cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining Characteristic Mode Metrics of Interest for Electrically Large Antenna Arrays

Characteristic Mode Analysis (CMA)is often applied to electrically small designs. However, when studying the modal decompositions of electrically large structures with noncontiguous geometries, namely finite antenna arrays, one must adopt a new means of presenting and making use of CM data. In this work we explore some prominent differences for which one must account when studying CM data for larger designs.
Semantic-aware Workflow Construction and Analysis for Distributed Data Analytics Systems

Logging is a universal approach to recording important events in system workflows of distributed systems. Current log analysis tools ignore the semantic knowledge that is key to workflow construction and analysis. In addition, they focus on infrastructure-level distributed systems. Because of fundamental differences in log features, they are ineffective in distributed data analytics systems. This paper proposes IntelLog, a semantic-aware non-intrusive workflow reconstruction tool for distributed data analytics systems. It is capable of building hierarchical relationships between components and events from logs generated by the targeted systems with little or even no domain knowledge. Leveraging natural language processing, IntelLog automatically extracts and formats semantic information in each log message, including system events, identifiers, locality information, and metrics values. It builds a graph to represent the hierarchical relationship of components in the targeted system via nomenclature conventions. We implement IntelLog for Hadoop MapReduce, Spark and Tez. Evaluation results show that IntelLog provides a fine-grained view of the system workflows with semantics. It outperforms existing tools in automatically detecting anomalies caused by real-world problems, misconfigurations and system bugs. Users can query the formatted semantic knowledge to understand and further troubleshoot the systems.
Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia on the Cartesian Mind: Interaction, Happiness, Freedom

This chapter is a re-consideration of the powerful set of objections to the Cartesian theory of mind that Princess Elisabeth offered in her 1643–49 correspondence with Descartes. Much of the scholarly discussion of this correspondence has focused on Elisabeth’s initial criticisms of Descartes’ views of mind–body interaction and union, and has presented these criticisms as assuming the general principle that objects with heterogeneous natures cannot interact. However, this account of the criticisms fails to capture not only their basic import, but also their connections to Elisabeth’s remarks later in the correspondence regarding both the ability of rational deliberation to lead us to happiness, and the freedom of our will from determining conditions. The attempt here is to offer a new account of Elisabeth’s objections to Cartesian interaction that serves to relate them to her critical evaluation of Descartes’ views of happiness and freedom. Such an account leads us to see Elisabeth as challenging Descartes throughout to take seriously the extent to which our mind is not merely a rational thinking thing, but also something that is profoundly conditioned by the passions that it receives from the body.
Proving their love: Violence and gender norms in descriptions of relationships among rural Mexican adolescents

Abstract Mexican youth from impoverished areas are at increased risk for experiencing relationship violence. Research in the United States has suggested that perpetration may be contextualized by culturally-influenced gender values, specifically performance of negative aspects of male masculinity (i.e., machismo) and its female counterpart (i.e., marianismo). This study utilized focus group methods to explore how middle school adolescents (N = 98) from a rural area of Central Mexico differentiate between healthy and unhealthy dating relationships. We evoked a feminist developmental lens to interpret themes which centralized males as physical and sexual aggressors and to offer culturally-relevant program and practice recommendations.
Paralysis and Outrage: Channeling Emotions and Strategizing Through Play Among Bilingual Teacher-Advocates in the Making

AbstractThis article examined the process of reaction, sense-making, and action through Forum Theatre of a group of 20 Latinx bilingual preservice teachers exploring issues of racism, linguicism, a...
Internal Information Environment and Labor Investment Efficiency

This study investigates the relation between internal information environment and labor investment efficiency. We argue that better internal information quality allows managers to obtain more timely and accurate information from subordinates and therefore make better decisions in labor investments. Our results suggest that the labor investments of firms with high quality internal information have less deviation from the optimal level. This association holds for both companies in industries with high and low union coverage.
Uncertainty quantification implementations in human hemodynamic flows.

Abstract Background and objective Human hemodynamic modeling is usually influenced by uncertainties occurring from a considerable unavailability of information linked to the boundary conditions and the physical properties used in the numerical models. Calculating the effect of these uncertainties on the numerical findings along the cardiovascular system is a demanding process due to the complexity of the morphology of the body and the area dynamics. To cope with all these difficulties, Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) methods seem to be an ideal tool. Results This study focuses on analyzing and summarizing some of the recent research efforts and directions of implementing UQ in human hemodynamic flows by analyzing 139 research papers. Initially, the suitability of applying this approach is analyzed and demonstrated. Then, an overview of the most significant research work in various fields of biomedical hemodynamic engineering is presented. Finally, it is attempted to identify any possible forthcoming directions for research and methodological progress of UQ in biomedical sciences. Conclusion This review concludes that by finding the best statistical methods and parameters to represent the propagated uncertainties, while achieving a good interpretation of the interaction between input–output, is crucial for implementing UQ in biomedical sciences.
A Little Lift in the Iron Curtain: Emigration Restrictions and the Stability of Closed Regimes

