cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why does trigonometric substitution work

Modern calculus textbooks carefully illustrate how to perform integration by trigonometric substitution. Unfortunately, most of these books do not adequately justify this powerful technique of integration. In this article, we present an accessible proof that establishes the validity of integration by trigonometric substitution. The proof offers calculus instructors a simple argument that can be used to show their students that trigonometric substitution is a valid technique of integration.
Sequences and Series of Functions

A sequence of functions is usually written $$ {f_1}(x),{f_2}(x), \ldots or \{ {f_j}\} _{j = 1}^\infty .$$ We will generally assume that the functions f j all have the same domain S.
Cognitive Behavioral Interventions with Mentally Retarded Children

A number of theories of mental retardation have been advanced in recent years (cf. Mercer & Snell, 1977). These theories can be distinguished on various dimensions, the most basic of which is whether they attribute the differences between mentally retarded and normal functioning to a fundamental defect in cognitive structure of the individual or to normal polygenetic variation and adverse environmental conditions during the developmental period. These two models, referred to as the defect and developmental models (Zigler, 1967), lead to different predictions about task performance of mentally retarded and intellectually average individuals equated for developmental level (MA). Because of the diverse implications of these positions for theapeutic interventions, several specific theories from each paradigm will be briefly described.
The Sorting of Membrane Proteins During the Formation of Er-Derived Transport Vesicles

Proteins enter the transport pathway of eukaryotic cells when they are translocated into or across the membrane of the ER. Once in the transport pathway, proteins can be secreted or targeted to the Golgi cisternae, lysosomes, or the plasma membrane. Repeated cycles of vesicle budding and fusion move proteins through the transport pathway. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a combined genetic and biochemical approach has identified many of the components required for the vesicular transport of proteins from the ER to the Golgi (Salama et al. , 1993; Barlowe et al. , 1994). The formation of ER-derived vesicles from ER membranes in vitro has now been observed, and this assay requires the addition of cytosol or a specific set of proteins (Sarlp, Sec23p complex, and Secl3p complex). The vesicles formed in this assay will fuse with Golgi membranes in vitro. Additionally, this reaction retains the selectivity observed in vivo. Specifically, ER resident proteins such as Sec61p and Secl2p are not included in these vesicles. Despite this progress, little is known about how protein sorting occurs during the process of vesicular budding from ER membranes. Several amino acid sequences have been found that are responsible for the ER-localization of proteins. For example, the C-terminal addition of the sequence HDEL to soluble proteins or KKXX to membrane-bound proteins leads to ER localization. These sequences do not however, appear to lead to the exclusion of proteins from ER-derived transport vesicles. Instead, proteins containing such sequences are retrieved from early Golgi compartments after they have been released from the ER. To date, no sequences that affect the sorting of proteins into ER derived transport vesicles have been identified. As a first step towards identifying such signals, we have constructed fusions between two type II membrane proteins that display different sorting properties. One of these proteins, Sec22p is efficiently packaged into ER-derived transport vesicles and the other, Secl2p, is not. Our results with these fusions indicate that sorting information is present on the cytoplasmic domain of one or both of these proteins.
Proteolysis of Immobilized Lactate Dehydrogenase in the Presence of Pyruvate and NADH

We have described the use of enzyme immobilization in a flow system as a means to detect substrate induced conformational changes of enzymes (1,2). The enzyme and substrate were mixed just prior to contacting a column of activated solid support. The enzyme forms bound in the presence and absence of substrate were then studied in chemical modification and kinetic experiments. In our new approach we study the susceptibility of a bound enzyme to proteolysis in the presence and absence of substrates. Susceptibility to proteolysis is a useful property in the study of conformational changes of proteins (3). However, the conformation of the ES complex has not been studied because of the difficulty in maintaining saturating levels of substrate.
Temperature effect on grinding circuit performance

It has been observed in some mineral processing plants that grinding circuit efficiency varies seasonally, such as in some plants which are located in the northern US and Canada and undergo large seasonal temperature changes, with the grinding circuit efficiency different between summer and winter. This indicates that the temperature of grinding circuit slurry has a noticeable effect on grinding performance. The effect has rarely been studied. To this end, an investigation to examine the effects of changing temperature on efficiency and determination of the mechanism responsible has been carried out. Plant investigations and laboratory experiments have been conducted in order to study hydrocyclones. It was demonstrated that when the pressure drop is held constant, the d50(c) size decreased approximately linearly with increasing temperature, while the shape of the reduced efficiency curve remained nearly constant. This effect was determined to be due to changes in slurry viscosity with temperature.
Hematologic toxicity is rare in relapsed patients treated with belinostat: a systematic review of belinostat toxicity and safety in peripheral T-cell lymphomas

