cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why People Immigrate: The Evidence

In this chapter, we survey the empirical evidence on the determinants of international migration. The empirical literature on determinants is very small, partially due to lack of appropriate data for many countries. Existing studies focus mostly on U.S., Canadian and European immigration, and this literature provides support for the human capital investment view of immigration. However, the evidence also indicates that there are many other important social and political determinants of immigration.
Histological and ultrastructural reaction to different materials for orthopaedic application.

Abstract Prosthetic joints loosening in absence of infection is the most common reason for revision surgery and is known as aseptic loosening. A significant role in the pathogenesis of implant failure undoubtedly played by the generation of wear debris, mainly from the load bearing joint surfaces, and the cellular reaction through the formation of tissue membrane around implants. This article analyzes histologic, immunohistochemical ad ultrastructural aspects of periprosthetic tissue membrane collected at time of surgical revision, paying attention on cell host response to different materials: metals, polyethylene and ceramics. Dimension of particles seems to be crucial in the activation of different cell population to wear debris.
Impedance control of microstrip antennas using reactive loading

It is shown that it is possible to change the input impedance of a microstrip antenna over a wide range without affecting its resonant frequency by moving short circuits along prescribed loci. This theory has been verified by experiment; specifically, it is shown that the resonant frequency of the mode is left relatively unchanged by the appropriate placement of the short circuit loads. The experiment also shows that the agreement between the predicted and observed input impedance is quite reasonable in most cases. There was qualitative agreement between theoretical antenna patterns and measured antenna patterns although the measured cross-polarized components in the double-loaded element were higher than expected from the theory. A single load, varying in position, was seen to provide a reasonable range of impedance variation while retaining a very nearly constant resonant frequency, although the resulting asymmetries in the magnetic current distribution caused a high level of cross-polarized fields. The use of two loads, instead, produced an even greater range of possible impedances, with reduced cross-polarization levels as well. >
The Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire: validation of the English translation.

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ; Gosselin, P., Langlois, F., Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M. J., & Pelletier, O. (2002). Le Questionnaire d'evitement cognitif (QEC): Developpement et validation aupres d'adultes et d'adolescents [The Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ): Development and validation among adult and adolescent samples]. Journal de Therapie Comportementale et Cognitive, 12, 24-37) English translation. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 456 (65.3% female; mean age=23.13 years, S.D.=5.18 years) undergraduate students at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. The CAQ assesses five worry-related cognitive avoidance strategies, namely Thought Suppression, Thought Substitution, Distraction, Avoidance of Threatening Stimuli, and the Transformation of Images into Thoughts. The CAQ scale and subscales showed good to excellent internal consistency and good stability over a 5-week period. A confirmatory factor analysis found support for the proposed subscales, though the overall goodness-of-fit was lower than expected. Preliminary evidence of convergent and divergent validity was found with measures of worry, thought suppression, and dispositional coping styles. The relationship between the CAQ and specific dispositional coping styles, however, was dependent on the context of the situation in which the information-seeking and information-avoidant coping strategies were employed. Specifically, the CAQ was negatively correlated with vigilance in controllable situations and positively correlated with both information-avoidance in controllable situations and information-seeking in uncontrollable situations.
Priorities for patient-centered research.

The research programs at the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) span the entire spectrum, from basic to applied research. The VA Research and Development Office is especially committed to research relevant to illnesses or conditions important to and prevalent among patients who are veterans.1 Examples of prevalent conditions among veterans include heart, brain, and peripheral vascular disease; diabetes mellitus (type II); prostate diseases, including cancer; other brain diseases such as depression, schizophrenia, and major affective disorders; and substance abuse. Special patient populations, such as disabled veterans with spinal cord injuries or those with sensory impairment, are another high priority in the VA. In addition, overarching health systems issues, such as quality of care, access to care, and cost of care, are important research priorities. With health of veterans as our foremost research priority, our commitment to clinical research is reflected directly in our research portfolio. In fiscal year 1998, nearly 75% of the appropriated VA research budget was allocated to support clinical research, as defined in a recent Institute of Medicine report.2 In addition, approximately 50% of the VA research budget is allocated to patient-centered clinical research. These research priorities establish the commitment of the VA research program to health care, not just to basic biomedical science. The three research services in the VA that focus primarily on clinical and patient-centered research priorities include the Cooperative Studies Program, Health Services Research, and the Rehabil-
Reexamining Region, Ethnicity, and Language in Ukraine

The extent to which Ukraine should "look" east or west has been a major question in studies of post-Soviet Ukraine. This article asks what explains variation in attachment to Russia among the Ukrainian public. Using survey data collected in July 2005 by the Kiev International Institute of Sociology, the principal questions of what regional effects in the country represent, whether language is as weak as some studies have indicated, and whether region, language, and nationality interact to affect political attitudes beyond the sum of their individual, independent effects are considered. More broadly, the article seeks to develop a more complete understanding of political attitudes in Ukraine.
Food-web modification by an invertebrate predator in the Great Salt Lake (USA).

