cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vadose Zone Fertilizer-Derived Nitrate and δ15N Extracts

Nitrate derived from commercial NH4 NO3 fertilizer, δ15N =+1.5 %0, applied to fertility plots was extracted from two cores to depths of 46 and 52 ft. In both cores the δ15N of the extracted nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) showed that it became heavier with depth. Although this isotope fractionation did not cause δ15N values to overlap with those characteristic of animal waste sources (> + 10%0), δ15N values were as high as +8%0 at the bottom of one profile. The gradual increase in δ15N with depth in the bottom 20 to 30 ft of the cores is consistent with denitrification at these depths. Clay content was much more variable with depth and was significantly associated with NO3-N concentrations (r =+0.9) in the core with 30% clay. Correlation of NO3-N concentrations to clay content was not significant in the other core with 50% clay. In both cores smectite and illite were the dominant clays; chlorite, and aluminum and iron oxyhydroxides were not detected by XRD. Anion exchange capacity measurements confirmed that it was not responsible for the observed variability in NO3-N concentrations or δ15N values. Potassium chloride (KC1) extracts yielded significantly higher NO3-N concentrations (p 40%) provide more realistic estimates of ground-water loading from nonpoint sources.
Tunable Flexible Pressure Sensors using Microstructured Elastomer Geometries for Intuitive Electronics

Pressure and touch sensitivity is crucial for intuitive human-machine interfaces. Here, we investigate the use of different microstructured elastomers for use as dielectric material in capacitive pressure sensors. We use finite element modeling to simulate how different microstructures can reduce the effective mechanical modulus. We found that pyramidal structures are optimal shapes that reduce the effective mechanical modulus of the elastomer by an order of magnitude. We also investigate the dependence of spacing of the pyramidal microstructures and how it impacts mechanical sensitivity. We further demonstrate the use of these elastomeric microstructures as the dielectric material on a variety of flexible and stretchable substrates to capture touch information in order to enable large area human-computer interfaces for next generation input devices, as well as continuous health-monitoring sensors.
Phytoplankton-zooplankton coupling in the outer continental shelf and slope waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight, June 1979

Abstract Measurements of phytoplankton distribution and production, and zooplankton abundance and biomass were made during the summer of 1979 along several shelf-slope transects in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. At the shelf-break, macrozooplankton (>200 μm) grazing was estimated to be sufficient to remove a substantial proportion of daily phytoplankton production. In contrast, on the shelf and in slope waters, where ciliates were abundant, estimates of macrozooplankton grazing indicated a consumption rate less than 15% of the daily primary production. Ciliate grazing, even at non-maximum rates, potentially could have consumed the entire daily primary production in all areas sampled. The findings indicate that the nature of the heterotrophic community is spatially variable in offshore waters even during summer conditions and could influence not only trophodynamic pathways but perhaps nutrient regeneration and recycling. This would be an important consideration in evaluating the fate of particle-bound chemcial species in the water column since fecal pellet producing zooplankton would affect rates of removal and sedimentation in a different manner than ciliates which produce non-compacted digestive debris.
Use of genetic testing to identify sudden cardiac death syndromes

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Although coronary artery disease remains the most common substrate for SCD, primary cardiac genetic diseases, presenting with or without structural heart abnormalities, play a significant role. In the last 30 years, the study of large family pedigrees allowed the discovery of causative genes unveiling the genetic basis of diseases such as primary cardiomyopathies and arrhythmia syndromes, which are known to increase the risk of SCD. However, recent technological advancement with the ability to perform massive parallel sequencing and analyze the entire genome has uncovered a higher level of complexity in the genetic predisposition for cardiac diseases, which are usually characterized by Mendelian inheritance patterns. Clinical genetic testing, historically shaped around a monogenic Mendelian disorder paradigm, is now facing the challenge to adopt and adapt to a more complex model in which a significant portion of subjects may present with multi-allelic inheritance involving additional genes that could modulate the severity and type of disease-related phenotypes. Here, we will try to provide a viewpoint that will hopefully foster further debate in the field.
Time-Frequency Analysis of a Variable Stiffness Model for Fault Development

Abstract Cohen, L., Galleani, L., Hedges, R., Hughes, D., Loughlin, P., and Suter, B., Time–Frequency Analysis of a Variable Stiffness Model for Fault Development, Digital Signal Processing 12 (2002) 429–440 Over the past 50 years it has been found that many real systems have spectra which are changing in time. In this article we explore the possibility of describing such systems with harmonic and nonlinear oscillator equations whose coefficients are time dependent. We show that time–frequency analysis offers a powerful method to study such systems.
Erythromycin-induced cardiac toxicity.

