cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The regulation of spermatogenesis and sperm function in nematodes.

In the nematode C. elegans, both males and self-fertile hermaphrodites produce sperm. As a result, researchers have been able to use a broad range of genetic and genomic techniques to dissect all aspects of sperm development and function. Their results show that the early stages of spermatogenesis are controlled by transcriptional and translational processes, but later stages are dominated by protein kinases and phosphatases. Once spermatids are produced, they participate in many interactions with other cells — signals from the somatic gonad determine when sperm activate and begin to crawl, signals from the female reproductive tissues guide the sperm, and signals from sperm stimulate oocytes to mature and be ovulated. The sperm also show strong competitive interactions with other sperm and oocytes. Some of the molecules that mediate these processes have conserved functions in animal sperm, others are conserved proteins that have been adapted for new roles in nematode sperm, and some are novel proteins that provide insights into evolutionary change. The advent of new techniques should keep this system on the cutting edge of research in cellular and reproductive biology.
Intrinsic factors influencing the maintenance of contractile embryonic heart cells in vitro: III. The effect of inoculum level

Abstract Seven-day embryonic heart cells are tested for their ability to condition their own medium by comparing cell responses at various inoculum levels. The data show that contractile activity, spreading on glass, and survival increase as inoculum level rises. The data also show that the cell death rate is inversely proportional to the rate at which cell spreading and contractile activity increase.
A 100 W edge-pumped Nd:YAG conduction-cooled slab laser

We have demonstrated a 104 W multimode, laser-diode-pumped zig-zag slab laser based on conduction-cooling and a novel pumping geometry called edge-pumping. The advantages of the edge-pumped design include efficient pump absorption, conductive-cooling, power scalablity, and a simple opto-mechanical laser head design. The multimode laser operates at 104 W with 40% slope efficiency. TEM00 mode operation was demonstrated at 39.5 W for 250 W of pump power with a slope efficiency of 21%. Absorption loss due to the thermally populated lower laser level decreases the slope efficiency at high pump powers. This effect is included in laser oscillator performance models to accurately predict the operation of the oscillator.
Laminar stimulation for direct cortical responses from intact and chronically isolated cortex

Abstract 1. 1. Laminar stimulation of the sensory (visual and somesthetic) areas of the rabbit were accomplished with a fine monopolar electrode 10–15 μ in diameter at the tip. Stimulation of the surface elicited, a few mm distant, the surface negative direct cortical response (N wave DCR). In the middle depths of the cortex, 0.4–1.8 mm, stimulation gave rise to a positive-negative sequence recorded from the surface, this positive-negative sequence similar in form to a primary response. From the lower layers, 1.8–2.2 mm, an N wave DCR was elicited with a longer latency and preceeded by small spike-like fast waves. 2. 2. Laminar recording with micro-electrodes showed that the N wave DCRs were distributed in the surface layers. In response to middle layer stimulation giving rise to the positive-negative sequence, a negative wave was recorded from the middle layers which corresponded in time to the positive phase of the positive-negative sequence at the surface. 3. 3. A comparative study of laminar stimulation and recording was made in cortical islands prepared 40–55 days beforehand. The N wave DCR was obtained through the upper part of the island on laminar stimulation with no response evoked in the lower half. The histological appearance showed cells present with degeneration of the underlying fibers of the white matter. The lateral conduction velocity of 0.5–1 m/sec was unchanged. The bearing of this evidence on transmission of the N wave DCR is discussed.
Renegotiation-proof equilibrium: Reply

We report a general theorem on sustaining cooperation in inlinitely-repeated games when the possibility of renegotiation constrains punishments not to harm both players. This result generalizes observations recently reported by E. van Damme (Renegotiation-proof equilibria in repeated prisoner’s dilemma, L Econ. Theory 47 (1989), 206217) for the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Journal of Economic Literature classitication Number 026.
Bilateral Duane Syndrome with bilateral congenital glaucoma

Abstract Multiple ocular associations with Duane syndrome have been reported as summarized by DeRespinis et al. 1 The most frequently noted include nystagmus, anisocoria, ptosis, optic nerve colobomas, and epibulbar dermoids. Less encountered abnormalities are optic nerve hypoplasia, heterochromia, and congenital cataract. To our knowledge, no reports of associated congenital glaucoma exist in the literature. We report a 10-year-old patient with bilateral Duane syndrome and bilateral congenital glaucoma who we have monitored for 7 months after birth. J AAPOS 2001;5:325-6.
Large area, broadband, and polarization-sensitive photodetectors based on aligned carbon nanotubes

We have studied the photoresponse of highly aligned carbon nanotube devices in the visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared. Using different metal combinations for electrodes, we designed detectors that work up to 10 μm under global illumination.
Comparison of Cerebral Volume in Children Aged 18-22 and 36-47 Months Born Preterm and Term

