cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic cocaine exposure alters carbon dioxide reactivity but does not affect cerebral blood flow autoregulation in anesthetized dogs.

Background: Cocaine use is common in trauma victims. Consequently, understanding how cocaine alters normal physiology is important to providing appropriate medical care for these patients. This study was designed to identify how chronic cocaine exposure alters cerebrovascular physiology. Methods: Ten dogs (seven experimental, three control) were studied. Transcranial Doppler was used to measure CO 2 reactivity and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBF vel ). Measurements were made in anesthetized animals (0.6% or 1.8% isoflurane in oxygen and intravenous fentanyl) at baseline before cocaine exposure and then at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. During the 4-week study period, cocaine was administered intravenously four times per day. Results: Cocaine did not alter autoregulation of CBF vel in response to changes in mean arterial pressure. However, cocaine markedly impaired CO 2 reactivity in three of the seven animals. In this subset of animals, increasing PaCO 2 decreased CBF vel , which is consistent with vasoconstriction rather than vasodilation. Conclusion: Chronic cocaine exposure does not alter autoregulation of CBF vel but does alter CO 2 reactivity in a subset of susceptible animals. If confirmed in humans, these findings have implications for traumatic brain injury patients who are chronic cocaine users. Specifically, the findings suggest that hyperventilation could exacerbate intracranial hypertension in a subset of these patients.
Corticosteroid avoidance in pediatric renal transplantation.

Corticosteroids have played a central role in the evolution of renal transplant as the modality of choice for renal replacement in end stage kidney disease. Their use is associated with significant, dose related morbidity including osseous, cardiovascular, metabolic complications, body disfigurement and growth retardation in children. The strategies that have been employed to minimize these side effects include reduction in the daily administered dose of steroids, use of alternate day dosing regimens, steroid withdrawal post-transplantation and complete steroid avoidance. Steroid dose minimization has been associated with increased rates of acute rejection, though introduction of newer and more potent immunosuppressives has helped reduce the incidence of this complication. Steroid minimization will benefit patient morbidity due to cataracts, cardiovascular and osseous complications, but may offer little benefit towards improving linear growth. Alternate day steroid therapy may have a greater impact on growth improvement, but may be troubled by regimen non-adherence. Steroid withdrawal post-transplant, the ultimate target, is successful in a cohort of patients, but overall, has been historically associated with unacceptably high rates of clinical acute rejection, and has thus been used sparingly in adults and even less so in children. Complete corticosteroid avoidance, using newer induction and immunosuppressive agents, has been associated with an 8–23% incidence of acute rejection in pediatric renal transplant patients, significant catch-up growth post-transplant, improvements in post-transplant hypertension and hyperlipidemia, and a high safety profile at current follow-up. Newer induction protocols may allow complete steroid-free immunosuppression thus offering significant advantages in preventing the above-mentioned steroid related morbidity, which could also possibly be applicable to other areas of solid organ transplantation in all age groups.
Wear mechanisms of boundary-lubricated surfaces

Abstract Examination of steel specimens tested under boundary lubrication conditions indicates the existence of three distinct processes which lead to wear particle formation: deformation and fracture of original machining marks; deformation and fracture of edges of plowing tracks; delamination. Deformation and fracture of original machining marks and the raised edges of the plowing furrows generate wear particles which are 1–15 μm in the largest dimension. The process of delamination, however, generates particles that are 100 μm wide. The formation of these large wear particles coincides with a high rate of wear and scuffing failure.
Civilian gunshot wounds to the fingers treated with primary bone grafting

Civilian gunshot injuries often consist of relative soft-tissue sparing and minimal contamination. Primary bone grafting with allograft for wounds limited to the digits was used in a one-stage reconstruction enabling bony union with minimal complications in this specific population. All patients suffering from small-calibre gunshot wounds to the hand treated between 2004 and 2006 with a single-stage surgery were reviewed. Surgery consisted of limited debridement and bone grafting of the fracture. Allomatrix was used in all of the patients. There were 12 patients; seven with isolated wounds to a finger. All of the patients had devastating bony injuries. The average follow-up period was 14 weeks. All patients progressed to bony healing. One patient had a second surgery for additional bone grafting. There were no complications. Relatively low contamination allows for primary bone grafting without increasing the risk of infection. This one-step approach to civilian gunshot wounds to the hand has minimal complications and allows for healing, while addressing the problem of non-compliance in this specific population.
Air mass and refraction.

