cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Defense of Honor: Sexual Morality, Modernity, and Nation in Early-Twentieth-Century Brazil

In this book, Sueann Caulfield explores the changing meanings of honour in early-twentieth-century Brazil, a period that saw an extraordinary proliferation of public debates that linked morality, modernity, honour, and national progress. With a close examination of legal theory on sexual offences and case law in Rio de Janeiro from the end of World War I to the early years of the Estado Novo dictatorship, Caulfield reveals how everyday interpretations of honour influenced official attitudes and even the law itself as Brazil attempted to modernise. While some Brazilian elites used the issue of sexual purity to boast of their country's moral superiority, others claimed that the veneration of such concepts as virginity actually frustrated efforts at modernisation.Moreover, although individuals of all social classes invoked values they considered traditional such as the confinement of women's sexuality within marriage, these values were at odds with social practices - such as premarital sex, cohabitation, divorce, and female-headed households - that had been common throughout Brazil's history. The persistence of these practices, together with post-World War I changes in both official and popular moral ideals, presented formidable obstacles to the Estado Novo's renewed drive to define and enforce public morality and private family values in the late 1930s. With sophisticated theoretical underpinnings, "In Defense of Honor" is written in a clear and lively manner, making it accessible to students and scholars in a variety of disciplines, including Brazilian and Latin American studies, gender studies, and legal history.
Low complexity detection for massive MIMO under multipath fading with limited storage resources

For massive MIMO system, few research has been done for multipath frequency selective fading model among all literatures. Hence, in this paper we propose a 2-stage multibranch linear MOE (minimum output energy) receiver which collects symbols from different paths to deal with frequency selective fading environment. Due to the big number of antennas, we are using sample covariance matrix other than estimating all channels. To avoid collecting large number of samples (which requires additional storage resources and may cause significant system delay), we are focusing on detection methods which use less samples. With the aid of a new method of singular matrix preconditioning and efficient series expansion, we are able to show that this implementation not only achieves lower computational complexity but also outperforms the conventional reduced-rank receiver and the single branch MOE receiver as well.
Performance-based measures: the early results are in.

BACKGROUND: Pay for performance (P4P) initiatives are designed to foster and reward improvement in health care delivery. These programs promote“value-based health care” by rewarding quality care that is characterized by a reduced amount of disproportionate spending. OBJECTIVE: To review the intent and design of P4P initiatives as well as the design and results of P4P programs in current practice. SUMMARY: Three key principles are fundamental to building a value-based health care system: measurement, transparency, and accountability. There are several levers currently driving P4P, each influencing the movement inits own way. Among these are employers, federal agencies such as theCenters for Medicare Medicaid Services and the Department of Health andHuman Services, health plans, providers, accreditors, and Congress. One key player in the P4P movement, the National Committee for Quality Assurance(NCQA), is a private, independent nonprofit health care quality oversight organization that measures and reports o...
Semantic analysis of Larch Interface Specifications

A concept, called claim, is introduced to support checking of a formal specification. Claims are logical assertions about a specification that must follow semantically from the specification. Claims can be used to debug formal specifications, help readers better understand a formal specification, highlight important features of a software design, support program verification, and help generate test cases.
Fluorimetric technique for monitoring changes in the level of reduced nicotinamide nucleotides in continuous cultures of microorganisms.

A metabolite fluorimeter was modified to monitor nicotinamide nucleotides in cells growing in a chemostat culture. By illuminating and collecting fluorescence over a relatively large area of the side of the culture vessel, the noise level was kept low even in highly turbulent cultures. Calibration of the system was by enzymatic assay of samples. Changes in nicotinamide nucleotide of concentration less than 0.1 nmoles/ml could be detected [i.e., less than 10% aerobic/anaerobic response for a cell concentration of 5 mg (dry wt) per ml].
Database Ownership: Myth or Reality?

What does it mean to “own” a database? Full-text electronic databases are often distributed with separate rights of access and ownership. The purchase of a database may be limited to its digital content, with access to the supporting search interface available only through a license agreement and ongoing subscription payments. As librarians increasingly add digital resources to their collections, they struggle to provide information to their users within the legal framework that governs the use of those resources. The authors describe their experience with a full-text database acquired under a “purchase plus access” distribution model, and the in-house system they developed using their purchased content. Their case study raises questions and concerns about this database distribution model and its impact on the ability of libraries to build reliable, accessible collections of information resources for their users.
Evaluation of a semiautomated system for direct fluorescent antibody detection of salmonellae.

