cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Time-Course of Lexical Access and the Role of Context: Converging Evidence from Normal and Aphasic Processing

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the time-course of lexical access and the role of context. It consolidates the existing literature and introduces new evidence from both focal lesion and neurologically unimpaired populations. These populations speak to the behavioral processes and neural substrates involved in lexical access and lexical ambiguity resolution during sentence comprehension. Investigations of the nature of access to lexical information during sentence comprehension have been the centerpiece of research in the language processing literature since the inception of the field of psycholinguistics. An enormous array of evidence has supported the view that in the absence of a biasing context all interpretations of a lexical ambiguity are activated and accessed. A large number of tasks are sensitive to several putative levels of processing. If these tasks are to be used effectively it is critical both to know precisely which levels the task is sensitive to, and to factor out those levels that are not of interest. The overall story that emerges is one in which the left and right hemispheres work together to produce the findings that have been gathered from the focal lesion literature and the general language-processing literature.
Treatment of delirium in the critically ill patient

The clinical use of neuroleptics, benzodiazepines, narcotic analgesics, barbiturates, and neuromuscular blockers to manage delirium and agitation in the intensive-care setting is reviewed. Delirium is the most commonly encountered mental disturbance in critically ill patients and may be precipitated by factors such as physical illness, medications, pain, and emotional stress. If agitation cannot be controlled through nonpharmacologic means, pharmacologic intervention may be necessary. Haloperidol is the neuroleptic of choice for rapid control of delirium and agitation in the critically ill patient. It has few adverse effects in most patients, even at high doses, although it can cause extrapyramidal symptoms. Among the benzodiazepines, lorazepam should be considered a first-line agent. It may be used alone or in combination with haloperidol (or another neuroleptic). Midazolam is suitable for administration by continuous i.v. infusion in the intensive-care setting because of its water solubility, short half-life, and short duration of action. The sedative effects of narcotics may be advantageous in patients with both agitation and pain. Barbiturates are not recommended for routine use in the treatment of delirium and agitation. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents such as pancuronium bromide and metocurine iodide may be necessary when other therapies have failed. Haloperidol and the benzodiazepines, alone or in combination, are the drugs of choice for treatment of acute agitation and delirium in critically ill patients.
Prejudic among college athletes.

Abstract Two prejudice scales were administered to 166 white, non-Jewish, non-Mexican male students. Ninety-two of these students were college athletes and 74 were nonathletes. The two instruments measured attitudes toward Negroes and Jews. While there was some difference in the raw scores between the athletes and nonathletes in the two 10-item scales, when treated statistically such difference proved to be of no significance with the exception of one item only. Pearson product-moment coefficients of correlation were computed and significant r's were found at the .05 level between the attitudes toward Negroes and Jews among both groups.
Microbial degradation of corrinoids. IV. Alteration of the corrin nucleus.

Abstract Three yellow pigment fractions produced from vitamin B12 by Pseudomonas rubescens cultures are shown by several methods to contain cyanide and a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety. Spectral examination shows that brief exposure of each pigment to light causes a reversible cleavage of cyanide, and that prolonged exposure causes a slow decomposition of the chromophore. The spectral properties of the pigments and the presence of the same axial ligands bound to cobalt in these pigments as are present in vitamin B12 support the view that the pigments are altered in the corrin nucleus.
Cloning of Rous sarcoma virus enhancer factor genes . I: Evidence that RSV-EF-I is related to Y-box (inverted CCAAT) binding proteins and binds to multiple motifs in the RSV enhancer

A cDNA clone was isolated from a chicken embryo cDNA library employing a PCR-generated radiolabeled probe specific for the U3 region of the Rous sarcoma virus LTR. The cDNA encodes a protein of 345 aa and is homologous to the Y-box (inverted CCAAT) binding proteins. The amino acid sequence of the RSV-EF-I shows 75% identity with rat EF1 but the NH2-terminal 60-aa residues share little homology. At the carboxyl terminus an additional 28-aa sequence, rich in basic residues, probably encoded by an extra exon, is present in the chicken RSV-EF-1. Electrophoretic mobility assays carried out with various radiolabeled oligonucleotides spanning the U3 region of the RSV LTR (-234 to -54) indicated that the RSV-EF-I binds strongly to the sequence AAGGTGGTAC and somewhat less efficiently to the sequences AAGGAAAG and CTTATGCAA. In contrast to rat EF1A which binds to the inverted CCAAT box, RSV-EF-I does not bind to the CCAAT box sequence. These results suggest that the RSV-EF-I, although structurally similar to the rat EF1A, binds differently to more than one cis-acting element. The gene for RSV-EF-I is expressed in a variety of cell lines, although most abundantly in avian fibroblasts compared to mammalian cells. It is barely expressed in normal lives but expressed at significantly enhanced levels in many immortalized hepatocytes and hepatic tumors.
AAL5 at a Gigabit for a Kilobuck