During unusually wet years the salinity of the Great Salt Lake (Utah) decreased from above 100 g/L to 50 g/L. This allowed the predaceous insect Trichocorixa verticalis to invade the pelagic region of the lake and reach a mean summer density of 52/m3. Concurrent changes in the pelagic ecosystem were: a decrease in the dry biomass of the previously dominant filter-feeding brine shrimp Artemia franciscana from 720 to 2 mg/m3, the invasion of three other zooplankton taxa, a 10 × decrease in community filtration rate, a 20 × increase in chlorophyll a concentration, a 4 × decrease in water clarity and perhaps a decrease in soluble nutrients. Trichocorixa abundance was also inversely correlated with the abundance of Artemia along a salinity gradient in the lake's estuary. In a 9-d microcosm experiment Trichocorixa preyed on nauplii and decreased the total density of Artemia from 103 to 6/L. The reduction in Artemia allowed protozoans to increase 10–100 ×. Changes in chlorophyll and clarity were consistent with those observed in the lake. These results suggest that invertebrate predation may be an important factor structuring simple food webs such as those found in moderately saline lakes.
Effect of Adjuvants on Responses to Skin Immunization by Microneedles Coated with Influenza Subunit Vaccine

Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccine delivery to the skin by vaccine-coated microneedles; however there is little information on the effects of adjuvants using this approach for vaccination. Here we investigate the use of TLR ligands as adjuvants with skin-based delivery of influenza subunit vaccine. BALB/c mice received 1 µg of monovalent H1N1 subunit vaccine alone or with 1 µg of imiquimod or poly(I:C) individually or in combination via coated microneedle patches inserted into the skin. Poly(I:C) adjuvanted subunit influenza vaccine induced similar antigen-specific immune responses compared to vaccine alone when delivered to the skin by microneedles. However, imiquimod-adjuvanted vaccine elicited higher levels of serum IgG2a antibodies and increased hemagglutination inhibition titers compared to vaccine alone, suggesting enhanced induction of functional antibodies. In addition, imiquimod-adjuvanted vaccine induced a robust IFN-γ cellular response. These responses correlated with improved protection compared to influenza subunit vaccine alone, as well as reduced viral replication and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. The finding that microneedle delivery of imiquimod with influenza subunit vaccine induces improved immune responses compared to vaccine alone supports the use of TLR7 ligands as adjuvants for skin-based influenza vaccines.
Are predictive factors clinically useful in bone marrow transplantation

Variables that accurately predict the clinical outcome of any procedure, including bone marrow transplantation (BMT), are of paramount importance when assessing the risks and benefits of the procedure. This review of the world's literature of variables affecting overall outcome after myeloablative BMT critically appraises the value of many bone marrow transplant dogmas. There is a relative paucity of data supporting many commonly used transplant practices, including having an upper age limit for eligibility criteria, and absolute requirements for cardiac and pulmonary function pre transplant. In contrast, recently published literature suggests that several parameters occurring soon after a BMT has been performed may accurately predict transplant outcome. Ultimately, given the rapidly evolving nature of BMT, renewed clinical research of variables predictive of transplant outcome is needed.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the role of the public health nurse in instituting a programme of home care services

Resume Cette etude se propose de decrire la situation dans une collectivite urbaine des patients souffrant de maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (COPD) et le role du personnel infirmier de la sante publique dans l'elaboration d'un programme de soins a domicile necessaires a ces patients. La base d'operation proposee pour ce service de soins a domicile etait la clinique de maladies pulmonaires d'un centre medical universitaire. Des donnees ont ete recueillies pendant une periode de neuf semaines et sur trois terrains de recherche: 1° L'analyse des fiches medicales a conduit a la description de 170 cas traites sur diagnostic primaire ou secondaire de COPD en 1968 et en 1969. 2° On a interroge a domicle un echantillon pris au hasard de 30 patients souffrant de COPD, analyse les caracteristiques des patients les plus et les moins propres a etre soignes a domicile et etabli un tableau signaletique des premiers. 3° On a analyse en fonction du contenu et de la concentration des activites aux differents stades pratiques un compte rendu de l'emploi du temps et des deplacements consacres par l'infirmiere a l'elaboration d'un programme de soins a domicile. Les observations figurant dans ce rapport font conclure a la necessite d'un systeme organise de soins a domicile en faveur des patients souffrant de maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique et font conclure aussi qu'un role est reserve a l'infirmiere de la sante publique dans la planification d'un programme de ce genre.
Influence of pH on particulate and soluble aconitase and glutamic dehydrogenase of Lupinus albus

