cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Site-Directed Ligands

Complexes of nucleotides, peptides and aromatic hapten-like compounds with immunoglobulin fragments were studied by X-ray analysis. After tri- or hexanucleotides of deoxythymidylate were diffused into triclinic crystals of a Fab (BV04-01) with specificity for single-stranded DNA, extensive changes were detected throughout the structure of the protein. The Fab co-crystallized with a tri- or pentanucleotide in a different space group (monoclinic), an observation sometimes correlated with alterations in the structure of the 'native' protein. Structural analyses of the co-crystals are in progress for direct comparisons with the unliganded Fab. In crystals of a human (Mcg) Bence-Jones dimer, synthetic opioid peptides, chemotactic peptides or dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivatives could be diffused into a large conical binding cavity. The conformations of both the ligand and the protein were usually altered during the binding process. At the base of the cavity tyrosine residues could be displaced like trap-doors to permit entry of some opioid peptides and DNP compounds into a deep binding pocket. In co-crystals of the dimer and bis(DNP)lysine, two ligand molecules were bound in tandem, one in the main cavity and the second in the deep pocket. One ligand adopted an extended conformation, with the epsilon-DNP ring near the floor of the main cavity and the alpha-DNP group in solvent outside the binding site. There were no significant conformational changes in the protein. In contrast, the second ligand was very compact, with DNP rings immersed in the deep pocket, and the binding site was expanded to accommodate the oversized ligand. Peptides designed to be specific for the main cavity were incrementally constructed from minimal binding units by M. Geysen, G. Trippick, S. Rodda and their colleagues. A pentapeptide optimized for binding by this method was diffused into a crystal of the dimer and found by Fourier difference analysis to lodge exclusively in the main cavity as predicted. Binding regions in the BV04-01 Fab and the Mcg dimer were markedly different in size and shape. The Fab had a groove-type site, in which a layer of sidechains acted like a false floor over regions analogous to the cavity and deep pocket of the Bence-Jones dimer.
Calcium concentration of salivary glands and saliva after chemical or surgical sympathectomy.

Abstract Calcium concentration of the submaxillary (SM) gland of adult rat was increased to 2–3 times control levels 24 h after a single high dose of reserpine (RES) (5 mg/kg body weight), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (20 mg/kg body weight), or surgical removal of a superior cervical ganglion (Sx). The increase could also be induced within 24 h after a single injection of lower doses of RES (0.05, 0.5 mg/kg body weight). Increase in calcium concentration in the parotid (PA) was not found under any of the above conditions, but did occur transiently at times within 24 h. The increase in glandular calcium concentration was found to be temporally related to depletion of norepinephrine (NE). The time frame for initiation of calcium changes was not the same for chemical and surgical sympathectomy (Sx). Increase in calcium concentration occurred after onset of sympathectomy-induced degeneration secretion; the onset varied with the kind of sympathectomy, and was seen 1 h after drug administration with either RES or 6-OHDA, but not until about 13 h after surgical Sx. Similarly, NE was markedly depleted, but later with surgical than with chemical Sx. Furthermore, with both kinds of sympathectomy, depletion of NE occurred earlier with PA than with SM, since normal basal levels of NE of SM are 3 times as great (3400 ng/g wet weight), compared with PA levels (1300 ng/g wet weight). The fact that NE was the neurotransmitter eliciting the degeneration secretion was confirmed physiologically by examination of the composition of this secretion. Thus,
Metabolic interlock: Mediation of interpathway regulation by divalent cations☆

Abstract In Bacillus subtilis , the focus of the interpathway regulatory relationship between histidine and the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway is anthranilate synthase. This enzyme is composed of two nonidentical subunits, designated E and X , and has an absolute requirement for a divalent cation for activity with either glutamine (amidotransferase), or ammonia (aminase). Tryptophan is an effective in vitro inhibitor of the Mg 2+ -supported enzyme, but in vivo the full potential for inhibition does not appear to be realized. There is, however, a fourfold increase in the apparent K i for tryptophan when Mn 2+ is used, and in the presence of both Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ (100:1, respectively) the inhibition by tryptophan is identical to that observed with Mn 2+ alone. Thus, a partial explanation for the low efficiency of feedback inhibition may be that Mn 2+ is functioning in the in vivo anthranilate synthase reaction. Histidine has no effect on the velocity or the K m for the substrates when Mg 2+ is used to support amidotransferase activity. On the other hand, histidine stimulates the Mn 2+ supported amidotransferase activity two- to fourfold at limiting concentrations of glutamine and chorismic acid. Furthermore, histidine stimulates tryptophan biosynthesis in some genetically derepressed mutants under conditions that implicate a Mn 2+ anthranilate synthase interaction. Thus, histidine increases the rate of tryptophan excretion about fourfold when the intracellular pools of chorismic acid and glutamine are low but has no effect when the pool levels are high. In the presence of both Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ (100:1, respectively) the in vitro activity of the EX complex behaves as if Mn 2+ alone were present, and histidine stimulates activity about threefold. This excellent correlation between the in vivo conditions required to an observed effect of histidine on tryptophan excretion and the in vitro effect of this ligand on the Mn 2+ -supported enzyme support the hypothesis that, in B. subtilis , Mn 2+ is the dominant cation in the anthranilate synthase activity.
Identification and Characterization of Cytochrome P4501A1 Amino Acid Residues Interacting with a Radiolabeled Photoaffinity Diazido-benzphetamine Analogue

