cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictability and the appreciation of comedy

In order to investigate the role of joke predictability in humor appreciation, Ss were asked to provide punch lines for in-concert routines performed by Bill Cosby and Phyllis Diller. Predictability scores derived from each of these routines were then related to a number of measures of audience laughter—frequency, duration, latency, etc. —produced in response to these routines. In general, results showed no difference in predictability of punch lines and nonpunch lines and strong positive correlations between predictability and the various indices of audience responsivity. These results were discussed in terms of a predictable unpredictability theory of humor.
Heterologous Expression of Aspergillus niger β- d -Xylosidase (XlnD): Characterization on Lignocellulosic Substrates

The gene encoding a glycosyl hydrolase family 3 xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase, xlnD, was successfully cloned from Aspergillus niger strain ATCC 10864. The recombinant product was expressed in Aspergillus awamori, purified by column chromatography, and verified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, tandem time of flight (MALDI-TOF/ TOF) mass spectroscopy of tryptic digests. The T max was determined using differential scanning microcalorimetry (DSC) to be 78.2 °C; the K m and k cat were found to be 255 μM and 13.7 s−1, respectively, using pNP-β-d-xylopyranoside as substrate. End-product inhibition by d-xylose was also verified and shown to be competitive; the K i for this inhibition was estimated to be 3.3 mM. XlnD was shown to efficiently hydrolyze small xylo-oligomers to monomeric xylose, making it a critical hydrolytic activity in cases where xylose is to be recovered from biomass conversion processes. In addition, the presence of the XlnD was shown to synergistically enhance the ability of an endoxylanase, XynA from Thermomyces lanuginosus, to convert xylan present in selected pretreated lignocellulosic substrates. Furthermore, the addition of the XynA/XlnD complex was effective in enhancing the ability of a simplified cellulase complex to convert glucan present in the substrates.
Iliopectineal bursitis: An unusual cause of iliofemoral vein compression

Abstract The iliopectineal bursa is the largest bursa in the region of the hip joint. Enlargement of the bursa occurs in several conditions and may be manifested by groin pain, a pelvic or inguinal mass, or lower extremity edema due to compression of the external iliac or common femoral vein. A case of lower extremity edema secondary to external iliac/common femoral vein compression caused by an enlarged iliopectineal bursa is presented. The pathophysiology, methods of diagnosis, and forms of therapy are discussed. (J VASC SURG 1991;13:725-7.)
Abstract 3889: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 levels affect the number of hair follicle stem cells in mouse epidermis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The pRb/Cdk/cyclin/p16 pathway has been found altered in a majority of human neoplasias. In particular the Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) has been found mutated in familial melanoma, amplified or overexpressed in human gliomas, sporadic breast carcinomas and sarcomas. Additionally, a vast number of human cancers contain high levels of CDK4 activity due to loss of the Cdk inhibitor p16Ink4a or overexpression of its binding partner cyclin D1. We have previously demonstrated that CDK4 ablation inhibits chemically-induced mouse skin papillomas, whereas forced expression of CDK4 in mouse epidermis (K5-CDK4) accelerates malignant progression to Squamous Cell Carcinomas (SCC). However, the mechanisms by which changes in CDK4 expression levels control skin tumorigenesis have not been established. In this model topical application of DMBA and TPA results in clonal expansion of a slow cycling stem cell population localized at the bulge area of the hair follicle. Thus, we hypothesize that CDK4 deletion or overexpression affects tumorigenesis by altering the characteristic and/or the number of Keratinocytes Stem Cells (KSC). To address this, we employed the K15-EGFP transgenic mouse model, which expresses EGFP under the control of the keratin 15 promoter in the bulge area of the hair follicle, to generated K15-EGFP/K5-CDK4as well as K15-EGFP/CDK4−/− compound mice. Flow cytometry analysis of K15-EGFP/K5-CDK4 keratinocytes show 4-fold decrease in the number of KSC compared to K15-EGFP control mice. In contrast, K15-EGFP/CDK4−/− compound mice show 4-fold increase in the number of KSC compared with control siblings. Quantification of mRNA in the KSCs showed 3 to 5-fold increase in the CDK4 levels of KSC compared to non-Stem cell population, whereas mild or no changes in CDK2, Cyclin D1 and p27Kip1mRNA levels were detected. Consistent with these data, we also determined an increase number of Labeled-Retaining Cells (LRC) in the hair follicle of CDK4−/− and decreased LRC in K5-CDK4 mice. Together these results are consistent with our hypothesis that changes in CDK4 expression affects the asymmetric cell division of KSC population favoring an increase in the transit amplifying (TA) cell pool and decrease of the KSC pool in K5-CDK4 and the opposite in CDK4−/− mice. As a result, this model predicts that the number of transit amplifying or progenitor cells correlate with the susceptibility to papilloma development. Supported by NIH grant CA116328 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3889.
Diagnosing Forecast Errors in Tropical Cyclone Motion

