cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glomerulonephritis in a Patient With Anticardiolipin Antibody

THE LUPUS anticoagulant is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE and predisposes affected patients to arterial and venous thromboses.1.2 The lupus anticoagulant is an autoantibody to phospholipid that may result in prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT). It can be detected with an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibody against purified cardiolipin; hence, the anticardiolipin antibody. Patients can have a systemic lupus-like illness with the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies but negative antinuclear antibodies (ANA). These patients develop recurrent arterial and venous thromboses, thrombocytopenia, and recurrent fetal loss. This is now recognized as the anticardiolipin antibody syndrome. 3 We evaluated a patient with anticardiolipin antibody syndrome and nephritis. Renal pathology showed an immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis with mesangial cell proliferation, mesangial dense deposits, and IgM deposition.
Studies on the site of mediated transport of chloride from blood into cerebrospinal fluid: effects of acetazolamide.

— In monkeys we measured the steady-state concentrations of Cl− in endogenous CSF, in artificial CSF (which had equilibrated with the underlying exposed surface of the cerebral cortex but was not in diffusion equilibrium with endogenous CSF), and in arterial plasma. The ratio of the distribution of Cl− in artificial CSF to that in plasma was consistent with a passive Donnan distribution, whereas that ratio describing Cl− levels in endogenous CSF in comparison to those in plasma clearly exceeded theratio required for a passive, Donnan−type of distribution for Cl−. The kinetic analysis of the efflux of Cl− from blood into endogenous CSF and into artificial CSF (perfused over the exposed surface of the cerebral cortex) indicated that the rate of efflux of Cl− into endogenous CSF which was continuous with ventricular fluid was inhibited by acetazolamide [in confirmation of a similar finding described previously by Maren and Broder (1970)], whereas the rate of efflux of chloride from blood into the artificial CSF perfusate was uninfluenced by pretreatment of animals with acetazolamide. We have discussed the site of mediated (active) transport of chloride from blood into CSF in light of these findings.
Oxidation-reduction (redox) controls fetal hypoplastic lung growth.

Abstract Introduction. The persistent morbidity and mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia are largely due to associated pulmonary hypoplasia. We have shown previously that three antioxidants (vitamin C, glutathione, and vitamin E) could accelerate the growth of fetal hypoplastic lungs grown in culture. We hypothesize that this occurs via a reductant mechanism. Methods. Timed-pregnant rats were gavage-fed nitrofen (100 mg) on day 9.5 of gestation (term = day 22). Fetal lungs were harvested on day 13.5 and placed in organ culture containing serum-free BGJb medium with antibiotics. After randomization, the lung organ cultures were divided into a control group (n = 31) and an experimental group that received the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 100 μM, n = 31). The fetal lung organ cultures were grown for 4 days at 37°C with 5% CO2. Computer-assisted digital tracings of the airways were performed daily on live, unstained specimens, and lung bud count, perimeter, and area were measured. After 4 days, lungs were pooled, homogenized, and assayed for reduced and oxidized glutathione, normalized to protein, as an estimate of the tissue redox potential. Data were expressed as means ± SEM, and statistical comparisons were performed using Student's unpaired t test, with P Results. Area, perimeter, lung bud count, and complexity (as measured by the perimeter/square root of area) were all significantly increased with NAC treatment from day 2 onward. Reduced glutathione levels were significantly increased following NAC administration (67.1 ± 5.8 versus 37.5 ± 4.2 μmol/mg, P = 0.0004). The ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione was 2.23. Conclusions. N-Acetylcysteine stimulates nitrofen-induced hypoplastic fetal lung growth in organ culture and increases the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione. These data support the concept that oxidation–reduction (redox) may be an important control mechanism for fetal lung growth.
Estimating standard errors of accuracy assessment statistics under cluster sampling

Abstract Cluster sampling is a viable sampling design for collecting reference data for the purpose of conducting an accuracy assessment of land-cover classifications obtained from remotely sensed data. The formulas for estimating various accuracy parameters such as the overall proportion of pixels correctly classified, the kappa coefficient of agreement, and user's and producer's accuracy are the same under cluster sampling and simple random sampling, but the formulas for estimating standard errors differ between the two designs. If standard error formulas appropriate for cluster sampling are not employed in an accuracy assessment based on this design, the reported variability of map accuracy statistics is likely to be grossly misleading. The proper standard error formulas for common map accuracy statistics are derived for one-stage cluster sampling. The validity of these standard error formulas is verified by a small simulation study, and the standard errors computed according to the usual simple random sampling formulas are shown to underestimate the true cluster sampling standard errors by 20–70% if the intracluster correlation is moderate.
Complementary and Alternative Care for the Hearts of Middle-Aged and Older Patients

Background: Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has considerably increased in the US during the past decade. However, little information is available about CAM use among patients with cardiovascular diseases. The burden of cardiac care on the economy and society is evident. Heart disease had been the leading cause of death throughout the 20th century. This study investigated the patterns of use of eight commonly used CAM therapies 1 year before cardiac surgery among a sample of middle-aged and older patients.
UHV STM of Cesium on Oxygenated Epitaxial Diamond (100) Films

