cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New oprational real-time daily rolling weekly Green Vegetation fraction product derived from suomi NPP VIIRS reflectance data

Real-time global Green Vegetation fraction (GVF) is needed in numerical weather, climate and hydrological models. The current NOAA operational GVF product is derived from AVHRR top of atmosphere NDVI data. As part of the NOAA SNPP Data Exploitation (NDE) program, NOAA scientists developed a new near real time GVF product, which is based on the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) derived from the VIIRS sensor onboard the SNPP satellite. The GVF product has two components. The first GVF product has global coverage at 4 km resolution, and the second GVF product is regional (Lat 90°N – 7.5°S, Lon 130°E – 30°E) at 1km resolution. Both GVF products are weekly composites, updated daily based on the past week's data. This new VIIRS GVF product has been operational and available to the public on the NOAA Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System (CLASS) since February 2015. The retrieval algorithm of the VIIRS GVF product uses VIIRS red (I1), near-infrared (I2) and blue (M3) bands centered at 0.640 µm, 0.865 µm and 0.490 µm, respectively, to calculate the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). A novel weekly EVI compositing method is used to select the optimal observations for each grid cell. High frequency noise in EVI time series is reduced by applying a digital smoothing filter on EVI. GVF is calculated by comparing the smooth EVI against the global maximum and minimum EVI values assuming a linear relationship between EVI and GVF. More validation work and testing is needed to determine the benefits of the new VIIRS GVF product over the AVHRR GVF product.
TECHNICAL REPORT: Rapid confirmation of gene targeting in embryonic stem cells using two long-range PCR techniques

Gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells generally includes the analysis of numerous colonies to identify a few with mutations resulting from homologous recombination with a targeting vector. Thus, simple and efficient screening methods are needed to identify targeted clones. Optimal screening approaches require probes from outside of the region included in the targeting vector to avoid detection of the more common random insertions. However, the use of large genomic fragments in targeting vectors can limit the availability of cloned DNA, thus necessitating a strategy to obtain unique flanking sequences. We describe a rapid method to identify sequences adjacent to cloned DNA using long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification from a genomic DNA library, followed by direct nucleotide sequencing of the amplified fragment. We have used this technique in two independent gene targeting experiments to obtain genomic DNA sequences flanking the mouse cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin genes. The sequences were then used to design primers to characterize ES cell lines with CCK or gastrin targeted gene mutations, employing a second long-range PCR approach. Our results show that these two long-range PCR methods are generally useful to rapidly and accurately characterize allele structures in ES cells
Aquaculture and Animal Pathogens in the Marine Environment with Emphasis on Marine Shrimp Viruses

The Oxford English Dictionary defines agriculture as “The science and art of cultivating the soil; including the allied pursuits of gathering in the crops and rearing live stock”. Modifying the OED definition by replacing “soil” with “Earth’s surface” makes aquatic agriculture—or in shorthand “aquaculture”, the fastest growing sector of agriculture (FAO, 2002).A characteristic that sets the aquaculture industry apart from terrestrial livestock production is the rearing of species that are also natural resources. Although the spread of a terrestrial livestock pathogen serves as a primary concern to the livestock industry, dissemination of an aquaculture pathogen concerns commercial fisheries, recreational fisheries, and a wider environmental community. A converse concern is also felt by the aquaculture community; pathogens in natural populations may spread more easily into the aquaculture industry because of the shared host species. As human population size and wealth have grown, so has demand for seafood. Expansion of marine aquaculture meets much of the new demand. According to the data in the FAO database FishStat, the capture fishery sector of seafood production has been level since the 1980s; however,mariculture has continued an 8%per annumexponential growth rate that began in the 1950s (Fig. 19.1). Further, the percentage of marine seafood coming from mariculture has increased steadily over that time and now approaches 25%. Given that a population (either wild or cultured) carries a pathogen, the probability of transferring that pathogen to the other population increases as the number of effective contacts between those two populations increases. An effective contact is one that carries with it some non-zero probability of transmission-of-infection. One correlate to the growth of marine aquaculture is increased contacts between wild and cultured host populations. More contacts presently occur because of an increase in cultured animals inhabiting the environment and therefore more opportunities for contact between wild and cultured animals. Effective contact can occur between cultured animals and local populations during fish rearing or more distant populations after harvest.
The Relationship Between Severe Mental Disorders and Recidivism in a Sample of Women Released from Prison

