cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introspective Justification and the Fineness of Grain of Experience

In its original context, the problem of the speckled hen was a challenge to classical foundationalists who held that introspective beliefs about experience enjoy infallible foundational justification. Ernest Sosa has led a revival of interest in the problem, using it to object to neoclassical foundationalists and to motivate his own reliabilist theory of introspective justification. His discussion has spawned replies from those who claim that there are viable non-reliabilist solutions to the problem. I argue that these alternative proposals in the literature are unsuccessful. I end, though, with an objection to Sosa’s theory. Along the way I also consider what the speckled hen and related examples have to teach about the fineness of grain of experience.
Cardiac Autophagy and Its Regulation by Reversible Protein Acetylation

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and strictly regulated process implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiovascular diseases. Autophagy is a multi-step process regulated by an orchestrated profile of molecular signaling pathways. Post-translational protein modifications, including reversible acetylation, regulate autophagy at the levels of signaling cascades, autophagy-related protein expression, and direct acetylation and trafficking of autophagic components. Autophagy has been implicated in cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemia/reperfusion injury, anticancer drug-induced cardiomyopathy and glycogen storage diseases. Manipulations of autophagy by HDAC inhibition is a novel strategy worthy of consideration in the treatment of these common cardiovascular diseases.
BMP4 and TGFbeta Differentially Regulate CD34+ Progenitor Development in Human Embryonic Stem Cells through SMAD-Dependent Pathway

Abstract Pluripotent stem cells derived from patients, including embryonic stem (ES) cells and “induced pluripotent stem” (iPS) cells, are a promising area of regenerative medical research. A major roadblock toward human clinical therapies using ES cells or iPS cells is to define the factors that direct ES cell differentiation into lineage specific cells. We previously established a simple and efficient human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation system to generate CD34+/CD31+ progenitor cells that gave rise to hematopoietic and endothelial cells (Nat Biotech. 25:317, 2007). To advance potential clinical application and to define the effects of growth factors on hematopoietic and vascular differentiation, we assessed hESC differentiation on human feeder cells in serum-free condition without intermediate embryoid body (EB) formation. We investigated the roles of BMPs, TGFbeta, VEGF, and FGF2 in directing hESC differentiation. Growth factors were added into culture at different time points to test their stage specific roles. Our study demonstrated that BMP proteins, including BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7, but not BMP9, had synergic effects to VEGF and FGF-2 on hESC differentiation to CD34+/CD31+ progenitor cells. BMP4 was essential to initial CD34+/CD31+ cell development, whereas VEGF and FGF2 promoted the differentiation in later stage, suggesting the sequential roles of BMP4, VEGF and FGF2 in directing hESC differentiation to CD34+/CD31+ progenitor cells. TGFbeta or activin promoted hESC differentiation into CD34+/CD31− cells that were unable to give rise to hematopoietic, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, TGFbeta or activin activated Smad2/3 signaling, and suppressed BMP4-induced CD34+/CD31+ cells. Microarray analysis revealed that BMP4-induced CD34+ cells expressed hematopoietic, endothelial and smooth muscle genes, including GATA2, gamma globins, VE-Cad, KDR, CD31, Tie2, and aortic smooth muscle actin, whereas TGFbeta-induced CD34+ cells expressed pluripotent markers and endoderm markers, including Oct3/4, Sox2, and Nanog, HHEX, GATA6, and FoxA2. Both canonical BMP signaling (Smad1/5/8-dependent) and non-canonical BMP signaling (p38 MAPK and p42 ERK pathway) were activated by BMP4 in hESCs. Dorsomorphin specifically inhibited BMP4-mediated phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, and blocked hESC differentiation into CD34+/CD31+ cells. In summary, BMPs and TGFbeta regulate distinct populations of CD34+ cells in hESCs. BMP-Smad1/5/8 pathway is critical for hematopoietic and vascular progenitor development.
Increasing Body Mass Index Predicts Increasing Difficulty, Failure Rate, and Time to Discovery of Failure of Epidural Anesthesia in Laboring Patients

Abstract Study objective Obese parturients both greatly benefit from neuraxial techniques, and may represent a technical challenge to obstetric anesthesiologists. Several studies address the topic of obesity and neuraxial analgesia in general, but few offer well described definitions or rates of "difficulty" and "failure" of labor epidural analgesia. Providing those definitions, we hypothesized that increasing body mass index (BMI) is associated with negative outcomes in both categories and increased time needed for epidural placement. Design Single center retrospective chart review. Setting Labor and Delivery Unit of an inner city academic teaching hospital. Patients 2485 parturients, ASA status 2 to 4, receiving labor epidural analgesia for anticipated vaginal delivery. Interventions None. Measurements We reviewed quality assurance and anesthesia records over a 12-month period. "Failure" was defined as either inadequate analgesia or a positive test dose, requiring replacement, and/or when the anesthesia record stated they failed. "Difficulty" was defined as six or more needle redirections or a note indicating difficulty in the anesthesia record. Main results Overall epidural failure and difficulty rates were 4.3% and 3.0%, respectively. Patients with a BMI of 30kg/m 2 or higher had a higher chance of both failure and difficulty with two and almost three fold increases, respectively. Regression analysis indicated that failure was best predicted by BMI and less provider training while difficulty was best predicted by BMI. Additionally, increased BMI was associated with increased time of discovery of epidural catheter failure. Conclusions Obesity is associated with increasing technical difficulty and failure of neuraxial analgesia for labor. Practitioners should consider allotting extra time for obese parturients in order to manage potential problems.
Laser Dicing of Silicon and Electronics Substrates