Abstract Our observations suggest that the onset of erythromycin-induced cardiac toxicity (torsades de pointes and myocardial depression) correlates with high serum levels of the drug. To circumvent these potentially dangerous effects, large fluctuations in serum concentration should be avoided. Administration with the lowest possible infusion rate is advisable, and it may be prudent to monitor cardiac rhythm and QT intervals before and during administration of higher doses.
Phylogeography and marine retention

A number of studies now point to the association of patterns of phylogeography with discontinuities in coastal current patterns. If such phylogeographic patterns are indicative of populations that retain local diversity, as has been predicted by recent modelling, such results may be of use in marine reserve planning. Here we show that there is a distributional correlation on the Pacific coast of North America between marine reserve placement and phylogeographic patterns. A number of factors could contribute to this correlation, but its existence suggests the utility of genetic studies in marine conservation planning.
Preschoolers' Collaborative Construction in Planning and Maintaining Imaginative Play

Developmental differences in the organisation and complexity of dyadic play were investigated. Based on the views of Bateson and Piaget organisation was defined in terms of verbal initiation, planning, symbolic representation, negotiation and termination of imaginative play. Complexity was defined as a range in which one or more than one dimension of planning and symbolic representation were expressed simultaneously. The sample consisted of 12 41/2-year-olds and 12 3-year-olds. There were six boys and six girls at each age level. The children were videotaped as same-age and same-sex dyads in two 20 minute sessions on consecutive days. The results indicated no age differences in the organisation of play. There were, however, developmental and sex differences in the complexity of play. The 4½-year-olds and girls more than 3-year-olds and boys expressed multiple dimensions of planning and symbolic representation. This finding lends support to the Piagetian notion that play symbols are combined in sequences w...
Bipotentiometric titration microchemical and general applications

Abstract Developments in the technique and in the applications of bipotentiometry to acid-base, oxidation-reduction, and precipitation and other combination titrations are surveyed. Many of the titrations reported illustrate the applicability of bipotentiometric titration to small samples, low concentrations or both.
Primary aganglionosis associated with imperforate anus review of the literature pertinent to one observation

Abstract The reported incidence of aganglionosis varies from 1:12,000 1 live births to 1:4700. 2 The incidence of imperforate anus varies from 1:10,000 3 live births to 1:5000. 4,5 Yet, 3.4 per cent 6 to 60 per cent 7 of patients with imperforate anus are said to have aganglionosis.
Hydrated Lime Stabilization of Sulfate-Bearing Vertisols in Texas

Sulfate-bearing subgrade soils treated with calcium-based stabilizers often experience heaving problems (three-dimensional swell) caused by chemical reactions with the sulfate or sulfide minerals. Two research questions were addressed: (a) what sulfate content results in deleterious chemical reactions using traditional (no mellowing) lime stabilization and (b) how effective mellowing, double lime application and increased moisture content are at reducing swell in high-sulfate soils. To determine what concentrations of sulfate are too high for stabilization with lime in Texas, a soil from the Vertisol order was selected for three-dimensional swell measurements. This soil did not contain any detectable sulfates. Two different compounds were added to the soil: sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). The sulfates were added to individual samples at concentrations of 0; 1,000; 2,000; 3,000; 5,000; 7,000; and 12,000 parts per million (ppm). The samples were then subjected to a three-dimensional swell t...
Friction and Wear Testing for Coal Slurry Fuel Development

ABSTRACT Friction and wear characteristics of coal slurries in transportation and atomization/firing systems are areas of concern in considering their use as substitutes for neat liquid fuels. The main wear phenomena encountered in slurry fuel usage are erosive and sliding wear of metal surfaces in contact with the coal slurry. Laboratory experiments have been devised and carried out to characterize and better understand these slurry wear mechanisms. The dependence of wear on the characteristics of the coal slurry and the properties of the wear surfaces have been studied. Coal slurries prepared from an Ohio coal desulfurized using a novel perchloroethylene extraction process have been studied. A Cameron-Flint reciprocating slider tribometer has been used to study sliding wear phenomena. Erosive wear has been investigated using an impingement type wear tester. The importance of impingement angle of coal slurry on platelet formation during erosion has been determined. Results of This angle corresponding to ...
Inferring Internet denial-of-service activity

In this article, we seek to address a simple question: “How prevalent are denial-of-service attacks in the Internet?” Our motivation is to quantitatively understand the nature of the current threat as well as to enable longer-term analyses of trends and recurring patterns of attacks. We present a new technique, called “backscatter analysis,” that provides a conservative estimate of worldwide denial-of-service activity. We use this approach on 22 traces (each covering a week or more) gathered over three years from 2001 through 2004. Across this corpus we quantitatively assess the number, duration, and focus of attacks, and qualitatively characterize their behavior. In total, we observed over 68,000 attacks directed at over 34,000 distinct victim IP addresses---ranging from well-known e-commerce companies such as Amazon and Hotmail to small foreign ISPs and dial-up connections. We believe our technique is the first to provide quantitative estimates of Internet-wide denial-of-service activity and that this article describes the most comprehensive public measurements of such activity to date.
6th Annual Vaccines: all things considered.

