cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical bridge damage detection using girder distribution factors

A hypothesis testing framework is introduced for bridge damage detection, which enables a rigorous, decision-oriented approach for detection of bridge damage when it exists. A bridge damage detection hypothesis test is developed using girder distribution factors (GDF) under operational, output-only strain monitoring. GDFs are calculated from measured strain data collected during traffic events at the Powder Mill Bridge in Barre, Massachusetts. A sample of GDFs is drawn to establish a baseline over the course of one week, representing the probabilistic behavior of a healthy bridge under normal operating conditions. A new sample can be compared with the baseline at the end of each day, providing a timely and effective operational damage detection method. A calibrated finite element model is used to simulate damaged bridge GDF samples under four damage scenarios. The damaged bridge GDF samples are compared with the healthy baseline sample using the rank-sum test, and the results are employed to develop a damage index capable of alerting bridge owners of potential damage. A simple bootstrap resampling scheme is used to evaluate the probability of issuing a false alarm (Type I error), as well as the likelihood of not issuing an alert when the bridge is damaged (Type II error). A three-dimensional statistical bridge signature is developed to aid damage localization and assessment. Nonparametric prediction intervals corresponding to a baseline signature are generated using the bootstrap method, creating an envelope of possible baseline bridge signatures. When a bridge signature falls outside the baseline bridge signature envelope, damage is detected. Damage was successfully identified for all four artificial damage cases considered. The overall damage detection method is designed to alert bridge owners when damage is detected and to provide a probabilistic tool to aid damage assessment and localization while controlling for both Type I and Type II errors.
Ion Transporters in Microglial Function: New Therapeutic Targets for Neuroinflammation in Ischemic Stroke?

Microglia are the macrophage immune cells in the CNS and monitor extracellular microenvironment in healthy brains. They can be rapidly activated under pathological conditions and move to a lesion site following chemotactic gradients and unfold their phagocytotic activities to clear tissue debris, damaged cells, or microbes. A growing body of studies illustrated the importance of ion transporters in regulating activation and migration of microglia and peripheral immune cells in cerebral ischemic conditions. This chapter summarized roles of Na+/H+ exchanger, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, and K+/Cl− cotransporters in regulation of pHi, Ca2+-spiking events, cell volume, and membrane signal molecule expression during microglia/peripheral immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. In light of the detrimental effects of excessive pro-inflammatory response on ischemic brain injury, targeting ion transporters may be a new therapeutic strategy to minimize neuroinflammatory reactions after ischemic stroke.
Cloud benchmarking in bare-metal, virtualized, and containerized execution environments

Cloud data centers rely on virtualization to increase their productivity and reduce complexity for end users while delivering access on-demand as a service. Because virtualization involves increased abstraction, there is an inevitable trade-off between virtualization and potential performance degradation. As a result, there has been a considerable amount of work in developing and improving different virtualized environments that can isolate a workload from another. Virtual machines and Linux containers are the most well-known techniques that provide an isolated environment to allow applications to run independently. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. This research aims to compare the performance of systems in bare-metal, containerized (Linux containers), and virtualized (virtual machines) execution environments. It also analyzes and understands the implications of the benchmarking results in these different execution environments. The benchmarking results, analyses, and insights discussed can provide a guidance to cloud computing researchers and developers in the process of designing cloud computing solutions, deploying cloud systems, and developing algorithms, programs, and applications on different cloud platforms.
Federal Constitutional Restraints on Property Tax Assessment Limitations: An Analysis of Florida's 'Portabililty' Approach

The report is based on a legal analysis that Hellerstein prepared, along with W. Scott Wright and Charles C. Kearns of Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP, for the Florida Legislative Office of Economic and Demographic Research.
Rhizocorallium in estuarine Ingersoll shale (Upper Cretaceous Eutaw Formation, Eastern Alabama coastal plain)

Abstract The ichnofossil Rhizocorallium—an oblique to horizontal U-shaped spreiten burrow—has been recognized in a broad range of Phanerozoic continental, marginal marine, and shallow to deep marine facies. Nonetheless, occurrences of this ichnotaxon in Cretaceous estuarine deposits are rarely described. Herein we document Rhizocorallium in the Ingersoll shale, a carbonaceous clay lens within an estuarine succession contained in the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) Eutaw Formation exposed in the eastern U.S. Gulf coastal plain. The Ingersoll Rhizocorallium specimens, assigned to R. commune var. irregulare based on their basic morphology, horizontal disposition, dimensions, and actively filled spreiten, record a change in depositional conditions and substrate consistency linked to transgression. The Ingersoll shale accumulated rapidly in a restricted tidal channel in a bayhead delta setting and hosts an impoverished resident ichnofauna reflecting soupground conditions. In contrast, attributes of Rhizocorallium (e.g., burrow wall bioglyphs) and associated Thalassinoides in the upper part of the Ingersoll shale reflect firm substrates (i.e., Glossifungites ichnofacies). Firmground development and colonization reflect burial dewatering and subsequent exhumation by bay-shoreline ravinement of clays and the concomitant shift to estuarine central bay deposition. The biological affinity of the Rhizocorallium trace makers cannot be confidently established. However, based on relatively straight and seemingly current-aligned axes, passive burrow fills, lack of associated fecal pellets, and emplacement in firm clay, these structures were likely produced by suspension-feeding organisms—either crustaceans or worms—that took advantage of wave- or tide-induced currents in shallow areas near the estuary head.
Rhetorically Constructing an Identity at Multiple Levels: A Case Study of Social Entrepreneurship Umbrella Organizations

