cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prognosis of Macrophage Density in the Absence of Neutrophils in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

Abstract Background Despite the advances in treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), predicting prognosis remains a challenge. Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment may provide an insight to predicting recurrence. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the association of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) with recurrence in DTC and to identify serum cytokines that correlate with the presence of these immune cells in the tumor. Materials and methods Forty-two DTC tissues from our institutional neoplasia repository were stained for immunohistochemistry markers for TAMs and TANs. In addition, cytokine levels were analyzed from these patients from preoperative blood samples. TAM and TAN staining were compared with clinical data and serum cytokine levels. Results Neither TAM nor TAN scores alone correlated with tumor size, the presence of lymph node metastases, multifocal tumors, lymphovascular or capsular invasion, or the presence of BRAFV600E mutation (all P > 0.05). There was no association with recurrence-free survival (RFS) in TAN density (mean RFS, 169.1 versus 148.1 mo, P = 0.23) or TAM density alone (mean RFS, 121.3 versus 205.2 mo, P = 0.54). However, when scoring from both markers were combined, patients with high TAM density and TAN negative scores had significantly lower RFS (mean RFS, 50.7 versus 187.3 mo, P = 0.04) compared with the remaining cohort. Patients with high TAM/negative TAN tumors had significantly lower serum levels of interleukin 12p70, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and tumor necrosis factor beta. Conclusions In DTCs, high density of TAMs in the absence of TANs is associated with worse outcome. Assessment of multiple immune cell types and serum cytokines may predict outcomes in DTC.
Systematic Evaluation of Smartphone Applications for the Medical Management of Nephrolithiasis

Objective: The aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the quality of patient-oriented, mobile health applications (apps) available for medical management of kidney stone disease (KSD). M...
Long-term outcomes of transposed femoral vein arteriovenous fistula for abandoned upper extremity dialysis access.

Abstract Background The number and longevity of patients with end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis access have continued to increase, leading to challenging situations, including exhausted upper extremity access and severe central venous stenosis. This has led to an increase in the use of alternative access sites, including the lower extremities. The transposed femoral vein arteriovenous fistula for dialysis access is a previously described alternative, although limited data are available on its long-term patency. Methods Patients treated with a transposed femoral vein fistula were retrospectively reviewed. A transposed femoral vein fistula was created by harvesting the femoral vein and transposing it to the distal superficial femoral artery at the level of the adductor canal. The demographic information, perioperative characteristics, complications, and long-term outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Results A total of 21 patients had undergone transposed femoral vein fistula for dialysis access after an average of 5.3 ± 2.8 failed dialysis access procedures and a duration of 6.1 ± 4.9 years from the initiation of dialysis. The average age at the procedure was 53.5 ± 12.8 years. Ten patients (47.6%) had a history of diabetes mellitus and nine (42.9%) had a history of coronary artery disease. Technical success was achieved in 100% of cases, and 16 patients (76.2%) were discharged with anticoagulation therapy. The primary patency at 1, 3, and 5 years was 93%, 74%, and 74%, respectively. The secondary patency at 1, 3, and 5 years was 100%, 89%, and 89%, respectively. Two patients had compartment syndrome requiring fasciotomy, and six patients experienced wound complications. Conclusions Transposed femoral vein fistula for dialysis access is a viable alternative for patients with an exhausted upper extremity access, with good long-term patency.
Opening up is not showing up: human volition after the pandemic

A global pandemic on the scale of Covid-19 upsets all standard decision protocols. Pressure from politicians to "open up" the economy presumes that individuals grant credible trust to politicians and merchants eager to recover customers. The asymmetric concern for safety compounds normal heuristics. The Peircean pragmatic maxim reminds us that it is the perceived effects of a post-pandemic society and economy that will drive human volition in the aftermath of Covid-19. Opening up does not equal showing up.
Lysosomal Storage Disorders

Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are genetic defects caused by lysosomal hydrolase deficiencies. These deficiencies lead to substrate accumulation affecting cells, tissues and organs. Detecting abnormal compound excretion and deficient enzymes assist diagnosis of these disorders for treatment and prevention. This mini review summarizes clinical presentations and diagnostic workup of LSDs and updates the new development in the area.
FGF21 Response Varies by Sugar Type and is Associated with Body Weight, Dietary Added Sugar, and Neural Signaling in Humans