The effects of Cs on oxygenated epitaxial diamond (100) films are studied using ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The epitaxial diamond (100) films are grown on synthetic diamond substrates using chemical vapor deposition and are boron doped. Before Cs deposition and oxygenation, UHV STM imaging of the epitaxial (100) films reveals a (2×l) dimer reconstruction. After Cs deposition and oxygenation, steps with relatively smooth surfaces are observed using positive tip voltages. Using negative tip voltages, many round bright structures approximately 20 A in diameter are observed on the surface. We propose that these bright structures are Cs atoms or clusters of Cs atoms. Since these structures are only observed for negative tip voltages, they have a large number of empty states. Our observations are compared with recent theoretical predictions for Cs adsorbed on oxygenated diamond (100).
A simple cannula for intracerebral injections in chronic animals

Abstract The construction of a simple, inexpensive intracerebral injection cannula for use in conscious, freely moving animals is described. The method of implantation and its other uses are discussed.
1724 PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE IN PREVIOUSLY WELL INFANTS: TIME COURSE OF HEMOSIDERIN PRODUCTION

1724 PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE IN PREVIOUSLY WELL INFANTS: TIME COURSE OF HEMOSIDERIN PRODUCTION
The crystal structure of -(diphenylphosphino) phenyl--1,2-dicarbomethoxyethenyltriphenylphosphineplatinum.

Abstract The structure of o -(diphenylphosphino) phenyl- cis -1,2-dicarbomethoxyethenyltriphenylphosphineplatinum,(Ph3P)[Ph2P(C6H4)]Pt- cis -(CO2MeCCHCO2Me), has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The crystals are triclinic, space group P 1 , two molecules per unit cell with dimensions a = 12.560(1), b = 13.600(1), c = 11.452(1) A, α = 110.01(1), β = 97.58(1), and γ = 91.03(1)°. A calculated density of 1.57 g cm−3 for two formula units per cell is consistent with the measured value of 1.56(2) g cm−3. The coordination about the platinum atom is square-planar with the two phosphine ligands oriented cis with respect to one another. The σ-bonded vinyl group also possesses cis stereochemistry. The geometry of the four-atom metallocyclic ring in this compound is compared to those of metallocyclobutene and platinacyclobutane complexes. The average PtP bond length is 2.330(2) A and the observed PtC bond lengths are 2.059(8) and 2.026(8) A. These bond lengths are discussed in terms of the trans -influence. Full-matrix least-squares refinement has yielded R = 0.047 (0.048 for weighted R) based on the 5208 reflections whose intensities are significantly above background (Inet ≥ 10 counts s−1).
Effects of the Valsalva maneuver on the cardiac systolic intervals: Beat-to-beat versus timed analysis

Valsalva maneuver beat-to-beat effects on systolic cardiac intervals compared with time based measurements
A reply to Cling’s “The epistemic regress problem”

Andrew Cling presents a new version of the epistemic regress problem, and argues that intuitionist foundationalism, social contextualism, holistic coherentism, and infinitism fail to solve it. Cling’s discussion is quite instructive, and deserving of careful consideration. But, I argue, Cling’s discussion is not in all respects decisive. I argue that Cling’s dilemma argument against holistic coherentism fails.
Systemic heparinization of the dog.

SYSTEMIC heparinization of the dog is a commonplace procedure in surgical research laboratories. In spite of the wide experience with canine heparinization, detailed descriptions of the results obtained by various methods are sparse. In many instances the method utilized is chosen arbitrarily or on a “precedent” basis. Attempts by the authors to find reported data on results obtained by various methods of canine heparinization ended in frustration. Because of our inability to find adequate information regarding quantitative effects of systemic heparin on the clotting time in the dog, we undertook the study reported on here.
Psychosocial and environmental factors associated with dog-walking

Dog walking is associated with higher levels of physical activity (PA). However, not all dog owners walk their dog(s) at a level sufficient for health benefits. Therefore, identifying correlates of dog-walking may help to inform the design of more effective interventions to promote this specific form of PA. The purpose of this study was to examine psychosocial and environmental correlates of dog-walking and relationships of dog-walking with overall PA. In 2010, 391 dog owners (mean age = 43.6 ± 12.3 years) completed a survey. Multiple logistic regression and structural equation modeling were used to examine psychosocial and environmental correlates of dog-walking status, weekly minutes of dog-walking, and relationships of dog-walking with overall PA. Self-efficacy for dog-walking, dog-related outcome expectancies, family social support, dog social support, and neighborhood walking environment were associated with a 1.3–5.6 greater odds of being a dog walker. Self-efficacy mediated relationships between fa...
Effects of silicate deficiency on test morphology, cytoplasmic fine structure, and growth of the testate amoeba Netzelia tuberculata (Wallich) Netzel (Rhizopoda, Testacea) grown in laboratory culture

