cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How reinforcer type affects choice in economic games

Behavioral economists stress that experiments on judgment and decision-making using economic games should be played with real money if the results are to have generality. Behavior analysts have sometimes disputed this contention and have reported results in which hypothetical rewards and real money have produced comparable outcomes. We review studies that have compared hypothetical and real money and discuss the results of two relevant experiments. In the first, using the Sharing Game developed in our laboratory, subjects' choices differed markedly depending on whether the rewards were real or hypothetical. In the second, using the Ultimatum and Dictator Games, we again found sharp differences between real and hypothetical rewards. However, this study also showed that time off from a tedious task could serve as a reinforcer every bit as potent as money. In addition to their empirical and theoretical contributions, these studies make the methodological point that meaningful studies may be conducted with economic games without spending money: time off from a tedious task can serve as a powerful reward.
PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF ζ‐CAROTENE STEREOISOMERS IN CELLS OF Euglena gracilis MUTANT W3BUL AND IN SOLUTION*

— Dark-grown cells of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris bleached mutant W3BUL are shown by a novel alumina HPLC method to accumulate a cis isomer of ζ-carotene (cis I; δmax at 286,296,377,398,422 nm; emM= 97 at 398 nm). Illumination of cells with saturating blue light converts nearly all of this to the trans isomer (δmax at 379,400,425 nm) and a small amount of a second cis isomer (cis II; δmax at 285.5,296, 374, 394.5, 419 nm; emM= 111 at 394.5 nm) with no significant changes in any other carotenoids. Photoisomerization of the purified isomers in hexane yields the same mixture of stereoisomers in all three cases, and this mixture is similar to that produced in the cells. Photoisomerization of the purified cis isomers in hexane occurs readily with first order kinetics indicating that no additional photosensitizer or catalyst is necessary for the reaction in vivo. Wild-type cells grown in darkness in the presence of 72 μM J334 accumulate ζ-carotene almost exclusively with approximately equal amounts of the cis I and trans isomers, thus cis I is not unique to the mutant. Cis I is identified as 15-cis-ζ-carotene by UV, visible, infrared and mass spectra; cis II may be the 13-eis isomer. Since W3BUL also accumulates cis isomers of phytoene and phytofluene while the other carotenoids are trans, it is suggested that, in Euglena, ζ-carotene is the point of isomerization from cis to trans in the biosynthetic pathway.
Type C Niemann-Pick disease: documentation of abnormal LDL processing in lymphocytes.

Abstract Type C Niemann-Pick disease (NPC) is an autosomal recessive neurovisceral storage disorder in which defective intracellular cholesterol processing has been demonstrated in fibroblasts from NPC patients and obligate heterozygotes. In the present paper, the ability to esterify LDL-cholesterol was examined in cultured lymphocytes from 8 NPC patients, 8 obligate heterozygotes and 8 controls. Cholesteryl ester synthesis was 8% (±5%) and 45% (±16%) of controls in homozygous and heterozygous cell lines, respectively. Histochemical and electron microscopic examinations confirmed that this biochemical lesion was associated with abnormal intracellular accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in mutant lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that measurement of cholesterol esterification in cultured lymphocytes offers a quick and reliable means of confirming the diagnosis of NPC and that these cells may be useful for probing the primary molecular lesion of NPC.
Immunohistochemical markers in diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma: utility of HBME1 combined with CK19 immunostaining

Papillary thyroid carcinoma and its variants can be difficult to distinguish from cellular adenomatous nodules. Prior studies have advocated various antibodies to aid in the differential diagnosis, but there is little agreement on their utility. We undertook this study to evaluate immunohistochemical markers in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Ten cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma were initially stained for HBME1, CK19, fibronectin1, Ki-67, Calretinin, p16, SFTPB and CITED1. Additionally, two previously untested antibodies to molecules that have been found to be upregulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (CST6 and EPS8) were also evaluated. Of these, only HBME1, CK19 and fibronectin1 showed diagnostic utility. These three markers were then further evaluated in 51 papillary thyroid carcinomas and 57 benign thyroids. HBME1 was the most sensitive and specific marker, staining 49/51 papillary thyroid carcinomas and only 4/57 benign thyroids. CK19 was equally sensitive staining all 51 papillary thyroid carcinomas, but it was nonspecific staining 39 of 57 benign thyroids. A negative result, however, was helpful in excluding papillary thyroid carcinoma. Fibronectin1 was positive in 35/51 papillary thyroid carcinomas (69%) and 4/57 (7%) benign thyroids, but its utility was hampered by high background staining. These findings suggest that the combination of HBME1 and CK19 has the greatest diagnostic utility in the differentiation of papillary thyroid carcinoma from its benign mimics.
CMP Modeling and Characterization for Polysilicon MEMS Structures