Women are one of the fastest growing sectors of the prison population, and have different pathways into prison and differing needs during the reentry process when compared to men (Cloyes et al. J Forensic Nurs; 6:3-14, 2010b; Herrschaft et al. J Offender Rehabil; 48:463-482, 2009). Women report higher levels of mental health problems overall, and report more severe symptomatology (Cloyes et al. J Forensic Nurs; 6:3-14, 2010a; Hyde 2012; Lynch et al. 2014). The current study focuses on the role of severe mental disorders for women released from prison. Data collected from the North Carolina Division of Adult Correction and Juvenile Justice were used to analyze the specific role of severe mental disorders in women’s recidivism at eight years post-release (n = 2311). Approximately 20% of women in this sample met the criteria for diagnosis with a severe mental disorder (SMD). Logistic regression analysis indicated that there was an association between SMDs and recidivism for this sample only (p = .11). Cox regression analyses indicated that women diagnosed with SMDs were 16% more likely to have recidivated at eight years post-release compared with women who were not diagnosed with an SMD (p < .05). Implications for the recognition, role, and treatment of SMDs during reentry are discussed.
CHAPTER 5.3 – Cationic liposome-DNA complexes in gene therapy

In the past decade, gene therapy is definitely one of the fastest developing fields in biomedical research. The ability to transfer genes to mammalian cells provides an opportunity for studying the biology of altered genotype. On the other hand, it offers a conceptually novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment and cure of acquired diseases like cancer and inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Gene transfer is also being developed as a preventive measure, e.g., vaccines. The advancements in the field of gene therapy is augmented by the rapid development in molecular biology, which makes it possible to identify and construct therapeutic genes in sufficient quantities.
The Cleveland Scale for Activities of Daily Living (CSADL): Its Reliability and Validity

This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Cleveland Scale for Activities of Daily Living (CSADL), a scale designed to measure in detail specific activities of daily living in individuals with dementia. Administered to knowledgeable informants by trained examiners, the CSADL demonstrated good reliability in terms of interrater agreement and internal consistency. The validity of CSADL total scores was shown by its sensitivity to degree of cognitive impairment: All comparisons between means of the healthy elderly group and three groups of AD patients differing in severity were statistically significant. The CSADL was highly correlated with the Blessed–Roth Dementia Scale (DS-ADL) and more highly correlated with Mini-Mental State Exam scores than was the DS-ADL.
Individualism, Type Specimens, and the Scrutability of Species Membership

The view that species are individuals, as developed by Ghiselinand Hull, has been touted as explaining the role of type specimens intaxonomy. The kinship of this explanation with the Kripke-Putnam theoryof names has long been recognized. In light of this kinship, however,Hull's account of type specimens can be seen to entail two relatedinscrutability problems – unreasonable limits placed on the natureand extent of biological knowledge. An appreciation for these problemsinvites us to consider the proper relation between metaphysical andepistemological inquires in the philosophy of science.
Extension of a theorem by Hayashi

Abstract We extend and improve a theorem by T. Hayashi, which establishes an annulus in the complex plane that does not contain any non-real zeros of a polynomial for polynomials belonging to a certain class. In addition, we extend a special case of this theorem that was also considered by A. Hurwitz.
Developing crash prediction models using parametric and nonparametric approaches for rural mountainous freeways: A case study on Wyoming Interstate 80.

Abstract Interstate 80 in Wyoming is one of the busiest freight corridors that is characterized with harsh winter conditions and challenging mountainous roadway sections. The fatality rates in Wyoming are always typically higher than the national level. The 402-mile I-80 corridor in Wyoming was selected by the USDOT FHWA for piloting connected vehicle technology to improve the safety and mobility of heavy trucks. To accurately quantify the effectiveness of the pilot, evaluation of the pre-deployment safety performance is essential. Unlike other studies, the full 402-mile of I-80 corridor passing through Wyoming was investigated as a requirement of the USDOT. Homogeneous segmentation was used to divide the corridor based on horizontal and vertical roadway characteristics. A transferability analysis was conducted to investigate whether a short portion of the corridor would be representative of the whole 402-miles of I-80. Results showed that the whole 402 miles should be considered in the analysis due to the radical changes throughout the corridor. Several SPFs were developed using three models; negative binomial (NB) model, spatial autoregressive (SAR) model, and non-parametric multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS). Comparisons were performed for the developed models. Crash prediction models for total crashes and Fatal and Injury (F + I) crashes in addition to truck crashes were calibrated utilizing five years of crash data from 2012 to 2016. The results obtained from the three statistical approaches showed that MARS model provided a better model fit compared to NB and SAR models, given the lower AIC values for the developed models. Yet, SAR models showed the significant spatial dependency between the neighbor roadway segments. Additionally, the NB model showed its superiority on SAR when the spatial correlation was not significant. Parametric and non-parametric techniques should be interchangeably used in developing SPFs according to the modeling needs.
Revisiting the concept of inter-granular void ratio in view of particle packing theory

The equivalent inter-granular void ratio appears to be a pertinent density variable in analysing the mechanical response of silty sand. Using this density variable, the critical state locus (CSL) i...
De)Volverse cristiano en el siglo I

