cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functionalization of carbon nanotubes via nitrogen glow discharge.

We have exposed single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to microwave-generated N2 plasma with the aim to functionalize the nanotubes. The results strongly depend on the distance between the discharge source and the sample, since nitrogen atoms generated can be lost due to recombination. No functionalization was observed when this distance was 7.0 cm. At intermediate distances (2.5 cm), the incorporation of nitrogen and oxygen onto the SWCNT was observed, while, at short distances (1 cm), products containing C⋮N were also observed.
Common Property Externalities: Isolation, Assurance, and Resource Depletion in a Traditional Grazing Context: Comment

The traditional property rights model holds that a "tragedy of the commons" externality problem arises when cattle owned by different individuals graze on a common range. In a recent article, Runge argues that overexploitation is not an inherent feature of common property. Instead, he suggests that the common property externality in traditional grazing and other cases is an "assurance" problem which can often be solved by cooperative action. The purpose of this comment is to demonstrate that Runge understates the problems associated with the common property approach to resource allocation. First, we argue that the relationship between the form of the property rights to grazing land and the actions of those who use the land is more complex than claimed by Runge. An individual will not necessarily choose to limit grazing even if he is assured that the others will. Such an outcome is likely to require additional restrictions on users of the commons. Second, even if such restrictions exist, there will be information effects which must be considered in comparing the relative merits of private versus common property resource allocation.
On the origin of deformation microstructures in austenitic stainless steel: Part II—Mechanisms

Abstract Deformation microstructures of austenitic stainless steels consist of profuse pile-up dislocations, stacking faults, nanotwins, and defect-reduced channels as demonstrated in the Part I companion paper of this title [ Acta mater. , 2001, 49 (16), 3269–3276]. Yet the mechanisms of such microstructural evolution are poorly understood. Thus, a comprehensive study was conducted to understand the underlying physics of deformation in metals using radiation damage as a tool. It was found that, for energetic reasons, glide dislocations dissociated into Shockley partials during glide. Consequently, the interaction between a glide dislocation and radiation-induced defects occurs by a two-step reaction, first with the leading partial and then with the trailing partial. With this insight, the origin of deformation microstructures was explained by analyzing Shockley partial dislocations and their interactions with radiation-induced Frank loops.
Light at the End of the Tunnel? Philosophy of Religion and the Near Death Experience

Abstract This article argues that currently many aspects of the Near Death Experience (NDE) remain a mystery, even after the more than two decades of discussion and analysis triggered by the publication of Raymond Moody's ground‐breaking study, Life After Life in 1975. It suggests that one reason for this continuing mystery is connected to the current under‐representation of studies of the phenomenon from within philosophy generally, and philosophy of religion in particular. It questions why this under‐representation should exist, suggesting that the very complexity of the NDE demands a thoroughgoing philosophical analysis, and arguing that philosophy and philosophy of religion have a crucial and rightful role alongside other disciplines within any attempt to gain a total understanding of what NDEs, in essence, are.
A unique subset of developmentally regulated surface proteins turns over rapidly during fusion of the L6 rat myoblast cell line

Abstract We have previously identified several developmentally regulated surface polypeptides in the L 6 rat myoblast cell line, on the basis of their susceptibility to lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination. An analysis of the turnover rates of these polypeptides now indicates that while the bulk of the iodinated polypeptides have a half-life of 20–30 h, four low-molecular-weight polypeptides have half lives of 2–7 h. The half-lives of all of the rapid turnover class surface polypeptides were greatly increased in cultures where fusion was inhibited by chloroquine and in nonfusing variants of the L 6 cell line. In contrast, inhibition of fusion by the metalloendoprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline did not alter the turnover of any iodinatable surface proteins. We propose that some or all of the rapid turnover class of polypeptides may be surface receptors which control cell surface alterations involved in the acquisition of fusion competence or in fusion itself.
Finite-precision analysis of the pipelined ADPCM coder

Roundoff error analysis of a pipelined adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) coder is presented. The pipelined coder has been developed by employing the relaxed look-ahead technique. It is shown that the precision of the quantized prediction error and those of the predictor coefficients are critical and analytical expressions for lower bounds on these precisions are derived. In addition, an expression for the excess mean-squared prediction error due to finite-precision is also derived. Based on these expressions, a systematic method for assigning precision to various signals in the coder is developed. Simulation results with real image data confirm the results of this analysis. >
Gender Differences and Gender-Related Constructs in Dating Aggression

