cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Civil-Military Relations in the Two Koreas

North Korea's civil-military relations were modeled after the Soviet Union; South Korea's after the United States. Comparing both relationships, the author investigates a wide set of variables and finds the critical importance of local adaptation of the models initially introduced by the patron states. In both Koreas, the military has become a dominant political actor. In the north, however, military influence has become easily fused with the power structure headed by its supreme leader, Kim Il-sung; in South Korea, military control has been fragmented, lacking integration into the constructive leadership structure. The American model in South Korea has proven unworkable. Instead, it has created an ambivalent and uncertain relationship between the military and civilian sectors of power. The author maintains that in South Korea as in other developing nations, national development means a total effort. Military and civil powers must not be perceived in a dichotomous but in a judicious mix.
The Marital Sexual Relationship During Pregnancy

Physical and psychological changes during pregnancy which affect sexual relationships are discussed. Some of these changes can cause a rift between husband and wife; however, the nurse can play a key role in helping couples successfully adjust to a changing sexual relationship. Recommendations for counseling pregnant couples are given.
Frequency Domain System Identification

Any helicopter flight controller design requires knowledge of a mathematical model that accurately describes the dynamic behavior of the helicopter. This mathematical model is represented by a set of ordinary differential equations. Establishing such a model for helicopters is a challenging task. This Chapter provides a thorough description of a frequency domain identification procedure for the extraction of linear models that correspond to certain operating conditions of the helicopter. The discussed methodology was initially presented in (Tischler and Remple in Aircraft and Rotorcraft System Identification, AIAA Education Series, AIAA, Washington, 2006) and it has been successfully applied for a small-scale helicopter in the work reported in (Mettler in Identification Modeling and Characteristics of Miniature Rotorcraft, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, 2003). The frequency domain identification procedure is evaluated for an experimental small-scale Radio Controlled (RC) Raptor 90 SE helicopter using the X-plane flight simulator. The Raptor 90 SE helicopter has also been used for the evaluation and comparison of the several controller designs and identification methods that are presented in this book.
Consideration of Cognitive Reserve

This chapter reviews the concept of cognitive reserve, including relevant theoretical issues, various means of characterizing this construct, and its clinical implications. We begin with a broad overview of the epidemiological evidence in support of the concept of cognitive reserve, and review neuroimaging studies that contribute to our understanding of this construct. We then review several theoretical issues surrounding the mechanisms by which cognitive reserve confers its benefits, and outline the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of estimating reserve. We conclude by discussing the clinical implications of cognitive reserve and listing several specific recommendations for the application of cognitive reserve in clinical practice.
Building an antimicrobial stewardship program: Cooperative roles for pharmacists, infectious diseases specialists, and clinical microbiologists

Efforts to optimize the use of antimicrobial agents, referred to as antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs), are increasingly becoming part of the clinical enterprise at big and small hospitals. Such programs aim to achieve the synergistic goals of improving patient outcomes, limiting the unintended consequences of drug resistance and superinfections, and reducing health care expenditures. This article will review the need for antimicrobial stewardship and the key components of setting up a program; then, it will describe the ASP at one medical center to underscore how attention to acceptance by the clinical staff is crucial to changing the culture of antimicrobial use. Although the details may differ for each institution, the foundation of a successful stewardship program is support from hospital leadership and the cooperative interaction among the pharmacy, infectious diseases specialists, and clinical microbiologists.
Mechanical Insufflation-Exsufflation: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.

Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation is a vital component in the management of respiratory symptoms in individuals with neuromuscular disease.[1][1],[2][2] This therapy is often the primary treatment modality long before additional support such as ventilator assistance is indicated. Although there
Severe radiation-induced leukoencephalopathy: Case report and literature review.

a Department of Radiation Oncology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York b Division of Hematology/Oncology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York c Department of Neurology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York d Department of Neurosurgery, James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
A study of carboxylic ester hydrolases: structural classification, properties, and database

The carboxylic ester hydrolases (CEHs) are enzymes that hydrolyze an ester bond to form a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. They are one of the enzyme groups that are most explored industrially for their applications in the food, flavor, pharmaceutical, organic synthesis, and detergent industries. We classified CEHs into families and clans according to their amino acid sequences (primary structures) and three-dimensional structures (tertiary structures). Our work has established the systematic structural classification of the CEHs. Primary structures of family members are similar to each other, and their active sites and reaction mechanisms are conserved. The tertiary structures of members of each clan, which is composed of different families, remain very similar, although amino acid sequences of members of different families are not similar. CEHs were divided into 127 families by use of BLAST, with 67 families being grouped into seven clans. Multiple sequence alignment and tertiary structures superposition were used, and active sites and reaction mechanisms were analyzed. Python and Shell scripts were implemented to automate the process of comparing CEH primary and tertiary structures. A comprehensive database, CASTLE (CArboxylic eSTer hydroLasEs), may be constructed to provide the primary and tertiary structures of CEHs. This database would be available at www.castle.enzyme.iastate.edu and will be accessible to the entire biology community.
From cocktail to dependence: revisiting the foundations of dependent market economies