Abstract The photolabile benzphetamine analogueN-(p- azidobenzyl)-N-methyl-p-azidophenetylamine (N3-BP-N3) and its tritiated derivative were synthesized and used as photoaffinity ligands for P4501A1 substrate binding. The enzymatic activity of P4501A1 toward ethoxycoumarin was competitively inhibited by N3-BP-N3. After irradiation with UV light a radioactive photolysis product remained bound to P4501A1. After large scale labeling in the absence and in the presence of α-naphthoflavone, P-450 was digested with 1-p-tosylamino-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone-treated trypsin and the resultant peptide fragments were separated with HPLC on a reverse-phase column. Six peptides with increased levels of incorporated radioactivity were detected and from a competition experiment in the presence of the inhibitor, four of them could be tentatively assigned as involved in substrate interaction. Amino acid sequences were determined and compared with the primary P-4501A1 sequence. N3-BP-N3 can bind amino acid residues through both ends of the molecule and, therefore, crosslinked peptides could be identified. Alignment of the primary structure of cytochrome P4501A1 with that of cytochrome P450102 revealed that two of the isolated crosslinked peptides can be placed in the vicinity of heme (in the L helix region and β10–β11 sheet region of cytochrome P450102) and could be involved in substrate binding. The other two peptides were located on the surface of the protein with the label bound specifically to Lys residues that were predicted to be involved in reductase–P450 interaction.
Waterproof Active Paper via Laser Surface Micropatterning of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Paper is one of the oldest and most abundant materials known to man. Recently, there has been a considerable interest in creating paper devices by combining paper with other functional materials. In this letter, we demonstrate a simple fabrication technique to create water-resistant ferro-patterns on wax paper using CO(2) laser ablation. A resolution of about 100 μm is achieved which is mostly limited by the cellulose fiber size (~50 μm) in the wax paper and can be improved by using a smaller cellulose matrix. Laser ablation results in modification of surface morphology and chemistry, leading to a change in surface energy. We also present a 2D model for ferrofluid deposition relating the size of the pattern to the amount of ferroparticles deposited on the surface. Finally, a paper gripper is presented to demonstrate advantages of our technique, which allows microscale patterning and machining in a single step.
Results of plate fixation of type 1b olecranon fractures in 24 horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Previous olecranon fracture reports contain a small proportion of type 5 fractures, mostly treated with conservative therapy. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical details and outcome of type 5 olecranon fractures in a large group of horses treated by tension band plate fixation and to compare results with other treatment methods. Methods: Medical records of 97 cases, including 32 (33%) classified as type 5, were reviewed. Subject details, history, radiographic findings, treatment and follow-up results (2–146 months post operatively) were recorded. Results: Treatment included open reduction and internal fixation using a narrow or broad dynamic compression plate (n = 20), conservative therapy (n = 7) and euthanasia (n = 5). Long-term follow-up was available in 15 cases treated surgically, of which 2 were sound and in training, 11 sound and performing athletically and 2 unsound. Distal semilunar notch involvement, comminution or open status did not appear to affect prognosis. Conclusions: Internal plate fixation provides an excellent prognosis for an animal to be capable of athletic performance. Potential relevance: Describing tension band plate fixation and results offers a method of fracture repair that should improve treatment and prognosis for type 5 olecranon fractures.
How evolutionary thinking affects people's ideas about aging interventions.

Evolutionary theory has guided the development of antiaging interventions in some conscious and some unconscious ways. It is a standard assumption that the body's health has been optimized by natur...
Petrochemistry of Coexistent Mafic Silicates from the Mecklenburg Gabbro-Metagabbro Complex, North Carolina

The Mecklenburg Complex, which crops out in the Carolina Piedmont, consists of older metagabbro and felsic metaplutonic rocks of upper amphibolite rank, and a younger post-metamorphic gabbro. Electron microprobe analyses have been made of 9 olivines, 18 orthopyroxenes, 21 clinopyroxenes, 19 hornblendes, and 14 biotites from the mafic rocks. Gabbroic rocks contain the 5 mafic phases listed above, and display hypidiomorphic textures characterized by numerous reaction relationships among olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and hornblende. In contrast, metagabbro lacks olivine and exhibits textures that range from relict igneous varieties (Type 1) to recrystallized granoblastic types (Type 2) that appear to represent equilibrium metamorphic assemblages. In general, mafic silicates from gabbro are higher in Mg, Al, Ti, K, and Na, and lower in Fe and Mn relative to respective phases in metagabbro. Compositions of unzoned minerals from Type 1 rocks fall intermediate between those homogeneous phases from gabbro and Type 2 metagabbro, and imply that: (1) minerals of the Type 1 metagabbro have not been completely equilibrated during the metamorphic episode, and (2) the recrystallization process evidently involved continuous rehomogenization of the mafic phases. Partitioning of Mg, Fe, Mn, and Ti between coexistent phases is generally systematic. Coexistent pairs from gabbro commonly exhibit less pronounced fractionation compared to metagabbroic pairs, and may be explained by higher temperatures of equilibration or by compositional variables not considered in the exchange reaction.
Herpetic lymphangitis in a student population

