cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between electrocardiographic findings and cardiac dysfunction in adult isolated traumatic brain injury

Introduction: Abnormal electrocardiographic (ECG) findings can be seen in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. ECG may be an inexpensive tool to identify patients at high risk for developing cardiac dysfunction after TBI. The aim of this study was to examine abnormal ECG findings after isolated TBI and their association with true cardiac dysfunction, based on echocardiogram. Methods: Data from adult patients with isolated TBI between 2003 and 2010 was retrospectively examined. Inclusion criteria included the presence of a 12-lead ECG within 24 h of admission and a formal echocardiographic examination within 72 h of admission after TBI. Patients with preexisting cardiac disease were excluded. Baseline clinical characteristics, 12-lead ECG, and echocardiogram report were abstracted. Logistic regression was used to identify the relationship of specific ECG abnormalities with cardiac dysfunction. Results: We examined data from 59 patients with isolated TBI who underwent 12-lead ECG and echocardiographic evaluation. In this cohort, 13 (22%) patients had tachycardia (heart rate >100 bpm), 25 (42.4%) patients had a prolonged QTc, and 6 (10.2%) patients had morphologic end-repolarization abnormalities (MERA), with each having an association with abnormal echocardiographic findings: Odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) were 4.14 (1.02-17.05), 9.0 (1.74-46.65), and 5.63 (1.96-32.94), respectively. Ischemic-like ECG changes were not associated with echocardiographic abnormalities. Conclusions: Repolarization abnormalities (prolonged QTc and MERA), but not ischemic-like ECG changes, are associated with cardiac dysfunction after isolated TBI. 12-lead ECG may be an inexpensive screening tool to evaluate isolated TBI patients for cardiac dysfunction prior to more expensive or invasive studies.
Energy-efficient control of under-actuated HVAC zones in buildings

We study control-oriented methods of improving energy efficiency of “under-actuated” heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems in commercial buildings where multiple rooms are served by a single variable air volume box. Two novel control algorithms are studied: one is a rule-based, feedback controller that uses real-time occupancy measurements, and the other is based on model predictive control (MPC) that uses predictions of occupancy and other exogenous inputs. In an under-actuated zone, flow rate and temperature of ventilation air to individual rooms in a zone cannot be independently controlled. These have not been studied in the literature but are quite common in commercial buildings. Our study finds that there is potential for significant energy savings relative to conventional controllers for under-actuated zones-even when occupancy in the rooms is vastly different-when independent heating is available for each room. Energy efficiency of simple, rule-based controllers that use occupancy measurements was found to be highly dependent on choice of temperature constraints during unoccupied times. Depending on this choice, MPC may or may not perform better than rule-based control.
Sequential purification of human apolipoprotein B-100, albumin, and fibrinogen by immunoaffinity chromatography for measurement of protein synthesis.

Abstract A determinant of the accuracy of protein synthesis measurement using stable isotope is the purity of the protein under study. An Immunoaffinity chromatographic technique to sequentially purify human plasma albumin, fibrinogen, and apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100) was developed to measure isotopic enrichment in these proteins. The technique, utilizing immobilized mouse monoclonal antibodies specific to human plasma ApoB-100, albumin, and fibrinogen onto an affinity matrix, allowed purification of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) ApoB-100, albumin, and fibrinogen from 1- to 2-ml plasma samples. Analytical sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining demonstrated consistent purity of the three purified proteins. The identity and the purity of the proteins separated by this technique were also confirmed by amino acid sequence analysis. This technique was applied to sequentially purify and measure the isotopic enrichment in those proteins by mass spectrometry from human plasma samples collected after orally ingesting L[1- 13 C]leucine. Reproducibility of the enrichment measurements is within 5% of the coefficient of variation. Measurements [ 13 C]leucine in these proteins purified from plasma samples collected during a 10-h primed continuous intravenous infusion of L-[1- 13 C]leucine confirmed that this technique provides an efficient way to purify plasma VLDL ApoB-100, albumin, and fibrinogen for measuring their synthetic rates in human metabolism studies.
Smart girls, gifted women: Special guidance concerns

The reasons for gifted women's failure to realize their full potential are both external and internal. The external causes center around sexism, discrimination and lack of resources. Internal causes may be fear of success, the “Imposter” phenomenon, the “Cinderella Complex” or simply a tendency to adjust too easily and congenially to society's lower expectations for women. Parts of this article are excerpted from Smart Girls, Gifted Women by Barbara Kerr, Ohio Psychological Press, Columbus, OH 43210.
Cadmium Sulfide Field Effect Phototransistor