Abstract A semi-automatic system under development by Aerojet Medical and Biological Systems for the direct fluorescent antibody detection of salmonellae was evaluated with various food, feed, and environmental samples. All samples were simultaneously examined by Automated Bioassay System (ABS), manual direct fluorescent antibody procedures and cultural procedures. The ABS gave satisfactory results with the processed samples. It detected all of the culturally positive powdered egg and candy samples with no false negative results and gave only 6.6 and 5.3% false positive rates, respectively. With meatmeal samples the ABS failed to detect one culturally positive specimen that was also positive by manual fluorescent antibody and gave one (1.1%) false-positive result. A high rate of false-negative results was obtained by ABS on unprocessed samples of creek water, poultry, and sausage. Adding another enrichment step to the protocol reduced the false-negative rate considerably but severely increased the false-positive rate. The instruments worked reasonably well, but research is needed to improve enrichment procedures for samples to be processed by the system.
Fuzzy transformation and its applications

In this paper, we introduce the basic concepts of the fuzzy transformation (FZT) theory and their applications in image denoising. FZT is a data-adaptive nonlinear transformation, where the transformation matrix is a dynamic real-valued spatial-rank (SR) matrix (i.e., fuzzy SR matrix) generated by using an order invariant membership function. The clustering property is the essential property of FZT, and is exploited (through the re suiting fuzzy samples and fuzzy ranks) in two image denoising applications, namely, DCT coded image deblocking and impulsive noise elimination. Our proposed methods demonstrate superior performance than the conventional methods in all the simulations, showing that FZT is a powerful tool for image processing.
Backpropagation without weight transport

In backpropagation, connection weights are used to both compute node activations and error gradient for hidden units. Grossberg (1987) has argued that the dual use of the same synaptic connections (weight transport) constitutes a bidirectional flow of information through synapses, which is biologically implausable. In this paper we formally and empirically demonstrate the feasibility of an architecture equivalent to backpropagation, but without the assumption of weight transport. Through coordinated training with weight decay, a reciprocal layer of weights evolves into a copy of the forward connections and acts as the conduit for backward flowing corrective information. Examination of the networks trained with dual weights suggests that functional synchronization, and not weight synchronization, is crucial to the operation of backpropagation methods. >
Cinema, Transnationalism, and Colonial India: Entertaining the Raj

1. Historicizing Entertainment 2. Modernity, Identity, and the Consequences of Americanism 3. The Hybrid Sensorium of Indian Film 4. "No Place for Milksops": Narrating Indians in the United States 5. Empire Films and the Dissemination of Americanism in Colonial India
Flexible Radiation Codes for Numerical Weather Prediction Across Space and Time Scales

Abstract : We are adapting radiation codes developed for climate models for use in the Navy s global weather forecast model (NOGAPS/NAVGEM) and limited area model (COAMPS). Our long-term goal is to develop codes that are scale-aware, computationally efficient across a range of computer architectures, and operate continuously rather than at infrequent radiation time steps .
Partial purification and properties of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase from human erythrocytes: evidence that enzyme activity is a sensitive indicator of lead exposure

We have examined properties of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthetase from human erythrocytes. The enzyme was found to be cold labile and extremely unstable in crude hemolysate, with complete loss of activity occurring after 24 hours at 4 degrees C. However, maintenance of crude hemolysate at 20 to 25 degrees C in the presence of EDTA and KCl increased NAD synthetase stability substantially (half- life = 10 days). Using these conditions, NAD synthetase was purified 3,100-fold with a 29% yield using DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and dialysis. The apparent Michaelis- Menten constants for nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD), adenosine triphosphate, Mg2+, glutamine, and K+ were 0.108, 0.154, 1.36, 2.17, and 8.32 mmol/L, respectively. The pH optimum ranged between 6.8 and 7.4, and the molecular weight was estimated to be 483 +/- 5 Kd. The enzyme was markedly inhibited by Pb2+ and Zn2+, with concentrations necessary for 50% inhibition of activity of 1.3 and 2.0 mumol/L, respectively. The incubation of intact red blood cells with lead followed by rigorous washing to remove lead abolished nearly all NAD synthetase activity. In contrast, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, which is not sensitive to lead, was unaffected, whereas pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase activity, which is sensitive to lead, was decreased 30% to 50% under these conditions. More importantly, patients with lead overburden (34 to 72 micrograms Pb2+/dL blood) all had markedly decreased NAD synthetase activity. These data together with other results suggest that erythrocyte NAD synthetase activity is a sensitive indicator of lead exposure in humans.
Temporal effect of in vivo tendon fatigue loading on the apoptotic response explained in the context of number of fatigue loading cycles and initial damage parameters

Accumulation of damage is a leading factor in the development of tendinopathy. Apoptosis has been implicated in tendinopathy, but the biological mechanisms responsible for initiation and progression of these injuries are poorly understood. We assessed the relationship between initial induced damage and apoptotic activity 3 and 7 days after fatigue loading. We hypothesized that greater apoptotic activity (i) will be associated with greater induced damage and higher number of fatigue loading cycles, and (ii) will be higher at 7 than at 3 days after loading. Left patellar tendons were fatigue loaded for either 100 or 7,200 cycles. Diagnostic tests were applied before and after fatigue loading to determine the effect of fatigue loading on hysteresis, elongation, and loading and unloading stiffness (damage parameters). Cleaved Caspase-3 staining was used to identify and calculate the percent apoptosis in the patellar tendon. While no difference in apoptotic activity occurred between the 100 and 7,200 cycle groups, greater apoptotic activity was associated with greater induced damage. Apoptotic activity was higher at 7 than 3 days after loading. We expect that the decreasing number of healthy cells that can repair the induced damage in the tendon predispose it to further injury.
Designing in reliability with standard cells

