cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model

Abstract Three models describing solute transport of conservative ion species and another describing transport of species which adsorb linearly and reversibly on bed sediments are developed and tested. The conservative models are based on three different conceptual models of the transient storage of solute in the bed. One model assumes the bed to be a well-mixed zone with flux of solute into the bed proportional to the difference between stream concentration and bed concentration. The second model assumes solute in the bed is transported by a vertical diffusion process described by Fick's law. The third model assumes that convection occurs in a selected portion of the bed while the mechanism of the first model functions everywhere. The model for adsorbing species assumes that the bed consists of particles of uniform size with the rate of uptake controlled by an intraparticle diffusion process. All models are tested using data collected before, during and after a 24-hr. pulse injection of chloride, strontium, potassium and lead ions into Uvas Creek near Morgan Hill, California, U.S.A. All three conservative models accurately predict chloride ion concentrations in the stream. The model employing the diffusion mechanism for bed transport predicts better than the others. The adsorption model predicts both strontium and potassium ion concentrations well during the injection of the pulse but somewhat overestimates the observed concentrations after the injection ceases. The overestimation may be due to the convection of solute deep into the bed where it is retained longer than the 3-week post-injection observation period. The model, when calibrated for strontium, predicts potassium equally well when the adsorption equilibrium constant for strontium is replaced by that for potassium.
Psychotherapy With Older Adults Within a Family Context

The discussion of psychotherapy with older adults has largely focused on individual therapy. In this chapter, we review literature on the role of marriage and the quality of marital relationship in assuring good mental and physical health in later life. We also review the smaller literature on parent–child relationships in later life. Implications of advancing knowledge about marriage and family relationships for therapy with older adults are discussed. We argue that more attention should be paid to marital and family therapy with older adults and also that the marriage and family context should help to guide individual work with older clients. Keywords: older adults; psychotherapy; marriage; parent–child relationship; gerontology; geropsychology
Reducing value methods for maltodextrins. II. Automated methods and chain-length independence of alkaline ferricyanide.

Abstract Three automated, alkaline ferricyanide, reducing value procedures are described: (A) a general procedure, (B) a carbohydrase assay, and (C) a continuous-sampling system for carbohydrase kinetic studies. The stoichiometry of the ferricyanide procedure was investigated by comparing the molar reducing values of glucose and a series of maltodextrins, maltose through maltoheptaose. It was found that glucose has a higher molar reducing value than those of the maltodextrins but that the maltodextrins all had identical values. It was concluded that ferricyanide procedure described is a reliable means of quantitatively determining the number of hemiacetal groups (reducing groups) for maltodextrins and α-1,4-polysaccharides when maltose is used as a standard. It was further shown that the carbohydrase assay procedure gave a linear response with enzyme concentration when the samples were producing reducing compounds within the assay range of 20 to 360 μg of maltose equivalents per milliliter and that the continuous sampling system gave a linear response with time up to 600 μg of maltose equivalents per milliliter.
Pleuropulmonary Infection Associated with Eubacterium brachy, a New Species of Eubacterium

A new species of Eubacterium was isolated from a case of pleural effusion. A case history and description of the organism are given.
Reconstitution of a solubilized membrane but not cytosolic phospholipase C with membrane-associated Gp from GH3 cells.

Abstract Hormones have been demonstrated to activate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in plasma membranes in a manner dependent upon or potentiated by GTP. For thyrotropin-releasing hormone activation in GH3 cell membranes, stimulation persisted in membranes from pertussis toxin-treated cells. These observations indicate the presence of a membrane phospholipase C (PL C) and a novel GTP-binding protein (Gp); however, neither of these proteins has been characterized. In this paper, we report studies of GH3 membrane PL C utilizing [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate liposome substrate. Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP[S]), but not other nucleotides, was found to stimulate PL C activity and required greater than 1 nM Ca2+. High concentrations of Ca2+ (10 microM) also activated the membrane PL C. Treatment of membranes with N-ethylmaleimide inhibited Ca2+-activated but not GTP[S]-activated PL C. Extraction of membranes with 1 M KCl solubilized the membrane PL C; however, the solubilized PL C was not GTP[S]-stimulated. N-ethylmaleimide-treated, KCl-extracted membranes were markedly deficient in GTP[S]-stimulated PL C activity; however, activity could be restored by incubation with the desalted extracted PL C. Reconstitution appeared to involve the recoupling of membrane-associated Gp with soluble 330- and 110-kDa forms of the PL C. Cytosolic PL Cs failed to substitute for the solubilized membrane PL C. These results indicate that the Gp-regulated PL C in GH3 cell membranes is an extrinsic membrane protein that can be extracted reversibly at high ionic strength. Moreover, the membrane PL C can be distinguished from cytosolic PL C isoenzymes.
Approaches for studying the function of deep root systems

