cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use and Perceived Need of Physical Therapy Following Severe Lower-Extremity Trauma

Abstract Castillo RC, MacKenzie EJ, Webb LX, Bosse MJ, Avery J, and the LEAP Study Group. Use and perceived need of physical therapy following severe lower-extremity trauma. Objective To examine the utilization of physical therapy (PT), the level of perceived need for PT, and the proportion of patients with perceived need receiving no PT in a cohort of severe lower-extremity trauma patients treated at level I trauma centers. Design Longitudinal, observational study of severe lower-extremity trauma patients. Patients were interviewed by a research coordinator and examined by an orthopedic surgeon and a physical therapist during initial admission, and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postdischarge. Setting Eight level I trauma centers. Participants Of 601 patients age 18 to 65 enrolled in the parent study over a 40-month period, 550 with unilateral study injuries and followed up at least once over the 2-year study period were included in this analysis. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Patient reported number of PT visits at each follow-up time point, inpatient rehabilitation admissions, and their perceived need for PT. Perceived need for PT was also assessed by an orthopedic surgeon and a physical therapist. Overall, concordance between physician, physical therapist, and patient's assessment of need for PT was low, with κ statistics ranging between .12 and .41. Results Amputation and reconstruction patients used comparable amounts of PT services. Regardless of the criteria used to evaluate need, the proportion of patients with perceived need for PT receiving no PT services increased over the course of the follow-up, from 23% to 46% at first follow-up to over 68% by 2 years. Factors associated with increased risk for having a perceived need but receiving no therapy included lack of private insurance, pain, lower levels of education, lower fitness levels at time of injury, being a smoker, and having severe muscle injury. Conclusions The results suggest a significant proportion of patients in the severe lower-extremity trauma population have perceived need for PT, yet receive no PT services.
Transverse intra-arc rifting: Palaeogene Wagwater Belt, Jamaica

Rifts in Jamaica are investigated and are interpreted as 'transverse intra-arc' rifts based on their apparent relationship to the strike of the enclosing palaeo-arc. The transverse intra-arc rifts are theorized to be common features of small arc-fringed plates that react to collision by strike-slip motion toward an open oceanic face. Intra-arc rifts are of significant tectonic interest, and the present intra-arc rift was formed during an abrupt transition from convergent to strike-slip tectonics.
The Appropriate Role of Bank Regulation

The appropriate role of bank regulation, or whether banks should be regulated at all, has long been a matter of controversy. Banks are the oldest and largest financial institution. Their liabilities serve as money, which distinguishes them from non-financial firms, for which government regulation is generally less pervasive and more limited. We believe that most of the arguments that are frequently used to support special regulation for banks are not supported by either theory or empirical evidence. We also argue that banks should be regulated prudentially only to reduce the negative externalities resulting from government-imposed deposit insurance. Banks are believed to be inherently unstable because they are structurally fragile. The perceived fragility stems from their maintaining low ratios of cash reserves to assets (fractional reserves) and capital to assets (high leverage) relative to their high short-term debt. But such fragility does not imply instability if depositors and bankers are aware of it and act appropriately. This appears to have been the case in most countries. In the United States, the bank failure rate was lower than that for non-banks from I 865 until the establishment in I9I3 of the Federal Reserve System. This occurred despite restrictions that prevented banks from diversifying geographically through branching. Ironically, the failure rate increased only after the establishment of a central bank that was intended to reduce the severity of bank crises. Before the United States had a central bank, banks themselves established private clearing houses, resembling the private central banks in other countries, to provide both prudential supervision and prevent abrupt local declines in the assets that served as bank reserves and money. Nevertheless, we take as given not only a government central bank, but also government-operated deposit insurance. Thus, we do not disagree greatly with Dowd's defence of free or laissez faire banking, but focus instead on how banks should be regulated in an existing non-laissez faire structure to achieve the best of both worlds.
Study of a recently proposed iron-sulfuric acid cholesterol method.

Abstract Precision and specificity of the Babson iron-sulfuric acid cholesterol procedure can be improved by carrying out the reaction isothermally and by extracting cholesterol from sera in the presence of the silver salt of an ion exchange resin. The proposed modification is free of interference from bilirubin, tryptophan, bromide, hemoglobin, and polyunsaturated fatty acid residues. Esters are underestimated; therefore a pooled serum, whose cholesterol content is independently determined by a rigorous assay procedure, is recommended for daily standardization.
Unfreezing the robot: Navigation in dense, interacting crowds

