cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moving to a New Home: Will Anyone Live There and Who Will Know the Address?

“An Academic Home for a Natural Science” argues that behavior analysis will only prosper as a science when it disassociates itself from psychology and identifies with “behaviorology.” In contrast, I demonstrate that over time behaviorism has made a marked and growing impact on mainstream psychology by remaining within psychology. The formation of a new discipline forfeits both psychology‘s resources and social acceptance, rendering the new discipline scientifically and culturally irrelevant.
Secondary design considerations for minimum bias estimation

Several authors have suggested the method of minimum bias estimation for estimating response surfaces. The minimum bias estimation procedure achieves minimum average squared bias of the fitted model without depending on the values of the unknown parameters of the true surface. The only requirement is that the design satisfies a simple estimability condition. Subject to providing minimum average squared bias, the minimum bias estimator also provides minimum average variance of ŷ(x) where ŷ(x) is the estimate of the response at the point x. To support the estimation of the parameters in the fitted model, very little has been suggested in the way of experimental designs except to say that a full rank matrix X of independent variables should be used. This paper presents a closer look at the estimability conditions that are required for minimum bias estimation, and from the form of the matrix X, a formula is derived which measures the amount of design flexibility available. The design flexibility is termed “th...
Crystallization paths of leucite-bearing lavas: Examples from Italy

The salic phases found in leucite-basanites, -trachytes, and -phonolites may be used to portray crystallization in the system NaAlSiO_4-KAlSiO_4-CaAl_2Si_2O_8-SiO_2, the phonolite pentahedron. Only two lavas have been found that contain the assemblage leucite-nepheline-plagioclase-sanidine and liquid, a natural pseudo-invariant assemblage (at 900° C±100) equivalent to the isobaric invariant point of the four component system. The diversity of phases in this group of lavas illustrates the role of halogens in controlling their crystallization paths. Thus the presence of F in the leucite-basanites has stabilized magnesian biotite and suppressed sanidine, as has been found in other basanitic lavas (Brown and Carmichael 1969). The presence of Cl in these same lavas has induced the crystallization of sodalite, which takes the place of nepheline in the groundmass. However in the leucite-trachytes, biotite has suppressed olivine and coexists with sanidine and leucite. The presence of S may produce hauyne at the expense of nepheline, and in general sulphate minerals, which include apatite, have the role in lavas of low silica activity that pyrrhotite plays in liquids of high silica activity. Both pyroxenes and titaniferous magnetites in this suite of lavas are very aluminous. Groundmass crystals of pyroxene may have one-fifth of Si replaced by Al. Other phases which occur occasionally are melanite garnet and a potassium-rich hastingsite, but neither ilmenite nor a sulphide mineral has been found. Phenocryst equilibration temperatures, derived from olivine and Sr-rich plagioclase, are generally in the range from 1,050° C to 1,150° C. The high content of incompatible elements (e.g., K, Ba, Rb, F, Sr, P) in these lavas suggests that they represent a small liquid fraction from a mantle source which possibly contains phlogopite.
Compilation of references, data sources and analysis methods for LMFBR primary piping system components

A survey and review program for application of fracture mechanics methods in elevated temperature design and safety analysis has been initiated in December of 1976. This is the first of a series of reports, the aim of which is to provide a critical review of the theories of fracture and the application of fracture mechanics methods to life prediction, reliability and safety analysis of piping components in nuclear plants undergoing sub-creep and elevated temperature service conditions.
In Situ Study of Stresses in Ag/Cu Thin Film Multilayers During Deposition

Ag/Cu multilayers are deposited onto a thin Si(100) cantilevered substrate in ultra high vacuum. During deposition, the force per unit width (F/w) in the multilayers is measured continuously from the substrate curvature by a laser scanning technique. Mechanical stability and sample temperature are monitored continuously. The evolution of stress in the film during a layer deposition depends on the thicknesses of the layers beneath it. During deposition of thicker layers of either Cu or Ag, we observe increasing tensile F/w at the start of each layer. The F/w increases up to a few N/m at ∼20 nm layer thickness, and then decreases. When the thickness of each layer is less than 30 nm, the tensile stress sometimes continues to decrease even after a new interface is created. This result does not support a model for the origin of compressive stress that is based on coherent propagation of compressive strain.
Eigensystem assignment with output feedback

A new approach for the eigenvalue assignment of linear, first-order, time-invariant systems using output feedback is developed. The approach can assign the maximum allowable number of closed-loop eigenvalues through output feedback provided that the system is fully controllable and observable, and both the input influence and output influence matrices are full rank. First, a collection of bases for the space of attainable closed-loop eigenvectors is generated using the Singular Value Decomposition or QR Decomposition techniques. Then, an algorithm based on subspace intersections is developed and used to compute the corresponding coefficients of the bases, and the required output feedback gain matrix. Moreover, the additional freedom provided by the multi-inputs and multi-outputs beyond the eigenvalue assignment is characterized for possible exploitation. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach.
Improved local control of thoracic disease in small cell lung cancer with higher dose thoracic irradiation and cyclic chemotherapy rose

