cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invitation to Political Economy: Berger and the Comedic Drama of Political, Economic and Social Life

Peter L. Berger is one of the most influential social scientists of the 20th century. A citation study of his work published in 1986 that studied the decade between the early 1970s to early 1980s demonstrated that his citation count during this time (1052) put him in the company of other thinkers such as Dewey, Whitehead and Marcuse. His contributions to the sociology of knowledge, sociology of religion, and the sociological/cultural analysis of capitalism are well-known and widely discussed. They are not without controversy however. In fact, it might be safe to say that Peter Berger marched to a beat of a different drum within his chosen field of sociology. Paul Samuelson once remarked that in economic science we compete for the only coin worth achieving, the applause of our peers. Peter Berger saw things differently and pursued a more subversive agenda in the social sciences. The pursuit of truth and the coming to an understanding of the society in which we dwell, as well as that which remains exotic, required a skeptical (and often comical) stance.
Do metabolic responses to solar radiation scale directly with intensity of irradiance

Endotherms exposed to air temperatures below thermal neutrality reduce their metabolic heat production when exposed to sunlight. The physiological effects of this additional source of heat gain from the environment usually are assumed to be proportional to the intensity of irradiance if other factors are held constant. We test this assumption by measuring changes in metabolic heat production produced by exposing a small mammal, the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) to four intensities of simulated solar radiation (0 W m-2, 317 W m-2, 634 W m-2 and 950 W m-2). In the absence of solar radiation, metabolic heat production is inversely correlated with air temperature over the measured range of 3-27 degrees C. The respiratory quotient varies significantly with ambient temperature, indicating that the catabolic substrate and the thermal equivalent of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced also vary with temperature. The depression of metabolic heat production resulting from exposure to simulated solar radiation is not simply a multiple of the intensity of irradiance. Rather, metabolic responses to higher levels of irradiance are blunted by 14-29% compared with those expected on the basis of the response to less intense irradiance. Because changes in irradiance levels do not have simple linear effects upon the animal9s metabolic heat production, even in a simplified situation, significant errors may accumulate in biophysical analyses in which an animal9s responses to a restricted set of radiative conditions are measured and the results are extrapolated to a wider range observed in nature.
What Clients are Owed: Cautionary Observations on Lawyers and Loss-of-A-Chance

Loss-of-a-chance doctrine has been developed primarily in the context of medical malpractice law. When employed, it eases the plaintiff's burden of proving causation. Instead of having to prove that the doctor's neglect of duty more likely than not was a but-for cause of the plaintiff's injury, the loss-of-a-chance plaintiff only has to prove that the malpractice made it somewhat more likely that she would suffer an injury. Several prominent commentators have recently called for application of loss-of-a-chance to legal malpractice, primarily out of concern over the difficulty a legal malpractice plaintiff faces in proving that, but for her lawyer's carelessness, she probably would have prevailed in the matter in which she was being represented. These remarks attempt to explain why, despite the intuitive appeal of the doctrine on grounds of both fairness and deterrence, courts ought to be wary about transplanting it into the law of legal malpractice.
Histochemical localization of ribonucleoproteins by alkaline hydrolysis.

ConclusionsThe alkaline hydrolysis method described above for the histochemical localization of RNA and its differentiation from DNA is a simple and convenient method for general use. It is apparently also as reliable as any procedure previously reported.The differential hydrolysis of RNA and DNA probably is due to the position of the phosphoric acid residues connecting the nucleotides. Because of the greater resistance of the DNA to alkaline hydrolysis as compared to the resistance of RNA, Levene and Tipson(9) have advanced the opinion that the hydroxyls of carbons 3 and 5 of neighboring desoxyribose units of DNA are connected. In RNA; the hydroxyls of carbons 2 and 3 of the ribose units probably are involved. The data obtained in the present study afford further evidence of the resistance of DNA to mild alkaline hydrolvsis.
Seamless phase II/III trial design with survival and PRO endpoints for treatment selection: Case study of RTOG 1216.

TPS6099 Background: Clinical trial results from phase II trials to select an experimental treatment arm for separate phase III trial comparison can require years. Cancer clinical trials also now ai...
Application of Elasticity Models with Constraints on Chains and Junctions to Characterization of Randomly Crosslinked Networks

Abstract Characterization of randomly crosslinked networks requires a topological description of imperfect network structure and a molecular-elasticity theory, preferably with a minimum number of adjustable parameters, relating macroscopic stress and strain or swelling ratios to molecular deformation. It is shown that simple relationships exist between the molecular weight between consecutive junctions, the molecular weight of linear precursor chains, the cycle rank, and the number of junctions for networks having no defects other than chain ends. The idealized affine deformation model (in which the constraints on junction fluctuations are infinite) and the idealized phantom-chain model (in which the constraints are absent) are inadequate for network characterization. The more realistic Flory-Erman constrained junction model is applied to the description of cis-polyisoprene cured with dicumyl peroxide. Swelling equilibrium experiments are in agreement with stress-strain measurements. Analysis of these str...
Church-State Relations in Argentina in the Twentieth Century: A Case Study of the Thirty-second International Eucharistic Congress

