cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiscale Modeling of Glioblastoma Suggests that the Partial Disruption of Vessel/Cancer Stem Cell Crosstalk Can Promote Tumor Regression Without Increasing Invasiveness

Objective: In glioblastoma, the crosstalk between vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and glioma stem cells (GSCs) has been shown to enhance tumor growth. We propose a multiscale mathematical model to study this mechanism, explore tumor growth under various initial and microenvironmental conditions, and investigate the effects of blocking this crosstalk. Methods: We develop a hybrid continuum-discrete model of highly organized vascularized tumors. VEC-GSC crosstalk is modeled via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by tumor cells and by secretion of soluble factors by VECs that promote GSC self-renewal and proliferation. Results: VEC-GSC crosstalk increases both tumor size and GSC fraction by enhancing GSC activity and neovascular development. VEGF promotes vessel formation, and larger VEGF sources typically increase vessel numbers, which enhances tumor growth and stabilizes the tumor shape. Increasing the initial GSC fraction has a similar effect. Partially disrupting the crosstalk by blocking VEC secretion of GSC promoters reduces tumor size but does not increase invasiveness, which is in contrast to antiangiogenic therapies, which reduce tumor size but may significantly increase tumor invasiveness. Significance: Multiscale modeling supports the targeting of VEC-GSC crosstalk as a promising approach for cancer therapy.
Local and long-range magnetic order of the spin-3/2 system CoSb 2 O 6

The ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ ions of ${\mathrm{CoSb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ exhibit local magnetic order below $\ensuremath{\sim}80$ K followed by long-range antiferromagnetic order below ${T}_{N}=13.45$ K. Analysis of the magnetic susceptibility above ${T}_{N}$ using an Ising model of Co-Co dimers yields a magnetic exchange coupling ${J}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}/{k}_{\mathrm{B}}=\ensuremath{-}10.603(6)$ K (${k}_{\mathrm{B}}$ is the Boltzmann constant). The transition at ${T}_{N}$ is accompanied by a spin gap in the heat capacity $[{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{2}/{k}_{\mathrm{B}}=33.92(9)$ K]. Highly anisotropic behavior of the thermal expansion is observed, and the influence of local magnetic order is evident. A critical exponent of $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.103(3)$ is obtained from analysis of the critical behavior of the heat capacity and thermal expansion near ${T}_{N}$, similar to the value expected for the three-dimensional Ising universality class.
Toward Direct Observation of the DNA Binding Dynamics of Monomeric Type IIP Restriction Endonucleases

Restriction endonucleases (REases) are enzymes that cleave duplex DNA at a recognition site specified by a particular nucleotide sequence. These enzymes are found in a wide range of bacterial species, and serve as a defense against infection by phage. Type IIP REases are typically antiparallel homodimers that recognize a palindromic DNA sequence and cleave within or close to the recognition site. However, some Type IIP REases cleave pseudopalindromic sequences, and some of these may be active as monomers. It is hypothesized that these monomeric REases sequentially cleave the two complementary strands of duplex DNA during a single DNA binding event. Since the two strands of DNA are antiparallel, after cleaving one strand, a monomeric REase would be required to rotate about the axis perpendicular to the DNA to be properly oriented to cleave the second strand. This type of reorientation is known a “flipping”. Although only a small number of proteins have been observed reorienting in this way, protein flipping may play an important role in binding to a specific DNA sequence. Direct observation of flipping during DNA cleavage will greatly improve our understanding of how monomeric REases mediate double strand breaks. We are currently using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to observe REase-mediated cleavage of quantum dot-labeled DNA at the single-molecule level. In our highly multiplexed assay, the disappearance of a quantum dot indicates cleavage of the DNA that tethers it to a functionalized glass coverslip. We plan to utilize single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to trace individual monomeric REases in real time through the entire process of DNA cleavage from substrate binding to product release. Our observations should provide significant insight into the mechanism by which these enzymes cleave duplex DNA.
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF OAT FLOUR AND OAT BRAN

Oat flour, the by-product resulting from commercial production of oat bran, was analyzed to contain 7.7% moisture, 11% CP, 6% crude fat, 8.8% NDF, 1.56% ash (.10% Ca, .23% P), 4,265 kcal/kg GE, .41% lysine, .36% threonine, .17% tryptophan, .21% methionine and .34% cystine. Chick bioassays revealed that lysine and threonine were the first- and second-limiting amino acids in oat flour. Slope-ratio protein quality assessment indicated that the protein quality of oat flour was similar to that of dehulled soybean meal. True ME (corrected for N retention, i.e., TMEn) of oat flour for adult cockerels was 3,726 kcal/kg. A P bioavailability assay with chicks indicated that the P in oat flour was 59.7% bioavailable relative to a KH2PO4 standard. Oat bran was analyzed to contain 9.7% moisture, 15% CP, 6.2% crude fat, 19.2% NDF, 2.33% ash (.12% Ca, .41% P), 4,316 kcal/kg GE, .59% lysine, .47% threonine, .18% tryptophan, .24% methionine and .44% cystine. Protein quality assessment in chicks indicated that the protein quality of oat bran was similar to that of dehulled soybean meal. True MEn of oat bran was found to be 3,449 kcal/kg. Of the .41% total phosphorus in oat bran, 42.2% was bioavailable, relative to the KH2PO4 standard.
Treatment of periprosthetic joint infection of the elbow: 15-year experience at a single institution.