In the last decades, philosophers have shown a huge interest in Paul of Tarsus’s character. However, Michel Foucault didn’t give him a protagonist role in his research, as he did with Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, John Cassian or even St. Augustine. This may be due to his interest on the confessional regime of truth rather than on the faith’s regime of truth. From our perspective, certain aspects of Pauline discourse, and specially the details of the baptism practiced in his communities, offer us important clues to articulate theological and ethical (in a Foucauldian sense) elements that aid to explain what enables Christianity to massively produce relatively easy-to-govern subjects. The latter is also the main interest of Foucault’s research about pastoral power. This paper analyzes, after a very schematic genealogy from the notion of metanoia , these aspects, details and clues.
Community Colleges: Who We Are, What We Do, and What Roles We Play in Public Administration Education.

JPAE 4 (1998)3:22 1-226 Community colleges have been part of the higher education environment since 1901, when University of Chicago President William R. Harper helped found Joliet Junior College, now William Rainey Harper Community College. Community collegesa term for junior colleges that was popularized in the 1950sare public and private higher education institutions that provide comprehensive educational programs and serve as cultural centers for their geographical area at little or no tuition (Vaughan, 1995).This article identifies characteristics of community colleges, their students, and their programs, and it argues that community colleges can play a vital role in the delivery of public administration education to a variety of students. The mission of community colleges typically includes both providing educational and training opportunities to a diverse population through various credit and noncredit courses and supporting economic development for specific service areas. Community colleges are involved in identifying economic growth patterns, assessing job training needs, and providing training to meet the manpower needs of business, government, and not-for-profit organizations.
Molecular profiling of failed endochondral ossification in mucopolysaccharidosis VII.

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VII is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by deficient activity of β-glucuronidase, leading to progressive accumulation of incompletely degraded heparan, dermatan, and chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Patients with MPS VII exhibit progressive skeletal deformity including kyphoscoliosis and joint dysplasia, which decrease quality of life and increase mortality. Previously, using the naturally-occurring canine model, we demonstrated that one of the earliest skeletal abnormalities to manifest in MPS VII is failed initiation of secondary ossification in vertebrae and long bones at the requisite postnatal developmental stage. The objective of this study was to obtain global insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this failed initiation of secondary ossification. Epiphyseal tissue was isolated postmortem from the vertebrae of control and MPS VII-affected dogs at 9 and 14 days-of-age (n = 5 for each group). Differences in global gene expression across this developmental window for both cohorts were measured using whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). Principal Component Analysis revealed clustering of samples within each group, indicating clear effects of both age and disease state. At 9 days-of-age, 1375 genes were significantly differentially expressed between MPS VII and control, and by 14 days-of-age, this increased to 4719 genes. A targeted analysis focused on signaling pathways important in the regulation of endochondral ossification was performed, and a subset of gene expression differences were validated using qPCR. Osteoactivin (GPNMB) was the top upregulated gene in MPS VII at both ages. In control samples, temporal changes in gene expression from 9 to 14 days-of-age were consistent with chondrocyte maturation, cartilage resorption, and osteogenesis. In MPS VII samples, however, elements of key osteogenic pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling were not upregulated during this same developmental window suggesting that important bone formation pathways are not activated. In conclusion, this study represents an important step towards identifying therapeutic targets and biomarkers for bone disease in MPS VII patients during postnatal growth.
Transspinal stimulation decreases corticospinal excitability and alters the function of spinal locomotor networks.

Lumbar transspinal stimulation decreases ankle flexor and extensor motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during walking. The MEP depression coincides with decreased MEP gain, unaltered MEP threshold chang...
Real‐Time Energy Exposure Is Associated With Increased Oxidative Stress Among Feeding‐Tolerant Critically Ill Patients: Results From the FEDOX Trial

Background Prospective randomized controlled trials (PRCTs) that found harm in patients receiving higher levels of energy exposure have been largely ignored, in part because of the lack of a known mechanism of harm. Objective The current 7-day pilot study is a PRCT and post hoc analysis designed to explore the relationship between energy exposure and oxidative stress (as plasma total F2-isoprostanes) in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Methods Thirty-five participants were randomized to receive either 100% or 40% of their estimated energy needs. Our intent-to-treat model found no differences in F2-isoprostanes between groups. A post hoc analysis revealed that on days when participants were in the highest tertile of daily kcal/kg, the real-time energy flow rate within 2 hours of the blood draw was predictive of increased oxidative stress. On these days, participants in the second or third vs the first tertile of real-time energy flow rate experienced a 41.8% (P = .006) or 26.5% (P = .001) increase in F2-isoprostane levels, respectively. This was confirmed through a within-group subanalysis restricted to participants with measurements on both sides of the median of real-time energy flow rate that found a 28.2% F2-isoprostane increase on days in the upper vs lower median of flow rate (P = .002). Conclusion The benefits of feeding may be more nuanced than previously suspected. Our findings imply a potential mechanism of harm in meeting the current recommendations for nutrition support in the critically ill that warrants further investigation.
Bi-level Adversary-Operator Cyberattack Framework and Algorithms for Transmission Networks in Smart Grids