How does emigration impact authoritarian stability when emigration is restricted? I argue that emigration restrictions require citizens to go through an arduous process to obtain exit visas. Because this process is prohibitively costly for all but the most persistent emigration-seekers, it allows the regime to identify potential troublemakers. This improves stability because some troublemakers leave, while others are targeted with repression and co-optation. Yet, letting some people out creates new demand for future emigration, which undermines stability. Exploiting an involuntary emigration reform in the former German Democratic Republic that forced the country to issue more exit visas, I show that the resulting emigration wave reduced participation in the 1989 revolution. A causal mediation analysis reveals that some of the negative effect of emigration on protest was offset by heightened demand for future emigration. The paper contributes to scholarship on autocratic stability and provides a rare insight into closed autocracies.
Closed-loop Optimization of Retinal Ganglion Cell Responses to Epiretinal Stimulation: A Computational Study

Retinal prostheses improve vision for patients with retinal degeneration. However, the shape recognition ability of retinal prostheses users is limited due to the low visual resolution of these devices. Off-target retinal ganglion cell (RGC) activation is an important contributing factor to the low stimulation precision. Previous research has shown RGC spatial activity and perception of shapes by users can be difficult to predict due to the complexity of retina structure and electrode-retina interactions. In this study we demonstrate a method to iteratively search for optimal stimulation parameters that create focal RGC activation in silico. Our findings indicate that stimulation parameters can be customized to each electrode in a closed-loop manner. This approach can potentially eliminate the time-consuming process of searching a broad range of parameters for optimal stimulation outcome and provide more control over personalized fitting of retinal implants.
Role of Selexipag in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients With Out-of-Proportion Pulmonary Hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an increase in the risk of COPD exacerbation, increased hospitalization, and worse survival in this patient population. No specific treatment is available for PH in COPD. However, reported out-of-proportion PH may benefit from a certain type of treatment. This study shows that the use of selexipag in the treatment of out-of-proportion PH in COPD patients was associated with an improvement in functional status evaluated by a six-minute walk test (6MWT) and a mean pulmonary artery pressure at 6 +/- 2 months of treatment.
Labour Market Frictions, Firm Growth, and International Trade

I study the aggregate effects of labour market frictions in a small open economy where firms grow slowly and make fixed export investments. The model features interactions between dynamic investments in exporting and search frictions with job-to-job mobility. A calibration to Argentina’s economy matching data on firm growth, worker transitions between firms, and export dynamics suggests that the real income gains from lowering frictions in job-to-job transitions are about seven times larger than comparable reductions in frictions from unemployment. Barriers to worker mobility across firms matter for the real income gains of trade-cost reductions.
Combining Edge, Region, and Shape Information to Segment the Left Ventricle in Cardiac MR Images

This paper describes a segmentation technique to automatically extract the myocardium in 4D cardiac MR images for quantitative cardiac analysis and the diagnosis of patients. An approximate outline of the left ventricle is obtained either from automatic localization based on the maximum discrimination method or from copying a template shape during propagation. The histogram of the image is analyzed and divided into peaks using the EM algorithm to produce a region-based segmentation. This result and the image gradient are combined to obtain candidate boundanes for the left ventricle by deforming the contour using a graph search active contour approach. The final boundary is chosen using a minimum cut graph algorithm, spline fitting, or point pattern matching to maintain the shape of the template. We have experimented with the proposed method on a large number of patients and present some quantitative and qualitative results.
Nonlinear Systems: Global Theory

In Chapter 2 we saw that any nonlinear system $$ \dot{x}=f(x) $$ (1) with f ∈C1(E) and E an open subset of R n , has a unique solution Φ t (x0), passing through a point x0 ∈ E at time t=0 which is defined for all t ∈ I(x0), the maximal interval of existence of the solution. Furthermore, the flow Φ t of the system satisfies (i) Φ0(x)=x and (ii) Φ t +s(x)=Φ t (Φ s (x)) for all x ∈ E and the function Φ(t, x)=Φ t (x) defines a C1-map Φ:Ω → E where Ω={(t, x) ∈R × E | t ∈ I(x)}.
Nation, Territory, and Globalization in Pakistan: Traversing the Margins

Introduction 1. Mapping Liminal Territories: Frontierization and the Making of the Gilgit Agency 2. Landscaping the Colonial State: Rerouting the Gilgit Agency 3. Orienting National Horizons: The Silk Route Imagined 4. Emplacing the Karakoram Highway: From Tourist Spots to Truck Stops 5. Policing Destinations: Tradition, Gender and Spaces of Power 6. Conclusion
Angle-resolved photoemission from Cu single crystals using Al K. cap alpha. radiation

