cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Androdecidua endressii gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous of Georgia (United States): Further Floral Diversity in Hamamelidoideae (Hamamelidaceae)

The early history of Hamamelidaceae is currently documented by several reproductive structures from Late Cretaceous sediments of the Northern Hemisphere. Recently discovered floral remains from the late Santonian (Late Cretaceous) Allon locality, in central Georgia (United States), represent an additional extinct taxon, Androdecidua endressii gen. et sp. nov., which documents further floral diversity within Hamamelidaceae. The remains of A. endressii comprise the androecium and corolla of a whorled, pentamerous, and actinomorphic flower. Calyx and gynoecium are unknown. The androecium consists of 10 stamens arranged in two alternating whorls of five, with the stamen filaments fused at their bases. The five petals are fusiform and slightly dorsiventrally flattened. They are opposite and basally fused to the filament bases of the inner whorl of stamens. The stamens and petals detach as a unit from the floral receptacle. The stamens have distinct filament and anther and a prominent apical extension of the an...
Computational neuroanatomy of speech production

The study of speech production has largely been divided into investigations of lower-level articulatory motor control and of higher-level linguistic processing, with these research traditions rarely interacting. In this Opinion article, Hickok argues that these approaches have much to offer each other, and he presents a model of speech production that incorporates ideas from both research traditions and findings from neuroscientific studies of sensorimotor integration. Speech production has been studied predominantly from within two traditions, psycholinguistics and motor control. These traditions have rarely interacted, and the resulting chasm between these approaches seems to reflect a level of analysis difference: whereas motor control is concerned with lower-level articulatory control, psycholinguistics focuses on higher-level linguistic processing. However, closer examination of both approaches reveals a substantial convergence of ideas. The goal of this article is to integrate psycholinguistic and motor control approaches to speech production. The result of this synthesis is a neuroanatomically grounded, hierarchical state feedback control model of speech production.
Development and application of a crack tip opening displacement-based mixed mode fracture criterion

Abstract Consistent with experimental observations, a crack tip opening displacement (CTOD)-based, mixed mode fracture criterion is developed for predicting the onset and direction of crack growth. The criterion postulates that crack growth occurs in either Mode I or Mode II direction, depending upon whether the maximum in either the opening or the shear component of CTOD, measured at a specified distance behind the crack tip, attains a critical value. The proposed CTOD-based fracture criterion is implemented in two finite element codes to predict the stable tearing behavior of (a) a modified Arcan test specimen made of AL 2024-T3 and (b) a double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen made of AL 7050. Using the measured load-crack extension data as input, results from simulations of stable crack growth along experimentally measured crack paths for the Arcan specimen demonstrate that the CTOD values obtained in the simulations are in excellent agreement with the proposed criterion. Then, using the CTOD criterion as input, simulations of the Arcan and DCB specimens demonstrate that the CTOD fracture criterion successfully predicts (a) load-crack path data for both specimens, (b) load-crack extension behavior for the Arcan specimen and (c) load-load point displacement data for the DCB specimen.
Sensor Networking Testbed with IEEE 1451 Compatibility and Network Performance Monitoring

Design and implementation of a testbed for testing and verifying IEEE 1451-compatible sensor systems with network performance monitoring is of significant importance. The performance parameters measurement as well as decision support systems implementation will enhance the understanding of sensor systems with plug-and-play capabilities. The paper will present the design aspects for such a testbed environment under development at University of Houston in collaboration with NASA Stennis Space Center - SSST (smart sensor system testbed).
Rapid bactericidal effect of low pH against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Solutions with a pH of 3 or lower had a bactericidal effect within 60 s againstPseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative eubacteria in an assay based on the A.O.A.C. germicidal and detergent sanitizer assay. This effect was not observed on the Gram-positive eubacteria and yeasts examined. Acidification of disinfectants to improve their activity against Gram-negative eubacteria is a common practice. It is shown here that low pH itself can have a rapid bactericidal activity.
Nonaffective Acute Psychoses: Uncertainties on the Way to DSM-V and ICD-11

Since the early 20th century, a group of nonaffective psychoses with acute onset and brief duration have been described in different countries under various names, including cycloid psychosis, bouffee delirante, and reactive psychosis. These psychoses share several characteristics, including benign course, greater prevalence in women than men and in developing countries than in industrialized countries, and high prevalence of premorbid psychological and physiologic stressors. However, the variations in names and minute details of symptomatology have overshadowed the basic similarities across these various descriptions. Confusion in classification persists in the two contemporary diagnostic systems, the DSM-IV and the ICD-10. We believe that most cases of these psychoses could be captured under a broad, unified category of nonaffective psychosis with acute onset and brief duration, and urge the authors of the upcoming revisions of the DSM and ICD to create such a category. A unified diagnostic category for these disorders would reduce unnecessary fragmentation in the diagnostic systems and assist in the progress of research on these rare conditions.
Insecure attachment is an independent correlate of objective sleep disturbances in military veterans

