cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomical predictors of behavioral recovery following fetal striatal transplants.

Abstract The ability of fetal striatal transplant to reverse behavioral deficits produced by kainic acid striatal lesions was assessed in adult female rats. Three groups of animals, including a lesion-only, a lesion and transplant, and a control group were assessed on several measures, including rewarded alternation, a sensorimotor neurological examination and on spontaneous locomotor activity. Anterior-medial striatal lesions led to a decreased performance on the rewarded alternation and sensorimotor neurological examination and caused the animals to be hyperactive in horizontal and stereotypical movements. The transplants partially reversed the rewarded alternation and locomotor deficits, but had little effect on the sensorimotor neurological deficit. Histologically, the transplanted fetal tissue survived well within the kainate-treated striatal region, and partially reversed the lesion-induced cell loss. Neuronal cell counts successfully predicted outcome on severa; of the behavioral measures, suggesting that the extent of behavioral recovery depends partially on quantitative aspects of the transplantation methodology.
Evolution of the out-of-plane amplitude for quasi-periodic trajectories in the Earth–Moon system

Abstract The out-of-plane amplitude along quasi-periodic trajectories in the Earth–Moon system is highly sensitive to perturbations in position and/or velocity as underscored recently by the ARTEMIS spacecraft. Controlling the evolution of the out-of-plane amplitude is non-trivial, but can be critical to satisfying mission requirements. The sensitivity of the out-of-plane amplitude evolution to perturbations due to lunar eccentricity, solar gravity, and solar radiation pressure is explored and a strategy for designing low-cost deterministic maneuvers to control the amplitude history is also examined. The method is sufficiently general and is applied to the L 1 quasi-periodic orbit that serves as a baseline for the ARTEMIS P2 trajectory.
LOCUS OF SEMANTIC PRIMING EFFECTS IN SPEEDED NAMING

The locus of semantic priming effects was examined by measuring onset and rime durations as well as response latencies of words with consistent and inconsistent pronunciations, using the postvocalic naming task. We found that the effect of a semantic prime on naming duration was localized rather than spread across the entire word; onset durations were shorter in the related condition than in the unrelated condition, but rime durations were equal in the two prime conditions. Moreover, the priming effect on onset durations was larger for words with inconsistent than for those with consistent pronunciations. These duration results cannot be accounted for by previous proposals, but they can be accounted for by models in which phonemes are activated in parallel rather than serially from left to right and in which motor programs are based on phonemes rather than syllables. Contrary to previous reports of an interaction of prime and regularity (a factor closely related to consistency) on naming latency, we found no interaction of prime and consistency on response latency. We argue that this conflict is only apparent and arises because naming latency conflates response latency and initial phoneme duration for some targets.
Effects of Display Proximity and Memory Demands on the Understanding of Dynamic Multidimensional Information

Two experiments explored the ability of individuals to integrate several sources of information about units or conceptual objects. The task domain might describe the air traffic controller's monitoring of the horizontal and vertical separation of several aircraft, the process controller's supervision of the temperature, pressure, and entropy of several energy systems, or any other multidimensional database. The first experiment examined working memory limits for different object-attribute combinations. When subjects monitored a display with a smaller number of objects with more attributes, responses were slower but significantly more accurate than for a larger number of objects with few attributes. In the second experiment, interest centered on how variations of proximity affect the detection of events that occur within a multidimensional database. Results showed that the use of color and spatial position to define proximity facilitated information integration and thereby event detection.
Gonadal function after bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia during childhood

Abstract Objective: To examine the impact of bone marrow transplantation (BMT), using high-dose chemotherapy and hyperfractionated total body irradiation, on gonadal function in survivors of acute leukemia treated during childhood. Study design: We conducted a retrospective study of 33 subjects (17 boys) who underwent a BMT for acute leukemia (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, n = 20; acute myelogenous leukemia, n = 13) at a single institution. All patients were prepubertal at the time of BMT (median age, 7.1 years [3.7 to 11.6 years]); at the time of their last examination the boys were a median of 14 years (10.4 to 17.1 years) of age and the girls were a median of 16.9 years (9.5 to 21.9 years) of age. Results: Of 17 boys, 14 (82%) entered puberty spontaneously and 13 demonstrated age-appropriate plasma concentrations of testosterone. Two boys (aged 10.5 and 11 years) remain clinically and hormonally prepubertal, and one boy has overt Leydig cell failure requiring androgen replacement therapy. Thirty-six percent of pubertal boys have elevated plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone and 64% have raised levels of follicle-stimulating hormone. Boys with increased levels of luteinizing hormone were significantly younger at BMT (5.4 ± 0.8 vs 7.8 ± 0.8 years; p = 0.024). Of 16 girls, 9 (56%) had spontaneous puberty with onset of menarche at a median age of 13 years (9.5 to 15.8 years). Though six (67%) of these nine girls have had increased plasma concentrations of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones, normalization has occurred in two during a period of 4 to 7 years. The remaining seven subjects required hormone replacement because of clinical and biochemical evidence of ovarian failure. One of these subjects has recovered ovarian function after 5 ½ years. Female patients with ovarian failure were significantly older at BMT compared with female patients with spontaneous puberty/menarche (8.6 ± 23 years vs 6.1 ± 1.8; p = 0.03). Conclusion: Our results indicate that most prepubertal boys undergoing BMT with chemotherapy and hyperfractionated total body irradiation can expect to enter and progress normally through puberty. For prepubertal girls treated with these regimens, at least 50% retain adequate ovarian function to enter puberty and menstruate regularly. (J Pediatr 1997;130:210-6)
Rh/NaY: A Selective Catalyst for Direct Synthesis of Acetic Acid from Syngas