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver-derived hormone that regulates energy homeostasis. In humans, few studies have investigated whether FGF21 may act to suppress sugar intake and influence eating behavior, and the effects of adiposity on post-ingestive FGF21 regulation of appetite are unknown. Here, we demonstrate among two cohorts of healthy, young adults that acute oral fructose and sucrose compared to glucose lead to greater circulating FGF21. Moreover, high compared to low dietary added sugar intake is associated with greater sucrose-stimulated FGF21 among participants with healthy weight but attenuated in people with overweight and obesity. In addition, our study is the first to demonstrate associations between circulating FGF21 and neural signaling following an acute sucrose load among humans with healthy weight. Collectively, our results suggest that these potential compensatory relationships between sucrose-stimulated circulating FGF21, habitual sugar intake, and post-ingestive brain responses may be altered among adults with overweight and obesity. Significance StatementAnimal models have established FGF21 as an autoregulator of sweet consumption, but few studies have examined post-ingestive FGF21 effects in humans. In this report, we demonstrate a compensatory relationship between sucrose-stimulated FGF21 and high dietary added sugar intake through a potential liver-to-brain negative-feedback cycle among healthy, young adults. Notably, our findings also suggest that humans with overweight and obesity may have altered FGF21 neuroendocrine signaling.
Neuronal-enriched extracellular vesicles in individuals with IBS: A pilot study of COMT and BDNF.

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by abdominal pain, bowel habit alterations, and psychiatric comorbidities. Although pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, prior work demonstrates associations with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). The purpose of this study was to quantify BDNF and COMT in plasma and in neuronal-enriched extracellular vesicles (nEVs), assess relationships with psychological symptoms, and gain insight on the brain-gut connection in IBS. Methods Clinical data and biorepository samples from a parent investigation were used, including scores on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Distinct subpopulations of nEVs were isolated using neural cell adhesion molecule L1CAM; levels of COMT, mature BDNF, and pro-BDNF were quantified in plasma and in nEVs using ELISA. Key results Data from 47 females (28.11 ± 6.85 years) included 18 IBS and 29 healthy control (HC) participants. IBS participants displayed reduced plasma levels of mature BDNF compared with HC (p = 0.024). Levels of COMT plasma and IBS grouping significantly predicted CES-D scores (p = 0.034). Exploratory analyses by IBS subtype and race revealed African American HC display lower levels of COMT EV than Caucasian HC (p = 0.022). Conclusions & inferences Lower levels of mature BDNF in IBS participants, preliminary patterns detected in cargo content of nEVs, and relevance of COMT and IBS status to CES-D scores, offer insight on depressive symptomatology and brain-gut dysregulation in IBS. Lower COMT levels in nEVs of African Americans highlight the relevance of race when conducting such analyses across diverse populations.
Structure–function analysis for macular surgery in patients with coexisting glaucoma

To develop methods to assess the effects of epiretinal membranes (ERM) and macular holes (MH) coexisting with glaucoma on pre-operative retinal structure and function and evaluate post-operative outcomes. Seven eyes of 7 patients with glaucoma, 6 with ERMs and 1 with MH, were enrolled; 4 underwent vitrectomy for ERM and one for MH. Visual fields (VFs) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were obtained pre- and post-operatively. The 10-2VF deviation map was overlayed on ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) deviation maps derived from OCT macula and disc cube scans. Optic nerve circle scans were obtained to assess RNFL thickness, and OCT b-scans associated with VF defects were compared pre- and post-operatively. Examination of pre-operative VFs and OCT scans showed the importance of determining the extent to which glaucomatous damage contributed to VF loss; verifying automated segmentation of the GCL + IPL and RNFL; and assessing foveal anatomy. Evaluation of post-operative structure–function outcomes required correction of magnification changes in OCT scans and repeated follow-up visits to clarify the origin of VF changes. Pre-operative comparisons of VFs and OCT scans may be beneficial in guiding surgical planning, and evaluating outcomes, in eyes with glaucoma undergoing macular surgery.
IDENTITY AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF QUANTUM THEORY

The foundations of quantum theory can be understood as a consequence of a fundamental concept of identity. Intuitive arguments motivate a mathematical formulation of identicality (the indistinguishability and equality of identical particles). Using a theorem of Fivel, this form of identicality leads to standard quantum theory.
On the nature of intrinsic spin I o eff in aligned Stockholm bands

The rotational alignment model predicts for the Stockholm aligned band (SB), which crosses the ground rotational band and is responsible for backbending, that the maximal alignment alon$ the axis of rotation for the angular momentum of both particles in the configuration(j)zj>9/2 is I~ ax = j~ax = 2J-i (if J=13/2, I~ ax = 12). Here I o is the projection of the intrinsic angular momentum Jo on the axis of rotation. Using the recently proposed method I for estimation of I o you find, however, that for all known SB lo<l~ax = 2j-l. Figure i shows lo=lo(m) for the 9(i13/2 )2 SB in even 66DY and 68Er isotopes as a function of ~ = Ey(l+l ÷ 1-1)/2. Here we would like to show that there are at least two reasons responsible for the differences between I o and I~ ax (PAL). First let us consider the possibility of less than maximum rotational alignment. In Fig. 2 are presented the values of lo(Odd A) (the projection of j on the axis of rotation) for the il3/2-rotational bands in neighboring odd mass 66DY and 68Er nuclei where I~ dd A (~)
A Critical Evaluation of Mass-Loss Rates and Wind Properties of Evolved Late-Type Stars