Summary The testate amoeba Netzelia tuberculata ( Wallich ) Netzel produces, siliceous test particles (idiosomes) secreted within cytoplasmic vacuoles. They are deposited at the surface of the cytoplasm and cemented together within an organic matrix to from the test of the daughter cell during binary fission. When grown in a silicate-deficient medium (Prescott and Jarries solution containing 10μmol silicate), the normally ovoid test with closelypacked and often clustered idiosomes is altered. The severity of the symptoms is related to the kind of food and the rate of growth. When fed with yeast, which produces relatively rapid division rates, the test is incomplete forming cup-shaped structures with scattered spheroidal idiosomes embedded in a thin organic matrix. The idiosomes also exhibit silica-deficiency symptoms, when observed by scanning electron microscopy. Many of the test particles are smaller than typical and larger ones appear spongiose or pock-marked with depressions. Cells grown in the silicate-deficient medium with Spirogyra as food reproduce more slowly and show less severe symptoms. The test is typically ovoid, but the idiosomes are deposited as a thin layer in the organic matrix and are not so closely-packed as in cell grown in a silica-enriched medium. As a control, N. tuberculata inoculated in Prescott and James medium with added sand grains (52.9 μmol soluble silicate) grew normally, producing a typical ovoid test with tuberculate arrangement of idiosomes. Thus, the abnormalities cannot be attributed solely to growth in the artifical medium. Transmission electro'n microscopic examination of the cytoplasm of silica-deficient cells showed that the cells continue to produce Golgi-derived fibrillar vesicles (GFV) that normally fuse with vacuolar membranes to apparently initiate silica secretion. Though many GFV were seen in the vicinity of vacuoles, few were observed fused with vacuolar membranes. Cytochemical evidence for lysosomal marker enzyme (acid phosphatase) confirmed that the GFV, though derived from the Golgi apparatus, do not contain substantial quantities of enzyme reaction product. It is present, however, in lysosomal vesicles produced nearby. The cytoplasm lacked the usual ample supply of reserve idiosomes, and the few idiosomes observed consisted of granular masses of amorphous silica rather than the usually solid mass observed in cells grown in silica-replete medium. The mean growth coefficient of the treatment group maintained in 10.umol (low silicate) medium was 0.20 compared to 0.30 for a control group grown in the presence of sand. When the growth medium of the treatment group was supplemented with sand grains, the growth coefficient increased to 0.35, comparable to the control group.
Low-Q Microwave Filters

Waveguide bandpass transmission filters, each stage of which is composed of two similar irises spaced a distance s apart, are considered. The distance between stages for effectively quarter-wave coupling is shown to be s±1/4λ g/ g. The loaded Q of one stage is computed, and the frequency consciousness of the iris susceptance is shown to have no effect on the spacing condition, but to have a substantial effect upon the loaded Q, especially for low values of Q.
Topological invariants and absence of an axial anomaly for a Euclidean Taub-NUT (Newman-Unti-Tamburino) metric

Hawking has suggested that a particular Taub-NUT (Newman-Unti-Tamburino) metric might give rise to the gravitational analog of the Yang-Mills pseudoparticle. We extend Hawking's treatment by using the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index theorem for manifolds with boundaries and conclude that the Taub-NUT metric makes no contribution to the axial anomaly. Thus this metric does not induce chiral-symmetry breakdown as does the Yang-Mills pseudoparticle of Belavin, Polyakov, Schwartz, and Tyupkin.
Rotational Stability for Intercarpal Fixation Is Enhanced by a 4-Tine Staple

Purpose To compare the torsional stability of 6 fixation techniques for intercarpal fixation including a 4-tine, in-line staple. Methods We chose the scapholunate interval as the test site for rotational stability for various constructs. We used 42 pairs of embalmed scaphoids and lunates for the comparisons and created 6 construct groups. Fixation of the scapholunate gap was performed with a 3-mm screw, 2 1.1-mm (0.045-inch) K-wires spaced 2 mm apart, or 2 1.1-mm K-wires spaced 5 mm apart. One member of each pair was fixed with either a standard 2-tine peripherally placed staple or a customized 4-tine staple. Each scapholunate construct was tested in torsion to failure on a biaxial materials testing machine. Results In all cases, the 4-tine staple significantly increased rotational stability. The 2-tine staple resulted in statistically insignificant increases in rotational stability. With central fixation alone, K-wires separated by 5 mm showed the greatest resistance to torsion, and the 3-mm screw showed the least. Conclusions Use of an in-line, 4-tine staple provided increased rotational stability and may result in enhanced healing of intercarpal ligamentous reconstructions and arthrodeses. Clinical relevance A 4-tine staple compared with a standard staple provided superior rotational stability for intercarpal fixation.
Reaction entropy measurements for transition-metal ions bound to Nafion-coated electrode surfaces

