cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An inducible amidase from Pseudomonas striata.

Abstract A mutant of Pseudomonas striata that grows in mineral medium with acetanilide as the sole carbon and nitrogen source for growth was isolated and a great amount of inducible enzyme was extracted from the cell. The crude enzyme extract was found to be very active toward the substrate acetanilide and the hydrolyzed products were identified as aniline and acetic acid. The enzyme was therefore characterized as an aryl acylamidase (EC 3.5.1.13). The growth and induction of the micro-organism as well as the extraction of the enzyme are described briefly in this paper.
Cerebral glucose utilization in rat brain during phenobarbital withdrawal

Abstract The phenobarbital withdrawal syndrome in rats is characterized by tremors, arched back, weight loss and hyperactivity. This syndrome is shown to be associated with both general and localized increases in cerebral glucose utilization. An increase in glucose utilization (significant at the P ⩽ 0.001 level) was observed in 72 % of the 57 structures examined. Increases in glucose utilization of ≥ 180% of control values were noted in structures associated with the motor system (columns in the frontal sensorimotor cortex, globus pallidus, dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and ovoid areas in the cerebellar vermis), thalamic nuclei (lateral and posterior), dorsal lateral geniculate, mammillary body, cingulate cortex, locus coruleus, and cerebellar flocculus and paraflocculus. The structures showing the greatest increase in glucose utilization were cerebellar paraflocculus (257% of control), columns in the frontal sensorimotor cortex (247% of control) and avoid areas in the cerebellar vermis (223% of control). Areas of the brain that have been described as cell body areas for serotonergic (raphe), noradrenergic (locus ceruleus), dopaminergic (substantia nigra, zona compacta) and GABAergic (globus pallidus) neurons also showed increases in glucose utilization. The pattern of cerebral glucose utilization accompanying the phenobarbital withdrawal syndrome in rats contrasts with that for morphine withdrawal and exhibits both similarities and differences with respect to ethanol withdrawal.
The cholera pandemic, still with us after half a century: time to rethink.

The recent outbreaks of cholera in Haiti, Pakistan, and Zimbabwe suggest that our current global action plans against cholera are failing. This issue contains two important articles that will help inform our discussions on ways to respond to the global cholera situation. Cholera is a severely dehydrating illness caused by Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative organism. V. cholerae exists in environmental aquatic reservoirs, and, as a result, cholera is not an eradicable disease, but it is controllable. Humanity has recognized seven cholera pandemics since 1817, all originating in Asia. The most recent pandemic began in 1961 in Indonesia, making it at half a century the longest cholera pandemic on record. As opposed to burning out after 5–20 years as all previous pandemics have done, this pandemic, if anything, seems to be picking up speed. Cholera outbreaks are occurring with increasing frequency and severity, as demonstrated by the recent major outbreaks in Nigeria, Angola, Pakistan, Vietnam, Zimbabwe, and now Haiti. This is on top of all the endemic infections that largely go “unnoticed”. In fact, cholera is now endemic in approximately 50 countries worldwide, and V. cholerae infects 3–5 million individuals each year, killing approximately 100,000, only a minority of whom die in outbreaks that garner media attention.
Occupation and Social Complexity

Abstract Applications of complexity science, including dynamic systems and chaos theories, have become ever‐present in the social sciences. Diverse academic fields have begun to explore their central constructs from a complexity perspective. Occupational science has also begun to discover complexity science as an explanatory framework to aid in the study of occupation. Theoretical models, principles and empirical findings from a number of scholars of occupation suggest that the tenets of complexity may serve an important role in explicating the nature of occupation. However, applications of complexity science in the field of occupational science have almost exclusively focused on the system level of the human as a dynamic or chaotic system. In this article, I propose that the study of occupation should also be informed by adopting a social complexity perspective. This shift in analytic levels, in part, situates the study of occupation at the nexus of human‐to‐human interaction. Though a social level of an...
Complex Independent Component Analysis Using Three Types of Diversity: Non-Gaussianity, Nonwhiteness, and Noncircularity

By assuming latent sources are statistically independent, independent component analysis (ICA) separates underlying sources from a given linear mixture. Since in many applications, latent sources are non-Gaussian, noncircular, and have sample dependence, it is desirable to exploit all these properties jointly. Mutual information rate, which leads to the minimization of entropy rate, provides a natural cost for the task. In this paper, we establish the theory for complex-valued ICA giving Cramer-Rao lower bound and identification conditions, and present a new algorithm that takes all these properties into account. We propose an effective estimator of entropy rate and a complex-valued entropy rate bound minimization algorithm based on it. We show that the new method exploits all these properties effectively by comparing the estimation performance with the Cramer-Rao lower bound and by a number of examples.
Applications of Luminex® xMAP™ technology for rapid, high-throughput multiplexed nucleic acid detection

