cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building iteration trees

It is shown, assuming the existence of a Woodin cardinal 8, that every tree ordering on some limit ordinal A < 8 with a cofinal branch is the tree ordering of some iteration tree on V. ?0. Introduction. The work of Kunen on measurable cardinals in the late 60's started the subject of inner model theory for large cardinals. One of the basic tools of the subject is the so-called comparison lemma, whose proof uses the technique of iterated ultrapowers. Versions of this lemma remain true up through the level of strong cardinals. In the comparison of inner models for larger large cardinals, however, one must give up on the idea of linear iterations. The successful extension uses a concept isolated by J. Steel, that of an iteration tree. In particular, at the level of Woodin cardinals, iteration trees become indispensable. This feature has been exploited in recent years to find optimal hypotheses for theorems of set theory which require large cardinals. The first example of this can be found in [MS1], where alternating chains, a kind of iteration tree, are built in order to prove projective determinacy from Woodin cardinals. In this paper it is shown that the existence of a Woodin cardinal yields all sorts of iteration trees. (See Theorem 4.1 below for the precise statement.) In a future paper we will show by a different argument that the existence of iteration trees of height co follows from hypotheses much weaker than the existence of a Woodin cardinal. This paper is reasonably self-contained, modulo some aquaintance with extenders and Woodin cardinals. An excellent source on this and related matters is [MS1]. Our debt to that paper and to [MS2] cannot be over-estimated, as will be clear to anyone familiar with them. There are a number of insofar unpublished results due to Martin and Steel that we use throughout this paper. They are carefully stated as they appear in [MS2]. The notation is quite standard, with the possible exception of 2a, used to denote ordinal exponentiation. The end of a proof is denoted by EZ. This paper is a reworking of the third chapter of the author's doctoral dissertation, written under the supervision of Professor J. R. Steel at UCLA. We would like to thank him for his invaluable guidance and advice. We would also like to thank Professor D. A. Martin for his help, and the referee for his careful reading of the manuscript. Received January 26, 1990; revised February 4, 1991. ( 1991, Association for Symbolic Logic 0022-4812/91/5604-0016/$02.60
Singular variations near the contact discontinuity in the theory of interplanetary blast waves

This report is limited to calling attention to a feature of the ideal interplanetary blastwave according to the Parker type of formal theory which has not been scrutinized in the literature before. It is shown analytically that, on account of inertial effects, a gradient singularity of the radial momentum transfer rate arises in association with the local coronal accumulation in front of the rear propelling contact surface postulated in the theory and that such a local accumulation is a general result for power-law explosive waves extruding against an ambient hydrogen solar wind having a strictly inverse-square radial decay in density. The usual numerical schemes are rendered ineffective for the determination of the expected singular local-wave behavior. To circumvent the difficulty, a combined numerical-integral technique has been developed and in this work it has been applied on six specific model waves, including both the decelerating and the non-decelerating, which have energies increasing with time as t K with K = 28, 4, 1, 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8, respectively. Also, a local solution corresponding to the limiting approximation of a constant material velocity gradient has been analytically constructed. The importance of the local singular behavior is quantitatively appraised and certain interplanetary implications are given cursory inferences. It is considered that the new results should have inescapable relevance with regard to (1) the quantitative determination of the progressive peak transverse magnetic field during an interplanetary storm and (2) the theoretical determination of the macroscopic stability of the postulated contact surface.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY

Foreign Language Study met at Princeton on December 31st. All the members of the Committee were present, with the exception of Professor E. H. Wilkins, who felt obliged to resign from the Committee. His resignation was accepted with keen regret and the selection of a successor referred to the Executive Committee. In a two days' session the Committee discussed the Preliminary Report of the Committee on Investigation, and adopted it with unimportant amendments. The Report limits the investigation in the main to the teaching and study of the modern foreign languages in the secondary schools and the corresponding grade of collegiate instruction, and defines the major purpose of the investigators as the formulation of a constructive program of recommendations for improvement at these levels of instruction. The work of the Investigation Committee will consist of: 1) The collection of statistical and other data; 2) An analysis of the objectives of modern foreign language teaching and the testing of these for their validity; 3) A survey of the training of teachers of the modern foreign languages; 4) Certain historical and similar studies. The statistical data, as has already been pointed out, will be secured through a second questionnaire to the secondary schools in the United States, asking for details as to enrollment; information as to organization, character, content, and sequence' of courses; the training and duties of teachers, and the legal and other provisions affecting their appointment and tenure of office. The objectives of modern foreign language study as proposed by the Committee, on the basis of an examination of the literature on the subject and information from many sources, are classified as four immediate objectives and sixteen ultimate objectives.
Effect of streambed bacteria release on E. coli concentrations: Monitoring and modeling with the modified SWAT

