cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serverification of molecular modeling applications: the Rosetta Online Server that Includes Everyone (ROSIE).

The Rosetta molecular modeling software package provides experimentally tested and rapidly evolving tools for the 3D structure prediction and high-resolution design of proteins, nucleic acids, and a growing number of non-natural polymers. Despite its free availability to academic users and improving documentation, use of Rosetta has largely remained confined to developers and their immediate collaborators due to the code’s difficulty of use, the requirement for large computational resources, and the unavailability of servers for most of the Rosetta applications. Here, we present a unified web framework for Rosetta applications called ROSIE (Rosetta Online Server that Includes Everyone). ROSIE provides (a) a common user interface for Rosetta protocols, (b) a stable application programming interface for developers to add additional protocols, (c) a flexible back-end to allow leveraging of computer cluster resources shared by RosettaCommons member institutions, and (d) centralized administration by the RosettaCommons to ensure continuous maintenance. This paper describes the ROSIE server infrastructure, a step-by-step ‘serverification’ protocol for use by Rosetta developers, and the deployment of the first nine ROSIE applications by six separate developer teams: Docking, RNA de novo, ERRASER, Antibody, Sequence Tolerance, Supercharge, Beta peptide design, NCBB design, and VIP redesign. As illustrated by the number and diversity of these applications, ROSIE offers a general and speedy paradigm for serverification of Rosetta applications that incurs negligible cost to developers and lowers barriers to Rosetta use for the broader biological community. ROSIE is available at http://rosie.rosettacommons.org.
Learning and Acting on Customer Information: A Simulation-Based Demonstration on Service Allocations with Offshore Centers

Abstract As service centers become crucial corporate assets for increasing customer relationships and profits, it is imperative to understand customer reactions to service allocations. Using customer call history from a DSL service, the authors empirically investigate how customers' onshore and offshore experiences affect service duration and customer retention. They formulate service channel allocation decisions as solutions to a dynamic programming problem in which the firm learns about heterogeneous customer preferences, balances short-term service costs with long-term customer retention, and optimally matches customers with their preferred centers to maximize long-term profit. They demonstrate through simulations that learning enables a firm to make more customized allocations and that acting on long-term customer responses prompts the firm to make proactive decisions that prevent customers from leaving. As a result, the firm can improve customer retention and profit. The proposed framework also mirro...
Geometric nonlinear thermoelasticity and the time evolution of thermal stresses

In this paper we formulate a geometric theory of nonlinear thermoelasticity that can be used to calculate the time evolution of temperature and thermal stress fields in a nonlinear elastic body. In particular, this formulation can be used to calculate residual thermal stresses. In this theory the material manifold (natural stress-free configuration of the body) is a Riemannian manifold with a temperature-dependent metric. Evolution of the geometry of the material manifold is governed by a generalized heat equation. As examples, we consider an infinitely long circular cylindrical bar with a cylindrically symmetric temperature distribution and a spherical ball with a spherically-symmetric temperature distribution. In both cases we assume that the body is made of an arbitrary incompressible isotropic solid. We numerically solve for the evolution of thermal stress fields induced by thermal inclusions in both a cylindrical bar and a spherical ball, and compare the linear and nonlinear solutions for a generaliz...
International Negotiations: The Influence of the 'New China' in International Negotiation Process

From the Western standpoint, negotiating with the Chinese is not an easy process nor it it easy to achieve the goals set. However, with a good preparation, long-term commitment and dedication to the subject at hand, it is possible to succeed, provided that the partners of the relationship with the Chinese partner have been well established from the beginning. In this paper, I will present the Chinese business negotiation process based on empirical investigation of business negotiations as examplified by the telecommunications project between the foreign firm Ericsson and the Chinese customers (Pervez, 2001). The results reveal that if you follow the three basic stages of negotiating with the Chinese, you are likely to have a successful outcome. These stages are classified into pre-negotiation, negotiation and post-negotiation
An Overview of Nanoscale Silicon Reactive Composites Applied to Microengergetics

The reactive properties of composite materials change dramatically at scales below about 100 nm, in contrast to other applications of nanomaterials where physical properties such as melting point are expected to change at length scales less than about 10 nm. Nanoenergetic composites, or nanoenergetics, have high surface areas, small diffusion scales, and consequently dramatically faster reaction rates. Aluminum-fueled nanoenergetics have been widely studied, while other possible fuels such as silicon has received much less study. Silicon has particular appeal to microscale energetic (microenergetics) applications because it has the capability of being intimately integrated into micro-scale devices such as Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) for application to microthrusters, actuators, drug delivery, etc. Microscale gaseous combustion is widely studied and is applied to applications where length scales are on the order of millimeters. Some energetic materials can selfpropagate in microchannels on the order of hundreds of micrometers, making them of interest for unique applications. In this paper the current state of nanoscale silicon (nSi), including reactive nanoporous silicon (nPSi) reactives is reviewed and recent experimental results from our group is presented. Both nSi and nPSi reactive systems are shown to propagate in scales on the order of a hundred micrometers.
Dante's Firm Foot and the Journey Without a Guide

