cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of selection by independent culling levels for below-average birth weight and high yearling weight with mass selection for high yearling weight in line 1 Hereford cattle.

Mass selection by independent culling levels (YB subline) for below-average birth weight (BWT) and high yearling weight (YWT) was compared with single-trait mass selection (YW subline) for high YWT in the inbred population of Line 1 Hereford cattle at Miles City, Montana. There were 4.2 generations of selection in YB and YW. Heritability estimates for the base population derived from multiple-trait REML were .28 and .31 for direct effects and .16 and .06 for maternal effects on BWT and YWT, respectively. Mid-parent cumulative selection differentials for BWT of YB and YW diverged (-2.9 vs 8.2 kg, respectively), as did the associated genetic trends for direct effects (-.014 kg/yr vs .105 kg/yr, respectively). Mid-parent cumulative selection differential for YWT of YB (102.1 kg) was 64% of that attained in YW (160.7 kg). Likewise, response in YWT of YB (.91 kg/yr) was 61% of response attained in YW (1.5 kg/yr). For BWT and YWT, maternal genetic trends were similar across selection lines. Assistance at parturition of first-parity 2-yr-old heifers was consistently less frequent in YB than in YW.
An Analysis Of The Position Of Assistant Principal Of The Year In Indiana: An Analysis Of What Is Really Important

This work is an analysis of the alignment between schools associated with an Indiana Assistant Principal of the Year, as selected by the Indiana Association of School Principals, and increases in academic performance of those schools on state mandated “high stakes” academic tests. The focus was on school improvement using annual school report card data. Using a design looking for association and a Chi Square analysis, a significant positive correlation was identified. The results shed some light on the potential excellent practices of assistant-principals and student academic achievement gains. Although a positive correlation was found, the results can only give ideas for leadership consideration. They are not considered predictive because of the ex-post facto nature of the data allowing for no manipulation of variables.
A-theoretical Policing

Policing in Hong Kong is not informed by theory but is based on tradition, experience, and faith.1 In practice, policing in Hong Kong recalls Deng’s famous reform strategy: “Crossing the river by feeling the stones” (experimentation in process) and “White cat, black cat, the one that catches the mice is the cat” (pragmatism by results).
Doubling Cardiac Arrest Survival by 2020: Achieving the American Heart Association Impact Goal.

In 2010, the American Heart Association (AHA) Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee (ECC) set a 10-year impact goal of doubling cardiac arrest survival by 2020. This goal was more ambitious than the overarching AHA impact goal to reduce death from heart disease and stroke by greater than or equal to 20% by 2020. It was hypothesized at the time that reaching this cardiac arrest impact goal was not dependent on new scientific discovery but could be achieved with full implementation of up-to-date clinical guidelines and adopting best practices for systems of care. This hypothesis was supported by the observation that there was significant variability in both in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival rates. In fact, the 2020 targets were already being achieved in the highest performing emergency medical services (EMS) systems and hospitals. To drive progress toward achieving these goals, the AHA ECC was restructured to increase its focus on implementation. This restructuring included creation of a Systems of Care Subcommittee charged with measurably improving the systems of care for OHCA and IHCA across the entire chain of survival. Restructuring has enabled ECC to focus on strategies that have the highest likelihood of improving outcomes, such as increasing bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) rates and automatic external defibrillator use, 911 dispatcher CPR instructions, CPR quality for trained providers, postcardiac arrest care, and reliable postcardiac arrest prognostication. Establishing a baseline and ongoing strategy to monitor progress toward the 2020 impact goal was the first challenge. For OHCA, the AHA initially relied on the ROC Epistry (Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium) for baseline and annual data on incidence and outcomes. Because of the cessation of National Institutes of Health funding, the ROC Epistry stopped collecting data in June 2015. In 2014, the AHA also began utilizing data from the CARES registry (Cardiac …
Impaired retrograde transport of axonal autophagosomes contributes to autophagic stress in Alzheimer's disease neurons.

Alzheimer’s disease is the result of protein fragments called amyloid-β peptides accumulating in the brain and forming clumps. These protein “aggregates” disrupt cellular activities and cause serious problems. To combat this process, healthy cells use a process called autophagy to destroy aggregated proteins. The aggregates are first loaded into structures called autophagosomes that then fuse with cell compartments called lysosomes, which contain enzymes that can break down the proteins. Brain cells called neurons have an unusual shape with branch-like structures and a long projection called an axon that all form off the main cell body. Autophagosomes predominantly form in the axons and need to move toward the cell body where the lysosomes are found. A motor protein called dynein drives the movement of autophagosomes by interacting with an adaptor protein known as Snapin on the surface of these structures. Autophagosomes tend to accumulate within the neurons of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not known why. Cai et al. examined the ability of autophagosomes to move to the cell body of neurons from a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease in which human amyloid-β peptides accumulate in the brain, and in the brains of human patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The experiments show that autophagosomes predominantly accumulate in the axons and at the ends of axons during Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid-β aggregates associate with autophagosomes in the axons and interact with dynein motors. This disrupts the interaction between dynein and Snapin and impairs dynein binding to the autophagosomes, trapping the autophagosomes in the axons. Increasing the production of Snapin proteins inside the mouse neurons enhances dynein binding to autophagosomes and thus helps these structures move to the cell body. The next step is to investigate whether increasing the ability of autophagosomes to move to the cell body reduces the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in the mutant mice. This will help to build a foundation for the future development of new strategies to treat Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders that are caused by protein aggregates.
Apple fruit quality: Overview on pre-harvest factors

