cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hasenohrl and the Equivalence of Mass and Energy

In 1904 Austrian physicist Fritz Hasenohrl (1874-1915) examined blackbody ra- diation in a reecting cavity. By calculating the work necessary to keep the cavity moving at a constant velocity against the radiation pressure he concluded that to a moving observer the energy of the radiation would appear to increase by an amount E = (3=8)mc 2 , which in early 1905 he corrected to E = (3=4)mc 2 . Because rel- ativistic corrections come in at order v 2 =c 2 and Hasenohrl's gedankenexperiment evidently required calculations only to order v=c, it is initially puzzling why he did not achieve the answer universally accepted today. Moreover, that m should be equal to (4=3)E=c 2 has led commentators to believe that this problem is identical to the famous \4/3 problem" of the self-energy of the electron and they have invari- ably attributed Hasenohrl's mistake to neglect of the cavity stresses. We examine Hasenohrl's papers from a modern, relativistic point of view in an attempt to un- derstand where exactly he went wrong. The problem turns out to be a rich and challenging one with strong resonances to matters that remain controversial. We give an acceptable relativistic solution to the conundrum and show that virtually everything ever written about Hasenohrl's thought experiment, including a 1923 paper by Enrico Fermi, is misleading if not incorrect.
Electrically Active Convection in Tropical Easterly Waves and Implications for Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Atlantic and East Pacific

In this study, we investigate the characteristics of tropical easterly wave convection and the possible implications of convective structure on tropical cyclogenesis and intensification over the Atlantic Ocean and East Pacific using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Microwave Imager, Precipitation Radar (PR), and Lightning Imaging Sensor as well as infrared (IR) brightness temperature data from the NASA global-merged IR brightness temperature dataset. Easterly waves were partitioned into northerly, southerly, trough, and ridge phases based on the 700-hPa meridional wind from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis dataset. Waves were subsequently divided according to whether they did or did not develop tropical cyclones (i.e., developing and nondeveloping, respectively), and developing waves were further subdivided according to development location. Finally, composites as a function of wave phase and category were created using the various datasets. Results suggest that the convective characteristics that best distinguish developing from nondeveloping waves vary according to where developing waves spawn tropical cyclones. For waves that developed a cyclone in the Atlantic basin, coverage by IR brightness temperatures .240 K and .210 K provide the best distinction between developing and nondeveloping waves. In contrast, several variables provide a significant distinction between nondeveloping waves and waves that develop cyclones over the East Pacific as these waves near their genesis location including IR threshold coverage, lightning flash rates, and low-level (<4.5 km) PR reflectivity. Results of this study may be used to help develop thresholds to better distinguish developing from nondeveloping waves and serve as another aid for tropical cyclogenesis forecasting.
Japan in 2009: A Historic Election Year

The Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) defeated the Liberal Democratic Party in a lower house election, ending its 54-year reign. The DPJ began bold steps to democratize Japan9s political system and reconsider the country9s position vis-aa-vis the U.S. and Asia.
Beyond storage APIs: provable semantics for storage stacks

Applications are deployed upon deep, diverse storage stacks that are constructed on-demand. Although many storage stacks share a common API to allow portability, application behavior differs in subtle ways depending upon unspecified properties of the underlying storage stack. Currently, there is no way to test whether an application will behave correctly on a given storage stack: corruption or data loss could occur at any point in the application lifetime. We argue that we require an expressive language for specifying the complex storage guarantees required by different applications. The same language can be used to write a high-level specification capturing the design of different storage-stack layers. Given the required guarantees, and the storage-stack specifications, we can prove that stacks constructed dynamically (by composing different storage-stack layers) provide the guarantees required by the application.
A Novel Zinc-Binding Domain Is Essential for Formation of the Functional Junín Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Complex

The envelope glycoprotein of the Junin arenavirus (GP-C) mediates entry into target cells through a pH- dependent membrane fusion mechanism. Unlike other class I viral fusion proteins, the mature GP-C complex retains a cleaved, 58-amino-acid signal peptide (SSP) as an essential subunit, required both for trafficking of GP-C to the cell surface and for the activation of membrane fusion. SSP has been shown to associate noncovalently in GP-C via the cytoplasmic domain (CTD) of the transmembrane fusion subunit G2. In this report we investigate the molecular basis for this intersubunit interaction. We identify an invariant series of six cysteine and histidine residues in the CTD of G2 that is essential for incorporation of SSP in the GP-C complex. Moreover, we show that a CTD peptide fragment containing His-447, His-449, and Cys-455 specifically binds Zn 2 at subnanomolar concentrations. Together, these results suggest a zinc finger-like domain structure in the CTD of G2. We propose that the remaining residues in the series (His-459, Cys-467, and Cys-469) form an intersubunit zinc-binding center that incorporates Cys-57 of SSP. This unusual motif may act to retain SSP in the GP-C complex and position the ectodomain loop of SSP for its role in modulating membrane fusion activity. The unique tripartite organization of GP-C could provide novel molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in arenaviral disease. Arenaviruses are endemic to rodent populations, and zoo- notic infection of humans can result in severe acute hemor- rhagic fevers (43, 49). Up to 300,000 infections by Lassa fever virus occur annually in Africa (44), and cases of Argentine, Bolivian, and Venezuelan hemorrhagic fevers are regularly reported in South America (49). Genetic diversification and worldwide dissemination of arenaviruses with their rodent hosts (51) provide opportunities for the continued emergence of new pathogenic strains (10). Vaccines to prevent arenavirus infection are not available, and treatment options for arenavi- ral hemorrhagic fevers are extremely limited. Ribavirin, a non- specific antiviral agent with an incompletely understood mech- anism of action, is currently used in severe and life-threatening cases with mixed results (60). In the case of Argentine hemor-
Back to the future: covalent epitope-based HIV vaccine development

