cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heresy: a virtual image-space 3D rasterization architecture

With the advent of virtual reality and other visual applications that require photo and cinema realism, 3D graphics hardware has started to enter into the main stream. This paper describes the design and evaluation of a cost-effective highperformance 3D graphics system called Heresy that is based on virtual image-space architecture. Heresy features three novel architectural mechanisms. First, the lazy shading mechanism renders the shading computation effort to be proportional to the screen area but independent of the scene complexity. Second, the speculative Z-buffer hardware allows one-cycle Z-value comparison, as opposed to four cycles in conventional designs. Third, to avoid the intermediate sorting required by virtual image-space rasterization architecture, we develop an innovative display database traversal algorithm that is tailored to given user projection views. With this technique, the sorting-induced delay and extra memory requirements associated with image-order rasterization are completely eliminated. By replicating the Heresypipeline, it is estimated that the overall performance of the system can reach over 1 million Gouraud-shaded and 2D mip-mapped triangles per second at 20 frames/set with 1K x 1K resolution per frame.
Structure of a pseudo-16-mer DNA with stacked guanines and two G-A mispairs complexed with the N-terminal fragment of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase.

The X-ray crystal structure at 2.0 A resolution of a DNA molecule complexed with the N-terminal fragment of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (MMLV RT) has been determined. This method allows the study of nucleic acids in a unique and largely unfettered environment without the complicated lattice interactions typically observed in DNA-only crystal structures. Molecular-replacement phasing using only the protein provided readily interpretable electron density with no model bias for the DNA. The asymmetric unit of the structure consists of the protein molecule bound to the blunt end of a DNA 6/10-mer, which is composed of a six-base strand (5′-GTCGTC-3′) and a ten-base strand (3′-CAGCAGGGCA-5′), resulting in a six-base-pair duplex with a four-base single-stranded overhang. In the crystal structure, the bases of the overhang reciprocally pair to yield a doubly nicked pseudo-hexadecamer primarily B-­form DNA molecule. The pairing between the single strands gives two standard (G–C) Watson–Crick pairs and two G(anti)–A(anti) mispairs. The mispairs reside in a G–C-rich environment and the three consecutive guanines on the 10-­mer impart interesting structural features to the pseudo-hexadecamer, such as the preference for a guanine stack, stretching the C–G base pairs flanking the mispair to the point of loss of intra-base-pair hydrogen bonding. The DNA was designed for the purpose of comparison with a previous structure, which was determined in the same crystal lattice. In all of the authors' previous fragment–DNA complexes, the nucleotide at the blunt-ended 3′-hydroxyl was a purine. Consistent with the proposed mechanistic role of interactions with the 3′-­hydroxyl in processive DNA synthesis by RT, it was found that a pyrimidine at this position in the DNA makes indentical interactions with the strictly conserved Gly191 and the main chain of Leu115 of MMLV RT.
Genetic algorithm-based structural topology design with compliance and topology simplification considerations

The genetic algorithm (GA), an optimization technique based on the theory of natural selection, is applied to structural topology design problems. After reviewing the genetic algorithm and previous research in structural topology optimization, we detail the chromosome-to-design representation which enables the genetic algorithm to perform structural topology optimization. Extending our prior investigations, this article first compares our genetic-algorithm-based technique with homogenization methods in the minimization of a structure’s compliance subject to a maximum volume constraint. We then use our technique to generate topologies combining high structural performance with a variety of material connectivity characteristics which arise directly from our discretized design representation. After discussing our findings, we describe potential future work.
Conformational Changes Associated with Template Commitment in ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling by ISW2

Summary Distinct stages in ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling are found as ISW2, an ISWI-type complex, forms a stable and processive complex with nucleosomes upon hydrolysis of ATP. There are two conformational changes of the ISW2-nucleosome complex associated with binding and hydrolysis of ATP. The initial binding of ISW2 to extranucleosomal DNA, to the entry site, and near the dyad axis of the nucleosome is enhanced by ATP binding, whereas subsequent ATP hydrolysis is required for template commitment and causes ISW2 to expand its interactions with nucleosomal DNA to an entire gyre of the nucleosome and a short ∼3–4 bp site on the other gyre. The histone-fold-like subunit Dpb4 associates with nucleosomal DNA ∼15 bp from the ATPase domain as part of this change and may help to disrupt histone-DNA interactions. These additional contacts are independent of the ATPase domain tracking along nucleosomal DNA and are maintained as ISW2 moves nucleosomes on DNA.
Annatto Constituent Cis-Bixin Has Selective Antimyeloma Effects Mediated by Oxidative Stress and Associated with Inhibition of Thioredoxin and Thioredoxin Reductase