Background Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) can be complicated by periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) with potentially catastrophic failure. The purpose of this study was to describe the results of elbow PJI treatment at a tertiary-care referral center. Methods An institutional TEA database was queried for infection and reoperation after TEA. Patients who underwent irrigation and debridement (ID mean age, 64.3 years) were treated for PJI of TEA. There were 3 polymicrobial infections (11.5%) and 13 Staphylococcus aureus infections (50%) (4 methicillin resistant); 6 patients (23.1%) had negative culture results. Ten patients (38.5%) underwent I&D and component retention, with 5 of those patients (5 of 10, 50%) having recurrent infection at an average of 3.1 years (range, 0.25-7.8 years) after I&D. Of 16 patients who underwent antibiotic spacer placement, 12 (75%) underwent 2-stage reimplantation of a TEA. Among those with reimplantation, 4 of 12 (33.3%) required reoperation. In 3 of 12 (25.0%), reoperation was required for infection, whereas 1 of 12 (8.3%) required surgery for mechanical complications. Conclusion Two-stage revision results in a decreased rate of recurrent PJI. Certain patients (those with poor health or well-fixed components) may be more suitable for I&D and component retention, with a demonstrated 50% success rate over a period of 3 years. Longer-term follow-up may result in higher reinfection rates in both groups.
Understanding Non-functional Requirements for Precollege Engineering Technologies

The design of accessible learning technologies for precollege engineering education is a multi-faceted problem that must take into account a multitude of physical, social, and environmental factors. Using literature reviews and assessment by a participant observer during an 18-hour intervention with a local middle school, we propose that the elicitation of non-functional requirements for precollege learning technologies can be better understood by dividing schools in clusters which share similar resources and constraints. Developers can utilize the proposed scheme as a means to establish minimal criteria that learning technologies must satisfice to be viable for adoption by a wider range of users and better meet the needs and priorities of students and educators.
The nucleotides they are a-changin’: function of RNA binding proteins in post-transcriptional messenger RNA editing and modification in Arabidopsis

During and after transcription, the fate of an RNA molecule is almost entirely directed by the cohorts of interacting RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBPs regulate all stages of the life cycle of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, including splicing, polyadenylation, transport out of the nucleus, RNA stability, and translation. In addition to these functions, RBPs can function to modify or edit the sequences encoded by the RNA. While the sequence for each transcript is determined in the genome, by the time an RNA reaches its final fate, the sequence may have been edited, where one nucleotide is converted to another, or modified, where a chemical group, or sometimes others moieties, are covalently linked to a nucleotide base. These changes to the RNA sequence have major consequences on the function of the RNA. Additionally, variation in the levels of the RBPs that perform the editing or modification can drastically affect the fitness of an organism. Here, we review RBPs that are known to edit or modify RNA ribonucleotides, focusing on the RNA editing ability of the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins and the RBPs that modify adenosine to N6- methyladenosine.
When a speaker is reported as having said so

What do speech reports tell us about the act being reported? When such a question is pursued in connection with reports of the form ‘S said that p,’ answers typically focus on the semantic content of the speech act. Indeed, there is a familiar line of research that aims to exploit our understanding of (the truth and falsity of) speech reports, in order to reach conclusions about the semantic content of sentences or expressions (see e.g. Evans, 1982; Kaplan 1989a, 1989b; Soames 1989; Heck 1995; though see Cappelen and Lepore 1997 for objections to this approach). In this chapter I want to focus attention on another matter: the illocutionary force of the act being reported. In particular, I want to argue that there is a use of speech reports of a related form (and involving the same verb ‘to say’), reflection on which can help us discern aspects of the force of the act being reported. The use I have in mind is what I call the buck-passing use of speech reports, as when one speaker, challenged to defend a claim or belief of hers, does so by reporting another speaker as having said so. The thesis of this paper is that the legitimacy of this practice depends on two key pragmatic features of the reported speech. This result can be seen as establishing a non-trivial desideratum for theories of the illocutionary force of the type(s) of act in question.
Preferential Release of Glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol Anchored Proteins from Human Red Blood Cells during Vesiculation

