cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Curriculum Development in the Context of Increasing Social and Environmental Complexity

The history of curriculum development has been characterized and a series of “crises” with the pendulum shifting between traditionalists’ call for getting back to the basics and the progressives’ focus on the learner. However, tracing this history, one can see a common theme in the criticisms expressed by both parties: the failure of the existing curriculum to meet the demands presented by an increasingly complex society. I follow this theme in order to provide historical context for contemporary calls by scientists and educators for wider use of systems-oriented curricula (i.e. curricula designed to improve systems thinking) at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of education. With this context, one can view these current calls not as a radical shift of direction, but as a logical next stage in the evolution of curriculum. I conclude with a call for more research assessing the effectiveness of systems-oriented instruction and provide guidelines for enhancing the usefulness of such research in the current United States system.
Detachment and reorientation of cells using near-infrared laser microbeam

Reorientation of adhering cell(s) with respect to other cell(s) has not been yet possible, thus limiting study of controlled interaction between cells. Here, we report cell detachment upon irradiation with a focused near-infrared laser beam, and reorientation of adherent cells. The detached cell was transported along the axial direction by scattering force and trapped at a higher plane inside the media using the same laser beam by a gravito-optical trap. The trapped cell could then be repositioned by movement of the sample stage and reoriented by rotation of the astigmatic trapping beam. The height at which the cell was stably held was found to depend on the laser beam power. Viability of the detached and manipulated cell was found not to be compromised as confirmed by propidium iodide fluorescence exclusion assay. The reoriented cell was allowed to reattach to the substrate at a controlled distance and orientation with respect to other cells. Further, the cell was found to retain its shape even after multiple detachments and manipulation using the laser beam. This technique opens up new avenues for noncontact modification of cellular orientations that will enable study of intercellular interactions and design of engineered tissue.
Flight pattern induced by temperature in a single‐gene mutant of Drosophila melanogaster

Simultaneous intracellular recordings were made from the six dorsal longitudinal flight muscle (DLM) fibers in the temperature-sensitive mutant of Drosophila melanogaster, shibirets1 (shi). The DLM firing pattern induced by temperature in shi was compared with the DLM pattern of a wild-type fly in stationary flight. The firing pattern, induced at temperatures between about 26 and 27 degrees C, was very similar to that of the wild-type pattern. At higher temperatures, the pattern became abnormal, characterized by many synchronous firings among the fibers and occasional bursting.
Precision tracking performance in the presence of correlated measurement error

The primary purpose of this paper is to address two-target differential tracking where a component of the composite measurement error is significantly correlated from one measurement to the next. The associated power density spectra due to these errors are typically characterized by a low-pass filter response as opposed to the white power spectrum of errors associated with thermal-noise limited measurements. Depending on the physical origin, these colored measurements may be correlated spatially or temporally. This distinction does not directly impact single target tracking performance but has very significant implications for multiple target tracking. >
Evaluation of the biocompatibility of a chitosan scaffold in mice.

Chitosan scaffolds appear to be suitable for a variety of tissue engineering applications. This study addressed the biocompatibility of chitosan in a mouse implantation model. Porous chitosan scaffolds were implanted in mice, and animals were sacrificed after 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 weeks. Macroscopic inspection of the implantation site revealed no pathological inflammatory responses. Histological assessment indicated marked neutrophil accumulation within the implant, which resolved with increasing implantation time. Gram staining and limulus assays revealed no evidence of infection or endotoxin. Collagen was observed within the chitosan pore spaces, indicating that connective tissue matrix was deposited within the implant. Angiogenic activity associated with the external implant surface was also observed. Cellular immune responses were determined by lymphocyte proliferation assays, and antibody responses were measured using ELISA techniques. These assays indicated a very low incidence of chitosan-specific reactions. Although there was a large migration of neutrophils into the implantation area, there were minimal signs of any inflammatory reaction to the material itself. This preliminary study demonstrates that chitosan has a high degree of biocompatibility in this animal model. Overall, the findings suggest that chitosan may be suitable for the development of implantable materials.
Using web groupware and cognitive mapping in a CIS department to review and revise the assessment process and document reasoning

During reaccreditation reviews, all 370 business schools that are currently accredited by the AACSB-The International Association for Management Education-must demonstrate that a continuous improvement process is in place. This paper describes the experience of the Computer Information Systems department at a public university in the U.S., which used collaborative software to update the assessment process for the Master's Program and to document the faculty's reasoning. Faculty were asked to examine assessment results as well as to participate in asynchronous discussions using the Web groupware TCB Works. Two groups of faculty met face to face and used the cognitive mapping software Decision Explorer-one to generate assessment options and determine the consequences of using those options, and the other to revise program objectives for the next assessment cycle. Results of asynchronous discussions and the cognitive mapping sessions, as well as faculty members' evaluations of the the process, are discussed.
Identification of G1 kinase activity for cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner.