Studies investigating differences in regional brain volumes in children born preterm and term during early childhood are limited. Neuroimaging could help understand patterns of deficit in children born preterm and target areas of development associated with these regions. The goal of this study was to identify differences in regional brain volume at 2 different ages using magnetic resonance imaging in preterm and term children. Magnetic resonance imaging and developmental testing occurred in children 18 to 22 months old (16 preterm and 10 term children) and 36 to 47 month old (12 preterm and 10 term children). There were significant differences between the 4 groups in the parietal region, cerebral white matter, third ventricle, and lateral ventricle. Correlations between regional cerebral volume and developmental testing were explored for the third and lateral ventricles. Our findings indicate that in young children differences in regional cerebral volume are due to both maturation and prematurity.
FAVORABLE OUTCOMES AND 30 DAY READMISSION RATES ACHIEVED BY IMPLEMENTING A GUIDELINE BASED TRANSFER PROTOCOL IN A LARGE RURAL ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION SYSTEM OF CARE INCLUDING TRANSFERS UP TO 183 MILES

ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Management of ST-Segment ElevationMyocardial Infarction (STEMI) recommend a mixed strategy approach, offering fibrinolytic therapy to eligible patients unable to receive Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) within 120 minutes of first medical contact. Due to
Automated determination of orthophosphate: An application designed especially for the combusted product of organophosphorous pesticide residues.

The present method, of interest to residue chemists who are employing the BLINN (1) or other Schoniger flask combustion method for determining organophosphorus pesticide residues, will remove much of the tedium of the analysis as well as improve the precision. It should also apply to the orthophosphate combusted product of organophosphorus pesticide residues no matter how this product is obtained, i.e., from combustion tube furnace, Parr bomb, or wet oxidation techniques.
The Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Treatment Study for Young Children (POTS jr): Developmental Considerations in the Rationale, Design, and Methods.

Abstract This paper presents the rationale, design, and methods of the pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder treatment study for young children (POTS Jr). The study is a multi-site randomized controlled trial (RCT) of family-based cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) vs. family-based relaxation therapy for young children (ages 5–8) with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), which examines the effect of treatment on symptom reduction, functional impairment, and quality of life. Secondary aims evaluate: potential moderators and mediators of treatment response, differences in time course of response, retention rates, and maintenance of treatment gains over one year post-treatment. The sample included 127 children (53% female) and their parents. With regard to ethnicity, 89% of the sample described themselves as non-Hispanic, 5% Hispanic/Latino, and 6% did not endorse a category. In terms of race, the sample was predominantly (91%) white. Because the rationale and methods of the multi-site RCT have been well established, we emphasize here the methodological aspects of the study that were tailored to meet the developmental needs of young children with OCD. Aspects that are highlighted include: choice of control group, inclusion/exclusion criteria, assessment/measurement issues, treatment adaptations, training, and recruitment.
FLUORESCENCE OF THE COENZYME ANALOG NICOTINAMIDE FORMYCIN DINUCLEOTIDE

— Emission spectra of unbound reduced nicotinamide formycin dinucleotide (NFDH) revealed the presence of two major conformations of the coenzyme in solution: when examined at excitation wavelengths at or below 307 nm, emission spectra contained peaks at 343 and 447 nm; when excited above 307 nm, an additional maximum appeared at 355 nm and the peak of the dihydronicotinamide emission band shifted from 447 to 440 nm. Both conformers are probably detected at the longer wavelengths since the emission peak at 343 nm was retained. Identical changes occurred in the emission spectra of NFD+, however, the dihydronicotinamide emission between 440 and 447 nm was absent. Several mechanisms which may account for the presence of these conformers have been considered. The choice has been narrowed to conformations with ring-ring interactions of the formycin and nicotinamide moieties resulting from (a) formycin tautomerization or (b) heterogeneity of glycosidic bond angles in the structures. The efficiency of intramolecular energy transfer from the formycin to the dihydronicotinamide moiety for free NFDH in aqueous solution was 84% and declined slightly (to 77%) when measured in 1,2-propanediol. NFD+ has coenzyme activity for NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (Plaut et al., 1979). The emission spectrum of enzyme bound NFDH was altered markedly in the presence of manganese isocitrate; emission intensity at 343 and 355 nm decreased while the emission from the dihydronicotinamide ring at 433 nm increased, when NFDH was excited at 310 nm. This shift in emission intensity was indicative of an increase in energy transfer within the NFDH molecule, caused by a change in coenzyme conformation upon binding to the enzyme-substrate complex.
Developmental biology of the heart: Is there a role for the physiologist?

Support for physiological research has generally declined, as interest in cellular and molecular investigation has assumed ascendancy. However, there are many important issues relating to cardiovascular development that require a systems approach to study of the circulation. Examples are mechanisms of circulatory response to hypoxia during fetal life; changes in myocardial growth in response to loading before and after birth, and resultant cardiac function; and prenatal and postnatal development of the great vessels with altered circulatory patterns in congenital heart lesions. These issues are of great concern in considerations for potential fetal cardiovascular surgery.
Why Darwin was English.