Streambed sediment has been attracting attention as a reservoir for bacteria, including pathogenic strains. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been augmented with a bacteria transport subroutine in SWAT2005 in which bacteria die-off is the only in-stream process. The purpose of this study was to develop the partial model of sediment-associated bacteria transport in stream and to evaluate the potential significance of streambed Escherichia coli (E. coli) release and deposition within the SWAT microbial water quality simulations. Streambed E. coli release and deposition were simulated based on the sediment resuspension and deposition modules in SWAT. The modified SWAT was applied to the Little Cove Creek watershed, Pennsylvania, which has forestry and dairy pasture landuses. Temporal changes in sediment E. coli concentrations were derived from monitoring data rather than from a streambed bacteria population model. Sensitivity analyses and calibrations were separately conducted for both hydrologic and bacteria parameters. Hydrologic calibration characterized soils in the watershed as pervious and thus the surface runoff was only moderately contributing to the streamflow. However, the surface runoff carried large numbers of E. coli to the stream, and sediment resuspension contributed to the persistent concentration of E. coli in stream water. Although the uncertainty of E. coli concentrations in streambed sediments and from wildlife probably affected the performance of the modified SWAT model, this study qualitatively confirmed the significance of modeling E. coli release from streambed and deposition for the SWAT microbial water quality simulations. Further developments should include modeling dynamics of bacteria populations within streambeds.
Algal assay and chemical analysis: A comparative study of water quality assessment techniques in a polluted river

Abstract The water quality of a polluted river was monitored for a two-year period by use of an algal bioassay and routine chemical analyses. Comparison of six sampling sites using t -tests for paired data for each parameter measured shows that the algal assay is as efficient as all chemical analyses in differentiating between sites. Comparison of the algal assay with each chemical parameter by means of correlation coefficients shows greatest correlation between the assay and ortho-phosphate. The benefits of using algal assays alone or in addition to chemical analyses are discussed.
Spectrin Domain of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 3a Is the Docking Site for Formation of the a:b:i:g Subcomplex

Abstract eIF3a (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3a), one of the core subunit of the eIF3 complex, has been implicated in regulating translation of different mRNAs and in tumorigenesis. A subcomplex consisting of eIF3a, eIF3b, eIF3g, and eIF3i [eIF3(a:b:i:g)] has also been identified. However, how eIF3a participates in translational regulation and in formation of the eIF3(a:b:i:g) subcomplex remain to be solved. In this study, we used the Tandem Affinity Purification approach in combination with tandem MS/MS and identified the spectrin domain of eIF3a as the docking site for the formation of eIF3(a:b:i:g) subcomplex. While eIF3b and eIF3i bind concurrently to the spectrin domain of eIF3a within about 10-15 amino acids apart, eIF3g binds to eIF3a indirectly via binding to the carboxyl terminal domain of eIF3b. The binding of eIF3b to the spectrin domain of eIF3a occurs in its RNA-recognition motif domain where eIF3j also binds in a mutually exclusive manner. Together, we conclude that the spectrin domain of eIF3a is responsible for the formation of eIF3(a:b:i:g) subcomplex and, because of mutually exclusive nature of bindings of eIF3a and eIF3j to eIF3b, different subcomplexes of eIF3 likely exist and they may perform noncanonical functions in translational regulation.
Benefits of ultrasound vs. computed tomography in the diagnosis of pediatric lateral neck abscesses.

Abstract Objective There are no studies comparing the accuracy of ultrasound and computed tomography in the same population of pediatric patients with lateral neck abscesses. This case series assesses the accuracy of the two imaging techniques. Methods One hundred and forty imaging studies (ultrasound n = 39 or CT n = 101) that were performed from 2005 to 2011 prior to incision and drainage of a lateral neck mass at a tertiary care academic institution were retrospectively reviewed. All children 0–18 years of age with lateral neck abscesses who underwent CT or ultrasound imaging prior to drainage were included. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of ultrasound and CT were determined as compared to the gold standard, incision and drainage of the suspected abscess. Results In children undergoing incision and drainage, the prevalence of an abscess was 89%. Ultrasound has a high specificity (100%) but a low sensitivity (53%). The positive predictive value (96%) is high while the negative predictive value is low (16%), assuming a positive abscess prevalence of 0.9. In contrast, CT has low specificity (18%) but slightly higher sensitivity (68%) compared to ultrasound. Similar to ultrasound, CT had low negative (6%) and high positive (88%) predictive values. Conclusions This study demonstrates that ultrasound may be an equivalently sensitive and more specific diagnostic tool when compared to CT in the work-up of lateral neck abscesses in children. It is safe and effective in diagnosis when there is an undetermined probability of an abscess.
Influence of damping on quantum interference: An exactly soluble model

This paper reports the result of a calculation which shows the effect of damping on the quantum interference of two Gaussian wave packets in a harmonic potential. The influence-functional method, which seems to be the most appropriate one for this kind of calculation, is used. It is shown that quantum-interference effects are severely diminished by the presence of damping even when its influence on the system is only light. The corrections to the undamped formulas are always expressible in terms of the phenomenological damping constant, the temperature (in the high-temperature limit), the cutoff frequency of the reservoir oscillators, and the mean number of quanta of energy intially present in the system. Both weakly and strongly damped systems are analyzed in the regime of low and high temperatures.
Sex-Role Self-Concept and Persistence in a Traditional Vs. Nontraditional College Major for Women.

