cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of United Nations Peace Operations on Post-Civil War Human Rights

This paper argues that UN peace operations contribute to a significantly greater improvement in post-civil war human rights practices than would otherwise be the case. The UN has this effect through its ability to reduce both supply and demand side factors that contribute to the decision of government leaders to repress. This argument is demonstrated quantitatively using both the universe of post-Cold War civil wars and a matched subset of these conflicts in which cases are matched along important confounding variables, in effect mimicking random assignment to treatment and control groups. Importantly, this effect does not appear to be the result of selection bias. The countries where the UN intervenes have significantly worse human rights records in the years prior to the end of the most recent civil war than cases where the UN does not intervene. Furthermore, despite having a recent history of worse human rights records, by three years after the end of civil war these countries on average have better human rights practices than non-UN cases. Lastly, this effect holds even when controlling for length of post-civil war peace, meaning that it is not simply an indirect effect of the UN’s ability to reduce the likelihood of civil war reinitiation.
Chapters on Machinery and Labor: III. Machinery and the Displacement of Skill

Definition of displacement of skill, 112. — The factors determining the amount of displacement, 112. — Rapidity of introduction of the machine, 113. — The mobility of labor within the trade, 117. — Effect of the machine in increasing demand for the product, 121. — The labor-displacing power of the machine, 126. — Extent to which the skill of the handworker is useful in the machine process, 127. — Variety of combination of factors, 132.
Tourism and Sustainability in the Evaluation of World Heritage Sites, 1980–2010

At present, there are myriad concerns about tourism and sustainability at cultural and natural world heritage sites. Based on an analysis of 811 evaluations written between 1980 and 2010 by two official advisory bodies to the World Heritage Committee, this paper charts the timing and extent to which such concerns have become central to assessing the value of heritage sites. We find that, over time, issues related to tourism and sustainability expanded considerably in quantity and variety, and recommendations for managing and developing sustainable tourism became a routine feature of site evaluations. Despite the growing prevalence of such concerns, the conceptualization of sustainable tourism and related recommendations provided by the advisory experts remain somewhat ambiguous. Furthermore, our findings reveal regional disparities in the degree to which tourism is seen as a threat to the sustainability of heritage sites and in the likelihood that a state is considered a model of sustainable tourism.
The Dynamics of Forced Excitable Systems

An excitable system is one whose dynamics have the following properties: (i) there is a rest point or a steady state that is globally attracting relative to some large set in phase space, and (ii) there is a region in state space that can be idealized as a surface of codimension one that locally partitions the phase space into two sets D and A. the rest point lies in D (the decaying set) and all orbits through initial points in D return to the rest point without any substantial growth in any of the state variables. Thus an impulsive perturbation of the rest point that leaves the state in V decays without significant growth, and the responses are called subthreshold. By contrast, perturbations that carry the dynamics into A (the amplifying set) can lead to a large change in one or more of the state variables, even though the system eventually returns to the rest state. The surface that locally separates the amplifying and decaying sets is called the threshold surface, and perturbations that carry the state into A are called superthreshold. Excitable dynamics occur in many biological processes, including activation of contraction in cardiac tissue, nerve conduction, and cell signalling in development. In the Fitzhugh-Nagumo equations [10], the Hodgkin- Huxley equations [15], models of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum [22, 20, 21], the Field-Noyes model of the Zhabotinskii-Belousov reaction [9] and other models, the parameters can be chosen so that the dynamics are excitable. Frequently these systems also have periodic solutions for parameters close to those that produce excitable behaviour.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians

Captive and wild frogs from North and Central America and Australia recently have died with epidermal infections by chytridiomycete fungi. We isolated a chytridiomycete into pure culture from a captive, blue poison dart frog that died at the Na- tional Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. Using this isolate, we photographed developmental stages on nutrient agar, examined zoospores with transmission electron microscopy, and inoculated test frogs. This inoperculate chytrid develops either monocentrically or colonially and has thread-like rhizoids that arise from single or multiple areas on the developing zoo- sporangium. The taxonomically important features of the kinetosomal region of the zoospore indicate that this chytrid is a member of the Chytridiales but differs from other chytrids studied with transmission electron microscopy. Its microtubule root, which be- gins at kinetosome triplets 9-1 and extends parallel to the kinetosome into the aggregation of ribosomes, is distinctive. Histologic examination of test frogs re- vealed that the pure culture infected the skin of test frogs, whereas the skin of control frogs remained free of infection. The fungus is described as Batrachochy-
Interaction of Citric Acid Concentration and pH on the Kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes Inactivation.