The Journey of the Divine Comedy begins with a conversion. The pilgrim “comes to” after somehow having lost his way in a dark wood. He looks up from that tangle and sees the rays of the sun striking upon a mountain-top, and knows that he must attain the summit. From that moment, the problem is no longer where to go, but rather how to get there, and the problem proves to be insoluble. Try as he may, he cannot achieve the goal which is the beginning and the cause of all joy, for three formidable beasts drive him back into the wood from which he has come, and he retreats, no longer able to help himself, exhausted, and very nearly defeated.
What's preventing more prevention? Barriers to development at academic medical centers.

Objective:To determine the views of leaders in academic medicine concerning the need for programs in preventive medicine (PM) and the prevailing barriers to program development.
Alternatives to high-risk securities fraud control: proposing structural transformation in an age of financial expansionism and unsustainable global capital

This article is not about controlling high-risk securities frauds through improved identification and enhanced enforcement of existing (or new) administrative, civil, and/or criminal laws. Instead, it is about demonstrating the futility of these strategies and revealing the structural necessities for developing other strategies of social control. It proceeds by locating financial global capital within the world economy as a means of familiarizing discussions of crime control with the laws of capitalist development. To advance the argument for alternative policies, it first describes the contradictory forces of free-market capitalism as well as the failures of securities law to deter Wall Street like financial frauds, and then it appraises the inefficacies and non-controls of state-legal interventions into high-stakes financial frauds. Ultimately, within the framework of building a globally sustainable ecosystem, a number of policy prescriptions are presented. Collectively, these policies revolve around the redistributions of social, political, and economic power as a plan for avoiding future securities trading catastrophes caused primarily by the concentrations of global capital.
Conditioned Ethanol Tolerance

While it is evident that conditioning is involved in the development of drug addictions, the specific etiological role (or roles) of conditioning has not yet been clearly delineated. Some believe that addiction is maintained via addicts learning to avoid withdrawal stress through self-administration (Beach, 1957), while others have suggested that the reinforcing effects of drugs are sufficient to maintain operantly conditioned self-administration (Schuster & Villarreal, 1968). Wikler (1971) has further pointed out that environmental situations that regularly surround drug administration or withdrawal stress may also gain conditioned positive or negative reinforcement qualities, respectively.
Unbiased estimation of biomarker panel performance when combining training and testing data in a group sequential design

Motivated by an ongoing study to develop a screening test able to identify patients with undiagnosed Sjogren's Syndrome in a symptomatic population, we propose methodology to combine multiple biomarkers and evaluate their performance in a two-stage group sequential design that proceeds as follows: biomarker data is collected from first stage samples; the biomarker panel is built and evaluated; if the panel meets pre-specified performance criteria the study continues to the second stage and the remaining samples are assayed. The design allows us to conserve valuable specimens in the case of inadequate biomarker panel performance. We propose a nonparametric conditional resampling algorithm that uses all the study data to provide unbiased estimates of the biomarker combination rule and the sensitivity of the panel corresponding to specificity of 1-t on the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). The Copas and Corbett (2002) correction, for bias resulting from using the same data to derive the combination rule and estimate the ROC, was also evaluated and an improved version was incorporated. An extensive simulation study was conducted to evaluate finite sample performance and propose guidelines for designing studies of this type. The methods were implemented in the National Cancer Institutes Early Detection Network Urinary PCA3 Evaluation Trial.
Network Experimental Approaches: Inactivation, Microinjection, Neuronal Stimulation, and Recording

Neuronal networks in the brain play a critical role in normal physiological function and in the pathophysiology of many neurological and psychiatric disorders. A variety of experimental neuroscience approaches have been utilized to analyze the function and explore the dysfunction of neuronal networks. This chapter focuses on several widely used network experimental techniques: focal inactivation by lesioning or microinjection, and stimulation by electrical, chemical, or light stimuli. These techniques have been used as general approaches, along with anatomical mapping techniques discussed in other chapters in this book, to identify the structural components of neuronal networks. Once the foregoing techniques definitively identify potentially important network sites, extracellular neuronal recording from those sites allows evaluation of their real-time operating mechanisms, which may be coupled with electrical stimulation to further evaluate the processes subserving network function. The use of these techniques is illustrated in identifying the neuronal networks primarily subserving audiogenic seizures (AGS) in animals that are genetically susceptible or in which AGS susceptibility has been induced, such as during ethanol withdrawal after continued ethanol ingestion. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of these techniques. Research in exploring the neuronal network for AGS supports the general use of these techniques as powerful tools for exploring the neuronal networks involved in the function of normal neuronal networks of the brain, as well as CNS disorders and therapy of these disorders.
Relabel mixture models via modal clustering