ABSTRACTTo gain support for their programs, mission, and aims, organizations engage in identity work to establish and communicate who and what an organization is. We argue that identity work is a core strategic communication effort, and furthermore that rhetoric is central to the process. To better understand such identity work, we engage in a case study of an emerging organizational form, social entrepreneurship (SE), by analyzing the identity rhetoric of three large SE umbrella organizations (Ashoka, The Skoll Foundation, Echoing Green). We find that SE identity work is constructed at both the organizational level and at the level of SE as a whole field or sector. Our contributions highlight the tensions brought about in communicatively constructing identity at multiple levels, and the need for further strategic communication scholarship that critiques identity work as arguments for a vision for social change agendas.
Comparative effects of ACTH cortisone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, pregnenolone on growth and development of infant rats.

Summary1. ACTH, cortisone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone and pregnenolone were injected into newborn rats in varying dosage. Cortisone was found to be the most toxic with a total of 0.6 mg in the first few days of life being a lethal dose, as contrasted with the lack of toxicity of 0.25 mg of desoxycorticosterone given daily for 14 days. Cortisone was the most potent growth inhibitor and also the most potent stimulus for eruption of teeth, opening of eyelids and development of the gingivae. ACTH, although employed in larger doses than cortisone had a lesser effect on growth inhibition and little or no effect on development. Larger doses of ACTH are yet to be used. Corticosterone in the dose employed did not affect growth but did stimulate development. Pregnenolone in huge doses had no effect on either growth or development of teeth and eyelids. 2. Cortisone in a total dose of 0.5 mg (sub-lethal) given to newborn rats in the first week of life resulted in long-term damage to the animal as evidenced ...
Inhibition of coagulation in the blood of insects by the fatty acid vapor treatment

Two previous papers, Shull, Riley and Richardson (1932 and Shull and Rice (1933), have shown that coagulation in the blood of insects in which the coagulation processes are similar to those found in the cockroach Blatta orientalis L. could be inhibited by treating the insects with the vapors of acetic acid. These findings have led to the study of other fatty acids in relation to the inhibition of coagulation in the blood of insects, the results of which are presented in this paper.
Extended transiting discs and rings around planets and brown dwarfs: theoretical constraints

Newly formed planets (or brown dwarfs) may possess disks or rings that occupy an appreciable fraction of the planet's Hill sphere and extend beyond the Laplace radius, where the tidal torque from the host star dominates over the torque from the oblate planet. Such a disk/ring can exhibit unique, detectable transit signatures, provided that the disk/ring is significantly misaligned with the orbital plane of the planet. There exists tentative evidence for an extended ring system around the young K5 star 1 SWASP J140747-354542. We present a general theoretical study of the inclination (warp) profile of circumplanetary disks under the combined influences of the tidal torque from the central star, the torque from the oblate planet and the self-gravity of the disk. We calculate the steady-state warp profile ("generalized Laplace Surface") and investigate the condition for coherent precession of the disk. We find that to maintain non-negligible misalignment between the extended outer disk and the planet's orbital plane, and to ensure coherent disk precession, the disk surface density must be sufficiently large so that the self-gravity torque overcomes the tidal torque from the central star. Our analysis and quantitative results can be used to constrain the parameters of transiting circumplanetary disks that may be detected in the future.
The Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility Accelerator

The Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) will be a national center for medium energy physics investigations of nuclear structure, providing beams of nucleons and mesons, some ten thousand time...
Seismological Methods for Monitoring a CTBT: The Technical Issues Arising in Early Negotiations

The most important technical issues in monitoring a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty all became apparent between 1958, when the so-called “Conference of Experts” was convened in Geneva, and 1963, when the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) was negotiated, signed, ratified, and put into effect. The LTBT was negotiated trilaterally, between the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom; and banned nuclear testing in space, in the atmosphere, and under water. But in 1963 there was a general perception that seismological methods for monitoring underground nuclear explosions were inadequate — a perception that helped strongly to prevent the conclusion of a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) in this period, even though the key leaders (Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy for the US, General Secretary Khrushchev for the USSR, and Prime Minister Macmillan for the UK) apparently favored a comprehensive ban and made numerous proposals on how it might be implemented and verified.
Pacific Islands Collections at the California Museum of Photography, University of California-Riverside