Comparaison des potentiels redox, des entropies de reaction et des energies libres differentielles pour les ions metalliques dans les films de Nafion dans le cas des complexes: Fe(bpy) 3 3+/2+ , Ru(bpy) 3 3+/2+ , Co(bpy) 3+/2+ , Ru(NH 3 ) 6 3+/2+ , Ru(NH 3 ) 5 (pyr) 3+/2+ , etc, avec bpy=bipyridine-2,2' et pyr=pyridine. Donnees sur l'influence de l'environnement local autour des sites metalliques sur les mesures de l'entropie des reactions electrochimiques
A Persistent RNA-DNA Hybrid Is Formed during Transcription at a Phylogenetically Conserved Mitochondrial DNA Sequence

Critical features of the mitochondrial leading-strand DNA replication origin are conserved from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to humans. These include a promoter and a downstream GC-rich sequence block (CSBII) that encodes rGs within the primer RNA. During in vitro transcription at yeast mitochondrial replication origins, there is stable and persistent RNA-DNA hybrid formation that begins at the 5' end of the rG region. The short rG-dC sequence is the necessary and sufficient nucleic acid element for establishing stable hybrids, and the presence of rGs within the RNA strand of the RNA-DNA hybrid is required. The efficiency of hybrid formation depends on the length of RNA synthesized 5' to CSBII and the type of RNA polymerase employed. Once made, the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA hybrid can serve as an effective primer for mitochondrial DNA polymerase. These results reveal a new mechanism for persistent RNA-DNA hybrid formation and suggest a step in priming mitochondrial DNA replication that requires both mitochondrial RNA polymerase and an rG-dC sequence-specific event to form an extensive RNA-DNA hybrid.
Can We Develop Genetically Tractable Models to Assess Healthspan (Rather Than Life Span) in Animal Models

Understanding healthspan is arguably the most relevant clinical, social, and economic feature of aging research. The model systems of worm, fly, and mouse are potentially powerful tools to achieve this aim. These models provide two unique approaches. The first is based on genetic screening for gain or loss of function mutations that ameliorate senescence. Genetic factors discovered by this process permit us to recognize causal and regulatory mechanisms of aging. A related screen looks for compounds that slow aging or act upon proteins that were initially identified from genetic analysis. The second research strategy uses manipulations of targeted genetic factors to test causal explanations for aging. These studies include transgenic organisms and genetic epistasis analysis. Overall, genetically driven research with model organisms is largely responsible for the breakthrough of aging biology in the past 15 years. Aging in these contexts, however, has been measured almost exclusively from cohort survival statistics such as life expectancy and age-specific mortality. This is for a good reason. Manipulated factors that extend life span are thought to unambiguously slow senescence and thus to reflect underlying causes of the aging process. But this approach is also common for a practical reason—healthspan is a poorly defined commodity in humans, let alone for genetic animal model systems. It was the consensus of the working session that making healthspan an operational metric would be an innovation needed for the genetic power of model systems to address this aspect of human aging.
RNA Polymerase III Detects Cytosolic DNA and Induces Type-I Interferons Through the RIG-I Pathway

Summary Type I interferons (IFNs) are important for antiviral and autoimmune responses. Retinoic acid-induced gene I (RIG-I) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) proteins mediate IFN production in response to cytosolic double-stranded RNA or single-stranded RNA containing 5′-triphosphate (5′-ppp). Cytosolic B form double-stranded DNA, such as poly(dA-dT)•poly(dA-dT) [poly(dA-dT)], can also induce IFN-β, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that the cytosolic poly(dA-dT) DNA is converted into 5′-ppp RNA to induce IFN-β through the RIG-I pathway. Biochemical purification led to the identification of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III (Pol-III) as the enzyme responsible for synthesizing 5′-ppp RNA from the poly(dA-dT) template. Inhibition of RNA Pol-III prevents IFN-β induction by transfection of DNA or infection with DNA viruses. Furthermore, Pol-III inhibition abrogates IFN-β induction by the intracellular bacterium Legionella pneumophila and promotes the bacterial growth. These results suggest that RNA Pol-III is a cytosolic DNA sensor involved in innate immune responses.
Role of hepatitis C virus in dual and triple hepatitis virus infection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) share same transmission routes, thus dual or triple infection may occur and even persist in the same patients. A significant amount of literature has accumulated since the advent of HCV assays. It is pertinent to review and evaluate the clinical and virological significance of HCV in multiple hepatotropic viral infection. The reported series on seroprevalence of HCV indicate that HCV is found in more than 10% of HBV- or HDV-infected patients worldwide. Of the patients with dual or triple infection involving HCV, those having coreplication of viruses tend to have severe and progressive liver disease that is resistant to interferon therapy, in contrast with patients having a single virus infection. Paradoxically, dual or triple hepatitis virus infections are associated with viral interference. In particular, HCV exerts a suppressive effect on HBV and HDV and may enhance seroclearance of HBV antigens or even usurp the role of preexisting virus as the agent for continuing hepatitis. Although HBV and HDV may also suppress HCV, it appears to be less effective. These findings clearly suggest the necessity of monitoring patients with HBV or HDV infections. In view of complex dynamism of viral interaction in multiple hepatotropic virus infection, the importance of HCV assay in the clinical studies can not be overemphasized. The basic mechanisms that regulate the viral interactions, in particular the impact of HCV in dual or triple virus infections, remain to be investigated.
Asynchronous multi-domain variational integrators for non-linear problems