We present a novel LAN that has been designed to meet three criteria: it should be low cost, support standard protocols, and provide high performance. The LAN interconnects many workstations in a ring topology with a link rate of 1 Gbit/s. The packet format is the same as that of a B-ISDN cell except that our packets can have arbitrary length. The network also provides hardware support for ATM Adaptation Layer 5 as weIl as TCP/IP.We have implemented the ring network and we describe a network interface card which provides hardware support for critical functions such as calculating checksums. This card is used in conjunction with a second card that supports a single-copy implementation of the TCP/IP protocols. The application-to-application throughput has been measured at rates in excess of 200 Mbit/s between two workstations.
Bone Marrow Dosimetry: Regional Variability of Marrow-Localizing Antibody

In radiolabeled antibody therapy, imaging and biopsy-based methods are used to estimate marrow activity concentration when the administered antibody localizes to the marrow. Absorbed dose estimates obtained using such measurements may be subject to large variability due to the potential for regional differences in marrow activity concentration. This variability was examined in ten patients with leukemia after administration of {sup 131}I-labeled HuM195 antibody. Regions of interest were drawn around the head and neck of the numerus and femur (both sides) and around lumbar vertebra 3 (L3) and 4 (L4) on a series of planar images collected at multiple times postadministration of the antibody. A single exponential fit to each attenuation-corrected, time-activity curve was obtained to estimate clearance half-life and the back-extrapolated percent injected activity. The activity concentration in the femoral head and neck (mean and s.d. = 0.04 {plus_minus} 0.02 %ID/g) was not significantly different than that measured in L3 and L4 (0.06 {plus_minus} 0.02% ID/g) but was significantly lower than the concentrations measure din the humeral head and neck regions (0.07 {plus_minus} 0.03 %ID/g, p {le} 0.05). Although half-life estimates differing by more than a factor of 2 were observed among different regions for individual patients, no systematic differencemore » was observed in half-life between regions overall. S-factors were used for individual marrow regions to determine the mean absorbed dose to marrow in the femoral and humeral heads and the lumbar vertebrae (L3 and L4) which were 0.66 {plus_minus} 0.3, 1.0 {plus_minus} 0.3 and 2.2 {plus_minus} 0.5 mGy/MBq (2.4, 3.8 and 8.3 rad/mCi), respectively. A single value is generally quoted for the absorbed dose delivered to the red marrow following marrow-localizing radiolabeled antibody administration. These results suggest that the regional marrow dose may differ significantly from the mean. 32 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.« less
Ocular and orbital manifestations of neurofibromatosis.

Abstract The ocular and systemic manifestations of von Recklinghausen's neuro-fibromatosis are reviewed. A case is presented illustrating widespread involvement and the typical histopathologic changes of the eye and the ocular adnexa. The ophthalmologist should be aware of the broad scope of this disorder so that a complete evaluation of the patient can be made.
Connecting Theory to Practice: Karl Barth, Capability Theory and Psychiatric Social Work

This paper explores linkages between theory and practice in psychiatric social work, specifically between Karl Barth’s theology of social justice, Martha Nussbaum’s capability theory, and an innovative component in psychiatric services called the decision support center. The decision support center is itself a multi-component system that not only aims at improving and enhancing psychiatric medication consultations, but, in so doing, also serves broader sociopolitical ends. Four congruent themes in Barth’s and Nussbaum’s theories are discussed and applied.
A noncovalently reversible paramagnetic switch in water.

We report an organo-paramagnetic switch consisting of a linked bis(viologen) dication diradical that can be cycled reversibly between diamagnetic and paramagnetic states via noncovalent guest–host chemistry with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) in room-temperature water. Computations suggest that the nature of the interaction between the viologen cation radical units is that of a pi dimer (pimer). Molecules with switchable magnetic properties have possible applications in spintronics, data storage devices, chemical sensors, building blocks for materials with switchable bulk magnetic properties, as well as magnetic resonance probes for biological applications.
Variational Calculations of Rovibrational Energy Levels and Transition Intensities for Tetratomic Molecules

A description is given of an algorithm for computing rovibrational energy levels for tetratomic molecules. The expressions required for evaluating transition intensities are also given. The variational principle is used to determine the energy levels, and the kinetic energy operator is simple and evaluated exactly. The computational procedure is split up into the determination of one-dimensional radial basis functions, the computation of a contracted rotational−bending basis, followed by a final variational step coupling all degrees of freedom. An angular basis is proposed whereby the rotational−bending contraction takes place in three steps. Angular matrix elements of the potential are evaluated by expansion in terms of a suitable basis, and the angular integrals are given in a factorized form which simplifies their evaluation. The basis functions in the final variational step have the full permutation symmetries of the identical particles. Sample results are given for HCCH and BH3.
Postoperative Analgesia with Saphenous Block Appears Equivalent to Femoral Nerve Block in ACL Reconstruction

