cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890–1945

HISTORY Laura Fair. Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890-1945. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2001. 370 pp. Maps. Photographs. Figures. Notes. Glossary. Bibliography. Index. $59.95. Cloth. $24.95. Paper. In his classic account of Zanzibar nationalism (Zanzibar: Background to Revolution [Princeton, 1965]), Michael Lofchie assumed that before World War II the island's poor had no political consciousness. Laura Fair's study of urban popular culture makes a major contribution by undermining that assumption, demonstrating that before the postwar era of party politics, the poor thought and argued about diverse issues of social and economic justice. Fair focuses mainly on leisure activities such as sport, music, and fashion. Invoking James Scott, she proposes that such pastimes can be shown to have served as "weapons of the weak": not only forums in which the poor engaged in debates with "each other, urban patricians, and their new colonial masters," but also tools with which they effected social change (8-9). Fair succeeds in supporting the second of these propositions only occasionally, but it is difficult to imagine how one might have documented that colonial social structures were changed by the songs of the taarab master Siti binti Saad or by the clothes worn by lower-class women. Her most satisfying accomplishment in this regard comes in the chapter on the groundrent strikes of the 1920s, which had a lasting effect in limiting the commercialization of urban landholding. Fair's greater achievement lies in her support of the first proposition and in documenting the social commentaries of the urban poor. Keeping faith with Scott, she argues that these commentaries constituted "alternative discourses,... trenchant critiques of the state" that "undermined" colonial authority (25-26). One might demur that this is placing the bar a bit high; Scott himself never demonstrated convincingly the subaltern's penetrating vision. Yet in showing how ordinary Zanzibaris sang about the corruption of colonial bureaucrats, gossiped about the unfairness of European soccer referees, or protested the injustice of landlords, Fair opens a valuable window on popular political consciousness before the war. Fair interprets early colonial Zanzibar as a postslavery society. This is a useful perspective that enables her to make sense of many of the urban poor's struggles to shape "new identities" via leisure activities. …
The 90 Deg Acoustic Spectrum of a High Speed Air Jet

Tam and Auriault successfully predicted the acoustic spectrum at 90deg to the axis of a high speed air jet by using an acoustic equation derived from ad hoc kinetic theory-type arguments. The present paper shows that similar predictions can be obtained by using a rigorous acoustic analogy approach together with actual measurements of the relevant acoustic source correlations. This puts the result on a firmer basis and enables its extension to new situations and to the prediction of sound at other observation angles.
Assisted reproduction for postmenopausal women.

When deciding whether to provide assisted reproductive services to a postmenopausal woman, the doctor must consider the well-being of the future child but not put social concerns above the individual patient's interests.
Multiple description coding using non-hierarchical signal decomposition

Multiple description coding (MDC) combined with multiple path transport (MPT) is a new research direction for image and video transmission over unreliable networks. Using the signal decomposition and reconstruction framework that has been proven very effective for image coding, several new approaches to MDC have been developed. Instead of using hierarchical decomposition, which is aimed at maximizing the coding efficiency, non-hierarchical decomposition is used to generate correlated descriptions, to facilitate the estimation of a lost description from a received one. In this paper, we review these recent developments.
Compositional and Thermal Evaluation of Lignocellulosic and Poultry Litter Chars via High and Low Temperature Pyrolysis

Inorganic elements in biomass feedstocks can influence thermochemical reactions as well as the resultant char’s elemental, compositional, and thermal characteristics. Chars were produced using slow pyrolysis under low (≤400°C) and high (≥500°C) temperature regimes from sugarcane bagasse, peanut hulls, pecan shell, pine chips, poultry litter, and switchgrass. The chars and raw feedstocks were characterized for their elemental, structural, and thermal properties to ascertain the implications of feedstock selection and pyrolysis temperatures on these properties. Char mass yields from the six feedstocks ranged between 28% and 78% by weight while carbon yields ranged between 44% and 89%. In both instances, lower yields were obtained with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Higher pyrolysis temperatures (≥500°C) resulted in more neutral to alkaline chars possessing greater ash contents and increased aromatic character with narrow O/C and H/C ratios. A significant exponential curve response (r2 = 0.87, P 30 MJ kg−1. The chars’ HHV values inversely correlated to their total ash and Cl content. Lignocelluloses chars had better thermal characteristics and lower ash quality concerns implying suitable service in thermal energy production. In contrast, poultry litter char had greater ash contents, medium HHV values, and contained corrosive inorganic elements, which rendered it problematic as a feedstock for thermal energy generation.
Fostering Resources for Undergraduate Research at the City University of New York

Securing funding for undergraduate research activities is critical to a vibrant program. Strategies for obtaining funding are described in this chapter.
The Use and Limitations of Dendrochronology in Studying Effects of Air Pollution on Forests

