cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman and infrared spectra, conformational analysis,ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment of 3-bromopropionitrile

The Raman (3200—10 cm−1) and infrared (3100—400 cm−1) spectra were recorded for liquid and solid 3-bromopropionitrile, BrCH2CH2CN. These data are interpreted on the basis that the molecule exists as a mixture of trans (Br atom oriented trans to the CN group) and gauche conformers in the liquid phase with the gauche form the more stable rotamer and the only conformer in the solid. From variable-temperature Raman studies of the liquid, the enthalpy difference between conformers was determined to be 434 ± 19 cm−1 [(1.24 ± 0.05 kcal mol−1) (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ)]. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both conformers. Ab initio calculations were performed employing the RHF/LANL1DZ basis set to obtain the structural parameters, barriers to internal rotation, the fundamental wavenumbers for both conformers and the infrared and Raman intensities. The calculated values are compared with the corresponding experimental quantities. These results are discussed and compared with similar quantities obtained for some related molecules.
Structure determination of metastable cobalt films.

The bulk atomic structure of cobalt films deposited on GaAs has been unequivocally determined to be the body-centered-cubic metastable phase. A comparison of the conversion-electron x-ray-absorption fine structure of Co films deposited on GaAs(110) with similar measurements for the stable phases of hcp Co, fcc Cu, and bcc Fe establishes the Co bcc phase with a lattice constant of 2.82\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 A\r{}. Furthermore, this first application of the technique to single-crystal epitaxial films shows it to be a most powerful procedure for establishing their crystal structure.
Neurologic deficit following lateral lumbar interbody fusion

Purpose Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is a minimally invasive technique that has gained growing interest in recent years. We performed a retrospective review of the medical records and operative reports of patients undergoing LLIF between March 2006 and December 2009. We seek to identify the incidence and nature of neurological deficits following LLIF.
1299 SOMATOMEDIN-C (SM-C) IN THE NEONATE

The somatomedins (SM) are a group of peptide hormones which are believed to mediate at least some of growth hormone's anabolic effects. While the role of SM in postnatal growth is well established, its function in prenatal and early postnatal growth is not clear and studies on SM levels in the neonatal period have given conflicting results. Part of the confusion is due to the fact that the assays employed are relatively nonspecific for the different SMs. We have used a highly specific immunoassay to measure SM-C levels in 18 healthy full term neonates (birth weight 2750-3825 gm). SM-C was measured on cord blood (CB) and on samples obtained on days 1,2,3,4,5 and 14. Relative to normal adult serum (1 μ/ml) the CB levels were low (0.27 ± .21) and fell to almost undetectable levels within the first day (< 0.1). SM-C levels remained low through day 4 but began to rise on the 5th day (.19 ± .09). By day 14 the levels were above those seen in cord serum (0.47 ± .28). The low SM-C levels observed in early postnatal life, a period when growth hormone levels are elevated, suggests a relative insensitivity of the neonate to the somatogenic effects of growth hormone.
Effects of dechlorinated seawater on fish behavior

Abstract Behavioral responses to chemically dechlorinated seawater were studied using two species of marine fish associated with power plant discharge areas off Southern California. Opaleye ( Girella nigricans ) neither avoided nor were attracted to chlorinated seawater containing 0·1 mg/liter total residual oxidants (TRO) which had been dechlorinated using equimolar or excess sodium thiosulfate. Blue-banded goby ( Lythrypnus dalli ) did not avoid dechlorinated seawater initially containing 0·1 or 0·9–1·0 mg/liter TRO. Previously it has been shown that opaleye avoided chlorinated seawater with oxidant concentrations of 0·1 mg/liter and blue-banded gobies avoided 0·9–1·0 mg/liter TRO. Elimination of chlorine-produced oxidants by thiosulphate dechlorination resulted in 100% survival in both species. The toxicological implications of exposure to dechlorinated seawater are discussed.
Two Pathways to NF-κB

NF-kappaB is a transcription factor that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity. Recently, a noncanonical pathway for NF-kappaB activation has emerged. Four recent papers provide physiological roles for this pathway and expand our understanding of lymphoid development and organogenesis with potential applications in the treatment of autoimmune disease.
Acidic domains around nucleic acids.

The hydrogen ion concentration in the vicinity of DNA was mapped out within the Poisson-Boltzmann approximation. Experimental conditions were modeled by assuming Na-DNA to be solvated in a buffer solution containing 45 mM Tris and 3 mM Mg cations at pH 7.5. Three regions of high H+ concentration (greater than 10 microM) are predicted: one throughout the minor groove of DNA and two localized in the major groove near N7 of guanine and C5 of cytosine for a G.C base pair. These acidic domains correlate well with the observed covalent binding sites of benzo[a]pyrene epoxide (N2 of guanine) and of aflatoxin B1 epoxide (N7 of guanine), chemical carcinogens that presumably undergo acid catalysis to form highly reactive carbocations that ultimately bind to DNA. It is suggested that these regions of high H+ concentration may also be of concern in understanding interactions involving proteins and noncarcinogenic molecules with or near nucleic acids.
The Allocation of Police Protection By Income Class

