cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hadron Pt spectra from 0.03 to 6 GeV/c from PHOBOS

We review some of the latest results on identified and non-identified particle spectra for d+Au and Au+Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV from the PHOBOS Experiment at RHIC. No enhancement of hadron yields at very low PT is observed. Analysis of the high-PT spectra in d+Au and Au+Au collisions reveal the strong final state effects for central Au+Au collisions. The first measurements of identified particle spectra and particle ratios from the PHOBOS Time of Flight (ToF) detector are presented for d+Au collisions. Detailed results on centrality and pseudorapidity dependence of transverse momentum spectra, which may have important physics implications. are also shown.
Pomeron intercept and slope: A QCD connection

The ratio $r$ of intercept to slope of the Pomeron trajectory is derived in a QCD inspired parton model approach to diffraction based on a (re)normalization of the $pp/\overline{p}p$ single-diffractive cross section designed to enforce unitarity constraints by eliminating overlapping rapidity gaps. As the collision energy increases, the renormalized single-diffractive cross section tends to a constant which depends on the ratio $r$. Identifying the constant as the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{o}$ of the total cross section, $\ensuremath{\sigma}={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{o}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{s}^{ϵ}$, yields the ratio $r$ in terms of measured parameters that can be phenomenologically expressed in terms of the pion mass and QCD color factors. The result agrees with the measured value of $r$.
An example of the utility of linear programming as a numerical technique

Abstract The technique of linear programming is a very powerful and widely applied numerical method. In general, chemists have not made use of this tool. Here we present a simple example which shows the superiority of a linear programming based fitting process over that of the weighted or unweighted least squares formulation. In addition the example shows the simultaneous use of more than one method for determining the dependent variable. Specifically, the example we have chosen is the fitting of single exponential relaxation curves. When applied to data which has varying amounts of random noise added to it, the linear programming technique proves quite consistently to be more accurate than the common unweighted least squares formulation or the weighted least squares technique. Some of this improvement can be credited to the use of the area under the relaxation curve as a constant on the determined relaxation time.
Rapamycin improves peripheral nerve myelination while it fails to benefit neuromuscular performance in neuropathic mice.

Abstract Charcot–-Marie–Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is a hereditary peripheral neuropathy characterized by progressive demyelination and distal muscle weakness. Abnormal expression of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) has been linked to CMT1A and is modeled by Trembler J (TrJ) mice, which carry the same leucine to proline substitution in PMP22 as affected pedigrees. Pharmacologic modulation of autophagy by rapamycin in neuron-Schwann cell explant cultures from neuropathic mice reduced PMP22 aggregate formation and improved myelination. Here we asked whether rapamycin administration by food supplementation, or intraperitoneal injection, could alleviate the neuropathic phenotype of affected mice and improve neuromuscular performance. Cohorts of male and female wild type (Wt) and TrJ mice were assigned to placebo or rapamycin treatment starting at 2 or 4 months of age and tested monthly on the rotarod. While neither long-term feeding (8 or 10 months) on rapamycin-enriched diet, or short-term injection (2 months) of rapamycin improved locomotor performance of the neuropathic mice, both regimen benefited peripheral nerve myelination. Together, these results indicate that while treatment with rapamycin benefits the myelination capacity of neuropathic Schwann cells, this intervention does not improve neuromuscular function. The observed outcome might be the result of the differential response of nerve and skeletal muscle tissue to rapamycin.
Fatal septic shock caused by Corynebacterium D2

Background Septic shock remains one of the leading causes of mortality in critically ill patients. Optimal management depends on prompt diagnosis with identification of the causative organisms to allow appropriate antibiotic therapy.
The relationship of pain and depression to cognitive function in rheumatoid arthritis patients

The purpose of this study was to assess the hypothesis that pain and depression negatively impact the cognitive functioning of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). One hundred twenty-one community-dwelling RA patients (ages 34-84) completed a battery of cognitive tasks and multiple measures of pain and depression. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to assess the relative contributions of pain, depression, and age to cognitive performance. Individuals who performed poorly on cognitive tasks reported more pain and depression and were older than those individuals who performed well on cognitive tasks. Moreover, high levels of pain were associated with depression. Further analyses revealed that depression mediated the relationship between pain and cognition. That is, when depression was entered into the analyses, the previously significant effects of pain on cognition were no longer found. Interestingly, depression still mediated the pain-cognition relationship even after controlling for age. These findings suggest the importance of both pain and depression for understanding cognitive function in RA and may have important implications for treating this disease.
Temperature Dependence of the 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene Triplet Lifetime in Solution and Theoretical Evaluation of Triplet Conformer Interconversion†