The 6th Annual Vaccines: All Things Considered conference was hosted by GTCbio. The purpose of the conference was to provide a forum for researchers from academia, industry and government to update one another about novel vaccine developments, regulatory perspectives, new technologies and government policies. The meeting was attended by approximately 80 delegates, many from European countries, and included two keynote addresses, 20 oral presentations and 15 posters presented over a 2-day period. As part of the conference’s tradition, two posters were selected for oral presentation. This meeting report will highlight the main issues discussed.
Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery With Endovascular Balloon Technique

The 1996 introduction of endovaseular balloon occlusion (Fig 1) of the ascending aorta technology greatly facilitated tile surgical approach to tile mitral valve via a small inframammary incision.1 Tiffs technolog% in combination with pereutaneous coronary sinus cardioplegia and long venous/right atrial eannula for drainage, enables the surgeon to place the patient on cardiopuhnonary bypass, occlude tlle aorta, and give retrograde eardioplegia to stop the heart, and then perform a standard mitral valve operation through a small anterior fourth interspace incision. 2 With this technique, we have performed more tlmn 500 mitral valve operations, with morbidity and mortality equal to if not better than that of a sternotomy approach. The long-term efficacy of mitral valve reconstruction with tiffs technique has also been demonstrated to be equal to that of reconstruction performed via a sternotomy approach. The port-access approach for mitral valve surgery requires a team approach for intraoperative patient care. Tile surgeon must be very familiar with mitral valve surgical techniques and in particular endovascular catheter technolog% and the anesthesiologist must be facile with coronary sinus catheter placement. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a mainstay of the procedure for both catheter placement and monitoring and requires excellent eehocardiographie skills, either from all echocardiologist or from cardiac anesthesia personnel trained in this discipline. 3 Success is predicated on tiffs critical mass of required skills, with patients benefiting from fewer wound complications, quicker recovery with less discomfort, fewer infections, less blood utilization, and a better cosmetic outcome.
A mathematical framework for including various sources of variability in a task-based assessment of digital breast tomosynthesis

For a rigorous x-ray imaging system optimization and evaluation, the need for exploring a large space of many different system parameters is immense. However, due to the high dimensionality of the problem, it is often infeasible to evaluate many system parameters in a laboratory setting. Therefore, it is useful to utilize computer simulation tools and analytical methods to narrow down to a much smaller space of system parameters and then validate the chosen optimal parameters by laboratory measurements. One great advantage of using the simulation and analytical methods is that the impact of various sources of variability on the system's diagnostic performance can be studied separately and collectively. Previously, we have demonstrated how to separate and analyze noise sources using covariance decomposition in a task-based approach to the assessment of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) systems in the absence of x-ray scatter and detector blur. 1, 2 In this work, we analytically extend the previous work to include x-ray scatter and detector blur. With use of computer simulation, we also investigate the use of the convolution method for approximating the scatter images of structured phantoms in comparison to those computed via Monte Carlo. The extended method is comprehensive and can be used both for exploring a large parameter space in simulation and for validating optimal parameters, chosen from a simulation study, with laboratory measurements.
In situ infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopic characterization of sustained kinetic oscillations in the Pt(100)/NO+CO system

Abstract We have excited kinetic oscillations in the Pt(100)/NO+CO system at 470 K and pressure region around 2×10−4 Torr. These oscillations are sustained and they arise by simply adjusting the partial pressures of NO and CO while holding the surface temperature at 470 K. However, they can only be induced if the partial pressure of CO is greater than that of NO (i.e., 1.4±0.05
Why physics needs mathematics

Classical and the quantum mechanical sciences are in essential need of mathematics. Only thus can the laws of nature be formulated quantitatively permitting quantitative predictions. Mathematics also facilitates extrapolations. But classical and quantum sciences differ in essential ways: they follow different laws of logic, Aristotelian and non-Aristotelian logics, respectively. These are explicated.
A prototype hardware for random demodulation based compressive analog-to-digital conversion

In this paper, we utilize recent advances in compressive sensing theory to enable signal acquisition beyond Nyquist sampling constraints. We successfully recover signals sampled at sub-Nyquist sampling rates by exploiting additional structure other than bandlimitedness. We present a working prototype of compressive analog-to-digital converter (CADC) based on a random demodulation architecture. The architecture is particularly suitable for wideband signals that are sparse in the time-frequency plane. CADC has the advantage of enhancing the performance of communication and multimedia systems by increasing the transmission rate for the same bandwidth. We report successful reconstruction of AM modulated signals at sampling rates down to 1/8 of the Nyquist-rate, which represents an up to 87.5% savings in the bandwidth and the storage memory.
Release of nucleosides from canine and human hearts as an index of prior ischemia.