Abstract Over the past decade, improvement in survival has developed for patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) due to treatment strategies that include: cyclic combination chemotherapy, thoracic irradiation, and prophylactic cranial irradiation. In this study, we assess the outcome of treatment with initial cyclic combination chemotherapy including: cyclophosphamide, VP 16–123 and methotrexate combined with radiotherapy (RT), 6000 Gy to the thorax for patients with limited disease and 3000 Gy for patients with extensive disease. Forty-six patients are evaluated: 26 patients with limited disease and 20 with extensive disease. In patients who received 6000 Gy, to thoracic lesions, in combination with chemotherapy, administered for 3 courses prior to and following RT, the rate of clinically detected failure in the thorax was 3.8%. Morbidity was considered acceptable, although the occurrence of encephalopathy in 6 of 19 cases who received cranial irradiation, 3000 Gy, and concomitant chemotherapy was a serious consequence. Control of the primary tumor achieved by the use of higher dose RT is shown to be superior to that observed at lower doses of RT. This suggests that for the small cohort of patients whose f disease is truly limited at the time of diagnosis, therapeutic regimens, which include higher dose RT, could increase the number of long term survivors of SCLC.
Cognitive correlates to social cue perception in schizophrenia.

Abstract Previous research has examined social skill learning in schizophrenic patients in relation to information-processing deficits and psychiatric symptoms. Relationships were examined in the current report between social cue perception, thought to be an early and necessary component of skill learning, and various information-processing deficits and psychiatric symptoms. Twenty-six inpatients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia completed measures of social cue perception, cognitive functioning, and psychiatric symptoms. Results showed that cue perception was significantly related to measures of early visual processing, recognition memory, and psychiatric symptoms of withdrawal/retardation Implications of these findings for future research into the social-perceptual deficits of schizophrenic patients are discussed.
Collecting Trouvère Lyric at the Peripheries: The Lessons of MSS Paris, BnF fr. 20050 and Bern, Burgerbibliothek 389

In order to offer an argument for the role that material philology should play in future editions of medieval lyric, this article examines the evolution of compilational practices between the earliest and latest trouvere chansonniers, covering the period 1230 to 1310. Though the argument focuses on “peripheral” codices — from geographical and temporal points of view, it touches on pivotal manuscripts that articulate the transition from one set of compilational values to another. The analysis concludes with suggestions for future text editors in their quest for editions that capture the variance and vagaries of trouvere performance and transmission throughout the thirteenth century.
Density Functional Study of Chromium Oxide Clusters: Structures, Bonding, Vibrations, and Stability

We report the results of density functional theory calculations on chromium oxide clusters responding to the formula CrmOn (m = 1−2, n = 1−3). Double numeric basis sets supplemented by polarization functions have been used in both local and nonlocal spin density approximations. Geometry optimizations of different spin states have been performed at the unrestricted spin level for the selected initial configurations. We have found that the covalent polarized Cr−O bonds dominate the chemical description of the CrOn series, while for the Cr2On series the presence of the Cr−Cr bond reduces the metal to oxygen charge transfer, yielding much softer clusters, as reflected by the smaller HOMO−LUMO gaps. The stability of all the isomers has been checked by computing their harmonic vibrational frequencies and the energetics of different fragmentation paths. The calculations reveal that the linear isomers are not true minima and that the oxygen-rich clusters are preferred over the metal-rich clusters. Overall, our re...
Silver coated bioactive glass particles for wound healing applications

Hench and colleagues discovered that bone could bond chemically to certain glass compositions in 1969 [1]. This group of glasses is known as bioactive glasses [1]. Some special compositions of bioactive glasses will bond to soft tissues as well as bone [1]. One of the important characteristics of bioactive glasses is their ability to release beneficial ions such as Ca2+, Na+, Zn2+, Sr2+, and PO 4 3− in the body, which promote self-healing [2]. Bioactive glasses generally contain much less glass former (e.g., SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 etc.) than conventional glasses [3]. Network modifiers encourage the formation of Non-Bridging Oxygens (NBO) groups. These NBO groups decrease aqueous durability and increase bioactivity [4].
A hepatic membrane-associated factor stimulates nuclear DNA synthesis in cultured fibroblastic cells.