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are an aggressive and diverse group of lymphomas with a T-cell origin. Most patients progress following initial treatment and require salvage therapy. The burden of symptoms is high due to its extra-nodal presentation, high rate of advanced disease, and associated cytopenias combined with its predilection for an elderly population. The disease is generally incurable at relapse in the absence of transplantation and treatment is aimed at prolonging life and reducing disease-related symptoms. Belinostat is a histone deacetylate inhibitor that was granted accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration on July 3, 2014, for the treatment of relapsed PTCL. Here, a systemic review was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of belinostat. A safety analysis involved 512 patients with relapsed malignancies, and an efficacy analysis focused on patients with relapsed PTCL and included a total of 144 patients. Common adverse events were noted including fatigue (35%), nausea (42.8%), and vomiting (28.5%), but comparatively low rates of grade 3/4 hematologic toxicity overall (6.4%). Efficacy analysis demonstrated an overall response rate of 25.7% and complete responses of 10.4% with the majority of discontinuations occurring for lack of efficacy. Ultimately, these results demonstrate that belinostat has comparable efficacy to other agents used in this setting and is well tolerated in regard to hematologic events, but there is limited data on patient-reported outcomes, reduction in disease-related symptoms, or quality of life.
Effects of Light and Nutrition Manipulations on Thermal Respiratory Acclimation and Nocturnal Dynamics of Leaf Dark Respiration

The ability of a plant to acclimate metabolically to thermal changes is necessary to maintain a positive carbon balance. It is likely that a plant’s acclimatory potential is a function of leaf nitrogen and/or leaf carbohydrate status. Two important issues assessed concerning leaf dark respiration (RD) were the effects of growth temperature, light, and fertilization on thermal respiratory acclimation and changes in respiratory parameters (indicative of acclimation) throughout the dark period. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants were grown in greenhouses under a full factorial treatment arrangement of temperature, light, and nutrition. RD was measured at three temperatures to estimate respiratory parameters (cool respiration R13, warm respiration R25, and the temperature response of respiration EO) three times throughout the night (6 pm, 11 pm, and 4 am). Respiratory parameters did not differ throughout the night. Thermal acclimation was observed in warm grown plants under optimal growing conditions (i.e., high light and high fertilization); however, acclimation did not occur when limitations were imposed (i.e., shade or no fertilization). These findings suggest thermal acclimation will occur so long as plants do not undergo limitations. This may have major implications for natural ecosystems and may play a role in assessing an ecosystems resiliency to climate change.
Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) for evaluation of different transportation alternatives: A case of Rawalpindi bypass Pakistan

Safe, efficient and user-friendly transportation of people and goods have been a premier point of concern for all the developed and the developing countries around the globe. National Highway N-5 or GT road is the most important highway link in Pakistan. It carries about 80 % of the country freight traffic. When this heavy traffic passes through the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, it causes congestion and environmental hazards particularly in business centers of Rawalpindi city. Because of this heavy traffic volume passing through the cities situated along N-5, bypasses to all of them have been provided however, Rawalpindi is the only city along N5 which is still without a bypass. A bypass to Rawalpindi city is, therefore, inevitable. Besides this, the Bypass will also provide a short access to the traffic on the Motorway (M2) destined for the western part of Rawalpindi. For this research work Rawalpindi Bypass is taken as a hypothetical scenario and is evaluated for its benefits. Besides addition to the networks of highways across Pakistan this bypass has many other benefits which include decrease in congestion from Islamabad and Rawalpindi main arteries (ISB Highway and IJP Road) that results in travel time savings, vehicle operating cost savings, safety savings and reduced air pollution. This research aims to produce an engineering and scientific comparison of various costs and benefits associated with the road agency and users about the construction of an alternative. The Project involves transportation demand estimation on different segments of the National and Arterial roads, Project Costs, travel time savings, safety saving, vehicle operating cost savings, economic efficiency analysis, Air quality impact and multi criterion transportation decision making. The transportation decision making process usually involves the evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency of an alternative decision with respect to a base case DO-NOTHING Scenario. Author have taken the existing road way structure with no improvements as DO-NOTHING Scenario, whereas the construction of Rawalpindi Bypass (60 Km) with 2 lanes in each direction is taken as Alternative B and Rawalpindi Bypass (51 Km) as Alternative C. Multi criteria decision making technique is used for decision because of multiple options with different dimensions, both monetary and nonmonetary. Basing of MCDM this study recommends Alternative C (51 Km) for Rawalpindi Bypass.
Sense and Nonsense: Teaching Journalism and Science Students to Be Advocates for Science and Information Literacy:

Long before “fake news” became a catchphrase, misguided beliefs about scientific truths undermined the free exercise of democracy and personal decision-making. Journalistic norms such as providing ...
A regional Kronecker product and multiple-pair latin squares

Abstract We introduce a variant of the Kronecker product, called the regional Kronecker product, that can be used to build new, larger multiple-pair latin squares from existing multiple-pair latin squares. We present applications to the existence and orthogonality of multiple-pair latin squares.
Factors that Lengthen Patient Hospitalizations Following Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Objective To establish descriptive observations associated with prolonged hospitalization after laparoscopic hysterectomy prior to the implementation of a department-wide Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol. Methods A retrospective cohort study at three academic affiliated hospitals in the southeastern United States was conducted evaluating length of hospitalization by patient, surgical, and physician factors for 384 patients who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy, laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy, and robotic assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign conditions by general and subspecialized gynecologists from 2010 to 2015. Results Among 384 patients, 19.5% experienced prolonged hospitalization, defined as greater than one day. After adjusting for covariates, robotic assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy (aOR 3.13), dietary restrictions on postoperative day 1 (aOR 4.42), postoperative nausea or vomiting (aOR 2.01), and postoperative complications (aOR 3.58) were associated with prolonged hospitalization. Conclusion Data from this study were collected prior to implementation of department-wide enhanced recovery after surgery protocols and highlights areas for improvement. Implementation of specific aspects of these protocols, including aggressive prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting and early feeding, are easily made changes which may help to effectively decrease length of stay after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Patient and provider education on enhanced recovery protocols is also key to reducing length of stay.
Does Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Improve Operating Conditions during Minimally Invasive Anterolateral Total Hip Replacements?: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Neuromuscular blockade (NMB) is thought to improve operative conditions during certain procedures. Published descriptions of minimally invasive hip replacement techniques specify the need for "excellent relaxation", however, the optimal degree of NMB required for such cases has not been studied. We performed a randomized, single-blind study comparing the effect of moderate and deep neuromuscular blockade on surgical conditions and operating time during minimally invasive anterolateral hip replacement. Vecuronium was administered to maintain moderate NMB (train-of-four count of 1-2) or deep NMB (train-of-four count of 0, post-tetanic count of 1-2). Methods In this study, 116 patients were randomized to receive moderate or deep neuromuscular blockade; depth of blockade was monitored using acceleromyography. The primary outcome was the number of requests from the surgeon for additional blockade intraoperatively. Secondary outcomes included operative times and assessment of the operative conditions by the surgeon utilizing the Leiden-Surgical Rating Scale. Results Cases with additional requests for blockade did not differ between the deep and moderate NMB groups (11/58, 19.0% vs 8/58, 13.8%); relative risk, 1.22 (95% CI [confidence interval], 0.70-2.15), p=0.62. Neither time from incision to prosthesis reduction (33.8±1.2 min vs. 32.6 ±1.2 min; difference in geometric mean, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.90-1.04] minutes, p=0.33), nor the surgeon's assessment of operative conditions (p=0.88), differed between the deep or moderate NMB groups, respectively. Conclusions Deep NMB did not produce significantly improved operative conditions compared with moderate NMB. Routine use of deep NMB during minimally invasive anterolateral hip arthroplasty is not supported by this study.
Digital Radiometer for Traceable Spectrum Sensing

This paper describes a metrology instrument designed for detecting noise and interference in digital communications. A quadrature detector downconverts in-phase and quadrature channels, which are each digitized at high speed. This architecture makes the upper and lower signal sidebands separable by digital processing, and has spectral resolution that is unprecedented in conventional analog detection. Several considerations for design, system characterization and calibrations are discussed.
Racial Disparities in Complications, Length of Stay, and Costs among Patients Receiving Orthognathic Surgery in the United States

Introduction Black and Hispanic/Latino patients in the United States often experience poorer health outcomes in comparison to White patients. We aimed to assess the impact of race on complications, length of stay, and costs after orthognathic surgery. Methods Pediatric and young adult orthognathic surgeries (age Results There were 8,809 patients identified in the KID database (mean age of 16.3 years). Compared to White patients, complication rates were increased among Hispanic patients (2.1 vs 1.3%, P = .037) and other patients treated for apnea (8.7 vs 0.83%, P = .002). Hospital LOS was increased in both Black (3.3 vs 2.1 days, P Conclusion There are significant differences in complications, LOS, and costs after orthognathic surgery among patients of different race/ethnicity. Further studies are needed to better understand the causes of disparity and their clinical manifestations.
Secure Software-Defined Networking Communication Systems for Smart Cities: Current Status, Challenges, and Trends