The effects and interactions between pH and CitriC acid concentration on the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes was determined using a three-strain mixture. Citric acid/sodium citrate combinations were added to brain heart infusion (BHI) broth to achieve concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 M in conjunction with pH values of 4, 5, 6 and 7. The media were dispensed in 20-ml portions in dilution bottles, inoculated to approximately 108 CFU/ml, and incubated at 28°C. Survivor curves were generated using a linear model incorporating a lag term, and D-values and "time to 4-D inactivation" values were calculated. The results were compared against control cultures in which the pH was modified using hydrochloric acid (HCI). The rate of inactivation was dependent on both the pH and concentration of citric acid. Low levels of citric acid were protective, particularly at pH 5 and 6. At higher concentrations, a distinct anion effect was observed as compared to the HCl controls, with inactivation rates being correlated with the completely undissociated form of the acid. Comparison of the kinetic data with earlier results with lactic and acetic acids suggests that citric acid has both protective and bactericidal activity against L. monocytogenes , which involve different modes of action.
Design and calibration of a wide field of view MWIR optically multiplexed imaging system

We describe the optical design and characterization testing of an optically multiplexed imaging system operating in the 3.4 to 5 micron waveband. The optical design uses a division of aperture method to overlay six images on a single focal plane and produce a 90 by 15 degree 6-megapixel field of view. Image disambiguation is achieved through image shifting enabled by piezo-actuated mirrors in the multiplexing assembly. This paper provides an overview of the optical design including focal plane selection, image resolution and distortion, pupil imaging, and aperture division geometry. A method of applying one and two-point non-uniformity correction using radiometric test data is suggested. Sensor-level per-channel image quality and sensitivity tests including MTF, 3D-noise and NEDT are shown to validate the design assumptions.
Chronic binge alcohol consumption during pregnancy alters rat maternal uterine artery pressure response

We aimed to investigate pressure-dependent maternal uterine artery responses and vessel remodeling following gestational binge alcohol exposure. Two groups of pregnant rats were used: the alcohol group (28.5% wt/v, 6.0 g/kg, once-daily orogastric gavage in a binge paradigm between gestational day (GD) 5-19) and pair-fed controls (isocalorically matched). On GD20, excised, pressurized primary uterine arteries were studied following equilibration (60 mm Hg) using dual chamber arteriograph. The uterine artery diameter stabilized at 20 mm Hg, showed passive distension at 40 mm Hg, and redeveloped tone at 60 mm Hg. An alcohol effect (P = 0.0025) was observed on the percent constriction of vessel diameter with greater pressure-dependent myogenic constriction. Similar alcohol effect was noted with lumen diameter response (P = 0.0020). The percent change in media:lumen ratio was higher in the alcohol group (P < 0.0001). Thus, gestational alcohol affects pressure-induced uterine artery reactivity, inward-hypotrophic remodeling, and adaptations critical for nutrient delivery to the fetus.
Recent Advances in Leukoaraiosis: White Matter Structural Integrity and Functional Outcomes after Acute Ischemic Stroke

Leukoaraiosis, a radiographic marker of cerebral small vessel disease detected on T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as white matter hyperintensity (WMH), is a key contributor to the risk and severity of acute cerebral ischemia. Prior investigations have emphasized the pathophysiology of WMH development and progression; however, more recently, an association between WMH burden and functional outcomes after stroke has emerged. There is growing evidence that WMH represents macroscopic injury to the white matter and that the extent of WMH burden on MRI influences functional recovery in multiple domains following acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In this review, we discuss the current understanding of WMH pathogenesis and its impact on AIS and functional recovery.
Mortgage Interest Rate Regulation

Mortgage interest rate regulation was a feature of most developed economies until the deregulation of financial markets in the 1970s and 1980s. Many developing economies still regulate mortgage interest rates today. Barring mortgage interest rates from rising higher than a regulated ceiling obliges lenders to ration loanable funds using criteria which generally favour wealthier borrowers. Less-wealthy borrowers who are rationed out of the regulated mortgage market are either denied the opportunity to borrow or forced to borrow from unregulated lenders at interest rates higher than the ceiling rate. The effects of the regulation are therefore contrary to those intended by legislators.
Shaping Pro and Anti-Social Behavior on Twitch Through Moderation and Example-Setting

Online communities have the potential to be supportive, cruel, or anywhere in between. The development of positive norms for interaction can help users build bonds, grow, and learn. Using millions of messages sent in Twitch chatrooms, we explore the effectiveness of methods for encouraging and discouraging specific behaviors, including taking advantage of imitation effects through setting positive examples and using moderation tools to discourage antisocial behaviors. Consistent with aspects of imitation theory and deterrence theory, users imitated examples of behavior that they saw, and more so for behaviors from high status users. Proactive moderation tools, such as chat modes which restricted the ability to post certain content, proved effective at discouraging spam behaviors, while reactive bans were able to discourage a wider variety of behaviors. This work considers the intersection of tools, authority, and types of behaviors, offering a new frame through which to consider the development of moderation strategies.
Exploring the combined effect of DC polarization and high temperature exposure on the barrier properties of organic coatings