Angle-resolved photoemission energy distributions (PED's) were obtained from valence bands of Cu single crystals using Al $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ ($\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}=1486.6$ eV) radiation. A pronounced difference in the PED's was observed between electron emission in the [001] and [111] directions. The observed differences are attributed to the symmetry properties of the $3d$ initi\`al-state wave functions and are well described by the initial density of states modulated by an angle-dependent transition matrix element. An analytical expression is derived for this matrix element for tight-binding $d$ initial and plane-wave final states.
High-Speed Parameter Estimation of Step Motors

A batch least-squares algorithm is applied to identify the parameters of a permanent magnet step motor. Short data segments of less than a tenth of a second are considered and the procedure does not require a special configuration of the motor. Error indices are studied as measures of uncertainty in the estimation procedure. Simulations are performed to test the identification method and the usefulness of the error indices. Experimental results, obtained on an industrial setup, demonstrate the validity of the approach in an actual application. The results can be used to develop models of step motors for precise control and to automatically tune computer-controlled drives.
Spatial Variation in the Hispanic Paradox: Mortality Rates in New and Established Hispanic US Destinations

A long line of research has shown that despite their lower socioeconomic standing, Hispanics have lower mortality rates relative to Whites. In a separate literature, scholars have shown that Hispanics are increasingly relocating and shifting their destination choices within the US. Using 1999–2010 county-level national vital statistics data, this paper combines these two research domains by comparing Hispanic and White all-cause mortality rates and their differentials in new and established Hispanic destinations. The results reveal that the Hispanic mortality advantage in established destinations is much smaller relative to the rest of the nation owing to significantly higher Hispanic mortality rates. Utilising spatial regression techniques, the study also compares the ecological correlates of White and Hispanic mortality rates and their gaps across Hispanic destinations. The results show that the structural factors associated with mortality gaps vary by destination type except for the percent of Hispanics that are recent immigrants, which is associated with a greater Hispanic mortality advantage in all areas. In addition to providing support for a healthy migrant effect, the results also reveal the importance of internal Hispanic migration, which is associated with larger gaps in established areas. Lastly, factors associated with White mortality, particularly local socioeconomic conditions, are associated with larger mortality gaps, specifically in new destinations. The study highlights the increasing need to consider geographic heterogeneity in White and Hispanic health and mortality outcomes given the expanding dispersion of Hispanics into areas that until recently attracted few Latinos. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary sequence of the Escherichia coli fadL gene encoding an outer membrane protein required for long-chain fatty acid transport.

Abstract The fadL gene of Escherichia coli encodes an outer membrane protein (FadL) that plays a central role in the uptake of exogenous long-chain fatty acids. The nucleotide sequence of the fadL gene revealed a single open reading frame of 1,344 bp encoding a protein with 448 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of 48,831. The transcriptional start, analyzed by primer extension, was shown to be 95 bp upstream from the translational start. Apparent -10 and -35 regions were found at -12 and -37 bp upstream from the transcriptional start. Three regions with hyphenated dyad symmetry (two between the transcriptional start and the translational start and one upstream from the -10 and -35 regions) were identified that may play a role in the expression of fadL. The protein product of the fadL gene contained a signal sequence and signal peptidase I cleavage site similar to that defined for other E. coli outer membrane proteins. The N-terminal sequence of mature FadL protein was determined by automated amino acid sequencing of protein purified from the outer membrane of a strain harboring fadL under the control of a T7 RNA polymerase-responsive promoter. This amino acid sequence, Ala-Gly-Phe-Gln-Leu-Asn-Glu-Phe-Ser-Ser, verified the signal peptidase I cleavage site on pre-FadL and confirmed the N-terminal amino acid sequence of FadL predicted from the DNA sequence. Mature FadL contained 421 amino acid residues, giving a molecular weight of 45,969. The amino acid composition of FadL deduced from the DNA sequence suggested that this protein contained an abundance of hydrophobic amino acid residues and lacked cysteinyl residues. The hydrophobic amino acids within FadL were predicted to contribute to at least five regions of the protein with an overall hydrophobic character. The amino acid sequence of FadL was used to search GenBank for other proteins with amino acid sequence homology. These data demonstrated that FadL and the heat-modifiable outer membrane protein P1 of Haemophilus influenzae type b were 60.5% conserved and 42.0% identical over 438 amino acid residues.
Experiments with Kohonen's learning vector quantization in handwritten character recognition systems

In this paper we present the results of classification of handwritten characters on a Kohonen neural network. Three types of features, Fourier transform, geometric moments and shadow feature extracted from handwritten character data were used for classification. Classification accuracy is found to be much higher with the shadow feature in comparison to the more traditional Fourier transform and geometric moments. We have also explored the relation between Kohonen's learning of orientation based correlations and the learning rule of a minimum distance approach, used in a feedforward Athena neural network.
Etiologic factors in the pathogenesis of liver tumors associated with oral contraceptives