ABSTRACTEffectively solving the label switching problem is critical for both Bayesian and Frequentist mixture model analyses. In this article, a new relabeling method is proposed by extending a recently developed modal clustering algorithm. First, the posterior distribution is estimated by a kernel density from permuted MCMC or bootstrap samples of parameters. Second, a modal EM algorithm is used to find the m! symmetric modes of the KDE. Finally, samples that ascend to the same mode are assigned the same label. Simulations and real data applications demonstrate that the new method provides more accurate estimates than many existing relabeling methods.
Physicochemical Characterization of Different Varieties of Quinoa

Quinoa is a pseudocereal from South America known for its unique nutritional properties. Hundreds of varieties and experimental lines are currently either grown or in development in many countries around the world. There exists a lack of information about, and understanding of, the nutritional composition and processing characteristics of these varieties and their potential end-use applications. Twenty-eight quinoa varieties and experimental lines tested in the Washington State University breeding program were evaluated for their chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics. Both compositional and physicochemical analysis demonstrated wide variation in properties among the varieties. Analysis of flour swelling power, water absorption index, and differential scanning calorimetry further supported the differences hypothesized between varieties. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the varieties into four clusters. Principal component analysis was used to visually display the data on a biplot, r...
Religious and Spiritual Practices and Coping

A large proportion of Americans appears to rely on attendance at religious services, prayer, meditation, and/or other religious or spiritual practices to cope with health-related issues. Accordingly, it is likely that social workers will encounter clients who utilize these strategies. The chapter builds on Chaps. 4 and 8 by exploring the research relating to reliance on prayer, meditation, and coping with illness. The chapter discusses the implications of the client’s reliance on prayer and meditation, as well as the social worker’s use of these strategies with and for clients.
Why Women Succeed in Mathematics.

The first computer scientist, Ada Byron Lovelace (1815–1852), was the daughter of Annabella Milbanke, an avid amateur mathematician, and Lord Byron, who referred to his wife as “the Princess of Parallelograms’’ (Perl 1978, 103). When Ada Byron was a young woman, her mentor was the leading nineteenth-century mathematician Mary Somerville (1780–1872), who introduced Ada Byron to Charles Babbage (Perl 1978, 101). Not only did Ada Byron learn the logic of Babbage’s analytic engine, write programs for it, and develop the logic of loops and branching in programming, but she saw, remarkably ahead of her time, that the computer could manipulate and output symbols as well as numbers.
Mimetic peptide of ubiquitin-interacting motif of epsin as a cancer therapeutic-perspective in brain tumor therapy through regulating VEGFR2 signaling

Epsins, endocytic adaptor proteins required for internalization of ubiquitylated receptors, are generally upregulated in human cancers. It has been characterized that mice deficient of epsins in the endothelium inhibit tumor growth by dysregulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) signaling and non-productive tumor angiogenesis. Binding of the epsin ubiquitin (Ub)-interacting motif (UIM) with ubiquitylated VEGFR2 is a critical mechanism for epsin-dependent VEGFR2 endocytosis and degradation, indicative of epsin UIM as a potential therapeutic target. A Computer Assisted Drug Design approach was utilized to create the UIM mimetic peptides for the functional competition of epsin binding sites in ubiquitylated VEGFR2 in vivo. Specifically targeting VEGFR2 in the tumor vasculature, the chemically synthesized chimeric UIM peptide, UPI, causes non-functional tumor angiogenesis, retards tumor growth, and increases survival rates in several tumor models. The authors showed that UPI binds ubiquitylated VEGFR2 to form a supercomplex in an Ub-dependent fashion. Collectively, the UPI targeting strategy offers a potentially novel treatment for cancer patients who are resistant to current anti-angiogenic therapies. In this review, the authors outline the main points of this research specifically as a potential application for glioma tumor therapy.
Profiles of psychosocial adversity and their associations with health risk behaviors and mental health outcomes in young adults

Adverse psychosocial experiences operate simultaneously to affect mental health and behavior. The current study used mixture modeling to identify subgroups of young adults based on experiences of four types of psychosocial adversity and characterize their associations with depression, anxiety, world assumptions, substance use, and sexual risk behavior. Sexual assault, physical assault, and discrimination (interpersonal adversity) showed similar patterns within each group but diverged from neighborhood disadvantage in two groups. Groups characterized by higher interpersonal adversity reported the most negative health outcomes. Findings highlight variations in the co-occurrence of adverse experiences and differential links to risky health behaviors and mental health.
Extremely high avidity association of Fe(III) with the sickle red cell membrane

