cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microscopic investigation of reversible nanoscale surface size dependent protein conjugation.

Aβ1–40 coated 20 nm gold colloidal nanoparticles exhibit a reversible color change as pH is externally altered between pH 4 and 10. This reversible process may contain important information on the initial reversible step reported for the fibrillogenesis of Aβ (a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease). We examined this reversible color change by microscopic investigations. AFM images on graphite surfaces revealed the morphology of Aβ aggregates with gold colloids. TEM images clearly demonstrate the correspondence between spectroscopic features and conformational changes of the gold colloid.
Market failure fallacies and accounting information

Abstract Proponents of increased regulation of accounting maintain that there are failures in the private market for accounting information. In this paper, it is argued that market failure theories contain a logical fallacy. The optima identified in those theories are not optima because they are defined independently of institutional arrangements necessary to attain them. Existing institutional arrangements, such as markets, should not be condemned until it can be shown that there is an alternative regime which can produce socially superior output. The paper examines theories which explicitly allege that there are failures in the private market for accounting information. In addition, early criticisms of accounting information are restated in economic terms, and it is revealed that those criticisms implicitly assume that private production of accounting information suffers from market failures. The paper concludes by suggesting that, if accounting research is to contribute to public policy formulation, researchers should focus on evaluating the type of information that can be produced by feasible regimes such as markets or government agencies.
Next-generation Training: Publishing Student Scientists' Research

Too often, young students fail to translate their childhood curiosity into a passion for scientific discovery. The Journal of Emerging Investigators (JEI) aims to stimulate scientific curiosity in middle and high school students by providing them with an opportunity to publish their science projects in an open-access, peer-reviewed journal.
“Why Me?”: An Attributional Analysis of a Major Illness

The applicability of attribution theory in general, and Weiner's model in particular, to a medical setting was investigated. Patients undergoing thoracic surgery were interviewed before and after surgery to ascertain why they thought they had the disease and why they were recovering at an adequate or inadequate rate from the surgery. These data were analyzed to answer two primary questions. First, to what extent can Weiner's academically-based attribution model be applied to a medical setting? Secondly, do the attributions that patients make about the cause of their disease affect their ability to recover from it? The results indicated that Weiner's theory can be applied to this situation, although a modification in one major dimension of the theory (the Locus dimension) seems warranted. In addition, the causal attributions that patients made about their disease correlated with recovery, although the pattern of attributions for successful patients was complex and theoretically ambiguous. Suggestions for modifying Weiner's model to make the theory more applicable to a medical setting are presented.
State Medicaid Home Care Policies: Inside the Black Box

With Medicaid now the largest budget item for many states and the biggest payer of home and community-based services (HCBS), there is increasing interest in the policies used by states on their three main Medicaid HCBS programs: 1915(c) waivers, state plan personal care, and home health. This article presents an analysis of annual national surveys (2002-2004) of Medicaid HCBS programs that investigate the four main features over which states have discretion: (1) eligibility criteria, (2) services offered (including consumer direction), (3) discretionary cost controls (financial caps, service limits, and wait lists), and (4) workforce issues including the use of independent providers. The findings advance knowledge of state policy trends within each of the three programs and variations between them.
The accommodation of misfit at {100} heterojunctions in III–V compound semiconductors by gliding dissociated dislocations

Abstract The formation of dislocations at lattice-mismatched (100) semiconductor heterojunctions can be understood as a relaxation process involving the low-temperature plastic deformation of the epilayer. A simple model for this deformation shows that the main features of these dislocation arrays at the heterojunction can be predicted. It is shown that the dissociated nature of the dislocations and their α β character must both be taken into account. The type of dislocations involved in this relaxation process depends on whether the epilayer is initially in compression or tension.
Doctor Thornton and his Capitol.

WILLIAM Thornton, M.D., architect and inventor (Fig. 1), is better known to historians and architects than to physicians. The basic design of the United States Capitol Building in Washington (Fig. 2) stands among his achievements. Yet this man, who contributed much to the architecture and institutions of the early United States, began his versatile career as a doctor of medicine. Dr. Thornton was born in 1759 of Quaker parents on the Island of Jost van Dyke in the Virgin Islands and, at an early age, was sent to England for an education. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh . . .
Is the slit ventricle syndrome always a slit ventricle syndrome

The term ‘slit ventricle syndrome’ (SVS) refers to the occurrence of headache, vomiting, and possibly some degree of consciousness impairment in shunted hydrocephalic children in whom slit-like ventricles are seen on computerized tomography (CT) scan examination. The syndrome has been typically observed in older hydrocephalic children operated on in early infancy, even though it has also been observed occasionally in young children and adults. The clinical characteristics of the SVS, the results of the laboratory investigations and the therapeutic measures utilized in the various cases described in the literature differ so widely as to suggest that different clinical conditions are actually being described. In some cases, the diagnosis of SVS should be avoided and substituted by a correct diagnosis of CSF shunt malfunction or of disturbances unrelated to the CSF shunting therapy, e.g., childhood migraine.
Sensitization of the reinforcing effects of self-administered cocaine in rats: effects of dose and intravenous injection speed

