cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation of the highest continuous magnetic fields

The generation of the highest magnetic fields is a true challenge to the magnet designer and a stimulus for the materials scientist. Record fields are achieved through a successful interplay between the precise understanding of the physics of magnets, the detailed knowledge and conscious use of the available materials, and a design that optimizes all the different parameters. We describe three technologies essential for the generation of the highest magnetic fields: coils wound from high-temperature superconductors (HTS) operated at liquid helium temperatures in a background field; high-power resistive magnets; and hybrid magnets, which combine the advantages of resistive and superconducting magnets. HTS show high current densities at elevated fields confirmed so far by measurements up to 33 T. In spite of the strain limitation of the conductor, insert coils up to 3.2 T have been built at different laboratories for a total field of 23.5 T. Recently a record field of 25 T using a 5 T Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub x/ superconducting insert coil has been achieved at the NHMFL. For resistive magnets, dramatic improvements in magnet design, such as the Florida-Bitter magnet, and new materials, such as the microcomposite CuAg, have made it possible that magnetic fields can now be generated that exceed the fields that hybrid magnets produced 10 years ago. Today, 33 T are provided on a routine basis with resistive magnets. The highest continuous magnetic field ever of 45 T is obtained with a new generation of hybrid magnets. It is available for scientific research in our user facility.
A NEW ANOBIID BEETLE FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA

During the summer of 1946 specimens of anobiid beetles were received from G. Stace Smith of Creston, British Columbia, for identification. Mr. Smith believed that the specimens represented a new species and requested that the species be described. This species resembles the European Xestobium rufovillosum DeGeer so closely that they can only be separated with great difficulty, but the habits of the two species are entirely different.
Strictly Order-Preserving Maps into Z, II. A 1979 Problem of Erné

A lattice L is constructed with the property that every interval has finite height, but there exists no strictly order-preserving map from L to Z. A 1979 problem of Erne (posed at the 1981 Banff Conference on Ordered Sets) is thus solved. It is also shown that if a poset P has no uncountable antichains, then it admits a strictly order-preserving map into Z if and only if every interval has finite height.
Relating Aspects of Adolescent Emotional Autonomy to Academic Achievement and Deviant Behavior.

Explored in this study are the multidimensional characteristics associated with adolescent emotional autonomy from parents. Previous research using the Steinberg and Silverberg measure of emotional autonomy had reported inconsistent results in predicting adolescent outcomes. This study used a structural equation model with latent constructs to differentiate the domains of emotional autonomy and specify the intervening processes. The results supported the hypotheses that one subscale, represented by individuation as a reflection of perceived parental lack of knowledge and understanding, was associated with lower academic achievement and higher rates of deviant behaviors through the intervening effects of higher susceptibility to negative peer pressure, lower educational expectations, higher psychological distress, and lower self-esteem. Except for an association between Deidealization and psychological distress, the subscales of Nondependency and Deidealization showed relations to the intervening andfinal ...
Flexible substrate a-Si:H TFTs for space applications

We have fabricated hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) TFTs on Kapton/sup (R)/ polyimide flexible substrates and characterized their response to deployment-like mechanical stresses and to radiation exposure. To maintain substrate flatness and provide improved thermal transfer during fabrication, we used a pressure-sensitive silicone gel adhesive layer to mount Kapton/sup (R)/ substrates onto glass carriers. The test results, presented in this paper, are encouraging for space use of a-Si:H TFTs on polymeric substrates. Device function was retained even after 1 Mrad fast electron irradiation, and irradiation-induced device changes were removed by low-temperature thermal annealing. Although some TFTs were destroyed by substrate stressing, the majority survived with only small changes, suggesting that care in device design and placement may reduce or eliminate this problem.
Metabolic diseases and pro- and prebiotics: Mechanistic insights

Metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, are world-wide health problems. The prevalence of metabolic diseases is associated with dynamic changes in dietary macronutrient intake during the past decades. Based on national statistics and from a public health viewpoint, traditional approaches, such as diet and physical activity, have been unsuccessful in decreasing the prevalence of metabolic diseases. Since the approaches strongly rely on individual’s behavior and motivation, novel science-based strategies should be considered for prevention and therapy for the diseases. Metabolism and immune system are linked. Both overnutrition and infection result in inflammation through nutrient and pathogen sensing systems which recognize compounds with structural similarities. Dietary macronutrients (fats and sugars) can induce inflammation through activation of an innate immune receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Long-term intake of diets high in fats and meats appear to induce chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, endotoxicity, and metabolic diseases. Recent investigations support the idea of the involvement of intestinal bacteria in host metabolism and preventative and therapeutic potentials of probiotic and prebiotic interventions for metabolic diseases. Specific intestinal bacteria seem to serve as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sources through LPS and/or bacterial translocation into the circulation due to a vulnerable microbial barrier and increased intestinal permeability and to play a role in systemic inflammation and progression of metabolic diseases. This review focuses on mechanistic links between metabolic diseases (mainly obesity and type 2 diabetes), chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, intestinal environment, and nutrition and prospective views of probiotic and prebiotic interventions for the diseases.
Survival following first diagnosis of coronary heart disease

