cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new species of Nanophyllium Redtenbacher, 1906 from the northern coast of New Guinea (Phasmida, Phylliidae).

A new species of leaf insect, Nanophyllium stellae n. sp. is described and illustrated. As for the majority of the current taxa of Nanophyllium Redtenbacher, 1906, the new species is named from a single male specimen, as no other specimens are currently known to exist. A key to the current species of Nanophyllium Redtenbacher, 1906 is provided. The holotype was photographed using a Canon 5D Mark II and a MP-E 65mm macro lens and will be deposited in the San Diego Natural History Museum. Photos were stacked using Zerene photo stacking software, version 1.04, 64-bit. Measurements of anatomical figures were made to the nearest 0.1 mm. Currently, only four species of Nanophyllium Redtenbacher, 1906 have been described, all from males, with N. stellae n. sp. marking the fifth species. To date, there have been no females described, save one possible N. hasenpuschi Brock & Grosser, 2008 specimen illustrated from Nabire, Irian Jaya (Brock & Hasenpusch, 2003).
Problems of Residential Schools

There have always been some voices lifted against the residential school system for Indians, and its deliberate effort to weaken the ties between Indian youth and their communities and families. As early as 1771, the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts contended that it was “a mistaken Notion that Seminaries at a Distance from the Indians and only among Christians are fittest for the Education of Indian Youths. … [T]he Indian Country is evidently the properest Place to fix such a Seminary for this Purpose, where the Parents can frequently see their Children, by which all Uneasiness would be removed from both. … It would also be pleasing to the Indians in general. They would look upon it as a Mark of our Regard and Confidence in them.”1 The last remark, in particular, expresses a sensitivity to the message conveyed by the residential school system that was not much heard over the following centuries.
Ligand-Promoted meta-C–H Amination and Alkynylation

Using a modified norbornene (methyl bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate) as a transient mediator, meta-C–H amination and meta-C–H alkynylation of aniline and phenol substrates have been developed for the first time. Both the identification of a monoprotected 3-amino-2-hydroxypyridine/pyridone-type ligand and the use of a modified norbornene as a mediator are crucial for the realization of these two unprecedented meta-C–H transformations. A variety of substrates are compatible with both meta-C–H amination and meta-C–H alkynylation. Amination and alkynylation of heterocyclic substrates including indole, indoline, and indazole afford the desired products in moderate to high yields.
BCL6 Programs Lymphoma Cells for Survival and Differentiation through Distinct Biochemical Mechanisms, Both of Which Can Be Therapeutically Targeted.

The BCL6 transcriptional repressor is the most commonly involved oncogene in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Constitutive expression of BCL6 has been proposed to mediate lymphomagenesis through several mechanisms, including evasion of cell death, proliferation and differentiation blockade. We show here that BCL6 mediates these effects through distinct mechanisms. First, we show that blocking the association of the SMRT corepressor with BCL6 using our specific peptide inhibitor (BPI) abrogates only the survival effects of BCL6 but has no effect on differentiation. Accordingly, BPI upregulates survival genes such as ATR and p53, but not genes associated with differentiation such as Blimp1, XBP and Syndecan. In contrast, BCL6 shRNA upregulates both survival and differentiation genes and induces both cell death and differentiation. We and others have shown that BCL6 can also directly bind to the MTA3 corepressor, which is implicated in differentiation of Burkitt lymphoma cells. We found that BCL6 and MTA3 are co-expressed in DLBCL cells and primary human centroblasts (the precursor cell for most DLBCLs). The endogenous BCL6 and MTA3 proteins interacted in DLBCLs cells in co-immunoprecipitation experiments. In contrast to SMRT blockade with BPI, siRNA depletion of MTA3 induced expression of the Blimp1, XBP and Syndecan but not p53 and ATR. MTA3 depletion induced plasmacytic differentiation within 72 hours as shown in functional assays and by surface markers. We performed ChIP on chip using custom arrays densely tiling with oligonucleotides covering the entire genomic loci of 20 BCL6 target genes. Interestingly, BCL6 formed different types of repression complexes at differentiation genes (Complex with MTA3/NuRD) vs. survival genes (complex with SMRT and N-CoR). BCL6-mediated repression of genes involved in survival and differentiation thus depend on distinct biochemical mechanisms. The relevance of these findings for human disease was underscored by the fact that we found a statistically significant positive correlation between MTA3 and BCL6 gene expression in a database of 176 human DLBCLs (p<0.00001). Likewise, protein expression of BCL6 and MTA3 was also highly correlated (p<0.00001) (74 cases examined) and staining for Blimp1 revealed mutually exclusive expression from MTA3. Taken together these results illustrate the basic mechanisms through which BCL6 mediates DLBCL lymphomagenesis and provide the basis for powerful targeted therapy regimens that could be translated to the clinical setting.
Where Is the Toothpaste? A Systematic Review of the Use of the Product Strategy in Social Marketing:

The product strategy is a cornerstone of the product, price, place, and promotion (four Ps) of the marketing mix that has undergone significant scrutiny and critique. This study sought to conduct a...
Abstract 596: Differential cellular localization of Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase B4 (EphB4) in melanoma progression

Background: Melanoma is an aggressive cancer with high metastatic potential, and is the most lethal skin malignancies. Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase B4 (EphB4) modulates diverse physiologic and developmental processes, and may play an important role in melanoma tumorigenesis. In addition, Mertens-Walker et al., reported nuclear translocalization of EphB4 and hypothesized that it may directly regulate gene expression contributing to more aggressive biologic behavior in prostate cancer (Cancer Res 2011; 71 (8 Suppl): Abstract nr 1085). It is unknown whether differential cellular expression of EphB4 contributes to the pathogenesis of melanoma. Methods: To explore the role of EphB4 in melanomagenesis, we have performed semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis of EphB4 expression as measured by percentage and intensity of cells immunoreactive with anti-EphB4 in melanocytic nevi (n = 59), primary melanomas without metastasis during follow-up (n = 22), primary melanomas with metastasis (n = 17), and metastatic melanoma (n = 32). Results: Melanocytic nevi had significantly higher nuclear EphB4 expression (p = 0.007) and lower cytoplasmic EphB4 expression (p = 0.002) when compared to all categories of melanoma. In fact we observed a dramatic decrease in nuclear EphB4 expression in metastatic melanoma compared to melanocytic nevi (p = 0.0009). In contrast, compared to melanocytic nevi, cytoplasmic expression for EphB4 were higher in primary melanoma (p = 0.005) as well as in melanoma metastases (p = 0.03). Although there was no significant difference in nuclear or cytoplasmic EphB4 expression between primary melanomas with or without metastasis, primary melanomas without metastasis showed significantly higher number of tumor cells having intense nuclear immunoreactivity for EphB4 protein than did metastatic melanomas (p = 0.006). Conclusion: In conclusion, our data indicated that there is a gradual loss of nuclear EphB4 protein as well as increase in the levels of cytoplasmic expression of EphB4 protein associated with melanomagenesis. In addition, our results suggest a potential role for EphB4 as a therapeutic target in melanoma. Citation Format: Nitin Chakravarti, Jonathan L. Curry, Roland L. Bassett, Victor G. Prieto. Differential cellular localization of Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase B4 (EphB4) in melanoma progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 596. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-596
Primary ecological succession in vascular epiphytes: The species accumulation model

Epiphytes are integral to tropical forests yet little is understood about how succession proceeds in these communities. As trees increase in size they create microhabitats for late-colonizing species in both small and large branches while maintaining small tree microhabitats for early colonizing species in the small and young branches. Thus, epiphyte succession may follow different models depending on the scale: at the scale of the entire tree, epiphytes may follow a species accumulation model where species are continuously added to the tree as trees increase in size but at the scale of one zone on a branch (e.g., inner crown: 0–2 m from the trunk), they may follow the replacement model of succession seen in terrestrial ecosystems. Assuming tree size as an indicator of tree age, I surveyed 61 Virola koschnyi trees of varying size (2.5–103.3 cm diameter at breast height) in lowland wet tropical forest in Costa Rica to examine how epiphyte communities change through succession. Epiphyte communities in small trees were nested subsets of those in large trees and epiphyte communities became more similar to the largest trees as trees increased in size. Furthermore, epiphyte species in small trees were replaced by mid- and late-successional species in the oldest parts of the tree crown but dispersed toward the younger branches as trees increased in size. Thus, epiphyte succession followed a replacement model in particular zones within treecrowns but a species accumulation model at the scale of the entire tree crown.
Comparison of biomaterial-dependent and -independent bioprinting methods for cardiovascular medicine

Abstract There is an increasing need and unique opportunities for the development of novel and more powerful tissue engineering methods, among which the 3D bioprinting is one of the most promising. However, after decades of incubation, ingenuous efforts and early success, biomaterial-dependent 3D bioprinting, although showing steady progress, is slow to deliver the expected clinical results. For this reason, alternative ‘scaffold-free’ 3D bioprinting methods are being developed in parallel at an accelerated pace. In this opinion paper we discuss comparatively the two approaches, with specific examples drawn from the cardiovascular field. Moving the emphasis away from competition, we show that the two platforms have similar goals but evolve in complementary technological niches. We conclude that the biomaterial-dependent bioprinting is better suited for tasks requiring faster, larger, anatomically-true, cell-homogenous and matrix-rich constructs, while the scaffold-free biofabrication is more adequate for cell-heterogeneous, matrix-poor, complex and smaller constructs, but requiring longer preparation time.
Synergy between Paclitaxel and Anti-Cancer Peptide PNC-27 in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer.