Recent contributions to the comparative political economy of East European capitalisms have found that a distinctive variety of capitalism emerged in some new EU member states. The new variety has been dubbed “dependent market economy” (DME). This paper makes several contributions to this literature. First, it marshals evidence to show that this institutional variety now includes the political economy of Romania, a case previously excluded from it. More importantly, this analysis also finds that earlier scholarship on dependent capitalism has failed to capture crucial mechanisms of dependence created by transnationalized finance. Third, the paper suggests that some of the arguments made in the existing scholarship on the interests of foreign capital with regard to domestic innovation and labor training need to be qualified. Finally, by showing reflexivity towards select critiques of the dependent market economy framework, the analysis proposes by this paper is a self-limited attempt to bridge the differences between the varieties of capitalism and Polanyian analyses of capitalist diversity in semi-peripheral middle-income states.
A Summary Evaluation of the Top-Five Brazilian Psychology Journals by Native English-Language Scholars

In the current century, English is the language for the research and dissemination of scientific findings. But for many scholars, English is a foreign language. This is especially true among the emerging and developing nations (EDNs), such as the BRICS nations, encompassing Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The present study conducted a survey examining the translational integrity and overall impression of translated summary materials (abstracts and titles) from the five highest ranking (SCImago Journal Rank) Brazilian journals in the field of psychology. Analysis proceeded with two models. In the first model, translated summary materials from 12 randomly-selected articles from four of the five journals were evaluated by a panel of three native English-language scholars. Findings indicated an inverse relationship between the overall impression of the materials and their: abstract errors, r(34) = -0.61, p < .001; and total errors, r(34) = -0.62, p < .001; suggesting a direct relationship between the translational integrity of these EDN materials and the overall impression they leave with native English-language scholars. A second model added 3 additional articles from the fifth journal (English-language only) to the materials described. The findings from this second model suggested that for EDN journals, an investment in language resources may substantially improve the impression they leave with native English-language scholars, and thus promote wider dissemination of their findings.
Measles in Changping District of Beijing,2010

Objective In order to understand the epidemiological characteristics of measles in 2010,provide evidence for developing scientific and targeted prevention and control measures of measles in future.Methods Descriptive research methods were used for epidemiological analysis with 2010 measles epidemic information.Results A total of 239 cases of measles were reported in Changping district in 2010 with the annual incidence rate of 30.87/105 per year.Area clustering was obvious,the concentration of population flow between urban and rural areas had a higher incidence of measles,such as Dongxiaokou town and Beiqijia town.The incidence peaked from April to June(70.29%).Among 239 cases of measles,57.32% were 15 years old,28.03% were 1 years old,that indicated the adult and young age groups onset mode.There were 21.34%,76.57% and 2.09% of the cases with immune history,non-immune history and unknown immune history.For if there was an fever,cough,catarrhal symptoms,coriolis spot,lymph node enlargement and joint pain,the course of measles,no significantly difference was observed between goups with different immune history.The blood collection rate of suspected measles cases was 92.01%.The laboratory confirmed cases accounted for 86.19% of all cases.Conclusion Improving routine immunization rate,strengthening the measles epidemic monitoring and disposal are the key work of measles district control.Strict execution nursery and entrance children inoculation certificate inspection,college students' measles vaccination are the key to eliminate the immune blank and establishing immunological barrier.
Improving Patient Tolerance of Mechanical Ventilation: Challenges Ahead

The development of psychopharmacology and anesthesia practice in the ICU has lagged well behind the development of similar practices in other settings, notably the operating room. Because of important differences in the severity of organ dysfunction and the duration of treatment, however, lessons learned in other settings cannot be applied directly to the ICU. A fresh conceptual framework is needed to identify indications for sedating drugs and muscle relaxants in the ICU. New assessment tools are needed, both for clinical research and for clinical practice. More information is needed on the pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and comparative costs of psychoactive drug use in the ICU. Practice guidelines are needed to improve efficacy and reduce errors associated with these drugs. The challenge is considerable. The reward is a more humane ICU experience for critically ill patients.
Stand Establishment and Yield Potential of Organically Grown Seeded and Transplanted Medicinal Herbs

