cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of reward quality on risk-sensitivity in Rattus norvegicus.

Abstract Risk-sensitive foraging theory (RSFT) was developed to explain a choice between a variable (risk-prone) or constant (risk-averse) option. In the RSFT literature, qualitative shifts in risk-sensitivity have been explained by fluctuations in daily caloric energy budget (DEB). The DEB rule describes foragers’ choices as being based on fitness and rate of gain. If the DEB rule is correct, rewards that differ in caloric returns should cause differences in foragers’ sensitivity to risk. However, few studies have explored the influence of reward quality on risk-sensitivity in mammals. The present study was designed to examine the effects of reward quality on risk-sensitivity when reward magnitude, delay to reward, body mass, and response effort were controlled. Results from the current study demonstrated that subjects rewarded with a high calorie reward (i.e., sugar) made significantly fewer choices for a variable option than subjects rewarded with a lower calorie reward (i.e., grain). These results are consistent with the predictions of the DEB rule, and add to the RSFT literature where reward quality was manipulated by describing difference in risk-sensitivity in mammals. Suggestions for future research include an examination of risk-sensitivity where flavor and caloric return are manipulated.
Selective immunotoxic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic cells: Effects on learning and memory in rats.

Male Long-Evans rats were given injections of either 192 IgG-saporin, an apparently selective toxin for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (LES), or vehicle (CON) into either the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VDB) or bilaterally into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and substantia innominata (nBM/SI). Place discrimination in the Morris water maze assessed spatial learning, and a trial-unique matching-to-place task in the water maze assessed memory for place information over varying delays. MS/VDB-LES and nBM/SI-LES rats were not impaired relative to CON rats in acquisition of the place discrimination, but were mildly impaired relative to CON rats in performance of the memory task even at the shortest delay, suggesting a nonmnemonic deficit. These results contrast with effects of less selective lesions, which have been taken to support a role for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in learning and memory.
The effect of compositional variations on the properties of rare-earth doped GeSI chalcohalide glasses

Abstract Undoped and Pr3+-doped GexSyIz glasses, with atomic concentrations of germanium 0.33 ≤ x ≤ 0.43 and iodine 0 ≤ z ≤ 20, respectively, were synthesized and their optical and thermal properties measured. The properties followed the same compositional trends as the binary GexS1 - x glasses, for which 0.33 ≤ x ≤ 0.43. The compositional dependences of the absorption edge and rare-earth solubility in GexSyIz glasses can be presented with a single parameter p = (y + z 2 ) x . Addition of iodine to the Ge-rich GexS1 - x-base glass system resulted in increasing the optical bandgap energy and decreasing the glass transition temperature. Thermal stability of the GexSyIz glasses is a function of both S Ge ratio and iodine concentration. XPS and Raman spectroscopic measurements were conducted to obtain information about the structural changes accompanying the compositional variations. Properties-structure correlations are discussed. The results of the present study were used for selection of a compositional range within the GexSyIz glass system with optimal properties required for Pr3+-doped fiber amplifier application.
A scaleable formal total synthesis of dehydrogliotoxin

A formal total synthesis of the epidithiodiketopiperazine natural product, dehydrogliotoxin (2), utilizing an intramolecular ring closure to form key intermediate 5 is described.
Application of Non-Linear k–ω Model to the Turbulent Flow Inside a Sharp U-Bend

Simulation of the complex flow inside a sharp U-bend needs both refined turbulence models and higher order numerical discretization schemes. In the present study, a nonlinear low-Reynolds number (low-Re) k–ω model including the cubic terms was employed to predict the turbulent flow through a square cross-sectioned U-bend with a sharp curvature, Rc/D = 0.65. In the turbulence model employed for the present study, the cubic terms are incorporated to represent the effect of extra strain-rates such as streamline curvature and three-dimensionality on both turbulence normal and shear stresses. In order to accurately predict such complex flowfields, a higher-order bounded interpolation scheme (Song, et al., 1999) has been used to discretize all the transport equations. The calculated results by using both the non-linear k–ω model and the linear low-Reynolds number k–e model (Launder and Sharma, 1974) have been compared with experimental data. It is shown that the present model produces satisfactory predictions of the flow development inside the sharp U-bend and well captures the characteristics of the turbulence anisotropy within the duct core region and wall sub-layer.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Recent advances in SAR remote sensing: “Multimodal POLinSAR imaging with applications to remote sensing of the terrestrial covers and the monitoring of environmental stress changes”