This study examined frequency and severity of physical, symbolic, and psychological aggression between college men and women in 85 heterosexual dating relationships and the extent to which gender role constructs predicted reports of aggression. Although there were no differences on self-reports of perpetration, men reported higher victimization levels than women and higher physical and psychological victimization levels than perpetration levels, whereas women reported higher symbolic perpetration levels than victimization levels. As a result, averaging reports from both partners suggested that women in existing college dating relationships are more aggressive than men. For both genders, stereotypically negative masculine (i.e., instrumental) characteristics were the best predictors of aggressive acts. Perpetrators’ positive masculinity and femininity predicted self-reports of decreased aggression that were not confirmed by their partners. Whereas men’s traditional attitudes about the male role predicted g...
IR-IR-UV hole-burning: conformation specific IR spectra in the face of UV spectral overlap

A new technique, IR-IR-UV hole-burning, is reported for obtaining conformation specific IR spectra when the electronic spectra are too closely overlapped to obtain clean spectra free from interference from other conformations via standard ion dip or fluorescence dip methods. The 4'-aminobenzo-15-crown-5 ether-(HDO) complex is used as an example, on which the method was applied to prove the presence of two conformations having overlapped electronic spectra and to assign IR transitions belonging to the same conformation.
Not a Question of “Should,” but a Question of “How”: Integrating Literacy Knowledge and Practice into Secondary Teacher Preparation through Tutoring in Urban Middle Schools

Abstract The problem of secondary Teachers' resistance to becoming teachers of reading is well documented. Unfortunately, the dominant model for many courses and in-service presentations has been transmission—teacher educators presenting knowledge and strategies for improving adolescent literacy and then expecting preservice and practicing teachers to figure out the implementation part. This article describes an attempt to develop prospective Teachers' understandings of adolescent literacy knowledge and practice within the complicated contexts provided by urban schools. The premise of our programmatic efforts and research is that secondary teachers will find connections between adolescent literacy and their work if they are provided appropriate opportunities for their own learning in complicated school contexts.
Conditional estimation following a group sequential clinical trial

Recently, an unbiased estimator Emerson Kittelson 1997 and an essentially unbiased estimator Todd, Whitehead Facey 1996 have been developed to analyze a group sequential clinical trial after it has stopped. However, for these methods, the expectation of the estimator is not close to the parameter value when conditioned on the stopping time. We propose an approach conditioned on the stopping time, which reduces the discrepancy. The result leads to a group of estimators with less discrepancy and sometimes less mean squared error as well. The new estimators are compared by simulation to five existing methods in the case of a two-armed clinical trial with normal response.
Pairing ground states in fermion systems : a static method

We present a static recursive method that can straightforwardly be applied to variational treatments of canonical many-body systems whose ground states generally exhibit pairing or higher clustering correlations. We illustrate the utility of the method by applying it to an electron system with pairing interactions where we obtain, as expected, a smooth transition between a Bose condensate of tightly bound electron pairs and a superconducting ground state. The method also reproduces the mean-field results for the electron-hole liquid problem as well as the antiferromagnetic insulator ground state of the Hubbard model but in a simpler way. We give a nontrivial application to a model of dense molecular hydrogen consisting of condensed generalized molecules. We show that the effective interaction between identical particles is of such a form that the state undergoes a dielectric catastrophe at a certain finite density. The competition between this abrupt transition and a smooth transition of atomic pairs in the spinless and translationally invariant version of the problem is also discussed.
Fuzzy dynamic localization for mobile robots

In this paper, we introduce a new fuzzy logic-based approach for dynamic localization of mobile robots equipped with a ring of sonar sensors. In this approach, the angular uncertainty and radial imprecision of sonar data are modeled by possibility distributions. From sonar data, a local fuzzy composite map is constructed and fitted to the given global map of the environment to identify robot's location. As a result of this fit, either a unique fuzzy location or multiple candidate fuzzy locations are obtained. To reduce the multiple candidate locations, the robot is moved to a new location and a new local fuzzy composite map is constructed. Then, a new set of candidate fuzzy locations is obtained. By considering the robot's movement, a set of hypothesized locations is identified from the old set of candidate locations. The hypothesized locations are matched with the new candidate locations and the candidates with low degree of match are eliminated. This process is continued until a unique location is obtained. The matching process is performed by using the fuzzy pattern matching technique. The proposed method is implemented on a Nomad 200 robot and the results are reported.
Mechanistic biomarkers for autism treatment

Summary Objective Autism is a syndrome with a number of etiologies with differing mechanisms that lead to abnormal development. This review highlights the need to identify autism subgroups as they each might require unique approaches for prevention or treatment. Methods Targeting treatments to specific mechanisms and utilizing biomarkers can more rapidly advance our understanding of how to classify and treat autism subgroups based on translational mechanisms. We illustrate this approach using mechanisms that may influence the course of autism and provide rationale for selected biomarkers that could guide treatments targeted anywhere from DNA to symptom expression. Conclusions The use of potential biomarkers that point to specific mechanisms of disordered neurodevelopment will help identify meaningful subtypes of autism and will help tailor treatment or prevention strategies for each mechanism rather than solely to a symptom category.
Ionic transport in sodium germanate glasses

