cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adverse physiologic effects of the thermosensitizing agents amiloride and DIDS in normal dogs: Correlation to amiloride infusion rate

Amiloride and DIDS (4,4-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid) have been used to lower intracellular pH and increase thermosensitivity of malignant cells. We previously observed adverse reactions after injection of these drugs in canines and hypothesized that reactions may be mediated by amiloride-induced histamine release. This study was designed to define an amiloride infusion rate unlikely to cause adverse effects in dogs. Plasma concentrations of amiloride were quantified to assess whether infusions in this study produced amiloride concentrations within the range known to produce thermosensitization in vitro. Anesthetized dogs received intravenous amiloride infusions during multiple sessions on different days. The infusion was divided into: 1) a loading infusion of either 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, or 600 μg/kg/min given for 25 min and 2) a maintenance infusion of 7.4 μg/kg/min started immediately after the loading infusion and lasting for 2 hr. Infusion resulted in histamine release, and hypotension (≥40% decrease from baseline) occurred in dogs given amiloride at rates ≥500 μg/kg/min. Hypotension appeared to be associated with more rapid amiloride infusion but not with peak plasma concentration. Plasma amiloride concentrations were less than in vitro concentrations shown to produce thermosensitivity. Radiat Oncol Invest 1996;4:60–65. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modification of echolalic speech in a blind, behaviorally-deficient child using parental contingency management

Abstract The echolalic speech of an eight-year-old, blind, behaviorally-deficient child was modified through a contingency management program which used the child's parents as the primary therapists. The frequency of non-echolalic responses increased as a result of the treatment. The change appeared stable.
A COMPARISON OF THE CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE ADJOINT APPROACH TO AUTOMATIC AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION

This paper compares the continuous and discrete adjoint-based automatic aerodynamic optimization. The objective is to study the trade-off between the complexity of the discretization of the adjoint equation for both the continuous and discrete approach, the accuracy of the resulting estimate of the gradient, and its impact on the computational cost to approach an optimum solution. First, this paper presents complete formulations and discretization of the Euler equations, the continuous adjoint equation and its counterpart the discrete adjoint equation. The differences between the continuous and discrete boundary conditions are also explored. Second, the results demonstrate two-dimensional inverse pressure design and drag minimization problems as well as the accuracy of the sensitivity derivatives obtained from continuous and discrete adjoint-based equations compared to finite-difference gradients.
Immune suppression to nucleosides: differences between NZB and NZW mice.

Previous studies (Y. Borel and M. C. Young, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1980. 77: 1593) have shown that one can raise nucleic acid-specific suppressor T cells which diminish either the T-dependent immune response in vivo or the T-independent immune response in vitro. The results presented here confirm and extend these observations in several different strains of mice. Administration of nucleoside-modified spleen cells diminishes antibody-forming cells to nucleoside in mice immunized with nucleoside linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Immune suppression was obtained in all strains except SJL and NZW, which are known to be high responders to denatured DNA. Both the primary and secondary immune responses were suppressed in C57BL/6 mice. Autologous cells exhibit a different ability to function as carriers. Spleen cells are the most effective, and to a certain extent, thymus cells. In contrast, bone marrow cells and red cells fail to induce immune suppression. A strain difference was found between NZB and NZW mice in their susceptibility to immunosuppression by nucleoside-modified spleen cells. Whereas NZB mice are high responders to nucleoside-KLH, they were easily suppressed by nucleoside coupled to spleen cells. In contrast, NZW mice, although relatively low responders to nucleoside-KLH, were not suppressed by administration of nucleoside coupled to spleen cells. Both male and female (NZB × NZW)F1 mice appeared to behave like the NZW parental strain and were resistant to immunosuppression by nucleoside-modified spleen cells. The significance of this observation for the pathogenesis of murine systemic lupus erythematosus is discussed.
The classroom gets re‐engineered when reforming engineering education

Details how the Dwight Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M University fundamentally changed the way engineering is taught, by completely remodelling its classrooms and wiring them up to accommodate the use of laptop computers, printers, video and audio in the active teaching/learning process.
Generalized unfoldings for shortest paths

We consider the problem of determining shortest paths in the presence of polyhe dral obstacles between two points in Euclidean three-space. For the special case when paths are constrained to the surfaces of three-dimensional objects, simple planar unfoldings are used to obtain the shortest path. For the general case when paths are not constrained to lie on any surface, we describe general ized unfoldings wherein the shortest path in three-space again becomes a straight line. These unfoldings of consist of multiple rotations about the edges of the polyhedral obstacles.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of p130Cas and Cortactin Accompanies Integrin-mediated Cell Adhesion to Extracellular Matrix