The annual ringwidths of trees can be used to search for hypothesized air pollution effects on forests. This search is extremenly complicated by the inherent statistical properties of ringwidth data and the high level of uncertainty regarding the sources of variance observed in the ringwidths. A linear aggregate model for ringwidths which highlights the general classes of variance that may be found in a tree-ring series is described. Dendrochronological principles and techniques that can be used to create a tree-ring chronology that is suitable for rigorous statistical analysis and hypothesis testing are described. An analysis of a red spruce tree-ring chronology indicates that a decline in ringwidths since 1968 cannot be explained by a linear temperature response model.
Biased Random-Walk Learning: A Neurobiological Correlate to Trial-and-Error

ABSTRACT Neural network models offer a theoretical testbed for the study of learning at the network level. The only experimentally verified learning rule, Hebb’s rule, is extremely limited in its ability to train networks to perform complex tasks. An identified cellular mechanism responsible for Hebbian-type longterm potentiation, the NMDA receptor, is highly versatile. Its operation is modulated by a wide variety of conditions and may be involved in several non-Hebbian processes. We have shown that another neural network learning rule, the chemotaxis algorithm, is theoretically much more powerful than Hebb’s rule and is consistent with neurobiological observations. A biased random walk in synaptic weight space is a learning rule immanent in nervous activity and may account for some types of learning — notably the acquisition of skilled movement.
Meningitis due to Fusobacterium necrophorum in an adult

Fusobacterium necrophorum may cause a number of clinical syndromes, collectively known as necrobacillosis. Meningitis is a significant cause of mortality, rarely reported in the adult population. We report a fatal case of meningitis, caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, secondary to otitis media in an alcoholic male. Diagnosis was delayed due to the typical slow growth of the organism. The clinical course was complicated by encephalitis and by hydrocephalus. The patient failed to respond to metronidazole and penicillin. The patient died on day 12 from increased intracranial pressure and brain stem infarction. This case emphasizes the need for a high index of clinical suspicion to make the diagnosis of Fusobacterium necrophorum meningitis. We recommend the use of appropriate anaerobic culture techniques and antimicrobial coverage for anaerobic organisms when the gram stain shows gram negative bacilli.
Pentagastrin Stimulates Epithelial Cell Proliferation in Duodenal and Colonic Crypts in Fasted Rats

In fasted rats, single injection of pentagastrin (250 mug/kg) stimulates epithelial cell proliferation in the duodenum and colon, but not in the esophagus. Fasting for 64 hours suppresses cell proliferation more markedly in colonic crypts than in duodenal crypts, and pentagastrin restores the cell proliferative activity of the colon and duodenum to levels comparable with those of fed rats. In both duodenal and colonic crypts, differentiating-proliferative cells in the mid-portion of the crypts are more responsive to pentagastrin stimulation than immature proliferative cells at the base of the crypts. Non-dividing epithelial cells are not affected. Pentagastrin has no influence on cell proliferation in fed rats.
Support needs and resources of sexual minority women with breast cancer.

Objective The current paper utilizes qualitative methods to better understand the support needs and resources of sexual minority women (SMW) breast cancer patients. Methods Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with SMW, who were recruited from community-based organizations and had undergone mastectomy for treatment of breast cancer. Interviews explored support needs and resources. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Three key domains emerged: support groups, family of origin support, and partner support. Participants emphasized the value of cancer support groups and resources tailored to SMW while stating that other dimensions of identity or experience, particularly age and cancer stage, were also important. Participants noted the dearth of social support resources for same-sex partners. Family of origin and partners were typically participants' primary sources of tangible and emotional support; participants often engaged in protective buffering to mitigate caregivers' distress. Single women faced the greatest challenges in terms of support needs and resources. Former partners were often key sources of support. Conclusions SMW and their partners have many shared and unique support resources and barriers. Heteronormativity that is implicit in the structure of support resources can serve as a barrier to support for SMW and their partners. Flexibility in relationship roles enabling some SMW to include former partners as significant means of support may be a source of resiliency, particularly for unpartnered SMW cancer patients. Support needs and resources of SMW are best understood through an intersectionality framework that considers sexual orientation, relationship status, cancer stage, age, healthcare access, and other important identities and experiences. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing the Physical Activity Levels of Youth: A Review with Implications for Leisure Programming and Evaluation

Abstract Given the international focus on the physical activity levels of youth and the growing concern for more health-based leisure programs, it is an opportune time to review the determinants of the physical activity levels of youth. Additionally, the need for more prevention oriented programming has been made (Caldwell, 2000; Payne, 2002) and understanding the influences on type, frequency, duration, and intensity of children and adolescents' physical activity patterns are elements of the theoretical base for developing a leisure-based physical activity prevention programs. Using an ecological framework the determinants of physical activity are reviewed and implications of determinant research for new and existing leisure service leisure programs are discussed.
Equations-of-Motion Method and the Extended Shell Model