Background Sleep disturbances and interpersonal problems are highly prevalent in military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and are associated with substantial comorbidities and increased healthcare costs. This study examines the association between interpersonal attachment styles and sleep in a high-risk cohort of military veterans with PTSD symptoms.
Leader Development Through Reading and Reflection

The current investigation serves to assess the usefulness, lessons learned, and leader development of eight male students in a senior level university leadership class based on reading and reflection. Thematic analysis of participants’ responses revealed three major themes to explain students’ lessons learned in leader development through journaling: (a) Relationship Development, (b) Technical Skill Development, and (c) Awareness Development. Support exists for the effectiveness of reading and reflection as a pedagogical tool for leader lesson development with a college-age sample.
Differential reactivity of Vβ9 T cells to minor lymphocyte stimulating antigen in vitro and in vivo

The monoclonal antibody (mAb) MR10-2 is specific for mouse T cells expressing the V beta 9 chain of T cell antigen receptor. This mAb reacts with 2% of peripheral T cells in a number of different strains of mice, but in mice expressing the minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls)-1a antigen, V beta 9+ T cells recognized by MR10-2 are deleted. However, we failed to demonstrate the Mls-1 a antigen-specific response of naive, non-activated V beta 9 T cells in vitro. On the other hand, T cells activated initially with anti-V beta 9 (MR10-2) mAb in vitro are capable of responding to the Mls-1a antigen. These results demonstrate that Mls-1a reactivity of V beta 9 T cells depends on the activation state of the T cells, suggesting a differential activation requirement between naive, non-activated T cells and previously activated T cells.
Vibrational contributions to rougheting; a study for the (111) and (100) FCC Lennard-Jones systems

It is well known that simple lattice-gas models of surfaces predict roughening temperatures (TR) for close packed faces, as determined by the temperature at which step free energies vanish, to be above the melting point. Further, these models predict TR to scale as the ratio of the number of inplane bonds for different faces. Vibrational contributions, in the form of line tensions and step entropies calculated in the harmonic limit, to the roughening temperature are calculated for the (111) and (100) faces of a face center cubic Lennard-Jones system. Inclusion of these effects reduces TR significantly to temperatures below the melting point and brings TR for the (111) and (100) closer together in agreement with experiment. However, the ordering of TR switches from that expected, that is the (111) transition now occurs below that of the (100). Local density of state spectra show the 〈011〉 step on the (100) face to exhibit localized high frequency vibration modes above the bulk continuum.
Cognitive restructuring treatment: A controlled trial with anxious patients

Abstract Cognitive restructuring, modified systematic desensitization and a combined treatment (cognitive behaviour modification) were compared with a no-treatment control group, using a simple randomized design. Twenty seven general anxiety out-patients selected from the hospital waiting list were used as subjects. Assessments were made at the beginning and end of treatment, and at follow-up 1 month later. The assessments included two subjective anxiety measures, the Zung self-rating anxiety scale and fear thermometer scores, a behavioural anxiety measure, a measure of cognitive anxiety as estimated by a diary recording of thinking time, fear survey schedule scores and I/E scores. Cognitive behaviour modification was found to be a superior form of treatment, relative to the no-treatment control and the other active treatment groups as assessed by FSS intensity score. The cognitive behaviour modification group showed greater improvement than the cognitive restructuring group on the diary anxiety scores. The results also demonstrated a relationship between outcome and initial severity of condition. The higher the subjects' initial scores on neurotic symptoms and subjective anxiety level, the greater the degree of positive change after treatment. Moreover, subjects with high levels of internal control prior to treatment responded most to therapy.
Collective rationality of group decisions in collaborative engineering

Collaborative engineering is a dynamic socio-technical activity where a team of stakeholders works collaboratively to make group decisions based on collective rationality. This paper examines various impossibility conditions and possibility requirements for the existence of collective rationality from both theoretical and practical standpoints. Arrow's Impossibility Theorem is examined in light of the special characteristics of collaborative engineering problems. Since from a theoretical standpoint, no social welfare function can satisfy Arrow's rationality conditions of group decisions, this paper suggests some practical methods to guide collaborative engineering teams through teamwork and task-work iterations to approach collective rationality systematically when making group decisions.
Estimation and Welfare Analysis With Large Demand Systems

We develop an approach for estimating individual or household level preferences for a large set of quality-differentiated goods and for constructing Hicksian welfare measures within the demand system framework. Our approach uses a maximum simulated likelihood procedure to recover estimates of the structural parameters and a multistage, Monte Carlo Markov chain algorithm for constructing Hicksian consumer surplus estimates. We illustrate our approach with a recreation dataset consisting of day trips to 62 Mid-Atlantic beaches.
Nonlinear response and failure characteristics of clamped internally pressurized graphite-epoxy cylindrical panels