Abstract A family of vertebrate cdc2-related kinases has been identified, and these kinases are candidates for roles in cell cycle regulation. Here, we show that the human PLSTIRE gene product is a novel cyclin-dependent kinase, cdk6. The cdk6 kinase is associated with cyclins D1, D2, and D3 in lysates of human cells and is activated by coexpression with D-type cyclins in Sf9 insect cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that endogenous cdk6 from human cell extracts is an active kinase which can phosphorylate pRB, the product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. The activation of cdk6 kinase occurs during mid-G1 in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T cells, well prior to the activation of cdk2 kinase. This timing suggests that cdk6, and by analogy its homolog cdk4, links growth factor stimulation with the onset of cell cycle progression.
The Significance of Others in the Thought of Alfred Schultz, G. H. Mead and C. H. Cooley*

This paper makes an initial statement on the importance of the concept of the other in sociology and social psychology and then examines the place this concept plays in the essential thought of Alf...
Piece-Rate Contracts for Other-Regarding Workers

When workers are paid with piece rates, inequality arises naturally. We consider workers who care about income comparisons and are either status seeking or inequality averse. We identify circumstances under which inequality attitudes lead workers to exert more effort than they would otherwise, and also circumstances under which workers’ inequality attitudes lead firms to set lower piece rates than they would otherwise. The key behavioral assumption for both of these results to hold when workers are identical is behindness aversion, the property that changes in inequality matter more to the worker when he is behind than when he is ahead. (JEL D01, J33, M52)
Simultaneous switching noise in FPGA and structure ASIC devices, methodologies for analysis, modeling, and validation

Simultaneous switching noise (SSN) and its behavior have become increasingly important in high-performance FPGA system design featuring hundreds of I/Os transmitting in parallel at low supply voltage standard. In this paper, we present an in-depth study on SSN by analyzing its behavior in three different domains: time, frequency, and noise spectrum. Cross correlation in these three domains reveals two dominant cause mechanisms: frequency dependent PDN impedance and crosstalk from package-PCB breakout region. Each mechanism has its manifestation in time-domain SSN waveform. Furthermore, simulation confirms our postulations made on examination of experimental data and validates the methodology practical to SSN assessment in FPGA applications.
Evaluation scheduling in noisy environments

This paper investigates the problem of scheduling a fixed number of evaluations for genetic algorithms in noisy environments. With a fixed number of evaluations there is a tradeoff between the time the population is allowed to evolve (that is, the number of generations), the size of the population, and the number of samples scheduled per individual in an effort to reduce the effects of noise. This paper focuses mostly on the balance between allocating evaluations to the evolutionary phase versus allocating evaluations to selecting the individual with the highest fitness from the final population (the “champion selection” phase). Several different algorithms for scheduling evaluations during the champion selection phase are compared using a common test function to see how often they find the optimal value. The best algorithm is enhanced to improve its running time. We find the optimal split between the evolutionary and champion selection phases for the selected test function and we examine the effect of varying other parameters such as number of generations (and hence population) and evaluations per individual.
Sodium ferric gluconate complex in the treatment ofiron deficiency for patients on dialysis

Intravenous iron has been found to be an important adjunctive therapy in the treatment of anemia for patients on dialysis. In the United States, iron dextran had been the only form available for parenteral use until 1999. This agent has been associated with a concerning number of severe adverse reactions, in some cases resulting in patients' deaths. Recently, a form of iron used for many years in Europe, sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose, was approved for intravenous use in the United STATES: Because this agent does not contain the immunogenic dextran component of iron dextran, it is expected that the safety profile of this drug should be superior to that of iron dextran. The purpose of this review is to critically appraise the relevant literature and to synthesize the information into a strategy for clinical use of this drug.
Microcatheter Contrast Injections during Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis May Increase Intracranial Hemorrhage Risk