The 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) triplet decay rate constant in degassed benzene is strongly temperature-dependent. Photostationary states for the fluorenone-sensitized photoisomerization of DPH in degassed methylcyclohexane (MCH) favor the all-trans isomer and become richer in the cis isomers as the temperature is increased. The results are interpreted in terms of competing decays from equilibrated triplet conformers on the basis of the experimentally derived DPH triplet potential energy surface [Saltiel, J.; Crowder, J. M.; Wang, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 895 902; 5352]. Calculated geometries and energy differences [B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)] are consistent with the experimental model.
Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (stromelysin‐1) in cultured fibroblasts and basal cell carcinomas of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), an autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by the development of numerous cutaneous basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). To better characterize this disorder, we examined the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3; also known as stromelysin-1) in BCC tumor specimens, adjacent normal skin, and fibroblasts isolated from the normal-appearing skin of NBCCS patients. Three of three BCC tumors obtained from NBCCS patients overexpressed MMP-3 mRNA. In contrast, only 25% of BCC specimens in patients without NBCCS demonstrated overexpression of MMP-3 mRNA. Moreover, fibroblasts isolated and cultured from all nine uninvolved skin specimens of NBCCS patients overexpressed MMP-3 mRNA. MMP-3 mRNA was not detected or was detected at very low levels in normal skin and fibroblast cultures isolated from normal skin in nonsyndrome patients. ©1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Glutamine synthesis in rats with diabetic acidosis.

Glutamine synthesis was studied in liver from rats made diabetic with alloxan after an elevation of blood ammonia was found in similarly treated rats. The ability to synthesize glutamine was determined from the following: 1) glutamine synthetase activity, 2) the glutamine content in liver and blood, and 3) the incorporation of N15 into glutamine as the amide. Enzyme activity was determined in liver homogenates by a procedure that is given in detail. Glutamine was determined by hydrolysis and subsequent recovery of the amide nitrogen by diffusion. All 3 of the experiments showed that glutamine synthesis is impaired in the liver of rats in diabetic acidosis. When compared with the controls, glutamine synthetase activity was reduced by a factor of 4, and the glutamine content of liver and blood was significantly lowered. The incorporation of N15 in the alloxan group was less per unit weight of liver.
Diagnostic approach for dysphagia

Abstract Commentary Dysphagia is a common esophageal symptom with nearly 1 in 5 subjects older than 50 years describing this symptom in epidemiologic surveys. It is the second most common indication for upper endoscopy in the United States. There is a myriad list of possible etiologies for dysphagia. Consequently, a systematic approach to the differential diagnosis resulting in a well planned investigation is important. As described by Drs. Katzka and Kochman, a carefully obtained medical history is the initial step. Upper endoscopy is almost always indicated as part of the evaluation and treatment. Grace Elta, MD Editor
Energetic neutrinos from heavy-neutralino annihilation in the Sun.

Neutralinos may be captured in the Sun and annihilate therein producing high-energy neutrinos. Present limits on the flux of such neutrinos from underground detectors such as Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (IMB) and Kamiokande II may be used to rule out certain supersymmetric dark-matter candidates, while in many other supersymmetric models the rates are large enough that if neutralinos do reside in the galactic halo, observation of a neutrino signal may be possible in the near future. Neutralinos that are either nearly pure Higgsino or a Higgsino-gaugino combination are generally captured in the Sun by a scalar interaction with nuclei in which a virtual lightest Higgs boson is exchanged. If the squark mass is not much greater than the neutralino mass then capture of neutralinos that are primarily gaugino occurs predominantly by spin-dependent scattering off hydrogen in the Sun. Although only neutrinos from annihilation in the Sun are considered here, the neutrino signal from weakly interacting massive particle annihilation in the Earth should be of comparable strength. Detection rates for mixedstate neutralinos are generally higher than those for Higgsinos or gauginos.
Baclofen attenuates hyperpolarizing not depolarizing responses of caudate neurons in cat

Abstract The effects of baclofen, a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue, were studied on the intracellular responses of caudate neurons to cortical and thalamic stimulation. Systemic or intracaudate injections of baclofen did not reduce the initial excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) to these stimuli; however, it did completely block evoked hyperpolarizations. These results suggest that the GABA-b receptor (one possible site of baclofen action) is not found on the corticostriate synaptic terminals. Furthermore, our results clearly indicate that evoked hyperpolarizations recorded in caudate neurons are not the result of cortical disfacilitation.
Focus Issue on Neuroscience: Molecular Components of Circadian Rhythms and Oscillations

In conjunction with this week's Neuroscience special issue of Science called Sleep, Dreams, and Memory ( ), the STKE presents a focus issue on Neuroscience. Organisms have circadian clocks, which cycle approximately every 24 hours and
The occupancy of two distinct conformations by active‐site histidine‐119 in crystals of ribonuclease is modulated by pH

Abstract Structures of a semisynthetic RNase have been obtained to a resolution of 2.0 A at pH values of 5.2, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.8, respectively. The principle structural transformation occurring over this pH range is the conversion of the side chain of active site residue His-119 from one conformation (X1 = −43° to −57°) at low pH to another (X1 = + 159° to + 168°) at higher pH values. On the basis of this observation, a model is proposed that reconciles the disparate pK values for His-119 in the enzyme-substrate complex that have been deduced from kinetic studies and from proton NMR measurements in the presence of pseudosubstrates.
Beam-splitting ZnSe diffractive optical element