AbstractThis paper reports on the development of a diagnostic approach that can be used to examine the sources of numerical model forecast error that contribute to degraded tropical cyclone (TC) motion forecasts. Tropical cyclone motion forecasts depend upon skillful prediction of the environment wind field, and by extension, the synoptic-scale weather systems nearby the TC. While previous research suggests that the deep-layer mean (DLM) steering flow typically approximates the actual TC motion, it is shown that the motion of even mature TCs can depart from the DLM steering flow. An optimal environmental steering flow is defined, which varies the vertical extent of the steering layer and the radius over which TC vorticity and divergence are removed.Errors in predicted TC motion are quantified using a diagnostic equation that accounts for not only differences in the synoptic-scale flow, but also differences in the depth and radius used to define the steering flow. Differences in the latter two parameters a...
A Linearization of the Lambda Calculus and Consequences

Abstract If every lambda-abstraction in a lambda-term M binds at most one variable occurrence, then M is said to be "linear". Many questions about linear lambda-terms are relatively easy to answer, e.g. they all are beta-strongly normalizing and all are simply-typable. We extend the syntax of the standard lambda-calculus L to a non-standard lambda-calculus L^ satisfying a linearity condition generalizing the notion in the standard case. Specifically, in L^ a subterm Q of a term M can be applied to several subterms R1,...,Rk in parallel, which we write as (Q. R1 \wedge ... \wedge Rk). The appropriate notion of beta- reduction beta^ for the calculus L^ is such that, if Q is the lambda- abstraction (\lambda x.P) with m\geq 0 bound occurrences of x, the reduction can be carried out provided k = max(m,1). Every M in L^ is thus beta^-SN. We relate standard beta-reduction and non-standard beta^-reduction in several different ways, and draw several consequences, e.g. a new simple proof for the fact that a standard term M is beta-SN iff M can be assigned a so-called ``intersection'''' type (``top'''' type disallowed).
Esophageal mechanosensitive mechanisms are impaired in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Objectives To test the hypothesis that esophageal mechanodistention in infants with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) results in altered upper esophageal sphincter (UES), esophageal body, and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) responses, compared with controls. As a secondary aim, we tested the hypothesis that infants with HIE receiving therapeutic hypothermia had different aerodigestive reflex characteristics than infants with HIE who received traditional neonatal care. Study design Provocative esophageal manometry was performed in 34 neonates (27 with HIE and 7 controls). Mechanodistention was performed using graded volumes of air. Peristaltic reflexes, UES contractile reflexes, and LES relaxation reflexes were analyzed for frequency, magnitude, and aberrancies. Results Infants with HIE demonstrated more rapid recruitment of responses and greater UES magnitude ( P P P P Conclusions Mechanodistention in infants with HIE results in upregulation of central vagal effects (ie, heightened cholinergic excitatory responses as demonstrated by exaggerated UES contractile reflex activity and heightened inhibitory responses evident by exaggerated LES relaxation reflex activity). Prolonged and poorly coordinated peristaltic responses may underlie dysfunction of aerodigestive regulation. Modulation of sensorimotor aspects of aerodigestive reflexes is altered in infants with HIE, and hypothermia may further modify such effects.
An electric potential drop technique for characterizing part-through surface cracks

Abstract The development and verification of fracture criteria — including catastrophic failure and leak-before-break phenomena — are important to teh assessment of fusion reactor structural integrity. Reliable assessments will require appropriate measures to characterize the initiation, stable growth and instability of part-through surface cracks in thin-walled structures. This paper describes procedures we are developing for monitoring the evolution of part-through cracks using electropotential drop techniques. A calibration between potential drops across multiple probes placed across the crack plane and crack size and shape was developed for aluminum and 410 steel specimens. The calibration tecnique was then successfully applied to monitor surface crack growth in an HT-9 specimen.
The long-term indwelling tracheoesophageal prosthesis for alaryngeal voice rehabilitation.

Objective To analyze the initial experience at Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, with the use of long-term indwelling tracheoesophageal voice prostheses. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Tertiary referral academic medical center. Patients Thirty patients undergoing speech rehabilitation after laryngectomy during a period of 18 months. Intervention Insertion of a long-term indwelling tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis. Main Outcome Measures Duration of use, complications. Results The mean duration of placement for a single prosthesis was 4.9 months (148 days), with a range of 14 to 330 days. Sixteen of the 30 patients encountered problems with leakage because of fungal colonization, the majority of which (15 of 16 cases) were solved with either oral or topical application of nystatin. Size matching in terms of prothesis length and tract length was critical, and problems of this nature were encountered in 11 of 30 patients. The incorporation of a second system of prostheses that offered an increased number of size options solved these problems in all of these patients. Ultimately, 27 of 30 patients were able to successfully wear these prostheses. Conclusions The indwelling tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis offers patients all the advantages of tracheoesophageal speech rehabilitation after laryngectomy without the inconvenience of frequent prosthesis changes. With careful attention to the details of fitting and care, it can be worn by the majority of patients successfully.
Flex-Patch: a highly flexible piezoceramic composite with attached electrical leads

