cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decreased biosynthesis of Forssman glycolipid after retinoic acid-induced differentiation of mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Lectin-affinity chromatography of the glycolipid-derived oligosaccharide.

Abstract Glycolipids synthesized by the mouse teratocarcinoma F9 cells and F9 cells (RA/F9 cells) induced to differentiate by a 3-day treatment with 0.1μ m all- trans -retinoic acid were analyzed. Both F9 cells and RA/F9 cells were incubated in media containing either d -[6- 3 H]galactose or d -[6- 3 H]glucosamine; the metabolically-radiolabeled glycolipids were isolated and the oligosaccharides were released from the glycolipids by ozonolysis and alkali fragmentation. From both cells, a single major pentasaccharide was isolated from the mixture of neutral [ p3 H]oligosaccharides by affinity chromatogrpahy on a column of immobilized Helix pomatia agglutinin. The structure of this oligosaccharide was analyzed by methylation analysis and specific exoglycosidase treatments and identified as the Forssman pentasaccharide α- d -Gal p NAc-(1→3)-β- d -Gal p NAc-(1→4)-α- d -Gal p -(1→4)-β- d -Gal p -(1→4)- d -Glc. There was a 3–4-fold decreased amount of the Forssman pentasaccharide from RA/F9 cells relative to F9 cells. In contrast, there were no major differences between these cells in the levels of globoside, the precursor to Forssman glycolipid. To investigate the basis for the decline in Forssman glycolipid synthesis upon differentiation, the activity of UDP- d -Gal-NAc:GbOse 4 Cer α-(1→3)- N -acetyl- d -galactosaminyltransferase (Forssman synthase) was determined in extracts of both the F9 and RA/F9 cells. The specific activity of Forssman synthase was approximately 70% lower in differentiated relative to the nondifferentiation cells. These data demonstrated that F9 cells synthesize authentic Forssman glycolipid, and that its expression and the activity of Forssman synthase were decreased following induced cellular differentiation.
Generalized Perturbation Theory and its Application to the Problem of the Description of Electron Correlation in Atoms and Molecules

For the case in which the zeroth-order wave function is a single Slater determinant of arbitrary orthonormal spin-orbitals, the exact wave function can be expressed in terms of a cluster-type expansion. If perturbation theory is applied in the standard (and systematic) fashion to the Schr\"odinger equation for the cluster functions, a generalized form of Rayleigh-Schr\"odinger perturbation theory (GPT) is obtained. Although GPT is quite flexible, the form presented in this work is chosen so that the terms initially calculated in GPT correspond as closely as possible to the starting points in the theories of Sinano\ifmmode \breve{g}\else \u{g}\fi{}lu, Kelly, Conkie, Nesbet, and others.The first-order corrections to the wave function in GPT are written in terms of one- and two-electron functions which respectively describe the perturbative corrections for the motion of one and two electrons in the field of the remaining electrons which are in their ground-state orbitals (i.e., perturbative Bethe-Goldstone-like equations). This is a more physical starting point than the first-order wave function of ordinary Rayleigh-Schr\"odinger perturbation theory (OPT), and GPT should be much more rapidly convergent than OPT.By analogy with OPT, GPT also has a $2n+1$ rule, a variational principle for the $n\mathrm{th}$-order energy and the ${2}^{n}\mathrm{th}$-order wave function, and interchange theorems of double-perturbation theory. As in OPT, the equations of GPT can be solved by the use of correlated functions; however, in GPT, ${H}_{0}$ is not required, and the zeroth-order spin-orbitals need not all be eigenfunctions of the same one-electron Hamiltonian.
Advancing therapy for hypercholesterolemia.

Importance of the field: Hypercholesterolemia holds a key role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and is a causative factor of coronary artery disease. Current guidelines for cholesterol treatment target low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) as the primary goal of therapy. Despite advances in the pharmacotherapy of atherosclerosis, the most successful agents used to treat this disease – HMG CoA reductase inhibitors – remain ineffective for the primary or secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in 50 – 60% of patients. Advancing therapy for hypercholesterolemia with new-emerging drugs either as monotherapy or in combination will hopefully improve cardiovascular outcomes.Areas covered in this review: The two major sources of cholesterol in the human body are: i) biosynthesis of cholesterol by the liver; and ii) absorption by the intestines. Both play a pivotal role in the overall balance of cholesterol. A recent and more effective therapeutic strategy is to treat both sources of cholester...
Some New Approaches to Machine Learning

Five different but interrelated models of learning have been established within a complex computer program. These models incorporate mechanisms that optimize response patterns on algorithmic and heuristic bases; make abstractions at different levels; produce value judgements; recognize, modify, store, and retrieve geometrical patterns; and exhibit, in general, many aspects of intelligent behavior. Both the teacher and the learner are simulated in the machine. In one model, the program follows a qualitatively new kind of learning process in generating its own strategy and improving it on the basis of experience. The method enables the learner to exceed the playing quality of the teacher. It is suggested that the methods and techniques employed in the project may be useful in mechanizing some problem-solving activities that can be reduced to pattern recognition, such as meteorological forecasting, medical diagnosis, traffic control, and so on. No deliberate attempt has been made to imitate humans.
A three-step method for isolating a few to several hundred milligrams of protein.