Abstract This article reports a 3-year follow-up study of a sample of women engineering and home economics majors who were previously studied as freshmen. It was hypothesized that persistence in the two curricula would be related to sex roles, with feminine-typed women more likely to leave engineering and masculine-typed women more likely to leave home economics. The findings did not generally support this hypothesis, however. Women in the two majors who persisted were not found to differ significantly from women who changed majors or dropped out on either sex roles or on ratings given as freshmen of their satisfaction with and certainty of college major. Persisters in engineering had higher college entrance SAT math scores than changers or dropouts. Those who changed majors from home economics tended to go into less traditional fields than home economics. Nearly all of the women who changed from engineering chose another nontraditional or male-dominated field as their second major.
Identification of Autoantigens in Psoriatic Plaques Using Expression Cloning

To search for autoantigens in psoriatic plaques, we screened cDNA libraries of plaque epidermis with psoriatic serum samples. This approach has been highly successful in identifying tumor antigens, but has not been widely applied to autoimmune disease. We identified 11 autoantigens including three with prominent reactivity and plausible disease relevance. These are keratin 13 (K13), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-A1 (hnRNP-A1), and a previously uncharacterized protein, FLJ00294. Serum antibody screening for these demonstrated reactivity in 40%, 38%, and 27% of psoriasis patients, respectively. Most positive samples reacted with all three, and we found that this was due to cross-reactivity among them. Enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) analysis of psoriatic peripheral blood T cells confirmed that these autoantigens are also recognized by T cells. This demonstrates that this is a feasible method to identify autoantigens in an autoimmune target tissue, and suggests that these antigens warrant further study in psoriasis. Furthermore, but peripheral blood of normal controls reacted to these autoantigens with essentially the same frequencies as patients, suggesting that psoriatics may have not only an immune system which is capable of reacting to certain autoantigens, but also to a skin immunoregulatory alteration which allows this normal reactivity to develop into abnormal inflammation.
On the ultrastructure of nucleoli in human leukemic myeloblasts.

Abstract The ultrastructure of nucleoli was investigated in myeloblasts and promyelocytes of untreated patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. These myeloblasts and promyelocytes contain compact nucleoli, nucleoli with nucleolonemas and ring-shaped nucleoli have been observed. In the latter nucleoli, dense chromatin clusters were found adjacent to the central core. In the peripheral region of the ring-shaped nucleoli, a thin discontinuous layer of granular elements was noted in the largely fibrillar area. The ultrastructure of the ring-shaped nucleoli of the leukemic myeloblasts is very similar to that previously described in mature lymphocytes; these findings suggest the nucleolar function is reduced in some myeloblasts in acute leukemias.
The ZRT2 Gene Encodes the Low Affinity Zinc Transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Zinc accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs through either of two uptake systems. A high affinity system is active in zinc-limited cells, and the ZRT1 gene encodes the transporter protein of this system. In this study, we characterized the low affinity system that is active in zinc-replete cells. The low affinity system is time-, temperature-, and concentration-dependent and prefers zinc over other metals as its substrate. Our results suggest that the ZRT2 gene encodes the transporter of this system. The amino acid sequence of Zrt2p is remarkably similar to those of Zrt1p and Irt1p, an Fe2+ transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpressing ZRT2 increased low affinity uptake, whereas disrupting this gene eliminated that activity, but had little effect on the high affinity system. Therefore, the high and low affinity systems are separate uptake pathways. Analysis of the zinc levels required for growth of zrt2 mutant strains as well as the effects of the zrt2 mutation on the regulation of the high affinity system demonstrated that the low affinity system is a biologically relevant mechanism of zinc accumulation. Finally, a zrt1zrt2 mutant was viable, indicating the existence of additional zinc uptake pathways.
Knowing your neighbors: Cell interactions determine intrasegmental patterning in Drosophila

Abstract Intercellular signaling and signal transduction are taking their place as primary mechanisms by which the fates of cells are decided during development. Recent work indicates that these mechanisms convey positional information to the epidermal cells in segments of the fruit fly. This patterning process may be highly conserved during evolution, as similar processes, and homologous molecules, are at work in patterning the vertebrate brain.
Consumer group replies to attack on organic food.

