cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastric erosions following sympathetic denervation in the maternally deprived rat.

Abstract Gastric sympathetic denervation was used to test the hypothesis that alterations in gastric mucosal blood flow are related to the occurrence of restraint-induced gastric erosions in the rat. The four major test conditions were rats at high risk for restraint erosions (early weaned) and rats at low risk (normally weaned), with and without gastric sympathetic denervation. The completeness of the surgical sympathetic denervation procedure was independently confirmed by finding a mean fall in gastric norepinephrine content from 369.6 ng/gm to 11.2 ng/gm. Surgical sympathectomy had no effect on erosion incidence in either the high risk (80% incidence) or the low risk (5.2% incidence) groups. These findings do not support the hypothesis that changes in gastric mucosal blood flow during restraint are sufficient conditions for the production of mucosal erosions in the rat.
On the impact of initially stressed composite laminates

The impact response behavior of initially stressed composite laminates is investigated using the finite element method. An experimentally established contact law is incorporated into the finite element program. The Newmark time integration algorithm is used for solving the time dependent equations of the plate and the impactor. Numerical results, including the contact force history, deflection, and strain in the plate, are presented. Effects of impact velocity, initial stress, and the mass and size of the impactor are discussed.
An upper bound for the Ramsey numbers r ( K 3 , G )

Abstract The Ramsey number r(H,G) is defined as the minimum N such that for any coloring of the edges of the N-vertex complete graph KN in red and blue, it must contain either a ŕed H or a blue G. In this paper we show that for any graph G without isolated vertices, r(K3,G)⩽2q+1 where G has q edges. In other words, any graph on 2q+1 vertices with independence number at most 2 contains every (isolate-free) graph on q edges. This establishes a 1980 conjecture of Harary. The result is best possible as a function of q.
Research on Teacher Thinking

A relatively new approach to the study of teaching assumes that what teachers do is affected by what they think. This cognitive information processing approach is concerned with teacher judgment, decision making, and planning. The study of the thinking processes of teachers-how teachers gather, organize, interpret, and evaluate information-is expected to lead to understandings of the uniquely human processess that guide and determine teacher behavior. This view of teaching developed as a logical outgrowth of approaches to research on teaching that emphasize teacher behavior. The teacherbehavior approach has contributed a great deal to our knowledge of what teachers and students do in classrooms and how this behavior relates to student learning and attitudes (see Rosenshine 1971; Dunkin and Biddle 1974; Medley, in press). But if the results of such research are to be applied by individual teachers in their classrooms, adaptations will have to be made. Each class consists of a unique combination of personalities, constraints, and opportunities. Teacher behavior that is sensible and effective in one setting may be inappropriate in a second setting, and it is the individual teacher who makes decisions about appropriateness and defines the teaching situation. So, if research is to be put into practice-if the general case is to be applied in particular situations-then we must know
Low Temperature Vibrational Properties of Amorphous Silicon

We present internal friction and shear modulus measurements of amorphous silicon (a-Si) and germanium (a-Ge) films. The temperature independent plateau in internal friction below 10 K, common to all amorphous solids, also exists in these films. However, its magnitude which depends critically on the deposition method is smaller than found for all other amorphous solids. In particular, hydrogenated a-Si with about 1 at. % H prepared by hot-wire chemical-vapor-deposition leads to an internal friction nearly three orders of magnitude smaller than observed for all other amorphous solids. The internal friction increases after the hydrogen is removed by effusion.
Polarization lifetime near an induced depolarizing resonance

The time dependence of the polarization of a stored proton beam was measured near an induced depolarizing resonance. The resonance was created by a magnetic field which oscillated along the beam axis. The distance to the resonance was varied by changing the frequency of the oscillating field. The resonance was approached from either side and the time dependence of the polarization was found to be symmetric with respect to the resonance, and in agreement with an earlier measurement that involved an intrinsic depolarizing resonance.
Automatic Segmentation of Method Code into Meaningful Blocks to Improve Readability

With the goal of increasing program readability for easier understanding, coding guidelines often include formatting standards such as indenting loop and conditional branch body statements. Similarly, good programming practice suggests that programmers use blank lines to visibly delineate between code segments that represent different algorithmic steps or high level actions. Unfortunately, programmers do not always follow these guidelines. While editors and IDEs can easily indent code based on syntax, they do not currently support automatic blank line insertion, which presents more signii¬cant challenges involving the semantics. This paper presents a heuristic solution to the automatic blank line insertion problem, by leveraging both program structure and naming information to identify âmeaningful blocksâ, consecutive statements that logically implement a high level action. Our tool, SEGMENT, takes as input a Java method, and outputs a segmented version that separates meaningful blocks by vertical spacing. We report on an evaluation of the effectiveness of SEGMENT based on developers' opinions. SEGMENT assists in making users obtain an overall picture of a method's actions and comprehend it quicker r as well as provides hints for internal documentation placement.
Comparisons between in-situ and remote sensing estimates of diffuse attenuation profiles

