cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expropriation, Eviction, and the Dignity of the Common Law

This is the text of a public talk delivered on 18 July 2012 in Johannesburg, South Africa. The talk included discussions of two recent decisions from South Africa’s top courts, considered in relation to the South African legal community’s response to the Constitution’s directions for submission of South Africa’s body of pre-transition common law to judicial inspection in appropriate cases, in order to check whether common-law norms are line (and to bring them into line where they are not) with the “spirit, purport and objects” of the Constitution’s Bill of Rights. Such an on-going, case-based judicial audit of the common law under the gaze of the Bill of Rights would be one way (in cases where all the parties are private) of giving “horizontal effect” to the Bill of Rights.
Adenyl Cyclase in Fat Cells I. PROPERTIES AND THE EFFECTS OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN AND FLUORIDE

Abstract Some of the characteristics of adenyl cyclase activity and its response to the stimulatory agents, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and fluoride ion, were investigated in rat fat cell "ghosts." ACTH and fluoride ion stimulated the activity of the same enzyme. The membrane-bound enzyme was unstable at 0 and 37° and was inactivated by trypsin. Of several monovalent cations tested, lithium ion inhibited the basal, ACTH-, and fluoride-stimulated activities of the enzyme. Potassium ion, at 10 mm, specifically enhanced the response of the enzyme to ACTH; this effect of potassium was abolished by sodium ion (100 mm). The enzyme required a divalent ion for activity; among several divalent cations tested, Mn++, Mg++, and Co++ were effective. Mn++ (5 mm) stimulated basal and fluoride activities but not ACTH activity which showed a preference for Mg++. Ca++ inhibited adenyl cyclase activity; ACTH and fluoride ion reduced the concentration necessary to obtain 50% inhibition from 2.0 mm to 0.75 and 0.40 mm, respectively. The affinity of adenyl cyclase for Mg++ was increased in the presence of ACTH and fluoride ion, whereas the affinity for ATP was not changed. The kinetic characteristics of the basal, ACTH-, and fluoride-stimulated activities of the enzyme in the presence of Mg++ indicated that adenyl cyclase has two binding sites for Mg++, one of which is at the catalytic site and the other at some site that is altered by the actions of ACTH and fluoride ion and which enhances, allosterically, the reaction of the catalytic site with its substrate, MgATP. Although both ACTH and fluoride affected the same kinetic parameter (increased affinity for Mg++), the following differences were observed in their characteristics of activation: (a) Fluoride- and ACTH-stimulated activities were affected differently in the presence of potassium and manganous ions; (b) ACTH concentration curves were hyperbolae whereas fluoride concentration curves were sigmoids; (c) the concentration of ACTH giving half-maximal stimulation (apparent Km) was only slightly affected by temperature, whereas the apparent Km for fluoride activation was changed from 0.9 mm at 37° to 2.0 mm at 30°. It was concluded that ACTH and fluoride ion activate the same enzyme and alter the same kinetic parameter involved in activation, but do so by different means.
Kinetic effects of subsurface species on Zr(0 0 0 1) surface chemistry

Abstract Zirconium alloys are widely used in chemical and nuclear engineering applications because of their high corrosion resistance and low neutron cross-sections. However, fundamental studies of relevant model systems are sparse, leaving open-questions regarding the surface chemistry of this class of materials. In an effort to answer some of these questions, we have been studying the kinetics and reaction mechanisms of small molecules (water, ammonia, nitric oxide) adsorbed on Zr(0 0 0 1) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The data from these systems indicate that kinetic surface/subsurface exchange plays a major role in the resulting surface chemistry and show strong adsorption temperature effects. In this paper we summarize the results of our studies and present a conceptual model which accounts for our experimental findings.
An Overview of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

Abstract Context.—More than 90% of testicular neoplasms originate from germ cells. Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with diverse histopathology and clinical behavior. Objective.—To help the readers distinguish various subtypes of GCTs, to highlight the clinical manifestations and pathologic features of these tumors, and to review several newly developed immunohistochemical markers for GCTs. Data Sources.—Review of the pertinent literature and our experience. Conclusions.—The etiology of GCTs is largely unknown. Cytogenetic studies suggest a different pathogenesis for each group of infantile/prepubertal GCTs, postpubertal GCTs, and spermatocytic seminoma. Unclassified intratubular germ cell neoplasia is the precursor of all GCTs, excluding spermatocytic seminoma and infantile/prepubertal GCTs. Seminoma, the most common GCT in adults, does not occur before 5 years of age. Spermatocytic seminoma, a tumor of elderly men, typically has an indolent clinical behavior, but...
A quasi-multistart framework for global optimization of expensive functions using response surface models

