cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drugs for cardiovascular risk reduction in the diabetic patient.

The diabetic patient is at increased risk for cardiac events. Lowering hemoglobin A1c levels even within the normal range is associated with less cardiac risk. Oral agents for diabetes that reduce insulin resistance and its associated cardiac risk factors in addition to lowering glucose should be used. Energetic reduction of blood pressure with an emphasis on the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and b blockers will further reduce cardiac risk. Reduction of low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels and elevation of high-density lipoprotein levels through judicious use of statins and other anti-lipid agents is essential and will lower the rate of cardiac events in the diabetic patient even more than in the nondiabetic patient. In addition, aspirin and folic acid supplementation should be utilized. Use of a multiple risk factor management strategy with these drugs will lower morbidity and mortality, improve quality of life, and save cost for the diabetic patient.
Unresolved mourning, supernatural beliefs and dissociation: a mediation analysis.

Unresolved mourning is marked by disorganized behavior and states of mind. In this study, we speculated that pathological dissociation would mediate the effects of unresolved mourning on supernatur...
A set of high-order spatiotemporal stimuli that elicit motion and reverse-phi percepts.

Detection of motion is a crucial component of visual processing. To probe the computations underlying motion perception, we created a new class of non-Fourier motion stimuli, characterized by their third- and fourth-order spatiotemporal correlations. As with other non-Fourier stimuli, they lack second-order correlations, and therefore their motion cannot be detected by standard Fourier mechanisms. Additionally, these stimuli lack pairwise spatiotemporal correlation of edges or flickerVand thus, also cannot be detected by extraction of one of these features, followed by standard motion analysis. Nevertheless, many of these stimuli produced apparent motion in human observers. The pattern of responsesVi.e., which specific spatiotemporal correlations led to a percept of motionVwas highly consistent across subjects. For many of these stimuli, inverting the overall contrast of the stimulus reversed the direction of apparent motion. This “reverse-phi” phenomenon challenges existing models, including models that correlate low-level features and gradient models. Our findings indicate that current knowledge of the computations underlying motion processing is as yet incomplete, and that understanding how high-order spatiotemporal correlations lead to motion percepts will illuminate the computations underlying early motion processing.
Team-Member Exchange Under Team and Traditional Management: A Naturally Occurring Quasi-Experiment

The quality of exchange relationships between work teams and their members was assessed for 103 manufacturing workers. Higher levels of team-member exchange quality, as well as of cohesiveness, sat...
Three cases of hairy cell leukemia in coal miners.

We identified three cases of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) in a small group of coal miners in Alabama, USA. All three cases of HCL were male, aged between 43 and 63 years old at diagnosis and had worke...
Face relighting with radiance environment maps

A radiance environment map pre-integrates a constant surface reflectance with the lighting environment. It has been used to generate photo-realistic rendering at interactive speed. However, one of its limitations is that each radiance environment map can only render the object, which has the same surface reflectance as what it integrates. We present a ratio-image based technique to use a radiance environment map to render diffuse objects with different surface reflectance properties. This method has the advantage that it does not require the separation of illumination from reflectance, and it is simple to implement and runs at interactive speed. In order to use this technique for human face relighting, we have developed a technique that uses spherical harmonics to approximate the radiance environment map for any given image of a face. Thus we are able to relight face images when the lighting environment rotates. Another benefit of the radiance environment map is that we can interactively modify lighting by changing the coefficients of the spherical harmonics basis. Finally we can modify the lighting condition of one person's face so that it matches the new lighting condition of a different person's face image assuming the two faces have similar skin albedos.
Gender inequalities in education.

The terrain of gender inequalities in education has seen much change in recent decades. This article reviews the empirical research and theoretical perspectives on gender inequalities in educational performance and attainment from early childhood to young adulthood. Much of the literature on children and adolescents attends to performance differences between girls and boys. Of course, achievement in elementary and secondary school is linked to the level of education one ultimately attains including high school completion, enrollment in postsecondary education, college completion, and graduate and professional school experiences. We recommend three directions for future research: (a) interdisciplinary efforts to understand gender differences in cognitive development and noncognitive abilities in early childhood, (b) research on the structure and practices of schooling, and (c) analyses of how gender differences might amplify other kinds of inequalities, such as racial, ethnic, class, or nativity inequalities.
Challenges and opportunities in dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy gene therapy

