cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PARALLEL CFD BENCHMARKS ON CRAY COMPUTERS

In this paper we present benchmark results from the parallel implementation of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver Prism [1] on the Cray T3D, We compare the single processor performance with other Cray computers, namely the Cray C90, J90 and EL98, as well as Digital Equipment Corporation's DEC 3000/500 (which uses the same processor as the T3D) and AlphaServer 8400 5/300 (which uses the same processor as the Cray T3E, the successor system to the T3D). The numerical method used in the solver is based on mixed spectral element-Fourier expansions in (x − y) and z-directions, respectively. Each (or a group) of Fourier modes can be computed on a separate processor as the linear contributions (Helmholtz solves) in Navier-Stokes equations are completely uncoupled. Coupling is obtained via the nonlinear contributions (adveaion terms) and requires a global transpose of the data and one-dimensional multiple-point FFTs. We first analyze the computational complexity of Prism identifying basic computational ker...
FIRE SEVERITY AND ECOSYTEM RESPONSES FOLLOWING CROWN FIRES IN CALIFORNIA SHRUBLANDS

Chaparral shrublands burn in large high-intensity crown fires. Managers interested in how these wildfires affect ecosystem processes generally rely on surrogate measures of fire intensity known as fire severity metrics. In shrublands burned in the autumn of 2003, a study of 250 sites investigated factors determining fire severity and ecosystem responses. Using structural equation modeling we show that stand age, prefire shrub density, and the shortest interval of the prior fire history had significant direct effects on fire severity, explaining .50% of the variation in severity. Fire severity per se is of interest to resource managers primarily because it is presumed to be an indicator of important ecosystem processes such as vegetative regeneration, community recovery, and erosion. Fire severity contributed relatively little to explaining patterns of regeneration after fire. Two generalizations can be drawn: fire severity effects are mostly short- lived, i.e., by the second year they are greatly diminished, and fire severity may have opposite effects on different functional types. Species richness exhibited a negative relationship to fire severity in the first year, but fire severity impacts were substantially less in the second postfire year and varied by functional type. Much of this relationship was due to alien plants that are sensitive to high fire severity; at all scales from 1 to 1000 m 2 , the percentage of alien species in the postfire flora declined with increased fire severity. Other aspects of disturbance history are also important determinants of alien cover and richness as both increased with the number of times the site had burned and decreased with time since last fire. A substantial number of studies have shown that remote-sensing indices are correlated with field measurements of fire severity. Across our sites, absolute differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) was strongly correlated with field measures of fire severity and with fire history at a site but relative dNBR was not. Despite being correlated with fire severity, absolute dNBR showed little or no relationship with important ecosystem responses to wildfire such as shrub resprouting or total vegetative regeneration. These findings point to a critical need for further research on interpreting remote sensing indices as applied to postfire management of these shrublands.
Financial report of publication of proceedings of Davis meeting

The present report differs from that made at Los Angeles only in its totals, for all pledges have now been fulfilled and all debts paid. The publication of the proceedings has been made possible through donations for printing and orders for reprints. The number of organizations engaged in the effort was 21. To them de tailed acknowledgment has been made in the Davis proceedings. The American Geophysical Union bore the overhead of publication.
Genome response to tissue plasminogen activator in experimental ischemic stroke.

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is known to have functions beyond fibrinolysis in acute ischemic stroke, such as blood brain barrier disruption. To further delineate tPA functions in the blood, we examined the gene expression profiles induced by tPA in a rat model of ischemic stroke. tPA differentially expressed 929 genes in the blood of rats (p ≤ 0.05, fold change ≥ |1.2|). Genes identified had functions related to modulation of immune cells. tPA gene expression was found to be dependent on the reperfusion status of cerebral vasculature. The majority of genes regulated by tPA were different from genes regulated by ischemic stroke. tPA modulates gene expression in the blood of rats involving immune cells in a manner that is dependent on the status of vascular reperfusion. These non-fibrinolytic activities of tPA in the blood serve to better understand tPA-related complications.
Local action of thyroxine implants on cerebellar maturation in frog tadpoles.

Abstract Implants of a mixture of thyroxine and cholesterol (1 : 10) or of cholesterol alone were placed in the fourth ventricle of bullfrog tadpoles. Fourteen days after surgery, the brains of all tadpoles were processed for light microscopic examination. The cerebella of the control tadpoles, with implants containing only cholesterol, showed no indication of any maturational changes. The cerebella of the tadpoles with thyroxine-containing implants, on the other hand, showed advanced maturational changes, although no external metamorphic changes were exhibited by these animals. It is concluded that thyroxine induces cerebellar maturation by direct action on this part of the brain.
The relationship of communication apprehension and interaction involvement to perceptions of computer‐mediated communication

This study investigated how the interpersonal traits of communication apprehension (CA) and interaction involvement (II) are related to one's attitudes toward and use of computer‐mediated communication (CMC). Data were collected by administering a self‐report survey to a sample of 133 participants, and results were analyzed with multiple regression. Findings revealed that CA and II failed to predict CMC attitudes. However, each trait predicted communication style during online interaction. Findings are interpreted within the context of current theories of CMC.
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine metabolism in maternal and fetal sheep.