The experimental evaluation of cadmium sulfide field effect transistors indicates that, although the material does not compete with germanium for general transistor application, useful power gain was achieved and certain advantages exist for CdS in phototransistor applications. Many unique circuit functions can be performed by the device. The active electronic properties vary greatly with the intensity and wavelength of incident light, and with photoconductivity quenching infrared radiation. Voltage gains greater than 500, mutual transconductances up to 20 ?mho and input resistances near 100 megohms have been observed. Electron-hole pairs are generated photoelectrically in the highly pure, single crystal CdS. The holes are virtually immobile and form a space charge when an applied electric field removes the mobile electrons from a region. Modulation of the space charge boundary by application of a potential to one terminal of the device produces modulation of the conductance between two other terminals and signal amplification results. Attempts to correlate the illumination sensitivity of the terminal characteristics with theoretical field effect parameters indicates the carrier distribution in the crystal is complex and varies with illumination wavelength and quenching intensity.
Structure Pinning During Phase-separation of Polyamide/ionomer Blends

Blends of lightly sulfonated polystyrene and poly(N,N′-dimethylethylene sebacamide) (Li-SPS/mPA) are miscible as a result of strong ion-amide complexation. The blends exhibit LCST phase behavior and an increase of the sulfonation level from 4 to 9.5 mol% raises the critical temperature by 150°C. Phase separation may be thermally induced and isthermodynamically reversible. The phase separation kinetics that occur following a temperature-jump deep into the spinodal region of the phase diagram deviate from conventional Cahn-Hilliard theory and the phase separation process stalls after a couple of hours, essentially pinning the structure at that point. The extent of phase-separation that occurs before pinning is temperature-dependent.
Opsonophagocytosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: interaction of local and disseminated isolates with complement and neutrophils.

The phagocytosis of serum-sensitive (SS) and serum-resistant (SR) gonococci by neutrophils was examined. SS strains were more rapidly and completely ingested and killed than were SR strains (8.8% +/- 3.4% vs. 64.4% +/- 7.7% survival at 30 min [P less than .005]) in C8-deficient serum or C8-depleted normal serum. Opsonic requirements of the two types of isolates differed. Heat-labile and -stable serum factors played an important role in the phagocytosis of SS but not SR strains. Indeed, killing of SR strains by polymorphonuclear neutrophils did not vary over a 1,000-fold change in serum concentration. SS strains consumed and fixed C3 more rapidly and in greater amounts than did SR strains (83.3% +/- 17.4% vs. 20.8% +/- 5.0% at 10 min [P less than .01]). However, this difference in C3 consumption and fixation did not completely account for the difference in phagocytosis because killing of SS strains was still greater than that of SR strains under conditions of equal C3 fixation.
285 REGULATION OF OOCYTE MEIOTIC RESUMPTION USING cAMP MODULATORS IN BOVINE IN VITRO MATURATION

In vitro maturation (IVM) is a reproductive technique critical to in vitro embryo production (IVP). Currently, IVP has low efficiency due to an inadequate IVM system where premature meiotic resumption results in low oocyte viability. Meiotic arrest is regulated primarily by 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Some successful methods of improving IVM have utilised cAMP modulators to maintain high intraoocyte cAMP, delaying the onset of nuclear maturation and allowing cytoplasmic maturation to occur. The current experiment is a follow-up to previous work in which an extended 2-step maturation system was examined. In the previous experiments, we found that meiotic resumption was significantly delayed, but the overall maturation rates of extended IVM were about half those of standard IVM, suggesting that the effects of the modulators on the oocytes were not completely reversible. The current experiment compares cAMP concentrations of oocytes in this extended IVM to standard IVM to determine whether high cAMP is the cause of the low maturation rate. Bovine oocytes (n = 686) were obtained from mixed-breed cattle by transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration. Oocytes from each cow were divided into 2 groups: standard IVM and extended IVM. Standard IVM consists of a 23-h maturation composed of TCM-199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, sodium pyruvate, pen/strep, glutamine, and FSH, and cultured at 39°C in 5% CO2. Extended IVM consists of 2 steps: a pre-IVM phase composed of HEPES-TALP supplemented with 100 µM forskolin (FSK) and 500 µM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) for 2 h at 39°C, followed by an extended IVM phase composed of standard IVM media supplemented with 20 µM cilostamide for 31 h (39°C, 5% CO2). Additionally, oocytes in the extended IVM treatment group where held in HEPES-TALP media with FSK and IBMX during the 2-h oocyte collection period in order to prevent any decrease in cAMP before the oocytes could be placed in the extended IVM media. Oocytes in standard IVM were sampled at 0, 8, and 23 h of maturation, while oocytes in extended IVM were sampled at 0, 8, 18, and 33 h of maturation. Cumulus cells were removed from all oocytes by vortexing in hyaluronidase solution. Oocytes were stored in groups of 10 at –80°C. A cAMP enzyme immunoassay (GE Healthcare) was performed to determine cAMP concentrations throughout standard and extended IVM. Assay results were analysed using an ANOVA followed by a Tukey's pairwise test (Sigma Stat 3.5) to detect significant differences (P < 0.05). Results indicated significantly higher cAMP levels in extended IVM oocytes during the first 3 h after collection using FSK and IBMX in the holding media (0.505 v. 1.006 fmol/oocyte, P = 0.035) but cAMP levels were not maintained in the cilostamide-only extended IVM medium. This suggests that high cAMP levels were not the cause of low maturation rates in extended IVM, since cAMP concentrations did decrease after 3 h. Possible negative effect of cilostamide on these oocytes may be suggested and need to be analysed.
Simple moment method program for computing scattering from complex cylindrical obstacles

