cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed Occipital Artery Pseudoaneurysm Following Blunt Force Trauma

Background Occipital artery pseudoaneurysms are extremely rare pathologies that manifest after traumatic injury; only 11 cases have been reported in the literature. Because of their low incidence and vague symptoms, the initial diagnosis can be difficult. However, for correctly diagnosed occipital artery pseudoaneurysms, many successful treatment modalities exist. Methods We review the pathology of occipital pseudoaneurysms, elucidate the reasons for their rarity, discuss effective diagnostic measures, and discuss the currently available treatment options. We also present a case of a 16-year-old boy who sustained blunt force trauma in May 2014 and presented 6 months later with a painful, pulsatile mass in the occipital region. Results The patient underwent surgical resection to alleviate the pain and the potential risk of hemorrhage. He experienced complete resolution of pain and associated symptoms. Conclusions Our case highlights the fact that occipital swelling, a significant initial sign of pseudoaneurysm development, can be delayed. Therefore, occipital artery pseudoaneurysms cannot be ruled out of the differential diagnosis based on time course alone. Surgical resection is a quick and effective method for relief of severe pain resulting from occipital artery pseudoaneurysms. Although they are rare entities, occipital artery pseudoaneurysms must be considered in the differential diagnosis of cases of pulsatile mass lesions in the posterior scalp.
Ionizing Radiation Exposure and Basal Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis

This commentary summarizes studies showing risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) development in relationship to environmental, occupational and therapeutic exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). BCC, the most common type of human cancer, is driven by the aberrant activation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Ptch, a tumor suppressor gene of Hh signaling pathway, and Smoothened play a key role in the development of radiation-induced BCCs in animal models. Epidemiological studies provide evidence that humans exposed to radiation as observed among the long-term, large scale cohorts of atomic bomb survivors, bone marrow transplant recipients, patients with tinea capitis and radiologic workers enhances risk of BCCs. Overall, this risk is higher in Caucasians than other races. People who were exposed early in life develop more BCCs. The enhanced IR correlation with BCC and not other common cutaneous malignancies is intriguing. The mechanism underlying these observations remains undefined. Understanding interactions between...
Hypothesis: Ligand/Receptor-Assisted Nuclear Translocation of STATs:

AbstractThe STAT transcription factors are mediators of signal transduction of a variety of factors, including interferons (IFNs), interleukins, growth factors, and peptide hormones. Subsequent to activation, STATs are translocated to the nucleus apparently through the well-described importin/Ran system, where they activate target genes. Molecules utilizing this nuclear import system require specific nuclear localization sequences (NLSs). Paradoxically, such NLSs are not identifiable on STATs, thus raising the question of how they are imported into the nucleus. Of considerable interest is the observation that ligands and/or receptors that signal through STATs contain putative NLSs and, where examined, either ligand or receptor undergoes nuclear translocation. We hypothesize that ligands and/or their receptors serve as vehicles for the nuclear translocation of STATs, and that they may be directly involved in signal transduction. Using IFNγ as a model system, we provide a possible mechanism for how this dir...
Acute bronchitis imaged with F-18 FDG positron emission tomography.

Imaging with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) has been widely accepted as an important diagnostic method in the evaluation of patients with possible cancer. Recently, FDG-PET imaging was also proposed to examine patients with possible inflammation and infection. The authors report the de| tection of upper respiratory inflammation and infection by FDG-PET imaging in a patient with acute bronchitis who was undergoing an FDG-PET scan to stage breast carcinoma. The FDG distribution suggested uptake in the bronchial tree, consistent with acute bronchitis. Considering that no current imaging methods are effective in the diagnosis of acute bronchitis, this case further demonstrates the expanding utility of FDG-PET imaging in detecting inflammatory conditions.
Integrating Photonics with Luminescent Solar Concentrators: Optical Transport in the Presence of Photonic Mirrors

Luminescent solar concentrators downshift and concentrate the incident solar spectrum onto adjacent solar cells. In this paper we study the combination of highly performing luminescent nanocrystals with photonic structures to guide light to the edge of the concentrator. While one approach is to use a wavelength-selective Bragg mirror to reduce escape cone losses, we find that this also requires nearly perfect mirrors and luminophore quantum yield. The key issue is that light is trapped inside the concentrator in modes that inefficiently propagate toward the edge, leading to luminophore reabsorption and losses to imperfect mirrors. To overcome this difficulty, we use modeling to study the use of meta-mirrors that shift propagating photons to larger angles, minimizing interactions with the reabsorbing luminophores and mirrors. We find that this design favors mirrors with small changes in angle, separated from the luminophore–polymer layer by an air gap. This research indicates that a combination of photonic...
Detection of Mobile Malware: An Artificial Immunity Approach