Speed of drug onset is assumed to be an important determinant of the abuse liability of a drug. Studies in human and non-human primates suggest that the subjective and reinforcing effects of cocaine can be influenced by route of administration and/or speed of intravenous injection. Sensitization to the reinforcing effects of cocaine was studied in rats and the effects of various injection durations (i.e. speed of injection) on the development of sensitization was examined using a progressive ratio schedule. In addition, the effects of cocaine dose on sensitization and the effects of injection duration on the acute reinforcing effects of cocaine were examined. The initial study demonstrated that the development of sensitization (i.e. progressive increases in breakpoints) was dose-dependent. A robust sensitization of the reinforcing effects of cocaine was replicated in animals receiving cocaine at the highest rate (i.e. shortest duration; 5 s), but not in animals receiving the same dose over 25 or 50 s. Subsequent testing revealed that injection duration did not have profound effects on the acute reinforcing effects of cocaine (assessed by breakpoints or rate of responding on a fixed ratio schedule). These findings are similar to recent studies demonstrating that the development of sensitization, but not the acute responsivity, to cocaine's locomotor-activating effects are influenced by rate of intravenous injection. Taking these findings together, we hypothesize that the process of drug addiction involves both the acute reinforcing effects and the development of sensitization.
Imipenem resistance associated with the loss of a 40 kDa outer membrane protein in Enterobacter aerogenes

An imipenem-resistant strain, Enterobacter aerogenes EA-Z, was isolated from a blood culture. Outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles indicated the loss of a 40 kDa OMP, decreased expression of 42 and 44 kDa OMPs, and increased expression of a 50 kDa OMP in strain EA-Z when compared with imipenem-susceptible clinical isolates of E. aerogenes. The OMP profile of EA-Z was similar to that of strain EA-SI16, an imipenem-resistant E. aerogenes second-step mutant selected on imipenem-containing media. A single-step imipenem-resistant mutant, EA-SI8, had lost expression of only the 40 kDa OMP. No new beta-lactamase could be detected by isoelectric focusing, and no increase in imipenem hydrolysis was seen when EA-Z was compared with imipenem-sensitive controls, even in the presence of added zinc. These data suggest that the 40 kDa OMP of E. aerogenes might be required for the normal diffusion of imipenem across the outer membrane.
Performance of multiple LMS adaptive filters in tandem

The tandem of adaptive filters can occur in practice such as in echo cancellation application for voice communications. This paper analyzes the performance of a number of adaptive filters in tandem. The adaptation algorithm is assumed to be least mean square (LMS). The analysis includes learning trajectory, steady-state excess error due to noise, tracking lag bias, and tracking lag variance. Recursive formulae for their computation are derived. The analysis is exact under Gaussian input and independency assumption. It does not restrict the step size of the filters in tandem to be identical. The validity of the theoretical development is corroborated by simulations. The results indicate that in the special case of equal and small step size, both the steady-state excess error due to noise and the tracking lag variance increase approximately linearly with the number of filters in tandem, whereas the tracking lag bias decreases approximately exponentially with the number of filters in tandem. Consequently, the tandem of adaptive filters can improve the tracking capability of an adaptive system in the situation where the step size is small or the dynamics of an unknown system to be modeled is high.
Cooperative MIMO field measurements for military UHF band in low-rise urban environment

Experimental measurements have recently been taken in Baltimore, Maryland, to determine the channel characteristics pertaining to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radio links operating in military UHF band in a low-rise urban setting. The test equipment provides a non-realtime 2 times 3 MIMO system in which the two transmit antennas can be separated by distances varying from short (sub-wavelength) to very long (on the order of city blocks). Channel capacities, computed from the measured channel transfer matrices, can then be characterized as a function of the spatial relationships among the transmit and receive antennas. Initial results are presented for selected conventional and distributed MIMO geometries.
PRAGMATICS WANG, VINCENT X. Making Requests by Chinese EFL Learners. Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2011. Pp. xii, 199. $135.00, cloth. ISBN 978–9–02725611–9.

