cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children's visits to providers of complementary and alternative medicine in San Diego

Objective Increased attention has been focused on the growing use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM); however, few studies have included children in the general US population. The present study investigated children's visits to CAM providers and factors associated with these visits. Methods Analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2001 United Way Outcomes and Community Impact Program telephone survey, a representative sample of households in San Diego County, California. We selected households with children younger than 19 years of age (N = 1104). Parents reported on children's CAM visits in the past year. Results Approximately 23% of parents reported that their child saw a CAM provider in the past 12 months. CAM care was sought for sick and routine care. Children of white parents had greater odds of having a CAM visit in the past year compared with children whose parents were Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio 1.71, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.11–2.63). Children whose parents were college graduates had a greater likelihood of seeing a CAM provider than children of parents with high school education (adjusted odds ratio=1.82, 95% CI 1.19–2.79). Children who were insured were also more likely to have CAM visits than uninsured children (adjusted odds ratio=2.32, 95% CI 1.04–5.21). Conclusions Visits to CAM providers were much more common among children in the general San Diego population compared with 1996 national estimates. Pediatric health care providers should remain aware that their patients may be using CAM so they can provide coordinated care.
Conservation of PDX-1 structure, function, and expression in zebrafish

Development of the mammalian pancreas has been studied extensively in mice. The stages from budding of the pancreatic anlaga through endocrine and exocrine cell differentiation and islet formation have been described in detail. Recently, the homeodomain transcription factor PDX-1 has been identified as an important factor in the proliferation and differentiation of the pancreatic buds to form a mature pancreas. To evaluate the possibility of using zebrafish as a model for the genetic analysis of pancreas development, we have cloned and characterized PDX-1 from this organism. The deduced sequence of zebrafish PDX-1 contains 246 amino acids and is 95% identical to mammalian PDX-1 in the homeodomain. We also cloned zebrafish preproinsulin complementary DNA as a marker for islet tissue. By in situ hybridization we demonstrate that PDX-1 and insulin are coexpressed during embryonic development and in adults, although PDX-1 expression appears to be biphasic. Insulin expression apparently begins before 44 hpf, the earliest stage examined in this study. Additionally, very high levels of PDX-1 expression were observed in the pyloric caeca, the accessory digestive organs that also are derived from the proximal region of the intestine in teleosts. Finally, our data show that the evolutionary conservation of zebrafish PDX-1 extends to its DNA binding properties. Zebrafish PDX-1 was equally as effective as mouse PDX-1 in stimulating insulin gene transcription, and maximum promoter activation was dependent on the presence of four intact A elements. The demonstration of this capability suggests that transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control pancreatic development and insulin gene expression have been conserved among vertebrates.
Isopycnal RAFOS floats as roving hydrographers in the North Atlantic Current Region

The properties measured by isopycnal floats can be compiled to provide hydrographic information about the sampled surfaces. The height and temperature of two specific volume anomaly surfaces reported by 84 RAFOS floats deployed in the North Atlantic Current (NAC' region are compared here with the climatological hydrographic database. The mean pathway of the NAC and other prominent features of the region are similar in float-derived and climatological surfaces. The most striking difference between floats and climatology, an extended trough in the NAC path at 44°N in the float-derived surface, reflects the sampling time scales. The baroclinic transport of the NAC estimated from RAFOS floats using the observed climatological relationship between the potential energy anomaly and the height of the specific volume anomaly surfaces was 42 Sv at 42°N and 24 Sv at 47°N, in reasonable agreement with climatological estimates.
Fish Passage Behavior for Severe Hydraulic Conditions in Baffled Culverts

AbstractLaboratory tests were conducted with brown trout to evaluate their ability to pass through a small, baffled prototype-scale culvert under a variety of culvert slopes and discharge conditions. The culvert was 18.3 m long and 0.60 m in diameter with 0.15D baffle height and 0.9D spacing, where D is the culvert inside diameter. An inverse relationship was observed between fish passage success and flow rate and/or culvert slope. The influence of the sample fish population and the length of the individual fish on passage rates were investigated; the data showed that the brown trout fish passage sample size evaluated in this study (25 per test) was sufficiently large to minimize sample size dependency. The elapsed time required for fish to traverse the culvert decreased with increasing hydraulic difficulty primarily owing to diminishing resting zones. The behavior of fish traversing the culvert was observed and reported, including resting/staging zone locations.
Ammonia oxidation in shock-heated NH3N2OAr mixtures