Traditional HIV vaccine approaches have proved ineffective because the immunodominant viral epitopes are mutable and the conserved epitopes necessary for infection are not sufficiently immunogenic. The CD4 binding site expressed by the HIV envelope protein of glycoprotein 120 is essential for viral entry into host cells. In this article, we review the B-cell superantigenic character of the CD4 binding site as the cause of its poor immunogenicity. We summarize evidence supporting development of covalent immunization as the first vaccine strategy with the potential to induce an antibody response to a conserved HIV epitope that neutralizes genetically divergent HIV strains.
Learning by doing: observing an interprofessional process as an interprofessional team

New competencies exist for interprofessional education, which are centered on the goal of improving quality of care and patient safety through improved interprofessional collaboration. Interprofessional education and effective interprofessional collaboration are cornerstones of the Veterans Affairs Quality Scholars fellowship program. The purpose of this project was to evaluate an innovative interprofessional education strategy in which teams of physicians and nurses were "learning by doing" as they observed and analyzed the functioning of an interprofessional process, specifically, inpatient discharge. Fellows completed voluntary, anonymous surveys seeking their perspectives about the project. Fellows' feedback revealed several themes, with both positive and negative characteristics related to team functioning, interprofessional understanding, microsystem knowledge, pooled knowledge and assignment challenges. The strength of this strategy is exemplified by the fact that fellows not only learned from each other's separate professional observations, but also observed the emergence of a shared interprofessional perspective through working together.
Side Information Generation for Distributed Video Coding

Side information (SI) generation is one of the key components of a Wyner-Ziv coder. In this paper we present a novel multi-frame SI generation approach which uses adaptive temporal filtering to estimate the pixel values for SI and motion vector filtering for refinement. For temporal filtering, we derive the optimal mean squared error temporal filter when the noise can be evaluated, and propose a similarity weighted temporal filter when the knowledge of the noise is not available. The temporal filter adapts on the quality of the motion estimation. The quality of SI generation is further improved by using motion vector filtering to reduce the noise effect from motion estimation. Experimental results indicate that the proposed SI generation approach yields good performance in terms of SI quality and conditional entropy.
Using Metaphors To Teach Organization Theory

Metaphors were used to teach systems thinking and to clarify concepts of organizational theory in an introductory MBA management course. Gareth Morgan's metaphors of organization were read by students and applied as frames to analyze a business case. In addition, personal metaphors were written by individual students in order to describe the organizations where they worked. Writing personal metaphors enabled students to report subjective images that otherwise could be difficult to describe in normal, declarative language. Students chose metaphors such as a dysfunctional family, hungry bear, ant hill, budding flower, subway, and an alien spaceship to exemplify their organizations. Systems theory was introduced to the students as a particularly useful metaphor for analyzing organizations.
Surface generation for virtual reality displays with a limited polygonal budget

Virtual reality offers the promise of highly interactive, natural control of the visualization process, greatly enhancing the scientific value of the data produced by medical imaging systems. Due to the computational and real time update requirements of virtual reality interfaces, however, the complexity of polygonal surfaces which can be displayed is limited. In this paper, we present a novel method for the production of a polygonal surface containing a pre-specified number of polygons from volumetric data. To preserve surface detail, we extract a set of curvature weights from the volumetric data and use these weights as the input to a 2-D Kohonen network. The adaptation of the network to the input vectors results in a display surface that preserves useful detail relative to the number of polygons used.
Reinforcement-Learning-based Magneto-hydrodynamic Control of Hypersonic Flows

