cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Cyber Security Into Nuclear Digital I&C Safety Systems

Due to the digital modernization of nuclear power plants, along with the prevalence of connectivity between safety systems and other systems, cyber security has become a significant issue during the development and operation of nuclear digital instrumentation and controls (I&C) safety systems. To mitigate this issue, cyber security may be integrated into the design and development process of digital safety systems. Cyber security features that ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability may be integrated into the design of these systems. In addition, a robust information security program should be implemented to secure the development environment of these digital systems to prevent malicious manipulation of the system while under development. However, concerns have been raised regarding the effect that such cyber security features may have on the performance and operation of safety systems. The intent of this paper is to address these concerns by demonstrating how cyber security features can be integrated into the design of safety systems. Specifically, this paper demonstrates how several safety features can also be utilized to enforce cyber security, and how several additional cyber security features may be integrated into the safety system design without degrading safety functions. Furthermore, this paper discusses how configuration management and access control during the development process can mitigate cyber security concerns by preventing unauthorized manipulation of the system while under development.
Modeling the effect of light on whole-stream respiration

Abstract Whole-stream respiration is normally assumed to be independent of incident solar radiation, and standard stream productivity analyses use respiration measurements made at night to estimate respiration during the day. To our knowledge, no day-time measurements of whole-stream respiration are available to confirm that it is independent of light flux. Whole-stream respiration originates from both autotrophic and heterotrophic activity, and many mechanisms can combine to complicate respiration dynamics. Evidence that whole-stream respiration is a function of light flux is fairly strong, albeit indirect. (1) Incident solar radiation has been shown to stimulate autotroph respiration; and (2) if whole-stream respiration is assumed to be independent of light flux, consistent productivity/irradiance relationships cannot be defined. In this paper, we present photorespiration models and show how they can be used to improve predictions of productivity and dissolved oxygen dynamics in streams by eliminating hysteresis in whole-stream productivity/irradiance relationships. We propose that a simple linear function be used to describe the dependence of whole-stream respiration ( R ) on the average solar flux for the period t ( I t ): R =( R 20 + β R I t )∗ θ R ( T −20) where R 20 and β R are fitted coefficients, T is temperature in °C, and θ R is an Arrhenius coefficient representing the influence of temperature on respiration. We discuss some complications with using photorespiration functions, including how to determine fitted coefficients and how to evaluate the function’s utility in productivity models.
A hybrid Arnoldi-Faber iterative method for nonsymmetric systems of linear equations

We present here a new hybrid method for the iterative solution of large sparse nonsymmetric systems of linear equations, say of the formAx=b, whereA ? ? N, N , withA nonsingular, andb ? ? N are given. This hybrid method begins with a limited number of steps of the Arnoldi method to obtain some information on the location of the spectrum ofA, and then switches to a Richardson iterative method based on Faber polynomials. For a polygonal domain, the Faber polynomials can be constructed recursively from the parameters in the Schwarz-Christoffel mapping function. In four specific numerical examples of non-normal matrices, we show that this hybrid algorithm converges quite well and is approximately as fast or faster than the hybrid GMRES or restarted versions of the GMRES algorithm. It is, however, sensitive (as other hybrid methods also are) to the amount of information on the spectrum ofA acquired during the first (Arnoldi) phase of this procedure.
Ion fragmentation activated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in an ion-trap/reflectron time-of-flight device

An ion-trap storage/reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been used to study the decay of large ions following activation by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). It is shown that large ions may undergo fragmentation over long periods of time, extending even to milliseconds in some cases. These fragments are stored in the trap and detected as stable ions in the reflectron device, rather than as metastable ions due to decay during the flight time to the detector. The ion decay is found to depend strongly on the laser intensity, while a smaller effect may be due to the matrix used in the MALDI process. The fragmentation observed was found to also depend strongly on the RF voltage applied to the ring electrode; higher RF voltage produced enhanced fragmentation. A gated RF experiment further demonstrated the importance of the level of the RF voltage, during the initial activation event, in producing fragmentation. A study of the effects of buffer gas composition and pressure showed that increased pressure may result in reduced fragmentation due to collisional cooling in the trap. However, the use of argon or nitrogen buffer gas at increased pressure in the trap may result in fragmentation upon extraction from the trap, producing metastable ions in the flight tube. The implications of the use of the time variable for obtaining fragmentation in the trap for rapid sequencing are discussed.
Symptomatic Cholelithiasis and Functional Disorders of the Biliary Tract