Abstract 1. 1. Survival tables over a 15 year period are presented for white males between the ages of 20 through 64 who were diagnosed to have a first clinical occurrence of coronary heart disease while in Army service. Diagnostic groupings for this analysis were separated into two categories: myocardial infarction-coronary thrombosis-coronary occlusion and angina pectoris-coronary insufficiency. 2. 2. Both the immediate prognosis for survival and the prognosis over the 15 year period were less favorable for cases initiating as myocardial infarction-coronary thrombosis-coronary occlusion, than for cases initiating as angina pectoris-coronary insufficiency. 3. 3. The first 24 hours after onset of clinical manifestations of either group of coronary disease syndromes was the period of the highest concentrated mortality rate. 4. 4. At all ages the myocardial infarction-coronary occlusion-coronary thrombosis group had a higher mortality rate (16.7 per cent) in the first year of follow-up than in any subsequent year. After the first year, the annual mortality rate in this group was about 5 per cent and did not vary much with length of follow-up. In the angina pectoris-coronary insufficiency group, the annual mortality rate was about 3 per cent throughout the follow-up period. 5. 5. Comparison of the observed mortality rate in the infarction-thrombosis-occlusion group with that expected for American males of the same age and race in the same calendar period reveals a steady decrease in the mortality ratio (observed/expected) from about 30 in the first year to approximately 2 in the interval 11–15 years after diagnosis. In both diagnostic groups, mortality ratios of older patients were lower than those of younger patients.
Book review of “Joining and assembly of medical materials and devices” edited by Y. (Norman) Zhou and Mark D. Breyen

This article is a review of the book “Joining and assembly of medical materials and devices” edited by Y. (Norman) Zhou and Mark D. Breyen. This book (hardcover) was published by Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK in 2013. The contents of the book and its relevance to medical device design and education are discussed in this invited review.
Applicability of internet video in distance education for engineering

This paper analyzes the pros and cons of Internet video in delivery of synchronous distance education for engineering topics and presents the results of a recent experiment in adding video to a course that previously was delivered using Internet audiographics only. The author has extensive experience teaching a variety of courses that support regional students by reducing commuting and also allowing time-shifting of classes using online recordings of the synchronous sessions. His distance delivery had evolved away from video as a teaching medium in order to use limited capacity Internet modem links. With the recent availability of higher access rates using cable modem and DSL, video has become more practical as a teaching medium. This has led to experimentation with web-based video delivery. In this paper, he provides a detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of video when used in this way, and supports the analysis with feedback provided by students in a controlled experiment where the same students attended classes with and without Internet video.
Strategy Takes a Holiday Fraenkel and Grofman on the Alternative Vote

The alternative vote (AV) is an electoral system that tends to produce centripetal effects. It therefore has some potential to foster interethnic compromise and coalition in severely divided societies. Fraenkel and Grofman's attempt to show that AV will not “necessarily” and “uniformly” produce moderate results refutes a proposition that has not been advanced and does so on the basis of assumptions contrary to those specified by proponents of AV's generally moderating propensities. Fraenkel and Grofman's examination of two elections under AV in Fiji is based on perverse interpretations of the data and embodies a serious underestimate of the extent to which strategic behavior can support interethnic moderation.
Adaptive postfiltering applied to speech in noise

Results of a preliminary investigation of the application of the postfiltering technique to the problem of enhancing the intelligibility of speech that has been corrupted by additive noise are presented. Results from preliminary intelligibility tests are discussed. It is concluded that with reasonably accurate estimates of the underlying speech features (i.e. formants, V/UV decision), postfiltering can indeed increase the intelligibility of voiced speech corrupted by high levels of noise. >
Fuzzy inference and the control of flexible robotic manipulators

The authors discuss the implementation of controllers for robotic manipulators with flexible links by using a class of fuzzy inference systems. A summary of basic concepts which describe fuzzy logic controllers as a class of fuzzy inference systems is presented. It is shown that fuzzy inference systems can be regarded as linear models, i.e. they can be represented by a linear combination of a set of basis functions. This type of system is structurally similar to those in the class of neural networks consisting of a collection of locally-tuned units; therefore, coming up with the appropriate set of fuzzy rules to generate the corresponding fuzzy basis function expansion is analogous to the problem of efficiently placing the centers of the receptive fields of units in the neural network case. An efficient orthogonal least squares algorithm is used to accomplish this task. The technique is applied to the implementation of a simple controller to control a two link manipulator consisting of one rigid and one flexible links. >
Tropomodulin isoforms regulate thin filament pointed-end capping and skeletal muscle physiology