More than twenty thousand photographs in the collections at the California Museum of Photography, University of California-Riverside (UCR CMP), document a century of history in the Pacific region. Most were taken between 1870 and 1930, many by a corps of unnamed photographers dispatched by stereographic companies to collect images for commercial purposes. There were also individuals like Harry Pidgeon, who crossed the Pacific documenting all aspects of life in the region. The Pacific images in two of the principal stereographic collections at UCR CMP, the Keystone-Mast Collection and the Harry Pidgeon Collection, are described. These collections have not been cataloged, yet for those willing to brave the idiosyncratic filing systems established by the original stereographic companies as well as Pidgeon himself, they are well worth the time and effort. For the archaeologist, anthropologist, and historian working in the region, the collections provide a wealth of information that complements and illustrates other research materials. Represented are traditional activities and occupations, rituals, crafts, architecture, monuments, and other material culture elements, along with images of burgeoning development and "modern" industrial societies.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 21-6-9 Stainless Steel Electron Beam Welds

Welds can either be stronger or weaker than the base metals that they join depending on the microstructures that form in the fusion and heat-affected zones of the weld. In this paper, weld strengthening in the fusion zone of annealed 21-6-9 stainless steel is investigated using cross-weld tensile samples, hardness testing, and microstructural characterization. Due to the stronger nature of the weld, the cross-weld tensile tests failed in the base metal and were not able to generate true fusion zone mechanical properties. Nanoindentation with a spherical indenter was instead used to predict the tensile behavior for the weld metal. Extrapolation of the nanoindentation results to higher strains was performed using the Steinberg–Guinan and Johnson–Cook strength models, and the results can be used for weld strength modeling purposes. The results illustrate how microstructural refinement and residual ferrite formation in the weld fusion zone can be an effective strengthener for 21-6-9 stainless steel.
The morbidity and mortality of hepaticojejunostomies for complex bile duct injuries: a multi-institutional analysis of risk factors and outcomes using NSQIP

Abstract Introduction Bile duct injury (BDI) is an infrequent but morbid complication of cholecystectomy. High-grade BDI repairs requiring hepaticojejunostomies are complex and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study sought to establish the increased risk associated with complex bile duct repair at a multi-institutional level in the United States. Methods Using the ACS-NSQIP Participant Use File, all patients who underwent a hepaticojejunostomy for bile duct repair between 2005 and 2012 were identified. Clinical data, perioperative risk factors and morbidity and mortality rates were calculated. Results Of the 293 BDI patients, 102 (65.2%) were female and the mean age was 49.8 years. The 30-day morbidity and mortality rates were 26.3% and 2%, respectively. Univariable analysis identified male gender, ASA class, functional status, diabetes, hypertension and chronic steroid use to be associated with increased morbidity. A higher ASA class was associated with increased postoperative sepsis and chronic steroid use was associated with increased overall morbidity on multivariable analysis. The morbidity rates for BDI repair within 30 days of injury vs. later repair were similar (24% vs. 23%), but the mortality rate was higher for the earlier repair group (5% vs. 0%, p = 0.012). Conclusions Within the largest multi-institutional analysis of 30-day outcomes after hepaticojejunostomies for BDI in the US, morbidity and mortality rates were established at 26.3% and 2% respectively. ASA class and preoperative functional status remain the main risk factors for surgery. Earlier repair in the face of ongoing sepsis and disability is associated with worse outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach at a specialized center aimed at controlling infection and improving functional status prior to surgical reconstruction is recommended.
Electron Free Energy Levels and Spectroscopic Character of Dilute Species in Oxidic Solvents: Relating Aqueous to Liquid (and Vitreous) Oxide Solutions

The familiar “basic” solution of aqueous solution chemistry is produced by reacting the Lewis base Na2O with the Lewis acid H2O initially to produce the “neutral” compound NaOH and by then adding a large excess of the acid component (55.5 : 1 molar ratio for a one molar solution). In an exactly analogous fashion an ordinary silicate glass is produced by reacting the same Lewis base Na2O with the Lewis acid SiO2, initially to form the neutral Na4SiO6 compound, and by then adding a large excess of the acid component. It is not surprising then that the chemistry of the two types of acid-base systems should have common features: both are characterized by very low values of the mean oxide activity \(\,_{\text{a}}{\underset{\pm}{\text{N}}}\text{a}_2\text{O}\).
Tailoring in-situ TiB2 particulates in aluminum matrix composites

Abstract TiB 2 particulates were produced in-situ in aluminum matrices through chemical reactions of K 2 TiF 6 and KBF 4 salts with aluminum melts. The formation and growth of the in-situ diboride particulates are studied in the presence of different alloying elements, Mg, Zr, Ti and Si respectively, modifying the reaction chemistry. Microstructural analyses revealed alloying elements playing a significant role on the formation and growth of the in-situ particulates. The addition of 5 w.t. pct. in-situ TiB 2 particulates, for example, resulted in a 14% increase in ultimate tensile strength for an as-cast Al-Si alloy. The strengthening effect is attributed to both the direct strengthening of TiB 2 particulates as a reinforcement and their effects on modifying eutectic Si in the castings. The morphology and dispersion of the in-situ reinforcing particulates are discussed in terms of reaction chemistry, the heterogeneous nucleation of alpha aluminum grains and the modification of Si in eutectic Al-Si phase.
Direct and indirect effects of parent stress on child obesity risk and added sugar intake in a sample of Southern California adolescents.

