cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic Physics with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. IV. Relative Oscillator Strengths for Singly Ionized Nickel

Absorption lines of trace metals like nickel are often used to measure the metallicity and depletion in H I regions within our Galaxy and others. Ultraviolet absorption lines from the dominant ion, Ni II, are generally weak, making them a convenient tool to study metallicity and depletion in these environments. As an aid for studies of dust evolution in galaxies, we obtained an adjusted set of precise relative oscillator strengths for Ni II lines occurring at ultraviolet wavelengths. This set of f-values was derived from curves of growth for interstellar absorption toward ρ Oph A, χ Oph, and ζ Oph. In all, absorption from 12 lines was analyzed. Comparison with the compilation of Morton reveals good agreement for the stronger lines but significant differences for the weakest ones.
Action of insulin on amino acid uptake by the immature rat uterus in vitro.

SUMMARY 1. The uptake of ~-aminoisobutyric acid by the immature rat uterus was studied kinetically in vitro, and the stimulatory action of inzulin on uptake was characterized. Other amino acids were also studied for comparison. 2. ~-Aminoisobutyric acid uptake was increased if the uteri were pretreated with insulin for 20 rain or more. The V of the saturable transport was increased by 19 ~ by insulin treatment, but no Kr, change was apparent. 3. Puromycin eliminated the insulin action on e-aminoisobutyric acid uptake within 40 min of treatment. 4. The effect of insulin on ~-aminoisobutyric acid uptake was abolished either by a preliminary 10-min incubation of the uterus with a high concentration (1 mM) of N-ethylmaleimide; or by incubation, concurrent or subsequent, with a low concentration of N-ethylmaleimide (0.05 mM). 5. The uptake of L-proline, L-methionine and glycine, but not that of Lleucine or L-valine, was also increased by insulin treatment. Insulin acted on a Na +dependent uptake; it was without effect on the Na+-independent uptake of either e-aminoisobutyric acid or methionine. The evidence suggests that insulin acts on the A system of amino acid transport in the uterus.
Nanoscale Characterization of Wear Particles Produced From CNF-Reinforced HDPE Composites

Wear debris of materials used nowadays in orthopedic replacements is known to be the major cause of failures in a long-term period. Recent studies showed that the autoimmune reaction to the foreign body is not only the consequence of the material itself, but also depends on the size and shape of the wear particles. In this paper, carbon nanofiber (CNF) reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) debris particles were characterized both quantitatively and morphologically. Various weight concentrations (0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.% and 3 wt.%) and silane coating thicknesses (2.8 nm and 46nm) of CNFs in the nanocomposites were investigated. Wear tests were provided by a pin-on-disk tribometer with phosphate buffered saline as the lubricant. The wear debris was collected, isolated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at high magnifications and also by dynamic light scattering (DLS) particle sizing. The DLS measurements were in general consistent with the SEM observations. Small sphere-shaped wear particles of various diameters (predominantly less than 100 nm) were observed on the SEM images for all materials. The particles’ diameter distributions obtained by the DLS technique also showed that the mean diameters of the majority of the particles were mostly less than 100 nm. No correlation was found between the morphology, as well as the size distributions, of the debris particles and CNF concentrations or silane coating thickness in these experiments.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Warp speed: executing time warp on 1,966,080 cores

Time Warp is an optimistic synchronization protocol for parallel discrete event simulation that coordinates the available parallelism through its rollback and antimessage mechanisms. In this paper we present the results of a strong scaling study of the ROSS simulator running Time Warp with reverse computation and executing the well-known PHOLD benchmark on Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Sequoia Blue Gene/Q supercomputer. The benchmark has 251 million PHOLD logical processes and was executed in several configurations up to a peak of 7.86 million MPI tasks running on 1,966,080 cores. At the largest scale it processed 33 trillion events in 65 seconds, yielding a sustained speed of 504 billion events/second using 120 racks of Sequoia. This is by far the highest event rate reported by any parallel discrete event simulation to date, whether running PHOLD or any other benchmark. Additionally, we believe it is likely to be the largest number of MPI tasks ever used in any computation of any kind to date. ROSS exhibited a super-linear speedup throughout the strong scaling study, with more than a 97x speed improvement from scaling the number of cores by only 60x (from 32,768 to 1,966,080). We attribute this to significant cache-related performance acceleration as we moved to higher scales with fewer LPs per core. Prompted by historical performance results we propose a new, long term performance metric called Warp Speed that grows logarithmically with the PHOLD event rate. As we define it our maximum speed of 504 billion PHOLD events/sec corresponds to Warp 2.7. We suggest that the results described here are significant because they demonstrate that direct simulation of planetary-scale discrete event models are now, in principle at least, within reach.
Studying traffic stop encounters

