cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Contemporary Evaluation of Peyronie’s Disease During Penile Prosthesis Placement: MOST, MUST, and More

The use of penile implant for the treatment of both erectile dysfunction and Peyronie’s disease has changed little in the last 40 years, primarily limited to modeling and plaque incision. In the current review, I explore the history of Peyronie’s treatment at the time of penile prosthesis placement and explore new surgical options that help resolve several of the issues that were not treated with the traditional approaches. Advancements have been made in the area of graft material, lengthening procedures, and transcorporal techniques. The goal of these operations is not only to correct curvature, but also to restore length. Not surprisingly, the more complex and aggressive the attempt to correct the curvature, the more complications are possible. While modeling has a low rate of urethral injury, complex lengthening procedure with neurovascular bundle and urethral mobilization may lead to the dreaded complication of glans necrosis. Meanwhile, transcorporal techniques seem to offer a more modest improvement for length and curvature restoration with fewer risks than those seen in more aggressive lengthening procedures. The main limitation to the historical treatment of Peyronie’s disease during penile prosthesis, modeling, and plaque incision is there is often no resolution to the penile length—as the maneuvers are made after the implant is already in place. Newer lengthening procedures are promising, however carry increased risks and complexity.
Hemodynamic and clinical response to transseptal mitral valve-in-valve and valve-in-ring.

OBJECTIVE To understand the clinical and hemodynamic response of patients with stenotic versus regurgitant prosthetic mitral valve degeneration to transseptal transcatheter mitral valve-in-ring/-valve replacement (TMVR). BACKGROUND Patients with prosthetic mitral valve repair/replacement failure frequently present high-risk surgical challenges. TMVR has been employed as an alternative to surgery. METHODS Forty-four patients with stenotic/regurgitant degeneration of prior prosthetic mitral annuloplasty and replacement (38) underwent mitral TMVR. Clinical, echocardiographic, and invasive hemodynamic monitoring was conducted at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Relative to patients with regurgitant degeneration (28), patients with stenotic degeneration had baseline higher mitral valve gradients (12 ± 4 vs. 7 ± 3 mmHg, p < 0.01) and smaller areas (1.0 ± 0.4 vs. 1.5 ± 0.4 cm2 , p = 0.01). TMVR yielded significant reduction in left atrial v-wave pressures in stenotic and regurgitant cohorts (-7 ± 11, p = 0.03, and -11 ± 12 mmHg, p < 0.01, respectively) and significant, sustained symptomatic improvement. Intracardiac pressures overall, including left ventricular end diastolic pressures, remained elevated. CONCLUSION Despite baseline differences in valvular disease, TMVR leads to significant hemodynamic and clinical improvement in both stenotic and regurgitant prosthetic mitral valve disease. In both cohorts, TMVR reduced intracardiac pressures to similar postprocedural levels, but pressures remained supranormal. This outcome suggests a multifactorial process defines the pathophysiology of patients undergoing TMVR, including contributions from prosthetic degeneration, changes in left atrial compliance, and diastolic dysfunction, and highlights the need to consider such factors in patient evaluation and treatment.
An Analysis of Upper Elementary and Middle Grade Teachers' Perceptions, Concerns and Goals for Integrating CS into Classrooms

As efforts to integrate computer science into K-8 teaching in the US are dramatically rising, professional development workshops for teachers are becoming widespread. An open challenge for the CS education research community is to understand teachers' needs and develop empirically grounded best practices for professional development. This poster displays our findings from a five-day professional development workshop in which 22 third through eighth grade teachers from various subjects learned about fundamental CS concepts, practiced coding, and created lesson plans for integrating what they learned into their classroom. We present quantitative and qualitative outcomes, with emphasis on teachers' perception of CS and how to integrate CS into their classrooms. The quantitative results, based on pre- and post-tests, reveal that the teachers gained significant technical knowledge and improved their attitudes toward CS. The qualitative results, based on the focus groups conducted before and after the workshop, indicated that teachers' limited exposure to CS can lead to misconceptions and some negative attitudes. Moreover, limitations such as time constraints and lack of understanding of CS are barriers to integrating CS into classrooms. On the other hand, the workshop provided teachers a clearer sense of the potential of CS to enhance their classroom plans. Teachers noted that they felt able to use CS to help students learn critical thinking, prepare them for their futures, and address their individual needs. These results can inform future workshops that address the needs of teachers and students.
A nanocalorimetric study of the effect of composition gradients on crystallization in amorphous Cu-Zr thin films