We develop an asynchronous time integration and coupling method with domain decomposition for linear and non-linear problems in mechanics. To ensure stability in the time integration and in coupling between domains, we use variational integrators with local Lagrange multipliers to enforce continuity at the domain interfaces. The asynchronous integrator lets each domain step with its own time step, using a smaller time step where required by stability and accuracy constraints and a larger time step where allowed. We show that in practice the time step is limited by accuracy requirements rather than by stability requirements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes of repeat cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the treatment of peritoneal surface malignancy

Background Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has improved the survival of patients with peritoneal surface malignancy. On recurrence, a repeat CRS/HIPEC is a treatment option. Study Design A retrospective analysis of 868 CRS/HIPEC procedures was performed. Type of primary, functional status, completion of resection, hospitalization, morbidity, mortality, and survival were reviewed. Results Sixty-two patients (7.7%) underwent a second CRS/HIPEC, including 33 patients with appendiceal primaries, 8 ovarian, 7 mesotheliomas, 4 colon cancers, and 10 various malignancies. Median follow-up was 60.8 months. Median overall survival in months was 85.3 for appendiceal cancer, 52.9 for mesothelioma, 60.1 for ovarian, and 137.4 for colon cancer. R1 resection was achieved in 43.5% after both procedures. Median survival after the second cytoreduction was 52.1 months for appendiceal cancer, 21.8 for mesothelioma, 53.9 for ovarian, and 55.7 for colon cancer. Median survival was 55.7 months for R1 resection, 20.3 months for R2a resection, and 15.5 months for R2b−R2c. Median ICU and hospital stay was 1 and 7.5 days, respectively. The 30-day morbidity after the second CRS/HIPEC was 48.4% and mortality was 3.2%. In multivariate analysis, the R status of the second CRS/HIPEC (p = 0.013) and the interval between the 2 procedures (p = 0.009) were significant in predicting improved survival. Conclusions In experienced tertiary centers and for selected patients, a repeat CRS/HIPEC procedure has morbidity and mortality similar to the initial cytoreduction. Survival depends primarily on the completion of the repeat cytoreduction and favorable biology of the tumor.
The long way from bench to bedside

Loss-of-function mutations in the ectodysplasin A gene, EDA, have been associated with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XL-HED) since 1996. In 2003, we made use of this information to engineer a recombinant soluble form of ectodysplasin A that has the potential to revert the disease in mice. Almost 10 years later, a cure is still not available for individuals affected by the disease. Is this normal? Part of the answer lies in the complexity of the process linking the proof of principle (in mice) and the authority-approved human treatment. It involves the production of a clinical grade pharmacological drug, a tricky process that requires clean-from-the-start-engineering and extensive stability/efficacy/toxicity controls at every step. And this is only the beginning. Defining treatment windows, regimens, doses and biomarkers of efficacy requires significant research efforts; often tedious and unlikely to be published in high-impact journals. Production and research must run in parallel to discussions with regulatory agencies, each process influencing the other. Finally, a wealth of clinical data must be put together, including precise natural history, identification and preparation of clinical centers, clinical trial protocols set up and filing. Taken together, these steps require two things: i) time and ii) dedicated professionals from many different fields: scientists, clinicians, pharmacologists, production experts, regulatory experts and, importantly, a strong industrial partner. It is a fascinating process, subject to delays and pitfalls, but essentially sound as it drives for the development of the safest and best drug possible.
Outcomes of type II superior labrum, anterior to posterior (SLAP) repair: Prospective evaluation at a minimum two-year follow-up

Hypothesis Patients with type II superior labrum, anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions will have improved function and decreased pain at a minimum of 2 years after arthroscopic SLAP repair using bioabsorbable suture anchor fixation. Materials and methods The study population consisted of 48 patients who underwent arthroscopic SLAP repair. Subjective shoulder scores, range of motion, and strength (postoperative only) were assessed preoperatively and at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Results At an average of 3.4 years after surgery, statistically significant improvement was seen in American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, University of California, Los Angeles score, Simple Shoulder Test scores, Constant activities of daily living, visual analog scale for pain, and Short Form-12 Health Survey physical outcome scores. Improvements were made in forward flexion, abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation. Subgroup analysis of nonathletes, nonoverhead athletes, recreational overhead athletes, and collegiate overhead athletes showed preoperative to postoperative improvements in subjective outcomes scores. Overhead laborers and nonlaborers also showed preoperative to postoperative improvements in subjective shoulder scores. Discussion No differences were seen between the outcomes of nonathletes, nonoverhead athletes, recreational overhead athletes, and collegiate overhead athletes, suggesting that SLAP type II repair is successful independent of the patient's vocation or sport. Conclusion These results show that arthroscopic SLAP repair of type II lesions with bioabsorbable suture anchors provides a significant improvement in functional capacity and pain relief.
Whole body glucose metabolism.