In this paper, we study the safe navigation of a mobile robot through crowds of dynamic agents with uncertain trajectories. Existing algorithms suffer from the “freezing robot” problem: once the environment surpasses a certain level of complexity, the planner decides that all forward paths are unsafe, and the robot freezes in place (or performs unnecessary maneuvers) to avoid collisions. Since a feasible path typically exists, this behavior is suboptimal. Existing approaches have focused on reducing the predictive uncertainty for individual agents by employing more informed models or heuristically limiting the predictive covariance to prevent this overcautious behavior. In this work, we demonstrate that both the individual prediction and the predictive uncertainty have little to do with the frozen robot problem. Our key insight is that dynamic agents solve the frozen robot problem by engaging in “joint collision avoidance”: They cooperatively make room to create feasible trajectories. We develop IGP, a nonparametric statistical model based on dependent output Gaussian processes that can estimate crowd interaction from data. Our model naturally captures the non-Markov nature of agent trajectories, as well as their goal-driven navigation. We then show how planning in this model can be efficiently implemented using particle based inference. Lastly, we evaluate our model on a dataset of pedestrians entering and leaving a building, first comparing the model with actual pedestrians, and find that the algorithm either outperforms human pedestrians or performs very similarly to the pedestrians. We also present an experiment where a covariance reduction method results in highly overcautious behavior, while our model performs desirably.
An electron microscopic study of the photochemical cross-linking of DNA in guinea pig epidermis by psoralen derivatives.

Abstract Albino guinea pigs were treated with psoralen derivatives plus 320–400 nm ultraviolet radiation, and DNA was extracted from their epidermis. The DNA was assayed for the presence of interstrand cross-links by standard denaturation-renaturation assays and by a new technique, electron microscopy of the DNA under totally denaturing conditions. The latter method allows individual cross-links to be directly observed and counted. When either 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen or 8-methoxypsoralen was applied topically to the skin (8–20 μg/cm 2 ) or administered orally (10–12 mg/kg body weight), followed by exposure to 320–400 nm ultraviolet radiation, most of the epidermal DNA was found to contain a high frequency of cross-links. For example, oral or topical trimethylpsoralen treatment gave an average of one cross-link per 250 nucleotide pairs or about 3 · 10 5 cross-links per guinea pig chromosome. When the dose of either drug was decreased 20-fold to the level used in the clinical treatment of psoriasis, however, no cross-links could be detected in the epidermal DNA. The electron microscopic assay is sensitive enough that we can put an upper limit of 1 cross-link per 10 6 nucleotide pairs (80 cross-links per chromosome) for the low dose studies. The significance of these findings to the understanding of the effectiveness of psoralens in psoriasis therapy is discussed.
Three human alcohol dehydrogenase subunits: cDNA structure and molecular and evolutionary divergence.

Abstract Class I human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) consists of several homo- and heterodimers of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits that are governed by the ADH1, ADH2, and ADH3 loci. We previously cloned a full length of cDNA for the beta subunit, and the complete sequence of 374 amino acid residues was established. cDNAs for the alpha and gamma subunits were cloned and characterized. A human liver cDNA library, constructed in phage lambda gt11, was screened by using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe that was matched to the gamma but not to the beta sequence. Clone pUCADH gamma 21 and clone pUCADH alpha 15L differed from beta cDNA with respect to restriction sites and hybridization with the nucleotide probe. Clone pUCADH gamma 21 contained an insertion of 1.5 kilobase pairs (kbp) and encodes 374 amino acid residues compatible with the reported amino acid sequence of the gamma subunit. Clone pUCADH alpha 15L contained an insertion of 2.4 kbp and included nucleotide sequences that encode 374 amino acid residues for another subunit, the alpha subunit. In addition, this clone contained the sequences that encode the COOH-terminal part of the beta subunit at its extended 5' region. The amino acid sequences and coding regions of the cDNAs of the three subunits are very similar (approximately 93-95% identity). A high degree of resemblance is observed also in their 3' noncoding regions. However, distinctive differences exist in the vicinity of the Zn-binding cysteine residue at position 46--i.e., Cys-Gly-Thr in the alpha, Cys-Arg-Thr in the wild-type beta 1, Cys-His-Thr in the Oriental-type beta 2, and Cys-Arg-Ser in the gamma, reflecting the differences in their kinetic properties. Based on the cDNA sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences of the three subunits, their structural and evolutionary relationships are discussed.
Anthologizing the Atlantic Slave Trade Literature