Almost a decade ago Aaron Director proposed a law of public expenditures: Public expenditures are made for the primary benefit of the middle classes, and financed with taxes which are borne in considerable part by the poor and the rich.... Fire and police activities, for example, are clearly middle-income oriented to the extent that they protect property, and it would be interesting to investigate the extent to which such activities are provided more liberally in middle than in lower income areas of cities.
Measurement and evaluation of acid air pollutants in Chicago using an annular denuder system

The cyclone/annular denuder/filter pack sampling system (ADS) was used to collect and evaluate ambient air pollutants in Chicago. Eighty-one 12-h samples, equally divided into day/night intervals, were collected from April 1990 to March 1991. The chemical species measured were HNO3, HNO2, SO2 and NH3 in the gas phase, and SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, and H+ in the particulate phase. The ADS data were collected simultaneously with PM10 samples. The particulate matter was analysed for elemental composition. These compositions were combined with the ADS observations and subjected to evaluation using a chemical mass balance receptor model (CMB). From the CMB analysis, the sum of the contributions from soil (15%), mobile (14%), incinerator (2%), coal (0.6%), steel (0.3%) and refinery (0.2%) was 32% of the PM10. NO3−, which was not included in the fingerprints, represented an additional 9% of the PM10. Residual SO42− and residual organic carbon, possibly formed in the atmosphere, represented an additional 22 and 20% of the PM10, respectively, leaving only 17% from other unidentified sources. From the standpoint of source contributions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, coal combustion (23%) and refinery emissions (23%) are the major contributors of ambient sulfur (with 49% from unidentified sources). Mobile sources (87%) contributed most of the ambient nitrogen (with only 2% from unidentified sources).
Using a Graph-Based Data Mining System to Perform Web Search

The World Wide Web provides an immense source of information. Accessing information of interest presents a challenge to scientists and analysts, particularly if the desired information is structural in nature. Our goal is to design a structural search engine that uses the hyperlink structure of the Web, in addition to textual information, to search for sites of interest. Our structural search engine, called WebSUBDUE, searches not only for particular words or topics but also for a desired hyperlink structure. Enhanced by WordNet text functions, our search engine retrieves sites corresponding to structures formed by graph-based user queries. We hypothesize that this system can form the heart of a structural query engine, and demonstrate the approach on a number of structural web queries.
Tumour Necrosis Factor α Causes Retention of Activated Glucocorticoid Receptor within the Cytoplasm of A549 Cells

Abstract Glucocorticosteroids are the most effective therapy for the suppression of airway inflammation. Classically, ligand binding to the inactive cytosolic receptor (GR) causes a conformational change enabling nuclear translocation of the active GR and alteration in the transcriptional response. We have investigated GR-transcription factor interactions within the cytoplasm where many transcription factors are localized prior to activation. Active DNA binding GR complexes were found within the cytoplasm of human lung epithelial cells (A549). Stimulation by dexamethasone (1μM) caused translocation of active GR into the nucleus and inhibition of RANTES release. Coincubation of cells with dexamethasone and TNFα (1ng/ml) or PMA (0.1μM) prevented RANTES release and the translocation of activated GR to the nucleus without affecting GR levels as detected by western blotting. These results suggest that a major site of pro-inflammatory cytokine action may be within the cytoplasm of steroid-responsive cells acting via prevention of the GR translocation into the nucleus.
The structural organization of mouse metaphase chromosomes

The binding of highly purified anti-nucleoside antibodies to mouse (Mus musculus) metaphase chromosomes was studied by an immunofluorescence technique. The chromosomal DNA was denatured by one of two selective denaturation procedures because these antibodies reacted with single stranded but not native DNA. After ultraviolet irradiation (UV), which produced single stranded regions primarily in AT rich DNA, the binding of antiadenosine (anti-A) produced a pattern of fluorescent bands similar to that produced by quinacrine (Q-bands). Additional foci of bright fluorescence were observed at the centrometric (C-band) regions, which are known to contain AT rich satellite DNA. After photooxidation, which produced single stranded regions in GC rich DNA, the binding of anti-A produced a fluorescent banding pattern similar to the R-banding pattern seen after thermal denaturation and staining with coriphosphine O. After photooxidation, R-band patterns were also obtained with anti-cytidine (anti-C) and anti-5-methylcytidine (anti-M). After either UV irradiation or photooxidation, anti-M, but not anti-C, showed intense binding to the C-band regions of mouse chromosomes. — These findings led to the following conclusions: (1) Antibody banding patterns reflect the presence of a class of AT rich, GC poor DNA in chromosome regions which show bright quinacrine fluorescence and in the regions that contain the AT rich satellite DNA. (2) The alternate, quinacrine dull regions contain a relatively GC rich class of DNA which appears to be more highly methylated than the AT rich DNA in the Q-bright bands, but not the AT rich satellite DNA in the Q-dull C-bands. (3) 5-Methylcytosine residues occur in a sequence of mouse satellite DNA that contains both adjacent pyrimidines and guanine residues. The basic repeating unit of mouse satellite DNA is known to contain the sequence 5′-GAAAAATGA-3′ (Biro et al., 1975). Therefore, assuming the antibodies used could detect single bases in denatured DNA, the methylated sequence in mouse satellite DNA \({\text{could be }}\begin{array}{*{20}c} {5\prime - {\text{A M G AAAAA T GA - 3}}\prime } \\ {3\prime - {\text{T G M TTTTT A C T - 5}}\prime } \\ \end{array} {\text{ or }}\begin{array}{*{20}c} {5\prime - {\text{G AAAAA T G A M G AA - 3}}\prime } \\ {3\prime - {\text{C T T T T T AC T G M TT - 5}}\prime } \\ \end{array} .\)
Threat of Space Debris

