cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opponent motion tuning of neurons in area FST of the macaque

The superior temporal sulcus (STS) of the macaque monkey contains several distinct motion sensitive visual areas. Neurons in these areas are typically responsive to specific kinds of motion patterns such as a direction, optic flow, or biological motion. Recent fMRI data from the monkey suggests that the fundal surface of the STS (FST) contains neurons tuned for opponent motion. However, this has not yet been confirmed electrophysiologically. Here, we present single-unit recordings confirming that a large subpopulation of neurons within area FST are tuned for opposite directions of motion and are equivalently tuned for opponent motion. The tuning properties of this population of FST neurons are markedly different from those typically observed in MT, one of the principal input areas to FST. When tested with translating random-dot patterns, the FST neurons responded strongly to motion in two opposite directions but were weakly driven or inhibited (relative to static response) by motion in the orthogonal directions. In contrast, MT neurons are highly direction selective, responding strongly to one direction and weakly to motion in the opposite direction. Hand-mapping revealed that FST neurons have spatially homogeneous receptive fields with respect to direction selectivity. Specifically, each neuron was selective for two opposite directions of motion at all locations within the receptive field. Further, when tested with a type of opponent motion stimulus called transparent motion, in which two random-dot patterns translate in opposite directions in the same depth plane, the FST opponent motion tuning curves were matched to the direction tuning curves in response pattern and amplitude. In MT, the response pattern is matched but the response amplitude is significantly weaker for transparent motion stimuli. We propose that the tuning properties of the opponent motion responsive FST neurons reported here can be reproduced by performing a linear transformation followed by a static nonlinearity on the output of a population of MT neurons. In this model, an FST neuron sums the output of MT neurons that prefer two opposite directions of motion and subtracts the output of MT neurons preferring the two orthogonal directions.
Trypanosoma brucei: Recognition in vitro of two developmental forms by murine macrophages

Abstract In vitro , murine macrophages attach to the midgut form of Trypanosoma brucei in the absence of exogenous proteins. Recognition appears to be specific and saturable. Attachment is mediated by a non-Fc, non-C3 receptor on the macrophage plasma membrane. The attachment mechanism is protease sensitive, temperature sensitive, requires the presence of divalent cations, and is functional in fetal calf serum-free medium. The midgut form is also lysed in normal rabbit serum by activating the alternative complement pathway. The form isolated from the blood is neither lysed in normal serum nor is it spontaneously recognized by the macrophage, in vitro . Partial trypsinization of the bloodstream form, however, results in both the triggering of alternative complement pathway lysis and spontaneous uptake into macrophages. Murine macrophages attach to the midgut form of T. brucei by a receptor on the macrophage plasma membrane which is capable of recognizing particulate activators of the alternative complement pathway.
Numerical solutions and laser-Doppler measurements of spin-up

The spin-up flow in a cylinder of homogeneous fluid has been examined both experimentally and numerically. A series of laser-Doppler measurements was made of the zonal flow over a range of Ekman numbers and Rossby numbers at various locations in the interior of the flow. These measurements exceed previous ones in accuracy. The weak inertial modes excited by the impulsive start are detectable. The numerical simulations used the primitive equations in axisymmetric form and employed finite-difference techniques on both constant and variable grids. The number of grid points necessary to resolve the Ekman layers was determined. A thorough comparison of the simulations and the experimental measurements is made which includes the details of the amplitude and frequency of the inertial modes. Agreement to within the experimental tolerance is achieved. Analytical results for conditions identical to those in the experiments are not available but some similar linear and nonlinear theories are also compared with the experiments.
Safety and utility of endomyocardial biopsy in infants, children and adolescents: a review of 66 procedures in 53 patients.

The benefits and risks of endomyocardial biopsy in infants, children and adolescents were determined by reviewing the indications for and complications and results of 66 procedures, in 53 patients aged 2 months to 20 years. One patient had a pneumothorax, and three had a right ventricular perforation. Ventricular tachycardia developed in four patients; it was treated with lidocaine in three and was self-limited in one. The procedure was unsuccessful in two patients. Among 25 patients with a prebiopsy diagnosis of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, microscopic features were consistent with cardiomyopathy in 24 (06%) and were normal in 1. Of nine patients with clinically suspected myocarditis, only two (22%) had microscopic evidence of inflammation, and seven had chronic nonspecific features suggestive of dilated cardiomyopathy. Of eight patients with unexplained arrhythmias, six (75%) had microscopic findings compatible with dilated cardiomyopathy and two had myocarditis. Biopsy tissue samples from seven patients with nondilated forms of cardiomyopathy (four hypertrophic, three restrictive) were consistent with the clinical diagnosis in six and were inadequate in one. Cardiac biopsies were also performed in four patients with other disorders. Among the 51 patients with adequate biopsy specimens, microscopic features were considered diagnostic in 5, confirmatory in 44 and not helpful in 2 with normal tissue. The results indicate that endomyocardial biopsy is safe in infants, children and adolescents. It is useful for the evaluation of cardiomyopathy and specific secondary forms of myocardial disease. There seems to be little correlation, however, between clinical and tissue diagnoses of myocarditis.
Ultrastructural study of hepatic effects of a contraceptive steroid in baboon