Abstract Nuclear DNA replication in cultured mouse fibroblasts is stimulated by isolated hepatic plasma membranes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The plasmalemmal activity is susceptible to trypsin treatment, and to treatment with protein modifying agents, N-ethylmaleimide, N-bromosuccinimide, and 2-hydroxy-5-nitro-benzylbromide.
A Resource-Efficient Adaptive Caching Scheme for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network environment, wireless devices have finite resources such as memory, energy and they work within the wireless constraints such as limited bandwidth and unreliable communication. Therefore, storage space, bandwidth, and battery life must be managed effectively in order to extend the usefulness and lifespan of wireless devices and the network. Caching is one of those techniques which reduce the latency and tuning time for mobile devices in the wireless network. We propose a novel scheme that seeks to distribute the storage, bandwidth and energy burden through a resource efficient adaptive caching scheme for mobile ad-hoc networks. Our performance results show that our scheme reduces both response time and bandwidth utilization by, 36%, through a reduction in hop count, as well as both a 79% increase in energy efficiency and a 53% reduction in storage utilization when compared with a leading alternate methodology.
Disaster preparedness and response: a challenge for hospitals in earthquake-prone countries

An effective and immediate response from hospital personnel is critical to meet the needs of affected populations at the time of an earthquake disaster. Hospitals need to develop, practise and continuously update an effective disaster/emergency medical response plan. Communities and impacted regions cannot depend on immediate medical and humanitarian aid from other outside sources to meet medical care needs during the first three to five days following an earthquake. How hospitals in earthquake-prone countries such as India, Pakistan and Haiti can improve their medical response is discussed. This discussion of methods to improve effective disaster response of the medical and public health community includes a description of important efforts to enhance hospital accreditation, increase personnel training, and use a response capacity checklist.
Utility of LANDSAT-Derived Land Use Data for Estimating Storm-Water Pollutant Loads in an Urbanizing Area

In many watersheds located in southern California, efforts are being focused on urban runoff because of its adverse impact on receiving water quality. The Sweetwater River watershed is a good example, where the drainage area is rapidly urbanizing and deteriorating reservoir water quality. Contaminated storm water is captured and diverted but as urbanization increases, additional runoff will be generated which will overload the existing infrastructure. To better manage the diversion systems and minimize future construction, storm-water volumes and pollutant loadings need to be estimated. Due to the lack of real-time storm-water runoff monitoring data, pollutant loadings must be estimated from land use information. We used satellite imagery to estimate selected storm-water pollutant loads and compared the results to predictions using land use information from public records. Satellite imagery was useful in estimating storm-water pollutant loads and identifying high loading areas. Satellite imagery with appropriate classification is a promising tool for watershed management and for prioritizing best management practices.
Software requirement prioritization using fuzzy multi-attribute decision making

Although many approaches have been proposed to prioritize requirements in software projects, almost none has been widely adopted. This is mostly due to their complexity, time commitment, lack of consistency, or implementation difficulties. This paper proposes a novel approach to do so that is practical, easy to implement and can show a reasonable level of consistency. In addition, it takes in consideration the imprecise nature of requirements and quality attributes by modeling the latter as fuzzy variables. The problem of prioritizing requirements is formulated as a fuzzy multi-attribute decision problem in which the expected value operator is used to rank the alternatives listed in the problem formulation. This approach can be easily extended to include other quality attributes as well as customized to fit the needs of most software projects.
Integrative revision of the giant pill-millipede genus Sphaeromimus from Madagascar, with the description of seven new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

The Malagasy giant pill-millipede genus Sphaeromimus de Saussure & Zehntner, 1902 is revised. Seven new species, S. titanus sp. n., S. vatovavy sp. n., S. lavasoa sp. n., S. andohahela sp. n., S. ivohibe sp. n., S. saintelucei sp. n., and S. andrahomana sp. n. were discovered, in one case with the help of sequence data, in the rainforests of southeastern Madagascar. The species are described using light- and scanning electron microscopy. A key to all 10 species of the genus is presented. All but one (S. andohahela) of the newly discovered species are microendemics each occurring in isolated forest fragments. The mitochondrial COI barcoding gene was amplified and sequenced for 18 Sphaeromimus specimens, and a dataset containing COI sequences of 28 specimens representing all Sphaeromimus species (except S. vatovavy) was analyzed. All species are genetically monophyletic. Interspecific uncorrected genetic distances were moderate (4–10%) to high (18–25%), whereas intraspecific variation is low (0–3.5%). Sequence data allowed the correct identification of three colour morphs of S. musicus, as well as the identity of a cave specimen, which although aberrant in its morphology and colouration, was genetically identical to the holotype of S. andrahoma.
The effects of different laser wavelengths on the embryo biopsy procedure and embryo development to the blastocysts stage

Purpose A laser is commonly used to remove a blastomere from an embryo for genetic testing. The laser uses intense heat which could possibly disrupt embryo development. It is the goal of this study to test the effects of different laser pulse lengths (and consequently heat) on the embryo biopsy procedure and embryo development. Methods Each embryo biopsy was performed randomly utilizing laser pulse lengths of 0.604mS (group I), 0.708mS (group II), and 1.010mS (group III). Results For groups I, II, and III, 83, 86, and 71 embryos were biopsied, respectively. There was no difference in day 5 embryoqualityorlysedblastomeresbetweengroups.Average number of blastomeres biopsied between group I (1.0±0.0), II (1.0±0.2), and III (1.1±0.2) was significant (0.0001). Conclusion Our data demonstrates that laser pulse length does not influence the embryo biopsy procedure or embryo development.
TopBP1 controls BLM protein level to maintain genome stability