A review of the book "Making Requests by Chinese EFL Learners," by Vincent X. Wang, is presented.
Hybrid architecture of field-tested diagnostic expert system

Three approaches to diagnostic expert systems have emerged: rule-based, dependency models, and deep-knowledge models. A fourth approach is a hybrid architecture that combines two or more of the three pure forms so that the strengths of one support the weaknesses of the other and vice versa. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches are examined. AI-Ferret, a system that was field-tested by US Army technicians troubleshooting operational equipment, and which implements a rule-dependency hybrid architecture, is described. The conclusions are that: the hybrid architecture will become the dominant approach to practical diagnostic expert systems; and that cost and performance benefits of hybrids can be determined by the level of interaction between rule and model parts. >
Wireless relay placement

An algorithm is given for placing relays at spatial positions to improve the reliability of communicated data in a sensor network. The network consists of many power-limited sensors, a small set of relays, and a receiver. The receiver receives a signal directly from each sensor and also indirectly via a single-hop relay path. The relays rebroadcast the transmissions in order to achieve diversity at the receiver. Both amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relay networks are considered. Channels are modeled with Rayleigh fading, path loss, and additive white Gaussian noise. The main results of the paper are geometric descriptions of sets of locations in the plane in which sensors are assigned to given, fixed-location relays, and the analysis of system performance.
Report of the Fourth Consensus Conference on HIV Testing sponsored by the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors (ASTPHLD).

In a continuation of the efforts begun in 1985 to promote quality and uniformity in laboratory programs for retrovirus testing, the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors (ASTPHLD) held the Fourth Consensus Conference on Testing for Human Retroviruses March 7-9, 1989, in Kansas City. The impact of these conferences on retrovirus testing both nationally and internationally continues to grow, as evidenced by the number of states, countries and governmental agencies represented. Forty-six states were represented this year plus the National HIV Reference Laboratory of Australia, the Canadian Health and Welfare Department, the Quebec Public Health Laboratory, the World Health Organization, the American Red Cross, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Department of Defense and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The 199 conference attendees were from industry, clinical laboratories, blood centers, regulatory agencies, educational institutions and state and local public health laboratories. The success of these conferences is due to the many contributions of a very diverse group of participants. Because all the "players" are represented and participate actively in the consensus process, the recommendations formulated at these conferences serve the
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Hurricane Sandy among Persons Exposed to the 9/11 Disaster.

Background: Traumatic exposure during a hurricane is associated with adverse mental health conditions post-event. The World Trade Center Health Registry provided a sampling pool for a rapid survey of persons directly affected by Hurricane Sandy in the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area in late October 2012. This study evaluated the relationship between Sandy experiences and Sandy-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among individuals previously exposed to the September 11, 2001 (9/11) disaster. Methods: A total of 4,558 surveys were completed from April 10-November 7, 2013. After exclusions for missing data, the final sample included 2,214 (53.5%) respondents from FEMA-defined inundation zones and 1,923 (46.5%) from non-inundation zones. Sandy exposures included witnessing terrible events, Sandy-related injury, fearing for own life or safety of others, evacuation, living in a home that was flooded or damaged, property loss, and financial loss. Sandy-related PTSD was defined as a score of ≥44 on a Sandy-specific PTSD Checklist. Results: PTSD prevalence was higher in the inundation zones (11.3%) and lower in the non-inundation zones (4.4%). The highest prevalence of Sandy-related PTSD was among individuals in the inundation zone who sustained an injury (31.2%), reported a history of 9/11-related PTSD (28.8%), or had low social support prior to the event (28.6%). In the inundation zones, significantly elevated adjusted odds of Sandy-related PTSD were observed among persons with a prior history of 9/11-related PTSD, low social support, and those who experienced a greater number of Sandy traumatic events. Conclusions: Sandy-related stress symptoms indicative of PTSD affected a significant proportion of persons who lived in flooded areas of the NYC metropolitan area. Prior 9/11-related PTSD increased the likelihood of Sandy-related PTSD, while social support was protective. Public health preparation for events similar to Sandy should incorporate outreach and linkages to care for persons with prior disaster-related trauma.
Cytoplasmic dynein nucleates microtubules to organize them into radial arrays in vivo

Numerous evidence demonstrates that dynein is crucial for organization of microtubules (MTs) into radial arrays, but its exact function in this process is unclear. Here, we studied the role of cytoplasmic dynein in MT radial array formation in the absence of the centrosome. We found that dynein is a potent MT nucleator in vitro and that stimulation of dynein activity in cytoplasmic fragments of melanophores induces nucleation-dependent formation of MT radial array in the absence of the centrosome. This new property of dynein, in combination with its known role as an MT motor that is essential for MT array organization in the absence and presence of the centrosome, makes it a unique molecule whose activity is necessary and sufficient for the formation and maintenance of MT radial arrays in cells.
A CMOS 1.6 GHz Dual-Loop PLL With Fourth-Harmonic Mixing

A 1.5-1.6 GHz dual-loop phase-locked loop in 0.18-μm CMOS locks in 40 μs and draws only 26 mA from 1.8 V. The proposed techniques include a fourth-harmonic mixer that relaxes the secondary PLL requirements, and an auxiliary charge pump that speeds acquisition without affecting steady-state operation. The integrated RMS phase error is 1.1° and the phase noise spectral density is -116.8 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 600 kHz. The largest in-band and reference spurs are -83 dBc and -105 dBc at frequency offsets of 500.5 kHz and 37.9 MHz, respectively.
River flow abstraction due to hydraulic storage at freezeup