Abstract During ischemia, myocardial adenosine triphosphate is degraded to adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine. These nucleosides are released into coronary venous blood and may provide an index of ischemia; adenosine may also participate in the autoregulation of coronary flow. In dogs, the temporal relations between reactive hyperemic flow and nucleoside concentrations in regional venous blood were correlated after brief occlusions of a segmental coronary artery. Reactive hyperemia and adenosine release peaked together in 10 seconds, persisted for 10 to 30 seconds and then decreased in a pattern consistent with the hypothesis that they are related. During initial reflow after 45 seconds of ischemia, mean concentrations of adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine increased, respectively, to 52, 67 and 114 nmol/100 ml plasma; after 5 minutes of ischemia, the respective levels increased to 58, 1,570 and 1,134 nmol and fell quickly. In nine patients there was a similar release of nucleosides into coronary sinus blood during reperfusion after 59 to 80 minutes of ischemic arrest during cardiac surgery. With initial reflow, adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine levels reached 65, 655 and 917 nmol/100 ml of blood, respectively. Inosine and hypoxanthine concentrations remained high for 5 to 10 minutes after cardiac beating resumed, often when production of lactate had decreased. The results indicate that postischemic release of nucleosides reaches significant levels in man as well as animals, is parallel with the duration of ischemia, is temporary and may be a useful supplement to measurement of lactate as an index of prior myocardial ischemia.
A Meta-Analytic Review of Corridor Effectiveness

Using corridors for conservation is increasing despite a lack of consensus on their efficacy. Specifically, whether corridors increase movement of plants and animals between habitat fragments has been addressed on a case-by-case basis with mixed results. Because of the growing number of well-designed experiments that have addressed this question, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine whether corridors increase movement; whether corridor effectiveness differs among taxa; how recent changes in experimental design have influenced findings; and whether corridor effectiveness differs between manipulative and natural experiments. To conduct our meta-analysis, we analyzed 78 experiments from 35 studies using a conservative hierarchical Bayesian model that accounts for hierarchical and sampling dependence. We found a highly significant result that corridors increase movement between habitat patches by approximately 50% compared to patches that are not connected with corridors. We found that corridors were more important for the movement of invertebrates, nonavian vertebrates, and plants than they were for birds. Recent methodological advances in corridor experiments, such as controlling for the area added by corridors, did not influence whether corridors increased movement, whereas controlling for the distance between source and connected or unconnected recipient patches decreased movement through corridors. After controlling for taxa differences and whether studies controlled for distance in experimental design, we found that natural corridors (those existing in landscapes prior to the study) showed more movement than manipulated corridors (those created and maintained for the study). Our results suggest that existing corridors increase species movement in fragmented landscapes and that efforts spent on maintaining and creating corridors are worthwhile.
RELATIONS BETWEEN HYDROLOGICAL VARIABLES AND YEAR-CLASS STRENGTH OF SPORTFISH IN EIGHT FLORIDA WATERBODIES

Hydrological variables have influenced fish recruitment in lakes, reservoirs and rivers. We evaluated how annual and seasonal hydrological variables were related to year-class strength (i.e., residuals from catch curves) of sportfish across eight Florida waterbodies (four rivers and four lakes). Multiple regression equations computed for black bass Micropterus spp. were combined across rivers and year-class strength was negatively related to spring median flow rates and in some cases positively related to winter median flow rates (all p ≤ 0.10). Conversely, Lepomis spp. residuals combined from the rivers indicated that year-class strength was positively related to median flow rates in the fall prior to spawning and negatively related to post-spawn fall median flow rates (all p ≤ 0.10). Fish recruitment combined across lakes were not related to water levels in this study, although within lake relationships did occur in some instances. Ecological implications of this work include regulations such as minimum flows and levels (MFLs) regarding sportfish species. Impacts of hydrology on year-class strength of sportfish were stronger in rivers than in lakes for these Florida systems. High flows at least once every 3 years in the fall may allow inundation of floodplain habitat, providing favorable environmental conditions for Lepomis spp. reproduction. Setting MFLs during periods of drought (i.e., 3 years or more) should consider impacts to short-lived species such as Lepomis spp.
College Student Depression: Counseling Billy