We evaluate the accuracy with which the properties of late-type giant star winds can be estimated by fitting ultraviolet line profiles and radio continuum emission. Our test cases include the stars α TrA (K4 II), λ Vel (K4 Ib-II), and ζ Aur (K4 Ib + B5 V). Of particular interest is the sensitivity of the line profiles to the wind parameters Ṁ, v ∞, v turb, β, and T wind. We are finding that while accurate and reliable values of Ṁ are difficult to obtain, the most reliable values come from the application of two or more independent techniques.
Nephrotic proteinuria with pre-eclampsia

Abstract During a retrospective study of 100 patients who underwent renal biopsy because of pregnancy complicated by hypertension, we found 19 patients in whom proteinuria exceeded 5.0 Gm. per 24 hours and an adoitional eight patients in whom excretion ranged between 3.5 and 5 Gm. per day. Of these 27 patients, 23 had the kidney lesion of pre-eclampsia, and three of them had superimposed hypertensive changes in the vasculature. The remaining four had other renal diseases. We located and re-examined 10 of the 23 pre-eclamptic women, 12 to 104 (mean, 36) months after delivery. Serum creatinine levels were normal in all but one, who was discovered to have polycystic kidney disease. During the same time period, we located the records of six women who had heavy proteinuria during gestation but were normotensive. Thus, at our institution, pre-eclampsia is the most common cause of the nephrotic syndrome in pregnancy. The frequency of nephrotic proteinuria in pre-eclampsia appears higher than previously suspected, but, despite this fact, recovery was complete in most instances.
Reusable Model-Based Testing

A reusable model-based testing method for software product lines (SPL) is used to create test specifications from use case and feature models, which can then be configured to test individual applications that are members of the SPL. This paper describes a feature-oriented model-based testing method for SPLs that can be used to reduce the number of reusable test specifications created to cover all use case scenarios, all features, and selected feature combinations of a SPL. These test specifications can be automatically selected and configured during feature-based test derivation to test a given application derived from the SPL. This paper also addresses what application configurations to test and how to configure test specifications for these applications. This model-based testing method was applied and evaluated on two SPL case studies.
Nuclear import of Spo12p, a protein essential for meiosis.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Spo12p is involved in mitosis and is essential for meiosis. We found that Spo12p is imported into the nucleus by the karyopherin Kap121p. A complex containing Spo12p and Kap121p was isolated from cytosol and was also reconstituted with recombinant proteins, indicating that this interaction is direct. Spo12p was mislocalized to the cytosol inpse1–1, a temperature-sensitive strain harboring a mutation of Kap121p, at the permissive temperature, confirming an essential role for Kap121p in Spo12p import. Spo12p was also mislocalized in a pse1–1/pse1–1 homozygous strain, suggesting it is imported via the same pathway in diploid cells. Furthermore, we found that pse1–1/pse1–1 shows a sporulation defect similar to that ofspo12Δ/spo12Δ. In addition, we have characterized the Spo12p nuclear localization signal, mapped it to residues 76–130, and identified residues within this region that are important for nuclear localization signal function.
"This Is Active Learning": Theories of Language, Learning, and Social Relations in the Transmission of Khmer Literacy

This article examines the role language ideologies played in the changing instructional and social organization of Khmer literacy classes in Long Beach, California. Language and language use in classrooms have been carefully examined over the years, but analysis of how language attitudes influence pedagogical theory and practice has been largely neglected. This article reveals one way in which language ideologies engage with local theories of learning to shape not only pedagogies informing instruction but also social relations within classes.
Stereoselective synthesis of a C-linked neuraminic acid disaccharide: potential building block for the synthesis of C-analogues of polysialic acids.

C-Linked neuraminic acid disaccharide was synthesized in a diastereoselective manner from a sulfone donor and aldehyde acceptor, which was protected as a propargyl ether, through a samarium-mediated coupling reaction. The resulting disaccharide has acetal and phenyl sulfide functional groups that can be easily converted into aldehyde and phenyl sulfone groups by photolysis and oxidation reactions to serve as disaccharide acceptor and donor, respectively.
Expression and biochemical properties of a protein serine/threonine phosphatase encoded by bacteriophage lambda

The predicted amino acid sequence encoded by the open reading frame 221 (orf221) of bacteriophage lambda exhibited a high degree of similarity to the catalytic subunits of a variety of protein serine/threonine phosphatases belonging to PP1, PP2A, and PP2B groups. Cloning and expression of the orf221 gene in Escherichia coli provided direct evidence that the gene codes for a protein serine/threonine phosphatase. The single-subunit recombinant enzyme was purified in soluble form and shown to possess a unique repertoire of biochemical properties--e.g., an absolute requirement for Mn2+, resistance to okadaic acid, inhibitors 1 and 2, and ability to dephosphorylate casein, adenovirus E1A proteins, and the alpha subunit of phosphorylase kinase. No phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity was observed. Mutational and biochemical analyses identified the conserved residues 73-77 and Cys138 to be important for activity. The name PP-lambda is proposed for this unusual prokaryotic enzyme.
A discrete/continuous model of fruit promotion, advertising, and response segmentation

