cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discharge of Carbon Dioxide Using a Non-Thermal Plasma Reactor

This paper reports a numerical study on the discharge of carbon dioxide using a non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor at ambient conditions. DBD plasma reactors have been used for various applications due to their ease of production, process control, operation at different conditions. The applications of DBD plasma reactors include discharge of gases. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas formed as a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion. Use of DBD non-thermal plasma reactor can be a promising technology for carbon dioxide mitigation due to its operation at low temperatures, lack of need for catalysts, and flexibility in controlling the products generated. In this study, a tubular DBD non-thermal plasma reactor was modeled with different electrode materials separated by different dielectric materials. The aim was to provide guidelines for the design and material selection for optimizing DBD plasma reactors for CO2 discharge. A parametric set of simulations was performed using a finite element solver to investigate how electrode and dielectric materials affect the discharge volume of CO2 and power requirement of the non-thermal plasma discharge of CO2. The results showed that electrode material did not affect the discharge or the power requirement. However, dielectric material with higher permittivity or lower conductivity increased the gas discharge and power requirement. Among the analyzed materials, aluminum electrode and mica tube were suggested based on the simulation results for the maximum gas discharge and low power requirement.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Augmentation of cholinergic-mediated amylase release by forskolin in mouse parotid gland.

Abstract Cholinergic-mediated amylase release in mouse parotid acini was augmented by forskolin; the potency but not the maximal response to carbachol was altered. Amylase released by carbachol plus forskolin was dependent on extracellular calcium and was mimicked by the calcium ionophore, A23187 plus forskolin. Forskolin was also shown to enhance carbachol-stimulated 45 Ca 2+ uptake into isolated acini. Hydroxylamine, nitroprusside, and 8-bromo-c-GMP each in combination with forskolin mimicked the effects of carbachol plus forskolin on amylase release. In the presence of carbachol (10 −8 M) forskolin did not augment c-AMP levels. However, in the presence of carbachol (5 × 10 −7 M) or hydroxylamine (50 μM) forskolin did significantly augment c-AMP accumulation. These results suggest that calcium and c-GMP may mediate the augmentation of cholinergic-mediated amylase release by effects on c-AMP metabolism.
Abstract LB-216: Integrated analysis of differential pathway resiliency in response to MAPK inhibition in BRAF-mutant cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Despite the development of potent RAF-MAPK pathway inhibitors, only a fraction of BRAF-mutant patients responds to the treatment with these drugs. Here, we applied a combined chemo-genomics and chemo-proteomics approach to gain insights into the dynamics of primary resistance signaling and to define novel cancer vulnerabilities in these tumors. These analyses uncovered differential pathway resiliency in response to MAPK inhibition in BRAF-mutant cancer cells. Using forward- and reverse-genetics we identify the assembly of RAS/RAF/MEK complexes as a critical force to override RAF-MAPK pathway inhibitor efficacy. Mapping of global phosphorylation dynamics using orthogonal mass-spectrometry based methods revealed multi-layered MAPK pathway feedback-loop release that feeds into MAPK-pathway hyperactivation. The phosphoprotein nuclear interacting partner of ALK (NIPA) identified in the phosphoproteome screen is critical for maintenance of the primary resistance phenotype. Overall, our data provide a kinome- and phosphoproteome-wide view of the adaptive process of primary resistance to MAPK inhibitors in BRAF-mutant tumors and reveals translatable strategies toward improvement of the efficacy of individualized therapies in these patients. Citation Format: Martin L. Sos, Rebecca Levin, John Gordan, Juan Oses-Prieto, James Webber, Megan Salt, Byron Hann, Alma Burlingame, Frank Mccormick, Sourav Bandyopadhyay, Kevan Shokat. Integrated analysis of differential pathway resiliency in response to MAPK inhibition in BRAF-mutant cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-216. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-216
Colonization of wheat para‐nodules by the N2‐fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain 2S9B

The treatment of wheat roots with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) led to the formation of tumour-like structures, para-nodules, which were readily colonized by cyanobacteria. The amount of cyanobacteria found on 2,4-D treated roots was 3.6 times higher than that found on untreated roots. Cyanobacteria penetrated the para- nodules by migrating in between loosely arranged cells that covered their surfaces or by penetrating the space at the junction of root and para-nodule. In plants treated with 2,4-D and co-cultivated with cyanobacteria in medium without combined nitrogen, the rate of acetylene reduction was three times that seen in untreated but colonized roots. Addition of 2,4-D itself did not change the rate of acetylene reduction in free-living culture of Nostoc sp. strain 2S9B. In plants treated with 2,4-D and co-cultivated with Nostoc sp. strain 2S9B in medium without combined nitrogen the nitrogen content of roots but not shoots was significantly increased.
HIV Risk Behavior Among Ethnically Diverse Adolescents Living in Low-Income Housing Developments