In theory, depth profiles of received power from ocean remote sensing airborne lidar data with a wide filed of view can be related to the diffuse attenuation coefficient, Kd. Preliminary results from clear open ocean waters in the Sargasso Sea and in the North Pacific Ocean indicate that a wavelength dependent discrepancy may exist, and that the 532 nm lidar Kd values are approximately 33 percent lower values than those derived from sunlight. If the discrepancies can be resolved, then a lidar system could provide a way to remotely measure the spatial variability of Kd over synoptic scales that can not be achieved within a reasonable time interval from a surface vessel.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
742-5 Population Trends In Emergency Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

In a population-based registry of all Minneapolis–St. Paul residents who had coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, emergency CABG surgery (ECS) as a proportion of the total surgery steadily increased from 2.4% in 197074 to 12% in 1985–90. Operative mortality (OM, death within 30 days of CABG surgery) for ECS was significantly higher than OM for elective and urgent CABG surgery (odds ratio, OR = 2.6). To understand the factors associated with ECS and the changes in these factors over time, the medical charts of 3,059 patients (814 women) randomly selected from 19,316 CABG surgery cases from 1970 to 1990 were reviewed. ECS cases (n = 264) were those described as emergent by the cardiologist or surgeon, or surgeries following cardiac arrest, immediately post infarction or within 24 hours of a cardiac procedure. Significant predictors of ECS were progressive/unstable angina (OR = 5.4), myocardial infarction (MI) within 30 days prior to CABG surgery (OR = 5.0), NYHA functional class III/IV (OR = 3.4), female gender (OR = 1.7). later year of CABG surgery (OR = 1.7), history of prior MI (OR = 1.61. moderate to severe left ventricular dysfunction (OR = 1.4), and increasing age (OR = 1.03). Factors that did not predict ECS included history of previous CABG surgery, history of diabetes, left ventricular aneurysm, left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease and increasing number of diseased vessels. In 1985–90, undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angio-plasty (PTCA) during the same hospitalization was highly predictive of ECS (OR 20.6,13.1–32.3). From 1970 to 1990 patients undergoing ECS showed increasing proportions of recent MI (30% vs. 50%; p = 0.02). increasing age (56 vs. 65 years; p l 0.001). increasing number of diseased vessels (2.0 vs. 2.2; P l 0.001), and decreasing LMCA disease (45% vs. 19%; p = 0.06). There were no significant trends in functional class, anginal status, or left ventricular dysfunction. We conclude that ECS is increasingly used on severely ill patients and those with failed PTCA. Mortality with ECS remains high.
Relating Geodetic Latitude and Altitude to Geocentric Latitude and Radius Vector

The purpose of this paper is to develop a simple method of computing the geocentric latitude and the radius vector of a vehicle above an oblate Earth from its altitude and geodetic latitude. In addition, a solution to the important converse problem is also shown. An exact solution for an unfavorable location is given, confirming that the errors introduced by the recommended approximations are negligible. Although solutions have appeared previously, the following results are simpler, have not adversely compromised the accuracy, and are computed from other quantities which are themselves useful.
Confinement of injected beam ions in a Kingdon trap

Abstract Ions from a 2 keV hydrogen beam (a few nA current) were captured into an electrostatic ion trap (Kingdon trap) and stored for as long as 100 ms. The containment time was limited by the chamber pressure. The trap was made of an Al cylinder, 4 in. in diameter by 6 in. long, with a central tungsten wire of diameter 0.0025 in. Fast (100 ns fall time), high voltage pulses (1.9 kV → 0 V) with various durations of up to 100 ms were fed to the wire to turn the trap on and off. The cylinder was held at a constant potential ≈ 1.9 kV. The ions were dumped at the end of each storage interval and a fraction of them was measured by a microchannel plate. A signal to background ratio of 10 was achieved. The number of ions was found to decrease exponentially with a time constant of 60 ms due to collisions with the residual gas. The technique is being extended to slow, highly-charged ions and lower pressures.
Intense negative bays inside the auroral zone—I The evening sector

Abstract Intense negative bays which occur well inside the auroral zone in the early evening hours are examined. As suggested by Akasofu , Chapman and Meng (1965), they can be explained by the westward extension of the polar electrojet which follows the traveling auroral surge along the auroral oval. It is shown that the polar electrojet flowing westward along the auroral oval is in accord with the results of two different kinds of analyses of polar geomagnetic disturbance, namely the ‘SD analysis’ and the ‘spiral analysis’.
Laser Instrumentation And Data Analysis In Time Correlated Photon Counting Fluorescence Decay Measurements In Biochemical Investigations