Commodity marketing managers are demanding an increasingly detailed description of their customers in order to make more efficient use of their marketing budgets. This study uses a purchase-occasion, household panel data set to investigate consumers' discrete choice among varieties of apples and their continuous decision of how much to buy. We segment households based on their elasticities of response to several marketing variables: price, promotion, and advertising using a k-means clustering algorithm. Describing each of these segments according to their demographic attributes provides the type of information required to target particular groups of similar consumers, which in turn allows for a much more effective and efficient use of scarce marketing dollars. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CFTR: New Members Join the Fold

The folding, misfolding, and degradation of membrane proteins is controlled by multiple processes within the cell. In this issue of Cell, Wang et al. (2006) present an interactome for CFTR, the chloride channel that is misfolded and prematurely degraded in cystic fibrosis. Among the proteins interacting with CFTR is a new member of the Hsp90 chaperone system, Aha1, that plays a central role in CFTR folding.
Abrin and hurin: Two new lymphocyte mitogens

Abstract Two plant proteins, abrin from the seed of Abrus precatorius and hurin from the seed of Hura crepitans, are potent lymphocyte mitogens. The extent of stimulation of BALB/c and CBA strain mouse spleens by these factors is significantly greater than that attained with PHA or PWM and requires thymus-derived lymphocytes. Abrin has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, physically characterized, and may undergo conversion from a toxic to mitogenic form. Hurin is the best mitogen we have tested.
Electron transfer chemistry of octadecylamine-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes were chemically functionalized by virtue of the interactions between the nanotube-bound carboxylic moieties and octadecylamine ligands. The electronic conductivity properties of the resulting nanotubes were probed voltammetrically. Two approaches were employed. The first entailed the fabrication of a nanotube monolayer at the air|water interface and the conductivity was measured in situ with a vertically aligned interdigitated arrays (IDAs) electrode. The overall current profiles are analogous to those of a Coulomb blockade and the conducting current pathways are found to be one-dimensional within the two-dimensional arrays of nanotubes. The second technique was taking advantage of the dispersibility of the nanotubes in a solution where conventional electrochemical methods were used. From these measurements, the nanotube bandgap energy could also be estimated, which was quite comparable to that determined by spectroscopic measurements.
A Simple Means of Computing the Kekulé Structure Count for Toroidal Polyhex Fullerenes

A simple method is presented for determining the Kekule structure count of toroidal polyhex fullerenes, along with the computer source code used. Toroidal fullerenes, unlike spherical fullerenes, can consist entirely of hexagonal faces, and those that do are alternant hydrocarbons (with zero hydrogens). For alternant hydrocarbons, the square of the Kekule structure count is equal to the permanent of the adjacency matrix. Also, for alternant structures, the adjacency matrix for n atoms can be written in such a way that only an n/2 × n/2 matrix need be evaluated.
Kinetic constants for methyl methacrylate polymerization

Abstract Values for A ′ and C tr , m for methyl methacrylate polymerization betwen 20°C. and 98°C. are presented. These are important for accurate calculation of rates of initiation.
Successful Bridge Through Transplantation With Berlin Heart Ventricular Assist Device in a Child With Failing Fontan

In patients with failed Fontan circulation, end-stage heart failure can develop or Fontan physiology failure requiring transplantation. Experience with ventricular assist device support for these patients as a bridge to heart transplantation has been limited and often not resulted in successful hospital discharge. We report the successful use of the Berlin Heart EXCOR (Berlin Heart, The Woodlands, TX) ventricular assist device in bridging a child with Fontan circulation and systolic dysfunction to heart transplantation and discharge home.
An Encouraging Progress Report on the Treatment of Progeria and Its Implications for Atherogenesis

There are no known human genetic syndromes that faithfully accelerate all of the common phenotypes associated with aging, but there are several striking disorders with multiple features (segmental progeroid syndromes). The suffix -oid is conceptually important, because it leaves open the possibility that the underlying mechanisms may differ to some extent from what is considered the usual pathogenesis. Two canonical examples are the Werner syndrome and the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS). In both disorders, atherosclerosis is a particularly striking feature, causing the majority of deaths, usually via a myocardial infarction (although cancer is also a common cause of death in Werner syndrome, a later-onset disorder). Werner syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder due to null mutations at a member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases and is associated with accelerated clonal senescence of somatic cells and genomic instability.1 HGPS is caused by a specific class of autosomal dominant mutations in lamin A, a component of the nuclear membrane. The causative mutations result in the synthesis of large amounts of an alternatively spliced toxic isoform known as progerin2–4; it is thus a gain-of-function mutation. Article see p 27 During the maturation of prelamin A, a farnesyl group is added to a cysteine residue at the C terminus and subsequently removed by a proteolytic enzyme, Zmpste24, to produce mature lamin A. In progerin, the proteolytic site for Zmpste24 is deleted because of a cryptic splice site generated by the mutation.2,3 A mouse model expressing the nonfarnesylated progerin exhibited near-normal phenotypes, …
Student Retention Policy: The Gap Between Research and Practice