Background Adequate pain control following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) often requires regional nerve block. The femoral nerve block (FNB) has been traditionally employed. Ultrasound application to regional nerve blocks allows for the use of alternatives such as the saphenous nerve block following ACL reconstruction.
Growth of KTiOAsO4 (KTA) and CsTiOAsO4 (CTA) crystals from new molten salt system

A new molten salt system has been used for the growth of KTA and CTA. Large transparent crystals of KTA with a size of up to 47×28×10 mm have been grown by flux seeding with slow cooling, but they showed ferroelectric domains which decrease the efficiency of nonlinear optical conversion. Small single crystals of KTA and CTA up to 4 and 6 mm 3 in size have been grown. respectively, from the new melt by spontaneous crystallization. The results of powder second harmonic generation proved to be good. The lattice parameters of KTA and CTA were measured by X-ray powder diffraction analysis
IT project management and virtual teams

Project management methods and tools are increasingly relevant as today's globalized organizations accomplish more of their goals using cross-functional, and often cross-cultural, geographically dispersed, project teams. The increased diversity of skills, knowledge, cultures, and perspectives of these project teams can potentially have both positive and negative influences on group processes and outcomes. The question that this research-in-progress intends to address is: To what extent can and do project management methods and tools benefit diverse virtual teams while mitigating its challenges? In order to begin to answer this question, this paper presents relevant background, a research model, a methodology (currently in progress), and potential contributions. The initial methodology involves a study of IT project teams working on a common database design project whose members are using electronic tools to communicate, collaborate, and coordinate. The results of the study should provide useful information to practitioners and researchers regarding project management and virtual teams.
C-Index is Associated With Functional Outcomes After Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy

Purpose: The C-index is a morphometric descriptor of renal masses that incorporates tumor size and site. We examined associations of the C-index with kidney function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 131 patients who underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for a single kidney tumor. We calculated the C-index from preoperative contrast enhanced computerized tomography images. Estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the modification of diet in renal disease 2 equation. Nadir estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using peak serum creatinine within 7 days of surgery.Results: The median C-index was 2.7 (range 0.7 to 9.6). The median preoperative and nadir estimated glomerular filtration rate was 78 (range 23 to 148) and 54 ml/minute/1.73 m2 (range 15 to 127, p <0.001). The mean ± SD total glomerular filtration rate decrease was 28% ± 16%. On univariate analysis we noted a positive correlation between log C...
Compressive strength of canine femur

Abstract This study is an in-depth analysis of the mechanical properties of the canine femur. The parameters studied were compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and density. The test specimens (4.5 mm long, 3 mm2 cross-sectional area) were prepared from eight different quadrants about the circumference of different levels of the proximal 2 3 of the canine femur. The results showed that the regions of highest compressive strength were in the lateral and upper medial quadrants. The posterior quadrant ranked third while the anterior quadrant demonstrated the lowest values. Values of the modulus of elasticity showed a similar pattern, with the lateral and medial quadrants possessing the highest moduli. The density study revealed no clearly dominant quadrant, although the upper anterior wall showed high values and most of the values for the posterior quadrant were in the lower range. A comparison between the compressive strength levels and the density values showed no direct correlation.
Environmental variance, population growth and evolution.

Environmental fluctuations on time scales of one to tens of generations are increasingly recognized as important determinants of population dynamics and microevolution. Jonzen et al. in this issue analyse how the vital rates of red kangaroos depend on annual rainfall, and estimate the elasticities of stochastic growth rate to the means and variances of the vital rates, as well as to the mean and variance of rainfall. Their results demonstrate how ecological and evolutionary studies can benefit from including explicit environmental drivers when modelling populations, and from the use of mean and variance elasticities.
In Vitro Study of Backside Wear Mechanisms on Mobile Knee-Bearing Components

The long-term success of a total knee replacement depends on the wear performance of a polyethylene bearing that separates a metal femoral component from a metal tibial tray. Although fixed bearing designs secure the polyethylene bearing to the tibial tray. mobile bearing knees allow the polyethylene to move relative to the tibial tray. This study has evaluated the wear performance of an intended articulation on the inferior surface of the LCS@-Rotating Platform mobile bearing by conducting clinically relevant tribological testing and comparing results to retrieved knee bearings. A retrieval analysis leads to the conclusion that third-body particles in the contact produce curvilinear scratches longer than the expected rotation of the knee on both the polyethylene bearing and the CoCr tibial tray. Tribological testing shows that polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement particles produce worn surfaces most similar to retrievals. Porous-coating beads and bone debris also have the ability to damage both surfaces. Worn polyethylene surfaces from pin-on-flat tests show scratches longer than the excursion length, and "skipping marks"-pits spaced at smaller rotation intervals along a scratch-as observed in retrievals. These wear features suggest that a ratcheting mechanism, which moves the third-body particles further along the scratch with each cycle, may be responsible for the observed wear.
The risk premia in municipal bond yields: An application of the ARCH-M model