Within the last several years, previously rare liver tumors have been seen in young women using oral contraceptive steroids. The Registry for Liver Tumors Associated with Oral Contraceptives at the University of California, Irvine, has clearly identified 27 cases. The recent literature contains 44 case reports. Common to these 71 cases has been a histopathologic diagnosis of focal nodular hyperplasia, adenoma, hamartoma, and hepatoma. Significant statistical etiologic factors include prolonged uninterrupted usage of oral contraceptive steroids. Eight deaths and liver rupture in 18 patients attest to the seriousness of this new potentially lethal adverse phenomenon.
Some remarks on Kadanoff's variational approximations for renormalization-group transformations

The recursion equations corresponding to the one-hypercube approximation of Kadanoff are studied in more detail for the Wilson-Fisher $n$-vector model in $4\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimensions and the $d$-dimensional Ising model. The free energy for the one-dimensional Ising model is solved exactly in this approximation and is shown to give the correct singular behavior near zero temperature and the exact free energy in zero field. The corrections to scaling exponents are shown to be exact to first order in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ for the Wilson-Fisher model and are given for the $d=2,3, \mathrm{and} 4$ dimensional Ising models. The amplitude of the specific-heat divergence is calculated for the two-dimensional Ising model and is shown to be in reasonable agreement with the exact result.
Charged scalar theory and broken charge symmetry

Static charged scalar meson theory with broken charge symmetry is solved in the one-meson approximation. It is argued that spontaneous symmetry breakdown does not appear possible in this model with these approximations. Solutions are given for the scattering amplitude and also the isobar mass difference in terms of the n-p mass difference, without a perturbation expansion in the symmetry-breaking parameters.
Primary salivary type lung tumor: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Primary salivary type lung cancer are extremely rare intrathoracic malignancies. Mucoepidermoid tumor is one of the salivary gland tumor which originates from submucosal glands of tracheobronchial tree. These are very slow growing low grade malignant tumors. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment and rarely requires adjuvant therapy. In this case report, we describe a case of a young male who presented with cough and hemoptysis. On further investigation he was found to have mucoepidermoid tumor originating from the left bronchus.
Colon cancer overview

The scope of current prevention research support by the National Cancer Institute includes the clinical assessment of dietary modifications and cancer screening trials, epidemiologic studies, development of new chemopreventive therapies, and the use of advanced molecular biologic technologies to probe the genetic determinants of colorectal adenomas. Colorectal cancer frequently has been associated with high-fat low-fiber diets in epidemiologic and experimental studies. A recently initiated Phase III Dietary Intervention Study of Recurrence of Large Bowel Adenomatous Polyps will investigate the potential benefits of a low-fat high-fiber fruit-and-vegetable-enriched eating pattern to decrease the polyp recurrence rate. The Chemoprevention Program currently is supporting four Phase III controlled clinical intervention trials investigating the cancer-inhibiting effects on colorectal cancer of beta-carotene, piroxicam, calcium, and calcium plus fiber in persons with previous adenomas. A proposed early detection trial will screen for colorectal, prostate, lung, and ovarian cancers. A comparison of incidence and mortality trends indicates progress in colorectal cancer detection and therapy.
Short Wavelength Infrared Hybrid Focal Plane Arrays

The employment of area focal plane arrays (FPA) has made it possible to obtain second generation infrared imaging systems with high resolution and sensitivity. The Short Wavelength Infrared (SWIR) region (1-2.5 microns) is of importance for imaging objects at high temperature and under conditions of reflected sunlight. The present investigation is concerned with electrooptical characterization results for 32 x 32 SWIR detector arrays and FPAs which are suitable for use in a prototype imaging spectrometer. The employed detector material is Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te grown by liquid phase epitaxy on a CdTe transparent substrate. Attention is given to details of processing, the design of the detector array, the multiplexer, the fabrication of the hybrid FPA, and aspects of performance.
Potassium Placement Effects on Yield and Seed Composition of No-Till Soybean Seeded in Alternate Row Widths

Optimum K fertilizer placement for no-till soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield and quality in wide-row production systems may not be appropriate for narrow-row systems. Potassium fertilizer placement and row width effects on no-till soybean were evaluated from 1998 through 2000 on a continuous no-till soil with low, but stratified, soil-test K. Four K fertilizer placements of surface broadcast, 76-cm band width, 38-cm band width, and zero K were compared at a single rate of 100 kg K ha -1 for soybean planted in 76-, 38-, and 19-can row widths. Broadcast K application significantly increased leaf K concentrations in all 3 yr. Band placement increased soybean leaf K more than surface broadcast in 2 of 3 yr. Band placement increased yield 10 to 15% in 76- and 38-cm rows, compared with zero K, while seed yield was not significantly improved by surface broadcasting in any row-width system. Within the 19- and 38-cm row width systems, soybean rows positioned midway between the K fertilizer bands had lower K uptake and productivity than soybean rows seeded above the K bands. Banded K also increased seed K concentrations and accumulation more than broadcast application in 76- and 38-cm row widths. Seed oil concentrations were increased by band placement, and were often positively correlated with leaf K, seed K, and seed yield. Potassium banding was superior to surface broadcasting for plant K nutrition, yield, and seed oil concentrations in both wide and intermediate row-width systems, but not in narrow-row soybean production, on low soil-test K fields.
Determination of 3D fiber orientation distribution in thermoplastic injection molding

