cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computing transparently: the independent sets in a graph

A procedure is given for finding the independent sets in an undirected graph by xeroxing onto transparent plastic sheets. Let an undirected graph having n vertices and m edges be given. A list of all the independent subsets of the set of vertices of the graph is constructed by using a xerox machine in a manner that requires the formation of only n + m + 1 successive transparencies. An accompanying list of the counts of the elements in each independent set is then constructed using only O(n 2) additional transparencies. The list with counts provides a list of all maximum independent sets. This gives an O(n 2) step solution for the classical problem of finding the cardinality of a maximal independent set in a graph. The applicability of these procedures is limited, of course, by the increase in the information density on the transparencies when n is large. Our ultimate purpose here is to give hand tested `ultra parallel' algorithmic procedures that may prove suitable for realization using future optical technologies.
Art as the Creator of Lived Meaning

D ESPITE a history of virtual indifference to art, Protestant thinkers within the past several decades have begun to explore in earnest the relation of religion to aesthetic matters. This interest has ranged the spectrum from literature to the modem dance. Understandably, for the most part this concern has not been for the arts in and of themselves. It emerged from the discovery that with respect to her prophetic task in society, Protestantism had both a judge and an ally in modern art. Whether in the mood of "hopeless finitude" permeating the theater of the absurd, or with the overtones of anxiety suffusing the music of atonality, Protestantism is sensing a moving witness to the "sickness unto death" of hollow men in a godless waste land. Having tended toward a purchase of social acceptability at the cost of her prophetic mission, Protestantism is beginning to rediscover herself, at least in part, through the artistic glass of vision. Such concern for the arts marks a new departure in Protestant thinking. There is no questioning the fact that there is among many contemporary Protestant theologians a clear appreciation of the usefulness of modem art as a religious means, as providing what can be called a negative natural theology. It is in the midst of an awareness of the human situation as threat that the redeeming Word is to be heard. Grace is on the far side of "fear and trembling," after the "sickness unto death," coming as dawn to "the dark night of the soul." The contemporary arts bear startling witness, if not to grace, at least to the agony of the human situation. And yet, it is not at all clear that this overcoming of indifference toward the arts has thus far led to a real understanding of art by many Protestant thinkers. If a legitimate religious function of art is assumed (consciously or unconsciously) to be also a definition of the essential nature of art, a theological prostitution of art has thereby occurred. Unfortunately, many contemporary Protestant interpreters of the arts tend to make this assumption, permitting a religious interest in art to substitute for a theological understanding of art. It is the task of this article to make such a distinction and its implications clear.
Contemporary town meeting government in Massachusetts

Eighty-five percent of the municipalities of Massachusetts still adhere to colonial forms of local government.
Selective side‐chain oxidation of peralkylated pyrromethene ? BF2 complexes

Treatment with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) oxidized 2,6-diethyl-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethylpyrromethene–BF2 complex 1, 13,14-trimethyl-2, 3, 4, 5,9,10,11,12-octahydroindomethene–BF2 complex 5, and 1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydropyromethene–BF2 complex 8 to the weakly fluorescent 3-formyl, 5-oxo, and 8-formyl derivatives 4, 6, and 9, respectively. The dye 1 was oxidized by lead tetraacetate to 1,7,8-trimethyl-2,6-diethyl-3,5-diacetoxymethylpyrromethene–BF2 complex 12 [λf (ethanol) 538 nm, Φ 0.62, λlas (ethanol) 555–570 nm]. Catalytic reduction (Pd/C) converted the aldehyde 4 to 2,6-diethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-1,5,7,8-tetramethylpyrromethene–BF2 complex 10 [λf (ethanol) 537 nm, Φ 0.70, λlas (ethanol) 547–575 nm].
Simulating control strategies for a spatially structured weed invasion: Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) in Pacific Coast estuaries

Patterns in the spatial arrangement of invasive plant populations can provide opportunity for strategic placement of control efforts. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is rapidly invading the intertidal mudflats of Pacific Coast estuaries. Its pattern of spread is distinctive. Seedlings establish in open mud and then grow vegetatively to form expanding circular patches, which dot the mudflats and eventually coalesce into a contiguous monospecific meadow. The invasion typically begins in the upper tide zone and then moves down the tidal gradient. A spatially explicit model was used to simulate the spread of S. alterniflora and compare various strategies for control in a situation where only a fraction of the total infestation could be controlled each year. A strategy of killing outlying patches first and then attacking the dense meadows (moving up the tidal gradient) led to eradication with up to 44% less time and effort than a strategy of attacking the dense meadows first and outlying patches second (moving down the tidal gradient). In the control of contiguous meadows located adjacent to the shoreline, the best strategy was to approach one end of the infestation, moving across the meadow to the other end. Suppression of seeds was not an effective control strategy. In general, effective control strategies were those that first eliminate the plant in areas where current or future vegetative growth is greatest. Application of these results in control programs for S. alterniflora and similar invasive species could greatly reduce the costs of control work and improve the likelihood of local or complete eradication.
Molecular signatures that predict nodal metastasis in bladder cancer: does the primary tumor tell tales?