Symptomatic cholelithiasis and functional disorders of the biliary tract present with similar signs and symptoms. The functional disorders of the biliary tract include functional gallbladder disorder, dyskinesia, and the sphincter of Oddi disorders. Although the diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis are relatively straightforward, the diagnosis and treatment of functional disorders can be much more challenging. Many aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of functional disorders are in need of further study. This article discusses uncomplicated gallstone disease and the functional disorders of the biliary tract to emphasize and update the essential components of diagnosis and management.
Transportation Alternatives of the Elderly After Driving Cessation

Rapid growth of the older population poses a significant challenge in transportation. This study investigated stated transportation alternatives of the elderly, age 65 and older, when they can no longer drive; the data are from a national survey conducted by the American Association of Retired Persons in 2004. Using a multinomial logit model, this study analyzed various personal, household, and neighborhood environmental factors associated with transportation alternatives. The study found that getting a ride was the most preferred mode of transportation, regardless of the residential environment. Females were less likely to consider public transit or walking as their preferred transportation alternatives when they could no longer drive, and Hispanics were more likely to consider public transit as their alternative. The elderly with high incomes had a higher propensity toward walking when they were no longer able to drive. Walking was more popular among urban elderly residents. Public transit accessibility increased the propensity toward public transit use, and greater accessibility to activity locations within walking distance increased the propensity toward walking. Finally, the elderly were less likely to consider public transit and walking as their alternatives when they ceased driving if they had never been without transportation.
Evaluation of ozone injury on foliage of black cherry (Prunus serotina) and tall milkweed (Asclepias exaltata) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Abstract The incidence and severity of visible foliar ozone injury on black cherry ( Prunus serotina ) seedlings and saplings and tall milkweed ( Asclepias exaltata ) plants in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) were determined by surveys along selected trails conducted during late summer 1992. The incidence (% injured plants) of ozone injury on black cherry was 47% and the percent injured leaves/injured plant and average leaf area injured were 43 and 6%, respectively. Maximum severity (avg. leaf area of the most severely injured leaf) was 12%. Black cherry seedlings and saplings exhibiting ozone injury were taller than non-injured plants. When insect feeding was present, it occurred 96% of the time on plants with ozone injury. Significantly more injury ( P = 0.007) on black cherry (% injured leaves/injured black cherry) occurred in the NW section of GRSM compared with the other Park sections. Regression analyses showed no relationships in ozone injury with respect to aspect, slope or elevation. Tall milkweed was evaluated twice during August for ozone injury. The incidence (% injured plants) of ozone injury was 74 and 79% for the first and second survey, respectively. The percentage of injured leaves per plant from the first to second survey was 63 to 79%, respectively. Tall milkweeds showing ozone injury were taller than the non-injured plants. The percentage of insect-damaged plants was 50% among plants without ozone injury and 60% among ozone-injured plants. Non-injured tall milkweed had fewer flowers and/or pods than the injured plants. Mean leaf area injured increased over time, and mean maximum leaf area injured increased from 8 to 11% during the same period. Regression analyses showed no differences in ozone injury regarding aspect, slope or elevation. Our findings indicate that ozone injury is widespread throughout the Park on sensitive vegetation.
THE STATUS OF SPANISH IN THE STATE AND PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES AND REPRESENTATIVE COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES

ranking of, or credit given for, the three languages are listed below in alphabetical order according to states. Spring Hill College, and University of Alabama; University of Arizona; Arkansas College, Hendrix College, and University of Arkansas; College of the Pacific, Mills College, Occidental College, Pomona College, University of California, University of Southern California; Colorado College, University of Denver, University of Colorado; Yale College; University of Delaware; Rollins College, Stetson University, University of Florida; Mercer University, Georgia Wesleyan College, Oglethorpe University, Piedmont College; University of Chicago, Eureka College, Knox, Lombard, James Millikin, Illinois Wesleyan; Butler, DePauw, Earlham, Evansville, Wabash, Indiana University; Coe, Cornell College, Drake, Grinnell, Morningside, Parsons, Penn, Simpson, Iowa Wesleyan, University of Iowa; Emporia, Ottawa, Washburn, University of Kansas; Centre College, Georgetown, Transylvania, Kentucky Wesleyan, University of Kentucky;
Field of view of fiber interferometers and applications to OHANA

The use of single-mode optical fibers in interferometers allows both easy transport of the telescope beams and very accurate visibility measurements, thanks to their spatial filtering property. Unfortunately, spatial filtering reduces the field of view coupled in the interferometer to approximately the size of the diffraction limit of the largest telescope in the array. More seriously, the time-variable wavefront aberrations induced by the atmosphere continuously change the coupling properties of the fibers, and consequently, what each arm of the interferometer "sees" on the sky. These field of view effects are especially important for the next generation of interferometers, such as OHANA (Optical Hawaiian Array for Nanoradian Astronomy), where adaptive optics makes it possible to use large individual telescopes, and the increased sensitivity makes possible the observation of fainter, more extended objects with complex morphology. In this paper, the impact of these effects is studied for observations of a variety of sources by OHANA. It is shown that the errors in visibility measurements can be reduced by signal processing techniques. Possible solutions to extend the accessible field of view of fiber-based interferometers are also presented.
Studies of biomolecular conformations and conformational dynamics by mass spectrometry.

