cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social identity, values, and trust in government: How stakeholder group, ideology, and wildlife value orientations relate to trust in a state agency for wildlife management

Abstract Our objective was to understand how social identity and values influenced general public and stakeholder trust in a state wildlife management agency (SWMA). In particular, we wanted to examine how stakeholder group, political ideology, and wildlife value orientation influenced trust in a SWMA. Data were derived from a study of state residents, hunters and livestock producers related to wolf management. Results suggest differences in agency trust correlated with all three factors and the interaction between stakeholder group and wildlife value orientation. Livestock producers reported lower levels of trust in the agency, compared to hunters and the general public. Individuals with conservative or middle-of-the-road ideologies reported less trust in the agency than individuals with a liberal ideology did. Respondents with traditional wildlife values also had less trust in the agency compared to mutualist, pluralist, and distanced respondents. Results suggested similarities in the ideologies and wildlife value orientations of livestock producers and hunters, although these groups differed significantly in their trust in the agency. Agencies face the challenge of managing common-pool, public-trust resources for stakeholders who hold different values and ideologies, and who are differentially affected by management decisions.
Synthesis of l-tyrosine from phenol and S-(o-nitrophenyl)-l-cysteine catalysed by tyrosine phenol-lyase

Abstract The enzymatic synthesis of amino acids has attracted considerable biotechnological interest in recent years. We have investigated the use of tyrosine phenol-lyase from Citrobacter freundii (ATCC 29063) in the synthesis of l -tyrosine from a high Vmax, low Km substrate, S -(o- nitrophenyl)- l -cysteine , and phenol. Reactions with soluble S -(o- nitrophenyl)- l -cysteine are rapid, reaching completion in 2 h or less, and resulting in approximately 70% conversion of phenol to l -tyrosine without large excesses of reactants. The pH optimum of this reaction is broad, extending from pH 6.8 to above 9. Since S -(o- nitrophenyl)- l -cysteine is readily prepared from l -cysteine and o-fluoronitrobenzene, this reaction is potentially valuable for the synthesis of l -tyrosine and analogues.
Will the Real Cholesterol Transporter Please Stand Up

The link between high plasma cholesterol and heart disease has spurred interest in understanding cholesterol homeostasis. In their Perspective, Klett and Patel shed light on new research ( Altmann et al.) that identifies a putative intestinal cholesterol transport protein, a key component of the dietary cholesterol absorption pathway.
Preliminary study of the thermal impact of a microelectrode array implanted in the brain.

One requirement of a chronically implantable, wireless neural interface device is the integration of electronic circuitry with the microelectrode array. Since the electronic IC dissipates a certain amount of power, it will affect the tempera- ture in the tissues surrounding the implant site. In this paper, the thermal influence of an integrated, 3-dimensional Utah Electrode Array, to be implanted in the brain was investigated with simulations using the finite element method (FEM). A temperature increase in the brain tissue was predicted using preliminary simulations with simplified models. The model and method used in the simulations were verified by simple in vitro experiments.
New International Human Rights Standards on Unauthorized Immigrant Worker Rights: Seizing an Opportunity to Pull Governments out of the Shadows

This chapter presents a call for comparative work on the issue of the legal regimes affecting unauthorized immigrant workers. It proposes considerations for constructing effective comparisons of this complex policy area, arguing for three underlying principles: (1) that comparative legal studies relating to this population must transcend the traditional enforcement focus on deportation, sanctions and trafficking and encompass all of the intertwined domestic legal regimes that strongly impact the human rights of migrants; (2) that, conforming to a growing trend in comparative methodology, this work must examine the vindication of labor and employment rights and acknowledge the special problem of delivering justice and fashioning remedies for a shadow labor force; and (3) that the research must be structured to acknowledge and further the new international standards relating to unauthorized immigrant workers. Keywords: employment rights; international human rights; international standards; labor force; legal regimes; migrants; unauthorized immigrant workers
Spacesuit Cooling on the Moon and Mars

NASA is planning to return to the moon and then explore Mars. A permanent base at the south pole of the moon will be the test bed for Mars. At the moon base, two crewmembers are expected to conduct Extravehicular Activity (EVA) six days every week. Current spacesuits are cooled by the sublimation of water ice into vacuum. A single 7 hour EVA near the lunar equator in daylight can expend up to 5 kilograms of water. Because of the high cost of transporting spacesuit cooling water to the moon, the water for one EVA could cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. The lunar south pole and Mars have low surface temperatures that make cooling much easier than at the lunar equator. Alternate cooling methods and keeping to cool environments can reduce or eliminate the loss of water for spacesuit cooling. If cooling water is not needed, a recycling life support system can provide all the required crew water and oxygen without transporting additional water from Earth.
Does 'May' Equal 'Must?': Drawing the Line between Permission and Coercion