Abstract A ‘late developer’ argument, common to Psychology and Economic History, can be used to explain cultural innovation. It argues that the 19th century theory of natural selection arose in England and not Germany because of – and not in spite of – England’s scientific backwardness. Measured in terms of institutions, communities, and ideas, the relative retardation of English science was precisely what enabled it to adopt German advances in novel ways.
A model study of the downstream variation of the lower trade-wind circulation

The downstream variations of the macro-structure of the undisturbed lower tradewind circulation such as the thickness of the layer, the pressure, temperature and velocity are measurable important quantities. BOMEX data during an undisturbed period was used to estimate the upward slope of the inversion base in the downstream direction. The interrelationships among these properties were examined with a simple model. By using the characteristic values of the horizontal velocity, the thickness, the net diabatic heating rate in the layer and the inversion strength, a scale analysis was found useful for simplifying the governing equations. Layer-averaged properties were then deduced by solving those simplified equations. An explicit expression for the slope of the inversion base was obtained in terms of the small-scale turbulent fluxes, diabatic heating rates and the inversion strength. A quantitative theoretical value of the slope was also computed using published empirical values of the parameters for the BOMEX region. Reasonable agreement between this value and the observed value indicates that a steady upward slope of the inversion base would result when the heat loss in the inversion layer is too large to be compensated by the adiabatic warming of the subsident motion, and when a horizontal flow associated with the one in response to the small scale turbulent and diabatie processes within the trade-wind layer can provide the necessary additional adiabatic warming. Other features of the theoretical results will also be discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00659.x
Power dependence of electron-cyclotron current drive for low- and high-field absorption in tokamaks.

A new relativistic, bounce-averaged Fokker-Planck-quasilinear code shows that for experimentally relevant rf power $\frac{{p}_{\mathrm{rf}}(\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3})}{{[{n}_{e}({10}^{13} {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3})]}^{2}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.5$, electron-cyclotron current-drive efficiency (and absorptivity) is power dependent; at given plasma radius the current-drive efficiency increases above linear values for absorption of the rf on the low-field side of the cyclotron resonance layer, but decreases and even passes through zero for absorption on the high-field side. Thus, electron-cyclotron current drive by high-field launch will generally not be suitable.
Toxic effects of 1-hydrazinophthalazine in ambulatory hypertensive patients.

Abstract The purpose of this report is to present our results with the administration of 1-hydrazinophthalazine (Apresoline) † †Apresoline is the registered trade name for 1-hydrazinophthalazine manufactured by Ciba Pharmaceuticals Products, Inc., and supplied to us through the courtesy of Dr. Cornelius H. Sullivan. to a selected group of ambulatory outpatient hypertensive individuals. Most published data have been concerned with studies of hospitalized hypertensive patients. Since the majority of hypertensives must be treated as ambulatory outpatients, we selected eleven cases of established hypertension of varying severity for study. In all instances their past clinical course was well known to us. Earlier work indicated that sustained hypotensive effects were difficult to maintain with this drug alone, so that most clinical data show the results of treatments combining Apresoline alternately with other alleged antihypertensive drugs. 1,2 In this study we have use Apresoline alone. We were primarily interested in the effects of this substance upon blood pressure, upon the symptoms and signs of hypertension, possible acute and chronic toxicity and individual tolerance. Accordingly, only the pertinent clinical literature is included in the bibliography. 1–10
Flow-Form Implementation Of A Linear Predictive Coder For Speech Communication

A number of real-time linear predictive coders ( LPCs) have been developed to compress speech waveforms to 2400 bits per second (bps). Most of these LPCs employ a central processing unit (CPU) to analyze a stream of speech samples on a frame-by-frame (block-form) basis. While physical size, weight and power dissipation of these units have been decreasing steadily, the operation of a battery-powered hand-carried unit is far from realization. This paper presents the flow-form implementation of an LPC as an alternative to the block-form CPU intensive approach. The flow-form implementation of an LPC allows for decentralized, semi-autonomous, arithmetic-intensive segments which are supplemented by a microprocessor. The microprocessor performs relatively non-taxing logic operations and computations. F low-form analysis computation is highly systematic and repetitive making this form of analysis well-suited for Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI). Because flow-form analysis does not require a large array of stored data, less data memory is required and power dissipation is reduced. With current technology an LPC can be implemented using fewer than ten chips and having a total power dissipation of less than three watts. The flow-form LPC is comparable in performance to the block-form LPC, and the two units are interoperable, provided the same coding rules and data transmission formats are used.
Operative Management of Abdominal Injuries in Children

Operative repair of visceral injuries in children is infrequent enough so that an individual surgeon's experience may decay as time goes by. This report recommends incisions, a plan for thorough exploration, and the best surgical strategies for abdominal injuries, Simplicity and organ conservation are emphasized.
The effect of changes in salt concentration and pH on the interaction between glycosaminoglycans and cationic polypeptides.