The last decade has evidenced unprecedented progress in gene therapy of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD) skeletal muscle disease. Cardiomyopathy is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both patients and carriers of DMD, BMD and X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. However, there is little advance in heart gene therapy. The gene, the vector, vector delivery, the target tissue and animal models are five fundamental components in developing an effective gene therapy. Intensive effort has been made in optimizing gene transfer vectors and methods. Systemic and/or local delivery of recombinant adeno-associated viral vector have resulted in widespread transduction in the rodent heart. The current challenge is to define other parameters that are essential for a successful gene therapy such as the best candidate gene(s), the optimal expression level and the target tissue. This review focuses on these long-ignored aspects and points out future research directions. In particular, we need to address whether all or only some of the recently developed mini- and microgenes are protective in the heart, whether partial correction can lead to whole heart function improvement, whether over-expression is hazardous and whether correcting skeletal muscle disease can slow down or stop the progression of cardiomyopathy. Discussion is also made on whether the current mouse models can meet these research needs.
Learning to plan probabilistically from neural networks

This paper discusses the learning of probabilistic planning without a priori domain-specific knowledge. Different from existing reinforcement learning algorithms that generate only reactive policies and existing probabilistic planning algorithms that requires a substantial amount of a priori knowledge in order to plan, we devise a two-stage bottom-up learning-to-plan process, in which the reinforcement learning/dynamic programming is first applied, without the use of a priori domain-specific knowledge, to acquire a reactive policy and then explicit plans are extracted from the learned reactive policy. Plan extraction is based on a beam search algorithm that performs temporal projection in a restricted fashion guided by the value functions resulting from the reinforcement learning/dynamic programming. The experiments and theoretical analysis are presented.
Adults Need Immunizations Too Strategies to Increase Rates

Annually, approximately 40,000 individuals die from vaccine preventable diseases such as influenza, pneumococcal, and hepatitis B infections. Based on the Healthy People 2020 goals, vaccination rates for adults aged 19 years and older are abysmal. Barriers to immunizing adults are identified and evidence-based strategies to improve vaccination rates are addressed.
Neural networks for automated classification of ionospheric irregularities in HF radar backscattered signals

[1] The classification of high frequency (HF) radar backscattered signals from the ionospheric irregularities (clutters) into those suitable, or not, for further analysis, is a time-consuming task even by experts in the field. We tested several different feedforward neural networks on this task, investigating the effects of network type (single layer versus multilayer) and number of hidden nodes upon performance. As expected, the multilayer feedforward networks (MLFNs) outperformed the single-layer networks. The MLFNs achieved performance levels of 100% correct on the training set and up to 98% correct on the testing set. Comparable figures for the single-layer networks were 94.5% and 92%, respectively. When measures of sensitivity, specificity, and proportion of variance accounted for by the model are considered, the superiority of the MLFNs over the single-layer networks is much more striking. Our results suggest that such neural networks could aid many HF radar operations such as frequency search, space weather, etc.
Tb and Ce doped Y123 films processed by pulsed laser deposition

To evaluate possible flux pinning enhancement in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-z/ (Y123) films due to partial rare-earth ion substitutions, Ce and Tb doping are studied. Bulk ceramic targets of varying compositions (Y/sub 1-x/RE/sub x/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-z/) were made with several doping levels (x=0.001 to 0.1, RE=Ce or Tb) by using regular solid-state reaction and sintering procedures. These targets were used to deposit Ce and Tb doped YBCO films onto SrTiO/sub 3/ single crystal substrates by pulsed laser ablation. Doped YBCO films were characterized for T/sub c/, magnetic field dependence of J/sub c/ (at 77 K), microstructure, and other properties. The results are compared to undoped YBCO films processed in similar manner.
Fertility of Mares After Unilateral Laparoscopic Tubal Ligation

Objective— To develop a technique for laparoscopic tubal (oviductal) ligation and to evaluate pregnancy rates for mares that ovulated ipsilateral or contralateral to the ligated oviduct. Study Design— Randomized prospective clinical trial comparing pregnancy rates after unilateral laparoscopic tubal ligation. Animals— Twelve mares of light horse breeds. Methods— One oviduct in each of 6 mares was surgically ligated with a laparoscopic technique; 6 other mares served as nonligated controls. Mares with unilateral tubal ligations (UTL) were inseminated with 500 million progressively motile sperm during 1 cycle when the dominant follicle was ipsilateral to the ligation site and 1 cycle when the dominant follicle was contralateral to the ligation site. Control mares were bred during 2 cycles regardless of the side of the dominant follicle. Pregnancy examinations were performed on days 12, 14, and 16 after ovulation by transrectal ultrasonography. Results— None of the mares became pregnant when ovulations occurred from the ovary adjacent to the ligated oviduct. All 6 mares became pregnant on the first cycle when an ovulation occurred from the opposite ovary. Control mares became pregnant on 10 of 12 cycles (83.3 %). Conclusions— UTL was completely effective in preventing pregnancy when ovulation occurred ipsilateral to the ligation site. The surgical procedure did not interfere with the establishment of pregnancy when ovulation occurred from the contralateral ovary. Clinical Relevance— UTL may be a clinically useful procedure for preparing a recipient mare for gamete intrafallopian transfer. The recipient mare could be allowed to ovulate and UTL would prevent fertilization of her oocyte but would not interfere with normal corpus luteum formation. The donor oocyte could be placed into the oviduct contralateral to the UTL site.
Epigenetic mechanism of stellate cell trans-differentiation.