During myofibril assembly, thin filament lengths are precisely specified to optimize skeletal muscle function. Tropomodulins (Tmods) are capping proteins that specify thin filament lengths by controlling actin dynamics at pointed ends. In this study, we use a genetic targeting approach to explore the effects of deleting Tmod1 from skeletal muscle. Myofibril assembly, skeletal muscle structure, and thin filament lengths are normal in the absence of Tmod1. Tmod4 localizes to thin filament pointed ends in Tmod1-null embryonic muscle, whereas both Tmod3 and -4 localize to pointed ends in Tmod1-null adult muscle. Substitution by Tmod3 and -4 occurs despite their weaker interactions with striated muscle tropomyosins. However, the absence of Tmod1 results in depressed isometric stress production during muscle contraction, systemic locomotor deficits, and a shift to a faster fiber type distribution. Thus, Tmod3 and -4 compensate for the absence of Tmod1 structurally but not functionally. We conclude that Tmod1 is a novel regulator of skeletal muscle physiology.
CD8+ T Cell Recognition of Cryptic Epitopes Is a Ubiquitous Feature of AIDS Virus Infection

Vaccines designed to elicit AIDS virus-specific CD8+ T cells should engender broad responses. Emerging data indicate that alternate reading frames (ARFs) of both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) encode CD8+ T cell epitopes, termed cryptic epitopes. Here, we show that SIV-specific CD8+ T cells from SIV-infected rhesus macaques target 14 epitopes in eight ARFs during SIV infection. Animals recognized up to five epitopes, totaling nearly one-quarter of the anti-SIV responses. The epitopes were targeted by high-frequency responses as early as 2 weeks postinfection and in the chronic phase. Hence, previously overlooked ARF-encoded epitopes could be important components of AIDS vaccines.
Pattern Explanation: Survival of the Fit

SUMMARYAgainst the dominating position in theoretical linguistics that it is one of the natural sciences falling under covering (deductive-nomological) laws, it is argued here that linguistics is rather one of the so-called human sciences. It is further shown that the pattern explanation developed in American social science matches earlier European philology perfectly. Thus the hierarchical explanations of natural science must be replaced by concatenative links in contexts. It is particularization rather than generalization that becomes primary — in other words, case study methods come out on top. The paper concludes by presenting summaries of twelve case studies which exemplify the method.RESUMEDans cet article l'argument est avance — contre la position dominante dans la linguistique theorique selon laquelle la linguistique fait parti des sciences naturelles soujettee a des lois deductives-nomologiques — que la science du langage appartient plutot a des soi-disant sciences humaines. Des plus il est demontre la 'pattern explanation' (l'explication d'apres des modeles) developpee dans les sciences sociales en Amerique du Nord est en conformite avec la philologie europeenne traditionnelle. Par consequent, il est propose que les explications hierarchiques des sciences naturelles doivent etre remplacees par des liens enchaines dans des contextes. C'est la particulisation, et non pas la generalisation, qui devient le but principal; en d'autres mots, ce sont les methodes de case study qui priment le reste. La derniere partie de l'etude presente douze resumes des 'etudes de cas' pour illustrer l'argument et la methode.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer Aufsatz vertritt die Ansicht, da6 die Sprachwissenschaft, entgegen der gegenwartig dominierenden Auffassung unter den Theoretikern, das sie unter deduktiv-nomologische Gesetze falle und deshalb zu den Naturwissen-schaften gehore, zu den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften gezahlt werden musse. Es wird der Nachweis gefuhrt, das das Konzept einer Erklarung nach Mustern ('pattern explanation') wie es innerhalb den amerikanischen Sozial-wissen entwickelt worden ist genau dem entspricht, was schon fruher innerhalb der europaischen Philologie ublich war. Es wird deshalb argumentiert, daB die hierarchisierende Form der Erklarung der Naturwissenschaften durch kettenartige, kontextuelle Verbindungen ersetzt werden musse. Es ist gerade die Einzelerklarung und nicht die Generalisierung, die an erster S telle steht; mit andern Worten, die Methoden der Fallstudien sollten in erster Linie angewen-det werden. Der Rest des Artikels dient dazu, in Zusammenfassungen von zwolf solcher Fallstudien die Methode zu illustrieren und das Argument zu stutzen.
Support for comprehensive sexuality education: perspectives from parents of school-age youth

