cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 1982 El Chichón Volcano eruptions — A satellite perspective

Abstract The March 28, April 3, and April 4, 1982 eruptions of El Chichon Volcano were detected and monitored using the GOES and NOAA-6 environmental satellites. The satellite data provided information about the height and dispersal of the eruption plume and subsequent ash cloud on each of these dates. Based on the satellite data it was concluded that the March 28 eruption, the second of two eruptions on April 3, and the April 4 eruption injected material into the stratosphere at heights between 17 and 31 km.
Response to CPAP withdrawal in patients with mild versus severe obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome.

BACKGROUND Patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), even those generally compliant with CPAP therapy, often intermittently discontinue CPAP. STUDY OBJECTIVE Examine the impact of CPAP withdrawal on sleep, sleep disordered breathing (SDB), and daytime function in subjects with varying severity of OSAHS. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS Forty-two subjects (26M/16 F) with OSAHS (AHI4% = 45.2 ± 35.5/h pretreatment) on CPAP for 4 months were evaluated on the second night of CPAP withdrawal. Sleep architecture, SDB indices, and subjective/objective daytime function were assessed pretreatment, on CPAP therapy, and after CPAP withdrawal. Comparisons were made between pretreatment and CPAP withdrawal for the entire group, and for subgroups of mild/moderate (AHI4% 30/h, n = 20) SDB. RESULTS Overall, and for mild/moderate subjects, SDB indices returned to pretreatment values on CPAP withdrawal but with fewer apneas and more hypopneas/RERAs. For severe SDB, the event frequency (AI, AHI4%, and RDI) was lower and O2 desaturation was improved on CPAP withdrawal. Across SDB severity, sleep architecture showed lower %REM (15.6% vs 12.9%, P = 0.009) on the CPAP withdrawal compared to pretreatment. Stanford Sleepiness Score, MSLT, and PVT measures were not significantly different between pretreatment and CPAP withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Over a wide range of SDB severity CPAP withdrawal results in recurrence of SDB, albeit with less severe O2 desaturation. Subjective/objective daytime function returned to pretreatment levels. Sleep architecture changes on CPAP withdrawal (acute SDB) may reflect reduced sleep pressure compared to pretreatment chronic SDB. Our data suggest detrimental effects of even brief withdrawal of CPAP in subjects with both mild and severe OSAHS. CITATION Young LR; Taxin ZH; Norman RG; Walsleben JA; Rapoport DM; Ayappa I. Response to CPAP withdrawal in patients with mild versus severe obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. SLEEP 2013;36(3):405-412.
Termination interference along crystal truncation rods of layered crystals

A destructive interference observed in high-resolution surface X-ray reflectivity data for diverse systems has been used as a `fingerprint' for determining the terminating plane of layered crystals. It is shown that this phenomenon is (a) general to layered crystal structures, (b) directly sensitive to the crystal termination as a result of phase contrast between layers within the substrate unit cell, and (c) closely related to systematic absences of bulk Bragg diffraction. A simple formalism is derived that relates the location of these destructive interferences to the terminating plane of a crystal using only knowledge of the substrate crystal structure. The factors that control the visibility of this phenomenon for different crystal symmetries and uniformity of the crystal termination are also explored. A special case, where X-ray reflectivity is nominally insensitive to crystal termination, is discussed to show that sensitivity can be obtained through the use of anomalous dispersion or ferroelectric displacements in the substrate lattice. Insight into this phenomenon is obtained by considering the influence of the spatial resolution on an effective electron density and the associated suitability of describing each of the layers in the structure as individual `pseudo-atoms'.
Linear free energy relations and the hammett equation for substituted pyridine 1‐oxides

It is recommended that a self-consistent set of sigma constants be used to obtain linear free energy relations with pyridine 1-oxides rather than using adjusted benzoic acid sigma constants. These recommended constants are derived from the literature values of the acid dissociated constants of the protonated substituted pyridine 1-oxides. A survey and discussion of linear free energy relations using these new constants (σPyNO) is given. Comparisons of correlations using adjusted benzoic acid sigma constants and (σPyNO) are presented.
Some remarks on extremal solutions of multivalued differential equations

In this paper, we consider extremal solutions of multivalued differential equations, i.e., solutions that steer to the boundary of the attainable set. Multivalued differential equations arise in a natural way from control systems governed by ordinary differential equations that have a variable control-constraint set. Extremal solutions of multi-valued differential equations are important in the study of the optimal control of such systems. We give conditions under which extremality of a solution at a certain time implies extremality of the solution at all previous times where it is defined. Necessary conditions for extremality are also obtained. We treat both the time-dependent case and the time-independent case.
Decoupling features for fault detection and diagnosis on centrifugal chillers (1486-RP)