Inspired by the human immune system, we explore the development of a new multiple detector set artificial immune system (mAIS) for the detection of mobile malware based on the information flows in Android apps. mAISs differ from conventional AISs in that multiple detector sets are evolved concurrently via negative selection. Typically, the first detector set is composed of detectors that match information flows associated with malicious apps while the second detector set is composed of detectors that match the information flows associated with benign apps. The mAIS presented in this paper incorporates feature selection along with a negative selection technique known as the split detector method (SDM). This new mAIS has been compared with a variety of conventional AISs and mAISs using a dataset of information flows captured from malicious and benign Android applications. Our preliminary results show that the newly designed mAIS outperforms the conventional AISs and mAISs in terms of accuracy and false positive rate of malware detection. This paper ends with a discussion of how mAISs can be used to solve dynamic cybersecurity problems as well as a discussion of our future research. This approach achieved 93.33% accuracy with a 0.00% false positive rate.
Personalized Therapies for Cancer Treatment

Personalized cancer medicine customizes treatment to any given patient based on patient and tumor characteristics. More recently, the advent of powerful next-generation gene sequencing technologies coupled with tools of high-throughput functional genomics have revolutionized personalized therapy. These developments promise to advance all aspects of personalized cancer medicine: accurate prognostication of the disease informing us about the necessity of adjuvant treatment; prediction of response to commonly applied systemic treatments, such as adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy and endocrine treatment (for breast cancer); and personalized monitoring of the disease and interrogation of the germline genetic variation, serving as a tool, among others, to predict the expected toxicity profile of the applied therapeutics. A greater understanding of the underlying biology of cancer has resulted in the identification of a number of molecular targets and the development of novel therapeutics. Despite improvements in technology, there are many technical and regulatory challenges that remain to be resolved prior to the widespread implementation of personalized therapy. This chapter reviews the strategies and challenges associated with the development of high-throughput technologies and targeted therapies against cancer, focusing specifically on breast cancer.
Geschichte, Kultur und Medizinethik

So wie eigentlich alles, kann Ethik im grosen und ganzen, und Medizinethik insbesondere nur dann wirklich verstanden werden, wenn man die Entwicklungsgeschichte und den Zusammenhang berucksichtigt. Das Ethos einer gewissen Kultur (wie man sich in einer gewissen Kultur benimmt) sowie das Ethos eines bestimmten Berufs hat eine Entwicklungsgeschichte, die man in Betracht ziehen mus, will man das Handeln der Mitglieder dieses Berufs oder der Mitglieder einer Kultur verstehen. Auserdem entwickelt sich das Ethos eines Berufs im Rahmen einer gewissen Kultur und ist daher untrennbar mit der Kultur verbunden, in der das Handeln des Berufs stattfindet. Und wie sich eine Kultur entwickelt, ist unter anderem ein Resultat ihrer Geschichte, das wiederum von den materiellen Zustanden abhangt.
Advanced Practice Palliative Nursing.

In 1975, when I graduated from nursing school, I worked in an intensive care unit in a very small hospital. We had eight beds in an open room. There were only two ventilators available for patients...
Process development and material characterization of Cu-Cu thermo-compression bonding (TCB) for high-conductivity electrical interconnects.

Abstract In this work, we focus on metal-metal Thermo-Compression Bonding (TCB) for realizing assembly of dielets to a silicon interconnect fabric (IF). The popular metal choices include bare Cu, Cu plated with Au and Au. Our approach simplifies the metallurgies used in classic chip-to-package assemblies by avoiding the use of solder and the concomitant issues of intermetallic formation such as electrical resistance and brittleness. In this paper, we address TCB parameter optimization and material characteristics of these metal-metal TCB joints. The roles of two physical mechanisms on Cu-Cu interface voiding i.e. surface roughness prior to TCB, oxide presence at bonding interface are evaluated in detail.
Testosterone and prolactin levels in incubating Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus)

ABSTRACT The hormones prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T) are linked to breeding behaviors such as territory defense, incubation, and brood-rearing in birds. The Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) is a shorebird with an uncommon parental care system in which males and females tend separate nests. We collected blood from incubating male (n = 38) and female (n = 33) Mountain Plovers in Montana to determine how circulating plasma PRL and T varied by sex, day of incubation, and across the nesting season. PRL levels were similar in males and females. There was no relationship between day of incubation or Julian day and circulating PRL for either sex. T concentrations were higher in males than in females and tended to decrease across the incubation season for both sexes.
A Man With Distal Asymmetric Leg Weakness.