Abstract Purpose Controversy about school-based sexuality education in public schools has continued over the past decade, despite mounting evidence that comprehensive sexuality education effectively promotes sexual health and that parents support these programs in public schools. The present study replicates and expands upon previous findings regarding public views on school-based sexuality education. Methods One thousand six hundred five parents of school-age children in Minnesota responded to telephone surveys in 2006–2007 (63% participation rate), including items regarding general sexuality education, 12 specific topics, the grade level at which each should be taught, and attitudes toward sexuality education. Results The large majority of parents supported teaching about both abstinence and contraception (comprehensive sexuality education [CSE]; 89.3%), and support was high across all demographic categories of parents. All specific sexuality education topics received majority support (63.4%–98.6%), even those often viewed as controversial. Parents believed most topics should first be taught during the middle school years. Parents held slightly more favorable views on the effectiveness of CSE compared to abstinence-only education, and these views were strongly associated with support for CSE (odds ratio [OR] CSE = 14.3; OR abstinence = 0.11). Conclusions This study highlights a mismatch between parents' expressed opinions and preferences, and actual sexuality education content as currently taught in the majority of public schools. In light of broad parental support for education that emphasizes multiple strategies for prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (including abstinence), parents should be encouraged to express their opinions on sexuality education to teachers, administrators, and school boards regarding the importance of including a variety of topics and beginning instruction during middle school years or earlier.
Visual decision-support tools for first responders

In an age of heightened awareness due to terrorist threats, there is a great need for decision-support tools for first responder teams, such as FBI bomb squads, HAZMAT teams, etc. These teams suffer from the following deficiencies: "lack of information regarding hazards and equipment, and inadequate management and communication of information" (Jackson et al. 2002, 37). Decision-support tools strengthen the communication and management of disaster situations, and subsequently protect the safety and security of first responders and citizens. This project was the design and implementation of visual tools that improve CoBRAreg (chemical biological response aide), a portable decision- support system that facilitates first responders in hazardous material accidents and attacks (DGI, "CoBRAreg," 2003). Testing of these tools clearly demonstrates the improvements that result from their integration: the automated briefing tool reduces data transfer time by 33%, while it increases reliability of information and the speed of communication within first responder teams. The ATP 45 interface decreases the time required for graphing of isolation and downwind protection zones by 80%. The sketchpad tool reduces the time required for mapping by 83.3%; finally, the GPS tool decreases the time required to understand global positional awareness by 95%. In every case, these tools strengthen the quality and accuracy of information available to first responders; thus, they meet the needs of these teams in handling disaster situations
Early Manual Communication in Relation to the Deaf Child's Intellectual, Social, and Communicative Functioning

The basic impoverishment of deafness is not lack of hearing but lack of language. To illustrate this, we have only to compare a 4-year-old hearing child, with a working vocabulary of between 2,000 and 3,000 words, to a child of the same age, profoundly deaf since infancy, who may have only a few words at his command. Even more important than vocabulary level, however, is the child's ability to use his language for expressing ideas, needs, and feelings. By the age of 4 years, the hearing child in all cultures has already grasped the rules of grammar syntax that enable him or her to combine words in meaningful ways.
Distributed Simulation Using Distributed Control Systems

Modern process automation and control systems must be able to control discrete as well as continuous events. These events are sensed and controlled by distributed devices. Simulation is a necessity in order to design and tune the automatic control system. This paper addresses the advantages and disadvantages of using the discrete and continuous functions available in the control system to perform simulations. The simulation should run in real time for the purpose of operator training. The simulation should be transparent to the operator or user. Simulation should use generic building blocks to gain a wide variety of applications. As an example, the same simulator could be used to train both a nuclear reactor operator and a textile process operator. While this usually does not happen, it could become a necessity in an academic environment where fundamental concepts need to be taught to a variety of students with a minimal amount of duplication of effort.
Power windows. Building-integrated photovoltaics

The author describes how the market for building-integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPV) could be enormous, and many companies are beginning to develop and commercialize specialized BIPV components and systems. Residential and commercial demand will probably be the nearest-term large-scale markets in developed countries. Homes and commercial buildings have a lot of surface area, allowing architects and system designers to displace the cost of conventional materials and labor onto photovoltaic substitutes. Moreover, BIPV produce power at the point of use, eliminating much of the cost and losses of its transmission and distribution. Finally, a building powered in this way trumpets its owners' environmental philosophy and commitment to the world at large. As the technology has moved out of the research laboratory and into commercial applications involving architects and building engineers, it has assumed a progressively more sophisticated, elegant and appropriate shape. BIPV components that take the place of conventional building materials become part of the form and esthetic of the structure, as well as part of a more sustainable future for their owners, for their communities, and for society in general.
The functional role of consciousness: A phenomenological approach