Lymphangitis has traditionally been considered a hallmark of bacterial infection. Two cases of lymphangitis due to herpes simplex are presented. The dermatology literature is briefly reviewed. Herpetic lymphangitis abates spontaneously without the use of antibiotics. Management of dermatologic herpes is also considered.
Usefulness of ambulatory silent myocardial ischemia added to the prognostic value of exercise test parameters in predicting risk of cardiac death in patients with stable angina pectoris and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia

Abstract The prognostic significance of ambulatory silent ischemia detected by Holter monitoring during daily life was prospectively evaluated and compared with several exercise test parameters in 86 patients with stable angina and positive exercise tests. Forty-seven patients (group 1) had no evidence of ischemia and 39 (group 2) had 1 or more episodes of silent ischemia during the monitoring period. During mean follow-up of 24 ± 8 months there were only 2 cardiac deaths (non-sudden) in group 1 (4% mortality) compared with 9 (3 sudden and 6 nonsudden) in group 2 (23% mortality). Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis revealed worse survival (p
In vitro surface degradation of composites by water and thermal cycling.

Abstract Surface degradation by water and thermal cycling was evaluated from brush abrasion curves, values of dissolution and surface roughness, and observations of the subsurface on a set of composite resins with a range of microstructures. Water and thermal cycling affected the materials differently depending on the properties of the filler particles. The effects were minimal in a composite with submicron size fillers and in a material containing quartz fillers relatively large compared to the abrasive particles. An increase in surface degradation of a glass filled composite was attributed to the formation of microcracks or failure of filler/matrix bonds. A decrease in the interfacial bond strength decreased the resistance to wear in a glass filled material after exposure to water alone, but the same effect in a quartz filled composite of similar microstructure was found only after thermal cycling.
Collectivism in Smoking Prevention Programs for Hispanic Preadolescents: Raising the Ante on Cultural Sensitivity

The present study examines collectivist influences in preventing smoking among Hispanic youths. Using a pretest/posttest design, sixth-graders received a collectivist or standard curriculum. Both curricula contained knowledge-based facts about smoking. The collectivist condition included an interdependent perspective. Compared to the standard curriculum, students in the collectivist condition reported more desirable behaviors, parental involvement, desirable and accurate perceptions about smoking, teacher approachability, and lower tobacco use. These results were also the case if their collectivist characteristic matched the program orientation. Collectivism should be considered for enhancing the cultural sensitivity and effectiveness of preventive programs for Hispanic preadolescents.
Relation of Physical and Mineralogical Properties to Streambank Stability

. Alluvial streambank materials from nine unstable and six stable reaches showed little variation in physical and mineralogical properties. The bulk density of all the samples was so similar that they could be considered from the same population. Particle size distributions showed that the clay fractions were slightly, but significantly, higher for the stable reaches. The mineralogy of all samples was also quite similar. The sand-sized grains of the stable areas were less rounded than those of the unstable areas. This somewhat angular shape of the grains may have produced an interlocking between grains that added stability to the bank material. Also, clay coatings on the sand-sized grains from the stable areas may have caused cementation between grains that also strengthened the material.
Catalytic reduction of 1- and 2-bromooctanes by a dinickel(I) Schiff base complex containing two salen units electrogenerated at carbon cathodes in dimethylformamide

Abstract A dinickel Schiff base complex (Ni2(II)L) containing two salen units has been synthesized and characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry. The complex was used for the catalytic reduction of 1- and 2-bromooctanes and its electrochemical behavior, which is similar to that of nickel salen, was studied by cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential electrolysis. Due to the proximity of the two nickel centers, the yield of octyl dimers is slightly higher for the electrochemical reduction of 2-bromooctane catalyzed by the dinickel complex than that by nickel salen. However, the yield of hexadecane does not increase for the catalytic reduction of 1-bromooctane, which can give more reactive primary radicals. In addition to the formation of various products, octylation of the dinickel complex takes place to a further extent for the reduction of 2-bromooctane than 1-bromooctane. Compared with nickel salen-catalyzed reduction, the electrochemical data also indicate that more octyl groups may incorporate into the dinickel complex. Mechanistically, the catalytic reduction of the bromooctanes involves the intermediacy of primary or secondary octyl radicals.
Passive illumination info retrieval used for status identification