In a true scientific debate, both sides are allowed to put their cases and answer criticism.
Design, fabrication, and testing of a SMA hybrid composite jet engine chevron

Control of jet noise continues to be an important research topic. Exhaust nozzle chevrons have been shown to reduce jet noise, but parametric effects are not well understood. Additionally, thrust loss due to chevrons at cruise suggests significant benefit from deployable chevrons. The focus of this study is development of an active chevron concept for the primary purpose of parametric studies for jet noise reduction in the laboratory and technology development to leverage for full scale systems. The active chevron concept employed in this work consists of a laminated composite structure with embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators, termed a SMA hybrid composite (SMAHC). The actuators are embedded on one side of the middle surface such that thermal excitation generates a moment and deflects the structure. A brief description of the chevron design is given followed by details of the fabrication approach. Results from bench top tests are presented and correlated with numerical predictions from a model for such structures that was recently implemented in MSC.Nastran and ABAQUS. Excellent performance and agreement with predictions is demonstrated. Results from tests in a representative flow environment are also presented. Excellent performance is again achieved for both open- and closed-loop tests, the latter demonstrating control to a specified immersion into the flow. The actuation authority and immersion performance is shown to be relatively insensitive to nozzle pressure ratio (NPR). Very repeatable immersion control with modest power requirements is demonstrated.
The differentially heated cavity

This review discusses recent work dealing with natural convection flow in a differentially heated cavity. The emphasis is placed primarily on work dealing with the non-Boussinesq regime, transitional flow, and turbulent flow. Direction for future work in areas where additional effort is required is also provided.
Theorem proving with variable-constrained resolution

A set S of clauses is said to be substitutably unsatisfiable if and only if there exist a set M of variants (copies) of clauses in S and a substitution @q such that [email protected] is truth-functionally unsatisfiable. In this paper, we have introduced ''variable-constrained resolution,'' or V-resolution for short. Using V-resolution, it is guaranteed that the empty clause @? can always be derived from a substitutably unsatisfiable set of clauses. Comparisons between (ordinary) resolution and V-resolution are given. V-resolution has been implemented in a LISP program. Experimental results show that V-resolution is much more efficient than resolution.
Spin injection and accumulation in mesoscopic metal device structures

There have been several recent experiments involving spin injection and accumulation in mesoscopic metal samples, using lateral spin valve structures. The results have been interesting from the perspectives of both fundamental physics and applications. The resistance change associated with spin accumulation, uR, has been predicted to scale inversely with sample volume and this inverse scaling has been observed over ten decades. A value of uR = 1 Ohm has been reported, at room temperature, in a thin film Al wire structure with transverse dimensions of roughly 100 nm. High values of uR have been observed in samples characterized by electrode interface resistances that vary by 6 decades. Results are discussed within the framework of Johnson-Silsbee theory, and factors that limit inverse scaling are identified. Lateral spin valves with dimensions of tens of nm may be competitive for device applications. Structures with uR of order 1 Ohm are superior to CPP spin valves of comparable dimensions. Prospects for improved performance, the plausibility of a lateral spin valve with output levels of 10 Ohms and output impedance of 50 Ohms, and relevance to hard drive read heads and integrated nonvolatile random access memory applications are discussed.
The metabolism of 20- and 22-carbon unsaturated acids in rat heart and myocytes as mediated by feeding fish oil.

When rats were fed 5% corn oil, the heart phospholipids contained large amounts of 22-carbon (n−6) acids. When half of the corn oil was replaced with fish oil, the reduced level of arachidonate and 22-carbon (n−6) acids in phospholipids was accompanied by increases in the levels of 22-carbon (n−3) acids while only small amounts of 20∶5(n−3) were acylated. Heart myocytes readily took up and acylated [1-14C]-labeled 20∶4(n−6), 20∶5(n−3) and 22∶6(n−3) into phospholipids. The uptake and acylation of 20∶4(n−6) was greater than for 20∶5(n−3) but the intracellular labeling profiles were similar. Uptake and acylation of 22∶6(n−3) was somewhat lower. In addition the intracellular labeling profile differed in that more 22∶6(n−3) was incorporated into the ethanolamine-containing phospholipids than when 20∶4(n−6) or 20∶5(n−3) were the substrates. Neither 20∶4(n−6) nor 20∶5(n−3) was chain elongated. When [3-14C]-labeled 22∶4(n−6) and 22∶5(n−3) were the substrates, it was not possible to detect radioactive 22∶5(n−6) or 22∶6(n−3). Both [3-14]-labeled substrates were acylated into phospholipids and retroconverted with the subsequent esterification of radioactive 20∶4(n−6) and 20∶5(n−3) into triglycerides and phospholipids. These studies show that cardiomyocytes lack the ability to make 22-carbon acids from 20-carbon precursors but they retroconvert 22-carbon acids to 20-carbon acids. The high levels of 22-carbon polyunsaturated acids in total heart lipids thus cannot be attributed to the synthetic capacities of cardiomyocytes.
The carboxyl-terminal domain is essential for rhodopsin transport in rod photoreceptors