Human TopBP1 is a key mediator protein involved in DNA replication checkpoint control. In this study, we report a specific interaction between TopBP1 and Bloom syndrome helicase (BLM) that is phosphorylation and cell-cycle dependent. Interestingly, TopBP1 depletion led to decreased BLM protein level and increased sister chromatid exchange (SCE). Moreover, our data indicated that BLM was ubiquitinated by E3 ligase MIB1 and degraded in G1 cells but was stabilized by TopBP1 in S phase cells. Depletion of MIB1 restored BLM protein level and rescued the elevated SCE phenotype in TopBP1-depleted cells. In addition, cells expressing an undegradable BLM mutant showed radiation sensitivity, probably by triggering end resection and inhibiting the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway in G1 phase. Altogether, these data suggest that, although BLM is downregulated in G1 phase in order to promote NHEJ-mediated DNA repair, it is stabilized by TopBP1 in S phase cells in order to suppress SCE and thereby prevent genomic instability.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSION OF THE AMERICAN UROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION SYMPTOM INDEX

AbstractPurpose: We determine the reading grade level of the American Urological Association (AUA) symptom index, and assessed patient ability to read and understand the index using a standardized reading and IQ test.Materials and Methods: The reading grade level required to read and understand the AUA symptom index was determined using the Spache and Dale-Chall readability formulas. A total of 202 men a mean of 66.1 years old completed the AUA symptom index, Wonderlic personnel test and scholastic level examination, and revised Ohio literacy test. Patients were instructed to report any difficulty in reading or understanding the AUA symptom score.Results: According to the Spache and Dale-Chall readability formulas, the AUA symptom index requires a grade 6 reading level. Of the 202 patients 30 (14.9%) did not complete the symptom index due to an inability to read it (28, 13.9%) and poor comprehension (2, 1%). Tested mean IQ and reading grade level was 91.7 and 11, respectively.Conclusions: A grade 6 readin...
Transient silylation of the guanosine O6 and amino groups facilitates N-acylation.

The formation of a guanosine derivative silylated at both the O6 and amino groups was identified by 15N NMR. This intermediate allows facile reaction with acetyl chloride or phenoxyacetyl chloride to give in high yield the corresponding N-protected guanosine derivatives, suitable for use in RNA synthesis. The acetyl and phenoxyacetyl amino protecting groups are, respectively, 4 and 230 times more labile than the isobutyryl group to methylamine/ethanol deprotection.
Male Condom Use by Type of Relationship Following an HIV Intervention among Women Who Use Illegal Drugs

Predictors of increased male condom use are investigated following a recent, gender-specific HIV intervention among African-American women. Data were analyzed from 138 women (aged 18 to 59), recruited from inner-city Atlanta (Georgia, U.S.) neighborhoods. Predictors of condom use with steady and casual paying partners were examined separately. Increased condom use with steady partners was associated with drug-using status, intervention assignment, sexual relationship characteristics, age at first condom use, and HIV testing history. Condom use with casual paying partners was associated with having sex while high and the frequency of crack cocaine use. Personalized norms regarding condom use were not salient factors in predicting increased rates of condom use with either partner type. Findings indicate the continued need to consider sex in the context of drug use, and reveal the importance of measuring such influences and all antecedents of condom use separately for steady versus casual sexual relationships.
Effect of aflatoxin B1 on in vitro production of interleukin-1 by bovine mononuclear phagocytes

Abstract In this study we examined the effects of preincubation with aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) on the ability of bovine monocytes to produce the immunological mediator interleukin-1 (IL-1). Monocytes preincubated for 6–24 h with 10 μg ml −1 AFB 1 demonstrated a diminished capacity to release IL-1 activity in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Preincubation for less time, or with lower concentrations of AFB 1 , did not affect IL-1 release. Pretreatment of monocytes with AFB 1 also resulted in diminished release of IL-1 activity in response to in vitro infection with Listeria monocytogenes . Incubation with AFB 1 reduced the amount of IL-1 β mRNA in LPS-stimulated bovine monocytes; however, this was observed only at high concentrations of AFB 1 that non-specifically reduced steady-state transcription of actin mRNA. We therefore concluded that AFB 1 does not specifically suppress monocyte release of IL-1, other than through its general inhibition of mRNA transcription.
Pollution susceptibility: An environmental parameter for coastal zone management

Abstract The pollution susceptibility is a simple quantitative measure of the tidal flushing of coastal waters. It can be determined from readily available data on tidal height and currents. The pollution susceptibility is the spatial and temporal average concentration of a miscible, conservative pollutant that results from a unit rate of discharge. In embayments, in addition to a pollution susceptibility suitable for short‐time discharges, a second parameter, the steady state pollution susceptibility, takes into account recirculation of the pollutant after the bay has come to steady state. The pollution susceptibility is useful for broad planning purposes, but does not eliminate the need for detailed, site‐specific environmental surveys. However, by identifying reasonable options, it enables the coastal zone manager to use his limited resources more effectively.
The spectrum of topological quantum field theories on N-manifolds