This note presents empirical evidence indicating that the time-varying risk premia in municipal bond yields can in part be explained by the ARCH-M procedure. The ARCH-M model was recently developed by Engle, Lilien, and Robins to analyze the risk premia in the term structure of interest rates. We have found that for 10- and 20-year municipal bonds of three different risk classes, the risk premia have been significantly affected by recent past squared “surprises” in the excess holding yield. The pattern appears in data over the sample period 1952:i–1985:vi.
G protein-linked receptors and induction of metamorphosis in Bugula stolonifera (Bryozoa)

Abstract. Induction of metamorphosis in larvae of the marine bryozoan Bugula stolonifera was examined for potential roles of G protein-linked cell-surface receptors. Two compounds that modulate components of the G protein system were tested in a bath-applied experimental design over concentrations of 10−8 to 10−3 M, plus a seawater control, and 2 controls to assess metamorphic competence (10 mM excess KCl and a biofilmed surface). The G protein activator Gpp[NH]p and the G protein inhibitor GDP-β-s did not affect rates of metamorphosis, under the conditions tested. We found no evidence that G protein-linked cell-surface receptors are the receptors of the metamorphic cue in this species. This negative finding parallels reports on a gastropod and a polychaete; by contrast, G proteins are involved in metamorphic induction in several cnidarians, a nematode, and barnacles. Thus, as no single model can account for induction across phyla, our results may serve to focus attention on identifying possible roles of the other 2 major classes of cell-surface receptors in triggering metamorphosis in B. stolonifera and other invertebrates.
The lunar and solar semidiurnal variations of barometric pressure at Copenhagen, 1884–1949 (66 years)

Sixty-six years of bihourly barometric data for Copenhagen (55°·7N) are used to determine the lunar atmospheric tide there, L2 (p), and also the harmonic components Sn of the solar daily barometric variation S (p), for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, For L2 (p) seasonal means are given as well as the annual mean; for S2 (p) monthly, seasonal and annual mean values are given. The determinations are made for groups of days with different upper limits of range, 6·0 microbars (μb) and 8·7 ph, as well as for all days. It is shown that it is advantageous to exclude the days of larger range from the determination of L2 (p). Days of larger range are most frequent in winter. At that season, for days of smaller range, the mean pressure is higher than in summer. The 66-year mean annual value of L2 (p) is 10·3 sin (2r + 87°·3) μb, with probable error 2·5 μb; for S2 (p) it is 225 sin (2t + 130°·8), with probable error 2·8 μb; here r and t denote respectively lunar and solar mean local time. Thus, in amplitude, S2 is 21·9 times L2, and in phase S2 exceeds L2 by 43°·5; L2 and S2 at Copenhagen vary seasonally in different ways; in both cases these variations are similar to those observed elsewhere in northern Europe. The corresponding amplitudes for Oslo (59°·9N), found by Haurwitz and Cowley (1967), are somewhat smaller, as might be expected.
Multiple Regression Approach to Analyzing Contingency Tables: Post Hoc and Planned Comparison Procedures.

Abstract Post hoc and planned comparison procedures for interpreting chi-square contingency-table test results, not currently discussed in most standard textbooks, are presented. A planned comparison procedure that simplifies the tedious process of partitioning a contingency table by creating single-degree-of-freedom contrasts through a regression-based approach is proposed. Importantly, these post hoc methods supplement the analysis of standardized residuals by reporting the percentage contribution for each cell to the overall chi-square statistic (relative contribution) and to the percentage of variance shared by the two factors (absolute contribution). Both methods can be readily incorporated into existing statistical packages such as SAS or SPSS. The equivalence of the percentage contribution method to the more common standardized residual method is also presented along with an example of a typical application.
Use of Probiotics in Pediatrics: Rationale, Mechanisms of Action, and Practical Aspects

The use of probiotics (ingested microbes that can modify intestinal microbial populations in a way that benefit the host) has moved from concept to actual demonstration of specific benefits by specific microorganisms for specific populations. It is increasingly clear that these benefits to the host are mostly mediated by the profound effect that intestinal microflora (microbiota) have on gut barrier function and host immune response. Intestinal bacteria are more numerous than the human cells of the host that harbors them. Despite having many potential pathogens in this microflora, humans do not routinely get infected. It is no coincidence that gut-associated immune tissue constitutes approximately 80% of all immunologically active cells in the human host. The gut interacts with intestinal bacteria, both resident and ingested, to develop protective mechanisms (via improving gut barrier function and immune stimulation for defense) and appropriate, nonexaggerated responses (via immune modulation and immune tolerance) to support host health. The mechanisms of this interaction between host and bacteria are increasingly being unraveled and in great part explain the clinical benefits that have been reported with specific probiotic bacteria by enhancing host defense mechanisms (such as for treatment and prevention of viral diarrhea and reducing risk of necrotizing enterocolitis), mitigating antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and modulating host immune response (such as in allergic disease).
Chlorination of irradiated polyethylene single crystals: 1: Analysis of alkyl radical decay kinetics

