cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical Resistivity of Ferromagnetic Metals at Low Temperatures

In a ferromagnetic metal the electrical resistance is caused by scattering of conduction electrons by phonons and by spin waves, the latter case arising from the exchange interaction between the conduction electrons and the localized magnetic electrons. Because these metals have two overlapping bands at the Fermi energy, an $s$ band and a $d$ band, the scattering in either case may occur within a single band or may involve $s\ensuremath{-}d$ transitions. Furthermore, both phonon and spin-wave umklapp processes can take place. The spin-wave contribution to $\ensuremath{\rho}$, often called the "spin-disorder resistivity," has been investigated for Fe, Co, Ni, and Gd. At the lowest temperatures (below 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for Fe, Co, and Ni) this varies as ${T}^{2}$ and is reasonably well described by the single-band theory of Kasuya and others. However, it was found that at higher temperatures the main source of resistance comes from the scattering of $s$ electrons into holes in the $d$ band. A model consisting of spherical energy bands with Fermi momenta ${k}_{F1}$ and ${k}_{F2}$ has been used to study the normal processes, neglecting spin-wave umklapp processes. A consequence of the model, which is thought to be qualitatively correct, is that $s\ensuremath{-}d$ transitions require spin waves whose wave vectors exceed the radial distance between the two Fermi spheres. Thus, the $s\ensuremath{-}d$ transition mechanism is ineffective at very low temperatures. Representative calculations indicate that at higher temperatures this contribution to $\ensuremath{\rho}$, which has previously been overlooked, is about an order of magnitude larger than that arising from single-band scattering.
Promised Lands: Cinema, Geography, Modernism

(2002). Promised Lands: Cinema, Geography, Modernism. Ethics, Place & Environment: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 287-288.
An estimated $84.9 billion in uncompensated care was provided in 2013; ACA payment cuts could challenge providers.

Millions of uninsured people use health care services every year. We estimated providers’ uncompensated care costs in 2013 to be between $74.9 billion and $84.9 billion. We calculated that in the aggregate, at least 65 percent of providers’ uncompensated care costs were offset by government payments designed to cover the costs. Medicaid and Medicare were the largest sources of such government payments, providing $13.5 billion and $8.0 billion, respectively. Anticipating fewer uninsured people and lower levels of uncompensated care, the Affordable Care Act reduces certain Medicare and Medicaid payments. Such cuts in government funding of uncompensated care could pose challenges to some providers, particularly in states that have not adopted the Medicaid expansion or where implementation of health care reform is proceeding slowly.
Distribution and Frequency of Fusarium Species Associated with Soybean Roots in Iowa.

Abstract A 3-year survey was conducted in Iowa to characterize the distribution and frequency of species of Fusarium associated with soybean roots. Ten plants were collected from each of 40 to 57 fields each year at V2 to V5 and R3 to R4 soybean growth stages. Fusarium colonies were isolated from symptomatic and symptomless roots and identified to species based on cultural and morphological characteristics. Species identification was confirmed by amplification and sequencing of the translation elongation factor (EF1-α) gene. Fifteen species were identified; Fusarium oxysporum was isolated most frequently, accounting for more than 30% of all isolates. F. acuminatum, F. graminearum, and F. solani were also among the most frequent and widespread species. Eleven other species were recovered from few fields, accounting for less than 10% of all isolates in a given year. No consistent trends were observed in geographic distribution of species. Variability in species frequency was found between soybean growth sta...
Further studies on bacterial and liver tryptophan pyrrolases.

Abstract Tryptophan pyrrolase was isolated and extensively purified from rat liver and Pseudomonas sp. (ATCC 14675) and the properties of the two preparations were compared. They possess in common the following characteristics: (1) Requirement for a reducing agent to start reaction, (2) Appearance of a lag period in reaction kinetics following preincubation with reducing agent. (3) pH optima in the range 5.5–8.0 (8.0 and 7.0–7.4 for bacterial and liver enzyme respectively). (4) Inhibition by SH reagents and heme- or hematin-chelating reagents added during reaction. (5) Spectral changes in the Soret region during reaction. (6) A mol.wt. of 103 000 measured in sucrose gradients. The bacterial enzyme is more stable under a variety of conditions than is the liver enzyme; it contains hematin in a more tightly bound form than liver enzyme. The nature of the prosthetic group and the protein conformation in the active form of the enzyme are discussed.
Research toward an operational passive microwave remote sensing system for soil moisture

Abstract The primary physical property of the Earth that affects the measurements obtained by a passive microwave sensor, operating at 20 cm wavelength, is the amount of water present in its field of view. Microwave sensors also have all-weather capability and can even observe soil moisture conditions under moderate levels of vegetation cover. When implemented on a high-altitude platform passive microwave sensors can provide temporal and spatial observations of surface soil moisture. These capabilities are complementary with hydrologic forecasting and water management. A review of the current understanding of passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture and examples of potential applications are presented. Research needs for operational implementation are described.
Compartmentation of alpha-internexin and neurofilament triplet proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons.