Measurements of the electrical conductivity and tracer diffusion coefficient have been made for a series of XNa/sub 2/0:(1-X)GeO/sub 2/ glasses, where X = 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.19, and 0.29. The Haven ratios determined from these measurements show the same trends as earlier work. The dc conductivities of the present study also show the same minimum in sodium ion mobility (at X approx.0.09) as found in the earlier studies. The minimum is shown to be an interplay between the pre-exponential and exponential terms. The activation enthalpy remains almost constant for X less than or equal to 0.09 and then decreases rapidly with increasing X. These changes can be related to the average Ge-Ge separation which varies little below X approx.0.08 but rapidly increases for larger X.
Abilities and neural mechanisms underlying AB performance.

Abstract Schacter, Moscovitch, Tulving, McLachlan, and Freedman propose that infants may make the AB error because of immaturity of the memory system damaged in amnesia (e.g., the hippocampus). They contrast this with the proposal that infants may make the AB error because of immaturity of the frontal lobe system (Diamond; Diamond & Goldman-Rakic). Schacter et al.'s choice of subjects, however, did not permit a test of these 2 proposals, and characteristics of their task, such as length of delay, make comparison with infants difficult. Schacter et al. discuss sensitivity to proactive interference as a possible explanation for the AB error, but sensitivity to PI is more closely associated with frontal lobe damage than with amnesia. Schacter et al. associate perseveration with immaturity or damage to the frontal lobe; it is suggested here that this is better characterized as lack of inhibitory control. Tasks that are most likely to require frontal cortex function are those that demand both short-term memory and inhibitory control. AB is an excellent example of such a task.
Characteristics, dynamics and significance of marine snow

Abstract Macroscopic aggregates of detritus, living organisms and inorganic matter known as marine snow, have significance in the ocean both as unique, partially isolated microenvironments and as transport agents: much of surface-derived matter in the ocean fluxes to the ocean interior and the sea floor as marine snow. As microhabitats, marine snow aggregates contain enriched microbial communities and chemical gradients within which processes of photosynthesis, decomposition, and nutrient regeneration occur at highly elevated levels. Microbial communities associated with marine snow undergo complex successional changes on time scales of hours to days which significantly alter the chemical and biological properties of the particles. Marine snow can be produced either de novo by living plants and animals especially as mucus feeding webs of zooplankton, or by the biologically-enhanced physical aggregation of smaller particles. By the latter pathway, microaggregates, phytoplankton, fecal pellets, organic debris and clay-mineral particles collide by differential settlement or physical shear and adhere by the action of various, biologically-generated, organic compounds. Diatom flocculation is a poorly understood source of marine snow of potential global significance. Rates of snow production and breakdown are not known but are critical to predicting flux and to understanding biological community structure and transformations of matter and energy in the water column. The greatest challenge to the study of marine snow at present is the development of appropriate technology to measure abundances and characteristics of aggregates in situ.
The accumulation from water of 65Zn, 54Mn, 58Co and 59Fe by the mussel, Mytilus edulis

The accumulation from sea water of 65Zn, 54Mn, 59Fe and 58Co by the mussel, Mytilus edulis, has been studied in relation to the stable element levels of these isotopes both in the sea water and in individual tissues. For all four radionuclides the greatest accumulation occurred in the stomach and digestive gland samples and further localization of 65Zn and 69Fe was demonstrated by autoradiography. As the animals were starved during the accumulation period the loss of stable elements by individual tissues was also followed. Again the most notable effect occurred in the digestive gland tissues with the exception of a large loss of iron by the foot. Autoradiography showed that after two weeks accumulation 59Fe occurs in large clusters in the foot, notable in the byssus gland area. These clusters disappear after a further two week period and may thus be secreted into new byssus threads.
Estrogen modulates inflammatory mediator expression and neutrophil chemotaxis in injured arteries.

Background— We have previously shown that estrogen (17β-estradiol; E2) inhibits neointima formation and migration of leukocytes, particularly neutrophils, into rat carotid arteries after acute endoluminal injury. This study tested the hypothesis that E2 inhibits expression of adhesion molecules, chemokines, and proinflammatory cytokines in rat carotid arteries in the early hours after balloon injury, thus attenuating the stimulus for leukocyte entry and negatively modulating the injury response. Methods and Results— Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were randomly assigned to treatment with E2 or vehicle (V) and subjected to balloon injury of the right carotid artery. After 2, 6, and 24 hours, rats were euthanized, and both carotid arteries were processed for real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (2 and 24 hours), ELISA (6 hours), or neutrophil chemotaxis assay (24 hours). Expression of mRNA for adhesion molecules (P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecu...
Unidirectional co-stimulation by a non-mating strain of Tetrahymena thermophila.

