cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical features and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is caused by the expansion of CD1a+/CD207+ cells and is characterised by a wide spectrum of organ involvement and dysfunction, affecting all ages. While almost all organs and systems can be affected, only the involvement and dysfunction of liver, spleen, and haematopoietic system influence survival. The LCH pathogenic cells are defined by universal activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. The most common alteration is a somatic BRAFV600E mutation, which is present in approximately two-thirds of the cases, followed by MAP2K1 mutations. Treatment of LCH is risk-adapted; patients with single lesions may respond well to local treatment, whereas patients with multi-system disease require systemic chemotherapy. While survival for patients without organ dysfunction is excellent, mortality rates for patients with organ dysfunction may reach 20%. Despite progress made in the treatment of LCH, disease reactivation rates remain above 30%, and standard second-line treatment has yet to be established. Long-term effects, including neuroendocrine dysfunction and neurodegeneration, represent a major challenge for survivors. Treatment with BRAF or MEK inhibitors results in immediate responses, but reactivations are very common after discontinuation. Their role as single agents and in combination with chemotherapy is being explored.
Technology, Freedom, and the Mechanization of Labor in the Philosophies of Hegel and Adorno

This paper investigates the compatibility of Hegel’s analyses of the mechanization of work in industrial society with Hegel’s notion of freedom as rational self-determination. Work as such is for Hegel a crucial moment on the way to a more complete realization of human freedom, but, as I maintain with Adorno, the technological developments of the last two centuries raise the question of whether the nature of work itself has changed since the industrial revolution. In his Jena lectures, Hegel recognized significant problems that the mechanization of work poses for human freedom that—on my assessment—his later, mature thought does not sufficiently address. One finds, however, a more comprehensive depiction of the same worries that Hegel mentioned in his Jena lectures in Adorno’s critique of the dominant forms of labor in contemporary society and his understanding of technological rationality, which according to Adorno, dominates the contemporary world. I suggest, furthermore, that juxtaposing Hegel’s and Adorno’s thoughts on technology and the mechanization of work reveals Adorno’s philosophy of technology to be an extension, rather than a critique, of the spirit of Hegel’s own philosophical project as immanent critique of the necessary entailments of any given concept.
Implementation of a Python Program to Simulate Sampling

Proper sampling techniques are of the utmost importance in obtaining accurate and precise results in chemical analysis. A Python language computer simulation providing fast feedback on sampling concepts and statistics was delivered to students through Google Colab. Students used the simulation to aid in their exploration of sampling and sampling statistics and to answer questions in a guided learning activity. This activity was conducted in a virtual environment, but it could easily be used in an in-person setting. Students reported that the simulation was easy-to-use, effectively illustrated the concepts of sampling, and supported the stated learning objectives.
Voluntary disclosures and information production by analysts

Abstract We analyze the voluntary disclosure decision of a manager when analysts scrutinize the quality of disclosure. We derive an equilibrium in which managers voluntarily disclose unfavorable information only if sufficiently precise, but disclose favorable news with lower levels of accuracy. We show that analysts cover good news disclosures with higher scrutiny. To the extent analysts rely on mandatory financial reports to interpret voluntary disclosures, we show that more precise financial reports may lead to more precise but less frequent voluntary disclosures. Moreover, a slant toward conservatism in financial reports can lead to less precise yet more frequent voluntary disclosures.
Shares vs. Warrant-Share Units: Evidence from Seasoned Equity Offerings

We examine seasoned offerings of common stock and stock-warrant units to test predictions of recent theories of security issuance based on sequential financing and information signaling. We specify and test a simultaneous equations model involving the choice of shares versus stock-warrant units and announcement period abnormal return equations for shares and units. Consistent with theoretical predictions of the signaling hypothesis, we find that smaller issues made by young and risky firms are more likely to issue stock-warrant units in seasoned offerings. Also, consistent with the signaling hypothesis but not with the sequential financing hypothesis, firms with greater managerial ownership are more likely to issue units. We also find that firms that include warrants in their stock offerings experience a higher average abnormal return than if they had issued shares alone. We report further evidence consistent with the implications of the signaling hypothesis regarding underpricing, riskiness and insider ownership. Thus while sequential financing and signaling explanations find support in our tests, the signaling hypothesis arises as the more complete explanation for stock-warrant unit financing.
Tight association between macrophages and adipocytes in obesity: implications for adipocyte preparation.