Abstract Purpose To describe patterns and predictors of HIV risk behaviors among ethnically diverse, low-income adolescents. Methods Computer-assisted surveys were administered to 1172 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 years living in 15 low-income housing developments in three urban areas in the United States to characterize and identify predictors of HIV risk behavior. Data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression to identify variables predictive of “no risk,” “lower risk,” and “higher risk” group classification. Results Most adolescents were not yet sexually active; nonetheless, a subset of youth reported high rates of HIV risk-related behaviors. HIV risk was highest among adolescents who were older, had weaker intentions to reduce risk, stronger beliefs that their sexual partners did not favor risk-reduction, lower risk-reduction behavioral skills, higher risk-reduction outcome expectation, and higher rates of substance use. Conclusions HIV prevention efforts are needed that are tailored to ethnically diverse communities of adolescents, including those in early adolescence and those at highest risk.
The theory of rare earth eaergy levels and spectra

Abstract The characteristic properties of rare earth atoms and ions are consequences of the existence of a tightly-bound 4f orbital, beginning at atomic number 57. The ground and low-excited configurations of these atoms are comprised of unfilled 4f, 5d, 6s and 6p shells, and for the most part are exceedingly complex. Certain simplifications in the level structure and spectra do exist when no 5d electrons are present, because the 4f-6s and 4f-6p interactions are comparatively weak. However, new complications arise at high ionization stages because 5p electrons may be removed before all 4f electrons have been exhausted.
Optimal design of multihop multirate WDM rings

Transparency of the optical layer offers the possibility to design a network that operates at varying transmission bit rates. While variable bit rate interfaces are being tested and will soon provide the possibility to optimally select the transmission rate for each optical channel, the potential advantages of relying upon multiple transmission rates in the optical network have yet to be fully explored. In this paper we define the concept of Multi-op and Multi-rate (M&M for short) network in which the tributary signal is transmitted over a concatenation of optical channels, with each optical channel operating at its own transmission rate. The optical rate of each optical channel is determined by a number of factors including the end node's interface, amount of multiplexed traffic and cost of the network components. The potential advantages provided by the M&M network when compared to first generation optical networks (i.e., SONET/SDH), to single- and multi-hop (constant bit rate) optical networks, are discussed in general and demonstrated numerically in a WDM ring. Presented results show that the network cost reduction achieved by the M&M design is a function of the cost ratio between the optical bandwidth (wavelengths) and the optical terminals.
Superconductor-insulator transition and universal resistance in Josephson-junction arrays in a magnetic field.

The zero-temperature superconducting transition in a Josephson-junction array with half of a flux quantum per plaquette is considered. Its critical behavior is described by an effective free energy in three dimensions with a transition in a new universality class. From this we infer the critical behavior and the value of the universal resistance at the transition. Relevance of these results to recent experiments on very-small-capacitance arrays is discussed.
The Early History of Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica: First Descriptions to 1970

Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica were described separately more than 100 years ago. However, the original reports of both conditions were neglected for many years. After the article by Horton et al on giant cell arteritis in the 1930s and studies published by others in the 1940s, giant cell arteritis began to be recognized as a specific disease. In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the numerous presentations and complications of giant cell arteritis were recorded. In a somewhat similar fashion, physicians became cognizant of polymyalgia rheumatica only after several independent descriptions in the 1940s and 1950s. The rapid response of both syndromes to glucocorticoid therapy was discovered shortly after cortisone's effect on rheumatoid arthritis was described. The origin of the proximal aching and stiffness in polymyalgia rheumatica was more difficult to understand. The relatively minor findings in the joints on physical examination seemed insufficient to account for the severe discomfort. As the link between polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis became apparent, some thought the aching in polymyalgia rheumatica was related to vasculitis. The debate about whether proximal synovitis or vasculitis was the cause of the symptoms continued after 1970. Although the reason these 2 conditions were associated was not considered by 1970, the establishment of the syndromes as clinically linked entities provided the groundwork for further progress in the next decades.
On the many facets of lists

Abstract This is an in depth study of “list” in the sense of LISP. In particular, the notion is algebraicized.
Effective conductivity by stochastic reduced order models (SROMs)

Abstract A method is developed for calculating statistics of effective conductivity Σeff for microstructures with conductivity Σ varying randomly in space. The method is based on the representation of Σ by a stochastic reduced order model (SROM) Σ ∼ , that is, a random field with a finite and small number m of samples that, generally, are not equally likely. An optimization algorithm with objective function quantifying the discrepancy between the probability laws of Σ ∼ and Σ is used to construct Σ ∼ . Samples of Σeff corresponding to those of Σ ∼ and their probabilities define a SROM Σ ∼ eff for Σeff. Bounds are develop to quantify the discrepancy between Σ and Σ ∼ and between Σeff and Σ ∼ eff . The method is applied to find statistics of effective conductivity for a two-dimensional specimen with conductivity described by a non-Gaussian homogeneous field. Statistics of effective conductivity obtained from SROMs Σ ∼ eff with m samples are accurate and stable, in contrast to Monte Carlo estimates based on the same number of samples that are unstable and can have large errors.
The Effect of Computer-Administered Testing on Test Anxiety and Performance

