two groups of patients were treated, those with chronic dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum affecting the body (10) or palm (five) and those with chronic oral candidosis (eight). All of the patients with dermatophytosis achieved complete remission in a mean period of 9.1 weeks, with three subsequent relapses. Seven patients with oral candidosis had originally presented with chronic mucocutaneous candidosis; recurrent or persistent oral candidosis had developed after initially successful treatment with ketoconazole. All of the patients with chronic oral candidal infections responded to itraconazole after a mean treatment period of 5.4 weeks, with two subsequent relapses. These results indicate that itraconazole is effective in treating these recalcitrant superficial mycoses and should be assessed in a larger unselected group of patients and compared with alternative drugs.
Observer-based sensor fault detection and identification with application to vehicle lateral control

Vehicle lateral control, a vital subsystem of automated highway systems (AHS), acquires lateral position through two sets of on-board magnetometers. Accommodating magnetometer failures is a crucial task for the safety of AHS. Static relations between the two sets of sensors, however, are insufficient for determining the faulty set. In this paper we propose an observer-based method to deal with this problem. The proposed approach can detect and identify magnetometer failures right after failures took place. Then the output of the faulty sensor is reconstructed from the output of the healthy sensor. Therefore the same controller can stabilize the vehicle lateral control system in both normal case and sensor failure case. Simulations demonstrate that the vehicle maintains acceptable performance after either set of magnetometers has failed.
Who Files? Developing Country Participation in GATT/WTO Adjudication

The potential for international law to reduce power asymmetries depends on weaker countries learning to navigate the legal system. This paper examines the use of courts by developing countries to defend their trade interests. Power relations and low capacity may prevent these countries from fully participating in the international trade system. Yet some developing countries have been among the most active participants in GATT/WTO adjudication. We argue that high startup costs for using trade litigation are a barrier to developing country use of the dispute settlement process. Analysis of dispute initiation from 1975 to 2003 shows that past experience in trade adjudication, as either a complainant or a defendant, increases the likelihood that a developing country will initiate disputes. As weaker countries overcome these initial capacity constraints they will increasingly benefit from the international legal structures they have joined.
The Escherichia coli MutL Protein Physically Interacts with MutH and Stimulates the MutH-associated Endonuclease Activity

All possible pairwise combinations of UvrD, MutL, MutS, and MutH were tested using the yeast two-hybrid system to identify potential interactions involving mismatch repair proteins. A two-hybrid screen previously identified a physical interaction between MutL and UvrD. Although several other known interactions were not observed, a novel interaction between MutL and MutH was detected. A series of truncations from the NH2 and COOH termini of MutL demonstrated that the COOH-terminal 218 amino acids were sufficient for the two-hybrid interaction with MutH. Removal of a small number of residues from either the NH2 or COOH termini of MutH eliminated the two-hybrid interaction with MutL. Protein affinity chromatography experiments confirmed that MutL, but not MutS, physically associates with MutH. Furthermore, MutL greatly stimulated the d(GATC)-specific endonuclease activity of MutH in the absence of MutS and a mispaired base. Stimulation of the MutH-associated endonuclease activity by MutL was dependent on ATP binding but not ATP hydrolysis. Further stimulation of this reaction by MutS required the presence of a DNA mismatch and a hydrolyzable form of ATP. These results suggest that MutL activates the MutH-associated endonuclease activity through a physical interaction during methyl-directed mismatch repair in Escherichia coli.
Targeted Management Tips to Enhance the Effectiveness of Tier 2, Guided Reading Instruction

Guided reading is a popular approach to teaching reading in today’s schools. With the increase of schools and districts implementing response-to-intervention programs, guided reading can be easily ...
Access control for Active Spaces