Abstract Background As we enter the post-genome sequencing era and begin to sift through the enormous amount of genetic information now available, the need for technologies that allow rapid, cost-effective, high-throughput detection of specific nucleic acid sequences becomes apparent. Multiplexing technologies, which allow for simultaneous detection of multiple nucleic acid sequences in a single reaction, can greatly reduce the time, cost and labor associated with single reaction detection technologies. Methods The Luminex® xMAP™ system is a multiplexed microsphere-based suspension array platform capable of analyzing and reporting up to 100 different reactions in a single reaction vessel. This technology provides a new platform for high-throughput nucleic acid detection and is being utilized with increasing frequency. Here we review specific applications of xMAP technology for nucleic acid detection in the areas of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, genetic disease screening, gene expression profiling, HLA DNA typing and microbial detection. Conclusions These studies demonstrate the speed, efficiency and utility of xMAP technology for simultaneous, rapid, sensitive and specific nucleic acid detection, and its capability to meet the current and future requirements of the molecular laboratory for high-throughput nucleic acid detection.
Vibrotactile stimulations for motor skill training

Although audiovisual instruction-with or without physical contact-is commonplace for teaching motor skills, it is limited in distracting environments such as large classroom-like settings or when there is a large physical separation between the teacher and student. Researchers have therefore started to explore vibrotactile stimulation for replacing or augmenting audiovisual instruction of motor skills. However, application-specific approaches have limited the versatility of previous systems. To overcome this, we propose vibrotactile patterns that target the fundamental movements of the human body. In this demonstration, participants will experience vibrotactile stimulations-delivered through a suit-that cue fundamental body movements for motor skill training.
Urethral diverticulectomy and cadaveric pubourethral sling after artificial urinary sphincter erosion and prostatectomy.

ing catheter or a condom type urinary collecting device for neurological disease, and theoretically after urethral erosion due to an artificial urinary sphincter.' We report an unusual case of an acquired urethral diverticulum that developed after erosion of an artificial urinary sphincter into the bulbar urethra with subsequent use of a Cunningham penile clamp. The patient was treated successfully with diverticulectomy and a cadaveric pubourethral sling procedure.
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control via Feasibility-Perturbed Sequential Quadratic Programming

Model predictive control requires the solution of a sequence of continuous optimization problems that are nonlinear if a nonlinear model is used for the plant. We describe briefly a trust-region feasibility-perturbed sequential quadratic programming algorithm (developed in a companion report), then discuss its adaptation to the problems arising in nonlinear model predictive control. Computational experience with several representative sample problems is described, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Current status of thoracic dorsal sympathectomy

This article summarizes over 20 years of experience (1962 to 1982) with cervical sympathectomy (thoracic dorsal sympathectomy) in 46 patients undergoing 68 sympathectomies. All operations were performed through an anterior supraclavicular approach. Indications for surgery were intractable Raynaud's disease (26 patients), atherosclerotic obliterative arterial disease (five), causalgia (five), posttraumatic sympathetic dystrophy (seven), collagen vascular disorders (eight), hyperhidrosis (12), occupational-related digital thrombosis (four), and thrombosis secondary to intra-arterial injection (one). The incidence of complications and side effects, both temporary and permanent, including Horner's syndrome, is reviewed in detail. Particular reference is made to the various surgical techniques of managing the stellate ganglion; four patients had two-third to three-fourth resection of the stellate ganglion down to and including the T-3 thoracic ganglion, two had preservation of the stellate ganglion and resection of the T-2 through T-4 ganglia, seven had excision of the entire stellate ganglion down to and including the T-4 ganglion, seven had resection of the lower third of the stellate ganglion down to and including the T-4 ganglion, and 48 had removal of the lower half of the stellate ganglion down to and including the T-3 ganglion. The study reviews the literature germane to anatomic considerations and suggests revisions in current texts and atlases. By retrospective analysis of the records and a follow-up questionnaire, which provided an 86% follow-up (average 8.4 years), the paper points to the distinctive clinical characteristics of the different groups within the population undergoing the operation and provides guidelines for patient selection and conclusions on the place for this operation in the management of vascular diseases involving the upper extremity.
Enhancing lab-on-a-chip performance via tunable parallel liquid mircolens arrays

We report an in situ formed tunable liquid microlense array and its applications for enhancing dynamic lab-on-a-chip performance. The de-ionized water microlenses are intrinsically formed via liquid-air interfaces of liquid droplets at T-shaped junctions of octadecyltrichlorosilane(OTS) treated polymerized isobornyl acrylate(poly(IBA)) microchannels., and can be separately tuned in focal lengths by pneumatic manipulation. Via the tunable microlenses, excitation light is dynamically focused onto the fluorescent fluidic sample, thus the fluorescence emission signal for detection is amplified. We have further shown the potential for surface reaction study at microfluidic interfaces by the microlense array.
Modern image exploitation training: experiments with methods

Experiments with various methods of training for the operators of modern image exploitation work stations have been conducted. Based on a number of years of instructional experience, primarily but not exclusively with college students, a recommended training procedure is outlined. At the core of this procedure are three essential tools: the flow diagram for processing steps, the demonstration of the entire process for the group, and the use of a session log as a script for the beginner.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An edge-bubble stabilized finite element method for fourth-order parabolic problems