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a computer-administered test on test anxiety and performance. The sample comprised twenty-six male and fourteen female college students enro...
Melting Heat Transfer in Steady Laminar Flow Over a Flat Plate

Exact similarity solutions for melting heat transfer in steady laminar flow over a flat plate were collected from the diffusional mass transfer literature to provide solutions for Prandtl numbers from 0.001 to 100. An exact closed-form solution is introduced for the case of melting in porous media. The results are presented and discussed in such a way as to emphasize the similarity between melting and diffusional mass transfer.
Determination of lysozyme activities in a microplate format

-glucose)inmureins(microbialcell wall polysaccharides consisting of GlcNAc andmuramicacid)[1],butisalsocapableofdegradingchitin(GlcNAcb1–4GlcNAcpolymer).Lysozymeisknowntobepresentinsuchplacesaschickeneggwhite[1],humantears [1,2], ﬁsh serum [3], and insect saliva [4] and isfound to be an eﬀective antifungal and antibacterialagent [5,6]. Recently it was found that the urinary ly-sozyme present in a human gonadotropin preparationexhibits anti-HIV activity [7]. Lysozyme also has beenused for synthesis of chito-oligosaccharide derivatives[8].MostofthecurrentlyavailablemethodsforanalysisoflysozymeactivityusetheapproachoffollowinglysisofMicrococcuslysodeikticuscells[7,9],bymeasuringthedecreaseinturbidity.However,thistypeofassaymustbecarriedoutunderstringentconditionswithrespecttoconcentration of bacterial suspension and the range ofabsorbance decrease, as well as pH and temperature.These restrictions pose serious problems when a largenumberofsamplesaretobeassayed.However,withtheadvent of more eﬃcient microplate readers as well asfaster data collection systems and software for man-agement of data, these problems can be alleviated.Currentmicroplatereadersareusuallycapableofrapidreading of absorbance (e.g., ca. 10s/96 wells) and pro-videconvenientmethodsofdatastorage(e.g.,inExcelformat)amenabletoimmediateplottingandregressionanalysis. We have utilized such microplate technologyanddevelopedaneﬀectivemethodforlysozymeassayofmultiplesamples.Itwassuccessfulduringtheisolationofpigeoneggwhitelysozymebycolumnchromatogra-phy and was used to measure the lysozyme level inTilapia(ﬁsh)serum.MethodsMaterials and instrumentation. M. lysodeiktikus cellswerepurchasedfromSigmaChemical(St.Louis,MO).Chickeneggwhitelysozyme(10,000units/mg)wasfromWorthington Biochemical (Lakewood, NJ). A micro-platereader(ModelBenchmark)anditsaccompanyingsoftware, Microplate Manager, version 5.1, were fromBio-Rad Laboratories (Richmond, CA). Nunc micro-plates of 96 ﬂat-bottom wells (Cat. No. 269620) werefrom Fisher Scientiﬁc (Pittsburgh, PA). A Shimadzuspectrophotometer (Model UV1600) with a cell posi-tioner(CPS240)wasusedforconventionalmethod oflysozyme assay [10]. A gel-ﬁltration medium based oncellulose, Spherilose GCL-300, was purchased fromISCO(Lincoln,NE).Procedure. Cells of Micrococcus (9mg) were sus-pended in 30ml of 100mM potassium phosphate, pH7.0,shortlybeforetheassay.Ineachofthemicroplatewellswasplaced50llsample,and200lloftheMicro-coccuscellsuspensionwasadded.Theplatewasgentlyshaken for 1min. Measurement of A
Reduced order dynamic model for polysaccharides molecule attached to an atomic force microscope

A dynamic analysis and numerical simulation has been conducted of a polysaccharides molecular structure (a ten (10) single-α-D-glucose molecule chain) connected to a moving atomic force microscope (AFM). Sinusoidal base excitation of the AFM cantilevered beam is considered. First a linearized perturbation model is constructed for the complex polysaccharides molecular structure. Then reduced order (dynamic) models based upon a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique are constructed using global modes for both the linearized perturbation model and for the full nonlinear model. The agreement between the original and reduced order models (ROM/POD) is very good even when only a few global modes are included in the ROM for either the linear case or for the nonlinear case. The computational advantage of the reduced order model is clear from the results presented.
Results of external iliac artery reconstruction in avid cyclists.