Abstract An operationally simple general protein isolation method was devised from three previously available separation tools, and was tested by application to two demanding fractionation problems and for yield. One test system was the isolation by gel electrofocusing of two model proteins with p I values of 4.6 and 4.8, bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, with a load of 220 mg each. The other test was the isolation of 10 mg of human growth hormone isohormone B from a mixture of closely migrating other isohormones. The three-step procedure comprises of: (1) separation into zones of homogeneous protein by gel electrofocusing; (2) excision of the zones of homogeneous protein from the gel followed by concentration of the protein to a small volume of solution by means of Steady-State Stacking; (3) purification from polyacrylamide-like contaminants and non-volatile buffers by gel filtration followed by lyophilization. The average overall recovery was 70–80%.
Potential Infinite Models and Ontologically Neutral Logic

The paper begins with a more carefully stated version of ontologically neutral (ON) logic, originally introduced in (Hailperin, 1997). A non-infinitistic semantics which includes a definition of potential infinite validity follows. It is shown, without appeal to the actual infinite, that this notion provides a necessary and sufficient condition for provability in ON logic.
Consistency evaluation between EGSnrc and Geant4 charged particle transport in an equilibrium magnetic field

Following the proposal by several groups to integrate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with radiation therapy, much attention has been afforded to examining the impact of strong (on the order of a Tesla) transverse magnetic fields on photon dose distributions. The effect of the magnetic field on dose distributions must be considered in order to take full advantage of the benefits of real-time intra-fraction imaging. In this investigation, we compared the handling of particle transport in magnetic fields between two Monte Carlo codes, EGSnrc and Geant4, to analyze various aspects of their electromagnetic transport algorithms; both codes are well-benchmarked for medical physics applications in the absence of magnetic fields. A water-air-water slab phantom and a water-lung-water slab phantom were used to highlight dose perturbations near high- and low-density interfaces. We have implemented a method of calculating the Lorentz force in EGSnrc based on theoretical models in literature, and show very good consistency between the two Monte Carlo codes. This investigation further demonstrates the importance of accurate dosimetry for MRI-guided radiation therapy (MRIgRT), and facilitates the integration of a ViewRay MRIgRT system in the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Radiation Oncology Department.
Root cation exchange capacity of sugarcane: An evaluation of methods

An investigation was undertaken to select the appropriate methods and sampling times for measuring root cation exchange capacity (CEC) for four sugarcane cultivars (H50–7209, H57–5174, NCo 310 and H56–5840) grown in solution and soil culture. The three methods selected for measuring root CEC in decreasing order of differentiation between cultivars, were isotope (Ca45) dilution method using chilled fresh roots, calcium adsorption method using chilled fresh roots and a titration method using ground dry roots. The root CEC results were expressed as CEC/weight (mEq/l00 g dry roots) and CEC/area (mEq/100 g saturated calcium nitrate solution; this measures the surface area index of the root). The range of CEC values for roots was narrow between the cultivars examined. In these experiments CEC/area were different for the four cultivars in the same order of ranking. The values of CEC/weight were large when measured at 60 days in solution culture and at 120 days in soil culture. The CEC/area for the roots of sugarcane cultivars H50–7209, H57–5174, NCo 310 and H56–584O at 60 days in solution culture as measured by isotope dilution method were 0.40, 0.45, 0.50 and 0.51 mEq/100 g saturated calcium nitrate solution, respectively.
Physiologic hyperinsulinemia stimulates lactate extraction by heart muscle in the conscious dog.

The effect of physiologic hyperinsulinemia on the net balance of lactate, glucose, and free fatty acids across the heart was studied in eight normal postabsorptive conscious dogs. After obtaining basal measurements of myocardial substrate balance, arterial plasma insulin was increased from 8 ± 1 to 68 ± 14 μU/mL while blood glucose was maintained constant (64 ± 1 mg/dL) using the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Myocardial lactate uptake increased nearly fourfold, from 5.8 ± 1.8 to 22.4 ± 2.9 μmol/min (P < .005). Despite a small increase in arterial lactate concentration from 0.46 ± 0.08 to 0.79 ± 0.11 mmol/L (P < .02), the lactate extraction fraction increased from 23% ± 7% to 54% ± 2% (P < .001) indicating an increased efficiency of lactate extraction. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia led to a comparable increase in myocardial glucose uptake (6.7 ± 2.3 to 18.2 ± 3.7 μmol/min, P < .05). Arterial free fatty acid concentrations fell from 1.06 ± 0.13 to 0.35 ± 0.06 mmol/L (P < .001) with a concomitant decline in the myocardial uptake of free fatty acids from 18.5 ± 5.3 to 5.8 ± 2.9 μmol/min (P < .05). These results indicate that physiologic hyperinsulinemia increases lactate as well as glucose uptake in normal heart muscle.
Photoacclimation of Chlorella vulgaris to Red Light from Light-Emitting Diodes Leads to Autospore Release Following Each Cellular Division