In this work, we design a policy-iteration-based Q-learning approach for on-line optimal control of ionized hypersonic flow at the inlet of a scramjet engine. Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) has been recently proposed as a means for flow control in various aerospace problems. This mechanism corresponds to applying external magnetic fields to ionized flows towards achieving desired flow behavior. The applications range from external flow control for producing forces and moments on the air-vehicle to internal flow control designs, which compress and extract electrical energy from the flow. The current work looks at the later problem of internal flow control. The baseline controller and Q-function parameterizations are derived from an off-line mixed predictive-control and dynamic-programming-based design. The nominal optimal neural network Q-function and controller are updated on-line to handle modeling errors in the off-line design. The on-line implementation investigates key concerns regarding the conservativeness of the update methods. Value-iteration-based update methods have been shown to converge in a probabilistic sense. However, simulations results illustrate that realistic implementations of these methods face significant training difficulties, often failing in learning the optimal controller on-line. The present approach, therefore, uses a policy-iteration-based update, which has time-based convergence guarantees. Given the special finite-horizon nature of the problem, three novel on-line update algorithms are proposed. These algorithms incorporate different mix of concepts, which include bootstrapping, and forward and backward dynamic programming update rules. Simulation results illustrate success of the proposed update algorithms in re-optimizing the performance of the MHD generator during system operation
Embryonic Malpositions in Broiler Chickens and Bobwhite Quail

Abstract One of the factors contributing to failure of avian embryos to hatch is the positioning of the embryo at the end of incubation in such a manner that emergence from the egg is inhibited. Abnormal positions, or malpositions, may also be associated with other problems without directly affecting the ability of the chick to hatch. The effect of strain, breeder age, and gender of embryo on incidence of malpositions before hatching was determined in broiler embryos. The effect of strain, breeder age, pre-incubation egg storage, setting orientation, and turning during incubation on incidence of malpositions before hatching was determined in bobwhite quail embryos. Although there were variations among strains and between genders for incidence of malpositions, they were not statistically significant. Differences among settings and evaluators were as great as strain effects. No significant strain or breeder age effect on malposition incidence was found in quail. Long-term pre-incubation storage increased the incidence of quail embryos with head between the thighs, possibly related to delayed embryonic development. Setting quail eggs with the small end up resulted in 75% of the embryos with head in the small end of the egg. Eggs set normally but not turned had increased incidences of head in small end, beak away from air cell, and head over wing embryonic malpositions. Therefore, in these studies, the incidence of malpositions was affected by pre-incubation egg storage, egg orientation, and turning, whereas it was not affected by strain, embryo gender, and breeder age.
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV 3) community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) mimicking pertussis in an adult: The diagnostic importance of hoarseness and monocytosis

Abstract Background There are relatively few causes of acute community-acquired pneumonias (CAPs) in adults associated with prolonged cough. In adults the most common acute CAPs with a prominent and persistent nonproductive cough are due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophilia (Chlamydia) pneumoniae, or Bordetella pertussis (pertussis). Pertussis is an underrecognized and underappreciated cause of CAP in adults. Different from classic pertussis in children, pertussis in adults presents with prolonged dry cough, that is, the “100-day cough.” In pertussis, the characteristic nonspecific laboratory findings are leukocytosis and relative lymphocytosis. Dry cough accompanied by hoarseness with CAP in an adult should suggest C. pneumoniae or a respiratory virus (eg, influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus). Methods We present the case of a young woman who presented with a prominent and persistent pertussis-like cough with hoarseness. She had no leukocytosis or relative lymphopenia, which argued against the diagnosis of pertussis. Notably, she had persistent monocytosis. Her protracted pertussis-like cough that persisted during her hospitalization was so impressive that the diagnostic impression was pertussis. Direct fluorescent antibody (FA) and throat cultures were negative for pertussis. Furthermore, her hoarseness suggested the possibility of C. pneumoniae, but her C. pneumoniae immunoglobulin-M titer was negative. Results Because C. pneumoniae was ruled out, her hoarseness suggested a respiratory viral cause. A respiratory FA viral panel and viral throat cultures were obtained. The respiratory FA viral panel was negative for influenza A/B, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, and parainfluenza viruses. However, her viral throat cultures grew parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV 3), confirming the diagnosis. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of HPIV 3 CAP presenting with a prominent and persistent pertussoid cough in an adult mimicking pertussis with hoarseness and monocytosis.
Geometry and treatment of fiducial networks: Effect on GPS baseline precision in South America

A covariance analysis indicates that GPS baseline precision in northern South America is substantially improved when fiducial stations in North America are supplemented by stations in Hawaii, Australia, and New Zealand. The formal errors for a variety of fiducial networks are calculated. It is found that the systematic error of fiducial stations is dependent on the fiducial network geometry. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the baselines of northern South America are very sensitive to uncertainties in the locations of the closest fiducial stations.
Mechanical design of the first proximal Ig domain of human cardiac titin revealed by single molecule force spectroscopy.