We develop an edge-bubble stabilized finite element method for fourth-order parabolic problems. The method begins with a non-conforming approach, in which C^0 basis functions are used to approximate the coarse scale of the bulk field. Continuity of function derivatives is enforced at element edges with Lagrange multipliers. The fine-scale bulk field is approximated with higher order edge-bubbles that are held fixed over time slabs, providing for static condensation and an elimination of the multipliers. The resulting formulation shares several common features with recent non-conforming approaches based on Nitsche's method, albeit with the important difference that stability terms follow automatically from the approximation to the fine scale. As an application, we consider the problem of plane Poiseuille flow for a second-gradient fluid. Convergence studies provided for the case of steady flow indicate synchronous rates of convergence in L^2 and H^1 error norms. Some new time-dependent results for the second-gradient theory are also provided.
MLA on CD‐ROM: End‐Users respond

The MLA International Bibliography is well known as one of the primary indexes in the humanities. Published annually by the Modern Language Association of America, it provides coverage of critical materials on literature, language, linguistics, and folklore. MLA is available online through DIALOG from 1963 to date and through WILSONLINE from 1981 to date.
Adaptive filtering of nonlinear systems with memory using quantized mean field annealing

A technique for adaptive filtering of nonlinear systems with memory has been developed which combines quantized mean field annealing (QMFA) and conventional recursive-least-squares/fast-transversal filter (RLS/FTF) adaptive filtering. Unlike other methods which rely on Volterra and Wiener models, this technique can efficiently handle large order nonlinearities with or without memory. The nonlinear channel is divided into a memory nonlinearity followed by a dispersive linear system. Assuming that the dispersive linear system is stationary during initialization and the nonlinearity does not change while the dispersive linear system varies with time, QMFA is applied to obtain the coefficients and the order of the memory of the nonlinearity and RLS/FTF is applied to determine the weights of the dispersive linear system. This method was applied to a full duplex digital subscriber loop. Simulations show that the performance of the technique is superior to that of ordinary RLS/FTF and steepest descent algorithms. >
Maturation of the brain-stem auditory evoked potential in premature infants.

Abstract Patterns of development and extent of variability of the brain-stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) are described in 52 healthy premature infants and 50 normal term newborns with reliable conceptional ages. Binaural and monaural stimulation are compared. Serial studies of individual prematures are emphasized and demonstrate that the most consistent and least variable measures are the monaurally derived interpeak intervals. All the BAEP parameters studied mature including wave form, relative amplitude, peak and interpeak intervals, but there is far more variability in preterms than in term infants or adults, even when infants are carefully matched for conceptional age. As term is approached, BAEP variability decreases substantially, suggesting that near term the BAEP becomes a more reliable indicator of neurologic function. The variability of the BAEP in the normal preterm limits its usefulness in determining neurologic dysfunction in individual high risk infants. Nevertheless, the BAEP may still prove useful for defining group differences among infants and could provide an objective measure of those factors influencing neurologic development. Serial change in the BAEP is a specific parameter which we believe merits further study in premature infants as an index of neurologic maturation.
Integrative therapies for low back pain that include complementary and alternative medicine care: a systematic review.

Study Design: Systematic review of the literature. Objective: To evaluate whether an integrated approach that includes different Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) therapies combined or CAM therapies combined with conventional medical care is more effective for the management of low back pain (LBP) than single modalities alone. Summary of Background Data: LBP is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, yet its optimal management is still unresolved. Methods: The PRISMA Statement guidelines were followed. The Cochrane Back Review Group scale was used to rate the quality of the studies found. Results: Twenty-one studies were found that met the inclusion criteria. The CAM modalities used in the studies included spinal manipulative therapy, acupuncture, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, massage therapy, and a topical ointment. Twenty studies included acupuncture and/or spinal manipulative therapy. Nine high quality studies showed that integrative care was clinically effective for the manage...
Disentangling the role of hybridization in the evolution of the endangered Arizona cliffrose (Purshia subintegra; Rosaceae): a molecular and morphological analysis

Hybridization may threaten the conservation status of rare species through genetic assimilation and may confound the ability to distinguish among taxa. We studied these issues in an endangered shrub, Purshia subintegra (Rosaceae), known from four populations growing on limestone outcrops in central Arizona (USA). Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and the Bayesian clustering algorithm implemented in STRUCTURE, we identified three distinct genetic lineages among Arizona Purshia subintegra and P. stansburiana. An initial split divided San Carlos Basin P. subintegra (considered P. pinkavae by Schaack) from northern P. stansburiana populations (FST = 0.394). A subsequent split separated northern P. stansburiana from two P. subintegra populations at Horseshoe Lake and Burro Creek (FST = 0.207), which comprised a nearly perfect admixture of the two lineages identified in the initial analysis. In the Verde River Valley P. subintegra is sympatric with P. stansburiana and exhibited an average 27% P. stansburiana genes for 5 of 6 stands analyzed, indicating ongoing hybridization and backcrossing with P. subintegra. Individuals carrying >90% P. subintegra markers are identifiable 68% of the time based on morphology, with leaf lobing, leaf size, and leaf length acting as the most reliable indicators of taxonomic status. However, the genetic and morphological distance correlation among individuals was low (r = 0.17, P = 0.0002), indicating that morphology cannot always accurately predict genetic admixture or taxonomy. Overall, our study confirmed the genetic distinctiveness of the San Carlos Basin population, an ancient natural hybrid origin of P. subintegra, and the presence of a hybrid swarm in the Verde Valley, whose conservation value may lie in its heightened genetic diversity.
Decreased sodium-potassium pump activity in isolated hypertrophied feline ventricular myocytes