The current bedrock technology for integrated circuit (IC) planarization, chemical-mechanical polishing is beginning to play an important role in microelectromechnical systems (MEMS). However, MEMS devices operate with bigger feature sizes in comparison to ICs, in order to fulfill mechanical functions. We present an experiment to characterize and model a polysilicon CMP process with the specific goal of examining MEMS-sized test structures. We utilize previously discussed CMP models and examine whether assumptions from IC CMP can be applied to MEMS CMP. An analysis of the data collected points to a polishing dependence on not only pattern density, but also partly on feature size or feature configuration. The existing pattern density and step height CMP models are able to capture the major trends in up and down area polishing. However, certain layout features relevant to MEMS are difficult to predict, motivating the need for further model development and application.
Global differences in attributes of email usage

Email usage data from users in a large enterprise were analyzed according to country and geographical regions to explore for differences. Data of 13,877 employees from 29 countries in a global technology company were analyzed. We found statistically significant differences in several attributes of email usage. Users in the U.S. tend to retain larger numbers of email messages while Latin American countries keep fewer messages. European countries tend to file more of their email into folders and Asian countries tend to do less so. These differences in filing behavior are not correlated with Hofstede's Uncertainty Avoidance Index. This research adds another dimension for studies of email usage which previously have not reported the geographical source of their data.
Evolution of a quasi-steady breaking wave

The stages of evolution of a quasi-steady breaker from the onset of a capillary pattern to a fully evolved breaking wave are characterized using high-image-density particle image velocimetry, which provides instantaneous representations of the free surface and the patterns of vorticity beneath it. The initial stage, which sets in at a low value of Froude number, involves a capillary pattern along each trough-crest surface of a quasi-stationary wave. The successive crests of the capillary pattern exhibit increasing scale and culminate in a single largest-scale crest of the free surface. Immediately upstream of the large-scale crest, the capillary pattern shows counterclockwise concentrations of vorticity at its troughs and regions of clockwise vorticity beneath its crests. The onset of the final, largest-scale crest exhibits two basic forms : one involving no flow separation; and the other exhibiting a small-scale separated mixing layer. At an intermediate value of Froude number, a breaker occurs and the capillary pattern is replaced by large-scale distortions of the free surface. The onset of separation, which involves flow deceleration along a region of the free surface having a large radius of curvature, leads to formation of a long mixing layer, which has substantial levels of vorticity. Downstream of this breaker, the long-wavelength wave pattern is suppressed. At the largest value of Froude number, the onset of flow separation rapidly occurs in conjunction with an abrupt change in slope of the surface, giving rise to vorticity concentrations in the mixing layer.
Studies of emittance bumps and adaptive alignment method for ILC main linac

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a proposed electron-positron accelerator requiring very small spot-size at the interaction point, and thus necessitates very tight tolerances on beamline elements. For static tuning of the machine a few methods like dispersion-free steering (DFS) or kick minimization (KM) techniques was proposed. The further suppression of emittance growth can be achieved by using close orbit emittance bumps. Stability of ILC is determined by the stability of the site, additional noises of beamline component, energy and kicker jitter and performance of the train-to-train and intra-train feedback. We discuss the performances of the Adaptive Alignment technique, which keeps the accelerator dynamically aligned in the presence of ground motion and technical noises. This presentation is an overview of two posters THPMN107 and THPMN108, presented at PAC07.
Patients with severe sepsis vary markedly in their ability to generate activated protein C

Activated protein C (APC) supplementation significantly reduces mortality in patients with severe sepsis, presumably by down-regulating coagulation, inflammation, and apoptosis. In vivo, endogenous APC is generated from protein C (PC) "on demand" in response to elevated thrombin levels. Thrombomodulin and endothelial cell protein C receptor are endothelial receptors required to generate APC endogenously. Since these receptors may be down-regulated in sepsis, we measured plasma markers of APC generation in 32 patients with severe sepsis to determine whether APC generation is impaired and whether markers of APC generation correlate with 28-day mortality. Relative to normals, all patients had elevated F1 + 2 and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) levels (markers of thrombin generation and inhibition, respectively), and 28 of 32 patients had reduced PC levels. In 20 patients, APC levels paralleled elevated F1 + 2 levels, whereas 12 patients had low APC levels despite elevated F1 + 2 levels, suggesting that APC generation is impaired in the latter. No significant differences exist between survivors and nonsurvivors with respect to baseline PC levels, F1 + 2 levels, and APACHE II (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) scores. Baseline APC levels were higher in survivors (P = .024), and baseline F1 + 2/APC ratios were lower in survivors (P = .047). Larger studies are warranted to establish whether APC generation profiles aid in managing sepsis.
Mothers' Favoritism in Later Life: The Role of Children's Birth Order

The authors used data on 426 older mothers' relationships with their 1,823 adult children to explore the relationship between birth order and parental favoritism. The findings demonstrate that birt...
A Ser365→Cys mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 in mouse downregulates Ihh/PTHrP signals and causes severe achondroplasia

