cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data-Dependent Approximation in Social Computing

Data-dependent approximation is a new approach for the study of nonsubmodular optimization problems. This approach has attracted a lot of research especially in the area of social computing, where nonsubmodular combinatorial optimization problems have been recently formulated. In this chapter, we present some theoretical results on the data-dependent approximation approach. In addition, some related open problems are discussed.
Direct transformation of 1,3-dihalides into dithianes and dithiepines via a novel one-pot reaction with carbon disulfide and sodium borohydride

1,3-Dithianes and -dithiepines are prepared via an experimentally simple and efficient direct transformation of 1,n-alkyl dihalides utilizing carbon disulfide and sodium borohydride.
Effect of the blade number on the marine propeller performance

This paper deals with numerical simulation of stationary flow around a marine propeller. The aim is to reproduce the hydrodynamic turbulent flow around the Wageningen B serie propellers in open water using the ANSYS FLUENT code and the RANS approach. The computational domain consists of an inter-blade channel with periodic boundaries, meshed with tetrahedral cells. The turbulence is modeled with the k-ω. The obtained results provide good agreement with the available experimental data and show that the blades number affects considerably the marine propellers performances. It is interesting to notice that the six blades propeller is the best adapted one for the open water flows.
Vision-Based Navigation of Autonomous Vehicles in Roadway Environments with Unexpected Hazards:

Vision-based navigation of autonomous vehicles primarily depends on the deep neural network (DNN) based systems in which the controller obtains input from sensors/detectors, such as cameras, and pr...
Metabolic flexibility is impaired in response to acute exercise in the young offspring of mothers with type 2 diabetes.

We assessed metabolic flexibility (MF) via a mixed meal in a group of young, healthy participants with a positive family history of maternal type 2 diabetes (T2D) (FH+) and those without a family history of T2D (FH-) under three distinct conditions; baseline (BL; no previous exercise), 1-h post high intensity interval exercise (1H), and 48-h post exercise recovery. On separate visits, participants completed a single bout of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and repeated the MMTT 1-h (1H) and 48 h (48H) postexercise. FH+ participants were not able to suppress fat oxidation 1-h post exercise (1H) as effectively as FH- participants were, however, this response was improved when measured at the 48H visit. Insulin AUC was significantly lowered at both 1H and 48H when compared to the BL visit. Serum NEFA AUC was elevated 1-h post exercise, when compared to BL, but was significantly reduced at the 48H visit. Young, healthy participants with a maternal history of T2D demonstrate impaired MF (related to the inability to suppress fat oxidation) in response to acute HIIE (1H) that was improved 48H. The overall effect of HIIE showed improved insulin AUC and NEFA AUC up to 48H post that did not differ by FH.
Small quantum computers and large classical data sets

We introduce hybrid classical-quantum algorithms for problems involving a large classical data set X and a space of models Y such that a quantum computer has superposition access to Y but not X. These algorithms use data reduction techniques to construct a weighted subset of X called a coreset that yields approximately the same loss for each model. The coreset can be constructed by the classical computer alone, or via an interactive protocol in which the outputs of the quantum computer are used to help decide which elements of X to use. By using the quantum computer to perform Grover search or rejection sampling, this yields quantum speedups for maximum likelihood estimation, Bayesian inference and saddle-point optimization. Concrete applications include k-means clustering, logistical regression, zero-sum games and boosting.
In-Situ Visualization of Ferritin Biomineralization via Graphene Liquid Cell-Transmission Electron Microscopy

Ferritin biomineralization is essential to regulate the toxic Fe2+ iron ions in the human body. Unravelling the mechanism of biomineralization in ferritin facilitates our understanding of the cause...
Rights and Tolerance Support in U.S. Presidential Elections, 1992–2016:

Do attitudes toward issues such as abortion, LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) rights, and tolerance of diversity matter to U.S. voters and elections? Scholarship on rights and...
Is APRV Set According to Current Recommendations for Adult Patients at a Large Regional Community Medical Center