A new packaging technique for piezoceramic wafers is presented in which encapsulation of the piezoceramic incorporates the electrical leads. This technique for encapsulation produces a hermetically sealed package that also is flexible. The resulting product is called Flex-Patch because of the high flexibility. Micro-graphs of the flexed piezoceramic show that despite micro-cracking within the ceramic there is little, if any, loss in performance. Flex-Patch may be surface mounted or embedded into composites.
RFLP Analysis of Genomic Regions Associated with Resistance to Preharvest Sprouting in Wheat

Resistance to preharvest sprouting (PHS) is difficult to incorporate into new varieties because heritability is low and selection is limited to one generation per year. Our objective was to identify genomic regions containing quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to PHS in two recombinant inbred (R) populations of white wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. One population consisted of 78 RI lines from the cross of NY6432-18 (NY18) × «Clark's Cream» (CC). The second population consisted of 138 RI lines from the cross between sib lines NY18 and NY6432-10 (NY10) (.)
Structure and dynamics of graphite-supported bimetallic nanoclusters

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations are used to analyze the structure and dynamics of isolated bimetallic nanoclusters of 343 (Cu–Ni) and 1000 atoms (Cu–Ni and Pt–Au) deposited on a graphite substrate. The metal–metal interactions are modeled with the many-body Sutton–Chen potential, and a Lennard–Jones potential is used to describe the metal–carbon interactions. The nanocluster melting temperature is determined from caloric and heat capacity curves, and the atomic distribution is studied layer-by-layer as a function of temperature in a direction perpendicular to the substrate plane. Changes in the nanocluster shape as temperature increases are monitored through deformation parameters that show clear evidence of structural and melting transitions as well as of atomic surface diffusion in the cluster. Dynamic properties such as atomic and whole-cluster diffusion, and the motion of the metal atoms at the interface metal/graphite are characterized as a function of temperature.
Life-threatening hemorrhage from a vulvar hemangioma.

Capillary hemangioma, the most common tumor of infancy, usually does not require any treatment, but in a minority of cases it may cause morphologic, functional, or life-threatening complications. The authors report a case of a vulvar emangioma complicated by life-threatening hemorrhage not responsive to corticosteroids therapy, which showed no signs of spontaneous involution. The therapeutic approach consisted of 3 steps of selective arterial embolizations followed 5 months later by surgical excision and reconstruction of the vulva. Selective embolization rarely is used in the treatment of hemangiomas but may be required in cases of intractable bleeding, severe heart failure, large and poorly involuting hemangiomas, and as preparation for surgery. The results of the combined approach in this case are reported, and the indications discussed.
Estimating skin permeability from physicochemical characteristics of drugs: a comparison between conventional models and an in vivo-based approach.

Abstract This study evaluates the correlation of some widely used skin permeability predictive models with a recently proposed empirical model based on human in vivo dermatopharmacokinetic data. Drug fluxes through the skin have been calculated using in vitro- and in vivo-based models, and observed in vivo data, and the values compared. Most in vitro-based models underestimate the in vivo data by 1–100-fold. The discrepancy between observed data and prediction reaches the maximum (1000–10,000-fold underestimation) for nicotine (with the smallest molecular weight and log Koct), nitroglycerin (with the largest number of hydrogen bond acceptor groups), and for oxybutynin (with the largest molecular weight and log Koct) where there was a 1000-fold flux overestimation. However, most models correlated well with the in vivo data and the in vivo-based model (p The vehicle effect and using non-steady state in vivo data in the flux calculations partly account for the observed discrepancies between predicted and observed values. Nevertheless, these results reveal the need for further refinement of skin permeability predictive equations, using the steady state in vivo data, and consideration of formulation effect.
Lateral radiograph of the knee: Knowledge of normal anatomy aids in detection of subtle injuries

Many severe knee injuries may have only subtle plain radiographic findings. Their detection is more easily accomplished if attention is paid to a few key anatomic sites.
Nanocrystalline aluminum nitride: Growth by sputter deposition, optical absorption, and corrosion protection behavior

Abstract This paper reviews our work with low pressure reactive sputter deposition as a viable method producing nanocrystalline AlN. An aluminum target and rare gas-N2 discharges were used to grow films on water-cooled 〈111〉-Si, fused SiO2, carbon ribbon, and 1008 steel substrates. In situ optical emission spectrometry was used for real-time process monitoring. A relationship between N2+/Al flux to the substrate and nanocrystalline formation is presented. With respect to film behavior, optcal absorption was studied, and the near-ultraviolet fundamental absorption edge was modeled using the coherent potential approximation. The optical band gap was determined to be 5.50–5.64 eV, compared to 6.18 eV for a “perfect, infinite-size” AlN crystal. We also demonstrate the use of this material as an excellent self-sealing corrosion protection coating for steel.
Applying industrial controllers for safe operation