Approximate formulas are presented for relative optical air mass as a function of true, rather than refracted, zenith angle.
Law, Literature, and the “Situation” of Immigration

In American immigration cases, the courts have simultaneously imagined different kinds of situations in which immigrants are regulated: situations where the plenary power doctrine suspends the ordinary operation of the law and situations where everyday legal norms are operative. Focusing on the exclusionary era between 1882 and 1905, this article demonstrates how legal discourse imagines and describes the situations in which particular kinds of administrative action are to occur. These situations were fraught with an ambivalent tension between the extraordinary and the ordinary that corresponded to popular literary conventions in the late nineteenth century. Genres like naturalism and the western similarly demarcated ordinary and extraordinary situations, and the law’s composite sense of situation simultaneously drew upon and disseminated narrative conventions that existed in a wider cultural milieu. These correlations can inform our understanding of the connection between sovereignty and administrative d...
Application of the Thermal (n,γ) Reaction to Elemental Analysis

A search of the literature now reveals well over 100 articles dealing with the use the (n,γ) reaction for elemental analysis. Techniques have been developed for application to such diverse problems as monitoring process streams, determination of bulk compositions of glasses, concretes, and alloys, on-line determination of sulfur in oil and coal, major element analysis in biological and environmental materials, minerals exploration through borehole logging, and others. Specific applications have greatly multiplied since the development of high-resolution solid state detectors.
The effects of land sparing and wildlife-friendly practices on grassland bird abundance within organic farmlands

Abstract Biodiversity is often greater in organic farm systems than non-organic. However, variation in land use within organic systems limits absolute statements about its value for species conservation. Thus, a need is evident to better understand what practices associated with organic farming benefit conservation. We modeled abundance, within organic systems, of six grassland birds of conservation concern as an outcome of applied wildlife-friendly and land sparing practices at multiple spatial scales. We used a Poisson-binomial model to estimate the relative effect of abundance drivers while accounting for detectability. At the field scale, species response to vegetation structure was mixed. At a local scale, Dickcissels were more abundant at points with greater percentage of alfalfa and soybean. Three species were less abundant at points with a greater percent of local woodland and there was no significant response to local linear grass. Grasshopper Sparrows were more abundant at points with more local block grassland. At a landscape scale, Western Meadowlarks and Ring-necked Pheasants were more abundant at points with a greater percent of grassland in the landscape. Results highlight the importance of a multiscale approach and demonstrate that effective management of species should consider costs and benefits of wildlife-friendly and land sparing practices.
National bureau of standards preferred circuits program

The concept of standardization, which has been successful in the field of basic electronic components, is being extended to cover electronic circuits. Steps which have been taken in this direction by the National Bureau of Standards are described.
On the ratio of logistic random variables

The distribution of the ratio |X/Y| is derived when X and Y are independent logistic random variables. Extensive tabulations of the associated percentage points are also given.
A Coiled-Coil from the RNA Polymerase β′ Subunit Allosterically Induces Selective Nontemplate Strand Binding by σ70

For transcription to initiate, RNA polymerase must recognize and melt promoters. Selective binding to the nontemplate strand of the -10 region of the promoter is central to this process. We show that a 48 amino acid (aa) coiled-coil from the beta' subunit (aa 262--309) induces sigma(70) to perform this function almost as efficiently as core RNA polymerase itself. We provide evidence that interaction between the beta' coiled-coil and region 2.2 of sigma(70) promotes an allosteric transition that allows sigma(70) to selectively recognize the nontemplate strand. As the beta' 262--309 peptide can function with the previously crystallized portion of sigma(70), nontemplate recognition can be reconstituted with only 47 kDa, or 1/10 of holoenzyme.
The Diagnosis of Uveal Malignant Melanomas in Eyes With Opaque Media

Of 358 eyes enucleated between 1962 and 1975, and found to contain posterior uveal melanomas, 31 had opaque media (8.6%). Eighteen of these patients with opaque media were seen between 1962 and 1971, before the use of combined ultrasonography and the radioactive phosphorus uptake (32P) test. Melanoma was unsuspected at enucleation in one third of these patients and there was often a long delay in diagnosis. Of the 13 patients seen between 1971 and 1975, after the initiation of combined ultrasonography and 32P) test, there was no delay in diagnosis becuase a melanoma pattern was recognized immediately with ultrasonography and confirmed with a positive 32P test. During the latter part of this study, 19 patients with opaque media had a "melanoma pattern" with ultrasonography. The 32P test was positive in 12 cases and a melanoma was confirmed histologically in every instance. The 32P test was negative in seven cases and all were documented on follow-up to have benign lesions, such as subretinal hemorrhages.
BCNU-induced gR2 DEFECT mediates S-glutathionylation of Complex I and respiratory uncoupling in myocardium