Abstract The elastic I-band part of muscle protein titin contains two tandem immunoglobulin (Ig) domain regions of distinct mechanical properties. Until recently, the only known structure was that of the I27 module of the distal region, whose mechanical properties have been reported in detail. Recently, the structure of the first proximal domain, I1, has been resolved at 2.1 A. In addition to the characteristic β-sandwich structure of all titin Ig domains, the crystal structure of I1 showed an internal disulfide bridge that was proposed to modulate its mechanical extensibility in vivo. Here, we use single molecule force spectroscopy and protein engineering to examine the mechanical architecture of this domain. In contrast to the predictions made from the X-ray crystal structure, we find that the formation of a disulfide bridge in I1 is a relatively rare event in solution, even under oxidative conditions. Furthermore, our studies of the mechanical stability of I1 modules engineered with point mutations reveal significant differences between the mechanical unfolding of the I1 and I27 modules. Our study illustrates the varying mechanical architectures of the titin Ig modules.
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor and the c‐Met oncogene

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a plasminogen-like protein thought to be a humoral mediator of liver regeneration. A 145-kilodalton tyrosyl phosphoprotein observed in rapid response to HGF treatment of intact target cells was identified by immunoblot analysis as the β subunit of the c-met proto-oncogene product, a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase. Covalent cross-linking of 125 I-labeled ligand to cellular proteins of appropriate size that were recognized by antibodies to c-met directly established the c-met product as the cell-surface receptor for HGF
Value Chain Cost Tracing And Cost System Obsolescence: An Exploratory Study Of Small To Medium-Sized Companies

To succeed in todays competitive business environment, corporations need to undertake value chain analysis and select an optimal mix of value chain activities. Based on the data collected from 73 small- to medium-sized companies, this study provides evidence regarding current practices in value chain cost tracing and cost system obsolescence. The research findings indicate that companies do a better job of linking value chain costs to products/product lines than to customers/customer classes. Overall, however, the proportion of each value chain cost attributed to either cost object tends to be low. This indicates that firms management may be rather slow in adopting new management tools. Furthermore, most companies are still using value-based cost allocations, which suggests cost system obsolescence. Implications of this study and future research directions are also discussed.
Trends in U.S. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Use and Outcomes: 2002-2012

This study evaluates contemporary trends in the use and outcomes of adult patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in U.S. hospitals. All adult discharges in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database during the years 2002-2012 that included ECMO were used to estimate the total number of U.S. ECMO hospitalizations (n = 12,407). Diagnostic codes were used to group patients by indication for ECMO use into postcardiotomy, heart transplant, lung transplant, cardiogenic shock, respiratory failure, and cardiopulmonary failure. A Mann-Kendall test was used to examine trends over time using standard statistical techniques for survey data. We found that ECMO use increased significantly from 2002-2012 (P = 0.003), whereas in-hospital mortality rate fluctuated without a significant difference in trend over time. No significant trend was observed in overall ECMO use from 2002-2007, but the use did demonstrate a statistically significant increase from 2007-2012 (P = 0.0028). The highest in-hospital mortality rates were found in the postcardiotomy (57.2%) and respiratory failure (59.2%) groups. Lung and heart transplant groups had the lowest in-hospital mortality rates (44.10% and 45.31%, respectively). The proportion of ECMO use for postcardiotomy decreased from 56.9% in 2002 to 37.9% in 2012 (P = 0.026) and increased for cardiopulmonary failure from 3.9% to 11.1% (P = 0.026). We concluded that ECMO use in the United States increased between 2002 and 2012, driven primarily by increase in national ECMO use beginning in 2007. Mortality rates remained high but stable during this time period. Though there were shifts in relative ECMO use among patient groups, absolute ECMO use increased for all indications over the study period.
Applying the devotional–promotional model to the video game “Faithful”

Abstract This article seeks to explore the relationships among video games, fans, and public relations from a theoretical perspective. Using Tilson and Chao’s (2002 ) devotional–promotional model of communication and the concept of civil religion to examine this relationship, this article continues to build on the idea the public relations practices of religious communication has many practical implications in the secular world. By examining video game fans through the lens of the civil religion and the devotional–promotional model, this paper explores the implications of commodification of civil religion and builds on an earlier exploration by Xifra (2008) and the idea that “faithful supporters” can be the most valuable audience and that they can be cultivated by public relations.
Percolation of Hall Bath through Carbon Potlining and Insulation

