cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Synthesis and Luminescence Applications of Colloidal Semiconductor Quantum Dots

We describe the close connection between novel chemical synthesis and optimized light emission by colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (qdots). We describe how new insights and systematic improvement in synthesis and characterization have led to highly luminescent qdots that are now used in three-color liquid-crystal displays in large televisions. We outline synthetic and structural issues that require further work to enable additional applications in solar concentrators, solid-state lighting, single-photon devices, optical computing, and in vivo infrared medical imaging. Chemical synthesis is the most creative and critical aspect of colloidal qdots.
Peptides in immunoengineering

Abstract The immune system plays a critical role in our health. When functioning correctly, the immune system continually protects us from the most common to the most deadly and mysterious maladies: common influenza to HIV and cancer. When functioning incorrectly, autoimmune diseases such as diabetes and multiple sclerosis ensue. Understanding how the immune system functions and learning how to rationally control it to protect against or treat disease has been a challenge historically burdened by the immunology and medical fields. Recently, exciting strides in immunological discoveries and investigational tools have allowed outsiders to enter the fold, chief among them being the biomaterials field. With biomaterials as an engineering tool, rational manipulation of the immune system at the cellular and molecular levels has expanded, shedding new light on the functioning of the immune system while also showing promising preclinical and clinical data for more effective and safer treatments. As a flourishing subset of the biomaterials field, peptides have been used as a major design component of the immune engineering strategy. Peptides, because of their chemically defined nature, engineerability, and range of complexity, provide useful functionalities when designing strategies for vaccination, cancer immunotherapy, and the treatment of autoimmune disorders. This chapter will examine the peptide-based strategies for immune modulation in detail and discuss the promise and outstanding challenges facing the field of immune engineering.
The Inescapable Corporeality of Occupation: Integrating Merleau-Ponty into the Study of Occupation

ABSTRACTSince the time of Descartes, western science has tended to separate and prioritize the mind over the body when studying human behavior. Consequently, the corporeal dimension of human activity is often overlooked in studies of participation in meaningful occupation. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the body's fundamental and active role in sensory perception and to encourage occupational scientists to consider the body as an intelligent and intentional repository of experiential knowledge that is predisposed to draw an actor towards particular behaviors at a pre-reflective level. To achieve this end, we present a focused discussion on Merleau-Ponty's concepts of the corporeality of perception, grip, coupling, ecart, and reversibility. These concepts enable occupational scientists to consider perception and action as phenomena that are predicated on an active body that incorporates experiences of participation in occupation. Merleau-Ponty's philosophy portrays the body as a sediment of past...
Critical path planning under uncertainty

This paper concerns a CPM network in which individual job times are random variables. Specifically the time for each job consists of a component which is a linear function of the investment (up to some maximum) in that job and a random variable that is independent of the investment. It is desired to find the minimum investment required as a function of expected project completion time. The problem is solved by a cutting plane technique in which the investment allocations yield feasibility cuts. Because of the special structure of this problem, these cuts can be generated by solving a sequence of longest path problems in an acyclic network.
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: The Benefits of the Additional Dimension

Over the past 3 decades, echocardiography has become a major diagnostic tool in the arsenal of clinical cardiology for real-time imaging of cardiac dynamics. More and more, cardiologists' decisions are based on images created from ultrasound wave reflections. From the time ultrasound imaging technology provided the first insight into the human heart, our diagnostic capabilities have increased exponentially as a result of our growing knowledge and developing technology. One of the most significant developments of the last decades was the introduction of 3-dimensional (3D) imaging and its evolution from slow and labor-intense off-line reconstruction to real-time volumetric imaging. While continuing its meteoric rise instigated by constant technological refinements and continuing increase in computing power, this tool is guaranteed to be integrated in routine clinical practice. The major proven advantage of this technique is the improvement in the accuracy of the echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac chamber volumes, which is achieved by eliminating the need for geometric modeling and the errors caused by foreshortened views. Another benefit of 3D imaging is the realistic and unique comprehensive views of cardiac valves and congenital abnormalities. In addition, 3D imaging is extremely useful in the intraoperative and postoperative settings because it allows immediate feedback on the effectiveness of surgical interventions. In this article, we review the published reports that have provided the scientific basis for the clinical use of 3D ultrasound imaging of the heart and discuss its potential future applications.
Effects of Recovery High School Attendance on Students' Mental Health Symptoms