This paper presents the equations-of-motion method as a useful and flexible tool in the study of nuclear spectroscopy. It is partly a review, but also it introduces a new and much more powerful equations-of-motion technique which supercedes the older linearization methods. The older methods worked with operator equations. To obtain closed expressions they had to be linearized in a rather arbitrary manner. The present approach works with the ground-state expectation of operator equations and thereby avoids all problems of linearization. Thus, like the Green's function method, the equations-of-motion method becomes potentially exact. It has many advantages over Green's function methods, however, among which are its greater compactness, simplicity, and the physical insight it yields.The method is first applied to rederive the random phase approximation (RPA) and the quasi-particle RPA (QRPA) and to show precisely what terms they neglect. It is demonstrated that some of these terms have coherent phases. A higher RPA and QRPA are then derived to include these terms. The corrections have some interesting effects: notably, there is a reduction of the effective interaction strength and a stabilization of the nucleus against sudden phase transitions. The equations-of-motion method is also used to generalize, in a very simple and natural way, the Hartree-Fock (HF) and Hartree-Bogolyubov (HB) concepts of independent particles and quasi-particles to nonsimple ground states.The equations-of-motion method is presented as a simple extension of the shell model to the treatment of excitationg of a correlated ground state. By concentrating on the quantities of direct physical interest, the complexity of workins with correlated wavefunctions is avoided.
BRAVE: bit-rate adaptation in vehicular environments

Rate selection in a wireless network is the problem of estimating the current channel conditions and determining the best physical layer bit rate for the outgoing frames in order to maximize the current throughput. All rate adaptation algorithms in literature arrive at an estimate of the current channel conditions by considering the recent history often in the order of seconds. In vehicular WiFi access networks, the constantly changing wireless channel conditions make the channel history quickly irrelevant. We develop BRAVE - an SNR-based rate adaptation algorithm, which only considers short history (500 ms) to make rate selection decisions. We show that a coarse-grained training approach is sufficient to estimate the SNR thresholds for rate selection as opposed to previous approaches that train on a per environment or a per AP basis. We study three frame-based rate adaptation algorithms and a popular SNR-based rate adaptation algorithm along with BRAVE and highlight their shortcomings in the rapidly changing vehicular WiFi access environment. In order to compare the algorithms under repeatable channel conditions, we also develop and use a novel emulation methodology where a software radio-based programmable noise generator is used to emulate varying link quality under vehicular mobility. We show that BRAVE performs significantly better than several prominent frame-based and the SNR-based rate adaptation algorithms.
Relative welfare improvements of low income versus high income countries

Abstract The paper develops a composite measure of welfare attributes for international comparisons based on the concept of Euclidean distance. The attributes are life expectancy, infant mortality, and literacy. The measures were calculated for 1960 and 1980 to allow for relative comparisons among and between countries classified into six economies. It was found that between the two periods, although low income economies have advanced absolutely, the graps in welfare as measured by the three attributes have widened relative to the more advanced developing nations.
Predicting childlessness for recent cohorts of American women.

Abstract Over 50% of white women now in the midst of the childbearing years have never borne a child. These levels of childlessness for women in their 20s are the highest ones in a time series that spans most of the twentieth century. Will postponed parenthood be translated into very high levels of permanent childlessness? Or will these cohorts ‘catch-up’ with a late fertility flurry in their 30s and 40s? We examine three projection strategies: one using women's stated fertility expectations, a second relying on the patterns of previous cohorts, and a third which posits that current rates will persist into the future. The predictive validity of these different projection strategies are tested with data for the 1980–1987 period. We show that the projection based on current period rates performs well. Further, we argue that it better captures the first birth process than other models. We forecast levels of 20% childless for cohorts of white women born in the early 1960s. Recent trends for nonwhites are very different than those for whites; levels of 4% are forecast for nonwhite women.
Modeling beverage processing using discrete event simulation

While most presentations on simulation in manufacturing tend to focus on traditional manufacturing industries, one tremendous potential for applying simulation is in beverage processing. Beverage processing poses questions that can be readily answered using simulation modeling. This presentation shows how a discrete event simulation language (ProModel) can help provide insights into the complex behavior of beverage processing. An example model is developed to illustrate the use of discrete event simulation for determining the impact of alternative sequencing and batch sizes.
Are the characteristics of narrative comments related to improvement in multirater feedback ratings over time