Evaluation of: Smith SC, Baras AS, Dancik G et al. A 20-gene model for molecular nodal staging of bladder cancer: development and prospective assessment. Lancet Oncol. 12, 137–143 (2011).Accurate identification of nodal status in patients with bladder cancer is important in determining their prognosis and administration of perioperative chemotherapy. In this article, we review the study by Smith and colleagues, documenting the identification of a 20-gene model that can predict nodal stage in patients with bladder cancer based on the profiles of their primary tumors. The gene-expression model generated in this study was able to identify node-positive disease based on tumor tissues obtained from patients in a Phase III bladder cancer trial cohort. The model was able to predict nodal status independent of standard clinicopathologic prognostic criteria. This study adds the agnostic profiling dimension to prior investigations that have attempted to define molecular signatures that predict nodal metastasis in b...
Interface contracts for TinyOS

TinyOS applications are built with software components that communicate through narrow interfaces. Since components enable fine-grained code reuse, this approach has been successful in creating applications that make very efficient use of the limited code and data memory on sensor network nodes. However, the other important benefit of components---rapid application development through black-box reuse---remains largely unrealized because in many cases interfaces have implied usage constraints that can be the source of frustrating program errors. Developers are commonly forced to read the source code for components, partially defeating the purpose of using components in the first place. Our research helps solve these problems by allowing developers to explicitly specify and enforce component interface contracts. Due to the extensive reuse of the most common interfaces, implementing contracts for a small number of frequently reused interfaces permitted us to extensively check a number of applications. We uncovered some subtle and previously unknown bugs in applications that have been in common use for years.
Contextualizing commitment protocol

Commitment protocols are modularized specifications of interactions understood in terms of commitments. Purchase is a classic example of a protocol. Although a typical protocol would capture the essence of the interactions desired, in practice, it should be adapted depending on the circumstances or context and the agents' preferences based on that context. For example, when applying purchase in different contexts, it may help to allow sending reminders for payments or returning goods to obtain a refund. We contextualize a protocol by adapting it via different transformations.Our contributions are the following: (1) a protocol is transformed by composing its specification with a transformer specification; (2) contextualization is characterized operationally by relating the original and transformed protocols; and (3) contextualization is related to protocol compliance.
Near-instant surface-selective fluorogenic protein quantification using sulfonated triarylmethane dyes and fluorogen activating proteins

Agonist-promoted G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) endocytosis and recycling plays an important role in many signaling events in the cell. However, the approaches that allow fast and quantitative analysis of such processes still remain limited. Here we report an improved labeling approach based on the genetic fusion of a fluorogen activating protein (FAP) to a GPCR and binding of a sulfonated analog of the malachite green (MG) fluorogen to rapidly and selectively label cell surface receptors. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrate that this dye does not cross the plasma membrane, binds with high affinity to a dL5** FAP-GPCR fusion construct, activating tagged surface receptors within seconds of addition. The ability to rapidly and selectively label cell surface receptors with a fluorogenic genetically encoded tag allows quantitative imaging and analysis of highly dynamic processes like receptor endocytosis and recycling.
Fuzzy control for platoons of smart cars

An additive fuzzy system can control the throttle of cars in single lane platoons. The system used fuzzy controllers for velocity control and gap control. Fuzzy controllers create, maintain, and divide platoons on the highway. Each car's controller uses data from its car and the car in front of it. Cars drop back during platoon maneuvers to avoid the "slinky effect" of tightly coupled platoons. Some car and engine types need their own fuzzy rules and sets. A hybrid neural fuzzy system can learn the fuzzy rules and sets from input-output data. The authors compute new fuzzy rules and sets for a truck velocity controller. The learned system controls the velocity of the truck with no overshoot or slow response. The authors tested the fuzzy gap controller first with a car model and then with a real car on highway I-15 in California. Each car's controller used data only from sensors on the car. The authors used this controller to drive the "smart" car on the highway in a two-car platoon. >
Nanoliter reactors improve multiple displacement amplification of genomes from single cells.

Since only a small fraction of environmental bacteria are amenable to laboratory culture, there is great interest in genomic sequencing directly from single cells. Sufficient DNA for sequencing can be obtained from one cell by the Multiple Displacement Amplification (MDA) method, thereby eliminating the need to develop culture methods. Here we used a microfluidic device to isolate individual Escherichia coli and amplify genomic DNA by MDA in 60-nl reactions. Our results confirm a report that reduced MDA reaction volume lowers nonspecific synthesis that can result from contaminant DNA templates and unfavourable interaction between primers. The quality of the genome amplification was assessed by qPCR and compared favourably to single-cell amplifications performed in standard 50-μl volumes. Amplification bias was greatly reduced in nanoliter volumes, thereby providing a more even representation of all sequences. Single-cell amplicons from both microliter and nanoliter volumes provided high-quality sequence data by high-throughput pyrosequencing, thereby demonstrating a straightforward route to sequencing genomes from single cells.
Corrective responses in human food intake identified from an analysis of 7-d food-intake records.