"If we guarantee the right to do X, some people will have to do X." Let X represent a liberal reform such as legalizing abortion, prostitution, or assisted suicide. Arguments like thee, which I label "false freediom" arguments, comprise a critique to which both feminists and liberals should respond seriously. This paper analyzwes and criticizes the false freedom critique from a feminist post-liberal perspective.
The relationship between social work and environmental sustainability: Implications for interdisciplinary practice

The Brundtland Commission, formally the World Commission on Environment and Development, established by the United Nations in 1983, links peace, security, development and the environment claiming that war, poverty and structural violence result in the oppression and degradation of the human community as well as the physical environment. Likewise, human rights and social and environmental justice are intertwined, and social work, as a profession that collaborates across disciplines and within communities, is uniquely situated to provide leadership in the field of environmental studies. Its strong focus on human rights, social justice and community building creates a sound base from which to engage in the collaborative, creative, interactional processes required for environmental practice. This article seeks to discern a model for environmental social work within the context of interdisciplinary practice with peace and conflict workers and through the integration of inclusive models of economic development.
History of Comparative Anatomy

Comparative anatomy was first developed by Greek natural philosophers and physicians. It has had a rich interplay with Western culture since that time until the present. Our understanding of how the anatomy of plants and animals varies reflects the view we have of nature and the world. Comparative anatomy can be traced back to the ancient Greeks who made scattered anatomical observations. Aristotle, the student of Plato, made the first systematic dissections. Researchers made more detailed anatomical observations throughout antiquity, while thinkers of the Middle Ages incorporated anatomical ideas within a deeply religious culture. The Renaissance began around 1400 as an interest in early texts, including those on comparative anatomy, increased. The knowledge from ancient texts, fed by the advent of printing, led to the Scientific Revolution. Since the turn of the nineteenth century, much discussion of comparative anatomy has focused on the theory of evolution. Key Concepts Animal: A major kind of life form that has been distinguished from plants by virtue of possessing a sensorimotor system that gives it an ability to move around. Antiquity: In classical western European history, the time period from about 800 bc to ad 450 when the oldest approaches to thought emerged and the oldest texts, mostly in Greek and Latin, were written. Classification: The procedure of comparing different living things and assigning them to abstract groups such as species and genera according to specific anatomical or behavioural criteria. Dissection: The procedure of intentionally cutting open a dead plant or animal in order to discern how its parts are interconnected and organized. Evolution: The process by which one species changes into other species during long periods of time. History: The process by which the ideas, beliefs, language, cultural practices and institutions of a people change over time, often in response to events, social interactions and technological inventions. Middle Ages: The historical period from about ad 450 to 1400 which saw the rise and dominance of Christian religion and culture within the boundaries of the classical Roman Empire. Nature: Those aspects of the world and the cosmos that exist independent of human institutions and technological contrivances, including such things as the developmental processes of plants and animal and the way bodies are. Renaissance: The historical period in Western civilization that succeeds the Middle Ages and precedes the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century, in which there is an intense desire to retrieve ancient Greco-Roman knowledge and learning, which was accelerated by printing, the publication of books and the influx of Greek scholars after Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in ad Scientific change: The process by which scientific accounts are modified as investigators consider new texts, ideas, observations and experimental methods. Keywords: anatomy; classification; dissection; evolution; history; Aristotle
The American Academy of Pediatrics relations to for-profit corporations.

Dr Margolis9 provocative article1 focuses primarily on the relationship of individual physicians to pharmaceutical companies. Because medical associations are made up of member physicians, it could be argued that the same ethical principles governing the relationship of individual physicians to industry should also apply to associations. Dr Margolis suggests that a physician who accepts a gift from a manufacturer assumes an obligation that may affect prescribing patterns. A logical extension of that premise is that an association that accepts contributions from a pharmaceutical or formula company establishes a relationship that could affect policy. To better understand the relationship between the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and industry, the activities supported by pharmaceutical and formula companies will be discussed briefly.
Methylated cytosines mutate to transcription factor binding sites that drive tetrapod evolution

