cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climatic Aspects of Waste Heat

This morning you have heard about two forms of man-made pollution which are capable of causing large scale climatic change, namely CO2 and aerosols in the atmosphere. They have been receiving increasing attention in the scientific literature for about a decade. I will talk about a third pollutant, namely waste heat (or thermal pollution), and how its introduction into the environment can alter climate on large as well as small scales. Relatively little study has heretofore been devoted to this problem.
Initial Surgical Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fracture Predicts Difficulty Healing when Humeral Shaft Nonunion Occurs

BackgroundAlthough most humeral nonunions are successfully treated with a single procedure, some humeral nonunions are more difficult to heal and require multiple procedures. Current literature doe...
Race and Nursing

According to the most recent National Sample Survey from the US Department of Health and Human Services, there are 3,063,162 registered nurses (RNs) in the United States. Of these, 16.8 percent are from minority groups. While the proportion of minority RNs continues to rise, it does not yet reflect the racial distribution of the entire US population, of which 35 percent are from minority groups. This entry reviews disparities in the prevalence of nurses from a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds. Nurses from many races, cultures, and ethnicities participate in and influence the field of nursing. It is important to continue to cultivate this diversity as it promotes unique perspectives that are needed in caring for increasingly heterogeneous patient populations. Keywords: health care; minorities; race
STUDIES ON THERMOPHILIC SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA II. Hydrogenase Activity of Clostridium nigrificans

Akagi, J. M. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio) and L. Leon Campbell. Studies on thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. II. Hydrogenase activity of Clostridium nigrificans. J. Bacteriol. 82:927-932. 1961.-The hydrogenase of Clostridium nigrificans has been found to be associated with the cell-free particulate fraction which can be sedimented at 105,000 x g in 1 hr. The specific activity of this fraction was increased 2 to 3 fold over that of the crude extract. It was not found possible to liberate the enzyme from the particulate fraction by methods of enzymatic digestion, chemical extraction, or physical disruption. The optimum temperature for H(2) utilization using benzyl viologen as an electron acceptor was found to be 55 C, and the optimum pH range was 7 to 8. Employing metal complexing agents it was found that the enzyme required Fe(++) ions for H(2) utilization. In contrast, Fe(++) ions were not required to catalyze the evolution of H(2) from reduced methyl viologen. The role of Fe(++) ions in the hydrogenase activity of this organism is discussed.
Antibody polyspecificity and neutralization of HIV-1: A hypothesis

HIV-1 has evolved many ways to evade protective host immune responses, thus creating a number of problems for HIV vaccine developers. In particular, durable, broadly specific neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 have proved difficult to induce with current HIV-1 vaccine candidates. The recent observation that some broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 envelope monoclonal antibodies have polyspecific reactivities to host antigens have raised the hypothesis that one reason antibodies against some of the conserved HIV-1 envelope trimer neutralizing epitopes are not routinely made may be down-regulation of some specificities of anti-HIV-1 antibody producing B cells by host B cell tolerance mechanisms.
EARS: ELECTROMYOGRAPHICAL AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF SPEECH

In this paper, we present our research on automatic speech recognition of surface electromyographic signals that are generated by the human articulatory muscles. With parallel recorded audible speech and electromyographic signals, experiments are conducted to show the anticipatory behavior of electromyographic signals with respect to speech signals. Additionally, we demonstrate how to develop phone-based speech recognizers with carefully designed electromyographic feature extraction methods. We show that articulatory feature (AF) classifiers can also benefit from the novel feature, which improve the F-score of the AF classifiers from 0.467 to 0.686. With a stream architecture, the AF classifiers are then integrated into the decoding framework. Overall, the word error rate improves from 86.8% to 29.9% on a 100 word vocabulary recognition task.
Islet1 Progenitors in Developing and Postnatal Heart

Abstract The LIM‐homeodomain transcription factor Islet1 (Isl1) is a marker of pluripotential undifferentiated cardiovascular progenitors that will give rise to myocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells within the heart and the vasculature. During development, Isl1 is actively expressed in cardiac progenitors prior to their differentiation. Isl1 function is also required for normal heart development, as Isl1 mutant hearts are completely lacking the outflow tract, right ventricle, and have severely reduced atrial tissue. Isl1 is expressed both in cardiogenic mesoderm and in endoderm, the latter a tissue that is required for heart induction. It will also be important to understand tissue‐specific roles for Isl1 in this context. The early expression of Isl1 within multipotential cardiac progenitors and its essential role in heart development suggest that understanding factors that are both upstream and downstream of Isl1 will give critical insights into genetic pathways required for specification of distinct cardiovascular lineages and for normal heart development.
Costs of achieving live birth from assisted reproductive technology: a comparison of sequential single and double embryo transfer approaches