A deficiency of mitochondrial glutathione reductase (or GR2) is capable of adversely affecting the reduction of GSSG and increasing mitochondrial oxidative stress. BCNU [1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea] is an anticancer agent and known inhibitor of cytosolic GR ex vivo and in vivo. Here we tested the hypothesis that a BCNU-induced GR2 defect contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent impairment of heart function. Intraperitoneal administration of BCNU (40 mg/kg) specifically inhibited GR2 activity by 79.8 ± 2.7% in the mitochondria of rat heart. However, BCNU treatment modestly enhanced the activities of mitochondrial Complex I and other ETC components. The cardiac function of BCNU-treated rats was analyzed by echocardiography, revealing a systolic dysfunction associated with decreased ejection fraction, decreased cardiac output, and an increase in left ventricular internal dimension and left ventricular volume in systole. The respiratory control index of isolated mitochondria from the myocardium was moderately decreased after BCNU treatment, whereas NADH-linked uncoupling of oxygen consumption was significantly enhanced. Extracellular flux analysis to measure the fatty acid oxidation of myocytes indicated a 20% enhancement after BCNU treatment. When the mitochondria were immunoblotted with antibodies against GSH and UCP3, both protein S-glutathionylation of Complex I and expression of UCP3 were significantly up-regulated. Overexpression of SOD2 in the myocardium significantly reversed BCNU-induced GR2 inhibition and mitochondrial impairment. In conclusion, BCNU-mediated cardiotoxicity is characterized by the GR2 deficiency that negatively regulates heart function by impairing mitochondrial integrity, increasing oxidative stress with Complex I S-glutathionylation, and enhancing uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration.
MO-D-304A-05: Optimal Material Selection of Primary Modulator for Scatter Correction Based On the K-Edge Discontinuity

Purpose: To select an optimal material for the primary modulator in order to minimize its effect of beam hardening (BH). A measurement‐based scatter correction method that uses a checkerboard pattern of attenuating material (primary modulator) placed between the X‐ray source and the object has been developed and verified. In the practical implementation, BH is a limiting factor because the signal modulation depends on the object in the field of view (FOV). Methods: The transmission factor for different modulator materials (Be, Al, Cu, Ag, W, Ho, Er and Tm) was calculated for object thicknesses ranging from 0 to 30 cm equivalent water by using a simulated spectrum of our tabletop cone‐beam CT system at 120 kVp. We then generated scatter‐free projection images of a 30‐cm diameter water cylinder, with and without the modulator in place, and reconstructedCT slices after demodulation. Visibility of rings was compared for no noise, and with 2% added Gaussian noise. We also measured the transmission factors of 25 μm of Cu, W and Er for different combinations of Al (0–8 mm) and Cu (0–0.3 mm) filtration. Results: For a transmission factor of ∼0.9, simulations show that Er provides the least amount of variability as a function of added filtration (max variation<1.8%). The ring artifacts in simulated reconstructions were significantly reduced when using the Er, particularly in the presence of noise.Measured variability of transmission factors were 2.5%, 1.0% and 8.6% for 25 μm of Cu, Er and W, respectively. Conclusions: An optimization of modulator material to minimize BH artifact was proposed and validated. The variation of the transmission factor as a function of X‐ray energy reaches a local minimum when the K‐edge of the modulator material is near the mean energy of the spectrum. Design and evaluation of an Erbiummodulator is underway.
The hard and soft sides of union political money

We reach several conclusions. First, to the extent that soft money per se and issue advertising are the primary targets of campaign-finance reformists, unions contribute little, overall, to the perceived or real problem. Union soft money pales in comparison not only to total interest-group expenditures of this type but also to the hard money that labor dispenses. Moreover, with their relatively limited treasuries, unions are in no position to compete with the corporate sector. It has been estimated that the total assets of labor unions, at the combined local, regional, and national/international levels, barely exceeded $10 billion in 1995 (Masters and Atkin, 1997). Revenues were less than $13 billion.
A multicast routing protocol for ad-hoc networks

The Core Assisted Mesh Protocol (CAMP) is introduced for multicast routing in ad hoc networks. CAMP generalizes the notion of core-based trees introduced for internet multicasting into multicast meshes that have much richer connectivity than trees. A shared multicast mesh is defined for each multicast group; the main goal of using such meshes is to maintain the connectivity of multicast groups even while network routers move frequently. CAMP consists of the maintenance of multicast meshes and loop-free packet forwarding over such meshes. Within the multicast mesh of a group, packets from any source in the group are forwarded along the reverse shortest path to the source, just as in traditional multicast protocols based on source-based trees. CAMP guarantees that, within a finite time, every receiver of a multicast group has a reverse shortest path to each source of the multicast group. Multicast packets for a group are forwarded along the shortest paths from sources to receivers defined within the group's mesh. CAMP uses cores only to limit the traffic needed for a router to join a multicast group; the failure of cores does not stop packet forwarding or the process of maintaining the multicast meshes.
Danger ahead: the emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in children.