Objective To determine the cellular architecture of the inflammatory infiltrate in adipose tissue from obese mice, and identify the source of inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue at a single cell level. Methods Adipose tissue from diet-induced obese mice was digested by collagenase treatment and fractionated by density centrifugation to obtain an adipocyte floating layer and a pellet of stromal vascular cells. The cellular architecture of the adipocyte-macrophage interaction in both intact white adipose tissue (WAT) and the separated density gradient floating layer fraction was analyzed by confocal immunohistochemistry. Cytokine expression was detected by semi-quantitative real time PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Results Three dimensional image analysis of WAT and the separated “adipocyte” floating layer revealed lipid-engorged macrophages, macrophages in contact with lipid droplets and sheath-like assemblies of macrophages surrounding adipocytes. The macrophages immunostained for TNFα and to a lesser extent for the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10. TNFα staining was associated only with macrophages indicating that macrophages and not adipocytes are the source of TNFα expression in the adipocyte floating layer. Conclusion Macrophages form assemblies that tightly adhere to and cover adipocytes and lipid droplets. TNFα found in low density adipocyte preparations is due to contamination with macrophages.
Environmental testing of block 3 solar cell modules. Part 1: Qualification testing of standard production modules

Qualification tests of solar cell modules are described. These modules continue to show improvement over earlier type modules tested. Cell cracking and delamination are less prevalent, and interconnect problems and electrical degradation from environmental testing are now rare.
Weight Management in the Performance Athlete

Management of weight is an ever-increasing challenge in societies where good tasting food is convenient, relatively inexpensive, and abundant. Developing a weight management plan is essential for everyone, including athletes that expend high amounts of energy in their sport. This brief review addresses the concept of dynamic energy balance and dietary approaches that can be successfully used with active individuals to facilitate weight loss, while retaining lean tissue and minimizing risks for disordered eating. Emphasis is placed on teaching athletes the benefits of consuming a low-energy-dense diet (e.g. high-fiber, high-water, low-fat foods), which allows for the consumption of a greater volume of food that is satiating but reduces energy intake. Other dietary behaviors important for weight loss or weight maintenance after weight loss are also emphasized, such as eating breakfast, spreading food and protein intake throughout the day, eating after exercise, elimination of sweetened beverages, and avoiding fad diets. As the general population becomes heavier, more young athletes will come to their sport needing to alter bodyweight or composition to perform at their peak. Health professionals need to be prepared with effective and evidence-based dietary approaches to help the athletes achieve their bodyweight goals.
Ribonucleotides and ribonucleosides as methyl acceptors for S-adenosylmethionine: (amino- and thio-)purine methyl-transferases. Incorporation of 6-amino-2-methylaminopurine into ribonucleic acids.

Abstract The biosynthesis of 5′-phosphoribosyl-6-amino-2-methylaminopurine by resting-cell suspensions of Escherichia coli incubated with 2,6-diaminopurine occurs by the direct methylation of 5′-phosphoribosyl-2,6-diaminopurine. The rate-limiting step is the synthesis of 5′-phosphoribosyl-2,6-diaminopurine by adenylate pyrophosphorylase rather than its methylation by S -adenosylmethionine: 2-aminopurine N -methyltransferase. Although the methylation of 2,6-diaminopurine and 9-β-ribosyl-2,6-diaminopurine occurs, potential pathways in vivo involving the conversion of either 6-amino-2-methylaminopurine or 9-β-ribosyl-6-amino-2-methylaminopurine to the ribonucleotide level have been eliminated. Di- and triphosphoribosyl-6-amino-2-methylaminopurine constitute the major methylated derivatives; their synthesis offers an explanation for the presence of 6-amino-2-methylaminopurine in cellular RNA. 2-Aminopurine follows the same metabolic pathways though at a greatly reduced rate. The methyltransferase is present in all Gram-negative bacteria examined; no activity has been detected in other microorganisms. S -Adenosylmethionine: thiopurine S -methyltransferase has a very limited distribution in microorganisms; low activity has been detected in a few species of Gram-negative bacteria. The thiopurine methyltransferase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , which appears to be distinct from the 2-aminopurine methyltransferase of that organism, methylates thiopurines and their ribosyl derivatives. In many respects the properties of the bacterial thiopurine methyltransferase closely parallel those of the corresponding mammalian enzyme and of the bacterial aminopurine methyltransferase.
Data continuity of Landsat-4 TM, Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETM+, and Advanced Land Imager (ALI) sensors

The data from the Landsat program constitutes the longest record of the Earth's surface as seen from space. Landsat 1 was launched in 1972 with the Multi-Spectral Scanner sensor (MSS), which was specifically designed for land remote sensing. This sensor proved so valuable that it was used with four subsequent Landsat missions. In 1982, Landsat 4 was launched with two sensors, MSS and a new sensor called the Thematic Mapper (TM) which had significant improvements in resolution as well as additional bands. The same payload was launched on Landsat 5 in 1984. Landsat 6 was launched in 1993 but failed to reach orbit. Landsat 7 was launched in 1999 with an improved TM sensor called the Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+). The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) was launched in 2000 on the EO-1 (Earth Observer-1) satellite to test technology that will be used for the next Landsat platform, Landsat 8. In comparison to Landsat 7 ETM+, EO1 ALI provides a greater signal to noise ratio, a pushbroom sensor, greater quantization, and additional wavelength bands. As technology evolved, newer Landsat sensors were modified slightly while keeping in mind the importance of historical data continuity. There is a keen interest in documenting data continuity over the different Landsat sensors. This study attempts to quantify (within the limits of available information) data continuity over the three most recent Landsat sensors and the EO-1 ALI sensor. The data set in this analysis includes images from Landsat 4, 5, and 7 TM beginning in 1989 and images from the EO-1ALI platform acquired in 2001. All the images used were received radiometrically corrected to NASA level 1.
Evolution of a new multidisciplinary subspecialty: interventional neuroradiology/neuroendovascular surgery.

