cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The chlorine-atom initiated and Hg 6(3P1)-photosensitized oxidation of CH2CCl2

Abstract The chlorine-atom initiated and Hg 6( 3 P 1 )-photosensitized oxidation of CH 2 CCl 2 was studied at 32 °C. In both cases a long chain process was involved in which the major product was CH 2 ClCCl(O), and the minor product was CCl 2 O. In the chlorine-atom initiated study, CO was not an initial product, but appeared as a minor secondary product suggesting CHClO as a precursor. In the Hg-photosensitized study, minor amounts of CO appear to be an initial product. The chain steps in both studies are: In the chlorine-atom initiated oxidation —Φ{CH 2 CCl 2 } = Φ{CH 2 ClCCl(O)} = 172 independent of [CH 2 CCl 2 ], [O 2 ], or I a . In the Hg-photosensitized oxidation, both —Φ{CH 2 CCl 2 } and Φ{CH 2 ClCCl(O)} were proportional to [CH 2 CCl 2 ], but independent of I a and [O 2 ] (for [O 2 ]/[CH 2 CCl 2 ]
Party incumbency and economic growth in the United States: 1929 to 1984

This paper investigates the relationship between Democratic presidential incumbency and economic growth in the United States in the long run. The analysis shows the Democrats have stimulated growth beyond trends when two conditions are met: first, when an incoming administration is formally committed to promoting growth and employment, and second, when that administration has at least two terms of office to implement those goals. The transmission mechanisms linking incumbency and growth are explored by means of a standard Keynesian IS-LM model, which is augmented by additional relevant variables. The transmissions process works via monetary policy, fiscal policy, and welfare expenditure. It also seems likely that changing expectations of consumers and investors stimulated the economy beyond trends for some Democratic administrations.
In situ Formation of Subepithelial Immune Complexes in the Rabbit Glomerulus: Requirement of a Cationic Antigen

In a previous study we examined the role of antigenic electrical charge as a factor influencing glomerular immune complex (IC) localization in the rabbit. From that study patterned after chronic serum
Screening for Ligands of Human Retinoid X Receptor-α Using Ultrafiltration Mass Spectrometry

Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) function as ligand-activated transcription factors and are obligatory components of a large number of nuclear receptor heterodimers. RXRs help regulate diverse physiological responses including the cancer prevention responses of cell proliferation, inflammation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. Since RXRs represent important targets for cancer chemoprevention, an ultrafiltration mass spectrometry-based assay was developed to facilitate the discovery of potential chemoprevention agents that bind to human RXRα. Natural and synthetic ligands for RXRα including 9-cis-retinoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and LG100268 could be detected and identified in DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or even complex matrixes such as extracts of marine bacteria. Specific binding of ligands to RXRα was demonstrated through competitive binding using ultrafiltration LC−MS/MS (liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry), and ligands could be ranked in order of affinity for RXRα. Therefore, ultrafiltrat...
Probing brønsted acid sites in zeolite HY with low temperature 17O MAS NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Bronsted acid sites play a key role in controlling the catalytic performances of acidic catalysts. A determination of the structure of the acid site is fundamental to the understanding acid strength in these systems. The O-H distances in zeolite HY and HZSM-5 extracted from 17O-1H REDOR NMR data acquired at room temperature are noticeably longer than the results from calculations due to the presence of some restricted motions at room temperature, such as zeolite framework vibrations and O-H librational motion. We present here our 17O-1H REDOR NMR results of zeolite HY at a lower temperature of 183 K, where some of these motions are frozen out. By comparing the line shapes obtained from simulations performed with the SIMPSON package with the experimental data, an O-H distance of about 0.97 ∼ 0.98 A was obtained, which is consistent with the previous ab-initio calculation results. The results indicate that low temperature REDOR NMR spectroscopy can provide estimates of the O-H distance, which should prove useful in understanding zeolite structure and acidity.
Evolution of membranes in commercial air separation

Abstract Interest in the use of membranes to produce oxygen from air dating back to 1881 is reviewed. The development of the commercial interest by major worldwide industrial gas suppliers, and the current state of commercialization of membranes for production of gaseous nitrogen are summarized. Significant technology developments which occurred over the last decade are described and their impact on the development of commercial air separation membrane systems are illustrated. Specially, the impact of ultrathin barrier layers, elimination of barrier layer defects, high flow countercurrent, control of membrane contaminants and cost effective process cycles are discussed. Commercial experience with air separation membranes is summarized. Commercial system are described, and experience with membrane life and system/operation are summarized. Performance growth in both number and size of membranes systems installed is presented. Comments on future directions for both membrane technology and applications in air separation are included.
Procedures for pelvic organ prolapse in the United States, 1979-1997