This paper describes a moment method program for computing electromagnetic scattering (for both E- and H-polarisation) from multiple perfectly conducting and penetrable inhomogeneous cylinders. (The latter can be lossy and have both permittivity and permeability different from their free-space values.) The program is a numerical implementation of a recently derived volume-surface integral equation and uses the pulse expansion and point-matching technique. The main feature of this program is its simplicity in generating the model and transforming the integral equation into a linear system of equations. Using this program, we explore and demonstrate the usefulness as well as the limitations of the volume-surface integral equation formulation.
Hemolymph analysis of irradiated and Dimilin-treated boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis

Abstract Analyses were conducted to determine the effects of irradiation, chemosterilization with Dimilin (diflubenzuron), and infection with three strains of Staphylococcus aureus on the chemistry of the hemolymph of adult boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis . The 7-fold decrease of sodium in the blood was associated with the loss of nerve conductivity and resultant decrease in muscular activity of γ-irradiated and Dimilin-fed 5- and 8-day-old adult weevils. Concomitantly, magnesium increased 4-fold and calcium increased 2-fold. Blood enzyme levels increased 40–60% in all treatments. Alpaline phosphatase increased 2-fold and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 2000-fold in the hemolymph of day old adults infected with Staphylococcus aureus .
WE-C-304A-08: The Instrumentation Noise Equivalent Exposure (INEE): Including Conversion, Secondary Quantum, Structure and Electronic Noise

Purpose: To provide a quantitative and clinically relevant measure of the instrumentation noise of digital x‐ray imagers, using the Instrumentation Noise Equivalent Exposure (INEE). Method and Materials: The NPS was “decomposed” into constituent elements of primary quantum noise,Poisson excess noise (Swank noise), secondary quantum noise, structure noise and additive electronic noise using a plot of the total measured NPS versus exposure and using known relationships based on a generalized parallel cascade model analysis. The INEE was determined by measuring the exposure at which the total instrumentation noise and primary quantum noise were equivalent. Exposures at the INEE correspond to a drop in DQE of one‐half. To demonstrate the usefulness of this new metric, the spatial‐frequency‐dependent INEE was measured on a clinical (indirect) dynamic flat panel detector(FPD) with a pixel pitch of 194 μm and a 600 μm thick CsI:Tl phosphor.Results: The INEE was measured to be 2.0, 7.1 and 75 μR at 0, 1 and 1.2 cycles/mm, respectively. Above 1.2 cycles/mm the detector was instrumentation‐noise‐limited at all exposures, resulting in a degradation in image quality beyond that dictated by the noise in the incident x‐ray quanta alone. Hence, above 1.2 cycles/mm the DQE was always less than half the maximum value. Conclusions: In this work, all sources of instrumentation noise were incorporated into the INEE formalism, consisting not only of the additive electronic noise, but also including the Poisson excess noise (i.e. noise resulting from the phosphor), secondary quantum noise (i.e. noise resulting from the conversion and transmission of quanta) and structure noise (i.e. noise resulting from variations in the detector sensitivity). The INEE can be used to assess quantum‐noise‐limited operation at all spatial frequencies of interest by characterizing the total instrumentation noise in terms of equivalent detector entrance exposure. (Partial support: NIH grants R01EB008425, R01EB002873, R01NS43924)
Defocus-based quantitative phase imaging by coded illumination

The Transport of Intensity equation (TIE) solves for the complex field at a plane of interest using intensity measurements at multiple defocus planes. Patterning the illumination enables multiplexing at the source instead of the detector, enabling quantitative phase without any moving parts. A general theory is formulated here to describe the defocus coupling of the illumination and object fields, providing a joint framework for analyzing grating interferometry and defocus based phase imaging methods. We use the theory to devise a measurement scheme that isolates object phase gradients by combining defocus images for different illumination patterns, using sinusoidal illumination as an example. Since the phase image recovered corresponds to a first derivative of phase, it is expected to have better low frequency noise resilience than the traditional TIE, which measures the second derivative of phase. The method is validated in simulations, and subsequently in experiments using a spatial light modulator.
Demyelination in allergic and Marke's disease virus induced neuritis comparative electron microscopic studies

Patterns of demyelination were studied in sciatic nerves, spinal roots and ganglia of chickens afflicted with either Marek's disease (MD) or experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). MD was induced in susceptible chicks after hatching by inoculation of the JM strain of MD Herpes virus. Tissues from these chickens were examined 7–83 days after infection. EAN was studied 10–21 days after sensitization of 4 week old chickens to emulsions containing human peripheral nerve with complete Freund's adjuvant. In both conditions lesions were encountered which consisted of perivenular infiltrates of mononuclear cells that penetrated the basal lamina of the neurolemmal sheath, displaced Schwann cells, lysed and stripped myelin lamellae without damage to axons. Other lesions in MD were characterized by lymphomatous infiltrates that contained necrotic cells and disintegrating axons. The similarity of the demyelinating process in MD to that seen in EAN suggests that MD virus infection activates lymphocytes sensitized to peripheral nerve myelin. The findings are discussed with reference to acute idiopathic polyneuritis (Guillain-Barre syndrome) in patients with preceding or concurrent Herpes virus infections including those known to cause lymphoproliferative disorders.
Comparison of lactate and malate dehydrogenases: Fluorescence and thermodynamic properties