Abstract We report that a fatty acid auxotroph of Tetrahymena thermophila (RH179E1) fails to mate, yet retains the ability to co-stimulate normal cells unidirectionally. Thus, co-stimulation can be analyzed experimentally in the absence of pair formation. We show that the co-stimulation of normal cells of one mating type is sufficient to shorten the waiting period for pair formation of those cells with initiated cells. This is the first evidence that co-stimulation causes a hyperinduction of mating reactivity in T. thermophila , generating in turn a positive feedback mechanism for (presumably) gamone production. Co-stimulation by the variant strain is at a maximum after 3–4 h of exposure when the variant and wildtype cells are at a ratio of 1:1. When mixed with wild-type cells, RH179E1 induces the formation of progeny (at low frequency) which inherit exclusively genetic material of the wild-type cells.
A Gaussian Plume Model of Atmospheric Dispersion Based on Second-Order Closure

Abstract A practical model of atmospheric dispersion of a passive tracer based on systematic reduction of the second-order closure transport equations using Gaussian shape assumptions is presented. The model is comparable with conventional Gaussian plume models in complexity, but still maintains the capability to also predict concentration fluctuation variance and to utilize direct measurements of turbulent velocity variances in a consistent manner. Comparison with laboratory data demonstrates the model's ability to produce reasonable predictions for the concentration field.
Distribution of cuticular protein mRNAs in silk moth integument and imaginal discs

The distributions of mRNAs for two cuticular proteins of Hyalophora cecropia were examined with RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. For major regions of larval and pupal cuticle, there was a strong correspondence between the type of cuticle and the predominant cuticular protein message found. Epidermal cells underlying soft cuticle had mRNA for HCCP12, with a RR-1 consensus attributed to soft cuticle, while the epidermal cells associated with hard cuticle had predominantly mRNA for HCCP66, a protein with the RR-2 consensus attributed to hard cuticle. Both messages were found in all areas of the pupal fore- and hind-wings, with modest area-specific difference in concentration being much less than differences in the relative abundance of these cuticular proteins.mRNA for HCCP12 was present in imaginal discs of feeding larvae of H cecropia. Data from Bombyx mori available at SilkBase (http://www.ab.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/silkbase/) revealed that imaginal discs from feeding larvae had abundant mRNA for RR-1 cuticular proteins, representing six distinct gene products. Only discs from spinning larvae had mRNAs that coded for RR-2 proteins arising from 10 distinct genes. Thus, lepidopteran wing imaginal discs can no longer be regarded as inactive in larval cuticle production.
Drug metabolizing enzyme induction pathways in experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disease that compromises hepatic function and the capacity to metabolize numerous drugs. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and nuclear factor-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) are xenobiotic activated transcription factors that regulate induction of a number of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). The purpose of the current study was to determine whether experimental NASH alters the xenobiotic activation of these transcription factors and induction of downstream DME targets Cyp1A1, Cyp2B10, Cyp3A11, Cyp4A14 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), respectively. Mice fed normal rodent chow or methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 8 weeks were then treated with microsomal enzyme inducers β-naphoflavone (BNF), 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP), pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN), clofibrate (CFB) or oltipraz (OPZ), known activators of AhR, CAR, PXR, PPARα and Nrf2, respectively. Results of this study show that (1) Hepatic PXR mRNA levels were significantly increased (1.4-fold) in mice fed MCD diet, while AhR, CAR, PPARα and Nrf2 were not affected. (2) The MCD diet did not alter hepatic inducibility of Cyp1A1, Cyp2B10, Cyp3A11 mRNA levels by their respective microsomal inducers. (3) Constitutive levels of Cyp4A14 mRNA were significantly increased in mice fed the MCD diet, yet further induction by clofibrate was not observed. (4) Hepatic Nqo1 mRNA levels were significantly increased by the MCD diet; however, additional induction of Nqo1 was still achievable following treatment with the Nrf2 activator OPZ.
Dynamic permeability in porous media.