We present the AQUARS (A QUAsi-multistart Response Surface) framework for finding the global minimum of a computationally expensive black-box function subject to bound constraints. In a traditional multistart approach, the local search method is blind to the trajectories of the previous local searches. Hence, the algorithm might find the same local minima even if the searches are initiated from points that are far apart. In contrast, AQUARS is a novel approach that locates the promising local minima of the objective function by performing local searches near the local minima of a response surface (RS) model of the objective function. It ignores neighborhoods of fully explored local minima of the RS model and it bounces between the best partially explored local minimum and the least explored local minimum of the RS model. We implement two AQUARS algorithms that use a radial basis function model and compare them with alternative global optimization methods on an 8-dimensional watershed model calibration problem and on 18 test problems. The alternatives include EGO, GLOBALm, MLMSRBF (Regis and Shoemaker in INFORMS J Comput 19(4):497---509, 2007), CGRBF-Restart (Regis and Shoemaker in J Global Optim 37(1):113---135 2007), and multi level single linkage (MLSL) coupled with two types of local solvers: SQP and Mesh Adaptive Direct Search (MADS) combined with kriging. The results show that the AQUARS methods generally use fewer function evaluations to identify the global minimum or to reach a target value compared to the alternatives. In particular, they are much better than EGO and MLSL coupled to MADS with kriging on the watershed calibration problem and on 15 of the test problems.
Increasing the rate of heating: a potential therapeutic approach for achieving synergistic tumour killing in combined hyperthermia and chemotherapy.

Purpose: A synergistic cancer cell killing effect of sub-lethal hyperthermia and chemotherapy has been reported extensively. In this study, in vitro cell culture experiments with a uterine cancer cell line (MES-SA) and its multidrug resistant (MDR) variant MES-SA/Dx5 were conducted in order to investigate the role of heating rate in achieving a synergistic effect. The mode of cell death, induction of thermal tolerance and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated MDR following two different rates of heating were studied.Materials and methods: Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as the chemotherapy drug. A rapid rate hyperthermia was achieved by near infrared laser (NIR) excited indocyanine green (ICG) dye (absorption maximum at 808 nm, ideal for tissue penetration). A slow rate hyperthermia was provided by a cell culture incubator.Results: The potentiating effect of hyperthermia to chemotherapy can be maximised by increasing the rate of heating. When delivered at the same thermal dose, a rapid increase in temperature from 37...
A turbidometric assay for measuring proteins in culture media

An immunoturbidometric assay was developed for the measurement of proteins in culture fluids of hepatocytes. The assay is simple to perform and avoids the biohazards associated with radioimmunoassays. The limit of detection of this assay exemplified by hemopexin and transferrin is 5 ng/ml protein. This degree of sensitivity is attained by incorporating into the procedure the addition of polyethylene glycol to enhance formation of primary antigen-antibody complexes and of a second antibody to further increase the immune complex size, which favors the ratio of specific to background light scattering.
Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal the Evolutionary Origin of the Inhibin α-Subunit, a Unique TGFβ Superfamily Antagonist

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) homologues form a diverse superfamily that arose early in animal evolution and control cellular function through membrane-spanning, conserved serine-threonine kinases (RII and RI receptors). Activin and inhibin are related dimers within the TGFβ superfamily that share a common β-subunit. The evolution of the inhibin α-subunit created the only antagonist within the TGFβ superfamily and the only member known to act as an endocrine hormone. This hormone introduced a new level of complexity and control to vertebrate reproductive function. The novel functions of the inhibin α-subunit appear to reflect specific insertion-deletion changes within the inhibin β-subunit that occurred during evolution. Using phylogenomic analysis, we correlated specific insertions with the acquisition of distinct functions that underlie the phenotypic complexity of vertebrate reproductive processes. This phylogenomic approach presents a new way of understanding the structure-function relationships between inhibin, activin, and the larger TGFβ superfamily.
Predicting risky modules in open-source software for high-performance computing

This paper presents the position that software-quality modeling of open-source software for high-performance computing can identify modules that have a high risk of bugs.Given the source code for a recent release, a model can predict which modules are likely to have bugs, based on data from past releases. If a user knows which software modules correspond to functionality of interest, then risks to operations become apparent. If the risks are too great, the user may prefer not to upgrade to the most recent release.Of course, such predictions are never perfect. After release, bugs are discovered. Some bugs are missed by the model, and some predicted errors do not occur. A successful model will be accurate enough for informed management action at the time of the predictions.As evidence for this position, this paper summarizes a case study of the Portable Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation (PETSC), which is a mathematical library for high-performance computing. Data was drawn from source-code and configuration management logs. The accuracy of logistic-regression and decision-tree models indicated that the methodology is promising. The case study also illustrated several modeling issues.
Phenolic and tyrosyl ring iodothyronine deiodination by the Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cell line.