Abstract An automated optical section method for quantifying the orientation state of short fibers in injection molded parts is presented. The method is based on imaging tracer fibers in index of refraction-matched transparent composites. The experimental methods and performance characteristics of the method are described. The method is non-destructive, operator-independent, economical and rapid. Scanning to depths of about 1.3 mm without cutting is possible at 10 μm spatial resolution at processing rates of 1 mm3 min−1. Calibration tests suggest that fiber orientation is quantified to within the accuracy expected based on the degree of solid angle discretization chosen for analysis (5 ° here). Reproducible fiber orientation distributions are realized for sample domain sizes of about 2 mm × 2 mm × 0.15 mm. The orientation distribution function is quantified as well as the orientation tensor components. Convenient graphical visualizations of the 3D orientation distribution function and tensor representations are provided.
Lipids of midwater marine fish: family gonostomatidae

Abstract 1. 1. Six species of marine teleost fishes of the family Gonostomatidae contained 3.1–30% dry wt lipid. 2. 2. Wax esters were major neutral lipids in four species; a bathypelagic species, Cyclothone acclinidens, contained the highest percentage (44%), while a species caught at the surface, Vinciguerria lucetia, contained only traces. 3. 3. The main wax esters were even numbered C30–C42 components, most with one double bond. 4. 4. The structures of the monoenoic alcohols and acids of C. acclinidens wax esters were consistent with Δ 9 - desaturation of the saturated C16, C18 and C20 homologs, followed by chain elongation by one or two steps.
Native Language Teachers in a Struggle for Language and Cultural Survival

Language shift among New Mexico Pueblo Indians threatens the loss of their oral-based cultures. Language revival for many Pueblos has resulted in school programs in which students are easily accessible and teachers are accountable to tribes rather than the state. Finding “Pueblo space” for the Native language in school, where it was previously targeted for extinction, poses unique challenges. Personal histories and ethnographic interviews provide language teacher perspectives on teaching in four separate school programs.
On permutations avoiding arithmetic progressions

We improve the lower bound on the number of permutations of {1,2,...,n} in which no 3-term arithmetic progression occurs as a subsequence, and derive lower bounds on the upper and lower densities of subsets of the positive integers that can be permuted to avoid 3-term and 4-term APs. We also show that any permutation of the positive integers must contain a 3-term AP with odd common difference as a subsequence, and construct a permutation of the positive integers that does not contain any 4-term AP with odd common difference.
Intrusion and Retraction of Fluids in Nanopores: Effect of Morphological Heterogeneity

This paper reports on a molecular simulation study of intrusion and retraction of a nonwetting fluid in silica nanopores without or with morphological defects (constrictions or undulations) to mimic mercury porosimetry in porous materials. All the pores considered in this work are of a finite length and are connected to bulk reservoirs so that they mimic real materials for which the confined fluid is always in contact with the external phase. Our results for pores with constant or variable cross-section are in qualitative agreement with experimental data: (1) the intrusion and retraction pressures are larger than the bulk saturating vapor pressures, (2) the intrusion and retraction pressures are decreasing functions of the pore size, and (3) entrapment of the confined fluid leads to irreversible intrusion/retraction isotherms (except for the smallest pore, for which intrusion is reversible). Our data show that the intrusion pressure varies linearly with the pore diameter when both quantities are plotted o...
Adaptive Extended Local Ternary Pattern (AELTP) for Recognizing Avatar Faces

Many face recognition techniques have been developed during the past decades but the problem remains challenging, especially recognizing non-biological entities or avatars. Local Binary Pattern (LBP) method is one of these techniques which has shown its superiority in recognizing faces. The original LBP operator mainly thresholds pixels in a specific predetermined window based on the gray value of the central pixel of that window. As a result the LBP operator becomes more sensitive to noise especially in near-uniform or flat area regions of an image. To deal with this problem a generalization of the LBP descriptor, Local Ternary Patterns (LTP), came to the presence. In this paper we introduce a new local adapted texture features for efficient avatar face recognition based on the original LTP operator. The proposed technique, Adaptive Extended Local Ternary Pattern (AELTP), shares with the original LTP descriptor being less sensitive to noise. However AELTP is better as it determines the local pattern threshold automatically based on local statistics. Experiments conducted on two virtual world avatar face image datasets show that our technique performs better than original LBP, original LTP and Extended LTP (ELTP) in terms of accuracy.
Risk of false positive genetic associations in complex traits with underlying population structure: a case study.