Abstract Objective: The objective of our study was to describe national rates of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse. Study Design: We used the National Hospital Discharge Survey, a federal database that samples inpatient hospitals in the United States. Data from 1979 to 1997 were analyzed for diagnoses and procedures coded with the ICD-9-CM classification system. Age-adjusted rates were calculated by using the 1990 census population and compared for change over time by using the Score test for linear trend. Results: Approximately 200,000 women undergo inpatient procedures for prolapse in the United States each year, ranging from 165,000 in 1988 to 226,000 in 1979. There was a significant decrease in the overall age-adjusted rate of procedures performed over the study period, from 2.2 to 1.5 procedures per 1000 women ( P = .01). The rate of prolapse procedures for women younger than 50 years decreased by more than half (1.9 to 0.8 per 1000 women, P P = .5). Conclusion: Prolapse procedures are performed very frequently in the United States, although the rate has decreased slightly over time. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:108-15.)
Insight, quality of life, and functional capacity in middle-aged and older adults with schizophrenia.

Objective The quality of life (QOL) for individuals with schizophrenia is determined by a number of factors, not limited to symptomatology. The current study examined lack of insight as one such factor that may influence subjective QOL or functional capacity. It was hypothesized that insight would significantly interact with symptom severity to influence subjective QOL. Insight was not expected to influence the relation between symptom severity and functional capacity.
Thermoelectric behavior near the magnetic quantum critical point

We use the coupled two-dimensional spin--three-dimensional fermion model proposed by Rosch et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. $79,$ 159 (1997)] to study the thermoelectric behavior of a heavy-fermion compound when it is close to an antiferromagnetic quantum critical point. When the low-energy spin fluctuations are quasi-two-dimensional, as has been observed in ${\mathrm{YbRh}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{6\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Au}}_{x},$ with a typical two-dimensional ordering wave vector and three-dimensional Fermi surface, the ``hot'' regions on the Fermi surface have a finite area. Due to enhanced scattering with the nearly critical spin fluctuations, the electrons in the hot region are strongly renormalized. We argue that there is an intermediate energy scale where the qualitative aspects of the renormalized hot electrons are captured by a weak-coupling perturbative calculation. Our examination of the electron self-energy shows that the entropy carried by the hot electrons is larger than usual. This accounts for the anomalous logarithmic temperature dependence of specific heat observed in these materials. We show that the same mechanism produces a logarithmic temperature dependence in thermopower. This has been observed in ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{6\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Au}}_{x}.$ We expect to see the same behavior from future experiments on ${\mathrm{YbRh}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}.$
PS3-27: Virtual Tumor Registry or Albatross.

Background/Aims Creating a virtual tumor registry to function within the Cancer Research Network (CRN) enables us to identify tumors in our members. This is critical for performing cancer research for the CRN. Data standards and staging schema are defined by regulating agencies external to CRN and require all users to adhere to these standards. This establishes a gold standard for modeling our data structure that all participating plan sites should be able to achieve.
Regulation of IGFBP6 gene and protein is mediated by the inverse expression and function of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NFκB in a model of oral tumor cells

The aim of this study is to identify potential gene and protein targets when nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were inversely expressed in oral tumors. To determine which genes were regulated synergistically by the inverse expression of NFκB and JNK, a pathway specific microarray analysis was performed. While either inhibition of NFκB or activation of JNK alone was unable to affect the IGFBP6 gene expression in microarray analysis, concomitant increase in JNK activation in the presence of NFκB inhibition increased the expression of this gene significantly. Synergistic increase in IGFBP6 gene expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis of transfected cells. Accordingly, the levels of IGFBP6 protein secretion rose synergistically when JNK was over-expressed in NFκB knock down cells. In addition, increased expression of JNK in the absence of NFκB resulted in a significant induction of cell death in oral tumors when either left untreated or treated with TNF-α and TPA. Moreover, when JNK was inhibited by dominant negative JNK (APF), a significant decrease in cell death could be observed in TNF-α and TPA treated NFκB knock down oral tumors. Therefore, increased induction of IGFBP6 gene or protein expression in oral tumors could be regarded as a potential predictive marker of tumor sensitivity and could be used for prognostic purposes, since a significant correlation could be observed between increased induction of apoptotic cell death and elevated levels of IGFBP6 in these tumors.
Large format silicon immersion gratings for high resolution infrared spectroscopy