Recovery high schools are one form of continuing care support for adolescents with substance use or other co-occurring disorders. Using a controlled quasi-experimental design, we compared mental health symptom outcomes at 6 months for adolescents who attended recovery high schools vs. non-recovery high schools (e.g., traditional or alternative schools). The propensity score balanced sample included 194 adolescents (134 in recovery schools, 60 in non-recovery schools) enrolled in schools in MN, WI, or TX (average age = 16; 86% White; 51% female). Baseline data indicated that this is a dually diagnosed population-94% of students met criteria for at least one mental health diagnosis and 90% had received mental health treatment distinct from treatment for substance use disorders. Results from multilevel logistic regression models indicated that at the 6-month follow-up, adolescents attending both recovery and non-recovery high schools reported substantial improvements in mental health symptoms. However, there were no significant differences in mental health outcomes between the two groups. We conclude that although recovery high schools offer promise for reducing substance use and improving academic success, and while adolescents' mental health symptoms improved between baseline and follow-up, recovery high schools may have minimal differential effects on adolescents' mental health symptoms.
The female brain hypoestrogenic continuum from the premenstrual syndrome to menopause. A hypothesis and review of supporting data.

OBJECTIVE : To propose a theory to help unify the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), postpartum blues and depression, the perimenopausal transition and menopause. STUDY DESIGN : A review of supporting data is used to explain the possible neuroendocrine mechanism upon which the hypothesis is based. CONCLUSION : The brain in women has been shown to be an estrogen target organ. Common symptoms are shared by women complaining of PMS, postpartum blues, the perimenopausal transition and menopause : depression, sleep disturbance, irritability, anxiety and panic, memory and cognitive dysfunction and a decreased sense of well-being. The antiestrogens progesterone, progestin and tamox-ifen may also elicit these same symptoms. It is proposed that whenever brain estrogen levels fall below the minimum brain estrogen requirement, for whatever reason and at whatever age, brain center dysfunction may ensue.
The Actual Eyring Models for Thixotropy and Shear-Thinning: Experimental Validation and Application to EHD

The Eyring sinh law is presently the most well-accepted model for shear-thinning of EHDlubricants at high pressure. It was, however, not accepted for this purpose by Eyring, whofound it to be of only limited usefulness for thixotropy. Then, it is extremely important thatthese models receive a critical review using data obtained by modern methods to evaluatethe actual Eyring models and show how they differ from the model in use today. Data fromhigh-pressure viscometers were used to validate the actual Eyring models. The Ree-Eyring model for shear-thinning obeys time-temperature-pressure superposition. A ﬁlmthickness calculation shows it to suffer from the same anomalous behavior in slidingcontact as does the sinh law. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1792693#
Additive Gruppen von Folgen Ganzer Zahlen

Die Folgen ganzer Zahlen {an} (vom Typus ω) bilden auf Grund der Addition {an} + {bn} = {an + bn} eine abelsche Gruppe F. Diese Gruppe F und gewisse ihrer Untergruppen sollen im folgenden untersucht werden. Als erstes werden wir zeigen, dass jede abzahlbare Untergruppe von F eine freie abelsche Gruppe ist (Satz I; eine abelsche Gruppe heisst eine freie abelsche Gruppe, wenn sie eine solche Teilmenge B — Basis genannt — besitzt, dass jedes Gruppenelement J darstellbar ist in der Form \(\mathcal{J} = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {{n_i}{b_i}}\), ni ganz, bi ∈ B und wenn aus Σ nibi = 0, bi∈ B, bi ≠ b, fur i ≠ j folgt, dass ni = 0; da alle betrachteten Gruppen abelsch sind, werden wir statt «freie abelsche Gruppe» auch kurz «freie Gruppe» sagen.) Die Gruppe F selbst dagegen ist nicht frei. Wir werden namlich zeigen, dass F eine nicht freie Untergruppe der Machtigkeit ℵ1 besitzt (Satz II, der dasselbe auch fur gewisse Untergruppen von F aussagt); die F selbst betreffende Behauptung ist darin enthalten, da jede Untergruppe einer freien Gruppe frei ist (vgl. z. B. S. Lefschetz [1], S. 50).
Cirrus: An Automated Protocol Analysis Tool.

Cirrus is a tool for protocol analysis. Given an encoded protocol of a subject solving problems, it constructs a model that will produce the same protocol as the subject when it is applied to the same problems. In order to parameterize Cirrus for a task domain, the user must supply it with a problem space: a vocabulary of attributes and values for describing spaces, a set of primitive operators, and a set of macro-operators. Cirrus' model of the subject is a hierarchical plan that is designed to be executed by an agenda-based plan follower. Cirrus' main components are a plan recognizer and a condition inducer. The condition inducer is based on Quinlan's ID3. Cirrus has potential applications not only in psychology but also as the student modelling component in an intelligent tutoring system.
Surface Structure, Intonation, and “Focus”

The paper briefly reviews a theory of intonational prosody and its relation to syntax, and to certain oppositions of discourse meaning that have variously been called “topic and comment”, “theme and rheme”, “given and new”, or “presupposition and focus.” The theory, which is based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar, is presented in full elsewhere. The present paper examines its implications for the semantics of “focus”.
POWERING STUDY TECHNIQUE APPLIED TO A PUSHER TUG GEARED-DIESEL INSTALLATION