Active Spaces are physical spaces augmented with heterogeneous computing and communication devices along with supporting software infrastructure. This integration facilitates collaboration between users, and promotes greater levels of interaction between users and devices. An Active Space can be configured for different types of applications at different times. We present an access control system that automates the creation and enforcement of access control policies for different configurations of an Active Space. Our system explicitly recognizes different modes of cooperation between groups of users, and the dependence between physical and virtual aspects of security in Active Spaces. Our model provides support for both discretionary and mandatory access control policies, and uses role-based access control techniques for easy administration of users and permissions. We dynamically assign permissions to user roles based on context information. We show how we can create dynamic protection domains. This allows administrators and application developers the ability to customize access control policies on a need-to-protect basis. We also provide a semi-formal specification and analysis of our model and show how we preserve safety properties in spite of dynamic changes to access control permissions.
Performance and power analysis for high performance computation benchmarks

Performance and power consumption analysis and characterization for computational benchmarks is important for processor designers and benchmark developers. In this paper, we characterize and analyze different High Performance Computing workloads. We analyze benchmarks characteristics and behavior on various processors and propose a performance estimation analytical model to predict performance for different processor microarchitecture parameters. Performance model is verified to predict performance within <5% error margin between estimated and measured data for different processors. We also propose a power estimation analytical model to estimate power consumption with low error deviation.
The Conformation of the 3′ End of the Minus-Strand DNA Makes Multiple Contributions to Template Switches during Plus-Strand DNA Synthesis of Duck Hepatitis B Virus

Two template switches are necessary during plus-strand DNA synthesis of the relaxed circular (RC) form of the hepadnavirus genome. The 3′ end of the minus-strand DNA makes important contributions to both of these template switches. It acts as the donor site for the first template switch, called primer translocation, and subsequently acts as the acceptor site for the second template switch, termed circularization. A small DNA hairpin has been shown to form near the 3′ end of the minus-strand DNA overlapping the direct repeat 1 in avihepadnaviruses. Previously we showed that this hairpin is involved in discriminating between two mutually exclusive pathways for the initiation of plus-strand DNA synthesis. In its absence, the pathway leading to production of duplex linear DNA is favored, whereas primer translocation is favored in its presence, apparently through the inhibition of in situ priming. Circularization involves transfer of the nascent plus strand from the 5′ end of the minus-strand DNA to the 3′ end, where further elongation can lead to production of RC DNA. Using both genetic and biochemical approaches, we now have found that the small DNA hairpin in the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) makes a positive contribution to circularization. The contribution appears to be through its impact on the conformation of the acceptor site. We also identified a unique DHBV variant that can synthesize RC DNA well in the absence of the hairpin. The behavior of this variant could serve as a model for understanding the mammalian hepadnaviruses, in which an analogous hairpin does not appear to exist.
DBS-IC: An adaptive Data Bundling System for Intermittent Connectivity

As mobile and wireless technologies become more pervasive in our society, people begin to depend on network connectivity, regardless of their location. Their mobility, however, implies a dynamic topology where routes to a destination cannot always be guaranteed. The intermittent connectivity that results from this lack of end-to-end connection is a dominant problem that leads to user frustration. Existing research to provide the mobile user with a facade of constant connectivity generally presents mechanisms to handle disconnections when they occur. In contrast, the system we propose in this paper provides ways to handle disconnections before they occur. We present a Data Bundling System for Intermittent Connections (DBS-IC) comprised of a Stationary Agent (SA) and a Mobile Agent (MA). The SA pro-actively gathers data the user has previously specified, and opportunistically sends this data to the MA. The SA groups the user-requested data into one or more data bundles, which are then incrementally delivered to the MA during short periods of connectivity. We fully implement DBS-IC and evaluate its performance via live tests under varying network conditions. Results show that our system decreases data retrieval time by a factor of two in the average case and by a factor of 20 in the best case.
Newer Aspects of Fats and Lipid Metabolism

It is generally regarded that the cholesterolemic or atherogenic effects of a fat are a function of its iodine value. However, there are some fats which, because of triglyceride structure or fatty acid content, do not follow this pattern.
Sleep, obesity, and weight loss in adults: Is there a rationale for providing sleep interventions in the treatment of obesity?

