cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-based Dynamic Control of Speculative Forays in Parallel Computation☆

Abstract In simulations running in parallel, the processors would have to synchronize with other processors to maintain correct global order of computations. This can be done either by blocking computation until correct order is guaranteed, or by speculatively proceeding with the best guess (based on local information) and later correcting errors if/as necessary. Since the gainful lengths of speculative forays depend on the dynamics of the application software and hardware at runtime, an online control system is necessary to dynamically choose and/or switch between the blocking and speculative strategies. In this paper, we formulate the reversible speculative computing in large-scale parallel computing as a dynamic linear feedback control (optimization) system model and evaluate its performance in terms of time and cost savings as compared to the traditional (forward) computing. We illustrate with an exact analogy in the form of vehicular travel under dynamic, delayed route information. The objective is to assist in making the optimal decision on what computational approach is to be chosen, by predicting the amount of time and cost savings (or losing) under different environments represented by different parameters and probability distribution functions. We consider the cases of Gaussian, exponential and log-normal distribution functions. The control system is intended for incorporating into speculative parallel applications such as optimistic parallel discrete event simulations to decide at runtime when and to what extent speculative execution can be performed gainfully.
Evaluating a technology supported interactive response system during the laboratory section of a histology course.

Monitoring of student learning through systematic formative assessment is important for adjusting pedagogical strategies. However, traditional formative assessments, such as quizzes and written assignments, may not be sufficiently timely for making adjustments to a learning process. Technology supported formative assessment tools assess student knowledge, allow for immediate feedback, facilitate classroom dialogues, and have the potential to modify student learning strategies. As an attempt to integrate technology supported formative assessment in the laboratory section of an upper-level histology course, the interactive application Learning CatalyticsTM , a cloud-based assessment system, was used. This study conducted during the 2015 Histology courses at Cornell University concluded that this application is helpful for identifying student misconceptions "on-the-go," engaging otherwise marginalized students, and forming a new communication venue between students and instructors. There was no overall difference between grades from topics that used the application and grades from those that did not, and students reported that it only slightly helped improve their understanding of the topic (3.8 ± 0.99 on a five-point Likert scale). However, they highly recommended using it (4.2 ± 0.71). The major limitation was regarding the image display and graphical resolution of this application. Even though students embrace the use of technology, 39% reported benefits of having the traditional light microscope available. This cohort of students led instructors to conclude that the newest tools are not always better, but rather can complement traditional instruction methods. Anat Sci Educ 10: 328-338. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Scientific Eminence Where Are the Women

Women are sparsely represented among psychologists honored for scientific eminence. However, most currently eminent psychologists started their careers when far fewer women pursued training in psychological science. Now that women earn the majority of psychology Ph.D.'s, will they predominate in the next generation's cadre of eminent psychologists? Comparing currently active female and male psychology professors on publication metrics such as the h index provides clues for answering this question. Men outperform women on the h index and its two components: scientific productivity and citations of contributions. To interpret these gender gaps, we first evaluate whether publication metrics are affected by gender bias in obtaining grant support, publishing papers, or gaining citations of published papers. We also consider whether women's chances of attaining eminence are compromised by two intertwined sets of influences: (a) gender bias stemming from social norms pertaining to gender and to science and (b) the choices that individual psychologists make in pursuing their careers.
cis-Jasmone primes defense pathways in tomato via emission of volatile organic compounds and regulation of genes with consequences for Spodoptera exigua oviposition

The role of cis-Jasmone (CJ) in priming plant defense against insect feeding is well documented in the literature. However, little is known about the role of CJ in mediating oviposition behavior of insects via changes in emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we hypothesized that foliar application of CJ will prime induction of plant defense in tomato via enhanced emission of VOCs with consequences for oviposition by Spodoptera exigua, an important pest of tomato. First, we quantified VOCs and the transcript levels of key genes that encode VOC biosynthesis in CJ-treated plants with S. exigua caterpillar infestation (CJI), untreated plants with S. exigua caterpillar infestation (UI), CJ-treated plants without S. exigua caterpillar infestation (CJ), and untreated plants without S. exigua caterpillar infestation (U). Next, oviposition preference of S. exigua was compared between CJI and UI, and between CJ and U. Gas chromatograph coupled-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that several key plant VOCs, including green leaf volatiles, monoterpenes, and a sesquiterpene, were emitted in significantly higher amounts in CJI compared to UI, CJ, or U. Consistent with the GC-MS results, the transcript levels of certain terpene synthase genes involved in the biosynthesis of many VOCs were higher in CJI plants. Consequently, S. exigua laid fewer numbers of eggs on CJI than UI. Moreover, in an in vitro oviposition choice test using filter paper, S. exigua laid significantly fewer eggs on filter papers containing VOCs from CJI compared to UI. These results indicate that CJ treatment followed by caterpillar infestation can prime tomato plant defense with potential ramifications for insect oviposition.
Peer Victimization and Eating Disorder Symptoms in College Students