Abstract In pursuit of the anticancer effects of seeds of the rain forest plant Bixa orellana (annatto), we found that its constituent cis-bixin induced cytotoxicity in a wide variety of tumor cell lines (IC50 values from 10 to 50 μM, 24-h exposures) and, importantly, also selectively killed freshly collected patient multiple myeloma cells and highly drug-resistant multiple myeloma cell lines. Mechanistic studies indicated that cis-bixin–induced cytotoxicity was greatly attenuated by co-treatment with glutathione or N-acetylcysteine (NAC); whereas fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) assays using the cell-permeable dyes 5-(and-6) chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA), or dihydroethidium demonstrated that cis-bixin rapidly induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in dose- and time-dependent fashions, collectively implicating ROS as contributory to cis-bixin–induced cytotoxicity. In pursuit of potential contributors to ROS imposition by cis-bixin, we ...
Modeling Air Flow Dynamics in Radon Mitigation Systems: A Simplified Approach

Subslab air flow dynamics provide important diagnostic information for designing optimal radon mitigation systems based on the subslab depressurization technique. In this paper, it is suggested that subslab air flow induced by a central suction point be treated as radial air flow through a porous bed contained between two impermeable disks. Next, we show that subslab air flow is most likely to be turbulent under actual field situations in houses with subslab gravel beds, while remaining laminar when soil is present under the slab. The physical significance of this model is discussed and simplified closedform equations are derived to predict pressure and flows at various distances from a single central depressurization point. A laboratory apparatus was built in order to verify our model and experimentally determine the model coefficients of the pressure drop versus flow for commonly encountered subslab gravel materials. These pressure drop coefficients can be used in conjunction with our simplified model a...
Multiple-Quantum NMR Coherence Growth in Single-Crystal and Powdered Calcium Fluoride

Abstract Powdered and oriented single-crystal calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) samples were used to determine the orientational dependence of 19 F multiple-quantum (MQ) NMR coherence development in the absence of variations in lattice spacing and molecular motion on the experimental time scale. The normalized n -quantum coherence intensities and resultant effective spin-cluster size [ N (τ)] of the powdered sample were found to be reproducible and insensitive to the cycle time chosen for the underlying eight-pulse MQ excitation sequence. Oscillations in the time-dependent 0Q and 2Q coherence intensities are seen in the oriented single-crystal samples. However, these oscillations are absent in the powdered CaF 2 sample, indicating damping by its orientational-based dipolar-coupling distribution. However, monotonic growth of the effective number of correlated nuclei, N (τ), is still observed. In addition, the applicability of an average product-operator model of coherence growth based on the dimensionality of spin distribution, and previously only applied to powders, is tested for oriented single-crystal CaF 2 samples. The powdered and (100)-oriented single crystal show good agreement with the model, while the growth from the (111) orientation is slightly faster than predicted. This difference most likely arises from the unusual dipole structure of the (111)-oriented crystal, where nearest-neighbor couplings become zero. In addition, the refocused MQ signal intensity ( f MQ ) is adversely effected by increasing the number of pulses applied in a fixed MQ preparation time. An empirical prediction of f MQ for samples with a static dipolar field is developed and serves as a basis for predicting the effects of motion on this MQ refocusing fraction. This relationship may also provide some insight into the possibility of extending the MQ technique to study correlations over larger length scales as the relatively rapid decay of f MQ typical limits the present experiment to ∼ 10 A length scales.
Combined effects of chromium and carbon on phase formation and magnetic behavior of melt-spun Sm–Co magnets

Abstract The effects of Cr and C additions on the structures and magnetic properties of Sm–Co alloys have been investigated. x-ray diffraction revealed that the metastable TbCu 7 -type structure was formed during melt spinning at 40 m/s. The lattice parameters varied with Cr and C content, suggesting dissolution of the alloying additions in the SmCo 7 structure. Increasing Cr and C content also promoted the formation of an amorphous phase, as indicated by both x-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. The alloying additions significantly refined the microstructural scale from ∼1 μm for the simple binary Sm 12 Co 88 alloy to approximately 30 nm for the sample with additions of 6 at% C and 9 at% Cr. The coercivity of the as-solidified samples increased from 0.5 kOe for the simple binary alloy to 9.8 kOe for the alloy modified with 3 at% C and 4.5 at% Cr. The coercivity was also found to be strongly dependent on the temperature of thermal treatments. The coercivity initially increased, and then dramatically decreased before again increasing at higher annealing temperatures. x-ray diffraction and TEM analysis suggest that the development of the ordered Sm 2 Co 17 structure upon annealing may be influencing the coercivity. Differences in initial susceptibility of the annealed samples suggest a combination of domain wall pinning and nucleation-controlled magnetization mechanisms.
Personality measurement in cross-cultural perspective.