Rates of obesity and sleep disturbances are substantial in adults. A number of cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental studies have found that insufficient sleep and possibly longer sleep are associated with obesity and related eating patterns. Methodological discrepancies and limitations in the literature create ambiguity about the nature and potential mechanisms underlying these relationships. Insomnia and circadian patterns in eating and sleeping have also been examined in relation to weight. Although these studies are not as extensive as those examining sleep duration, the extant literature suggests possible associations between obesity and both insomnia (particularly when combined with short sleep duration) and circadian eating behaviours. However, research has only just begun to examine the benefits of combining sleep interventions with obesity treatment. The goal of the current review is to summarize research examining behavioural sleep patterns and disorders in relation to obesity, to discuss methodological considerations, and to provide an overview of studies examining whether addressing sleep disturbances can augment weight loss treatment effects. We conclude that future studies are needed that take into account sleep duration, sleep disorder co-morbidity, and chronobiology to explore the impact of sleep interventions on weight loss.
Cloning template design of cellular neural networks for associative memories

This brief presents a synthesis procedure (design algorithm) for cellular neural networks with space-invariant cloning template with applications to associative memories. The design algorithm makes it possible to determine in a systematic manner cloning templates for cellular neural networks with or without symmetry constraints on the interconnection weights. Two specific examples are included to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology developed herein.
Genome-wide analysis of condensin binding in Caenorhabditis elegans

Condensins are multi-subunit protein complexes that are essential for chromosome condensation during mitosis and meiosis, and play key roles in transcription regulation during interphase. Metazoans contain two condensins, I and II, which perform different functions and localize to different chromosomal regions. Caenorhabditis elegans contains a third condensin, IDC, that is targeted to and represses transcription of the X chromosome for dosage compensation. To understand condensin binding and function, we performed ChIP-seq analysis of C. elegans condensins in mixed developmental stage embryos, which contain predominantly interphase nuclei. Condensins bind to a subset of active promoters, tRNA genes and putative enhancers. Expression analysis in kle-2-mutant larvae suggests that the primary effect of condensin II on transcription is repression. A DNA sequence motif, GCGC, is enriched at condensin II binding sites. A sequence extension of this core motif, AGGG, creates the condensin IDC motif. In addition to differences in recruitment that result in X-enrichment of condensin IDC and condensin II binding to all chromosomes, we provide evidence for a shared recruitment mechanism, as condensin IDC recruiter SDC-2 also recruits condensin II to the condensin IDC recruitment sites on the X. In addition, we found that condensin sites overlap extensively with the cohesin loader SCC-2, and that SDC-2 also recruits SCC-2 to the condensin IDC recruitment sites. Our results provide the first genome-wide view of metazoan condensin II binding in interphase, define putative recruitment motifs, and illustrate shared loading mechanisms for condensin IDC and condensin II.
Which Preoperative Factors, Including Bone Bruise, Are Associated With Knee Pain/Symptoms at Index Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR)? A Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) ACLR Cohort Study

Background: Increased knee pain at the time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may potentially predict more difficult rehabilitation, prolonged recovery, and/or be predictive of increased knee pain at 2 years.Hypothesis: A bone bruise and/or other preoperative factors are associated with more knee pain/symptoms at the time of index anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and the presence of a bone bruise would be associated with specific demographic and injury-related factors.Study Design: Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 2.Methods: In 2007, the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) database began to prospectively collect surgeon-reported magnetic resonance imaging bone bruise status. A multivariable analysis was performed to (1) determine if a bone bruise, among other preoperative factors, is associated with more knee symptoms/pain and (2) examine the association of factors related to bone bruise. To evaluate the association of a bone bruise with knee pain/symptoms, li...
Pediatric Molecular Imaging

