cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMMUNITY GENETICS AND SPECIES INTERACTIONS

Whitham et al. (2003) and Neuhauser et al. (2003) advocate the "marriage of ecology and genetics" into a new field of community genetics, but do so in different ways. Whitham et al. (2003) emphasize the community-shaping effect of genetic variation in keystone species, connected ecologically to other community members, whereas Neuhauser et al. (2003) emphasize strong selection in nonequilibrium, genetically subdivided communities. Both papers present compelling evidence from different systems to illustrate that genetic variation has detectable effects on species interactions and the composition of ecological communities. The genetically variable keystone species range from aspens to microbial pathogens and the community consequences can occur at trophic levels other than that of the focal species. With "community epistasis" (Whitham et al. 2003), a QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) of a keystone species may affect the phenotypes of other species in the community with which the keystone interacts. Indeed, these kinds of community-level effects, if as common as Whitham et al. (2003) argue, will require the study of QTLs in a much broader natural context than is typically considered in molecular evolutionary genetic studies, whose "gene for" results are often viewed as independent of context. Whitham et al. (2003) extend the minimum viable population size (MVP) in conservation genetics to the community level as "the minimum viable interacting population" (MVIP). This requires preserving keystone genetic diversity (even specific genotypes). They also advocate determining whether global ecological changes might be amplified by genetic interactions between species. Like Neuhauser et al. (2003), they are concerned with genetic subdivision and apply concepts from multilevel selection theory like "community heritability" and "community epistasis." Do the examples presented constitute the foundation of a new field of "community genetics," or do they emphasize the need to reintroduce genetics into community ecology?
Electron microscopy of wound-tumor virus.

Abstract The wound-tumor virus, causing disease of sweet clover, Melilotus sp. and other plants, is about 600 A in diameter and has the shape of an icosahedron. The surface consists of subunits about 75 A in diameter numbering 4 along an edge and 92 in all. A core about 350 A in diameter stains heavily with uranyl acetate, indicating that it consists of nucleic acid (RNA) or nucleoprotein. Disintegration of the virus envelope by removal of salt releases long strands about 30 A in diameter that are either RNA in a highly folded or coiled form or an RNA strand perhaps strengthened with combined protein.
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR NONSELECTIVE RECRUITMENT AND A SOURCE–SINK DYNAMIC IN A MAYFLY METAPOPULATION

Dispersal among spatially subdivided populations and variability in local habitat patch quality can strongly affect local and regional population dynamics. A meta- population of mayflies ( Callibaetis ferrugineus hageni) was studied in which larvae de- veloped in beaver ponds and emerged to the terrestrial habitat as adults; adult females had the potential to disperse among ponds before oviposition. Ponds (patches) differed in the presence or absence of trout. Densities of late instar larvae were more than an order of magnitude greater in fishless ponds. Estimates of adult production, migration, and oviposition rate were used to determine whether the difference in larval abundance between pond types was more consistent with a source-sink or balanced dispersal model. Patch quality among ponds (estimated by the emergence rate of adults) varied from 0 to ;3900 individuals·m 22 ·yr 21 , and was significantly lower in ponds with trout. Survivorship of adult females in the regional terrestrial habitat was low (1.7%). Consistent with the predictions of source-sink theory, local recruitment to the next generation was not related to local emergence. Moreover, comparison of emer- gence and recruitment revealed that some ponds were net exporters of females (sources) and others were net importers (sinks). Ovipositing females did not avoid ovipositing in ponds with trout. Overall, the data were consistent with a source-sink dynamic because patches differed in quality, and because there was net migration of individuals from sources to sinks. The results support the hypothesis that local and regional population dynamics are influenced by spatial variation in patch quality, and by the ability of individuals to both disperse among and assess the quality of habitat patches.
Recall/recognition differences as a function of elementary school grade

Elementary school children were tested for retention of the identity of words whose spelling had been experimentally practiced 3 months earlier. In each of two schools, free recall scores were reliably greater for the lower grades and recognition scores reliably greater for the higher grades. These opposite functions, suggesting separate recall and recognition processes in memory, may also be interpreted as a result of the increasing use of language at the higher grades and the consequently greater interference with retrieval cues but concomitant greater ease in utilizing recognition cues.
Case Study: Disgust and a Specific Phobia of Buttons

The role of disgust in childhood phobias has received limited attention in the psychiatric literature. Available studies suggest that attention to the emotion of disgust is optimal for reduction of phobic symptoms given that the interaction between fear and disgust has been found to maintain and even exacerbate phobias. Disgust was targeted via imagery exposures as part of an exposure-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for a 9-year-old Hispanic American boy who presented with a specific phobia of buttons. Posttreatment, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up assessment results demonstrated maintenance of treatment gains. The role of disgust in treating specific phobias in children is discussed.
Identification of Mammalian Cell Lines Using MALDI-TOF and LC-ESI-MS/MS Mass Spectrometry