Smart city is a transformative and progressive vision that aims to revolutionize infrastructure systems and public services in an urban area with modern information technologies. Its ultimate goal is to greatly improve the livability Quality of Service (QoS) of its citizens and to optimize the utilization of its assets and natural resources sustainably. One of the key technical attributes in smart cities is to deploy a large number of sensors to collect data to enable real-time and intelligent decisions for various city functions and citizen needs. Many of the data have strict security requirements as they are either private to citizens or sensitive to critical infrastructures. As a result, how to securely and efficiently deliver and process the dramatically increasing volume of data becomes one of the grand challenges in materializing the smart city vision. In recent years, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged as a leading communication infrastructure candidate for smart cities. While many efforts have existed to research, prototype, and even deploy SDN on a small scale for some smart city applications, there is still a lack of cohesive understanding about SDN’s impact on the secure communication need of smart cities. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the core functionality of SDN from the perspective of secure communication infrastructure at different scales. A specific focus is put on the security threats and challenges in accordance with SDN plane-based architectures for various smart city-enabled applications. We further systematically categorize the state-of-art solutions and proposals to apply SDN to support typical smart city applications, such as transportation, health, and energy applications. Lastly, we cast a holistic view of future research trends.
Optimization of probiotic therapeutics using machine learning in an artificial human gastrointestinal tract

The gut microbiota’s metabolome is composed of bioactive metabolites that confer disease resilience. Probiotics’ therapeutic potential hinges on their metabolome altering ability; however, characterizing probiotics’ metabolic activity remains a formidable task. In order to solve this problem, an artificial model of the human gastrointestinal tract is introduced coined the ABIOME (A Bioreactor Imitation of the Microbiota Environment) and used to predict probiotic formulations’ metabolic activity and hence therapeutic potential with machine learning tools. The ABIOME is a modular yet dynamic system with real-time monitoring of gastrointestinal conditions that support complex cultures representative of the human microbiota and its metabolome. The fecal-inoculated ABIOME was supplemented with a polyphenol-rich prebiotic and combinations of novel probiotics that altered the output of bioactive metabolites previously shown to invoke anti-inflammatory effects. To dissect the synergistic interactions between exogenous probiotics and the autochthonous microbiota a multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) model was implemented towards the development of optimized probiotic combinations with therapeutic benefits. Using this algorithm, several probiotic combinations were identified that stimulated synergistic production of bioavailable metabolites, each with a different therapeutic capacity. Based on these results, the ABIOME in combination with the MARS algorithm could be used to create probiotic formulations with specific therapeutic applications based on their signature metabolic activity.
Segmentation and fracture detection in x-ray images for traumatic pelvic injury

Due to the risk of complications such as hemorrhage, severe pelvic trauma is associated with a high mortality rate. Prompt medical treatment is therefore vital. However, the complexity of the injuries can make successful diagnosis and treatment challenging. By generating predictions and recommendations based on patient data, computer-aided decision support systems have the potential to assist physicians in improving outcomes. However, no current system considers features automatically extracted from medical images. This dissertation describes a system to extract diagnostic features from pelvic X-ray images that can be used as input to the prediction process; specifically, the presence of fracture and quantitative measures of displacement. Feature extraction requires prior identification of separate structures of interest within the pelvis. The proposed system therefore incorporates a hierarchical segmentation algorithm which is able to automatically extract multiple structures in a single pass, using a combination of anatomical knowledge and computational techniques such as directed Hough Transform. This algorithm also applies a novel Spline/ASM segmentation method which combines cubic spline interpolation with a deformable model approach which maintains curved contours and provides local control over segmentation. In order for the proposed system to be used as a component in a computerized decision support system, segmentation is designed to be entirely automatic. Furthermore, Spline/ASM is suitable for many other segmentation applications where the objects of interest show curved contours. After successful segmentation, fracture detection is performed on the pelvic ring and pubis structures, using an algorithm based on wavelet transform, anatomical information and boundary tracing. A method is also developed to calculate quantitative measures of symphysis pubis displacement that may indicate pelvic instability and prove useful in identifying fracture patterns. Finally, X-ray features are combined with patient demographics and physiological scores for generation of predictive rules for injury severity, with promising current results. This indicates the potential diagnostic value of the extracted features, and in turn the usefulness of the proposed radiograph analysis component in a larger decision support system.
United States Accounting Firms Respond to COSO Advice on Social Audit, Sustainability Risk and Financial Reporting