Objective Research indicates that children are at higher risk for obesity if their parents have been exposed to a larger number of stressors, yet little is known about effects of parents' subjective, perceived experience of stress on children's eating behaviours and adiposity and whether weight-related parenting practices (i.e. parent rules and positive family meal practices) mediate this relationship. The present study evaluated the direct and mediated relationship between parent perceived stress and child waist circumference and parent stress and child consumption of added sugars one year later. Design Longitudinal panel data. Setting Eleven communities in Southern California, USA. Subjects Data were collected over two waves from parent-child dyads (n 599). Most parents were female (81 %) and Hispanic (51 %); children were 11 years old on average (sd 1·53; range 7-15 years) and 31 % received free school lunch. Results Perceived parent stress was not significantly associated with child waist circumference or consumption of added sugars one year later, and mediating pathways through parenting practices were not significant. However, parent rules were significantly associated with lower child consumption of added sugars (β=-0·14, P Conclusions Results suggest that parent rules about the types of foods children can eat, clearly explained to children, may decrease child consumption of added sugars but not necessarily lead to changes in obesity risk. Parent- and family-based interventions that support development of healthy rules about child eating have the potential to improve child dietary nutrient intake.
Hybrid functional study of native point defects and impurities in ZnGeN2

Using hybrid density functional theory, we investigate the properties of native point defects and hydrogen and oxygen impurities in ZnGeN2, a wide-band-gap semiconductor that is promising for applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. We find that cation antisites have the lowest formation energies amongst all of the native point defects for a wide range of chemical potential conditions. However, native point defects cannot act as sources of doping. Unintentional n-type conductivity in ZnGeN2 must be attributed to impurities: substitutional oxygen on a nitrogen site and interstitial hydrogen act as donors.
Quantitation of platelet-associated IgG by radial immunodiffusion

Platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) was measured by a simple radial immunodiffusion technique using washed solubilized platelets and commercially available immunoplates. Subjects with normal platelet counts had PAIgG levels of 1.5--7.0 fg/platelet. Subjects with idiopathic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) had levels ranging from 5.7 to 70.5 fg/platelet. All patients with recurrent ITP and 85% of patients with acute ITP had elevated PAIgg. Elevated PAIgG was also found in 17% of patients with recovered ITP, 40% of patients with SLE and thrombocytopenia, 57% of patients with thrombocytopenia occurring during the course of septicemia, and 100% of patients with IgG myeloma in whom the serum IgG level was clearly elevated, regardless of the platelet count. The results are similar to reports that used more complex techniques.
Theoretical Properties of Materials Formed as Wire Network Graphs from Triply Periodic CMC Surfaces, Especially the Gyroid

We report on our recent results from a mathematical study of wire network graphs that are complements to triply periodic CMC surfaces and can be synthesized in the lab on the nanoscale. Here, we studied all three cases in which the graphs corresponding to the networks are symmetric and self-dual. These are the cubic, diamond and gyroid surfaces. The gyroid is the most interesting case in its geometry and properties as it exhibits Dirac points (in 3d). It can be seen as a generalization of the honeycomb lattice in 2d that models graphene. Indeed, our theory works in more general cases, such as periodic networks in any dimension and even more abstract settings. After presenting our theoretical results, we aim to invite an experimental study of these Dirac points and a possible quantum Hall effect. The general theory also allows to find local symmetry groups which force degeneracies aka level crossings from a finite graph encoding the elementary cell structure. Vice-versa one could hope to start with graphs and then construct matching materials that will then exhibit the properties dictated by such graphs.
The Early Adoption of Stock Option Compensation Expense

I examine the likelihood of firms adopting the fair value based method of accounting for stock option compensation cost in 2002 and 2003. To examine this issue, I use two matched sample methodologies: (1) a size and book-to-market matching method typically employed in empirical accounting and finance research; and (2) a Propensity Score matching method typically used in the life sciences. I create a profile of firms that elected to expense employee stock option compensation when it was not yet required by Statement on Financial Standards No. 123 (Revised): Share-Based Payment (SFAS 123(R)). I find support for the general hypothesis that increasing switching costs from disclosure to recognition lowers the likelihood for stock option expense adoption in 2002 and 2003. More specifically, the likelihood of expensing stock options decreases when the magnitude of (implied) stock option expense increases and the value of options awarded to the firm's executives increases in relation to their total compensation. I find that the likelihood of expensing stock options increases when the interest coverage ratio increases and when the number of options awarded to the firm's executives increases in relation to the number of stock options awarded to all employees. I also find weak evidence that the likelihood of expensing is highest in the healthcare industry. Although these results hold under both matched sample approaches, the Propensity Score approach helps to prevent misleading statistical inference by reducing the bias inherent in traditional size and book-to-market matched sampling.
Determination of Avilamycin in Poultry Feeds by Liquid Chromatography