Abstract Organic coatings are evaluated by various electrochemical, accelerated and natural exposure test methods. Among the expedited electrochemical approaches, measurements such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at high temperature (HT EIS), and AC-DC-AC have been used previously. In this work, we attempted to combine these two approaches to further expedite the test and perform high temperature AC-DC-AC (HT AC-DC-AC) on organic coatings and compare the results with individual AC-DC-AC, and HT EIS measurements. A commercially available standard epoxy primer, and a formulated blank epoxy was used for the experiment. It was observed that HT AC-DC-AC can expedite the barrier changes in coating more rapidly compared to the use of only AC-DC-AC or HT EIS.
The cognitive underpinnings of policy process studies: Introduction to a special issue of Cognitive Systems Research

Abstract This article introduces the special issue of Cognitive Systems Research on public policy processes. We begin with a discussion of the cognitive foundations of public policy that stem from the complexity of human cognition and emotion. Next, we provide an overview of the articles in the special issue, which occur at the edge of a public policy-cognitive systems boundary. We then turn to a discussion of promising new work in the study of public policy that explores—or may benefit from—the cognitive systems perspective.
Budgetary Controls in Clubs: A Time-Tested Process for Financial Success

ABSTRACTBudgetary controls are essential for any business organization. This study provides a longitudinal comparison of budgetary control practices in the club industry in the past 4 decades, filling a literature gap for the club industry in the United States. This research aimed to document the various budgetary control practices in clubs; analyze whether such practices differ by the types of clubs, size, and profitability; and compare current practices with those in the past 3 decades. The authors administered a survey to the members of the Club Managers Association of America. With a prevalent participatory budgeting process, the budget is used widely at all levels of a club. The longitudinal comparison showed variance tolerance in food, beverage, and labor cost percentages tightened since the 1980s but was relaxed slightly in this present study. Subgroup analyses by demographic characteristics also showed statistically significant differences in a number of areas.
Global to Local: Adapting CBT for Cross-Cultural Expressions of Psychopathology

Abstract In this chapter on culturally sensitive treatments, we first make a case for the need to culturally adapt mental health treatments and review debates concerning when adaptation is warranted; we follow this by reviewing what components scholars believe should be adapted in addition to prominent models of how to adapt treatment. We then present a model of how anxiety is generated across cultural contexts. Based in large part on this model, we discuss how culturally sensitive treatment can be conducted, focusing again on anxiety and traumatic stress.
CHAPTER IX – The Relation between Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics

I long ago lost a hound, a bay horse, and a turtledove, and I am still on their trail. Many are the travellers I have spoken concerning them, describing their tracks and what cells they answered to. I have met one or two who had heard the hound, and the tramp of the horse, and even seen the dove disappear behind a cloud, and they seemed as anxious to recover them as if they had lost them themselves.
Twenty years of telecollaborative practice: implications for teaching Chinese as a foreign language

In an attempt to promote telecollaborative exchanges in the field of teaching Chinese as a foreign language, this paper conducts a comprehensive review of telecollaborative practice from the past twenty years and focuses on five important themes emerging from the literature on telecollaboration, i.e. models, tasks, challenges, technologies, and new trends. Special attention is given to how each theme's findings can be applied to telecollaborative projects for Chinese language learners. Based on the model of competencies for telecollaborative teachers developed by O'Dowd (2013), the implications of twenty years of telecollaborative practice for teaching Chinese as a foreign language are discussed in four areas, i.e. organizational, pedagogical, digital competences, and attitudes and beliefs.
Mineral contents of forage pea – triticale intercropping systems harvested at different growth stages

This study was conducted to determine the effects of mixture ratios and harvest times on mineral contents of forage pea – triticale mixtures hay. Leafed and semi-leafless pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars and triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack) were sown in pure and in mixtures (75:25, 50:50, 25:75). Harvests were performed at boot and milk-dough stages of triticale. Experiments were conducted in randomized blocks design with 3 replications for 2 years. The data were subjected to ANOVA. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between triticale ratios and quality parameters. 1n the first year at both harvest times of all mixtures; while Ca, Mg and Ca/P ratios decreased with increasing triticale ratios in mixture, K/(Ca+Mg) ratio increased with increasing triticale ratios in mixture ratio. Herbage mineral contents decreased with delaying harvest. It was concluded based on animal nutrition principles that triticale ratios of the mixtures should be limited and harvest should be performed at boot stage of triticale.
Sedation with Propofol for Bronchoscopy in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Transplant Recipients

Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) plays an important role in the surveillance of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients after lung transplantation (LTx). With rapid onset and clearance, propofol provides a safe and efficient method for sedation during FFB, yet sedation requirements for CF patients are not well described. Due to pharmacokinetic differences for other classes of drugs in CF patients, this study was performed to examine propofol requirements for sedation during bronchoscopy in lung transplant recipients with CF. A single-center retrospective cohort study was performed to examine propofol sedation requirements during outpatient surveillance. FFB procedures with transbronchial biopsy (TBB) in post-LTx recipients between 2009 and 2014 were conducted. A total of 40 FFB procedures with TBB were performed 20 CF (11 females), 20 non-CF (11 females). Mean (± SD) age was 25.6 ± 9.2 (range 13–42) years and 22.2 ± 10.8 (range 11–39) years for the CF and non-CF groups, respectively. Propofol requirements were significantly higher in the CF patients compared to the non-CF patients. Mean (± SD) propofol dose for CF patients was 334 ± 86 versus 214 ± 88 mg for non-CF patients (p < 0.001). Mean (± SD) propofol dose per weight (mg/kg) was 6.5 ± 2.1 for CF patients versus 3.8 ± 1.6 for non-CF patients (p < 0.001). Compared to a non-CF cohort, CF lung transplant recipients required higher dosages of propofol for sedation during FFB with TBB.
Facility Location in Supply Chain Design

In this chapter we outline the importance of facility location decisions in supply chain design. We begin with a review of classical models including the traditional fixed charge facility location problem. We then summarize more recent research aimed at expanding the context of facility location decisions to incorporate additional features of a supply chain including LTL vehicle routing, inventory management, robustness, and reliability.
Safety and Tolerability in Consuming Bifidobacterium Longum Subspecies Infantis in Exclusively Breastfed Term Infants

For the first six months of life, Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) is the dominant strain of intestinal bacteria in breast-fed infants that were delivered vaginally. In developed nations, infants delivered by cesarean section (C-section) or vaginally have lower levels of intestinal B. infantis than infants born in developing nations. B. infantis was well-tolerated when provided to premature infants, but such data has …
Computer-Assisted Career Decision Making: The Guide in the Machine

Contents: Introduction. Part I: Career Decision Making. Components of Career Decision Making. Decisions About Work. Decisions About Occupations and Jobs. Decisions About Career Education and Training. Part II: The Needs for Guidance. General Recognition of Students' Needs for Guidance. Specification of Individuals' Needs for Career Guidance. Interaction Between Societal and Individual Needs. Specification of Colleges' Needs. Specification of Corporate Needs. Specification of Developers' Needs. Recapitulation of Needs and Purposes. Part III: Rationales and Models of Career Guidance. The Model for a Guidance System. Major Approaches to Guidance. Part IV: Focus on Functions of a Guidance System. The Domains of Self-Understanding. The Dimensions of Values. The Structure of Interests. Prediction in SIGI. Skills in SIGI PLUS. Occupational Information. A Strategy for Deciding. Decisions into Actions. Style and Design. Part V: The Evaluation of a Guidance System. Big Questions and Little Questions. Aspects of Validity. Efficacy: The Criterion Problem. The Evaluation of SIGI. Comparisons of Males and Females in CDM. The Evaluation of SIGI PLUS. Independent Evaluations. Part VI: Conclusion. Prospects. A Final Note.
The Prosimians: Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos and Tarsiers

Abstract: This chapter reviews the systematics and distinguishing features, as well as the behavior and ecology, of prosimian primates - the strepsirrhines of Africa, Asia, and Madagascar and the tarsiers of Asia. There are two major groups of living strepsirrhines. The lorisoids consist of the galagos of Africa and the lorises of Africa and Asia. The most diverse group of strepsirrhines is the radiation of lemurs on the island of Madagascar, which includes five families. Lemurids, indriids, and cheirogaleids are diverse radiations of numerous genera. Lepilemurids and the daubentoniids each contain a single genus. In addition to these living lemurs there are numerous recently extinct genera of lemuriforms, all larger than the living species. Phylogenetic relationships among the families of Malagasy primates are largely unresolved. This diverse radiation of strepsirrhines include many diurnal, nocturnal, and cathemeral species . Likewise strepsirrhines include faunivores, frugivores and folivores, including species with very specific diets such as bamboo or insect secretions. Their locomotor habits include arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism, leaping and some hindlimb suspension. The extinct species were even more diverse. Nocturnal taxa are generally solitary foragers, but show many types of social interactions. Diurnal taxa live in groups of various size and organization. The Asian tarsiers are commonly divided into three allopatric genera . Tarsiers have enormous eyes, large hands, and long legs and ankles. All are small, nocturnal, insectivorous leapers. Tarsiers are more closely related to monkeys, apes and humans than to strepsirrhines and are placed in the semiorder Haplorhini.
Association of Mental Health Disorders With Health Care Spending in the Medicare Population.