Recognizing Children at Risk Given the serious complications of diabetes, which include heart disease, kidney damage, and blindness, early detection of diabetes in children is crucial. However, in children and adults, type 2 diabetes often causes mild or no symptoms, and many cases are thought to go undiagnosed. Pharmacists can improve the early detection of diabetes by recognizing risk factors in children and advising parents, when appropriate, to consult a physician about testing. ADA recommends a fasting plasma glucose test for overweight children who have any two of the following risk factors: 3 n A family history of type 2 diabetes. n Being a member of a racial or ethnic group that has increased risk. n Signs of insulin resistance or conditions associated with it. As in adults, type 2 diabetes in children appears to be preceded by pre-diabetes, a precursor stage marked by impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. A recent study detected impaired glucose tolerance in 25% of obese children (4 to 10 years of age) and 21% of obese adolescents (11 to 18 years of age).5 The researchers diagnosed silent type 2 diabetes in 4% of the obese adolescents studied. In addition to being overweight or obese, children with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes typically have a skin condition called acanthosis nigricans, in which the skin around the neck or in the armpits appears dark, thick, and velvety. In adolescent and teenage girls with insulin resistance, polycystic ovarian syndrome, which causes chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism, is common. Affected girls often have acne and excess facial hair, in addition to experiencing irregular or absent menstrual periods.
A research note on Congo's nationalist paradox

Precious little is redeeming about the state in Congo. Created as a foreign enterprise of exploitation, it reproduced as the instrument of an extractive colonization system, in turns violent and paternalistic. Once independent, it provided the stage and the reason for five years of sheer chaos and three decades of brutal arbitrary rule, predation and economic ruin, before collapsing at the end of the 1990s into civil wars marked by ethnic polarization, displacements, plunder, deprivation and death. Yet Congo endures, and the Congolese profess unusual fervor in their attachment to it. Their support for its territorial integrity and its failed institutions is stronger even than their powerful commitment to democratic principles and it stands in contrast with the lack of material benefits that the state has ever provided the larger mass of them. This is Congo's nationalist paradox.
Comments on column characterization: A sulfur column

The McReynolds' constants for liquid sulfur as a stationary phase in gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) are presented. A simple graphical method of pattern analysis is used to indicate the uniqueness of the sulfur column as compared with other stationary liquid phases characterized by McReynolds. The limitations of using a single factor (as polarity) for the basis for the selection of GLC columns is discussed.
Where to catch a fish? The influence of foraging tactics on the ecology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Florida Bay, Florida

Observations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Florida Bay, Florida, between 2002 and 2005 revealed the use of three distinct foraging tactics. The goal of this study was to identify ecological correlates with tactic use and describe the impact of foraging specializations on the overall habitat use and distribution patterns of this dolphin population. Foraging tactics showed strong association with contrasting environmental characteristics, primarily depth. Locations of two of these tactic groups were spatially repulsed. Analyses of sighting histories of individual dolphins observed at foraging events determined that dolphins which employed one tactic never employed the other, and vice versa. Although bottlenose dolphins have plastic foraging behaviors, dolphins in Florida Bay appear to specialize in one tactic and subsequently limit their overall distribution patterns to coincide with habitats that facilitate success using that foraging tactic. This study demonstrates how foraging behavior can be an ecological determinant of overall dolphin habitat use patterns and works to create spatial structure within a population due to consistent mapping of tactics onto environmental variation. These foraging specializations potentially impact the social and demographic patterns of this dolphin population. The possible evolutionary mechanisms behind this intraspecific variation, including resource limitation and social learning, are considered.
Trends in the micro- and nanoComputed Tomography 2010-2012

Trends in the type and distribution of published micro- and nano-CT studies are reviewed in this paper. The literature of the last two years is covered, i.e., the period between Developments in X-ray Tomography VII (2010) and the present. Use of microCT scanning in the natural history field is also described using the distribution of applications at one natural history museum equipped with a scanner.
The “Modified Vendetta Sanction” as a method of corporate-collective punishment

Shannon Shipp argues for the “Modified Vendetta Sanction” as a method of corporate-collective punishment. He claims that this sanction evades the difficulties of Peter French's “Hester Prynne Sanction.” In this paper I argue that, though the Modified Vendetta Sanction evades the problems that Shipp poses for it, it fails to evade some of the difficulties that I pose for French's method. Moreover, there are some difficulties that plague the Modified Vendetta Sanction which do not count against the Hester Prynne Sanction. Therefore, if my analysis holds, then Shipp's method neither improves significantly on the “Hester Prynne Sanction” nor is unproblematic in its own right. The significance of this paper is that it foils yet another attempt by some corporate punishment theorists to establish the plausibility of a method of corporate-collective punishment.
Perspectives in Fourier-based image reconstruction in photoacoustic tomography

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging imaging technique with great potential for a wide range of biomedical imaging applications. The reconstruction problem of PAT is an inverse source problem, in which the photoacoustic source of interest is induced by a probing optical wavefield. In this work, we revisit the PAT reconstruction problem from a Fourier perspective. By use of standard analytic techniques from inverse source theory, we derive a mathematical relationship between the pressure wavefield data function and its normal derivative measured on an arbitrary aperture that encloses the object and the three-dimensional Fourier transform of the optical absorption distribution evaluated on concentric spheres. We refer to this relationship as a "Fourier-shell identity", which is analogous to the well-known Fourier-slice theorem of X-ray tomography. Potential applications of the Fourier-shell identity are identified and discussed.
Type II radio bursts and energetic solar eruptions