The distribution of roots in a soil column is such that root biomass and length generally decrease abruptly with depth (Bohm 1979). Most studies of roots have considered only those roots in the surface 0.5 to 1.0 m of soil. Although deeper roots have been noted and their significance discussed, few studies have examined the nature of these deep roots in any detail. The most frequently hypothesized function of these deep roots, relates to their ability to extract water which is available beyond the reach of other plants (Cannon 1911; Weaver 1926). However, little has been done to estimate the importance of deep roots in determining plant production or in maintaining the nutrient balance of the plant. The functional significance of N2-fixation, root infection by mycorrhizal fungi and pathogens, and rhizosphere-related microflora and fauna of deep root systems have essentially been ignored..
Exercise and Wellness for Older Adults: Practical Programming Strategies (2nd ed.), by Kay A. Van Norman

Exercise and Wellness for Older Adults: Practical Programming Strategies is a welcome manual for anyone involved in getting more seniors routinely exercising and enjoying it. Because adult wellness...
Independent transmission company (ITC) and markets for transmission

In this paper we describe a fundamental structure for the transmission provider (TP) composed of the independent transmission company (ITC) and the system operator (SO). Under the proposed structure, the ITC and the SO are two entities working cooperatively to carry out the functions of the TP. The entities are differentiated through the ownership and the operational authority. Roughly speaking, the ITC owns the regional network, provides various services connected with the longer term (physical and financial) energy trade, and carries out the related functions including making investment decisions. The SO, on the other hand, has the operational authority over the entire network, provides many services linked to the shorter term (physical) energy trade, and carries out the associated functions including managing transmission congestion. At the minimum, there are three groups of entities and three infrastructures important for a proficient management of the electric power network. The three groups refer to the regulator, the TP composed of the ITC and the SO, and the market participants consisting of generators, loads and marketers. The three infrastructures are spot market for energy balancing, forward markets for transmission and the open access same-time information system (OASIS). This paper describes the role of TP with an emphasis on the ITC and the forward markets for transmission. It is shown that the new structure is essential for fostering the operation and planning of the electric power network by the TP with a desirable level of efficiency and reliability while supporting the regional energy markets.
Evaluating the role of Th0 and Th1 clones in autoimmune thyroid disease by use of Hu-SCID chimeras

To study the role of Th0 and Th1 cells in autoimmune thyroid disease, thyroid tissues from patients with Graves' disease (GD), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and colloid nodular disease were xenografted into SCID mice, followed by ip injection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), T cell lines, and T cell clones (TCC). The antigen-specific TCC reactive to TSH receptor (TSH-R), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), or thyroglobulin (Tg), and their respective peptides, were classified into Th0 (secreting IL-4 and/or IL-5 and IFN-gamma) and Th1 (secreting IFN-gamma) according to their cytokine profile. Engraftment of autologous or HLA-matched allogeneic CD4+ thyroid-specific clones with Th0 or Th1 phenotypes induced the production of total IgG and thyroid-specific autoantibodies by B cells present in xenografted thyroid tissues. TSH-R-specific clones mainly enhanced thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb) production, while clones reactive to TPO and Tg increased the synthesis of TPO and Tg autoantibodies. Total IgG production, but not TSAb, was also stimulated by PBMC and TSH-R lines. TSAb correlated with the viability and hyperplasia of thyroid follicles, but not with the serum T3 levels, which were normal. Thyroid tissue viability was maintained or increased by antigen-specific Th0 clones, and decreased by Th1 clones reactive to TSH-R or TPO. Thyroid lymphocytic infiltration was variable; however, Th0 and Th1 clones from HT patients caused high degree of lymphocytic infiltration compared to the control groups. These results demonstrate for the first time that T cells clones reactive to specific epitopes of TSH-R, TPO, or Tg can generate antibody-mediated and/or cell-mediated responses in the xenografted thyroid tissue microenvironment. Such effects depend on clonal specificity, HLA class II restriction, and cytokine profile of the clone. Th0 clones reactive to TSH-R stimulate both total IgG production and TSAb in SCID mice engrafted with thyroid tissue from GD patients. Th0 and Th1 clones specific for TPO and Tg also function as helper T cells, stimulating total IgG synthesis and autoantibodies against TPO and Tg. Th1 clones may also cause tissue destruction in GD and HT.
Whose South is it anyway? Race and the Confederate battle flag in South Carolina

Abstract The states of the former Confederacy are embroiled in vitriolic debates over the display and meaning of the Confederate battle flag. The purpose of this study is to examine this conflict in South Carolina through an analysis of two legislative votes taken in the state's House of Representatives. After first discussing the study's relevance, this article provides a brief historical overview of the contested meanings of the flag. It then focuses upon the debate in South Carolina using a logistical regression analysis to model legislative voting on the issue. It finds legislative positions on the battle flag are strongly divided along partisan and racial lines. These finding are then discussed in the context of “ethnic” nationalism and whiteness studies.
Improving Forecasting Accuracy through Trading Day Adjustment

The effects of trading day adjustment techniques to improve forecasting accuracy are investigated. The results of forecasting from directly generated monthly data are compared with those of transformed (trading day adjusted) data. Conclusions are offered towards the development of a trading day adjustment model.
Tachydysrhythmia treatment and adverse events in patients with wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome.