We calculate from first principles the frequency-dependent permeability $\ensuremath{\kappa}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ in porous media for a variety of microstructures. It is found that when $\ensuremath{\kappa}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ is scaled by its static value ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}$ and the frequency by a characteristic ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ particular to the sample, the resulting function exhibits excellent universal behavior independent of microstructure. We advance arguments that delineate the physical reason for the scaling behavior as well as the condition for its validity. Our predictions are supported by observed correlations in sedimentary rocks and experimental $\ensuremath{\kappa}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ measurements.
TH-A-9A-02: BEST IN PHYSICS (THERAPY) – 4D IMRT Planning Using Highly- Parallelizable Particle Swarm Optimization

Purpose: We present a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based 4D IMRT planning technique designed for dynamic MLC tracking delivery to lung tumors. The key idea is to utilize the temporal dimension as an additional degree of freedom rather than a constraint in order to achieve improved sparing of organs at risk (OARs). Methods: The target and normal structures were manually contoured on each of the ten phases of a 4DCT scan acquired from a lung SBRT patient who exhibited 1.5cm tumor motion despite the use of abdominal compression. Corresponding ten IMRT plans were generated using the Eclipse treatment planning system. These plans served as initial guess solutions for the PSO algorithm. Fluence weights were optimized over the entire solution space i.e., 10 phases × 12 beams × 166 control points. The size of the solution space motivated our choice of PSO, which is a highly parallelizable stochastic global optimization technique that is well-suited for such large problems. A summed fluence map was created using an in-house B-spline deformable image registration. Each plan was compared with a corresponding, internal target volume (ITV)-based IMRT plan. Results: The PSO 4D IMRT plan yielded comparable PTV coverage and significantly higher dose—sparing for parallel and serialmore » OARs compared to the ITV-based plan. The dose-sparing achieved via PSO-4DIMRT was: lung Dmean = 28%; lung V20 = 90%; spinal cord Dmax = 23%; esophagus Dmax = 31%; heart Dmax = 51%; heart Dmean = 64%. Conclusion: Truly 4D IMRT that uses the temporal dimension as an additional degree of freedom can achieve significant dose sparing of serial and parallel OARs. Given the large solution space, PSO represents an attractive, parallelizable tool to achieve globally optimal solutions for such problems. This work was supported through funding from the National Institutes of Health and Varian Medical Systems. Amit Sawant has research funding from Varian Medical Systems, VisionRT Ltd. and Elekta.« less
Converting engagement results into action

This chapter suggests ways in which institutions may implement positive change on their campuses and addresses the role of institutional research in disseminating NSSE results and partnering with others in the campus community to use data to inform action.
Plasma Impedance Probe: Simulations and Comparison to Sounding Rocket Mission Data

We report some initial results of simulation and data analysis of a radio-frequency plasma impedance probe flown on sounding rockets. This instrument is used to measure the absolute electron density and electron-neutral collision frequency at ionospheric altitudes. A plasma-fluid finite-difference time-domain (PF-FDTD) simulation is used in conjunction with simpler analytical formulas by Balmain to match the measurements to theory. The effects of an inhomogeneous conical profile or a warm plasma on the impedance are then studied using an improved version of the PF-FDTD model. The effect of spacecraft plasma wake on impedance measurements is qualitatively analyzed using the conical approximation. In particular, a model of the electron wake structure is created for the Sudden Atom Layer (SAL) sounding rocket mission. The spin modulation observed in the electron density measurements during the SAL mission is analyzed. We use the fluid simulation results to suggest corrections to electron density and electron-neutral collision frequency estimates made during sounding rocket missions.
Moment-Rotation Response of Slender Steel I-Girders

While it is well known that slender girders have less ductility than their compact counterparts, this reduction has not been explicitly quantified. This results in limitations on the use of slender girders, and consequently, potential reductions in economy. These limitations are particularly significant in the AASHTO moment redistribution procedures, which exclude the use of girders that fail to satisfy certain compactness requirements. Thus, this paper reports the results of finite-element analysis (FEA) that has been validated by experimental testing of a series of I-girders with plate width-to-thickness ratios and unbraced lengths exceeding the limits for use of these provisions. From the FEA results and the complementary experimental results, the ductility of this class of girders is quantified in terms of moment-rotation response. Furthermore, a moment-rotation model that may be used to represent the ductility of any I-girder that satisfies AASHTO’s criteria for general I-girders is proposed.
Values of Trigonometric Functions

With the obvious exception of tan(90?), every entry in the table is either a rational number or the square root of a rational num ber. On the other hand, the Intermediate Value Theorem tells us that the sine and cosine functions assume all values in the interval [-1,1], and the tangent function assumes all real val ues. So why all the emphasis on these particular values? Why don't we examine in our trigonometry classes some of the other angles that make the sine, cosine, or tangent functions rational or the square root of a rational number? As we will see, the above table essentially provides us with every case where the degree measure of 6 is rational and sin(0), cos(0), or tan(0) is rational or the square root of a ration al number. Chapter 3 of Niven's book, Irrational Numbers, contains a proof of this fact?and provides a list of papers that deal with similar questions?but the arguments are based on facts about degrees of field extensions and the irreducibility of
THE PEP INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

This paper describes the operating characteristics of the primary components that form the PEP Instrumentation and Control System. Descriptions are provided for the computer control system, beam monitors, and other support systems.
Validation of the NESSUS probabilistic finite element analysis computer program