Transmission system is one of the most important assets in secure power delivery. Recent advancements toward automation of smart grids and application of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems have increased vulnerability of power grids to cyberattacks. Cyberattacks on transmission network, specifically the power transmission lines, are among crucial emerging challenges for the operators. If not identified properly and in a timely fashion, they can cause cascading failures leading to blackouts. This chapter tackles false data injection modeling from the attacker’s perspective. It further develops an algorithm for detection of false data injections in transmission lines. To this end, first, a bi-level mixed integer programming problem is introduced to model the attack scenario, where the attacker can target a transmission line in the system and inject false data in load measurements on targeted buses in the system to overflow the targeted line. Second, the problem is analyzed from the operator’s viewpoint and a detection algorithm is proposed using l1 norm minimization approach to identify the bad measurement vector in data readings. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed attack model, case studies have been conducted on IEEE 57-bus test system.
Efficient Planning for High-Speed MAV Flight in Unknown Environments Using Online Sparse Topological Graphs

Safe high-speed autonomous navigation for MAVs in unknown environments requires fast planning to enable the robot to adapt and react quickly to incoming information about obstacles within the world. Furthermore, when operating in environments not known a priori, the robot may make decisions that lead to dead ends, necessitating global replanning through a map of the environment outside of a local planning grid. This work proposes a computationally-efficient planning architecture for safe high-speed operation in unknown environments that incorporates a notion of longer-term memory into the planner enabling the robot to accurately plan to locations no longer contained within a local map. A motion primitive-based local receding horizon planner that uses a probabilistic collision avoidance methodology enables the robot to generate safe plans at fast replan rates. To provide global guidance, a memory-efficient sparse topological graph is created online from a time history of the robot’s path and a geometric notion of visibility within the environment to search for alternate pathways towards the desired goal if a dead end is encountered. The safety and performance of the proposed planning system is evaluated at speeds up to 10m/s, and the approach is tested in a set of large-scale, complex simulation environments containing dead ends. These scenarios lead to failure cases for competing methods; however, the proposed approach enables the robot to safely reroute and reach the desired goal.
On the profits of competing cloud service providers: A game theoretic approach

Abstract The main contributions of the paper are summarized as follows. We take an analytical approach in the sense that the quality of service and the price of service as well as the revenue, cost, and profit of a cloud service provider (CSP) can all be quantitatively available based on well established analytical models. We argue that the satisfaction of a customer includes two aspects, i.e., satisfaction on the price of service and satisfaction on the quality of service. We are able to derive a closed-form expression of the expected customer satisfaction of a CSP. We develop a non-cooperative game formulation for a competitive cloud computing market with competing CSPs. We discuss the market stability mechanism which creates interaction among the CSPs, give the best response of a CSP based on the other CSPs' strategies, mention the existence of the Nash equilibrium, and develop an algorithm to find the Nash equilibrium.
THE ALLEN TELESCOPE ARRAY TWENTY-CENTIMETER SURVEY-A 700-SQUARE-DEGREE, MULTI-EPOCH RADIO DATA SET. II. INDIVIDUAL EPOCH TRANSIENT STATISTICS

We present our second paper on the Allen Telescope Array Twenty-centimeter Survey (ATATS), a multi-epoch, {approx}700 deg{sup 2} radio image and catalog at 1.4 GHz. The survey is designed to detect rare, bright transients as well as to commission the ATA's wide-field survey capabilities. ATATS explores the challenges of multi-epoch transient and variable source surveys in the domain of dynamic range limits and changing (u, v) coverage. Here, we present images made using data from the individual epochs, as well as a revised image combining data from all ATATS epochs. The combined image has rms noise {sigma} = 3.96 mJy beam{sup -1}, with a circular beam of 150'' FWHM. The catalog, generated using a false detection rate algorithm, contains 4984 sources and is >90% complete to 37.9 mJy. The catalogs generated from snapshot images of the individual epochs contain between 1170 and 2019 sources over the 564 deg{sup 2} area in common to all epochs. The 90% completeness limits of the single-epoch catalogs range from 98.6 to 232 mJy. We compare the catalog generated from the combined image to those from individual epochs, and from the NRAO VLA Sky Survey, a legacy survey at the same frequency. We are ablemore » to place new constraints on the transient population: fewer than 6 x 10{sup -4} transients deg{sup -2}, for transients brighter than 350 mJy with characteristic timescales of minutes to days. This strongly rules out an astronomical origin for the {approx}1 Jy sources reported by Matsumura et al. based on their stated rate of 3.1 x 10{sup -3} deg{sup -2}.« less
Ulysses and IBEX Constraints on the Interstellar Neutral Helium Distribution