Objective We report the midterm results of external iliac artery reconstruction in 25 high-performance cyclists. Methods Cyclists undergoing arterial reconstruction for symptomatic external iliac arteriopathy at a single institution between October 2004 and August 2010 were identified. With Institutional Review Board approval, data were collected from medical record review and telephone interview. Results were analyzed with χ 2 or independent t -test. Results Twenty-five patients (31 limbs) underwent operation, which included arterial reconstruction with or without inguinal ligament release. The average patient age at operation was 43.8 ± 5.0 for graft and 35.1 ± 1.9 for patch ( P = .08). The average time from competitive cycling until operation was 18.2 ± 5.8 years for graft and 20.0 ± 2.5 for patch repairs (NS). Patients included 14 males and 11 females. There were 23 unilateral and four bilateral arterial reconstructions, including 26 patch angioplasties for localized disease and five interposition grafts for extensive disease; three patients underwent contralateral reconstruction as a separate procedure. Concomitant ipsilateral inguinal ligament release was performed in 25 patients (28 limbs), with contralateral release done in 12 patients (12 limbs). Three patients with isolated ligament release required subsequent arterial intervention. Follow-up averaged 32 months (range, 2-74). Primary patency for all reconstructions was 100%; the four reoperations (five limbs; one bilateral) were for symptom recurrence, two postgraft and two postangioplasty. Three reoperations were for recurrent intimal hyperplasia, one for disease distal to the anastomosis, and one for concomitant atherosclerotic disease. Based on available data, postexercise ankle-brachial indices were improved in 18 of 23 limbs. Seventeen patients completed questions regarding satisfaction: 10 were satisfied or very satisfied (zero graft, 10 patch; P = .25), while four were unsatisfied (three graft, two patch; P = .017, including one patient with both a patch and graft repair). All 20 patients for whom follow-up data were available are still cycling, 10 competitively. Two of the four reoperated patients were unsatisfied; all four are still cycling, one competitively. Conclusions External iliac arteriopathy is a disease of prolonged, sustained, and repetitive trauma. Patch angioplasty yields a low rate of reoperation, more satisfied patients, return to competitive activity, and improvement in postexercise ankle-brachial indices. Interposition grafting is associated with slightly older patients, more extensive disease, and less satisfying results. Intimal hyperplasia is the most frequent complication necessitating reoperation. Both the decision to pursue arterial reconstruction and patient expectations must be tempered by the pattern of disease and the potential for unsatisfactory results.
Effects of Emotion on Memory Specificity: Memory Trade-Offs Elicited by Negative Visually Arousing Stimuli.

Abstract Two different types of trade-offs have been discussed with regard to memory for emotional information: A trade-off in the ability to remember the gist versus the visual detail of emotional information, and a trade-off in the ability to remember the central emotional elements of an event versus the nonemotional (peripheral) elements of that same event. The present study examined whether these two trade-offs interact with one another when participants study scenes that elicit an emotional response due to the inclusion of a negative visually arousing object. Participants studied scenes composed of a negative or a neutral object placed on a background. Their memory was then tested for the “gist” and visual detail of the objects and the backgrounds. The results revealed that there is a pervasive memory trade-off for central emotional versus peripheral nonemotional elements of scenes. With some encoding tasks, a trade-off for gist versus visual detail also resulted, but this trade-off occurred only when memory for the nonemotional background of a scene was assessed. There was no gist/detail trade-off for the emotional objects in a scene.
An unusual case of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a pediatric patient.

Abstract Background: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare, but potentially devastating illness. It is important for emergency physicians to be aware of the classic and most common risk factors leading to this illness, including genetic and acquired prothrombotic states, infection, inflammatory conditions, and certain drugs. Objectives: The objectives of this article are to discuss a case of CVST and describe the signs and symptoms of CVST as well as the radiologic modalities used to diagnose this disease. Finally, we will discuss the causes and risk factors that lead to this potentially devastating diagnosis. Case Report: An 11-year-old girl was found unconscious and without pulses in an apparent drug overdose. Emergency Medical Services responders and Emergency Department personnel resuscitated the patient to a return of spontaneous circulation. The patient was intubated and admitted to the intensive care unit. As part of an altered mental status work-up, a magnetic resonance imaging scan of the head was performed and showed a cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. This was thought to be due to the drug overdose and the low-flow state that occurred during loss of circulation. After anticoagulation therapy and antibiotic treatment for sinusitis, the patient had a full recovery. Conclusion: Rapid diagnosis of CVST was essential to the appropriate care of this patient. Being aware of signs, symptoms, and risk factors leading to CVST will assist the emergency physician in making this diagnosis.
Iris image segmentation and sub-optimal images

Iris recognition is well developed and works well for optimal or near-optimal iris images. Dealing with sub-optimal images remains a challenge. Resolution, wavelength, occlusion and gaze are among the most important factors for sub-optimal images. In this paper, we explore the sensitivity of matching to these factors through analysis and numerical simulation, with particular emphasis on the segmentation portion of the processing chain.
A numerical study of the response of a barotropic ocean to a moving hurricane

The response of a barotropic ocean to a moving hurricane is studied numerically for a rectangular constant-depth ocean with a shelf on one side. The large-scale features of sea level and circulation changes are determined, though a meso-scale phenomenon like shelf waves is recognized on the shelf area. In the open sea the change of sea level is primarily due to the low pressure and the strong current results from the wind stress. The storm over the open sea is accompanied by forced waves and leaves behind a geostrophically balanced current. When the storm is far away from the shore, the coastal region experiences only a slight inertial-gravity oscillation. A sudden change of sea level and an increase in velocity occur as the storm passes over the shelf. After the storm goes ashore the forced waves become free shelf waves which travel along the coast clockwise. The numerical results are compared to the observed data on sea-level variation along the coast and on the temperature change in the ocean after the passage of a storm. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1977.tb00768.x
Crystal imager development at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics

Narrowband x-ray imagers using spherically bent crystals have been implemented on all three laser facilities (MTW, OMEGA EP, and OMEGA) at the University of Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics. These spherical crystal imagers (SCI’s) use a 150-μm-thick, 25.4-mm-diam quartz crystal cut either along the 2131 plane to reflect the Cu K α line at ∼8 keV with a Bragg angle of 88.7 ° or along the 1011 plane to reflect the Si He α line at ∼1.865 keV with a Bragg angle of 83.9 ° . The SCI systems can be set up to either image the self-emission of a laser-heated target or to backlight a high-energy-density plasma object.
Performance Management in Local Government: Is Practice Influenced by Doctrine?

ABSTRACTSuccessful performance management is presumed to be dependent on several practices and organizational conditions prescribed in performance management doctrine, including the presence of sound performance measures, a clear sense of goals and objectives, devolved decision authority, engaged executives, and incentives and sanctions tied to performance. Their presence, according to doctrine, is necessary for performance management to function properly. The authors of this study examine the presence of these prescribed practices and conditions in 66 U.S. cities and counties that have been recognized for their performance management efforts, and in a subset of these governments perceived by the authors as more fully engaged in performance management than others in the set. They find considerable evidence of doctrine’s influence on the adoption of some practices, but much less on others. Variation in reported benefits among the performance management reputational leaders provides evidence in support of t...
Preparation and evaluation of thiol-functionalized activated alumina for arsenite removal from water.

Abstract Arsenic species such as arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] are known human carcinogens. Though lots of metal oxide adsorbents have been developed for removal of As(V), they are much less effective for As(III) adsorption. In this study, various inorganic–organic hybrid adsorbents bearing thiol groups have been prepared by modifying activated alumina (AA) with mercaptopropyl-functionalized silica under different experiment conditions. Raman spectra demonstrated the successful functionalization of AA and verified the formation of As–S complexes after As(III) adsorption. Batch experiments were applied to evaluate the As(III) adsorption performance of the hybrid adsorbents. Compare with AA, the hybrid adsorbents exhibited enhanced adsorption abilities for As(III) due to the introduction of thiol groups, and as the thiol loading increased, the uptake of As(III) increased. Experimental results indicated that the hybrid adsorbents still maintained the merit of the AA for As(V) adsorption. Based on the results, one hybrid adsorbent referred to as BL(AA)30(MPTS)3.3 has been selected by consideration of not only the adsorption capacity but also its environmentally friendly and cost-effective production. The investigation has indicated that the hybrid adsorbents are very promising for As(III) removal from water.
Bringing Total Quality Improvement into the college classroom

This paper describes a recent effort to infuse the Total Quality Improvement (TQI) approach, popularized by Deming and others, into an upper-division, junior-senior economics course at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The process of infusing TQI into instruction has received relatively little attention. Most efforts to bring TQI into higher education focus on improving administrative operations and establishing courses and programs for students to learn how to apply TQI in their future jobs. The challenge is in using TQI to help students realize their potential for learning in traditional courses. The TQI instruction approach developed for use in the course had three major elements. Customer Focus is represented by the proficiencies emphasized in the course and expected of graduating economics majors. Student Involvement is represented by team-centered research projects whose purpose is to enhance the proficiency of creating new knowledge. Continuous Improvement is represented by ongoing student evaluations of the course and instructor, carried out by a student team. After discussing the motivation for adopting this approach and the independent development of the concept of proficiencies in the economics major, the paper moves on to discuss the planning, implementation, and execution of the course. Particular attention is given to discussing the operation of the teams and the development of a multi-faceted ongoing evaluation process to assess the effectiveness of the TQI Instructional Approach. The evaluation results indicate strong student satisfaction with the TQI orientation of the course, while at the same time pointing out ways of improving what was done.
Child abuse exposure, emotion regulation, and drinking refusal self-efficacy: an analysis of problem drinking in college students

AbstractBackground: Problem drinking in college is a longstanding problem with potentially severe consequences. More recently, problem drinking has been linked to emotion regulation difficulties. However, these results are mixed and emphasize the need to examine moderating variables that may strengthen the problem drinking/emotion regulation relationship. Two such variables are child/adolescent sexual abuse (CASA) and drinking refusal self-efficacy (DRSE). Objectives: The current study hypothesized that the relations between emotion regulation difficulties and problem drinking would be most salient for college students with increased CASA exposure and decreased DRSE. Secondary analyses examined the hypothesis taking into consideration cumulative child/adolescent trauma exposure. Methods: Undergraduate students (n = 200) completed a large survey battery for course credit. Results: Three-way interactions across the CASA and cumulative trauma models were significant and in a similar direction. Results indica...
MRI of meniscal bucket-handle tears.

