cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of institution-building in US industrial modernization programs

Abstract An important issue for evaluating industrial modernization programs is how well alternative intervention strategies address the underlying problems that contribute to uneven patterns of technology adoption. The one-on-one industrial extension service model, where the state agency provides technical assistance directly to individual firms, constitutes one approach. By contrast, institution-building approaches emphasize inter-firm learning, in which government serves as the catalyst for bringing technology developers together with potential users and for providing closer linkages between organizations that are the technology leaders and those that tend to be followers. Programs that support such inter-firm learning opportunities stand a better chance of contending with the underlying problems retarding technology transfer, are more likely to gain acceptability by both technology leaders and followers, and are more likely to garner funds from the private sector.
Remembering forward: Neural correlates of memory and prediction in human motor adaptation

Abstract We used functional MR imaging (FMRI), a robotic manipulandum and systems identification techniques to examine neural correlates of predictive compensation for spring-like loads during goal-directed wrist movements in neurologically-intact humans. Although load changed unpredictably from one trial to the next, subjects nevertheless used sensorimotor memories from recent movements to predict and compensate upcoming loads. Prediction enabled subjects to adapt performance so that the task was accomplished with minimum effort. Population analyses of functional images revealed a distributed, bilateral network of cortical and subcortical activity supporting predictive load compensation during visual target capture. Cortical regions – including prefrontal, parietal and hippocampal cortices – exhibited trial-by-trial fluctuations in BOLD signal consistent with the storage and recall of sensorimotor memories or “states” important for spatial working memory. Bilateral activations in associative regions of the striatum demonstrated temporal correlation with the magnitude of kinematic performance error (a signal that could drive reward-optimizing reinforcement learning and the prospective scaling of previously learned motor programs). BOLD signal correlations with load prediction were observed in the cerebellar cortex and red nuclei (consistent with the idea that these structures generate adaptive fusimotor signals facilitating cancelation of expected proprioceptive feedback, as required for conditional feedback adjustments to ongoing motor commands and feedback error learning). Analysis of single subject images revealed that predictive activity was at least as likely to be observed in more than one of these neural systems as in just one. We conclude therefore that motor adaptation is mediated by predictive compensations supported by multiple, distributed, cortical and subcortical structures.
Soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis

Abstract To determine the role of T-cell activation in dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), soluble IL-2R levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the sera of 30 patients with DH. Levels of this shed receptor are considered to be a measure of in vivo T-lymphocyte activation, and are elevated in the sera of many patients with inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. Fifteen of the thirty (50%) patients with DH had elevated levels of soluble IL-2R compared to one of 31 (3%) healthy HLA-B8 or HLA-DR3 control subjects (p
Opioid Modulation of Working-Memory: Intraseptal, but Not Intraamygdaloid, Infusions of β-Endorphin Impair Performance in Spatial Alternation

Abstract The effect of β-endorphin on spatial working memory was examined following microinfusions of β-endorphin into the medial septal area and central amygdaloid nucleus in Long-Evans male rats. Working memory was assessed by spatial alternation in a T-maze. β-Endorphin, 250 and 1000 ng/site, respectively, and muscimol, 20 ng/site, were infused into the medial septal area or central amygdaloid nucleus prior to behavioral testing. The hippocampal theta rhythm was examined following intraseptal infusions of β-endorphin and muscimol. In the medial septal area, β-endorphin and muscimol impaired choice accuracy and reduced the power of hippocampal theta rhythm. The degree of reduction in the power of hippocampal theta rhythm was correlated with the magnitude of behavioral impairment of choice accuracy in spatial alternation. In the central amygdaloid nucleus, β-endorphin (1000 ng) and muscimol (20 ng) did not affect choice accuracy. The results suggest that septal, but not amygdaloid, opioid, and GABAergic activity modulate spatial working memory and hippocampal physiology.
Detection of IgE anti-parvovirus B19 and increased CD23+ B cells in parvovirus B19 infection: relation to Th2 cytokines

The immune profile of a parvovirus B19-infected patient (male, 8 years old) was studied on day 0 (initial presentation) and on days 14 and 210 post symptom presentation (psp). Before infection, the patient was skin test positive to various allergens, including ragweed and tree and grass pollens, and had a serum IgE level of 150 IU/mL. On day 0, the patient was diagnosed as parvovirus B19 infected, as judged by the presence of IgG anti-parvovirus Abs in serum (EIA) and presentation of "slap cheek" rash. The patient's serum IgE level increased from 150 IU/mL before infection to 256 IU/mL on day 0, was 233 IU/mL on day 14, and returned to preinfection levels on day 210. In contrast, there was little change in the levels of serum IgM, IgG, or IgA (nephelometry). IgE anti-parvovirus B19 protein (VP-N) was detected in serum (Western blot) on days 0, 14, and 210, despite the decrease in total IgE on day 210. Although there was no increase in total numbers of blood CD23+ B cells on day 0, by day 14 the numbers of these cells increased dramatically (93%), remaining high on day 210. In contrast, there were virtually no changes in total numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells or CD16/56+ NK precursor cells on days 0-210. On day 0, when IgG and IgE anti-parvovirus were detected in serum, patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expressed mRNA for the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, but not for the Th1 cytokines IFN-gamma or IL-2. However, by day 14 psp, PBMC expressed mRNA for the Th1 cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-2, as well as for IL-4 and IL-10. This is the first demonstration of the existence of IgE anti-parvovirus B19 Ab. The presence of IgE anti-parvovirus B19 Ab in serum on day 0 and its persistence in serum 7 months psp suggests that IgE anti-parvovirus may be useful in prognosis of parvovirus B19 infection. Our results reinforce the idea that IgE, in general, may play a major role in anti-viral immunity, perhaps in conjunction with CD23+ cells. The results further suggest that clearance of this infection is accompanied by a switch to Th1 cytokines.
Service-learning in healthy aging for medical students and family medicine residents.

