cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radioactive Phosphorus (P32) in the Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Cancer

Clinical use of the radioactive phosphorus (P32) test naturally expanded first in the more accessible regions of the body. Areas such as the eye, skin and breast could be carefully evaluated for relatively long periods and, if necessary, repeatedly with little discomfort to the patient. The difficulty of instrumentation in the gastrointestinal tract presented a natural barrier to clinical evaluation. During the period of early delay, a basic study (Schulman et al., 1949) on phosphorus turnover in human gastric carcinoma, shed some light on the possible usefulness of the test in the stomach. Following subtotal gastrectomy in three patients with nonmalignant disease and six with various gross types of cancer, who had been given 1 µc. of P32 per pound of body weight 36 hours prior to surgery, mucosa was stripped from the stomach wall in all cases, and samples taken of tumor mass. Analysis showed that the phosphorus content of mucosa from stomach with either benign or malignant disease, was essentially the same. The phosphorus content of gastric mucosa, whether associated with benign or malignant disease, and cancerous tissue, was also the same, but the rate of phosphorus turnover was 47 per cent higher in gastric carcinoma than in other gastric tissue. There was a 124 per cent increase in the turnover of protein phosphorus and a 45 per cent increase in the turnover of lipid phosphorus, but the acid-soluble phosphorus turnover remained unchanged. The increased activity of tumor phosphorus in the stomach demonstrated the possible usefulness of the P82 test in differential diagnosis of gastric lesions.
Adam Smith's Moral Economy and the Debate to Abolish the Slave Trade

Adam Smith's contribution to antislavery rhetoric has been well-documented by scholars. However, few have thought to examine his impact on the writing of slavery advocates. In the late eighteenth-century debate to abolish the slave trade in Great Britain, abolitionists appropriated Smith's rhetoric to create a “moral economy” that could not tolerate the practice of slaving. Proslavery writers, perceiving the sincere threat to their livelihood, also manipulated Smith's rhetoric and the concept of “moral economy” to formulate arguments in defense of the slave trade. This article complements and expands analyses of Smith's rhetorical and economic theories as well as the rhetoric of the first abolitionist campaign in order to open avenues of inquiry that examine both sides of the debate.
Acute accidental hypothermia in a newborn infant: Case report

Summary A newborn infant is presented who had acute hypothermia with electrocardiographic changes of complete A-V dissociation and atrial flutter. A mild metabolic acidosis was promptly relieved by the administration of sodium bicarbonate intravenously. Hyperglycemia resulted from the administration of intravenous dextrose, but the blood sugar values returned to normal within 24 hours. The infant responded to gradual warming measures and when last seen at 6 months of age appeared to have progressed normally in respect to mental and physical growth.
Genetic control of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase isozymes in cultures of lymphocytes and granulocytes: Effect of addition of phytohemagglutinin, actinomycin D or puromycin

1. 1. The effect of the addition of phytohemagglutinin to cultures of purified lymphocytes and granulocytes upon the isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase (l-lactate:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) and malate dehydrogenase (l-malate:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) was studied. 2. 2. Increase in the proportion of muscle-type (M-type) lactate dehydrogenase was demonstrable with acrylamide-gel disc electrophoresis in 4 h, while a significant increase (P < 0.001) occurred within 24 h. Actinomycin D or puromycin prevented this change. Granulocytes, which had a high proportion of M-type lactate dehydrogenase initially, showed no alteration in the isozyme pattern in cultures with or without phytohemagglutinin. 3. 3. Two malate dehydrogenase isozyme bands were found in lymphocytes and granulocytes. The slow-moving Band 2 represented 44.8% of the total malate dehydrogenase in lymphocytes and only 13.4% in granulocytes. In cultures, with or without phytohemagglutinin, little change was seen in lymphocytes. Granulocytes, however, showed a marked increase in Band 2 (P < 0.001) in 24 h, but this occurred with or without the addition of phytohemagglutinin. Actinomycin D or puromycin blocked this change. 4. 4. The results indicate that in lymphocytes phytohemagglutinin acts at the two genetic loci controlling synthesis of muscle- and heart-type (M- and H-)lactate dehydrogenase polypeptide subunits. The synthesis of the two isozymes of malate dehydrogenase also may be under the control of separate genes which in granulocytes are influenced by conditions of cell culture, rather than by phytohemagglutinin.
Stereological analysis of cerebral atrophy in human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia

Brain atrophy is a common finding in patients with AIDS, but the relationship of atrophy to HIV-associated dementia is unclear. We used unbiased, stereological methods on postmortem brain specimens to estimate volumes of different brain regions in patients prospectively diagnosed with and without HIV-associated dementia. Thirty HIV-seropositive (9 without AIDS/without dementia, 6 with AIDS/without dementia, 15 with AIDS/with dementia) and 7 HIV-seronegative controls were studied using the technique of point counting and Cavalieri's principle of volume estimation. There was a significant reduction in the mean neocortical volume (15%, p = 0.032) in the group with AIDS when compared to the seronegative controls, and this difference was accentuated when comparing only the group with HIV-associated dementia to the seronegatives (neocortex: 18%, p = 0.020). There were no significant differences between the AIDS groups with and without HIV-associated dementia, although there was a trend for smaller volumes in the most severely demented patients. There were no differences in white matter volumes between groups. In conclusion, patients dying with AIDS and particularly those with HIV-associated dementia, show significant neocortical atrophy when compared to seronegative controls. The lack of a significant difference in cerebral atrophy between HIV-seropositive patients with and without dementia suggests that atrophy may be a more generalized phenomenon of AIDS as opposed to a specific marker for HIV-associated dementia.
ACUTE MECHANICAL VENTILATION: AN INDEX OF PEDIATRIC ICU BED UTILIZATION

Only 28.0% of pediatric ICU (PICU) admissions to a tertiarycare center (MCV) over an 8-year period required acute mechanical ventilation (MV), yet these accounted for 52.5% of total PICU patient days. Transport admissions had a greater than average requirement for MV (40.4%). The median duration of intensive care (MDIC) for all MV patients was 4 days. Subgroups differing in MDIC at the p<0.01 level included: a) under 2 years (5d) vs. older (4d); b) medical (5d) vs. all perioperative (3d); and c) cardiac surgery (3d) vs. other perioperative (Ad). Only 4.8% of MV patients required more than one month in the PICU, but 67.8% of that long-term subgroup were less than 2 years old (p<0.01). We concluded that: 1) 3.79 PICU beds per million general population (1.39 per 100,000 children under age 18 years) were occupied daily by MV patients at MCV; 2) the total number of PICU beds utilized was 7.54 PICU beds per million general population (2.76 per 100,000 children under age 18 years) or twice that needed for MV patients alone; 3) the regression equation for MV census/day = 0.0280(# adm/yr < 2-years-old) + 0.157(# adm/yr exceeding 30 ICU days) + 0.387 accurately predicted annual variability at both MCV (r2 = 0.984, SEE 0.173, p<0.01) and a neighboring tertiary-care center (predicted/observed = 103%); and 4) the difference in MV census/day between the two centers was due to a difference in the number of patients requiring prolonged MV (30-90 days) for primary respiratory failure.
Host and viral factors that influence viral neurotropism II. Viral genes, host genes, site of entry and route of spread of virus

Abstract In the previous article in this series, we focused on how the interaction between viral cell attachment proteins and receptor molecules on the surface of host target cells played a major role in determining the cell and tissue tropism of many neurotropic viruses. In order to complete our review of viral factors that influence the tropism of viruses for the CNS, we will discuss the role of viral genes that function to specifically enhance the replication of viral proteins in certain cells or tissues ("tissue-specific enhancers and promoters"). We will then examine the ways in which host factors, including specific host genes, can influence resistance or susceptibility to certain types of neurotropic viral infections. Finally, we will conclude by reviewing how factors that involve the interaction of the host and the virus, such as the site of the viral entry and its route and method of spread, can influence the distribution of viral infection within the CNS.
Heterocydic compounds. VIII. Synthesis of 3- and 2,3-substituted thienopyrimidones

The synthesis of a number of substituted thienopyrimidones and quinazolones has been deseribed.
Adding dose escalation to accelerated hyperfractionation for head and neck cancer: 76 Gy in 5 weeks

Summary Twenty-two patients with head and neck cancer have been treated on a pilot protocol that incorporates dose escalation with accelerated hyperfractionation during a 5-week radiotherapy schedule. Twelve patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy alone and the remaining 10 patients were treated postoperatively. The definitive radiotherapy schedule delivers a cumulative dose of 76 Gy in 5 weeks. The acute tolerance of the postoperative regimen has been superb, whereas the acute treatment reactions in the definitive group are more potent. This is largely due to the fact that larger mucosal volumes were treated in the primary radiotherapy patients, in whom confluent mucositis manifests late in week 3. Complete tumor regression has been observed in 10 of 12 (83%) definitive patients, including 3 patients with N3 neck disease. Two of 12 patients (17%) experienced prolonged painful mucositis (12 and 14 weeks), suggesting that 76 Gy over 32 elapsed days tests the capacity of the acute reacting tissues to recover fully. The radiobiological rationale for this schedule is discussed.
Effects of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolate from Malacosoma disstria on Lymantria dispar larval growth pattern

Abstract A nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolated from a larval population of the Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria , was fed to first- and second-instar gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar , larvae where it caused tissue damage and low mortality. Growth of most individuals was retarded until they reached the last instar when recovery of the growth loss was rapid and nearly complete. The infected individuals reached the adult stage 3 to 4 days later than the controls; otherwise they appeared normal.
What Key Information Can Be Included in a Comprehensive Summary of Performance

The newly reauthorized version of IDEA, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, requires that school districts provide students who graduate or exceed age eligibility for special education with a Summary of Performance (SOP). The SOP should contain a summary of the student's academic achievement and functional performance and provide recommendations on how to assist the child in postsecondary environments. In this article, the authors present a range of assessment data—both formal and informal—that is likely available in a student's file to incorporate into a comprehensive SOP document. They use the template developed by The National Transition Documentation Summit to organize their comments and recommendations.
Properties of enzyme activities involved in protein phosphorylatino-dephosphorylation of the thyroid plasma membranes