Regulation of myofibroblast transdifferentiation by DNA methylation and MeCP2: implications for wound healing and fibrogenesis. Mann J, Oakley F, Akiboye F, Elsharkawy A, Thorne AW, Mann DA. Myofibroblasts are critical cellular elements of wound healing generated at sites of injury by transdifferentiation of resident cells. A paradigm for this process is conversion of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into hepatic myofibroblasts. Treatment of HSC with DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-azadC) blocked transdifferentiation. 5-azadC also prevented loss of IκBα and PPARγ expression that occurs during transdifferentiation to allow acquisition of proinflammatory and profibrogenic characteristics. ChIP analysis revealed IκBα promoter is associated with transcriptionally repressed chromatin that converts to an active state with 5-azadC treatment. The methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 which promotes repressed chromatin structure is selectively detected in myofibroblasts of diseased liver. siRNA knockdown of MeCP2 elevated IκBα promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression in myofibroblasts. MeCP2 interacts with IκBα promoter via a methyl-CpG-dependent mechanism and recruitment into a CBF1 corepression complex. We conclude that MeCP2 and DNA methylation exert epigenetic control over hepatic wound healing and fibrogenesis. [Abstract reproduced by permission of Cell Death Differ 2006; doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401979; Epub ahead of print]
Response of a tension leg platform to stochastic wave forces

The equations of motion and the response of a Tension Leg Platform with a single tendon undergoing planar motion are presented. The hull is represented by a rigid cylindrical body and the tendon as a nonlinear elastic beam. Tendons have often been modeled as massless springs, which neglects contribution to the response by the wave forces on the tendons and its varying stiffness due to changes in its tension. The structure is subjected to random wave loading. Linear wave theory is applied and the random wave height power spectrum is transformed into a time history using Borgman's method. The surge and pitch responses for the hull, and the surge response along the tendon are presented for two cases. Case 1 represents a tendon with a hull mass two orders of magnitude smaller than the tendon's mass. In Case 2, the hull mass is two orders of magnitude greater than the tendon. Inclusion of tendon forces were found to significantly increase the amplitude of the surge response for Case 1 but not for Case 2.
The Effect of Independence on Additional Audit Work: A European Perspective

This research examines the importance of previously identified factors (i.e., investor needs, client retention, professional values and obligations, and time budget pressures) on independence in two scenarios. The sample includes of 198 auditors from Big 6 auditing firms located in Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Case A (B), auditor judgment (stockholders’ reliance on the thoroughness of the audit) was the primary factor for doing more work prior to signing off on the audit. The second most important factor was fear of losing the client (time-budget problems).
Analysis on the related factors for vaccination rate of left- behind children in Zanhuang county of Shijiazhuang

Objective To understand the current status of vaccination rate of left- behind children in the mountainous area,and discuss the related factors,provide basis for formulating intervention meaures.. Methods The vaccination rate of the left- behind children and the related awareness rate of guardians are surveyed by professionals. The related data are recorded in Excel 2003,and statistical analysis is operated by SPSS17. 0. According to χ2test,if P 0. 05,the difference is statistically significant. Results For immunization vaccine, the vaccination rate of left- behind children is low. Especially for national expanded immunization vaccine, the difference between left- behind children and control children is statistically significant( P 0. 05). Conclusions Left- behind is a risk factor,which prevent children from receiving immunization program. Therefore,it's very urgent to strengthen the management on vaccination of left- behind children.
Communication Asset Mapping: An Ecological Field Application Toward Building Healthy Communities

Guided by an integrated theoretical approach combining communication infrastructure theory with methods of assets-oriented community field mapping, this study reports the findings of an engaged scholarship project we term communication asset mapping (CAM). Ecological in orientation and participatory in practice, CAM represents a tool for analyzing urban spaces’ potential as mediums for building healthy communities. This article offers two case studies from different low-income neighborhoods in Los Angeles, the first a researcher-directed CAM application and the second undertaken in collaboration with community health promotion workers. Both offer insights for researchers and practitioners interested in the intersecting roles of communication and place in creating positive community change.
Socio-Economic Status and Free Medication Samples