I first provide an overview of general issues in personality measurement across cultures (e.g., measurement bias and equivalence, levels of test adaptation or indigenization). Then, in keeping with the organization of this special issue, I discuss personality measurement from alternative theoretical perspectives that have addressed, in varying degrees, personality and its measurement in cross-cultural perspective (i.e., trait perspectives, projective techniques, cultural psychology and constructivist perspectives, evolutionary perspectives). An integrated measurement approach is advocated, incorporating diverse aspects or levels of personality, while drawing on the complementary strengths of alternative approaches.
Temporal variability in soil microbial communities across land-use types

Although numerous studies have investigated changes in soil microbial communities across space, questions about the temporal variability in these communities and how this variability compares across soils have received far less attention. We collected soils on a monthly basis (May to November) from replicated plots representing three land-use types (conventional and reduced-input row crop agricultural plots and early successional grasslands) maintained at a research site in Michigan, USA. Using barcoded pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we found that the agricultural and early successional land uses harbored unique soil bacterial communities that exhibited distinct temporal patterns. α-Diversity, the numbers of taxa or lineages, was significantly influenced by the sampling month with the temporal variability in α-diversity exceeding the variability between land-use types. In contrast, differences in community composition across land-use types were reasonably constant across the 7-month period, suggesting that the time of sampling is less important when assessing β-diversity patterns. Communities in the agricultural soils were most variable over time and the changes were significantly correlated with soil moisture and temperature. Temporal shifts in bacterial community composition within the successional grassland plots were less predictable and are likely a product of complex interactions between the soil environment and the more diverse plant community. Temporal variability needs to be carefully assessed when comparing microbial diversity across soil types and the temporal patterns in microbial community structure can not necessarily be generalized across land uses, even if those soils are exposed to the same climatic conditions.
Umpire and batsman: Is it cricket to be both?

The paper is a response to Richard De George's essay, ‘Theological Ethics and Business Ethics’. It defends the possibility of theologically oriented approaches to business ethics by pointing out certain deficiencies in business ethics narrowly based on the premisses of analytic moral philosophy. In particular it argues, in a manner consistent with Alasdair MacIntyre's After Virtue (1981), that such a program of business ethics is insufficiently critical of its own roots in the “social fiction” of bureaucratic rationality. After showing how this ideology governs De George's negative judgments on theological approaches to business ethics, the author outlines a program of critical reflection that would draw from the intellectual traditions of both theology and philosophy in order to facilitate a dialogue in business ethics that no longer is captive in the “Iron Cage” of bureaucratic rationality.
Charge Carrier Field Emission Determines the Number of Charges on Native State Proteins in Electrospray Ionization

Although multiple charging in electrospray ionization (ESI) is essential to protein mass spectrometry, the underlying mechanism of multiple charging has not been explicated. Here, we present a new ...
Isolated blocks in finite classical groups, II

The l-blocks of finite classical groups, where l is a prime not equal to the defining characteristic of the groups, are classified by l′-semisimple classes in the dual groups. The blocks corresponding to semisimple classes of elements with eigenvalues ±1 in the natural representations of the dual groups are called isolated blocks. These blocks were described in an earlier paper of the author for the groups Sp(2n,q) and SO±(2n,q) (q odd, l odd) via Lusztig induction. In this paper a combinatorial description of the isolated blocks of Sp(2n,q) and O±(2n,q) (q odd, l odd) in terms of Lusztig symbols is given for large q, using some results of Waldspurger.
Frost‐boil ecosystems: complex interactions between landforms, soils, vegetation and climate

Frost boils in northern Alaska vary from large, 2–3-m diameter, barren non-sorted circles to completely vegetated hummocks. Summer warmth increases southwards from the coast. Average thaw-layer thickness shows the opposite trend. Frost heave shows no trend along the climate gradient but is affected by soil texture. Heave is greatest on frost boils with fine-grained sediments. Biomass increases from 183 g m � 2 at the coast to 813 g m � 2 in the Arctic Foothills. An aggrading permafrost table is evident in most of the frost-boil soil profiles, indicating that, over time, accumulation of plant biomass leads to reduced thaw-layer thickness. A conceptual model suggests how vegetation affects the morphology of patterned ground forms. In the coldest parts of the High Arctic well-developed frost boils do not form and there is little vegetation on frost boils or the inter-boil areas. In the warmest parts of the Low Arctic, vegetation is usually sufficient to stabilize the frost boil soils. Frost boils play an important role in Arctic ecosystems functions, including the flux of trace gases to the atmosphere, flux of water and nutrients to streams, and the recycling of important nutrients to wildlife populations. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poetry and metaphor as instruments in promoting human rights in counseling

This article examines the uses of poetry and metaphor in promoting the human rights of silence/thought; discovery/awareness; communication bridges; being creative; and altering perceptions while promoting hope.
Relationships between microstructure and fatigue crack propagation paths in Al–Si–Mg cast alloys