Intermediate filaments comprise an integral part of the neuronal cytoskeleton. However, little is known about their function, and there remains some uncertainty about their precise subcellular localization. We examined the timingof expression and distribution of α-internexin, neurofilament triplet proteins and peripherin using immunocytochemistry in cultured hippocampal neurons. α-Internexin immunostaining was present in all neurons at all developmental stages. Immunostaining appeared as long filaments in axons and short fragments in dendrites which extended into dendritic spines. The presence of α-internexin in dendritic spines was confirmedin situ by electron microscopy of rat hippocampal tissue sections and suggests that this intermediate filament may serve as a link between cytoskeletal elements in dendritic shafts and spines. In culture, immunostaining using antibodies against individual triplet protein subunits indicated that light (NF-L) and middle (NF-M) subunits were first expressed in cells shortly after the initiation of axonal outgrowth. Expression of the heavy (NF-H) subunit occurred a few days later. Although timing and localization of expression did not correlate with the initiation of axonal or dendritic processes, it was coincident with periods of rapid outgrowth. Triplet proteins were more abundant in axons and appeared to be incorporated into lengthier filaments than in dendrites. Highly phosphorylated NFH/M immunoreactivity was polarized to axons after 6 days in culture. The distribution of one NF-H epitope was restricted to GABAergic neurons in mature cultures, suggesting a cell-type specific modification. Peripherin was not detectable at any time in hippocampal cultures. Our results show that intermediate filaments are integral components of the neuronal cytoskeleton of cultured hippocampal neurons throughout development. Furthermore, the localization of α-internexin suggests that it may be involved in the formation or maintenance of dendritic spines.
Prestack wave-equation depth migration in elliptical coordinates

We extend Riemannian wavefield extrapolation (RWE) to prestack migration using 2D elliptical-coordinate systems. The corresponding 2D elliptical extrapolation wavenumber introduces only an isotropic slowness model stretch to the single-square-root operator. This enables the use of existing Cartesian finite-difference extrapolators for propagating wavefields on elliptical meshes. A poststack migration example illustrates advantages of elliptical coordinates for imaging turning waves. A 2D imaging test using a velocity-benchmark data set demonstrates that the RWE prestack migration algorithm generates high-quality prestack migration images that are more accurate than those generated by Cartesian operators of the equivalent accuracy. Even in situations in which RWE geometries are used, a high-order implementation of the one-way extrapolator operator is required for accurate propagation and imaging. Elliptical-cylindrical and oblate-spheroidal geometries are potential extensions of the analytical approach to 3D RWE-coordinate systems.
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase-deficient mice are resistant to the nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin

We have proposed that the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin, a widely used chemotherapy drug, is the result of the binding of cisplatin to glutathione and the subsequent metabolism of the cisplatin-glutathione complex via a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-dependent pathway in the proximal tubules. To test the hypothesis that GGT activity is essential for the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin, the effects of cisplatin were examined in wild-type and GGT-deficient mice. Mice were treated with 15 mg cisplatin/kg. Five days after treatment, renal histopathology, blood urea nitrogen levels, serum creatinine, platinum excretion, and platinum accumulation in the kidney were examined. Half the mice were supplemented with N-acetylcysteine, which has been shown to correct low levels of tissue glutathione in GGT-deficient mice. The data show that cisplatin was nephrotoxic in wild-type mice but not in GGT-deficient mice. The wild-type mice, with and without N-acetylcysteine supplementation, had significantly elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and renal tubular necrosis. There was no evidence of nephrotoxicity in the GGT-deficient mice regardless of N-acetyl cysteine supplementation. No differences in platinum excretion were seen comparing wild-type and GGT-deficient mice, nor was there any significant difference in renal platinum accumulation. These data suggest that renal cisplatin toxicity is dependent on GGT activity, and is not correlated with uptake. The results support our hypothesis that the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin is the result of the metabolism of the drug through a GGT-dependent pathway.
Effects of shade tree removal on birds in coffee agroecosystems in Chiapas, Mexico

Abstract Coffee agroecosystems with complex shade canopies provide refuges for biodiversity, and reductions in complexity cause biodiversity loss. However, no studies directly compare farms before and after a management shift. We surveyed birds before and after a drastic canopy reduction. We compared abundance and richness of all birds, migrants and residents, and bird guilds, and examined impacts on functional group richness for insect-feeding birds and abundance of two key insectivore groups. Finally, we used confidence inference trees to examine which vegetation variables best explained bird abundance and richness for all birds and different groups. We observed 113 bird species from over 7700 individuals. Surprisingly, there were no changes in cumulative bird richness in the cut and uncut areas; however, bird abundance and mean richness was 3–6 times higher in uncut areas. Abundance and richness of all birds, migrants, residents, and individual guilds was higher in shaded areas, as was functional group richness of insectivores and abundance of key insectivore species. Canopy cover and canopy depth best predicted bird abundance and richness. Birds prey on arthropods including coffee pests. Most coffee farmers eliminate shade trees to increase yields; however, management changes that negatively affect insect-feeding birds may indirectly affect the coffee crop.
Common region: A new principle of perceptual grouping