Background: Free medication sample is a widespread marketing practice in pharmaceutical industry around the globe. Currently more than $10 billion were spent annually in the US on free medication sample. Medicare is the largest public insurance program that provides low-cost healthcare to more than 42 million elderly and disabled Americans, who are high medical resource users. Despite the large spending on free samples and intended impact on drug consumption, the distribution of the free samples is little unknown. This study aims to examine the distribution of the free samples in the Medicare population, with special attention to the socio-economic factors associated with the free sample receipt. Method: We examined Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) 2003. MEPS is a nationally representative study that provides detailed information on medical expenditure and medications. We extracted 4,173 patients who enrolled in Medicare in MEPS 2003, and further categorized patients into three mutually-exclusive groups: low-income elderly who were further aided by Medicaid program, elderly private insurance coverage in addition to Medicare, and elderly without Medicaid or private insurance. We examined the total drug expenditure, out-of-pocket expenditure, total number of prescription dispensed, and total number of free samples received by the patient group, and compared those statistics across insurance groups using generalized linear models (GLM). We further perform multivariate logistic regression using receiving free medication as a binary outcome measure, insurance status as predictors, adjusting for patients' age, gender, race, income, and eight priority disease conditions including diabetes mellitus (DM), asthma, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke, emphysema, joint pain, and arthritis. Results: Out of 4,173 Medicare beneficiaries, 922 (22%) were dually enrolled in both Medicare and Medicaid program, and 1,778 (43%) had private insurance in addition to Medicare coverage. The total prescription expenditure for the Dual Eligibles, Medicare with private insurance group, and other Medicare group in 2003 were $2,727 (s.d. 4,690), $1,810, (s.d. 2,140), $1,676 (s.d. 2,465), respectively. The total out-of-pocket expenditure for these three groups was $744 (s.d. 1,345), $895 (s.d. 1,778), 1,209 ($1,473), respectively. The total number of prescription filled for these three groups were 41 (s.d. 46), 29 (s.d. 29), 27 (s.d. 30), respectively. The GLM analysis shows that Dual Eligible spent 49% more (p Conclusion: There was a clear selection in dispensing/receiving free medication samples. White females were the most likely recipients of the free medication samples. The low-income Medicaid/Medicare dual eligible were least likely to receive free medication sample, which might be explained by (a) less frequent visits by the drug company marketing teams to the inner city clinics, (b) selection by the dispensing physicians, (c) lower literacy in the low-income Medicaid/Medicare dual eligibles to take advantage of free samples given through printing media.
Linear Operators and the General Solution of Elementary Linear Ordinary Differential Equations

We make use of linear operators to derive the formulae for the general solution of elementary linear scalar ordinary differential equations of order n. The key lies in the factorization of the linear operators in terms of first-order operators. These first-order operators are then integrated by applying their corresponding integral operators. This leads to the solution formulae for both homogeneous- and nonhomogeneous linear differential equations in a natural way without the need for any ansatz (or "educated guess"). For second-order linear equations with nonconstant coefficients, the condition of the factorization is given in terms of Riccati equations.
How do Students Cheat

Publisher Summary Developing a conceptual definition of cheating is a first step in identifying how students cheat. Cheating is to act dishonestly or unfairly in order to win some profit or advantage. The methods that students use to cheat are most interesting because of their effect on grades or other assessment consequences. Cheating undermines the intent and process of assessment. When students choose to cheat, how they do so is likely related to both individual and situational variables, including motivational, moral, and developmental factors. The motivational orientation of both the individual and the academic environment may trigger different types of cheating behavior. Students who are motivated primarily by a need to demonstrate high ability relative to others or to appear competent as judged by others may employ cheating methods that reflect this particular goal orientation. A student with a high-performance goal orientation might cheat by copying off another student's exam, by plagiarizing a term paper, or by using unauthorized sources to complete graded work, but likely would not participate in cheating behaviors that provide help to others.
Exploring “common couple violence” in heterosexual romantic relationships

It is estimated that as many as 50% of American couples experience a minor form of aggression called “common couple violence” (CCV). CCV, defined as the result of a couple's inability to constructively resolve their conflicts, is gender symmetric in initiation and reciprocity, does not escalate, or become more frequent over time (Johnson, 1995). However, because suppositions about CCV were based upon a review of the domestic violence literature, the purpose of this study was to directly explore the profile of CCV as well as the communication patterns of individuals experiencing it. Thirty‐one individuals were interviewed, and the results indicated that CCV was not a unitary phenomenon as originally hypothesized. Instead, three different profiles of couples and their respective communication patterns were identified: aggressive, violent, and abusive. The theoretical and practical importance of recognizing the diversity of violent couples is discussed.
Where the Money Is for Visually Impaired College Students: Financial Aid Information for Higher Education.