Most membrane proteins are attached to the lipid bilayer by means of one or more stretches of relatively hydrophobic amino acid residues. Until recently, it was assumed that the interactions between proteins and lipids that generate the structural integrity of a membrane were non-covalent. In the past few years, a number of proteins were discovered containing covalently attached lipids, such as fatty acids. In most cases the attached lipids did not seem to function as the sole attachment of the proteins to the membrane, but assisted in the binding of these proteins to the lipid bilayer (Olson, 1985; Wilcox and Olson, 1987; Agre et al. 1988). A new group of membrane proteins has been recently described that is attached to the lipid bilayer solely via covalently bound glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) (for recent reviews see Low, 1989; Low and Saltiel, 1988; Low, 1988).
Behavior of herbicides in soil

During the past 12 years more than a dozen articles have appeared dealing broadly with the topic of this review or with a major segment of the subject matter involved. The first comprehensive review of herbicide behavior in soil was provided by ennis (1954) who described the nature of the problem and implications of downward movement, persistence, and volatility in relationship to preemergence herbicide usage. At the Charter Meeting of the Weed Society of America, hill (1956) presented a thorough examination of soil faaors and herbicide action. In addition to the topics which ennis covered hill was able to lay special emphasis on photo-decomposition and specific interaaions with the clay and organic components of soil. Unfortunately, Hill’s presentation was published in abstract form only. The series initiated by ennis and hill has been continued by holly (1962) in a presentation at the Sixth British Weed Control Conference. holly organized his brief review under the topics of losses from soil surface, incorporation into soil, and adsorption and persistence in soil.
The Spectrum of the Fisher Information Matrix of a Single-Hidden-Layer Neural Network

An important factor contributing to the success of deep learning has been the remarkable ability to optimize large neural networks using simple first-order optimization algorithms like stochastic gradient descent. While the efficiency of such methods depends crucially on the local curvature of the loss surface, very little is actually known about how this geometry depends on network architecture and hyperparameters. In this work, we extend a recently-developed framework for studying spectra of nonlinear random matrices to characterize an important measure of curvature, namely the eigenvalues of the Fisher information matrix. We focus on a single-hidden-layer neural network with Gaussian data and weights and provide an exact expression for the spectrum in the limit of infinite width. We find that linear networks suffer worse conditioning than nonlinear networks and that nonlinear networks are generically non-degenerate. We also predict and demonstrate empirically that by adjusting the nonlinearity, the spectrum can be tuned so as to improve the efficiency of first-order optimization methods.
Age-0 walleye Sander vitreus display length-dependent diet shift to piscivory

AbstractThe ontogenetic diet shift to piscivory can be energetically beneficial for fish growth and allows larger, more energetically profitable prey to be consumed. A shift to piscivory may be eas...
PECTUS EXCAVATUM PATIENTS HAVE ABNORMAL MITRAL VALVE LEAFLET LENGTHS AND COAPTATION POINT WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT MR

Pectus excavatum (PE) patients have been reported to have a high incidence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and regurgitation (MR). We reviewed our transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) experience with PE and observations that the mitral valve (MV) leaflets have an unusually lateral coaptation point
A Guide to Monitoring Respiration

Professionals can monitor respiration using six biofeedback modalities: strain gauges, surface electromyography, capnometers, oximeters, inspirometers, and feedback thermometers. This article empha...
Richards: Regreening the Built Environment: Nature, Green Space, and Sustainability

Some of the major challenges that cities face today include environmental degradation and poor air and water quality. More than half of the world’s population currently resides in urban areas, and ...
Computer modeling and simulation of heart valve function and intervention

Abstract Computational modeling and simulation play an essential role in the design of medical devices, such as bioprosthetic heart valves. It also complements experiments to quantify heart valve dynamics under healthy and diseased conditions. Finite element and fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analyses have been widely used because they can provide detailed data on valve kinematics, stress distributions, and flow patterns that are not readily available in experiments. In this chapter, we first review the fundamental formulation of computational models, including governing equations, geometrical modeling, and constitutive models of heart valve tissues. Then we describe applications of structural and FSI modeling to native and bioprosthetic heart valves in details. Bottlenecks of current technologies in patient-specific modeling from clinical image data are also detailed.
Autism Screening and Early Identification: If You See Something, Say Something

This chapter reviews the value of autism screening, some of the tools available to you for screening, and a discussion of the importance of early identification. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends routine screening for ASD at 18 and 24 months. Various tools used for autism screening are reviewed. The most sought-after symptoms in autism screeners are listed, highlighting the most common characteristics seen. The case for referring to locally accessible evaluation and therapy services before one can have diagnostic certainty is presented. Research on early identification includes studies of infant siblings of children with ASD. While it may not be possible to completely prevent the development of ASD with early intervention, it is usually possible to modify how a child is treated, teach needed skills, and provide long-term benefit.
Towards An Explanatory Model for Network Traffic