Racial profiling has received significant consideration in recent years as politicians, police, academics, the media, advocacy groups, and the general public attempt to understand and assess the extent to which this practice occurs in the nation. Despite considerable attention and the investment of substantial financial resources, the question of whether racial profiling exists has eluded a conclusive answer. As more efforts are made to study police traffic stop data, it is crucial that researchers have an understanding of the associated methodological issues. This article considers traffic stop studies from a methodological perspective, discussing the challenges associated with conducting meaningful research of police officer decision making patterns in traffic stop encounters. Using data from a Midwestern community, as well as the experiences of researchers across the country, the authors illustrate and discuss implications for data collection, variables, and data analysis.
A density-dependent stand-level optimization approach for deriving management prescriptions for interior northwest (USA) landscapes

Stand-level forest management prescriptions for federal forests in the interior northwest (USA) have changed emphasis in the past decade from being influenced by economic criteria to being influenced by ecological criteria. The design of forest management prescriptions that maintain stand density levels within a target range is now preferred over the design of prescriptions that maximize net present value. We describe a stand-level optimization process for developing efficient management regimes that uses dynamic programming and a region-limited search strategy. The process develops management regimes by penalizing deviations from a preferred range of stand density. Operational considerations, such as minimum harvest levels, can be important, and are considered as constraints in this modeling process. The timing of harvests is such that entries are only permitted when a minimum harvest can be obtained, when a minimum residual basal area can be maintained, and when harvests are limited to trees with a certain diameter range. Lists of residual, harvested, and dead tree records are available for each decade of the optimal regime. These records of information can facilitate further forest product or habitat suitability analysis associated with forest policy analyses.
The sensitivity of Xenopus laevis tadpole tail tissue to the action of thyroid hormones

Abstract Isolated tail tips from Xenopus laevis tadpoles at different developmental stages were cultured in the presence of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ) at concentrations of 2 × 10 −7 to 4 × 10 −9 M . Tail tissues were found to be sensitive to the actions of both hormones as early as stage 38, which is reached 60 hr postfertilization and approximately 6–12 hr after hatching. Sensitivity to both hormones increases with development, as evidenced by a shortened lag period before the onset of regression, and increased rate of regression, and an increased level of acid phosphatase activity at 50% regression. In all instances, T 3 was found to be more potent than T 4 in terms of eliciting these specific reactions characteristic of metamorphosing tadpole tail tissues. The amount of T 4 in the culture medium that actually entered the tail tips and, hence, was available for evoking metamorphosis was determined. The T 4 concentration in the tail tips varied proportionally with the hormone concentration in the medium. At the lowest medium concentration of T 4 (4 × 10 −8 M ), the tissue concentration was 3.4 × 10 −9 M T 4 . In all cases, the tail/medium T 4 concentration ratio was between 0.1 and 0.2, indicating that the tail tip is not freely permeable to T 4 .
Changes in Rural Libraries and Librarianship: A Comparative Survey

This article offers a repeat of a 2000 survey of rural librarians and how they view librarianship, libraries, and the future of both. The purpose of the 2007 survey was to look for changes and ask questions about community partnerships, staffing, and financial information. The researchers found many similarities between the surveys but a number of distinct changes in behavior and attitudes emerged. These included the shift towards viewing the library as more of a service than a repository of materials, increased dissatisfaction with pay and economic issues; an increase in MLS degree holders; and a trend towards the library being viewed as less vital to the community. The 2007 results showed that almost half of rural libraries engage in community partnerships and that the average rural librarian earns less than $12/hour and has an operating budget of less than $30,000. The changes and results are analyzed along with suggestions for future research.
Picosecond Librational Dynamics In Hydrogen Bonded Molecular Crystals By Time Resolved Coherent Raman Spectroscopy

Optical phonon decay in hydrogen bonded molecular crystals is investigated by time resolved coherent Raman spectroscopy. The importance of low frequency motion in chemically important systems is examined. The low temperature phonon lifetimes, in general, were found to decrease monotonically with phonon frequency. This reflects the density of accepting phonon modes and the decay mechanism. Phonon relaxation in the complicated hydrogen bonded crystals of nucleic acid bases indicate that a more detailed theory is needed than that used to describe phonon decay in hydrogen bonded crystals of amino acids. The measurement of the lifetime and frequencies of the low energy modes can be important to an understanding of chemistry in condensed phases. Picosecond CARS has been used to establish the timescales involved for these motions and has enabled us to uncover the relative lifetimes of many optical phonons in the same crystal.
CORNEAL REACTIONS TO BACTERIUM GRANULOSIS AND OTHER MICROORGANISMS