Missense mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) result in several types of human skeletal dysplasia, including the neonatally lethal dwarfism known as thanatophoric dysplasia. An engineered Ser(365)-->Cys substitution in mouse FGFR3, which is equivalent to a mutation associated with thanatophoric dysplasia-I in humans, has now been shown to cause severe dwarfism but not neonatal death. The mutant mice exhibit shortened limbs as a result of markedly reduced proliferation and impaired differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes. The receptor-activating mutation also resulted in downregulation of expression of the Indian hedgehog (IHH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) receptor genes, both of which are important for bone growth. Interactions between FGFR3- and PTHrP-receptor-mediated signals during endochondral ossification were examined with embryonic metatarsal bones maintained in culture under defined conditions. Consistent with the in vivo observations, FGF2 inhibited bone growth in culture and induced downregulation of IHH and PTHrP receptor gene expression. Furthermore, PTHrP partially reversed the inhibition of long bone growth caused by activation of FGFR3; however, it impaired the differentiation of chondrocytes in an FGFR3-independent manner. These observations suggest that FGFR3 and IHH-PTHrP signals are transmitted by two interacting parallel pathways that mediate both overlapping and distinct functions during endochondral ossification.
An Analysis of "Dark-osmotic Inhibition" of Germination of Lettuce Seeds.

Thelettuce seedhasbeenchosen frequently for germination studies, because itsbehavior may be controlled bya large numberoffactors andthus should furnish clues forunderstanding thephysiology ofseedgermination ingeneral. Since lettuce seeds maybeextremely sensitive tolight, theyhavealso beenuseful forobtaining information onthemechanismoflight action characteristic ofmanyphotomorphogenic responses inplants. Theoperational definition ofgermination employed inbasic studies isemergence oftheradicle fromtheseedorfruit. Thusoneobserves allor noneevents, andpercent germination isusedasa measure ofthephysiological activity oftheprocesses that lead togermination.
The Virtual Genetics Lab II: Improvements to a Freely Available Software Simulation of Genetics

The Virtual Genetics Lab II (VGLII) is an improved version of the highly successful genetics simulation software, the Virtual Genetics Lab (VGL). The software allows students to use the techniques of genetic analysis to design crosses and interpret data to solve realistic genetics problems involving a hypothetical diploid insect. This is a brief outline of the program and its new features; details are available at http://intro.bio.umb.edu/vgl/.
Evaluation of a mixed flowing gas test

The results of a process to better understand the IBM GIT gaseous corrosion test are presented. Previous work over the past two years has centered around the changing of a single gas of a mixture and analyzing the subsequent corrosion products. In the work reported in the paper, an effort to achieve a particular corrosion outcome by changing multiple gas concentrations is attempted by applying knowledge gained from these previous experiments. The possible synergistic effects between different gas species were considered in a qualitative manner to determine the gas concentrations to be used for generating the desired composition of corrosion products. Results from these exposures were analyzed using coulometric reduction, SEM/EDX (scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), and X-ray diffraction. >
Transcriptional Profiling of Caulobacter crescentus during Growth on Complex and Minimal Media

Microarray analysis was used to examine gene expression in the freshwater oligotrophic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus during growth on three standard laboratory media, including peptone-yeast extract medium (PYE) and minimal salts medium with glucose or xylose as the carbon source. Nearly 400 genes (approximately 10% of the genome) varied significantly in expression between at least two of these media. The differentially expressed genes included many encoding transport systems, most notably diverse TonB-dependent outer membrane channels of unknown substrate specificity. Amino acid degradation pathways constituted the largest class of genes induced in PYE. In contrast, many of the genes upregulated in minimal media encoded enzymes for synthesis of amino acids, including incorporation of ammonia and sulfate into glutamate and cysteine. Glucose availability induced expression of genes encoding enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, which was demonstrated here through mutational analysis to be essential in C. crescentus for growth on glucose. Xylose induced expression of genes encoding several hydrolytic exoenzymes as well as an operon that may encode a novel pathway for xylose catabolism. A conserved DNA motif upstream of many xylose-induced genes was identified and shown to confer xylose-specific expression. Xylose is an abundant component of xylan in plant cell walls, and the microarray data suggest that in addition to serving as a carbon source for growth of C. crescentus, this pentose may be interpreted as a signal to produce enzymes associated with plant polymer degradation.
A Unified Bayesian Decision Theory Perspective to Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a unified Bayesian decision theory model to integrate various components of a sensor network. We identify the key aspects of the Bayesian decision theory model, the functionalities of each network component, and the nature of interaction of the various network components in the proposed Bayesian framework. We also highlight some of the research avenues that need to be investigated for each network component. Finally, we present the use of Bayesian decision theory to schedule sensors in an energy-bandwidth constrained sensor network for target tracking
Effects of laser excitation wavelength and optical mode on Raman spectra of human fresh colon, pancreas, and prostate tissues

