cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implications of neutrino mass generation from QCD confinement

Abstract We consider the possibility that the quark condensate formed by QCD confinement generates Majorana neutrino masses m ν via dimension seven operators. No degrees of freedom beyond the Standard Model are necessary, below the electroweak scale. Obtaining experimentally acceptable neutrino masses requires the new physics scale Λ ∼ TeV , providing a new motivation for weak-scale discoveries at the LHC. We implement this mechanism using a Z 3 symmetry which leads to a massless up quark above the QCD chiral condensate scale. We use non-helicity-suppressed light meson rare decay data to constrain Λ. Experimental constraints place a mild hierarchy on the flavor structure of dimension seven operators and the resulting neutrino mass matrix.
Control policies for interconected distributed systems via an HIPPI switch

Abstract The increase in high-speed communication between supercomputers and between intelligent components of supercomputing systems has lead to the development of the High Performance Parallel Interface (HIPPI) as a standard interface for local high-speed interconnection systems. This interface facilitates connection oriented, one way communication at speeds up to 1600 Mbps. While the standard specifies the physical interface to the interconnection system, it leaves open many aspects of the system, such as switch topology and connection management policy. This paper proposes three different policies for managing the connections in a HIPPI system, a centralized policy, a broadcast policy, and a distributed policy. Assuming a crossbar topology for the switch a analytic model is developed to evaluate the performance of HIPPI interconnection systems under the three connection management policies. The model results can aid in determining the proper size of the interconnection system, and in selecting an appropriate connection management policy.
Quality of polyp resection during colonoscopy: are we achieving polyp clearance?

Currently colonoscopy quality indicators emphasize our ability to improve polyp detection (e.g., preparation quality, withdrawal times of ≥6 min). The completeness of a polyp resection may also be an important determinant of quality and efficient colonoscopy. The primary aim of this study was to determine the incidence of an incomplete polyp resection despite a perceived complete polypectomy. This was a retrospective quality assurance project conducted at the San Diego Veterans Affair Medical Center and University of California San Diego Medical Center from July 2007 to April 2008. The patients recruited to this study were undergoing surveillance and screening colonoscopy. The resection quality was evaluated in 65 polyps of 47 patients. Twenty-two polyps were removed with standard biopsy forceps, jumbo forceps (18), hot snare (18), and cold snare (7). Biopsies were taken from the post-polypectomy site base and perimeter for histologic examination in order to confirm histologic absence of all polypoid appearing mucosa. The post-polypectomy sites of ten polyps (15 %) were found to have residual polypoid tissue. Six were removed by standard biopsy forceps, jumbo forceps (2), hot snare (1), and cold snare (1). When compared to other polypectomy devices, standard biopsy forceps were more likely to result in an incomplete resection (27 vs. 9 %; P = 0.076). The endoscopist may not be visually accurate in determining when a polyp is completely resected, and alternative devices and techniques for polyp resection should be considered.
Potential protective role of IL15Rα during inflammation.

We have shown that TNFα specifically activates the interleukin-15 (IL15) system in cerebral endothelial cells composing the blood–brain barrier. To determine the functions of cerebral IL15 signaling in inflammation, we first treated mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and determined the expression of the three receptor subtypes of IL15. Robust time-dependent upregulation occurred in all subunits. We then tested whether IL15Rα knockout (KO) affected the maintenance of body temperature and activity level after a single dose of LPS. Circadian telemetry data were analyzed by the cosinor method. Both wild-type and KO mice had clear 24-h rhythms of basal temperature and activity. KO mice had a significantly higher midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR; approximating 24 h mean) of temperature and delayed 24-h acrophase (peak) of activity than the wild-type mice. LPS disrupted the circadian rhythm of activity more severely in the KO group. Besides a decrease in MESOR and 24-h amplitude of activity after LPS, the KO mice showed a significant reduction of MESOR, amplitude, and changed acrophase for temperature on the second of 2 days. The disrupted circadian rhythm of temperature and activity in the KO mice after LPS suggests that upregulated IL15 receptors may serve a beneficial role to counteract the consequences of neuroinflammation.
Poststroke Fractures in A Bi-ethnic Community