Red blood cells (RBCs) from patients with sickle cell anemia and thalassemia carry abnormal accumulations of molecular Fe(III) at the cytosol/membrane interface. The avidity of the red cell membrane for this iron has not been defined. Using open ghost membranes prepared from sickle RBC, we examined the ability of membrane-associated Fe(III) to resist removal by 15 chelators representing a 40-log range of affinities for Fe(III). Efficacy of chelators was compared with literature values for their idealized affinity for iron as represented by the cummulative stability constant (beta n), their effective stability constant reflecting affinity under biologic conditions (Keff), and an indicator of their ability to chelate Fe(III) in the presence of an insoluble phase of iron (Ksol). Deferoxamine, a very high affinity chelator having log beta n = 30.6, was found to be the lowest affinity chelator able to remove RBC membrane Fe(III). Regardless of chelator beta n, only those agents able to preserve log Keff > or = 12 were able to do so, indicating that the membrane's effective avidity for Fe(III) is on the order of 10(12). Additional confirmation that membrane avidity for Fe(III) is extremely high is found in the observation that only chelators having log Ksol > 0 were effective. Potential physiologic iron chelators in cytoplasm of pathologic red cells are unable to prevent or reverse iron accumulation on the membrane because they do not have sufficiently high affinity for iron. These data argue that RBC membrane Fe(III) is truly pathologic.
Natural history of t(11;14) multiple myeloma (MM).

8014Background: t(11;14) is a standard risk cytogenetic marker in MM. Methods: We reviewed 366 patients with MM who had t(11;14) by FISH and 732 age and period-matched controls without t(11;14), se...
Correlation between topology and elastic properties of imperfect truss-lattice materials

Abstract Recent advances in additive manufacturing at small scales has revealed the exceptional mechanical properties that can be achieved by truss-lattice materials. This study investigates the response of four topologically distinct truss-lattice architectures to the inclusion of defects in order to elucidate how defects influence the elastic properties of these materials. Numerical results from finite element models of periodic beam networks with missing building blocks are compared to both analytical continuum models with a micromechanical basis and to experiments with characteristic feature sizes on the nano and micro scales. Notably, this comparison reveals that the elastic properties of highly connected lattice-truss materials respond to defects in the same manner as homogeneous materials.
Current trends in the management of low rectal tumors: transanal total mesorectal excision

The access of the low rectum is a surgical challenge and, in case of cancer, the outcome of the patient depends on the quality of the surgery. The transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) is a surgical technique with a combined abdominal and perineal approach. We review the literature for technical aspect of taTME as well as comparisons with other techniques. Comparison with laparoscopic total mesorectal excision and taTME was summarized in a meta-analysis which showed better oncological results with lower circumferential margin involvement and better completeness of the mesorectum. TaTME is a safe approach. All steps of the intervention are well described and should be followed as numerous pitfalls exist. When compared with laparoscopic or robotic TME, the taTME showed to be safe with similar oncological results. Patients known to be difficult, male, obese, with a narrow pelvis, should be considered for the taTME approach.
Evaluation of First Electronic Case Reports received in Illinois

Objective Comparison of content in eCR and ELR cases reporting Review technical challenges and strategies for data management Introduction Communicable disease reporting from providers can be a time-consuming process that results in delayed or incomplete reporting of infectious diseases, limiting public health's ability to respond quickly to prevent or control disease. The recent development of an HL7 standard for automated Electronic initial case reports (eICR) represents an important advancement for public health surveillance. The Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) participated in a pilot with the Public Health Informatics Institute and an Illinois-based provider group to accept eICR reports for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia. Methods The provider group working with their EHR vendor submitted a batch of CT and GC reports directly to IDPH in September 2017 according to the published eICR standard. A summary of the provider and PHII work has been presented previously in the STI eCR Learning Community. The eICR reports received from the provider were compared to case report data in the communicable disease surveillance system, I-NEDSS. Data was extracted from I-NEDSS that included race and ethnicity, timing of specimen collection, result, ELR submission surveillance action and treatment. Results IDPH received a batch of 89 files containing 77 unique persons, with 54 chlamydia (CT), 13 Gonorrhea (GC) and 10 co-infected case reports. The communicable disease surveillance system had captured 76 (98.7%) of the persons reported in the pilot. Among those, an Electronic Laboratory Report (ELR) was received for 72 (95%) cases, on average within 1 day of the lab report date. Data in I-NEDSS had a completion of 45% for race and ethnicity compared to 99% for race and 92% for ethnicity in the eICR files. Information on treatment in the surveillance system was reported for 18 (24%) cases compared to 67 (87%) cases. Conclusions This pilot was the first submission of real patient data submitted using the eICR standard to IDPH. Data was more complete from provider eICR reports for key demographic of race and ethnicity and treatment. A comparison with the current surveillance system showed near complete and timely case capture from ELR data. Integrated reporting of both ELR and eICR can produce a more complete case report through automated submissions and potentially reduce burden of data collection on health department communicable disease investigators. As public health reporting moves in this direction, public health agencies will have some substantial tasks to correctly ingest, map and interpret the increased amounts of information that are contained in the eICR. Further, the advantages of case reporting will be dependent on automated processes within the communicable disease system to merge data and apply business rules to automatically process completed case reports for high volume diseases, such as STIs. This work will continue as providers are ready to submit reports from different vendor products from a near real-time production environment.
Influences of hypobaric hypoxia on skin blood flow and sweating responses during exercise in neutral and hot environments.