Abstract A randomly selected national sample of 880 first and fifth grade teachers reported their perceptions of student retention. The overall finding was that there exists an unwritten policy among teachers that retention of students is beneficial. One finding revealed that teachers advocate retention to improve academic performance. Another confirmed that teachers believed in the practice of retention to facilitate student growth and maturity and increase the student's success in learning. These findings contradict the preponderance of the literature on the subject of student retention. Therefore, a serious gap was found between research findings and practice.
Molecular analysis of sister chromatid recombination in mammalian cells

Sister chromatid recombination (SCR) is a potentially error-free pathway for the repair of double-strand breaks arising during replication and is thought to be important for the prevention of genomic instability and cancer. Analysis of sister chromatid recombination at a molecular level has been limited by the difficulty of selecting specifically for these events. To overcome this, we have developed a novel “nested intron” reporter that allows the positive selection in mammalian cells of “long tract” gene conversion events arising between sister chromatids. We show that these events arise spontaneously in cycling cells and are strongly induced by a site-specific double-strand break (DSB) caused by the restriction endonuclease, I-SceI. Notably, some I-SceI-induced sister chromatid recombination events entailed multiple rounds of gene amplification within the reporter, with the generation of a concatemer of amplified gene segments. Thus, there is an intimate relationship between sister chromatid recombination control and certain types of gene amplification. Dysregulated sister chromatid recombination may contribute to cancer progression, in part, by promoting gene amplification.
Development of blight-immune varieties

The foregoing essay is essentially an orientation of published facts presented in a fashion designed to give an overall picture of the blightimmunity situation as it exists at the present time. Those places where speculation or indications are introduced are the places where more intensive work is called for. It is to be hoped that more persons will become interested in the general problem of overcoming permanently this century-old menace to potato production and that this statement will be of help to them in overcoming or avoiding some of the dfficulties involved.
Experimental and theoretical energy and angular dependencies of scattered radiation in the mammography energy range

Predicted scatter characteristics from a Monte Carlo code have been compared to an experiment for a 4.0-cm-thick acrylic resin (Plexiglas) phantom and 27.3-keV radiation. The results show generally good agreement, except that in the scattered spectra the predictions appear to underestimate the proportion of photons in the low-energy tail of the scattered radiation. The angular dependency of the energy-integrated scattered radiation fluence is in excellent agreement with the predictions.
Biological Requirements for the Design of Amplifiers

The paper describes the nature of bioelectric potentials and their essential properties, with particular emphasis on the types of amplifiers needed to study various phases of bioelectric activity. Some of the problems and solutions to bioelectric instrumentation are discussed.
Thermal Stability in Air of Pt/C Catalysts and PEM Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers

The durability of PEM fuel cell materials is essential to application longevity. This research explores the limits of thermal stability of platinum/Vulcan XC 72 catalysts and a 46 wt % Pt/Vulcan XC 72/Nafion catalyst layer. The thermal stability of Pt/Vulcan XC 72 catalysts and the PEM fuel cell catalyst layer is studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) in air. The products of decomposition are analyzed with TGA coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA−MS). Low temperature (100−200 °C) carbon combustion in the presence of platinum is confirmed. The high precision and sensitivity of TGA allows differentiation of two oxidative/mass loss regimes for 46% Pt/C. The presence of surface protective groups raises the activation energy for the low-temperature/low-conversion (≤5%) oxidation of 46% Pt/Vulcan XC 72 (197 ± 13 kJ/mol) compared to a higher temperature/higher conversion level (10−30%) process (140 ± 10 kJ/mol). In PEM fuel cell catalyst layers, the thermal decomposition temperature of Nafion is lowered by...
Effects of isotonic saline solution resuscitation on blood coagulation in uncontrolled hemorrhage

Background. It has been suggested that fluid resuscitation before surgical control of hemorrhage may lead to increased bleeding because of the elevated blood pressures and clotting factor dilution. This study was designed to assess the effects of isotonic saline solution resuscitation on blood coagulation during uncontrolled hemorrhage. Methods. Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups with different resuscitation regimens: group A, no resuscitation; group B, 40 ml/kg in 4 minutes; group C, 80 ml/kg in 4 minutes; and group D, 80 ml/kg in 1 minute. Baseline blood samples were collected just before a sharp resection of 75% of the tail to initiate the hemorrhage; 15 minutes later the resuscitation began. Additional blood samples were obtained at 60 minutes after resection. The blood was analyzed for platelets, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time. Results. The largest differences between time 0 and 60 minutes were observed in group D with platelets decreasing 43.36%±7.86%, fibrinogen decreasing 57.10%±16.88%, and prothrombin time increasing from an average 16.5 to 19.2 seconds. These differences were statistically significant (p Conclusions. The results suggested that even though the volume of resuscitation fluid did not appear to affect clotting time when compared with that of nonresuscitated animals, the rate of extremely large volume infusions may play an important role in the cessation of bleeding and consequently in the management of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock.
Epithelial dysfunction in cystic fibrosis lung disease