The conclusions which may be drawn from the results of the experiments here presented are: 1. The cornea of the rabbit is highly sensitive to the action of various injected bacteria. The lesions vary from insignificant, transient changes to severe, destructive panophthalmitis, with fine gradations from the mildest to the violent form of inflammation. Moreover, animals that receive the same organisms show like changes. 2. The varying degree of inflammatory reaction is related to the pathogenicity of the special culture employed; as, for example, is shown by the reactions to Type I pneumococci and to Bacterium granulosis. It is evident that when a microorganism having a certain degree of virulence is used, a lesion of localized vasculonebulous keratitis resembling pannus tenuis or vasculosus of human trachoma can be induced. Thus Bacterium granulosis, Bacillus xerosis, Hemophilus influenzae, Pneumococcus Type II, Streptococcus viridans, and gonococcus can cause the pannus-like corneal changes in the rabbit. Of these organisms, however, only Bacterium granulosis induces early, uncomplicated and enduring keratitic lesions; the others cause first, diffuse keratitis with suppurative lesions; then, as a residual effect, transient, localized, vasculonebulous changes in the cornea. These changes, in contradistinction to the granulosis lesions, are, therefore delayed, complicated, and transient. When, on the other hand, the invasiveness and infecting power of the organisms are low, as is the case with the filtrable, Gram-negative bacillus and the small, Gram-negative bacilli ultimately derived from cases of folliculosis, no marked effect is produced by their intracorneal inoculation. If the pathogenicity of bacteria is high (as shown by Pneumococcus Type I, hemolytic streptococcus, and the remaining bacteria), intracorneal inoculation of the microorganisms leads to serious suppurative or destructive changes. 3. The results of experiments with monkeys indicate that while pannus is not a sequel of experimental trachomatous conjunctivitis, a lesion resembling it follows intracorneal inoculation of Bacterium granulosis. 4. One can infer from these results, therefore, that the stimulus necessary to produce corneal changes in animals, similar to those of trachomatous pannus, is an agent having a definite but extremely low power of invasiveness and infectivity.
Porphyrin-Based Thin-Film Molecular Materials with Highly Adjustable Nanoscale Porosity and Permeability Characteristics.

Mesoporous thin films based on neutral, porphyrin-bridged, tetrarhenium “square” compounds (metallacycles) display permeability to molecules smaller than the dimensions of an individual square cavity, but blocking behavior toward larger species (see schematic representation). The characteristic permeant size cutoff can be systematically and predictably manipulated by decorating the walls of the porphyrin square with axially bound, mono-, bi-, and tetradentate ligands.
Perceptions of rapport across the life span: Gaze patterns and judgment accuracy

Although age-related deficits in emotion perception have been established using photographs of individuals, the extension of these findings to dynamic displays and dyads is just beginning. Similarly, most eye-tracking research in the person perception literature, including those that study age differences, have focused on individual attributes gleaned from static images; to our knowledge, no previous research has considered cue use in dyadic judgments with eye-tracking. The current study employed a Brunswikian lens model analysis in conjunction with eye-tracking measurements to study age differences in the judgment of rapport, a social construct comprised of mutual attentiveness, positive feelings, and coordination between interacting partners. Judgment accuracy and cue utilization of younger (n = 47) and older (n = 46) adults were operationalized as correlations between a perceiver's judgments and criterion values within a set of 34 brief interaction videos in which 2 opposite sex college students discussed a controversial topic. No age differences emerged in the accuracy of judgments; however, pathways to accuracy differed by age: Younger adults' judgments relied on some behavioral cues more than older adults. In addition, eye-tracking analyses revealed that older adults spent more time looking at the bodies of the targets in the videos, whereas younger adults spent more time looking at the targets' heads. The contributions from both the lens model and eye-tracking findings provide distinct but complementary insights to our understanding of age-related continuities and shifts in social perceptual processing.
Familial pheochromocytomas with unusual associations

Abstract Pheochromocytoma occurs in a familial patterm in approximately 10% of patients. Although most familial pheochromocytomas are an expression of the genetic abnormality of neuroectodermal dysplasia or the genetic syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia, some familial pheochromocytomas occur without associated disease. Two patients with familial pheochromocytoma are described. One had an extraadrenal tumor, producing severe renal artery stenosis and in whose family pheochromocytomas were found in three successive generations. A second had multiple pheochromocytomas associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease and a family member with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. The combinations and permutations of these genetic entities form discrete syndromes, with other peculiar interrelationships, pathologically related to an aberration in the migration, growth, and differentiation of the neural crest cells, and emphasizing their common neuroectodermal origin. The unique features that characterize the familial pheochromocytomas and cause diagnostic and therapeutic challenges are reviewed.
The Verdict of Five out of Six Civil Jurors: Constitutional Problems

A criminal jury of fewer than 6 members and a jury in which 5 out of 6 can find a verdict were held unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court for failing to meet the requirements of due process as mandated by the Fourteenth Amendment. In four states—Michigan is one of them—the 5 out of 6 jury is the standard civil jury. Two questions are raised: first, whether such a jury violates the Michigan state constitution; second, whether such a 5 out of 6 civil jury violates the federal Constitutiton even though the civil jury is not protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.
Interfacial energy as a factor in controlling epitaxial behavior