Objective. A meniscal bucket-handle tear is a tear with an attached fragment displaced from the meniscus of the knee joint. Low sensitivity of MRI for detection of bucket-handle tears (64% as compared with arthroscopy) has been reported previously. We report increased sensitivity for detecting bucket-handle tears with the use of coronal short tau inversion recovery (STIR) images.
Sexual and physical abuse history in gastroenterology practice: how types of abuse impact health status.

There is an increasing amount of literature pointing to a relationship between sexual and/or physical abuse history and poor health status although few studies provide evidence concerning which aspects of abuse may impact on health. In female patients with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders the present study examined the effects on health status of: 1) history of sexual abuse and physical abuse 2) invasiveness or seriousness of sexual abuse and physical abuse and 3) age at first sexual and physical abuse. The sample included 239 female patients from a referral gastroenterology clinic who were interviewed to assess sexual and physical abuse history. The authors found the following: 1) 66.5% of patients experienced some type of sexual and/or physical abuse; 2) women with sexual abuse history had more pain non-GI somatic symptoms bed disability days lifetime surgeries psychological distress and functional disability compared to those without sexual abuse; 3) women with physical abuse also had worse health outcome on most health status indicators; 4) rape (intercourse) and life-threatening physical abuse seem to have worse health effects than less serious physical violence and sexual abuse involving attempts and touch; and 5) those with first abuse in childhood did not appear to differ on health from those whose first abuse was as adults. The authors conclude that asking about abuse should be integrated into history taking within referral-based gastroenterology practices. (authors)
A method for reducing bremsstrahlung-produced photoneutron spectra to partial (γ, n) cross sections

Abstract A new procedure is presented for reducing a series of bremsstrahlung-produced photoneutron spectra to partial (γ, n) cross sections to various possible states of the residual nucleus. The essentially new features of the method consist of the minor one of using linear interpolation to bridge gaps across regions where the cross sections cannot be calculated uniquely from the data, and the major one of requiring that the final computed partial cross section curves exhaust the entire yield spectra, not just the parts near the “tip” region which are usually used. The initially computed (and interpolated) “exact” cross sections are used to establish branching ratios to the various final states, which are held fixed in a fitting or normalization procedure. The method has the advantage that it permits reasonably good estimates of cross sections without requiring the large amount of data-taking the more conventional analysis would require, and it makes full use of the whole extent of the spectrum curves measured. The method is illustrated, and tested to a limited degree, by assuming cross sections for a fictitious nucleus HyA. Suggestions for improvements of the method are also presented. The general procedure may be useful in analysis of data from experiments other than photoneutron reactions, especially those where the effective resolution is as unfavorable as it is where the bremsstrahlung photon spectrum is the controlling factor.
We Make a Difference: No Nobel Prizes Though

This is the second of two invited reviews of Guralnick, M. (Ed.) (1997). The effectiveness of early intervention. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
An Isoform-specific Inhibitory Domain Regulates the LHX3 LIM Homeodomain Factor Holoprotein and the Production of a Functional Alternate Translation Form

The LHX3 LIM homeodomain transcription factor is required for pituitary development and motor neuron specification. TheLhx3 gene encodes two isoforms, LHX3a and LHX3b, that differ in their amino-terminal sequences. Humans and mice with defective Lhx3 genes are deficient in gonadotrope, lactotrope, somatotrope, and thyrotrope pituitary cells. We show that, whereas Lhx3b is highly expressed in theseLhx3-dependent cell types, high levels ofLhx3a expression are restricted to α glycoprotein subunit-expressing thyrotropes and gonadotropes. Cross-species comparison reveals the LHX3b-specific domain is more conserved than the LHX3a-specific domain. We demonstrate that the LHX3b-specific domain is a transferable inhibitor that reduces gene activation and DNA binding by homeodomain proteins. In addition, we identify a novel LHX3 protein (M2-LHX3) and determine that this molecule is generated by an internal translation initiation codon. The LHX3a- and LHX3b-specific coding sequences regulate differential usage of this internal start codon. Further, we identify the major activation domain of LHX3 in the carboxyl terminus of the molecule. M2-LHX3 is active because it retains this domain and binds DNA better than LHX3a or LHX3b. Other LIM homeodomain genes, including Lhx4, generate similar truncated proteins. These studies describe how transcriptional regulatory genes can generate multiple functional proteins.
Hazardous‐Waste Management in Rural Areas

Engineers are increasingly involved in designing comprehensive solid‐waste management plans for rural areas and small towns. Hazardous waste from households, farms, and some small businesses is part of the solid‐waste stream in rural areas. Rural areas are characterized by a combination of lower per‐^capita solid‐waste generation rates and equal or higher hazardous‐waste generation rates than urban areas. Thus, the fraction of hazardous waste in a rural landfill may be larger than that in an urban landfill. Farms are unique as generators of hazardous waste because they generate the normal household hazardous waste as well as pesticide residues and petroleum products associated with farm equipment management. In rural areas, small businesses, which generate hazardous waste, include primarily vehicle and farm maintenance shops, dry‐cleaning establishments, print and photography shops, and school shops and laboratories. A framework for hazardous‐waste management should include product substitution, good hous...
Experimental results of robotic excavation using fuzzy behavior control