This review describes major factors that, singly or together, influence the concentration and distribution ofd-glucose in mammals, particularly in humans, with emphasis on rest, physical activity, ...
CEREBROSIDES IN MATURE-GREEN AND RED-RIPE BELL PEPPER AND TOMATO FRUITS

Abstract Cerebrosides (CBs) isolated from pericarp lipids of green and red bell pepper and tomato fruits were separated by a new HPLC method into ⩾ six components. HPLC profiles were similar for the two fruits and changed little with ripening. CB 1 was the major peak, CB 2 was found only in bell pepper, and CBs 4, 5 and 6 were more abundant in pepper than in tomato. Total CBs and HPLC CB fractions were cleaved for analysis of fatty acid (FA), sphingoid (SP) and sugar moieties. FAs of total CBs were >95% saturated 2-hydroxyl. In CBs 1 and 2, 2-hydroxyl 16:0 was ⩾98% of the total FAs, whereas 2-hydroxyl 22:0, 23:0 and 24:0 predominated in CBs 4–6. The SPs of CBs 1 and 2 were tentatively identified as the 8- cis and 8- trans isomers of 4,8-sphingadienine and 8-sphingenine, respectively, whereas the SPs of CBs 4–6 were identified as isomers of 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine. Glucose was the only sugar in bell pepper and tomato CBs. The major CB in both fruits was deduced to be 1- O - β -glucosyl- N -(2′hydroxypalmitoyl)-4- trans -8- cis -sphingadienine.
Pharmaceutical Regulation Failures and Changes Lessons Learned From OxyContin Abuse and Diversion

OxyContin, a controlled-release opioid developed and produced by Purdue Pharma, was given Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in December 1995. By 1999, to the apparent surprise of Purdue P...
Selectively oxidized vertical-cavity laser performance and technology

We discuss revolutionary performance advances in selectively oxidized vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), which have enabled low operating power laser diodes appropriate for aerospace applications. Incorporating buried oxide layers converted from AlGaAs layers within the laser cavity produces enhanced optical and electrical confinement enabling superior laser performance, such as high efficiency and modulation bandwidth. VCSELs are also shown to be viable over varied environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and ionized radiation. The development of novel VCSEL technologies for advanced system applications is also described. Two-dimensional individually addressable VCSEL arrays exhibit uniform threshold and operating characteristics. Bottom emitting 850 nm VCSEL arrays fabricated using wafer fusion are also reported.
A Direct Comparison of Intravascular Ultrasound and Quantitative Coronary Arteriography: Implications for Measures of Atherosclerosis as Clinical Surrogates

Several established methods for the imaging of atherosclerosis (quantitative coronary arteriography [QCA],1,2 carotid intima-medial thickness,3,4 magnetic resonance imaging,5 and intravascular ultrasound [IVUS])6,7 have been used in clinical trials to determine whether defined therapeutic interventions slow the rate of progression of plaque size or composition, or reduce severity of luminal obstruction, and whether change in these measures predicts in-trial or future cardiovascular (CV) events. The report by Berry et al8 in this issue of Circulation , which compares simultaneously-obtained QCA measures of luminal obstruction with IVUS measures of plaque and luminal volume or percent plaque volume and their in-trial changes is a timely comparison between IVUS and QCA. The present editorial comment addresses the emerging evidence on the relative utility of measurements by these 2 techniques for use as surrogates for efficacy in clinical trials. Article p 1851 Proponents of these atherosclerosis imaging methods seek to establish their role as reasonable surrogates for CV event end points. Success holds the promise of a substantial decrease in the size and duration (ie, cost) of the large, long, clinical trials needed to confirm significant therapeutic benefits. In this regard, results with these techniques have been encouraging. With carotid intima-medial thickness, single estimates of carotid plaque thickness have correlated with future CV event rates;3 furthermore, rates of plaque thickening over 1 year have tended to correlate with frequency of in-trial events.4 With QCA, progressive luminal obstruction has predicted in-trial event frequency and subsequent posttrial events.9,10 With magnetic resonance imaging, diminished plaque size5 and plaque lipid composition11 have been associated with lipid therapies that have greatly reduced event frequency. For an imaging method to provide an early assessment of in-trial therapeutic effects, it ought to characterize 1 or more key mechanisms of the atherosclerotic process …
Action–oriented Benchmarking: Concepts and Tools

Most energy benchmarking tools provide static feedback on how one building compares to a larger set of loosely similar buildings, without providing information at the end-use level or on what can be done to reduce consumption, cost, or emissions. In this article—Part 1 of a two-part series—we describe an “action-oriented benchmarking” approach, which extends whole-building energy benchmarking to include analysis of system and component energy use metrics and features. Action-oriented benchmarking thereby allows users to generate more meaningful metrics and to identify, screen and prioritize potential efficiency improvements. This opportunity assessment process can then be used to inform and optimize a full-scale audit or commissioning process. We introduce a new web-based action-oriented benchmarking system and associated software tool—EnergyIQ. The benchmarking methods, visualizations, and user interface design are informed by an end-user needs assessment survey and best-practice guidelines from ASHRAE.
Foreground Focus: Unsupervised Learning from Partially Matching Images