Abstract Background Current guidelines recommend avoiding atrioventricular-nodal blocking agents (AVNB) when treating tachydysrhythmias in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) patients. Study Objectives We investigated medications selected and resulting outcomes for patients with tachydysrhythmias and WPW. Methods In this single-center retrospective cohort study, we searched a hospital-wide database for the following inclusion criteria: WPW, tachycardia, and intravenous antidysrhythmics. The composite outcome of adverse events was acceleration of tachycardia, new hypotension, new malignant dysrhythmia, and cardioversion. The difference in binomial proportions of patients meeting the composite outcome after AVNB or non-AVNB (NAVNB) treatment was calculated after dividing the groups by QRS duration. A random-effects mixed linear analysis was performed to analyze the vital sign response. Results The initial database search yielded 1158 patient visits, with 60 meeting inclusion criteria. Patients' median age was 52.5 years; 53% were male, 43% presented in wide complex tachycardia (WCT), with 75% in atrial fibrillation (AF) or flutter. AVNBs were administered in 42 (70%) patient visits. For those patients with WCT in AF, the difference in proportions of patients meeting the composite outcome after AVNBs vs. NAVNBs treatment was an increase of 3% (95% confidence interval [CI] −39%–49%), and for those with narrow complex AF it was a decrease of 13% (95% CI −37%–81%). No instances of malignant dysrhythmia occurred. Mixed linear analysis showed no statistically significant effects on heart rate, though suggested a trend toward increasing heart rate after AVNB in wide complex AF. Conclusion In this sample of WPW-associated tachydysrhythmia patients, many were treated with AVNBs. The composite outcome was similarly met after use of either AVNB or NAVNB, and no malignant dysrhythmias were observed.
Interactions of IgG with Specific Erythrocyte Membrane Proteins in Affinity Electrophoresis Are Highly Dependent on Low Ionic Strength Conditions

Agarose gel affinity electrophoresis has been used to demonstrate interactions between autologous IgG and specific erythrocyte membrane proteins. These binding phenomena are here further examined by combining affinity electrophoresis with affinity chromatography, absorption experiments, and immunoblotting. It is demonstrated that the interactions are highly dependent on polyreactive IgG binding favored by the low ionic strength conditions of the electrophoretic assay. Thus, about 25% of normal IgG under low ionic strength conditions bound to the purified cytoskeletal protein, spectrin, immobilized on Sepharose. This IgG reacted in affinity electrophoresis in a polyspecific fashion with the same array of membrane proteins as before the low ionic strength-affinity chromatography. Further, the binding seen in affinity electrophoresis, including the interaction with spectrin, was completely abolished by preabsorption of the IgG with spectrin-devoid membranes. The charge characteristics of an IgG subclass might be responsible for the observed binding. However, the observed precipitate formation suggested an interaction involving at least two binding sites on each molecule and the binding appears to require structurally intact IgG because reductive treatment with dithiothreitol diminished the reactivity considerably. Conclusively, under the conditions of affinity electrophoresis with ligand present in the gel, electrostatic interactions are amplified. The degree of binding of IgG to erythrocyte membrane proteins that take place under these conditions does not reflect binding which would occur to the same extent under physiological ionic strength conditions.
Syntheses of specifically deoxygenated methyl α-isomaltotriosides

Abstract Specifically deoxygenated methyl α-isomaltotriosides were synthesized by the silver perchloratemadiated condensation of a protected α-isomaltosyl chloride with suitably blocked derivatives of methyl α- d -glucopyranoside deoxygenated respectively at positions 2, 3, and 4, followed by deprotection.
Effect of 3-methylindole on respiratory ethane production in selenium and vitamin E deficient rats.

Summary Lipid peroxidation has been proposed as a mechanism of 3-methylindole pneumotoxicity. In this report, lipid peroxidation was measured over 16 h in awake rats given 400 mg/kg i.p. 3-methylindole or its carrier, Cremophore EL. Rats were studied after 8 weeks of feeding a diet either adequate or deficient in vitamin E and selenium. Respiratory ethane production was used as the index of lipid peroxidation. 3-methylindole had no effect on lipid peroxidation for rats fed the adequate diet. For rats on the deficient diet, 3-methylindole suppressed lipid peroxidation by 50% of control. These results indicate that lipid peroxidation is not a mechanism of 3-methylindole pneumotoxicity and support the conclusion that 3-methylindole may act as an antioxidant.
Delayed alternation in adolescent and adult male and female rats