In April 1982, Argentina became embroiled in a disastrous war with Great Britain over the Falklands/Malvinas in the South Atlantic. The conflict, however, as sensational and anomalous as it appeared to the world at that time, was only the latest in a series of disastrous political, economic, and social events that have wracked Argentina since the overthrow in 1930 of the con stitutionally elected Radical party government of President Hipo lito Yrigoyen. For more than fifty years, Argentines have seen their political system, once confidently democratic, collapse into a series of civilian and military dictatorships with no shortages of demagogues in or out of uniforms. The present political struc ture of the Peronist and Radical parties, the two largest in the country, is fragmented and discredited. The acephalous political situation was made worse by the war fiasco of April 1982, which severely undermined any semblance of prestige that the Argen tine armed forces had enjoyed in government during previous times of crises.
Complement and Disease: Current Concepts

Important biologic events can be attributed to activated complement components, and studies are under way to establish the contribution of these serum factors in human hypersensitivity and inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. Technics for collecting quantitative data on these components have recently become available.
INTRINSIC OPTICAL BISTABILITY EXPERIMENTS

This chapter provides an overview of intrinsic optical bistability. Early attempts to see optical bistability were perceived as searches for absorptive bistability. The first observation of passive optical bistability was made in a Fabry–Perot resonator containing sodium (Na) vapour. The principal results of the Na experiment were: (1) first observation of optical bistability, both absorptive and dispersive; (2) discovery and understanding of dispersive bistability; (3) demonstration that neither an inhomogeneous broadening nor a nonuniform transverse spatial profile prevents bistability in general; and (4) demonstration of other optical logic functions such as transistor, clipping, and limiting action. The chapter describes an experiment in which a system was designed to provide a foreign gas to homogeneously broaden the Na. The gas served the additional function of preventing Na from reaching the Fabry–Perot mirrors. Because of the interaction of Na with most glasses at high temperatures and the insertion loss of any window, a windowless system seemed preferable. As it turned out, argon gas was not used because the laser power was insufficient to saturate the total homogeneously broadened line and because dispersive bistability was seen without it. The long narrow water-cooled tubes and bellows connecting the hot Na chamber to the Fabry–Perot end mirrors reduced the solid angle for Na atoms to strike the end mirrors. An acousto-optic modulator was used to modulate the input intensity in a triangular wave for bistability hysteresis studies. The basic idea of thermal optical bistability is to achieve purely dispersive bistability where the intensity dependence of the refractive index originates from heating. Optically-induced thermal shifts of absorption peaks or band edges can also lead to a different class of optical bistability for which external feedback is unnecessary.
Interferences to Achievement of Goals

When obstacles stand in the way of achievement of a goal frustration is experienced by the patient. Nurses who recognize and appreciate those aspects of experience that are felt as frustrating to a patient and who recognize the kinds of behavior that arise in response to such experiences are in a better position to plan with the patient novel ways of meeting the difficulty. In this chapter an hypothesis on the nature and consequences of frustration will be discussed. Frustrations are common occurrences in nursing situations, as they are in all other experiences in which people are involved.
Claiming a Place Through Memories of Belonging: Politics of Recognition on the Island of Imbros 1

The establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 marks the official construction of a new community and new forms of belonging that were expected to replace the communities and forms of belonging characteristic of the Ottoman Empire. The convention signed at the end of the First World War on January 30, 1923, concerning “the compulsory exchange of Turkish nationals of the Greek Orthodox Religion established in Turkish territory, and of Greek nationals of the Muslim religion established in Greek territory” can be seen as the hallmark of this republican attempt to create a new homogenized republican community called the nation. Exchanging populations meant the mutual exclusion of the largest ethnic and religious minority groups from the post-World War I nationalized lands of Greece and Turkey.
A MacBook based earthquake early warning system

We demonstrate an early stage of our prototypical development of an earthquake early warning system based on Apple's MacBook computers. This system, called MacSeisApp, utilizes the Sudden Motion Sensors in MacBooks to detect seismic activities. It is inspired by an existing application called SeisMac, which turns a MacBook computer into a seismograph. MacSeisApp expands on SeisMac by using Apple's Push Notifications (APN) via a dedicated server for earthquake notification. Written in both the C and Objective-C under XCode Integrated Developer Environment (IDE), MacSeisApp utilizes an open-source library to detect the vibrations via the Sudden Motion Sensor and to translate it into points to be plotted as a seismograph.
The TGF-β Family in Caenorhabditis elegans