Direct mass spectrometric analysis of complex biological samples is becoming an increasingly useful technique in the field of proteomics. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy (MALDI-MS) is a rapid and sensitive analytical tool well suited for obtaining molecular weights of peptides and proteins from complex samples. Here, a fast and simple approach to cellular protein profiling is described in which mammalian cells are lysed directly in the MALDI matrix 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and mass analyzed using MALDI-time of flight (TOF). Using the unique MALDI mass spectral “fingerprint” generated in these analyses, it is possible to differentiate among several different mammalian cell lines. A number of techniques, including MALDI-post source decay (PSD), MALDI tandem time-of-flight (TOF-TOF), MALDI-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR), and nanoflow liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) were employed to attempt to identify the proteins represented in the MALDI spectra. Performing a tryptic digestion of the supernatant of the cells lysed in DHB with subsequent LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was by far the most successful method to identify proteins.
PNET-like features of synovial sarcoma of the lung: a pitfall in the cytologic diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of soft-tissue tumors is evolving. As more experience is gained, we are becoming aware of potential pitfalls. We describe 2 cases of synovial sarcoma of the lung, primary and metastatic, in patients who had FNA biopsy performed on a lung mass. The cytologic smears showed extremely cellular groups of malignant small round cells, intersected by small blood vessels, with numerous loose single cells, in a background of macrophages and mature lymphocytes. The tumors displayed monomorphic cells forming rosettes and displaying occasional mitoses. A diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor/primitive neuroepithelial tumor (PNET) was suspected. Furthermore, this suspicion was supported by immunohistochemical stains, which showed positivity for a neuroendocrine marker, Leu 7 (case 1), and for a neural marker, CD 99 (O 13 or HBA 71) (both cases); and negativity for cytokeratins (case 1). The resection specimen of case 1 had mostly tightly packed small round cells, with occasional rosettes, similar to the FNA biopsy, and focal areas composed of spindle cells, organized in a focal fibrosarcoma-like and hemangiopericytoma-like pattern. A balanced translocation between chromosomes X and 18, demonstrated by both karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), enabled us to make a diagnosis of synovial sarcoma, which was histologically classified as poorly differentiated. Case 2 was a metastatic biphasic synovial sarcoma of the arm, with a prominent epithelial component. Synovial sarcoma, when composed mainly of small round cells on cytologic smears, is a great mimicker of neuroendocrine/PNET tumors, with light microscopic and immunohistochemical overlap. Awareness of this potential pitfall may aid in preventing a misdiagnosis. Its recognition is of major concern, especially for the poorly differentiated variant, because it is associated with a worse prognosis.
In vivo short-term Doppler hemodynamic profiles of 189 Carpentier-Edwards Perimount pericardial bioprosthetic valves in the mitral position.

Abstract We sought to determine the hemodynamic performance of the Carpentier-Edwards Perimount pericardial valve in the mitral position. We reviewed the Doppler echocardiographic data on 189 patients (110 women; 68 ± 12 years of age) who were implanted with this valve (7.6 days ± 13 postoperatively) at our institution between September 2000 and May 2002. The average ejection fraction was 47%. For all valves, the peak velocity was 1.9 ± 0.3 m/s, peak gradient was 15 ± 4.8 mm Hg, and mean gradient was 5.8 ± 2 mm Hg. The pressure half-time was 93 ± 24 milliseconds, with a calculated effective orifice area of 2.5 ± 0.6 cm 2 . The average effective orifice area by continuity equation (83 valves) was 1.5 ± 0.5 cm 2 . The mitral regurgitation was graded mild or less in 97.5% of all valves. This is the largest series establishing the favorable hemodynamic behavior of the different sizes of a new Perimount mitral valve, and the reported data could serve as a reference.
Topographic and temporal patterns in tree seedling establishment, growth, and survival among masting species of southern New England mixed-deciduous forests

Abstract In many forests, advance regeneration represents an important ‘seedling bank’ for replacing overstory trees after canopy disturbance. However, long-term spatial and temporal dynamics of understory tree seedlings are poorly understood, particularly in topographically complex southern New England mixed-deciduous forests. From 1996 to 2005 we tracked the recruitment, growth and survival of seedlings of masting tree species across different topographic positions. Species included the largely valley associated sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ) and white ash ( Fraxinus americana ), the primarily ridge associated white oaks ( Quercus alba and Q. prinus ), and the site generalist red oaks ( Q. rubra and Q. velutina ) and red maple ( A. rubrum ). Four 1 m 2 circular plots were randomly established in nine different sites, which included three replicates of each topographic position (ridge, midslope and valley). Seedling recruits were tagged and measured annually. Densities varied largely between species, both over time and by topographic position. Ridge and midslope positions had similar patterns, with high densities of red oak (>200,000 seedlings/ha) declining over time, and other species generally fluctuating at much lower densities (
Photopheresis: Clinical Applications and Mechanism of Action

