cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Office-by-example: a business language that unifies data and word processing and electronic mail

The age of the nonprogrammer user of computing systems is at hand, bringing with it the special need of persons who are professionals in their own right to have easy ways to use a computing system. Through the programming language discussed in this paper, executives and other office personnel can perform data and word processing and communications via terminals. This language, called Office-by-Example, provides rich and powerful access to the computing system computation, data base, communication, and display facilities. Discussed and illustrated by examples are a two-dimensional screen editor, triggers, and data bases, as well as word processing, electronic mail, customized menus, and application development.
Are Multichannel Customers Really More Valuable? The Moderating Role of Product Category Characteristics.

How does the monetary value of customer purchases vary by customer preference for purchase channels (e.g., traditional, electronic, multichannel) and product category? The authors develop a conceptual model and hypotheses on the moderating effects of two key product category characteristics—the utilitarian versus hedonic nature of the product category and perceived risk—on the channel preference–monetary value relationship. They test the hypotheses on a unique large-scale, empirically generalizable data set in the retailing context. Contrary to conventional wisdom that all multichannel customers are more valuable than single-channel customers, the results show that multichannel customers are the most valuable segment only for hedonic product categories. The findings reveal that traditional channel customers of low-risk categories provide higher monetary value than other customers. Moreover, for utilitarian product categories perceived as high (low) risk, web-only (catalog- or store-only) shoppers constitu...
Further stability results of a delay-differential systems for digital networks

Abstract A criterion is given which is sufficient for the characteristic roots to remain within the semi-plane Rc (λ)<0. It is not necessary to find the roots of transcendental equation but, the traditional Gorshgorin criterion for each t≥t0, together with another condition are sufficient to determine the stability of tho IJ.G.M. systems. Dopplor effects due to variable time delays in Sandborg's non-linear model is being considered.
Nuclear Data Sheets Update for A = 170

Abstract Nuclear structure data pertaining to all nuclei with mass number A = 170 have been compiled and evaluated, and incorporated into the ENSDF data file. Only new or significantly revised source data sets are published here, together with all adopted level and adopted γ-ray information for all A = 170 isobars. This publication for A = 170 may be used in conjunction with the previous (full) publication (Zhou Chunmei, Nuclear Data Sheets 50, 351 (1987), cutoff date November 1985); please note, however, that data sets which are not published here may, nevertheless, appear in revised form in the current ENSDF file.
Eddy current power dissipation at sharp corners: closely spaced rectangular conductors

The impedance per unit length is considered in situations where rectangular conductors are in close proximity (the geometry considered is that of a narrow slot with depth). Application of the previously derived right angle corner constant, when the conductors are far apart compared to the electrical scales of length (such as skin depth), is modified to account for proximity effects. Alternatively, when the conductors are close together compared to the electrical scales of length, the gap region is eliminated and the fields are induced by appropriate fictitious sources at the gap location. The local impedance per unit length is thus determined and various limiting cases of the conductor thickness (or depth) are considered. A comparison with the thin shell impedance approximation is also made.
Kidney transplantation halts cardiovascular disease progression in patients with end-stage renal disease.

Morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease have a devastating impact on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease. Renal function decline in itself is thought to be a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that the elevated CV mortality in kidney transplant patients is due to the preexisting CVD burden and that restoring renal function by a kidney transplant might over time lower the risk for CVD. We analyzed 60 141 first-kidney-transplant patients registered in the USRDS from 1995 to 2000 for the primary endpoint of cardiac death by transplant vintage and compared these rates to all 66813 adult kidney wait listed patients by wait listing vintage, covering the same time period. The CVD rates peaked during the first 3 months following transplantation and decreased subsequently by transplant vintage when censoring for transplant loss. This trend could be shown in living and deceased donor transplants and even in patients with end-stage renal disease secondary to diabetes. In contrast, the CVD rates on the transplant waiting list increased sharply and progressively by wait listing vintage. Despite the many mechanisms that may be in play, the enduring theme underlying rapid progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in renal failure is the loss of renal function. The data presented in this paper thus suggest that the development or progression of these lesions could be ameliorated by restoring renal function with a transplant.
Dark matter from early decays

Two leading dark matter candidates from supersymmetry and other theories of physics beyond the standard model are WIMPs and weak scale gravitinos. If the lightest stable particle is a gravitino, then a WIMP will decay into it with a natural lifetime of order a month $\ensuremath{\sim}{M}_{\mathrm{pl}}^{2}/{M}_{\mathrm{weak}}^{3}$. We show that if the bulk of dark matter today came from decays of neutral particles with lifetimes of order a year or smaller, then it could lead to a reduction in the amount of small scale substructure, less concentrated halos and constant density cores in the smallest mass halos. Such beneficial effects may therefore be realized naturally, as discussed by Cembranos, Feng, Rajaraman, and Takayama, in the case of supersymmetry.
Systematic errors for saccades to remembered targets: Evidence for a dissociation between saccade metrics and activity in the superior colliculus

