cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementing and assessing a service to demonstrate public impact of faculty research in news and policy sources

Background: As the need to demonstrate research impact increases, faculty are looking for new ways to show funders, departments, and institutions that their work is making a difference. While traditional metrics such as citation counts can tell one part of this story, these metrics are focused on the academic sphere and often miss the wide-ranging public impact that research can have in areas such as the news or policy documents. Case Presentation: This case report describes how one library piloted and established the Policy & News Media Impact Service, where librarians generate reports for faculty members of the University of Minnesota Academic Health Center that tracks citations of their research in governmental and organizational policies as well as local, national, and international news media. Workflows of, resources used in, and faculty feedback on the service are described. Conclusions: This Policy & News Media Impact Service pilot was successful and resulted in the establishment of a permanent service that is available to all departments in the Academic Health Center. Faculty feedback indicated that the service was valuable in demonstrating the public impact of their research. This article has been approved for the Medical Library Association’s Independent Reading Program .
Local Planning in the Age of Mass Decarceration

This exploratory study discusses the results of a nationwide survey of planning directors, designed to understand whether local agencies understand and actively engage with reentry and social integ...
Fe–Mg and Fe–Mn interdiffusion in ilmenite with implications for geospeedometry using oxides

The Fe–Mg and Fe–Mn interdiffusion coefficients for ilmenite have been determined as a function of temperature and crystallographic orientation. Diffusion annealing experiments were conducted at 1.5 GPa between 800 and 1100 $$^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ . For Fe–Mg interdiffusion, each diffusion couple consisted of an ilmenite polycrystal and an oriented single crystal of geikielite. The activation energy (Q) and pre-exponential factor ( $$D_0$$ ) for Fe–Mg diffusion in the ilmenite polycrystal were found to be Q = $$188 \pm 15\hbox { kJ mol}^{-1}$$ and $${\text {log}} D_0$$ = $$-6.0 \pm 0.6\hbox { m}^2\hbox { s}^{-1}$$ . For the geikielite single crystal, Fe–Mg interdiffusion has $$Q = 220 \pm 16\hbox { kJ mol}^{-1}$$ and $${\text {log}} D_0 = -4.6 \pm 0.7\hbox { m}^2\hbox { s}^{-1}$$ . Our results indicate that crystallographic orientation did not significantly affect diffusion rates. For Fe–Mn interdiffusion, each diffusion couple consisted of one ilmenite polycrystal and one Mn-bearing ilmenite polycrystal. For Fe–Mn interdiffusion, Q = $$264 \pm 30\hbox { kJ mol}^{-1}$$ and $${\text {log}} D_0$$ = $$-2.9 \pm 1.3\hbox { m}^2\hbox { s}^{-1}$$ in the ilmenite. We did not find a significant concentration dependence for the Fe–Mg and Fe–Mn interdiffusion coefficients. In comparing our experimental results for cation diffusion in ilmenite with those previously reported for hematite, we have determined that cation diffusion is faster in ilmenite than in hematite at temperatures <1100 $$^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ . At oxygen fugacities near the wustite–magnetite buffer, Fe and Mn diffusion rates are similar for ilmenite and titanomagnetite. We apply these experimentally determined cation diffusion rates to disequilibrium observed in ilmenites from natural volcanic samples to estimate the time between perturbation and eruption for the Bishop Tuff, Fish Canyon Tuff, Mt. Unzen, Mt. St. Helens, and kimberlites. When integrated with natural observations of chemically zoned ilmenite and constraints on pre-eruptive temperature and grain size, our experimentally determined diffusivities for ilmenite can be used to estimate a minimum time between magmatic perturbation and eruption on the timescale of hours to months.
Heinrich Revisited: a New Data-Driven Examination of the Safety Pyramid

Although researchers have struggled to replicate Heinrich’s safety triangle findings (Heinrich 1931) for various reasons (e.g., no access to his original database and it is unclear if the database was of a single establishment/operation or for an entire industry), the occupational safety community has continued to adopt and expand the applications of this theory (e.g., McSween 2003). Within the mining industry, the potential exists for operations and companies to use concepts from the safety triangle as a way to inform or challenge the practices employed within their health and safety management systems (HSMS) to prevent incidents (Backlund 2016). This paper considers data obtained from the Mine Safety and Health Administration’s databases and demonstrates the validity of applying the safety triangle theory at the mine level. The results support the use of this theory and demonstrate that lower severity incidents can predict fatalities in a subsequent year where significant nuances and caveats to applying the theory are identified and discussed.
Tools for a blended classroom