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the effects of changes in salt concentration and pH on the interactions between basic polypeptides and connective tissue glycosaminoglycans in dilute aqueous solution. The polypeptides undergo conformation-directing interactions in the presence of glycosaminoglycans, which are subject to transitions as the ionic strength and pH are varied. For poly(L-lysine), the conformational change due to interaction breaks down as the ionic strength (monovalent ions) is increased. Based on the ionic strength at which disruption occurs, the glycosaminoglycans can be placed in order of increasing strength of interaction: chondroitin 6-sulfate, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin 4-sulfate, heparin, and dermatan sulfate. Prior to the conformational transition, scattering effects are observed, indicating the development of larger aggregates. Each glycosaminoglycan induces α-helicity for poly(L-arginine), which does not break down as the ionic strength is increased, indicating a stronger interaction for this polypeptide. The pH-induced transitions are in the pH range 2.5–3.8 and are probably related to deionization of carboxyl groups. For poly(L-lysine) the conformational effect is disrupted at low pH. For poly(L-arginine), the transitions are not complete, but appear to correspond to an increase in scattering.
Characteristics of wake-up stroke.

Background Wake-up stroke (WUS) accounts for up to 29.6% of ischemic strokes, but its mechanisms are poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors and characteristics of WUS. Methods Seven-two ischemic strokes were classified as WUS or non-WUS. Collected were demographic information, medical history, cholesterol profile, and stroke characteristics including severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS]) and mechanism (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria). Subjects completed questionnaires screening for sleep apnea (Berlin questionnaire) and assessing sleep characteristics. Results There were 72 ischemic strokes, of which 28 WUS (38.9%). WUS and non-WUS patients were similar in regard to stroke risk factors. WUS patients tended to be African American and were significantly younger. WUS was significantly more likely to result from small-vessel disease mechanism (42.9% versus 14.0%; P = .006) and tended to be less severe WUS (NIHSS score 3 [1, 4] versus 4 [2, 11]; P = .13) than non-WUS. Groups did not differ in regard to scoring positively on the Berlin questionnaire, but WUS sufferers were more likely to snore frequently (90.5% versus 70.0%, P = .08). The lipid profile was significantly worse in WUS compared with non-WUS (low-density lipoprotein 124.6 ± 38.4 versus 103.7 ± 36.8; P = .03; cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio 5.2 ± 1.6 versus 4.3 ± 1.6; P = .02). Conclusions WUS is more likely to result from small-vessel disease mechanism. Poorer cholesterol profile and frequent snoring may contribute to WUS.
Charge dependence of protonated insulin decompositions

Abstract Ion trap collisional activation is used to study the effects of charge state on protonated insulin decompositions for three forms of insulin: bovine, porcine, and human. Tandem mass spectrometry data are presented for ions with one to five protons dissociated under identical resonance excitation conditions. The (M+5H)5+ and (M+4H)4+ ions fragment exclusively by peptide bond cleavage of bonds outside the cycles formed by the disulfide linkages present in the insulin molecule, whereas the (M+3H)3+ and (M+2H)2+ ions appear to show a mixture of peptide bond cleavage and fragments arising from mechanisms associated with disulfide bond cleavage. The (M+H)+ ion fragments almost exclusively by way of disulfide bond cleavage, with the only major exception being cleavage on the C-terminal side of glutamic acid residues external to the cycles formed by the disulfide linkages.
Worm anatomy and model

We present a general framework for reasoning about network worms and analyzing the potency of worms within a specific network. First, we present a discussion of the life cycle of a worm based on a survey of contemporary worms. We build on that life cycle by developing a relational model that associates worm parameters, attributes of the environment, and the subsequent potency of the worm. We then provide a worm analytic framework that captures the generalized mechanical process a worm goes through while moving through a specific environment and its state as it does so. The key contribution of this work is a worm analytic framework. This framework can be used to evaluate worm potency and develop and validate defensive countermeasures and postures in both static and dynamic worm conflict. This framework will be implemented in a modeling and simulation language in order to evaluate the potency of specific worms within an environment.
Fluctuation heat capacity of amorphous Nb3Ge films

The temperature dependencies of the heat capacities of amorphous Nb/sub 3/Ge films have been measured near the superconducting transition using ac calorimetry. From an analysis of data both above and below, but outside, the transition region, a transition temperature T/sub BCS/ was uniquely determined. The departure of the measured heat capacity from the BCS theory below the transition and from the usual sum of lattice and electronic terms above was then extracted. Above T/sub BCS/, over a substantial temperature range, the departure could be attributed to fluctuations and could be fit with a two-dimensional free fluctuation theory modified to take into account the fact that film thicknesses, which were on the order of 1000 A, were not always small in comparison with the temperature-dependent coherence length. However, the transition temperature obtained from such a fit was always found to be higher than T/sub BCS/ determined from data outside the transition region. Furthermore, below T/sub BCS/ a broad bump in the excess heat capacity was observed. A quantitative description of the excess heat capacity data may require the development of a theory based on the two-component Ginzburg--Landau model which treats the quartic term in a more realistic manner than in themore » Hartree model, and which takes into account both thickness corrections in films with a small natural j(0) and the possibility of quenched or frozen-in disorder.« less
The Science of a Revolutionary Chemist and Spectroscopist: Velmer A. Fassel:

The contributions of Velmer A. Fassel toward trace analysis on a single-element basis is reviewed. At Ames Laboratory, Fassel conducted research toward obtaining the elemental composition of samples in rapid sequence. Thanks to his efforts, such analyses are routinely conducted currently. (AIP)
First Principles Determination of the Effects of Phosphorus and Boron on Iron Grain Boundary Cohesion

Toward an electronic level understanding of intergranular embrittlement and its control in steels, the effects of phosphorus and boron impurities on the energy and electronic properties of both an iron grain boundary and its corresponding intergranular fracture surface are investigated by the local density full potential augmented plane wave method. When structural relaxations are taken into account, the calculated energy difference of phosphorus in the two environments is consistent with its measured embrittlement potency. In contrast to the nonhybridized interaction of iron and phosphorus, iron-boron hybridization permits covalent bonding normal to the boundary contributing to cohesion enhancement. Insights into bonding behavior offer the potential for new directions in alloy composition for improvement of grain boundary-sensitive properties.
Metastable kinks in the orbifold.

We consider static configurations of bulk scalar fields in extra-dimensional models in which the fifth dimension is an ${S}^{1}/{Z}_{2}$ orbifold. There may exist a finite number of such configurations, with the total number depending on the size of the orbifold interval. We perform a detailed Sturm-Liouville stability analysis that demonstrates that all but the lowest-lying configurations---those with no nodes in the interval---are unstable. We also present a powerful general criterion with which to determine which of these nodeless solutions are stable. The detailed analysis underlying the results presented in this Letter, and applications to specific models, are presented in a comprehensive companion paper [M. Toharia and M. Trodden, arXiv:hep-ph/0708.4008].
Developing a Comprehensive Assessment Program for Engineering Education

This paper provides an overview of one institution's efforts to establish a comprehensive assessment program for continuous improvement of engineering education. A five step systematic process to develop an integrated assessment program from identifying educational objectives to applying measurement methods is explained in detail. Activities to encourage faculty participation and commitment are outlined. Four integrated assessment processes used by both faculty and students to assess and provide performance feedback are described. The focus of these assessment methods is on the measurement, development, and improvement of student learning outcomes aligned with ABET Engineering Criteria 2000. Preliminary results and lessons learned from the overall experience are highlighted.
Estado Periodontal y Necesidad de Tratamiento en Pacientes GES 60 Años de Villa Alemana

Resumen Introduccion El envejecimiento es un proceso fisiologico deteriorativo que se observa desde la sexta decada de la vida. Si bien los cambios demograficos de Chile revelan un envejecimiento poblacional, no existe suficiente informacion sobre el estado periodontal de los adultos de 60 anos en nuestro pais. Actualmente el Programa GES “Salud Oral Integral para el Adulto de 60 Anos” tiene como objetivo mejorar su calidad de vida. Objetivo Determinar el estado periodontal de los adultos de 60 anos pertenecientes a los consultorios municipalizados de Villa Alemana y su necesidad de tratamiento. Pacientes y Metodo Se examinaron a 124 pacientes voluntarios, seleccionados de forma aleatoria simple. Se les realizo un examen registrandose: higiene oral, indice hemorragico, perdida de insercion clinica, profundidad de sondaje y PSR. Se realizo el analisis estadistico y test de Chi-cuadrado. Resultados El 90.32% presento una mala higiene oral, en promedio presentaron un indice hemorragico de 68.42%, el 100% presento perdida de insercion clinica y el 14.51% presento en promedio profundidades de sondaje mayores o iguales a 5 mm. La totalidad de los adultos de 60 anos necesita algun tipo de tratamiento periodontal, siendo un 82.3% el que necesita un tratamiento periodontal complejo. Conclusiones Los pacientes GES de 60 anos presentaron un mal estado periodontal determinado por higiene oral, indice hemorragico, perdida de insercion clinica y profundidad de sondaje, mostrando un importante deterioro de la salud periodontal de dicha poblacion. La totalidad de los adultos de 60 anos necesita tratamiento periodontal de algun tipo, siendo un 82.3% el que necesita tratamiento periodontal complejo.
Characterization of viable autofluorescent macrophages among cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Background Inflammatory macrophages that demonstrate intense autofluorescence have been isolated directly from alveolar and peritoneal tissues, but their generation in vitro remains vague. We use flow cytometry to identify a population of autofluorescent macrophages as they arise among nonadherent populations of cultured blood mononuclear cells. Methods Cells were obtained from donated blood buffy coats and placed in culture for 14 days. Unstained populations from the cells remaining in suspension were sampled daily using flow cytometry. During the first 5 culture days, a distinct population of autofluorescent cells arose and comprised an average of ≤14% of the total cell population. This population declined to less than 6% by culture day 8. Results The cells were identified as viable macrophages expressing CD68, lysozyme, and HLA-DR. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated a unique cytokine profile with IL-1α expression levels 138-fold higher than those measured in uncultured monocytes. No significant elevation in the levels of other cytokines was identified. Upon replating, the sorted populations became readherent, were able to ingest plastic beads, and remained viable for 6 or more additional weeks in culture without evidence of proliferation or multinucleation. Conclusion Viable autofluorescent macrophage populations arising among cultured peripheral blood may be easily identified and isolated for further study using flow cytometry. Cytometry 44:38–44, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BAL and Serum IgG Levels in Healthy Asymptomatic HIV-Infected Patients