Abstract Fatigue crack propagation of long and small cracks was investigated for hypoeutectic and eutectic Al–Si–Mg cast alloys. Crack propagation behavior in the near-threshold regime and Regions II and III was related to microstructural constituents namely primary α-Al dendrites and volume fraction and morphology of eutectic Si. Long crack thresholds reflect combined closure effects of global residual stress and microstructure/roughness. The small crack threshold behavior is explained through closure independent mechanisms, specifically through the barrier effects of characteristic microstructural features specific to each alloy. In Regions II and III changes in fracture surface roughness are associated with different crack propagation mechanisms at the microstructure scale. The extent of the plastic zone ahead of the crack tip was successfully used to explain the observed changes in crack propagation mechanisms.
Regional Pericarditis Status Post Cardiac Ablation: A Case Report

Context: Regional pericarditis is elusive and difficult to diagnosis. Healthcare providers should be familiar with post-cardiac ablation complications as this procedure is now widespread and frequently performed. The management of regional pericarditis differs greatly from that of acute myocardial infarction. Case report: A 52 year-old male underwent atrial fibrillation ablation and developed severe mid-sternal chest pain the following day with electrocardiographic findings suggestive of acute myocardial infarction, and underwent coronary angiography, a left ventriculogram, and 2D transthoracic echocardiogram, all of which were unremarkable without evidence of obstructive coronary disease, wall motion abnormalities, or pericardial effusions. Ultimately, the patient was diagnosed with regional pericarditis. After diagnosis, the patient's presenting symptoms resolved with treatment including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and colchicine. Conclusion: This is the first reported case study of regional pericarditis status post cardiac ablation. Electrocardiographic findings were classic for an acute myocardial infarction; however, coronary angiography and left ventriculogram demonstrated no acute coronary occlusion or ventricular wall motion abnormalities. Healthcare professionals must remember that the electrocardiographic findings in pericarditis are not always classic and that pericarditis can occur status post cardiac ablation.
Stability of polygyne and monogyne fire ant populations (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis invicta) in the United States

Over the past decade, polygyne red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren) have been found at more and more sites across the southeastern United States. The objective of my study was to determine if polygyne (multiple-queen) populations are expanding and at what rate this might be occurring. More than 200 sites were inspected for polygyny in Florida and several other southeastern states. These sites were reinspected 1-3 yr later. Results showed that polygyne populations were not expanding rapidly in the areas studied (i.e., > 4-6% per yr); however, more data will be needed to determine if polygyne populations are expanding slowly (i.e., 1-2% per yr). Overall, polygyne and monogyne sites were about 95% stable from year to year; in other words, they did not commonly switch back and forth from one form to the other. As expected, average mound densities in the Florida survey (62 sites) remained relatively constant from 1990 to 1992.
O atom production in water ice: Implications for O2 formation on icy satellites

[1] We have found that O atoms are a primary product in the irradiation of water-ice with 0.8 MeV protons. This observation has implications in understanding the chemical reactions that occur to produce molecular oxygen (O2) in such laboratory ices, as well as ices found on the surfaces of Ganymede and Europa, and the ice particles present in Saturn's rings. We estimate that in irradiated water-ice, O2 can be formed at a lower limit of 0.07% by number relative to water and is in agreement with observations of the icy Jovian satellites.
Pharmaceutical considerations of transdermal nitroglycerin delivery: The various approaches

When formulated as a sublingual or an oral sustained-release dosage form, nitroglycerin has certain shortcomings, i.e., decreased duration of antianginal action and extensive hepatic first-pass elimination, which limit its efficacy. The finding that administration of nitroglycerin in the form of topical ointment decreases the extent of hepatic first-pass elimination and increases the duration of therapeutic activity has pointed the way to the possibility of developing a more effective transdermal drug delivery device. Three such devices are the Nitrodisc , Nitro-Dur, and Transderm -Nitro systems. All three systems generate effective plasma drug levels within 30 minutes and maintain steady-state drug plasma levels as follows: the 16 cm2 Nitrodisc at 280.6 +/- 18.7 pg/ml for 32 hours; the 20 cm2 Nitro-Dur at 201.4 +/- 60.7 pg/ml for 24 hours; and the 20 cm2 Transderm -Nitro system at 209.8 +/- 22.8 pg/ml for 24 hours. In vitro studies show that the drug penetrates the skin with zero-order kinetics in all three systems, the rate for Nitrodisc being 20% greater than that of the other systems. When the daily nitroglycerin dose is calculated in terms of skin permeation rate and the device's surface area, the three transdermal systems become clinically interchangeable.
Dissecting metal ion–dependent folding and catalysis of a single DNAzyme

Protein metalloenzymes use various modes for functions for which metal-dependent global conformational change is required in some cases but not in others. In contrast, most ribozymes require a global folding that almost always precedes enzyme reactions. Herein we studied metal-dependent folding and cleavage activity of the 8-17 DNAzyme using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Addition of Zn2+ and Mg2+ induced folding of the DNAzyme into a more compact structure followed by a cleavage reaction, which suggests that the DNAzyme may require metal-dependent global folding for activation. In the presence of Pb2+, however, the cleavage reaction occurred without a precedent folding step, which suggests that the DNAzyme may be prearranged to accept Pb2+ for the activity. Neither ligation reaction of the cleaved substrates nor dynamic changes between folded and unfolded states was observed. These features may contribute to the unusually fast Pb2+-dependent reaction of the DNAzyme. These results suggest that DNAzymes can use all modes of activation that metalloproteins use.
Going home: inhibiting stem cell CD26

Comment on Peranteau et al, page [4268][1] Enhancing the homing and engrafting capability of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) would result in improved efficacy of HSC transplantation, especially when limiting numbers of donor cells are available. The potential for HSC transplantation in utero (
Characterization of lysogens in bacterioplankton assemblages of the southern California borderland.