Ammonia oxidation, using N2O as a thermal source of O atoms, has been studied in a shock tube in the temperature range 1600–2100 K. Concentration-time profiles of NH3, N2O, H2O, NO and OH and relative concentration histories of NH2 were monitored behind incident shock waves using laser-based absorption and emission spectroscopy techniques. A detailed kinetics model has been developed which successfully predicts the experimental records of the measured species under lean (NH3N2O: 13) and rich (NH3N2O: 11) conditions. Reactions involving the HNO radical, which is primarily produced through the reaction of O atoms with NH2, provide the major NO producing paths: the reactions of N and NH2 with NO are the important NO removing steps. Under rich conditions, NHiNHj interactions play a critical role in the fast removal of ammonia and production of N2 through non-NO paths.
Extending the p -plot: Heuristics for multiple testing

In the problem of large-scale multiple testing the p-plot is a graphically based competitor to the notoriously weak Bonferroni method. The p-plot is less stringent and more revealing in that it gives a gauge of how many hypotheses are decidedly false. The method is elucidated and extended here: the bootstrap reveals bias and sampling error in the usual point estimates, a bootstrap-based confidence interval for the gauge is given, as well as two acceptably powerful blanket tests of significance. Guidelines for use are given, and interpretational pitfalls pointed out, in the discussion of a case study linking premortem neuropsychological and postmortem neuropathologic data in an HIV cohort study.
Hypothesis analysis of sameness-difference learning-set by capuchin monkeys

Abstract Sameness-difference discriminations were presented to capuchin monkeys and hypothesis analysis was applied to the data. Learners and nonlearners evidenced differences in overall performance and in relative strengths of hypotheses. Learners initially displayed markedly more random than position responding whereas nonlearners evidenced more position than random responding and remained particularly prone to position habits. Stimulus preference and aversion, suppressed by learners by the end of training, reemerged at the onset of two-object discriminations containing previously preferred and aversive stimuli. Hypothesis analysis indicated that when preferred stimuli were positive the correct hypothesis was more evidenced, and stimulus preference or aversion as well as random hypotheses were less evidenced, than when aversive stimuli were positive.
Pinning of Reaction Fronts by Burning Invariant Manifolds in Extended Flows

We present experiments on the behavior of reaction fronts in extended, vortex-dominated flows in the presence of an imposed wind. We use the ferroin-catalyzed, excitable Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction, which produces pulse-like reaction fronts. Two time-independent flows are studied: an ordered (square) array of vortices and a spatially disordered flow. The flows are generated with a magnetohydrodynamic forcing technique, with a pattern of magnets underneath the fluid cell. The magnets are mounted on a translation stage which moves with a constant speed Vd under the fluid, resulting in motion of the vortices within the flow. In a reference frame moving with magnets, the flow is equivalent to one with stationary vortices and a uniform wind with speed W = Vd . For a wide range of wind speeds, reaction fronts pin to the vortices (in a co-moving reference frame), propagating neither forward against the wind nor being blown backward. We analyze this pinning phenomenon and the resulting front shapes using a burning invariant manifold (BIM) formalism. The BIMs are one-way barriers to reaction fronts in the advection-reaction-diffusion process. Pinning occurs when several BIMs overlap to form a complete barrier that spans the width of the system. In that case, the shape of the front is determined by the shape of the BIMs. For the ordered array flow, we predict the locations of the BIMs numerically using a simplified model of the velocity field for the ordered vortex array and compare the BIM shapes to the pinned reaction fronts. We also explore transient behavior of the fronts (before reaching their steady state) to highlight the one-way nature of the BIMs.
The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure.

A variety of clinical and experimental investigations have suggested that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) may play a role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Serum levels of TNF-α are elevated in patients with heart failure, and both cardiac and infiltrating cells of the myocardium can produce this proinflammatory cytokine. Both cardiac myocytes and nonmyocytes also express receptors for TNF-α, and experimental studies on isolated cells, muscles, and transgenic models demonstrate the ability of TNF-α to recapitulate functional and biochemical alterations resembling that observed in human congestive heart failure. The intracellular pathways affected by TNF-α include production of ceramide and an alteration in calcium metabolism. Recent studies in both animal models and clinical investigations suggest that anti-TNF-α therapies may limit the pathophysiologic consequences of congestive heart failure.
HOMOSEXUALS IN THE ARMED FORCES: A REPLY TO CAMERON, CAMERON, AND PROCTOR