Background: Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is an alternative mode of ventilation for patients with severe hypoxemic failure. There is little evidence on how best to titrate APRV settings based on each patient9s disease process, and thus limited consensus among practitioners for appropriate APRV settings. The purpose of this retrospective review was to determine if APRV is set according to recommendations established by a previously published protocol in adult patients admitted to the ICU. Such protocol recommends setting a pressure high (Phigh) equal to the plateau pressure on conventional ventilation or less than 35 cm H2O, pressure low (Plow): 0 cm H2O, time high (Thigh) : > 4.0 s, and initial time low (Tlow) between 0.5-1.0 s but titrated to keep at least 50% expiratory flow air trapping measured on the flow vs. time waveform. Methods: Electronic medical records (EMR) from 89 patients admitted to ICUs at a 496-bed university-affiliated institution in San Antonio, TX between January of 2014 and March of 2018. Ten patients were placed on APRV during that time and they were selected for analysis. The information obtained included the ventilator settings and clinical status of each patient. The four main APRV parameters were analyzed to determine if APRV was used as recommended. Results: The mean age of the patients selected for the study was 56.6 y (± 12.1). Most patients (40%) were transitioned to APRV from AC/VC with AutoFlow from a mean FIO2 of 77.5% (± 21.8%), P/F ratio 121.5 (± 74.4), OI 22.2 (± 12.5), Ppeak of 27.8 cm H2O (± 7.03), PEEP of cm H2O (± 3.9), and MAP 18.6 (± 4.3). Pplat was not recorded in the majority of patients prior to APRV. The mean values for APRV parameters obtained were P High 29.8 cm H2O (± 2.8; range 30.5-28.5), P low 0.55 cm H2O (± 1.57; range 0-5), T High: 3. 71 s (± 0.92; range 2.5-4.7), and T Low: 0.65 s (± 0.23; range 0.25-1.0). The average I:E ratio selected was 6.3:1. After 24 h, only 5 patients remained on APRV but the reasons for switching back to other modes were not documented. Conclusions: This preliminary evaluation of patients admitted for respiratory failure to these ICUs showed that, when selected, most APRV parameters were set in a similar fashion to recommended protocols. A larger number of patients and evaluation at different institutions is necessary to evaluate how consistently a protocol for this very unique mode is utilized.
Decentring as a moderator of the associations of anticipatory and post-event processing with social anxiety

Recent studies have shown that decentring protects against social anxiety, but no research to date has explored the way it interacts with cognitive risk factors for social anxiety. The present stud...
Visualization Techniques with Data Cubes: Utilizing Concurrency for Complex Data.

With web and mobile platforms becoming more prominent devices utilized in data analysis, there are currently few systems which are not without flaw. In order to increase the performance of these systems and decrease errors of data oversimplification, we seek to understand how other programming languages can be used across these platforms which provide data and type safety, as well as utilizing concurrency to perform complex data manipulation tasks.
Epicardial Ablation of Persistent Junctional Reciprocating Tachycardia in an Infant With Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy.

Abstract A 3-month-old infant who developed persistent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT)–induced cardiomyopathy that was successfully treated with radiofrequency ablation. To our knowledg...
Examining the role of individuals’ perceptions of likelihood of sustained commitment in corporate-nonprofit partnership CSR advertisements

Effective corporate social responsibility (CSR) advertising depends on the nature of the partnership and how it is communicated in messages about CSR initiatives. Guided by the Symbolic Sustainabil...
“I Hope I Make It”: Alternative School Students’ Attendance and the Need for an Expanded Accountability:

Few empirical studies describe the interior world of alternative school settings. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 11 alternative school students, discussing factors that co...
A Deadly Triple Threat: Three Layers of U.S. Racial Inequity in COVID Infections and Deaths

COVID-19 infections and deaths in the United States have affected racial groups differentially. Until now, there has been no analysis of the role that structural racism plays in those health outcom...
Performance of recovery control for database systems: a hierarchical analysis

Over the last two decades, businesses have been moving their data processing activities on-line, and have become increasingly dependent on the reliability and availability of database systems. Some businesses, such as airlines and banks, are virtually unable to function if their on-line database systems are down. The demand is for up-to-date and correct data at all times. On the other hand, computer systems are subject to many types of failures, which can cause variable degrees of impact to the database operations. The Recovery Control Subsystem of a Database Management System is responsible for running special procedures both during normal operation and after the occurrence of failures for the purpose of guaranteeing that the database system survives database failures, recovers lost data and protects valid data against possible damage. There are several different ways of designing the recovery operations with the choice of a recovery policy directly affecting the levels of database performance, in terms of overhead imposed to normal operation and ease of recovery after a failure. This thesis presents an analytical framework based on a hierarchical stochastic model that enables one to assess the impact of different recovery policies on the database performance, by explicitly evaluating measures such as response time and system availability. This analytical model is designed to serve as a tool to help database designers find the right balance of recovery operations to be used in a given environment. Database administrators can also benefit from this model for performance tuning purposes. The model is divided into three modules. At the macro level module, the database is seen as a system, whose behavior is modelled as a Semi-Markov Process. The micro level module captures transaction processing and the utilization of database resources. A closed queueing network model is employed. The integrated module ties together the macro and the micro levels through an approximated Markovian queueing system. Recovery policies proposed in the literature as well as policies employed by commercial DBMS's are carefully analyzed. Finally, the model is extended to Main Memory Resident Databases.
Vibrational nonequilibrium effects on diatomic dissociation rates