Background Mexican Americans have increased risks of stroke and lower fractures compared with non-Hispanic whites, but little is known about poststroke fracture risk in Mexican Americans. The objective of this study was to describe poststroke fracture risk in a bi-ethnic population and to compare risk by ethnicity. Methods In the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project, strokes were identified through hospital surveillance (2000-2004) and validated by neurologists (n = 2389). Inpatient claims for fractures were ascertained (2000-2004) and cross-referenced with strokes. Survival free from fracture (any and hip) poststroke was estimated and compared by ethnicity. Cox regression was used to test the association of ethnicity and fracture risk adjusted for confounders. Interaction terms for ethnicity and age were considered. Results The mean age was 71 years (SD, 13 yrs); 54% were Mexican American and 52% were women. The mean follow-up was 4 years. There were 105 fractures (33% of the hips). Survival free of any fracture and of hip fracture did not differ by ethnicity. Increasing age, female gender, intracerebral hemorrhage, and greater stroke severity were associated with risk of any fracture, but ethnicity was not. Ethnicity was associated with risk of hip fracture, but this association was modified by age ( P = .02), where Mexican Americans were protected from hip fractures at younger but not older ages. Conclusions Stroke patients were at high risk for fractures, with a 10% risk at 5 years. Mexican Americans were protected from hip fractures at younger but not older ages. Both elderly Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites should be targeted for poststroke fracture prevention.
Decay of Vacuum Energy

This paper studies interacting massive particles on the de Sitter background. It is found that the vacuum acts as an inversely populated medium which is able to generate stimulated radiation. Without back reaction (not considered in this paper) this effect leads to the explosion. It is expected that the proposed “cosmic laser” mechanism depletes the curvature and may help to solve the cosmological constant problem.
Family Pressure and the Educational Experience of the Daughters of Vietnamese Refugees

This article explores the issue of gender role changes encountered by young Vietnamese-American women based on our ethnographic study of Versailles Village, a low-income ethnic community in New Orleans, US. We examine how female Vietnamese high school students deal with conflicts between the stubborn traditionalism of parents and the desire for personal liberty of American-reared children and how they negotiate gender roles at home and in school and society. Through in-depth examination of the school experience of young Vietnamese women, we find that they not only equal young men in scholastic performance and ambition, but may even show higher levels of achievement. Our data indicate that it is not because the women are liberating themselves from traditional gender roles in order to avail themselves of the opportunities of American society. Instead, the socio-economic conditions of the new land place a new emphasis on education for both men and women. Immigrant families see the importance of education as an avenue of upward mobility for their children and encourage educational achievement. Precisely because traditional gender roles lead families to exercise greater control over daughters, young women are pushed even more than young men toward scholastic performance.
Boundary-fitted coordinate systems for numerical solution of partial differential equations—A review

A comprehensive review of methods of numerically generating curvilinear coordinate systems with coordinate lines coincident with all boundary segments is given. Some general mathematical framework and error analysis common to such coordinate systems is also included. The general categories of generating systems are those based on conformal mapping, orthogonal systems, nearly orthogonal systems, systems produced as the solution of elliptic and hyperbolic partial differential equations, and systems generated algebraically by interpolation among the boundaries. Also covered are the control of coordinate line spacing by functions embedded in the partial differential operators of the generating system and by subsequent stretching transformation. Dynamically adaptive coordinate systems, coupled with the physical solution, and time-dependent systems that follow moving boundaries are treated. References reporting experience using such coordinate systems are reviewed as well as those covering the system development.
The energy-momentum tensor in scalar and gauge field theories

Abstract A previous study of the energy-momentum tensor in ϕ4 theory and spontaneously broken non-Abelian gauge field theories is extended here to show finiteness to all orders in perturbation theory. Divergences of Green's functions Γμν(j) (q; p1, …, pj) involving the energy-momentum tensor θμν and j particle fields are removed by counterterms of the ordinary Lagrangian plus a renormalization of the coefficient of the Callan-Coleman-Jackiw improvement term in θμν. Physically the extra renormalization means that the mean square “mass radius” of elementary spin zero particles must be specified from experiment.
Changing Attitudes Toward Women's Nonfamily Roles 1938 To 1978

On the assumption that popular sex-role attitudes and beliefs change in response to long-term technologlcal, demographic, and economic trends, this research tests the extent to which attitude chang...
Incentives in the probabilistic serial mechanism

Abstract The probabilistic serial mechanism (Bogomolnaia and Moulin, 2001 [9] ) is ordinally efficient but not strategy-proof. We study incentives in the probabilistic serial mechanism for large assignment problems. We establish that for a fixed set of object types and an agent with a given expected utility function, if there are sufficiently many copies of each object type, then reporting ordinal preferences truthfully is a weakly dominant strategy for the agent (regardless of the number of other agents and their preferences). The non-manipulability and the ordinal efficiency of the probabilistic serial mechanism support its implementation instead of random serial dictatorship in large assignment problems.
Similarities in siblings' experiences of neglectful parenting behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: Researchers and policymakers typically assume that within families, individual children are at an equivalent risk of neglectful behaviors. There is evidence that siblings experience differential parental treatment, and some research suggests that parents may maltreat their children to differing degrees. However, because neglect is typically a family-level construct, there may be a high correlation between siblings for this type of parental behavior. Therefore, our objectives were to investigate the extent to which siblings reported similar parental neglectful behaviors, whether sibling correlations for family-level types of neglectful behaviors were greater than those for child-specific forms of neglectful behaviors, whether high-risk groups differed from lower-risk groups in similarity for sibling reports for neglectful behaviors, and factors predicting differences in sibling reports of parental neglectful behaviors. METHOD: We assessed parental neglectful behaviors using child reports for 59 sibling pairs, representing both clinical and community samples. All children completed the Multidimensional Neglectful Behaviors Scale, which measures both child-specific and family-level neglectful parenting behaviors. RESULTS: Sibling intraclass correlations for neglectful behaviors were high and significant, and there were no differences in sibling correlations between clinical and community samples. Furthermore, there were no differences in correlations for family-level and child-specific items. Opposite sex siblings reported greater differences in parental neglectful behaviors, with boys reporting more neglectful behaviors than girls. CONCLUSIONS: Siblings report similar neglectful parenting behaviors, regardless of whether the family is high-risk or not, and whether neglectful behaviors are measured as a family-level or child-specific phenomenon. Language: en
Prenatal pesticide exposure linked to lower IQ in children.