In the past several years the utility of fluorescence decay measurements in biological and biochemical studies has been clearly demonstrated. The time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique has been used extensively in these experiments. Improvements in the instrumentation and data analysis have allowed higher sensitivities with a higher temporal and spectral resolution of the data. The results have led to new insights into the understanding of conformational heterogeneity and dynamic processes in biochemical systems. The combination of picosecond high repetition rate pulsed laser excitation with micro-channel plate photomultiplier detectors has been a major advance in the instrumentation. Concomitant with these instrumental advances data analysis methods have also made great progress. These developments are reviewed and recent examples of applications to studies of biomolecules are presented.
Community Influences on Married Men’s Uptake of HIV Testing in Eight African Countries

Despite efforts to increase HIV testing in the African region, the proportion of men who report ever having been tested for HIV remains low. Research has focused on individual level determinants of women’s testing however little is known about factors associated with men’s testing behavior. This analysis investigates community influences on HIV testing among men ages 15–54, using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Chad, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Multilevel models were fitted in each country for the outcome of ever receiving an HIV test. After controlling for individual and household level factors, community level factors of demographics, economics, and behavior and knowledge remain significantly associated with HIV testing among men. The results of this analysis highlight the need to recognize the impact of community influences on men’s HIV test seeking behavior, and to harness these community factors in the design of programs aimed at encouraging the uptake of HIV testing among men in Africa.
Diagnosis and management of complications of prosthetic heart valves.

Abstract Complications after heart valve replacement remain a substantial source of morbidity and mortality despite continuing advances in surgical care and prosthetic design. Infectious endocarditis occurs in about 4 percent of patients and may appear early (within 60 days) or late after operation. Endocarditis of early onset is commonly due to staphylococcal, fungal or gram-negative organisms and is fatal in 70 percent or more of cases. Infection of late onset is more often of streptococcal origin and the mortality rate is lower, about 35 percent. With either type, prompt recognition, vigorous and appropriate antimicrobial therapy and early consideration of surgical intervention are crucial. The postperfusion and postpericardiotomy syndromes are relatively common and relatively benign syndromes associated with postoperative fever. Their recognition is important to prevent confusion with endocarditis or sepsis and thus to reassure the patient and physician. Treatment is primarily symptomatic. Intravascular hemolysis occurs with most prosthetic heart valves but is more common with certain prostheses and with paraprosthetic valve regurgitation, with significant hemolytic anemia in 5 to 15 percent. Oral iron replacement therapy is effective in the majority of patients, but occasionally blood transfusion or reoperation for leak around the prosthesis is necessary. Prosthesis dysfunction due to thrombus may be recognized clinically by recurrence of heart failure, syncope, cardiomegaly and altered prosthetic valve sounds or new murmurs. Hemodynamic studies verify the diagnosis, and prompt reoperation is indicated for this potentially lethal problem. Systemic embolization has decreased markedly with the introduction of cloth-covered prostheses and is frequently related to erratic or ineffective anticoagulant therapy. We continue to recommend anticoagulant therapy for all patients with prosthetic heart valves unless there is a major contraindication.
Pesticide residues and poultry products: U. S. A. Legislation and pertinent research.

(1966). Pesticide Residues and Poultry Products: U.S.A. Legislation and Pertinent Research. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 194-206.
Bloom Filter Guided Transaction Scheduling

Contention management is an important design component to a transactional memory system. Without effective contention management to ensure forward progress, a transactional memory system can experience live-lock, which is difficult to debug in parallel programs. Early work in contention management focused on heuristic managers that reacted to conflicts between transactions by picking the most appropriate transaction to abort. Reactive methods allow conflicts to happen repeatedly as they do not try to prevent future conflicts from happening. These shortcomings of reactive contention managers have led to proposals that approach contention management as a scheduling problem — proactive managers. Proactive techniques range from throttling execution in predicted periods of high contention to preventing groups of transactions running concurrently that are predicted likely to conflict. We propose a novel transaction scheduling scheme called “Bloom Filter Guided Transaction Scheduling” (BFGTS), that uses a combination of simple hardware and Bloom filter heuristics to guide scheduling decisions and provide enhanced performance in high contention situations. We compare to two state-of-the-art transaction schedulers, “Adaptive Transaction Scheduling” and “Proactive Transaction Scheduling” and show that BFGTS attains up to a 4.6× and 1.7× improvement on high contention benchmarks respectively. Across all benchmarks it shows a 35% and 25% average performance improvement respectively.
The Politics of Care

Responding to Ike Kamphof’s “Webcams to save nature: Online space as affective and ethical space,” this essay considers the further contextualization of Kamphof’s analysis using the idea of agencement and the provocation to consider further the politics of affect.
The importance of deep venous reflux velocity as a determinant of outcome in patients with combined superficial and deep venous reflux treated with endovenous saphenous ablation.