The field of interventional neuroradiology was developed originally in the early 1960s when Lussenhop, a neurosurgeon, described the technique of intravascular embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations by injecting silastic beads directly into the arteries of the neck for occlusion [(1)][1
Heart Rate and Liking During “Kinect Boxing” Versus “Wii Boxing”: The Potential for Enjoyable Vigorous Physical Activity Videogames

Abstract Objective: Nintendo® (Kyoto, Japan) “Wii™ Sports Boxing” (“Wii Boxing”) and Xbox® (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) “Kinect® Sports Boxing” (“Kinect Boxing”) are both boxing simulation videogames that are available for two different active videogame (AVG) systems. Although these AVGs are similar, the style of gameplay required is different (i.e., upper body only versus total body movements) and may alter physical activity intensity and one's preference for playing one game over the other. AVGs that elicit the greatest physiologic challenge and are preferred by users should be identified in an effort to enhance the efficacy of physical activity interventions and programs that include AVGs. Materials and Methods: The mean heart rate (HRmean) and peak heart rate (HRpeak) for 27 adults (22.7±4.2 years old) were recorded during four 10-minute conditions: seated rest, treadmill walking at 3 miles/hour, “Wii Boxing,” and “Kinect Boxing.” Upon completion of all four conditions, participants indicated which condit...
The homology and origins of intermuscular bones in fishes: phylogenetic or biomechanical determinants?

Fish body muscles are arranged along the vertebral column in three-dimensional W-shaped blocks, called myomeres. Each myomere is separated from its neighbours by a collagenous sheet, the myoseptum, and embedded in these myosepta and in positions that are conserved throughout gnathostome evolution are distinct tendons. Within teleosts these tendons often ossify. Ossification is usually intramembranous but cartilaginous structures within the tendons have also been reported. Ossified myoseptal tendons are homologous to intermuscular bones and appear only in teleosts. The phylogenetic signal of myoseptal tendon ossfication has not been tested previously, although the presence and morphology of intermuscular bones have been used to infer phylogenetic relationships. We sample over a broad phylogenetic range of teleost fishes to test for (1) the effects of phylogenetic history on the presence of intermuscular bones and (2) morphological correlations with the presence of intermuscular bones. Body shape and fin position as well as vertebral number and aspect ratio are characters that are likely to affect the distribution of stresses along myoseptal tendons, and are therefore good functional predictors of myoseptal tendon ossification. We use the summary information by Patterson & Johnson for a list of species with intermuscular bones and reanalyse the homology of intermuscular bones to myoseptal tendons. We find that there is a phylogenetic signal in the distribution of four out of six ossified tendons, but that after correcting for phylogenetic relationships there are still morphological predictors for the presence of all ossified tendons. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106, 607‐622.
Effect of Temperature on the Enzymatic Polymerization of 4‐Propylphenol: An In Situ 1H‐NMR Study

Abstract The effect of temperature on the concentration of the major reactive species as a function of H2O2 addition in the enzymatic polymerization of 4‐propylphenol was investigated using in situ 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. We have studied the trend of monomer depletion and the formation of predominant dimers with an incremental addition of H2O2 at different temperatures. The trends for depletion of monomer are very similar while the trends for the dimers display dramatic differences at the investigated temperatures. The dynamic equilibrium stage of dimers was observed only in the case of low reaction temperature. The comparison of the in situ spectra recorded at different reaction temperatures suggests that less undesired side reactions occurred at low temperature. #Dedicated to the memory of Professor Sukant K. Tripathy.
Investigating the Efficacy of Peptide-based Inhibitors Against the Earliest Oligomers of Amyloid-β Peptide

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to the self-association of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), a protein of 39-43 amino acids that is normally soluble in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Although large, fibrillar aggregates were long thought to be the pathogenic agents, recent evidence indicates that soluble Aβ oligomers are more closely linked to disease progression. In fact, negative effects have been observed from oligomers as small as dimers and trimers. A number of compounds have been found to inhibit the large-scale aggregation of Aβ in bulk solution, typically by manipulating the β-sheet structure characteristic of these assemblies, but little is known regarding inhibition of the earliest association steps. We have used single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize the efficacy of four known peptide-based inhibitors toward preventing or reversing association in the earliest Aβ oligomers (n = 2-5). Fluorescein- and biotin-labeled Aβ(1-40) is tethered to functionalized cover slips (pM concentrations) through biotin-streptavidin binding. Spatially resolved monomers and oligomers are examined, one at a time; the number of associated peptides in each species is determined based on quantized photobleaching of the individual dye molecules. Distributions of Aβ monomers and oligomers are determined through examination of dozens of individual peptide species, and permit comparison of the different inhibitor compounds. Results will be presented for inhibition under neutral versus acidic conditions (pH 7.4 versus 5.8). Collectively, these studies will provide new insight into the potential for reversing or preventing Aβ association in its earliest stages.
Cheryl B. Anderson, Ancient Laws and Contemporary Controversies: The Need for Inclusive Biblical Interpretation