The detailed light requirement for photosynthesis and photoautotrophic cell growth can be assessed using solid state technology. Advanced light-emitting diodes (LEDs), constructed with double-power double-heterostructure (DDH) gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) chips, were examined for their ability to support mass culture of the eucaryotic alga Chlorella vulgaris. LEDs with peak emittance of 680 nm (with half-power band width of 20 nm) were used as a sole light source for the cultivation of C. vulgaris. Fluorescent light (FL) served as a control. The final cell mass and specific cellular growth rate under LEDs were comparable to those obtained under full-spectrum light (FL). The narrow-spectrum monochromatic red light was found to reduce the average cell volume from 60 μm3 to 30 μm3, and to make the size distribution and the per cell DNA distribution narrower, but did not affect the total biomass production. By switching light sources, the two distinct cell population states (obtained under red LEDs and FL, respectively) were found to be interchangeable. Two parametric flow cytometric analyses showed that the cells grown under red LED light had a more uniform DNA content at all cell sizes, as compared to cells grown under FL. These results show that the critical cell size for releasing autospores under red LED is smaller than that under FL. The number of autospores in one mother cell when grown under LED light appeared to be two, so that the mother cells break up after only one round of DNA replication. Although the solid state LED light source altered the cell cycle behavior of C. vulgaris, it can be used as an effective light source for autotrophic growth. Use of LEDs therefore promises to advance the current state of algal photobioreactors due to their efficiency, smallness, reliability, long lifetime, and desirable light characteristics.
Accuracy of modal stress calculations by the finite element method

Geometrically exact finite element for thin shells of revolution, using approximation to predict boundary layer stress distribution during vibration
Block Island, Rhode Island: Evidence of fluctuation of the late Pleistocene ice margin

Superimposed drift sheets on Block Island provide evidence of two advances of the late Pleistocene glacial margin. The lower Montauk Drift crops out as two till units separated by a deformed stratified unit or till over outwash. It closely resembles the drift at Montauk Point, Long Island. This complex unit was probably deposited by a glacial lobe that moved across the Narragansett Bay region. The upper New Shoreham Drift forms the morainal topography of the island and was probably derived from a glacial lobe that crossed the Connecticut region. The stratigraphy indicates that an oscillating early Wisconsinan ice sheet deposited the Montauk Drift and subsequently receded from its terminal position. Laminated silt, sand, and clay (varves?) were deposited in a proglacial lake, and irregularly stratified silt was deposited as alluvium adjacent to the end moraine. With the advance of the late Wisconsinan glacier, the New Shoreham Drift was deposited. This ice overrode and deformed existing drift and created a drumlin field and prominent morainal topography.
Post-Master’s Residency Programs: Enhancing the Development of New Professionals and Minority Recruitment in Academic and Research Libraries

Two of the greatest human resource concerns in academic and research libraries are the preparation of new library professionals and the recruitment of underrepresented minorities. The lack of practical experience and the changing competencies required of new graduates are discussed frequently at professional meetings and in the library literature. Diversity initiatives on college and university campuses and within the ALA also have raised awareness of the underrepresentation of minority librarians. Post-master’s residency programs are one approach that academic and research libraries have used to address these continuing human resource concerns. This article examines post-master’s residency programs from the perspective of former residents. The survey findings present important information for libraries that currently host residency programs or are considering implementing new residency programs in the future, as well as for library educators.
The Regulation of Hepatic Protein Synthesis during Fasting in the Rat

We have studied translational control in the model of 48 h of fasting in the rat. Our initial observations showed a paradoxical increase in ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) phosphorylation and a decrease in eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation. These effects, which would favor an increase in protein synthesis, could be attributed to increased circulating concentrations of branched-chain amino acids in fasting. To determine what mechanisms might account for decreased hepatic translation in fasting, we examined the cap binding complex. eIF4E-bound 4E-BP1 did not increase. However, eIF4E-bound eIF4G and total cellular eIF4G were profoundly decreased in fasted liver. eIF4G mRNA levels were not lower after fasting. Based on the hypothesis that decreased eIF4G translation might account for the reduced eIF4G content, we fractionated ribosomes by sucrose density centrifugation. Immunoblotting for rpS6 showed modest polysomal disaggregation upon fasting. PCR analysis of polysome profiles revealed that a spectrum of mRNAs undergo different translational regulation in the fasted state. In particular, eIF4G was minimally affected by fasting. This indicated that reduced eIF4G abundance in fasting may be a function of its stability, whereas its recovery upon refeeding is necessarily independent of its own involvement in the cap binding complex. Western immunoblotting of polysome fractions showed that phosphorylated rpS6 was disproportionately present in translating polysomes in fed and fasted animals, consistent with a role in translational control. However, the translation of rpS8, an mRNA with a 5′-oligopyrimidine tract, did not coincide with rpS6 phosphorylation, thus dissociating rpS6 phosphorylation from the translational control of this subset of mRNAs.
Fast soldering reactions on Au foils