Abstract pH optima for aconitase and glutamic dehydrogenase of lupine mitochondria are given. The optimum for aconitase shifts from pH 5.8 in the mitochondria to pH 7.0 when the enzyme is released from the particles by freezing and thawing. This difference in pH optimum for aconitase on particles and in solution cannot be explained by the theory of pH differences existing within the double layer surrounding a charged particle. The enzyme must therefore be located within the particle rather than at the external surface.
Magnetospheric application of high-altitude long-duration balloon technology: Daylight auroral observations

Abstract Daylight auroral imaging is a proposed application of the NASA high-altitude long-duration balloon technology. This paper discusses the theoretical background of this application and test observations, for proof of the feasibility. It is demonstrated that nitrogen auroral emissions in the near-infrared band are detectable at altitudes of 35–40 km and above using a near-infrared InGaAs camera. The purpose of such observations is to identify auroral small-scale structures that are manifestations of auroral particle accelerations and the solar wind – magnetosphere – ionosphere interaction. Use of this new approach will enable studies of the dayside aurora, low-latitude aurora, and storm-time and substorm-time auroral conjugacy.
Involvement of a cytoplasmic glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase GapC-2 in low-phosphate- induced anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis

Phosphorous is one of the essential mineral elements for plant growth and development. Typically, the shoots of plant seedlings usually turn a dark-brown or purple colour under low-Pi stress. Using protein 2-D gel and peptide mass fingerprinting mapping (PMF) methods, a cytoplasmic glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GapC-2 was identified as a low-Pi responsive protein in Arabidopsis plants. Expression of AtGapC-2 protein was significantly decreased after 4 d of low-Pi stress. Two independent T-DNA insertion lines of GapC-2 gene (At1g13440) showed a hypersensitive phenotype in response to low-Pi stress compared with wild type plants, while the transgenic complementation lines of the mutants showed a similar phenotype to the wild type. These results indicate that AtGapC-2 may play an important role in Arabidopsis responses to low-Pi stress, possibly by regulation of glycolysis-associated “Pi-pool” and accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in plants.
An introduction to the Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS)

This paper provides an introduction to the Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS), a MARC21 compatible XML schema for descriptive metadata. It explains the requirements that the schema targets and the special features that differentiate it from MARC, such as user‐oriented tags, regrouped data elements, linking, recursion, and accommodations for electronic resources.
Effective potential for spontaneously broken gauge theories and gauge hierarchies

The Appelquist-Carazzone effective-field-theory method, where one uses effective light-field coupling constants dependent on the heavy-field sector, is explicitly shown to be valid for the discussion of the gauge-hierarchy problem in grand unified gauge models. Using the method of functionals we derive an expression for the one-loop approximation to the scalar-field effective potential for spontaneously broken theories in an arbitrary ${R}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$ gauge. We argue that this potential generates, through its derivatives, valid zero-momentum, one-particle-irreducible vertices for any value of $\ensuremath{\xi}$ (not just the $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ Landau gauge). The equation that the one-loop vacuum correction must satisfy is presented, and we solve this equation for a number of spontaneously broken theories including gauge theories with gauge groups U(1) and SO(3). We find that a one-loop vacuum shift in a massless, non-Goldstone direction occurs via the Coleman-Weinberg mechanism with an effective coupling constant dependent on the heavy-field sector.
Some Social Economics Concepts for Future Research

Under the guidance of a recrudescent nineteenth century ideology, the governance of the global economy has been profoundly altered in the past three decades; indeed, a veritable Great Capitalist Restoration has emerged. It is important to view the transitioning economies and emerging market economies as part of this massive shift in governance. The concept of economic surplus offers a useful perspective on the political economy of governance regimes. Karl Polanyi’s post-Marxian view of lives and livelihood provides important insight into the nature of the Great Capitalist Restoration, its ideologically-driven impetus, and its eventual foundering on the shoals of instability, insecurity, inequality, and social and ecological unsustainability. The ineluctable crisis of the Great Capitalist Restoration provides another opportunity to construct a viable democratic economic future, one that avoids the pitfalls that brought down the corporate-welfare state, and offers more than inauthentic, joyless commodity consumption. To build the Road to this Future, we will need a powerful heterodox economic analysis of agency and governance, guided by a vision of an economy which is subordinate to the lives it provisions.
Role of hydrogen peroxide in experimental optic neuritis. A serial quantitative ultrastructural study.