ZnSe Diffractive Optical Element (DOE) is one of the advanced optics which utilizes the optical diffraction phenomena by fabricating a micron order pattern on polished mirror-like surface of ZnSe polycrystal substrate. Various applications for a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser material processing such as beam-splitting, beam-shaping and beam-homogenizing are available. The micro pattern of ZnSe DOE is fabricated by the photolithography and reactive ion etching (RIE) technique. Its optical property is highly dependent on the depth precision of microfabricated pattern. In RIE by using BCl3 as the etchant gas we have achieved an etching technique to maintain the smooth surface of the ZnSe polycrystal with minimal etching rate dependency on the crystal orientation of each crystal grain. The surface roughness is 2nm Ra before etching and 5 nm Ra after about 4 microns depth etching. This good roughness brings better depth precision. With these etching technique beam-splitting ZnSe DOE with less than 10% intensity uniformity of splitted beams is successfully obtained and it can be put to use for practical CO 2 laser hole drilling.
Do object relations deficits distinguish BPD from other diagnostic groups

Two independent samples that met DSM-III criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) were found to have similar patterns of object relations deficits as measured by group means and percentage of high scoring subjects on the four subscales of the Bell Objects Relation (OR) Inventory. Statistical comparison of the composite BPD group with affective, schizoaffective, and schizophrenic groups revealed that the pattern of OR deficits in BPD was significantly different from each of the other diagnostic groups. On the basis of scores from the Alienation subscale alone, BPD subjects could be distinguished from the other diagnostic groups with 77-82% predictive accuracy. The role of object relations deficits in BPD is discussed, along with potential contributions of the Bell OR Inventory to diagnostic efficiency.
Oxidative degradation kinetics of polystyrene in solution

Abstract Polymer degradation is an example of fragmentation of macromolecules of distributed molecular weight (MW). We investigated polystyrene (PS) oxidative degradation kinetics by di-tert-butyl peroxide in solvent trichlorobenzene at 428 K. Peroxide was consumed by the PS decomposition reaction and also by an independent deactivation reaction involving the polymer. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that the initial PS molar molecular weight distribution (MWD) was exponential in MW. After the peroxide was depleted (in less than 15 min), GPC analysis of polymer samples showed that the final MWD was also exponential in MW for all experimental conditions. The initial peroxide concentration, 5–40 g/l, and initial polymer concentration, 12.5–50 g/l, affected the reaction rates and hence the final MWDs. A continuous-distribution model for polymer fragmentation (first-order in both peroxide concentration and polymer MWD) and simultaneous peroxide deactivation (first-order in polymer concentration) describes the temporal behavior of the MWD and its moments. To be consistent with the experimental data, the model incorporates random chain scission and rate coefficients that increase linearly with MW. Moment analysis provides the ratio of the rate parameters for the peroxide deactivation and polymer decomposition.
Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery.

Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery is a relatively rare entity, responsible for approximately 1 in 1,200 cases of claudication. We present a case with both classic history and imaging features. We hope that our experiences may increase radiologists’ familiarity with this unusual but treatable entity.
Differences in the processes of beta-lactoglobulin cold and heat denaturations

The changes in beta-lactoglobulin upon cold and heat denaturation were studied by scanning calorimetry, CD, and NMR spectroscopy. It is shown that, in the presence of urea, these processes of beta-lactoglobulin denaturation below and above 308 K are accompanied by different structural and thermodynamic changes. Analysis of the NOE spectra of beta-lactoglobulin shows that changes in the spin diffusion of beta-lactoglobulin after disruption of the unique tertiary structure upon cold denaturation are much more substantial than those upon heat denaturation. In cold denatured beta-lactoglobulin, the network of residual interactions in hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the molecules is more extensive than after heat denaturation. This suggests that upon cold- and heat-induced unfolding, the molecule undergoes different structural rearrangements, passing through different denaturation intermediates. From this point of view, cold denaturation can be considered to be a two stage process with a stable intermediate. A similar equilibrium intermediate can be obtained at 35 degrees C in 6.0 M urea solution, where the molecule has no tertiary structure. Cooling or heating of the solution from this temperature leads to unfolding of the intermediate. However, these processes differ in cooperativity, showing noncommensurate sigmoidal-like changes in efficiency of spin diffusion, ellipticity at 222 nm, and partial heat capacity. The disruption with cooling is accompanied by cooperative changes in heat capacity, whereas with heating the heat capacity changes only gradually. Considering the sigmoidal shape of the heat capacity change an extended heat absorption peak, we propose that the intermediate state is stabilized by enthalpic interactions.
Electrochemical studies of the mono-Fe, Fe-Zn, and Fe-Fe metalloisoforms of bacteriophage lambda protein phosphatase.