Introduction Twenty to thirty percent of patients with symptomatic chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) are found to have combined superficial and deep venous reflux on duplex testing. It is currently unclear whether endovenous ablation (EVA) of the saphenous vein will result in correction of CVI without addressing the deep venous reflux. In this study, we examined deep venous reflux velocities to determine whether these would predict outcome after endovenous ablation. Methods Patients with symptomatic CVI and both saphenous and deep venous reflux were identified using duplex ultrasonography. Reflux times and maximal reflux velocity (MRV) in each examined vein segment were determined. In each limb, the venous filling index (VFI) and the venous clinical severity score (VCSS) were obtained both before and after laser ablation of the great and/or small saphenous veins. Preoperative venous reflux velocities were correlated with improvement in VFI and VCSS after ablation. Results 75 limbs with both deep and superficial venous reflux were identified. Seventy-five percent of limbs were CEAP clinical class 3 or 4 and the other 25% were class 5 or 6. Forty limbs demonstrated deep venous reflux in the femoral and/or popliteal vein. After EVA, significant improvements in VFI and VCSS were seen, but this depended on MRV in the deep vein. When MRV in the popliteal or femoral vein was 10 cm/sec as measured by both VFI ( P = .01) and VCSS ( P = .03). In 35 limbs, deep venous reflux was identified only in the CFV. In this group, the average pre-procedure VFI (6.54 ± 3.9 cc/sec) decreased significantly to 2.2 ± 1.9 cc/sec ( P P Conclusions EVA of the saphenous veins can be performed in patients with concomitant deep venous insufficiency with hemodynamic and clinical improvement in most cases. Patients with popliteal or femoral reflux velocities lower than 10 cm/sec usually experience marked improvement in both the VFI and the VCSS. Patients with femoral or popliteal reflux velocities greater than 10 cm/sec have a high incidence of persistent symptoms after EVA.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated host defense against Pneumocystis carinii.

Over the past two decades, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has emerged as a major cause of mortality and morbidity in immunocompromised patients. Although P. carinii pneumonia predominantly affects patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), individuals with hematologic and solid malignancies, organ transplantation, or those receiving intensive immunosuppression for inflammatory conditions also have enhanced risk for acquiring this infection (I). Despite apparently effective treatment regimens, the mortality of an individual episode of P. carinii pneumonia ranges between 15% and 40% (2). Even followingsuccessful treatment, P. carinii infection may relapse, making lifelong chemoprophylaxis necessary in chronically immunosuppressed patients. Recent investigations have begun to unravel the mechanisms of native host defense against P. carinii and the manner in which these systems are altered during various states of immunosuppression. Host response against Pneumocystis centers around CD4 T-lymphocytes, whose depletion or impairment is the prominent risk factor promoting infection in most patients (I). In addition to lymphocytic defense, recent work indicates that alveolar macrophages provide key functions mediating uptake and clearance of organisms from the lung (3-6). Upon challenge with P. carinii, alveolar macrophages bind and phagocytize P. carinii (3, 4). In addition, macrophages are stimulated by these organisms to release inflammatory substances including reactive oxidants, eicosanoid metabolites, and cytokines, most notably tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa) (4-7). In the current issue of the Journal, Kolls and colleagues provide evidence supporting a central role for TNFa in host defense against P. carinii (8). This report extends prior investigations implicating increased TNFa activity during this infection. Alveolar macrophages derived from AIDS patients with P. carinii pneumonia exhibit strongly enhanced TNFa release when maintained in tissue culture (9). Furthermore, alveolar macrophages challenged with P. carinii organisms both in vitro and in whole animal models respond
The computational abilities of fixed random structures

Quantum-dot cellular automata show great promise for fast computation with low heat generation. Unfortunately, previous research has shown that semiconductor implementations of these devices are quite sensitive to placement errors. In this paper, an alternate approach is discussed in which quantum-dots are placed (or grown) randomly and useful functions are discovered, rather than designed a priori.
Pore Structure and Dyeability of Cotton Crosslinked with DMDHEU and with DHDMI

The pore structures of cotton fabrics crosslinked to impart durable press performance with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and dihydroxydimethylimidaz olidinone ( DHDMI ) were compared usi...
Perfect Fault Tolerance of the n-k-n Network

It was shown in Phatak, Choi, and Koren (1993) that the neural network implementation of the n-k-n encoder-decoder has a minimal size of k = 2 , and it was shown how to construct the network. A proof was given in Phatak and Koren (1995) that in order to achieve perfect fault tolerance by replicating the hidden layer, the required number of replications is at least three. In this note, exact lower bounds are derived for the number of replications as a function of n, for the n-2-n network and for the n- log2n-n network.
Erratum for Yeruva et al., Early MicroRNA Expression Profile as a Prognostic Biomarker for the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in a Mouse Model of Chlamydial Genital Infection

