cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectric multilayer actuator life test

Potential NASA optical missions such as the Space Interferometer Mission require actuators for precision positioning to accuracies of the order of nanometers. Commercially available multilayer piezoelectric stack actuators are being considered for driving these precision mirror positioning mechanisms. These mechanisms have potential mission operational requirements that exceed 5 years for one mission life. To test the feasibility of using these commercial actuators for these applications and to determine their reliability and the redundancy requirements, a life test study was undertaken. The nominal actuator requirements for the most critical actuators on the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) in terms of number of cycles was estimated from the Modulation Optics Mechanism (MOM) and Pathlength control Optics Mechanism (POM) and these requirements were used to define the study. At a nominal drive frequency of 250 Hz, one mission life is calculated to be 40 billion cycles. In this study, a set of commercial PZT stacks configured in a potential flight actuator configuration (pre-stressed to 18 MPa and bonded in flexures) were tested for up to 100 billion cycles. Each test flexure allowed for two sets of primary and redundant stacks to be mechanically connected in series. The tests were controlled using an automated software control and data acquisition system that set up the test parameters and monitored the waveform of the stack electrical current and voltage. The samples were driven between 0 and 20 V at 2000 Hz to accelerate the life test and mimic the voltage amplitude that is expected to be applied to the stacks during operation. During the life test, 10 primary stacks were driven and 10 redundant stacks, mechanically in series with the driven stacks, were open-circuited. The stroke determined from a strain gauge, the temperature and humidity in the chamber, and the temperature of each individual stack were recorded. Other properties of the stacks, including the displacement from a capacitance gap sensor and impedance spectra were measured at specific intervals. The average degradation in the stroke over the life test was found to be small (≪3%) for the primary stacks and ≪4% for the redundant stacks. It was noted that about half of the stroke reduction occurred within the first 10 billion cycles. At the end of the life test, it was found that the actuator could recover about half of the lost stroke by applying a dc voltage of 100 V at room temperature. The data up to 100 billion cycles for these tests and the analysis of the experimental results are presented in this paper.
John Wild: Remembering the man, considering his posthumous papers

As an undergraduate philosophy major at Haverford College in the late 1950s, I was a student of Francis Parker. Parker had been one of Wild’s graduate students at Harvard and had received his Ph.D. there 20 years earlier. He had been very much influenced by Wild’s efforts to inaugurate and promote neo-Aristotelian thought in America. I in turn had been tremendously affected by Parker, both philosophically and by his character and personality, so much so that my plan to become a physician, with all of the rights and privileges pertaining thereto, was gradually subverted during my undergraduate years and eventually abandoned in favor of pursuing the examined life full time. As an undergraduate, I loved studying and meditating endlessly on classical Greek thought, especially Platonic psychology and Aristotelian ethics. Parker could easily have advised that I continue in this vein and attend a graduate school program whose orientation would dovetail with my professed interests, but he sensed that my instincts were more existentialist and phenomenological than I myself knew. Perhaps I had indicated in some way that
Appeal Rates and Outcomes in Tried and Nontried Cases: Further Exploration of Anti‐Plaintiff Appellate Outcomes

Federal data sets covering district court and appellate court civil cases for cases terminating in fiscal years 1988 through 2000 are analyzed. Appeals are filed in 10.9 percent of filed cases, and 21.0 percent of cases if one limits the sample to cases with a definitive judgment for plaintiff or defendant. The appeal rate is 39.6 percent in tried cases compared to 10.0 percent of nontried cases. For cases with definitive judgments, the appeal filing rate is 19.0 percent in nontried cases and 40.9 percent in tried cases. Tried cases with definitive judgments are appealed to a conclusion on the merits in 22.7 percent of concluded trials compared to 10.2 percent of concluded nontried cases. Appellate courts affirm and reverse at different rates appeals from judgments for plaintiffs and defendants. Defendants achieve reversal of adverse trial court judgments in about 10 percent of filed cases and suffer affirmance in about 15 percent of such cases. Plaintiffs achieve reversal in about 4 percent of adverse trial court judgments and suffer affirmance in about 16 percent of such cases. Asymmetrical reversal rates are shown to be in part possibly attributable to different trial-win rates. But the data suggest that an appellate court effect exists, independent of trial-win rates and appeal rates, that depresses plaintiff success on appeal in employment discrimination cases.
FLOW BEHAVIOR of PROCESSED CHEESE MELTS