Abstract Apple is the fourth most important fruit produced and eaten around the world with a production of 84 million tonnes in 2014. The modern cultivated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) is probably the result of interspecific hybridization and, at the moment, ten thousand or more apple cultivars are listed in the European Apple Inventory. The large number of cultivars reflects also a broad range of variability in the quality traits. “Fruit quality” is a dynamic concept changing on the basis of the consumer needs and perceptions that reflect sociocultural evolution. Almost all the characteristics determining apple quality can be measured or classified. Consumers assess apples by its appearance (colour, size, shape, absence of defects) and then by its eating quality, although the latter may determine the willingness to buy the product again. Furthermore, the high level of polyphenols confer apples relevant nutraceutical properties. Apple consumption has been deeply encouraged and a broad range of varieties are competing in the market, but the indisputable quality of a commodity is proved by the repeating purchase by consumers. In this review, the most common worldwide utilized external and internal quality parameters (i.e. firmness, starch, soluble solid content, titratable acidity) and conventional techniques as well as some new approaches to assess them are explored. New quality metrics recently developed, like IAD and dry matter, are discussed too. The current review discusses the impacts and potentials of both environmental conditions, and agronomic factors. Environmental and agronomic factors along all the growing season strongly affect the final apple quality including the nutraceutical aspects. Temperature and light contribute to several modifications of external and internal apple quality like red overcolor and dry matter accumulation, but also can trigger unwelcome disorders like sunburn. Orchard design, training system and pruning can dramatically impact the skin overcolor and the maturity of the fruit. Crop load and thinning can determine physiological adjustments that benefit the dry matter accumulation in the fruit. Irrigation and nutrition can modified the overcolor and the chemical composition of the flesh.
Into a New Century: Chemists Advancing the Legacies of Kazan’, St. Petersburg, and Moscow

By the end of the 1870s, Russian organic chemistry had reached the technical and intellectual stature needed to make it unnecessary for a student to leave Russia to receive advanced training in the discipline. There were vibrant schools of chemistry at St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Kazan’, headed by Russian (and Russian-trained) Professors: Butlerov, Zinin, Borodin and Menshutkin at St. Petersburg, Markovnikov at Moscow, and Zaitsev at Kazan’. As noted in Chap. 1, the founding of new universities continued throughout the nineteenth: Warsaw University (1816), St. Vladimir University (Kiev, 1834), and the Imperial Novorossiisk University (Odessa, 1865) and the Tomsk Imperial (Siberian) University (1878) are important examples, and each these universities played a role in bolstering the development of organic chemistry in pre-revolutionary Russia.
Commentary: Educational and Clinical Training for Addressing Tobacco-Related Cancer Health Disparities.

In the United States, tobacco use is a lead­ing contributor to inequities in cancer health among individuals for many ethnic, racial, sexual minority, and other minority groups as well as individuals in lower socioeconom­ic groups and other underserved popula­tions. Despite remarkable decreases in tobacco use prevalence rates in the United States over the past 50 years, the benefits of tobacco control efforts are not equitably distributed. Tobacco-related disparities include higher prevalence rates of smoking, lower rates of quitting, less robust responses to standard evidence-based treatments, substandard tobacco treatment delivery by health care providers, and an increased burden of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases. Among the multiple critical barriers to achieving progress in reducing tobacco treatment-related disparities, there are several educational barriers including a uni­dimensional or essentialist conceptualiza­tions of the disparities; a tobacco treatment workforce unprepared to address the needs of tobacco users from underserved groups; and known research-to-practice gaps in un­derstanding, assessing, and treating tobacco use among underserved groups. We propose the development of competen­cy-based curricula that: 1) use intersection­ality as an organizing framework for relevant knowledge; 2) teach interpersonal skills, such as expressing sociocultural respect, a lack of cultural superiority, and empathy as well as skills for developing other-oriented therapeutic relations; and 3) are grounded in the science of the evidence-based treat­ments for tobacco dependence. These cur­ricula could be disseminated nationally in multiple venues and would represent signifi­cant progress toward addressing tobacco-re­lated disparities. Ethn Dis. 2018;28(3):187- 192; doi:10.18865/ed.28.3.187.
Immune Mechanisms and Pathways Targeted in Type 1 Diabetes.

The immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine was first reported to lower daily insulin dose and improve glycemic control in patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) in 1984. While renal toxicity limited cyclosporine’s extended use, this observation ignited collaborative efforts to identify immunotherapeutic agents capable of safely preserving β cells in patients with or at risk for T1D. Advances in T1D prediction and early diagnosis, together with expanded knowledge of the disease mechanisms, have facilitated trials targeting specific immune cell subsets, autoantigens, and pathways. In addition, clinical responder and non-responder subsets have been defined through the use of metabolic and immunological readouts. Herein, we review emerging T1D biomarkers within the context of recent and ongoing T1D immunotherapy trials. We also discuss responder/non-responder analyses in an effort to identify therapeutic mechanisms, define actionable pathways, and guide subject selection, drug dosing, and tailored combination drug therapy for future T1D trials.
Halorhodopsin, the Light-Dependent Chloride Transport System of Halobacteria

The halobacteria are microorganisms, adapted to growth and survival in nearly saturated brines (Larsen, 1967; Kushner, 1978). Because their intracellular salt concentration is also very high but consists mainly of KCl rather than NaCl, it might be expected that the exclusion of sodium ions and the uptake of potassium ions is an important function of their cytoplasmic membrane. Indeed, a powerful sodium/proton antiport system has been described (Lanyi and MacDonald, 1976; Eisenbach et al, 1977) in these membranes, driven by protonmotive force created by outward proton transport during respiration (under aerobic conditions) or during illumination though the operation of bacteriorhodopsin, a retinal protein with proton translocating activity. The respiratory chain is not very unusual for a bacterial membrane (Lanyi, 1968; Cheah, 1969), but bacteriorhodopsin is unique for the halobacteria, and its study has contributed greatly to our understanding of how proton pumps function (Stoeckenius et al, 1979). Another aspect of the membrane bioenergetics of these organisms is the transport of chloride. Since the concentration of this anion in the cytoplasm is nearly the same as in the medium, and a large membrane potential (negative inside) exists during growth, chloride in these organisms is far from its electrochemical equilibrium and must be imported by active transport.
Adherence to sleep guidelines reduces risk of overweight/obesity in addition to 8-5-2-1-0 guidelines among a large sample of adolescents in the United States.

Abstract Objectives To examine whether adherence to US sleep, dietary, screen time, and physical activity (8-5-2-1-0) guidelines is associated with reduced risk of overweight/obesity in adolescents. Design Multivariable log-binomial regressions were estimated using the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System data. Results Of the 8194 adolescents aged 13 years and older, only 0.6% (49) met all guidelines. Meeting the recommended 8 hours of sleep per day was associated with reduced risk of overweight/obesity (risk ratio [RR]: 0.90; confidence interval [CI]: 0.81-0.99). Having ≤2 hours of screen time per day was associated with reduced risks of overweight/obesity (RR: 0.85; CI: 0.77-0.95). One hour of daily physical activity was associated with reduced risk of overweight/obesity (RR: 0.80; CI: 0.73-0.87). No significant associations were found between daily consumption of ≥5 fruits and vegetables or consumption of zero sugar-sweetened beverages and overweight/obesity. The 8-5-2-1-0 constitutes an improved prediction model to explain the risk of overweight/obesity among adolescents compared with the 5-2-1-0 model (F1,36 = 4.80; P = .035). Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that meeting recommendations for sleep, screen time, and physical activity is associated with decreased risk of overweight/obesity in a large sample of adolescents. These are important factors to consider in the prevention and treatment of overweight/obesity in adolescents.
Isolated presentation of congenital microphthalmia on fetal MRI.

Abstract A fetal growth scan was performed on a 34-year-old Caucasian woman, G4P3, with a history of gestational diabetes diagnosed at 32 weeks gestation. The examination revealed an absence of normal left globe with an echogenic mass in its expected location with a rim of surrounding hypoechoic fluid. The right orbit and globe were normal, and no other structural anomalies were identified. Prior to this examination, the patient had a normal anatomic survey and fetal echocardiogram at 20 weeks, however due to fetal positioning there was limited visualization of the orbits on initial scan. Fetal MRI was performed at 36 weeks gestation and confirmed near-complete absence of the left globe with asymmetrically smaller size of the left orbit. Normal right orbit and globe were present, and no additional fetal structural abnormalities were observed. Figure 1 congenital microphthalmia was diagnosed based on the imaging findings, preparing the family and alerting the medical team of appropriate care needed postnatally.
Real-Financial Linkages and Holding Securities