Photopheresis is a leukapheresis-based therapy that utilizes 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet A irradiation. Photopheresis is currently available at approximately 150 medical centers worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that this therapy used as a single agent may signifficantly prolong life, as well as induce a 50%–75% response rate among individuals with advanced cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). Furthermore, a 20%–25% complete response rate with photopheresis alone, or in combination with other biologic response modifiers, has been obtained at our institution among patients with Sezary syndrome. These complete responses have been characterized by the complete disappearance of morphologically atypical cells from the skin and blood. The use of sensitive molecular techniques has also confirmed the sustained disappearance of the malignant T cell clone from the blood of patients with complete responses. In addition to the treatment of CTCL, numerous reports indicate that photopheresis is a potent agent in the therapy of acute allograft rejection among cardiac, lung, and renal transplant recipients. Chronic graft versus host disease also appears to be quite responsive to photopheresis therapy. Likewise, there may also be a potential role for photopheresis in the therapy of certain autoimmune diseases that are poorly responsive to conventional therapy. The immunologic basis for the responses of patients with these conditions is likely due to the induction of anticlonotypic immunity directed against pathogenic clones of T lymphocytes. Treatment-induced apoptotic death of pathogenic T cells and activation of antigen presenting cells are postulated to have important effects in this therapeutic process.
The effects of maternal diabetes on fetal maturation and neonatal health

This investigation focused on the relation between metabolic control of maternal diabetes in pregnancy and the health status of the fetus and newborn in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat. The basic hypothesis tested was that “tight” control of maternal diabetes before conception and during pregnancy should result in diminished fetal and neonatal morbidity and montality. Behavioral teratologic tests were employed to evaluate the possible long-term effects of diabetes in pregnancy on postnatal development. The results demonstrated that approximation to glucose homeostasis in diabetic BB dams was associated with increased litter and fetal size, decreased perinatal mortality, and a significant reduction in the incidence of congenital malformation. Postnatal growth and neurologic function were also enhanced. These findings are supportive of efforts to initiate diabetic control prior to conception and especially during the critical period of fetal organogenesis during the first 8 weeks of human pregnancy.
Pharmaceutical Opioids in the Home and Youth: Implications for Adult Medical Practice

ABSTRACTPharmaceutical opioid prescribing, opioid use disorders, and related poisonings have increased substantially in the last decade. In particular, pharmaceutical opioid deaths among youth have markedly increased. One area that has received relatively little attention is the role of home safety, given that parents are an important source of opioids for youth. Parents may intentionally share opioids with youth, due to low perceived risks or limited knowledge, and youth may divert opioids from parents’ medicine cabinets. Safe medication storage has long been mandated by treatment programs that provide pharmacologically supported treatment of opioid use disorders, but it is not generally encouraged or required for pharmaceutical opioids prescribed for pain. Greater attention is needed on the development, evaluation, and implementation of 3 preventive strategies. These 3 strategies can be delivered in or supported by adult medical practices: (1) fully informing adults prescribed opioids about the risks of...
The Implications of Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Observations for Population III Star Formation Processes

In an earlier paper, we pointed out the strong likelihood for universal reionization to occur twice, giving rise to a much larger Thomson optical depth due to the intergalactic medium than that in the case of a single rapid reionization at z ~ 6. The latest Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations of Kogut et al. indicate that the universe indeed appears to have entered a significantly ionized state at a very high redshift. In light of this new development, we perform a more focused analysis of the Thomson optical depth in the context of the spatially flat, cosmological constant-dominated cold dark matter model (?CDM) constrained by WMAP observations. While the current uncertainties of the observed Thomson optical depth are still relatively large, with ?e = 0.17 ? 0.04 (68%), important implications for Population III (Pop III) star formation processes at high redshift can already be inferred. We are able to draw four conclusions: (1) In the absence of a top-heavy initial stellar mass function (IMF) for Pop III metal-free stars and without a dramatic upturn in the star formation efficiency and in the ionizing photon escape fraction at high redshift (z > 6), we find ?e ? 0.09. (2) With a top-heavy IMF for the Pop III metal-free stars, a plausible star formation efficiency, and an ionizing photon escape fraction ?20%, it is expected that ?e ? 0.12, which could be raised to ?e = 0.14, if the metal-enrichment efficiency of the intergalactic medium by Pop III stars is reduced by a factor of 5. (3) To reach ?e = 0.15-0.17 requires at least one of the following three conditions: the cosmological model power index n is positively tilted to n ? 1.03, Pop III star formation in minihalos with molecular hydrogen cooling has an efficiency c*(H2, III) > 0.01, or the ionizing photon escape fraction from Pop III galaxies is close to unity. The highest ?e that we have obtained is 0.24 for a WMAP-consistent ?CDM model with n = 1.03, a Pop III star formation efficiency of 1% for minihalos, and an ionizing photon escape fraction of 100% from Pop III galaxies. (4) For the WMAP-normalized running index ?CDM model, we obtain ?e = 0.12 with a Pop III star formation efficiency of 1% for minihalos and an ionizing photon escape fraction of 100% from Pop III galaxies. If the current observed value of the Thomson optical depth withstands future data, we will have strong observational evidence that Pop III stars are massive and that their formation efficiency may be much higher than current theoretical works suggest. Alternatively, there may be unknown, nonstellar ionizing sources at very high redshift.
Acquired deficiency of the inhibitor of the first component of complement: Report of five additional cases with commentary on the syndrome