Field studies were conducted in 1995 and 1996 at Las Cruces, New Mexico, and Alcalde, New Mexico, to compare direct seeding to transplanting for stand establishment and yield estimates of calendula (Calendula officinalis), catnip (Nepeta cataria), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), and globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp.). Calendula established well from seed or transplants at both sites. Transplanting increased establishment of lemon balm, catnip, stinging nettle, and globemallow. Lemon balm establishment was increased by 230% to 400% at Las Cruces, and catnip establishment was increased by 84% to 100% at Alcalde by transplanting. Direct seeding resulted in little or no stand establishment for stinging nettle and globemallow at Alcalde. In 1996, transplants increased lemon balm and stinging nettle dry weight yields by a factor of three or more at both sites. Dry weight yields of transplanted catnip were 4.86 t·ha-1 in 1995 and 7.90 t·ha-1 in 1996 in Las Cruces. Alcalde yields for transplanted dried catnip were 2.43 t·ha-1 in 1995 and 5.12 t·ha-1 in 1996. Transplanted globemallow dry weight yields were 6.04 t·ha-1 in 1995 and 9.17 t·ha-1 in 1996 for Las Cruces. Transplanted stinging nettle yield in Alcalde was 5.91 t·ha-1 for plants that overwintered and were harvested in the second season. Transplanting versus direct seeding medicinal herbs has the potential to substantially increase stand establishment and yield in New Mexico, particularly in the more northern and cooler part of the state.
Autumn and Winter Breeding Records for the American Robin, Turdus migratorius

We report autumn and winter breeding records for the American Robin ( Turdus migratorius ). We located a nest on the campus of the University of Columbia at Missouri, USA, active 12 to 15 October 1999. This late nesting record prompted us to consult the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s Nest Record Program and Bird Studies Canada’s Project NestWatch. Of the 11 113 American Robin nest records in Cornell’s database, 15 were active in September and three were active later than September. Of the over 23 000 nest records available from Bird Studies Canada one was active in September and one in October. All four of the latest nests contained nestlings and were active on 3 October 1964 in Massachusetts, 13 October 1932 in Manitoba, 18 November 1964 in West Virginia, and 8 January 1966 in Ohio. Eight of the ten nests monitored until outcome could be determined fledged young successfully.
Novel mutation in mitochondrial DNA in 2 siblings with Leigh syndrome.

Leigh syndrome is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, associated with mutations in mitochondrial and nuclear genes.1 Diagnostic criteria include progressive disorder with motor and intellectual delay/regression; signs and symptoms of brainstem and/or basal ganglia disease; raised lactate concentration in blood and/or CSF; and one or more of the following: (1) characteristic features on neuroimaging (bilateral symmetrical hyperintensities in brainstem, basal ganglia, dentate nuclei, and optic nerves on T2-weighted MRI); (2) typical neuropathologic changes; and (3) typical neuropathology in a similarly affected sibling.2 We describe 2 African American siblings who have a mutation in the mitochondrial MT-TL2 gene and a clinical diagnosis of Leigh syndrome. The same mutation is also identified in their neurologically asymptomatic mother.
An Ethic of Heroism Shapes Next of Kin's Perceptions of Veterans' End-of-Life Care in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers

Currently 28,000 Veterans die each year within Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. As Veterans age, the Department of Veterans Affairs faces a variety of issues, including the need for comprehensive end-of-life care. Appreciation of next of kin's assumptions regarding Veterans' care can inform the culture of end-of-life services in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, contributing to the development of supportive practices aligned with next of kin's perspectives. This study explores next of kin's accounts of Veterans' hospital care during the last days of life to identify salient issues shaping perceptions of Veterans' care.
An update on mast cell disorders

Disorders of mast cell activation can be classified as primary (mastocytosis), secondary (reactive) or idiopathic. This article discusses how to recognise and approach the diagnosis of patients suspected to have symptoms of abnormal mast cell activation. Given the highly varied and often complex symptomatology of such patients, we advocate applying a logical step-wise approach to investigating these patients to ensure the correct diagnosis is made. Treatments of mast cell activation disorders are discussed, dividing them into those that ameliorate the effects of mast cell mediators and those that act to stabilise the mast cell.
Biomass Harvesting Systems and Analysis

Harvesting of trees or woody biomass, for the production of lumber, for production of paper, or as a feedstock for bioenergy, is accomplished through the integrated activities of a number of people and machines. The integration of equipment designed to perform disparate tasks forms what is referred to as a harvest system. In the harvest system, each task is performed in concert with the goals of the subsequent tasks, the overall objective being to prepare the raw material for transport to the processing facility.
Urban mapping using DMSP/OLS stable night-time light: a review