Abstract Chronic administration to male baboons of a contraceptive steroid, norethindrone, for a period of six months produced hepatocellular changes. Liver biopsies were made monthly before, during and for two months after therapy. Ultrastructural observations of livers exposed to the steroid revealed dilatation and vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as of the Golgi complexes. Cells with depleted glycogen granules were frequent and usually seen next to cells with glycogen. Accumulation of increased numbers and sizes of electron dense microbodies was observed with the progression of the treatment. Cells with large vacuolated inclusion bodies were always associated with anomalous bile canaliculi. Endothelial sinusoids included both macrophages and numerous electron dense microbodies, especially in the later stages of treatment. A collagen substance appeared to have infiltrated the sinusoids of some of the parenchymal cells. When the contraceptive therapy was terminated, the ultrastructure of biopsy material showed progressive regeneration toward normal morphology. At the end of two months, the hepatic cell ultrastructure did not differ from that of control material. Hepatic changes observed in this study are similar to those reported by other investigators in women.
Thermal diffusivity and prandtl number of liquid mercury and potassium from melting point to critical point

Abstract The thermal diffusivities and Prandtl numbers of potassium and mercury are given from the melting point to the critical point and compared with an ideal liquid-argon. They have been calculated for a substantial part of the liquid range from experimental data of all variables defining the thermal diffusivity and Prandtl number. They have been estimated up to the critical point based on a number of published data, primarily in this Journal, except the specific heats which have been estimated up to the critical point in this paper. In spite of the large range of absolute values for the Prandlt number, by a factor of over 500, between K and Ar, the agreement between the curves of the two metals and Ar is gratifying.
Equatorial upwelling in the western Pacific warm pool

Vertical velocity on the equator in the western Pacific warm pool is investigated using data from the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment enhanced monitoring array (EMA) centered at 0°, 156°E. The data consist of hourly subsurface horizontal velocity time series from August 1991 until April 1994. Vertical velocity is calculated using horizontal velocity components and the application of the continuity equation. During the first year, from March 1992 until February 1993, data are available from five moorings of the EMA and thus provide nine different combinations of moorings from which to calculate vertical velocity. Four moorings were available during the remaining time period. Random errors are found to be <10−5 m s−1, while systematic errors (finite difference error, systematic instrument error, and error due to surface extrapolation) may be larger. It is suggested that errors, including finite difference errors, are not larger than the vertical velocity estimate. The estimates of vertical velocity are valid on spatial scales the size of the array (∼400 km) and timescales longer than a few days. They reveal a seasonal cycle manifested during a moderate El Nino. Results indicate upwelling, on average from 70 m down to 250 m over the 2 year time period, being slightly stronger in 1992 coincident with the stronger El Nino year. The divergence of horizontal velocity components, resulting in positive vertical velocity, is due to geostrophic divergence on the equator produced from a westward directed zonal pressure gradient force. Meridional divergence and zonal wind stress are uncorrelated, suggesting that Ekman convergence due to local westerly winds is only of partial influence. Consequently, downwelling is not found near the surface, where contributions from local winds and geostrophic divergence are in opposition. This estimate of vertical velocity indicates that water is upwelled in the warm pool from much deeper than but with comparable magnitude to the central and eastern Pacific.
Short Communication: On solving generalized eigenvalue problems using Matlab

Matlab is a high-level computing environment that is rapidly gaining popularity for the execution of matrix computations. This paper discusses a major inconvenience that may arise if Matlab is used for the numerical solution of generalized eigenvalue problems. Matlab normalizes the eigenvectors to unit length (Euclidean norm). This leaves the eigenvectors fixed, up to a complex multiplier of modulus one. As a result additional programming may be necessary to eliminate spurious complex numbers. Specifically, problems recently described with respect to the eigensolution obtained by the generalized rank annihilation method are shown to be caused by Matlab's implementation of the generalized eigenvalue problem. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ORAL WORK AS A PREREQUISITE TO READING

Author's Summary.— Speech precedes reading and always accompanies it; here we find one justification for the aural-oral approach to language study. Reading ability may well be allowed to develop more rapidly than aural-oral powers, but both should be developing simultaneously.
Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in small superconducting particles

Abstract A calculation of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in zero-dimensional superconductors is described which uses the renormalization procedure of Abrahams et al. and Patton. The results agree with measurements of Kobayashi and co-workers on fine aluminum particles.
Response to Comment on "Ongoing Adaptive Evolution of ASPM, a Brain Size Determinant in Homo sapiens" and "Microcephalin, a Gene Regulating Brain Size, Continues to Evolve Adaptively in Humans"