With growing realization of the benefits brought by fault detection and diagnosis(FDD), a large body of research pertinent to FDD methods for centrifugal chillers has been conducted during the past two decades. However, at the present time, relatively few FDD methods can handle multiple simultaneous faults on centrifugal chillers. This article describes the development of some decoupling features, which are the basis of a decoupling-based FDD methodology that can handle multiple simultaneous faults on centrifugal chillers. The performance of the decoupling features were validated and evaluated by the laboratory data from a 90-ton centrifugal chiller tested in a laboratory environment.
A Synoptic Climatology of Summertime Heat and Humidity in the Piedmont Region of North Carolina

Abstract The synoptic patterns and boundary layer conditions over a range of antecedent periods associated with the summertime hot events for the years 1951–93 are examined. A hot event is defined as a single day with the highest average daily temperature within a surrounding 5-day window. Among these events, four event subtypes were determined on the basis of extreme values of temperature and/or dewpoint. Composite synoptic maps and vertical profiles of atmospheric variables are produced to distinguish the hottest and moistest events. The hot events, including the extreme categories, are influenced by similar large-scale circulation features. The region is under the control of the Bermuda high, which is centered off the coast of Florida and in the Atlantic Ocean. An upstream 500-hPa ridge produces subsidence and adiabatic warming in the midlevels of the troposphere. Composite patterns of the hottest and moistest events indicate stronger upstream 500-hPa ridging and upper-level subsidence, which suggest g...
Equatorial undercurrent disappears during 1982-1983 el nino.

The equatorial undercurrent at 159 degrees W decayed during August 1982, partially reversed during September, and rapidly reappeared in January 1983. The virtual disappearance is consistent with the basin-wide adjustment of sea surface slope to the strong westerly winds in the western and central Pacific that caused the 1982-1983 El Nino event.
Alteration of induced cellular and humoral immune responses by pesticides and chemicals of environmental concern: quantitative studies of immunosuppression by DDT, aroclor 1254, carbaryl, carbofuran, and methylparathion.

Abstract Dose-dependent, immunosuppressive effects of continued dietary treatment of rabbits with DDT, Aroclor 1254, carbaryl, carbofuran, and methylparathion were studied. The animals were given a diet containing graded amounts of chemicals for 4 wk and challenged with sheep red blood cells and Freund's adjuvant. The testing followed for an additional 4 wk while the animals were maintained on the same diets as before. The most sensitive indication of immunosuppression was based on evaluation of lymphatic organs, primarily those dependent on thymus-derived lymphocytes. The chemical treatments resulted in a decreased count of plasma cells in popliteal lymph nodes (except with carbaryl), reduction of germinal centers in the spleen, and increasing atrophy of thymus cortex. These responses were generally scaled to increasing levels of the compounds tested. Hemolysin and hemagglutinin titers were not significantly affected by any of the chemical treatments nor were consistent trends observed. The antigen-induced increase in serum γ-globulin was consistently decreased with DDT, Aroclor, carbaryl, and carbofuran treatments, but only carbaryl produced significant changes (at 10 days postantigen). DDT groups showed significantly higher preantigen γ-globulin values which were less evident following antigen challenge. Skin sensitivity to tuberculin was decreased (except with carbaryl) but generally only at high dosages of the test chemicals. None of the compounds showed any effect on growth, food consumption, leucocyte count, or on organ to body weight ratios for liver, kidney, spleen, and adrenal, except for slight liver enlargement caused by Aroclor 1254.
Flood-related, Organic-carbon Anomalies as Possible Temporal Markers in Reservoir Bottom Sediments

Results of a study of sediment cores from four reservoirs in the upper Mississippi River Basin, USA, indicated that anomalous organic carbon concentrations associated with flood deposits may provid...
Solar cycle effects on the upper atmosphere - Implications for satellite drag

High thermospheric temperatures are maintained against thermal diffusion primarily by the absorption of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation by atmospheric constituents (mainly, atomic oxygen). Because the solar flux of EUV varies strongly over the 11-yr solar cycle, thermospheric temperatures likewise vary strongly over the solar cycle. In an average solar cycle, solar EUV and thermospheric temperature increase by about a factor of two. from solar cycle minimum to solar cycle maximum. Because density is mainly an integrated effect of temperature, the change in density over the solar cycle is amplified with respect to the temperature change. Changes in temperature cause changes in composition and these changes act to mitigate the direct thermal effects. The net effect of temperature and composition is to give order-of-magnitude changes in density over the solar cycle. The atmospheric drag on satellites is proportional to atmospheric density. The effects on satellite lifetimes are profound. A fairly typical satellite initially at 500 km would have a lifetime of about 30 years under typical solar cycle minimum conditions and only about 3 years under solar maximum conditions. Large increases in the rate of change of orbital period from solar minimum to solar maximum are possible. The fractional increase in the highly reactive species atomic oxygen can exceed two orders of magnitude.
Levels and distribution of central nervous system amines in normal and morphine-dependent monkeys.