In the post-genomic era, a wealth of structural information has been amassed for proteins from NMR and crystallography. However, static protein structures alone are not a sufficient description: knowledge of the dynamic nature of proteins is essential to understand their wide range of functions and behavior during the life cycle from synthesis to degradation. Furthermore, few proteins have the ability to act alone in the crowded cellular environment. Assemblies of multiple proteins governed by complex signaling pathways are often required for the tasks of target recognition, binding, transport, and function. Mass spectrometry has emerged over the past several years as a powerful tool to address many of these questions. Recent improvements in "soft" ionization techniques have enabled researchers to study proteins and biomolecular complexes, both directly and indirectly. Likewise, continuous improvements in instrumental design in recent years have resulted in a dramatic expansion of the m/z range and resolution, enabling observation of large multi-protein assemblies whose structures are retained in the gas phase. In this article, we discuss some of the mass spectrometric techniques applied to investigate the nature of the conformations and dynamical properties that govern protein function.
Lactose Crystallization in Ice Cream. IV. Factors Responsible for Reduced Incidence of Sandiness

Summary An explanation was sought for the virtual disappearance of sandiness from commercial ice cream. Only five of 36 commercial samples became sandy when stored seven months at 12 F. Nuclei formation was accelerated by drawing ice cream from freezers at low temperatures and hardening it rapidly. Partial substitution of corn syrup solids for sucrose neither delayed the development of lactose crystal nuclei nor slowed crystallization when nuclei were present. Emulsifiers did not prevent sandiness. The primary factor responsible for reduced incidence of sandiness was the use of marine and vegetable gum stabilizers. These inhibit the formation of nuclei and thereby inhibit the development of undesirable, large lactose crystals.
Quickness of the instantaneous frequency based classifier distinguishing BFSK from QAM and PSK modulations

In this paper we study the quickness of a classifier based on simple feature that we have previously proposed to distinguish frequency from amplitude-phase digital modulations. The feature is based on the product of two consecutive signal values and on time averaging of the imaginary part of the product. First, the conditional probability density functions of the feature given the present modulation are determined. The central limit theorem for strictly stationary m-dependent sequences is used to obtain Gaussian approximations. Then thresholds are determined based on the minimization of the total probability of misclassification. Following that effects of carrier offsets, of fast fading, and of the symbol period and time delay being non-integer multiples of sampling period on the performance are studied. In the course of doing that, the proposed classifier is compared to the maximum likelihood classifier and the wavelet based classifier using support vector machine.
Angiographically visible and invisible arteriovenous malformation in the same patient.

A pathologically confirmed angiographically visible and invisible arteriovenous malformation in the same patient is described. The potential clinical significance of these observations is detailed and discussed.
Impact of founder experience on exit intentions

Entrepreneurial exit—the process by which the founders of privately held firms leave the firm they helped to create (DeTienne, J Bus Venturing, 2010)—is an important component of the entrepreneurial process, yet researchers know very little about it. We examine entrepreneurs’ intentions to exit by a range of possible exit paths [acquisition, initial public offering (IPO), family succession, employee buyout, independent sale, liquidation], building on Gimeno et al.’s (Adm Sci Q 42:750–783, 1997) notion of thresholds as they apply to a simple survival/exit dichotomy, and expanding this to include different intended paths of exit. Our results indicate that entrepreneurs intend to pursue different exit paths based on previous entrepreneurial experience, industry experience, age, and education level. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that differences between intended exit and failure are underspecified in the literature, since exit consists of many unique paths. Also, in support of threshold theory, we find that the intended exit path is driven by factors other than firm performance.
Halophilic Reactions of a Stable Silylene with Chloro and Bromocarbons

A number of disilanes have been synthesized from a stable silylene, 1 (N,N‘-di-tert-butyl-1,3-diaza-2-silacyclopent-4-en-2-ylidene), and a variety of halocarbons. It is proposed that disilane formation is a result of an initial halophilic interaction between the silylene and halocarbon. Formation of disilanes from 1 and CCl4, 2a, CHCl3, 2b, CH2Cl2, 2c, benzyl chloride, 2d, and bromobenzene, 5, are described here. An X-ray crystal structure of 2b was determined.
Multi-point estimation of total energy expenditure: a comparison between zinc-reduction and platinum-equilibration methodologies☆