Currat et al . present computer simulations to argue that the haplotype structure found at the microcephalin and ASPM genes can be better explained by demographic history rather than by selection. The demographic models they adopt, however, strongly contradict a decade of empirical research on human demographic history and do not account for the critical features of the data on which our argument for selection was based.
The Argonne inverted sputter source

Abstract The emittance of the inverted sputter source with immersion lenses was measured to be about 5 π mm mrad MeV 1 2 at the 75% level over a wide range of beam intensities. The use of the source in experiments with radioactive sputter targets and hydrogen loaded targets is described. Self contamination of the source is discussed.
Dyakonov–Tamm waves guided by the planar surface of a chiral sculptured thin film

Propagation of Dyakonov–Tamm waves guided by the interface of air and a chiral sculptured thin film (STF) was investigated theoretically. The solution of the dispersion equation showed that the direction of propagation is either unrestricted or almost unrestricted in the interface plane. For very limited ranges of the direction of propagation, multiple Dyakonov–Tamm waves may even exist. These surface waves were theoretically found to be excitable in the Otto prism-coupled configuration by an incident plane wave of either linear polarization state, thereby lending hope for an easy way to observe Dyakonov–Tamm waves experimentally.
Preferential Interaction and Inverse Problem Algorithms in Models of Renal Concentrating Mechanism.

Abstract Formulas for transmural transport parameters between two adjacent interacting tubes are derived. Results of computational experiments with a mathematical model of the kidney are given. These results show that only four of optimal parameters, obtained by an inverse algorithm, need to be different from experimental values, to get fairly good concentration profiles. Preferential interaction is shown to result in further improvement to these profiles.
Primary palatal development in the chick.

Seventy-nine chick embryos were examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to determine the mechanism of primary palatal development. Fusion between two discrete processes, the medial nasal and maxillary prominences, was found to be necessary for formation of a complete primary palate. This was one component of a three-stage process that included: (1) invagination of the nasal pit prior to the appearance of the facial prominences; (2) fusion between the medial nasal and inaxillary processes caudal to the nasal groove; (3) rupture of the bucconasal membrane. The lateral nasal and maxillary prominences were found to be part of the same tissue mass. Mergence was proposed as a mechanism for the obliteration of the groove between these two localized prominences. These results were compared with those obtained by other authors for primary palate formation in rodents and man.
Self-esteem, role stress, and job satisfaction among marketing managers

Abstract The relationship of self-esteem, role stress, and job satisfaction among sales and advertising managers is examined. Role stress is shown to be inversely related to job satisfaction for both groups. High self-esteem was found to lessen the role stress felt by the manager, thereby indirectly affecting job satisfaction. Self-esteem, however, did not relate to job satisfaction directly nor did it moderate the relationship between role stress and job satisfaction.
Vaccine Economics: What Price Human Life?

In the age of Google “Images,” a few keystrokes reveal the forgotten human experience in the prevaccination era of public health. With only a few search terms—such as polio iron lungs, tetanus spasms, smallpox scars, or meningitis amputations—we receive vivid reminders of the horrendous
The effect of surface heterogeneities on colloidal forces

Abstract Understanding the interaction forces that can act between particles and surfaces continues to be the focus of an extensive amount of research. While direct measurements of the force between molecularly smooth surfaces generally show good agreement with traditional models, experiments performed with more natural particles and surfaces frequently show substantial discrepancies. One well-known example is the deposition rate of particles flowing through a packed bed; numerous experimental studies have found significant deposition occurring when essentially none was predicted. Many researchers have suggested that the cause of such discrepancies is heterogeneities on the interacting surfaces, either in the form of surface roughness or a non-uniform surface charge density. Although accounting for such factors requires some simplifying assumptions about the nature of the heterogeneity (e.g. that the roughness is in the form of hemispherical asperities), the models which have been developed have indeed provided much better agreement with measured results. This article is a review of some of the work that has been performed to understand the effect of surface roughness and a non-uniform surface charge density on colloidal forces. Long range, short range and particle adhesion forces are included and the relative advantages and limitations of the computational approaches are discussed where appropriate. It is shown that although various modeling strategies have been used, the predicted trends are generally in qualitative agreement. Also presented are applications of these models to the prediction of particle flocculation and deposition rates.
PS1-19: Impact of Motivational Interviewing to Reduce Alcohol Use Among Depression Patients

Background/Aims Hazardous drinking can exacerbate depressive symptoms and have a negative impact on depression treatment outcomes. Many individuals with depression who drink at hazardous levels first seek treatment in mental health settings. Yet prior studies have not tested the efficacy of promising interventions such as Motivational Interviewing (MI) to reduce alcohol consumption among depression patients. We examined MI to supplement depression treatment for patients who report recent hazardous drinking (3+ drinks for women or 4+ drinks for men), in an outpatient psychiatry clinic in a managed care setting.
Social Reactions, Coping Strategies, and Self-Blame Attributions in Adjustment to Sexual Assault