In this paper, a theoretical account of the functional role of consciousness in the cognitive system of normal subjects is developed. The account is based upon an approach to consciousness that is drawn from the phenomenological tradition. On this approach, consciousness is essentially peripheral self-awareness, in a sense to be duly explained. It will be argued that the functional role of consciousness, so construed, is to provide the subject with just enough information about her ongoing experience to make it possible for her to easily obtain as much information as she may need. The argument for this account of consciousness' functional role will proceed in three main stages. First, the phenomenological approach to consciousness as peripheral self-awareness will be expounded and endorsed. Second, an account of the functional role of peripheral perceptual awareness will be offered. Finally, the account of the functional role of peripheral self-awareness will be obtained by straightforward extension from the functional role of peripheral perceptual awareness.
Covenants without Courts: Enforcing Residential Segregation with Legally Unenforceable Agreements

Racial restrictive covenants are private agreements prohibiting sale, rental, use or occupancy of properties by persons of designated races, ethnicities, nationalities and religions. Widely acknowledged for facilitating residential segregation, the Supreme Court ruled covenants unenforceable in 1948. Yet they remained legal to write and reference, allowing realtors, banks, insurers, title companies and government agencies to continue to rely on unenforceable covenants in their decisions and policies. Beyond legal enforceability, covenants were essentially signals that coordinated the behavior of a variety of private individual and institutional actors--signals that remained effective without the courts. Evidence is presented to support this claim.
Adenosine and Adenosine Receptor Protection of the Ischemic Heart

The purine nucleoside adenosine modulates the myocardial response to an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand by inducing coronary vasodilatation, negative dromotropy and chronotropy, and anti-adrenergic effects (1). Substantial evidence also exists that endogenous and exogenous adenosine modulate the heart’s response to the most severe form of oxygen supply/demand imbalance, i.e. myocardial ischemia. This review will summarize the results of work performed in our laboratory on the effects of adenosine in the ischemic and postischemic heart.
Nature vs. Nurture

This article provides a description of a number of topics related to genetics and psychology in order to facilitate a greater understanding of the nature vs. nurture debate. The article describes the types of psychological traits and behaviors that are studied by the field of behavior genetics, includes a brief review of human genetics, and provides an overview of the basic behavior genetic findings that are relevant to psychological traits. The text highlights the importance of the interplay of genetic and environmental factors, while reviewing the research methods that behavior geneticists use to simultaneously study environmental and genetic factors. Finally, the article addresses some of the social concerns surrounding behavior genetic research. The text stresses the need to study how genetic and environmental factors act and interact to influence psychological traits.
Fungi and Biotechnology

In our time, advances in biotechnology have enabled scientists to develop industrial processes for manufacturing enzymes, organic acids, vitamins, antibiotics, and a range of other pharmaceutical agents using fungi. The use of yeasts in winemaking, brewing beer, and baking are examples of biotechnology that began thousands of years ago. Mushroom cultivation, particularly the tradition of raising mushrooms on logs, has also been practiced for centuries. Fungi are used in the manufacture of cheeses, chocolate, and a range of fermented foods. Technological advances in the design of fermenters for growing fungi, along with the development of methods of genetic transformation have revolutionised the business of fungal biotechnology. The use of fungi in biofuel production is an exceedingly important enterprise in an era of climate change and the recognition of its link to burning fossil fuels. Fungi also show promise in the remediation of habitats damaged by industrial activity, mining, and agriculture.
Environmental Classification of Argillaceous Sedimentary Rocks Using the Chemical Composition of Siderite Nodules

ABSTRACT In the search for geochemical indicators, the chemical composition of 45 syngenetic siderite nodules from shales of Pennsylvanian age was investigated. Nodules were assigned to three categories on the basis of closely associated fossils: (1) FW--freshwater (Estheria, Leaia, Anthaconauta, Carbonicula), (2) B--brackish (Lingula, Orbiculoidea, Dunbarella, Aviculopecten), and (3) M--marine (Chonetes, Mesolobus, etc.). Of 11 elements determined, Si, Al, Mg, Ca, Ba and V are useful as environmental discriminators. Means (and standard deviations) are: A three-group, six-variable discriminant function permits complete separation of individual freshwater and marine samples, but is less successful in distinguishing the brackish shales as a separate category. Siderites formed during sedimentation may prove especially useful for environmental discrimination where variations in the detrital to authigenic clay mineral ratio diminish the value of trace element indicators in the argillaceous fraction of the rock.
Seismic modeling evaluation of fault illumination in the Woodford Shale

Summary The Woodford Shale is one of the more important resource plays developed during the last decade. Unlike the more widely studied Barnett Shale, open fractures not only exist but can significantly enhance production (Portas, 2010). Using coherence and most-negative principal curvature, Gupta (2012) in the Anadarko Basin and Guo et al. (2010) in the Arkoma Basin were able to map a network of lineaments that correlate to subtle faults seen on the vertical seismic data. In both cases, these “faults” also give rise to anomalously low acoustic impedance. Such a correlation can be explained by two hypotheses: one that explains the low impedance anomalies as an artifact of seismic imaging, the other that explains the anomalies as fractures and faults that propagate into the Woodford Shale from the underlying Hunton Limestone. In this paper we use 2D prestack finite difference modeling of faults and fractures followed by pre-stack depth migration and inversion to evaluate these two possibilities which supports the hypothesis that the low impedance anomalies are correlated to fractures and karsting in the underlying Hunton Limestone.
Comparison on Mechanical Properties and Hand Value of Different PTT/PET Self-crimping Filament Fabric