Viruses cause significant mortality of marine microorganisms; however, their role in shaping the composition of microbial assemblages has not been fully elucidated. Because viruses may form lysogenic relationships with their hosts, temperate viruses may influence bacterial assemblage structures through direct lysis of hosts when induced by environmental stimuli or by homoimmunity (i.e., immunity to closely related viruses). We investigated the components of bacterioplankton assemblages that bore prophage using the lysogenic induction agent mitomycin C. Seawater was collected at two locations (the San Pedro Ocean Time Series Station and in the Santa Barbara Channel) in the Southern California Borderland and amended with mitomycin C. After 24-h incubation, the community structure of bacterioplankton was compared with unamended controls using automated rRNA intergenic spacer analysis. The addition of mitomycin C to seawater had effects on the community structure of bacterioplankton, stimulating detectable overall diversity and richness of fingerprints and causing the assemblages within incubations to become different to control assemblages. Most negatively impacted operational taxonomic units (OTU) in mitomycin C-amended incubations individually comprised a large fraction of total amplified DNA in initial seawater (5.3–23.3% of amplified DNA fluorescence) fingerprints, and data suggest that these include organisms putatively classified as members of the γ-Proteobacteria, SAR11 cluster, and Synechococcus groups. The stimulation of assemblage richness by induction of lysogens, and the reduction in the contribution to total DNA of common OTU (and concomitant increase in rare OTU), suggests that temperate phage have the potential to strongly influence the diversity of bacterioplankton assemblages. Because lysogenic OTU may also be resistant to closely related lytic (i.e., free-living) viruses, the impact of lytic virioplankton on assemblages may only be pronounced transiently or when conditions causing lysogenic induction arise.
Poultry Excreta Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls as a Protein Supplement for Lactating Cows

Abstract A conventional concentrate mixture and one containing dehydrated poultry excreta (32%) were fed to two groups of 12 cows each to provide 36% of total dietary nitrogen and 15% of total dry matter intake for 90 days. The digestibilities determined with wethers for the two diets were not different. Averages were: organic matter, 81%; cell walls, 57%; and nitrogen, 73%. Both concentrate mixtures were pelleted and fed to cows according to maintenance and milk production requirements not provided by forages. Cows fed the concentrate containing poultry excreta consumed 17% less corn silage and 5% less concentrate dry matter and produced 10% less milk. Ratios of dry matter intake from feed to fluid milk (.82) were equal for the two groups of cows. Milk production declined at the same rate for the two groups of cows. Poultry excreta used in diets for 6 of 12 cows and fed for 50 days was from hens fed diets containing 20 ppm of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures containing 21 to 68% chlorine. For the other 40 days, all 12 cows were fed uncontaminated poultry excreta. Monochlorobiphenyls to tetrachlorobiphenyls were not detected in milk, but pentachlorobiphenyls to decachlorobiphenyls were detected. With intakes normalized to 1 ppm in the concentrate, total residue in milk fat at 35 days was
Two sequence dimorphisms of DPB1 define the immunodominant serologic epitopes of HLA-DP.

Abstract We describe two sets of epitopes present in HLA-DP molecules; they were identified with alloantibodies from clinical serum samples. Specificity was determined using fluorescent beads coated with single antigens and detected in a Luminex platform. Of the patients with anti–HLA class II antibodies, 18% had anti-DP antibodies; among these, 24 of 32 patients (75%) had antibodies against the dimorphic epitope sets described here. Residues 56-A and 56-E divide DPB1 alleles into two mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive groups. These groups have distinctive dimorphic epitopes that are detected by antibodies. Epitope P-001, identified by 2 sera, is defined by residue 56-A of the DPB subunit. Epitope P-002, identified by 9 sera, is defined by residue 56-E. Interlocus DRB1/DPB1 reactivity is associated with P-002, which is found in DRB1–DR11 alleles. Residues at DPB1 85-87-EAV define the P-003 epitope, whereas P-004 is defined by 85–87-GPM. This dimorphism also divides DPB1 alleles into two mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive groups. In this study, 12 patient sera identified DP-003, and 1 identified DP-004. Two dimorphic systems account largely for the serologic features of the DP molecules, and these specificities were found in most clinical samples with anti-DP activity.
Nursing faculty—An endangered species?