Abstract The chlorination of electron beam-irradiated polyethylene (PE) single crystals was studied for a range of irradiation doses, temperatures and chlorine interaction times. The results of this work are presented in two parts: (1) Electron paramagnetic resonance (e.p.r.) analysis of irradiated PE without chlorination and (2) characterization of chlorine uptake in irradiated PE by use of X-ray energy of spectroscopy (XES) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (e.s.c.a.). Spectra were obtained for 75 – 600 Mrad doses over 136 to 333 K temperature range. Alkyl radical concentrations and decay kinetics were derived from e.p.r. spectra and provided a basis for the chlorination analysis in Part II. A first-order alkyl radical decay constant of 4.3 × 10−5s−1 at 298 K was determined in agreement with previous research. Alkyl radical migration was modelled as a one, two or three-dimensional unsteady-state Fickian diffusion process. E.p.r. alkyl radical concentration data was used to estimate alkyl radical diffusion coefficients yielding values of 10 to 4 × 10−18cm2−1 at 298 K for the three models evaluated, respectively. These values are consistent with a diffusivity estimated by Seguchi and Tamura based on a 3-D model. A three-dimensional diffusion model seems to be the most realistic since it permits a zig-zag radical trajectory due to the staggered arrangement of −CH2- units in crystalline PE. Although a 3-D model would allow diffusion in all directions, it is still consistent with the observation that consecutive migration steps are most likely intermolecular.
Quantitative colorimetric method and extraction procedure for determination of chlorpromazine in animal tissues

Abstract A procedure for quantitative analysis of chlorpromazine from biologic tissues based on oxidation of CPZ by ferric ion in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, and on its extraction into alkaline ether, is described. Cherry-red chromophore is read spectrophotometrically. Eighty to ninety percent recoveries of chlorpromazine, after its incubation with brain homogenates, could be obtained by means of this method. The procedure was specific for chlorpromazine and other 2-chlorophenothiazines possessing a side chain on the ring nitrogen; color was not present, or a different color was obtained, with changes in the phenothiazine nucleus and with substitutions for chlorine in position 2.
The children of 1965: on writing, and not writing, as an Asian American

Taking the Asian American writer as a point of departure, Min Hyoung Song proposes a reading of a generation – The Children of 1965: On Writing, and Not Writing, as an Asian American – to examine h...
Corneal concentrations and preliminary toxicological evaluation of an itraconazole/dimethyl sulphoxide ophthalmic ointment

The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of itraconazole achieved in corneal tissue and aqueous humour after topical application of a 1% itraconazole ointment: to determine the effect of including dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in the ointment on achievable ocular tissue itraconazole concentrations; and to assess if any gross or histopathologic ocular toxicity results from the topical application of 1% itraconazole with or without the addition of DMSO. The experimental trial consisted of 6 horses considered to have normal eyes. Each horse had one eye treated with 0.3 mL of 1% ultra-micronized itraconazole ointment and the fellow eye with 0.3 mL of 1% itraconazole/ 30% DMSO ointment. The ointment was applied every 6 h for a total of 28 treatments. Both ointments were well tolerated and no gross or histopathologic abnormalities developed during the trial. Corneal tissue and aqueous humour concentrations of itraconazole were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Corneal tissue concentration averaged 1.1 (+/- 0.4) micrograms/g in horses treated with the 1% ultramicronized itraconazole ointment and 7.9 (+/- 3.3) micrograms/g for those treated with the 1% itraconazole/30% DMSO ointment: there was a statistically significant difference between ointments (P = 0.005) No itraconazole could be detected in the aqueous humour in either treatment group.
Democratization and Its Consequences

This article addresses the significant consequences of democratic changes in Korea, not only for the way the country is governed, but also the way in which its people lead their lives. Institutionally, the first decade of democratization fully transformed a military dictatorship into a functioning representative democracy. Procedurally, it redirected the goal of policymaking toward the promotion of economic justice, social welfare, and quality of life. Substantively, democratic reforms expanded political freedom and reinvigorated civil society. As in the authoritarian past, however, the country still suffers from the imbalance of power between the president and the National Assembly. There are also serious deficiencies in the rule of law, and a need for a proper restraint on executive power. As a result, the Korean people, as a whole, remain more dissatisfied than satisfied with the way the current system of democratic governance performs. Democracy’s claim to be valuable does not rest on just one particular merit. There is a plurality of virtues here, including, first, the intrinsic importance of political participation and freedom in human life; second, the instrumental importance of political incentives in keeping governments responsible and accountable; and third, the constructive role of democracy in the formation of values and in the understanding of needs, rights, and duties. Amartya Sen, 1999 In repressive regimes, there is not much talk about injustices. In authoritarian regimes, poverty is hidden. In nondemocratic regimes, information tends to be unclear. In open and democratic regimes, in contrast, the insistence on revealing what is wrong, revealing injustices, revealing inequalities, and urging that all this be corrected paves the way for finding solutions to these problems, even if they cannot be solved immediately. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, 2001
Solving Buffering Problems with Mathematica Software