The mechanical properties and hand values of three fabrics made of different polytrimethylene terephthalate/polyethylene terephthalate(PTT/PET)bi-component self-crimping filaments are measured and compared.The 16 mechanical properties of fabrics are tested by the KES-F(Kawabata evaluation system fabric)machine,including the bending,shear,tensile,compression and surface properties,et al.The hand values and total hand values are calculated by Kawabata formula.The research results show that the PTT/PET bi-component fabric is more suitable for lightweight winter suit.The bending rigidity and shear rigidity are greatly influenced by the linear density per filament of fabric and dyeing weight loss rate.Tensile and shear properties of fabric are affected by the PTT/PET bi-component filament structure.
Alcohol Use in Emerging Adulthood: Can Moffitt's Developmental Theory Help Us Understand Binge Drinking Among College Students?

ABSTRACTIt is well-known that college students are at an increased risk for alcohol use and binge drinking compared to their same-age peers who are not in college. We use Moffitt's developmental taxonomy, specifically, her discussion of adolescence-limited offending, to contextualize this finding regarding this minor form of deviance. We also incorporate Arnett's notion of emerging adulthood to argue that the maturity gap, as described by Moffitt, can extend beyond adolescence. The current research used data from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 4,264). We examined differences in sample characteristics between respondents who were currently enrolled in college full-time and those who were not. We also estimated several logistic regression models to determine how full-time college status and two measures of maturity were correlated with weekly binge drinking. We found that respondents who were full-time college students had an increased risk for binge drinking and were ...
Managing Congestion in Dynamic Matching Markets

Participants in matching markets face search and screening costs which prevent the market from clearing efficiently. In many settings, the rise of online matching platforms has dramatically reduced the cost of finding and contacting potential partners. While one might expect both sides of the market to benefit from reduced search costs, this is far from guaranteed. In particular, this change may force participants to screen more potential partners before finding one who is willing to accept their offer. Thus, for a fixed screening cost, reductions in search and application costs may actually decrease aggregate welfare.We illustrate this fact using a model in which agents apply and screen asynchronously. In our model, it is possible that an agent on one side of the market (an 'employer') identifies a suitable match on the other side (an 'applicant'), only to find that this applicant has already matched. We find that equilibrium is generically inefficient for both employers and applicants. Most notably, when application costs are sufficiently small, uncertainty about applicant availability may drive equilibrium employer welfare to zero.We consider a simple intervention available to the platform: limiting the visibility of applicants. We find that this intervention can significantly improve the welfare of agents on both sides of the market; applicants pay lower application costs, while employers are less likely to find that the applicants they screen have already matched. Somewhat counterintuitively, the benefits of showing fewer applicants to each employer are greatest in markets in which there is a shortage of applicants.
Hubert, Mauss and the Comparative Social History of Religions

In order to see how far religious studies has come because of the work of the Durkheimian group, we will need to dispel three illusions. Our first illusion, especially prevalent in the English-speaking world, is that the Durkheimian social approach to religion is nothing special. It is a typical example of French mentality at work. After all, it is known universally as the French school of sociology. French thought is essentially social; Durkheimian thought is quintessentially so. What else can one expect from these French? Second, thanks to the self-serving, but largely mythical, association of Levi-Strauss’s structuralism with the tradition of Marcel Mauss, it is assumed that as a sociological tradition, Durkheimian thought is anti-historical. Third, thanks to the dominance of individualism in our culture, we tend to focus on Durkheim alone as the end of all such inquiries about the Durkheimian research project. One assumes, along with a prominent interpreter of Durkheimian thought, that it was ‘Durkheim rather than his disciples who gave prominent place to religion and who was willing to write about it in such positive terms … who was unique in his enthusiasm for things religious’.1
Avoiding politics: Creating ignorance and memorizing facts: how Buffaloes understood politics