Abstract Equilibrium, thermochemical, and time-resolved fluorescence measurements have been carried out in order to compare pig heart lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (MDH). The differences in the thermodynamic parameters for binding of NADH and NAD+ show the same pattern for both enzymes. The stronger binding of NADH is entropy-based, which can be understood as reflecting electrostatic interactions. The tryptophan fluorescence of MDH and LDH differ for the free enzymes and in quenching by NADH. The differences can be accounted for in terms of a single long-lived tryptophan residue present in LDH and not in MDH.
Slovenian Experience from Diagnostic Angiography to Interventional Radiology

Thepurpose of writing this article is to document the important events and people inthe first 50 years of diagnostic angiography and interventional radiology inSlovenia. During this period not only did the name of the institutions anddepartments change, but also its governance. I wanted to depict the importantroles different people played at various times in the cardiovascular divisions.I wanted to show contribution of others outside radiology and diagnosticangiography for development of interventional radiology (IR) in Slovenia.
Time-dependent fluorescence depolarization and Brownian rotational diffusion coefficients of macromolecules

Using a distribution function formalism, we have derived relations between the time-dependent fluorescence polarization anistropy r(t) = [I‖(t) − I⟂(t)]/[I‖(t) + 2I⟂(t)] and the Brownian rotational diffusion coefficients of macromolecules. It is shown that in the most general case of a completely asymmetric body, five exponentials appear in r(t). Reduction to previously obtained simpler expressions are presented and discussed. Experiments were performed to measure r(t) for the complex of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) and apomyoglobin. The results revealed a spherical geometry, with a radius of 20.8 A. Similar experiments were performed on the ANS–apohorse radish peroxidase complex. The results were inconclusive towards the geometry of the complex, but when assumed to be spherical, the radius was estimated to be 29.6 A, consistent with the larger molecular weight of horse radish peroxidase.
Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Leukocyte–Endothelial Cell Interaction and Cerebral Vascular Damage in Rats

Effects of chronic (14-day) pretreatment of orally administered pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) (100 or 200 mg/kg/day) on alcohol-induced venular cerebrovasospasm, microvessel rupture, leukocyte-endothelial chemoattraction, and microhemorrhaging was studied by direct, quantitative in vivo high-resolution TV microscopy of the intact rat brain. Sham animals chronically treated with placebo exhibited concentration-dependent venular cerebrovasospasm, endothelial-leukocyte rolling and attraction, microvessel rupture. and focal hemorrhages, irrespective of route (i.e., perivascular, systemic) of ethanol administration. PDTC pretreatment either prevented or ameliorated greatly the cerebrovasospasm, leukocyte-endothelial chemoattraction, and brain vascular damage induced by ethanol. These new data suggest that alcohol induces cerebral vascular and brain damage by reperfusion injury events, which trigger induction of proinflammatory factors, and transcription factor NF-kappaB and lipid peroxidation of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cell membranes; these proinflammatory, pro-oxidant, and redox events could play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced cerebral ischemia and stroke.
EFFECT OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITION ON ALPHA1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR RESPONSE IN NEONATAL RAT CAROTID ARTERY. † 1495

EFFECT OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITION ON ALPHA1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR RESPONSE IN NEONATAL RAT CAROTID ARTERY. † 1495
The bauschinger effect, surface and interior stresses in cyclically strained 70-30 alpha brass single crystals

Abstract Single crystals of 70-30 alpha brass, oriented for easy glide, were cyclically strained under total strain control Δe 1 2 = 0.15% . The peak stress, σp, and the Bauschinger stress, σB, defined as the 0.00005 strain offset stress in the reverse direction, were determined as the number of cycles, N, increased. σp increased and σB decreased with increasing N.This was explained by assuming that the surface flow stress, σs, was lower than the interior flow stress, σl. This difference in flow stress would produce residual surface and interior stresses on unloading to zero applied stress. These residual stresses increased during cycling because σl increased more rapidly than σs. These assumptions were tested by longitudinally electropolishing half the gage length and observing the bending, due to residual stresses, while the specimen was in the top grip. Bending was independent of where along the gage length polishing took place. The direction of bending agreed with the assumption of a lower surface flow stress. From the magnitude of the deflection, the elastic modulus and the volume fraction of surface and interior material, it was possible to calculate the residual stresses on the surface and the interior and the flow stress of the surface and interior. As dectropolishing of the entire gage length took place σp decreased and σB increased. No further changes occurred, when about 0.35 mm was removed from the diameter, and the values of σp and σB approached the values of the virgin single crystal after one cycle. The changes in σp and σB with surface removal along the entire gage length suggested that the surface was harder than the interior. To rationalize the two apparently contradictory behaviors it was assumed that the surface consisted of three different dislocation density areas: a high surface dislocation density region, followed by a larger low dislocation density region and at 150–175 μm below the surface the third region, a narrow highest dislocation density volume. This region would act as a barrier for dislocations to move out of or into the crystal. The entire surface region was assumed to have a lower average dislocation density than the interior, thus producing the lower flow stress in the surface region. Qualitative TEM observations revealed a higher dislocation density in the interior than in the surface. The presence of pile-ups near the surface was taken as partial support of the postulated high dislocation density region at 150–170 μm below the surface.
A CANONICAL ARITHMETIC QUOTIENT FOR ACTIONS OF LATTICES IN SIMPLE GROUPS