Bovine thyroid tissue exhibited cAMP-dependent and Ca2+-dependent protein kinase activities as well as a basal (cAMP- and Ca2+-independent) one, and phosphoprotein phosphatase activity. Although the former two protein kinase activities were not clearly demonstrated using endogenous protein as substrate, they were clearly shown in soluble, particulate and plasma membrane fractions using exogenous histones as substrate. The highest specific activities were in the plasma membrane. The apparent Km values of cAMP and Ca2+ for the membrane-bound protein kinase were 5 . 10(-8) M and 8.3 . 10(-4) M in the presence of 1 Mm EGTA), respectively. The apparent Km values of Mg2+ were 7.10-4M (without (in the cAMP and Ca2+), 5 . 10(-4) M (with cAMP) and 1.3 . 10(-3) M (with Ca2+), and those of ATP were 3.5 . 10(-5)M (with or without cAMP) and 8.5 . 10(-5) M (with Ca2+). The Ca2+-dependent protein kinase could be dissociated from the membrane by EGTA-washing. The enzyme activity so released was further activated by added phospholipid (phosphatidylserine/1,3-diolein), but not by calmodulin. Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity was also clearly demonstrated in all of the fractions using 32P-labeled mixed histones as substrate. The activity was not modified by either cAMP or Ca2+, but was stimulated by a rather broad range (5-25 mM) of Mg2+ and Mn2+. NaCl and substrate concentrations also influenced the activity. Pyrophosphate, ATP, inorganic phosphate and NaF inhibited the activity in a dose-dependent manner. Trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, dibucaine and Triton X-100 (above 0.05%, w/v) specifically inhibited the Ca2+-dependent protein kinase in plasma membranes. Repetitive phosphorylation of intrinsic and extrinsic proteins by the membrane-bound enzyme activities clearly showed an important co-ordination of them at the step of protein phosphorylation. These findings suggest that these enzyme activities in plasma membranes may contribute to regulation of thyroid function in response to external stimuli.
A kinesin motor in a force-producing conformation.

Background Kinesin motors hydrolyze ATP to produce force and move along microtubules, converting chemical energy into work by a mechanism that is only poorly understood. Key transitions and intermediate states in the process are still structurally uncharacterized, and remain outstanding questions in the field. Perturbing the motor by introducing point mutations could stabilize transitional or unstable states, providing critical information about these rarer states.
Pentobarbital-induced apneusis in intact, vagotomized, and pneumotaxic-lesioned cats.

Abstract While recording several respiratory parameters, sodium pentobarbital (PB) was infused into the inferior vena cava of spontaneously breathing, PB anesthetized cats. Three cat groups were investigated: intact control (group A); vagotomized (group B); pneumotaxic center-lesioned (group C). With a few exceptions, all cats developed PB-induced inspiratory apneusis. Groups B and C exhibited 10-sec inspiratory hold patterns at significantly lower PB levels than group A cats. All groups developed apnea at different PB levels. Ventilation was consistently depressed, predominantly by breathing frequency attenuation. Tidal volume remained comparable to control, but decreased in vagotomized cats at high PB levels. These results are interpreted to signify that (1) inspiratory inhibitory inputs are more susceptible to depression by PB than inspiratory drive mechanisms; (2) the breathing pattern of apneusis results when summed inspiratory inhibition is reduced below a critical minimum level; (3) vagal and pneumotaxic center inhibitions on inspiration are equally weighted at apneusis, but not at apnea. These results are further discussed in terms of the inspiratory off-switch model. A possible model of Biot respiration is also introduced.
The controlled parenteral delivery of polypeptides and proteins

Abstract Strategies for the controlled parenteral delivery of polypeptides and proteins are reviewed. The different approaches are divided into five classes: (a) hydrogels, (b) self-diffusion systems, (c) microparticles, (d) biodegradable polymers, and (e) porous membranes; self-regulated delivery represents an additional subset. These methods are discussed in the light of difficulties associated with delivery of proteins, including their low permeability, rapid proteolysis, and denaturation within the delivery system.
Understanding student use of differentials in physics integration problems