The role of the carboxyl-terminal domain in rhodopsin transport was investigated using transgenic mice expressing a rhodopsin truncation mutant lacking the terminal 15 amino acids (S334ter). It was previously shown that S334ter translocates to the outer segment in the presence of endogenous rhodopsin. We now show that in the absence of endogenous rhodopsin S334ter mis-localizes to the plasma membrane and fails to reconstitute outer segment structures. Surprisingly, this mis-localization does not affect photoreceptor cell survival. These results provide further evidence on the important role of the COOH-terminal domain in rhodopsin trafficking and demonstrate an absolute requirement of this domain for correct vectorial transport of rhodopsin in rod photoreceptors.
Dual-modality fiber-optic imager (DFOI) for intracellular gene delivery in human cervical cancer cell

The most common optical method to validate intracellular gene delivery in cancer is to detect tagged fluorescence signals from the cells. However, fluorescent detection is usually performed in vitro due to the limitation of standard microscopes. Herein, we propose a highly sensitive dual-modality fiber-optic imager (DFOI), which enables in vivo fluorescence imaging. Our system uses a coherent fiber bundle based imager capable of simultaneously performing both confocal reflectance and fluorescent microscopy. Non-viral vectors targeting human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) were used to evaluate the performance. Preliminary results demonstrated the DFOI is promising for in vivo evaluation of intracellular gene delivery.
The Moderating Effect of Positive Father Engagement and Accessibility on a School-Based System of Care Intervention for Mental Health Outcomes of Children

We conducted an exploratory research study looking at fathering interactions as they relate to the wraparound care given by the Partnership for Kids or PARK Project, a school-based system of care in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The questions posed by our research focused on how fathers’ positive interaction measured by their levels of engagement and accessibility can moderate the effect of the school-based system of care intervention on the mental health outcomes of children with serious emotional disturbances. We found that, although not statistically significant, children’s access to their father did have a moderating effect on CBCL scores for internalizing behaviors and total problems. There was very small change in CBCL scores for externalizing behaviors. Further, the moderating effect of father accessibility and father engagement had a lasting effect as a moderator through 12 months into the intervention, especially with regard to internalizing behavior scores.
Radiative heat transfer in a heat generating and turbulently convecting fluid layer

The coupled problem of radiative transport and turbulent natural convection in a volumetrically heated, horizontal gray fluid medium, bounded from above by a rigid, isothermal wall and below by a rigid, adiabatic wall, is investigated analytically. An approximate method based upon the boundary layer approach is employed to obtain the dependence of heat transfer at the upper wall on the principal parameters of the problem, which, for moderate Prandtl number, are the Rayleigh number, Ra, the optical thickness, κL, and the conduction-radiation coupling parameter, N. Also obtained in this study is the behavior of the thermal boundary layer at the upper wall. At large κL, the contribution of thermal radiation to heat transfer in the layer is found to be negligible for N > 10, moderate for N ∼ 1, and overwhelming for N < 0.1. However, at small kL, thermal radiation is found to be important only for N < 0.01. While a higher level of turbulence results in a thinner boundary layer, a larger effect of radiation is found to result in a thicker one. Thus, in the presence of strong thermal radiation, a much larger value of Ra is required for the boundary layer approach to remain valid. Under severe radiation conditions, no boundary layer flow regime is found to exist even at very high Rayleigh numbers. Accordingly, the ranges of applicability of the present results are determined and the approximate method justified. In particular, the validity of the present analysis is tested in three limiting cases, i.e. those of κL /ar ∞, N /a ∞, and Ra /ar ∞, and is further confirmed by comparison with the numerical solution.
A rapid method for phospholipid class separation by HPLC using an evaporative light-scattering detector

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation and quantification of major natural phospholipid classes using an evaporative light-scattering detector is described. Separation and detection of cholesterol, palmitic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin was achieved in less than 15 minutes using a Spherisorb 10 cm long silica column. A simplified ternary mobile phase gradient of hexane, isopropanol and water was used to separate these six standards reproducibly and easily. A crude sample of egg yolk was also analyzed using this method and found to contain mostly cholesterol with small amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. The evaporative detector gave a stable flat baseline with detection limits for most compounds in the low nanogram range.
Influence of Ball Properties on Simulated Ball-to-Head Impacts

The risk of injury is an unfortunate reality in sporting events of all types and all levels of competition. In many sports, ball properties are held to strict standards to maintain high levels of consistency and performance. Quantitative knowledge of how materials affect player safety is important in the development of ball performance standards. To increase our understanding of the relationship between the properties of sports balls and the potential for player injury, we constructed a finite element model of ball-to-head impacts. Our simulations combined leading finite element models of softballs and the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS). Frontal and lateral impacts to the head were simulated using two different ball models, and for initial ball velocities ranging from 26.8 m/s to 53.6 m/s. While the ball models were approved for the same level of play, their stiffness differed by 30%, resulting in up to a 63.7% difference in skull impact stress for the same impact conditions. The results show that injury severity is a strong function of ball material properties and can differ measurably with ball model, even with balls designed for the same level of play.
Orthogonal cutting mechanisms of graphite/epoxy composite. Part II: multi-directional laminate