Educational objectives To discuss a case of adult-onset asymmetric distal leg weakness in a patient who presented with weakness and atrophy of the posterior compartment of the left leg. Key questions 1. What is the differential diagnosis of asymmetric distal leg weakness?2. How would a clinician approach diagnostic testing for such a patient?3. What is the final diagnosis for this patient?4. How to treat this patient?
Characterizing Organ Donation Awareness from Social Media

Approximately 22 people die every day in the USA due to a lack of organs for transplant. Research suggests that the most effective solution is to increase organ donor rates, current, proposals range from expanding the donor eligibility criteria (donor pool) to performing mass media campaigns. However, little is known about the extent in which activities on social media are associated with aspects (e.g. awareness) of organ donation. Our hypothesis is that social media can be utilized as a sensor to characterize organ donation awareness and population engagement in donation for each different organ. In this sense, we collected Twitter messages (tweets) regarding organ donation, and characterized organ awareness by aggregating tweets from users who mostly mentioned that organ. Similarly, we assessed the relative risk between the cumulative incidence of organrelated conversations inside and outside geographical regions to characterize them regarding organ donation awareness. Our characterization suggests that organ-related conversations on social media seems to be indeed associated with aspects of organ donation such as the co-occurrence of organ transplantations. Also, we found variations regarding the specific organs that are prominently discussed in each geographical region, and that such variations seem to be associated with aspects of organ donation in that region, for instance, the abnormal amount of conversations about kidneys in Kansas. Our findings suggest that the proposed approach has the potential to characterize the awareness of organ donation in real-time.
Biosensors to assess performance status in cancer (BioAPS Study).

TPS6631Background: Oncologists assess patient (Pt) performance status (PS) to inform appropriate chemotherapy (Ct) decisions. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS (ECOG-PS, range 0-5) and Karnofsk...
Soil ecological responses to pest management in golf turf vary with management intensity, pesticide identity, and application program

Abstract While the unintended effects of pesticide applications in agroecosystems have received much attention, the consequence of different pest management strategies for beneficial soil biota in managed grass ecosystems remains poorly documented. In this study, we investigated the responses of major soil biological traits to both the short- and long-term effects of pesticide inputs in golf turfgrass. Overall, golf course fairways receiving regular, high-rate pesticide inputs exhibited suppression in soil biological traits involved in litter decomposition/nutrient mineralization (decomposer arthropod abundance and acid phosphatase activity), and plant nutrient uptake/plant protection (mycorrhizal fungi). In contrast, most beneficial soil biota appeared to tolerate a low level of pesticide input. In a short-term manipulative experiment we observed that monthly applications of chlorothalonil and a single application of imidacloprid, both at a medium label rate, consistently suppressed decomposer microarthropods over a 4-month period. The imidacloprid application also reduced the total infection of mycorrhizae and dark septate endophytes in roots. These results suggest that the use of pesticides as a whole does not always result in negative impacts on soil biota, but rather that the pesticide effects vary among functional groups of soil biota and are contingent upon long-term patterns of pesticide input intensity, and short-term differences in active ingredient and application program (application rate and frequency). These findings highlight opportunities for optimizing management practices to achieve pest management goals without compromising soil ecosystem services.
Assessing the Feasibility of Pathology Informatics Approaches for Subtyping Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)

Introduction Patients (pts) with DLBCL can experience marked difference in overall survival (OS) based on clinical characteristics, race, and biological subtype. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) algorithms can stratify pts into the germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) or activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype, which is associated with worse OS with current standard of care therapy with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (RCHOP; Meyer et al. 2011). However, these algorithms can be challenging to perform in clinical practice. We evaluated the frequency of GCB and non-GCB subtypes in a retrospective cohort of patients and evaluated the feasibility of performing automated pathology informatics computer segmentation algorithms to assess DLBCL subtype. Methods We included all patients diagnosed with DLBCL at Emory University from 1995-2016. We collected demographic, clinical, laboratory and pathologic data on all patients. We evaluated GCB and non-GCB status using the Hans algorithm as performed during routine clinical care, collected IHC slides for H&E, CD10, CD20, CD30, BCL2, BCL6, C-MYC, and MUM1, and assessed the feasibility of performing automated computer segmentation algorithms to assess DLBCL subtype using these materials. Results Out of 364 patients with DLBCL in our database, 151 had available data for DLBCL classification by the Hans algorithm and 103 had available slides for computational algorithms. For the entire dataset the median age was 61 years, 51% were male, 31% had stage III/IV disease. Among patients who had classification data, the median age was 61 years, 53% were male, 45% had stage III/IV disease, and 47% GCB DLBCL and 53% had non-GCB. Among patients with slides available for computational algorithms the median age was 64 years, 53% were male, 48% had stage III/IV disease. Conclusions In this retrospective cohort study, the group of patients with available slides for performing computer segmentation algorithms had similar demographics and disease characteristics to patients in the general population of DLBCL at an academic medical center. This dataset and associated pathology images provides a useful resource to evaluate whether computational algorithms can aid in defining the prognosis for DLBCL patients. Future directions for this work will involve the establishment of an online DLBCL digital archive to develop a more precise, repeatable and objective image-analysis based scoring of DLBCL tissues to improve the prognostic accuracy and classification of DLBCL. Disclosures Flowers: NIH: Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Research Funding; Roche: Consultancy, Research Funding; Gilead: Consultancy, Research Funding; TG Therapeutics: Research Funding; Mayo Clinic: Research Funding; Infinity: Research Funding; Millenium/Takeda: Research Funding; ECOG: Research Funding; AbbVie: Research Funding; Acerta: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics, LLC, an AbbVie Company: Research Funding.
Outer and Inner Lattice Measures

Outer and inner measures of a measure μ are defined and used to generate results involving them on a lattice l and its complement l'. Then outer and inner measures associated with two measures μ, ν are used to generate results involving them on a lattice l and its complement l′.
A highly fluorinated lithium iron phosphate with interpenetrating lattices: electrochemistry and ionic conductivity.