Abstract The activity of the Na-K pump was assessed in normal and hypertrophied isolated feline myocytes by measuring ouabain-sensitive 42- K uptake. Right ventricular hypertrophy was produced in feline myocardium by placing a constricting band around the pulmonary artery of adult cats. High yields of calcium tolerant myocytes were isolated from the right and left ventricle of banded and sham operated animals. Intracellular sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations (mM) were not significantly different (P > 0.5) in normal (Na: 13.2 ; K: 133.4) and hypertrophied (Na: 12.3 ; K: 127.5) myocytes. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a 26% increase in width and a 42% increase in volume of hypertrophied myocytes, however, the sarcomere length (1.9 μ) was not different in both cell types. The rate constant (k, min −1 ) describing 42-K uptake and the calculated total K influx (I, pmol/cm 2 /sec) were not significantly different (P > 0.5) in normal (k=0.059 ; I=15.9) and hypertrophied (k=0.062; I=15.3) cells. Ouabain-sensitive (active) K influx, a measure of Na-K pump activity, was maximally inhibited at 10 −4 M ouabain in both cell types. At this concentration, ouabain-sensitive K uptake was decreased 23.5% in hypertrophied myocytes compared to control. The decrease in active K influx may be due to a decrease in the activity of the Na-K ATPase and/or to a reduction in the passive movement of sodium and potassium down their electrochemical gradients.
Antineoplastic agents, 294. Variations in the formation of pancratistatin and related isocarbostyrils in Hymenocallis littoralis

By cloning Hymenocallis littoralis, a practical biosynthetic procedure was developed for producing pancratistatin [1]. The plant tissue culture-->greenhouse-->field production sequence was successively utilized for increasing an original 1.5 kg of wild H. littoralis bulbs to some 60,000 bulbs at present. In the central Arizona Sonoran Desert, the tropical H. littoralis was found to reach a maximum pancratistatin content in October and a minimum in May. Generally pancratistatin [1] was accompanied by lesser yields of narciclasine [2], 7-deoxynarciclasine [3], and 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarcicasine [4]. Improved laboratory and pilot-plant scale techniques were also developed for the isolation of pancratistatin [1] from difficult-to-separate mixtures of narciclasine [2] and 7-deoxynarciclasine [3]occurring in H. littoralis.
Hydroxychloroquine inhibits autophagy to potentiate antiestrogen responsiveness in ER+ breast cancer

Purpose: Estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-targeted therapies including tamoxifen (TAM) or Faslodex (ICI) are used to treat ER + breast cancers. Up to 50% of tumors will acquire resistance to these interventions. Autophagy has been implicated as a major driver of antiestrogen resistance. We have explored the ability of chloroquine (CQ), which inhibits autophagy, to affect antiestrogen responsiveness. Experimental Design: TAM-resistant MCF7-RR and ICI-resistant/TAM cross-resistant LCC9 ER + breast cancer cells were injected into mammary fat pads of female athymic mice and treated with TAM and/or ICI in combination with oral low-dose CQ. Results: We show that CQ can increase antiestrogen responsiveness in MCF7-RR and LCC9 cells and tumors, likely through the inhibition of autophagy. However, the combination of ICI+CQ was less effective than CQ alone in vivo , unlike the TAM+CQ combination. Antiestrogen treatment stimulated angiogenesis in tumors but did not prevent CQ effectiveness. The lower efficacy of ICI+CQ was associated with ICI effects on cell-mediated immunity within the tumor microenvironment. The mouse chemokine KC (CXCL1) and IFNγ were differentially regulated by both TAM and ICI treatments, suggesting a possible effect on macrophage development/activity. Consistent with these observations, TAM+CQ treatment increased tumor CD68 + cells infiltration, whereas ICI and ICI+CQ reduced peripheral tumor macrophage content. Moreover, macrophage elimination of breast cancer target cells in vitro was reduced following exposure to ICI. Conclusion: CQ restores antiestrogen sensitivity to resistant tumors. Moreover, the beneficial combination of TAM+CQ suggests a positive outcome for ongoing neoadjuvant clinical trials using this combination for the treatment of ER + ductal carcinoma in situ lesions. Clin Cancer Res; 20(12); 3222–32. ©2014 AACR .
Effect of cognitive dysfunction on the relationship between age and health literacy.