Abstract Thyroid hormone metabolism was studied in the human Caco-2 colon carcinoma cell line, which at confluence exhibits several functions of differentiated enterocytes. Cells were harvested two to 17 days after reaching confluence. Intact cells and homogenates were tested for deiodination of [ 125 I]-labeled substrates. Small amounts of thyroxine (T 4 ) were converted by homogenates to 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (rT 3 ), 3,3′-diiodothyronine (3,3′-T 2 ), and I − , with no detectable production of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T 3 ) by homogenates or cells. rT 3 was converted to 3,3′-T 2 and I − with an apparent Michaelis constant (K m ) for rT 3 of 24 nmol/L; 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) had a 50% inhibitory concentration of 30 nmol/L and abolished rT 3 5′-deiodination at 1 mmol/L in the presence of 20 mmol/L dithiothreitol (DTT). T 3 was deiodinated to 3,3′-T 2 and 3′-monoiodothyronine (3′-T 1 ) with an apparent Michaelis constant (K m ) for T 3 of 5.7 nmol/L; this reaction was not inhibited by 1 mmol/L PTU. Phenolic and tyrosyl ring deiodinating activities were maximal four and six days, respectively, after the cells reached confluence. Homogenates of cells grown in standard medium containing fetal calf serum had fivefold higher rT 3 5′-deiodinating activity than cells grown in a serum-free defined culture medium, reflecting a fivefold difference in the apparent V max with no difference in the apparent K m for rT 3 . There was no difference in T 3 5-deiodination rates in homogenates of Caco-2 cells grown in the two media until 12 days postconfluence, when cells grown in standard medium had higher activity. These findings indicate that Caco-2 cells have two deiodinating pathways. rT 3 5′-deiodination more closely resembles the low K m process described in rat kidney microsomes than classic type I deiodination in either rat or human tissues. T 3 5-deiodination occurs via the type III pathway, which is regulated by changes in cell growth and differentiation as in several other cell types.
Prediction of Recovery in Antenatally Diagnosed Hydronephrosis

A series of 335 children with antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis which persisted after the postnatal period was prospectively assessed. Idiopathic hydronephrosis (85 patients) and pelviureteric junction obstruction (73 patients) were the commonest conditions. All patients with idiopathic hydronephrosis were managed conservatively; 87% have had a complete resolution of hydronephrosis and 13% have remained unaltered. No patient managed conservatively has shown a deterioration in renal function.
Cystic Disease in Women: Clinical Characteristics and Medical Management

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a dominantly inherited systemic disorder equally inherited in men and women characterized by renal cyst development and expansion ultimately leading to renal failure. ADPKD women have a slower rate of progression to renal failure, with a later age of entry into end·stage renal disease (ESRD) as compared with men. Renal cyst growth and renal expansion are the hallmarks of ADPKD, and women will develop renal insufficiency with smaller renal volume than their male counterparts. As well, women have different rates of occurrence of renal and extrarenal complications in ADPKD. Renal complications related to ADPKD, including hypertension and gross hematuria, occur more frequently in men than in women, whereas liver cystic disease occurs earlier and more frequently in women than in men. The presence of polycystic liver disease is related to pregnancy number and oral contraceptive pill use in ADPKD women. Importantly, massive polycystic liver disease requiring surgical intervention occurs primarily in ADPKD women. ADKPD women have a highly successful reproductive course. The chance of a successful pregnancy is excellent in ADPKD women and comparable to healthy unaffected women as long as prepregnancy blood pressure and renal function are normal. Fetal complication rates are no greater than in the general population; however, maternal complication rates in ADPKD women are high with an increased frequency of new or worsening hypertension as well as an increased occurrence of preeclampsia and preterm deliveries. Finally, increasing pregnancy number has minimal or no effect on renal outcome in ADPKD women.
Prospective evaluation of the giant prosthetic reinforcement of the visceral sac for recurrent and complex bilateral inguinal hernias

Abstract Background: Recurrent and complex bilateral inguinal hernias are associated with a high recurrence rate. This study evaluates prospectively the efficacy and safety of giant prosthetic reinforcement of the visceral sac (GPRVS) in a group of patients at high risk for recurrence. Methods: Sixty-four patients with 124 inguinal hernias (60 bilateral and 4 unilateral) underwent repair using a large polyester mesh based on Stoppa’s preperitoneal technique. Mean age was 61 years (63 men and 1 woman), and 69% had one or more comorbid medical conditions. Results: Factors predicating a high risk for recurrence included large hernia size (≥5 cm; 31%, 20 of 64), failure of one or more previous repairs (39%, 25 of 64), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (28%, 18 of 64). Mean operative time was 115 minutes (range 45 to 235). Mean length of stay was 3 ± 3 days. There were 2 major and 15 minor complications, no mesh infections, and no death. Follow-up was obtained in 95% (61 of 64). After a mean follow-up of 24 months, the recurrence rate was 1% (1 of 124) per inguinal hernia repaired or 2% (1 of 64) per patient. Conclusion: GPRVS is a safe and effective addition to the surgeon’s armamentarium to treat selected patients with recurrent or complex bilateral inguinal hernias.
A Drosophila RNA polymerase II transcription factor contains a promoter-region-specific DNA-binding activity.