The collision-induced dissociation rate of diatomic molecules from a ladder of rotational and anharmonic vibrational states is developed, and the correction for vibrational nonequilibrium is considered. The result is similar to an analytic correction derived by Hammerling et al. (1959) for harmonic oscillators. An empirical correction algorithm suggested by Park (1987, 1990) gives similar results when vibrational temperature is comparable to kinetic temperature but underestimates the dissociation rate when vibrational temperature is small compared with the kinetic temperature. This algorithm uses an effective temperature in the experimentally determined Arrhenius expression for the rate coefficient, which is a weighted average of the vibrational and kinetic temperature, whereas theory indicates that kinetic temperature should appear only in the exponential term of the Arrhenius expression. Nevertheless, an effective temperature can always be found that will numerically duplicate the proper rate coefficient at any given condition, but a constant weighting factor cannot be expected to provide this. However, the algorithm can he adjusted to give reasonable results over a range of conditions if the geometric weighting factor is taken to be a simple linear function of the ratio of vibrational to kinetic temperature in the gas.
A Diversified Recruitment Approach Incorporating Social Media Leads to Research Participation Among Young Adult-Aged Female Cancer Survivors

Purpose: Cancer survivors in their adolescent and young adult (AYA) years are an understudied population, possibly in part because of the high effort required to recruit them into research studies. The aim of this paper is to describe the specific recruitment strategies used in four studies recruiting AYA-aged female cancer survivors and to identify the highest yielding approaches. We also discuss challenges and recommendations. Methods: We recruited AYA-aged female cancer survivors for two studies conducted locally and two conducted nationally. Recruitment strategies included outreach and referral via: healthcare providers and clinics; social media and the internet; community and word of mouth; and a national fertility information hotline. We calculated the yield of each recruitment approach for the local and national studies by comparing the number that participated to the number of potential participants. Results: We recruited a total of 534 participants into four research studies. Seventy-one percent ...
The Optimal Relationship between Taxable Income and Financial Accounting Income: Analysis and a Proposal

The persistence of the book-tax gap, or excess of companies' reported financial accounting income over their taxable income, suggests that accounting manipulation and tax sheltering remain significant problems, even in the aftermath of the "Enron era." Some have therefore suggested making the United States a "one-book" country, in which the same income measure would be used for both purposes. This Article offers the first systematic exploration of the optimal relationship between the two income measures, based on the distinct purposes they serve and the significance of two distinct sets of incentive problems: those pertaining to corporate managers, and to the political decisionmakers who make the rules. Absent these incentive problems, the two ideal measures would differ, reflecting that allocating tax burdens is not the same exercise as informing investors. The incentive problems cut in favor of uniformity, however, by supporting the creation of a "Madisonian" offset between managers' and politicians' twin quests for high accounting income and low taxable income. But this offset has more promise as a device to constrain managers than politicians, given the difficulty of binding Congress and the existing partial insulation of accounting rules from direct political influence. In light of the political incentive issues, pure one-book and two-book approaches may both be inferior to partial conformity, such as that which would result from generally requiring a 50 percent adjustment by large, publicly traded companies of taxable income towards financial accounting income.
Expert commentary: genital herpes transmission.

Genital herpes infection is extremely common. There are an estimated 45 million adults infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and 1-1.5 million incident HSV-2 infections annually in the USA. HSV-2 prevalence and transmission rates are similarly high throughout many developed and developing countries. The importance of HSV-2 shedding. Two factors have contributed greatly to HSV transmission. First HSV-2 infection is rarely recognized. Secondly nearly 100% of individuals experience reactivation of genital infection either clinically or asymptomatically. Our understanding of the natural history of genital herpes infection has improved since HSV type-specific serological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests became available: for example PCR has demonstrated that HSV-2 is frequently isolated on the genital mucosal surface in the absence of clinical symptoms. During the first 6 months of infection HSV shedding occurs on 20-40% of days; with longer-term infection shedding rates range from 5-20% of days. HSV-2 shedding is responsible for genital herpes transmission whether these episodes lead to recognized outbreaks or are clinically asymptomatic: in fact up to 70% of transmissions can be attributed to asymptomatic shedding. Strategies to reduce genital herpes transmission are further complicated by HSV shedding from multiple genital sites. (authors)
Control of Postcardiac Surgical Tachycardias with Propranolol

Twenty-two patients manifesting arrhythmias refractory to conventional therapy have been treated with propranolol 1 to 19 days after cardiac surgery. Rapid control of ventricular response to supraventricular arrhythmias, abolition of ventricular irritability caused by digitalis excess, and frequent conversion of acute atrial fibrillation or flutter were attained. Control of the arrhythmia was achieved in all but one instance. No significant side effects were encountered, although the potential risks of propranolol are stressed. Propranolol appears to fill specific needs unsatisfied by standard therapy for arrhythmias developing after cardiac surgery.
Solvent-tuned hydrophobicity for faujasite-catalyzed cycloaddition of biomass-derived dimethylfuran for renewable p-xylene