Cameron, Cameron, and Proctor (1988) assert that current policies that exclude homosexuals from military service should be maintained, since their data purportedly demonstrate that many persons have highly negative attitudes towards homosexuals. However, their data have questionable validity and alternative implications. These authors' national sam~le clearlv is not re~resentative of the United States population. Their sample is younger, disproportionately female, more educated, disproportionately white, and more urban, with most respondents from Los Angeles, Denver, Omaha, Louisville, and Washington, DC. Furthermore, 52.5% of their potential respondents refused to be interviewed; the median age of the rejectors n7as 55 yr., whereas that of the respondents was only 34 yr., indicating that respondents and rejectors represented very different populations. Finally, data were obtained from only 842 (20.25%) of the 4,158 potential respondents in their Dallas sample. It seems unlikely that these authors' data accurately portray societal attimdes towards homosexuals. These authors' data, if they do have merit, might imply that efforts should be expended to increase societal acceptance of homosexuals rather than that sanctions against them should be maintained. Homosexuals' alleged difficulties in society and in the milimy may stem primarily from the stresses that result from negative attimdes towards them, and disciplinary personnel might be especially alert to rhe infractions of homosexuals. Such stresses and biases might account for these authors' observation that "about half of the troubles into which homosexuals get in the military were not connected with their homosexuality per se." Finally, these authors' observation that "a majority of males diagnosed with borderline personality disorder are homosexual" does not imply that a significant proportion of homosexuals display borderline personalicy disorder. In conclusion, these authors' data have serious limitations, and inferences from
Grice on Irony and Metaphor: Discredited by the Experimental Evidence?

Recent experimental studies appear to discredit Gricean accounts of irony and metaphor. I argue that appearances are decidedly misleading here and that Gricean accounts of these figures of speech are actually confirmed by the studies in question. However, my primary aim is not so much to defend Gricean accounts of irony and metaphor as it is to motivate two related points: one substantive and one methodological. The substantive point concerns something Grice suggests in his brief remarks on irony: that the interpretation of an ironical (vs. metaphorical) utterance requires two distinct applications of second-order theory of mind (ToM). I argue that such a view has considerable explanatory power. It can explain an intuitive contrast between irony and metaphor, some interesting data on the ToM abilities of patients with schizophrenia, and some intuitive similarities between irony on the one hand and hyperbole and meiosis on the other. The methodological point concerns the relationship between the empirical psychologist’s (or experimental philosopher’s) experimental studies and the armchair philosopher’s thought-experiments. I suggest that the credibility of an experimentally supported claim is enhanced when it captures the reflective judgments captured in the armchair philosopher’s thought-experiments.
Larval tolerance, gene flow, and the northern geographic range limit of fiddler crabs.

Despite growing interest in species' range shifts, little is known about the ecological and evolutionary factors that control geographic range boundaries. We investigated the processes that maintain the northern range limit of the mud fiddler crab (Uca pugnax) at North Scituate, Massachusetts, USA (42°14′ N), located 60 km north of Cape Cod. Larvae from five populations in Massachusetts were reared under controlled temperatures to test whether cooler water near the edge of this species' range inhibits planktonic development. Few larvae completed development at temperatures <18°C, a threshold that larvae would regularly encounter north of Cape Cod. Extensive salt marshes are present north of the current range boundary, and a transplant experiment using field enclosures confirmed that benthic fiddler crabs can survive severe winter conditions in this northern habitat. Taken with oceanographic data, these results suggest that the range boundary of fiddler crabs is likely maintained by the influence of cooler water temperatures on the larval phase. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences from a neutral marker (COI) indicate high gene flow among U. pugnax populations in Massachusetts with little differentiation across Cape Cod. Consistent with predictions regarding the homogenizing influence of gene flow, larvae from source populations north and south of Cape Cod shared a common lower threshold for development. However, larvae produced near the range edge had faster growth rates than those from the south side of Cape Cod (typically reaching the final megalopal stage 1.0–5.5 d faster at 18°C). Additional studies are needed to determine the mechanism underlying this counter-gradient variation in development time. We hypothesize that dispersal into cooler water on the north side of Cape Cod may act as a selection filter that sieves out slow developers from the larval pool by increasing planktonic duration and exposure to associated sources of mortality. Thus while high gene flow may prevent the evolution of greater cold tolerance in northern populations, recurrent selection on existing variation may lead to an unexpected concentration of favorable adaptations at the edge of the range. Such a pattern could permit edge populations to play a dominant and unrecognized role in future range extensions.
Copper-related defects in silicon

Abstract Copper-related defects in Si are studied at the ab initio Hartree–Fock level in clusters containing up to 100 Si atoms. The defects studied are interstitial and substitutional copper, as well as one through five Cu's trapped at an internal void modeled by the ring-hexavacancy. Configurations, electronic structures, and binding energies are calculated. The origin of the electrical activity of copper precipitates and trends are discussed.
Model-Based Maneuvering Controls for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