Abstract The distribution of norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in various areas of the CNS of the normal monkey has been presented. The central levels and distribution of norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were determined after single doses of morphine, during maintenance of physical dependence and following withdrawal from chronic administration of morphine. Small and non-stressful doses of morphine were employed to induce experimental physical dependence. Alpha-methyl-DOPA did not qualitatively or quantitatively alter the abstinence syndrome. Pretreatment with iproniazid did not prevent depression produced by single doses of morphine in the non-tolerant monkey. The data observed in this study offer no support for the view that gross behavioral changes in the monkey produced by morphine or by its withdrawal after the development of physical dependence are induced by or may be correlated with changes in amine levels in the CNS.
The spray drying of food flavors

Abstract Spray drying is the most commonly used technique for the production of dry flavorings. In spray drying, an aqueous infeed material (water, carrier, and flavor) is atomized into a stream of hot air. The atomized articles dry very rapidly, trapping volatile flavor constituents inside the droplets. The powder is recovered via cyclone collectors. Flavor retention is quite satisfactory if dryer operating parameters are properly chosen. Flavor retention is maximized by using a high infeed solids level, high viscosity infeed, optimum inlet (160–210°C) and high exit (>100°C) air temperatures, and high molecular weight flavor molecules. The shelf life of oxidizable flavor compounds is strongly influenced by the flavor carrier.
Application of differential transformation technique to free vibration analysis of a centrifugally stiffened beam

Many practical engineering structures can be modeled as rotating beam-like structures. Such structures involve variable coefficients in the governing equations, which in general cannot be solved analytically in closed form. In this paper, a relatively new approach called differential transformation is applied in analyzing free lateral vibrations of a centrifugally stiffened rotating Euler-Bernoulli beam. Both natural frequencies and modeshapes are obtained using differential transformation technique. Numerical examples are presented. The natural frequencies are in excellent agreement with published results.
Many-body electronic structure of metallic α-uranium

We present results for the electronic structure of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-uranium using a recently developed quasiparticle self-consistent GW (QSGW) method. This is the first time that the $f$-orbital electron-electron interactions in an actinide have been treated by a first-principles method beyond the level of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) or the local-density approximation (LDA) to the density-functional theory (DFT). We show that the QSGW approximation predicts an $f$-level shift upward of about 0.5 eV with respect to the other metallic $s\ensuremath{-}d$ states and that there is a significant $f$-band narrowing when compared to LDA band-structure results. We predict a considerable QSGW enhancement of the linear coefficient of specific heat. Nonetheless, because of the overall low $f$-electron occupation number in uranium, ground-state properties and the occupied band structure around the Fermi energy are not significantly affected. The correlations predominate in the unoccupied part of the $f$ states. This provides the first formal justification for the success of LDA and GGA calculations in describing the ground-state properties of this material.
Kinematic analysis of manipulators using the zero reference position description

This paper presents a new method ofkinematic analysis of manipulators, called the zero reference position method. In this method, the description of the manipulator is in terms of the axes directions and locations in the zero reference posi tion. This position is a conveniently chosen position in which all joint variable values are defined to be zero. This type of manipulator description is easy to learn and is not prone to errors of interpretation. The governing kinematic equations of the manipulator are derived from the principle of similarity. In this paper, it is shown that this method leads to a modular approach to the closed-form solutions of manipulators with ordinary or geared three-roll wrists. Complete solutions for six types of contemporary industrial robots are included.
Student learning as the basis for reinforcement to the instructor

The present study reinforced the two instructors of two students with profound mental retardation first for the instructors' training behaviors, then for improved student learning in a multiple baseline across responses design. Reinforcement of the instructors' training behaviors increased their training behaviors, replicating the findings of previous studies, but had no effect on student learning. When the reinforcement for the instructors was instead made contingent upon student learning, the student learning improved and the instructors' high level of training behaviors was maintained. In addition, the instructors began to request training for themselves. These findings suggest that staff motivation programs for instructors might usefully base the reinforcers not only on the instructor's performance, but on the progress of their students.
Computation of Three-Dimensional Steady and Unsteady Flow Through a Compressor Stage

A steady/unsteady, three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver that utilizes a semi-implicit, pressure-based solution procedure is developed to simulate the three-dimensional, incompressible flow through a single stage compressor. The present numerical scheme features the implementation of a second-order plus fourth-order artificial dissipation formulation to prevent the numerical oscillation due to central differencing schemes. A low-Reynolds-number form of the two-equation turbulence model is used to account for the turbulence effects. For unsteady flow computations, the coupling between the mean flow properties and the turbulence is enhanced by an inneriteration procedure during each time step. The steady flow field in the rotor passage is computed first. This is used as input for the computation of the unsteady flow in the subsequent stator. The predicted unsteady pressure on the stator blades and unsteady Velocities at several locations inside the passage are compared with the experimental data. The unsteady pressures on the stator blade surfaces are in good agreement with the experimental data. The predicted unsteady velocity components at various locations inside the stator blade rows are generally smaller than the measured values in the endwall regions. The phase angle variations of the unsteady velocity are in good agreement with the measured values. The effects of the rotor wake, secondary and tip clearance flows on the unsteady flow through the subsequent stator are studied. An attempt is also made to quantify the contributions of incoming tip leakage flows and the endwall boundary layers on the unsteady flow through the downstream stator. It was found that the endwall boundary layers and tip leakage flows have a much stronger influence on the unsteady flow development than the wake.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
A 110,000-Yr Record of Explosive Volcanism from the GISP2 (Greenland) Ice Core