An overview of the threat of space debris to spacecraft operations is presented for both low altitude spacecraft and geosynchronous operations. These two regimes are treated separately by addressing the following four questions. First, what is the magnitude of the current problem? This is assessed for three classes of debris; those which can be observed, small particles which cannot be detected from the ground, and micro particles (e.g., solid rocket motor exhaust). Second, what can change in the future? The only natural mechanism for debris removal, orbit decay, impacts only those particles at the lower altitudes. Some segments of space activity are increasing, notably Shuttle and Ariane, while others (Soviet) will continue at a high level. Additionally, there are other countries such as Japan, India, and China become more active. Additional potential changes in the future could result from ASAT tests, explosions, and collisions. Third, what is the potential damage? The damage to spacecraft depends primarily on two factors: particle size and impact velocity. Different particle sizes are assessed separately for low Earth orbits and geostationary orbits. Fourth, what alternatives are available to enhance survivability? The possibilities for enhancing survivability of a spacecraft program can be grouped into three categories: design alternatives, operations, and programmatics. Additionally, those things which can be done to minimize the growth of debris are discussed.
Symmetric 0–1 matrices with inverses having two distinct values and constant diagonal

Abstract This paper examines 0–1 symmetric matrices for which the inverse of the matrix has all entries of the form ±α for some α and constant diagonal. Several constructions of such matrices are given as well as a strong connection to matrices that are invertible and have all principal submatrices of order n − 2 singular.
Polymorphism and Phase Behaviors of 2-(Phenylamino)nicotinic Acid

The discovery and phase transition studies of four polymorphs of 2-(phenylamino)nicotinic acid are described in this report. The four polymorphs were crystallized from solution under different cond...
Nutrient Control of GLUT1 Processing and Turnover in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation were used to analyze the glucose-dependent regulation of GLUT1 synthesis, processing, and turnover in a murine adipocyte cell line. Metabolically labeled GLUT1 from control cells migrated as a 46-kDa protein, while GLUT1 from cells deprived of glucose for more than 12 h migrated as a 37-kDa protein. On the basis of tunicamycin sensitivity, both GLUT1 species arose from a common protein migrating at 36 kDa. In addition, the rate of synthesis of GLUT1 in control and glucose-deprived cells was similar. In short pulse-chase experiments, we distinguished two species arising from the core GLUT1 protein in control cells; an intermediate and the mature 46-kDa species. In contrast, only one glycoform, the 37-kDa species, arose from the core protein in glucose-deprived cells, which was not further processed in either the presence or absence of glucose. Although 12-18 h of glucose deprivation were required to affect GLUT1 glycosylation, glucose-deprived cells quickly recovered the ability to correctly glycosylate GLUT1 upon the readdition of glucose (t
Tunable Broadband Source of Femtosecond Pulses in the 2 µm Region

A polarization maintaining Er:fiber-based source of femtosecond pulses was constructed using a 250 MHz mode-locked oscillator, fiber amplifier, and highly nonlinear fiber. The system generated 35 fs pulses with power variation of 1.3% on a timescale of days.
Public deliberation as a teaching andragogy: Implications for adult student learning from a doctoral higher education policy course

Public deliberation provides an inclusive and robust mechanism for making shared decisions in community and political settings; however, its application to teaching and learning remains underutilized (McMillan & Harriger, 2007). This manuscript reports on a case study of the use of public deliberation as a teaching andragogy in a doctoral-level course in higher education policy, which showed that public deliberation creates greater ownership of the course, fosters critical thinking and student agency, and implicates taking action.
Partial Differential Equations on Bounded Domains

This chapter treats a standard and important method called separation of variables, or the method of eigenfunction expansions, for solving partial differential equations on bounded spatial domains. This method, due to Fourier in the early 1800s, with contributions by Euler and D’Alembert in the late 1700s, is fundamental. In fact, many textbooks emphasize this method over all others because of its extensive applications in physics and engineering where most problems are on bounded spatial domains. In a nutshell, the essential feature of the method is the replacement of the partial differential by a set of ordinary differential equations which then are solved subject to given initial and boundary conditions. We make the assumption that u can be written as a product of a function of x and a function of t, that is, $$u(x,t)=y(x)g(t).$$ If the method is to be successful, when this product is substituted into the PDE, the PDE separates into two ODEs, one for y(x) and one for g(t). Substitution of the product into the boundary conditions leads to boundary conditions on the function y(x). Therefore, we are faced with a spatial ODE boundary value problem for y(x) and a temporal ODE problem for g(t). When the equations for y(x) and g(t) are solved, we can form a product solution \(u(x,t)=y(x)g(t)\) of the PDE that satisfies the boundary conditions. The boundary value problem we obtain for y(x) is a special type of eigenvalue problem called a Sturm–Liouville problem and it has infinitely many solutions. Consequently, we will have infinitely many product solutions \(u_1(x,t),\, u_2(x,t),\, u_3(x,t),\ldots\) that satisfy the boundary conditions. By superimposing these solutions, or adding them up in a special way, we determine a solution of the PDE and boundary conditions that also satisfies the initial condition(s). In other words, we form the series $$u(x,t)=c_1u_1(x,t)+c_2 u_2(x,t)+c_3 u_3(x,t) +\cdots$$ and choose the constants c n such that the sum satisfies the initial condition(s) as well. The result of the calculation is an infinite series representation of the solution to the the original initial boundary value problem for the PDE.
Serous fluid cytology as a means of detecting hemophagocytosis in Epstein-Barr virus-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