Early cancer detection is the central and most important factor for allowing successful treatment and resultant positive longterm patient outcomes. Recently, optical techniques have been applied to this purpose, although each has inherent limitations. In particular, Raman spectroscopy applied in the pathological diagnosis of cancerous tissues has received increasing attention, with the merit of being highly sensitive to the biochemical alterations in tissue compositions and applicable in vivo. Nevertheless, its application has been impeded by the high background intensity, which masks the Raman signal of biological molecules. In this work, the influence of laser excitation wavelength (785 vs. 830nm) and optical mode (single mode vs. multimode) on the background intensity of fresh human tissues was studied. Based on the results, laser with 830nm excitation demonstrated better background reduction than that with 785nm excitation for the same optical mode, but the Raman signal intensity was conversely reduced, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) not improved. In contrast, by comparing single-mode and multimode 785nm excitations, it was shown that the single-mode laser with its smaller beam waist and beam propagation factor had better background reduction ability and an improvement of the SNRs. It is speculated that this decrease in background intensity comes from the effect of the optical mode on the Mie scattering from the biological tissue. High-quality spectra based on a careful selection of both laser excitation wavelength and optical mode will benefit Raman measurements in further research focusing on spectral interpretation and histopathological correlation ultimately aimed toward intraoperative applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher’s web site.
Metal acetylacetonate complexes for high energy density non-aqueous redox flow batteries

This paper describes the design, synthesis, and fundamental characterization of a series of Cr and V acetylacetonate (acac) complexes for use in redox flow batteries (RFBs). These materials offer a significant improvement in theoretical energy density relative to state-of-the-art aqueous chemistries. A detailed assessment of the solubility, cyclic voltammetry, and charge–discharge behavior of the complexes is presented. Their solubilities in acetonitrile vary by more than four orders of magnitude based on the structure/substituents on the acac ligand. Complexes bearing acac ligands with ester substituents have solubilities of up to 1.8 M, a significant improvement over most other metal complexes that have been considered for non-aqueous RFB applications. While the acac ligand substituents have a dramatic impact on solubility, they do not, in most cases, impact the electrochemical properties of the complexes. For instance, voltammetry for all of the V(acac)3 derivatives examined exhibit two quasi-reversible redox events separated by approximately 2.1 V. Charge–discharge testing in static H-cell and laboratory-scale flow batteries yielded energy densities that were consistent with the voltammetry and coulombic and energy efficiencies of up to 92% and 87%, respectively. Overall, these studies provide the basis for the development of structure–function relationships that could lead to new and even better performing energy storage chemistries in the future.
Adding Renal Scan Data Improves the Accuracy of a Computational Model to Predict Vesicoureteral Reflux Resolution

Purpose: We previously developed a computational model to predict vesicoureteral reflux resolution 1 and 2 years after diagnosis. Previous studies suggest that an abnormal renal scan may be a predictor of the failure of vesicoureteral reflux to resolve. We investigated whether the addition of renal scan data would improve the accuracy of our computational model.Materials and Methods: Medical records and renal scans were reviewed on 161 children, including 127 girls and 34 boys, with primary reflux between 1988 and 2004. In addition to the 9 input variables from our prior model, we added renal scan data on decreased relative renal function (40% or less in the refluxing kidney) and renal scars. Resolution outcome was evaluated 1 and 2 years after diagnosis. Data sets were prepared for 1 and 2-year outcomes, and randomized into a modeling set of 111 and a cross-validation set of 50. The model was constructed using neUROn++.Results: A logistic regression model had the best fit with an ROC area of 0.945 for pr...
Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences.

Phylogenetic relationships of mushrooms and their relatives within the order Agaricales were addressed by using nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Approximately 900 bases of the 5' end of the nucleus-encoded large subunit RNA gene were sequenced for 154 selected taxa representing most families within the Agaricales. Several phylogenetic methods were used, in- cluding weighted and equally weighted parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and distance methods (NJ). The starting tree for branch swapping in the ML analyses was the tree with the high- est ML score among previously produced MP and NJ trees. A high degree of consensus was ob- served between phylogenetic estimates obtained through MP and ML. NJ trees differed according to the distance model that was used; however, all NJ trees still supported most of the same terminal groupings as the MP and ML trees did. NJ trees were always significantly suboptimal when evalu- ated against the best MP and ML trees, by both parsimony and likelihood tests. Our analyses sug- gest that weighted MP and ML provide the best estimates of Agaricales phylogeny. Similar support was observed between bootstrapping and jackknifing methods for evaluation of tree robustness. Phylogenetic analyses revealed many groups of agaricoid fungi that are supported by moderate to high bootstrap or jackknife values or are consistent with morphology-based classification schemes. Analyses also support separate placement of the boletes and russules, which are basal to the main core group of gilled mushrooms (the Agaricineae of Singer). Examples of monophyletic groups in- clude the families Amanitaceae, Coprinaceae (excluding Coprinus comatus and subfamily Panae- olideae), Agaricaceae (excluding the Cystodermateae), and Strophariaceae pro parte (Stropharia, Pholiota, and Hypholoma); the mycorrhizal species of Tricholoma (including Leucopaxillus, also mycor- rhizal); Mycena and Resinomycena; Termitomyces, Podabrella, and Lyophyllum; and Pleurotus with Ho- henbuehelia. Several groups revealed by these data to be nonmonophyletic include the families Tri- cholomataceae, Cortinariaceae, and Hygrophoraceae and the genera Clitocybe, Omphalina, and Marasmius. This study provides a framework for future systematics studies in the Agaricales and suggestions for analyzing large molecular data sets. (Fungal evolution; higher phylogeny; homoba- sidiomycete; large-scale molecular phylogeny; tree support.)
Beyond Biblical Literalism and Inerrancy: Conservative Protestants and the Hermeneutic Interpretation of Scripture