Bacteriophage lambda protein phosphatase (lambdaPP) is a member of a large superfamily of metallophosphoesterases, including serine/threonine protein phosphatases, purple acid phosphatases, 5'-nucleotidase, and DNA repair enzymes such as Mre11. Members of this family share several common characteristics, including a common phosphoesterase motif, secondary structural fold (betaalphabetaalphabeta), and metal ligand environment, and often accommodate a dinuclear metal center. The identity of the active site metals often differs between family members. Despite the extensive spectroscopic studies of several family members, only the standard redox potential of porcine purple acid phosphate (PAP) has been measured. In this report, we investigate the redox properties of another member of this protein family. The standard redox potentials of the mono-Fe, Fe-Zn, and Fe-Fe metalloisoforms of lambdaPP were determined from anaerobic redox titration experiments. Two different S = 5/2, mono-Fe3+ lambdaPP species were identified: the first with an E/D approximately 0.17, g = 8.9 and 4.8, and an Eo' approximately +130 mV; the second with E/D approximately 0.05, g = 6.7, 5.9, and 4.4, and an Eo' approximately +120 mV. The first and second mono-Fe3+ species are thought to represent Fe present in the M2 and M1 sites, respectively. The addition of Zn2+ to mono-Fe3+ lambdaPP results in a decrease in both mono-Fe3+ species and the appearance of a new S = 5/2, Fe(3+)-Zn2+ species (E/D approximately 0.02, g = 5.9, and an Eo' > +175 mV). The Fe-Fe lambdaPP titration revealed an S = 1/2, Fe(3+)-Fe2+ (g +128 mV. These results suggest that the active site of lambdaPP supports a high oxidation potential for both metal sites and may indicate an equally oxidizing active site for other member metallophosphoesterases.
Postmodernism and Sociology: From the Epistemological to the Empirical

This article investigates the place of postmodernism in sociology today by making a distinction between its epistemological and empirical forms. During the 1980s and early 1990s, sociologists exposited, appropriated, and normalized an epistemological postmodernism that thematizes the tentative, reflective, and possibly shifting nature of knowledge. More recently, however, sociologists have recognized the potential of a postmodern theory that turns its attention to empirical concerns. Empirical postmodernists challenge classical modern concepts to develop research programs based on new concepts like time-space reorganization, risk society, consumer capitalism, and postmodern ethics. But they do so with an appreciation for the uncertainty of the social world, ourselves, our concepts, and our commitment to our concepts that results from the encounter with postmodern epistemology. Ultimately, this article suggests that understanding postmodernism as a combination of these two moments can lead to a sociology whose epistemological modesty and empirical sensitivity encourage a deeper and broader approach to the contemporary social world.
The Effect of Pioglitazone and Resistance Training on Body Composition in Older Men and Women Undergoing Hypocaloric Weight Loss

Age-related increases in ectopic fat accumulation are associated with greater risk for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and physical disability. Reducing skeletal muscle fat and preserving lean tissue are associated with improved physical function in older adults. PPARγ-agonist treatment decreases abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and resistance training preserves lean tissue, but their effect on ectopic fat depots in nondiabetic overweight adults is unclear. We examined the influence of pioglitazone and resistance training on body composition in older (65–79 years) nondiabetic overweight/obese men (n = 48, BMI = 32.3 ± 3.8 kg/m2) and women (n = 40, BMI = 33.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2) during weight loss. All participants underwent a 16-week hypocaloric weight-loss program and were randomized to receive pioglitazone (30 mg/day) or no pioglitazone with or without resistance training, following a 2 × 2 factorial design. Regional body composition was measured at baseline and follow-up using computed tomography (CT). Lean mass was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Men lost 6.6% and women lost 6.5% of initial body mass. The percent of fat loss varied across individual compartments. Men who were given pioglitazone lost more visceral abdominal fat than men who were not given pioglitazone (−1,160 vs. −647 cm3, P = 0.007). Women who were given pioglitazone lost less thigh subcutaneous fat (−104 vs. −298 cm3, P = 0.002). Pioglitazone did not affect any other outcomes. Resistance training diminished thigh muscle loss in men and women (resistance training vs. no resistance training men: −43 vs. −88 cm3, P = 0.005; women: −34 vs. −59 cm3, P = 0.04). In overweight/obese older men undergoing weight loss, pioglitazone increased visceral fat loss and resistance training reduced skeletal muscle loss. Additional studies are needed to clarify the observed gender differences and evaluate how these changes in body composition influence functional status.
Neither sustainable nor development: reconsidering sustainability in development

This paper questions the rhetorical workings of ‘sustainable development’ as an ideological construct in contemporary global society. It suggests that this term actually is increasingly used as a label to place over modes of existence that are neither sustainable nor developmental. Yet, the rhetoric is also now a material culture of being that is created, carried and continued in the everyday practices of design, exchange and production. Copyright ©; 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Development Of An Occupational Safety And Health Administration (OSHA) Laser Radiation Exposure Standard

OSHA has been working on the development of an occupational laser radiation exposure standard. Difficulties were encountered in this development process. These included the evaluation of the basic approach used in the laser standard to the anticipated compliance procedures.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Use of space in a non-naturalistic environment by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

