cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allene addition to a fuel-lean ethylene flat flame

Abstract Two fuel-lean C2H4/O2/Ar flames, one doped with allene, were analyzed using molecular-beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) and modeled. Flame conditions were ϕ = 0.70 and 56.4% Ar for the undoped flame and ϕ = 0.69, 56.5% Ar and [allene]/[C2H4] = 0.0242 for the doped flame, both at 4.000 kPa (30 Torr) with a 30.6 cm/s burner velocity at 300 K. Modeling and measurements agreed well for the major species, but H, O, and OH were overpredicted. Perturbation effects by allene addition included an increase in propargyl (C3H3) and C6H6 species in both experiments and the model. Modeling suggested that the major C6H6 species is benzene. Measurements done on the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advance Light Source, within Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, using photoionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry supported the model predictions by determining that the major C6H6 species is benzene (45%), followed by 1,5-hexadiyne (35%), and fulvene (20%). Using the rate constants of Miller and Klippenstein [J. Phys. Chem. A 107 (39) (2003) 7783], the model predicted C3H3 self-combination reactions to be the major benzene formation route through direct formation as well as through formation of thermal fulvene and linear C6H6, which can then isomerize to benzene. Benzene is destroyed mainly through hydrogen abstraction to form phenyl and through O attack to form phenoxy. A major phenyl destruction path is to benzene. The ultimate destruction of benzene goes through phenyl and phenoxy. Both species undergo CO elimination by O addition to phenyl and decomposition of phenoxy to form cyclopentadienyl, which undergoes further oxidation to form CO, CO2, and H2O.
1096 ISOLATION OF THE ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF CAT SCRATCH DISEASE (CSD)

Attempts were made to culture the etiologic agent of CSD using lymph node specimens from patients with clinical evidence of CSD and the presence of typical organisms on Warthin-Starry stains of lymph node sections. One lymph node grew 2 identical colonies on a glucose-peptone-yeast-soil extract agar plate which had been incubated at room temperature for 10 days. Gram stains of this isolate revealed gram-positive to gram-variable pleomorphic rods similar to the forms seen in the Warthin-Starry stains of lymph node sections. Transmission electron micrographs (EM) of the isolate revealed all of the morphologic forms identified by light microscopy as well as all of the morphologic forms seen on EM of lymph node sections from 2 patients with CSD. The EM of the isolate demonstrated a cell wall structure consistent with a gram-positive organism, while the EM of the lymph node sections demonstrated organisms lacking a cell wall. This apparent loss of the cell wall in vivo may explain earlier descriptions of this organism as gram-negative or gram-variable on tissue Gram stains. This isolate morphologically and biochemically resembles an organism first isolated approximately 50 years ago from cases of the Parinaud's syndrome form of CSD. Preliminary studies have demonstrated the ability of this isolate to produce granulomatous lesions in mice and a cell-mediated immune response in guinea pigs. Work is in progress to further define the characteristics and pathogenicity of this organism.
Absence of tachyons in supergravity and classical relativity

The relation between energy and supercharge in supersymmetry and supergravity implies that tachyons have vanishing four-momentum there and consequently in classical Einstein gravity also.
Hydroxyurea, azacitidine and gemtuzumab ozogamicin therapy in patients with previously untreated non-M3 acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes in the elderly: results from a pilot trial

Elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have a poor prognosis due to low response rates (26–46%) to standard chemotherapy and high treatment-related mortality (11–31%). In this Phase II study, we used a combination of hydroxyurea (HU), azacitidine and low dose gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) to assess its efficacy and toxicity in this group of patients. Twenty patients with non-M3 AML and MDS were treated with this regimen. The treatment was begun with HU 1500 mg orally twice daily to lower white blood cell count below 10,000/μL, followed by azacitidine 75 mg/m2 subcutaneously for 7 days and GO 3 mg/m2 on day 8. Patients who achieved complete remission (CR) received a consolidation course. The median age of patients was 76 years. Eleven patients (55%) were treated in the outpatient setting. Fourteen (70%) achieved a CR, three of which were incomplete (CRi). The median duration of remission was 8 months and median survival was 10 months. Performance statu...
What hath got Roth

At one time during the past presidential campaign, there was considerable attention paid to the substitution of 'person' for 'man' (e.g. 'chairperson') which was, in effect, a terminology placebo for the Women's Lib Movement. This provided the wags with a great source of mirthful variations on the substitution theme; my favorites were: 'henchperson,' 'hangperson,' and good old 'headless-horseperson.'
Education for industrial ecology.

Abstract The societal issues relevant to the subject of industrial ecology call for the participation of broadly educated engineers who can integrate their technology with the social, political, environmental, and economic aspects of its applications. This increase in the responsibility of traditional engineering to include the end-use, obsolescence, and disposition of technical products signals a new era for engineering education.
Cardiac KATP channel alterations associated with acclimation to hypoxia in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.)