We show in this report that two v-src substrate proteins, p130Cas and cortactin, become tyrosine-phosphorylated during integrin-mediated cell adhesion to extracellular matrix substrata and upon cell attachment onto immobilized anti-integrin antibodies. This tyrosine phosphorylation does not occur when cells attach to polylysine or through antibodies against major histocompatibility complex. It also does not take place when adhesion-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is inhibited with cytochalasin D. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas and cortactin coincides with tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase during integrin-mediated cell adhesion but is independent of cell adhesion in v-src-transformed cells. The tyrosine-phosphorylated sites in p130Cas and cortactin may serve as binding sites for proteins containing Src homology 2 domains, as is the case with two other integrin-regulated docking proteins, focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. Thus, these results suggest that ligand binding of integrins regulates the tyrosine phosphorylation state of multiple docking proteins. These proteins may mediate anchorage dependence of growth; their misregulation in v-src-transformed and other tumorigenic cells may be responsible for the anchorage independence of such cells.
Plant secondary metabolites, biphenyl, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin effects on aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl removal and microbial community structure in soils

Biphenyl and several plant secondary metabolites (PSM) (carvone, isoprene, limonene, naringin, and coumarin) and surfactant (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, (HP-β-CD)) have been shown to improve aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) removal by several bacterial species. The objective of this study was to determine whether these treatments also affect PCB removal and microbial community structure in a high organic matter soil (Pahokee soil series with 67% organic matter) and low organic matter soil (Woolper soil series with 6% organic matter), as determined by monitoring changes in PCB levels and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profiles in laboratory microcosms amended with these compounds. Biphenyl enhanced di-chlorinated and tri-chlorinated biphenyl removal in both soils, but PSM did not improve removal of these congeners. On the contrary, HP-β-CD decreased PCB removal when used in combination with biphenyl. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that HP-β-CD significantly increased tetra- and penta-chlorinated biphenyl removal from the high organic matter soil, but not from the low organic matter soil. Principal components analysis of PLFA data indicated that HP-β-CD increased proportions of 18:1ω7c associated with Gram-negative bacteria, but decreased 10me16 and 10me17 lipid associated with Gram-positive bacteria, while biphenyl and PSMs had no detectable effects on soil microbial communities. PCB removal was not correlated to any PLFA. In conclusion, PSM previously shown to enhance PCB removal in soil-free systems were not effective in two divergent soils evaluated in this study, and HP-β-CB had increase, decrease, or no effect on PCB removal depending on types of PCB congeners, soils, and co-amendments.
A Comparison of CW Field Intensity and Backscatter Delay

Determination of failure and recovery times from backscatter tecords at 15 mc on a 2700-km path was done with good agreement. Certain disturbed days gave anomalous scatter records. Rapid changes in these records were compared with motion of ionospheric irregularities, rates being of the same order of magnitude. This paper is essentially a condensation of National Bureau of Standards Report No. 1297, November 16, 1951.
The influence of donor and recipient age and sex on the quantitative transplantation of monodispersed rat thyroid cells.

We have previously reported a technique for the quantitative transplantation of monodispersed rat thyroid cells. In this study, the influence of the age and sexual status of the donor and recipient animals on the transplantation process has been examined using the number of cells required for the growth of 1 or more follicular units in 50% of the transplantation sites (follicular dose 50% or FD50) as the end point. The number of multifollicular clusters per 1000 inoculated cells was also explored. FD50 values in 5-week-old intact male recipients increased as the donor's age increased over the range of 4 weeks to 12 months. FD50 values in 5-week-old thyroidectomized male recipients were similar when donors were 4–8 weeks old, but were increased for cells from 52-week-old donors. The FD50 values of cells from 5-week-old donors was higher in 4-week-old intact recipients than in the 5- or 6-week-old recipients. In male recipients, the FD50 values were lower than in female recipients of 5 and 8 weeks of age. T...
Histamine evokes greater increases in phosphatidylinositol metabolism and catecholamine secretion in epinephrine-containing than in norepinephrine-containing chromaffin cells.

: Chromaffin cells have H1 histamine receptors. Histamine, acting at these receptors, increases the metabolism of inositol-containing phospholipids and stimulates catecholamine secretion from Chromaffin cells. We have investigated the effects of histamine and other agents on the accumulation of inositol monophosphate (InsP1) and catecholamine secretion in purified cultures of norepinephrine-containing and epinephrine-containing bovine Chromaffin cells. Histamine-stimulated InsP, accumulation in epinephrine cells was three times greater than that in norepinephrine cells. In contrast, bradykinin caused roughly equivalent increases in InsP1 accumulation in the two Chromaffin cell subtypes. Histamine-stimulated catecholamine secretion was also greater in epinephrine cells than in norepinephrine cells, whereas high K+, bradykinin, phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate, and angiotensin II all caused greater secretion from norepinephrine cells than from epinephrine cells. The density of H1 receptors in epinephrine cells was approximately three times greater than that in norepinephrine cells. The greater density of H1 receptors on epinephrine cells may account for the greater effects of histamine on InsP1 accumulation and catecholamine secretion in these cells.
The cyclic oxidation resistance of cobalt chromium-aluminum alloys at 1100 and 1200 C and a comparison with the nickel-chromium-aluminum alloy system