Samples of lining and insulation from a transverse cross-section of an aluminum smelting cell were examined by X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. Potlining was penetrated by catholyte, with its composition changing to correspond with the isotherm passing through each point. Penetration was limited by the eutectic temperature. Air leakage into the cell caused Na{in2}CO{in3} and CaO formation near the sides.
Improved delivery through biological membranes. Synthesis, characterization and antiviral activity of a series of ribavirin chemical delivery systems: 5' and carboxamide derivatives

those agents which are available to the central nervous system (CNS)insignificant amounts for sustained periods. While these problems are apparent with a number of pathogens, RNA viral infections, with the notable excep­ tion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), have gen­ erally received less attention than DNA viruses. RNA viruses are unique in that they reverse the usual bio­ chemical DNA~ RNA~ protein sequence which occurs in higher life forms. In addition, RNA viruses precipitate diseases associated with significant mortality and morbi­ dity, such as dengue fever, Lassa fever, sandfly fever, Rift Valley fever, a variety of haemorrhagic fevers, and a number of encephalitic maladies such as Japanese B encephalitis (Johnson, 1984; Fisher-Hoch and Simpson, 1986). This latter infection is estimated to kill 30 000 people in the Far East each year, while sandfly fever is a major health problem in the Middle East. One notable advance in the treatment of these 'exotic' viral diseases was the development of ribavirin (1-[3-D­ ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-carboxamide) in the early seventies (Witkowski et al., 1972; L. Christensen and J.
Clinical impact of prolonged diagnosis to treatment interval (DTI) among patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Summary Purpose/objective(s) We examined practice patterns using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) to determine risk factors for prolonged diagnosis to treatment interval (DTI) and survival outcomes in patients receiving chemoradiation for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Methods and materials We identified 6606 NCDB patients with Stage III–IV OPSCC receiving chemoradiation from 2003 to 2006. We determined risk factors for prolonged DTI (>30 days) using univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. We examined overall survival (OS) using Kaplan Meier and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Results 3586 (54.3%) patients had prolonged DTI. Race, IMRT, insurance status, and high volume facilities were significant risk factors for prolonged DTI. Patients with prolonged DTI had inferior OS compared to DTI ⩽ 30 days (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.12, 95% CI 1.04–1.20, p = 0.005). For every week increase in DTI there was a 2.2% (95% CI 1.1–3.3%, p Conclusions Our results suggest that prolonged DTI has a significant impact on survival outcomes. We observed disparities in DTI by socioeconomic factors. However, facility level factors such as academic affiliation, high volume, and IMRT also increased risk of DTI. These findings should be considered in developing efficient pathways to mitigate adverse effects of prolonged DTI.
Unified Basis for Biological Treatment Design and Operation

A unified basis for design and operation of biological waste treatment systems employing suspensions of microorganisms is developed from microbial kinetic concepts and continuous culture of microorganisms theory. Biological solids retention time, θ c , average time period a unit of biological mass is retained in the system, is suggested as an independent parameter for process design and control. Steady-state kinetic models are presented for three process configurations, i.e., completely mixed reactor without solids recycle, completely mixed reactor with solids recycle, and plug flow reactor with solids recycle. Reported values of kinetic coefficients are tabularized for: (1) aerobic treatment of carbonaceous wastes; (2) aerobic biological nitrification; (3) anaerobic methanogenic fermentation of carbonaceous wastes. These coefficient values are substituted into the models to determine lower limits, i.e., minimum values of θ c , for each process. Minimum values of θ c of models are compared with θ c values for actual treatment systems.
Symbol-mapping

The technical topic for this issue is symbol-mapping, introduced in the April, 1975 issue (No. 51, pp. 4-5) by Drew McDermott.
Task-Resource Co-Allocation for Hotspot Minimization in Heterogeneous Many-Core NoCs

To fully exploit the massive parallelism of many cores, this work tackles the problem of mapping large-scale applications onto heterogeneous on-chip networks (NoCs) to minimize the peak workload for energy hotspot avoidance. A task-resource co-optimization framework is proposed which configures the on-chip communication infrastructure and maps the applications simultaneously and coherently, aiming to minimize the peak load under the constraints of computation power and communication capacity and a total cost budget of on-chip resources. The problem is first formulated into a linear programming model to search for optimal solution. A heuristic algorithm is further developed for fast design space exploration in extremely large-scale many-core NoCs. Extensive simulations are carried out under real-world benchmarks and randomly generated task graphs to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed schemes.
Mixed-mode fracture modeling with smoothed particle hydrodynamics

Abstract In this work, we describe a coupled Drucker–Prager and Grady–Kipp SPH framework in order to simulate mode I, mode II and mixed mode failure under the same formulation. This framework is then applied to study failure in uniaxial compression of gypsum samples containing a single angled flaw. To validate the model, results are compared with the experimental analysis and shows good agreement, where fracture initiation positions and angles are well represented. This trend of agreement continues beyond initiation, through to propagation, and finally post-failure behavior. The methodology and results shown here describe a powerful tool for study of fracture mechanics.
HIV-TB co-infection treatment