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related ligands have potent effects on an enormous diversity of biological functions in all animals examined. Because of the strong conservation of TGF-β family ligand functions and signaling mechanisms, studies from multiple animal systems have yielded complementary and synergistic insights. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, early studies were instrumental in the elucidation of TGF-β family signaling mechanisms. Current studies in C. elegans continue to identify new functions for the TGF-β family in this organism as well as new conserved mechanisms of regulation.
USMLE Scores Predict Success in ABEM Initial Certification: A Multicenter Study

Introduction: There are no existing data on whether performance on USMLE predicts success in ABEM certification. Aim of this study was to determine the presence of any association between USMLE scores and first-time success on the ABEM Qualifying and Oral Certification Examinations. Methods: USMLE Step 1, Step 2 CK scores and pass/fail results from the first-attempt at ABEM qualifying and oral examinations from residents graduating between 2009 and 2011 from 9 emergency medicine programs were retrospectively collected. A composite score was defined as the sum of USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK scores. Results: Sample was composed of 197 residents. Median Step 1, Step 2 CK and composite scores were 218 ([IQR] 207-232), 228 (IQR 217-239) and 444 (IQR 427-468). First-time pass rates were 95% for the qualifying examination and 93% for both parts of the examination. Step 2 CK and composite scores were better predictors of achieving ABEM initial certification compared to Step 1 score (area under the curve 0.800, 0.759 and 0.656). Step 1 score of 227, Step 2 CK score of 225 and composite score of 444 predicted a 95% chance of passing both boards. Conclusion: Higher USMLE Step 1, Step 2 CK and composite scores are associated with better performance on ABEM examinations with Step 2 CK being the strongest predictor. Cutoff scores for USMLE Step 1, Step 2 CK and composite score were established to predict first-time success on ABEM Initial Certification.
Recovery of Abnormal ABR in Neonates and Infants at Risk of Hearing Loss.

The purpose of this retrospective study is to present the clinical experience of a single institution on the recovery of ABR thresholds in a large population of neonates and infants at risk of hearing loss. Potential prognostic factors associated with this phenomenon were also investigated. Out of 2248 high risk infants, 384 had abnormal ABR at initial hearing evaluation and 168 of them had absent ABR or a threshold ≥80 dBnHL. From this subgroup, a significant percentage showed complete or partial recovery on reexamination (32.7% and 9.3%, resp.), performed 4–6 months later. The presence of normal otoacoustic emissions was associated with the ABR restoration on reexamination. Moreover, the very young age at the initial hearing screening seems to be related to higher probabilities of false positive ABR. The potential recovery of hearing in HR infants raises concerns about the very early cochlear implantation in HR infants less than one year. Such a treatment modality should be decided cautiously and only after obtaining valid and stable objective and subjective hearing thresholds. This holds especially true for infants showing an auditory neuropathy profile, as they presented a much greater probability of ABR recovery.
Protein Intake in Chronic Kidney Disease

The purpose of this review is to better understand the protein needs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not on dialysis. Protein energy wasting is common in patients with chronic kidney disease, and the incidence increases as the kidney function declines. Typically, protein intake in patients with CKD is lower than the daily-recommended allowance for healthy adults, and that poor nutritional status has been associated with increase in morbidity and mortality. It is of interest to note that the current guidelines for protein intake vary in terms of both quantity as well as the quality, thus making it confusing for the practicing nephrologist. Recent studies show that very low protein intake when supplemented by keto-analogues of essential amino acid could be helpful in slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease. However, it is important to understand that recommending low protein intake could be harmful in CKD patients especially those with poor nutritional status or during an acute illness. In summary, it is important for the physician to understand that patients with chronic kidney disease have very complex nutritional requirements, and that recommendations for protein intake should be based on the individual patient needs.
Chapter 3 – Photomultiplier Tubes

We introduce the first photodetector that can be used to detect light at a single photon level. We review the technical demands for single photon detection and discuss how they it can be achieved by combining a photoelectronic effect and the effect of secondary emission. We also review typical components used in modern photoelectronic tubes.
Differential Histone Phosphorylation During Drosophila Development

During the ontogeny of Drosophila larval salivary gland cells, nuclear DNA is endoreduplicated and organized into polytene chromosomes. All DNA sequences are not reduplicated to the same extent. Satellite DNA’s, which are concentrated in the centromeric heterochromatin of diploid cells, are coalesced in the chromocenter of polytene cells (Gall et al. 1971) and selectively underreplicated (Dickson et al. 1971; Gall et al. 1971). In D. virilis, for instance, three satellites comprise about 45% of the diploid DNA (Gall et al. 1971; Blumenfeld and Forrest 1972) but less than 1% of polytene salivary gland cell DNA (Gall et al. 1971). Underreplication presumably involves specific interactions between chromosomal proteins and satellite DNA’s, or nucleotide sequences lying near satellites. Proteins that can be correlated with satellites migth be involved with these interactions. With this in mind, consider that the underreplication of satellite DNA is correlated with the decreased phosphorylation of Hl histones (Blumenfeld et al. 1978).
BaitsTools: Software for hybridization capture bait design