The hybrid classroom, also known as the blended classroom (the two terms are often used interchangeably), combines, or attempts to combine, the immediate, synchronous interactions of placed-based education with the online asynchronous, transactional relationships made possible through Internet applications. The basic assumption is that traditional place-based learning and the information flows of cyberspace can generate feedback loops that complement and/or enhance each other in teaching/learning processes. Place-based educational practices can serve as structured, centripetal forces on student thinking while the second-order cyberspace attempts to open students up to new information sources, experiences, and approaches to problem solving – the web of trails. But sometimes it is (first-order), teacher-generated or-sponsored cyberspace that creates structured learning feedback loops, giving time for more active, experiential educational practices in the classroom (e.g., the flipped classroom). And sometimes the Internet is used primarily to reinforce the structure of the classroom (e.g., the way many instructors use course management systems). The difficulties in understanding the face-to-face/online distinction can be compounded by different uses of technologies. The distinction is based primarily on differences in nonverbal cues, but in the current Internet-infused education ecology applications involving video conferencing and podcasting help ameliorate these differences, while digital storytelling can accentuate the use of nonverbal cues in ways direct classroom communications cannot or do not. It might be better at this point not to think of the traditional classroom and the hybrid/blended classroom as two completely separate learning environments but as being on a continuum of physical, logical, and conventional constraints. The traditional classroom generally involves more physical, logical, and conventional constraints to the learning processes. Physically classrooms are highly constrained by time and space considerations. Logically they are constrained because only so much can be accomplished within a restricted place-based learning ecology: A teacher cannot ask a student in the middle of a discussion to have a conversation with a relative or friend or to experience something that might take hours and then return to add their newly gained knowledge to the class. Attempts at establishing nonhierarchical relationships can devolve into chaos – a cacophony of voices competing to be heard within a limited time frame. There are conventional constraints, whether turn taking, deference to the teacher, or even the way the student needs to dress.
Abstract C100: Identification and functional characterization of a novel GLI1 splice variant in breast cancer

The purpose of this study is to investigate the biologic significance of novel GLI1 splice variants in breast cancer. African American (AA) women suffer a disproportionately high burden of basal-like breast cancer, an aggressive subtype that has no targeted therapy (1). About 15-20% of breast cancers are triple-negative/basal-like, are associated with poor clinical outcomes and show disproportionately higher prevalence in younger women of African descent (2-4). The Hedgehog (Hh)/GLI1 developmental pathway has emerged as a therapeutic target in many cancers, including breast cancer studies from our lab (5, 6). Overexpression of the main Hh transcriptional mediator GLI1, correlates with poor patient prognosis and relapse. The human GLI1 transcript undergoes alternative splicing producing two shorter isoforms, an N-terminal deletion variant (GLI1ΔN) (7) and a truncated GLI1 (tGLI1) (8), which have been reported to have different patterns of tissue expression and function. tGLI1 has been identified as being highly expressed in several cancers, including in breast cancer (9). We performed in silico analysis of the NCBI database for evidence of additional human GLI1 transcripts and identified a novel GLI1 splice variant, GLI1-X2, that has an in-frame deletion of the entire exon 10-zinc finger 5 domain of the GLI1 gene. Our preliminary data show that GLI1-X2 is expressed in basal-like breast cancers at substantially higher levels than GLI1, tGLI1, or GLI1ΔN. To our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate expression of GLI1-X2 in any model and our findings expand the GLI1 family of zinc finger transcription factors. Our objectives are to examine the expression differences of the GLI1 splice variants in basal-like and luminal breast cancer cell models, AA and White patient samples and to investigate the biologic function of GLI1-X2 in breast cancer. Previous studies report that GLI1ΔN and tGLI1 proteins retain intact functional zinc finger domains. Thus, we hypothesize that the loss of zinc-finger 5 is critical for GLI1-X29s functional role and regulation of downstream target genes in breast cancer. As the biologic significance of GLI1-X2 in normal and cancer biology is unknown, this proposed work is the first to characterize its function and potential role in cancer. Citation Format: Maria S. Dixon, Lhoucine Chdid, David R. Lamson, Michael T. Tarpley, Helen O. Oladapo, Jodie M. Fleming, Jennifer A. Freedman, Gayathri R. Devi, Kevin P. Williams. Identification and functional characterization of a novel GLI1 splice variant in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2018 Nov 2-5; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl):Abstract nr C100.
GianCarlo Ghirardi: Passing the Torch on Collapse Models

I describe how I became interested in the quantum measurement problem, and how I learned about the important work of Ghirardi, Rimini, and Weber and of Pearle. I first met Ghirardi in Trieste in 1999, and through him met Angelo Bassi, with whom I have had a long and fruitful friendship and collaboration focusing on the phenomenology and experimental tests of collapse models.
Present-day climate and projected future temperature and precipitation changes in Ecuador