In the United States, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) provides guidance on internal controls for corporations. COSO is a private-sector initiative jointly sponsored and funded by five organizations: American Accounting Association (AAA), American Institute of CPAs (AICPA), Financial Executives International (FEI), The Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) and the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). The Recent COSO white paper contemplates the connection between sustainability and accounting. This chapter examines the current COSO work and the evolution of accounting and sustainability, including the place of the social audit.
Market-based control: a paradigm for distributed resource allocation

A computational market model based on individual action, K. Steiglitz et al valuation of network computing resources, R.A. Gagliano and P.A. Mitchem an equilibratory market-based approach for distributed resource allocation and their applications to communication network control, K. Kuwabara et al market-oriented programming - some early lessons, M.P. Wellman an automated auction in ATM network bandwidth, M.S. Miller et al a market approach to operating system memory allocation, D. Cheriton and K. Harty economic models for allocating resources in computer systems, D. Ferguson et al metaphor or reality - a case study where agents bid with actual costs to schedule a factory, A.D. Baker machining task allocation in discrete manufacturing systems, K.J. Tilley saving energy using market-based control, S.H. Clearwater et al the use of computer-assisted auctions for allocating tradeable pollution permits, D.B. Marron and C.W. Bartels.
To search or not to search: Is there a clinical profile of a patient harboring a weapon?

In many psychiatric emergency rooms such as ours, patients are not routinely searched for weapons. A study was conducted over a 2-month period, to begin to identify the intuitive cues or clinical factors involved in the decision to search a patient. Twenty-six patients who were searched were compared to 590 who were not searched. Among the patients who were searched, those who carried the means for self- or other-directed harm were compared to those who did not. Possible mechanisms involved in the decision-making process to search patients are discussed.
WWW-based collaboration environments with distributed tool services

We have developed an architecture for a general-purpose framework for hypermedia collaboration environments that support purposeful work by orchestrated teams. The hypermedia represents all plausible multimedia artifacts concerned with the collaborative task(s) at hand that can be placed or generated on-line, from application-specific materials (e.g., source code, chip layouts, blueprints) to formal documentation to digital library resources to informal email and chat transcripts. The framework capabilities support both internal (WWW-style hypertext) and external (non-WWW open hypertext link server) links among these artifacts, which can be added incrementally as useful connections are discovereds project-specific intelligent hypermedia search and browsings automated construction of artifacts and hyperlinks according to the semantics of the group and individual tasks and the overall workflow among the taskss application of arbitrary tools to the artifactss and collaborative work for geographically dispersed teams connected by the Internet and/or an intranet/extranet. We also present a general architecture for a WWW-based distributed tool launching service compatible with our collaboration environment framework. We describe our prototype realization of the framework in OzWeb. It reuses object-oriented data management for application-specific hyperbase organization, and workflow enactment and cooperative transactions as built-in services, which were originally developed for the Oz non-hypermedia environment. The tool service is implemented by the generic Rivendell component, which has been integrated into OzWeb as an example “foreign” (i.e., add-on) service. Rivendell could alternatively be employed in a stand-alone manner. We have several months experience using an OzWeb hypermedia collaboration environment for our own continuing software development work on the system.
Zolotarev ω-Polynomials inWrH ω [0,1]

The main result of this paper characterizes generalizationsof Zolotarev polynomials as extremal functions in the Kolmogorov?Landauproblemf(m)(0)?sup,f?WrH?0,1],?f?C0,1]?B, ((?))where?(t) is a concave modulus of continuity,r,m:1?m?r,are integers, andB?B0(r,m,?). We show that theextremal functionsZBhaver+1 points of alternance andthe full modulus of continuity ofZ(r)B:?(Z(r)B;t)=?(t) for allt?0,1]. This generalizesthe Karlin's result on the extremality of classical Zolotarevpolynomials in the problem (?) for?(t)=tand allB?Br.
Meeting Expectations: A Role-Theoretic Perspective on Reputation

