cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dhh1 promotes autophagy-related protein translation during nitrogen starvation

Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a well-conserved cellular process through which cytoplasmic components are delivered to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation and recycling. Studies have revealed the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation of autophagy-related (ATG) genes upon nutrient deprivation. However, little is known about their translational regulation. Here, we found that Dhh1, a DExD/H-box RNA helicase, is required for efficient translation of Atg1 and Atg13, two proteins essential for autophagy induction. Dhh1 directly associates with ATG1 and ATG13 mRNAs under nitrogen-starvation conditions. The structured regions shortly after the start codons of the two ATG mRNAs are necessary for their translational regulation by Dhh1. Both the RNA-binding ability and helicase activity of Dhh1 are indispensable to promote Atg1 translation and autophagy. Moreover, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (EIF4E)-associated protein 1 (Eap1), a target of rapamycin (TOR)-regulated EIF4E binding protein, physically interacts with Dhh1 after nitrogen starvation and facilitates the translation of Atg1 and Atg13. These results suggest a model for how some ATG genes bypass the general translational suppression that occurs during nitrogen starvation to maintain a proper level of autophagy.
Using symmetry to elucidate the importance of stoichiometry in colloidal crystal assembly.

We demonstrate a method based on symmetry to predict the structure of self-assembling, multicomponent colloidal mixtures. This method allows us to feasibly enumerate candidate structures from all symmetry groups and is many orders of magnitude more computationally efficient than combinatorial enumeration of these candidates. In turn, this permits us to compute ground-state phase diagrams for multicomponent systems. While tuning the interparticle potentials to produce potentially complex interactions represents the conventional route to designing exotic lattices, we use this scheme to demonstrate that simple potentials can also give rise to such structures which are thermodynamically stable at moderate to low temperatures. Furthermore, for a model two-dimensional colloidal system, we illustrate that lattices forming a complete set of 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-fold rotational symmetries can be rationally designed from certain systems by tuning the mixture composition alone, demonstrating that stoichiometric control can be a tool as powerful as directly tuning the interparticle potentials themselves. Theoretical schemes to predict colloidal crystals of arbitrary complexity are highly desirable. Here the authors develop a general approach based on symmetry and stoichiometric constraints that predicts the stability of multicomponent colloidal lattices more efficiently than traditional methodologies.
Gray Zones: The Everyday Practices and Governance of Water beyond the Network

In Delhi, India, the centralized water supply is highly fractured and sporadic, reaching less than half of residents on an everyday basis. As a result, urbanites across social groups coproduce wate...
Sonolucent Cranial Implants: Cadaveric Study and Clinical Findings Supporting Diagnostic and Therapeutic Transcranioplasty Ultrasound

Background Previously, sonographic evaluation of the intracranial contents was limited to intraoperative use following bone flap removal, with placement of the probe directly on the cortical surface or through a transsulcal tubular retractor. Cranioplasty with sonolucent implants may represent a postoperative window into the brain by allowing ultrasound to serve as a novel bedside imaging modality. The potential sonolucency of various commonly used cranial implant types was examined in this study. Methods A 3-phase study was comprised of cadaveric evaluation of transcranioplasty ultrasound (TCU) with cranioplasty implants of varying materials, intraoperative TCU during right-sided cranioplasty with clear implant made of poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA), and bedside TCU on postoperative day 5 after cranioplasty. Results The TCU through clear PMMA, polyether-ether-ketone, and opaque PMMA cranial implants revealed implant sonoluceny, in contrast to autologous bone and porous-polyethylene. Intraoperative ultrasound via the clear PMMA implant in a single patient revealed recognizable ventricular anatomy. Furthermore, postoperative bedside ultrasound in the same patient revealed comparable ventricular anatomy and a small epidural fluid collection corresponding to that visualized on an axial computed tomography scan. Conclusion Sonolucent cranial implants, such as those made of clear PMMA, hold great promise for enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic applications previously limited by cranial bone. Furthermore, as functional cranial implants are manufactured with implantable devices housed within clear PMMA, the possibility of utilizing ultrasound for real-time surveillance of intracranial pathology becomes much more feasible.
Evaluation of Congenital Syphilis: Use of an Algorithm in a Reverse Sequence Testing System

BACKGROUND: From 2012 to 2015, the CDC reported an increase in congenital syphilis (CS) cases. Reverse sequence (RS) testing is reported as a high throughput and cost effective method for syphilis screening. RS testing starts with a treponemal specific antibody test (e.g. chemiluminescent immunoassay [CIA]), then reflexive testing with a non-treponemal antibody test (rapid plasma reagin [RPR]) when CIA is positive. In cases with discordant results (e.g., CIA positive, RPR negative), a different second treponemal specific antibody test is performed (e.g. fluorescent …
Applications of α-Strongly Regular Distributions to Bayesian Auctions

Two classes of distributions that are widely used in the analysis of Bayesian auctions are the monotone hazard rate (MHR) and regular distributions. They can both be characterized in terms of the rate of change of the associated virtual value functions: for MHR distributions, the condition is that for values v
When the Levees Break: The Cost of Vicarious Trauma, Microaggressions and Emotional Labor for Black Administrators and Faculty Engaging in Race Work at Traditionally White Institutions.