Abstract The topological particle is first quantized and its spectrum is found to be given by the de Rham cohomology ring of the target manifold. Morse theoretic arguments are used to show how this topological spectrum depends on the gauge fixing. A supermanifold formalism is introduced which leads to the generalized Donaldson invariants. It is found that the topological symmetry cannot be spontaneously or dynamically broken by conventional methods.
Sternal resection and reconstruction

Abstract Twenty-one patients underwent sternal resection and reconstruction. Surgical indications included sternal infection in 9 patients, recurrent breast cancer in 6, metastatic carcinoma from an unknown primary in 2, pectus excavatum in 2, and osteogenic sarcoma and eosinophilic granuloma in 1 each. Management included partial sternectomy in 10 patients (group 1) and complete sternectomy in 11 (group 2). Chest wall reconstruction was by various flaps and mesh repairs. Blood transfusions averaged 2 units in group 1 versus 5.5 units in group 2 ( p = 0.02). Average number of days until exhibition was 2.6 in group 1 versus 7.3 in group 2 ( p = 0.04). Average number of intensive care unit days was 4.4 for group 1 versus 9.4 for group 2 ( p = 0.03). The number of days until discharge was 14 days for group 1 versus 20 days for group 2. Complications occurred in 40% of group 1 and 82% of group 2 patients. Overall mortality was 9.5%. Sternal resection and reconstruction, particularly complete sternal resections, are a major undertaking with substantial morbidity. Using a multidisciplinary approach (cardiothoracic, plastic and reconstructive, critical care medicine, and infectious disease) and aggressive pulmonary support, acceptable cosmetic and functional results are possible.
Use of ultra-thin aluminum oxide layer to reduce photoluminescence decay in poly(p-phenylene vinylene) films

Abstract The degradation of conjugated polymer poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) in the atmosphere upon exposure to ultraviolet light limits its applications as the emitting layer in organic light emitting diodes. In this paper we show that a thin layer of aluminum oxide around 10 nm in thickness prevents photoluminescence degradation of PPV during exposure to blue light in the atmosphere but not at lower excitation wavelengths. This oxide film is free of cracks and pinholes from transmission electron microscopy analysis.
LaFA: lookahead finite automata for scalable regular expression detection

Although Regular Expressions (RegExes) have been widely used in network security applications, their inherent complexity often limits the total number of RegExes that can be detected using a single chip for a reasonable throughput. This limit on the number of RegExes impairs the scalability of today's RegEx detection systems. The scalability of existing schemes is generally limited by the traditional per character state processing and state transition detection paradigm. The main focus of existing schemes is in optimizing the number of states and the required transitions, but not the suboptimal character-based detection method. Furthermore, the potential benefits of reduced number of operations and states using out-of-sequence detection methods have not been explored. In this paper, we propose Looka-head Finite Automata (LaFA) to perform scalable RegEx detection using very small amount of memory. LaFA's memory requirement is very small due to the following three areas of effort described in this paper: (1) Different parts of a RegEx, namely RegEx components, are detected using different detectors, each of which is specialized and optimized for the detection of a certain RegEx component. (2) We systematically reorder the RegEx component detection sequence, which provides us with new possibilities for memory optimization. (3) Many redundant states in classical finite automata are identified and eliminated in LaFA. Our simulations show that LaFA requires an order of magnitude less memory compared to today's state-of-the-art RegEx detection systems. A single commodity Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chip can accommodate up to twenty-five thousand (25k) RegExes. Based on the throughput of our LaFA prototype on FPGA, we estimated that a 34-Gbps throughput can be achieved.
Vertical stratification of soil water storage and release dynamics in Pacific Northwest coniferous forests

We characterized vertical variation in the seasonal release of stored soil moisture in old-growth ponderosa pine (OG-PP, xeric), and young and old-growth Douglas-fir (Y-DF, OG-DF, mesic) forests to evaluate changes in water availability for root uptake. Soil water potential (c) and volumetric water content (u) were measured concurrently at 10 cm intervals to 1 m depth to create in situ soil water retention curves (SWRC) under drying conditions. Non-linear regression was used to fit SWRC specific to each depth and site. We also quantified root biomass, soil texture, and hydraulic redistribution (HR) of soil water by roots to identify factors affecting the seasonal dynamics of root water uptake and depletion from the soil profile. Soil u measured at a particular c increased with soil depth, and was strongly dependent upon soil texture. For example, when c was � 0.1 MPa, u ranged from 13% at 20 cm to 35% at 100 cm for the OG-DF forest. Soil texture and bulk density accounted for 60‐90% of the variation in the SWRC. As the summer drought progressed, water extraction shifted to the deeper layers, and recharge from HR approached 0.15 mm day � 1 in the upper 60 cm for all sites. Total water use from the upper 2 m at all sites peaked between 1.5‐ 2.5 mm day � 1 in mid-July and then declined to 0.5‐1.0 mm day � 1 by the end of the dry season. Total fine root biomass in the upper 1 m was 0.77 kg m � 2 (OG-PP), 1.08 kg m � 2 (OG-DF) and 1.15 kg m � 2 (Y-DF), with 40% (PP) to 60% (DF) of fine roots located in the upper 20 cm. However, the upper 20 cm only accounted for 20% of total water depletion from the upper 2 m at peak water uptake, declining to 4‐6% later in the season, illustrating the contribution of deeper roots to water uptake. Nevertheless, daily water uptake from the entire 2 m profile was strongly dependent on water potential at 20 cm, indicating that fine roots in the upper soil may play an important role in regulating water uptake through hydraulic effects on stomatal conductance.
Association of hemodilution and blood pressure in uncontrolled bleeding