Abstract Goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) are highly tolerant of environmental hypoxia, and with appropriate acclimation may survive and remain active for several days in the complete absence of oxygen. Previous work suggests that the hypoxia-induced activation of cardiac ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels serves to increase tolerance of low oxygen in many species. For goldfish, we have previously characterized a nitric oxide (NO)- and cGMP-dependent pathway by which this channel activation occurs in acute hypoxia. The purpose of the present study was to resolve alterations in KATP channel activity and relevant gene expression in response to acclimation under moderately hypoxic conditions (2.6 mg O2/L for seven days at 22 °C). Intracellular action potential duration in excised ventricles from hypoxia-acclimated animals was significantly (p
Health Shocks and Natural Resource Management: Evidence from Western Kenya.

Poverty and altered planning horizons brought on by the HIV/AIDS epidemic can change individual discount rates, altering incentives to conserve natural resources. Using longitudinal household survey data from Western Kenya, we estimate the effects of health status on investments in soil quality, as indicated by households’ agricultural land fallowing decisions. We first show that this effect is theoretically ambiguous: while health improvements lower discount rates and thus increase incentives to conserve natural resources, they also increase labor productivity and make it more likely that households can engage in labor-intensive resource extraction activities. We find that household size and composition are predictors of whether the effect of health improvements on discount rates dominates the productivity effect, or vice-versa. Since households with more and younger members are better able to reallocate labor to cope with productivity shocks, the discount rate effect dominates for these households and health improvements lead to greater levels of conservation. In smaller families with less substitutable labor, the productivity effect dominates and health improvements lead to greater environmental degradation
Dates, rates and angles of faulting in the Peru–Chile Trench

THE high convergence rate between the Nazca Plate and the South American continent1 (10 cm yr−1) has been reported to result in rapid rates of vertical tectonism in the trench off northern Peru2,3. This paper presents additional evidence for recent, reverse faulting along the Peru–Chile Trench and new evidence for an older episode of normal faulting. We discuss the implications of this data for the timing and the angles of faulting at convergent plate boundaries.
Characteristic-free representation theory of the general linear group II. Homological considerations

In our first paper of this series Cl], we indicated how we were led to consider resolutions of Schur and Weyl modules of a particular form. In order to prove the existence of these resolutions, we were forced to enlarge the family of skew shapes to a class J containing new shapes whose corresponding Schur and Weyl modules had heretofore not been studied. With these shapes in hand, we proved in [ 1 ] the existence of some fundamental exact sequences and described how, from these exact sequences, we could use a mapping cone construction to build up the resolutions we were seeking. For this mapping cone construction, we needed maps, and to provide maps we needed projectivity of tensor products of divided powers. This led to the study of the Schur algebra and its decomposition into orthogonal idempotents. In Sections 1 and 2 we review the information about the Schur algebra that we need to carry out our program. Fortunately there is a very clear and detailed exposition of this subject in the notes of J. A. Green [S] from which we borrowed very heavily.’ In fact, the main function of the first two sections is to condense and translate into our notation and terminology the relevant sections of Green’s notes. In Sections 3 and 4 we define the family of shapes, J, that we will study,
The Elastic Stability of Fibers in a Composite Plate

The stability of unidirectional, equally spaced fibers in the plane of a composite plate is formulated by treating the fibers as beams and the matrix by the theory of generalized plane stress. Critical values of the axial load and the corresponding buckling modes are evaluated numer ically and shown graphically for various values of the parameters. Approximations leading to explicit expressions for the critical values are introduced, and restrictions on the applicability of the approximate results are determined. Experimental evidence of the occurrence of buckling modes of the type considered is presented.
Clinical Use of Probiotics in the Pediatric Population

Probiotics are live microorganisms that produce a benefit to the host when provided in adequate amounts from food or supplements. There is an increased interest in the use of probiotics in the management and treatment of complex medical conditions. Recommendations for probiotic supplementation in the pediatric population are often conflicting due to limited research in many pediatric disease states. Research on single and multistrain probiotics has shown promise for some pediatric populations. This review discusses the research available for probiotic supplementation for children with irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, diarrhea, short bowel syndrome, human immunodeficiency virus, and food allergies. Probiotic safety also is discussed.
Distinct RGK GTPases differentially use α1- and auxiliary β-binding-dependent mechanisms to inhibit CaV1.2/CaV2.2 channels.