ABSTRACTThe Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescane System (DMSP/OLS) stable night-time light (NTL) data showed great potential in urban extent mapping across a variety of scales with historical records dating back to 1990s. In order to advance this data, a systematic methodology review on NTL-based urban extent mapping was carried out, with emphases on four aspects including the saturation of luminosity, the blooming effect, the intercalibration of time series, and their temporal pattern adjustment. We think ancillary features (e.g. land surface conditions and socioeconomic activities) can help reveal more spatial details in urban core regions with high digital number (DN) values. In addition, dynamic optimal thresholds are needed to address issues of different exaggeration of NTL data in the large scale urban mapping. Then, we reviewed three key aspects (reference region, reference satellite/year, and calibration model) in the current intercalibration framework of NTL time series,...
Responsibility for Supervision of Special Education Programs and Students: A Principalâ€™s Nightmare Come True

Changes brought about by current education reforms have highlighted the leadership role of public school principals. Many authors have identified the instructional leadership of the principal as the most influential variable associated with effective school (Collins & White, 200l; DiPaola & Tschannen-Moran, 2003; Goor, Schwenn, & Boyer, 1997; Hamill, Jantzen, & Bargerhuff, 1999). As the instructional leader of the campus, principals have inherited responsibility for ensuring implementation of individual education plans for children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment, the general classroom (DiPaola & Tschannen-Morgan, 2003; Schroth & Littleton, 2001). This paper examines results of a research project investigating principalsâ€™ perceptions of their level of responsibility for special education programs. Results suggest principals perceive themselves highly responsible for special education, and in need of training.
‘Tengo miedo de ver mi verdadero rostro’: el Absoluto literario en ‘El espejo y la máscara’, de Jorge Luis Borges

AbstractEste articulo analiza el paso de la literatura ‘clasica’ a la literatura ‘moderna’/‘romantica’ en un tardio relato de Jorge Luis Borges: ‘El espejo y la mascara’, incluido en El libro de ar...
NASA Blazes a Different Path to Energy-Efficient Supercomputing

For years, NASA had a very straightforward process for replacing high-performance computing hardware: over a three-year period, when it became more expensive to operate an older suite of hardware than it did to replace it with new products that could accomplish the same work, we simply replaced the old hardware. For NASA’s High-End Computing Capability (HECC) Project, that process changed when we reached the limits of our facility’s power, cooling, and floor-loading capacity, becoming a strategy of decommissioning the least productive hardware and replacing it with more capable counterparts. The impact was that we provided our users with less supercomputing capability than we would have without the limitations. Additionally, with 25% of our total power consumption going to cool our systems and 50,000 gallons of water per day being evaporated, we wanted a solution that would expand our compute facility while being sensitive to the impact on our environment.
The critical role of water in sustainable growth

Business can play an important role in protecting and improving water quality by: raising public awareness; reducing and recycling water within manufacturing operations; reducing the use of/impact on water in the use of products; forming partnerships with private sector organizations focused on pilot programs to improve water quality; and by integrating water as a critical and strategic issue in all business strategies.
Explaining intelligibility in speech-modulated maskers using acoustic glimpse analysis

Intelligibility was measured in speech-modulated noise varying in level and temporal modulation rate (TMR). Acoustic analysis measured glimpses available above a local signal-to-noise ratio criterion (LC). The proportion and rate of glimpses were correlated with intelligibility, particularly in relation to masker level or TMR manipulations, respectively. Intelligibility correlations for each metric were maximized at different analysis LCs. Regression analysis showed that both metrics measured at −2 dB LC were required to best explain the total variance (R2 = 0.49) for individual sentence intelligibility. Acoustic conditions associated with recognizing speech in complex maskers are best explained using multidimensional glimpse metrics.
Implementation of an ERAS Pathway in Colorectal Surgery

Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) protocols have been demonstrated to improve hospital length of stay and outcomes in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. This article presents the specific components of an ERAS protocol implemented at the authors' institution. In particular, details of both surgical and anesthetic ERAS pathways are provided with explanation of all aspects of preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative care. Evidence supporting inclusion of various aspects within the ERAS protocol is briefly reviewed. The ERAS protocol described has significantly benefitted postoperative outcomes in colorectal patients and can be employed at other institutions wishing to develop an ERAS pathway for colorectal patients. A checklist is provided for clinicians to easily reference and facilitate implementation of a standardized protocol.
Amorphous to amorphous insulator-metal transition in GeSe 3 :Ag glasses