target domains. The source domains are the mental schemata derived directly from sensorimotor experience, whereas target domains are domains formed by subjective or nonsensorimotor experience. According to Lakoff and Johnson [28], a conceptual metaphor allows the use of sensorimotor experiential-based schemata to conceptualize a subjective experience. In metaphorical cases such as ‘‘He is brought out of depression,’’ experiencing the state of depression is associated with locations and the change of state is correlated with movement out of a location. ‘‘States are locations’’ is within the vast collections of primary metaphors identified by Lakoff and Johnson [28]. One important characteristic of a conceptual metaphor is that we typically conceptualize nonphysical notions like time, mind, emotion, and ideas in terms of concrete physical terms such as objects, substances, entities, and motions for which we have more experience. Conceptual metaphors have also been used to characterize ideas in mathematical and scientific reasoning. Nunez brought the notion of embodiment cognition into mathematics and emphasizes the role our body and brain play in the construction of mathematical concepts [29]. He described conceptual metaphors as ‘‘fundamental cognitive mechanisms which project the inferential structure of a source domain onto a target domain, allowing the use of effortless species-specific body-based inference to structure abstract inference’’ [29]. Lakoff and Nunez described two main types of metaphorical mathematical ideas: grounding metaphors, which generate basic arithmetic notions (e.g., ‘‘addition as adding objects to a collection’’ within ‘‘arithmetic as an object collection’’), and linking metaphors, which generate more sophisticated ideas connecting arithmetic to other branches of mathematics (e.g., ‘‘numbers as points on a line’’) [30]. Amin et al. [31] provided an analysis of the lay and scientific usage of the term energy from the conceptual metaphor perspective. In phrases involving constructing human activities, such as ‘‘full of energy’’ or ‘‘drained of energy,’’ energy is understood as a possession contained in a person. In scientific use, energy transformation is often revealed in phrases such as ‘‘in some form’’ or energy ‘‘going back and forth between’’ different forms. The conceptualization of the energy concept is structured as a location event-structure metaphor, including submappings of forms of energy as locations and energy transformation as movements. The use of conceptual metaphors in scientific language has been described for a number of other topics, including thermodynamics [32] and quantum mechanics [33]. DEHUI HU AND N. SANJAY REBELLO PHYS. REV. ST PHYS. EDUC. RES. 9, 020108 (2013)
Ca2+ Cross-Linked Alginic Acid Nanoparticles for Solubilization of Lipophilic Natural Colorants

The increased tendency toward healthy lifestyles has promoted natural food ingredients to the detriment of synthetic components of food products. The trend followed into the colorant arena, with consumers worried about potential health problems associated with synthetic colorants and demanding food products that use natural pigments. The goal of this study was to entrap a lipophilic natural pigment (beta-carotene) in a water-soluble matrix made of Ca(2+) cross-linked alginic acid, to allow its use as a colorant in water-based foods. The effects of different synthesis parameters such as type of solvent, alginic acid concentration, and calcium chloride concentration on nanoparticle characteristics (i.e., size, zeta potential, and morphology) were evaluated. The particle stability was assessed by measuring aggregation against pH, oxidation, and particle precipitation as a function of time. The particle synthesized measured 120-180 nm when formed with chloroform and 500-950 nm when synthesized with ethyl acetate. The particles were negatively charged (-70 to -80 mV zeta potential) and were stable at pH values ranging from 3 to 7. The presence of calcium was prevalent on the particles, indicating that the divalent ions were responsible for cross-linking lecithin with alginic acid and forming the matrix around the beta-carotene pockets. The addition of calcium increased nanoparticle density and improved beta-carotene protection against oxidation. It is concluded that the method proposed herein was capable of forming water-soluble nanoparticles with entrapped beta-carotene of controlled functionality, as a result of the type of solvent and the amounts of alginate and Ca(2+) used.
The Contributions of Paul B. Baltes to the Transformation of the Field of Child Development: From Developmental Psychology to Developmental Science

The scientific contributions and professional leadership of Paul B. Baltes were key bases for the emergence of “developmental science,” an integrative, multidisciplinary approach to human development that uses dynamic, developmental systems models to describe, explain, and optimize the course of human life. This article explains how, from the late 1960s through the 1980s, Baltes promoted this transformation by influencing changes in the theories, concepts, and methods central in the field of child development. The enduring influence of the work of Baltes on child development theory and method is documented by reference to the publication of the sixth edition of the Handbook of Child Psychology. This handbook serves as a sample case of the cutting edge of contemporary developmental science and of the continued impact of Baltes' scholarship on research and applications aimed at understanding and promoting positive human development across the life span.
Direct measurements of methoxy removal rate constants for collisions with CH4, Ar, N2, Xe, and CF4 in the temperature range 673–973 K

Removal rate constants for CH3O by CH4, Ar, N2, Xe, and CF4 were measured over a 300 K temperature range using a laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence technique. Rapid methoxy removal rates are observed for the non-reactive collision partners (Ar, N2, Xe, and CF4) at elevated temperatures showing that the dissociation and isomerization channels for CH3O are indeed important. The total removal rate constant (reaction + dissociation and/or isomerization) for CH4 follows Arrhenius behavior over the investigated temperature range and is well represented by the form. kr = (1.2 ± 0.7) × 10−8 exp [(−10170 ± 350)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Using an RRKM formalism to scale the removal rate constants for the non-reactive collision partners, the dissociation/isomerization portion of the total CH3O + CH4 removal rate constant has been estimated. Subtracting this estimate from the total removal rate constant yields a CH3O + CH4 reaction rate constant equal to k1 = (2.2 ± 2.0) × 10−10 exp [(−7585 ± 466)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1.
The Surgical Management of Graves’ Disease