A new principle of grouping is proposed that is based on elements being located within a common region of space. Demonstrations analogous to Wertheimer's original displays show that this factor strongly influences perceived grouping and is capable of overcoming the effects of other powerful grouping factors such as proximity and similarity. Grouping by common region is further shown to depend on perceived depth relations, indicating that it is influenced by processes that occur after at least some depth perception has been achieved. Further demonstrations suggest that it is dominated by the smallest background area and that it can follow a hierarchical embedding scheme. It is argued that common region cannot be reduced to the effects of proximity, closure, or any other previously known factor and therefore constitutes a genuinely new principle of grouping.
Selective enrichment of a methanol-utilizing consortium using pulp and paper mill waste streams.

Efficient utilization of carbon inputs is critical to the economic viability of the current forest products sector. Input carbon losses occur in various locations within a pulp mill, including losses as volatile organics and wastewater. Opportunities exist to capture this carbon in the form of value-added products such as biodegradable polymers. Waste-activated sludge from a pulp mill wastewater facility was enriched for 80 days for a methanol-utilizing consortium with the goal of using this consortium to produce biopolymers from methanol-rich pulp mill waste streams. Five enrichment conditions were utilized: three high-methanol streams from the kraft mill foul condensate system, one methanol-amended stream from the mill wastewater plant, and one methanol-only enrichment. Enrichment reactors were operated aerobically in sequencing batch mode at neutral pH and 25°C with a hydraulic residence time and a solids retention time of 4 days. Non-enriched waste activated sludge did not consume methanol or reduce chemical oxygen demand. With enrichment, however, the chemical oxygen demand reduction over 24-h feed/decant cycles ranged from 79 to 89%, and methanol concentrations dropped below method detection limits. Neither the non-enriched waste-activated sludge nor any of the enrichment cultures accumulated polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) under conditions of nitrogen sufficiency. Similarly, the non-enriched waste activated sludge did not accumulate PHAs under nitrogen-limited conditions. By contrast, enriched cultures accumulated PHAs to nearly 14% on a dry weight basis under nitrogen-limited conditions. This indicates that selectively enriched pulp mill waste activated sludge can serve as an inoculum for PHA production from methanol-rich pulp mill effluents.
Communication design and theories of learning

This paper provides a brief overview of the ill-structured information spaces that communication designers create and inhabit, highlighting the need for a research-based understanding of learning. A sociocognitive approach to learning that benefits from the strengths of cognitive and social perspectives is described. As a complex learning activity, communication design and use demand creative, multidisciplinary approaches to data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
Entire large solutions to semilinear elliptic systems

Abstract We consider the problem of existence of positive solutions to the elliptic system Δ u = p ( | x | ) v α , Δ v = q ( | x | ) u β on R n ( n ⩾ 3 ) which satisfies lim | x | → ∞ u ( x ) = lim | x | → ∞ v ( x ) = ∞ . The parameters α and β are positive, and the nonnegative functions p and q are continuous and min { p ( r ) , q ( r ) } does not have compact support. We show that if α β ⩽ 1 , then such a solution exists if and only if the functions p and q satisfy ∫ 0 ∞ t p ( t ) ( t 2 − n ∫ 0 t s n − 3 Q ( s ) d s ) α d t = ∞ , ∫ 0 ∞ t q ( t ) ( t 2 − n ∫ 0 t s n − 3 P ( s ) d s ) β d t = ∞ with P ( r ) = ∫ 0 r τ p ( τ ) d τ and Q ( r ) = ∫ 0 r τ q ( τ ) d τ . For α β > 1 , we show that a solution exists if either of the above conditions fails to hold; i.e., one of the integrals is finite. These extend all known results for the given system.
The Census, Estimation Biases, and Female Labor-Force Participation Rates in 1880 Colorado

(1995). The Census, Estimation Biases, and Female Labor-Force Participation Rates in 1880 Colorado. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History: Vol. 28, Representations of Work. Manuscript Census and Linked Sources, pp. 167-181.
The interaction of mitochondria with pulses of calcium