CaV1/CaV2 channels, comprised of pore-forming α1 and auxiliary (β,α2δ) subunits, control diverse biological responses in excitable cells. Molecules blocking CaV1/CaV2 channel currents (ICa) profoundly regulate physiology and have many therapeutic applications. Rad/Rem/Rem2/Gem GTPases (RGKs) strongly inhibit CaV1/CaV2 channels. Understanding how RGKs block ICa is critical for insights into their physiological function, and may provide design principles for developing novel CaV1/CaV2 channel inhibitors. The RGK binding sites within CaV1/CaV2 channel complexes responsible for ICa inhibition are ambiguous, and it is unclear whether there are mechanistic differences among distinct RGKs. All RGKs bind β subunits, but it is unknown if and how this interaction contributes to ICa inhibition. We investigated the role of RGK/β interaction in Rem inhibition of recombinant CaV1.2 channels, using a mutated β (β2aTM) selectively lacking RGK binding. Rem blocked β2aTM-reconstituted channels (74% inhibition) less potently than channels containing wild-type β2a (96% inhibition), suggesting the prevalence of both β-binding-dependent and independent modes of inhibition. Two mechanistic signatures of Rem inhibition of CaV1.2 channels (decreased channel surface density and open probability), but not a third (reduced maximal gating charge), depended on Rem binding to β. We identified a novel Rem binding site in CaV1.2 α1C N-terminus that mediated β-binding-independent inhibition. The CaV2.2 α1B subunit lacks the Rem binding site in the N-terminus and displays a solely β-binding-dependent form of channel inhibition. Finally, we discovered an unexpected functional dichotomy amongst distinct RGKs— while Rem and Rad use both β-binding-dependent and independent mechanisms, Gem and Rem2 use only a β-binding-dependent method to inhibit CaV1.2 channels. The results provide new mechanistic perspectives, and reveal unexpected variations in determinants, underlying inhibition of CaV1.2/CaV2.2 channels by distinct RGK GTPases.
Sublimation of snow intercepted by an artificial conifer

Abstract An experiment tested predictions of sublimation from snow intercepted on conifer crowns, using an artificial tree to avoid errors from desiccation and needle loss. The prediction model approximated vaporization from the crystal fragments most exposed on a snow surface by sublimation of uniform ice spheres. Monitoring temperature, humidity, radiation and wind speed over four winter months in a cold, dry climate provided data to estimate sublimation rate, d m /d t , for a 1-mm diameter ice sphere during each 15-min period. Weighing interception on the 1-m high, artificial tree provided measures of sublimation rate, d M /d t . Periods with and without snowfall were analyzed separately. Proportionality factor, Z , in the hypothesis, d M /d t = Z (d m /d t ), was a function of intercepted mass, M , that depended on the time since snowfall ceased. Parameter a in the equation Z = aM b , decreased by a factor of 2 as time after snowfall increased to 8 h. This result could reflect an increase in size, and decrease in the number, of vapor sources on each unit area of snow surface exposed. Parameter b , describing the change in exposed area with mass, first increased then decreased as increasing interception bridged between branches. The experiment determined b = (0.7−5 × 10 −5 M ) for the artificial tree.
Ethical Principles in Pain Management

“Medicine must relieve the pain of the sick, and lessen the violence of their diseases …” — Hippocrates Practitioners and policymakers who seek to provide care for patients with pain face a number of difficult questions. These include: What importance does pain have in medicine? What role does pain management play in the clinical care of patients? What duties do health care practitioners have concerning the pain of their patients? What other duties must be balanced against the duty to provide pain relief? The vast majority of the medical literature published concerning the ethics of pain management addresses pain relief at the end of life. This is a very important area, but does not address many of the most pressing concerns about pain management during other phases of life. Readers are referred to the IASP Curriculum in Pain Management and Research[1], which lists many of the ethical issues with which practitioners should be familiar. The purpose of this document is to give practitioners and policymakers some tools to use in thinking about the broad range of ethical questions pertinent to pain management. While “morality” refers generally to social conventions about right and wrong, “ethics” refers to the more theoretical and systematic understanding of the moral life. Though moral reasoning informs every choice we make about our actions, it becomes particularly important in the face of moral perplexity or uncertainty. Beauchamp and Childress have identified two basic types of moral dilemmas encountered in medicine[2]. In the first, there is evidence that act x is morally right and there is evidence that act x is morally wrong. Abortion might represent this first kind of dilemma. In the second, we have obligations to do x and obligations to do y , but can't do both. Balancing obligations to preserve …
Measuring unsafe abortion-related mortality: a systematic review of the existing methods.

Background The WHO estimates that 13% of maternal mortality is due to unsafe abortion, but challenges with measurement and data quality persist. To our knowledge, no systematic assessment of the validity of studies reporting estimates of abortion-related mortality exists. Study Design To be included in this study, articles had to meet the following criteria: (1) published between September 1st, 2000-December 1st, 2011; (2) utilized data from a country where abortion is “considered unsafe”; (3) specified and enumerated causes of maternal death including “abortion”; (4) enumerated ≥100 maternal deaths; (5) a quantitative research study; (6) published in a peer-reviewed journal. Results 7,438 articles were initially identified. Thirty-six studies were ultimately included. Overall, studies rated “Very Good” found the highest estimates of abortion related mortality (median 16%, range 1–27.4%). Studies rated “Very Poor” found the lowest overall proportion of abortion related deaths (median: 2%, range 1.3–9.4%). Conclusions Improvements in the quality of data collection would facilitate better understanding global abortion-related mortality. Until improved data exist, better reporting of study procedures and standardization of the definition of abortion and abortion-related mortality should be encouraged.
Exchange Properties of an Argiustoll: Effects of Long-Term Ammonium Nitrate Fertilization