The extant literature suggests that peer victimization is a risk factor for eating disorders. This study examined the relationships between peer victimization, occurring prior to and during college and three types of eating disorder symptoms (bulimic symptoms, dietary restraint, and drive for muscularity) in undergraduate men and women. Participants completed self-report measures using an online system at two time points approximately eight weeks apart. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses revealed that pre-college peer victimization was associated with higher levels of drive for muscularity and bulimic symptoms. Peer victimization occurring during college predicted increases in all three types of subsequent eating disorder symptoms. Finally, bulimic symptoms, but not dietary restraint or drive for muscularity predicted increases in future peer victimization. The findings expand the understanding of the bidirectional relationship between peer victimization and eating disorder symptoms among college m...
Renting institutions for innovation by emerging market multinationals

How do emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) overcome underdeveloped home legal and financial institutions for innovation? We theorize and find that EMNEs ‘rent’ foreign developed finan...
The Role of Reflection and Context in Medication Adherence Tracking for People Living with HIV

It can be difficult to take time to reflect on healthy habits and goals. For those living with HIV, it is particularly important to have the opportunity to understand when and how their bodies are reacting to certain medications. In this work, we explore how a medication adherence application could help adults with HIV to reflect on their medication tracking behaviors in a way that promotes adherence. We present qualitative data collected through an early design stage activity by means of the Asynchronous Remote Communities (ARC) method, and a survey measuring attitudes toward a prototype application. We discuss two design implications for medication adherence applications: enabling users to record qualitative data that gives context to adherence data, and providing more visual support for reflection on daily medication behaviors.
Double Jeopardy: Child and School Characteristics That Predict Aggressive-Disruptive Behavior in First Grade

High rates of aggressive-disruptive behavior exhibited by children during their initial years of elementary school increase their risk for significant behavioral adjustment problems with teachers and peers. The purpose of the present study was to examine the unique and combined contributions of child vulnerabilities and school context to the development of aggressive-disruptive student behavior during first grade. Parent ratings and child interviews assessed three child characteristics associated with risk for the development of aggressive behavior problems in elementary school (aggressive-disruptive behaviors at home, attention problems, and social cognitions) in a sample of 755 first-grade children in four demographically diverse American communities. Two school characteristics associated with student aggressive-disruptive behavior problems (low-quality classroom context, school poverty levels) were also assessed. Linear and multilevel analyses showed that both child and school characteristics made independent and cumulative contributions to the development of student aggressive-disruptive behavior at school. Although rates of student aggressive-disruptive behavior varied by gender and race, the predictive model generalized across all groups of children in the study.
Inconsistent Detection of Sites of Metastatic Non-Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma with PSMA-Targeted [ 18 F]DCFPyL PET/CT

To investigate the utility of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted [18F]DCFPyL positron emission tomography (PET)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging for the detection of sites of disease in patients with metastatic non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Eight patients with metastatic non-clear cell RCC underwent imaging with PSMA-targeted [18F]DCFPyL PET/CT. Imaged RCC histologic subtypes included papillary RCC (n = 3), chromophobe RCC (n = 2), unclassified RCC (n = 2), and Xp11 translocation RCC (n = 1). Using comparison to conventional CT and/or magnetic resonance imaging as reference, two radiologists with expertise in nuclear medicine identified putative sites of disease on [18F]DCFPyL PET/CT and classified each lesion as having no radiotracer uptake, equivocal uptake, or definitive uptake. In total, 73 metastatic sites and 3 primary tumors compatible with sites of non-clear cell RCC were identified on conventional imaging. Metastatic sites of disease included lymph nodes (n = 40), venous thrombi (n = 3), pulmonary nodules (n = 10), bone lesions (n = 15), brain lesions (n = 3), and retroperitoneal masses (n = 2). Only 10 of the 73 lesions (13.7 %) were classified as having definitive radiotracer uptake (median SUVmax = 3.25, range = 1.2–9.5), 14 lesions (19.2 %) had equivocal uptake (median SUVmax = 2.85, range = 0.5–6.5), and 49 lesions (67.1 %) had no definitive uptake above background (median SUVmax = 1.7, range = 0.2–3.0). The three primary renal tumors demonstrated lower radiotracer avidity relative to surrounding normal renal parenchyma. A small proportion of sites of non-clear cell RCC showed uptake of the PSMA-targeted radiotracer [18F]DCFPyL. Unlike for clear cell RCC, the results of this study indicate that PSMA-based PET is not appropriate for imaging other RCC subtypes.
Research within physical oceanography and submarine geology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography during April 1946 to April 1947