In order to determine the role of H2O2in demyelination of the optic nerve, serial quantitative analysis of H2O2-derived cerium perhydroxide reaction product
Medical Record Validation of Maternally Reported Birth Characteristics and Pregnancy-related Events: A Report from the Children's Cancer Group

Epidemiologic studies frequently obtain exposure information through subjects' self-report (personal interview or mailed questionnaire). The authors used data from a case-control study of infant leukemia, to assess the validity and reliability of maternally reported information on birth characteristics such as birth weight, reproductive history, and medical procedures. Cases were gathered from the Children's Cancer Group, a United States and Canadian cooperative clinical trails group with approximately 100 member and affiliate institutions, during 1983-1988. Telephone interviews were completed for 302 cases and 558 matched controls. Medical records of the index pregnancy were obtained for 287 cases and 467 controls. Correlations between medical charts and maternal interview were high for birth weight (r = 0.98, kappa = 0.9) and gestational age (r = 0.86, kappa = 0.6). Mean differences between the two sources were small, -10.5 g for birth weight and -0.36 weeks for gestational age. Reproductive history and medical procedures had high to moderate reliability. Problems after delivery and pregnancy complications generally had low validity and reliability. Little evidence of differential misclassification was found. Time between delivery and interview ranged from zero to 8 years and did not greatly affect reliability. This study suggests that validity and reliability of maternally reported pregnancy and delivery information may differ with the nature of the factor of interest, but is affected little by time from birth or case-control status.
Differentiation of the embryonic disc, amnion, and yolk sac in the rhesus monkey

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst has differentiated into epiblast and hypoblast (primitive endoderm) prior to implantation. Since endoderm cells extend beyond the epiblast, it can be considered that both parietal and visceral endoderm are present. At implantation, epiblast cells begin to show marked evidence of polarity. They form a spherical aggregate with their basal ends toward the basal lamina and apical ends toward the interior. The potential for an internal space is formed by this change in polarity of the cells. No cytological evidence of separation of those cells that will form amniotic epithelium from the rest of the epiblast is seen until a cavity begins to form. The amniotic epithelium is originally contiguous with overlying cytotrophoblast, and a diverticulum remains in this position during early development. Epiblast forms a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, but dividing cells are situated toward the amniotic cavity rather than basally. The first evidence of a trilaminar disc occurs when a strand of cells contiguous with epiblast is found extending toward visceral endoderm. These presumptive mesoderm cells are undifferentiated, whereas extraembryonic mesoderm cells are already a distinct population forming extracellular materials. After implantation, visceral endoderm cells proliferate forming an irregular layer one to three cells thick. Visceral endoderm cells have smooth apical surfaces, but very irregular basal surfaces, and no basal lamina. At the margins of the disc, visceral endoderm is continuous with parietal endoderm and reflects back over the apices of the marginal visceral endoderm cells. This sacculation by visceral endoderm cells precedes pinching off of the secondary yolk sac from the remaining primary yolk sac.
Abstract 371: In vivo monitoring of metabolic inhibition in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Purpose/Objective(s): Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) accounts for over half of thyroid cancer related deaths and is generally refractory to conventional treatment. Development of novel therapeutic options is critical for the management of this deadly disease. Since tumor cells fulfill energy requirements primarily through aerobic glycolysis rather than mitochondrial respiration, metabolic inhibition represents an attractive treatment modality. In vivo real time imaging may be useful for evaluating the effectiveness of targeting tumor metabolism. Materials/Methods: A panel of ATC cell lines was evaluated for dependence on glucose and glutamine for cell proliferation and survival. Intracellular ATP levels and cellular reducing potential were measured in cells treated with 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG). Enhancement of the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin and radiation therapy (XRT) with 2-DG was evaluated. In a murine orthotopic xenograft model of ATC, real-time hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging (HP-MRI) was employed to assess the effects of 2-DG on tumor metabolism. Results: Glucose, but not glutamine starvation, resulted in significant ATC cell death, suggesting that glucose is the primary nutrient for ATC in vitro. Alterations in extracellular glucose levels affected ATP and cellular reducing potential and both were inhibited by 2-DG. Treatment of ATC cells with 2-DG potentiated the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin alone, XRT alone or cisplatin with XRT. Dynamic spectroscopy of HP-[1-13C]-pyruvate revealed differences in the rate of conversion of pyruvate to lactate in 2-DG treated animals compared to their controls (p=0.504). Analysis with a kinetic model accounting for chemical and physical exchange highlighted this difference (p<0.001). Conclusions: Generalized dependence of ATC cells on glucose catabolism provides an opportunity to utilize metabolic inhibition to enhance sensitivity to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. HP-MRI may represent an effective means to assess metabolic targeting in vivo. Continued refinement of the kinetic parameters that relate the observed signal to multiple physical and chemical pools is necessary to facilitate interpretation of the observed changes. The synchronized optimization of metabolic inhibitors with complementary imaging agents in a preclinical platform may facilitate translation of these therapeutic options for ATC to the clinical setting. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 371. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-371
Population III Supernova Simulations Of Single And Binary Scenarios And Reference To SN2006gy