Land cover monitoring is one of the most potential applications of Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (POLSAR) sensing and so is Repeat-Pass Polarimetric-Interferometric SAR (RP-DIFF-POL-IN-SAR) stress-change assessment by air/high-altitude/space-borne SAR sensor deployment. Provided fully polarimetric SAR information can be made available, a plethora of novel POLSAR matrix decomposition methods can be implemented for recovering rather precise scattering contributions from isolated and distributed scattering scenarios, and so can rather exact environmental changes from consecutive repeat-pass observations at 1 m resolution from air and from space. With the recent launches of the fully polarimetric satellites JAXA-ALOS (PAL-SAR-L-Band), the DLR TerraSAR-X (X-Band) and of RADASAT-2 (C-Band), a new era in space imaging of the terrestrial terrain and ocean surfaces has arrived providing unforeseen advantages.
Material behavior and materials problems in TFTR

Abstract This paper reviews the experience with first-wall materials in TFTR over a 20 month period of operatiori during 1985–1987. Experience with the axisymmetric inner wall limiter, constructed of graphite tiles, is described, including the necessary conditioning procedures needed for impurity and particle control of high power (≤ 20 MW) neutral injection experiments. The thermal effects in disruptions have been quantified and no significant damage to the bumper limiter has occurred as a result of disruptions. Carbon and metal impurity redeposition effects have been quantified through surface analysis of wall samples. Estimates of the tritium retention in the graphite limiter tiles and redeposited carbon films have been made, based on analysis of deuterium retention in removed graphite tiles and wall samples. New limiter structures have been designed using a 2D carbon/carbon ( C C ) composite material for RF antenna protection. Laboratory tests of the important thermal, mechanical, and vacuum properties of C C materials are described. Finally, the last series of experiments in TFTR with in-situ Zr Al surface pumps are discussed. Problems with Zr Al embrittlement have led to the removal of the getter material from the in-torus environment.
Antibiotic therapy for preterm premature rupture of the membranes

Amniotic fluid studies and placental histopathological evaluation have confirmed the association between intrauterine infection and preterm premature rupture of the membranes (pPROM). This association is increasingly strong with pPROM at early gestational ages. The organisms associated with pPROM include a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In many cases, the patient presenting with pPROM will have overt intrauterine infection necessitating delivery. For those amenable to expectant management, the clinical course is usually of brief latency between membrane rupture and delivery. A number of well-designed prospective clinical trials have evaluated the utility of antibiotic treatment during the expectant management of pPROM. Taken together, these studies suggest broad spectrum antibiotic treatment of this population to enhance pregnancy prolongation, and to reduce maternal and neonatal infectious morbidity. There are some data suggesting the potential for a reduction in neonatal gestational age-dependent morbidity. We recommend aggressive adjunctive antibiotic treatment to prolong pregnancy and reduce morbidity in patients with pPROM, at gestations remote from term, when a significant improvement in neonatal outcome can anticipated with expectant management.
How amelogenin orchestrates the organization of hierarchical elongated microstructures of apatite.

Amelogenin (Amel) accelerates the nucleation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) in supersaturated solutions of calcium phosphate (Ca−P), shortening the induction time (delay period), under near-physiological conditions of pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Hierarchically organized Amel and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanorod microstructures are formed involving a coassembly of Amel−ACP particles at low supersaturations and low protein concentrations in a slow, well-controlled, constant composition (CC) crystallization system. At the earliest nucleation stages, the CC method allows the capture of prenucleation clusters and intermediate nanoclusers, spherical nanoparticles, and nanochains prior to enamel-like nanorod microstructure formations at later maturation stages. Amel−ACP nanoscaled building blocks are formed spontaneously by synergistic interactions between flexible Amel protein molecules and Ca−P prenucleation clusters, and these spherical nanoparticles evolve by orientated aggregation to form nanocha...
Optimum Camera Angle for Optic Flow-Based Centering Response

We present analytical and empirical investigations into the optimum camera angle to use for the optic flow-based centering response. This technique is commonly used to guide both ground-based and aerial robots between obstacles. A variety of camera angles have been implemented by researchers in the past, but surprisingly little mention is made of the motivation for these camera angle choices, nor has an investigation into the optimum camera angle been conducted. Our investigation shows that camera angle plays a key role in the performance of control strategies for the centering response, and both empirical and analytical investigations show the optimum camera angle to be 45 degrees when traveling between parallel obstacles.
The lack of definable witnesses and provably recursive functions in intuitionistic set theories

Abstract Let ZFIR(ZFIC) be intuitionistic ZF set theory formulated with Replacement (resp. Collection). It is known that if ZFIR proves a sentence ∃xA(x), then there is a formula C(z) so that ZFIR proves ∃!zC(z) and ∃x(C(x) ∧ A(x)), the existence property. It is shown that ZFIC does not have the existence property, and thus ZFIR ⫋ ZFIC. This remains true even if one adds Dependent Choice and all true Σ1 sentence of ZF. It is known that ZF and ZFIc have the same provably recursive functions. It is also shown that this is not true for ZFIC and ZFIR.
Development of self-control using Premack's differential rate hypothesis: A case study