(…) In this study, plots that were mapped as Smolan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Pachic Argiustolls), 1 to 4% slopes, containing an established stand fo smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) were fertilized continuously with rates of 0, 22, 67, 112, 157, and 224 kg N/ha for 40 yr, or for 20 yr followed by 20 yr without N fertilizer. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of such long-term applications of NH 4 NO 3 on exchange properties. (…)
The Impact of Letter Grades on Student Effort, Course Selection, and Major Choice: A Regression-Discontinuity Analysis

The authors apply a regression-discontinuity design to identify the causal impact of letter grades on student effort within a course, subsequent credit hours taken, and the probability of majoring in economics. Their methodology addresses key issues in identifying the causal impact of letter grades: correlation with unobservable factors, such as motivation, and direction of causation. They find no evidence that letter grades influence undergraduate students’ course-taking behavior or decision to major in economics. They find that, within a course, the first exam letter grade can affect student performance on the second exam.
The Happy Accidents of Teaching Aircraft Design

The aircraft design curriculum at Cal Poly has grown and evolved over the past decades to include a full year of senior aircraft design and an introductory aircraft design course in the sophomore year. The combination of sophomore and senior aircraft design courses has created the circumstance where a "cult" of aircraft design has developed. The curriculum is producing students who are enthusiastic and motivated about their education, as well as being competent designers after they graduate. A number of "happy accidents" has led to this fortunate situation, including: allowing the sophomores to perform a full aircraft design, having the sophomores work in the same laboratory as the seniors, and the importance of presenting well-bounded design challenges. Other observations about the design classes are made and recommendations for future improvements are included. These recent experiences have shown us that students often learn more when we "teach" less!
Fast Scene Change Detection in Surveillance Systems Using ANOVA on Color Histogram

Abstract Automated surveillance systems have drawn much attention recently. For a surveillance system to operate and obtain credible sensing of a scenario, visual analysis is the most critical aspect. With an increasing expectation of acceptable outcomes from surveillance systems, light weight but fast visual analyses for producing authentic results are being greatly emphasized. In this paper, we present a new approach for detecting fast scene change in the sequentially captured photographs of a focused location. The system considers the images in RGB color format and analyzes all 3 color layers. In this method, the color value histograms of the images were compared to each other using a statistical procedure called ANOVA. We devised an approach that approximately identifies the locality of change in the scene. Various experimental outcomes based on this visual computation process have also been provided in this paper.
Kinetics of renal aspartate reabsorption and its inhibition by metals in the intact rat kidney.

Abstract A modified clearance technique originally developed for the intact rabbit was adapted for use in the intact rat; it permits measurement of maximum tubular capacity ( T m ) and half-saturation constant ( K M ) without the need for high systemic plasma levels and long equilibrating infusions of the solute under study. In this manner, T m and K M for aspartate reabsorption were determined. Subsequently, we compared these kinetics constants to renal aspartate T m and K M values in the literature derived from single tubule studies, and analyzed the nephrotoxicity of nickel and cadmium. Aspartate K M and T m in the intact rat were 6.1 m m and 5.8 μmole/g cortex/min respectively; in contrast, work with single tubules led to K M aspartate of 0.1 m m and T m aspartate of 20.0 μmole/g cortex/min. The discrepancy between the two sets of results reemphasizes the difficulty in extrapolating from single tubules to intact kidney; presumably tubular heterogeneity accounts for these differences. Aspartate reabsorption was also measured in rats injected intraperitoneally with 20 μmole nickel or cadmium/kg body weight 36 to 40 hr previously. At renal nickel or cadmium concentrations of approximately 10 μg/g kidney glomerular filtration rate and aspartate T m were significantly decreased while aspartate K M was not affected. The effects of the metals resemble a noncompetitive type of inhibition of aspartate reabsorption.
Computer processing of Chinese library materials in Taiwan

Abstract The utilization of computers for bibliographic control, information database management and other library operations in Taiwan was revealed at the ASIS-82 Special Symposium on Computer Processing of Chinese Library Materials and Computer Assisted Chinese Language Instruction, held on 19 October 1982, in Columbus, Ohio. Based on this Symposium, the paper briefs the most remarkable progress in library automation and information systems made in the Republic of China during the last two years.
Diversity of Coccoid Algae in Minnesota and North Dakota Lakes