Importance The degree to which the presence of mental health disorders is associated with additional medical spending on non–mental health conditions is largely unknown. Objective To determine the proportion and degree of total spending directly associated with mental health conditions vs spending on other non–mental health conditions. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study of 4 358 975 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries in the US in 2015 compared spending and health care utilization among Medicare patients with serious mental illness (SMI; defined as bipolar disease, schizophrenia or related psychotic disorders, and major depressive disorder), patients with other common mental health disorders (defined as anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder), and patients with no known mental health disorders. Data analysis was conducted from February to October 2019. Exposure Diagnosis of an SMI or other common mental health disorder. Main Outcomes and Measures Risk-adjusted, standardized spending and health care utilization. Multivariable linear regression models were used to adjust for patient characteristics, including demographic characteristics and other medical comorbidities, using hospital referral region fixed effects. Results Of 4 358 975 Medicare beneficiaries, 987 379 (22.7%) had an SMI, 326 991 (7.5%) had another common mental health disorder, and 3 044 587 (69.8%) had no known mental illness. Compared with patients with no known mental illness, patients with an SMI were younger (mean [SD] age, 72.3 [11.6] years vs 67.4 [15.7] years;P Conclusions and Relevance In this study, having a mental health disorder was associated with spending substantially more on other medical conditions. These findings quantify the extent of additional spending in the Medicare fee-for-service population associated with a diagnosis of a mental health disorder.
2.48 – Collective Memory

Collective memory is a representation of the past that is shared by members of a group such as a generation or nation-state. Because the study of collective memory has occurred in several disciplines in the humanities and social sciences it is not a single, coherent topic. Instead, it is best approached in terms of a few traditions of inquiry that exist largely because of disciplinary isolation rather than conceptual contradiction. Each tradition has a different way of answering the question: What makes collective memory collective? Three particular traditions in the study of collective memory are outlined: collective memory as social framing, collective memory in the social construction of groups, and collective memory as semiotic distribution. Collective memory as social framing has been studied mostly in psychology, whereas the study of collective memory in the social construction of groups has been examined largely in sociology and political science. The study of collective memory as semiotic distribution has occurred in disciplines such as history, semiotics, and anthropology and focuses on the role of narratives as shared cultural tools.
Fever, abdominal distension, polyserositis

Objective To provide useful information for the diagnosis and differentiation through exploring the tumor with polyserositis as the initial symptom. Methods There was a case present with fever, poor spirit, abdominal distention and edema in Children′s Hospital of Hebei Province.The characteristics and results of physical examination were summarized and discussed according to the condition evolution phases.The possible etiological factors were analyzed.The treatment was adjusted.Further physical examination was improved.The final diagnosis was tracked. Results After getting admitted to hospital, the patient received CT scan and ultrasound examination for many times.The results suggested the pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, peritoneal effusion and cardiac insufficiency.The child had made a slight improvement through treatment.However, he had hemiparesis.Cerebral infarction was demonstrated through magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), magnetic resonance angiography(MRA), magnetic resonance venography(MRV). Ultrasound showed that there was more pericardial effusion, aortic root solid low echo mass, pulmonary arterial wall stiffness, left and right pulmonary artery blood flow speed increased.Neck and chest enhanced CT showed mediastinal lesions.Pathology examination results suggested myeloid sarcoma after referral to superior hospital. Conclusions When children had an unexplained polyserositis, more comprehensive analysis were needed.The illness condition should be explained with Monism as far as possible.Repeated inspections would be necessary when the pathogenesis was not clear.Careful watch for the tumor should be kept. Key words: Polyserositis; Heart failure; Cerebral infarction; Tumour
Biophysical characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding with the ACE2 receptor and implications for infectivity

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 is a novel highly virulent pathogen which gains entry to human cells by binding with the cell surface receptor – angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2). We computationally contrasted the binding interactions between human ACE2 and coronavirus spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) of the 2002 epidemic-causing SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and bat coronavirus RaTG13 using the Rosetta energy function. We find that the RBD of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is highly optimized to achieve very strong binding with human ACE2 (hACE2) which is consistent with its enhanced infectivity. SARS-CoV-2 forms the most stable complex with hACE2 compared to SARS-CoV-1 (23% less stable) or RaTG13 (11% less stable) while occupying the greatest number of residues in the ATR1 binding site. Notably, the SARS-CoV-2 RBD out-competes the angiotensin 2 receptor type I (ATR1) which is the native binding partner of ACE2 by 35% in terms of the calculated binding affinity. Strong binding is mediated through strong electrostatic attachments with every fourth residue on the N-terminus alpha-helix (starting from Ser19 to Asn53) as the turn of the helix makes these residues solvent accessible. By contrasting the spike protein SARS-CoV-2 Rosetta binding energy with ACE2 of different livestock and pet species we find strongest binding with bat ACE2 followed by human, feline, equine, canine and finally chicken. This is consistent with the hypothesis that bats are the viral origin and reservoir species. These results offer a computational explanation for the increased infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and allude to therapeutic modalities by identifying and rank-ordering the ACE2 residues involved in binding with the virus.
Abnormal semantic processing of threat words associated with excitement and hostility symptoms in schizophrenia.