The secure information retrieval technologies are critical for status identification, particularly in the battlefield for friend/enemy discrimination. The materials or devices used in these technologies should be hard to find, difficult to counterfeit and as simple as possible. Moreover, if the coding information is totally position-invariant, i.e. neither sequence nor pixel based, it will greatly simplify the retrieval system. We describe an information retrieval technology, which possesses the above-mentioned features. The information is encoded by using luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals (or quantum-dots, QDs) mixed with a transparent solution, namely info-ink. When an exciting light beam shines at the info-ink, its emitting spectral features, i.e., wavelength and intensity, provide the encoded information. The info-ink could be applied on any kind of surface, for examples, document cover, top area of helmet, and even a fingernail. It is actually a thin layer of paint and requires no power supply. The retrieval device consists of an exciting light source, a mini-spectrometer and a data processing unit. However, for battlefield applications, a major problem with fluorescence-based technology is that the brightness of sunlight can overwhelm most reflected fluorescent signal. To overcome the shortcomings, the quantum dots are engineered to fluoresce at wavelengths corresponding to the absorption lines of the solar spectrum, more commonly known as Fraunhofer lines.
Molecular Weight of Urokinase

UROKINASE is a proteolytic enzyme in human urine1. Its ability to activate plasminogen has stimulated interest in its potential clinical use as a thrombolytic agent.
The relationship between monosyllables and pure tones: An investigation of phonetic symbolism

In two experiments 50 subjects judged nine spoken monosyllables or nine pure tones on 15 bipolar-adjective scales. It was found that subjects were in agreement in their assignments and that, generally, high tones and the vowel sound /i/ were rated similarly as being active, but not potent; low tones and /a/ were rated potent; low tones and /u/ were passive. The vowel /i/ was judged as “better” than /u/ and /a/, but evaluative scales were inconsistent across tone frequencies. It is postulated that frequency may be an important meaning-bearing component and that formant frequencies of vowels may be critical in the phonetic symbolism phenomenon.
Implementation of Sensor Observation Service for Satellite Imagery Sensors

This research takes advantages of Sensor Observation Service (SOS), according to a grid-based satellite sensor: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) to construct a framework to serve GOES data with standard interfaces. The implemented SOS operations here are Get Capabilities to serve the service metadata about the specific service instance, Describe Sensor to serve detailed sensor metadata and Get Observation to retrieve observation data structured according to the Observation and Measurement specification. Two major problems occurred in the implementation will be discussed in this Paper: One is how to retrieve real-time GOES data automatically since the sensors keep collecting data and the other is how to modeling sensor observations. A data order system is designed to achieve the goal of retrieving GOES data. The Observation and Measurements (O&M) specification which can handle lots of data types in an efficient and robust way is adopted to solve the second problem.
Photoelectron spectra for a two-electron system in a strong laser field.

The strong-field behavior of a three-body quantum system analogous to a negative ion has been investigated by solving Schr\"odinger's equation nonperturbatively for two electrons on a two-dimensional lattice. Both photodetachment and core ionization have been studied, and we find that photospectral time dependence distinguishes between direct and stepwise ionization routes for the inner electron.
Specific Memory Deficits Associated with Prolonged Alcohol Abuse

The relationship between age, education, length and amount of heavy drinking, and performance on five memory tasks was investigated in 54 chronic alcoholics and 18 age-matched controls. Alcoholics with less than 12 yr of heavy drinking differed reliably from long-term (13-22 yr) and extended long-term drinkers (greater than 23 yr) in recognition memory for visual patterns when scores were corrected for age. Compared with controls, both groups of long-term drinkers were deficient on the visual, auditory, and Faces recognition tests. Age and education of alcoholics accounted for part of performance differences; length of alcohol abuse, however, predicted reliably the decline in memory scores on all but the tactual test. The profile of memory performances seemed to decrease linearly with increasing age and length of alcohol abuse.
Reliability and sources of control of preference for signaled shock

Five experiments investigated the reliability of, and a possible explanation for, the preference for signaled shock (PSS) phenomenon, in which animals show a preference for signaled over unsignaled, unmodifiable shock. Experiment 1 demonstrated the generality of our previous PSS shuttlebox data. In an attempt to explain some of the studies in which a failure to obtain a PSS has been reported, Experiments 2 and 3 found that under certain conditions the PSS effect could be overridden by an innate preference for dark; however, the series of experiments in toto speaks clearly for the robustness of the phenomenon. Consistent with the recently proposed “crossover consequence hypothesis,” Experiments also revealed that shuttling behavior during manifestations of PSS is not randomly distributed in time. However, Experiments 4 and 5 found that PSS could not generally be attributed to an interaction between the acquired aversiveness of the signal and the spatially asymmetrical probability of shuttling being punished, as proposed by this hypothesis.
Architecture and Mechanism Design for Real-Time and Fault-Tolerant Etherware for Networked Control