We present stellar explosion simulations of low mass evolved and high mass polytrope Population III stars. The lower mass evolved single and binary models of 10 and 16 M⊙ are presented in a separate work in these proceedings (Lawlor 2005). It is found that the accreted model retains a larger mass and has a larger radius leading to a brighter supernova than the evolved single stars. Polytropes are used as presupernova stars to investigate possible pair instability explosions of massive stars. SN 2006gy is a possible candidate for such an explosion (see Smith in these proceedings). We find upper limits based on the light curve analysis with M<50 M⊙, R<355 R⊙, 56Ni mass<5 M⊙, and energy <100×1051 from the R‐Band data. Theoretical supernova light curves are presented at different redshifts with our model that comes closest to fitting SN 2006gy.
Regulation of Expression of the Rat Orthologue of Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) by H2O2-induced Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Rat Cardiac Myocytes

The Mdm2 ubiquitin ligase is an important regulator of p53 abundance and p53-dependent apoptosis. Mdm2 expression is frequently regulated by a p53 Mdm2 autoregulatory loop whereby p53 stimulates Mdm2 expression and hence its own degradation. Although extensively studied in cell lines, relatively little is known about Mdm2 expression in heart where oxidative stress (exacerbated during ischemia-reperfusion) is an important pro-apoptotic stimulus. We demonstrate that Mdm2 transcript and protein expression are induced by oxidative stress (0.2 mm H(2)O(2)) in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. In other cells, constitutive Mdm2 expression is regulated by the P1 promoter (5' to exon 1), with inducible expression regulated by the P2 promoter (in intron 1). In myocytes, H(2)O(2) increased Mdm2 expression from the P2 promoter, which contains two p53-response elements (REs), one AP-1 RE, and two Ets REs. H(2)O(2) did not detectably increase expression of p53 mRNA or protein but did increase expression of several AP-1 transcription factors. H(2)O(2) increased binding of AP-1 proteins (c-Jun, JunB, JunD, c-Fos, FosB, and Fra-1) to an Mdm2 AP-1 oligodeoxynucleotide probe, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed it increased binding of c-Jun or JunB to the P2 AP-1 RE. Finally, antisense oligonucleotide-mediated reduction of H(2)O(2)-induced Mdm2 expression increased caspase 3 activation. Thus, increased Mdm2 expression is associated with transactivation at the P2 AP-1 RE (rather than the p53 or Ets REs), and Mdm2 induction potentially represents a cardioprotective response to oxidative stress.
Overcoming the doping bottleneck in semiconductors

Application of semiconductors as electric and optoelectronic devices depends critically on their dopability. Failure to dope a material, i.e., to produce enough free charge carriers beyond a certain limit, is often the single most important bottleneck for advancing semiconductor-based high technology. Using the first-principles band structure method, we have studied systematically the general chemical trends of the defect formation and ionization in semiconductors to understand the physical origin of the doping difficulty. New approaches to overcoming the doping limit have been developed. This paper reviews our recent progress and discusses some of the computational issues in defect calculations.
Deformable tracking of textured curvilinear objects

Threads and wires are deformable 3-dimensional (3D) and curvilinear objects which are commonly manipulated by humans in various medical and manufacturing tasks. Several applications, including computerassisted evaluation, augmented reality guidance, and autonomous robotic manipulation [2, 3] would benefit from the real-time estimation of the 3D shapes of these deformable objects from images. This estimation is however challenging due to multiple factors: 1) little information is available within an image to visually detect and distinguish a curvilinear object due to its thin and usually uniform appearance; 2) different 3D shapes may lead to the same visual perception, even in a stereo setting in case portions of the objects lie in an epipolar plane; and 3) the motions and deformations can be large, depending on the stiffness of the object. Additionally, a tracking approach that can consistently track specific points along the object defined by their arclength, such as the extremities or midpoint, would be particularly useful in the aforementioned applications. To deal with visual ambiguities such as drift along the curve, we propose to texture the object with a coarse pattern of alternating colors and formulate the shape estimation as a deformable 1D template tracking problem. Tracking is expressed as an energy minimization over a set of control pointsQ parameterizing a 3D NURBS C3D modeling the object:
Six-year predictors of problems in a national sample of children and youth: I. Cross-informant syndromes.

ABSTRACT Objective To illuminate the development of psychopathology by tracing 6-year predictive paths to outcomes assessed in terms of empirically based syndromes. Method A national sample assessed at ages 4 through 12 years via parent reports was reassessed 3 and 6 years later via parent, teacher, and self-reports. Results For syndromes having the clearest DSM counterparts, cross-informant predictive paths revealed similar traitlike patterns for Aggressive Behavior in both sexes; Delinquent Behavior was less traitlike, with greater sex differences in predictive paths; the Attention Problems syndrome was developmentally stable, but, surprisingly, it was associated with more diverse difficulties among girls than boys; conversely, Anxious/Depressed was associated with more diverse difficulties among boys than girls. Conclusions Quantification of problems via empirically based syndromes can detect important sex, age, and developmental variations that may be masked by uniform diagnostic cutoff points for both sexes and diverse ages. This may be especially true for diagnostic cutoff points derived mainly from clinical cases of one sex, such as depression for girls versus attention and conduct disorders for boys.
Modeling Sliding Contact of Rough Surfaces with Molecularly Thin Lubricants