Exposure to hot environments augments cutaneous vasodilation and sweating during exercise compared with these responses in cooler environments. The effects of hypobaric hypoxia on these responses a...
Gun safety discussions with caregivers: timing and demographic associations in a retrospective study

This study examined individuals' recollection of gun safety conversations during childhood, and with whom these conversations occurred. Data were collected using a retrospective survey of 298 college students aged 18-54 from three campuses of a university in the USA. Respondents reported whether they recalled discussing guns or gun safety with a parent, doctor, or school official in childhood as well as what age they recalled first discussing guns or gun safety with this adult. Those growing up in gun-owning households were more likely to report gun safety conversations with parents and to report having these conversations at earlier ages. More affluent youth were more likely to report gun safety conversations with school officials and to report having gun safety discussions with adults in a variety of roles. Few respondents recalled discussing guns with a doctor or paediatrician. Future investigations are needed to assess the content and form of gun safety conversations between children and caregivers.
Probabilistic Selection of Case-Based Explanations in an Underwater Mine Clearance Domain

Autonomous agents should formulate and achieve goals with minimum support from humans. Although this might be feasible in a perfectly static world, it is not as easy in the real world where uncertainty is bound to occur. One approach to solving such a problem is to formulate goals based on cases that explain discrepancies observed in the environment. However, in an uncertain world, multiple such cases often apply (i.e., as alternative explanations). Moreover, agents in the real world often have limited resources to achieve their missions. So, it is risky to generate and achieve goals for every applicable explanatory case. Our solution to these problems is to down-select the retrieved cases based on probabilities derived using Bayesian inference, then to monitor the selected cases’ validity based on observed evidence. We evaluate the performance of an agent in an underwater mine clearance domain and compare it to another agent that selects a random case from the candidate set.
Teacher evaluation for accountability and growth: Should policy treat them as complements or substitutes?

Abstract U.S. state and local policy frameworks treat teacher evaluation as balancing two aims: accountability and skill development. I develop a model of teacher effectiveness and detail the conditions that determine joint-aim appraisal systems’ contribution to teacher productivity. I then simulate the long-term effects of a set of teacher evaluation policies. Policies that treat evaluation for accountability and evaluation for growth as substitutes outperform those that treat them as complements. I conclude that an optimal teacher evaluation policy would impose accountability on teachers performing below a defined level and above which teachers would be subject to no accountability pressure but would receive intensive instructional supports.
A new method for quantifying heterochrony in evolutionary lineages

The occupation of new environments by evolutionary lineages is frequently associated with morphological changes. This covariation of ecotype and phenotype is expected due to the process of natural selection, whereby environmental pressures lead to the proliferation of morphological variants that are a better fit for the prevailing abiotic conditions. One primary mechanism by which phenotypic variants are known to arise is through changes in the timing or duration of organismal development resulting in alterations to adult morphology, a process known as heterochrony. While numerous studies have demonstrated heterochronic trends in association with environmental gradients, few have done so within a phylogenetic context. Understanding species interrelationships is necessary to determine whether morphological change is due to heterochronic processes; however, research is hampered by the lack of a quantitative metric with which to assess the degree of heterochronic traits expressed within and among species. Here I present a new metric for quantifying heterochronic change, expressed as a heterochronic weighting, and apply it to xiphosuran chelicerates within a phylogenetic context to reveal concerted independent heterochronic trends. These trends correlate with shifts in environmental occupation from marine to nonmarine habitats, resulting in a macroevolutionary ratchet. Critically, the distribution of heterochronic weightings among species shows evidence of being influenced by both historical, phylogenetic processes and external ecological pressures. Heterochronic weighting proves to be an effective method to quantify heterochronic trends within a phylogenetic framework and is readily applicable to any group of organisms that have well-defined morphological characteristics, ontogenetic information, and resolved internal relationships.
Global Surgery Electives: A Strategy to Improve Care to Domestic Underserved Populations?