This work presents two explanatory mathematical models explaining how network traffic features that display Gaus-sian tendencies in single devices and small networks aggregate to alpha-stable processes in larger networks. The first model shows how self-similarity originates from an impulsive-noise-based representation of individual processes. A second model uses renewal processes to justify impulsive process aggregation to alpha-stable or Gaussian end states and permits estimating network traffic alpha-stable rates of convergence. We develop a model based on this first method to empirically validate this aggregation approach.
Current E-Cigarette Research in the Context of Asthma

The purpose of this review is to integrate recent research on the respiratory immune effects of e-cigarettes with the pathogenesis of asthma to better understand how e-cigarettes may affect asthmatics and to note critical knowledge gaps regarding the effects of e-cigarettes on asthmatics. Human, rodent, and cell culture studies show that key cellular functions of epithelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils are altered by e-cigarette exposure. Because respiratory immunity is already dysregulated in asthma, further alteration of cellular function by e-cigarettes could impact asthma development, severity, and/or exacerbations. Future research is needed to more directly investigate this relationship using controlled human exposure studies and exposure of cell culture or animal models of asthma to e-cigarettes.
Deep learning–based roadway crack classification with heterogeneous image data fusion:

By providing accurate and efficient crack detection and localization, image-based crack detection methodologies can facilitate the decision-making and rehabilitation of the roadway infrastructure. ...
Mandated Copayment Reductions in Medicare Advantage: Effects on Skilled Nursing Care, Hospitalizations, and Plan Exit.

OBJECTIVES To address concerns that postacute cost-sharing may deter high-need beneficiaries from participating in Medicare Advantage (MA) plans, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have capped cost-sharing for skilled nursing facility (SNF) services in MA plans since 2011. This study examines whether SNF use, inpatient use, and plan disenrollment changed following stricter regulations in 2015 that required most MA plans to eliminate or substantially reduce cost-sharing for SNF care. DESIGN Difference-in-differences retrospective analysis from 2013 to 2016. SETTING MA plans. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one million MA members in 320 plans with mandatory cost-sharing reductions and 261 plans without such reductions. MEASUREMENTS Mean monthly number of SNF admissions, SNF days, hospitalizations, and plan disenrollees per 1000 members. RESULTS Mean total cost-sharing for the first 20 days of SNF services decreased from $911 to $104 in affected plans. Relative to concurrent changes in plans without mandated cost-sharing reductions, plans with mandatory cost-sharing reductions experienced no significant differences in the number of SNF days per 1000 members (adjusted between-group difference: 0.4 days per 1000 members [95% confidence interval (95% CI), -5.2 to 6.0, P=0.89], small decreases in the number of hospitalizations per 1000 members [adjusted between-group difference: 0.6 admissions per 1000 members (95% CI, -1.0 to -0.1; P=0.03)], and small decreases in the number of SNF users who disenrolled at year-end [adjusted between-group difference: -16.8 disenrollees per 1000 members (95% CI, -31.9 to -1.8; P=0.03)]. CONCLUSIONS Mandated reductions in SNF cost-sharing may have curbed selective disenrollment from MA plans without significantly increasing use of SNF services.
Clinical outcomes and costs associated with procalcitonin utilization in hospitalized patients with pneumonia, heart failure, viral respiratory infection, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) due to bacterial pneumonia are common among hospitalized patients and are frequently treated with antibiotics. Viral illnesses and exacerbations of heart failure or COPD may present with symptoms mimicking a LRTI, resulting in unnecessary antibiotic utilization. Procalcitonin testing may be useful in these clinical scenarios. We attempted to assess the utility of procalcitonin testing versus not testing, and positive versus negative results among hospitalized patients with suspected LRTI. We performed a retrospective cohort study using multivariable analysis comparing clinical outcomes of patients with and without procalcitonin testing. Patients were 18 years or older, hospitalized for pneumonia, heart failure, COPD, or a viral respiratory illness between October 2014 and October 2015 (n = 2353). All patients received at least one dose of antibiotics. Major outcomes were duration of antibiotic therapy, length of hospital stay, C. difficile testing and infections, and normalized total direct costs. Procalcitonin testing occurred in 14.0% of patients and pneumonia (70.6%) was the most common diagnosis. After covariate adjustments, mean length of stay (5.61 vs. 6.67 days, p < 0.001) and duration of antibiotics (3.95 vs. 4.47 days, p < 0.001) were shorter among tested patients. Fewer 30-day readmissions (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40-0.95) were observed, and total direct healthcare costs were 34% lower (0.66, 95% CI 0.58-0.74) among tested patients. Negative procalcitonin results were associated with further reductions in some outcomes. In conclusion, procalcitonin testing among hospitalized patients with suspected LRTI is associated with reductions in antibiotic duration, length of stay, 30-day readmission, and healthcare costs.
Evidentiary Privileges for Cohabiting Parents: Protecting Children Inside and Outside of Marriage