Flow behavior of processed cheese melts during pipe flow was investigated using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tube viscometer technique. The technique utilized an MR velocity profile and an independent pressure drop measurement to evaluate flow properties. The test fluids were three commercial processed cheese products which were evaluated at a number ofvolumetric flow rates under melt conditions. MR image analysis was performed using a graphic user interface Matlab program. The three processed cheeses were best characterized as shear thinning power law fluids with flow behavior indices that ranged from 0.28 to 0.40 and consistency indices that ranged from 10 to 79 Pa s n over the shear rate range of 0.1 to 10 s -1 . These flow properties are relevant to the mixing and pumping of these products under melt conditions during manufacture.
Preparation and analysis of a marine sediment reference material for the determination of trace organic constituents

A new marine sediment Standard Reference Material (SRM) has been prepared and analyzed for the determination of trace organic constituents. SRM 1941, Organics in Marine Sediment, has been certified for concentrations of 11 PAHs using results obtained from gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Non-certified values for 24 additional PAHs are also reported. GC with electron capture detection was used to provide non-certified concentrations for 15 PCB congeners and 7 chlorinated pesticides. In addition to the organic contaminants, concentrations of 32 major and trace elements were determined using neutron activation analysis, and the sulfur content was also determined using isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry.
Regional differentiation of neuron morphology in human left and right hippocampus : comparing normal to schizophrenia

Regional differentiation based on size, form, and orientation angle of the soma of individual neurons in human post-mortem hippocampus was determined through correlations between pairs of hippocampal subfields in each side separately. The neurons were previously measured on a computer. In the normal cases, a left-right asymmetrical pattern of regional differentiation based on soma size emerged, while for form and orientation angle, the patterns appeared symmetrical. In schizophrenia, regional soma size, form, and orientation variability were expressed largely symmetrically. Regional correlations based on neuronal density revealed an asymmetrical hemispheric pattern in the normal cases versus a nearly symmetrical pattern in schizophrenia. Taken together, the inter-regional correlations favor a hippocampal landscape that deviates in each side from connectivity based on the canonical trisynaptic hippocampal circuitry. It is proposed that during morphogenesis, rudimentary inter-regional networks are formed through specific interactions between regional neurons; these networks are present in the adult hippocampus and may be vulnerable in brain diseases.
Evaluation of absorbable poly(ortho esters) for use in surgical implants.

Recent reports describe an unfavorable noninfective inflammatory response to acidic degradation products in clinical applications of bone fixation devices fabricated from bulk hydrolyzing polyglycolides and polylactides (PGA and PLA). The work described here suggests that poly(ortho esters) (POEs) offer an alternative. By comparison, hydrophobic POEs degrade predominately via surface hydrolysis, yielding first a combination of nonacidic degradation products, followed by alcoholic and acidic products gradually over time. POE specimens proved acutely nontoxic in United States Pharmacopeia tests of cellular, intracutaneous, systemic, and intramuscular implant toxicity. Hot-molded specimens degraded slowly in saline, retaining 92 % initial stiffness (1.6 GPa flexion) and retaining 80% initial strength (66 MPa flexion) in 12 weeks. Degradation was almost unaffected by decreasing saline pH from 7.4 to 5.0. This demonstrated the relative hydrophobicity of POEs, since incorporation of small amounts of acid within the polymer markedly increases the degradation rate. Degradation rates were increased substantially by dynamic mechanical loading in saline. This may be true for other degradable polymers also, but no data could be found in the literature. Presumably, tensile loading opens microcracks, allowing water to enter. Solvent cast POE films were strong in tension (30+ MPa tensile yield) and reasonably tough (12-15% elongation to yield). Higher molecular weight films (41-67 kDa) showed no degradation in mechanical properties after 31 days in physiological buffer at body temperature. A 27-kDa film offered similar initial strength and stiffness but began showing mechanical degradation at 31 days. The films showed a decrease in weight with exposure time but no change in either molecular weight or water absorption at 31 days, further supporting the observation that POE degrades by surface hydrolysis rather than by bulk hydrolysis. 0 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MECHANISM FOR AVOIDANCE OF INCEST

Much of the confusion regarding whether or not a predisposition to avoid incest exists in Homo sapiens and many other animals centers around a failure to understand the nature of the mechanism.? There is no evidence that siblings, parents, and offspring have an innate ability to recognize each other but the evidence is overwhelming that conspecifics who are intimately associated during the infancy of one or both of them are not sexually attracted to each other irrespective of genetic relationship (Fox, 1980; Bixler, 1981). The mechanism usually serves to prevent incest among nuclear family members because they normally live together during the preadolescence of the offspring. Ethologists have identified many such indirect and apparently coincidental circumstances which serve to enhance "fitness." Thus, avoidance of inbreeding as grounded in genetic predisposition has stringent and reasonably clear limits. Nuclear family members separated early in life would have no genetic predisposition to avoid incest nor are cousin-cousin, uncle-niece, and aunt-nephew pairs affected. Half-siblings and step-relatives would be predisposed to avoid sexual relations only if they were living together during the, as yet, ill-defined sensitive period. It is not surprising that nuclear family incest is rare and nearly universally prohibited while other relatives are encouraged to marry or cohabit in some cultures and vigorously restricted in others where they, nevertheless, commit incest more frequently than do nuclear family members (Gebhard, et al., 1965). The membezs of a mammalian species which can not avoid intimate association are the mother and her nursing offspring. It is no accident that mother-son mating is the rarest form of incest.
Cumene hydroperoxide and yeast cytochrome P-450: spectral interactions and effect on the genetic activity of promutagens.