Background: We tested the hypothesis that ad libitum food intake shows corrective responses over periods of 1–5 d. Design: This was a prospective study of food intake in women. Methods:Twomethods,aweighedfoodintakeandameasuredfood intake,wereusedtodeterminedailynutrientintakeduring2wkin20 women. Energy expenditure with the use of doubly labeled water was done contemporaneously with the weighed food-intake record. The daily deviations in macronutrient and energy intake from the average7-dvalueswerecomparedwiththedeviationsobserved1,2, 3, 4, and 5 d later to estimate the corrective responses. Results: Both methods of recording food intake gave similar patterns of macronutrient and total energy intakes and for deviations from average intakes. The intraindividual CVs for energy intake ranged from 12% to 47% with an average of 25%. Reported energy intake was 85.5–95.0% of total energy expenditure determined by doubly labeled water. Significant corrective responses were observed in food intakes with a 3- to 4-d lag that disappeared when data were randomized within each subject. Conclusions: Human beings show corrective responses to deviations from average energy and macronutrient intakes with a lag time of 3–4 d, but not 1–2 d. This suggests that short-term studies may fail to recognize important signals of food-intake regulation that operate over several days. These corrective responses probably play a crucial role in bringingaboutweightstability. AmJClinNutr2008;88:1504–10.
Toxicity of initial chemotherapy in older patients with lung cancers

Objectives Despite the growing number of elderly patients with lung cancers, we lack adequate information about how best to treat them. A phase III trial demonstrated a survival benefit of doublet chemotherapy in elderly patients with lung cancers compared to single agents at the cost of increased toxicity. We undertook this study to identify and describe chemotherapy-associated toxicity patterns among elderly patients treated for lung cancers.
Automated reading of DNA autoradiogram images using lane profiling methods

Automated DNA sequencing involves computer interpretation of the chemical detection data, which may be in the form of 2-D autoradiogram images, and 1- or 2-D fluorescence data. The analysis of autoradiogram images generated by the multiplex DNA sequencing method is considered. An overall approach to obtaining sequence data from the autoradiogram images is outlined, and specific approaches for segmenting the image into sets of four lanes, obtaining 1-D profiles of the lanes, detecting peaks in the 1-D profiles using a multiscale approach, and aligning profiles across lanes using an interpolation method are discussed. Intermediate results are presented. >
Removing Salt from the Wound

Looks can be deceiving. Take, for example, the nervous system disorders epilepsy, motor spasticity, and chronic neuropathic pain; their symptoms differ dramatically, but the underlying mechanisms of all three may converge on an underfunctioning K+ Cl– cotransporter (KCC2), suggesting that KCC2 could be a therapeutic target for these disorders. Now, Gagnon et al . report on a high-throughput screen for drugs that enhance the activity of KCC2. Binding of the neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine to GABAA and glycine receptors, respectively, on postsynaptic neurons typically results in a flux of chloride ions (Cl–) into the cell, membrane hyperpolarization, and neuronal inhibition. The Cl– influx is driven by a concentration gradient across the cell membrane, with lower amounts of Cl– being present inside versus outside of the cell. KCC2 maintains the gradient by pumping Cl– out of the cell. When KCC2 activity is lower than normal, central nervous system disorders arise. The authors engineered a cell culture assay for high-throughput fluorescent quantitation of Cl– efflux via KCC2. After assaying a library of 92,500 compounds, the authors identified 78 positive hits that reduced intracellular Cl– concentrations. One of the hits, CL-058, was selected on the basis of its lack of cytotoxic effects, ease of synthesis, and drug-like properties. More than 300 related molecules were then synthesized, and one of these analogs, CLP257, selectively restored impaired Cl– transport in neurons (in adult rat spinal cord slices) with reduced KCC2 activity. Furthermore, the authors demonstrated that the Cl– extrusion effect by CLP257 alleviated hypersensitivity to neuropathic pain in an animal model. Compared with pregabalin, which is commonly used to treat neuropathic pain in humans, CLP257 was not only equally effective in reducing the pain in the animal model, it also displayed fewer motor side effects. The new findings are encouraging for three main reasons. First, oral administration of a small molecule was able to enhance KCC2 activity; second, KCC2 can serve as a therapeutic target for effective reduction of neuropathic pain with minor motor side effects; and third, exploration of KCC2 as a treatable target for other neurological disorders may now be feasible. M. Gagnon et al ., Chloride extrusion enhancers as novel therapeutics for neurological diseases. Nat. Med . 19 , 1524–1528 (2013). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v19/n11/abs/nm.3356.html
A Formal Methodology for Network Protocol Fingerprinting