Abstract Determining ionic concentrations in buffered solutions usually reduces to solving a set of simultaneous polynomial equations. Mathematica software offers a convenient method for doing this. Using buffering of Ca2+ by ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) as an example, we provide a Mathematica script to estimate the apparent association constant. A second example shows how to calculate free ion concentrations when two ligands (Ca2+ and Mg2+) compete for one chelator (EGTA). Finally, the concentrations of all species are determined in a complex mixture containing Ca2+, EGTA, and calmodulin, a protein with four Ca2+-binding sites. Modifying the examples presented should allow analysis of most practical buffering problems.
"Dark" squeezed states of the motion of a trapped ion.

We propose a scheme for preparing coherent squeezed states of motion in an ion trap based on the multichromatic excitation of a trapped ion by standing- and traveling-wave light fields. The squeezed state is produced when the beat frequency between two standing-wave light fields is equal to twice the trap frequency, and is indicated by a ``dark resonance'' in the fluorescence emitted by the ion.
Effects of Planning Horizon and Conception Rate on Profit-Maximizing Selection of Artificial Insemination Sires

Abstract Net present values of semen were calculated for alternative generations of descendants in the planning horizon, conception rate to first service, and selection policy for milk income and type score for retail semen prices and real interest 3%. Data were active Holstein and Jersey artificial insemination sires whose semen was available for purchase after the January 1984 USDA Sire Summary. Objectives were to determine effects of length of planning horizon and conception rate on rankings of sires for profit. Two generations (daughter and granddaughter) for Holstein and one generation of descendants for Jersey sires were sufficiently long planning periods, because sires ranked nearly the same (rank correlation >.99) with longer horizons. Misspecification of conception rate (largest cost), planning horizon, or both reduced profitability of sire selection by .4 to 1.2 standard deviations of net present value. Because of modest semen prices of most profitable sires, the largest cost of inefficient sire selection by inaccurate specification of conception rate and planning horizon is the opportunity loss of future net income. Interaction of optimal sire selection with herd management is analogous to interaction of genotype by environment for profit.
Role of cell membrane receptors in the suppression of monocyte anti-microbial activity against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the agent of paratuberculosis, is a slow growing mycobacteria that survives within ruminant mononuclear phagocytes by preventing cell activation and phagosome maturation. We investigated interactions between MAP and monocyte membrane receptors that result in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 pathway and suppression of monocyte antimicrobial activity. Bovine monocytes were treated with blocking antibodies or specific chemical inhibitors of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), CD14 and CR3 receptor before infection with MAP organisms. MAPKp38 pathway activation, IL-10 expression and production, phagosome acidification, and MAP survival were determined. Our results indicated that MAP organisms-induced MAPKp38 activation occurs through partial interaction with TLR2. Blocking TLR2 receptors decreased IL-10 mRNA expression but not IL-10 protein production, increased phagosome acidification, and increased the capacity of monocytes to kill MAP organisms. Furthermore, blocking CR3 receptors increased phagosome acidification but did not alter MAP killing. These finding suggest that phagosome acidification is dependent on a complex interaction between MAP and the phagosome wall that may involve multiple receptors but that organism killing is dependent on specific signaling involving TLR2 receptors.
Graphene-based long-wave infrared TM surface plasmon modulator

We describe theoretically a new long-wave infrared optical modulator based on the characteristics of TM surface plasmons in graphene. Calculations made using a finite-τ random-phase approximation model, of relevant surface plasmon propagation parameters, are presented. We show that the plasmon losses vary as a function of carrier density; for large carrier densities, the interband absorption of the plasmon energy is blocked due to filling of the conduction band states, and for small carrier densities, the plasmon energy is absorbed by interband optical transitions. The carrier density versus plasmon loss curve exhibits a kink at the boundary between these two qualitatively dissimilar absorption mechanisms, corresponding to the intersection between the plasmon dispersion curve and the onset threshold for the interband absorption. The modulator device can be switched between high and low transmission states by varying the carrier density with an applied gate bias voltage. The device is limited in optical frequency to plasmons with photon energies less than the optical phonon energy (200 meV in graphene). An example modulator design for light with vacuum wavelength λ0=10 μm is presented. This modulator exhibits a contrast ratio in the transmitted optical power between ON and OFF states of ~62 dB. A simple circuit model indicates that the switching speed of the modulator should be limited by the carrier relaxation time (1.35×10−13 s).
Techniques and evaluation from a cross-platform imaging comparison of quantitative ultrasound parameters in an in vivo rodent fibroadenoma model