Li5Fe2PO4F8, a new member of the family of alkali transition metal fluorophosphates, has been synthesized and characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The existence of an infinite {–[PO4(FeF4)2]–}∞ tetrahedral network in an inter-penetrated diamond lattice, along with the presence of seven unique Li sites, presents interesting structural features of this structure-type for energy storage applications. The initial results of (de)lithiation reveal that a relatively low fraction of theoretical capacity may be utilized reversibly (0.2 Li+ ion per formula unit), possibly due to the lack of available free volume for Li+ insertion. The high Li content and the existence of large channels in all 3-dimensions of space also offer opportunities to study this material as a candidate for solid-state electrolytes. The results from electro-impedance measurements reveal the reasonable activation energy of Li diffusion (0.70 eV), which is also supported by theoretical calculations.
The O‐ring theory of the firm

We develop an O-ring production function characterized by specialization and division of labor and where shirking or negative shocks can have major adverse consequences. We show that when the principal can monitor individual output, the firm tends be large (potentially larger than first best), with a high degree of specialization and division of labor, weak incentives, and low pay as in traditional nonunion manufacturing. Moral hazard can only limit the size of the firm relative to the first best when the principal can only monitor team output, in which case the firm has the opposite characteristics.
Borges and his Legacy in Hyperfiction: A Study Through the Lenses of Deleuze and Guattan's Rhizome Theory

Jorge Luis Borges’ fiction has been an inspiration for hypertext fiction writers since the inception of this relatively new genre in the mid-eighties. Hyperfiction invokes a new kind of reading. Created on the computer to be read on the computer, this new type of literature challenges the reader to traverse a series of “lexias” – chapters, blocks, or electronic spaces – that give way to an intricate and complex narrative. According to Robert Coover, “by the mid-1980’s hyperspace was drawing fiction writers into its intricate and infinitely expandable, infinite alluring webs, its green-limned gardens of multiple forking paths, to allude to another author popular with hypertext buffs, Jorge Luis Borges.” In 1987, Stuart Moulthrop developed “forking paths” for an undergraduate writing class held at New York University. Although this hypertext experiment based on Borges’ “The Garden of Forking Paths” has remained unpublished “a schematic listing of the ‘forking paths’ hypertext created in Story Space” (Moulthrop, “Concerning ‘forking paths’”) can be found on the CD accompanying The New Media Reader. By 1991, Moulthrop had also published Victory Garden, which is in the words of its author, “in some respects a Borgesian pastiche with roots planted all too obviously in that great detective story” (Mouthrop, “Concerning “forking paths”).
School Improvement Grants in Ohio: Effects on Student Achievement and School Administration.

The federal School Improvement Grant (SIG) program allocated US$7 billion over nearly a decade in an effort to produce rapid and lasting improvements in schools identified as low performing. In this article, we use a regression discontinuity design to estimate the effect of Ohio’s SIG turnaround efforts on student achievement and school administration. The results indicate that Ohio’s SIG program significantly increased reading and math achievement, with effects in both subjects of up to 0.20 standard deviations in the second year after SIG eligibility identification. Estimates for the third year are somewhat larger, in the range of one quarter of a standard deviation. We provide evidence that these effects were primarily attributable to schools that implemented the SIG Turnaround model. We also show that SIG eligibility had a positive effect on per-pupil spending, but no average effect on administrative outcomes, including staff turnover, the number of staff members in the school, and school closure. The...
Progesterone and human cognition.

AbstractProgesterone is a neurosteroid and a neuroactive steroid, produced primarily by the corpus luteum and the placenta. In some animal models, progesterone affects cognitive performance, and its potential role in human cognition is especially germane to women. This role can be investigated through associations between peripheral concentrations of progesterone in blood or saliva and neuropsychological test results, through differences in cognitive profiles between women using menopausal hormone therapy with and without a progestogen, and through clinical trials. In naturally cycling reproductive-age women and pregnant women, there is no consistent relation between progesterone levels and cognition. In postmenopausal women within 6 years of menopause and not using hormone therapy, progesterone levels are positively associated with verbal memory and global cognition, but reported associations in older postmenopausal women are null. Some observational studies of postmenopausal women using hormone therapy ...
Log-Linear Techniques for the Analysis of Categorical Data: A Demonstration with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Log-linear analysis (LLA) techniques for categorical variables are demonstrated and evaluated using data from the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Symmetrical LLA and asymmetrical LLA address questions...
Response of Asterias vulgaris to Chemical Stimuli