Nucleation, the initial formation of a new phase from a parent phase, plays an important role in the eventual microstructure and properties of materials. Theories and models of nucleation have been integral to materials science for close to a century. These models assume that the parent material is compositionally homogeneous on length-scales relevant to nucleation. However, in certain materials – such as thin films or reactive nanolaminates – sharp gradients in the composition may influence nucleation. Models and theories exploring these impacts are based on little direct experimental data. Here we present means of producing and characterizing samples with composition gradients to measure the impacts of gradients on nucleation. We fabricate amorphous Cu-Zr films with known composition gradients through their thicknesses; we perform isochronal nanocalorimetry to measure the impact of the gradients on nucleation and growth; and we characterize the samples before and after reaction. We see evidence of phase separation of the vapor-quenched Cu-Zr amorphous films. While we measure differences between the samples with gradients and those without, the gradients relax sufficiently during heating such that nucleation (the onset of crystallization) occurs at the same temperatures. For both sets of samples we find three distinct regions of heat release: the first we attribute to local ordering, the second to extended phase separation and interdiffusion, and the third to nucleation and growth of the Cu10Zr7 crystalline phase. This work represents a first step towards investigating the impact of gradients on nucleation, as well as growth.
Taxonomic Supertree Construction with Incertae sedis Taxa

A supertree method is a form of meta-analysis. It combines phylogenetic tree estimates, which typically include only a subset of the species of interest, into a single tree that includes every species found in any input tree. These methods are usually applied to phylogenetic estimates that only have taxonomic labels at their leaves. Taxonomies are another source of information about phylogenetic relationships. They usually convey names for groups of species in addition to species names. If a taxonomy places every species, then its phylogenetic information can be fully expressed as a tree. Such a taxonomy could easily serve as one of the inputs to a supertree method. However, most taxonomies contain incertae sedis taxa, which are species or groups of species that have an uncertain placement within the taxonomic hierarchy. Here, we review some principles of building trees from splits and describe a supertree method that is able to handle incertae sedis taxa without losing taxon names.
LST-1 acts in trans with a conserved RNA-binding protein to maintain stem cells

ABSTRACT Stem cell self-renewal is essential to development and tissue repair. The C. elegans LST-1 protein is a pivotal regulator of self-renewal and oncogenic when misexpessed. Here we define regions within the LST-1 protein that provide molecular insights into both its function and regulation. LST-1 self-renewal activity resides within a predicted disordered region that harbors two KXXL motifs. These KXXL motifs mediate LST-1 binding to FBF, a broadly conserved Pumilio/PUF RNA-binding protein that represses differentiation. Point mutations of the KXXL motifs abrogate LST-1 self-renewal activity. Therefore, FBF binding is essential to LST-1 function. A second distinct region regulates LST-1 spatial expression and primarily affects LST-1 protein turnover. Upon loss of this regulatory region, LST-1 protein distribution expands and drives formation of a larger than normal GSC pool. Thus, LST-1 promotes self-renewal as a key FBF partner, and its spatial regulation helps determine size of the GSC pool. IMPACT STATEMENT A key stem cell regulator partners with a broadly conserved PUF RNA-binding protein to drive self-renewal and maintain a stem cell pool.
Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of aluminum oxide for silicon surface passivation—background and materials science

The author provides a general background on atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) of Al2O3, from its origins to more recent research, focusing on surface passivation applications for solar cells and the composition and structure of the APCVD Al2O3-Si interface.
Linking air-void system and mechanical properties to salt-scaling resistance of concrete containing slag cement

Abstract This paper is focused on correlating salt-scaling resistance to material performance of concrete made with various water-to-cement ratios (w/cm), ternary blends of slag cement and fly ash, and air contents. The fly ash incorporation was kept constant at 20% cement content replacement for all mixes. The material performance of the mixtures was evaluated using air-void system, sorptivity, abrasion, compressive strength, and depth-sensing indentation (DSI) tests. Test results show that effect of concrete properties, i.e., sorptivity, surface hardness, and air content on salt scaling resistance of concrete is relative to mixture proportion. For a w/cm of 0.55 the average total salt scaling after 45 F-T cycles was found about 80% higher than that of mixes made with w/cm of 0.35. The results associated with mixtures made with slag cement were found misleading, since they exhibited improved mechanical properties, while lowered salt-scaling resistance. In addition, 3–6% of air entrainment appeared beneficial for concrete mixtures made with w/cm of 0.55, when subjected to high potential salt scaling environments.
Epidemiological risk factors for adrenocortical carcinoma: A hospital-based case-control study.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy whose risk factors are unclear. We explored the association of ACC risk with exposure to selected environmental factors, with a focus on cigarette smoking. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Cases (n = 432) patients with ACC treated at MD Anderson, and controls (n = 1,204) were healthy and genetically unrelated spouses of patients at MD Anderson who had cancers not associated with smoking. Information on the subjects' demographic features and selected risk factors was collected using a structured, validated questionnaire and medical records review. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) via the maximum-likelihood method. Cases had a younger mean (± standard deviation) age than did controls (47.0 ± 0.7 and 60.0 ± 0.3 years, respectively), and the majority of cases were female (60.6%) and non-Hispanic white (82.4%). We found a markedly increased risk of ACC among male cigarette smokers, with an AOR = 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] =1.2-2.9), but not among female smokers (AOR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.7-1.6). Family history of cancer was associated with increased risk of ACC (AOR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.9-4.3) and in both men and women, whereas alcohol consumption was associated with reduced risk in men (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1-0.3) but not women (AOR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.5-1.1). Understanding these risk factors and their underlying mechanisms may help prevent ACC in susceptible individuals and eventually identify new therapeutic options for ACC.
The influence of unsteady aerodynamics on extracted aircraft parameters