In this chapter, we combine reputation theory from economics with role theory from sociology to develop a rigorous framework for studying reputation. We begin with a critique of the dominant reputation perspectives in management research and examine why their common definition of reputation as an overall actor-level assessment may not be the most constructive way to advance reputation research. We argue that reputation can be more usefully theorized as an attribute-specific prediction of future behaviors that is based on an assessment of how past behaviors meet the role expectations associated with occupying a particular social position. Based on our role-theoretic perspective on reputation, we identify three important research areas – the multi-dimensionality of reputation, the embeddedness of reputation, and reputation as a mechanism for social mobility – and discuss promising avenues for future research in each area.
Clinical Trials Integrating Immunotherapy and Radiation for Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Methods of harnessing the immune system to treat cancer have been investigated for decades, but yielded little clinical progress. However, in recent years, novel drugs that allow immune recognition and destruction of tumor cells are emerging as potent cancer therapies. Building upon previous immunotherapy strategies that included therapeutic vaccines, recombinant cytokines, and other immunostimulatory agents, newer immunotherapy agents targeting immune checkpoints including programmed cell death 1, programmed cell death ligand-1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, among others, have garnered substantial enthusiasm after demonstrating clinical activity in a broad spectrum of tumor types. Trials evaluating immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) demonstrate robust and durable responses in a subset of patients. However, with overall response rates less than 20%, combinatorial strategies that extend the benefit of these agents to more patients are desirable. The integration of radiotherapy with immunotherapy is a conceptually promising strategy, as radiotherapy has potent immunomodulatory effects and may contribute not only to local control but may also augment systemic antitumor immune response. Preclinical data and case reports suggest the potential for robust clinical responses in metastatic NSCLC patients using this strategy, but prospective clinical trials evaluating the integration of radiation and immunotherapy are limited. The use of immunotherapy in nonmetastatic settings is also intriguing but understudied. We review the potential clinical settings of interest for the partnering of immunotherapy and radiation in NSCLC, including early stage, locally advanced, and metastatic disease, and review completed, accruing, and developing clinical trials.
Efficient and scalable query routing for unstructured peer-to-peer networks

Searching for content in peer-to-peer networks is an interesting and challenging problem. Queries in Gnutella-like unstructured systems that use flooding or random walk to search must visit O(n) nodes in a network of size n, thus consuming significant amounts of bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a query routing protocol that allows low bandwidth consumption during query forwarding using a low cost mechanism to create and maintain information about nearby objects. To achieve this, our protocol maintains a lightweight probabilistic routing table at each node that suggests the location of each object in the network. Following the corresponding routing table entries, a query can reach the destination in a small number of hops with high probability. However, maintaining routing tables in a large and highly dynamic network requires non-traditional mechanisms. We design a novel data structure called an exponentially decaying bloom filter (EDBF) that encodes such probabilistic routing tables in a highly compressed manner, and allows for efficient aggregation and propagation. The search primitives provided by our system can be used to search for single keys or multiple keywords with equal ease. Analytical modeling of our design predicts significant improvements in search efficiency, verified through extensive simulations in which we observed an order of magnitude reduction in query path length over previous proposals.
Looking into the Institutional Review Board: Observations from Both Sides of the Table

Institutional review board (IRB) reviews offer the benefit of perspective afforded by the board's distance from the research and the research subjects. At the same time, distance from research subjects that is geographic, socioeconomic, cognitive, linguistic, and cultural can undermine the positive role of perspective. In addition, distance between IRB and investigators, largely a result of attitudes and communication, can prolong the review process and can obscure its message. The tension that often characterizes IRB-investigator relationships is due, in part, to variability in the application of federal regulations by IRBs across institutions and, on the part of investigators, inexperience, communication problems, and difficulties in anticipating the needs of their subjects. Contributing to the variability are the demographics and the culture of the IRB, attitudes that influence IRB-investigator relationships, and the adequacy of support from the institution. The effects of these factors on review decisions and on the performance of the human subjects protection system are largely unstudied. The movement for IRB accreditation is causing institutions to examine their overall research protection system and promises a more collaborative approach, where IRB and investigators accept their common charge to meet the needs of subjects and to improve the quality of research.
A versatile monolithic 800 kHz to 800 MHz phase-startable oscillator

A phase-startable voltage controlled oscillator is achieved that covers the frequency range of 800 kHz to 800 MHz using a modified multivibrator topology. The IC was fabricated on a recently developed highspeed complementary bipolar process (vertical NPN f/sub tau/=9 GHz and vertical PNP f/sub /spl tau//=5.5 GHz). The IC operates from /spl plusmn/5 volt supplies, and provides linearly adjustable frequency over a 500:1 range as well as a linearly adjustable period over a 4:1 range. The design exhibits an extremely short startup transient time of two cycles for steady-state oscillation while still providing moderate phase noise performance of -110 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz distance from the 400 MHz carrier. >
Sustainable Structural Design Methodologies