The time series of volcanically produced sulfate from the GISP2 ice core is used to develop a continuous record of explosive volcanism over the past 110,000 yr. We identified ∼850 volcanic signals (700 of these from 110,000 to 9000 yr ago) with sulfate concentrations greater than that associated with historical eruptions from either equatorial or mid-latitude regions that are known to have perturbed global or Northern Hemisphere climate, respectively. This number is a minimum because decreasing sampling resolution with depth, source volcano location, variable circulation patterns at the time of the eruption, and post-depositional modification of the signal can result in an incomplete record. The largest and most abundant volcanic signals over the past 110,000 yr, even after accounting for lower sampling resolution in the earlier part of the record, occur between 17,000 and 6000 yr ago, during and following the last deglaciation. A second period of enhanced volcanism occurs 35,000–22,000 yr ago, leading up to and during the last glacial maximum. These findings further support a possible climate-forcing component in volcanism. Increased volcanism often occurs during stadial/interstadial transitions within the last glaciation, but this is not consistent over the entire cycle. Ages for some of the largest known eruptions 100,000–9000 yr ago closely correspond to individual sulfate peaks or groups of peaks in our record.
Synthesis of 1,5-diisopropyl substituted 6-oxoverdazyls

1,5-Diisopropyl-6-oxo-verdazyl free radicals were synthesized via the condensation of BOC protected isopropyl hydrazine with phosgene, deprotection with aqueous HCl, condensation with aldehydes to form tetrazanes and finally oxidation to give the free radicals. The introduction of isopropyl groups results in free radicals that show greater solubility in a variety of solvents and are more stable than their methyl substituted counterparts. ESR shows reduced hyperfine coupling to the isopropyl methine hydrogens consistent with this hydrogen being in the plane of the verdazyl ring.
Promoting Fathers' Engagement with Children: Preventive Interventions for Low-Income Families.

Few programs to enhance fathers' engagement with children have been systematically evaluated, especially for low-income minority populations. In this study, 289 couples from primarily low-income Mexican American and European American families were randomly assigned to one of three conditions and followed for 18 months: 16-week groups for fathers, 16-week groups for couples, or a 1-time informational meeting. Compared with families in the low-dose comparison condition, intervention families showed positive effects on fathers' engagement with their children, couple relationship quality, and children's problem behaviors. Participants in couples' groups showed more consistent, longer term positive effects than those in fathers-only groups. Intervention effects were similar across family structures, income levels, and ethnicities. Implications of the results for current family policy debates are discussed.
Massively Parallel Fokker‐Planck Code ALLAp

The recently developed for workstations Fokker-Planck code ALLA simulates the temporal evolution of 1V, 2V and 1D2V collisional edge plasmas [1]. In this work we present the results of code parallelization on the CRI T3D massively parallel platform (ALLAp version). Simultaneously we benchmark the lD2V parallel vesion against an analytic self-similar solution of the collisional kinetic equation[2]. This test is not trivial as it demands a very strong spatial temperature and density variation within the simulation domain.
The Superplanar Combiner: A Novel Parallel Combiner and Divider

We present a novel idea to implement a planar power combiner/divider with potentially arbitrary large combiner/divider ratios that is suitable for printed circuits. We demonstrate the idea with a single input microstrip to parallel plate waveguide to N output microstrips. We present experimental and simulation data for several combiners/dividers including a 1times8 power divider. Our idea avoids the exponential power loss and size increase in serial and corporate power combiners as N increases.
An analysis of the association of traditional demographic variables with the moral reasoning of auditing students and auditors

Abstract Accountants may be inadequate moral reasoners (Armstrong, 1987; Ponemon, 1992). Accounting ethics education research has suggested several approaches to improving the moral reasoning of accounting students (Langenderfer & Rockness, 1989; Ponemon & Glazer, 1990). This study uses independent samples of 91 auditing students and 207 auditors to evaluate whether demographic variables traditionally associated with higher levels of moral reasoning in other populations are associated with auditing students' and auditors' moral reasoning. Age and education, demographics traditionally associated with moral reasoning, were nonsignificant for both samples. Moral reasoning scores increased through the third-year staff level, and decreased from the senior through the partner levels. Women, subjects with higher grade point averages, and those who had taken ethics courses demonstrated higher levels of moral reasoning in both samples. The results indicate that accounting educators can influence the moral reasoning of the profession by recruiting and retaining bright students, particularly women, and by designing ethics education interventions that will help accounting students incorporate more than simply rules in making ethical decisions.
Reporting bias and knowledge acquisition