In September 1946, Norris W. Rakestraw joined the staff of the Scripps Institution as Professor of Chemistry. He has been engaged in instruction and the planning of a research program in chemistry. G. F . McEwen has completed the tabulation of a number of functions which repeatedly occur in a variety of oceanographic problems. He continued his work on the theory of dispersion of material in the sea from given area and volume sources, introducing different assumptions regarding initial conditions and coefficients of diffusion. Several of the theoretical results have been applied to questions as to the dispersal of the radioactive material deposited in the water after the atomic bomb explosion at Bikini.
Has the Concept of Opportunities Been Fruitful in the Field of Entrepreneurship

Recent criticisms of the concept of opportunities either ignore the natural evolution of conceptual definitions in all the social sciences (Davidsson, 2015; Davidsson, Recker, & von Briel, 2020) or...
Abstract P332: Weight Cycling is Associated With Poorer Cardiovascular Health Assessed Using AHA’s Life’s Simple 7 in a Diverse Sample of Women Encompassing Different Life Stages

Introduction: Prior research has shown weight cycling, the repetitive pattern of weight loss and regain, is associated with increased CVD risk. There is limited evidence on the association of histo...
Functional protein materials: beyond elastomeric and structural proteins

In the past two decades researchers have shown great interest in mimicking biological structures and their complex structure–property relationships that have evolved from a small number of chemically similar building blocks. The great strides in this field are evident in bio-inspired materials and structures that are making their way into commercial products. Among natural biopolymers, proteins provide a versatile building block with inherent structural and functional complexity that is unmatched by synthetic materials. Herein, we review recent strategies to influence the self-assembly of protein materials whose hierarchical structure may prove useful in a variety of applications, for example in soft-robotics and energy storage.
Kinetic Theory for Nearly Elastic Spheres

The development of kinetic theory is outlined for collisional flows of identical, frictionless, nearly elastic spheres. This leads to balance laws for mass, momentum, and energy, and to constitutive relations for the stress, energy flux, and rate of energy dissipation. Also, the derivation of boundary conditions for the slip velocity and energy flux is sketched for bumpy, frictionless boundaries. Finally, the solution of a boundary-value problem is provided for a dense, steady, collisional shearing flow maintained by the relative motion of parallel, bumpy boundaries.
Competing for Control: Gangs and the Social Order of Prisons

Pyrooz and Decker pull apart the bars on prison gangs to uncover how they compete for control. While there is much speculation about these gangs, there is little solid research. This book draws on interviews with 802 inmates - half of whom were gang members - in two Texas prisons; one of the largest samples of its kind. Using this data, the authors explore how gangs organize and govern, who joins gangs and how they get out, the dark side of gang activities including misconduct and violence, the ways in which gang membership spills onto the street, and the direct and indirect links between the street and prison gangs. Competing for Control captures the nature of gangs in a time of transition, as prison gangs become more horizontal and their power is diffused across groups. There is no study like this one.
Safety and Efficacy of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Deep Spinal Wound Infections After Dural Exposure, Durotomy, or Intradural Surgery.

Background Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for deep spinal wound infections after exposure or opening of the dura can carry significant risks (i.e., cerebrospinal fluid infections and fistulas). In the present study, we reviewed a fairly large and recent experience with such patients. Methods We identified 25 patients with exposure and/or incision of the dura who had undergone NPWT from January 2014 to June 2018 for deep spinal wound infections. The demographic data, specifics of primary surgery and NPWT (i.e., dressing changes, duration, time required for wound healing), patients' clinical course, outcomes, and microbiological findings were studied. Application of a Granufoam vacuum dressing with a continuous negative pressure of 60 mm Hg was performed after proper debridement. Results Of the 25 patients, 13 were women and 12 were men (median age, 69 years). They had primarily undergone treatment for spinal tumors (n = 7), infections and degenerative disease (n = 8 each), or fractures (n = 2), with instrumentation in 18 patients (72%). The dura was exposed in all 25 patients and had been incised in 10 (40%) patients (intended incision, 3; accidental incision, 7). Most patients had been treated for a lumbar wound infection (64%). A microorganism was detected in 84% of the cases, with Staphylococcus aureus accounting for most of the infections (48%). NPWT was concluded after a median of 4 dressing changes (range, 2–14) and 19 days (range, 10–70), with no implant removal required in any patient. NPWT application was observed to be safe without cerebrospinal fluid-related complications. The presence of comorbidities (28% had diabetes) had no effect on the treatment results. Conclusions NPWT can be safely applied for deep spinal wound infections after dura exposure or durotomy during previous spine surgery.
Diversity and Power: Selection Method and Its Impacts on State Executive Descriptive Representation:

This article explores diversity within top leadership positions in state governments, specifically, the role that position selection method plays in promoting the inclusion of racial and ethnic min...
Choquet Integral Analytical Type Inequalities

Based on an amazing result of Sugeno [16], we are able to transfer classic analytic integral inequalities to Choquet integral setting. We give Choquet integral inequalities of the following types: fractional-Polya, Ostrowski, fractional Ostrowski, Hermite–Hadamard, Simpson and Iyengar. We provide several examples for the involved distorted Lebesgue measure. See also [5].
Are We There Yet? Comparing Remote Learning Technologies in the University Classroom

Telepresence robots can empower people to work, play, and learn along with others, despite geographic distance. To investigate the use of telepresence robots for remote attendance of university-level classes, we conducted a study in four courses at our university. We compared student experiences attending class during three distinct phases in three different ways: in person, via state-of-the-art university distance learning tools (DLT), and via a telepresence robot. The results from N = 18 student participants revealed that although class attendance method preferences were split between in-person and DLT attendance, students felt more present, self-aware, and expressive when using a telepresence robot than when using DLT. The instructors of the courses uniformly preferred in-person attendance, but they noted that for remote learning, telepresence would be preferable to DLT use. This work can help to inform telepresence robotics and higher education researchers who wish to improve distance learning technologies.
THREE – LINEAR PROGRAMMING (A GEOMETRIC APPROACH)

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a relatively new area of mathematics called linear programming. The word programming is derived from the early applications of the subject to problems in the programming or allocation of supplies. The transportation problem is an important type of linear programming problem. In this kind of problem there are various warehouses and various stores and the cost of shipping an item from any warehouse to any store is known. A convex set means connecting any two points in the set by a line segment to put the line segment completely in the set. The convex sets are of two types: bounded and unbounded. A bounded set is one that can be enclosed by some suitably large circle, and an unbounded set is one that cannot be so enclosed. A corner point in a convex set is any point in the set that is the intersection of two boundary lines. An optimal solution is a feasible solution that makes the objective function as large or as small as possible.
New England food policy councils: An assessment of organizational structure, policy priorities and public participation

Food policy councils (FPCs) are an increasingly common mechanism to improve participation in food system decision-making. Including individuals from under-represented groups can foster greater understanding of their needs and experiences with food system barriers and is an important part of food justice. However, engaging under-represented groups in food systems decision-making remains challenging for FPCs. This paper presents the results from a survey of FPCs and networks in New England to: (1) identify FPC policy priorities, (2) characterize FPCs engaged in policy initiatives based on attributes which, based on the literature, may impact effective public participation: geographic scale, organization type, capacity, policy priorities, and membership, and (3) analyze methods for engaging the public in FPC policy initiatives and demographic groups and sectors engaged. Findings indicate only half of New England FPCs work on policy efforts. Many surveyed FPCs engage multiple food system sectors and under-represented groups through a combination of different public participation opportunities. However, results indicate that New England FPCs could benefit from a greater focus on engaging under-represented audiences. FPCs interested in engaging more diverse participants should commit to a focus on food justice, strive for representative membership through intentional recruitment, and offer multiple methods to engage the public throughout policy initiatives.
Trends in Deep Learning for Medical Hyperspectral Image Analysis

Deep learning algorithms have seen acute growth of interest in their applications throughout several fields of interest in the last decade, with medical hyperspectral imaging being a particularly promising domain. So far, to the best of our knowledge, there is no review paper that discusses the implementation of deep learning for medical hyperspectral imaging, which is what this work aims to accomplish by examining publications that currently utilize deep learning to perform effective analysis of medical hyperspectral imagery. This paper discusses deep learning concepts that are relevant and applicable to medical hyperspectral imaging analysis, several of which have been implemented since the boom in deep learning. This will comprise of reviewing the use of deep learning for classification, segmentation, and detection in order to investigate the analysis of medical hyperspectral imaging. Lastly, we discuss the current and future challenges pertaining to this discipline and the possible efforts to overcome such trials.
Design of a Machine Learning System for Prediction of Chronic Wound Management Decisions

Chronic wounds affect 6.5 million Americans, are complex conditions to manage and cost $28–$32 billion annually. Although digital solutions exist for non-expert clinicians to accurately segment tissues, analyze affected tissues or efficiently document their wound assessment results, there exists a lack of decision support for non-expert clinicians who usually provide most wound assessments and care decisions at the point of care (POC). We designed a machine learning (ML) system that can accurately predict wound care decisions based on labeled wound image data. The care decisions we predict are based on guidelines for standard wound care and are labeled as: continue the treatment, request a change in treatment, or refer patient to a specialist. In this paper, we demonstrate how our final ML solution using XGboost (XGB) algorithm achieved on average an overall performance of F-1 = .782 using labels given by an expert and a novice decision maker. The key contribution of our research lies in the ability of the ML artifact to use only those wound features (predictors) that require less expertise for novice users when examining wounds to make standard of care decisions (predictions).
Shared decision-making among non-physician healthcare professionals: Enhancing patient involvement in women's reproductive health in community healthcare settings.