The case of a 22-yr-old male who after a brief febrile episode developed autoimmune hemolytic anemia and right pulmonary infiltrate with pleural effusion is presented. Cytologic examination of the pleural fluid revealed lymphocytosis and hemophagocytosis, primarily of red blood cells (RBCs) by mature histiocytes. There was accompanying splenomegaly, laboratory evidence of hepatic dysfunction, and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Besides profound reduction of red blood cells in the peripheral blood, there was reduction of lymphocytes and platelets. As a neoplastic process was ruled out by bone marrow and pleural biopsies, the disease was considered to be virus-induced and was halted and progressively regressed with early institution of vigorous antiinflammatory therapy with adrenocortical steroids. Upon reviewing the case, examination of the bone marrow biopsy disclosed limited hemophagocytosis of RBCs and lymphocytes by histiocytes and considerable viral cytopathic effect on hematopoietic cells (red and white cell precursors and megakaryocytes), which by appropriate immunolabelling was identified as induced by Epstein-Barr virus. A virus-related acquired hemophagocytic syndrome in its early stages was probably present, yet an undesirable clinical outcome was averted by early institution of vigorous steroid therapy. The need to recognize early hemophagocytic changes in cytologic specimens for early institution of appropriate therapy is emphasized. The possibility of erythrophagocytosis, also manifested during the course of an autoimmune hemolytic process and unrelated to hemophagocytic syndrome, is discussed.
Speaking rate effects on locus equation slope

A locus equation describes a 1st order regression fit to a scatter of vowel steady-state frequency values predicting vowel onset frequency values. Locus equation coefficients are often interpreted as indices of coarticulation. Speaking rate variations with a constant consonant–vowel form are thought to induce changes in the degree of coarticulation. In the current work, the hypothesis that locus slope is a transparent index of coarticulation is examined through the analysis of acoustic samples of large-scale, nearly continuous variations in speaking rate. Following the methodological conventions for locus equation derivation, data pooled across ten vowels yield locus equation slopes that are mostly consistent with the hypothesis that locus equations vary systematically with coarticulation. Comparable analyses between different four-vowel pools reveal variations in the locus slope range and changes in locus slope sensitivity to rate change. Analyses across rate but within vowels are substantially less consistent with the locus hypothesis. Taken together, these findings suggest that the practice of vowel pooling exerts a non-negligible influence on locus outcomes. Results are discussed within the context of articulatory accounts of locus equations and the effects of speaking rate change.
Punctuated equilibrium and species selection: what does it mean for one theory to suggest another?

McMullin (In: Cohen et al. (eds.) Essays in memory of Imre Lakatos, 1976, In: Leplin (ed.) Scientific realism, 1984) argues that fertility is a theoretical virtue. He thinks of a fertile theory as one whose central metaphors suggest new directions for theoretical development, where those new developments help solve previous problems and anomalies. Nolan (Br J Philos Sci 50:265–282, 1999) argues that fertility in this sense is not a distinctive theoretical virtue in its own right. Rather, Nolan thinks that fertility is reducible to predictive novelty. This article explores the relationship between punctuated equilibrium (PE) and species selection in the light of this philosophical debate about the nature of theoretical fertility, or suggestiveness. I argue that (1) PE suggests, but does not imply, that species selection is a mechanism of evolution; (2) the suggestiveness in this case is not reducible to predictive novelty; (3) species selection is not a metaphorical extension of PE; and (4) getting clear about the way in which PE suggests species selection can help solve a puzzle about punctuated equilibrium. The puzzle is that Eldredge and Gould’s initial presentation of PE seems to presuppose a minimalist or extrapolationist view of macroevolution, even though many scientists take PE to challenge that minimalist view.
Wage and performance discrimination: The situation facing hispanics and blacks in major league baseball

Abstract Much has been written about discrimination in professional baseball. Many hypotheses have been formulated and tested to document the existence or nonexistence of discrimination in the major leagues. Surprisingly, research has ignored a criterion put forth by Jim Bouton in his popular and controversial 1970 book, Ball Four. This paper concentrates on the Bouton criterion. This article first discusses the history and background of discriminatory attitudes toward blacks and hispanics in major league baseball. A data base is then established, and the Bouton criterion is used to investigate three types of discrimination that blacks and hispanics can face on the playing field: differential performance requirements, job assignments, and salary treatment. The results are discussed and compared with traditional claims.
Local Joule heating and overall resistance increase in void-containing aluminum interconnects