The authors show the advantages of using generic standard-cell data in qualifying a military product. They describe the proposed methodology used in qualifying ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) standard-cell devices for military use. Reliability results of using standard cells and recommendations for qualifying military standard-cell products are presented. It is noted that this new approach to qualifying ASIC standard-cell library devices for a military environment allows new designs to be introduced at a minimal cost and insures reliability at the same time. >
The Yin and Yang of Follicular Helper T Cells

The human immune system can harness an arsenal of lymphocytes called CD4+ T cells, in an adaptive response to infection by a variety of pathogens, including parasites, bacteria, and fungi. Once activated, CD4+ T cells can differentiate into subsets of helper T cells [TH1, TH2, TH17, regulatory T (Treg), and follicular T (TFH)], whose effector functions include secreting the cytokines necessary for clearing pathogens and inducing inflammatory responses. Each helper T cell subtype is also critical for helping B lymphocytes produce pathogen-specific antibodies ( 1 ). Until now, master transcription factors have been identified that regulate the generation of helper T cell lineages except for TFH cells. On pages 1006 and 1001 of this issue, Johnston et al. ( 2 ) and Nurieva et al. ( 3 ), and a study by Yu et al. ( 4 ), report that the transcription factor Bcl6 is a master transcription factor that controls the generation of TFH cells. However, Bcl6 must work against another transcription factor, Blimp-1, to promote this differentiation process.
Between Marriage and the Market: Intimate Politics and Survival in Cairo

Between Marriage and the Market: Intimate Politics and Survival in Cairo. Homa Hoodfar. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. 302 pp.
A model for assessing computer network reliability

The author describes a model for assessing and comparing the reliability of local area networks. The model parameters include the hardware and software components' reliability, the network topology, and what demands user activities place on the network. Management of the network resources can also be considered in the model by the way it affects the network topology, user interactions, and the importance assigned to various subgroups being able to communicate. The model treats some failures as being more important than others. It can be used to compare different network organizations and to assess the impact of proposed changes on network reliability. >
Cosmic-ray antiprotons from neutralino annihilation into gluons.

We estimate the flux of cosmic-ray antiprotons expected from the annihilation of neutralinos in the galactic halo. The antiproton signal may offer an important alternative detection scheme in the case that neutralino annihilation proceeds mainly to the two-gluon final state.
Explaining the accrual anomaly by market expectations of future returns and earnings

Abstract This study examines the accrual anomaly under the framework of the Campbell [Campbell, J.Y. (1991). A variance decomposition for stock returns. Economic Journal 101 (405), 157–179.] model. The Campbell (1991) model shows that realized asset returns are a joint function of 1) expected returns, 2) revisions in market expected future returns (i.e., return news), and 3) revisions in market expected future cash flows (i.e., cash flow news). The current study adopts the Easton [Easton, P. (2004). PE ratios, PEG ratios, and estimating the implied expected rate of return on equity capital. The Accounting Review 79 (1), 73–96.] model to estimate proxies for expected returns, return news, and cash flow news. The results show that firms with low accruals have lower expected returns than firms with high accruals, which is contradictory to prior research that argues that firms with low accruals are more risky. However, investors underestimate (overestimate) future earnings growth, a proxy for cash flow growth, for low (high) accrual firms. Further analysis demonstrates that earnings news (proxy for cash flow news) plays a major role in explaining abnormal returns associated with the accrual anomaly.
Allosteric activation of rabbit reticulocyte guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity by sugar phosphates and inositol phosphates.

Abstract Sugar phosphates are required to maintain active rates of translation in gel-filtered rabbit reticulocyte lysates. They may stimulate polypeptide chain initiation by acting as NADPH generators or by a direct interaction with initiation factor(s). We now provide evidence for the allosteric activation of the purified guanine nucleotide exchange factor (eIF-2B) by sugar phosphates and inositol phosphates. In the presence of μM fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, the rate of eIF-2B-catalyzed GDP/GTP exchange is increased approximately 2-fold. The half-maximal concentration for stimulation of eIF-2B activity (SC50) is 57 μM. The binding of GTP to isolated eIF-2B is stimulated 1.5-fold, whereas GTP-binding to ALP-treated eIF-2B is not affected by sugar phosphates. Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, like fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, stimulates 2-3-fold the activity of the isolated eIF-2B (SC50, 140 μM).
Tumor-associated Apc mutations in Mlh1-/- Apc1638N mice reveal a mutational signature of Mlh1 deficiency.