Abstract Background Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with devastating emotional, cognitive and language impairments. Understanding the deficits in each domain and their interactions is important for developing novel, targeted psychotherapies. This study tested whether negative-threat word processing is altered in individuals with SZ compared to healthy controls (HC), in relation to SZ symptom severity across domains. Methods Thirty-one SZ and seventeen HC subjects were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while silently reading negative-threat and neutral words. Post-scan, subjects rated the valence of each word. The effects of group (SZ, HC), word type (negative, neutral), task period (early, late), and severity of clinical symptoms (positive, negative, excitement/hostility, cognitive, depression/anxiety), on word valence ratings and brain activation, were analyzed. Results SZ and HC subjects rated negative versus neutral words as more negative. The SZ subgroup with severe versus mild excitement/hostility symptoms rated the negative words as more negative. SZ versus HC subjects hyperactivated left language areas (angular gyrus, middle/inferior temporal gyrus (early period)) and the amygdala (early period) to negative words, and the amygdala (late period) to neutral words. In SZ, activation to negative versus neutral words in left dorsal temporal pole and dorsal anterior cingulate was positively correlated with excitement/hostility scores. Conclusions A negatively-biased behavioral response to negative-threat words was seen in SZ with severe versus mild excitement/hostility symptoms. The biased behavioral response was mediated by hyperactivation of brain networks associated with semantic processing of emotion concepts. Thus, word-level semantic processing may be a relevant psychotherapeutic target in SZ.
Sensing defects: Collaborative seeing in engineering work.

This paper explores how professional engineers recognize and make sense of product defects in their everyday work. Such activities form a crucial, if often overlooked, part of professional engineer...
Molecular Determinants for Polycomb Group Protein YY1 Control of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Quiescence

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are undifferentiated, long-lived cells that give rise to lineage-specific progenitors and retain their stem cell identity by undergoing self-renewal. Adult HSCs can remain in a quiescent state for a prolonged time, and quiescence is a fundamental characteristic of adult bone marrow-resident HSCs. A precisely regulated cell cycle is required for HSC-mediated generation of mature hematopoietic cells, while preventing stem cell exhaustion. Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and mammalian Polycomb Group Protein (PcG) with important functions to regulate embryonic development, lineage differentiation and cell proliferation. YY1 mediates stable PcG-dependent transcriptional repression via recruitment of PcG proteins that catalyze histone modifications. Many questions remain unanswered regarding how cell- and tissue-specific regulation is achieved by PcG proteins. Herein, we conditionally deleted Yy1 in mouse hematopoietic cells (Yy1f/f Mx1-Cre) and demonstrated that Yy1 deficiency decreases hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) long-term repopulating activity. Moreever, ectopic YY1 expression expands HSCs. Yy1-/- mice were pancytopenic with a significantly shorter median survival time compared with wild type mice. YY1 deficiency deregulated the genetic network governing HSC proliferation and impaired Stem Cell Factor (SCF) /c-Kit signaling, thus disrupting mechanisms conferring HSC quiescence. As our prior study demonstrated that YY1 PcG function is required for Igκ chain rearrangement in early B cell development, we evaluated the role of YY1 PcG function in HSC self-renewal and addressed whether the requirement for YY1 PcG function is context-dependent in adult hematopoiesis. Ectopic expression of a YY1 mutant lacking the PcG function (YY1ΔREPO) in Yy1 -/- mice rescued SCF/c-Kit signaling, HSC quiescence and maintained the capacity to stimulate HSC self-renewal. Thus, YY1 regulates adult hematopoiesis in both PcG-dependent and independent manners. These results reveal a unique mechanism for how a ubiquitously expressed transcriptional repressor mediates lineage-specific functions to control adult hematopoiesis. Currently, we are testing how YY1 differentially controls HSCs and B cells via PcG-independent and -dependent mechanisms respectively. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Convective carbon dioxide dissolution in a closed porous medium at high-pressure real-gas conditions

Abstract We combine modeling and measurements to investigate the dynamics of convective carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) dissolution in a pressure-volume-temperature cell, extending a recent study by Wen et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 854, 2018, pp. 56–87) at low-pressure under ideal-gas conditions to high-pressure and real-gas conditions. Pressure-dependent compressibility and solubility are included to model the evolution of CO 2 concentration in the gas phase and at the interface, respectively. Simple ordinary-differential-equation models are developed to capture the mean behavior of the convecting system at large Rayleigh number and are then verified by using both numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. The prefactor for the linear scaling of convective CO 2 dissolution is evaluated – for the first time – by using pressure-decay experiments in bead packs at reservoir conditions. The results show that our models could quantitatively predict the process of the convective CO 2 dissolution in pressure-decay experiments. Moreover, the results also reveal that for increasing gas pressure in closed systems, the negative feedback of the pressure drop – resulting from the dissolution of CO 2 in the liquid – is weakened due to the decrease of the solubility constant at real-gas conditions. Our analysis provides a new direction for determination and validation of the convective dissolution flux of CO 2 in porous media systems.
Liberals and Housing: A Study in Ambivalence