The coccoid algae (a.k.a ‘little green balls’) are important primary producers in freshwater communities, but very little is known about their diversity. This lack of knowledge results from the extremely small size and simple morphology of these organisms, which makes identification by light microscopy essentially impossible. However, molecular techniques allow differentiation of taxa at various levels and can ultimately lead to species identification. We have isolated several hundred cultures of coccoid algae from lakes and ponds in Itasca State Park in north-western Minnesota and Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge in central North Dakota. Many of these isolates have been examined by light microscopy, 18S rDNA PCR–RFLP analysis, and 18S rDNA sequence analysis. In addition, some taxa with multiple isolates have been examined by rbcL and ribosomal RNA ITS sequence analysis. Our results indicate a high level of diversity, including possible new species of Chlorella, Muriella, Pseudomuriella and Mychonastes, among others. We will discuss the results of our analyses, including implications for identification of taxa and higher level systematics. Supported by National Science Foundation Grants DBI-00703867, MCB-0084188 and DEB-0128952.
Cellular coating of the left ventricular assist device textured polyurethane membrane reduces adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus

Objective Infections are among the most common and serious complications of ventricular assist device implantation. These infections generally occur within the first 2 months after surgery. The basis for this high incidence of infection is not well established, so a murine intravascular infection model was developed with aortic implantation of the textured polyurethane patch material currently used in HeartMate ventricular assist devices (Thoratec Corporation Pleasanton, Calif). Methods Polyurethane patch material was placed in the wall of the mouse descending aorta. Mice were then infected with Staphylococcus aureus 1 or 14 days after implantation. In vitro adhesion studies were conducted with polyurethane membranes coated with endothelial cells and membranes coated with fibrinogen. Results Mice were susceptible to infection in both dose- and time-dependent fashions. The patch material was significantly more susceptible to infection at day 1 than day 14. Immunohistologic and morphologic studies demonstrated that the CD31 + cells deposited on the membrane surface phenotypically appeared to be endothelial cells. In vitro adhesion studies of polyurethane membranes coated with endothelial cells showed them to be less susceptible to S aureus binding than were membranes coated with fibrinogen. Conclusion Textured polyurethane membranes are less susceptible to infection as cellular deposition occurs. The time frame within which these membranes become populated with cellular material is consistent with the time-dependent clinical incidence of infection. Cellular coating of polyurethane may provide a strategy for reducing the risk of infection.
A new analytical model for gated turn-off of thyristors

A two-dimensional analytical model is developed to explain the storage phase of the turn-off mechanism in a gate turn-off thyristor. An expression is obtained from first principles for the position of the 'on' region plasma edge as a function of time, assuming a negative ramp for the gate current. The model contains no fitting parameters and addresses realistic issues such as high-injection effects, variation in the base transport factors, and the physical basis for the minimum 'on' region dimension. At the end of the storage time, the active injecting area of the cathode emitter reaches some minimum value which is calculated by imposing the condition that the supply of holes into the plasma region at that point of time is no longer sufficient for sustaining a flow of electrons across the p base. The model is used to investigate analytically the nature of variation of the storage time with anode current, rate of gate current ramp, and cathode island width. Experimental data are in excellent agreement with analytically predicted values. >
Characterization of photon-counting detector responsivity for nonlinear two-photon absorption process

Sub-band absorption at 1550 nm has been demonstrated and characterized on silicon Geiger mode detectors, which normally would be expected to have no response at this wavelength. We compare responsivity measurements to single-photon absorption for wavelengths slightly above the band gap wavelength of silicon (~1100 μm). One application for this low efficiency sub-band absorption is in deep space optical communication systems where it is desirable to track a 1030 nm uplink beacon on the same flight terminal detector array that monitors a 1550 nm downlink signal for pointing control. The currently observed absorption at 1550 nm provides 60-70 dB of isolation compared to the response at 1064 nm, which is desirable to avoid saturation of the detector by scattered light from the downlink laser.
A comparison of methods for diagnostic decision making

Abstract Diagnosis is the process of determining the correct problem from a collection of problems given a set of symptoms that indicate a problem exists. Common experiences with this process include visits to the physician in order to determine our illness (disease) and visits to our local mechanic to determine the cause (fault) of a poorly operating car. In either case, we report the symptoms of the problem to the diagnostician (physician or mechanic) who determines the most likely cause that best explains these symptoms. In terms of the complexity of finding the correct problem, the diagnostician must fund a diagnosis from a set of possible diagnoses. That is, if a total of 10 problems are being considered where only one of these is correct then at most 10 diagnoses will need to be evaluated. However, in the more typical case where several problems (diseases/faults) may simulataneously, the complexity of finding a proper diagnosis increases exponentially with the number of problems. For example, using the 10 problems considered above, the situation changes to where any of the 1024 possible combinations of problems may turn out to be the correct diagnosis. In this paper, we compare several automated methods for diagnosing multiple simultaneous problems. These methods range from exhaustive (testing every possible combination and selecting the most likely) to heuristic (testing only a small percentage of the total combinations, yet finding a satisfactory diagnosis). Advantages and disadvantages of each method are detailed along with a comparison of their respective runtimes and reliability.
Plasma wave observations during electron and ion gun experiments