Molecular imaging technologies allow an in vivo detection, characterization, and quantification of cellular and molecular abnormalities that form the basis of disease. By contrast, traditional diagnostic imaging techniques detect morphologic-structural abnormalities that represent end effects of these biological alterations. The ability to image cellular and molecular alterations of target tissues in vivo, in patients, potentially allows for disease detection at an earlier stage of development and provides more specific information about the natural evolution of the underlying pathologic process (e.g., benign vs. malignant, low vs. high aggressiveness, regardless of therapy), thereby allowing for better tailored, individualized therapy approaches. While translational molecular imaging approaches are increasingly integrated into the clinical care of adult patients, clinical molecular imaging applications in pediatric patients are still limited due to safety considerations and regulatory and administrative hurdles. However, many diseases in children have specific molecular fingerprints that make them well-suited candidates for targeted imaging approaches. The clinical need for more specific information along with the continued success of molecular imaging techniques in adult patients will ultimately penetrate into pediatric imaging applications. New, child-adapted molecular imaging approaches are expected to improve our knowledge of the biology of pediatric disease and support the development of tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This chapter will provide an overview over current and emerging molecular imaging techniques for pediatric patients. We will elaborate upon specific considerations for child-adapted imaging tests and discuss emerging clinical applications. Future developments aim to integrate the advantages of several different molecular imaging tools towards the development of more comprehensive, quantitative readouts that can direct early decision making, guide individualized clinical care procedures, and ultimately, accelerate and improve positive treatment outcomes.
A role for ABCG2 beyond drug transport: Regulation of autophagy

The ABC drug transporters, including ABCG2, are well known for their ability to efflux a wide spectrum of chemotherapeutic agents, thereby conferring a multidrug-resistant phenotype. However, studies over the past several years suggest that the ABC transporters may play additional role(s) in cell survival in the face of stress inducers that are not ABCG2 substrates (i.e., nutrient deprivation, ionizing radiation, rapamycin). The mechanism by which this occurs is largely unknown. In the present study, using several cancer cell lines and their ABCG2-overexpressing sublines, we show that cells overexpressing ABCG2 were more resistant to these stressors. This resistance was associated with an elevated level of autophagy flux, as measured by a higher rate of SQSTM1/p62 degradation and greater accumulation of LC3-II when compared to parental cells. Knockdown of ABCG2 reduced autophagic activity in resistant cells to a level similar to that observed in parental cells, confirming that the enhanced autophagy was ABCG2-dependent. Moreover, using cell viability, apoptosis, and clonogenic assays, we demonstrated that the ABCG2-expressing cells were more resistant to amino acid starvation and radiation-induced cell death. Importantly, knockdown of the critical autophagy factors ATG5 and ATG7 greatly reduced cell survival, verifying that enhanced autophagy was critical for this effect. Taken together, these data indicate that autophagy induced by various stressors is enhanced/accelerated in the presence of ABCG2, resulting in delayed cell death and enhanced cell survival. This defines a new role for this transporter, one with potential clinical significance.
Towards functional optical imaging in layered tissues using modulated imaging

We present forward modeling and measurement of spatially modulated illumination in layered turbid tissue systems to provide quantitative, depth-resolved functional information in tissues including cortex, retina and skin.
Abstract A27: Coordinate posttranscriptional regulation of breast cancer metastasis genes by RNA binding protein HuR

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Distance metastasis is responsible for patient mortality. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying tumor pathogenesis and metastasis is crucial for the development of novel therapies as well as preventive strategies for those who are prone to breast cancer. In contrast to transcriptional gene regulation, posttranscriptional control mechanisms of gene expression are poorly understood. Yet, many metastasis genes are regulated by RNA binding proteins (RBPs) at the levels of mRNA stability and translation. The paraneoplastic antigen, HuR, is an RBP shown to regulate multiple genes that are significantly related to breast cancer metastasis by stabilizing target mRNAs and facilitating translation into proteins. Using novel techniques developed in our lab of RNA immunoprecipitation applied to microarrays (RIP-Chip) we identified novel discrete HuR-associated mRNAs in triple negative breast cancer and estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Many of these HuR-associated mRNA transcripts were metastasis related. We investigated the role of HuR in an aggressive triple-negative breast cancer metastatic cell line, LM2. The LM2 cells were retrovirally transduced with triple fusion reporter construct encoding thymidine kinase1, GFP and firefly luciferase to obtain in vivo and in vitro tracking capabilities. The cells were further transfected with plasmid containing HA-HuR or empty vector control to demonstrate the function of HuR in LM2. HuR over-expressing clones showed greater metastatic capability by in vitro matrigel invasion assay. Furthermore, athymic mice that were intravenously injected with HuR over-expressing LM2 cells had greater (335-fold more) tumor metastasis to the lungs than empty vector control injected group as measured by IVIS imaging. Mice injected with HuR over-expressing LM2 cells were more moribund and had greater mortality as compared with mice injected with empty vector control cells. These results suggest that HuR may play a role in breast cancer metastasis by stabilizing various pro-metastatic genes. The implications of this work are twofold. First, HuR RIP-Chip can be used to identify novel cancer relevant genes and second, interference with HuR function may ameliorate distant metastasis in breast cancer, potentially providing new therapeutic approaches for treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr A27.
Physiological ischemia/reperfusion phenomena and their relation to endogenous melatonin production : An hypothesis ()

