cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Diagnosis Codes to Find Blood Transfusion Adverse Events in Electronic Health Records

ABSTRACT Background Electronic health records (EHRs) and big data tools offer the opportunity for surveillance of adverse events (patient harm associated with medical care). We chose the case of transfusion adverse events (TAEs) and potential TAEs (PTAEs) because 1.) real dates were obscured in the study data, and 2.) there was emerging recognition of new types during the study data period. Objective We aimed to use the structured data in electronic health records (EHRs) to find TAEs and PTAEs among adults. Methods We used 49,331 adult admissions involving critical care at a major teaching hospital, 2001-2012, in the MIMIC-III EHRs database. We formed a T (defined as packed red blood cells, platelets, or plasma) group of 21,443 admissions vs. 25,468 comparison (C) admissions. The ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes were compared for T vs. C, described, and tested with statistical tools. Results TAEs such as transfusion associated circulatory overload (TACO; 12 T cases; rate ratio (RR) 15.61; 95% CI 2.49 to 98) were found. There were also PTAEs similar to TAEs, such as fluid overload disorder (361 T admissions; RR 2.24; 95% CI 1.88 to 2.65), similar to TACO. Some diagnoses could have been sequelae of TAEs, including nontraumatic compartment syndrome of abdomen (52 T cases; RR 6.76; 95% CI 3.40 to 14.9) possibly being a consequence of TACO. Conclusions Surveillance for diagnosis codes that could be TAE sequelae or unrecognized TAE might be useful supplements to existing medical product adverse event programs.
Introduction: Man into Wolf

This chapter introduces the polymathic scholar of religion, economics, philosophy, art history, and philology Robert Eisler through his last book, Man into Wolf: An Anthropological Interpretation of Sadism, Masochism and Lycanthropy, in which he theorizes that to survive the Ice Age, proto-humans abandoned the vegetarian and polyamorous life of social primates and began to imitate the hierarchical structures and hunting practices of the wolf pack, and that human aggression stems from incorporation of the wolfish instinct for cruelty in the collective unconscious. Following Eisler’s journey from being “one of the most prodigiously learned men of our time” to being dismissed as a “somewhat reckless amateur,” Collins presents Eisler’s biography as a way to explore the changing nature of intellectual life in Europe in the twentieth century.
Physics-Based Learned Design for Fourier DiffuserScope

We couple a differentiable forward model of diffuser-based single-shot 3D microscopy (Fourier DiffuserScope) with an invertible and differentiable reconstruction algorithm to jointly optimize the imaging system and the reconstruction parameters in a memory-efficient manner.
Power Optimization of a Magnetoelectric Wireless Power Transfer System with Volume Constraint

Abstract We present a general framework for maximizing the power delivered to a load resistance of a magnetoelectric wireless power transfer system, especially under a volume constraint condition. We derive an analytical solution to a power optimization problem, both for a given transducer geometry and when the geometric dimensions are subject to change. We investigate the relationships between the output power and the chosen operating frequency in various circumstances when the mechanical damping coefficient or the mechanical quality factor is kept constant independent of the change in the receiver geometry. We discuss the essential roles of the magneto-elastic transduction factor and a resonator figure of merit and show how to obtain the optional thickness ratio between the two constitutive materials, magnetostrictive and piezoelectric. Examples with particular sets of system parameters are given to demonstrate the general theoretical analysis.
Attack Versus Advocacy: Advertising Tone That Mobilizes

This study examines the role of attack ads in encouraging citizen communication. Using a national survey merged with ad tracking data, this study finds that attack advertising elicited negative emotions about the candidate the voter opposed, which in turn fostered political conversation. However, such indirect effects of campaign advertising were not observed for advocacy advertising. Data also reveal that attack ads outperformed advocacy ads overall when it came to promoting political discussion. Taken together, it is attack advertising, not advocacy advertising, that promotes political discussion, and negative emotions explain, at least in part, how the attack ad effects occur.
Exponential convergence rates in classification

Let (X,Y) be a random couple, X being an observable instance and Y∈ {–1,1} being a binary label to be predicted based on an observation of the instance. Let (Xi, Yi), i=1, . . . , n be training data consisting of n independent copies of (X,Y). Consider a real valued classifier ${\hat{f}_{n}}$ that minimizes the following penalized empirical risk $$\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^n \ell(Y_{i}f(X_{i})) + \lambda\|Let (X,Y) be a random couple, X being an observable instance and Y∈ {–1,1} being a binary label to be predicted based on an observation of the instance. Let (Xi, Yi), i=1, . . . , n be training data consisting of n independent copies of (X,Y). Consider a real valued classifier ${\hat{f}_{n}}$ that minimizes the following penalized empirical risk $$\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^n \ell(Y_{i}f(X_{i})) + \lambda\|f\|^{2} \rightarrow {\rm min}, f\in {\mathcal H}$$ over a Hilbert space ${\mathcal H}$ of functions with norm || ·||, l being a convex loss function and λ >0 being a regularization parameter. In particular, ${\mathcal H}$ might be a Sobolev space or a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. We provide some conditions under which the generalization error of the corresponding binary classifier sign $({\hat{f}_{n}})$ converges to the Bayes risk exponentially fast. $|^{2} \rightarrow {\rm min}, f\in {\mathcal H}$$ over a Hilbert space ${\mathcal H}$ of functions with norm || ·||, l being a convex loss function and λ >0 being a regularization parameter. In particular, ${\mathcal H}$ might be a Sobolev space or a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. We provide some conditions under which the generalization error of the corresponding binary classifier sign $({\hat{f}_{n}})$ converges to the Bayes risk exponentially fast.
Monitoring exposure of brown bullheads and benthic macroinvertebrates to sediment contaminants in the Ashtabula River before, during, and after remediation.