Background and Purpose— During intra-arterial revascularization, either guide catheter injections of contrast in the neck or microcatheter contrast injections (MCIs) at or beyond the site of an occlusion, can be used to visualize intracranial vasculature. Neurointerventionalists vary widely in their use of MCIs for a given circumstance. We tested the hypothesis that MCIs are a risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) I and II trials of combined intravenous/IA recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy. Methods— All arteriograms with M1, M2, and ICA terminus occlusions were reanalyzed (n=98). The number of MCIs within or distal to the target occlusion was assigned. Postprocedure CTs were reviewed for contrast extravasation and ICH. Contrast extravasation was defined as a hyperdensity suggestive of contrast (Hounsfield unit >90) seen at 24 hours or present before 24 hours and persisting or replaced by ICH at 24 hours. Results— In this IMS subset, t...
Use of Linearized Euler Equations for Supersonic Jet Noise Prediction

The use of linearized Euler equations for direct prediction of supersonic jet noise is explored. It is shown that a high-order numerical scheme coupled with proper boundary treatment can produce a stable solution nearly free from reflections. Results are verified against analytical results for sound radiated by instability waves. Applicability of this approach to real jets is explored by taking the inflow disturbances to be random in time and comparing the computed sound field to the experimentally measured one. Nomenclature D = jet exit nozzle diameter e = total energy per unit volume Me = jet exit Mach number p = pressure Ue = jet exit velocity u = axial velocity v = radial velocity w = azimuthal velocity p = density pe = jet exit density
Vascular catastrophes following pancreas transplantation: An evolution in strategy at a single center

Fridell JA, Johnson MS, Goggins WC, Beduschi T, Mujtaba MA, Goble ML, Powelson JA. Vascular catastrophes following pancreas transplantation: an evolution in strategy at a single center. Clin Transplant 2012: 26: 164–172. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Introduction: Complications of pancreas transplantation involving the arterial anastomosis are potentially life threatening. In this report, we review our experience with such vascular catastrophes. Methods: Pancreas transplants performed between January 2003 and December 2009 were reviewed. All cases of pseudoaneurysm (PA) or arterioenteric fistula (AEF) were included. Results: Of 346 pancreas transplants, 10 vascular catastrophes in nine recipients were identified. There were five PAs, one involving the pancreas allograft, one involving the donor iliac artery Y-graft stump following allograft pancreatectomy, two involving the kidney allograft, and one involving the bifurcation of the Y-graft. The latter was treated with coil embolization, but subsequently developed into an AEF. There were five AEFs including the recipient mentioned above. Four had a failed allograft and three had discontinued immunosuppression. The final case had a clamp injury to the proximal common iliac artery that fistulized to the donor duodenum. The management, course and outcome of all nine recipients are described in detail. Conclusion: Vascular catastrophes such as PA and AEF are potentially life-threatening complications of pancreas transplantation. Immediate treatment at the time of bleeding is essential and covered stenting of the involved artery may provide immediate vascular control in these situations.
Catholic Schools in New Orleans in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina

Changes in the education system following Hurricane Katrina have received considerable attention from scholars in recent years. However, the role of Catholic schools is often overlooked in such discussions of school reform, which most often concentrate on the dramatic changes in the public school sector. This oversight is significant given that some segments of Catholic schools are devoted to serving populations similar to those targeted by emerging charter schools. At the national level, Catholic schools have struggled with declining enrollments and waves of school closures since the mid-1960s. This article aims to consider how well these national trends map onto the case of New Orleans. The authors discuss both how Catholic schools in New Orleans responded to Katrina and how they have changed in the midst of ongoing educational reforms in the city. They suggest that in spite of the catastrophic effects of Hurricane Katrina on the city as a whole, the storm and ensuing changes in the provision of public ...
Metallothionein facts and frustrations

In the years since the last metallothionein meeting, transgenic gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments have been performed to examine the potential functions of MT-I & II and MT-III in the mouse. The most important conclusion is that none of these MT isoforms are essential for viability under normal conditions. The MT-I and MT-II-null mice are remarkably normal in all respects, except for their sensitivity to heavy metal toxicity. Thus, these MTs are not required for the biosynthesis of metalloproteins, for homeostasis of essential metals (Zn and Cu), or for protection against oxidative insults that are incurred under normal conditions. Mice that cannot make MT-III also appear normal; even two-year-old mice reveal no signs of Alzheimer’s disease, consistent with our observations that MT-III levels are not reduced in people with Alzheimer’s disease. However, MT-III null mice are more sensitive to kainate-induced seizures and they manifest more neuronal damage. Surprisingly, ectopic expression of MT-III, where MT-I is normally expressed, causes pancreatic necrosis, whereas expression of a comparable amount of MT-I in the pancreas has no effect. This result indicates that acinar cells are especially sensitive to MT-III and that MT isoforms are not biologically equivalent.
Fusion of Enveloped Viruses in Endosomes