This paper proposes the development of a model following autopilot system for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) depth changing control. The parameters to command a maneuver are generated off-line and selected as appropriate by the vehicle’s autonomous control system. A series of such preprogrammed maneuvers can be stored in an on-board computer, and used as command generation systems for the autopilot. The paper presents a linear model following control (LMFC) design based on the open-loop linearized vehicle model as the reference model, a robustness analysis of the scheme and simulation results of response in the diveplane using the full nonlinear vehicle system equations. LMFC has been proposed for aircraft where certain desirable handling characteristics based on an arbitrary model are required or where decoupled control for Control Configured Vehicle (CCV) performance is needed. It is shown here that this model-based LMFC autopilot for underwater vehicles exhibits relatively robust behavior under conditions of parameter uncertainty and non-linearity which is not worse than the equivalent LQR/LTR for linear output feedback systems. Also, a tailored transient response is provided, conducive to near time optimal response.
Physical properties of a planar magnetron glow discharge

Abstract Continued work with a planar magnetron glow discharge plasma device which uses permanent magnets located behind a planar cathode to trap plasma electrons in circular orbits parallel to the cathode surface is described. This results in a significant reduction in plasma voltage, and stable operation is achieved over an extended range of pressures and cathode current densities. The plasma has the form of a ring extending from the cathode surface to several millimeters from the surface. The plasma geometry is determined by the locus of greatest magnetic field strength. Cathode current density values greater than 100 mA cm 2 are easily achieved for pressures in the range 0.0007 Torr (0.093 Pa) to over 2.5 Torr (330 Pa). Over this range, the plasma voltage is under 500 V. Spatially-resolved emission spectral data are presented showing the effects of plasma current and pressure on line intensities from plasma gas species as well as from cathodically-sputtered species. Data are presented for a pure Cu cathode and for a Zn-based alloy used as a standard reference material.
Detection and prevention of cardiac dysfunction during aortic surgery

Abstract Anesthesia and aortic occlusion and release all can adversely affect cardiac function during aortic reconstruction. To minimize these effects we developed on-line computerized monitoring techniques to measure systolic time intervals (STI) and compared these data with results of cardiac output, and in nine patients with pulmonary artery pressures obtained by Swan-Ganz catheters. In 35 patients, left ventricular preejection time (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and PEP/LVET were displayed continuously in the operating room. Paired cardiac outputs, determined by dye dilution ( 26 35 ) or thermodilution ( 9 35 ) provided cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance. Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PADP) was taken for the assessment of preload. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were recorded using radial artery cannulas. Characteristic changes were noted and compared during anesthesia and clamping and release of aortic occlusion. Changes in LVET were most notable with highly significant increases during aortic crossclamping. This overall effect occurred frequently in patients with EKG evidence of prior myocardial infarction ( 24 25 ). In 11 patients without previous myocardial infarction, LVET increased only once during aortic crossclamping. STI were clearly most sensitive for titrating both anesthetic and vasoactive drugs to minimize cardiac depression. In contrast, pulmonary artery diastolic pressures appeared more specific for alterations in blood and fluid balance. While changes in PADP were often inconclusive, changes in STI made possible rapid detection of adverse effects of anesthesia, crossclamping, and unclamping upon cardiac function. The immediate detection and treatment of changes in left ventricular function add an important safety factor in minimizing cardiac mortality of aortic surgery.
Position of horseshoe crabs in estuarine food webs: N and C stable isotopic study of foraging ranges and diet composition

Abstract To discern the position of horseshoe crabs as a potentially important predator in estuarine food webs, we determined where they foraged and what they ate. We used N and C stable isotopes to link adult horseshoe crabs to their oraging locations and potential food sources in Pleasant Bay, Cape Cod. The δ 15 N in tissues of horseshoe crabs and their potential foods suggest crabs were loyal to local foraging sites and did not forage substantially in subestuaries receiving >110 kg N ha −1 year −1 . Among locations where crabs foraged, δ 13 C values in potential foods showed that food webs in subestuaries subject to higher N loads were supported by algal producers, while food webs in subestuaries with lower N loads were also supported by Spartina . δ 13 C values in horseshoe crab tissue did not change with load, suggesting they ate a mixed diet, regardless of N load. N and C isotopes in horseshoe crab feces were similar to signatures of estimated diet, suggesting low assimilation efficiency, perhaps due to ingestion of low quality organic matter. Although horseshoe crabs were relatively opportunistic in foraging habits, conservation or culture of horseshoe crabs may require habitats with higher water quality, ample particulate organic matter, and supporting a variety of prey.
Lichen planus as an oral ulcerative disease

Abstract Current research in oral lichen planus has primarily involved studies utilizing histochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent antibody studies. Results to date have not expanded our knowledge concerning etiology and pathogenesis.
Understanding technology adoption in clinical care: Clinician adoption behavior of a point-of-care reminder system