Abstract Experimental results on the epitaxy of metals on ionic crystals are summarized in order to demonstrate that the strength of the interaction between the deposits and the substrate, especially its relative magnitude with respect to the surface energy, is the essential factor which determines the apparent characteristics of the epitaxial behavior. The shape of the deposited nuclei at the initial stage of the epitaxy is found to indicate the most direct evidence of the relation. In the case of metals on ionic crystals, such an interfacial interaction is found to be small. Yet, the change of the interfacial energy, even within such a small range, is found to change the apparent epitaxial behavior drastically. The relation of the magnitude of the interfacial interaction to such epitaxial behavior as the epitaxial temperature, the epitaxial nucleation, the nucleation of multiply twinned particles, the liquid like coalescence, etc. is discussed within this framework with pertinent examples. The loss of epitaxy of Au on NaCl which is cleaved in an ultrahigh vacuum, for example, is explained in the light of the above discussions.
Extracting particle freeze-out phase-space densities and entropies from sources imaged in heavy-ion reactions

The space-averaged phase-space density and entropy per particle are both fundamental observables which can be extracted from the two-particle correlation functions measured in heavy-ion collisions. Two techniques have been proposed to extract the densities from correlation data: either by using the radius parameters from Gaussian fits to meson correlations or by using source imaging, which may be applied to any like-pair correlation. We show that the imaging and Gaussian fits give the same result in the case of meson interferometry. We discuss the concept of an equivalent instantaneous source on which both techniques rely. We also discuss the phase-space occupancy and entropy per particle. Finally, we propose an improved formula for the phase-space occupancy that has a more controlled dependence on the uncertainty of the experimentally measured source functions. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS DISCOVERS THE OPERANT: A REVIEW OF ROGER BROWN'S A FIRST LANGUAGE: THE EARLY STAGES1

Brown's book is selectively reviewed with the aim of noting points of similarity between Brown's psycholinguistic analysis of language acquisition and a functional analysis of verbal behavior. Brown divides early language acquisition into five stages, based on mean length of utterance in samples of child speech. His book concentrates on Stage I, when mean length of utterance first rises above 1.0, indicating that children are beginning to speak in multi-morphemic utterances, and Stage II, when mean length of utterance in morphemes is about 2.25. Multi-morphemic utterances in Stage I consist mainly of ordered sequences of uninflected nouns and verbs, the order being that of the simple declarative sentence (agent-action-indirect object-direct object-locative). The review attempts a theoretical analysis of the functional stimulus control of Stage I syntactic order, concluding that the control must originate partly in relations among events in the environment and partly in covert autoclitic verbal behavior. Increases in mean length of utterance in Stage II are mainly due to the appearance of several “grammatical morphemes” such as the progressive -ing inflection on verbs and the plural -s inflection on nouns. The review attempts a behavioral paraphrase, again in terms of tacts and autoclitics, of Brown's psycholinguistic analysis of grammatical morphemes, concluding that Stage II displays the further development, building on Stage I, of the combined control of verbal behavior by relations in the environment and covert self-generated verbal stimuli. Similarities between Brown's psycholinguistic analysis and a functional analysis of language acquisition suggest that the two viewpoints are converging on a common concern with the stimulus control of verbal behavior.
Properties of an Ethanol−Diethyl Ether−Water Fuel Mixture for Cold-Start Assistance of an Ethanol-Fueled Vehicle

The on-board catalytic conversion of a portion of the ethanol fuel into diethyl ether and water is a possible solution to cold-start problems of an ethanol-fueled vehicle. Before an appropriate catalyst can be selected, it is necessary to obtain information about the thermodynamic properties and flammability limits of an ethanol, diethyl ether, and water fuel mixture system. According to the computational results, the on-board catalyst requires a 40−80% ethanol conversion to diethyl ether for the cold-starting and cold operation of a spark ignition engine. A few selected solid acid materials are evaluated as potential ethanol dehydration catalysts. Resin-based catalysts, such as cross-linked sulfonated polystyrene, fail to satisfy the on-board conversion requirements while γ-alumina material gives a better performance.
Vanishing theorems for torsion automorphic sheaves on general PEL-type Shimura varieties

Abstract We consider the interior cohomology (and the Hodge graded pieces in the case of the de Rham realization) of general–not necessarily compact–PEL-type Shimura varieties with coefficients in the local systems corresponding to sufficiently regular algebraic representations of the associated reductive group. For primes p bigger than an effective bound, we prove that the F p - and Z p -cohomology groups are concentrated in the middle degree, that the Z p -cohomology groups are free of p -torsion, and that every F p -cohomology class lifts to a Z p -cohomology class.
EFFECTS OF SULFIDE ADDITION ON COPPER INHIBITION IN METHANOGENIC SYSTEMS