The ever-prolific Jeremy Black has assembled these four volumes of eighty five photo-reproduced articles in English. Ashgate, of course, specializes in this style of print reader and has produced a vast array of topically orga nized collections, supplementing the growing availability of at least some of the same materials in digital formats. (Readers of this journal will recall that more than ten years ago Patrick Manning published a similarly formatted collection centered on Africa, also through Ashgate/Variorum.)1 I have not confirmed Internet access to the entire collection, but scanning the sites from which the contents of these volumes were taken suggests that nearly all may also be downloaded. The essays included date from 1940 (John Blake on the English trade to the Portuguese empire in West Africa) through 2004 (Guillaume Daudin on profitability in the eighteenth-cen tury French trade). Three were published before 1960, seven in the 1960s, twenty in the 1970s, twenty-four in the 1980s, twenty-two in the 1990s, and eight after 2000. This is not the place to speculate on various publishers' marketing strategies aimed at instructors seeking print collections for col lege and university classes, but presumably commercial as well as academic considerations led to the exclusion of the considerable scholarship in French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and Danish. Black opens each of the century-defined volumes with a short intro ductory essay placing the articles in their historical contexts. In the edi tor's vision, the articles fit into a general conceptual framework focusing on the challenges that Europeans eventually addressed by sailing captives across the Atlantic from Africa to the Americas. Examples include the role of disease in the demographic collapse of Native American populations and the contemporaneous expansion of commercialized serfdom in eastern Europe. Black's thoughtful quest for context thus occasionally reaches well beyond a geographical definition of "the Atlantic"; Araucanian responses in southern Chile, for example, are included as an example of the resis tance Europeans encountered as they sought to seize labor from local pop ulations in the Americas. Volume 1, on the early phases of the trade, thus includes two theoretical essays (Domar and Engerman), classic writings on Africa (Wilks and Fage?but not Meillassoux), half a dozen essays on the Americas, two minor pieces on the English involvement (Blake and Hair), and framing pieces on historiography (Ewald), volume (Lovejoy from the
Resolution complexity of independent sets in random graphs

We consider the problem of providing a resolution proof of the statement that a given graph with n vertices and /spl Delta/n edges does not contain an independent set of size k. For randomly chosen graphs with constant /spl Delta/, we show that such proofs almost surely require size exponential in n. Further, for /spl Delta/=o(n/sup 1/5/) and any k/spl les/n/5, we show that these proofs almost surely require size 2(n/sup /spl delta//) for some global constant /spl delta/>0, even though the largest independent set in graphs with /spl Delta//spl ap/n/sup 1/5/ is much smaller than n/5. Our result shows that almost all instances of the independent set problem are hard for resolution. It also provides a lower bound on the running time of a certain class of search algorithms for finding a largest independent set in a given graph.
Physical Experience Enhances Science Learning

Three laboratory experiments involving students' behavior and brain imaging and one randomized field experiment in a college physics class explored the importance of physical experience in science learning. We reasoned that students' understanding of science concepts such as torque and angular momentum is aided by activation of sensorimotor brain systems that add kinetic detail and meaning to students' thinking. We tested whether physical experience with angular momentum increases involvement of sensorimotor brain systems during students' subsequent reasoning and whether this involvement aids their understanding. The physical experience, a brief exposure to forces associated with angular momentum, significantly improved quiz scores. Moreover, improved performance was explained by activation of sensorimotor brain regions when students later reasoned about angular momentum. This finding specifies a mechanism underlying the value of physical experience in science education and leads the way for classroom practices in which experience with the physical world is an integral part of learning.
Matching Receptome Genes with Their Ligands for Surveying Paracrine/Autocrine Signaling Systems

Sequencing of genomes from diverse organisms facilitates studies on the repertoire of genes involved in intercellular signaling. Extending previous efforts to annotate most human plasma membrane receptors in the Human Plasma Membrane Receptome database, we matched cognate ligands with individual receptors by surveying the published literature. In the updated online database we called "liganded receptome," users can search for individual ligands or receptors to reveal their pairing partners and browse through receptor or ligand families to identify relationships between ligands and receptors in their respective families. Because local signaling systems are prevalent in diverse normal and diseased tissues, we used the liganded receptome knowledgebase to interrogate DNA microarray datasets for genome-wide analyses of potential paracrine/autocrine signaling systems. In addition to viewing ligand-receptor coexpression based on precomputed DNA microarray data, users can submit their own microarray data to perform online genome-wide searches for putative paracrine/autocrine signaling systems. Investigation of transcriptome data based on liganded receptome allows the discovery of paracrine/autocrine signaling for known ligand-receptor pairs in previously uncharacterized tissues or developmental stages. The present annotation of ligand-receptor pairs also identifies orphan receptors and ligands without known interacting partners in select families. Because hormonal ligands within the same family usually interact with paralogous receptors, this genomic approach could also facilitate matching of orphan receptors and ligands. The liganded receptome is accessible at http://receptome.stanford.edu.
Comparison of current sharing among paralleled devices in wire-bonded and planar power modules