[1] We report on a study of type II radio bursts from the Wind/WAVES experiment in conjunction with white-light coronal mass ejections (CME) from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). The type II bursts considered here have emission components in all the spectral domains: metric, decameter-hectometric (DH) and kilometric (km), so we refer to them as m-to-km type II bursts. CMEs associated with the m-to-km type II bursts were more energetic than those associated with bursts in any single wavelength regime. CMEs associated with type II bursts confined to the metric domain were more energetic (wider and faster) than the general population of CMEs but less energetic than CMEs associated with DH type II bursts. Thus the CME kinetic energy seems to organize the life time of the type II bursts. Contrary to previous results, the starting frequency of metric type II bursts with interplanetary counterparts seems to be no different from that of type II bursts without interplanetary counterparts. We also verified this by showing that the average CME height at the onset time of the type II bursts is the same for the two metric populations. The majority (78%) of the m-to-km type II bursts were associated with solar energetic particle (SEP) events. The solar sources of the small fraction of m-to-km type II bursts without SEP association were poorly connected to the observer near Earth. Finally, we found that the m-to-km type II bursts were associated with bigger flares compared to the purely metric type II bursts.
Formation of C3H6 from the Reaction C3H7 + O2 between 450 and 550 K

The generation of C3H6 from the reaction C3H7 + O2 (1) has been investigated as a function both of temperature (450−550 K) at constant density (5.5 × 1018 molecules/cm3) and of pressure (55−550 Torr) at 490 K. The experiments were carried out by UV irradiation of mixtures of C3H8, Cl2, and O2 to generate propyl radicals. C3H8, C3H6, and C3H7Cl were monitored by gas chromatographic analysis. The propylene yield is 0.7% at 450 K. Based on these measurements and previous data at 298 K, the propylene yield has an apparent activation energy which is less than 2.5 kcal mol-1 below 450 K. Beginning near 450 K, the yield increases rapidly with an apparent activation energy of ∼32 kcal mol-1, similar to previous observations on the generation of C2H4 from the reaction C2H5 + O2. At 490 K, the propylene yield from reaction 1 depends inversely on total pressure (YC3H6 ∝ P-0.6) between 55 and 550 Torr, while the overall value of k1 has a much smaller pressure dependence (P0.18). These observations show that above 450...
High-power cw laser windows: edge cooled or face cooled?

Thermally induced optical distortions severely degrade the quality of a laser beam thus reducing the irradiance on target. The purpose of this paper is to formulate procedures for evaluating the impact of spherical aberrations generated by cooled cylindrical optics that transmit cw laser radiation; specifically, the paper concerns edge- and face-cooled laser windows and examines how beam shape and cooling strength affect the performance.
High-efficiency flashlamp-pumped Nd:KGW laser

The laser performance of a Nd:KGW rod has been studied in a single flashlamp cavity in the free running as well as in the Q-switched mode of operation at input energies ranging from 1–25J. The results of Nd:KGW have been compared with Nd:YAG operated under identical experimental conditions. The laser extraction efficiency of the Nd:KGW rod was observed to be 2.5 times higher at a much lower threshold than that of the Nd:YAG rod. The intrinsic slope efficiency was determined to be 2.25% and 8.840% for Nd:YAG and Nd:KGW rods, respectively.
Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia with Abnormal Eosinophils Presenting as an Ovarian Mass: A Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature

Acute myelomonocytic leukemia is a neoplastic blood disease that can occur as an extramedullary tumor called a granulocytic sarcoma. Granulocytic sarcoma can be the presenting feature of acute leukemia and can occur as an abdominal or pelvic mass. Two cases of granulocytic sarcomas presenting as ovarian masses in patients with acute myelomonocytic leukemia with a characteristic inversion of chromosome 16 are described and the current literature regarding treatment and prognosis is reviewed.
Complementation of H-2 linked genetic defects in the production and function of antigen specific suppressor factor: implications for suppressor cell activation.