Abstract We believe that a standard control software framework which enables rapid, reliable and evolvable application development is the key for the proliferation of the networked control systems. Accordingly, we have been working on developing a domainware for general purpose control system, called Etherware. Even though Etherware supports many of the distributed system domain requirements, it still needs further advances to be more suitable as a middleware for control systems. In this paper, we present an architecture and mechanisms for an enhanced middleware that supports networked control system design through enabling temporally correct interactions. We also propose an architecture and mechanisms for enhancing the robustness of networked control systems to faults, that we are currently implementing.
Two new ELISAs using monoclonal H-Y antibody

Abstract Biotin-conjugated monoclonal H-Y antibody was used to detect soluble H-Y antigen, directly, in two novel enzyme-based systems: a sandwich or ‘capture’ ELISA and an inhibition ELISA. In each case, soluble H-Y was readily detected in samples known to contain the antigen, provided that positive and negative samples were compared on an equivalent protein basis. By adding increasing concentrations of inhibitor (antigen) we define the useful range of the assays to be between 0.6 and 20.0 μg of added protein. Both sandwich and inhibition ELISAs gave similar results with antigens tested. The methods can accordingly be applied as direct diagnostics in the study of sex determination and in the assignment of gender.
The serologic response of horses to equine arteritis virus as determined by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (c-ELISAs) to structural and non-structural viral proteins.

Abstract In an effort to further characterize the humoral immune response of horses to equine arteritis virus (EAV), direct and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (c-ELISAs) were developed using monoclonal and polyclonal anti-sera to structural (G L , N and M) and non-structural (nsp1) viral proteins. A nsp1-specific monoclonal antibody was produced to facilitate development of a c-ELISA to this protein. Data obtained using the various c-ELISAs confirm that the M protein is a major target of the antibody response of horses to EAV. However, none of the c-ELISAs that were developed were as sensitive in detecting EAV-specific antibodies in horse sera as the existing serum neutralization test.
Choice-based assessment of utility functions

Abstract An approach for calibrating utility functions in which consistent paired-comparison response modes are used for both elicitation and descriptive validation is proposed and experimentally evaluated. The choice-based procedure presented has the potential to avoid the systematic biases often observed in functions assessed via indifference judgments such as probability or certainty equivalents. Our results indicate that the choice-based assessment procedure outperforms calibration approaches based on indifference judgments in predicting subjects' choices among risky options for the two types of utility models studied, von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility and lottery dependent expected utility.
Aluminum-Air Batteries: Materials Related Research

The aluminum-air power cell is being developed as a power supply for general purpose electric vehicles because it can provide them with the range, acceleration performance, and rapid refueling capability of current internal combustion engine vehicles. This paper describes the general characteristics of the systems and the materials research effort sponsored by DOE to improve the characteristics of the air and aluminum electrodes.
An analogue of group divisible designs for Moore graphs

We study graphs whose adjacency matrix S of order n satisfies the equation S + S2 = J − K + kI, where J is a matrix of order n of all 1's, K is the direct sum on nl matrices of order l of all 1's, and I is the identity matrix. Moore graphs are the only solutions to the equation in the case l = 1 for which K = I. In the case k = l we can obtain Moore graphs from a solution S by a bordering process analogous to obtaining (ν, κ, λ)-designs from some group divisible designs. Other parameters are rare. We are able to find one new interesting graph with parameters k = 6, l = 4 on n = 40 vertices. We show that it has a transitive automorphism group isomorphic to C4 × S5.
The Vocation to Heal: Health Care in the Light of Catholic Faith: Scriptural, Theological, and Philosophical Reflections

Abstract The standard of care that Christian health care professionals must aim for is a Christ-like compassion which forswears not only harming patients, but one which promotes and protects their well-being, alleviates their pain, and assists them in their bodily, emotional, and spiritual needs. Only this kind of medicine – so informed is it by Christian values and virtues – that will be able to resist the brave new biotech world of the future that is rapidly very much a part of our present.
Cost effective modeling methodologies and evaluating electrical interaction in FCBGA packages

This paper demonstrates a modeling methodology for the die-to-package connectivity in a Flip-chip Ball Grid Array (FCBGA) so that the die and package are simulated separately instead of co-simulation of the FCBGA structure for saving a computational cost. In addition, a cost saving polynomial regression modeling method is proposed to find electrical behavior for huge and complex package structures. In addition, various types of patterns were simulated to investigate and evaluate electrical interactions between the die and package through C4 bumps.
Epistemological antecedents to culturally relevant and constructivist classroom curricula: A longitudinal study of teachers' contrasting world views