Ecuador is likely to experience significant impacts associated with future changes in climate, but future projections for this region are challenging due to the complex topography and a wide range of climatic conditions. Here we use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model run at 10 km horizontal resolution over a domain encompassing all of Ecuador to investigate future changes in temperature and precipitation for the middle of the twenty-first century (2041–2070) under a low (RCP4.5) and a high (RCP8.5) emission scenario. The model was validated by running 30-year control runs for the present climate, driven both by the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and the CCSM4 General Circulation Model. Bias and different correlation coefficient metrics were employed to compare the present-day model results with gridded (CRU TS v 4.03 and CHIRPS v 2.0) and in situ meteorological observations. Detailed hydrometeorological analyses over the Andes in both space and time domains show that WRF accurately simulates temperature variability. The precipitation seasonal cycle and interannual variability are also adequately simulated, but the model shows a general dry bias over the lowlands and a significant wet bias along the eastern Andean slopes. Results from future projections show that Ecuador could warm by an additional 1–2 K by the middle of the century compared with the end of the twentieth century. This warming is highly elevation-dependent, subjecting the highest peaks of the Andes to the strongest future warming. Bias-corrected future precipitation changes document a drying trend along coastal areas in RCP4.5 and increased future precipitation along the eastern Andean slopes in both scenarios.
Sociodemographic Characteristics and Physical Activity in Patients with COPD: A 3-Month Cohort Study.

Decreased physical activity (PA) is associated with morbidity and mortality in COPD patients. In this secondary analysis of data from a 12-week longitudinal study, we describe factors associated wi...
Exploring Sustainability Metrics in General Chemistry Using Intensive and Extensive Properties of Matter

As introductory chemistry courses expose students to many distinctive properties of matter, it is helpful to systematically evaluate and relate different measures such as mass, moles, and molarity, or specific heat capacity and heat capacity. Intensive and extensive designations help distinguish intrinsic and component properties of a system and are often introduced to students, but they are infrequently explored or exploited beyond introductory chapters. Intensive metrics used to address green chemistry principles include process mass efficiency, median lethal dose, and radiative forcing. These sustainability metrics build on fundamental measures introduced in general chemistry such as yield, concentration, and energy by collecting extensive components of a system with complementary intensive measures. As interdisciplinary sustainability metrics bridge scales and systems and connect chemical, environmental, and engineering concerns, they can be used to help further explain and employ concepts currently taught in a general chemistry course. This commentary serves to examine the extensive and intensive nature of measures found in a first-semester general chemistry course and classify them alongside relevant sustainability metrics. While general chemistry is not necessarily an outlet to fully explore these metrics, the introduction and exploration of these metrics, such as process mass efficiency in relation to yield, may better allow them to practice general chemistry learning objectives both inside and outside the classroom.
Incorporating Local Muscle and Tendon for Facial Reanimation

Abstract Local muscle and tendon can be readily incorporated for facial reanimation procedures specifically related to the midface and peri-orbital area. Our objective is to describe temporalis muscle and tendon procedures that increase smile excursion including indications, modifications of these procedures, peri-operative care, and reported outcomes. Temporalis tendon and muscle procedures capitalize on the redundancy of the muscles of mastication to repurpose for facial reanimation. Temporalis tendon transfer is indicated for patients who benefit from immediate results with a low risk, low morbidity procedure that can improve lip symmetry at rest and with smiling. The technique has evolved to be more minimally invasive with one or two incisions in an outpatient surgery that provides the same or more benefit from the originally described technique. Provider and patient reported questionnaires as well as computer-based algorithms have been reported to assess subjective and objective outcomes for this procedure.
Pulmonary function tests in extremely low gestational age infants at one year of age.

Rationale Identifying neonatal and post-discharge exposures among extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) that drive increased pulmonary morbidity and abnormal lung function at 1 year of age proves challenging. Objective The NIH-sponsored Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program (PROP), evaluated infant pulmonary function tests (iPFTs) at one year corrected age to determine which demographic and clinical factors are associated with abnormal lung function. Methods Infant pulmonary function tests were performed on a PROP subcohort of 135 participants following IRB- approved written consent. Demographic data, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) clinical care and post-NICU exposures were analyzed for association with iPFTs. Main results A significant decrease in forced expiratory volume at 0.5 seconds (FEV0.5 ) and/or forced expiratory flows at 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF75 ), were associated with male sex and African American race. Clinical factors including longer duration of ventilatory support, exposure to systemic steroids, and weight less than the 10th percentile at 36 weeks post-menstrual age were also associated with airflow obstruction, whereas supplemental oxygen requirement and bronchopulmonary dysplasia were not. Additionally, the need for respiratory medications, technology or hospitalizations during the first year, ascertained by a quarterly survey, were the only post- NICU factors associated with decreased FEV0.5 and FEF75 . Only 7% of infants had reversible airflow obstruction. Conclusions Neonatal demographic factors, respiratory support in the NICU, and a history of greater post-NICU medical utilization for respiratory disease had the strongest association with lower lung function at one year in ELGANs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Detecting Hitchhiking from Patterns of DNA Polymorphism