The effect of accounting for unsteady aerodynamics on the parameters extracted from flight data is examined. Longitudinal equations of motion have been modified, and a parameter-extraction program developed to include the effects of unsteady aerodynamics. The approach used was to generate pseudo data using the unsteady-aerodynamics model and to use that data in two parameter-extraction programs, one including and the other neglecting unsteady effects to see if the parameters were significantly different. Flight data for a light airplane also was used with the two extraction programs for the same purpose. Results showed that, for the cases considered, including unsteady aerodynamics in the parameter-extraction program did affect the extracted quantities, particularly the damping in pitch. In addition, the parameter variances were lower when unsteady aerodynamics were included in the extraction program than when the effects were neglected.
Log transformations: What not to expect when you’re expecting

We note that log transformations can be problematic when the variance of the underlying distribution is other than very small. We illustrate these problems in terms of lognormal sampling issues, in...
The Effect of Internationalization on Firm Performance: A Moderating Role of Heterogeneity in TMTs’ Nationality:

The effect of internationalization on firm performance has been investigated in the hospitality literature in a relatively extensive manner. However, the literature has still provided mixed finding...
Coresets for Robust Training of Neural Networks against Noisy Labels

Modern neural networks have the capacity to overfit noisy labels frequently found in real-world datasets. Although great progress has been made, existing techniques are limited in providing theoretical guarantees for the performance of the neural networks trained with noisy labels. Here we propose a novel approach with strong theoretical guarantees for robust training of deep networks trained with noisy labels. The key idea behind our method is to select weighted subsets (coresets) of clean data points that provide an approximately low-rank Jacobian matrix. We then prove that gradient descent applied to the subsets do not overfit the noisy labels. Our extensive experiments corroborate our theory and demonstrate that deep networks trained on our subsets achieve a significantly superior performance compared to state-of-the art, e.g., 6% increase in accuracy on CIFAR-10 with 80% noisy labels, and 7% increase in accuracy on mini Webvision.
Fate Decisions of CD4+ T Cells

The adaptive immune system in vertebrates plays key roles in response against pathogenic challenges. The adaptive immune response involves differentiation and activation of several types of memoryenabling immune cells, including T cells and B cells. A group of T cells with surface marker CD4 coordinate immune responses by activating and modulating other immune cells. Specific immune responses mounted by CD4+ T cells depend on the subtypes of these T cells. Several subtypes of CD4+ T cells have been identified to date, and their differentiation is marked by expression of signature cytokines and lineage-defining master transcription factors. It has been observed that multiple subtypes of CD4+ T cells can be generated through differentiation of a single population of progenitor (naive) CD4+ T cells, and that co-expression of master transcription factors can occur in differentiated CD4+ T cells. In this chapter, we use mathematical models describing interactions of the master transcription factors to understand the mechanisms underlying the differentiation of heterogeneous populations of CD4+ T cells. We show that positive feedback loops involving master regulators and their connectivity to differentiation stimulants govern both the robust fate decisions of individual CD4+ T cells and the diversity of the differentiated cell population with multiple, synergistic functions.
Ironclad apps: end-to-end security via automated full-system verification

An Ironclad App lets a user securely transmit her data to a remote machine with the guarantee that every instruction executed on that machine adheres to a formal abstract specification of the app's behavior. This does more than eliminate implementation vulnerabilities such as buffer overflows, parsing errors, or data leaks; it tells the user exactly how the app will behave at all times. We provide these guarantees via complete, low-level software verification. We then use cryptography and secure hardware to enable secure channels from the verified software to remote users. To achieve such complete verification, we developed a set of new and modified tools, a collection of techniques and engineering disciplines, and a methodology focused on rapid development of verified systems software. We describe our methodology, formal results, and lessons we learned from building a full stack of verified software. That software includes a verified kernel; verified drivers; verified system and crypto libraries including SHA, HMAC, and RSA; and four Ironclad Apps.
Religious Aspects of Psychedelic Drugs

ONE ASPECT of the very controversial "hallucinogenic" or "psychedelic" drugs is whether they generate religious experience, and if so, whether this experience is genuinely religious. This Article examines the available evidence that psychedelic drugs do induce religious experience in hopes that its conclusions might promote rational consideration of legal issues surrounding drugs. Before considering the religious potential of psychedelic drugs, however, one must supply a working definition of "religion." Further, to identify the characteristics of a profoundly religious experience we shall study several historical figures to indicate how a person undergoing such an experience may be expected to feel and act.
Brachytherapy, High Dosage Rate

Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy whereby a radioactive source is used inside or at short distance from the tumor. There are three different forms of brachytherapy: interstitial, intracavitary, and skin therapy. In interstitial brachytherapy, the radioactive sources are implanted inside and throughout the tumor volume; in intracavitary brachytherapy the sources are placed in the body cavities very close to the tumor; while in skin therapy the sources are placed on the skin surface. Conventionally, brachytherapy implants have delivered the radiation at a low dose rate (dose rates of <1 Gy/h). Low dose-rate (LDR) interstitial implants can be temporary (meaning that the radioactive sources are left in place for a period of time, usually a few days, and then removed) or permanent (left in place without removal), while intracavitary implants are temporary. The advent of methods to deliver the dose at a much higher dose rates, in the range of 1–5 Gy/min, brought an increase in the use of brachytherapy. All high dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatments are temporary and treatments are administered using discrete fractions. Keywords: brachytherapy; high dose rate; low dose rate; interstitial; intracavitary; skin therapy
Telehealth and Older Adults with Chronic Illness

(2007). Telehealth and Older Adults with Chronic Illness. Clinical Gerontologist: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 1-4.
Diffusive transport in supercritical CO2 drying of MEMS structures

Supercritical CO 2 drying has been shown to be an effective method for drying complex MEMS structures with little or no stiction. This process typically involves transferring released parts from ultrapure water into a solvent, such as methanol, that is miscible with liquid CO 2 , and subsequently displacing the methanol with liquid CO 2 . During this process sequence, transport of methanol into and out of the tortuous pathways of the MEMS device is dominated by diffusion. The non-steady state diffusion equation (Fick's second law) with length scales relevant to MEMS structures can be applied to understand the speed at which diffusion occurs. This analysis indicates that diffusion of methanol into the pathways of a MEMS device occurs very rapidly, typically on the order of minutes. Experimental data are consistent with the rapid diffusion hypothesis.
Bail out use of the Gore Excluder following pulmonary conduit rupture during transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement

This report describes the use of the Gore Excluder self-expanding stent to successfully exclude a contained right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit rupture during transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (tPVR). This stent was designed for percutaneous abdominal aortic aneurysm exclusion; however, its use in this setting allowed progression to tPVR following conduit rupture without the need for emergent surgery.
Energy Analysis of Health Center Facilities in Saudi Arabia: Influence of Building Orientation, Shading Devices, and Roof Solar Reflectance

Abstract The healthcare sector is one of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's (KSA's) greatest consumers of electrical energy. The Ministry of Health has constructed and currently operating 60% of the healthcare facilities in the KSA. The ministry currently operates 249 general and specialist hospitals with 34,370 beds and 2,109 primary healthcare service centers. Recent government reports indicate a strong need for new healthcare facilities, which are expected to exceed 59,000 beds by 2018 due to current demands as well as projected population growth. This increase in healthcare facilities will result in even greater energy consumption. The Ministry of Health has several approved completed designs of the hospitals and health centers needed to meet this demand. This study presents the impact of building orientation, window shading, and photovoltaic (PV) panel on the energy performance of one of the ministry's approved primary healthcare center designs. The results of this study will aid in improving the energy efficiency of the soon to be constructed health centers.
Orbital plane change maneuver with aerobraking for Mars mission

Investigations on generating control schemes for atmospheric aerobraking for a Mars mission are presented. The complete mission consists of a deorbit phase, an atmospheric phase, and a reorbit phase. The atmospheric maneuver is composed of an entry mode, a cruise mode, and an exit mode. During the cruise mode, constant altitude and velocity are maintained by means of bank angle control with constant thrust or thrust control with constant bank angle. Typical results are given for the application of aerobraking to orbital plane change. >
Chapter 17 – Wnt, Notch, and Tubular Pathology

Wnt/Ctnnb1 and Notch signaling have important roles in kidney development. The adult mammalian kidney is characterized by a low level of Wnt and Notch activity. Increased activation of Notch and Wnt signaling in renal tubule epithelial cells has been reported in acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, and renal cancer. Increased Wnt and Notch expression is important for epithelial repair after injury, whereas chronic and sustained activation can induce kidney fibrosis, polycystic kidney disease or renal cancer. Here, we discuss the role and regulation of Wnt and Notch signaling in renal tubule epithelial cells under different pathological conditions.
Mary Ellen Avery's Research Career - Remembrance of Things Past.