Do political liberals support or oppose zoning changes that allow more market-rate development? I use survey data from California and show that liberals are ambivalent. The ambivalence is explained...
Canonical Systems of Partial Differential Equations

We use critical point theory to find solutions of the nonlinear steady state Schrodinger equations arising in the study of photonic lattices.
Simulated tissue growth in tetragonal lattices with mechanical stiffness tuned for bone tissue engineering.

Abstract Bone tissue engineering approaches have recently begun considering 3D printed lattices as viable scaffold solutions due to their highly tunable geometries and mechanical efficiency. However, scaffold design remains challenging due to the numerous biological and mechanical trade-offs related to lattice geometry. Here, we investigate novel tetragonal unit cell designs by independently adjusting unit cell height and width to find scaffolds with improved tissue growth while maintaining suitable scaffold mechanical properties for bone tissue engineering. Lattice tissue growth behavior is evaluated using a curvature-based growth model while elastic modulus is evaluated with finite element analysis. Computationally efficient modeling approaches are implemented to facilitate bulk analysis of lattice design trade-offs using design maps for biological and mechanical functionalities in relation to unit cell height and width for two contrasting unit cell topologies. Newly designed tetragonal lattices demonstrate higher tissue growth per unit volume and advantageous stiffness in preferred directions compared to cubically symmetric unit cells. When lattice beam diameter is fixed to 200 μm, Tetra and BC-Tetra lattices with elastic moduli of 200 MPa–400 MPa are compared for squashed, cubic, and stretched topologies. Squashed Tetra lattices demonstrated higher growth rates and growth densities compared to symmetrically cubic lattices. BC-Tetra lattices with the same range of elastic moduli show squashed lattices tend to achieve higher growth rates, whereas stretched lattices promote higher growth density. The results suggest tetragonal unit cells provide favorable properties for biological and mechanical tailoring, therefore enabling new strategies for diverse patient needs and applications in regenerative medicine.
Effects of Fatigue and Warm-Up on Speed of Arm Movements

Abstract Other studies have shown that a three component exponential fatigue curve can be used to compute speed as a function of elapsed time in running. The present investigation shows that this type of curve describes accurately the initial build-up in rate of arm-shoulder movements and subsequent drop-off from fatigue in a four-minute test and retest of twenty college men. Warm-up preceding one of the tests is found to have no influence. One test period causes a practice effect of 2.7 percent, chiefly in the first third of the curve. Test-retest reliability is low (r = .51) for the first five seconds of performance. For each third of the total test it is fairly high, ranging from .82 to .87.
Tissue resident memory T cells are found in the primary and metastatic tumors of breast cancer patients (TUM2P.922)

Tumor tissues are composed of significant numbers of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs), which may include CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and B cells. Of the T cell population, it is known that these cells are often functionally suppressed and defective in their ability to kill and proliferate. However, little is known about how T cells traffic into tumor sites. Furthermore, it is unclear how the various T cell memory subtypes play a role in attempting to eradicate tumor cells. Such knowledge is critical for the development of successful cancer immunotherapies. Here we assayed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), tumor tissue, and sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) of breast cancer patients to phenotype memory T cells. We found higher proportions of EM cells among CD8 TILs as compared to SLN CD8 T cells. Conversely, the CD4 compartment in both TILs and SLNs was dominated by CM CD4 T cells. Further analysis showed that breast cancer patient CD8+ TILs in primary tumors were made up of a significant population of Tissue Resident Memory cells (TRMs) as identified by CD103 expression and high CD69 expression. We also showed that the CD8+ TILs found in a metastatic brain lesion of a breast cancer patient also contained TRMs. Finally we showed that healthy breast tissue from a patient with no clinical signs of breast cancer also contained CD8+ TRMs.
Real-time resolution of the causality paradox of time-dependent density-functional theory

I show that the so-called causality paradox of time-dependent density-functional theory arises from an incorrect formulation of the variational principle for the time evolution of the density. The correct formulation not only resolves the paradox in real time, but also leads to an expression for the causal exchange-correlation kernel in terms of Berry curvature. Furthermore, I show that all the results that were previously derived from symmetries of the action functional remain valid in the present formulation. Finally, I develop a model functional theory which explicitly demonstrates the workings of the formulation.
Makers' Marks: Physical Markup for Designing and Fabricating Functional Objects