The present study investigated the impact of social reactions of others to sexual-assault victims on disclosure of their victimization. A convenience sample of adult sexual-assault victims (N = 155) completed a mail survey in which they reported information about their sexual assaults and postassault experiences. As expected, all negative social reactions were strongly associated with increased psychological symptoms, whereas most positive social reactions were unrelated to adjustment. The only social reactions related to better adjustment were being believed and being listened to by others. Victims experiencing negative social reactions also reported poorer adjustment even when other variables known to affect psychological recovery were controlled. Avoidance coping mediated the association of negative social reactions with adjustment. Implications of these findings for research and treatment of sexual-assault survivors are discussed.
976 AUTOSTIMULATORY ACTIVITY OF ANTIGEN ACTIVATED HUMAN MONONUCLEAR CELLS

It has been previously shown that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) when activated in vitro with antigen are capable of suppressing the proliferative response of autologous fresh cells to the same antigen. We were unable to confirm this using Candida antigen (Can) but did find that PBMC are capable of inducing proliferation in fresh autologous cells. PBMC in the absence (control cells) or presence of Can were preincubated for 5 days, irradiated or mitomycin-treated, washed thoroughly, and added to equal numbers of fresh autologous responder cells; these were incubated for 5 days and proliferation assayed by 3H thymidine incorporation. In 12 of 14 experiments with positive Candida responders, the presence of Can-preincubated cells caused significant proliferation of fresh autologous cells (x=26,601±2,171 SEM) whereas presence of control cells did not (1,419±150). This autostimulatory activity (ASA) was not seen when an individual's Candida response was negative or low (N=8). Suppression of the Candida stimulation assay by these activated cells was not consistently seen. Similar and even more impressive ASA was noted when phytohemagglutinin was used as the prestimulatory agent. ASA may represent a normal immune amplification mechanism or somehow be related to the now well-described autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction.
Complex of a Protective Antibody with its Ebola Virus GP Peptide Epitope: Unusual Features of a V lambda x Light Chain

Abstract 13F6-1-2 is a murine monoclonal antibody that recognizes the heavily glycosylated mucin-like domain of the Ebola virus virion-attached glycoprotein (GP) and protects animals against lethal viral challenge. Here we present the crystal structure, at 2.0 A, of 13F6-1-2 in complex with its Ebola virus GP peptide epitope. The GP peptide binds in an extended conformation, anchored primarily by interactions with the heavy chain. Two GP residues, Gln P406 and Arg P409, make extensive side-chain hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions with the antibody and are likely critical for recognition and affinity. The 13F6-1-2 antibody utilizes a rare Vλx light chain. The three light-chain complementarity-determining regions do not adopt canonical conformations and represent new classes of structures distinct from Vκ and other Vλ light chains. In addition, although Vλx had been thought to confer specificity, all light-chain contacts are mediated through germ-line-encoded residues. This structure of an antibody that protects against the Ebola virus now provides a framework for humanization and development of a postexposure immunotherapeutic.
Predicting Institutional Maladjustment in Severe Male Juvenile Delinquents From Criminal History and Personality/ Clinical Subtype

The contribution of personality/clinical subtype to the prediction of institutional maladjustment is examined in a sample of 652 severe male juvenile offenders (ages 12 to 19) committed to a residential facility. As expected, membership in either the group with impulsive and reactive personality/clinical features or the group with psychopathic features is associated with increased number of intensive supervision placements (ISPs) for serious institutional rules violations. Increased number of ISPs is also associated with longer term of commitment, greater number of arrests in the criminal history, and younger age at admission to the residential facility. This study suggests that personality/clinical subtypes may be useful in the prediction of important outcomes for severe male juvenile offenders.
Tube Formation in Reverse Silica Gardens

The flow injection of sodium silicate solution into a large reservoir of lighter cupric sulfate solution creates single, downward growing precipitation tubes. These hollow structures have diameters in the range of 0.8−2.4 mm and can grow several centimeters in length. Four distinct growth regimes are observed, and their stability in terms of flow rate and cupric sulfate concentration is investigated. Three of these growth regimes resemble behavior reported earlier for the injection of cupric sulfate into silicate solution. However the “reverse” conditions studied here reveal one distinctly different regime in which tube growth is limited by repetitive fracturing. The lengths of the broken-off tube segments and the times between subsequent break-off events can be described by log−normal distributions.
A numerical method for the continuous spectrum biphasic poroviscoelastic model of articular cartilage.