Mary Ellen Avery’s research is recognized as a milestone in biomedical research. She had discovered the underlying cause of hyaline membrane disease, surfactant deficiency, fostering ever more vigorous efforts to reduce neonatal mortality in the burgeoning practice of Neonatology. Neonatology is the only clinical discipline that began as an experiment, making it a model for biomedical research. Avery knew that the concerted effort to treat preterm newborns could potentially do more harm than good, violating her oath to Hippocrates, if not held to the highest scientific standards. She remained true to that pledge throughout her career, as recounted in this Review.
Performance analysis of subspace based methods (plane wave direction of arrival estimation)

The authors analyze the performance of two subspace based methods, ESPRIT, and the Toeplitz Approximation Method (TAM), for estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) of plane waves in white noise. In the case of a linear equispaced sensor array, it is shown that ESPRIT, like TAM, can be treated via a state space formulation leading to interesting insights. The state transition matrix estimated by ESPRIT is shown to be related to that obtained by TAM by a diagonal similarity transformation. The performance of these methods is also analyzed. In particular, asymptotic results for the mean squared error in the estimates of the direction of arrival are derived for each of the above mentioned methods. Simple closed form expressions for the one source case are derived, and compared with the corresponding expressions for the Minimum-Norm method and MUSIC. Computer simulations are provided to substantiate the analysis. >
Terminal processes in the anaerobic degradation of an algal-bacterial mat in a high-sulfate hot spring.

The algal-bacterial mat of a high-sulfate hot spring (Bath Lake) provided an environment in which to compare terminal processes involved in anaerobic decomposition. Sulfate reduction was found to dominate methane production, as indicated by comparison of initial electron flow through the two processes, rapid conversion of [2-14C]acetate to 14CO2 and not to 14CH4, and the lack of rapid reduction of NaH14CO3 to 14CH4. Sulfate reduction was the dominant process at all depth intervals, but a marked decrease of sulfate reduction and sulfate-reducing bacteria was observed with depth. Concurrent methanogenesis was indicated by the presence of viable methanogenic bacteria and very low but detectable rates of methane production. A marked increased in methane production was observed after sulfate depletion despite high concentrations of sulfide (>1.25 mM), indicating that methanogenesis was not inhibited by sulfide in the natural environment. Although a sulfate minimum and sulfide maximum occurred in the region of maximal sulfate reduction, the absence of sulfate depletion in interstitial water suggests that methanogenesis is always severely limited in Bath Lake sediments. Low initial methanogenesis was not due to anaerobic methane oxidation.
Retrieval of multidimensional heat transfer coefficient distributions using an inverse BEM-based regularized algorithm: numerical and experimental results

The surface distribution of heat transfer coefficients (h) is often determined point by point using surface temperature measurements of the tested object, initially at a uniform temperature and impulsively imposed with a convective boundary condition, and the solution to the transient heat conduction equation for a semi-infinite medium. There are many practical cases where this approach fails to adequately model the temperature field and, consequently, leads to erroneous h values. In this paper, we present an inverse BEM-based approach for the retrieval of spatially varying h distributions from surface temperature measurements. In this method, a convolution BEM marching scheme is used to solve the conduction problem. At each time level, a regularized functional is minimized to estimate the current heat flux and simultaneously smooth out uncertainties in calculated h values due to experimental uncertainties in measured temperatures. Newton's cooling law is then invoked to compute h. Results are presented from a numerical simulation and from an experiment. It is also shown that the method can be readily applied to steady-state.
A pellet mould for bulk specimen X-ray microanalysis in SEM

SUMMARY The paper describes a mould that allows pellet making of powdered specimens for X-ray microanalysis. The pellet is formed directly on a specimen support stub. Technical drawings provide necessary information for a machine-shop reproduction.
Cross sectional analysis of indirect professional immigration to the United States, 1964-1974.

This paper concerns legal immigration to the United States with a focus on new admissions and adjustments of status. The authors develop a model of indirect professional immigration through adjustments of migrant status for the period 1964-1974 to show how changes in migration legislation have a significant effect. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (ANNOTATION)
Spectral sensitivity of human visual evoked cortical potentials: a new method and a comparison with psychophysical data.

Abstract VECP amplitude vs. stimulus intensity functions, upon which spectral sensitivity data is based, are generally quite variable and often non-linear. Sometimes, the amplitude-intensity functions are, in fact, non-monotonic. Under these conditions, choice of criterion amplitude can affect the resulting spectral sensitivity function. This study utilizes a technique of stimulus presentation and data analysis designed to reduce variability in the amplitude-intensity functions. This study is also concerned with the degree of correspondence between VECP data and psychophysical data. Thus, I have obtained both classes of measurement upon the same observers during the same experimental sessions. Results indicate low variability associated with data collected by this method. Clearly photopic functions were obtained with VECP data, which compare closely with psychophysical spectral sensitivity functions obtained under identical conditions.
An adaptive distributed-measurement extended Kalman filter tracker

A simple extended Kalman filter has been designed to track targets using outputs from a forward looking infrared (FLIR) sensor as measurements. It exploits knowledge unused by current correlation trackers-size, shape, and motion characteristics of target, and atmospheric jitter spectral description -- to yield enhanced performance. In order to track air-to-air missiles at close range, it incorporates online adaptation to target shape effects, changing target motion characteristics, and maximum signal intensity. It is shown to possess considerable performance potential for highly maneuverable targets despite background clutter.
Social contagion of binge eating.