The nonlinear response and failure characteristics of internally pressurized 4- to 16-ply cylindrical panels of graphite/epoxy are experimentally and analytically studied. Tests simulated the skin of a typical transport aircraft fuselage under loading to eventual failure. Aluminum test specimens were similarly tested and compared. All graphite/epoxy panels are found to withstand the internal pressures applied, which are well above the proof pressure loading expected for transport fuselage structures.
Dynamic Retention: A Technique for Closure of the Complex Abdomen in Critically Ill Patients

Management of the open abdomen in the setting of massive visceral swelling or extensive intra-abdominal abscess may pose an extremely difficult surgical scenario. We herein describe the technique and results of dynamic-retention sutures used in 13 patients with abdominal catastrophes after trauma, vascular reconstruction, tumor extirpation, and intra-abdominal infection. Three of these patients died during their acute care hospitalization. The remaining 10 patients were discharged to home with no resultant fistulas and 1 recurrent hernia (10%). Dynamic-retention sutures provide a useful technique for the closure of the complex surgical abdomen. We observed a low complication rate. In properly selected patients, this technique avoids the use of mesh or additional surgical procedures such as skin grafting or plastic surgical reconstruction of the abdominal wall.
Dynamic continuity of nuclear and mitotic matrix proteins in the cell cycle

The eukaryotic cell nucleus is a membrane-enclosed compartment containing the genome and associated molecules supported by a highly insoluble filamentous network known as the nucleoskeleton or nuclear matrix. The nuclear matrix is believed to play roles in maintaining nuclear architecture and organizing nuclear metabolism. Recently, advances in microscopic techniques and the availability of new molecular probes have made it possible to localize functional domains within the nuclear matrix and demonstrate dynamic interactions between both soluble and insoluble components involved in the control of multiple nuclear transactions. Like the cytoplasm and its skeleton, the nucleoplasm is highly structured and very crowded with an equally complex skeletal framework. In fact, there is growing evidence that the two skeletal systems are functionally contiguous, providing a dynamic cellular matrix connecting the cell surface with the genome. If we impose cell cycle dynamics upon this skeletal organization, it is obvious that the genome and associated nuclear matrix must undergo a major structural transition during mitosis, being disassembled and/or reorganized in late G2 and reassembled again in daughter nuclei. However, recent evidence from our laboratory and elsewhere suggests that much of the nuclear matrix is used to form the mitotic apparatus (MA). Indeed, both facultative and constitutive matrix-associated proteins such as NuMA, CENP-B, CENP-F, and the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) associate within and around the MA. During mitosis, the nuclear matrix proteins may either become inert "passengers" or assume critical functions in partitioning the genome into newly formed G1 nuclei. Therefore, we support the view that the nuclear matrix exists as a dynamic architectural continuum, embracing the genome and maintaining cellular regulation throughout the cell cycle.
Can diabetes be cured?: potential biological and mechanical approaches.

FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DIABETES, THE ULTIMATE HOPE IS cure. But how will this cure ever be realized? If the answer was obvious, all effort would be directed to it, and a Manhattan Project model would succeed. But not knowing where the cure will be found, a series of diverse approaches must be pursued, with the hope that at least one will prove successful. The broad paths to a cure may be considered either biological and surgical or mechanical.
Contrast and reinforcement in consumption

Abstract In three experiments negative contrast in consummatory responding was measured, as well as the preference for the flavor associated with the lesser reinforcer. In all experiments one flavor of saccharin was given on days that chocolate milk occurred and another flavor was given on days with no chocolate milk. For some groups the saccharin preceded chocolate milk, for others the order of chocolate milk and saccharin was random, and for others the saccharin followed the chocolate milk. In all experiments rats suppressed consumption of the lesser reinforcer during training (negative contrast) but preferred the flavor of saccharin that had accompanied chocolate milk to the flavor of saccharin that occurred alone. This suggests that contrast is not a reflection of reduced reward value of the lesser reinforcer. Instead some negative reaction to receiving the lesser reinforcer during training must suppress consumption.
Heme oxygenase-1 protects brain from acute excitotoxicity.