A computer program, NESSUS, is being developed as part of a NASA-sponsored project to develop probabilistic structural analysis methods for propulsion system components. This paper describes the process of validating the NESSUS code, as it has been developed to date, and presents numerical results comparing NESSUS and exact solutions for a set of selected problems.
Multiple electron-beam lithography

A number of multiple electron-beam approaches are currently under evaluation for sub-100-nm lithography. These approaches offer the potential of improving throughput for direct wafer writing and mask patterning and could have far reaching implications for the semiconductor industry. A brief review of important examples of these approaches are given with a discussion on throughput. The current status of two specific approaches, the microcolumn and the single column with a multiple electron-beam source (photocathode), are reported. In particular, a more detailed review of the recent advances in the microcolumn technology is presented.
The influence of sex and diabetes mellitus on survival following acute myocardial infarction: a community-wide perspective

The objective of this report was to examine the effects of sex and diabetic status on in-hospital mortality and 12 year survival following hospital discharge among 4109 patients hospitalized between 1974 and 1986 with acute myocardial infarction. Sixteen general hospitals in the Worcester, MA, standard metropolitan statistical area were included. The age-adjusted in-hospital case-fatality rate was significantly higher in diabetic women (23.3%) than in non-diabetic women (18.9%) (p < 0.05) while no significant difference was noted among men. Over a 12 year follow-up period, the relative risk of dying among diabetic men was 1.56 times that for non-diabetic men (95% CI, 1.43, 1.68). Diabetic women were 1.57 times as likely to die as non-diabetic women (95% CI, 1.45, 1.73). Among non-diabetic subjects, men had a 17% excess risk of death compared to women (95% CI, 1.09, 1.25). No significant difference in long-term mortality was noted among diabetic persons. Thus, the “female advantage” observed in the non-diabetic population was eliminated among the diabetic patients. Randomized clinical trials are needed in the diabetic population to identify specific therapies to reduce their increased risk of death.
“All Cool Women Should be Bisexual”: Female Bisexual Identity in an American NeoPagan Community

This article examines female bisexuality in the Texas NeoPagan community. Based on interviews and participant observation, this article documents and analyzes the various ways in which female bisexuality is performed within a NeoPagan context. The connection between NeoPagan thealogy and bisexuality is addressed. The methods by which female NeoPagan practitioners construct a bisexual identity, the power relations that are negotiated around that identity and the discourse by which practitioners make female bisexuality normative and even idealized within the NeoPagan community are deconstructed and analyzed.
Metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma involving the maxilla.

Metastatic malignancies involving the jaws account for only 1% of all malignancies of the jaws.1 In 22% to 30% of cases, an oral presentation of metastasis is the first sign of the malignant disease.1,2 Distant metastasis of esophageal adenocarcinoma has previously been reported to a number of sites such as the patella,3 retina,4 orbit,5 brain,6-8 mandible,9 stomach,10 pineal region,11 oral cavity,12 and maxilla13 (Table 1). Only one case of metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma has been reported in the maxilla.13 We report an additional case of metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma of the maxilla.
Low flight speed fan noise from a supersonic inlet

A model supersonic inlet with auxiliary inlet doors and boundary-layer bleeds was acoustically tested in simulated low speed flight up to Mach 0 2 in the NASA Lewis 9x15 anechoic wind tunnel and statically in the NASA Lewis anechoic chamber A JT8D refan model was used as the noise source. Data were also taken for a CTOL inlet and an annular inlet with simulated centerbody support struts Inlet operation with open auxiliary doors increased the blade passage tone by about 10 clB relative to the closed door configuration although noise radiation was primarily through the main inlet rather than the doors. Numerous strong spikes in the noise spectra were associated with the bleed system and were strongly affected by the centerbody location. The supersonic inlet appeared to suppress multiple pure tones (MPTs) at or near the fan source Inlet length and the presence of support struts were shown not to cause this MPT suppression
Scanning electron microscopy of cardiac endothelium of the dog.

Tissue obtained from young dogs was fixed in buffered aldehydes by vascular perfusion or direct immersion. Selected hearts were maintained in modified mammalian Ringer's solution for three to five minutes prior to fixation. The chambers of the heart and related valves were exposed by dissection and prepared by routine techniques for observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequent to SEM studies, selected specimens were embedded in Epon 812 and sectioned for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cardiac endothelium, when fixed immediately in buffered aldehydes, presents an essentially invariable surface throughout the interior of the heart. The predominant nuclear bulges and attenuated peripheral plasmalemma are consistently smooth, with occasional marginal ruffles, scattered microvilli and small blebs. Apart from the higher population of nuclear bulges on valvular surfaces, local variations in SEM of endocardium occur in response to the various stages of systole and diastole encountered. These physiological changes do not produce microappendages. Immersion for three to five minutes in (Chenoweth's) Ringer's solution, prior to fixation, produces a substantial population of microappendages. The cellular surface acquires a swirled appearance erupting in microvilli, blebs and ruffles. These exhibit considerable pleomorphism. There is great lability of the endocardial surface in response to a classic “holding solution” widely used in preparatory techniques. In preparing soft tissues for SEM caution must be used if physiological “holding solutions” are used prior to fixation.
Educational Debt and Reported Career Plans among Internal Medicine Residents