Extract: Kinetic studies of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and measurements of hormone turnover were conducted in chronically catheterized maternal and fetal sheep during the last trimester of gestation. Mean serum total T4 and free T4 (FT4) concentrations were higher in fetal than in maternal serum (7.5 versus 5.4 $mUg/100 ml and 5.1 versus 2.4 ng/100 ml, respectively), whereas total T3 and free T3 (FT3) concentrations were higher in maternal than in fetal serum (74 versus <18 ng/100 ml and 176 versus <90 pg/100 ml, respectively). Mean maximal thy-roxine-binding globulin (TBG) binding capacity was higher in maternal than in fetal blood (16.5 versus 8.1 $mUg T4/100 ml, respectively). Fetal serum was observed to contain a T4-binding α-1-globulin, which probably is identical with fetuin, a glycoprotein unique to sera of fetuses and neonates of several species including the calf, foal, sheep, pig, and chick. Mean T4 clearance values were 0.614 and 0.107 liters/kg/24 hr, respectively, in fetal and maternal sheep and mean T3 clearance values were 8.52 versus 1.66 liters/kg/24 hr, respectively. Mean T4 turnover values were 46.1 and 5.59 $mUg/kg/24 hr, and mean T3 turnover values were < 1.50 and 1.22 $mUg/kg/24 hr in fetal and maternal sheep, respectively. No placental transfer of T4 occurred and net maternal to fetal transfer of T3 amounted to only about 1% of total turnover of fetal thyronine.
HfO 2 gated, self aligned and directly contacted indium arsenide quantum-well transistors for logic applications — A temperature and bias dependent study

III–V compound semiconductors with extremely high mobilities have recently emerged as a potential technology of choice for future beyond-Si CMOS logic applications [1]. InAs PHEMT (on InP) containing an InAs strained layer inserted in an In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel layer has been demonstrated with improved scalability and performance [2], albeit wi th Schottky gate and non sel f aligned source d rain contacts. This i s unsuitable for future VLS I logic applications. Here, we integrate, for the first time, an in-situ deposited high-k dielectric (HfO 2 ) and metal gate (TaN) stack with the InAs quantum-well device layers incorporating Pd/Gesource-drain contacts fully self-aligned with the gate edge and contacting the quantum-well directly. A bias and temperature dependent experimental study of the off-state leakage and the carrier transport identifies the various physical mechanisms limiting the device performance.
Regulators of G-protein Signalling as New Central Nervous System Drug Targets

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are major targets for drug discovery. The regulator of G-protein signalling (RGS)-protein family has important roles in GPCR signal transduction. RGS proteins contain a conserved RGS-box, which is often accompanied by other signalling regulatory elements. RGS proteins accelerate the deactivation of G proteins to reduce GPCR signalling; however, some also have an effector function and transmit signals. Combining GPCR agonists with RGS inhibitors should potentiate responses, and could markedly increase the agonist's regional specificity. The diversity of RGS proteins with highly localized and dynamically regulated distributions in brain makes them attractive targets for pharmacotherapy of central nervous system disorders.
Numerical modeling of photorefractive response to short-pulsed illumination

Numerical modeling of the nonlinear response of nonferroelectric photorefractive crystals to short-duration laser pulses is demonstrated. The model is based on the band-transport equations for a single-level, single-charge carrier system. The capabilities of the numerical model surpass the capabilities of linearized theories. The accuracy of the model is demonstrated by comparison with published diffraction efficiency data. The growth of the harmonics of a unity-modulation sinusoidal grating and the response of Bi12SiO20 to multiple Q-switched pulses are two examples that demonstrate how the numerical model surpasses the linearized theory. Comparison with experiment dictates that a sinusoidal grating be assumed, but the model is general enough to accommodate arbitrary patterns of incident energy density.
The hepatocyte nuclear factor-3/forkhead transcription regulatory family in development, inflammation, and neoplasia

Abstract HNF-3/FKH genes are a large family of transcriptional activators. They are expressed in specific developmental and tissue patterns. Indeed, several of them are known to be essential for normal development (e.g. Dfkh and slp-1,2). Mutation within one of these genes produces mutant fruitfly embryos that are unable to survive. This family shares conserved DNA binding and transcriptional activation domains. The DNA binding domain has been crystallized, and its structure determined. Although it has resemblance to helices of homeodomains and H5 histones, it represents a new DNA binding motif, which has been called the ‘winged helix,’, because it contains additional interactive peptide regions called termed wings. Subtle amino acid variations in a region adjacent to the DNA recognition helix influence the recognition specificity of each HNF-3/FKH protein and therefore confer selectivity in promoter regulation. Members of this family are important in regulating the inflammatory response of the liver (the three HNF-3 genes). In addition, several members may be important in blood cell development (H3 and 5-3). Finally, two of these genes have been found to produce neoplasia (qin and FKHR). As investigation progresses, the mechanism by which these genes regulate development, inflammation and neoplasia will become more clear.
Observations of structural deviations in MBE grown II–VI superlattices