Additional Resources • EPA publications to helpprotectchildrenfrom pesticides including a Play it Safe: Reduce Your Child's Chances of Pesticide Poisoning, Citizen's Guide toPestControland Pesticide Safety and a Pesticide Poisoning Prevention Checklist • Protecting Children's Health: National Pesticide Program report (32 pp, 2.95mb,AboutPDF). • National Pesticide Iinformation Center is a cooperative agreement between Oregon State University and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http:// npic.orst.edu/ Pesticides fact sheets and common pesticide questions. Operates a call line 1 800-858-7378 from 7:30 a.m. to 3:30 p. m. Pacific time Monday– Friday, which provides information about pesticides and pesticide-related topics to enable people to make informed decisions about pesticides and their use. • US Food and Drug Administration information IN A NEW study suggesting pesticides may be linked with the health and development of children, researchers report that prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides—widely used on food crops—is related to lower intelligence scores at age 7 years (Bouchard et al., 2011). The researchers found that every 10-fold increase in measures of OPs detected during a mother's pregnancy corresponded to a 5.5-point drop in overall IQ scores in 7-year-old children. Children with the highest levels of prenatal pesticide exposure scored 7 points lower on a standardized measure of intelligence compared with children who had the lowest levels of exposures. According to the researchers, this association is substantial, especially when viewed at a population level, with the difference resulting in more children being shifted into the lower end of the spectrum of learning and more children needing special services at school. The study, conducted at the University of California, Berkeley's School of Public Health, is among a trio of papers showing an association between pesticide exposure and childhood IQ, which was recently published online in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. The other two studies—one at Mt. Sinai Medical Center, the other at Columbia University—examined urban populations in New York City, whereas the UC Berkeley study focused on children living in Salinas, an agricultural center in Monterey County, CA. The studies in New York City also examined prenatal exposure to pesticides and IQ in children at age 7 years. Like the UC Berkeley researchers, scientists at Mt. Sinai sampled pesticide metabolites in maternal urine (Engel et al., 2011), whereas researchers at Columbia looked at umbilical cord blood levels at a specific pesticide, chlorpyrifos (Rauh et al., 2011). The consistency across these population studies speaks to the significance of the findings. about pesticides and food safety http://www.fda.gov/ Food/default.htm. ⁎ Corresponding author: Deborah L. McBride, MSN, RN, CPN, CPON, CCRN. E-mail address: jrm2@berkeley.edu.
Carrying Position Influences Infant Behavior

Three‐month‐old infants were carried by their mothers in a soft infant carrier designed for infants being faced inward or faced outward. A within subjects comparison of these two positions revealed...
Determination of methionine and selenomethionine in yeast by species-specific isotope dilution GC/MS.

A method for the simultaneous determination of methionine (Met) and selenomethionine (SeMet) in yeast using species-specific isotope dilution (ID) gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is described. Samples were digested by refluxing for 16 h with 4 M methanesulfonic acid. Analytes were derivatized with methyl chloroformate and extracted into chloroform for GC/MS analysis. In addition to use of commercially available 13C-enriched Met and SeMet spikes for species specific ID analysis, a 74Se-enriched SeMet spike was also available for comparison of results. In selective ion monitoring mode, the intensities of ions at m/z 221, 222, 269, 270, and 263 were used to calculate the 221/222, 269/270, and 269/263 ion ratios for quantification of Met and SeMet. Concentrations of 5959 ± 33 and 3404 ± 12 μg g-1 (one standard deviation, n = 6) with relative standard deviations of 0.55 and 0.36% for Met and SeMet, respectively, were obtained using 13C-enriched spikes. A concentration of 3417 ± 8 μg g-1 (one stand...
Growth and skeletal muscle microvascularity in the guinea pig.