We have studied the wetting behaviors and interfacial reactions of Pb‐containing (63Sn‐37Pb, 95Pb‐5Sn) and Pb‐free solders (pure Sn, 96Sn‐4Ag, 57Bi‐43Sn, 77.2Sn‐20In‐2.8Ag) on Au foils in order to understand the role of Pb in Pb‐based solders. Surface morphology, wetting angle, and interfacial reaction of the solders were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X‐ray Analysis (EDX). Pb‐containing and Pb‐free solders (pure Sn, 96Sn‐4Ag, 77.2Sn‐20In‐2.8Ag) showed rough surfaces due to the precipitation of intermetallic compounds on the surface of the solder caps. The eutectic SnBi (57Bi‐43Sn) solder, however, showed a smoother surface. The wetting angle of the eutectic SnPb (63Sn‐37Pb), pure Sn, 96Sn‐4Ag, and 77.2Sn‐20In‐2.8Ag solders decreased significantly with reflow time, while the eutectic SnBi and 95Pb‐5Sn solders showed a much smaller decrease. A large amount of intermetallic compounds was formed throughout the entire region of the solder cap for the eutectic SnPb, 96Sn‐4Ag, 95Pb‐5Sn, and 77.2Sn‐20In‐2.8Ag, mainly due to the high solubility of Au in these solders. Slow intermetallic compound growth was observed for the eutectic SnBi solder.
A feasibility assessment Defense Regional Telecommunications Systems (DRTS)

It is pointed out that the present Defense Communications Systems will evolve to a modern integrated worldwide information system that permits geographically dispersed defense establishments to economically share and exchange information. The future network, the Defence Information Systems Network (DISN), is now being formulated. A fundamental architectural attribute of the DISN is the inclusion of three serving areas, the local base, the regional area, and the long-haul interconnecting structure. The authors discuss the results of a study which was initiated to perform a feasibility assessment of integrating and consolidating telecommunications (voice, data, and video) services within a regional area. A regional area consists of a number of military bases which are situated within close geographic proximity. All of the services and defense agencies within the region will become part of a single unified communications service network. Based on information collected and analyzed for two regions, results have shown that regionalization can provide economic benefits. >
An Analysis of 17 Years of Voyager Observations of the Diffuse Far-Ultraviolet Radiation Field

We have systematically reduced 17 years of data from the Voyager ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) archives, from which we have obtained 431 spectra that place useful limits on the diffuse far-ultraviolet radiation field between 912 and 1100 A. We observe a large range in brightnesses ranging from upper limits of 30 photons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 A-1. The diffuse background is correlated with the integrated TD-1 flux near the line of sight but shows no correlation with N(H I). We place a 1 σ upper limit of 30 photons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 A-1 on the level of an isotropic extragalactic continuum. We have modeled and characterized the observed heliospheric H I and He I emission lines in the outer solar system as a function of heliospheric distance, apex angle from the direction of the inflowing interstellar wind, and time as specified by subspacecraft solar intensity. This modeling adequately reproduces observed intensities over a range of heliospheric distances of 15-50 AU, for an unrestricted range of look directions, and for a 12 year period (covering 1 solar cycle).
Gelling Properties of Egg White Produced Using a Conventional and a Low-shear Reverse Osmosis Process

Gelling properties of heat-induced egg white (EW) powders obtained using a conventional (control) and a reverse osmosis (RO) process were investigated under different pHs (3-9) and protein concentrations (5-20%) by dynamic and uniaxial compression rheological tests. At pH 9, temperature sweep tests indicated that gelation behavior of RO and control samples were similar. Both gelation temperature and G' were concentration-dependent; the increase in G' with concentration followed a power-law relationship with an exponent of 2.42. Failure stress and strain of cured gels were concentration- and pH-dependent but were not significantly (p = 0.05) different for the two powders. Results suggest that gelling properties of EW powders are not significantly affected by the RO treatment. Dans cette etude, les proprietes gelifiantes de 2 poudres de blanc d'oeuf, produites par un procede conventionnel et un procede comprenant une osmose inverse, sont examinees par des tests de cisaillement oscillatoire a faible amplitude et de compression uniaxiale. Les proprietes rheologiques et mecaniques sont etudiees a des concentrations en proteines et des valeurs de pH variees. Cette etude determine si la concentration du blanc d'oeuf liquide par osmose inverse affecte les proprietes du blanc d'oeuf seche par pulverisation.
From back‐room curiosity to mainstream design tool: a short history of CFD modelling at Alcoa World Alumina

This article briefly reviews the history of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling at Alcoa over the past decade. Case studies from mechanical, chemical and environmental engineering have been used to demonstrate how CFD has changed from something of a back-room curiosity into a mainstream engineering design and retrofit tool. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Radial Velocities of Globular Clusters

The following discussion of the radial velocities of globular clusters originated in conversations which I had with Dr. Zwicky of the California Institute of Technology during my stay at the Mount Wilson Observatory. Since it depends essentially on the validity of Stromberg's solution for the motion of the sun relative to the system of the globular clusters,(1) it will be useful to consider this solution, the more so because v. d. Pahlen and Freundlich(2) have objected to it and have concluded that the motion of the sun is probably in a direction almost at right angles to that found by Stromberg.
Soil texture and nitrogen mineralization potential across a riparian toposequence in a semi-arid savanna