This contribution demonstrates that quantitative ultrasound (QUS) capabilities are platform independent, using an in vivo model. Frequency-dependent attenuation estimates, backscatter coefficient, and effective scatterer diameter estimates are shown to be comparable across four different ultrasound imaging systems with varied processing techniques. The backscatter coefficient (BSC) is a fundamental material property from which several QUS parameters are estimated; therefore, consistent BSC estimates among different systems must be demonstrated. This study is an intercomparison of BSC estimates acquired by three research groups (UIUC, UW, ISU) from four in vivo spontaneous rat mammary fibroadenomas using three clinical array systems and a single-element laboratory scanner system. Because of their highly variable backscatter properties, fibroadenomas provided an extreme test case for BSC analysis, and the comparison is across systems for each tumor, not across the highly heterogeneous tumors. RF echo data spanning the 1 to 12 MHz frequency range were acquired in three dimensions from all animals using each system. Each research group processed their RF data independently, and the resulting attenuation, BSC, and effective scatterer diameter (ESD) estimates were compared. The attenuation estimates across all systems showed the same trends and consistently fit the power-law dependence on frequency. BSCs varied among the multiple slices of data acquired by each transducer, with variations between transducers being of a similar magnitude as those from slice to slice. Variation between BSC estimates was assessed via functional signal-to-noise ratios derived from backscatter data. These functional signal-to-noise ratios indicated that BSC versus frequency variations between systems ranged from negligible compared with the noise level to roughly twice the noise level. The corresponding functional analysis of variance (fANOVA) indicated statistically significant differences between BSC curves from different systems. However, root mean squared difference errors of the BSC values (in decibels) between different transducers and imaging platforms were less than half of the BSC magnitudes in most cases. Statistical comparison of the effective scatterer diameter (ESD) estimates resulted in no significant differences in estimates from three of the four transducers used for those estimates, demonstrating agreement among estimates based on the BSC. This technical advance demonstrates that these in vivo measurements can be made in a system-independent manner; the necessary step toward clinical implementation of the technology.
Rapid identification of non-allelic nystatin resistance mutations inDictyostelium discoideum

Spontaneous nystatin resistance mutations inDictyostelium discoideum fall into three complementation groups;nys A. nys B andnys C. We demonstrate three methods for rapidly distinguishing mutations in the three complementation groups. In the first methodnys B andnys C mutations are identified by their sensitivity to the sterol biosynthesis inhibitors azasterol A25822B and fenarimol respectively. The second method exploits the differential sensitivities of thenys mutations to the polyene antibiotic pimaricin. In the last method we show thatnys C and non-nys C mutants can be distinguished on the basis of the Lieberman-Burchard color reaction for sterols.
Advances in prospect theory: cumulative representation of uncertainty

We develop a new version of prospect theory that employs cumulative rather than separable decision weights and extends the theory in several respects. This version, called cumulative prospect theory, applies to uncertain as well as to risky prospects with any number of outcomes, and it allows different weighting functions for gains and for losses. Two principles, diminishing sensitivity and loss aversion, are invoked to explain the characteristic curvature of the value function and the weighting functions. A review of the experimental evidence and the results of a new experiment confirm a distinctive fourfold pattern of risk attitudes: risk aversion for gains and risk seeking for losses of high probability; risk seeking for gains and risk aversion for losses of low probability. Expected utility theory reigned for several decades as the dominant normative and descriptive model of decision making under uncertainty, but it has come under serious question in recent years. There is now general agreement that the theory does not provide an adequate description of individual choice: a substantial body of evidence shows that decision makers systematically violate its basic tenets. Many alternative models have been proposed in response to this empirical challenge (for reviews, see Camerer, 1989; Fishburn, 1988; Machina, 1987). Some time ago we presented a model of choice, called prospect theory, which explained the major violations of expected utility theory in choices between risky prospects with a small number of outcomes (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979; Tversky and Kahneman, 1986). The key elements of this theory are 1) a value function that is concave for gains, convex for losses, and steeper for losses than for gains,
Computers in urban planning

Abstract The catalyst in the current planning revolution is the electronic computer. It allows the Urban Planner to adopt quantitative techniques to formulate long-range development plans, replacing the qualitative approaches of the past. This paper explores the why, the what, and the where of planning systems, and presents recommendations as to how they should be approached by communities that are considering their adoption. Careful planning is needed to implement a planning system. Its objectives must be clearly established and it must be comprehensive enough to serve the entire community not just satisfy the needs of the planning department.
Opinion: a prototype for a computerized national mammography registry and tracking system using telecommunications and the Internet.