Abstract The association of late onset recurrent angioedema with a deficiency of the inhibitor of the first component of complement (C1INH)and of the binding subunit of the first component, Clq, defines the syndrome of acquired C1INH deficiency. The description of five new cases, along with the original two and the 18 others in the literature, brings the total reported cases to 25 and highlights the associated B cell abnormalities that are present in 23 and are of a malignant nature in 19 cases. In three of the five newly reported cases, the occurrence of angioedema, which prompted recognition of the acquired deficiency of C1INH, Clq, and C4, preceded the delineation of the underlying B cell malignancy by 2 to 3 yr despite efforts to recognize neoplastic disease in two of these patients throughout the interval. Because the acquired C1INH deficiency reflects increased catabolism rather than impaired biosynthesis, only high-dose attenuated androgens elicit a measurable increment in serum C1INH. The occurrence of the syndrome with multiple myeloma is noted for the first time.
A non-contact, thermally-driven buckling delamination test to measure interfacial fracture toughness of thin film systems

Abstract Interfacial fracture toughness measurements of thin film-substrate systems are of importance in many applications. In the microelectronics industry, the interfacial adhesion between the dielectric-barrier-metal layers on a semiconductor chip is critical for chip reliability. In this paper, we propose a thermally-driven patterned buckling delamination test that does not use a pre-existing weak interface. The test relies on causing a patterned film to debond from its substrate by inducing a compressive stress due to heating of the film on a thick silicon substrate. The compressive stress causes the film to buckle and debond from the substrate. A model for the propagation of the buckling-induced debond is then developed to estimate interfacial fracture toughness. The efficacy of the thermally-driven buckling test is demonstrated on a model Al/SU8/Si film-substrate system wherein the Al film debonds along its interface to SU8. The interfacial toughness of the Al/SU8 interface is estimated using the proposed test and is compared to the toughness for the same system obtained using an alternative test with a weakened interface to validate the developed elastic–plastic model for buckling-induced debond propagation.
Cuttings Transport with Foam in Highly Inclined Wells at Simulated Downhole Conditions / Transport urobku wiertniczego przy użyciu piany w silnie nachylonych otworach w symulowanych warunkach w otworze

Along with the rapidly growing demand and development activities in unconventional resources, is the growth of environmental awareness and concerns among the public. Foam, as an alternative to traditional drilling fluid, is gaining more and more momentum in the drilling industry. Drilling with foam can minimize formation damage, water usage, and drag and torque. Foam also costs less and leaves a much smaller environmental footprint than other commonly used drilling fluids, such as synthetic oil-based fluids, when developing vulnerable formations such as shale gas. As drilling in horizontal and near horizontal sections has become very common, and the need for such sections is increasing, it is very important to understand cuttings transport and hole cleaning issues when drilling with foam in such sections. A team from University of Tulsa Drilling Research Projects (TUDRP) conducted a series of experiments focused on studying the effects of change in hole inclination angle from 90 degrees to 70 degrees on cuttings transport with foam under Elevated Pressure and Elevated Temperature (EPET) conditions. This experimental and theoretical study also includes other influential parameters such as foam quality, foam flow rate, polymer concentration and drill pipe rotary speed. We have observed that there is no significant difference in cuttings concentration and frictional pressure losses as inclination changes from 70 to 90 degrees. Also, an increase in superficial foam velocity reduces cuttings concentration within the annulus. Pipe rotation influences cuttings concentration and frictional pressure losses for low quality foams, but does not have a significant effect on high quality foams. A correlation for the cuttings bed area and a computer simulator are developed for practical design and field applications. The predicted results are compared with experimental results from this study and previous studies. The comparison shows good agreement. We believe that the findings of this paper will help designers with the choice of optimal drilling fluid for drilling horizontal wells in unconventional (shale) gas/oil reservoirs.
Children who wait: Long term foster care or adoption?