Researchers have paid almost no attention to the narrative comments that typically accompany multirater feedback reports despite the fact that both anecdotal and empirical evidence suggest that feedback recipients devote considerable attention to such comments. The authors examined improvement in upward feedback ratings over a 1-year period for 176 managers as a function of (a) the number of narrative comments each manager received, (b) whether those comments were favorable (vs. unfavorable), and (c) whether the comments were behavior/task focused (vs. trait focused). The authors found that managers who received a small number of unfavorable, behavior/task-focused comments improved more than did other managers, whereas managers who received a large number of unfavorable, behavior/task-focused comments declined more than did other managers.
Subsampling with mark and recapture for estimating abundance of mobile animal populations

Methods for mark and recapture can be applied for subsampling to give flexible sampling designs for wild populations where separate segments can be sampled independently. In area sampling, the area inhabited by a population is separated into quadrates and a sample of quadrates is selected with known probabilities; this insures a random sample of quadrates, but good estimates of abundances in the quadrates would be difficult to obtain for mobile animal populations without application of a method designed for such populations. If mark and recapture is applied in quadrates selected using area sampling, the result is a subsample with variation between quadrates and variation within quadrates. An estimator of population abundance is developed for subsampling using mark and recapture, and important consequences for design of such surveys are discussed.
μ-EYEBALL: An interactive system for producing stylistic descriptions and comparisons

We have revised the mainframe EYEBALL, written in the early 1970s and used by several researchers during that decade, to run on microcomputers. This program parses English language texts and provides a statistical description of many linguistic features which are of interest to those involved in stylistics. In order to produce an analytical approach which goes beyond the simple reporting of linguistic data, we have selected a small number of features which characterize noticeable elements of the language used and we have written programs to facilitate statistical comparisons among texts. While EYEBALL is not automatic, the interactive parsing routines are elegant enough that the users spend most of their time confirming accurate guesses, rather than having to determine the structure of each phrase and clause. We hope that the program will be used by humanities scholars who have not previously been inclined to wrestle with the barriers of mainframe computing in the past.
Reduction of Ag(CN)2- on Silver and Platinum Colloidal Nanoparticles

Ag(CN)2- is reduced at a low rate by radiolytically generated hydroxymethyl radicals. The reduction occurs on tiny nuclei in solution formed by hydrolysis. When colloidal silver seed particles are present in the solution, the reduction of Ag(CN)2- is much faster, and larger silver particles with a narrow size distribution are produced. A mechanism is proposed, in which the •CH2OH radicals transfer electrons to the seed particles, and the stored electrons finally reduce Ag(CN)2- directly on the surface of the seeds. The limitations of this kind of radiolytic particle enlargement are discussed. In the presence of colloidal platinum, Ag(CN)2- is also rapidly reduced by the organic radicals. Bimetallic particles of the PtcoreAgshell type with a rather nonsymmetric shape of the shell are formed; despite this irregular structure, the optical spectra agree fairly well with literature spectra calculated for symmetric bimetallic particles.
Malignant lymphomas of the thyroid. A clinical pathologic study of 35 patients including ultrastructural observations

The clinical and pathologic findings for 35 patients with malignant lymphoma presenting in the thyroid are reviewed. The lymphomas tended to occur in females with a median age of 65 years and clinically were manifested by a mass in the neck. The majority of patients were euthyroid and thyroid scans demonstrated cold nodules. In none of the patients was there clinical suspicion of lymphoma prior to surgery. Thirty-four of the cases were histiocytic lymphomas; the one exception, a patient with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, had histiocytic lymphoma in a subsequent biopsy of the soft tissues of the neck. Although classified as histiocytic, the lymphomas had the histologic and ultrastructural features of transformed lymphocytes or immunoblasts. Lending possible additional credence to the immunoblastic nature of these lymphomas was the histologic documentation of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in all 27 cases where residual thyroid parenchyma remained. This relationship suggests possible evolution of thyroid lymphomas from chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and probably is analogous to the malignant lymphomas developing in other altered immune states, including Sjogren's syndrome. In the current study the overall 5-year survival was 54%. Patients under age 65, without local soft tissue extension or regional lymph node involvement, and with stage I disease survived the longest; a nodular histologic pattern also appeared to favorably influence the prognosis. Improved staging procedures and newer modes of therapy appear essential, particularly for those patients with clinical stage II disease and with local extension to soft tissues.
Youth Theatre as Cultural Artifact: Social Antagonism in Urban High School Environments