Introduction: Community-based educational opportunities can diversify and strengthen traditional clinical education. With growing diversity of patient populations and increasing life expectancy, it is imperative that medical students and residents prepare for practice within this context. The Center for Healthy Communities in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin, USA developed a community-based, service-learning program in healthy aging to address this need. Objectives: The goals of the Chat and Chew program are to: generate medical student/resident awareness of community health, aging, and diversity; train medical students/residents to present health information to older, minority community members; encourage medical students/residents to view community members as ''teachers'' as well as patients; and provide needed health information and socialization opportunities to elderly public housing tenants. Implications: Medical students and residents gain the opportunity to interact with community members about the health issues that concern them. They also bene.t from seeing community members in their real life context and learning about their healthrelated experiences. The housing tenants help shape how future patients will be understood and treated by the physicians who participated in the service-learning program. The purpose of this article is to: (1) provide an overview of service-learning and the Chat and Chew program, including reection components; and (2) discuss how this program has become an integral part of the family medicine residency curriculum.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): distribution in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain tissues of mammalian and submammalian chordates

A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for TRH is reported. Antibody was raised in a New Zealand white rabbit by immunization with TRH complexed to bovine thyroglobulin through bis-diazotized benzidine. The assay was capable of detecting below 7 pg of TRH in biological materials. Immunoreactive TRH was found in hypothalamic extracts from man, pig, rat, hamster, chicken, frog, snake, salmon, and in whole brain of the larval form of the primitive cyclostome lamprey, and in the head region of the protochordate amphioxus. The TRH levels in the frog hypothalamus were 1520–3620 pg/mg tissue, being 6–12 times the concentration detected in the rat hypothalamus. These findings indicate that TRH is distributed throughout the vertebrate kingdom, and has an ancient lineage. Immunoreactive (IR) TRH up to 764 pg/mg tissue was found in brain regions, other than hypothalamus, of the lower vertebrates, snake, frog, tadpole and salmon. Small but significant concentrations were also found in extrahypothalamic brain of th...
UV Resonance Raman Determination of Protein Acid Denaturation: Selective Unfolding of Helical Segments of Horse Myoglobin†

We have used UV resonance Raman spectroscopy to study the acid denaturation of horse heart aquometmyoglobin (Mb) between pH 7.5 and 1.5. Raman spectra excited at 206.5 nm are dominated by amide vib...
Relation of Pulse Pressure to Long-Distance Gait Speed in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings from the LIFE-P Study

Background Reduced gait speed is associated with falls, late-life disability, hospitalization/institutionalization and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Aging is also accompanied by a widening of pulse pressure (PP) that contributes to ventricular-vascular uncoupling. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that PP is associated with long-distance gait speed in community-dwelling older adults in the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot (LIFE-P) study.
Assessing Costs of Using Local Foods in Independent Restaurants

The purpose of this article was to assess process and production costs that a convenience sample of restaurants in the Midwestern region of the United States incurred using locally produced foods versus sourcing food products through national suppliers. Using a novel application of data envelopment analysis, results showed that surveyed restaurants could improve their time with the delivery process of local foods. While there was no statistically significant difference in production efficiencies measured by preparation time of menu items using local versus nonlocal ingredients, scale and establishment effects existed. This study fills a gap in foodservice literature by developing a unique analytical framework to assess multistage production cost.
Colloidal Metal Deposition onto Functionalized Polystyrene Microspheres

Three different methods are described for uniformly anchoring metal colloids (Pt, Pd, and Au) onto the surface of polystyrene microspheres (PSMS). The first method we have employed is electrostatic deposition of preformed anionic colloidal particles onto a polycationic surface. In this method the functional groups on the surfaces of the microspheres (amine or carboxylic acid) are used to give the surface a net charge. These ionic spheres were then treated with polyelectrolytes of the opposite charge, which uniformly cover the surface. When the spheres have a net positive charge at the surface they show excellent adhesion of Au colloids. These metal-derivatized spheres can be prepared with electroactive viologen groups as well. In the second method investigated here, metal colloids are adsorbed to the surface of neutral functionalized PSMS. We report the synthesis and characterization of catalytically important noble monometallic colloids using various chemical and sonochemical methods. These metal colloid...
THE REQUIREMENT FOR SILICON IN SYNURA PETERSENII (CHRYSOPHYCEAE)1,2