Experiments in charge control on the AF/NASA P78-2 (SCATHA) satellite were conducted with ion and electron emitters in the inner magnetosphere. These experiments were monitored with plasma wave instruments capable of high temporal and frequency resolution in the 0-6 kHz frequency range. Electron gun experiments were studied to determine if there were plasma wave signatures consistent with inferences of electron heating made previously from analysis of electron data. One clear set of observations was found which indicated strong plasma waves near the electron gyrofrequency (fce). Such waves would be expected to heat ambient low energy electrons, as previously inferred. Ion gun experiments revealed two distinct classes of behavior. Non-neutralized ion beam operation at 1 ma, 1 kV resulted in arcing signatures (spiky in time, broad frequency range), coincident with induced satellite potentials of -600 to 9 0 0 V. This signature disappeared when the accelerating voltage was switched off, or the beam was neutralized (at which time the satellite body approached potentials of a few volts). The signal is attributed to arcing between differentially charged surfaces. Operations without an acceleration voltage had the affect of shielding the electric antenna from spacecraft generated interference signals. -
Instability conditions for solutions of delay systems and localization of limit sets

We obtain new tests for the instability of the trivial solutions of equations with deviating argument. In contrast to earlier-known results, these tests use nonmonotone Lyapunov functionals. The class of such functionals contains Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals as well as Lyapunov-Razumikhin functions as special cases. By localizing the limit sets of solutions, in a number of instability tests, we have been able to drop the requirement that the derivative of the Lyapunov functional according to the system be negative definite.
Superiority of the minor hemisphere in commissurotomized man for the perception of part-whole relations.

Summary The capacity of the right and left cerebral hemispheres to do part-whole matching was independently examined in patients who had undergone cerebral commissurotomy. The ability of each hemisphere to choose from among three sizes of complete circle the one corresponding to a given arc was tested with three different procedures. These involved presentation of the sample arcs and array of circles respectively by a) unilateral touch and free vision; b) free vision and unilateral touch; and c) successive unilateral touch. Two control tests were also run in which the subjects matched circles to circles and arcs to arcs, using the same procedures as in the experimental task. Results show that in all three forms of the test the patients were significantly more accurate when using their left hand to match arcs to the appropriate size of circle, than when using their right, the right hands' scores generally not rising above the chance level. By contrast, on the two control tasks, where like stimuli were matched, both hands did equally well. Since these commissurotomized patients showed no ability to cross match the test stimuli between their right and left hands, the left hand advantage demonstrated in the experimental task apparently reflects a superiority on the part of the right hemisphere in generating a concept of the whole stimulus from partial information.
The sgk, an aldosterone-induced gene in mineralocorticoid target cells, regulates the epithelial sodium channel

The sgk, an aldosterone-induced gene in mineralocorticoid target cells, regulates the epithelial sodium channel. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in tight epithelia. The early phase of this stimulatory effect is thought to involve activation of apical sodium channels. To identify immediate-early genes that initiate this effect, we used a combination of polymerase chain reaction-based subtractive hybridization and differential display techniques. This review summarizes our recent findings. Aldosterone rapidly increases mRNA levels of a putative Ser/Thr kinase, sgk (orserum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase), in the native mineralocorticoid target cells, that is, in cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells. The induction of sgk mRNA occurs within 30 minutes of the addition of aldosterone and does not require de novo protein synthesis, indicating that sgk is an immediate/early aldosterone-induced gene. Induction of sgk by aldosterone is mediated through mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), since it is prevented by ZK91857, an MR antagonist, but not by RU486, a glucocorticoid antagonist. In addition to aldosterone, RU28362, a pure glucocorticoid receptor agonist, also induced sgk mRNA, both in primary cultures of rabbit CCD cells and in the M-1 mouse CCD cell line. Sgk mRNA levels are also influenced by changes in the osmolality of the medium. In M-1 cells, incubation of cells for one hour in a mildly hypotonic medium decreased sgk mRNA levels, whereas incubation in hypertonic medium brought about opposite changes. To determine whether sgk is involved in the regulation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), we coexpressed the full-length sgk cRNA in Xenopus oocytes with the three ENaC subunits. Expression of sgk resulted in a significant increase in the amiloride-sensitive Na current, suggesting that this protein kinase plays an important role in the early phase of aldosterone-stimulated Na transport. These results indicate that sgk is an aldosterone-induced immediate/early gene in native MR target cells, and is involved in the regulation of ion transport and possibly cell volume.
Interaction of Titan's atmosphere with Saturn's magnetosphere