Objective To assess treatment and pregnancy/infant-associated medical costs and birth outcomes for assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles in a subset of patients using elective double embryo (ET) and to project the difference in costs and outcomes had the cycles instead been sequential single ETs (fresh followed by frozen if the fresh ET did not result in live birth). Design Retrospective cohort study using 2012 and 2013 data from the National ART Surveillance System. Setting Infertility treatment centers. Patient(s) Fresh, autologous double ETs performed in 2012 among ART patients younger than 35 years of age with no prior ART use who cryopreserved at least one embryo. Intervention(s) Sequential single and double ETs. Main Outcome Measure(s) Actual live birth rates and estimated ART treatment and pregnancy/infant-associated medical costs for double ET cycles started in 2012 and projected ART treatment and pregnancy/infant-associated medical costs if the double ET cycles had been performed as sequential single ETs. Result(s) The estimated total ART treatment and pregnancy/infant-associated medical costs were $580.9 million for 10,001 double ETs started in 2012. If performed as sequential single ETs, estimated costs would have decreased by $195.0 million to $386.0 million, and live birth rates would have increased from 57.7%–68.0%. Conclusion(s) Sequential single ETs, when clinically appropriate, can reduce total ART treatment and pregnancy/infant-associated medical costs by reducing multiple births without lowering live birth rates.
Human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes home preferentially to and induce selective regressions of autologous EBV-induced B cell lymphoproliferations in xenografted C.B-17 scid/scid mice.

C.B-17 scid/scid (severe combined immunodeficiency [SCID]) mice inoculated with peripheral blood lymphocytes from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-seropositive donors, or with EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid B cell lines (EBV-LCL), develop lethal human EBV+ B cell lymphoproliferative disorders (EBV-LPD) with characteristics similar to those arising in immunodeficient patients. Using this model, we examined the capacity of human effector cells to control human EBV-LPD. SCID mice received rabbit anti-asialo GM1 antiserum to abrogate endogenous natural killer-cell function. Preliminary experiments showed that adoptive transfer of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), purified T cells, interleukin (IL) 2-activated PBMC or anti-CD3-activated T cells derived from EBV-seropositive donors did not result in improved survival of treated mice (in vivo effector/target ratio 2:1 to 1:1). In contrast, EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), derived from EBV-seropositive donors and expanded in vitro, exhibited strong EBV-specific and HLA-restricted activity both in vitro and in vivo. SCID mice inoculated intraperitoneally with autologous but not with HLA-mismatched EBV-LCL had significantly improved survival relative to untreated mice after inoculation of EBV-specific CTL either intraperitoneally (P<0.001) or intravenously (P<0.001) (in vivo effector/target ratio 1:1). SCID mice bearing large subcutaneous EBV+ tumors and treated intravenously with 10(7) EBV-specific CTL achieved complete tumor regression. Both CTL- and CTL-plus-IL-2-treated mice survived significantly longer than untreated animals or animals treated with IL-2 alone (P = 0.0004 and P<0.02, respectively). SCID mice bearing two subcutaneous EBV+ tumors, one autologous and the other HLA mismatched to the EBV-specific CTL donor, had regression of only the autologous tumor after intravenous infusion of 10(7) EBV-specific CTL. Moreover, we could demonstrate preferential homing of PKH26-labeled EBV-specific CTL to autologous but not to HLA-mismatched EBV+ tumors as early as 24 h after intravenous adoptive transfer. Immunophenotypic analyses also demonstrated preferential infiltration of T cells into the autologous EBV+ tumor in SCID mice bearing both the autologous and either fully HLA-mismatched or genotypically related haplotype-sharing EBV+ tumors. The human T cells infiltrating EBV+ tumors were CD3+ and, predominantly, CD8+CD4-. Our results indicate that EBV-specific CTL preferentially localize to and infiltrate EBV+ tumors bearing the appropriate HLA antigens and thereafter induce targeted regressions of disease.
Intrinsic 5′-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Trf4 protein with a possible role in base excision DNA repair

Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the base excision DNA repair (BER) pathway has been thought to involve only a multinucleotide (long-patch) mechanism (LP-BER), in contrast to most known cases that include a major single-nucleotide pathway (SN-BER). The key step in mammalian SN-BER, removal of the 5′-terminal abasic residue generated by AP endonuclease incision, is effected by DNA polymerase β (Polβ). Computational analysis indicates that yeast Trf4 protein, with roles in sister chromatin cohesion and RNA quality control, is a new member of the X family of DNA polymerases that includes Polβ. Previous studies of yeast trf4Δ mutants revealed hypersensitivity to methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) but not UV light, a characteristic of BER mutants in other organisms. We found that, like mammalian Polβ, Trf4 is able to form a Schiff base intermediate with a 5′-deoxyribose-5-phosphate substrate and to excise the abasic residue through a dRP lyase activity. Also like Polβ, Trf4 forms stable cross-links in vitro to 5′-incised 2-deoxyribonolactone residues in DNA. We determined the sensitivity to MMS of strains with a trf4Δ mutation in a rad27Δ background, in an AP lyase-deficient background (ogg1 ntg1 ntg2), or in a pol4Δ background. Only a RAD27 genetic interaction was detected: there was higher sensitivity for strains mutated in both TRF4 and RAD27 than either single mutant, and overexpression of Trf4 in a rad27Δ background partially suppressed MMS sensitivity. The data strongly suggest a role for Trf4 in a pathway parallel to the Rad27-dependent LP-BER in yeast. Finally, we demonstrate that Trf5 significantly affects MMS sensitivity and thus probably BER efficiency in cells expressing either wild-type Trf4 or a C-terminus-deleted form.
The Political Uses of the Dead as Symbols in Contemporary Civil Religions