Tumor-associated Apc mutations in Mlh1 −/− Apc 1638N mice reveal a mutational signature of Mlh1 deficiency
The psychophysical basis of monaural localization.

Abstract Listeners were required to locate, monaurally, noise bursts emanating from the horizontal plane ipsilateral to the functioning ear. Loudspeakers were positioned from 0 through 180° azimuth, separated by 15°. Stimulus bandwidth was 1.0 kHz, and centered at 4.0–14.0 kHz in steps of 0.5 kHz. The location judgments were governed by the frequency composition of the stimuli, not by their place of origin. With a miniature microphone positioned at the entrance of the external ear canal, the relative amplification provided by the pinna was obtained for the stimuli employed in the localization tests. For each differently centered noise burst, that loudspeaker position re other positions which was associated with the greatest amplification of the stimulus was the one most likely to have been chosen as the source of that stimulus during the localization tests.
Release and activation of a particulate bound acid phosphatase from Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Abstract A sedimentable form of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) from Tetrahymena pyriformis was found to be solubilized by Triton X-100. The total enzyme activity in the insoluble cell fraction increased almost 200% upon solubilization with Triton X-100 or Nonidet P-40. Removal of membrane lipids and Triton X-100 from the particulate wash solution with a chloroform extraction resulted in non-specific enzyme protein aggregation which was reversible upon addition of Triton X-100. The results indicate that this acid phosphatase is an integral membrane protein. The pH optima for this particulate bound acid phosphatase was 3.5 with o -carboxyphenyl phosphate and 4.0 with p -nitrophenyl phosphate as substrates. The K m values of each substrate were 3.1 and 0.031 mM, respectively.
Effect of the Interaction between Magnetic Particles on the Critical Single-Domain Size

On theoretical grounds, the critical single-domain size of a ferromagnetic particle is expected to be influenced by the interaction of other neighboring particles. Measurements of the coercive force of some $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ powders containing particles of different sizes and shapes at various concentrations provide experimental evidence for the existence of such an effect.
Experimental study of electrohydrodynamic pumping through conduction phenomenon

In an isothermal liquid, only the Coulomb force which is the force acting on the free charges, can contribute to net electrohydrodynamic (EHD) motion. In the absence of a direct charge injection, pumping of an isothermal liquid can be achieved due to the charges associated with the heterocharge layers of finite thickness in the vicinity of the electrodes. These charges are based on the process of dissociation of a neutral electrolytic species and recombination of the generated ions. This type of pumping is referred to as conduction pumping. The conduction pumping mechanism is experimentally investigated here with three different electrode designs. Sufficient pressure heads are generated with very low electric power requirements making the EHD conduction pumping attractive to certain applications in the presence and absence of gravity, such as capillary pumped loops and heat pipes.
Within-sample variation of fecal glucocorticoid measurements

Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite analysis is a useful tool for monitoring adrenocortical activity in captive and free-ranging wildlife. Glucocorticoid metabolites may not be evenly distributed within fecal samples and this variability could affect the interpretation of glucocorticoid metabolite measurements. Furthermore, the precision (i.e., repeatability of measurements) of fecal glucocorticoid measurements from well-mixed samples is unknown. We collected fresh white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) feces at various times pre- and post-adrenocorticotropin injection to provide samples with low ( 90 ng/g) glucocorticoid concentrations in case variability differs in samples of dissimilar hormone metabolite concentrations. We compared two sampling methods (selection of three pellet groups [one from each end of the fecal mass and one from the center] versus sampling three small portions of the thoroughly mixed fecal mass) to estimate within-sample variation of glucocorticoid metabolites. Glucocorticoid metabolite measures from pellet groups were higher than fecal glucocorticoid measures from mixed samples in the low (F=3.10; df = 1,56; P=0.08) and medium concentration (F=7.28; df = 1,50; P=0.01) groups. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite estimates from mixed samples were less variable than glucocorticoid metabolite measures using pellet groups from the same fecal mass, although these differences were not statistically significant (low group: F=0.59; df = 1,38; P=0.45; medium group: F=0.13; df = 1,34; P=0.72; high group: F=2.30; df = 1,28; P=0.14). The mean coefficient of variation was <10% across all treatment groups and sampling methods. However, a power analysis indicated the mixed sub-sample technique requires fewer samples to detect statistically significant differences than pellet groups. Our results suggest that glucocorticoid metabolites may not be evenly distributed in white-tailed deer feces. Consequently, using only a few pellets from a fecal mass may bias assay interpretation. We suggest researchers homogenize the entire fecal mass before removing a sub-sample of fecal material for analysis. Also, other sources of variation must be considered when interpreting results of fecal glucocorticoid studies.
Medical Decision-Making around the Time of Death of Cognitively Impaired Nursing Home Residents: A Pilot Study