Pronounced systematic errors are a consistent feature of saccades to remembered target locations. In an effort to determine their neural basis, we recorded from saccade-related burst neurons (SRBNs) in the superior colliculus and compared the discharges associated with saccades to visual and remembered targets. For all recorded SRBNs, the relationship between discharge rate and saccade metrics differed for saccades to visual and remembered targets; movement fields constructed from saccades to remembered targets were shifted relative to those for visual targets. The shifts of the remembered movement fields were consistent with the direction and magnitude of the systematic errors observed on memory trials. These findings suggest that the superior colliculus is not the source of the systematic errors observed on memory trials. Systematic errors are likely due to the addition or omission of signals downstream from the superior colliculus.
In search of the holy PEWS.

We all remember the famous line from Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , uttered by the Grail Knight deep inside a Middle Eastern cave after Indiana (Harrison Ford) drank from the carpenter’s chalice: “you have chosen… wisely. ” Pediatric hospitalists continue to search for ways to provide the safest and highest quality of care for our patients. We all want to recognize the deteriorating patient and bring additional resources to the patient or the patient to the resources. Pediatric Early Warning Systems (PEWS) have been developed, and some even validated, as tools to …
The influence of molecular weight distribution on melt viscosity, melt elasticity, processing behavior and properties of polystyrene

The influence of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution on the melt rheological behavior of two polystrenes of approximately the same weight average molecular weight, but of widely different molecular weight distribution, was determined. Then, using a series of capillaries with different length-to-diameter ratios in an Instron Capillary Rheometer, the entrance correction methods of E. B. Bagley and the relationships of W. Philippoff and F. H. Gaskins, the recoverable shear strain (SR) in the melt at the capillary wall for these mono- and polydisperse polystyrenes was determined. Shear modulus (G) and normal stress (PN) were calculated using the relationships: G = τRC/SR and PN = 2τRCSR, where τRC is the corrected shear stress at the capillary wall. These are compared to values obtained using a Weissenberg Rheogonimeter. These two polystyrenes were also injection molded into an ASTM specimen mold over a wide range of stock temperature, using a 12 OZ. in-line reciprocating screw injection press, and evaluated for mechanical property values. The effects of the elasticity parameters (SRG & PN) and their magnitude on the rheology, processability and mechanical properties of these polystyrenes are discussed.
Satellite detection of tropical burning in Brazil

Tropical burning often occurs in remote areas of the world. Satellite remote sensing is the only practical solution for detecting and monitoring this burning. The capability of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar orbiting satellites to detect tropical fire activity in the Manaus, Brazil area is demonstrated.
Factors Affecting the Design of Local Exhaust Ventilation for the Control of Contaminants from Hand-Held Sources

Abstract Tracer gas concentrations generated from a hand-held source are measured in the breathing zone of a mannequin positioned in front of flanged circular exhaust hoods in various configurations. Statistical analyses suggest that, other things being equal, it is preferable to position the mannequin (worker) to the side of the hood rather than in the conventional orientation with source between the body and the hood. The experiments show an unexpected increase in exposure as the source-to-hood distance decreases for small hoods. The importance of work practices used in conjunction with engineering controls is indicated.
Platelets: more than a sack of glue

Platelets are primary effector cells in hemostasis. Emerging evidence over the last decade, however, demonstrates that platelets also have critical roles in immunity and inflammation. These nontraditional functions of platelets influence the development, progression, and evolution of numerous diseases, including arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and infectious syndromes. This chapters reviews recently discovered attributes of platelets that contribute to human disease, paying particular attention to the inflammatory activities of this anucleate cytoplast.
Tourism policy agenda setting, interest groups and legislative capture

How interest groups develop advocacy agendas (i.e., agenda setting) is a fundamental piece in the tourism policy puzzle. Through in-depth personal interviews with lobbyists for tourism-related interest groups in the United States, specifically trade associations, this research seeks to understand how tourism policy actors develop advocacy agendas. Activities trade associations engage in to formulate public policy agendas are: understanding what politicians want, reflecting on the comparative advantages of the organisation and collecting input from organisation members. Data collected highlights conflicts between the special interests of tourism advocacy groups and the public interest. Although public interest is an imprecise concept, tourism may not always be in the public interest, which leads to the attempt by the tourism lobby to capture political decision-makers.
Probabilistic estimation of software size and effort