A substantial portion of the college student population experiences affective disorders. This case study presents the conceptualization, course of treatment, and outcomes for a male college student presenting for counseling with depression. A review of Adlerian, cognitive-behavioral, and Gestalt techniques is provided.
Evaporating Spray in Supersonic Streams Including Turbulence Effects

Evaporating spray plays an important role in spray combustion processes. This paper describes the development of a new finite-conductivity evaporation model, based on the two-temperature film theory, for two-phase numerical simulation using Eulerian-Lagrangian method. The model is a natural extension of the T-blob/T-TAB atomization/spray model which supplies the turbulence characteristics for estimating effective thermal diffusivity within the droplet phase. Both one-way and two-way coupled calculations were performed to investigate the performance of this model. Validation results indicate the superiority of the finite-conductivity model in low speed parallel flow evaporating sprays. High speed cross flow spray results indicate the effectiveness of the T-blob/T-TAB model and point to the needed improvements in high speed evaporating spray modeling.
A 20-GHz and 46-GHz, 32x6-bit ROM for DDS Application in InP DHBT Technology

Two 32times6-bit read only memory (ROM) circuits, employing an architecture suitable for use as a phase to amplitude converter for direct digital synthesizers (DDS), have been designed in InP double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) technology. These ROM designs use a -3.8 V power supply and dissipate 1.95 W and 7.07 W of power respectively. The maximum operating clock frequencies for these designs are simulated to be 20 GHz and 46 GHz respectively.
Non-linear modeling of the steady-state disturbance term in isometric force

The analysis of isometric force may provide early detection of certain types of neuropathology such as Parkinson's disease. Our long term goal is to determine if there are detectable differences between model parameters of healthy and unhealthy individuals. In this study we evaluate nonlinear dynamic system models of isometric force using Hammerstien models. The experiments involved subjects exerting isometric force over a range from 5% to 95% of maximal voluntary contraction. The findings suggest that the Hammerstien models provide adequate fit, reducing the number of nonlinear difference equations of higher order that were determined in our earlier work.
Sharing Singapore's experience: The Joint Commission International accreditation of a psychiatric hospital

The United States (US) has successful accreditation systems for their healthcare facilities and this perception continues to grow globally. As one would assume, worldwide standards of assessment are not the same as standards for facilities within the US. Joint Commission International (JCI) has a comparable but different set of standards that have been developed to incorporate unique economic, social, and cultural differences. Presently, the JCI standards for international psychiatric facilities are the same as the standards set for international hospitals. Institute of Mental Health, an acute tertiary psychiatric hospital in Singapore, has received JCI hospital accreditation consecutively since 2005. ‘Medication Management and Use’ is an important component of the survey process. Product selection, storage, administration and monitoring of medication effects are complex and require expertise to achieve high levels of patient safety. Certain standards and processes that are implemented, measured and under...
Constructing test collections by inferring document relevance via extracted relevant information

The goal of a typical information retrieval system is to satisfy a user's information need---e.g., by providing an answer or information "nugget"---while the actual search space of a typical information retrieval system consists of documents---i.e., collections of nuggets. In this paper, we characterize this relationship between nuggets and documents and discuss applications to system evaluation. In particular, for the problem of test collection construction for IR system evaluation, we demonstrate a highly efficient algorithm for simultaneously obtaining both relevant documents and relevant information. Our technique exploits the mutually reinforcing relationship between relevant documents and relevant information, yielding document-based test collections whose efficiency and efficacy exceed those of typical Cranfield-style test collections, while also generating sets of highly relevant information.
Selling Certainty: Genetic Complexity and Moral Urgency in Myriad Genetics' BRACAnalysis Campaign

This essay analyzes Myriad Genetics’ marketing of the BRACAnalysis genetic test to argue that the campaign creates a unique and problematic understanding of choice and decision making in the domain of applied genetic biotechnologies. The essay identifies how the campaign creates a subject position that invites audiences into a double bind of action and moral obligation, where specific decisions to make powerful medical choices become circumscribed as a necessity. A reduction and oversimplification of technical, scientific complexity replaces deliberative processes and phronetic understandings of complex situations and exigencies with intuition and feeling as warrants for action; in turn, a resultant appearance of empowerment becomes dialectically invested in an invocation of moral urgency and necessity.
Pharmacokinetic analysis of (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolate (1-CF), (6R)-5-formyltetrahydrofolate (d-CF) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH3-THF) in patients receiving constant i.v. infusion of high-dose (6R,S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolate (leucovorin).