Objectives: To determine if the increasedsusceptibility to bacterial infection in asymptomatic HIV-infectedpatients is associated with decreased total IgG or IgG 2 levels in lung epithelial lining fluid. Background: Adecrease in lung IgG levels or subtypes has been proposed ascontributing to the increased risk of bacterial lung infections in, HIV-infected patients. Previous studies measuring lung lavage Ig Gconcentrations have been inconsistent. Methods: Twenty-three HIV patients and 25 control subjects underwent BAL. Bothpatient groups were of similar age, and had similar pulmonary functionstudies and body mass index. Smokers were equally represented in bothgroups, and the majority of subjects in both groups were male. Total IgG and IgG 2 levels in lavage fluid were assayed in bothcohorts and compared using a two-tailed Student's t test. Results: The lung lining fluid IgG level in, HIV-infected patients was 0.19 ± 0.13 μg/μg of protein(mean ± SD) vs 0.11 ± 0.09 μg/μg of protein in controlsubjects (p 2 level in HIV patients was0.034 ± 0.038 μg/μg of protein and 0.014 ± 0.01 μg/μg ofprotein in control subjects (p = 0.054). Lavage IgG levels reflectedserum IgG values (correlation coefficient, 0.56; p Conclusions: The increased susceptibility to bacterialpneumonia in asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals is neither explainedby depressed total IgG levels nor a deficiency in IgG 2 levels in the lungs. The strong correlation between serum and lavage, IgG levels suggests that lavage IgG derives fromserum.
An X-Ray and Optical Investigation of the Infrared-luminous Galaxy Merger Markarian 266

We discuss X-ray and optical spectra and images of the infrared-bright double-nucleus system Mrk 266 = NGC 5256, with an emphasis on its spectacular gaseous nebula. In soft X-rays, the nebula has a diameter of ≈ 100 kpc, a temperature of a few × 106 K, and a luminosity of about 1042 ergs s-1. The optical emission-line nebula is smaller (35 kpc) but much more luminous (1044 ergs s-1 ≈ 10% Lbol for Mrk 266). The kinematics of the emission-line nebula suggest that a radial outflow of gas is occurring at several hundred km s-1. We also measure high gas pressures in the nebula that decline systematically with increasing radius. We argue that a full understanding of the properties of this system probably requires the presence of both an active galactic nucleus (AGN) and a powerful starburst occuring in a pair of colliding/merging disk galaxies. The presence of an AGN in the southwestern nucleus is demonstrated by the high-ionization type 2 Seyfert emission-line spectrum there. The most direct evidence for a young stellar component in Mrk 266 comes from our analysis of the stellar absorption lines, which show that the signature of an old stellar population is weak and the signature of a young or intermediate-age population is strong throughout the inner part of the system. We suggest that the ongoing galaxy collision has tidally redistributed a swarm of gas clouds. The Seyfert-like spectrum of the nebula implies that these gas clouds are photoionized by the AGN (though the starburst also contributes significantly). The kinematics and physical properties of the gas suggest that a "superwind" driven by the collective effect of the starburst's supernovae and stellar winds stirs up this gas, drives it outward, heats it to X-ray-emitting temperatures, and compresses it to high densities and pressures. We show empirically that only those galaxy mergers that are bright in Hα (i.e., those that contain luminous starbursts) have bright X-ray nebulae. This suggests that the luminous X-ray nebula in Mrk 266 is powered by the starburst outflow rather than by the collisions of gas clouds during the merger. This in turn would imply that powerful starbursts are able to heat (and possibly eject) a significant fraction of the interstellar medium in galaxies that are the products of mergers.
Contributions of the relational context to career adaptability among urban adolescents.