Abstract This study explored how teachers' prior experiences, beliefs about knowledge, and schooling contexts collectively influenced their ability to implement classroom curricula that were culturally relevant to their students and that were constructivist in orientation. Using a case study design, this paper presents a 4-year longitudinal study of Dan, a second-career teacher who entered teaching after being a field scientist for an international corporation for 6 years, and Amy, who became an English teacher after being a floral designer for 10 years. Using the theoretical perspective of world view as described by Shuell (1992) [ Teaching and Teacher Education , 8 (1), 83–90] and Cobern (1993) [ The practice of constructivism in science education , Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science], I explored the professional development of Dan and Amy, who differed in their world views. Specifically, I examined how their world views gave shape to their classroom learning environments, including their classroom curricula and their interactions with students during their initial years of becoming teachers. Multiple sources of data were gathered throughout the 4 year study from formal and informal interviews, observations of classroom teaching, stimulated recall interviews, and biographical interviews. Using the constant comparative method of data analysis, salient themes emerged from the data, including beliefs about teaching content knowledge, beliefs about learners, and influences on classroom curriculum. Implications for creating constructivist and culturally relevant classroom curricula are discussed.
Stability of environmental reference conditions as indicated by stream macroinvertebrate communities: a case study in the central United States

We examined macroinvertebrate community data from Missouri reference streams collected approximately 12 years apart to evaluate whether substantial changes in community metrics and/or taxonomic composition occurred over that period. We used analysis of variance to test whether metrics differed between years or between other variables and used non-metric multidimensional scaling to examine compositional differences among samples and the environmental variables that were most associated with these differences. Metrics primarily varied on a seasonal basis, largely reflecting life history patterns of dominant groups such as chironomids and the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera orders. Variation between the time periods generally reflected atypically high abundance of chironomids in the spring of 1999/2000, but we did not observe reduced community quality between the earlier and later survey periods. Taxonomic composition was most related to seasonal differences and to the land cover characteristics o...
Optimal cocircuits in regular matroids and applications

Let M = (E, C) be a regular matroid with circuit set H and cocircuit set H and let (H, +, ⪕) be an ordered group. To given partitions D = D+ ∈ D− for all D ϵ H and weighting functions l,k: E → H optimale e-cocircuits are defined by having a minimal value K(D+) − ol(D−o ∗^e∗. It is shown that P as well as NP problems can be formulated by means of optimal cocircuits. We discuss a class of optimal cocircuit problems which can be solved using flow theory in regular matroids. Applications of the derived theory and algorithms to graphic and cographic matroids and to special ordered groups yield polynomial algorithms for some new minimal cut and shortest path problems which are useful in combinatorial and integer optimization problems.
A rapid method for determining the topological distribution of anionic sites on membrane surfaces

A method is described for the topological localization of cell surface anionic sites using positively charged colloidal iron hydroxide (Gasic et al., Lab. Invest. 18, 63 [1968]). Purified glutaraldehyde-fixed plasma cell membranes or glutaraldehyde-fixed lysed cells are mounted on thin support films and directly stained with colloidal iron at pH 1.8, washed, dried, and then examined by transmission electron microscopy. Using this method the surface anionic residues on rabbit erythrocytes and murine MOPC-70A myeloma cells are presently in randomly spaced clusters. The distribution of anionic residues on rabbit spermatozoa is discontinuous: the sperm tails almost exclusively bind the colloidal iron in a dense random distribution, while the heads show little or no labeling.
Acid treatment enhances IL-2 activity of conditioned medium

Abstract Although conditioned medium (CM) from human lymphocytes or mononuclear cells is the most readily available source of interleukin-2 (IL-2) for human T cell culture, its IL-2 activity in our experience is inconsistent. It is likely that this is, at least in part, due to the presence of toxic substances in the CM. Using CM from TPA/SEA induced human mononuclear cells, we have found that acid treatment (pH 2.0, > 30 min) significantly improves its ability to promote T cell growth. It is postulated that the selection process which occurs in cultures of mitogen stimulated T cells may result in cells which are sensitive to mitogen-induced lymphotoxins and that these are inactivated by the acid treatment. Since acid treatment did not similarly improve the T cell growth promoting ability of PHA induced, lectin-free commercial IL-2, there must be other differences between it and our CM, which play a role in T cell growth.
CIRCADIAN METABOLIC PATTERNS IN CULTURED HAMSTER ADRENAL GLANDS.

Abstract 1. 1. Circadian patterns in respiration and steroid secretion have been observed for hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) glands which have been maintained in culture. 2. 2. Reversal of the lighting regimen for young animals reversed the phase profile of adrenal metabolic patterns. 3. 3. Cultured phase-reversed glands did not sustain the reversed metabolic pattern but re-established patterns intermediate between reversed and control times. 4. 4. The biorhythmic property of relative temperature independence was displayed by cultured glands. 5. 5. The secretory pattern profiles resembled respiratory patterns, but did not have the same phase relationships. 6. 6. The relationship between stimulated steroid secretion and oxygen consumption by the cultured glands must be indirect.
Surface Chemistry of 2-Propanol on TiO2(110): Low- and High-Temperature Dehydration, Isotope Effects, and Influence of Local Surface Structure

Dosed on rutile TiO2(110) at 100 K, the thermal chemistry of 2-propanol in three formsC3H7OH, C3D7OD, and C3H7ODwas characterized using temperature-programmed desorption. Only 2-propanol, propene, and water desorb with no evidence for acetone. The propene forms and desorbs by two paths, a heretofore unreported low-temperature path extending from 300 to 450 K and, concurring with prior work, a high-temperature path peaking between 570 and 580 K. Both paths exhibit isotope effects. The high-temperature path is interpreted in terms of decomposition of 2-propoxy species located on bridging oxygen atom rows. The low-temperature path is attributed to 2-propanol dehydration on undercoordinated Ti4+ ions of the Ti4+ rows. The low-temperature path characteristics vary with the long-range order and bridge-bonded oxygen atom vacancy concentration.
Aspergillosis involving the sphenoid sinus.