Abstract The ATPase technique was used to visualize capillaries and to determine fiber composition in thin (10 μm) transverse slices of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of growing guinea pigs with body weights from 89 to 1274 g. Mean fiber cross-sectional area ( FCSA ) increased from 754 to 3143 μm2 as the soleus weight increased from 0.02 to 0.28 g and from 436 to 3694 μm2 as the gastrocnemius weight increased from 0.20 to 3.30 g. Capillary density (CD) decreased hyperbolically with increasing FCSA from 1292 to 424 cap/mm2 and from 1529 to 547 cap/mm2 in the presence of a concomitant increase in the number of capillaries around the fiber (CAF) from 2.49 to 5.29 and from 3.08 to 7.24 and an increase in capillary to fiber ratio ( C F ) from 0.47 to 1.78 and from 0.57 to 2.68 in the soleus and gastrocnemius, respectively. The percentage of capillaries shared by three fibers (SF = 3) decreased, while the percentage of capillaries with SF = 2 increased with increasing FCSA in both muscles. While growth caused a significant decrease in skeletal muscle CD, factors such as increased CAF, C F , and myoglobin concertration, associated with changes in fiber geometry and capillary distribution, probably compensate for the lower CD and assure adequate O2 delivery as the guinea pigs grow.
PRONET: Network trust assessment based on incomplete provenance

This paper presents a tool ProNet, that is used to obtain the network trust based on incomplete provenance. We consider a multihop scenario where a set of source nodes observe an event and disseminate their observations as an information item through a multihop path to the command center. Nodes are assumed to embed their provenance details on the information content. Received provenance may not be complete at the command center due to attackers dropping provenance or the unavailability of provenance. We design ProNet, a tool which is at the command center that acts on the received information item to determine the information trust, node-level trust and sequence-level trust. ProNet contains three steps. In the first step it reconstructs the complete provenance details of received information from the available provenance. In the second step it employs a data classification scheme to classify the data into a good and bad pool. In the third step it employs pattern mining on the reconstructed provenance of bad data pools to determine the frequently appearing node and node sequence. This frequent appearance will quantify the trust level of nodes and node sequence. Now an information quality/trust level of newly received information can be determined based on the occurrences of these node/sequence patterns on the provenance data. We provide a detailed analysis on false positive and false negatives.
Schedule interaction within contexts set by starting stimuli, background stimuli, and time

This study was designed to test whether behavioral contrast would emerge between two stimuli that differed in relative favorableness within their respective stimulus contexts, in spite of the fact that the two stimuli signaled the same reinforcement rate. Separate contexts were established via two starting stimuli, each of which signaled the occurrence of two discriminative stimuli with their associated reward schedules, and two background stimuli, which both preceded and accompanied a pair of discriminative stimuli. The subjects were pigeons in a discrete-trial keypress task, in which the schedule, following preliminary phases, became MULT (CHAIN VI5 (MULT VI 30 sec VI 90 sec)) (CHAIN VI 5 (MULT VI 90 sec VI 270 sec)). A difference in response rate to the stimuli signaling VI 90 sec emerged in all 4 subjects as a result of stimulus context. The effect was most pronounced when only one of the two chains was presented in a daily session. The data indicate that any account of interaction in terms of relative rate of reinforcement that fails to tie this variable to stimulus as well as to temporal context cannot be completely successful.
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Compared to Two-Dimensional Echocardiography for Measurement of Left Ventricular Mass Anatomic Validation in an open chest Canine Model

Abstract A three-dimensional echocardiographic system has been developed that can accurately compute left ventricular mass in vitro. This study was designed to validate the new echocardiographic system for the measurement of left ventricular mass in vivo and to compare the accuracy of three-dimensional echocardiography to the accuracy of conventional two-dimensional echocardiography for measuring left ventricular mass. Echocardiographic imaging was performed 6 h following coronary ligation in 20 open chest dogs, at which time the heart was excised and the left ventricle weighed. Three-dimensional echocardiography used multiple short axis sections and polyhedral surface reconstruction to compute myocardial volume. The two dimensional methods employed the truncated ellipsoid model and the area-length model. Myocardial volume was multiplied by 1.05 g cc and echocardiographic mass estimates were compared to the true left ventricular weight. Three-dimensional echocardiography provided the best correlation (r = 0.96, ν r = 0.88 and r = 0.83 for the truncated-ellipsoid and area-length methods, respectively), and the lowest standard error of the estimate for the regression equation (± 5.5 g ν ± 11.0 g and ± 14.6 g, respectively). Three dimensional echocardiography also had the lowest standard deviation for the echo-true mass differences (± 5.8 g ν ± 10.7 g and ± 14.2 g) and a lower root mean square percent error (6.8% ν 12.6% and 12.7%). In this open chest canine model, three-dimensional echocardiography is more accurate than standard two-dimensional echocardiographic methods for measuring left ventricular mass.
Indirect bandgap-like current flow in direct bandgap electron resonant tunneling diodes