Local Joule heating and the overall resistance change due to void formation in aluminum interconnects were studied numerically. In the model the TiN/Al/TiN metallization stack is embedded within the SiO2 dielectric. Three-dimensional finite element analyses, taking into account the current shunting into the barrier layer and the coupling between heat conduction and electrical conduction, were carried out. The temperature field and overall resistance increase were obtained for various combinations of void geometry and applied current densities. It was found that the Joule heat produced at the void site is largely conducted away by the Alline, leading to only small temperature gradients along the interconnect. The voiding-induced temperature rise is significant only under very high current densities and when the void is very large. The overall resistance increase is dominated by the void geometry, not by the Joule heat and the inherent high resistivity of the barrier layer material.
EMPIRICAL BAYES METHODS: A TOOL FOR EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the logic and implementation of a class of empirical Bayes (EB) methods, called parametric EB, and show how they can be viewed as a tool for exploratory data analysis in a general sense. The models and techniques that fall under the rubric of EBmethods constitute an important resource for the analysis and understanding of hierarchical data structures. The name EB has been attached to two related but different statistical methods. The term was coined by Robbins who introduced it in the context of developing optimal sequential decision rules within a Bayesian framework. Robbins' interest was in procedures that did not require explicit estimation of the underlying prior distribution. Robin has emphasized EB solutions as convenient approximations to fully Bayesian analyses and the importance of checking the reasonableness of the approximation through examination of the appropriate likelihood function. Braun & Jones explicated EB models for the vectors of regression coefficients that incorporated regression models in the prior.
Social Goals, Aggression, Peer Preference, and Popularity: Longitudinal Links during Middle School.

Social goals are associated with behaviors and adjustment among peers. However, it remains unclear whether goals predict adolescent social development. We examined prospective associations among goals, physical and relational aggression, social preference, and popularity during middle school (N = 384 participants, ages 12-14 years). Agentic (status, power) goals predicted increased relational aggression and communal (closeness) goals predicted decreased physical aggression. Popularity predicted increases and preference predicted decreases in both forms of aggression. Goals moderated longitudinal links between aggression and popularity: Aggression predicted increases in popularity and vice versa for youth with higher agentic goals, and popularity predicted increases in physical aggression for youth with higher agentic and lower communal goals. Implications for research on social goals, aggression, and popularity are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
mRNA and protein expression of nitric oxide synthase and adrenoceptor alpha 1 in young and old rat penile tissues.

Objective To investigate alterations of neuronal structure and the mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and adrenoceptor alpha 1 in young and old rat penile tissues, and assess the importance of these factors in erectile dysfunction (ED) associated with ageing. Materials and methods NOS was determined in the pelvic ganglia of 32 rats using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase staining. Adrenergic neurons were identified by histofluorescence staining. The gene expression for NOS and for adrenoceptor alpha 1 was investigated in corporal tissue by differential reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific oligonucleotide primers. b-actin was used as an internal standard in each tube to quantify the baseline gene expression. Results The following changes occurred in old rats: (i) an increase of lipofuscin and a decrease in both bNOS-containing neurons and fluorescent adrenergic neurons in the pelvic ganglia; (ii) significantly less expression of NOS mRNA than in young rat penile tissues; and (iii) no significant alteration in adrenoreceptor alpha 1 mRNA expression. Conclusions The fewer adrenergic and NOS-containing neurons and neurotransmitters in pelvic ganglia from old rats may explain the enhanced penile smooth muscle tone previously reported in older impotent men. Furthermore, lower mRNA expression of NOS may be associated with structural and functional changes associated with ageing penile tissue.
Thyroid-molt relationships in Harris' sparrow (Zonotrichia querula)

Abstract 1. 1. No significant changes occurred in the mass or several histological features of the thyroid gland between stages of postnuptial molt in Harris' sparrows ( Zonotrichia querula ). 2. 2. However, the colloid content of the thyroid gland was significantly elevated and plasma levels of thyroxine (T 4 ) reduced during heavy molt (stage 2 and/or 3). 3. 3. Variations in plasma T 4 and many histological measures of thyroid activity were significantly related to the molt intensity of individual sparrows. 4. 4. Plasma levels of T 4 could not be ascertained from the histological features of the thyroid gland in molting Harris sparrows.
Quantitative surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy as a probe of adsorption, diffusion, and self-assembly of biopolymers and oligonucleotides at interfaces

In situ surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy methods are used to investigate the process by which thin films form at solid/solutions interfaces. Representative kinetics data are presented for the adsorption of two different types of molecular adsorbates onto gold substrates. The first system involves adsorption of alginic acid, an acidic polysaccharide. The second system involves the adsorption of single-stranded DNA oligomers. Quantitative two-color SPR kinetics data are of sufficiently high quality that distinguishing between various kinetics models is now possible. Commonly used Langmuir adsorption models cannot adequately describe some of the adsorption kinetics data. However, these data are very well described by a model developed to include diffusion at the interface as well as adsorption/description. This more general model is found to work very well for a variety of chemically distinct adsorbate/substrate systems. Analysis of high quality in- situ SPR data can identify distinct differences in kinetics and many be useful for distinguishing between different types of adsorbate/surface interactions. This capability may prove very useful for gaining insight into mechanistic differences in the process by which molecular films at solid/liquid interfaces.
Effects of climatic and edaphic factors on soybean flowers and on the subsequent attractiveness of the plants to honey bees