A series of Co-rich alloys in the Co-Cr-Al system were cyclically oxidized in still air for 500 1 -hr heating cycles at 1100° C and 200 1 -hr heating cycles at 1200°C, The specific weight-change data for each sample were then used to determine both an oxide growth constant, k1, and a spoiling constant, k2, for each alloy, using the regression equation ΔW/A=k 1 1/2 t1/2— k2t±σ. These in turn were combined to form an oxidation attack parameter, Ka, where Ka=(k 1 1/2 +10k2). These attack parameters, along with X-ray diffraction results, were then compared with Ka values determined for comparable Al and Cr compositions in the Ni-rich Ni-Cr-Al system. The Ka and X-ray diffraction results indicated that initially, if the Cr and Al contents in both systems are high enough, protective α-Al2O3 and aluminate spinel(s) are formed. However, in the long run, when the scales eventually start to fail, mainly CoO is formed in the Co-Cr-Al system and mainly NiO in the Ni-Cr-Al system. The Ni-Cr-Al system is considered more oxidation resistant since CoO leads to massive spalling and sudden drastic weight loss, while NiO fails in a more gradual, predictive manner. Both sets of alloys were melted in zirconia crucibles and the resultant Zr pickup increased the cyclic oxidation resistance of the alloys in both systems.
Isradipine and Naltrexone in Combination with Isradipine Interact with a Period of Abstinence to Reduce Rats’Intakes of an Alcoholic Beverage

Individually housed rats were placed on a daily regimen of only 2 hr a day to drink both water and a sweetened alcoholic beverage. Initially, rats took little ethanol, but after 3 weeks, they took, on average, >2.0 g/kg daily. With achievement of stable intakes, the rats were deprived of opportunity to drink ethanol for 24 days and then the daily regimen was reinstated. With the reinstatement, various injections were given daily for 25 days or more: placebos, doses of isradipine (1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg), naltrexone (3.0 mg/kg), and a combination of isradipine (1.0 mg/kg) and naltrexone (3.0 mg/kg). The combination produced favorable effects with the fewest limiting side-effects. The period of abstinence decreased daily intakes of ethanol and interacted with the drugs to produce large, sustained decreases in intakes of ethanol.
Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Psychometric g and executive function

Abstract Sternberg [Sternberg, R.J. (1985). Beyond IQ: a triarchic theory of human intelligence. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.] has proposed that the general intelligence, or the g factor, obtained when batteries of mental tests are factor analyzed, is a reflection of the fact that executive functions (EF) are common to all cognitive tests. Three lines of evidence that fail to support Sternberg's formulation are presented. First, in animal problem solving studies, there is only a modest degree of overlap between brain structures that are critical for g, and brain structures that have been identified as the rodent EF system. Second, children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by EF dysfunction, do not have IQ scores that are lower, on average, than children in the test standardization populations. Third, human frontal lobe patients often have clear EF deficits, but IQ (a next-best estimate of g) may be preserved. These findings cast serious doubt on the plausibility of Sternberg's formulation. Clarifying the distinction between psychometric g and EF can be important for understanding the differences between practical and psychometric intelligence.
Influence of Glutathione and its Derivatives on Fibrin Polymerization

A complex relationship exists between reduced, oxidized, and nitrosated glutathione (GSH, GSSG, and GSNO, respectively). Although previous studies have demonstrated S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) has potent antiplatelet efficacy, little work has examined the role of GSNO and related species on subsequent aspects of coagulation (e.g., fibrin polymerization). Herein, the effects of GSH, GSSG, and GSNO on the entire process of fibrin polymerization are described. Relative to normal fibrinogen, the addition of GSH, GSSG, or GSNO leads to prolonged lag times, slower rates of protofibril lateral aggregation and the formation of clots with lower final turbidities. Dose-dependent studies indicate the influence of GSH on fibrin formation is a function of both GSH and fibrinogen concentration. Studies with Aα251 recombinant fibrinogen (lacking αC regions) showed GSH had no influence on its polymerization, suggesting the glutathione species interact within the αC region of fibrinogen.
Green Recovery: How are Environmental Stocks Doing

With a focus on 310 “green” companies, in the industries of biomass, biofuels, clean tech indexes, efficiency, energy storage, fuel cells, geothermal, recycling, green chemicals, environmental building, renewable energy project developers, solar energy, environmentally conscious transportation, and water and wind energy, this article tests the hypothesis that green companies’ financial performance follows that of traditional companies. It also examines how different countries excel at developing environmental solutions in different areas and illuminates the reasons for their successes. Such reasons might include government investment or tax incentives. Finally, this article analyzes how different industries have been performing over time. Key variables investigated include differences in capital expenditures, such as research and development and the sources of firms’ financing. Findings suggest that Nasdaq firms outperform the green firms, although certain green industries dominate the Nasdaq. Other significant results relate to larger equity shares held by insiders in environmental firms. Finally, green firms have larger R&D and capital expenditures compared and better corporate governance than Nasdaq firms.
Silver nanocrescents with infrared plasmonic properties as tunable substrates for surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy.