Nucleic acid hybridization capture is a principal technology in molecular ecology and genomics. Bait design, however, is a nontrivial task and few resources currently exist to automate the process. Here, I present baitstools, an open-source, user-friendly software package to facilitate the design of nucleic acid baits for hybridization capture.
Swainson's Thrushes do not show strong wind selectivity prior to crossing the Gulf of Mexico.

During long-distance fall migrations, nocturnally migrating Swainson’s Thrushes often stop on the northern Gulf of Mexico coast before flying across the Gulf. To minimize energetic costs, trans-Gulf migrants should stop over when they encounter crosswinds or headwinds, and depart with supportive tailwinds. However, time constrained migrants should be less selective, balancing costs of headwinds with benefits of continuing their migrations. To test the hypotheses that birds select supportive winds and that selectivity is mediated by seasonal time constraints, we examined whether local winds affected Swainson’s Thrushes’ arrival and departure at Ft. Morgan, Alabama, USA at annual, seasonal, and nightly time scales. Additionally, migrants could benefit from forecasting future wind conditions, crossing on nights when winds are consistently supportive across the Gulf, thereby avoiding the potentially lethal consequences of depleting their energetic reserves over water. To test whether birds forecast, we developed a movement model, calculated to what extent departure winds were predictive of future Gulf winds, and tested whether birds responded to predictability. Swainson’s Thrushes were only slightly selective and did not appear to forecast. By following the simple rule of avoiding only the strongest headwinds at departure, Swainson’s Thrushes could survive the 1500 km flight between Alabama and Veracruz, Mexico.
When patients hurt us

In this thoughtful article, medical educators in various stages of their careers (resident, mid-career clinician-educators, medical school deans) reflect upon increasing reports of harassment and mistreatment of trainees by patients. In addition to providing a general overview of the limited literature on this topic, the authors describe their own experience collecting information on trainee mistreatment by patients at their institution. They explore the universal difficulty that educators face regarding how to best address this mistreatment and support both faculty and trainees. Given the current sociopolitical climate, there has never been a more urgent need to critically examine this issue. The authors call on the greater medical education community to join them in these important conversations.
Neural Circuits for Fear Relapse

Abstract Humans and other animals rapidly associate environmental cues with aversive outcomes. However, learned fear responses are slow to attenuate, and the fear memory itself may be difficult or impossible to erase. Indeed the relapse of previously extinguished fear is a widespread phenomenon and poses a great challenge to the long-term efficacy of therapies for fear-related pathologies in humans. This chapter provides an updated account of the neurobiological basis of fear relapse, with particular emphasis on circuits within and among the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex.
BMP Signaling in Skeletogenesis

Bone is a dynamic tissue that provides skeletal support to the body and is essential in the maintenance of hematopoiesis and calcium homeostasis. Bone development and remodeling are tightly regulated by local paracrine factors and systemic hormones. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) were first identified in the 1960s as proteins with the ability to induce ectopic cartilage and bone formation in vivo [87]. The proteins, however, were not identified until the late 1980s, when several polypeptides with BMP activity were cloned and purified [94]. To date, more than 20 BMP-related proteins have been identified and characterized. These molecules constitute the BMP family of secreted factors and form a subgroup of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. Extensive studies have shown that BMPs are also essential for nonosteogenic developmental processes. For example, BMPs play roles in dorsal-ventral patterning, specification of the epidermis, development of neuronal phenotypes, tooth development, and regulation of apoptosis [10, 16, 21, 26, 61, 105]. The mechanisms by which BMPs regulate these processes will not be discussed here. This chapter will focus on how BMP signaling and crosstalk between other signaling pathways controls chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic processes.
Treatment Issues Related to Sleep and Depression

In the management of depression, the role of sleep and sleep disturbances is important for several reasons. The same neurotransmitter systems that regulate mood, interest, energy, and other functions that may be disturbed in depression also regulate sleep. Sleep disturbances may be responsive to treatment with some antidepressants and may be worsened during treatment with other antidepressants. Serotonergic neurons play a critical role in modulating the onset and maintenance of sleep, and it is thought that insomnia in depression is caused by dysfunction of serotonergic systems. For a significant minority, SSRIs can have negative effects on sleep patterns resulting in insomnia that requires concomitant sedatives or anxiolytics. By contrast, agents that block the serotonin type 2 (5-HT2) receptor have beneficial effects on depressive insomnia. For example, a recent 8-week study comparing the effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep disturbances in outpatients with nonpsychotic depression and insomnia found that fluoxetine was associated with approximately a 30% increase in the number of nocturnal awakenings whereas nefazodone was associated with about a 15% decrease, a net difference of 45%. Long-term studies must be conducted to determine whether sleep benefits provided by the newer antidepressants will continue past the acute treatment phase.
Information Integration Across Heterogeneous Sources: Where Do We Stand and How to Proceed?