This study highlights the limitations associated with sociological conceptualizations of "biblical literalism" and "biblical inerrancy," and proposes an alternate theoretical model for illuminating conservative Protestant scriptural interpretations. In an effort to redress these conceptual limitations, I bring insights from the field of hermeneutics to bear on the literalism-inerrancy problem. Hermeneuticists maintain that a reader's interpretation of a text may be explained (1) by examining the presuppositions (or "prejudices") which the reader brings to the text, and (2) by evaluating the circular process by which a reader imparts meaning to the text (i.e., the hermeneutic circle). After outlining the contours of the hermeneutic model of textual interpretation, I apply this model to explain contradictory scriptural interpretations advanced by leading conservative Protestants concerning (1) the concept of "submission" in conservative Christian marital relations, and (2) the role of corporal punishment in conservative Protestant parenting ideology. I conclude by specifying avenues for future research.
Latent knowledge structures of traversal behavior in hypertext environment

In this paper, we introduce "Knowledge Diagraph Contribution" (KDC) analysis as a novel categorical time-series method in observing underlying traversal knowledge structure of experts by exploiting varying hypertext (web) presentation formats and knowledge domains. The navigation behaviors were studied by designing hypertext presentation formats and domain text that adheres to content design principles inspired by discourse and text comprehension scholars. As a continuation of previous study by Ismaili & Golden [1], twenty undergraduate psychology students from University of Texas at Dallas participated in this study. Students traversed through different Hypertext (web) presentation formats while reading content from three different knowledge domains controlled for micro (web-page, web-site) and macro (consistent semantic connections across knowledge domains) characteristics. The influence of expertise and web traversal behavior in deriving underlying knowledge structures is presented using KDC analysis. In addition, previously reported Classical data analysis (ANOVA) are compared with KDC analysis in highlighting quantitative and qualitative differences of these derived latent knowledge structures. As compared with novice, experts tend to exhibit sequential and semantic traversal patterns across all three web formats, whereas, novices are more influenced by and therefore tend to employ random navigation strategies.
The Origins of the Temperance Movement: a Reinterpretation

preparing a brochure to do just that.11 So while Ammons's efforts and those of his critics have been ineffectual agents on the site of Corson's Inlet until now, the poem will in the future add to the myth of this site and change the site forever, deconstructing it anew. Corson's Inlet itself is already therefore beginning to change as a site because of Ammons's text, a process that the geographer Yi-Fu Tuan notes takes place in all regions of America and elsewhere as history changes the myths of America's land.12
Ensemble‐based simultaneous state and parameter estimation with MM5

] The performance of the ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF) under imperfect model conditions is investigatedthrough simultaneous state and parameter estimation for anumerical weather prediction model of operationalcomplexity (MM5). The source of model error is assumedto be the uncertainty in the vertical eddy mixing coefficient.Assimilations are performed with a 12-hour interval withsimulated sounding and surface observations of horizontalwinds and temperature. The mean estimated parametervalue nicely converges to the true value within a satisfactorylevel of variability due to sufficient model sensitivity toparameter uncertainty and detectable (relative to ensemblesampling noise) correlation signal between the parameterand observed variables.
Stratigraphic and tectonic implications of a newly discovered glacial diamictite-cap carbonate couplet in southwestern Mongolia

We report here the discovery of a new end-Cryogenian glacial diamictite and an overlying basal Ediacaran cap carbonate within the Tsagaan Oloom Formation of southwestern Mongolia. The identifi cation of the Cryogenian-Ediacaran boundary, coupled with new δ 13 C chemostratigraphic profi les, facilitates the integration of the Neoproterozoic stratigraphy of Mongolia with records elsewhere. These correlations indicate that a previously unrecognized, ‐16‰ Cryogenian δ 13 C anomaly is present in the newly defi ned Tayshir member (informal) of the Tsagaan Oloom Formation. Furthermore, chemostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic relationships suggest an ~35 m.y. depositional hiatus below the phosphorite-bearing Zunne Arts member (informal) of the upper Tsagaan Oloom Formation and that subsidence renewed in the latest Ediacaran‐Early Cambrian. We propose that the lower ~1500 m of the Tsagaan Oloom Formation was deposited on a thermally subsiding passive margin after Rodiniaage rifting, whereas the Zunne Arts member and the overlying ~1600 m of Early Cambrian strata were deposited in a foredeep basin that formed as the southern margin of the Dzabkhan terrane was subducted beneath the Khantayshir-Dariv arc.
Infection-Related Spinal Cord Injury: Etiologies and Outcomes