Genome-wide association (GWA) studies are widely used to investigate the genetic etiology of diseases in domestic animals. In the horse, GWA studies using 40–50,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in sample sizes of 30–40 individuals, consisting of only 6–14 affected horses, have led to the discovery of genetic mutations for simple monogenic traits. Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy is a common inherited neurological disorder characterized by symmetric ataxia. A case-control GWA study was performed using genotypes from 42,819 SNP marker loci distributed across the genome in 99 clinically phenotyped Quarter horses (37 affected, 62 unaffected). A significant GWA was not achieved although a suggestive association was uncovered when only the most stringently phenotyped NAD-affected horses (n = 10) were included (chromosome 8:62130605 and 62134644 [log(1/P) = 5.56]). Candidate genes (PIK3C3, RIT2, and SYT4) within the associated region were excluded through sequencing, association testing of uncovered variants and quantitative RT-PCR. It was concluded that variants in PIK3C3, RIT2, and SYT4 are not responsible for equine neuroaxonal dystrophy. This study demonstrates the risk of false positive associations when performing GWA studies on complex traits and underlying population structure when using 40–50,000 SNP markers and small sample size.
Bilingualism, Heritage Language Learners, and SLA Research: Opportunities Lost or Seized?

In this article I invite a reconceptualization and expansion of the field of second language acquisition (SLA) by examining possible intersections between SLA and the area of language instruction currently referred to as the teaching of heritage languages. I discuss the ways in which the opportunity of broadening SLA-and-instruction research can be seized by current researchers so that it can address the most intractable educational problems involving language. Drawing from current research on bilingualism, I first describe the challenges of providing language instruction for heritage speakers and examine the bilingualism of these unique language learners. I then offer an overview of the questions raised by the study of heritage language learners. Finally, I describe communities of professional practice and existing disciplinary boundaries and conclude with a discussion of the ways in which the field of SLA can draw from other areas in order to affect the educational futures of language minority children around the world and, at the same time, contribute to our greater understanding of the human language faculty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Self-punitive avoidance behavior in the Mongolian gerbil

Gerbils were trained to avoid shock by leaving a startbox and traversing a 4-ft alley. During the first 20 extinction trials (Phase 1), one group was given regular extinction. A second group was punished in the middle 2-ft section of the alley. During the last 30 extinction trials (Phase 2), conditions were reversed for the two groups. Punishment increased speeds in the prepunishment region as well as in the entire alley. It also reversed an extinction trend for the group given regular extinction during Phase 1. Furthermore, punishment-induced facilitation was greater when the punishment phase followed regular extinction rather than avoidance training. In general, these results are similar to those obtained with rats under comparable circumstances.
Forming the optimal union multiple databases

Abstract Many organizations, best illustrated by libraries, have access to hundreds of databases possessing varying degrees of complimentary and overlapping records. While users may receive positive marginal benefits from data duplications, all databases and their services cannot be supported because of resource limitations. This paper attempts to conceptualize the problem of database collection in an environment of multiple databases, with differential content and performance characteristics, diverse users, and limited resources. It defines the database collection problem as a constrained zero-one integer programming problem and solves for the optimal combination or union of databases. Several extensions are shown, where special conditions are imposed on the relationships between databases and/or their availability.
Microbial oxidative metabolism of diclofenac: production of 4¢-hydroxydiclofenac using Epiccocum nigrum IMI354292

The 4′-hydroxylated metabolite of diclofenac was produced by biocatalysis for probing specific human drug-metabolising enzymes (CYP2C9). An initial screen of 11 microorganisms was carried out (50 ml scale) to identify the organism best suited to the regioselective conversion of diclofenac to its 4′-hydroxylated metabolite. From this screen, the fungus Epicoccum nigrum IMI354292 was selected as the most suitable microorganism. Scale-up was carried out in a 30-l fermenter to which 2 g diclofenac was added. After 48 h, 50% of the diclofenac had been converted to it 4′-hydroxylated metabolite. The broth was then extracted with ethyl acetate and purified by chromatography and crystallisation. This yielded 0.3 g 4′-hydroxydiclofenac with a purity of at least 99%. The 4′-hydroxydiclofenac produced by E. nigrum was characterised by HPLC, mass spectrometry and NMR.
Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by targeting cellular methionine aminopeptidase

Abstract Methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) catalyzes the N-terminal methionine excision from the majority of newly synthesized proteins, which is an essential cotranslational process required for cell survival. As such, MetAP has become an appealing target for the development of antimicrobial therapeutics with novel mechanisms of action. By screening a library of small organic molecules, we previously discovered a class of compounds that selectively inhibit the Fe(II)-form of MetAP. Herein, we demonstrate that some of these compounds and their newly synthesized derivatives halt the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cells with significant potency. The most potent compound inhibited methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) growth with an IC 50 value of 1 μM and MIC of 0.7 μg/ml. Two cell-based assays were used to verify that MetAP is the intracellular target in E. coli cells. These findings can serve as foundation for the development of novel therapeutics against an ever increasing threat by drug resistant staphylococcal infections.
Structuring and destructuring the coarse of illness: the Alzheimer's disease experience