Abstract Background In the United States, a shortage of general surgeons exists, primarily in rural, poor, and minority communities. Identification of strategies that increase resident interest in underserved regions provides valuable information in understanding and addressing this shortage. In particular, surgical experience abroad exposes residents to practice in low-resource and rural settings. As residency programs increasingly offer global surgery electives, we explore whether the presence of an international surgical rotation affects graduates' future practice patterns in underserved communities domestically. Methods We surveyed general surgery residency graduates at a single academic institution. Those who finished general surgery residency from 2001 to 2018 were included. Participant demographics, current practice demographics, and perceptions related to global surgery and underserved populations were collected. Respondents were stratified based on whether they did (“after”) or did not (“before”) have the opportunity to participate in the Kijabe rotation (started in 2011), defined by graduation year. Results Out of 119 eligible program graduates, 64 (53.7%) completed the survey, and 33 (51.6%) of the respondents graduated following the implementation of the Kijabe rotation. Two participants defined their primary current practice location as international. Fifteen (45.5%) in the “After” group indicated an interest in working with underserved populations following residency, compared to 5 (17.8%) of the “Before” group (P = 0.074). Furthermore, 20 (60.6%) respondents in the “After” group expressed interest in working with underserved populations even if it meant making less money. In the “Before” group, only 13 (46.4%) responded similarly (P = 0.268). Eleven (9.2%) residents rotated at Kijabe. Those who participated in the Kijabe rotation reported an uninsured rate of 36.7% for their current patient population, compared to rate of 13.9% in those who did not rotate there (P = 0.22). Conclusions At a single institution, our results suggest that participation in an international surgical rotation in a resource-constrained setting may be associated with increased care for underserved populations in future clinical practice. These results could be due to self-selection of residents who prioritize global surgery as part of their residency experience, or due to increased exposure to underserved patients through global surgery.
The Rational Planning Approach in Public Art Production: Evaluating the Quality of Urban Sculpture Plans in Shanghai:

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for public art plan quality evaluation and critically examines its limitations. The argument is twofold. First, the proposed framework embodies a rationa...
A Sickle-Cell Patient Displaced by the Pandemic: Is a Request for Opioids Legitimate, or Sign of a Deeper Problems?

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted almost every aspect of daily life, from whether and where people work, to their ability to easily obtain necessities like flour and toilet paper. Healthcare has b...
Intraprostatic calcification and biochemical recurrence in men treated with Cs-131 prostate brachytherapy.

237Background: Vigneault et al. reported that baseline intraprostatic calcification (IC) was associated with a higher risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) in men treated with I-125 prostate brachyt...
Physiological responses to maximal 4 s sprint interval cycling using inertial loading: the influence of inter-sprint recovery duration

Interval exercise allows very high-power outputs to be maintained, a key for stimulating training adaptations. The main purpose of this study was to develop a sprint interval protocol that stimulated both anaerobic and aerobic systems while maximizing power output and minimizing fatigue. The secondary goal was to investigate the influence of inter-sprint recovery duration. Sixteen (8 females) participants (age: 23.5 ± 3.4 years, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak): 45.6 ± 9.2 ml kg−1 min−1) took part in this study. The exercise protocol involved 30 bouts of 4 s maximal cycling sprints using an ‘Inertial Load Ergometer’. Recovery durations between sprints of 15, 30 and 45 s were studied in three trials. Peak power output (PPO) was maintained while taking 45 and 30 s of recovery, although it was 9% higher (p < 0.05) during 45 vs. 30 s. PPO with 15 s recovery declined 18% (p < 0.05) and then stabilized as did oxygen consumption (72±2% VO2peak) at a level that might reflect the peak rate of ATP-PC resynthesis from oxidative metabolism. The 15-, 30-, and 45 s trials elicited 72, 56, and 49% VO2peak and 86, 80, and 75% of maximal heart rate (all p<0.001). Perceived exertion increased with shorter recovery periods but remained at 12.6–14.7 and never became ‘very hard’. The present study describes the use of an inertial-load ergometer to accommodate repeated 4 s maximal cycling sprints that elicit 72% VO2peak when the recovery period is 15 s. However, a recovery duration of 15 s was insufficient for the maintenance of power generation. NCT04448925, 26 Jun 2020; retrospectively registered to clinicaltrials.gov.
The Effects of U.S. (FOREIGN) Policy on Trade for U.S. Exporters: An Opinion

Export products and technology from the U.S. are subject to several regulations enacted by U.S. Congress. A few government agencies are involved in review of proposed exports depending on complexity and purpose of end use. These items and persons are also subject to changing political climate and occasionally international treaty obligations.
Operative Fixation of Pediatric Forearm Fractures: Does the Fracture Location Matter?