The prefrontal cortex continues to develop throughout adolescence in several species, and our laboratory has demonstrated that during adolescence there is a decrease in neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). A PFC-dependent task, the delayed alternation task, was used in the present study to examine the function of the mPFC while it is still maturing in rats of both sexes. A deficit was found in adolescents when compared to adults during 15- and 60-s delays but not at other delays (5, 10, 30, and 90 s). Furthermore, adolescents committed more perseverative errors. No significant sex differences occurred at any delay for either age group; however, in the no delay training sessions, adolescent males reached criterion faster than females. These results indicate that performance on a mPFC-dependent task improves between adolescence and adulthood.
Nucleation and growth of ice crystals in secondary refrigerant freezing

Abstract A mathematical model of the freezing-crystallization step of the secondary refrigerant freezing desalination process has been proposed which takes into account the influence of the refrigerant phase on the nucleation rate. The moments of the crystal size distribution have been estimated assuming crystal growth occurs by either of two ways: by heat transfer limited growth, and by growth accompanied by agglomeration. Empirical constants for the nucleation rate and for agitator power efficiency were determined from data of several pilot plant tests. The agreement between observed and calculated size distribution moments indicated that the crystal growth model assuming agglomeration may be the more realistic.
Effects of partner support on resting oxytocin, cortisol, norepinephrine, and blood pressure before and after warm partner contact.

Objective: We examined whether the magnitude of plasma oxytocin (OT), norepinephrine (NE), cortisol, and blood pressure (BP) responses before and after a brief episode of warm contact (WC) with the spouse/partner may be related to the strength of perceived partner support. Methods: Subjects were 38 cohabiting couples (38 men, 38 women) aged 20 to 49 years. All underwent 10 minutes of resting baseline alone, 10 minutes of WC together with their partner, and 10 minutes of postcontact rest alone. Results: Greater partner support (based on self-report) was related to higher plasma oxytocin in men and women across the protocol before and after WC. In women, higher partner support was correlated with lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) during solitary rest after WC but not before. Also, higher OT in women was linked to lower BP at baseline and to lower NE at all 4 measurements. Conclusion: Greater partner support is linked to higher OT for both men and women; however, the importance of OT and its potentially cardioprotective effects on sympathetic activity and BP may be greater for women. Key words: warm contact, partner support, oxytocin, norepinephrine, cortisol, blood pressure. ABP ambulatory blood pressure; BMI body mass index; BP blood pressure; CVD cardiovascular disease; DBP diastolic blood pressure; HPA hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal; HR heart rate; IV intravenous; MI myocardial infarction; NE norepinephrine; OT oxytocin; SBP systolic blood pressure; SNS sympathetic nervous system; SRI Social Relationships Index; WC warm contact.
Over My Dead Body: A Better Approach to Testamentary Restraints on Marriage

Money is a tool that can be wielded from the grave. It is not uncommon to find deeds or wills that shape the behavior of the living by conditioning a gift on a potential beneficiary’s conduct. Sometimes these conditions involve a limitation on marriage — prohibiting, penalizing, or requiring marriage to one of a particular religious faith or ethnicity. Courts have held that complete restraints on marriage are unreasonable, contrary to public policy, and void. However, partial restraints of marriage are valid as long as they are “reasonable.” A restraint is “unreasonable” only if a marriage permitted by the restraint is factually not likely to occur. This essay suggests that this fundamental approach is incorrect. The Reasonableness Test produces extremely problematic results, due to four major flaws: (1) it ostensibly questions the testator’s intent while disingenuously claiming that it does not, (2) it is empirically unsound, (3) it fails to take into account whether the restraint is actually consequential to the beneficiary, and (4) it produces unjustifiably inconsistent results based on geography and time. This essay then discusses several alternative approaches to the Reasonableness Test, including the blanket prohibition of all marital restraint provisions, the blanket allowance of all marital restraint provisions, and case-by-case balancing. A new test is then promulgated: a test for coercion. If we are worried that the provision will force the beneficiary to surrender to an unreasonable marriage or a lifetime of loneliness, we should examine the extent to which the donee is actually influenced by the conditional gift. I argue that the Coercion Test is the best approach because it avoids all four major problems with the Reasonableness Test, while providing more respect for testator’s intent than a blanket prohibition, more protection of public policy than a blanket allowance, and more consistency than a case-by-case balancing approach. Most importantly, the Coercion Test addresses the crux of the public policy problem: whether an individual’s freedom of choice of marriage is being restricted.
Warm water flooding of confined gas hydrate reservoirs

Large quantities of natural gas hydrate are present in marine sediments along the coastlines of many countries as well as in arctic regions. This research is aimed at assessing techniques to produce natural gas from marine hydrate deposits. A multiphase, multicomponent, thermal, 3D simulator is used, which can simulate production of hydrates both in equilibrium and kinetic modes. Three components (hydrate, methane, and water) and four phases (hydrate, gas, aqueous-phase, and ice) are considered in the simulator. In this work, we simulate warm water flooding and depressurization for hydrate production from a confined reservoir with a hydrate layer underlain by a water layer. Water flooding has been studied as a function of injection temperature, injection pressure and production pressure. For high injection temperature and high production pressure, warm water injection is preferred over depressurization; an increase in injection pressure increases the heat influx to the reservoir making the gas production faster. If a low pressure can be maintained at the production well or the injection temperature is not high, then just depressurization is the best method of production. As reservoir porosity and permeability increase and the heat transfer coefficient to the over- and under-burden decreases, the warm water injection process becomes more favorable.
Effect of milking intervals on the rate of milk and fat secretion.