The full circuit models of two power modules carrying insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) are obtained using electro-magnetic simulation. Simulation of the full circuit models shows that the planar IGBT module excels the wire-bonded IGBT module in the current sharing capability. The gate inductances and resistances are found to be 60% less in the planar interconnect module than in the wire-bonded module. As a result, the power module with planar interconnects yields faster response, which decreases the switching energy imbalance caused by the time lags. The variation of the threshold voltages has a significant effect on the switching energy distribution among the devices. The IGBT with lower threshold voltage tends to be turned on earlier and turned off later than the IGBT with higher threshold voltage. Therefore, a substantial amount of current will travel through the IGBT with lower threshold voltage during switching transient. The continuous operation of the power modules leads to junction temperature imbalance on the IGBTs. The thermal imbalance can further cause imbalance of energy dissipation. Simulation shows that the planar module layout can decrease the impact of layout impedances, thermal imbalance, and process variations.
A STUDENT COURSE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE

A student course evaluation questionnaire, based upon 50 items and used at 13 different institutions, is described.
Unsere Rockgruppe geht auf Tournee! A Collaborative Writing Project for the Intermediate Level

This is a collaborative writing project that is ideally suited for introducing longer narrative writing to second-year students. It involves collaborative learning, group dynamics and extended narrative writing. In the Rockgruppe-Semesterprojekt, groups of students form fictional rock bands, develop tour itineraries through the German-speaking countries, and write competing narrative descriptions of their tour. These narratives undergo a multi-tiered editorial process and form the basis of group presentations. Completing the Rockgruppe project facilitates student progress in the language-learning standards of communication, cultures and connections. It also always proves to be a great deal of fun.
Dimension Reduction via Unsupervised Learning Yields Significant Computational Improvements for Support Vector Machine Based Protein Family Classification

Reducing the dimension of vectors used in training support vector machines (SVMs) results in a proportional speedup in training time. For large-scale problems this can make the difference between tractable and intractable training tasks. However, it is critical that classifiers trained on reduced datasets perform as reliably as their counterparts trained on high-dimensional data. We assessed principal component analysis (PCA) and sequential project pursuit (SPP) as dimension reduction strategies in the biology application of classifying proteins into well-defined functional dasiafamiliespsila (SVM-based protein family classification) by their impact on run-time, sensitivity and selectivity. Homology vectors of 4352 elements were reduced to approximately 2% of the original data size using PCA and SPP without significantly affecting accuracy, while leading to approximately a 28-fold speedup in run-time.
maximization, marriage and residence among the So1

In this article, the economic ramifications of brideprice exchange and postnuptial residence are examined for the So of northeastern Uganda. Aspects of ecology and social organization are presented and a complete description of So marriage practices is offered. A number of specific deductive hypotheses relating economic deprivation to economizing behavior are statistically tested. Allocation of resources to brideprice is seen as only one alternative use of livestock. As resources become more scarce, the So become more concerned with proximal payoffs and thus shift the direction of allocation. Choice of residence is shown to be an important locus of maximization decisioning. Finally, two general deductive hypotheses, suggested by the So data, are generated from maximization theory and offered for testing in other field situations.
A film-cooling correlation for shaped holes on a flat-plate surface

A common method of optimizing coolant performance in gas turbine engines is through the use of shaped film-cooling holes. Despite widespread use of shaped holes, existing correlations for predicting performance are limited to narrow ranges of parameters. This study extends the prediction capability for shaped holes through the development of a physics-based empirical correlation for predicting laterally-averaged film-cooling effectiveness on a flat plate downstream of a row of shaped film-cooling holes. Existing data was used to determine the physical relationship between film-cooling effectiveness and several parameters, including; blowing ratio, hole coverage ratio, area ratio, and hole spacing. Those relationships were then incorporated into the skeleton form of an empirical correlation, using results from the literature to determine coefficients for the correlation. Predictions from the current correlation, as well as existing shaped hole correlations and a cylindrical hole correlation were compared to the existing experimental data. Results show that the current physics-based correlation yields a significant improvement in predictive capability, by expanding the valid parameter range and improving agreement with experimental data. Particularly significant is the inclusion of higher blowing ratio conditions (up to M = 2.5) into the current correlation, whereas the existing correlations worked adequately only at lower blowing ratios (M ≈ 0.5).Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Plasma Renin Activity in Hypertensive and Hypotensive Turkeys

Abstract Plasma renin activity (PRA) and Angiotensin I values were determined in hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys. In this study, PRA and/or Angiotensin I values were not influenced by body weight or blood pressure. The PRA of the hypertensive turkeys (.227 ng/ml/hr) was not significantly different from the hypotensive turkeys (.216 ng/ml/hr). Also, the Angiotensin I values of .225 and .213 ng/ml in the hypertensive and hypotensive lines, respectively, were not different. There were no significant correlations between body weight, blood pressure, PRA, and/or Angiotensin I.
Usefulness of P-wave morphology during submaximal treadmill exercise to predict coronary artery disease