Phase equilibria of the high temperature/high pressure heterogeneous catalytic reaction of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), a biomass-derived furan, with ethylene to produce p-xylene was studied as a function of DMF conversion in a constant-pressure reactor. Adsorption of reactants and products onto a zeolite catalyst was computed using a configurational-bias Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (CB-GCMC) simulation, and the vapor–liquid behavior was computed using ASPEN Plus with an appropriate equation of state. It was found that the amount of water adsorbed in H–Y (Si/Al = 2.6) increases significantly as DMF is consumed, but is small in the presence of an aliphatic solvent, here n-heptane, even at high DMF conversion. The presence of the solvent reduces side reactions with water, such as hydrolysis followed by oxyalkylation, and increases p-xylene selectivity, in agreement with experiment. The decrease in the amount of water adsorbed is due to the increased hydrophobic environment in the zeolite as a result of the addition of n-heptane. The increase of ethylene inside the cage by the addition of n-heptane results in a slight increase of p-xylene alkylation. This work presents the first use of molecular simulation to understand mechanistic effects of solvents on the catalytic production of p-xylene in an H–Y zeolite.
Biologic and immunologic properties of porcine type C viruses

Six different porcine cell lines spontaneously begin to release type C viruses after long-term propagation in vitro. Reverse transcriptases from all of the viral isolates are inhibited by immune IgG directed against the polymerase from the endogenous porcine type C virus PK(15). Two of the isolates are capable of replicating in the pig cell line, ST-Iowa, and the third isolate, while unable to initiate productive infection, can rescue murine sarcoma virus genomes from transformed nonproducer cell lines.
Synthetic models of distributed-memory parallel programs

Abstract This paper deals with the construction and use of simple synthetic programs that model the behavior of more complex, real parallel programs. Synthetic programs can be used in many ways: to construct an easily ported suite of benchmark programs, to experiment with alternate parallel implementations of a program without actually writing them, and to predict the behavior and performance of an algorithm on a new or hypothetical machine. Synthetic programs are constructed easily from scratch and from existing programs and can even be constructed using nothing but information obtained from traces of the real program's execution.
Knowledge based approach to machine cell layout

Abstract In this paper, the machine cell layout problem is examined. A new methodology for solving the problem is proposed. The methodology involves three stages. In the first stage, an algorithm suitable for solving the machine grouping problem is utilized. In the second and third stages, mathematical programming models of the machine cell and machine layout problems are formulated and solved using suitable algorithms. The development of a knowledge based system which uses models and algorithms for solving the machine grouping and layout problems, is also outlined.
Modulation of Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Cells by Liposome Encapsulated Doxorubicin

AbstractA major problem in the chemotherapy of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies is the intrinsic as well as acquired cross resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. Recently, this type of multidrug resistance has been related to a gene, MDR1, and its gene product, p-glycoprotein, which functions as the efflux pump, prevents accumulation of drugs and alters their cytotoxicity. Many drug-resistant human tumors express the MDR1 gene and MDR1 RNA levels are elevated in many cancers that have not responded to chemotherapy. The same persistent observation has been made in recurrent tumors who have responded initially to chemotherapy.Doxorubicin is one of the most important anticancer agent having significant single agent activity in a variety of cancer types and is now the cornerstone of some widely used combination regimens. Despite the clinical effectiveness of the drug, doxorubicin resistance that arises in malignant cells following repeated courses of treatment is the major problem in the cli...
Diazepam self-administration and resistance to extinction

Self-administration behavior was maintained by a unit dose of 0.03 mg/kg diazepam in 4 of 5 monkeys trained to respond on a lever by successive approximation using diazepam or saline. A dose-response function was determined using diazepam doses ranging between 0.01 and 0.3 mg/kg/infusion. Peak rates of responding occurred at doses of 0.01 or 0.03 mg/kg/infusion and drug intake was directly related to dose. When saline was substituted for diazepam either before or again after the dose-response function was determined, levels of responding remained unexpectedly high, even after as many as 16 consecutive sessions. The rates of responding maintained under extinction conditions appeared to be directly related to the amount of diazepam previously self-administered. For instance, monkeys which did not initially have high rates of responding for saline showed increases in responding after additional exposure to diazepam. Furthermore, the one monkey with low diazepam self-administration rates also had low rates of responding for saline. However, following a period of cocaine self-administration, responding declined in all monkeys when saline was substituted for cocaine. The data suggest that diazepam self-administration affects responding under extinction conditions, an effect which makes the interpretation of diazepam's reinforcing properties difficult.
Does Glucagon Increase Plasma Free Fatty Acid Concentration in Humans with Normal Glucose Tolerance

To evaluate the effect of glucagon on regulation of plasma FFA concentration, continuous iv infusions of either somatostatin (S) or somatostatin (S) plus glucagon (G) were administered to 18 individuals with normal glucose tolerance. In 9 of these individuals there was no insulin replacement, whereas in the other 9 individuals enough insulin was infused to restore the insulin concentration to the basal level. Measurements were made of plasma glucose, insulin, G, and FFA concentrations as well as hepatic glucose production (Ra). The results indicated that plasma FFA concentrations were significantly lower when G was infused (S greater than S + G) regardless of whether insulin was infused. However, similar elevations of the plasma G concentration did lead to higher values of Ra and plasma glucose, although the basal concentration of plasma insulin decreased the increases in Ra and plasma glucose caused by G. The ability of a similar amount of insulin to lower plasma FFA concentrations was greater in magnitude than the decrease in Ra. These data indicate that G does not increase plasma FFA concentrations in normal individual, and that insulin plays a role of greater magnitude in suppression of plasma FFA concentrations than in inhibition of Ra.
Double ionization of helium by a single high-energy photon.