Avilamycin was extracted from feed with acetonitrile. Isolation of avilamycin factors from feed matrix interference was accomplished by normal-phase solid-phase extraction with silica as sorbent. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography was subsequently used to separate and quantitate the primary biologically active factors A and B for determination of chemical potency. This method combines specificity for avilamycins A and B in poultry feeds with simple sample preparation that removes matrix interferences. Recoveries of factor A ranged from 93.29 to 97.26%, with precision (relative standard deviation) ranging from 1.1 to 3.4%. Avilamycin factors in feed samples tested ranged from 4.45 to 17.82 micrograms/g for factor A and from 0.80 to 3.18 micrograms/g for factor B.
Staffing, Training, and Competency

The complex nature of cell therapy manufacturing requires well-trained, competent professionals. Training is essential to ensuring the quality of the products and services provided by biologic manufacturing facilities. Mandated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and Good Tissue Practices (GTPs) regulations, training is as much a requirement as it is the right of passage to becoming a productive and skilled employee. This chapter describes the development and implementation of a training program for cell therapy product manufacturing staff.
A global glacial ocean state estimate constrained by upper-ocean temperature proxies

AbstractWe use the method of least squares with Lagrange multipliers to fit an ocean general circulation model to the Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface (MARGO)...
Electrodiagnosis in Patients with Widespread Weakness

Electrodiagnostic studies are useful in almost every type of disease or condition that produces generalized weakness, particularly those that result from involvement of the peripheral nervous system, the neuromuscular junction, and the muscles. Patients with generalized true neurologic weakness should almost always be referred for electrodiagnostic studies, as these studies are cost effective and have a low risk with a high likelihood of producing valuable diagnostic information. Electrodiagnosis can be used simply for diagnosis or be repeated to monitor the course of a condition.
A Kochen–Specker theorem for integer matrices and noncommutative spectrum functors

Abstract We investigate the possibility of constructing Kochen–Specker uncolorable sets of idempotent matrices whose entries lie in various rings, including the rational numbers, the integers, and finite fields. Most notably, we show that there is no Kochen–Specker coloring of the n × n idempotent integer matrices for n ≥ 3 , thereby illustrating that Kochen–Specker contextuality is an inherent feature of pure matrix algebra. We apply this to generalize recent no-go results on noncommutative spectrum functors, showing that any contravariant functor from rings to sets (respectively, topological spaces or locales) that restricts to the Zariski prime spectrum functor for commutative rings must assign the empty set (respectively, empty space or locale) to the matrix ring M n ( R ) for any integer n ≥ 3 and any ring R . An appendix by Alexandru Chirvasitu shows that Kochen–Specker colorings of idempotents in partial subalgebras of M 3 ( F ) for a perfect field F can be extended to partial algebra morphisms into the algebraic closure of F .
Pancreas and islet preservation

Abstract Pancreatic islets contain endocrine beta and alpha cells that produce insulin and glucagon, respectively, two hormones key to regulating blood sugar. Recent technological advances in human islet transplantation (ITx) have triggered renewed interest in whole organ and islet preservation methods aimed at protecting the structural and functional integrity of islets during the process of islet manufacturing, from the point of organ procurement to the point of islet infusion into the recipient. Islet isolation is a complex, multistep and laborious procedure influenced by numerous factors that require highly trained and skillful personnel. Due to a high islet attrition rate during isolation and limited islet viability after purification, most current ITx protocols require islets from more than one pancreas. The need for multiple donors represents a major economical and clinical barrier to expand the number of diabetic patients that could benefit from ITx. Ischemia and hypoxia have been identified as prominent factors contributing to islet losses during isolation and after ITx. Delivery of appropriate amounts of oxygen and other preservation measures must be implemented at the organ, tissue and cellular level to improve islet viability and preserve beta and alpha cell function. The current chapter reviews the mechanistic impact of ischemia and hypoxia on islet function and viability, as well as current methods of islet preservation prior, during and after islet isolation, purification, culture, and distribution.
Scientific Academies, History of

Since their inception in seventeenth-century Europe, scientific academies have dealt with the production, reward, and dissemination of scientific knowledge, the training of practitioners, the evaluation of patent applications, and the advising of state and political authorities on scientific and technical matters. It is possible to identify at least three phases in the genealogy and the role of academies within the broader ecology of the social system of science: (a) patronage-based princely academies without statutes and corporate protocols up to the end of the seventeenth century; (b) peer-based academies with statutes, publications, and, in many cases, formalized relations with the state since the late seventeenth century, and mostly during the eighteenth century; and (c) dramatic increase of the scale and complexity of the social system of science associated with the multiplication of more specialized scientific institutions taking up most of the traditional roles of scientific academies (since the early nineteenth century). The importance of the largely symbolic role of modern scientific academies, however, should not be underestimated.
A Multimodal Protocol to Diminish Pain Following Common Orthopedic Sports Procedures: Can We Eliminate Postoperative Opioids?