Abstract Premack in his theory of reinforcement (1959) focuses on the frequency of occurrence of responses rather than upon specific stimulus characteristics. Simply stated, for any pair of responses, the more probable one will reinforce the less probable one. One clinical implication of the Premackian hypothesis is in terms of “self-control” : using one type of behavior to control other types of behavior (Holland and Skinner, 1961). In this conceptualization of “self-control”, if the emission of a high-frequency reinforcing response is made contingent upon the emission of a low-frequency appropriate response, then the latter should increase in its frequency of occurrence; concurrently, the non-reinforced inappropriate response should decrease in its frequency of occurrence. In a clinical situation, developing procedures within this framework could maximize the efficiency of therapist-patient contacts; particularly, when the purpose is one of the patient learning to control and/or eliminate inappropriate behavior (Homme. DeBaca, Devine, Steinhorst, and Ricken. 1963; Goldiamond, 1965; Greenspoon and Brownstein, 1967). The programming of such a technique necessitates two considerations: selection and measurement of the responses involved. In terms of response-selection, an ideal low frequency response would be one incompatible with the inappropriate response to be conttolled. The high frequency, reinforcing response, for purposes of long-term effects and generalization from the specific learning situation, should be one already existing in the individual's behavioral repertoire (Ferster, 1967). Three operations are implied in the measurement process (Premack. 1959; McIntire, 1963): independent measurements of the respective frequencies of the selected responses, programming a situation which would insure the two responses occurring repeatedly in a contingent order, and some measure of the first response which would reflect an increment in frequency as a result of such pairing.
Development of perceptual asymmetry for free viewing of chimeric stimuli.

Free-viewing chimeric stimuli tasks have been used in a number of studies to assess perceptual asymmetries and draw inferences about hemispheric lateralization in children and adults. In order to determine whether perceptual asymmetries for nonverbal information are present in children, a free-viewing chimeric stimuli task was used in 63 normally developing 6- through 16-year-old children. Stimuli included affect (happy faces), gender, quantity, and shape. An overall left hemispace (LHS) advantage was present by 6 years of age. This LHS preference was more prominent by age 10 and then plateaued. No preference for shape was detected at any of the age ranges studied. These results suggest that perceptual asymmetries for visual stimuli develop during childhood and appear to reach a plateau by age 10. The observed specificity for certain types of nonverbal stimuli should be taken into account in future studies of perceptual asymmetry in both normal and neurologically impaired children.
Estimating allelic diversity generated by excision of different transposon types

Methods are presented for calculating the number and type of different DNA sequences generated by base excision and insertion events at a given site in a known DNA sequence. We calculate, for example, that excision of the Mu1 transposon from the bz1::Mu1 allele of maize should generate more than 500,000 unique alleles given the extent of base deletion (up to 34 bases removed) and base insertion (0–5 bases) observed thus far in sequenced excision alleles. Analysis of this universe of potential alleles can, for example, be used to predict the frequency of creation of stop codons or repair-generated duplications. In general, knowledge of the distribution of alleles can be used to evaluate models of both excision and repair by determining whether particular events occur more frequently than expected. Such quantitative analysis complements the qualitative description provided by the DNA sequence of individual events. Similar methods can be used to evaluate the outcome of other cases of DNA breakage and repair such as programmed V(D)J recombination in immunoglobin genes.
Chronic dopa treatment: Effect on the concentration of norepinephrine in the hearts and brains of rats

Abstract Chronic L-dopa treatment in rats had no significant effect on brain norepinephrine levels after 21 days of oral treatment. In contrast, cardiac norepinephrine was found to be markedly reduced. While dopamine was found to accumulate in heart at earlier times, twelve hours after L-dopa dopamine concentrations were insufficient to compensate for the observed norepinephrine depletion.
The Finances of Major U.S. Unions

Financial resources have a significant impact on labor's current attempt to reassert itself. We examine the total assets, net worth, and income of unions in (1) a cross-sectional analysis of the distribution of financial resources across national, intermediate, and local levels of unions and (2) a longitudinal analysis of trends in a variety of financial measures. We observe considerable decentralization of financial resources across levels, substantial concentration of resources, and differences across and within union sectors. These results are discussed with regard to current merger activity.
Federated search as a transformational technology enabling knowledge discovery: the role of WorldWideScience.org

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the work of the Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) in the US Department of Energy Office of Science and OSTI's development of the powerful search engine, WorldWideScience.org. With tools such as Science.gov and WorldWideScience.org, the patron gains access to multiple, geographically dispersed deep web databases and can search all of the constituent sources with a single query.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is both historical and descriptive.Findings – That WorldWideScience.org fills a unique niche in discovering scientific material in an information landscape that includes search engines such as Google and Google Scholar.Originality/value – This is one of the few papers to describe in depth the important work being done by the US Office of Scientific and Technical Information in the field of search and discovery.
Understanding Context in a Diabetes-Related Healthy Eating Initiative in Rural America.