Abstract The chapter provides an overview about the laser dicing process of electronics substrates with the focus on silicon. Compared to industrial processes, mechanical or already laser based, dicing with ultra-fast lasers promises material removal without damaging or weakening the surrounding material around the cut. However limitations in the attainable aspect ratio and cutting speed occur during process investigations. Advanced process development with simultaneous laser heating by cw laser sources can lead to a significant gain in speed and aspect ratio, while the ablation quality in terms of recast layer and surface roughness does not suffer significantly.
Intranasally Delivered Wnt3a Improves Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury by Modulating Autophagic, Apoptotic, and Regenerative Pathways in the Mouse Brain.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a prevalent disorder, but no effective therapies currently exist. An underlying pathophysiology of TBI includes the pathological elevation of autophagy. β-Catenin, a downstream mediator of the canonical Wnt pathway, is a repressor of autophagy. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and neuronal plasticity/repair in the adult brain. We hypothesized that activation of this pathway could promote neuroprotection and neural regeneration following TBI. In the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI in C57BL/6 mice (total n = 160), we examined intranasal application of recombinant Wnt3a (2 μg/kg) in a short-term (1 dose/day for 2 days) and long-term (1 dose/day for 7 days) regimen. Immunohistochemistry was performed at 1 to 14 days post-TBI to assess cell death and neurovascular regeneration. Western blotting measured canonical Wnt3a activity, expression of growth factors, and cell death markers. Longitudinal behavior assays evaluated ...
The Eastern Arc Mountains and Their Biological Significance

The Eastern Arc Mountains are a group of isolated mountains stretching from southeast Kenya through south central Tanzania and are situated between 3°20’ to 8°45’S latitude and 35°37’ to 38°48’E longitude (Fig. 1.1) They consist of the Taita Hills in Kenya, and the Pare, Usambara, Nguru, Ukaguru, Rubeho, Uluguru, Mahenge, Malundwe, and Udzungwa Mountains in Tanzania (Lovett 1985; Lovett and Wasser 1993). Their age, geologic origin, and proximity to the Indian Ocean are features that separate them from other highland regions in East Africa. These same features have also contributed to their very diverse and unique biota, which is quite distinct from the adjacent savannah and woodland habitats in East Africa (Moreau 1966; Kingdon 1974a,b, 1989; Lovett and Wasser 1993).
"You've Changed": Low Self-Concept Clarity Predicts Lack of Support for Partner Change.

People often pursue self-change, and having a romantic partner who supports these changes increases relationship satisfaction. However, most existing research focuses only on the experience of the ...
Heterotrophic Nutrition of Waste-Stabilization Pond Algae

Waste-stabilization ponds are man-made eutrophic aquatic habitats into which man-made wastes — household to industrial — are placed to be incorporated into “stabilized” living organic matter. The living system of most waste-stabilization ponds consists in the greater part of bacteria, fungi, and algae, usually considered to function as in Figure 1. Although the algae are considered to be photosynthetic, they can only accomplish this process during daylight hours and, due to density of materials in the ponds themselves, only within the top foot or so from the surface. During hours of darkness and up to several feet from the bottom of the pond algae become oxygen requiring and carbon dioxide releasing organisms, in this respect functioning in the same manner as the bacteria and fungi. Samples from waste-stabilization ponds reveal that living algae are nearly as numerous in the aphotic zone as in the photic. If they are not photosynthetically incorporating carbon dioxide for their growth their metabolic functions may further parallel those of the saprobic bacteria and fungi.
Dietary Carotenoids in Health Promotion

Carotenoids, fat soluble substances that provide brilliant colors to vegetables and fruits have important biological activities including antioxidative properties, play an important role in prevention of degenerative disease. Lycopene and β-carotene are the most studies members of this group that have important functional properties in health promotion and disease prevention. Lycopene is present in brilliantly colored fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, watermelon, beets and red grapefruits. β-carotene is found in deep red and yellow vegetables and fruits. Epidemiological, clinical, in vitro and in vivo studies all show an inverse associations between consumption of functional foods reach in carotenoids and lycopene and incidences of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Being fat soluble, these substances are absorbed and carried in the circulation by lipoproteins (LDL) and found in most meats in the lipid components of the cells. Highest concentrations of these antioxidants are found in metabolically active meats and circulating LDL. By being present in these meats they prevent oxidation of lipids and quench free radicals and reactive oxygen species, preventing degenerative disease. In this chapter the research describing the biological role of these substances in disease prevention is reviewed. Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, the sources of high amounts of these functional substances are encouraged.
Extreme erythrocyte macrocytic and microcytic percentages are highly predictive of morbidity and mortality