OBJECTIVES Paclitaxel is widely used in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies. It targets tumor cells in the M phase of the cell cycle. Cells in other phases survive the insult and repopulate the tumor. PNC-27 is a peptide synthesized of amino acids of the p53-MDM-2 binding domain. It kills various cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. The goal of this study is to assess ovarian cancer cells' sensitivity to PNC-27 after surviving exposure to paclitaxel and to investigate the potential for synergy between PNC-27 and paclitaxel in the treatment of ovarian cancer. METHODS The impact of exposure to paclitaxel on the surface expression of MDM-2 was assessed with the use of flow cytometry. For measurement of cytotoxicity in vitro, ID8 cells were exposed to paclitaxel for 12 hours in various concentrations. At 12 hours, the drug containing media was removed and the cells were cultured in media containing various concentrations of PNC-27 for 24 hours. Viability was assessed with the use of an MTT assay. Survival fractions were plotted against drug concentrations and the data were fit to logistic dose-response curves. Isoeffective combinations were used to create isobolograms. The combined treatment with weekly paclitaxel and PNC-27 was tested in an intraperitoneal mouse model of ovarian cancer (ID8). RESULTS Exposure to paclitaxel rendered incomplete time-dependent killing, while PNC-27 mediated comprehensive, dose-dependent killing of ID8 cells. The cytotoxic effect of PNC-27 was dependent on its binding to MDM-2. Blocking MDM-2 inhibited the killing by PNC-27. ID8 cells surviving paclitaxel demonstrated increased expression of MDM-2 and increased susceptibility to PNC-27. Isobologram for dose combinations that were isoeffective indicates synergistic effect between the 2 agents (Combination index <1). In an in vivo model of ovarian cancer (ID8), the addition of PNC-27 to weekly paclitaxel administration significantly reduces tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate synergism between PNC-27 and paclitaxel. PNC-27 could target cells surviving paclitaxel and improve its antitumor effect.
The atmospheric hydrologic cycle in the ACME v0.3 model

We examine the global water cycle characteristics in the Accelerated Climate Modeling for Energy v0.3 model (a close relative to version 5.3 of the Community Atmosphere Model) in atmosphere-only simulations spanning the years 1980–2005. We evaluate the simulations using a broad range of observational and reanalysis datasets, examine how the simulations change when the horizontal resolution is increased from 1° to 0.25 $$^{\circ }$$ , and compare the simulations against models participating in the the Atmosphere Model Intercomparison Project of the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Particular effort has been made to evaluate the model using the best available observational estimates and verifying model biases with additional datasets when differences are known to exist among the observations. Regardless of resolution, the model exhibits several biases: global-mean precipitation, evaporation, and precipitable water are too high, light precipitation occurs too frequently, and the atmospheric residence time of water is too short. Many of these biases are shared by the multi-model mean climate of models participating in CMIP5. The reasons behind regional biases in precipitation are discussed by examining how different fields, such as local evaporation and transport of water vapor, contribute to the bias. Although increasing the horizontal resolution does not drastically change the water cycle, it does lead to a few differences: an increase in global mean precipitation rate, an increase in the fraction of total precipitation that falls over land, more frequent heavy precipitation (>30 mm day $$^{-1}$$ ), and a decrease in precipitable water. One of the most notable changes is the shift of precipitation produced by the convective parameterization to that produced by the large-scale microphysics parameterization. We analyze how changes in moisture and circulation with resolution contribute to this shift in the precipitation partitioning. Because changing horizontal resolution requires some re-tuning, the effect of that tuning was evaluated by performing an additional simulation at 1 $$^{\circ }$$ but using the tunings from the 0.25 $$^{\circ }$$ simulation. The evaluation shows that the more frequent heavy precipitation, the decrease in precipitable water, and the shift from convective to large-scale precipitation are predominantly due to resolution changes, while tuning changes have a major influence on the global mean precipitation and the land/ocean partitioning of precipitation.
Evolution of the operative management of colon trauma