In 2007, approximately 420 500 cubic meters of contaminated sediment were removed from the Ashtabula River by dredging. The primary objective of the present study was to monitor contaminant exposure in fish and macroinvertebrates before, during, and after dredging. This was done by measuring tissue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in brown bullhead catfish (Ameriurus nebulosa) and in benthic macroinvertebrates, assessing changes in DNA damage in fish liver and blood, and scoring external and histopathological lesions and anomalies in the fish. In surficial sediment PCBs and PAHs were also quantified in conjunction with the biological sampling. The results show a significant reduction in contaminant levels in both fish and macroinvertebrates following dredging, indicating the effectiveness of the remediation in reducing exposure of biota to the primary contaminants of concern. Similarly, DNA damage levels in fish collected from the Ashtabula River significantly declined following dredging; however, a similar reduction in DNA damage over time was seen in fish collected from a reference site (Conneaut Creek), making interpretation difficult. Macroinvertebrate PCB concentrations were reflective of the sediment concentrations in the areas where Hester-Dendy samplers were deployed for macroinvertebrate collection. The present study demonstrates that these methods can be used to evaluate and assess the effectiveness of remediation techniques at contaminated sediment sites. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1267–1276. © 2015 SETAC
Reoperative Aortic Valve Replacement After Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting or Aortic Valve Replacement

Redo surgery after prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is becoming more common. Often, a degenerative, stenotic aortic valve is the primary indication for such an operation. Additionally, a failing mechanical or bioprosthetic valve also necessitates re-operation. These operations present some unique challenges, including safe sternal re-entry, preservation of patent grafts, identification and control of internal mammary artery grafts, and careful planning of the aortotomy. In this report, we describe our technique for conducting this operation safely.
Conformational Mobility of the Pyrrolidine Ring of Proline in Peptides and Peptide Hormones as Manifest in Carbon 13 Spin-Lattice Relaxation Times

Abstract The spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of carbon 13 in natural abundance were determined for proline, N-acetyl-prolineamide, glycylproline, cyclo(triprolyl), and a series of proline-containing peptide hormones. The data are interpreted in terms of rapid interconversion of proline between various ring-puckered forms. The nature of the puckering depends upon the type of group attached to proline. In proline, the β, γ, and δ carbon atoms are appreciably more mobile than the α carbon atom, suggesting rapid interconversion between a number of ring-puckered forms. In melanocyte-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting hormone (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) and its dimethylamido analog, the γ carbon atom has the greatest mobility, suggesting a rapid endo-exo interconversion at this position. In Gly-Pro and in acetyl-Pro-NH2, the cis and trans conformers of proline have very similar T1 values, indicating very little dependence of the dynamic proline ring conformation on the conformation at the peptide bond; in both isomers, the proline ring interconverts rapidly between half-chair conformers puckered at Cβ and Cγ. In thyrotropin-releasing hormone (lGlu-His-Pro-NH2), the proline ring conformation is similar to that in Gly-Pro, and independent of the state of ionization of the histidine residue. Oxytocin [see PDF for equation] , lysine-vasopressin [see PDF for equation] , [Ile5]angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe), and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( lGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2) all have proline in the trans conformation about the peptide bond, and the δ carbon atom has a mobility comparable to that of the α carbon atom. The latter reflects severe steric constraints at Cδ due to the neighboring residues. In oxytocin and angiotensin II, the β carbon atom is considerably more mobile than Cα or Cδ. In luteinizing hormonereleasing hormone, the proline ring apparently undergoes rapid interconversion between half-chair forms puckered at Cβ and Cγ, whereas in lysine-vasopressin, the mobility of Cγ is greatest.
An activity approach to cross-cultural design

The demanding challenges urge us to develop an effective way to address cultural issues in IT localization and design well-localized products to support complex activities in a concrete context. This article proposes an activity approach to cross-cultural design informed by key concepts and methods from activity theory, genre theory, and British cultural studies. The approach brings cross-cultural design focus from operational affordances to social affordances.
Time-dependent changes in viable numbers and activities of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in subsurface samples