Abstract Marked differences in catalytic selectivity are observed for Rh catalysts on two different supports, NaY or SiO 2 , for the conversion of synthesis gas to hydrocarbons or C 2 -oxygenates. High selectivity towards acetic acid is specific for the zeolite-supported catalysts; acetaldehyde is formed over Rh/SiO 2 . For Rh/NaY, the selectivity varies strongly during the first hours on-stream, indicating some reconstruction of the catalyst particles while the zeolite framework remains fully intact. Also the response to changes in pressure is unique: at 1 MPa the conversion is one order of magnitude lower than at 0.1 MPa, but the selectivity for acetic acid is two orders higher at 1 MPa. However, when the pressure is lowered, the catalyst still “remembers” its high pressure activity and selectivity. Adding water vapor to the feed lowers the activity of Rh/NaY and increases the selectivity for methane and acetaldehyde. A qualitative rationalization of these findings is proposed, based on the assumption that Rh carbonyl clusters are formed in the zeolite cavities at high pressure of CO. Rh clusters, providing the metal ensembles required for CO dissociation, operate in concert with carbonyl clusters, which are instrumental for the CO insertion into metal alkyl bonds and the formation of acetate groups.
Whole grain consumption and body mass index in adult women: an analysis of NHANES 1999-2000 and the USDA pyramid servings database.

Objective: To examine the relationship between whole grain consumption and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of American adult women.Methods: Dietary intake data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000 were linked to the USDA Pyramid Servings Database. Women 19 years of age and older (n = 2,092) were classified into groups based on their average whole grain (WG) intake: 0 servings, more than 0 but less than 1 serving, and ≥1 servings per day. Within these classifications, mean BMI, mean waist circumference and percent overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25) were identified as primary dependent variables. Regression and logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between BMI, waist circumference and percent of the population overweight/obese (BMI ≥25) and WG consumption.Results: Women consuming at least one serving of WG had a significantly lower mean BMI and waist circumference than women with no WG consumption (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed a significant...
FoxO3a and disease progression.

The Forkhead box O (FoxO) family has recently been highlighted as an important transcriptional regulator of crucial proteins associated with the many diverse functions of cells. So far, FoxO1, FoxO3a, FoxO4 and FoxO6 proteins have been identified in humans. Although each FoxO family member has its own role, unlike the other FoxO families, FoxO3a has been extensively studied because of its rather unique and pivotal regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, stress management and longevity. FoxO3a alteration is closely linked to the progression of several types of cancers, fibrosis and other types of diseases. In this review, we will examine the function of FoxO3a in disease progression and also explore FoxO3a’s regulatory mechanisms. We will also discuss FoxO3a as a potential target for the treatment of several types of disease.
Writing Oneself, Writing the Presidential Campaign

In this paper I analyze user posts and comments on the two blogs that Hillary Clinton runs from her website. Based on the rhetorical approaches utilized by writers of posts and comments, I categorize the posts into four types: cheerleading, educating, suggesting, and sharing. I also examine how difference—both among the users and between users and the candidate—are negotiated in the user-generated blogs. In doing so, I hope to construct an awareness of how people are using blogs to participate in the discourse of a political campaign.
Enslaved finite difference approximations for quasigeostrophic shallow flows

Abstract We describe a procedure to improve both the accuracy and computational efficiency of finite difference schemes used to simulate the nonlinear PDEs that govern barotropic two-dimensional geophysical fluid dynamics. Our underlying strategy is to reduce the truncation error of a given difference scheme in such a way that the time step restrictions are not changed. To accomplish this reduction, we use information from the governing equations in the case of vanishing time derivatives. Our method is based on a change of variables from fine to coarse grids, which allows us to order the various terms that appear and justify further approximations. These approximations lead to algebraic closures for the new higher-order variables, and finally to a new, enslaved scheme. We demonstrate the utility of the procedure for the shallow water equations in both periodic and closed basins. In the latter case we present results that demonstrate the ability of the enslaved scheme to capture dynamics on scales smaller than those resolved by the original scheme.
A Nearly Ideal Lens Optimization Procedure