Abstract Chimpanzees and gorillas are the two most common species of great ape in captive facilities in North America. This study examined patterns of space use by 14 gorillas and six chimpanzees housed in similar non-naturalistic environments at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, IL. The location of each individual was recorded in relation to elements of the environment over a two-year period. These data were compared to volumetric measurements of the enclosures to determine “preferences” for particular environmental elements. Chimpanzees preferred the highest tier of the enclosure and the gorillas preferred the floor level. Both species showed preferences for doorways, corners and the mesh barriers adjacent to keeper areas. These data supplement data from wild populations of apes and provide information useful for those seeking to design new ape enclosures or renovate existing facilities.
Near-ideal behavior of a modified Elastic Net algorithm

In this paper it is shown that a modification of the Elastic Net algorithm (MEN) exhibits near ideal behavior in the following sense: Suppose the input to the algorithm is a vector of known sparsity index but unknown locations for the nonzero components. Then the output error of the algorithm is bounded by a universal constant times the error achieved by an oracle that knows not just the sparsity index but also the locations of the nonzero components. This result generalizes an earlier result of Candes and Plan on the near ideal behavior of the LASSO algorithm.
Mechanism of Phosphorylation-Dependent Binding of APC to β-Catenin and Its Role in β-Catenin Degradation

Abstract The transcriptional coactivator β-catenin mediates Wnt growth factor signaling. In the absence of a Wnt signal, casein kinase 1 (CK1) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylate cytosolic β-catenin, thereby flagging it for recognition and destruction by the ubiquitin/proteosome machinery. Phosphorylation occurs in a multiprotein complex that includes the kinases, β-catenin, axin, and the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) protein. The role of APC in this process is poorly understood. CK1ϵ and GSK-3β phosphorylate APC, which increases its affinity for β-catenin. Crystal structures of phosphorylated and nonphosphoryated APC bound to β-catenin reveal a phosphorylation-dependent binding motif generated by mutual priming of CK1 and GSK-3β substrate sequences. Axin is shown to act as a scaffold for substrate phosphorylation by these kinases. Phosphorylated APC and axin bind to the same surface of, and compete directly for, β-catenin. The structural and biochemical data suggest a novel model for how APC functions in β-catenin degradation.
Tautomerism in solid secobarbital sodium

Abstract Isolation of sodium 5‐allyl‐5‐(1‐methylbutyl) barbiturate from anhydrous butanol or aqueous ethanol gave rise to two products which differed in some physical properties. The material from the butanol procedure appeared to contain 30.7 per cent impurities whereas that from aqueous ethanol contained 9 per cent when both were subjected to the minimum solubility purity test. When the butanol material was reworked via the ethanol method, a purity test of the sample revealed the presence of only 3.1 per cent impurities. A consideration of the differences in the two procedures indicated that the presence or absence of water during the recovery of the solid secobarbital sodium influenced the amido‐imidol equilibrium in the recovered solid. This hypothesis was confirmed by infrared absorption spectra of mulls of the solid materials. The anhydrous butanol material gave a product whose amidoimidol equilibrium was displaced more towards the imidol form than the aqueous ethanol material. The displacement of tautomeric equilibrium of properly substituted sodium barbiturates isolated from anhydrous alkanol media may be general.
S49 Cells Endogenously Express Subtype 2 Somatostatin Receptors Which Couple to Increase Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Activity in Membranes and Down-regulate Raf-1 Activity In Situ

S49 cells expressed type 2 somatostatin receptors (sstr2) by immunoblotting. Analysis by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methodologies showed that S49 cells express predominantly sstr2A and sstr2B mRNAs; other subtypes were either not detected, in the case of sstr1, sstr3, sstr4, or variably detected, in the case of sstr5. No mutations were present in S49 cells at codon 12, 13, or 61 of the N-, K-, or H-ras genes. Nevertheless, randomly growing S49 cells contained Raf-1 activity by specific immune complex kinase assays. Treatment of S49 cells with somatostatin transiently inactivated the basal activity of Raf-1, but not that of B-Raf. Addition of somatostatin plus guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (GMPPNP) to S49 membranes stimulated PTPase activity. The concentration dependence for stimulation of PTPase activity correlated with high affinity binding of [125I-Tyr11]somatostatin-14. Both the effect of somatostatin to stimulate PTPase activity and to inactivate Raf-1 were abrogated by PTx. PTPase activity stimulated by somatostatin plus GMPPNP was recovered in a peak of high apparent M(r) (670,000) after solubilisation with Triton X-100 and Superose 6 chromatography. Furthermore, addition of activated, brain G alpha i/o subunits to fractions from control membranes stimulated PTPase activity in the high M(r) peak. Thus, S49 membranes contain a G-protein regulated PTPase (PTPase-G), and PTPase-G in these cells may reside in a high molecular weight complex.
Non-marine bivalves and associated burrows in the catskill magnafacies (upper devonian) of New York State