Abstract X-ray diffraction analyses of HgTeCdTe and CdTeZnTe superlattices (SL's) have revealed a few exceptional samples possessing complex satellite structures that cannot be attributed to a single modulation period of one specific average composition. All of the examined SL's were grown, by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), to have one well-defined period. Four of these unique SL's are reviewed and the observed deviations with respect to a single period SL model are illustrated. The SL samples are characterized by several diffraction techniques. Extended x-ray ω − 2θ scans were performed with the scattering vector along the SL growth direction. These scans were complemented by ω scans to assess the lateral coherence of the diffracting planes. The complex diffraction spectra suggest that several SL regions coexist within one macroscopic sample. Differences in the period and average composition distinguish each domain by observing the satellite spacing and central peak position, respectively.
A novel technique for intraaortic balloon pump placement via the left axillary artery in patients awaiting cardiac transplantation.

Abstract In order to circumvent the problems associated with long-term femoral intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) placement we have developed and used a new technique of IABP placement. Over the past three years 13 patients awaiting cardiac transplantation have had placement of IABP via a vein cuff sewn to the left axillary artery. Thirteen patients have undergone IABP placement using this technique. The average duration of IABP support was 37 days (range 10–86 days). Ten patients were successfully transplanted. All patients were allowed to sit, stand and ambulate with assistance. No neurologic complications occurred. There were no episodes of sepsis related to balloon or insertion site. No patient had limb ischemia during IABP counterpulsation. Left axillary artery IABP insertion via a vein cuff portal is a straightforward technique with minimal complications. This method serves as a bridge to cardiac transplantation in a gravely ill group of patients while preserving patient mobility during the waiting period for a donor heart.
New carbon dioxide laser treatment on artificial caries progression in dentin

Previous studies have shown that pretreatment of dental enamel by specific carbon dioxide laser conditions inhibited progression of caries-like lesion progression in vitro. The aim of the present study was to determine whether irradiation by a new shorter pulse carbon dioxide laser would inhibit caries-like lesion progression in dentin. Dentin blocks were irradiated at 9.6 μm with a 20 μs pulse duration laser using overlapping spots, 5 pulses per spot, and fluences from 0.2 - 1.0 J/cm 2 . The blocks were subjected to pH-cycling to produce subsurface caries-like lesions including control groups, one with daily fluoride treatments. Lesion severity was assessed by cross-sectional microhardness measurement. Neither low fluences nor fluences in the optimum range for enamel significantly (p>0.05) inhibited lesion progression in dentin in this model. Only the fluoride treatment group significantly (p<0.05, ANOVA/Tukey) inhibited lesion progression by 33%.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF AZIDOCOUMARINS

— Photochemical reactions of 6-azidocoumarin and 7-azido-4-methylcoumarin in the presence of secondary amines have been investigated for their potential applications in photoaffinity labeling. It was found that the singlet nitrene generated from 6-azidocoumarin isomerized to a dehydroazepine intermediate that reacted with an amine to yield two isomeric adducts. Photolysis of 7-azido-4-meth-ylcoumarin, in contrast, gave a triplet nitrene that abstracted hydrogen atoms from secondary amine molecules to form 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin as the major product. The difference in the intersystem crossing rate between the two compounds originates from the azido position relative to the carbonyl group. Because of its ability to form a covalent linkage with a nucleophile, 6-azidocoumarin is deemed to have a greater potential as a photoaffinity label than 7-azido-4-methylcoumarin.
Christopher Seton-Watson, the Second World War and Italian liberalism

Dunkirk–Alamein–Bologna: Letters and diaries of an artilleryman 1939–1945 (1994) is based on the letters written by Christopher Seton Watson while on active duty as an officer in the Royal Horse Artillery in the Second World War. In this essay, the correspondence provides a platform for exploring first how CSW's wartime experiences coloured his views on Italy and Italian politics, and then the ways in which those views had developed and changed by the time he published his major study of the crisis of Italian liberalism (Italy from liberalism to fascism 1870–1925 (1967).
Heat‐resistant metal phthalocyanine imide copolymers

Thermally stable poly(metal phthalocyanine)imide copolymers were prepared with metal(11) 4,4′,4″,4‴ -phthalocyanine tetraamines, 4,4′ -diamino diphenyl ether, and 3,3′,4,4′ -benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride. Variables such as molar concentrations of the reagents, solvents, and temperature were investigated to optimize the conditions of the polymerization. Inherent viscosity, and infrared (IR) spectral and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies were done to characterize the polymers. These polymers are stable and thier decomposition temperatures both in air and nitrogen are greater than 500°C. Their char yields at 800°C in nitrogen varied between 60 and 76%, depending on the type and concentrations of the metal phthalocyanine tetraamines. These polymers can be used to produce heat-stable films, fibers, varnishes, and adhesives.
Examining patient conceptions: a case of metastatic breast cancer in an African American male to female transgender patient.