A survey of the reasons for holding securities and the ways they are put together in portfolios will show that in normal conditions all securities issued will be held voluntarily.
Synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly[(4-vinylphenyl)dimethylsilane] via atom transfer radical polymerization and its in-chain functionalization

This research paper describes a general method to synthesize functional polymers using a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and hydrosilation. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was copolymerized with (4-vinylphenyl)dimethylsilane (VPDS) in toluene via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The presence of a silyl hydride bond was proven using MALDI-ToF, NMR and IR spectra. The ability of the copolymer to undergo hydrosilation reaction was confirmed by reacting it with allyl alcohol. The expected molecular weight increase of the final polymer after functionalization was in agreement with the observed molecular weight. This method can be used to control both the type and quantity of functionalization by varying the amount of VPDS in the monomer feed.
Tips for Integrating Land and Wildlife Management: Quail in Cattle Country

This 2-page fact sheet provides specific tips to improve quail habitat in cattle country that focus on diversifying the plant species and structural composition and increasing early successional communities dominated by herbaceous plants. Written by William M. Giuliano and Lauren Watine and published by the UF Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, January 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw377
Pandemic-related mental health risk among front line personnel.

The mental health of frontline workers is critical to a community's ability to manage crises and disasters. This study assessed risks for mental health problems (traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, alcohol use, insomnia) in association with pandemic-related stressors in a sample of emergency and hospital personnel (N = 571). Respondents completed self-report surveys online from April 1st to May 7th, 2020 in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States. Results showed that roughly fifteen to thirty percent of respondents screened positive for each disorder. Odds of screening positive were similar between groups for probable acute traumatic stress, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and alcohol use disorder; emergency personnel reported significantly higher rates of insufficient sleep than healthcare workers. Logistic regressions showed that respondents who reported having an immunocompromised condition had higher odds of acute traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression. Having an immunocompromised household member was associated with higher odds of insufficient sleep and anxiety. Being in a direct care provision role was associated with higher odds of screening positive for risky alcohol use. Being in a management role over direct care providers was associated with higher odds of screening positive for anxiety, risky alcohol use, and insufficient sleep. There was an inverse relationship between number of positive COVID-19 cases and anxiety, such that as positive cases went up, anxiety decreased. Overall, the mental health risks that we observed early in the COVID-19 pandemic are elevated above previous viral outbreaks (SARS) and comparable to rates shown in disasters (9/11 attacks; Hurricane Katrina).
Current Methods for Detecting Cell Membrane Transient Interactions

Short-lived cell membrane complexes play a key role in regulating cell signaling and communication. Many of these complexes are formed based on low-affinity and transient interactions among various lipids and proteins. New techniques have emerged to study these previously overlooked membrane transient interactions. Exciting functions of these transient interactions have been discovered in cellular events such as immune signaling, host-pathogen interactions, and diseases such as cancer. In this review, we have summarized current experimental methods that allow us to detect and analyze short-lived cell membrane protein-protein, lipid-protein, and lipid-lipid interactions. These methods can provide useful information about the strengths, kinetics, and/or spatial patterns of membrane transient interactions. However, each method also has its own limitations. We hope this review can be used as a guideline to help the audience to choose proper approaches for studying membrane transient interactions in different membrane trafficking and cell signaling events.
Relating West Nile virus case fatality rates to demographic and surveillance variables.

SYNOPSIS Objective. The purpose of this ecological study was to relate West Nile virus (WNV) human case fatality rates to county-level demographic and surveillance variables, thereby characterizing the populations to which WNV poses the greatest threat. Methods. The authors acquired data on human, avian, and mosquito WNV infections for the 13 states in which there were 100 or more human cases during 2003. The data on avian and mosquito infections were converted into surveillance variables using empirical Bayes methodology. A preliminary logistic regression model was formulated to relate these surveillance variables and demographic variables to case fatality rates. The statistical technique of backward elimination was applied to obtain a final model in terms of the variables most useful for predicting case outcomes. Results. The probability of a fatal outcome depends on the poverty rate for the county in which the infected person lives (p=0.0283), the average temperature (p<0.0001), and surveillance variables reflecting the fractions of Culex pipiens and Culex restuans mosquitoes among infected mosquitoes (p=0.0079; p=0.0076). Conclusions. Effective WNV educational programs and control measures are vital, especially in poverty-stricken areas. A uniform protocol for disseminating county-level data could facilitate timely responses to WNV outbreaks and to emerging infectious diseases more generally.
Peritoneal carcinomatosis: Natural history and rational therapeutic interventions using intraperitoneal chemotherapy

The rationale and the treatment strategies for peritoneal carcinomatosis have gained prominence over the last decade. Their definite contribution to the management of gastrointestinal cancer has been established. The significant contributions are summarized in Table 7.
Nonlinear Normal Modes of Buckled Beams: Three-to-One and One-to-One Internal Resonances