We study an insulator-metal transition in a ternary chalcogenide glass $({\mathrm{GeSe}}_{3}{)}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ag}}_{x}$ for $x=0.15$ and 0.25. The conducting phase of the glass is obtained by using gap sculpting [Prasai et al., Sci. Rep. 5, 15522 (2015)] and it is observed that the metallic and insulating phases have nearly identical density functional energies but have a conductivity contrast of $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{8}$. As such, we demonstrate an example of polyamorphism for which energetically close phases exhibit dramatically different optical properties. The transition from insulator to metal involves growth of an Ag-rich phase accompanied by a depletion of tetrahedrally bonded $\mathrm{Ge}{({\mathrm{Se}}_{1/2})}_{4}$ in the host network. The relative fraction of the amorphous ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{2}\mathrm{Se}$ phase and ${\mathrm{GeSe}}_{2}$ phase is shown to be a critical determinant of dc conductivity.
Older Adults with Dementia in an Online Forum: A Preliminary Analysis

Social computing provides a variety of challenges and opportunities for people who are aging. In particular, following a recent diagnosis of dementia, older adults sometimes engage in online communities. In this work, we sought to understand what these adults are doing online, whether and how current solutions meet their needs, and what collaborative systems might be able to do to support the newly diagnosed better. We analyzed 57 posts from a forum for persons with dementia. Our findings indicate that users engaged with these forums as a means for self-expression, to connect with others, and to identify necessary resources. While seeking these types of information and support, persons with dementia sometimes provide private and vulnerable information as well as direct medical data, often in identifiable ways that would violate HIPPA standards. The tensions between need for support and the information shared presents interesting new challenges and opportunities for CSCW researchers.
Optimal Finite and Receding Horizon Control for Identification in Automotive Systems

The paper illustrates the use of optimal finite horizon and receding horizon control techniques to generate input excitation to enhance parameter identification in automotive systems. Firstly, it is shown that a Design of Experiments (DoE) problem of determining transient trajectories for off-line engine parameter identification can be posed as an optimal control problem, where either the determinant or the trace of the inverse of Fisher information matrix is minimized. Then an approach to adaptation of parameters in transient feed-forward compensation algorithms is discussed. Both Fisher information matrix computation and parameter update law utilize output sensitivity with respect to parameters being identified. Finally, a receding horizon optimal control framework for on-line parameter identification is considered where through an appropriate formulation of the cost function being minimized, it is shown that the system can be controlled to maintain tracking performance, satisfy constraints, and generate persistent excitation for parameter identification. For illustration, we use throughout an example based on the identification of transient fuel model parameters. An additional example of fast engine steady-state mapping is discussed to suggest another application of the receding horizon approach to on-line parameter identification.
Growth Phase Proteomics of the Heterotrophic Marine Bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi

The heterotrophic marine bacterium, Ruegeria pomeroyi, was experimentally cultured under environmentally realistic carbon conditions and with a tracer-level addition of 13C-labeled leucine to track bacterial protein biosynthesis through growth phases. A combination of methods allowed observation of real-time bacterial protein production to understand metabolic priorities through the different growth phases. Over 2000 proteins were identified in each experimental culture from exponential and stationary growth phases. Within two hours of the 13C-labeled leucine addition, R. pomeroyi significantly assimilated the newly encountered substrate into new proteins. This dataset provides a fundamental baseline for understanding growth phase differences in molecular physiology of a cosmopolitan marine bacterium. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.10282922
Eating behavior and weight gain during pregnancy.

Abstract Objectives Little is known about the relationship between eating behavior and weight gain during pregnancy. Purpose Our objective was to assess the relationship among self-reported cognitive restraint, disinhibition, and hunger, and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) as defined by the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) 2009 guidelines. Based on previous research examining eating behaviors and weight gain in non-pregnant women, we hypothesized that excessive GWG would be related to higher cognitive restraint, higher disinhibition, and higher perception of hunger. Methods 190 pregnant women from the Glowing study completed the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) at the enrollment visit, which included subscales assessing restraint, disinhibition, and hunger. Participants' height and weight from Results The odds that a participant would gain weight above IOM recommendations was 1.2 times higher (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.05–1.29) for each one-unit increase in the disinhibition subscale in the unadjusted logistic regression. However, after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and baseline BMI categories, participants' TFEQ scores were not associated with the likelihood of having GWG above IOM guidelines. Eating behaviors subscales were modestly correlated with baseline BMI categories (all rs Conclusions Although disinhibition scores had a significant relationship with excessive GWG, the significance of this relationship was not sustained after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and baseline BMI categories.
Thoughts on Legal Writing from the Greatest of Them All: James W. McElhaney

In this continuing series on what we can learn from the great writing teachers—lawyers and non-lawyers, this article discusses James W. McElhaney's contributions to legal writing and advice to lawyers.
Transient increase in abundance of B lineage but not myeloid-lineage cells in anterior kidney of sockeye salmon during return migration to the natal grounds.