An African American male to female transgender patient treated with estrogen detected a breast lump that was confirmed by her primary care provider. The patient refused mammography and 14 months later she was diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer with spinal cord compression. We used ethnographic interviews and observations to elicit the patient’s conceptions of her illness and actions. The patient identified herself as biologically male and socially female; she thought that the former protected her against breast cancer; she had fears that excision would make a breast tumor spread; and she believed injectable estrogens were less likely than oral estrogens to cause cancer. Analysis suggests dissociation between the patient’s social and biological identities, fear and fatalism around cancer screening, and legitimization of injectable hormones. This case emphasizes the importance of eliciting and interpreting a patient’s conceptions of health and illness when discordant understandings develop between patient and physician.
Existence of anti-plane shear surface waves in anisotropic elastic half-space with depth-dependent material properties

Abstract It is known that an anti-plane shear surface wave does not exist in anisotropic elastic half-space x2 ⩾ 0 when the material is homogeneous. For a functionally graded material for which the elastic stiffness C44, C45, C55 and the mass density ρ depend on the depth x2 of the half-space, an anti-plane shear surface wave may exist. Exact solutions for four cases of special graded materials are presented here. In all four cases C44 and ρ have the same function form. C55 and C45 are related but they need not have the same function form as C44 and ρ. In fact C45 can depend on x2 arbitrarily. In Case 4, C44 and ρ are periodic function in x2. For a general graded material, an asymptotic solution for large wave number k is obtained and conditions for the existence of an anti-plane shear surface wave are presented. Regardless of exact or asymptotic solutions, as k → ∞, the surface wave speed v approaches v ˆ which is the speed of the exceptional body wave evaluated for the material property at x2 = 0. The surface wave solution has an interesting phenomenon when the elastic stiffness C45 is non-zero.
Serum lipoproteins in two species of phocids (Phoca vitulina and Mirounga angustirostris) during alimentary lipemia

Abstract 1. 1. Serum lipoprotein distributions of harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina ) and elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris ) during alimentary lipemia were measured by analytical ultracentrifugation. 2. 2. Lipid compositions and concentrations of the total VLDL, LDL, and HDL classes were also determined. During alimentary lipemia increased serum triglycerides were associated with concentration changes in the total VLDL class. A postprandial increase in HDL phospholipid was observed in one animal. 3. 3. Comparison of lipid concentration of the total VLDL class with the S° ∝ 20–400 data indicates that chylomicra are the principal triglyceride carriers during alimentary lipemia and that there are only slight changes among the S ∝ 20–400 lipoproteins. 4. 4. Electrophoretic analyses were carried out on sera obtained from elephant seals. Chylomicron and pre-beta bands were detected, but there was no discernible beta band. Consistent with the latter finding no S ° ∝ 0–20 lipoproteins were observed in the analytical ultracentrifuge. 5. 5. These data are discussed in terms of the clearance of chylomicron remnants.
Long distance electron transfer in polymers and proteins

Abstract Initial work in our labs and many others has shown that some aspects of long distance electron transfer is simple glasses are reasonably described by current theories.2–4,12–14 For example, electron transfer rates do decrease exponentially with increasing donor acceptor separation. Also, when diffusion is precluded, the full dependence of rate on exothermicity emerges, which is otherwise obscured. Some aspects of theory based on nuclear tunneling may require serious reexamination: for example, it appears that the dependence of long distance rate on electron (hole) binding energy is weaker than suggested by many popular theories. Work with proteins shows that while nature is a subtle designer, the general reactivity trends observed in proteins are quite similar to those found in polar glasses. Such studies of protein electron transfer have provided some surprises and challenges for experimentalists and theorists alike. As a clearer understanding of the governing principles of long distance biological electron transfer emerge, we hope it will become easier to design meaningful “biomimetic” strategies for solar energy conversion.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS : V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EYE REACTIVITY TO DERIVATIVES OF PNEUMOCOCCI.

1. About two-thirds of the rabbits injected intracutaneously with suspensions of heat-killed S or R pneumococci develop an increased eye reactivity. 2. Eye reactions in these animals may be elicited by the instillation of "nucleoprotein," or of a solution of Pneumococcus from which the acid precipitable and heat coagulable proteins have been removed. The eye reactions are not elicited, under the conditions described, by living R cells or the protein-free, type-specific, polysaccharides. 3. Rabbits do not develop an increased eye reactivity following intravenous injections of the intact cell. 4. Rabbits do not develop an increased eye reactivity following injections of soluble derivatives of Pneumococcus. 5. Experimental infection by Pneumococcus may stimulate eye reactivity in rabbits. 6. Eye reactivity occurs in animals actively resistant to infection. 7. Eye reactions are observed more frequently in rabbits which show the secondary reaction.
When good cholesterol goes bad.