The volume and composition of airway surface liquid, or “secretions”, is in part regulated by active ion transport mechanisms located in airway epithelia. These transport processes generate transepithelial electric potential differences (PDs) that can be measured in vivo. Specific identification and quantitation of transported ion species across respiratory epithelia require in vitro studies employing excised specimens. Recent studies have indicated that active Na+ absorption from airway lumen to the interstitium is the dominant active ion flow in the proximal airways of most mammalian species. This transport process is sensitive to both an inhibitor of Na+ entry into cells, amiloride, and the Na-K-ATPase inhibitor, ouabain. Respiratory epithelia from subjects with cystic fibrosis exhibit at least three abnormalities in proximal respiratory epithelial function: 1) a raised magnitude of transepithelial PD; 2) both absolutely and disproportionately greater reductions of PD after amiloride superfusion; 3) reduced permeability to Cl−. It is postulated that abnormalities in active ion transport activities of CF airway epithelia contribute to the abnormal airway secretions that characterize CF disease of the lung.
Determination of ferrous and ferric iron in aqueous biological solutions

A solvent extraction method was employed to determine ferrous and ferric iron in aqueous samples. Fe(3+) is selectively extracted into the organic phase (n-heptane) using HDEHP (bis(2-ethylhexyl) hydrogen phosphate) and is then stripped using a strong acid. After separation, both oxidation states and the total iron content were determined directly by ICP-MS analysis. This extraction method was refined to allow determination of both iron oxidation states in the presence of strong complexing ligands, such as citrate, NTA and EDTA. The accuracy of the method was verified by crosschecking using a refinement of the ferrozine assay. Presented results demonstrate the ability of the extraction method to work in a microbiological system in the presence of strong chelating agents following the bioreduction of Fe(3+) by the Shewanella alga BrY. Based on the results we report, a robust approach was defined to separately analyze Fe(3+) and Fe(2+) under a wide range of potential scenarios in subsurface environments where radionuclide/metal contamination may coexist with strongly complexing organic contaminants.
The role of macromolecular antifreezes in cold water fishes.

Abstract 1. Techniques useful in screening the blood serum of fishes for the presence of macromolecular antifreeze compounds are described and discussed. 2. Several species of teleost fishes, representing phylogenetically widely divergent families, are shown to have macromolecular anifreeze substances in their blood serum. 3. The antifreeze compounds may account for as much as 60% of the freezing depression of the serum. 4. The antifreeze substances lower the freezing point of the serum without appreciably depressing the melting point, thereby resulting in a thermal hysteresis.
Positional impact sensing with spatially shaded polyvinylidene fluoride film

The work in this study develops a methodology for using Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) film for gathering impact information from a structure. The method can be employed on sensors that are deployed over rigid structures or those that are placed on top of compliant/viscoelastic structures. This method utilizes spatially shaded (etched) electrodes, which allow for selective charge collection and signal processing. This means that impact information, such as impact location and impact angle, can be directly related to the time varying measured output voltage. The basic equations describing charge collection are developed followed by the development of an experimental technique that can be used for charge collection. Results were validated on an experimental test stand and show acceptable performance with error ranging between 0.025 cm (0.01 in) and 0.635 cm (0.25 in).
128 THE ROLE OF PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA)IN THE NEONATE WITH SEVERE RESPIRATORY DISEASE: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Serial aortic contrast echocardiographic studies (ACE) and differential blood gases were performed on 164 neonates with respiratory distress (149 preterm, 10 fullterm, BW=1569±421) to determine the incidence and natural history of PDA and its influence on respiratory disease. Infants were divided into three groups: (A) Spontaneous closure (SC)≤24 hrs.(B) SC≤72 hrs. (C) PDA persisting≥72 hrs. 5 neonates with open PDA died prior to 72 hrs Results are summarized in the following table: While the proportion of infants ≤ 1200 gm was greatest in C, differences in outcome were not related to birth weight. The documentation of PDA closure by ACE generally preceded clinical improvement in respiratory status and appeared to represent functional closure. Spontaneous closure of PDA prior to 72 hrs. was a good prognostic sign whereas persistence of PDA after 72 hrs. was associated with a protracted course. These data suggest that early intervention (≤ 72 hrs.) for PDA may be helpful in the management of neonates with severe respiratory disease.
Optimization of I/O systems by cache disks and file migration: A summary

Abstract The file system, and the components of the computer system associated with it (disks, drums, channels, mass storage tapes and tape drives, controllers, I/O drivers, etc.) comprise a very substantial fraction of most computer systems; substantial in several aspects, including amount of operating system code, expense for components, physical size and effect on performance. In a comparison paper, we surveyed the traditional methods for optimizing the I/O system. We then examined disk and I/O system architecture in IBM type systems, and indicated shortcomings and future directions. In this paper we go one step further and summarize research by the author on two topics: cache disks and file migration. Cache disks are disks which have an associated cache which buffers recently used tracks of data. The case for cache disks is presented, and some of the issues are discussed. Parameter values for some aspects of the cache design are suggested. The second part of this paper summarizes the author's work on file migration, by which files are migrated between disk and mass storage as needed in order to effectively maintain on-line a much larger amount of information than the disks can hold. Some of the algorithms investigated are discussed, and the basic results are presented.
Mode of transmission of Friend virus disease.