SUMMARY A silicon requirement for growth is demonstrated for an alga other than a diatom. Concentrations of less than 1 μM silicate greatly decreased the growth rate of Synura petersenii Korshikov and caused morphological changes. Half of maximum growth rate (μmax= 1.12 divisions/day) appeared at a concentration of only 0.23 μM silicate. Germanium dioxide inhibited, growth considerably; the degree of inhibition varying from none to almost 100% depending upon both Si and Ge concentrations. The amount of silicon deposited in the external scales of S. petersenii is comparable per unit area to that of diatoms. S. petersenii is able to deplete the medium of silicate to very low levels. The feasibility of batch culture techniques for this kind of work is discussed briefly.
Analytically tractable model of bad metals

We discuss a model Kondo-type Hamiltonian representing an analytically tractable version of the model used by Yin et al. [Phys. Rev. B 86, 239904(E) (2012)] to explain the non-Fermi-liquid behavior of iron chalcogenides and ruthenates in an intermediate energy range. We consider a regime where a complete screening of the local degrees of freedom proceeds in two stages described by two characteristic energy scales ${T}_{K}^{\text{orb}}\ensuremath{\gg}{E}_{0}$. The first scale marks a screening of the orbital degrees of freedom and the second one marks a crossover to the regime with coherent propagation of quasiparticles. We present analytical results for the specific heat and magnetic susceptibility at $T\ensuremath{\ll}{T}_{K}^{\text{orb}}$.
Observations of the tool–chip boundary conditions in turning of aluminum alloys

Interface boundary conditions are critical to the determination of the tool temperatures and stresses which in turn are needed to design better tools and select better cutting conditions. Friction at the interface has been studied for 60 years and yet the accurate modeling of friction has presented a formidable challenge, especially in operations such as turning where the interface is inaccessible due to the continuous contact between chip and tool. A historical perspective of friction in machining is provided to better evaluate the purpose of this article. The contradictions arising in the assumptions regarding friction are analyzed. This is substantiated by experimental observations regarding seizure and sliding and their domains of validity at the interface. This paper concentrates on turning operations in the machining of aluminum workpieces using carbide cutting tools, at a range of speeds common to conventional practice.
Adsorptive Removal of Organic Sulfur Compounds from Jet Fuel over K-Exchanged NiY Zeolites Prepared by Impregnation and Ion Exchange

NiY zeolites with different Ni loadings were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation and liquid phase ion-exchange methods using NH4Y and KY zeolites. These Ni-containing Y zeolites were tested as adsorbents for removing organic sulfur compounds from a model jet fuel containing 510 ppmw sulfur and a real JP-8 jet fuel containing 380 ppmw sulfur under ambient conditions either without reduction or after reduction around 600 C. At the adsorption temperature of 80 C, the NiY zeolite containing 30 wt % Ni synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation of NH4Y zeolite was able to clean only about 10 ml of a model jet fuel per g of the adsorbent to produce a desulfurized fuel containing below 1 ppmw sulfur. Under the same experimental conditions, the NiY zeolite prepared using KY zeolite cleaned about 30 ml of the fuel per g of the adsorbent. Better sulfur adsorption performance was observed when the NiY zeolites were synthesized by ion-exchange, and reduced before sulfur adsorption. The reducibility and surface properties of some of the selected NiY zeolites were investigated by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TPR studies indicated that the reducibility of NiY-zeolite was improved when K was present as amore » co-cation. The in-situ XPS studies of unreduced and reduced samples revealed that presence of K as co-cation in the zeolite matrix helps Ni dispersion at the surface. The promotional effect of K on the sulfur adsorption performance of NiY zeolites was therefore attributed to improved reducibility and surface dispersion of Ni when K was present as a co-cation.« less
Petrographic Study of the Refractory Performance of High-Fusing Dental Alloy Investments: I. High-Fired, Phosphate-Bonded Investments

Detailed X-ray, optical microscopic, optical emission, and electron probe analyses of a phosphate-bonded investment before and after firing and after casting were made. Complex sintering reactions that involve incipient liquefaction generate bonds in the fired investment. The refractory behavior of this investment, which is reflected by the extent of liquefaction induced by casting, may influence casting roughness, fit, and porosity.
Myocardial hypo-enhancement on resting computed tomography angiography images accurately identifies myocardial hypoperfusion.