The biochemical rationale for the combination of leucovorin and fluorouracil presumes that administration of large doses of leucovorin will increase the endogenous pools of active folates and enhance the formation and/or stability of the thymidylate synthase-FdUMP-methylenetetrahydrofolate complex (1). A knowledge of the pharmacokinetic behavior of leucovorin and its active metabolite is essential if one is to select doses of leucovorin which will produce adequate plasma levels of active folates.
Uncertainty, Social Location and Influence in Decision Making: A Sociometric Analysis

This research investigates the relative impacts of formal status and informal communication roles on influence in administrative and technical decision making. While external information enters the organization via boundary spanning individuals, the exercise of influence at lower levels of the organization is dependent on mediating critical organizational contingencies. As the locus of task uncertainty shifts, so too does the relative influence of boundary spanning individuals and internal stars; the greater the task and environmental uncertainty, the greater the influence of boundary spanning individuals. Senior management are influential across task areas. The formal hierarchy and informal social processes complement each other in the exercise of influence. These results extend research which indicates that different information processing requirements require systematically different organizational processes to attend to that uncertainty.
Future trends in Neuroimaging: Neural processes as expressed within real-life contexts

Human neuroscience research has changed dramatically with the proliferation and refinement of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technologies. The early years of the technique were largely devoted to methods development and validation, and to the coarse-grained mapping of functional topographies. This paper will cover three emerging trends that we believe will be central to fMRI research in the coming decade. In the first section of this paper, we argue in favor of a shift from fine-grained functional labeling toward the characterization of underlying neural processes. In the second section, we examine three methodological developments that have improved our ability to characterize these neural processes using fMRI. In the last section, we highlight the trend towards more ecologically valid fMRI experiments, which engage neural circuits in real life conditions. We note that many of our cognitive faculties emerge from interpersonal interactions, and that a complete understanding of the cognitive processes within a single individual's brain cannot be achieved without understanding the interactions among individuals. Looking forward to the future of human fMRI, we conclude that the major constraint on new discoveries will not be related to the spatiotemporal resolution of the BOLD signal, which is constantly improving, but rather to the precision of our hypotheses and the creativity of our methods for testing them.
Will Statins Be an Effective Anti-inflammatory Intervention for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With HIV?

The JUPITER trial [1]established that an anti-inflammatory intervention using a statin (rosuvastatin) prevented primary cardiovascular disease (CVD) events among individuals with elevated levels of the inflammatory biomarker highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) but who had levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) that were below the target for primary prevention that were in place at the time ( 50 years and women >60 years were enrolled. The trial was stopped after a Data Safety Monitoring Board recommendation at a median follow-up of 1.9 years, when clear evidence of superiority for rosuvastatin was shown. Although the number needed to treat for prevention of a single CVD event was relatively high, for example, 95 individuals treated with high-dose rosuvastatin in order to prevent 1 CVD event in 2 years’ time [3], JUPITER was encouraging, given that the relative risk reduction with 20 mg/day of rosuvastatin was approximately 50% for myocardial infarction, stroke, or need for arterial revascularization, and also demonstrated a 20% mortality benefit. These results persisted even among those participants with no other CVD risk factors, as well as across ages, gender, and race. Given this degree of benefit, might statins be even more effective when intervening in a population with a chronic disease characterized by greater inflammation and immune activation such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection? Although the underlying reasons are
Perceptions of susceptibility to pregnancy among U.S. women obtaining abortions

More than half (52%) of unintended pregnancies in the United States (U.S.) occur among the 10.7% of women using no contraceptive method. We interviewed a sample of women obtaining abortions in the U.S. in 2008 (n = 49) and explored their attitudes toward and beliefs about their risk of pregnancy. We found that most respondents perceived themselves to have a low likelihood of becoming pregnant at the time that the index pregnancy occurred. Respondents' reasons for this perceived low likelihood fell into four categories: perceived invulnerability to pregnancy without contraceptive use, perceptions of subfecundity, self-described inattention to the possibility of conception and perceived protection from their current use of contraception (although the majority in this subgroup were using contraception inconsistently or incorrectly). About half of the women discussed more than one reason when explaining why they perceived themselves to have a low risk of pregnancy at that time. We propose a modified Health Belief Model to account for women's low perceived susceptibility to pregnancy based on our results. Further research is needed to quantify the proportion of women who are at risk of pregnancy who do not believe they are at risk and their reasons why, so as to be able to better address women's misconceptions about fecundity and conception with the goal of preventing unintended pregnancy.
The Symbolic Ownership of the Corrections “Problem”: A Framework for Understanding the Development of Corrections Policy in the United States