Abstract This paper presents experimental results of robotic excavation based on fuzzy behavior programs. A robotic excavation goal is achieved through several excavation tasks, while a task is completed through sequences of excavation behaviors carried out by an ordered application of primitive, machine-executable exeavation actions. Both tasks and behaviors are specified by finite state machines (FSM) that define all feasible sequences of behaviors or actions. Behavior selection for state transitions in a task FSM is achieved through situation assessment and behavior arbitration. For a behavior FSM, a method of terminating a behavior execution based on the activation levels of its actions is proposed. Since it is almost impossible to infer the exact status of bucket/environment interaction from force/torque data, excavation actions are specified using fuzzy logic rules acquired from human experience and heuristics. Experimental results indicate that the proposed formulation has led to a more efficient execution of excavation tasks than a previous formulation.
Callus induction and plant regeneration of U.S. rice genotypes as affected by medium constituents

This study was conducted to establish and optimize a regeneration system for adapted U.S. rice genotypes including three commercial rice cultivars (LaGrue, Katy, and Alan) and two Arkansas breeding lines. Factors evaluated in the study were genotype, sugar type, and phytohormone concentration. The system consisted of two phases, callus induction and plant regeneration. In the callus induction phase, mature caryopses were cultured on MS medium containing either 1% sucrose combined with 3% sorbitol or 4% sucrose alone, and 0.5 to 4 mg·L−1 (2.26 to 18.10 μM) 2,4-D with or without 0.5mg·L−1) (2.32 μM) kinetin. In the plant regeneration phase, callus was transferred to 2,4-D-free MS medium containing 0 or 2 mg·L−1 (9.29 μM) kinetin combined with 0 or 0.1 mg·L−1 (0.54 μM) NAA. Callus induction commenced within a week, independent of the treatments. Callus growth and plant regeneration, however, were significantly influenced by interactions among experimental factors. Generally, the greatest callus growth and plant regeneration were obtained with 0.5 mg·L−1 (2.26 μM) 2,4-D and decreased with increasing 2,4-D concentrations. Kinetin enhanced callus growth only when combined with 0.5 mg·L−1 (2.26 μM) 2,4-D, and 4% sucrose. Inducing callus on kinetin-containing medium generally enhanced regeneration capacity in the presence of sucrose but not with a sucrose/sorbitol combination. Media containing sucrose alone generally supported more callus proliferation, but the sucrose/sorbitol combination improved regeneration of some cultivars. NAA and kinetin had little effect on regeneration.
Attraction Effects of Smiling and Body Position: A Cultural Comparison:

99 undergraduate women from Japan and 78 women and 54 men from the United States viewed slides of a Japanese woman who either smiled frequently (was shown smiling in 70% of the slides) or infrequently (was shown smiling in 20% of the slides) while displaying either open or closed body positions. Subjects from Japan rated the woman as the most interpersonally attractive when she smiled frequently and expressed closed body positions and the least attractive when she smiled frequently and expressed open body positions. In contrast, college men and women from the United States rated the same model as the most interpersonally attractive when she smiled frequently and expressed open body positions and the least attractive when she smiled infrequently and used closed body positions.
Heat stability of the potato tuber ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase: role of Cys residue 12 in the small subunit.

Abstract Most of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases from different sources are stable to a heat treatment. We found that in the potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber enzyme, the intermolecular disulfide bridge located between Cys 12 of the small subunits is responsible for the stability at 60°C. When this unique disulfide bond is cleaved the enzyme is stable up to 40°C. Mutation of Cys 12 in the small subunit into either Ala or Ser yielded enzymes with stability similar to the reduced form of the wild type. Concurrently, the enzyme with a truncated small subunit on the N-terminal was stable only up to 40°C. Thus, the N-terminal is important for the stability of the enzyme because of the presence of a disulfide bond.
1484 RENAL FUNCTIONS FOLLOWING ACUTE HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK IN DEVELOPING BABOONS

Renal functions, cardiac output(CO) and colloid oncotic pressure (COP)were measured during control (C) hypovolemic shock (HS) and recovery (R) in baboons (2-8 weeks). Heart rate, mean blood pressure (MBP) and tissue pH (tpH) were monitored continuously. Shock was induced by bleeding till the MBP dropped from 81 to 41 mmHg. CO, blood gases (ABG), COP, Hct were measured every 15′. GFR, PAH and osmolar clearance, FEna were measured during C, HS, R. GFR, CPAH and COSM decreased significantly during HS (p<0.5) but recovered to baseline following reinfusion. In newborns both Fena and Uv decreased by 85%. Whereas in the older baboons the decrease was 52 and 85% respectively. CO and MBP decreased by 50%, but recovered following reinfusion. These findings suggest that: 1) The decrease in GFR and Uv is due to decrease in CO and MBP; 2) The decrease in FEna in the presence of decreased GFR, PAH, COSM suggests an intact tubular function; 3) All the parameters recovered following infusion. In conclusion, the changes in renal function in early HS (45′) are transient and reversible following reinfusion. *(p<.05)
An adaptive mobile robots tethering algorithm in constrained environments