Network protocol fingerprinting refers to the process of identifying a protocol implementation by their input and output behaviors. It has been regarded as both a potential threat to network security and also as a useful mechanism for network management. Existing protocol fingerprinting tools share common disadvantages such as being protocol-specific and difficult to automate. This paper proposes a formal methodology for fingerprinting experiments using which we can model a broad spectrum of fingerprinting problems and design-efficient algorithms. We present a formal behavioral model that specifies a protocol principal by its states and transitions, then identify a complete taxonomy of fingerprint matching and discovery problems is identified based on 1) whether the fingerprinting experiment is active or passive and 2) the information available about the specifications and implementations. Algorithms to solve the problems are discussed. In particular, for fingerprint matching algorithm, we propose an efficient PEFSM online separation algorithm for active experiment and concurrent passive testing for passive experiments. For fingerprint discovery problem, there are two cases: if the protocol specification is available as a nondeterministic PEFSM, we apply across verification and back-tracing technique for active and passive discovery, respectively; if no specification is available, we take the machine learning approach and discover the fingerprint by active testing.
Chronic Antidepressant Treatment Increases Neurogenesis in Adult Rat Hippocampus

Recent studies suggest that stress-induced atrophy and loss of hippocampal neurons may contribute to the pathophysiology of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antidepressants on hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult rat, using the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as a marker for dividing cells. Our studies demonstrate that chronic antidepressant treatment significantly increases the number of BrdU-labeled cells in the dentate gyrus and hilus of the hippocampus. Administration of several different classes of antidepressant, but not non-antidepressant, agents was found to increase BrdU-labeled cell number, indicating that this is a common and selective action of antidepressants. In addition, upregulation of the number of BrdU-labeled cells is observed after chronic, but not acute, treatment, consistent with the time course for the therapeutic action of antidepressants. Additional studies demonstrated that antidepressant treatment increases the proliferation of hippocampal cells and that these new cells mature and become neurons, as determined by triple labeling for BrdU and neuronal- or glial-specific markers. These findings raise the possibility that increased cell proliferation and increased neuronal number may be a mechanism by which antidepressant treatment overcomes the stress-induced atrophy and loss of hippocampal neurons and may contribute to the therapeutic actions of antidepressant treatment.
Motivation to Attend the 1996 Summer Olympic Games

This research note reports the results of a survey measuring the motivations of spectators who attended the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. A 33-item pencil-and-paper data collection instrument previously piloted at two other Olympic Games measured and assessed motivational perspectives associated with the Olympic Games. A panel of Olympic scholars, international business experts, and university academics undertook evaluation, validation, and refinement of the measurement tool. Administration and questionnaire training was used to establish the optimal conditions for the acquisition of data. Three hundred twenty valid responses were analyzed to determine factors influencing spectators’ decisions to attend the Olympic Games. Recommendations for further research are provided.
Characterization of mismatched SiGe grown on low temperature Si buffer layers by molecular beam epitaxy

Several types of buffer layer structures, including superlattice and step-graded layers, have been employed to reduce the threading dislocation in SiGe epitaxial layers. A new technique, using a 0.1 μm thick Si buffer grown at 450°C by molecular beam epitaxy, provides the best results. For a 0.5 μm thick Si 0.85 Ge 0.15 layer, the dislocation density is ≤ 10 5 cm -2 . Hall measurements indicate an improvement in the hole mobility of a 1 μm thick Boron doped Si 0.7 Ge 0.33 layer. A SiGe/Si heterojunction bipolar transistor has been fabricated exploiting the low temperature Si buffer. Transmission electron microscopy of the structure does not indicate any evidence of threading dislocations.
Political Parties and Foreign Policy: A Structure Approach

This article introduces the theory and approach of structural anthropology and applies it to a problem in American political science. Through this approach, the "bipartisan foreign policy hypothesis" and that "two presidencies hypothesis" are reformulated and reconsidered. Until now participants in the debate over each have only rarely built on, or even cited, the other's research. An additional problem is that the widespread conventional wisdom in support of the two hypotheses is inconsistent with systematic scholarly analyses. This paper demonstrates that the two hypotheses are drawn from the same underlying structure. Each hypothesis and the theoretical model it implies is conceptually and empirically extended to take into account the differences between congressional leaders and members. Then, historical examples and statistical analyses of House roll call data are used to demonstrate that the hypotheses, while sometimes supported for the congressional members, are far more applicable to leadership decision making. Conclusions suggest that conventional wisdom be revised to take these differences into account.
Infrared Spectral Hole Burning and Change of Conformation in Simple Amino Acid Salts

We show that it is possible to produce infrared spectral holes in a new class of compounds, amino acid hydrochlorides (containing some deuterium). The holes form as the result of conformational changes in the crystals, and the ability to produce holes leads to assignments of the N−D and O−D stretching bands.
Negatively correlated local and global stock externalities: tax or subsidy?