Much work in knowledge extraction from text tacitly assumes that the frequency with which people write about actions, outcomes, or properties is a reflection of real-world frequencies or the degree to which a property is characteristic of a class of individuals. In this paper, we question this idea, examining the phenomenon of reporting bias and the challenge it poses for knowledge extraction. We conclude with discussion of approaches to learning commonsense knowledge from text despite this distortion.
The relationship between plasma MHPG and NE: Employing regression models in estimating centrally derived MHPG and peripheral NE turnover rate in panic disorder

Studies investigating the role of the noradrenergic system in the pathophysiology of anxiety have focused on measuring plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) levels. Fewer studies have examined norepinephrine levels. Basal plasma norepinephrine and free MHPG levels were simultaneously measured in 33 normal controls and 20 panic disorder (PD) patients. Norepinephrine levels were similar in patients and controls, but MHPG levels were significantly lower in patients (13.34 ± 3.22 vs 18.37 ± 4.49pmolml−1, p ). Norepinephrine correlated significantly with plasma MHPG levels in controls (r = 0.538, p < 0.0001) and patients (r = 0.645, p < 0.002). Patients had a trend toward a lower y-intercept than controls, suggesting a lower contribution by the CNS to MHPG pool plasma levels (9.18 vs 12.51, p < 0.08). Norepinephrine turnover rate was similar in patients and controls. We propose that the dysregulation in the noradrenergic system in PD may be akin to animal studies of acute-on-top-of-chronic stress paradigms, whereby chronic stress results in normal or decreased basal NE turnover and sensitized responses to recurrent stresses.
Components of fast and slow phases of axoplasmic flow.

— Cat ventral roots removed at times from hours to days after injection of [3H]leucine into the seventh lumbar and first sacral spinal cord segments were homogenized and subjected to sub-cellular fractionation. The soluble fraction was further analysed for protein content by column chromatography with Sephadex. The fast phase of axoplasmic flow carries down labelled free leucine, polypeptide, and soluble protein. The slow phase of axoplasmic flow carries down labelled soluble protein. The sub-cellular components were labelled with the small particulate fraction showing a higher specific activity than the other sub-cellular fractions.
Crisis and self-fulfilling expectations: The Turkish experience in 1994 and 2000–2001

Abstract In this paper we analyze the role of fundamentals and self-fulfilling expectations in the crisis episodes of Turkey in 1994 and 2001. The question is how much of the occurrence of a crisis can be attributed to market expectations and how much to fundamentals. The model is estimated using a Markov switching framework in which the devaluation expectations affect crisis probability via three different specifications. Such a framework which allows for sunspots performs better than a purely fundamental-based model. The study shows that besides the fundamentals in the economy, shifts in agents' devaluation expectations have played a crucial role and that a Markov switching model with constant transition probabilities provides better estimates for the Turkish currency crises.
Bi-scalable and difference representations for triadic judgments

Abstract Let Pabc be the probability that a is judged as more similar to b than is c. This paper investigates two representations for these probabilities (g, h, l, r, F, and H are functions): P abc = F[g(a,b), h(b,c)] P abc = H[l(a) − l(b), r(b) − r(c)]. In the framework of appropriate side conditions, a monotonicity condition, P abb ⩽ P a′b′b′ and P bbc ⩽ P b′b′c′ implies Pabc ⩽ P a′b′c′ is shown to be both necessary and sufficient for the choce probabilities to be put in the form of (1). In addition, (1) can be specialized into (2) if the joint double cancellation condition, whenever P abb ⩽ P a′b′b′ , P a′b∗b∗ ⩽ P a∗bb then P ab∗b∗ ⩽ P a∗b′b′ and whenever P bbc ⩽ P b′b′c′ , P b′b∗c∗ ⩽ P b∗b∗c then P b∗b∗c is satified. The monotonicity and double cancellation conditions are independent.
Depressed mothers' perceptions of infant behavior

Sixty lower SES, black mothers with high and low Beck Depression Inventory scores were videotaped interacting with their infants. To determine whether the mothers with depressive symptoms perceived their infants' behavior more negatively, both the mothers and trained observers (naive to group assignment) coded the videotapes. The mothers' behavior was coded in the same way. The mothers' and observers' data streams were then analyzed for proportion of time the mothers and infants were in positive, neutral, and negative behavior states and the degree to which the mother and observer agreed (proportion of time they coded the same state and the coherence value based on cross-spectral data analyses). Both the mothers and observers coded the infants of symptomatic mothers more negatively. However, the symptomatic mothers coded their infants' behavior even more negatively than the observers did. In contrast, they coded their own behavior more positively than the observers did. Both groups of mothers underestimated their own negative behavior. Finally, coherence values were lower for the symptomatic mother-observer data streams than for the nonsymptomatic mother-observer data streams, suggesting less agreement between observers and symptomatic mothers on their infants' and their own behaviors.
Bacteriophage SPO1 middle transcripts

