cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congenital Cardiac Malformations in the Neonate: Isolated or Syndromic?

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Delineate the approximate percentage of children born with a structural cardiac malformation. 2. Determine when to consider the diagnosis of a possible genetic condition in a neonate who has a structural cardiac lesion. 3. List the most common genetic conditions associated with some specific cardiac malformations. 4. Characterize the genetic tests required in diagnosing specific syndromes. 5. Describe the role of a genetics consultation for the neonate who has a congenital cardiac malformation. Congenital heart disease is a significant source of neonatal morbidity and mortality. In liveborn infants, approximately 1/170 is diagnosed as having a structural malformation of the cardiac system. With the increased availability of good-quality prenatal ultrasonography, many of these babies are being diagnosed prior to birth, allowing for improved management and treatment. When a congenital cardiac lesion is suspected in a newborn, physicians in multiple specialties must converge to diagnose and treat this possibly life-threatening condition. General pediatricians, neonatologists, and cardiologists are key to the immediate stabilization and care of affected children. The prognosis for a child who has a congenital cardiac malformation depends not only on the severity of the heart defect, but on whether there is an underlying syndrome present that would have implications for other medical issues or cognitive development. A careful search must be undertaken to exclude other major malformations or minor anomalies (dysmorphic features) that might lead to the diagnosis of a syndrome. Cardiac malformations have many causes. Isolated cardiac malformations are believed to result from the interaction among multiple genes and environmental factors, known as multifactorial inheritance. In contrast, when a cardiac malformation is associated with other major malformations or minor anomalies, it is considered syndromic and can be caused by a teratogen, chromosome abnormality, or single gene disorder. Teratogenic causes include infectious etiologies (eg, rubella), …
Weak and strong multimarket bidding rings

We consider bidders who are simultaneously participating in private value second-price sealed bid auctions in multiple markets. While active in each market, each bidder is associated with a unique home market in which it can potentially serve as a ring center. Pairs of bidders can establish bilateral agreements to be members of bidding rings in each others’ home markets. Rings can be weak or strong depending respectively on whether side payments are permitted or not. Weak multimarket rings have been shown to take the form of exclusive groups of completely connected bidders. We consider strong multimarket bidding rings and show that they assume a radically different architecture of dominant groups, stars, and interlinked stars. Since bidding rings are tacit, and therefore unobservable, we develop observable implications of multimarket rings that can detect the existence of collusion as well as its form (i.e., weak or strong).
LEGAL IMPLEMENTATION OF PARENT EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR DIVORCING AND SEPARATING PARENTS

This article traces the legislation permitting or mandating the use of parent education for divorcing and separating parents in state courts. Explored are State mandatory and discretionary programs, local court rules, voluntary programs, and some of the constitutional issues that are raised.
Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe

When the conquistadors arrived in Florida in the early sixteenth century, as many as 350,000 native Americans lived in the territory. For more than twelve centuries their ancestors had resided there, fishing, hunting, gathering wild plants, and sometimes cultivating crops. Two and a half centuries later, Florida's Indians were gone. Focusing on those native peoples and their interactions with Spanish and French explorers and colonists, Jerald Milanich describes this massive cultural change. Using information gathered from archaeological excavations and from the interpretation of historical documents left behind by the colonial powers, he explains where the native groups came from, where they lived, and what happened to them. He closes with the tragic disappearance of the original inhabitants in the eighteenth century and the first appearance of the ancestors of Florida's present Native Americans.
Towards effective video annotation: An approach to automatically link notes with video content

The characteristics of annotations, such as highlighting, context-based notes, and organization are difficult to translate from the traditional paper-based medium to the digital format. An added challenge is how to facilitate annotations on a digital video in a collaborative distance learning environment. To explore issues in video annotation, we developed a tool called Interactive Shared Education Environment (ISEE). ISEE automatically generates hyperlinked timestamps, which we called Smartlinks, to associate the notes with their video contents. A usability study with 59 participants, following up by a small-scale eye-tracking study, was conducted to explore users' video note-taking behaviors and to examine the effect of the new Smartlink design. Our results showed that participants with Smartlink took fewer notes, focused less on video controls and more on video content than those without Smartlink. We believe the main benefit of Smartlink is that it may offload non-learning related cognitive loads and allow users to take better notes. Findings from this study on users' video annotation behaviors shed light on the future design of video annotation systems in both individual and collaborative environments.
Doing and Feeling Research in Public: Queer Organizing for Public Education and Justice.