In mammals, the cytosine in CG dinucleotides is typically methylated producing 5-methylcytosine (5mC), a chemically less stable form of cytosine that can spontaneously deaminate to thymidine resulting in a T•G mismatched base pair. Unlike other eukaryotes that efficiently repair this mismatched base pair back to C•G, in mammals, 5mCG deamination is mutagenic, sometimes producing TG dinucleotides, explaining the depletion of CG dinucleotides in mammalian genomes. It was suggested that new TG dinucleotides generate genetic diversity that may be critical for evolutionary change. We tested this conjecture by examining the DNA sequence properties of regulatory sequences identified by DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) in human and mouse genomes. We hypothesized that the new TG dinucleotides generate transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) that become tissue-specific DHSs (TS-DHSs). We find that 8-mers containing the CG dinucleotide are enriched in DHSs in both species. However, 8-mers containing a TG and no CG dinucleotide are preferentially enriched in TS-DHSs when compared with 8-mers with neither a TG nor a CG dinucleotide. The most enriched 8-mer with a TG and no CG dinucleotide in tissue-specific regulatory regions in both genomes is the AP-1 motif ( TG: A(C)/GT CA: N), and we find evidence that TG dinucleotides in the AP-1 motif arose from CG dinucleotides. Additional TS-DHS-enriched TFBS containing the TG/CA dinucleotide are the E-Box motif (G CA: GC TG: C), the NF-1 motif (GG CATG: CC), and the GR (glucocorticoid receptor) motif (G-A CATG: T-C). Our results support the suggestion that cytosine methylation is mutagenic in tetrapods producing TG dinucleotides that create TFBS that drive evolution.
Defining the content domain of intercultural competence for global leaders

Purpose – Research on expatriation and global leadership has been characterized by wide variations in defining what constitutes intercultural competence. Greater progress can be achieved if a comprehensive definition of the intercultural competence domain can be established, particularly with regard to the specific context of global leadership. This paper aims to focus on the issues.Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct an extensive review of the global leadership and expatriation literatures, integrating and synthesizing prior theoretical and empirical efforts to develop a comprehensive domain definition for intercultural competence in the context of global leadership.Findings – The domain of intercultural competence in the context of global leadership comprised three dimensions – perception management, relationship management and self management. Each dimension is characterized by facets that further delineate aspects of intercultural competence.Research limitations/implications – The domain...
Coaggregation Interactions Between Oral and Endodontic Enterococcus faecalis and Bacterial Species Isolated From Persistent Apical Periodontitis

Interactions between Enterococcus faecalis and other species found in root canal infections might be important for the development and persistence of periapical disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the coaggregation interactions between E. faecalis clinical isolates and species previously shown to survive and induce apical periodontitis in monkeys: Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Prevotella oralis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus anginosus. Intergeneric coaggregation assays were conducted in duplicate with observations scored immediately at 0 h, 1 h and 24 h after mixing of combinations of strains. All E. faecalis strains (n = 53) coaggregated with F. nucleatum; E. faecalis did not coaggregate with P. anaerobius or S. anginosus. One strain, E. faecalis E1, coaggregated with P. oralis, with aggregates visible at 1 h. Coaggregation interactions between E. faecalis and F. nucleatum observed in this study suggest a potential role for this combination in endodontic infections.
In 2014, can we do better than CA125 in the early detection of ovarian cancer?

Ovarian cancer is a lethal gynecologic malignancy with greater than 70% of women presenting with advanced stage disease. Despite new treatments, long term outcomes have not significantly changed in the past 30 years with the five-year overall survival remaining between 20% and 40% for stage III and IV disease. In contrast patients with stage I disease have a greater than 90% five-year overall survival. Detection of ovarian cancer at an early stage would likely have significant impact on mortality rate. Screening biomarkers discovered at the bench have not translated to success in clinical trials. Existing screening modalities have not demonstrated survival benefit in completed prospective trials. Advances in high throughput screening are making it possible to evaluate the development of ovarian cancer in ways never before imagined. Data in the form of human “-omes” including the proteome, genome, metabolome, and transcriptome are now available in various packaged forms. With the correct pooling of resources including prospective collection of patient specimens, integration of high throughput screening, and use of molecular heterogeneity in biomarker discovery, we are poised to make progress in ovarian cancer screening. This review will summarize current biomarkers, imaging, and multimodality screening strategies in the context of emerging technologies.
Reducing Drought Risk: Bridging Theory and Practice

Drought events across the United States since 1995 illustrate the country’s continuing vulnerability to drought. Officials are beginning to recognize the need for enhanced mitigation actions to reduce the increasing economic, environmental, and social impacts of droughts. One way to better understand a region’s drought vulnerability and identify the appropriate mitigation actions to take is to conduct a drought risk analysis. However, drought risk can be a confusing concept for many planners. For this reason, a simplified, flexible framework for conducting a drought risk analysis is presented. This framework is based on a combination of natural hazards theory and interactions with a variety of drought planners in the field, and is intended to be a practical, action-oriented model to assist drought planners on a variety of political and geographic scales. Several case studies are also discussed to demonstrate the application of such a model.
Studies of the electron transport chain of extremely halophilic bacteria. V. Mode of action of salts on cytochrome oxidase.