Abstract Reducing water to hydrogen gas by zinc or uranium metal for determining D/H ratio is both tedious and time consuming. This has forced most energy metabolism investigators to use the “two-point” technique instead of the “Multi-point” technique for estimating total energy expenditure (TEE). Recently, we purchased a new platinum (Pt)-equilibration system that significantly reduces both time and labor required for D/H ratio determination. In this study, we compared TEE obtained from nine overweight but healthy subjects, estimated using the traditional Zn-reduction method to that obtained from the new Pt-equilibration system. Rate constants, pool spaces, and CO 2 production rates obtained from use of the two methodologies were not significantly different. Correlation analysis demonstrated that TEEs estimated using the two methods were significantly correlated ( r =0.925, p =0.0001). Sample equilibration time was reduced by 66% compared to those of similar methods. The data demonstrated that the Zn-reduction method could be replaced by the Pt-equilibration method when TEE was estimated using the “Multi-Point” technique. Furthermore, D equilibration time was significantly reduced.
Smoothing an indefinite variance-covariance matrix

The usual estimator of the dispersion matrix has a distinct advantage over other estimation procedures since it is computationally feasible for a data set with a substantial number of missing observations. However, this estimator, when the data vectors have some missing elements, may not have the required property of being at least positive semidefinite. The smoothing procedure suggested in this paper rectifies this deficiency. In addition, com-putational procedures are proposed. The smoothing procedure is illustrated by an example and a Monte Carlo experiment shows that smoothing substantially increases the power of the test proposed by Kleinbaum(1973).
A pipelined broadcast for multidimensional meshes

We address the problem of performing a pipelined broadcast on a mesh architecture. Meshes require a different approach than other topologies, and their very nature puts a tighter bound on the performance that one can hope to achieve. By using the appropriate techniques, however, one can obtain excellent performance for sufficiently long messages. The resulting algorithm will work on meshes of any dimension with any number of nodes. Our model assumes that the mesh is a torus and/or that it has bidirectional links and uses wormhole routing. Performance data from the Cray T3D are included.
Distance distributions for graphs modeling computer networks

The Wiener polynomial of a graph G is a generating function for the distance distribution dd(G)=(D"1,D"2,...,D"t), where D"i is the number of unordered pairs of distinct vertices at distance i from one another and t is the diameter of G. We use the Wiener polynomial and several related generating functions to obtain generating functions for distance distributions of unweighted and weighted graphs that model certain large classes of computer networks. These provide a straightforward means of computing distance and timing statistics when designing new networks or enlarging existing networks.
Correlates of violence risk in hospitalized adolescents

Forty adolescent inpatients with histories of frequent interpersonal violent behavior were compared with 36 hospitalized adolescents without histories of overt violence using self-report questionnaires that measured violence risk, depression, impulsivity, and suicide risk. The two groups did not differ in terms of their demographic characteristics, but the violent patients had a higher prevalence of substance abuse and borderline personality disorder diagnoses. Violent adolescents were more impulsive and at higher suicide risk than nonviolent adolescents. In addition, violent adolescents had more positive histories of suicide attempts and had significantly higher family histories of attempted and completed suicide. In the total sample of adolescents, violence risk was significantly correlated with impulsivity and suicide risk, but not with depression.
Sensory Transduction Channel Subunits, tax-4 and tax-2, Modify Presynaptic Molecular Architecture in C. elegans

During development, neural activity is important for forming proper connections in neural networks. The effect of activity on the gross morphology and synaptic strength of neurons has been well documented, but little is known about how activity affects different molecular components during development. Here, we examine the localization of four fluorescently-tagged presynaptic proteins, RAB-3, SNG-1/synaptogyrin, SYD-2/Liprin-α, and SAD-1/SAD kinase, in the C. elegans thermosensory neuron AFD. We show that tax-4 and tax-2, two genes that encode the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel necessary for sensory transduction in AFD, disrupt the localization of all four proteins. In wild-type animals, the synaptic vesicle (SV) markers RAB-3 and SNG-1 and the active zone markers SYD-2 and SAD-1 localize in a stereotyped, punctate pattern in the AFD axon. In tax-4 and tax-2 mutants, SV and SYD-2 puncta are more numerous and less intense. Interestingly, SAD-1 puncta are also less intense but do not increase in number. The change in puncta number can be rescued cell-autonomously in AFD. These results suggest that sensory transduction genes tax-4 and tax-2 are necessary for the proper assembly of presynapses.
WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY: HISTORICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONTROLS ON BERBERIS THUNBERGII INVASIONS