Today, information integration has assumed a completely difierent, complex connotation than what it used to be. The advent of the Internet, the proliferation of information sources on the surface Web as well as the deep Web, the presence of structured, semistructured, and unstructured data - all have added new dimensions to the problem of information integration as known earlier. From the time of distributed databases leading to heterogeneous, federated, and multi-databases, retrieval and integration of information from heterogeneous sources has been an important and complex problem. Currently, the problem is even more complicated as repositories exist in various formats (HTML, XML, spatial data sources to name a few) and schemas, and both the content and the structure of the data within them are changing autonomously. As the number of repositories/sources will continue to increase in an uncontrolled manner, there is no other option but to flnd extensible techniques for answering a complex search/query whose (partial) answers have to be retrieved and integrated from multiple sources. In this survey paper, we identify the set of challenges that need to be addressed for this form of heterogeneous information integration, and compare the current state-of-the-art as to how they fare. We then propose a framework with functional components { termed InfoMosaic, that aims to address some of these important challenges, and brie∞y elaborate on the data and control ∞ow involved in answering a complex query/search.
The Institute of Medicine: Crossing the Quality Chasm

The Institute of Medicine has been instrumental in providing guidance for identifying the contributors to the quality issues within the health care system. Their report, entitled “Crossing the Quality Chasm: A new health system for the twenty-first century” acknowledges that there exists a huge gap or chasm between the health care that we have and the potential health care that we could have. Through the efforts of the IOM, health care professionals, organizations, policy makers, and patients are becoming more familiar with the shortcomings of the nation’s current system and the importance of finding new and better approaches to meeting the health care needs of all Americans.
The transition to marriage

Cohabitation has often been viewed as easing the transition to marriage. The question is therefore asked, what characterizes relationships in which couples live together for an extended period of time prior to marriage, then decide to marry, and within two to three years are divorced? Four groups were interviewed (cohabitated/married; cohabitated/married/divorced; dated/married; dated/married/divorced) with the hope of analyzing the differences or similarities in the marital transitions made by individuals within these groups. The total sample consisted of 40 respondents who were given an in-depth, face-to-face interview. It was found that the degree of congruence between dyad members regarding perceptions and expectations surrounding marriage and marital life was an important factor in the success with which couples were able to make the marital transition.
Interactions of Volatile Anesthetics and Reactive Oxygen Intermediates on Vascular Smooth Muscle

Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs, also referred to as oxygen-derived free radicals or reactive oxygen metabolites) have been implicated in several physiological and pathological processes.1–3 In particular, they have been reported to be associated with several vascular abnormalities, including those that occur during hypertension,4 reperfusion injury,5 transplant rejection,3 inflammation, premature aging,6 radiation injury, diabetes7 and endotoxic shock.8 An increase in PaO2, especially after hypoxia, is a major stimulus for production of ROIs.9
Covalent and Noncovalent Approaches to Rigid Coplanar π-Conjugated Molecules and Macromolecules

ConspectusMolecular conformation and rigidity are essential factors in determining the properties of individual molecules, the associated supramolecular assemblies, and bulk materials. This correlation is particularly important for π-conjugated molecular and macromolecular systems. Within such an individual molecule, a coplanar conformation facilitates the delocalization of not only molecular orbitals but also charges, excitons, and spins, leading to synergistically ensembled properties of the entire conjugated system. A rigid backbone, meanwhile, imposes a high energy cost to disrupt such a favorable conformation, ensuring the robustness and persistence of coplanarity. From a supramolecular and material point of view, coplanarity and rigidity often promote strong intermolecular electronic coupling and reduce the energy barrier for the intermolecular transport of charges, excitons, and phonons, affording advanced materials properties in bulk. In this context, pursuing a rigid and coplanar molecular confor...
Neural mechanisms of auditory species recognition in birds