Nonlinear normal modes of a fixed-fixed buckled beam about its first post-buckling configuration are investigated. The cases of three-to-one and one-to-one internal resonances are analyzed. Approximate solutions for the nonlinear normal modes are computed by applying the method of multiple scales directly to the governing integral-partial-differential equation and associated boundary conditions. Curves displaying variation of the amplitude of one of the modes with the internal-resonance-detuning parameter are generated. It is shown that, for a three-to-one internal resonance between the first and third modes, the beam may possess one stable uncoupled mode (high-frequency mode) and either (a) one stable coupled mode, (b) three stable coupled modes, or (c) two stable and one unstable coupled modes. For the same resonance, the beam possesses one degenerate mode (with a multiplicity of two) and two stable and one unstable coupled modes. On the other hand, for a one-to-one internal resonance between the first and second modes, the beam possesses (a) two stable uncoupled modes and two stable and two unstable coupled modes; (b) one stable and one unstable uncoupled modes and two stable and two unstable coupled modes; and (c) two stable uncoupled and two unstable coupled modes (with a multiplicity of two). For a one-to-one internal resonance between the third and fourth modes, the beam possesses (a) two stable uncoupled modes and four stable coupled modes; (b) one stable and one unstable uncoupled modes and four stable coupled modes; (c) two unstable uncoupled modes and four stable coupled modes; and (d) two stable uncoupled modes and two stable coupled modes (each with a multiplicity of two).
HapTree-X: An Integrative Bayesian Framework for Haplotype Reconstruction from Transcriptome and Genome Sequencing Data.

By running standard genotype calling tools, it is possible to accurately identify the number of “wild type” and “mutant” alleles for each single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site. However, in the case of two heterozygous SNP sites, genotype calling tools cannot determine whether “mutant” alleles from different SNP loci are on the same chromosome or on different homologous chromosomes (i.e. compound heterozygote).
The US Context for Highway Congestion Pricing

This chapter analyzes the spatial impacts of various freeway pricing scenarios including the conversion of High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) to High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes. Spatial allocations occur via a congestible highway network of almost 90,000 links, including almost 5,000 freeway links. Converting HOV to HOT lanes and redirecting current planning away from more HOV lane development (as well as from conventional transit planning) towards their plan is the way to go in light of what is known of U.S. settlement and travel trends. Dispersed origins and destination are unlikely to be well served by conventional transit or by carpooling. And the increasing tendency to combine work trips with non-work trips reflects this and also favors the HOT-lanes policy.
Phosphine-Mediated Iterative Arene Homologation Using Allenes

A PPh3-mediated multicomponent reaction between o-phthalaldehydes, nucleophiles, and monosubstituted allenes furnishes functionalized non-C2-symmetric naphthalenes in synthetically useful yields. When the o-phthalaldehydes were reacted with 1,3-disubstituted allenes in the presence of PPh2Et, naphthalene derivatives were also obtained in up to quantitative yields. The mechanism of the latter transformation is straightforward: aldol addition followed by Wittig olefination and dehydration. The mechanism of the former is a tandem γ-umpolung/aldol/Wittig/dehydration process, as established by preparation of putative reaction intermediates and mass spectrometric analysis. This transformation can be applied iteratively to prepare anthracenes and tetracenes using carboxylic acids as pronucleophiles.
The French Left‐Wing Radicals:

DURING THE FIRST three decades of the Third Republic a number of deputies, forming the extreme Left in the Chamber of Deputies, became known as Radical-Socialists. On the basis of their voting records in favor of social and economic reform, they may be divided into three groups: the intransigents were the most committed to working-class interests; the simple Radical Socialists were less so; finally the advanced members of the Radicaux de Gauche favored reform but were less consistent in their support of labor. The term left-wing Radical refers to this entire segment of the Left and distinguishes it in this essay from moderate Radicals who were chiefly concerned with politics. Their forces were never large: a maximum of 81 in the Chamber of 1885-89 and a minimum of 57 in that of 1887-81. In a series of articles, of which this is the concluding one, I have tried to clarify the contribution of advanced Radicals toward the growth of a social conscience in French politics.1 The thesis offered is that a fairly sizable segment of the non-collectivist Left sought actively to lead France in the direction of a Welfare State. Many historians either ignore this political current of the Left or suspect the left-wing Radicals of a subtle brand of hyprocrisy, of playing politics with social ideas.2 Undoubtedly there were some Radicals who accepted reform as a concession to workers in order to discourage them from turning to revolutionaries. Reforms, then, would come only in doses large enough to keep the workers faithful to the Republic. However, there is ample reason to view most of them as
Overlap in meetings: ASR effects and analysis by dialog factors, speakers, and collection site