Fossil fuel combustion generates both CO2 and SO2. CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas; SO2 can cause serious local pollution. But it can alleviate the potential global warming because of negative radiative forcing. Such a phenomenon can be characterized as negatively correlated local and global stock externalities. In this paper, we set up an optimal control problem of negatively correlated local and global stock externality provision. The efficiency conditions for this problem are derived. These conditions modify the Samuelson rules for optimal provision of externalities. In addition, we examine several policy related scenarios of negatively correlated local and global stock externality provisions. Finally, we discuss policy implications and limitation of the theoretical results derived in this paper. We also indicate applications of the theoretical results here to empirical research, particularly to economic analysis of multiple-gas issues in climate change.
Brief interventions for patients presenting to the Psychiatric Emergency Service (PES) with major mental illnesses and at-risk drinking.

The presentation for care in psychiatric emergency setting provides an opportunity to assist individuals with mental health disorders and problems related to alcohol use. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether clinician-administered brief alcohol interventions are effective in reducing alcohol consumption in patients who screen positive for at-risk drinking in the psychiatric emergency setting. A total of 390 PES patients were screened; 87 (schizophrenia/bipolar disorder, n = 34; depression/anxiety, n = 53) met criteria for the study and received a brief alcohol intervention. Both groups dropped their drinking by ~7 drinks/week over the 6-months of the study (P < .05). The results of this study suggest that individuals with mental illnesses who drink at risk levels may benefit from a short, targeted brief alcohol intervention directed at changing their alcohol-related behavior and that, delivery of these interventions is feasible in a psychiatric emergency setting.
A fast algorithm for discovering categories and attribute relevance in web data

Feature selections techniques have been used extensively in supervised learning to choose a set of features for a data set that win facilitate and improve classification. In particular, a few techniques exist to select a different subset of feature for each known class, which we refer to as discriminative feature selection. The main objective guiding discriminative feature selection has been the ultimate performance of the classifier system. Unsupervised learning, however, is plagued by the problem of absence of the class labels. In this paper, we propose a fast algorithm for fuzzy unsupervised learning in Web mining, for the case when the attributes/features do not have the same relevance in all clusters. Being a relative of the fuzzy c-means and k-means clustering algorithms, our approach is computationally and implementationally simple, and if desired, can easily be implemented in a scalable mode in an identical manner to previous well known scalable implementations of the k-means. Most importantly, our approach learns a different set of attribute weights for each cluster. The performance of the proposed algorithm is illustrated on real collections of Web documents and Web sessions extracted from a Web server log file.
RESIDENCE TIME EFFECTS ON ARSENATE SURFACE SPECIATION AT THE ALUMINUM OXIDE-WATER INTERFACE

Bioavailability of metals/metalloids is often rate limited by contact time (i.e., residence time) in soils and sediments, resulting in irreversible reactions. The fate and transport of the contaminants must be predicted/modeled not only on short-term (<48 h) adsorption/desorption studies but also on long-term (months-years) reactions. However, there is very little information on the long-term effects of metal/metalloid partitioning reactions in soils and soil components. In this study, residence time effects (3 days–1 yr) on As(V) adsorption/desorption reactions and on As(V) surface speciation at the aluminum oxide-water interface were investigated using batch adsorption/desorption experiments coupled with time-resolved Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). Biphasic As(V) adsorption kinetics were observed at pH 4.5 and 7.8, and whereas the reaction at pH 4.5 was nearly completed after 3 days, slow adsorption continued at pH 7.8 after 1 year. The longer the residence time (3 days–1 yr), the greater the decrease in As(V) desorption at both pHs, suggesting nonsingular reactions. EXAFS analyses on aged As(V) reacted aluminum oxide at both pHs showed that As-Al interatomic distances were 3.11 � 3.14 A (� 0.13 A) in all of the aged samples (3 days to 1 yr) at pH 4.5 and 7.8, suggesting that predominantly bidentate binuclear bonding environments were present. As a point of interest, X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure spectroscopy (XANES) features suggested some changes in the local chemical structure of adsorbed As(V) with aging. The surface transformations such as (i) a rearrangement of surface complexes and/or (ii) a conversion of surface complexes into aluminum arsenate-like precipitates might be important chemical factors responsible for the decrease in As(V) reversibility with aging. (Soil Science 2002;167:303–314)
Vector Competence and Capacity of Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Southeastern United States