Abstract Objective Shared decision-making (SDM) is an important approach to patient-centered care in women’s reproductive healthcare. This study explored SDM experiences and perceptions among non-physician healthcare professionals. Methods We completed 20 key-informant interviews with non-physician healthcare professionals (i.e., NP, RN, CNM, doula, pharmacist, chiropractor) living in Indiana (September 2019-May 2020) who provided community-based women’s reproductive healthcare. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using an expanded grounded theory framework. Constant comparative analysis identified emergent themes. Results Professionals noted community-based healthcare required contextualized decision-making approaches. Results identified listening, decisional ownership, and engagement strategies that enhanced SDM involvement. Findings suggested outcome-oriented SDM concepts, including decisional ownership and investigative listening to enhance SDM. Providers redefined ‘challenging’ patients as engaged in their healthcare and discussed ways SDM improved healthcare experience beyond one visit. Conclusion Findings offered insight into actionable and practical strategies for enhancing SDM in community-based women’s reproductive healthcare. The findings offer strategies to improve SDM by addressing barriers and facilitators among professionals. This extends SDM beyond the patient-physician dyad and supports broader application of SDM. Practice implications Incorporating professionals’ experiences into SDM concepts can enhance SDM in community-based women’s healthcare practice, offering opportunities to support a culture of SDM across settings.
Fibroblast-Specific Proteotranscriptomes Reveal Distinct Fibrotic Signatures of Human Sinoatrial Node in Nonfailing and Failing Hearts.

Background: Up to 50% of the adult human sinoatrial node (SAN) is composed of dense connective tissue. Cardiac diseases including heart failure (HF) may increase fibrosis within the SAN pacemaker c...
Politics and the Professionals: A Note

This working paper, a supplement to the author's prior "'What is Centrism?': An Examination of Centrism as a Conservative Political Philosophy," utilizes the existing sociology on professional groups and the ways in which their social backgrounds, education, work and standing in society may shape their political outlook. It concludes that by and large these are conservative influences which, as numerous observers have suggested in recent years (e.g. Thomas Frank, Michael Lind), incline them toward "centrism" as the author has previously explained it (an adaptation of classical conservative principle to the situation of twentieth century liberal American society).
Touching tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in low-risk ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) correlate with upgrading to high-grade DCIS.

AIMS To examine our hypothesis that a higher number of touching tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in low-risk ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) detected in a setting such as an active surveillance clinical trial correlates with upgrading to high-grade DCIS (HG-DCIS) in the subsequent excisional biopsy. METHODS AND RESULTS The clinical inclusion criteria of the Comparison of Operative versus Monitoring and Endocrine Therapy (COMET) trial were applied to women who were mammographically screened between 2007 and 2017. In the core needle biopsy, touching TILs were assessed by counting the number of TILs touching the ductal basement membrane or away from it by one lymphocyte thickness. The highest number of TILs around a single involved duct and the average number among involved ducts were recorded. DCIS was graded as low or intermediate. Twenty-six of 129 (20.2%) cases had upgrading [14 (10.9%) to pure HG-DCIS, and 12 (9.3%) to invasive carcinoma, two of them with concurrent HG-DCIS]. An increased average number of touching TILs and intermediate-grade DCIS correlated with upgrading to HG-DCIS in 11 of 16 (68.8%) cases, and a decreased average number of touching TILs and low-grade DCIS correlated with no upgrading in 89 of 113 (78.8%) cases [accuracy of 0.775; area under the curve (AUC) of 0.746]. An increased highest number of touching TILs and intermediate-grade DCIS correlated with upgrading to HG-DCIS in 12 of 16 (75%) cases, and a decreased highest number of touching TILs and low-grade DCIS correlated with no upgrading in 82 of 113 (72.6%) cases (accuracy of 0.7287; AUC of 0.734). A highest number of touching TILs of ≥10 correlated with upgrading to invasive carcinoma and/or HG-DCIS (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS Intermediate-grade and touching TILs may be good variables to examine in the COMET trial and to correlate with the risk of upgrading.
Osteoblasts pattern endothelium and somatosensory axons during zebrafish caudal fin organogenesis