Abstract Drosophila RNA polymerase II requires at least two chromatographically distinct transcription factors (designated A and B) to initiate transcription accurately in vitro. We describe the partial purification and concentration of one of these transcription factors, the B factor. Footprint analysis of the B fraction demonstrated the presence of a sequence-specific DNA-binding component in the transcription factor preparation. This component binds specifically to a 65 by region of DNA surrounding the start point of transcription of the histone H3, H4, and actin 5C genes. Included in this binding region is the TATA box, the start point of transcription, and a portion of the leader region. The pattern of protection from DNAase I cleavage on the coding strand of the histone H3 gene is asymmetric with regard to the complementary noncoding strand. Sequence-specific binding of the B fraction occurs in the apparent absence of RNA polymerase II. The potential function of the binding component in the initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II is discussed.
A full-to-empty mode controller for the pneumatically-driven blood pump

Abstract Presented in this paper is a microprocessor-based controller developed based upon the theory of finite state automata to activate the pneumatically-driven diaphragm blood pump in the full-to-empty mode. Under normal situations, each pumping cycle of the blood pump can be divided into several phases in a proper sequence, and such phase information is contained in the driving air pressure waveform. The controller tries to match the sequential phases with the pressure waveform sampled at real time in an attempt to search for the end-ejection or end-filling of the blood pump. If either the end-ejection or the end-filling can be found, the controller sends triggering signals to the driving unit, and if the sampled pressure waveform can not be matched with the sequential phases or the controller fails to detect the end-ejection or end-filling, the controller activates the driving unit by the parameters of the last measured pumping cycle; thus, the driving unit triggers the blood pump without any stop. The results of laboratory bench tests demonstrates its ability in finding the end-ejection and end-filling points and the reliability of the fail-safe measure.
Specific in vivo binding of 77Br-p-bromospiroperidol in rat brain: A potential tool for gamma ray imaging

Abstract The binding of the gamma labeled neuroleptic, 77Br- p -bromosprioperidol, in the rat brain was examined in vivo . This binding parallels the binding of 3H-spiroperidol, in that binding is especially high in dopaminergically innervated areas, is saturable, and is displaced by high doses of unlabeled spiroperidol (1–5). Thus, 77Br- p -bromospiroperidol is a suitable ligand for use in gamma ray imaging techniques for in vivo monitoring of receptor binding.
On the Aquatic Habits of Certain Land Tortoises

IT has always proved of more or less interest to me to observe the method of aquatic locomotion adopted on the part of any of our strictly terrestrial vertebrates, and never is this more keen than when the opportunity has been afforded to study the swimming propensities of certain of our Reptilia. Most snakes swim well, but who of us has not been surprised upon first observing the violent wriggling, froward-propelling motions of some of the smaller lizards when they are thrown out into the water some little distance from the shore? The American chameleon (Anolis principalis) well illustrates this last; and this lizard, in common with others, seems to possess an actual dread of getting into deep water. For a long time it has been known that most species of the so-considered stricter types of land tortoises soon drown when placed in water of any considerable depth, and it would be but natural to suppose that such species would avoid that element as far as possible, but I have found this by no means always to be the case. Take the ordinary land turtle of the United States (Cistudo carolina for example: it will voluntarily enter the water under certain circumstances. Not long ago the writer noticed one of these hunting for food in three or four inches of water along the edge of a pond that had rising banks; and the first time I discovered the nest of this variety the eggs were deposited in the water in a depression at the miry margin of a marsh. But this is not all, for if we place one of these reptiles upon a little island of land, well removed from the shore, and surrounded by water several feet in depth, and withdraw to watch its movements, we note that as soon as it satisfies itself as to its position, it will, without further ado, take at once to the water and swim to the nearest shore. It does not, however, sink beneath the surface, but, holding its head high out of that element, and filling its lungs with air, strikes out vigorously, with alternate pairs of feet, until it accomplishes its purpose, and regains the mainland. How far one could swim in this manner I am unable to state, but that it would not exceed a few yards I am quite certain. Nevertheless, even the power to accomplish the feat to the extent indicated might, under a variety of circumstances, have its influence upon the distribution of the species, or of any species of typical land tortoise, and it would be interesting to know how far this power may be enjoyed by this class of reptiles generally.
On the reversibility of queueing networks

Abstract This paper relates the reversibility of certain discrete state Markovian queueing networks — the class of quasi-reversible networks — to the reversibility of the underlying switching process. Quasi-reversible networks are characterized by a product form equilibrium state distribution. When the state can be represented by customer totals at each node, the reversibility of the state process is equivalent to the reversibility of the switching process. More complicated quasi-reversible networks require additional conditions, to ensure the reversibility of the network state process.
Auditing Just-in-time Systems

Abstract Materials requirement planning (MRP) has been widely used for the past decade, while Just-in-Time (JIT) is not yet implemented in a large number of companies in the United States. MRP is a planning system whereby JIT is a manufacturing philosophy which combines purchasing production and inventory control. Results of the current survey suggest that internal auditors are primarily involved in the post-implementation reviews of MRP and JIT systems.
Flavonoid composition of red sorghum genotypes