Summary Background: Evaluation studies of clinical decision support systems (CDSS) have tended to focus on assessments of system quality and clinical performance in a laboratory setting. Relatively few studies have used field trials to determine if CDSS are likely to be used in routine clinical settings and whether reminders generated are likely to be acted upon by end-users. Moreover, such studies when performed tend not to identify distinct user groups, nor to classify user feedback. Aim: To assess medical residents' acceptance and adoption of a clinical reminder system for chronic disease and preventive care management and to use expressed preferences for system attributes and functionality as a basis for system re-engineering. Design of study: Longitudinal, correlational study using a novel developmental trajectory analysis (DTA) statistical method, followed by a qualitative analysis based on user satisfaction surveys and field interviews. Setting: An ambulatory primary care clinic of an urban teaching hospital offering comprehensive healthcare services. 41 medical residents used a CDSS over 10 months in their daily practice. Use of this system was strongly recommended but not mandatory. Methods: A group-based, semi-parametric statistical modeling method to identify distinct groups, with distinct usage trajectories, followed by qualitative instruments of usability and satisfaction surveys and structured interviews to validate insights derived from usage trajectories. Results: Quantitative analysis delineates three types of user adoption behavior: "light", "moderate" and "heavy" usage. Qualitative analysis reveals that clinicians of distinct types tend to exhibit views of the system consistent with their demonstrated adoption behavior. Drawbacks in the design of the CDSS identified by users of all types (in different ways) motivate a redesign based on current physician workflows. Conclusion: We conclude that this mixed methodology has considerable promise to provide new insights into system usability and adoption issues that may benefit clinical decision support systems as well as information systems more generally.
Quantification of residual limb skeletal muscle perfusion with contrast-enhanced ultrasound during application of a focal junctional tourniquet

Objective Focal junctional tourniquets (JTs) have been developed to control hemorrhage from proximal limb injuries. These devices may permit greater collateral perfusion than circumferential tourniquets. We hypothesized that JTs eliminate large-vessel pulse pressure yet allow a small amount of residual limb perfusion that could be useful for maintaining tissue viability. Methods Ten healthy control subjects were studied. Transthoracic echocardiography, Doppler ultrasound of the femoral artery (FA) and posterior tibial artery, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) perfusion imaging of the anterior thigh extensor and calf plantar flexor muscles were performed at baseline and during application of a JT over the common FA. Intramuscular arterial pulsatility index was also measured from CEU intensity variation during the cardiac cycle. Results FA flow was eliminated by JTs in all subjects; posterior tibial flow was eliminated in all but one. Perfusion measured in the thigh and calf muscles was similar at baseline (0.33 ± 0.29 vs 0.29 ± 0.22 mL/min/g). Application of the JT resulted in a reduction of perfusion ( P Conclusions Application of a JT eliminates conduit arterial pulse and markedly reduces intramuscular pulse pressure, but thigh and calf skeletal muscle perfusion is maintained at 25% to 35% of basal levels. These data suggest that JTs that are used to control limb hemorrhage allow residual tissue perfusion even when pulse pressure is absent.
Dirac and the dispensability of mathematics

Abstract In this paper, I examine the role of the delta function in Dirac's formulation of quantum mechanics (QM), and I discuss, more generally, the role of mathematics in theory construction. It has been argued that mathematical theories play an indispensable role in physics, particularly in QM [Colyvan, M. (2001). The indispensability of mathematics . Oxford University Press: Oxford]. As I argue here, at least in the case of the delta function, Dirac was very clear about its dispensability . I first discuss the significance of the delta function in Dirac's work, and explore the strategy that he devised to overcome its use. I then argue that even if mathematical theories turned out to be indispensable, this wouldn’t justify the commitment to the existence of mathematical entities. In fact, even in successful uses of mathematics, such as in Dirac's discovery of antimatter, there's no need to believe in the existence of the corresponding mathematical entities. An interesting picture about the application of mathematics emerges from a careful examination of Dirac's work.
The femur of extinct bunodont otters in Africa (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lutrinae)

This study compares fossil femora attributed to extinct African bunodont lutrines with extant mustelids and ursids to reconstruct locomotor behavior. Due to the immense size differences among taxa, shape data were used to compare morphology. Based on morphological differences, the fossil femora are suggested to belong to different taxa with different locomotor abilities and habitat preferences. The Langebaanweg femur is the oldest and has a typical mustelid morphology suggesting that it was a locomotor generalist like most mustelids. The West Turkana form is more like extant nonbunodont otters, but much larger, and may have belonged to a semiaquatic taxon. The enormous Omo femur shares some features with truly aquatic taxa (e.g., Enhydra) and is the most likely to have been fully aquatic. The same may hold true for the Hadar species as it is most similar to that from the Omo. If these femora truly belong to bunodont lutrines, then they are more diverse in postcranial morphology than in dental morphology.
ON STABLE SUBMANIFOLDS WITH PARALLEL MEAN CURVATURE VECTOR