Abstract Large, near-vertical, endichnial burrows with distinctive meniscate fillings are associated with in situ moulds of the bivalve Archanodon within river-channel and overbank deposits of the Frasnian Oneonta and Walton Formations, New York State. The burrows are interpreted as due to upward escape of bivalves, following workers such as Eagar, Berg, Thoms, Hardy and Broadhurst, who described similar occurrences from late Paleozoic fluvial and deltaic deposits. Trails passing laterally into the in situ Archanodon moulds indicate that the bivalves moved around on the channel bar surfaces. Vertically-oriented, large Beaconites burrows are similar to those described here, and may have similarly originated by bivalve escape.
The perception and metaperception of architectural designs communicated by video-computer imaging.

Non-architects answered multiple-choice questions about depth, size, shape, texture, and conformation in exterior building scenes presented by manual rendering or video-computer techniques including a single viewpoint, multiple viewpoints, and animation. They also rated (a) confidence in their answers, (b) overall judgments of clarity, and (c) overall impressions of realism. The viewing time needed for judgments was also measured. Presentation technique did not affect the viewing time, but it did affect perceptual accuracy and ratings of confidence, clarity, and realism. Animation yielded higher ratings in all categories. It also produced the highest accuracy for depth perception, but the lowest accuracy for size and texture perception. The low accuracy for size and texture was exacerbated by high confidence in the wrong answers. Multiple viewpoints caused neither false confidence nor reduced accuracy in any category, and yielded the highest accuracy in two categories: size and texture. The combined effects on perception and metaperception (knowlege about one's own perceptual processes) suggest that animation creates the best overall impression and is the best for conveying depth information. However, multiple viewpoints are better than animation for conveying size and texture information. These results are discussed with respect to theories of perceptual representation.
Image compression using the Anamorphic Stretch Transform

A new method for image compression is introduced. It uses a new physics-based mathematical transformation that increases spatial coherency by causing feature-selective stretch. We show that by reshaping the image with a special class of transfer functions, more samples are allocated to sharp features, where they are needed, and less to coarse features, where they are redundant. The method achieves image space-bandwidth compression without feature detection or prior knowledge of the image.
Site-specific Eu(III) binding affinities to a Datura innoxia biosorbent

Abstract The binding of Eu(III) to a biosorbent derived from cultured cells of the plant Datura innoxia, have been investigated through elucidation of apparent affinity constants associated with different chemical environments present on the cell wall. Adsorption isotherms for separate types of binding sites were generated using metal ion luminescence measurements. Application of regularized regression analysis to these isotherm data for four chemically distinguishable sites revealed the presence of sites exhibiting both low (mean log Kapp = −0.3 to 0.6) and higher (mean log Kapp = 3.2–3.5) apparent affinities for pH conditions of 2.0, 4.0, and 5.0. Low affinity sites were observed for all pH conditions and attributed to non-specific binding of the metal ions to the negatively charged biomaterial. The pH-dependent higher affinity sites are ascribed to specific sites involving either an ion-exchange mechanism or formation of weak surface–metal ion complexes. These results differed significantly from a similar analysis of total metal binding isotherms that indicated mean log Kapp values of −0.5 to 0.25 (low affinity) and 5.6–6.0 (high affinity).
The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of the Law

This paper develops a game-theoretic approach to the problem of political officials' respect for political and economic rights of citizens. It models the policing of rights as a coordination problem among citizens, but one with asymmetries difficult to resolve in a decentralized manner. The paper shows that democratic stability depends on a self-enforcing equilibrium: It must be in the interests of political officials to respect democracy's limits on their behavior. The concept of self-enforcing limits on the state illuminates a diverse set of problems and thus serves as a potential basis for integrating the literature. The framework is applied to a range of topics, such as democratic stability, plural societies, and elite pacts. The paper also applies its lessons to the case of the Glorious Revolution in seventeenth-century England.
Characteristics of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria isolated from soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Ten bacterial strains were isolated from seven contaminated soils by enrichment with phenanthrene as the sole carbon source. These isolates and another phenanthrene-degrading strain were examined for various characteristics related to phenanthrene degradation and their ability to metabolize 12 other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), ranging in size from two to five rings, after growth in the presence of phenanthrene. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis indicated that at least five genera (Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas) and at least three species of Pseudomonas were represented in this collection. All of the strains oxidized phenanthrene according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with half-saturation coefficients well below the aqueous solubility of phenanthrene in all cases. All but one of the strains oxidized 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate following growth on phenanthrene, and all oxidized at least one downstream intermediate from either or both of the known phenanthrene degradation pathways. All of the isolates could metabolize (oxidize, mineralize, or remove from solution) a broad range of PAH, although the exact range and extent of metabolism for a given substrate were unique to the particular isolate. Benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[a]pyrene were each mineralized by eight of the strains, while pyrene was not mineralized by any. Pyrene was, however, removed from solution by all of the isolates, and the presence of at least one significant metabolite from pyrene was observed by radiochromatography for the five strains in which such metabolites were sought. Our results support earlier indications that the mineralization of pyrene by bacteria may require unique metabolic capabilities that do not appear to overlap with the determinants for mineralization of phenanthrene or other high molecular weight PAH.
Preparing for Personalized Medicine