Groups of the sea star Asterias vulgaris approached a variety of chemical stimuli in a flow tank. Urea, lactic acid, succinic acid, and “handsweat” were attractive to some animals; some simple acids and amino-acid mixtures were weakly attractive; pH changes and sea-water salts were not attractive. Although the groups were similarly maintained and responded with high internal consistency, they differed in responsiveness to different substances. These variations are not easily accounted for as contamination or effects of prior animal experience. A. vulgaris detects many simple organic substances, but the behavioral response is not constant and species-wide; it depends on nonchemical factors. This sensory/behavioral mode presumably suits a nonspecialist predator, and may be widespread among similar asteroids. Individuals attracted to lactic acid could be induced to cling to and evert their stomachs over a sponge soaked in lactic-acid solutions. The chemicals found atrractive in this study do not account for most of the attractiveness of shellfish tissue extracts studied previously.
Tubular Retractors for Deep-Seated Brain Lesions: Modern Concepts in Minimally Invasive Brain Surgery

Abstract Deep-seated brain lesions encompass a variety of pathologies. The typical approach to these lesions involves sizeable craniotomies, extensive cortical and subcortical dissection, retraction with retractor blades, and microscopic dissection. This can be associated with significant morbidity. With advances in neuroimaging and surgical devices, the use of tubular retractors has provided a keyhole or minimally invasive approach for addressing pathologies located in eloquent locations below the cortical surface. The premise of this approach is that tubular retractors will splay rather than severe white matter tracts, expose the tumor surface, and provide a working channel for lesion dissection and removal. We will describe our experience with the use of different types of tubular retractors for accessing deep-seated brain lesions.
Interleukin-17 receptor D: An orphan receptor finds a home in the skin

Interleukin-17 receptor D (IL-17RD) heterodimerizes with IL-17RA to form a receptor selective for the cytokine IL-17A.
Sudden Onset Fluent Aphasia: Stroke or Seizure?:

Conventional understanding of acute onset language deficits indicates that fluent aphasias are due to perisylvian lesions in the dominant hemisphere, most often in the setting of acute stroke. Case studies and retrospective analyses, however, suggest the need to keep ictal phenomena as an alternative diagnostic possibility. The following case illustrates an epileptic mechanism of sudden onset fluent aphasia mimicking an acute stroke presentation. We utilize the case to illustrate means by which to differentiate stroke versus ictal etiology by way of electroencephalography/response to antiseizure drugs as well as perfusion/diffusion imaging. We review the literature case reports to demonstrate that isolated fluent aphasia typically localizes to left-hemispheric, temporal foci. Finally, we provide a brief synthesis of potential neurologic mechanisms by which left temporal lesions may cause fluent aphasia.
Current Concepts in the Management of Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) represents a subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis that exhibits a unique, often striking clinical presentation. Since its initial description more than a quarter century ago, a more sophisticated understanding of the pathophysiology of AFRS has been achieved and significant advancements in improving clinical outcomes made. This review focuses on the latest developments involving the pathophysiology and clinical management of this fascinating disease.
Australia (hepatitis-associated) antigen: physicochemical and immunological characteristics.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the discovery, characterization, immunology, and etiological significance of “Australia antigen (Au),” a new antigenic specificity appearing in the serum of patients with serum hepatitis, and carried on characteristic lipoprotein particles. In addition to its original name, given before its relationship to viral hepatitis became known, the antigen has also been given the designations, including Au(1) , SH antigen, Au/SH antigen, hepatitis antigen, and hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA). The synthesis of Au antigen, and its appearance in the serum, is specifically associated with infection by the causal agent of the SH type of viral hepatitis. The chapter discusses properties of the antigen, and of the particles which carry the Au specificity. It also discusses various serological techniques for Au antigen, such as two-dimensional double immunodiffusion (ID), complement fixation (CF), immunofluorescence (IF), reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) of antibody-coated red cells, immune electron microscopy (IEM), immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP), and radioimmunoassay (RIA).
A meta‐analysis of tract‐based spatial statistics studies examining white matter integrity in cocaine use disorder

Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have consistently shown diminished white matter (WM) integrity for individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD). The present study used seed-based d mapping (SDM) to determine the extent to which a systematic difference in the WM integrity of cocaine users may exist (as compared with that of healthy controls). Articles from 2006 (when TBSS was first developed) to present were reviewed, with eight selected for inclusion. Meta-analysis found lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the genu of the corpus callosum for cocaine users, with a small-to-moderate peak effect size (Hedge's g = -0.331). Sensitivity analyses mostly supported the robustness of the obtained difference. Differences detected at exploratory thresholds for significance suggested insult to WM integrity extending beyond the corpus callosum. The present results compliment a previous region-of-interest (ROI)-based meta-analysis of DTI studies in individuals with CUD. These findings have significant implications for the potential role of neuroprotective agents in the treatment of CUD and merit additional iteration as more studies accrue in the literature.
Role of Histamine in Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in the Rat: II. DEPLETION OF HISTAMINE, SEROTONIN, AND CATECHOLAMINES