We relax the usual assumption of Maxwellian velocity distributions in the interstellar medium (ISM) in the analysis of neutral He particle data from Ulysses and the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX). For Ulysses, the possibility that a narrow component from heavy neutrals is contaminating the He signal is considered, which could potentially explain the lower ISM temperature measured by Ulysses compared to IBEX. The expected heavy element contribution is about an order of magnitude too small to resolve that discrepancy. For IBEX, we find that modest asymmetries in the ISM velocity distribution can potentially improve the quality of fit to the first two years of data, and perhaps improve agreement with the Ulysses measurements.
Ethnography of environmental governance: Towards an organizational approach

Abstract This article identifies three methodological approaches for ethnography of environmental governance: place-based ethnography, institutional ethnography, and organizational ethnography. These approaches are ideal types distinguished by how they define the ‘field’ where the ethnographer works. Place-based ethnography is well-established methodologically, but institutional and organizational ethnography are frequently conflated, and methodological guidance for ethnography of environmental organizations is scant. Organizational ethnography makes vital contributions to environmental governance scholarship, however, by revealing internal logics and everyday rationalities of powerful environmental actors and processes. The article therefore expands on the methodological foundations for organizational ethnography of environmental governance, using ethnographic research on the tropical forest conservation programs of an international environmental organization to illustrate research practicalities and substantive contributions of an organizational approach.
MARS: mmWave-based Assistive Rehabilitation System for Smart Healthcare

Rehabilitation is a crucial process for patients suffering from motor disorders. The current practice is performing rehabilitation exercises under clinical expert supervision. New approaches are needed to allow patients to perform prescribed exercises at their homes and alleviate commuting requirements, expert shortages, and healthcare costs. Human joint estimation is a substantial component of these programs since it offers valuable visualization and feedback based on body movements. Camera-based systems have been popular for capturing joint motion. However, they have high-cost, raise serious privacy concerns, and require strict lighting and placement settings. We propose a millimeter-wave (mmWave)-based assistive rehabilitation system (MARS) for motor disorders to address these challenges. MARS provides a low-cost solution with a competitive object localization and detection accuracy. It first maps the 5D time-series point cloud from mmWave to a lower dimension. Then, it uses a convolution neural network (CNN) to estimate the accurate location of human joints. MARS can reconstruct 19 human joints and their skeleton from the point cloud generated by mmWave radar. We evaluate MARS using ten specific rehabilitation movements performed by four human subjects involving all body parts and obtain an average mean absolute error of 5.87 cm for all joint positions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first rehabilitation movements dataset using mmWave point cloud. MARS is evaluated on the Nvidia Jetson Xavier-NX board. Model inference takes only 64 s and consumes 442 J energy. These results demonstrate the practicality of MARS on low-power edge devices.
Severe Versus Very Severe Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Outcomes After Adenotonsillectomy

Objectives/hypothesis Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is generally considered the first line treatment for pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Pediatric patients with severe OSA have worse outcomes after AT than patients with milder OSA. It is currently unclear if this group of higher morbidity patients should be subdivided further. This study investigates patients with severe pediatric OSA to determine if there are differences in postsurgical outcomes based on initial severity of sleep disordered breathing, medical comorbidities, or demographic factors. Study design Retrospective cohort study at a single tertiary referral center. Methods Patients aged 2-18 who underwent polysomnogram (PSG) from October 2012 to January 2019, had an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >10, and subsequently underwent AT were identified using a filter through electronic medical record. A total of 112 patients underwent both pre- and postoperative PSG. Bivariate analysis was conducted via Pearson chi-square test. Univariate and multivariate analyses via binary logistic and multinomial linear regressions were performed using SPSS. Results Of the 112 patients included in this study, 68 patients were identified as having severe OSA (AHI = 10-20) and 44 as having very severe OSA (AHI > 20). Very severe OSA patients were significantly less likely to be cured of sleep disordered breathing or have their OSA reduced to mild OSA. Obese patients were found to have less reduction in AHI after AT. Conclusions The postsurgical outcomes of patients with severe and very severe OSA are significantly different indicating that patients traditionally categorized as having severe OSA may need to be further subcategorized. Level of evidence IV Laryngoscope, 2021.
No-Reflow in the Microcirculation. The Granulocyte Tragedy