(2010). Cheryl B. Anderson, Ancient Laws and Contemporary Controversies: The Need for Inclusive Biblical Interpretation. Black Theology: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 251-252.
Thermochemical investigations of associated solutions. 7. Development of solubility expressions based on the huyskens and haulait-pirson definition of solution ideality

Abstract The Huyskens and Haulait-Pirson model is applied to associated solutions. Expressions are derived for the determination of solute-solvent equilibrium constants from solute solubility as a function of solvent composition and the excess Gibbs free energy of the binary solvent mixture. Literature values for the solubility of carbazole in ten binary dibutyl ether + alkane solvent mixtures are used to illustrate the calculational procedure. Equilibrium constants for a presumed carbazole-dibutyl ether complex are functions of both mole and volume fraction compositions, and the numerical values vary slightly for the ten inert cosolvents studied.
Decentralized key generation scheme for cellular-based heterogeneous wireless ad hoc networks

With the support of cellular system a cellular-based mobile ad hoc network (MANET) offers promising communication scenarios while entails secure data exchange as other wireless systems. In this paper, we propose a novel decentralized key generation mechanism using shared symmetric polynomials in which the base stations (BSs) carry out an initial key generation by a symmetric polynomial in a distributed manner and then pass on the key material to mobile stations (MSs). Thereafter, our proposed key generation scheme enables each pair of MSs to establish a pairwise key without any intervention from the BS, thus reducing the management cost for the BS. The shared key between two MSs is computed without any interaction between them. In addition, the trust among MSs is derived from the cellular infrastructure, thus enjoying an equal security level as provided in the underlying cellular network. Simulations are done to observe the system performance and the results are very encouraging.
From Basic Processes to Real-World Problems: How Research on Emotion and Emotion Regulation Can Inform Understanding of Psychopathology, and Vice Versa

Research on emotion and emotion regulation is expected to improve our understanding of psychopathology. However, achieving this understanding requires overcoming several obstacles, including the paucity of objective markers of specific emotions or psychiatric diagnoses, and the fact that emotion regulation is a concept that can be difficult to operationalize. We review affective neuroscience research that has addressed these issues by focusing on psychological and neural mechanisms implicated in approach and avoidance behaviors, as revealed by studies of fear, anxiety, and reward processing. Dysfunction in these mechanisms may serve as risk markers for psychopathology, while emotion regulation research demonstrates that some of them are susceptible to volitional control. The conclusion acknowledges limitations of affective neuroscience and highlights goals for future work.
Laser beam diagnostics: a conference overview

An overview is given to the papers included in the Laser Beam Diagnostics Conference of SPIE's Symposium on High Power Lasers.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
American Jurassic Symmetrodonts and Rhaetic "Pantotheres"

The molar morphology of the symmetrodonts Tinodon and Eurylambda from the late Jurassic of North America is virtually identical to that of so-called "pantotheres" from the Rhaetic of Wales. Therefore a primitive symmetrodont molar pattern was probably present in the phylogeny of pantotherian and tribosphenic molars. Occlusion of Tinodon and Eurylambda produced complex wear facets unlike the simple trigon-trigonid shear surfaces of Spalacotherium and Peralestes.
A Transient, Neuron-Wide Form of CREB-Mediated Long-Term Facilitation Can Be Stabilized at Specific Synapses by Local Protein Synthesis

In a culture system where a bifurcated Aplysia sensory neuron makes synapses with two motor neurons, repeated application of serotonin (5-HT) to one synapse produces a CREB-mediated, synapse-specific, long-term facilitation, which can be captured at the opposite synapse by a single pulse of 5-HT. Repeated pulses of 5-HT applied to the cell body of the sensory neuron produce a CREB-dependent, cell-wide facilitation, which, unlike synapse-specific facilitation, is not associated with growth and does not persist beyond 48 hr. Persistent facilitation and synapse-specific growth can be induced by a single pulse of 5-HT applied to a peripheral synapse. Thus, the short-term process initiated by a single pulse of 5-HT serves not only to produce transient facilitation, but also to mark and stabilize any synapse of the neuron for long-term facilitation by means of a covalent mark and rapamycin-sensitive local protein synthesis.
Neon in gas-rich samples of the carbonaceous chondrites Mokoia, Murchison, and Cold Bokkeveld