Abstract This study focuses on children who have been freed for adoption. Researchers examined case records of 147 children in state custody in a mid-Western state in an attempt to identify child characteristics that distinguish between those children whose social service goal was long term foster care and those whose goal was adoption. Results obtained through logistic regression indicated that a model including the variables of race, age, developmental disabilities of the child, and genetic or family history that puts the child at risk for medical intervention is significantly predictive of the social service goal. Children who were not European-American, were older, and had developmental disabilities were more likely to have the case plan of long term foster care, while the presence of genetic or family risk factors increased the chances that adoption would be planned. The authors discuss the implications for child welfare policy and practice.
969-99 Biocompatible Mechanical Left Ventricular Support: Potential Alternative to Transplantation

Use of mechanical circulatory support has been limited by its associated bleeding and thrombotic complications. Blood contact with an artificial surface results in a well-deined pattern of hematologic alterations. The TCI HeartMate® left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is an implantable circulatory support pump currently used as a bridge to transplantation. Its textured blood contacting surfaces result in a formation of an adherent pseudoneointimal lining which eliminates the direct interaction of blood elements with the artificial surface. To determine if this biological lining could mitigate the stereotypical blood-synthetic surface interactions, we studied eight patients who underwent implantation at our institution over a 10 month period from 5/93 to 3/94. Seven of the 8 patients were bridged to transplantation. Three patients were transplanted within 10 days and one month data could not be obtained. Hemodynamic and hemostatic parameters (mean ± sd) were studied as follows: Pre-implant POD 7 POD 28 Cardiac index (I/min/m2) 1.8 ± 0.7 3.2 ± 0.4 3.1 ± 0.5 Systolic BP (mmHg) 759 ± 6.8 125.8 ± 9.7 130.4 ± 8.1 Hemoglobin (mg/dl) 7.4 ± 1.8 8.2 ± 1.6 9.6 ± 2.0 Plasma free hemoglobin (mg/dl) 15.4±1.7 6.4 ± 2.3 6.8 ± 1.9 Prothrombin time (sec) 14.2 ± 1.1 13.4 ± 0.7 13.3 ± 0.7 Partial thromboplastin time (sec) 56.7 ± 15.9 31.8 ± 4.8 37.6 ± 11.9 Platelet count (× 103lcu mm) 250 ± 81 269 ± 63 325 ± 37 In vitro platelet reactivity to the agonist ADP remained normal pre and post implantation. Average perioperative blood requirements included PRBC, 3.3 ± 1.3 units; platelets, 2.3 ± 4.5 units; fresh frozen plasma, 2 ± 1.9 units. No blood products were required after postoperative day 2. We conclude that TCI LVAD support improves hemodynamics and can bridge patients in pre-implant cardiogenic shock to transplantation. Furthermore, no red cell destruction or hemostatic and thrombotic complications were observed despite one month of support without anticoagulation therapy. Therefore, as the donor shortage continues, LVADs with biocompatible surfaces may provide an alternative to cardiac transplantation.
Some factors involved in complex-picture recognition

College students were assigned to factorial combinations of picture context (homogeneous, heterogeneous) and picture color (color, black and white). Subjects were then given homogeneous slides in a picture-recognition test using two distractor types. One distractor type included stimuli not previously shown to the subjects; the other type involved previous stimuli in a different (mirror-image) orientation. Each group was shown 240 pictorial stimuli and was then tested with 48. Results revealed that picture recognition was not influenced by picture color. However, the results indicated a significant interaction between picture context and distractor type, with performance being significantly influenced only by the homogeneous context with new distractors. Results were discussed in terms of the importance of the initial viewing context.
Projections of hypertension-related renal disease in middle-aged residents of the United States

Objective. —To establish nationwide projections for hypertension-related renal disease among middle-aged residents of the United States and compare disease burden in demographic subgroups. Design. —Integrated analysis of data from the US Census, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1976 through 1980 (NHANES II), the 1971 through 1975 NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program trial, and the US Renal Data System. Population. —African-American and white residents of the United States, aged 30 to 69 years. Main Outcome Measures. —Incidence rates and counts of hypertension, hypertension-related hypercreatinemia, and hypertension-related end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Results. —Each year, approximately 1.8 million middle-aged Americans develop hypertension, 140000 develop hypertension-related hypercreatinemia, and 5300 develop hypertension-related ESRD. African Americans are at increased risk for hypertension (relative risk [RR], 1.6; population-attributable risk [PAR], 5%), hypercreatinemia if hypertensive (RR, 2.4; PAR, 18%), ESRD if hypertensive with hypercreatinemia (RR, 2.7; PAR, 32%), and hypertension-related ESRD overall (RR, 8.0; PAR, 44%). Compared with women, men are at increased risk for hypertension (RR, 1.3; PAR, 13%) and hypertension-related ESRD (RR, 1.6; PAR, 23%). Most cases of hypercreatinemia in hypertensives (73%) occur among those with mild hypertension. Conclusions. —Progression to ESRD is rare in persons with hypertension-related renal disease, and factors other than blood pressure probably play an important role. A large proportion of hypertension-related renal disease cases occur among population subgroups considered to be at low risk. Interventions that favorably influence factors associated with the progression of hypertension-related renal disease in African Americans, in men, and in persons with mild hypertension, hold the greatest potential for reducing the population burden of hypertension-related ESRD. (JAMA. 1993;269:1272-1277)
Localization of frog retinal pigment epithelium Na+-K+ ATPase