With the advances in organ reperfusion in the last decade, it has been recognized that many tissues cannot be fully reperfused after a period of low flow. This lack of full perfusion after ischemia may even occur if the perfusion pressure is fully restored. It has been designated as the no-reflow phenomenon [15]. No-reflow can be observed in many different organs, but most disturbing is the fact that it occurs easily in vital organs like the brain [1, 20], the heart [13], the kidney [11], and the liver [7]. In the final analysis reperfusion may lead to recovery of some tissue that would have perished with sustained interruption of flow; but reperfusion can also lead to an acute deterioration or sudden increment in damage. Thus reperfusion is a “double-edged sword” [5]. In salvaging some tissue long term, acute additional damage is incurred.
Inference of long-term groundwater flow transience using environmental tracers: A theoretical approach

[1] Under transient flow conditions, the groundwater age distribution (GAD) is affected by both the physical characteristics of the aquifer, such as the hydraulic conductivity field, and the past temporal flow variations. Therefore, measuring the concentration of single or multiple tracers in a water sample collected at one time does not provide sufficient information on the transient nature of groundwater flows. However, obtaining multiple tracers at different times may contain such information. To find the temporal relationship between the GADs at a certain location, and to gain understanding about the current characteristics of an aquifer using environmental tracers, it is useful to separate the effects of temporal flow variations from that of the aquifer structure. In this paper, a new approach is presented, aiming at establishing a link between a reference residence time distribution based on steady-state flow and the transient age distributions at different times. Such information allows us to look collectively at sets of tracers measured at different times, when inferring aquifer structure and temporal trends in flow. The potential of using multiple tracers collected at different times to infer the GAD and its temporal variations is shown through two demonstration cases where measurements of CFCs, SF6, and 85Kr in hypothetical water samples are used to infer the overall temporal flow pattern in the aquifer. Bayesian inverse modeling via Markov Chain Monte Carlo method was used to estimate lumped-parameter groundwater ages and temporal flow patterns.
Beyond Welfare Reform: Economic Justice in the 21st Century

For me this is also the Paul and Sheila Wellstone Memorial Lecture. They were dear friends of mine. This is the first time I have had the opportunity to say publicly what a loss it was for our country when they and their daughter and colleagues died a few days ago. Paul and Sheila acted passionately in the cause of economic and social justice that brings us together today. They didn't just believe. They acted. Our memorial to them, as it is for Mario Olmos, has to be to act. Not just believe. Act. I think the title of this conference, "Whose Welfare? Income Transfers and Economic Justice" is excellent. I take it that there is a double entendre there. The title suggests, to me anyway, that what was of greater interest to many of those making the most noise in the heated welfare debate over the years was their own political advantage. It has occurred to me, as it may have to some of you, that mounting a sustained, highly public attack on welfare diverted attention from the widening gap between the wealthiest people and the rest of us. It's a new version of the old tactic of divide and conquer. Blame the people at the bottom and keep the focus away from the massive feathering of the nest at the top. So my suggestion this afternoon is that we need to change the subject,
Far-infrared absorption of PbSe nanorods.

Measurements of the far-infrared absorption spectra of PbSe nanocrystals and nanorods are presented. As the aspect ratio of the nanorods increases, the Frohlich sphere resonance splits into two peaks. We analyze this splitting with a classical electrostatic model, which is based on the dielectric function of bulk PbSe but without any free-carrier contribution. Good agreement between the measured and calculated spectra indicates that resonances in the local field factors underlie the measured spectra.
Validating signals of ovulation: do women who think they know, really know?

This study was carried out to test whether women who think they know when they ovulate, really know. Fifty-three women of age 18.7 to 46.1 (mean age 28.4 years) participated in initial interviews about ovulation. Criteria for recruitment included perceived ovulation, regular menstrual cycles, and not using hormonal contraception. Women collected and refrigerated urine samples from day 5 until they thought they ovulated. Samples collected within 48 h of the perceived signal were then tested for a pre-ovulatory LH surge. Of the 53 original participants, 36 women provided urine samples for 1–6 cycles, so that 87 cycles were tested. Subjective signals of ovulation varied between women and between cycles but included abdominal pain and changes in cervical discharge, libido, and mood. Of the 87 cycles tested, during which women identified one or multiple signals of ovulation, 37 of the 87 urine specimens tested positive for an LH surge for a concordance rate of 42.5%. Using the first tested cycle from the 36 women who provided urine specimens, 13 of those specimens demonstrated an LH surge, for a concordance rate of 36.1%. That rate dropped to 28% (7/25) when women who used basal body temperature as an ovulatory signal were excluded. Finally, the mean level of accuracy among the 15 women who contributed 3–6 urine specimens for testing was 48.9%. The results of this study demonstrate a low degree of concordance between LH surge and perceived ovulation among women who think they know when they ovulate. The most motivated study participants were right about half of the time. Although there is variation among women in their ability to know when they ovulate, this study suggests that, for most women, ovulation is concealed. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 17:310–320, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Population Dynamics of Marine Copepods: The Importance of Photoperiodism