BACKGROUND. The red cell distribution width (RDW) is associated with health outcomes. Whether non-RDW risk information is contained in RBC sizes is unknown. This study evaluated the association of the percentage of extreme macrocytic RBCs (%Macro, RBC volume > 120 fl) and microcytic RBCs (%Micro, RBC volume < 60 fl) and the RDW–size distribution (RDW-sd) with mortality and morbidity. METHODS. Patients (females, n = 165,770; males, n = 100,210) at Intermountain Healthcare were studied if they had a hematology panel between May 2014 and September 2016. Adjusted sex-specific associations of %Macro/%Micro and RDW-sd with mortality and 33 morbidities were evaluated. RESULTS. Among females with fourth-quartile values of %Macro quartile and %Micro (referred to throughout as 4/4), there was an average of 7.2 morbidities versus 2.9 in the lowest risk (LR1) categories, 1/1, 1/2, 2/1, and 2/2 (P < 0.001). Among males, those in the 4/4 category had 8.0 morbidities, while those in the LR1 had 3.4 (P < 0.001). Cox regressions found %Macro/%Micro (4/4 vs. LR1, females: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.97 [95% CI = 1.53, 2.54]; males: HR = 2.17 [CI = 1.72, 2.73]), RDW-sd (quartile 4 vs. 1, females: HR = 1.33 [CI = 1.04, 1.69]; males: HR = 1.41 [CI = 1.10, 1.80]), and RDW (quartile 4 vs. 1, females: HR = 1.59 [CI = 1.26, 2.00]; males: HR = 1.23 [CI = 0.99, 1.52]) independently predicted mortality. Limitations include that the observational design did not reveal causality and unknown confounders may be unmeasured. CONCLUSIONS. Concomitantly elevated %Macro and %Micro predicted the highest mortality risk and the greatest number of morbidities, revealing predictive ability of RBC volume beyond what is measured clinically. Mechanistic investigations are needed to explain the biological basis of these observations. FUNDING. This study was supported by internal Intermountain Heart Institute funds and in-kind support from Sysmex America Inc.
Gender differences in relative survival among patients with primary peritoneal carcinoma.

e13092Background: Primary peritoneal cancer(PPC) is a very rare aggressive cancer and is usually diagnosed late due to which it is generally portrays a poor prognosis. There are very few retrospect...
The crystal structures of two lanthanide phosphites and the geometry of metal phosphite complexes

Abstract As part of a continuing study on the synthesis and structure of metal phosphites, two compounds, Ce(HO3PH)(O3PH)·2H2O and La(HO3PH)(O3PH)·3H2O were prepared and their crystal structures determined by X-ray single crystal methods. The cerium compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with a=7.126(4), b=16.539(4), c=6.762(1) A and Z=4. The compound is a layered one with layers centered at 1 4 and 3 4 b. Each Ce is eight coordinate in a distorted dodecahedral geometry. One phosphite group chelates the metal and the chelating oxygens also bond to adjacent cerium atoms forming a chain. The other oxygen of this group bridges cerium atoms in a direction roughly perpendicular to the chain formed by the chelating oxygens to bind the chains into layers. The other phosphite group bridges adjacent cerium atoms along the same direction as the chelating atoms bridge and is alternately above and below the layer. The eighth coordination site is occupied by a water molecule. Another water molecule resides between the layers creating a hydrogen bond network which binds the layers together. The lanthanum compound is monoclinic, P21/c with a=9.680(2), b=7.135(1), c=13.479(2) A, β=104.54(2)°, V=901.0(3) A3 and Z=4. The layer structure is very similar to that for the cerium phosphite but two water molecules reside between the layers binding them together through an extensive hydrogen-bond network. These structures are discussed in the light of previous work on phosphites and phosphonates.
Metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma to cervical lymph nodes: an unusual diagnosis on fine-needle aspiration biopsy

Introduction Metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) has mostly involved the pelvic lymph nodes; metastases to the cervical lymph nodes are exceedingly rare. Materials and methods A retrospective review of cytopathology files (January 1990 to March 2019) identified 13 cases of metastatic PAC to cervical lymph nodes diagnosed using fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). The clinical and demographic information were collected from the electronic medical records, and the slides were reviewed. Results A total of 13 male patients with a mean age at FNAB 69 years (range, 61-86 years); 12 patients had a known history of PAC. In the patient without a history of PAC, the FNAB finding had been misinterpreted as papillary thyroid carcinoma. The interval between the original diagnosis and cervical lymph node metastasis was 98.5 months (range, 1-288 months). Most involved the left side (85%). Most smears had a clean background with few lymphocytes (46%) and numerous cellular clusters in flat sheets and acini (62%) and were composed of polygonal cells (46%) with round-oval shaped nuclei and indistinct cell borders (92%). The cytoplasm was granular (61%) or scanty (46%). The nuclei were uniform, size ≥2 times that of a neutrophil (69%). Prominent nucleoli and anisonucleosis were seen in 54% of cases; cellular pleomorphism was infrequent (30%). Immunostains confirmed the prostate origin in 7 tissue cores. Conclusions Metastatic PAC to the cervical lymph nodes occurs infrequently. If the history is unknown, cases can be misdiagnosed as metastases from cervical neoplasms. The findings indicating metastatic PAC to the cervical lymph nodes on FNAB include involvement of left-sided cervical lymph nodes in elderly male patients and cellular smears composed of uniform polygonal cells, arranged in flat sheets and acini, with granular cytoplasm, indistinct cell borders, and round-oval nuclei with prominent nucleoli.
Comparing event generator predictions and ab-initio calculations of $\nu$-$^{12}$C neutral current quasi-elastic scattering at 1 GeV