Volume 5, no. 3, doi:10.1128/mBio.01241-14, 2014. After careful review, it was noted that Table 2 is missing data for the number of BALB/c mice positive for hydrosalpinx/total number …
Logos-TCS: an expert system language for operations management based on temporal constraint satisfaction

It is shown that the precedence graph upon which popular analysis tools in operations management such as PERT/CPM depend, is a special case of the temporal constraint satisfaction (TCS) problem. TCS provides a richer set of temporal relationships than the precedence relationship. A temporal constraint system provides a metaphor (constraint propagation) to model the down-line effects of perturbations that occur in dynamic operations. Logos-TCS, as a language to express expert problem-solving, provides a declarative framework to define TCS problems, Logos-TCS implements an innovative scheme by embedding a constraint system within a deductive reasoning system (Logos). Encoding expertise in relaxation strategies when constraint violations occur (situations arise that cause current operations to fail) is discussed. Heuristics such as task rearrangement, priority changes, first in first out, shifting start or finish times and retracting constraints have been the major source of expertise accumulated through experience. Logos-TCS provides a simple and straightforward rule-based framework to encode these strategies in its reasoning rules. >
Addition of a Single gp120 Glycan Confers Increased Binding to Dendritic Cell-Specific ICAM-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin and Neutralization Escape to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

The potential role of dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) binding in human immunodeficiency virus transmission across the mucosal barrier was investigated by assessing the ability of simian-human immunodeficiency chimeric viruses (SHIVs) showing varying degrees of mucosal transmissibility to bind the DC-SIGN expressed on the surface of transfected cells. We found that gp120 of the highly transmissible, pathogenic CCR5-tropic SHIVSF162P3 bound human and rhesus DC-SIGN with an efficiency threefold or greater than that of gp120 of the nonpathogenic, poorly transmissible parental SHIVSF162, and this increase in binding to the DC-SIGN of the SHIVSF162P3 envelope gp120 translated into an enhancement of T-cell infection in trans. The presence of an additional glycan at the N-terminal base of the V2 loop of SHIVSF162P3 gp120 compared to that of the parental virus was shown to be responsible for the increase in binding to DC-SIGN. Interestingly, this glycan also conferred escape from autologous neutralization, raising the possibility that the modification occurred as a result of immune selection. Our data suggest that more-efficient binding of envelope gp120 to DC-SIGN could be relevant to the enhanced mucosal transmissibility of SHIVSF162P3 compared to that of parental SHIVSF162.
CAM therapies among primary care patients using opioid therapy for chronic pain

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is an increasingly common therapy used to treat chronic pain syndromes. However; there is limited information on the utilization and efficacy of CAM therapy in primary care patients receiving long-term opioid therapy. A survey of CAM therapy was conducted with a systematic sample of 908 primary care patients receiving opioids as a primary treatment method for chronic pain. Subjects completed a questionnaire designed to assess utilization, efficacy and costs of CAM therapies in this population. Patients were treated for a variety of pain problems including low back pain (38.4%), headaches (9.9%), and knee pain (6.5%); the average duration of pain was 16 years. The median morphine equivalent opioid dose was 41 mg/day, and the mean dose was 92 mg/day. Forty-four percent of the sample reported CAM therapy use in the past 12 months. Therapies utilized included massage therapy (27.3%, n = 248), chiropractic treatment (17.8%, n = 162), acupuncture (7.6%, n = 69), yoga (6.1%, n = 55), herbs and supplements (6.8%, n = 62), and prolotherapy (5.9%, n = 54). CAM utilization was significantly related to age female gender, pain severity income pain diagnosis of neck and upper back pain, and illicit drug use. Medical insurance covered chiropractic treatment (81.8%) and prolotherapy (87.7%), whereas patients primarily paid for other CAM therapies. Over half the sample reported that one or more of the CAM therapies were helpful. This study suggests CAM therapy is widely used by patients receiving opioids for chronic pain. Whether opioids can be reduced by introducing such therapies remains to be studied.
Experimental Evaluation of Eigenvector Beamforming Method with 8X4 MIMO-OFDM Testbed

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems increase the channel capacity within the limited frequency band. MIMO techniques can be combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which is known to combat frequency selectivity in wireless channels. When channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter, the eigenvector beamforming method is well known to achieve the maximum channel capacity. However, the performance of eigenvector beamforming, which employs both modulation and forward error correction schemes, is not very well understood. In this paper, we evaluate the channel capacity and the frequency utilization of an eigenvector beamforming method in an actual indoor environment using an 8times4 MIMO-OFDM testbed that we developed. The experiment results indicate that the transmission bit rate increases offered by the eigenvector beamforming method in 4times4 MIMO and 8times4 MIMO channels are 3.83 fold and 4.90 fold larger than the performance of conventional transmission in SISO channel respectively and these ratios are larger than the increases in the channel capacity
The Potential Use of Micropolitics in Examining Personal and Professional Experiences of Music Teachers.