We analyze speaker overlap in multiparty meetings both in terms of automatic speech recognition (ASR) performance, and in terms of distribution of overlap with respect to various factors (collection site, speakers, dialog acts, and hot spots). Unlike most previous work on overlap or crosstalk, our ASR error analysis uses an approach that allows comparison of the same foreground speech with and without naturally occurring overlap, using a state-of-the-art meeting recognition system. We examine a total of 101 meetings. For analysis of ASR, we use 26 meetings from the NIST meeting transcription evaluations, and discover a number of interesting phenomena. First, overlaps tend to occur at high-perplexity regions in the foreground talker's speech. Second, overlap regions tend to have higher perplexity than those in nonoverlaps, if trigrams or 4-grams are used, but unigram perplexity within overlaps is considerably lower than that of nonoverlaps. Third, word error rate (WER) after overlaps is consistently lower than that before the overlap, apparently because the foreground speaker reduces perplexity shortly after being overlapped. These appear to be robust findings, because they hold in general across meetings from different collection sites, even though meeting style and absolute rates of overlap vary by site. Further analyses of overlap with respect to speakers and meeting content were conducted on a set of 75 additional meetings collected and annotated at ICSI. These analyses reveal interesting relationships between overlap and dialog acts, as well as between overlap and “hot spots” (points of increased participant involvement). Finally, results from this larger data set show that individual speakers have widely varying rates of being overlapped.
Distillers Dried Grain Product Innovation and Its Impact on Adoption, Inclusion, Substitution, and Displacement Rates in a Finishing Hog Ration

This study finds that the use of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) as feed is greatly influenced by the development of DDGS products that are available in the market. We find that newer-generation DDGS products have a higher optimal inclusion rate, reaching the maximum allowable rate of 20% for swine, and they have a higher displacement rate of 0.23 for soymeal and 0.93 for corn. Although both traditional and newer-generation DDGS products are primarily used as a corn substitute for energy, it will take only a relatively small change in the price or matrix A (or both) for the newer-generation DDGS to primarily substitute for soymeal for the limiting amino acid, lysine. In contrast, traditional DDGS products have a lower optimal inclusion rate of 7%, and they have a lower displacement rate of 0.75 for corn and 0.08 for soy meal. This product is primarily used as a corn substitute for energy. When traditional DDGS is introduced in a feed ration, total feed cost declines by 2.64%, or a reduction of $0.29 per cwt of feed. This translates into a $2.17 per head savings in feed cost in a feeder-to-finish operation. Using newer-generation DDGS reduces feed cost by 9.88%, or a reduction of $1.08 per cwt of feed, saving feeder-finisher operations $8.06 per head. This study suggests that as a substitute product, the price of DDGS will track the price of both corn and soymeal. It will be more of the former until new-generation DDGS can be used as a primary substitute for soymeal and take a dominant share of the market. Finally, this study clearly points to the critical importance of DDG product innovation to promote widespread and optimal use of DDGS as a feed ingredient, thereby alleviating the food-feed-fuel trade-off.
Analyzing and Optimizing Adaptive Modulation Coding Jointly With ARQ for QoS-Guaranteed Traffic

A cross-layer design is developed for quality-of-service (QoS)-guaranteed traffic. The novel design jointly exploits the error-correcting capability of the truncated automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol at the data link layer and the adaptation ability of the adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme at the physical layer to optimize system performance for QoS-guaranteed traffic. The queuing behavior induced by both the truncated ARQ protocol and the AMC scheme is analyzed with an embedded Markov chain. Analytical expressions for performance metrics such as packet loss rate, throughput, and average packet delay are derived. Using these expressions, a constrained optimization problem is solved numerically to maximize the overall system throughput under the specified QoS constraints
Quantitative techniques for analysis of large data sets in renewable distributed generation

Summary form only given. Distributed generation (DG) reduces losses and eliminates some of the transmission and distribution costs. It may also reduce fossil fuel emissions, defer capital costs, and improve the distribution feeder voltage conditions. The calculation of the effects of small residential photovoltaic (PV) and wind DG systems on various feeder operating variables is complicated by both the probabilistic nature of their output and the variety of their possible spatial allocations. A method based on a combination of clustering techniques and a convex hull algorithm is proposed that may reduce the computational burden by an order of magnitude, while still allowing accurate estimation of DG-enhanced feeder operation.
BEST PRACTICES FOR MEDIATION TRAINING AND REGULATION: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

This article makes recommendations as to “Best Practices” for the training of mediators in court-connected settings. The authors’ findings cover issues including the design of training programs, the importance of experiential learning through role-plays, teaching methods for adult learners, class size and length, training ethical mediators, suggested trainer qualifications, and recommended regulatory practices for administrators. Data comes primarily from an assessment of mediation training and regulation in Florida, but the findings hold insights for court-connected mediation programs throughout the United States. Additionally, the authors highlight the benefits of a collaborative assessment approach involving all stakeholder groups and facilitating smooth implementation of any needed changes.
How do local-level legal institutions promote development ?