Abstract The effect of genotype on flavonoid composition was investigated in 13 sorghum varieties using HPLC-DAD. Sorghums with red/purple secondary plant colour had the highest levels of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (32–680 μg/g) with the black pericarp sorghums having the highest. Sorghums with red secondary plant colour had a high proportion of apigeninidin compounds (66–89%), which suggested that secondary plant colour affects 3-deoxyanthocyanin composition. Red pericarp sorghums with tan secondary plant colour had the highest levels of flavones (60–386 μg/g). Flavanones were also detected in all sorghums with a red pericarp (8–48 μg/g) and secondary plant colour did not affect their levels ( p > 0.05). The elevated 3-deoxyanthocyanin levels in the black sorghums were due to their pericarp colour. Black sorghum panicles that were exposed to sunlight during their development had three times more 3-deoxyanthocyanins (617 μg/g) than those that were covered with a paper bag (212 μg/g). This study showed that flavonoid levels and composition were affected by sorghum genotype. This information will help sorghum breeders to produce sorghum genotypes with maximum levels of desired flavonoids.
Regulation of heat loss in the duck by vasomotion in the bill

Abstract 1. 1.As air temperature decreases, bill temperatures (⩾ 34°C) are described by Tbl = (33.8) + (0.12)Ta. 2. 2.As air temperature increases, bill temperatures (⩽26°C) are described by Tbl = 9.5) + (0.65)Ta. 3. 3.Vinyl-resin injections of bill vasculature show midline arteries which branch distally and continue along the bill periphery to the head. 4. 4.Thermography reveals three patterns of bill temperature distribution: concentric circles, horizontal bands and complex. All three patterns interchange dynamically when air temperature is above 15°C. 5. 5.Heat losses from the duck's bill are 18–117% of resting metabolic production at 0°C and 5–61% at 20°C, depending on bill vasomotion.
Task Conflict and Team Creativity: A Question of How Much and When

Bridging the task conflict, team creativity, and project team development literatures, we present a contingency model in which the relationship between task conflict and team creativity depends on the level of conflict and when it occurs in the life cycle of a project team. In a study of 71 information technology project teams in the greater China region, we found that task conflict had a curvilinear effect on team creativity, such that creativity was highest at moderate levels of task conflict. Additionally, we found this relationship to be moderated by team phase, such that the curvilinear effect was strongest at an early phase. In contrast, at later phases of the team life cycle, task conflict was found to be unrelated to team creativity.
Extraintestinal rotavirus infections in children with immunodeficiency

Some rotavirus strains, including vaccine candidates, have been demonstrated to cause hepatitis in immunodeficient and malnourished mice and to grow in human liver cells. To determine whether rotavirus spreads outside the intestine in naturally infected children, we examined tissues from four immunodeficient children affected with severe combined immunodeficiency disease, acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome, or DiGeorge syndrome. Chronic rotavirus-related diarrhea, which persisted until death, had also developed in each child. Using indirect immunoperoxidase techniques, we identified rotavirus antigen in the liver and kidney with a hyperimmune guine pig antiserum prepared to double-shelled rotavirus particles. Similar immunostaining with an antiserum to a rotavirus nonstructural protein (NS26) provided evidence of active virus replication. The observed reactivity was eliminated specifically when serial sections were immunostained with the same antiserum that had been absorbed with either double-shelled rotavirus particles or NS26. Immunostaining was not observed in the liver of children with other diseases ( α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency, inspissated bile syndrome, and acute rejection of a transplanted liver). These findings demonstrate that rotavirus infections in children can extend beyond the intestinal tract. Further studies are warranted to determine whether extraintestinal rotavirus replication occurs in children without severe immunodeficiency, such as malnourished children.
Tunneling magnetoresistance in (001)-oriented FeCo∕MgO∕FeCo magnetic tunneling junctions grown by sputtering deposition

Magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJs) with MgO tunnel barrier have been fabricated on both oriented and nonoriented buffer layers on Si(001) substrate by magnetron sputtering. FeCo∕MgO∕FeCo MTJs fabricated on oriented buffer layers show larger tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) value up to 84% without high temperature postannealing, whereas those MTJs on nonoriented buffer layers show 45% of TMR. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images reveal an excellent morphology and very coherent crystal structure with FeCo(001)[110]∕MgO(001)[100]∕FeCo(001)[110] orientation. The results indicate that high TMR can be achieved without high temperature postannealing by sputtering deposition on appropriate oriented buffer layers.
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (SNECs) of the sinonasal tract are extremely uncommon tumors. We reviewed the clinicopathologic features of six cases of this neoplasm. There was no sex preponderance with three females and three males and a mean age at presentation of 51 years (range, 38 to 68). Two patients had disease limited to the nasal cavity, and in four the tumor involved the nasal cavity and maxillary or ethmoid sinuses. Involvement of the orbit was present in two patients. Surgery was the primary treatment. After a mean follow-up of 37 months, one patient died of local disease and liver metastases, four were alive with recurrent or metastatic disease, and one died of unrelated causes. The tumors were composed of sheets, nests, and trabeculae with extensive areas of necrosis and hemorrhage. The individual cells were small to intermediate in size and had scanty cytoplasm. The nuclei were oval or round and hyperchromatic with absent or inconspicuous nucleoli. Nuclear molding and crush artefact were present in five cases. All tumors had a high mitotic rate with frequent abnormal mitotic figures. All cases stained for Cam 5.2, neuron-specific enolase, and chromogranin. Five cases were positive for AE1:AE3, and four for synaptophysin. No case stained for S-100 protein, or neurofilaments. O-13 stained one case. No case contained EBV-RNA. SNECs of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are aggressive tumors with pathological features similar to those of anaplastic small cell carcinomas of the lung. They exhibit morphological and immunophenotypic features different from olfactory neuroblastoma and should be distinguished from this tumor.
The Raman spectrum of PF5 gas