Abstract Addition of sulfide can play a major role in recovery from heavy metal inhibition in anaerobic systems. Whether adding sulfide as a preventive means before heavy metal inhibition is more beneficial than adding sulfide after exposure to a heavy metal, is an important question. The objective of this research was to address this point by studying the effects of sulfide addition before and after copper inhibition in acetate-fed, methanogenic systems. Anaerobic toxicity assays and batch kinetic studies were performed using serum bottles with an anaerobic acetate enrichment culture. The results showed that recovery is possible with a feed copper to volatile suspended solids ratio (Cu2+/VSS) of 0.011–0.022 up to 15 mg l−1 of added copper. But the system failed with 20 mg l−1 of copper added with a Cu2+/VSS of 0.015. Adding sulfide after copper spiking can take as long as 50 days for recovery from copper (20 mg l−1) inhibition with a high Cu2+/VSS of 0.055. Interestingly, with sulfide addition before 20 mg l−1 of copper spiking, the methanogenic systems recovered rather quickly (within 4–7 days) even though the Cu2+/VSS was in the range of 0.054 - 0.058. Hence, the sulfide addition before copper spiking was much more beneficial than the same amount of sulfide addition after copper spiking. The best-fit inhibition coefficient, KI (competitive), for copper alone was 0.038–0.068 mg l−1. The KI (competitive) for sulfide addition after copper spiking was 1.94 mg l−1. The inhibition with sulfide addition before copper spiking followed the uncompetitive inhibition model with the best-fit KI of 256 mg l−1.
Growth of gold nanoparticles on faceted O/Ru(11–20) nanotemplate

Abstract The growth of gold nanoparticles on the oxygen-covered faceted Ru(11–20) surface is investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). By depositing gold onto the faceted surface held at room temperature, gold nanoparticles with regular spacings are fabricated. Gold nanoparticles are found to nucleate preferentially within valleys of the faceted surface. Our work demonstrates that the faceted metal surfaces are promising templates for the growth of metal nanoparticles.
"Double vision" as a presenting symptom in adults without acquired or long-standing strabismus.

Background Evaluation of adults with a symptom of acquired double vision is a challenging diagnostic problem. This retrospective report reviews a series of adult patients who presented with a symptom of "double vision" but did not have diplopia related to a recently acquired or decompensated strabismus. The symptom of double vision was related mainly to blurred vision and often was not true binocular diplopia. Methods This is a retrospective study of medical records. Results 261 patients, age 40 years or older referred for a recent onset symptom of double vision were reviewed. Sixty-seven patients were included in the study. These patients presented with no findings that indicate a recent onset of incomitance or breakdown of a long-standing strabismus. The patients were divided into five groups with common etiologies and their findings were analysized. Group 1 (17 patients) had symptoms of double vision due to monocular blur without diplopia. Group 2 (21 patients) had symptoms of double vision related to monocular blur that caused a dissociation of a small phoria. Group 3 (10 patients) had symptoms of double vision related to superimposition of images due to a distorted image. Group 4 (13 patients) had symptoms of double vision related to convergence insufficiency. Group 5 (6 patients) had symptoms of double vision related to an induced tropia secondary to anisometropia correction. Options for treatment include improving vision and having the patient understand the nature of the problem. Conclusion "Double vision" does not mean the same thing to the patient and the examiner. The examiner must distinguish true diplopia from other symptoms and be able to demonstrate this to the patient. Treatment is directed to the specific type of problem, but improvement of vision resolves the large majority of these complaints. Examination and treatment techniques are discussed.
DESMARESTIA SP. ASSOCIATED WITH THE SEA PEN PTILOSARCUS GURNEYI(GRAY)1,2

SUMMARY Living gametophyte filaments of Desmarestia were discovered embedded in the tissue of the sea pen Ptilosarcus gurneyi. This may be the first record of the collection of a gametophyte of Desmarestia from nature. Sporophyte plants were derived from the cultured gametophytes.
Chemical and meteorological characteristics associated with rapid increases of O3 in Houston, Texas

[1] We report here on measurements made from the 62nd story of the Williams Tower on the west side of Houston, Texas between 15 August and 15 September 2000. The time series of trace gases differ from those at many other urban sites in having very rapidly increasing spikes of O3, HCHO, and PAN. Measurements show that the highest O3 levels in Houston are not always those measured at the surface, and the extreme values may occur aloft. Plumes with high O3 appear to be produced largely from local sources and to have the potential to form additional O3. The ozone production efficiency (7 molecules of O3 produced per molecule of NOx consumed) when ΔO3/Δt ≥ 20 ppb per 15 min was found to be smaller than estimates made from observations directly downwind of the Ship Channel petrochemical plants (e.g., ∼12). Back trajectories show that simple straight line flow was associated with mean O3 levels of 56 ppb, in contrast to flow patterns associated with a decrease in wind speed or flow reversal, which were associated with mean values of 63 ppb and extremes in excess of 125ppb. VOC samples taken during periods when ΔO3/Δt ≥ 20 ppb per 15 min were elevated and in particular light olefins were more than a factor of 7 greater than the corresponding samples collected on other occasions. No significant increase in isoprene at the Williams Tower was associated with these episodes. When air passed over stack emissions in eastern Houston, rich in VOCs, a Lagrangian model simulated O3 production rates of ∼50 ppb hr−1.
Wave Generation in Open Channels by Vortex Shedding from Channel Obstructions