An experimental study of orthogonal cutting mechanisms was conducted in the edge trimming of unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy composite with polycrystalline diamond tools. The effects of tool geometry and operating conditions were evaluated from an analysis of chip formation, cutting force and machined surface topography. All aspects of material removal were found to be primarily dependent on the fibre orientation. Discontinuous chip formation was noted throughout this study, regardless of trimming parameters. Chip dimensions and force measurements depicted a change in chip formation with fibre orientation, and the presence of three distinct mechanisms in the edge trimming of fiber reinforced composite material. A combination of cutting, shearing and fracture along the fibre/matrix interface was observed.
Precise open-loop control of MEMS deformable mirror shape

A new method is introduced for predicting control voltages that will generate a prescribed surface shape on a deformable mirror. The algorithm is based upon an analytical elastic model of the mirror membrane and an empirical electromechanical model of its actuators. It is computationally simple and inherently fast. Shapes at the limit of achievable mirror spatial frequencies with up to 1.5μm amplitudes have been achieved with less than 15nm RMS error.
The Trichoplusia ni cell line MSU-TnT4 does not harbor a latent nodavirus

MSU-TnT4 (TnT4) cells, a newly established Trichoplusia ni cell line, was examined for the presence of a latent nodavirus, as had been described for another T. ni cell line, BTI-TN-5B1-4 (Hi5) cells. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using nodavirus-specific primers did not detect virus genomic RNA in TnT4 cells. Transmission electron microscopy of recombinant baculovirus-infected TnT4 cells showed no evidence of latent nodavirus activation. Nodavirus particles were not detected in density gradients of baculovirus-infected TnT4 cell lysates or cell supernatants. The same methods confirmed the presence of a latent nodavirus in Hi5 cells.
Suppression of ferromagnetism in the LaVxCr1−xGe3 system

We report the synthesis of hexagonal LaV${}_{x}$Cr${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Ge${}_{3}$ ($x=0$--0.21, 1.00) single crystals and present a systematic study of this series by measurements of temperature- and field-dependent magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, resistivity, and specific heat. Ferromagnetism has been observed for $x=0$--0.21. The Curie temperature declines monotonically as the V concentration increases. Single-crystalline samples could only be grown for $x$ values up to 0.21 for which the transition temperature was suppressed down to 36 K. Although we could not fully suppress ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ via V substitution, for $x=0.16$, we performed magnetization measurements under pressure. The ferromagnetic state is suppressed under pressure at an initial rate of $d{T}_{\mathrm{C}}/dp\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}11.7$ K/GPa and vanishes by 3.3 GPa. The increase of the Rhodes-Wohlfarth ratio suggests that the ferromagnetism in this system evolves toward itinerant as the V concentration increases.
Juvenile Hormone in Thymus, Human Placenta and other Mammalian Organs

THE development of methods for extracting and assaying the juvenile hormone of insects1 has encouraged a search for the same biological activity in animals other than insects. Schneiderman and Gilbert have reported the first progress in this direction. Ether extracts of various invertebrates, including Hydrozoa, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Holothuroidea, Balanoglossida and Decapoda, give positive tests for juvenile hormone when assayed on pupae of the silkworm, Antheraea polyphemus2. Equally surprising is the demonstration of juvenile hormone activity in certain crude aqueous extracts of bovine adrenals3.
Behavior therapy for psychosomatic disorders.

Abstract Because learned emotional or psychophysiologic responses are a factor in the causation of psychosomatic disorders, such illnesses lend themselves to treatment with behavior therapy. A behavior analysis must be done initially to establish a correlation between the psychological factors and the somatic illness. Then systematic desensitization, flooding, biofeedback, and other techniques are effective in most patients. The author discusses the application of behavior therapy for relief of asthma, essential hypertension, migraine, tension headache, neurodermatitis, and gastrointestinal psychosomatic reactions.
Dielectric Properties of Pea Puree at 915 MHz and 2450 MHz as a Function of Temperature