Soil texture is an important influence on nutrient cycling in upland soils, with documented relationships between mineral particle size distribution and organic matter retention, nitrogen (N) mineralization, microbial biomass and other soil properties. However, little is known of the role of mineral particle size in riparian soils, where fluvial sorting creates strong spatial contrasts in the size distribution of sediments in sedimentary landforms. We studied total organic carbon (TOC) and total N (TN) storage and net N mineralization relative to soil texture and landform in soils of a riparian toposequence along the Phugwane River in Kruger National Park, South Africa. TOC, TN and potential N mineralization related strongly to particle size distribution in all soils along the toposequence. TOC and TN were positively correlated with silt and clay concentration (r2 =0.78). In long-term laboratory incubations, N mineralization was greatest in fine-textured, N-rich soils, although the proportions of soil N mineralized were inversely related to fine particle concentrations (r2=0.61). There were differences in TOC, TN and potential N mineralization among landform types, but none of these soil properties were statistically significant after accounting for the effect of particle size. These results demonstrate the influence of particle size in mediating N retention and mineralization in these soils. Predictable differences in soil texture across alluvial landforms contribute to corresponding contrasts in soil conditions, and may play an important role in structuring riparian soil and plant communities.
Young children's free play and problem‐solving ability

Abstract This study was initiated to experimentally demonstrate a relationship between young children's play behavior and problem‐solving ability. Preschool children were initially given the opportunity to either view a puppet show demonstration or engage in undirected play with a variety of materials which were later presented in a task. The children in the free play group were shown to perform as well on both aspects of the task as those who viewed the demonstrations. The four demonstration groups were shown either the solution to the first or both phases of the problem‐solving task and were either allowed to physically manipulate and repeat the demonstration instructions or to passively view them. It was concluded that the exploratory and manipulatory characteristics of play contributed to a general problem‐solving ability which can be specifically applied to successful solution of a task.
Cardioprotection via preserved mitochondrial structure and function in the mPer2-mutant mouse myocardium.

We have previously shown that myocardial infarct size in nonreperfused hearts of mice with a functional deletion of the circadian rhythm gene mPer2 (mPer2-M) was reduced by 43%. We hypothesized tha...
Hydroxyl radical generation by microsomes after chronic ethanol consumption.

The effect of iron and other compounds known to be toxic because of the production of oxygen radicals, e.g., paraquat and menadione on the generation of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) by microsomes from chronic ethanol-fed rats and their pair-fed controls was determined. In the absence of any additions, or in the presence of ferric-chloride, -ADP or -EDTA, microsomes from the ethanol-fed rats showed a 2-fold increase in the production of .OH. Paraquat and menadione increased the generation of .OH by microsomes from the ethanol-fed and the pair-fed controls to an identical extent and thus these promoters of oxidative stress were not any more effective in interacting with microsomes after ethanol treatment. Under all conditions, .OH generation was sensitive to inhibition by catalase, implicating H2O2 as the precursor of .OH, whereas superoxide dismutase was without any significant effect. A working scheme to accommodate aspects of the interaction of iron, menadione and paraquat with microsomes with the subsequent production of .OH is described. The fact that .OH generation by microsomes in the presence of several sources of iron such as unchelated iron or ferric-ADP is elevated after chronic ethanol consumption could contribute to the hepatotoxic effects of ethanol. Studies on iron metabolism by liver cells and the effect of ethanol on the disposition of this critical trace metal are needed to further evaluate the role of oxygen radicals in the actions of ethanol.
The EGL-4 PKG Acts With KIN-29 Salt-Inducible Kinase and Protein Kinase A to Regulate Chemoreceptor Gene Expression and Sensory Behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans

The regulation of chemoreceptor (CR) gene expression by environmental signals and internal cues may contribute to the modulation of multiple physiological processes and behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. We previously showed that KIN-29, a homolog of salt-inducible kinase, acts in sensory neurons to regulate the expression of a subset of CR genes, as well as sensory behaviors. Here we show that the cGMP-dependent protein kinase EGL-4 acts partly in parallel with KIN-29 to regulate CR gene expression. Sensory inputs inhibit both EGL-4 and KIN-29 functions, and KIN-29 function is inhibited in turn by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activation. EGL-4 and KIN-29 regulate CR gene expression by antagonizing the gene repression functions of the class II HDAC HDA-4 and the MEF-2 transcription factor, and KIN-29, EGL-4, and PKA target distinct residues in HDA-4 to regulate its function and subcellular localization. While KIN-29 acts primarily via MEF-2/HDA-4 to regulate additional sensory signal-regulated physiological processes and behaviors, EGL-4 acts via both MEF-2-dependent and -independent pathways. Our results suggest that integration of complex sensory inputs via multiple signaling pathways allows animals to precisely regulate sensory gene expression, thereby appropriately modulating physiology and behavior.
Performance and scalability of self-organizing hierarchical ad hoc wireless networks