Mitochondria seem to be distributed within cells so as to provide the necessary amounts of ATP when and where it is needed. In muscle tissue many mitochondria are located near the contracting filaments. In cells which make and secrete large amounts of protein many mitochondria are found near the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In neurons mitochondria use energy to move in an anterograde direction through the axon on microtubules and later return in the retrograde direction, distributing themselves, in the process, along the axon. In all cells there are a significant number of mitochondria near the nucleus. For years, we have known of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, of the Na+-dependent and Na+independent efflux mechanisms, and of the permeability transition pore [2]. More recently, work first with aequorin and then with artificially synthesized fluorescent calcium indicators showed that the levels of calcium within the cytosol of cells are low – in the range of 100 nM, except during calcium transients or pulses that often pass like waves through the cytosol [1]. The calcium within these pulses or transients comes, in large part, from release from intracellular stores, replenished by calcium influx from the extracellular space through calcium channels. These intracellular stores are found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle tissue and generally within the endoplasmic reticulum of other tissue. During these calcium pulses or transients the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]) rises into the range from 0.5 to over 1.0 μM. In restricted regions near the pores effluxing calcium from intracellular stores, the [Ca2+] can go even higher. Several reactions within the intramitochondrial metabolic pathways have been found to be activated by calcium[1]. Of these, those catalyzed by three dehydrogenases coupled to the TCA cycle (pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha keto gluterate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase) are the best known; however, the electron transport system within liver mitochondria, the F1 ATPase, and the adenine nucleotide translocase have also been found to be stimulated by calcium. The advocates of metabolic control theory support the view that there is not a single rate-limiting step for the intramitochondrial metabolic reactions and that calcium acts to coordinate the activation of several steps among which rate limitation is shared so as to increase the rate of ATP production (for review, see [1]). The kinetics of the influx and efflux of calcium through the uniporter and the Na+-dependent and Na+independent efflux mechanisms are known for the most frequently studied types of mitochondria (liver and heart) [2]. Calculations of the amount of calcium taken up by mitochondria from calcium pulses like those observed in cells originally led to the conclusion that this calcium uptake would be insufficient to activate the intramitochondrial calcium-dependent metabolic reactions, except in those cases where the mitochondria are located near the intracellular stores from which the calcium in the calcium pulses is
Using epigenetics to define vaccine-induced memory T cells.

Memory T cells generated from acute infection or vaccination have the potential to provide the host with life-long immunity against re-infection. Protection by memory T cells is achieved through their acquired ability to persist at anatomical sites of the primary infection as well as maintaining a heightened ability to recall effector functions. The maintenance of CD8 and CD4 T cell function in a state of readiness is key to life-long immunity and manifest through changes in transcriptional regulation. Yet, the ability to identify poised transcriptional programs at the maintenance stage of the response is lacking from most transcriptional profiling studies of memory T cells. Epigenetic profiling allows for the assessment of transcriptionally poised (promoters that are readily accessible for transcription) states of antigen-specific T cells without manipulation of the activation state of the cell. Here we review recent studies that have examined epigenetic programs of effector and memory T cell subsets. These reports demonstrate that acquisition of epigenetic programs during memory T cell differentiation to acute and chronic infections is coupled to, and potentially regulate, the cell's recall response. We discuss the usefulness of epigenetic profiling in characterizing T cell differentiation state and function for preclinical evaluation of vaccines and the current methodologies for single locus versus genome-wide epigenetic profiling. Current Opinion in Virology 2013, 3:371–376 This review comes from a themed issue on Vaccines Edited by Rafi Ahmed and Dennis Burton For a complete overview see the Issue and the Editorial Available online 7th June 2013 1879-6257/$ – see front matter, © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.017
A Monte Carlo analysis of an SU(5) scalar model

Abstract Spontaneous symmetry breaking is studied in an SU(5) model of adjoint scalars with quartic couplings λ1 (tr φ2)2 + λ2 trφ4 and with a negative mass term. The breaking for λ2 > 0 is to SU(3)⊗SU(2)⊗U(1), and for λ2 > 0 to SU(3)⊗SU(2)⊗U(1), in agreement with the standard tree-level analysis of the scalar potential.
A Parallel Coupled Ordinates Method for Rarefied Gas Dynamics Simulations

Deterministic solution techniques for non-equilibrium rarefied flows in RF MEMS switches are frequently based on the ellipsoidal statistical Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (ESBGK) form of the Boltzmann kinetic equation. These numerical schemes involve the sequential solution of the distribution function in velocity space. However, these schemes have poor convergence rates, especially at low Knudsen numbers, because of the explicit coupling of the distribution functions in velocity space. Furthermore, parallel implementation of these schemes is inefficient, making simulation of real-life devices practically impossible. In this paper we describe the parallel performance of a recently-developed numerical procedure called the coupled ordinates method (COMET) to solve ESBGK equations. In this method, the distribution functions for all velocity ordinates are strongly coupled at each physical point, resulting in an implicit solution procedure in velocity space. The coupled procedure is used as a relaxation sweep in a geometric multigrid scheme to promote spatial coupling. Results show that COMET gives excellent CPU scaling on multiple processors even for very small workload per processor. The solver is also shown to have very good strong and weak scaling characteristics. The parallel COMET solver also gives significantly faster solutions than the parallel implementation of the conventional sequential solution procedure. It is believed that the parallel COMET solver can become an efficient tool to model real-life RF MEMS switches.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Full power level development of the Space Shuttle main engine