Field studies of the ecology of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV; family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus) in the southeastern United States have demonstrated that Culex erraticus (Dyar and Knab) is the most common mosquito at many enzootic sites and is often infected with the virus. However, the competence of Cx. erraticus for EEEV has not been explored in detail. Culex erraticus females were collected from the field and fed upon EEEV-infected chicks. The infected mosquitoes were provided honey for nutrition and to monitor for time to infectiveness. Of the mosquitoes that survived the 14-d postfeeding period, 89% were infected and 84% had evidence of a disseminated infection, though titers were generally low. EEEV was first detected in honey 6 d postinfection and was detected in samples collected from 94% of the mosquitoes with a disseminated infection overall. These data and others were then employed to estimate the relative vectorial capacity of Cx. erraticus at an EEEV enzootic site in Alabama. The vectorial capacity of Cx. erraticus at this site was 44% of Culiseta melanura (Coquillett), the accepted enzootic vector, suggesting Cx. erraticus may play a role in transmitting EEEV in areas where it is abundant and Cs. melanura rare.
A refined C-based infrastructure and curriculum to support robots in introductory CS

Since 2011, a student-faculty team at Grinnell College has developed and refined a complete course package, called MyroC, comprising a C-based infrastructure, course materials, laboratory exercises, problem sets, projects, etc. for introductory computer science. Using a lab-based pedagogy, the course emphasizes imperative problem solving and utilizes the control of robots as an integrative application theme. Although this approach has had much success, on-going technical challenges have included the lack of portability, unintuitive image processing, and forced sequential processing of robot commands. This paper describes improvements to both the C library and course materials (e.g., examples, laboratory exercises, and projects) that enhance student learning through laboratory experiences. Refinements have focused upon transforming the infrastructure from an extensive, largely non-portable C++ package to a simple C environment, allowing users to work with images directly as 2D arrays of pixels, non-blocking alternatives for many robot-motion commands, and concurrent control for the movement of multiple robots. The paper also describes assessment of effectiveness, including student reactions and enrollment statistics. Finally, this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of student-faculty collaboration in course development.
Trends in market share of leading cigarette brands in the USA: national survey on drug use and health 2002–2013

Objectives The main objective of this study is to examine trends in market share for leading cigarette brands, both before (2002–2008) and after (2009–2013) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation of tobacco products. Design Data come from the annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002 through 2013. Descriptive statistics, cross tabulations, and logistic regression were employed. Data were weighted to the US population and adjusted for cigarette consumption. Our analysis is restricted to 164 343 current cigarette smokers who were at least 12 years of age or older, had smoked at least one cigarette in the 30 days prior to the survey, and reported a usual cigarette brand at the time of the survey. Results Over 12 years, 14 brands comprised over 77% of the cigarette market. Marlboro consistently held over 38% of the market. Newport held the second highest market share, and increased from 7.2% in 2002 to 10.9% by 2013. Market share of Pall Mall grew by over 400% (1.7% in 2002 vs 8.9% in 2013), likely aided by the 2009 Federal excise tax increase. No clear associations of changes in market share with the implementation of FDA9s regulatory authority over tobacco in 2009 were noted. Conclusions Tracking market share trends offers clues about brand marketing changing preferences of consumers. Rapidly growing cigarette brands should be monitored to determine if specific marketing practices or design changes are drivers, as these could represent public health concerns. Monitoring trends in cigarette market share could inform regulatory decision-making efforts related to marketing and advertising.
Relationship between nutritional status indicators and length of hospital stay for patients with diverticular disease.

The length of a patient’s stay in a hospital is an indication of the patient’s recovery rate. Length of hospital stay has also become an important economic factor for hospitals. This is especially true since 1983 as a result of implementation of the Prospective Payment System based on diagnosis-related groups. In this study, the results of routine laboratory tests of nutritional status were examined for relationships between nutritional status and the length of hospital stay. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 163 patients with diverticulosis and diverticulitis of the colon to determine which nutrition assessment parameters are sensitive in predicting recovery rate (length of hospital stay). We found that serum albumin level was negatively correlated with length of hospital stay. Women without gastrointestinal bleeding stayed an average of 20.1 ± 8.5 days when serum albumin level was 30 g/L or less vs 11.2 ± 10.5 days when it was greater than 30 g/L. Hemoglobin and/or hematocrit levels were also negatively correlated with length of hospital stay for this group. Women without bleeding stayed an average of 16.4 ± 13.4 days when the hemoglobin level was 120 g/L or less vs 10.4 ±9.1 days when it was greater than 120 g/L. These results suggest that a patient’s nutritional status upon admission has an effect on the length of hospital stay for patients with diverticular disease.
TCT-175 Temporal Changes in Clinicopathologic Features of Ischemic Cardiac Rupture

The temporal changes in the clinicopathological characteristics of cardiac rupture (CR) are ill-defined. 187 consecutive decedents with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and fatal CR of the left ventricular free wall and/or septum whose autopsies were performed at Mayo Clinic between 1986 and 2012
Host plant driven transcriptome plasticity in the salivary glands of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)