Summarizes financial aid programs available from national blindness agencies, state vocational rehabilitation agencies, and the federal government. Application procedures and contact addresses are ...
Anticipation and the brain

We are our brains. The study argues for a theory of the brain based on the brain itself, not on theories generated to explain the world in some of its many aspects. Consequently, this study of the brain debunks those analogy assumptions, never confirmed by science, that still dominate brain science. The hypothesis advanced concerns the distributed nature of brain activity. It describes the role of interactions, the specific causality characteristic of brain related dynamics, and the broader questions of cognitive activity associated with awareness of change (usually subsumed as consciousness). Empirical evidence that brain processes are anticipatory in nature leads to the conclusion that reproducibility, as defined within the deterministic experimental method, cannot be expected. Significance for the performance of the living (reproduction, survival, evolutionary edge, etc.) informs brain processes and explains their non-deterministic nature.
Design and Implementation of the Ascend Secure Processor

This paper presents post-silicon results for the Ascend secure processor, taped out in a 32 nm SOI process. Ascend prevents information leakage over a processor's digital I/O pins—in particular, the processor's requests to external memory—and certifies the program's execution by verifying the integrity of the external memory. In secure processor design, encrypting main memory is not sufficient for security because where and when memory is accessed reveals secret information. To this end, Ascend is equipped with a hardware Oblivious RAM (ORAM) controller, which obfuscates the address bus by reshuffling memory as it is accessed. To our knowledge, Ascend is the first prototyping of ORAM in custom silicon. Ascend has also been carefully engineered to ensure its timing behaviors are independent of user private data. In 32 nm silicon, all security components combined (the ORAM controller, which includes 12 AES rounds and one SHA-3 hash unit) impose a moderate area overhead of 0.51 mm $^2$ 2 . Post tape-out, the security components of the Ascend chip have been successfully tested at 857 MHz and 1.1 V, at which point they consume 299 mW of power.
Long-term follow-up of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Increased survival of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia has created a unique cohort of children, adolescent, and adult survivors with complex medical and surgical needs. Disease-specific morbidities offer the opportunity for multiple disciplines to unite together to provide long-term comprehensive follow-up, as well as an opportunity for research regarding late outcomes. These children can exhibit impaired pulmonary function, altered neurodevelopmental outcomes, nutritional insufficiency, musculoskeletal changes, and specialized surgical needs that benefit from regular monitoring and intervention, particularly in patients with increased disease severity. Below we aim to characterize the specific challenges that these survivors face as well as present an algorithm for a multidisciplinary long-term follow-up program.
Pediatric germ cell tumors.

Germ cell tumors historically have been considered to be a single nosologic category comprising tumors with different histologic manifestations and different degrees of malignancy and arising at different sites of origin. Only in the last decade has the biologic heterogeneity of germ cell tumors been recognized and addressed. Therapy tailored for the many biologically distinct subsets of germ cell tumors has yet to be defined. Because many categories exclusively involve children, this challenge has been assumed by pediatric oncologists, resulting in the multi-institutional and multinational cooperative studies currently in progress. Current protocols utilize regimens that have been effective in adult germ cell tumors. The probability that the biologically unique pediatric subsets may be best treated by other regimens awaits future protocols.
Gunnar Tilander (ed.), Vidal Mayor, traducción aragonesa de la obra In excelsis Dei thesauris de Vidal de Canellas. Lund, 1956; 3 tomos, 108 (xxxii de láminas) + 543 + 341 pp. (Leges Hispanicae Medii Aevi, IV-VI).

Se reseno el libro: Vidal Mayor, traduccion aragonesa de la obra In excelsis Dei thesauris de Vidal de Canellas.
Very fast inorganic crystal scintillators

Future HEP experiments at the energy and intensity frontiers require fast inorganic crystal scintillators with excellent radiation hardness to face the challenges of unprecedented event rate and severe radiation environment. This paper reports recent progress in application of very fast inorganic scintillators in future HEP experiments, such as thin layer of LYSO crystals for a shashlik sampling calorimeter and a precision TOF detector proposed for the CMS upgrade at the HL-LHC, undoped CsI crystals for the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab and yttrium doped BaF_2 crystals for the proposed Mu2e-II experiment. Applications for Gigahertz hard X-ray imaging will also be discussed.
Colorado Sixth Congressional District: Moderate Policy Positions and Distance from Trump Help a Republican Incumbent Fight off Another Strong Democratic Challenge