Summary Fifteen high-producing Holstein and Brown Swiss cows in early lactation were milked at 4,- 8-, 12-, 16-, and 20-hr. intervals. Ten I.U. of oxytocin were injected at the beginning and end of each interval to obtain residual milk. Each interval was repeated three times and each series of intervals was separated by a 12-hr. interval. The rates of milk, fat, and solids-not-fat secretion were linear for intervals up to and including 12 hr. Significant reductions in rates of secretion of these components were found at 16- and 20-hr. intervals between milkings as compared to the 4-, 8-, and 12-hr. intervals. The butterfat percentages for the different intervals were nearly the same, except for the 4-hr. interval, where an unexplainable increase took place. The solids-not-fat content was the same for all intervals. Preceding long intervals caused a depression of milk secretion during the 12-hr. intervals, but caused a marked increase in butterfat percentages.
Stage order and dominance in adolescent vocational decision-making processes: An empirical test of the Tiedeman-O'Hara paradigm

Abstract Multidimensional scaling procedures were applied to checklist measures of stages from O. V. Tiedeman and R. P. O'Hara Career development: Choice and adjustment , New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1963 , vocational decision-making paradigm. Responses from two high-school samples were analyzed in order to test the hypotheses that stages are ordered as theory predicted and that stages represent dominant psychological states. The stage order hypothesis was essentially supported by findings from scaling solutions applied to two 11th-grade and one ninth-grade sample. The important exception was that the last two stages were reversed. Apparently grade level was not the dimension on which stages unfolded. The stage dominance hypothesis was not supported by the evidence. Student responses were not predominantly associated with a single stage but rather were distributed over several stages. Both results were interpreted in terms of the theory and the instruments. A second conclusion was that metric unfolding is a useful method for analyzing cross-sectional data bearing on construct validity for ordered stage constructs.
A teacher-training program to enhance mainstreamed, handicapped pupils' self-concepts☆

This study assessed the effectiveness of the Utah State University Self-Concept Protocol Modules in changing teacher behaviors presumed to be related to pupil self-concept. This research focused on teachers and handicapped pupils in mainstreamed intermediate grade classrooms. The modules cover specific teacher behaviors including ways of expressing anger, listening skills and nonjudgemental messages, praising and giving instructions, and ways of fostering positive self-perception statements by pupils. The experimental group contained 15 teachers; 18 teachers were in the control group. Seven hundred and fifteen pupils (251 of which were in the experimental group) from the classrooms of the participating teachers were included. Observational data were collected on the teacher behaviors. The intermediate form of the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale was administered before and after teachers were trained. Analyses of covariance (with prescores as the covariates) in which the experimental treatment was the independent variable and the postscores for the teacher behaviors were the dependent variables revealed a significant difference between the experimental and control group teachers. The experimental group had more favorable postscores than the control group on four of the teacher behaviors. For children's self-concept postscores, a significant treatment X pupil classification interaction was found indicating that experimental group handicapped pupils scored significantly higher (p<.05) than the control group handicapped pupils. Enhancement was not obtained for either the nonhandicapped nonminority or minority group pupils.
After the rebellion: black youth, social movement activism, and the post-civil rights generation

In After the Rebellion: Black Youth, Social Movement Activism, and the Post-Civil Rights Generation, author Sekou Franklin details a rich, historical overview of a number of key black youth-based s...
Comparison of extraction and beam transport simulations with emittance measurements from the ECR ion source venus

The versatility of ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) ion sources makes them the injector of choice for many heavy ion accelerators. However, the design of the LEBT (Low Energy Beam Transport) systems for these devices is challenging, because it has to be matched for a wide variety of ions. In addition, due to the magnetic confinement fields, the ion density distribution across the extraction aperture is inhomogeneous and charge state dependent. In addition, the ion beam is extracted from a region of high axial magnetic field, which adds a rotational component to the beam. In this paper the development of a simulation model (in particular the initial conditions at the extraction aperture) for ECR ion source beams is described. Extraction from the plasma and transport through the beam line are then simulated with the particle-in-cell code WARP. Simulations of the multispecies beam containing Uranium ions of charge state 18+ to 42+ and oxygen ions extracted from the VENUS ECR ion source are presented and compared to experimentally obtained emittance values.
Goal setting outcomes: Examining the role of goal interaction in influencing the experience and learning outcomes of video game play for earthquake preparedness