The purpose of this article is to offer insight to administrators and human resource professionals at Traditionally White Institutions (TWIs) about developing action plans that provide meaningful s...
Algorithmic soft tissue femoral release in anterior approach total hip arthroplasty

Although the anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty has gained increasing utilization, some studies have suggested a higher risk of femoral complications, as well as difficulty with femoral exposure. Techniques of soft tissue releases have been described to offer better femoral exposure, and to help mitigate complications. The purpose of the study is to describe an algorithmic soft tissue femoral release in direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty and to assess the clinical outcomes of patients upon which this algorithm of femoral soft tissue releases was utilized. Clinical outcomes with the Harris Hip Score, reoperation rates, component survivorship, and complications were analyzed.
Secondary Cities in Kenya: Problems of Decentralization, Municipal Finance and Urban Infrastructure

Located at the equator on the coast of the Indian ocean in East Africa, Kenya has a population of 20 million people. It has a very high growth rate at approximately 4 per cent per year. Most of the population, 85 per cent, lives in rural areas and is engaged in agriculture. Only 20 per cent of the land area of the country is suitable for agriculture, and that is already saturated at the maximum density that can be supported. There is very limited opportunity for horizontal expansion of the rural population into new areas. The labor force of the country will double by the end of the century. This is not a statistical projection but a demographic fact: the new entrants to the labor force at that date have already been born and are children with names. The urban population will increase from three million in 1984 to nine to ten million by the year 2000. This will mean that the urban population will increase as a percentage of total population from 15 per cent to 25 or 30 per cent of the total. Even then, the increasing pressure of rural density will present serious problems.
Sleep Disorders in Addiction: An Overview

The overall concept and aim of this chapter is to provide a basic sleep medicine “crash course” with a specific goal of describing a practical approach to treating the patient population afflicted with substance dependence and concomitant sleep complaints.
Electromechanical Transient Modeling of Fast Electric Vehicle Charging Unit

Fast electric vehicle(EV) charging stations have become one of the fastest-growing penetrated power electronics (PE) interfaced loads to the electric power system. The lack of accurate model of the fast EV charger in transient stability (TS) simulation tools limits the effectiveness of power system dynamic performance evaluation and stability analysis. In this paper, The electromechanical model of a fast EV charging unit is proposed, which is suitable for large-scale power system dynamic analysis in TS simulators. The EV charger model is simplified to guarantee a balance between model accuracy and simplicity. The validity of the proposed model has been demonstrated by a comparative study with the benchmark model created in PSCAD/EMTDC.
Towards a Benchmark for Learned Systems

This paper aims to initiate a discussion around benchmarking data management systems with machine-learned components. Traditional benchmarks such as TPC or YCSB are insufficient to analyze and understand these learned systems because they evaluate the performance under a stable workload and data distribution. Learned systems automatically specialize and adapt database components to a changing workload, database, and execution environment, thereby making conventional metrics such as average throughput ill-suited to understand their performance fully. Moreover, the standard cost-per-performance metrics fail to account for essential trade-offs related to the training cost of models and the elimination of manual database tuning. We present several ideas for designing new benchmarks that are better suited to evaluate learned systems. The main challenges entail developing new metrics to capture the particularities of learned systems and ensuring that benchmark results remain comparable across many deployments with wide-ranging designs.
Dialogue in Online Learning Spaces: How Transitioning to Online Learning during a Pandemic Impacts Critical Classroom Dialogue and Inclusivity

The sudden shift to online learning because of COVID-19 created a series of challenges for educators. Faculty took a “triage” approach to reformatting their courses quickly. And while this was a necessary approach for many reasons, you couldn’t help but wonder what students would be missing. As a Communication Studies professor, dialogue is an essential tool I use in the classroom. Effective dialogue can lead to a greater acceptance of diverse thought and individuals, as well as less divisiveness and intolerance. So, when the pandemic forced us to switch to online learning, the biggest question I had was: How do we maintain effective classroom dialogue in online learning spaces? This reflective essay seeks to answer this question in real-time, as I simultaneously prepare to teach at least another year of online courses. I explore the importance of dialogue in the classroom, how dialogue can be a conduit of inclusivity, why we should strive for inclusivity in our classrooms, and finally, how we translate these lessons to the online classroom. My hope is that this piece will help further this conversation and act as a resource for maintaining effective dialogue in every type of classroom.
Viruses disregulate cell membrane receptors to become immune fugitives.