For any trauma surgeon, colon wounds remain a relatively common, yet sometimes challenging, clinical problem. Evolution in operative technique and improvements in antimicrobial therapy during the past two centuries have brought remarkable improvements in both morbidity and mortality after injury to the colon. Much of the early progress in management and patient survival after colon trauma evolved from wartime experience. Multiple evidence-based studies during the last several decades have allowed for more aggressive management, with most wounds undergoing primary repair or resection and anastomosis with an acceptably low suture line failure rate. Despite the abundance of quality evidence regarding management of colon trauma obtained from both military and civilian experience, there remains some debate among institutions regarding management of specific injuries. This is especially true with respect to destructive wounds, injuries to the left colon, blunt colon trauma and those wounds requiring colonic discontinuity during an abbreviated laparotomy. Some programs have developed data-driven protocols that have simplified management of destructive colon wounds, clearly identifying those high-risk patients who should undergo diversion, regardless of mechanism or anatomic location. This update will describe the progression in the approach to colon injuries through history while providing a current review of the literature regarding management of the more controversial wounds.
On minimum energy for robust Gaussian joint source-channel coding with a distortion-noise profile

Minimum energy required to achieve a distortion-noise profile, i.e., a function indicating the maximum allowed distortion value for each noise level, is studied for robust transmission of Gaussian sources over Gaussian channels. It is shown that for the inversely linear profile, uncoded transmission is optimal. On the other hand, it turns out that exponential profiles are not achievable with finite energy. Finally, using a family of lower bounds and a proposed coding scheme, the minimum energy behavior for the square-law profile is understood up to a multiplicative constant.
Disruptive and Transformative Opportunities-Lessons of Entrepreneurship [Entrepreneur Viewpoint]

It is common knowledge that venture capitalists (VCs) only want to fund companies that quickly grow to have a valuation greater than US$1 billion (e.g., companies like Uber). These companies, commonly known as unicorns, can potentially have an outsized and transformative impact on the global economy, often making themselves and their founders extremely wealthy in the process. We frequently hear claims from technologists and entrepreneurs that their company will transform the industry. This implies a multibillion-dollar global opportunity that is almost always backed up by a five-year financial plan showing the hockeystick growth curve needed to get there (with only a few months of actual certainty in that path).
The Role of Internal and External Complexity in Global Factory Performance: An NKC Application

Abstract The global factory literature suggests that MNCs can take advantage of global operations by extensively offshoring and outsourcing activities. However, the added difficulty for the lead firm to coordinate the resulting complex structure is often underestimated. Evidence could be found in Boeing's 787 Dreamliner project, in which the external complexity disrupted MNC performance. Motivated by the gap between theory and practice, this study focuses on systems of MNCs connected with each other with supplier-client relationships and/or outsourcing. In particular it investigates the interplay of the internal and external complexity in such systems and how their balance affects the system performance. The study models the internal and external complexity by using the NKC-simulation methodology and adjusting it to the specific MNC context. The NKC methodology is widely used in organization theory to study complex systems. Simulations comparing the performance of MNCs that use outsourcing to different degrees indicate that a balanced level of internal and external complexity is beneficial in the context of global factory.
On the dynamics and transient stability of power systems post-transmission switching

In this paper we present the dynamic model for transient stability analysis of power systems post transmission switching. We show numerically that the existence of a steady state power flow solution or numerical post-switching stable equilibrium point does not guarantee the dynamic stability of the post-switching power system. Simulations are performed with WSCC 9-bus 3-machine and IEEE 145-bus 50-machine systems.
Gender Reporting in Radiology Human Subjects Research.

PURPOSE The aim of this report was to study the presence and extent of gender bias and reporting in radiology human subjects research. METHODS For this bibliometric analysis, the authors reviewed all articles published between January 1, 2016, and June 30, 2016, in seven of the most cited general radiology journals. From each original research article studying human subjects, the number and gender of participants and whether gender-based results were reported were manually extracted. Articles evaluating gender-specific body parts were excluded. Article-level subject gender matching percentages were calculated and descriptive statistics reported. RESULTS Of all 1,065 target journal articles during the study window, 522 met the human subjects research inclusion criteria. Of these, 48 (9.2%) made no mention at all of research subjects' gender. Of the 473 articles mentioning gender, 147 (31.1%) had more female and 308 (65.1%) more male subjects. But in aggregate, 105,763 of 254,102 (41.6%) of all subjects were male and 142,069 (55.9%) were female. By quartile distribution, subject gender matching was very variable (12.9% of articles with <25% match, 23.7% with 25%-50%, 29.4% with 50%-75%, and 34.0% with ≥75%). Of articles including subjects of both genders, however, only 27.5% (126 of 458) reported any gender-based results. CONCLUSIONS In human subjects research published in the most cited general radiology journals, the gender of human subjects is a poorly controlled, and frequently neglected, variable. In an emerging era of personalized medicine, initiatives to ensure transparent reporting of gender-specific results may help catalyze otherwise overlooked discoveries to advance the health of all.
Receptor Regulation of Phosphoinositides and Calcium: A Mechanism for Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Action