SYNOPSIS. Biological oceanographers have traditionally emphasized food and temperature as the most important factors governing the population dynamics of marine copepods. This paper addresses the importance of light and light-dark periods as stimuli for the induction of specific biological processes and activities. Attention is focused on photoperiodic control of dormancy and vertical migration, and the rhythmic expression of daily functions such as the timing of feeding and egg-laying. Emphasis is placed on relating the genetic basis of photoperiodically determined responses and activity rhythms to the population dynamics, ecology and evolution of marine copepods, and the maintenance of diverse zooplankton communities.
Two-dimensional cubic convolution

The paper develops two-dimensional (2D), nonseparable, piecewise cubic convolution (PCC) for image interpolation. Traditionally, PCC has been implemented based on a one-dimensional (1D) derivation with a separable generalization to two dimensions. However, typical scenes and imaging systems are not separable, so the traditional approach is suboptimal. We develop a closed-form derivation for a two-parameter, 2D PCC kernel with support [-2,2]/spl times/[-2,2] that is constrained for continuity, smoothness, symmetry, and flat-field response. Our analyses, using several image models, including Markov random fields, demonstrate that the 2D PCC yields small improvements in interpolation fidelity over the traditional, separable approach. The constraints on the derivation can be relaxed to provide greater flexibility and performance.
An Experimental Investigation of Microchannel Size Effects on Flow Boiling With De-Ionized Water

The heat transfer characteristics during flow boiling of deionized water in parallel microchannels are investigated. The silicon heat sinks contain an array of integrated heaters and diodes for localized heat-flux control and temperature measurement. The channel widths for the three different test pieces range from 250 μm to 2200 μm, with a nominal depth for all channels of 400 μm. The present study investigates the effects of the channel width and mass flux on the boiling performance. This study follows a previous study using a wetting dielectric liquid, and aims to understand the role of wetting since water is relatively non-wetting. From the results of the present study, a weak dependence of the boiling curve and heat transfer coefficient on mass flux was observed. Varying the channel width also does not have a strong effect on either the boiling curve or the heat transfer coefficient. The experimental results are compared to those obtained previously for a dielectric liquid. They are also compared with predictions from several correlations from the literature.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Introduction to this issue: impulsivity and the law.

Impulsive behavior is generally viewed as counterproductive by society, and individual differences in impulsivity have been found to be related to a number of legally relevant behaviors, including aggression (Houston, Stanford, VillemarettePittman, Conklin, H Gerbing, Ahadi, & Patton, 1987; Patton, Stanford, & Barratt, 1995). The lack of an accepted definition of impulsivity has led to a variety of measurement instruments with questionable validity. While some researchers have attempted to develop self-report measures of impulsiveness (Patton et al., 1995), others have focused on the development of behavioral measures (Dougherty, Mathias, Marsh, & Jager, 2005). Impulsivity is also an important personality construct from a psychiatric perspective. In DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), impulsivity is listed as a behavioral component of several disorders, including attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Impulsivity is also the basis for a separate section entitled Impulsive Control Disorders not Elsewhere Classified; this section includes intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, pyromania, and pathological gambling. Further, impulsivity has been implemented in conduct disorder (Thompson, Whitmore, Raymond, & Crowley, 2006) and addiction (Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2007). Impulsiveness can contribute to behaviors that run people afoul of the civil and criminal law. Although of little legal significance, many a civil wrong might not have occurred if the tortfeasor had been more careful and diligent, and less impulsive. Gross negligence in particular can be the ‘‘reckless misconduct, or such utter lack of Behavioral Sciences and the Law Behav. Sci. Law 26: 671–673 (2008) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/bsl.849
Experimental Measurements in Near-Wall Regions by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

The current study investigates the flow field near a surface with a micro-PIV system using a square tube to enhance optical access. Measurements of velocity fields and eddy structures near the wall of tubes are important to the design of in-tube surface geometries. In experimental fluid mechanics, particle image velocimetry (PIV) is now a common way to measure velocity. However, PIV measurements near walls require efforts to deal with low particle density, high shear gradient and wall reflection. The current paper discusses a PIV measurement technique utilized to observe flow dynamics in near-wall regions. PIV uncertainty analysis is discussed in this study. The experimental results are compared with previous results for validation.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Calcium and heart failure: the cycle game.