Video game goals are important features of video games. Player's interaction with goals can not only shape the gaming experience by evoking cognitive and affective reactions in players, but also lead to learning outcomes. However, there are few empirical studies on the effects of interacting with game goals, and no previous research has manipulated goal setting. In two experimental studies, participants were randomly assigned to one of the following five conditions: self-set goal repetitive play, assigned goal repetitive play, no-set goal repetitive play, no-set goal single play, and no play. Results show that playing earthquake preparedness video games generates significant learning outcomes; playing repeatedly with self-set goals yields greater learning compared to playing once with no-set goals or not playing; and cognitive reactions mediates the relation between goal interaction and learning. Implications of the results for the design and evaluation of future video games for learning are explored.
A note on the Hartley-like measure of uncertainty

The principal aim of this paper is to bring the relatively little-known Hartley-like measure of uncertainty to the attention of readers of this journal. First, the reader is introduced to the classical Hartley measure of uncertainty, applicable to finite sets, and to the complementary Hartley-like measure of uncertainty, applicable to infinite sets. This is followed by an overview of some well-known applications of these measures to classical sets as well as standard fuzzy sets of possible alternatives. Applications of the Hartley-like measure to two types of non-standard fuzzy sets are then explored. This paper concludes with a discussion of two open research problems regarding the Hartley-like measure, solutions of which are essential for overcoming some practical limitations of this measure.
Paul U. Kellogg and the Survey: Voices for Social Welfare and Social Justice, by Clarke A. Chambers. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1971. 296 Pages, $10.00. Hardbound

(1974). Paul U. Kellogg and the Survey: Voices for Social Welfare and Social Justice, by Clarke A. Chambers. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1971. 296 Pages, $10.00. Hardbound. Journal of Education for Social Work: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 127-128.
Fibronectin and Adhesion Molecules on Canine Scarred Vocal Folds

Objective To examine the expressions of fibronectin and other adhesion molecules on the scarred vocal folds in a short- and long-term animal model. Study Design Animal model. Methods Six beagles' vocal folds were stripped unilaterally and left untreated. After wounding the vocal folds were harvested from three dogs at 2 months and three dogs at 6 months. The untouched vocal fold was used as a control, and the stripped vocal fold as scarred. Subsequently, the expressions of fibronectin, cadherin, syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 on both vocal folds were examined by immunohistochemical and image analysis. Results Compared with the control vocal folds, fibronectin significantly increased in the superficial layer of the lamina propria on the scarred vocal folds at both 2 and 6 months. Co-deposition of collagen was observed only at 6 months. Syndecan-4 was significantly overexpressed at the basal layer cells of the epithelium at both 2 and 6 months. No significant expression of either cadherin or syndecan-1 was detected. Conclusions Scar characteristics at 2 and 6 months are not identical, suggesting that a 2-month period may not be a sufficient to study vocal fold scarring. Adhesion molecules are important in reorganization of extracellular matrix during wound healing because of their binding and adhesion characteristics. The results indicate that fibronectin might be important in providing a scaffold for the deposition of other proteins such as collagen, and the binding characteristics might affect the stiffness of the scarred vocal fold. Prolonged expression of syndecan-4 may reflect the role of focal adhesion during the assembly of scar structure. Ultimately, better understanding of the histological features of the scarred vocal fold might lead to new approaches to treatment.
Adolescents' satisfaction with contact in adoption

The current investigation drew from the second wave of data collected from the Minnesota-Texas Adoption Research Project (MTARP). Adolescents involved in adoptive arrangements in which there is contact with birth parents were compared to adolescents who do not have contact with their birth parents in terms of satisfaction with adoption openness. ANOVA results indicated that adolescents who have contact with their birthmothers maintain higher satisfaction with contact status than those who do not have contact. No effects for gender or age were noted. In terms of contact with birthfathers, adolescents with contact maintained higher satisfaction with contact status than those who do not have contact. Significant effects for age were also noted, insofar as satisfaction with contact increases with age. Implications of these findings for adoption professionals are put forth, as well as directions for further research.
Another unmet public health need.

Injuries should be added to the list of “Unmet needs in public health” (C. Ash and B. Jasny, Introduction: Issues in Public Health, 15 March, p. [2035][1]). Throughout the world, injuries claim more years of productive life than any disease group. The Centers for Disease Control have identified
Sharp inequalities between skewness and kurtosis

Abstract Denote by α and β the skewness and kurtosis respectively of a distribution with finite fourth moment. We show that α2 ⩽ β + 2. For unimodal distributions we prove that α2 ⩽ β + 6 5 , and for infinitely divisible distributions α2 ⩽ β.
Crane scheduling in a shipbuilding environment

Abstract This paper describes exact and heuristic approaches for scheduling multiple cranes that service a shipyard that produces multiple ships concurrently. Cranes transport a variety of materials over a shared network of tracks; therefore, inter-crane interference is a major factor affecting makespan and crane utilization. The exact approach models the problem as a multi-commodity flow problem with side constraints on a network. The corresponding integer programming formulation is solved using CPLEX. The heuristics proposed decompose the problem in two sub-problems: a scheduling problem that determines the order in which jobs should be performed, and an assignment problem that assigns cranes to jobs. Computational results show that using the Priority/ACO (ant colony optimization) heuristic gives high quality solutions.
Abstract 5079: Gadd45a differentially modulates breast tumorigenesis by promoting or suppressing tumor growth in response to distinct oncogenic stress