Publisher Summary The flow of information among the cells, excluding direct electronic and mechanical coupling, involves the release of signal molecules into the extracellular environment that bind to recognition sites on or within target cells. Numerous classes of these information-bearing molecules or ligands, such as hormones and neurotransmitters, serve as intercellular signals. Association of an informational molecule with its recognition site initiates a cascade of events that transduces and amplifies the signal leading to various cellular responses. Hormones and neurotransmitters that initiate their action at the target cell surface provoke a rapid rise in the cytosolic concentrations of calcium or cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), or both. These two substances have been identified as the intracellular mediators of hormone action. This chapter presents a mechanism for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; thyroliberin) action. TRH is an intercellular peptide signal released from the hypothalamic neurons that binds to receptor sites on the surface of the target cells in the anterior pituitary gland. The interaction of TRH with its receptor induces alterations in cellular Ca 2+ homeostasis that results in the acute release of thyrotropin (TSH) or prolactin from thyrotropic and mammotropic cells, respectively.
Determinants of responsiveness to herceptin in breast cancer cells.

3506 The overall goal of our studies is to investigate the molecular basis of malignancy in breast cancer cells. Breast cancer is a devastating disease, which claims approximately 43,000 lives in the United States alone. About 25% of breast tumors overexpress ErbB2, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, which is an independent predictor of poor prognosis. Herceptin, a monoclonal anti-ErbB2 antibody, is routinely used in the treatment of ErbB2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer, both alone and in combination with various chemotherapeutic agents. However, approximately 50% of patients treated with Herceptin are unresponsive to treatment. The mechanism of action of Herceptin is not fully understood, nor are the reasons for treatment failure. Previous studies in our laboratory have identified an interaction between ErbB2 and two novel alternatively spliced variants of the transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) precursor, variants I (VaI) and II (VaII). Interestingly, in CHO cells expressing TGF-α VaII, phosphorylation of ErbB2 was observed in the absence of serum, suggesting that this interaction may lead to activation of ErbB2. Therefore, we investigated the ability of TGF-α VaII to modify the responsiveness of ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells to the growth inhibitory effects of Herceptin. The breast cancer cell lines SKBr3, MDA453, T47D, MCF7, MDA231, and MDA468 were characterized for their responsiveness to Herceptin by [3H]thymidine uptake, and for their levels of ErbB2, phospho-ErbB2, EGFR, ErbB3, and ErbB4 by western blot analysis. Additionally, the levels of TGF-α wild-type (WT) and VaII mRNA were determined by real-time RT/PCR. Interestingly, an inverse correlation was found between TGF-α WT and VaII mRNA levels and Herceptin sensitivity. When TGF-α WT, VaI, and VaII were overexpressed in MCF7 cells, which express low but detectable levels of ErbB2 and show a modest growth inhibition by Herceptin, overexpression of VaII, but not WT or VaI, reversed their growth response to Herceptin; in fact, the cells were growth stimulated by Herceptin. Immunofluorescence data indicate that exogenously expressed TGF-α VaII colocalizes with ErbB2 in MCF7 and SKBr3 cells. The ErbB2-overexpressing, Herceptin-sensitive breast cancer cell lines (SKBr3, MDA453 and T47D) either would not express, or would not tolerate stable overexpression of exogenous TGF-α WT or Variants. The results of these studies indicate that expression of TGF-α precursors may play a role in the responsiveness of breast cancer cells to the growth inhibitory effects of Herceptin. We are currently developing an inducible system for overexpression of TGF-α precursors in these cell lines. We will then investigate the effects of TGF-α WT and Variant precursors on growth inhibition by Herceptin, binding of Herceptin to ErbB2, and internalization and trafficking of ErbB2 in the above described cell lines.
Effects of mirthful laughter on pain tolerance: A randomized controlled investigation.