Representative Mike Coffman (R) faced a challenging race to maintain his seat in Colorado’s 6th Congressional District. A long-time Republican stronghold, the 6th District had changing demographics that created the distinct possibility for an electoral upset. Noting this possibility, Democratic challenger Morgan Carroll, a Colorado state senator, espoused populist values and engaged in campaign activities directed at traditional Democratic voters and minority groups. However, in a continued pattern of moderation, Coffman took more centrist positions and reached out to those same voters, softening his tone on issues like immigration reform. Additionally, Coffman distanced himself from Republican Presidential nominee Donald Trump. In the end, these campaign tactics proved successful as Coffman held onto his congressional seat for another term.
Separation Control on a Very High Lift Low Pressure Turbine Airfoil Using Pulsed Vortex Generator Jets

Boundary layer separation control has been studied using vortex generator jets (VGJs) on a very high lift, low-pressure turbine airfoil. Experiments were done under high (4%) freestream turbulence conditions on a linear cascade in a low speed wind tunnel. Pressure surveys on the airfoil surface and downstream total pressure loss surveys were documented. Instantaneous velocity profile measurements were acquired in the suction surface boundary layer. Cases were considered at Reynolds numbers (based on the suction surface length and the nominal exit velocity from the cascade) of 25,000 and 50,000. Jet pulsing frequency, duty cycle, and blowing ratio were all varied. Computational results from a large eddy simulation of one case showed reattachment in agreement with the experiment. In cases without flow control, the boundary layer separated and did not reattach. With the VGJs, separation control was possible even at the lowest Reynolds number. Pulsed VGJs were more effective than steady jets. At sufficiently high pulsing frequencies, separation control was possible even with low jet velocities and low duty cycles. At lower frequencies, higher jet velocity was required, particularly at low Reynolds numbers. Effective separation control resulted in an increase in lift and a reduction in total pressure losses. Phase averaged velocity profiles and wavelet spectra of the velocity show the VGJ disturbance causes the boundary layer to reattach, but that it can re-separate between disturbances. When the disturbances occur at high enough frequency, the time available for separation is reduced, and the separation bubble remains closed at all times.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
IR Spectroelectrochemistry: Instrumentation and Applications of External Reflection, ATR, and Transmission Sampling

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the instrumentation and applications of external reﬂection, attenuated total internal reflection (ATR), and transmission sampling in IR spectroelectrochemistry. Infrared spectroscopy is an important technique which helps in the study of adsorption and catalysis at electrode-solution interfaces. Infrared radiation is focused onto the surface of the working electrode and light reﬂected by the electrode is collected and imaged onto an infrared detector. The electrode is positioned in a thin layer electrochemical cell adjacent to an infrared transparent window. At the electrode, the incoming and reﬂected beams interfere to create a standing electro-magnetic wave at the surface. ATR methods are useful for sampling in infrared spectroelectrochemistry. The working electrode consists of a thin metal ﬁlm deposited on the ﬂat face of the cell window. The strong electric ﬁelds lead to an increase in the absorption strength of oscillators present at the metal-solution interface.
Lie Groups and Algebras: Differential Geometric Approach

In Chapter 3 we constructed a local Lie group from a linear Lie algebra by exponentiating the matrices in the algebra. By Ado’s theorem, this method succeeds in obtaining all local Lie groups; but Lie’s original methods involved the integration of overdetermined systems of partial differential equations. The classical solution of the problem is quite involved, though Pontryagin gives a fairly concise treatment of it. The calculations are simplified considerably by Cartan’s use of the calculus of differential forms (exterior calculus). We shall develop the subject in this chapter, comparing both the classical and modern approaches, and giving efficient proofs of the basic results using the exterior calculus. This chapter is included purely for its historical interest, and is independent of the rest of the book.
Sustainability Education as a Framework for Enhancing Environmental Stewardship in Young Leaders: An Intervention at Tryon Creek Nature Day Camp

UNESCO established Sustainability Education as a top priority when it declared 2005 – 2014 to be the global decade for sustainability. Sustainability education can be implemented in outdoor programs such as nature summer camps in order to build environmental stewardship and ecological literacy in counselors and campers. This study sought to determine the extent to which an ecology and leadership training given to assistant counselors at Tryon Creek State Natural Area day camp achieved the goals of sustainability education—for the assistant counselors to learn about ecology, develop stewardship attitudes and behaviors toward the environment, and become positive role models for the campers in their care. Knowledge and environmental stewardship attitudes and behaviors of the counselors were assessed using surveys, interviews, and training journals. A statistically significant difference was found between pre and posttest scores on a survey measuring knowledge of Pacific Northwest ecology, but no significant difference was found between the pre and posttest scores on an environmental attitudes survey, possibly due to a ceiling effect. Interviews revealed that participants learned about invasive species, Oregon flora and fauna, and stream ecology over the summer. Despite the results on the attitudes survey, interviewees reported greater environmental awareness at the end of the summer as well as a greater sense of place in nature and a desire to continue working with children in an outdoor setting. SUSTAINABILITY EDUCATION FOR ENHANCING STEWARDSHIP ii
In with the Old, in with the New Anti-infective Agents to Combat the Antibiotic Resistance Crisis.