Standard electrocardiographic criteria for exercise testing require near maximal exertion and fail to detect ischemia in the presence of previous infarction or conduction or repolarization abnormalities, in women, or in the presence of certain drugs. Changes in P-wave morphology have been suggested as having diagnostic utility; however, no specific criteria exist, and it is not clear which changes are most useful. This investigation evaluated the ability to detect the presence of coronary artery disease by examining changes in P-wave morphology during exercise. A group of 123 consecutive patients underwent maximum (symptom-limited) exercise nuclear stress tests. The electrocardiograms at rest, 2 minutes of exercise, 50% of maximum exercise time, maximum exercise, and 3 minutes of recovery were analyzed for the duration of the P wave in lead II, the duration of the terminal negative component of the P wave in lead V1, the amplitude of the terminal negative component of the P wave in lead V1, and the duration of the P wave in lead V5. These variables were then analyzed for their relation to the presence of perfusion defects. Of all the P-wave criteria tested, a change in amplitude of the negative component of the P wave in lead V1 from at rest to 50% of maximum exercise time of <0.025 mV was the most predictive of coronary artery disease.
The Relationship of Weather Salience with the Perceptions and Uses of Weather Information in a Nationwide Sample of the United States

AbstractThe authors used data from a sample of 1465 adults living in the United States to perform a confirmatory factor analysis on the Weather Salience Questionnaire (WxSQ), a 29-item instrument designed to measure the ways in which weather is psychologically significant for people. The original measurement model of the WxSQ was confirmed in the present sample. Additional work also was performed to create a WxSQ short form consisting of seven items. The authors then examined the relationship of weather salience with the respondents’ climate zones of residence and several other weather-related attitudes and behaviors that were assessed in the national sample. People residing in continental and temperate climates expressed significantly more weather salience than those living in dry climates. Further, weather salience was significantly and positively related to the following: 1) the frequency with which people sought weather information and forecasts, 2) the frequency of seeking weather information during ...
Developing Leaders in the Real World

Leatt and Porter present an excellent and timely review of the current leadership challenge in the field of healthcare administration. Their case is assembled through a review of relevant management literature and an adept summarization of current thinking and contemporary needs in the leadership zone of healthcare organizations. This commentator views the authors' thesis through the filters of a 30-year career as a healthcare administration practitioner and educator, the last 20 of which have been as a chief executive officer and concurrent professorial appointee at four universities in the United States. A leadership development paradigm at the UAB Health System is used to demonstrate an application of the lead authors' proposed, career-long development process encompassing graduate, postgraduate, mid-career and senior-executive levels.
On the complex Kernel-based adaptive filter

A recent paper titled “The Complex Gaussian Kernel LMS Algorithm” published by Bouboulis and Theodoridis introduced a complex version of the Gaussian kernel LMS (KLMS) algorithm. In this paper, we extend the concepts of complex and complexified RKHS spaces to develop suitable complex Kernel based adaptive algorithms using the Affine projection algorithm (KAPA) method. We apply the complex Gaussian kernel here, as well as develop APA-based algorithms using other suitable complex kernels. We evaluate the performance of the new algorithms using practical simulation applications. The complex KAPA algorithms are seen to outperform their LMS-based counterparts, particularly for applications where convergence rate is important.
Control of nested systems

This paper presents an input-output point of view for the problem of optimal command following and disturbance rejection of systems which are comprised of subsystems that affect each other in a nested manner. In such a nested manner, a subsystem affects the subsystems that are exterior to it but not the subsystems that are interior to it. By using model matching methods the problem is shown to be convex. Techniques to solve this convex yet non-standard problem are discussed.
Cellular response to well‐characterized calcium phosphate coatings and titanium surfaces in vitro

SUMMARY Surface characterization and bulk characterization of implant materials are crucial in determining bio- logic responses. This study showed that the ion-beam sputtering process could produce a hydroxyapatite- type coating with some chemical and structural alter- ations. The Ti surfaces were shown to be predomi- nantly amorphous TiO,. The in vitro cell culture study showed no significant differences in cell number for the Ti and Ca-P surfaces. The initial percentage of protein retention within cell layers was significantly lower for cells on Ca-P surfaces as compared with cells in Ti surfaces; this was possibly due to initial difference between TiO, and Ca-P surfaces. How- ever, after only 3 days of incubation, no significant difference in percent protein was observed for the Ti and Ca-P surfaces. Thus, Ca-P compounds deposited on the Ti surfaces during the immersion study re- sulted in surface chemistry more similar to the Ca-P coatings than to the original TiO, surface.
Effects of Age and Gender on the Cardiovascular Responses to Isoproterenol