Abstract As anadromous fish, sockeye salmon undergo complex endocrine changes when they return to their natal grounds to spawn. This is correlated with major immunological changes that will affect their response to pathogens. In spite of these challenges, salmon need to maintain sufficiently robust immunity to survive until spawning is complete, but the nature of immune adaptations during the spawning stage remains poorly understood. Our central question is to determine if sockeye salmon stimulate their immune system during the return migration and if so, whether this is a protective response. To begin answering this question, here we characterized the nature and timing of potential changes in anterior kidney immune fingerprints between salmon collected from seven different sites along the Kenai river, including the mouth of the river and two spawning sites. Our results revealed significant changes in abundance of B lineage, but not myeloid lineage cells during the spawning journey. This included early, transient and significant increases in abundance of both IgM+ and IgT+ B cells soon after fish entered the river, followed by a transient, significant increase in abundance of IgM++ secreting cells in fish caught mid-river, and ending with a return to base levels of both cell populations in fish caught at spawning sites. Further, males appeared to have higher immune activation than females, as reflected by higher abundance of IgM++ secreting cells, higher spleen index, and higher titers of serum IgM. Although roles for these newly generated IgM++ secreting cells remain unclear at this time, the data complement our previous work which supported roles for long-lived plasma cells to protect returning salmon from pathogens at their natal grounds. We conclude that sockeye salmon are capable of inducing B cell responses during their spawning journey, with males having stronger responses compared to females. B cell activation during the return journey may provide returning adults with additional protection against pathogens not encountered as juveniles.
Comparative analysis of chromogenic vs clot.based one stage APTT assay for determination of factor VIII level

Background: In the laboratory, factor VIII can be measured by three different methodologies, such as one-stage clotting assay, two-stage clotting assay, and chromogenic assay. These assays differ in ease of use, variety of reagents available, sensitivity to mild hemophilia A, and interference from lupus anticoagulants (LACs). Certain factor VIII gene mutations can cause discrepancy in results between one-stage activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and chromogenic assays. Materials and Methods: The coagulometer for factor VIII assay is Sysmex CS-5100. All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Results: A total of 135 cases were studied. Of these, 100 cases were of mild hemophilia A diagnosed by molecular genetics and, 15 cases were positive for LAC, which were confirmed by dilute Russell Viper venom test. Clot-based one-stage APTT assay showed 65% sensitivity and 80% specificity in diagnosing mild hemophilia A cases and out of 15 LAC cases, it showed false positivity in five cases. Chromogenic assay showed 85% sensitivity and 90% specificity in diagnosing mild hemophilia cases and was 100% specific in excluding LAC cases. Conclusions: One-stage APTT assay is the most commonly used test for determining factor VIII levels but chromogenic assay are considered as the gold standard and recommended as the reference method by European Pharmacopoeia and ISTH subcommittee. Mild hemophilia A patients with missense mutations show discrepancy between the one-stage clot-based APTT assay and chromogenic assays for determination of factor VIII level and this can lead to misdiagnosis or misclassification of mild hemophilia A. Therefore, it is recommended that both the assays should be used in the evaluation of mild hemophilia cases.
Seeing the Difference: Anticipatory Reasoning of Observation and Its Double Gesture in Teacher Education.

This article explores the cultural practice of observation in teacher education, focusing on how teachers “learn to see” the differences between students. Conceptualizing “the visual” as a curricul...
Ethical Drivers for the Renewable Energy Transition

The renewable energy transition is reshaping not just the physical infrastructure of the electric power industry but traditional utility regulation. Ethical drivers for the transition are expanding energy law’s narrow conceptions of fairness, which have been limited by overemphasis on economic dynamics between utilities and consumers. Drawing from environmental ethics, this chapter addresses ethical perspectives underlying the renewable energy transition as a key strategy for global climate change mitigation.
Effectiveness of integrating delayed computed tomography angiography imaging for left atrial appendage thrombus exclusion into the care of patients undergoing ablation of atrial fibrillation