Na+-K+ dependent ATPase was characterized in a membrane-enriched fraction of frog (Rana catesbiana) retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It was half maximally inhibited by ouabain at 10−6 m and half maximally stimulated by 1 m m -K+. Thick (50 μm) frozen sections of RPE were microdissected into apical and basal portions. Biochemical microassay of the Na+-K+ ATPase activity of these fractions demonstrated a preponderance of the enzyme in the apical (retinal) portion of the RPE cell.
Study of secondary emission 1/ƒ noise

Abstract The secondary emission 1/ƒ noise observed by Schwantes and Van der Ziel has been investigated in more detail. The new experiments were prompted by Van der Ziel's application of Handel's theory to Schwantes's 1960 secondary emission noise data. To that end we measured the spectrum S I a (ƒ) versus ( V a – V d ) 3 2 at constant current I a and constant δ and the noise spectrum versus I a δ 2 at constant voltage ( V a – V d ) both for a large resistance R c in the cathode lead. The results show good agreement with Handel's prediction, i.e. Handel's expression for the Hooge parameter α H is here verified. We finally discuss the meaning of these results and show that the Bremsstrahlung hypothesis can explain most of the data.
Prosthetics for nasal perforations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

ObjectiveProsthetics serve as an option for nasoseptal perforation treatment in patients who have active systemic disease, are poor surgical candidates, or wish to avoid surgery. Through systematic review of the literature on prosthetics for nasoseptal perforation treatment, the objective of the present study is to critically appraise previous studies, evaluate the success rate for nasoseptal prosthetics, provide evidence-based guidelines for nasoseptal prosthetic use, and identify areas for further investigation.Data SourcesCochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science.Review MethodsData sources were queried for relevant articles published from 1965 to 2013. Articles were selected for inclusion if they presented primary data for human nasoseptal perforation treatment utilizing prosthetic materials. Each included article’s level of evidence and risk of bias were identified and grades of recommendation were assigned. A quantitative meta-analysis was performed on articles with low ...
Frequency and metrics of square-wave jerks: influences of task-demand characteristics.

PURPOSE. Square-wave jerks (SWJs) during visual fixation and pursuit tracking of targets of varying speed and predictability were investigated in the present study. METHODS. SWJs were measured in 91 subjects as they fixated a target or a remembered target location and tracked targets that varied in velocity and predictability. RESULTS. Percentages of subjects making SWJ and mean SWJ frequency per minute in the high- and low-predictability conditions were 99% and 9.34 and 91% and 2.78, respectively. SWJ rates were significantly lower when observers fixated remembered target locations rather than visual targets and during tracking of faster-moving and less predictable targets. Differences in task conditions cannot be explained by volitional influences to control the first saccade in the SWJ. There was also no influence of age on SWJ rate. CONCLUSIONS. Reduced SWJ rates after manipulations that increased task demands on visual pursuit of targets suggest an inverse relationship between current demands imposed by visual tasks and rates of intrusive saccades. These findings suggest that signals from cortical attentional systems may suppress inappropriate saccades that would divert the eyes from objects of interest during conditions imposing high task demands on the visual system.
fourier asymptotics of fractal measures

Abstract A measure μ on R n will be called locally uniformly α-dimensional if μ(Br(x)) ⩽ crα for all r ⩽ 1 and all x, where Br(x) denotes the ball of radius r about x. For ƒ ϵ L 2 (dμ) , the measure ƒ dμ is in I′ so (ƒ dμ) is well-defined. We show it is locally in L2 and sup r⩾1 r δ−n ∫ B r (y) |(f dμ) ^ (ξ)| 2 dξ ⩽ c ∥f∥ 2 · Under additional hypotheses we show that lim r→∞ r δ−n ∫ B r (y) |(f dμ) ^ (ξ)| 2 (ξ)| 2 dξ is comparable in size to ∥ƒ∥ 2 2 . A number of other related results are established. The special case when α is an integer and μ is the surface measure on a C1 manifold was treated by S. Agmon and L. Hormander (J. Analyse Math. 30, 1976, 1–38).
The synthesis of new diaza-N-pivot lariat 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 macrocycles

Abstract Nine diaza-15-crown-5 and nine diaza-18-crown-6 macrocycles containing tertiary aminoalkyl and hydroxyalkyl side groups attached to one of the ring nitrogen atoms have been prepared in good yields. The ring closure step involved the reaction of a bis -secondary amine containing the tertiary aminoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl substituent with ethylene glycol bis -(2-iodoethyl)ether or diethylene glycol bis -(2-chloroethyl)ether plus sodium iodide. The starting tertiary aminoalkyl- or hydroxyalkyl-substituted bis -secondary aimine was prepared by reacting N-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl]acetamide or its benzamide analogue with a primary amine.
Language in Science Education as a Gatekeeper to Learning, Teaching, and Professional Development