We studied the effectsofage and gender on cardiovascular responses tol3-adrenergic stimulation with the useoftwo­ dimensionalechocardiographyin 16 young (aged20-31) and 20 older(aged60-75) healthyindividuals. Following admin­ istrationofatropine, each subject wasgiven an infusionofisoproterenolat incremental dosesfrom0.010 to 0.030p.gkg:' min-I. The slopesofthe fractionalshortening-end-systolicwallstress(FS-u es) relationships weresteeperin the young men (-0.87 ± 0.28, n = 8) comparedto the oldermen(-0.41 ± 0.13, n = 10), and in the young women(-0.55 ± 0.14, n = 8) com­ pared to the older women(-0.38 ± 0.13, n =10). Furthermore, the magnitudeofthe age-associateddifferences in these slopeswaslargerin the men (old vsyoung) than in the women (old vsyoung) which, in the absence ofchanges in preload, suggests a greater decline in the contractile response to isoproterenol with advancing age in men compared to women. Furthermore, the men exhibiteda greaterattenuationofchronotropic responsetoisoproterenolthan did the women. These observationssuggest that gender plays a significant role in the age-associateddecline in inotropic and chronotropic re­ sponsesto l3-adrenergic stimulation, with men exhibitinga greaterdeclinewithaging than women.
Histoplasma capsulatum proteome response to decreased iron availability

Background A fundamental pathogenic feature of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum is its ability to evade innate and adaptive immune defenses. Once ingested by macrophages the organism is faced with several hostile environmental conditions including iron limitation. H. capsulatum can establish a persistent state within the macrophage. A gap in knowledge exists because the identities and number of proteins regulated by the organism under host conditions has yet to be defined. Lack of such knowledge is an important problem because until these proteins are identified it is unlikely that they can be targeted as new and innovative treatment for histoplasmosis.
Removal of Cdk inhibitors through both sequestration and downregulation in zearalenone-treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Treatment of MCF 7 cells with the fungal estrogen zearalenone induced cyclin E-associated kinase activity transiently within 9-12 h; total cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2 activity was elevated for 24 h and beyond. This increased cyclin E/Cdk2 activity was associated with sequestration of the Cdk inhibitor p27 Cdk inhibitor 1 B (p27 K I P 1 ) by newly formed cyclin D1/Cdk4 complexes and with downregulation of p27 K I P 1 expression. The activation of cyclin A/ Cdk2 activity corresponded with virtual elimination of p27 K I P 1 The activity of cyclin E/Cdk2 complexes from zearalenone-treated lysates was inhibited in vitro by recombinant p27 K I P 1 , and this inhibition was relieved by the addition of recombinant cyclin D1/Cdk4 complexes. Thus, sequestration of p27 K I P 1 by cyclin D1/Cdk4 resulted in activation of Cdk2 in vitro. Cdk inhibitory activity in lysates of zearalenone-treated cells was depleted by anti-p27 K I P 1 and anti-Cdc2 interacting protein (p21 C I P 1 ) antibodies. Overexpression of the Cdk4/6-specific Cdk inhibitor of Cdk4 p16 I N K 4 A was associated with increased association of p27 K I P 1 with Cdk2, concomitant with disruption of D cyclin/ Cdk4 complexes. The proteasome inhibitor 2-leu-leu-leu-H aldehyde (MG-132) was relatively ineffective in inhibiting the initial, sequestration-dependent activation of cyclin E/Cdk2 yet was as effective as p16 I N K 4 A in inhibiting activation of cyclin A/Cdk2 later in G 1 . Downregulation of p27 K I P 1 proceeded in p16 I N K 4 A -expressing cells after zearalenone treatment, and G 1 arrest afforded by p16 I N K 4 A expression was reversible upon prolonged treatment with zearalenone. Zearalenone treatment of MCF-7 cells elicited expression of F-box protein S phase kinase-associated protein 2 (p45 S K P 2 ), a substrate-specific component of the ubiquitin-ligase complex that targets p27 K I P 1 for degradation in the proteasome. These studies suggest that both sequestration of Cdk inhibitors by cyclin D1/Cdk4 complexes and downregulation of p27 K I P 1 play major roles in the induction of Cdk2 activity and S phase entry elicited by estrogens in MCF-7 cells.
The San Miguel Lava Flow, Dona Ana County, New Mexico

The San Miguel lava flow is a porphyritic olivine basalt erupted from a small cinder cone on the eastern edge of the La Mesa surface in south-central New Mexico 10 miles south of Las Cruces. The elongate pattern of the flow and its present position indicate extrusion of the flow followed a pre-existing drainage channel into the Rio Grande Valley. Texturally the flow is divisible into highly vesicular and scoriacious top and bottom zones with a more dense, columnar interior. The phenocryst mineralogy, consisting of approximately equal amounts of plagioclase and olivine with subordinate pyroxene, suggests correlation with one of the flows from nearby Black Mountain.
Hemorrhage and Transfusions in the Surgical Patient