We report progress on development of large format silicon immersion gratings (SIG) at UF. Currently SIGs on 4 inch diameter thick silicon disks can be routinely produced with groove periods from 7 microns to 250 microns and blaze angles from 20 degrees to 76 degrees. A new capability of making SIGs from 6 inch diameter silicon disks has also been demonstrated. A new Space Astronomy Instrumentation Lab (SAIL) facility is being established at UF to have a capability of fabricating SIGs on 8 inch diameter silicon disks with up to 4 inch thickness. Our prototype SIG with an 85x50 mm2 etched grating area and a 54.7 deg blaze angle has produced a nearly diffraction-limited wavefront, less than 1% integrated scattered light and ghost intensity, a 74% peak blaze efficiency and a R = 55,000 resolving power at 1.55 μm.
It's Not Effect Sizes So Much as Comments About Their Magnitude That Mislead Readers

Abstract The authors investigated the influence of effect size and comment inclusion on readers' perceptions of research results. In three experiments, undergraduates, graduates, and faculty read a journal article that either included or did not include an effect size and commentary about the effect size. Contrary to a previous study by Robinson, Fouladi, Williams, and Bera (2002), which concluded that including effect sizes causes readers to overestimate result importance, the authors found that including a comment about the magnitude of the effect size was more important than simply including the effect size in influencing undergraduates' perceptions of research results' importance. Graduate students and faculty members were less influenced by inclusion of either effect sizes or comments. Recommendations concerning effect size and comment inclusion polices are discussed.
What can pharmacists’ do about the Medicare Part D Donut hole and reimbursement? A six-state survey

While Medicare Part D was signed into law in 2003 and initiated in 2006, there is a scarcity of information related to the implications of Part D on community pharmacies and subsequent effects. To determine the financial implications of Part D on community pharmacy, to identify pharmacists’ and beneficiaries concerns from the pharmacists’ perspective and to determine the pharmacists’ responses to these impactions and concerns. A cross-sectional survey of pharmacists practicing in six states (Maine, New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania) was conducted online between June and December 2011. The 37-question online survey collected demographic data, data about implications of Part D on community pharmacy and patients, and pharmacists’ beliefs about ideal pharmacy practice and Part D plans. Of the 4,888 online surveys, only 1,108 were assumed to have reached the intended recipients (response rate 25 %). Fifty-six percent reported that reimbursement was the most significant concern, and 34.5 % of the owners or part-owners were planning to close their pharmacy due to financial pressures exerted by Part D. A significant relationship was observed between dispensing of 90 days’ supply of medications and better financial performance (χ 2 = 6.95, p = 0.0084). The most significant patient concerns were formulary and copayment (52.8 %) and Donut hole (52.4 %). Fifty-four percent respondents stated that his/her pharmacy helped patients obtain financial assistance while patients were in the Donut hole. Respondents were most concerned about the poor reimbursement rates, but pharmacists who dispensed 90 day supply of medications reported acceptable financial performance. Pharmacists also reported helping patients obtain financial assistance while in the Donut hole.
Some applications of surface Raman and infrared spectroscopies to mechanistic electrochemistry involving adsorbed species

Abstract Some methods are outlined by which surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and infrared reflection-absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS) can be applied to gain mechanistic information for multistep electrode processes involving adsorbed species. Emphasis is placed on approaches in which time-resolved spectra can be obtained in conjunction with conventional electrochemical techniques, enabling simultaneous vibrational and electrochemical kinetic (current-potential-time) information to be obtained during the evolution of irreversible electrode processes. Specific applications to irreversible electroorganic reactions are outlined, employing optical multichannel analyzer and Fourier transform instrumentation for SERS and IRRAS, respectively, in conjunction with linear sweep voltammetry.
MU switch region deletion is associated with both T cell independent and T cell dependent responses