Abstract A method for numerical solution of the continuous spectrum linear biphasic poroviscoelastic (BPVE) model of articular cartilage is presented. The method is based on an alternate formulation of the continuous spectrum stress–strain law that is implemented using Gaussian quadrature integration combined with quadratic interpolation of the strain history. For N time steps, the cost of the method is O ( N ) . The method is applied to a finite difference solution of the one-dimensionsal confined compression BPVE stress-relaxation problem. For a range of relaxation times that are representative of articular cartilage, accuracy of the method is demonstrated by direct comparison to a theoretical Laplace transform solution.
Storytelling via Navigation: A Novel Approach to Animation for Scientific Visualization

In scientific visualization, volume rendering is commonly used to show three-dimensional, time-varying data sets. To understand the spatial structure of volume data sets and how they change over time, animation is often necessary. Most current visualization tools use conventional keyframe-based interfaces to create animations, which can be tedious and time-consuming. We present a new, semi-automatic approach to creating animations of volume data based on a user’s interaction history as they navigate through a data set and adjust rendering parameters. Through a user study, we show that this new method requires significantly less time and perceived effort on the part of users compared to keyframe-based approaches, while still generating animations of comparable quality.
Afferent Pathways of Pyrogen Signalinga

We and others recently showed that fever induced by intravenously or intraperitoneally injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may involve brain signaling via hepatic vagal afferents. This suggests that LPS fever may be initiated by mediators released mainly by cells in the liver, presumably macrophages (Kupffer cells, Kc). To verify this possibility, we disabled the Kc of conscious guinea pigs with gadolinium chloride and monitored their core temperature and associated preoptic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) responses to i.v. LPS. Gadolinium chloride pretreatment significantly attenuated both the febrile and PGE2 rises, thus supporting the hypothesis. Additionally, fluorescein-labeled LPS was detected in Kc 15 minutes after its i.v. administration. Paradoxically, however, the label was also present in gadolinium chloride-pretreated guinea pigs. Thus, either Kc are not the primary source of pyrogenic mediators or LPS does not provide the stimulus for their production. Because the i.v. injection of LPS elicits virtually immediately the production of complement fragments, and Kc express their receptors and produce various mediators on their activation, we hypocomplemented guinea pigs with cobra venom factor. The core temperature rises produced by i.v. LPS were reduced by complement depletions > 60%. LPS i.v. per se decreased complement, that is, complement was consumed by 12% within 10 minutes. Thus, the onset of LPS fever may involve complement system and Kc activation, but their precise roles await clarification.
Alterations in Knee Kinematics After Partial Medial Meniscectomy Are Activity Dependent

Background:Alterations in knee kinematics after partial meniscectomy have been linked to the increased risk of osteoarthritis in this population. Understanding differences in kinematics during static versus dynamic activities of increased demand can provide important information regarding the possible underlying mechanisms of these alterations.Hypothesis:Differences in the following 2 kinematics measures will increase with activity demand: (1) the offset toward external tibial rotation for the meniscectomized limb compared with the contralateral limb during stance and (2) the difference in knee flexion angle at initial foot contact between the meniscectomized and contralateral limbs.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:This study compared side-to-side differences in knee flexion and rotation angles during static and dynamic activities. Thirteen patients (2 female) were tested in a motion capture laboratory at 6 ± 2 months after unilateral, arthroscopic, partial medial meniscectomy during a sta...
Extracting physician group intelligence from electronic health records to support evidence based medicine

Evidence-based medicine employs expert opinion and clinical data to inform clinical decision making. The objective of this study is to determine whether it is possible to complement these sources of evidence with information about physician “group intelligence” that exists in electronic health records. Specifically, we measured laboratory test “repeat intervals”, defined as the amount of time it takes for a physician to repeat a test that was previously ordered for the same patient. Our assumption is that while the result of a test is a direct measure of one marker of a patient's health, the physician's decision to order the test is based on multiple factors including past experience, available treatment options, and information about the patient that might not be coded in the electronic health record. By examining repeat intervals in aggregate over large numbers of patients, we show that it is possible to 1) determine what laboratory test results physicians consider “normal”, 2) identify subpopulations of patients that deviate from the norm, and 3) identify situations where laboratory tests are over-ordered. We used laboratory tests as just one example of how physician group intelligence can be used to support evidence based medicine in a way that is automated and continually updated.
Postoperative Crohn’s disease: prevention and treatment

Crohn's disease is a chronic, relapsing-remitting inflammatory disease of the intestinal tract that commonly requires surgical treatment. Unfortunately, the majority of patients will ultimately develop postoperative disease recurrence and require subsequent surgery. A number of medications have been researched for the maintenance of postoperative remission. Of these, few have demonstrated consistent efficacy. A recently published randomized, controlled trial indicated that infliximab is effective in the maintenance of postoperative remission.
Suppression of pancreatic tumor progression by systemic delivery of a pancreatic-cancer-specific promoter driven Bik mutant