Married couples can invoke the spousal testimonial privilege and the confidential marital communication privilege at trial, which limit the circumstances under which one spouse must provide harmful testimony against the other spouse. The purpose of these evidentiary privileges is traditionally explained as protecting the marital relationship. A related but often overlooked goal of these privileges is child protection. By fostering the stability of the marriage, the marital privileges protect the couple's offspring by preserving a setting that is beneficial to the healthy development of children.Unmarried couples do not benefit from equivalent privileges. Because evidentiary privileges are available only to married couples, the ever-growing number of children raised by unmarried cohabitants lack the same protections from parental separation that children of married couples enjoy. This article therefore proposes a new evidentiary privilege that would extend the protections of the marital privileges to unmarried cohabitants who are raising children. Under this new cohabiting-parent privilege, the law would protect a larger number of children from the potential negative consequences of parental separation.
Role of Glass Transition Temperature on Energy Absorption Mechanisms in High Strain Rate Impact Performance of Fiber Reinforced Composites

The influence of glass transition temperature (Tg) on the high velocity (>100 m/s) impact performance was investigated for a model thermosetting resin composite system. Plain weave S-2 glass composite panels were fabricated using VARTM and an epoxy resin cured with a polyetheramine curing agent. Overall, the energy absorption for the composite remained approximately constant over a broad testing temperature (T) range. The damage area caused by high-strain rate delamination, however, showed remarkable dependence on the glass transition temperature when plotted against T-Tg. The damage area was high in the glassy state (low T-Tg values) and decreased as the resin traversed its Tg into the rubbery region. Impacted samples showed that an increase in back face deflection correlated to lower damage areas and a paradigm shift in energy absorption mechanisms. These results illustrate the critical importance of the temperature dependent viscoelastic behavior on the impact properties of composites.
The Intersection of Family Law and Immigration: Virginia and the Big Picture

It is most important to understand how key family law notions and policies may intersect with immigration. A recognition that immigration functions as family policy is the starting point for addressing challenges for families in immigration. It is also helpful to understand that children are more often than not caught in the middle of their family’s immigration problems. While this article considers immigration in the context of its intersection with state domestic relations courts in Virginia, it assesses and challenges the big picture for all states as well as the nation. It also considers challenges of the current immigration code to legal immigration and their affect on children.
Psychotherapy for Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Psychotherapy is an effective treatment for PMADs and should be considered as a first-line treatment option. Therapeutic modalities that have an evidence base for mood and anxiety symptoms common during the perinatal period include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, listening visits, dialectical behavior therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and couple therapy. Evidence-based therapies share a number of common factors, including genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard, in addition to an agreement between the therapist and patient about the presenting problem, treatment goals, and method of treatment. Each therapy also has unique elements that should be considered when deciding which therapy to provide. When choosing between the therapeutic modalities, providers should consider the patient’s presenting concern, existing strengths, and access to care. Barriers to accessing evidence-based therapies are multifaceted and must be addressed by both the referring provider and therapist in the early stages of treatment.
Logically Inferred Tuberculosis Transmission (LITT): A Data Integration Algorithm to Rank Potential Source Cases

Understanding tuberculosis (TB) transmission chains can help public health staff target their resources to prevent further transmission, but currently there are few tools to automate this process. We have developed the Logically Inferred Tuberculosis Transmission (LITT) algorithm to systematize the integration and analysis of whole-genome sequencing, clinical, and epidemiological data. Based on the work typically performed by hand during a cluster investigation, LITT identifies and ranks potential source cases for each case in a TB cluster. We evaluated LITT using a diverse dataset of 534 cases in 56 clusters (size range: 2-69 cases), which were investigated locally in three different U.S. jurisdictions. Investigators and LITT agreed on the most likely source case for 145 (80%) of 181 cases. By reviewing discrepancies, we found that many of the remaining differences resulted from errors in the dataset used for the LITT algorithm. In addition, we developed a graphical user interface, user's manual, and training resources to improve LITT accessibility for frontline staff. While LITT cannot replace thorough field investigation, the algorithm can help investigators systematically analyze and interpret complex data over the course of a TB cluster investigation. Code available at: https://github.com/CDCgov/TB_molecular_epidemiology/tree/1.0; https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/166261171.
Ustilago maydis and Maize: a Delightful Interaction

Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the interaction of Ustilago maydis with maize entails understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate its life cycle. This chapter presents an overview of the current knowledge regarding the interaction of Ustilago maydis with maize. First, useful features that have facilitated analysis of the life cycle are described, followed by a brief synopsis of the morphological transitions that characterize the life cycle and their control by the mating-type loci and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) signal transduction pathways. Lastly, specific genes known to be required or to be expressed at different stages of the infectious cycle are described. Infection of anthers at various developmental stages not only induces tumors but can also cause aberrant development of different parts of the anther. Thus, infections with U. maydis may provide important insights about floral development in maize. Hyphal fragmentation occurs within the tumors, though it has been reported that this process can occur between cells. Studies that utilized different maize lines suggested that the host can modulate the course of infection. Analysis of mutants in combination with sophisticated imaging techniques and the application of expression profiling of individual infected versus noninfected cells will allow a more precise dissection of the infectious process and identification of the genes that are differentially regulated in the partners of this “apparent” harmonious interaction.
Survey of security services on group communications