In order to maintain persistent infections, microbes that cause chronic disease have to evade detection by the human immune system. To do so, many modulate the expression of plasma membrane receptors that trigger cell signalling pathways and immune responses. Using microscopy and cell sorting techniques, Businger et al. map the morphological changes in the plasma membranes of macrophages infected by human cytomegalovirus or human immunodeficiency virus and find novel differentially expressed receptors.
Cross-reactivity in Skin Prick Test Results of Members Within Pooideae Subfamily.

ObjectiveMolecular similarities of grass pollen antigens have led to the view that cross-reactivity exists within members of the Pooideae subfamily of grasses. This has resulted in testing for only...
How do drivers behave during indecision zone maneuvers

Yellow signal indications at intersections are well-known to be a contributor to traffic crashes. This study examined drivers’ behavior during yellow signal indication (i.e., indecision zone) maneuvers. Data from a driving simulator study was used, which included drivers’ performance data when they encountered a yellow signal indication at intersections under different secondary-task conditions. This study calculated drivers’ likelihood to go through a yellow signal indication and examined factors that are related to drivers’ decision making on intersection traversing. The results showed that drivers’ decision on stopping or not at a yellow signal indication was associated with different variables including age, distraction, pedal conditions, and time to stop line. Distracted drivers’ insensitive behavior was also captured from the significant interaction effect between time to stop line and distraction conditions, which implied that intersection related crash risk may increase when drivers were distracted.
Role of Monocarboxylate Transport in the Regulation of Intracellular pH of Renal Proximal Tubule Cells

Traditional models of acid-base transport and intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in the renal proximal tubule have been based on the existence of a Na+/H+ exchanger at the luminal membrane and a simple HCO3- conductance at the basolateral membrane. Our recent work, in which we used pH-sensitive microelectrodes or dyes to monitor pHi in isolated renal tubules perfused in the nominal absence of HCO3-, has demonstrated the existence of a novel mechanism of acid extrusion in amphibian and mammalian proximal tubule cells. The salamander proximal tubule, for example, possesses an electroneutral Na+ monocarboxylate (Na+-X-) co-transporter, but only at the luminal membrane. It also possesses an electroneutral H+-X- co-transporter, but only at the blood side or basolateral membrane. In the presence of lactate, the luminal Na+-lactate co-transporter mediates a net influx of lactate, driven by the Na+ gradient. The cell-to-blood lactate gradient, in turn, drives the coupled efflux of H+ and lactate across the basolateral membrane. The net effect is the reabsorption of lactate, the luminal uptake of Na+ and the basolateral extrusion of H+. Acid extrusion mediated by this monocarboxylate system in the salamander is comparable in magnitude to that mediated by the Na+/H+ exchanger. In the S3 segment of the rabbit proximal tubule, a similar monocarboxylate system (studied with acetate instead of lactate) extrudes acetate at twice the rate of the Na+/H+ exchanger. Thus, monocarboxylate transport, at least in the nominal absence of HCO3-, can have a major impact on pHi regulation.
Securities Mediation: Dispute Resolution for the Individual Investor

This article examines the fairness of mediation of customers' disputes with their securities brokers and their brokerage firms. After a brief description of the history of alternative dispute resolution of customer disputes in the securities industry, including the rise of mediation in the 1990s, I examine the impact on individual investors of the various layers of regulation of the mediation process, including the federal securities laws and state mediation laws. I also reject a recent federal court's holding that the Federal Arbitration Act applies to mediation as an unwarranted expansion of the FAA. I then analyze the various dimensions of fairness of this dispute resolution method, including substantive and procedural justice, party choice, and achievement of non-legal objectives, and conclude that securities mediation is a fair method of dispute resolution for the individual investor, and is a viable alternative to arbitration. In sum, this article will contribute to the growing body of literature that considers the impact on investors of the securities industry's promotion of a diversity of methods to resolve customer disputes.
Preclinical development of antiepileptic drugs: past, present, and future directions.

Summary: Since 1993, nine new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been introduced into the U.S. market for the symptomatic treatment of partial epilepsy. Their antiepileptic activity was, for the most part, defined by acute seizure models such as the maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ) seizure tests and the kindled rat. Unfortunately, the clinical evidence to date would suggest that none of these models, albeit useful, are likely to identify those therapeutics that will effectively manage the patient with refractory seizures. In recent years, a number of in vivo and in vitro models have been developed that display varying degrees of pharmacoresistance. As such, they may provide a unique opportunity for identifying the truly novel AED. Through a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of acquired epilepsy at the molecular and genetic level, it may be possible to identify a new therapeutic approach that reaches beyond the symptomatic treatment of epilepsy to modify the progression, or, dare we suggest, prevent the development of epilepsy in the susceptible patient. The realization of such a possibility will necessitate a change in our current AED discovery approach. The present review describes the current approach used in the search for new AEDs and offers some insight into future directions incorporating new and emerging models of therapy resistance and epileptogenesis.
The Cerebellum and Adaptive Control