Abstract The Raman spectrum of both gas and liquid PF 5 has been obtained. The long-missing fundamental V 7 , has been identified with certainty at 174 cm −1 in the gas, and 177 cm −1 in the liquid. It is the second strongest band in the spectrum. This new value makes the previously-published tables of thermodynamic properties incorrect. Good, reliable gas-phase frequencies are now known for all the fundamentals of PF 5 and are tabulated here. These data neither prove nor disprove Berry's mechanism for interchange of the axial and equatorial fluorines.
Probability Distribution of United States Oil and Gas Discoveries for Various Levels of Exploratory Drilling Density: ABSTRACT

Comprehensive computer-supported analyses of the exploration histories of the main sedimentary provinces of the conterminous United States have led to the development of a large number of discovery functions by basins and depth zones. This paper extends the previously reported results by presenting frequency distributions of the amounts of hydrocarbon discoveries for successive increments of exploratory drilling density (ft/mi3). The manner in which these distributions vary with depth is illustrated by considering successive depth zones across all the United States sedimentary provinces. The analysis further distinguishes between frequency distributions of the discovery of oil and of nonassociated gas. These frequency distributions can be interpreted as represe ting the probabilities of discovering different amounts of oil and/or gas at different future stages of exploration, i.e., at different exploratory drilling densities. End_of_Article - Last_Page 520------------
Phytoplankton Productivity and Photophysiology in the Surf Zone of Sandy Beaches in North Carolina, USA

Measurements of primary production in surf-zone habitats are relatively rare and often utilize simulation approaches, owing to the physical challenges of working in surf. The study reported here examined primary production in situ at two open ocean sandy beaches in southeastern North Carolina during relatively calm summer conditions. In situ bottle incubations using 14C uptake methods were complemented by simultaneous measures of phytoplankton photo-physiology assessed by Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry (FRRF) in flow-through mode at the two sites across a spring-neap tidal cycle in July, 2010. The surf-zone phytoplankton was dominated by small centric and pennate diatoms as well as cyanobacteria and chlorophytes with biomass concentrations of 3.63–9.23 mg chl a m−3. Primary productivity was relatively high, ranging from 31.5–88.0 mg C m−3 h−1 by 14C. Biomass-specific productivity averaged ∼9.4 mg C (mg chl a)−1 h−1 by 14C, indicating healthy phytoplankton populations. Measurements of the functional absorption cross section of photosystem II, σPSII, via FRRF were 327–380, comparable to values reported by other investigators of open ocean phytoplankton. Averaged values of the maximum effective quantum yield, F v/F m, corresponded to proportions of photochemically competent PSII reaction centers of 62.6 % to 72 %, indicating that the phytoplankton were nutrient-replete. These data suggest that the surf zone, although a spatially confined habitat, is a productive one that plays a significant role in coastal ocean ecology. Further investigation is needed to better understand primary productivity of phytoplankton in the surf zone and the effect of the dynamic environment on their physiological responses.
Systems of sandwich pairs

The variational approach for solving nonlinear problems eventually leads to the search for critical points of related functionals. In case of semibounded functionals, one can look for extrema. Otherwise, one is forced to use other methods. In this paper we apply a new approach which is successful in solving a large class of problems. Applications are given.
The euro and the dollar 6 years after creation

Abstract In the six years since the advent of the euro, short-term exchange rate volatility against the U.S. dollar is unchanged from that of predecessor currencies. The wide down/up swing of the euro/dollar exchange over six years is no greater than that seen in earlier periods, especially 1980–1987. Part of this wide swing is plausibly explained by movements in economic fundamentals and was desirable; but the swing was too wide and somewhat hampered appropriate macroeconomic policies. The euro/dollar exchange rate is not now clearly undervalued or overvalued. Its further course should generally be left to market forces while policy attention focuses on other key adjustments needed to reduce external payments imbalances to more sustainable levels.
A longitudinal study of the role of sociodemographic factors and childhood aggression on adolescent injury and “close calls”