The genetic basis of adaptive evolution has long escaped the grasp of evolutionary geneticists due to the difficulty of mapping an organism’s phenotype to its genotype. However, adaptive substitutions may also be identified by their effects on linked neutral variation. This has made it possible to test whether an adaptive substitution has recently occurred in a particular gene and whether such substitutions are common within an organism’s genome. Of critical importance is the power of tests that detect adaptive substitutions and our confidence in the evidence for such events. Adaptive substitution can be detected by their effects on levels and patterns of DNA polymorphism. With few exceptions all tests compare some feature of observed polymorphism data with that expected under a Wright-Fisher neutral model. This model assumes mutations arise in a diploid population of size N with probability μ per generation, mating is random, there is no selection, there is no population structure, population size is constant, there are nonoverlapping generations, and the population is at mutation-drift equilibrium.1 Although it is true that natural populations violate most of these assumptions, the neutral model is often sufficient to describe most features of polymorphism data obtained from natural populations. This is in part due to the fact that slight violations of these assumptions do not cause large deviations from the neutral expectation and in part because under neutrality nearly all features of polymorphism data are expected to be quite variable. In this chapter we describe how various aspects of polymorphism data can be used to detect the effect of positive selection on linked neutral variation, or the hitchhiking effect. We also compare these methods, with respect to their power to detect hitchhiking and their sensitivity to violations of the Wright-Fisher model.
A comparison of H2S, SO2, and COS poisoning on Ni/YSZ and Ni/K2O-CaAl2O4 during methane steam and dry reforming

Abstract A systematic comparison of sulfur poisoning on Ni/YSZ and Ni/K2O-CaAl2O4, a commercially available reforming catalyst, demonstrated the heightened and rapid degradation of Ni/YSZ methane reforming activity. Ni/K2O-CaAl2O4 has nearly 15 times the hydrogen uptake capacity of Ni/YSZ which implies a difference in active nickel area. Because of this difference in active nickel surface area, Ni/K2O-CaAl2O4 was diluted in pure α-Al2O3 to achieve the same active nickel surface area as Ni/YSZ. The turnover frequencies (TOF) for steam methane reforming without sulfur on Ni/YSZ and Ni/K2O-CaAl2O4 were similar, although there was some deactivation on Ni/K2O-CaAl2O4 possibly as a result of coking which was observed visually. Sulfur deactivation on both catalysts was examined for H2S, SO2, and COS at concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 ppm. Ni/YSZ deactivated rapidly to an activity close to zero. Ni/K2O-CaAl2O4 deactivated quickly in the first 20 min, but then reached a non-zero steady state activity. The relative deactivation rates for the sulfur species examined were COS > SO2 ≥ H2S. Reaction temperatures of 650 °C, 750 °C, and 800 °C were evaluated, but temperature did not strongly affect deactivation rates for either catalyst. The overarching result of this study is that Ni/YSZ methane reforming activity is more sensitive to sulfur deactivation than a commercial reforming catalyst. The effect is so strong, that the use of Ni/YSZ with any hydrocarbon fuel may require removal of sulfur to sub-ppm levels.
Underemployment in America: Measurement and Evidence

An important way in which employment hardship has come to be conceptualized and measured is as underemployment. Underemployment goes beyond mere unemployment (being out of a job and looking for work), to include those who have given up looking for work, part-time workers whose employer(s) cannot give them full-time work, and the working poor. To provide needed background for the other articles in this special issue, we trace the history of the concept of underemployment, review existing empirical literature, offer a critique of the measurement of underemployment as conventionally operationalized, and provide up-to-date evidence on the trends and correlates of underemployment in the United States.
Sensitivity of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Cost to Uncertainties in Nuclear Data

A sensitivity analysis system is developed for assessing the economic implications of uncertainties in nuclear data and related computational methods for light water power reactors. Results of the sensitivity analysis indicate directions for worthwhile improvements in data and methods. Benefits from improvements in data and methods are related to reduction of margins provided by designers to ensure meeting reactor and fuel objectives.The sensitivity analysis system relates costs to uncertainties in nuclear data and methods by two sequences of operations broken at the few-group data level. The first determines the sensitivity of reactor fuel cycle cost to uncertainties in few-group microscopic cross sections. Then, for important cases, further analysis relates few-energy-group cell-averaged microscopic cross sections to uncertainties in basic nuclear data and in related computational methods.Sensitivity analyses are carried out using the batch depletion code FASTCELL, the core analysis code FASTCORE, and t...
Wealth Without Markets? The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom

Yochai Benkler's The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom is an enormously ambitious new book, one that aims for, and deserves, canonical status within the intellectual property literature. Benkler's book contains two particularly powerful claims. First, he argues that society is in the midst of an economic revolution, whereby technology-assisted social production (e.g., Wikipedia, Slashdot, SETI@home, etc.) stands poised to rival market production as a creator of wealth. Second, he posits that the social production revolution will have laudable distributional consequences, substantially benefiting poor people and poor nations. This book review assesses the most significant contributions in Benkler's work and points to some of its shortcomings. In particular, the review argues that market producers will have very promising competitive strategies at their disposal when they see social producers threatening their revenue streams, that the proliferation of socially produced reputation systems might well trump the progressive tendencies that Benkler identifies, and that adopting legal rules designed to promote social production is an unduly roundabout strategy for reducing economic inequality.
The structure and chemistry of ethylene adsorbed on platinum (111): CFSO-BEBO calculations and experimental studies