The purpose of this article is to describe the end-of-life process in the nursing home for three groups of cognitively-impaired nursing home residents: those who died with a medical decision-making process prior to death; those who died without such a decision-making process; and those who had a status-change event and a medical decision-making process, and did not die prior to data collection. Residents had experienced a medical status-change event within the 24 hours prior to data collection, and were unable to make their own decisions due to cognitive impairment. Data on the decision-making process during the event, including the type of event, the considerations used in making the decisions, and who was involved in making these decisions were collected from the residents' charts and through interviews with their physicians or nurse practitioners. When there was no decision-making process immediately prior to death, a decision-making process was usually reported to have occurred previously, with most decisions calling either for comfort care or limitation of care. When comparing those events leading to death with other status-change events, those who died were more likely to have suffered from troubled breathing than those who remained alive. Hospitalization was used only among those who survived, whereas diagnostic tests and comfort care were used more often with those who died. Those who died had more treatments considered and chosen than did those who remained alive. For half of those who died, physicians felt that they would have preferred less treatment for themselves if they were in the place of the decedents. The results represent preliminary data concerning decision-making processes surrounding death of the cognitively-impaired in the nursing home. Additional research is needed to elucidate the trends uncovered in this study.
Aminolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in aqueous amine and amine vapor

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers were aminolyzed in n-butylamine vapor and aqueous n-butylamine. Both aminolysis reactions resulted in weight loss, reduction of molecular weight and tensile strength, and some increase in density. After extraction in chloroform, weight loss of the aminolyzed samples increased due to removal of oligomers which had not been removed during aminolysis or rinsing. Differences between vapor and aqueous aminolysis are discussed in terms of previously described stages of aminolysis. Scanning electron photomicrographs revealed that the surface of vapor-aminolyzed fibers developed axial cracks while the surface of aqueous-aminolyzed fibers contained cracks in the radial direction. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Changing prevalence of human microsporidiosis

Abstract The frequency of publications about microsporidiosis, indexed in PubMed, was tracked on a yearly basis from 1980 to 2010. Search terms (individual and paired) of various degrees of restrictiveness were used (ranging from least restrictive: ‘microsporidia’, to most restrictive: ‘microsporidiosis/HIV’, ‘microsporidiosis/AIDS’). The annual number of publications indexed under each search term(s) increased from the early 1980s until the mid 1990s. In subsequent years, there was a decline in numbers of publications retrievable via search terms emphasising human disease. This decline mirrors the declining prevalence of microsporidian infections in the HIV-infected population since the mid to late 1990s.
Study of electron scattering by CO/sub 2/ at the static-exchange level

We present results for the scattering of low-energy electrons by CO/sub 2/ at the static-exchange level. The collision equations were solved by the iterative Schwinger method. All necessary partial-wave expansions have been carried out to high order so as to assure convergence of the scattering solutions. Of special interest are our calculated position and width for the /sup 2/product/sub u/ resonance of 5.39 and 0.64 eV, respectively, which differ significantly from previously published results.
The frequency response model of fast and slow twitch muscles at various control strategies

The frequency response models of the soleus (slow) and m. gastrocnemius (fast) muscles subjected to four types of firing rate and recruitment control strategies applied by electrical stimulation were determined under isometric conditions. Orderly recruitment of motor units was applied concurrently with firing rate increase to elicit 50% and 100% of the initial force to simulate realistic physiological conditions in two of the four strategies. The third strategy recruited motor units according to their size to generate 100% of the force while the firing rate was set constant at its maximum value. The fourth strategy elicited muscle force by increasing the firing rate while all the motor units were constantly active. The method of least squares was used to test for the model with the best fit to the combined response (from 0.4 to 6 Hz) of all preparations of the same muscle. It was concluded that the frequency response model of skeletal muscles could be described by a linear, second-order system with double poles at 1.85 Hz and a pure time delay. The dependence of tendon viscoelastic stiffness on its length is noted as a factor which may modify the contraction velocity of a fast muscle. >
Potential of Shorter Corn/Alfalfa Rotations for Dairy Farms

ABSTRACT On dairy farms in the Northeastern U.S., corn (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are often grown in long (4–5 year) rotations with each other, which can result in lower yields for both crops, increased fertilizer requirements, and increased pesticide use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of shorter, three-year corn, three-year alfalfa rotations. Based on corn rootworm scouting, many (75%) third or fourth year corn fields are at risk from corn rootworm damage. Third and fourth year alfalfa fields had stand densities of 46 and 39 plants m−2, respectively, considerably lower than a commonly used rotational threshold of 53 plants m−2. Yields of alfalfa from fourth year fields were lower in two of the five fields. A partial budget economic analysis showed that for some operations, a three-year corn/three-year alfalfa rotation could be more profitable, need fewer insecticides and fertilizer inputs, and produce higher corn and alfalfa yields.
Biologically inspired polymer microfibers with spatulate tips as repeatable fibrillar adhesives

Being inspired by gecko foot hairs, microfibers with flat spatulate tips are proposed as repeatable adhesives. They are fabricated by molding a master template fabricated using deep reactive ion etching and the notching effect. Fabricated polyurethane fiber arrays with 4.5μm fiber and 9μm tip diameter demonstrated macroscale adhesion pressures up to 18N∕cm2 and overall work of adhesion up to 11J∕m2 on a 6mm diameter glass hemisphere for a preload pressure of 12N∕cm2. These results show around four times higher adhesion and five times higher overall work of adhesion as compared to the flat polyurethane surface.
Resonance Raman scattering from defects in CdSe.