In this paper we produce an invariant for any ergodic, finite entropy action of a lattice in a simple Lie group on a finite measure space. The invariant is essentially an equivalence class of measurable quotients of a certain type. The quotients are essentially double coset spaces and are constructed from a Lie group, a compact subgroup of the Lie group, and a commensurability class of lattices in the Lie group.
Impact of liquidity on premia/discounts in closed-end funds

Abstract This paper examines the impact of market liquidity on the premia/discounts in closed-end funds. The central conjecture is that premia (discounts) are observed when claims issued by the fund are more (less) liquid than the underlying assets. The empirical results strongly support the liquidity conjecture: funds with higher liquidity, as measured by proxies for trading activity, have higher premia (or lower discounts) than funds with lower liquidity. This relationship is observed in equity funds as well as in bond funds. Further, the results are robust to various assumptions about model parameters and error structures. Overall, the liquidity hypothesis is supported in our data and may offer a richer description of the premia/discount phenomenon in conjunction with existing hypotheses.
Numerical modeling development for characterizing complex GPR problems

Finite Differencing Time Domain (FDTD) modeling technique was developed as a tool to study GPR problem that could be very complex due to the antenna design, inhomogeneous soil and varieties of target types. The broadband, fully polarimetric horn-fed bowtie (HFB) antenna design (Chen, 1 997) was modeled as an example. Feeding cables, 3D antenna structure and tapered resistive loading were included. Calculated characteristics of the electrical properties of the HFB antenna in the entire 10 - 800 MHz range was obtained. Various technical issues involved in numerical modeling will be discussed.
PruDent: A Pruned and Confident Stacking Approach for Multi-Label Classification

Over the past decade or so, several research groups have addressed the problem of multi-label classification where each example can belong to more than one class at the same time. A common approach, called Binary Relevance (BR) , addresses this problem by inducing a separate classifier for each class. Research has shown that this framework can be improved if mutual class dependence is exploited: an example that belongs to class $X$ is likely to belong also to class $Y$ ; conversely, belonging to $X$ can make an example less likely to belong to $Z$ . Several works sought to model this information by using the vector of class labels as additional example attributes. To fill the unknown values of these attributes during prediction, existing methods resort to using outputs of other classifiers, and this makes them prone to errors. This is where our paper wants to contribute. We identified two potential ways to prune unnecessary dependencies and to reduce error-propagation in our new classifier-stacking technique, which is named PruDent . Experimental results indicate that the classification performance of PruDent compares favorably with that of other state-of-the-art approaches over a broad range of testbeds. Moreover, its computational costs grow only linearly in the number of classes.
Non-Maxwellian Redistribution in Solar Coronal Lyα Emission

This paper presents theoretical models of H I Lyα emission from the extended solar corona, taking into account various plasma kinetic effects that induce departures from Maxwellian velocity distributions. Such phenomena as suprathermal tails, strong temperature anisotropies, and skewed or double-peaked distributions have been observed in the solar wind, and UV spectroscopy is beginning to be able to detect their signatures in the corona. For resonantly scattered lines like H I Lyα, most of the physics is contained in the frequency-dependent redistribution function. The dependence of this function on the local plasma parameters is presented analytically for four different non-Maxwellian distributions, and optically thin line intensities are computed for a representative model of the fast solar wind. Isotropic power-law κ tails in the velocity distribution should be detectable between 2 and 5 A from line center. Although existing observations that appear to have broad tails do not resemble those arising from κ-distributions, their presence is still possible. Anisotropic bi-Maxwellian distributions affect line profile shapes and total intensities via both their parallel and perpendicular components, and it is important to include an accurate description of the photon redistribution for large anisotropies. Skewness caused by a Chapman-Enskog expansion in the conductive heat flux is detectable as a unique non-Gaussian profile shape, but other types of collisionally beamed or skewed distributions may not noticeably affect the emission lines.
Direct numerical simulations in material processing

A unified approach for direct simulations of fluid flow, heat transfer, and phase changes is discussed. The method is based on writing one set of conservation equation for all phases involved, allowing arbitrary changes in material properties and adding singular terms at phase boundary to ensure that the correct boundary conditions are incorporated. This approach allows the conservation equations to ge solved on a fixed grid in a very efficient way. By explicit tracking of the phase boundary by a lower dimensional moving grid, the method is capable of producing accurate solutions for complex phase boundaries. Examples of simulations of the solidification of pure materials, binary alloys, and drops impinging on a solid surface are shown.
Predicting DSM‐III-R Disorders From the Youth Self‐Report: Analysis of Data From a Field Study