Secure group communication (SGC) has attracted much attention, as group-oriented communications have been increasingly facilitating many emerging applications that require packet delivery from one or more sender(s) to multiple receivers. Of all proposals reported, most have focused on addressing the issue of key management to SGC systems. The authors, however, advocate that security services are also needed to satisfy different security requirements of various applications. The authors also present here a survey on recent advances in several security requirements and security services in group communication systems (GCSs), illustrate some outstanding GCSs that deploy these security services, and describe challenges for any future research works in designing a secure GCS.
Submission Rates among African-American Faculty: The Forgotten Side of Publication Productivity.

Although considerable attention has been given to the publication productivity of social work faculty, less attention has been given to submission rates. Using a national sample of 264 full-time, African-American social work faculty, this study explores submission rates among social work faculty and examines the effects of gender, degree level, academic rank, tenure, and program type on manuscript submission. The results reveal that most of the manuscripts were submitted by a minority of the respondents, that about half of the respondents’ submissions were accepted, and that high submission rates were significantly associated with being male and having a doctorate. Implications of the study’s results for future research are also discussed.
Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscopy as a Probe of Active Close Binaries

Interactions between the members of close binary systems are expected on theoretical grounds to produce substantial amounts of extreme ultraviolet, or EUV, (λλ 100–1000 A) radiation. The opacity of interstellar medium is sufficiently low that a fair number of these systems should be observable. Spectroscopy of these sources should provide substantial insights into the character of these objects. Several spectrometers with capabilities in the EUV will be in operation in the early 1990s, including the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT), the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), and the Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ORFEUS). The spectroscopic capabilities of the EUVE satellite will be of special interest to workers in the field of active close binaries since NASA is planning an extensive multi-year guest observer program for this mission which will be carried out in a manner similar to that of the IUE program.
Rough Guide to Impact Evaluation of Environmental and Development Programs

This paper is a â€œrough guideâ€ for evaluation of programs, projects and policies in the environment and development arena. First, a general overview of the what, how, and why of program evaluation, with particular emphasis on the role of control groups, pre and post measurement, and covariate data to define counterfactual scenarios (including formal definition of all terms) are provided. Second, a detailed review with examples of the four main methods for evaluation â€“ randomized experiments, natural experiments, matching methods, and panel-based DID estimators with a description of the pros and cons of each method is given. Finally, the econometric evaluations within the broader context is placedâ€“ how can we move beyond estimation of average treatment effects; what do we do under time, resource and data constraints; and when and where should we rely on theory-based evaluations are explained.
Present status of eyelid phototherapy: Clinical efficacy and transmittance of ultraviolet and visible radiation through human eyelids

Background: Phototherapy for the eyelid has not previously been recognized as a safe and effective treatment of photoresponsive dermatoses of the eyelid, such as atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, psoriasis, lymphomatoid papulosis, and parapsoriasis. Objective: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of this treatment. Methods: Two cases are presented to demonstrate clinical efficacy. In addition, a retrospective eye evaluation of seven patients receiving a combined total of greater than 1300 eyelid phototherapy treatments was performed. To determine whether potentially harmful UV radiation is significantly transmitted through eyelid skin, an in vitro study was conducted to measure the percentage transmittance of ultraviolet-visible radiation through five excised eyelids. Results: In the two cases presented, remarkable improvement occurred without adverse side effects, suggesting that it is possible to deliver incremental UV dosages to eyelid skin to achieve clearing of skin disease. Retrospective analysis of patients' records revealed no ocular disease from the phototherapy. In vitro eyelid examination produced data that indicated negligible quantities of UV radiation were transmitted through eyelid skin compared with the visible spectrum, in which up to 77% of the radiation was transmitted through the tissue. Conclusion: The combined clinical experience and transmittance data suggest that eyelid phototherapy is a safe and effective treatment in selected patients.
The Ethiopian Red Terror Trials: Transitional Justice Challenged

Kjetil Tronvoll, Charles Schaefer and Girmachew Alemu Aneme, Suffolk and Rochester, NY, James Currey and Boydell & Brewer, 2009, 158 pp. This slim volume of thoughtful and well-informed essays is a...
Characterization of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-binding protein(s): a candidate cellular receptor for the virus.