A novel self-organizing hierarchical architecture is proposed for improving the performance and scalability properties of ad hoc wireless networks. This paper presents the results of a simulation study of the performance and throughput capacity of a specific three-tier hierarchical ad hoc network with 802.11 radios, forwarding nodes and access points. The performance of the proposed hierarchical network is evaluated for two well-known classes of ad hoc routing protocols: dynamic source routing (DSR) and ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), and compared with that of a conventional "flat" ad hoc network. The results for an example sensor network scenario have shown significant capacity increases with the hierarchical architecture for both DSR and AODV cases. Modifications to ad hoc routing metrics for energy efficiency are also considered. The scalability properties of the three-tier hierarchy are studied further in terms of the achievable system capacity as a function of the relative densities of sensor nodes, forwarding nodes and access points. It is shown that the capacity of the three-tier hierarchical network scales well when the number of forwarding nodes and access points are increased in the right proportions.
Laparoscopic Transumbilical Cholecystectomy Without Visible Abdominal Scars

We present a novel surgical technique for cholecystectomy utilizing three laparoscopic ports placed through the umbilicus. This new method is natural orifice transumbilical surgery (NOTUS) and describes a laparoscopic operation that can be performed with all incisions placed within the umbilicus obviating visible abdominal scars. To develop a novel laparoscopic surgical technique for cholecystectomy utilizing only transumbilical incisions. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has become an exciting area of surgical development. Significant limitations to this surgical concept, however, are lack of surgical expertise and appropriate flexible instrumentation. An alternative and competing technology to NOTES is NOTUS. We describe a patient in whom a laparoscopic surgical technique for cholecystectomy utilized incisions all placed entirely within the umbilicus. This new technique is called NOTUS and describes a laparoscopic operation that can be performed without visible abdominal scar. The operative time was 70 min. There were no intraoperative complications. The patient did well postoperatively and was discharged on the same operative day. There were no postoperative complications at 2 months follow-up. Cholecystectomy performed through laparoscopic incisions placed within the umbilicus was technically feasible and safe in our patient. Development of advanced flexible instrumentation and visualization platforms may facilitate this new operative approach. Further advantages of NOTUS cholecystectomy compared to conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy will ultimately require a randomized clinical trial.
TEN-YEAR CHANGES IN THE OBESITY, ABDOMINAL ADIPOSITY, AND SERUM LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL MEASURES OF WESTERN SAMOAN MEN

Abstract Previously reported associations between abdominal adiposity and coronary heart disease (CHD) may be mediated through serum lipids. In the present longitudinal study, 43 Western Samoan men who participated in a 1982 study were recontacted for a second determination of anthropometric and serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The men showed dramatic increases in weight (mean change ± SD: 10.5 ± 8.8 kg), abdominal circumference (10.0 ± 7.6 cm), total cholesterol (49.5 ± 26.4 mg/dl), and non-HDL cholesterol (53.1 ± 26.6 mg/dl). A new indicator was used to estimate changes in abdominal adiposity: the residual from the regression of change in the abdominal circumference on change in body weight (the AR). The AR was significantly correlated with changes in total ( r = 0.38) and non-HDL cholesterol ( r = 0.39). Changes in HDL cholesterol were correlated with changes in weight only ( r = −0.37). These bivariate relations remained significant in multiple linear regression analyses. These longitudinal results are the first to suggest changes in abdominal adiposity are related to changes in total and non-HDL cholesterol levels.
Concentrations of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in pituitary tissue of orchidectomized sheep: effect of estradiol and GnRH.

The effects of estradiol (E 2) and E 2 withdrawal on tissue concentrations of GnRH receptor mRNA were assessed in orchidectomized sheep (wethers). Wethers received E 2 (in 20% ethanol-saline Ivehiclel) by continuous infusion at rates of 0.31, 1.25, 5, or 20 pg/h (n = 12 animals per group). Control animals received vehicle alone. Anterior pituitary tissue was collected at the end of the 48-h infusion period. Steady-state levels of GnRH receptor mRNA were quantified by solution hybridization. Tissue levels of mRNA were significantly increased above control levels (0.5 0.1 pg/pg RNA) by E 2 infusion at 1.25 pg/h (1.4 + 0.2 pg/plg RNA). Maximal tissue concentrations of GnRH receptor mRNA were induced by E 2delivery at 5 pg/h (2.4 ± 0.3 pg/pg RNA). In a second study, wethers (n = 6 animals per group) received 5 pg E 2/h for 24 h. Pituitary tissue was collected at the end of the infusion period or at 12, 24, or 48 h after cessation of E2 delivery. Infusion of E 2 induced a 6-fold increase in GnRH receptor mRNA (0.4 + 0.1 and 2.9 ± 0.6 pg/pg RNA in control and E2-treated groups, respectively). Cessation of E 2 delivery resulted in rapid reduction in steady-state levels of GnRH receptor mRNA. Tissue concentrations of receptor mRNA returned to pretreatment levels within 12 h of E 2 withdrawal (0.6 + 0.1 pg/pg RNA). In a third study, the concentration of GnRH receptor mRNA was determined in pituitary tissue collected during preovulatory surge-like secretion induced in E 2-infused wethers by episodic delivery of high-amplitude GnRH (1600 ng GnRH per hourly pulse). Estradiol (5 ig/ml in 10% ethanol-saline) was delivered as a continuous infusion. Episodic delivery of GnRH was initiated 24 h after E 2 infusion was begun, and concurrent administration of E 2 and episodic GnRH was continued to slaughter. Anterior pituitary tissue was collected at 0, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h after beginning circhoral delivery of GnRH (n = 6 wethers per group). As noted above, continuous infusion of E 2 for 24 h significantly increased tissue concentrations of GnRH receptor mRNA. However, steady-state levels of GnRH receptor mRNA were returned to pretreatment levels after 3 h of circhoral delivery of GnRH (0.4 ± 0.1 pg/pg RNA). Taken together, these data demonstrate that physiological concentrations of E 2 increase steady-state levels of GnRH receptor mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, continued estrogenic support is required to maintain enhanced tissue concentrations of GnRH receptor mRNA. Finally, high-amplitude GnRH stimulation induces down-regulation of tissue levels of GnRH receptor mRNA. These data suggest that the dynamic changes in tissue concentrations of GnRH receptor mRNA during the periovulatory period may be due to the inductive effects of gonadal steroids from the developing follicle and to the combined suppressive effects of the increased GnRH stimulation and E 2 withdrawal that are associated with the gonadotropin surge.
The effect of sales and collection disclosures on cash flow forecasting and income smoothing