We exploit the unique infrared plasmonic properties of silver nanocrescents (AgNCs) in preparing tunable substrates for surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy. Fabrication provides good control over the crescents’ structural properties which enables tuning of the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) from the visible through the infrared (IR) regions of the spectrum. Using AgNCs as uniquely tunable IR LSPR substrates, we demonstrate the impact of spectral tuning on maximizing SEIRA signal enhancements measured for adsorbed alkylthiolates. The AgNCs demonstrate the largest reported area-normalized SEIRA signal enhancements which increase from 7,700 to 46,000 depending on the relative positions of the AgNC’s LSPR frequency and the molecular vibration frequency. The SEIRA enhancement increases and the absorption band line shape becomes more asymmetric as the AgNCs’ LSPR frequency overlaps more extensively with the frequency of the probed molecular vibration. The tunability of the LS...
PROVISION OF ENABLING TECHNOLOGY IN PROFESSIONAL SPORTS

Multiple-round golf tournaments are designed intentionally to separate individuals' scores as play proceeds. Variance analyses and consideration of individual differences (vs group mean effects) fo...
Theory of the Surface Photoelectric Effect for One and Two Photons

The theory of the surface photoelectric effect for the absorption of one and two photons is discussed systematically using Green's functions. The asymptotic form of Green's function leads naturally to the incoming wave solution used previously by Makinson. By exploiting a commutation relation between the operators of momentum and Green's function, one can express the amplitude of the electron outgoing wave in a series which involves explicitly the force and the potential acting on the electron. In the Wentzel, Kramers, Brillouin, and Jeffreys (WKBJ) approximation, valid for a slowly varying potential, the leading term of the series gives the major contribution. In the other extreme, where the potential varies rapidly in an electron wavelength all terms can be approximately evaluated. In particular, for the square-well potential the results are immediate. Other simple examples are given to illustrate the method. A discussion of the second-order photocurrent is given and our results are compared with earlier work. Finally, the equivalence of two models used in surface problems is discussed. It is shown that the finite plate model reduces to the semi-infinite model if one takes the average of the wave function, and not its square, as the plate thickness becomes infinitely large.
Clinical Advances in the Management of Severe Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy

The nutritional status of the woman with hyperemesis of pregnancy has been compromised by decreased food intake and increased nutrient loss. Depending on the severity of symptoms, interventions may begin with dietary and lifestyle alterations, proceed to oral nutritional supplementation or pharmacologic preparations, and continue on to intravenous vitamin-mineral therapy and either enteral tube feedings, parenteral nutrition, or both. These therapies, and the role of the nurse in initiating or supporting them, are described.
Biological considerations for combining carcinogenicity data for quantitative risk assessment.

Quantitative risk assessments for carcinogens conducted by the U.S. EPA have most frequently been based on results of a bioassay from a single sex/strain/species of animal. In some cases, more than one data set derived from different sexes, strains, or species of animals is suitable for quantitative risk assessment. When there is no apparent difference among the data sets in sensitivity to the carcinogen, use of more of the available data should result in a higher level of confidence in the risk estimate. Several biological factors must be considered before combining data from different animal sexes, strains, species, or tumor sites. The relevance of the animal models, study design and execution, dose selection, and route of administration are factors which influence whether data from separate studies should be combined. The decision to combine data sets is also based on what is known of the mechanism of action of the agent, its pharmacokinetics, any species/sex specificity of the effect, and considerations regarding tumor site specificity. Statistical analysis also indicates whether the data sets may be described by the same multistage model. The evaluation of these factors in the decision to combine or not combine data sets is discussed.
The classification of feline colitis

Abstract Clinical and pathological features of a variety of forms of feline colitis or enterocolitis were examined and classified into 9 separate entities: Salmonell enterocolitis, the colitis of feline infectious peritonitis, mycotic enterocolitis, acute angiopathic colitis, acute angiopathic colitis with ischaemic ulcers, feline granulomatous colitis, the colitis of feline panleucopenia, feline histiocytic colitis, and feline ulcerative, lymphocytic mucosal-submucosal colitis.
Terminating pregnancy in dogs and cats

Abstract The termination of canine and feline pregnancies might substantially reduce pet overpopulation in the United States. As many as four million pregnancies could be annually terminated to prevent the births of millions of puppies and kittens destined to be surrendered or abandoned. While ovariohysterectomy can be performed safely in most pregnant dogs and cats, the development and utilization of non-surgical abortifacients has been slow. Abortifacients which are highly effiacious, safe, and reasonably priced continue to be sought.
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) decreases neoplastic properties of human prostate cells: an agent for prevention