Abstract 1. Cytochrome oxidase from an extremely halophilic bacterium requires up to 5.0 M NaCl for maximal activity and stability. Differences in effectiveness among various salts in promoting enzyme activity were observed, but a minimal activity (about 30%) could be supported by all salts tested including MgCl 2 and spermine at relatively low concentrations. The enzyme activity in the presence of low concentrations of MgCl 2 was shown to be more dependent on pH but less sensitive to hydrophobic bond-breaking agents, such as ethanol and especially n -propanol, than the enzyme activity in the presence of high concentrations of NaCl. 2. Spontaneous inactivation of the enzyme in the absence of salt demonstrated that the rate of inactivation of the MgCl 2 -dependent activity has a greater temperature dependence than the rate of inactivation of the NaCl-dependent activity. The effect of temperature on the rate of inactivation of the NaCl-dependent activity was found to be greatest at neutral pH and became minimal at acid or alkaline pH. Inactivation of the enzyme in the presence of high concentrations of NaCl (by prolonged incubation) demonstrated that the enzyme was inactivated more rapidly at −10° than at 5° at pH 4.0, but not at pH 7.5. 3. These results suggest that hydrophobic forces predominate in promoting the major portion of the enzyme activity in the presence of high NaCl concentrations, while charge-shielding promotes partial enzyme activity in the presence of MgCl 2 . Hydrophobic bonds also appear to be involved in the stability of the enzyme, particularly at acid and alkaline pH, where hydrogen bonding is expected to be less extensive.
Passivation of trap states in unpurified and purified C60 and the influence on organic field-effect transistor performance

We investigate trap-state passivation by addition of ultra-low amounts of n-dopants in organic field-effect transistors (OFET) made of as-received and purified fullerene C60. We find a strong dependence of the OFET threshold voltage (VT) on the density of traps present in the layer. In the case of the unpurified material, VT is reduced from 17.9 V to 4.7 V upon trap passivation by a dopant:C60 ratio of ∼10−3, while the Ion/off current ratio remains high. This suggests that ultra-low doping can be used to effectively compensate impurity and defect-related traps.
Water Consumption and Urine Volume in Polydipsic and Normal White Leghorn Chickens

Experiments were conducted to study the route of passage of water by chickens exhibiting hereditary diabetes insipidus (di). Results showed that the excessive quantities of water consumed by the di chickens passes through the kidneys. Water reabsorption failure in the di chickens appears to occur in the kidneys.
Balancing large social accounting matrices with nonlinear network programming

The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework is a convenient way of giving a comprehensive and consistent picture of an economy. A SAM database can only be used as the basis of a planning model if it is balanced, in the sense that it satisfies a set of internal consistency relations. This paper describes a nonlinear network optimization model for balancing the SAM framework in order that it will conform to a set of internal consistency relations.
A datamining approach to cell population deconvolution from gene expressions using particle filters

Microarrays generally measure gene expressions from a mixture of cell subpopulations in different stages of a biological process. However, little or no information about these sub-populations is actually incorporated in existing data analyses. Estimation of these subpopulation proportions is important for measuring the extent of synchrony in the entire population. Based upon the gene expression specific to individual subpopulations, genes can be clustered and assigned functions. The relative abundance of the cellular subpopulations also reveals phenotypic information of mutant populations that is valuable for studies of genetic diseases such as cancer. Thus, the quantification of subpopulation proportions is important, not only as a reliability measure of microarray data but also because of its potential relevance to functional analysis and biomedical and clinical applications.In this paper, we describe a novel approach to model a biological process that provides (i) a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the subpopulations given the gene expression, (ii) stage-specific gene expression values and (iii) a gene clustering method based on their stage-specific expression. We have applied our approach to model the yeast cell-cycle and have extracted profiles of the population dynamics for different stages of the cell-cycle. Evaluation of statistical validity of our results using bootstrapped confidence tests reveals that our model captures significant temporal dynamics of the data. Our results are in agreement with existing biological knowledge and are reproducible in multiple runs of our algorithm.
Disciplinary variations in the work of full‐time faculty members

Community college teachers are members of different disciplinary groups; they are mathematicians, biologists, nurses, and accountants. Data from the 1999 National Survey of Postsecondary Faculty offer an updated look at how faculty members in different disciplines approach their work.
Monte Carlo study of a three-dimensional vortex-glass model with screening.

We investigate the critical behavior of the gauge-glass model for the vortex-glass transition in three-dimensional superconductors, including screening of the interaction between vortices. A Monte Carlo study of the linear resistivity and a scaling analysis of current-voltage characteristics indicates that screening destroys the finite-temperature transition found earlier when screening was neglected. The correlation-length exponent at the resulting zero-temperature transition is found to be $\ensuremath{\nu}=1.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$.
Proteome map of Aspergillus nidulans during osmoadaptation.