Although modernization has supposedly segregated the dead from the affairs of the living, modern political systems continue the practice of maintaining the memories and citizenship rights of its deceased members. This paper explicates such activities and synthesizes ideas from political sociology, the sociologies of religion and death, as well as from existential and psychoanalytic thought. It is shown how the state has inherited the traditional religious task of maintaining the ideologies of death fears and transcendence as mechanisms of social control. Further, beyond the more apparent functions of the dead in legitimating regimes, they symbolize the capacity of nation-states to address the modern anxieties of meaningless premature deaths and personal extinction.
Aortic translocation in the management of transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis: results and follow-up.

Background The surgical management of patients with transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary stenosis remains a challenge. The Rastelli operation is the preferred surgical procedure, but its long-term results are not optimal. The objective in this retrospective study was to review our experience using aortic translocation and biventricular outflow tract reconstruction as an alternative surgical procedure for the management of these patients. Methods Since January 1996, 12 patients have undergone aortic translocation and biventricular outflow tract reconstruction for the management of transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary stenosis at our institution. All patients had ventriculoarterial discordance; 9 had atrioventricular concordance and 3 atrioventricular discordance. Associated lesions included a straddling atrioventricular valve in 3 patients. An inlet ventricular septal defect was present in 4 patients. The median age at operation was 2 years. Eight patients had previous palliative procedures. The surgical technique used was a modification of the Nikaidoh procedure. The 3 patients with atrioventricular discordance required a Senning procedure. Results There was one hospital death (8.3%) as a result of a massive cerebrovascular accident. The median intensive care unit and hospital stays were 15 and 18 days, respectively. At a median follow-up of 33 months, all patients are alive. Four late reoperations occurred in 3 patients, including two reoperations for conduit obstruction. Conclusions Aortic translocation and biventricular outflow tract reconstruction is a valuable surgical option for the surgical management of patients with transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary stenosis, especially in the presence of "inadequate anatomy" for a Rastelli repair.
p53 Mutations are Associated with Dysplasia and Progression of Dysplasia in Patients with Crohn’s Disease

Background: Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene p53 are associated with neoplasia in ulcerative colitis, but little is understood of their significance in Crohn’s disease (CD). Purpose: To explore p53 expression as a marker of neoplasia in CD patients. Methods: This is a retrospective review of CD patients who underwent p53 IHC staining in our center between 1995 and 2003. The p53 status was correlated to the presence and grade of neoplasia at the time of staining and in subsequent follow-up. Results: Fourteen CD patients had p53 assessment: eight were p53 positive and six were p53 negative. Seven of eight p53+ had dysplasia (six LGD, one HGD); one of six p53−had dysplasia (LGD) (P = 0.03). Four p53+ patients with follow-up had persistent dysplasia and two had progression to a higher grade. Three p53− patients with follow-up remained free of dysplasia. Conclusions: This limited study shows that p53 over expression in CD patients is associated with dysplasia that may progress to a higher grade of neoplasia over time.
Resumming the color-octet contribution to e+e-→J/ψ+X

Recent observations of the spectrum of J/psi produced in e+ e- collisions at the Upsilon(4S) resonance are in conflict with fixed-order calculations using the Non-Relativistic QCD (NRQCD) effective field theory. One problem is that leading order color-octet mechanisms predict an enhancement of the cross section for J/psi with maximal energy that is not observed in the data. However, in this region of phase space large perturbative corrections (Sudakov logarithms) as well as enhanced nonperturbative effects are important. In this paper we use the newly developed Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET) to systematically include these effects. We find that these corrections significantly broaden the color-octet contribution to the J/psi spectrum. Our calculation employs a one-stage renormalization group evolution rather than the two-stage evolution used in previous SCET calculations. We give a simple argument for why the two methods yield identical results to lowest order in the SCET power
Calculation and Optimization of Soil Slope Stability on One Iron Mine

The purpose of slope stability evaluation was that, according to the slope engineering condition and constraints of mining technology, to study the deformation and failure rule of slope occurred by the change of stress field during the open-pit mining. The main research object of the paper was open-pit slope of one iron mine, for the mechanical parameters of the slope, it was obtained by physical experiments, and the numerical simulation method was used for the stability analysis and evaluation of quaternary soil slope angle and final slope angle. And some measures were proposed for slope stability during construction to ensure safety in production. The research of the paper has certain reference significance for optimization calculation of the soil slope stability
Measurement of n − p and n − d Total Cross Sections from 0.7 to 3.6 GeV c