Generalist herbivores feed on a wide array of plants and need to adapt to varying host qualities and defenses. One of the first insect derived secretions to come in contact with the plant is the saliva. Insect saliva is potentially involved in both the pre-digestion of the host plant as well as induction/suppression of plant defenses, yet how the salivary glands respond to changes in host plant at the transcriptional level is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to determine how the labial salivary gland transcriptome varies according to the host plant on which the insect is feeding. In order to determine this, cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) larvae were reared on cabbage, tomato, and pinto bean artificial diet. Labial glands were dissected from fifth instar larvae and used to extract RNA for RNASeq analysis. Assembly of the resulting sequencing reads resulted in a transcriptome library for T. ni salivary glands consisting of 14,037 expressed genes. Feeding on different host plant diets resulted in substantial remodeling of the gland transcriptomes, with 4,501 transcripts significantly differentially expressed across the three treatment groups. Gene expression profiles were most similar between cabbage and artificial diet, which corresponded to the two diets on which larvae perform best. Expression of several transcripts involved in detoxification processes were differentially expressed, and transcripts involved in the spliceosome pathway were significantly downregulated in tomato-reared larvae. Overall, this study demonstrates that the transcriptomes of the salivary glands of the cabbage looper are strongly responsive to diet. It also provides a foundation for future functional studies that can help us understand the role of saliva of chewing insects in plant-herbivore interactions.
Prompted recall of sentences

Forty Ss learned five-word sentences where the first words (nouns) were either the logical subjects or the logical objects of the sentences, and the third words (adjectives) were either sentence-modifiers or noun-modifiers. Recall of the sentences was prompted with the nouns for 20 Ss and with the adjectives for 20 Ss. Logical subjects facilitated recall more than the logical objects did, and sentence-modifiers were better prompts than noun-modifiers. This study was a replication of an earlier experiment with improved procedures and materials. Results of the earlier test were supported.
Stronger at Depth: Jamming Grippers as Deep Sea Sampling Tools

Abstract In this work we experimentally demonstrate (a) that the holding strength of universal jamming grippers increases as a function of the jamming pressure to greater than three atmospheres, and (b) that jamming grippers can be operated in the deep sea in ambient pressures exceeding one hundred atmospheres, where such high jamming pressures can be readily achieved. Laboratory experiments in a pressurized, water-filled test cell are used to measure the holding force of a “universal” style jamming gripper as a function of the pressure difference between internal membrane pressure and ambient pressure. Experiments at sea are used to demonstrate that jamming grippers can be installed on, and operated from, remotely operated vehicles at depths in excess of 1200 m. In both experiments, the jamming gripper consists of a latex balloon filled with a mixture of fresh water and ∼200 μm glass beads, which are cheaply available in large quantities as sand blasting media. The use of a liquid, rather than a gas, as ...
From Mechanism to Cure: Renewing the Goal to Eliminate the Disease of Pain.

Objective Persistent pain causes untold misery worldwide and is a leading cause of disability. Despite its astonishing prevalence, pain is undertreated, at least in part because existing therapeutics are ineffective or cause intolerable side effects. In this review, we cover new findings about the neurobiology of pain and argue that all but the most transient forms of pain needed to avoid tissue damage should be approached as a disease where a cure can be the goal of all treatment plans, even if attaining this goal is not yet always possible. Design We reviewed the literature to highlight recent advances in the area of the neurobiology of pain. Results We discuss barriers that are currently hindering the achievement of this goal, as well as the development of new therapeutic strategies. We also discuss innovations in the field that are creating new opportunities to treat and even reverse persistent pain, some of which are in late-phase clinical trials. Conclusion We conclude that the confluence of new basic science discoveries and development of new technologies are creating a path toward pain therapeutics that should offer significant hope of a cure for patients and practitioners alike. Classification of Evidence. Our review points to new areas of inquiry for the pain field to advance the goal of developing new therapeutics to treat chronic pain.
The Disintegration of Memphis-Shelby County, Tennessee: School District Secession and Local Control in the 21st Century.

In this qualitative case study, we explore the political impulses behind suburban secession from the 2013 Memphis-Shelby County merger, the largest school district consolidation in recent history. ...
Innovative health financing for refugees.

More than 65 million persons are currently forcibly displaced, of whom more than 22 million are refugees. Conflicts are increasing, and existing ones are becoming more protracted; a refugee remains a refugee for more than 10 years. Funding for refugee assistance comes primarily from high-income countries after an emergency has occurred. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees spent approximately 12% of its budget on health, nutrition, food security, water, and sanitation in 2016. The current modalities used to fund refugee emergencies are not sustainable and will worsen as health needs increase and health services become more expensive, particularly in middle-income countries. Given the current number of complex conflicts and the magnitude of displacement, new sources of funding and innovative financing instruments are needed. This article explores diverse sources of innovative humanitarian health financing for refugees. Ultimately, the goal is to integrate refugees into a host country’s functioning national health system, which, if done thoughtfully, should improve health services and outcomes for both nationals and refugees. Addressing the increasing level of humanitarian needs for refugees requires a wide range of resources and a sophisticated financing toolkit that can be adapted to different refugee contexts. Improving health financing for refugees requires a paradigm shift towards pre-emergency and multi-year planning using risk-transfer instruments. It necessitates a wide range of public and private partners and varied resources that range from health insurance, bonds, and concessional loans to host countries with innovative methods for purchasing projects and services such as pay for performance. These modalities need to be employed according to specific refugee contexts, and the potential risks must be considered carefully. We propose the exploration of a Refugee Health Financing Model, or FinRef, for the acute phase of an emergency, and different forms of health insurance as well as pay-for-performance modalities in protracted settings. Such innovations will require traditional and non-traditional partners to work together to trial different financial schemes. Donors and investors need to be prepared to experiment and accept failure of some models in certain contexts. Ultimately, different innovative financing models will be able to provide more sustainable and effective health services to refugees and their host populations in the near future.
Gradients of E($$\overrightarrow k$$) from the APW Determinant