Abstract Objective Age is generally an inverse predictor of health literacy. However, the role of cognitive dysfunction among older adults in this relationship is not understood. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 446 adult patients in a large urban academic level one trauma center, assessing health literacy and cognitive dysfunction. Results Removing older patients (60 years of age and older) who screened positive for cognitive dysfunction attenuated the relationship between age and health literacy ( r = −0.16, p = 0.001 vs. r = −0.35, p Conclusion Much of the relationship between age and health literacy was driven by cognitive dysfunction among a subset of older adults. Practice implications Our findings suggest that older patients with cognitive dysfunction have the greatest need for health literacy interventions.
Attenuating the large-scale turbulent oscillations sustained by shallow cavities with a perforated lid

Marine engineers face a challenging problem when designing recessed cavities that require perforated covers. Under certain geometric and kinematic conditions, the separated shear layers directly above the perforations support the spatial maturity of periodic large-scale structures. Intermittent spoilers attenuate the structure's maturity by interrupting communication between the shear layer and the adjacent inner cavity, but this success fails during transient flow conditions. In the far-field, the corresponding noise pulse is easily detectable. Evolutionary growth of the streamwise structures originates from small Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) waves within the shear layers just after separation and are sustained by a pressure feedback mechanism that occurs within the cavity itself. Herein, the resolved physics from large-eddy simulations along with the previous experimental evidence show analogous fundamental characteristics between the open and perforated covered cavities regardless of whether upstream separat...
A concerted rotation algorithm for atomistic Monte Carlo simulation of polymer melts and glasses

We develop and test a new elementary Monte Carlo move for use in the efficient simulation of polymer systems. The move consists of a concerted rotation around up to seven adjacent skeletal bonds that leaves the rest of the chain unaffected. No assumption is made concerning the backbone geometry other than that bond lengths and bond angles are held constant during the elementary move. Special sampling techniques are needed because the new move involves a correlated change in seven degrees of freedom along the chain backbone. We use the new move in conjunction with reptation in an isothermal-isobaric Monte Carlo simulation of a bulk tetracosane melt system and find that it improves computational efficiency relative to a purely reptation-based Monte Carlo scheme. Comparisons are also made between a concerted rotation-based Monte Carlo simulation and a molecular dynamics simulation of an oligomer of atactic polypropylene.
U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation program and practice effects on wetland ecosystem services: a synthesis

Ecosystem services provided by wetlands on agricultural landscapes include fish and wildlife habitat support, mitigation of pollution effects, water conservation, and climate change mitigation. Riparian buffer practices are also considered in this synthesis due to their implementation in wetlands or effects on wetland ecosystem service provisioning when implemented adjacent to wetlands. Conservation practices are most extensive in the first three of the following seven regions analyzed: Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Glaciated Interior Plains, Piedmont–Coastal Plain, Prairie Pothole Region, California Central Valley, Appalachia, and the High Plains. Of the eight dominant practices available to establish and manage wetlands, the three most prevalent are Wetland Establishment, Wetland Management, and Riparian Buffer establishment and management. Differences in physiography among regions strongly influence the types of practices commonly applied. Highly altered drainage patterns and nutrient loading common to agriculture can make wetland establishment difficult. Nutrient enrichment, especially with nitrogen, can create trade-offs between reduced export of nutrients downstream (e.g., nitrate) and enhanced greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., nitrous oxide). Guidance is needed that considers the full array of ecosystem functions and services of multiple practices across a range of spatial scales. Both positive and negative effects need to be addressed given the trade-offs between enhancement of ecosystem services and the lack of knowledge of thresholds at which ecosystem functions are no longer ecologically or economically sustainable. In many cases, data are not presently available, nor is there a suitable monitoring process in place to assess the long-term effects of agriculture on additional wetlands and the potential services they provide, and vice versa. This points to the need to better match practices with goals, to evaluate restoration costs and benefits, and to optimize how decision-making is distributed between national and local levels.
An experimental study of two dimensions of country-of-origin (manufacturing country and branding country) using intrinsic and extrinsic cues

Abstract This research examines simultaneously external and internal cues to investigate the impact of two dimensions of country-of-origin (manufacturing country and branding country) on product evaluations. Using an experimental design, multiple products and multiple countries are studied. The power of the analysis exceeds 95%. Effect sizes are also computed to provide the relative importance of various relevant variables. Overall, the findings indicate that it is beneficial for a seller to strategically focus on intrinsic quality, choose a developed country as the branding country, while deriving cost reductions by shifting manufacturing facilities to developing countries.
Distribution of the globin gene in active and inactive chromatin fractions from friend erythroleukemia cells