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Gadd45a plays a pivotal role as a stress sensor that modulates cellular responses to various stress stimuli, including oncogenic stress. Generating novel MMTV-ras and MMTV-myc mouse models which are either wildtype or null for Gadd45a, we identified Gadd45a as a tumor suppressor in ras-mediated breast tumorigenesis. In sharp contrast, recent findings have shown that Gadd45a promotes myc-driven breast cancer. Furthermore, the function of Gadd45a as either a tumor promoter or suppressor was observed to be mediated through distinct, mutually exclusive, signaling pathways. Whereas Gadd45a tumor suppressor function is mediated via activation of JNK and p38 stress kinases promoting ras-induced apoptosis and senescence, Gadd45a function as a tumor promoter is exerted by negatively regulating MMP10 expression via the GSK3b/Beta-catenin signaling cascade, resulting in increased tumor vascularization. Analyzing specimens obtained from human breast cancer patients has shown relatively high levels of Gadd45a expression in low to moderate grade tumors compared to normal breast tissue, and no Gadd45a expression in high grade tumors. Correlating the status of Gadd45a expression in human breast cancer to activated oncogenes and Gadd45a signaling, as well as to patient survival following treatment is in progress. Collectively, these observations highlight the significance of the type of oncogenic alteration on how stress response genes function during initiation and progression of tumorigenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5079.
Effect of interhemispheric transection on the EEG patterns in sleep and wakefulness in monkeys

Abstract The role of the interhemispheric commissural pathways in the synchronization of cerebral electrical activity has been studied in Macaca nemestrina . Five animals were prepared with midsagittal sections of the commissures and brain-stem extending caudally to various levels and were implanted with electrodes for recording from cortical and deep brain structures. Electrodes were also implanted in three intact animals for control. 1.1. Twenty-four hour recordings were made to assess the degree of electrical concordance between hemispheres in different behavioral states. 2.2. Similarity of patterns between hemispheres in short epochs, including simultaneous occurence of spindle trains, appeared unaltered in the split brain animal. 3.3. The ratio of sleep to wakefulness was sharply reduced in the split brain animals. 4.4. The proportion of time spent in activated sleep was related to the level of the brain-stem lesion.
Premature thelarche: a possible adverse effect of cimetidine treatment.

An 18-month-old girl is reported in whom marked unilateral breast enlargement occurred after 4 weeks of cimetidine therapy. After withdrawal of the drug the enlargement rapidly disappeared. This observation points to cimetidine as a possible cause of premature thelarche. Cimetidine, a selective H2 receptor blocking agent, is known to cause gynaecomastia in males. This effect seems related to clevated plasma oestrogens, gonadotropins, or to binding of the drug to androgen receptors. Ranitidine, a much more potent selective H2 receptor blocker, does not cause gynaecomastia and seems therefore preferable to cimetidine.
Suppression of Human B Cell Activation by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Involves Altered Regulation of B Cell Lymphoma-6

The environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) produces marked suppression of the primary humoral immune response in virtually every animal species evaluated thus far. In addition, epidemiological studies performed in areas of dioxin contamination have identified an association between TCDD exposure and an increased incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Recent studies using an in vitro CD40 ligand model of human B cell differentiation have shown that TCDD impairs both B cell activation and differentiation. The present study extends these findings by identifying B cell lymphoma-6 [BCL-6] as a putative cellular target for deregulation by TCDD, which may contribute to suppression of B cell function as well as NHL. BCL-6 is a multifunctional transcriptional repressor frequently mutated in NHLs and known to regulate critical events of B cell activation and differentiation. In the presence of TCDD, BCL-6 protein levels were elevated and concurrently the same population of cells with high BCL-6 levels showed decreased CD80 and CD69 expression indicative of impaired cellular activation. The elevated BCL-6 levels resulted in a concomitant increase in BCL-6 DNA binding activity at its cognate binding site within an enhancer region for CD80. Furthermore, a small molecule inhibitor of BCL-6 activity reversed TCDD-mediated suppression of CD80 expression in human B cells. In the presence of a low-affinity ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), suppression of B cell activation and altered BCL-6 regulation were not observed. These results provide new mechanistic insights into the role of BCL-6 in the suppression of human B cell activation by TCDD.
Sodium tracer diffusion in sodium boroaluminosilicate glasses