We propose a probabilistic neural network (PNN) approach for simultaneously estimating values of software development parameter (either software size or software effort) and probability that the actual value of the parameter will be less than its estimated value. Using real-world software engineering datasets and V-fold sampling, we compare the PNN approach with the chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) approach and find that the PNN approach performs similar to the CHAID, but provides superior probability estimates. We also show how the method of odds likelihood ratios can be used to combine the PNN forecasted values with subjective managerial beliefs to improve probability estimates.
Directed Forgetting in Older Adults Using the Item and List Methods

Four experiments investigated age-group differences in directed forgetting. Experiments 1A and 1B used the item method with recall (1A) and recognition (1B). Both of these experiments showed evidence of directed forgetting for both younger and older adults. The list method was used in Experiments 2A (recall) and 2B (recognition). For these experiments, there was directed forgetting when recall, but not recognition, was the dependent measure. Again, these results were found for younger and older adults. These results are discussed in terms of how different presentation types lead to the use of different theoretical mechanisms of directed forgetting (e.g., differential encoding, retrieval inhibition). Thus, it appears that both older and younger adults engage in adaptive memory strategies.
Self-Assembly of Meso- and Nanoparticles into 3d Ordered Arrays and its Applications

This presentation describes a simple and practical method for self-assembling meso- and nanoparticles into three-dimensionally ordered lattices (opals) over large areas, and the use of these lattices as templates in fabricating highly ordered porous structures such as inverse opals. This method has been applied to a variety of colloidal particles, including silica colloids and polymer beads with diameters in the range of˜50 nm to ˜50 μm. Templating against the 3D opaline lattices provides an effective route to inorganic-organic composite materials and inverse opals having 3D periodic structures.
Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults

Findings The difference in current cigarette smoking between boys and girls is narrower than expected in many regions of the world. Use of tobacco products other than cigarettes by students is as high as cigarette smoking in many regions. Almost one in five never-smokers reported they were susceptible to smoking in the next year. Student exposure to secondhand smoke was high both at home (more than four in ten) and in public places (more than five in ten). Never-smokers were significantly less likely than current smokers to be exposed to secondhand smoke at home (prevalence 39·1% [95% CI 36·6–41·6] vs 72·8% [64·0–81·6]) and in public places (49·5% [46·7–52·3] vs 81·2% [74·2–88·2]). Interpretation Our findings are troubling for the future of chronic disease and tobacco-related mortality. Reduction of tobacco consumption will require a redoubling of efforts to prevent initiation and promote cessation among the large proportion of young people who currently use tobacco. High exposure to secondhand smoke suggests a need for countries to pass strong and effective smoke-free policies.
Recent Developments in the Theory of Many-Body Processes: Implications for the Study of Surface Dynamics

As the readers of these words are undoubtedly aware, issues of interfacial structure and dynamics are central to a wide range of phenomena having both conceptual and practical significance. As a consequence, the study of such phenomena is important, both from the viewpoint of fundamental theory and from the viewpoint of more practical applications.
Burn Severity of Areas Reburned by Wildfires in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico, USA

We describe satellite-inferred burn severity patterns of areas that were burned and then reburned by wildland fire from 1984 to 2004 within the Gila Aldo Leopold Wilderness Complex, New Mexico, USA. Thirteen fires have burned 27 000 hectares across multiple vegetation types at intervals between fires ranging from 3 yr to 14 yr. Burn severity of reburned areas showed sensitivity to the severity of the initial fire. The severity of reburned areas also varied by vegetation type and time elapsed between fires. Initial fires that burned at low severity tended to reburn at low severity, while reburned areas where initial fire was severe showed higher probability of reburning at high severity. Our analysis also suggests that there may be thresholds in the severity of an initial burn above which the severity of the subsequent fire is likely to increase. Because the spectral index used primarily reflects changes in vegetation relative to pre-burn conditions, a large relative change in post-fire vegetation (e.g., shrubs and small trees), as inferred from remotely sensed spectral data, is likely at sites that previously burned at high severity. Field data are needed to fully assess the reburn severity issue, in order to demonstrate that severe reburns may be a relatively new phenomenon occurring outside the historical norm, with potential long-term ecological significance.
Rapid detection of organophosphate pesticides in aqueous environment using a polysiloxane coated SH-SAW device