Since the “private people” at the country-western clubs so rarely talked politics at the clubs – where they spent nearly all of their free time – members had little or no companionship in developing methods for analyzing politics. How do people like the Buffaloes, who had so little opportunity to talk politics, ever learn to think about politics? Interviewing them showed me just how risky and strange it was for most members to talk politics. This chapter reports on ten interviews and backstage political conversations with country-westerners. What most overwhelmed me in the interviews with this group was that their political worries, though often strong, were far-flung, even eccentric, not overlapping with other members' concerns. For example, Charlene had been so worried about nuclear war in the early 1980s, she read a book about how to grow potatoes in underground caves and live in the Yukon, “because of wind patterns making it a place fallout wouldn't land”; another member devoted a large portion of our interview to his worry that we receive radioactive rays from light bulbs and toasters. Another “would fear for [her] health” if she were to become politically involved, giving as an example a popular docudrama about whistleblower Karen Silkwood, killed by the nuclear power company whose crimes she exposed. These varied worries almost never made it to everyday conversation. Country-westerners were worried – sometimes devoured by worries – but they did not talk about their concerns, and so experienced them as purely unusual, personal fears that demanded purely personal strategies to vanquish.
Framework for Rapid Development of Embedded Human-in-the-Loop Cyber-Physical Systems

Human-in-the-Loop Cyber-Physical Systems (HiLCPS) offers assistive technology that augments human interaction with the physical world, such as self-feeding, communication and mobility for functionally locked-in individuals. HiLCPS applications are typically implemented as networked embedded systems interfacing both human and the physical environment. Developing HiLCPS applications is challenging due to interfacing with hardware with different specifications and physical location (local/remote). Also, while algorithm designers prototype applications in MATLAB benefiting from an algorithm design environment, the gap from prototyping MATLAB application to embedded solution traditionally requires significant manual implementation. In this paper, we propose a HiLCPS Framework for the rapid development of embedded HiLCPS applications. The framework groups similar hardware types to classes, unifying their access and with this offering both hardware and location transparent access. The framework furthermore incorporates a domain-specific synthesis tool, called Hsyn. Hsyn empowers algorithm designers to prototype a portable, hardware-agnostic application in MATLAB while offering an automatic path to embedded deployment without requiring embedded knowledge. We demonstrate the benefit of the framework with a brain-controlled wheelchair application prototyped in MATLAB that transparently accesses a variety of EEG acquisition systems with local or remote connections. Then, by using Hsyn, the application is automatically deployed to a BeagleBone Black equipped with a custom-designed electrophysiological acquisition cape. Hsyn shows six orders of magnitude of productivity gain compared to manual embedded deployment. The wheelchair performs stepwise navigated based on human intent inference with 91% accuracy at 0.9 confidence threshold every 4 seconds on average over 9 users.
Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation Associated With Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus: A Review of Cases Reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System

Use of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) to treat patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has become the standard of care. This report from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) focuses...
Trends in average days' supply of opioid medications in Medicaid and commercial insurance

Abstract Objectives To calculate trends in adult average days' supply for six commonly prescribed opioids: hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, and tapentadol to assess whether physicians changed prescribing practices at the time of the intensifying epidemic. Methods We used 2005–2015 Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters data to measure trends in opioid average days' supply among commercially insured individuals and 2005–2014 MarketScan Multi-State Medicaid data to measure trends in opioid average days' supply among Medicaid beneficiaries. Results For Medicaid, we found an increase in days' supply for all drugs except morphine. The largest percentage increase was for oxycodone, which increased 4.5 days (37%). Opioid days' supply for individuals with commercial insurance exhibited similar but steeper trends. The largest increase was also for oxycodone, which increased 6 days (56%). Between 2013 and 2015, when the opioid epidemic had begun to be widely publicized, there was no decline in the median days supplied for any of the opioids. Conclusions Our results find that days' supply of opioids are increasing despite public health campaigns and media attention on the risks of opioid prescribing. More effective interventions to curb opioid prescribing are needed to reverse these trends.
How does high-flow nasal cannulae compare to nasal CPAP for treatment of early respiratory distress?

How does high-flow nasal cannulae compare to nasal CPAP for treatment of early respiratory distress?
Impaired autonomic function in adolescents born preterm.

Preterm birth temporarily disrupts autonomic nervous system (ANS) development, and the long-term impacts of disrupted fetal development are unclear in children. Abnormal cardiac ANS function is associated with worse health outcomes, and has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We used heart rate variability (HRV) in the time domain (standard deviation of RR intervals, SDRR; and root means squared of successive differences, RMSSD) and frequency domain (high frequency, HF; and low frequency, LF) at rest, as well as heart rate recovery (HRR) following maximal exercise, to assess autonomic function in adolescent children born preterm. Adolescents born preterm (less than 36 weeks gestation at birth) in 2003 and 2004 and healthy age-matched full-term controls participated. Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were used to compare variables between control and preterm groups. Twenty-one adolescents born preterm and 20 term-born controls enrolled in the study. Preterm-born subjects had lower time-domain HRV, including SDRR (69.1 ± 33.8 vs. 110.1 ± 33.0 msec, respectively, P = 0.008) and RMSSD (58.8 ± 38.2 vs. 101.5 ± 36.2 msec, respectively, P = 0.012), with higher LF variability in preterm subjects. HRR after maximal exercise was slower in preterm-born subjects at 1 min (30 ± 12 vs. 39 ± 9 bpm, respectively, P = 0.013) and 2 min (52 ± 10 vs. 60 ± 10 bpm, respectively, P = 0.016). This study is the first report of autonomic dysfunction in adolescents born premature. Given prior association of impaired HRV with adult cardiovascular disease, additional investigations into the mechanisms of autonomic dysfunction in this population are warranted.
Wilms’ tumour and the nephroblastoma complex