Abstract The combined and unique contributions of four relational factors to four dimensions of career adaptability were examined for a sample of 322 urban high school students. When all variables were considered simultaneously, canonical analysis revealed that support from family, teachers, and close friends, and peer beliefs about school contributed significantly to the explanation of the four dimensions of career adaptability, school identification, perceptions of educational barriers, career outcome expectations, and career planning. When controlling for the other relational variables, family support contributed unique variance to the explanation of perceptions of educational barriers and career outcome expectations. Teacher support contributed uniquely to school identification and perceived peer beliefs contributed uniquely to perceptions of educational barriers and school identification.
Ionospheric and tropospheric path delay obtained from GPS integrated phase, incoherent scatter and refractometer data and from IRI-86

Abstract In a series of experiments at Millstone Hill the total electron content along the path to different GPS satellites has been compared using simultaneous integrated phase and incoherent scatter measurements. An analysis of these data allows verification of our technique for determining the ionospheric and tropospheric path delay from the integrated phase data. It also provides the opportunity for evaluation of the IRI model in an operational sense.
Interactions of the Mcm1 MADS box protein with cofactors that regulate mating in yeast.

The yeast Mcm1 protein is a member of the MADS box family of transcriptional regulatory factors, a class of DNA-binding proteins that control numerous cellular and developmental processes in yeast, Drosophila melanogaster, plants, and mammals. Although these proteins bind DNA on their own, they often combine with different cofactors to bind with increased affinity and specificity to their target sites. To understand how this class of proteins functions, we have made a series of alanine substitutions in the MADS box domain of Mcm1 and examined the effects of these mutations in combination with its cofactors that regulate mating in yeast. Our results indicate which residues of Mcm1 are essential for viability and transcriptional regulation with its cofactors in vivo. Most of the mutations in Mcm1 that are lethal affect DNA-binding affinity. Interestingly, the lethality of many of these mutations can be suppressed if the MCM1 gene is expressed from a high-copy-number plasmid. Although many of the alanine substitutions affect the ability of Mcm1 to activate transcription alone or in combination with the α1 and Ste12 cofactors, most mutations have little or no effect on Mcm1-mediated repression in combination with the α2 cofactor. Even nonconservative amino acid substitutions of residues in Mcm1 that directly contact α2 do not significantly affect repression. These results suggest that within the same region of the Mcm1 MADS box domain, there are different requirements for interaction with α2 than for interaction with either α1 or Ste12. Our results suggest how a small domain, the MADS box, interacts with multiple cofactors to achieve specificity in transcriptional regulation and how subtle differences in the sequences of different MADS box proteins can influence the interactions with specific cofactors while not affecting the interactions with common cofactors.
Observing Changing Ecological Diversity in the Anthropocene

As the world enters the Anthropocene – a new geologic period, defined by humanity's massive impact on the planet – the Earth's rapidly changing environment is putting critical ecosystem services at risk. To understand and forecast how ecosystems will change over the coming decades, scientists will require an understanding of the sensitivity of species to environmental change. The current distribution of species and functional groups provides valuable information about the performance of various species in different environments. However, when the rate of environmental change is high, information inherent in the ranges of many species will disappear, since that information exists only under more or less steady-state conditions. The amount of information about species' relationships to climate declines as their distributions move farther from steady state. New remote-sensing technologies can map the chemical and structural traits of plant canopies and will allow for the inference of traits and, in many cases, species' ranges. Current satellite remote-sensing data can only produce relatively simple classifications, but new techniques will produce data with dramatically higher biological information content.
Reliability of Children's Self-Reported Internalizing Symptoms Over Short to Medium-Length Time Intervals

Objective: To determine whether children between the ages of 8 and 12 years are able to reliably report internalizing symptoms over short to medium-length time intervals as measured by an objective self-report instrument of internalizing symptoms. Method: The Internalizing Symptoms Scale for Children (ISSC) was group-administered initially to 131 children and at subsequent intervals of 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. Results: Pearson product-moment correlations for the ISSC total scores of the participants were computed across the various retest intervals. At 2 weeks, the correlation was .84. At 4 weeks, the correlation was .76. After 12 weeks, the correlation was .74. Conclusions: These data indicate that children between 8 and 12 years old can reliably report their experience over short to medium-length intervals. These findings provide strong support for the ISSC as a research and clinical instrument for the assessment of internalizing symptoms in children between 8 and 12 years of age, which may ultimately prove beneficial in the identification and treatment of childhood internalizing disorders. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Etiquette in Contemporary France

Author's Summary— Notes on the less familiar differences between social usages in France and America, presented in the hope that they will clarify our understanding of la politesse francaise. One doesn't “speak like a native” until he knows how a native acts when he speaks in this year 1939.
Abuse and Neglect in Older Adults with Alzheimer's Disease

Elder mistreatment is a serious issue that effects the lives of thousands of older adults and results in emotional difficulties, such as depression,feelings of inadequacy, self-loathing, and lowered self-esteem. It has been shown to result in family distress, impaired life functioning, and difficulties with cognition and has been linked to health problems,such as immunologic dysfunction, and increased mortality. As the population ages, and with it the numbers of persons afflicted by diseases such as Alzheimer's, understanding and recognizing elder mistreatment becomes an important factor in maintaining quality of life for older adults.
Preparation and Reductive Cleavage of Enol Phosphates: 5‐Methylcoprost‐3‐ene