The choice of the chemically sensing layer for gas and liquid-phase microsensors greatly influences their sensitivity, selectivity, reversibility, and response time. It has been shown in previous work that poly(epichlorohydrin) (PECH) and polyurethane (PU) coated SH-SAW sensors on 36deg rotated Y-cut LiTaO3 can be used to reversibly detect organophosphate (OP) pesticides (phosmet and parathion) directly in the liquid phase with high sensitivity. However, these chemical sensors exhibited relatively long response times hindering real-time detection. In this work, a polysiloxane film, poly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS), is investigated to achieve real-time or near real-time detection of OP pesticides in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, using a nonlinear estimation technique in the form of an extended Kalman filter (EKF), parameters containing the sensor transient information are estimated on-line. This additional information is used to further reduce the time required for detection.
Effects of Milling Liquid on the Reaction-Bonded Aluminum Oxide Process

The reaction-bonded aluminum oxide process begins with aluminum, Al2O3, and usually ZrO2 powders that have been attrition-milled in an organic liquid. The attrition-milled powder is then compacted and heat-treated in air to produce polycrystalline, Al2O3-based ceramics. Safety considerations have made it desirable for the milling liquid to be changed from acetone to a less-flammable solvent. In this paper, mineral spirits, ethanol, and mineral spirits that contains 2 wt% stearic acid are presented as viable alternatives to acetone. The effects of changing the milling liquid on the reaction process and the properties of the final fired ceramic are investigated.
Vitamin A prophylaxis

It has been little more than a decade since the initial observation of the dose dependent relation between the severity of vitamin A deficiency and childhood mortality,1 quickly followed by the publication of a controlled trial in which children of preschool age, randomised to receive large doses of vitamin A every six months, died at only two thirds (or less) the rate of control subjects.2 3 In the short interval since this trial, an initially sceptical scientific community has declared control of vitamin A deficiency a major international goal4-6 and potentially one of the most cost effective of all health interventions.7 #### Key messages The story did not begin in the 1980s. A host of animal studies and anecdotal clinical reports during the first third of the century, soon after vitamin A was discovered, suggested a close, potentially causal relation between vitamin A status and morbidity and mortality from infection. These are detailed elsewhere.8 For ethical and logistic reasons the observational study1 has never been repeated, though a large number of intervention trials have been carried out. Eight were initially considered to be suitably rigorous for inclusion in an independently commissioned meta-analysis (table 1).9 The results were remarkably similar, particularly given the wide differences in culture, dietary …
Dissipation effects in hydrodynamic stability of viscoelastic fluids

In this paper an analysis is made of the hydrodynamic stability of a Boussinesq viscoelastic fluid undergoing plane Couette flow with a superposed temperature gradient. Of special interest is the effect of including the dissipation term in the energy equation. This term is shown to destabilize the fluid for most values of disturbance wave number and material parameters and to cause overstability for all values of the Brinkman number. At a critical Weissenberg number of 1, a rheological instability is developed which is essentially independent of the Reynolds, Prandtl, and Brinkman numbers.
Optical control with specially-engineered photonic lattices and optical beams

We provide a brief overview of our recent work on spatial control of light propagation in optically induced photonic lattices, and optical control and manipulation of micro- and nano-particles with various specially-designed optical beams.
Image compression through wavelet transform coding

A novel theory is introduced for analyzing image compression methods that are based on compression of wavelet decompositions. This theory precisely relates (a) the rate of decay in the error between the original image and the compressed image as the size of the compressed image representation increases (i.e., as the amount of compression decreases) to (b) the smoothness of the image in certain smoothness classes called Besov spaces. Within this theory, the error incurred by the quantization of wavelet transform coefficients is explained. Several compression algorithms based on piecewise constant approximations are analyzed in some detail. It is shown that, if pictures can be characterized by their membership in the smoothness classes considered, then wavelet-based methods are near-optimal within a larger class of stable transform-based, nonlinear methods of image compression. Based on previous experimental research it is argued that in most instances the error incurred in image compression should be measured in the integral sense instead of the mean-square sense. >
Meta-analysis: pesticides and orofacial clefts.

Abstract Objective: The risk of orofacial clefts associated with pesticide exposure was examined by conducting a meta-analysis of studies published from 1966 through 2005. Design: The full text of 230 studies was reviewed in detail, and of these, 19 studies were included in the final analysis. Fixed effects and random effects models were used to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and homogeneity among studies was evaluated. Main outcome measures: Exposure- and phenotype-specific risks associated with pesticides. Results: Many of the studies identified as suitable for analysis used a retrospective design with varying sample sizes, levels of exposure assessment, and phenotype evaluation. For all phenotypes combined, maternal occupational exposure was associated with an increased risk of clefting (OR = 1.37; CI = 1.04 to 1.81), whereas the estimates were somewhat weaker for paternal occupational exposures (OR = 1.16; CI = 0.94 to 1.44) or for any residential exposure (OR =...
Sociology of Law: From sociological jurisprudence to sociology of law