The Voyager 1 measurements made during the Titan flyby reveal that Saturn's rotating magnetospheric plasma interacts directly with Titan's neutral atmosphere and ionosphere. This results from the lack of an intrinsic magnetic field at Titan. The interaction induces a magnetosphere which deflects the flowing plasma around Titan and forms a plasma wake downstream. Within the tail of the induced magnetosphere, ions of ionospheric origin flow away from Titan. Just outside Titan's magnetosphere, a substantial ion-exosphere forms from an extensive hydrogen-nitrogen exosphere. The exospheric ions are picked up and carried downstream into the wake by the plasma flowing around Titan. Mass loading produced by the addition of exospheric ions slows the wake plasma down considerably in the vicinity of the magnetopause.
Testing the Reliability of the Benefit Function Transfer Approach

Abstract This article presents an experiment designed to test the reliability of the benefit function transfer approach using contingent valuation methods. The experiment uses data collected from anglers surveyed across eight contiguous Texas Gulf Coast bay regions over three distinct time periods. Results indicate that the benefit function transfer approach tends to over-estimate benefits, implying that, at least for the case of recreational saltwater fishing in Texas, the benefit function transfer approach is not reliable.
Nevus cell aggregates associated with lymph nodes: Estimated frequency and clinical significance

Aggregates of cells resembling those of cutaneous nevi have been found in the capsules of lymph nodes. Although seemingly rare, this extraordinary lesion could conceivably occur often enough to be more than a pathological curiosity, and should be differentiated from metastatic tumor. Slides from every axillary lymph node dissection for female mammary carcinoma in the years 1964 and 1974 at Memorial Hospital were reviewed, as were slides from 100 consecutive lymph node dissections performed during 1974 in patients with malignant melanoma. Nevus cell aggregates (NCA) were associated with three of 17,504 lymph nodes (0.017%) obtained from 909 mastectomies, or 0.33% of the cases. Among the 100 lymph node dissections for malignant melanoma, NCA were found associated with three of the 2,607 lymph nodes examined (0.12%), or 3.0% of the cases studied. Since NCA occur in association with lymph nodes more often than previously thought, the possibility that they may be a potential source of malignant melanoma in patients without a demonstrable cutaneous or mucosal primary is discussed.
A decision procedure for combinations of propositional temporal logic and other specialized theories

We present a decision procedure for formulae of discrete linear time propositional temporal logic whose propositional part may include assertions in a specialized theory. The combined decision procedure may be viewed as an extension of known decision procedures for quantifier-free theories to theories including temporal logic connectives. A combined decision procedure given by Pratt restricted to linear time temporal logic, runs in polynomial space relative to an oracle for the underlying theory. Our procedure differs from this one in that it can handle assertions containing arbitrary mixtures of global variables, whose values cannot change with time, and state variables, whose values can change with time. This new procedure can also handle assertions containing functions and predicates whose interpretations do not change with time. However, it requires the computation of least and greatest fixed points and has a worse asymptotic running time than that of Pratt. This new procedure has been implemented and seems efficient enough to be practical on simple formulae, although an upper bound derived for the worst case running time is triple exponential in the length of the formula. The techniques used appear to apply to logics other than temporal logic which have decision procedures based on tableaux.
Ethanol metabolism activates cell cycle checkpoint kinase, Chk2.

Abstract Chronic ethanol abuse results in hepatocyte injury and impairs hepatocyte replication. We have previously shown that ethanol metabolism results in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M transition, which is partially mediated by inhibitory phosphorylation of the cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdc2. To further delineate the mechanisms by which ethanol metabolism mediates this G2/M arrest, we investigated the involvement of upstream regulators of Cdc2 activity. Cdc2 is activated by the phosphatase Cdc25C. The activity of Cdc25C can, in turn, be regulated by the checkpoint kinase, Chk2, which is regulated by the kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). To investigate the involvement of the regulators of Cdc2 activity, VA-13 cells, which are Hep G2 cells modified to efficiently express alcohol dehydrogenase, were cultured in the presence or absence of 25 mM ethanol. Immunoblots were performed to determine the effects of ethanol metabolism on the activation of Cdc25C, Chk2, and ATM. Ethanol metabolism increased the active forms of ATM and Chk2, as well as the phosphorylated form of Cdc25C. Additionally, inhibition of ATM resulted in approximately 50% of the cells being rescued from the G2/M cell cycle arrest and ameliorated the inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc2. Our findings demonstrated that ethanol metabolism activates ATM. ATM can activate the checkpoint kinase Chk2, resulting in phosphorylation of Cdc25C and ultimately in the accumulation of inactive Cdc2. This may, in part, explain the ethanol metabolism–mediated impairment in hepatocyte replication, which may be important in the initiation and progression of alcoholic liver injury.
Assessing reference staff competency in the electronic environment.