Resonance Raman scattering (RRS) in CdSe is investigated in the region of the A excitonic transition. Three new Raman lines at 182, 195, and 208 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ are observed which become stronger than even the line due to the longitudinal optic (LO) phonon under appropriately resonant conditions. The modes at 182 and 195 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ show resonant enhancement at 1.8206 eV whereas the mode at 208 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and the LO phonon exhibit maximum intensity at 1.8222 eV. The polarized luminescence spectra show that these energies correspond to the excitons bound to two different donors having different site symmetries. The peaks at 182 and 195 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ are assigned to electronic Raman scattering from the levels of a donor complex which does not have the full symmetry of the lattice. Possible mechanisms for the mode at 208 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ are discussed.
Process optimization in the low-pressure flat flame growth of diamond

Abstract The influence of oxy-acetylene gas mixture (O 2 /C 2 H 2 gas ratio — 0.95:1.06) and substrate temperature (ranging from 650 to 850°C) on diamond growth in the low-pressure flat flame is reported. Deconvolution of the Raman spectra was employed to qualitatively estimate the ratio of diamond-to-non-diamond carbon in the film deposits by an area comparison of these discriminate peaks. The diamond crystallinity was assessed quantitatively by a determination of the full-width-at-half-maximum of the 1332 cm −1 Raman line representing sp 3 -bonded carbon. An optimum oxygen/acetylene molar ratio of ∼1.05 and substrate temperature of 650–750°C were observed for limiting both the non-diamond carbon content and a deterioration in the diamond crystallinity. The crystallite morphology was also evaluated as a function of this same parametric regime based on assignment of the parameter α describing growth rate competition between the {100} and {111} faces. The collective data indicates the process conditions required to produce the optimum in film quality according to a desired film morphology.
B-cells in ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative lesions express B-cell attracting chemokine 1 (CXCL13)

Purpose The homeostatic chemokine, B cell attracting chemokine 1 (CXCL13), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lymphocyte-mediated diseases. We investigated the cellular expression of this chemokine in the spectrum of ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative lesions. Design Laboratory investigation. Methods CXCL13 expression in paraffin-embedded adnexal biopsy specimens was determined by indirect immunohistochemistry with antigen retrieval. Results In 15 of 16 biopsy specimens, including reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (n = 7), atypical lymphoid hyperplasia (n = 3), and B cell lymphoma (n = 6), CXCL13 was detected. CD20-positive B-cells, as well as dendritic cells and endothelial cells, expressed the chemokine. Conclusions B-cells in ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative lesions demonstrate expression of CXCL13, a chemokine that may participate in tumor pathogenesis and is a potential target for novel therapies.
Fishy business: Skippers’ scams in the southern California party boat fleet

This article is an ethnographic study of workplace deviance as it manifests itself in a cohort of commercial sport boat skippers in Southern California. It is shown that the infraction patterns directed at other boats in the fleet as well as at their passenger‐clients are normalized responses to the unique features of their work setting.
Do the advantages of the FiberNet® embolic protection device translate into technical success and comparable event rates in carotid artery stenting?

FiberNet(®) is a second generation non-conventional embolization protection device (EPD) that purports to offer several advantages: ability to capture debris as small as 40 μm, more flexibility with placement and positioning in curved segments requiring a small landing zone, ability to conform to asymmetric vessels, and improved deliverability. The design features a low profile with large surface area to capture debris. Legitimate concerns include inducement of obstruction or low flow with debris capture and requirements in the IFU to aspirate during re-capture and device removal. Our goal was to compare the results of carotid artery stenting (CAS) using FiberNet(®) against a multi-center experience of CAS using other filter devices to identify any differences in technical success or event rates. FiberNet(®) (n=25) results were compared to all CAS cases performed at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, St Mary's/Duluth Clinic in MN, and North Central Heart Institute in Sioux Falls, SD (n=250) from March 2001 to December 2008. Chi-square or means were used to compare variables, as appropriate. Bivariate logistic regression was used to identify possible correlates of adverse outcome. Statistical significance was set at < 0.05. FiberNet(®) patients were more likely to be older (78.1+5.4 vs 73.6+9.4, p=0.019), female (48% vs 29%, p=0.047), and have peripheral vascular disease (84.0% vs 37.2%, p=0.025), and less likely to have diabetes (8.0% vs 29.8%, p=0.012) than patients in the comparison group. FiberNet(®) patients had more lesion calcification (40.0% vs 18.9%, p=0.014) and increased number of type 2 and 3 arches (44.2% vs 73.9%, p=0.006). Procedural success rate was 100% in both groups. None of the FiberNet(®) patients showed evidence of stagnant flow. The thirty-day outcome for TIA, CVA, or death was 4% in FiberNet(®) versus 4.8% in the comparison group (p NS). None of the independent variables - age gender, serum creatinine, arch complexity, lesion length, lesion calcium, lesion thrombus, PVD, diabetes, contralateral carotid occlusion, or ipsilateral carotid endarterectomy - predicted adverse events. Although FiberNet(®) patients had more lesion calcium and more challenging arch anatomy, procedural success and adverse events were comparable between groups. The advantages of FiberNet(®) can be applied to CAS with good technical results and may be a promising EPD for certain high-risk situations.
Synthesis of a Carboxylate Functionalized Bis-Amino Acid Monomer