Abstract Introduction Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that affects many people. Currently, there is no single treatment known to cure or assure relief from chronic pain. Accordingly, the management of patients’ discomfort is an integral part of treating chronic pain. Such treatment, however, is not effective for many patients. We investigated whether mirthful laughter provided by comic relief can influence pain tolerance and muscle soreness in young healthy participants. Methods Forty participants underwent a randomized controlled cross-over designed experiment. Each participant was exposed to a comedy video eliciting mirthful laughter and an uninteresting documentary. Delayed onset muscle soreness was induced in one leg at a time by eccentric exercise. Pain tolerance was tested using blunt force application and assessed subjectively using a visual analog scale. Results Watching the comedy video elicited a significantly greater irregular breathing pattern compared with watching the documentary video (p Conclusions Thirty minutes of watching a comedy eliciting laughter favorably influenced pain tolerance in healthy humans. Clinical trial no. #NCT02896075.
Examining charitable giving in real-world online donations

The current study uses big data to study prosocial behavior by analyzing donations made on the GoFundMe platform. In a dataset of more than $44 million in online donations, we find that 21% were made while opting to be anonymous to the public, with survey results indicating that 11% of these anonymous donations (2.3% of all donations) are not attributable to any egoistic goal. Additionally, we find that donors gave significantly more to recipients who had the same last name as them. We find evidence that men and women donated more when more donors of the opposite sex were visible on the screen at the time of donating. Our results suggest that men and women were both significantly affected by the average donation amounts visible at the time of their decisions, and men were influenced more. We find that women expressed significantly more empathy than men in messages accompanying their donations.
Direct ozone production rate measurements and their use in assessing ozone source and receptor regions for Houston in 2013

Mitigating ozone pollution involves reducing ozone production and relies on complex air-quality models to design reduction strategies and determine their effectiveness. However, modeled ozone does not always agree with observations. A complementary approach is to measure the ozone production rate directly, leading to the development of the Measurement of Ozone Production Sensor (MOPS). Two improved second-generation MOPSv2s were deployed for NASA's DISCOVER-AQ field campaign in
Understanding the Metabolic Cross Talk Between Cancer Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a heterogeneous, complex, and dynamic setting in which both invading tumor and local stromal cells reside, coevolve, and form a metabolic symbiosis that dictates downstream steps of cancer development and progression. Besides tumor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the predominant cell type found in the majority of solid tumor microenvironment. It is recognized that cancer cells induce a metabolic phenotype in CAFs that is conducive to cancer progression. In addition, CAFs produce nutrients and metabolites, which are utilized by the tumor for energy production, proliferation, invasion, and migration. However, the precise mechanisms whereby CAFs contribute to the process remain uncertain. CAFs are believed to contribute to tumor metabolism through the production of high energy intermediates to fuel glycolytic, oxidative, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism of cancer cells. This chapter consolidates recent findings regarding the metabolic cross talk occurring between CAFs and cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment.
The Impact of Anxiety on Behavioral Sleep Difficulties and Treatment in Young Children: A Review of the Literature

Sleep difficulties are a common pediatric complaint, and the majority of these sleep difficulties are behavioral in nature (e.g., difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep). Although research supports behavioral interventions to improve sleep in young children with behavioral sleep difficulties, anxiety and child distress are common in this age range and these factors can impact treatment outcomes directly (e.g., increased distress and resistance at bedtime) and indirectly (e.g., poor parental compliance with behavioral strategies). Anxiety is an important aspect of treatment in adolescents and adults with behavioral sleep difficulties, but this factor is rarely considered in the literature for younger children. Thus, this manuscript reviews the literature on anxiety as it relates to behavioral sleep difficulties in young children (i.e., the preschool and surrounding age range), provides an overview of empirically supported behavioral intervention and research incorporating anxiety into behavioral sleep treatments, and provides recommendations and future directions for continuing to advance the literature and treatment in this area.
Human Papillomavirus Testing in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in 2020: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?

High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) has transformed head and neck oncology in the past several decades. Now that we have recognized that HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is a unique cancer type with distinct clinicopathologic features and favorable prognosis, it has become essential to test patients in routine practice. We have progressed greatly in our knowledge of this disease and gone, over the past two to three decades, from doing testing in highly variable amounts and methods to, now, with the help of national and international guidelines and patient staging requirements, to a situation where almost all patients with OPSCC are getting accurate classification through at least p16 immunohistochemistry. However, we are still struggling with how to accurately test specimens from cervical lymph nodes, and, in particular, on fine needle aspiration. In addition, many patients with non-oropharyngeal SCC are getting clinically unnecessary p16 and/or HPV-specific testing. The trends suggest progressive improvement in practices, but many practical questions still remain. On the horizon are myriad non-tissue-based tests, such as HPV serology and plasma DNA, DNA-based testing of fine needle aspirate fluid, computerized analysis of digitized pathology and radiology images, and machine learning from clinical and pathologic features, that may render pathologists largely obsolete for establishing HPV status for our patients’ tumors. This review takes a brief look back in time to where we have been, then characterizes current practices in 2020 and lingering questions, and, finally, looks ahead into the possible future of HPV testing in patients with head and neck SCC.
Looking for the light in Haiti.