Grounded in activism – fighting the implementation of Department of Defense‐run schools in a public schools system; organizing to fight the largest national teacher education accreditation agency’s removal of sexual orientation and social justice from its accreditation standards; and protesting a state’s decision to hold a public meeting for teacher educators at a private Christian college that ‘condemns’ homosexuality – this article highlights how education is being re‐formed through appeals to ‘private choice’ and at the same time select public issues are devalued by being called private and outside the bounds of normative ‘professional’ attention. This reframing, a hallmark of contemporary neoliberalism, has specific ramifications for queers, as analysis of these cases indicate. Using collaborative participatory research that attends to emotions, the authors argue that feelings are political and problematizing, and useful – they can trigger tactics. With the goal of offering examples of tactics tried, ...
A comparison of the reaction of S2 with metallic copper, Cu2O and Cu/ZnO: electronic properties and reactivity of copper

The adsorption of S2 on polycrystalline copper, Cu2O and Cu/ZnO surfaces has been examined by using synchrotron-based photoemission plus INDO/S and ab initio self-consistent-field calculations. S2 mainly interacts with the metal centers of Cu/ZnO, Cu2O and ZnO. The chemical affinity of these systems for sulfur increases following the sequence: ZnO<Cu2O<Cu/ZnO<Cu. The copper atoms in the Cu2O and Cu/ZnO systems display band structures that are substantially different from that of metallic copper, and these electronic perturbations affect their reactivity towards S2. Once copper is bonded to oxygen on ZnO or in Cu2O, its electron density decreases, making more difficult the formation of Cu→S2 dative bonds and the breaking of the S–S bond. The poisoning of Cu/ZnO catalysts by sulfur is discussed in the light of these results.
Topographic Imaging of Quantitative EEG in Response to Smoked Cocaine Self-Administration in Humans

Quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) profiles were studied in cocaine-dependent patients in response to an acute, single-blind, self-administered dose of smoked cocaine base (50 mg) vs placebo. qEEG data were averaged using neurometric analytical methods and the spectral power of each primary bandwidth was computed and topographically imaged. Additional measures included cocaine-induced high, craving, and related subjective ratings, heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma cortisol and homovanillic acid levels. In all, 13 crack cocaine-dependent subjects were tested. Cocaine produced a rapid increase in subjective ratings of cocaine high and good drug effect, and a more persistent increase in cocaine craving and nervousness. Cocaine also produced a rapid rise in heart rate and a prolonged increase in plasma cortisol. Placebo, administered in the context of cocaine cues and dosing expectations, had no cocaine-like subjective or physiological effects. Cocaine produced a rapid increase in absolute theta, alpha, and beta power over the prefrontal cortex (FP1, FP2), lasting up to 25 min after dosing. The increase in theta power was correlated with good drug effect, and the increase in alpha power was correlated with nervousness. Cocaine also produced a similar increase in delta coherence over the prefrontal cortex, which was positively correlated with plasma cortisol, and negatively correlated with nervousness. Placebo resulted in an increase in alpha power over the prefrontal cortex. These data demonstrate the involvement of prefrontal cortex in the qEEG response to acute cocaine. Evidence indicates slow wave qEEG, delta and theta activity, involvement in the rewarding properties of cocaine.
Perceptual interference decays over short unfilled intervals.

Theperceptual interference effect refers to the fact that object identification is directly related to the amount of information available at initial exposure. The present article investigated whether perceptual interference would dissipate when a short, unfilled interval was introduced between exposures to a degraded object. Across three experiments using both musical and pictorial stimuli, identification performance increased directly with the length of the unfilled interval. Consequently, significant perceptual interference was obtained only when the interval between exposures was relatively short (<500 msec for melodies; <300 msec for pictures). These results are consistent with explanations that attribute perceptual interference to increased perceptual noise created by exposures to highly degraded objects. The data also suggest that perceptual interference is mediated by systems that are not consciously controlled by the subject and that perceptual interference in the visual domain decays more rapidly than perceptual interference in the auditory domain.
The Nation State as Domesticator of the Alien

Michael Hechter's stimulating and provocative essay forces us to consider how modern nationalism and the nation state shape our conception of the familiar and the alien. As Hechter points out, ther...
Preservation of ischemic myocardium by a new converting enzyme inhibitor, enalaprilic acid, in acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Enalaprilic acid (MK-422), the biologically active diacid of the converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril, was studied in myocardial ischemia (MI). Acute left coronary artery ligation was produced in 62 male Sprague-Dawley rats, and infarct size was determined by left ventricular free wall (LVFW) creatine kinase (CK) activity. Administration of enalaprilic acid (2 mg/kg) 2 minutes and 24 hours after MI significantly blunted the reduction in LVFW CK activity at 48 hours after ligation, when compared to the MI rats given vehicle (6.4 ± 0.5 vs 4.7 ± 0.2 IU/mg protein, respectively; p p p p
Ethiopian Labor Migrants and the Free Visa System in Qatar