The present investigation was undertaken to see if any of the naturally occurring vasoactive substances was likely to act as a mediator for the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to acute alveolar hypoxia. Rats were treated with agents that deplete local stores of vasoactive amines or inhibit their synthesis. Lungs from these animals were isolated, ventilated, and perfused with homologous blood at constant volume inflow. Their pressor responses to 2- to 3-minute periods of ventilation hypoxia (2% O2) were observed. The histamine-releasing agent 48/80 or the histidine decarboxylase inhibitor NSD 1055, or both, depleted 73% of the histamine in the lung but had no consistent effect on the pressor responses to hypoxia. When 48/80 (0.2 to 1 mg) was given in vitro, histamine in the lung was reduced to 10% of normal, or less, and the pressor response to alveolar hypoxia was completely abolished. Reserpine, guanethidine, or alpha-methyl-tyrosine reduced catecholamine stores in heart tissue (as an index of general...
Chapter 10 – Vegetarian Athletes

Vegetarians’ dietary practices are of interest to the general population and athletes because of their health- and athletic performance-promoting potential. Well-planned vegetarian diets can meet the energy and nutrients needs of competitive athletes. However, inadequacies of several nutrients may be of concern when planning a vegetarian diet, including protein, essential fatty acids, iron, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B12. Vegans, especially female vegans, who avoid all animal products, are at greater risk of developing female athlete triad. Constant dietary assessment and nutrient status monitoring should be implemented to prevent deficiencies. Research consistently indicates that habitually consuming a vegetarian diet does not positively or negatively impact physical performance of athletes. Future research needs to focus on properly controlling energy and macronutrient contents of diets, standardizing the sports in which athletes are engaged, and directly evaluating various endurance or resistance performance parameters of vegetarian and non-vegetarian athletes.
Development of new baseline models for U.S. medium office buildings based on commercial buildings energy consumption survey data

Building energy estimation for the building sector under various scenarios are needed for building energy regulation and policy making. This often starts with representative baselines (either empir...
Algebras and Lie Groups

In 0.1.7 we have defined n-algebras, that is, rings that are linear spaces L n satisfying the axiom A.1° (0.13). In 0.1.7 we mentioned that the field ℂ of complex numbers is a commutative associative 2-algebra with basis e 0 = 1, e l = i (i 2 = −1).
Exploring the “Big HIT” variant of cascade affinity chromatography (CAC) for the purification of prostate specific antigen (PSA)

1304 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a member of the kallikrein family of proteins, is a 30 kDa serine protease produced by the epithelium of the human prostate gland and secreted into seminal fluid. The concentration of PSA in the blood is used as a unique serum biomarker for the early detection of prostate cancer. Chromatography is a very powerful technique that is used to separate and purify biomolecules. Combination of chromatographic techniques termed “Cascade Affinity Cromatography” [CAC] paves the way for an efficient purification. We report here the big “HIT” variant of CAC for the purification of PSA. i) Heparin-Sepharose ii) IMAC (Immobilized Metal-ion Affinity Chromatography) & iii) TIC (Thiophilic Interaction Chromatography). Heparin-Sepharose® requires the presence, clustering, and exposure of basic residues, lysine and arginine, to generate an affinity of a protein. PSA and other kallikreins fulfill these requirements. Our results show that PSA and other kallikreins bind avidly to Heparin-Sepharose® gel. In addition, coupling Heparin-Sepharose® chromatography with immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) allows further purification of PSA from biological samples. IMAC utilizes binding of histidine residues to transition metals ions chelated to immobilized iminodiacetic acid (IDA). PSA has several histidine residues on its surface as revealed by the tertiary structure of mouse and horse kallikreins. Our preliminary results show that PSA and other kallikreins bind to IDA-Ni2+. TIC utilizes the interaction of thiophilic ligands with aromatic residues exposed on a protein surface. Already, TIC has been successfully applied to separate PSA from its complexes with a variety of inhibitors. Isolation of the protein by TIC has used 2S and 3S gels. Our preliminary results show that purification of PSA is feasible in “HIT”. These investigations led us to develop protocols for the isolation, separation and purification of PSA from its inhibitors such as macroglobulins, anti-chymotrypsin, antitrypsin and their complexes with PSA. In conclusion, Heparin-Sepharose®, IMAC and TIC can be used as cascade affinity chromatography to further purify PSA from biological fluids [HIT of PSA].
Thermionic emission or tunneling? The universal transition electric field for ideal Schottky reverse leakage current: A case study in β-Ga2O3

The reverse leakage current through a Schottky barrier transitions from a thermionic emission-dominated regime to a barrier tunneling-dominated regime as the surface electric field increases. In this study, we evaluate such a transition electric field (ET) in β-Ga2O3 using a numerical reverse leakage model. ET is found to depend on temperature but has an extremely weak dependence on the doping concentration and the barrier height; as a result, a simple empirical expression can be derived to capture this near-universal dependence of ET on temperature. With the help of a field-plate design, we observed experimentally in lightly doped Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes near-ideal bulk reverse leakage characteristics, which match well with our numerical model and that confirm the presence of the transition region. Near the transition electric field, both thermionic emission and barrier tunneling should be considered. This study provides important guidance toward accurate design and modeling of Schottky barrier diodes, which can be readily extended to other semiconductors.
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of an eGlycemic Management System in a Community Hospital Setting.