High-resolution stepwise-release patterns of neon extracted from gas-rich whole-rock samples of the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites Murchison, Cold Bokkeveld, and Mokoia are characterized by multiple release peaks and complex isotopic variations. Mokoia contains abundant ancient solar wind neon with ^(20)Ne/^(22)Ne = 13.7, identical in composition to the modern solar wind. For Murchison and Cold Bokkeveld, ^(20)Ne/^(22)Ne ratios of low-temperature release fractions are about 11 and 12.4, respectively. In higher-temperature fractions ^(20)Ne/^(22)Ne of trapped neon migrates toward neon-E, reaching a minimum of 6.9 for Murchison. Features in the Murchison thermal release and isotopic variation patterns can be associated with the release of neon from the gas-rich trace phases chromite/carbon and “Q”. The characteristic high-temperature release of neon-E is closely related to the release of neon from “Q” in Murchison. For simplicity, in this paper we consider a model in which neon in the early solar system consisted originally of two components, one component in the gas phase and the second trapped in dust grains. Neon present in solar system reservoirs today is then described as a mixture of galactic cosmic ray spallation neon and two primary trapped components, neon with (^(20)Ne/^(22)Ne)_t = 13.7 and neon-E. The composition of neon in the gas phase is determined from the composition of neon in the sun. Intermediate neon compositions observed in condensed materials such as the earth and meteorites require mechanisms such as gravitational collection, ion implantation or adsorption to combine gas-phase neon with dust-phase neon. The present detailed release patterns show no clear evidence of preferred intermediate compositions such as neon-A. The apparently uniform composition of neon in gas-rich chromite/carbon residues may represent a special mixture of gas-phase and dust-phase neon, but requires detailed investigation. The composition of neon in “Q” is variable and different from the composition in chromite/carbon. It is suggested that the total neon composition in a solar system object will be determined by the relative proportions of various gas-rich trace phases accreted, plus the amounts incorporated of galactic cosmic ray spallation neon and pure gas-phase neon such as the solar wind.
Prescribing aversive relapse to enhance nonsmoking treatment gains: A pilot study *

The effectiveness of an aversively administered programmed relapse to facilitate non-smoking treatment gains was tested. Sixty subjects received a two-stage stop smoking treatment: Stage one focused on obtaining immediate cessation. At stage two, quitters received a single exposure to one form of relapse training: 1) in vivo programmed relapse, where a single cigarette was smoked aversively, 2) imaginal relapse rehearsal, where participants imagined smoking a single cigarette with concurrent negative imagery, or 3) abstinence training. Follow-up measures of abstinence taken at one week found no differences between conditions. At week eight there were fewer quitters in the imaginal relapse rehearsal group; however, this finding did not persist in subsequent follow-ups. Although a trend was noted for proportion quit at 6 months and 1 year favoring the in vivo relapse training group, differences did not reach significance. This was, in part, due to the small number of quitters across groups which resulted in inadequate statistical power at follow-ups. The limitations of these findings, as well as the implications for the role of prescribed relapse as an adjunct treatment for enhancing long-term nonsmoking gains, are discussed.
The Effect of Profile Design, Bias Conditions and Load Impedance on Inter-Modulation Distortion in C-Band GaAs Power FETs

A comparison of the intermodulation distortion performance of FETs fabricated with flat, spike and 1/x3 type profiles showed that they differ most in their response to gate bias. The effect of load impedance is similar in the three cases and is closely related to its effect on gain compression. A statistical comparison of 43 devices confirmed that the spike profile offers a small but distinct linearity improvement over the other types.
What risk assessments can tell us about setting criteria

Abstract The Food Safety Objective (FSO) paradigm has been developed as a risk-based approach to microbial food safety. To be operational, this paradigm requires that an Acceptable Level of Protection (ALOP) and a FSO be quantitatively defined. It then becomes the industry’s task to produce foods that achieve the FSO. A two-dimensional risk assessment, which separates variation and uncertainty, can help design a process or validate an existing process. If the initially proposed or existing process parameters do not meet the FSO, the sensitivity analysis can show which parameters have high uncertainty or variability that can be better controlled or how much a parameter must change for the process to achieve the FSO.
Table for constructing the spin coefficients in general relativity.

The spin coefficients in spinor calculus in Riemannian space-time are linear functions of the curls of the connecting quantities (the Infeld--Van der Waerden symbols). We show that in the Newman-Penrose formalism the expressions for the spin coefficients are quite manageable, if they are written in terms of the Newman-Penrose tetrad vectors. We present a table of the components of the spin coefficients explicitly in terms of the curls of the individual tetrad vectors.
Standardized Elastic Moduli of Pavement Layers for Overlay Design

The application of elastic theory to the design of overlays on existing pavement requires that a modulus of elasticity be assigned to the existing structural system. Estimates of elastic modulus are obtained from dynamic deflection readings in the field; but asphalt is a highly temperature-sensitive viscoelastic material, and deflections not corrected to a standard temperature can produce misleading results. It is therefore the objective of the present study to develop a procedure for estimating an effective modulus of elasticity for a layer of asphaltic concrete in which a temperature gradient exists because of the combined influences of solar radiation, wind, air temperature, cloud cover, and other variables specific to time and location that cause temperature variations within the pavement layer. Two models are presented for the achievement of that objective. The first of the two models has been designed to utilize site-specific conditions for calculating a temperature profile at a given time within an...
A formalism for the assignment of uncertainties to clinical probabilities of hypothyroidism, euthyroidism, and hyperthyroidism