The Institute on Aging and Social Work (the institute) supported directed efforts to enhance the research capacity of academics in gerontology across the nation. Due to my participation in the institute, I received intensive training in aging research from distinguished professors as well as staff from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). As a direct result of my training, my colleagues and I were able to secure a $2.5 million grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The aim of the five-year grant is to reduce diabetes-related inequalities in vulnerable populations that include rural older adults of lower socioeconomic status. The research skills learned at the institute were instrumental in the development of my focused research agenda on reducing individual blame and the injustice and inequality that originate within the social determinants of health. Since the institute, I have shared my knowledge developed at the institute with colleagues and students. In this article, I de...
The Relationship Between Students' Perceptions of the Teaching and Learning Process and Academic Performance in Science of Seventh and Eighth Graders Enrolled in Seventh-day Adventist Schools

This study investigated student perceptions of the 7th and 8th grade Adventist science education program and their relationship to achievement in science as defined by performance on the Iowa Test of Basic Skills. Findings revealed that students held generally poor perceptions of science education. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed 8 significant predictors of science achievement for multigrade and 2-grade classrooms and 5 significant predictors for single-grade classrooms. The 5 predictors shared across all classroom types included “complete assignments,” “environment conducive to study at home,” “read textbook ahead,” “teacher grades fairly,” and “subject made interesting."
A Hardware Framework for Yield and Reliability Enhancement in Chip Multiprocessors

Device reliability and manufacturability have emerged as dominant concerns in end-of-road CMOS devices. An increasing number of hardware failures are attributed to manufacturability or reliability problems. Maintaining an acceptable manufacturing yield for chips containing tens of billions of transistors with wide variations in device parameters has been identified as a great challenge. Additionally, today’s nanometer scale devices suffer from accelerated aging effects because of the extreme operating temperature and electric fields they are subjected to. Unless addressed in design, aging-related defects can significantly reduce the lifetime of a product. In this article, we investigate a micro-architectural scheme for improving yield and reliability of homogeneous chip multiprocessors (CMPs). The proposed solution involves a hardware framework that enables us to utilize the redundancies inherent in a multicore system to keep the system operational in the face of partial failures. A micro-architectural modification allows a faulty core in a CMP to use another core’s resources to service any instruction that the former cannot execute correctly by itself. This service improves yield and reliability but may cause loss of performance. The target platform for quantitative evaluation of performance under degradation is a dual-core and a quad-core chip multiprocessor with one or more cores sustaining partial failure. Simulation studies indicate that when a large, high-latency, and sparingly used unit such as a floating-point unit fails in a core, correct execution may be sustained through outsourcing with at most a 16p impact on performance for a floating-point intensive application. For applications with moderate floating-point load, the degradation is insignificant. The performance impact may be mitigated even further by judicious selection of the cores to commandeer depending on the current load on each of the candidate cores. The area overhead is also negligible due to resource reuse.
Children Use Different Cues to Guide Noun and Verb Extensions

Learning new words involves decoding both how a word fits the current situation and how it could be used in new situations. Three studies explore how two types of cues—sentence structure and the availability of multiple instances—affect children's extensions of nouns and verbs. In each study, 2.5-year-olds heard nouns, verbs, or no new word while seeing the experimenter use a novel object to perform an action; at test, they were asked to extend the word. In Study 1, children hearing nouns in simple sentences used object shape as the basis for extension even though, during the learning phase, they saw multiple objects in motion; children in the other conditions responded randomly. Study 2 shows that by changing the type of sentences used in the noun and verb conditions, not only is the “shape bias” disrupted but children are successful in extending new verbs. In a final study, access to multiple examples was replaced by a direct teaching context and produced findings similar to those in Study 2. An implica...
Evaluation of methods for producing renal dysfunction in rats