Objective The objective of this study was to test the diagnostic accuracy of myocardial CT perfusion (CTP) imaging using color and gray-scale image analysis. Background Current myocardial CTP techniques have varying diagnostic accuracy and are prone to artifacts that impair detection. This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of color and/or gray-scale CTP and the application of artifact criteria to detect hypoperfusion. Methods Fifty-nine prospectively enrolled patients with abnormal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies were analyzed. True hypoperfusion was defined if SPECT hypoperfusion corresponded to obstructive coronary stenoses on CT angiography (CTA). CTP applied color and gray-scale myocardial perfusion maps to resting CTA images. Criteria for identifying artifacts were also applied during interpretation. Results Using combined SPECT plus CTA as the diagnostic standard, abnormal myocardial CTP was present in 33 (56%) patients, 19 suggesting infarction and 14 suggesting ischemia. Patient-level color and gray-scale myocardial CTP sensitivity to detect infarction was 90%, with specificity 80%, and negative and positive predictive value of 94% and 68%. To detect ischemia or infarction, CTP specificity and positive predictive value were 92% whereas sensitivity was 70%. Gray-scale myocardial CTP had slightly lower specificity but similar sensitivity. Myocardial CTP artifacts were present in 88% of studies and were identified using our criteria. Conclusions Color and gray-scale myocardial CTP using resting CTA images identified myocardial infarction with high sensitivity as well as infarction or ischemia with high specificity and positive predictive value without additional testing or radiation. Color and gray-scale CTP had slightly better specificity than gray-scale alone.
Generalised weighted Cramer-von Mises distance estimators

SUMMARY Generalised weighted Cramer-von Mises distance estimators in an arbitrary model with a k-dimensional parameter vector are investigated. The distance function is defined as a function G of model-based residuals for a specified target model F and the empirical cumulative distribution function F, over the real line, invoking a weight function w. It is shown that the estimator is Fisher consistent, asymptotically multivariate normal, and nearly efficient with desirable robustness properties. If the true model is equal to the target model, the residual function G does not affect the limiting distribution. The weight function w controls the asymptotic distribution and the robustness of the estimator. Three different classes of the weight functions are introduced for different outlier patterns. These weight functions produce estimators asymptotically as efficient as the maximum likelihood estimators at the true model. An alternative way of calculating the estimators is considered. Simulation results indicate that asymptotic results are useful for moderate sample sizes and that the estimators are stable at the neighbourhood of the target model.
Persistent stimulation of lens fiber cell Na,K-ATPase by sodium thiocyanate

The Na,K-ATPase partially purified from porcine lens fiber cells (Sen and Pfeiffer, 1982) is stimulated fourfold (specific activity) by treatment with sodium thiocyanate. The optimum conditions are 1.5 M NaSCN, 2 mg protein ml-1 reaction mixture, pH 7.0, with incubation continued for 30 min at 23 degrees C. Sodium docecyl sulphate-gel electrophoresis and [3H]ouabain binding studies indicate that the extent of purity is not increased significantly by the procedure. The high-activity preparation has elevated phospholipid:protein and phosphatidylethanolamine:sphingomyelin ratios compared with the deoxycholate-extracted starting material. The cholesterol:phospholipid ratio and phospholipid acyl group composition are not significantly altered by SCN- treatment. Measurements of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene fluorescence polarization show that SNC- treatment produces approximately a 5 degrees C decrease in a membrane phase transition temperature. The phase transition also affects the activation energy of the Na,K-ATPase reaction and probably reflects the onset of the gel to liquid crystalline transition rather than the midpoint location of the transition per se. p-Nitrophenylphosphatase activity and Na,K-ATPase activity in the gel state membrane are also increased by SCN- treatment. Increased specific activity may result, in part, from a membrane fluidity-dependent enzyme activation but is also due, in part, to the expression of latent enzyme activity. Using ouabain-binding data and the specific activity of the activated preparation, it can be shown that the turnover number of the fiber cell enzyme is approximately 1% of that observed in most other tissues.
The Emergence of Exchange Structures: An Experimental Study of Uncertainty, Commitment, and Trust'

An experiment is used to investigate the effects of uncertainty on pattern of exchange. The role of reputation as an important factor related to the formation of stable exchange relations is examined. In addition, some of the consequences of differences patterns of exchange-in particular, how different exchange conditions lead to different levels of trust among trading partners-are investigated. The results of the experiment indicate significant differences in the level of commitment, concern for one's own and others' reputation, and the level of trust that emerge when uncertainty (in the form of information asymmetries) is varied.
Collision-mediated axial ejection of radially excited ions as a mass-dependent ion loss mechanism in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Abstract In the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) experiment performed at pressures above 10 −7 Torr, the primary signal damping mechanism for low mass ions excited to large cyclotron radii is shown to be axial ejection following high energy collisions with neutrals. Experimental evidence to support this ion loss process is presented. At increased pressure, excitation profiles acquired as a function of increasing radial kinetic energy exhibit a reduction both in signal magnitude and excite maxima which is attributed to FT-ICR signal loss for higher energy ions. This signal loss increases with decreasing mass of the kinetically excited ion. FT-ICR mass resolution of odd harmonics is found to increase by a factor that is proportional to harmonic order which suggests that the signal reduction is due to ion ejection from the cell rather than phase randomization or a reduction in ion cyclotron energy. Arguing in favor of axial rather than radial ejection, the erosion of FT-ICR excitation profiles at high energies is eliminated as trap potentials are increased. These results suggest that sensitivity gains achieved with high energy excitation should be sacrificed in favor of low energy excitation if quantitative broadband FT-ICR data are required, for example in ion/molecule and collision-induced dissociation experiments. High energy axial ejection will be of increasing concern with the use of larger superconducting magnets since cyclotron kinetic energy scales with the square of magnetic field, without a compensating increase in the trapping electric field.
Delta function singularities in the Weyl tensor at the brane