Abstract Background Hemodynamic status and coagulation capacity affect blood loss after injury. The most advantageous fluid and blood pressure to optimize resuscitation and minimize perturbation of coagulation are unclear. We investigated interactions of isovolumic hemodilution on hemodynamics, coagulation, and blood loss after injury. Methods Twenty-five male rats were randomized into three groups (Whole Blood Uncontrolled Blood Pressure [WBU], n = 7; Lactated Ringers Uncontrolled Blood Pressure [LRU], n = 10; Whole Blood Controlled Blood Pressure [WBC], n = 8) with isovolumic hemodilution of 50% blood volume, with and without control of pre-injury blood pressure. All rats underwent uniform grade IV liver injury 30 min after serial exchanges. Post-injury blood loss and coagulation function were measured. Results Dilution occurred, determined by hematocrit, with LRU having a greater reduction. Pre-injury mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased compared with baseline (98 ± 7 mmHg) with LRU (62 ± 14 mmHg) and WBC (61 ± 10 mmHg), resulting in WBU (101 ± 13 mmHg) being significantly higher and not changed from baseline. Post-injury, MAP decreased from pre-injury, with LRU significantly lower than the other two groups. No differences were observed in prothrombin time/international normalized ratio or thromboelastography. Bleed volume was significantly different between groups: WBU versus 1.9 ± 0.3 mL). Conclusions In this rat model of liver injury, blood loss was associated with baseline MAP and type of fluid used for dilution. Hemodilution with LR did not produce coagulopathy based on laboratory values. When controlling baseline MAP, dilution with LR increased bleeding, confirming a functional coagulopathic state.
A generalized Chinese remainder theorem for residue sets with errors and its application in frequency determination from multiple sensors with low sampling rates

The Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) has been recently generalized from determining a single integer from its remainders to determining multiple integers from their sets (residue sets) of remainders. In this letter, we consider the generalized CRT when the residue sets have errors. We first obtain a sufficient condition on the number of erroneous residue sets so that multiple integers still can be uniquely determined from their residue sets. We then propose a determination algorithm of multiple integers from their residue sets with errors. Finally, we apply the newly proposed algorithm to multiple frequency determination from multiple sensors with low sampling rates and show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm with considering residue set errors over the one without considering residue set errors.
Experimental Measurements of Near-Source Exposure Modeling Parameters

Air concentrations near pollutant sources can be modeled using two-zone and turbulent diffusion models. Each type of model requires a specific pollutant transport parameter: the interzonal air flow (β) is used in the two-zone model and the turbulent diffusion coefficient (DT) in the diffusion model. In this study β and DT were determined experimentally by using concentrations measured around the release of a tracer vapor. A robot arm provided motion in the space near the source to simulate worker actions. Eighty-two experiments were conducted at two room locations and with different robot arm motion programs. β and DT for were calculated using room geometry, ventilation parameters and the measured concentrations during the experiments. The near zone geometry was a 0.4 m hemisphere. The presence of motion in the vicinity of the source was important for the appropriate application of both models. The values of β were log-normally distributed with a mean of 2.03 m3/min, a geometric mean (GM) of 1.65 m3/min (...
An efficient maintenance and spare parts inventory management software for ITS equipment

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has two major sub-components that depend on each other namely, vehicles and infrastructure. For the whole system to perform optimally and safely, both vehicle and infrastructure sub-components of ITS should be operating without major disruptions. In this paper, we focus on the better maintenance of ITS equipment to maximize overall system performance. Long-term down time of ITS equipment due to the unavailability of spare parts will not only increase personnel and repair time requirements, costs of replacement parts but also might lead to increased delays, poor air quality and fuel consumption. Therefore, timely availability of the spare parts of essential components of ITS equipment is essential within the inspection and maintenance procedures of ITS. The proposed spare parts inventory control model in this paper can determine the optimum levels of the safety stocks under probabilistic failure and availability assumptions for components of various ITS equipment. When this inventory control model is fully integrated into Rutgers Intelligent Transportation Systems Inspection and Maintenance Software (RITSIMS) [1], it will allow its users to efficiently manage DOT's ITS spare parts inventory using historic maintenance and inspection data that is being collected by respective databases of RITSIMS.
Benzothiadiazole- and pyrrole-based polymers bearing thermally cleavable solubilizing groups as precursors for low bandgap polymers