We present direct measurements of the total cross section for neutrons on protons and deuterons in the momentum range 0.7 to 3.6 $\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$. Using these and other nucleon-nucleon total cross sections, we evaluate total cross sections in the pure isospin states.
Leak Point Pressures in Women With Urinary Stress Incontinence: Correlation With Patient History

ABSTRACTPurpose: We examined the relationship between historical factors in women with urinary stress incontinence and the Valsalva leak point pressure.Materials and Methods: Valsalva leak point pressure measurements in 57 women with urinary stress incontinence were compared to findings in the history.Results: Valsalva leak point pressure was low in 83% of women with severe leakage and previous surgery. Interestingly, 47% of patients without predisposing factors had low Valsalva leak point pressures.Conclusions: Women with severe leakage and previous bladder neck surgery are likely to have urethral dysfunction as demonstrated by Valsalva leak point pressure testing. A significant incidence of low Valsalva leak point pressures in patients without predisposing factors could account for many failures of routine suspension procedures.
Ionization Efficiency of Ultra-Violet Light in Caesium Vapor

Efficiency of photo-ionization in caesium vapor at 166\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C as a function of wave-length.---Light from a quartz mercury arc after being resolved by a quartz spectrograph was passed through a tube containing caesium vapor. The energy of the radiation was measured with a Coblentz thermopile. The photo-ionization of the vapor was determined by drawing out the positive ions to a plate and measuring their number with an electrometer. The vapor pressure of the caesium was obtained by interpolation between existing data. The pressure at 166\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C was taken as 0.027 mm which corresponded to an atomic concentration of 5.96\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ atoms per cc. The efficiency of ionization $B$ (the Einstein probability of absorption coefficient) was found to increase from 0.17\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ions per atom per erg at 3345A to 3.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ at 3135A. The theoretical threshold is at 3184A. For shorter wave-lengths $B$ diminished to a minimum of 1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ at 2800A and then increased slowly for still shorter wave-lengths. The estimated possible error in $B$ is 5 percent in relative values and 25 percent in absolute values.Photoelectric efficiency from a caesium-gold alloy surface.---It was incidentally observed that caesium alloyed readily with a gold electrode and that the resulting surface was very active photo-electrically. The photo-sensitivity varied from 0.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ electrons per erg at 6100A to 2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ at 2800A.
List Length and Organization in the Recall of Categorized Lists

Summa7y.-40 subjects in a 2 X 3 factorial design learned and recalled categorized lists. Gains in recall from uncued to cued recall were examined as a function of list organization, either blocked or random, and list length, 5, 8, or 11 categories of 7 items each. Significantly greater gains were observed for the simple effects of both list organization and list length but not their interaction. The pattern was one of greater gains in both total word and categories recalled following blocked list organization and longer lists. Words per category recalled were not significantly affected. The research described here dealt with cued recall of categorized lists. The variables that were of interest were list length and the sequential organization of the category items during the study trials (blocked or random). Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) using blocked organization found greater gains in recall for longer lists of category items when category cues were provided at recall. Lewis (1971) found significant gains in recall of categorized lists when cues were provided following blocked organization of category items during acquisition but not following random organization. The greater facilitation in cued recall for longer lists observed by Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) may apply only to categorized lists presented in blocked fashion. This was investigated in the present experiment by simultaneously varying list length and list organization as these affected gain scores from uncued to cued recall.
CHARM: A CubeSat water vapor radiometer for earth science

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Ames Research Center (ARC) are partnering in the CubeSat Hydrometric Atmospheric Radiometer Mission (CHARM), a water vapor radiometer integrated on a 3U CubeSat platform, selected for implementation under NASA Hands-On Project Experience (HOPE-3). CHARM will measure 4 channels at 183 GHz water vapor line, subsets of measurements currently performed by larger and more costly spacecraft (e.g. ATMS, AMSU-B and SSMI/S). While flying a payload that supports SMD science objectives, CHARM provides a hands-on opportunity to develop technical, leadership, and project skills. CHARM will furthermore advance the technology readiness level (TRL) of the 183 GHz receiver subsystem from TRL 4 to TRL 6 and the CubeSat 183 GHz radiometer system from TRL 4 to TRL 7.
Climate Change Mitigation Policies: Implications for Agriculture and Water Resources

This study examines how the proposed American Clean Energy and Security Act (H.R. 2454) would affect U.S. agriculture with special reference to water resources. The bill's cap and trade provisions for greenhouse gases would significantly raise fertilizer, irrigation pumping, and other energy-related costs. By 2030, it would reduce U.S. irrigation water use by >11 percent and fertilizer use by >18 percent with positive implications for water conservation and quality. Carbon offset provisions create financial incentives for farmers to sequester carbon by planting trees on cropland, reducing agricultural production and raising prices. Because sequestration potential differs by region, most of the estimated 51 million acres of converted cropland would be in the Corn Belt and Mississippi Delta. Afforestation would reduce Delta water use further, but increase water use in other regions compared to cap and trade alone. Compared to a no-policy baseline, irrigation water use declines 10 percent nationally, but increases in the Southern Plains. H.R. 2454 may have significant water conservation effects in some regions, but increase competition for water in others. By reducing fertilizer use and dramatically altering land use patterns in parts of the Mississippi Basin, it may also provide unexpected water quality benefits. Unintended water use and quality consequences of climate policies merit further research.
New developments in mechanisms of obesity-induced hypertension: role of adipose tissue.