The physiologic basis of gene complementation for T cell mediated immune suppression specific for the synthetic polypeptide l-glutamic50 acid-l-tyrosine50 (GT) † was investigated. Previous studies had shown that inbred mice whose plaque forming cell response to GT coupled to methylated bovine serum albumin (GT-MBSA) is suppressed by prior GT challenge, produce a soluble T cell derived suppressor factor (GT-TsF), bearing I-J subregion coded determinants which induces a new set of suppressor T cells (Ts2) in virgin spleen cell populations. H-2a mice, such as A/J, are not suppressed by GT and fail to produce GT-TsF, but can be suppressed by GT-TsF via Ts2 induction. H-2b mice also fail to be suppressed by GT. (B6 × A)F1 mice show complementation and are suppressed by GT. The present study demonstrates that B6 do produce GT-TsF, in contrast to A/J mice, but fail to be suppressed by this factor. (B6A)F1 mice both produce and are suppressed by GT-TsF. The possible mechanisms (regulatory vs structural) able to account for these findings are discussed
Effects of Diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) on Peripheral and Coronary Circulation and Myocardial Contractility in the Experimental Animal

The effects of diphenylhydantoin have been investigated in mongrel dogs with intact circulation and in situ heart-lung preparations in the open-chest dog. Diphenylhydantoin in increasing dosage resulted in a slight decrease in the cardiac output, systemic arterial pressure and heart rate. A transient negative inotropic effect lasting up to five minutes was observed. Coronary blood flow showed a marked increase which was ascribed to a direct vasodilating effect on the coronary vessels. Myocardial oxygen consumption remained unchanged during a constant workload.
Optic atrophy in experimental vitamin B12 deficiency in monkeys

The clinical findings and pathological changes of the visual pathway of vitamin B12 deficient monkeys have been described. The cellular morphology and counts of the peripheral blood and bone marrow remained normal during the study (nine deficient, three controls: one still alive in each group). Visual impairment was noted in all seven of the deficient animals that were evaluated by clinical observations. Ophthalmoscopic examination disclosed optic atrophy in six of the seven deficient monkeys. Degeneration of the visual pathway was demonstrated by pathological examination in eight of the deficient group of nine (one is still alive). Loss of ganglion cells was noted in the maculae of two of three deficient animals with completed studies. In the three control animals there were neither visual disturbances nor ophthalmoscopic changes and in two animals autopsies disclosed no lesions in the visual pathways. The third animal is still alive and well.
Riedel's struma associated with subacute thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism.

Riedel’s struma with dense fibrous invasion of surrounding muscle and fat was found in a patient who had clinical subacute thyroiditis superimposed on primary hypothyroidism. Riedel’s struma may sometimes be an uncommon stage in the more common subacute form of thyroiditis, although in our patient an unusual coincidence of subacute thyroiditis and Riedel’sstruma is also possible. Of interest in our patient was the development of spontaneous primary hypoparathyroidism; parathyroid function returned to normal concomitant with the spontaneous resolution of the goiter after partial resection. This patient also represents another instance of hyperthyroidism developing in a previously hypothyroid patient.
A quantitative assay to measure homotypic vacuole fusion in vitro

Homotypic (self) vacuole fusion is the last discernible step in vacuole inheritance ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae and was recently successfully reconstituted in vitro using purified vacuoles, cytosol, ATP, moderate salt concentrations, and a physiological temperature. The following protocol describes a rapid, reliable, and easy technique to quantitate homotypic vacuole fusion in vitro. Frequency of fusion is determined by quantifying alkaline phosphatase activity after fusion has taken place. This method has been successfully used to analyze pharmacological reagents which interfere with certain subreactions and to identify distinct proteins which play key roles in the fusion events.
Multiple glandular origins of queen pheromones in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta.

Abstract The poison sac of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta is the only identified glandular source of pheromones produced by a functional ant queen. This structure, which contains the poison gland, has previously been shown to be the source of a releaser pheromone that mediates queen recognition and tending by workers. The poison sac has also been demonstrated to be the source of a primer pheromone that inhibits winged, virgin queens from shedding their wings (dealating) and developing their ovaries. To determine if the poison sac was the only source of these pheromones, we excised the poison sac from queens and observed whether operated queens retained their pheromonal effects. In a first experiment, the poison sac was removed from functional (egg-laying) queens which were then paired with unoperated nestmate queens in small colonies. Counts of the workers surrounding each queen two weeks after the operation showed that queens without poison sac were as effective as their unoperated nestmates in attracting worker retinues. In a second experiment, we removed the poison sacs of virgin queens which had not yet begun laying eggs and thus had not begun producing queen pheromone. After allowing them to develop their ovaries, these individuals produced amounts of queen recognition pheromone comparable to those secreted by unoperated or sham operated virgin queens as determined by bioassay. Testing the head, thorax and abdomens of functional queens separately revealed that the head was the most attractive region in relation to its relative surface area. Bioassays of extracts of two cephalic glands—the mandibular gland and postpharyngeal gland—showed that the postpharyngeal gland is a second source of the queen recognition pheromone. Finally, we found that virgin queens whose poison sacs were removed before they began producing queen pheromone initiated production of a primer pheromone that inhibits winged virgin queens from dealating, indicating that this pheromonal effect also has an additional but as yet undetermined source. These results parallel those on the honey bee in which several of the pheromonal effects of functional queens appear to have multiple glandular sources.
Sovereignty at Bay ten years after