The model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, when grown in a moderate level of osmolyte (+0.6 M KCl), was previously found to have a significantly reduced cell wall elasticity (Biotech Prog, 21:292, 2005). In this study, comparative proteomic analysis via twodimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry was used to assess molecular level events associated with this phenomenon. Thirty of 90 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Sequence homology and conserved domains were used to assign probable function to twenty-one proteins currently annotated as ‘‘hypothetical.’’ In osmoadapted cells, there was an increased expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, as well as a decreased expression of enolase, suggesting an increased glycerol biosynthesis and decreased use of the TCA cycle. There also was an increased expression of heat shock proteins and Shp1-like protein degradation protein, implicating increased protein turnover. Five novel osmoadaptation proteins of unknown functions were also identified.
Vibrational-excitation cross sections of molecular oxygen by electron impact.

Using a crossed-beam technique, we have measured differential vibrational-excitation cross sections of the electronic ground state of molecular oxygen by electron impact. The angular range covered was from 12\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 156\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, while the incident energy range of the electrons was from 5 to 15 eV. Integrated cross sections and vibrational-state energies were also obtained. The cross sections exhibit a maximum near 10 eV incident energy.
Simulation in just-in-time implementation

Among the many changes required in implementing a just-in-time (JIT) production system, the change from batch to level production was the most difficult part in a consumer electronics company in Korea Simulation was used to persuade workers of the importance of level production by comparing the performance of batch production to level production. This article describes how simulation was used to convince workers to change and later to show them the improvements resulting from that change.
Effect of gel modulus on the porosity of low-density silica

Abstract The extent of shrinkage that occurs during the early stages of ambient pressure drying (APD) of silica gel is greatly affected by the stiffness of the silica network. This parameter was manipulated through modification of the second step of the two-step acid–base process. The modulus of the gel, which was measured with a new technique based on the compression of rod-shaped specimens, decreased to roughly the same extent by increasing the gel volume (through the addition of extra ethanol or water) or by decreasing the amount of base added. However, following APD and calcination, these modifications resulted in quite different pore volume distributions. In general, the pore volume corresponding to large and intermediate mesopores decreased with increasing gel volume; however, a uniform pore volume distribution (possibly due to localized rupture of the silica network during drying) was observed only with the addition of ethanol. Decreasing the amount of ammonium hydroxide produced the greatest loss of large and intermediate mesopores; this observation amplifies the importance of the highly branched silica clusters, created through the addition of base, to the stiffness of the gel.
High temperature superconductivity research at the IBM thomas J. Watson and Almaden research centers

Complementing the work of Bednorz and Muller, which started the field of high temperature oxide superconductivity, the IBM Research laboratories at Yorktown Heights in Almaden have made contributions also via many outside collaborations across the full scope of this field. Materials work includes the identification, separation and structural characterization of the YBa2Cu3O7−x phase, the detection of superconductivity and antiferromagnetism in La2CuO4, and the deposition of YBaCuO films with transition temperatures above 77 K by electron-beam deposition and plasma spraying. Characterization work includes measurement of the superconducting energy gap by far-infrared and tunneling measurements, study of Meissner and diamagnetic shielding, observation of superconducting fluctuations, correlation of [Cu−O]+ complex concentration withTc, and determination of valence electronic structure by photoemission. Theoretical work includes proposal of an interband scattering mechanism for superconductivity, a mean-field solution to an electron-interaction model, band-structure calculations, and a phenomenological model for lattice parameters and their influence onTc. YBa2CU3O7−d single crystals have been synthesized and shown to exhibit up to 70:1 magnetic anisotropy. In work of relevance to applications, the first thin film SQUIDs have been operated in temperatures up to 68 K, epitaxial films on SrTiO3 have been found to sustain critical currents of more than 105 A/cm2 at 77 K, and coatings, superconducting above 77 K, have been deposited by plasma spraying.
Effect of Noble Gases on Sonoluminescence Temperatures during Multibubble Cavitation

Sonoluminescence spectra were collected from Cr(CO){sub 6} solutions in octanol and dodecane saturated with various noble gases. The emission from excited-state metal atoms serves as an internal thermometer of cavitation. The intensity and temperature of sonoluminescence increases from He to Xe. The intensity of the underlying continuum, however, grows faster with increasing temperature than the line emission. Dissociation of solvent molecules within the bubble consumes a significant fraction of the energy generated by the collapsing bubble, which can limit the final temperature inside the bubble. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Malignant potential of murine stromal cells after transplantation of human tumors into nude mice

Human malignant cancer tumors grafted into nude mice produce tumors containing both human cancer cells and the host's stromal cells. After short-term propagation of these tumors in vitro, the murine mesenchymal cells appear transformed and are tumorigenic in nude mice. However, established human cancer cell lines fail to similarly after adjacent murine stromal cells when used to produce tumors in nude mice. These experiments suggest that cancer cells may recruit normal cells to become malignant, qualifying the view of the clonal (unicellular) origin of cancer.
Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of fetal brains