Background: The measurement of neutrino oscillations and exotic physics searches are important parts of the physics program in the near future, with new state-of-the-art experiments planned within the next decade. Future and modern experiments in these fields will make use of nuclear targets. Event generators (EGs) are software used in the analysis of neutrino oscillation experiments. EGs are used to predict kinematic observables for a range of neutrino energies. These simulations make use of simple models of nucleon dynamics. As such, they may fail to capture features of more rigorous theoretical calculations.Purpose: This work compares EG performance to nuclear theory calculations by comparing observables generated in the two frameworks. We provide a common set of definitions between theory and experiment and assess the adequacy of the implementation of two nuclear physics models in EG simulations.Method: Neutral-current quasielastic (NCQE) scattering events for neutrinos and antineutrinos on a $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ target are simulated with a specific EG, NEUT, used by the T2K experiment for its analysis. The simulated cross sections are compared to analytic calculations from nuclear theory within the factorization scheme. We compare the NEUT implementation of two different models on nuclear spectral functions: the relativistic Fermi gas (RFG) and the correlated basis spectral function (CBF) to analytic calculations of the same models in the factorization scheme. For both nuclear physics models, we compare the appearance of features in the distributions relevant to experimental analyses.Results: The peak of the cross section $d\ensuremath{\sigma}/(d\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}d\ensuremath{\omega})$ is consistent in energy transfer, $\ensuremath{\omega}$, for RFG and CBF simulations. Qualitatively, the shape of the simulated distribution is similar to the one obtained through theory calculations; however, there are some discrepancies between the theory calculations and the NEUT simulation.Conclusions: While the EG simulations and analytic calculations with the same model of nuclear dynamics show similar overall features, there are still differences between the two. These results demonstrate the importance of benchmarking EGs so their nuclear physics implementations can be improved for the analysis of future experiments.
Chapter 7 – Tics and Tourette Syndrome

This chapter provides a practical approach for understanding, evaluating, and treating tic disorders. Tic disorders are paroxysmal movement abnormalities that begin in childhood, are frequently associated with various comorbid problems, are capable of causing psychosocial and physical difficulties, and may persist into adulthood. The specific etiologies and neuroanatomical locations remain under investigation. Behavioral and pharmacological treatments are available.
Building a Counseling Psychology of Liberation: The Path Behind Us, Under Us, and Before Us

In this 2020 SCP Presidential Address amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and global uprisings against anti-Black racism, Anneliese Singh reflects on the potentialities of liberation for all counseling ps...
Excellence in Communication and Emergency Leadership (ExCEL): Pediatric First 5 Minutes Workshop for Residents

Introduction In-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and appropriate initial management has been associated with improved clinical outcomes. De...
Ion-Pair Association in Ultrasupercritical Aqueous Environments: Successful Interplay among Conductance Experiments, Theory, and Molecular Simulations†

We discuss the interplay among theory, molecular simulations, and electric conductance experiments as an important tool for the extraction of ion-pair interaction potentials to make possible the bridging of the density gap between the lowest experimentally attainable conductance measurement and the theoretically acceptable zero-density limit of the ion-pair association constant. The density dependence of the Na+···Cl− pair association constant in ultrasupercritical (USC) steam environments is predicted by a constraint molecular dynamics simulation over state conditions relevant to the new generation of USC steam power plants. Finally, we draw attention to relevant modeling challenges associated with the behavior of these systems around the zero-density limit, discuss ways to overcome the drawbacks of traditional log Ka−log ρ models, and illustrate the case with an explicit quartic (ρ)1/2-polynomial representation for log Ka.
Characterization of the microstructural components and corrosion-induced changes in the mechanical properties of oolitic limestone

The understanding of the variation of mechanical properties and microstructural changes of rocks due to chemical weathering is critical for prospection, extraction and storage of energy resources in the subsurface. Uniaxial and triaxial compression tests were conducted on fresh and chemically weathered oolitic limestone samples submerged in acidic solutions with pH5 and pH3 values for 30 and 50 days each. Results show that both, acid concentration and exposure period have a significant influence not only in changes of effective porosity, Young’s modulus and peak strength, but also in the development of stress-induced microstructures. While the change in effective porosity increased and the Young’s modulus decreased with exposure time, the peak strength decreased with exposure time and decreasing pH. Micro-fracturing, twinning, and rigid body rotation were the main mechanisms of the deformations observed. The highest density of microcracks and twinned grains were observed in samples subjected to longer exposure periods of time, suggesting that the exposure time constitutes an essential factor in rock softening. Microfracturing initiated at grain boundaries, where stress concentrations were higher. In agreement with previous work on limestone inelastic compaction, the mechanical contrast of allochemical components with respect to cement conditioned the spatial distribution of the microfractures.
Lipschitz retraction and distortion for subgroups of Out(Fn)