This article argues that the use of the concept of “problem ownership” is an important and overlooked tool for examining the historical changes and current transformations taking place in the corrections policy arena. Problem ownership refers to the ability of policy stakeholders to define the nature, scope, and boundaries of a policy problem and, as a consequence, to shape the laws and administrative rules in their policy domain. This article uses the concept of problem ownership as an analytical framework for (a) explaining the nature of historical changes in corrections policy and (b) predicting the future direction of corrections policy in the near term.
Effective Direct Vocabulary Instruction to Meet the Focus of the CommonCore Standards

This article will examine the eight research-based characteristics of effective vocabulary instruction adapted from Building Academic Vocabulary by Robert Marzano (2004). This article will serve as a resource for educators to determine the most effective direct vocabulary approaches to utilize in their classroom as they address vocabulary instruction as outlined in the Common Core State Standards.
Learning to collaborate: the teaching legacy of Howard Zonana in forensic psychiatry.

The teaching legacy of Howard Zonana in forensic psychiatry has been in educating psychiatric fellows and law students to collaborate in advocacy on behalf of individuals whose problems exist at the intersection of the law and mental health. The author describes more than three decades of collaborative teaching with Dr. Zonana in Yale Law School legal clinics serving mental hospital patients, prisoners, children, and immigrants. In those clinics, law students and forensic psychiatry fellows have worked collaboratively in representing clinic clients and advocating for their legal and medical rights. The article reports three examples of this interdisciplinary collaboration: a project conducted at a state hospital shortly after the Supreme Court's decision in O'Connor v. Donaldson ; a class action on behalf of individuals with developmental disabilities inappropriately subjected to long-term confinement in a state hospital; and an asylum case on behalf of a severely traumatized African woman fleeing persecution in her home country. The author concludes that Dr. Zonana's legacy reflects not only his contributions to medical and legal education, but also his profound commitment to effective and humane medical practice and to justice.
Increasing the credibility of political science research: A proposal for journal reforms

In this white paper, I propose a series of reforms intended to improve the rigor, timeliness, and replicability of published political science research. These changes could be proposed as part of the next solicitation for editors of the American Political Science Review or other disciplinary journals. If implemented, they would make our discipline a leader in publishing practices intended to minimize publication bias, encourage rapid and high-quality reviews, and maximize replicability and fairness to authors. In this way, they could help to enhance the quality and pace of the profession’s scholarly output and improve perceptions of its rigor both within and outside of academia over time, increasing trust in political science findings and building the credibility that is necessary for successful public engagement.
Future Directions for Practice and Research

Students with ADHD experience multiple challenges in the college environment including possible academic, social, psychological, and occupational impairment. Thus, as discussed throughout this book, it is important to identify college students who may have this disorder, assess symptoms and functioning in a comprehensive fashion, and provide treatment to address ADHD, related disorders, and functional impairments. Although increasing clinical and research attention has addressed the challenges and needs faced by the college ADHD population, significant gaps remain between what is known about ADHD in college settings and what information is needed to optimize outcomes for students with the disorder. The purpose of this chapter is to review the main findings discussed in previous chapters and to offer suggestions for practice and future research.
Some Effects of Finite Sample Size and Persistence on Meteorological Statistics.Part II: Potential Predictability

Abstract Potential predictability of a meteorological time series can be estimated from the ratio of the actual interannual variability to the natural variability associated with climatic noise. The extent to which this ratio is larger than one is taken as a measure of the climatic signal-to-noise variance ratio. However, there are major problems in separating out the signal from the noise which are compounded by persistence in the time series, the presence of an annual cycle and the effects of finite sample size. An F test may be used to deduce that a signal is present by rejecting the null hypothesis of no signal. However, it is shown that, generally, the null hypothesis should not be accepted just because it cannot be rejected. Confidence limits can be very large when a signal is present in a finite sample since the signal will be fictitiously correlated with the noise due to sampling in a manner that is unknown. Although the correlation coefficient is statistically not significant, there is a large im...
In-Situ Raman Spectroscopy of Sulfur Speciation in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