A hydrologic extreme that can be partly generated by ice effects is low winter flow, which is known for potential impacts on water quality and quantity of rivers receiving effluent discharges or industrial withdrawals. Flow abstraction caused by hydraulic storage during the upstream propagation of an ice cover is quantified using the equations of continuity for ice and water. The flow abstraction is shown to increase with increasing ice concentration, but to decrease with increasing ice cover thickness. Numerical values are consistent with winter abstractions indicated by flow data from Canadian hydrometric stations. The present results further suggest that low-flow conditions in winter should generally improve, or at least not deteriorate, under a warmer climate.
Computing the camera heading from multiple frames

We present a new algorithm for computing the heading from multiple frames which improves on previous approaches. It exploits our discovery and analysis of a new structure-from-motion ambiguity. Allowing for this ambiguity also makes two-frame reconstruction more robust. We show experimentally that the error landscape for planar scenes has few significant local minima.
Implied Feedback: Learning Nuances of User Behavior in Image Search

User feedback helps an image search system refine its relevance predictions, tailoring the search towards the user's preferences. Existing methods simply take feedback at face value: clicking on an image means the user wants things like it, commenting that an image lacks a specific attribute means the user wants things that have it. However, we expect there is actually more information behind the user's literal feedback. In particular, a user's (possibly subconscious) search strategy leads him to comment on certain images rather than others, based on how any of the visible candidate images compare to the desired content. For example, he may be more likely to give negative feedback on an irrelevant image that is relatively close to his target, as opposed to bothering with one that is altogether different. We introduce novel features to capitalize on such implied feedback cues, and learn a ranking function that uses them to improve the system's relevance estimates. We validate the approach with real users searching for shoes, faces, or scenes using two different modes of feedback: binary relevance feedback and relative attributes-based feedback. The results show that retrieval improves significantly when the system accounts for the learned behaviors. We show that the nuances learned are domain-invariant, and useful for both generic user-independent search as well as personalized user-specific search.
Bis(2-{1-[2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethylimino]propyl}phenolato)-1κ4O,N,N′,O′;2κ4O,N,N′,O′-methanol-2κO-μ-perchlorato-1:2κ2O:O′-perchlorato-1κO-dicopper(II)

The title compound, [Cu2(C13H18N2O2)2(ClO4)2(CH4O)], consists of two six-coordinate Jahn–Teller-distorted copper(II) complex units with the tetra­dentate ligand 2-{1-[2-(2-hydroxy­ethyl­amino)ethyl­imino]prop­yl}phenolate observed in a planar coordination mode. Each copper center has octahedral coordination geometry. The complex units are axially connected by a bridging perchlorate anion. For one copper center, the other axial position is occupied by a terminal methanol mol­ecule, while for the other copper center, the axial position is occupied by a weakly coordinated second perchlorate anion. As well as inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, the two Cu complex units are also linked by intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions. The four O atoms of one perchlorate are disordered over four positions; the site occupancy factors are 0.43. 0.25, 0.19 and 0.13.
Calculation of supersonic flows with strong viscous-inviscid interaction

A procedure for the calculation of strong viscous-inviscid interactions in two-dimension al laminar super- sonic flows with and without separation is described. The equations solved are the so-called parabolized Navier-Stokes equations. The streamwise pressure gradient term is written as a combination of a forward and a backward difference to provide a path for upstream propagation of information. Global iteration is utilized to repeatedly update the pressure field from an initial guess until convergence is achieved. The numerical scheme employed is a new alternating direction explicit (ADE) procedure, which is used as an alternative to the more difficult to program multigrid strategy to accelerate convergence. Results are presented for flows past two flat plate related bodies. HE calculation of supersonic flows in which rapid changes in geometry or boundary condition occur often requires techniques other than classical Prandtl boundary- layer theory or other solution methods suitable for weakly interacting flows. The reason for this is that at high Reynolds number, rapid changes in geometry or boundary condition induce large changes in the properties of the bound- ary layer over a very short length scale. When this occurs, the phenomenon of upstream influence, wherein information is propagated in the upstream direction, becomes important. This type of flow is referred to as a "strongly interacting" flow. Methods that treat such flows as initial-value problems are not suitable because they are boundary value in nature, in the predominant flow direction. In this paper, a procedure for two-dimensional supersonic strongly interacting flows is developed, which utilizes the parabolized or reduced Navier-Stokes equations. We will employ the former term here. For simplicity it will be as- sumed that x and y are nearly streamwise and stream normal directions, respectively. With special treatment of the pressure gradient term dp/dx, in the streamwise momentum equation, one can develop a procedure which is well suited for calculating weakly interacting flows.1"4 In order to calculate strongly interacting flows, a means for propagating information in the upstream direction is required. This can be satisfied by utilizing a forward difference for the stream- wise pressure gradient. In subsonic flows, where upstream influence is important even if the viscous-inviscid interaction is weak, a forward difference of px has been shown by Rubin5 to allow the calculation of such flows. Lin and Rubin6 later successfully applied forward differencing of px to a supersonic flow with weak interaction. In that study, forward differencing was utilized throughout the flowfield, including the supersonic flow. In the present technique for- ward differencing of px is applied only in the subsonic por-
THE LARGE-SCALE THREE-POINT CORRELATION FUNCTION OF SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY LUMINOUS RED GALAXIES