Hypertension develops in almost 60% of obese individuals. Apart from the recent observation of obesity-associated structural changes in kidney structure that may lead to enhanced tubular sodium reabsorbtion, reports of paracrine and hormonal factors derived from adipose tissue have prompted speculations about the role of adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of obesity-induced hypertension. We summarize recent data on leptin’ sympathoexcitatory actions, the possible influence of adipose tissue on atrial natriuretic peptide levels, and the formation of vasoactive substances, such as angiotensin II and nonesterified fatty acids, by adipocytes. The mechanisms discussed herein may contribute to the typical findings in obesity-induced hypertension, including volume expansion, sodium retention, enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity, increased activity of the systemic renin-angiotensin system, low atrial natriuretic peptide levels, and disturbed glucose and insulin metabolism. Together, these data strengthen the hypothesis that adipose tissue is potentially a major regulator of cardiovascular-renal function.
Inflation and stabilization in transition economies: An analytical interpretation of the evidence

A simple model is developed to understand inflationary pressures and stabilization in non-market economies. It is shown that in the typical planned economy, the endogeneity of the money supply and the over-determination of the system (given that both prices and wages are set by the planners) imply that a permanent increase in wages leads to an ever-increasing monetary overhang. The model also suggests that price liberalization should lead to a price level overshooting provided that wages remain a nominal anchor. In light of the model, the paper reviews the inflation and stabilization experiences of several transition economies in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The paper concludes that (i) transition economies have suffered from essentially the same inflationary pressures as did planned economies, and (ii) the exchange rate has been more effective than money as a nominal anchor in reducing inflation
On the 5.16 MeV and 7.56 MeV states of B10

The methods developed by Talmi and co-workers are used to calculate the binding energies of the two B10 levels formed by coupling 2s122 to the Be8 ground state. The calculated energies are found to be in excellent agreement with those of the B10 5.16 and 7.65 MeV levels for which the most probable spin-parity and isobaric-spin assignments are Jπ = 1+, T = 0 and Jπ = 0+, T = 1, respectively. The strong γ-transition connecting these levels is also consistent with the proposed identification with double-particle excitation into the 2s-ld shell. The excitation energies of 2s12n levels Be10, B11 and C12 are also calculated assuming that the Be8 ground state forms an inert core.
Theoretical Analysis of a Geis-Spindt Cold Cathode Diamond Emitter

Theoretical Analysis of a Geis-Spindt Cold Cathode Diamond Emitter A quantitative theory for the operation of a Spindt-type cold cathode emitter embedded in a thin diamond film doped with substitutional Nitrogen is presented. The device, recently developed by M. W.Geis and colleagues at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, is characterized by high field emission currents at low power. The theoretical model treats injection, by internal field emission, at the metal-diamond interface, transport through the diamond film and emission at the diamond-vacuum surface. The calculated I-V characteristics agree well with the experimental results of Geis et at.
Preoperative Opioid Misuse is Associated With Increased Morbidity and Mortality After Elective Orthopaedic Surgery

Background Many patients having discretionary orthopaedic surgery take opioids daily, either with a prescription or illicitly, however little is known regarding the prevalence and effect of high-risk opioid use (eg, abuse, dependence) in the perioperative orthopaedic setting.
The effects of fixed bulk charge on the thermal noise in metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors

The theory of the thermal noise due to channel conductance fluctuation is extended for insulated gate (MOS) field effect transistors with the gate voltage induced channel structure by including the bulk charge from the ionized impurities in the semiconductor substrate. In the saturation range of the drain characteristics, the theory shows that R_{gns} g_{ms} \geq 2/3 , where the equality condition corresponds to the previously obtained result for an intrinsic or chemically pure semiconductor substrate. Satisfactory correlations between theory and experimental measurements are obtained for both P-channel and N-channel silicon devices with either a thin oxide (2000A) or a thick oxide (6200 and 8400A) gate.
A Generational Approach to Using Emoticons as Nonverbal Communication

The purpose of this article is to help determine whether the use of emoticons in computer mediated communication (CMC) are truly nonverbal cues. A review of the literature revealed that the traditional nonverbal theorists failed to predict the future employment of nonverbal cues in electronic CMC. A variety of emoticons are then described including the traditional happy face ☺ and sad face ☺, numerous variations of faces employing keyboard keys, a number of abbreviations commonly in use, and FLAMING. Inasmuch as emoticons are presently in widespread though informal use, the problem of how and what business communication instructors should teach about emoticons is discussed. The conclusion reached is that of a generational recipient determinism. It is recommended that recipients who are Traditionalists (born before 1946) should not be sent e-mail with emoticons; those who are Baby Boomers (those born between 1946 and 1964) probably should not be sent e-mail with emoticons; those who are Generation Xers (th...
Mapping of restriction sites in the attachment site region of bacteriophage lambda.