ABSTRACT Objective To predict DSM-III-R diagnoses from Youth Self-Report (YSR) scores. Method The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.1c (DISC-2.1c) and YSR were administered to 289 homeless adolescents. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified YSR scales contributing to predictions of DSM-III-R disorders. Paper-and-pencil prediction rules based on YSR "borderline" or "clinical" scores were evaluated. Results Statistically significant discriminant functions for disruptive disorders, depressive disorders, manic disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder, each based on a unique pair of YSR scales, produced overall hit rates of 0.66 to 0.90. Paper-and-pencil predictions produced comparable results. The weakest overall predictions were for the disruptive behaviors; the best rule ("IF Aggressive OR Delinquent is at least borderline THEN predict oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder") produced a 0.72 hit rate. The strongest overall predictions were for schizophrenia; the best prediction rule ("IF [Thought Problems AND Delinquent are at least borderline] AND [at least one is clinical] THEN predict schizophrenia") produced a 0.87 hit rate. Conclusions While the success rates reported here are specific to this sample, it appears that the YSR has good ability to predict DSM-III-R diagnoses as determined by the DISC. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that categorical diagnoses can be treated as locations or cluster sectors in a multidimensional space.
Solving the Transitive Access Problem for the Services Oriented Architecture

A key goal of the Services Oriented Architecture is the composition of independently written and managed services. However, managing access to these services has proven to be a problem. A particularly difficult case involves a service that invokes another service to satisfy an initial request. In a number of cases, implementations are able to achieve either the desired functionality or the required security, but not both at the same time. We say that this service composition suffers from the transitive access problem. We show that the problem arises from a poor choice of access control mechanism, one that uses subject authentication to make access decisions, and that the problem does not occur if we use delegatable authorizations.
Cows, harp seals, and churchbells: Adaptation and extinction in Norse Greenland

The extinction of the Norse colony in West Greenland (ca A.D. 985–1500) has intrigued generations of historians, medieval archaeologists, and climatologists. This longstanding interest has generated a considerable body of basic paleoclimatic and paleoecological data, as well as a number of largely monocausal explanations for the communities' end. The 1976–1977 Inuit-Norse Project and a variety of recent geophysical and palynological studies have provided the greater detail necessary for a more systematic analysis of cultural adaptation and extinction in Norse Greenland. A dual maritime/terrestrial Norse subsistence economy, combined with a transatlantic trade and long- range arctic hunting, supported a hierarchical social organization and elaborate ceremonial architecture. Elite information management and economic decision- making seems to have been a source of ultimately fatal Norse conservatism in the face of fluctuating resources and Inuit competition.
Strain differences among inbred mice in protein kinase C activity

A protein kinase was identified in mouse organs whose activity is strictly dependent on the presence of Ca ++ and phosphatidylserine when assayed at pH 6, and thus has the characteristics of protein kinase C. The relative order of specific activities was brain>spleen> lung>heart, an order similar to that found previously for rat organs. Mice from seven strains had the same level of protein kinase C activity, but strain A/J had half as much activity in each organ as did the other strains. F 1 hybrid mice resulting from a cross between A/J and BALB/cByJ mice had levels of activity intermediate to the parental strains, indicating additive inheritance of this genetic difference.
Biosynthesis of pulmonary surfactant: comparison of 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and palmitate as precursors of dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in adenoma alveolar type II cells.