This paper presents a rational approach to the selection of the main components of a medium-speed marine diesel installation. The technique described matches the engine, reduction gear, and propeller and determines a measure of merit for each combination. This matching calculation is based on the speed-power characteristics of the vessel's hull, essential information about the trade route, and vendors' prices. A computer program developed using this design technique is presented with the results of a pusher tugboat powering study.
An Introduction to Neutron Scattering

It has been stated that the neutron is the most versatile probe of condensed matter systems. While some may dispute this, it is clear that the unique properties of the neutron make it an extremely important, and in many instances, unique probe of interstitial alloy systems. Neutron scattering can not only examine the structure of the alloys, including unambiguous determination of the location and occupancy of the interstitial species, but can measure the diffusion of the interstitial species and determine the shape and depth of the potential in which the interstitial atom is found. Furthermore, neutron scattering can follow, in detail, the changes in magnetic ordering and coupling which accompany the insertion of interstitial species into magnetic phases. Since the neutron is a neutral, weakly interacting probe, it allows investigation of the bulk versus near surface properties and the easy study of alloys in low and high temperature environments (mK-2000°C) and in high pressure environments of several kbar. While some of the information determined from neutron measurements may be extracted from other methods, including x-ray scattering, Mossbauer spectroscopy, NMR and other techniques, none provide the breadth and microscopic detail of neutron scattering. In order to appreciate the vast range of opportunity afforded by neutron scattering, it is useful to review the fundamentals of neutron scattering and then to consider, in a second chapter, specific examples of neutron studies of interstitial alloy systems. Comprehensive texts on neutron scattering have been written by Bacon [1], Windsor [2] and others. In addition, a three volume set in “Experimental Methods in Physics” [3] is dedicated to the subject, and includes numerous reviews of methods and results, covering many of the subjects discussed here. An earlier book also covers many of these topics [4].
Phenomenology as First Philosophy: A Prehistory

When Husserl explicitly construed his phenomenology as first philosophy, he knew that he was placing himself into a long tradition in Western philosophy.1 One can witness the emergence of this project of phenomenology as first philosophy already in the first decade of the twentieth century, in the wake of the establishing phenomenology as mathesis universalis.
Scrotal injuries during neonatal circumcision.

Summary Objective To report very rarely encountered scrotal injuries during neonatal circumcision. Hospitals and physicians in the authors' country are mandated to report circumcision complications to the Ministry of Health. Those reports include the discharge summary from the emergency room or the admitting department. This is believed to be the first case series describing scrotal injuries during ritual circumcision. Patients and methods Reports of all circumcision complications between 2007 and 2014 were evaluated. Retrieved data on cases of scrotal injuries included patient's age, time between injury and hospital admission, nature of the injury, and administered treatment. Results Twelve of a total of 489 reports of circumcision injuries involved the scrotum (2.5%). All circumcisions were performed during the neonatal period, and the infants were admitted on the day of injury. The only related genital injury was significant shortage of penile skin reported in six patients. Scrotal exploration and skin closure in the operating room was undertaken in six cases, five under general anesthesia. Suture closure in the emergency department was performed in three patients, and the scrotal skin was left to heal with secondary intention in three other patients. Scrotal content injury that extended to the tunica vaginalis of the testis was noted in one exploration. Discussion The injuries sustained by the 12 study infants were mostly superficial and are not expected to cause long-term damage, although half of the patients required treatment under general anesthesia in the operating room or under sedation in the emergency department. While all reported patients emerged unscathed from the anesthetic procedures, the possible immediate complications of anesthesia as well as its long-term effects are not to be taken lightly, especially when treating a newborn. Further education of medical providers as well as performers of ritual circumcisions may help lower the risk of this rare injury as well as other more severe complications. Conclusion Scrotal injury during neonatal circumcision is rare. While half of the 12 reported patients required exploration in the operating room, the injuries were mostly superficial and did not involve scrotal content, although they often involved extensive resection of penile skin. Download : Download high-res image (485KB) Download : Download full-size image Summary Fig. 1 . Scrotal skin injury and penile skin deficiency following neonatal circumcision, left to heal by secondary intention.
Continuous Gradient Temperature Raman Spectroscopy of Fish Oils Provides Detailed Vibrational Analysis and Rapid, Nondestructive Graphical Product Authentication