A present faculty shortage has been documented, and the potential for an even worse shortage in the future is very real. Implications of a continued shortage for both nursing education and practice are serious. They include limitations on enrollments leading to future nursing shortages, burnout of present faculty, or possible decline in the quality of programs. Contributing factors such as aging of educators, fewer graduate students going into teaching, non-competitive salaries, and increased job opportunities for nurses with graduate degrees are explored. Possible solutions include adding more education courses or tracks in graduate programs, obtaining increased federal funds for graduate education, emphasizing the many rewards and benefits of the faculty role, recruiting faculty from new areas, mentoring people into teaching, giving flexible teaching assignments to older faculty members, and making changes in the ways that clinical instruction is performed.
Predictors of burden and infectious illness in schizophrenia caregivers.

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test predictive models of schizophrenia caregiver burden and infectious illness episodes for caregivers who had regular contact with their mentally ill family members. METHODS A nurse interviewer, blind to the patient's symptoms, caregiver burden, and psychosocial status, administered the Health Review to 70 caregivers. A second family interviewer, blind to caregiver health status and patient symptoms, assessed caregiver resources (eg, active coping and social support), vulnerabilities (eg, anger expression and passive coping) and burden. Concurrently, independent patient raters, blind to caregiver health and psychosocial status, assessed caregiver stressors. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Modified Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms were used to assess the severity of positive (eg, hallucinations and delusions) and negative (eg, anhedonia and asociality) symptoms, respectively. RESULTS Predictive models, including measures of stressors, resources, and vulnerability factors for caregiver burden and for presence of infectious illness, were each highly significant, accounting for 40% and 29% of the variance, respectively. However, the specific measures that predicted burden and infectious illness differed. Greater burden was predicted by more severe patient negative symptoms (stressor), greater anger control and blame self-coping (vulnerability), and decreased tangible social support (resource). Presence of infectious illness episodes was predicted by more severe patient positive symptoms (stressor) and less satisfaction with social support while controlling for the frequency of reporting on the Health Review. When scores from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (stressors) were categorized into quartiles, it was found that the frequency of infectious illness in the highest quartile was four times that in the lowest quartile. Other results indicated that even though burden was not associated with infectious illness, it was associated with "continuing health problems," perceived stress, and depression. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that although schizophrenia caregiver burden and infectious illness are predicted by measures of patient stressors, vulnerabilities, and resources, the specific measures predicting these outcomes differ. The results also call attention to the powerful influence of patient symptoms as a predictor of burden and the presence of infectious illness among caregivers.
Volumetric assessment of the capillary filtration coefficient in the cat small intestine

The capillary filtration coefficient of the cat small intestine was measured in four ways; the conventional measurement was compared with the “zero time extrapolation” technique, and with two methods designed to assess the end of the blood volume shift due to venous pressure elevation. If the capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) was determined using small elevations of venous pressure (10 mm Hg or less), there was good agreement between the techniques. Larger elevations of venous pressure resulted in apparent overestimates of CFC measured by the conventional technique, probably because of increased “smearing” of the blood volume shift into the component of the response measured as the CFC. In general, larger elevations of venous pressure gave smaller CFC's, and using venous pressure elevations of 10 mm Hg or less, the CFC was greater if the final elevated venous pressure was 10 mm Hg than if it was 20 or 30 mm Hg. Changes in CFC due to noradrenaline and isoprenaline (about 15 ng/ml arterial blood concentration) were in agreement when small venous pressure elevations were used and CFC measured in three different ways.
Local problems, local solutions: improving tuberculosis control at the district level in Malawi

ResumenProblemas locales, soluciones locales: mejora de la lucha contra la tuberculosis a niveldistrital en Malawi Objetivo Determinar las causas de la baja tasa decuracio´n observada a nivel distrital en un programa delucha contra la tuberculosis (TB), y formular, ejecutar yevaluar una intervencio´n para mejorar la situacio´n.Me´todos El entorno del estudio fue la localidad deMzuzu(60000habitantes),dondelaincidenciaanualdeTB pulmonar con frotis positivo era de 160 por 100000,y la seroprevalencia del virus de la inmunodeficienciahumana (VIH) entre los pacientes de TB, del 67%. Existeuna unidad de tratamiento de la TB, pero hay tambie´notras organizaciones que combaten esta enfermedad.Se llevo´ a cabo un examen de las actividades deseguimiento de casos, se identificaron posibles a´mbitosde mejora, y se intervino en ellos.Resultados En 1990–1991, la tasa de curacio´n fue del24% entre los casos con frotis positivo (29% entre lossobrevivientes al final del tratamiento). Entre losproblemas identificados cabe citar la fragmentacio´n delprograma de lucha antituberculosa; una formacio´n ysupervisio´n inadecuadas; las deficiencias del registro delas direcciones de los pacientes; y la inobservancia de losprotocolos del programa nacional de lucha contra la TB.Todos estos problemas fueron abordados, y en 1992–1993 la tasa de curacio´n aumento´ al 68% (riesgorelativo(RR)=2,85(IC95%:1,63-4,96)),yal92%entrelos sobrevivientes al final del tratamiento (RR = 3,12(IC95%:1,84-5,29)).Porconsiguiente,sepuedenlogrartasas de curacio´n altas pese a la elevada prevalencia deinfeccio´n por el VIH.Conclusio´nEs posible mejorar espectacularmente elseguimiento de los casos de TB mediante intervencionesprograma´ticas locales, sencillas y de bajo costo. Esteestudio demuestra que es necesario implantar sistemasde evaluacio´n, formacio´n y supervisio´n a todos losniveles del programa.
ABDUCTION and EXPLANATION-BASED LEARNING: CASE STUDIES IN DIVERSE DOMAINS