A fine structure map of theEcoRI fragment containing the lambda attachment-site region has been constructed. 38 different restriction endonucleases have been employed and 170 sites located in this fragment. In addition, sites in adjacent regions have been determined for several enzymes. Complete cleavage maps of the entire lambda genome have been obtained for endonucleasesBglII,BluI,KpnI,SacI,SacII,SalI andXbaI. The strategy employed for mapping included comparison of deletion and substitution mutants, analysis of mixed digests, and detailed analysis of subfragments.
Adaptive Rear-Wheel Steering Control of a Four-Wheel Vehicle Over Uncertain Terrain

Hybrid electric vehicles offer many advantages over a traditional internal combustion engine powertrain in the area of ride handling and vehicle stability. An electric powertrain improves control system flexibility due an increased availably of measurement sensing and hardware actuation. It also avoids the limits imposed on vehicle handling by mechanical linkage connections alone. The purpose of the current research is to develop a rear-wheel steer assist control algorithm for vehicle stability under unsafe conditions. It is important that the driver is still part of the control, but is treated as a measurable disturbance. The rear-wheel stability control is an adaptive pole-placement approach utilizing an on-line recursive least squares algorithm with a variable forgetting factor to account for long drive times when vehicle stability is not in question.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Ciliary neurotrophic factor is required for motoneuron sprouting.

We used mutant mice that lack the gene for ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to test the hypothesis that it is an endogenous sprouting factor. Fibers in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle were either partially denervated by transection of one of the branches of its nerve or paralyzed by intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin. This results in a significant sprouting response at the terminals of intact motoneurons in normal animals. We did not detect sprouting produced by either stimulus in mice lacking CNTF. When exogenous CNTF was administered to CNTF knockout mice following partial muscle denervation, they mounted a typical sprouting response. Thus CNTF is a critical factor in the process of sprout formation after both partial denervation injury and neuromuscular paralysis. It may function as part of a cellular compensatory mechanism after neuronal injury.
Oral-parenteral immunization leads to the appearance of IgG auto-anti-idiotypic cells in mucosal tissues.

Abstract The appearance of plasma cells, specific for antigen or autologous idiotypic antibody, in rabbits immunized systemically, orally, or orally-systemically was determined using immunofluorescence techniques. Oral or parenteral immunizations alone did not lead to the appearance of anti-idiotypic cells in mucosal tissues, although IgA antigen-binding cells were observed in these sites after the oral administration of antigen. However, when rabbits were primed with orally administered antigen, followed by a regimen of concurrent oral—parenteral immunizations, IgG anti-idiotypic plasma cells were demonstrated in mucosal lymphoid tissues.
Abstract LB-44: A novel PUMA inhibitor protects against chemotherapy-induced intestinal injury without compromising tumor response.

PUMA is a BH3-only member of the Bcl2 family that is a critical mediator of apoptosis in response to a variety of stimuli, and plays a particularly strong role in gastrointestinal and hematopoietic stem cell apoptosis following radiation. In this study we found that PUMA-dependent apoptosis mediates gastrointestinal injury induced by chemotherapeutic agents, indicating its critical role in DNA damage induced intestinal injury. PUMA neutralizes all known anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members through high-affinity interactions with its BH3 domain, thus facilitating activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Based on these interactions, we devised a pharmacophore model to mimic them, with the goal being a small molecule that prevents PUMA interaction with Bcl-2 family proteins. In silico screening of the ZINC 8.0 database yielded 142 potential compounds, 13 of which had favorable toxicity profiles. Extensive in vitro testing further narrowed the list to two lead compounds, one of which demonstrated significant in vivo activities. This lead compound significantly protected the intestinal stem cells from apoptosis induced by Irinotecan (CPT-11) and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). Utilizing a Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) syngeneic tumor model, we found that treatment of C57/B6 mice with the experimental PUMA inhibitor (I.P.) significantly decreased CPT-11-induced apoptosis in the intestinal crypt base, similarly to that observed in PUMA KO animals. This treatment significantly preserved intestinal morphology and decreased weight loss in tumor bearing mice. Further, we found that administration of the PUMA inhibitor did not alter the tumor response to CPT-11. These findings suggest the feasibility of retaining the efficacy of chemotherapy while mitigating GI adverse effects with a small molecule. Further experiments will determine the inhibitor9s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as its mechanisms of action in vivo. Citation Format: Brian J. Leibowitz, Mei Li, Liang Wei, Lin Zhang, Jian Yu. A novel PUMA inhibitor protects against chemotherapy-induced intestinal injury without compromising tumor response. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-44. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-44
Chromosome numbers in the Compositae-III. Certain Mexican species