Pancreatic cancer is highly aggressive with extremely poor prognosis. Developing a pancreatic cancer specific promoter (PCSP) is one approach for pancreatic cancer gene therapy. We have modified the promoter of cholecystokinin type A receptor (CCKAR), named CCK/Mpd, which possesses a relatively high activity in pancreatic cancer cells as compared with normal cells. The CCK/Mpd promoter-driven luciferase exhibits a better tumor specific tissue distribution than the CMV promoter-driven luciferase when systemically administered in vivo. Notably, we demonstrate a treatment efficacy by using CCK/Mpd-Bik-DD/liposome in a nude mice xenograft model, suggesting the feasibility of PCSP-based gene therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment.
Development of multiplex immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization using colloidal quantum dots for semi-automated neuronal expression mapping in brain

The number of different subtypes of neurons, which form the basic component of the mammalian brain, has not been determined. Histological study is typically limited to the simultaneous detection of very few markers, in part because of the spectral overlap and quenching properties of organic fluorophores. The photostability and narrow emission spectra of non-organic colloidal quantum-dot fluorophores (QDs) make them desirable candidates for multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) and for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). IHC is used to study specific protein epitopes and FISH to study the expression of specific mRNA transcripts. In order to investigate the patterns of coexpression of multiple specific protein and nucleic acid targets within cells in complex tissues, such as brain, we have developed protocols for the multiplex use of different QDs and organic fluorophores for combined IHC and FISH. We developed a method for direct QD labeling of modified oligonucleotide probes through streptavidin and biotin interactions and validated this technique in mouse brainstem sections. The reproducible histological results obtained with this protocol allow the use of high throughput computer image analysis to quantify the cellular and subcellular spatial pattern of expression of all markers studied. This approach is being utilized to generate a multiplex co-expression map of neuronal subtypes in mouse brain regions.
Tunneling in photonic band structures

The plane-wave method is modified for tunneling evanescent solutions of Maxwell’s equations with complex k vectors (tunneling modes). In our formulation the imaginary part of the k vectors is not necessarily parallel to the real part of the k vectors. We present computed complex photonic band structures of the simple-cubic (sc) and face-centered-cubic (fcc) lattice structures at the symmetric points, such as X, M, and R for the sc and X, L, W, U, and K for the fcc with various directions of imaginary k vectors. In addition, relations between imaginary k vectors and tunneling modes are examined at points X, M, R, and K. Tunneling electromagnetic modes can mathematically exist in the photonic band gaps among propagating eigenmodes even in an infinite photonic crystal. With the concept of electromagnetic tunnelings in photonic crystals, we explain classically various kinds of important phenomena such as inhibition of the spontaneous emission and localized defect modes. The method developed here for solutions with complex eigenfrequencies and k vectors can be readily extended to media with loss or gain by adoption of complex dielectric constants.
Adult education concepts in library professional development activities

Purpose – The purpose of this review is to survey the literature addressing the professional development of academic librarians in the context of adult education principles. Design/methodology/approach – This article is a literature review. Findings – The review reveals that among those activities incorporating concepts from the adult education field andragogy, transformational learning, communities of practice and instructional design are most prevalent. Originality/value – To date, no other literature review considers adult education concepts in professional development of academic librarians.
The impact of computing courses for non-majors

With a projected shortfall of over 1 million computer scientists in the next 10 years [1] many institutions are looking towards solutions to attract more students to the computing field. Most colleges and universities offer computing courses for non-majors with goals ranging from providing students with basic computing fluency, to supplementing non-computer science major content, to providing a complete CS0 course intended to prepare students for further computer science studies. Some of these courses satisfy general university core requirements while others are purely electives. Factors in student success in courses designed specifically for non-majors include motivation, the welcoming environment of computing naive students, and openness to stereotype myth busting including gender, career, and engagement issues [2, 3]. Panelist will share their goals and experiences of computing courses for non-majors offered at their institutions and provide perspective on the benefits and disadvantages of such courses.
Genetic Risk Factors for Perinatal Stroke

Researchers at the University of California at San Francisco performed a population-based case-control study of births at Kaiser Permanente Northern California to explore the effect of genetic polymorphisms on the risk of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS).
Some Computationalconstraints In Epistemic Logic

Some systems of modal logic, such as S5, which are often used as epistemic logics with the ‘necessity’ operator read as ‘the agent knows that’ are problematic as general epistemic logics for agents whose computational capacity does not exceed that of a Turing machine because they impose unwarranted constraints on the agent's theory of non-epistemic aspects of the world, for example by requiring the theory to be decidable rather than merely recursively axiomatizable. To generalize this idea, two constraints on an epistemic logic are formulated: r.e. conservativeness, that any recursively enumerable theory R in the sublanguage without the epistemic operator is conservatively extended by some recursively enumerable theory in the language with the epistemic operator which is permitted by the logic to be the agent's overall theory; the weaker requirement of r.e. quasi-conservativeness is similar except for applying only when R is consistent. The logic S5 is not even r.e. quasi-conservative; this result is generalized to many other modal logics. However, it is also proved that the modal logics S4, Grz and KDE are r.e. quasi-conservative and that K4, KE and the provability logic GLS are r.e. conservative. Finally, r.e. conservativeness and r.e. quasi-conservativeness are compared with related non-computational constraints.
Virus-Mimicking Polymer Molecular Brushes Are Potent Antibiotics with Double Selectivity