Summary We assessed ten prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for fetal brain anomalies, and identified eight that were suitable for post-processing. Anatomical abnormalities were assessed on three-dimensional (3D) models and compared with two-dimensional (2D) imaging. We calculated the volumes of the intracranial ventricles and of a periventricular haemorrhage. In three cases, additional clinical information was obtained. 3D modelling of the brain in-utero is possible and can be used to plan treatment.
A general dispersion relation for internal gravity waves in the atmosphere or ocean, including baroclinicity, vorticity, and rate of strain

[1] The dispersion relation for internal gravity waves in the atmosphere or ocean is generalized to include all components of baroclinicity, vorticity, and rate of strain. This generalization is expressed in a coordinate-free formulation suitable to be used as the Hamiltonian in a general ray tracing program. Comparison with other work in special cases is included.
Cost-effectiveness of emissions control strategies for transit buses: The role of photochemical pollutants

We extend a previous cost-effectiveness analysis of methanol vs. other means of controlling emissions from urban transit buses by developing a method to incorporate their effects on two end-product pollutants: ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Using published simulation results from an airshed grid model of ozone formation, we find that the measures we consider have varying effects on ozone at 23 sites in the Los Angeles air basin. The effects are offsetting, leading to a negligible net effect when aggregated across the basin's population; this is true assuming either that damage is proportional to concentration times population exposed, or that damage is represented by nonlinear concentration-response functions for specific health conditions. In contrast, either low-aromatic diesel fuel or methanol would lower ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide enough, relative to the federal or California ambient standard, to significantly affect cost-effectiveness comparisons.
Golgi impregnation study of a new catecholamine-containing cell type in the toad hypothalamus.

A population of catecholamine-containing subependymal cells bordering the preoptic recess of the toad hypothalamus was studied by the rapid Golgi method to determine whether the cells have the characteristic contours of neurons or are instead secretory cells similar to peripheral chromaffin cells as proposed in an earlier study. Golgi impregnations of these cells reveal that they possess long basal processes which extend toward the lateral surface of the brain and which are covered with clusters of short projections and longer single projections. The relatively large caliber and rough surface of these processes distinguish them from axonal processes of neurons. Instead the cells closely resemble the ependymal cells bordering the preoptic recess with respect to the lateral course of the basal processes and with respect to the projections on these processes. The only qualitative difference between the ependymal and subependymal cells seen in Golgi preparations is the presence of apical processes projecting from the subependymal cell bodies through the ependymal layer to border on the ventricle. On the basis of this and the earlier study it is concluded that the subependymal cells do not have the characteristics of neurons but instead constitute a new cell type similar to ependymal cells but specialized for the synthesis, storage and secretion of catecholamines.
Arthrography in congenital disclocation of the hip

The author describes a technique and reviews the results of 82 arthrographies used in the management of congenital dislocation of the hip. An obstruction to reduction, usually an inturned limbus, was found in 20 cases. Arthrography is a useful aid since it indicates the type of case in which open reduction may be helpful. However, the author also demonstrates some cases in which the inturned limbus atrophied following conservative treatment, so that no open reduction was necessary. It was found that occasionally eccentric ossification of the femoral head may give a false impression of displacement as judged by the straight radiographs. The true position of the femoral head is readily demonstrated by arthrography. The great majority of the author's cases were first diagnosed between the ages of 1 and 2 years and some were even older. Emphasis is now on the diagnosis of congenital dislocation in the neonatal period. The need for arthrography will diminish though it will still be required for the occasional case of congenital hip dislocation, particularly when diagnosed in older children.
Proximate nutritional composition of CELSS crops grown at different CO2 partial pressures

Two CELSS candidate crops, soybean (Glycine max) and potato (Solanum tuberosum), were grown hydroponically in controlled environments maintained at carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressures ranging from 0.05 to 1.00 kPa (500 to 10,000 ppm at 101 kPa atmospheric pressure). Plants were harvested at maturity (90 days for soybean and 105 days for potato) and all tissues analyzed for proximate nutritional composition (i.e. protein, fat, carbohydrate, crude fiber, and ash content). Soybean seed ash and crude fiber were higher and carbohydrate was lower than values reported for field-grown seed. Potato tubers showed little difference from field-grown tubers. With the exception of increased crude fiber of soybean seed with increased CO2, no trends were apparent with regard to CO2 effects on proximate composition of soybean seed and potato tubers. Crude fiber of soybean stems and leaves increased with increased CO2, as did soybean leaf protein (total nitrogen). Potato leaf and stem (combined) protein levels also increased with increased CO2, while leaf and stem carbohydrates decreased. Values for leaf and stem protein and ash were higher than values generally reported for field-grown plants for both species. Results suggest that CO2 partial pressure should have little influence on proximate composition of potato tubers or soybean seed, but that high ash and protein levels might be expected from leaves and stems of crops grown in controlled environments of a CELSS.
Effect of renovascular hypertension on the morphology of oral blood vessels