The sliding contact between two rough surfaces in the presence of a molecularly thin lubricant layer is investigated. Under very high shear rates, the lubricant is treated as a semi-solid layer with normal and lateral shear-dependent stiffness components obtained from experimental data. The adhesive force in the presence of lubricant is also adapted from the Sub-boundary lubrication model and improved to account for variation in surface energy with penetration into the lubricant layer. A model is then proposed, based on the Improved sub-boundary lubrication model, which accounts for lubricant contact and adhesion and its validity is discussed. The model is in good agreement with published experimental measurements of friction in the presence of molecularly thin lubricant layers and suggests that a molecularly thin lubricant bearing could be successfully used to reduce solid substrate damage at the interface.
Linking cell signaling and the epigenetic machinery

One of the biggest gaps in our knowledge about epigenomes is how their interplay with cellular signaling influences development, adult cellular differentiation and disease.
A multidimensional approach to motivating salespeople

A multidimensional approach has been recognized as a superior method for motivating the individual worker [28]. Until recently, researchers made few systematic attempts to operationalize such an approach. Instead, the bulk of the research effort was expended on examining the efficacy of various types of rewards in motivating salespeople. Some researchers proposed that monetary rewards were the primary motivators of sales effort [ 11, 30, 341; while others suggested that psychological incentives (e.g., recognition, personal growth) were also important in motivating salespeople [5, 81. A number of different measuring instruments for job satisfaction has recently evolved [ 161. One, INDSALES used for measuring industrial job satisfaction, has been proposed [7]. Scores obtained from this instrument however, fail to provide the required data for designing motivational techniques. The scores are lopsided to the degree that the manager cannot determine the individual level of satisfaction wanted since the satisfaction scores were not appraised against standards set by the individual salesperson. The purpose of this paper is threefold: First, to discuss a multidimensional approach to motivation; second to
Flavor, Color, and Other Characteristics of Beef Longissimus Muscle Heated to Seven Internal Temperatures Between 55° and 85° C

Beef longissimus muscle steaks were broiled or roasted to 7 internal temperatures. Mouth-filling-blend and browned flavor increased, whereas bloody-serumy, metallic, and sour flavors and juiciness decreased with increased internal temperature. Roasted muscles had flavor characteristics more like muscle cooked to lower internal temperatures than broiled. Protein denaturation, as indicated by differential scanning calorimetry, appeared to be mostly complete after muscle samples were heated to 80 ° C. Visual color change occurred between 55° and 65° C, between 65° and 75° C, and between 75° and 80° C. HunterLab a values decreased and reflectance readings at 547 nm increased significantly between 75° and 80° C. Instron shear and compression and pH values did not vary significantly.
Body mass index affects proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived stem cells

Obesity is associated with a higher risk of developing cancer and co-morbidities that are part of the metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue is recognized as an endocrine organ, as it affects a number of physiological functions, and contains adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs). ASCs can differentiate into cells of multiple lineages, and as such are applicable to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Yet the question of whether ASC functionality is affected by the donor’s body mass index (BMI) still exists. ASCs were isolated from patients having different BMIs (BMI-ASCs), within the ranges of 18.5-32.8. It was hypothesized that overweight BMI-ASCs would be more compromised in early adipogenic and osteogenic potential, and ability to form colonies in vitro. BMI was inversely correlated with ASC proliferation and colony forming potential as assessed by CyQUANT proliferation assay (fluorescence- based measurement of cellular DNA content), and colony forming assays. BMI was positively correlated with early time point (day 7) but not later time point (day 15) intracytoplasmic lipid accumulation as assessed by Oil-Red-O staining. Alizarin red staining and RT-PCR for alkaline phosphatase demonstrated that elevated BMI resulted in compromised ASC mineralization of extracellular matrix and decreased alkaline phosphatase mRNA expression. These data demonstrate that elevated BMI resulted in reduced ASC proliferation, and potentially compromised osteogenic capacity in vitro; thus BMI is an important criterion to consider in selecting ASC donors for clinical applications.
Facilities planning approach for the Space Shuttle

In developing an overall facilities plan for the Space Shuttle program, it is important to recognize that manufacturing, development, and operations requirements cannot be independently developed. While it is true that specific requirements for each element can be developed independently, apply­ ing these requirements to candidate locations can only result in an optimized facilities plan when the appropriate interrelationships of all program elements are properly assessed. Starting with an understanding both of the Shuttle vehicles and of the overall assembly flow, this paper discusses the MDC study of the overall manufacturing, test, and operations requirements for facilities. It also demonstrates the various interrelationships that must be recognized and studied before a recommended facilities plan can be effectively developed.
Scanning Tunnel Microscopy Surface State Electron Scattering: Two-Tip Results from One-Tip Data