Purpose To determine whether postsurgical pain, measured by the visual analog scale (VAS), following common orthopaedic sports procedures could be managed effectively with a nonopioid multimodal analgesic protocol. Methods This prospective study evaluated a custom multimodal nonopioid pain protocol in patients undergoing common orthopaedic sports procedures by a single fellowship-trained orthopaedic sports surgeon from May 2018 to December 2018. Procedures included anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, rotator cuff repair, arthroscopic partial meniscectomy, and labrum repair. The nonopioid pain protocol consisted of preoperative analgesics, intraoperative local infiltration analgesia, and a postoperative pain regimen. Patient pain was immediately reported after surgery and 1 week postoperatively using the VAS, whereas rescue opioids (oxycodone 5 mg) used were recorded using a prescription opioid journal. Statistical analysis of patient VAS scores, demographic correlations, and comparison between opioid rescue users versus nonusers was performed. Results A total of 141 patients were included. One week following surgery, patients reported a mean VAS level of 3.2 ± 2.3 and required on average 2.6 ± 3.6 breakthrough oxycodone pills (8.6 ± 12.0 morphine equivalents). Forty-five percent of patients did not require any breakthrough prescription opioids and reported satisfaction with pain management. Patients who required opioids were more likely to have a history of anxiety/depression (44.2% vs 23.8%, P = .012) and reported greater pain scores as compared with nonusers (3.94 ± 2.5 vs 2.41 ± 1.75, P = .016). The most common side effect of the pain protocol was feeling drowsy (23.5%). All patients were satisfied with their pain management postoperatively. Conclusions A multimodal, nonopioid pain protocol was found to be effective in managing postoperative pain following common orthopedic sports procedures. Patients were found to have low levels of pain, require minimal rescue opioids, and had no severe side effects related to the protocol. These results suggest a nonopioid alternative to pain management following common orthopedic sports procedures. Level of Evidence Level IV, prospective case series
9 – Sensitivity Analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the estimation of sensitivity analysis. Sensitivity analyses can be carried out in several ways. One is to re-estimate the parameters of interest using different assumptions than those employed in the original analysis. When the additional over-identifying information required to re-estimate models is not available, it will almost always be possible to focus on a range of plausible values for a parameter assumed in the original model to have a given value. When this can be done, it is possible to re-estimate the model by varying the assumed value of this critical parameter within the range considered plausible. In analyzing a given set of panel data, the researcher may discover on the basis of cross-correlogram analysis that the causal lag appropriate for the research problem can be constrained only within a relatively wide range. If the causal model estimated embodies all the correct causal relationships but is estimated with an incorrect causal lag, parameter estimates can be biased. If the true lag lies within a range that is longer than the interval between observations but shorter than the total time interval covered in the multiwave panel, no special difficulty arises.
Post-Undergraduate Narratives of Queer Men of Color's Resistance in Culturally Based Fraternities.

This narrative study examined the involvement of Queer Men of Color in culturally based fraternities beyond their undergraduate years. Eight Queer Men of Color discussed how they saw hypermasculine...
Always On:: Unpacking the challenges of living with insulin pumps, to design novel solutions

Insulin pumps are effective tools for the precise control of glucose levels, for type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients. Unfortunately, many design and usability challenges still exist with these technologies. We investigated current shortcomings and limitations through survey (N=105), interview (N=7), and participatory workshop (N=3) data collection methods. Our findings revealed issues with current technolog y including wear-ability and accessibility in public, operation while performing demanding tasks, interruptions during social activities, continuity of maintenance, and interface operations. Using the data from our investigative work, we produced design criteria to develop a novel wrist-worn interface and separate pump design for a closed loop system. We then evaluated the design through remote usability testing sessions (N=7) with insulin pump users. Our study aspires to inform the future design of novel insulin pumps that enable people with T1D to maintain better control of their glucose through consistent interactions with these tools, during their everyday activities.
THE LAW OF MEDICAL PRIVACY IN THE USA: NOT GOOD ENOUGH FOR COVID-19

This article addresses the privacy of medical and health data in the US. It analyzes the scope and requirements of federal and state laws in the US, and it discusses the weaknesses in the US protection of medical privacy. Then, this article explains how the weak US system of privacy protection was unable to handle many important privacy issues in the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the article concludes with some recommendations for action.
Recovery of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens in 12 years at two military hospitals.