Heme oxygenase is a rate-limiting enzyme that degrades heme, a pro-oxidant, into carbon monoxide, iron, and bilirubin. Heme oxygenase has two active isoforms: heme oxygenase-1 and heme oxygenase-2. Heme oxygenase-1 can be induced by various insults. Several investigators have postulated that it has cytoprotective activities, although its role in the nervous system is not fully understood, especially considering that normally heme oxygenase-2 accounts for the vast majority of heme oxygenase activity in the brain. Here, the basal effect of heme oxygenase-1 was investigated in acute glutamatergic excitotoxicity to test the hypothesis that N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced acute toxicity in brain is attenuated by heme oxygenase-1. N-methyl-d-aspartate was unilaterally injected into the striatum of wildtype and heme oxygenase-1 knockout mice. After 48 h, brains were harvested, sectioned, and stained with Cresyl Violet to measure the lesion size. Lesion volume was significantly (P<0.05) greater in brains of heme oxygenase-1 knockout mice (15.2±3.1 mm3; n=10) than in those of wildtype mice (6.2±1.5 mm3; n=11). In addition, Western blot analysis indicated no detectable differences between wildtype and heme oxygenase-1 knockout mouse brains in the levels of the glutamate or N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors studied. To test whether heme oxygenase-1 could specifically protect neurons, mouse primary neuronal cell cultures of wildtype and heme oxygenase-1 knockout mice were treated with or without N-methyl-d-aspartate. Cell viability of the heme oxygenase-1 knockout neurons was significantly less than that of wildtype neurons at each of the N-methyl-d-aspartate concentrations tested (12.8±1.3%, 16.0±1.4%, and 18.4±1.8% at 30, 100, and 300 μM N-methyl-d-aspartate, respectively). These results indicate that heme oxygenase-1 provides neuroprotection against acute excitotoxicity and suggest that potential intervention that can increase heme oxygenase-1 activity within the brain should be considered as a therapeutic target in acute and potentially chronic neurological disorders.
Doctorow's Billy Bathgate and Sophocles's Oedipus Rex

(2006). Doctorow's Billy Bathgate and Sophocles's Oedipus Rex. The Explicator: Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 177-180.
A Reform for Troubled Times: Takeovers of Urban Schools

Increasing pressure to improve low-performing schools—particularly those in central cities serving disadvantaged and minority students—has led to a host of reform efforts. This article focuses on a strategy that involves takeovers of troubled schools or entire systems by mayors, state legislatures, or control boards. Following the takeover of the Jersey City, New Jersey, schools in 1989, at least partial control of schools has been taken from elected boards in Chicago, Baltimore, Cleveland, Washington, D.C., and Detroit. Discussed in this article are some of the major issues involved with takeovers, including arguments for and against the practice, the policy questions it raises, and the all-important role race has played in the debate. The authors close with thoughts for evaluating the effectiveness of this increasingly popular, yet unproven, attempt at reforming low-achieving schools.
Ryanodine receptors: structure and macromolecular interactions

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs), a class of intracellular calcium release channels, are the largest ion channels known. Recently, cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstructions of isolated receptors have shown that most of the protein mass forms a porous, multidomain cytoplasmic assembly. Evidence is mounting that suggests that the cytoplasmic assembly communicates with the transmembrane regions over distances of 100 or greater. RyRs are centrally important in excitation-contraction coupling, which occurs at specialized regions where the sarcoplasmic reticulum, containing the RyRs, and the plasma membrane/transverse-tubule system form junctions. Numerous proteins are present at these junctions, some of which interact directly with the RyR.
Dead Hookers and Las Vegas: A Response to the Critics of my Article and the War in Iraq

America and its allies took a bold step in launching a pre-emptive strike hoping to create a safer and better world. They did not possess a complete knowledge of the facts. They did not present a simple calculus to justify the action. They decided it was better to act than twiddle their thumbs wondering when and how a menacing regime would fulfill its threats. Their critics might prove them wrong. The pretext for going to war was questionable. The attempt to change the political landscape seems doomed to failure. But foolish people are the ones who dare to dream and act. Their activity is less than perfect and their success never guaranteed, but sometimes the God of all mercy uses what cannot stand on its own merit and effort and blesses it through the omnipotence of his will.
On the Validity of Assumptions to Incorporate Absorption in Monte Carlo Simulations

Incorporation of absorption in Monte Carlo simulations of light transport in tissue is widely achieved by assuming photon packets and equal fractional loss per step. We report differences between this method and more rigorous algorithms under conditions common in biomedical optics research.
Development of Radiation-Hard Fiber for IFOGs

This paper will report on the development of fiber for IFOG sense coils and fiber light sources deployed in radiation environments. Radiation hard polarization-maintaining fibers have been demonstrated.
“Kharaak Kita Oi!”: Masculinity, Caste, and Gender in Punjabi Films:

This article explores the representations of masculinity and gender in Pakistani Punjabi films. From the 1970s, Punjabi films that depicted the quest for revenge in rural backdrops emerged as the m...
Brugia malayi: effects of antibacterial agents on larval viability and development in vitro.

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that intracellular Wolbachia bacteria are necessary for reproduction and survival of adult filarial worms. We now report results of in vitro studies of effects of antibacterial antibiotics (tetracycline, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, azithromycin, and doxycycline) on Brugia malayi infective larvae (L3) motility and molting. All of the antibiotics tested except chloramphenicol decreased L3 motility by 50% or more at 10 days, with minimal effective concentrations (MECs) of 20–100 μg/ml. Tetracyclines, rifampicin, and chloramphenicol inhibited L3 to L4 molting by 12 days in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with MECs in the range of 1–20 μg/ml. These studies show that antibiotics active against Rickettsiaceae inhibit B. malayi L3 molting at low concentrations in vitro; higher concentrations kill the larvae. While it is possible that antibiotics directly affect filarial L3, we believe it is more likely that the effects seen are indirect effects related to bacterial killing. Index Descriptors and Abbreviations: Brugia malayi; Filarioidea; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachia; antibiotics; NI-medium; NCTC-135 and IMDM, Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium; FCS, fetal calf serum; Tet, tetracycline; Rif, rifampicin; Chlor, chloramphenicol; Azith, azithromycin; Doxy, doxycycline; IM, incomplete molting larvae; MEC, minimum effective concentration; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.
Molecular cloning of YlPMR1, a S. cerevisiae PMR1 homologue encoding a novel P-type secretory pathway Ca2+ -ATPase, in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica.