Isotype switching is a process by which immunoglobulin variable gene regions initially proximal to and expressed with the mu constant region gene (C mu) can rearrange downstream to other constant region genes. Thus the same antigen binding site can be expressed with each of the other constant region isotypes and perform the full panoply of effector functions. Although isotype switching is thought to involve highly reiterated 'switch site' sequences located 5' to constant region genes, the exact role of these switch sites is unknown. It has been reported that prior to switching, the 'donor' switch site 5' of C mu occasionally undergoes deletions, but it is not known whether this is an adventitious event or one which predisposes to or prevents isotype switching. Since T cell independent (TI) immune responses are dominated by IgM while T cell dependent (TD) responses are associated with switching to IgG, we have examined the state of the mu switch site in 51 IgM-producing hybridomas isolated from a variety of TI and TD responses. Although more hybridomas from the TI responses studied exhibited S mu deletions, deletion of S mu also occurred in hybridomas isolated from TD responses. Analysis of a well-characterized clonally related subset of IgM hybridomas also revealed that mu switch region deletion can be associated with the productive allele.
Use of pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic modelling for starting dose selection in first-in-human trials of high-risk biologics.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Recent regulatory guidance has highlighted the importance of using pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) modelling in the selection of starting doses in first-in-human trials of high-risk biologics. • However, limited examples exist in literature illustrating this procedure. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • An interpretation of the recommended dose-selection methodology and the minimum anticipated biological effect level (MABEL) principle, contained in the updated European Medicines Agency guidance on risk-mitigation strategies for first-in-human studies, is presented. • Some literature and simulation-based examples of the application of PK–PD modelling principles to starting dose selection using in vitro and in vivo data under the MABEL paradigm are highlighted, along with the advantages and limitations of this approach. AIMS To illustrate the use of pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) models to select rational starting doses in clinical trials within the minimum anticipated biological effect level (MABEL) principle using literature data and through simulations. METHODS The new European Medicines Agency guidance on starting dose selection of high-risk biologics was analysed considering the basic pharmacological properties and preclinical testing limitations of many biologics. The MABEL approach to dose selection was illustrated through simulations and through literature-reported examples on the selection of starting doses for biologics such as antibodies based on in vitro biomarker data, in vivo PK and PK–PD data. RESULTS Literature reports indicating the use of preclinical pharmacological and toxicological data to select successfully safe starting doses in line with the MABEL principle are summarized. PK–PD model-based simulations of receptor occupancy for an anti-IgE antibody system indicate that the relative abundance of IgE in animal models and patients and the turnover rate of the IgE–antibody complex relative to the off-rate of the antibody from IgE are important determinants of in vivo receptor occupancy. CONCLUSIONS Mechanistic PK–PD models are capable of integrating preclinical in vitro and in vivo data to select starting doses rationally in first-in-human trials. Biological drug–receptor interaction dynamics is complex and multiple factors affect the dose–receptor occupancy relationship. Thus, these factors should be taken into account when selecting starting doses.
A laser light scattering particle size spectrometer sensitive in the submicron diameter range

Abstract The response of a new light scattering single particle aerosol spectrometer to monodispersed polystyrene latex spheres 0·234, 0·357, 0·500, 0·710, 0·796 and 1·099 μm dia. has been measured to determine the instrument's ability to classify particles according to size. The results indicate that the spectrometer has excellent resolution down to 0·2 μm.
Pediatric renal pelvic fullness: an ultrasonographic dilemma.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We conducted a prospective study to define normal renal pelvic size in children.Materials and Methods: Institutional Review Board approved consent was obtained to perform renal ultrasound during excretory urography (IVP) scheduled for medical management. Mean patient age (17 females, 11 males) was 5.2 years. Renal ultrasound was conducted concurrent with 10-minute IVP.Results: Fifty kidneys were imaged with 51 collecting systems. IVP defined 44 collecting systems as normal. Mean anteroposterior pelvic diameter on sonography for these 44 systems was 3.3 mm. One normal collecting system on IVP had a diameter greater than 10 mm on ultrasound (14 mm). No sonographic caliceal dilatation was seen in any kidney appearing normal on IVP. The 7 dilated systems on IVP had a mean ultrasound diameter of 17.1 mm. Two dilated collecting systems smaller than 10 mm in diameter on sonography had caliceal distention on ultrasound.Conclusions: Normal renal pelvis threshold diameter was 10 mm in asymptomatic ...
Temperature variability at Siple Dome, West Antarctica, derived from ECMWF re-analyses, SSM/I and SMMR brightness temperatures and AWS records

We produced four independent temperature time series derived from different sensors for the Siple Dome region of West Antarctica to investigate seasonal to interannual temperature variability over the last 20 years. We use data from automatic weather station air-temperature records (1997–99), European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts surface temperature from the 15 year re-analyses (ERA-15, 1979–93), and emissivity-corrected brightness temperatures from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (1987–99) and the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (1978–87). Each technique has limitations and errors, but all respond to temperature, and all agree in the large patterns of temperature variability over time. Our results show that there is high seasonal to interannual variability in both mean temperature and variance in the Siple Dome region during the study period. In particular, fluctuations in seasonal to interannual temperature variance occur on an approximately 5 year cycle and correlate with variations in the Southern Oscillation Index.
Neonatal neurologic and electroencephalographic effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure

Thirty-nine infants with intrauterine exposure to cocaine were examined for neurologic and electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities. Of the 39 infants, 34 displayed central nervous system irritability, but only two of the infants required sedation. The EEGs were abnormal in 17 of 38 infants during the first week of life; abnormalities were characterized as showing central nervous system irritability. The EEG abnormalities could not be predicted on the basis of clinical neurologic dysfunction or perinatal variables. On follow-up, 9 of the 17 abnormal EEGs remained abnormal during the second week of life. One infant had an abnormal first EEG at 13 days of age. By 3 to 12 months of age, however, 9 of the 10 previously abnormal tracings had normalized and one is pending. These transient clinical and EEG abnormalities may be the result of changes in neurotransmitter availability and function.
Variation in Sexual Violence during War

Sexual violence during war varies in extent and takes distinct forms. In some conflicts, sexual violence is widespread, yet in other conflicts—including some cases of ethnic conflict—it is quite limited. In some conflicts, sexual violence takes the form of sexual slavery; in others, torture in detention. I document this variation, particularly its absence in some conflicts and on the part of some groups. In the conclusion, I explore the relationship between strategic choices on the part of armed group leadership, the norms of combatants, dynamics within small units, and the effectiveness of military discipline.
Polychotomous multivariate models for coronary heart disease simulation. II. Comparisons of risk functions.