Skeletal elements frequently associate with vasculature and somatosensory nerves, which regulate bone development and homeostasis. However, the deep, internal location of bones in many vertebrates has limited in vivo exploration of the neurovascular-bone relationship. Here, we use the zebrafish caudal fin, an optically accessible organ formed of repeating bony ray skeletal units, to determine the cellular relationship between nerves, bones, and endothelium. In adults, we establish the presence of somatosensory axons running through the inside of the bony fin rays, juxtaposed with osteoblasts on the inner hemiray surface. During development, we show the caudal fin progresses through sequential stages of endothelial plexus formation, bony ray addition, ray innervation, and endothelial remodeling. Surprisingly, the initial stages of fin morphogenesis proceed normally in animals lacking either fin endothelium or somatosensory nerves. Instead, we find that sp7+ osteoblasts are required for endothelial remodeling and somatosensory axon innervation in the developing fin. Overall, this study demonstrates that the proximal neurovascular-bone relationship in the adult caudal fin is established during fin organogenesis and suggests that ray-associated osteoblasts pattern axons and endothelium. Summary statementAnalysis of cellular interdependence during caudal fin development reveals roles for osteoblasts in patterning endothelium and somatosensory axon innervation.
Bifidobacterium catabolism of human milk oligosaccharides overrides endogenous competitive exclusion driving colonization and protection

Understanding how exogenous microbes stably colonize the animal gut is essential to reveal mechanisms of action and tailor effective probiotic treatments. Bifidobacterium species are naturally enriched in the gastrointestinal tract of breast-fed infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are associated with this enrichment. However, direct mechanistic proof of the importance of HMOs in this colonization is lacking given milk contains additional factors that impact the gut microbiota. This study examined mice supplemented with the HMO 2'fucosyllactose (2'FL) together with a 2'FL-consuming strain, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum MP80. 2'FL supplementation creates a niche for high levels of B.p. MP80 persistence, similar to Bifidobacterium levels seen in breast-fed infants. This synergism impacted gut microbiota composition, activated anti-inflammatory pathways and protected against chemically-induced colitis. These results demonstrate that bacterial-milk glycan interactions alone drive enrichment of beneficial Bifidobacterium and provide a model for tunable colonization thus facilitating insight into mechanisms of health promotion by bifidobacteriain neonates.
When is Managers' Earnings Guidance Most Influential?

This paper examines the influence of managers' earnings guidance on analysts and investors. Specifically, we analyze whether certain firm characteristics affect how successful management earnings forecasts are at influencing analysts' earnings estimates. We also analyze whether managers' varying degrees of influence with analysts has implications for the relative accuracy of these two groups in predicting earnings. Lastly, we attempt to provide some evidence on how investors utilize managers' earnings guidance as well as analysts' earnings estimates in setting stock prices. We find that managers have a particularly difficult time influencing analysts in circumstances where uncertainty about future earnings is relatively high. This finding suggests that analysts place less weight on managers' earnings guidance in those circumstances where it would presumably be most useful. We also find that analysts deviate most from managers' earnings guidance when doing so results in them having relatively more accurate earnings estimates, ex-post. Our stock price evidence suggests that investors, when faced with a divergence in beliefs between managers and analysts over future earnings, appear to place greater weight on managers' statements. This occurs even though there are circumstances in which analysts have a comparative forecasting advantage.
Principles and Techniques of Schlieren Imaging Systems

This paper presents a review of modern-day schlieren optics system and its application. Schlieren imaging systems provide a powerful technique to visualize changes or nonuniformities in refractive index of air or other transparent media. For over two centuries, schlieren systems were typically implemented for a wide variety of non-intrusive real-time fluid dynamics studies. With the popularization of computational imaging techniques and widespread availability of digital imaging systems, schlieren systems provide novel methods of viewing transparent flow. Innovations such as background-oriented schlieren, rainbow schlieren interferometry, and synthetic schlieren imaging have built upon the fundamentals of schlieren imaging to provide less ambiguous, quantifiable studies of schlieren systems. This paper presents a historical background of the technique, describes the methodology behind the system, presents a mathematical proof of schlieren fundamentals, and lists various recent applications and advancements in schlieren studies.
A Preliminary Model of Radon Exposure

This paper develops a preliminary model of exposure to radon gases. It considers indoor and outdoor exposure to radon in residential and nonresidential settings. Differential exposure associated with level of activity, age, duration and seasonal variation are also considered. Dose equivalents to bronchial epithelium are estimated as the result of type of exposure, activity differentials, age differences, estimated length of exposure, and seasonal variation. The preliminary model of radon exposure draws on a variety of existing data relating to the social, technical and physical health characteristics of radon exposure.
Individual Differences in the Development of Some Attachment Behaviors.