Ischemia/reperfusion is a frequently encountered phenomenon in organisms. Prolonged ischemia followed then by reperfusion results in severe oxidative injury in tissues and organs; however, some species can tolerate such events better than others. In nature, arousal from hibernation and resurfacing from diving causes animals to experience classic ischemia/reperfusion and somehow, these animals cope well with the potential oxidative stress. It has been documented that during these physiological ischemia/reperfusion events, the activities of several antioxidant enzymes and the levels of some small-molecular-weight antioxidants become elevated. For example, the potent small-molecular-weight antioxidant melatonin often attains especially high levels during these physiological ischemia/reperfusion events including during arousal from hibernation or in the newborns during delivery. Highly elevated melatonin production during these physiological ischemia/reperfusion episodes exhibits several features. First, this high melatonin production is transient and fits well with the time schedule of the physiological ischemia/reperfusion period; therefore, it is not related to the normal endogenous melatonin rhythm. Yet, this transient peak protects the animals from destructive oxidative processes that occur during these transition periods. Second, these high levels of melatonin seem to derive from several organs since pinealectomy does not totally reduce circulating levels of this agent. Third, high melatonin production present at arousal from hibernation or in the newborns at birth does not appear to be controlled by light, i.e., it occurs both during the day and at night, and the amplitudes of elevated melatonin levels are equivalent at these times. The significance of these findings is discussed herein. Based on currently available data, we hypothesize that melatonin plays an important role in the physiological ischemia/reperfusion, i.e., as a member of antioxidant defense system, to protect against the potential oxidative injury induced by the physiological ischemia/reperfusion.
Auxin Content of Extracts of Certain Tolerant and Susceptible Host Plants of Toxoptera graminum, Macrosiphum pisi, and Therioaphis maculata and Relation to Host Plant Resistance

The free auxins of certain tolerant and susceptible varieties were determined by the Avena coleoptile bioassay method used in conjunction with one-dimensional paper chromatography. The effect of feeding on the auxins present in tolerant and susceptible varieties by the green bug Toxoptera graminum (Rondani) and pea aphid Macrosiphum pisi (Harris) was measured. The following auxins were detected in significant concentrations in the various tolerant and susceptible varieties and were identified on the basis of Rf values of known growth compounds: (1) susceptible Reno barley-3-indoleacetic acid, indolepyruvic acid, 3-indolcbutyric acid, ethyl-3- indoleacetate, plus two unknown auxins; (2) tolerant Dicktoo barley-indolepyruvic acid, 3-indolebutyric acid plus two unknown auxins; (3) susceptible Pawnee wheat-3-indoleacetie acid; (4) tolerant Dickinson wheat-no known auxins in significant concentrations, one unknown auxin in significant concentration; (5) susceptible alfalfa clone (50–1266)–3-indoleacetic acid, indolepyruvic acid, 3-indolebutyric acid, 3-indoleacetonitrile; (6) resistant alfalfa clone (C84)-3-indoleacetic acid and 3-indolebutyric acid; and (7) broad bean, Vicia faba L.-3-indoleacetic acid, indolepyruvic acid and 3-indolebutyric acid. All uninfected susceptible varieties, except Pawnee wheat, differed significantly from the tolerant varieties by having one or more free neutral auxins present and also usually greater concentrations of free acid auxins. Short aphid infestation periods significantly reduced the free acid auxin content of all varieties except tolerant Dickinson wheat. Infestation of susceptible Pawnee wheat caused a significant increase in neutral auxin content. Significantly less acid auxins were destroyed or removed from tolerant varieties than susceptible varieties even though in some eases significant differences of inherent acid auxins did not exist. A relationship between tolerance and auxin content was found to exist in reference to absence of neutral auxins in tolerant plants. An investigation of bound plus free auxins in tolerant plants must be conducted before it can be positively confirmed that tolerant plants have less total auxins present than susceptible plants. Auxins appear to be concerned primarily with the tolerance component of resistance and not preference or antibiosis unless auxins act as an attractive substance or as a source of a necessary nutrient. This study presents the first indication of the basis of the tolerance component of resistance.
Multislice Spiral CT for Diagnosis of Alimentary Tract Duplications in Children