Abstract Phage SP01 middle transcripts are known to fall into two classes, m and m 1 l . Class m 1 l transcripts continue to be made late in the viral infection, while the synthesis of class m transcripts ceases soon after the onset of replication and late transcription. The experiments that are reported here deal with the regulatory nature of this diversity. The accumulation of transcripts associated with eight middle promoters was analyzed by S1 nuclease mapping. DNA sequence surrounding these middle promoters was determined or redetermined, and the stability of RNA associated with most of these promoters was also analyzed. Class m 1 l transcription was shown to be associated with SPO1 middle promoters that remain active at late stages of viral development, when middle promoters of class m are repressed. The consensus sequences of class m and m 1 l middle promoters were found to be indistinguishable and the search for sequences consensual with late promoters yielded only divergent candidates. No other consensus sequence that is specific and exclusive to either class of middle promoters was detected within a hundred base pairs upstream or downstream of these promoters. Considerable variations in the stabilities of SPO1 middle transcripts were found. Two promoters that are only 71 base pairs apart yielded transcripts that had substantially different stabilities. The 5′-flanking segment of the transcript associated with the upstream promoter apparently conferred a high degree of stability on this RNA.
Assessment and acceptability of urban futures

Abstract Political economy was invented to interpret and regulate the new economic techniques necessary for bringing about the industrial revolution and preserving the wealth of the nation. As an urban society, we now need to invent a social economy as a basis for bringing about a humanistic revolution and restoring the quality of urban living. In this article Mr Gappert argues that, for the formulation of sound urban policies, more attention needs to be given to participation, diversity, investment of social resources in support of parallel alternative systems, and less to indicators, predictability and social control.
Differential effects of dietary caloric and protein restriction in the aging rat

Numerous studies have shown caloric restriction retards the physiological decline and increases the life span of animals. However, in these studies protein consumption was also reduced; thus, whether the beneficial effects were due to caloric or to protein restriction is unclear. To examine independently the effects of caloric and protein restriction on growth, renal function, and survival, caloric restricted male rats were fed 18, 30 or 42 percent casein diets that provided two-thirds of the quantity of diet consumed by groups fed 12, 20, or 28 percent casein diets ad libitum, respectively. Hence, caloric restricted groups consumed the same amount of protein as their paired ad libitum fed groups but one-third fewer calories. The results showed that caloric restriction decreased mature body weight, increased the rate of attaining mature body weight, retarded the age-associated decline in renal function, and increased survival. Protein restriction had no effect on mature body weight, decreased maturation rate, improved renal function, and decreased survival. Thus, protein restriction did not contribute to the survival-promoting effects of caloric restriction in rats.
Towards elastic and fine-granular bandwidth allocation in spectrum-sliced optical networks

To overcome the inefficiency of the rigid frequency allocation in traditional wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks, the idea of slicing the optical spectrum for elastic and flexible bandwidth allocation has attracted significant interest recently. The resulting network, namely, the spectrum-sliced elastic optical path (SLICE) network, can facilitate both the super-wavelength and sub-wavelength traffic accommodation by allocating an appropriate number of sub-carriers. Compared to traditional wavelength routed WDM networks (WRNs), SLICE networks have the advantages of higher spectrum efficiency (through the elimination of spectrum gaps or guard-bands when possible) and better signal quality (by overcoming various impairments), thanks to the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technology. To accommodate traffic demands in SLICE networks, the process of routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) has to be employed, which is different from and more challenging than the traditional routing and wavelength assignment problem in WRNs. In this work, we comprehensively study the RSA problem assuming the presence of known static or off-line traffic. We formally define the static RSA problem and show the NP-hardness of the optimal RSA problem. Integer linear programing models are then formulated to achieve different optimization goals in SLICE networks. We further analyze the lower/upper bound of the spectrum resources (i.e., sub-carriers) in SLICE networks with uniform traffic demands. To efficiently resolve the RSA problem in a large-scale network, we also propose two efficient algorithms, namely, the shortest path with maximum spectrum reuse algorithm, and the balanced load spectrum allocation algorithm, to minimize the required number of sub-carriers in a SLICE network. Our results show that the proposed algorithms can match the analysis and approximate the optimal solutions from the integer linear programing model.
Effects of Na2O on the Thermal Shock Resistance of Aluminosilicate Refractory Ceramics