The following methods for producing renal dysfunction in rats were compared: single-step 5/6th nephrectomy, two-step 5/6th nephrectomy, bilateral ureteral ligation, and uranyl nitrate injection. Control groups consisted of single- and two-step sham-operated animals and animals that received an injection of normal saline solution. The methods were evaluated on the basis of the following criteria, which were assessed daily for 6 days: survival, body weight, hematocrit, serum creatinine concentration, serum urea nitrogen concentration, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity, serum albumin concentration, and serum protein binding of salicylate (determined every other day). Animals with bilateral ureteral ligation survived only 2 days, single-step 5/6th nephrectomy caused a high incidence of fatalities. Some of the methods were associated with the development of hypoalbuminemia, but no significant elevation of transaminase activity occurred. Serum protein binding of salicylate was reduced in rats with renal dysfunction. A strong positive correlation between the creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations in the serum of animals with renal dysfunction (r = 0.91, p less than 0.001) and a negative correlation between the serum albumin concentration and salicylate free fraction (r = -0.71, p less than 0.001) were found. Uranyl nitrate injection has the advantages of technical simplicity, a high survival rate (no deaths in this study), and relatively consistent and sustained diminution of renal function (as reflected by serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations).
Convex optimization problems involving finite autocorrelation sequences

We discuss convex optimization problems in which some of the variables are constrained to be finite autocorrelation sequences. Problems of this form arise in signal processing and communications, and we describe applications in filter design and system identification. Autocorrelation constraints in optimization problems are often approximated by sampling the corresponding power spectral density, which results in a set of linear inequalities. They can also be cast as linear matrix inequalities via the Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov lemma. The linear matrix inequality formulation is exact, and results in convex optimization problems that can be solved using interior-point methods for semidefinite programming. However, it has an important drawback: to represent an autocorrelation sequence of length $n$, it requires the introduction of a large number ($n(n+1)/2$) of auxiliary variables. This results in a high computational cost when general-purpose semidefinite programming solvers are used. We present a more efficient implementation based on duality and on interior-point methods for convex problems with generalized linear inequalities.
Marital aggression and child peer competence: A comparison of three conceptual models

This study examined longitudinal data linking marital aggression with child peer competence in kindergarten. The study compared 3 conceptual models for understanding the relation between marital aggression and child peer competence. Model 1 examines the direct effects of marital aggression, parental alcoholism, and parenting on child peer competence; Model 2 posits that this relation is mediated by child social problem-solving abilities (social information processing theory); whereas Model 3 proposes that the relation is mediated by parental warmth/ sensitivity (spillover theory). Structural equation modeling was most supportive of Models 1 and 3, indicating that parenting behavior, but not social problem solving, partially mediates the relation between marital conflict and child peer competence.
Structural and electronic properties of a carbon monoxide monolayer

Abstract A new ab initio pseudofunction method based on solid state theoretical approaches has been developed which is designed to accurately calculate the electronic properties and total energy of molecules on surfaces and other interfacial systems. This method is used here to investigate critical bonding information of an isolated carbon monoxide layer in the C(2×2)-Ni(001) configuration characteristic of chemisorption on a Ni(001) surface. Results for a two-dimensional array of CO molecules give an equilibrium bond length of 1.138 A versus 1.128 A (experimental), derivative of dipole moment of 3.16 D/A versus 3.14 D/A (experimental), and a vibrational frequency of 2157 cm-1 versus 2170 cm-1 (experimental), where the experimental values correspond to free CO. Thus, the CO bond length and derivative of dipole moment and vibrational frequency are practically unaltered from that of free CO. We found, however, the dipole moment, 1.0 Debyes, and the 1π-4σ level separation, ∼2.4 eV, are substantially changed due to COCO coupling.
Analysis of a New Form of Intrinsically Automatic Continuously Variable Transmission

Effective continuously variable transmission (CVT) designs have been sought after for many years as their integration into many different mechanical systems can give many advantages over a discrete transmission system. Currently, CVTs are becoming popular for applications from automotive power transmission to wind power generation. Most CVT technologies, however, are friction- or hydraulic-based designs limited by both performance and system characteristics. This paper will evaluate a new, patented form of purely mechanical, intrinsically automatic CVT which is not based on belts, pulleys, gears or hydraulics. This new transmission is based on a deformable four-bar design incorporating a one-way clutch for positive displacement of the output. As torque demand on the system output is varied, the output’s displacement varies inversely to maintain a constant peak torque on the input shaft. The end result of this behavior is a possible instantaneous variation of speed ratio over an extreme range with a lightweight, simple mechanical design. This paper provides an analysis of the mechanism and its performance, as well as simulation results incorporating real-world measurement of system output into several different mechanical applications: a human-powered vehicle, an automobile and a centrifugal pump.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Integrated Research Paradigm for Complex Experimentation

Most human factors design problems involve large data spaces with so many factors that a single experiment investigating all of these factors simultaneously is unreasonable. The design of a computer-based telephone inquiry system is presented as an example interface which required consideration of over 100 independent variables which could affect end-user performance. An integrated research paradigm involving the three major steps of selecting, describing, and optimizing these independent variables is presented. Specific methods and design implications are described for each of these steps. This overall strategy for sequential experimentation is discussed in terms of its usefulness in human factors design applications.
Anger and acne: implications for quality of life, patient satisfaction and clinical care