. Based on a model of sales and collection events of a firm, this paper analyzes the effect of different levels of disclosures about the two events on cash flow forecasting and income smoothing. A comparison of disclosure of credit sales from the sales accrual method and disclosure of cash collection from the cash collection (installment) method shows that when cash flows occur in a period subsequent to sales realization, the cash flow forecasts from earnings based on the sales accrual method are superior to forecasts from earnings based on cash collection. This is because the sales accrual method provides information on management's expectations about future cash flows. The analysis also shows that, for a similar reason, earnings based on the sales accrual method can be expected to be generally smoother than earnings based on the cash collection method. The model is also examined through a simulation study of a firm for a variety of parameter values. Resume. Fonde sur un modele des evenements de vente et de recouvrement d'une societe, cet article analyse l'effet de divers niveaux de divulgation de ces deux evenements sur la prevision de tresorerie et le lissage des benefices. Une comparaison de la divulgation des ventes a credit selon la methode de comptabilite d'exercice et de la divulgation des recouvrements selon la methode de la constatation des profits au prorata des encaissements, montre que lorsque les flux monetaires se produisent dans un exercice posterieur a la constatation des ventes, les previsions de tresorerie fondees sur les resultats produits par la methode de comptabilite d'exercice, sont superieures aux previsions fondees sur les resultats issus de la methode de constatation du profit au prorata des encaissements. Ceci est attribuable au fait que la methode de comptabilite d'exercice fournit de l'information sur les previsions de la direction au sujet des flux monetaires futurs. L'analyse montre egalement, pour des raisons similaires, que les resultats produits par la methode de comptabilite d'exercice seront probablement plus niveles que les resultats generes par la methode de constatation du profit au prorata des encaissements. Le modele est en outre examine par l'entremise d'une etude de simulation d'une societe pour differentes valeurs attribuees aux parametres.
Volatilization of Organic Chemicals from Soil

Description of the volatilization of organic chemicals from soil involves combining the model for the transport of chemical mass through the soil volume with an expression describing mass exchange with the atmosphere. The latter expression may be approximated by a zero concentration condition for extremely volatile chemicals evaporating into a well-mixed atmosphere, but in general must be described by a transfer coefficient representing the effect of a stagnant air boundary layer at the soil surface. Simple linear models have been developed to describe volatilization losses for chemicals initially placed at the soil surface, or initially placed in the subsurface with a clean layer of soil over them. These models are useful for screening, but might not include all of the processes governing chemical volatilization in the natural environment. This paper outlines the general theory and discusses specific approaches useful for screening and simulation modelling, and describes the main approaches used for monitoring volatile emissions from soil. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the major research problems remaining in the description and measurement of volatilization from soil.
Origin of phospholipids in the chick embryo during development.

SUMMARY In~rganic-~~P, injected into yolks of eggs incubated to produce embryos of different ages, was incorporated into all phospholipid fractions in both whole chick embryo and embryo brain. Specific activity values compared between individual phospholipids of the same incubation age and in eggs injected at the same time did not vary more than twofold between one another. Biologically prepared pho~phatidyl-~~P choline and phosphatid~l-~~P ethanolamine, when injected into yolks of eggs, gave a very different pattern of incorporation into embryo brain from that given by inorganic 32P. When the labeled choline phosphatide was injected, a phosphatidyl choline fraction was isolated whose specific activity was 30-40 times greater than those of other phospholipid fractions. Phosphatidyl-mP ethanolamine injection gave a qualitatively similar result. Glycerol-1 ,3-14C and acetate-1-14C were incorporated to a much lesser extent than in~rganic-~~P. The hypothesis is advanced that as the embryo develops, de novo synthesis from inorganic phosphate decreases and intact phospholipid is transferred from the yolk to the embryo and its organs.
The intracellular distribution and binding of radiation-protective mercaptoalkylguanidines.