Evolution of antibiotics-resisting pathogens has become one of the greatest challenges in the battle of bacterial infection. Inspired by the structures of bacteria-invading viruses and antimicrobial peptides, we hypothesize that in addition to a balance of amphiphilicity and electropositivity, the nanoscale architecture is an essential determinant that dictates how membrane-active antibiotics remodel host membranes to achieve desirable activity and selectivity. Here we study the structure-activity relationship of a series of polymer molecular brushes (PMBs) with well-defined nanoscale architectures that mimic spherical and rod-shaped viruses. Our preliminary data based on PMBs with hydrophilic polymer brushes reveal that: (1) amphiphilicity is not a required trait - hydrophilic PMBs can be designed to have potent antibiotic performance as well with no hemolytic side effect; (2) the nanoscale architecture of PMBs defines their double selectivity, not molecular weight per se; (3) PMBs are far more powerful antibiotics than individual linear-chain polymers that make up the PMBs; and (4) nanostructured PMBs induce topological changes of membranes by forming membrane pores that unlikely fit in with any known models of AMP action. These findings challenge existing wisdom and suggest that the spatially-defined, multivalent interactions inherent to PMBs is of great significance for the development of polymer-based antibiotics.
Anomalous steady flows in a tube

Tube flow of a viscoelastic liquid of the multiple integral type driven by periodic forcing is investigated. It is shown that mean longitudinal and secondary flows exist, independently of the explicit form of the constitutive functions, due to frequency cancellation when the forcing oscillates around a zero mean. Closed form expressions are given for these non-trivial flows at the lowest order of the algorithm where nonlinear effects appear.
Parasitism of Heliothis zea and H. virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae in Wild and Cultivated Host Plants in the Delta of Mississipp

Bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.) larvae were collected at weekly intervals from 6 April through 28 August 1981 from several species of wild and cultivated host plants in the delta of Mississippi. The species, seasonal occurrence, and abundance of Heliothis larvae and their larval parasites in each species of host plant were determined. Four species of parasites, Microplitts croceipes (Cresson), Cotesia (= Apanteles) marginiventris (Cresson), Cardiochiles nigriceps Vierick, and Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) were reared from Heliothis larvae. The highest and lowest numbers of species of parasites and percentage of parasitism of Heliothis larvae occurred in species of early season wild host plants. M. croceipes parasitized larger numbers of Heliothis spp. larvae in more species of host plants and was active over a longer period than any other parasite species. The decline in the incidence of parasitism of Heliothis in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr., during mid- and late season may have resulted from the rapid and vast expansion in host plant habitat and from applications of insecticides.
Effects of Random Roughness and Scattering of Shock Waves

Stochastic simulations coupled with second-order stochastic perturbation analysis have been employed synergistically to study supersonic ∞ow past a wedge subject to random roughness on the wedge surface. For small random roughness, the numerical results agree well with the analytical solutions obtained from second-order stochastic perturbation analysis, but for large random roughness, signiflcant difierences with the analytical solution are observed. We present results for the perturbed lift and drag forces on the wedge. Our flndings suggest that roughness can enhance lift, with flne granularity roughness leading to favorable lift-over-drag ratios at high Mach numbers. Our results are useful in evaluating the efiects of roughness in high-speed ∞ight but also in designing novel enhanced-lift aerodynamic surfaces using rough skin concepts.
Role of Heparin in in vitro Production of Alpha1 Lipoproteins in Human Plasma

Summary1. An absolute increase in high-density alpha1 lipoproteins, and a concomitant decrease in certain low density lipoproteins, have been demonstrated by ultracentrifugal and chemical means. 2. These changes occurred in vitro in plasma obtained after heparin injections and suggest, on the basis of earlier studies on the nature of the lipemia-clearing reaction, an enzymatic conversion of one lipoprotein class to another.
Prevention with tamoxifen or other hormones versus prophylactic surgery in BRCA1/2-positive women: a decision analysis.