SUMMARY Stimulation of the T3C12 clone of Friend erythroleukemia cells with 1.2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) results in progressive increase in the concentration of globin mRNA sequences in the total cellular RNA of treated cells, as measured by nucleic acid hybridization employing a globin cDNA probe. The greatest increment in the content of globin RNA occurs between 30 and 40 h after addition of DMSO. Globin cDNA was also used to measure the concentration of globin-specific sequences in the DNA and RNA of transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin fractions prepared from these cells by the DNase II - MgCl, procedure of Gottesfeld et al. [ 161. Essentially equal concentrations of globin sequences are present in the DNA isolated from active and inactive chromatin fractions of cells grown in the presence of 1.2 % DMSO for 50 h (the time of initiation of hemoglobin synthesis). Furthermore, there are no significant differences in the globin gene concentrations between the active chromatin fractions from DMSO-treated and control cultures at either 50 or 120 h after initiation of DMSO treatment. However, chromatin-associated RNA isolated from the active chromatin of cells synthesizing maximum amounts of hemoglobin (120 h) contains a higher concentration of globin sequences than RNA from the active chromatin of control cells. Chromatin fractions from untreated cells also contain a significant amount of RNA which hybridizes to the globin cDNA probe. These observations suggest that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control mechanisms are involved in hemoglobin gene expression in T3C12 erythroleukemia cells.
Neurostimulation for primary headache disorders

Neurostimulation has emerged as a potential treatment option for patients with chronic, disabling, intractable primary headache disorders. Although safety and efficacy data are limited in quantity, there is accumulating experience with the use of peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of intractable occipital neuralgia, cluster headache, migraine, and less common headache disorders. Deep brain stimulation has been used to treat intractable chronic cluster headache and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing. This article discusses the theorized mechanisms of action of these novel treatment modalities and summarizes current knowledge regarding safety and efficacy of neurostimulation for the treatment of headache.
ART AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION: A CONVERSATION

(1988). ART AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION: A CONVERSATION. Religious Education: Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 453-473.
Conflicts and geographical flashpoints around the world: the effective application of restorative justice and peacemaking criminological perspectives

The means by which a peacemaking paradigm and restorative justice principles can be applied to international conflicts are explored. The utility of peacemaking criminology in areas of war‐torn Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East are highlighted. Using Fuller's peacemaking pyramid paradigm, a multi‐pronged message of nonviolence, social justice, and inclusion of diverse cultural groups is emphasized. The application of both peacemaking criminology and restorative justice is presented as being workable to acknowledge the real pain, sorrow, and inequity that are experienced among the aggrieved around the world. Further, the spiritual and humanist elements of peacemaking criminology are emphasized, demonstrating that peacemaking criminology is uniquely suited to resolving conflict rooted in religious differences around the globe. The restorative justice emphasis on healing, bringing victims and offenders together, and making communities whole is shown as an effective adjunct and a natural partner to p...
Selective inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine release following chronic administration of clozapine: involvement of α1-noradrenergic receptors demonstrated by in vivo voltammetry

The release of dopamine (DA) in vivo was compared in the striatum and nucleus accumbens following chronic (21 day) administration of clozapine (CLOZ) and repeated coadministration of haloperidol (HAL) and the α1-noradrenergic (NE) receptor antagonist prazosin. Treatment with HAL reduced basal DA release in both brain regions, whereas treatment with CLOZ decreased basal DA release only in the accumbens. Chronic coadministration of HAL and prazosin resulted in decreased DA release in accumbens but not striatum. These results suggest that the α1-NE receptor blocking properties of CLOZ may, in part, mediate its differential actions on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic DA release, an effect which may in addition contribute to its paucity of extrapyramidal side effects.
Formalizing the semantics of sea ice

We have initiated a project aimed at enhancing interdisciplinary understanding and usability of polar data by diverse communities. We have produced computer- and human-understandable models of sea ice that can be used to support the interoperability of a wide range of sea ice data. This has the potential to improve scientific predictive analyses and increase usage of the data by scientists, modelers, and forecasters as well as residents of communities that rely on sea ice. We have developed a family of ontologies, leveraging existing best in class models, including one module describing physical characteristics of sea ice, another describing sea ice charts, and a third modeling “egg codes” - an internationally accepted standard for symbolically representing sea ice within geographic regions. We used a semantic Web methodology to rapidly gather and refine requirements, design and iterate over the ontologies, and to evaluate the ontologies with respect to the use cases. We gathered requirements from a wide range of potential stakeholders reflecting the interests of operational ice centers, ice researchers, and indigenous people. We introduce the driving use case and provide an overview of the resulting open source ontologies. We also introduce some key technical considerations including the prominent role of provenance, terms of use, and credit in the model. We describe how the ontologies are being employed and highlight their compatibility with a wide range of existing standards previously developed by many of the stakeholder communities.
Consensus Seeking Versus Truth Seeking

Postmodernists have long argued that giving an egalitarian voice to all citizens by seeking consensus decisions with cooperation improves social welfare more effectively than the competition traditionally used with common sense and scientific evidence as part of truth seeking in a democracy. In a recent evaluation of its policy on consensus, the Department of Energy Environmental Management (DOE-EM) encouraged its Citizen Site Specific Advisory Boards “to work toward consensus” in order to be “fair,” thereby improving American democracy, according to the lead evaluator. But no empirical evidence has been collected from the field by the Evaluation Team to validate the DOE’s policy. In contrast, the literature and field data contradict the Team: consensus seeking retards cleanup; the coercion necessary to seek consensus reduces trust; and consensus-seeking favors risk perception rather than scientifically determined risk. In contrast, the competition of ideas driven by truth seeking significantly accelerate...
Covalent modifications of hemoglobin by nitrite anion: formation kinetics and properties of nitrihemoglobin.