Transverse surface waves were produced in a rectangular open channel in the region where the otherwise steady, uniform, flow passed through a cluster of vertical circular cylinders. The cylinders could represent either naturally occurring obstacles such as vegetation or man-made structures such as a group of piles driven into the bed of a river. The waves were produced from the periodic forces created by the vortex shedding from the cylinders. These forces generated and then amplified transverse waves in the channel. In some experiments the waves had amplitudes of 35% of the mean flow depth. These resonance-generated waves produce a seiching that can occur in hydraulic models as well as prototype systems. Both laboratory experiments and a theory-based analysis were used to determine the relationship between the amplitude of the vortex-generated wave, average velocity of the approach flow, viscosity of the fluid, width of the rectangular channel, depth of flow, cylinder diameter, and cylinder placement configuration.
“From Tool to Agent”: The Evolution of (Cockpit) Automation and Its Impact on Human-Machine Coordination:

In a variety of domains, researchers have observed breakdowns in human-automation coordination and cooperation. One form of breakdown is a lack of mode awareness which can result in ‘automation surprises’. These are, in part, related to a lack of adequate feedback on system status and behavior. The need for effective and timely feedback has become even more pressing with the evolution of systems that operate at increasingly high levels of authority and autonomy. In the absence of improved feedback design, however, the gap between required and available information has widened. To explore the impact of this trend towards ‘strong yet silent’ machine agents, a line of research was conducted on pilot-automation coordination on the Airbus A-320, an aircraft that exemplifies these trends. This research involved a survey of pilots' line experiences with the A-320 automation, observations of transition training to the airplane, and an experimental simulation study on pilots' mode awareness and pilot-automation co...
A new technique for ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of adhesive joints: Part II. Experiment

Transmission of a plane longitudinal ultrasonic wave through a lap joint immersed in water has been measured using piezoelectric transducers. The comparison between the measurements and theory developed in Part I was found to be extremely good for all five joints tested. Some preliminary work concerning the inverse problem was also carried out. The sensivity of the transmission transfer function to various joint parameters was studied in detail. These results indicate that using frequencies less than 10 MHz it should be possible to deduce the joint parameters from the measured transfer function to the following precision: ±10 μm in adhesive and adherend thickness, ±0.1 percent in the adherend wave speed, and ±5 percent in the adhesive wave speed.
Permanently bound quarks: new solutions to old field equations

A class of relativistic-field-theoretic models of permanently bound quarks are shown to exhibit new and unconventional properties. They display crossing symmetry, but their Green's functions have an infinite array of singularities in momentum space and are singular everywhere in coordinate space. Nevertheless, these models are consistent quantum field theories that describe a system of interacting bound states which can decay into one another but not into quarks.
Provider-interpreter collaboration in bilingual health care: competitions of control over interpreter-mediated interactions.

Abstract Objective This study examines (a) providers’ and interpreters’ perception of their competition in controlling the content and process of provider–patient interactions, and (b) the challenges to providers’ and interpreters’ collaboration in bilingual health care. Methods I recruited 26 professional medical interpreters from 17 languages and 39 providers from 5 specialties to participate in in-depth interviews and focus groups. Grounded theory was used for data analysis to develop themes in areas where providers and interpreters compete and assert their expertise. Results Providers and interpreters experience conflicts over their expertise and authority due to their practice in (a) adopting different speech conventions, (b) controlling the other's narratives, and (c) overstepping expertise and role boundaries. Conclusion A successful bilingual medical encounter is dependent on the interpreters’ and providers’ ability (a) to understand, communicate, and negotiate their and others’ communicative strategies/goals and (b) be adaptive of and responsive to others’ management of the communicative process. Practice implications Authority in bilingual health care should not be established through pre-existing categories or expertise but negotiated and coordinated during the interactive process, which would allow individuals to be adaptive to the issues emerged in the communicative process.
Composition and tissue distribution of carotenoids in crayfish

Abstract 1. 1. Small amounts of keto-carotenoids were found together with large amounts of astaxanthin ester and astaxanthin in the integumental tissues of the crayfish Orconectes rusticus. 2. 2. The conventional plant carotenoids β-carotene and lutein were the predominant pigments of the carcass and eggs. Eggs contained astaxanthin but in contrast to other tissues no astaxanthin ester. Vitamin A1 and retinene-1 were found along with astaxanthin ester and astaxanthin in the eyestalks of this crayfish. 3. 3. Major differences in the behavior of astaxanthin ester and astaxanthin fractions during chromatography on water-weakened alumina and silicic acid are described. The data suggest that alumina chromatography results in the partial hydrolysis of astaxanthin esters. Astaxanthin isomers are apparently oxidized to astacene during elution from alumina with methanolic potassium hydroxide.
A non‐invasive method for studying an index of pupil diameter and visual performance in the rhesus monkey