Abstract Urethan-induced pulmonary adenomas of mice are composed of cells that appear to be morphologically identical to alveolar type II cells and synthesize disaturated diacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine, the major component of pulmonary surfactant. 1-[1- 14 C]Palmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine and [1- 14 C]palmitic acid were compared as precursors of disaturated diacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine in the adenoma type II cells by incubating both substrates with whole adenomas. When the precursors were compared at equal concentrations (100 μ m ) in the presence of albumin (1 mg/ml), the rates of incorporation of 1-[1- 14 C]palmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine and [1- 14 C]palmitic acid into diacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine were 5.2 and 2.9 nmol/min · g tissue, respectively. The concentration of monoacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (lysolecithin) in the blood plasma of BALB/c mice was 150 μ m . In short-term labeling experiments, the label in disaturated diacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine was equally distributed between the sn -1 and sn -2 positions when 1-[1- 14 C]palmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine was the precursor, whereas 75 to 80% was in the sn -2 position when [1- 14 C]palmitic acid was the precursor. The ratios are consistent with incorporation of 1-palmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine via the lysolecithin:lysolecithin transacylase reaction and incorporation of palmitate via acylation of 1-palmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine by acyl-CoA:lysolecithin acyltransferase. 1-[1- 14 C]Palmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phospho-[ 3 H- methyl ]choline was incorporated into total cellular diacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine with an isotope ratio similar to that of the precursor; the disaturated species was more enriched in 14 C. These findings indicate the cells take up intact monoacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine and incorporate it into diacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine. The ability of the cells to utilize intact lysophosphoglycerides for synthesis of cellular lipids was further demonstrated by showing that ether analogs, 1-alkyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-alkyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, are taken up and acylated by the cells. Activities of lysolecithin:lysolecithin transacylase and acyl-CoA:lysolecithin acyltransferase were measured in subcellular fractions of the adenoma type II cells; the specific activities of the enzymes were 2.1 nmol/min · mg soluble protein and 21 nmol/min · mg microsomal protein, respectively. The total activity of the acyltransferase in the cell fractions was about four-fold higher than the activity of the transacylase. Characteristics of the two enzymes were studied and are discussed. The findings indicate that exogenous 1-palmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine and palmitic acid both serve as efficient precursors of disaturated diacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine in the adenoma alveolar type II cells.
Behaviorally Elicited Heart Rate Reactivity and Atherosclerosis in Ovariectomized Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Abstract It has been hypothesized that atherogenesis is accelerated among individuals who exhibit heightened cardiovascular reactions to psychologic stress. We have reported previously that the coronary atherosclerosis of cholesterol-fed, male and reproductively intact (premenopausal) female cynomolgus monkeys was exacerbated in animals that experienced the largest heart rate (HR) reactions to a fear-eliciting laboratory stressor. In this article, we report a similar relationship among 20 female monkeys that were rendered estrogen-deficient (by ovariectomy) and subsequently treated with replacement of both estrogen and progesterone. At the beginning of a 30-month study period, animals were fitted with ECG telemetry devices, and their HRs were recorded under baseline and stressed conditions. Stress HR measurements were obtained during a standard challenge involving threatened capture and physical handling of the animals. As part of a related experiment, monkeys were then ovariectomized and, for the remainder of the study, administered 17β-estradiol (continuously) and progesterone (cyclically) by subcutaneous Silastic implant (Dow Corning). Animals consumed a cholesterol-containing diet throughout, and HR measurements were repeated in the 24th month. At necropsy, the magnitude of animals’ HR responses to stress correlated significantly with intimal area measurements in the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries ( r =.59 and r =.57, respectively; P <.009). This association was due to a marked exacerbation of coronary atherosclerosis in animals comprising the upper third of the reactivity distribution. Although total and HDL cholesterol concentrations also covaried with HR reactivity, the greater atherosclerosis of “high” HR reactors persisted after statistical adjustment for concomitant variability in plasma lipids. HR reactivity was unrelated to blood pressure, body weight, or social behavior.
Hexamethylbenzene−Tetracyanoethylene Electron Transfer. Acceptor and Donor Energetics and Electronic Structure

We report results of ab initio calculations of the energies, geometries, and molecular electronic structures of hexamethylbenzene (HMB) and tetracyanoethene (TCNE). These are the species that form the donor−acceptor pair in on-going electron transfer experiments. Vertical and adiabatic ionization potentials and vertical and adiabatic electron affinities are reported for the relevant species: HMB, TCNE, HMB+, and TCNE-. The computations for HMB+ are performed by taking into consideration the Jahn-Teller effect. Comparisons of the energies and geometries with experimental data are made, and our computed energetic quantities for TCNE are in much better agreement with experimental data than previously computed quantities found in the literature. The charge distribution analysis for the neutral and ionic species is carried out according to several methods: orbital (Mulliken and Lowdin), spatial (atoms in molecules), and distributed multipoles. We find that the 10-3 au electron density contours of the species...
The role of light in soybean seed filling metabolism

Soybean (Glycine max) yields high levels of both protein and oil, making it one of the most versatile and important crops in the world. Light has been implicated in the physiology of developing green seeds including soybeans but its roles are not quantitatively understood. We have determined the light levels reaching growing soybean embryos under field conditions and report detailed redox and energy balance analyses for them. Direct flux measurements and labeling patterns for multiple labeling experiments including [U-(13)C(6)]-glucose, [U-(13)C(5)]-glutamine, the combination of [U-(14)C(12)]-sucrose + [U-(14)C(6)]-glucose + [U-(14)C(5)]-glutamine + [U-(14)C(4)]-asparagine, or (14)CO2 labeling were performed at different light levels to give further insight into green embryo metabolism during seed filling and to develop and validate a flux map. Labeling patterns (protein amino acids, triacylglycerol fatty acids, starch, cell wall, protein glycan monomers, organic acids), uptake fluxes (glutamine, asparagine, sucrose, glucose), fluxes to biomass (protein amino acids, oil), and respiratory fluxes (CO2, O2) were established by a combination of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, (13)C- and (1)H-NMR, scintillation counting, HPLC, gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, C:N and amino acid analyses, and infrared gas analysis, yielding over 750 measurements of metabolism. Our results show: (i) that developing soybeans receive low but significant light levels that influence growth and metabolism; (ii) a role for light in generating ATP but not net reductant during seed filling; (iii) that flux through Rubisco contributes to carbon conversion efficiency through generation of 3-phosphoglycerate; and (iv) a larger contribution of amino acid carbon to fatty acid synthesis than in other oilseeds analyzed to date.
Interleukin-18 enhances the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) by allergen-specific and unspecific stimulated cord blood mononuclear cells