STUDENTJAMA provides a forum for critical exchange on current issues in medical education, research, and practice. It is produced by a group of medical student editors in collaboration with the JAMA editorial staff and is published monthly. The content of STUDENTJAMA includes writing by medical students, physicians, and other researchers, as well as original medical student artwork and creative writing. The articles and viewpoints in STUDENTJAMA do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the American Medical Association or of JAMA. All submissions must be the original unpublished work of the author(s). All submitted work is subject to review and editing.
Drug Use and Grades in College

ONE of the most compelling arguments against illegal drug use, especially by the young, is that it instills in the user an “amotivational syndrome” of apathy, lethargy and loss of motivation in the conventional sense1. The argument assumes that drug use tends to become routine and that the drugs specifically prohibited by law are associated with reduced achievement-oriented behaviour. Given the fact that drug use is currently at an all-time high among the young—and possibly more so among society's talented young than in any other group—these issues deserve empirical exploration. The latest Gallup poll, conducted in December 1970, indicated that in a roughly random sample of American college students, 42% had tried marijuana at least once. Moreover, this was an increase of almost 1% per month from previous surveys.
Survival of neurons in homografts of ganglia in adult rats neonatally treated with bone marrow or lymph node cells.

Because of a major (Ag-B) histoincompatibility, organs transplanted from Lewis (LE) to Brown Norway (BN) rats are acutely rejected. This immunological rejection can be prevented by inoculating BN rats at birth with (BN × LE)F-1 hybrid cells. However, the source of these cells is important since only those derived from the bone marrow are effective in inducing tolerance of LE skin grafts whereas both marrow derived cells as well as those originating from the lymph nodes can induce tolerance of LE hearts. The present study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of cells derived from the bone marrow and the lymph nodes of (BN × LE)F-1 rats to induce unresponsiveness to LE neurons in BN recipients. In untreated rats, all neurons in sensory (vagal nodose) and sympathetic (superior cervical) ganglia transplanted from LE rats to the anterior chamber of the eye or implanted into the sternomastoid muscle of BN recipients were rejected within 35 days. However, when neonatal BN rats were inoculated with adult (BN × LE)F-1 hybrid bone marrow or lymph node cells and challenged as adults with LE ganglia grafts many neurons survived beyond 100 days. This result demonstrates that tolerance of Ag-B incompatible neurons can be achieved with either bone marrow or lymph node cells. Moreover, since tolerance can be produced in rats exhibiting major or minor histoincompatibilities, this method of immunosuppression offers one way of preventing neuronal rejection which occurs acutely in Ag-B incompatible and chronically in Ag-B compatible ganglia homografts.
Synthesis and structural characterization of K(MoO2)(PO4) · H2O, and its topotatic reaction to form KMoO2PO4

Abstract K(MoO2)(PO4) · H2O crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2 1 n with lattice parameters a = 5.846(1) A, b = 8.626(1) A, c = 12.364(1) A, β = 102.80(1)°, and z = 4. It was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions from a mixture of MoO3, MoO2, and K2HPO4. The structure was refined to R = 0.037 with 1223 reflections for which I > 3σ. Its structure consists of alternating molybdenum-oxygen octahedra and phosphate tetrahedra forming four- and eight-membered rings. The rings are connected through alternating polyhedra to form sheets. Potassium ions are located between the layers above and below the eight-membered ring. Upon heating to 500°C water splits out and the layers collapse to form the three-dimensional molybdenum phosphate KMoO2PO4. This compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fddd with the cell parameters: a = 12.209(4) A, b = 15.535(2) A, c = 11.149(4) A. The structure was determined and refined to R = 0.046 using 464 reflections with I > 3σ. The coalescence of layers results in a three-dimensional framework structure containing tunnels in which the K+ ions reside.
Abstract 5671: Differential roles of caveolin-1 variants in cell death in breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Paclitaxel, an anti-microtubule agent, is an effective chemotherapeutic drug in breast cancer. Nonetheless, resistance to paclitaxel remains a major clinical challenge. The need to better understand the resistant phenotype, and to find biomarkers that could predict tumor response to paclitaxel is urgent. In estrogen receptor α (ER+) breast cancer cells, phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (CAV1) on Y14 facilitates mitochondrial apoptosis by increasing BCL2 phosphorylation in response to low dose paclitaxel (10 nM). Two variants of CAV1 exist; the full-length form CAV1α (wild-type CAV1 or wtCAV1) and a truncated form CAV1β. The precise cellular functions of CAV1 variants are unknown. Only wtCAV1 has the Y14 region at the N-terminus and we now show that CAV1 variants play distinct roles in paclitaxel-mediated cell death/survival. CAV1β is increased in paclitaxel resistant cells compared to sensitive cells. Expression of wtCAV1, but not CAV1β, in sensitive cells significantly increased their responsiveness to paclitaxel. These activities reflect the essential role for Y14 phosphorylation since wtCAV1 expression, but not a phosphorylation-deficient mutant (Y14F), inactivates BCL2 and BCLxL through activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). MCF-7 cells that express Y14F are resistant to paclitaxel and are re-sensitized by co-treatment with ABT-737, a BH3-mimetic small molecule inhibitor. Thus, we highlight novel roles for CAV1 variants in cell death: wtCAV1 promotes cell death whereas CAV1β promotes cell survival by preventing inactivation of BCL2/BCLxL via JNK in paclitaxel-mediated apoptosis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5671. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5671
The Influence of Guided Inquiry and Explicit Instruction on K–6 Teachers’ Views of Nature of Science