The current turn-on and turn-off in a resonant tunneling diode (RTD) is determined by the crossing of the central resonance subband with the Fermi level in the emitter, the subbands of quasi-bound states in the emitter and the conduction band edge in the emitter. In a typical RTD the subbands in the central well and the emitter are similar, resulting in a simple resonant current flow for almost all transverse momenta. Since most of the electrons have zero transverse momentum, one therefore observes that most of the carriers travel straight through the structure. This paper presents a mechanism that can generate off-zone-center current flow in electron resonant tunneling diodes, where most of the carriers travel through the structure at an angle for a certain bias range. The basic idea is that if the effective mass in the RTD well is much smaller than the effective mass in the emitter, subband crossings will occur outside the zone center, resulting in this unintuitive distribution of the current as a function of transverse momentum. This mechanism is shown to increase the valley current within a single band approximation without non-parabolicity.
Interleukin-3 modulation of mouse bone marrow derived mast cell receptors for somatostatin

Receptors for somatostatin (SOM) were identified on mouse bone marrow derived mast cells (MBMMC) and shown to vary in expression with the state of proliferation and differentiation of the MBMMC. Flow cytometric studies of the binding of fluorescein-labeled SOM and concurrent analyses of the binding of [125I]SOM demonstrated that the population of MBMMC capable of recognizing SOM specifically is that exhibiting a proliferative response to interleukin-3. The MBMMC that bound SOM reached a maximal number at 72 hr following the addition of interleukin-3, and were distributed principally in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. SOM did not influence directly the proliferative responses of MBMMC to interleukin-3. The level of expression of SOM receptors thus may reflect the state of differentiation of mast cells, as well as determining the funcitonal sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of SOM.
Conditional modeling. 2. Solving using complementarity and boundary-crossing formulations

In this second paper on conditional modeling, we investigate the solving of the special subclass of conditional models which display continuous values for the problem variables as one crosses from one region to the next for such models. First, we present a new complementarity formulation for representing algebraic systems of disjunctive equations, and then we discuss and demonstrate the use of a boundary-crossing algorithm proposed by Zaher (Ph.D. Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 1995). The complementarity formulation not only establishes the complementarity condition among equations belonging to different disjunctive terms but also enforces simultaneous satisfaction of all the equations appearing within the same disjunctive term. This approach performed reliably on several example problems where the number of equations in each disjunctive term is small. Zaher also proposed the boundary-crossing algorithm as an alternative to using MINLP techniques for solving the special subclass of continuous conditional models. This algorithm involves the execution of several well-differentiated activities including logical analysis and continuous reconfiguration of the equations constituting the problem, calculation of Newton-like steps, and calculation of subgradient steps. We describe the practical implementation of the boundary-crossing algorithm as a conditional-modeling solution tool. In such an implementation, we have integrated the entities created and/or used to perform each of the activities in an object-oriented solving engine: the conditional-modeling solver CMSlv. We solve several examples of conditional models in chemical engineering by using both the approaches for solving, and we identify the advantages and disadvantages of such approaches.
Strong long-period tropospheric and stratospheric rhythm in the Southern Hemisphere

THE recent EOLE satellite-balloon atmospheric sensing experiment conducted in the Southern Hemisphere between August 1971 and July 1972, provided large quantities of upper tropospheric data in a hitherto near-dataless region. Besides measurements of ambient temperature and pressure reported directly from the balloon to the satellite, the experiment allowed the calculation of series of highly accurate Lagrangian velocities by the positioning of the balloon between successive satellite orbits. The experiment and data are described in detail by Morel and Bandeen1.
CISH has no non-redundant functions in glucose homeostasis or beta cell proliferation during pregnancy in mice.

Increased beta cell proliferation during pregnancy is mediated by the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (JAK2/STAT5) signalling pathway in response to increased lactogen levels. Activation of the pathway leads to transcriptional upregulation of Cish (encoding cytokine-inducible SH2 domain-containing protein), a member of the suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) family of genes, forming a negative-feedback loop. Here, we examined whether conditional gene ablation of Cish in the pancreas improves beta cell proliferation and beta cell function during pregnancy in mice. We derived mice with a novel, conditional loxP allele for Cish. Pancreas-specific ablation of Cish was achieved by crossing Cish loxP/loxP mice with Pdx1-Cre Early mice. Beta cell proliferation was quantified by BrdU labelling. Glucose homeostasis was examined with glucose tolerance tests and determination of plasma insulin levels. The expression of other Socs genes and target genes of p-STAT5 related to beta cell function and beta cell proliferation was determined by quantitative PCR. There was no difference in beta cell proliferation or glucose homeostasis between the Cish mutant group and the control group. The p-STAT5 protein level was the same in Cish mutant and control mice. Socs2 gene expression was higher in Cish mutant than control mice at pregnancy day 9.5. The expression of other Socs genes was the same between control and mutant mice. Our results show that CISH has no non-redundant functions in beta cell proliferation or glucose homeostasis during pregnancy in mice. Socs2 might compensate for the loss of Cish during pregnancy.
Single Feedback Systems for Simultaneous Damping of Horizontal and Longitudinal Coherent Oscillations