A formalism for the optimal estimation of the probabilities of hypothyroidism, euthyroidism, and hyperthyroidism is outlined. The scheme provides a means for assigning uncertainties to the estimates. These uncertainties can be used to determine whether or not the difference between two probabilities is statistically significant. Clinical data are utilized to illustrate the method.
Social compensation or rich-get-richer? The role of social competence in college students' use of the Internet to find a partner

Online dating continues to grow rapidly in popularity every day, yet the role of social competence in online dating behavior remains unclear. This study was designed to expand previous research and conduct a comprehensive investigation on how social competence is associated with college students' online dating behaviors, perceptions, and attitudes. Two hypotheses were tested: The social compensation hypothesis (SCH)-socially incompetent individuals would engage in more online dating, and the rich-get-richer hypothesis (RGRH)-socially competent individuals would use online dating more than their incompetent counterparts. The results showed that incompetent individuals, despite their ability to see benefits in online dating, did not show a favorable attitude towards online dating. They indicated a more frequent use of and a stronger preference for face-to-face dating compared to online dating, which contradicted the SCH. There were weak associations between competence traits and online dating behavior. Socially competent individuals perceived less benefit and showed less interest in online dating, which disconfirmed the RGRH.
Environmental Sustainability at Work: A Call to Action

As world economies and organizations transform to minimize, mitigate, and neutralize their environmental impact and adapt for environmental sustainability, industrial and organizational psychologists are uniquely positioned to aid in these efforts. Industrial and organizational (I–O) psychology has a central role to play and a duty to contribute to organizational greening initiatives. In making our case, we first describe how economic activities, organizations, and workplaces of today are in the midst of unprecedented change in terms of their impacts on and relations with the natural environment. To ensure conceptual clarity, we then delineate environmental sustainability constructs that are relevant in work settings and distinguish them from related concepts (e.g., social responsibility). We also provide an overview of psychological contributions to environmental sustainability and note that so far there is limited I–O psychological research and application. We conclude by describing ways in which I–O psychologists can contribute.
Parotid salivary basic proline-rich proteins inhibit HIV-I infectivity.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular nature, spectrum of activity and mechanism(s) of action of those human parotid basic proline-rich proteins that exhibit anti-HIV-1 activity. DESIGN: Fractions containing the basic proline-rich proteins were obtained from human parotid saliva of presumed HIV-1 non-infected human subjects and characterized with respect to their purity, apparent molecular size and their ability to inhibit the infectivity of T-tropic and M-tropic strains of HIV-1. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stimulated parotid saliva samples were collected from human subjects who denied having any risk factors for HIV-1 infection and whose parotid salivas inhibited HIV-1 infectivity. Such samples were subjected to affinity, molecular sieve and ion exchange chromatography to isolate individual salivary components. Those fractions demonstrating anti-HIV-1 activity were analyzed by SDS-PAGE in order to assess their purity and determine their apparent molecular weights. HIV-1 inhibitory activity was determined using HIV-1 strains LAI and BaL in a Hela cell-derived multinuclear activation of a galactosidase indicator (MAGI) assay. Amino acid analyses were performed on some fractions. RESULTS: Recombinant gp120-CH-Sepharose chromatography of one subject's parotid saliva revealed specific binding of human parotid basic proline-rich proteins, most prominently one with an apparent molecular weight of 37 kDa. Molecular sieve and cation exchange chromatography yielded a fraction greatly enriched in this protein which amino acid analysis confirmed was proline-rich. A similar fraction from two other subjects also contained basic proline-rich proteins of similar molecular size. These fractions inhibited both T-tropic and M-tropic strains of HIV-1 when assayed in the MAGI system. Since SLPI activity is not observable in the MAGI assay, this inhibition was not due to SLPI. The presence of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in the active fractions was precluded on the basis of SDS-PAGE examination. CONCLUSIONS: Specific basic proline-rich proteins in human parotid saliva possess significant anti-HIV-1 activity independent of that attributable to SLPI or TSP-1. Since the inhibition is detectable with the MAGI assay, its mechanism of action involves virus-host cell interaction prior to the introduction of the tat gene product into the host cell and may be through the binding of the basic proline-rich proteins to the HIV-1 gp120 coat of the virus.
Increased bone microhardness in fluoride treated rats.