This paper presents a knowledge-based learning method and reports on case studies in different domains. The method integrates abduction and explanation-based learning. Abduction provides an improved method for constructing explanations. The improvement enlarges the set of examples that can be explained so that one can learn from additional examples using traditional explanation-based macro learning. Abduction also provides a form of knowledge level learning. Descriptions of case studies show how to set up abduction engines for tasks in particular domains. The case studies involve over a hundred examples taken from diverse domains requiring logical, physical, and psychological knowledge and reasoning. The case studies are relevant to a wide range of practical tasks including natural language understanding and plan recognition; qualitative physical reasoning and postdiction; diagnosis and signal interpretation; and decision making under uncertainty. The descriptions of the case studies include an example, its explanation, and discussions of what is learned by macro-learning and by abductive inference. The paper discusses how to provide and represent the domain knowledge and meta-knowledge needed for abduction and search control. The main conclusion is that abductive inference is important for learning. Abduction and macro-learning are complementary and synergistic.
ANALYSIS OF THE BLOOD SUGAR RESPONSE OF OBESE-HYPERGLYCEMIC MICE AND NORMAL MICE TO HORMONES: GROWTH HORMONE,CORTISONE, AND CORTICOTROPIN1

INFORMATION on the effects of growth hormone, corticotropin (ACTH), or cortisone on the blood sugar of mice is scanty. Young (1938) found that an anterior pituitary extract which was diabetogenic in cats and dogs was without effect on the blood sugar when injected into mice. Westermeyer and Raben (1954) found that their oxycel preparation of corticotropin (Rabin et al., 1952) produced a fall in the blood sugar of Swiss mice after administration of doses of one to 300 μg. The decrease was significant after one-half hour and maximal after 3 hours. These investigators also found that larger doses of Armour growth hormone (0.1 mg. to 5.0 mg.) produced decreases in blood sugar of similar magnitude to those produced by corticotropin. In a systematic investigation of the biochemical and endocrine factors involved in the maintenance of hyperglycemic blood sugar levels in the obese-hyperglycemic mice, it was of importance to determine the effects of the diabetogenic hormones on the blood sugar of these animals.
What's next?: emergent storytelling from video collection

In the world of visual storytelling, narrative development relies on a particular temporal ordering of shots and sequences and scenes. Rarely is this ordering cast in stone. Rather, the particular ordering of a story reflects a myriad of interdependent decisions about the interplay of structure, narrative arc and character development. For storytellers, particularly those developing their narratives from large documentary archives, it would be helpful to have a visualization system partnered with them to present suggestions for the most compelling story path. We present Storied Navigation, a video editing system that helps authors compose a sequence of scenes that tell a story, by selecting from a corpus of annotated clips. The clips are annotated in unrestricted natural language. Authors can also type a story in unrestricted English, and the system finds possibilities for clips that best match high-level elements of the story. Beyond simple keyword matching, these elements can include the characters, emotions, themes, and story structure. Authors can also interactively replace existing scenes or predict the next scene to continue a story, based on these characteristics. Storied Navigation gives the author the feel of brainstorming about the story rather than simply editing the media.
Sex-specific effects of glucose deprivation on cell-mediated immunity and reproduction in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)

In most species, sexes differ in levels of parasitism. These differences have traditionally been believed to be static, but a capacity for adjusting anti-parasite investments would allow sexes to allocate resources adaptively contingent on environmental conditions. During stressful periods, such as a food shortage, allocation decisions would be mandated in males and females, but the biasing of resources may differ depending on the value of various physiological alternatives to the fitness of each sex. To determine whether sexes sacrifice immune or reproductive capacity when stressed, male and female Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) were pharmacologically deprived of glucose. Glucose deprivation was expected to compromise immune activity (delayed-type hypersensitivity) more than reproductive capacity in males because male fitness is limited by reproductive opportunities. The opposite was predicted for females because of the greater value of surviving to breed in favorable conditions. Contrary to expectations, glucoprivation compromised immune activity in female, but not male, hamsters. Conversely, glucoprivation reduced male, but not female, reproductive organ masses. These results may reflect the adjustments made by wild hamsters during food shortages, or they may be influenced by the study design; neither sex was permitted to incur other behavioral and physiological costs, such as lactation and parental care. Regardless, our results indicate that sex differences in parasitism are likely to be plastic in many circumstances, but further work in free-living animals is critical to ascertain whether results of the present study are naturally representative.
Transcriptional repression of the CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase gene by sphingosine