Purpose: This study examined the: (1) relationships among gender, race, and socioeconomic status and the incidence of adolescent injury and "close calls" (near accidents); (2) ability of childhood aggression to predict injury and "close calls" during adolescence; and (3) characteristics of injury and "close-call" events, including contributing mechanisms and risk-taking behaviors. Methods: Subjects were a subsample ( N = 271) of the Carolina Longitudinal Study who reported an injury (48%) or "close-call" (52%) during a 9th, 10th, or 11th grade interview (mean age 16.3 years); 52% were female and 23% African American. They were recruited beginning at grade 4 and grade 7 and were interviewed annually. Results: More males than females reported an injury ( χ 2 = 4.97, p χ 2 = 3.90, p X 2 = 4.13, p χ 2 = 4.35, p X 2 = 4.29, p Conclusions: Reports of "close calls" by a majority of the sample suggest that mortality and morbidity statistics in this age group may underestimate the vulnerability of youth to serious injury. These results further add risk for physical injury in adolescence to the sequalae of childhood aggression. These findings suggest the need for the incorporation of injury prevention into school curriculum and activities of all children, but especially for children assessed as aggressive.
Action Research in an Undergraduate Teacher Education Program: What Promises Does it Hold?

Abstract The benefits of action research for practicing teachers have been widely documented. This survey study examined the beliefs of preservice teachers at 2 levels of their preparation about the benefits of action research for them. Participants were 2 groups of students in the second and final semesters of a 2-year teacher preparation program. Students in the earlier phase were more positive about action research regarding their professional growth and teaching efficacy. Both groups thought that their mentor teachers were not supportive. Our thoughts about the underlying reasons for these results are provided.
THE EFFECTS OF ANTIGENIC ISOMERISM AND ANTIGENIC AGGREGATION ON THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN INBRED RATS

SUMMARY There is no evidence for genetic control of the antibody response to the d-amino acid polypeptide poly(dGlu52dLys33dTyr15) in contrast to the case of the l-isomer in which the antibody response is genetically controlled and linked to the major histocompatibility locus. There is also no crossreactivity between the l- and d-isomers of the polypeptide in the induction of the immune response. Aggregation of the l-isomer with methylated bovine serum albumin (MeBSA) abolished the pattern of genetic control by increasing antibody formation in the low responders and by decreasing it in the high responders. Aggregation of the d-isomer increased rather uniformly the antibody responses of all strains, except the moderately responding WF strain. The antibody response to the MeBSA in the aggregates was uniformly low, although there was a strain dependent variation in the antibody response to MeBSA alone.
456 – New dimensions in the evaluation and treatment of PTSD within the military

Introduction War trauma has long been associated with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), a term coined in 1980 in the DSM-III to explain the post-war impact on U.S. and coalition veterans who served in Vietnam. New dimensions of war trauma have emerged with the 1991 Gulf War and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. These challenges to the traditional diagnosis are seen as being consequences of the new dynamics associated with these conflicts, notably the heavy reliance on reserve troops and the National Guard; a high proportion of female service personnel; and multiple deployment as well as the introduction of suicide bombers and the use of IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices). Objectives/aims To articulate the new dimensions of war trauma including the pervasive atmosphere of hyper-vigilance; sexual tension within the military ranks; and the high prevalence of closed head injuries. Method A through analysis of the latest research on war trauma including the proposed DSM-V diagnostic criteria. Results MRI and other medical research indicates certain neurophysiological mechanisms associated particularly with PTSD distinguishing it from other forms of war trauma (adjustment disorders; panic disorders; depression, personality disorders...). Pre-morbid health and social factors are also seen as playing a role in the resilience to, or proneness toward, PTSD. Regarding treatment protocols, the immediate administration of opiates or new grade anti-psychotics seem to have the effect of keeping the trauma in the “acute stress” mode instead of the more difficult to treat, PTSD. Cultural differences are also addressed.
A Review of the Toxicity of HIV Medications

Antiretroviral therapy has changed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from a near-certainly fatal illness to one that can be managed chronically. More patients are taking antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for longer periods of time, which naturally results in more observed toxicity. Overdose with ARVs is not commonly reported. The most serious overdose outcomes have been reported in neonates who were inadvertently administered supratherapeutic doses of HIV prophylaxis medications. Typical ARV regimens include a “backbone” of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and a “base” of either a protease inhibitor (PI) or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. New classes of drugs called entry inhibitors and integrase inhibitors have also emerged. Older NRTIs were associated with mitochondrial toxicity, but this is less common in the newer drugs, emtricitabine, lamivudine, and tenofovir. Mitochondrial toxicity results from NRTI inhibition of a mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Mitochondrial toxicity manifests as myopathy, neuropathy, hepatic failure, and lactic acidosis. Routine lactate assessment in asymptomatic patients is not indicated. Lactate concentration should be obtained in patients taking NRTIs who have fatigue, nausea, vomiting, or vague abdominal pain. Mitochondrial toxicity can be fatal and is treated by supportive care and discontinuing NRTIs. Metabolic cofactors like thiamine, carnitine, and riboflavin may be helpful in managing mitochondrial toxicity. Lipodystrophy describes changes in fat distribution and lipid metabolism that have been attributed to both PIs and NRTIs. Lipodystrophy consists of loss of fat around the face (lipoatrophy), increase in truncal fat, and hypertriglyceridemia. There is no specific treatment of lipodystrophy. Clinicians should be able to recognize effects of chronic toxicity of ARVs, especially mitochondrial toxicity.
CaBMA: a case-based reasoning system for capturing, refining, and reusing project plans