Abstract Sodium tracer diffusion coefficients, D*Na, have been measured using the radioactive isotope Na-22 in sodium boroaluminosilicate (NBAS) glasses containing either a small amount of As2O3 or Fe2O3. The chemical compositions of the first type of glasses are given by the formula [(Na2O)0.71(Fe2O3)0.05(B2O3)0.24]0.2[(SiO2)x(Al2O3)1 − x]0.8 and those of the second type of glasses correspond to the formula [(Na2O)0.73(B2O3)0.24(As2O3)0.03]0.18[(SiO2)x(Al2O3)1 − x]0.82. Tracer diffusion measurements were performed at different temperatures between 198 and 350 °C. Pre-annealing of the glass samples at their glass transition temperatures in common air was found to lead to changes in the values of sodium tracer diffusion coefficients. For the NBAS glasses containing Fe2O3, after pre-annealing for 5 h, the activation enthalpy derived for the sodium tracer diffusion increases almost linearly from 57.5 to 71.3 kJ/mol with a decrease in the alumina content while the pre-exponential factor of the sodium tracer diffusion coefficient increases from 2.1 · 10− 4 to 5.3 · 10− 4 cm2/s. For the iron-free NBAS glasses pre-annealed for 5 h, the activation enthalpy varies between 63.9 and 71.4 kJ/mol while the pre-exponential factor varies between 1.5 · 10− 4 and 1.2 · 10− 3 cm2/s. In addition, it was observed that the considered glasses take up water when annealed at 300 °C in wet air with PH2O = 474 mbar.
Research Note: User Design of Customized Products

User design offers tantalizing potential benefits to manufacturers and consumers, including a closer match of products to user preferences, which should result in a higher willingness to pay for goods and services. There are two fundamental approaches that can be taken to user design: parameter-based systems and needs-based systems. With parameter-based systems, users directly specify the values of design parameters of the product. With needs-based systems, users specify the relative importance of their needs, and an optimization algorithm recommends the combination of design parameters that is likely to maximize user utility. Through an experiment in the domain of consumer laptop computers, we show that for parameter-based systems, outcomes, including measures for comfort and fit, increase with the expertise of the user. We also show that for novices, the needs-based interface results in better outcomes than the parameter-based interface.
TU‐C‐303A‐09: Can Lung Dose‐Volume Criteria Derived From 3D Era Be Safely Used for 4D Planning?

Purpose: Total lung volume (TLV) varies during respiration. The TLV dose‐volume criteria currently used for treatment planning of lung irradiation are derived based on 3DCT. We investigate the variations of TLV and lung dose during respiration and determine if the current TLV dose‐volume criteria can be safely used for planning respiratory‐correlated treatment. Methods and Materials: The data of 4DCT and 3DCT acquired with free breathing during the same session for nine patients were analyzed. Each 4DCT set consisted of 10 phases. TLVs delineated using an automatic tool on 3DCT, 4DCT individual phases, and the average intensity projection (Ave‐IP) were compared. For each patient, a representative plan designed based on the 3DCT was applied to each phase of the 4DCT and the Ave‐IP CT. The dose volume parameters of V20 (volume receiving 20 Gy), V10, V5, and mean lung dose (MLD) from the above 12 plans for each case were compared. Results: TVL varied by 20% during respiration as compared with the TLV from 3DCT or Ave‐IP. On average, the TLV at 30% (mid‐exhalation) or 70% (mid‐inhalation) phases agreed within 2% with the TLV from 3DCTs for the nine cases studied. The average TLV from the Ave‐IP CTs was consistent within 2% with the average TLV of 20% or 80% phase. For all cases studied, the average MLD, V20, and V10 varied by 2% while the average V5 varied by 3% during respiration. The maximum variation for these dose‐volume parameters was 7%. Conclusion: TLVs for 20%‐ or 30%‐ phase, Ave‐IP, and 3DCT are comparable, and the 20%–30% phase CT may be used as the base CT for non‐gated ITV‐based treatment planning. For treatment planning of a gated delivery at maximum exhalation or inhalation, a margin of 3% should be considered when using the current lung dose‐volume criteria.
Cross-National Changes in the Effects of Peptic Ulcer Disease

Objective: To describe and to analyze the changing effects of peptic ulcer disease over time. Design: Variables relating to peptic ulcer disease from 1970-1986 were compared. The variables included...
Can fluoridation affect lead(II) in potable water? hexafluorosilicate and fluoride equilibria in aqueous solution

Recent reports have attempted to show that fluoridating potable water is linked to increased levels of lead(II) in the blood. We examine these claims in light of the established science and critically evaluate their significance. The completeness of hexafluoro‐silicate hydrolysis is of paramount importance in ensuring that total water quality is maintained. The possible impacts of such complexes as PbII—F—SiF5 or PbFx (2‐x) are discussed as are the contributions of fluoridation byproducts to total acid content. We calculate the fractional distribution of aqueous species based on known chemical equilibria and show the species concentrations for several different model tap waters. We discuss and quantitatively show the effects of other complexing anions, such as carbonate or hydroxide. Overall, we conclude that no credible evidence exists to show that water fluoridation has any quantitatable effects on the solubility, bioavailability, bio‐accumulation, or reactivity of lead(0) or lead(II) compounds. The gov...