The development of the sociology of law cannot be restricted to the history of sociology but must also consider elements in the history of legal thought, especially those emanations from legal scholarship claiming to be sociologically informed. This condition particularly applies to the United States, for when the first attempts were made in European sociology to carve out a niche for the sociology of law, there was at the time no such similar development in American sociology, where studies of law were conducted only very rarely in sociological scholarship (e.g., Gillin 1929; Thomas 1931). Instead, as an early precursor to the sociology of law there developed a perspective known as sociological jurisprudence. Established by Harvard law professor Roscoe Pound, sociological jurisprudence was an extension of the legal thought of the famous US jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., who had formulated a conception of law as reflecting a nation's development. Inspired by Holmes and the turn towards a scientifically informed jurisprudence, sociological jurisprudence additionally paved the way for the school of legal realism, which benefited most from its systematization in the work of Karl Llewellyn. The American traditions of sociological jurisprudence and legal realism take the place of the work of Petrazycki in Europe as being among the precursors towards the sociology of law. However, because these early schools in the United States were part of legal rather than sociological scholarship, an additional effort was needed from within sociology to establish the subfield of the sociology of law.
A Note on Fatigue Scatter and Life Predictions

One of the major problems in predicting fatigue life for service components from laboratory data is that the scatter of laboratory data often differs from that of actual service components. In this note a method to estimate fatigue lives from crack propagation models is presented. It will be shown that the result is a scatter and life prediction which well represents those desired for typical manufactured parts.
SCALE Continuous-Energy Eigenvalue Sensitivity Coefficient Calculations

Sensitivity coefficients describe the fractional change in a system response that is induced by changes to system parameters and nuclear data. The Tools for Sensitivity and UNcertainty Analysis Methodology Implementation (TSUNAMI) code within the SCALE code system makes use of eigenvalue sensitivity coefficients for an extensive number of criticality safety applications, including quantifying the data-induced uncertainty in the eigenvalue of critical systems, assessing the neutronic similarity between different critical systems, and guiding nuclear data adjustment studies. The need to model geometrically complex systems with improved fidelity and the desire to extend TSUNAMI analysis to advanced applications has motivated the development of a methodology for calculating sensitivity coefficients in continuous-energy (CE) Monte Carlo applications. The Contributon-Linked eigenvalue sensitivity/Uncertainty estimation via Tracklength importance CHaracterization (CLUTCH) and Iterated Fission Probability (IFP) eigenvalue sensitivity methods were recently implemented in the CE-KENO framework of the SCALE code system to enable TSUNAMI-3D to perform eigenvalue sensitivity calculations using continuous-energy Monte Carlo methods. This work provides a detailed description of the theory behind the CLUTCH method and describes in detail its implementation. This work explores the improvements in eigenvalue sensitivity coefficient accuracy that can be gained through the use of continuous-energy sensitivity methods and also compares severalmore » sensitivity methods in terms of computational efficiency and memory requirements.« less
A Gaussian mixture model based discretization algorithm for associative classification of medical data

A new supervised discretization algorithm is proposed.Multi-modal distributed numerical variables/features are particularly handled.The proposed approach outperforms existing algorithms in rule-based classification. Knowledge-based systems such as expert systems are of particular interest in medical applications as extracted if-then rules can provide interpretable results. Various rule induction algorithms have been proposed to effectively extract knowledge from data, and they can be combined with classification methods to form rule-based classifiers. However, most of the rule-based classifiers can not directly handle numerical data such as blood pressure. A data preprocessing step called discretization is required to convert such numerical data into a categorical format. Existing discretization algorithms do not take into account the multimodal class densities of numerical variables in datasets, which may degrade the performance of rule-based classifiers. In this paper, a new Gaussian Mixture Model based Discretization Algorithm (GMBD) is proposed that preserve the most frequent patterns of the original dataset by taking into account the multimodal distribution of the numerical variables. The effectiveness of GMBD algorithm was verified using six publicly available medical datasets. According to the experimental results, the GMBD algorithm outperformed five other static discretization methods in terms of the number of generated rules and classification accuracy in the associative classification algorithm. Consequently, our proposed approach has a potential to enhance the performance of rule-based classifiers used in clinical expert systems.
Dielectric Loss in Vanadyl Pnictates

The results of audio frequency complex impedance studies for vanadyl phosphate and its hydrates (VOPO4*nH2O; n=0,1,2) are reported. Measurements were made at seventeen frequencies between 10 and 105 Hz over the temperature range 5.5–380K. Two low-temperature features were observed and are correlated with particular water species between the VOPO4 layers. In light of chemical evidence and complex impedance measurements on related compounds, it is speculated that VOPcO4*nH2O (Pc = P, As) can be thought of as a mixed nonstoichiometric compound [VO(HPcO4)]x[VOPcO4]1-x*nH2O and the solid Bronsted acid nature of the compound is related to proton movement between layer pnictates and intralayer waters.
Conceptualizations of mental health.