Individuals with infection-related spinal cord injury comprise a significant subset of nontraumatic SCI and SCI-related rehabilitation admissions. They tend to be older and have a greater incidence of paraplegic injuries (secondary to predominance of thoracolumbar locations) than their traumatic counterparts. Common causes and pathogens (vertebral osteomyelitis, epidural abscess, HIV-related infections, spinal tuberculosis, syphilis, and acute transverse myelitis) will be discussed along with clinical signs and presenting symptoms, laboratory and radiographic diagnostic testing, medical and surgical treatment, and rehabilitation.
Eight Minutes for Fitness

(1965). Eight Minutes for Fitness. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 36, No. 9, pp. 63-64.
Identification of Cryptococcus Species in the Diagnostic Laboratory

A comparative study of the laboratory identification of Cryptococcus neoformans with the classic tests and with Staib’s medium (“birdseed” agar) was made. Identification of C. neoformans by the usual laboratory technics may take 7 to 24 days after the specimen is received; however, in the majority of instances the use of Staib’s medium can shorten this to 3 to 4 days. A practical laboratory approach to the diagnosis of the Cryptococcus species, based on the use of this medium, is proposed.
Alteration of bone metabolism in tissue culture in response to parathyroid extract.

SummaryThe metabolism of mouse calvaria grown in tissue culture is markedly altered by parathyroid hormone. Accompanying the resorption of bone in the parathyroid hormone treated culture is an increased production of citrate. An enhanced production of lactate occurred during the first 4 days of the experiment which appeared to reflect an increased utilization of glucose during this period. Increased amounts of hydroxyproline were also found in the media indicating that the organic matrix was being destroyed. These results are consistent with the theory that the mobilization of mineral during bone resorption is brought about by the increased accumulation of metabolic acids. Of the 2 acids examined here, citrate would appear to play a greater role since it more closely paralleled mineral dissolution.
The Insurgent Republicans: Insurgent Image and Republican Reality

In the years before professional image-building, few political groups managed to acquire a more enviable image than did the Republican insurgents of the Taft period. The Congressional insurgents, who first caught the country’s attention with the fight against the Payne-Aidrich tariff in the Senate and against the dictatorial rule of Speaker Joseph Cannon in the House, compensated for their failure to win control of their party by winning extravagant praise from contemporary journalists. They have had scarcely less appeal for historians. Thomas Dreier entitled his 1910 study of the rebellious Republicans, Heroes of Insurgency, and later writers have followed his spirit, and very nearly his terminology. In 1940, Kenneth W. Hechler provided a highly favorable portrait in Insurgency, and Russel Nye’s Midwestern Progressive Politics (1951) offered a sympathetic portrayal in the 1950s. Only in the most recent study, James L. Holt’s Congressional Insurgents and the Party System (1967), is there any critical discussion of the limitations of the insurgents’ ideas and political strategies.
FORCES INDUCED BY BREAKERS ON PILES

This paper consists of three parts. The first part presents a method for analyzing the forces exerted by breaking waves on a cirular pile. The force consists of two components, a slowly varying force and a much larger but very short duration quasi-impact force (probably of the order of 1/100 of a second). The second part is concerned with breaker characteristics, with emphasis being given to the few field data that have been measured. The third part consists of a presentation of some available data on surf zone bottom profile variations with time. Information on all three of these parts is needed for the proper design of a pile supported structure in the surf zone. If the bottom along the site of a proposed pier is sand, an estimate of the variability with time of the profile must be made. The effect of bottom depth and configuration on the height of waves moving shoreward, and the effect of this, in turn, on the wave loading is important in the calculations of wave-induced moments about the bottom. The ability of the structure to withstand these horizontal loads depends in part upon the depth of penetration of the piles. If the bottom varies with time, then calculations of wave characteristics and wave-induced loads on the piles should be made for appropriate bottom configurations.
Electronic Structure of Compensated Dopants in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon

We use first principles pseudopotential method to study the electronic structures of compensated dopants in a realistic model of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Boron and phosphorus atoms are treated as dopants. Two states in the gap are identified as the boron-phosphorus pair related states. The lower energy state, strongly localized around the boron atom, is obtained when the atom has a hydrogen atom as a nearest neighbor. The local environment does not affect the localization feature of the state. Other environment around the boron atom cause the charge distribution to be more extended in space. The higher energy state having its charge around the phosphorus atom does not show, strong localization at the phosphorus atom.
Early Aging Effect on the Function of the Human Central Olfactory System