Abstract Examination of 15,844 clinical specimens submitted over 12 years (1973 to 1985) to the anaerobic microbiology laboratories in two military hospitals demonstrated the recovery of anaerobic bacteria in 4,458 (28.1%) specimens. The specimens yielded 6,557 anaerobic isolates (1.47 isolates per specimen). Bacteroides spp. accounted for 43% of all isolates; anaerobic gram-positive cocci, 26%; Clostridium spp., 7%; and Fusobacterium spp., 4%. Bacteroides spp. predominated in abscesses, obstetrical and gynecological (OBG) infections, abdominal infections, cysts, wounds, and tumors. Members of the Bacteroides fragilis group accounted for 44% of all Bacteroides spp., and of them, B. fragilis was mostly isolated in abscesses, wounds, abdomen, and blood. Pigmented Bacteroides spp. accounted for 21% of all Bacteroides sp. isolates and were mostly isolated in sinus, eye, chest, bone, and ear infections. Bacteroides melaninogenicus accounted for 42% of this group's isolates. Bacteroides bivius accounted for 9% of Bacteroides spp., and most isolates were found in OBG infections. Anaerobic gram-positive cocci were mostly isolated in OBG infections, abscesses, and wounds. The predominant anaerobic gram-positive cocci were Peptostreptococcus magnus (18%), Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus (17%), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (16%), and Peptostreptococcus prevotii (13%). Clostridium spp. were mostly isolated from wounds, abscesses, abdominal infections, and blood. The predominant strain was Clostridium perfringens (48%). Fusobacterium spp. were recovered in abscesses and abdominal and OBG infections. The predominant isolate was Fusobacterium nucleatum (47%). These data illustrate the relative frequency of the different anaerobic bacteria in a variety of infections and demonstrate the predominance of certain isolates at different sites.
Purification of N-Acetylmuramic Acid-l-Alanine Amidase from Bacillus megaterium

Abstract The purification of the N-acetylmuramic acid l-alanine amidase from Bacillus megaterium KM is described. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 20,000 by sucrose density centrifugation and by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The isoelectric point is 8.2. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 6.8 and a sharp ionic strength optimum at Γ/2 = 0.02. The enzyme has a 4- to 10-fold higher initial velocity with cell walls obtained from logarithmically growing cells than from cell walls obtained from cells in stationary phase of growth. This difference in hydrolysis rate may account, in part, for the difference in cell wall turnover previously observed between stationary and logarithmic cells.
The Machinery of Criminal Justice

Author Biography Acknowledgements Introduction: The Divergence of Theory, Reality, and Morality Overview of the Book Themes of the Book Chapter I: The Long Drift from Morality Play to Assembly Line A. Criminal Justice in the Early American Colonies 1. Small-Town Morality 2. Lay Justice 3. Room for Mercy 4. Reintegrative Punishment B. Criminal Justice Since the American Revolution 1. The Changing Aims of Criminal Justice 2. Professionalization 3. The Birth of Plea Bargaining 4. The Hiding of Punishment Behind Prison Walls 5. The Decline of Mercy Chapter II: Opaque, Unresponsive Criminal Justice A. The Players 1. Dominant Insiders, Savvy and Self-Interested 2. Excluded Outsiders, Yearning for Justice B. The Play of the Game 1. Round One: Insiders' Procedural Discretion Shapes the Rules in Action 2. Round Two: Outsiders Try to Check Insiders 3. Round Three: Insiders' Procedural Discretion Undercuts Reforms 4. Round Four: Outsiders, Egged on by Politicians, Take Matters into Their Own Hands 5. Round Five: Insiders Circumvent Even " Reforms C. Costs of the Game 1. Clouding the Criminal Law's Substantive Message and Effectiveness 2. Undermining Legitimacy and Trust 3. Hindering Public Monitoring and Preferences D. Defense Lawyers and Defendants' Distrust 1. Insider Defense Counsel's Interests and Pressures 2. Defendants' Overoptimism and Risk-Taking 3. Miscommunication, Mistrust, and Timing Chapter III: Denial, Remorse, Apology, and Forgiveness A. Denial and Equivocation 1. The Use of Pleas by Defendants in Denial 2. The Danger of Convicting the Innocent 3. The Costs of False Denial and the Value of Confession 4. The Value of Trials as Morality Plays B. Remorse, Apology, and Forgiveness 1. The Irrelevance of Remorse and Apology in Contemporary Criminal Justice 2. Crime as a Relational Concept 3. Lessons from Noncriminal Contexts: Civil Mediation Chapter IV: Whose Voices Belong in Criminal Justice? A. The State's Monopoly on Criminal Justice B. Incomplete Alternatives to the State's Assembly Line 1. Victims' Rights 2. Restorative Justice 3. Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem-Solving Courts Chapter V: Popular Moral Discourse Versus Assembly-Line Efficiency A. Efficiency Instead of Moral Judgment B. Why Not Address Substantive Moral Goals? Chapter VI: Returning Power to the Public in a Lawyer-Driven System A. Macro-Level Reforms 1. From Idle Imprisonment to Work, Accountability, and Reform 2. Collateral Consequences and Reentry B. Mid-Level Reforms to Include the Public 1. Greater Transparency 2. Increasing Public Participation C. Micro-Level Solutions 1. Victim Information and Consultation 2. Defendants' Information and Participation 3. Restorative Sentencing Juries
IL-8 secretion and neutrophil activation by HT-29 colonic epithelial cells