The development of prostate cancer through a multistep process of carcinogenesis may have a long latent period of 20-30 years. It is possible that progression to a malignant state could be blocked or reversed during this time. This study focuses on the ability of the synthetic retinoid, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide (4-HPR), to reverse changes associated with malignant transformation and tumor progression, towards a normal phenotype. To examine the responsiveness of cells at different steps of prostate carcinogenesis, three immortalized, but non-tumorigenic (RWPE-1, WPE1-7 and WPE1-10), and one human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU-145), were used. The effects of 4-HPR on cell proliferation, expression of intermediate filament proteins cytokeratin 18 and vimentin, and tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRb were examined by immunostaining and compared. Results show that 4-HPR caused inhibition of growth in all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. 4-HPR induced an increase in staining for cytokeratin 18, a marker of differentiation for prostate epithelial cells. While all cell lines showed strong immunostaining for vimentin, treatment with 4-HPR for 8 days caused a marked decrease in staining for vimentin in all cell lines. In an in vitro assay, 4-HPR also caused inhibition of invasion by DU-145 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 4-HPR treatment was effective in significantly decreasing the abnormal nuclear staining for the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRb. Because 4-HPR decreased invasion-associated vimentin expression, inhibited invasion, and normalized p53 and pRb immunostaining, we propose that 4-HPR may be an effective agent for secondary and tertiary prevention, i.e. promotion and progression stages, respectively, of prostate cancer.
The connections at infinity of a countable resistive network

A rigorous foundation is established for the heuristic concept of open-circuit and short-circuit connections at infinity to various parts of a countably infinite resistive network.
4-D Techniques For Evaluation Of Atmospheric Model Forecasts

A capability for four-dimensional display of meteorological data is being developed at the Space Science and Engineering Center of the University of Wisconsin. McIDAS is used for all aspects of the analysis, including acquiring data, running the model. storing the output, and displaying the results. A version of the Australian Regional Analysis and Forecast Models was applied to the eastern portion of the USA and adjacent Atlantic Ocean. The assimilation system is being used to analyze intensive observing periods during the GALE (Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment) field experiment.
Glassy Dynamics in Thermally Activated List Sorting

Sorting the integers 1 through N into an ordered list is a simple task that can be done rapidly. However, using an algorithm based on the thermally activated pairwise exchanges of neighboring list elements, we find sorting can display many features of a glass, even for lists as small as N=5. This includes memory and rejuvenation effects during aging-two hallmarks of glassy dynamics that have been difficult to reproduce in standard glass simulations.
Medical oncology: Patients with brain metastases in early-phase trials

A recent publication presented objective evidence that patients with and without brain metastases perform similarly in phase I clinical trials for advanced-stage cancer. This finding supports what neurosurgeons and neuro-oncologists have long suspected; namely, that the presence of brain metastases need not mandate exclusion of patients from early-phase clinical trials.
Cohesion Fatigue Induces Chromatid Separation in Cells Delayed at Metaphase

Summary Background Chromosome instability is thought to be a major contributor to cancer malignancy and birth defects. For balanced chromosome segregation in mitosis, kinetochores on sister chromatids bind and pull on microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. This tension contributes to the correction of improper kinetochore attachments and is opposed by the cohesin complex that holds the sister chromatids together. Normally, within minutes of alignment at the metaphase plate, chromatid cohesion is released, allowing each cohort of chromatids to move synchronously to opposite poles in anaphase, an event closely coordinated with mitotic exit. Results Here we show that during experimentally induced metaphase delay, spindle pulling forces can cause asynchronous chromatid separation, a phenomenon we term "cohesion fatigue." Cohesion fatigue is not blocked by inhibition of Plk1, a kinase essential for the "prophase pathway" of cohesin release from chromosomes, or by depletion of separase, the protease that normally drives chromatid separation at anaphase. Cohesion fatigue is inhibited by drug-induced depolymerization of mitotic spindle microtubules and by experimentally increasing the levels of cohesin on mitotic chromosomes. In cells undergoing cohesion fatigue, cohesin proteins remain associated with the separated chromatids. Conclusion In cells arrested at metaphase, pulling forces originating from kinetochore-microtubule interactions can, with time, rupture normal sister chromatid cohesion. This cohesion fatigue, resulting in unscheduled chromatid separation in cells delayed at metaphase, constitutes a previously overlooked source for chromosome instability in mitosis and meiosis.
A Clean, More Efficient Method for In-Solution Digestion of Protein Mixtures without Detergent or Urea