Objective To investigate the value of multislice spiral CT( MSCT) in the diagnosis of alimentary tract duplications( ATD) in children. Methods Clinical and MSCT data of 30 children with surgery and pathology confirmed ATD were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among the 30 children,cystic ATD was found in 25( 83. 3%),23 cases of parenteral ATD and 2 cases of intestinal ATD,and tubular ATD in 5( 16. 7%). MSCT showed unilocular cystic or tubular mass with fluid density and similar or increased thickness of mass wall and adjacent bowel wall. The enhanced scan showed uniform enhancement of mass wall without enhancement in mass. Surgical and pathological results showed esophageal duplication in 4 cases,stomach duplication in 1 intestinal duplication in 22( 1 case of duodenal duplication,6 cases of jejunal duplication and 15 cases of ileal duplication),and colonic duplication in 3. Conclusion ADT has specific MSCT findings and multiple clinical manifestations in children. The combination of them has decisive significance for preoperative diagnosis of ATD.
Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of hydroxylated octadecanols derived from hydroxylated stearic acids

A gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method of determining the position of oxygen atoms on polyfunctional fatty acids has been explored. The method consists of reduction of keto, hydroperoxy, epoxy, and carboxylic acid groups with LiAlH(4) to the corresponding alcohols; trimethylsilylation with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide; and analysis by means of the combined gas-liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The following compounds were analyzed: 9-mono-, 9,10-di-, 9,10,12-tri-, and 9,10,12,13-tetrahydroxystearic acids and the corresponding derivatives of octadecan-1-ol. The reduction products of 9,10-epoxystearic acid and a mixture of linoleic acid 9- and 13-hydroperoxides were also analyzed. The position of the oxygen function in the original molecule can be deduced rapidly and accurately.
Implementation of trot-to-gallop transition and subsequent gallop on the MIT Cheetah I

This paper presents a demonstration of the trot-to-gallop transition and subsequent stable gallop in a robotic quadruped. The MIT Cheetah I, a planar quadruped platform for high-speed running, achieves these tasks with a speed of 3.2 m/s Froude number of 2.1 on a treadmill. The controller benefits from clues from biological findings and it incorporates 1 a gait pattern modulation that imposes predefined gait patterns with a proprioceptive touchdown feedback, 2 tunable equilibrium-point foot-end trajectories for four limbs that intentionally modulate ground reaction forces, and 3 programmable leg compliance that provides instantaneous reflexes to leg-ground interaction. An inertial measurement unit sensor is integrated with the controller in order to regulate leg angles of attack at touchdown. We reduce the dimension of the control parameters which describe temporal/spatial characteristics of quadruped locomotion, and the values are tuned via dynamic simulation and then experiment. Given a pre-defined virtual leg compliance and a desired angle of attack of legs, the equilibrium-point foot-end trajectories and phase relationships between four legs for stable trot and gallop gaits are found independently. We propose a simple throw-and-catch gait transition strategy which connects two stable limit cycles, the trot and the gallop, by linearly varying control parameters during the transition period. Successful gait transition is achieved in both simulation and experiment. Comprehensive analysis on the characteristics of the MIT Cheetah I experimental trot-to-gallop transition is provided. The phase portraits imply that stable limit cycles are achieved with the proposed controller in both trot and gallop, which enables the trot-to-gallop gait transition at high speed.
Medical and surgical care during the American Civil War, 1861-1865