THE DESIGNER of controllers and control equipments has three major design objectives. In satisfying these objectives, he discharges his obligations to various sectors of his professional responsibility. These objectives are 1. To design for quality of performance. This objective satisfies the obligation to the customer who expects to receive fair value for the price he pays. 2. To design for economy of manufacture. This objective satisfies the obligation to the manufacturer who must sell at a profit to stay in business. 3. To design for safe operation. This objective satisfies the obligation to the pubhc since it safeguards operators, as well as the owner and the neighbors of the plant, against lethal accidents and fire hazards.
Improved Bioassay for Glucagon by Continuous Glucose Monitoring

A simplified and rapid in vivo bioassay for glucagon is described. The test involves continuous monitoring of blood glucose which makes possible an exact rendering of the glucose peaks induced by intravenous injection of glucagon. Two injections of known amounts of glucagon (0.002 and 0.004 U) are followed by an intravenous injection of a solution containing an unknown amount of glucagon for testing. The whole procedure can be completed in 8 h. The interassay variability of 6 bioassay procedures was ±12.4%. The intra-assay variability was ±3%.
Time-optimal control of a certain second-order plant with restricted phase coordinates

A time-optimal control is given for a second-order system with restricted phase variables. The phase variables are assumed to obey a certain class of constraints given in the paper. The maximum principle cannot be applied with ease in problems with phase variable constraints, because of the so-called jump conditions. A new approach is taken to solve this problem, and its utilization is illustrated by various examples.
1.5% root-mean-square flat-intensity laser beam formed using a binary-amplitude spatial light modulator

We demonstrate a digital micromirror device (DMD)-based optical system that converts a spatially noisy quasi-Gaussian to an eighth-order super-Lorentzian flat-top beam. We use an error-diffusion algorithm to design the binary pattern for the Texas Instruments DLP device. Following the DMD, a telescope with a pinhole low-pass filters the beam and scales it to the desired sized image. Experimental measurements show a 1% root-mean-square (RMS) flatness over a diameter of 0.28 mm in the center of the flat-top beam and better than 1.5% RMS flatness over its entire 1.43 mm diameter. The power conversion efficiency is 37%. We develop an alignment technique to ensure that the DMD pattern is correctly positioned on the incident beam. An interferometric measurement of the DMD surface flatness shows that phase uniformity is maintained in the output beam. Our approach is highly flexible and is able to produce not only flat-top beams with different parameters, but also any slowly varying target beam shape. It can be used to generate the homogeneous optical lattice required for Bose-Einstein condensate cold atom experiments.
Fannie Lou Hamer: The Unquenchable Spirit of the Civil Rights Movement

She was not some ethereal being who lived unscathed amid poverty. Her health and formal education were severely stunted by her surroundings; her penetrating analysis of society was at times dismissed by those who picked apart her unlettered grammar or could hear only her Delta dialect. She was thoroughly human: she snored, she cracked earthlyjokes, shemimickedbigotedpeople. She understood the fears held by violent whites-suffered as a result of them-but she did not hate them for she was a taue Christian. She often was undiplomatic: she could flay a public official or those less resolute than she on a moment's notice. She was not perfect, but she was, to many who worked with her, the most inspirational person they ever knew. They drew from her and Mississippians like her a self-confidence that helped them later in facing their own difficulties, achieving their own successes.
Cumulant characterizations of ADC error sources with applications to Time Interleaved ADCs

The problem of characterizing transfer functions of Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) for use in compensation of Time Interleaved Analog to Digital Converters (TIADC) is ubiquitous in the area of mismatch correction algorithms. Identifying, classifying, and quantifying the presence of errors in ADCs and TIADCs is fundamental in the pursuit of correcting these errors. This problem, characterization of error effects, is investigated through calculation of higher order cumulants on the error signals of each type of system. The concept of cumulant calculation and interpretation is presented and applied to varying error environments and input signals.
On patterns of dynamic interdependence in a two-country world under flexible exchange rates

Abstract A two-country general equilibrium model of the world, where the interest-rate parity and the purchasing power parity conditions hold, is used to demonstrate how the two economies become interdependent through expectational mechanisms, and the government budgets being not in balance.
Pressure fluctuations in a gas-solids fluidized bed — effect of external noise and bubble residence time distribution

Abstract A dynamic model has been proposed to describe the dependency of the dominant frequency on the various physical parameters of a gas-solids fluidized bed. It has been shown that the proposed model can predict not only the dominant frequency of bed fluctuations, but also the pressure signals at the plenum or even at an arbitrary bed position. The power spectrum, auto-correlation coefficient and probability density of the fluctuating signal have been obtained by solving the linearized dynamic equations of the model. To test its validity, the proposed model has been conpared with the available experimental data. The result indicates that the proposed model can, at least semi-quantitatively, describe the experimentally observed pressure signals.
Fay Fransella: A Passionate, Productive Mentor