The Brixner lens optimization procedure, in which a lens design moves steadily toward diffraction-limited performance, samples lens performance with bundles of precisely traced skew rays, analyzes performance by calculating the image-spot sizes and positions, and optimizes performance in a least squares system that minimizes the lateral ray deviations from their ideal image points. Minimizing the rms image-spot size minimizes the rms optical path differences (OPDs). Minimizing the rms OPDs also optimizes the diffraction modulation transfer function (DMTF). Minimizing the image-spot size and position errors also minimizes and balances the Seidel and higher-order aberrations.
TOPOMIMETICS OF AMPHIPATHIC β-SHEET AND HELIX-FORMING BACTERICIDAL PEPTIDES NEUTRALIZE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE ENDOTOXINS

Release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin from Gram negative bacterial membranes triggers macrophages to produce large quantities of cytokines that can lead to septic shock and eventual death. Agents that bind to and neutralize LPS may provide a means to clinically prevent septic shock upon bacterial infection. Previously, we reported the design of antibacterial helix peptide SC4 and β-sheet-forming βpep peptides that neutralize LPS in vitro. We hypothesized that the ability of these and other such peptides to neutralize LPS rested in the common denominator of positively charged amphipathic structure. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of nonpeptide, calixarene-based helix/sheet topomimetics that mimic the folded conformations of these peptides in their molecular dimensions, amphipathic surface topology, and compositional properties. From a small library of topomimetics, we identified several compounds that neutralize LPS in the 10-8 M range, making them as effective as bactericidal/permeabili...
Exploring the stratospheric/tropospheric response to solar forcing

[1] We use the new Goddard Institute for Space Studies Global Climate Middle Atmosphere Model 3 with four different resolutions to investigate various aspects of solar cycle influence on the troposphere/stratosphere system. Three different configurations of sea surface temperatures are used to help determine whether the tropospheric response is due to forcing from above (UV variations impacting the stratosphere) or below (total solar irradiance changes acting through the surface temperature field). The results show that the stratospheric response is highly repeatable and significant. With the more active sun, the annual residual circulation change features relative increased upwelling in the Southern Hemisphere and downwelling in the Northern Hemisphere. Stratospheric west wind increases extend down into the troposphere, especially during Southern Hemisphere winter, and in some runs the jet stream weakens and moves poleward. The predominant tropospheric response consists of warming in the troposphere, with precipitation decreases south of the equator and in the Northern Hemisphere subtropics and midlatitudes, with increases north of the equator especially over southern Asia. The tropospheric response is often not significant, but is fairly robust among the different simulations. These features, which have been reported in observations and other model studies, appear to be driven both from the stratosphere and the surface; nevertheless, they account for only a small percentage of the total variance. More accurate simulations of the solar cycle stratospheric ozone response, the quasi-biennial oscillation, and coupled atmosphere-ocean dynamics are necessary before any conclusions can be deemed definitive.
EFFECT OF PRESWELLING TREATMENTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF COTTON FIBERS CROSSLINKED WITH 1,2,3,4 BUTANETETRACARBOXYLIC ACID

Relations were studied between fiber structure and mechanical properties of cotton fibers crosslinked with 1,2,3,4 butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). BTCA was either applied directly to the fibers ...
Team development and group processes of virtual learning teams

Abstract This study describes the community building process of virtual learning teams as they form, establish roles and group norms, and address conflict. Students enrolled in an HRD masters program taught entirely online were studied to determine (1) how virtual learning teams develop their group process, and (2) what process and strategies they use as they work through the stages of group development. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of inquiry were used to capture the dynamic interaction within groups and the underlying factors that guided group process and decision-making. The results show that virtual learning groups can collaborate effectively from a distance to accomplish group tasks. The development of virtual learning teams is closely connected to the timeline for their class projects. Virtual teams are also similar in terms of their task process and the use of communication technologies. In contrast to face-to-face teams, the leadership role of virtual teams is shared among team members. Recommendations are discussed in order to facilitate peak integration of virtual learning teams into Internet-based training courses.
Impact of the C-Terminal Domain of Topoisomerase IIα on the DNA Cleavage Activity of the Human Enzyme†

The enzymatic function of the C-terminal domain of eukaryotic topoisomerase II is not well defined. This region of the enzyme is highly variable and hydrophilic and contains nuclear localization signals and phosphorylation sites. In contrast to eukaryotic topoisomerase II, type II enzymes from chlorella virus completely lack the C-terminal domain. These viral enzymes are characterized by a robust DNA cleavage activity, high coordination between their two active site tyrosyl residues, and reduced sensitivity to anticancer drugs. As a first step toward characterizing the contribution of the C-terminal domain of human topoisomerase IIα to enzyme function, the protein was truncated at amino acid 1175, which corresponds to the C-terminal residue of Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus-1 topoisomerase II as determined by BLAST sequence alignment. Although the overall catalytic activity of the resulting enzyme, hTop2αΔ1175, was lower than that of full-length topoisomerase IIα, the mutant protein displayed a doubl...
Cyclopoid Copepods Associated With Opisthobranch Mollusks in New Caledonia