Because our method of determining \({\nabla _k}\left( {E\left( {\overrightarrow k } \right)} \right)\) was partially determined by the programming system we use for the 1937 APW method,1,2 we first briefly describe the methods we used to determine E\(\left( {\overrightarrow k } \right)\). In this scheme, the E\(\left( {\overrightarrow k } \right)\) are taken as the zeroes of the so-called APW determinant \(D\left( {E,\overrightarrow k } \right)\): $$D\left( {E\left( {\overrightarrow k } \right),k} \right) = 0$$ (1) The matrix M, of which D is the determinant, has as its elements3 $${\left( {H - E} \right)_{ij}} = {\overrightarrow k _i}\cdot{\overrightarrow k _j}\left[ {\delta \left( {{{\overrightarrow k }_i},{{\overrightarrow k }_j}} \right) - \frac{{4\pi R_s^2}}{\Omega }\frac{{{j_1}\left( {\left| {{{\overrightarrow k }_j} - {{\overrightarrow k }_i}} \right|{R_s}} \right)}}{{\left| {{{\overrightarrow k }_j} - {{\overrightarrow k }_i}} \right|}}} \right] - \left[ {\delta \left( {{{\overrightarrow k }_i},{{\overrightarrow k }_j}} \right) - \frac{{4\pi R_s^2}}{\Omega }\cdot\frac{{{j_1}\left( {\left| {{{\overrightarrow k }_j} - {{\overrightarrow k }_i}} \right|} \right.{R_s}}}{{\left| {{{\overrightarrow k }_j} - {{\overrightarrow k }_i}} \right|}}} \right] + \frac{{4\pi }}{\Omega }\sum\limits_\ell {\left[ {\left( {2\ell + 1} \right){P_\ell }\left( {\cos {\theta _{ij}}} \right){j_\ell }\left( {{k_i}{R_s}} \right){j_\ell }\left( {{k_j}{R_s}} \right)} \right]R_s^2\frac{{{{u'}_\ell }\left( {{R_s},E} \right)}}{{{u_\ell }\left( {{R_s},E} \right)}}}$$ (2)
Angiographic Studies of the Radial Artery Graft

The radial artery graft was first used as an alternative conduit for coronary revascularization in 1971, by Carpentier and associates [1]. However, its use was abandoned 2 years later, because postoperative angiographic studies showed that 35% of the radial artery grafts were diffusely narrowed or occluded [2]. The high failure rate was attributed to spasm of the denervated radial artery. Other authors [3–5] also reported high failure rates of the radial artery graft, caused by intimal hyperplasia. The use of the radial artery graft was revived byAcar and colleagues of Carpentier [6], in Paris, in 1989. They observed that several patients had widely patent radial artery grafts on postoperative angiographic studies obtained more than 15 years after the operation. Several patients had patent radial artery grafts, which were initially thought to be occluded. Acar and associates [6] observed a 93.5% angiographic patency rate of the radial artery graft. Their improved results were attributed to amodified surgical technique, avoiding skeletonization and dilation of the radial artery, and to the routine use of calcium channel blockers to prevent arterial spasm. Since then, several authors [7–10] have reported angiographic studies demonstrating mid-term (5-year) radial artery graft patency rates ranging from 91% to 95%. Our initial experience with the radial artery graft between 1992 and 1994 was reported elsewhere [11]. Several modifications to our original surgical technique have been introduced since then.
Precision Atom Interferometry with Light Pulses

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the theory of atom interferometry based on optical pulses. The interference of magnetic spin states used in magnetic resonance and later generalized to electronically excited states of atoms is a mature field. Consequently, the wealth of theoretical and experimental techniques that have been developed for over a half century can be exploited for atom interferometry. The fundamental starting point of an atom interferometry based on optical pulses is that light can be used to detect the motion of atoms. Changes in the velocity of individual atoms are registered essentially through changes in the frequency of atomic resonances due to the Doppler effect. This chapter is concerned mainly with the high precision interferometers with long measurement times. It discusses interference of atoms in the ground state and analyzes momentum transfer based on stimulated Raman transitions. The chapter also discusses several applications of these techniques such as in gravitational acceleration, gradiometry, and gyroscopes.