We report the design, synthesis and characterization of new benzothiadiazole- and pyrrole-based copolymers whose solubility and bandgap drastically change after thermal treatment of their thin films.
Horizontal and Vertical Theologies: Sacraments in the Works of Paschasius Radbertus and Ratramnus of Corbie

In the middle decades of the ninth century, Charles the Bald, the West Frankish Carolingian ruler, received two treatises on the subject of the Eucharist. Paschasius Radbertus (ca. 790–ca. 865) and Ratramnus (d. after 868), both monks from the royal monastery at Corbie in Neustria, composed treatises entitled De corpore et sanguine domini.1 That these were the very first Latin Christian treatises devoted solely to the Eucharist and, further, that they came to different conclusions, has attracted well-earned scholarly scrutiny from almost immediately after their appearance. I would like to return to the question of the difference between their views. Specifically, I will show that the doctrinal differences between the two treatises have their roots in different approaches to, or—perhaps better—interests in, sacraments in general. The two authors do not take opposed positions on the topic of the sacraments, or even mutually contradicting positions on the Eucharist, rather they choose to emphasize different aspects of the sacrament, different guiding themes which suggest to each different lines of analysis. Paschasius sees sacraments primarily as instruments of unity, while Ratramnus views sacraments principally as salvific tools. This recognition yields two insights. It recalibrates analysis of the eucharistic tracts, foregrounding the contemporary concerns of the authors, while deliberately deemphasizing the subsequent theological controversies and scholarly debates into which the treatises were drawn. For both Paschasius and Ratramnus, distinctive approaches to sacraments color not only their analyses of the Eucharist, but also their approaches to larger political and social questions. This recognition also emphasizes the vibrance and creativity characteristic of the Carolingian theological milieu, too often dismissed as a supposedly derivative and unoriginal era in Christian theology. To these ends, the paper will proceed in four stages. First, I situate my question in the long historiography of the Corbie eucharistic treatises. Second, I briefly set the authors and their treatises in historical context. Third, I compare their ‘sacramental’ theologies of the Eucharist, underscoring both Paschasius's emphasis on its horizontal or communal significance and Ratramnus's stress on its vertical or salvific importance. Fourth, I trace how each author's particular sacramental interests remain consistent across their other projects with ramifications for their theological and social opinions.
ASIAN AWAKENINGS: ALICIA LITTLE AND THE LIMITS OF ORIENTALISM

Visiting a missionary school for girls in the central Chinese city of Chungking in the early 1890s, British writer Alicia Little entertained some disquieting thoughts about instilling Western values in Chinese children. Her reflections in Intimate China on the benefits and hazards of such teaching instance Britain's increasingly conflicted views of China in the last decades of the nineteenth century. On the one hand, the passage manifests the long-held Victorian view that the Chinese mind and culture had lain dormant for at least a century and needed Western aid to awaken them to their full potential. On the other hand, her unease about children made “susceptible of outside influences” admits both to the limited effects of Western teaching on entrenched Chinese traditions and to the dubious advantages of alienating individuals from the values of the country that must house their futures. Writing some thirty years after the Second Opium Wars, which formally opened China to foreign traders, travelers, and missionaries, and less than a decade before the Boxer Rebellion, in which thousands of foreigners and Chinese Christians were massacred in retaliations against Western influences, Little's observations foreground pivotal problems in Britain's evolving relationship with China as well as dispute conventional models of East-West relations in the nineteenth century.
On the relaying capability of the reconfigurable wireless networks

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of an ad-hoc network architecture, investigating the effect of various design and operational parameters on the blocking and dropping probabilities. In particular, we study the improvement in the network coverage due to the multi-hop routing feature. Furthermore, the effect of limiting the path length on the network performance is studied, showing that there is an optimal value for this parameter.
Radiographic Recognition of Chest Tube Malposition in the Major Fissure

Twelve patients with a chest tube positioned in the major fissure of either lung were collected prospectively in a two-year period. In eight of these 12, there was evidence of chest tube malfunction, with poor drainage of pleural air or fluid collections; in six of these eight, placement of additional tubes or tube repositioning resulted in improved pleural drainage. In all 12, the tube had been placed through the lateral chest wall. Although tube placement in the major fissure can sometimes be suspected on the anteroposterior portable chest roentgenogram because of the tube's characteristic course, in such cases a lateral roentgenogram is not usually obtained for confirmation of location unless there is evidence of tube malfunction.
Pollination of an invasive orchid, Cyrtopodium polyphyllum (Orchidaceae), by an invasive oil-collecting bee, Centris nitida, in southern Florida