Abstract Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , harvested from log phase cultures, contain cytochrome P-450 and are capable of activating promutagens to products that are genetically active in the same cell. The effect of cumene hydroperoxide, a compound known to support cytochrome P-450-mediated reactions, on the activation of a variety of the promutagens was investigated. In all cases the genetic activity of the promutagens was increased. With dimethyl-nitrosamine as the promutagen, the increased rate of gene conversion was linear for at least 1 hr. Yeast cytochrome P-450 was stable in intact cells in the presence of cumene hydroperoxide. However, in microsomal preparations the cytochrome was rapidly destroyed. When cumene hydroperoxide was added to a suspension of intact yeast cells, a spectrum with a Soret maximum at 455 nm — indicative of an interaction with cytochrome P-450 — was observed.
Multiple scattering by random particulate media: exact 3D results

We use the numerically exact superposition T-matrix method to perform extensive computations of electromagnetic scattering by a 3D volume filled with randomly distributed wavelength-sized particles. These computations are used to simulate and analyze the effect of randomness of particle positions as well as the onset and evolution of various multiple-scattering effects with increasing number of particles in a statistically homogeneous volume of discrete random medium. Our exact results illustrate and substantiate the methodology underlying the microphysical theories of radiative transfer and coherent backscattering. Furthermore, we show that even in densely packed media, the light multiply scattered along strings of widely separated particles still provides a significant contribution to the total scattered signal and thereby makes quite pronounced the classical radiative transfer and coherent backscattering effects.
Sentinels and signposts: The epidemiology and significance of the oral manifestations of HIV disease

A large number of studies attest to the frequency of oral disease in those with HIV infection. Most show that hairy leukoplakia and pseudomembranous candidiasis are the commonest lesions in those with HIV infection and AIDS, with higher prevalence and incidence rates correlating with falling CD4 counts and disease progression. HIV-infected individuals with oral candidiasis or hairy leukoplakia progress to AIDS more rapidly than matched controls without these lesions. Oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia increase with time since seroconversion. On the other hand, parotid enlargement in children appears to be associated with slower progression to AIDS. As a consequence of these and other observations, oral lesions are widely included in natural history studies, staging and classification schemes for HIV infection. In addition to their role in the diagnosis of HIV infection and as indicators of the progression of HIV disease, oral lesions are used as clinical correlates of CD4 counts and as criteria for entry into clinical trials.
THEORETICAL TIME CONSTANT AND RADIATION ERROR OF A ROCKETSONDE THERMISTOR

Abstract The time constant for a ten-mil-diameter, spherical-bead thermistor is determined as a function of height in a standard atmosphere from sea level to 100 km. Evaluations are made for continuous, slip, and free-molecular flow conditions with the transition from one flow regime to another being a function of sensor size and the mean free path length of the air molecules. The ventilation speed of the sensor is dictated by the fall velocity of the parachute from which the element is suspended. Computed values for the time constant are 0.32 sec at sea level, 0.62 set at 2.5 km, 2.0 set at 50 km, 70 sec at 80 km and 720 sec at 100 km. A discussion of the errors which might be contained in these determinations is also given. These results are then used in computations of the radiation error of the thermistor from sea level to 100 km. Variations in the radiation error which result from changes in various physical parameters of the sensor and its environment are also shown in the 20 to 60 km altitude inter...
Trust ranking of medical websites

The use of the Web as a reference to locate and validate medical information has been growing. A recent report shows that more than 77% of internet users use general purpose search engines, such as Google or Bing, to look up specific diseases, treatments or procedures and that 67% of them believe that the online health information is reliable and trustworthy. However the internet has also become a worrisome source for the propagation of fake online pharmacies, sham hospitals and medical schools. We present a novel method for re-ranking webpages based on the website names in order to not only increase their precision but also their trustworthiness. Our re-ranking approach aims at capturing and returning only those websites that are consistently retrieved across search engines and takes advantage of the fact that the life span of fake websites is relatively short compared to legitimate ones.
Excitation Functions for Proton Reactions with Sodium and Magnesium