Background. Flexible intramedullary nails (FNs) are successfully used to treat pediatric forearm fractures, especially midshaft fractures. Distal forearm fractures have been described as “difficult to manage” with FN insertion. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical and radiographic outcomes of using flexible nails in pediatric forearm fractures and the impact of fracture location on the outcome of the procedure. Methods. This is a retrospective review of pediatric patients who presented with forearm fractures that were surgically treated with flexible nails between 2009 and 2018. Patient demographics, fracture location, and classification were reported. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were reported. The primary outcomes were fracture radiographic union, intraop and postop complications, and the need for additional surgical procedures. Results. Fifty-nine patients were included, with a mean age of 11 years. All fractures healed with patients regaining full range of motion. The authors were able to use flexible nails successfully in 48/59 (81%) patients. In eleven cases (19%), FN fixation was not able to provide adequate fixation to maintain reduction. The method of fixation was changed from FN insertion to another method in nine cases. In two cases, FN fixation was augmented with another fixation method. Fractures within 3 inches of the distal articular surface were at a higher risk of intraoperative change/augmentation of the fixation method (29%) compared with fractures that occurred more than 3 inches from the distal articular surface (11%). Conclusion. The majority of pediatric forearm fractures can be treated successfully with flexible nails. Surgeons involved in treating these fractures should pay attention to distal third fractures. Stabilizing the distally located fractures using FN fixation can be challenging. Surgeons should be prepared to use an alternative fixation method when needed.
Adsorption and thermal chemistry of formic acid on clean and oxygen-predosed Cu(110) single-crystal surfaces revisited

Abstract The thermal chemistry of formic acid on clean and oxygen-predosed Cu(110) single-crystal surfaces was studied under ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Key results reported in the past were confirmed, including the partial switchover from H2 to H2O desorption upon oxygen addition on the surface and the development of a second decomposition regime at 420 K, in addition to the one observed at 460 K on the clean substrate. In addition, new observations were added, including the previously missed desorption of H2 at 420 K and the existence of a normal kinetic isotope effect in both TPD peaks. Peak fitting of the XPS data afforded the identification of an asymmetric geometry for the formate intermediate, which was established to form by 200 K, and the presence of coadsorbed molecular formic acid up to the temperatures of decomposition, probably in a second layer and held by hydrogen bonding. Quantitative analysis of the TPD data indicated a one-to-one correspondence between the increase in oxygen coverage beyond θO = 0.5 ML and a decrease in formic acid uptake that mainly manifests itself in a decrease in the decomposition seen in the 460 K TPD peak. All these observations were interpreted in terms of a simple decomposition mechanism involving hydrogen abstraction from adsorbed formate species, possibly aided by coadsorbed oxygen, and a change in reaction activation energy as a function of the structure of the oxygen overlayer, which reverts from a O-c(6 × 2) structure at high oxygen coverages to the O-(2 × 1) order seen at θO = 0.5 ML.
Codifying and 'Miscodifying' Judicial Anti-Abuse Tax Doctrines

As former President George W. Bush said once, “the tax code is a complicated mess . . . [and] a million pages long.” The length and complexity of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) is largely the result of the U.S. government’s rule-based approach to curtail tax abuse. Taxpayers, aided by literalism, have long found and used language in the tax laws to avoid or minimize their tax obligations. Although complying with the language of the law, abusive tax transactions are nevertheless at odds with the law’s spirit. Historically, the government, specifically Congress and the Department of the Treasury (Treasury), has responded by crafting new rules to stem the abuse. Using a rule-based approach to combat tax abuse had its advantages, including certainty in application. With rules, the substance of the law is generally known before an individual acts; hence, rules often work well in the tax arena. Nevertheless, the rule-based approach had its disadvantages. For one thing, it forced the government to be reactive rather than proactive, as innovative taxpayers found new ways to work around the language of each new rule. The government has never been able to craft enough targeted rules to stem all tax abuse. For this reason, both the Treasury and Congress decided to try something new: a standards-based approach. Doctrines meant to prevent abuse of the Code may be better designed as standards, which are more difficult than rules to circumvent.This article examines two standard-based approaches. First, in 1995, the Treasury promulgated a general, anti-abuse regulation applicable to all of subchapter K of the Code. Second, in 2010, Congress codified the economic substance doctrine. In both cases, these governmental entities adopted judicially crafted tax doctrines that required transactions to satisfy the tax code’s language as well as its underlying purpose. However, Congress’s codification and the Treasury’s promulgation differed in significant ways. This article explains why Congress got it right, while the Treasury got it entirely wrong.
Teaching: Natural or Cultural?