Abstract The structure and chemistry of ethylene adsorbed on a platinum (111) surface has been studied. Ethylene adsorbs irreversibly and dissociatively with unity sticking coefficient in the first monolayer, which is ordered in a (2 × 2) array. A second monolayer in registry with the first is adsorbed reversibly. Self-hydrogenation takes place during dynamic adsorption-desorption which poisons the reversible adsorptivity. The reversibly-held ethylene desorbs at the lowest temperatures (Ed = 25 kcal) followed by dissociated hydrogen (Ed = 30 kcal) and the decomposition of hydrogen in the acetylenic first monolayer (Ed = 38 kcal). Residual carbon coalesces to graphite at temperatures in excess of 500°C. CFSO-BEBO calculations qualitatively predict all of the binding states observed. Treating PtC valency as a single adjustable parameter, all four binding energies and four of the five activation energies are in quantitative agreement with experiment.
Spectral domain analysis of square spiral microstrip antennas

A square spiral placed on a dielectric slab which is backed by a ground plane is analyzed. The spectral domain Green's functions for a current element on a grounded dielectric slab are used to develop an integral equation which is solved by the method of moments. In this formulation, the effects of the dielectric material are rigorously modeled. The current density on one arm of the square microstrip spiral at 6.0 GHz is shown as a function of subdomain number and compares favorably to the results found in H. Nakano et al. (1986) for the Archimedean spiral. The gain, axial ratio, and input impedance of the square microstrip spiral are shown as functions of frequency and also compare favorably to the results for the Archimedean spiral. >
Calcein's Quenching In Vitro Method for Assessing Dietary Iron Bioavailability

Low iron bioavailability (IBA) is a major contributor of iron deficiency anemia, a most prevalent nutritional deficiency around the world. In vitro IBA is commonly measured using simulated gastrointestinal digestion, caco-2 cell uptake and followed by ferritin response measurement. This method is cumbersome since it takes more than 24 hours and needs an expensive kit to measure ferritin concentrations. Hence, our objective was to develop a high throughput and cost effective method to assess IBA in large number of samples in a short period of time. In this new method, the quenching of calcein fluorescence in a caco-2 cell model by food iron following in vitro digestion is used as an index of IBA. The meals we used were similar to the ones that were used in human studies. IBA assessed in this method was compared with published human absorption data and measured ferritin responses. Similar to human absorption data, IBA was enhanced by ascorbic acid, and was reduced by bran, phytate, and tea. A high correlati...
Water Quality Impacts of Climate and Land Use Changes in Southeastern Pennsylvania

This study investigates potential changes in nitrogen and phosphorus loads under a warmer and wetter climate, urban growth, and combined changes in the Conestoga River Basin and its five subbasins in southeastern Pennsylvania. A GIS-based hydrochemical model was employed for assessing the sensitivity of the basins to the projected changes in 2030. Under the HadCM2 climate change scenario, mean annual nitrogen and phosphorus loads are expected to increase, with great increases in spring but slight decreases in fall primarily because of changes in monthly precipitation. When climate change and urbanization occur concurrently, mean annual nitrogen loads further increase by 50% in the most urbanizing subbasin. Point source nitrogen control could mitigate negative effects of climate and land use changes, reducing mean annual nitrogen loads to the contemporary baseline level.
Stalin and the Struggle for Supremacy in Eurasia

Introduction 1. Stalin: man of the borderlands 2. Borderlands in Civil War and intervention 3. The borderland thesis: the West 4. The borderland thesis: the East 5. Stalin in command 6. Borderlands on the eve 7. Civil wars in the borderlands 8. War aims: the outer perimeter 9. War aims: the inner perimeter 10. Friendly governments in the outer perimeter Conclusion: a transient hegemony Index.
Odor-mediated runway performance of the rat as a function of Thorazine injection

Two groups of runway-trained rats received a double-alternation sequence of reward-nonreward in a straight runway in the presence of odors exuded by startbox donors injected with Thorazine and saline, respectively. Appropriate start- and run-measure patterning was initially displayed only when the donors were saline injected. However, reversing the donor-injection condition resulted in the development of such patterning by the subjects having donors shifted from Thorazine to saline and the maintenance of patterning by the subjects having donors shifted from saline to Thorazine.
Acid-induced gelation properties of heated whey protein−pectin soluble complex (Part II): Effect of charge density of pectin