Background The historical aspects of the pathophysiology and treatment of Graves’ disease are briefly discussed in this paper. Materials and methods The three treatment modalities of Graves’ disease are anti-thyroid drug therapy, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgery. Although the majority of patients with Graves’ disease in the U.S. are treated with radioactive iodine, surgery still plays an important role when patients cannot tolerate anti-thyroid drug therapy, when medical treatment is rejected by patients, or when surgery is deemed the fastest and safest route in managing the patient. Conclusions The indications for surgical management of Graves’ disease are discussed with emphasis on available data supporting the extent of thyroid resection based on the incidences of hypothyroidism, recurrence of hyperthyroidism, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and hypoparathyroidism.
Race-Related Factors and Life Satisfaction Among African Americans

The objective of this article is to examine the race-related factors of racial discrimination, racial context, and having White friends and their impact on life satisfaction. Racial context is an environmentalfactor that may condition Blacks in how they deal with being Black in a White society, as might having White friends. Two hypotheses are presented: (a) racial discrimination detracts from life satisfaction and (b) White racial contexts and having Whitefriends positively contribute to African American life satisfaction. Data were collected from African American adults from the Detroit area. The results of this study provide some support for the hypotheses. Blacks who experience discrimination have lower levels of life satisfaction. Those who attended grammar and high school in predominantly White contexts have higher levels of life satisfaction. Having White friends was not significant. Implications of these results are discussed.
Kohn-Luttinger effect and the instability of a repulsive Fermi-liquid at T = 0

I consider the possibility for a pairing instability in a 2D repulsive Fermi-liquid due to the singularity in the scattering amplitude Γ(q) at the momentum transfer q ≈2pF (Kohn-Luttinger effect). For arbitrary Fermi-liquid, Γ(q) for the particles at the Fermi surface is found to have a singular part, Γsing(q) ∼ $$ \sim \sqrt {1 - \frac{{q^2 }}{{(2p_F )^2 }}}$$ . For large 2D orbital momentum l, this term gives a dominant attractive contribution to the scattering amplitude and leads to a pairing instability in a 2D Fermi-liquid with arbitrary short-range repulsion. In the dilute limit, numerical studies show that the effect survives down to l=1 and gives rise to a p-wave pairing.
Exposure effects in person perception: Familiarity, similarity, and attraction

Two experiments explored the relationship between familiarity, similarity, and attraction. In the first experiment, subjects viewed photographs of faces at various exposure frequencies and then rated them for likeableness and similarity. Familiar people were regarded by the subjects as both more likeable and more similar to themselves. The effects of familiarity on perceived similarity were primarily mediated by changes in attraction, although some evidence of a direct link between familiarity and perceived similarity was also found. In the second experiment, subjects viewed the same stimuli at a single exposure frequency, and received bogus information regarding the similarity of the people shown therein. Subsequent ratings of likeableness and perceived familiarity revealed that people who seemed similar to the subjects were regarded as both more likeable and more familiar. The effects of similarity on perceived familiarity were almost entirely mediated by changes in attraction. Some of the theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Spinal cord disease in patients with cancer.

Purpose of review Spinal cord disease is not uncommon in patients with systemic cancer. Most cases are due to epidural tumor metastases with resulting cord compression, although intramedullary spinal cord metastases, radiation myelopathy, and myelopathic complications of chemotherapy must be considered. Recent findings Techniques for surgical decompression of the spinal cord in patients with epidural tumor have improved significantly over the past decade. Several studies have demonstrated improved neurologic outcome in a subset of patients with epidural spinal cord compression treated surgically. Summary This article outlines the clinical features, radiographic findings, and differential diagnosis of spinal cord disease in patients with cancer and describes the therapeutic approach to these patients. Early identification and treatment of patients with epidural spinal cord compression is critical to maintaining neurologic function and preserving quality of life.
Bulk atmospheric deposition of hydrocarbons to lower Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons (HC) were continuously deposited from the atmosphere at stations in SE Virginia. The bulk deposition rate for total unresolved complex mixture (UCM) and n -alkane HC was constant at all stations during the sampling period (> 1 year). The deposition rates at the three non-urban stations was similar and averaged 69, 27 and 18 μg m −2 d −1 for total, UCM and n -alkane HC, respectively. The urban station had a higher deposition rate for total (203 μg m −2 d −1 ) and UCM (90 μg m −2 d −1 ) HC than the non-urban stations, but a similar deposition rate for n -alkanes (22 μg m −2 d −1 ). These results indicate a regionally similar deposition rate for biogenic ( n -alkanes) and anthropogenic (UCM) HC, with a major localized input of anthropogenic HC at the urban station. Long range atmospheric transport followed by dry deposition appear to be the major processes responsible for these similar deposition rates over this geographical area.
D1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists block caffeine-induced stimulation of locomotor activity in rats.