Microhardness was measured in sampling sites in the tibial diaphysis of control rats that received less than 1 ppm fluoride in the drinking water, and experimental rats that received 30, 90 and 120 ppm fluoride in the drinking water for 17 days. The latter dose was toxic, as evidenced by a decreased final body weight in this group. By means of tetracycline labelling, it was possible to measure bone hardness in four zones of increasing bone age: I) 3 days, II) 8 days, III) 13 days and IV) 22 days. Zones I through III represented bone formed during fluoride treatment, and Zone IV bone formed before fluoride treatment. In the control group, microhardness increased from Zone I to II, probably because mineral concentration was relatively low in Zone I, and remained constant thereafter. In the 90 and 120 ppm fluoride-treated groups, maximum microhardness was not achieved until Zone III. This delay was probably due to the fact that fluoride in large doses inhibits the rate of mineralization. In the 30 ppm fluoride-treated group, there was no delay in achievement of maximum microhardness; microhardness values in Zones I and III were greater than those in control animals, and microhardness in Zone III was higher than that in Zone IV. These results show that: 1) bone microhardness is increased in bone formed during fluoride treatment in rats given 30 ppm fluoride in the drinking water, 2) toxic doses of fluoride delay, but do not prevent achievement of normal maximum microhardness, and 3) changes in microhardness are seen only in bone formed during fluoride treatment.
Metabolic conversion of fluorenone oxime to phenanthridinone by hepatic enzymes.

Fluorenone oxime is converted to phenanthridinone by enzymes present in rat liver homogenates. The reaction is analogous to the chemical Beckman rearrangement. The oxime-amide rearrangement enzyme is localized primarily in the microsomes, with some activity in the cytosol. The reaction requires reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and observes Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The reaction is relatively slow (Vmax = 7.75 ± 2.01 nmoles of phenanthridinone formed/100 mg of liver/15 min), but the enzyme reaches maximum velocity at relatively low substrate concentrations (Km = 3.90 ± 1.85 × 10−5M). The reaction is strongly competitively inhibited by 1-decylimidazole (KI = 3.75 ± 1.77 × 10−7M) and inhibited to a lesser extent by the chelating agents bipyridyl (KI = 1.33 ± 0.21 × 10−3M) and ethylenediamine tetraacetate (KI = 1.00 ± 0.28 × 10−3M) and the sulfhydryl binding agent p-chloromercuribenzoate (KI = 2.71 ± 0.07 × 10−4M). Studies also suggest that the reaction mechanism does not involve initial enzymatic substrate esterification through acetylation, glucuronidation, phosphorylation, or sulfation.
Hsp70 alters tau function and aggregation in an isoform specific manner

Tauopathies are characterized by abnormal aggregation of the microtubule associated protein tau. This aggregation is thought to occur when tau undergoes shifts from its native conformation to one that exposes hydrophobic areas on separate monomers, allowing contact and subsequent association into oligomers and filaments. Molecular chaperones normally function by binding to exposed hydrophobic stretches on proteins and assisting in their refolding. Chaperones of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family have been implicated in the prevention of abnormal tau aggregation in adult neurons. Tau exists as six alternatively spliced isoforms, and all six isoforms appear capable of forming the pathological aggregates seen in Alzheimer's disease. Because tau isoforms differ in primary sequence, we sought to determine whether Hsp70 would differentially affect the aggregation and microtubule assembly characteristics of the various tau isoforms. We found that Hsp70 inhibits tau aggregation directly and not through inducer-mediated effects. We also determined that Hsp70 inhibits the aggregation of each individual tau isoform and was more effective at inhibiting the three repeat isoforms. Finally, all tau isoforms robustly induced microtubule formation while in the presence of Hsp70. The results presented herein indicate that Hsp70 affects tau isoform dysfunction while having very little impact on the normal function of tau to mediate microtubule assembly. This indicates that targeting Hsp70 to tau may provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of tauopathies that avoids disruption of normal tau function.
Lifestyle Exposures and Eye Diseases in Adults

Purpose To provide a perspective of observed associations between lifestyle exposures and eye diseases in adults. Design Summary of recent epidemiologic studies. Methods Nonsystematic review of the literature. Results Data suggest that some lifestyle exposures (e.g., smoking) are significantly associated with risk of several different diseases, suggesting that altering behaviors may decrease risk. Where risk is inherent to an occupational or recreational activity, eye protection is likely to decrease risk. Conclusions Although data are imperfect, it seems that some lifestyle alterations may decrease the risk of eye diseases at little or no risk to the individual.
Rotating-mirror high-speed-camera control system

The rotating mirror high-speed camera control system is an important part of the camera. Chip microprocessor technique is the core of this system. By means of software combined with hardware, the camera can automatically finish the whole high-speed photograph control. This paper introduces its structure operating principle methods and specifications.
Fission yeast enters the stationary phase G0 state from either mitotic G1 or G2