Proton bombardment at energies up to 120 Mev have been carried out on the Harvard University cyclotron using targets of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$N${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}$O, ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{26}$O, and ordinary MgO. A stacked sample and absorber technique was employed, using the formation of ${\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ from interleaved polyethylene foils as a monitor. The internal scattered beam at about 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the scatterer and 1 inch below the median plane was employed to give better energy resolution. Absolute excitation curves have been obtained for the reactions yielding ${\mathrm{F}}^{18}$ and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$ from ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}$ and ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{26}$, ${\mathrm{F}}^{18}$ from ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$, and ${\mathrm{F}}^{18}$ and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{22}$ from ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$.
ARCH-based traffic forecasting and dynamic bandwidth provisioning for periodically measured nonstationary traffic

Network providers are often interested in providing dynamically provisioned bandwidth to customers based on periodically measured nonstationary traffic while meeting service level agreements (SLAs). In this paper, we propose a dynamic bandwidth provisioning framework for such a situation. In order to have a good sense of nonstationary periodically measured traffic data, measurements were first collected over a period of three weeks excluding the weekends in three different months from an Internet access link. To characterize the traffic data rate dynamics of these data sets, we develop a seasonal autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) based model with the innovation process (disturbances) generalized to the class of heavy-tailed distributions. We observed a strong empirical evidence for the proposed model. Based on the ARCH-model, we present a probability-hop forecasting algorithm, an augmented forecast mechanism using the confidence-bounds of the mean forecast value from the conditional forecast distribution. For bandwidth estimation, we present different bandwidth provisioning schemes that allocate or deallocate the bandwidth based on the traffic forecast generated by our forecasting algorithm. These provisioning schemes are developed to allow trade off between the underprovisioning and the utilization, while addressing the overhead cost of updating bandwidth. Based on extensive studies with three different data sets, we have found that our approach provides a robust dynamic bandwidth provisioning framework for real-world periodically measured nonstationary traffic.
Direct micro-patterning of biodegradable polymers using ultraviolet and femtosecond lasers.

Abstract Thin films of biodegradable polymeric materials, poly( e -caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) were micro-patterned using a Ti-sapphire femtosecond pulsed laser and ArF excimer UV laser in ambient conditions. The laser-patterned polymers were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In-vitro degradation tests were performed and the laser-patterned samples showed to be within one standard deviation of the control samples. Our results demonstrate that both lasers are excellent tools for micro-patterning biodegradable polymers since the bulk properties of the material can remain intact and because the direct-write method is rapid, flexible, and a chemical-free process.
A generic model of motor‐carrier fuel optimization

Fuel optimizers are decision models (software products) that are increasingly recognized as effective fuel management tools by U.S. truckload carriers. Using the latest price data of every truck stop, these models calculate the optimal fueling schedule for each route that indicates: (i) which truck stop(s) to use, and (ii) how much fuel to buy at the chosen truck stop(s) to minimize the refueling cost. In the current form, however, these models minimize only the fuel cost, and ignore or underestimate other costs that are affected by the models' decision variables. On the basis of the interviews with carrier managers, truck drivers, and fuel-optimizer vendors, this article proposes a comprehensive model of motor-carrier fuel optimization that considers all of the costs that are affected by the model's decision variables. Simulation results imply that the proposed model not only attains lower vehicle operating costs than the commercial fuel optimizers, but also gives solutions that are more desirable from the drivers' viewpoint. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008
Video visualization for compact presentation and fast browsing of pictorial content

Digital video archives are likely to be accessible on distributed networks which means that the data are subject to network congestion and bandwidth constraints. To enable new applications and services of digital video, it is not only important to develop tools to analyze and browse video, view query results, and formulate better searches, but also to deliver the essence of the material in compact forms. Video visualization describes the joint process of analyzing video and the subsequent derivation of representative visual presentation of the essence of the content. We propose techniques to analyze video and build a compact pictorial summary for visual presentation. A video sequence is thus condensed into a few images-each summarizing the dramatic incident taking place in a meaningful segment of the video. In particular, we present techniques to differentiate the dominance of the content in subdivisions of the segment based on analysis results, select a graphic layout pattern according to the relative dominances, and create a set of video posters, each of which is a compact, visually pleasant, and intuitive representation of the story content. The collection of video posters arranged in temporal order then forms a pictorial summary of the sequence to tell the underlying story. The techniques and compact presentations proposed offer valuable tools for new applications and services of digital video including video browsing, query, search, and retrieval in the digital libraries and over the Internet.
New polyaniline–MoO3 nanocomposite as a result of direct polymer intercalation