Background: Gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy (GTRS) applies the continuous temperature gradients utilized in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to Raman spectroscopy, providing a new means for rapid high throughput material identification and quality control. Methods: Using 20 Mb three-dimensional data arrays with 0.2 °C increments and first/second derivatives allows complete assignment of solid, liquid and transition state vibrational modes. The entire set or any subset of the any of the contour plots, first derivatives or second derivatives can be utilized to create a graphical standard to quickly authenticate a given source. In addition, a temperature range can be specified that maximizes information content. Results: We compared GTRS and DSC data for five commercial fish oils that are excellent sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3). Each product has a unique, distinctive response to the thermal gradient, which graphically and spectroscopically differentiates them. We also present detailed Raman data and full vibrational mode assignments for EPA and DHA. Conclusion: Complex lipids with a variety of fatty acids and isomers have three dimensional structures based mainly on how structurally similar sites pack. Any localized non-uniformity in packing results in discrete "fingerprint" molecular sites due to increased elasticity and decreased torsion.
Multiscale Characterization and Modeling of Nanosilica-Reinforced Filament Wound Carbon/Epoxy Composite

The addition of nanosilica (NS) particles as secondary reinforcement in the matrix of carbon/epoxy composites is known to improve certain matrix-dominated properties. The current investigation characterizes and models the effects of carbon fiber, NS, and void contents on the full set of lamina-level properties of filament wound compound sites. The properties of interest include the orthotropic elastic properties, strengths, and coefficients of thermal expansion. Multiscale modeling of the lamina properties is validated by comparing predicted and measured properties of multidirectionally reinforced filament wound carbon/epoxy tubes with and without NS. A parametric study is conducted to illustrate the effects of variable fiber and NS contents on the lamina-level thermoelastic and strength properties of filament wound carbon/epoxy composites. Inclusion of NS in the matrix is shown to significantly increase the longitudinal and transverse compressive strengths of the carbon/epoxy material.
Differentiation of 2-hydroxyglutarate enantiomers and its lactones by gas chromatography/electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Rationale 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-hg) exists as enantiomers and can readily undergo cyclization to its lactone. Gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) has been used to separate 2-hg enantiomers in bodily fluids but the assay cannot simultaneously measure cyclic and acylic 2-hg enantiomers. Furthermore, the assignment of ion structures was not verified by complementary MS data. Methods GC/EI-MS and product ion analysis were used to obtain MS and MS/MS spectra of 2-hg, deuterated and 13 C-labeled 2-hg, and 2-hg lactone. Ion structures and EI fragmentation mechanisms were determined by fragmentation pattern and isotopologue comparisons. Using the EI data, a GC/MS/MS assay was developed to separate and detect 2-hg enantiomers and 2-hg lactone enantiomers in blood and urine using a cyclodextrin capillary column. Results A new ion structure was predicted for the 85 m/z fragment than what was previously hypothesized, and the 117 m/z ion was the only fragment unique to the linear 2-hg compound. MS/MS data suggested that the majority of the fragments were the result of secondary fragmentation. Finally, separation of serum and urine 2-hg and 2-hg lactone enantiomers was achieved, and the acyclic 2-hg compound was found to be the major compound detected, though the amount of lactone detected was considerable in a number of samples. Conclusions Unique EI fragmentation pathways for both 2-hg and the 2-hg lactone have been described. Subsequently, the GC/MS/MS assay presented herein has significant potential as a novel clinical assay as it separates and detects both 2-hg enantiomers and the 2-hg lactone enantiomers, a capability which has not been previously demonstrated by any other assay to date.
Solidification processing and cooling rate effects on hexagonal Co22Cr18Cu20Mn16Ti24 high-entropy alloys

Abstract The majority Laves-FCC Co22Cr18Cu20Mn16Ti24 high-entropy alloy (HEA) was studied via electromagnetic levitation processing (EML) to elucidate the effect of cooling rate on the solidification microstructures and phase formation in this alloy. The relationship between the secondary dendrite arm spacing (S-DAS) and cooling rate was utilized to characterize different regions of the solidification microstructures. The cooling rates were determined via the dendrite arm spacing (DAS) equation, DAS = k e − n , with k = 16. The Co22Cr18Cu20Mn16Ti24 alloys were initially made using arc-melting to produce spherical 1.5 g buttons, which were then processed via EML. The molten samples were dropped from either either completely molten state, dropped during solidification, dropped during re-melting, or solidified in the magnetic field. Microstructural characterization indicated that depending on the cooling rate, the sample may contain two to four phases. It was found that high cooling rates ( ≳ 1 0 2 K/s) led to the suppression of the randomly dispersed CoTi-rich dendrites. At slow cooling rates, all four phases were present, while at cooling rates ≳ 1 0 2 K/s, hexagonal dendrites surrounded by FCC interdendritic matrix were seen. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) displayed three distinct peaks at at 905 °C, 1205 °C, and 1295 °C corresponding to these phases.
Pathobiology and innate immune responses of gallinaceous poultry to clade 2.3.4.4A H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection

In the 2014–2015 Eurasian lineage clade 2.3.4.4A H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak in the U.S., backyard flocks with minor gallinaceous poultry and large commercial poultry (chickens and turkeys) operations were affected. The pathogenesis of the first H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4A HPAI U.S. isolates was investigated in six gallinaceous species: chickens, Japanese quail, Bobwhite quail, Pearl guinea fowl, Chukar partridges, and Ring-necked pheasants. Both viruses caused 80–100% mortality in all species, except for H5N2 virus that caused 60% mortality in chickens. The surviving challenged birds remained uninfected based on lack of clinical disease and lack of seroconversion. Among the infected birds, chickens and Japanese quail in early clinical stages (asymptomatic and listless) lacked histopathologic findings. In contrast, birds of all species in later clinical stages (moribund and dead) had histopathologic lesions and systemic virus replication consistent with HPAI virus infection in gallinaceous poultry. These birds had widespread multifocal areas of necrosis, sometimes with heterophilic or lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate, and viral antigen in parenchymal cells of most tissues. In general, lesions and antigen distribution were similar regardless of virus and species. However, endotheliotropism was the most striking difference among species, with only Pearl guinea fowl showing widespread replication of both viruses in endothelial cells of most tissues. The expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in Japanese quail, and IL-6 in chickens, were up-regulated in later clinical stages compared to asymptomatic birds.
Clinicopathological features and outcomes of parenchymal rejection in liver transplant biopsies

AIMS The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive retrospective analysis of liver transplant biopsies with parenchymal rejection (PR) at our institution, including histological features, laboratory values and follow-up biopsies, and to compare PR with portal-based acute cellular rejection (ACR). METHODS AND RESULTS Biopsies from 173 patients were evaluated (retrospective database search 1990-2017), including 49 isolated PR, 35 PR with portal ACR (PR/ACR), 34 mild ACR and 52 moderate ACR cases. The rise and fall of serum liver enzymes was calculated as a measure of acute liver injury and response to immunotherapy, respectively. Isolated PR was associated with delayed-onset acute rejection (P < 0.001), as well as younger age (P = 0.004), and showed a similar rise in liver enzymes to mild ACR. PR/ACR and moderate ACR showed the highest elevations in transaminases (P < 0.05). Isolated PR on an initial biopsy was associated with recurrent episodes of PR (P = 0.01), chronic ductopaenic rejection (P = 0.002) and chronic vascular rejection (P = 0.017). Immunohistochemistry for C4d was performed, and strong C4d staining of venules was only detected in one severe isolated PR case (one of three, 33%) and one moderate ACR case (one of 20, 5%). CONCLUSIONS Isolated PR represents a form of late acute rejection with distinct clinical and histological features. There is value in reporting PR in liver transplant biopsies to identify patients at higher risk of developing recurrent PR and chronic rejection. Standardisation of terminology and histological criteria of PR can help in uniform reporting and ensure appropriate management.
Selling the sights: the invention of the tourist in American culture: by Will B. Mackintosh, New York, New York University Press, 2019, 244 pp., US$35.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9781479889372

The tourist is not a beloved figure these days. Contemporary travel blogs are replete with advice on how to ‘Be a Traveller, Not a Tourist’. The (often fuzzy) distinction between ‘tourist’ and ‘tra...
Assessment of Self-Regulated Learning in Service-Learning Project in a First-Year Seminar in Engineering Course

This Full Paper in the Research category examines the use of self-regulated learning in a service-learning project carried out as part of our First-Year Seminar in Engineering coursework. The service-learning project in this course requires that, under a specific project theme given, students complete an engineering project from inception and detailed design to implementation to meet identified community needs. A successful completion of the service-learning project is attributed to key aspects of self-regulated learning. Evaluated with a subset of the Engineering Design Metacognitive Questionnaire, our study shows that first-year engineering students’ use of SRL is at a reasonable level and, compared to the results reported in the literature, not less than the use of SRL by engineering seniors assessed in two pilot studies with capstone design projects.
Liberal phenomenal concepts

In this paper, I offer a third way in debates over the scope of phenomenal consciousness, in the form of a novel synthesis of liberal and conservative introspective observations. My primary claim i...
Abstract 342: A Description of Cardiac Outcomes in Patients With Sickle Cell Trait and Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluated in a National Inpatient Data Sample

Introduction: Sickle cell trait (SCT) is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is a well-established risk factor for progressive cardiovascular dysfunction. Sickle Cell t...
Understanding Binder–Silicon Interactions during Slurry Processing

The conformation of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a function of shear during slurry processing to construct silicon-based anodes is elucidated via rheology-coupled ultra-small-angle neutron scatterin...
Risk factors of septic shock with acute kidney injury in 89 children