Preface Part I. Anatomy and Physiology: 1. Introduction 2. Some aspects of comparative anatomy of the cerebellum 3. Aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the cerebellar cortex 4. The mossy fiber afferent system 5. The inferior olivary system and the climbing fibers 6. The cerebellar nuclei and their efferent pathways aspects of voluntary motor learning Part II. Function: 7. Cerebellar memory, long-term depression (LTD), and long-term potentiation (LTP) 8. The vestibulocerebellum and the oculomotor system 9. The cerebellum and cognition 10. Timing functions, classical conditioning, and instrumental conditioning 11. Some aspects of cerebellar pathology in humans and animals genetic alterations 12. Specialized cerebellum-like structures Part III. Models and Theories: 13. Non-adaptive models, forerunners of adaptive models, and earlier adaptive control models 14. Neural networks and adaptive control neural network models 15. Some specific features of adaptive controllers and adaptive signal processors 16. Adaptive control models Part IV. Summary and Conclusions: 17. The cerebellum as an adaptive controller Appendix Author's note Bibliography Index.
Unusual abdominal manifestations of sacrococcygeal teratoma

The majority of sacrococcygeal tumours are visible or palpable buttock masses. Two cases of sacrococcygeal tumour are reported with prominent associated abdominal distension. The first case exhibited an unusually large intra-abdominal cystic component, as well as a large external cystic mass. Both cysts appeared to arise from a common origin on the sacrum. The abdominal enlargement in the second case was due to the presence of marked urinary ascites secondary to obstructive uropathy caused by the tumour. An incidental observation is offered concerning the recognition of destruction of the sacrum by this tumour. Non-visualization of osseous segments of the sacrum of neonates and infants may be due to defective development of the sacrum caused by the presence of a benign sacrococcygeal tumour, and not necessarily be associated with malignant transformation of this lesion.
A Peer-Based Financial Planning & Education Service Program: An Innovative Pedagogic Approach

This paper presents a peer-based financial planning and education program as a strategy to address the lack of financial literacy among college students and provide an experiential learning opportunity for students majoring in financial planning or other financial services-related disciplines. Benefits of such programs to campus communities are addressed by illustrating the current trends regarding student debt and financial literacy. The paper provides a specific description of a successful peer-to-peer financial planning and education program and encourages its replication at other colleges and universities. Through the review of this program, other schools may emulate effective strategies to assist in the implementation of this program as a pedagogical tool to improve students’ educational experience.
Concentration of Indoor Particulate Matter as a Determinant of Respiratory Health in Children

The effect of passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the home on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function level was studied in a cohort of white children aged 7-11 years examined in six US cities in 1983-1988. For 2,994 children with questionnaire-based exposure data, passive exposure to an additional pack of cigarettes smoked daily in the home was associated with increased incidence of lower respiratory symptoms (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-1.42). For 1,237 children with two consecutive 1-week measurements in both winter and summer, a 30-micrograms/m3 increase in the annual average indoor concentration of respirable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of < 2.5 microns (PM2.5)--that is, approximately the effect of one pack per day of smoking--was marginally associated with an increased cumulative incidence of lower respiratory symptoms (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.99-1.30). Indoor measurements of PM2.5 showed no direct association with children's pulmonary function measurements. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy showed a reduction of -2.6% (95% CI -5.2% to 0.1%) in volume-adjusted forced expiratory flow rates. Therefore, current indoor exposure to PM2.5 increases the cumulative incidence of lower respiratory symptoms, but is only weakly associated with decreased pulmonary function level in preadolescent children.
Ion Transport by Heart Mitochondria: XXI. DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF MERCURIAL REAGENTS ON ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY AND ON ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE-DEPENDENT SWELLING AND CONTRACTION

Abstract Three principal effects of mercurial reagents on the ATPase activity of isolated heart mitochondria have been defined. The observed ATPase activity depends on the extent of binding of the mercurial to the membrane and on ion movements across the membrane as follows. 1. Under conditions of low mercurial binding (approximately 20 nmoles per mg of protein or less), ATP-dependent ion uptake and swelling are activated by mercurials and an elevated ATPase activity is observed. For example, p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate strongly activates ATPase in heart mitochondria suspended in salts of strong acid anions. The observed ATPase activity shows a marked specificity for K+ and is closely associated with the accumulation of ions and osmotic swelling of the mitochondria. Respiration opposes the swelling under these conditions but actually enhances the ATPase activity. The observed effects on mitochondrial swelling and ATPase activity appear to be related to the inability of the phosphate carrier to remove Pi from the matrix in the presence of the mercurial, and to the fact that p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate induces passive permeability to Cl-. p-Chloromercuriphenylsulfonate does not induce passive permeability to H+ or cations, but increases K+ uptake in the presence of ATP. 2. Less polar mercurials such as p-chloromercuribenzoate react with internal as well as superficial thiols (approximately 40 nmoles per mg total) and these reagents induce passive permeability to both anions and cations. Under these conditions ATPase activity is strongly inhibited. 3. Heart mitochondria which have been swollen osmotically in the presence of mercurials by either active or passive ion uptake can be contracted by an ATP-dependent reaction if the mercurial is removed by excess dithioerythritol. The resulting ion extrusion is accompanied by elevated ATPase activity. A model based on the simultaneous entrance of cations with ATP and the postulates of the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis is presented to account for the observed effects of mercurials on the ATPase activity of heart mitochondria.
The Socioeconomic Context of Exposure and Response to Environmental Risk