Abstract The mechanism of action for the behavioral stimulant effects of caffeine has been extensively studied, but results have been ambiguous and inconsistent. The present study examined the role of dopamine in caffeine-induced stimulation of locomotor activity in rats. d-Amphetamine was also tested for comparison. Locomotor activity of male Sprague-Dawley rats (300–350 g) was measured using two-channel electronic activity monitors. Activity counts were recorded for 30 min following a 30-min pretreatment with either caffeine (3.0–100 mg/kg, IP) or d-amphetamine (0.1–3.0 mg/kg, IP) alone and in combination with the D1 dopamine antagonist SCH23390 (0.01 and 0.003 mg/kg, SC) or the D2 dopamine antagonists sulpiride (30 mg/kg, SC) or eticlopride (0.03 mg/kg, SC). Caffeine and d-amphetamine dose dependently increased locomotor activity. This effect of both caffeine and d-amphetamine was blocked by SCH23390 as well as by eticlopride. Sulpiride blocked the stimulatory effects of caffeine but not d-amphetamine. These results suggest that the locomotor stimulant effect of caffeine, like that of d-amphetamine, is mediated through dopaminergic systems; both D1 and D2 receptors appear to be involved.
Functional Crosstalk between mGluR2 and 5-HT2A Depends on their Expression Ratios

We recently reported that a heteromeric complex formed between the Gi-coupled metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor (mGluR2) and the Gq-coupled serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (2AR) integrates the actions of serotonergic and glutamatergic drugs, modulating the balance between Gi and Gq signaling in a way that can be used to predict the psychoactive properties of these drugs (Fribourg et al. 2011, Cell. 147(5):1011-23). The biological relevance of the mGluR2/2AR crosstalk was challenged by a recent study in which co-expression of the two receptors in HEK-293 cells had no significant effect on either Gi or Gq signaling in response to several serotonergic and glutamatergic drugs (Delille et al., 2012, Neuropharmacology 62(7):2184-91). This controversy motivated us to address the significance of the ratio of the expression levels of two receptors on the degree of their functional crosstalk. To this end we generated several clones of HEK-293 cells expressing different ratios of the two receptors in the background of the G protein inwardly rectifying GIRK1/GIRK4 channel, which can serve as a reporter for both Gi and Gq signaling. The fluorescent potensiometric dye DiBAC4(3) was used as a probe for membrane potential changes in response to GIRK1/GIRK4 channel activity, whereas the ratiometric calcium indicator Fura-2 was used as an alternative reporter of Gq signaling. Here we report that drugs targeting either of the two receptors were able to modify both Gi and Gq signaling in some, but not all of our clones. Real time RT-PCR, radio-ligand binding assays and flow-cytometry were employed to correlate receptor expression levels to the degree of their functional crosstalk. Clones showing the most effective crosstalk will be used in DiBAC4(3) assays for high-throughput screening of ligands targeting the heteromeric 2AR/mGluR2 complex.
Studies of ethylene-forming system in rat liver extract.

Abstract Evidence of enzymatic formation of ethylene from methionine by rat liver extracts is presented. The ethylene production is closely associated with growth of the animal. The conversion of l -methionine to ethylene is oxygen dependent. Substrate analogue studies show that the ethylene-forming system is structurally specific and requires in the center of the molecule α-CH 2 -CH 2 - with one end attached to an unencumbered sulfur atom from a thioether moiety and the other end attached to a carboxyl group. Sylfhydryl agents are found to be very effective inhibitors of the ethylene-forming system. The finding of α-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid to be a more efficient precursor of ethylene production suggests the possibility that α-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid may be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene from methionine in mammalian tissues.
The roles of task-specific forecasting experience and innate ability in understanding analyst forecasting performance

Abstract Considerable debate exists about what analyst experience measures and whether analysts learn from their experiences. Extant research has argued that once innate ability is considered, analysts’ general and firm-specific experiences are not relevant to understanding their forecasting performance. We argue that measures of experience need to be expanded to also include task-specific experience. Our results reveal that analysts’ forecast accuracy is associated with both their innate ability and task-specific experience. In addition, we find that forecast accuracy and task-specific experience are most highly correlated for those analysts who survive the longest and, thus, presumably have the greatest innate abilities.
Carbon in the atmosphere and power in America: climate change as state-corporate crime

Climate change caused by anthropogenic global warming is the most serious social problem, most important political issue, and greatest moral challenge the world community faces today. This article contends that the political failure of the US government to act to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and the socially organized denial of climate change that shapes that failure, can be conceptualized as state-corporate crimes. After a brief description of the nature and effects of climate change and a consideration of how these harms might be conceptualized as a criminological topic, a political economy theoretical analysis of the failure to reduce carbon emissions and the denial of climate change that impacts that failure is presented.
Methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients diminishes lectin-induced mononuclear cell proliferation.