We have calculated the energy and angular distributions for double ionization of He by one photon, over a range of photon energies up to 8 keV. We identify, from structures in the angular distributions, three different mechanisms for double ionization at high photon energies, and we compare the ratio of cross sections for double to single ionization with experimental data.
Higher muscle passive stiffness in Parkinson's disease patients than in controls measured by myotonometry.

Abstract Marusiak J, Kisiel-Sajewicz K, Jaskolska A, Jaskolski A. Higher muscle passive stiffness in Parkinson's disease patients than in controls measured by myotonometry. Objective To assess muscle passive stiffness in medicated Parkinson's disease patients using myotonometry. Design Case-control study. Setting Kinesiology laboratory. Participants Women with Parkinson's disease (PD) (n=8) and healthy matched elderly women (controls) (n=10) (mean age: PD, 77±3y; controls, 77±4y). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Passive stiffness of relaxed biceps brachii (BB) muscle was measured using myotonometry. Additionally, surface electromyographic and mechanomyographic signals were recorded from the muscle at rest, and amplitude of those signals was analyzed offline. Results The values of BB muscle passive stiffness were significantly ( P =.004) higher in PD than in the controls, with a statistically significant influence of parkinsonian rigidity score (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) on intergroup differences ( P P =.005) positive relationship (ρ=.866) between the parkinsonian rigidity score and passive stiffness values of BB in PD. The groups did not differ significantly in the electromyogram amplitude ( P =.631) and mechanomyogram amplitude ( P =.593) of the BB muscle, and values of these parameters did not correlate significantly with rigidity score ( P =.555, P =.745, respectively) in the patients. Conclusions Myotonometer is a sensitive enough tool to show that PD patients have higher muscle passive stiffness than healthy controls.
Effect of velocity spread on finite-length free electron laser gain

A theory of general stimulated backscattering by a hot, relativistic electron beam propagating through a spatially periodic, transverse magnetostatic field is presented. The electrons are chosen to have a Lorentzian distribution in velocity space. Though energy spread acts to diminish gain, its effect is negligible if Δγ/γ < < N-1, where N is the number of undulator periods. The analysis is linear and applicable to both the single-particle and collective regimes.
Detection of Transient Interchain Interactions in the Intrinsically Disordered Protein α-Synuclein by NMR Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement

NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement experiments were applied to the intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein, the primary protein in Parkinson’s disease, to directly characterize transient intermolecular complexes at neutral and low pH. At neutral pH, we observed weak N- to C-terminal interchain contacts driven by electrostatic interactions, while at low pH, the C- to C-terminal interchain interactions are significantly stronger and driven by hydrophobic contacts. Characterization of these first interchain interactions will provide fundamental insight into the mechanism of amyloid formation.
Theophylline as a Bronchodilator in COPD and Its Combination with Inhaled β-Adrenergic Drugs

The bronchodilating action of theophylline in COPD has been examined, with emphasis on its combined use with inhaled β 2 agonists. The suggestion is made that failure to recognize the nonlinearity of the dose-response curves for bronchodilators has resulted in underestimating their combined action. Recent studies suggest that systemic theophylline has somewhat different actions on the airways in COPD than inhaled β agonists, and that more bronchodilation may be possible when the two are used together than large doses of either one. By analogy, with asthma the suggestion is also made that the addition of theophylline is also likely to provide a more constant bronchodilation, reducing peak-trough variations in flow. The most complete clinical comparison to date suggests that, in currently sanctioned doses, a regimen containing both theophylline and an inhaled β 2 agonist provides significantly greater bronchodilation than either drug alone, with fewer patient withdrawals. Further carefully designed studies are needed to resolve this issue, and particularly, to identify those patients who will derive the greatest benefit from a combined regimen.
THE ECONOMICS OF ATMOSPHERE MONITORING SYSTEMS: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS*

In recent years there has been increasing concern with the possibility that man's terrestrial economic activities of production, distribution, and consumption contribute pollutants to the environment in sufficient quantities to upset naturally existing chemical equilibria in the atmosphere. Such inadvertent anthropogenic phenomena have become associated with possible changes in climate (temperature, precipitation, and ultraviolet radiation) whose long term consequences may be serious, if not disastrous. Among other societal reactions to this problem, proposals for various environment monitoring systems have been proffered. Such systems, often envisioned as satellite-based, are costly and their benefits often appear largely intangible. In this research we develop a general methodology for identifying and estimating the economic benefits of environment monitoring systems, and we apply the methodology to the cases of stratospheric ozone depletion and aerosol accumulation. The research synthesizes numerous recent efforts in atmospheric chemistry, climatology, engineering, policy analysis, and primarily economic cost benefit analysis. We find that over a broad range of alternative assumptions and parameter choices, the present value of the economic benefits of an ozone/aerosol monitoring system in the range of $0.5 to $2,0 billion. Somewhat surprisingly, the higher values are associated with the smaller deleterious ozone/aerosol atmospheric trends.
Matter-enhanced antineutrino flavor transformation and supernova nucleosynthesis.