Objective We analyzed the clinical data of 89 septic shock in children retrospectively to provide evidence of early diagnosis, treatments and improving prognosis for children who had septic shock and acute kidney injury(AKI). Methods Eighty-nine children were selected from June 2013 to December 2018 in the PICU of Children′s Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics.According to whether accompanied by AKI or not, they were divided into two groups: 56 cases of patients with septic shock accompanied by AKI in the research group, and 33 cases of patients without AKI in the control group.Then we used SPSS25.0 software to analyze the clinical data with univariate and multivariate analysis. Results The mortality of research group and control group were 46.4%(26/56) and 39.4% (13/33), respectively.There were obvious differences between two groups in pediatric critical illness score(PCIS), the number of organ failure, nervous failure, hepatic failure, circulatory failure, lactic acid, γ-glutamyltransferase, creatinine, urea, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin(P 4.1 mmol/L(OR 0.221, 95%CI 0.055~0.885) were independent risk factors for septic shock with AKI. Conclusion The mortality of septic shock with AKI is high.Hepatic failure, PCIS 4.1 mmol/L are independent risk factors.Septic shock is a systemic inflammation which can influence all organs.In order to reduce the incidence of AKI, it′s necessary to pay early attention to the changes of microcirculation such as lactic acid. Key words: Septic shock; Acute kidney injury; Risk factors
Making the Call.

Making the Call A fundamental aim of residency is to impart to trainees a clinical gestalt. But Covid-19 has shaken our gut instincts and thus our ability to answer family members’ simple question:...
Preceptores en Chile. Configuración histórica del profesorado

The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical analysis of the beginnings of the teaching profession in Chile from a critical perspective, starting with the creation of the Normal School of Preceptors of Santiago in 1842, and its work during the middle of the 19th century. What is intended with this article is to provide information and enrich more and more the social-historical study of Chilean education from an actor that, without a doubt, will come to stay, we refer to the teaching staff. The main objective of this work is to know and identify the main characteristics of preceptors in the mid-nineteenth century. From this premise arise some questions that seek to be answered with the future of research such as, What is the context in which the Normal School of Preceptors emerges? Who is part of it? What is the formation of preceptors and preceptors? What are the working conditions and problems that educators face during this time?
Female Disadvantage in Hollywood: How Do Conventions and Audiences Constrain Female Leaders?

This study suggests that deviations from established conventions are evaluated differently depending on the gender of the deviating individual and the audience evaluating the deviation. Female lead...
Information Needs of ABC, TDABC and Hybrid Cost Systems

We present an algebraic comparison of the ABC and the TDABC cost systems for estimating resource usage. We show how the use of time equations permits the TDABC system to be more flexible and to provide greater operational insight than a traditional two-stage system. However, achieving the greater granularity requires significantly more information than is needed for a corresponding ABC system that aggregates the data to the activity level. Indeed, if we hold constant the available infor-mation, a TDABC system can be reformulated as a two-stage ABC system. We develop a hybrid system that preserves key features of TDABC while greatly reducing information needs. We use simulations to compare the performance of ABC and the hybrid system, and find that the hybrid system does remarkably well in capturing resource usage patterns across a range of production environments.
Militarization of the modern American police force

Over the last sixty years, American police departments have been defined by their response to crisis. From the devastating nationwide rioting that took place during the late 60s, through the violent upsurge in crime during the 70s and 80s that was marked by the War on Drugs and the War on Crime, to the present-day Black Lives Matter movement, public spotlight has focused on the police. The goal of this paper is to present a historical overview of the evolution of the modern police force, ranging from specific changes to general developments in both strategy and culture. This paper concludes that the most foundational shifts in police behavior, somewhat paradoxically, have been an increase in so-called “militarization” coupled with an increase in accountability.
A Cognitive Model of Stress

Freely structured interviews conducted to discern the cognitive model of "stress" shared by a group of American graduate students are described. Interview data concern the perceived causes, effects, coping strategies, and inherency of stress. These data are organized according to categories and discrepancies inherent to the sample. Sets of propositional models are developed that illuminate some aspects of the cognitive model. Processes of externalization characterized the subjects' responses at every level and the concept of the individual in opposition to the social environment has figured prominently in this analysis. Although the model is composed of many parts, it may be reduced to a single principle: stress is a response to the perceived threat embodied in the appropriation by others of control over the self-image of the individual.
Hayek contra Pangloss on Evolutionary Systems

Some analysts have criticized Friedrich Hayek's theory of cultural evolution for implying that the rules, customs, norms, and institutions that emerge from the evolutionary process are necessarily efficient or desirable in all cases. This charge is unfounded. The present article defends Hayek versus his critics in two ways: First, it restates Hayek's own objections to the idea that cultural evolution produces optimal outcomes. Second, it shows, through an analogy with biological evolution, that Hayek's theory need not imply any such conclusion. Contrary to a widely held misconception, biological evolution does not produce organisms that are perfectly adapted to their habitats; insofar as cultural evolution shares common features with biological evolution, cultural evolution may be expected to display similar types of suboptimality or mal-adaptation. Insights from the theory of biological evolution also help to illuminate some areas of controversy with regard to Hayek's theory of cultural evolution, including: Hayek's advocacy of gradual change; the question of what selective forces drive the process of cultural evolution; and the alleged conflict between group selectionism and methodological individualism.
Autonomous Driving with Concurrent Goals and Multiple Vehicles: Mission Planning and Architecture