This article describes the author's experience of being mentored by Fay Fransella during a sabbatical leave and their subsequent 30-year collaboration. It characterizes Fransella's perspective on and contributions to personal construct theory in terms of her passionate commitment to the theory as a practical way of understanding human experience, her exceptionally effective collaborative productivity, and her deep curiosity and commitment to life-long learning.
NO ILLUSIONS: OFFENDER AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE IN MARYLAND'S PROACTIVE COMMUNITY SUPERVISION EFFORTS*

Research Summary Evidence-based supervision is the newest in a long line of efforts to advance community corrections. This new model adopts a risk-need-responsivity model where the agency uses a risk and need tool to identify appropriate treatment and control services and then assigns offenders to such services. Underscoring this new approach is the creation of a social learning environment that makes supervision officers active in facilitating offender change. The goal is to empower the offender. Maryland's Proactive Community Supervision (PCS) model was one of the first to implement this approach. Controlling for length of time on supervision and prior history, logistic regression results found that offenders who were supervised in this new style were less likely to be rearrested (30% for the PCS and 42% of the non-PCS sample; p < 0.01) and less likely to have a warrant issued for technical violations (34.7% of the PCS group and 40% for the non-PCS group; p < 0.10). Policy Implications The study findings indicate that a behavioral management approach can increase the frequency of contacts and obtain positive offender outcomes. More importantly, the PCS model illustrates that supervision agencies can be transformed to achieve public safety goals through focusing on offender change strategies. Providing officers with new behavioral skills to work with offenders and creating an empowering environment can yield positive outcomes. Criminal justice policy should focus on reengineering community supervision to prevent additional penetration into the justice system, to reduce churning, and to reduce incarceration.
Label-free biosensing using a nanostructured Fabry-Perot interferometer

This paper reports a novel label-free biosensor based on a nanostructured Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) for the first time. Au-coated nanostructure layer inside the FPI offers significantly enhanced optical interference signals due to localized surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) effect. Immobilization of capture protein, Protein A, on the nanostructure layer and its binding with immunoglobulin G (IgG) inside the FPI are monitored in real time, resulting in interference fringes shift of the signals. Fourier transform (FT) is performed on the measured reflectance interference spectrum. Only a single peak whose X-axis position is the effective optical thickness (EOT) of nanostructured layer is presented for each spectrum, which simplifies the quantified analysis of the signals. Current results show that the detection-of-limit (DOL) of the biosensor should be much lower than 5ng/ml.
Biological consequences of hyperthermia

Because of the potential for certain modalities of clinical ultrasound to cause tissue heating, it was deemed important to survey the literature for reports on temperatures and hyperthermia exposure durations at which biological effects occur in a wide spectrum of organisms. In general the higher the temperature or the longer the hyperthermia exposure, the greater the chance for observing a perturbation to the biological system. Special attention was given to ascertaining temperature exposure conditions below which no biological effects have been reported. The physical mechanism(s) by which heat produces biological effects is(are) not known but substantial quantities of empirically derived data have allowed for the calculation of exposure temperature-duration equivalences. It appears reasonably well established that short exposures to sharply-elevated temperatures result in a protective effect against further thermal insult; the generation of heat shock proteins by cells coincides with the onset of such "thermal protection." The information contained in this review indicates an absence of reported effects in animals below 39 degrees C.
Apelin increases contractility in failing cardiac muscle.

Abstract Apelin, a ligand for apelin-angiotension receptor-like 1 (APJ), has recently been shown to be a potent positive inotropic agent in normal hearts. In humans, levels of apelin have been shown to rise in early-stage heart failure and to fall in late-stage heart failure. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that apelin augments contraction directly in failing rat cardiac muscle. Right ventricular heart failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension was induced by exposing the rats to hypoxia (10% O2 inhaled air) for 14–16 weeks. Trabeculae were dissected and mounted between a force transducer and a motor arm, superfused with Krebs–Henseleit (K–H) solution (pH 7.4, 22 °C), and loaded with fura-2. Both force development and [Ca2+]i transient amplitude increased in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of Apelin-12 (10~70 nM, [Ca2+]o = 0.5 mM) in failing muscles as compared to control (36 ± 7% vs. 7.4 ± 5% at 70 nM, P 0.05) and Hill coefficient (4.60 ± 0.73 vs. 3.17 ± 0.92, P > 0.05). Apelin (70 nM) had no effect on the steady-state force–[Ca2+]i relation in failing muscles (Fmax: 63.03 ± 3.5 mN/mm2; Ca50: 0.50 ± 0.08 μM; Hill coefficient: 4.73 ± 0.89). These results indicate that apelin exerts a selective positive inotropic action in failing myocardium. The increased force development is the result of increased [Ca2+]i transients rather than changes in myofilament calcium responsiveness.
TU‐C‐J‐6B‐05: A Novel Volume Subdivision‐Based Algorithm to Register Respiration Phase‐Correlated Lung CT Images