Matter-enhanced antineutrino flavor transformation between {bar {nu}}{sub {ital e}} and {bar {nu}}{sub {mu}({tau})} can occur in supernovas if the vacuum masses for these species satisfy {ital m}{sub @g}{bar n}{sub {ital e}}{gt}{ital m}{sub @g}{bar n}{sub {mu}({tau})}. For {delta}{ital m}{sup 2}{gt}1 eV{sup 2}, such flavor transformation can affect the electron fraction {ital Y}{sub {ital e}} in the neutrino-heated supernova ejecta. We point out that such flavor transformations will not drive {ital Y}{sub {ital e}}{gt}0.5 at the {ital r}-process nucleosynthesis epoch in the best available supernova model for such nucleosynthesis. Consequently, there is no obvious conflict between the matter-enhanced antineutrino flavor transformation {bar {nu}}{sub {ital e}{parallel}}{bar {nu}}{sub {mu}({tau})} and {ital r}-process nucleosynthesis in the neutrino-heated supernova ejecta.
An Operational Definition of Relative Hardness

After a brief review of polarizability, charge capacity and hardness, we look at some of the consequences of the requirement, in density functional theory, that the chemical potential and hardness be evaluated with the nuclear potential being held constant. The effects of this can be quite significant, one of them being that some molecules, especially closed-shell, may have zero chemical potentials. We propose that hardness be defined operationally through its inverse relationship to polarizability. Drawing upon correlations found earlier for the latter property, we present a formula for relative hardness in terms of the volume of a molecule and the average local ionization energy on its surface. The formula can also be applied to molecular components, e.g. functional groups, and we show - within the context of this approach - how their contributions combine to yield the hardness of the molecule. This involves a leveling-off effect that explains the relatively small range of hardness values obtained for a group of 33 molecules.
RESPONSE RATE UNDER VARYING FREQUENCY OF NON‐CONTINGENT REINFORCEMENT1

Two White Carneaux hen pigeons were exposed to a 60-sec random-interval baseline procedure. Six different exteroceptive stimuli were successively correlated, within a single session, with blocks of 10 reinforcement presentations. Following this training, a non-contingent reinforcement procedure was instated with inter-reinforcement intervals of 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 sec. Within a single session, each non-contingent frequency was correlated with one of the previously presented discriminative stimuli. After an initial increase in the rate of responding as the result of a high density of non-contingent reinforcements, the rate declined as exposure to each non-contingent frequency was prolonged.
Interfacial solitary waves in a two-fluid medium

Solitary waves are generated on the interface between two immiscible liquids with free upper surface; their behavior is generally consistent with that predicted by the Korteweg‐de Vries equation. Inviscid theory expanded to include capillary effects predicts unchanged wave speed and narrowed wave shape to first order in amplitude regardless of upper boundary condition; but measured speeds are down 8% and narrowing is substantially greater at very small amplitudes. The speed difference appears consistent with an interfacial viscous boundary layer. The critical depth ratio separating the elevation and depression modes of the stable gravity solitary wave ageees with prediction in the inviscid limit. The design of a programmed, variable flux wavemaker for efficiently generating interfacial waves is discussed.
A Church-Fitch proof for the universality of causation

In an attempt to improve upon Alexander Pruss’s work (The principle of sufficient reason: A reassessment, pp. 240–248, 2006), I (Weaver, Synthese 184(3):299–317, 2012) have argued that if all purely contingent events could be caused and something like a Lewisian analysis of causation is true (per, Lewis’s, Causation as influence, reprinted in: Collins, Hall and paul. Causation and counterfactuals, 2004), then all purely contingent events have causes. I dubbed the derivation of the universality of causation the “Lewisian argument”. The Lewisian argument assumed not a few controversial metaphysical theses, particularly essentialism, an incommunicable-property view of essences (per Plantinga’s, Actualism and possible worlds, reprinted in: Davidson (ed.) Essays in the metaphysics of modality, 2003), and the idea that counterfactual dependence is necessary for causation. There are, of course, substantial objections to such theses. While I think a fight against objections to the Lewisian argument can be won, I develop, in what follows, a much more intuitive argument for the universality of causation which takes as its inspiration a result from Frederic B. Fitch’s work (J Symb Logic 28(2):135–142, 1963) [with credit to who we now know was Alonzo church’s, Referee Reports on Fitch’s Definition of value, in: (Salerno (ed.), New essays on the knowability paradox, 2009)] that if all truths are such that they are knowable, then (counter-intuitively) all truths are known. The resulting Church–Fitch proof for the universality of causation is preferable to the Lewisian argument since it rests upon far weaker formal and metaphysical assumptions than those of the Lewisian argument.
Is expert psychiatric testimony fundamentally immoral