This research examined the association between socioeconomic factors and the risk responses of 437 Mexican immigrant farmworkers chronically exposed to agricultural pesticides. Past explanations for patterns of risk responses have focused on intra-individual factors, and usually have minimized the possible influence of socioeconomic circumstances on adaptation to risk. Immigrant farmworkers from a variety of occupational contexts participated in this investigation and were expected to systematically differ in their response to pesticide exposure depending on socioeconomic circumstances, judgments about the risk situation, and the subjective evaluation of occupational conditions. Analyses revealed that beliefs about the risks of pesticides were not randomly distributed throughout this sample, but varied with socioeconomic factors. For example, workers who were in more limited economic circumstances judged future health effects to be more likely, and believed that safety precautions were less effective. Add...
Improved Uncertainty for the Noise Source based on the Adapter Removal Methods

Noise is the fundamental to our understanding communication. For the last ten years and with the emerging of the wireless communication industry, the demand of making high accurate noise generator measurements has increased dramatically. The increased accuracy specification of the Noise Figure Analyzers is based in part on better calibrations of the Noise Source. Our primary noise source standards were calibrated by NIST in APC-7, X-band, P-band, K-band, R-band, and Q-band. Calibrated adapters are used on the NIST calibrated noise sources to characterize the system for the connector option of the noise source being used. The uncertainty of these adapter calibrations degrades the reported uncertainty. The old method would measure pairs of adapters (P-band to Type-N male & Type-N female to P-band) and split the loss of the pair as a best guess of each adapter loss. An increase in the uncertainty budget was made. The new method will require the testing of 3 different adapters. Each adapter is paired back-to-back with the two others and a measurement is made. This results in 3 measurements, 3 equations, and 3 unknowns, which can be solved for each adapter?s transmission loss. No assumption about loss split is make.
Spatial profiles of light impurity ions in the Alcator A tokamak plasma

Spatial profiles of the concentrations of the highly ionized light impurities (O V, O VI, N V) have been obtained in the Alcator A tokamak by using an absolutely calibrated 0.4-m normal-incidence ultraviolet monochromator. In the inversion process, account has been taken of the observed up-down asymmetries in the UV emissions from these impurity ions. The concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen at the periphery relative to the local electron density are found to be 0.05–0.1% and 0.08–0.15%, respectively, at the time of the peak electron density. The positions and breadths of these shells have been studied as functions of electron density and plasma current. The shells show sharply defined outer edges near the local virtual limiter radius while the inner edges appear to be determined by the temperature profile.
Myocardial technetium 99m-labeled teboroxime clearance derived from canine scans differentiates severity of stenosis after dipyridamole.

The purposes of this study were to determine (1) whether perfusion defects and differential teboroxime clearance observed on serial postdipyridamole planar gamma camera images have utility in differentiating severity of coronary stenosis in canine myocardium and (2) whether single-zone (99mTc activity in one zone over time) or dual-zone (99mTc activity ratio in two zones over time) quantitative analysis provides the most useful characterization of teboroxime clearance kinetics. Accordingly, eight dogs received a mild coronary stenosis (microsphere-determined, post-dipyridamole flow ≥0.4 ml/min/gm) and 10 dogs received a severe coronary stenosis (flow ≤0.3 ml/min/gm). In three control dogs there was no coronary stenosis. Teboroxime (5 mCi) was injected after dipyridamole (0.8 mg/kg/min), and gamma camera imaging was begun immediately and continued for 60 minutes. Quantitative analysis of single-zone clearance curves indicated that teboroxime retention for both zones of stenosis (mild=66.3%±2.8%, SEM; severe=69.5%±3.7%) was significantly greater than control zone retention (54.5%±3.0%;p<0.05) at 10 minutes. Retention in mild (37.2%±1.9%, SEM) and severe (42.3%±1.5%) zones of stenosis was significantly different from each other at 60 minutes (p<0.05). There was a significant direct, linear correlation of flow with teboroxime clearance at 20 minutes (r=+0.74, normal and ischemic zones). Quantitative analysis with dual-zone count ratios (stenosed/normal) demonstrated significant differences among control (0.93±0.04, SEM), mild stenoses (0.54±0.04), and severe stenoses (0.39±0.03) as early as 2 minutes after administration of99mTc-labeled teboroxime. The correlation coefficient for flow ratio versus dual-zone counts/pixel ratio at 20 minutes wasr=+0.74. Thus in this canine stenosis model with dipyridamole, gamma camera imaging could distinguish mild from severe coronary stenoses by either single- or dual-zone analysis.
Vernonia galamensis: A rich source of epoxy acid