We introduce a new distributed planning paradigm, which permits optimal execution and dynamic replanning of complex multi-goal missions. In particular, the approach permits dynamic allocation of goals to vehicles based on the current environment model while maintaining information-optimal route planning for each individual vehicle to individual goals. Complex missions can be specified by using a grammar in which ordering of goals, priorities, and multiple alternatives can be described. We show that the system is able to plan local paths in obstacle fields based on sensor data, to plan and update global paths to goals based on frequent obstacle map updates, and to modify mission execution, e.g., the assignment and ordering of the goals, based on the updated paths to the goals. The multi-vehicle planning system is based on the GRAMMPS planners the on-board dynamic route planner is based on the i>Da planner. Experiments were conducted with stereo and high-speed ladar as the to sensors used for obstacle detection. This paper focuses on the multi-vehicle planner and the systems architecture. A companion paper (Brumitt et al., 2001) analyzes experiments with the multi-vehicle system and describes in details the other components of the system.
Purification and Properties of C55-Isoprenoid Alcohol Phosphokinase from Staphylococcus aureus

C55-Isoprenoid alcohol phosphokinase from Staphylococcus aureus has been purified by the following methods: cooling of a butanol extract to 0° and then to -20° followed by treatment of the dried enzyme with methanol containing increasing amounts of butanol-1. At a concentration of 30% butanol in methanol, enzyme is eluted as a lipoprotein that is purified 627-fold with respect to protein and about 40-fold with respect to lipid phosphate. Qualitative changes in the lipid composition of the purified preparation were demonstrated as well as a simplification of the protein distribution seen on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Some properties of this lipoprotein are described. Two more purification steps in organic solvents (chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and chromatography on hydroxypropylated Sephadex G-50) led to apoprotein of near homogeneity. The hydroxypropylated Sephadex G-50 column was shown to separate proteins below molecular weight of 30,000 according to molecular weight. The enzyme activity appeared to be associated with a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 17,000.
Barriers to International Trade in Procurement after the Economic Crisis, Part II: Opening International Procurement Markets: Unfinished Business

This paper, presented at the West Government Contracts Year in Review Conference (covering 2010), discusses developing issues in international public procurement. Among other things, the paper suggests that, in 2010, the international procurement market continued to mature, as cross-border barriers to trade continue to fall. Large developing nations - including China and, potentially, India - moved to join the World Trade Organization (WTO) Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), the leading instrument for opening procurement markets. In the United States, while open issues remained regarding how to ensure that the United States meets its own free-trade obligations in procurement, the United States and Canada were able to reach a compromise on U.S. - Canadian procurement purchasing that may open the way for future agreement. That thaw in international procurement markets was in contrast, though, to a new U.S. tax on foreign contractors selling to the U.S. government who fall outside the protection of the GPA and other agreements. More broadly, there was a growing international trend in favor of unified defense-civilian procurement, bolstered by a recent European directive on defense procurement. Freer trade in defense procurement may, however, be affected by efforts to ensure security of supply (including efforts in Europe and the United States) - an area where comparison between the two systems may be useful, as the debate over protecting “critical materials” in the U.S. system is rapidly advancing.
Growth Mechanisms of CVD Diamond Films Determined by a Novel TEM Technique

Abstract A novel transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique is introduced for studying thick as-grown CVD diamond films. For a texture consisting of 2-3 μm-diam grains with (001) and {111} facets, we have found that the core volume bounded by the (001) top facet and orthogonal {110} (i.e., the volume shadowed by the (001) top) is free from microtwins and stacking faults, but may contain a few dislocations. The remaining volume around the core, bounded by {111} facets, is filled with microtwins. The formation of microtwins in CVD diamond is associated with growth on {111}. For a texture with only (001) and near {110} facets, the film is free from microtwins but contains more dislocations. A (001) twin-free column model is described to summarize all these observations.
C Histomorphology of neuromuscular junction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Summary Background: Our objective was to better understand neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods: We examined the NMJs of four children, age 6–13 years, who were diagnosed with DMD. Using our previously established staining technique, we examined the gross appearance of the NMJs in patients with DMD and evaluated the spread of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in relationship to the NMJs. We used a computerized algorithm to measure the area of staining corresponding to AChRs and NMJ. Results: Abnormal shape and morphological appearance of some of the NMJs was clearly evident. The spread of AChRs in DMD patients is comparable with the spread of AChRs in nonDMD patients. Conclusions: The distribution of AChRs in relationship to the boundaries of NMJs in DMD children is similar to the distribution of NMJs in the erector spinae muscles of idiopathic scoliosis patients.
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of BMS-184476, a Taxane With Greater Potency and Solubility Than Paclitaxel