Ari Helenius launched the field of enveloped virus fusion in endosomes with a seminal paper in the Journal of Cell Biology in 1980. In the intervening years, a great deal has been learned about the structures and mechanisms of viral membrane fusion proteins as well as about the endosomes in which different enveloped viruses fuse and the endosomal cues that trigger fusion. We now recognize three classes of viral membrane fusion proteins based on structural criteria and four mechanisms of fusion triggering. After reviewing general features of viral membrane fusion proteins and viral fusion in endosomes, we delve into three characterized mechanisms for viral fusion triggering in endosomes: by low pH, by receptor binding plus low pH and by receptor binding plus the action of a protease. We end with a discussion of viruses that may employ novel endosomal fusion-triggering mechanisms. A key take-home message is that enveloped viruses that enter cells by fusing in endosomes traverse the endocytic pathway until they reach an endosome that has all of the environmental conditions (pH, proteases, ions, intracellular receptors and lipid composition) to (if needed) prime and (in all cases) trigger the fusion protein and to support membrane fusion.
Age correction in monitoring audiometry: method to update OSHA age-correction tables to include older workers.

Objectives The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Noise Standard provides the option for employers to apply age corrections to employee audiograms to consider the contribution of ageing when determining whether a standard threshold shift has occurred. Current OSHA age-correction tables are based on 40-year-old data, with small samples and an upper age limit of 60 years. By comparison, recent data (1999–2006) show that hearing thresholds in the US population have improved. Because hearing thresholds have improved, and because older people are increasingly represented in noisy occupations, the OSHA tables no longer represent the current US workforce. This paper presents 2 options for updating the age-correction tables and extending values to age 75 years using recent population-based hearing survey data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Both options provide scientifically derived age-correction values that can be easily adopted by OSHA to expand their regulatory guidance to include older workers. Methods Regression analysis was used to derive new age-correction values using audiometric data from the 1999–2006 US NHANES. Using the NHANES median, better-ear thresholds fit to simple polynomial equations, new age-correction values were generated for both men and women for ages 20–75 years. Results The new age-correction values are presented as 2 options. The preferred option is to replace the current OSHA tables with the values derived from the NHANES median better-ear thresholds for ages 20–75 years. The alternative option is to retain the current OSHA age-correction values up to age 60 years and use the NHANES-based values for ages 61–75 years. Conclusions Recent NHANES data offer a simple solution to the need for updated, population-based, age-correction tables for OSHA. The options presented here provide scientifically valid and relevant age-correction values which can be easily adopted by OSHA to expand their regulatory guidance to include older workers.
PASSIVE MILLIMETER -WAVE IMAGING: APPLICATION TO AVIATION SAFETY IN EXTREMELY POOR VISIBILITY

This paper presents a summary of a NASA Glenn col laborative research effort to investigate the feasibility of developing a high performance passive millimeter -wave imager (PMMWI) to address some of NASA’s future needs in aviation safety and remote sensing. A focus of the research work is to assess curren t and future instrumentation development needs for NASA -related applications. The initial goal is to develop an inexpensive 94 GHz millimeter -wave Radiometer, capable of High Resolution Imaging (Super -Resolution) with application to aviation safety and rem ote sensing. The Radiometer (2 nd Figure) development effort has two major aspects, both strongly interdependent. One involves the development and code implementation of real -time Image Recovery , including the Radiative Transfer formulation, simulation of Electromagnetic Interactions with media, and Super -resolution Techniques . The other involves Radiometer Design , including Antenna Simulations, Manufacturing, Testing and Radiometer Field Testing. This work, a joint effort with two universities has allowe d a high -performance opto -mechanically scanned millimeter -wave imager to be built and operated at 94 GHz. The single channel 94GHz receiver consisted of an LNA followed by a down -converter and a detector. The video output passed to an A/D converter and w as displayed on a conventional PC. Its design and construction will be described briefly. This scanned mm -wave imager is primarily intended to monitor the ground movement of aircraft in adverse weather conditions. Other applications include the detectio n of concealed weapons, and the imaging of launch vehicles through their exhausts.
Evidence-based medicine databases: changing needs along the path from physician assistant student to clinician.