A category system of mental health is presented from which theoretical conceptualizations and empirical operationalizations can be viewed. The categories include: (a) mental health as freedom from illness, (b) mental health as ideal personality type, (c) mental health as transactional systems, and (d) mental health from multiple perspectives. The system might be employed to scrutinize and lessen the gap between theory and research.
Target Tracking on Computational Grids

This paper presents analytical results and methodologies for exact and heuristic solution algorithms for the multidimensional assignment problem (MAP). The MAP is an NPcomplete generalization of the classical linear assignment problem, and is central to multisensor data fusion and, particularly, the problem of multi-sensor multi-target tracking. The solutions are based on specic forms of tree-based representations of the MAP, which allow for decomposing its feasible set into several regions. This is expected to improve convergence rates of the computational procedures make them highly parallelizable. The computational grid implementation of the MAP has the goal of enabling a real-time tracking of ground targets by a formation of cooperative UAVs, without the need for centralized computations. The proposed solution procedures include several branch-and-bound algorithms that rely on dierent tree representations of the MAP, as well as multi-start greedy heuristics. The proposed variations of exact and heuristic algorithms will be specically suitable for tackling MAP instances of various congurations: those where the number of dimensions is much greater than the number of elements per dimension, those where this relationship is reversed, and those where the number of dimensions and their sizes are approximately equal.
Reflexing the BNC Camera

Reflex cameras have been used more and more for professional motion-picture photography, and, with the advent of zoom lenses that approach fixed focal-length lenses in resolution capability, the need for reflex viewing has become imperative. To make the BNC most useful for soundstage work it has been redesigned to permit reflex viewing. The rotating mirror principle is used to prevent any loss of the light impinging on the film. A number of serious mechanical and optical problems have been solved to ensure retention of the desirable features. Performance characteristics of the BNCR (reflex BNC) and the BNC are compared and new features of the BNC are discussed.
Calling Behavior of Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) with Notes on the Morphology of the Female Sex Pheromone Gland

The calling behavior of the female tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta (L.), is described and correlated with pheromone release. The distribution of calling times over the first seven evenings after eclosion is reported; the females tended to start calling earlier and for a longer period the older they were. During observations over 96 h of continuous darkness, four regularly spaced periods of calling were seen with a mean interval of 25.4 h—a finding consistent with the existence of a circadian rhythm. Electroantennogram bioassays of parts of the female abdominal tip confirm the location of the female sex pheromone gland. The highest pheromonal activity was found in the region of the ventral membrane of the ninth segment, an area previously identified on histological evidence. The gland was examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. It is a modification of the ventral membrane of the ninth abdominal segment and consists of a monolayer of cuboid to columnar cells lining the cuticle. The surface of the intersegmental membrane is covered by small spines, some of which appear to have droplets at their tips. A second area of glandular appearance also was found underlying the anal papillae of the ninth segment.
Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels: A Structural Examination of Selectivity and Gating

Voltage-gated potassium channels play a fundamental role in the generation and propagation of the action potential. The discovery of these channels began with predictions made by early pioneers, and has culminated in their extensive functional and structural characterization by electrophysiological, spectroscopic, and crystallographic studies. With the aid of a variety of crystal structures of these channels, a highly detailed picture emerges of how the voltage-sensing domain reports changes in the membrane electric field and couples this to conformational changes in the activation gate. In addition, high-resolution structural and functional studies of K(+) channel pores, such as KcsA and MthK, offer a comprehensive picture on how selectivity is achieved in K(+) channels. Here, we illustrate the remarkable features of voltage-gated potassium channels and explain the mechanisms used by these machines with experimental data.
Epidemic characteristic and trend analysis on epidemic mumps in Nantong,2004-2008

Objectives: Understand the epidemic characteristics and the trend of mumps in Nantong from 2004 to 2008 and to provide a scientific basis for its immune prevention and control.Methods: The surveillance data of from 2004 to 2008 in Nantong was collected and analyzed by using descriptive epidemiology method.Results: There were 3 903 mumps cases reported in Nantong,the annual incidence of mumps was 12.38,8.51,12.91,10.29 and 7.34/100,000 from 2004 to 2008,respectively,which showed an obvious decrease.The annual average incidence was 10.30/100,000 and was lower than the average level of China(19.88/100,000).The endemic of mumps show an apparent seasonal features and the peak was from April to July(61.92% of total cases).The incidence of mumps of children age 5 to 14 was the highest(70.54% of total cases) among all age groups.The patients are mainly the students,next are the kindergartners and the scatter children.And most of the outbreaks occurred in primary schools with cases of 220(93.22 %).Conclusions: Although the incidence of infectious disease is increasingly going down due to the planned immune strategy,the surveillance and the report of mumps should be strengthened,the MMR vaccine rate of 18-month children should be boosted and the children aged 5 to 14 should be encouraged to receive mumps or other combined vaccination voluntarily to enhance their immune response.
Planning for Cars in Cities:Planners,Engineers,and Freeways in the 20th Century