Vadose and saturated zone sediment cores from depths to 212 m were obtained from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site in south-central Washington by cable tool drilling, and volcanic ashfall tuff samples were obtained from tunnels 400 m beneath the surface of Rainier Mesa at DOE's Nevada Test Site (NTS) in southern Nevada. Numbers of viable aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were determined by plate counts and metabolic activities were determined by [14C]glucose radiorespirometry at t = 0 and at various post-sampling time points up to 154 d in order to assess the influence of sample storage on microbiological properties of subsurface samples. Increases in post-sampling populations of viable bacteria were observed in all samples, although the magnitude of the increase and time after sampling at which the maximum population size was reached varied with the sample type. The greatest post-sampling increases in viable counts and [14C]glucose mineralization occurred in a high-organic carbon lacustrine sediment. The population of aerobic heterotrophs increased from below detection at t = 0 to > 106 CFU g−1 after 139 d. Significant increases in culturable counts were shown to occur within 24 h for tuff samples from NTS. These results indicate that precautions are necessary in the post-drilling handling of subsurface sediments and rock for microbiological analysis. In addition, these results suggest that even low biomass subsurface environments may be readily stimulated for applications such as in situ bioremediation.
Phase-shifted laser feedback interferometry

We have introduced the techniques of phase-shifting interferometry into a laser feedback interference microscope based on a helium-neon laser. With moderate feedback, multiple reflections between the sample and the laser are shown to be negligible, and the interferometer responds sinusoidally with a well-characterized fringe modulation. One can obtain higher signal-to-noise ratios by determining the number of additional terms required for modeling the effect of multiple reflections on the phase and visibility measurements in the high-feedback regime. Changes in optical path length are determined with nanometer precision without phase averaging or lock-in detection.
The permanent income hypothesis in five major industrial countries: a multivariate trend-cycle decomposition test

This paper presents a new test of the permanent income hypothesis in five major industrial countries. The test first decomposes consumption and income into their long run trend (permanent) and short run cyclical (transitory) components, using the recently developed multivariate stochastic detrending approach developed by Vahid and Engle (1997), among others. This approach exploits the presence of possible common stochastic trends and cycles among the variables in the system to arrive at a more efficient decomposition of these variables. Using the decomposition results, and in contrast to many articles in the literature, the paper finds support for the permanent income hypothesis. Specifically, the paper finds that, while permanent consumption is related to permanent income, transitory consumption is related to neither permanent nor transitory income.
Surgical management of tumors of intraoral minor salivary glands. Report of eighty cases.

Tumors of the minor salivary glands are relatively uncommon. During the past 100 years, these tumors have received scant attention in the medical literature and little information has accrued concerning their surgical management. This report presents and discusses the surgical management of eight benign and 72 malignant tumors of intraoral minor salivary glands. Each patient was operated upon by one of the authors and represents the largest individual series collected to date. The age, sex, site of tumor origin, presenting symptoms, duration of symptoms and histologic type are summarized. Surgical results including morbidity, mortality and follow-up data, which in some instances extends over an 18-year period, is presented. This study indicates that the individual entrusted with the initial treatment of these tumors has the prime opportunity to effect a “cure.” An “adequate operation” offers the optimal chance for a cure. Enucleation of malignant tumors of minor salivary glands is to be condemned. Prolonged follow-up is mandatory to determine the ultimate results of treatment rendered.
Preparation and Characterization of Molybdenum Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Dicarbonyl η3-Dienyl Complexes

Treatment of allenic electrophiles with Mo-(CO) 3 (py) 3 followed by potassium hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)-borate (KTp) or treatment of an enyne with TpMo(CO) 3 H followed by decarbonylation cleanly produced stable, new η 3 -dienyl complexes.
Inherited Colorectal Cancer Registries in the United States

The prevalence of familial adenomatous polyposis-associated cancers in the United States has been conservatively estimated at 15,000, and that of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)-associated cancers at 30,000. Every blood descendant of each of these patients is at risk of carrying a germline mutation predisposing them to early onset colorectal and other cancers. Optimal care of these high-risk families involves a center with expertise in the syndromes. This study was performed to see how many such centers exist in the United States and to learn something of how they work. The mailing lists of three international societies concerned with inherited colorectal cancer were used to send surveys inquiring about the presence of a registry or center, and how that center worked. The Collaborative Group of the Americas, the Leeds Castle Polyposis Group, and the International Collaborative Group on hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer were queried. There were 30 centers in the United States: 26 responded, representing 15 states. Eighteen centers that responded had registries for inherited colorectal cancer. There were 1,396 familial adenomatous polyposis families among the 18 registries, 2,058 hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer families, 42 with juvenile polyposis, and 216 with Peutz-Jehger’s syndrome. The 18 registries employed 29 genetic counselors or coordinators. Seven used Microsoft Access™ as a database, five used Progeny™, three a SQL server-based system, one Filemaker Pro™, one Microsoft Excel™ and one used Oracle™. Cyrillic™ was the pedigree-drawing program in 6 registries, Progeny™ in 12, and Ped Draw™ in 1. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer was defined using the Amsterdam I criteria by four registries, Amsterdam II by five, both criteria by six, Bethesda guidelines by one, and by genotype alone in two registries. The United States is underserved by registries for inherited colorectal cancer, having enrolled only a small proportion of the families theoretically available. Registries differ in fundamental aspects of function. More collaboration and more registries are needed.
Acute effects of mirtazapine on sleep continuity and sleep architecture in depressed patients: a pilot study