their clinical questions. INTRODUCTION A common question we get from our students is, “What’s the best electronic medical database that will help me answer questions during PA school?” Common to our role as medical educators, our usual response is “it depends.” This conundrum brings to mind the choice we faced as students three decades ago when deciding whether to reach for a voluminous Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine or the concise and timely Lange Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment. In the precomputer era, the choices were perhaps simpler, but less satisfying from an evidence standpoint. A recent study identified more than 30 databases available free or by subscription to students.1 They range from the unscreened, open access breadth of PubMed to carefully appraised and highly clinicianfriendly DynaMed and Essential Evidence Plus. Our noncommittal answer is driven by the need to choose the right tool for the right job. And that job evolves throughout the educational process. The educational and clinical evidence needs of PA students change depending on their stage of training and the depth of their foundational knowledge. The requirements of didactic year students preparing for a gastroenterology final or a problembased learning module differ from those of a student sitting in an examination room with a patient. As a result, it may be prudent for educators responding to this question to be mindful of matching the tool to the student’s stage of training and the setting where the learning takes place.
Cardiac norepinephrine release: modulation by ovariectomy and estrogen.

Previously, we have demonstrated that in contrast to male rats, female rats do not show an age-related reduction of depolarization-elicited norepinephrine (NE) release from cardiac synaptosomes (resealed nerve terminals). These results suggest that sex hormones such as estrogen may modulate NE release from cardiac synaptosomes prepared from female rats. The present study was designed to test the hypotheses that long-term estrogen depletion, resulting from ovariectomy, and estrogen replacement alters depolarization-elicited NE release from cardiac synaptosomes. Female F344 rats were divided into two groups, one of which underwent bilateral ovariectomy, whereas the other underwent a sham operation. Three ovariectomized subgroups received daily injections of conjugated equine estrogens, Δ8,9-dehydroestrone or 17α-dihydroequilenin. Another ovariectomized control subgroup and the sham-operated animals received daily injections of vehicle. After 90 or 270 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed. Cardiac ...
Correlation of Pathological Changes of Vocal Cord Polyp and Human Papillary Virus in Children

Objective To explore the cause and mechanism of vocal cord polyps in children.Methods Thirty-nine cases of vocal cord polyps of children(experimental group) and 9 cases of normal autopsy(control group) were collected,and the differences of pathological changes,the thickness of epithelial tissue and Reinke′s clearance,levels of human papillary virus(HPV)6/11 DNA of in situ hybridization and an immunohistochemical panel of P63,murine double minute 2(MDM2) protein were compared between the 2 groups.Results In the experimental group,the thickness of tallest value,average value of epithelial tissue and Reinke′s clearance were(601.03±229.99) μm,(390.43±158.36) μm and(28.07±14.00) μm,respectively,while the expression rate of HPV6/11 was 48.72%,and the expression values of P63 and MDM2 were 33.62±16.91 and 153.93±11.59,respectively.In control group,the thickness of tallest value,average value of epithelial tissue and Reinke′s clearance were(152.95±16.17) μm,(135.30±24.04) μm and(11.26±2.66) μm,respectively,while the expression rate of HPV6/11 was 14.29%,and the expression values of P63 and MDM2 were 8.75±4.57 and 163.73±6.01,respectively.Compared with the expression of each marker between the 2 groups,the differences all had statistically significant(Pa0.01,0.05).The expression of HPV6/11 was related with the thickness of tallest value and average value of epithelial tissue closely(r=0.583,0.520,Pa0.05).Conclusion The infection of HPV6/11 and P63,MDM2 play an important roles in the development of children′s vocal cord polyps.
Response of Iron Deficiency Anemia to Intravenous Iron Sucrose in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous iron sucrose (IS) in iron deficient children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in remission. METHODS: Electronic medical records at a university based pediatric children's hospital were searched for patients in age range 0 to 18 years with diagnosis of IBD and treatment with IS over a 1-year period. Response to IS treatment was assessed by posttreatment changes in ferritin, hemoglobin (Hb), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Patients with recorded symptoms of active disease were excluded from analysis of treatment response. RESULTS: Twelve patients were identified by the search criteria, 10 with Crohn's disease (CD), 2 with ulcerative colitis (UC). Data represent 8 patients in remission, 7 with CD and 1 with UC, who received a total of 34 IS infusions. Iron sucrose was administered in cycles of 2 infusions, 2.5 to 3.5 mg/kg/dose (maximum 200 mg), 1 week apart. Mean ferritin increased from 21.4 ...
Faculty International Experience and Internationalization Efforts at Community Colleges in the United States