Modern society is demanding that the use of energy associated with construction and operation of structures be investigated during the planning and design phases. The engineering community has been striving to design more sustainable buildings in an attempt to reduce both raw material requirements and energy use during all phases of design. Structural engineers currently have very limited guidance on how to incorporate sustainability concepts in their designs. Innovative methods are needed to address the environmental impact, energy use, and other sustainability issues faced during planning and design of buildings. This paper investigates and discusses five sustainable structural design methodologies: Minimizing Material Use, Minimizing Material Production Energy, Minimizing Embodied Energy, Life-Cycle Analysis/Inventory/Assessment, and Maximizing Structural System Reuse. The goal of this paper is to describe and address issues associated with the proposed design methodologies to determine which, if any, ...
A mechanism relating tropical Atlantic spring sea surface temperature and west African rainfall

In this paper, we describe a mechanistic study on the role of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the dynamics of the west African monsoon. A hypothesis that a warm spring (April-June) SST results in a wet monsoon is explored using a moist, zonally symmetric model. A positive spring rainfall anomaly has been simulated over the ocean, in response to the warm SST, which then propagates onto the land and persists two to three months, even after the SST anomaly vanishes. While the ocean-atmosphere interaction is crucial for the initial development of the rainfall anomaly over land, the interactions between the ocean, land, and atmosphere are found to be important for relating tropical Atlantic spring SST to west African rainfall. Furthermore, the positive feedback between rainfall and soil moisture is responsible for some of the persistence in the rainfall anomaly. We present a case-study for the wettest (1994) and driest (1992) years of the 1990s so far. The observations show that a warm spring SST anomaly in 1994 was associated with abundant summer rainfall over west Africa. These empirical observations are consistent with the proposed physical mechanism.
Colour 3-D electronic imaging of the surface of the human body

The NRC laboratories have developed a laser scanning technique to digitize shapes and colours in registration. The technique, known as synchronized scanning, is capable of digitizing topography as small as the relief of a bare finger tip, showing a clear picture of the skin structure (essentially a clean fingerprint without distortion), as well as the shape and size of body components such as hands, face, and feet, and the full body of one or more subjects simultaneously. The laser scanner uses a RGB laser, coupled to an optical fibre, which is projected in the field of view. The three-dimensional colour measurements are made by optical triangulation to a resolution of 10 μm for finger tip scans and a resolution of 1 mm for whole body scans. Experimental results are presented and discussed. Potential applications of this technology in the field of identification and inspection of humans include face recognition, finger, foot and teeth print identification, and 3-D mugshots that can be rapidly broadcast through satellite communication. One of the unique properties of this technology is that absolute measurements, not only appearance and relative position of features, can be used for identification purposes.
Dynamics of a winner-take-all neural network

This paper describes a neural network with lateral inhibition, which exhibits dynamic winner-take-all (WTA) behavior. The equations of this network model a current input MOSFET WTA circuit, which motivates the discussion. A very general sufficient condition for the network to have a WTA equilibrium point is obtained and sufficient conditions for the network to converge to the WTA point are presented. This gives explicit expressions for the resolution and lower bound of the input currents. We also show that whenever the network gets into the WTA region, it will stay in that region and settle down exponentially fast to the WTA point. This provides a speed up procedure for the decision making: as soon as it gets into the region, the winner can be picked up. Finally, we show that this WTA neural network has a self-resetting property. Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Relative acidifying activity of anionic salts commonly used to prevent milk fever.

Abstract High cation diets can cause milk fever in dairy cows as they induce a metabolic alkalosis reducing the ability of the cow to maintain calcium homeostasis at the onset of lactation. Adding anions to the diet can offset the effect of the high cation forages by inducing a mild metabolic acidosis, restoring the ability to maintain calcium homeostasis. The difference in mEq of dietary cations and anions (DCAD) is most often expressed as (Na + + K + )−(Cl − + S − − ). This equation implies that a mEq of chloride and a mEq of sulfate are equipotent in their ability to alter acid-base balance of the cow. Using blood and urine pH to monitor effects on acid-base balance, experiments were conducted to test the relative acidifying activity of various sulfate and chloride anion sources in nonpregnant, nonlactating Jersey cows. Across all experiments, chloride proved to have about 1.6 times the acidifying activity of sulfate. Calcium and magnesium, ignored by the common DCAD equation, had a small but significant alkalinizing effect when accompanying chloride or sulfate. The ranking of the anion sources tested at a dose of 2 Eq/d, from most to least potent urine acidifier, was hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and sulfur. These data should allow more accurate prediction of the response of late gestation cows to dietary cation-anion manipulation.
Estimating the Size of a Truncated Sample

Abstract Consider N (unknown) values of a variable X (discrete or continuous) independently sampled from a distribution with density f(x, θ), where θ is an unknown vector parameter. Suppose that the values of X belonging to a certain region R are not observable. This article deals with the problem of estimating N and θ in such situations which arise, for instance, in life testing and capture-recapture census. Asymptotic theory for maximum likelihood estimation of N and θ is presented here and is shown to yield as corollaries both some existing results and a new result pertaining to the truncated negative binomial distribution.
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE STRUCTURE AND ENERGIES OF BASE‐PAIRED NUCLEOTIDES AND THE DISSOCIATION KINETICS OF A PROFLAVINE‐DINUCLEOTIDE COMPLEX*