Twenty years after the publication of Sovereignty at Bay, I feel justified in offering a solid kernel of advice to aspiring young authors: If you want to draw public attention to your opus, find an evocative title. But if you want readers to remember its contents, resist a title that carries only half the message.
Optical processors using modular number codes for complex signals

Techniques are described for implementing an optical matrix-vector processor for complex signals. A representation of complex numbers based on modular algebra is utilized to decouple real and imaginary channels, thereby simplifying the implementations. The pipelined architecture of an optical matrix-vector processor is described. 12 refs.
Localization of insulin-like growth factor-I-like immunoreactivity in the reproductive tract of the vitellogenic female American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a 70 amino acid, mitogenic polypeptide, which, in mammals, acts through an endocrine, paracrine, and/or autocrine pathway to regulate growth and development. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether or not IGF-I-like immunoreactivity is present in the oviduct of the vitellogenic American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, and if immunoreactivity patterns vary among the three functional oviducal regions: the albumen-secreting tube region, the anterior, fiber-secreting uterus, and the posterior, calcium-secreting uterus. Immunolocalization of IGF-I-like immunoreactivity was accomplished using a polyclonal antihuman rabbit antiserum with an immunoperoxidase staining system. IGF-I-like immunoreactivity was detected in all three oviducal regions of the vitellogenic alligator. The presence of IGF-I-like immunoreactivity in the oviduct suggests this hormone could function in the growth and proliferation of the alligator oviduct. Furthermore, the presence of IGF-I-like immunoreactivity in the tubal glands, which secrete components of the egg white, suggests that growth factors such as IGF-I may be synthesized by these glands and incorporated into the albumen during egg formation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of Digital Frequency Compression (DFC) on Speech Recognition in Candidates for Combined Electric and Acoustic Stimulation (EAS)

Purpose To compare the effects of conventional amplification (CA) and digital frequency compression (DFC) amplification on the speech recognition abilities of candidates for a partial-insertion coc...
Social awareness of psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients

Study was made of the performance of psychiatric patients (N=21) and non-psychiatric tubercular patients (N=27) on sociometric tasks and on tasks demanding recognition of fellow ward patients. Performance was measured on tasks using pictures and names, and on tasks requiring recall and recognition of names. All patients gave the most responses to pictures and gave more responses to tasks demanding recognition of names than to tasks demanding recall. While nonpsychiatric patients gave significantly more responses to the sociometric recall task, the psychiatric patients gave significantly more responses to pictorial sociometric tasks and were significantly more accurate in telling who was on their wards using both pictures and names. It would appear that the extent to which psychiatric patients are seen as unresponsive to their environment will depend very largely on the particular tests used to measure social awareness. To measure social awareness of psychiatric patients most extensively, reliance on recognition rather than recall tests and on non-verbal rather than verbal tests appears desirable. Using such tests psychiatric patients were able to manifest a level of social awareness significantly greater than their non-psychiatric peers.
Genetic control of very early mammalian development.

Summary The overall picture of mammalian preimplantation development is one of complex but integrated molecular activity. As development progresses from the 1 cell stage, blastomeres acquire properties that differ from those of cells of previous stages and eventually differ from one another even at the same stage. The evidence concerning the role of the embryonic genome during this process can be summarized under two headings: (1) Expression of embryonic genome (a) Quantitative and qualitative changes in RNA and protein synthesis begin to occur soon after fertilization. (b) Changes in structural proteins (enzyme activities, transport systems and intercellular junctions) occur throughout early development. (c) Paternal gene products can be detected as early as the 2-cell stage. (2) The need for expression of the embryonic genome (a) Inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis result in abnormal and lethal development. (b) Several mutations (T/t, Ay, Os, c25H, Om, Ts) are lethal during early development. (c) Chromosomal imbalance (monsomy, haploidy, nullisomy) has adverse effects on early development. Even though studies in vitro on the inhibition of translation indicate that stable maternal messenger RNAs are present in the developing mouse embryo, the evidence outlined in this article strongly supports the belief that embryonic gene expression occurs very early in development (at least by the 2 cell stage) and that this expression is required for normal development.
The social production of urban cultural heritage: Identity and ecosystem on an Amsterdam shopping street

Abstract Though local shopping streets form an intangible cultural heritage in all cities of the Global North, there is little recognition of their significance and no public policies for their preservation. But the social capital that develops in these vernacular spaces supports a unique urban cultural ecosystem. Local shopping streets mobilize aesthetics, collective memory, and traditional forms of social interaction to create feelings of local identity and belonging which are endangered by economic modernization and global consumer culture. Using ethnographic observations, interviews, and online and archival data, the close study of an upscale shopping street in Amsterdam shows how feelings of identity and belonging are formed around a re-imagined urban village. In contrast to other streets, this street preserves traditional patterns of individual ownership and an unusual longevity of stores. Not only does this cultural ecosystem merit safeguarding for its living heritage, it requires planning to become a more socially inclusive, multi cultural urban heritage.
A model for the interaction of muscle cross-bridges with ligands which compete with ATP