Trois Copepodes cyclopoides associes aux mollusques opisthobranches et jusqu'a present connus uniquement de Madagascar existent en Nouvelle-Caledonie, sur les memes hotes. Ce sont Anthessius dolabellae sur Dolabella auricularia ( = D. scapula), Doridicola audens sur Platydoris scabra, et Metaxymolgus commodus sur Hexabranchus flammulatus (= H. orbicularis et H. marginatus). Quelques details de l'anatomie externe sont decrits.
Enhancing interest in nephrology careers during medical residency

Promoting interest in nephrology as a career is vital to sustain a workforce adequate to meet the projected demand for nephrologists. The educational experiences that internal medicine residents have may play an important role in influencing such choices, and attempts to enrich such experiences could prove a useful strategy to help facilitate interest in careers in nephrology. Like many electives, nephrology rotations typically consist of activities heavily weighted toward inpatient care. This type of elective is unlikely to provide a representative exposure to the breadth of nephrologists' roles and may lack sufficient mentoring opportunities. We describe an innovative design for a nephrology elective that provides residents with educational experiences in both inpatient and outpatient venues and exposure to faculty with diverse interests and areas of expertise. Our experience with this elective in comparison to a traditional inpatient-based elective suggests that the combined elective format is perceived favorably by medical residents and provides them with a better educational experience, more representative exposure to nephrology, positive mentoring experiences, and the potential for greater interest in pursuing nephrology as a career. Our findings offer the possibility that interventions at the level of medical resident education might be a means to help promote interest in careers in nephrology.
Impact of Trait Maximized on Sire Averages from Computerized Sire Selection

A computerized linear program, MAXBULL, selects groups of sires to attain or exceed goals of dairy producers and maximize one of four traits: Predicted Difference milk, Predicted Difference dollars, Predicted Difference milk minus its confidence interval, and Predicted Difference dollars minus its confidence interval. January 1985 Holstein herd breeding objectives in 315 MAXBULL goals were run for each maximization criterion holding herd breeding objectives constant. Realized Predicted Difference milk and dollars were predicted from 86 herds with goals and edits for all traits in the model. Predicted Difference fat percent was higher when Predicted Difference dollars and Predicted Difference dollars minus its confidence interval were maximized. Higher Repeatabilities resulted when confidence intervals were used. Little variation was found in sire averages for Predicted Difference fat, Predicted Difference type, and semen price when different traits were maximized. Goal for hind legs was the most limiting of the linear type traits in achieving higher sire averages for Predicted Difference milk or dollars. Higher goals or edits for price produced higher sire averages for Predicted Difference milk and dollars. Higher edits for Predicted Difference dollars and type reduced average sire merit for Predicted Difference milk and dollars.
PERSON-CENTERED PLAY THERAPY FOR ADULTS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES

Due to problems in communicating with psychologists, counselors, and other daily helpers, adults with developmental disabilities may experience a lifetime of daily routines that involve few if any opportunities for emotional expression, validation, and growth. This paper presents two case studies that utilize an adapted form of Child-Centered Play Therapy in working with adults with developmental disabilities. Person-Centered Play Therapy is used to help two adults with developmental disabilities overcome behavioral and emotional difficulties. Results indicate positive growth and changes in self-expression, self- direction, self-efficacy, and emotional well-being. Changes are indicated both within sessions, and outside of sessions in a residential day treatment program. Possibilities for future work with this population are discussed.
Recovery and stability of phenolase, peroxidase and catalase activity in dried potato tissue

Based on a comparison with the activity of fresh potato enzyme extracts, complete recovery of phenolase, peroxidase and catalase activity was obtained from either freeze-dried tissue or powder obtained by grinding the tissue with acetone. Phenolase activity was stable for 1 year, peroxidase for 2–4 weeks and catalase for 8 weeks.
Higher-order accurate Osher schemes with application to compressible boundary layer stability

Two fourth order accurate Osher schemes are presented which maintain higher order accuracy on nonuniform grids. They use either a conservative finite difference or finite volume discretization. Both methods are successfully used for direct numerical simulations of flat plate boundary layer instability at different Mach numbers. Results of growth rates of Tollmien-Schlichting waves compare well with direct simulations of incompressible flow and for compressible flow with results obtained by solving the parabolic stability equations.
Optimal and Heuristic Procedures for Row Layout Problems in Automated Manufacturing Systems