This report presents the results of an experimental study of the effects of Na2O on the thermal shock resistance (number of cold shock cycles to failure) of aluminosilicate refractory ceramics. The addition of 4–6% mole is shown to improve the thermal shock resistance, which is characterized by the number of shock cycles to failure. The Na2O changes the viscosity-temperature characteristics, and the glass transition temperatures in ways that enhance the crack-tip shielding due to viscoelastic/grain bridging mechanisms. The improved thermal shock resistance is attributed to the shielding effects of viscoelastic crack bridging by glassy phases between mullite platelets
Fibrillin-1 (FBN1) Mutations in Patients With Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

Background Mutations in the FBN1 gene are the cause of the Marfan syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder with skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular complications. Aneurysms or dissections of the a...
Psychiatric interviewing across cultures: Some problems and prospects

Approximately 14 million Americans receive inadequate mental health care largely because of linguistic and cultural barriers. This paper reviews some of the problems involved in collecting data on psychopathology in a community when the investigator is not a participant of the culture. Researchers, when comparing cultures for data on psychopathology generated by community interviews, are confronted with problems of two different kinds. In the first place, there is the problem of agreement on “what the dataare”. To make the measurement reliable, the same questions should be asked in the same sequential order and the answers should be scored the same way. But there is a second problem, that of ascertaining “what the dataindicate”. For measurement to be valid, the wording and the sequence of the questions might have to be changed, as might the conditions of interviewing and the scoring of the answers. Transcultural interviewing involves three steps: getting to the culture, designing the instrument, and collecting the data. The paper reviews the precautions that must be taken at each step to make the measurement both valid and reliable. Since words are used as signs and symbols, comparability across cultures is established by the content of the questions as well as by the intent of the investigator; not only by the data being generated, but also by the reciprocal connections between these data and the facts being inferred. These connections are determined by the logic of the operation of measurement itself.
Grammar Tests as a Motivational Tool for Grade 7 Students of Assumption College Thonburi (ACT)

This study focused on the use of teacher-designed Grammar tests for assessing Student s' grammar knowledge on certain topics after the same classroom learning experience. Traditional grammar tests are used with sample students to assess them along with two teacher-designed tests. Test 1 is made up of multiple choice, arranging words into sentence, gap-fills, and competing the text of the sentence. Test 2 on the other hand is made up of the same test types but provided with colorful pictures, chart presentations, and simplified choices, it was found that students were more motivated in trying their best to answer all questions in test 1 and test 2.
AN ASYMPTOTIC FINITE-DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF THE ELASTOSTATIC FIELD NEAR THE TIP OF A CRACK

This paper contains an asymptotic treatment, consistent with the fully nonlinear equilibrium theory of compressible elastic solids, of the stresses and deformations near the tip of a traction-free crack in a slab of all-around infinite extent under conditions of plane strain. The loading applied at infinity is taken to be one of uniform uniaxial tension at right angles to the faces of the crack. For the particular class of elastic materials considered the tensile stress in large homogeneous uni-axial extension is asymptotic to a continuously adjustable power of the corresponding principal stretch. The asymptotic analysis of the foregoing crack problem is reduced to a nonlinear eigenvalue problem, the solution of which is established in closed form, in terms of elementary functions and a transcendental integral of such functions. This solution involves two arbitrary constants, one of which governs the amplitude of the ensuing elastostatic field near the tip of the crack. A precise estimate of the amplitude parameter, valid at sufficiently small load intensities, is deduced with the aid of a known conservation law. The remaining arbitrary constant, which is left indeterminate by the present lowest-order asymptotic analysis, does not affect the dominant behavior of the field quantities of primary physical interest. II-lustrative numerical results, appropriate to both hardening and softening materials, are presented.
Hepatic trauma revisited.

As stated in the introduction to this monograph, much has changed in the management of major hepatic injuries during the past 5 to 10 years. The major changes are summarized as follows: 1. Computed tomographic scanning is now the mainstay of diagnosis for hepatic injuries after blunt trauma and allows for nonoperative therapy in many patients with lacerations, intrahepatic hematomas, or subcapsular hematomas; 2. Realization that the time limit for application of the Pringle maneuver can be extended. 3. Recognition that fibrin glue appears to be a useful topical agent in preliminary clinical studies; 4. Use of hepatotomy with selective vascular ligation instead of mattress sutures for deep lacerations or to control hemorrhage from tracts of penetrating wounds; 5. Use of resectional debridement of devitalized tissue and selective vascular ligation instead of formal anatomical resection; 6. Use of an "omental pack" as a filler of deep cracks or hepatotomy sites instead of closure with mattress sutures; 7. Use of perihepatic packing in selected patients instead of resection when a coagulopathy or major subcapsular hematoma is present; 8. Discontinued use of perihepatic drains for minor or moderate hepatic injuries as long as discrete methods of selective vascular and biliary ligation have been used.
Recombinant attenuated M.tuberculosis-SIVgag(rAMtb-gag) vaccination primes for SIV-specific CD8 T cell response that are boosted by Ad5-SIVgag in mice