Attempts to determine characteristics that render habitats invasible to nonnative species have met with limited success. This may be because most studies focus on modern habitat conditions and do not consider invasibility in the context of a historically dynamic landscape in which both the abundance of a species and the invasibility of a site may change. We surveyed 159 currently forested sites for the occurrence and abundance of Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry), an invasive, nonnative shrub in forests of the northeastern United States, relative to modern environmental conditions, contemporary logging activity, and two periods of historical land use. Berberis thunbergii occurred more frequently and was more abundant in post-agricultural forests than in continuously wooded sites. This relationship was stronger for agricultural sites that were abandoned and reforested after B. thunbergii was introduced to the region than for sites that reforested prior to B. thunbergii introduction. In contrast, recent forest harvesting did not influence the occurrence or abundance of B. thunbergii. Modern soil fertility explained a significant portion of the variation in B. thunbergii occurrence, whereas site history considerably improved predictions of population density and helped evaluate potential invasion mechanisms. While land-use history covaries with soil fertility and distance to putative seed sources, the strong relationship between modern abundance patterns and historical agriculture suggests that B. thunbergii colonized recently abandoned agricultural lands in the early 20th century and then persisted and spread locally during subsequent reforestation. Our results indicate that interpretations of both native community composition and modern plant invasions must consider the importance of historical landscape changes and the timing of species introduction along with current environmental conditions.
Highly anisotropic elasticity of a dendrimeric liquid crystal

Magnetic and electrical Freedericksz measurements were performed on the second generation monodendritic liquid crystal G2(OH). The deduced elastic constants were found to be exceptionally anisotropic: the splay elastic constant K11 is more than an order of magnitude larger than the bend elastic constant K33, and the twist constant K22 is approximately twice K33. The results are discussed in terms of molecular conformations.
Polyphenylene‐s‐triazinyl ethers by interfacial polycondensation

Polyphenylene–s-triazinyl ethers of apparently high molecular weight have been prepared by the interfacial polycondensation of s-triazinyl chlorides and sodium bisphenoxides. The polymers are characterized by good thermal stability, insolubility, and infusibility. The polymers can be varied by altering the reaction conditions. A long residence time at the reactive interface leads to a polymer of low residual chlorine and thus highly crosslinked. Reduction of the contact time at the reactive interface leads to polymers containing a greater amount of chlorine and consequently some linearity.
Newer Fluorometric Methods for the Analysis of Biologically Important Compounds.

In the past, manometric methods, pH procedures, and spectrophotometry have been used for determining enzyme activity. A detailed discussion of the use of enzymes for analysis can be found in review articles by Guilbault (1966; 1968; 1970). Spectrophotometry has been generally preferred because of its simplicity, its rapidity, and the capability of measuring lower enzyme and substrate concentrations. Spectrophotometry embraces the use of colorimetric methods where colored products are produced as a result of enzyme activity, and fluorescent methods where fluorescent compounds are produced as a result of enzyme activity. Fluorescent procedures are several orders of magnitude more, sensitive than colorimetric methods and thus have replaced the colorimetric methods in numerous instances.
Extrageniculate vision in hemianopic humans: saccade inhibition by signals in the blind field

The functional competence of extrageniculate visual pathways in hemianopic humans was demonstrated by showing that distractor signals in the blind half of the visual field could inhibit saccades toward targets in the intact visual field. This inhibitory effect of unseen distractors in patients occurred only when distractors were presented in the temporal half of the visual field, was specific to oculomotor responses, and did not occur in normal subjects. These results show that a peripheral visual signal activates retinotectal pathways to prime the oculomotor system and that these pathways can mediate orienting behavior in hemianopic humans.
Note on modified Zakharov’s equation accounting for scattering in disordered media

Abstract We derive, for a simple nonlinear dispersive system, a modified Zakharov equation accounting for random scattering of broad-banded waves. The additional new term is linear in the frequency spectrum with a complex coefficient which is formally the same as that for narrow-banded waves. The nonlinear term representing four-wave resonant interaction is unchanged. Corresponding modification of Hasselman’s kinetic equation for the energy spectrum of random waves is also discussed. This suggests that treatment of the oceanographic problem for the algebraically more complex case of surface water waves is similarly straightforward, and should be useful to improve the numerical models of ocean surface waves.
Effects of complementary and integrative medicine on cancer survivorship

Cancer survivorship has become a topic of great interest in the past few years. Unfortunately, even with successful treatment as well as good follow-up care, many patients continue to experience unmet physical, emotional, and spiritual needs as well as having an unsettling fear, fear of recurrence, a fear which most survivors share, even many years after their treatment ended. As a result, patients are continually looking for additional ways to address these needs and fears. Among the most popular approach is the use of complementary and integrative medicine (CIM). Most studies on CIM use among cancer patients and survivors concentrate on symptom improvement and improvement of quality of life and do not touch a crucial question if these therapies can affect patients' survival in terms of prolongation of life. Interestingly, in recent years, there are a growing number of studies that suggest that approaches such as mind-body interventions, enhanced general nutrition, nutritional supplements, physical activity, and other CIM approaches may have a positive effect on survival of cancer patients. Although additional studies are needed to confirm these findings, given the low cost of these CIM interventions, their minimal risk, and the potential magnitude of their effects, these approaches might be considered as additional important tools to integrate into cancer survivorship care plans.
Management of recurrent cutaneous abscesses during therapy with infliximab.