We present a method to automatically discover meaningful features in unlabeled image collections. Each image is decomposed into semi-local features that describe neighborhood appearance and geometry. The goal is to determine for each image which of these parts are most relevant, given the image content in the remainder of the collection. Our method first computes an initial image-level grouping based on feature correspondences, and then iteratively refines cluster assignments based on the evolving intra-cluster pattern of local matches. As a result, the significance attributed to each feature influences an image's cluster membership, while related images in a cluster affect the estimated significance of their features. We show that this mutual reinforcement of object-level and feature-level similarity improves unsupervised image clustering, and apply the technique to automatically discover categories and foreground regions in images from benchmark datasets.
Earnings and assimilation of female immigrants

This paper investigates the earnings and assimilation of female immigrants to the US, using 1970 and 1980 census data. A correction for selectivity bias is employed. In addition, to correct for the lack of work history data in the census, an experience proxy derived from data in the Panel Survey on Income Dynamics is employed. Female immigrants, taken as a group, with similar characteristics to natives, are shown to have initiality lower earnings but to catch up within about ten years.
Scaling IP multicast on datacenter topologies

IP multicast would reduce significantly both network and server overhead for many datacenter applications' communication. Unfortunately, traditional protocols for managing IP multicast, designed for arbitrary network topologies, do not scale with aggregate hardware resources in the number of supported multicast groups. Prior attempts to scale multicast in general settings are all bottlenecked by the forwarding table capacity of a single switch. This paper shows how to leverage the unique topological structure of modern datacenter networks in order to build the first scale-out multicast architecture. In our architecture, a network controller carefully partitions the multicast address space and assigns the partitions across switches in datacenters' multi-rooted tree networks. Our approach further improves scalability by locally aggregating multicast addresses at bottleneck switches that are running out of forwarding table space, at the cost of slightly inflating downstream traffic. We evaluate the system's scalability, traffic overhead, and fault tolerance through a mix of simulation and analysis. For example, experiments show that a datacenter with 27,648 servers and commodity switches with 1000-entry multicast tables can support up to 100,000 multicast groups, allowing each server to subscribe to nearly 200 multicast groups concurrently.
Regeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle in mammals: do nonprimate models resemble human pathology?

Most of the available information regarding the regenerative potential and compensatory remodeling of mammalian tissues has been obtained from nonprimate animals, mainly rodent experimental models. The increasing use of transgenic mice for studies of the mechanisms controlling organogenesis and regeneration also requires a clear understanding of their applicability as experimental models for studies of similar processes in humans and other mammals. Application of modern cell biology methods to studies of regenerative processes has provided new insights into similarity and differences in cellular responses to injury in the tissues of different mammalian species. During more than 200-million years of progressive divergent evolution of mammals, cellular mechanisms of tissue regeneration and compensatory remodeling evolved together with increasingly adaptive functional specialization and structural complexity of mammalian tissues and organs. Rodents represent a phylogenetically ancient order of mammals that has conservatively retained a number of morphofunctional characteristics of early representatives of this class, which include enhanced regenerative capacity of tissues. A comparative analysis of regenerative processes in skeletal and cardiac muscle, as well as in several other mammalian tissues, shows that time courses and intensities of regeneration in response to the same type of injury vary even within taxonomically related species (e.g., rat, mouse, and hamster). The warm bloodedness of mammals facilitated the development of more complex mechanisms of metabolic, immune, and neurohumoral regulation, which resulted in a stronger dependence of regenerative processes on vascularization and innervation. For this reason, interspecies modifications of regenerative responses are limited by the capacity of the animal to resorb rapidly the foci of necrosis and to revascularize and reinnervate the volume of the regenerating tissue. These differences, among other factors, result in significantly lower rates of reparative regeneration in mammals possessing larger body sizes than rodents. A review of these data strongly indicates that the phylogenetic age and biological differences between different species should be taken into account before extrapolation of regenerative properties of nonprimate tissues on the regenerative responses in the primates.
Predation on zooplankton by large jellyfish, Aurelia labiata, Cyanea capillata and Aequorea aequorea, in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Large jellyfish are conspicuous members of many coastal plankton communities. They are potentially important as competitors for zooplankton prey with fish larvae and zooplanktivorous fish, as well as being predators of fish eggs and larvae. Nevertheless, few data exist on predation effects of large medusae on zooplankton in situ. Biovolumes and densities of Aurelia labiata, Cyanea capillata and Aequorea aequorea medusae combined, measured in fishing seines, were generally low (<1 l per 1000 m 3 and <10 medusae 1000 m -3 ) at 24 to 44 stations during July in 1998 and 1999 in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska. Their diets contained mainly copepods, larvaceans and clado- cerans, and also a variety of meroplankton. Few fish eggs and larvae were eaten. Multiple regression analyses showed that the numbers of the main prey taxa in the gut contents usually were significantly correlated with medusa diameter and prey density. Digestion rates for copepods and cladocerans at 14°C averaged 3 h for A. labiata, 2 h for C. capillata and 1.5 h for larvaceans by both predators. Calculations using the above data indicated that individual medusa consumed 100s to 1000s of prey daily. Because of high prey densities and low medusa densities, predation effects on small copepods were low (mean ≤ 0.3% of the standing stock d -1 ). Larvaceans experienced greater predation at an average of ≤ 8.3% of the standing stock d -1 . These predation effects were underestimated in 1998, because sampling did not include the numerous aggregations of A. labiata, and also in 1999, when small hydromedusae were abundant (mean 59 medusae m -3 ). During this study, predation by medusae probably did not reduce prey availability to Age 0 sandlance, herring and walleye pollock, with diets consisting primarily of small copepods; however, medusa predation may have affected larvacean availability to Age 0 pink salmon, which consume them extensively.
The late Pleistocene hutias (Geocapromys brownii) of Red Hills Fissure, Jamaica