Background A non-invasive model has been developed to estimate gaze direction and relative pupil diameter, in minimally restrained rhesus monkeys, to investigate the effects of low doses of ocularly administered cholinergic compounds on visual performance. Methods Animals were trained to co-operate with a novel device, which enabled eye movements to be recorded using modified human eye-tracking equipment, and to perform a task which determined visual threshold contrast. Responses were made by gaze transfer under twilight conditions. 4% w/v pilocarpine nitrate was studied to demonstrate the suitability of the model. Results Pilocarpine induced marked miosis for >3 h which was accompanied by a decrement in task performance. Conclusions The method obviates the need for invasive surgery and, as the position of point of gaze can be approximately defined, the approach may have utility in other areas of research involving non-human primates.
Population analysis predicts a future critical shortage of general surgeons.

Background The nation's population grew from 227,000,000 to 282,000,000 between 1980 and 2000. By 2050, the population will be 420,000,000, an increase of 50%. Between 1980 and 2005, there was no increase in medical school enrollments. The funding of all postgraduate positions including general surgery was capped at 1996 levels, and so there have been few additional residency positions added. Based on a population analysis, we predict there will be a shortage of general surgeons in the United States by 2010. Methods Calculations were made with regard to the net supply of surgeons for each decade. The projected population for each decade was determined by US Census Bureau figures. The assumptions for these calculations were as follows: (1) the ratio of general surgeons per 100,000 population will remain the same as the year 2000 (7.53/100,000); (2) the number of postgraduate training positions will remain constant; (3) general surgeons will practice 30 years from board certification to retirement; (4) there will be 1000 board certifications a year; and (5) these projections are restricted to allopathic training programs. Results As early as 2010, we predict a potential shortage of 1,300 general surgeons growing to 1,875 in 2020 and 6,000 in 2050. Conclusions According to simple population calculations, if the number of surgical trainees is not increased and the care model remains constant, there will not be a sufficient number of allopathic-trained general surgeons to care for the American people. The government must take proactive steps to increase the funding for surgery trainees to prevent this shortage and maintain the level of access and service to continue the provision of high quality care for the US population.
Vibration Recorder For Electrically Measuring and Recording Small Mechanical Movements

The vibration recorder makes it possible to obtain oscillographic measurements and records of rapid mechanical movements as small as five or ten-thousandths of an inch. From two to five millimeters deflection will be obtained on the oscillograph for every one-thousandth of an inch variation of the apparatus undergoing investigation. This instrument has been successfully used to record permanent data of vibrations of a rotating turbine wheel, the mechanical movements or whipping of a rotating shaft and transient oil pressures due to an explosion produced by opening up a high-voltage switch in a scaled vessel. The vibration recorder is a balanced circuit comprising a test coil and a dummy coil, connected to two windings of a differential transformer. When the circuit is balanced there will be zero flux set up in the differential transformer, and the oscillograph vibrator which is connected to a third winding will have a zero deflection. Deflections produced on the oscillograph vibrator are obtained when the circuit is unbalanced by mechanical vibrations in front of the test coil. By suitable calibration curves, these deflections on the oscillograph are used as a measure of the mechanical movements which cause them.
Further studies on the NADH oxidase of the cytoplasmic membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Abstract The cytoplasmic membrane of the H 37 Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been isolated free of cell wall. These membrane preparations contain very small quantities of cytochromes c , b and cytochrome oxidase. The cytochrome c is not extracted by any method attempted. The cytochrome b is reducible only by dithionite and is believed not to be involved in the direct transfer of electrons during the oxidation of NADH by these preparations. The NADH oxidase activity of the membrane is inhibited by high concentrations of cyanide and also by 2-( n -heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline- N -oxide (HQNO). The cytochrome oxidase of the membrane contains both cytochromes a and a 3 and is present in low concentrations relative to cytochrome c . The cytochrome a 3 component was identified by characteristic complexes with both CO and cyanide and shows a γ-band absorption maximum at a slightly lower wavelength than the cytochrome oxidase of mammalian mitochondria (442 nm vs. 445 nm). The functional activity of the cytochrome oxidase is indicated by the inhibition of reoxidation of reduced cytochromes c and a in the presence of cyanide.
DOES ORGANIZATIONAL FORM AFFECT INVESTMENT DECISIONS

I investigate whether organizational changes affect investment decisions using evidence from the hospital industry in the United States. During the 1990s, hospitals and physicians have reorganized the way they trade with each other, vertically consolidating the provision of healthcare services. I provide empirical evidence that hospitals adopting the new organizational forms add more healthcare services over time than hospitals that are independent of their physicians. I also find that when the average percentage of county population covered by each HMO increases, the differences in investment behavior between vertically consolidated and independent hospitals become larger.
Abstract: Desorption kinetics of one‐ and two‐step mechanisms