This paper presents an adaptive and decentralized robotic cooperation algorithm for controlling the mobile sensors to form a chained network and maintaining the communication links. A single-layer and double-layer chain tethering algorithms are developed for exploring the open and constrained environments by mobile robots. A comprehensive metric for finding the optimal communication range is introduced. With the measurements, mobile robots could be organized into an optimal chained form for tethering. The tethering algorithm could detect the failed nodes and reconfigure the system. It offers an adaptive solution to broken communication links.
Chronic Carotid Dissection Producing New Neurologic Symptoms: An Alternative Method of Autogenous Reconstruction A Case Report

A case of chronic carotid dissection associated with new neurologic symptoms was treated with occipital artery to internal carotid artery bypass. After surgery, the patient remained without neurologic symptoms with a widely patent anastomosis. This novel reconstruction has not previously been reported and provides a suitable alternative for patients with inadequate greater saphenous vein. The mechanism causing this injury and management algorithms are discussed with a review of the literature.
ANTIMYCIN A INHIBITION OF PROTON PUMPING ASSOCIATED WITH ROOT PLASMA MEMBRANE H+ ‐ATPASE

Plasma membrane vesicles obtained by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation from corn roots, exhibited vanadate-sensitive H + -ATPase activity with minimum contaminations of other subcellular ATPases and phosphatase activities. The H + -ATPase catalyzed the hydrolysis of Mg-ATP and supported a proton pumping process. The presence of antimycin A had no significant effects on the rate of catalyzed ATP hydrolysis. However, proton pumping activity was substantially reduced. Time courses of proton pumping were analyzed by a kinetic model which allowed an accurate determination of the initial pumping rate (R 0 ) and the proton leakage of the energized membrane (k 1 ) from steady-state properties. With a rapid quenching of ATP hydrolysis by the use ofhexokinase, the proton leakage ofde-energized membrane (k 2 ) was also determined. This analysis indicated that antimycin A inhibition was characterized by a decrease in R 0 without any significant effects on both k 1 and k 2 . Possible implications of this differential inhibition on coupled ATPase activities are discussed.
Two-locus models of disease.

Most complex diseases have not been amenable to genetic analysis under the assumption of single locus or multifactorial models. Consequently, interest has turned to the consideration of the properties of oligogenic models. i.e., genetic models involving a small number of genes. Nine two-locus models of disease, representing both epistatic and heterogeneous genetic models, are investigated: three models of heterogeneity and six models of epistatis. For each model we derive formulas for the recurrence risk to various classes of relatives in terms of penetrances and gene frequencies. We also develop formulas for the components of variance for the epistatic models in terms of the same genetic parameters. The range of penetrances and the associated gene frequencies that predict a predetermined value for the population prevalence and recurrence risk to the sibling of proband are calculated for various rates of the prevalence and risk to sibs. It is found that for many of these genetic models, there is a very limited range of penetrances that fit a particular set of assumed risks. Estimated population prevalence and risks to sibs and monozygotic twins for bipolar and schizophrenia illness are used to test for compatibility with expected values for recurrence risks under these models.
The Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier Na-K-2Cl Cotransporter in Stroke

Studies from this and other laboratories have shown that the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter is present in BBB endothelial cells is stimulated by factors present during cerebral ischemia. Further, our in situ studies have shown that the cotransporter resides predominantly in the luminal BBB membrane. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a luminal cotransporter works with abluminal Na/K ATPase to secrete NaCl into the brain, and during stroke, BBB cotransporter activity is increased such that the barrier hypersecretes NaCl and water into the brain, facilitating cytotoxic edema formation. Our in vivo MCAO stroke studies provide further support for a role of the BBB cotransporter in cerebral ede-ma formation. Collectively, these findings suggest that the BBB Na-K- 2Cl cotransporter does indeed substantially contribute to cerebral edema formation in stroke.
A hierarchy of hereditarily finite sets

This article defines a hierarchy on the hereditarily finite sets which reflects the way sets are built up from the empty set by repeated adjunction, the addition to an already existing set of a single new element drawn from the already existing sets. The structure of the lowest levels of this hierarchy is examined, and some results are obtained about the cardinalities of levels of the hierarchy.
Compilers and Computer Architecture

An examination of the relation between architecture and compiler design leads to several principles which can simplify compilers and improve the object code they produce.
Nuclear Reactions in Micro/Nano-Scale Metal Particles

Low-energy nuclear reactions in micro/nano-scale metal particles are described based on the theory of Bose–Einstein condensation nuclear fusion (BECNF). The BECNF theory is based on a single basic assumption capable of explaining the observed LENR phenomena; deuterons in metals undergo Bose–Einstein condensation. The BECNF theory is also a quantitative predictive physical theory. Experimental tests of the basic assumption and theoretical predictions are proposed. Potential application to energy generation by ignition at low temperatures is described. Generalized theory of BECNF is used to carry out theoretical analyses of recently reported experimental results for hydrogen–nickel system.