In many automated manufacturing environments, particularly flowlines and flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs), machines are arranged along a straight material handling track with a material handling device moving jobs from one machine to aother. These layouts are referred to as row machine layouts. In this paper we study the Row Layout Problem (RLP) under the design objective of minimizing the total backtracking distance of the material handling device, which is a NP-complete problem. We propose the use of a dynamic programming algorithm for its solution. Special cases of the problem, usually encountered in flexible manufacturing cells and which can be solved with polynomial procedures, are also discussed. For the equidistant case (i.e., successive candidate locations are in equal distances), we formulate the problem as an integer linear program. The use of standard mathematical programming codes can efficiently solve this formulation. Two effective heuristic procedures, which explore simple ideas based on local optimality conditions, are also presented. Extensive computational results demonstrate the effectiveness of such heuristics.
Warm photoionized plasmas created by soft-x-ray laser irradiation of solid targets

We report the study of warm plasmas created by soft-x-ray laser irradiation of solid targets in which single-photon photoionization is the dominant energy absorption mechanism. Low-absorption (silicon, Z=14) and high-absorption (chromium, Z=24, and silver, Z=47) targets were heated by ~1 ns duration pulses from a 46.9 nm wavelength soft-x-ray laser. The spectra obtained agree with 1 1/2-dimension simulations in showing that the Si plasmas are significantly colder and less ionized, confirming that in contrast to plasmas created by optical lasers the plasma properties are largely determined by the absorption coefficient of the target material.
A test of two annual cover crops for controlling Phalaris arundinacea invasion in restored sedge meadow wetlands

Rapid establishment by aggressive plants such as Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) often interferes with sedge meadow establishment in restored prairie pothole wetlands in the mid-continental United States. Introducing a cover crop during community establishment might suppress P. arundinacea invasion in restored prairie pot-holes by reducing resource availability. We evaluated two potential cover crops, Echinochloa crusgalli (barnyardgrass) and Polygonum lapathifolium (nodding smartweed), for suppressing P. arundinacea invasion in an experimental wetland using replacement series competition experiments. Further, we assessed the effects of E. crusgalli and P. lapathifolium on sedge meadow establishment by sowing Carex hystericina, a common wetland sedge, as a third species at a constant density in the replacement experiments, Echinochloa crusgalli, compared with no cover crop, reduced P. arundinacea biomass by more than 1,000 g/m 2 (65%) after two growing seasons. Polygonum lapathifolium did not affect P. arundinacea biomass. Dense E. crusgalli canopies in the first year and thick E. crusgalli thatch in the second year substantially reduced light availability for P. arundinacea establishment. Echinochloa crusgalli also reduced C. hystericina biomass by more than 1,800 g/m 2 (99%) after two growing seasons. Carex hystericina biomass was similar in plots sown with E. crusgalli to P. arundinacea monocultures. Neither E. crusgalli nor P. lapathifolium is likely to improve sedge meadow restoration success. These trends were not sensitive to initial sowing density or elevation above water level. Without methods to suppress P. arundinacea invasions, sedge meadow restorations may often fail. Thorough site preparation to remove P. arundinacea propagule sources before restoration is essential.
A geometric upper bound on the mean first nearest neighbour distance between particles in three-dimensional microstructures

Numerous mechanical and physical properties of microstructures depend on the spatial arrangement of features such as precipitates, voids, and inclusions. Mean first nearest neighbour distance is an important descriptor of spatial arrangement of microstructural features that is of significance in several microstructure-properties relationships, but it is very difficult to measure experimentally in three-dimensional microstructures of opaque materials. Therefore, it is of interest to determine the bounds on the mean first nearest neighbour distance to facilitate computation of the corresponding bounds on properties of interest. In this contribution, it is shown that for a given number density of particles in a microstructure of infinite extent, there exists a finite upper bound on the mean first nearest neighbour distance. The relationship between this upper bound and the number density of particles is derived. The result is applicable to point particles (zero-size) as well as to a microstructure containing particles of non-zero sizes; it is also equally applicable to penetrable, partially penetrable, or impenetrable ensembles of particles of any arbitrary shapes and sizes.
Clinical advances in adult asthma

Abstract From October 2001 through September 2002, reports of clinical research on asthma in adults focused on the epidemiology of asthma, the investigation of pharmacologic and immunologic therapy in the context of new national guidelines, and discussions of medical economics. Epidemiologic findings include the observation that overall mortality has declined and hospitalizations have remained constant in the United States since 1995, although these rates are at least twice as high in Blacks. Socially and economically disadvantaged groups receive poorer health care for asthma. Young children who have fewer than 5 episodes of wheezing in conjunction with respiratory infections generally have a good prognosis and do not have compromised lung function as adults. Pharmacologic reports and the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Update recommend low- to medium-dose inhaled steroids combined with a long-acting β-agonist as the preferred therapy for moderate persistent asthma. The use of chlorofluorocarbon-free medications for asthma is increasing. Medications comprise the largest cost category for asthma. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:S780-4.)
Refereed Papers: Violation of Safeguards by Trusted Personnel and Understanding Related Information Security Concerns