In a recent paper Shiromizu, Maeda and Sasaki derived the general gravitational equations of motion which would hold on a brane which is embedded in a higher dimensional bulk spacetime, showing that even when the Einstein equations are imposed in the bulk, nonetheless the embedding leads to a modification of the Einstein equations on the brane itself. Within the context of their work we discuss some interesting aspects of a delta function singularity present in the Weyl tensor at the brane.
Family Experiences and Television Viewing as Predictors of Children's Imagination, Restlessness, and Aggression

This article examines some of the ways television may influence the imagination, motor activity, and aggressiveness of preschool and early school-aged children. A model is proposed in which a number of family and personal variables influences the growing child's response to television. The results of several empirical studies that investigated family influences are reported. It is concluded that television may contribute to children's restlessness, dysphoria, fears about daily dangers, and their proneness to aggression. Those parents who are themselves heavy viewers, who lack other interests, and who do not exert efforts to establish rules about television viewing, may provide a home atmosphere that puts their children at risk for a greater dysphoric tendency. Along with modeling their parents' own emotionality, reacting to power-assertive discipline, or forceful prescriptive communications, children's aggressive and emotional styles seem to reflect the heavy dose of frightening and arousing content that makes up television fare.
The Role of Vasodilators in Patients with Progressive Systemic Sclerosis: Interstitial Lung Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension

The use of systemic vasodilator drugs in reducing pulmonary artery pressures in patients with pulmonary hypertension is controversial. The effect of hydralazine in four patients with pulmonary hypertension resulting from interstitial lung disease (group 1) and nifedipine in four patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to progressive systemic sclerosis (group 2) was investigated. Hydralazine blunted exercise induced elevations in pulmonary arterial pressures in individual group 1 patients; nifedipine failed to effect significant salutory hemodynamic changes in any group 2 patients.
The yeast DASH complex forms closed rings on microtubules

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae DASH complex is an essential microtubule-binding component of the kinetochore. We coexpressed all ten subunits of this assembly in Escherichia coli and purified a single complex, a approximately 210-kDa heterodecamer with an apparent stoichiometry of one copy of each subunit. The hydrodynamic properties of the recombinant assembly are indistinguishable from those of the native complex in yeast extracts. The structure of DASH alone and bound to microtubules was visualized by EM. The free heterodecamer is relatively globular. In the presence of microtubules, DASH oligomerizes to form rings and paired helices that encircle the microtubules. We discuss potential roles for such collar-like structures in maintaining microtubule attachment and spindle integrity during chromosome segregation.
Diastereomeric Process Control in the Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Phosphorothioates

Abstract The emergence of antisense and antigene oligonucleotides as potential sequenceselective inhibitors of gene expression is evidenced by the growing number of ongoing clinicals trials against a variety of diseases. First generation antisense therapeutics utilize a uniformly modified oligodeoxyribonucleotide phosphorothioate where one non-bridging oxygen atom is formally replaced by sulfur, because natural DNA is unstable towards extra- and intracellular enzymes. Phosphoramidite chemistry has been widely used for the synthesis of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides because of its potential for automation, high coupling efficiency, ease of site-specific thioate linkage incorporation, and ready scalability. The large scale solid-supported synthesis of phosphorothioates is presently carried out by initial formation of the internucleotidic phosphite linkage followed by sulfurization of the phosphite triester to phosphorothioate using the Beaucage reagent. The resulting O,O-linked phosphorothioate diester l...
Electron capture studied by a time-of-flight technique

Abstract A time-of-flight spectrometer capable of measuring simultaneously scattering angle and energy of reaction products from collisions between multiply charged ions and neutral targets is described. The apparatus has been used to investigate the collision system Ar q + + Ar at an energy of 52.2 q eV. The angular distribution of the reaction products is found to be different for singl capture and transfer-ionization.
Dam breach simulations with multiple breach locations under wind and wave actions

Multiple breaches of a dam resulting from wind-generated waves and wave overtopping are studied for a hypothetical long non-cohesive earthen dam with an uneven crest. Both wind speed and direction affect breach locations and outflow for a particular reservoir surface geometry. Locations on the dam with longer fetches along the wind direction are more subject to wave overtopping and breaching than other locations. Higher wind speeds lead to wave overtopping and dam breaches under larger freeboards than lower wind speeds. For a specified inflow hydrograph and spillway configuration, there exists a location at which the smallest estimated peak outflow occurs among all possible breach locations and the pool drops too quickly for additional breaches to develop. Using this location for a fuse plug or a pilot channel could minimize downstream impact, perhaps as an interim or emergency measure for a dam with inadequate spillway capacity.
Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum, and Pulmonary Embolism

This article discusses pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pulmonary embolism in pediatric practice. Although children appear to have better outcomes than adults, the risk factors are substantial. Topics covered include the pathophysiology incidence, presentation, diagnosis, and management of these diseases.
A molecular marker that segregates with sorghum leaf blight resistance in one cross is maternally inherited in another.