SummaryTransmission of Friend virus, as indicated by development of Friend Virus Disease, occurred through successive generations following infection of adult mice, most effectively through the mother's milk as determined by reciprocal foster-nursing experiments. Transplacental transmission of virus did not occur as determined by reciprocal foster-nursing experiments and tests for infectivity of extracts of embryos from infected females. Transmission from infected males to normal females on copulation, or to offspring of females mated to infected males, was not observed. Conversely, transmission of virus to normal males mated to infected females did not occur. Urine was only slightly infective for newborn mice, but oral washings and feces were not infective. Air-borne and food-borne transmission of virus was unsuccessful; water-borne transmission was only slightly successful. Cage-contact transmission of virus did not occur. Maternal antibodies were also transmitted by infected females to their offspring ...
Experimental Radiation Damage Studies Using 16 MeV Protons

An experiment is described for studying effects of penetrating light ions on microstructure and mechanical properties of metals. Damage rates and gradients, specimen cooling and contamination and beam monitoring are discussed in detail, and an experiment which addresses these problems is described. Microstructure and tensile test results are given of nickel and niobium test specimens irradiated with 16 MeV protons in the described apparatus. Comparisons are made with 14 MeV neutron irradiation results from other experiments.
Age differences in organization and recall: The effects of training in categorization

Abstract An alternating sort/recall task was employed to train fourth graders and college students in organizational strategies. Free-sorting Ss, at both age levels, sorted a group of words into two to seven categories. Analyses of final sorting patterns indicated reliable differences between the children and adults. The organizational schemes thus developed by the free-sorting Ss were taught, by means of a yoking procedure, to other Ss. Results indicated that the recall of fourth graders was improved when they were forced to learn the sorting patterns developed by the older Ss. Similarly, impairment in the recall of college students was observed when they were required to sort according to the organization employed by the fourth graders. These findings imply that changes in organization can result in changes in recall performance.
Particle motion in the tail current sheet

Theory of particle motion in current sheets is reviewed. For small, approximately constant normal magnetic field, Bz, particles oscillate about the current sheet and 'live' within the sheet for one-half gyroperiod based on Bz. This lifetime replaces the mean collision time in the Lorentzian conductivity and thus gives rise to the concept of an inertial (or gyro-) conductivity. A substorm model by Coroniti utilizes this conductivity to allow reconnection to proceed without anomalous processes, due to wave-particle interactions. Chaotic particle orbits may at times be important to the dynamics, depending on parameters such as particle energy, current sheet thickness, and field line curvature. A current sheet model with neutral line predicts a ridge structure and asymmetries in the distribution function. Ion distributions near the plasma sheet boundary layer, during the CDAW 6 interval, are consistent with the model predictions. In recent studies by Mitchell et al. and Williams et al., the major current carriers during the growth phase of a substorm were found to be adiabatic electrons not more than 1 keV, but just before a current disruption event, the tail current was mainly carried by energetic ions undergoing current sheet oscillation.
Multiple Extracellular Elements of CCR5 and HIV-1 Entry: Dissociation from Response to Chemokines

The human beta-chemokine receptor CCR5 is an important cofactor for entry of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1). The murine form of CCR5, despite its 82 percent identity to the human form, was not functional as an HIV-1 coreceptor. HIV-1 entry function could be reconstituted by fusion of various individual elements derived from the extracellular region of human CCR5 onto murine CCR5. Analysis of chimeras containing elements from human CCR5 and human CCR2B suggested that a complex structure rather than single contact sites is responsible for facilitation of viral entry. Further, certain chimeras lacking the domains necessary to signal in response to their natural chemokine ligands retained vigorous HIV-1 coreceptor activity.
Effect of surface discontinuities on V(z) and V(z, x) for the line-focus acoustic microscope

Abstract A refined calculation of V(z) and V(z, x0) curves is presented for a line-focus acoustic microscope and for a specimen which contains a discontinuity normal to its free surface. In the context of a Fourier integral approach, more accurate expressions are employed for: (1) the angular spectrum of the field produced by the lens; (2) the voltage response of the transducer; and (3) the reflection coefficient of the object. In addition, the usual “thin” lens theory has been extended to “thick” lens theory. For V(z, x0) details are given for the case of a surface-breaking crack, and the inverse problem of determining the Rayleigh-wave reflection coefficient of a crack has been solved in an approximate manner. Comparisons between theoretical and experimental results are presented fpr the case that the discontinuity is the edge of the specimen. The reflection coefficient calculated from experimental results agrees well with the theoretical value.
The Construction of India in Some Recent Environmental Philosophy