*Associate Clinical Professor and Director, Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Wright State University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 927, Dayton, OH 45401, U.S.A. The author thanks Michael L. Perlin and Edward M. Hundert for their advice and critiques of an earlier draft of this article, and Eugenie Moody for her research and editing assistance. ‘To simplify discussion, I have focused this article on a set of ethical problems faced bypsychiatrists, who are but one subset of clinicians who serve as courtroom experts. But the general ethical issues I describe also are relevant to the courtroom activities of nonpsychiatric physicians and other mental health professionals, especially psychologists. For example, the issues I raise concerning psychiatrists’ testimony apply in loto to psychologists’ testimony, even though their professional ethical principles have different historical roots. See, e.g., infra notes 5, 6, 13, and 23. ‘See, e.g., Jay Katz, “The Fallacy of the Impartial ExperYRevisited, 20 BULL. AM. ACAD. PSYCHIATRY LAW 141, 143-44 (1992) (concerns about experts-for-hire are exaggerated, but “one finds a greater number of ‘hired guns’ stalking the courlroom who, aided and abetted by members of the legal profession, prostitute their psychiatric knowledge”); Paul S. Appelbaum, Forensic Psychiatry: The Need for Self-Regulation, 20 BULL. AM. ACAD. PSYCHIATRY LAW 153, 154 (1992) (discussing psychiatrist who is notorious “as an opinion for hire” and “shop” talk among forensic psychiatrists about questionable testimony and “the purportedly self-serving motives that lie behind it”). Physician concern about the behavior of forensic clinicians is not a recent development: See Frank J. Ayd, Readings & Reflections, PSYCHIATRIC TIMES 41 (August, 1992) (quoting commentary in 18 JAMA 304 [1892]) (“The boast of some secular papers, that it is possible to buy medical opinions of every character and description, has some shadow of truth”). The belief that some physicians are just “whores for hire” has a longlegalhistory.See,e.g., 1 NIGEL WALKER,~RIMEAND INSANITY IN E~~~~~~(1968)at82,who quotes crown counsel’s cross-examination of Dr. Leo in Rex. v. Lawrence (1801): “Have you not been here before as a witness and a Jew physician, to give an account of a prisoner as a madman, to get him off upon the ground of insanity?” Dr. Leo was a prominent member of London’s Sephardic Jewish community who had participated in the Hudfield trial. For additional examples, see Phillip J. Resnick, Perceptions of Psychiatric Testimony: A Historical Perspective on the Hysterical Invective, 14 BULL AM. ACAD. PSYCHIATRY LAW 203 (1986).
Anatomic shoulder arthroplasty as treatment for locked posterior dislocation of the shoulder.

Background: Chronic locked shoulder dislocations account for 2% to 5% of all shoulder dislocations. There is little information regarding the mid-term to long-term results of anatomic shoulder arthroplasty for treatment of this problem. Methods: Thirty-two shoulder arthroplasties were performed in thirty-two patients who had chronic locked posterior dislocation of the shoulder. Eighteen patients were treated with a hemiarthroplasty and fourteen, with a total shoulder arthroplasty. Inclusion criteria included moderate or severe pain and functional limitations. Structural indications included an impression fracture involving ≥45% of the humeral head, fibrosis of the articular cartilage, and/or severe osteopenia of the humeral head. When one-third or more of the glenoid was devoid of articular cartilage, a glenoid component was placed. All patients were followed for a minimum of two years (mean, 8.2 years) or until a reoperation. Results: The operations led to pain relief, with the median pain score decreasing from 4 (on a 5-point scale) preoperatively to 3 postoperatively (p < 0.01), and improvement in shoulder external rotation, from a preoperative median of −15° to a postoperative median of 50° (p < 0.001). Instability recurred in three patients in the early postoperative period. Nine patients underwent a reoperation for various reasons. According to a modified Neer rating system, there were four excellent, fifteen satisfactory, and thirteen unsatisfactory outcomes. Conclusions: Although shoulder arthroplasty for locked posterior dislocation can provide pain relief, improved shoulder external rotation, and a low risk of recurrent instability, the overall rate of satisfaction is inferior to that following anatomic arthroplasty for treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. Peer Review This article was reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and one Deputy Editor, and it underwent blinded review by two or more outside experts. The Deputy Editor reviewed each revision of the article, and it underwent a final review by the Editor-in-Chief prior to publication. Final corrections and clarifications occurred during one or more exchanges between the author(s) and copyeditors.
Signal extraction for finite nonstationary time series