Proteolytic digestion of a complicated protein mixture from an organelle or whole-cell lysate is usually carried out in a dilute solution of a denaturing buffer, such as 1-2 M urea. Urea must be subsequently removed by C18 beads before downstream analysis such as HPLC/MS/MS or complete methylation followed by IMAC isolation of phosphopeptides. Here we describe a procedure for digesting a complicated protein mixture in the absence of denaturants. Proteins in the mixture are precipitated with trichloroacetic acid/acetone for denaturation and salt removal and resuspended in NH4HCO3 buffer. After trypsinolysis, the resulting peptides are not contaminated by urea or other nonvolatile salts and can be dried in a SpeedVac to remove NH4HCO3. When this protocol was applied to an extract of A431 cells, 96.8% of the tryptic peptides were completely digested (i.e., had no missed cleavage sites), in contrast to 87.3% of those produced by digestion in urea buffer. We successfully applied this digestion method to analysis of the phosphoproteome of adiposomes from HeLa cells, identifying 33 phosphorylation sites in 28 different proteins. Our digestion method avoids the need to remove urea before HPLC/MS/MS analysis or methylation and IMAC, increasing throughput while reducing sample loss and contamination from sample handling. We believe that this method should be valuable for proteomics studies.
Microarray analysis of BeWo and JEG3 trophoblast cell lines : Identification of differentially expressed transcripts

Trophoblast cell lines are important research tools used as a surrogate for primary trophoblast cells in the study of placental function. Because the cellular origins of transformed trophoblasts are likely to be diverse, it would be of value to understand the unique and shared phenotypes of the cells on a global scale. We have compared two widely used cell lines, BeWo and JEG3, by microarray analysis in order to identify differentially expressed genes. Results indicated that approximately 2700 genes were differentially expressed between the cell lines, with principal differences observed in the biological processes of response to stress, cell adhesion, signal transduction, and protein and nucleobase metabolisms. These data suggest that BeWo and JEG3 cell lines, and perhaps other trophoblast cell lines, are sufficiently dissimilar from each other such that they will be differentially suited for specific experimental paradigms.
Oxidation of Silicon, Silicon Carbide, and Silicon Nitride in Gases Containing Oxygen and Chlorine

Chlorine contamination accelerates the oxidation of silicon-based ceramics through the formation of volatile silicon chloride or silicon oxychloride species which degrade the protective character of the SiO2 film. Accelerated attack may occur by active corrosion or formation of bubbles in the oxide layer. Si3N4 is much more resistant to this attack than either silicon or SiC. This resistance may be related to the presence of a thin silicon oxynitride layer below the SiO2 scale which forms on Si3N4.
Effect of humidity on subcritical crack growth in cement paste

Abstract The effect of humidity on subcritical crack growth in cement paste was studied. Log crack velocity — stress intensity factor curves were obtained using a double-torsion technique. The data were used as a basis for assessing possible crack growth mechanisms. The character and relative position of these curves were both humidity and porosity dependent. Comparison was made of these curves with those obtained for glass at various humidities; similarities and differences are discussed.
Sleep in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients and Their Parents

Objectives: • Describe how sleep during hospitalization differs from sleep at home for pediatric inpatients and their parents. • Examine potential sleep disruptors in the hospital setting, especially those amenable to nursing intervention. Background: Although sleep complaints during hospitalization are common, few studies have examined different aspects of sleep (quantity, quality, disruptions) in a single study. Furthermore, how hospitalization can affect parent sleep has been understudied. This study examines multiple aspects of sleep for non-intensive care pediatric inpatients and their rooming-in parents in a children's hospital. Purpose: To determine whether sleep during hospitalization differs from sleep at home for patients and parents and examine potential sleep disruptors. Methods: Seventy-two pediatric inpatients (8–21 years) and 58 rooming-in parents completed the Sleep in a Children's Hospital questionnaire, a self-report survey providing information about sleep patterns at home (bedtime, sleep onset latency, night waking frequency, wake time, total sleep time), the previous night's sleep while hospitalized, and sleep disruptors in hospital (e.g., pain, noise, procedures). Results: Younger children reported later bedtimes and wake times, more night wakings, and shorter total sleep time while hospitalized. Adolescents had later wake times, more night wakings, and longer total sleep time during hospitalization. In addition, parents reported later bedtimes and wake times, and more night wakings when rooming-in at the hospital. Sleep disruptions due to noise, worries, pain, and vital sign checks were related to longer time to fall asleep, increased number of night wakings, and earlier morning wake times. Conclusion: Sleep is significantly disrupted during hospitalization, especially for younger children and parents. Interventions that reduce noise, manage pain, decrease vital sign checks, and address cognitive worries are needed to improve both child and parent sleep in hospital.
Pregnancy-induced changes in ultradian rhythms persist in circadian arrhythmic Siberian hamsters.