This study examines the ability of HT-29 human colonic epithelial cells to stimulate neutrophil migration and adhesion. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, was detected in conditioned media from both unstimulated (1.1 ng/ml) and IL-1 beta-stimulated (16.1 ng/ml) HT-29 cultures. Conditioned medium from IL-1 beta-exposed HT-29 cells stimulated neutrophil migration (395% of control, P < 0.01), and this effect was completely inhibited by anti-IL-8 antibody. HT-29 medium also induced shedding of neutrophil L-selectin and increased expression of neutrophil CD11/CD18 adhesion receptors. Coculture of HT-29 cells with human endothelial cell monolayers resulted in increased neutrophil transendothelial migration (169% of control, P < 0.01), which was blocked by both anti-IL-8 and anti-CD18 antibody. Northern hybridization analysis demonstrated increased levels of mRNA for IL-8 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cytokine-treated HT-29 cells. Cytokine stimulation of HT-29 monolayers was also associated with increased neutrophil adhesion to these cells. Neutrophil-HT-29 cell adhesion was blocked by monoclonal antibodies to neutrophil CD18 or to ICAM-1 on the HT-29 cells (86% and 56% inhibition, respectively, P < 0.01 for both). These data suggest that IL-8 secretion by activated colonic epithelial cells may contribute to neutrophil extravasation and tissue infiltration in intestinal inflammation.
Optical Studies of Excitation-Contraction Coupling Using Voltage-Sensitive and Calcium-Sensitive Probes

The sections in this article are: 1 Optical Signals Sensitive to Changes in Surface Potential and T-System Potential 1.1 Intrinsic Birefringence Signal: First Component 1.2 Signals From Impermeant Potentiometric Dyes 2 Optical Signals Possibly Sensitive to Changes in Sr Potential 2.1 Intrinsic Birefringence Signal: Second Component 2.2 Signals From Membrane-Permeant Dyes 2.3 Simultaneous Comparisons of Signals From Birefringence and Membrane-Permeant Dyes 2.4 Vesicular Preparations 2.5 Use of Impermeant Dyes to Possibly Stain SR Membranes 2.6 Voltage-Clamp Studies 3 Optical Signals Sensitive to Changes in Myoplasmic Calcium 3.1 Luminescence Response From Aequorin 3.2 Arsenazo III Signals in Intact Fibers 3.3 Charge-Movement Currents and Antipyrylazo III Signals in Cut Fibers 3.4 Comparison of Signals From Calcium-Indicator Dyes on the Same Preparation 4 Conclusions
In Vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Glutamate-γ-Aminobutyric Acid-Glutamine Cycling in Rodent and Human Cortex: the Central Role of Glutamine

It has been recognized for many years that the metabolism of brain glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, is linked to a substrate cycle between neurons and astrocytes involving glutamine. However, the quantitative significance of these fluxes in vivo was not known. Recent in vivo 13C and 15N NMR studies in rodents and 13C NMR in humans indicate that glutamine synthesis is substantial and that the total glutamate-GABA-glutamine cycling flux, necessary to replenish neurotransmitter glutamate and GABA, accounts for >80% of net glutamine synthesis. In studies of the rodent cortex, a linear relationship exists between the rate of glucose oxidation and total glutamate-GABA-glutamine cycling flux over a large range of cortical electrical activity. The molar stoichiometric relationship (approximately 1:1) found between these fluxes suggests that they share a common mechanism and that the glutamate-GABA-glutamine cycle is coupled to a major fraction of cortical glucose utilization. Thus, glutamine appears to play a central role in the normal functional energetics of the cerebral cortex.
Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference and the Concept of Heat Exchanger Efficiency

In this paper, it is shown that the Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference, which is the difference between the average temperatures of hot and cold fluids, can be used instead of the Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) in heat exchanger analysis. For a given value of AMTD, there exists an optimum heat transfer rate, Qopt , given by the product of UA and AMTD such that the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger is always less than this optimum value. The optimum heat transfer rate takes place in a balanced counter flow heat exchanger and by using this optimum rate of heat transfer, the concept of heat exchanger efficiency is introduced as the ratio of the actual to optimum heat transfer rate. A general algebraic expression as well as a chart is presented for the determination of the efficiency and therefore the rate of heat transfer for parallel flow, counter flow, single stream, as well as shell and tube heat exchangers with any number of shells and even number of tube passes per shell. In addition to being more intuitive, the use of AMTD and the heat exchanger efficiency allow the direct comparison of the different types of heat exchangers.Copyright © 2003 by ASME