In this study, I used a feminist poststructural perspective to explain how language is a gatekeeper in learning science, in achieving professional honors in teaching science, and in teaching science to English language learners. The various uses of language revealed interesting dynamics related to the culture of power of language and the culture of power of science along race–ethnicity, gender, and class dimensions for teachers. Teachers did not necessarily see language as having distinct purposes and uses. This further maintained the gatekeeping nature of language and discourse in science education. I discuss implications for looking at language in science education for teacher professional development and student learning.
Unsupervised learning for autonomous systems

This paper addresses the impact of neural networks on autonomous systems. Some neural network models are used to illustrate the effectiveness and suitability of these networks for space exploration. Fault tolerance and self learning capabilities of neural networks are used to illustrate such suitability. The advantages and disadvantages of the utilization of neural networks in autonomous systems are discussed and contrasted with the conventional systems currently in use.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synaptic AMPA Receptor Plasticity and Behavior

The ability to change behavior likely depends on the selective strengthening and weakening of brain synapses. The cellular models of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) of synaptic strength, can be expressed by the synaptic insertion or removal of AMPA receptors (AMPARs), respectively. We here present an overview of studies that have used animal models to show that such AMPAR trafficking underlies several experience-driven phenomena—from neuronal circuit formation to the modification of behavior. We argue that monitoring and manipulating synaptic AMPAR trafficking represents an attractive means to study cognitive function and dysfunction in animal models.
The "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon in aphasia

Forty-two male aphasics, classified as Broc's, Wernicke's, anomic, and conduction, were examined for their ability to partially retrieve acoustic features of words they could not provide in a confrontation naming task (the "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon). The results indicated that conduction aphasics were superior to Wernicke's and anomic asphasics in their ability to identify both the first letter and the syllabic length of the words they could not name. Since the aphasic groups were comparable in their naming difficulty, the findings could not be attributed to degree of wordfinding impairment. The difference between groups that were obtained using the TOT technique are discussed with regard to differences in the word finding process.
A Commemoration and a Historical Mediation

One hundred years have now passed since the founding of the Mississippi Valley His torical Association, which has become the Organization of American Historians (oah). Anniversaries are, as Margot Minardi has argued in her recent dissertation, a means of not only linking the past and present, but also a means of remaking both. In com memorations, the past is simultaneously remembered, forgotten, and remade as a tool to reshape the present. In this commemoration I will recall a century of historical writing, quite selectively, and many of you might think quite eccentrically, to try to shape the present of historical writing and our public activities in the world.1 I am acting, I want to emphasize, as a commemorator. Ian Tyrrell is already doing a history of the organization and doing it better than I could. Commemorating is a much more modest endeavor. Like memory, myth, fiction, and filmmaking, commemorating makes claims on the past, and the differences between these claims and history cannot be reduced down to true and false. To make things even more difficult, these various ap proaches also can mix. Historians have memories and historians find themselves com memorators.2
Ages of origin and destination for a difference in life expectancy

Decomposition of a difference in life expectancies may identify ages at which the difference originates in mortality differences, or may identify age at which the difference results in different values of person-years lived (life table population). This study shows that the two approaches are orthogonally related to each other, and derives an origin-destination decomposition matrix in which summing in one direction produces Andreev's origin-decomposition results, while summing in the other direction produces destination-decomposition corresponding to directly-observed differences in nLx values.
Wideband precision current sources for integrated circuits

This article introduces two new configurations for precision current sources and current mirrors. Both circuits use n-p-n bipolar devices, but one provides a current source while the other provides a current sink. This permits the use of current sources in IC designs implemented with processes that do not allow p-n-p devices. Analog building blocks such as voltage-to-current converters, active loads, and sink and source current mirrors can be constructed from the new circuits using only n-p-n devices. Furthermore, because these circuits achieve the required precision without the use of high-gain amplifiers, the bandwidths of the circuits are large compared to conventional configurations. The source currents are dependent on a single reference voltage and exhibit good temperature sensitivity.
In situ purification, alloying and casting methodology for metallic plutonium

Abstract Plutonium metal that has been double ER (electrorefined/electrorefining) was further purified via zone refining, using a floating molten zone to minimize the introduction of impurities. The temperature of the molten zone was 750°C, and the atmosphere was 10−5 Pa. A total of ten zone refining passes were made at a travel rate of 1.5 cm/h. There were 19 elements reduced to quantities below the minimum detectable limits (MDL) by zone refining, while P, K, and W were significantly reduced. The zone-refined metal was then used in an in situ distillation, alloying, and casting step to prepare tapered specimens for single-crystal growth experiments. Specifically, 241Am was distilled from Pu metal by levitating Pu metal with 1 wt% Ga in the melt in a Crystallox vertical electromagnetic levitation crucible at 10−5 Pa. The Pu is alloyed with Ga to stabilize the δ phase (fcc symmetry) upon solidification. The Pu was chill-cast directly from the electromagnetic levitation field into 1- cm tapered specimens. A water-cooled ceramic mold was used, and the Pu metal was cooled at a rate of 100°C/min. A microstructure examination of the specimen showed 10 × 25 μm acicular grains with a density of 15.938 g/cm3 (±0.002 g/cm3).
Pressure dependent resonant frequency of micromechanical drumhead resonators