During normal aging process, the smell function declines significantly, starting from the sixth decade of age. While it has been shown that activity in the central olfactory system of seniors responding to odor stimulation is significantly less than that of young people, no information of the aging effect on the functions of this system during normal adulthood and early aging has been gathered. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the olfaction-related brain activity in the central olfactory structures of 43 healthy adult volunteers aged from 22 to 64 years. The participants' smell identification function was negatively correlated with age (r = -.32, p = .037). Significant negative correlation was observed between age and the olfaction-related activities in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left insular cortex, and left orbitofrontal cortex (p < .001, corrected with cluster size ≥28 voxels). There was no significant correlation observed between age and the activity in the primary olfactory cortex detected in this age group. These results suggest that age-related functional decline in the human brain is more prominent in the secondary and higher-order central olfactory structures than the primary olfactory cortex in the early aging process.
Linearized self-consistent quasiparticle GW method: Application to semiconductors and simple metals

Abstract We present a code implementing the linearized quasiparticle self-consistent GW method (LQSGW) in the LAPW basis. Our approach is based on the linearization of the self-energy around zero frequency which differs it from the existing implementations of the QSGW method. The linearization allows us to use Matsubara frequencies instead of working on the real axis. This results in efficiency gains by switching to the imaginary time representation in the same way as in the space time method. The all electron LAPW basis set eliminates the need for pseudopotentials . We discuss the advantages of our approach, such as its N 3 scaling with the system size N , as well as its shortcomings. We apply our approach to study the electronic properties of selected semiconductors, insulators , and simple metals and show that our code produces the results very close to the previously published QSGW data. Our implementation is a good platform for further many body diagrammatic resummations such as the vertex-corrected GW approach and the GW+DMFT method. Program summary Program Title: LqsgwFlapw Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/cpchkfty4w.1 Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License Programming language: Fortran 90 External routines/libraries: BLAS, LAPACK, MPI (optional) Nature of problem: Direct implementation of the GW method scales as N 4 with the system size, which quickly becomes prohibitively time consuming even in the modern computers. Solution method: We implemented the GW approach using a method that switches between real space and momentum space representations. Some operations are faster in real space, whereas others are more computationally efficient in the reciprocal space . This makes our approach scale as N 3 . Restrictions: The limiting factor is usually the memory available in a computer. Using 10 GB/core of memory allows us to study the systems up to 15 atoms per unit cell.
Quantity in Kant’s General and Pure Logic

This chapter seeks to develop further our interpretation of Immanuel Kant’s treatment of cognition in general and pure logic by focusing on a particular moment of his theory — quantity. This is done to prepare for a comparison of the way in which cognition is treated in logic with the way in which it is treated in the transcendental logic of the first Critique. This chapter is divided into an introduction and three main sections. The first main section looks at quantity with regard to concepts, the second with regard to judgments, and the third with regard to inferences. Although the Jasche Logic will be the primary text of analysis, consistent reference will be made to the existing lecture notes taken by Kant’s students.
A Bayesian approach to inferring fiber tract bundle labels in Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Aiming for achieving anatomically meaningful results in automatic unsupervised clustering of reconstructed white matter (WM) fiber tracts in Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), we present a Bayesian approach enabling to incorporate prior anatomical knowledge and handle outliers easily. Particularly, the distribution of WM fiber tracts is described by a Gaussian mixture model. By applying the Bayesian theorem, we are able to evaluate the posterior probability that a fiber tract belongs to each target bundle based on both the probability distribution and prior anatomical information. A fiber tract is labeled into a target bundle with which the maximum posterior probability occurs. If all calculated posterior probabilities are smaller than a user defined threshold, the fiber tract is labeled as an outlier. The prior anatomical information is represented by the target fiber tract bundles' prior distribution which can be obtained by anatomical studies and may be amended by further researches. The fact that this type of prior information is less dependent on individual brain structures than that in some existing methods makes this approach useful in group studies. Real DTI datasets are used to assess the performance of the method. Experimental results show that this technique is feasible and may have potential applications in group analysis of WM fiber tracts in DTI.
Mechanical Response of Thermally Annealed Nafion Thin Films.