Abstract Background: Mirtazapine, a clinically effective antidepressant, acts by antagonizing central α 2 -adrenergic and 5-HT 2 /5-HT 3 receptors. No data are available regarding mirtazapine's effects on sleep architecture in patients with major depressive disorder. Methods: Six patients meeting criteria for major depressive disorder and scoring ≥4 on the three Hamilton Depression Rating Scale sleep items were studied. Polysomnographic evaluations were performed at baseline and after 1 (15 mg at bedtime) and 2 weeks (30 mg at bedtime) of open-label mirtazapine treatment. Results: Mirtazapine significantly decreased sleep latency and significantly increased total sleep time and sleep efficiency from baseline levels during week 1, with similar results observed after week 2. Mirtazapine did not significantly alter rapid eye movement sleep parameters. Clinically, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and sleep disturbance ratings improved after treatment. Conclusions: Mirtazapine significantly improves sleep continuity in major depressive disorder patients with poor sleep quality at weeks 1 and 2 of treatment, while preserving sleep architecture.
Experimental studies of the continuum emission of hydrogen

Abstract The absolute intensity of continuum radiation emitted from a transient hydrogen plasma was measured for the wavelength range 3000–8000 A, and found to agree closely with that theoretically predicted by considering all the significant radiating processes. The various particle densities and the temperatures needed for the comparison were spectroscopically obtained from the line radiation and independently of the continuum; the necessary assumption of local thermal equilibrium is discussed in the paper. The plasma was produced in an electrically driven shock tube, and observed close behind the shock front where impurity radiation was found to be unimportant. The measured electron densities were in the range 3 × 1016−1·1 × 1017 cm−3, and temperatures 11,000–18,000°K. Under some conditions both the atomic and negative ion free-bound and free-free spectra were important, while the experimental accuracy was insufficient to distinguish any contribution due to H2+ formation.
Effect of growth media, storage environment, soil temperature and delivery to soil on binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐G for protection of potato from Rhizoctonia canker

Binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) isolates propagated for 20 days at 24°C on oat kernels and for 30 days on vermiculite amended with potato broth were recovered from an average of 62% of whole kernels, 100% of chopped kernels and 71 % of vermiculite particles within the cultures, respectively. Viability of BNR isolates 232-CG and JF-3S4-3 was higher when stored at 5 than at 24°C, and was slightly affected by the vacuum used to reduce the O2 level. After 17 weeks of storage at 5°C in air, BNR isolates 232-CG and JF-3S4-3 maintained similar viability (75% viability on whole oat kernels and 100% viability on chopped oat kernels), but in vermiculite amended with potato broth, viability of isolate 232-CG remained at 100% while that of JF-3S4-3 was 28%. In the glasshouse, BNR isolates 232-CG and JF-3S4-3 protected potato plants from Rhizoctonia canker caused by R. solani in soil maintained at 11, 17 and 23°C. Protection from Rhizoctonia canker was greater when BNR was delivered to soil than when placed on seed pieces. BNR-colonized-whole oat kernels placed in soil (15 g m of row) gave the greatest protection from Rhizoctonia canker in all experiments. In two field experiments in soil naturally infested with R. solani AG-3. the amount of BNR-colonized oat kernels was reduced from 15 g/m of row to 1-9 g m of row without affecting protection of potato plants from Rhizoctonia canker.
A thermodynamic approach to the rheology of highly interactive filler-polymer mixtures. Part II. Comparison with polystyrene/nanosilica mixtures

The dynamic properties as a function of frequency and strain amplitude, steady-state viscosity as a function of shear rate, and transient shear stresses at startup and cessation of shear flow of polystyrene (PS)/fumed silica mixtures of various concentrations were investigated. An abrupt change in the viscoelastic properties was noticed at a concentration above 1% by volume. Observations by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate the presence of a three-dimensional network through the bridging of filler particles by the adsorbed polymer. The viscoelastic behavior is simulated utilizing a theory proposed in Part I (Havet and Isayev 2001) based on a double network created by the entangled polymer matrix and the adsorbed polymer with filler concentration taken into account through the bridging density of polymer-filler interactions and a hydrodynamic reinforcement. The steps taken for determining the model parameters required to carry out the simulation are described. The major features of the rheological behavior of highly interactive polymer-filler mixtures are captured qualitatively and in some cases, quantitatively predicted.
Corelease of Dopamine and GABA by a Retinal Dopaminergic Neuron