Labor migrants in Qatar and neighboring states are regulated and governed by the kafala, or sponsorship system. By law, all foreign migrants are locked to a particular sponsor-employer for the duration of their stay. While the kafala has been a central feature in analyses of migration throughout the region, little attention has been devoted to the informal and widespread "free visa" system that has arisen in the shadows of the kafala. Through a mixed methods approach utilizing the region's first representative sample of low-income labor migrants, a focus group with "free visa" holders in the Ethiopian community, and a set of semi-structured interviews with Ethiopian migrants, this paper explores the experiences and perspectives of Ethiopian migrants in the "free visa" system in Qatar. The "free visa" is neither free nor legal, and it produces significant vulnerabilities for transnational migrants who work under this arrangement. While those vulnerabilities characterize the lived experience of "free visa" ...
Damage evaluation for structural reliability assessment

Abstract The paper discusses damage evaluation in structures and the desirability of periodic inspections. Due to the difficulty of mathematical modeling of complex structures, reliance should be made on (a) expert opinion, and (b) interactive rule-based system analysis.
God and country: Revolution as a religious imperative on the radical right

This article examines three different appeals to the legitimizing power of religion in the literature of the contemporary radical right. It focuses first on the interpretation of the Christian Bible in The Field Manual of the Free Militia, second on the more diffuse references to a new civil religion in William Pierce's two novels, Hunter and The Turner Diaries, and finally on the myths and rituals that are growing up around the date of April 19. In each instance, through the respective strategies of scriptural exegesis, fabrication of a civil religion, and adoption of myth and ritual as forms of expression, religion is used to provide a primary sanction for a violent resistance to the status quo. The article, argues that, far from being peripheral, in the examples discussed religion is central, because it is used to legitimize the seriousness and ultimacy of the revolutionary cause.
Th17 cells in natural SIV hosts.

Purpose of review To summarize our current understanding of the regulation of Th17 cells in pathogenic and nonpathogenic lentiviral infections. Recent findings It has been shown that Th17 cells, a recently identified T helper-cell subset deemed critical for antimicrobial mucosal immunity, are preferentially depleted in the gastrointestinal tracts of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus and pigtailed (PTMs) macaques. In contrast, Th17 cells are preserved at healthy levels in monkey species that are natural hosts for SIV, such as sooty mangabeys or African green monkeys (AGMs), which maintain mucosal immunity and remain AIDS free. These findings suggest that preservation of Th17 cells (or lack thereof) may be central in determining the pathogenic or nonpathogenic outcome of HIV/SIV infection. Summary A preferential depletion of mucosal Th17 cells is a feature that distinguishes pathogenic HIV infection of humans from nonprogressive SIV infection of sooty mangabeys and AGMs. The exact mechanism accounting for this different phenotype is still unclear. To understand how natural hosts for SIV preserve Th17 cells and mucosal immunity might be central to the development of therapeutic interventions aimed at improving mucosal immunity in HIV-infected individuals.
Coronal Magnetic Structures Observing Campaign. II - Magnetic and plasma properties of a solar active region

Simultaneous soft X-ray, microwave, and photospheric magnetic field observations were taken during the Coronal Magnetic Structures Observing Campaign. The plasma electron temperatures and emission measures determined from the X-ray data are used to predict the intensity and structure of the thermal bremsstrahlung emission at 20 and 6 cm. Comparing these predictions with the microwave observations, it is found that the 20 cm structure is very similar to that expected from the X-rays, but a substantial amount of the 6 cm emission was resolved out. The predicted 20 cm brightness temperatures are higher than the observed, requiring cool absorbing material (not greater than 500,000 K) between the hot X-ray plasma and the observer. The absorption mechanism in the cool plasma at 20 cm is most likely thermal bremsstrahlung, requiring coronal magnetic fields as high as 150 G. 'Coronal Magnetograms', made by extrapolating the photospheric longitudinal field using the Sakurai code, show that appropriate values of the total field are reached at heights of 6000-10,000 km above the photosphere (at many but not all locations).
The binding of ADP to myosin.

Abstract The binding of [ 14 C]ADP to myosin (EC 3.6.1.3) was measured by equilibrium dialysis and centrifugation methods. At low ionic strength (0.05) the ADP binding was largely independent of free Mg 2+ concentration in the range of 1 nM–1 mM. The affinity constant at 1 mM Mg 2+ concentration was estimated to be about 10 6 and the linear Scatchard plots yielded a maximum of 1.2–1.6 moles of ADP bound per mole of myosin. At high ionic strength (0.6 M KCl) the binding of ADP to myosin was dependent upon the presence of Mg 2+ in a free concentration of about 1 μM. The affinity of ADP binding to myosin was reduced by inorganic pyrophosphate, actin, IDP and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The possible role of ADP in the regulation of the rate of ATP hydrolysis is discussed on the basis of the above observations.
The scientific basis for the design of landscape sustainability: a conceptual framework for translational landscape research and practice of designed landscapes and the six Es of landscape sustainability.