High density lipoprotein (HDL) is often called the 'good cholesterol.' Products of an inflammatory enzyme, myeloperoxidase, are now shown to selectively target the main protein in HDL, apolipoprotein A-I. This turns the 'good cholesterol' bad.
DEVELOPMENT OF A DRIVING ANGER SCALE

A cluster analysis of responses from more than 1500 college students to 53 potentially angering driving-related situations yielded a 33-item driving anger scale (alpha reliability = .90) with six reliable subscales involving hostile gestures, illegal driving, police presence, slow driving, discourtesy, and traffic obstructions. Subscales all correlated positively, suggesting a general dimension of driving anger as well as anger related to specific driving-related situations. Men were more angered by police presence and slow driving whereas women were more angered by illegal behavior and traffic obstructions, but differences compensated so there were no gender differences on total score. A 14-item short form (alpha reliability = .80) was developed from scores more highly correlated (r = .95) with scores on the long form. Driving anger may have potential value for research on accident prevention and health psychology.
A new synthesis of 4-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-d-galactopyranose

Abstract The bromide-catalyzed condensation of 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -benzyl- d -galactopyranosyl bromide ( 11 ) with methyl 2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-α- d -galactopyranoside ( 3 ) gave methyl 2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-4- O -(2,3,4,6-tetra- O -benzyl-α- d -galactopyranosyl)-α- d -galactopyranoside ( 12 ) in 83% yield. The yield of this glycosidation reaction was high, despite the axial orientation of the 4-hydroxyl group of 3 . Stepwise deprotection of 12 afforded methyl 4- O -α- d -galactopyranosyl-α- d -galactopyranoside ( 15 ). Acetylation of 15 , followed by acetolysis, gave the known α-octaacetate 17 . This scheme constituted a total synthesis of 4- O -α- d -galactopyranosyl- d -galactopyranose ( 2 ) in 25% yield from 3 . The disaccharide 2 is the terminal disaccharide of the ceramide trisaccharide related to Fabry's disease.
Virus-tumor development in relation to lateral-root and bacterial-nodule formation in Melilotus alba

Abstract In sweet clover ( Melilotus alba Desr.) plants infected by wound-tumor virus ( Aureogenus magnivena Black), root tumors were usually initiated in the pericycle close to young lateral roots. The cells initiating a tumor divided irregularly, and in the subsequent early stages of tumor development obscure zonations of abnormal tissues could be found. Nitrogen-fixing bacterial nodules usually appeared earlier on the roots than did tumors, and shortly thereafter many tumors developed at their bases. A visible retardation and disintegration of many young bacterial nodules resulted. In only a few nodules was the damage from such tumors slight or inapparent. Hypothetical growth-regulating substances released during the formation of lateral roots and root nodules are suggested as tumorigenic factors.
Cardiopulmonary bypass: studies on its damaging effects.

Despite the widespread safe application of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiac surgery, it is inherently a pathologic state. CPB produces a generalized inflammatory reaction involving at least the complement, coagulation, kallikrein, and fibrinolytic cascades.Marked alterations in organ perfusion and metabolism occur during CPB which are further affected by the perfusion flow rate. During hypothermic CPB at 20 °C, there is a progressive decrease in perfusion of the microcirculation at flow rates less than 1.2 liters/min/m2. Experimental studies suggest that brain oxygen consumption and resistance remain relatively constant as flow rates are reduced during hypothermia, and the brain becomes the passive recipient of proportionally more blood flow.Recent ultrafiltration studies have demonstrated a specific increase in microvascular permeability to proteins after 2 h of normo thermic CPB. This provides experimental support to the well-known clinical observation of increased interstitial fluid following CPB. The development of uniformly safe CPB depends upon prevention of the abnormalities of the micro-circulation and upon neutralization of the deleterious effects of inflammatory mediators.
Leadership across the Pacific ocean: A tri-national comparison

In spite of years of international management research that recognizes the crucial role played by culture, few researchers have studied how specific cultural characteristics may affect the ideal leadership styles as perceived by managers in different countries. This paper explores potential impacts of culture by examining the prevalent views of leadership in three countries that have intertwined economic interests across the Pacific Ocean: the United States, Japan, and Taiwan. These nations are similar enough in their economic systems yet differ significantly in many cultural dimensions. After identifying major attributes of desirable leadership styles in these three nations, we move ahead to trace their historical and cultural roots. Following an idiographic approach suggested by Teagarden and her colleagues, we have developed some propositions on the basis of both a literature review of the past cross-cultural research and a comparison of prevalent conceptions about leadership in three specific cultures. We argue that, although a multinational firm ought to maintain a certain degree of system-wide consistency in terms of its leadership style, the operational rules used overseas should be carefully blended into the local cultural context. Some feasible strategies that may help create a balance between globalization and localization are also discussed.
Blunt Arterial Injuries Associated with Multiple Trauma