Numerous neurons release two transmitters of low molecular mass, but it is controversial whether they are localized within the same synaptic vesicle, with the single exception of GABA and glycine because they are ferried into the vesicle by the same transporter. Retinal dopaminergic (DAergic) amacrine cells synthesize both dopamine (DA) and GABA. Both transmitters are released over the entire cell surface and act on neighboring and distant neurons by volume transmission, but, in addition, DAergic cells establish GABAergic synapses onto AII amacrine cells, the neurons that transfer rod signals to cone bipolars. By combining recordings of DA and GABA release from isolated, genetically identified perikarya of DAergic cells from the mouse retina, we observed that a proportion of the events of DA and GABA exocytosis were simultaneous, suggesting corelease. Furthermore, a proportion of the secretory organelles in the perikaryon and synaptic endings of DAergic cells contained both vesicular transporters for DA [vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)] and GABA [vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)]. Because the majority of the DA release events concerned a single transmitter and organelles were present that contained a single transporter, either VMAT2 or VGAT, we conclude that the secretory organelles of DAergic cells contain variable concentrations of the two transmitters, which are in turn determined by a variable mixture of the two transporter molecules in their limiting membrane. This variability can be explained if the relative numbers of transporter molecules is determined stochastically during the budding of the somatic organelles from the trans-Golgi network or the retrieval of the vesicular membrane from the plasmalemma after exocytosis.
Responses of neurons in nucleus supratrigeminalis to sinusoidal jaw movements in the cat

Single neurons in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve and in the rostral brain stem of barbiturate-anesthetized cats were studied in terms of their response to sinusoidal jaw movements at different frequencies and amplitudes. Units were quantitatively characterized by magnitude and phase of their firing rate modulation as a function of frequency, the linearity of their response at 5 Hz, and the variability of the interpsike intervals. Units were qualitatively characterized in terms of their response to gentle palpation of jaw muscles. Neurons were found in the nucleus supratrigeminalis that were selectively driven by jaw movement and that responded to gentle palpation to one or more ipsilateral jaw muscles. The magnitude of the sensitivity of these neurons as a function of frequency was not significantly different from cells of the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve. The phase of the sensitivity was, however, significantly more advanced than were those cells at all but the highest frequencies. The typical interspike interval variability of cells in nucleus supratrigeminalis was about 40% of the mean interval, whereas that variability of neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve was only about 10% of the mean interval. Supratrigeminal cells could relay jaw proprioceptive information to the cerebellum or thalamus.
Participation of inclusions in hydrogen embrittlement processes

Microstructural heterogeneities can significantly influence the response of a material in the presence of an aggressive environment. Inclusions in steel represent one form of microstructural heterogeneity that are thought to frequently contribute to failures in the oil and gas industry. This paper presents microstructural confirmation for the participation of inclusions in steels exposed to hydrogen bearing environments and their possible role in influencing the behavior of the material. These results are consistent with a mechanism of hydrogen induced reduction in interfacial strength at inclusion-matrix interfaces.
PTEN and Hypoxia Regulate Tissue Factor Expression and Plasma Coagulation by Glioblastoma

We have previously proposed that intravascular thrombosis and subsequent vasoocclusion contribute to the development of pseudopalisading necrosis, a pathologic hallmark that distinguishes glioblastoma (WHO grade 4) from lower grade astrocytomas. To better understand the potential prothrombotic mechanisms underlying the formation of these structures that drive tumor angiogenesis, we investigated tissue factor (TF), a potent procoagulant protein known to be overexpressed in astrocytomas. We hypothesized that PTEN loss and tumor hypoxia, which characterize glioblastoma but not lower grade astrocytomas, could up-regulate TF expression and cause intravascular thrombotic occlusion. We examined the effect of PTEN restoration and hypoxia on TF expression and plasma coagulation using a human glioma cell line containing an inducible wt-PTEN cDNA. Cell exposure to hypoxia (1% O(2)) markedly increased TF expression, whereas restoration of wt-PTEN caused decreased cellular TF. The latter effect was at least partially dependent on PTEN's protein phosphatase activity. Hypoxic cells accelerated plasma clotting in tilt tube assays and this effect was prevented by both inhibitory antibodies to TF and plasma lacking factor VII, implicating TF-dependent mechanisms. To further examine the genetic events leading to TF up-regulation during progression of astrocytomas, we investigated its expression in a series of human astrocytes sequentially infected with E6/E7/human telomerase, Ras, and Akt. Cells transformed with Akt showed the greatest incremental increase in hypoxia-induced TF expression and secretion. Together, our results show that PTEN loss and hypoxia up-regulate TF expression and promote plasma clotting by glioma cells, suggesting that these mechanisms may underlie intravascular thrombosis and pseudopalisading necrosis in glioblastoma.
The oxidation-reduction potentials of the hemes and copper of cytochrome oxidase from beef heart.