Landscape researchers and practitioners, using the lens of sustainability science, are breaking new ground about how people’s behaviors and actions influence the structure, function, and change of designed landscapes in an urbanizing world. The phrase—the scientific basis of the design for landscape sustainability—is used to describe how sustainability science can contribute to translational landscape research and practice about the systemic relationships among landscape sustainability, people’s contact with nature, and complex place-based problems. In the first section of this article, important definitions about the scientific basis of the design for landscape sustainability are reviewed including the six Es of landscape sustainability—environment, economic, equity, aesthetics, experience, and ethics. A conceptual framework about the six Es of landscape sustainability for designed landscapes is introduced. The interrelatedness, opportunities, contradictions, and limitations of the conceptual framework are discussed in relation to human health/security, ecosystem services, biodiversity, and resource management. The conceptual framework about the six Es of landscape sustainability for designed landscapes follows the tradition in which landscape researchers and practitioners synthesize emerging trends into conceptual frameworks for advancing basic and applied activities.
Prediction of turbine blade heat transfer and aerodynamics using a new unsteady boundary layer transition model

Abstract The effects of periodic unsteady flow on heat transfer and aerodynamic characteristics, particularly on the boundary layer transition along the suction and the pressure surfaces of a typical gas turbine blade, are experimentally and theoretically investigated. Comprehensive aerodynamic and heat transfer experimental data are collected for different unsteady passing frequencies that are typical of gas turbines. To predict the effect of the impinging periodic unsteady flow on the heat transfer and the aerodynamics of turbine blades, a new unsteady boundary layer transition model is developed. The model is based on a universal unsteady intermittency function and utilizes an inductive approach that implements the results of comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies of unsteady wake development and the boundary layer flow. Three distinct quantities are identified as primarily responsible for the transition of an unsteady boundary layer: (1) the universal relative intermittency function, (2) maximum intermittency, and (3) minimum intermittency. The analysis of the experimental results and the comparison with the model prediction confirm the validity of the model and its capability to accurately predict the unsteady boundary layer transition.
THE SURFACE STRUCTURE AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF ACETYLENE ON THE RH(111) SINGLE CRYSTAL SURFACE AND THE EFFECT OF COADSORBED CARBON MONOXIDE

Abstract The surface structure and thermal chemistry of acetylene on the Rh(111) crystal surface have been studied from 30 to 800 K using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Adsorbed acetylene on the Rh(111) is disordered at 30 K, but orders into a (2×2) LEED structure at 60 K; this is the lowest ordering temperature that has been reported for chemisorbed acetylene on a metal surface. HREEL spectra of C 2 H 2 and C 2 D 2 ordered in the (2×2) structure at 77 K on Rh(111) indicated that the carboncarbon bond of chemisorbed acythylene rehybridizes between sp 2 and sp 3 . At 270 K, chemisorbed molecular acetylene decomposes predominantly to CCH 2 species. Above 400 K, further decomposition to a mixture of CCH and CH species is observed. When CO and molecular acetylene are coadsorbed at 220 K, we observe a c(4×2) LEED structure rather than the (2×2) LEED structures observed for acetylene or CO adsorbed alone on Rh(111). Also, chemisorbed acetylene, when coadsorbed with CO, decomposes at 270 K to a mixture of CCH 3 (ethylidyne) and CCH (acetylide) species rather than the CCH 2 species.
Genesee: A late season golden nematode resistant variety

Genesee is a late season, golden nematode and scab resistant table-stock variety with a bright, white skin. It is also resistant to Verticillium wilt, and early blight.
Review of applications of capillary electrophoresis for clinical analysis

As an analytical tool, CE offers several advantages in the clinical laboratories. In addition to high resolution of the CE, the ease of modifying the selectivity by simple additives to the buffer allows complex mixtures of analytes in biological samples to be resolved easily. The driving forces for the widespread use of CE at the present time are simplicty, speed, high resolution, and low operating costs. Four general application areas were identified which are expected to have a great impact on the routine clinical analysis by CE. These areas are proteins (serum, CSF, urine), ions, drug screening, and DNA analysis. The analysis of these compounds is rapidly expanding and it is mature enough for bringing them into the routine work. The DNA applications for sequencing and PCR analysis have progressed to the extent that few specialized instruments dedicated to these analyses are on the market. Proteases as well as other enzymes can be analyzed conveniently by CE. The CE can offer also basic physical and str...
BUILDING ON COMMON DESIRE FOR BETTER TRIBAL-STATE GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS: 2002 FOUR CORNERS INSTITUTE FOR TRIBAL-STATE RELATIONS

Overcoming 500 years of fractious relations between tribal and nontribal cultures and governments is an endeavor not easily achieved in America, nor is it one that has always been marked by steady progress. Interpretations of tribal sovereignty have been long disputed. In the past 30 years, this often-debated concept has become an issue of great importance to state and federal governments. Differences of opinion still exist over the impact of tribal sovereignty on policies, procedures, or protocol. However, state and federal policy makers have begun to view the tribes as independent entities entitled to due consideration and an appropriate cultural sensitivity. All branches and levels of governments—including tribal ones—struggle to define mutual areas of responsibility, communication, and cooperation. Decision makers from state, federal, and tribal governments have had some opportunities to share experiences and information in the past. But this practice is still a work in progress despite the most since...
Tree structures for time-frequency signal analysis