A new nanocomposite based on polyaniline and MoO3 is prepared via direct intercalation of conducting polymer macromolecules. The method of preparation allows material to be obtained with peculiar electric and electronic properties.
The direct and indirect effects of guppies: implications for life‐history evolution in Rivulus hartii

Summary 1. Ecological factors that alter mortality rates, such as predation, can cause evolutionary change. However, in addition to killing prey, predators can reduce prey abundance and increase food to survivors. Such indirect effects may also cause evolution. Predictions from theory that models how life histories evolve in response to increased mortality rates often change when they include indirect effects. Thus, indirect effects need to be evaluated to couple theory with natural systems. 2. Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii, are found in communities with and without guppies Poecilia reticulata. Rivulus densities decline when guppies are present, which may be due to competitive or predatory interactions with guppies that increase Rivulus mortality rates. We previously showed that Rivulus from sites with guppies begin reproduction earlier and have increased reproductive allotment compared to Rivulus from sites with just Rivulus. Such divergence is inconsistent with theory that considers changes in juvenile mortality alone, but is consistent with theory that incorporates indirect effects. Here, we explored the mechanism of divergence with mark–recapture studies that compared the population biology of Rivulus between communities that are and are not sympatric with guppies. 3. Rivulus were 50% less abundant when guppies were present but guppies were not associated with increased adult mortality rates. Related experiments show that the declines in density are likely due to guppy predation on young Rivulus. Guppies do not appear to negatively impact Rivulus growth via competition. Rivulus with guppies grow >3· faster than Rivulus from sites upstream, above waterfalls that exclude guppies. If guppies competed with Rivulus for resources, then we would instead expect to see their presence be associated with a decline in Rivulus growth rates. When Rivulus were transplanted from above to below this barrier, their growth accelerated to match the residents. This response instead argues that the differences in growth are mediated by an environmental factor, likely lower population densities, which allow Rivulus from sites with guppies to grow faster. 4. These results imply that an indirect effect of guppy predation on young Rivulus, which is the presumed agent of selection, improves the fit of empirical findings with theoretical predictions.
Flavor asymmetry of the nucleon sea: Consequences for dilepton production

Parton distributions derived from a chiral quark model that generates an excess of down quarks and antiquarks in the proton's sea satisfactorily describe the measured yields of muon pairs produced in proton-nucleus collisions. Comparison of dilepton yields from hydrogen and deuterium targets promises greater sensitivity to the predicted flavor asymmetry.
Experimental study of blast-induced traumatic brain injury using a physical head model

This study was conducted to quantify intracranial biomechanical responses and external blast overpressures using physical head model to understand the biomechanics of blast traumatic brain injury and to provide experimental data for computer simulation of blast-induced brain trauma. Ellipsoidal-shaped physical head models, made from 3-mm polycarbonate shell filled with Sylgard 527 silicon gel, were used. Six blast tests were conducted in frontal, side, and 45 degrees oblique orientations. External blast overpressures and internal pressures were quantified with ballistic pressure sensors. Blast overpressures, ranging from 129.5 kPa to 769.3 kPa, were generated using a rigid cannon and 1.3 to 3.0 grams of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) plastic sheet explosive (explosive yield of 13.24 kJ and TNT equivalent mass of 2.87 grams for 3 grams of material). The PETN plastic sheet explosive consisted of 63% PETN powder, 29% plasticizer, and 8% nitrocellulose with a density of 1.48 g/cm3 and detonation velocity of 6.8 km/s. Propagation and reflection of the shockwave was captured using a shadowgraph technique. Shockwave speeds ranging from 423.3 m/s to 680.3 m/s were recorded. The model demonstrated a two-stage response: a pressure dominant (overpressure) stage followed by kinematic dominant (blast wind) stage. Positive pressures in the brain simulant ranged from 75.1 kPa to 1095 kPa, and negative pressures ranged from -43.6 kPa to -646.0 kPa. High- and normal-speed videos did not reveal observable deformations in the brain simulant from the neutral density markers embedded in the midsagittal plane of the head model. Amplitudes of the internal positive and negative pressures were found to linearly correlate with external overpressure. Results from the current study suggested a pressure-dominant brain injury mechanism instead of strain injury mechanism under the blast severity of the current study. These quantitative results also served as the validation and calibration data for computer simulation models of blast brain injuries.
Psychiatric disorders in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are prevalent but undertreated