A social psychological account of the acquisition of binge eating, analogous to the classic social psychological work, "Social Pressures in Informal Groups" (Festinger, Schachter, & Back, 1950), is suggested and tested in two college sororities. In these sororities, clear evidence of group norms about appropriate binge-eating behavior was found; in one sorority, the more one binged, the more popular one was. In the other, popularity was associated with binging the right amount: Those who binged too much or too little were less popular than those who binged at the mean. Evidence of social pressures to binge eat were found as well. By the end of the academic year, a sorority member's binge eating could be predicted from the binge-eating level of her friends (average r = .31). As friendship groups grew more cohesive, a sorority member's binge eating grew more and more like that of her friends (average r = .35). The parsimony of a social psychological account of the acquisition of binge eating behavior is shown. I argue that there is no great mystery to how bulimia has become such a serious problem for today's women. Binge eating seems to be an acquired pattern of behavior, perhaps through modeling, and appears to be learned much like any other set of behaviors. Like other behaviors, it is under substantial social control.
Solution-mineral equilibria in the system MgO-SiO2-H2O-MgCl2 at 500°C and 1 kbar

Abstract The quench pH of MgCl 2 solutions equilibrated at 500°C and 1 kbar pressure with talc + quartz is between 0.9 and 1.6, that of solutions equilibrated with forsterite + talc 4.2 to 7.7, and that of solutions equilibrated with brucite + forsterite between 6 and 9. The addition of NaCl and CaCl 2 does not affect the quench pH measurably. The low quench pH of solutions equilibrated with talc + quartz is due to the ionization of HCl O during the quench. The quench pH of solutions equilibrated with forsterite + talc is apparently controlled by the reaction of Mg-OH complexes with HCl O during cooling, that of brucite + forsterite solutions by the precipitation of magnesium hydroxychlorides and/or brucite during cooling. At 500°C and 1 kbar the solutions are neutral to slightly acid. The low quench pH of solutions equilibrated with talc + quartz shows that these can give rise to extensive proton metasomatism with wall rocks during cooling. This is not the case for solutions equilibrated at 500°C and 1 kbar with forsterite + talc or brucite + forsterite, and explains the lack of proton metasomatism around ultrabasic bodies. The SiO 2 concentration in solutions equilibrated with forsterite + talc is sufficient to lead to the precipitation of quartz on cooling. This may explain the occurrence of quartz with some ultramafic bodies. Mg 2 (OH) 3 Cl appears to be a stable phase in equilibrium with brucite + forsterite in runs containing more than 0.1 mole MgCl 2 /kg of solution. Much of the chlorine in altered ultramafic bodies may be present as a component of this and/or other magnesium hydroxychlorides.
Expression of mBRI2 in mice.

Abstract Mutations in the BRI 2 gene cause the autosomal dominant neurodegenerative diseases familial British dementia (FBD) and familial Danish dementia (FDD). BRI 2 is a member of a family of type 2 integral transmembrane spanning proteins, including mBRI 2 , its murine homologue. The function of BRI 2 is unknown. Northern and Western analyses and in situ hybridization were employed to determine the expression of mBRI 2 in the mouse. mBRI 2 mRNA was expressed in several tissues including the liver, heart, lung, and ubiquitously throughout the brain. mBRI 2 protein was detected at high levels in many brain regions. Murine BRI 2 expression is similar to that described in the human brain but does not fully explain the distribution of pathology seen in FBD and FDD.
Responses of the lateral geniculate nucleus to light increment and decrement and the encoding of brightness.

Responses of lateral geniculate nucleus of monkey to light increment and decrement and encoding of brightness
Fabrication of natural DNA-containing organic light emitting diodes

ABSTRACT The process of creating natural DNA-containing bio-organic light emitting diodes is a fascinating journey from salmon fish to the highly-efficient BiOLED. DNA from salmon sperm is used as a high-performance electron blocking layer, to enhance the efficiency of the BiOLED over its conventional OLED counterpart. An overview of the BiOLED fabrication process and its key steps are presented in this paper. Keywords: deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, CTMA, BiOLED, OLED, device fabrication, thin films 1. INTRODUCTION Organic light emitting diodes are being developed for many applications including solid state lighting and a variety of displays ranging from smartphones to TVs. The incorporation of natural DNA in OLED structures has resulted [1] in significant improvements in both light output (brightness) and emission efficiency [2]. In this paper, we review the processes used for BiOLED fabrication with particular attention to the transformation of raw natural DNA into thin films which can be incorporated into BiOLEDs [3]. A typical DNA-containing BiOLED structure is shown schematically in Fig. 1. The structure is built on a glass substrate which is coated with a transparent electrode of indium-tin oxide (ITO). A conductive organic polymer (PEDOT:PSS) layer is deposited by spin-coating in order to facilitate injection of holes from the anode (ITO). A DNA (modified with a surfactant) thin film is deposited next, also by spin-coating. The device is then introduced into an ultra-high vacuum system where the remaining organic layers and the Al cathode are deposited by thermal evaporation. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of typical BiOLED structure, including layer thicknesses.
Capturing individuals' food environments using flexible space-time accessibility measures