A model is presented to describe the inhibition of muscle fiber contraction by ligands that compete with MgATP. Two ligands, adenosine 5′ (β, γ-imido) triphosphate (AMPPNP) and pyrophosphate (PPi), decrease the force developed in isometric contractions and act as weak competitive inhibitors of the maximum velocity of contraction ( Pate & Cooke, 1985 ). These observations provide information on the energetics of actomyosin ligand states at the end of the power-stroke where MgATP dissociates the myosin cross-bridge from actin, and they are analysed in terms of a seven state model of cross-bridge kinetics. The model can reconcile the observations that these ligands bind tightly to fibers, Kd = 10−4M, while they are only weak inhibitors of fiber velocity, Ki = 2 × 10−3M. It provides a reasonable fit to the data and leads to several conclusions concerning the properties of the cross-bridge states. The states with bound ligand are shifted axially so that they occur earlier in the power-stroke than the nucleotide-free rigor state. This shift also explains the axial lengthening seen upon addition of ligands to rigor fibers. We can conclude that these ligands cause small perturbations in the cross-bridge configuration rather than large shifts. A second conclusion is that cross-bridges do not detach from actin during their power-strokes. Instead they traverse the entire length of the power stroke and are detached only at the end, leading to the suggestion that the cycling of bridges in isometric fibers is due to fluctuations in the relative positions of thick and thin filaments. With some further assumptions, the model also explains many of the rate constants and equilibrium constants of the actin-myosin-ligand interaction that have been measured in solution.
Defective mitogenic responses in myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis

Using in vitro lymphocyte proliferation induced by the phytomitogen concanavalin A (Con A), we investigated immune function and regulation in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal individuals responded to a wide range of ConA concentrations; the T cell fraction responded to a lesser degree and only to high concentrations. These findings suggest the presence of two receptors for ConA, one of high affinity present on a non-T cell accessory cell and the other of low affinity present on T cells. Contrasting defects in the level of response of unfractionated lymphocytes and T cells were found in patients with MG and MS. The peak response of T cells in the MG patients was 22.6 +/- 9.6 X 10(3) cpm (mean +/- SEM) compared with 54.6 +/- 6.5 X 10(3) for controls (p less than 0.05), while the response of unfractionated lymphocytes did not differ from that in controls. For MS patients, the unfractionated lymphocyte response was diminished: 56.3 +/-2.8 X 10(3) cpm versus 70.5 +/- 4.5 X 10(3) for controls (p less than 0.05), while the T cell response was normal. These results indicate a defect in the direct T cell response in MG; in contract, in MS the response requiring T cell-accessory cell interaction is abnormal.
Lunar niobian rutile

Abstract A grain of rutile containing 6.4% Nb2O5, 3.2% Cr2O3, and less than 1% each of Ta2O5, V2O3, Ce2O3, and La2O3 has been found associated with ilmenite in a microbreccia fragment from Apollo 12 sample 12070,35. The composition is unique among lunar and terrestrial rutiles: (Nb, Ta)0.04(Cr, V, Ce, La)0.04Ti0.92O2. This is the first niobium-enriched mineral to be identified in the lunar rocks and soils most of which contain sparing amounts of 5–50 ppm Nb. Rare earth elements are concentrated in several other lunar minerals but have not been reported in rutiles from any source.
2-HYDROXYESTRONE SUPPRESSES AND 2-METHOXYESTRONE AUGMENTS THE PREOVULATORY PROLACTIN SURGE IN THE CYCLING RAT

The nonuterotropic metabolite of estradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone, administered at noon of proestrus to four-day cycling rats, abolishes the preovulatory prolactin rise in a large percentage of animals tested. In animals synchronized with exogenous estradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone universally induced a long delay in the prolactin surge. The principal metabolite of 2-hydroxyestrone, 2-methoxyestrone, given at noon of proestrus, significantly augments the magnitude of the preovulatory prolactin rise possibly by inhibiting the formation of endogenous 2-hydroxyestrogens in the brain. The results obtained are consistent with the concept of a physiological function for 2-hydroxyestrogens as estrogen antagonists in the CNS.
Alternative concepts and architectures for satellite control

The current satellite control structure for DoD and other US Government space systems consists of multiple systems with varying levels of interconnection and interoperability. As we move into an era of tighter fiscal constraints, the old way of doing business is no longer prudent. Technology advances permit new control concepts that were not feasible when today's systems were developed. One of several resulting initiatives was the Future Integrated Telemetry, Tracking, and Commanding Architecture Study (FITAS) conducted by USSPACECOM in response to Joint Staff and OASD(C3I) tasking. As an activity designed to support its follow-on enduring satellite control evolution process, USSPACECOM is conducting a study of alternative future control concepts. This paper presents the study methodology, the key architectural drivers, and the alternatives considered.