As an outcome of a study undertaken some years ago in Uganda, a number of behavior patterns were identified, through which it was proposed, an infant becomes attached to his mother, and which, when taken together, may serve as criteria for judging that an attachment has been formed (Ainsworth, 1963, 1964, 1967). A second study of the development of infant-mother attachment was then instituted, using a sample of white, middle-class American babies, one of the purposes of which was to trace in detail the development of these patterns of attachment behavior throughout the first year of life. This present report deals with some of the findings of this study in regard to the following: crying; response to brief everyday separations from the mother and to her return afterwards; and behavior relevant to physical contact with her. Attachment behavior has been defined as behavior that promotes contact and/or proximity of an infant to his mother figure (Bowlby, 1958; 1969; Ainsworth & Bell, 1970). Crying is classed as an attach ment behavior because it provides a signal that is likely to bring an infant's mother into proximity or contact with him. The conditions that activate crying are varied—including at first hunger, pain, cold, and probably also being out of contact with companions. Although the conditions of its termination are also various, evidence has accumu lated that crying is often effectively terminated by caretaker behaviors involving close physical contact. (See reviews by Bowlby, 1969; Ain
The effect of visual display on performance in mixed reality simulation

AbstractThe United States Army continues to develop new and effective ways to use simulation for training. One example is the Non-Rated Crew Member Manned Module (NCM3), a simulator designed to train helicopter crewmembers in critical, high-risk tasks such as aerial door gunnery. The goal of this study was to evaluate visual display’s effect on performance in mixed reality aerial door gunnery. Two discrete groups of subjects, expert and novice, were employed in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two visual display treatments and executed three training scenarios in the NCM3. Independent variables were visual display, immersive tendency and Simulator Sickness Questionnaire scores. Dependent variables included performance, presence and simulator sickness change scores. The results of the study indicated no main effect of visual display on performance for the expert population while a main effect of visual display on performance was discovered for the novice population. Both visual...
Prevalence of inversion positive and inversion negative mating type (MAT) alleles and MAT heterokaryons in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the United States.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a yield-limiting pathogen of several economically important crops, and it reproduces sexually by self-fertilization. Based on the presence of an inversion in the mating ...
Antiestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators reduce prostate cancer risk

The development of chemoprevention strategies against prostate cancer would have the greatest overall impact both medically and economically against prostate cancer. Estrogens are required for prostate carcinogenesis. Estrogenic stimulation through estrogen receptor alpha in a milieu of decreasing androgens contributes significantly to the genesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate dysplasia, and prostate cancer. The ability of antiestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) to delay and to suppress prostate carcinogenesis is supported by preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies. SERMs have many features that make them attractive candidates for prostate cancer chemoprevention including their favorable safety profile and efficacy in preclinical prostate cancer models. The true clinical benefits of SERMs for chemoprevention to prevent prostate cancer, however, should continue to be investigated through human clinical trials. A phase IIb/III human clinical trial is currently evaluating safety and efficacy of toremifene, a SERM, in men who have high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.
Characterizing Travel Time Variability in Vehicular Traffic Networks

Modeling travel time reliability requires characterizing travel time distributions. Two key statistics commonly used to describe a distribution are the mean deviation and the standard deviation, with one depicting the central tendency and the other describing the dispersion. Although the mean travel time is easier to measure and predict, the corresponding standard deviation is usually hard to obtain because of the insufficiency of individual trip data. Building on seminal insight that goes back to Herman and Prigogine's kinetic theory, this study explores a robust characterization of travel time variability that provides for a near-linear relation between the standard deviation of travel time per unit distance and the corresponding mean value. Simulation-generated vehicle trajectory data from three road networks are used to explore this relationship. On the basis of multiscale and multilevel analysis, large amounts of data show that these two quantities are highly positively correlated; that is, the dispe...
The Archaeology of the Colonized; An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa

The Archaeology of the Colonized. Michael Given. New York: Routledge, 2004. 187 pp. An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa. Gavin Lucas. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, 2004. 223 pp.
A Service-Learning Project Based on a Research Supportive Curriculum Format in the General Chemistry Laboratory

This article describes a two-semester general chemistry laboratory teaching approach to assist students in gaining experience with science-process skills. The ultimate goal is successful completion of a second-semester service-learning project requiring use of their newly developed science-process skills. The project entails creating an interactive concept-discovery activity to use in a kindergarten through sixth grade (K�6) class. In addition to discovery-based labs as part of their training, a first-semester project requires students to develop their own guided-inquiry discovery-formatted lab; one of which is selected and performed that semester. During the two semesters, problems are solved in teams sharing knowledge, experience is gained in written and oral communication of scientific concepts, and information-gathering techniques are learned. Labs and projects aim to improve students reasoning ability and confidence in their science-based decisions. Students are presented with an opportunity to understand what science is, not just a hands-on experience, and communicate among themselves and with K�6 students.
Focus on the Structure of the Problem in Enrichment or Acceleration Programming for the Gifted and Talented