The attachment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to murine and primate cell lines was quantitated by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter assay in which binding of biotinylated virus was detected with streptavidin-fluorescein isothiocyanate. Cell lines that were readily infected by LCMV (e.g., MC57, Rin, BHK, Vero, and HeLa) bound virus in a dose-dependent manner, whereas no significant binding was observed to lymphocytic cell lines (e.g., RMA and WIL 2) that were not readily infected. Binding was specific and competitively blocked by nonbiotinylated LCMV. It was also blocked by LCMV-specific antiserum and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to the virus glycoprotein GP-1 but not by antibodies specific for GP-2, indicating that attachment was likely mediated by GP-1. Treatment of cells with any of several proteases abolished LCMV binding, whereas phospholipases including phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C had no effect, indicating that one or more membrane proteins were involved in virus attachment. These proteins were characterized with a virus overlay protein blot assay. Virus bound to protein(s) with a molecular mass of 120 to 140 kDa in membranes from cell lines permissive for LCMV but not from nonpermissive cell lines. Binding was specific, since unlabeled LCMV, but not the unrelated enveloped virus herpes simplex virus type 1, competed with 125I-labeled LCMV for binding to the 120- to 140-kDa band. The proteinaceous nature of the LCMV-binding substance was confirmed by the lack of virus binding to proteinase K-treated membrane components. By contrast, glycosidase treatment of membranes did not abolish virus binding. However, in membranes treated with endoglycosidase F/N-glycosidase F, and/or neuraminidase and in membranes from cells grown in tunicamycin, the molecular mass of the LCMV-binding entity was reduced. Hence, LCMV attachment to rodent fibroblastic cell lines is mediated by a glycoprotein(s) with a molecular mass of 120 to 140 kDa, with complex N-linked sugars that are not involved in virus binding.
Blackstart of an induction motor in an autonomous microgrid

Starting of large induction motors may produce voltage dip in a weak microgrid because of high current and reactive power demand in transient period. This paper develops a solution for black start issue of an Induction Motor (IM) using Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC) interfaced source in an autonomous microgrid. This paper provides procedures and techniques for controlling the VSC. First, a dynamic model of a microgrid is analyzed to provide a designing criteria of VSC's controller. Vector control is implemented to control the voltage and frequency of the VSC at autonomous mode. Second, the issue of black start of IM is investigated and analyzed. A proposed technique is presented in order to solve the overcurrent and voltage dip due to black start of IM. Finally, a microgrid is modeled and simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the proposed technique on black start.
Overview of Behavioral Genetics Research for Family Researchers.

This article provides an overview of the methods, assumptions, and key findings of behavioral genetics methodology for family researchers with a limited background. We discuss how family researchers can utilize and contribute to the behavioral genetics field, particularly in terms of conducting research that seeks to explain shared environmental effects. This can be done, in part, by theoretically controlling for genetic confounds in research that seeks to determine cause-and-effect relationships among family variables and individual outcomes. Gene–environment correlation and interaction are especially promising areas for the family researcher to address. Given the methodological advancements in the field, we also briefly comment on new methods in molecular genetics for studying psychological mental health disorders.
Status and promise of InP electronics

The paper addresses InP based electronics in the context of a cost-viable solution to pressing needs. Available InP based technologies are discussed including InP-based HEMT, InP-based HBT, and merged technologies of HEMTs, HBTs and RTDs.
A latent structure for the simplex.

A perfect Guttman scale generates a perfect Guttman simplex. This is capitalized on to get a transformation useful in a kind of non-linear factor analysis applicable to empirical correlations resembling but not necessarily conforming to a perfect simplex.
Application of statistical theory to measurements of velocity and suspended sediment in rivers

To obtain a proper mean measure of velocity or suspended sediment-concentration in a turbulent stream, it is necessary to make observations or take data over a period of time because of the fluctuating nature of the measured quantity. Measurements of velocity with vane-type current-meters, and sediment-concentration determinations by sampling techniques are the important examples of the problem to be considered: namely, over what period of time must a measurement be made in order that a desired accuracy can be obtained for the mean value of velocity or sediment-concentration, and on what factors does this necessary time depend. The purpose of this paper is to apply the statistical theory of random sampling to the solution of this problem.
Knowledge-based animation (abstract only)

In constructing a goal-directed system for automatic motion synthesis for computer animation, the essential problem is to account for the extraordinary flexibility and adaptability exhibited by moving creatures. The selective potentiation and depotentiation of elements of a hierarchy of motor control programs is a key to the generation of adaptive motor control. The constraints on motion sequences are analyzed, and mechanisms for achieving continuity of movements are discussed. The organization of two data bases containing knowledge about the simulated environment and about available movements is described. An example showing the interaction between the motion control system and the data bases is presented.
A photoluminescence study of plasma reactive ion etching-induced damage in GaN