The synthesis of the first functionalized bis-amino acid monomer proAc(2S3S4R) 1 that carries an acetyl side chain is presented. This monomer was incorporated into oligomer 3 and the solution phase structure was determined by using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. The solution structure confirmed the intended connectivity and stereochemistry of the oligomer. This first functionalized bis-amino acid represents a milestone toward functionalized bis-peptide nanostructures for catalytic, molecular recognition, and nanotechnology applications.
Reaction of alkylcarbonyloxymethyl halides with phenols: reevaluating the influence of steric hindrance

Evidence is presented that contradicts an earlier finding that, in the absence of steric hindrance, the coupling reaction of alkylcarbonyloxymethyl (ACOM) halides with phenols favors acylated product. A one-step synthesis is used to generate sterically unhindered ACOM iodides, which are then reacted with several phenols to give mainly alkylated phenol.
Altered G-protein coupling of a frontal cortical low affinity [3H]8-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin serotonergic binding site in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract In Alzheimer's disease (AD), there are marked deficits in the function of both the cholinergic and serotonergic systems. We and others have shown altered muscarinic M1 receptor/G-protein coupling in the superior frontal cortex (Brodmann areas 8 and 9) from AD patients. In the present study, we investigated whether similar receptor/G-protein alterations would occur at the 5-HT 1 A receptor in the same brain area. Using [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT as a radioligand, two binding sites with high and low affinity were found. The high affinity site ( K d = 1 nM), which is consistent with the classical 5-HT 1 A receptor, was not affected in AD either in the absence or presence of the non-hydrolyzable guanine nucleotide analog, GppNHp (100 μM). On the other hand, although there was no change in the affinity of [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT at the low affinity site ( K d = 8–10 nM), agonist binding was less sensitive to inhibition by GppNHp in AD (−29%) compared to age-matched controls (−51%). Based on these findings, alterations in receptor/G-protein coupling of both cholinergic and serotonergic receptors may be one explanation why neurotransmitter replacement drug therapies have been unsuccessful thus far in the treatment of AD.
Information technology use by managers in Greece to support decision making: amount, perceived value, and satisfaction

Abstract This study developed a profile of managers of corporations in Greece, focusing on the amount of IT use and the value of and satisfaction with computer-based information (CBI) in making decisions on planning, controlling, and operating. A detailed descriptive analysis of survey responses indicated that: (1) these managers used information technology (IT) as a valuable, everyday tool; (2) of Mintzberg's four decision roles, respondents rated the value of CBI highest for the resource allocator role; (3) all levels of management rated CBI the highest in supporting the evaluation step in decision making; (4) the highest use of CBI was for short-term decisions; (5) computer-based information systems (CBIS) were more valuable to the manager's mental model for guiding planning, controlling, and operating decisions than for forming or revising the manager's mental model of the corporation; and (6) first line supervisors and information systems (IS) managers were most satisfied with CBIS.
Dielectric constants of coal-derived liquids and slurries with coal at 750 MHz

The real part of the complex dielectric constants of SRC-I recycle solvent, SRC-II naphtha, middle distillate and heavy distillate, and tetralin were measured over the temperature range of 23° to 140°C. Values were strongly temperature dependent, generally increasing with temperature and increasing in the sequence naphtha < heavy distillate < recycle solvent < middle distillate, and were related to the phenolic contents of the liquids. The temperature dependence was attributed to the viscosity which in turn affects the relaxation behaviour of the dipolar molecules in the liquid. Association-dissociation equilibria of the polar components also affect the dielectric constant. Measurements of slurries of the SRC-I recycle solvent with coal show that the real part of the dielectric constant, \g3′, is given by the Looyenga equation, \g3′ = [e′132+φ1(e′131−e′132)]3, where e′1 and e′2 are respectively the real parts of the dielectric constant of the coal and the solvent and φ1 is the volume fraction of the coal.
Automatic assessment of syntactic complexity for spontaneous speech scoring