Antibiotic resistance is an important public health problem around the globe. In the US, it is estimated that at least 2 million people are infected with an antibiotic-resistant microorganism each year, and that at least 23000 people die as a direct result of these infections. In addition, antibiotic prescriptions are frequently inappropriate or unnecessary. If antimicrobial resistance continues to increase, we risk entering a postantibiotic era (i.e., patients will be infected with microorganisms that are resistant to all antimicrobials that are available for treatment). If this occurs, infection-related mortality will drastically increase. Preventing and reversing this trend is an area of high public health priority. Several complementary approaches are necessary to combat the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, such as antibiotic development and antimicrobial stewardship. …
Review of Research on Registration of SAR and Optical Remote Sensing Image Based on Feature

Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) and optical remote sensing image registration is the prerequisite for image fusion and it is of important theoretical significance and practical value. The image registration methods are mainly divided into the methods based on feature, the methods based on Gray-scale and others. This article systematically sorts out feature-based optical and SAR remote sensing image registration techniques, summarizes all types of image registration, points out their advantages and disadvantages and predicts the prospects of their future.
Imaging characteristics of acute type A aortic dissection and candidacy for repair with ascending aortic endografts

Abstract Background Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAD) remains associated with substantial short-term mortality, and despite increasing rates of surgical repair, as many as 10% to 20% of patients do not undergo surgery because of comorbidities and dissection-related complications. For patients unable to undergo open repair, previous attempts at endovascular treatment of ATAD used devices originally designed for deployment in the descending thoracic aorta. Industry has begun to support early investigational devices meant specifically for placement within the ascending aorta. We evaluated relevant aortic parameters to examine which patients may be candidates for repair with an ascending aortic endograft. Methods We reviewed 100 consecutive patients in our institutional ATAD database with contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging on an Aquarius iNtuition workstation (TeraRecon, San Mateo, Calif), using curved planar reformatting (vessel tracking) and orthogonal views for measurements. We compared relevant aortic measurements against proposed criteria for future ascending endografts, including various landing zone diameters and intimal tear distances from the distal coronary ostium. Results Of the 100 patients examined, 39% had proximal intimal tears located outside the tubular ascending aorta. In all, 30% were excluded on the basis of either the presence of a prosthetic aortic valve or significant aortic insufficiency, and 6% were excluded on the basis of the presence of patent coronary artery bypass grafts from the ascending aorta. Many patients had multiple exclusion criteria, and based on various proposed criteria, overall candidacy ranged from 2% to 23%. If a maximum landing zone diameter of 42 mm and intimal tears as little as 20 mm distal to the distalmost coronary were considered treatable, only 8% of patients would have been candidates compared with 20% candidacy if aortic diameters up to 46 mm and intimal tears as little as 10 mm distal to the distalmost coronary were considered treatable. The most frequent single cause for exclusion was inadequacy of the proximal landing zone. Iliofemoral vascular access was also assessed and deemed adequate in >90% of cases. Conclusions A minority of patients suffering ATAD would currently qualify for ascending aortic endografting on the basis of anatomic criteria alone. Future device designs should take into account these common anatomic exclusion criteria so that more versatile devices may be developed and commercially available to treat a larger number of patients.
Individual and Group Therapies as Constructive Continuous Experiences

This article offers a review of our understanding of the nature of failure during individual psychotherapy when it occurs and the importance of continuity into group psychotherapy when necessary. E...
The Association Between Legal Status and Poverty Among Immigrants: A Methodological Caution

Using nationally representative survey data, this research note examines the association between immigrant legal status and poverty in the United States. Our objective is to test whether estimates of this association vary depending on the method used to infer legal status in survey data, focusing on two approaches in particular: (1) inferring legal status using a logical imputation method that ignores the existence of legal-status survey questions (logical approach); and (2) defining legal status based on survey questions about legal status (survey approach). We show that the two methods yield contrasting conclusions. In models using the logical approach, among noncitizens, being a legal permanent resident (LPR) is counterintuitively associated with a significantly greater net probability of being below the poverty line compared with their noncitizen peers without LPR status. Conversely, using the survey approach to measure legal status, LPR status is associated with a lower net probability of living in poverty, which is in line with a growing body of qualitative and small-sample evidence. Consistent with simulation experiments carried out by Van Hook et al. (2015), the findings call for a more cautious approach to interpreting research results based on legal status imputations and for greater attention to potential biases introduced by various methodological approaches to inferring individuals’ legal status in survey data. Consequently, the approach used for measuring legal status has important implications for future research on immigration and legal status.
Dual Learning for Image Translation and Beyond

In this chapter, we introduce dual learning for unsupervised image to image translation. We first introduce several representative and contemporary algorithms for image translation in two domains, including DualGAN, CycleGAN, and DiscoGAN. We then discuss several algorithms for image translation in more than two domains, including StarGAN and conditional DualGAN.
Industry manipulation of pictorial health warning labels in Pakistan.