This paper develops a framework and some hypotheses regarding the impact of local-level, informal legal institutions on three economic outcomes: aggregate growth, inequality, and human capabilities. It presents a set of stylized differences between formal and informal legal justice systems, identifies the pathways through which formal systems promote economic outcomes, reflects on what the stylized differences mean for the potential impact of informal legal institutions on economic outcomes, and looks at extant case studies to examine the plausibility of the arguments presented. The paper concludes that local-level, informal legal institutions can support social substitutes for the enforcement of contracts, although these substitutes tend to be limited in range and scale; they are flexible and could conceivably be adapted to serve the interests of the poor and marginalized if supportive organizational and social resources could be brought to support the legal claims of the disempowered; and they are more likely to support personal integrity rights than the positive liberties that are also constitutive of development as freedom.
Causal discovery from changes

We propose a new method of discovering causal structures, based on the detection of local, spontaneous changes in the underlying data-generating model. We analyze the classes of structures that axe equivalent relative to a stream of distributions produced by local changes, and devise algorithms that output graphical representations of these equivalence classes. We present experimental results, using simulated data, and examine the errors associated with detection of changes and recovery of structures.
Race, immigration, and the U.S. labor marke t: contrasting the outcomes of foreign born and native blacks

It is generally expected that immigrants do not fare as well as the native-born in the U.S. labor market. The literature also documents that Blacks experience lower labor market outcomes than Whites. This paper innovates by studying the interaction between race and immigration. The study compares the labor market outcomes of four racial groups in the United States (Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics) interacted with their foreign born status, using the Integrated Public Use Micro Data Series data for the 2000 Census. Among women and for labor market outcomes such as labor force participation, employment, and personal income, the foreign born are doing worse than the native born from the same racial background, with the exception of Blacks. Among men, for labor force participation and employment, foreign-born Blacks are doing better than native Blacks. The paper tests different possible explanations for this reversal of the advantage of natives over immigrants among Blacks. It considers citizenship, ability in English, age at and time since arrival in the United States, as well as neighborhood effects, but concludes that none of these channels explains or modifies the observed reversal.
Maintaining Central-Bank Financial Stability under New-Style Central Banking

Since 2008, the central banks of advanced countries have borrowed trillions of dollars from their commercial banks in the form of interest-paying reserves and invested the proceeds in portfolios of risky assets. We investigate how this new style of central banking affects central banksâ solvency. A central bank is insolvent if its requirement to pay dividends to its government exceeds its income by enough to cause an unending upward drift in its debts to commercial banks. We consider three sources of risk to central banks: interest-rate risk (the Federal Reserve), default risk (the European Central Bank), and exchange-rate risk (central banks of small open economies). We find that a central bank that pays dividends equal to a standard concept of net income will always be solventâits reserve obligations will not explode. In some circumstances, the dividend will be negative, meaning that the government is making a payment to the bank. If the charter does not provide for payments in that direction, then reserves will tend to grow more in crises than they shrink in normal times. To prevent this buildup, the charter needs to provide for makeup reductions in payments from the bank to the government. We compute measures of the financial strength of central banks, and discuss how different institutions interact with quantitative easing policies to put these banks in less or more danger of instability. We conclude that the risks to financial stability are real in theory, but remote in practice today.
The colonization of the womb.

Motherhood has always been, and continues to be, a colonized concept-an event physically practiced and experienced by women, but occupied and defined, given content and value, by the core concepts of patriarchal ideology.' Some problems we share as women, some we do not. You fear your children will grow up to join the patriarchy and testify against you, we fear our children will be dragged from a car and shot down in the street, and you will turn your backs upon the reasons they are dying.
UNDERSTANDING THE ENTREPRENEUR: AN INDEX OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS

A measure of entrepreneur success is important to identify current and future successful ventures, to further our understanding of the entrepreneurial process and to guide public policies to improve the success rate of start-ups. In this paper we propose an index of entrepreneur success that accommodates multiple inputs and outputs, that is predicated on inputs and that mitigates the impact of outliers. We relate the index to characteristics of the entrepreneur and the venture: age, experience, gender, race, competitive advantage, education, and birthplace. The data are from the Kauffman Firm Survey. The index is calculated for 2,863 firms in 2006.
The Value of Medicaid: Interpreting Results from the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment

We develop frameworks for welfare analysis of Medicaid and apply them to the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment. Across different approaches, we estimate low-income uninsured adults’ willingness to...
Satiation, satiety: the puzzle of solids and liquids.