The green nitrihemoglobin (α 2 β 2 tetramer, NHb) was prepared by the aerobic reaction of excess nitrite with human hemoglobin A 0 under mildly acidic conditions. A rate equation was determined and found to depend on nitrite, hydrogen ion, and oxygen concentrations: ―d[HbNO 2 ]/dt = [k 1 + k 2 (K a [HNO 2 ])-[O 2 ] 1/2 ][HbNO 2 ], where k 1 = (2.4 ± 0.9) x 10 ―4 s ', k 2 = (1 ± 0.2) x 10 5 M ―5/2 s ―1 , ', and K 2 is the acid dissociation constant for nitrous acid (4.5 x 10 ―4 M). Also, the chemical properties of NHb are compared to those of the normal hemoglobin (including the addition products of common oxidation states with exogenous ligands, the alkaline transitions of the ferric forms, and the oxygen binding characteristics of the ferrous forms) and were found to be nearly indistinguishable. Therefore, the replacement of a single vinyl hydrogen with a nitro group on the periphery of each macrocycle in hemoglobin does not significantly perturb the interaction between the hemes and the heme pockets. Because nonphotochemical reaction chemistry must necessarily be most dependent on electronic ground states, it follows that the clearly visible difference in color between hemoglobin A 0 and NHb must be associated primarily with the respective electronic excited states. The possibility of NHb formation in vivo and its likely consequences are considered.
Piezoelectric Actuators for Low-Form-Factor Electronics Cooling

The cooling performance of piezoelectric actuators is evaluated for low-form-factor electronics in this work. A piezoelectric actuator is a cantilever made from metal or plastic with a piezoelectric material bonded to it. Under an alternating electrical current, the piezo actuator oscillates back and forth, generating airflow. Compared to conventional fans, these actuators have the advantages of low power consumption, low noise, and smaller dimensions. The parameters investigated in the experiments are actuator orientation, actuator-to-heat source distance, and actuator amplitude. For an actuator power consumption of 31 mW, the heat source temperature was lowered by more than 25°C compared to natural convection conditions (for a 2.45 W heater power dissipation). Performance comparisons against axial fans and natural convection heat sinks show that the piezo actuators perform significantly better in terms of power consumption and cooling volume. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Hairless mice as models for chloracne: A study of cutaneous changes induced by topical application of established chloracnegens

Abstract Two types of hairless mice, one from the inbred strains, HRS J , and the other from the outbred stock, Skh:HR-1, were used to study the feasibility of inducing experimental chloracne with various well-established chloracnegens. Animals were treated topically for periods ranging from 2 to 10 weeks, and the cutaneous changes were monitored. Most chloracnegens induced a distinct pattern of cutaneous pathology, but this pattern did not include hyperkeratinization of the sebaceous follicles, which is considered the pathognomonic lesion in human chloracne. Rather, the changes induced by chloracnegens such as Halowax 1014, N-wax-34, Phenclor 54, and 2,3,4,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were: epidermal hyperkeratosis and hyperplasia, loss of sebaceous glands, keratinization of intradermal pilar cysts, and, often, diffuse lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the dermis. Only one chloracnegen, 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, induced a true chloracne-like syndrome, and only in one of the strains of mice (Skh:HR-1). This syndrome involved massive hyperkeratosis of the sebaceous follicles and hyperkeratinization of intradermal pilar cysts. In many instances, these cysts spontaneously ruptured into the dermis and induced the development of pimple-like foci of inflammatory cell accumulation in the skin. All animals developing these cutaneous changes also underwent a generalized metabolic disturbance resulting in gross weight gain, primarily due to large intraabdominal fat deposits.
Modeling of Hybrid Rocket Low Frequency Instabilities

A comprehensive dynamic model of a hybrid rocket has been developed to understand and predict the transient behavior including instabilities. A linearized version of the transient model predicted the low-frequency chamber pressure oscillations that are commonly observed in hybrids. The source of the instabilities is based on a complex coupling of thermal transients in the solid fuel, the wall heat transfer blocking due to fuel regression rate, and the transients in the boundary layer that forms on the fuel surface. The oscillation frequencies predicted by the linearized theory are in very good agreement with 43 motor test results obtained from the hybrid propulsion literature. The motor test data used in the comparison cover a very wide spectrum of parameters including 1) four separate research and development programs; 2) three different oxidizers (liquid oxygen, gaseous oxygen, and nitrous oxide); 3) a wide range of motor dimensions, that is, from 5 in. (12.7 cm) diameter to 72 in. (182.9 cm) diameter, and operating conditions; and 4) several fuel formulations. A simple universal scaling formula for the frequency of the primary oscillation mode is also suggested.
A Parsec-Scale Herbig-Haro Jet in Barnard 5