Leaf blight-resistant sorghum accession SC326-6 was crossed to the susceptible cultivar BTx623 to analyze the genetic basis for resistance. Field scoring of inoculated F2 progeny revealed that resistance was transmitted as a dominant single-gene trait. By combining the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique with bulked-segregant analysis, it was possible to identify PCR amplification products that␣segregated with disease response. Primer OPD12 amplified a 323-bp band (D12R) that segregated with resistance. Creation of longer primers, or SCARs (sequence characterized amplified regions) for D12R resulted in the amplification of a single major band of the predicted size from all the resistant F2 progeny and the resistant parent SC326-6, but not from BTx623 or 24 of 29 susceptible F2 progeny. The SCAR primers also amplified a single band with DNA from IS3620C, the female parent in a cross with BTx623 that has been used to produce a recombinant inbred population for RFLP mapping. An equivalent band was amplified from all 137 recombinant inbred progeny, indicating that organelle DNA is the amplification target in this cross.
Definition of the Interaction Domain for Cytochrome con Cytochrome c Oxidase III. PREDICTION OF THE DOCKED COMPLEX BY A COMPLETE, SYSTEMATIC SEARCH

Abstract The electron transfer complex between bovine cytochrome c oxidase and horse cytochrome c has been predicted with the docking program DOT, which performs a complete, systematic search over all six rotational and translational degrees of freedom. Energies for over 36 billion configurations were calculated, providing a free-energy landscape showing guidance of positively charged cytochrome c to the negative region on the cytochrome c oxidase surface formed by subunit II. In a representative configuration, the solvent-exposed cytochromec heme edge is within 4 A of the indole ring of subunit II residue Trp104, indicating a likely electron transfer path. These two groups are surrounded by a small, hydrophobic contact region, which is surrounded by electrostatically complementary hydrophilic interactions. Cytochrome c/cytochrome c oxidase interactions of Lys13 with Asp119 and Lys72 with Gln103 and Asp158 are the most critical polar interactions due to their proximity to the hydrophobic region and exclusion from bulk solvent. The predicted complex matches previous mutagenesis, binding, and time-resolved kinetics studies that implicate Trp104 in electron transfer and show the importance of specific charged residues to protein affinity. Electrostatic forces not only enhance long range protein/protein association; they also predominate in short range alignment, creating the transient interaction needed for rapid turnover.
Superconductivity in PbNbS3 and PbTaS3

Abstract PbNbS3 and PbTaS3 are superconducting below 2.62° and 3.07°K respectively. For the isomorphous compound PbTiS3 no superconductivity was observed above 0.05°K. A general correlation between valence state and superconductivity in covalent compounds is deduced.
A Numerical Study of Unsteady Natural Convection in a Rectangular Enclosure: The Effect of Variable Thermodynamic and Transport Properties

A two-dimensional, mathematical model is adopted to investigate the development of buoyancy driven circulation patterns and temperature contours inside a rectangular enclosure (with aspect ratio of one) filled with a compressible fluid (Pr = 0.72). One of the vertical walls of the enclosure is kept at a higher temperature than the opposing vertical wall. The top and the bottom of the enclosure are assumed insulated. The physics based mathematical model for this problem consists of conservation of mass, momentum (two-dimensional, unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for compressible flows) and energy equations for the enclosed fluid subjected to appropriate boundary conditions. The compressibility of the working fluid is represented by an ideal gas relation. Thermodynamic and transport properties of the fluid are assumed to be function of temperature. The governing equations are discretized using second order accurate central differencing for spatial derivatives and second order finite differencing based on Taylor expansion for time derivatives. The resulting nonlinear equations are then linearized using Newton’s linearization method. The set of algebraic equations that result from this process are then put into a matrix form and solved using a Coupled Modified Strongly Implicit Procedure (CMSIP) for the unknowns of the problem. Grid independence and time convergence studies were carried out on different mesh sizes and also on a stretched orthogonal mesh to determine the accuracy of the square mesh adopted for the present study. Numerical experiments were carried out for a benchmark case (driven cavity flows) to verify the accuracy of the CMSIP, the proposed solution procedure. Numerical experiments were then carried out to simulate the development of the buoyancy driven circulation patterns for Rayleigh (Ra) numbers between 103 and 106 . Also a parametric study was carried out (where Ra number was kept constant) to determine the effect of variations in wall temperature difference and reference length on the velocity and temperature fields. The effects of variable fluid properties on circulation patterns, temperature distributions, vertical and horizontal velocity profiles, and heat transfer from the walls of the enclosure were determined in a separate set of numerical experiments. Finally, unsteady thermal and hydrodynamic behavior of the working fluid was studied by imposing a sudden wall temperature change in the square enclosure. It is concluded that there is notable difference between the results of the variable property and the constant property models. Also, the variable property model predicts lower values for wall heat fluxes and Nu number than the constant property one. This seems to be more true when the temperature difference between the hot and cold walls of the enclosure is larger.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A variational principle giving gravitational “superpotentials,” the affine connection, Riemann tensor, and Einstein field equations