Development of the Space Shuttle main engine for nominal operation at full power level (109 percent rated power) is continuing in parallel with the successful flight testing of the Space Transportation System. Verification of changes made to the rated power level configuration currently being flown on the Orbiter Columbia is in progress and the certification testing of the full power level configuration has begun. The certification test plan includes the accumulation of 10,000 seconds on each of two engines by early 1983. Certification testing includes the simulation of nominal mission duty cycles as well as the two abort thrust profiles: abort to orbit and return to launch site. Several of the certification tests are conducted at 111 percent power to demonstrate additional safety margins. In addition to the flight test and development program results, future plans for life demonstration and engine uprating will be discussed.
THE PRACTICAL VALUE OF PURE SCIENCE.

When I reflect that preceding Edison medallists have been men of the type of Charles F. Brush, who first showed the world that electricity might be used for city lighting; Alexander Graham Bell, whose invention was at the base of the whole vast system of modern communications; Frank Sprague, who was responsible for the application of electric power to railway transportation; M. I. Pupin, who made long distance telephony possible; J. J. Carty, under whose inspiration and leadership the telephone repeater and amplifier, with all that they mean to the enrichment of modern life, have been brought forth, and others of like achievement in the application of electricity to large industrial uses, I feel that there may have been a misunderstanding or a mistake in connection with this year's award. For when I look over my thirty years of scientific effort I can find no industry which has grown out of my researches, nor even any which have been very immediately benefited by them.
Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 6% of all human cancers. It represents the fifth most common cancer and the third most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide. In the United States, the overall incidence is 2.4 per 100,000 persons per year. The incidence of HCC in the United States has been growing during the past two decades, and the age-specific incidence of this cancer has progressively shifted toward younger people. This is most likely related to the increased prevalence of hepatitis C virus– related cirrhosis. Several risk factors are associated with HCC.1 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most frequent underlying cause worldwide. About 85% of HCC cases occur in eastern and southeastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where chronic HBV infection is endemic, and about 80% of the cases in these locations have been associated with chronic hepatitis B. Between 70% and 90% of HBV-related HCC develop in patients with cirrhosis. There is also a strong causal association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCC. Indeed, HCV-related HCC has now become a clinical problem that most gastroenterologists encounter in their practice. Almost all HCVrelated HCCs occur among patients with cirrhosis. Other risk factors for HCC include alcohol abuse, which can act synergistically with HCV to promote liver carcinogenesis; cirrhosis that results from any cause (the magnitude of the HCC risk being greater when it is associated with a viral origin); inherited metabolic disorders such as hemochromatosis, tyrosinemia, and glycogen storage disease; and dietary aflatoxin exposure. In the United States, chronic viral hepatitides account for no more than 30%– 40% of reported cases of HCC. Men are 2 to 4 times more frequently affected by HCC than are women.
Direct Binding of Activated c-Src to the β3-Adrenergic Receptor Is Required for MAP Kinase Activation

Both beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenergic receptors (ARs) are able to activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. We previously showed that c-Src is required for ERK activation by beta(2)AR and that it is recruited to activated beta(2)AR through binding of the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain to proline-rich regions of the adapter protein beta-arrestin1. Despite the absence of sites for phosphorylation and beta-arrestin binding, ERK activation by beta(3)AR still requires c-Src. Agonist activation of beta(2)AR, but not beta(3)AR, led to redistribution of green fluorescent protein-tagged beta-arrestin to the plasma membrane. In beta-arrestin-deficient COS-7 cells, beta-agonist-dependent co-precipitation of c-Src with the beta(2)AR required exogenous beta-arrestin, but activated beta(3)AR co-precipitated c-Src in the absence or presence of beta-arrestin. ERK activation and Src co-precipitation with beta(3)AR also occurred in adipocytes in an agonist-dependent and pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. Protein interaction studies show that the beta(3)AR interacts directly with the SH3 domain of Src through proline-rich motifs (PXXP) in the third intracellular loop and the carboxyl terminus. ERK activation and Src co-precipitation were abolished in cells expressing point mutations in these PXXP motifs. Together, these data describe a novel mechanism of ERK activation by a G protein-coupled receptor in which the intracellular domains directly recruit c-Src.
Lymphocyte proliferation induced by autologous cells. XV. Relationships between the human autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulated by non-T and activated T cells☆