For Haitian physician Marie Marcelle Deschamps, COVID-19 is just the latest in a never-ending series of challenges. As the director of a large nonprofit health organization, she was already stretched thin by the struggle to provide medical care in one of the poorest countries on Earth, where political instability, natural disasters, and widespread poverty have all taken their toll. But Deschamps has drawn on her training, including a fellowship in Anthony Fauci9s lab at the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and her experience as a veteran of Haiti9s battle against HIV/AIDS to hit the current pandemic head on—showing in the process why she9s an inspiration to many.
New insights into the basic biology of acute graft-versus-host-disease

Although allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an important therapy for many hematological and non-hematological diseases, acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD) is a major obstacle to its success. The pathogenesis of aGVHD is divided into three distinct phases which occur largely as the result of interactions between infused donor T cells and numerous cell types of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin. In light of the disease's immensely complex biology, epigenetics has emerged as a framework with which to examine aGVHD. This review focuses on new findings that clarify the roles specific epigenetic regulators play in T cell-mediated aGVHD development and discusses how their modulation could disrupt that process to beneficial effects. DNA methyltransferases, histone methyltransferases and histone deacetylases are the most closely studied regulators across aGVHD priming, induction and effector phases and have been manipulated using drugs and other methods in both murine models and clinical trials to varying degrees of success. Antigen-presenting cells, effector T cells and memory T cells, among others, are targeted and affected by these regulators in different ways. Finally, our review highlights new directions for study and potential novel targets for modulation to abrogate aGVHD.
A quantile-based sequential approach to reliability-based design optimization via error-controlled adaptive Kriging with independent constraint boundary sampling

A significant challenge with reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) is the high computational cost associated with the double-loop structure that entails a large number of function calls for both the optimization process and reliability analysis. Several decoupling methods have been developed to improve the efficiency of RBDO. In addition, surrogate models have been used to replace the original time-consuming models and improve the computational efficiency. This paper proposes a novel quantile-based sequential RBDO method using Kriging surrogate models for problems with independent constraint functions. An error-controlled adaptive Kriging scheme is integrated to derive accuracy information of surrogate models and develop a strategy that facilitates independent training of the models for the performance function. The proposed independent training avoids unnecessary performance function evaluations while ensuring the accuracy of reliability estimates. Moreover, a new sampling approach is proposed that allows refinement of surrogate models for both deterministic and probabilistic constraints. Five numerical examples are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. It is observed that the proposed method is able to converge to the optimum design with significantly fewer function evaluations than the state-of-the-art methods based on surrogate models given the constraint functions are independent.
Laser absorption measurements of electron density in nanosecond-scale atmospheric pressure pulsed plasmas

We report on time-resolved measurements of electron number density by continuous-wave laser absorption in a low-energy nanosecond-scale laser-produced spark in atmospheric pressure air. Laser absorption is a result of free-free and bound-free electron excitation, with the absorption coefficient modeled and evaluated using estimates of the time-variation in electron temperature and probe laser absorption path length. Plasma electron number densities are determined to be as high as n e = 7 × 10 19 cm−3 and decay to 1 / e of their peak values over a period of about 50 ns following plasma formation using a 20 mJ, 10 ns pulse width frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. The measured plasma densities at later times are shown to be in reasonable agreement with Stark broadening measurements of the 3s[ 5 S o]-3p[ 5 P] electronic transition in atomic oxygen at 777 nm. This study provides support for the use of such continuous wave laser absorption for time resolved electron density measurements in low energy spark discharges in air, provided that an estimate of the electron temperature and laser path length can be made by accompanying diagnostics.
Crossing from Knowledge to Responsibility for Climate Change

I write this—and perhaps you read it—at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. My reflections are necessarily shaped by the distressing events at my own institution, the University of North Carolina–Ch...
The EGF Receptor Family as Therapeutic Targets in Breast Cancer