In this retrospective study, we reviewed the records of 62 patients who were treated at a tertiary care community teaching hospital between 1977 and 1987 for major arterial injury caused by blunt trauma. Nearly half (45%, 28/62) of the injuries were to the thoracic aorta, 24% (15/62) were to arteries of the head and neck, 21% (13/62) were to the arteries of the extremities, and 10% (6/62) were to abdominal arteries. Twenty-eight thoracic aortic transections were repaired, 25 with Dacron grafts and three by primary repair. One patient developed an adventitial hematoma in the thoracic aorta, which was evacuated. Two patients required nephrectomies secondary to renal artery injury. Ten patients with internal carotid artery dissection were successfully treated with anticoagulation therapy. Eight (13%) of the 62 patients died: four from exsanguination, one from cardiac tamponade, one from renal failure, one from pulmonary emboli, and one from cerebral infarction secondary to intracerebral edema. Such injuries are amenable to treatment, with patient and end-organ viability, if recognized and treated promptly by the trauma surgeon.
Do palatal lift prostheses stimulate velopharyngeal neuromuscular activity

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the ability of palatal lift protheses to stimulate the neuromuscular activity of the velopharynx. Nasendoscopic evaluations were audio-videotaped preprosthetic and postprosthetic management for 25 patients who underwent placement of a palatal lift prosthesis for velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). These audio-videotapes were presented in blinded fashion and random order to three speech pathologists experienced in assessment of patients with VPD. They rated the tapes on the following parameters: VP gap size, closure pattern, orifice estimate, direction and magnitude of change, and qualitative descriptions of the adequacy of VP closure during speech. VP closure for speech was unchanged in 69% of patients and the number of patients rated as improved or deteriorated was nearly identical at about 15%. Postintervention gap shape remained unchanged in 70% of patients. The extent of VP orifice closure during speech remained unchanged in 57% of patients. Art...
An application of item response theory to fMRI data: Prospects and pitfalls

When using functional brain imaging to study neuropsychiatric patients an important challenge is determining whether the imaging task assesses individual differences with equal precision in healthy control and impaired patient groups. Classical test theory (CTT) requires separate reliability studies of patients and controls to determine equivalent measurement precision with additional studies to determine measurement precision for different levels of disease severity. Unlike CTT, item response theory (IRT) provides estimates of measurement error for different levels of ability, without the need for separate studies, and can determine if different tests are equivalently difficult when investigating differential deficits between groups. To determine the potential value of IRT in functional brain imaging, IRT was applied to behavioral data obtained during a multi-center functional MRI (fMRI) study of working memory (WM). Average item difficulty was approximately one standard deviation below the ability scale mean, supporting the task's sensitivity to individual differences within the ability range of patients with WM impairment, but not within the range of most controls. The correlation of IRT estimated ability with fMRI activation during the task recognition period supported the linkage of the latent IRT scale to brain activation data. IRT can meaningfully contribute to the design of fMRI tasks.
Effects of CYP3A4 inducers with and without CYP3A4 inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in healthy volunteers

Aims To assess the potential of known CYP3A4 inducers, with and without CYP3A4 inhibitors, to alter the pharmacokinetic profile of maraviroc.
Generalized Euler—Lagrange Equations and Transversality Conditions for FVPs in terms of the Caputo Derivative:

This paper presents extensions to the traditional calculus of variations for systems containing Fractional Derivatives (FDs) defined in the Caputo sense. Specifically, two problems are considered, the simplest Fractional Variational Problem (FVP) and the FVP of Lagrange. Both specified and unspecified end conditions and end points are considered. Results of the first problem are extended to problems containing multiple FDs. For the second problem, we present a Lagrange type multiplier rule. For both problems, we develop generalized Euler—Lagrange type necessary conditions and the transversality conditions, which must be satisfied for the given functional to be extremum. The formulations show that one may require fractional boundary conditions even when the FVP has been formulated in terms of Caputo Fractional Derivatives (CFDs) only, and that the Riemann—Liouville Fractional Derivatives (RLFDs) automatically appear in the resulting equations. The relationships between the RLFDs and the CFDs are used to wr...
Implementation of Micro Experimental Laboratory into an Undergraduate Psychology Class

This paper describes the use of the Micro Experimental Laboratory (MEL Lab) software program in an upper-division undergraduate psychology laboratory course (Cognitive Psychology). MEL Lab provided...
Synthesis and characterisation of layered double hydroxide dispersions in organic solvents