To fabricate functional objects, designers create assemblies combining existing parts (e.g., mechanical hinges, electronic components) with custom-designed geometry (e.g., enclosures). Modeling complex assemblies is outside the reach of the growing number of novice ``makers' with access to digital fabrication tools. We aim to allow makers to design and 3D print functional mechanical and electronic assemblies. Based on a formative exploration, we created Makers' Marks, a system based on physically authoring assemblies with sculpting materials and annotation stickers. Makers physically sculpt the shape of an object and attach stickers to place existing parts or high-level features (such as parting lines). Our tool extracts the 3D pose of these annotations from a scan of the design, then synthesizes the geometry needed to support integrating desired parts using a library of clearance and mounting constraints. The resulting designs can then be easily 3D printed and assembled. Our approach enables easy creation of complex objects such as TUIs, and leverages physical materials for tangible manipulation and understanding scale. We validate our tool through several design examples: a custom game controller, an animated toy figure, a friendly baby monitor, and a hinged box with integrated alarm.
FUNCTIONALLY ACTIVE CATALYTIC DOMAIN IS ESSENTIAL FOR GUANYLYL CYCLASE-LINKED RECEPTOR MEDIATED INHIBITION OF HUMAN ALDOSTERONE SYNTHESIS

An aspartate-to-alanine point mutation in the catalytic domain (D853A) of guanylyl cyclase-C (GC-C), the heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) receptor, rendered the enzyme catalytically inactive. Mn2+/Triton X-100-stimulated guanylyl cyclase activity was detected in membranes from COS7 cells overexpressing GC-C but not GC-CD853A. STa treatment of paired cells resulted in cGMP production in those transiently expressing GC-C but not GC-CD853A. GC-C and GC-CD853A showed similar Bmax and Kd values for [125I]STa binding in these cells, indicating that the lack of catalytic activity in the latter was not due to differing expression levels or reduced binding affinity. The involvement of the catalytic domain in aldosteronogenesis was studied in human adrenocortical H295R cells. COS7 and H295R cells infected with vaccinia virus-expressing GC-C and GC-CD853A (VVGC-CD853A) had [125I]STa-binding characteristics akin to those in transfected cells. Immunoblot confirmed that both GC-C and GC-CD853A formed similar higher order oligomers in infected cells. Virus-mediated expression of GC-C in H295R cells revealed concentration-dependent STa-stimulated cGMP formation that was undetectable in VVGC-CD853A-infected cells. STa decreased angiotensin II-stimulated human aldosterone generation in a concentration-dependent manner in vaccinia virus-expressing GC-C-infected cells but not in those infected with VVGC-CD853A. These results demonstrate that a catalytically active guanylyl cyclase is required for the inhibition of aldosteronogenesis.
MARKET-BASED APPROACH TO CUSTOMIZED TRIP-REDUCTION PROGRAM DESIGN

Frequently a conflict is observed between the desires of central authorities to implement regionwide commuter service plans (e.g., statewide plans) and the desire of local authorities to customize those plans. The hypothesis that commuters in different cities would have no significant differences in their responses to alternate commute incentives was tested, for the purpose of supporting the notion that a statewide plan is an acceptable and efficient method of designing such incentive plans. Literature on various commute choice modeling techniques was reviewed, as well as literature on the comparison of the effectiveness of various incentives in increasing use of alternative commute modes. From this review, a multivariate regression modeling process was adopted and four incentives were chosen, to be tested by means of a phone-mail survey approach in three different cities in Florida. Models were built and tested for the entire data set, and interaction terms for the impact of cities were tested for signif...
Correlated evolution of the cis‐acting regulatory elements and developmental expression of the Drosophila Gld gene in seven species from the subgroup melanogaster

The tissue-specific expression patterns of glucose dehydrogenase (GLD) exhibit a high degree of inter specific variation in the adult reproductive tract among the species in the genus Drosophila. We chose to focus on the evolution of GLD expression and the evolution of the Gld promoter in seven closely related species in the mela-nogaster subgroup as a means of elucidating the relationship of changes in cis-acting regulatory elements in the Gld promoter region with changes in tissue-specific expression. Although little variation in tissue-specific patterns of GLD was found in nonreproductive tissues during development, a surprisingly high level of variation was observed in the expression of GLD in both developing and ma-ture reproductive organs. In some cases this variation is correlated with changes in sequence elements in the Gld promoter which were previously shown to direct tissue-specific expression in the reproductive tract. In particular D. teissieri adult males do not express GLD in their ejaculatory ducts, atypical of the melanogaster subgroup species. The Gld promoter region of D. teissieri specifically lacks all three of the TTAGA regulatory elements present in D. melanogaster. The TTAGA elements were previously shown to direct reporter gene expression to the ejaculatory duct. Together these data suggest the absence or presence of the TTAGA elements may be responsible for variation in the absence or presence of GLD in the ejaculatory duct among species. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.