We presented calculations of base-paired dinucleoside phosphates and hexanucleoside pentaphosphates of varying compositions. Complete energy minimizations were performed for (a) the ten base-pair combinations of dinucleoside phosphates, starting from a B-DNA conformation, (b) six hexanucleoside pentaphosphates--base-paired CGCGCG, GCGCGC, G6-C6, TATATA, ATATAT, and A6-T6--starting with a B-DNA geometry, and (c) the four hexanucleoside pentaphosphates that have alternating pyrimidine-purine sequences, starting with a Z-DNA geometry. In addition, we studied the proflavine-base-paired CpG complex, using both complete energy minimization and energetic constraints to force the drug to dissociate from the dinucleoside phosphate. In many of these calculations, we examined the dependence of the calculated energies and structures on the potential function, focusing mainly on the effect of nonbonded potentials, the effective dielectric constant, and the role of counterions. These calculations allow us to explain why pur-(3',5')-pyr sequence isomers are more stable than pyr-(3'-5')-pur isomers. Both base-base and base-backbone energies are important in this differentiation, with the former being mainly van der Waals attraction and the latter mainly electrostatic energies. The calculations also allow us to understand the differences in double helical stabilities found by Wells et al. These differences, caused by electrostatic interactions between those bases not Watson-Crick hydrogen bonded, allow us to explain the following experimental data: poly(dG-dC) melts 12 degrees C higher than poly dG-poly dC, poly(dA-dT) melts 6 degrees C lower than poly dA-poly dT, and poly(dA-dG)-poly(dC-dT) melts 6 degrees C lower than poly(dA-dC)-poly(dT-dG). These results have interesting implications for drug binding: they imply that simple intercalators, such as ethidium, will exhibit a greater affinity for hetero- than for homopolymers and that this preference will be greater in the AT polymers than it is in the GC polymers. Our calculations allow us to explain the fact that Z-DNA is more stable than B-DNA under high salt conditions and to suggest some sequence dependence for the Z to B transition. We found that the activation energy for proflavine dissociating from dCpG is almost equal to the dissociation energy.
The NIR-SWIR combined atmospheric correction approach for MODIS ocean color data processing

A method of ocean color data processing using the combined near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands for atmospheric correction for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua is proposed. MODIS-Aqua has been producing the high quality ocean color products in the open oceans, but there are still some significant errors in the derived products in the coastal regions. With the proposed NIR-SWIR combined algorithm, MODIS ocean color data can be processed using the standard (NIR) atmospheric correction algorithm for the open oceans, whereas for the turbid waters in the coastal region the SWIR atmospheric correction algorithm can be executed. The turbid water index developed by Shi and Wang (2007) (Remote Sens. Environ. 110, 149-161 (2007)) is computed prior to the atmospheric correction for the identification of the productive and/or turbid waters where the SWIR algorithm can be operated. For non-turbid ocean waters (discriminated using the turbid water index criterion), the MODIS data are still processed using the standard (NIR) algorithm. The NIR-SWIR combined algorithm has been tested and evaluated. Two examples from MODIS-Aqua measurements along the U.S. and China east coast regions show improved ocean color products with the new approach. In particular, there are no obvious data discontinuities between using the NIR and SWIR methods. Therefore, with the NIR-SWIR combined approach for the MODIS ocean color data processing, good quality ocean color products can be derived both in clear (open) oceans as well as for turbid coastal waters.
The influence of light on crack propagation in cadmium telluride

Abstract The influence of light on crack propagation and dislocation generation has been studied in CdTe using microhardness indentations and etch pitting. Cracks propagate further in light than in darkness as a result of a light-induced decrease in mobile dislocation density.
Exploring the Role of Father Involvement in the Relationship Between Day Care and Children's Behavior Problems

In Study 1, 20 parents (mostly mothers) completed the Parental Involvement Scale (PIS) and the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS), and teachers completed the Child Behavior Check List. Mothers' perceptions of greater paternal involvement was associated with lower levels of anxiety, depression, and withdrawal in their children. In Study 2, 50 parents from 13 day care centers filled out the PIS, KMSS, and Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory. Greater paternal involvement was associated with greater frequency of behavior problems. Results are discussed in terms of different features of the studies that might have produced such discrepant results. Clinical implications are considered.