Given a free factor A of the rank n free group Fn , we characterize when the subgroup of Out.Fn/ that stabilizes the conjugacy class of A is distorted in Out.Fn/. We also prove that the image of the natural embedding of Aut.Fn 1/ in Aut.Fn/ is nondistorted, that the stabilizer in Out.Fn/ of the conjugacy class of any free splitting of Fn is nondistorted and we characterize when the stabilizer of the conjugacy class of an arbitrary free factor system of Fn is distorted. In all proofs of nondistortion, we prove the stronger statement that the subgroup in question is a Lipschitz retract. As applications we determine Dehn functions and automaticity for Out.Fn/ and Aut.Fn/.
Three-dimensional flow structure in an axisymmetric separated/reattaching supersonic flow

The turbulence structure in massively separated supersonic flows is highly complex and dominated by three-dimensional turbulence mechanisms. Analysis of large ensembles of tomographic particle image velocimetry measurements acquired in the near-wake of a Mach 2.49 blunt-based cylinder wake reveals multiple coherent high-energy turbulence mechanisms. These mechanisms have strong contributions to the turbulent kinetic energy, and several of them appear consistent with past computational simulations of this flow.
EBV-Positive Plasmacytomas Involving a Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma in an Adolescent:

We report comprehensive characterization of an unusual collision tumor comprising extramedullary plasmacytomas and nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in a pediatric patient, which has yet to be reported. Histologically, the nasopharyngeal angiofibroma showed typical morphology with a diffuse, dense plasmacytic infiltrate in the stroma. The neoplastic plasma cells showed a spectrum of well-differentiated, plasmablastic, and anaplastic morphology, Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA (EBER) positivity, and aberrant immunophenotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using a plasma cell myeloma targeted panel detected gains of 1q21.3 (CKS1B, x3), 3q27 (BCL6, x4), and 11q22.3 (ATM, x3), but no rearrangement of ALK and MYC. A 50-gene next generation sequencing lymphoma panel failed to detect any pathogenic mutation. Plasmacytoma with EBER positivity and plasmablastic morphology must be distinguished from plasmablastic lymphoma due to different clinical management and prognosis. This case highlights the importance of a thorough pathological evaluation of a mass lesion with synchronous neoplastic processes.
The Disappearance of Rituals

The Disappearance of Rituals, by name alone, seems like an appropriate book review choice in light of the COVID-19 lockdowns seen intermittently over the last year or so worldwide. This book is a f...
Trends in rare earth thiophosphate syntheses: Rb3Ln(PS4)2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr), Rb3−xNaxLn(PS4)2 (Ln = Ce, Pr; x = 0.50, 0.55), and RbEuPS4 obtained by molten flux crystal growth

Single crystals of new rubidium rare earth thiophosphates with the formulas Rb3Ln(PS4)2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr), Rb3−xNaxLn(PS4)2 (Ln = Ce, Pr; x = 0.50, 0.55), and RbEuPS4 were crystallized out of a molten RbCl flux. The compounds Rb3Ln(PS4)2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr) and Rb3−xNaxLn(PS4)2 (Ln = Ce, Pr; x = 0.50, 0.55) both crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system adopting the space groups P21 and P21/c, respectively, while RbEuPS4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system adopting the space group Pnma. A survey of all known rubidium rare earth thiophosphates grown using an alkali halide flux revealed trends suggesting that the Rb3Ln(PS4)2 and Rb3−xNaxLn(PS4)2 families of compounds can be actively targeted over a wide range of temperatures by employing RbCl as at least a component of the flux. Fluorescence measurements were performed on all compounds obtained, revealing resolved f–f transitions in Rb3Pr(PS4)2 and Rb2.45(2)Na0.55(2)Pr(PS4)2 and only single broad emission peaks for Rb3Ce(PS4)2 and Rb2.50(6)Na0.50(6)Ce(PS4)2, behavior characteristic for cerium(III) compounds.
The seductive allure of the brain: Dualism and lay perceptions of neuroscience.

Laypeople prefer brain explanations of behavior (Weisberg, Keil, Goodstein, Rawson, & Gray, 2008). We suggest that this preference arises from ‘intuitive Dualism’. For the Dualist, mentalistic caus...
A 1.8 V 94 dB dynamic range /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator for voice applications

This 2nd-order switched-capacitor (SC) /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator uses a 1.8 V power supply. The circuit provides 15 b S/N performance over the 300 Hz-3.5 kHz band and hence has application in voice codecs. The circuit is designed for a nominal S/N performance of 16 b.
THE ACCEPTANCE OF SMOKING AS OTHER-REGARDING BEHAVIOR IN AMERICAN SOCIETY

Cigarette smoking is becoming. a deviant behavior, especially when one engages In this behavior in the presence of others. No longer is it a behavior that only concerns the smoker and his/her. Health It is now acknowledged as harmful to nonsmokers through the dangers of secondary smoke. Since smokers and nonsmokers are starting to recognize this potential danger of cigarette smoking, exposure to this harm for nonsmokers can be regulated. This recognition of smoking as a problem for nonsmokers changes the behavior from simply self-regarding behavior, where the smoker is only making decisions about the potential of smoking for him/herself other~ behavior, where the smoker must ~the behavior's impact on and potential danger to others. Through the use of opinion polls, this paper attempts to show how smoking is being redefined and Is nail seen as either-regarding behavior by both smokers and nonsmokers.
SpireX: Statistical analysis in the spire acoustic-phonetic workstation