Abstract Background Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody, belonging to the class of anti–tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) agents, approved for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Drugs of this class are known to be associated with an infective risk, probably because they interfere with inflammatory and immune response at different levels. Although cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infections seem to be more frequent than any other infection in the course of anti–TNF-α treatment, only a few case reports in the literature deal with this side effect, and, in particular, with its management. Objective Our aim was to report a case of recurrent methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA) cutaneous abscesses during therapy with infliximab and successful management. Case summary In July 2009, a 53-year-old white woman (weighing 85 kg) affected by psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis was administered infliximab (5 mg/kg IV), based upon clinical appearance and previous unsuccessful treatment with cyclosporine, methotrexate, etanercept, and adalimumab. Three days after the first 3 infusions (at weeks 0, 2, and 6) she complained about the recurrent onset of painful, erythematous, indurated, and pus-draining cutaneous nodules located on her abdomen. The swab always revealed the presence of MSSA, and antibiotic oral therapy with amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (875 + 125 mg BID for 7 days) was established, with complete resolution of the abscesses. Routine laboratory findings were in normal ranges, with the exception of an elevated erythrosedimentation rate and an increased white blood cell count (range, 13,000–15,000/mm 3 ) with neutrophilia (range, 75%–80%). HIV infection was ruled out. In agreement with the infectious disease consultant, 1 day before the fourth infusion, a prophylactic antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (875 + 125 mg BID for 5 days) was added to the therapeutic regimen. This treatment schedule was successfully repeated at each following infusion (every 8 weeks), and no recurrence of skin abscesses was observed. The patient provided signed authorization for publication of this case. Conclusions This case report describes a woman with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis who developed MSSA skin abscesses after each of the first 3 infliximab infusions, which did not recur for the next 6 infusions after amoxicillin + clavulanic acid was added to her regimen, pre- and 4 days postinfusion. Adequately designed, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials are needed to determine whether such prophylactic antibiotic treatment is well tolerated or effective for this common complication of therapy with anti–TNF-α agents, when withdrawal of the drug is not advisable, as in this case.
Systemic lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1β activate the interleukin 6: STAT intracellular signaling pathway in neurons of mouse trigeminal ganglion

We have studied the activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) in trigeminal ganglion after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays we have shown that STAT1 and STAT3 are activated within 1 to 2 h. of injection of either LPS or IL-1β. Eight hours after LPS injection the DNA binding activity of these complexes is still elevated while induction by IL-1β returns to baseline levels within 4 h. By immunohistochemistry, using an antibody specific for the tyrosine phosphorylated, activated form of STAT-1, we show that this induction occurs in sensory neurons. IL-6 may be important in this cascade since induction of STATs by IL-1β is blocked in Interleukin-6 knock out mice.
A Biologically Plausible Transform for Visual Recognition that is Invariant to Translation, Scale, and Rotation

Visual object recognition occurs easily despite differences in position, size, and rotation of the object, but the neural mechanisms responsible for this invariance are not known. We have found a set of transforms that achieve invariance in a neurally plausible way. We find that a transform based on local spatial frequency analysis of oriented segments and on logarithmic mapping, when applied twice in an iterative fashion, produces an output image that is unique to the object and that remains constant as the input image is shifted, scaled, or rotated.
Generation of molecular complexity from cyclooctatetraene using dienyliron and olefin metathesis methodology

Transformation of the simple hydrocarbon cyclooctatetraene into a variety of polycyclic skeletons was achieved by sequential coordination to iron, reaction with electrophiles followed by allylated nucleophiles, decomplexation and olefin metathesis.
Zn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) complexes of potentially bimetalating tris(pyridine- and imidazole-appended) picket-fence naphthylporphyrins with benzyl ether spacers: implications for cytochrome c oxidase active-site modeling.