A majority of computer security breaches occur because internal employees of an organization subvert existing controls. While exploring the issue of violation of safeguards by trusted personnel, with specific reference to Barings Bank and the activities of Nicholas Leeson, this paper provides an understanding of related information security concerns. In a final synthesis, guidelines are provided which organizations could use to prevent computer security breaches.
HEAT TRANSFER IN FILM CONDENSATION

In this theoretical analysis of heat transfer in film condensation the total vapor-side resistance to heat transfer is obtained by adding the resistance to conduction through the condensate film to the resistance due to the condensation process at the vapor-liquid interface. The analysis shows that under ordinary conditions conduction in the condensate film is controlling, provided the condensation coefficient is greater than about 0.10. However, under conditions of low total pressure, low heat flux, or low condensation coefficient, the resistances of both processes must be considered. Experiments carried out on the condensation of methanol are in good agreement with the theory. Furthermore, values of the condensation coefficient for methanol are reported which show that small quantities of air will greatly reduce its magnitude. This is offered as an explantion of the commonly observed phenomenon of reduction of heat transfer rates when noncondensable gases enter a system.
Purple Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia rosea) Dieback and Partial Community Disassembly following Experimental Storm Surge in a Coastal Pitcher Plant Bog

Sea-level rise and frequent intense hurricanes associated with climate change will result in recurrent flooding of inland systems such as Gulf Coastal pitcher plant bogs by storm surges. These surges can transport salt water and sediment to freshwater bogs, greatly affecting their biological integrity. Purple pitcher plants (Sarracenia rosea) are Gulf Coast pitcher plant bog inhabitants that could be at a disadvantage under this scenario because their pitcher morphology may leave them prone to collection of saline water and sediment after a surge. We investigated the effects of storm surge water salinity and sediment type on S. rosea vitality, plant community structure, and bog soil-water conductivity. Plots (containing ≥1 ramet of S. rosea) were experimentally flooded with fresh or saline water crossed with one of three sediment types (local, foreign, or no sediment). There were no treatment effects on soil-water conductivity; nevertheless, direct exposure to saline water resulted in significantly lower S. rosea cover until the following season when a prescribed fire and regional drought contributed to the decline of all the S. rosea to near zero percent cover. There were also significant differences in plant community structure between treatments over time, reflecting how numerous species increased in abundance and a few species decreased in abundance. However, in contrast to S. rosea, most of the other species in the community appeared resilient to the effects of storm surge. Thus, although the community may be somewhat affected by storm surge, those few species that are particularly sensitive to the storm surge disturbance will likely drop out of the community and be replaced by more resilient species. Depending on the longevity of these biological legacies, Gulf Coastal pitcher plant bogs may be incapable of fully recovering if they become exposed to storm surge more frequently due to climate change.
Quality Measurement of Intact and Fresh-cut Slices of Fuji, Granny Smith, Pink Lady, and GoldRush Apples

: Development of fresh-cut apple products requires consideration of cultivars that store well as both intact and fresh-cut fruit. We compared the instrumental and sensory quality of 2 apple cultivars, Granny Smith and Fuji, that are used for fresh cutting with 2 new cultivars, Pink Lady and GoldRush, which were considered to have quality characteristics suitable for fresh cutting. Firmness, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids content (SSC), and aromatic volatile concentration were measured in intact fruit of the 4 cultivars during 12 mo storage in air at 0 °C and during 3 wk storage at 5 °C as fresh-cut slices. After 1 wk storage as fresh-cut slices, sensory evaluations for acceptability of flesh and peel appearance, flavor, texture, and overall eating quality were performed. During storage, GoldRush apples maintained > 80 N firmness, approximately 17% SSC, > 0.5% TA, and had high aromatic volatile production, that is, maintained quality better than the other cultivars. The quality and shelf stability of GoldRush slices were also as good as or better than slices from the other cultivars, whereas Granny Smith slices generally rated lower than the other cultivars. The acceptability of flavor, texture, and overall eating quality of GoldRush slices was as good as that for Pink Lady and Fuji. The quality of GoldRush apples can be maintained throughout the year in refrigerated air storage and still remain suitable for fresh-cut processing. The results indicate that GoldRush and Pink Lady are 2 promising new, high-quality apple cultivars for fresh cutting. Keywords: fresh-cut fruit, Malus × domestica, postharvest quality, respiration rate, shelf life
SPECT Imaging of Epilepsy: An Overview and Comparison with F-18 FDG PET

Epilepsy surgery is highly effective in treating refractory epilepsy, but requires accurate presurgical localization of the epileptogenic focus. Briefly, localization of the region of seizure onset traditionally dependents on seizure semiology, scalp EEG recordings and correlation with anatomical imaging modalities such as MRI. The introduction of noninvasive functional neuroimaging methods, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) has dramatically changed the method for presurgical epilepsy evaluation. These imaging modalities have become powerful tools for the investigation of brain function and are an essential part of the evaluation of epileptic patients. Of these methods, SPECT has the practical capacity to image blood flow functional changes that occur during seizures in the routine clinical setting. In this review we present the basic principles of epilepsy SPECT and PET imaging. We discuss the properties of the SPECT tracers to be used for this purpose and imaging acquisition protocols as well as the diagnostic performance of SPECT in addition to SPECT image analysis methods. This is followed by a discussion and comparison to F-18 FDG PET acquisition and imaging analysis methods.
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE TRANSPLANTATION OF THE KIDNEY TO THE DOG'S NECK.