Abstract A novel P-type ATPase gene, Saccharomyces cerevisiae PMR1 homologue (YlPMR1), has been cloned and sequenced in the yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica. The putative gene product has 928 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 100 050 Da and a pI of 5.15. The deduced amino-acid sequence analysis demonstrated that the cloned gene product contains all 10 of the conserved regions in P-type ATPases and exhibits 55% amino-acid identity to the S. cerevisiae PMR1 gene product; however, it shows a relatively lower homology to PMCA (24%) and SERCA (33%), confirming the presence of a third class of Ca2+-ATPase (secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase, SPCA). The YlPMR1-disrupted strain shows defective growth in low Ca2+ or EGTA-containing medium. In fact, a longer lag time (60 h) was observed in YlPMR1-defective mutant cells during cultivation in EGTA-containing YPD medium. These growth defects were overcome by adding Ca2+ and Mn2+ into the medium. Interestingly, whereas Mn2+ inhibits growth of the control strain, it significantly improves the growth of YlPMR1-disrupted cells. These results suggest an involvement of the YlPMR1 gene product in Ca2+ and Mn2+ ion homeostasis in Y. lipolytica.
Immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive factors in human cancer ascites fluids: effect on the primary plaque-forming response in vitro.

Abstract Immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory activity of human cancer ascitic fluids has been examined using the in vitro primary plaque-forming cell response (PFR) to sheep erythrocytes (Mishell-Dutton assay). We have prepared three fractions of ascitic fluid by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Suppressive activity occurred in the fraction which was insoluble at 50% of saturation but not those fractions which precipitated at 30 or 80% of saturation. The fractions which were precipitated at 30 and 80% were stimulatory in the assay system. Normal human serum also had suppressive activity in the fraction precipitated at 50% of saturation but not as much as was found in ascitic fluid. Serum did not yield any fractions with stimulatory activity.
Process Re-Design for Enhanced Human Performance.

Faced with sophisticated global competition, companies arc busily reinventing themselves. This offers an opportunity for performance technologists t.o re-think the value added component of their contribution to enhanc-ing human performance. In this eval u-ation. the four values of speed, simplicity, stretch, and self-conlidenco assume a central role. Design, as in the past, is key, but design must, be founded on the assumption that all human performance involves a process or combination of processes. Furthermore, processes are subject to variability of one kind or another, variability that is either predictable or random. It is argued that a process orientation, rather than a focus on inputs and outputs, offers performance technologists a more direct way of contributing to the realization of key business goals and more effectively focuses training and development on performance issues. Process re-design is a key strategy in the realization of these two goals.
Evaluation of slip feed system for vapor-phase bioreactors

This study evaluated the ability of a slip feed system to maintain the pollutant-degrading activity of biomass in a vapor phase bioreactor during periods of little or no contaminant feed. Three slip feed fractions (1, 5, and 9% by mass) were investigated in a bioreactor treating toluene-contaminated air. Results indicate that the slip feed system improved the contaminant degradation capacity in the carbon-deprived bioreactor zones by approximately 30% regardless of the slip feed fraction supplied. This yielded a 10–20% improvement in toluene removal efficiency when the entire bioreactor column was subjected to a sudden threefold spike in toluene loading. When a 12% slip feed was supplied to the bioreactor during a short-term (3 days) or longer-term (1 week) shutdown period, it reduced the reacclimation time required following restart by as much as 70%. These results indicate that as long as the biomass receives at least a trace of the pollutant by means of a slip feed system, it can maintain sufficient po...
Evaluation of distributed finite element algorithms on a workstation network

This paper discusses the design, implementation and evaluation of linear finite element programs that distribute their computations over a network of workstations. We consider five different algorithms based on direct, iterative and hybrid equation solvers, each of which partitions and maps the model domain across conventional network hardware. A software architecture based on the client-server model distributes the computations and, at the language level, Berkeley sockets enable communication between processes. We evaluate and describe the performance of these algorithms in terms of execution time and speed-up, and we conclude that distributed solvers, particularly those based on substructuring and static condensation, can be effective even on high-latency communication networks.
Transcriptome sequencing reveals both neutral and adaptive genome dynamics in a marine invader.