Two new unsymmetrical picket-fence naphthylporphyrin ligands, 1 and 2, and several of their metalated porphyrinato complexes have been synthesized as precursor model compounds for the binuclear (Fe/Cu) cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) active site. 1 and 2 have a naphthylporphyrin superstructure that has been specifically incorporated to confer long-term configurational stability to the atropisomeric products. The two picket-fence porphyrin ligands also bear covalently linked, axially offset tris(heterocycle) coordination sites for a copper ion, much like that found in the native enzyme. Monometallic porphyrin complexes [M = Zn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III)] of the pyridine-appended ligand 1 have been prepared and spectroscopically and magnetically characterized. An unusual monomeric iron(III) hydroxo porphyrin complex was isolated upon workup of the compound formed under ferrous sulfate/acetic acid reflux conditions. There is general difficulty in forming binuclear complexes of 1, which is attributed to the ...
USE OF BRIDGES AS NIGHT ROOSTS BY BATS IN THE OREGON COAST RANGE

We surveyed 10 bridges hourly 1 night/month, April–September 1996, and another 50 bridges on 2 occasions on each of 2 nights, July–September 1996, to assess nocturnal use of bridges by bats in the central Oregon Coast Range. We also collected guano monthly from 28 bridges, April 1996–November 1997, to evaluate temporal patterns of use. Eight species of bats were observed using bridges as night roosts. Bats roosted under cast-in-place concrete bridges in larger concentrations than under other types of bridges and roosted more frequently in end chambers than in center chambers of concrete cast-in-place bridges. Greatest use occurred between 0300 and 0430 h and in June–September, although some bridges were used year-round. We observed females of all reproductive stages, males, and volant juveniles night-roosting under bridges. Our data suggest that size and thermal characteristics of bridges influence use of bridges as night roosts. Further research on use of night roosts by bats would be valuable to more fully understand the ecology of bats.
Relationship between seizure-induced transcription of the DNA damage-inducible gene GADD45, DNA fragmentation, and neuronal death in focally evoked limbic epilepsy.

Abstract : We investigated the temporal and spatial profile of mRNA transcription for the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene GADD45, DNA fragmentation, and neuronal death in rat brain following focally evoked limbic seizures. GADD45 mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization, whereas fragmented DNA was detected using in situ nick end-labeling by the large (Klenow) fragment of DNA polymerase l. Kainic acid (0.1 μg) was injected into the right amygdala of rats to induce seizures for 45 min, after which diazepam (30 mg/kg) was administered. GADD45 mRNA, DNA fragmentation, and cell death were quantified bilaterally within six limbic brain regions 0-96 h following seizure cessation. All animals underwent seizures of equivalent severity and duration as determined electrographically. In situ hybridization detected bilateral up-regulation of GADD45 mRNA throughout the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the piriform and retrosplenial cortices, and the thalamus within 1 h of seizure termination. GADD45 mRNA levels remained elevated for up to 6 h, declining to baseline within all structures by 16 h. Klenow-positive cells were only found within the CA3 pyramidal layer of the ipsilateral hippocampus and appeared 16-72 h following seizure cessation. Morphologic cell death was also restricted to the CA3 subfield. These data demonstrate that focally evoked limbic seizures trigger early bihemispheric GADD45 mRNA transcription within connected limbic structures, whereas subsequent DNA fragmentation and cell death are restricted to selectively vulnerable brain regions.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE DIMORPHIC LEAVES OF CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, commonly called guar, produces two leaf forms: a simple leaf and a trifoliate leaf. During ontogeny, the simple leaf is always produced prior to the appearance of any trifoliate forms. The number of simple leaves initiated during the early phase of ontogeny is partially controlled by environmental conditions. Both short daylengths and high temperatures delay the production of the trifoliate form. Treatments using gibberellic acid and reduced light intensity favor production of simple leaves. Removing the cotyledons of young seedlings also favors the simple leaf form. Some consider a change in leaf form as an indication of a change from the juvenile phase to the adult phase of growth. However, in guar when the capability to reproduce is used as the basis for the determination of phase change, a change in leaf form is a separate phenomenon. CHANGES in the shape of leaves being initiated during ontogeny are common in many plants. There are probably few plants whose leaves are all uniform in shape (Humphries and Wheeler, 1963). This alteration apparently reflects a change in certain developmental signals received during
A transfer of technology from engineering: use of ROC curves from signal detection theory to investigate information processing in the brain during sensory difference testing.

This article reviews a beneficial effect of technology transfer from Electrical Engineering to Food Sensory Science. Specifically, it reviews the recent adoption in Food Sensory Science of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, a tool that is incorporated in the theory of signal detection. Its use allows the information processing that takes place in the brain during sensory difference testing to be studied and understood. The review deals with how Signal Detection Theory, also called Thurstonian modeling, led to the adoption of a more sophisticated way of analyzing the data from sensory difference tests, by introducing the signal-to-noise ratio, d′, as a fundamental measure of perceived small sensory differences. Generally, the method of computation of d′ is a simple matter for some of the better known difference tests like the triangle, duo–trio and 2-AFC. However, there are occasions when these tests are not appropriate and other tests like the same–different and the A Not–A test are more suitable. Yet, for these, it is necessary to understand how the brain processes information during the test before d′ can be computed. It is for this task that the ROC curve has a particular use.
Improved phase-gate reliability in systems with neutral Ising anyons