We present new measurements of the redshift-space three-point correlation function (3PCF) of Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Using the largest data set to date, the Data Release 7 LRGs, and an improved binning scheme compared to previous measurements, we measure the LRG 3PCF on large scales up to ~90 h –1 Mpc, from the mildly nonlinear to quasi-linear regimes. Comparing the LRG correlations to the dark matter two- and three-point correlation functions, obtained from N-body simulations we infer linear and nonlinear bias parameters. As expected, LRGs are highly biased tracers of large-scale structure, with a linear bias b 1 ~ 2; the LRGs also have a large positive nonlinear bias parameter, in agreement with predictions of galaxy population models. The use of the 3PCF to estimate biasing helps to also make estimates of the cosmological parameter σ8, as well as to infer best-fit parameters of the halo occupation distribution parameters for LRGs. We also use a large suite of public mock catalogs to characterize the error covariance matrix for the 3PCF and compare the variance among simulation results with jackknife error estimates.
Generalized Information and Maximal Order of Iteration for Operator Equations

We consider stationary iterative methods for the solution of operator equations which use “generalized information”. We seek methods with maximal order provided the points of iterations are in “good position”. The new concepts of order of information and “generalized” interpolatory methods are introduced. The main result states that the maximal order is equal to the order of information which depends on generalized information and on the position of iteration points. We show that the maximal order is achievable by the generalized interpolatory method.
A weak propositional calculus for signal processing with thresholds

A weak propositional calculus is presented for signal processing with lower threshold z and upper threshold u. For this result all signals are scaled to lie within the linearly ordered real interval [0,1], with focus on the case 0 >
Depositional Evolution of a Windward, High-Energy Lagoon, Graham's Harbor, San Salvador, Bahamas

ABSTRACT Graham's Harbor is a 2 3 km, windward, high-energy lagoon located at the northeast end of San Salvador. It is open to the west and rimmed to the north and east by cays and a barrier reef. Today this lagoon contains areas of rippled and bioturbated sand as well as areas of sparse to dense seagrass. Sediment probes and bathymetric surveys indicate that Graham's Harbor was an irregular, bowl-shaped basin that now contains up to 4 m of sediment and water depths to 6 m. Thirty-nine surface samples and 5 sediment cores have been evaluated with respect to texture, composition, and mud fraction mineralogy. An additional 9 cores were examined megascopically. Cluster analysis of 111 samples and 10 variables reveals four marine facies in Graha 's Harbor: 1) grapestone, 2) abraded grain "grain/packstone," 3) Halimeda-rich "packstone," and 4) grapestone-rich "pack/wackestone." These facies are distributed vertically and laterally in a well-defined, non-random pattern within the lagoon and reflect control of deposition by benthic communities and modification by transport resulting from waves and currents. Three surficial facies are found in the lagoon: grapestone, abraded grain "grain/packstone," and Halimeda-rich "packstone." The primary controls of lateral distribution of these facies are benthic flora and energy of waves and currents. Water depth does not appear to influence lateral Facies distribution in Graham's Harbor. The grapestone facies blankets most of the lagoon today, where the substrate is not stabilized by benthic flora and is exposed to intermittent wave and current energy. Rimming the lagoon on the east and north is the abraded grain "grain/packstone" facies. This facies accumulates along the barrier reef and next to the northern cays, areas which receive more continuous wave energy. Halimeda-rich "packstone" is found only in a protected (lower wave energ ) area of the lagoon that has been stabilized by seagrass. The grapestone-rich "pack/wackestone" is not found in the surficial sediments of Graham's Harbor. Studies of sediment cores reveal a coarsening-upwards sedimentary sequence. Grapestone-rich "pack/wackestone" (sandy mud) is overlain by the grapestone facies (sand). The sequence is capped by abraded grain "grain/packstone" (muddy sand). The sedimentary sequence in Graham's Harbor suggests initial deposition within a silled basin comprised of lower energy, normal marine, muddy sediments (grapestone-rich "pack/wackestone"). Aggregates in this facies were probably transported from the west during storms. As sea-level rose above the sill, less muddy, higher energy sediments (grapestone and abraded grain "grain/packstone") were deposited. Radiocarbon dates of peat and sediment from cores indicate that the entire carbonate sequence formed in less than 7,000 years at rates of 27-95 cm/1,00 years.
Qualitative vs. quantitative plan diversity in case-based planning