A percolation extraction ofVernonia galamensis seed, affording 38.6% of crude vernonia oil is described. The dark colored crude oil was degummed with water, treated with activated charcoal and bleached with a neutral agent, to give a light colored oil (Lovibond: 0.9 red, 3.5 yellow). Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of the refined oil indicates a relative fatty acid composition of 79–81% vernolic (cis-12,13-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic) acid, 11–12% linoleic acid, 4–6% oleic acid, 2–3% stearic acid, 2–4% palmitic acid, and a trace amount of arachidic acid.
Effects of radiation and variable viscosity on a MHD free convection flow past a semi-infinite flat plate with an aligned magnetic field in the case of unsteady flow

The effect of radiation and variable viscosity on a MHD free convection flow past a semi-infinite flat plate with an aligned magnetic field has been studied in the case of unsteady flow. The plate is moved with a constant velocity, which is in the same or opposite direction to the free stream velocity. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary as an inverse linear function of temperature. The effect of the induced magnetic field has been included in the analysis. The governing partial differential equations have been solved numerically using the finite difference method. The velocity, the x-component of the induced magnetic field and heat transfer characteristics of the flow are determined
AGE- AND GENDER-RELATED CHANGES IN VENTRICULAR PERFORMANCE IN WILD-TYPE FVB/N MICE AS EVALUATED BY CONVENTIONAL AND VECTOR VELOCITY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IMAGING: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Detailed studies in animal models to assess the importance of aging animals in cardiovascular research are rather scarce. The increase in mouse models used to study cardiovascular disease makes the establishment of physiologic aging parameters in myocardial function in both male and female mice critical. Forty-four FVB/N mice were studied at multiple time points between the ages of 3 and 16 mo using high-frequency echocardiography. Our study found that there is an age-dependent decrease in several systolic and diastolic function parameters in male mice, but not in female mice. This study establishes the physiologic age- and gender-related changes in myocardial function that occur in mice and can be measured with echocardiography. We report baseline values for traditional echocardiography and advanced echocardiographic techniques to measure discrete changes in cardiac function in the commonly employed FVB/N strain.
Picturing the moon: Hevelius's and Riccioli's visual debate

Abstract This article investigates the maps of the moon produced in the mid-seventeenth century by Jesuit Giambattista Riccioli (1598–1671) and Johannes Hevelius (1611–1687), whose cartographic projects competed for widespread acceptance. Although Hevelius’s Selenographia (1647) was applauded for its many detailed, self-engraved pictures of the moon, his cartography and proposed nomenclature were supplanted by Riccioli’s as offered in Almagestum novum (1651), in spite of the latter’s simplistic pictures and promotion of geocentric cosmology. Exploring this paradox through pictorial analysis, three types of images common to both Selenographia and Almagestum novum are compared, employing an analytical tool developed by Svetlana Alpers in The art of describing (1983). A focus on this debate exposes the tensions evoked by new technologies of vision and competing cultures of visual epistemology in seventeenth-century astronomy. As both selenographers grappled with questions about the role of representation and what kinds of knowledge could be generated visually, the successes and failures of their competing projects present implications for the course of visual astronomy, as well as for our understanding of the use of ‘visual technologies’ in a period of controversy.
Current Action in a Submarine Canyon

MEASUREMENTS of currents in submarine canyons were made as early as 1937 (ref. 1), and more recently the use of Scuba and submersibles has allowed direct observations of the processes active in submarine canyons. Dill2 and Shepard et al.3 have observed evidence of strong bottom currents in the upper parts of La Jolla and Scripps Canyon. Moore4, also in La Jolla Canyon, saw a channel at about 900 m which he believed to be the result of erosion by turbidity currents. Trumbull and McCamis5 observed evidence of mass transport down the axis of Oceanographer Canyon. The observations here are from Corsair Canyon where there is evidence of strong bottom currents at depths of 1,600 m in the axis of this canyon.
Synthesis of 14C-radiolabelled tilmicosin

Tilmicosin was radiolabelled with carbon-14 on the 3,5-dimethylpiperidinyl sidechain as a requirement for animal metabolism studies. A new radiosynthesis of 3,5-dimethyl-piperidine was developed for this purpose. Incorporation into the desmycosin nucleus was accomplished by a reductive amination reaction.
Adam Smith on Dignity and Equality