The impact of pregnancy and lactation on ultradian rhythms (URs) and circadian rhythms (CRs) of locomotor activity was assessed in circadian rhythmic and arrhythmic Siberian hamsters maintained in a long-day photoperiod (16 h light/day). Progressive decrements in CR robustness and amplitude over the course of gestation were accompanied by enhanced URs. Dark-phase UR period and amplitude increased during early gestation and complexity and robustness increased during late gestation. The persistence of pregnancy-associated enhancements of URs in circadian arrhythmic (ARR) hamsters suggests that reproductive modulation of the UR waveform is not dependent on coherent circadian organization. The increased incidence of dark-phase URs appeared more rapidly in ARR dams than entrained (ENTR) dams. Throughout gestation, the percentage of dams with dark-phase URs was significantly greater in the ARR group. Gestational increases in UR complexity and robustness emerged earlier and were greater in ARR than ENTR dams. The attenuation of CRs during lactation is correlated with increased expression of URs. Relaxation of circadian control of the dam's behavior may increase fitness by permitting more efficient interactions with circadian arrhythmic pups.
New realizations of W algebras and W strings

We discuss new realizations of W algebras in which the currents are expressed in terms of two arbitrary commuting energy-momentum tensors together with a set of free scalar fields. This contrasts with the previously-known realizations, which involve only one energy-momentum tensor. Since realizations of nonlinear algebras are not easy to come by, the fact that this new class exists is of intrinsic interest. We use these new realizations to build the corresponding W-string theories and show that they are effectively described by two independent ordinary Virasoro-like strings.
Hexane and benzene adsorption by aluminophosphates and SSZ-24: The effect of pore size and molecular sieve composition

Abstract The heat and entropy of benzene and hexane adsorption for AIPO 4 -ll, AIPO 4 -5, AIPO 4 -31, VPI-5, and SSZ-24 have been determined from adsorption isotherms. As the pore diameter decreases, the heat of adsorption and entropy change increase. This reflects increased zeolite—hydrocarbon interaction and more highly ordered systems as the size of the hydrocarbon approaches the zeolite pore size. The measured ΔH agrees well with calculated values that were determined by the molecular mechanics program PCK6. The relative size of Henry's constants are largely influenced by ΔH for VPI-5 and AIPO 4 -5; however, for AlPO 4 -1l and AIPO 4 -31, ΔS plays a large role. When the adsorption parameters of AIPO 4 -5 were compared to those for isostructural SSZ-24, differences in benzene adsorption were observed, reflecting different surface compositions.
A Global Preconditioning Method for Low Mach Number Viscous Flows in Rotating Machinery

A preconditioning scheme is applied to a compressible turbomachinery flow solver MSU-TURBO for simulating viscous flows at low Mach number and incompressible region. The Navier-Stokes equations are cast in a non-inertial rotating frame. A constant diagonal preconditioning matrix is applied to the conservative form of the governing equations, which contains a single parameter depending on the reference Mach number and rotational speed of the relative frame. The effect of the rotational speed on preconditioned scheme is numerically investigated for two low speed viscous flows in rotating machinery, a NASA low speed centrifugal compressor (LSCC) and a marine propeller (P5168). Computations are compared against the original MSU-TURBO solutions, and suggestions are provided for computing the low Mach number flows in rotating turbomachinery using the preconditioned TURBO solver.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Augmented LPS responsiveness in type 1 diabetes-derived osteoclasts†

Bone abnormalities are frequent co-morbidities of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and are principally mediated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts which in turn are regulated by immunologic mediators. While decreased skeletal health in T1D involves alterations in osteoblast maturation and function, the effect of altered immune function on osteoclasts in T1D-associated bone and joint pathologies is less understood. Here T1D-associated osteoclast-specific differentiation and function in the presence and absence of inflammatory mediators was characterized utilizing bone marrow-derived osteoclasts (BM-OCs) isolated from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model for spontaneous autoimmune diabetes with pathology similar to individuals with T1D. Differentiation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption were evaluated along with cathepsin K, MMP-9, and immune soluble mediator expression. The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pro-inflammatory cytokine cocktail, and NOD-derived conditioned supernatants on BM-OC function was also determined. Although NOD BM-OCs cultures contained smaller osteoclasts, they resorbed more bone concomitant with increased cathepsin K, MMP-9, and pro-osteoclastogenic mediator expression. NOD BM-OCs also displayed an inhibition of LPS-induced deactivation that was not a result of soluble mediators produced by NOD BM-OCs, although a pro-inflammatory milieu did enhance NOD BM-OCs bone resorption. Together these data indicate that osteoclasts from a T1D mouse model hyper-respond to RANK-L resulting in excessive bone degradation via enhanced cathepsin K and MMP-9 secretion concomitant with an increased expression of pro-osteoclastic soluble mediators. Our data also suggest that inhibition of LPS-induced deactivation in NOD-derived BM-OC cultures is most likely due to NOD osteoclast responsiveness rather than LPS-induced expression of soluble mediators.
Complications of trapeziectomy with or without suspension arthroplasty.