The scanning tunneling microscopy experiments have opened up a new class of scattering inversion problems, where the scatterers are fixed and the boundary condition corresponds to a movable point source. Using a least square method, we can obtain the scattering T-matrix for an assembly of atoms (s-wave point scatterers) on a surface; and thus the off-diagonal elements of the Green function just from the knowledge of the one-tip data. Therefore, transport property measurements such as that suggested by Niu et al., which are needed when other kind of defects are present, can be predicted solely from the one-tip data. [S0031-9007(97)02538-6]
Practical Training in Evaluation: A Review of the Literature:

Abstract This paper provides the results of a literature review on the use of practical, hands-on training experiences in evaluation course work and training programs. The review spans the years 1965–2003. I identified 18 articles that encompass four basic approaches for practical evaluation training: simulation, role-play, single course projects, and practicum experiences. The articles are summarized, documenting strengths, challenges, and unique features for each strategy. Findings from this review indicate substantial resources are often needed for effective practical training experiences. Authors of articles in this review illustrate a variety of options for incorporating methodology and or evaluation theory into the training experiences. The few articles that adhere to a pedagogical framework employ learning models that are consonant with the adult education literature and structure the practical experience accordingly. The literature reveals a lack of formal research on practical evaluation training. Faculty and students consistently speak to the benefits of these training experiences.
Task Decomposition Module For Telerobot Trajectory Generation

A major consideration in the design of trajectory generation software for a Flight Telerobotic Servicer (FTS) is that the FTS will be called upon to perform tasks which require a diverse range of manipulator behaviors and capabilities. In a hierarchical control system where tasks are decomposed into simpler and simpler subtasks, the task decomposition module which performs trajectory planning and execution should therefore be able to accommodate a wide range of algorithms. In some cases, it will be desirable to plan a trajectory for an entire motion before manipulator motion commences, as when optimizing over the entire trajectory. Many FTS motions, however, will be highly sensory-interactive, such as moving to attain a desired position relative to a non-stationary object whose position is periodically updated by a vision system. In this case, the time-varying nature of the trajectory may be handled either by frequent replanning using updated sensor information, or by using an algorithm which creates a less specific state-dependent plan that determines the manipulator path as the trajectory is executed (rather than a priori). This paper discusses a number of trajectory generation techniques from these categories and how they may be implemented in a task decompo-sition module of a hierarchical control system. The structure, function, and interfaces of the proposed trajectory gener-ation module are briefly described, followed by several examples of how different algorithms may be performed by the module. The proposed task decomposition module provides a logical structure for trajectory planning and execution, and supports a large number of published trajectory generation techniques.
Nuclear ligation of RNA polynucleotide kinase products

RNA polynucleotide kinase has been shown to transfer [γ32P] from ATP to 5-OH termini of endogenous nuclear RNA. The products of this reaction have been isolated in RNA larger than 125 after in vitro incubation of mouse L cell nuclei. About 20%–30% of these 5′-OH kinase products are polyadenylated. A sizeable fraction of the [γ32P] label from ATP is also found in internal phosphodiester bonds after 30-minute nuclear incubation in vitro. The possibility of substantial [32P] recycling via the α position of nucleoside triphosphate was ruled out because: (1) 2mM nucleoside triphosphates in the incubation medium, (2) limited nearestneighbor distribution 3′ and 5′ to the phosphodiester bond compared with that from [α32P] UTP, (3) different nearest-neighbor distribution for RNA molecules > 12S and 12-3S, (4) relative insensitivity of the [γ32P] incorporation to α-amanitin as compared with total RNA synthesis, (5) internal [32P] appearance in RNA > 12S in less than five minutes of incubation, and (6) < 0.03% to 0.6% of the total [32P] in the α position of nucleoside triphosphates after 30 minutes of incubation. The [γ32P] incorporation was dependent on high ATP concentration and was insensitive to competition by inorganic phosphate. These results are consistent with the levels of 5′ RNA polynucleotide kinase activity in L cell nuclei and suggest the presence of an RNA ligase that can utilize the termini generated by the 5′-OH RNA kinase in a ligation reaction.
Numerical Study of Shear-Induced Thrombus Formation Over Aterial Stent Struts