Desoption kinetics may be described alternatively as a one‐step or two‐step process. Two‐step kinetics can be well fitted over the entire coverage range by a one‐step expression where the activation energy is a linear function of coverage. (AIP)
DNA Based Familial Searching and Related Statistical Issues

Copyright: © 2012 Ge J. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. DNA databases have become essential tools for forensic investigations. The typical DNA database search seeks direct matches between a forensic profile from crime scene evidence and an offender profile in the database. However, direct matches may not be obtained because the database does not contain all people in the population. As of January 2012, there are about 10.5 million offender profiles in the US National DNA Index (NDIS) [1], which only covers about 3% of the US population (i.e., there are more than 313 million people in the US [2]). To extend the investigative lead value of current databases, an additional approach, familial searching, has been used to determine the source of a forensic sample by searching the database for possible relatives (e.g., parents, children, full-sibs) of the true source of the sample. It also is an effective way to expand the utility of DNA databases with relatively low costs. This approach, when performed under stringent criteria, has been used to develop strong investigative leads and to successfully identify perpetrators of crimes [3-5].
Characteristics of micromachined switches at microwave frequencies

This article reviews the fundamental characteristics of micromechanical membrane switches operating at microwave frequencies. The construction and theory of operation of capacitive membrane switches is reviewed. Measurement and modeling of the electromechanical and microwave properties of these switches are presented. The inherent advantages of these switches relative to semiconductor switches is discussed.
Evaluation of the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test in the North Central Region of the United States

Recently the Illinois soil nitrogen test (ISNT) was proposed as a means to identify fields where corn (Zea mays L.) will not respond to additional N fertilizer and which may also be used to predict the economic optimum N rate (EONR). Data from 96 corn N rate response trials across Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Wisconsin were compiled to evaluate the usefulness of the ISNT in identifying nonresponsive fields, predicting EONR, and estimating mineralizable N. At each trial site, multiple rates of fertilizer N were applied, including zero N and nonyield limiting rates. Corn was grown following several crops. The ISNT could not accurately predict nonresponsive sites, nor could it reliably estimate EONR. Subsetting the data based on soil drainage class and previous crop did not improve the predictive capability of the ISNT even though ISNT values were significantly different among previous crops and soil drainage classes. The ISNT was strongly correlated to soil organic matter (OM) and was apparently measuring a constant fraction of total soil N (TN). The lack of correlation between the ISNT and relative N uptake (check plot N uptake/N uptake at the maximum N rate) suggests that the ISNT is not measuring the readily mineralizable fraction of soil N. Based on results of this project, the ISNT is not suggested for use in adjusting N rate recommendations for corn in the North Central Region (Corn Belt) of the United States.
Toward a Model of Impaired Reality Testing in Rats

Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that affects about 1.1% of the adult US population annually. Hallucinations, delusions, and impaired reality testing are prominent symptoms of the disorder. Modeling these symptoms is difficult because it is unclear how to assess impaired reality testing in animals. Animals cannot discuss their beliefs; however, a century of learning experiments has shown us that they, like us, construct complex internal representations of their world. Presumably, these representations can become confused with reality for animals in much the same way that they do for schizophrenic patients. Indeed, there is evidence from studies of Pavlovian conditioning that this happens even in normal animals. For example, early in training a cue that has been paired with reward elicits a highly realistic, sensory representation of that reward, which is to some extent indistinguishable from reality. With further training, this sensory hallucination of reward is replaced by a more abstract representation, termed a reward expectancy. Reward expectancies reflect the sensory and other qualities of the impending reward but are distinguishable from the actual reward. Notably, the hallucinatory representations depend on subcortical regions, such as amygdala, whereas reward expectancies require the progressive involvement of prefrontal areas, such as orbitofrontal cortex. Abnormal prefrontal function is associated with schizophrenia; impaired reality testing may result from a failure of the normal shift from highly realistic, sensory representations to more abstract, prefrontal expectancies. The Pavlovian procedures discussed here could be applied to animal models and schizophrenic patients to test this hypothesis.
Study of Membrane Degradation in High-Power Lithium-Ion Cells

Impedance spectra of Celgard® 2300 membranes that were removed from high-power Li-ion cells showed a significant rise in membrane ionic resistivity for cells that were cycled or stored at elevated temperatures. Atomic force microscopy images revealed dramatic changes in membrane surface morphology. Swelling of the membrane polypropylene fibers and the presence of particles of electrode active material in the membrane pores effectively reduced the membrane porosity, and thereby account for the membrane impedance rise and part of the cell power loss. These results not only indicate that membrane degradation can contribute significantly to Li-ion cell power loss at elevated temperatures, but also reveal mechanisms of membrane degradation. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.