Abstract This is the second in a series of papers dealing with models of coronary heart disease. Three different types of statistical models are considered as risk functions; the multivariate logistic model, the Cox proportional hazard model and the Neyman exponential risk avoidance model. The types of models differ in the form hypothesized for the probability of occurrence of coronary heart disease outcomes; incident myocardial infarct, cardiac death, and death from other causes. Although the three risk functions are strikingly different, they can all be tested using the CRISPERS chronic disease simulation system. Simulations were performed using data from North Karelia, Finland. The polychotomous multivariate logistic risk function is convenient for studies involving increasing numbers of risk factors. The Cox proportional hazard regression model is shown to be unsuitable for the cohort dataset used as well as for some of the intended uses of the simulation models. The Neyman exponential risk avoidance model involves time in a quite different fashion. It has the inherent advantage of being easier to relate to underlying biological mechanisms because it is the integral of first order rate equations. It is concluded that more than one risk function should be evaluated for simulations of coronary heart disease.
Alterations of in-vitro 5-HT receptor pharmacology as a function of multiple treatment with 5-hydroxytryptamine or 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino) tetralin in rat isolated aorta, uterus and fundus, and guinea-pig isolated trachea.

The effects of single and multiple (5, 10, or 15 days) administration of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (3 mg kg-1, i.p.) or 5-HT (3 mg kg-1, i.p.) in-vivo on the response of selected isolated smooth muscles to 5-HT in-vitro were investigated. Single dosing with 8-OH-DPAT did not alter the responses of the isolated tissues (rat aorta, uterus or fundus, or guinea-pig trachea) to 5-HT, while multiple dosing with 8-OH-DPAT produced rightward shifts and a suppression of the maximum response of all these tissues to 5-HT, with the exception of the rat stomach fundus. Multiple administration of 5-HT had no effect on the in-vitro response of the tissues to 5-HT. These data indicate that multiple administration of 8-OH-DPAT desensitizes or down-regulates the peripheral 5-HT2 receptors found on the rat aorta and uterus, and guinea-pig trachea.
Tribal sovereignty and the intercultural public sphere

While theorists of cultural pluralism have generally supported tribal sovereignty to protect threatened Native cultures, they fail to address adequately cultural conflicts between Native and non-Native communities, especially when tribal sovereignty facilitates illiberal or undemocratic practices. In response, I draw on Jurgen Habermas' conceptions of discourse and the public sphere to develop a universalist approach to cultural pluralism, called the 'intercultural public sphere', which analyzes how cultures can engage in mutual learning and mutual criticism under fair conditions. This framework accommodates cultural diversity within formally universalistic parameters while avoiding four common criticisms of universalist approaches to cultural pluralism. But this framework differs from that of Habermas in two ways. First, it includes 'subaltern' publics, open only to members of cultural subgroups, in order to counter relations of 'cultural power'. Second, it admits 'strong' publics, democratic institutions with decision-making powers. Finally, I show how the subaltern, strong institutions of tribal sovereignty contribute to the fair discursive conditions required for mutual learning and mutual critique in an intercultural public sphere.
Modified Broyden’s method for accelerating convergence in self-consistent calculations

A modification to Broyden's method for obtaining stable and computationally efficient convergence in self-consistent calculations is developed and discussed. The method incorporates the advantages of two schemes proposed by Srivastava and by Vanderbilt and Louie without any increase in complexity. Its improvement over their methods is discussed. The present method is compared with two other widely used convergence methods, simple mixing and Anderson's method, for the case of the disordered binary alloy ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.35}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.65}$ on the verge of a magnetic instability and is shown to be much improved in stability and rate of convergence.
Assessment of childhood depression: correspondence of child and parent ratings.