Many studies have suggested an association between overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) from the EGF receptor (or ErbB) family and breast cancer. The orphan RTK ErbB2/lIER2fieu is highly overexpressed in up to 30% of human breast cancer cases as a consequence of gene amplification. ErbB2/HER2/Neu can be activated by simple overexpression, and its signaling is thought to play an important role in initiation and progression of ErbB2-positive breast cancers. In support of this, ErbB2/HER2/Neu-targeted therapy (the Herceptin® antibody) has proven valuable in many of these cases. Other studies also correlate EGF receptor (EGFR) expression with poor prognosis in breast cancer, but follow-up studies suggest that this association is much less robust than with ErbB2, and requires more careful analysis. A particular problem is that EGFR, unlike ErbB2/HER2/Neu, cannot be activated simply by overexpression, its signaling remaining growth factor-dependent under these conditions. It is therefore critical to analyze EGFR signaling activity itself, rather than simply EGFR expression, in order to establish causal links and to identify patients for ErbB-targeted therapies. This distinction between ErbB2/HER2/Neu and EGFR is satisfyingly explained by recent crystallographic studies of ErbB receptor family members that are reviewed here. These structures also provide new insight into how ErbB2/HER2/Neu-targeted and EGFR-targeted therapeutic agents function, and suggest approaches for the development of novel mechanism-based ErbB inhibitors.
An XML-based test system management environment

Test system resource management is an important aspect of test asset maintenance and configuration control. It is a key requirement in all ATS procurement activities and affects a number of disciplines from TPS developers to calibration and maintenance personal. Teradyne's TestStudio test operating environment software provides a set of services for specifying and viewing test system contents, configuration and connectivity information stored as a series of XML files. XML offers the advantages of enhanced transportability of the data it expresses and the ease of displaying data in electronic (e.g., a web browser) or printed form. This paper discusses the details of the test system management environment, the information contained in it, the role of XML in it, and the mechanisms for utilization of the data in maintenance and configuration management reports and TPSs.
Security Issues in Mobile Commerce Using WAP

The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) has been proposed as a way to get Internet (or a sort of Internet) to the small wireless and mobile devices, e.g. mobile phones, while accommodating for the special characteristics of such devices. Originally, WAP was designed with a gateway in the middle, acting as the interpreter between the Internet protocol stack and the Wireless Application Protocol stack. The WAP gateway forwards web content to the mobile phone in a way intended to accommodate the limited bandwidth of the mobile network and the mobile phone’s limited processing capability. However, the gateway introduces a security hole, which renders WAP unsuitable for any security-sensitive services. Through a set of standard releases, primarily version 1.2.1 (June 2000) and version 2.0 (July 2001), security issues have been addressed. We discuss the security hole and the gateway-based design that has led to it, including the business and architectural considerations underlying the design. A number of ways to correct the situation are discussed, including application level security, which still hasn’t been fixed in the WAP 2.0 standard of the July 2001 release. Finally we observe, that although version 2.0 allows skipping the gateway thereby tightening security, the added cost is not negligible. Security Issues in Mobile Commerce Using WAP
Characteristics of officer-involved vehicle collisions in California

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the situational and individual officer characteristics of officer-involved vehicle collisions that result in fatality, injury, and non-injury outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Data on 35,840 vehicle collisions involving law enforcement officers in California occurring between January 2000 and December 2009 are examined. A descriptive analysis of collision characteristics is presented. Findings – There were 39 officers killed by collisions over this study period and 7,684 officers who received some type injury. Incidents involving officers on motorcycles represented 39 percent of officer fatalities and 39 percent of severe injuries. In the case of fatalities, 33 percent of officers were reported as wearing seatbelts, 38 percent were not wearing a seatbelt, and seatbelt use was not stated in 29 percent of car fatalities. Research limitations/implications – The findings only represent one state and the analysis is based on an estimated 86 percent of col...
Effect of Interferon on Polymerization of Single-Stranded and Double-Stranded Mengovirus Ribonucleic Acid

Gordon, Irving (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), Sara S. Chenault, Douglas Stevenson, and Jean D. Acton. Effect of interferon on polymerization of single-stranded and double-stranded mengovirus ribonucleic acid. J. Bacteriol. 91:1230–1238. 1966.—The effect of interferon on actinomycin-resistant mengovirus ribonucleic acid (RNA) replication in L cells was investigated to determine whether defective or partially polymerized RNA products were made and whether synthesis of any specific class of virus RNA was prevented. RNA labeled with uridine-C14 was extracted in hot and cold phenol and analyzed by zonal sucrose density centrifugation. Both single- and double-stranded infectious RNA peaks were identified. Interferon treatment caused almost complete depression of uridine-C14 incorporation throughout linear sucrose gradients except in the 4S region, and no infectivity was detectable in any fraction. These inhibitory effects are attributable to the action of interferon, because they were reversed when cultures were treated with actinomycin D simultaneously with interferon. The results, with those of other investigators, indicate that the step at which interferon interrupts virus multiplication is between the events immediately after uncoating and the formation of template “minus” strands; under the conditions of our experiments, no partially polymerized virus RNA products were made.