SpireX is an adjunct to the Spire acoustic-phonetic workstation [1]. The SpireX system is designed to perform statistical analysis of acoustic-phonetic parameters over a large speech database. Results are displayed in the form of histograms, density contours, and scatter plots. By concentrating on the human-engineering aspects of the user interface we intend for Spire and SpireX to increase by an order of magnitude the productivity of speech scientists as well as to bring sophisticated computational resources within the grasp of non-computer experts.
Lesions of the Medial Geniculate Nuclei Specifically Block Corticosterone Release and Induction of c-fos mRNA in the Forebrain Associated with Audiogenic Stress in Rats

Audiogenic stress is known to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis in rats. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the medial geniculate nuclei (including all auditory nuclei of the thalamus), which are obligatory relays in the transmission of auditory information to the forebrain, are critically involved in HPA activation by audiogenic stress. To this end, corticosterone levels and regional brain activity indexed by c- fos mRNA induction, elicited by 30 min of 105 dB white noise, were measured. Compared with unoperated and sham-operated rats, complete medial geniculate nuclei lesions blocked corticosterone release normally induced by loud noise. The effects of the lesions were specific to loud noise insofar as corticosterone release in response to restraint or ether stress was not reduced in lesioned rats. We have determined previously that audiogenic stress is associated with a specific regional pattern of c- fos mRNA induction. Rats sustaining complete medial geniculate lesions demonstrated a blockade of c- fos mRNA induction in several audiogenic stress responsive regions, also known to directly innervate medial parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Thus, in addition to blockade in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, c- fos mRNA induction in the lesioned animals was abolished in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, especially its anterior medial and ventral aspects, the septohypothalamic nucleus, and the anteroventral preoptic area, compared with unoperated and sham-operated rats. Several additional regions in the lesioned rats failed to show reliable c- fos mRNA induction compared with naive rat controls. Nearly all other regions that showed reliable c- fos mRNA induction in the unoperated and sham-operated rats displayed either similar or slightly reduced levels in complete medial geniculate-lesioned rats, suggesting that these regions are not part of a critical HPA activational circuit in response to audiogenic stress. On the basis of these results, putative circuits from the medial geniculate nuclei to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus involved in activation of the HPA axis by audiogenic stress are discussed.
Targeted Mutation of TNF Receptor I Rescues the RelA-Deficient Mouse and Reveals a Critical Role for NF-κB in Leukocyte Recruitment

NF-κB binding sites are present in the promoter regions of many acute phase and inflammatory response genes, suggesting that NF-κB plays an important role in the initiation of innate immune responses. However, targeted mutations of the various NF-κB family members have yet to identify members responsible for this critical role. RelA-deficient mice die on embryonic day 15 from TNF-α-induced liver degeneration. To investigate the importance of RelA in innate immunity, we genetically suppressed this embryonic lethality by breeding the RelA deficiency onto a TNFR type 1 (TNFR1)-deficient background. TNFR1/RelA-deficient mice were born healthy, but were susceptible to bacterial infections and bacteremia and died within a few weeks after birth. Hemopoiesis was intact in TNFR1/RelA-deficient newborns, but neutrophil emigration to alveoli during LPS-induced pneumonia was severely reduced relative to that in wild-type or TNFR1-deficient mice. In contrast, radiation chimeras reconstituted with RelA or TNFR1/RelA-deficient hemopoietic cells were healthy and demonstrated no defect in neutrophil emigration during LPS-induced pneumonia. Analysis of RNA harvested from the lungs of mice 4 h after LPS insufflation revealed that the induction of several genes important for neutrophil recruitment to the lung was significantly reduced in TNFR1/RelA-deficient mice relative to that in wild-type or TNFR1-deficient mice. These results suggest that TNFR1-independent activation of RelA is essential in cells of nonhemopoietic origin during the initiation of an innate immune response.
Molecular cloning and characterization of acrA and acrE genes of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The DNA fragment containing the acrA locus of the Escherichia coli chromosome has been cloned by using a complementation test. The nucleotide sequence indicates the presence of two open reading frames (ORFs). Sequence analysis suggests that the first ORF encodes a 397-residue lipoprotein with a 24-amino-acid signal peptide at its N terminus. One inactive allele of acrA from strain N43 was shown to contain an IS2 element inserted into this ORF. Therefore, this ORF was designated acrA. The second downstream ORF is predicted to encode a transmembrane protein of 1,049 amino acids and is named acrE. Genes acrA and acrE are probably located on the same operon, and both of their products are likely to affect drug susceptibilities observed in wild-type cells. The cellular localizations of these polypeptides have been analyzed by making acrA::TnphoA and acrE::TnphoA fusion proteins. Interestingly, AcrA and AcrE share 65 and 77% amino acid identity with two other E. coli polypeptides, EnvC and EnvD, respectively. Drug susceptibilities in one acrA mutant (N43) and one envCD mutant (PM61) have been determined and compared. Finally, the possible functions of these proteins are discussed.
Transnational Gender Vertigo