Aqueous Miscible Organic Solvent Treatment (AMOST) Mg3AlCO3–LDHs have been prepared using twelve different (AMO) solvents. We find that the AMOST process produces significant changes to the crystallinity, morphology, thermal behaviour and dramatically increases the surface areas of the LDHs compared to conventional LDHs. Remarkably AMO–LDHs platelets are now hydrophobic and can be dispersed in a range of organic liquids. Clear dispersions of AMO–Mg3AlCO3–LDHs are observed in aromatic solvents. Overall, we found that the optimum AMO–Mg3AlCO3–LDHs organic solvent dispersions are obtained using 1-propanol as a treating solvent and ethyl benzene as the dispersion solvent. This system produces a monophasic dispersion at loading up to 140 g L−1 of Mg3AlCO3–LDH in ethyl benzene. At a maximum loading of 160 g L−1 Mg3AlCO3–LDH this mixture becomes a thick monophasic gel.
Laboratory evaluation of the on-line ferrograph☆

Abstract A laboratory evaluation of the on-line Ferrograph for fluids containing well-characterized debris indicates that the wear concentration, as measured by the instrument, is unaffected by variation in fluid pressure (0.21–0.65 MPa (absolute); 30–80 lbf in −2 (gauge)) and temperature (65–99 °C) within the range examined, that the difference between L , the concentration of large debris particles, and S , the concentration of small debris particles, describes the severity of wear and that changes in debris concentration at or near the level of 1 ppm can be detected. Correlation of on-line and analytical ferrographic data was apparent; such correlation was not found for spectrometric oil analysis, colorimetric iron analysis or particle count data. Start-up and low fluid temperature problems encountered with the unit may be avoided by sensor insulation and preheating. Additional field evaluations are required to determine suitability for many potential applications.
Can Cultural Awareness Be Taught in Teacher Education Programs

(1991). Can Cultural Awareness Be Taught in Teacher Education Programs? Teaching Education: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 25-32.
Critical Thinking Skills of Nursing Students in Lecture-Based Teaching and Case-Based Learning.

In today's technologically advanced healthcare world, nursing students should be active learners and think critically to provide safe patient care. A strategy that promotes students' active learning is case-based learning (CBL). The purpose of this study was to examine critical thinking (CT) abilities of nursing students from two different curricular approaches, CBL and didactic teaching. The design used in this research was a comparative descriptive survey. The sample included 103 participants; 65 students from the CBL nursing program and 38 students from the didactic nursing program offered by the MOH Schools of Nursing in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Data were collected using the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST) Form B to measure the CT abilities of the participants. The data were analyzed using the SPSS. The independent t-test results revealed that the CBL participants performed better in the total CT score and all CT subscales than the didactic program participants.
Demographic stability metrics for conservation prioritization of isolated populations.

Systems of geographically isolated habitat patches house species that occur naturally as small, disjunct populations. Many of these species are of conservation concern, particularly under the interacting influences of isolation and rapid global change. One potential conservation strategy is to prioritize the popula- tions most likely to persist through change and act as sources for future recolonization of less stable localities. We propose an approach to classify long-term population stability (and, presumably, future persistence po- tential) with composite demographic metrics derived from standard population-genetic data. Stability metrics can be related to simple habitat measures for a straightforward method of classifying localities to inform conservation management. We tested these ideas in a system of isolated desert headwater streams with mito- chondrial sequence data from 16 populations of a flightless aquatic insect. Populations exhibited a wide range of stability scores, which were significantly predicted by dry-season aquatic habitat size. This preliminary test suggests strong potential for our proposed method of classifying isolated populations according to persistence potential. The approach is complementary to existing methods for prioritizing local habitats according to diversity patterns and should be tested further in other systems and with additional loci to inform composite demographic stability scores.
Insulation coordination in distribution liveline maintenance

Insulation coordination principles are applied to assess the expected performance of distribution liveline maintenance equipment. Rubber gloves are used as an example. Breakdown probability distributions for Class II, III, and IV gloves are given for AC and slow-front surge voltages. Available data on observed surge magnitudes in sample distribution systems are quoted. Although quantitative evaluation of the risk of failure of liveline maintenance equipment cannot be performed due to insufficient data on surge performance of distribution systems, some qualitative conclusions can be derived. Based on available glove breakdown voltage values (electric strength) and in-service surge magnitudes (electric stress), it is apparent that flexible liveline maintenance equipment should be able to perform without failure. Additional extensive data on electric stresses (surges) in distribution systems are needed for quantitative insulation coordination studies. >
Output prediction logic: a high-performance CMOS design technique

We present Output Prediction Logic (OPL), a technique that can be applied to conventional CMOS logic families to obtain considerable speedups. When applied to static CMOS, OPL retains the restoring character of the logic family, including its high noise margins. Speedups of 2X to 3X over (optimized) conventional static CMOS are demonstrated for a variety of circuits, ranging from chains of gates, to datapath circuits, ranging from chains of gates, to datapath circuits, and to random logic benchmarks. Such speedups are obtained using identical netlists without remapping. When applied to pseudo-nMOS and dynamic families, in combination with remapping to wide-input NORs, OPL yields speedups of 4X to 5X over static CMOS. Since OPL applied to static CMOS is faster than conventional domino logic, and since it has higher noise margins than domino logic, we believe it will scale much better than domino with future processing technologies.
Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936-1961