230 BANG-YEN CHEN AND CHORNG-SHI HOUHIt is a well-known and interesting problem to classify submanifolds ofa euclidean space with parallel mean curvature vector (see, for instance,[2, 4]). This problem only has a satisfactory answer, as far as theauthors know, for surfaces, in which case we may apply analyticfunction theory. For the higher dimensional cases, this problem is stillunsolved.The main purpose of this paper is to obtain a necessary and sufficientcondition for a submanifold to be H-stable and then use this result toclassify all such submanifolds in a euclidean space with parallel meancurvature vector. Moreover, we shall also obtain a global characteriza-tion of closed minimal submanifolds of a hypersphere.§2. H-variationLet M be a compact »-dimensional submanifold (with or withoutboundary) of a euclidean (n+^))-space E
Variations in data collection methods between national databases affect study results: a comparison of the nationwide inpatient sample and national surgical quality improvement program databases for lumbar spine fusion procedures.

Background: There has been an increasing use of national databases to conduct orthopaedic research. Questions regarding the validity and consistency of these studies have not been fully addressed. The purpose of this study was to test for similarity in reported measures between two national databases commonly used for orthopaedic research. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion procedures during 2009 to 2011 was performed in two national databases: the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and inpatient adverse events were directly compared between databases. Results: The total numbers of patients included were 144,098 from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and 8434 from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. There were only small differences in demographic characteristics between the two databases. There were large differences between databases in the rates at which specific comorbidities were documented. Non-morbid obesity was documented at rates of 9.33% in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and 36.93% in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (relative risk, 0.25; p < 0.05). Peripheral vascular disease was documented at rates of 2.35% in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and 0.60% in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (relative risk, 3.89; p < 0.05). Similarly, there were large differences between databases in the rates at which specific inpatient adverse events were documented. Sepsis was documented at rates of 0.38% in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and 0.81% in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (relative risk, 0.47; p < 0.05). Acute kidney injury was documented at rates of 1.79% in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and 0.21% in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (relative risk, 8.54; p < 0.05). Conclusions: As database studies become more prevalent in orthopaedic surgery, authors, reviewers, and readers should view these studies with caution. This study shows that two commonly used databases can identify demographically similar patients undergoing a common orthopaedic procedure; however, the databases document markedly different rates of comorbidities and inpatient adverse events. The differences are likely the result of the very different mechanisms through which the databases collect their comorbidity and adverse event data. Findings highlight concerns regarding the validity of orthopaedic database research.
Positive and negative aspects of sociotropy and autonomy

The predictions of cognitive theory of depression with regard to personality modes have not been consistently supported. One explanation is that theoretical attention has been unduly centered on maladaptive aspects of personality. The content validity of the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (SAS) was explored with regard to the external correlates of positively and negatively self-evaluative items. One hundred twenty-four undergraduates completed the SAS and several criterion measures. Positively and negatively toned SAS items exhibited different external correlates, with only negatively toned items being associated with symptom and negative cognition measures. Moreover, the pattern of mood correlates reported by Clark and Beck (1991) for three subscales of a revised SAS Autonomy scale corresponded to the valence of each subscale's items, as determined by content analysis. Whereas sociotropy and autonomy are conceptually defined in terms of placing a high value on certain goals or experiences, the SAS may be overbalanced by expressions of self-criticism or insecurity about these values.
Corneal power measurement with Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography

Purpose To study the accuracy and repeatability of anterior, posterior, and net corneal power measured by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Setting Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods A Fourier-domain OCT system (RTVue) was used to scan normal eyes, eyes after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and keratoconic eyes. After the corneal surfaces were delineated, the system calculated anterior and posterior corneal powers by curve fitting over the central 3.0 mm diameter area. Net corneal power was calculated using a thick-lens formula. The repeatability of the calculations was evaluated by the pooled standard deviation of 3 measurements from the same visit. The net corneal power values were compared with standard automated keratometry measurements (IOLMaster). Results The repeatability of Fourier-domain OCT net corneal power was 0.19 diopters (D), 0.26 D, and 0.30 D in the normal, post-LASIK, and keratoconus groups, respectively. The Fourier-domain OCT net corneal power was significantly lower than keratometry by a mean of −1.21 D, −2.89 D, and −3.07 D, respectively (P Conclusions Corneal power measured by Fourier-domain OCT achieved good repeatability in all 3 groups. The repeatability was better than slower time-domain OCT systems. Because Fourier-domain OCT directly measures both anterior and posterior corneal surfaces, it may produce more consistent results than standard keratometry in post-LASIK and keratoconic eyes in which the anterior–posterior corneal curvature ratios are altered by surgery or disease. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosures are found in the footnotes.
Thermochemistry of Hydrotalcite-like Phases Intercalated with CO32-, NO3-, Cl-, I-, and ReO4-