Nephroblastoma is the most common renal neoplasm of childhood1. Of all childhood malignancies it has the highest probability of long-term survival with an overall cure rate of approximately 90%2. It is universally accepted as a malignant embryonal neoplasm arising from the primitive blastema of the kidney. In the National Wilms’ Tumor Study (NWTS) in the USA the mean age at diagnosis for sporadic unilateral cases was 45 months, with 80% of cases diagnosed in the first 5 years of life. The random risk for developing Wilms’ tumour has been estimated to be 1 in 10000 births. At diagnosis, 6% of tumours are bilateral2; patients with bilateral tumours tend to present at a younger age3. Congenital Wilms’ tumours have been reported on rare occasions4.
Fear: Potentiation of Startle

The fear-potentiated startle paradigm measures conditioned fear by an increase in the amplitude of the acoustic startle reflex elicited in the presence of a cue previously paired with shock. Fear-potentiated startle is blocked selectively by drugs that reduce fear in humans, making it a valid test of conditioned fear in rats. The conditioned stimulus in rats activates the central nucleus of the amygdala through a pathway involving the auditory or visual thalamus, which projects via the perirhinal cortex to the amygdala. Pain information converges with conditioned stimulus information at the amygdala via parallel pathways from the posterior intralaminal nuclei of the thalamus and the insular cortex. Certain glutamate antagonists infused into the basolateral amygdala block the acquisition, but not the expression, of fear-potentiated startle, suggesting that this may be the site of plasticity during fear acquisition. The central nucleus of the amygdala projects directly and indirectly to the acoustic startle pathway so as to modulate the startle response. Fear-potentiated startle also can be measured in humans, using the eyeblink component of the startle reflex. Thus far, there is a close correspondence between results gathered in rats and humans, and the amygdala seems to be involved in fear-potentiated startle in humans.
Nonlinear Aerodynamic Corrections to Blade Element Momentum Model with Validation Experiments

Nonlinear Aerodynamic Corrections to Blade Element Momentum Model with Validation Experiments
Conservation or Resource Maximization? Analyzing Subsistence Hunting Among the Achuar (Shiwiar) of Ecuador

This study tests the idea that indigenous hunters employ selective prey and patch choice to augment the sustainability of their long-term foraging returns. In other words, do Achuar (Shiwiar) hunting patterns maintain the group’s “harmony” or “balance with nature” behaving as conservationists, or do they act as resource maximizers acting in ways predicted by optimal foraging theory? Analysis of indigenous hunters’ prey choice in light of patch selection and optimal diet breadth models indicate that the Achuar (with few exceptions) are overharvesting local populations of various species of Neotropical wildlife. Significantly, this research documents differential species vulnerability to indigenous hunting pressure which, in turn, affects the sustainability of Amazonian wildlife harvests. Additionally, this research illustrates how a relatively isolated egalitarian and autonomous Amerindian group of subsistence hunter–horticulturalists, who maintain many of the traditional beliefs about wildlife population dynamics, are fully capable of overhunting several species of Neotropical wildlife. As such, the overharvesting of various types of wild game by the Achuar cannot be considered as being an artifact of Western contact. Lastly, this work examines some of the ethical issues raised by these findings.
Monroe J. Schlesinger's Radiographic Visualization of the Coronary Arteries in Postmortem Hearts and Its Clinical Applications

Dr. Monroe J. Schlesinger was a pioneer pathologist who developed a method to radiographically visualize the coronary circulation in human hearts at autopsy. Acute and long-term animal studies by Dr. Schlesinger et al led to evidence-based conclusions in humans about many manifestations of coronary disease. Clinical syndromes such as angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction, the beneficial role of collateral circulation, and the anatomic requisites for congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock were all defined. Information based on the Schlesinger technique was among the first pathophysiologic incentives to salvage jeopardized ischemic myocardium, and evidence derived from his studies influenced the evolving foundation of modern therapy. Schlesinger's technique was to inject the right and left coronary arteries with a lead-based radiopaque agar. After constant contact with this medium for 12 years, he developed lead poisoning. He then changed the formula by substituting iodide for lead. It is of interest that present angiographic studies use iodinated contrast agents. In conclusion, Monroe Schlesinger's work in defining the coronary circulation in postmortem human hearts laid the foundation for future technical advances to analyze the coronary circulation in the living.