An important question, of whether the initiation of HIV treatment during ongoing TB treatment for HIV-TB co-infected individuals is appropriate, still remains unanswered; initiating HIV treatment at or soon after the start of the TB treatment course has some advantages including fewer HIV-related deaths and a lower risk of HIV transmission as well as some disadvantages including occurrence of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) due to a high pill burden. In this study, we develop a mathematical model to explore the effects of early and late HIV treatment, during the TB treatment course, on new HIV infections, HIV-related deaths, and IRIS cases. Mathematical analyses of our model indicate that co-infection treatment programs alone cannot eradicate the diseases; additional interventions and/or treatments targeting individuals infected with a single disease are necessary for successful disease eradication. Numerical computations of the model solution demonstrate that outcomes of the treatment programs aiming to reduce the total burden of this co-infection depend highly on both the strength and initiation timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Based on our model, we also formulate an optimal control problem and solve it using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle and an efficient numerical iterative method. Our numerical results of an optimal HIV-TB treatment protocol that yields a minimum burden from this co-infection indicates that each of the new HIV infections, HIV-related deaths and IRIS cases is important for achieving optimal benefits from the co-infection treatment programs.
Decentralized Model-Free Wind Farm Control via Discrete Adaptive Filtering Methods

The aim of this paper is to present a decentralized model-free approach to wind farm power optimization with limited information sharing among the turbines. Two decentralized discrete adaptive filtering algorithms are proposed to optimize a wind farm’s total power output without utilizing the wind farm power generation model, and with only limited information sharing among neighbor turbines. Convergence results of the proposed algorithms are presented. The proposed algorithms are further extended to track the time-varying environment. Simulation results show that when turbines in the wind farm employ the proposed decentralized algorithms, the total power output of the turbines quickly converges to or very close to the optimal total power generation. The ability to maximize the power output in time-varying environment is also demonstrated. Finally, the proposed algorithms are demonstrated to be robust in realistic conditions, where large magnitude environmental disturbances are considered.
Ethyl 4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzoate: fivefold superstructure with ten crystallographically independent molecules refined from a twinned crystal.

The photophysical properties of organic fluoro­phores are sensitive to the local sterics of the surrounding environment. Restriction of torsional motion in aggregates and crystals can give rise to enhanced emissive behavior. N-Aryl-substituted carbazoles serve an essential role as ubiquitous host matrices for organic light-emitting diodes, due to their large band gaps and high triplet energies, and so studies connecting photophysical behaviors with detailed crystallographic structural information are important. To elucidate the structural changes involved in the excited-state charge-transfer processes of N-aryl-substituted carbazoles with ester withdrawing groups, ethyl 4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) benzoate, C21H17NO2, was synthesized. The compound crystallizes with ten independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit that pack together through moderate C—H⋯π inter­actions between carbazole units (2.5–2.9 A) and π-stacks of benzoate groups (3.8–3.9 A) between neighboring mol­ecules. Four of the ten independent mol­ecules show disorder by rotation of the ethyl carboxyl­ate groups, with major occupancy rates between 0.931 (3) and 0.840 (3). The attached benzoate groups are also disordered, with identical occupancies, to compensate for the altered steric profile of the misaligned ethyl ester groups. For two mol­ecules, the disorder extends to the entire carbazole units as well. Torsion angles between the nonplanar carbazole and benzoate groups range from θ = 44.8 to 57.2°, while those between the benzoate planes and the carboxyl­ate COO atoms vary from α = 6.4 to 15.7°. The crystal is twinned by pseudomerohedry. The superstructure can be reduced to a hypothetical averaged parent structure in the space group Pbcn with Z′ = 1, displaying fourfold disorder. Variable-temperature data collection shows that there is no phase transition between the disordered supercell and the hypothetical parent structure; supercell reflections persist up to 350 K. We propose that the disorder and variation in torsion angles result from frustrated close-packing and necessitate a unit cell with a high Z′ number.
A Mechanistic Model for Colibactin-Induced Genotoxicity.

Precolibactins and colibactins represent a family of natural products that are encoded by the clb gene cluster and are produced by certain commensal, extraintestinal, and probiotic E. coli. clb+ E. coli induce megalocytosis and DNA double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells, but paradoxically, this gene cluster is found in the probiotic Nissle 1917. Evidence suggests precolibactins are converted to genotoxic colibactins by colibactin peptidase (ClbP)-mediated cleavage of an N-acyl-d-Asn side chain, and all isolation efforts have employed ΔclbP strains to facilitate accumulation of precolibactins. It was hypothesized that colibactins form unsaturated imines that alkylate DNA by cyclopropane ring opening (2 → 3). However, as no colibactins have been isolated, this hypothesis has not been tested experimentally. Additionally, precolibactins A–C (7–9) contain a pyridone that cannot generate the unsaturated imines that form the basis of this hypothesis. To resolve this, we prepared 13 synthetic colibactin derivat...
Screening of Lipid Composition for Scalable Fabrication of Solvent-Free Lipid Microarrays