As a direct continuation of the first part of our study, here we investigate the effect of charge density of pectin on acid-induced gelation properties of heated whey protein–pectin soluble complex which was formed by heating protein and pectin together at pH 7.0 and 85 °C for 30 min. The gelation properties of complex were also compared with polymer/pectin, where whey protein and pectin were heated separately and then mixed together before acid-induced gelation. Four different types of pectin with charge density ranging from low to high were chosen. For pectin with high charge density, complex gels showed enhanced gel strength and water holding capacity compared to polymer/pectin gels. For those with low charge density pectin, polymer/pectin could not form gel network at highest pectin concentrations, whereas complex still formed gel at high pectin concentrations and showed improved water holding capacity at low pectin concentrations. Confocal micrograph showed pronounced difference in gel microstructure between complex and polymer/pectin gels. An obvious increase in the coarsening of the protein network was observed as pectin concentration increased from 0.1% to 0.5% for polymer/pectin gels. Complex gels showed much smoother network with less phase separation. At 0.25% pectin a change from a homogeneous to a coarse strand, phase separated microstructure upon decreasing charge density of pectin was observed for polymer/pectin gels, while complex gels were homogeneous even with low charged pectin. Results from scanning electron microscopy confirmed that complex gels were composed of larger protein strands and higher interconnectivity between biopolymers due to higher degree of interaction between protein and pectin.
On the control of a four-vehicle train of surface effect vehicles

Abstract : Discusses a train of surface effect vehicles (SEV) as ideal for use as a logistic type vehicle. The investigation was motivated by the questions of how control power is distributed, which vehicles should be powered, which can be trailered, how stable the train maybe, whether the train is controllable, what the requirements are for different control configurations, and what the required measurements are to implement a control scheme. The primary objective was to determine the maximum number of trailered vehicles with only cushion power, and to investigate easily implementable control schemes for the SEV train in general.
The savage within : the social history of British anthropology, 1885-1945

1. Through the looking glass 2. Scholars and practical men 3. Civilization and its satisfactions 4. The savage within 5. The colonial exchange 6. Of councillors and kings 7. The politics of perception Appendices.
Optimization of Signal-to-Noise Ratio for Multilayer PZT Transducers

Abstract In medical ultrasound imaging, two-dimensional (2-D) array transducers are desirable to implement dynamic focusing and phase aberration correction in two dimensions as well as volumetric imaging. Unfortunately, the small size of a 2-D array element results in a small clamped capacitance and a large electrical impedance near the resonance frequency. This results in poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the array elements. It has previously been demonstrated that transducers made from multilayer PZT ceramics have lower electrical impedance and greater SNR than comparable single layer elements. A simplified circuit model has been developed to optimize the SNR for multilayer ceramic (MLC) transducers. In this model, an electronic transmitter excites the array element and in the receive mode, the element drives a coaxial cable load terminated by a high impedance preamplifier. The transducer impedance is Z t /N 2 , where N is the number of piezoelectric layers. Maximum transmit signal is obtained when N = N tx , such that the transducer impedance, Z t /N tx 2 , is matched to the source impedance. Maximum receive signal is obtained when N = N rx such that the transducer impedance, Z t /N rx 2 is matched to the coaxial cable reactance. For maximum pulse-echo signal, the transducer should be designed with N = [formula] the geometric mean of N tx and N rx . Using this optimization technique, a 1.5-D array was designed with 3 layers for maximum pulse-echo SNR. Results of simulations from the simplified circuit analysis were consistent with those of the KLM model. The 3 layer array was fabricated as well as a single layer control array. The measured transmit signal and receive signal agreed with the simulation results.
Chelating scintillation fibers for measurements of 137Cs

Solid scintillating fibers, coated with a dual-mechanism bifunctional polymer shown to bind Cs(I) in alkaline solutions, were developed for measurement of 137Cs. The effect of the epoxy−polymer coating thickness on attenuation of the signal from 137Cs was evaluated. After optimal coating conditions were determined, both scintillation fiber and resin functions were retained, producing stable field-ready fibers. Temporal studies were performed to examine the kinetics of 137Cs uptake into the resin. Calibration curves of the fiber response were generated by β-emission from solutions of 137Cs dissolved in 1 M sodium hydroxide. The plots exhibited a linear response over a range of 4−3200 nCi/mL (3.4 × 10-10−2.7 × 10-7 M 137Cs), with a limit of detection of 3.65 nCi/mL (∼42 parts per trillion 137Cs). The distribution coefficient of Cs was determined to be 490 ± 50 mL/g from these measurements. Selectivity studies of the resin were performed in the presence of 100 fold excess of Sr(II), Al(III), and nonradioacti...
InP-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers for 10G applications

InP-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with AlGaInAs QWs and AlGaInAs/InP DBR have been demonstrated. Over 2 mW and 0.8 mW single-mode powers at 1.3 μm have been achieved at 25 °C and 85 °C, respectively. A high eye-diagram margin at 10 Gbit/s modulation was demonstrated using 13 GHz maximum relaxation oscillation frequency VCSELs. This high relaxation oscillation frequency enables the achievement, without optical isolator, of error-free transmission under 10 Gbit/s modulation with high optical reflection. To achieve stable polarization operation, 1.3 μm VCSELs on InP(311)A substrate have been realized and showed very stable polarization behavior.
Trace element accumulation in the tissues of fish from lakes with different pH values