We examine the relationship between squeeze film effects and resonance frequency in drum-type resonators. We find that the resonance frequency increases linearly with pressure as a result of the additional restoring force contribution from compression of gas within the drum cavity. We demonstrate trapping of the gas by squeeze film effects and geometry. The pressure sensitivity is shown to scale inversely with cavity height and sound radiation is found to be the predominant loss mechanism near and above atmospheric pressure. Drum resonators exhibit linearity and sensitivity suitable to barometry from below 10 Torr up to several atmospheres.
Lipases and HDL metabolism

Plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are strongly inversely associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and overexpression of HDL proteins, such as apolipoprotein A-I in animals, reduces progression and even induces regression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, HDL metabolism is recognized as a potential target for therapeutic intervention of atherosclerotic vascular diseases. The antiatherogenic properties of HDL include promotion of cellular cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport, as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties. The molecular regulation of HDL metabolism is not fully understood, but it is influenced by several extracellular lipases. Here, we focus on new developments and insights into the role of secreted lipases on HDL metabolism and their relationship to atherosclerosis.
VideoZoom: a spatiotemporal video browser for the Internet

We describe a system for browsing and interactively retrieving video sequences over the Internet at multiple spatial and temporal resolutions. Each video sequence is decomposed into a hierarchy of video view elements that are retrieved in a progressive fashion. The client browser builds the views of the video sequence by retrieving, caching and assembling the view elements, as needed. This allows the user to quickly browse the video over the Internet by starting with a coarse, low-resolution view and by selectively zooming-in along the temporal and spatial dimensions. We demonstrate that the video view element method is able to represent and deliver the video in a compact form while significantly speeding up the access and progressive retrieval over the Internet.
Play therapy in elementary schools.

Because the child's world is a world of action and activity, play therapy provides the psychologist in elementary-school settings with an opportunity to enter the child's world. In the play therapy relationship, toys are like the child's words and play is the child's language. Therefore, children play out their problems, experiences, concerns, and feelings in a manner that is similar to the process of talk therapy. This article provides practical information for developing a play therapy program, a discussion of the skills needed by the psychologist, how to involve parents and teachers in the treatment process, and a review of impressive effect sizes found in play therapy research studies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel Interventions with Favorable Resolution of Natalizumab-Induced Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) (P07.062)

Objective: To describe the outcomes of early detected progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis (NTMS) patients utilizing novel interventions. PML is an opportunistic brain infection caused by the JC virus (JCV) in NTMS patients. Background To address the need for effective approach to ameliorating PML. Design/Methods: Our empirical protocol for early diagnosis of PML in NTMS patients uses cranial MRIs at 4-6 month intervals or with new symptoms. Diagnosis was based on PML suspected MRI findings and positive JCV PCR in the CSF. Management consisted of plasma exchange, subcutaneous filgrastim 5 mg/kg/day (to restore lymphocyte adhesion capacity and immuno surveillance), oral maraviroc 150 mg twice daily (to modulate T cell recruitment), and oral mefloquin 300 mg/day and mirtazapine 50 mg/day (for their putative anti JCV effects). Patients were concurrently monitored using weekly contrast-MRIs and received intravenous corticosteroids upon emergence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Results: Six patients with NTMS were diagnosed with PML after 29-54 months of treatment. MRI discovered PML in two asymptomatic and two mildly symptomatic ones. Medications were well tolerated. Except for transient worsenings and seizures during IRIS, these patients did not significantly progress, remaining independent. Two of them already resumed employment, and the third one is soon expected to, as well. The two patients who were more severely symptomatic at diagnosis suffered intensified deficits, precluding independence. MS activity reoccurred in two patients after 6 and 8 months. Duration of post PML follow up 6-28 months. Conclusions: Our novel approach to PML in NTMS patients included monitoring that allowed very early diagnosis and administration of filgrastim and maraviroc, which likely contributed to the favorable clinical outcome in four patients. The two symptomatic at diagnosis patients remain incapacitated, though this regimen may have prevented fatal outcomes. The present interventions are of clinical significance and warrant further exploration. Disclosure: Dr. Stefoski has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Acorda, Serono, Elan, and Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Stefoski has received royalty payments from Acorda Therapeutics. Dr. Stefoski has received research support from Biogen Idec, Novartis, Serono, and Pfizer. Dr. Ko has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Serono, Inc., and Teva Neuroscience for consulting services. Dr. Javed has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Serono, Inc., Novartis, Questcor and Biogen Idec as a consultant and/or speaker. Dr. Balabanov has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Teva Neuroscience and Genzyme as a consultant, and speaker bureau honoraria from Biogen Idec and Teva Neuroscience.Dr. Balabanov has received research support from Biogen Idec.