In recent years, internationalization has been a strategy for colleges and universities to recruit overseas students, as well as to raise institutional and national revenue (Raby 2007; de Wit et al. 2013; Raby and Valeau 2013). Internationalization at colleges helps to “educate their students for global citizenship, to keep pace with their peers, to better serve the national and international community, and to remain great universities” (Biddle 2002, p. 7). Faculty can enhance their international experiences by teaching in another country or by traveling and participating in programs such as study-abroad, exchange program, Fulbright fellowship, and international seminars. In addition to such out-bound opportunities (in which US-born faculty get educated), faculty who were born abroad bring linguistic and cultural diversity, different worldviews, and international skills to American colleges (in-bound). When faculty exchange ideas, innovative curricula with colleagues, and participate in international development program, the college gets involved in the process of internationalization (Raby 1995). Such occasions develop faculty’s awareness of and appreciation for the rich diversity of human experience found in the customs, traditions, and cultural contributions outside of their frame of reference. Along with globally emerging technology, cross-cultural communications, and shifting political alignment, institutions of American higher education have reshaped the strategies for “global consciousness and a critical understanding of how national and international issues intersect” (Biddle 2002, p. 5).
Kinase-dependent Regulation of Monoamine Neurotransmitter Transporters

Modulation of neurotransmission by the monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) is critical for normal nervous system function. Precise temporal and spatial control of this signaling in mediated in large part by the actions of monoamine transporters (DAT, NET, and SERT, respectively). These transporters act to recapture their respective neurotransmitters after release, and disruption of clearance and reuptake has significant effects on physiology and behavior and has been linked to a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. To ensure adequate and dynamic control of these transporters, multiple modes of control have evolved to regulate their activity and trafficking. Central to many of these modes of control are the actions of protein kinases, whose actions can be direct or indirectly mediated by kinase-modulated protein interactions. Here, we summarize the current state of our understanding of how protein kinases regulate monoamine transporters through changes in activity, trafficking, phosphorylation state, and interacting partners. We highlight genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological evidence for kinase-linked control of DAT, NET, and SERT and, where applicable, provide evidence for endogenous activators of these pathways. We hope our discussion can lead to a more nuanced and integrated understanding of how neurotransmitter transporters are controlled and may contribute to disorders that feature perturbed monoamine signaling, with an ultimate goal of developing better therapeutic strategies.
Uptake of organic material by aquatic invertebrates

Neanthes arenaceodentata (Moore) accumulates glycine −C14 from a dilute solution of seawater. After a 30 min exposure, 5 to 102 times as much radioactivity per unit volume is found in the animals (depending on the size and feeding stage of the worm) as is present in the medium. The relation between the log of cpm and log of weight is linear over 4 orders of magnitude variation in size. The rates of uptake were more variable in non-feeding stages of the life cycle. Non-feeding larvae showed rates of glycine accumulation which were significantly higher than those predicted from data on feeding stages.
Repairing Decision-Making Programs Under Uncertainty

The world is uncertain. Programs can be wrong. We address the problem of repairing a program under uncertainty, where program inputs are drawn from a probability distribution. The goal of the repair is to construct a new program that satisfies a probabilistic Boolean expression. Our work focuses on loop-free decision-making programs, e.g., classifiers, that return a Boolean- or finite-valued result. Specifically, we propose distribution-guided inductive synthesis, a novel program repair technique that iteratively (i) samples a finite set of inputs from a probability distribution defining the precondition, (ii) synthesizes a minimal repair to the program over the sampled inputs using an smt-based encoding, and (iii) verifies that the resulting program is correct and is semantically close to the original program. We formalize our algorithm and prove its correctness by rooting it in computational learning theory. For evaluation, we focus on repairing machine learning classifiers with the goal of making them unbiased (fair). Our implementation and evaluation demonstrate our approach’s ability to repair a range of programs.
Offloading Collective Operations to Programmable Logic

The authors describe their architecture and implementation for offloading collective operations to programmable logic in the communication substrate. Collective operations are widely used in parallel processing. Their design and implementation strategies affect the performance of many high-performance computing applications that utilize them. Collectives are central to the message passing interface (MPI) programming model. The programmable logic provided by field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is a powerful option for creating task-specific logic to aid applications. The authors’ approach is applicable in scenarios where there is programmable logic in the communication pipeline and can be used to accelerate various network-based operations. In this article, the authors present a general collective offloading framework for use in applications using MPI. They evaluate their approach on the Xilinx Zynq system on a chip and an FPGA-based network interface card called the NetFPGA. Results are presented both from microbenchmarks and a benchmark scientific application using MPI.
The Functions of Network Executives: A Goal-directed Network Management Framework

How to effectively manage the goal-directed networks generally considered important to modern day governance is one component of the ‘black box’ of network functioning that persists, despite decade...
Histological subtypes of mouse mammary tumors reveal conserved relationships to human cancers