Renovascular hypertension was created in twenty adult male rats to study the effects of systolic hypertension on the morphology of vessels supplying the gingiva, periodontal membrane, pulp tissue, and alveolar bone. Gingival arterioles showed changes consisting mainly of proliferation of the intima and elastic layers, some hyalinization of the wall, and reduction of the lumen. Similar but less frequent changes were observed in the vessels feeding the periodontal membrane; however, pulp tissue and alveolar arterioles were unaltered.
Heteroduplex analysis of the nonhomology region between Moloney MuLV and the dual host range derivative HIX virus

The dual host range virus HIX has been previously characterized as an envelope gene recombinant between Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) and an unidentified xenotropic murine leukemia virus. Using long reverse transcripts of Mo-MuLV, a region of nonhomology has been mapped by electron microscopic analysis of heteroduplexes formed with HIX 35S virion RNA. In this nonhomology region, the Mo-MuLV cDNA strand measured approximately 900 nucleotides, mapping between 1.6 and 2.5 kilobases from the 3′ end. In a previous study, hybridization of Mo-MuLV 21S RNA with Mo-MuLV cDNA resulted in the formation of different heteroduplex structures diagnostic of a noncontiguously coded leader sequence at the 5′ end of the 21S RNA. Following hybridization of poly(A)+ HIX 21S RNA with 8.2 kb Mo-MuLV cDNA, analogous heteroduplex structures were observed exhibiting the Mo-MuLV:HIX substitution loop in the DNA:RNA segment of the molecules. This analysis permitted more precise mapping of the nonhomology region with respect to the splice point in the 21S presumptive glycoprotein mRNA. The mapping of this nonhomology region in HIX virus provides an internal visual marker for the 3′ end of the genome which may prove useful in future analyses of other deletion or substitution derivatives of Mo-MuLV.
Disparities Within: Unequal Spending and Achievement in an Urban School District.

The debate over whether educational spending shapes achievement has persisted for decades, largely because of methodological and analytical limitations associated with the use of districtlevel data. In this study, the authors analyzed unique within-district variations in spending and achievement among 89 public elementary schools in a large, North Central, urban district. The analyses reveal considerable disparities in spending within the district, which are linked to local patterns of racial and class stratification and concentration. They show how these locally driven inequalities and their links to specific school resources have consequences for achievement in five distinct subject areas. The authors conclude by discussing the implications of their findings for understanding the local production of class and racial educational inequality and recent moves toward resegregation that are evident in many U.S. cities. D espite decades of research and public policy debates on the topic, it is still unclear whether educational spending influences students' achievement. Some studies have suggested that there are no apparent effects of spending, while others have found that educational dollars indeed make a difference (see Burtless 1996). These debates and the research from which they have drawn have been limited for several reasons, not the least of which is the reliance on district-level data on spending (Farland 1997; Picus 1997). In this article, we extend the literature on educational spending and achievement by presenting our study, which analyzed the extent of variation in spending, its potential causes, and its consequences for students' achievement across 89 elementary schools within one urban school district. These unique, within-district, school-level data allowed us to delineate (1) significant withindistrict inequality in spending and its consequences for achievement; (2) the extent to which the disparities are associated with larger patterns of racial and class inequality and concentration; and (3) how spending matters, that is, the mechanisms that mediate the link between spending and achievement. We conclude this article by discussing the implications of our findings for understanding the dynamics of local stratification, school inequality, and depressed patterns of achievement that are evident in many urban areas of the United States.
On the Kröner approach to the strain energy of an incoherent spherical precipitate

Abstract Comparison of the results of the Kroner approach with the exact results provided by the Eshelby method for the strain energy associated with a spherical precipitate shows a noticeable error in the Kroner approach when the anisotropy of the matrix phase is severe. As a typical example, when the matrix anisotropy ratio is 3·5, the errors are found to be ca. 8·9 and 6·8% in the compression modulus and strain energy calculations, respectively. It is therefore concluded that higher-order terms, in addition to Kroner's lower-order terms, must be included when calculating the strain energy associated with an incoherent precipitate if a highly anisotropic matrix is involved and quite accurate results are required.
How "Standard" is Standard Economics

l he poor performance of economic forecasts and policy since the mid-1960s means that economics as a discipline has a great deal to be modest about. In particular, the credentials of the economists who have been giving policy advice must he questioned. In 1976 Alan Greenspan, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors with Presidents Nixon and Ford, 9 teed that unemployment would be at or below 7 percent and falling by year end. The various commercial econometric forecasts--Klein's "Wharton Econometrics," Eckstein's " D a t a Resources , " and Evans 's "Chase Econometr i c s" -were all at least as wrong as Greenspan. They essentially agreed that a 6 percent expansion rate and a 6 percent price rise was in the offing during 1976. Not only did the actual expansion rate in 1976 fall below the forecast rate, but at year end 1976 unemployment was 8 percent.
Production and Properties of the Nuclides Fermium-250, 251, and 252