This review describes medical and surgical care during the American Civil War. This era is often referred to in a negative way as the Middle Ages of medicine in the United States. Many misconceptions exist regarding the quality of care during the war. It is commonly believed that surgery was often done without anesthesia, that many unnecessary amputations were done, and that care was not state of the art for the times. None of these assertions is true. Physicians were practicing in an era before the germ theory of disease was established, before sterile technique and antisepsis were known, with very few effective medications, and often operating 48 to 72 hours with no sleep. Each side was woefully unprepared, in all aspects, for the extent of the war and misjudged the degree to which each would fight for their cause. Despite this, many medical advances and discoveries occurred as a result of the work of dedicated physicians on both sides of the conflict.
Peanut Cultivars Differing in Growth Habit and Canopy Architecture Respond Similarly to Weed Interference

ABSTRACT It has been proposed that crops can be improved to be more competitive with weeds by increasing their ability to suppress weed growth and reproduction. Weed suppressive ability is predominantly influenced by plant architectures that favor shading and rapid canopy closure. A three-yr field experiment was conducted in Jay, FL to assess the response of peanut cultivars with different growth habits to weed interference. Three cultivars (‘Bailey', erect growth and tall canopy height; ‘Georgia-06G', semi-bunch and intermediate height; ‘TUFRunner 727’, prostrate growth and intermediate height) and one advanced breeding line (‘UFT312’, very prostrate growth and short canopy height) were subjected to three weed interference levels: no interference, early season interference, and full-season interference. Results showed that, despite differences in growth habit, morphological response to weed interference was similar among peanut cultivars. All cultivars suppressed weed growth more than 76% in 2 of 3 yr. P...
Hallucinations after Valproic Acid Withdrawal

Child psychiatrists and neurologists in Utrecht, The Netherlands report case histories of 2 girls, ages 4 and 12 years, with a history of epilepsy who developed hallucinations after withdrawal of valproic acid (VPA).
Linker dependent intercalation of bisbenzimidazole-aminosugars in an RNA duplex; selectivity in RNA vs. DNA binding

Neomycin and Hoechst 33258 are two well-known nucleic acid binders that interact with RNA and DNA duplexes with high affinities respectively. In this manuscript, we report that covalent attachment of bisbenzimidazole unit derived from Hoechst 33258 to neomycin leads to intercalative binding of the bisbenzimidazole unit (oriented at 64-74° with respected to the RNA helical axis) in a linker length dependent manner. The dual binding and intercalation of conjugates were supported by thermal denaturation, CD, LD and UV-Vis absorption experiments. These studies highlight the importance of linker length in dual recognition by conjugates, for effective RNA recognition, which can lead to novel ways of recognizing RNA structures. Additionally, the ligand library screens also identify DNA and RNA selective compounds, with compound 9, containing a long linker, showing a 20.3°C change in RNA duplex Tm with only a 13.0°C change in Tm for the corresponding DNA duplex. Significantly, the shorter linker in compound 3 shows almost the reverse trend, a 23.8°C change in DNA Tm, with only a 9.1°C change in Tm for the corresponding RNA duplex.
Viral Mechanisms in Human Carcinogenesis

Infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, are thought to be the etiologic agents in approximately 20 % of human cancers. Human oncogenic viruses include hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (associated with hepatocellular carcinoma), Epstein–Barr virus (associated with B-cell lymphomas, nasopharyngeal, and gastric carcinomas), human papillomaviruses (associated with cervical carcinoma, other anogenital cancers, and a subset of head and neck cancers), human T-cell lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-1; associated with adult T-cell lymphomas), human herpesvirus type 8 (associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas), and the newest identified human tumor virus, Merkel cell carcinoma-associated polyomavirus.