The enthalpies of formation of hydrotalcite-like phases containing Mg and Al and intercalated with NO3-, Cl-, I-, ReO4-, or CO32- were determined using high-temperature oxide melt and room-temperature acid solution calorimetry. The relative stability of phases bearing the various anions was gauged by comparing the enthalpy of formation from the single-cation components (ΔfHscc). Trends relating ΔfHscc to the nature of intercalating anions (halides, NO3-, and CO32-) show small stabilization from the mechanical mixtures of single-cation components. The aim of this study was to relate the enthalpy of formation to the nature of interlayer bonding in hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTLCs) bearing various anions, to uncover trends in the relative aqueous solubilities of these phases. The entropy of formation of these compounds was estimated using an approximation based on third-law entropy measurements for the compound Mg0.74Al0.26(OH)2(CO3)0.13·0.39H2O which were performed in a previous study. This approximation ...
Long-term follow-up of newborn screening patients

New technology in newborn screening permits clinicians to approach strategies for defining optimal treatments for newborn-screened conditions. The Health Resources and Services Administration Maternal and Child Health Bureau, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have all established initiatives for long-term follow-up assessment of children identified after newborn screening. In October 2008, an inaugural meeting of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-sponsored National Coordinating Center Long-Term Follow-Up Data Collection Work Group brought together partners from Health Resources and Services Administration-sponsored Regional Genetics Collaboratives to review pilot projects undertaken to promote systematic long-term follow-up for children with inborn errors of metabolism identified by newborn bloodspot screening. Beginning with these projects, the goal of this meeting was to provide a foundation for national planning for a common data set to be used for long-term follow-up. This supplement summarizes these initial projects.
Human immune response to streptococcal C5a peptidase in Indian children and adults

Abstract Streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCPA) is a cell bound protease associated with virulence of group A streptococci (GAS). In India, as the incidence of GAS infections and their late sequelae like rheumatic fever (RF), rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and acute glomerulo nephritis (AGN) is very high, it is necessary to characterize the immune response to SCPA. SCPA is considered as a standard vaccine candidate, as anti-SCPA antibodies can neutralize the activity of this enzyme in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, the anti-SCPA IgG levels and their subtypes were determined in 199 serum samples collected from RF/RHD/AGN/NORMAL subjects and the results were correlated with the anti-streptolysin O (ASO) titres. The mean anti-SCPA IgG in normal healthy subjects was 7.35 μg/ml. The level of these antibodies in RF, RHD and AGN cases was found to be 17.58 μg/ml, 12.74 μg/ml and 11.1 μg/ml, respectively. The rise of anti-SCPA IgG observed in patients was irrespective of different emm types of GAS strains isolated from these patients. The findings are helpful for generating base line data of anti-SCPA IgG levels.
Psychosomatic Medicine for Non-Psychiatric Residents: Video Education and Incorporation of Technology.

Psychiatric education for non-psychiatric residents varies between training programs, and may affect resident comfort with psychiatric topics. This study's goals were to identify non-psychiatric residents' comfort with psychiatric topics and to test the effectiveness of a video intervention. Residents in various departments were given a survey. They were asked to rank their comfort level with multiple psychiatric topics, answer questions about medical decision making capacity (MDMC), watch a 15-min video about MDMC, and answer a post-test section. In total, 91 Internal Medicine, General Surgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology residents responded to the study. Of the 91 residents, 55 completed the pre- and post-test assessments. There was no significant difference in correct responses. Residents’ comfort levels were assessed, and a significant improvement in comfort level with MDMC was found. This study highlights potential opportunities for psychiatric education, and suggests brief video interventions can increase resident physicians' comfort with a psychiatric topic.
Multiscale modeling of elastic properties of cortical bone

We model cortical bone as a composite material with hierarchical structure. At a nanostructural level, bone is composed of cross-linked collagen molecules, containing water and non-collagenous proteins in their gaps, reinforced with hydroxyapatite-like nanocrystals. Such a nanocomposite structure represents a mineralized collagen fibril, which serves as a primary building block of bone. At a sub-microstructural level (few microns), the mineralized collagen fibrils are embedded in an extrafibrillar hydroxyapatite matrix to form a single lamella, which also contains the lacunar cavities. At a microstructural level (hundreds of microns) one can distinguish two lamellar structures in the mature cortical bone: osteons, made of concentric layers of lamellae surrounding long hollow Haversian canals, and interstitial lamellae made of remnants of old osteons. At a mesostructural level (several millimeters), the cortical bone is represented by a random collection of osteons and resorption cavities in the interstitial lamellae. A macrostructural level is the whole bone level containing both the cortical (compact) and trabecular (spongy) bone types. In this paper, we predict analytically the effective elastic constants of cortical bone by modeling its elastic response at these different scales, spanning from the nanostructural to mesostructural levels, using micromechanics methods and composite materials laminate theories. The results obtained at a lower scale serve as inputs for the modeling at a higher scale. The predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data reported in literature.
The derivation of switched-capacitor filters from active-RC prototypes

A general procedure is given for the design of an active switched-capacitor filter from an actlve-RC model. The process is based on trapezoidal integration. The resulting sampled-data circuit response is related to that of the model through the bilinear z-transformation.
The separation of whale myoglobins with two-dimensional electrophoresis.