This article focuses explicitly on live theatrical performances as cultural products, using Every Single Day as a case study of the ways in which teenagers represent social antagonism in high school social systems. I will begin by establishing youth theatre performance products as cultural artifacts and vital sites for critical inquiry. Next, I will define social antagonism and use it as a theoretical lens through which to analyze Every Single Day and use it to deconstruct the ways teens construct their relationships to adult and institutional authority. I will then go on to examine adolescents' powers to regulate their immediate social norms and the ways in which Every Single Day represents bullying as a weapon of social antagonism in a larger class struggle. Finally, I will examine the play's happy ending as both an affirmation of the status quo and an animation of hopes for a more peaceful world.
Multilayer asymmetric aperture-coupled broadside microstrip lines and their quasi-static and dynamic analyses

This paper describes new multilayer aperture-coupled broadside microstrip lines suitable for miniaturized microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits. Spectral-domain method is used for detailed investigations of these structures, and both quasi-static and dynamic results are presented to illustrate the need of a full-wave analysis for accurate circuit designs at high frequencies. The new transmission lines possess many desirable features, such as flexibility in circuit design and ability to optimize various transmission lines' characteristics, as well as miniaturization by using thin dielectric layers. Besides having the inherent properties of large ratios for the mode characteristic impedances and effective dielectric constants found in broadside-coupled structures, we also found that the studied coupled transmission lines can have equal mode effective dielectric constants for certain values of the structural parameters.
How brand innovativeness creates advertising flexibility

We advance a broadened conceptualization of advertising context effects by considering how consumer response is influenced by the competitive advertising context. This contextual variable reflects how typically or atypically advertising tactics are employed by brands in a product category. Study 1 demonstrates that employing an advertising tactic that is perceived by consumers as atypical in a category undermines its influence on brand attitudes. Study 2 shows that this persuasion penalty is circumvented by innovative brands through a phenomenon we refer to as advertising flexibility that enables innovative brands to successfully employ advertising tactics under a wider range of conditions than non-innovative brands. A final study provides process evidence for this effect by showing that brand attitudes are determined by advertising content for innovative brands but by considerations of the competitive advertising context for non-innovative brands.
Exploring the Complex Energy Landscape of Protein Unfolding Under Force

Optical tweezers have enabled the use of extremely low mechanical forces to study the unfolding and refolding of single protein biomolecules. We investigated the complex mechanical behavior of the src SH3 domain, a classical two-state folding protein. When a shearing force is applied on the terminal β-strand, the protein accesses parallel unfolding pathways, as indicated by the biphasic force dependence of the unfolding rates. We characterized the mechanical transition states for the two pathways by developing a protein engineering approach analogous to the phi-value methodology used in bulk studies. Interestingly, the transition state of the high-force unfolding pathway has more similarities with the zero-force, bulk unfolding pathway. The transition state is highly polarized under zero-force conditions and at high forces. However, at intermediate forces, the transition state is very diffuse, as indicated by a phi-value of ∼0.5 for all the src SH3 variants. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first instance of an experimentally observed, force-dependent change in the malleability of the transition state structure.
Nucleation of (Mo) precipitates on dislocations during annealing of a Mo-rich Mo 5 SiB 2 phase

Upon annealing an as-cast Mo-10Si-20B alloy at high temperatures, a Mo solid solution phase precipitates within a supersaturated Mo5SiB2 phase. The precipitation behavior of the Mo solid solution was investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. It is found that the Mo5SiB2 phase in a Mo-10Si-20B alloy contains a significant amount of structural vacancies in the as-cast state. The excess vacancies are removed to form dislocations during annealing, which provides the heterogeneous nucleation sites for the (Mo) precipitates.
Competing Explanations of Split-ticket Voting in American National Elections:

In this article, the authors propose an extension to Fiorina's balancing model based on voters' electoral expectations and test this extension and several implications of the theory. The authors examine the observed pattern of ticket-splitting and find it less consistent with a balancing perspective than with an alternative approach stressing separation between presidential and congressional voting. They also address the relationship between party polarization and ticket-splitting; their results indicate that the occurrence of split ballots does not increase with polarization. A further test identifies respondents with both the sophistication and the motive to engage in balancing behavior. According to this analysis, balancing considerations influence, at most, the very small group of voters whose sophistication and electoral expectations give them the tools and the incentive to pursue balance with a split ballot. Ticket-splitting appears to result far more from incumbency and cross-pressured voters holdi...
Foundational Issues in Presupposition