Dielectric properties [dielectric constant (e′) and loss factor (e″)] of 20% (w/w) pea puree with and without fortification of 3.5 mg thiamin/ 100g pea puree at 915 MHz and 2450 MHz were measured from 25 to 125°C by the cavity perturbation techniaue. Thiamin did not affect dielectric properties at ihe concentration studied. The dielectric constant decreased as frequency and temperature increased. The loss factor increased as temperature increased at 915 MHz. However, the relationship between loss factor and temperature was not direct at 2450 MHz due to the contributions of dipolar and ionic losses.
Ileoanal pouch function and release of peptide YY.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), intestinal transit, fecal retention time, and anal sphincter manometry in colectomized patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. METHODS: Plasma and pouch PYY, mouth-to-pouch transit time, fecal retention time, and anal canal pressures were studied in 27 patients with ileoanal pouches a mean of 50 (range, 3–84) months after loop ileostomy closure. RESULTS: Basal and peak postprandial plasma PYY were significantly reduced in patients with pouches compared with controls (P<0.0001). Pouch PYY was decreased compared with control ileal PYY (P=0.0003). No significant correlation was noted between intestinal transit and total integrated PYY response in patients with pouches (r=0.36;P=0.06). Fecal retention time was related to postprandial total integrated response of plasma PYY (r=0.43;P=0.02), mouth-to-pouch transit (r=0.87;P<0.0001), and resting (r=0.44;P=0.02) and squeeze (r=0.62;P=0.0006) anal sphincter pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Colectomized ileoanal patients with pouches showed decreased plasma and pouch PYY compared with controls. Intestinal transit was not significantly related to PYY release. However, prolonged pouch fecal retention was associated with greater PYY release, mouth-to-pouch transit, and anal sphincter pressures.
Recent progress in approximate self-consistent-field theory

Progress in the development of self-consistent molecular-orbital methods for all valence electrons using zero differential overlap approximations is reviewed. Calculations of equilibrium bond lengths, bond angles, bending force constants, electric dipole moments and electron-nuclear hyperfine interactions are shown to be in moderately good agreement with experiment for a wide range of molecules and free radicals.
Algorithm for error-compensated kinetic determinations without prior knowledge of reaction order or rate constant

The development and evaluation of a new algorithm for error-compensating predictive kinetic determinations are described. With the new algorithm it is possible to fit kinetic data without prior knowledge of the rate constant, reaction order or initial and final values of the detector signal. A curve-fitting method is used to obtain values of these parameters that give the best fit of the model to the data. Although intended to be used primarily to compute signal changes between t=0 and ∞, the method can also be used to determine reaction orders. Although the algorithm fails for reaction orders of zero and unity, it works well for orders between these values and orders greater than unity. Simulated data are used to evaluate the effects of reaction order, signal noise and data range on computed values of signal change and, to a lesser extent, reaction order.
The preparation of tungstic acid gel and its use in the production of experimental epilepsy.

UMMARY Two methods of preparing tungstic acid gel, an epileptogenic agent, and its use in the production of focal motor and sensory epilepsy are described. Epilepsy produced by this agent is characterized by good localization, short latency and limited duration. It is effective in cerebral cortex, brain stem and spinal cord. REASUMEA Les auteurs deAcrivent deux meAthodes pour la preAparation d'un gel d'acide tungstique en tant qu'agent eApileptogeGne et son usage pour la production d'une eApilepsie focale, motrice et sensorielle. L'eApilepsie provoqueAe par cet agent est caracteAriseAe par sa bonne localisation, sa courte latence et sa dureAe limiteAe. Le produit est effectif dans le cortex ceAreAbral, le tronc ceAreAbral et la moelle eApinieGre.
Overlap of intense charged particle beams for intertial confinement fusion

One approach to controlled thermonuclear fusion for power production requires the irradiation of centimetre-size targets containing heavy hydrogen (D–T) fuel by intense charged particle beams (CPB). Beam energy and pulse length requirements are ∼1 MJ and 10ns. In certain studies1 the CPBs are beams of light ions, such as helium, with kinetic energies per nucleon in the range 1–5 MeV. These beams can be transported by preformed, current-carrying, plasma discharge channels. The fields from the channel currents (supplied by capacitor banks) confine the CPBs. These channels can be laser-initiated in a background gas that has a pressure between 10 and 100 torr. This gas blanket enables first wall loading, by X rays, shocks and thermal radiation to be mitigated. Although intense relativistic electron beams (REBs), which were developed before intense light ion beams, have achieved higher intensities2, ion beams have more favourable deposition characteristics in targets3. Proton beams have driven exploding pusher targets4 to implosion velocities of 20 cm µs−1 and have attained power of ∼1 TW cm−2, which is a factor of 40 below that estimated (G. Allshouse, personal communication) to be necessary for target ignition and for net system energy gain. To close the gap between present capabilities and future requirements, beam bunching and beam overlap are being studied. The current density gain G is important to the CPB overlap process and is the ratio of beam current density at the target surface to that of the individual beams in the transport channels; it depends on particle species, transverse energy, geometry of the channel-target interface, and so on. Detailed calculations5–7 indicate that for electron beams, G<3, while for practical cases of light ions, G can exceed 10. This is due to the difference in masses and effective temperatures of the two types of beams. Sources providing multiple ion beams are not available to test this overlap theory experimentally, hence it has been tested using a multiple electron beam system. Here we outline the experiment and describe the apparatus, and then summarize the theoretical treatment of beam overlap, describe diagnostic procedures, and compare the experimental results with calculations.
Depression and processing information about others

Abstract We investigated differences between mildly depressed subjects and normal controls in their memory for, and judgments of, another person. All subjects read a story (containing either predominately positive or predominately negative items) under instructions to form an impression of the story target. Subjects later made several judgments about the target and attempted to recall the story. For both the positive and the negative story, depressed subjects produced significantly more negative intrusions (i.e., recalled nonpresented negative items) than did the normal subjects, but they did not recall more negative items correctly than did the normal subjects. Depressed subjects also perceived themselves as more similar to the negative story target than did the normal controls and indicated greater liking for the negative story target than did the normal controls.
Primary hip arthroplasty with 28-mm Metasul articulation.