I argue that from its beginning environmental philosophy has held two contrasting views of Eastern thought and of Indian philosophical and religious ideas in particular. Utilising the insights of Edward Said and others I find that these contrasting images are reflective of a duality according to which India has been constituted in Western discourse. I argue that these Western images of India remain a significant feature of writing concerning environmental ethics to the present time. As it appears in some recent scholarship in environmental ethics, this discourse remains an obstacle to an informed appreciation of the significance of Indian thought and of Asian thought more generally for environmental philosophy.
Serum Levels of Type III Procollagen Peptide in Equidae before and after Intestinal Ischemia

Serum levels of type III procollagen peptide (P-III-P) were measured by radioimmunoassay in clinically normal adult ponies (n = 15) and horses (n = 10). The mean serum levels of P-III-P from the ponies, 10.4 +/- 2.9 (SD) ng/mL, and the horses, 12.2 +/- 2.6 (SD) ng/mL, were not significantly different. Segments of jejunum were made ischemic to induce fibrous peritoneal adhesions in two ponies, and serum P-III-P levels were measured on days 4, 5, 7, 14, and 21. An exploratory celiotomy on day 21 revealed that the ischemic injury had induced fibrosis of the mesentery and bowel, but no adhesions had formed. The fibrotic mesentery contained type III collagen. The highest mean serum level of P-III-P, 23.0 +/- 3.5 (SD) ng/mL on day 7, was more than 4 SD above the mean from the normal ponies. There was a significant difference in the serum P-III-P levels in the ponies on days 0 (7.1 +/- 1.6 ng/mL) and 7 (23.0 +/- 3.5 ng/mL). Serum levels of P-III-P may be useful to study fibrosis associated with intestinal ischemia.
Single-wall carbon nanotube based devices

Abstract We have developed a variety of fabrication techniques for single-wall nanotube (SWNT) circuits. Our methods range from variants of electron beam lithography to AFM nanomanipulations. In this talk, we present our most recent data on three different types of SWNT based devices: the SWNT with a local impurity, the tube–tube junction and the SWNT contacted with electrodes whose separation is less than 30 nm. Each has a specific behavior ranging from a rectifying diode to a double quantum dot in series to an ultra short quantum wire. The functionality of each device can be ascribed to specific molecular adsorbates or controlled mechanical deformation.
Modeling and simulation of a dual clutch hybrid vehicle powertrain

With the rising fuel costs and increased concerns for the environment, considerable work on advanced and hybrid propulsion systems is currently undertaken all over the world. This paper provides a feasibility study of the concept of hybridizing a Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT). DCTs are the first automatics to provide better efficiency than manual transmissions. DCTs provide reduced shift shocks and better driver comfort, in addition to higher top speeds and torques. It is therefore an excellent candidate for hybridization. DCTs are also well suited for higher torque diesel engines and high speed gas engines. The easy software tunability characteristics have made them a favorite for a new class of vehicle designs. This paper presents an overview of a novel prototype system and uses system level modeling to justify the concept of hybridizing a DCT.
A quantitative IR study of hydrocarbon chain conformation in alkanes and phospholipids: CH2 wagging modes in disordered bilayer and HII phases

A series of CH 2 wagging modes in the 1320-1370 cm −1 region of alkane and phospholipid IR spectra characteristic of nonplanar conformers has been used for quantitative evaluation of conformational states in disordered (phospholipid Lα and H II and alkane liquid) phases
The influence of orienting tasks on the encoding and recall of words

The effects of different orienting tasks on recall were investigated under both incidental and intentional conditions. In Experiment 1, type of processing (semantic or nonsemantic) was combined factorially with the dimension of rating (pleasantness or frequency of occurrence). Recall was higher (a) under the semantic than the nonsemantic conditions, and (b) after ratings of pleasantness than of frequency, regardless of the type of processing. It is suggested that displaced rehearsal is more probable when the rated attribute is purely subjective (pleasantness) than when it is objective (frequency). Thus, rating strategy influences recall. Experiment 2 shows that the difference between incidental and intentional learners increases as more stress is placed on the learning requirement in the instructions to the intentional subjects.
Schooling in developing countries: Which countries are the Over- and underachievers and what is the schooling impact?

Abstract Recent schooling investment experience in developing countries is summarized, using expected schooling for synthetic cohorts in 1960 and 1981 and the difference between these two years. Identification of under- and overachievers depends upon whether there is control for income and prices, with Africa performing better and Latin America worse with such controls. Price controls also lessen the apparent income effect. Then selected innovative recent studies on the impact of schooling are reviewed and new cross-country estimates presented. These studies suggest that standard estimates overstate substantially the impact of schooling by not controlling for schooling quality, childhood family background, and geographical differences.