Liquid microdroplet arrays on surfaces are a promising approach to the miniaturization of laboratory processes such as high throughput screening. The fluid nature of these droplets poses unique challenges and opportunities in their fabrication and application, particularly for the scalable integration of multiple materials over large areas and immersion into cell culture solution. Here we use pin spotting and nanointaglio printing to screen a library of lipids and their mixtures for their compatibility with these fabrication processes, as well as stability upon immersion into aqueous solution. More than 200 combinations of natural and synthetic oils composed of fatty acids, triglycerides, and hydrocarbons were tested for their pin-spotting and nanointaglio print quality and their ability to contain the fluorescent compound TRITC upon immersion in water. A combination of castor oil and hexanoic acid at the ratio of 1:1 (w/w) was found optimal for producing reproducible patterns that are stable upon immersion into water. This method is capable of large scale nano-materials integration.
Who Would Be Branded With Failure

There was no specialty of heart failure (HF) 35 years ago. When therapies were minimally effective, most cardiologists were equally qualified to deliver them. In the early 1980s, improved outcomes with cyclosporine led to reimbursement for cardiac transplantation. Although performed in >120 000 patients, its major epidemiological contribution may have been concentration of HF at centers where physiology, team management, and therapies could be explored. As the impact of therapies has extended the HF journey (Figure1), further intervention to decrease disease progression may now be hindered by the term “heart failure” itself. Figure. Comparison of the patient journeys with heart failure (HF) in the era early after approval of cardiac transplantation and in the current era realizing the benefit of therapies that have decreased HF progression and decreased sudden death (red arrows). Blue shaded areas encompass patients with typical HF syndromes. Pink shaded area includes patients for whom a neutral label such as “cardiomyopathy” might encourage emphasis on therapy to prevent disease progression. ADHF indicates acute decompensated heart failure; EF, ejection fraction; and RV, right ventricular. Adapted from Udelson and Stevenson1 with permission. © 2016, American Heart Association, Inc. In the early era, most patients presented with class IV symptoms and died of pump failure or sudden death within a year without transplantation. All HF was assumed to be low-ejection-fraction HF, with congestion and hypoperfusion inseparable and inevitable. When therapy was limited to digitalis and diuretics to …
Highly Localized Charge Transfer Excitons in Metal Oxide Semiconductors.

The ability to observe charge localization in photocatalytic materials on the ultrafast time scale promises to reveal important correlations between excited state electronic structure and photochemical energy conversion. Of particular interest is the ability to determine hole localization in the hybridized valence band of transition metal oxide semiconductors. Using femtosecond extreme ultraviolet reflection absorption (XUV-RA) spectroscopy we directly observe the formation of photoexcited electrons and holes in Fe2O3, Co3O4, and NiO occurring within the 100 fs instrument response. In each material, holes localize to the O 2p valence band states as probed at the O L1-edge, while electrons localize to metal 3d conduction band states on this same time scale as probed at the metal M2,3-edge. Chemical shifts at the O L1-edge enable unambiguous comparison of metal–oxygen (M–O) bond covalency. Pump flux dependent measurements show that the exciton radius is on the order of a single M–O bond length, revealing a ...
Reversible Control of Network Properties in Azobenzene-Containing Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels.

Biomimetic hydrogels fabricated from biologically derived polymers, such as hyaluronic acid (HA), are useful for numerous biomedical applications. Due to the dynamic nature of biological processes, it is of great interest to synthesize hydrogels with dynamically tunable network properties where various functions (e.g., cargo delivery, mechanical signaling) can be changed over time. Among the various stimuli developed to control hydrogel properties, light stands out for its exquisite spatiotemporal control; however, most light-based chemistries are unidirectional in their ability to manipulate network changes. Here, we report a strategy to reversibly modulate HA hydrogel properties with light, using supramolecular cross-links formed via azobenzene bound to β-cyclodextrin. Upon isomerization with 365 nm or 400–500 nm light, the binding affinity between azobenzene and β-cyclodextrin changed and altered the network connectivity. The hydrogel mechanical properties depended on both the azobenzene modification a...
Establishing the need for nutrition education: II. Elementary teachers' nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and practices.