Background:Glucommander is an eGlycemic management system (eGMS) for intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SQ) insulin therapy in hospitalized patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the e...
Innovative technology for apparel design studio: Integrating 3D virtual avatars in idea generation stage of design process

Innovative technology tools such as 3D virtual avatar modules (e.g., Optitex, Lectra, Gerber, and Marvelous Designer) provide new opportunities to enhance the apparel design process. Specifically, the modules allow students to creatively explore and customize body sizes and shapes that reflect their own target consumers. Thus, the purpose of this study is to introduce a teaching method for apparel design studios to integrate 3D virtual avatars into the design process. The presentation includes in-depth explanation on how to integrate 3D virtual avatar module to idea generation stage that have been traditional taught in apparel design studio. The significance of using this technology to customize figures in apparel design studio provides instructors and students with exciting tools to communicate and enhance design outcomes.
FIO2 Trajectory as a Pragmatic Intermediate Marker in Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure

BACKGROUND: Several markers of oxygenation are used as prognostic markers in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Real-world use is limited by the need for invasive measurements and unreliable availability in the electronic health record. A pragmatic, reliable, and accurate marker of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is needed to facilitate epidemiologic studies, clinical trials, and shared decision-making with patients. F IO 2 is easily obtained at the bedside and from the electronic health record. The F IO 2 trajectory may be a valuable marker of recovery in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. METHODS: This was a historical cohort study of adult subjects admitted to an ICU with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure secondary to community-acquired pneumonia and/or ARDS. RESULTS: Our study included 2,670 subjects. F IO 2 and S pO 2 were consistently more available than was P aO 2 in the electronic health record: ( F IO 2 vs S pO 2 vs P aO 2 : 100 vs 100 vs 72.8% on day 1, and 100 vs 99 vs 21% on day 5). A worsening F IO 2 trajectory was associated with reduced ventilator-free days. From days 2 to 5, every increase in F IO 2 by 10% from the previous day was associated with fewer ventilator-free days (on day 2: adjusted mean –1.25 [95% CI –1.45 to –1.05] d, P S pO 2 /F IO 2 trajectory also provided prognostic information. On days 3 – 5, an increase in S pO 2 /F IO 2 from the previous day was associated with increased ventilator-free days (on day 3: adjusted mean 2.09 (95% CI 1.44–2.74) d; P S pO 2 /F IO 2 models did not add predictive information compared with models with F IO 2 alone (on day 2: adjusted F IO 2 vs S pO 2 /F IO 2 R2 0.122 vs 0.119; and on day 3: 0.153 vs 0.163). CONCLUSIONS: F IO 2 and S pO 2 /F IO 2 are pragmatic and readily available intermediate prognostic markers in acute hypoxic respiratory failure. The F IO 2 trajectory in the first 5 d of ICU admission provided important prognostic information (ventilator-free days). Although the S pO 2 /F IO 2 trajectory was also associated with ventilator-free days, it did not provide more information than the F IO 2 trajectory alone.
Biomaterials with persistent growth factor gradients in vivo accelerate vascularized tissue formation.

Gradients of soluble factors play an important role in many biological processes, including blood vessel assembly. Gradients can be studied in detail in vitro, but methods that enable the study of spatially distributed soluble factors and multi-cellular processes in vivo are limited. Here, we report on a method for the generation of persistent in vivo gradients of growth factors in a three-dimensional (3D) biomaterial system. Fibrin loaded porous poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) scaffolds were generated using a particulate leaching method. Platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) was encapsulated into poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres which were placed distal to the tissue-material interface. PLGA provides sustained release of PDGF-BB and its diffusion through the porous structure results in gradient formation. Gradients within the scaffold were confirmed in vivo using near-infrared fluorescence imaging and gradients were present for more than 3 weeks. The diffusion of PDGF-BB was modeled and verified with in vivo imaging findings. The depth of tissue invasion and density of blood vessels formed in response to the biomaterial increased with magnitude of the gradient. This biomaterial system allows for generation of sustained growth factor gradients for the study of tissue response to gradients in vivo.
Moderation and Coherence in American Democracy