Auditory communication in humans and other animals frequently takes place in noisy environments with many co-occurring signallers. Receivers are thus challenged to rapidly recognize salient auditory signals and filter out irrelevant sounds. Most bird species produce a variety of complex vocalizations that function to communicate with other members of their own species and behavioural evidence broadly supports preferences for conspecific over heterospecific sounds (auditory species recognition). However, it remains unclear whether such auditory signals are categorically recognized by the sensory and central nervous system. Here, we review 53 published studies that compare avian neural responses between conspecific versus heterospecific vocalizations. Irrespective of the techniques used to characterize neural activity, distinct nuclei of the auditory forebrain are consistently shown to be repeatedly conspecific selective across taxa, even in response to unfamiliar individuals with distinct acoustic properties. Yet, species-specific neural discrimination is not a stereotyped auditory response, but is modulated according to its salience depending, for example, on ontogenetic exposure to conspecific versus heterospecific stimuli. Neuromodulators, in particular norepinephrine, may mediate species recognition by regulating the accuracy of neuronal coding for salient conspecific stimuli. Our review lends strong support for neural structures that categorically recognize conspecific signals despite the highly variable physical properties of the stimulus. The available data are in support of a 'perceptual filter'-based mechanism to determine the saliency of the signal, in that species identity and social experience combine to influence the neural processing of species-specific auditory stimuli. Finally, we present hypotheses and their testable predictions, to propose next steps in species-recognition research into the emerging model of the neural conceptual construct in avian auditory recognition.
β-C(sp3)—H Arylation of α-Hydroxy Acid Derivatives Utilizing Amino Acid as a Directing Group.

An arylation procedure for unactivated β-C(sp3)—H bonds in O-protected α-hydroxy acid derivatives is developed utilizing a chiral amino acid as directing group.
3D waveform inversion of downhole microseismic data for transversely isotropic media

ABSTRACT 3D anisotropic waveform inversion could provide high‐resolution velocity models and improved event locations for microseismic surveys. Here we extend our previously developed 2D inversion methodology for microseismic borehole data to 3D transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis. This extension allows us to invert multicomponent data recorded in multiple boreholes and properly account for vertical and lateral heterogeneity. Synthetic examples illustrate the performance of the algorithm for layer‐cake and ‘hydraulically fractured’ (i.e. containing anomalies that simulate hydraulic fractures) models. In both cases, waveform inversion is able to reconstruct the areas which are sufficiently illuminated for the employed source‐receiver geometry. In addition, we evaluate the sensitivity of the algorithm to errors in the source locations and to band‐limited noise in the input displacements. We also present initial inversion results for a microseismic data set acquired during hydraulic fracturing in a shale reservoir.
Differential Isotope Labeling by Permethylation and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Relative Quantification of Intact Neutral Glycolipids in Mammalian Cells.

Probing the role of glycolipids in health and disease warrants development of practical strategies to determine these molecules at the intact structural level, namely to simultaneously characterize...
Predictors of worsening neuropathy and neuropathic pain after 12 years in people with HIV

Author(s): Ellis, Ronald J; Diaz, Monica; Sacktor, Ned; Marra, Christina; Collier, Ann C; Clifford, David B; Calcutt, Nigel; Fields, Jerel A; Heaton, Robert K; Letendre, Scott L; CNS Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) Study Group | Abstract: ObjectiveDistal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) and neuropathic pain are important clinical concerns in virally suppressed people with HIV. We determined how these conditions evolved, what factors influenced their evolution, and their clinical impact.MethodsAmbulatory, community-dwelling HIV seropositive individuals were recruited at six research centers. Clinical evaluations at baseline and 12nyears later determined neuropathy signs and distal neuropathic pain (DNP). Additional assessments measured activities of daily living and quality of life (QOL). Factors potentially associated with DSP and DNP progression included disease severity, treatment, demographics, and co-morbidities. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated for follow-up neuropathy outcomes.ResultsOf 254 participants, 21.3% were women, 57.5% were non-white. Mean baseline age was 43.5nyears. Polyneuropathy prevalence increased from 25.7% to 43.7%. Of 173 participants initially pain-free, 42 (24.3%) had incident neuropathic pain. Baseline risk factors for incident pain included unemployment (OR [95% CI], 5.86 [1.97, 17.4]) and higher baseline body mass index (BMI) (1.78 [1.03, 3.19] per 10-units). Participants with neuropathic pain at follow-up had significantly worse QOL and greater dependence in activities of daily living than those who remained pain-free.InterpretationHIV DSP and neuropathic pain increased in prevalence and severity over 12nyears despite high rates of viral suppression. The high burden of neuropathy included disability and poor life quality. However, substantial numbers remained pain-free despite clear evidence of neuropathy on exam. Protective factors included being employed and having a lower BMI. Implications for clinical practice include promotion of lifestyle changes affecting reversible risk factors.
Review and update in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