This literature review defines the field of micropolitics in education, presents empirical studies of micropolitics from both general education and teacher education research, and connects micropol...
Mapping burn severity in southern California using spectral mixture analysis

Several remote sensing techniques have been used successfully to map the areas of wildfire burn scars. Burn severity mapping, however, presents a suite of problems, caused by spectral confusion between vegetation affected by surface fire and unburned vegetation, between moderately burned vegetation and sparse vegetation, and between burned shaded and unburned shaded vegetation. A single date Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper image was used to map five burn severity classes in two areas affected by wildfire in southern California in June 1999. Spectral mixture analysis (SMA), using four reference endmembers (vegetation, soil, shade, nonphotosynthetic vegetation) and a single (charcoal-ash) image endmember, was used to enhance the image prior to supervised classification of burn severity. SMA provided a robust technique for mapping fire-affected areas due to its ability to extract subpixel information and minimize the effects of topography on single date satellite data. Overall kappa classification accuracy was high (0.81 and 0.72, respectively) for the burned areas, using five burn severity classes. Individual severity class accuracies ranged from 0.53 to 0.94.
The Contribution of Forensic Archaeology to Homicide Investigations

Collecting and processing forensic evidence during a death investigation has become an endeavor that may incorporate numerous personnel from many disciplines. During death investigations, specialized forensic experts regularly consult with law enforcement agencies at city, state, and federal levels, and with medical examiner and coroner offices. These forensic experts can also provide training, specialized laboratory analyses of forensic evidence, and services for which law enforcement may have very little or no training. Forensic archaeology is one such discipline that can provide specialized expertise at the crime scene. In addition to discussing the differences between forensic anthropology and forensic archaeology, this article presents a summary of the contributions that forensic archaeology can make during the search for and processing of crime scenes involving human remains.
Queue length analysis for multicast: Limits of performance and achievable queue length with random linear coding

In this work we analyze the average queue backlog at a source node serving a single multicast flow consisting of M destination nodes. In the model we consider, the channel between the source node and each receiver is an independent identically distributed packet erasure channel. We first develop a lower bound on the average queue backlog achievable by any transmission strategy; our bound indicates that the queue size must scale as at least Ω(1η(M)). We then analyze the queue backlog for a strategy in which random linear coding is performed over groups of packets in the queue; this strategy is an instance of the random linear network coding strategy introduced in [8]. We develop an upper bound on the average queue backlog for the packet-coding strategy to show that the queue size for this strategy scales as O(ln(M)). Our results demonstrate that in terms of the queue backlog, the packet coding strategy is order-optimal with respect to the number of receivers.
Development of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease in BALB/c-cpk/cpk Mice

Abstract . Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a rare but devastating inherited disease in humans. Various strains of mice that are homozygous for the cpk gene display renal pathology similar to that seen in human ARPKD. The PKD progresses to renal insufficiency, azotemia, and ultimately a uremic death by approximately 3 wk of age. This study characterizes PKD in mice that are homozygous for the cpk gene on a BALB/c inbred mouse background. The BALB/c- cpk/cpk murine model displays renal as well as extrarenal pathology similar to that found in human ARPKD. The renal pathology includes the well-characterized early proximal tubule and, later, massive collecting duct cysts. The extrarenal defects in this murine model include common bile duct dilation, intrahepatic biliary duct cysts with periductal hyperplasia, and pancreatic dysplasia with cysts. Renal mRNA expression of c-myc , a proto-oncogene, and clusterin ( SGP-2 ), a marker associated with immature collecting ducts, decreases during normal development but is upregulated in murine ARPKD. Expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) mRNA is significantly diminished, whereas EGF receptor mRNA is upregulated in the BALB/c- cpk/cpk kidney compared with phenotypically normal littermates. To determine whether the altered EGF expression contributes to the development of PKD, neonatal mice were treated with exogenous EGF (1 μg/g body wt injected subcutaneously on postnatal days 3 through 9). EGF treatment reduced the relative kidney weight and common bile duct dilation and downregulated renal expression of clusterin and EGF receptor. However, exogenous EGF did not affect the degree of renal failure, the pancreatic pathology, or the misregulated renal expression of c-myc . In summary, the present study characterizes the renal and extrarenal pathology in the BALB/c- cpk/cpk murine model of ARPKD. Renal mRNA expression of EGF is diminished in this mouse model. EGF treatment did not prevent renal failure but ameliorated pathologic changes in the kidney and the biliary ducts of the BALB/c- cpk/cpk mouse.
Accuracy of auditory distance and azimuth perception by a passerine bird in natural habitat