The present investigation evaluated the correspondence of child and parental reports of the children's depression. One-hundred-four children (ages 5–13) hospitalized on a psychiatric intensive care service, 101 mothers, and 47 fathers independently completed several measures to assess severity and duration of the children's depression. To validate the depression instruments, measures of hopelessness and self-esteem (completed by the children) and somatic complaints and internalizing (completed by the parents) were also included. The results indicated that different measures of depression completed by the same rater (child, mother, or father) were highly intercorrelated. However, there was little or no relationship between mother-child and father-child reports of the children's depression for the same or different measures of depression. Children's ratings of depression were positively correlated with hopelessness and parent ratings of somatic complaints and negatively correlated with self-esteem. Children independently diagnosed as depressed (DSM-III) were higher in severity of depression than nondepressed children on child and parent completed measures. The implications of the present results for further evaluation of child self-report and factors that may contribute to correspondence with parental report are highlighted.
Influence of childhood parental history of type 2 diabetes on the pre-diabetic and diabetic status in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study

To assess the association of childhood parental history of type 2 diabetes and the risk of diabetes in adulthood. Observations were made on a community-based cohort of normoglycemic (n = 1619), pre-diabetic (n = 78), and type 2 diabetic (n = 50) adult subjects followed serially for cardiovascular risk factors over 22 years from childhood and noting their relation to a parental history of diabetes. In a longitudinal multivariate model including parental diabetes observed in the offspring’s childhood, BMI, MAP, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, and glucose, adjusted for age, age2, race, sex, and race by sex interaction, parental diabetes and adverse changes in LDL cholesterol and glucose were independently associated with pre-diabetic status in adulthood (regression coefficient [β] = 0.74 (95% CI: 0.04–1.45), 0.44 (95% CI: 0.24–0.64), and 1.99 (95% CI: 1.73–2.25), respectively), while parental diabetes and adverse changes in BMI, HDL cholesterol, and glucose were associated with the diabetic status (β = 1.14 (95% CI: 0.35–1.92), 0.08 (95% CI: 0.05–0.11), −0.51 (95% CI: −1.03 to −0.003), and 1.79 (95% CI: 1.48–2.09), respectively). Childhood parental history of diabetes along with adverse changes in adiposity, glucose, and lipoprotein variables of metabolic syndrome since childhood are associated with the increased risk of pre-diabetic and diabetic status in adulthood.
Homeward paths of displaced juvenile alligators as determined by radiotelemetry

To test their ability to home without searching or wandering, 19 juvenile alligators were radiotracked after displacement to areas 1–10 home range diameters beyond their areas of familiarity. Movement rates varied inversely with vegetation density, and in some cases habitat barriers appeared to deflect an alligator's homeward path. However, failures to home occurred only in those cases where major habitat barriers separated an alligator from its home site. In all other cases the alligators headed directly homeward; at least 10 of these completed their homeward journeys. The orienting ability of the alligators was neither dependent on the conditions under which they were displaced, nor the environmental conditions prevailing after release. These observations support the hypothesis that alligators possess a true navigational ability.
PARALLEL RANDOM ACCESS MACHINES WITHOUT BOOLEAN OPERATIONS

The class of problems solved within given time and processor bounds on a Parallel Random Access Machine (PRAM) varies with the instruction set. Previous research has classified the contributions of various instructions, such as multiplication, shifts, and string manipulation operations, to the PRAM. This paper examines the significant contribution of Boolean operations, which play essential roles in many PRAM algorithms and in simulations by the PRAM of other models of computation.
What happens when natalizumab therapy is stopped

Natalizumab is an α-4 integrin antagonist used for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Concerns with the drug have a risen owing to a heightened risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, which has caused some physicians to interrupt or stop treatment altogether. The article under review evaluates the safety of natalizumab treatment interruption, including the rate and magnitude of the return of MS disease activity toward baseline levels by clinical and MRI measures. The investigators found that by 4-7 months after natalizumab treatment interruption, MS disease activity began to reach baseline levels, which is consistent with the known elimination kinetics of natalizumab. The duration of prior natalizumab exposure or alternate MS treatments during interruption was demonstrated to not affect return of disease activity. Despite nearly similar disease activity after natalizumab treatment, patients with highly active disease prior to treatment had a return of disease activity that was greater in magnitude when compared with those with less active disease. Most significantly, the study did not show evidence of rebound following natalizumab cessation. We agree with these conclusions, but note that a subgroup of MS patients may demonstrate highly active disease after natalizumab cessation.
Fairness in Simple Bargaining Experiments

Abstract We present an experiment to test whether fairness alone can explain proposers′ willingness to make nontrivial offers in simple bargaining games. We examine two treatments: game (ultimatum or dictator) and pay (pay or no pay). The outcomes of the ultimatum and dictator games with pay are significantly different, implying that fairness, by itself, cannot explain the observed behavior. Doubling the amount of money available in games with pay does not affect these results. The outcomes of both games are replicable when players are paid, but the outcome of the ultimatum game is not replicable when players are not paid. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: 026, 215.
Acute Psychological Stress and Epinephrine Infusion in Normolipidemic and Hyperlipidemic Men: Effects on Plasma Lipid and Apoprotein Concentrations