Abstract This paper shows how the Galter Health Sciences Library of Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine developed and implemented a program to assess reference staff competencies for assisting users in the electronic environment after completing a new training program. The first phase was a year-long assessment of reference questions to identify the types of questions received at the desk. Next, a training program for reference was developed and implemented with an emphasis on answering the most common questions identified such as remote access, access privileges, holdings information, and database searching. The program included individualized instruction on library policies, electronic resources, access restrictions, and troubleshooting. The next phase was to create instruments to test staff competencies in answering questions after training. Based on the scores, additional training was individualized and provided to the appropriate staff member to enhance their skills where needed. Th...
Analysis of aircraft measurements of momentum flux in the subcloud layer over the tropical atlantic ocean during gate

The momentum flux data obtained by the gust probe aboard the NOAA DC-6 aircraft during GATE are analyzed. Vertical profiles are obtained for Phases I and III and correlated with vertical wind velocity profiles using the geostrophic departure method. Reasonable agreement is obtained using the horizontal equations of motion with negligible advective acceleration. The vertical profiles of momentum flux and wind speed variance compare well with the numerical model results of Deardorff (1972) and Wyngaard et al. (1974). Vertical distributions of power spectra for vertical eddy motion and cospectra corresponding to the momentum flux components are obtained along with the height variation of the dominant length scales of vertical eddy motion and the dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy. When normalized by mixed-layer similarity, these results agree well with previous determinations in the boundary layer over tropical oceans and over land.
CuCo: A new surface Kondo system.

The magnetic scattering rates of dilute Co atoms both on the surface and in the bulk of Cu have been investigated by the method of weak localization. For Co on the surface of Cu the temperature dependence of the magnetic scattering rate shows a clear maximum at 23 K. This demonstrates that Co on the surface of Cu is a Kondo system with a Kondo temperature ${T}_{K}$=23 K. However, covering the CO with about three atomic layers of Cu removes the magnetic scattering.
Political demography: powerful trends under-attended by demographic science

The interconnections between politics and the dramatic demographic changes under way around the world have been neglected by the two research disciplines that could contribute most to their understanding: demography and political science. Instead, this area of 'political demography' has largely been ceded to political activists, pundits, and journalists, leading often to exaggerated or garbled interpretation. The terrain includes some of the most politically sensitive and contested issues: alleged demographically determined shifts in the international balance of power; low fertility, population decline, and demographic ageing; international migration; change in national identity; and compositional shifts in politically sensitive social categories and human rights. Meanwhile many governments and non-governmental actors have actively pursued varieties of 'strategic demography', deploying fertility, mortality, or migration as instruments of domestic or international policy. Political scientists and demographers could and should use their knowledge and analytic techniques to improve understanding and to moderate excessive claims and fears on these topics.
Elastic fields of 2D and 3D misfit particles in an infinite medium

Abstract In micromechanics, accurate quantification of the elastic field (stress, strain, and displacement) caused by the presence of an inclusion in an infinite body is desired for both the particle and matrix materials. Ideally, the solution should be applicable to any particle geometry or shape and for any distribution of misfit along the interface (i.e. misfit profile). This work presents a dislocation-based numerical method, that is an extension to earlier work in this journal [Lerma, J.D., Khraishi, T., Shen, Y.L., Wirth, B.D., 2003. The elastic fields of misfit cylindrical particles: a dislocation-based numerical approach. Mech. Res. Commun. 30, 325–334], for determining the elastic fields of volume misfit particles with arbitrary misfit distribution or particle shape.
Poor People and Poor Hospitals: Implications for Public Policy

In 1980, while most hospitals were in reasonably good financial health, hospitals heavily involved in serving the poor ran a considerable risk of financial trouble. Fewer than 9 percent of the nation's hospitals accounted for 40 percent of the nation's total care to the poor. These hospitals, almost half of which were in the 100 largest cities, not only devoted more of their care to the poor than other hospitals, they also served substantially smaller proportions of privately-insured patients. The result was that one-third of these hospitals--by themselves accounting for over 15 percent of all care to the poor--ran deficits in 1980. Using data from a 1980 survey of nonfederal, nonprofit hospitals, this paper examines the fiscal situation of hospitals heavily involved in serving the poor. The analysis shows that it is insufficient revenues, not inefficiency or underuse, that creates these hospitals' financial problems. The article concludes with an assessment of several policies that could be adopted to alleviate this financial pressure and sustain care to the poor.
Centrifugal electrospinning of highly aligned polymer nanofibers over a large area

Well-ordered one-dimensional nanostructures are enabling important new applications in textiles, energy, environment and bioengineering owing to their unique and anisotropic properties. However, the production of highly aligned nanofibers in a large area remains a significant challenge. Here we report a powerful, yet economical approach that integrates the concepts of the parallel-electrode electrospinning with centrifugal dispersion to produce nanofibers with a high degree of alignment and uniformity at a large scale. We first demonstrated this approach with polyvinylidene fluoride to show how experimental parameters regulate fiber properties, and then with chitosan, a natural polymer, and polyethylene oxide, a synthetic polymer, to illustrate the versatility of the system. As a model application, we then demonstrated the significance of fiber alignment in improving the piezoelectric effect for voltage generation. The technique presented here may be used for mass production of aligned nanofibers of various polymers for a myriad of applications.