Purpose: To develop a deformable image registration algorithm that will allow for temporal interpolation of phase-correlated 3D CT data sets and test it on lung CT images. Method and Materials: We have developed a new deformable image registration algorithm that starts with a global rigid-body matching between two (volumetric) images, progressively subdivides one image, and refines the spatial matching locally for each of the subvolumes. When subvolumes reach a user-defined size, the algorithm interpolates all local solutions to generate a smooth deformation field. The above algorithm was applied to two lung CT image sets, each with three frames corresponding to end-inhalation (IN), mid-exhalation (MID) and end-exhalation (EX). These images were acquired in conjunction with a spirometer and using a spiral CT scanner. In each case, the IN image was registered to the MID image and the MID image to the EX image. An interactive multi-planar reformatting tool was used to evaluate the result of image registration quantitatively. For quantitative evaluation, reduction in root-mean squared (RMS) error was computed for each image pair before and after image registration. Results: Visual inspection indicated an improved matching of anatomical features following registration. For the four image registrations performed (two for each case), the RMS error reduced from 13.8 to 7.2, 19.9 to 12.7, 13.5 to 8.0, and 12.2 to 7.0, indicating improved spatial matching following image registration. Conclusions: We have developed a new deformable image registration and shown its application to gated lung CT images. The algorithm effectively aligned phase-correlated CT images. Full development of this deformable registration capability will allow tumor trajectory mapping and dose registration.
Texity of reachablility in distributed communicating processes

A crucial problem in the analysis of communicating processes is the detection of program statements that are unreachable due to communication deadlocks. In this paper, we consider the computational complexity of the reachability problem for various models of communicating processes. We obtain these models by making simplifying assumptions about the behavior of message queues and program control, with the hope that reachability may become easier to decide. Depending on the assumptions made, we show that reachability is undecidable, requires nearly exponential space infinitely often, or is NP-complete. In obtaining these results, we demonstrate a very close relationship between the decidable models and Petri nets and Habermann's path expressions, respectively.
Arthroscopic-Assisted Reduction and Percutaneous Fixation of Tibial Plateau Fractures

Tibial plateau fractures present a difficult range of fractures to treat. Arthroscopy allows for a less invasive option when compared with arthrotomy. Furthermore, visualization of the articular surface arthroscopically can allow for a precise reduction and assessment of any concomitant injuries to the articular cartilage and meniscus. By use of arthroscopy, unicondylar lateral plateaus were traditionally approached through a laterally based metaphyseal window. However, in carefully selected patients and fracture patterns, a medially based, arthroscopic-assisted approach can create long bony tunnels for subchondral support and allow for greater ease in fracture reduction. We present our technique using a medial approach for arthroscopic-assisted fixation of lateral tibial plateau fractures.
Proton transfer in functionalized phosphonic acid molecules

Ionomers with protogenic groups such as phosphonic acid have recently been proposed as suitable polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells operating with little humidification due to their extraordinary amphotericity. The hydrogen bonding and energetics associated with proton transfer of substituted phosphonic acid molecules and their self-condensation products (anhydride + H2O) are examined through ab initio electronic structure calculations. The global minimum energy structures of methyl-, phenyl-, benzyl-, trifluoromethyl- and phenyldifluoro-phosphonic acids determined at the B3LYP/6-311G** level indicate that the fluorinated molecules exhibit slightly stronger binding to water than the non-fluorinated molecules. The potential energy profiles for transfer of a proton within the condensation products were obtained at the B3LYP/6-311G** level for each of the acids, and revealed that the trifluoromethyl system has the lowest endothermicity (5.3 kcal mol−1) in contrast to the methyl system which has the greatest endothermicity (7.1 kcal mol−1) and a barrier of 7.6 kcal mol−1. When no constraints are imposed on the system, proton transfer from the anhydride to a water molecule (primary) is accompanied by a secondary proton transfer (from protonated water molecule back to the anhydride) in all cases except the trifluoromethyl anhydride where charge separation and formation of a hydronium ion occurs. It appears that the secondary proton transfer would substantially determine the emergence of transition states and the correlated endothermicities.
Multiobjective linear programming with context-dependent preferences

Multiobjective linear programming algorithms are typically based on value maximization. However, there is a growing body of experimental evidence showing that decision maker behavior is inconsistent with value maximization. Tversky and Simonson provide an alternative model for problems with a discrete set of choices. Their model, called the componential context model, has been shown to capture observed decision maker behavior. In this paper, an interactive multiobjective linear programming algorithm is developed which follows the rationale of Tversky and Simonson. The algorithm is illustrated with an example solved using standard linear programming software. Finally, an interactive decision support system based on this algorithm is developed to field test the usefulness of the algorithm. Results show that this algorithm compares favorably with an established algorithm in the field.
Preventing dementia. Targeting depressive symptoms is unlikely to help.