Perfluorinated ionomers, in particular, Nafion, are a critical component in hydrogen fuel cells as the ion conducting binder within the catalyst layer in which it can be confined to thicknesses on the order of 10 nm or less. It is well reported that many physical properties, such as the Young’s modulus, are thickness dependent when the film thickness is less than 100 nm. Here we utilize a cantilever bending methodology to quantify the swelling-induced stresses and relevant mechanical properties of Nafion films as a function of film thickness exposed to cyclic humidity. We observe a factor of 5 increase in the Young’s modulus in films thinner than 50 nm and show how this increased stiffness translates to reduced swelling or hydration. The swelling stress was found to increase by a factor of 2 for films approximately 40 nm thick. We demonstrate that thermal annealing enhances the modulus at all film thicknesses and correlate these mechanical changes to chemical changes in the infrared absorption spectra.
Pre-authorization processes have no effect on patients undergoing knee MRI in a pediatric setting when evaluated by specialists

Pre-authorization processes are often used by medical insurance companies to reduce costs by managing the utilization of advanced diagnostic imaging, and their impact on patient care is unclear. The purpose of our study is to determine if a pre-authorization process increases the rate of surgically significant abnormal knee MRI and surgical referrals compared with patients referred from pediatric orthopedic specialists who do not undergo a pre-authorization process. A retrospective study was performed; 124 patients were identified who were referred for knee MRI by a pediatric orthopedist. The study population included patients who underwent an insurance pre-authorization process and the control group consisted of those who did not. The results of the MRI and whether they were deemed surgically significant, in addition to surgical referral, were recorded and compared. The study and control groups showed no statistically significant difference in outcome with regard to surgically significant findings on MRI (p = 0.92) or whether the patient required surgery (p = 0.6). In this population, there is no difference in the likelihood of an abnormal knee MRI demonstrating surgically significant findings or referral to surgery in patients who did and those who did not undergo an insurance pre-authorization process when patients are referred from a pediatric orthopedic specialist. The insurance pre-authorization process does not appear to have an impact on patient diagnosis and treatment and may unnecessarily add bureaucracy and costs.
The risk of iatrogenic injury to anterior tibial artery variations during tibial nail distal interlocking.

Introduction:Tibial intramedullary nailing remains a common tibial fracture fixation method. Tibial nailing indications continue to expand. Neurovascular complications from tibial nailing have been...
Relationships between Medication Adherence and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Control in Elderly Patients with Diabetes.

Background The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Medicare Star program provides incentives to health plans when their patients with diabetes meet adherence targets to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACEIs/ARBs) and statins. While a link between adherence and cardiovascular risk factor control is established, most studies included young patients with few comorbidities. Whether the Star adherence target is associated with reduced blood pressure or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in complex older patients is not well understood. Objectives Determine correlates of adherence and examine the effect of meeting Star adherence targets on blood pressure and LDL-C in the Medicare-aged diabetes population. Design and Subjects Retrospective cohort study of 129,040 patients with diabetes aged 65 or older. Measures Adherence estimated using proportion of days covered target ≥ 0.8; blood pressure < 140/90 mg Hg; LDL-C < 100 mg/dl. Modified Poisson regression used to assess relationships. Results Adherence differed little across elderly age groups. Compared to no comorbidity, high comorbidity (≥ 4) was associated with lower ACEI/ARB (risk ratio [RR] 0.88 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–0.89]) or statin (RR 0.91 [0.90–0.92]) adherence. ACEI/ARB adherence was not associated with blood pressure < 140/90 mm Hg in patients ≥ 85 years (RR 1.01 [0.96–1.07]) or with multiple comorbidities (e.g., 3: RR 1.04 [0.99–1.08]). Statin adherence and LDL-C < 100 mg/dl were associated in all elderly age groups (e.g., ≥ 85: RR 1.13 [1.09–1.16]) and comorbidity levels (e.g., ≥ 4: RR 1.13 [1.12–1.15]). Conclusions Adherence to ACEI/ARB is not linked with reduced blood pressure in patients with diabetes who are at least 85 years or with multiple comorbidities.
Radiotherapy for Cutaneous Squamous and Basal Cell Carcinomas

The likelihood of cure with a good cosmetic outcome is 85–90 % or higher for patients with early-stage cancers treated with definitive radiotherapy (RT). The probability of local control is higher for previously untreated cancers and is inversely related to tumor size. The likelihood of cure for patients with more advanced tumors is probably 50 % or higher depending on the extent of disease and whether the lesion is recurrent after prior surgery. The optimal RT beam and technique depend on tumor site and the extent of disease. Early lesions are often best managed with orthovoltage irradiation unless they are located on the scalp in which case electrons are preferred to reduce the exit dose to the brain. More advanced cancers may require treatment with higher energy electrons, megavoltage photons, or a combination of the two. The optimal treatment for patients with clinically positive nodes is surgery and postoperative RT. The likelihood of cure for those with positive parotid nodes is approximately 70–80%.
Electron Scattering in the Presence of Laser Radiation

Rather than attempting to survey the considerable amount of work done during the past few years on the problem of electron scattering in a radiation field I thought it would be more useful to focus on a particular aspect, concerned with infrared radiation, and describe in some detail what appears to me to provide a proper theoretical framework for such problems. (More comprehensive treatments can be found in recent reviews [1–2].) I will, however, just to set the stage, give a brief rundown of some of the very early work bearing on this topic.