Summary Background Acne is a common skin disorder with a significant psychological and social impact for some people. Little is known about how personality and emotional traits affect acne and its impact on quality of life and treatment. Trait anger (TA), which is related to heart disease and other morbidities, may also affect acne and patients' adjustment to it. Objectives To evaluate the relationship between TA and acne severity, skin-related quality of life, satisfaction with treatment, and adherence to treatment. Participants and methods A sample of 479 individuals with acne completed a survey instrument to assess acne severity, skin care practices, skin-related quality of life, satisfaction with treatment, adherence, TA and demographic variables. Respondents who reported high TA were compared with individuals with low TA on outcome variables. Regression analyses adjusted for covariates and identified the significant predictors of quality of life, satisfaction and adherence. Results High TA was unrelated to acne severity (P = 0·2) or frequency of face washing (P = 0·9). Anger was significantly related to both global quality of life (P < 0·001) and skin-related quality of life (P = 0·002) as well as to satisfaction with treatment (P = 0·001) and adherence to treatment advice (P = 0·05) in bivariate analyses. Regression analyses revealed that high TA remained a significant predictor of global (P < 0·001) and skin-related quality of life (P = 0·003) and satisfaction with treatment (P = 0·04), but not adherence to treatment advice (P = 0·8) after controlling for covariates. Conclusions Anger is associated with the quality of patients' lives and with their satisfaction with treatment. Care of acne patients should include attention to anger and other chronic emotional states, quality of life, as well as to clinical severity. Simple guidelines are suggested for how clinicians might approach this important aspect of care.
Heuristically enhanced optimal control

An approach is being proposed for the incorporation of heuristic expertise from the problem domain, parameters of finite precision hardware and the optimality/feasibility trade-off, into the solution process of optimal control of dynamic systems. The approach is demonstrated via time optimization of a double integral plant. Shortcomings and open issues related to the approach are discussed.
The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860

Atmospheric nitrous oxide concentrations have been increasing since the industrial revolution and currently account for 6% of total anthropogenic radiative forcing. Microbial production in soils is the dominant nitrous oxide source; this has increased with increasing use of nitrogen fertilizers. However, fertilizer use alone cannot account for the historical trends of atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide. Here, I analyse atmospheric concentrations, industrial sources of nitrous oxide, and fertilizer and manure production since 1860. Before 1960, agricultural expansion, including livestock production, may have caused globally significant mining of soil nitrogen, fuelling a steady increase in atmospheric nitrous oxide. After 1960, the rate of the increase rose, due to accelerating use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Using a regression model, I show that 2.0% of manure nitrogen and 2.5% of fertilizer nitrogen was converted to nitrous oxide between 1860 and 2005; these percentage contributions explain the entire pattern of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations over this period. Consideration of processes that re-concentrate soil nitrogen, such as manure production by livestock, improved ‘hind-casting’ of nitrous oxide emissions. As animal protein consumption in human diets increases globally, management of manure will be an important component of future efforts to reduce anthropogenic nitrous oxide sources. Atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas, have increased since 1860. A regression model indicates that conversion of 2% of manure nitrogen and 2.5% of fertilizer nitrogen could explain the pattern of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations between 1860 and 2005, including a rise in the rate of increase around 1960.
Genome-wide expression profiling of placentas in the p57Kip2 model of pre-eclampsia.

Pre-eclampsia affects 6-10% of pregnancies and is one of the primary causes of premature birth. It is widely accepted that inappropriate placental development, combined with environmental factors, plays a major role in disease pathogenesis. The p57 Kip2 mouse is the only mouse model of pre-eclampsia that recapitulates the full spectrum of symptoms of the human disease, including placental abnormalities, hypertension, proteinuria and premature labour. In addition, pregnant females expressing wild-type levels of p57 Kip2 develop pre-eclampsia when carrying fetuses that lack p57 Kip2 expression. This demonstrates that either the fetus or the placenta causes the disease. Here, taking advantage of the unique genetics of the p57 Kip2 mouse, we have used full genome expression profiling to define the placental aspect of the p57 Kip2 phenotype at a molecular level and to conduct an unbiased search for factors involved in pre-eclampsia pathogenesis. During this analysis, we found that although mutant embryos demonstrate altered placental architecture and have histological changes indicative of reduced utero-placental blood flow, the p57 Kip2 pregnant females do not demonstrate hypertension or renal pathology. This suggests a model in which placental abnormalities cause pre-eclampsia only given other environmental variables. On the basis of this model, we expect that misregulation of molecular factors, while not able to cause a full spectrum of disease symptoms in this context, still occurs in these p57 Kip2 mutant mice. Our studies suggest a role for environmental factors in the p57 Kip2 pre-eclampsia phenotype and have identified several candidates for pre-eclampsia predisposition in this model, including known regulators of blood pressure, inflammation and apoptosis.
Fast interpolation and time-optimization with contact