In this report, we analyze the feasability and discuss the potential benefits of using currently available technology for the wide-area registration and tracking of mammography patients. In our prototype, three dissimilar computer systems transmitted mammographic data (demographics and the results of mammograms) in a standardized format to a central data repository. Two of the three systems were dedicated computerized mammography systems and one was a general-purpose radiology information system. Highspeed modems and the Internet were used to connect with the central repository, which could be queried in real time by remote users. Our results indicated that a busy mammography practice, using the slowest transmission method we tested (14-kilobaud modem), could transmit several days of mammographic data to a central repository in a matter of minutes. To implement systems that provide nation-wide mammographic tracking and follow up, more in-depth planning, development, and testing are necessary.
Low-temperature and low-expansion glass-crystal composites by the formation of Perovskite lead titanate

The development of low-expansion and low-temperature solder glass composites by the formation of Perovskite lead titanate was studied by the use of differential thermal analysis and thermal expansion measurements techniques. The thermal expansion coefficients of these composites containing Perovskite lead titanate of highly negative thermal expansion coefficient are predictable, at least in simple systems, by the existing theories of thermoelasticity.
Stability and change in adolescent self-consciousness and empathy

Abstract The present investigation was carried out to examine the evidence for stability and change during adolescence in two sets of theoretically important traits: self-consciousness and empathy. While the sets are clearly distinct from one another, they fall into the same general domain—that of constructs concerned with one's tendency to attend to psychological states, motives, and behavioral tendencies of the self and others. Two hundred and five high school students (103 males and 102 females) were surveyed at 1-year intervals for 3 successive years, completing the Self-Consciousness Scale and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (a measure of empathy) at each time point. Results indicated a considerable degree of year-to-year stability in scores on all three self-consciousness scales and all four empathy scales; in addition, for two of the self-consciousness scales (private and public) the degree of year-to-year stability increased with age. Mean scores on the three self-consciousness scales exhibited no significant change from year to year; for empathy, however, predicted year-to-year increases were found for perspective taking and empathic concern, and a predicted decrease over time was found for personal distress. These results are consistent with previous research and theorizing, and are discussed in terms of Hoffman's views on the development of empathic capacities in children.
Effect of small-particle aerosols of rimantadine and ribavirin on pathophysiologic changes associated with A/NJ influenza in mice.

Abstract : Small-particle aerosols of rimantadine administered continuously beginning 72 h postinfection for 4 days (21 mg/kg/day) and ribavirin administered beginning 6 h postinfection for 80 min daily for 4 days (26 mg/kg/day) were used to treat experimentally induced influenza A/NJ/8/76 H (sub sw) 1N1 infection in adult female mice (Dub:(ICR)). Over a 12-day period following inoculation, mice from each group were studied at random to assess rectal temperature; arterial blood pH, partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion valves; progressive pulmonary pathophysiological changes, and concurrent lung lesions and lung virus titers. Results in treated mice were compared with data from control groups of normal and infected-untreated mice. The influenza infection with A/NJ virus resulted in hypothermia, bronchial pneumonia, and blood gas alterations. Treatment with ribavirin completely prevented these alterations from occurring. Although rimantadine did not prevent all pathophysiological alterations, it resulted in decreased recovery time.
Phylogenetics of scutigeromorph centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) with implications for species delimitation and historical biogeography of the Australian and New Caledonian faunas

Phylogeny of the centipede order Scutigeromorpha has received recent attention from combined analyses of molecular and morphological data. Denser generic sampling, an additional marker (12S rRNA), and multiple specimens for selected species are used to explore phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomy of this charismatic group of centipedes. Among 55 specimens ⁄ 27 species analysed for six genes are the first molecular data for the genera Dendrothereua, Pilbarascutigera, and Tachythereua, and previously unsampled species of Scutigerinae from Madagascar. Sampling density is especially increased for Thereuoneminae from Australia and New Caledonia. At the base of Scutigeromorpha, the split of Pselliodidae from Scutigerinidae + Scutigeridae is favoured by the optimal parameter set in combined analyses, but most suboptimal parameter sets instead unite pselliodids and scutigerinids. Dendrothereua is re-established for a Neotropical clade that variably resolves as sister to Tachythereua or separate from Scutigerinae, grouped with Pselliodidae and Scutigerinidae. As traditionally diagnosed, the genera that comprise most of Australian and New Caledonian diversity, Allothereua and Parascutigera, are mutually polyphyletic, though they unite as a well supported clade, sister to or including the Western Australian Pilbarascutigera. The main biogeographical signal within the Allothereua ⁄ Parascutigera clade is Western Australia as sister area to eastern Australia ⁄ New Caledonia, within which New Caledonian ‘‘Parascutigera’’ has a single origin under optimal parameter sets. Genetic variation within scutigeromorph species is appraised using samples of Scutigera coleoptrata throughout its native distribution plus presumed synanthropic records, and from the Allothereua ⁄ Parascutigera clade. Variation between six alleged narrow-range endemic species of Parascutigera in north Queensland is consistent with a single species. � The Willi Hennig Society 2009.