The problem situations that students encounter in acceleration and enrichment programs for the gifted and talented have a potentially large impact on the development of their problem-solving ability. The acceleration approach as described by Stanley and Benbow (Benbow, 1979; Stanley, 1979) requires students to concentrate on learning the algorithms and strategies necessary for solving “well-structured” problems that are presented to them by an instructor. The enrichment approach of Renzulli and Reis (Renzulli, 1977; Renzulli and Reis, 1985) encourages students to discover problem situations in their school and community and maintains a much greater expectation that students will formulate projects based on “ill-structured” problems. It is concluded that students may practise and thereby learn mutually exclusive problem-solving skills and strategies through involvement in either acceleration or enrichment programs, so an integrated approach to gifted education is advocated on theoretical grounds.
Synthesis of High Aspect Ratio Low-Silica Zeolite L Rods in Oil/Water/Surfactant Mixtures

Low-silica zeolite L (zeolite GL) syntheses in the presence of emulsions were investigated. High aspect ratio rods were obtained when zeolite LTL was crystallized in the presence of both cationic and nonionic two-phase emulsions. Conventional syntheses of zeolite L primarily led to low aspect ratio crystals possessing a length/width ratio of approximately 1.5. In the presence of the emulsion aspect ratios were increased with most samples possessing aspect ratios between 5 and 10, although crystals were observed with aspect ratios as high as 42. TEM analysis indicates the LTL pores are parallel to the long axis of the crystals. It is observed that anisotropic crystals are formed when the surfactant (CTAB) to cation ratio is below 3.5. By contrast when the CTAB/(Ba2++K+) is greater than four the LTL phase does not form. Igepal CO-720 was also used to determine if similar high aspect ratio crystals could be formed in nonionic emulsions. While the nonionic emulsions also led to LTL rods, the phase purity of t...
Les propriétés diélectriques de HBr et de DBr à l'état solide

Mesure des proprietes dielectriques de HBr et DBr solides dans une gamme beaucoup plus etendue de temperatures et de frequences (8o c : S-20 Mc : s) que ne l'avaient fait Smyth et Hitchcock [1], qui n'avaient d'ailleurs etudie que HBr. Ces recherches confirment les resultats acquis en ce qui concerne le domaine de dispersion electrique de frequence relativement basse qui disparait subitement au premier point de transition (point λ) de ces cristaux. Elles apportent, en outre, des faits nouveaux : I° Existence d'un second domaine de dispersion de frequence plus elevee, domaine qui subsiste au-dessus du point λ et s'amplifie encore; 2° La courbe du logarithme de la frequence critique en fonction de l'inverse de la temperature absolue a ete etablie pour les deux corps et les deux domaines de dispersion. On peut en deduire les energies d'activation, la hauteur des barrieres de potentiel qui s'opposent a l'orientation des molecules par le champ. Mais la courbe correspondant a la dispersion en basse frequence de HBr semble aberrante, tandis que celle de DBr apparait comme normale (sensiblement une droite). L'auteur presente un essai d'interpretation theorique de ces faits nouveaux. Le second peut s'expliquer en assez bon accord avec l'experience par un effet tunnel de rotatlon present dans HBr, negligeable dans DBr, par suite de la difference des masses de H et D.
Tetrahydrofuran-propylene oxide copolymers: 1. End-group analysis by 13C n.m.r. and the mechanistic inferences

Abstract The boron trifluoride catalysed copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran and propylene oxide in the presence of 1,4-butanediol leads to linear, difunctional copolymers. The 13C n.m.r. spectra of these copolymers are exceptionally informative in that the compositions, the molecular weights and the types of end-groups can all be obtained independently from both regions of the spectrum. The types of end-groups were identified by an off-resonance and a gated decoupling technique. No tetrahydrofuran end-groups were found. Only propylene oxide end-groups with a 2:1 ratio of secondary alcohol to primary alcohol were observed, regardless of the composition or the molecular weight of the polymer. The propylene oxide end-groups of the copolymer are considered to be formed by initial propagation reactions. These reactions are the attack of either monomer on the protonated propylene oxide to open the oxirane ring and form a cyclic oxonium ion. Attack on protonated tetrahydrofuran is thought not to lead to initiation. 1,4-Butanediol serves as a chain transfer agent and thereby regulates the molecular weight of the copolymer. Polymerization stops when all propylene oxide has been consumed because no new chains can be initiated by the remaining tetrahydrofuran.