This paper presents a method for generating dynamically feasible, keyframe-interpolating motions for robots undergoing contact, such as in legged locomotion and manipulation. The first stage generates a twice-differentiable interpolating path that obeys kinematic contact constraints up to a user-specified tolerance. The second stage optimizes speeds along the path to minimize time while satisfying dynamic constraints. The method supports velocity, acceleration, and torque constraints, and polyhedral contact friction constraints at an arbitrary number of contact points. The method is numerically stable, and empirical running time is weakly linear in the number of degrees of freedom and polynomial in the time-domain grid resolution. Experiments demonstrate that full-body motions for robots with 100 degrees of freedom and dozens of contact points are calculated in seconds.
Multiparameter comparison of injection laryngoplasty, medialization laryngoplasty, and arytenoid adduction in an excised larynx model.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Evaluate the effect of injection laryngoplasty (IL), medialization laryngoplasty (ML), and ML combined with arytenoid adduction (ML-AA) on acoustic, aerodynamic, and mucosal wave measurements in an excised larynx setup. Study Design: Comparative case study using ex vivo canine larynges. Methods: Measurements were recorded for eight excised canine larynges with simulated unilateral vocal fold paralysis before and after vocal fold injection with Cymetra. A second set of eight larynges was used to evaluate medialization laryngoplasty using a Silastic implant without and with arytenoid adduction. Results: IL and ML led to comparable decreases in phonation threshold flow (PTF), phonation threshold pressure (PTP), and phonation threshold power (PTW). ML-AA led to significant decreases in PTF (P = .008), PTP (P = .008), and PTW (P = .008). IL and ML led to approximately equal decreases in percent jitter and percent shimmer. ML-AA caused the greatest increase in signal-to-noise ratio. ML-AA discernibly decreased frequency (P = 0.059); a clear trend was not observed for IL or ML. IL significantly reduced mucosal wave amplitude (P = 0.002), whereas both ML and ML-AA increased it. All procedures significantly decreased glottal gap, with the most dramatic effects observed after ML-AA (P = 0.004). Conclusions: ML-AA led to the greatest improvements in phonatory parameters. IL was comparable to ML aerodynamically and acoustically, but caused detrimental changes to the mucosal wave. Incremental improvements in parameters recorded from the same larynx were observed after ML and ML-AA. To ensure optimal acoustic outcome, the arytenoid must be correctly rotated. This study provides objective support for the combined ML-AA procedure in tolerant patients. Laryngoscope, 2010
Emplacement of Sulfide Deposits in the Copper Cliff Offset Dike during Collapse of the Sudbury Crater Rim: Evidence from Magnetic Fabric Studies

Quartz diorite offset dikes in the country rocks surrounding the 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact structure were emplaced within fractures formed during hypervelocity impact, providing conduits for the injection of quartz diorite impact melts. The offset dikes host major Ni-Cu-PGE deposits, with the radial Copper Cliff dike hosting ~15 percent of the known Sudbury ore. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of the Copper Cliff dike was studied to determine the nature of the fabrics that developed during emplacement of the quartz diorite and the associated sulfide bodies. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility reveals a predominantly northwest-southeast-striking, steeply dipping foliation and a steeply northwest- to vertically plunging lineation. The foliation along both the eastern and western sides of the dike is counterclockwise-oblique to the north-south to north-northwest–south-southeast-striking, vertically dipping dike margins. The magnetic fabrics in the dike are consistent with a component of strike-slip displacement during emplacement of the quartz diorite melt. The data are interpreted to indicate that the Copper Cliff dike acted as a melt-lubricated dextral transfer fault during collapse of the inferred inner rim of the central peak ring to accommodate ultra-high strain rate displacements on previously documented pseudotachylite-rich normal fault zones. Collapse may have caused injection of sulfide-rich melts into the Copper Cliff dike leading to the formation of Cu-Ni-PGE deposits. Collapse of the inner rim of the central peak ring is thought to have occurred too soon after the impact to allow for fractionation of the sulfides from the impact melt sheet. Therefore, it is suggested the sulfide-rich impact melts were derived principally from the target rocks.
Restructuring wafers for maximum yield and some applications of WSI