Background Computed tomography angiography (CTA) can identify and rule out left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus when delayed imaging is also performed. Objective In patients referred for CTA to evaluate pulmonary vein anatomy before the ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) or left atrial flutter (LAFL), we sought to determine the effectiveness of a novel clinical protocol for integrating results of CTA delayed LAA imaging into preprocedure care. Methods After making delayed imaging of the LAA part of our routine preablation CTA protocol, we integrated early reporting of preablation CTA LAA imaging results into clinical practice as part of a formal protocol in June 2013. We then analyzed the effectiveness of this protocol by evaluating 320 AF/LAFL ablation patients with CTA imaging during the time period 2012-2014. Results In CTA patients with delayed LAA imaging, the sensitivity and negative predictive values for LAA thrombus using intracardiac echocardiography or transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) as the reference standard were both 100%. Intracardiac echocardiography during ablation confirmed the absence of thrombus in patients with negative CTA or negative TEE results. No patients with either negative CTA results or equivocal CTA results combined with negative TEE results had strokes or transient ischemic attacks. Overall, the need for TEE procedures decreased from 57.5% to 24.0% during the 3-year period because of the CTA protocol. Conclusion Clinical integration of CTA delayed LAA imaging into the care of patients having catheter ablation of AF or LAFL is feasible, safe, and effective. Such a protocol could be used broadly to improve patient care.
Chapter 10 Queueing theory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the queueing theory. Queueing theory concerns the construction and analysis of mathematical models of systems that provide service to customers whose arrival times and service requirements are random. The basic queueing model, from which more complicated models can be constructed, consists of three components: (1) the input process, (2) the service mechanism, and (3) the queue discipline. The input process describes the statistical properties of the time instants (epochs) at which the customers arrive. Typically, this is expressed in terms of the distribution of the inter-arrival times, but other descriptions may be preferable, depending on context. Similarly, the service mechanism specifies the number of servers and describes the statistical properties of the service times. Usually, the service times are assumed to be independent of the arrival process and each other, and to be identically distributed, without regard for which serverprovides the service. The queue discipline describes the behavior of the customers who are blocked—that is, who find all servers busy when they arrive. Two typical assumptions for the queue discipline are (1) all blocked customers leave immediately, or (2) all blocked customers wait in a queue until they are served; in the latter case it may be necessary to specify the order in which waiting customers are selected from the queue, such as first-in first-out (FIFO) or its reverse, last-in first-out (LIFO).
Inertial dynamics of CDW transport in NbSe 3

We report the observation of effects due to the inertial mass of the CDW condensate in the high frequency conductivity of NbSe3. Our measurements yield experimental values for the damping and effective mass and are in agreement with classical models of CDW transport.
Interaction between band 3 and ankyrin begins in early compartments of the secretory pathway and is essential for band 3 processing.

Abstract In many cell types, membrane proteins are specifically segregated to particular areas of the cell surface. It is known that this segregation is stabilized by anchorage proteins which interact with the cytoskeleton. However, the mechanism by which the interactions with anchorage proteins occur, as well as whether they may also play a role in the process of sorting, is not known. Using differentiated murine erythroleukemic cells, we have investigated the association between band 3 (a major transmembrane anion exchanger), and ankyrin (a cytoplasmic protein that links band 3 to the cytoskeleton). Our data demonstrate that the association between band 3 and ankyrin occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum or the first Golgi compartment. These data support a model in which the band 3-ankyrin complex is inserted as a "cassette" at the plasma membrane into the cytoskeletal network. Biosynthetic studies on cotransfected 293 cells with cDNAs encoding band 3 and the band 3 binding fragment of ankyrin (AnK-90), suggest that ankyrin is not only responsible for the anchorage of band 3 to the cytoskeleton but is also involved in the exit of band 3 out of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Otolith chemistry discriminates water mass occupancy of Arctic fish in the Chukchi Sea

The microchemistry of otoliths has the potential to reconstruct fish movement patterns and habitat use between environmentally different habitats for individual age classes of Arctic marine fish. Herein, we tested the relationship between the bottom water mass from which a fish was collected and the microchemistry of the most recent growth edge of the fish’s otolith using Mg, Sr, Ba and Ca, and then determined the physical and biological factors that affected the chemical signatures. A discriminant function post hoc analysis of fish occupying bottom water masses resulted in 76% correct classification of Arctic or Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and 82% correct classification of Arctic staghorn sculpin (Gymnocanthus tricuspis) into bottom water masses of capture when ages were pooled. By separating age classes, correct classifications into water masses of capture were as high as 87% for Arctic cod (three water masses) and 90% for Arctic staghorn sculpin (two water masses). Otolith Ba:Ca, Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios were most consistently affected by bottom water temperature; the latter two were also affected by fish age and fish length. The use of otolith microchemistry to determine occupancy of water masses over time is most promising for Arctic cod, which is widespread and occupies the most thermally diverse habitats in Arctic waters.
Diffusion findings in blood clot: the last word?