This study examined whether psychological stress and the infusion of epinephrine increase plasma lipid and apoprotein concentrations in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic men. Subjects were studied during three separate 6-hour laboratory sessions: a control session, during which subjects rested quietly while blood samples and hemodynamic measurements were obtained; a stress session, during which subjects were presented with two challenging mental tasks, followed by quiet rest; and an epinephrine infusion session, during which subjects received a low-dose infusion of epinephrine followed by quiet rest. The stress and epinephrine infusion manipulations produced the expected changes in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels, blood pressure, and heart rate. Free fatty acid concentration increased markedly during epinephrine infusion and less dramatically but consistently during mental stress. Both stress and epinephrine infusion produced acute increases in plasma total, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoprotein B concentrations, but comparable increases during the control session were not observed. Changes in albumin concentration (an index of plasma volume) were associated with changes in lipid concentrations during psychological stress. Epinephrine increases during psychological stress were correlated with increases in free fatty acid and triglyceride levels both during and after task administration. It was concluded that psychological or pharmacological stress induced in the laboratory produces changes in lipid concentrations, which at least during psychological stress, may be attributed to concomitant changes in plasma volume. The association between task-induced changes in epinephrine and changes in free fatty acid and triglyceride levels, also supports the hypothesis that psychological stress increases lipolysis.
Tutorial on Rotations in the Theories of Finite Deformation and Micropolar (Cosserat) Elasticity

Abstract Although earthquake source studies have had a great impact on tectonics studies, there are at least two important problems for which seismology seems unable to provide answers. One of them refers to the rotation about vertical axes of crustal blocks in continental areas of diffuse deformation. The other problem is the stress rotations observed after large earthquakes. In both cases there are a number of competing explanations but none is supported by hard evidence. These problems are unlikely to be solved by conventional seismology, but the situation may be different if rotation data are acquired. In the near field of large earthquakes the linearized theory may not apply or a different theory may be needed. In this tutorial we consider rotations from two different points of view: the classical nonlinear theory and a nonclassical linear theory. In the nonlinear theory the deformation tensor can be expressed as the product of two tensors, one corresponding to a rotation and the other to strain, applied sequentially. In contrast, in the linearized theory the deformation tensor is the sum of a rotation and a strain tensor and the order of their application is immaterial. A linear theory that includes rotations not considered by classical elasticity (linear or not) is the micropolar theory, which deals with materials with microstructure. This theory assigns to each point in space six degrees of freedom, three corresponding to position and three corresponding to rotations. The specification of a linear micropolar isotropic body requires six elastic moduli, two of which are the classical Lame’s parameters. Wave propagation in a micropolar medium is more complicated than in a linear elastic medium, with two coupled wave equations. The micropolar theory has been successful with media having periodic inner structures, but there is very little experimental work on solids with more complicated structure.
The Sinc and Cosinc Transform

A new transform, the sinc and cosinc transform, uses Walsh functions to obtain the Fourier transform. This technique converts a staircase approximation of a function to a set of sinc and cosinc terms in the frequency domain that is equivalent to the Fourier transform. The calculation is slower than the fast Fourier transform (FFT) but is devoid of aliasing. The interpolation and scaling in the frequency domain are built in, and any frequency point may be chosen without changing the number or spacing of the samples in the time domain. The intervening set of coefficients is computed more rapidly than those obtained using the fast Hadamard transform.
Deriving deadlock and unspecified reception free protocol converters from message mapping sets

Abstract Interconnecting heterogeneous computer networks with protocols that obey different architectures requires the use of gateways. The purpose of a gateway is the provision of a common service throughout the interconnected systems. One of the main functions of a gateway is protocol conversion. A protocol converter accepts messages from one set of protocols and delivers appropriate messages to another. Most of today's protocol converters have been built using ad hoc techniques. In this paper, we present an algorithmic method for constructing protocol converters. Compared to other approaches reported in the literature, our approach has two main advantages: First, it provides a formal message mapping set model for representing the conversion requirements for the converter. The model is easy to construct and is general enough that allows specifying various forms of message mapping (i.e., one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-one mapping of messages, and mapping of messages with or without ordering restrictions). Second, once the conversion requirements are specified, our approach offers an algorithmic method that guarantees to generate a converter which does not cause deadlocks or unspecified receptions if a converter that satisfies the conversion requirements exists. We verify the validity of our approach through both rigorous proofs and through conversion examples.
The Affect on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Recovery for Ultrasound with Bee Venom