Red Hills Fissure (RHF) is an in-filled, karstic solutional feature exposed by a roadcut in southern Jamaica. The site was discovered in 1988 and immediately recognized as an unusually rich source of late Quaternary gastropods and vertebrate bone dating from the late Pleistocene. Recent work on RHF has focused on the abundant remains of the endemic, mid-sized rodent Geocapromys brownii. Morphological data on a collection of hemi-mandibles has facilitated the construction of a life table for the species in the late Pleistocene: the first for any West Indian Pleistocene vertebrate. Studies of fluorine uptake in the fossil bone have also defined the time-span of the RHF deposit, approximately 25–40 kyr BP. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of Human Smuggling and Border Crossings, by Gabriella E. Sanchez

Stories of human smuggling are nearly always composed of dichotomous characters: The migrants are portrayed as helpless victims and the smugglers as ruthless and profit driven. This recent work by ...
Heparin enhances active site-dependent binding of tissue-type plasminogen activator to endothelial cells

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in culture express two classes of binding sites for tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). The high-affinity binding site has been identified as PA inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), which binds to the catalytic portion of the molecule, while the second site binds t-PA through an active-site independent domain. Because recombinant t-PA (rt-PA) is often administered concomitantly with heparin, we investigated the effects of heparin on rt-PA binding to HUVEC. Preincubation of HUVEC with heparin at 4 degrees C increased the binding of radiolabeled rt-PA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. One-half maximal increase in binding was observed within 10 minutes of heparin addition. When HUVEC were preincubated with optimal concentrations (5 U/mL) of heparin for 4 hours at 4 degrees C, a 2.5- +/- 0.2-fold increase in specific binding was observed (mean +/- SEM, n = 12, P less than .01). Other highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans and fucoidan (a sulfated polymer of fucose) stimulated rt-PA binding as well, whereas glycosaminoglycans with lower sulfate content than heparin did not. Several results suggested that heparin increased the binding of rt-PA to "cell-associated" PAI-1. First, only active-site-dependent binding was enhanced by heparin, whereas binding of active-site blocked rt-PA was not affected. Second, extracts from HUVEC preincubated with heparin contained increased amounts of rt-PA-PAI-1 complexes as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Third, antibodies to PAI-1 blocked the increased binding entirely. HUVEC preincubated with heparin also bound increased amounts of enzymatically active radiolabeled urokinase-type PAs. However, HUVEC preincubated with heparin did not express increased amounts of immunoreactive PAI-1. Therefore, heparin, at therapeutic concentrations, may enhance or stabilize the association of PAs with endothelial cell-associated PAI-1.
Management of Carfilzomib-Associated Cardiac Adverse Events

Carfilzomib is a proteasome inhibitor that is approved for use as a single agent in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma and when used in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (1-3 prior lines of therapy). Cardiac and cardiopulmonary adverse events have been reported to be associated with carfilzomib-based treatment regimens. This article discusses the cardiac-related adverse events that have been reported in clinical studies of carfilzomib and presents a single institution perspective on the prevention and management of cardiac adverse events following treatment with this agent.
Barbed Suture: A Review of the Technology and Clinical Uses in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Surgical knots are simply a necessary evil needed to anchor smooth suture to allow it to function in its role in tissue reapproximation. Surgical knots reduce the tensile strength of all sutures by thinning and stretching the material. The tying of surgical knots introduces the potential of human error and interuser variability. Knot-secured smooth suture must create an uneven distribution of tension across the wound with the higher tension burdens placed at the knots. Given the excessive relative wound tension on the knot and the reasonable concerns of surgeons for suture failure due to knot slippage, there is a natural tendency toward overcoming these concerns by over-tightening knots; however, tighter knots may be worse for wound healing and strength than looser knots. In minimally invasive laparoscopic surgeries, the ability to quickly and properly tie surgical knots presents a new challenge. In cases in which knot tying is difficult, the use of knotless barbed suture can securely reapproximate tissues with less time, cost, and aggravation. This article reviews the technology behind barbed sutures with a focus on understanding how they differ from traditional smooth sutures and how barbed sutures have performed in in vitro and animal model testing, as well as in human clinical trials.