Abstract: Identifying factors contributing to weight gain is critical if the obesity problem is to be adequately addressed. Nutritively sweetened beverage consumption trends closely parallel recent obesity prevalence data. This chapter reviews evidence for and against beverages as drivers of weight gain and also proposes possible mechanisms of action by which beverages could lead to decreased satiety and increased intake. Specifically, evidence exists for differences between solids and beverages in terms of cognitive effects, oral processing, gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal tract transit time, and endocrine responses. Collectively, these data indicate that energy delivered in beverages elicits weaker physiological responses associated with satiety and dietary compensation, and that the energy from beverages may pose a greater risk to weight management than solid food forms.
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects of the applied Valsalva manoeuvre in anaesthetized neurosurgical patients

We examined the effects of Valsalva's manoeuvre and its four phase on heart rate, central venous pressure (CVP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and laser Doppler cerebellar cortical blood flow (CBF). Brief Valsalva manoeuvres increased CVP and markedly decreased MAP. Cerebral perfusion pressure significantly (P < or = 0.01, Dunnett's test) decreased during phases 2 and 3 of the Valsalva manoeuvre. Cortical blood flow closely paralleled CPP; CBF decreased to 59% of control during phase 2 and to 57% of control during phase 3 of the Valsalva manoeuvre. The MAP, CPP, and CBF all returned to baseline levels during phase 4 (the overshoot phase) of the Valsalva manoeuvre, and were not significantly greater than control. No autoregulatory change in cerebrovascular resistance occurred throughout the Valsalva manoeuvre. These results suggest that brief Valsalva manoeuvres, as employed during neurosurgical procedures, mainly confirm venous haemostasis, but must be used cautiously due to the marked haemodynamic changes.
A partial folk theorem for games with private learning

The payoff matrix of a finite stage game is realized randomly and then the stage game is repeated infinitely. The distribution over states of the world (a state corresponds to a payoff matrix) is commonly known, but players do not observe nature’s choice. Over time, they can learn the state in two ways. After each round, each player observes his own realized payoff (which may be stochastic, conditional on the state) and he observes a noisy public signal of the state (whose informativeness may vary with the actions chosen). Actions are perfectly observable. The result is that for any function that maps each state to a payoff vector that is feasible and individually rational in that state, there is a sequential equilibrium in which patient players learn the realized state with arbitrary precision and achieve a payoff close to the one specified for that state. That result extends to the case where there is no public signal, but instead players receive very closely correlated private signals of the vector of realized payoffs.
Validation of policy integration using alloy

Organizations typically have multiple security policies operating together in the same system. The integration of multiple policies might be needed to achieve the desired security requirements. Validating this integrated policy is a non-trivial process. This paper addresses the problem of composing, modeling and validating the security policies. We show how the various approaches for composing security policies can be modeled and verified using Alloy, a lightweight modeling system with automatic semantic analysis capability.
Measuring Scale and Scope Economies in Banking Using the Localized Translog Functional Form

This paper examines complications that arise in the nonparametric estimation of scale and scope economies. This paper presents a simple nonparametric strategy for estimating cost functions--the localization of the translog functional form--that is both easy to implement and has very desirable statistical properties. This estimator is used to fit a multiproduct cost function to data from the banking industry, and the estimates provide evidence that banking is an industry in which the major differences in efficiencies between banks are transitory. This results challenges past beliefs about X-efficiencies in banking and resolves a puzzle regarding the relative efficiencies of banks.
Segregated Schools and the Mobility Hypothesis: A Model of Local Government Discrimination

Around the turn of the century, Southern blacks lost the right to vote, and discrimination against them by local government officials intensified. This paper argues that, in the case of the de jure segregated public schools attended by black children, the ability of Southern blacks to "vote with their feet" placed limits on local government discrimination.
Counter-Cyclical Agricultural Program Payments: Is It Time to Look at Revenue?

(Revised) This paper examines the Supplemental Income Payments for Producers (SIPP) program, a proposal to adjust the current federal farm program to react to declines in farm revenue. The SIPP program, as currently outlined, would provide farmers assistance when current national revenue for a crop falls below a set percentage of historical national revenue for the crop. The authors explore the implications of changing the percentage of revenue and/or the level of revenue covered (national, state, county, etc.). Revenue guarantees based on the futures markets rather than past revenue outcomes are also discussed.
A PC-based receiver-decoder for remote sensor monitoring

A PC-based serial data receiver-decoder that decodes biphase-mark encoded data is described. Its design philosophy, data format, and hardware implementation are described. Two serial-interface board designs as well as the advantages and disadvantages of both are discussed. The important software features implemented for control of this system are described. Some application information is also discussed relative to intrusion detection and environmental monitoring. >
Fiscal policy issues during the transition in Russia

Since 1992, the Russian Federation has moved away from a command economy and has laid the foundation of a market-based system. This paper examines some of the key fiscal policy issues that arose in 1992-96, the period following the onset of economic liberalization and reform.