Species invasions cause significant ecological and economic damage, and genetic information is important to understanding and managing invasive species. In the ocean, many invasive species have high dispersal and gene flow, lowering the discriminatory power of traditional genetic approaches. High-throughput sequencing holds tremendous promise for increasing resolution and illuminating the relative contributions of selection and drift in marine invasion, but has not yet been used to compare the diversity and dynamics of a high-dispersal invader in its native and invaded ranges. We test a transcriptome-based approach in the European green crab (Carcinus maenas), a widespread invasive species with high gene flow and a well-known invasion history, in two native and five invasive populations. A panel of 10 809 transcriptome-derived nuclear SNPs identified significant population structure among highly bottlenecked invasive populations that were previously undifferentiated with traditional markers. Comparing the full data set and a subset of 9246 putatively neutral SNPs strongly suggested that non-neutral processes are the primary driver of population structure within the species' native range, while neutral processes appear to dominate in the invaded range. Non-neutral native range structure coincides with significant differences in intraspecific thermal tolerance, suggesting temperature as a potential selective agent. These results underline the importance of adaptation in shaping intraspecific differences even in high geneflow marine invasive species. They also demonstrate that high-throughput approaches have broad utility in determining neutral structure in recent invasions of such species. Together, neutral and non-neutral data derived from high-throughput approaches may increase the understanding of invasion dynamics in high-dispersal species.
Lateral dynamics of flight on a great circle.

The lateral stability of a hypersonic vehicle representative of a space shuttle or hypersonic transport is calculated at two lift coefficients at speeds up to parabolic. Linearized equations of motion are used and Newtonian Impact Theory is utilized for stability derivative estimation. The damping in the natural modes is very small or negative, the dominant motion being an extension of the conventional Dutch Roll mode. The mode is unstable for high subcircular speeds. Coupling of the roll-convergence and spiral modes occurs at about 40% of circular speed and after decoupling, some instability exists at supercircular speeds. A new undamped mode describing lateral position variation's found exactly. The results are not very sensitive to CL and approximations to the modes are discussed and compared with the numerical solutions.
Response of a biphasic poly(n‐hexyl isocyanate)/p‐xylene solution to applied high electric fields

The effect of a high electric field on a solution of a lyotropic liquid-crystalline polymer, poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) in p-xylene, was studied. The application of a high-voltage alternating-current electric field to the biphasic solution resulted in an elongation of the nematic domains in the field direction, the degree of elongation varying approximately with the square of the electric field. At a constant field, the extent of elongation decreased, varying inversely with the frequency in an exponential fashion. The domain structure and thus the molecular orientation were examined to explain these electric field effects. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1124–1133, 2005
Kinetic behavior of LiFeMgPO4 cathode material for Li-ion batteries

Abstract LiFe0.9Mg0.1PO4 material was prepared by mechanical milling method, followed by heat treatment. The equilibrium potential-composition isotherm of LiFe0.9Mg0.1PO4 and charge–discharge kinetics of LiFe0.9Mg0.1PO4 were measured using galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), potential-step chronoamperometry (PSCA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The rate performance of the cathode is controlled by the charge-transfer kinetics, electronic conductivity, Li-ion diffusion capability, and phase transformation rate. Since LiFe0.9Mg0.1PO4 has a fast charge-transfer reaction and high electronic and ionic diffusivity, the phase transformation between LiFe0.9Mg0.1PO4 and Li0.1Fe0.9Mg0.1PO4 begins to play a more important role in the charge–discharge process, as is evident by an inductive loop induced by the phase transformation in the low frequency region of EIS. The phase purity and morphology of LiFe0.9Mg0.1PO4 were also observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Peroperative evaluation of the viability of ischaemic colon in primates

SUMMARY An experimental model of’ ischaemic colitis was produced in 14 rhesus monkeys by complete vascular occlusion to the splenic flexure for periods varying from 4 to 8.5 hours. Clinical assessment of bowel viability following revascularization was inaccurate in 10 monkeys. Reactive hyperaemia was quantitatively measured using 99mtechnetium-tagged albumin microspheres and this correlated well with autopsy findingsa marked hyperaemic response suggested a transient form of ischaemic colitis; a diminished or absent hyperaemic response predicted the development of strictures or gangrene of the colon segment. A clinical trial is currently being organized to assess the viability of ischaemic bowel at laparotomy. MARSTON’S clinical classification (Marston et a]., 1966) of ischaemic colitis into transient, stricturing and gangrenous forms is not useful for predicting the eventual course of a segment of ischaemic colon found at laparotomy. A one-stage resection and anastomosis procedure is potentially hazardous since the extent of infarction is uncertain and the suture line may lie in an ischaemic area. In this experiment the degree of damage caused to the colon by ischaemia to the splenic flexure of rhesus monkeys was quantitatively assessed using 991’1Tc albumin microspheres to measure the reactive hyperaemia following revascularization. The end result of ischaemic colitis was thus predicted and was compared with autopsy
On the mechanism of open flavor strong decays