We report the discovery of a parsec-scale, jetlike, bipolar Herbig-Haro flow, HH 366, emerging from the young stellar object IRS 1, which is embedded in the dark cloud Barnard 5 (B5) at the eastern end of the Perseus molecular cloud complex. The jet is about 22' in extent, which corresponds to a projected length of about 2.2 pc (assuming a distance of 350 pc), and is less than 1' (0.1 pc) wide. The brighter southwestern end of the jet is receding, with a velocity between 30 and 100 km s–1. The fainter eastern lobe is blueshifted with a slightly lower radial velocity amplitude. The blueshifted jet emerges from IRS 1 at a position angle of about 75°. Both the redshifted and blueshifted portions of the flow are brightest at their ends (the most distant points from the source). In the blueshifted eastern lobe, faint emission can be traced to within several arcminutes of the source, while the redshifted lobe emerges from behind the cloud core about 5' southwest of IRS 1.The orientation and kinematics of the Herbig-Haro jet matches that of the inner portion of the CO outflow from IRS 1 mapped at high-angular resolution by Fuller et al. A reanalysis of the Goldsmith et al. 12CO data shows that an envelope of high-velocity molecular gas extends from IRS 1 to both the eastern and western ends of the Herbig-Haro jet. The redshifted lobe of CO emission lying several arc-minutes north of IRS 3 (an infrared source located about 10' to the southwest of IRS 1) coincides with the southwestern (redshifted) optical lobe of the B5 jet. Although previously associated with IRS 3, this lobe is the brightest portion of the southwestern lobe of the IRS 1 CO outflow. Both the CO flow and the HH jet are nearly orthogonal to a 0.06 pc long ridge or extended "pseudodisk" of dense molecular gas seen in tracers such as HCN. The two lobes of the IRS 1 optical outflow are misaligned; the redshifted lobe appears to be deflected south with respect to the axis inferred by connecting B5 IRS1 to the end of the blueshifted lobe. A roughly 5-10 km s–1 motion of the source with respect to the host cloud could produce this misalignment. The IRS 1 outflow provides evidence for outflow models in which CO is entrained from dense molecular gas by a hypersonic jet.A second Herbig-Haro flow, HH 367, is located 1' southeast (at position angle 155°) of the infrared source B5 IRS 3.
Lung Transplantation for Williams-Campbell Syndrome

Williams-Campbell syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by a deficiency of cartilage in subsegmental bronchi leading to distal airway collapse and bronchiectasis. We report the first case of lung transplantation in a patient with end-stage lung disease secondary to Williams-Campbell syndrome. Although the patient did not have proximal airway collapse prior to transplantation, his posttransplant course was complicated by the development of bronchomalacia of the right and left mainstem bronchi. The patient experienced recurrent pulmonary infections and died of bacterial pneumonia 1 year after transplantation. Autopsy revealed cartilage deficiency in both right and left mainstem bronchi. A hypothesis may be made that a combination of proximal cartilage deficiency and posttransplant airway ischemia led to the development of bronchomalacia after lung transplantation. Thus, in contrast to previous reports, the cartilage deficiency in Williams-Campbell syndrome can involve both proximal and distal airways. Consequently, bilateral sequential lung transplantation may not be an effective therapeutic option in patients with this syndrome.
Two types of telomeric chromatin in Tetrahymena thermophila

The telomeric d(GGGGTT).d(AACCCC) repeat tracts (G4T2 repeats) in Tetrahymena thermophila macronuclei were shown previously to be packaged in a non-nucleosomal DNA-protein complex. Here, we demonstrate that these telomeric repeats, together with a short region of the immediately adjacent non-telomeric sequence, exist in two distinct types of chromatin. The non-nucleosomal complex (type I complex) comprises approximately 90 to 97% of telomeric DNA, has no apparent underlying periodic nucleosomal substructure, and includes the whole telomeric tract as well as the immediately adjacent sequence. Type II chromatin, comprising the remaining approximately 3 to 10% of the total telomeric DNA, consists of tightly packed nucleosomes clustered at the inner border of the telomeric tracts, with a periodicity of 154(+/-3) bp. This packing is similar to that of telomeric nucleosomes in vertebrates. However, in contrast to the unstability of vertebrate telomeric mononucleosomes, the T. thermophila mononucleosomes were stable to micrococcal nuclease digestion. During the natural lengthening of the T. thermophila telomeric DNA tracts that occurs in vegetatively dividing cells, the overall ratio of type I and type II chromatin did not change. However, type I complex expanded with the length of the telomeric DNA repeat tract, and the number of telomeric nucleosomes increased from an average of one, up to three to four, per telomeric tract. This finding of telomeric nucleosomes in T. thermophila suggests that the difference between vertebrates and lower eukaryotes in telomeric chromatin structure is quantitative rather than qualitative. We propose that deposition of nucleosomes competes with non-nucleosomal complex formation on telomeric DNA, resulting in a sub-population of chimeric telomeres containing inner nucleosomes abutting a distal, variable length of type I complex.