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary activity of BMS-184476 administered as a 1-hour intravenous (IV) infusion every 3 weeks. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with escalating doses of BMS-184476 as a 1-hour IV infusion every 3 weeks without premedication to prevent hypersensitivity reactions (HSR). Plasma sampling and urine collections were performed to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BMS-184474. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were treated with 78 courses of BMS-184476 at five dose levels ranging from 20 to 80 mg/m2. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), consisting of severe neutropenia with fever, severe diarrhea, and/or severe mucositis, was experienced during course 1 by six of nine minimally pretreated patients treated at the 70 and 80 mg/m2 dose level. In contrast, of 15 assessable patients treated at the 60 mg/m2 dose level, which is the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of BMS-184476 on this administr...
Asymptotically optimal model selection and neural nets

A minimum description length criterion for inference of functions in both parametric and nonparametric settings is determined. By adapting the parameter precision, a description length criterion can take on the form log(likelihood)+const/spl middot/m instead of the familiar -log(likelihood)+(m/2)log n where m is the number of parameters and n is the sample size. For certain regular models the criterion yields asymptotically optimal rates for coding redundancy and statistical risk. Moreover, the convergence is adaptive in the sense that the rates are simultaneously minimax optimal in various parametric and nonparametric function classes without prior knowledge of which function class contains the true function. This one criterion combines positive benefits of information-theoretic criteria proposed by Rissanen, Akaike, and Schwarz. A reviewed is also includes of how the minimum description length principle provides accurate estimates in irregular models such as neural nets.
Self-doping in boron sheets from first principles: A route to structural design of metal boride nanostructures

Based on first-principles methods, we present a self-doping picture in atomically thin boron sheets: this shows that for two-dimensional boron nanostructures, adding or removing boron atoms is essentially equivalent to simply adding or removing electrons from a fixed electronic structure. This picture allows us to propose a general design rule for pure boron nanostructures and explains the occurrence of known stable nanostructures. In addition, self-doping provides a powerful tool for finding stable metal boride nanostructures. We illustrate this last point by showing an unexpectedly stable ${\text{MgB}}_{2}$ sheet structure which is likely the precursor of ${\text{MgB}}_{2}$ nanotubes. Our results are easily generalized to other stoichiometries and other choices of metals.
Determinants of inhaled ozone absorption in isolated rat lungs.

Using an isolated rat lung model, we investigated the characteristics of pulmonary O3 absorption, including the contributory role of chemical reaction vs physical solubility. Due to the physicochemical similarities between O3 and NO2, we utilized investigational strategies analogous to those previously employed to characterize NO2 absorption kinetics. The effects of vascular perfusion, temperature, inspired concentration ([O3]i), surface area, and minute ventilation (tidal volume (Vt) times ventilation frequency (f)) on air space O3 clearance during quasi-steady-state exposures were investigated using fractional uptakes (%U) and reactive uptake coefficients (k′) as endpoints. We found the following: (1) At 1 ppm [O3]i (37°C), %U (95 ± 5%) was perfusion independent (60 min). (2) %U displayed temperature dependence (r = 0.99). Activation energies (Ea) and Q10 were computed from Arrhenius plots (ln k′ vs 1/T; r = −0.99). For 1 ppm (11-37°C), Ea = 4140 kcal/g.mol and Q10 = 1.23. (3) Absorption demonstrated [O3]i dependence. At 25°C, ≤1 ppm displayed %U= 86 ± 4% with k′ = 234 ml/min. Exposures >1 ppm resulted in decreasing %U and k′ (5 ppm %U = 60 ± 3% and k′ = 121 ml/min). (4) To evaluate epithelial damage,lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was quantified in cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. For exposures ≤1 ppm LDH equaled control, while for exposures >1 ppm LDH steadily increased to a fourfold maximum at 5 ppm. (5) O3 uptake was independent of functional residual capacity-induced changes in air space surface area. (6) Absorption was proportional to Vt (r = 0.99) and displayed notable ventilation frequency-dependent decline above 70 breaths per minute. Based on the perfusion independence, temperature dependence, and the Ea and Q10, we conclude that O3 absorption in isolated lungs involves a reactive component. While k′ remained stable from 0 to 1 ppm O3, at concentrations above 1 ppm-other contributory factors such as O3/substrate reaction kinetics, epithelial damage, and solute O3 backpressure may affect the overall net absorption rate. In addition, the data suggest that O3 uptake may be principally localized to the conducting airways.