The cell cycle of Schizosaccharomyces pombe in continuous culture is controlled at two steps, one which limits the transition from G1 to S phase and the other which determines the timing of cell division. We have investigated, by means of flow-cytofluorometry, the cell cycle characteristics of nutritionally starved cells in stationary phase. Cells were shown to become arrested in either G1 or G2, in ratios which depended on the composition of the growth medium. G1 and G2 stationary phase cells share certain properties. (1) They become relatively resistant to heat shock. (2) They can reenter the cell cycle after subculture into fresh medium. (3) The G1 and G2 arrested populations have equal long-term viability in stationary phase. (4) Both populations require the activity of the cdc2+ gene for reentry into the cell cycle. We suggest that cell cycle arrest in stationary phase is regulated by the activity of the same G1 and G2 controls which limit the rate of cell cycle progression in continuous culture. The data demonstrate that in fission yeast the transition from G1 to S phase does not mark a point of commitment to the completion of the cell cycle.
Modification of the rates of chain cleavage of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) and related polyesters in the solid state

Abstract The rates of chain cleavage of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL), poly ( l -lactic acid) (PLLA), and a 3:7 copolymer of glycolic acid and l -lactic acid (PGLA) as films in water, alcohols, and acidic and basic reagents were determined by measurements of intrinsic viscosities and molecular weights. Partial ethoxylation of the carboxylic acid end groups of PCL reduced the rate of chain cleavage in water, consistent with an autocatalytic mechanism. The firstorder rate constants for hydrolysis of PCL, PLLA, and PGLA were 7.5 × 10−5, 7.4 × 10−5, and 1.2 × 10−3 h−1, respectively. Ethanol, pentanol, 5% oleic acid, decylamine, and tributylamine increased the rate of chain cleavage of PCL but not that of PLLA. The rate of erosion but not the rate of chain cleavage of PGLA was enhanced by these reagents, with the exception of pentanol. Changes in the morphology of the polymers during degradation were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. The origin of the more rapid rate of hydrolysis of PGLA, relative to PCL and PLLA, appears to be the intrinsic reactivity of the glycolate linkage.
The role of cortisol and psychopathy in the cycle of violence

Rationale Child abuse and neglect are universal risk factors for delinquency, violence, and aggression; this phenomenon is known as the cycle of violence. Additional factors—psychopathy, impulsiveness, and disruptions in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis—play a role in aggressive behavior but have rarely been examined in the same conceptual and experimental framework.
Authority, property and aboriginal Australia

Abstract An accumulation of anthropological work on traditional ownership in the Northern Territory provides the opportunity for an approach to explanation of Aboriginal political concepts within political inquiry in Australia. The complex of Aboriginal ideas about property and authority can be examined using tools of analysis available outside liberal theory.
Serial amnioinfusions prevent fetal pulmonary hypoplasia in a large animal model of oligohydramnios.

Abstract Background/Purpose Severe neonatal pulmonary hypoplasia incurs mortality rates approaching 71% to 95%. We sought to determine the utility of serial amnioinfusions through a subcutaneously implanted intraamniotic catheter to prevent pulmonary hypoplasia in fetal obstructive uropathy. Methods Fetal lambs (n = 32) were divided into 3 groups. Group I (n = 12) underwent a sham operation, group II (n = 15) underwent a complete urinary tract obstruction via ligation of the urachus and urethra with a subcutaneous tunneled intraamniotic port-a-cath without amnioinfusions, and group III (n = 5) underwent a creation of a complete urinary tract obstruction with a port-a-cath as described in group II with serial amnioinfusions. Lung tissue was analyzed by lung volume to body weight ratios and stereology. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance and Bonferroni comparisons ( P Results Obstructed fetuses grossly had smaller lungs than treated and control animals. Lung volume to body weight ratios were statistically significant between groups. Airspace fractions were comparable between groups I and III (average = 0.53 and 0.55, respectively), although both were significantly greater than group II (average = 0.48) ( P = .049). Conclusions Serial amnioinfusions through an intraamniotic port-a-cath prevented pulmonary hypoplasia in an ovine model of complete obstructive uropathy. The use of an easily accessible device for amnioinfusions may be a viable option to treat oligohydramnios.
Convective upwelling in the mantle beneath the Gulf of California

In the past six million years, Baja California has rifted obliquely apart from North America, opening up the Gulf of California. Between transform faults, seafloor spreading and rifting is well established in several basins. Other than hotspot-dominated Iceland, the Gulf of California is the only part of the world's seafloor-spreading system that has been surrounded by enough seismometers to provide horizontal resolution of upper-mantle structure at a scale of 100 kilometres over a distance great enough to include several spreading segments. Such resolution is needed to address the long-standing debate about the relative importance of dynamic and passive upwelling in the shallow mantle beneath spreading centres. Here we use Rayleigh-wave tomography to image the shear velocity in the upper 200 kilometres or so of the mantle. Low shear velocities similar to those beneath the East Pacific Rise oceanic spreading centre underlie the entire length of the Gulf, but there are three concentrated locations of anomalously low velocities spaced about 250 kilometres apart. These anomalies are 40 to 90 kilometres beneath the surface, at which depths petrological studies indicate that extensive melting of passively upwelling mantle should begin. We interpret these seismic velocity anomalies as indicating that partial melting triggers dynamic upwelling driven by either the buoyancy of retained melt or by the reduced density of depleted mantle.