Three new studies examine how a regulator of calcium homeostasis contributes to heart failure in humans and mice.
TOTAL IONIZATION IN ARGON BY HEAVY IONS OF ENERGIES 8 TO 100 kev

The total ionization produced by ions stopped in argon gas has been measured in the energy range 8-100 keV. The experimental method employed an ion accelerator and a cylindrical ionization chamber with a differentially pumped open window. The following ions were studied: hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. The average energy loss per ion pair ($W$ value) was found to be dependent on both the velocity and mass of the incident ions at low ion velocities. The $W$ value, in electron volts per ion pair, ranges from 26.8 for 50-keV protons to 90.9 for 25-keV argon ions.
Regional economic contribution and net economic values of opening access to three Colorado Fourteeners

Climbing ‘Fourteeners’, peaks whose summits rise above 14,000 feet, is a popular recreational activity in Colorado. Access to these popular peaks has been jeopardized by liability issues on privately owned peaks and by overuse on publicly owned peaks. To date, there has been little analysis on the economic benefits provided by Fourteeners. This study finds that opening access to three closed peaks presents an infusion into local and state economies of 25 and 45 jobs, respectively. Access to the peaks is worth US$167 per person each trip; a relatively high value in the context of the recreation economics literature.
Bleeding in the Newborn

The physician caning for newborns should master four objectives in the assessment and management of bleeding problems in that age group. They are: (1) to recall the neonate9s hemostatic peculiarities, (2) to perform a meaningful clinical assessment, (3) to order and interpret appropriate diagnostic tests, and (4) to formulate a treatment plan. NEONATE9S HEMOSTATIC PECULIARITIES Table 1 lists the components of the hemostatic mechanism comparing older patient normal values and the neonate9s similarities and differences. Certain laboratory tests commonly available are also noted. Several important points should be emphasized. Differences between neonates and older children, in general, are accentuated in direct proportion to the degree of immaturity. Platelet counts vary little with age. Big platelets (diameter more than one third the size of a red cell9s diameter) are young platelets and suggest active thrombocytopoiesis. The blood vessel and platelet function contributions to hemostasis may be suboptimal by older patient standards, but are not of clinical significance unless such dysfunction has been aggravated by drugs or disease. Most coagulation proteins (procoagulants) are derived from liver and thus are somewhat deficient in amount or function in the neonate whose liver is transiently functionally immature. In general, the more immature the infant the more deficient the procoagulant. This is particularly true of the vitamin K-dependent procoagulants (Factors II, VII, IX, X).
Light Storage with Light of Arbitrary Polarization

We have demonstrated the phase coherence of stored light in Rb vapor with a completely optical technique. Combining this technique with polarization measurements provides strong evidence that arbitrary polarizations can be stored. The fidelity obtained exceeds 95% for all polarizations. We view the capability to store polarizations as a first step towards building a quantum memory in such a system.
Relative contributions of envelope maxima and minima to comodulation masking release

Comodulation masking release (CMR) is a phenomenon that demonstrates the sensitivity of the auditory system to across-frequency differences in the temporal modulation pattern of a complex waveform. In this paper, we review briefly some of the data on the physical parameters that affect CMR and describe models that have been proposed to account for CMR –- namely, models based upon envelope equalization/cancellation, across-frequency envelope correlation, and “dip listening”. The present literature is ambiguous with regard to the relative importance of energy in the peak and dip regions of the waveform envelope. We therefore performed a series of experiments to investigate this issue. In the first experiment, we examined CMR for signals that resulted either in a uniform increment or in uniform decrement in the masking noise centred on the signal frequency. This was accomplished by using a 20-Hz-wide noise band centred on 700 Hz as both the masker and as the signal, adjusting the phase angle between the sign...
Commercial cadaveric renal transplant: an ethical rather than medical issue

Donor organ shortage is a universal problem. The organ source has been extended to controversial death-penalty outlaws in certain countries. It was claimed that commercial transplant had a worse short-term clinical outcome. The aim of this study is to investigate the long-term outcome of patients receiving commercial cadaveric renal transplant. Seventy-five renal transplant recipients receiving long-term follow-up were included. Thirty-one patients received overseas commercial cadaveric transplant. Forty-four patients had legal domestic transplant in Taiwan. The age of the patients receiving the commercial cadaveric transplant was significantly older than those with legal domestic transplant (commerical vs. legal: 46.1 +/- 11.4 vs. 35.6 +/- 9.0 yr old, p < 0.001). The renal function estimated by creatinine and 1/creatinine up to eight yr showed no significant difference between the two groups. The graft survivals of the two groups were not different. The mortality rate between the two groups was comparable in 10 yr (91.1% in domestic and 88.9% in overseas). There was no significant difference in de novo viral hepatitis, cytomegalovirus infection, and acute rejection. The clinical outcome of overseas commercial cadaveric transplant was not different from the domestic legal transplant. To stop the unethical procedure, ethnicity and humanity are the major concerns.