We examined the effects of the bioactive lipid, sphingosine, on the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme involved in surfactant phosphatidylcholine synthesis, CCTalpha (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha). Sphingosine decreased phosphatidylcholine synthesis by inhibiting CCT activity in primary alveolar type II epithelia. Sphingosine decreased CCTalpha protein and mRNA levels by approx. 50% compared with control. The bioactive lipid did not alter CCTalpha mRNA stability, but significantly inhibited its transcriptional rate. In murine lung epithelia, sphingosine selectively reduced CCTalpha promoter-reporter activity when transfected with a 2 kb CCTalpha promoter/luciferase gene construct. Sphingosine also decreased transgene expression in murine type II epithelia isolated from CCTalpha promoter-reporter transgenic mice harbouring this 2 kb proximal 5'-flanking sequence. Deletional analysis revealed that sphingosine responsiveness was mapped to a negative regulatory element contained within 814 bp upstream of the coding region. The results indicate that bioactive sphingolipid metabolites suppress surfactant lipid synthesis by inhibiting gene transcription of a key surfactant biosynthetic enzyme.
Classical and Modern Regression With Applications

(1987). Classical and Modern Regression With Applications. Technometrics: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 377-378.
A comparative study of variable selection methods in the context of developing psychiatric screening instruments.

The development of screening instruments for psychiatric disorders involves item selection from a pool of items in existing questionnaires assessing clinical and behavioral phenotypes. A screening instrument should consist of only a few items and have good accuracy in classifying cases and non-cases. Variable/item selection methods such as Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Elastic Net, Classification and Regression Tree, Random Forest, and the two-sample t-test can be used in such context. Unlike situations where variable selection methods are most commonly applied (e.g., ultra high-dimensional genetic or imaging data), psychiatric data usually have lower dimensions and are characterized by the following factors: correlations and possible interactions among predictors, unobservability of important variables (i.e., true variables not measured by available questionnaires), amount and pattern of missing values in the predictors, and prevalence of cases in the training data. We investigate how these factors affect the performance of several variable selection methods and compare them with respect to selection performance and prediction error rate via simulations. Our results demonstrated that: (1) for complete data, LASSO and Elastic Net outperformed other methods with respect to variable selection and future data prediction, and (2) for certain types of incomplete data, Random Forest induced bias in imputation, leading to incorrect ranking of variable importance. We propose the Imputed-LASSO combining Random Forest imputation and LASSO; this approach offsets the bias in Random Forest and offers a simple yet efficient item selection approach for missing data. As an illustration, we apply the methods to items from the standard Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised version. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two-photon absorption microscopy of tissue

Two-photon absorption microscopy (TPAM) has been demonstrated to be able to image melanin with high sensitivity. TPAM opens up a wide range of nonfluorescent molecular targets.
Reading and writing with Wikis: progress and plans

This paper describes an investigation of ways to use wikis to support and improve reading, writing, and related skills. The primary objective is to develop activities that can be adapted to a variety of settings. The paper describes a set of successful activities, and discusses the effects of using a wiki, lessons learned, and future directions.
CATAPHORESIS OF PURIFIED, FRACTIONATED KAOLINITE PARTICLES*

The cataphoretic velocity of three purified, monodisperse fractions of Florida kaolin was determined by the ultramicroscope method. The effect of particle size, kaolinite concentration, and electrolyte concentration on the migration velocity of the particles was observed. Calculations of zeta potential, charge density, and total charge were made for the various systems. It is shown that the zeta potential decreases with increasing particle size and increasing clay concentration. The plots of migration velocity versus electrolyte concentration follow the usual form for such curves, rising rapidly with the first electrolyte additions and flattening out as equilibrium is reached.
Huntington's disease CAG trinucleotide repeats in pathologically confirmed post-mortem brains.

Abstract CAG repeat expansion in the Huntington's disease gene (HD) was examined in postmortem brains from 310 clinically diagnosed and 15 ‘at risk’ individuals. Presence of an expanded CAG allele (>37 units) was the cause of the disorder in almost all cases (307 of 310). Despite a diversity of reporting clinicians, neurological and psychiatric onset and age at death all displayed significant inverse correlations with CAG number indicating that diagnosis of onset is reasonably accurate, and that most patients die from the disease and its complications. Neuronal changes before clinical onset are not detected by conventional microscopic examination as three out of 15 ‘at risk’ brains had an expanded CAG allele but no neuropathology. The cause of HD-like neuropathology in three exceptional brains from clinically diagnosed individuals is unclear. The disorder in these cases could be an HD phenocopy or result from alternative mutational mechanisms at theHDlocus.