Methotrexate (MTX) is an anti-folate drug used in cancer chemotherapy because of its anti-proliferative effects. However, it is unclear whether the anti-proliferative effects of MTX contribute to the efficacy of low-dose MTX in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To date, either no change or a paradoxical increase in lectin-induced proliferation has been observed in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from MTX-treated RA patients (RA+MTX). In these earlier studies, high folate-containing media and tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) were used. Our studies were designed to test the hypothesis that the use of a culture medium with a low folate content along with tritiated deoxyuridine (3H-UdR) permits detection of diminished phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferative responses of PBMC from RA+MTX. The data demonstrate decreased PHA-induced cellular proliferation of cultured PBMC from RA+MTX compared with controls. When comparing the PBMC proliferative responses in high vs low folate medium, a significantly greater increase (P<0.05) in proliferation occurs in the cells from RA+MTX cultured in the high folate medium. This suggests that an in vivo folate-deficient state of the cells from RA+MTX may be corrected in vitro when a high folate medium is used in culture. We conclude that the use of3H-UdR and a medium containing folate within the normal range of plasma folate levels eliminates artifacts associated with the use of high folate medium and3H-TdR, which obscures the anti-proliferative effect of MTX in RA patients.
Altered aquaporin expression and role in apoptosis during hepatic stellate cell activation.

Background: Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are effector cells of hepatic fibrosis contributing to excessive collagen deposition and scar matrix formation. Sustained HSC activation leads to hepatic cirrhosis, a leading cause of liver-related death. Reversal of hepatic fibrosis has been attributed to the induction of HSC apoptosis. Aquaporins (AQPs) are critical proteinacious channels that mediate cellular water loss during the initiation and progression of apoptosis. Aims: This study examined AQP expression in quiescent and activated HSCs and determined the responsiveness to AQP-dependent apoptosis. Methods: Aquaporin gene and protein expressions in quiescent and activated HSCs were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. AQP function was determined by cell swelling and apoptotic assays in the absence and presence of HgCl2, a non-specific AQP inhibitor. Results: In this study, we report that activated HSCs showed no detectable expression of AQP 1, 5, 8, 9 and 12 mRNAs but expression was observed in quiescent HSCs. Similarly, AQP 0, 1, 8 and 9 protein was not detected in activated HSCs but was measured in quiescent HSCs. Dual fluorescent immunohistochemistry confirmed that AQP expression is decreased in activated HSCs in a model of liver injury. Functional studies demonstrated that quiescent HSCs were highly susceptible to osmotic challenge and apoptotic stimulus, whereas activated HSCs were less responsive. Finally, apoptosis was abrogated by the inhibition of AQP-dependent water movement. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that increased resistance to apoptosis in activated HSCs is due, at least in part, to the changes in AQP expression and function that occur following HSC activation.
Academic Departments of Emergency Medicine: The Effects of Managed Care

. Objective: To survey academic departments of emergency medicine (ADEMs) concerning the effects of managed care on their operation and practice. Methods: A 38-question survey was mailed to the chairs of all 52 ADEMs in the United States requesting information concerning managed care activity and its effects on ADEMs in academic years 1994–1995 and 1995–1996. Results: Forty-seven ADEMs (90.3%) responded. When comparing the 1995–1996 and 1994–1995 academic years, the following changes were noted: decreased overall growth in ED patient volume (38.3% vs 51.1%), larger percentage of respondents reporting an actual decrease in ED patient volume (38% vs 27.6%), less growth in ED gross revenue (43.7% vs 52.1%), larger percentage of ADEMs reporting actual decreased gross revenues (25% vs 12.5%), increase in ED patient acuity (76.6% vs 59.6%), and relative stability in the number of EM faculty (40.4% vs 44.7% reporting no change in faculty number). Two-thirds of ADEMs used mid-level providers (i.e., physician assistants, nurse practitioners), most commonly in a fast-track setting (41%). Thirty percent of ADEMs reported that other academic departments actively directed patients away from the ED, with pediatrics, family medicine, and internal medicine the most active. Ninety-eight percent of ADEMs reported ongoing negotiations between their institution or hospital and managed care organizations (MCOs); only 54.3% of ADEMs were involved in these negotiations. Twenty-eight percent of ADEMs reported MCOs have had an effect on their emergency medical services system, with 37% indicating HMOs routinely discouraged their enrollees from using 9-1-1 services and 16% reporting HMOs provided 9-1-1 services to take patients only to participating hospital EDs. Conclusion: ADEMs have experienced significant changes in nearly every aspect of their practice over the two academic years under study, much of which is due to managed care. ADEMs must take a leadership role in dealing with MCOs.
Bottlenecks in parallel algorithms for power system stability analysis

Using the very-dishonest Newton method as the base, Gauss, Newton and relaxed-Newton type parallel algorithms are discussed and compared with solution data obtained using the iPSC-2 32 node hypercube, and the Alliant FX-8 and Sequent/Symmetry (26 CPUs) shared-memory machines. The bottlenecks in both algorithm and implementation are described in some detail. Various techniques and in particular their potential bottlenecks when using large-scale parallel processing are also discussed. A new parallel algorithm, the Maclaurin-Newton method (MNM), is used for stability analysis for the first time. The implementation of this method for the dynamic analysis is discussed, and it is compared to other methods. The advantage of the MNM is that it is completely parallel while retaining some Newton-type convergence characteristics. The relaxed-Newton-type algorithms are shown to be the most effective. A toroidal method (or traveling window technique) is adopted for parallel-in-space and -in-time implementation. Some comments on the improvement and its limitations are provided. >
Habitat selection by Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli): maternal trade‐offs