Introduction 373 I. The Development of Ideologically Coherent Parties 375 II. Why Ideologically Coherent Parties Moderate Politics 376 III. The Benefits of Ideologically Coherent Parties 379 IV. Is the Decline in Cross-Party Cooperation in Congress a Boon? 380 V. Are American Voters Becoming More Rigidly Partisan? 382 A. A Tidal Wave of Independents 383 B. Center-Right Voters' Recent Move Away from the Republican Party 384 C. Progressive Voters: Only Temporarily Loyal? 385 Conclusion 388
Visualization and Interactive Exploration of Large, Multidimensional Data Sets

As biologists work with more and more data, there is an increasing need for effective tools to analyze it. Visualization has long been used to communicate experimental results. It is now being used for exploratory analysis where users rapidly determine significant trends and features by working with visual projections of data. A basic workflow is to a) record experimental results or simulate some biological system, b) form hypotheses, c) verify hypotheses with interactive visualizations and statistical methods, d) revise hypotheses, and e) confirm computational results with experiments in wet-lab.
Raman Spectroscopy and Confocal Raman Imaging in Mineralogy and Petrography

Raman spectroscopy has long been used in geosciences and a wealth of data and publications are available. The majority of this information originates from point measurements using micro-Raman setups. With the application of confocal Raman imaging, additional analytical possibilities arise with respect to analyzing the three-dimensional spatial distribution of inorganic as well as organic phases on the centimeter to sub-micrometer scale. This chapter will highlight some of the key aspects experimenters should take into consideration when performing confocal Raman measurements as well as experimental results showing the insight gained into geological samples by the use of confocal Raman imaging.
Effect of Frequent Breast-Feeding on Early Milk Production and Infant Weight Gain

To investigate the effects of frequency and duration of breast-feeding on infants' milk intake and weight gain, two groups of mother-infant pairs were studied during the first month after delivery. Mothers in the control group (n = 24) nursed their infants on a 3- to 4-hour schedule. Those in the experimental group (n = 20) were encouraged to nurse frequently. During the first 14 postpartum days, all mothers recorded the length and time of each breast-feeding. On the 15th and on the 35th postpartum day, milk intake per feeding for 24 hours and infant weight gain from birth were measured. During the first 2 weeks after delivery, mothers in the experimental group nursed more frequently (9.9 v 7.3 feedings per 24 hours; P less than .0001). On day 15, their infants took more milk (725 v 502 mL/24 h; P less than .0002), and had gained more weight from birth (561 v 347 g; P less than .02). On day 35, although mothers in the experimental group were still nursing more frequently (9.8 v 6.8 feedings per 24 hours; P less than .01), milk intake and weight gain from birth were not significantly different.
The density maximum of He4 at the lambda point modeled by the stochastic quantum hydrodynamic analogy

The lambda point in liquid He4 is a well established phenomenon acknowledged as an example of Bose-Einstain condensation. This is generally accepted, but there are serious discrepancies between the theory and experimental results, namely the lower value of the transition temperature Tl and the negative value of dTl /dP. These discrepancies can be explained in term of the quantum stochastic hydrodynamic analogy (QSHA). The QSHA shows that at the He4I\textregisteredHe4II superfluid transition the quantum coherence length lc becomes of order of the distance up to which the wave function of a couple of He4 atoms extends itself. In this case, the He42 state is quantum and the quantum pseudo-potential brings a repulsive interaction that leads to the negative dTl /dP behavior. This fact overcomes the difficulty to explain the phenomenon by introducing a Hamiltonian inter-atomic repulsive potential that would obstacle the gas-liquid transition.
The Empirical Foundations of Nucleosynthesis

Abstract Theories of nucleosynthesis must be based on broad empirical foundations involving experiment in nuclear physics and observation in astronomy and geophysics. Current ideas picture nucleosynthesis taking place in ordinary stars, in supermassive stars and in an early high-temperature stage of the expanding universe. A survey is presented of new experimental results on certain key reactions in the pp chain, the CNO bi-cycle, helium burning, carbon burning, and neutron production which are important in stellar nucleosynthesis. The role of the reactions 3 He(α, γ) 7 Be and 7 Be(α, γ) 11 C in bridging the mass gaps at atomic weights 5 and 8 in universal and supermassive star nucleosynthesis is discussed. A brief review is given of current problems in theories of nucleosynthesis arising (1) from recent observations on helium abundances in stars, (2) from correlations between the chemical composition and the age, location and kinematical motion of stars in the Galaxy. It is concluded that definitive data are now being hard won in the laboratory but that the task of laying solid empirical foundations for theories of nucleosynthesis is only just begun.
THz imaging and spectroscopy: First experiments and preliminary results

This paper deals with Terahertz (THz) imaging with a specific focus on the reconstruction capabilities offered by the Fiber-Coupled Terahertz Time Domain System (FiCO) developed by Z-Omega and available at IREA-CNR. In this frame, a filtering procedure, based on the concept of the actual frequency bandwidth of the data, is exploited to reduce the noise affecting low and high frequencies and improve the achievable imaging capabilities. An experiment is provided to assess the achievable performances in terms of detection and localization of dielectric material interfaces and imaging of hidden objects.