Thrombosis remains an important problem in both bare-metal and drug eluting stents. Platelet accumulation appears to be highly shear dependent in uniform parallel plate and stenosis models. This study was performed to evaluate thrombus formation location and size with respect to time for a stent. A three-dimensional laminar flow field was modeled via computational fluid dynamics through a stent-containing coronary sized vessel. Platelet deposition and accumulation was then simulated using a shear dependent accumulation function. The platelet deposition rate is given by the function: 3.2γ+67 platelets/mm2 /s, where γ is the shear rate, which comes from a linear regression to data presented in Ku and Flannery 2007. A three-dimensional stent with a helical strut matrix design and a pitch of 21 mm was designed around a 3 mm diameter vessel. Square strut designs of 0.15mm×0.15mm and 0.30mm×0.30mm were considered, with each strut embedded halfway into the vessel. A 30° section of the stent was modeled because of stent symmetry. The inlet was set at a mean Reynolds number of 200 by specifying a pressure differential across the length of the vessel. Thrombus growth based on shear rate was set through the equation: dΦ/dt=(3.2γ+67)(Vplatelet/V)∑n=0MAn. V is volume, Φ is the volume fraction of thrombus, M is the number of surrounding faces that are either a wall face or are neighboring a computational cell denoted as occluded by thrombus, associated with area, A. Each term without a subscript pertains to the local computational cell prescribed as undergoing thrombus growth. Thrombus cell occlusion was assumed to occur when thrombus filled 80% of the cell's volume. Maximum shear rates occur near the edges along the inner blood surface side of the stent struts. Thrombus growth increases more in the axial direction of the stent relative to the radial direction for the larger strut size. Conversely, the thrombus growth is more uniform in all directions along the smaller struts. The difference emanates from the two distinctly localized high shear contours near the edges of the larger stent struts, while the high shear regions were less distinct for the smaller strut size. Quadrupling the cross sectional area of a strut increases the initial maximum shear rate along the strut by 50%, in addition to doubling the available surface area for platelet deposition. Therefore, increasing strut size has a threefold effect on platelet deposition rate, leading to faster vessel occlusion. This computational technique may be extended to approximate where thrombus may grow to completely occlude a blood vessel and the length of time occlusion would take. The CFD modeling technique may also be used to evaluate thrombus deposition on medical devices such as heart valves and ventricular assist devices.
On the solvability of a class of diophantine equations and applications

For 1 ≤ i ≤ k, let Ri denote pi(y)Fi + Gi, where pi(y) is a polynomial in y with integer coefficients, and Fi, Gi are linear polynomials in x1,..., xn with integer coefficients. Let P(z1,..., zk) be a Presburger relation over the nonnegative integers. We show that the following problem is decidable:Given: R1,..., Rk and a Presburger relation P.Question: Are there nonnegative integer values for y, x1,..., xn such that for these values, (R1,..., Rk) satisfies P? We also give some applications to decision problems concerning counter machines.
Reagents for astatination of biomolecules: comparison of the in vivo distribution and stability of some radioiodinated/astatinated benzamidyl and nido-carboranyl compounds.

An investigation has been conducted to assess the in vivo stability of a series of astatinated benzamides and astatinated nido-carborane compounds in mice. It was hypothesized that the higher bond strength of boron−astatine bonds in the nido-carboranes might provide increased stability toward in vivo deastatination. Four tri-n-butylstannylbenzamides were prepared for radiohalogenation and evaluation in vivo. Those compounds were N-propyl-4-(tri-n-butylstannyl)benzamide 1a, N-propyl-3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)benzamide 2a, ethyl 4-tri-n-butylstannylhippurate 3a, and 4-tri-n-butylstannyl-hippuric acid 4a. Seven mono-nido-carboranyl derivatives were prepared for radiohalogenation and in vivo evaluation. Four of the seven mono-carboranyl derivatives (5a, 6a, 7a, 13a) contained a 3-(nido-carboranyl)propionamide functionality, and the remaining compounds (8a, 8g, 10a) contained a 4-(nido-carboranyl)aniline functionality. Two additional derivatives (11a, 12a) were prepared that contained bis-(nido-carboranylmethyl)be...
Analytical and experimental investigation of output feedback vs linear quadratic regulator

This paper presents analytical and experimental comparison of three control laws for a laboratory structure designed to simulate large space structures. The first control law is the standard time invariant linear quadratic regulator with state estimation, which requires model reduction for practical implementation. This model reduction is associated with the so-called spillover instability. Two new simple direct output feedback control laws guaranteeing stability are proposed. One minimizes the maximum control force, and the other minimizes the same quadratic performance index as the linear quadratic regulator. The three control laws are found to give comparable performance for the modes retained in the reduced model. However, the standard linear quadratic regulator with state estimation provides almost no margin of stability for the unmodeled modes, while the simpler direct feedback laws provide significant stability margins to all modes. The analytical results were verified experimentally using a digital implementation of the control laws. Good agreement between the analytical predictions and experimental measurements was observed.
Electroconvulsive therapy in elderly patients with intracranial tumor: a case series

Five cases of depressed elderly patients with intracranial tumors treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are reported. None had adverse reactions to ECT and all had a positive response. The largest tumor was 4 cm in diameter. No case had evidence of increased intracranial pressure or mass effect. Three tumors were meningiomas, the other two were an acoustic neuroma and a pituitary adenoma. Given that increased use of neuroimaging techniques may result in discovery of incidental intracranial tumors in the depressed elderly prior to ECT, this report suggests that ECT in such patients may be administered safely.