Small birds should localize sound poorly because small head size limits azimuth resolution and because the loose correlation of acoustic degradation with distance limits accurate estimation of auditory distance. We determined the accuracy of sound localization by a passerine bird in the field using an open-loop phonotaxis experiment. After hearing a playback of a conspecific contact call, eastern towhees, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, approached the silenced source. Mean auditory distance resolution was 7% of total speaker distance and mean azimuth resolution was &5). In a second experiment, we played birds the same calls rerecorded previously over the 10- or 20-m distance beyond each playback location. In 13 of 30 trials, the birds over-flew the speaker by a distance propotional to rerecording; but in 15 trials, approach distances were comparable to speaker distance despite the addition of distance simulated by attenuating and rerecording the calls. Signal-specific and location-specific distance cues are derived to explain the bimodal distribution of flight distances we observed. ? 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
A digital power spectrum estimation method for the adaptation of high-speed equalizers

This work presents a method to estimate the power spectrum of digital signals, which is then used to generate an error signal to tune Gbps data rate equalizers for digital communications. The proposed power spectrum estimation method can be realized with standard digital circuits and has been fabricated and tested in 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology for 1-Gbps data rate. Compared with the traditional bandpass filter followed by a rectifier implementation, this method has wider input signal range and is scalable to higher speed technologies beyond the gigahertz range, in addition to largely reduced power dissipation and die area. Also presented are system simulations on the bit-error rate performance and the error space analysis of the proposed method in comparison with the method of using a bandpass filter followed by a rectifier.
Cognitive Profiles in Heart Failure: A Cluster Analytic Approach

Cognitive impairment is common among individuals with heart failure (HF), but the exact nature of these impairments remains unclear. The current study examined 140 older adults with heart failure and sought to determine whether there are distinct cognitive profiles using a cluster analytic approach. Results indicated three unique profiles comprising individuals who were cognitively intact, memory impaired, and globally impaired. Clusters differed on several important demographic and clinical characteristics. These findings suggest that cognitive impairment in persons with HF is more heterogeneous than commonly believed and has important implications for treatment recommendations.
Beyond Educational Voyeurism: An Analysis of a Ugandan-North American Teacher Partnership Program

This paper examines open responses and journal entries generated by participants in a Ugandan – North American international teacher partnership program. Teachers comments are analyzed for factors addressing the successful negotiation of both teaching and relationship making across the cultural, pedagogical and political divides that separate them. In the midst of the international teacher partnership program, North American participants raised pedagogical concerns regarding the teacher-centered pedagogy and student passivity as after effects of Uganda’s colonial education system.
Dynamics of polymer electrolyte fuel cells undergoing load changes

Numerical simulations are carried out for a single-channel polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) undergoing a step increase in current density. The objective is to elucidate profound interactions between the cell voltage response and water transport dynamics occurring in a low-humidity PEFC where the membrane hydration and hence resistance hinges upon the product water. Detailed results are presented to show that a step increase in the current density leads to anode dryout due to electroosmotic drag, while it takes several seconds for water back-diffusion and anode humidified gas to re-wet the anode side of the polymer membrane. The water redistribution process is controlled by water production, membrane hydration, electroosmotic drag, and water diffusion in the membrane. The anode dryout results in a substantial drop in cell voltage and hence temporary power loss. Under extreme situations such as dry anode feed, large step increase in the current density, and/or lower temperatures, the cell voltage may even reverse, resulting in not only power loss but also cell degradation. Finally, the dynamics of current distribution after a step change in gas humidification is numerically examined.
Nudges and decision making: a winning combination

Purpose – Evaluating a situation and circumstance to make a decision is an essential managerial skill. Experienced managers can use nudging to influence decisions that subordinate and embed the practice within the institution as a learning organization. Adopting a nudge theory perspective changes the workplace environment, so that individuals make decisions that are helpful to themselves for job satisfaction and professional growth as well as positive for the organization. Research suggests that nudging has positive results that contribute to increased productivity, higher morale and decreased expenses. Design/methodology/approach – This is an opinion piece. Findings – This is an opinion piece. Research limitations/implications – This is not a research article. Practical implications – Administrators can use the recommendations in this column. Social implications – Administrators can use the recommendations in this column. Originality/value – This is an original viewpoint.
Code Compliance By The Infant Formula Industry

article 7 of the who code requires that the industry, that is, manufacturers and distributors, irrespective of any action taken by member states, is responsible “for monitoring their marketing practices conforming to the principles and aim of the Code and for taking steps to ensure that their conduct at every level conforms to them.”’ The code also proscribes, among other things, infant formula manufacturers and distributors from gaining market share by offering incentive bonuses or quotas set specifically for sale of breast-milk substitutes. However, the payment of bonus is permitted if it is “based on the overall sales by a company of other products marketed by it.”’ The industry representatives are disallowed to “perform educational functions in relation to pregnant women or mothers of young infants and young children.” However, they can be “used for other functions by the health care system at the request and written approval of the appropriate authority of the government concerned.”’ An evaluation of the code compliance by the infant formula industry is hampered by a variety of factors that makes all claims and counter-claims as to the industry compliance, or lack thereof, highly suspect.
Abstract 380: Myocardial Angiotensin Metabolism Analysis Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) Imaging