In situ Raman spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate the mechanism of sulfur reduction in lithium–sulfur battery slurry cathodes with 1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME)/1,3-dioxolane (DIOX) (1/1, v/v). Raman spectroscopy shows that long-chain polysulfides (S82–) were formed via S8 ring opening in the first reduction process at ∼2.4 V vs Li/Li+ and short-chain polysulfides such as S42–, S4–, S3•–, and S2O42– were observed with continued discharge at ∼2.3 V vs Li/Li+ in the second reduction process. Elemental sulfur can be reformed in the end of the charge process. Rate constants obtained for the appearance and disappearance polysulfide species shows that short-chain polysulfides are directly formed from S8 decomposition. The rate constants for S8 reappearance and polysulfide disappearance on charge were likewise similar. The formation of polysulfide mixtures at partial discharge was found to be quite stable. The CS...
First-Principles Determination Of The Effects Of Boron And Sulfur On The Ideal Cleavage Fracture In Ni3Al

The effects of boron and sulfur impurities on the ideal cleavage fracture properties of Ni3Al under tensile stress are investigated for the first time using the full-potential linearmuffin- tin-orbital (FLMTO) total-energy method, with a repeated slab arrangement of atoms simulating an isolated cleavage plane. Results for the stress-strain relationship, ideal cleavage energies, ideal yield stress and strains with and without impurities are presented, and the electronic mechanism underlying the contrasting effects of boron and sulfur impurities on the ideal cleavage of Ni3Al is elucidated.
Does This Profile Picture Make Me Look Fat? Facebook and Body Image in College Students

Facebook, a highly visual and social medium, is widely used by college students and thus may be associated with psychological factors in their lives, including how they feel about their appearance. In the current study, we examined 3 Facebook measures— number of Facebook friends, amount of time spent on Facebook, and emotional investment in Facebook—and their links with body image. Emerging adult students (N 255; ages 18‐25; 54% female) at a nonresidential college completed surveys. Individuals who were more emotionally invested in Facebook and who spent less time on the site were more oriented toward their appearance. Individuals who had more Facebook friends had more positive views of their appearance. Results generally do not support concerns that Facebook use is linked to poor body image.
The path more travelled: Time pressure increases reliance on familiar route-based strategies during navigation.

Navigating large-scale environments involves dynamic interactions between the physical world and individuals’ knowledge, goals, and strategies. Time pressure can result from self-imposed goals or r...
Russian Conquest and Administration of the Kazak Steppe

‘Russia’s history’, remarked the noted nineteenth century Russian historian Vasilii Kliuchevskii, ‘is the history of a country undergoing colonization. Migration and colonization constituted the basic feature of our history, to which all other features were more or less related’.1 The Russian conquest of Central Asia occurred in several phases, beginning in the first half of the eighteenth century and culminating in the 1880s with the subjugation of the khanates of Khiva, Kokand, and Bukhara. The advance started slowly, often clumsily, but accelerated during the nineteenth century without any clear objectives or understanding of the people, their number, their societies, their histories and traditions, and the problems Russian troops or officials would encounter. Russian colonial expansion was not, as Dietrich Geyer noted, undertaken for its own sake.
A study on the relationship between body mass index and KAP of weight control

Objective To understand the self-assessment of health status,health effects,active awareness of weight control and behavior of urban occupational populations with different body mass index( BMI). Methods With random cluster sampling survey in two monitoring areas,1 175 cases aged 18 to 45 were selected,consisted of public servants,enterprise administrators and institution personnel groups. Results In the urban occupational populations in Hangzhou City,the overweight rate was 21. 70%,and the obesity rate was 6. 04%. The awareness rate of underweight,normal weight,overweight and obesity crowd for health effects to the body was 98. 95%,98. 81%,96. 08% and 95. 77% respectively; and for mental health effects was 90. 53%,92. 44%,83. 92% and 81. 69% respectively; and for weight control confidence was 82. 11%,79. 18%,72. 94% and 50. 70% respectively. The awareness rate decreased with increased body weigh with significant difference( P 0. 05). There was no significance differences in weight control behaviors and accumulation of weight control behaviors( P 0. 05). Conclusion There was significantly difference in people with different BMI about the awareness of overweight obesity impact on personal health and weight control activity,but there was no difference in that of weight control behaviors.
Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. Indeed, research focusing on the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets using genetically altered mice requires a reliable, long-term assessment of the systemic arterial pressure variation. Currently, the gold standard for obtaining long-term measurements of blood pressure in ambulatory mice uses implantable radio-transmitters, which require artery cannulation. This technique eliminates the need for tethering, restraining, or anesthetizing the animals which introduce stress and artifacts during data sampling. However, arterial blood pressure monitoring in mice via catheterization can be rather challenging due to the small size of the arteries. Here we present a step-by-step guide to illustrate the crucial key passages for a successful subcutaneous implantation of radio-transmitters and carotid artery cannulation in mice. We also include examples of long-term blood pressure activity taken from freely moving mice after a period of post-surgery recovery. Following this procedure will allow reliable direct blood pressure recordings from multiple animals simultaneously.