Two species of fish, omnivorous Catostomus commersoni (white suckers) and carnivorous Perca flavescens (yellow perch) were collected from three natural lakes with different pH ranges (circumneutral, pH 6.5 to 6.8; variable, pH 5.8 to 6.7; and acidic, pH 4.9 to 5.4). The lakes are located in the North Branch of the Big Moose River drainage system in the New York State Adirondack Park Preserve. Concentrations of potentially toxic elements (Al, Cd, Cu, Ph, and Se) were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry in water, sediment and fish (bone, gill, kidney, liver and muscle) from each lake. The results showed that concentrations of Pb and Cd were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in some of the tissues of the fish collected from the acidic lake. Also, the yellow perch from the acidic take had significantly higher (P<0.05) Se concentrations in their muscle and livers than fish from the other lakes. The concentrations of Al were elevated in the gill tissues of both fish species from the acidic lake relative to fish from the other lakes. Possible mechanisms contributing to these differences in tissue concentration are discussed.
Analysis of beryllium carbide

Abstract An analysis scheme is presented for determining the composition of impure beryllium carbide. The determination of combined (carbide) carbon, which fixes the amount of Be2C present, is based on a catalytic oxidation of the methane formed by an acid hydrolysis of the carbide. The major impurities, beryllium oxide and free carbon, are readily determinable after separating the oxide by selective bromination of the carbide, and liberating the free carbon by a simple acid digestion. Analysis for fixed nitrogen is made by the Kjeldahl method and total moisture, which includes both adsorbed water and water of hydration, is obtained by drying samples in an inert gas stream at 700° C. An improved dibasic ammonium phosphate precipitation is used for determining beryllium.
A Figure of Thought

Me tametaphorical Issues‘ By George Lakoﬁ’ A Figure of Thought For two millenia we were taught a dogma that was largely unquestioned and came to be viewed as deﬁnitional. Metaphor was called a ﬁgure of speech. As such. it was taken to be a matter of special language: poetic or persuasive language. As a matter of language. rather than thought, it was viewed as dispensible. If you had something to say, you could presumably say it straightforwardly without meta- phor; if you chose metaphor it was for some poetic or rhetorical purpose, perhaps for elegance or economy, but not for plain speech and ordinary thought. Metaphor was seen as contrasting with ordinary, everyday literal language, language that could be straightforwardly true or false, that could lit the world directly or not. Teaching Berkeley undergraduates forces one to question traditional values — even if those values have stood for two thousand years. In 1978, I taught a small undergraduate seminar (there were ﬁve students) in which metaphor was one of a number of topics. I had received a pre-publication copy of the Ortony collection on Metaphor and Thought, and we were discussing the papers in the volume. One day one of the students came in too upset to function. She announced that she had a metaphor problem, and asked the small assembled group for help. Her boy- friend had just told her that their relationship qhad hit a dead-end streetq. lt being Berkeley in the &#39;70&#39;s. the class came to the rescue. The metaphor makes sense, we soon ﬁgured out, only if you‘re traveling toward some destination. and only if love is viewed as a form of travel. if you happen onto a dead-end street when you&#39;re traveling toward a destination. then you can&#39;t keep going the way you&#39;ve been going. You have to turn back. qWhat I really want,“ the woman said, “is for us to go into another dimension‘. There is nothing like a disappointing love-aﬂ&#39;air for calling a philosophy of long standing into question. Metaphor, on the traditional view, was supposed to be a matter of speech, not thought. Yet here was not just a way of talking about love as a journey, but a way of thinking about it in that way and of reasoning on the basis of the metaphor. In our culture, there is a full-blown love-as-journey meta- phor that is used for comprehending and reasoning about certain aspects of love relationships, especially those having to do with duration, closeness, difficulties, and common purpose. English is full of expressions that reflect the conceptualization of love as a journey. Some are necessarily about love; others can be understood that way: Look how far we ’ve come. It’s been a long, bumpy road. We can’t turn back now. We&#39;re at a crossroads. We may have to go our separate ways. We’re spinning our wheels. The relationship isn’t going anywhere. The marriage is on the rocks. These are_ordinary, everyday expressions. There is nothing extraordinary about them. They are not poetic, nor are they used for rhetorical eﬁect. The most This is a column which appears regularly in the journal Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, Hillsdale. NJ.: Erlbaum. 3S‘l
An alternative to current looping syntax

There has been a lot of discussion lately about the drawbacks of various language structures [2] and the lack of the same structures in older programming languages (Fortran) [1]. In this brief paper I propose a modest alteration to programming languages and present a simple pre-processor written in Fortran that implements the alteration.
Expression of thrombospondin-1 modulates the angioinflammatory phenotype of choroidal endothelial cells.