Although nutrition awareness was not assessed directly in this study, perhaps it is greater in schools in which the teachers are more knowledgeable and have more positive practices.
Order Sets in Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems: an Analysis of Seven Sites

Most computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems have built-in support for order sets (collections of orders grouped by a clinical purpose). Evidence and experience suggest that order sets are important tools for ordering efficiency and decision support and may influence ordering. Developing and maintaining order sets is costly, so hospitals often must prioritize which order sets can be created. We analyzed order set utilization at seven diverse sites with CPOE. The number of order sets per site ranged from 81 to 535, and the number of order set uses per discharge ranged from 0.48 to 9.89. We also compared the top ten order sets at each site, and found many commonalities, such as generic and condition-specific admission order sets, surgical sets and clinical pathways. We also found that, at each site, utilization of order sets was skewed, with a small number of order sets comprising the bulk of utilization. These findings may be useful for order sets developers, particularly in settings where resources are constrained and the most important order sets must be developed first.
Horsekicks, Deadly Quarrels, and Flying Bombs

In his 1951 book, Facts from Figures, M. J. Moroney has a chapter entitled “Goals, Floods, and Horsekicks.” [1] One can only conclude that violence has increased in the world when we start with horsekicks and go on to deadly quarrels and flying bombs. All of these are examples of a distribution carrying the name of a French mathematician, Simeon D. Poisson (1781–1840).
Pharmacologic Management of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction

Lower urinary tract function requires complex and coordinated signaling between central and peripheral nervous systems. In patients with neurologic lesions, the development of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) can include neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO), detrusor areflexia, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), or sphincter underactivity depending on the locations and extent of the lesion. The pharmacologic management of NLUTD is reviewed in this chapter following a brief summary of neurologic control of micturition and assessment of NLUTD. Antimuscarinics with or without intermittent catheterization are the first-line management of NDO, but mirabegron is a newer agent that has also shown efficacy in this population. Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections into the detrusor muscle can be considered if medical therapy fails. Medical therapy for DSD has not been demonstrated as efficacious, but intrasphincteric BTX-A can be considered as an alternative to sphincterotomy. No medical therapy has been shown effective for the management of detrusor areflexia or sphincter underactivity. Lifelong follow-up is necessary to prevent the development of secondary complications, such as renal failure.
Block copolymer line roughness and annealing kinetics as a function of chain stiﬀness

Block copolymers (BCPs) can phase separate to form periodic structures with small spacings that can be used to form a template. This template can then be used to pattern higher densities of features onto a substrate, thus extending optical lithography. Thin films of BCPs can have their features guided via chemoepitaxy by employing underlayers with a patterned chemical preference towards one of the blocks. Line edge roughness (LER) is defined as the spatial variation of the interface between the two blocks and this can be transferred to the features patterned by the BCP template. Electrical components with high LER in their features are known to have performance issues. Here, a molecular dynamics simulation was employed to model BCP chains in a thin film state. The BCP chains have an angle potential acting on them described by the two parameters kθ and θeq. Stiffness was varied by changing either the chain's resistance to bending (kθ) or how rod-like the chain is (θeq). It was found that while LER is unaffected by varying either parameter, line width roughness (variation in the width of a lamellae) increased with an increase in either parameter, though by an insignificant amount. Kinetic thin film simulations showed that increasing kθ increases the timescale for molecular diffusion while increasing θeq. potentially decreases the energetic barrier between a defect and defect-free state.
The fingerprint of linear dunes

Abstract Fingerprint ridges contain unique defects that allow identification of individuals through a combination of metrics that capture Y-junctions and terminations. Ripples, linear dunes and even Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) on Mars share many of these features with closed Y-junctions where crests merge, open Y-junctions where crests bifurcate, and crest end-terminations. Unfortunately, manual extraction of defects from linear dunefields is extremely time intensive and is not consistently reproducible. Fingerprint minutiae extraction software, a mature tool set used extensively in forensic work, was modified and applied to a range of linear aeolian features to determine whether dune defects could be easily extracted from imagery and used to quantitatively characterize their arrangement. The algorithm produced consistent and repeatable output from a range of imagery sources and resolutions from aeolian environments on Earth and Mars in time frames that were orders-of-magnitude faster than manual identification and extraction approaches. The automation of the extraction of defect location, direction, type and quality of each feature identified allows improved characterization of the spatial arrangement linear aeolian landforms. This approach could significantly augment our ability to analyze these features resulting in an improvement in understanding the organization and dynamics of these features and how they respond to environmental change. Challenges, in the form of extracting defects from complex vegetated dunefields, still remain in adapting this software for use in an aeolian environment.
Enhancing Multi-model Inference with Natural Selection

Multi-model inference covers a wide range of modern statistical applications such as variable selection, model confidence set, model averaging and variable importance.The performance of multi-model inference depends on the availability of candidate models, whose quality has been rarely studied in literature. In this dissertation, we study genetic algorithm (GA) in order to obtain high-quality candidate models. Inspired by the process of natural selection, GA performs genetic operations such as selection, crossover and mutation iteratively to update a collection of potential solutions (models) until convergence. The convergence properties are studied based on the Markov chain theory and used to design an adaptive termination criterion that vastly reduces the computational cost. In addition, a new schema theory is established to characterize how the current model set is improved through evolutionary process. Extensive numerical experiments are carried out to verify our theory and demonstrate the empirical power of GA, and new findings are obtained for two real data examples.