Abstract The human {T:T act} AMLR was characterized in its relationship to the {T:Non-T} AMLR and its validity as a nonxenogeneic antigen induced response was extended. Human T cell lines, established from responding T cells in an autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), were maintained in medium containing human serum and interleukin-2 (IL-2). These cells stimulated 3 H-thymidine incorporation by autologous T cells and by autologous unfractionated blood mononuclear cells. Freshly activated T cells isolated from an autologous MLR stimulated autologous T cells to a lesser extent could be enhanced by adding IL-2. Twenty-five to 50% of T cells stimulated by activated T cells express the T8 determinant. In contrast, we have previously shown that less than 10% of T cells activated after 6 days in culture with non-T cells express the T8 determinant. The number of T8 bearing cells were increased significantly after 10 days in culture with non-T cells. This suggested that two types of reactions, the {T:Non-T} and {T:T act} AMLR, might occur in sequence when T cells and autologous non-T cells are cocultured: first, the activation of T4 cells by non-T cells, then by the activation of T8 cells by activated T4 cells. Finally, activated T cells can stimulate unfractionated autologous mononuclear cells without prior exposure to sheep erythrocytes or fetal calf serum.
Luc Ferry's Critique of Deep Ecology, Nazi Nature Protection Laws, and Environmental Anti-Semitism

Abstract Neo-Humanist Luc Ferry (1995) has compared deep ecology's declarations of intrinsic value in nature to the Third Reich's nature protection laws, which prohibit maltreatment of animals having “worth in themselves.” Ferry's questionable approach fails to document the relationship between Nazi environmentalism and Nazi racism. German high art and mass media historically presented nature as dualistic, and portrayed Untermenschen as unnatural or inorganic. Nazi propaganda excluded Jews from nature, and identified traditional Jews as cruel to animals. Ferry's idealization of Humanism under reports the pervasiveness of anti-Semitism in European thought, including the French Enlightenment.
Studies on the role of amino acid residues 31 through 46 of ribosomal protein S4 in the mechanism of 30 S ribosome assembly.

Abstract We have described previously the isolation of a large fragment of 30 S ribosomal protein S4 (Changchien & Craven, 1976). This S4-fragment is produced by the digestion of the S4–16S RNA complex with trypsin and it retains a full capacity to associate specifically with 16S RNA. It was also demonstrated that the S4-fragment has approximately 46 amino acid residues missing from the N-terminus and an intact C-terminus (also shown by Newberry et al. , 1977). Preliminary experiments with this S4-fragment indicated that it could not fully replace the intact protein S4 in the process of 30 S ribosome assembly in vitro . We have also recently reported (Changchien et al. , 1978) the preparation of a new fragment of protein S4 which has only 30 amino acid residues cleaved from the N-terminus. This was achieved by the use of the reagent 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid which selectively modifies the cysteine residue at position 31 followed by a cleavage of the adjacent peptide bond. We have now fully characterized the capacity of these two fragments, S4-fragment (47–203) and S4-fragment(31–203), to participate in the 30 S ribosome assembly process in vitro . Using 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we find that when S4-fragment(47–203) is a component of the in vitro assembly reaction, proteins S1, S2, S10, S18 and S21 fail to become incorporated into the final particle. In contrast, S4-fragment(31–203) appears to participate in the reconstitution reaction without impairment allowing the complete incorporation of all 20 proteins of the 30 S subunit. The resultant particle, containing the S4-fragment (31–203), is fully active in the binding of poly(U), but is completely inactive for non-enzymatic poly(U)-directed binding of Phe-tRNA (Changchien et al. , 1978). These results suggest that residues 1 through 30 of protein S4 are not involved in the assembly of the 30 S ribosome, but are required for the proper construction of the tRNA binding site. In addition residues 31 through 46 must be somehow critically important for the assembly of proteins S1, S2, S10, S18 and S21. We present evidence to show that the absence of residues 31 through 46 of protein S4 prevents a conformational change in the structure of 16 S RNA which normally accompanies the RI to RI transition and that this results in the inability of these proteins to participate in the assembly process.
Changing policy to reflect a concern for patients who sign out against medical advice.

The attention paid to some of the complex issues surrounding difficult discharges of hospital inpatients in the article by Swidler et al. (2007) is both timely and much deserved. Problem cases disc...
Structure of products from reactions of phosphorus pentachloride with phenyl salicylate and 2-hydroxybenzophenone; related compounds. p31 N.M.R. and chemical studies†

The compounds obtained from the reactions of phenyl salicylate and 2-hydroxybenzo-phenone with phosphorus pentachloride have been shown to have structures I A and II A, respectively, rather than alternative heterocyclic structures on the basis of the comparison of the P31 chemical shifts with appropriate reference compounds and additional chemical evidence. Compound I reacts with two equivalents of phenol in the presence of two equivalents of triethylamine to form mainly compound VIII (substitution on phosphorus). Structure VIII is confirmed via P31 n.m.r. and IR spectra and the fact that partial hydrolysis forms the same compound (VII) that is obtained from the reaction of compound III with phenol (only phosphorus substitution possible). A mechanism with initial reaction of phosphorus pentachloride (as tetrachlorophosphonium ion) on the phenolic hydroxyl is postulated on the basis of the available evidence. The P31 chemical shifts for compounds XIV A and XV A confirm these structures as heterocyclic in accord with previous chemical evidence. Structure XIV A is of historical importance as one of the first three cyclic structures ever published in the classical paper in which Couper announced his structural theory of organic chemistry.
The small terminase, GP16, of bacteriophage T4 is a regulator of the DNA packaging motor