GaN films with reactive ion etching (RIE) induced damage were analyzed using photoluminescence (PL). We observed band-edge as well as donor-acceptor peaks with associated phonon replicas, all in agreement with previous studies. While both the control and damaged samples have their band-edge peak location change with temperature following the Varshni formula, its intensity however decreases with damage while the D—A peak increases considerably. Nitrogen post-etch plasma was shown to improve the band edge peak and decrease the D—A peak. This suggests that the N2 plasma has helped reduce the number of trapped carriers that were participating in the D—A transition and made the D°X transition more active, which reaffirms the N2 post-etch plasma treatment as a good technique to heal the GaN surface, most likely by filling the nitrogen vacancies previously created by etch damage.
Effects of Induced Hypertension on Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Velocities in Patients After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose —Transcranial doppler ultrasound (TCD) is used after subarachnoid hemorrhage to detect cerebral vasospasm and is often treated with induced hypertension. Cerebral autoregulation, however, may be disturbed in this population, raising the possibility that TCD velocities may be elevated by induced hypertension. To study this possibility, we performed continuous TCD monitoring of the middle cerebral artery during the induction and withdrawal of induced hypertension in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods —Twenty-eight patients were studied during the induction and withdrawal of hypertension using primarily phenylephrine. Continuous monitoring was performed on the middle cerebral artery with the highest flow velocity. Treatment was based on rising TCD velocities or clinical evidence for cerebral vasospasm. Mean arterial pressure and mean TCD velocities were recorded every minute. A change of >15% from starting TCD values was considered significant. Cerebral autoregulation was calculated as a percentage of intact autoregulation. Patients were subsequently divided into groups of disturbed and intact autoregulation. Results —In 10 of 19 patients (53%), TCD velocities changed by >15% and paralleled changes in mean arterial pressure. This directly altered the TCD interpretation of the grade of vasospasm in 7 of 19 patients (36%). Three additional patients had smaller absolute changes in TCD velocities. No clinical difference could be identified between patients with disturbed and intact autoregulation. Conclusions —In patients with disturbed autoregulation after subarachnoid hemorrhage, induced hypertension can alter cerebral blood flow velocities. The level of autoregulation needs to be considered when interpreting TCD velocities in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Langhinrichsen-Rolling’s Confirmation of the Feminist Analysis of Intimate Partner Violence: Comment on “Controversies Involving Gender and Intimate Partner Violence in the United States”

This article makes four major points in response to Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rolling’s (2010) review of the intimate partner violence literature. First, the evidence is clear that there is more than one type of intimate partner violence. Second, the feminists are right. Gender is central to the analysis of intimate partner violence, and the coercive controlling violence that most people associate with the term “domestic violence” is perpetrated primarily by men against their female partners. Third, different types of intimate partner violence have different causes, different developmental trajectories, and different consequences. They require different models to understand them. Finally, we need more qualitative research focused on the least understood types of intimate partner violence: violent resistance and situational couple violence.
Spatiotemporal variations in carbon dynamics during a low flow period in a carbonate karst watershed: Santa Fe River, Florida, USA

To understand role of biogeochemical reactions in controlling the amount and molecular form of dissolved carbon exported from carbonate terrains, spatiotemporal variations in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were observed over one year in the Santa Fe River system, a period of base flow or below. A water mixing model developed using concentrations of Na ? ,C l - ,a nd SO 42 identified three major water sources: soil water, ground- water and deep aquifer water. After accounting for mixing of these water sources, additional chemical signatures resulting from biogeochemical processes in the riparian zone were identified. Net mineralization of DOC occurred throughout the Santa Fe River watershed, particularly during the lowest flow condi- tions and in the upper watershed. However, natural dissolved organic matter was more labile during low flow and in the lower watershed, and predominantly derived from groundwater (rather than soil water) in all samples, likely via releases during carbonate dissolu- tion. Carbonate dissolution commonly occurred in the upper watershed during low flow conditions, while carbonate minerals precipitated during baseflow, as well as in the lower watershed during very low flow conditions. Thus, riparian zone biogeochemical pro- cesses were strongly mediated by watershed hydrology, whose spatiotemporal variations resulted in greater inorganic and organic C export production in the lower watershed than the upper watershed, and during higher flow versus lower flow periods. During this lower flow period, the Santa Fe River watershed exported *1.0 and 10.3 ton km -2 year -1 DOC and DIC, respectively, representing higher C yields than many other types of watersheds.
Risk, Las Vegas, and “The Deer Hunter”

Abstract Risk is inherent in every medical setting. Emergency medicine is an especially risky specialty for both patient and emergency physician, eg, the risk of death from trauma and the risk of adverse outcome from medical intervention that can't wait for more favorable circumstances. Risk assessment (the numerical quantification of certain risks) and risk acceptability (the qualification of risks as acceptable or not) are helpful concepts in understanding risk. Comparing the risks and attitudes toward these risks of gambling in Las Vegas and the movie “The Deer Hunter” with emergency medicine demonstrates the need for emergency physicians to become involved in measures designed to promote prophylactic risk avoidance.