The lack of appropriate pollinators is believed to be an impediment to naturalization of orchids. We studied the self-compatibility and pollination of an invasive, showy, rewardless, terrestrial orchid (Cyrtopodium polyphyllum (Vell.) Pabst ex F. Barrios) in southern Florida. Pollination treatments indicated that the orchid is self-compatible but not autogamous. Visitor observations indicated that the orchid is pollinated by an invasive specialist oil-collecting bee (Centris nitida Smith). The presence of the invasive Centris nitida has probably contributed to the naturalization of this probable oil reward mimicking orchid in Florida. We contrasted our results in the orchid’s invasive range with those reported in two studies in the orchid’s native range. In the invasive range in Florida, the orchid experiences a lower inbreeding depression. In both areas, the orchid is pollinated by Centris species and the pollination of the orchid is apparently enhanced by the presence of oil-rewarding species of the Mal...
Pitfalls in Experimental Design and Data Analysis

PL-26 High-throughput molecular assays have the potential to provide us with dozens of new disease markers, which in turn can be used to improve therapy. These markers are often found by using advanced tools to analyze the data, as these tools are very good at finding structure. However, tools that are sensitive enough to pick up subtle shifts in biology are also sensitive enough to pick up shifts due to other causes.In this talk, we will explore the continued need for "zeroth-order" data analysis, ensuring that potentially large but unwanted effects are excluded before subtle effects are sought. To do this, we will take a pictorial tour through the raw data from case studies, looking for interesting structure both in a single experiment and over mulitple experiments. Unfortunately, in these cases what the data most clearly shows is not biological structure, but rather the need for careful expeimental design, data cleaning, and data preprocessing to ensure that the structure found is not due to systematic bias.These issues are not new, but they remain important as we struggle to validate and regulate new markers.
Trends in Mortality Differentials and Life Expectancy for Male Social Security-Covered Workers, by Socieoeconomic Status

This study presents an analysis of trends in mortality differentials and life expectancy by average relative earnings for male Social Security-covered workers aged 60 or older. Mortality differentials, cohort life expectancies, and period life expectancies by average relative earnings are estimated. Period life expectancy estimates for the United States are compared with those of other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. In general, for birth cohorts from 1912-1941 (or deaths from 1972-2001 at ages 60-89), the top half of the earnings distribution has experienced faster mortality improvement than the bottom half. The sample is expected to be selectively healthier than the general population because of a requirement that men in the sample have some positive earnings from ages 45-55. This requirement may exclude some of the most at-risk members of the U.S. population because of the strong correlation between labor force participation and health.
Insulin decreases the serum potassium concentration during the anhepatic stage of liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Severe hyperkalemia is a serious problem during orthotopic liver transplantation. The effectiveness of insulin in decreasing serum potassium concentration during the anhepatic stage of orthotopic liver transplantation was investigated. METHODS: Forty patients with serum potassium concentrations greater than 4.0 mM/L at the onset of the anhepatic stage were randomized into two groups. Control group patients (n = 20) received no treatment, and treatment group patients (n = 20) received an intravenous bolus of regular insulin (20 u) 10 min into the anhepatic stage, followed by a glucose infusion (500 ml 5% dextrose in water) over 15 min. RESULTS: In the control group, the potassium concentration did not change, whereas in the treatment group, it decreased from 4.70 +/- 0.54 to 4.18 +/- 0.63 mM/L (mean +/- SD) within 15 min and to 3.57 +/- 0.55 mM/L 60 min after therapy. The potassium concentration was less in the treatment group than in the control group within 30 min of treatment (3.97 +/- 0.52 vs. 4.49 +/- 0.43 mM/L, respectively; P < 0.05). The potassium concentration increased similarly 30 s after graft reperfusion in both groups of patients, but was less in the treatment group (5.91 +/- 1.63 vs. 7.37 +/- 1.67 mM/L, respectively; P < 0.05). The potassium concentration returned to prereperfusion levels within 5 min after graft reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation, the administration of insulin rapidly decreases serum potassium concentration, even in the absence of the liver, suggesting an important contribution by extrahepatic tissues in the insulin-stimulated uptake of potassium.
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF ALBUTEROL IN CONGENITAL ENDPLATE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE DEFICIENCY AND DOK-7 MYASTHENIA

Introduction: Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are disabling but treatable disorders. Anticholinesterase therapy is effective in most of them, but is contraindicated in endplate (EP) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deficiency, the slow-channel syndrome, Dok-7 myasthenia, and β2-laminin deficiency, and is not useful in CMS due to defects in muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), agrin, and plectin. EP AChE, Dok-7, and β2-laminin deficiencies respond favorably to ephedrine, but ephedrine can no longer be prescribed in the USA. Methods: We used albuterol, another sympathomimetic agent, to treat 3 patients with EP AChE deficiency and 15 with Dok-7 myasthenia. Response to therapy was evaluated by a 9-point questionnaire pertaining to activities of daily life. Results: Comparison of the pre- and posttreatment responses indicated a beneficial response to albuterol (P < 0.001) in both patient groups. The adverse effects of therapy were like those of ephedrine. Conclusion: Our observations should spur controlled, prospective clinical trials of albuterol in these as well as other CMS. Muscle Nerve, 2011