Sociologist Kimberly Kay Hoang explores sex work and international migration, how sex workers-turned-wives become breadwinners.
Touchstone Award: Challenging students' thinking with Bloom's Taxonomy

Objective: To challenge higher-order thinking skills based on the framework of Bloom's Taxonomy Course: Basic
Determination of fine structure intervals in a series of excited sodium D states using doppler free two-photon spectroscopy

Abstract Using Doppler free two-photon spectroscopy technique, we have measured the absolute values of fine-structure (fs) intervals in a series of excited sodium n2D states (n = 3,6,7, and 8). We have shown the structures are inverted and our measured values for these states are: Δfs(32D) = -1523 ± 8 MHz, Δfs(62D) = -385 ± 5 MHz, Δfs(72D) = -253 ± MHz, and Δfs(82D) = -173 ± 10 MHz.
Regional distribution of HSP70 proteins after myocardial infarction.

Hypoxia and altered hemodynamic status, both components of myocardial infarction, have been shown to be potent inducers of the 70 kD family of heat shock proteins (HSP70). We hypothesized that after infarction, the surviving myocardium would synthesize HSP70 proteins in a temporally and regionally distinct pattern. We believed that there would be a lack of an HSP70 response in the infarcted area (I), reflecting the loss of viable cells. We further postulated that tissues bordering infarctions (M) would have a compromised HSP70 response. Conversely, we proposed that HSP70 would be induced in septal tissues (S) of the infarcted heart, as a hypertrophic adaptation. A rat model of myocardial infarction was used to examine the changes in relative concentration and distribution of three major HSP70 family proteins; cytoplasmic HSP72, mitochondrial HSP75, and endoplasmic reticular GRP78 (glucose regulated protein) during 21 days of recovery. While all three HSP70 family proteins investigated were detected in all hearts from all groups at all time periods, experimental treatment (infarction) induced changes in relative protein concentrations that varied with time and sample site location. Relative concentrations of HSP72 and GRP78 were unchanged in the 24 h following infarction while relative HSP75 concentrations were halved in M tissues during the same time period. Between days 5 and 7, several changes were noted. M samples displayed nearly twice the relative concentrations of HSP75 and GRP78 after infarction, but showed no change in HSP72. S tissues showed two-fold or larger increases in all three HSP70 family proteins. I samples showed unanticipated increases in HSP75 and GRP78 during this time period. After 14 to 21 days of recovery, HSP70 family protein concentration levels in M, S, and I tissues from infarcted hearts had returned to levels similar to those seen in control animals. We conclude that the myocardium is unable to, or does not, mount an immediate HSP70 response after infarction but does recover such activity by 5–7 days after infarction.
Observations on Factors Affecting Local Forces in the Left Ventricular Wall during Acute Myocardial Ischemia

The factors affecting local myocardial function in the presence of ischemic myocardial damage may considerably influence cardiac function and the extent of tissue damage resulting from the initial ischemic injury. However, previous attempts to study local wall forces in the ischemic myocardium have produced variable results. In the present study, a technique was developed for recording isometric left ventricular wall tension that minimized artifacts due to external forces acting on the ischemic area. Miniature isometric force gauges were implanted in 23 dogs in the left ventricular wall within a zone buffered by two rows of transmural prongs attached to a ring. During a test occlusion of a branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the ischemic area was defined by the presence of epicardial ST segment elevation, and force gauges were implanted in marginal or ischemic areas of the myocardium. During a subsequent coronary occlusion wall force in the ischemic area fell immediately by an average of 31 ± 8%. When the occlusion was repeated during isoproterenol infusion, wall tension decreased in previously unaffected areas of the myocardium, although in ischemic areas it remained above previous control ischemic levels. Arterial counterpulsation improved the development of wall tension in the ischemic area by 27% and decreased the extent and amount of ST segment elevation. Thus the present study clearly indicates a significant reduction but not elimination of active myocardial wall force in ischemic zones following experimental coronary occlusion. Moreover, force could be augmented by either isoproterenol or counterpulsation, and counterpulsation can produce a significant improvement in function of the ischemic myocardium while reducing the area of ischemic injury.
The experimental validation of a transient power electronic building block (PEBB) mathematical model

Abstract This work adjusts and validates experimentally a previously developed volume element model based thermal management tool (vemESRDC) through the comparison of temperature measurements of a power electronic building block (PEBB) to numerical simulation results, featuring relevant electronic components of an all-electric ship. Primary components of interest in this simulation are: inductors, capacitors, AC and DC fuses, and a tiristors/fins set. The vemESRDC is a thermal simulation tool developed as part of the Electric Ship Research and Development Consortium (ESRDC) funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) that is capable of providing quick responses during early stages of ship design. The model adjustment was conducted by solving the inverse problem of parameter estimation for appropriate equipment properties using a total power dissipation of 4.8 kW in the PEBB. Next, the adjusted model was experimentally validated using the same PEBB with a power dissipation of 11.12 kW. The transient and steady state numerical results are shown to be in good quantitative and qualitative agreement with the experimental measurements within the experimental error margin. Transient simulations demonstrate that the components temperature vary significantly from one heating mode to another, whereas internal air average temperature varies only slightly for all heating modes, therefore not only average internal air temperature should be monitored for preserving equipment functionality. As a result, it is expected that vemESRDC could be used as a reliable tool for transient and steady state thermal management of heat generating packages (e.g., PEBB, future all-electric ship).
An overview of clinical associate roles in the neurointerventional specialty