Background Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a common genetic disorder with high rates of psychosis and other psychopathologies, but few studies discuss treatment. Our aim was to characterize the prevalence and treatment of major psychiatric illnesses in a well-characterized sample of individuals with 22q11DS. Method This was a cross-sectional study of 112 individuals aged 8 to 45 years with a confirmed diagnosis of 22q11DS. Each participant was administered a modified Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS) and the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS). Phenotypes assessed were threshold and subthreshold psychosis, depression, mania, generalized and separation anxiety, obsessions/compulsions, inattention/hyperactivity and substance use. Histories of mental health care and current psychotropic treatment were obtained. Results Psychopathology was common, with 79% of individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for a disorder at the time of assessment. Diagnoses of psychosis were made in 11% of cases, attenuated positive symptom syndrome (APS) in 21%, and 47% experienced significant subthreshold symptoms. Peak occurrence of psychosis risk was during adolescence (62% of those aged 12–17 years). Criteria for a mood disorder were met by 14%, for anxiety disorder 34% and for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 31%. Mental health care had been received by 63% of individuals in their lifetime, but only 40% continued therapy and 39% used psychotropics. Antipsychotics were used by 42% of participants with psychosis and none of the participants with APS. Half of those at risk for psychosis were receiving no mental health care. Conclusions Psychopathology is common in 22q11DS but is not adequately treated or clinically followed. Particular attention should be paid to subthreshold psychotic symptoms, especially in adolescents.
Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale

The practical significance of assessing disorders of emotion in children is well documented, yet few scales exist that possess conceptual if not empirical relevance to dimensions of DSM anxiety or depressive disorders. The current study evaluated an adaptation of a recently developed anxiety measure (Spence Children's Anxiety Scale; [Spence, S. H. (1997). Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 280-297; Spence, S. H. (1998). A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 545-566]), revised to correspond to dimensions of several DSM-IV anxiety disorders as well as major depression. This investigation involved initial evaluation of the factorial validity of the revised measure in a school sample of 1641 children and adolescents and reliability and validity in an independent sample of 246 children and adolescents. Results yielded an item set and factor definitions that demonstrated structure consistent with DSM-IV anxiety disorders and depression. The revised factor structure and definitions were further supported by the reliability and validity analyses. Some implications for assessment of childhood anxiety and depressive disorders are discussed.
A Practical Algorithm for Optimal Inference of Haplotypes from Diploid Populations

The next phase of human genomics will involve largescale screens of populations for significant DNA polymorphisms, notably single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP’s). Dense human SNP maps are currently under construction. However, the utility of those maps and screens will be limited by the fact that humans are diploid, and that it is presently difficult to get separate data on the two "copies". Hence genotype (blended) SNP data will be collected, and the desired haplotype (partitioned) data must then be (partially) inferred. A particular non-deterministic inference algorithm was proposed and studied before SNP data was available, and extensively applied more recently to study the first available SNP data. In this paper, we consider the question of whether we can obtain an efficient, deterministic variant of that method to optimize the obtained inferences. Although we have shown elsewhere that the optimization problem is NP-hard, we present here a practical approach based on (integer) linear programming. The method either returns the optimal answer, and a declaration that it is the optimal, or declares that it has failed to find the optimal. The approach works quickly and correctly, finding the optimal on all simulated data tested, data that is expected to be more demanding than realistic biological data.
Design and Performance Evaluation of Radiation Hardened Latches for Nanoscale CMOS

Deep sub-micrometer/nano CMOS circuits are more sensitive to externally induced radiation phenomena that are likely to cause the occurrence of so-called soft errors. Therefore, the tolerance of the circuit to the soft errors is a strict requirement in nanoscale circuit designs. Since the traditional error tolerant methods result in significant cost penalties in terms of power, area, and performance, the development of low-cost hardened designs for storage cells (such as latches and memories) is of increasing importance. This paper proposes three new hardened designs for CMOS latches at 32 nm feature size; these circuits are Schmitt trigger based, while the third one utilizes a cascode configuration in the feedback loop. The Cascode ST latch has 112% higher critical charge than the conventional reference latch with only 10% area increase. A novel design metric (QPAR) for latches is introduced to assess the overall design effectiveness such as area, performance, power, and soft error tolerance. The novel metric (QPAR) shows the proposed cascode ST latch achieves up to 36% improvement in terms of QPAR compared with the existing hardening designs. Monte Carlo analysis has confirmed the robustness of the proposed hardened latches to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations.
Patterns of puffery: an analysis of non-fiction blurbs

The blurb is a paratextual element which has not previously been subjected to systematic analysis. We describe the nature and purpose of this publishing epiphenomenon, highlight some of the related marketing issues and ethical concerns and provide a statistical analysis of almost 2000 blurbs identified in a sample of 450 non-fiction books.
Comparison of Dissociation-Enhanced Lanthanide Fluorescent Immunoassays to Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B, Yersinia pestis-Specific F1 Antigen, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

The dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescent immunoassays (DELFIA) were developed for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Yersinia pestis-specific F1 antigen, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. These assays were compared to previously developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) by determining the sensitivity or limit of detection (LOD), the dynamic range, and the reproducibility of each assay in a number of different sample matrices. The sensitivity and specificity of each assay were then determined by using a small panel of blinded spiked and nonspiked samples. All three DELFIAs demonstrated at least 1 log greater sensitivity than corresponding ELISAs utilizing the same reagents and showed an increase in dynamic range of at least 2 log10 concentrations. This increased LOD resulted in higher sensitivity rates for the DELFIA. The specificity of all of the assays evaluated was 100%, and no sample matrix effects were observed in either format. However, the reproducibility of the DELFIA was poor due to randomly distributed wells exhibiting excessive background signal (hot wells), which occurred throughout the evaluation. As this technology matures, the reproducibility of these assays should improve, as will the ability to identify hot wells. Despite its sensitivity, the logistical burden associated with the DELFIA and the technical expertise required to complete assays and interpret the data limit the application of this technology to reference or large clinical laboratories.
The Relationship between Marijuana Use and Intimate Partner Violence in a Nationally Representative, Longitudinal Sample.

Intimate partner violence is a significant public health problem, as these behaviors have been associated with a number of negative health outcomes including illicit drug use, physical injury, chronic pain, sexually transmitted diseases, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The current study examined the association between marijuana use and intimate partner violence using a longitudinal survey of adolescents and young adults ages 15 to 26 years. Data were obtained from 9,421 adolescents in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) Waves 1 through 4 (1995-2008). Marijuana use was measured in the past year at each wave and participants were categorized as "users" or "nonusers." Partner violence was constructed using six items (three pertaining to victimization and three concerning perpetration) from Wave 4 (2007-2008). Using these six items, participants were categorized as "victims only," "perpetrators only," or "victims and perpetrators." Survey multinomial regression was used to examine the relationship between marijuana use and intimate partner violence. Consistent use of marijuana during adolescence was most predictive of intimate partner violence (OR = 2.08, p < .001). Consistent marijuana use (OR = 1.85, p < .05) was related to an increased risk of intimate partner violence perpetration. Adolescent marijuana use, particularly consistent use throughout adolescence, is associated with perpetration or both perpetration of and victimization by intimate partner violence in early adulthood. These findings have implications for intimate partner violence prevention efforts, as marijuana use should be considered as a target of early intimate partner violence intervention and treatment programming.
Interactive computer support of geographically separated design teams

A prototype shell system is described which gives single-user applications multiuser interfaces by linking workstations together. The system was designed to be independent of any particular application program, and to operate over low-bandwidth communications links. The limitations of previous techniques were overcome through the use of a parallel processing approach. A preliminary evaluation of the approach is presented, based on experiences with the prototype system. >
Defect-Tolerant Nanocomputing Using Bloom Filters

The authors propose a novel defect-tolerant design methodology using Bloom filters for defect mapping for nanoscale computing devices. It is a general approach that can be used for any permanent defects incurred during the manufacturing process. The redundant design methodology does not rely on a voting strategy, thus it utilizes the device redundancy more effectively than existing approaches. Additionally, our method does not have false-positive in defect identification, i.e. it will not report a defective device as functional. Moreover, it is very space economic and can be programmed to fit different scales and characteristics of the underlying specific nanoscale devices used in the system
Double-Blind Tests of Subliminal Self-Help Audiotapes

Three replications of a double-blind experiment tested subliminal audiotape products that were claimed to improve memory or to increase self-esteem. Conditions of use adhered to manufacturers' recommendations, and subjects (N = 237) were limited to persons who desired the effects offered by the tapes. Actual content and labeled content of tapes were independently varied, so that some subjects who believed they were using memory tapes were actually using self-esteem tapes, and vice versa. After a month of use, neither the memory nor the self-esteem tapes produced their claimed effects. Nevertheless, a general improvement for all subjects in both memory and self-esteem (a nonspecific placebo effect) was observed, and more than a third of the subjects had the illusion of improvement specific to the domain named on the tape's label.
Composite Endpoints: Sometimes More than a Solely Economic Consideration

Endpoints are response variables, or outcomes, that are measured during the course of a clinical trial. I consider endpoints that are either events (e.g., death) or the time to an occurrence of an event (e.g., time to disease progression). A composite endpoint (CEP) is an endpoint that consists of a number of component endpoints, and is considered to have occurred as soon as any one of its components occurs. For example if CEP = death + disease progression, the CEP is said to have occurred as soon as either the disease progresses or the patient dies. It is seen that one of the results of using a CEP is to increase the event rate; and this in turn can reduce the sample size or the time required to observe a specified number of events, thereby resulting in a speedier, less costly clinical trial. Many believe that the only reason CEPs are ever employed is to this end, viz., saving money. I argue that there may be other circumstances that suggest the use of CEPs – that the choice of the primary response variable should be driven by the question the trial is being designed to answer.
Adaptive plasticity in hatching age: a response to predation risk trade-offs.