Within the geography, transportation, and public health communities there has been intense interest in better understanding the linkages between health outcomes such as obesity rates and people's access to healthy foods. In this nexus, personal access to healthy food is shaped by a number of individual and geographical factors including people's time available for shopping, the quality of proximal food vendors (e.g. supermarkets vs. convenience stores), and the nature of the transportation systems available to facilitate mobility. Building on recent research in disaggregate accessibility modeling, including that of time geography, this paper describes an individual-level modeling approach for quantifying peoples' food environments. The approach works by measuring the accessibility people have to local food shopping opportunities given their activity patterns and available time budgets. Individuals' food accessibility may be compared to one another and the underlying mobility afforded by the transportation system is accounted for. Moreover, the individual-level measure is such that it may be resolved to places, whereby the aggregation and mapping of multiple individuals' food accessibility experiences is possible. Hence, possible ‘deserts’ or areas of inaccessibility may be identified through a bottom-up analysis of the travel and mobility experience of a representative sample of individuals. These ideas are demonstrated with spatial data from a smaller urban area in Florida. Results show that individual and place-based differences in food accessibility may be delineated with the metrics.
Elevated serum tobramycin concentrations after treatment with tobramycin inhalation in a preterm infant

High-dose inhaled tobramycin has been increasingly used for treatment and suppression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infections, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis. The advantage of inhalation over other routes of administration is minimal systemic absorption, which reduces the potential for adverse effects. However, cases of adults who had elevated serum concentrations and experienced systemic adverse effects due to excessive systemic absorption after inhaled tobramycin have been reported. We describe a prematurely born infant with numerous congenital and acquired disorders who required assisted mechanical ventilation and a 60-day stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Tracheostomy and mechanical ventilatory support were required throughout the infant's hospital stay. The patient developed several pulmonary infections caused by various bacteria. He was treated with multiple antibiotics, including two different dose preparations of inhaled tobramycin 80 mg and 300 mg, administered through the tracheostomy and the ventilator. The infant was given a total of five preparations of tobramycin 80 mg/dose and three of 300 mg/dose, for a total cumulative dose of 1,300 mg over a 6-day period. His tobramycin concentrations increased, prompting discontinuation of the inhaled tobramycin. The infant died on day 60. To our knowledge, this is the first report of elevated tobramycin concentrations after inhalation in an infant. Although studies have found that tobramycin is safe and effective, certain patient populations are more at risk for toxicity. Tobramycin concentrations should be closely monitored in patients with significant underlying renal disorders, especially those in age-group extremes.
Effect of dopant on reaction between polycrystalline silicon and thin-film rhodium

High phosphorus doping (6.0 × 1020 atom/cm3) of polycrystalline silicon has been found to change the first rhodium silicide formation from the monosilicide (RhSi) to a metal‐rich silicide (Rh2Si) which has twice the conductivity of the former. The methods of specimen analysis and characterization utilized in this study are Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Seemann Bohlin x‐ray diffraction, sheet resistance, and resistivity measurement via four‐point probe.
Does saving time using FASTPAC or suprathreshold testing reduce quality of visual fields

Purpose: To compare the clinical performance of two time-saving test strategies in detecting visual field abnormalities. Methods: One eye of 48 healthy subjects and 87 patients with glaucoma and early visual field loss was tested with the Humphrey perimeter. After an initial 24-2 standard threshold test, three tests using the 24-2 array of test locations were performed in randomized order: standard threshold strategy, FASTPAC threshold strategy, and threshold-related suprathreshold screening strategy. The initial 24-2 test was used as the "gold standard" against which the other three tests were compared. Results: Mean threshold values were 0.3 decibels more sensitive using FASTPAC than the standard threshold test, whereas short-term fluctuation was 0.5 decibels larger. Measured using different criteria for abnormality, sensitivity and specificity of FASTPAC were no different than those of the standard threshold test, but they were better than the suprathreshold screening. Using a very sensitive measure of defect detection in ten different clusters within the field, the standard strategy and FASTPAC performed similarly yet significantly better than the suprathreshold test. Conclusions: In healthy subjects and patients with early glaucoma, FASTPAC saves 40% of test time without a significant deterioration in defect detection, whereas 52-point suprathreshold screening is not a clinically acceptable alternative.
Extinctions: consider all species

We question Fangliang He and Stephen Hubbell’s claim that species–area relationships overestimate global extinction. (Nature 473, 368–371; 2011). We contend that they do not test their claims against real data on global extinction or threat. We also believe that they address only a small part of the problem.
Cembrane, synthesis. An advanced intermediate for crassin acetate.