We consider the history of U.S.urban transportation planning over the past 100 years,to explain the evolution and legacy of the single most important transportation development of the past century save automobility itself:the emergence of the urban freeway.We reviewed primary and secondary material,including plans,manuscripts,newspaper accounts,and scholarly articles and books.We argue that the method used to fund interstate highway development put federal and state highway engineers in charge,and this affected highways' location and design.State highway engineers imposed a narrow,traffic-service oriented vision on metropolitan freeways that focused on maximizing vehicle throughput and largely ignored other urban concerns.With too little advance thought,overbuilt,sparse,ring-radial networks were routed through neighborhoods in cities around the country,often at great social and environmental cost.Though the system has undeniably conferred great benefits in terms of enhanced mobility,the costs have been high as well.A century-old vision of coordinated transportation and land use planning has resurfaced in practice,but in the meantime politically expedient decisions about public finance have had unanticipated,but profound and long-lasting effects on projects,travel,and urban form.
Commentary. Partial thrombosis of the false lumen in patients with acute type B aortic dissection.

Background: Patency or thrombosis of the false lumen in type B acute aortic dissection has been found to predict outcomes. The prognostic implications of partial thrombosis of the false lumen have not yet been elucidated. Methods: We examined 201 patients with type B acute aortic dissection who were enrolled in the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection between 1996 and 2003 and who survived to hospital discharge. Kaplan-Meier mortality curves were stratified according to the status of the false lumen (patent, partial thrombosis, or complete thrombosis) as determined during the index hospitalization. Cox proportional-hazards analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of death. Results: During the index hospitalization, 114 patients (56.7%) had a patent false lumen, 68 patients (33.8%) had partial thrombosis of the false lumen, and 19 (9.5%) had complete thrombosis of the false lumen. The mean (±SD) 3-year mortality rate for patients with a patent false lumen was 13.7 ± 7.1%, for those with partial thrombosis was 31.6 ± 12.4%, and for those with complete thrombosis was 22.6 ± 22.6% (median follow-up, 2.8 years; P = 0.003 by the log-rank test). Independent predictors of postdischarge mortality were partial thrombosis of the false lumen (relative risk, 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45 to 4.98; P = 0.002), a history of aortic aneurysm (relative risk, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.07 to 3.93; P = 0.03), and a history of atherosclerosis (relative risk, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.47; P = 0.05). Conclusions: Mortality is high after discharge from the hospital among patients with type B acute aortic dissection. Partial thrombosis of the false lumen, as compared with complete patency, is a significant independent predictor of postdischarge mortality in these patients.
Modern Radiation Therapy Approaches: Targeted and Ablative Strategies

New technological advances in radiation oncology have allowed safe, high dose delivery of radiation therapy with ablative intent. In this chapter, new technologies such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), and proton therapy are discussed. Additionally, clinical use and data are presented as well.
The CEO-CFO Relationship and CEO Compensation

We study whether social ties between the CEO and the CFO, as proxied by CFO co-option, influences CEO compensation. We define CFO co-option as the appointment of a CFO after a CEO assumes office. We also examine the influence of CFO co-option on compensation when the CEO’s personality is relatively more powerful than the CFO’s, and when the CFO is assigned more decision-making power, which will yield higher CEO compensation if a co-opted and more powerful CFO manages earnings upwards. Consistent with the social network theory (Granovetter, 1973), we find that CEO compensation is relatively higher when the CFO is co-opted. As predicted by the upper echelons theory (Hambrick and Mason, 1984), this effect is more pronounced when the CEO’s personality is relatively more dominant than the CFO’s (as proxied by lower relative voice pitch) and when the CFO is assigned more decision-making power (as proxied by the CFO’s membership on the board of directors). However, the evidence is not entirely supportive of a rent extraction story as the board appears to anticipate the effects of CFO co-option and design the CEO compensation contract to mitigate benefits from earnings management.
The Mad Woman in the Garden: Decolonizing Domesticity in Shani Mootoo’s Cereus Blooms at Night