Chromosome counts for 26 species of Mexican composites are reported for the first time. These include first reports for 10 genera (Piqueria, Dicranocarpus, Flourensia, Montanoa, Sabazia, Zaluzania, Florestina, Loxothysanus,Palafoxia, and Sartwellia). Particularly noteworthy is the diploid chromosome count forSabazia humilis (n = 4), the lowest count so far reported for the subtribe Verbesininae. Chromosome numbers and morphological features indicate that the generaSartwellia andFlaveria are perhaps best placed with or close to the genusHaploesthes. Various other realignments and/or relationships are tentatively suggested.
Dial a feeling: Detecting moderation of affect decline during ostracism

Abstract Ostracism, being excluded and ignored, is a common and painful experience. Previous research has found ostracism’s immediate effects robust to moderation by individual differences. However, this could be the result of using retrospective measures taken after the ostracism occurs, rather than assessing the effects of ostracism throughout the episode. Participants completed measures of loneliness and social avoidance and distress before either being ostracized or included in a virtual ball-toss game, Cyberball. During Cyberball, participants recorded second-by-second phenomenological affect using a dial device. Individual differences in loneliness and social avoidance and distress moderated affective reactions throughout ostracism and inclusion. Lonely individuals, compared to less-lonely individuals, had slower affect decrease when ostracized but quicker affective increase when included. Additionally, socially-avoidant individuals recovered more slowly from ostracism than less-avoidant individuals. Replicating previous research, moderation by individual differences was not detected with measures taken only at end of the interaction or with retrospective measures.
Metal-solid interactions in the marine environment: Estimating apparent equilibrium binding constants

Abstract Surface chemistry concepts developed for heterogeneous oxide surfaces are illustrated with Cu, Cd, and Zn adsorption data on a well defined, model surface—goethite (αFeOOH)—and then applied to define the interaction or Zn with interfacial sediments from the Guatemala Basin at MANOP site H. Apparent equilibrium binding constants which describe metal associations with a surface, whose sites are composed of a spectrum of binding energies, are independent of adsorption density when sites are available in excess, but dependent on adsorption density when sites are limited. This conclusion makes it especially important to properly apply laboratory experimental results to describe adsorption processes in the natural environment. Therefore, a means for estimating the maximum adsorption density of an element on natural particles is discussed and used to estimate the quantity of Zn in interfacial sediments at MANOP site H which can be ascribed to the process of adsorption.
Fearless Feedback Boosts Trust While Replacing Traditional Performance Appraisal at Independent Living, Inc.

The leaders of Independent Living, Inc., a consumer-directed, cross-disability advocacy and service organization dedicated to enhancing the quality of life for persons with disabilities, recognized the need to enable management and staff to achieve organizational excellence under increasing cost pressures and funding challenges while becoming ever more responsive to the changing and increasingly demanding needs of a growing clientele. Analysis revealed that the organization's performance management system was hampering its effectiveness and that a new process for improving trust and developing capable leaders at every level was needed. Grounded in systems thinking, a fearless feedback approach was implemented to fully engage staff and spur both productivity and innovation. The results after four years show dramatic improvements in the value of workplace conversations, the level of trust, individual and team performance, leadership skills, and the ability of employees and managers to develop work-related skills, accomplish goals, communicate more effectively with each other, and learn. Overwhelmingly, ILI staff members identified fearless feedback as an improvement over the traditional performance appraisal program previously employed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Luminescence of Solid Nitrogen

An explanation is proposed for nearly all of the radiations that have been observed by McLennan and his collaborators in the luminescence of solid nitrogen. The bands are associated with known bands of the second-, fourth- and first-positive groups of nitrogen; with hitherto unobserved second-positive bands; with a possible new system and with new modifications of the first-positive bands. These new modifications of the first-positive bands are related to the spectra of the aurora, night-sky and planetary absorption spectra. As a result of this correlation, it is now possible to see why Vegard identified the aurora spectrum as the spectrum of solid nitrogen and then proposed his theory of the upper atmosphere.
Mechanical coupling of dual breathe-mode ring resonator

We present results from models and measurements showing the emergence of coupling between elements of a micromechanical resonator. By tuning the dimensions of one element, we observe variations in the characteristics of the modes (e.g. frequency, quality factor) that are consistent with models. These results are useful for the design of complex, coupled-element resonators for oscillators and inertial sensors.
The Effects of Ciclosporin in Experimental Glomerulosclerosis