Summary A technique for transplantation of the kidney to the dog's neck employing end-to-end suture of therenal vessels to the common carotid artery and external jugular vein with a cutaneous ureterostomy is described. The technical considerations necessary for the prevention of hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis have been emphasized.
The Fate of Cholesterol Exiting Lysosomes

Cholesterol released from ingested low density lipoproteins in lysosomes moves both to the plasma membrane and to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it is re-esterified. Whether cholesterol can move directly from lysosomes to ER or first must traverse the plasma membrane has not been established. To examine this question, the endocytic pathway of rat hepatoma cells was loaded at 18 °C with low density lipoproteins (LDL) labeled with [3H]cholesteryl linoleate, and the label then was chased at 37 °C. The hydrolysis of the accumulated ester proceeded linearly for several hours. Almost all of the released [3H]cholesterol moved to the plasma membrane rapidly and without a discernable lag. In contrast, the re-esterification in the ER of the released [3H]cholesterol showed a characteristic lag of 0.5–1 h. These data are inconsistent with direct cholesterol transfer from lysosomes to ER; rather, they suggest movement through the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we found that progesterone, imipramine and 3-β-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]androst-5-en-17-one (U18666A) strongly inhibited the re-esterification of lysosomal cholesterol in the ER. However, contrary to previous reports, they did not block transfer of [3H]cholesterol from lysosomes to the cell surface. Therefore, the site of action of these agents was not at the lysosomes. We suggest instead that their known ability to block cholesterol movement from the plasma membrane to the ER accounts for the inhibition of lysosomal cholesterol esterification. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cholesterol released from lysosomes passes through the plasma membrane on its way to the ER rather than proceeding there directly. As a result, ingested cholesterol is subject to the same homeostatic regulation as the bulk of cell cholesterol, which is located in the plasma membrane.
Rapidly Solidified Binary Tial Alloys

Melt spinning has been carried out on binary TiAl alloys at three Ti/Al ratios. Antiphase domains were observed in one ribbon specimen, but no significant disordering was induced by the rapid solidification as indicated by X-ray and electron diffraction analyses. Bending tests of both the ribbons and the consolidated counterparts showed a decrease in ductility with increasing Al concentration. This compositional effect can be correlated with the TiAl tetragonality (the c/a ratio) as well as the grain structure.
Gifted Education at a Crossroads: The Program Status Study.

The program status study was designed to examine the status of local programs for students with high abilities and the reasons to which educators and key personnel attributed the status of these programs. This descriptive ex post facto research, completed in a purposive sample of 19 states, was completed in two phases. Phase 1 included a mail survey to approximately 3,000 local teachers, coordinators, and/or principals who were responsible for programs for students with high abilities. Phase 2 included interviews with key personnel (state directors of gifted education, presidents of state advocacy organizations, school superintendents, chairpersons of local boards) and was designed to triangulate the findings from Phase 1. Results indicated that programs in states with mandates and in good economic health are intact and expanded; programs in all other groups of states (states with mandates and in poor economic health, states without mandates and in good economic health, states without mandates in poor eco...
Total Thyroidectomy: a safe and effective treatment for Graves' disease

Background Thyroidectomy as a first line treatment for Graves’ disease is rarely utilized in the US. The purpose of this study was to analyze the safety and efficacy of thyroid surgery among patients with Graves’ disease. Methods Fifty-six patients with Graves’ disease underwent thyroid surgery between May 1994 and May 2008 at a single academic institution. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were analyzed. Results A total of 58 surgeries were performed: 55.1% (n = 32) total thyroidectomy, 41.3% (n = 24) subtotal/lobectomy, 3.4% (n = 2) completion thyroidectomy. The average gland weight was 47.3 ± 10.8 gm, with 70% weighing > 30 gm. Reasons for having thyroid surgery were persistent disease despite medical therapy (46.6%), patient preference (24.1%), multinodular goiter/cold nodules (20.3%), failed RAI (radioactive iodine) treatment (16%), and opthalmopathy (12.1%). Of those patients that failed prior RAI therapy, the only factor that was predictive of failure was disease severity, as demonstrated by a markedly elevated initial free-T4 value (11.8 ± 4.5 ng/dL, P = 0.04). Transient symptomatic hypocalcemia occurred in 10.7% (n = 6) of patients, and one patient (1.8%) had symptomatic hypocalcemia lasting > 6 mo. There were no permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries. There was no difference in overall complication rates between patients based on surgical procedure (subtotal versus total thyroidectomy), preoperative RAI treatment, or gland size. Recurrences occurred in 6% of the subtotal thyroidectomy group and 0% of the total thyroidectomy group (P = 0.008). Conclusion Thyroidectomy for patients with Graves’ disease can be performed with very low complication rates and when a total thyroidectomy is performed, there is almost no risk of recurrence.
Pilot test of an organizational culture model in a medical setting.