McDonald and colleagues surveyed 22 653 internal medicine residents in their final year of residency to determine the relationship between educational debt and reported career plans. They found tha...
CHROMOSOMES OF X-RAY-INDUCED GIANT CELLS IN CHINESE HAMSTER IN VITRO.

THE description of giant cells in biological and medical reports is limited to morphology1,2, biosynthesis3,4 and cellular growth5,6. This communication describes the chromosome status of the giant cells induced by X-irradiation in vitro.
Hypoxia Stimulates Degradation of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase through Accumulation of Lanosterol and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-mediated Induction of Insigs

Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase represents one mechanism by which cholesterol synthesis is controlled in mammalian cells. The key reaction in this degradation is binding of reductase to Insig proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is stimulated by the cholesterol precursor lanosterol. Conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol requires removal of three methyl groups, which consumes nine molecules of dioxygen. Here, we report that oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) slows demethylation of lanosterol and its metabolite 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, causing both sterols to accumulate in cells. In addition, hypoxia increases the amount of Insig-1 and Insig-2 in a response mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Accumulation of lanosterol together with increased Insigs accelerates degradation of reductase, which ultimately slows a rate-determining step in cholesterol synthesis. These results define a novel oxygen-sensing mechanism mediated by the combined actions of methylated intermediates in cholesterol synthesis and the hypoxia-activated transcription factor HIF-1α.
Poly-L-lysine binding to small quantities of different chromatin preparations.

Abstract A method is described for rapidly assaying the binding of polylysine to very small amounts of mammalian chromatin. Sheared chromatin preparations bind polylysine to a greater extent than non-sheared preparations. Removal of some non-histone protein from the chromatin does not change the extent of polylysine binding. The availability of the phosphate groups for binding appears to be a function of the constancy of the histone to DNA ratio in these chromatins.
Biophysical and biochemical studies of the hair in cartilage-hair hypoplasia.

The hair from four patients with classical cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) was studied with respect to its stress-strain characteristics, amino acid composition, solubility in 6 M urea containing reducing agents, and the electrophoresis of the isolated S-carboxymethylated proteins in acrylamide gels containing 6 M urea. Many CHH hairs had the mechanical properties of hairs with reduced disulfide bonds and these properties returned to normal after five minutes' oxidation with 3 % hydrogen peroxide, There was decreased solubility of CHH hair with a deficiency of the filamenlous proteins when 0.1 M mercaptocthanol was the reducing agent; with 0.1 M dithiothreitol as reducing agent, the yield of proteins increased and the electrophoretic pattern was normal. The filamentous and matrix proteins of CHH hair have no gross structural defects, and it is suggested that the decreased reactivity of some disulfide bonds may he responsible for the abnormal biophysical and biochemical characteristics of this hair.
Amino acid sequence analysis of the neuronal type II calmodulin-dependent protein kinase by tandem mass spectrometry.

The primary structure of the neuronal Type II calmodulin-dependent protein kinase has been examined by protein sequence analysis and compared to cDNA-derived sequence . Tandem mass spectroscopic analysis was used for the sequence determination. Comparison with published cDNA sequence data for the alpha subunit revealed that the difference between the alpha- and beta-subunits lay in two insertions into the sequence for the alpha-subunit and a short alpha-specific sequence. The N-terminal amino acid of the alpha subunit which is blocked to Edman degradation has been tentatively identified as N-acetyl-alanine.
Grain boundaries in models of convective patterns

Abstract The situation of 90° grain boundaries in a pair of two-dimensional models of Rayleigh-Benard convection is studied by perturbation analysis near threshold and by direct numerical simulation. In contrast to the work by Manneville and Pomeau (1983), a unique state is found in which the grain boundary is stationary, characterized by a unique wavenumber qs x of the rolls parallel to the boundary, and a unique wavenumber qs y of the rolls perpendicular to the boundary. Two different kinds of dynamical motion result from deviations from these unique values, and these modes have essentially separate dependences on qx and qy . For potential models, the values of the selected wavenumbers coincide with minimization of the potential and with marginal stability to the zig-zag instability, whereas no such agreement is found for non-potential models.
Winners and Losers in a World with Global Warming: Noncooperation, Altruism, and Social Welfare