The course of illness is examined as a location for the assignment of developmental structure. Textual analysis and field data indicate that the stock of developmental codes for structuring the course of illness in the Alzheimer's disease experience is as varied as the manifold interests of those concerned. Structuring is practical and occasioned, realised in its variety in an ‘ameliorative’ mode of communicative usage. In the ‘tribulation’ mode, in contrast, the course of illness is destructured. A discussion of communicative usage, as a critique of developmentalism, follows.
Topological constraints on imbricate thrust networks, examples from the Mountain City window, Tennessee, U.S.A.

Abstract The geometry of thrust belts is best described in three dimensions as a network of linear geometric elements: trailing branch lines, where two thrusts diverge; leading branch lines, where two thrusts converge; tip lines, where thrust displacement vanishes; and cutoff lines, where a stratigraphic horizon intersects a thrust plane. There are a number of topological constraints in three dimensions on the interrelationship of these linear elements. These constraints provide a method of deciphering the three-dimensional structure of an area from the geologic map pattern alone if topography or structural culminations and depressions create significant structural relief. The Mountain City window, Tennessee, is an example of an imbricate thrust network which reveals its topology on the map pattern because of the presence of culminations. The analysis of linear elements in this area allows the regional structural geometry to be described, and also two kinematically distinct types of imbricate thrust systems to be characterized; namely, hinterland- and foreland-dipping duplexes. The Doe Ridges culmination is a hinterland-dipping duplex, characterized by leading branch lines in a common roof thrust with the branch lines arranged in the same order, hinterland to foreland, as in the undeformed state. The Limestone Cove culmination is a foreland-dipping duplex, characterized by trailing branch lines in a common roof thrust with the branch lines reversed in order. Hinterland-dipping duplexes are the common and well known type. Foreland-dipping duplexes are formed by successive trailing branch lines moving up off the lower flat horizon onto the ramp at which the imbricate slices are formed.
Use of gas sampling tubes for direct measurement of 14CO2 in soil air

Abstract Commercially available chromatographic tubes for detection of gases in industrial air were utilized in experiments where CO 2 from soil respiration carried a 14 C label. Using a series of different gas mixtures, the equipment was examined in the laboratory and demonstrated to be accurate in measuring CO 2 contents over the range from 0.03 to 5%. Activity measurements were made by transferring the chromatographic packing, with absorbed 14 C, from the tubes into scintillation solution for counting. In field experiments, 14 CO 2 from soil air was examined over time after labeling wheat plants and monitoring their maturation and decomposition.
Ethical and Professional Issues in Experiential Growth Groups: Moving Forward

The purpose of this introductory article is to provide a context for how experiential growth groups are typically used to train counselors, to preview the contributions in this issue, and to suggest future directions for researching and implementing such groups.
Site-specific variability in trabecular bone dosimetry: considerations of energy loss to cortical bone.

With continual advances in radionuclide therapies, increasing emphasis is being placed on improving the patient specificity of dose estimates to marrow tissues. While much work has been focused on determining patient-specific assessments of radionuclide uptake in the skeleton, few studies have been initiated to explore the individual variability of absorbed fraction data for electron and beta-particle sources in various skeletal sites. The most recent values of radionuclide S values used in clinical medicine continue to utilize a formalism in which electrons are transported under a trabecular bone geometry of infinite extent. No provisions are thus made for the fraction of energy lost to the cortical bone cortex of the skeletal site and its surrounding tissues. In the present study, NMRmicroscopy was performed on trabecular bone samples taken from the femoral head and humeral proximal epiphysis of three subjects: a 51-year male, an 82-year female, and an 86-year female. Following image segmentation and coupling to EGS4, electrons were transported within macrostructural models of the various skeletal sites that explicitly include the spatial extent of the spongiosa, as well as the thickness of the surrounding cortical bone. These energy-dependent profiles of absorbed fractions to marrow tissues were then compared to transport simulations made within an infinite region of spongiosa. Ratios of mean absorbed fraction, as weighted by the beta energy spectra, under both transport methodologies were then assembled for the radionuclides 32 P and 90 Y . These ratios indicate that corrections to existing radionuclide S values for 32 P can vary by as much as 5% for the male, 6% for the 82-year female, and 8% for the 86-year female. For the higher-energy beta spectrum of 90 Y , these same corrections can reach 8%, 10%, and 11%, respectively.
Determinants of Skeletal Muscle Contributions from Circulating Cells, Bone Marrow Cells, and Hematopoietic Stem Cells