Human breast cancer has been characterized by extensive transcriptional heterogeneity, with dominant patterns reflected in the intrinsic subtypes. Mouse models of breast cancer also have heterogeneous transcriptomes and we noted that specific histological subtypes were associated with particular subsets. We hypothesized that unique sets of genes define each tumor histological type across mouse models of breast cancer. Using mouse models that contained both gene expression data and expert pathologist classification of tumor histology on a sample by sample basis, we predicted and validated gene expression signatures for Papillary, EMT, Microacinar and other histological subtypes. These signatures predict known histological events across murine breast cancer models and identify counterparts of mouse mammary tumor types in subtypes of human breast cancer. Importantly, the EMT, Adenomyoepithelial, and Solid signatures were predictive of clinical events in human breast cancer. In addition, a pan-cancer comparison revealed that the histological signatures were active in a variety of human cancers such as lung, oral, and esophageal squamous tumors. Finally, the differentiation status and transcriptional activity implicit within these signatures was identified. These data reveal that within tumor histology groups are unique gene expression profiles of differentiation and pathway activity that stretch well beyond the transgenic initiating events and that have clear applicability to human cancers. As a result, our work provides a predictive resource and insights into possible mechanisms that govern tumor heterogeneity.
Substrate and flow characteristics associated with White Sturgeon recruitment in the Columbia River Basin.

Abstract A study was conducted to identify habitat characteristics associated with age 0+ White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1863) recruitment in three reaches of the Columbia River Basin: Skamania reach (consistent recruitment), John Day reach (intermittent/inconsistent recruitment), and Kootenai reach (no recruitment). Our modeling approach involved numerous steps. First, we collected information about substrate, embeddedness, and hydrodynamics in each reach. Second, we developed a set of spatially explicit predictor variables. Third, we built two habitat (probability) models with Skamania reach training data where White Sturgeon recruitment was consistent. Fourth, we created spawning maps of each reach by populating the habitat models with in-reach physical metrics (substrate, embeddedness, and hydrodynamics). Fifth, we examined model accuracy by overlaying spawning locations in Skamania and Kootenai reaches with habitat predictions obtained from probability models. Sixth, we simulated how predicted habitat changed in each reach after manipulating physical conditions to more closely match Skamania reach. Model verification confirmed White Sturgeon generally spawned in locations with higher model probabilities in Skamania and Kootenai reaches, indicating the utility of extrapolating the models. Model simulations revealed significant gains in White Sturgeon habitat in all reaches when spring flow increased, gravel/cobble composition increased, or embeddedness decreased. The habitat models appear well suited to assist managers when identifying reach-specific factors limiting White Sturgeon recruitment in the Columbia River Basin or throughout its range.
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS | Anticonvulsant Drugs as Neuronal Network-Modifying Agents

Anticonvulsant drugs produce therapeutic effects by modifying neuronal network function in the brain. All forms of epilepsy are due to malfunctions of neuronal networks in the brain. The brain is greater than just the sum of its cells, because neuronal networks possess properties (emergent) in addition to those of individual neurons. Emergent properties of these networks are important targets of CNS drug action when given to the intact organism. Drugs that were developed as anticonvulsants have proven effective for treating pain, anxiety, and mania – which are conditions that are also mediated by neuronal networks in the brain. Therefore, anticonvulsant drugs can be considered as neuronal network-modifying drugs.
Viruses in cancer therapy - from benchwarmers to quarterbacks.

A recent clinical trial of a virotherapy approach, consisting of an engineered poliovirus, has provided evidence of apparently durable responses in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. The results of this trial and others indicate that virotherapy might be an effective tool in anticancer immunotherapy. Yet, caution must be exercised until appropriately powered randomized clinical trials truly show efficacy.
Surgical reinforcement alters collagen alignment and turnover in healing myocardial infarcts

This study shows that therapies such as surgical reinforcement, which reduce stretch in healing infarcts, can also reduce collagen synthesis and wall thickness and modify collagen alignment in post...
8 Cognitive Development in Childhood

In more than half a century of history, the field of cognitive development has been marked by several revolutionary influences that helped establish it as a distinct specialty. The cognitive revolution, the revolution in language acquisition, and the Piagetian revolution were the most powerful early influences. As the field evolved, Neo-Piagetians and sociocultural perspectives balanced the focus on individual development with contextual and educational contributions. Toward the end of the last century, efforts at integration of individual and context, biology and culture, and universal and nonuniversal development were the focus of the field. Vygotsky's sociocultural framework with its emphasis on guidance and participation was particularly influential. In recent decades, emerging trends in comparative studies with primates, dynamic systems frameworks that are grounded in biology, and brain research have invigorated and extended the field of cognitive development in children into new areas. Keywords: Piaget; Vygotsky; nonuniversal domains; dynamic systems; brain research
Abstract P280: The Association of Sleep Apnea with Psychiatric History: A Veteran Twin Study

Introduction: Sleep apnea is exceedingly common in elderly men and is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression have been shown to ...
Geographic variation in spatial accessibility of U.S. healthcare providers.