Abstract In this paper, global warming is an asymmetric transboundary externality which benefits some countries or regions and harms others. We use a simple two-country model to analyze the effects of global warming on resource allocations, the global-warming stock, and national and global welfare.
Supratherapeutic anticoagulation from low-molecular-weight heparin in lung transplant recipients

Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is common after lung transplantation. Enoxaparin is an approved therapy for VTE and anti-factor Xa level can be used to monitor enoxaparin activity. Some studies have demonstrated elevated anti-factor Xa levels are associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage. Having identified a high incidence of supratherapeutic anti-factor Xa levels in lung transplant recipients, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between enoxaparin dose and anti-factor Xa level in this patient population. Methods We identified post–lung transplantation patients with VTE receiving therapeutic enoxaparin who had anti-factor Xa level measured. Standard enoxaparin dosing was defined as 0.9 to 1.1 mg/kg. After identifying a high incidence of supratherapeutic anti-factor Xa levels, we implemented “non-standard” dosing of 0.8 mg/kg. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between enoxaparin dose and anti-factor Xa level; age, body mass index (BMI) and creatinine clearance were included as covariates. Results In the cohort, 18 patients received standard and 8 patients received non-standard enoxaparin dosing. Twelve of 18 patients (67%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 43% to 91%) receiving standard dosing had supratherapeutic anti-factor Xa levels vs 0 of 8 patients (0%; 95% CI: 0% to 37%) receiving lower non-standard dosing (p = 0.002). Anti-factor Xa levels were significantly different between the two groups; the mean anti-factor Xa level was 1.3 IU/ml (95% CI: 1.06 to 1.53) in the standard group vs 0.79 IU/ml (95% CI: 0.67 to 0.91) in the non-standard group (p = 0.008). After controlling for covariates, for each 0.1-mg/kg increase in enoxaparin, the mean anti-factor Xa level increased by 0.18 IU/ml (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.31; p = 0.011; model r2 = 0.53). Conclusions Standard dosing of enoxaparin in lung transplant recipients is associated with a high incidence of supratherapeutic anti-Xa levels. Further study will be required to correlate this finding with risk of hemorrhage.
Role of Ketogenesis in Urinary Sodium Excretion: Elucidation by Nicotinic Acid Administration during Fasting

The recent demonstration of obligatory coverage of urinary ketoacid excretion (UKBV) by urinary sodium excretion (UNBV) suggests that the initial natriuresis of fasting and the sodium retention of carbohydrate refeeding may be related to changes in ketogenesis. If alterations in UKBV cause the changes in UNoV under these two conditions (rather than both being secondary to a third factor), then UKBV and UwaV should also fluctuate together when ketogenesis is influenced by nonnutritive means (nicotinic acid). Therefore, the relationship between UKBV and UNBV was examined after 1 week of starvation in 24 subjects on ad libitum water intake and 77 meq NaHCO3 and 40 meq KCl⁄day. Urine was collected between 0600-1000, 1000-1400, 1400-1800, and 1800-0600 h. There was a significant rise in both UKBV and UNaV during the 2 daytime periods compared to the baseline morning period (0600-1000 h), while the overnight period was similar to baseline. The correlation between changes in UKBV and UN8V relative to the baselin...
On the Lacker-Peskin model for muscular contraction

Abstract We study Lacker and Peskin's version of A.F. Huxley's model of muscular contraction. The model, which presumes a continuous (and independent) distribution of sites of attachment for a myosin cross-bridge, is presumed to apply to uniformly excited skeletal muscles under conditions of maximal overlap of fibres. We show that given velocity as a function of time there exists a unique force as a function of time, and that the velocity-force relation is continuous and one-to-one. We also suggest minor modifications of the model.
Equilibrium commercial activity and travel distributions: Incorporating endogenous prices and travel costs into the Harris-Wilson framework, with some numerical experiments

Abstract A classical equilibrium model of shopping travel distribution is revised and extended to include endogenous travel costs and zonal prices of goods sold. At equilibrium, revenues in each zone are equal to the cost of operating retail facilities, which is a function of the level of sales, while zonal trip ends are a function of the prices of goods and costs of travel. It is shown that when diseconomies of scale prevail in retail activity supply, the equilibrium configuration is always unique. Otherwise, a critical relationship between the corresponding parameter and the parameter representing the residents' sensitivity to the price of goods defines a surface in parameter space whose crossing may result in sudden changes in shopping travel demand, from a unique, stable “nonzero” equilibrium, to unstable, multiple “zero” equilibrium, depending on the magnitude of the zonal trip ends. The application of a simple “quasi-balancing factor” algorithm to the identification of the retail activity and travel system equilibrium illustrates the effects of changes in the values of the system's parameters. The results are in general agreement with classical location theory concepts. Several directions for further extension of the model are discussed in the conclusion.