Ritchie and colleagues urge moving from observational epidemiology to public health interventions to reduce dementia and propose reducing depressive symptoms.1 This is a poor example except as an opportunity to reflect on the pitfalls of inferring modifiable risk from correlation. Depressive symptoms are related to a host of antecedent and cross sectional correlates ranging …
Regression with Covariates and Outcome Calculated from a Common Set of Variables Measured with Error: Estimation Using the SIMEX Method

In medical research, a situation commonly arises where new variables are calculated from a common set of directly measured variables. When the directly measured variables each contain an error component, the relationship between the observed calculated variables can often be distorted. A source of this distortion is the presence of common measurement error in the observed calculated variables. Often known as coupled error, it is still possible to estimate the relationship between the calculated variables when measurement error is present. This paper presents two general methodologies that account for the presence of correlated measurement error when working with calculated variables. The equivalence of the methods will be established for one case, while the general advantage of the simulation extrapolation technique will be shown for more complicated situations. The performance of the estimators will be examined with examples arising from the medical literature.
Targeting the gatekeeper residue in phosphoinositide 3-kinases.

Abstract—A single residue in the ATP binding pocket of protein kinases—termed the gatekeeper—has been shown to control sen-sitivity to a wide range of small molecule inhibitors (Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 691; Chem. Biol. 1999, 6, 671). Kinases that possess asmall side chain at this position (Thr, Ala, or Gly) are readily targeted by structurally diverse classes of inhibitors, whereas kinasesthat possess a larger residue at this position are broadly resistant. Recently, lipid kinases of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)family have become the focus of intense research interest as potential drug targets (Chem. Biol. 2003, 10, 207; Curr. Opin. Pharmacol.2003, 3, 426). In this study, we identify the residue that corresponds structurally to the gatekeeper in PI3-Ks, and explore its impor-tance in controlling enzyme activity and small molecule sensitivity. Isoleucine 848 of p110a was mutated to alanine and glycine, butthe mutated kinase was found to have severely impaired enzymatic activity. A structural bioinformatic comparison of this kinasewith its yeast orthologs identiﬁed second site mutations that rescued the enzymatic activity of the I848A kinase. To probe the dimen-sions of the gatekeeper pocket, a focused panel of analogs of the PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 was synthesized and its activity againstgatekeeper mutated and wild-type p110a was assessed. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wherefore similar tests

Similarity of a test is often a necessary condition for a test to be unbiased (in particular for a test to be uniformly most powerful unbiased when such a test exists). Lehmann (Testing Statistical Hypotheses, 2nd Edition, Wiley, New York, 1986) describes the connection between similar tests and uniformly most powerful unbiased tests. The methods to achieve these properties as outlined in Lehmann are used extensively. In any case, an admissible similar test is frequently one that can be recommended for practical use. In some constrained parameter spaces however, we show that admissible similar tests sometimes completely ignore the constraints. In some of these cases we call such tests constraint insensitive. The tests seem not to be intuitive and perhaps should not be used. On the other hand, there are models with constrained parameter spaces where similar tests do take into account the constraints. In these cases the admissible test is called constraint sensitive. We offer a systematic approach that enables one to determine whether an admissible similar test is constraint insensitive or not. The approach is applied to three classes of models involving order restricted parameters. The models include testing for homogeneity of parameters, testing subsets of parameters, and testing goodness of fit of a family of discrete distributions.
An analysis of total phosphorus transport in river systems

Human activities generate many pollutants from different land uses. These pollutants include nutrients (e.g., phosphorus and nitrogen), toxic substances (e.g., heavy metals and pesticides), and other substances (e.g., chlorides and salts). These materials often enter a river at some upstream point and are transported downstream by the flowing water. Many substances are transported both during storms and during normal river flow and often the major portion of the transport occurs during the storms. This paper considers the quantification of transport primarily during storms. First, the characteristics of storm transport are discussed. Then, a calculation method for estimating the distance of travel for sediment related materials is presented. Third, a technique to estimate the amount of a given chemical passing a point in a stream over a specified period of time is presented. The last part of this paper contains a technique for tracing the movement of substances through a river network. In particular, this procedure yields information as to the source of given pollutants over the entire Storm period.
Two cDNAs encode two nearly identical Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase proteins in maize

SOD-4, a cytosolic form of superoxide dismutase in maize, originally was defined as a single band of activity by zymogram analysis. The protein was purified to “homogeneity” as shown by a single band on native or denaturing polyacrylamide gels and a single spot on two dimensional gels. The N-terminal amino acid sequence for the first 20 residues was determined for the purified SOD-4 protein. All residues were clearly determined except for residue twelve, where both glutamic and aspartic acids were found. A maize λgt11 cDNA library was constructed from scutellar poly(A)+RNA. Two cDNAs were isolated, restriction mapped, and their DNA sequences determined. The amino acid sequence deduced from both cDNAs matched perfectly the N-terminal sequence of the purified protein except for the residue at position 12. Significantly, at the twelfth codon, one cDNA was found to code for glutamic acid and the other cDNA had a codon for aspartic acid. Both cDNAs contained similar but not identical 5′ and 3′ untranslated sequences. Both cDNAs contained polyadenylation signals and tails. cDNA isolations, RNA, and genomic DNA blots confirm the existence and expression of two genes that produce indistinguishable SOD-4 proteins.
The N-person Prisoner's dilemma: Some theory and a computer-oriented approach