Purpose Recent randomized controlled trials have shown that tamoxifen and raloxifene may prevent invasive breast cancer. This decision analysis study compares the outcomes of chemoprevention with tamoxifen, raloxifene, or oral contraceptives with the outcomes of prophylactic surgery among women with high-risk BRCA1/2 mutations. Patients and methods We used a simulated cohort of 30-year-old women who tested positive for BRCA1/2 mutations and constructed a Markov model with Monte Carlo simulations, incorporating cumulative breast and ovarian cancer incidence rates from the literature and survival figures from SEER data. We assumed that prophylactic surgery reduces ovarian cancer risk by 45% and breast cancer risk by 90%, that tamoxifen reduces invasive breast cancer risk by 49%, and that raloxifene has similar efficacy and safety in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. We used data obtained from high-risk women by a time trade-off questionnaire to calculate quality-adjusted life-years. We based our cost estimates for hospital and ambulatory care on Health Care Financing Administration payments, the SEER-HCFA database, and the Pharmacy Fundamental Reference. Results In our model, a 30-year-old BRCA1/2+ woman could prolong survival by 0.9 years (95% probability interval, 0.4-1.2 years) by having bilateral oophorectomy, 3.4 years (2.7-3.7 years) by having bilateral mastectomy, and 4.3 years (3.6-4.6 years) by having both procedures instead of surveillance alone. Chemoprevention with tamoxifen and raloxifene increased survival by 1.6 years (1.0-2.1 years) and 2.2 years (1.3-2.8 years), respectively. Chemoprevention yielded more quality-adjusted life-years than did prophylactic surgery, even when treatment was delayed to age 40 or 50 years. All these procedures were cost-effective or cost-saving compared with surveillance alone. Discussion Our model suggests that although surgery may yield more substantial survival and cost benefits, quality of life issues may make chemoprevention a more attractive option for young women at high genetic risk.
Treatment with bexarotene, a compound that increases apolipoprotein-E, provides no cognitive benefit in mutant APP/PS1 mice

Though the precise cause(s) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remain unknown, there is strong evidence that decreased clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) from the brain can contribute to the disease. Therapeutic strategies to promote natural Aβ clearance mechanisms, such as the protein apolipoprotein-E (APOE), hold promise for the treatment of AD. The amount of APOE in the brain is regulated by nuclear receptors including retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Drugs that activate RXRs, including bexarotene, can increase APOE and ABCA1 production, and have been shown to decrease the Aβ burden and improve cognition in mouse models of Aβ amyloidosis. Although recent bexarotene studies failed to replicate the rapid clearance of Aβ from brains, behavioral and cognitive effects of this compound remain controversial. In efforts to clarify these behavioral findings, mutant APP/PS1 mice were acutely dosed with bexarotene. While ABCA1 was upregulated in mutant APP/PS1 mice treated with bexarotene, this drug failed to attenuate Aβ plaques or cognitive deficits in these mice. We recommend rigorous preclinical study to evaluate the mechanism and utility of such a compound for AD therapy.
Small Bowel Transplantation

Intestinal and multivisceral transplants are complex technical procedures that present unique challenges in the field of solid organ transplantation. This review aims to highlight the indications, techniques, outcomes, and complications specific to intestinal transplantation.
Absolute Music: The History of an Idea by Mark Evan Bonds

Mark Evan Bonds’ Absolute Music: The History of an Idea is an enlightening read that mirrors the slow rise and dispersal of the very idea of “absolute music,” roughly defined by the concept of musi...
Derivation of dynamo current drive in a closed-current volume and stable current sustainment in the HIT-SI experiment

A derivation is given showing that the current inside a closed-current volume can be sustained against resistive dissipation by appropriately phased magnetic perturbations. Imposed-dynamo current drive theory is used to predict the toroidal current evolution in the helicity injected torus with steady inductive helicity injection (HIT-SI) experiment as a function of magnetic fluctuations at the edge. Analysis of magnetic fields from a HIT-SI discharge shows that the injector-imposed fluctuations are sufficient to sustain the measured toroidal current without instabilities whereas the small, plasma-generated magnetic fluctuations are not sufficiently large to sustain the current.
The Changing Dynamics Of US Health Insurance And Implications For The Future Of The Affordable Care Act

The introduction of Medicaid expansions and state Marketplaces under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) have reduced the uninsurance rate to historic lows, changing the choices Americans make about coverage. In this article we shed light on these changing dynamics. We drew upon multistate transition models fit to nationally representative longitudinal data to estimate coverage transition probabilities between major insurance types in the years leading up to and including 2014. We found that the ACA’s unprecedented coverage changes increased transitions to Medicaid and nongroup coverage among the uninsured, while strengthening the existing employer-sponsored insurance system and improving retention of public coverage. However, our results suggest possible weakness of state Marketplaces, since people gaining nongroup coverage were disproportionately older than other potential enrollees. We identified key opportunities for policy makers and insurers to improve underlying Marketplace risk pools by focusing on peop...
Pediatric sports emergencies.

This article reviews the major categories of sports-related medical emergencies in young athletes. Sports participation is a healthy and generally safe activity for child and adolescent athletes, and should be encouraged by health care providers. Thankfully, medical emergencies are rare events during youth sports participation. When these events occur, however, prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are of tremendous importance.