A first-order Lagrangian is given, from which follow the definitions of the fully covariant form of the Riemann tensorRμνkλ in terms of the affine connection and metric; the definition of the affine connection in terms of the metric; the Einstein field equations; and the definition of a set of gravitational “superpotentials” closely connected with the Komar conservation laws [7]. Substitution of the definition of the affine connection into this Lagrangian results in a second-order Lagrangian, from which follow the definition of the fully covariant Riemann tensor in terms of the metric, the Einstein equations, and the definition of the gravitational “superpotentials”.
Thermal expansion of flour-water dough measured with a dynamic mechanical analyzer

ABSTRACT Thermal expansion of a wheat flour-water dough was measured with a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) at a temperature scan range of 25 to 160°C, in 5°C/min increments. Dough water-absorption levels were increased from 50 to 70% (14% mb) in 4% increments. A standard breadbaking method was used, and loaf volume was measured for regression analysis. The thermal expansion pattern of flour-water dough during heating included four stages with changes in the thermal expansion coefficient: gas thermal expansion (GTE) (25–60°C), starch gelatinization-gluten matrix formation (GMF) (60–100°C), vapor pressure expansion (VPE) (100–120°C), and structure fixation-crust formation (SCF) (>120°C). The onset temperature (To) between each stage and the thermal expansion coefficient (Ce) of each stage were affected significantly by dough water content. The onset temperature (To1-2) from GTE to GMF (the starting temperature of gelatinization of starch in dough) decreased from 68 to 55°C as water absorption increased f...
An “Aprotic” Tamao Oxidation/Syn-Selective Tautomerization Reaction for the Efficient Synthesis of the C(1)–C(9) Fragment of Fludelone

An efficient synthesis of the C(1)–C(9) fragment of fludelone has been developed. The key step is a tandem silylformylation–crotylsilylation/Tamao oxidation sequence that establishes the C(5) ketone, the C(6), C(7), and C(8) stereocenters, and the C(9) alkene in a single operation from a readily accessed starting material. The stereochemical outcome at C(6) depends critically on the development of an “aprotic” Tamao oxidation, which leads to a reversal in the intrinsic diastereoselectivity observed using “standard” Tamao oxidation conditions.
SV40 recombinants carrying a functional RNA splice junction and polyadenylation site from the chromosomal mouse βmaj globin gene

Abstract We have introduced a fragment of the chromosomal mouse β major globin gene into SV40 and used the resultant hybrid virus to infect cultured monkey kidney cells. The mouse DNA fragment, which contains an intervening sequence and a poly(A) addition site, has been inserted in both possible orientations relative to the SV40 late region promoter. While the fragment is transcribed regardless of orientation, the RNA splice signal and poly(A) addition site are utilized only when the fragment is inserted in the "sense" orientation. Thus genomic mouse signals for both splicing and polyadenylation are recognized across species boundaries. Furthermore, since only an 18 bp segment was included of the 5′ border of the intervening sequence, we can define a maximum length for this splice signal.
The mechamism of action of vitamin B12

Abstract A novel rearrangement reaction is introduced as a model for the rearrangement of methylitaconic acid (III) to α-methyleneglutaric acid (IV), one of three enzyme catalyzed, coenzyme B12-dependent, carbonskeleton rearrangements whose mechanism has been a source of puzzlement for many years. The key feature of the new model is the direct attachment of the substrate, methylitaconic acid, to the cobalt atom of vitamin B12 This was accomplished by reacting butadiene-2,3-decarboxylic acid with hydrobromic acid generating bromomethylitaconic acid (VIII). Use of two moles of hydrobromic acid yielded bis-2,3-(bromomethyl)succinic acid (IX). Reaction of the monobromide VIII with vitamin B12s did not yield the desired carbon-cobalt bonded adduct. Instead, the lactone ηa- methylene-γbutyrolactone-β-carboxylic acid (X) was formed. Accordingly, the ester, dimethyl bromomethylitaconate (XIa), was reacted with vitamin B12s and yielded the carbon-cobalt bonded adduct XIIa. Bis-trimethylsilyl bromomethylitaconate did not yield an adduct when reacted with vitamin B12s, but bis-tetrahydropyranyl bromomethylitaconate (XIb) did yield the adduct XIIb. The ester cobalamin XIIb undergoes spontaneous decomposition at room temperature, in aqueous solution, at pH 8 and in the dark - biochemically ideal circumstances - yielding a mixture of butadiene-2,3-decarboxylic acid (VII), methylitaconic acid (III) and α- methyleneglutaric acid (IV). The presence of the latter indicates that a skeletal change has taken place in a way which mimics the enzymatic reaction. This is the first non-enzymic model in this carbon-skeleton rearrangement series. The methyl ester cobalamin XIIa was stable in the dark but did decompose on irradiation with a sunlamp to butadiene-2,3decarboxylic acid (VII) and methylitaconic acid (III). No α-methyleneglutaric acid IV was observed in the latter reaction. Authentic methylitaconic acid (III) was prepared by alkylation of triethyl prop-2-ene-l,l,2-tricarboxylate (XIII) with methyl iodide followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation. The lactone X and lactone α-methyl-γ-butyrolactone-β-carboxylic acid (XVI) were prepared by condensing the triester XIII with formaldehyde, hydrolyzing the lactone diester XV to the lactone X and hydrogenating to the saturated lactone XVI.
Assessing how metal–carbon interactions affect the structure of supported platinum nanoparticles