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of intraoperative deaths. Many cardiovascular and hepatobiliary procedures result in massive hemorrhage and postpartum hemorrhage events in labor and delivery place the patient at a high risk for mortality. Gastrointestinal bleeding from diverticulosis, varices, and ulcer disease can result in significant blood loss requiring massive transfusion and resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. Timely and effective transfusion of blood products is of critical in these scenarios. The frequency in which blood component products are transfused in surgical patients begs for a greater understanding of them. The aim of this chapter is to provide clinicians with a discussion of the current literature on the various blood component products, their indications, and unique hemostatic conditions in the surgical patient. While the majority of data concerning optimal management of acquired coagulopathy and hemorrhagic shock resuscitation is based on trauma patients, many of the principles can and should be applied to the surgical patient (or likely any patient) with profound hemorrhage.
The New York State Local Record Program

getting into my discussion of the New York State BEFORE local record program I should like to speak briefly about the field of government it operates in and the background of the program. The local record program operated under the commissioner of education is merely one of several public record programs in New York State. There is a State record program under the director of the division of the budget in the Executive Department that handles the records of State departments and agencies; a court record program that operates, at least for the purpose of disposing of valueless court records, under the appellate division of the State supreme court; and a New York City record program, under the Board of Estimates and certain city officials, that handles the records of New York City and the five counties within it. I mention these other programs merely to show the record-program framework into which the local record program fits. The local record program, as the term implies, deals with the records in the various local units of government outside of the city of New York and its five counties. These local units of government, between five and six thousand in number, form a series of complex patterns of government, for the most part independent of each other in operation. I realize that their number will mean little to anyone not familiar with New York State, but the program is concerned with the records in nearly 1,600 counties, cities, towns (or townships) and villages, and several thousand school and special districts. As you can see, our field of operation is not exactly restricted. But much more to the point in assessing the task we face are the population and age of these local units of government, for population and age have an important bearing on their records.
Perceptions of veterinary admissions committee members of undergraduate credits earned from community colleges or online compared to traditional 4-year institutions.

Veterinary admission committees are asked to create and implement a fair, reliable, and valid system to select the candidates most likely to succeed in veterinary school from a large pool of applicants. Although numerous studies have explored grade point average (GPA) as a predictive value of later academic success, there has been little attention paid to how and where an applicant acquires his/her undergraduate coursework. Quality of academic program is an important component of applicant files, and it is suggested that the source of a candidate’s coursework might influence admissions committee decisions, perhaps even outside of the committee’s immediate awareness. Options for undergraduate education include taking classes at a traditional four-year institution, a community college, or online. This study provides an overview of the current state of online courses and community colleges in the US as a foundation to explore the views of veterinary admissions committee members pertaining to coursework completed at traditional residential 4-year schools or at community colleges and whether they are delivered on campus or online (at either type of institution). Survey participants reported a pattern of preference for traditional four-year residential coursework compared to online or community college courses. These results are interesting given the exponential growth of students taking online courses and data showing community colleges are providing a successful gateway to obtaining a four-year degree. This also points to the need for admission committees to discuss potential biases since the information about type of school and/or course may not be consistently available for all applicants. Finally, at a time when admitting a diverse class of students is a goal of many programs, it is of special concern that there are potential biases against courses taken online or from community colleges - venues that tend to draw a more diverse population than traditional 4-year universities.
First-ever Reported Obstructing Ureteral Nephrogenic Adenoma in a Child and Subsequent Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Ileal Ureter

To report the first known case of a completely intracorporeal robotic-assisted laparoscopic ileal ureter in the pediatric population, a 12-year-old boy with near-complete replacement of his right ureter with nephrogenic adenoma and resulting debilitating renal colic. Intracorporeal robotic-assisted laparoscopic ileal ureter was performed without complication. A detailed description of our surgical technique is included. The patient had improvement in hydronephrosis and complete resolution of renal colic symptoms with minimal incisional length compared to traditional laparotomy. Intracorporeal robotic-assisted laparoscopic ileal ureter provides the benefits of minimally invasive surgery when complete ureteral replacement is needed.
Indigenous Women’s Resilience and Resistance to Historical Oppression: A Case Example From The United States

This article broadens awareness about the resilience of indigenous women from one southeastern tribe in the United States and critically analyzes the societal constraints that have impaired their s...
Effects of milk intake on forage intake and performance of suckling range calves