From the 1930s to the early 1960s civil rights law was made primarily through constitutional litigation. Before Rosa Parks could ignite a Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Supreme Court had to strike down the Alabama law which made segregated bus service required by law; before Martin Luther King could march on Selma to register voters, the Supreme Court had to find unconstitutional the Southern Democratic Party's exclusion of African-Americans; and before the March on Washington and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Supreme Court had to strike down the laws allowing for the segregation of public graduate schools, colleges, high schools, and grade schools. Making Civil Rights Law provides a chronological narrative history of the legal struggle, led by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, that preceded the political battles for civil rights. Drawing on interviews with Thurgood Marshall and other NAACP lawyers, as well as new information about the private deliberations of the Supreme Court, Tushnet tells the dramatic story of how the NAACP Legal Defense Fund led the Court to use the Constitution as an instrument of liberty and justice for all African-Americans. He also offers new insights into how the justices argued among themselves about the historic changes they were to make in American society. Making Civil Rights Law provides an overall picture of the forces involved in civil rights litigation, bringing clarity to the legal reasoning that animated this "Constitutional revolution", and showing how the slow development of doctrine and precedent reflected the overall legal strategy of Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP.
Timing and mechanism of a window of spontaneous activity in embryonic mouse hindbrain development

Spontaneous activity (SA) in the developing vertebrate brain is required for correct wiring of circuits and networks. In almost every brain region studied to date, SA is recorded during a period of synaptogenesis, and may deploy ionic mechanism(s) that are not expressed in the adult structure. Eventually the conditions in the immature neurons that allow SA are replaced with ion channels found in the mature neuron; this replacement may itself require SA. In the embryonic (E) 11.5 mouse hindbrain, SA is initiated by a subgroup of serotonergic neurons derived from former rhombomeres 2 and 3; SA events propagate rostrally and caudally along the midline, and into the lateral hindbrain. In this review, I describe the properties of mouse hindbrain SA and the developmental window during which it is expressed, summarize the known mechanisms by which SA arises, and describe other brain regions where this SA is similar (chick hindbrain) or influential (mouse midbrain).
The role of water in the synthesis of glaucophane

Syntheses have been done at 2.5 GPa and 750 °C to examine the effects of varying the water content and composition of the solid starting mixture on the formation of glaucophane [Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2]. Amphiboles of apparently ideal glaucophane composition, conÞ rmed by electron microprobe analyses, were obtained by treating oxide or oxide-hydroxide mixtures with bulk water contents of 4–5 wt% for durations of about 400 h in multiple treatments with intermittent grindings. This water content is necessary to permit growth of amphibole while preventing the intervention of a sheet silicate, which was identiÞ ed in this study as vermiculite. To maximize amphibole yields, multiple treatments with intermittent grinding are needed on account of the low water contents that reduce the reaction rate of the synthesis process. Calculation of the solubility curves of talc, jadeite, and glaucophane in log[aMg(OH) + /aH + ] vs. log[(aNa + )(aAlSiO4 – )] space at 2.5 GPa and 750 °C shows that glaucophane has a very narrow Þ eld of stability without coexisting jadeite or talc. This same diagram can be used to illustrate that the growth of vermiculite relative to glaucophane is not an issue of metastability but of the activity of water.
Internet QoS and regulations

This paper investigates Internet service provider (ISP) incentives with a single-service class and with two-service classes in the Internet. We consider multiple competing ISPs who offer network access to a fixed user base, consisting of end-users who differ in their quality requirements and willingness to pay for the access. We model user-ISP interactions as a game in which each ISP makes capacity and pricing decisions to maximize its profits and the end-users only decide which service to buy (if any) and from which ISP. Our model provides pricing for networks with single- and two-service classes for any number of competing ISPs. Our results indicate that multiple service classes are socially desirable, but could be blocked due to the unfavorable distributional consequences that it inflicts on the existing Internet users. We propose a simple regulatory tool to alleviate the political economic constraints and thus make multiple service classes in the Internet feasible.
Notes on the Diet and Egg Clutches of the Pirate Perch (Aphredoderus Sayanus) from Central Arkansas

Abstract Aphredoderus sayanus (Pirate Perch) is a widespread species whose life history is the subject of only a few studies. I recorded life-history data from a small sample of Pirate Perch collected from an intermittent stream in midcontinental highlands of Arkansas (Batesville, Independence County) on 30 June 2004. Our small sample suggests variation in prey consumption rates between sexes during the breeding season and in allocation to reproduction among females. Our survey confirmed that Pirate Perch from Arkansas have similar insectivorous diets to those reported from other regions.
Software breadboards for power electronic circuits

A software breadboard is a means of simulating power electronic circuits at the device-level. The objective is to obtain detailed performance information such as device voltage and current waveforms and power dissipations. The intent is to accurately model the circuit for use in place of measurements to assess performance and even in a design mode to pick component values. The issues involved in device level simulation, such as applications, problems, limitations, and advantages, are discussed. An example full bridge power converter is simulated and used for illustration. >