Consider sentence (1):(1) Jane has stopped drinking coffee in the evening.Among other things, this sentence entails:(2) Jane has stopped drinking coffee after 10pm.Unsurprisingly, the negation of sentence (1), shown in (3), does not share this entailment. Neitherdoes the yes/no question formed from this sentence. Similar ly, if we add a possibility m odal to thesentence, or construct a conditional of which (1) is the antecedent, the resulting sentences do notshare the entailment of the original, as we see from the examples below:(3) Jane hasn’t stopped drinking coffee in the evening.(4) Has Jane stopped drinking coffee in the evening?(5) Jane might’ve stopped drinking coffee in the evening.(6) If Jane has stopped drinking coffee in the evening, she is probably sleeping better.In other words, sentences (3)-(6) illustrate entailment-cancelling embeddings of sentence (1).Now consider another entailment of our original sentence (1):(7) Jane used to drink coffee in the evening.A speaker who utters any of the sentences in (3)-(6), sentences which are not expected to preserveany of the entailments of (1), remains committed to the truth of the proposition in (7). Thisproposition, enta ile d by (1 ) and impli ed in some sense by the relate d sentences (3)-(6), is co nsidereda
Ultrasensitive Raman and fluorescence imaging using liquid crystal tunable filters

The principles of the single stage and dual stage liquid crystal Fabry- Perot interferometer (FPI) are discussed. A dual stage liquid crystal FPI which has 11-12 cm-1 pass band and is electronically tunable is described. The filter is characterized as a component of a light microscope. Its application to Raman microscopy of materials and to fluorescence microscopy of nucleic acid dynamics is demonstrated with examples from the author's laboratory.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling physiological processes that relate toxicant exposure and bacterial population dynamics.

Quantifying effects of toxicant exposure on metabolic processes is crucial to predicting microbial growth patterns in different environments. Mechanistic models, such as those based on Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory, can link physiological processes to microbial growth. Here we expand the DEB framework to include explicit consideration of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Extensions considered are: (i) additional terms in the equation for the “hazard rate” that quantifies mortality risk; (ii) a variable representing environmental degradation; (iii) a mechanistic description of toxic effects linked to increase in ROS production and aging acceleration, and to non-competitive inhibition of transport channels; (iv) a new representation of the “lag time” based on energy required for acclimation. We estimate model parameters using calibrated Pseudomonas aeruginosa optical density growth data for seven levels of cadmium exposure. The model reproduces growth patterns for all treatments with a single common parameter set, and bacterial growth for treatments of up to 150 mg(Cd)/L can be predicted reasonably well using parameters estimated from cadmium treatments of 20 mg(Cd)/L and lower. Our approach is an important step towards connecting levels of biological organization in ecotoxicology. The presented model reveals possible connections between processes that are not obvious from purely empirical considerations, enables validation and hypothesis testing by creating testable predictions, and identifies research required to further develop the theory.
Individual differences and organizational forms in the leadership process

Abstract In this series of letters, Jack Miner and Roseanne Foti exchange their views on the role of individual differences and organizational forms in the leadership process. Foti takes a position more oriented toward individual differences; Miner is more oriented toward organizational form. This exchange leads to a call for more research emphasizing the diversity of organization forms and a person focus to incorporate both the complexity of the situation as well as the complexity of the leader.
Preparation of Aspherical Refracting Optical Surfaces by an Evaporation Technique

By selective deposition of evaporated dielectrics it was found possible to form aspherical surfaces on plane glass plates which, when used with a lens, made the combination free from spherical aberration. A theory is given for the calculation of the correcting surfaces, and the experimental procedure for their preparation is described. The results are shown by means of ronchigrams.
Nonlinear stochastic modeling to improve state estimation in process monitoring and control

State estimation from plant measurements plays an important role in advanced monitoring and control technologies, especially for chemical processes with nonlinear dynamics and significant levels of process and sensor noise. Several types of state estimators have been shown to provide high-quality estimates that are robust to significant process disturbances and model errors. These estimators require a dynamic model of the process, including the statistics of the stochastic disturbances affecting the states and measurements. The goal of this article is to introduce a design method for nonlinear state estimation including the following steps: (i) nonlinear process model selection, (ii) stochastic disturbance model selection, (iii) covariance identification from operating data, and (iv) estimator selection and implementation. Results on the implementation of this design method in nonlinear examples (CSTR and large dimensional polymerization process) show that the linear time-varying autocovariance least-squares technique accurately estimates the noise covariances for the examples analyzed, providing a good set of such covariances for the state estimators implemented. On the estimation implementation, a case study of a chemical reactor demonstrates the better capabilities of MHE when compared with the extended Kalman filter. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
An Intercorrelational Study of Some Indices of Verbal Fluency

This article reports an intercorrelational study of nine variables, assumed to be relevant to the occurrence of hesitation and anxiety in verbal behavior. Six verbal indices are used, including productivity, “Ah” and “non-ah” speech disturbance ratios, silent pauses, reaction time, and articulation rate. In addition Eron's rating scale for Affective Arousal in TAT responses, an adaptation of this scale for rating negative affect or anxiety, and a GSR measure are used. These measures are applied to stories given in response to 16 selected TAT cards by 30 nursing students, ages 20 to 22. In the intercorrelations of the variables and their loadings on three orthogonal factors, the relevance of the verbal indices to the concepts of hesitation and anxiety is sought. Some of the correlations are consistent with an uncertainty or hesitation concept; however, no uncertainty or hesitation factor emerges. On the other hand, an anxiety factor, on which negative affect and GSR both load, is present. Unfortunately, th...
FUNDING STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL

Funding strategy is a management concept, a financial tool used by the corporate world whose eye is firmly on fixed profits and losses. One might expect the term to have little place in a world where preservation of culture and ideas is the goal. Creating a funding strategy for a public library may in fact seem alien to the image of what a library represents in our society. But the Denver Public Library (DPL), at the outset of the 1980s, entered the world of funding strategies in order to survive. And not only have we survived, we have flourished. We would recommend our approach to all libraries that want to secure a healthy fiscal future, not just to those experiencing financial hardships.
Improved variable and value ranking techniques for mining categorical traffic accident data

The ever increasing size of datasets used for data mining and machine learning applications has placed a renewed emphasis on algorithm performance and processing strategies. This paper addresses algorithms for ranking variables in a dataset, as well as for ranking values of a specific variable. We propose two new techniques, called Max Gain (MG) and Sum Max Gain Ratio (SMGR), which are well-correlated with existing techniques, yet are much more intuitive. MG and SMGR were developed for the public safety domain using categorical traffic accident data. Unlike the typical abstract statistical techniques for ranking variables and values, the proposed techniques can be motivated as useful intuitive metrics for non-statistician practitioners in a particular domain. Additionally, the proposed techniques are generally more efficient than the more traditional statistical approaches.
Phase1/‐2 study of Pomalidomide in myelofibrosis

We conducted a dose-escalation study to see if higher doses of Pomalidomide (previously shown to be safe and effective for myelofibrosis-associated anemia at 0.5 mg/day [with prednisone] or 2.0 mg/day) increased anemia responses. 3.0 mg/d given for 21 of 28 consecutive days was the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), with myelosuppression being dose limiting. Nonresponders at the MTD had their dose decreased and the therapy interval increased to daily. Seven of 19 subjects had an anemia-response and two had a spleen response. Most responses occurred after dose-reduction to 0.5 mg/d, suggesting higher doses are associated with increasing myelosuppression without increasing (or possibly decreasing) efficacy.
Creating Explanations That Guide and Motivate

Based on a description of a knowledge continuum and on the knowledge combustion and vehicle analogy, problems regarding the explanation facilities of knowledge-based systems (KBS) are addressed. Furthermore, drawing from the lessons learned from the analysis of the video recordings of medical diagnostic telemedicine consultations, a new approach for developing justification and strategic explanation facilities for KBS is presented. Rather than enabling computers to make profound decisions and generate convincing explanations, which is not technically feasible according to the knowledge continuum, the development of a KBS that provides relevant explanations for specific diagnostic situations is proposed. The knowledge continuum indicates that there is a narrow gap between information, declarative knowledge and some types of pragmatic knowledge. To take advantage of this knowledge characteristic, the creation of a hybrid knowledge type that integrates several more explicit knowledge types through simple processes of extraction, representation, analysis, modelling and editing is proposed.
Classical stochastic diffusion theory for desorption from solid surfaces

As a first step in the microscopic study of dynamic processes on surfaces and at interfaces, we have considered the thermal desorption of adsorbed species on solid surfaces. We review recent developments based on a classical stochastic diffusion formulation. Using this theory, we obtained a simple rate expression, R=(Omega0/2pi) f(T)exp(–De/kT), where Omega0 is the surface-adsorbate vibrational frequency and De the dissociation energy. For atoms f(T)=1, whereas for molecules f(T) depends on the parameters for the frustrated rotations at the surface. The effect of coverage on the rate of desorption and the process of desorption into a fluid are also examined. Finally, we discuss the relationship between our theory and the expressions obtained from activated complex (transition-state) theory.
Exploring the Relation of Values, Power, and Advocacy in American Sexual Science

ABSTRACT There is widespread acceptance by American sexual scientists of the need to be aware of our values and control their potential biasing effect. Despite this belief, there is a lack of consensus among sexual scientists concerning whether we should advocate for or against policy issues that come before Congress and impact our field. Also, even though in the United States we are dealing with a society of 316 million people, sexual scientists have often failed to propose solutions that are pluralistic and that work in groups with unconventional sexual values. In addition, sexual scientists have conflicting views on just how much we should reveal about our personal values concerning a sexual problem area that we are studying. In these and other ways many sexual scientists have not integrated into their research and theory their verbal support for avoiding bias. Above all, the containment of bias requires the exploration of the interface of values, power, and advocacy with the work we do in sexual scien...
Analytic theory of series field coil ion diodes