Habitat selection by female Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) during lambing was studied in interior Alaska, U.S.A., in 1988 and 1989. Selection of habitat changed with the chronology of lambing. During the pre-lambing period, maternal females selected sites with forage and avoided snow-covered areas. During peak lambing, food and steep slopes continued to be selected. Distance to escape terrain was a critical component of habitat selection by females throughout lambing. Maternal bands that ventured farther from escape terrain were in larger groups. Abundance of forage also increased in areas that were farther from this terrain.Habitat selection by females also differed between years. In 1989, a late spring storm resulted in deep snow and delayed phenology of plants; forage was of lower quality, and the growing season was much shorter in 1989 than in 1988. Births of lambs also occurred later and less synchronously in the second year. Females selected terrain characteristics that were related to avoiding predators in 1988 when forage was more plentiful, but selected sites with forage in 1989 when food was less abundant.Group size of maternal bands was larger in 1988 than in 1989, and females foraged most efficiently during 1988. Large groups may not have occurred in 1989 because lambs were born asynchronously, preventing cohesive movements of maternal bands with lambs of differing ages.Both the chronology of lambing and a variable environment affected habitat selection by females. Maternal females made trade-offs between the requirements for forage to meet the high energetic costs of lactation and the risk of predation.
Spine Plasticity in the Motor Cortex

Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic sites of the majority of excitatory synapses in the mammalian central nervous system. The morphology and dynamics of dendritic spines change throughout the lifespan of animals, in response to novel experiences and neuropathologies. New spines form rapidly as animals learn new tasks or experience novel sensory stimulations. This is followed by a selective elimination of previously existing spines, leading to significant synaptic remodeling. In the brain damaged by injuries or neurological diseases, spines in surviving cortical regions turn over substantially, potentially forming new synaptic connections to adopt the function lost in the damaged region. These findings suggest that spine plasticity plays important roles in the formation and maintenance of a functional neural circuitry.
Twin-rainbow metrology

In this document, we describe twin-rainbow metrology, a non-invasive optical technique for measurement of the thicknesses of thin solid and liquid films to sub-micron accuracy. TRM allows measurement of coating thicknesses in two separate ways: first, directly, by a measurement of the difference between two scattering angles; ; and second, by the analysis of a Moire pattern found in the superposition of two sets of interference fringes. In this paper we will examine the conditions under which twin-rainbow metrology can be used, the accuracy of measurements made by it, and its potential applications.
Eyelid skin involvement in pemphigus foliaceus.

Purpose: To report the involvement of eyelid skin in a patient with pemphigus foliaceus. Methods: Retrospective, interventional case report of a patient with pemphigus foliaceus involving both eyelids. The diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus was based on histopathology and confirmed by direct immunofluorescence and immunoblot. Failure to respond to conventional immunosuppressive therapy, including high-dose corticosteroids, methotrexate, azathioprine, dapsone, and mycophenolate mofetil, necessitated the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy. Results: After successful treatment with IVIg, no change in visual acuity or other sequelae secondary to ocular pemphigus foliaceus were observed. Normal ocular architecture was maintained. Clinical remission was observed after successful therapy. Conclusions: Pemphigus foliaceus involves the skin of the eyelid and does not involve the conjunctiva. The patient did not respond to conventional immunosuppressive therapy. The use of IVIg as mono-therapy resulted i...
Altered Utilization of N-Acetyl-d-Galactosamine by Escherichia coli O157:H7 from the 2006 Spinach Outbreak

In silico analyses of previously sequenced strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7, EDL933 and Sakai, localized the gene cluster for the utilization of N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (Aga) and d-galactosamine (Gam). This gene cluster encodes the Aga phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) and other catabolic enzymes responsible for transport and catabolism of Aga. As the complete coding sequences for enzyme IIA (EIIA)Aga/Gam, EIIBAga, EIICAga, and EIIDAga of the Aga PTS are present, E. coli O157:H7 strains normally are able to utilize Aga as a sole carbon source. The Gam PTS complex, in contrast, lacks EIICGam, and consequently, E. coli O157:H7 strains cannot utilize Gam. Phenotypic analyses of 120 independent isolates of E. coli O157:H7 from our culture collection revealed that the overwhelming majority (118/120) displayed the expected Aga+ Gam− phenotype. Yet, when 194 individual isolates, derived from a 2006 spinach-associated E. coli O157:H7 outbreak, were analyzed, all (194/194) displayed an Aga− Gam− phenotype. Comparison of aga/gam sequences from two spinach isolates with those of EDL933 and Sakai revealed a single nucleotide change (G:C→A:T) in the agaF gene in the spinach-associated isolates. The base substitution in agaF, which encodes EIIAAga/Gam of the PTS, changes a conserved glycine residue to serine (Gly91Ser). Pyrosequencing of this region showed that all spinach-associated E. coli O157:H7 isolates harbored this same G:C→A:T substitution. Notably, when agaF+ was cloned into an expression vector and transformed into six spinach isolates, all (6/6) were able to grow on Aga, thus demonstrating that the Gly91Ser substitution underlies the Aga− phenotype in these isolates.