Mass spectrometric (MS) methods were used to study angiotensin (Ang) metabolism in mouse heart. The focus was on Ang II, Ang-(1-7) and Ang III. Goals were: 1) develop and optimize new technique for in situ assessment of Ang II processing within the myocardium using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging and 2) to validate results by in vitro MALDI MS enzyme assay as well as specific enzyme inhibitors. This newly developed imaging method has the advantage of allowing for regional spatial visualization and quantification of the formed peptides within the myocardium. Frozen mouse heart sections (12 μm) were incubated with 5 μL of 10-1000 ng/μL Ang II for 5-15 min at 37 °C. The main formed peptides, Ang III and Ang-(1-7), were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Ang-(1-7) was concentrated in the ventricle while Ang III was detected throughout the heart. For the MALDI MS enzyme assay, left ventricular (LV) homogenate was incubated with Ang II at 37 °C. The reaction mixture was spotted on target plate and peptides were detected using MS. Results showed that Ang peptide formation was greatest at 100 ng/μL Ang II with short incubation period. Ang III formation was predominant with Ang III/ Ang II peak intensity 63%, whereas Ang (1-7)/ Ang II peak intensity was 22%. Ang III generation was blocked by the APA inhibitor, glutamate phosphonate (Glu-P), in a concentration dependent manner. The ACE2 inhibitor, MLN-4760, and the PCP/PEP inhibitor, Z-pro-prolinal, reduced myocardial Ang (1-7) formation by 66% (from 70.02 to 23.8 and from 112.7 to 38.3), respectively. Interestingly, blockade of APA by Glu-P caused a 4 fold increase in Ang (1-7)/Ang II ratio. Results validated MALDI imaging for the in situ assessment of Ang II metabolizing enzymes. Ang II is mainly metabolized by APA in the myocardium while ACE2 is the main enzyme responsible for Ang-(1-7) formation from Ang II in the LV. This is the first report on localization of Ang II processing enzymes in the heart using MALDI imaging. This procedure can be exploited for the development of new therapeutic avenues that can be used to target the devastating Ang II effects within the myocardium.
164 Evaluating the effect of manufacturing porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-contaminated feed on subsequent feed mill environmental surface contamination.

Citation: Schumacher, L. L., Cochrane, R. A., Evans, C. E., Kalivoda, J. R., Woodworth, J. C., Huss, A. R., . . . Tokach, M. D. (2016). Evaluating the effect of manufacturing porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-contaminated feed on subsequent feed mill environmental surface contamination. Journal of Animal Science, 94, 77-77. doi:10.2527/msasas2016-164
Mustard vesicants alter expression of the endocannabinoid system in mouse skin

Vesicants including sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) are bifunctional alkylating agents that cause skin inflammation, edema and blistering. This is associated with alterations in keratinocyte growth and differentiation. Endogenous cannabinoids, including N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), are important in regulating inflammation, keratinocyte proliferation and wound healing. Their activity is mediated by binding to cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Levels of endocannabinoids are regulated by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We found that CB1, CB2, PPARα and FAAH were all constitutively expressed in mouse epidermis and dermal appendages. Topical administration of NM or SM, at concentrations that induce tissue injury, resulted in upregulation of FAAH, CB1, CB2 and PPARα, a response that persisted throughout the wound healing process. Inhibitors of FAAH including a novel class of vanillyl alcohol carbamates were found to be highly effective in suppressing vesicant-induced inflammation in mouse skin. Taken together, these data indicate that the endocannabinoid system is important in regulating skin homeostasis and that inhibitors of FAAH may be useful as medical countermeasures against vesicants.
Research on Sample-level Parallel Simulation Based on Multi-node Multi-core Environment

For the characters of Monte Carlo simulation, the research on sample-level parallel simulation based upon multi-node multi-core environment was carried out. The C/S based system prototype was designed and implemented. The experimental process was also given. Case analysis shows that this technology can make use of the multi-core CPUs’ computing power of both normal PC nodes and blades of the cluster server and greatly reduce the simulation time, thus improve the efficiency of equipment demonstration.
Turning a Critical Eye on Our Practice: Influence of Current Stories

Within these book chapters we find themes that can be used when considering science teacher, and science teacher educator development. We have found that there is a theme of voice—that of the instructor as well as the student. A major theme is that of identity—the very identity of the science teacher educator is changed and developed through the self-study practices we have encountered in the chapters. Additionally, it is clear to see that critical friends played a key role in helping the science teacher educators confront any weaknesses and aided them in resolving any perceived weakness to improve their instruction for their students. The self-study practices influenced the instructors rather than solely the students, but from change in instructor came change in students.