Abstract The oxidation-reduction potentials of the heme and copper components of isolated beef heart cytochrome oxidase have been studied by potentiometric techniques. In highly purified preparations the two heme components give a single titration curve with a midpoint potential at pH 7.0 ( E m 7.0 ) of +285 mV and an n value of 0.5. In partially purified preparations the heme components could be resolved into a high potential cytochrome ( a 3 ) ( E m 7.0 = +375 mV, an n value of 1.0) and a low potential cytochrome ( a ) ( E m 7.0 = +225 mV, an n value of 1.0). In general, with decrease in enzymatic activity the E m 7.0 of the high potential component becomes more negative. The component (s) represented by the 830-nm absorption band has an E m 7.0 of +225 mV with an n value of 1.0. The copper component measured by electron paramagnetic resonance also has a midpoint potential of +225 mV at pH 7.2 and an n value of 1.0.
Cryogenic-focusing, ohmically heated on-column trap for capillary gas chromatography

Abstract A new method is presented for thermally desorbing solutes which have been cryogenically trapped on a capillary column. The trap heater is a thin layer of metallic gold applied to columns near their inlet. This layer is ohmically heated to initiate the separation. The temperature within the trap is related to the resistance of the gold layer. The trap is shown to not lower column performance relative to a split injection. Other advantages are discussed. Examples showing trace analyses of alkanes in air are given.
Direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing: a case study and practical recommendations for “genomic counseling”.

Technological advances and information-seeking consumers have pushed forward the movement of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing. Just like with other types of testing, there are potential risks, benefits and limitations. A major limitation of DTC testing is the incomplete view it provides regarding lifetime risk for common, complex diseases, since most tests only analyze 1–2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and do not include evaluation of medical or family histories, which is necessary to risk assessment. Further, it is not currently well-established whether personal genomic testing results will lead toward improved health behaviors, adverse psychological effects or potential overuse of the health care system. To display these and other issues, we present an in-depth case study of an individual who ordered DTC genetic testing and subsequently sought genetic counseling. This case presents a unique learning experience for the field of genomic counseling, as the patient did not fit the typical assumptions regarding ‘early adopters’ of DTC testing. It also allowed the genetics health care providers involved in the case to identify gaps in current genetic counseling practice that need to be filled and approaches to employ for successful delivery of genomic counseling. Based on our experience, we developed practical recommendations for genomic counseling, which include novel approaches to case preparation, use of electronic tools during the counseling session, and focusing on education as the major component of the genomic counseling session, in order to provide patients with the knowledge necessary to independently interpret and understand large amounts of genomic testing information provided to them.
In vivo molecular evaluation of guinea pig skin incisions healing after surgical suture and laser tissue welding using Raman spectroscopy.

Abstract The healing process in guinea pig skin following surgical incisions was evaluated at the molecular level, in vivo, by the use of Raman spectroscopy. After the incisions were closed either by suturing or by laser tissue welding (LTW), differences in the respective Raman spectra were identified. The study determined that the ratio of the Raman peaks of the amide III (1247 cm−1) band to a peak at 1326 cm−1 (the superposition of elastin and keratin bands) can be used to evaluate the progression of wound healing. Conformational changes in the amide I band (1633–1682 cm−1) and spectrum changes in the range of 1450–1520 cm−1 were observed in LTW and sutured skin. The stages of the healing process of the guinea pig skin following LTW and suturing were evaluated by Raman spectroscopy, using histopathology as the gold standard. LTW skin demonstrated better healing than sutured skin, exhibiting minimal hyperkeratosis, minimal collagen deposition, near-normal surface contour, and minimal loss of dermal appendages. A wavelet decomposition–reconstruction baseline correction algorithm was employed to remove the fluorescence wing from the Raman spectra.
Ten Information Technology Trends Driving the Course of Hospitality and Tourism Higher Education

In a world driven by rapid technological advances, society has responded with an increasing dependence on this profound force. Technology in higher education may be an important tool for improving the quality of educational offerings and for gaining competitive advantage. However, despite this use of technology by higher educational institutions, hospitality and tourism programs have not kept pace with developments in the sector. This research effort examines ten growing technology trends currently impacting higher education. Utilizing a qualitative research process the ten themes were identified through the use of an electronic academic database containing hospitality education and technology articles. The influence of these technology trends on hospitality and tourism education is explored. The article concludes with an examination of sustainable technology development in hospitality and tourism education.
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Three Species of Commelinaceae

Abstract Diurnal patterns of CO 2 exchange and fluctuations of tissue malic acid concentrations were investigated in three species of Commelinaceae: Callisia fragrans and Tripogandra multiflora from Jamaica, and Tradescantia brevifolia from southern Texas. Very low levels of CAM gas exchange were induced by drought stress in C. fragrans and T. multiflora . In addition, past indications of CAM-cycling in the two Jamaican species were confirmed in drought-stressed plants; however, only C. fragrans exhibited CAM-cycling under well-watered conditions. CAM-cycling under drought stress was also found in T. brevifolia. This constitutes the first report of CAM ( sensu lato ) in the genus Tradescantia . The importance of low-level CAM in these three species is discussed as a potential adaptation to drought.
A survey on Nahm transform