The paper studies the problem of restructuring two dimensional wafers in the presence of faults. It constructs arrays of size as much as the size of the original faulty wafer. Obviously this is done at the cost of increased load factor. Later it shows how to construct small FFT machines on a two dimensional wafer. The FFT machines are constructed by embedding a butterfly graph in a two dimensional array in such a fashion that all the I/O nodes of a FFT graph are restricted to the periphery nodes of the mesh. It also minimizes the maximum wire length which is an important cost factor in such wafer scale designs. >
On the Relationship Between MIMO and SIMO Radars

This correspondence explores the close relationship between multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), single-input multiple-output (SIMO), and phased-array radars. It is shown that under certain conditions, the signals received by a MIMO radar and by a properly defined SIMO radar are identical. Several equivalent variations of MIMO and SIMO radars are presented. These relationships make it possible to study MIMO radars in terms of their equivalent SIMO radars, using the extensive body of algorithms and performance analysis which have been developed for SIMO radars.
Development of the nasolacrimal apparatus in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), with notes on network topology and function.

The nasolacrimal apparatus (NLA) is a multicomponent functional system comprised of multiple orbital glands (up to four larger multicellular exocrine structures), a nasal chemosensory structure (vomeronasal organ: VNO), and a connecting duct (nasolacrimal duct: NLD). Although this system has been described in all tetrapod vertebrate lineages, albeit not always with all three main components present, considerably less is known about its ontogeny. The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is a common lab rodent in which the individual components of the adult NLA have been well studied, but as yet nothing is known about the ontogeny of the NLA. In this study, serial sections of 15 fetal and three adult Mongolian gerbil heads show that the development of the NLA falls into three fetal stages: inception (origin of all features), elongation (lengthening of all features), and expansion (widening of all features). No postnatal or juvenile specimens were observed in this study, but considerable growth evidently occurs before the final adult condition is reached. The development of the orbital glands and the VNO in the Mongolian gerbil is largely consistent with those in other mammals, despite a slight nomenclatural conundrum for the anterior orbital glands. However, the Mongolian gerbil NLD follows a more circuitous route than in other tetrapods, due mainly to the convoluted arrangement of the narial cartilages, the development of a pair of enlarged incisors as well as an enlarged infraorbital foramen. The impact of these associated features on the ontogeny and phylogeny of the NLA could be examined through the approach of network science. This approach allows for the incorporation of adaptations to specific lifestyles as potential explanations for the variation observed in the NLA across different tetrapod clades. J. Morphol. 276:1005–1024, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of spontaneous and coherent radiation in the free-electron-laser oscillator

An analysis of the free-electron-laser (FEL) oscillator startup problem in the linear regime is presented. The model is spatially one dimensional, though many important three-dimensional effects are included heuristically. The electron beam consists of pulses of arbitrary shape separated by approximately twice the radiation transit time. The small gain per pass approximation is employed in deriving an energy rate equation, which describes the evolution of the radiation pulses within the resonator. The wiggler field is assumed to occupy a portion of the finite $Q$ resonator. In the energy rate equation, the spontaneous (incoherent) radiation term is represented by a source matrix, while the stimulated (coherent) radiation term is represented by a gain matrix. The effect of small variations in the mirror separation are investigated in the context of laser lethargy. Our analysis suggests possible methods which could substantially shorten the startup times in FEL oscillators. Finally, our results are compared with the FEL oscillator experiments performed at Stanford University.
Analysis of reaction-injection-molded polyurethanes by near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

The ability of near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to characterize reaction-injection-molded (RIM) polyurethane elastomers is demonstrated. The advantage of NIR spectroscopy over other analytical methods is its ability to analyze samples without any preparation. In this work, the specific effects of composition, density, phase separation, and moisture content on the NIR spectra of the polymers are identified. In addition, the ability of NIR spectroscopy to make rapid assessments of physical properties, such as heat sag and flex modulus, is demonstrated. In order to perform these analyses, the multivariate statistical methods of principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) are used.
Cutting the Bank Down to Size: Efficient and Legitimate Decision‐making in the European Central Bank After Enlargement

This article examines the problems enlargement poses for one specific supranational organization, the European Central Bank (ECB). The article synthesizes three different literatures, on enlargement, ECB transparency and legitimacy, and effective monetary policy-making, which up until now have not been linked. The three issues are related, and ought to be considered together when policy choices regarding institution-building are made, because the choices in one issue constrain those in the others. Specifically, the argument is that transparency in the decision-making process is key to allowing the denationalization of decision-making to make it more effective. The more transparent the policy-making process is, the easier it is to have a rotation of votes. Conversely, if the policy-making process is opaque, a system of combining regions into one voting entity is better because the citizenry is represented in every vote, even if in a highly diluted fashion. The proposed ECB reform does not adequately address legitimate concerns on the part of the public as to how the decisions are made within the Governing Council.