The popular orthonormal decomposition techniques such as block transforms and filter banks for multiresolution signal representation are unified. Their comparative performance results based on signal energy compaction are presented for image and AR(1) sources. It is observed that the filter banks with computationally efficient filtering algorithms and irregular tree structures are potential competitors to the block transforms, particularly for image processing and coding applications. >
SELECTIVE SACCADIC PALSY AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY

Saccades are rapid eye movements that shift gaze between successive fixation points. We report three patients who awoke from cardiopulmonary bypass with complete persistent loss of all fast eye movements, including voluntary and involuntary saccades and quick phases of nystagmus, with all other eye movements preserved. ### Case reports. #### Patient 1. A healthy 50-year-old woman underwent otherwise uncomplicated aortic valve replacement for an incidentally discovered ascending aortic aneurysm. Upon awakening from anesthesia, she noted difficulties directing her gaze and began using head movements to facilitate gaze shifts. She had no dysarthria, dysphagia, or gait instability. She was discharged and had no problems other than her visual symptoms for 3 months when she developed complex partial seizures that responded to levetiracetam. Ten months postoperatively, general neurologic examination was notable only for diffuse hyporeflexia. Visual acuity, pupils, visual fields, and funduscopic examination results were normal. Straight-ahead fixation was steady, and no spontaneous saccades, square wave jerks, or nystagmus was seen with ophthalmoscopy. She made no fast volitional or reflexive saccades in any direction, but instead made extremely slow eye movements to eventually reach a target, except for slightly faster downward …
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL TREATMENTS ON THE TENDERNESS OF THE BEEF LONGISSIMUS

SUMMARY— 280 steaks from 56 beef carcasses were evaluated to determine the effects of different mechanical and physical methods for increasing the tenderness of the longissimus muscle. Changes in method of suspension, carcass integrity or chilling procedures resulted in increases in tenderness of approximately 47.5% for shear force and 53.6% for taste panel ratings. Experiment 2 (suspension from the achilles tendon, severance between vertebrae in 5 locations, severance of the ligamentum nuchae and the attachment of 68 kg weights) resulted in a 15% increase in tenderness as evaluated by both shear force values and the taste panel ratings. Experiment 3 (suspension via the obturator foramen, severance of the vertebrae in 5 different locations, severance of the ligamentum nuchae and the attachment of 68 kg weights to the neck) gave the greatest positive response in taste panel tenderness ratings (53.6%). Experiments 3, 4, 5 and 6 had the disadvantage of resulting in irregularly shaped carcasses, which could present problems in fabrication. The assumption that increases in carcass length are necessary to achieve o positive response in the tenderness of the longissimus appears unjustified, since post-mortem chilling at elevated temperatures (16°C) increased tenderness 47% with no appreciable change in carcass length. It was concluded from this study that the degree of post-mortem muscle contraction which occurs during the development of rigor mortis is a primary factor influencing the ultimate tenderness of beef. The degree of such contraction is related to the temperature at which the carcass is stored during the initial period of cooling. Chilling the carcass in a 16°C cooler during the first 16 hr post-mortem resulted in a 40.2% increase (P < .05) in ratings of longissimus tenderness and a 47.5% decrease (P < .01) in shear force requirement, yet involved no additional labor expense nor any irregularity in carcass form. Of the methods studied, the procedure involved in experiments 8 and 9 (chilling the carcasses for the first 16–20 hr in a cooler at 16°C) appears to be the most practical for industrial utilization.
A Controlled Clinical Trial Testing Two Potentially Non-Cross-Resistant Chemotherapeutic Regimens in Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

With the objectives of improving response rate, duration of response, and survival in small-cell carcinoma of the lung, 39 patients were randomized to remission-induction with either one of two potentially non-crossresistant drug combinations: ‘APE (consisting of adriamycin, 35 mg/m 2 IV, D1 Q 3 weeks; procarbazine, 60 mg/m 2 PO, D1-10 Q 3 weeks; and the epipodophyllotozin (VP16-213), 130 mg/m 2 IV, D8, 15 Q 3 weeks) or MOCC (composed of methotrexate, 15 mg/m 2 IV (with [vincristine] Oncovin) or PO twice weekly D8-21 Q 3 weeks; Oncovin, 1.5 mg/m 2 IV, D8, 15 Q 3 weeks; cyclophosphamide, 600 mg/m 2 IV, D1 Q 3 weeks, and CCNU, 60 mg/m 2 PO Q 6 weeks). A fixed crossover to the alternate regimen occurred at three months. Radiotherapy was delivered to the primary tumor (locoregional disease only) by a split course technique (1,750 rads for five days with a three-week split, followed by 3,400 rads over 17 days). The median survival including both arms was 11 months for regional and nine months for extensive disease. The chemotherapeutic activity of both regimens was comparable, with 15/17 (88 percent) of the patients responding to APE (including six complete) and 14/17 (82 percent) responding to MOCC (including five complete). The median survival for the complete responders was 11.7 months, while the partial responders survived for a median of 9.7 months. There were 2/9 (22 percent) responders to the alternate regimen at progressive disease. The overall incidence of CNS progression was 17 percent The toxicity of the regimens was moderate, except for one instance of granulocytopenic death. This study establishes two equipotent drug combinations for the treatment of small-cell carcinoma of the lung.
Therapy of Staphylococcal Infections in Monkeys VI. Comparison of Clindamycin, Erythromycin, and Methicillin