Preparation and reductive cleavage of enol phosphates: 5-methylcoprost-3-ene solvent: 4.0 ml. of triethylamine reactant: 2.00 g. (0.0115 mole) of diethyl phosphorochloridate byproduct: Ethylamine intermediate: diethyl 5-methylcoprost-3-en-3-yl phosphate product: 5-methylcoprost-3-ene reactant: commercial grade of tert-butyl alcohol product: 3,4-seco-5-methylcoprostan-3,4-dioic acid Keywords: cleavage, reductive; assay methods, for methyllithium with 2-butanol, 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2′-bipydridyl or 2,2′-biquinoline indicator; tert-butyl alcohol; diethyl ether; lithium dimethylcuprate (solution), preparation of; tetrahydrofuran; triethylamine; distillation, apparatus, for evaporative distillation
Wetland loss in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Multiple working hypotheses

I examined four hypotheses about causes for the dramatically high coastal wetland losses (0.86% yr−1) in the northern Gulf of Mexico: an extensive dredged canal and spoil bank network, a decline in sediments in the Mississippi River during the 1950s, Mississippi River navigation and flood protection levees, and salinity changes. Natural factors contributing to these habitat changes include eustatic sea-level rise and geological compaction, which appear to have remained relatively constant this century, although variation does occur. These four hypotheses were tested using data on land-to-water changes in 15-min quadrangle maps inventoried for four intervals between the 1930s and 1990. Land loss rates were directly proportional to changes in wefland hydrology in time and space. A linear regression of the direct losses due to dredging versus the losses due to all other factors (indirect losses) had a zero intercept and a slope that increased with time. The ratio indirect:direct land loss was highest nearest the estuarine entrance. The coastwide patterns of land loss do not appear to be affected by riverine sediment reductions over the last 60 yr. The effects of changes in wetland hydrology from dredging human-made channels and forming dredged spoil banks appear to be the most efficacious hypothesis explaning these dramatic losses. The effects of extensive human-induced changes on this coast have apparently overwhelmed the causal linkages identified in the historical re-constructionist view of deltaic gain and loss that emphasizes the role of mineral sediments. A paradigm shift is therefore proposed that emphasizes a broad ecological view as contrasted to a mostly physical view emphasizing the role of sediment supply in wetland maintenance. In this view, plants are not an ancillary consequence of strictly geological dynamics such as sediment supply but are dominant agents controlling factors relevant to coastal restoration and management efforts.
Placental Pathology and Cerebral Palsy

Recent classification systems of cerebral palsy call for an assessment of the timing and etiology of brain injury. The placenta is an underused resource for addressing these important questions. An expert assessment of the placental pathology can provide temporally and mechanistically specific data not available from any other source. Key concepts for an understanding of the role of placental pathology are the "sentinel lesion," the high prevalence of thromboinflammatory lesions affecting large fetal placental vessels, the significance of underlying placental reserve, and the realization that placental findings can serve as markers for processes occurring in the mother or fetus.
Elements of effective communication: Results from a research study of engineering faculty

This paper offers a brief overview of the Mapping the Future of Engineering Communication Project, a larger research study conducted by the authors. A national survey of engineering educators yielded 137 responses, supplemented with a focus group of nine engineering educators conducted at the 2008 Frontiers in Education Conference. The study explores multiple aspects of the ways in which engineers incorporate communication tasks into their engineering courses in the wake of the adoption of EC2000 standards by the ABET/Engineering Accreditation Council. This paper focuses on a particular set of survey and focus group responses that asked respondents to define the elements of effective communication. The criteria as set out in the survey are mapped against the elements of Lloyd Bitzer's rhetorical triangle. The elements explored include 1) technical content, 2) audience accommodation, 3) writer's ethos and purpose, and 4) genre conventions and proper format.
Quantifying Uranium Isotope Ratios Using Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry: The Influence of Laser Parameters on Relative Ionization Probability

Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS) has been developed as a method to measure relative uranium isotope abundances. In this approach, RIMS is used as an element-selective ionization process to provide a distinction between uranium atoms and potential isobars without the aid of chemical purification and separation. We explore the laser parameters critical to the ionization process and their effects on the measured isotope ratio. Specifically, the use of broad bandwidth lasers with automated feedback control of wavelength was applied to the measurement of {sup 235}U/{sup 238}U ratios to decrease laser-induced isotopic fractionation. By broadening the bandwidth of the first laser in a 3-color, 3-photon ionization process from a bandwidth of 1.8 GHz to about 10 GHz, the variation in sequential relative isotope abundance measurements decreased from >10% to less than 0.5%. This procedure was demonstrated for the direct interrogation of uranium oxide targets with essentially no sample preparation. A rate equation model for predicting the relative ionization probability has been developed to study the effect of variation in laser parameters on the measured isotope ratio. This work demonstrates that RIMS can be used for the robust measurement of uranium isotope ratios.