The choroidal circulation plays a central role in maintaining the health of outer retina and photoreceptor function. Alterations in this circulation contribute to pathogenesis of many eye diseases including exudative age-related macular degeneration. Unfortunately, very little is known about the choroidal circulation and its molecular and cellular regulation. This has been further hampered by the lack of methods for routine culturing of choroidal endothelial cells (ChEC), especially from wild type and transgenic mice. Here we describe a method for isolation and culturing of mouse ChEC. We show that expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and inflammation, has a significant impact on phenotype of ChEC. ChEC from TSP1-deficient (TSP1−/−) mice were less proliferative and more apoptotic, less migratory and less adherent, and failed to undergo capillary morphogenesis in Matrigel. However, re-expression of TSP1 was sufficient to restore TSP1−/− ChEC migration and capillary morphogenesis. TSP1−/− ChEC expressed increased levels of TSP2, phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS), a marker of inflammation, which was associated with significantly higher level of NO and oxidative stress in these cells. Wild type and TSP1−/− ChEC produced similar levels of VEGF, although TSP1−/− ChEC exhibited increased levels of VEGF-R1 and pSTAT3. Other signaling pathways including Src, Akt, and MAPKs were not dramatically affected by the lack of TSP1. Together our results demonstrate an important autocrine role for TSP1 in regulation of ChEC phenotype.
The relationship of infertility to antibody production in the uterovaginal sperm storage tubules of turkey breeder hens.

Oviductal tissue from fertile and infertile turkey breeder hens was stained immuno-histochemically to test for the presence of antibody positive cells. Relatively infertile turkey hens ( 90% fertility) had no antibody positive cells. Data suggest a local immune response to spermatozoa exists in the uterovaginal sperm storage tubules of the turkey hen which may have a detrimental effect on fertility.
Redescription of two East Asian species of the tribe Epeolini (Hymenoptera : Apidae ; Nomadinae)

The two Asian species supposedly belonging to the genus or subgenus Triepeolus Robertson, Epeolus tsushimensis Cockerell and Triepeolus ventralis (Meade-Waldo), are redescribed and illustrated. Epeolus tsushimensis is confirmed to be a member of the genus Epeolus on the basis of the male genitalia and internal sterna.
Cerebral GM1-Gangliosidosis: Chemical Pathology of Visceral Organs

The livers and spleens from three patients with cerebral G(M1)-gangliosidosis contained greatly increased concentrations of a mucopolysaccharide tentatively identified as keratan sulfate. The concentration of a very soluble sialomucopolysaccharide was also increased. Concentrations of these compounds were not increased in the viscera of patients with Tay-Sachs disease (G(M2)-gangliosidosis). G(M1)-gangliosidosis appears to be a combined cerebral gangliosidosis and visceral mucopolysaccharidosis.
Formative evaluation for planning a nutrition intervention: Results from focus groups

Abstract This paper describes findings from focus groups conducted as formative evaluation in planning a dietary intervention for hypercholesterolemia in rural North Dakota and Minnesota. The researchers were interested in learning about attitudes, beliefs, and behavior in the areas of screening for high cholesterol, experience with dietary changes to lower cholesterol, experience with physicians as a source of dietary advice, and reactions to several dietary interventions. In response to questions regarding the efficacy of dietary treatment, a common belief was that an individual's cholesterol level was largely determined by genetics. Participants indicated that pressure from children to buy and prepare certain foods, social eating, eating out, time constraints, and missing the taste of favorite high-fat foods made dietary change difficult. Participants gave examples of how advice from their physicians had been too extreme and too general or vague. Focus group participants indicated that (1) frequent follow-up the first year is needed to maintain motivation; (2) food records should be prescribed by the physician in order to increase self-monitoring compliance; (3) materials should provide specific skill-building advice; (4) repetition reduces confusion; and (5) classes should be led by a health professional. Recommendations are made for nutrition education programs designed for rural populations.
The chinese remainder theorem

Abstract The Chinese Remainder Theorem dates back to the first century. In this paper we provide a unified procedure to solve any remainder problem for the unknown number using the spirit of the Theorem. Given any divisors and their corresponding remainders, this unified procedure leads to the unknown number. Examples are given to cover different cases.
Time-Optimal Control With Pre/Post Actuation for Dual-Stage Systems

This paper considers the output transition problem, to change the output position, from an initial value to a final value, for dual-stage positioning systems. The main contribution of this paper is to show that the use of pre- and post-actuation input (applied outside the transition interval without changing the output) can reduce the transition time beyond the standard bang-bang-type inputs from the optimal state-transition approach. Moreover, the paper shows that, without pre- and post-actuation, the minimum transition time cannot be lower than the rigid-body, transition time with only the main actuator if the second actuator cannot apply external forces. An example, motivated by the disk-drive application, is used to illustrate the advantages of using: 1) pre- and post-actuation and 2) the second actuator in dual-stage positioning system.