Purpose of review Although tumors with nerve sheath differentiation are vast, the main clinically significant problems faced by the pathologist are the separation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) from histologic mimics, the diagnosis of neurofibromatous neoplasms with atypical features, and the separation of cutaneous neurofibromatous neoplasms from melanoma. This review briefly discusses a variety of common nerve sheath tumors and summarizes recent advances on these diagnostic fronts. Recent findings Much of recent work has focused on abnormalities in polycomb repressive complex 2, and the ways in which these abnormalities may be exploited in the diagnosis of MPNSTs. Progress has been made in the diagnostic and clinical understanding of atypical neurofibromatous neoplasms and low-grade MPNSTs. A number of reports have explored the diagnostic distinction between cutaneous neurofibroma and melanoma. Summary New discoveries show promise in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve sheath tumors, but challenges - old and new - remain.
Computational and Causal Examinations of Wellbeing in Situated Contexts by Leveraging Social Media and Multimodal Data

Assessing wellbeing can be complemented with social and ubiquitous technologies. This dissertation uses social media in concert with multimodal sensing focusing on situated communities. Before incorporating such assessments in practice, we need to account for confounds impacting behavior change. One such confound is 'observer effect', that individuals may self-alter their otherwise normal behavior because of the awareness of being 'monitored'. My proposed work studies this problem on social media behavior. On a multisensor study of 750 participants, I intend to conduct a causal study of modeling behavior change during study participation. This work will provide valuable insights and guide recommendations for correcting biases due to observer effect. This dissertation bears implications for social computing systems and stakeholders to support wellbeing and crisis intervention efforts in situated communities.
Surviving the War in Syria: Survival Strategies in a Time of Conflict

It is estimated that of Syria's pre-war population, over half have been displaced from their homes, some having moved abroad and many remaining in the country despite the threats posed by civil war from Bashar Assad's government, ISIS, foreign intervention, and a proliferation of rebel groups and militias. Despite this, migration is just one option out of a broad set of potential self-protection strategies available to civilians, with other strategies including fighting, protesting, collaborating, or hiding. In this study, Justin Schon emphasises that civilian behaviour in conflict zones includes repertoires of survival strategies, instead of migration alone. Providing a microanalysis of civilian self-protection strategies during armed conflict in Syria, Schon draws on ten months of fieldwork in Turkey, Jordan, Kenya, and the United States, with over two hundred structured interviews with Syrian refugees. Exploring how civilians select specific survival strategies, their motives and opportunities, he reveals questions which have the potential to guide new research on civil wars, and affect how we think about other survival strategies, from political, violent, to environmental threats.
Near infrared fluorescence imaging of intraperitoneal ovarian tumors in mice using erythrocyte-derived optical nanoparticles and spatially-modulated illumination

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological cancer. Cytoreductive surgery to remove primary and intraperitoneal tumor deposits remains as the standard therapeutic approach. However, lack of an intraoperative image-guided approach to enable the visualization of all tumors can result in incomplete cytoreduction and recurrence. We engineered nano-sized particles derived from erythrocytes that encapsulate the near infrared (NIR) fluorochrome, indocyanine green, as potential imaging probes for tumor visualization during cytoreductive surgery. Herein, we present the first demonstration of the use of these nanoparticles in conjunction with spatially-modulated illumination (SMI), at spatial frequencies in the range of 0-0.5 mm-1, to fluorescently image intraperitoneal ovarian tumors in mice. Results of our animal studies suggest that the nanoparticles accumulated at higher levels within tumors 24 h post-intraperitoneal injection as compared to various other organs. We demonstrate that, under the imaging specifications reported here, use of these nanoparticles in conjunction with SMI enhances the fluorescence image contrast between intraperitoneal tumors and liver, and between intraperitoneal tumors and spleen by nearly 2.1, and 3.0 times, respectively, at the spatial frequency of 0.2 mm-1 as compared to the contrast values at spatially-uniform (non-modulated) illumination. These results suggest that the combination of erythrocyte-derived NIR nanoparticles and structured illumination provides a promising approach for intraoperative fluorescence imaging of ovarian tumor nodules at enhanced contrast.
Validity Evidence for the Emergency Medicine Standardized Letter of Evaluation.

Background The standardized letter of evaluation (SLOE) is the application component that program directors value most when evaluating candidates to interview and rank for emergency medicine (EM) residency. Given its successful implementation, other specialties, including otolaryngology, dermatology, and orthopedics, have adopted similar SLOEs of their own, and more specialties are considering creating one. Unfortunately, for such a significant assessment tool, no study to date has comprehensively examined the validity evidence for the EM SLOE. Objective We summarized the published evidence for validity for the EM SLOE using Messick's framework for validity evidence. Methods A scoping review of the validity evidence of the EM SLOE was performed in 2020. A scoping review was chosen to identify gaps and future directions, and because the heterogeneity of the literature makes a systematic review difficult. Included articles were assigned to an aspect of Messick's framework and determined to provide evidence for or against validity. Results There have been 22 articles published relating to validity evidence for the EM SLOE. There is evidence for content validity; however, there is a lack of evidence for internal structure, relation to other variables, and consequences. Additionally, the literature regarding response process demonstrates evidence against validity. Conclusions Overall, there is little published evidence in support of validity for the EM SLOE. Stakeholders need to consider changing the ranking system, improving standardization of clerkships, and further studying relation to other variables to improve validity. This will be important across GME as more specialties adopt a standardized letter.
Deimplementation in Bronchiolitis: How Low Can We Go?