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is most recognized for its diagnostic utility in stroke; however, recent attention has focused on other diseases that similarly exhibit restricted diffusion on DWI. DWI of blood clot is of particular interest because hemorrhage may complicate the appearance of stroke
The Propagation of Radio Waves Over the Earth

Theory of radio wave propagation over the earth.---Larmor's theory of refraction due to the electrons of the Kennelly-Heaviside layer does not explain the "skip distances" for short radio waves (regions of silence around the transmitter which Taylor's measurements showed to be 175, 400, 700 and 1300 miles in radius in the daytime for waves of 40, 32, 21 and 16 meters, respectively, and which are surrounded by zones of strong signals). The range as a function of wave-length shows a minimum for about 200 meters which suggests the introduction of a critical frequency term. If the effect of the magnetic field of the earth on the motion of the electrons is taken into account, as suggested by Appleton and by Nichols and Schelleng, the modification of the Larmor theory necessary to fit it to the experimental facts is secured. A quantitative theory is here developed. The upper atmosphere is assumed to contain $N$ free electrons per cc., and neglecting absorption the dispersion equations are worked out for various modes of polarization of the radio waves. Then the skip distances are computed, making various assumptions as to the electron density distribution. (a) Reflection theory. As a first approximation the layer is taken to be sharply separated from the un-ionized lower atmosphere. At this layer total reflection occurs in accordance with Snell's law. (b) Refraction theory. The following distributions are considered: (1) Density increasing linearly with the height $h$, beginning at a certain height ${h}_{0}$; (2) Density proportional to ${h}^{2}$; (3) Density proportional to ${e}^{h}$; (4) Density proportional to ${h}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. Comparison with the experimental skip distances shows good agreement, and indicates that the radio waves which just reach the edge of the zone beyond are refracted around a curved path, reaching in the daytime a maximum height of from 97 miles (case 1, ${h}_{0}=21$ miles, and case 2) to 149 miles (case 3). At this height the electron density comes out close to ${10}^{5}$ electrons per cc. At night the electron density gradient is less and the height is greater. These conclusions agree with physical conceptions from other evidence. From the dispersion equations it follows that for waves of 60 to 200 meters, total reflection may occur from the electron layers at all angles of incidence. From this result, combined with interference between various modes of polarization of the radio rays, a detailed qualitative explanation of many fading phenomena is presented. Further conclusions are: That the ions in the atmosphere have little effect in comparison with the electrons; that for longer waves, the Larmor theory is correct; that short waves are propagated long distances by refraction in the upper atmosphere and reflection at the surface of the earth, not by earth-bound waves; that waves below 14 meters cannot be efficiently used for long distance transmission.
Multiscale storm identification and forecast

We describe a recently developed hierarchical K-Means clustering method for weather images that can be employed to identify storms at different scales. We describe an error-minimization technique to identify movement between successive frames of a sequence and we show that we can use the K-Means clusters as the minimization template. A Kalman filter is used to provide smooth estimates of velocity at a pixel through time. Using this technique in combination with the K-Means clusters, we can identify storm motion at different scales and choose different scales to forecast based on the time scale of interest. The motion estimator has been applied both to reflectivity data obtained from the National Weather Service Radar (WSR-88D) and to cloud-top infrared temperatures obtained from GOES satellites. We demonstrate results on both these sensors.
Stochastic approximation for Monte Carlo optimization (1986)

In this paper, we introduce two convergent Monte Carlo algorithms for optimizing complex stochastic systems. The first algorithm, which is applicable to regenerative processes, operates by estimating finite differences. The second method is of Robbins-Monro type and is applicable to Markov chains. The algorithm is driven by derivative estimates obtained via a likelihood ratio argument.
Characterization of Larval Development in Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The growth and development of larvae of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), were examined, and a staging protocol for the penultimate and ultimate instars was developed. P. includens larvae pupated after five or six stadia. A critical size threshold was associated with the metamorphic instar, and larvae that failed to attain this threshold as a fifth instar molted to a sixth instar before pupating. Larvae that pupated after five or six stadia could be distinguished by the third or fourth stadium on the basis of head capsule width and weight. A number of morphological and behavioral characters were associated with phases of the penultimate and ultimate stadia. For larvae pupating after five stadia, the fourth and fifth instars were staged using these characters in combination with certain time-weight relationships. In the fourth instar, PTTH-ecdysone release sufficient to stimulate apolysis-ecdysis occurred 22–26 h after ecdysis to the stadium. In the fifth instar, PTTH-ecdysone release sufficient to stimulate pupal cutical tanning occurred 72–76 h after ecdysis.
Protein Kinase C Activity in Rat Brain Cortex

The procedure used to obtain cerebral tissue for analysis of protein kinase C (PKC) activity may affect the subcellular distribution of the enzyme. We compared different methods of tissue preparation and found that the proportion of PKC activity associated with the particulate fraction of the cerebral cortex was only 30% when the brain was frozen in situ while the animal was on life support or after decapitation followed by delayed freezing. Other methods of obtaining cerebral tissue resulted in 49-56% of the PKC activity in the particulate fraction. Freezing per se had no apparent effect on the activity or subcellular distribution of PKC. In addition, whenever the particulate PKC activity was high (greater than 48%), there was also a significant increase in the proportion of particulate protein (from 51 to approximately 63%, p less than 0.05).