Open-flavor strong decays are mediated by $q\overline{q}$ pair production, which is known to occur dominantly with $^{3}P_{0}$ quantum numbers. The relation of the phenomenological $^{3}P_{0}$ model of these decays to "microscopic" QCD decay mechanisms has never been established clearly. In this paper we investigate $q\overline{q}$ meson decay amplitudes assuming pair production from the scalar confining interaction ($\mathrm{sKS}$) and from one gluon exchange (OGE). $\mathrm{sKS}$ pair production predicts decay amplitudes of approximately the correct magnitude and $\frac{D}{S}$ amplitude ratios in ${b}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${a}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}$ which are close to experiment. The OGE decay amplitude is found to be subdominant in most cases, a notable exception being $^{3}P_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{1}S_{0}+^{1}S_{0}$. The full $\mathrm{sKs}$ + OGE amplitudes differ significantly from $^{3}P_{0}$ model predictions in some channels and can be distinguished experimentally, for example, through an accurate comparison of the $\frac{D}{S}$ amplitude ratios in ${b}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${a}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}$.
Adding Instructional Features That Promote Learning in a Game-Like Environment

Students learned about electrical circuits in an arcade-type game consisting of 10 levels. For example, in one level students saw two circuits consisting of various batteries and resistors connected in series or parallel, and had to indicate which one had a higher rate of moving current. On levels 1–9, all students received a correct tone and had points added to their score for a correct answer, or an incorrect tone and a loss of points for an incorrect answer. Students performed more accurately on an embedded transfer test in level 10 if they also had to choose the correct principle for each answer from a list on levels 1–9 (self-explanation condition, d = .91), if they received explanative feedback that stated the principle on levels 1–9 (explanative feedback condition, d = .68), or both (d = 1.03). Results indicate the role of prompts for reflection and direct guidance as effective supplements to learning by doing in an educational game.
Are Studies of Dark Side Variables Confounded by Socially Desirable Responding? The Case of Materialism

Socially desirable responding (SDR) is the tendency of individuals to make themselves look good according to current cultural norms when answering researchers' questions. For over 50 years in the social sciences, SDR has been a complex and controversial issue, typically viewed as a contaminating response bias. Meanwhile, most consumer researchers have neglected SDR, including those studying sensitive “dark side” topics where SDR could have an especially detrimental impact on research conclusions. This article reviews conceptual, measurement, and statistical analysis issues related to SDR. Two surveys are then reported that explore the effect of SDR on testing propositions about the nomological network surrounding the materialism value. Implications and recommendations are discussed for investigating SDR in consumer research, including opportunities for future contributions.
Crab cavity development for the Cornell B-factory, CESR-B

The present approach to a CESR B-factory is to divide the desired beam current of 1-2 A into a large number of low-current bunches, which helps reduce detector backgrounds. To fit 230 bunches into the CESR size ring, they need to be very closely spaced, eliminating room for any conventional separators. Instead, small (12 mrad) crossing angle is considered, which may cause harmful coupling between synchrotron and betatron motion. By rotating the bunches before collision ('crabbing') so they collide head-on, and then rotating them back so they pass through the arcs normally, this dangerous coupling can be eliminated. It is shown that the needed transverse kick of approximately 2 MV can be achieved with one single-cell superconducting cavity, operating in the TM110 mode at 500 MHz, while keeping the surface electric field below 25 MV/m to avoid excessive field emission. The cell design allows all modes higher in frequency than the crab mode to propagate out the beam pipe absorbers. Some 1.5-GHz niobium cavities have been tested to study the multiplicating behavior of the TM110 mode. >
Development of an expressed sequence tag (EST) resource for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): EST generation, unigene analysis, probe selection and bioinformatics for a 16,000-locus bin-delineated map

This report describes the rationale, approaches, organization, and resource development leading to a large-scale deletion bin map of the hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) wheat genome (Triticum aestivum L.). Accompanying reports in this issue detail results from chromosome bin-mapping of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) representing genes onto the seven homoeologous chromosome groups and a global analysis of the entire mapped wheat EST data set. Among the resources developed were the first extensive public wheat EST collection (113,220 ESTs). Described are protocols for sequencing, sequence processing, EST nomenclature, and the assembly of ESTs into contigs. These contigs plus singletons (unassembled ESTs) were used for selection of distinct sequence motif unigenes. Selected ESTs were rearrayed, validated by 5′ and 3′ sequencing, and amplified for probing a series of wheat aneuploid and deletion stocks. Images and data for all Southern hybridizations were deposited in databases and were used by the coordinators for each of the seven homoeologous chromosome groups to validate the mapping results. Results from this project have established the foundation for future developments in wheat genomics.
Multichannel 2-D AR spectrum estimation

Spectral estimation for multiple 2-D signals by autoregressive modeling is discussed. The procedure computes the entire spectral matrix of autospectra and cross spectra for the set of 2-D signals. Specific differences between AR models for this problem and those for lower dimensional problems are discussed. Experimental results are presented. >
CATEGORY WIDTH AND QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE.