* Abbreviations: ABC — : achievable benchmark of care ED — : emergency department PHIS — : Pediatric Health Information System Achievable benchmarks of care (ABCs) provide a goal for deimplementation initiatives by defining attainable performance. ABCs have previously been defined for bronchiolitis.1 It is unclear, however, whether these previously defined ABCs have an expiration date. Are ABCs a static benchmark, or do they require modification over time? Bronchiolitis is an ideal target for deimplementation initiatives to reduce the use of low-value tests and treatments because no interventions improve its course.2,3 In this issue of Pediatrics , Ralston et al4 examine the evolution of ABCs for bronchiolitis over time using data from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS). Ralston et al4 calculated both ABCs and performance gaps for 6 nonrecommended tests and treatments for 2 cohorts of patients diagnosed with bronchiolitis: those evaluated in and discharged from the emergency department (ED) and those admitted as either inpatient or observation status. Children evaluated between 2006 and 2019 were included and divided into 2 time periods separated by the updated 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics bronchiolitis guideline. In the ED cohort, they found improvements in ABCs … Address correspondence to Dr Samir S. Shah, Division of Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 9016, Cincinnati, OH 45229. E-mail: Samir.Shah{at}cchmc.org
Comparing Lives and Epistemic Limitations: A Critique of Regan's Lifeboat from An Unprivileged Position

In The Case for Animal Rights , Tom Regan argues that although all subjects-of-a-life have equal inherent value, there are often differences in the value of the lives of beings with inherent value. According to him, lives with the highest value are those lives with the opportunity for “impartial, moral satisfaction.” I argue that Regan's account of comparable value is problematic for two reasons. First, it embodies a masculine idea of what it means to have a morally significant life, while marginalizing the lives of those who use emotion and feeling in moral deliberation. Second, it leads to a hierarchical view of which lives matter, whereby the lives of the privileged will always turn out to have greater value than the lives of the oppressed since the oppressed do not always have equal opportunities for “higher satisfactions.” To avoid such counter-intuitive implications, I suggest that Regan should abandon the idea that we can make comparable judgments about the value of the lives of beings with inherent value.
"The City of the Hospital": On Teaching Medical Students to Write.

“The City of the Hospital” is a creative nonfiction writing workshop for medical students, which the author has conducted annually since 2002. Part of the required preclinical Narrative Medicine curriculum at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, this six-week intensive workshop includes close readings of literary works and in-class assignments that are then edited by fellow class members and rewritten for final submission. Over the years, students have produced a wide range of compelling essays and stories, and they describe the class as having an effect that lasts throughout their further medical training. This special section includes selected works from class members.
Multi-component Analysis of a Sample of Bright X-Ray Selected Active Galactic Nuclei

I report on the statistical analysis of a sample of about 100 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) with simultaneous UV and X-ray observations from Swift. I found clear correlations between the X-ray spectral slope α x , the UV slope α UV , and the optical-to-x-ray spectral slope α ox with the Eddington ratio L ∕ L Edd. A major aspect of the statistical analysis will be multi-variant analysis statistical tools such as the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. This analysis shows that the main driver of the AGN properties in this sample is the Eddington ratio L ∕ L Edd. Although separating Seyfert 1s into Narrow Line Seyfert 1s and Broad Line Seyfert 1s is still a good classification, with the 2,000 km/s cutoff line it is arbitrary. The cluster analysis of this AGN sample suggests that we can separate AGN into those with high and low Eddington ratios and that they form physically distinct groups.
Effectiveness of Modeling Thin Composite Structures Using Hex Shell Elements

This paper investigates the effectiveness of modeling thin composite structures with hex shell elements for structural dynamics simulation. The current finite element modeling method for an existing three-layer composite aerospace structure uses solid 8-noded hex elements. It is relatively expensive in terms of the number of degrees of freedom and element count. A finer mesh typically results in a more accurate solution, however, the computation time increases. Modal analysis was used to test if a single layer of hex shell elements for each material could replace multiple layers of solid hex elements, enabling computational savings. Element aspect ratio was varied on a solid hex model of a frustum part to optimize the technique. The hex shell modeling technique was then applied to the existing three-layer composite structure. The analysis results, when compared to validation data obtained from tests performed on the actual hardware, exhibit very satisfactory agreement. A single layer of hex shell elements are capable of providing solutions that are equivalent to multiple layers of hex elements. A considerable savings in element count and solution equations result. A broader understanding of modeling options for future, more efficient methods of modeling composite shell structures is also obtained.