The radiological features of isolated involvement of the sphenoid sinus by aspergillosis are described.
Nuclear factor-κB inhibition provides additional protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in delayed sevoflurane preconditioning

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Sevoflurane anaesthetic preconditioning (SPC) has been shown to limit nuclear factor-[kappa]B (NF-[kappa]B) activation and the production of inflammatory cytokines during myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R). Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of NF-[kappa]B using parthenolide is effective in limiting I/R injury. We, therefore, postulated that the protective effect of delayed SPC would be enhanced by pharmacological NF-[kappa]B inhibition during I/R. METHODS Hearts from 2-month-old male Fisher 344 rats were exposed to 25 min global ischaemia followed by 60 min reperfusion. Rats were divided into four groups prior to I/R: control group; parthenolide group, treated with the I[kappa]B kinase inhibitor parthenolide intraperitoneally 10 min prior to heart isolation; SPC group, treated for 60 min with sevoflurane 48 h prior to heart isolation; and SPC + parthenolide group, treated with SPC for 1 h followed by parthenolide 48 h later. Infarct area, left ventricular function and Ca2+(i) were measured after I/R. RESULTS Delayed SPC + parthenolide resulted in greater protection than either intervention alone, resulting in a significant reduction in infarct area and left ventricular developed pressure (mmHg; 84 +/- 19 compared with 15 +/- 14 in control hearts; P = 0.007). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure also remained close to baseline values (9 +/- 2 mmHg, P = 0.02) during I/R, and the increase in Ca2+(i) seen with I/R was significantly blunted (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION SPC followed by parthenolide provides a significant protection from I/R injury in this model. As each intervention alone limits NF-[kappa]B activation with I/R, these data are consistent with additive effects of these dual modalities in limiting I/R injury due to NF-[kappa]B activation.
The Hellenistic Tradition in Northwestern India

ALTHOUGH art-historical analysis has done much to clarify the relationships between the so-called Graeco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra and the sculpture of the Roman Empire, the precise nature of the connections between this outpost of Roman provincial art and the Hellenistic world remains as obscure as in the early days of romantic archaeology in India when it was the fashion to recognize actual specimens of Greek sculpture in the slate fragments brought to light within the shadow of the Khyber Pass.1 Beyond the magnificent coins of Alexander's successors, the Hellenistic civilization of Bactria remains a mirage.2 Proof of the existence of a “pre-Graeco-Buddhist” school of classical sculpture, to provide a background for the art of Gandhāra, is still eminently desirable.3
Preparation and Crystallization of Sol‐Gel Calcia–Alumina Compositions

The preparation of several amorphous calcium aluminate compositions by the sol-gel procedure is reported. Although a broad composition range of amorphous gels could be prepared, they invariably crystallized when heated to sufficiently high temperatures. The crystallization behavior of bulk samples and thin gel films on SiO2 slides were studied with the aid of XRD. Also, IR spectra were obtained from room-temperature and heated gels in order to evaluate the transformation which the gels underwent upon heating.
Evaluation of Triethylamine as a Counter Solvent in Totally Organic Biphasic Liquid–Liquid Partition Systems

Partition coefficients for varied compounds were determined for the triethylamine–organic solvent biphasic partition systems where the organic solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanolamine or formamide. These partition coefficient databases are analyzed using the solvation parameter model facilitating a quantitative comparison of the triethylamine-based partition system with other totally organic partition systems. By comparison with the system constants for the biphasic systems formed between n-heptane and dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanolamine and formamide, triethylamine is a weakly cohesive solvent (slightly stronger than n-heptane), weakly dipolar/polarizable (only slightly larger than n-heptane), and non-hydrogen-bond acidic. Triethylamine is moderately hydrogen-bond basic, but much less so than ethanolamine, formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide, which are strong hydrogen-bond bases. The separation properties of triethylamine–dimethyl sulfoxide are more similar to the isopentyl ether-propylene carbonate biphasic system; the triethylamine-formamide system octan-1-ol-formamide biphaic system; and triethylamine–ethanolamine the 1,2-dichloroethane–formamide and 1,2-dichloroethane–ethylene glycol systems. None of these pairs of biphasic systems are selectivity equivalent. In the first case, the significant difference in cohesive properties favors the distribution of larger solutes to the triethylamine layer and the greater hydrogen-bond basicity of dimethyl sulfoxide the selective extraction of hydrogen-bond acids. For the triethylamine–formamide system larger molecules have a slight preference for transfer to the triethylamine layer compared with octan-1-ol, and hydrogen-bond bases will be selectively extracted to the formamide layer, since triethylamine is not competitive with octan-1-ol as a hydrogen-bond acid. There are few totally organic biphasic systems suitable for the determination of solute hydrogen-bond basicity (B descriptor) and the triethylamine–formamide biphasic system can be used to supplement these.
Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the CAHPS Patient-Centered Medical Home Survey