The authors conducted a pilot test of the organizational culture model in a health care setting. The study was based on a questionnaire with mixed quantitative and qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis confinned the expected distribution of responses among the subcultures for all ihree questions, with significant differences in [woof the three. Qualitative analysi.s further strengthened these results. The authors believe the organizational culture model tnay be a useful tool for making subcultural differences explicil, showing opportunities for better information exchange and opening dialogue between groups. These data should be confirmed with larger studie.s using
Span of Management Research and Issues

The article discusses research pertaining to the factors which impact the span of management. Study participants were asked to fill out an “organizational characteristics” questionnaire. In no inst...
Effects of larval rearing temperature on immature development and West Nile virus vector competence of Culex tarsalis

Background: Temperature is known to induce changes in mosquito physiology, development, ecology, and in some species, vector competence for arboviruses. Since colonized mosquitoes are reared under laboratory conditions that can be significantly different from their field counterparts, laboratory vector competence experiments may not accurately reflect natural vector-virus interactions. Methods: We evaluated the effects of larval rearing temperature on immature development parameters and vector competence of two Culex tarsalis strains for West Nile virus (WNV). Results: Rearing temperature had a significant effect on mosquito developmental parameters, including shorter time to pupation and emergence and smaller female body size as temperature increased. However, infection, dissemination, and transmission rates for WNV at 5, 7, and 14 days post infectious feeding were not consistently affected. Conclusions: These results suggest that varying constant larval rearing temperature does not significantly affect laboratory estimates of vector competence for WNV in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes.
Can I still be valuable … even if I do not know my applet from my router?

Challenges the assumption that librarians, to remain useful, must master all the intricacies of new technology. Argues that the demand for esoteric info‐tech skills is a phase, not a transformation. Looks back at the integration of other technologies into society, to reinforce this argument. Contends that the future role of the librarian is in using their vision, common sense and research skills to harness the new technology to establish new services.
Measurements of unusual aerosol layers in the upper troposphere over Laramie, Wyoming in the spring of 1991: Evidence for long range transport from the oil fires in Kuwait

Unusual aerosol layers in the upper troposphere were observed on seven consecutive balloon soundings between 7 March and 17 June 1991, at Laramie, Wyoming (41°N, 106°W). The layers varied in thickness from 1 to 4 km and the top of the layer was always at or near the tropopause. Aerosol concentrations for the size range 0.15 to 1.0 μm radius were increased by factors of 5 to 10 over what is usual at those altitudes. Compared with the previous four year record, these seven soundings represent the highest sustained concentrations observed between 8 and 11 km, with the sounding on March 25 representing the highest concentrations observed. Although the origin of these unusual aerosol layers is not definite, trajectory calculations and impactor measurements indicate that, in the absence of an alternate explanation, the oil fires in Kuwait are the likely source.
Hydrothermal epitaxy of KtaO3 thin films

Heteroepitaxial KTaO3 thin films were synthesized by the hydrothermal method below 175 °C in highly alkaline aqueous KOH solutions. KTaO3 films synthesized in 7 M KOH solutions contained a defect pyrochlore phase that had (400) and (111) out-of-plane orientations. The (400) oriented pyrochlore islands were epitaxially related to the (100) SrTiO3 substrate while the (111) oriented pyrochlore islands had four in-plane variants. Pyrochlore-free KTaO3 films could be synthesized in a 15 M KOH solution. Pyrochlore-free films were also grown at 7 M KOH by delaying the introduction of the (100) SrTiO3 substrate into the synthesis solution until the conditions favoring the formation of the pyrochlore phase had dissipated.
Elastic properties of nickel-based anodes for solid oxide fuel cells as a function of the fraction of reduced NiO

The changes in porosity and elastic moduli of YSZ-containing nickel-based anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells were studied as a function of the fraction of reduced NiO. Anode samples were reduced in a gas mixture of 4% hydrogen and 96% argon for different periods of time at 800°C and their Young's and shear moduli were determined afterward at room temperature using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy and impulse excitation. It was found that the magnitude of Young's and shear moduli decreased significantly with increasing fraction of reduced NiO and that the magnitude of the elastic moduli of a fully reduced Ni–YSZ anode was ∼45% lower than that of unreduced NiO–YSZ. Because the elastic moduli of NiO are close to those of Ni, the observed decrease in the magnitude of the elastic moduli was found to be caused mainly by the significant increase in the porosity of the sample as a result of NiO reduction. Expressions are presented for the amount of porosity and the magnitude of the elastic moduli as a function of the fraction of reduced NiO.