Intravenous inoculation of a penicillin-resistant, phage type 80/81 staphylococcus caused lethal infection in six of eight untreated monkeys. Daily intragastric administration of clindamycin hydrochloride and erythromycin stearate and intramuscular inoculation of clindamycin-2-phosphate and methicillin, all at a dose level of 50 mg/kg, was followed by mortalities of one of eight, one of eight, none of eight, and one of eight monkeys, respectively. Duration of obvious acute illness in surviving monkeys and time required for complete recovery were not significantly different in the four therapy groups with the exception that duration of acute illness in monkeys treated with clindamycin-2-phosphate (mean, 4.1 days) was significantly shorter than in monkeys given erythromycin stearate (mean, 7.1 days). In vitro sensitivity data and serum antibacterial levels would suggest that methicillin would be the least effective therapeutically, followed by erythromycin stearate and the two clindamycin preparations in that order. However, this prediction was not fulfilled in these studies in experimentally infected monkeys.
Genomic analysis of 16 Colorado human NL63 coronaviruses identifies a new genotype, high sequence diversity in the N-terminal domain of the spike gene and evidence of recombination

This study compared the complete genome sequences of 16 NL63 strain human coronaviruses (hCoVs) from respiratory specimens of paediatric patients with respiratory disease in Colorado, USA, and characterized the epidemiology and clinical characteristics associated with circulating NL63 viruses over a 3-year period. From 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2011, 92 of 9380 respiratory specimens were found to be positive for NL63 RNA by PCR, an overall prevalence of 1 %. NL63 viruses were circulating during all 3 years, but there was considerable yearly variation in prevalence and the month of peak incidence. Phylogenetic analysis comparing the genome sequences of the 16 Colorado NL63 viruses with those of the prototypical hCoV-NL63 and three other NL63 viruses from the Netherlands demonstrated that there were three genotypes (A, B and C) circulating in Colorado from 2005 to 2010, and evidence of recombination between virus strains was found. Genotypes B and C co-circulated in Colorado in 2005, 2009 and 2010, but genotype A circulated only in 2005 when it was the predominant NL63 strain. Genotype C represents a new lineage that has not been described previously. The greatest variability in the NL63 virus genomes was found in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike gene (nt 1–600, aa 1–200). Ten different amino acid sequences were found in the NTD of the spike protein among these NL63 strains and the 75 partial published sequences of NTDs from strains found at different times throughout the world.
Integrin-associated protein association with SRC homology 2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatase substrate 1 regulates igf-I signaling in vivo.

OBJECTIVE— Smooth muscle cell (SMC) maintained in medium containing normal levels of glucose do not proliferate in response to IGF-I, whereas cells maintained in medium containing 25 mmol/l glucose can respond. The aim of this study was to determine whether signaling events that have been shown to be required for stimulation of SMC growth were regulated by glucose concentrations in vivo. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We compared IGF-I–stimulated signaling events and growth in the aortic smooth muscle cells from normal and hyperglycemic mice. RESULTS— We determined that, in mice, hyperglycemia was associated with an increase in formation of the integrin-associated protein (IAP)/Src homology 2 domaine containing tyrosine phosphatase substrate 1 (SHPS-1) complex. There was a corresponding increase in Shc recruitment to SHPS-1 and Shc phosphorylation in response to IGF-I. There was also an increase in mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and SMC proliferation. The increase in IAP association with SHPS-1 in hyperglycemia appeared to be due to the protection of IAP from cleavage that occurred during exposure to normal glucose. In addition, we demonstrated that the protease responsible for IAP cleavage was matrix metalloprotease-2. An anti-IAP antibody that disrupted the IAP–SHPS-1 association resulted in complete inhibition of IGF-I–stimulated proliferation. CONCLUSIONS— Taken together, our results support a model in which hyperglycemia is associated with a reduction in IAP cleavage, thus allowing the formation of the IAP–SHPS-1 signaling complex that is required for IGF-I–stimulated proliferation of SMC.
Five Miles Until Friday? Addressing Misunderstandings of Light-Years.