ASSH Disclaimer: The material presented in this CME activity is mad ASSH for educational purposes only. This material is not intended to methods or the best procedures appropriate for the medical situation rather it is intended to present an approach, view, statement, or opinion may be helpful, or of interest, to other practitioners. Examinees agree to medical education activity, sponsored by the ASSH, with full knowledge a they waive any claim they may have against the ASSH for reliance o presented. The approval of the US Food and Drug Administration is requ and drugs that are considered experimental. Instrumentation systems dis during this educational activity may not yet have received FDA approv
Simplified riboprobe purification using translucent straws as gel tubes

Gel purification of radioactive riboprobes enhances the quality of the ribonuclease protection assay. A simple and effective method for riboprobe purification is described. The method uses acrylamide gels in plastic tubes to achieve electrophoretic separation of the RNA polymerase products.
Spatial and temporal control of hyperthermia using real time thermal strain imaging with motion compensation

Ultrasound mild hyperthermia has been employed to induce physiological changes that can directly treat cancer and enhance local drug delivery. For mild hyperthermia, temperature monitoring is essential to avoid undesirable biological effects. In previous work by our group, control of mild hyperthermia was achieved using a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller based on thermocouple measurements [1]. Despite good temporal control of heating, this method was limited by the fact that temperature was measured only at the thermocouple position. Ultrasound thermometry techniques based on exploiting the thermal dependence of the longitudinal wave speed can be extended to create thermal maps and allow accurate monitoring of temperature with good spatial resolution. However, in vivo applications of this technique have not been fully developed due to the high sensitivity to tissue motion. Here, we address translational and compressional motion compensation and demonstrate effective thermometry in the presence of physiological-scale motion.
Hypothesis testing procedures for separate families of hypotheses

Abstract Hypothesis test procedures for tests of separate families of hypotheses are defined. These procedures are then compared using Monte Carlo samples as data for five pairs of invariant distributions. The comparisons are made by calculating an approximate relative efficiency for each procedure with respect to the likelihood ratio procedure, which for three pairs of distributions considered is uniformly most powerful among the class of invariant procedures.
The Paleomagnetic Field as Inferred from Marine Magnetic Studies

It has recently become possible to study the history of the geomagnetic field from the magnetization of the oceanic crust and independently from the magnetization of the oceanic sediments. Both studies show, essentially, the same history of the geomagnetic field as that derived from the study of volcanic rocks on land. Such comparisons are only possible for the last 4.5 million years.Extending in time the geomagnetic field history from the study of the oceanic crust permits one to map large scale crustal movement. The possibilities of such movements being related to the generating mechanism of the geomagnetic field and to other global phenomena is discussed.
DEC1, a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor and a Novel Target Gene of the p53 Family, Mediates p53-dependent Premature Senescence

Cellular senescence plays an important role in tumor suppression. p53 tumor suppressor has been reported to be crucial in cellular senescence. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In this regard, a cDNA microarray assay was performed to identify p53 targets involved in senescence. Among the many candidates is DEC1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that has been recently shown to be up-regulated in K-ras-induced premature senescence. However, it is not clear whether DEC1 is capable of inducing senescence. Here, we found that DEC1 is a novel target gene of the p53 family and mediates p53-dependent premature senescence. Specifically, we showed that DEC1 is induced by the p53 family and DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner. We also found that the p53 family proteins bind to, and activate, the promoter of the DEC1 gene. In addition, we showed that overexpression of DEC1 induces G1 arrest and promotes senescence. Moreover, we found that targeting endogenous DEC1 attenuates p53-mediated premature senescence in response to DNA damage. Furthermore, overexpression of DEC1 induces cellular senescence in p53-knockdown cells, albeit to a lesser extent. Finally, we showed that DEC1-induced senescence is p21-independent. Taken together, our data provided strong evidence that DEC1 is one of the effectors downstream of p53 to promote premature senescence.
The Effect of Environmental Changes on Swimming Performance of the White Crappie

ABSTRACT We examined the effect of environmental change on white crappie (Pornoxis annularis) critical swimming speeds (Ucrit). Fish ranging in size from about 7 to 30 cm standard length were seasonally acclimatized to winter, spring, and summer water temperatures, and their critical swimming speeds were examined. Both size and season were significant determinants of swimming ability. Performance was typically lowest during winter and highest during summer. In addition, we found that nonperformance (those fish with critical swimming speeds of less than 5 cmls) was most common among the smaller size classes and those tested during winter. We also examined the effect of rapidly decreasing temperature (25 to 15°C in one experiment and 15 to 5°C in another) and found a significant effect on performance. We examined the effect of time of day on swimming by testing fish at 1200 h under normal illumination and 2400 h under red illumination at 5, 15, and 25°C. Although nighttime swimming performance was consisten...