Plan diversity has practical value in multiple planning domains, including travel planning, military planning and game planning. Existing methods for obtaining plan diversity fall under two categories: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative plan diversity is domain-independent and does not require extensive knowledge-engineering effort, but can fail to reflect plan differences that are truly meaningful to users. Qualitative plan diversity is based on domain-specific characteristics which human experts might use to differentiate between plans, thus being able to produce results of greater practical value. However, the previous approach to qualitative plan diversity assumes the availability of a domain metatheory. We propose a case-based planning method for obtaining qualitative plan diversity through the use of distance metrics which incorporate domain-specific content, without requiring a domain metatheory. To our knowledge, this is the first time qualitative plan diversity is being explored in a case-based planning context.
Desiccation and Freezing Phenomena for Plants with Large Water Capacitance — Cacti and Espeletias

Cacti and espeletias are native to dissimilar habitats, although the two groups must cope with several similar environmental constraints. Cacti, which are succulent plants that utilize crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), grow in habitats characterized by long periods of drought (Ting 1985; Nobel 1988a). Over 80% of the aboveground plant biomass in parts of the Sonoran Desert can be cacti (Ting and Jennings 1976), and epiphytic CAM species occupying arid microhabitats are common in many lowland tropical forests (Medina et al. 1989). As for cacti, espeletias also have conspicuous stem water storage reservoirs, but they utilize the C3 pathway and grow in tropical high-altitude (alpine) habitats. These habitats are characterized by diurnal rather than seasonal temperature variations that frequently involve nocturnal freezing (Troll 1968; Meiner and Goldstein 1986). In the American tropics the giant rosette species belonging to the genus Espeletia (Compositae) experience air temperatures that even during the daytime tend to be suboptimal for many physiological processes (Goldstein et al. 1989). Studies on plants from cold temperate zones, particularly conifers (Kaufmann 1975, 1977; Running and Reid 1980), as well as on cacti (Lopez and Nobel 1991), indicate that water uptake by roots may be severely impaired by low soil temperatures (0 to 5 °C). In the tropical alpine habitats, such physiological drought is particularly likely during the early morning when soil temperatures in the root zone of espeletias are near freezing and potential transpiration is high due to high solar irradiation leading to relatively high leaf temperatures. Thus, both cacti and espeletias are exposed to drought episodes, the former on a seasonal basis and the latter predominantly on a daily basis.
Improving Cancer Gene Expression Data Quality through a TCGA Data-Driven Evaluation of Identifier Filtering:

Data quality is a recognized problem for high-throughput genomics platforms, as evinced by the proliferation of methods attempting to filter out lower quality data points. Different filtering methods lead to discordant results, raising the question, which methods are best? Astonishingly, little computational support is offered to analysts to decide which filtering methods are optimal for the research question at hand. To evaluate them, we begin with a pair of expression data sets, transcriptomic and proteomic, on the same samples. The pair of data sets form a test-bed for the evaluation. Identifier mapping between the data sets creates a collection of feature pairs, with correlations calculated for each pair. To evaluate a filtering strategy, we estimate posterior probabilities for the correctness of probesets accepted by the method. An analyst can set expected utilities that represent the trade-off between the quality and quantity of accepted features. We tested nine published probeset filtering methods and combination strategies. We used two test-beds from cancer studies providing transcriptomic and proteomic data. For reasonable utility settings, the Jetset filtering method was optimal for probeset filtering on both test-beds, even though both assay platforms were different. Further intersection with a second filtering method was indicated on one test-bed but not the other.
Facioskeletal And Dental Changes Resulting From Rapid Maxillary Expansion

Abstract No Abstract Available. From the Department of Orthodontics, The Eastman Dental Dispensary, Rochester, N.Y. * This investigation was supported by Research Grant D-1330 from the National Institute of Dental Research.
Current concepts of coronary thrombosis as related to atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.

On December 7, 1912 a great Chicago physician, Dr. James B. Herrick, published his now famous paper in the JAMA in which he related for the first time the “Clinical Features of Sudden Obstruction of the Coronary Arteries” with an acute heart attack and myocardial infarction (1). This eminent doctor, who also discovered sickle cell anemia, was supported in this study by an almost equally dynamic pathologist, Ludwig Hektoen, who was the first head of pathology at the University of Chicago. Their evidence was good, and for many years there was general acceptance that acute heart attacks were almost always the result of a thrombus in one or more atherosclerotic coronary arteries which, in turn, lead to a myocardial infarct and the signs and symptoms of an acute heart failure.
Trainee participation and perioperative complications in benign hysterectomy: the effect of route of surgery.