Ion diodes suited to inertially confined fusion research must conduct very high currents. The magnetic fields due to these currents are comparable to the fields used to provide magnetic insulation of electrons. Because these self-fields are necessarily high at the diode boundary where the power is applied, and are zero at some other part of the diode away from the power feed, these diodes have generally been treated theoretically by two-dimensional particle-in-cell computer simulations. There is a special class of ion diodes employing series magnetic field coils which can be described by a one-dimensional model. These diodes are highly amenable to treatment by analytic theory, and therefore are easily designed and scaled to multiterawatt systems. Many features of these diodes make them very attractive as drivers for inertial-confinement fusion research. Theoretical analysis of this class, including magnetic field configuration and field coil design, electron drifts, diode efficiency, and ion focusing, is presented. Also presented is analysis of a plasma-filled version which provides ion bunching and filtering of light ion species which might otherwise have detrimental effects on target experiments.
The role of macrophages in the acute-phase response: SAA inducer is closely related to lymphocyte activating factor and endogenous pyrogen

Abstract An increase in the concentration of the acute-phase reactant, serum amyloid A (SAA), following endotoxin treatment, is a consequence of the action of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on macrophages to produce a monokine, the SAA inducer, which in turn, triggers SAA synthesis by hepatocytes. We have found that murine SAA inducer is closely related, if not identical, to murine lymphocyte activating factor (LAF), otherwise known as Interleukin 1 (IL 1). Furthermore, both rabbit endogenous pryrogen (EP), which is believed to be identical to LAF (IL 1), and human LAF (IL 1), induced elevated SAA concentrations in C3H/HeJ mice. Antiserum previously shown to block both pyrogenic and thymocyte proliferating activities of the species of rabbit EP exhibiting an isoelectric point of pH 7.3 (EP 7), also blocked the SAA inducing activity of EP7. Phenylglyoxal treatment of highly purified murine LAF (IL 1) abrogated both thymocyte proliferating activity and the SAA inducing activity. These studies support and extend previous reports suggesting that within 2 hr of an inflammatory stimulus, macrophages produce a monokine that acts systemically to alter body temperature, activate T cells, and induce hepatic protein synthesis of acute-phase reactants.
Study of the performance of Mo2C for iso-octane steam reforming

Abstract In the present work, the performance of commercial molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) for isooctane steam reforming has been investigated in order to determine the effects of major operating parameters (temperature, space velocity, and steam to carbon ratio) on the catalytic activity. While the results obtained indicate an onset reforming temperature of 850 °C, high concentrations of H2 in the reforming environment were found to reduce the onset temperature to 750 °C. The catalytic activity at 850 °C was sufficient to produce hydrogen yields greater than 90% and carbon conversions close to 100%, with a low selectivity to CH4 and CO2. In addition, and consistent with thermodynamic predictions, a steam to carbon ratio of 1 appeared to optimize the reforming rates. Finally, based on experimental observations, a reaction mechanism was formulated and used to interpret the results obtained during catalytic activity measurements. This mechanism involves continuous oxidation and reduction of Mo metal, which can provide activity and stability to the catalyst when occurring at similar rates.
Arthroscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans in the Equine Femoropatellar Joint

Forty limbs with femoropatellar osteochondritis dissecans in 24 horses were treated with arthroscopic surgery. Lesions were bilateral in 16 horses and unilateral in eight horses. Diagnostic examination and surgical treatment were performed through a single arthroscopic portal; five different instrument portal locations and six instrument approaches were used. Lesions were localized to the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur in 31 affected joints, medial trochlear ridge in two joints, lateral and medial trochlear ridges together in two joints, lateral trochlear ridge plus patella in four joints, and patella alone in one joint. The lesions consisted of subchondral defects containing chondral or osteochondral flaps or fragments, or were seen as dimpling, cracking, fibrillation, or erosion of articular cartilage, or intact cartilage over a subchondral defect. Loose bodies were found in three joints. There was a poor correlation between radiologic and arthroscopic findings. Surgical manipulations included removal of flaps, fragments, and undermined articular cartilage, and debridement of the subchondral defect. Three horses were euthanized: one electively to assess the joint grossly, one because of complications following surgery and salmonellosis, and one because of unrelated forelimb abnormalities. Immediate clinical improvement after surgery was seen in the 22 horses permitted to survive. Long-term follow-up on seven of 10 racehorses revealed that two have raced successfully, two are “ready to race,” three are training sound, two are sound at pasture (still in convalescence), and one has been reoperated. Of six horses used for show or pleasure, three are being shown sound, one is sound for pleasure, and two are training sound. The remaining horses are convalescing.