SUMMARY For a signal plus noise model, where both signal and noise are generated by nonstation- ary ARIMA, autoregressive integrated moving average, models, we use the transformation approach of Ansley & Kohn (1985) to construct an estimate of the signal and obtain its mean squared error given a finite number of observations. A method for efficient computa- tion of the signal estimate and its mean squared error is also presented. Consider observations z(t) generated by the signal plus noise nmodel z(t) = s(t)+ n(t), (1s1) where both signal s(t) and noise n(t) follow nonstationary ARIMA processes. We give a solution to the finite sample signal extraction problem by defining an estimate of the signal s(t) given observations z(1),... , z(N) and finding its mean squared error. The major difficulty in handling the model with nonstationary components is that the distribution of the observations is not defined unless assumptions are made about the initial values of the series. Moreover, it is usually very difficult to formulate reasonable assumptions about the initial values because they affect the correlation structure of the whole series. See, for example, the discussion of Bell (1984, p. 652). Kohn & Ansley (1986) use a transformation approach to overcome the initial value problem in defining the likelihood and obtaining predittors and interpolators for an ARIMA model which may have missing values. This approach does not require any assumptions about the initial values and generalizes the usual differencing approach of Box & Jenkins (1976) for the case where there are no missing observations. In the present paper we apply the transformation approach of Kohn & Ansley (1986) and Ansley & Kohn (1985) to solve the signal extraction problem. We define a linear estimator A( t) of s( t) so that s( t) - SA( t) is invariant to the initial values and, furthermore, is unbiased in the sense that E{s(t) - s(t)} = 0. Moreover, it has minimum mean squared error amongst all such estimators. Our approach allows missing observations and extends to signal extraction for several additive signals when each is an ARIMA process. We also show how to compute the signal estimate and its mean squared error efficiently by writing the model in state space form, placing a diffuse prior on the initial values of the process and then using the modified Kalman filter and the modified smoothing algorithm of Ansley & Kohn (1985) and Kohn & Ansley (1986). Gersch & Kitagawa (1983), Kitagawa & Gersch (1984) and Harvey & Todd (1983) use
Proliferation of norepinephrine-containing axons in rat cerebellar cortex after peduncle lesions.

Abstract The ability of NE-containing axons to produce increased terminal arborizations following appropriate lesions was investigated in the adrenergic fibers to the cerebellar cortex from the locus coeruleus. The lesions included unilateral and bilateral transections of the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles alone or in combination. The survival periods before use in histological procedures varied from 5 to 60 days. The extent of the lesion-related terminal degeneration in the cerebellar cortex was assessed by the Fink-Heimer silver staining method. The NE terminals were demonstrated by fluorescence histochemistry in non-incubated and incubated tissue. Lesions of the middle and inferior peduncles, the major afferent cerebellar pathways did not produce any change in the number of NE terminals in the cerebellar cortex. However, any lesion of the superior peduncle increased the NE terminal arborization. The terminal fluorescence was most pronounced approximately 35 days after bilateral partial superior peduncle transection. The superior peduncle, though mainly an afferent cerebellar pathway, contains the adrenergic afferents from the locus coeruleus as well as a few non-adrenergic afferent fibers. Thus the observed proliferation of NE terminals may reflect both homotypic and heterotypic inductive factors leading to reinnervation.
Angular distributions of reaction products from low energy capture by multicharged ions

Abstract The angular deflection of the projectile which occurs when a slow multiply charged ion captures electrons from a neutral target depends sensitively on the potential curve history of the interaction throughout the encounter. We have measured angular distributions for a variety of projectiles capturing from targets of He, Ar and d2. Some of the major features may be understood in terms of classical deflection functions for the heavy particle motion. Where quantal treatments of the scattering is available, the calculations are in good agreement with the data.
How Do Cognitive Distortions and Substance Related Problems Affect the Relationship Between Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Suicidal Ideation

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 3(4) of Psychology of Violence (see record 2013-35341-002). There was a wording error in the Results section and in the legend in Figure 1. Specifically, in the last paragraph on page 8 continuing onto the first paragraph on page 9, as well as the legend in Figure 1, any reference to "alcohol-related problems" should have stated "drug-related problems."] OBJECTIVE: The present study, informed by the cognitive-behavioral theory of suicide, is among the first studies to examine cognitive distortions and substance-related problems as potential mediators and moderators of the relation between child maltreatment (CM) and suicidal ideation (SI) in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. METHOD: The sample included 185 adolescents (71.4% female; 84% White) admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit. Participants completed self-report measures assessing cognitive errors, negative cognitive triad, substance-related problems, and SI. Participants and their parents completed a semistructured diagnostic interview assessing CM history. RESULTS: In this clinical sample, we found that CM was associated with SI only for youth with current substance abuse problems, indicating moderation. Contrary to predictions, substance related problems did not mediate the association between CM and adolescent SI. Further, cognitive errors and negative cognitive triad did not mediate or moderate the association between CM and SI. However, there were significant unique effects for both cognitive errors and negative cognitive triad on SI, suggesting that adolescents with more severe cognitive distortions report greater SI, regardless of CM history. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically, results suggest that practitioners should carefully screen for and address any substance misuse among victims of maltreatment to prevent clinically significant SI. Study results also suggest that interventions that incorporate cognitive restructuring may help decrease risk for severe SI in adolescent clinical samples in general.