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) survey. Methods We conducted a field test of the CAHPS PCMH survey with 2740 adults. We collected information by mail (n = 1746), telephone (n = 672), and from the Web (n = 322) from 6 sites of care affiliated with a West Coast staff model health maintenance organization. Results An overall response rate of 37% was obtained. Internal consistency reliability estimates for 7 multi-item scales were as follows: access to care, 5 items, α = 0.79; communication with providers, 6 items, α = 0.93; office staff courtesy and respect, 2 items, α = 0.80; shared decision making about medicines, 3 items, α = 0.67; self-management support, 2 items, α = 0.61; attention to mental health issues, 3 items, α = 0.80; and care coordination, 4 items, α = 0.58. The number of responses needed to get reliable information at the site of care level for the composites was generally acceptable ( Conclusions This study provides further support for the reliability and validity of the CAHPS PCMH survey, but refinement of the self-management support and shared decision-making scales is needed. The survey can be used to provide information about the performance of different health plans on multiple domains of health care, but future efforts to improve some of the survey items is needed.
Fatigue testing of polymer membranes

This paper presents a new impression method for fatigue testing polymer membranes that circumvents many of the problems associated with traditional uniaxial testing of thin, compliant films. The proposed test geometry subjects the polymer membrane to a biaxial stress state by displacing the center of a clamped circular specimen with a spherical indenter. The initiation of fatigue cracks in the membrane is monitored using optical and/or infrared sensing. Finite element and non-linear membrane theory models, which take into account large-displacement kinematics, non-linear material behavior and friction between the indenter and membrane, are used to establish connections between the applied indenter displacement, or load, and the stress in the film. A key result is a closed-form relationship between applied load and membrane stress, which can be used for a wide range of friction and material response. The broadly applicable approach is demonstrated using two types of laminated polymer membranes. Polym. Compos. 25:442–450, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
The problem of the effect that the turbulizer configuration exerts on the thermal efficiency of a channel wall surface

We discuss the results from an experimental comparison of the thermal effectiveness of the heating surface in a flat channel with turbulizers of various configurations positioned on that wall.
Cancer and the Pediatrician: An Evolving Partnership

Although cancer is among the leading causes of death in children, only approximately 6550 new cases are diagnosed each year in children less than 15 years of age in the United States. Thus, most pediatricians are unlikely to diagnose cancer in a child in their clinical practice. At the same time, major progress in the treatment of children with cancer has been made in the last decades. Indeed, more than 50% to 60% of children diagnosed with cancer are likely to become prolonged survivors, and most will be cured of their malignancy. Accordingly, it has been estimated that in 1990, 1 of every 1000 young adults reaching the age of 20 will be a survivor of childhood cancer.
The geopolitics of laughter and forgetting: A world‐systems interpretation of the post‐modern geopolitical condition1

Scholars have noted a recent transition from modern to post‐modern geopolitics. Deterritorialisation is the defining feature of the new geopolitical condition. The purpose of this article is to outline a world‐systems theory interpretation of the processes of deterritorialisation. World‐systems makes three contributions: the core/periphery of the world‐economy explains the geographic pattern of deterritorialisation, hegemonic cycles explain the timing of deterritorialisation, and the institutions of the world‐economy provide an understanding of the politics that underlie contemporary geopolitical processes. The core/periphery structure of the world‐economy provokes two responses, the geopolitics of laughter and forgetting.
Antifungal and antitumor activity of heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones and their metal complexes: current status.

More than 75 substituted thiosemicarbazones and a number of metal complexes of each have been assayed for their antifungal activity. Their activity is significantly affected by the substituted groups attached at both1 N and4 N of the thiosemicarbazone moiety. Greatest activity occurs for 2-substituted pyridine thiosemicarbazones with differences observed for 2-formylpyridine, 2-acetylpyridine and 2-benzoylpyridine derivatives and their metal complexes. Further, there are activity differences for4 N-alkyl-,4 N-aryl-,4 N-dialkyl- and 3-azacyclothiosemicarbazones and their metal complexes as well as changes in the substituent size among each of these subgroups. Cu(II) complexes are often more active than the uncomplexed thiosemicarbazones, with the latter showing similar activity to Ni(II) complexes in many instances. The reduction potential of the thiosemicarbazone ligand in a Cu(II) complex, the strength of the ligand field and various spectral properties can be correlated to the inhibitory activity.