The two-person, two-strategy prisoner's dilemma is, by now, well known. The purpose of the research reported here is to start an investigation of the more interesting multiple-person, multiple-strategy analogue of the prisoner's dilemma. The multiple-person, two-strategy game is the subject of this study. Four interpretations of the game are possible. Each of these is presented and one is selected for further study. The rationale for a combined laboratory-computer approach is given, some decision-making models for the game are constructed, and the results of the simulations of the models are reported.
Thermodynamics of complexation of aqueous 18-crown-6 with rubidium and cesium ions : Apparent molar volumes and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous (18-crown-6 + rubidium chloride) and (18-crown-6 + cesium chloride) at temperatures (278.15 to 393.15) K, at molalities (0.02 to 0.33) mol·kg-1, and at the pressure 0.35 MPa

Abstract We have measured the densities at temperatures T = (278.15 to 368.15) K and heat capacities at T = (278.15 to 393.15) K of aqueous (18-crown-6 + RbCl) and (18-crown-6 + CsCl) at m = (0.02 to 0.33) mol · kg−1 and at the pressure 0.35 MPa. We have applied Young’s Rule and have accounted for chemical speciation and relaxation effects to resolve Vϕ and Cp,ϕ for (18-crown-6–Rb+,Cl−)(aq) and (18-crown-6–Cs+,Cl−)(aq) in the mixtures. We have also calculated values of the change in volume ΔrVm, the change in heat capacity ΔrCp,m, the change in enthalpy ΔrHm, the equilibrium quotient lg Q, and the change in entropy ΔrSm for formation of the complexes at T = (278.15 to 393.15) K and m = (0 to 0.33) mol · kg−1. These results are compared with those recently obtained for the aqueous complexes of 18-crown-6 with K+, Na+, and Ba2+.
Research Grade Instrumentation for Nanotechnology and MSE Education

The Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP) is a National Science Foundation (NSF) Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC). CRISP is a partnership between Yale University, Southern Connecticut State University (SCSU) and Brookhaven National Laboratory. A main focus of CRISP research is complex oxide interfaces that are prepared using epitaxial techniques, including molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Complex oxides exhibit a wealth of electronic, magnetic and chemical behaviors, and the surfaces and interfaces of complex oxides can have properties that differ substantially from those of the corresponding bulk materials. CRISP employs this research program in a concerted way to educate students at all levels. CRISP has constructed a robust MBE apparatus specifically designed for safe and productive use by undergraduates. Students can grow their own samples and then characterize them with facilities at both Yale and SCSU, providing a complete research and educational experience. This paper will focus on the implementation of the CRISP Teaching MBE facility and its use in the study of the synthesis and properties of the crystalline oxide-silicon interface.
Alpha-Decay Properties of Some Erbium Isotopes near the 82-Neutron Closed Shell

Several new alpha-emitting isotopes of francium have been produced by the reactions ${\mathrm{Au}}^{197}({\mathrm{O}}^{16}, xn){\mathrm{Fr}}^{213\ensuremath{-}x}$, ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{203}({\mathrm{C}}^{12}, xn){\mathrm{Fr}}^{215\ensuremath{-}x}$, ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{205}({\mathrm{C}}^{12}, xn){\mathrm{Fr}}^{217\ensuremath{-}x}$, and ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}({\mathrm{B}}^{11}, xn){\mathrm{Fr}}^{219\ensuremath{-}x}$. The nuclides studies lie on or below the 126-neutron closed shell. Their alpha-decay properties are as follows: Alpha-decay reduced widths ${\ensuremath{\delta}}^{2}$ were calculated by using beta-decay systematics from this region to estimate the beta branching ratios. These reduced widths are compared to those of the isotonic polonium isotopes.
Thermodynamic resolution: how do errors in modeled protein structures affect binding affinity predictions?

The present study addresses the effect of structural distortion, caused by protein modeling errors, on calculated binding affinities toward small molecules. The binding affinities to a total of 300 distorted structures based on five different protein–ligand complexes were evaluated to establish a broadly applicable relationship between errors in protein structure and errors in calculated binding affinities. Relatively accurate protein models (less than 2 A RMSD within the binding site) demonstrate a 14.78 (±7.5)% deviation in binding affinity from that calculated by using the corresponding crystal structure. For structures of 2–3 A, 3–4 A, and >4 A RMSD within the binding site, the error in calculated binding affinity increases to 20.8 (±5.98), 22.79 (±11.3), and 29.43 (±11.47)%, respectively. The results described here may be used in combination with other tools to evaluate the utility of modeled protein structures for drug development or other ligand-binding studies. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.