Methods To optimize T cell responses against SIV after vaccine priming with a candidate ΔPanCD ΔLeuCD ΔSecA2 M. tuberculosis (mc6208) strain expressing the codon optimized SIVmac239 gag (designated mc6435), we boosted with Adenovirus 5 expressing SIV gag in 5-6 week old C57/BL6 mice. Lymphocytes from blood, lung and spleen cells were collected 2 and 6 weeks after boosting to detect SIV gag-specific CD8 T cells by tetrameric staining for the H-2Db haplotype AL11 tetramer (AAVKNWMTQTL) and flow cytometric analysis.
The impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust in the United States

Abstract We use a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to estimate the impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust on aerosol concentrations in North America during 2001. We have implemented two dust mobilization schemes in the model (GOCART and DEAD) and find that the best simulation of North American surface observations with GEOS-Chem is achieved by combining the topographic source used in GOCART with the entrainment scheme used in DEAD. This combination restricts dust emissions to year-round arid areas but includes a significant wind threshold for dust mobilization. The model captures the magnitude and seasonal cycle of observed surface dust concentrations over the northern Pacific. It simulates the free tropospheric outflow of dust from Asia observed in the TRACE-P and ACE-Asia aircraft campaigns of spring 2001. It reproduces the timing and distribution of Asian dust outbreaks in North America during April–May. Beyond these outbreaks we find persistent Asian fine dust (averaging 1.2 μg m−3) in surface air over the western United States in spring, with much weaker influence (0.25 μg m−3) in summer and fall. Asian influence over the eastern United States is 30–50% lower. We find that transpacific sources accounted for 41% of the worst dust days in the western United States in 2001.
Aristotle on genera, species, and “the more and the less”

Aristotle is taken, by many of the most distinguished evolutionary biologists, to be the fountainhead of a typological theory of species that is absolutely inconsistent with evolutionary biology. The following remark of Ernst Mayr is typical: "The concepts of unchanging essences and of complete discontinuities between every eidos (type) and all others make genuine evolutionary thinking well-nigh impossible. I agree with those who claim that the essentialist philosophies of Plato and Aristotle are incompatible with evolutionary thinking." I D'Arcy Thompson, on the other hand, in On Growth and Form, has argued that the idea of using quantitative techniques to help understand morphological relationships took root in his mind during his work on Aristotle's biology: "Our inquiry lies, in short, just within the limits which Aristotle laid down when, in defining a genus, he showed that (apart from those superficial characters, such as colour, which he called 'accidents') the essential differences between one 'species' and another are merely differences of proportion, or relative magnitude, or as he phrased it, of 'excess and defect."' 2 A theory that holds that species of a genus differ only in the relative magnitudes of their structures is very different, and is usually taken to be incompatible with, a theory that claims "complete discontinuities between every eidos (type) and all others." Can Aristotle have held
Pratt dilators: Resistance at 9 mm is an instrumentation artifact

A previous study reported frequent resistance of the cervix at 9 mm during dilation and interpreted the resistance as the beginning of a tear of the internal os. A more recent identical study did not indicate such tears. Measurement of the dilators revealed that the set used in the previous study had uneven increments in diameter with a wide variation between size 25 and size 27 dilators. Increments of newer dilators are more even, and newer dilators reveal a more even progression of cervical resistance with increasing diameter.
Photoemission studies of high-temperature superconductors

Abstract A review of photoemission measurements on high-temperature superconductors is presented. Earlier photoemission results and interpretations are critically examined, providing the reader with an overview of the present status of the field. Special emphasis is paid to recent progress, in particular the revelation of the superconducting gap, and angle-resolved photoemission studies of high-quality single crystals of the Bi2Sr2CaC2O8 material. Comparison with predictions of band calculations and impurity model calculations as well as the electronic structure of some transition-metal oxides is made. Finally, comments on the present status of photoemission studies of the high-temperature superconductors and future implications are given.
Cardiac tumours in infancy

Cardiac tumours in infancy are rare and are mostly benign with rhabdomyomas, fibromas and teratomas accounting for the majority. The presentation depends on size and location of the mass as they tend to cause cavity obstruction or arrhythmias. Most rhabdomyomas tend to regress spontaneously but fibromas and teratomas generally require surgical intervention for severe haemodynamic or arrhythmic complications. Other relatively rare cardiac tumours too are discussed along with an Indian perspective.
Unstable Growth on Rough Surfaces

We present experimental data for the morphological evolution of InAs buffer layers which are interpreted using continuum equations of motion and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Our analysis reveals the presence of an instability even as an initially rough surface smooths during growth. This instability is due to the step-edge barrier and causes a characteristic length to emerge while the surface roughness is decreasing, well before the formation of the mounds. The smoothing is well described by a linear continuum equation identical to that which describes the early stages of spinodal decomposition and has important practical implications for the growth of device buffer layers.