Approximately 10.5% of adults in Pakistan (about 13 million) smoke cigarettes,1 causing 134 000 deaths annually.2 To reduce the burden of disease, the Pakistan government implemented a requirement in 2010 for 40% pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) that depicted mouth cancer. A 2017 ruling to increase HWL size was implemented in August 2018 (50% throat cancer image) and August 2019 (60% gangrenous foot image).3 4 Pictorial HWLs increase smokers’ quit attempts, deter initiation of use among non-smokers, and prevent relapse in former smokers.5 In 2013, only 58% of unique packs with the current, in-rotation HWL were compliant with size, location, text contrast and text size requirements in Pakistan.6 In 2019, compliance with size, location and text language requirements was 82% (largely due to size compliance improvements) for unique packs displaying the most recent gangrenous foot HWL7; however, poor HWL …
Micro-level Misallocation and Selection

How large are the aggregate productivity losses from the misallocation of resources across firms? With endogenous selection, microfrictions can induce extensive margin misallocation among firms: too many unproductive firms are active (Zombies), and too many productive firms are inactive (Shadows). Therefore, the same set of measured distortions potentially induces much larger aggregate productivity losses, as the composition of firms is shifted toward unproductive active firms. I develop and calibrate a model with plant-level microdata for Indonesia to quantify aggregate welfare in the presence of extensive margin misallocation. My estimates show that selection can magnify aggregate TFP losses from microdistortions by over 40 percent compared to existing estimates. Realistic values of measurement error even increase the relative importance of extensive margin misallocation.
Microprocessor at 50: A Time to Celebrate and Energize for the Future

The articles in this special section focus on the history and future technological development of microprocessors. Microprocessors have become more pervasive than any other landmark invention of the entire human civilization including the wheel, in spite of arriving a few millennia later. Many pioneers who have helped shape this amazing journey of microprocessors from its birth in 1971 to its omnipresence today share their perspectives in this special issue. Industry leaders in commemorating the special anniversary are keen to continue these innovations to an even greater extent and broader societal impact. It has been a remarkable journey from a few hundred transistors to new machine learning engines that occupy an entire wafer with more than a trillion transistors. The journey has had its share of drama and intense competition, both technical and legal. However, in this issue, the entire industry has come together to celebrate this landmark event for microprocessors.
Imaging the distribution of Carbon-11 labeled rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in baboons using PET

1517 Objectives Use positron emission tomography (PET)to determine the brain and organ distribution of front-line tuberculosis chemotherapeutics isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF) and pyrazinamide (PZA) in baboons. Methods PET imaging studies were performed with [11C]RIF, [11C]INH and [11C]PZA to determine brain and organ distribution. Time-activity curves (TAC) were generated from the image data, which was acquired for 90 min following intravenous administration of each radiolabeled drug. Regions-of-interest (ROIs) were drawn manually. Results Radiosynthesis of each C-11 drug has been accomplished in 1 h, using 11CH3I to label RIF, and H11CN to label INH and PZA. Following i.v. administration, INH, PZA, RIF and/or their radiolabeled metabolites clear rapidly from many tissues, however INH, PZA and/or their metabolites accumulate in the bladder while RIF and/or its metabolites accumulates in the liver and gall bladder, consistent with the routes of excretion of the drugs. In addition, the biodistribution data demonstrate that the ability of the three drugs and their radiolabeled metabolites to cross the blood-brain barrier decreases in the order PZA > INH > RIF, although in all cases the estimated drug concentrations are greater than the MIC values for inhibiting bacterial growth. Conclusions The front-line TB chemotherapeutics INH, RIF and PZA have been labeled with carbon-11 and the biodistribution of the labeled drugs has been imaged in baboons in vivo. Estimates based on the weight of baboon, a standard drug dose and the assumption that the positron signal derives primarily from the intact drug indicates these drug are effective against TB and CNS TB. The PK and drug distribution data have important implications for treatment of disseminated TB in the brain, and set the scene for imaging the distribution of the pathogen in vivo. Research Support This work was supported by NIH grant AI084189 to PJT