Background Growing physician maldistribution and population demographic shifts have contributed to large geographic variation in healthcare access and the emergence of advanced practice providers as contributors to the healthcare workforce. Current estimates of geographic accessibility of physicians and advanced practice providers rely on outdated “provider per capita” estimates that have shortcomings. Purpose To apply state of the art methods to estimate spatial accessibility of physician and non-physician clinician groups and to examine factors associated with higher accessibility. Methods We used a combination of provider location, medical claims, and U.S. Census data to perform a national study of health provider accessibility. The National Plan and Provider Enumeration System was used along with Medicare claims to identify providers actively caring for patients in 2014 including: primary care physicians (i.e., internal medicine and family medicine), specialists, nurse practitioners, and chiropractors. For each U.S. ZIP code tabulation area, we estimated provider accessibility using the Variable-distance Enhanced 2 step Floating Catchment Area method and performed a Getis-Ord Gi* analysis for each provider group. Generalized linear models were used to examine associations between population characteristics and provider accessibility. Results National spatial patterns of the provider groups differed considerably. Accessibility of internal medicine most resembled specialists with high accessibility in urban locales, whereas relative higher accessibility of family medicine physicians was concentrated in the upper Midwest. In our adjusted analyses independent factors associated with higher accessibility were very similar between internal medicine physicians and specialists–presence of a medical school in the county was associated with approximately 70% higher accessibility and higher accessibility was associated with urban locales. Nurse practitioners were similar to family medicine physicians with both having higher accessibility in rural locales. Conclusions The Variable-distance Enhanced 2 step Floating Catchment Area method is a viable approach to measure spatial accessibility at the national scale.
Organizing a Summer Recreation Program

(1945). Organizing a Summer Recreation Program. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 322-352.
Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors: Somewhere between the pancreas and small bowel?

Background While sub-2 cm pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are often observed, small bowel-NETs undergo resection and lymphadenectomy regardless of size. Aim was to define the natural history of duodenal (D-NETs), determine the role of resection, and define the factors associated with overall survival (OS) after resection. Methods National Cancer Database (2004-2014) was queried for the patients with nonmetastatic/nonfunctional D-NETs. Local resection (LR): local excision/polypectomy/excisional biopsy. Anatomic resection (AR): radical surgery. Tumor size was divided into less than 1 cm, 1 to 2 cm, and ≥2 cm. Propensity score weighting was used to create balanced resection and no-resection cohorts. The primary endpoint was OS. Results Among 5502 patient, the median age was 65 years. The median follow-up was 49 months. The median tumor size was 0.8 cm. Resection was performed in 72% (n = 3954; LR: 61%, AR: 39%). Lymph node (LN) resection was performed in 26% (43% had metastasis). A total of 74% had negative margins. Resection and no-resection cohorts were propensity score weighted for age/sex/race/Charlson-Deyo score/tumor grade (all independently associated with OS on multivariable analysis). Resection was associated with improved median OS compared to no resection in all sizes ( 2 cm: median not reached vs 90 months; all P .05). Conclusion Patients with nonmetastatic and nonfunctional D-NETS should be considered for resection regardless of tumor size. Given the lack of prognostic value, the resection type and extent of LN retrieval should be tailored to each patient's clinical picture and safety profile.
Effect of fluctuation of oxygenation on the development of severe retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm infants.

To investigate factors associated with development of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in extremely preterm (EP) infants. This retrospective cohort study included 213 EP infants (22 + 0 to 27 + 6 weeks gestation) who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital between 2009 and 2017. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify neonatal factors associated with severe ROP requiring treatment. After adjustments for gestational age (GA), birth weight, sex, red blood cell transfusion, average SpO2, and fluctuations of SpO2 from birth to 32 weeks postmenstrual age, fluctuations of SpO2 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–4.27), and low GA (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91–0.98) were significantly associated with severe ROP. Fluctuations of SpO2 from birth to 32 weeks postmenstrual age and low GA were significantly associated with development of severe ROP requiring treatment in EP infants.