Abstract We review the construction known as the Nahm transform in a generalised context, which includes all the examples of this construction already described in the literature. The Nahm transform for translation invariant instantons on R 4 is presented in an uniform manner. We also briefly analyse two new examples, the second of which being the first example involving a four-manifold that is not hyperkahler.
Sulfur on noble metal catalyst particles

The morphology and chemical composition of Pt, Rh, and Pd particles on amorphous SiO2 were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following their sequential treatment in H2, H2S, O2, and SO2. All metals form sulfides (PtS, Rh2S3, and PdS) readily upon heating in ~70 Torr of H2S. XPS indicates that surface sulfidation is essentially complete by 300°C for metals, and TEM shows that 100-A-diameter particles are completely converted to sulfide by 600 °C. Considerable neutral sulfur is also formed on all metals. Treatment of sulfided particles in air produces oxides, sulfates, and metal. All sulfur is removed from Pd below 300 °C to form PdO. Pt is converted mainly to PtO which decomposes to Pt metal above 450 °C. Rh is converted to Rh2O3 and Rh2(SO4)3 by 300 °C, and some sulfate persists to above 500 °C. Heating metals in SO2 produces only sulfides for Rh and Pd, and sulfide, sulfate, and sulfur for Pt. Heating in an SO2 and O2 mixture produces sulfate on all metals. Rh particles exhibit evidence of melting when heated above 500 °C in H2S.
Comparison of tracheal and nasal chondrocytes for tissue engineering of the trachea.

Abstract Background This study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of creating engineered tracheal equivalents grown in the shape of cylindrical cartilaginous structures using sheep nasal cartilage–derived chondrocytes. We also tested sheep tracheal and nasal septum for cell yield and quality of the engineered cartilage each produced. Methods Nasal septum and tracheal tissue were harvested from sheep. Chondrocytes from each were separately isolated from the tissues and suspended in culture media. Tracheal and nasal chondrocytes were seeded onto separate polyglycolic acid matrices. Cell-polymer constructs were cultured for 1 week and then wrapped around a 7-mm diameter × 30-mm length silicon tube and implanted subcutaneously on the back of nude mice for 8 weeks (each, n=6). Both of the tissue-engineered tracheas (TET) were harvested and analyzed for histological, biochemical, and biomechanical properties. These values were compared with native sheep trachea. Results The morphology and histology of both tracheal-chondrocyte TET and nasal-chondrocyte TET closely resembled that of native sheep trachea. Safranin-O staining showed that tissue-engineered cartilage was organized into lobules with round, angular lacunae, each containing a single chondrocyte. Chondrocytes from the trachea or nasal septum produced tissue with similar mechanical properties and had similar glycosaminoglycan and hydroxyproline content. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the property of TET using nasal chondrocytes is similar to that obtained using tracheal chondrocytes. This has the potential benefit of facilitating an autologous approach for repair of segmental tracheal defects using an easily obtained chondrocyte population.
A PHYSIOGNOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETATION IN CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES

Introduction ... . . 289 Terminology ... 290 Physiognomic types versus formation-types 292 Nomenclatural diversity 294 Introduction to the tabular key 296 Tabular key to plant communities 299 I. Forest . 299 II. Shrubland ... . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . 305 III. G rassland ... . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . 307 IV. Savanna 311 V. Tundra . 312 VI. Vineland 313 VII. Forbland ..... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 313 V III. H erbland ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 314 IX. Bryolaind 315 Discussion of the tabular key 316 Summary ....... 319 Literature cited 320
Aspirin effect on cataract formation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis alone or combined to diabetes

The prevalence of cataracts is significanly lower in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving aspirin (mean of 2,700 mgs daily for an average of 10.4 years) as compared to a matched population not receiving aspirin. Similarly, fewer cataracts were found among a population with diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis receiving aspirin (mean of 2,340 mgs daily for an average of 8.8 years) as compared to a matched population on no aspirin. The effects of aspirin on cataract formation may result from 1) lowering of plasma tryptophan levels and increased excretion of tryptophan metabolites, 2) inhibition of aldose reductase and sorbitol formation in the diabetic lens, 3) inhibition of tryptophan or kynurenine binding to lens protein.
Optimization of BARC process for hyper-NA immersion lithography

The extension of current 193nm immersion lithography technology is depending on increasing the numerical aperture (NA). High-resolution imaging requires the decrease of photoresist thickness to compensate for smaller depth of focus (DOF) and prevent pattern collapse. Poor etch selectivity between photoresist and BARC reads to the use of thinner BARC with faster etch-rate. Also, controlling reflectance over a wider range of incident angles for hyper-NA above 1.0 gives more challenge for thin BARC. To reduce substrate reflectivity, various material strategies (dual-layer BARC such as organic/inorganic BARC or organic/organic BARC, Si-based ARC/spin-on carbon (SOC), and so on) have been introduced through many papers. Organic dual-layer BARC is capable of suppressing reflectivity through wide range of incident angles. But, the inevitable increase of its thickness is not a desirable direction due to the decreasing trend of photoresist thickness. When amorphous carbon (a-C) is used as a hardmask for sub-stack, the combination of organic/inorganic BARC (i.e. SiON) is currently well known process. Si-ARC/SOC may be the promising candidates of hardmask because Si component of Si-ARC affords a high etch selectivity to photoresist and its combination with SOC decreases reflectance. The optical constants of above organic materials can be tuned to control the substrate reflectivity for hyper-NA.
Liver Disease in Cytomegalovirus Mononucleosis: A Light Microscopical and Immunoperoxidase Study of Six Cases