To investigate the factors that regulate incorporation into uninjured or damaged skeletal muscle of donor markers derived from unfractionated bone marrow (BM) cells or from highly purified c-kit+ Thy1.1lo Lin- Sca-1+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), we evaluated myofiber chimerism of multiple muscle groups in irradiated and transplanted recipient mice and in unirradiated parabiotic animals. Uninjured panniculus carnosus, diaphragm, and abdominal muscles infrequently incorporated donor markers into myofibers in a subset of animals after either BM or HSC transplantation; however, acute muscle injury was essential to elicit contributions to triceps surae (TS) and tibialis anterior muscles. The low level of incorporation of donor marker-expressing myofibers could not be enhanced either by transplantation into newborn recipients or by induced migration of HSCs into the periphery. Analysis of muscle chimerism in unirradiated animals joined surgically by parabiosis revealed that contributions of circulating cells to myofibers in the TS were injury dependent and that at least some circulating cells with the potential to contribute to regenerating muscle derive from BM, suggesting that hematoablative preconditioning is not required for such contributions. In all cases tested, donor-derived myofibers expressed both donor-specific and host-specific markers, suggesting that they arise by low-level fusion into skeletal muscle of cells that can include the progeny of HSCs. It is not yet clear whether such events represent a normal myogenic pathway or a pathological response to muscle damage.
Intrigued, But Not Immersed Millennial Students Analyze News Apps During the iPad’s First Year

The arrival of Apple’s iPad tablet in April 2010 was trumpeted as a pivotal, game-changing moment for the news industry. But did the iPad’s initial news applications live up to the hype? The author assigned college students to rate and analyze television, radio, newspaper, and magazine news apps during the iPad’s first year. This study, drawing from uses and gratifications theory, considers student ratings based on four factors: immediacy/urgency, nonlinear news presentation, multimedia, and reader interactivity. The apps scored highest in multimedia, but fell far short of students’ expectations for interactivity and immediacy. Too often for these millennials, the first year of iPad news apps amounted to digital “shovelware”—news outlets simply shoveling content from website to app, with minimal added value. This exploratory study provides early insight into how this “digital native” generation, crucial to the iPad’s long-term success, is reacting to the tablet as a news medium.
Further comment on spurious center-of-mass motion

Abstract We present arguments which indicate the Gloeckner-Lawson prescription for eliminating states with spurious center-of-mass motion from highly truncated shell-model calculations is not generally useful.
The Case for Abolishing the Senior Year in American Undergraduate Engineering Education

This paper discusses the feasibility of reducing the conventional undergraduate program in engineering from four years to three years by merely abolishing what is now the fourth or senior year. No change in the existing duration of the academic year is called for in this plan. Some radical though desirable changes in curriculum packaging are, however, implied. The plan is presented on its own merits as a serious proposal for adoption on the American scene of engineering education. It is compared with the trimester plan of curriculum compression, with the European "pass" and "honors" pattern, and with the other extreme, often suggested, of extending the conventional four-year program to five years.
Quantile Scale Curves

A concept of scale curve based on data-depth was introduced in Liu, Parelius, and Singh. A scale curve describes the growth of a scalar (positive real-valued) scale measure of a multivariate population/data-cloud, as the distribution/data progresses center-outwardly. This article proposes a new concept for a scale curve, called the quantile scale curve, which is conceptually and computationally simpler than a data-depth based scale curve. The article focuses on the data-analytic utility of the proposed quantile scale curve, and in particular on a proposed graphical test for detecting linear and nonlinear association between two groups of variables. Other problems addressed using the concept of a quantile scale curve are exploring heavy-tailedness (via a bootscale plot), and multivariate location and scale testing. The article includes a distributional result on simplicial volumes which is of independent interest. Supplemental materials, including a technical appendix, are available online.
Evidence for Mass-per-Charge-dependent Acceleration of a Multiple-Component Seed Population by CME-driven Interplanetary Shocks Near 1 AU

Using measurements from the ULEIS and SEPICA instruments on board the Advanced Composition Explorer between 1997 November and 2000 October, we have surveyed the abundances of 0.25-0.8 MeV nucleon−1 He+,3He, and heavy ions from C-Fe during 18 CME-driven interplanetary (IP) shocks observed near 1 AU. Our results show that each of the 18 IP shocks is accompanied by enhancements in the intensities of both 3He and He+ ions. In addition we find that, on a case-by-case basis, the abundances of He+ and the heavier elements such as C-Fe (but not 3He) are depleted systematically as a function of the ion's M/Q ratio when compared with those measured in the ambient suprathermal ion population upstream of the IP shocks. These results show for the first time that individual IP shocks routinely accelerate ions from multiple seed populations, such as multiple solar energetic particle events, corotating interaction regions, pickup ions, etc., via systematic rigidity-dependent acceleration processes where ions with higher rigidity or M/Q ratios are accelerated less efficiently than those with lower M/Q ratios. We also compare the M/Q-dependent depletion of these abundances with the locally measured shock parameters and explore why the 3He abundance does not fit into the systematic M/Q-charge-dependent fractionation processes.