Tailed bacteriophages and herpes viruses use powerful molecular motors to translocate DNA into a preassembled prohead and compact the DNA to near crystalline density. The phage T4 motor, a pentamer of 70-kDa large terminase, gp17, is the fastest and most powerful motor reported to date. gp17 has an ATPase activity that powers DNA translocation and a nuclease activity that cuts concatemeric DNA and generates the termini of viral genome. An 18-kDa small terminase, gp16, is also essential, but its role in DNA packaging is poorly understood. gp16 forms oligomers, most likely octamers, exhibits no enzymatic activities, but stimulates the gp17-ATPase activity, and inhibits the nuclease activity. Extensive mutational and biochemical analyses show that gp16 contains three domains, a central oligomerization domain, and N- and C-terminal domains that are essential for ATPase stimulation. Stimulation occurs not by nucleotide exchange or enhanced ATP binding but by triggering hydrolysis of gp17-bound ATP, a mechanism reminiscent of GTPase-activating proteins. gp16 does not have an arginine finger but its interaction with gp17 seems to position a gp17 arginine finger into the catalytic pocket. gp16 inhibits DNA translocation when gp17 is associated with the prohead. gp16 restricts gp17-nuclease such that the putative packaging initiation cut is made but random cutting is inhibited. These results suggest that the phage T4 packaging machine consists of a motor (gp17) and a regulator (gp16). The gp16 regulator is essential to coordinate the gp17 motor ATPase, translocase, and nuclease activities, otherwise it could be suicidal to the virus.
A framework for performance evaluation and optimization of an emerging multimedia DS-CDMA network

This paper proposes a framework for performance evaluation and optimization of an emerging multimedia, packet Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) network with a wide range of Quality of Service (QoS) requirements on losses and delays. The need for a new framework arises from inability of the traditional approach, based on the outage probability, to capture the queueing aspects of DS-CDMA network behavior in presence of delay tolerant traffic. Accounting for these aspects becomes essential for emerging multimedia DS-CDMA networks attempting to approach their capacity limits by using coding and spreading gain control, retransmissions, as well as transmission scheduling/power control. Since in a DS-CDMA network transmissions compete for simultaneous access to several resources, including wireless bandwidth and transmission power, the paper proposes to approximate the feasible QoS region for the network by the intersection of the feasible QoS regions for the corresponding single-resource systems. The feasible QoS region for a single-resource system is estimated by using M / G / 1 conservation laws. Based on this "bottleneck resource" approximation, the paper estimates the admission region for the network and outlines the approach to the network management aimed at maximizing the admission region.
Emerging mechanisms of mRNP remodeling regulation

The assembly and remodeling of the components of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) are important in determining the fate of a messenger RNA (mRNA). A combination of biochemical and cell biology research, recently complemented by genome-wide high-throughput approaches, has led to significant progress on understanding the formation, dynamics, and function of mRNPs. These studies also advanced the challenging process of identifying the evolving constituents of individual mRNPs at various stages during an mRNA's lifetime. While research on mRNP remodeling in general has been gaining momentum, there has been relatively little attention paid to the regulatory aspect of mRNP remodeling. Here, we discuss the results of some new studies and potential mechanisms for regulation of mRNP remodeling.
Factors modulating the oxygen dependence of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

The oxygen consumed by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is reduced to water by the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. This reaction has the overall stoichiometry: $$4{H^{ + \;}} + \;{0_{2\;}} + \;4{c^{2 + \;}} + \;2ADP\; + \;2Pi\, \to \,4{c^{3 + }} + \;{H_2}0\; + \;2ATP $$ (1) Electrons from cytochrome c and hydrogen ions from the aqueous phase are required for reduction of dioxygen to water. In order to understand the role of cytochrome c oxidase in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration, one must keep in mind that the reduction of dioxygen to water is irreversible under all metabolic conditions. This means that in any steady state the rate of respiration is equal to the rate of electron transfer through cytochrome £ oxidase. In order for the mitochondrial respiratory rate to change it is necessary for the rate of oxygen reduction by cytochrome £ oxidase to change by the same amount and in the same direction. Metabolic effectors of the rate of mitochondrial respiration in vivo and in vitro ultimately do so by modulating the rate of electron transfer through cytochrome £ oxidase. Part of the energy available in the cytochrome c oxidase reaction is released as heat and part is conserved by the synthesis of ATP. The latter occurs through a coupling mechanism which involves reaction intermediates, i.e., there is no direct interaction of ADP, Pi or ATP with the enzyme.
Factors Affecting Students’ Ability to Judge Poultry