Abstract Background IL-18 is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the polarisation of T-cell response. This study was performed to determine whether or not IL-18 is detectable in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or betalactoglobulin (BLG) stimulated supernatants of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) and to study the in vitro effect of IL-18 on the interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-13 release of CBMC of healthy neonates. Methods CBMC of neonates were isolated by Ficoll density centrifugation. The cytokines IFN-γ, IL-13 and IL-18 in the cell culture supernatants were measured using the ELISA technique following stimulation with a unspecific (PHA 20 μg/ml) and an allergen-specific stimulus (BLG 25 μg/ml). In order to study the in vitro effect of IL-18, CBMC were stimulated either with medium alone or with IL-18, IL-18 + PHA and IL-18 + BLG. Results IL-18 levels in supernatants of CBMC were low and did not vary significantly between unstimulated and PHA or BLG stimulated cell cultures (median 21.4; 23.5 and 15.5 pg/ml, respectively). IFN-γ and IL-13 levels were significantly higher in response to PHA and BLG (PHA: IFN-γ, 6154; IL-13, 4357; BLG: IFN-γ, 801; IL-13, 249 pg/ml) compared to unstimulated cell cultures. The addition of IL-18 to PHA or BLG stimulated CBMC significantly enhanced the IFN-γ release (PHA: 6154; PHA + IL-18: 13474, p =0.0001; BLG: 801; BLG + IL-18: 1077, p =0.008). In comparison to incubation without IL-18, the release of IL-13 was invariable or even reduced, when CBMC were stimulated with PHA + IL-18 (4026, p =0.16) or BLG + IL-18 (124, p =0.0001) compared to stimulation of CBMC with PHA (4357 pg/ml) or BLG (249 pg/ml) alone. Conclusions IL-18 is detectable in supernatants of CBMC. We observed a significant effect of IL-18 + PHA as well as IL-18 + BLG on IFN-γ release in vitro. Based on our findings we conclude that IL-18 could act as a strong TH1-inducing factor on stimulated CBMC also in vivo.
Role of the [65-72] disulfide bond in oxidative folding of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A

To assess the role of the [65-72] disulfide bond in the oxidative folding of RNase A, use has been made of [C65S, C72S], a three-disulfide-containing mutant of RNase A which regenerates from its two-disulfide precursor in an oxidation and conformational folding-coupled rate-determining step. The distribution of disulfide bonds in the one-disulfide-containing ensemble of this mutant has been characterized. In general, the disulfide-bond distribution in its 1S ensemble agrees relatively well with the corresponding distribution in wt-RNase A and with distributions based on calculations of loop entropy, except for the absence of the [65-72] disulfide bond. There is no bias (over the entropic influence) for the three native disulfide bonds, [26-84], [40-95], and [58-110]. Previous oxidative folding results for wt-RNase A indicated the predominance of the des [40-95] intermediate over des [65-72] after the rate-determining step in the regeneration process. Considering that there is no preferential distribution of disulfides in the 1S ensemble of [C65S, C72S], in contrast to the preferential population of the [65-72] disulfide bond in wt-RNase A, these results indicate a critical role for the [65-72] disulfide bond in the regeneration of wt-RNase A. Furthermore, analysis of the disulfide distribution of the 1S intermediates of [C65S, C72S] compared to that of wt-RNase A lends support for a physicochemical basis for the previously observed slow folding rate of this mutant, compared to its analogue (des [65-72]) of wt-RNase A.
Kinetics of glial glutamine efflux and the mechanism of neuronal uptake studied in vivo in mildly hyperammonemic rat brain

Kinetics of glial glutamine (GLN) transport to the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the mechanism of GLNECF transport into the neuron – crucial pathways in the glutamine–glutamate cycle – were studied in vivo in mildly hyperammonemic rat brain, by NMR and microdialysis to monitor intra- and extracellular GLN. The minimum rate of glial GLN efflux, determined from the rate of GLNECF increase during perfusion of α-(methylamino)isobutyrate (MeAIB), which inhibits neuronal GLNECF uptake by sodium-coupled amino-acid transporter (SAT), was 2.88 ± 0.22 μmol/g/h at steady-state brain [GLN] of 8.5 ± 0.8 μmol/g. Our previous study showed that the rate of glutamine synthesis under identical experimental conditions was 3.3 ± 0.3 μmol/g/h. At steady-state glial [GLN], this is equal to its efflux rate to the ECF. Comparison of the two rates suggests that SAT mediates at least 87 ± 8% (= 2.88/3.3 × 100%) of neuronal GLNECF uptake. While MeAIB induced > 2-fold elevation of GLNECF, no sustained elevation was observed during perfusion of the selective inhibitor of LAT, 2-amino-bicyclo[1,1,2]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), or of d-threonine, a putative selective inhibitor of ASCT2-mediated GLN uptake. The results strongly suggest that SAT is the predominant mediator of neuronal GLNECF uptake in adult rat brain in vivo.