Where exactly should we place Adam Smith in the cannon of classical liberalism? Smith's advocacy of free market economics and defence of religious liberty in The Wealth of Nations suffice for including him somewhere in that tradition.1 The nature and extent of Smith's liberalism, however, remain up for debate. One recent trend has been to characterise Smith as a proponent of social liberalism. This includes those like Stephen Darwall, Samuel Fleischacker and Charles Griswold, who have drawn attention to a kind of descriptive moral egalitarianism in Smith.2 Humans, Smith seems to hold, are naturally disposed to valuing one another under a conception of equality. But that is not all these scholars suggest. They have also hinted at something more contentious – the idea that, according to Smith, we value one another in a way resonant with contemporary notions of human dignity, conceived as the inherent value of persons grounding certain rights to, or restrictions on, treatment by others.3 In saying so, these ...
Midwinter forecasting of the snow‐water runoff on years of extremely light or heavy February 1 mountain snow‐covers

The purpose of snow-surveys is to estimate the probable stream-flow from the mountain snow-pack prior to the beginning of the spring runoff and before final plans must be made for the summer by the various water-users. In general, forecasting of stream-flow throughout the Columbia Basin and Intermountain States is done after receiving the results from the snow-surveys of April 1. A release of the survey-results and stream-flow estimates is made on or about April 10 by the Division of Irrigation, Soil Conservation Service, through the press, over the air, and by special bulletins. This date is usually sufficiently early to meet most needs, especially during the years of average or near-average runoff, that is, 25 per cent or more above or below normal. However, in case of extreme variations from average, the sooner the situation is known the better.
Effects of relative humidity and parental decapitation on the eggs of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae)

Abstract Most mated females of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) will lay 10 or more eggs in an hour following decapitation. Hatching of these eggs is some 3–4 per cent less than that of normal females while their fertility is 1–2 per cent less. At 23°C and at relative humidities of 20 per cent and above the time required for half of the eggs from decapitated females to hatch is 120–132 hr; at 0 per cent r.h. the time required is 132–144 hr. The proportion of fertile eggs hatching at humidities ranging from 0–100 per cent r.h. is always greater than 0·95.
Review: culturally appropriate health education improves glycaemic control in members of ethnic minority groups with diabetesCommentary

Y Robles Dr Y Robles, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; roblesy@cf.ac.uk Does culturally appropriate health education improve outcomes in members of ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus? Studies selected compared a culturally appropriate health education intervention with conventional health education in patients with type 2 diabetes who were members of an ethnic minority community living in high-income countries. “Culturally appropriate” was defined as education tailored to the cultural and religious beliefs (including diet) and linguistic and literacy skills of the specific community. Outcomes included glycaemic control (haemoglobin [Hb] A1c concentration), blood pressure, total cholesterol concentration, quality of life, and knowledge of diabetes. Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2007); Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, PsycINFO, and ERIC (to Aug 2007); SIGLE (to 2006); online …
Caring for ethics and the politics of health care reform in the United States

It is increasingly recognized that the work of (unpaid) informal caregivers constitutes an important contribution to care delivery in the United States and in many other societies. Accounting for the range of social, economic and political circumstances in which this care is produced has become the focus of a number of academics and others theorizing the ‘third sector’, or the ‘social economy’. However, some scholars are concerned that the increasing attention paid to the role of informal economic activity will either legitimate neoliberal state withdrawal from social reproduction or facilitate continued invasive commodification of relationships that were formerly part of social life. While these are possible dangers, J.K. Gibson-Graham's diverse economy framework and theory of community economy allow us to understand the social and economic conditions that support, rather than undermine, a caregiver's fidelity to the process of caring. Given the size of the informal caregiving sector, it would remain an ...
Genetic modifications to temperate Enterococcus faecalis phage Ef11 that abolish the establishment of lysogeny and sensitivity to repressor, and increase host range and productivity of lytic infection.

ϕEf11 is a temperate bacteriophage originally isolated by induction from a lysogenic Enterococcus faecalis strain recovered from an infected root canal, and the ϕEf11 prophage is widely disseminated among strains of E. faecalis. Because E. faecalis has emerged as a significant opportunistic human pathogen, we were interested in examining the genes and regulatory sequences predicted to be critical in the establishment/maintenance of lysogeny by ϕEf11 as a first step in the construction of the genome of a virulent, highly lytic phage that could be used in treating serious E. faecalis infections. Passage of ϕEf11 in E. faecalis JH2-2 yielded a variant that produced large, extensively spreading plaques in lawns of indicator cells, and elevated phage titres in broth cultures. Genetic analysis of the cloned virus producing the large plaques revealed that the variant was a recombinant between ϕEf11 and a defective ϕFL1C-like prophage located in the E. faecalis JH2-2 chromosome. The recombinant possessed five ORFs of the defective ϕFL1C-like prophage in place of six ORFs of the ϕEf11 genome. Deletion of the putative lysogeny gene module (ORFs 31–36) and replacement of the putative cro promoter from the recombinant phage genome with a nisin-inducible promoter resulted in no loss of virus infectivity. The genetic construct incorporating all the aforementioned ϕEf11 genomic modifications resulted in the generation of a variant that was incapable of lysogeny and insensitive to repressor, rendering it virulent and highly lytic, with a notably extended host range.
Vowel identification by cochlear implant users: Contributions of duration cues and dynamic spectral cues