Six liver biopsies from previously healthy adult patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) mononucleosis were studied by routine light microscopy and by the immunoperoxidase technique for CMV antigen. Light microscopical findings consisting of a mononuclear portal and sinusoidal infiltrate, increased hepatocellular mitotic activity and minimal hepatocellular necrosis were consistently found. Less common features were granuloma formation and bile duct epithelial damage. Typical CMV nuclear inclusions and CMV antigen were identified in only one case, a patient with marked leukopenia secondary to CMV who had received corticosteroid therapy. The other five cases contained no inclusions and CMV antigen could not be identified by immunoperoxidase staining. This data suggests that, as with hepatitis B, viral antigen is not identifiable in acute CMV hepatitis in the immunocompetent host, perhaps due to active destruction of infected cells. The immunoperoxidase technique for CMV appears to be of little value in the diagnosis of acute CMV hepatitis.
Rapid response of a hydrologic system to volcanic activity: Masaya volcano, Nicaragua

Hydrologic systems change in response to volcanic activity, and in turn may be sensitive indicators of volcanic activity. Here we investigate the coupled nature of magmatic and hydrologic systems using continuous multichannel time series of soil temperature collected on the flanks of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua, one of the most active volcanoes in Central America. The soil temperatures were measured in a low-temperature fumarole field located 3.5 km down the flanks of the volcano. Analysis of these time series reveals that they respond extremely rapidly, on a time scale of minutes, to changes in volcanic activity also manifested at the summit vent. These rapid temperature changes are caused by increased flow of water vapor through flank fumaroles during volcanism. The soil temperature response, ~5 °C, is repetitive and complex, with as many as 13 pulses during a single volcanic episode. Analysis of the frequency spectrum of these temperature time series shows that these anomalies are characterized by broad frequency content during volcanic activity. They are thus easily distinguished from seasonal trends, diurnal variations, or individual rainfall events, which triggered rapid transient increases in temperature during 5% of events. We suggest that the mechanism responsible for the distinctive temperature signals is rapid change in pore pressure in response to magmatism, a response that can be enhanced by meteoric water infiltration. Monitoring of distal fumaroles can therefore provide insight into coupled volcanic-hydrologic-meteorologic systems, and has potential as an inexpensive monitoring tool.
The circannual variations of thyroid activity in the woodchuck (Marmota monax).

Abstract 1. 1. The I-131 uptake by the thyroid gland of the woodchuck (Marmotamonax) shows relatively low levels of uptake during the early summer and early fall months. Uptake levels are at their greatest level during the winter months when the animal is in hibernation and just prior to arousal. 2. 2. Thyroxine serum levels indicate that the thyroid gland is actively secreting this hormone and circulating it in the blood stream. The serum thyroid binding globulin which carries this hormone is also found in increased levels at this time. 3. 3. These results appear to indicate an in vivo demonstration of the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by thyroxine during a period which the animals' metabolic reaction are at a minimum. It is thought that the uncoupling is essential to produce heat for winter survival.
Trends in Classroom Observation Scores

Observations and ratings of classroom teaching and interactions collected over time are susceptible to trends in both the quality of instruction and rater behavior. These trends have potential impl...
Dietary carbohydrate stimulates alcohol diet ingestion, promotes growth and prevents fatty liver in rats

Abstract When young male Sprague Dawley rats were fed ad libitum for 4 weeks a Lieber-DeCarli diet containing 36% of the total calories as ethanol, they consumed ca 50 ml of diet per day, gained 3–3.7 g/day and their livers contained ca 60 mg triglyceride/g. On the other hand, when rats were maintained on isocaloric diets containing 30%, 26% or 20% of calories as alcohol, the daily diet consumption (64, 67 and 88 ml respectively) and growth rate (4.2, 5.8 and 6.9 g respectively) increased markedly and their livers contained only 20–25 mg triglyceride/g. The amount of alcohol calories consumed per day or the alcohol consumption per 100 g body weight were comparable in the various diet groups. Since the reduction in alcohol calories was compensated for by including isocaloric amounts of maltose-dextrins, it is likely that the increased carbohydrate content stimulated diet ingestion, promoted growth and prevented the development of fatty liver despite chronic alcohol consumption.
Pneumonia in infants and children: Radiological-pathological correlation

The radiographic characteristics of pulmonary infection in children are many and varied. Although typical patterns are helpful in diagnosis, clinical and laboratory evaluation provide important diagnostic information. An understanding of the basic pathophysiology of infection and an appreciation of the anatomy of the child's growing lung help provide clearer, insightful, and more accurate radiological interpretation.