Abstract Soybean ( Glycine max ) plants were grown at various day and night air temperatures, soil temperatures and soil concentrations of N, P and K, to investigate effects of environmental conditions on flower characteristics, including flower production, color intensity, openness, size, nectar secretion and aroma emanation and on attractiveness of the plants to honey bees. Most flower characteristics increased as day air temperatures at which plants were grown increased from 20 to 24°C and reached maximum values at 28°C before plateauing or declining at 32°C, although flower size and nectar secretion continued to increase as growing temperature increased to 32°C. Of two flower aroma components, emanation of one component increased while the other decreased with increases in growing temperatures. The hypothesis suggested is that the two aroma chemicals may communicate flower-readiness information to pollinators. Flower production and flower openness responded linearly to night air temperature at which plants were grown, attaining highest values at higher (22, 26°C) vs. lower (14, 18°C) temperatures. Flower production also responded linearly to soil temperature, attaining highest values at higher (28–32°C) vs. lower (16–20°C) temperatures. Of two levels each of N (75 and 175 ppm) and P (15 and 30 ppm) tested, the higher level of N stimulated greater flower production, flower size and nectar secretion while the higher level of P decreased the same three flower characteristics. Conversely, lower N and higher P promoted flower openness. Honey bee attractiveness of plants varied positively with flower characteristics such that plants grown at a day air temperature of 28°C, night air temperatures of 22 and 26°C, the higher level of N of the lower level of P were the most attractive to honey bees.
Gene Expression Profiling of Mouse Bladder Inflammatory Responses to LPS, Substance P, and Antigen-Stimulation

Inflammatory bladder disorders such as interstitial cystitis (IC) deserve attention since a major problem of the disease is diagnosis. IC affects millions of women and is characterized by severe pain, increased frequency of micturition, and chronic inflammation. Characterizing the molecular fingerprint (gene profile) of IC will help elucidate the mechanisms involved and suggest further approaches for therapeutic intervention. Therefore, in the present study we used established animal models of cystitis to determine the time course of bladder inflammatory responses to antigen, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and substance P (SP) by morphological analysis and cDNA microarrays. The specific aim of the present study was to compare bladder inflammatory responses to antigen, LPS, and SP by morphological analysis and cDNA microarray profiling to determine whether bladder responses to inflammation elicit a specific universal gene expression response regardless of the stimulating agent. During acute bladder inflammation, there was a predominant infiltrate of polymorphonuclear neutrophils into the bladder. Time-course studies identified early, intermediate, and late genes that were commonly up-regulated by all three stimuli. These genes included: phosphodiesterase 1C, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, iNOS, β-NGF, proenkephalin B and orphanin, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) R, estrogen R, PAI2, and protease inhibitor 17, NFkB p105, c-fos, fos-B, basic transcription factors, and cytoskeleton and motility proteins. Another cluster indicated genes that were commonly down-regulated by all three stimuli and included HSF2, NF-κB p65, ICE, IGF-II and FGF-7, MMP2, MMP14, and presenilin 2. Furthermore, we determined gene profiles that identify the transition between acute and chronic inflammation. During chronic inflammation, the urinary bladder presented a predominance of monocyte/macrophage infiltrate and a concomitant increase in the expression of the following genes: 5-HT 1c, 5-HTR7, β2 adrenergic receptor, c-Fgr, collagen 10α1, mast cell factor, melanocyte-specific gene 2, neural cell adhesion molecule 2, potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, prostaglandin F receptor, and RXR-β cis-11-retinoic acid receptor. We conclude that microarray analysis of genes expressed in the bladder during experimental inflammation may be predictive of outcome. Further characterization of the inflammation-induced gene expression profiles obtained here may identify novel biomarkers and shed light into the etiology of cystitis.
Computation of turbulent pipe and duct flow using third order upwind scheme

The fully developed turbulence in a circular pipe and in a square duct is simulated directly without using turbulence models in the Navier-Stokes equations. The utilized method employs a third-order upwind scheme for the approximation to the nonlinear term and the second-order Adams-Bashforth method for the time derivative in the Navier-Stokes equation. The computational results appear to capture the large-scale turbulent structures at least qualitatively. The significance of the artificial viscosity inherent in the present scheme is discussed.
Binding of diverse peptides to MHC class I molecules inhibits target cell lysis by activated natural killer cells