Background Intraoperative trainee involvement in hysterectomy is common. However, the effect of intraoperative trainee involvement on perioperative complications depending on surgical approach is unknown. Objective To estimate the effect of intraoperative trainee involvement on perioperative complication after vaginal, laparoscopic, and abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease. Methods Patients undergoing laparoscopic, vaginal, or abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease from 2010 to 2012 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patients with and without trainee involvement were compared with regard to perioperative complications. Complications that occurred from the start of surgery to 30-days postoperatively were included. Perioperative complications were defined via the use of the validated Clavien-Dindo scale with ≥grade 3 complications defined as major and ≤grade 2 complications defined as minor. Major complications included myocardial infarction, pneumonia, venous thromboembolism, deep or organ space surgical-site infection, stroke, fascial dehiscence, unplanned return to the operating room, renal failure, cardiopulmonary arrest, sepsis, intubation greater than 48 hours, and death. Minor complications included urinary tract infection, blood transfusion, and superficial wound infection. To estimate the effect of trainee involvement depending on route of surgery, a stratified analysis was performed. Bivariable analysis and adjusted multivariable logistic regression were used. Results We identified 22,499 patients, of whom 42.1% had trainee participation. Surgical approaches were vaginal (22.7%), abdominal (47.1%), and laparoscopic (30.2%). The rate of major complication was 3.2%, and minor complication was 7.2%. In bivariable analysis, trainee involvement was associated with major complications in vaginal hysterectomy (3.3% vs 2.3%, P = .03), but not laparoscopic (3.0% vs 2.9%, P = .78) or abdominal hysterectomy (4.4% vs 3.6%, P = .07). Trainee involvement was also associated with minor complication in vaginal (7.3% vs 5.4%, P = .007), laparoscopic (5.9% vs 4.3%, P P Conclusion Surgical approach influences the relationship between trainee involvement and perioperative complication. Operative time is a key mediator of the relationship between trainee involvement and complication, and may be a modifiable risk factor.
Potent and reversible effects of ATI-2001 on atrial and atrioventricular nodal electrophysiological properties in guinea pig isolated perfused heart.

We recently demonstrated that the short-acting analog of amiodarone, ATI-2001, caused favorable effects in guinea pig ventricular myocardium on electrophysiological substrates underlying tachyarrhythmia initiation, perpetuation, and termination. Here, the acute effects of 1.0 μM ATI-2001 and 1.0 μM amiodarone (90-min infusion followed by 90-min washout period) on atrial and atrioventricular (AV) nodal electrophysiological properties were studied in guinea pig isolated hearts. Neither ATI-2001 nor amiodarone significantly prolonged atrial conduction time. Compared with amiodarone, ATI-2001 caused significantly more rapid and greater prolongation of atrial monophasic action potential duration at 90% repolarization (maximal change 21.4 ± 3.7 versus 19.0 ± 4.0 ms) and atrial effective refractory period (ERP, 27.8 ± 6.1 versus 9.2 ± 2.3 ms). Shortening of the atrial cycle length from 250 to 200 ms did not significantly alter drug-induced changes in atrial repolarization and refractoriness. ATI-2001 prolonged the atrium-to-His bundle interval (22.1 ± 2.6 versus 8.8 ± 2.3 ms), His bundle-to-ventricle interval (2.8 ± 0.4 versus 0.9 ± 0.3 ms), AV nodal ERP (72.5 ± 7.3 versus 31.4 ± 4.1 ms), and Wenckebach cycle length (69.6 ± 5.2 versus 35.8 ± 4.1 ms) significantly more than did amiodarone. Unlike amiodarone, the effects of ATI-2001 were markedly reversed upon discontinuation of drug infusion. Given these data, ATI-2001 should not only be useful for terminating ongoing and preventing reoccurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias but also to treat supraventricular tachycardias involving the AV node and to control ventricular rate during atrial tachyarrhythmias. Whether the observed differences in the pharmacokinetic properties render ATI-2001 superior to amiodarone in acute tachyarrhythmia management and less likely to accumulate into tissues during chronic therapy remains to be established.
Uplink Massive MIMO SIR Analysis: How Do Antennas Scale with Users?