Abstract INTRODUCTION ALL colleges which offer Poultry Husbandry as a major curriculum require at least one course in judging. The number of courses of which judging is a part and the number of credit hours offered in each course vary from one institution to another. There seems little question that knowledge gained from judging the characteristics of the laying and non-laying hen and of the differences in breed type is an improtant part in the education of poultry majors. Still, the amount of time that a student can profitably devote to poultry judging is another matter. Judging poultry, like that for livestock in general, is a skill that is acquired through practice. One learns the art of judging from competent teachers. Usually there is no text book to serve as a guide, and the teacher’s decision, right or wrong, in placing a class of birds is final. If the teacher himself . . .
A Dynamic and Efficient Representation of Building-Block Layout

Dynamic layout representation is a key problem in developing a building block layout system. We have unified topological and geometrical representations, and developed efficient methods to update topological information after geometrical operations. The experimental results are very promising. This representation is the key for information flow in BEAR -- a new building block layout system being developed at U. C. Berkeley.
Singularities in solutions of the three-dimensional laminar-boundary-layer equations

The three-dimensional steady laminar-boundary-layer equations have been cast in the appropriate form for semisimilar solutions, and it is shown that in this form they have the same structure as the semisimilar form of the two-dimensional unsteady laminar-boundary-layer equations. This similarity suggests that there may be a new type of singularity in solutions to the three-dimensional equations: a singularity that is the counterpart of the Stewartson singularity in certain solutions to the unsteady boundary-layer equations.A family of simple three-dimensional laminar boundary-layer flows has been devised and numerical solutions for the development of these flows have been obtained in an effort to discover and investigate the new singularity. The numerical results do indeed indicate the existence of such a singularity. A study of the flow approaching the singularity indicates that the singularity is associated with the domain of influence of the flow for given initial (upstream) conditions as is prescribed by the Raetz influence principle.
Reason, power and history: Re-reading the Dialectic of Enlightenment

This paper re-examines the relationship between power, reason and history in Horkheimer and Adorno’s Dialectic of Enlightenment. Contesting Habermas’ highly influential reading of the text, I argue...
Fruit and Seed Characters Help Distinguish Southern Illinois Dodecatheon (Primulaceae) Species and Highlight Unusual Intergrading Populations

Abstract In taxa with few diagnostic characters, highly variable populations pose a major challenge to delimiting species. This is especially true in Dodecatheon (Primulaceae), which has a notoriously complex taxonomic history. Previous biosystematic studies of Dodecatheon in southern Illinois support the recognition of two species: D. frenchii, a diploid sandstone cliff endemic, and D. meadia, a widespread tetraploid. However, only one morphological character distinguishes them and some experimental evidence suggests that this character may be environmentally induced. Furthermore, authors have disagreed about the nature of morphologically intergrading populations. In this study, we document patterns of variation for fruit and seed characters among populations in southern Illinois, including one atypical, morphologically intergrading population. Different seed shapes help distinguish these taxa, both in southern Illinois and across their larger ranges. We also show that the intergrading population is sign...
Relational–Developmental Therapy Group for Postnatal Depression

Postnatal depression has been estimated to affect as many as 30% of childbearing women. Emerging evidence offers reason to believe that psychoanalytically-oriented group treatment may be beneficial for some women with postnatal depression. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of one model of analytic group therapy for this clinical population. Our findings suggest that the women had a positive response to the group treatment. The particulars of the psychoanalytic group approach, here referred to as relational-developmental, are described in detail and an analysis is offered about why this approach may be beneficial. Also discussed are limitations of the research design and suggestions for studying a relational-developmental group-centered prevention program for children at-risk from postnatal depression.
Speaker independent vowel recognition using neural tree networks

A novel approach to the problem of speaker-independent vowel recognition is presented. A novel neural architecture and learning algorithm called neural tree networks (NTNs) are developed. This network uses a tree structure with a neural network at each tree node. The NTN architecture offers a very efficient hardware implementation as compared to MLPs (multilayer perceptrons). The NTN algorithm grows the neurons while learning as opposed to backpropagation, for which the number of neurons must be known before learning can begin. The proposed algorithm is guaranteed to converge on the training set whereas backpropagation can get stuck in local minima. Simulation results on a speaker-independent vowel-recognition task are presented which show that the new method is superior to both the MLP and decision tree methods. >
a matter of touristic “indifférence”

Based on a recent fieldwork experience in an island of the central Philippines, this paper compares ethnography and tourism and shows that the ethnographic relationship can be reversed as the ethnographer becomes a touristic attraction for the people under study. It is argued that Derrida's concept of “differance” is essential to the recognition of otherness and that “indifferance” prevents tourists and, more unfortunately, anthropologists from perceiving the identity of their respective hosts. [Philippines, Siquijor Island, tourism, fieldwork, reflexive anthropology, “differance,” Derrida]