SummaryBoth the tissue distribution and intracellular distribution of mercaptoethylguanidine hydrobromide (MEG), d-mercaptobutyl-2-guanidine hydrobromide (d-MBG-2), and l-mercaptobutyl-2-guanidine hydrobromide (L-MBG-2) were studied in an attempt to determine how these radiation-protective compounds may function in vivo. The tissue distributions of all three compounds, which differ by as much as 5 : 1 in their protective activity in mice, were similar, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Their intracellular distribution in mouse liver, rat liver, and rat spleen was selective. Furthermore, a relation between protective activity and intracellular distribution was observed. The intracellular-distribution pattern was altered when the compound was given after irradiation. It is inferred that the microsomal fraction may be involved in radiation death.An investigation of the nature of the binding of each of these compounds to the cellular constituents was made. Dialysis techniques were used in several solvent...
SNR Impact of Noise by Different Origins in FePt- $\text{L}1_{\boldsymbol 0}$ HAMR Media

In this paper, we present a micromagnetic analysis on two key noise mechanisms for current FePt-L10-based heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) media: grain-to-grain variations of anisotropy field and Curie temperature. We found that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) versus heating power measurement could be used to distinguish the noise arising from these two different origins. We also found that in today's HAMR media, the dominate noise origin is likely to be the combination of Curie temperature distribution and heating, or temperature, variation from grain to grain. As one of the possible mechanisms for grain-to-grain heating variation, the effect of grain boundary thickness distribution is studied in terms of its impact to recording SNR. It is concluded that reducing the combined heating and Curie temperature distribution is critical for the realization of the area density capability gain promised by the technology.
Overcoming Pluripotent Stem Cell Dependence on the Repair of Endogenous DNA Damage

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) maintain a low mutation frequency compared with somatic cell types at least in part by preferentially utilizing error-free homologous recombination (HR) for DNA repair. Many endogenous metabolites cause DNA interstrand crosslinks, which are repaired by the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway using HR. To determine the effect of failed repair of endogenous DNA lesions on PSC biology, we generated iPSCs harboring a conditional FA pathway. Upon FA pathway loss, iPSCs maintained pluripotency but underwent profound G2 arrest and apoptosis, whereas parental fibroblasts grew normally. Mechanistic studies revealed that G2-phase FA-deficient iPSCs possess large γH2AX-RAD51 foci indicative of accrued DNA damage, which correlated with activated DNA-damage signaling through CHK1. CHK1 inhibition specifically rescued the growth of FA-deficient iPSCs for prolonged culture periods, surprisingly without stimulating excessive karyotypic abnormalities. These studies reveal that PSCs possess hyperactive CHK1 signaling that restricts their self-renewal in the absence of error-free DNA repair.
The Corporatization of Personhood

This Article explores the burgeoning practice of investing in people as if they were corporations. Sometimes pitched as a way to pay-off student loans or fund a business idea, people now have the opportunity to sell shares of their future income to investors in exchange for cash today. Such transactions create a financial relationship closely analogous to that of a corporation and its shareholders. This Article considers how existing law applies to this new practice and whether today’s rules are responsive to the unique challenges these arrangements present. I argue that, despite raising both constitutional and public-policy concerns, these transactions should be permitted. Rather than outlaw such dealings, the nature of the financial relationships at issue means that they should be subject to securities regulation. Securities law alone, though, is insufficient. It is solely focused on protecting investors, leaving the broader social concerns raised by investing in people unaddressed and the more vulnerable parties to these transactions — those selling shares of themselves — without protection. To respond to these issues, I set forth a complementary regulatory template that would, among other things, require certain disclosures and set certain boundaries on these novel financial relationships.
Surface Energy Compatibilites of Cellulose and Polypropylene

In addition to its use in recycled paper products, recovered lignocellulosic fiber can be used as a reinforcement filler in composites with polyolefins. However, problems in both processing and product performance are often caused by the incompatibilities of surface energies between hydrophilic cellulose and non-polar polyolefin. This poor match in surface polarities is detrimental to strong adhesive bonding between olefin and cellulose. This work examines the effect of surface energy on the adhesion properties of polypropylene and cellulose. In particular, three materials accepted as paper-sizing agents were used to change the cellulosic fiber's surface energy to make it more compatible withthe surface energy of polypropylene. p]Cellulose fibers were treated by various methods with (1) alkyl ketene dimer, (2) alkenyl succinic anhydride, and (3) stearic acid and were characterized by their surface energies as determined by single fiber wettability measurements using the Wilhelmy technique. These measurements are discussed in detail. Results from these measurments can be related to differences in adhesion between treated cellulose and polypropylene, which can be measured by internal bond tests on hot-pressed composite sheets. p]Results indicate that the use of sizing agents reduces the acid/base (hydrogen bonding) character of the cellulose surface. Interactions involving hydrogen bonding are important in cellulose/modified-polypropylene composites. Reduction of these interactions appears to lead to a corresponding reduction in adhesion between cellulose and polypropylene.