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a potential physical layer technology for 5G cellular networks. This paper leverages stochastic geometry to derive the uplink signal-to- interference (SIR) distribution in massive MIMO networks. Based on the derived expressions, a scaling law between the number of base station antennas and scheduled users per cell is provided to preserve the uplink SIR distribution, where the impacts of correlation in small-scale fading and power control in the form of fractional path loss compensation are taken account. Numerical results verify the analysis, and show that fractional power control with a compensation fraction of 0.5 is nearly optimal for the average achievable rate in certain cases.
Reduced-form modeling of public health impacts of inorganic PM2.5 and precursor emissions

Abstract It is challenging to estimate the public health costs of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and its precursor emissions accurately and quickly for policy research because of their complex physical and chemical processes occurring over a large downwind area. We developed a method for building statistical regressions that estimate public health cost of emissions accurately like a state-of-the-art chemical transport model (CTM) but without its high computational cost. This method achieves detailed spatial resolution according to the location of the emission source, accounting for differences in the exposed population downwind. Using tagged CTM simulations, our method builds a large dataset of air quality public health costs from marginal emissions throughout the United States. Two methods were developed to describe exposed population, one that assumes a generic downwind plume concentration profile derived from CTM outputs and a simpler method that uses the size of population within certain distances as variables. Using the former method, we parameterized marginal public health cost [$/t] and intake fraction [ppm] as a function of exposed population and key atmospheric variables. We derived models for elemental carbon, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia. Compared to estimates calculated directly using CTM outputs, our models generally show mean fractional errors of only 10%–30% and up to 50% for NO x in some seasons, which are generally similar to or less than CTM’s performance. Our results show that the public health costs of emissions can be efficiently parameterized for policy analyses based on state-of-the-art CTMs.
Ultrasound imaging in medical student education: Impact on learning anatomy and physical diagnosis

Ultrasound use has expanded dramatically among the medical specialties for diagnostic and interventional purposes, due to its affordability, portability, and practicality. This imaging modality, which permits real-time visualization of anatomic structures and relationships in vivo, holds potential for pre-clinical instruction of students in anatomy and physical diagnosis, as well as providing a bridge to the eventual use of bedside ultrasound by clinicians to assess patients and guide invasive procedures. In many studies, but not all, improved understanding of anatomy has been demonstrated, and in others, improved accuracy in selected aspects of physical diagnosis is evident. Most students have expressed a highly favorable impression of this technology for anatomy education when surveyed. Logistic issues or obstacles to the integration of ultrasound imaging into anatomy teaching appear to be readily overcome. The enthusiasm of students and anatomists for teaching with ultrasound has led to widespread implementation of ultrasound-based teaching initiatives in medical schools the world over, including some with integration throughout the entire curriculum; a trend that likely will continue to grow. Anat Sci Educ 10: 176-189. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Decelerating gastric emptying: Therapeutic possibilities in type 2 diabetes

There is clear evidence of a positive correlation between carbohydrate absorption, plasma concentration of glucose, and the rate of gastric emptying. This suggests that clinical manipulation of gastric emptying rates may have therapeutic potential in glycaemic control. Cholecystokinin (CCK-8) has been shown to delay gastric emptying in individuals with Type 2 diabetes, but its potential as a therapy is limited by the need to administer it intravenously. The preferred routes of administration would be intramuscular injections, an intranasal spray or the use of orally ingested CCK analogues. Alternatively, the oral administration of an agent that enhances endogenous release of CCK could represent an important approach to the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Agents such as POT II may have a therapeutic indication in patients with recently diagnosed Type 2 diabetes.
Democratic Firms and the Distribution of Wealth

By a democratic firm we mean an enterprise whose management and administrative structure are chosen by the firm’s labour force using a democratic political process. A capitalist firm is one whose management and administrative structure is determined by the owners of the firm’s capital assets, who are distinct from the firm’s labour force. In this chapter we show that, under plausible conditions where both types of firm are possible, and where workers allocate themselves among firms to maximize a standard measure of well-being, the equilibrium fraction of workers in democratic firms and the distribution of wealth are mutually determining.
Costimulatory Blockade by CD28 Peptide Mimics: Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by destruction of myelin accompanied by inflammation. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) shares many of the clinical and histo-pathological features and serves as an animal model for MS. Considerable evidence indicate a critical role for the B7:CD28/CTLA-4 interactions in the pathogenesis of EAE and MS. Targeting this pathway in vivo represents a method for selective immunosuppression of antigen specific T cells while majority of the T cells are not affected [1].
Effect of Interfaces on the Glass Transition of Supported and Freestanding Polymer Thin Films

We investigate the glass transition behavior in polymer thin films using a model equation-of-state approach, which involves molecular parameters whose values are determined from fits to bulk information only (pressure–volume–temperature and surface tension data). Following an earlier proof-of-concept application to freestanding polystyrene (PS) films, here we both extend the study to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films and generalize the model so that it is applicable for either freestanding or supported films. In the case of the freestanding PMMA film, model predictions for the Tg suppression (relative to bulk) as a function of film thickness are in very good agreement with the corresponding experimental data, reflecting the fact that freestanding PMMA films are evidently less perturbed by the presence of free surfaces than those made of PS. We then turn to the case of PMMA films supported on a silica substrate by accounting for possible polymer–substrate interactions, such that when these are switche...