Recent proposals using heterostructures of superconducting and either topologically insulating or semiconducting layers have been put forth as possible platforms for topological quantum computation. These systems are predicted to contain Ising anyons and share the feature of having only neutral edge excitations. In this note, we show that these proposals can be combined with the recently proposed ``sack geometry'' for implementation of a phase gate in order to conduct robust universal quantum computation. In addition, we propose a general method for adjusting edge tunneling rates in such systems, which is necessary for the control of interferometric devices. The error rate for the phase gate in neutral Ising systems is parametrically smaller than for a similar geometry in which the edge modes carry charge: it goes as ${T}^{3}$ rather than $T$ at low temperatures. At zero temperature, the phase variance becomes constant at long times rather than carrying a logarithmic divergence.
Quality of attachment relationships and peer relationship dysfunction among late adolescents with and without anxiety disorders

Little is known about the links between anxiety disorders and parent-child attachment disorganization and quality of peer relationships in late adolescence. This study examined the quality of attachment and peer relationships among adolescents with and without anxiety disorders in a sample of 109 low- to moderate-income families. Psychopathology was assessed with the SCID-I. Attachment disorganization and dysfunction in peer relationships were measured using semi-structured interviews and behavioral observations. Adolescents with anxiety disorders and comorbid conditions showed higher levels of attachment disorganization across three measurement approaches, as well as higher levels of dysfunction in peer relationships than those with no Axis I diagnosis. Adolescents without anxiety disorders but with other Axis I disorders differed only in the quality of school relationships from those with no diagnoses. The pattern of results suggests that pathological anxiety, in the context of other comorbidities, may be a marker for more pervasive levels of social impairment.
Substrate Recognition by a Family of Uracil-DNA Glycosylases: UNG, MUG, and TDG

In response to continuous hydrolytic and oxidative DNA damage, cells of all organisms have a complex network of repair systems that recognize, remove, and rebuild the injured sites. Damaged pyrimidines are generally removed by glycosylases that must scan the entire genome to locate lesions with sufficient fidelity to selectively remove the damage without inadvertent removal of normal bases. We report here studies conducted with a series of base analogues designed to test mechanisms of base recognition suggested by structural studies of glycosylase complexes. The oligonucleotide series examined here includes 5-halouracils with increasing substituent size and purine analogues placed opposite the target uracil with hydrogen, amino, and keto substituents in the 2- and 6-positions. The glycosylases studied here include Escherichia coli uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG), E. coli mismatch uracil-DNA glycosylase (MUG), and the Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum mismatch thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG). The results of this study suggest that these glycosylases utilize several strategies for base identification, including (1) steric limitations on the size of the 5-substituent, (2) electronic-inductive properties of the 5-substituent, (3) reduced thermal stability of mispairs, and (4) specific functional groups on the purine base in the opposing strand. Contrary to predictions based upon the crystal structure, the preference of MUG for mispaired uracil over thymine is not based upon steric exclusion. Furthermore, the preference for mispaired uracil over uracil paired with adenine is more likely due to reduced thermal stability as opposed to specific recognition of the mispaired guanine. On the other hand, TDG, which exhibits modest discrimination among various pyrimidines, shows strong interactions with functional groups present on the purine opposite the target pyrimidine. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of base selection by DNA repair glycosylases.
Revisiting the Case of Kayla Rolland a Decade Later: Ecological Systems Analysis

Several notorious school shooting incidents within the past decades prompted school officials and lawmakers to create and implement programs and policies that would prevent violence in schools and ensure school safety. Despite the number of explanations by the media, politicians, organizations, and researchers, we are not united in our understanding of the risk factors in school shooting cases, particularly those that affect racial minorities in low-income neighborhoods. The focus of this article is to examine the Kayla Rolland shooting incident in the context of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems analysis. We assessed several major risk factors, which operate within 5 system levels (the micro-, meso-, exo-, macro-, and chrono-systems), and draw implications for assessment, prevention, and intervention.
Synthesis of Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes Functionalized at the Tip of the Cyclopropane Ring. Application to the Synthesis of Carbocyclic Nucleosides

A general synthetic strategy for the preparation of functionalized bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes is described. The new approach employs a cross metathesis step designed to functionalize the appropriate terminal olefin of the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane precursor and a carbene-mediated intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction on the corresponding diazo intermediate. This combined methodology allowed the diastereoselective introduction of chemically diverse substituents at the tip of the cyclopropane group, except in cases where the substituents consisted of electron-withdrawing groups where a competing [3 + 2] cycloaddition predominated.