Abstract This follow-up study reports on 69 patients at mean 13 years with total hip arthroplasty using 28-mm Metasul (Zimmer, Winterthur, Switzerland) metal-on-metal articulation. These results are not transferable to large–diameter head metal-on-metal articulations. Four new revisions, 3 for disassociation of the liner and 1 for mechanical loosening of the acetabulum, occurred since the previous report of mean 7.3 years. The prevalent cause of late revision is disassociation, which suggests a high frictional torque or impingement in these articulation surfaces. No revision was done for osteolysis. Overall, of the original 127 hips, 116 (91%) were known to have maintained their original components.
Family therapists in trauma-response teams: Bringing systems thinking into interdisciplinary fieldwork

Attention to the mental health facets of disaster-preparedness and trauma-response teams has increased considerably over the past decade. As family therapists take part in these efforts, they bring with them a worldview that adds valuable contributions to the nature in which fieldwork is conducted and the manners in which interdisciplinary teams function on the ground. In this article, we present how systems thinking sensitizes trauma workers to a variety of clinical presentations and biopsychosocial complexities inherent in this work. We describe common clinical- and practice-related challenges, alongside practical strategies for effectively dealing with these challenges. We draw upon our experiences as family therapists trained in the field of trauma, and our work as field responders, supervisors and team leaders across a variety of local and large-scale disaster events and contexts.
Assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of naphtho [1′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐c]quinoline using two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy

The 1 H NMR spectrum of naphtho[1',2':4,5]thieno[2,3-c]quinoline is highly congested because all the protons are in an aromatic environment, and the structure of the molecule is nearly symmetric. With this in mind, the assignment of the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of this compound obtained using two-dimesional NMR spechoscopy is reported
Why Surgical Mentoring is Important and Evidence That it Makes a Difference

Most successful surgeons have had accomplished surgical mentors. Mentoring provides evidence-based personal and career benefits to the mentee. Immense personal satisfaction and a prolonged opportunity to help others are the principal benefits to the surgical mentor.
Distribution of Wolbachia among Neotropical Arthropods

Wolbachia are a group of cytoplasmically inherited bacteria that cause reproduction alterations in arthropods, including parthenogenesis, reproductive incompatibility and feminization of genetic males. Two major subdivisions of Wolbachia (A and B) occur. Wolbachia are found in a number of well-studied insects, but their overall distribution in arthropods has not been well studied. A survey for Wolbachia in 157 Panamanian neotropical arthropod species was done using a polymerase chain reaction assay. Wolbachia were detected in 26 of 154 insect species (16.9%) and zero of three arachnids (0%). Extrapolating to the estimated total number of insect species present globally (10-30 million), an estimated 1.69-5.07 million insect species are infected with these bacteria, making Wolbachia an extremely abundant bacterial group. Wolbachia were found in each of the major insect orders examined, including Coleoptera (6/57 infected), Diptera (5/14), Hemiptera/Homoptera (1/7), Hymenoptera (6/23) Lepidoptera (7/43) and Orthoptera (1/8). Of the 26 positives, eight species were found to be singly infected with A group Wolbachia, nine singly with B group Wolbachia and nine doubly infected with both A and B group Wolbachia. Double infections occur at significantly higher frequencies than expected by chance. The abundance of Wolbachia further supports their potential importance as a mechanism for rapid speciation in insects.
Community readiness: Research to practice

Communities are at many different stages of readiness for implementing programs, and this readiness is to be a major factor in determining whether a local program can be effectively implemented and supported by the community. The Community Readiness Model was developed to meet research needs, (e.g., matching treatment and control communities for an experimental intervention) as well as to provide a practical tool to help communities mobile for change. The model defines nine stages of community readiness ranging from “no awareness” of the problem to “professionalization” in the response to the problem within the community. Assessment of the stage of readiness is accomplished using key informant interviews, with questions on six different dimensions related to a community's readiness to mobilize to address a specific issue. Based on experiences in working directly with communities, strategies for successful effort implementation have been developed for each stage of readiness. Once a community has achieved a stage of readiness where local efforts can be initiated, community teams can be trained in use of the community readiness model. These teams can then develop specific, culturally appropriate efforts that use local resources to guide the community to more advanced levels of readiness, eventually leading to long-term sustainability of local community efforts. This article presents the history of the development of the model, the stages of readiness, dimensions used to assess readiness, how readiness is assessed and strategies for change at each level of readiness. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.