Abstract Expanding paradigms of language learning and testing prompt the need for developing objective methods of assessing language proficiency from spontaneous speech. In this paper new measures of syntactic complexity for use in the framework of automatic scoring systems for second language spontaneous speech, are studied. In contrast to most existing measures that estimate competence levels indirectly based on the length of production units or frequency of specific grammatical structures, we capture the differences in the distribution of morpho-syntactic features across learners’ proficiency levels. We build score-specific models of part of speech (POS) tag distribution from a large corpus of spontaneous second language English utterances and use them to measure syntactic complexity. Given a speaker’s response, we consider its similarity with a set of utterances scored for proficiency by humans. The comparison is made by considering the distribution of POS tags in the response and a score-level. The underlying distribution of POS tags (indicative of syntactic complexity) is represented via two models: a vector-space model and a language model. Empirical results suggest that the proposed measures of syntactic complexity show a reasonable association with human-rated proficiency scores compared to conventional measures of syntactic complexity. They are also significantly robust against errors resulting from automatic speech recognition, making them more suitable for use in operational automated scoring applications. When used in combination with other measures of oral proficiency in a state-of-the-art scoring model, the predicted scores show improved agreement with human-assigned scores over a baseline scoring model without our proposed features.
Photochemical and electrochemical properties of zinc chlorin-C60 dyad as compared to corresponding free-base chlorin-C60, free-base porphyrin-C60, and zinc porphyrin-C60 dyads.

The photochemical and electrochemical properties of four chlorin−C60 or porphyrin−C60 dyads having the same short spacer between the macrocycle and the fullerene are examined. In contrast with all the previous results on porphyrin−fullerene dyads, the photoexcitation of a zinc chlorin−C60 dyad results in an unusually long-lived radical ion pair which decays via first-order kinetics with a decay rate constant of 9.1 × 103 s-1. This value is 2−6 orders of magnitude smaller than values reported for all other porphyrin or chlorin donor−acceptor of the molecule dyad systems. The formation of radical cations of the donor part and the radical anion of the acceptor part was also confirmed by ESR measurements under photoirradiation at low temperature. The photoexcitation of other dyads (free-base chlorin−C60, zinc porphyrin−C60, and free-base porphyrin−C60 dyads) results in formation of the ion pairs which decay quickly to the triplet excited states of the chlorin or porphyrin moiety via the higher lying radical i...
From Rogue to MicroRogue

The Rewriting Calculus has been proposed as a foundational system combining the central ideas of @l-calculus and term rewriting. The rewriting is explicit, in the sense that rules must be applied explicitly to terms to transform them. This paper begins with an imperative version of the Rewriting Calculus called Rogue. It then shows how Rogue can itself be conveniently implemented by an even more foundational system called MicroRogue. MicroRogue rewrites terms using a global set of first-order rules. Rules can be enabled, disabled, and dynamically added in scopes, which can be pushed and popped. MicroRogue also provides mechanisms for specifying evaluation order. Using these primitives, a Rogue interpreter can be implemented in less than 40 lines of MicroRogue code.
Membrane changes in Escherichia coli induced by colicin Ia and agents known to disrupt energy transduction.

The addition of colicin Ia to a suspension of intact Escherichia coli in the presence of the hydrophobic fluorescent probe N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine causes dramatic changes in the fluorescence of the probe. The fluorescence intensity increases several fold, the emission spectrum shifts to the blue, the fluorescence lifetime approximately doubles, and the polarization increases. These changes do not appear to result from an increase in membrane microviscosity, as has been previously postulated to be the case for the N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine fluorescence changes seen with colicin El-treated cells (Helgerson, S.L., Cramer, W.A., Harris, J.M., and Lytle, F.E. (1974), Biochemistry, 13, 3057); rather, they result from an increased binding of the dye to the cell envelope. A variety of agents have been used to demonstrate that a very similar fluorescence response results whenever the cells are "deenergized." These agents include electron transport inhibitors (malonate, amytal, cyanide) as well as the uncouplers CCCP and azide. In addition, depleting the cells of either endogenous substrates or oxygen results in the same fluorescence response. In these cases, the fluorescence response is reversed upon addition of an oxidizable substrate or oxygen. It is clear that there are significant changes in the Escherichia coli envelope as energy transduction processes are disrupted and restored. The changes reported by the fluorescent probe may prove useful indeciphering structure-function relationships in the Escherichia coli envelope.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and athletes.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections have become an increasingly common condition among athletes. Physical contact, shared facilities and equipment, and hygienic practices of athletes all contribute to methicillin-resistant S aureus transmission among sports participants. This review elucidates the risk factors predisposing to methicillin-resistant S aureus infection in athletes and provides guidance for treatment and prevention.