Towards understanding the effect of solid supports on the catalytic activity of supported metal nanoparticles, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are often conducted. However, these calculations are hampered by the uncertainty related to describing metal–support interactions (typically described as Lennard-Jones (LJ) potentials) at the atomic length scale. Ab initio electron-structure calculations are expected to refine such calculations by providing better estimates for the metal–support pair interaction potential. In the case of platinum nanoparticles supported on graphite, recent ab initio results suggest the correct energetic LJ parameter should be about four times that used in previous simulation studies from our group, as well as from others. Stimulated by these findings, MD simulations have been used here to investigate the effect of the magnitude of the metal–carbon interaction on the structure of supported metal nanoparticles. The LJ potential was used to model the metal–carbon interact...
Ductility correlations between shear punch and uniaxial tensile test data

The shear punch test was developed to address the need of the fusion reactor structural materials community for small scale mechanical properties tests. It has been demonstrated that effective shear strength data obtained from the shear punch test can be linearly related to uniaxial tensile strength for a wide variety of alloys. The current work explores the existence of a similar relationship between shear punch test data and both the tensile strain hardening exponent and the uniform elongation.
The prediction of incipient boiling superheats in liquid metal cooled reactor systems

Abstract A modeling technique which enables the calculation of the incipient boiling superheats occurring during various postulated LMFBR accidents is presented. This modeling technique is applied to various reactor systems. It is demonstrated that the system geometry plays a key role in determining the incipient boiling superheats in a flowing system.
Sex Ratios, Female Labor Force Participation, and Lethal Violence Against Women Extending Guttentag and Secord's Thesis

This article applies Guttentag and Secord's ideas on sex ratios and female labor force participation to the explanation of lethal violence against women. It is postulated that low sex ratios (more women than men) may combine with increased female labor force participation to expand the incidence of lethal violence against women. Using data from the Supplementary Homicide Reports in conjunction with data from the 1990 U.S. population census, results suggest that high sex ratios augment female homicide victimization. But the effect is not mediated by female labor force participation. Nevertheless, to the extent that poverty and female labor force participation rates increase female homicide victimization, they are more salient for the explanation of the victimization experiences of White women.
Cardiac Autonomic Function and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: A Population-based Case-Cohort Study The ARIC Study

Cardiac autonomic activity, as assessed by heart rate variability, has been found to be associated with postmyocardial infarction mortality, sudden death, and all-cause mortality. However, the association of heart rate variability and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) is not well described. The authors report on the association of baseline cardiac autonomic activity (1987-1989) with incident CHD after 3 years (1990-1992) of follow-up of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study cohort selected from four study centers in the United States by using a case-cohort design. The authors examined 137 incident cases of CHD and a stratified random sample of 2,252 examinees free of CHD at baseline. Baseline, supine, resting beat-to-beat heart rate data were collected. High- (0.16-0.35 Hz) and low- (0.025-0.15 Hz) frequency spectral powers and high-/low-frequency power ratio, estimated from spectral analysis, and standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals, calculated from time domain analysis, were used as the conventional indices of cardiac parasympathetic, sympatho-parasympathetic, and their balance, respectively. Incident CHD was defined as hospitalized myocardial infarction, fatal CHD, or cardiac revascularization procedures during 3 years of follow-up. The age, race, gender, and other CHD risk factor-adjusted relative risks (and 95% confidence intervals) of incident CHD comparing the lowest quartile with the upper three quartiles of high-frequency power, low-frequency power, high-/low-frequency power ratio, and standard deviation of R-R intervals were 1.72 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17-2.51), 1.09 (95% CI 0.72-1.64), 1.25 (95% CI 0.84-1.86), and 1.39 (95% CI 0.94-2.04), respectively. The findings from this population-based, prospective study suggest that altered cardiac autonomic activity, especially lower parasympathetic activity, is associated with the risk of developing CHD.