Abstract Class I MHC expression by target cells inhibits lysis mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, often in an allele-specific fashion. It has been proposed that NK cell inhibitory receptors recognize complexes of class 1 molecules with specific cellular peptides that define self, displacement of which would render cells NK sensitive. By loading the mostly empty Dd class I molecules of cell lines deficient in peptide transporter molecules with synthetic or natural D d -bound peptides, we have demonstrated specific dose-dependent Inhibition of the Ly49 + subset of activated NK cells by class I-peptide complexes. Inhibition occurred with most if not all D d -binding peptides, suggesting that Ly49 + NK cells recognize class I-peptide complexes largely Independently of peptide composition. The results suggest a primary role of NK cells in the destruction of cells that have down-regulated or extinguished cell surface expression of some or all class I molecules.
Matched-Pair Machine Learning

Following an analogous distinction in statistical hypothesis testing and motivated by chemical plume detection in hyperspectral imagery, we investigate machine-learning algorithms where the training set is comprised of matched pairs. We find that even conventional classifiers exhibit improved performance when the input data have a matched-pair structure, and we develop an example of a “dipole” algorithm to directly exploit this structured input. In some scenarios, matched pairs can be generated from independent samples, with the effect of not only doubling the nominal size of the training set, but of providing the matched-pair structure that leads to better learning. The creation of matched pairs from a dataset of interest also permits a kind of transductive learning, which is found for the plume detection problem to exhibit improved performance. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Using a New Interfacial Area Transport Equation to Predict Interfacial Area in Co‐current Jet Mixers

In multiphase operations, such as liquid-liquid or gas-liquid systems, the interfacial area affects the interfluid heat, mass and momentum transfer and ultimately, the overall equipment performance. To better understand the mixing process, we developed a multi-fluid model that predicts interfacial area for kerosene-water mixtures in co-current jet mixers. The model has ensemble-averaged conservation equations for each fluid and includes a transport equation, derived from an overall energy balance, for the interfacial area concentration. In the model, the mechanical energy of the continuous phase creates interfacial area. Comparing the final, one-dimensional model to experimental data proved the model is accurate. Over 93% of the calculated and experimental data obtained from 0.027 inch and 0.041 inch diameter co-current jet mixers compared within 15%. Dans les operations polyphasiques, comme les systemes liquide-liquide ou gaz-liquide, la surface interfaciale influe sur les transferts inter-fluides de chaleur, de matiere et de quantite de mouvement et donc sur la performance globale des equipements. Pour mieux comprendre le procede de melange, nous avons mis au point un modele multifluide qui predit la surface interfaciale pour des melanges kerosene-eau dans des melangeurs cocourants a jets. Le modele comprend des equations de conservation globalement moyennees pour chaque fluide ainsi qu'une equation de transport, etablie a partir d'un bilan energetique global, pour la concentration de la surface interfaciale. Dans ce modele, l'energie mecanique de la phase continue cree la surface interfaciale. La comparaison entre le modele unidimensionnel final et les donnees experimentales demontre la bonne precision du modele. Plus de 93 % des donnees calculees et experimentales obtenues pour des melangeurs cocourants a jets de 0,027 a 0,041 pouces de diametre sont comparables a 15 % pres.
One-Pot, Three-Step Synthesis of Amphiphilic Comblike Copolymers with Hydrophilic Backbone and Hydrophobic Side Chains

A well-defined amphiphilic comblike copolymer consisting of a hydrophilic poly(methacrylic acid) backbone and polystyrene [poly(St)] side chains was prepared by a one-pot, three-step successive met...
Structural elements regulating zein gene expression

Zeins are a group of alcohol-soluble proteins that are synthesized in the endosperm of developing maize seeds. These proteins are encoded by a large number of genes located on several chromosomes; based upon the number of mutants that have been isolated, zein gene regulation is complex. Comparisons of gene flanking regions reveal conserved sequences that may be important for their regulation. Studies of transformed plant tissues support the assertion that cis-acting elements with the 5' flanking regions of zein genes are required for accurate transcription. Although the genes are transcribed in transgenic tobacco and petunia plants, they are not properly regulated. This appears to be due to transcriptional effects rather than protein or mRNA instability.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS AMONG ASIAN AMERICAN WOMEN

This article examines the social circumstances, both current and past, that have affected the development and transformation of feminist consciousness among Asian American women. Gender, race, class, and culture all influenced the relative lack of participation of Asian American women in the mainstream feminist movement in the United States. It concludes that Asian American women have to come to terms with their multiple identities and define feminist issues from multiple dimensions. By incorporating race, class, and cultural issues along with gender concerns, a transcendent feminist consciousness that goes beyond these boundaries may develop.
Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol-free diets

Abstract Rabbits were fed a semipurified, cholesterol-free atherogenic diet containing 40% sucrose, 25% casein, 14% fat, 15% fiber, 5% salt mix and 1% vitamin mix. The fats were corn oil (CO), palm kernel oil (PO), cocoa butter (CB), and coconut oil (CNO). The rabbits were bled at 3, 6, and 9 months and killed at 9 months. Serum lipids of rabbits fed CO were unaffected. Serum cholesterol levels (mg/dl) at 9 months were: CO — 64; PO — 436; CB — 220; and CNO — 474. HDL-cholesterol (%) was: CO — 37; PO — 8.6; CB — 25.1; and CNO — 7.0. Average atherosclerosis (arch + thoracic/2) was: CO — 0.15; PO — 1.28; CB — 0.53; and CNO — 1.60. Cocoa butter (iodine value 33) is significantly less cholesterolemic and atherogenic than palm oil (iodine value 17) or coconut oil (iodine value 6). The difference between the atherogenic effects of cocoa butter and palm oil may lie in the fact that about half of the fatty acids of palm oil are C 16 or shorter, whereas 76% of the fatty acids of cocoa butter are C 18 or longer.
Immune Response of Trout to Aeromonas Salmonicida. Part I. Development of Agglutinating Antibodies and Protective Immunity