In this paper, we present CaBMA, a prototype of a knowledge-based system designed to assist with project planning tasks using case-based reasoning. CaBMA introduces a novel approach to project planning in that, for the first time, a knowledge layer is added on top of traditional project management software. Project management software provides editing and bookkeeping capabilities. CaBMA enhances these capabilities by automatically capturing project plans in the form of cases, refining these cases over time to avoid potential inconsistency between them, reusing these cases to generate plans for new projects, and indicating possible repairs for project plans when they derive away from existing knowledge. We will give an overview of the system, provide a detailed explanation on each component, and present an empirical study based on synthetic data.
Postendarterectomy Mortality in Octogenarians and Nonagenarians in the USA from 1993 to 1999

Background Relatively little is known about trends in the utilization or outcomes of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in the very elderly. We determined trends in the rates of CEA and perioperative (in-hospital and 30-day) and long-term (1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year) mortality in a US national sample of patients ≥80 years of age.
Bringing Genomics and Genetics Back Together

Ten years already? There have been cycles: When we produced the first sequence, we were all amazed to see the lower-than-expected gene count and the size of each of the categories of the functional class of gene products—even though we had no clue about the functional roles of at least one-half of them. Many of us also expected wide enthusiasm for more sequencing, more biology, and more discovery. Instead, the community was slow to warm up to genomics. Sequencing the first human genome really changed the way all biologists work, but it did not change many opinions about “big science.” Now, after several years of model organism genomes, deep surveys of genetic variation, and a burst of technical development, appetites are increasing for DNA sequencing and experiments on the scale of the human genome project. In studies of human biology, personal diploid genome sequences have shown the way forward, but the most exciting data now are from solving the genetics of individual Mendelian disorders, where the phenotype-genotype relationships really make sense. The new methods and the willingness to tackle human Mendelian genetics, with attention to modifiers and heterogeneity, will enable the realization of the impact of genomics in genetics. Genomics became a discipline that was separated from genetics more than 20 years ago, but now the two are coming back together.
Gender roles marriage and residential independence.

This article examines the effects of gender role attitudes on leaving home for marriage and for unmarried independence among young men and women in the United States in the 1980s. The choice to leave home for unmarried independence is associated with two major changes in family relationships: the shift in parent-child interaction from a traditional emphasis on children's obedience toward a greater stress on independence, and the shift toward more egalitarian definitions of gender roles in both work and family spheres. We ask the following: What is the effect of holding more modern gender role attitudes on gender differences in leaving home for marriage? Does holding more modern gender role attitudes influence patterns of leaving home for marriage and for unmarried independence differently for men and women? We examine these questions with data from sophomores in the High School and Beyond Survey.
Electrochemistry of copper activation of sphalerite at pH 9.2

Abstract The mechanism of copper-activation of sphalerite was studied at pH 9.2. The study was conducted using a carbon matrix composite (CMC) electrode containing sphalerite particles. Rest potential measurement and voltammetry experiments conducted on the CMC electrodes showed that a CuS-like activation product was formed when the electrode was activated in 10 −4 M CuSO 4 solutions at open circuit. When the electrode was activated at lower potentials, a Cu 2 S-like activation product was formed. Sphalerite activated under slightly oxidizing conditions produced hydrophobic species on the surface, possibly copper polysulfides.
Marsh restoration in the presence of intense herbivory: The role ofJusticia lanceolata (Chapm.) small

Research in southern Louisiana over the last decade indicates that large expanses of mudflats are being maintained in an unvegetated state primarily by the rodent nutria (Myocastor coypus). At present, there is a dearth of work on managing wetlands in the presence of intense herbivory. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the potential in wetlands restoration ofJusticia lanceolata, a wetland plant that is resistant to herbivory by nutria. Results from a previous study indicate thatJ. lanceolata is effective at trapping sediments. Furthermore, once it is established and islet elevations are built up,J. lanceolata is readily outcompeted by other species of wetland vegetation.
Capacitor-embedded 0.54 pJ/bit silicon-slot photonic crystal waveguide modulator

A high-speed compact silicon modulator based on the lateral capacitor configuration is experimentally demonstrated with low-power consumption and 3 dB modulation depth. The capacitor layout is introduced to scale down the total modulator capacitance to 30x10(-15) F, which effectively reduces the rf power consumption to 0.54 pJ/bit. Exploiting the slow group velocity of light in the slot photonic crystal waveguides, the device reported herein exhibits higher modulation efficiency than conventional capacitor modulator and provides a V(pi)L figure of merit of 0.18 Vcm at the wavelength of 1548 nm.