Abstract The life histories of many animals are characterized by niche shifts, the timing of which can strongly affect fitness. In the tree frog Agalychnis callidryas, which has arboreal eggs, there is a trade-off between predation risks before and after hatching. When eggs are attacked by snakes, tadpoles escape by hatching rapidly and falling into the water below. Eggs not attacked by snakes hatch later, when newly emerged tadpoles are less vulnerable to aquatic predators. Plasticity in hatching allows embryos to use immediate, local information on risk of mortality to make instantaneous behavioral decisions about hatching and the accompanying shift from arboreal to aquatic habitats.
A LysR-Type Transcriptional Regulator, RovM, Senses Nutritional Cues Suggesting that It Is Involved in Metabolic Adaptation of Yersinia pestis to the Flea Gut.

Yersinia pestis has evolved as a clonal variant of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to cause flea-borne biofilm–mediated transmission of the bubonic plague. The LysR-type transcriptional regulator, RovM, is highly induced only during Y. pestis infection of the flea host. RovM homologs in other pathogens regulate biofilm formation, nutrient sensing, and virulence; including in Y. pseudotuberculosis, where RovM represses the major virulence factor, RovA. Here the role that RovM plays during flea infection was investigated using a Y. pestis KIM6+ strain deleted of rovM, ΔrovM. The ΔrovM mutant strain was not affected in characteristic biofilm gut blockage, growth, or survival during single infection of fleas. Nonetheless, during a co-infection of fleas, the ΔrovM mutant exhibited a significant competitive fitness defect relative to the wild type strain. This competitive fitness defect was restored as a fitness advantage relative to the wild type in a ΔrovM mutant complemented in trans to over-express rovM. Consistent with this, Y. pestis strains, producing elevated transcriptional levels of rovM, displayed higher growth rates, and differential ability to form biofilm in response to specific nutrients in comparison to the wild type. In addition, we demonstrated that rovA was not repressed by RovM in fleas, but that elevated transcriptional levels of rovM in vitro correlated with repression of rovA under specific nutritional conditions. Collectively, these findings suggest that RovM likely senses specific nutrient cues in the flea gut environment, and accordingly directs metabolic adaptation to enhance flea gut colonization by Y. pestis.
Finding replicated Web collections

Many web documents (such as JAVA FAQs) are being replicated on the Internet. Often entire document collections (such as hyperlinked Linux manuals) are being replicated many times. In this paper, we make the case for identifying replicated documents and collections to improve web crawlers, archivers, and ranking functions used in search engines. The paper describes how to efficiently identify replicated documents and hyperlinked document collections. The challenge is to identify these replicas from an input data set of several tens of millions of web pages and several hundreds of gigabytes of textual data. We also present two real-life case studies where we used replication information to improve a crawler and a search engine. We report these results for a data set of 25 million web pages (about 150 gigabytes of HTML data) crawled from the web.
APLIP1, a Kinesin Binding JIP-1/JNK Scaffold Protein, Influences the Axonal Transport of Both Vesicles and Mitochondria in Drosophila

In a genetic screen for Kinesin heavy chain (Khc)-interacting proteins, we identified APLIP1, a neuronally expressed Drosophila homolog of JIP-1, a JNK scaffolding protein [1]. JIP-1 and its homologs have been proposed to act as physical linkers between kinesin-1, which is a plus-end-directed microtubule motor, and certain anterograde vesicles in the axons of cultured neurons [2]. Mutation of Aplip1 caused larval paralysis, axonal swellings, and reduced levels of both anterograde and retrograde vesicle transport, similar to the effects of kinesin-1 inhibition. In contrast, Aplip1 mutation caused a decrease only in retrograde transport of mitochondria, suggesting inhibition of the minus-end microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein [3]. Consistent with dynein defects, combining heterozygous mutations in Aplip1 and Dynein heavy chain (Dhc64C) generated synthetic axonal transport phenotypes. Thus, APLIP1 may be an important part of motor-cargo linkage complexes for both kinesin-1 and dynein. However, it is also worth considering that APLIP1 and its associated JNK signaling proteins could serve as an important signaling module for regulating transport by the two opposing motors.