A study to examine the relationships between milk intake, forage intake, and performance of Hereford-Angus suckling range calves was conducted during July, August, and September of 1984 and 1985. Twenty calves were used each year. The study was conducted at the Red Bluff Research Ranch located 56 km west of Bozeman, Montana. Average daily gain, milk intake (MI), forage digestibility, and fecal output (FO) were measured at 28-d intervals, beginning when the average calf age was 66 +/- 4 d. Milk intake was estimated using weigh-suckle-weigh techniques. Total fecal collections were used to measure FO. Forage digestibility and rates of passage were determined using nylon bag in situ techniques and external markers in ruminally cannulated calves of the same age. Fecal output by calves increased as body weight and age increased. Milk intake was higher (P less than .05) in 1985 than in 1984, but FO was higher (P less than .01) in 1984 than in 1985. Fecal output by calves was negatively correlated to MI in July (r = -.62; P less than .05) and August (r = -.56; P less than .05). No significant correlations were detected between MI and ADG (P greater than .10). Forage intake estimates were derived from FO, rate of passage, and in situ digestibility values. During July, calves consumed .3 kg more forage for each kilogram of reduction in fluid MI (P less than .05). In both August and September, calves consumed .6 kg more forage for each kilogram of reduction in fluid MI (P less than .10). Calves maintained similar digestible energy (DE) intake both years, although the source of DE varied.
Prevalence, Severity, Exposures, and Treatment Patterns of Tinnitus in the United States

Importance Tinnitus is a common problem for millions of individuals and can cause substantial negative effects on their quality of life. A large epidemiologic study of tinnitus and its management patterns in the US adult population is lacking. Objectives To quantify the epidemiologic features and effect of tinnitus and to analyze the management of tinnitus in the United States relative to the 2014 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO-HNSF) clinical practice guidelines. Design, Methods, and Participants This cross-sectional analysis of the representative 2007 National Health Interview Survey (raw data, 75 764 respondents) identified a weighted national sample of adults (age, ≥18 years) who reported tinnitus in the preceding 12 months. Data were collected in November 2014 at the University of California, Irvine, and Harvard Medical School. Main Outcomes and Measures In addition to quantifying prevalence, severity, duration, and regularity of tinnitus, specific data regarding noise exposure and tinnitus management patterns during health care visits were analyzed. Results Among an estimated (SE) 222.1 (3.4) million US adults, 21.4 (3.4) million (9.6% [0.3%]) experienced tinnitus in the past 12 months. Among those who reported tinnitus, 27% had symptoms for longer than 15 years, and 36% had nearly constant symptoms. Higher rates of tinnitus were reported in those with consistent exposure to loud noises at work (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.9-3.7) and during recreational time (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 2.3-2.9). Years of work-related noise exposure correlated with increasing prevalence of tinnitus ( r = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.10-0.16). In terms of subjective severity, 7.2% reported their tinnitus as a big or a very big problem compared with 41.6% who reported it as a small problem. Only 49.4% had discussed their tinnitus with a physician, and medications were the most frequently discussed recommendation (45.4%). Other interventions, such as hearing aids (9.2%), wearable (2.6%) and nonwearable (2.3%) masking devices, and cognitive behavioral therapy (0.2%), were less frequently discussed. Conclusions and Relevance The prevalence of tinnitus in the United States is approximately 1 in 10 adults. Durations of occupational and leisure time noise exposures correlated with rates of tinnitus and are likely targetable risk factors. Management options suggested by the recently published AAO-HNSF guidelines were followed infrequently.
The Perils of Rationalism in American Urban Policy

A strong and enduring commitment to liberalism marks much of urban policy discourse in the United States. Although this Liberal Urban Policy compares favorably with its neoliberal and neoconservati...
Identifying perceptually indistinguishable objects

This dissertation reports on an investigation into how Perceptually Indistinguishable Objects (PIOs) can be identified. An experiment with 68 human participants was performed to investigate how and how well people identify PIOs. The experiment was designed as a protocol analysis experiment. Participants performed a video-game like task of counting or following, both of which entail identifying objects. The analysis of this experiment shows that the human participants had a marked preference for certain situations that they believed helped them identify the PIOs more readily. Participants would try, as much as possible, to keep themselves in these situations. A cognitively plausible computational model of identifying PIOs is developed from the results of the human subjects experiment. The cues and strategies that participants in the experiment went out of their way to use are examined and treated separately. Some participant-preferred strategies always lead to the correct answer/identification when the participant's background beliefs are correct. These strategies are generally perceptually based and are called base cases. The other set of strategies that the participants tried to use are not quite as perceptually based and are called intermediate cases. These strategies, when correctly used, lead to the right answer a great deal of the time, but are slightly more prone to failure than the base cases. The knowledge needed for the general case of identifying PIOs is also discussed and an algorithm for the model is included. Finally, a new simulated cognitive robot is described that includes an implementation of the computational model of identifying PIOs. The robot was tested in the same environment that the human participants used for the experiments and on the same tasks. The mistakes that the robot made fell into a subset of the mistakes that the human participants made in the experiment.