To describe the horizontal motion of the bunch, we need four coordinates, x and z are the horizontal and longitudinal displacements of the bunch center relative to the ideal trajectory; x' is the angle between the bunch's direction of motion and the ideal trajectory; and delta=..delta..E/E is relative energy error of the bunch. Among the four variables, x and z are easy to measure by position monitors, while x' and delta are easy to change by electromagnetic devices. In combination, this suggests four possible types of feedback systems. In the following, we will present a complete analysis of the Type (x, delta) feedback system, using a matrix method. The analyses of other types are similar to that of Type (x, delta) and only the results are included. We then include some comparisons of these types of feedback schemes in terms of power consumptions and the effectiveness in damping the horizontal-betatron and synchrotron oscillations. We will also discuss some effects of position measuring errors on the performance of the feedback system. 2 refs., 3 tabs.
The effect of substrates and competitive inhibitors on the phosphatase-dependent activation of hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase

Previous studies have demonstrated that the in vitro activation of microsomal hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase by dephosphorylation is inhibited by HMG CoA or NADPH, the substrates of HMG CoA reductase (13). In the present study the effect of three competitive inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase on the activation of HMG CoA reductase was investigated. Adenosine-2'-monophospho-5'-diphosphoribose, a competitive inhibitor for the NADPH binding site, blocked the phosphatase-mediated activation of HMG CoA reductase. By contrast, neither compactin nor mevinolin, competitive inhibitors for the HMG CoA binding site, altered the activation of HMG CoA reductase. Moreover, the HMG CoA-mediated inhibition of the activation of HMG CoA reductase was not blocked even by very high concentrations of either compactin or mevinolin. These observations suggest that HMG CoA can bind to two sites on HMG CoA reductase. One site of HMG CoA binding serves as a catalytic site and is competitively blocked by compactin or mevinolin, and the second binding site is an allosteric site to which only HMG CoA is capable of binding. The binding of HMG CoA to this second site inhibits the activation of HMG CoA reductase by phosphatases.
Electron-ion recombination in a sonic orifice flow

A comparison is made of measured and predicted axial variations of flow properties in a freely expanding plasma. Surveys of ion density and electron temperature were obtained in an arc-heated argon flow produced by expansion from a 0.635-cm-diam sonic orifice. Measurements were taken from current-voltage characteristics produced by uncooled electrostatic probes that were swept rapidly through the high temperature freejet. The flowfield calculations were based on an approximate analysis developed by Talbot, Chou, and Robben. Application of their analysis required modification to account for thermal nonequilibrium at the orifice. As a further modification, we have adopted a specific total density distribution which was empirically deduced.
Acute changes in serum gonadotrophins and steroids following orchidectomy in the rat: role of the adrenal gland.

Orchidectomy in male rats leads to a) an increase in serum LH and FSH within 9 h; b) a decrease in serum testosterone to baseline levels by 30 min; c) an increase in serum progesterone (for 30 to 120 min), in the presence of the adrenals. If adrenalectomy is performed simultaneously with orchidectomy, the LH and FSH rises at 9 and 12 h are abolished, and the rises at 24 h are attenuated or abolished. By 48h, the orchidectomized-adrenal-ectomized rat has achieved a rise in serum LH and FSH equal to that found in gonadectomy alone. Two hypotheses are offered to explain the abolition of the early gonadotrophin rises after combined orchidectomy-adrenalectomy treatment: a) the early responses are due to increased serum progesterone, on a background of decreased testosterone; b) the early responses are abolished because of the missing corticosterone, which either forces competition between pituitary secretion of ACTH and LH/FSH, or is necessary for rapid gonadotroph-secretory response. The differences and simil...
An iterative method for designing separable Wiener filters

Presents a technique for designing the optimal (in the mean square error sense) separable 2D filter for recovering a signal from a noise-corrupted signal when the joint statistics of the signal and noise are known. A set of nonlinear equations in the design parameters is derived, and an iterative algorithm to solve them is presented. The algorithm is shown to be nondivergent in theory and rapidly convergent in practice. The results of applying the separable filter design algorithm to several typical image recovery problems are given. In most cases, the performance of the resulting separable filter is similar to that of the optimal nonseparable filter with the same region of support. >
Immigrants' Cultural Identities as Sources of Civic Engagement