(1964). Immune Response of Trout to Aeromonas Salmonicida. Part I. Development of Agglutinating Antibodies and Protective Immunity. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 3-10.
Effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on human insulin secretion and carbohydrate tolerance

Prostaglandin E (PGE) has been hypothesized to be an endogenous regulator of carbohydrate metabolism because it decreases human insulin secretion and carbohydrate tolerance. This report compares the effects of four inhibitors of PGE synthesis on the acute insulin response to glucose and subsequent glucose disappearance rates. Ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate treatments in normal volunteers were associated with augmented insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance while indomethacin had the opposite effects. In view of these findings and the known effects of PGE on carbohydrate metabolism, we suggest that the effects of indomethacin may have been due to an action of the drug other than inhibiting PGE synthesis.
Improved Outcomes for Benign Disease With Limited Pancreatic Head Resection

We sought to determine whether duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resections (DPPHRs) offer improved outcomes for benign disease of the proximal pancreas. A single-cohort study was performed of 86 consecutive patients who underwent DPPHR, extended lateral pancreaticojejunostomy with excavation of the pancreatic head (ELPJ), standard or pylorus-sparing Whipple procedure (WHIP), or distal pancreatectomy (DPR). Aspects of cost, complications (mortality and morbidity), and outcomes were assessed during a follow-up period of 6-63 months (mean, 3 years). Twelve DPPHR and 12 ELPJ procedures were performed for benign lesions or chronic pancreatitis (CP), as were 7 of 30 WHIP procedures and 12 of 16 DPRs. Operative time was significantly less than that for WHIP in ELPJ and DPR procedures. Major complications occurred in 40% of WHIPs and 25% of DPPHRs but only 16% of ELPJs (P < 0.05). Thirty-day mortality was 2 of 30 for WHIP but 0 for all other procedures. Pancreatic or biliary leak occurred in 3 of 30 WHIPs, 3 of 12 DPPHRs, 1 of 16 DPRs, and 0 of 12 ELPJs. New diabetes occurred in 25% of patients who underwent WHIP but only 8% of both DPPHR and ELPJ patients. Full functional recovery was similar for CP patients in both DPPHR and ELPJ. DPPHR and ELPJ are effective surgical approaches to the treatment of benign tumors and CP and are safer than WHIP with lower morbidity and mortality risks. The incidence of new diabetes is less with both ELPJ and DPPHR.
Eukaryotic chaperonins: lubricating the folding of WD-repeat proteins.

Abstract Recent work has shown that the eukaryotic chaperonin CCT/TRiC facilitates folding of WD-repeat proteins, vastly enlarging the known clientele for this chaperone beyond actin and tubulin. While the cytoskeletal proteins transit through the cochaperone GimC/prefoldin, an Hsp70 conveys WD-repeat proteins to CCT.
057 Activation of CXCR 3 Inhibits Endothelial Tube Formation Through the Modulation of M-Calpain

Angiogenesis plays a critical role in wound healing. In wound healing new blood vessels are generated, then later in scar-resolving stages of the repair process, these newly formed blood vessels undergo destabilization and significant regression. ELR-negative chemokines have been shown to have angiostatic properties and are produced in high concentration late in the granulation tissue and resolving stage of wound repair. The receptor for the ELR-negative chemokines, CXCR3, is expressed on endothelial cells but its function is not known. To understand the physiologic role CXCR3 plays in regulating endothelial function, we analyzed the ability of the CXCR3 ligand, IP-10, to inhibit endothelial cell tube formation. IP-10 was able to inhibit endothelial cell tube formation alone and prevent VEGF-induced tube formation on Matrigel®. Treatment of endothelial cells with IP-10 significantly inhibited endothelial motility. Thus, the ELR-negative chemokines inhibit angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial motility. To identify the signaling pathway(s) mediated by CXCR3 that inhibit endothelial cell motility, we looked at the regulation of key processes. As CXCR3 is a receptor known to generate cAMP, as we show in these cells, we examined PKA-mediated inhibition of calpain. Treatment of endothelial cells with VEGF induced the activation of m-calpain but costimulation with IP-10 significantly decreased m-calpain activity. Using cAMP analogs, 8-Br-cAMP, a PKA activator, is able to inhibit VEGF- induced motility and Rp-8-Br-cAMP, a PKA inhibitor, is able to reverse the inhibitory effects of IP-10 on endothelial migration and calpain activation. To further demonstrate that m-calpain is important in endothelial motility we show that siRNA knockdown of m-calpain inhibited VEGF induced migration. These data indicate that activation of CXCR3 inhibits endothelial migration through the PKA-mediated inhibition of m-calpain. These findings provide new targets to modulate the resolution phase of wound repair.