ABSTRACTIn this fourth and fifth grade activity, students become comfortable with the concept that light-years are a measure of distance, not time, and discover how we are looking back in time when we look at stars. Since the enormous distances in space can make astronomical studies even more confusing, students explore the meaning of a light-year by first examining a unit on a smaller scale: the person-walking-week. Students determine how many kilometers a person can walk in a week and then use this unit of measurement to determine distances between cities. Once comfortable with the idea that this is a unit of distance, students then tackle the light-year and examine the stars in the Big Dipper and Orion. Using known distances to the stars, they determine when light seen today from those stars originally began its journey through space. Cross-curricular connections can then be easily made with topics in history.
Judging and actualizing intrapersonal and interpersonal affordances.

The current study investigated the perception of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and tool-based grasping possibilities. In Experiment 1, participants judged whether they would grasp planks of wood—presented in ascending, descending, and random orders of length—using one hand (1H), two hands (2H), or with a tool that extended their reach (TH). In Experiment 2, participants physically grasped the planks using 1H, 2H, or TH. In Experiments 3 and 4, the choice of TH was replaced with a choice of grasping the planks with another person (2P). The results showed that presentation order influenced the participants’ behavior differently in the judgment and action experiments. The same behavioral patterns, however, were observed when participants switched between 1H and 2H, 2H and TH, and 2H and 2P grasping. The point at which participants judged they would switch between the different modes of grasping, as well as the point at which participants physically switched between the grasping modes, occurred at similar action-scaled ratios. The equivalence of perceiving intrapersonal and interpersonal affordances is discussed.
Safety Evaluation of Converting Traffic Signals from Incandescent to LED Bulbs

Data from 282 signalized intersections in Charlotte, North Carolina, were used to examine the safety effect of converting the signals to composite LED bulbs. An empirical Bayes before-and-after method was used for the evaluation. Since this was a blanket installation by the city of Charlotte, a comparison group of stop-controlled intersections was used to account for possible trends during the study period. Crash modification factors (CMFs) were estimated for three- and four-leg intersections for eight different crash types including crashes at dawn and dusk and in dark conditions. For three-leg intersections, all CMFs were higher than 1.0; this factor indicates a possible increase in crashes due to the LEDs. However, none of these CMFs were statistically different from 1.0 at the .05 significance level. For four-leg intersections, the CMFs associated with rear-end crashes were lower than 1.0 and statistically significant at the .05 level; this finding indicates a reduction in these crash types following ...
Ultrasound and computed tomography of the iliosacral lymphatic centre in dogs with anal sac gland carcinoma.

In this prospective study, we hypothesized that computed tomography (CT) would identify more normal and abnormal iliosacral lymph nodes (LNs) than abdominal ultrasound in dogs with anal sac gland carcinoma (ASGC). Twelve client-owned dogs with ASGC but without distant metastasis were enrolled. Abdominal ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT scans of the abdomen were obtained. Iliosacral LNs were counted and assessed for location, laterality and size. Significantly (P < 0.00001) more iliosacral LNs were identified with CT (61) than ultrasound (30), including significantly (P = 0.00012) more medial iliac LNs with CT (33) than ultrasound (19). There was no difference in number of internal iliac LNs identified with CT versus ultrasound. Significantly (P = 0.000061) more sacral LNs were identified with CT (15) than ultrasound (0). Ultrasound identified slightly more (7) abnormal iliosacral LNs than CT (5). Contrast CT was able to identify more normal but not more abnormal LNs than ultrasound.
Status and trends of U.S. wetlands and deepwater habitats

Abstract Approximately 215 million acres 3 of wetlands existed in the conterminous U.S. at the time of the nation's settlement. By the mid-1970's, 99 million acres remained. The U.S. wetland resource for the ‘lower 48’ states encompassed 93.7 million acres of palustrine wetland of which 49.7 million were forested, and 5.2 million acres of estuarine wetlands of which 0.5 million were either shrubs, scrub trees or forested. Wetlands now cover about 5% of the land surface, and total wetland acreage amounts to an area roughly the size of California. Half of these wetlands are forested. Annual wetland losses averaged 458 000 acres: 440 000 acres of palustrine losses of which 300 000 are forested, and 18 000 acres of estuarine wetland losses of which less than 1000 acres are shrubs, scrub trees or forested. This annual loss equals an area about half the size of Rhode Island. Of these losses, 66% are forested wetlands. Agricultural development was responsible for 87% of wetland losses and 90% of the losses of forested wetlands. Urban development and other development caused only 8% and 5% of the losses, respectively. Forested-wetland losses caused by urban development and other development were 6% and 4%, respectively.
A compression model for ultimate postbuckling shear strength