Neurointerventionalists have long partnered with certain types of clinical associates to provide longitudinal care. This overview summarizes differences in education, background, roles, and scopes of practice of the various clinical associates (physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, radiology practitioner assistants, radiologist assistants, and nursing care coordinators). Key differences and similarities are highlighted to alleviate confusion about the roles clinical associates can assume on a neurointerventional service. This overview is intended to guide practices as they consider broadening their clinical support teams.
Complementation studies with the repair-deficient uvrD3, uvrE156, and recL152 mutations in Escherichia coli

Previous work showed that the mutations uvrD3, uvrE156, and recL152 were closely linked and increased UV-sensitivity. They were phenotypically distinguishable in that only the uvrD3 mutation significantly decreases host cell reactivation of UV-irradiated phage (Hcr-) and repair of methylmethane sulfonate (MMS)-induced damage, and only the uvrE156 mutation increased mutation rates (Mut-). MMS-resistant revertants of a uvrD3 mutant were still UV-sensitive and fell into two phenotypic classes, Hcr- Mut+ (non-mutator) and Hcr+ Mut-. In this work complementation tests were done by examining UV-and MMS-sensitivity and host cell reactivation in heterogenotes containing combinations of uvrD3, uvrE156, recL152, and the MMS-resistant mutations derived from uvrD3. The mutations could not complement each other in the repair of UV-damage, the one trait all had in common, indicating that they were in one gene. For the most part, the different mutations were able to complement each other in respect to traits in which one was deficient and the other had wild type activity.
A Comprehensive Management System for Heart Failure Improves Clinical Outcomes and Reduces Medical Resource Utilization

The effectiveness of heart failure management in clinical practice is limited by physicians' suboptimal utilization of effective medications, patients' poor adherence to dietary sodium limitation and optimal drug therapy, and the lack of systematic monitoring of patients after hospitalization. The present study evaluated the feasibility and safety of MULTIFIT, a physician-supervised, nurse-mediated, home-based system for heart failure management that implements consensus guidelines for pharmacologic and dietary therapy using a nurse manager to enhance dietary and pharmacologic adherence and to monitor clinical status by frequent telephone contact. Fifty-one patients with the clinical diagnosis of heart failure were followed for 138 +/- 44 days. Daily dietary sodium intake fell by 38%, from 3,393 to 2,088 mg (p = 0.0001); average daily medication doses increased significantly (lisinopril: 17 to 23 mg, p <0.001; hydralazine: 140 to 252 mg, p = 0.01). Functional status and exercise capacity improved significantly (p = 0.01). Compared with the 6 months before enrollment and normalized for variable follow-up, the frequency of general medical and cardiology visits declined by 23% and 31%, respectively (both p <0.03); emergency room visits for heart failure and for all causes declined 67% and 53%, respectively (both p <0.001). Hospitalization rates for heart failure and for all causes declined 87% and 74%, respectively (p = 0.001), compared with the year before enrollment. The MULTIFIT system enhanced the effectiveness of pharmacologic and dietary therapy for heart failure in clinical practice, improving clinical outcomes and reducing medical resource utilization.
Understanding the confluence of retailer characteristics, market characteristics and online pricing strategies

Theories from Information Systems, Marketing and Economics suggest that product, retailer, and market characteristics jointly serve as determinants of online retailers' ability to price differentiate. Until now, the empirical research has focused on examining the impact of these determinants in isolation. In this paper, we extend the prior online price dispersion literature by examining the interactions among product, retailer and market characteristics. We construct a multi-level hierarchical linear model to empirically test whether market level characteristics moderate retailer characteristics in explaining price dispersion. Our analysis is based on a dataset of 13,393 price quotes for 1880 best selling products across eight product categories from 194 online retailers. The analysis indicates that service quality has a positive effect on retailer price levels. We observe that the relationship between competitive intensity in a market and retailer price levels is inverted "U" shaped. In contrast, the influence of the interaction between a retailer's service quality and market level variables on retailer price levels is "U" shaped. These findings together provide the first known empirical evidence for the existence of mixed pricing strategies among online retailers. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that retailers providing quality service are able to charge higher prices as the competition increases.
Alignment mirror mechanisms for space use

The paper describes an optical Alignment Mirror Mechanism (AMM), and discusses its control scheme. The mirror's angular positioning accuracy requirement is ± 0.2 arc-sec. This requires the mirror's linear positioning actuators to have a positioning accuracy of ± 109 nm to enable the mirror to meet the angular tip/tilt accuracy requirement. Demonstrated capabilities are ± 35 nm linear positioning capability at the actuator, which translates into ± 0.07 arc-sec angular mirror positioning accuracy.