In this chapter, I argue that teaching, as we now understand the term, is historically and cross-culturally very rare. It appears to be unnecessary to transmit culture or to socialize children. Children are, on the other hand, primed by evolution to be avid observers, imitators, players, and helpers—roles that reveal the profoundly autonomous and self-directed nature of culture acquisition (Lancy (in press) Childhood: origins, evolution, and implications. University of New Mexico Press). And yet, teaching is ubiquitous throughout the modern world—at least among the middle to upper class segment of the population. This ubiquity has led numerous scholars to argue for the universality and uniqueness of teaching as a characteristically human behavior. The theme of this chapter is that this proposition is unsustainable. Teaching is largely a result of recent cultural changes and the emergence of modern economies, not evolution.
The impact of either a Meishan or Yorkshire uterus on Meishan or Yorkshire fetal and placental development to days 70, 90, and 110 of gestation

Straightbred Yorkshire (Y) conceptuses are larger than straightbred Meishan (M) conceptuses throughout gestation and at farrowing. In contrast, when Y and M conceptuses were gestated together in Y recipient females, the birth weight of M pigs was similar to that of their Y littermates. Even though placentae of M pigs remained markedly smaller than placentae of Y littermates, they were significantly more vascular. The objective of this study was to compare and contrast the changes in Y and M conceptus growth and placental-endometrial vascularity throughout late gestation in Y or M uteri. Gravid uteri were recovered at slaughter from M and Y females that were gestating either M or Y conceptuses on d 70, 90, or 110 of gestation. Uterine and conceptus measurements were recorded, and a section of the intact endometrial-placental attachment site for each conceptus was fixed, embedded, and later evaluated for placental and endometrial vascular density. Placental surface area and weight were greater (P < .001) when M or Y conceptuses were recovered from Y uteri compared with M uteri on each day of gestation examined. Further, by d 110, the surface area of Y placentae was greater (P < .001) than that of M placentae, regardless of uterine type in which they were gestated. The vascular density of M placentae and adjacent endometrium doubled (P < .05) between d 70 and 110 of gestation (3.0 and 2.5 vs 6.0 and 5.1%, respectively), with no significant increase in placental surface area. In contrast, the surface area of Y placentae doubled in size (P < .001) between d 90 and 110 of gestation, but placental and adjacent endometrial vascular density remained relatively constant, averaging 3.2 and 3.8%, respectively. These data are consistent with the premise that placental size is largely determined by the uterus in which a conceptus is gestated until approximately d 90. After d 90, fetal breed-specific mechanisms maintain optimal fetal growth. Between d 90 and term, M fetal growth depends on progressive increases in placental blood vessel density and requires no increase in placental size. In contrast, Y conceptuses seem to rely exclusively on placental growth to increase placental-endometrial surface area for nutrient exchange.
Congenital pancreatic pseudocyst: A rare cause of abdominal mass in a neonate

Congenital pancreatic pseudocyst is a rare cause of a cystic abdominal mass in a neonate. Two cases of congenital pancreatic pseudocyst are presented, and the subject of congenital cystic lesions of the pancreas is reviewed.
Ecohydrology: Darwinian Expression of Vegetation Form and Function

This volume is devoted to the derivation and application of simplified bioclimatic boundary conditions at vegetated land surfaces using natural selection of vegetation characteristics driven by productivity maximization. It investigates the internal control of forest growth by the vertical fluxes of light, CO2, water vapor, and heat within the canopy, as well as the external control offered by the balances of thermal energy and water. Through these means it seeks to determine how the physical characteristics and productivity of forest communities are related to the climates and soils in which they are found. Ecohydrology bridges the fields of hydrology and ecology and proposes new unifying principles derived from the concept of natural selection. It also has potential application in determining the response of vegetation to slow variations in climate and will provide fascinating reading for graduate-level students and research scientists working in ecohydrology, hydroclimatology, forest ecology, and surface water hydrology.
Field Impregnation Techniques for Highway Concrete

The corrosion of reinforcing steel due to the penetration of deicing salts poses a considerable problem in bridge decks. One approach which has received much attention has been impregnation with a liquid monomer followed by polymerization to effectively seal the capallary pores against salt intrusion. The feasibility of impregnating a bridge deck to a depth of 4 in. or more under field conditions is demonstrated herein. Since the present deep impregnation techniques are costly in terms of energy, materials, and time, simplifications and improvement would be desirable. Herein, results of preliminary experiments with the use of a pressure-mat technique for mechanically assisting monomer or sealant penetration are described. It is shown that pressure mechanically applied to patterned rubber mats can effect uniform impregnation with a monomer such as methyl methacrylate or a sealant such as tar or linseed oil in reasonable times. Such an impregnation could conceivably be effected using rollers. /ASCE/