In an effort to clarify the reported correlation between breadth of categorization and quantitative aptitude, the Pettigrew category-width task was administered along with three specially-constructed quantitative aptitude tests—one having a multiple-choice format with widely-spaced alternatives, one a multiple-choice format with narrowly-spaced alternatives, and one a free-response format. Preference for broad category widths was only marginally related to the free-response quantitative test but was substantially related to the form with widely-spaced alternatives. The negligible correlation between category-width preferences and the narrowly-spaced quantitative form suggests that the narrow spacing penalizes the broad categorizer by disrupting the “approximation” strategy he may tend to employ on a multiple-choice quantitative test.
Onboard classifiers for science event detection on a remote sensing spacecraft

Typically, data collected by a spacecraft is downlinked to Earth and preprocessed before any analysis is performed. We have developed classifiers that can be used onboard a spacecraft to identify high priority data for downlink to Earth, providing a method for maximizing the use of a potentially bandwidth limited downlink channel. Onboard analysis can also enable rapid reaction to dynamic events, such as flooding, volcanic eruptions or sea ice break-up.Four classifiers were developed to identify cryosphere events using hyperspectral images. These classifiers include a manually constructed classifier, a Support Vector Machine (SVM), a Decision Tree and a classifier derived by searching over combinations of thresholded band ratios. Each of the classifiers was designed to run in the computationally constrained operating environment of the spacecraft. A set of scenes was hand-labeled to provide training and testing data. Performance results on the test data indicate that the SVM and manual classifiers outperformed the Decision Tree and band-ratio classifiers with the SVM yielding slightly better classifications than the manual classifier.The manual and SVM classifiers have been uploaded to the EO-1 spacecraft and have been running onboard the spacecraft for over a year. Results of the onboard analysis are used by the Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment (ASE) of NASA's New Millennium Program onboard EO-1 to automatically target the spacecraft to collect follow-on imagery. The software demonstrates the potential for future deep space missions to use onboard decision making to capture short-lived science events.
Comparing single-server loss systems in random environment

Considers a single-server loss system in a random environment. The environment is determined by a finite-state Markov process. When the environment is in state i, the arrival process is Poisson with rate /spl lambda//sub i/, and the service time is exponential with rate /spl mu//sub i/=1,/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/m. We show that the blocking probability of this system is bounded from below (above) by that of the same system with a more (less) regular arrival and service pattern. This result supports Ross's conjecture (1978) that the blocking probability is smaller when the arrival process is more regular and suggests its validity in scenarios with dependent arrival and service processes. Such structural properties are useful in obtaining bounds and approximations for system performance. We then fix the marginal service (arrival) process and search for an arrival (service) process with the same long-run rate that minimizes the blocking probability. It is shown that the optimal solution is the one such that the arrival and service rates are proportional. This result is in contrary with the case of independent arrival and service processes, where the system performance reaches its minimum when the arrival is replaced by Poisson, and it provides insight into the understanding of the effect of nonstationarity on system performance.
Maternal Thyroid Hormones in Japanese Quail Eggs and Their Influence on Embryonic Development

We addressed the relationship between the thyroid status of hens and the thyroid hormone content of their eggs, as well as the influences of egg hormones on embryonic development. Methods for measuring thyroid hormones in egg yolk were verified by demonstrating consistency in the recovery of yolk thyroid hormones following a methanol/chloroform extraction and in the measurement of thyroid hormones by RIA for a range of hormone concentrations in yolk extracts. Untreated hens produced eggs with yolk thyroxine (T4) concentrations that were low relative to plasma T4, but yolk triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations comparable to those of plasma. Hens dosed twice daily with T4(1 or 3× the daily thyroid secretion rate, TSR, of T4per dose) had significantly higher plasma and egg yolk T4concentrations than did control hens dosed with saline. In general, the T4concentration of egg yolk varied with the thyroid status of the hen. When the relationship between each hen's plasma T4and the yolk T4concentration of her eggs was examined, hens appeared to regulate T4deposition into yolk at “levels” characteristic of the “levels” of thyroid status produced by the different doses of T4. Embryonic pelvic cartilage, a thyroid hormone-responsive tissue, showed enhanced growth and differentiation in embryos from eggs of hens given the highest dose of T4. Specifically, alkaline phosphatase activity (a marker of differentiation) and pelvic cartilage wet and dry weights were significantly greater in embryos from high T4eggs (hens on the 3× TSR dose) than those in controls. However, embryos from high T4eggs did not differ in general body growth (body weight, length, and general morphology) or hatchability compared to controls. In a single T3experiment, hens were dosed twice daily with 1 μg T3. The embryos from eggs of these hens had accelerated differentiation/maturation of pelvic cartilages (sampled at Day 12) compared to those from control eggs; body growth did not differ from that of controls.