The nuclides ${\mathrm{Fm}}^{250}$, ${\mathrm{Fm}}^{251}$, and ${\mathrm{Fm}}^{252}$ were produced by alpha bombardment of ${\mathrm{Cf}}^{249}$. The excitation functions for their formation, as well as some of their nuclear properties, were measured.
Techniques to evaluate the performance of scanning microdensitometers in the digitization of electron micrographs

Abstract Numerical methods have been developed to evaluate the performance of scanning microdensitometers, and these methods have been applied to three commercially available instruments, Optronics P-1000 and P-1700 (rotating drum scanners) and a Perkin-Elmer 1010G (flatbed scanner). Repeated scans of a test negative were analysed to yield measures of reproductibility under given scanning conditions, and these measures were used to determine optimally efficient speed/aperture combinations appropriate for high resolution digitization. For the particular machines tested, random errors in optimimized 1010G scans were fivefold lower than for the P-1000 or P-1700 data, but entailed a much slower scanning rate. In addition, visual display of the locations and relative sizes of errors revealed that the 1010G errors are not always randomly distributed but often tend to occur in groups. Spectral analysis of errors from this machine indicates that they affect the data as pseudo-white noise and thus do not preferentially degrade higher spatial frequencies.
Serum Testosterone Levels During Chronic Glucocorticoid Therapy

Excerpt To the editor: MacAdams and colleagues (1) report a reduction in serum testosterone levels in patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy and attribute this to an "alteration of hyp...
Electrochemical deposition of CoFeOC magnetic alloys by reduction of Co+2 and Fe+2 ions in the presence of p-hydroxy coumaric acid

Abstract Electrochemical reduction of Co+2 and Fe+2 ions in the presence of 3.66 mmol dm−3 p-HCA as an organic additive in plating solution gives rise to Co30.03Fe37 O28.15C4.79 alloy composition by quantitative Rutherford back scattering (RBS) analysis, all elements in weight percentages. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the acidic solution of the dissolved deposit demonstrated that the carbon found in deposit is not present as metal carbide, but it does originate from p-HCA incorporated in deposit. The oxygen is presumably incorporated in a form of metal oxides, metal ferrites, metal hydroxides, and p-HCA molecules. The possible origin of the incorporation of the molecules containing oxygen and carbon into CoFeOC films is discussed. It is demonstrated that all material properties including the transformation of crystalline to amorphous-like structure, surface roughness, mechanical properties (stress, hardness, Young's modulus), an magnetic properties (magnetic saturation and coercivity) of CoFeOC films are dependent on p-HCA concentration in the plating solution.
Photophysical properties of 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine supported 6-membered 2,2′-diphenyl-X platinacycles (X = CH2, NMe, O)

The six-membered platinacycle complex, Pt(tBu2bpy)(C6H4OC6H4) (6) (tBu2bpy = 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine) has been prepared from Pt(tBu2bpy)Cl2 and 2,2′-dilithio-diphenyl ether. Platinacycle 6 and its analogs with X = CH2 (4) and NMe (5) exhibit intense solid-state photoluminescence and nearly identical crystal structures. The photophysical properties of 4–6 in the visible range are dominated by mixed metal–ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (MLL′CT) transitions involving high-lying filled mixed metal–ligand orbitals (ML), composed primarily of platinacyclic ring-based d- and π-orbitals, and a low lying vacant π* orbital (L′) of the tBu2bpy ligand. Lone pair donation from the bridging oxygen atom and especially the NMe group increases the energy of the mixed metal–ligand orbital (ML) without altering the energy of the tBu2bpy π* orbital. As a result, the MLL′CT state energy decreases and the absorption and emission wavelengths are red-shifted. DFT and TD-DFT calculations support the experimental results. Additional calculations on the unknown platinacycles with X = CO (7) and SO2 (8) predict a blue-shift for the MLL′CT absorption and emission. Two nearly equal energy triplet minima were located on the DFT triplet surface for 4–6. One of these (4T–6T) has a geometry very similar to the ground-state singlet (as represented by 4–6) and is associated with the emissive 3MLL′CT excited state. The other triplet-state (4T′–6T′) has a distorted structure where the platinacycle ring is twisted out of the Pt(tBu2bpy) plane. Thermal access to this distorted triplet may be responsible for the loss of photoluminescence in room temperature solutions of 4–6.