Immigrant parents (first generation) and adolescents (second generation) from El Salvador and India (N = 80) took part in interviews on civic engagement. The immigrants were almost unanimous in regarding civic engagement as important. They also were engaged themselves, more so at the community than the political level. One third of immigrants were engaged in community activities that specifically had a cultural focus or occurred through cultural organizations, and the comparable number for political activities was 25%. Cultural motives (i.e., a cultural or immigrant sense of self) were twice as likely to be mentioned as sources of engagement rather than disengagement. Qualitative analyses of these cultural motives revealed seven engagement themes (e.g., cultural tradition of service) and three of disengagement (e.g., ethnic exclusion).
Visualization and Tracking of Electrospray Droplet Emissions Using Fluorescence and Holographic Techniques

We report results from optical characterization of the stream of droplets emitted from the tip of a Taylor cone. We demonstrate the ability to image and track individual droplets emitted from a Taylor cone using fluorescence microscopy with pulsed laser illumination and statistical particle tracking velocimetry (SPTV). Additionally, we demonstrate the use of holographic imaging to examine the three dimensional electrospray droplet structure. Single-exposed images were used to measure droplet diameters between 1.5 to 2.5 μm for flow rates ranging from 15 to 25 nL/s. Velocity distributions with mean velocities over 40 m/s were obtained from analysis of double-exposure images using SPTV. In addition to droplet size and velocity distributions, we present data on the instability of the tip stream and on the formation and subsequent evolution of the spray cone for emission frequencies over 3.5 MHz.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Towards a Better Understanding of the Incremental Capital-Output Ratio

Introduction, 452. — I. Theoretical considerations, 454. — II. Estimating the relation between the rate of growth and the gross incremental capitaloutput ratio, 455. III. Other factors affecting ky 456. — IV. Conclusions, comments, hypotheses, 459. — Appendix, 463.
Multi-period contracts between principal and agent with adverse selection

Abstract Multi-period contracts with adverse selection at the time of contracting are studied. With risk-neutrality and independent private information, all inefficiency arises in the first period only. With positive serial correlation, inefficiency is more pervasive but declines over time.
Organochlorines and trace elements in four colonial waterbird species nesting in the lower Laguna Madre, Texas

Eggs from four aquatic bird species nesting on the National Audubon Sanctuary Islands of the lower Laguna Madre were collected during 1993 and 1994 to determine concentrations of organochlorine compounds and trace metals and to evaluate their possible detrimental effects on birds nesting in this aquatic ecosystem. The only chlorinated hydrocarbons found above detection limits were p,p′-DDE (DDE), p,p′-DDT (DDT), HCB, HCH, chlordane, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Median DDE and PCB levels in eggs of four species were below 1 μg/g ww. Concentrations of DDE were much greater (6–70 fold) than the concentrations of other chlorinated pesticides which were present at or near detection limits. One egg from a snowy egret contained 9.65 μg/g DDE, 0.056 μg/g DDD, and 1.75 μg/g DDT. Ten heavy metals and trace elements (Hg, Se, B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Sr, and Zn) were detected in 90% of the samples but at levels that were not of concern. In 1993–1994, concentrations of DDE in eggs of aquatic birds of the lower Laguna Madre were much lower than levels detected in this area during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Concentrations of DDE, PCBs, and trace metals in eggs detected in this study could not be associated with deformities or other detrimental effects on birds.
Haptic Feedback in the Instructional Environment and its Relationship to Visual Attention and Learning

This study, involving a computer-based training application coupled with a haptic input device, offered insight into how haptic feedback influences visual attention in learning applications. Data was collected from 33 students (ages 11-14) who completed a learning module on lever principles. This data consists of paper-based pre- and post-test scores, embedded module test scores and eye movement data. Embedded test scores were significantly higher in the non-haptic condition. Eye movement data revealed differential influences of haptic feedback. A path analysis of gaze movements indicated that haptic feedback was associated with increased frequencies of movements between zones of interest surrounding lever components but there were no significant increases in the frequencies of eye movements between the levers and the numeric force readout. Implications of these findings are discussed. Language: en
MO-D-218-03: ACR Ultrasound Practice Accreditation and Technical Standard for Ultrasound Performance Monitoring.

The first part of this presentation will provide an overview of the American College of Radiology (ACR) Technical Standard for DiagnosticMedical Physics Performance Monitoring of Real Time Ultrasound Equipment, as well as the ACR Accreditation requirements for general and breast ultrasound practices. The second part of the will discuss practical aspects of implementing QC programs that satisfy the requirements of the ACR practice accreditation programs, including consideration of personnel roles, and performance testing schedules, specific methods, and available tools. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the ACR Technical Standard for DiagnosticMedical Physics Performance Monitoring of Real Time Ultrasound Equipment, and the QC requirements of the ACR Ultrasound and Breast Ultrasound Practice Accreditation Programs 2. Be able to implement ultrasound QC programs in keeping with these documents
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Communicating with uncertainty: A critical issue with probabilistic seismic hazard analysis’”]