Abstract The intramolecular alkyLation of a lithioalkyne with an allylic bromide produced the fourteen membered ring of crassin acetate. A nitrile oxide cycloaddition furnished the lactone and stereocenters at C1 and C14.
BELIEFS ABOUT THE TEACHER'S ROLE IN THE MATHEMATICS CLASSROOM: ONE STUDENT TEACHER'S EXPLORATIONS IN FICTION AND IN PRACTICE

This case study of a preservice secondary mathematics teacher focuses on the teacher’s beliefs about his role as mathematics teacher. Data were collected over the final 5 months of the teacher’s university teacher education program through interviews, written course assignments, and observations of student-teaching. Findings indicate that the preservice teacher valued classroom roles in which students, rather than the teacher, explained traditional mathematics content. As his student-teaching internship progressed, the teacher began to develop new roles and engaged students in additional mathematical processes. These results emphasize the need for preservice teachers to recognize how teacher and student roles impact interrelationships between understanding and mathematical activity, and illustrate the nature of teacher learning that can occur during an internship.
Collapse of the Tumor Stroma is Triggered by IL-12 Induction of Fas

Engineering CD8+ T cells to deliver interleukin 12 (IL-12) to the tumor site can lead to striking improvements in the ability of adoptively transferred T cells to induce the regression of established murine cancers. We have recently shown that IL-12 triggers an acute inflammatory environment that reverses dysfunctional antigen presentation by myeloid-derived cells within tumors and leads to an increase in the infiltration of adoptively transferred antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Here, we find that local delivery of IL-12 increased the expression of Fas within tumor-infiltrating macrophages, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and that these changes were abrogated in mice deficient in IL-12–receptor signaling. Importantly, upregulation of Fas in host mice played a critical role in the proliferation and antitumor activity of adoptively transferred IL-12–modified CD8+ T cells. We also observed higher percentages of myeloid-derived cell populations within tumors in Fas-deficient mice, indicating that tumor stromal destruction was dependent on the Fas death receptor. Taken together, these results describe the likely requirement for costimulatory reverse signaling through Fasl on T cells that successfully infiltrate tumors, a mechanism triggered by the induction of Fas expression on myeloid-derived cells by IL-12 and the subsequent collapse of the tumor stroma.
Phylogenetic relationships in Dermocybe and related Cortinarius taxa based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers

The genus Cortinarius Fr. (Cortinariaceae, Agaricales) is divided into four or more subgenera. Dermocybe (Fr.) Sacc. has been recognized as either a subgenus of Cortinarius or a separate genus, distinguished in part by the presence of various anthraquinonic pigments. Nucleotide sequences of ribosomal DNA 5.8S and internal transcribed spacers were used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among species of Dermocybe and selected taxa from subgenera of Cortinarius. Sequence data from 47 herbarium specimens representing 31 taxa (28 species plus 3 varieties) of Dermocybe and Cortinarius were analyzed using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighbor joining. In general, molecular data support the morphological groupings of the taxa, although they more closely correspond to biochemical (anthraquinone and other) analyses. Phylogenetic trees showed that, while the sections Dermocybe and Malicoriae are monophyletic, and the concolorous or almost concolorous red species (section Sanguineae, such as D. sang...
Bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: high-yield purification and viability in suspension culture

A method for purifying chromaffin cells from adult, bovine, adrenal medullae and the techniques for maintaining the cells in suspension culture for at least 14 days are presented. Perfusion of medullae with a collagenase-containing medium produced a cell fraction that contained, in addition to chromaffin cells, a significant percentage of non-chromaffin cells. These cells were found to attach more rapidly than chromaffin cells to glass and tissue-culture plasticware. Using this property, we devised a selective plating procedure that yielded ∼ 1–2 × 108 chromaffin cells per adrenal medulla at a purity of 95% or higher. On the basis of catecholamine levels and enzyme activities, suspension (as opposed to monolayer) cultures were chosen to further investigate their potential as a model system for the regulation of adrenergic function. In contrast to chromaffin cells cultured in monolayer, chromaffin cells in suspension had a more rounded appearance and formed multicellular aggregates with time in culture. Very few neurite-like structures, commonly observed in monolayer cultures, were present in the suspension cultures. Also, inhibitors of mitosis were not necessary to prevent overgrowth by non-chromaffin cells as there was little or no cell division in the suspension cultures. Catecholamine levels were relatively stable for at least 2 weeks, although a gradual decline in epinephrine occurred after day 5. Unlike other enzymes involved in catecholamine metabolism, phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase activity declined significantly with time in culture in parallel to the gradual loss of epinephrine. In addition, both oxygen consumption and amino acid incorporation into proteins were relatively stable. Thus, the primary suspension cultures of adult, bovine chromaffin cells seem to offer several advantages for studying long-term regulation of chromaffin cell function and provide a stable source of adrenergic cells for examining short-term regulatory processes.