The acute and chronic effects of daily, oral ciclosporin (CS) therapy (25 mg/kg) on proteinuria, blood pressure, renal function and histology were studied in rats subjected to unilateral nephrectomy and 3 weekly intraperitoneal injections of the aminonucleoside of puromycin (PAN). PAN therapy resulted in heavy proteinuria by week 4 which declined by weeks 8 and 16. When CS therapy was started several weeks after the last dose of PAN, acute, transient reductions in proteinuria and reversible rises in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were observed. When CS or oil therapy was started with PAN and continued for 8 or 16 weeks, there were no differences in proteinuria; however, after 16 weeks, CS treated rats had significantly higher BUN levels [65 ± 11 (23.2 ± 3.9) vs. 41 ± 5 mg/dl (14.6 ± 1.8 mmol/l); p = 0.001], a higher percentage of sclerotic glomeruli (47 ± 7 vs. 28 ± 10%; p
Life Cycle of Isospora canis Nemeséri, 1959 in the Dog

SYNOPSIS The life cycle of I. canis Nemeseri, 1959 was studied in experimentally infected dogs. Freshly sporulated oocysts were ovoid and 34–40 × 28–32 μm. The endogenous stages were found directly beneath the epithelium of the distal portion of the small intestinal villi. Most of the endogenous stages were in the lower 1/3 of the small intestine, but occasionally they were found in other portions of the small intestine. Three asexual generations were present. First-generation schizonts were 16–38 × 11–23 μm and contained 4–24 merozoites; mature 1st-generation merozoites were 8–11 × 3–5 μm. First-generation schizogony lasted up to 7 days after inoculation. Second-generation schizonts were 12–18 × 8–13 μm and contained up to 12 merozoites which were 11–13 × 3–5 μm. Second-generation schizogony was present on postinoculation days 6 and 7. Third-generation schizonts were formed by nuclear division of 2nd-generation merozoites. Most 2nd-generation merozoites underwent nuclear division without leaving the parasitophorous vacuole of the 2nd-generation schizont. Mature 3rd-generation schizonts were 13–38 × 8–24 μm and contained 6–72 merozoites. Third-generation merozoites were 8–13 × 1–3 μm. Third-generation schizogony was present on days 6–8 after inoculation. Mature macrogametes were 22–29 × 14–23 μm. Mature microgametocytes were 20–38 × 14–26 μm. Gametes were present on postinoculation days 7–10. Oocysts were present in tissue sections on postinoculation days 8–10 and 12. The prepatent period was 9–11 days.
Risk Factors Associated With Antihypertensive Medication Nonadherence in a Statewide Medicaid Population

Abstract Background This study seeks to determine the most important patient factors and health care exposures available through administrative databases associated with antihypertensive nonadherence. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of Medicaid hypertensive patients of Tennessee enrolled for 3 to 7 years from 1994 to 2000. Demographic characteristics, comorbidity and health care utilization were assessed during a 2-year period. The primary outcome was antihypertensive medication refill nonadherence. Subjects were categorized as adherent or nonadherent using an 80% cutoff criteria. Associations with nonadherence were assessed using logistic regression modeling. Results Of 49,479 subjects, 60.6% (n = 29,970) were classified as nonadherent and 39.4% (n = 19,509) as adherent. Significant predictors of nonadherence in multivariate analysis ( P Conclusions This cross-sectional study suggests that substance abuse, black race, emergency department visits and hospitalizations are risk factors associated with nonadherence. Outpatient visits are associated with a small decrease in nonadherence. Further studies are needed to determine the characteristics of outpatient visits that most improve adherence.
Internet cigarette purchasing among 9th grade students in western New York: 2000–2001 vs. 2004–2005

Abstract Objective. To assess trends and correlates of youth cigarette purchasing behavior on the Internet. Methods. In 2000–2001, Roswell Park Cancer Institute conducted a survey asking 7019 ninth grade students in Erie and Niagara Counties in New York State about their tobacco use and purchasing habits, including use of the Internet to buy cigarettes. The 2004–2005 survey is a replication of the 2000–2001 survey. Both surveys used an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire survey. These data were combined in order to examine trends in youth smoking behavior. Results. Students surveyed in 2004–2005 were 2.6 times more likely (95% CI: 1.5, 4.6) to have purchased cigarettes over the Internet in the 30 days prior to the survey than those surveyed in 2001 (5.2% to 1.6%); however, the intention to use the Internet as a cigarette source in the future did not change between survey periods. Conclusion. Youth online cigarette purchasing has increased but intention to use the Internet to purchase cigarettes in the future has remained the same, suggesting that this trend may be reaching a plateau. Recent public efforts to reduce online cigarette sales will need to be evaluated in order to determine which policy or combination of policies are most effective.
Objective Index of Haemodynamic Status for Quantitation of Severity and Prognosis of Shock Complicating Myocardial Infarction

The relative importance of individual and groups of haemodynamic parameters was assessed by the use of discriminant function analysis in 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction and shock. Individual measurements reflecting cardiac output and velocity of blood flow were most reliable as indicators of survival. Discriminant function may serve as an indicator of the severity of shock.