Abstract Tension field theory has traditionally been used to determine the ultimate postbuckling shear strength of steel plates. More than a dozen theories have been proposed in the last nine decades to describe and predict this phenomenon, and all are based on the tensile response of the web plate, referred to as tension field action. Alternatively, in this paper a compression approach for determining the ultimate postbuckling shear strength is studied. First, an experimentally-validated finite element model is used to examine the mechanics of plate shear buckling. The response is shown to be similar to axially compressed plates, but in this case the axial compression is acting on a diagonal. Then a physical model and formulation based on the compressive strength of the plate is developed for predicting the ultimate postbuckling shear strength of a plate. For common design parameters of most bridge and building structures, this compression approach produces strengths that are closer to experimental and finite element results than the best and commonly accepted formulation based on tension field action. Overall, the results of this study show that a compression approach to predicting the postbuckling shear capacity of plates is an honest representation of shear buckling mechanics and has good correlation to extensive experimental results, where in many cases improved correlation is seen compared to formulations based on tension field action.
Lateral Jet Interaction on a Finned Projectile in Supersonic Flow

The flow interaction effects from a jet issuing into a supersonic crossflow are investigated using computational fluid dynamic simulations of a basic fin-stabilized projectile at moderate positive and negative angles attack. Data was generated for a high-pressure ratio jet located at seven locations along the projectile axis. Crossflow Mach numbers of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 were investigated for an angle of attack range of -10° ≤ α ≤ 10°. Flowfield visualizations indicated the size of the jet plume and the size of the resulting low-pressure region behind the jet were reduced as Mach number increased. The jet force amplification factor showed more variation as α became more negative. The effective jet location was found to vary little for α > -5° at Mach 2.5 and 3.5. For α > -5°, there was less variation of force amplification factor a Mach number increased. Flight simulations using reaction jet “squibs” were performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the control maneuver to the differences in jet thrust and jet actuation location. These results showed that significant differences in the projectile maneuver control were obtained if the effective jet thrust acting at the effective jet location were used instead of the ideal jet thrust acting at the jet exit location.
Ni(COD)2/PCy3 catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl and heteroaryl neopentylglycolboronates with aryl and heteroaryl mesylates and sulfamates in THF at room temperature.

Reaction conditions for the Ni(COD)2/PCy3 catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl neopentylglycolboronates with aryl mesylates were developed. By using optimized reaction conditions, Ni(COD)2/PCy3 was shown to be a versatile catalyst for the cross-coupling of a diversity of aryl neopentylglycolboronates with aryl and heteroaryl mesylates and sulfamates containing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents in their para, ortho, and meta positions in THF at room temperature. This Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl neopentylglycolboronates is also effective for the synthesis of heterobiaryls and biaryls containing electrophilic functionalities sensitive to organolithium and organomagnesium derivatives. In combination with the recently developed Ni-catalyzed neopentylglycolborylation, all Ni-catalyzed routes to functional biaryls and heterobiaryls are now easily accessible.
Targeting calcitriol, the active form of Vitamin-D3 to inflammatory breast cancer tumors

M epidemiological studies link low levels of Vitamin D to increased cancer risk. Current clinical trials however failed to show the effectiveness of Vitamin D3 in cancer therapy. This may be due to the concentration needed at the tumor site. Therefore we developed calcitriol conjugated Quantum dots to specifically target calcitriol to the tumor site. We chose inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) as a model system. The overall survival rate for IBC patients is 40% for 5 years and 20% for 10 years compared to 87% for all breast cancers. IBC is therefore the most deadly breast cancer. Previous studies showed that high doses of calcitriol inhibit migration, invasion and emboli formation of IBC cells. Using our conjugated Quantum dots, we systemically injected mice with IBC tumors. Our data clearly show that the Quantum dots delivered the calcitriol to the tumor and may be used for IBC treatment. However, more research is necessary to determine the concentration needed to eradicate the IBC tumors.
Uncertainty Based Multi-Objective Optimization of Groundwater Remediation at the Umatilla Chemical Depot

Management of groundwater contamination often involves conflicting objectives and substantial uncertainty. A critical source of this uncertainty in groundwater problems often stems from uncertainty in the hydraulic conductivity values for the aquifer. For a remediation solution to be reliable in practice it is important that it is robust over such potential errors. This paper presents the application of a robust multi-objective optimization method on a field-scale pump-and-treat design problem at the Umatilla Chemical Depot site at Hermiston, Oregon. A simple methodology is used to establish plausible realizations of hydraulic conductivity that are then efficiently sampled within the optimization framework using Latin Hypercube sampling. A noisy multi-objective genetic algorithm, developed and tested earlier on a hypothetical aquifer, is then applied to this field-scale case to come up with a set of robust and Pareto-dominant design solutions for the clean up of contaminants (RDX and TNT) in the groundwater. Interactions between the various trade-offs and the inherent uncertainty at the site are analyzed. Finally it is demonstrated that by using such robust multi-objective optimization schemes, it is possible to increase robustness of the optimal solutions without significant increases in costs.