Five myoglobins (sperm whale, Sei whale, Hubbs' beaked whale, pilot whale, and Amazon River dolphin) were examined using two-dimensional electrophoresis. Previous reports indicated that none of these proteins could be separated by using denaturing (in the presence of 8–9 M urea) isoelectric focusing. This result is confirmed in the present study. However, all the proteins could be separated by using denaturing nonequilibriumpH-gradient electrophoresis in the first dimension. Additionally, all the myoglobins have characteristic mobilities in the second dimension (sodium dodecyl sulfate), but these mobilities do not correspond to the molecular weights of the proteins. We conclude that two-dimensional electrophoresis can be more sensitive to differences in primary protein structure than previous studies indicate and that the assessment seems to be incorrect that this technique can separate only proteins that have a unit charge difference.
Material Properties of Coherent Tin Films

In this paper, material properties of low pressure, metallic mode Coherent TiN and poison mode Coherent TiN have been examined. The material properties include resistivity, crystal orientation, stress, lattice spacing, density, texture, atomic composition, bonding, roughness, hydrogen content, and grain size. Various analytical tools have been used to analyze the TiN films.
166 THE ASSESSMFNT OF DIMINISHED TESTICULAR FUNCTION IN PUBFRTAL AGFD BOYS: IS HCG TESTING NECESSARY?

The evaluation of anorchia or diminished testicular reserve usually involves hCG testing. We questioned whether such a study is useful in the presence of the pubertal gonadotropin rise since endoqenously elevated LH (and FSH) may provide an adequate stimulation test. Consequently, we serially measured urinary gonadotropin and serum testosterone (T) in 9 anorchic boys, ages 10-17, and 8 individuals, ages 9-18, with diminished testicular function. Nine of these patients also received hCG stimulation tests. Twenty normal boys, aces 10-17, and 34 adult men furnished urine samples for comparative purposes. By age 12 the anorchic boys excreted adult amounts of LH (>500 mIU/hr) in the presence of low serum T ( 200 mIU/hr) by age 11 and castrate levels (>1700 mIU/hr) by age 13. In conclusion, urinary gonadotropin and serum T measurements can be used to define the conadal status of boys by age 12; hCG testing is not required in the early pubertal period to distinguish anorchia from diminished testicular reserve.
Towards an integrated design for an assembly evaluation and reasoning system

Abstract The paper describes ongoing research on the development of the Integrated Design for Assembly Evaluation and Reasoning System ( idaers ). The system builds on existing solid-modeling packages. The aim is the evaluation of the assemblability of the design, and the recommendation of design modifications that decrease the assembly time and the level of difficulty. The factors affecting assemblability have been identified and categorized on the basis of the models required for the estimation of the parameter value for each factor. Three distinct types of model are identified: component-level, system-level and process-level models. Finally, a semiautomated software tool that aids this evaluation process is presented.
Radial distribution of the contributions to band broadening of a silica-based semi-preparative monolithic column

Using an on-column local electrochemical microdetector operated in the amperometric mode, band elution profiles were recorded at different radial locations at the exit of a 10 mm id, 100 mm long silica-based monolithic column. HETP plots were then acquired at each of these locations, and all these results were fitted to the Knox equation. This provided a spatial distribution of the values of the eddy diffusion (A), the molecular diffusion (B), and the resistance to the kinetics of mass transfer (C) terms. Results obtained indicate that the wall region yields higher A values and smaller C values than the central core region. Significant radial fluctuations of these contributions to band broadening occur throughout the exit column cross-section. This phenomenon is due to the structural radial heterogeneity of the column.
Clinical Report: A Replication of the Analysis of the Reinforcing Properties of Hand Mouthing

A reinforcing properties assessment was conducted with five participants with severe to profound intellectual disability to determine whether automatically maintained hand mouthing (as identified through an analogue functional analysis) was more specifically maintained by sensory stimulation to the mouth, hands, or both. Participants were provided free-access to one or two high preference items, and hand mouthing, hand-toy contact, and toy-mouth contact were measured. Results indicated that stimulation to the hand was the predominant reinforcer for all five participants, replicating the findings of Goh et al. (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28, 269–283 (1995)), suggesting that subsequent interventions should be tailored to specific maintaining variables.