In our Eos article of 18 November 2003, we were trying to address how geoscientists, especially seismologists, fully and understandably communicate their products and the associated uncertainty not only to themselves, but also to laypersons. The Comment by C. H. Cramer on our article seems to miss the point. We did not criticize probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), but tried to point out some of its limitations, because these limitations have significant implications. We do not understand why in his comments Cramer is trying to compare PSHA with deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA). Our article did not discuss DSHA at all. Of course, some of the limitations apply equally to DSHA, but not all. Cramer's comments could cause additional confusion.
Why Is the Intelligence Community So Difficult to Redesign? Smart Practices, Conflicting Goals, and the Creation of Purpose‐Based Organizations

The adoption of “smart practices” requires that smart practices can actually be identified for the areas of public policy in which we are interested. For the problem of designing structures for public agencies, however, identifying smart practices is not easy. This article explores the reasons for the substantial conservativism, lasting over 50 years, regarding the structural design of the U.S. intelligence community. One central argument is simply that it was very difficult to discover a clearly superior structure; in fact, the long-standing structure may have had some unrecognized virtues. But the other central argument is that one smart practice may have emerged since the 9/11 attacks: It involves the creation of problem-focused interagency centers that are intended to enhance the sharing and integration of information within the intelligence community. These conclusions about redesigning the structure of the intelligence community are based on the arguments of Luther Gulick on methods of departmentalization and Martin Landau on redundancy and system reliability.
Target antigens of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the implications for immune control of EBV-associated disease

Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human pathogen that exists in a lifelong carrier state with an individual after primary infection. EBV is associated with several cancers, particularly various lymphomas. Control of EBV in an immunocompetent host is dependent on T cell mediated cytotoxicity of EBV infected cells. This review highlights the early results of identification of the T cell target antigens of EBV and discusses these results in light of the various patterns of gene expression by EBV in several types of lymphomas. Possible immune based therapeutic modalities and limitations based on these results are discussed.
Mass transfer coefficients for solids suspended in agitated liquids

The mass transfer coefficient in covered, right-cylindrical tanks full of liquid, turbulently agitated at various speeds by turbines with six flat blades, was measured by the rate of solution suspended solids in water and in 45% sucrose solutions. Screened crystals in the following U. S. mesh sizes were used: boric acid: 18/20, 16/18, 16/20, 14/16, 12/14, 10/12, 8/10, 6/8; rock salt: 6/8, 4/6. Pellets were benzoic acid: 0.126 in. long by 0.218-in. diam.; salt: 0.565-in. diam. by 0.531-in. long (over rounded ends). Tanks were 6, 12, 18, and 30 in. Turbines were 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12 in. in diameter, centrally located. Four full-length baffles 10% of the tank diameter wide were spaced at 90 deg. A few runs were made without baffles. The coefficient of mass transfer was found to be independent of particle size and Schmidt member (NSc = 735 to 62,000) and could be correlated with turbine Reynolds number in each tank, with larger tanks yielding smaller coefficients at the same NRe. An empirical equation which fits all the data from the baffled tanks within about 4% (in the range 0.1 < k < 2) is where l2=0.8235−1.544V1/3+0.115V2/3The variance of estimate for this expression i s 0.0383, in units of [ln(10 k)]2.For extrapolation outside the experimental range of vessel sizes it is recommended that l1 = 0.676 − 1.266 V1/3 be used in place of I2. NRe = T2n/v. The results indicate that power per unit volume for a given k goes through a maximum, with the following relative values for the 6-, 12-, 18- and 30-in. tanks: 1, 1.73, 1.78, 0.62.A treatment of the data according to dimensionless groups provides another correlation:kd/D=0.02NNt is shown that for the systems used 1/D is essentially proportional to N, and so the effect of diffusivity here is only apparent.
The relationship between pore water carbon isotopic composition and bottom water oxygen concentration

Abstract We present pore water δ13C profiles from the Western North Atlantic and the Eastern Pacific oceans, and interpret them using a stoichiometric model of the relationship between carbon isotopic composition and oxygen concentration. Pore water δ13C at the depth in the sediments where oxygen approaches zero is largely determined by the oxygen concentration of the overlying bottom water, although sulfate reduction adds a significant amount of isotopically light carbon at some locations. The δ13C difference between bottom water and pore water at O2 = 0 (“Δδ13C”) increases from 1 %. in sediments of three low bottom water oxygen basins in the Southern California Borderlands to 4%. in sediments underlying well oxygenated water in the Western North Atlantic. We suggest that the relationship between bottom water oxygen and Δδ13C could form the basis for a new way to use the benthic foraminifera δ13C record to estimate bottom water oxygen concentration. Paleo-oxygen values derived from a pair of benthic foraminifera species which record the bottom water/pore water (O2 = 0) δ13C difference will be independent of the preformed δ13C of the deep water mass.