This chapter examines interrelations of colonial violence, madness, and queer expressions of gender and sexuality in Indo-Caribbean-Canadian writer Shani Mootoo’s 1996 novel Cereus Blooms at Night. Set on the fictional Caribbean island of Lantanacamara (a thinly veiled version of Trinidad), the novel relays the story of Mala Ramchandin, a sexually traumatized and “insane” woman, through the perspective of her caregiver, Tyler, a queer nurse. Iovannone argues that the novel illustrates how the violence of colonialism both produces and erases queer and disabled subjects. Colonialism, within the novel, produces a set of normative social conventions whereby queer subjects are expelled from the social order or are rendered “mad” as a method of coping with an environment hostile to their very existence. Mootoo suggests that this “othering” of queer and disabled subjects occurs through the maintenance of hetero-patriarchal domestic spaces inhospitable to those considered sexually and/or mentally inferior. To this end, the novel demonstrates that queerness is not the result of individual or familial pathology, but is produced and necessitated by the oppressive discourses that form practices of colonialism in both national and domestic spaces. The novel ultimately reimagines domestic reality so as to reimagine the lives of marginalized subjects in both private and public. The normalizing forces of colonialism are therefore resisted through the creation of alternative, or queer, domestic spaces, kinship arrangements, and modes of self-expression.
Reconciling genotype with phenotype: Lessons learned on the Arabian Peninsula.

On the Arabian Peninsula, where consanguineous/endogamous marriages are customary, hereditary eye disease is often autosomal recessive and genotype-phenotype correlation is typically straightforwar...
Experimental Methods for Measuring Blood Flow in Brain Capillaries

Two-photon microscopy enables the study of blood flow in the brain capillary network, with measurements of red blood cell speed and flux within individual capillaries. This chapter provides some practical guidance for conducting such measurements in models such as rodents. The vasculature can be visualized by intravenous dye injection, which shows blood cells in silhouette. Although most two-photon microscopes do not take images quickly enough to quantify flow speed in full-frame images, by limiting scanning to lines along the center of the vessels, these microscopes can capture red blood cell motion in nearly all the vessels in the rodent cortex. Several automated algorithms are available to extract cell speeds from such datasets. Images can also be used to identify capillaries that are stalled and have no moving red blood cells. Additional exogenous dyes or expression of fluorescent proteins can provide many complementary structural and functional measurement capabilities.
Free chlorine and monochloramine inactivation kinetics of Aspergillus and Penicillium in drinking water.

Fungi are near-ubiquitous in potable water distribution systems, but the disinfection kinetics of commonly identified fungi are poorly studied. In the present study, laboratory scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the inactivation kinetics of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus versicolor, and Penicillium purpurogenum by free chlorine and monochloramine. The observed inactivation data were then fit to a delayed Chick-Watson model. Based on the model parameter estimation, the Ct values (integrated product of disinfectant concentration C and contact time t over defined time intervals) for 99.9% inactivation of the tested fungal strains ranged from 48.99 mg min/L to 194.7 mg min/L for free chlorine and from 90.33 mg min/L to 531.3 mg min/L for monochloramine. Fungal isolates from a drinking water system (Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium purpurogenum) were more disinfection resistant than Aspergillus fumigatus type and clinical isolates. The required 99.9% inactivation Ct values for the tested fungal strains are higher than E. coli, a commonly monitored indicator bacteria, and within a similar range for bacteria commonly identified within water distribution systems, such as Mycobacterium spp. and Legionella spp.
Using Space Time Visualization in Learning Environment Design

Space-time visualization is an established area of research and design. However, a significant gap in this work is how space-time visualization supports learning environment design in particular conceptual domains. This paper introduces two new and generalizable types of interactive learning environment designs in different conceptual domains that use space-time visualization. The first is for museum studies and is designed for learners (typically museum curators, educators and designers) to learn about how museum visitors engage with exhibits in museum gallery spaces. The second supports social studies education. Findings and discussion show how a) space-time visualization can be a powerful means to support specific types of learning environment designs and b) such efforts also can produce new types and uses of space-time visualization in particular settings.
The Luso-Baroque Republic of Things and the Contingency of Contact

The Republic of Letters is an established concept in the early modern world, but the corresponding circulation of material things , from coins to all they could purchase, has been less recognized, despite its acute agency in the move from an intra-regional Europe to global systems of trade, politics and religion. By tracing the visual patois of a single subject, Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception , through its appearance in multiple media along the Portuguese eastern trade route (Antwerp, Lisbon, Goa, Nagasaki), this paper draws upon the tangible residue of engagement to consider how the active responses sparked by mimesis can pave the way for a hermeneutic of cultural exchange grounded in the contingency of contact zones.