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether ultrasound alone or ultrasound with bee venom is effective in treating delayed onset muscle soreness of the biceps brachii muscle, using the visual analogue scale, range of motion test (flexion and extension), and serum creatine kinase level. [Subjects] Twenty women participated in this study. [Methods] Repeated eccentric contractions were used to induce delayed onset muscle soreness in the elbow flexor of the subjects. The subjects were randomized to be treated with ultrasound alone or ultrasound with bee venom. We evaluated the effects of treatments in the 2 groups. Individual subjects were assessed using the visual analogue scale, range of motion test, and serum creatine kinase level. The assessment parameters were evaluated 4 times: before exercise and 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise. [Results] The visual analogue scale scores were significantly different before and after the experiment in both the group treated with ultrasound and the group treated with ultrasound and bee venom. The difference in elbow flexion and extension before and after the experiment was significantly different in both groups. No significant difference was found in the serum creatine kinase levels before and after the experiment. [Conclusion] Treatment with ultrasound and bee venom is effective for managing delayed onset muscle soreness.
Digital Mammography Integrated with PACS: Real World Issues, Considerations, Workflow Solutions, and Reading Paradigms

This article describes the 3.5 years experience of integrating digital mammography with a generalized Picture Archiving Communications System (PACS). Rather than implement a mammography mini-PACS solution (dedicated solely for use in full-field digital mammography), the vision was to integrate full-field digital mammography with the preexisting PACS archive, network, and Web distribution system from the beginning. Our enterprise still utilized a separate proprietary mammography reading workstation, as required by the FDA at that time. The pros, cons, and lessons learned from this approach are presented. The enterprise is currently transitioning away from a separate mammography reading station. This transition will more fully integrate, using the overall PACS for mammography reporting, mammography tracking, document imaging module may be added in the future, management reporting, task tracking, and billing output with a single unified RIS/PACS solution. This paper describes the core technologies required for this approach, along with the theoretical advantages.
Utility of thermal sharpening over Texas high plains irrigated agricultural fields

[1] Irrigated crop production in the Texas high plains (THP) is dependent on water extracted from the Ogallala Aquifer, an area suffering from sever water shortage. Water management in this area is therefore highly important. Thermal satellite imagery at high temporal (� daily) and high spatial (� 100 m) resolutions could provide important surface boundary conditions for vegetation stress and water use monitoring, mainly through energy balance models such as DisALEXI. At present, however, no satellite platform collects such high spatiotemporal resolution data. The objective of this study is to examine the utility of an image sharpening technique (TsHARP) for retrieving land surface temperature at high spatial resolution (down to 60 m) from moderate spatial resolution (1 km) imagery, which is typically available at higher (� daily) temporal frequency. A simulated sharpening experiment was applied to Landsat 7 imagery collected over the THP in September 2002 to examine its utility over both agricultural and natural vegetation cover. The Landsat thermal image was aggregated to 960 m resolution and then sharpened to its native resolution of 60 m and to various intermediate resolutions. The algorithm did not provide any measurable improvement in estimating high-resolution temperature distributions over natural land cover. In contrast, TsHARP was shown to retrieve highresolution temperature information with good accuracy over much of the agricultural area within the scene. However, in recently irrigated fields, TsHARP could not reproduce the temperature patterns. Therefore we conclude that TsHARP is not an adequate substitute for 100-m-scale observations afforded by the current Landsat platforms. Should the thermal imager be removed from follow-on Landsat platforms, we will lose valuable capacity to monitor water use at the field scale, particularly in many agricultural regions where the typical field size is � 100 � 100 m. In this scenario, sharpened thermal imagery from instruments like MODIS or VIIRS would be the suboptimal alternative.
Deriving atmospheric water vapor and ozone profiles from active microwave occultation measurements

The GPS/MET experiment was the first active atmospheric microwave occultation experiment using the existing GPS Li and L2 frequencies to measure the atmospheric refractive index. One major limitation to this tecimique is that the presence of water vapor in amounts typically found in the lower troposphere (below 5-7 km) causes an ambiguity between the contributions of dry air and moisture to the refractive index. Additionally the profiles of other gases, such as ozone, cannot be measured using the Li and L2 frequencies. A new satellite remote sensing technique to independently monitor atmospheric water vapor and ozone is under development. It will include small satellites with both transmitter and receiver capabilities on each. The frequencies will be located around the 22 and 183 GHz water vapor and the i95 GHz ozone absorption lines. The receivers will also have the capability to observe the Li and L2 GPS frequencies. Simulation studies show that this new active occultation technique has the potential to provide accurate profiles of water vapor and ozone, as well as refractivity, temperature and pressure.
Vision-Based Augmented Reality for Pilot Guidance in Airport Runways and Taxiways

This paper describes our on-going efforts to develop an augmented reality system for enhanced pilot situational awareness in airport runways and taxiways. The system consists of a sensing component based on computer vision and an information component based on high-fidelity graphic model databases. Vision algorithms are used for a variety of guidance and warning tasks. A necessary requirement is for vision algorithms to have a real-time response.