This study assessed the influence of guided inquiry and explicit reflective instruction on K-6 teachers’ views of nature of science (NOS). Using the Views of Nature of Science Elementary School Version 2 (VNOS-D2), and associated interviews we tracked the changes in NOS views of teacher participants prior to and following a summer professional development program. The teachers participated in guided inquiry to improve physics knowledge, and explicit-reflective NOS activities to improve their views of NOS. Videotaped records of the workshop ensured that explicit reflective NOS instruction took place in conjunction with physics inquiry instruction. Analysis indicated that teachers improved their NOS views by the conclusion of the institute Implications for providing professional development combining inquiry and NOS instruction are made.
Modafinil Blocks Reinstatement of Extinguished Opiate-Seeking in Rats: Mediation by a Glutamate Mechanism

Opiate addiction is characterized by high rates of relapse even after long periods of abstinence, requiring new relapse-prevention treatments that do not have abuse potential. Recently, clinical studies suggested that the wake-promoting drug modafinil might decrease relapse in cocaine addicts. In addition, group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2/3R) have been suggested as a new therapeutic target for drug addiction. Here, we investigated the ability of modafinil to prevent the acute morphine to promote reinstatement of extinguished preference for morphine, and the involvement of mGlu2/3Rs in this effect. Conditioned place preference (CPP) for morphine was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats, followed by extinction training. Preference for the morphine-paired side was reinstated following extinction by a morphine-priming injection. The results of our study showed that modafinil (300 mg/kg, i.p., but not 100 mg/kg) 30 min before the morphine-priming injection blocked reinstatement of extinguished CPP. The anti-reinstatement effect of modafinil was completely prevented by pretreatment with the selective mGlu2/3 antagonist LY341495. Additional experiments indicated that modafinil alone did not produce a preference, and that modafinil did not alter the expression of morphine CPP or the cueing properties of morphine either 1 or 14 days after morphine CPP conditioning. These data reveal a novel mechanism for modafinil actions, a role for mGlu2/3 receptors in reinstatement of opiate-seeking, and a new therapeutic option to treat relapse in opiate addiction.
Harmonic generation of interfacial waves at a submerged bathymetric ridge

[1] When two-layer, periodic, interfacial wave trains pass over a Gaussian ridge, waves of higher harmonic frequency can be excited at the ridge, which then propagate downstream independently of the incident wave. In laboratory experiments, the amount of energy transferred to higher harmonic frequencies increases with the nonlinearity of the main wave over the ridge crest. When the wave nonlinearity is increased to the point where breaking occurs over the ridge, harmonic generation can still occur. The length scale of the obstacle relative to the wavelength can also influence the energy transfer, which is consistent with analogous surface wave studies. The upper limit for which harmonic frequencies can be excited is set by the stratification. This wave-topography interaction provides a possible mechanism for transferring energy in the internal wavefield to smaller scales.
Cardiac and hormonal effects of enalapril in hypertension.

Systolic time measurements, echocardiography, and bicycle exercise testing with cardiac output determinations (CO2 rebreathing) were used to evaluate cardiac performance in 16 male hypertensives at the end of a 4-wk placebo period and after 12 wk of treatment with increasing doses (maximum = 40 mg/day) of enalapril maleate (N = 11) and of placebo (N = 5). The effect of exercise on plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration was also measured. Mean arterial pressure was reduced by 10 mm Hg or more in all but one subject who received enalapril. In both the enalapril- and placebo-treated subjects, the preejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio and fractional shortening of the left ventricle at rest and cardiac output and stroke volume during moderate exercise did not change during the study. Enalapril induced a compensatory rise in PRA (N = 10). Compared to plasma NE concentration. 1124 ± 380 pg/ml (mean ± SD), during exercise at the end of the initial placebo period, there was attenuation of the rise of plasma NE concentration, 851 ± 290, at the same load of exercise during enalapril therapy. Unchanged cardiac performance despite effective long-term lowering of blood pressure with enalapril may relate to inhibition of angiotensin II-mediated facilitation of NE release from peripheral nerve endings. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 34, 583–589; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.219