A recent study from our laboratory assessed vowel identification in cochlear implant (CI) users, using full /dVd/ syllables and partial (center- and edges-only) syllables with duration cues neutralized [Donaldson, Rogers, Cardenas, Russell, and Hanna (2013). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, 3021–3028]. CI users' poorer performance for partial syllables as compared to full syllables, and for edges-only syllables as compared to center-only syllables, led to the hypotheses (1) that CI users may rely strongly on vowel duration cues; and (2) that CI users have more limited access to dynamic spectral cues than steady-state spectral cues. The present study tested those hypotheses. Ten CI users and ten young normal hearing (YNH) listeners heard full /dVd/ syllables and modified (center- and edges-only) syllables in which vowel duration cues were either preserved or eliminated. The presence of duration cues significantly improved vowel identification scores in four CI users, suggesting a strong reliance on duration cues. Duration effects were absent for the other CI users and the YNH listeners. On average, CI users and YNH listeners demonstrated similar performance for center-only stimuli and edges-only stimuli having the same total duration of vowel information. However, three CI users demonstrated significantly poorer performance for the edges-only stimuli, indicating apparent deficits of dynamic spectral processing.
Screening Asymptomatic Women for Chlamydia trachomatis

Background: Screening women for Chlamydia trachomatis in family planning clinics is associated with a reduced incidence of chlamydial sequelae. However, the question of whom to screen to maintain efficient use of resources remains controversial.Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of chlamydial screening done according to three sets of criteria in asymptomatic women attending family planning clinics.Design:Cost-effectiveness analysis done by using a decision model with the perspective of a health care system. Model estimates were based on analysis of cohort data, clinic costs, laboratory costs, and published data.Setting:Two family planning clinics in Baltimore, Maryland.Patients:7699 asymptomatic women who presented between April 1994 and August 1996.Intervention:Three screening strategies—screening according to the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), screening all women younger than 30 years of age, and universal screening—were retrospectively applied and compared. All women were tested with polymerase chain reaction.Measurements:Medical outcomes included sequelae prevented in women, men, and infants. Total costs included screening program costs and future medical costs of all sequelae. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of each strategy were calculated.Results:Without screening, 152 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease would occur at a cost of $676,000. Screening done by using the CDC criteria would prevent 64 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease at a cost savings of $231,000. Screening all women younger than 30 years of age would prevent an additional 21 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease and save $74,000. Universal screening would prevent an additional 6 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease but would cost $19,000 more than age-based screening, or approximately $3000 more per case of pelvic inflammatory disease prevented. If the prevalence of C. trachomatis is more than 10.2% or if less than 88.5% of infections occur in women younger than 30 years of age, universal screening provides the greatest cost savings.Conclusions:These results suggest that age-based screening provides the greatest cost savings of the three strategies examined. However, universal screening is desirable in some situations. In general, screening done by using any criteria and a highly sensitive diagnostic assay should be part of any chlamydial prevention and control program or health plan.
The impact of providing project choices in CS1

CS educators are constantly faced with the challenge of engaging students who have neither the interest nor skill level necessary to succeed in an introductory course. One potential solution is to allow students to choose their projects from a set of comparable alternatives, each of which represents a different problem domain. This paper reports on the results of a two-year study designed to measure the impact of project choice on student outcomes in a CS1-style course for non-majors. The results suggest that the gender plays a major role in both the projects chosen and student outcomes.
Leaf flavonoids of eupomatiaceae

Abstract The leaf flavonoids of Eupomatia bennettii and E. laurina were examined and five flavonoid compounds were detected. The most distinctive of these compounds were two methylated flavones: 7- O -methylapigenin and 7,3′-di- O -methylluteolin (velutin). The flavonoids of Eupomatiaceae are most similar to those of the Winteraceae and this similarity may be indicative of a phylogenetic relationship between the two families.
Total electron scattering cross sections of alkanes at intermediate energies

Abstract The total electron scattering cross sections (TCS) are reported for C2H6 (ethane), C3H8 (propane) and C4H10 (butane) for 300–4000 eV electrons by measurement of the electron-beam intensity attenuation through a gas cell. These experimental TCS are employed to deduce a simple analytical formula to express the TCS of alkanes at intermediate electron energies in terms of the number of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms and the electron energy. The present experimental TCS are compared with the previous experimental measurements and the predictions of those by theoretical models.